bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constraining the neutrino mass using a multitracer combination of two galaxy surveys and cosmic microwave background lensing
Authors: Ballardini Mario , Maartens Roy 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Measuring the total neutrino mass is one of the most exciting opportunities available with next-generation cosmological data sets. We study the possibility of detecting the total neutrino mass using large-scale clustering in 21 cm intensity mapping and photometric galaxy surveys, together with cosmic microwave background (CMB) information. We include the scale-dependent halo bias contribution due to the presence of massive neutrinos, and use a multitracer analysis in order to reduce cosmic variance. The multitracer combination of an SKAO-MID 21 cm intensity map with stage 4 CMB dramatically shrinks the uncertainty on total neutrino mass to $\sigma (M_\nu) \simeq 45\,$ meV, using only linear clustering information ($k_{\rm max} = 0.1\, h\, \mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$) and without a prior on optical depth. When we add to the multitracer the clustering information expected from Legacy Survey of Space and Time, the forecast is $\sigma (M_\nu) \simeq 12\,$ meV.
Comet fragmentation as a source of the zodiacal cloud
Authors: Rigley Jessica K , Wyatt Mark C 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Models of the zodiacal cloud’s thermal emission and sporadic meteoroids suggest Jupiter-family comets (JFCs) as the dominant source of interplanetary dust. However, comet sublimation is insufficient to sustain the quantity of dust presently in the inner Solar system, suggesting that spontaneous disruptions of JFCs may supply the zodiacal cloud. We present a model for the dust produced in comet fragmentations and its evolution. Using results from dynamical simulations, the model follows individual comets drawn from a size distribution as they evolve and undergo recurrent splitting events. The resulting dust is followed with a kinetic model which accounts for the effects of collisional evolution, Poynting–Robertson drag, and radiation pressure. This allows to model the evolution of both the size distribution and radial profile of dust, and we demonstrate the importance of including collisions (both as a source and sink of dust) in zodiacal cloud models. With physically motivated free parameters this model provides a good fit to zodiacal cloud observables, supporting comet fragmentation as the plausibly dominant dust source. The model implies that dust in the present zodiacal cloud likely originated primarily from disruptions of ∼50-km comets, since larger comets are ejected before losing all their mass. Thus much of the dust seen today was likely deposited as larger grains ∼0.1 Myr in the past. The model also finds the dust level to vary stochastically; e.g. every ∼50 Myr large (&gt;100 km) comets with long dynamical lifetimes inside Jupiter cause dust spikes with order of magnitude increases in zodiacal light brightness lasting ∼1 Myr. If exozodiacal dust is cometary in origin, our model suggests it should be similarly variable.
Multiple Novel Traits without Immediate Benefits Originate in Bacteria Evolving on Single Antibiotics
Authors: Karve Shraddha , Wagner Andreas 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
How new traits originate in evolution is a fundamental question of evolutionary biology. When such traits arise, they can either be immediately beneficial in their environment of origin, or they may become beneficial only in a future environment. Compared to immediately beneficial novel traits, novel traits without immediate benefits remain poorly studied. Here we use experimental evolution to study novel traits that are not immediately beneficial but that allow bacteria to survive in new environments. Specifically, we evolved multiple E. coli populations in five antibiotics with different mechanisms of action, and then determined their ability to grow in more than 200 environments that are different from the environment in which they evolved. Our populations evolved viability in multiple environments that contain not just clinically relevant antibiotics, but a broad range of antimicrobial molecules, such as surfactants, organic and inorganic salts, nucleotide analogues and pyridine derivatives. Genome sequencing of multiple evolved clones shows that pleiotropic mutations are important for the origin of these novel traits. Our experiments, which lasted fewer than 250 generations, demonstrate that evolution can readily create an enormous reservoir of latent traits in microbial populations. These traits can facilitate adaptive evolution in a changing world.
The Imperial Arts
Authors: Anderson Benjamin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Images of Byzantine emperors served not only to glorify those depicted, but also as media through which subjects articulated their relationships both to individual sovereigns and to the state. The predominant materials, compositional strategies, and social dynamics that constrained such expressions changed substantially over the course of Byzantine history. After the Late Antique system of dedicating monumental bronze statues collapsed in the seventh century, a more flexible set of practices emerged, whose primary expressions were two-dimensional schemata. In the last empire’s last centuries, diplomatic considerations encouraged the production of scenic tableaux, while the closed series of portraits predominated after 1453. The transactional nature of imperial portraiture, the distinction between individual and office, and the representation of emperors as subjects of historical knowledge will repay further research.
Armenia
Authors: Maranci Christina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A study of medieval Armenian painting, church architecture, bas-relief sculpture, and other media demonstrates close attention to, and reception of, the art and culture of the Byzantine Empire. Historic Armenia (including the present-day Armenian Republic and territories in eastern Anatolia, southern Georgia, northwest Iran, and Azerbaijan) and the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia (1199–1375, southwestern Anatolia) had close relations with neighboring powers throughout the medieval era, and scholars, most prominently Sirarpie Der Nersessian, have long studied the presence of Byzantine ideas in Armenian art and architecture. The early medieval period, the “Age of the Kingdoms” (ninth to eleventh centuries), and twelfth- to fourteenth-century Cilicia demonstrate strong evidence for contact and familiarity with Byzantine culture. An examination of select cases demonstrates the diverse and dynamic nature of such appropriations, reflecting the complex and changing nature of political, social, religious, and cultural relations between empire and locality.
The Origin of Icons
Authors: Mathews Thomas F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The origin of icons, and by extension of Christian painting, can now be traced to the panel painting tradition of pagan divinities in wide use in Late Antiquity throughout the Mediterranean. Both pagan and Christian panel paintings were employed as votive or thank offerings. According to an ancient phenomenon known as “syncretism,” emperors were identified with gods and Greek gods with Egyptian ones. Triptych paintings were a new way of exploring the implications of syncretism. In the sixth century, icons went from being single offerings to an assembly on the templon barrier. The earliest surviving evidence of church iconography, decoration and ritual cult, or liturgy, comes from Constantinople, at the churches of St. Polyeuktos and Hagia Sophia.
Bronze and Copper Icons
Authors: Schwartz Ellen C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Byzantine copper alloy icons were created by repoussé and casting. The repoussé group varies in size and were used as individual icons and decoration for liturgical furniture and lintels. They imitate precious metal icons, occasionally plated to look like silver or with imitation gems in their frames. Cast icons, smaller and heavier, probably served as portable icons or magic tokens; some might have been used as dies or mold matrices. In iconography, inscriptions, and style, copper icons imitate contemporary pieces in other media. Most feature single figures; fewer display scenes. Varying from elegant to crude, they could be made affordable by molds, stamps, or dies. More study of the cast pieces, along with other bronze items, remains to be done.
Illuminated Manuscripts: Religious
Authors: McCombs Susan Madigan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Most illustrated Byzantine religious manuscripts—books of the Old and New Testament, sermons, psalters and hours, lectionaries, saints’ lives, and hymnals—were deluxe hand-produced books made in the capital primarily as gifts or for use in the performance of the liturgy or other religious ceremony. Surviving examples reflect co-existing phenomena including an interest in texts collected in one luxuriously ornamented volume; the popularity of certain religious texts (or authors) in a given time and place; the notion that books made of expensive materials paid homage to the giver, the owner, and the author of the texts within; and prestige associated with owning or giving a volume created by artists and scribes working in the most sought-after styles of the day.
Illuminated Manuscripts: Secular
Authors: Havice Christine 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Illuminated manuscripts with non-religious content—texts on literature, medicine, science, warfare, geography, hunting, and history—typically derive from illuminated Classical and Late Antique texts. Over time, the direct, explicatory images accrued additional features and sometimes transformed into full miniatures with settings and humans performing actions or demonstrating effects. Artists relied mostly on convention and formulae but can be occasionally glimpsed responding to the necessity of producing an original image. As with religious books, secular programs can be analyzed to discern particular agendas, usually of commissioners or intended recipients, while the books themselves had practical application—instructions on building a siege machine or what plant not to consume—as well as serving as luxury products for reading, presentation, even performance.
South Slavic Lands
Authors: Milanović Ljubomir 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The reception of Byzantine art among the South Slavs began with their conversion to Christianity in the ninth century. Bulgaria and Serbia were the largest medieval states, covering most of the territory of the Balkan Peninsula. With the development and strengthening of political power of these kingdoms, more influences from Byzantium penetrated the state administration and society. Art production mostly relied on the patronage of local rulers, nobles, or prelates, who were able to bring the best artists from Byzantine centers or those trained in Byzantine workshops. This resulted in the intermingling of Byzantine traditions and skills and local patrons’ desires for creating artistic programs and objects with political and national content.
Spolia in Byzantine Art and Architecture
Authors: Kiilerich Bente 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article discusses the use of spolia in Byzantium from the fourth to the fifteenth centuries. The varied practices of reuse are analyzed by presenting examples from sacred and secular environments, ranging from monuments in Constantinople (serpent column, obelisk) and Nicopolis (ambo) to architectural fragments and sculpted reliefs in fortifications (Nicaea) and churches (Skripou, Merbaka, Little Metropolis Athens). Some twenty possible motivations for reuse are proposed. The problems of establishing precise meanings and the changing meanings over time are addressed. Finally, the article suggests some future directions for research, including object biography and an aesthetics of spolia.
“There’s a Rainbow on the River”: The Affordances of Boy Soprano Bobby Breen in 1930s Hollywood
Authors: McCracken Allison 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the cultural and industrial significance of boy soprano and child star Bobby Breen, who starred in a series of popular musical films in 1930s Hollywood. It argues that Breen’s status as a presexual child allowed his queer-coded voice and persona to escape the condemnation of gender-nonconforming adult male singers that was prevalent at the time, opening up spaces for queer reception, resistance, and celebration. An interdisciplinary, intersectional framework is applied to identify Breen’s particular affordances, offering a broad and inclusive application of the word “queer” to demonstrate how Breen’s boy soprano activated multiple kinds of social difference. Breen’s narratives place his characters in direct opposition to white, middle-class, masculinist, heteronormative men and the institutions they represent, giving representation and agency to otherwise marginalized groups as central narrative actors, industry professionals and audience members, including gender-variant and queer people, women, working-class white ethnics, and Black and other communities of color.
Making a Scene: Queercore Cinema
Authors: Nault Curran 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter recuperates the oft-overlooked queer punk cinematic corpus of queercore, and delineates its constituting elements: deviant content and do-it-yourself (DIY) practice, coalescing in an insistence on queercore’s capital D subcultural Difference. In doing so, this chapter engages three films by queercore instigator G. B. Jones as centerpieces around which a constellation of other instructive instances appear: The Troublemakers (1990), The Lollipop Generation (2008), and The Yo-Yo Gang (1992). Irreverent, experimental, and unapologetic, queercore cinema first emerged in the 1980s, as academics and activists were beginning to articulate notions of the “radical queer,” and it forges a neglected link between the mischievous films of the 1960s and 1970s gay underground and the provocative, arty experimentations of 1990s New Queer Cinema.
Arias for an Untold Want: The Queer Desire of the Diva Film
Authors: McElroy Dolores 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter defines the diva as a specific cultural type that has been shaped by long-held ideas about the female voice, but has moved beyond the narrow category of the female singer, and grown to encompass many non-singing women and characters who are understood as a “public success” but a “private failure.” Using the operatic history of the term “diva,” the chapter defines the type not by its reception in queer circles, but by its foundation in a “doubly feminine” relation of desire. Via close readings of the films Rapsodia Satanica (1917), Funny Girl (1968), and Queen Christina (1933), it explores the queer valences of female “narcissism,” and argues that a transhistorical “diva genre” of film is defined by a queer feminine “doubling,” which manifests in scenes featuring the spectacularized longing of the female lead.
Venture Capital, Angel Capital, and Other Finance, IPOs, and Acquisitions
Authors: Lin Lin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the development of non-bank financial institutions, particularly venture capital (VC), angel capital, private equity, and foreign funds, and their role in funding entrepreneurial ventures in China. It discusses the development of the venture capital market and the evolution of domestic and foreign funds in China. It examines the exits of VC-backed companies through initial public offerings (IPOs) and mergers and acquisitions and explores the connection between the stock market and VC market in China. It also evaluates recent institutional improvements and regulatory reforms for facilitating access to finance for small enterprises in China, especially the recent reforms to the stock market.
Innovation Elements in Traditional Chinese Culture
Authors: Chen Jin , Wu Qingqian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The conflict between traditional Chinese culture and Western cultures has long been one between an archaic, outdated culture and a modern, new culture. Traditional Chinese culture is deemed synonymous with backwardness, decrepitude, and decadence and doomed with the passage of time, particularly since social Darwinism swept across the late Qing Dynasty and captured the spiritual world of Chinese intellectuals. Despite differences in culture types, both traditional Chinese culture and Western culture contribute to innovative buildup. It is of great significance to deeply explore the innovative factors in traditional Chinese culture and to explore both the modernization road and innovation modes with Chinese characteristics. This chapter analyzes and explores the innovative factors and values in Chinese traditional culture from the aspects of traditional modes of thinking, traditional ideas and beliefs, traditional organizations and institutions, and traditional implementations and technologies.
Global Supply Chains as Drivers of Innovation in China
Authors: Murphree Michael , Breznitz Dan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
China’s manufacturing and innovation capabilities are directly related. Availability of complementary resources in rapid prototyping, test production, and components and the ability to deploy innovations at scale increasingly lead high-technology firms, including startups, to consider China as a developmental base across sectors from big data to cloud computing, smart grid, renewable energy, and alternative energy vehicles. Entry into global value chains (GVCs) has led to vast transfers of knowledge, creating human resource capabilities that continuously facilitate the upgrading of Chinese firms. China’s most advanced industries were all those characterized by active participation in GVCs. China’s entry into GVCs has differed significantly from the experiences of other emerging economies, arguably affording China greater innovation benefits. This is directly related to China’s institutional environment of “structured uncertainty.” Structured uncertainty shaped the pattern and impact of entry into GVCs, dictating which regions entered GVCs, when, and how, with long-term knowledge transfer effects.
China’s Financial Innovation
Authors: Zhang Liqing 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Substantial innovations have happened in China’s financial sector over the past four decades, ranging from the significant increase of institutions, changes of market structure, and development of products to the improvement of regulatory frameworks. These changes and innovations reflect China’s transition from a centrally planned economy to a modern market economy; persistent demand of various financial services derived from the government, corporations, and individuals in a period of rapid economic growth; and alternatively occurring regulation and deregulation by the authorities. The unprecedentedly advanced progress of technology, especially the emergence of modern information revolutions, makes all these changes and innovations possible. Financial innovation has made profound impacts on China’s economic efficiency, financial stability, and social equality, among them some quite positive and some relatively negative.
Green Innovation in China
Authors: Huang Ping , Lema Rasmus 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
China’s rapid economic growth combined with its large population has created substantial environmental pressures, not least the need for efficient and sustainable energy provision. This chapter addresses the problem of transition to sustainable energy sources. It shows how the Chinese response to the sustainability challenge has depended on both “hard” (technological) and “soft” (institutional) innovations. The chapter also shows how the sustainability challenge has presented a window of opportunity for industrial development and competitiveness in the green economy. Finally, it discusses the wider global implication of China’s mounting innovation capacities in green technologies.
Optimal Embedded Leverage for Portfolios of Commodity Trading Advisors
Authors: Tjurhufvud Christian Lundström , Peltomäki Jarkko 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter evaluates the profit when investing in portfolios of Commodity Trading Advisors (CTA) with optimal embedded leverage. The authors’ results support their expectation that it is possible to improve the long-term profitability of diversified CTA portfolios by obtaining optimal embedded leverage, but the improvement in profitability varies across CTA indexes. In addition, the crisis alpha feature of CTAs are considered and it is shown that diversified portfolios of CTAs can achieve a much larger crisis alpha by using optimal leverage factors. Optimal embedded leverage can also a useful tool in managing and evaluating the leverage of trend-following strategies and CTA portfolios.
Outsourcing Compliance Functions and Fraud Detection
Authors: Shapiro David M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the compliance function for hedge funds and considers areas where violations can occur. It surveys regulation in place in the US and internationally, looking in particular at the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, and highlights key issues. Primarily, the chapter focuses on the outsourced nature of many of the agents responsible for providing assurance of the honesty of hedge fund operations, including trading, and reporting, registration, and discussing how compliance is made effective. The chapter concludes by considering the risks that require further research.
Indirect Regulation of Hedge Funds
Authors: Kaal Wulf A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the prevalent regulatory approaches for hedge funds. Among these are direct regulation, indirect regulation, so-called prudential hedge fund regulation, and eventually co-coordinated international cooperation. The chapter shows that indirect regulation of the hedge fund industry attains most regulatory objectives while providing the industry with sufficient freedom to operate. The chapter concludes with an examination of the benefits of indirect regulation of the hedge fund industry.
Hedge Fund Flows
Authors: Baquero Guillermo , Verbeek Marno 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Hedge fund flows characterize the average opinion of hedge fund investors about managerial skill, expected performance, financial and operational risk. However, liquidity restrictions hamper the ability of investors to rapidly switch from one fund to another. In addition, capacity constraints at the fund or style level may imply that future returns decrease when more money is allocated to a given hedge fund. In this chapter, we provide a detailed overview of what are the drivers, and limitations, of hedge fund flows, how flows are related to measures of past performance, and to what extent flows are able to predict subsequent performance. We also discuss some implications of these relationships, for example in terms of incentives to fund managers.