bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrafast Bubble Bursting by Superamphiphobic Coatings
Authors: Hegner Katharina I. , Wong William S. Y. , Vollmer Doris 
Published: August 2021

AbstractControlling bubble motion or passively bursting bubbles using solid interfaces is advantageous in numerous industrial applications including flotation, catalysis, electrochemical processes, and microfluidics. Current research has explored the formation, dissolution, pinning, and rupturing of bubbles on different surfaces. However, the ability to tune and control the rate of bubble bursting is not yet achieved. Scaling down surface‐induced bubble bursting to just a few milliseconds is important for any application. In this work, the hierarchical structure of superamphiphobic surfaces is tuned in order to rapidly rupture contacting bubbles. Surfaces prepared using liquid flame spray show ultrafast bubble bursting (down to 2 ms) and superior durability. The coatings demonstrate excellent mechanical and chemical stability even in the presence of surface‐active species. Air from the ruptured bubble is absorbed into the aerophilic Cassie‐state. Long‐term applicability is demonstrated by preventing the accumulation of air in the plastron via a connection of the plastron to the environment. The times recorded for bubble rupture and complete reorganization of air are reduced by approximately a factor of 3 compared to previously reported values. The concept is utilized to passively control surfactant‐rich foam in froth flotation. Material collection efficiency increased by more than 60 times compared to controls.
Wavelength‐Selective Softening of Hydrogel Networks
Authors: Pelloth Jessica L. , Tran Phong A. , Walther Andreas , Goldmann Anja S. , Frisch Hendrik , Truong Vinh X. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPhotoresponsive hydrogels hold key potential in advanced biomedical applications including tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery, as well as intricately engineered functions such as biosensing, soft robotics, and bioelectronics. Herein, the wavelength‐dependent degradation of bio‐orthogonal poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels is reported, using three selective activation levels. Specifically, three chromophores are exploited, that is,ortho‐nitrobenzene, dimethyl aminobenzene, and bimane, each absorbing light at different wavelengths. By examining their photochemical action plots, the wavelength‐dependent reactivity of the photocleavable moieties is determined. The wavelength‐selective addressability of individual photoreactive units is subsequently translated into hydrogel design, enabling wavelength‐dependent cleavage of the hydrogel networks on‐demand. Critically, this platform technology allows for the fabrication of various hydrogels, whose mechanical properties can be fine‐tuned using different colors of light to reach a predefined value, according to the chromophore ratios used. The softening is shown to influence the spreading of pre‐osteoblastic cells adhering to the gels as a demonstration of their potential utility. Furthermore, the materials and photodegradation processes are non‐toxic to cells, making this platform attractive for biomaterials engineering.
Full‐Color Holographic Display and Encryption with Full‐Polarization Degree of Freedom
Authors: Guo Xuyue , Zhong Jinzhan , Li Bingjie , Qi Shuxia , Li Yu , Li Peng , Wen Dandan , Liu Sheng , Wei Bingyan , Zhao Jianlin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMetasurfaces provide a compact and powerful platform for manipulating the fundamental properties of light, and have shown unprecedented capabilities in both optical holographic display and information encryption. For increasing information display/storage capacity, metasurfaces with more polarization manipulation channel and full‐color holographic functionality are now an urgent requirement. Here, a minimalist dielectric metasurface with the capability of full‐color holography encoded with arbitrary polarization is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Without the daunting exploratory and computational problem in nanostructure searching, full‐color holographic images can be multiplexed into arbitrary polarization channels through vectorial ptychography and k‐space ptychography based on tetratomic macropixel geometric phase metasurfaces. Thanks to the full degree of freedom tuning in polarization and color spaces, the application scenarios such as holographic 3D imaging and information encryption are realized. The strategy exhibits promising potential in applications of 3Dl display, augmented/virtual reality, high‐density data storage, and encryption.
Biologically Enhanced Starch Bio‐Ink for Promoting 3D Cell Growth
Authors: Zhuang Pei , Greenberg Zachary , He Mei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe excellent rheological property has legitimated the suitability of starch hydrogel for extrusion‐based 3D printing. However, the inability to promote cell attachment and migration has precluded the non‐modified starch hydrogel from direct applications in the biomedical field. Herein, a novel 3D printable nanocomposite starch hydrogel is developed with highly enhanced biocompatibility for promoting 3D cell growth, by formulating with gelatin nanoparticles and collagen. The rheological evaluation reveals the shear‐thinning and thixotropic properties of the starch‐based hydrogel, as well as the combinatorial effect of collagen and gelatin nanoparticles on maintaining printability and 3D shape fidelity. The homogeneous microporous structure with abundant collagen fibers and gelatin nanoparticles interlace and supplies rich attachment sites for cell growth. Corroborated by the cell metabolic activity study, the multiplied proliferation rate of cells on the 3D printed nanocomposite starch hydrogel scaffold confirms the remarkable enhancement of biological function of the developed starch hydrogel. Hence, the developed nanocomposite starch hydrogel serves as a highly desirable bio‐ink for advancing 3D tissue engineering.
Quadrupole Last‐Passage Algorithm for Charge Density on an L‐Shaped Conducting Surface
Authors: Jang Hoseung , Park Jongmin , Yu Unjong , Hwang Chi‐Ok 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe last‐passage (LP) Monte Carlo algorithms for the charge density on an L‐shaped conducting surface are further developed by deriving a quadrupole LP Green's function on the L‐shaped flat surface. To demonstrate the algorithm, charge densities on an L‐shaped conductor are computed in 3D space and it is found that these results agree very well with the ones from the Given‐Hwang's original last‐passage algorithm on a flat surface. Compared with the Given‐Hwang's LP algorithm, the quadrupole LP one is very suitable for charge density near the L‐shaped edge boundary.
Synergistic SERS Enhancement in GaN‐Ag Hybrid System toward Label‐Free and Multiplexed Detection of Antibiotics in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Lee Kang Hyun , Jang Hanhwi , Kim Yoon Seok , Lee Chul‐Ho , Cho Seunghee H. , Kim Minjoon , Son Hoki , Bae Kang Bin , Dao Dung Van , Jung Yeon Sik , Lee In‐Hwan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNoble metal‐based surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has enabled the simple and efficient detection of trace‐amount molecules via significant electromagnetic enhancements at hot spots. However, the small Raman cross‐section of various analytes forces the use of a Raman reporter for specific surface functionalization, which is time‐consuming and limited to low‐molecular‐weight analytes. To tackle these issues, a hybrid SERS substrate utilizing Ag as plasmonic structures and GaN as charge transfer enhancement centers is presented. By the conformal printing of Ag nanowires onto GaN nanopillars, a highly sensitive SERS substrate with excellent uniformity can be fabricated. As a result, remarkable SERS performance with a substrate enhancement factor of 1.4 × 1011 at 10 fM for rhodamine 6G molecules with minimal spot variations can be realized. Furthermore, quantification and multiplexing capabilities without surface treatments are demonstrated by detecting harmful antibiotics in aqueous solutions. This work paves the way for the development of a highly sensitive SERS substrate by constructing complex metal‐semiconductor architectures.
Single‐Cell RNA‐Seq of T Cells in B‐ALL Patients Reveals an Exhausted Subset with Remarkable Heterogeneity
Authors: Wang Xiaofang , Chen Yanjuan , Li Zongcheng , Huang Bingyan , Xu Ling , Lai Jing , Lu Yuhong , Zha Xianfeng , Liu Bing , Lan Yu , Li Yangqiu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCharacterization of functional T cell clusters is key to developing strategies for immunotherapy and predicting clinical responses in leukemia. Here, single‐cell RNA sequencing is performed with T cells sorted from the peripheral blood of healthy individuals and patients with B cell‐acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL). Unbiased bioinformatics analysis enabled the authors to identify 13 T cell clusters in the patients based on their molecular properties. All 11 major T cell subsets in healthy individuals are found in the patients with B‐ALL, with the counterparts in the patients universally showing more activated characteristics. Two exhausted T cell populations, characterized by up‐regulation of TIGIT, PDCD1, HLADRA, LAG3, and CTLA4 are specifically discovered in B‐ALL patients. Of note, these exhausted T cells possess remarkable heterogeneity, and ten sub‐clusters are further identified, which are characterized by different cell cycle phases, naïve states, and GNLY (coding granulysin) expression. Coupled with single‐cell T cell receptor repertoire profiling, diverse originations of the exhausted T cells in B‐ALL are suggested, and clonally expanded exhausted T cells are likely to originate from CD8+ effector memory/terminal effector cells. Together, these data provide for the first‐time valuable insights for understanding exhausted T cell populations in leukemia.
Advanced Cancer Starvation Therapy by Simultaneous Deprivation of Lactate and Glucose Using a MOF Nanoplatform
Authors: Yu Jiantao , Wei Zixiang , Li Qing , Wan Feiyan , Chao Zhicong , Zhang Xindan , Lin Li , Meng Hong , Tian Leilei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRecent investigations reveal that lactate is not a waste product but a major energy source for cells, especially in the mitochondria, which can support cellular survival under glucose shortage. Accordingly, the new understanding of lactate prompts to target it together with glucose to pursue a more efficient cancer starvation therapy. Herein, zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) nanoplatforms are used to co‐deliver α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamate (CHC) and glucose oxidase (GOx) and fulfill the task of simultaneous depriving of lactate and glucose, resulting in a new nanomedicine CHC/GOx@ZIF‐8. The synthesis conditions are carefully optimized in order to yield monodisperse and uniform nanomedicines, which will ensure reliable and steady therapeutic properties. Compared with the strategies aiming at a single carbon source, improved starvation therapy efficacy is observed. Besides, more than boosting the energy shortage, CHC/GOx@ZIF‐8 can block the lactate‐fueled respiration and relieve solid tumor hypoxia, which will enhance GOx catalysis activity, depleting extra glucose, and producing more cytotoxic H2O2. By the synergistically enhanced anti‐tumor effect, both in vitro and in vivo cancer‐killing efficacies of CHC/GOx@ZIF‐8 show twice enhancements than the GOx mediated therapy. The results demonstrate that the dual‐depriving of lactate and glucose is a more advanced strategy for strengthening cancer starvation therapy.
Novel Stacking Design of a Flexible Thin‐Film Thermoelectric Generator with a Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor Architecture
Authors: Tao Xudong , Hao Botao , Assender Hazel E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA stacked thermoelectric generator on a flexible polymer sheet is investigated that can utilize a low‐cost high throughput roll‐to‐roll process, employing a metal–insulator–semiconductor structure of <100 nm thick Cu and bismuth telluride films with a ≈1 µm thick acrylate insulating coating. Thermoelectric strips can be stacked and connected in the out‐of‐plane direction, which significantly decreases the size required in the substrate plane and also gives rise to the opportunity for greatly extending power output by stacking thousands of layers. A smooth surface of stacked layers is confirmed due to the nature of the acrylate layer. Room‐temperature sputtering can produce good quality/crystalline films, indicated by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. Both experimental and simulation results observe a small temperature gradient across the stack from the bottom heat source to the top free surface. A stacked thermoelectric generator shows comparable performance to an in‐plane device, and most notably, the stacked architecture allows a higher power output without increasing the dimension of the device in the substrate plane, while the thickness is increased within only a µm range. Cyclic buckling fatigue tests suggest that the performance of stacked functional strips can be protected under deformation within the acrylate matrix.
Enhanced N‐Type Doping of a Naphthalene Diimide Based Copolymer by Modification of the Donor Unit
Authors: Cassinelli Marco , Cimò Simone , Biskup Till , Jiao Xuechen , Luzio Alessandro , McNeill Christopher R. , Noh Yong‐Young , Kim Yun‐Hi , Bertarelli Chiara , Caironi Mario 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDoped conjugated organic semiconductors are suitable materials to be used as building blocks of flexible and cost‐effective thermoelectric generators. While several efficient solution‐processable p‐type organic thermoelectric materials are reported, n‐doped materials are fewer because of lack of good electron‐transporting materials and stable n‐dopants. Here, n‐doping process is investigated on a relevant n‐type class, namely naphthalene‐diimide‐based copolymers. Among these, copolymer incorporating bithiophene (T2) donor units, largely studied poly{N,N″‐bis(2‐octyl‐dodecyl)‐1,4,5,8‐naphthalenedicarboximide‐2,6‐diyl]‐alt‐5,5′‐(2,2′‐bithiophene)} (PNDI‐T2), is one of first polymers reported to achieve good solution‐based n‐doping. By substituting T2 with thienylenevinylene‐thienylene (TVT), resulting PNDI‐TVT copolymer exhibits improvements on both structural and transport properties, offering a suitable basis to improve thermoelectric properties upon doping. When doped with 1H‐benzimidazoles, PNDI‐TVT achieves maximum in‐plane electrical conductivity at room temperature of 2.4 × 10−2 S cm−1, being the highest value for PNDI‐T2 solution‐doped derivatives excluding those with oligoethylene‐glycol chains. Electron paramagnetic resonance and variable temperature electrical conductivity measurements relate this enhancement to more efficient charge‐transfer between n‐dopant molecules and host polymeric matrix, and easier charge carrier transport within the system. This electrical conductivity large enhancement also improves in‐plane power factor of almost three times with respect to similar doped PNDI‐T2 films.
Single‐Ion Conducting Soft Electrolytes for Semi‐Solid Lithium Metal Batteries Enabling Cell Fabrication and Operation under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Oh Kyeong‐Seok , Kim Jung‐Hui , Kim Se‐Hee , Oh Dongrak , Han Sun‐Phil , Jung Kwangeun , Wang Zhuyi , Shi Liyi , Su Yongxiang , Yim Taeeun , Yuan Shuai , Lee Sang‐Young 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDespite their potential as post lithium‐ion batteries, solid‐state Li‐metal batteries are struggling with insufficient electrochemical sustainability and ambient operation limitations. These challenges mainly stem from lack of reliable solid‐state electrolytes. Here, a new class of single‐ion conducting quasi‐solid‐state soft electrolyte (SICSE) for practical semi‐solid Li‐metal batteries (SSLMBs) is demonstrated. The SICSE consists of an ion‐rectifying compliant skeleton and a nonflammable coordinated electrolyte. Rheology‐tuned SICSE pastes, in combination with UV curing‐assisted multistage printing, allow fabrication of seamlessly integrated SSLMBs (composed of a Li metal anode and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1 cathode) without undergoing high‐pressure/high‐temperature manufacturing steps. The single‐ion conducting capability of the SICSE plays a viable role in stabilizing the interfaces with the electrodes. The resulting SSLMB full cell exhibits stable cycling performance and bipolar configurations with tunable voltages and high gravimetric/volumetric energy densities (476 Wh kgcell−1/1102 Wh Lcell−1 at four‐stacked cells with 16.656 V) under ambient operating conditions, along with low‐temperature performance, mechanical foldability, and nonflammability.
Boron Strengthened GeTe‐Based Alloys for Robust Thermoelectric Devices with High Output Power Density
Authors: Bai Guangyuan , Yu Yuan , Wu Xuelian , Li Junqin , Xie Yucheng , Hu Lipeng , Liu Fusheng , Wuttig Matthias , Cojocaru‐Mirédin Oana , Zhang Chaohua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHigh‐performance thermoelectric (TE) devices require not only a high figure of merit (ZT) but also mechanical strength and thermal stability. Here, a simultaneous enhancement of ZT as well as mechanical properties is obtained in GeTe‐based alloys by adding boron. This material is then assembled with n‐type CoSb3 skutterudite into TE modules. The improved ZT values result from the increase in charge carrier mobility due to the reduced interfacial barrier height. A peak ZT of 2.2 at 773 K can be achieved in Ge0.84Pb0.1Sb0.06TeB0.07, which shows a negligible change in the coefficient of thermal expansion upon the phase transition from the rhombohedral to the cubic phase, ensuring good thermal stability of the device. Resulting from the boron‐induced grain refinement and dispersion strengthening, the average compressive strength and Vickers hardness of Ge0.9Sb0.1TeB0.07 can be enhanced to ≈227 MPa and ≈202 Hv, respectively. The improved mechanical properties facilitate the assembly of devices and lower the interfacial contact resistance. As a synergy of increased ZT and mechanical strength, a high output power density of ≈1.76 W cm−2 at ΔT = 425 K and an energy conversion efficiency of 7.4% at ΔT = 477 K can be achieved in the TE modules.
The medium‐term impacts of integrated crop–livestock systems on crop yield and economic performance
Authors: Rai Teerath Singh , Nleya Thandiwe , Kumar Sandeep , Sexton Peter , Wang Tong , Fan Yubing 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntegrated crop–livestock (ICL) systems are diverse production systems that can improve resource utilization through spatially or temporally rotating land among crop, livestock, and pasture uses. However, research on whether the enhanced resource utilization translates to greater crop productivity is still warranted. A field experiment was initiated at South Dakota State University in 2016 to determine the impacts of integrating cover crops and livestock grazing into a crop rotation of oat (Avena sativa L.)–maize (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The objectives were to (a) determine the medium‐term (4–6 yr) impacts of cover crops and livestock grazing on crop performance, and (b) determine the economic impacts of integrating cover crops and livestock grazing. Treatments included (a) a cover crop blend planted after oat harvesting (CC), (b) a CC blend that was the same as in (a) but with grazing of the CC and crop residue in late fall (ICL), and (c) a control treatment without any CC or livestock grazing. The results showed that planting cover crops, with or without grazing, did not impact the subsequent crop yield. Maize yield decreased by 17.7% in a dry year in 2017 in the CC treatment compared with the control; however, the difference was nonsignificant (P = .06). Economic analysis showed that the net revenue generated by the ICL system could compensate for the additional costs incurred by integrating cover crops into the crop production system.
Liming and phosphorus fertilization increase cassava root yield without affecting its cooking time
Authors: Rosa Ben‐Hur S. , Fernandes Adalton M. , Gazola Bruno , Nunes Jesion G. S. , Soratto Rogério P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAcidity and low P availability in tropical soils constrain cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) yield. Liming increases soil Ca and P availability, but Ca can increase the storage root cooking time, and its effects vary with soil P availability. The effects of liming and P fertilization on cassava yield and their relationship with storage root cooking need to be better understood. A 2‐yr field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of liming at 0, 1.5, 3.1, and 4.8 Mg ha−1 with 0 or 70 kg P ha−1 on plant nutritional status and growth, yield, and cooking of fresh storage roots of the cassava cultivar IAC 576‐70. Foliar concentrations were increased for N, P, and Mg and reduced for Mn and Zn with lime application. Maximum cassava fresh storage root yield (26.4 Mg ha−1) was obtained with an optimal lime rate of 3.0 Mg ha−1 and a base saturation of 50%. Liming promoted a 6.5% increase (1.7 min) in the cooking time of storage roots. Application of P fertilizer increased shoot biomass in acidic soil and the diameter and mean weight of the storage roots in the amended soil. Phosphorus fertilization increased the yield (22% or 4.7 Mg ha−1) and P concentration of the storage roots without changing their P/Ca ratio or cooking time. Liming and P fertilization can be managed to improve cassava storage root yield without affecting storage root cooking.
Development of a green integrated process for biodiesel esters production: Use of fermented macaúba cake as biocatalyst for macaúba acid oil transesterification
Authors: Ávila Sabrini N. S. , Collaço Ana Cristina A. , Greco‐Duarte Jaqueline , Aguieiras Erika C. G. , Ambrósio Priscila R. S. , de Castro Aline M. , Gutarra Melissa L. E. , Cavalcanti Elisa D. C. , Freire Denise M. G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this study, a new green integrated process for biodiesel ester production was developed, consisting of the enzymatic transesterification of acid oil from macaúba palm tree (Acrocomia aculeata) catalyzed by dry fermented solid (DFS) with lipase activity, which was obtained from solid‐state fermentation (SSF) of macaúba cake. Analysis of statistical experimental designs showed that nitrogen supplementation of macaúba cake improved production of lipases displaying esterification capacity by Rhizomucor miehei. The conditions chosen to produce R. miehei DFS were cake supplementation with 2 wt% urea, 60 wt% of initial moisture during 48 h of fermentation at 40°C. DFS showed, by zymography assays, at least one enzyme that was different from those that are present in the commercial lipase of R. miehei. Furthermore, DFS was used in transesterification reactions between macaúba acid oil and alcohol (methanol or ethanol), and the ester content obtained was 92%. This is the first time that this integrated process using low‐cost biocatalysts and a low‐value oil derived from the processing of the same fruit was used for biodiesel ester production, reducing costs and logistic constraints, and optimizing the raw material utilization.