bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracking the mental health of home-carers during the first COVID-19 national lockdown: evidence from a nationally representative UK survey
Authors: Whitley Elise , Reeve Kelly , Benzeval Michaela 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundUnpaid carers who look after another member of their household (home-carers) have poorer mental health than the general population. The first COVID-19 national lockdown led to an increasing reliance on home-carers and we investigate the short- and longer-term impacts of lockdown on their mental health.MethodsData from 9737 adult participants (aged 16+) from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (Understanding Society) were used to explore changes in 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) score between (a) pre-pandemic (2019) and early lockdowns (April 2020) and (b) early and later (July 2020) lockdowns.ResultsGHQ-12 scores among home-carers were higher pre-lockdown and increased more than for non-carers from 2019 to April 2020 with further increases for home-carers compared with non-carers between April and July. Compared with respondents caring for a spouse/partner, those caring for a child under 18 had a particularly marked increase in GHQ-12 score between 2019 and April, as did those caring for someone with a learning disability. Home-carers of children under 18 improved from April to July while those caring for adult children saw a marked worsening of their mental health. Home-carers with greater care burden saw larger increases in GHQ-12 score from 2019 to April and from April to July, and increases through both periods were greater for home-carers who had formal help prior to lockdown but then lost it.ConclusionsThe mental health of home-carers deteriorated more during lockdown than non-carers. Policies that reinstate support for them and their care-recipients will benefit the health of both vulnerable groups.
Landscape forest loss changes sunfleck dynamics in forest fragments of southern Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Reis Igor Pires , Rocha-Santos Larissa , Leal Adrielle , Faria Deborah , Mielke Marcelo Schramm 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLandscape-scale habitat loss can change the floristic composition of forest fragments, affecting the survival of specific groups of plants, as shade-tolerant and emergent trees. This increasing in tree mortality creates forest canopy gaps of different sizes that ultimately determine the solar radiation available in the forest understorey. We conducted a study aiming to assess how the loss of forest cover at landscape level (i.e. deforestation) affects the sunfleck dynamics, a proxy of light regime in forest understorey. We expected that fragments located in landscapes with less forest cover have a high number of larger canopy gaps and, consequently, long-lasting sunflecks. In each forest fragment, a 100 per 50 m plot was established, and in each plot, we took 10 hemispherical photographs. The images were analysed using the Gap Light Analyzer software. The sunflecks were divided into six temporal classes. We evidenced that landscape-scale deforestation increased the frequency of all sunfleck intervals >8 min, particularly the long-lasting (> 32 min) sunflecks. We propose that the increasing frequency of long-lasting sunflecks reduces suitability of microhabitat to some shade-tolerant species in local fragments, a potential proximal mechanism contributing to compositional shifts of tree assemblages observed in forest fragments within deforested landscapes.
What Do We Owe to Novel Synthetic Beings and How Can We Be Sure?
Authors: McKeown Alex 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEmbodiment is typically given insufficient weight in debates concerning the moral status of Novel Synthetic Beings (NSBs) such as sentient or sapient Artificial Intelligences (AIs). Discussion usually turns on whether AIs are conscious or self-aware, but this does not exhaust what is morally relevant. Since moral agency encompasses what a being wants to do, the means by which it enacts choices in the world is a feature of such agency. In determining the moral status of NSBs and our obligations to them, therefore, we must consider how their corporeality shapes their options, preferences, values, and is constitutive of their moral universe. Analysing AI embodiment and the coupling between cognition and world, the paper shows why determination of moral status is only sensible in terms of the whole being, rather than mental sophistication alone, and why failure to do this leads to an impoverished account of our obligations to such NSBs.
Household food insecurity and children’s physical activity and sedentary behaviour in the United States: the Healthy Communities Study
Authors: Navarro Sophia M , Tsai Marisa M , Ritchie Lorrene D , Frongillo Edward A , Laraia Barbara A , Pate Russell R , Au Lauren E 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjective:To examine associations between household food insecurity and children’s physical activity and sedentary behaviours.Design:Secondary analysis was conducted on the Healthy Communities Study, an observational study from 2013 to 2015. Household food insecurity was assessed by two items from the US Department of Agriculture’s 18-item US Household Food Security Survey Module. Physical activity was measured using the 7-d Physical Activity Behaviour Recall instrument. Data were analysed using multilevel statistical modelling.Setting:A total of 130 communities in the USA.Participants:In sum, 5138 US children aged 4–15 years.Results:No associations were found for the relationship between household food insecurity and child physical activity. A significant interaction between household food insecurity and child sex for sedentary behaviours was observed (P= 0·03).Conclusions:Additional research capturing a more detailed assessment of children’s experiences of food insecurity in relation to physical activity is warranted. Future studies may consider adopting qualitative study designs or utilising food insecurity measures that specifically target child-level food insecurity. Subsequent research may also seek to further explore sub-group analyses by sex.
Postdrought Recovery Time Across Global Terrestrial Ecosystems
Authors: Zhang Shulei , Yang Yuting , Wu Xiuchen , Li Xiaoyan , Shi Fangzhong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDrought, as an intermittent disturbance of the water cycle, profoundly impacts the terrestrial ecosystem. Recovery time (RT) of an ecosystem from drought is an important indicator of assessing drought impacts and ecosystem resilience, yet the spatiotemporal pattern of ecosystem postdrought RT remains controversial in existing studies. Here we investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of postdrought RT across global terrestrial ecosystems using two observation‐based gross primary productivity (GPP) data sets: direct flux‐site observations and gridded estimates by upscaling flux‐site observations using machine‐learning approach. For droughts that occur on average once every 5.2 years, the RT typically ranges between 2 and 8 months, with a global mean RT of ∼6 months. Spatially, both GPP data sets show a significant bilinear relationship between RT and moisture gradient, and that ecosystems in arid and humid regions tend to recover from drought more rapidly than semi‐arid/sub‐humid ecosystems. Additionally, forests show an overall longer RT than shrublands and grasslands. Temporally, global ecosystem RT shows a slight yet significant increasing trend (0.032 months yr−1) during 1982–2010, which is partly caused by the increasing drought for the same period. However, the observed patterns of RT across global bio‐climatic zones are not captured by the state‐of‐the‐art land surface models, which exhibit a shorter RT in semi‐arid/sub‐humid ecosystems but longer RT in arid/humid regions, and a larger increasing trend of RT over time (0.069 months yr−1). Our findings provide crucial insights into ecosystem vulnerability to sub‐decadal stress events and ecosystem recovery trajectories among diverse bio‐climatic regions and highlight potential model deficiencies that should be accounted for in future model developments.
Seeking advanced thermal management for stretchable electronics
Authors: Sun Bin , Huang Xingyi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWith the trend of integration, miniaturization, and increasing power density of stretchable electronic devices, real-time thermal dissipation is becoming crucial. Seeking materials and/or structures with advanced thermal management for stretchable electronics becomes an urgent issue. For passive thermal management, the traditional thermal interfacial materials (TIMs) with flexibility cannot meet the demand of stretchable electronics, because stretchable devices are usually required to experience a large scale of bending, twisting, stretching, and so on. The main challenge facing thermal management for stretchable electronics is how to maintain stable thermal conductance under large deformation. Here, we examine the development of materials and structures available in this field. We also propose a comparative analysis of the existing challenges and provide possible solutions for the thermal management of stretchable electronics in the future.
Rheumatological features of Whipple disease
Authors: Tison Alice , Preuss Pauline , Leleu Clémentine , Robin François , Le Pluart Adrien , Vix Justine , Le Mélédo Guillaume , Goupille Philippe , Gervais Elisabeth , Cormier Grégoire , Albert Jean-David , Perdriger Aleth , Bouvard Béatrice , Berthelot Jean-Marie , Foulquier Nathan , Saraux Alain 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhipple disease (WD) is a rare infectious systemic disease. Rheumatologists are at the frontline of WD diagnosis due to the early rheumatological manifestations. An early diagnosis is crucial, as usual anti-rheumatic drugs, especially TNF inhibitors, may worsen the disease course. We conducted a retrospective multicentre national study from January 2010 to April 2020 to better characterize the rheumatological features of WD. Classic WD (CWD) was defined by positive periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining of a small-bowel biopsy sample, and non-CWD (NCWD) was defined by negative PAS staining of a small-bowel biopsy sample but at least one positive Tropheryma whipplei (TW) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for a digestive or extradigestive specimen. Sixty-eight patients were enrolled, including 11 CWD patients. Twenty patients (30%) received TNF inhibitors during the WD course, with inefficacy or symptom worsening. More digestive symptoms and systemic biological features were observed in CWD patients than in NCWD patients, but both patient groups had similar outcomes, especially concerning the response to antibiotics and relapse rate. Stool and saliva TW PCR sensitivity were both 100% for CWD and 75% for NCWD and 89% and 60% for small-bowel biopsy sample PCR, respectively. WD encountered in rheumatology units has many presentations, which might result from different pathophysiologies that are dependent on host immunity. Given the heterogeneous presentations and the presence of chronic carriage, multiple TW PCR tests on samples from specific rheumatological sites when possible should be performed, but samples from nonspecific digestive and extradigestive sites also have great value.
Effects of whole blood storage in a polyolefin blood bag on platelets for acute normovolemic hemodilution
Authors: Murata Yutaka , Kusudo Eriko , Kawamoto Shuji , Fukuda Kazuhiko 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAcute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) is a potential transfusion method for platelets, as well as for red blood cells. However, previous studies have shown that whole blood storage in ANH decreases platelet aggregability by 14.7–76.3% and that this decrease is not recovered by reinfusion. We investigated whether a new whole blood storage method for 6 h using a polyolefin bag, based on the platelet concentrates storage method, would maintain platelet function better than the conventional method using a polyvinyl chloride bag. We demonstrated that storage of whole blood in a polyolefin bag maintained ADP-induced aggregation rates at more than twofold higher than those in a polyvinyl chloride bag, and also significantly suppressed P-selectin expression, a platelet activation marker (ADP-induced aggregation rates: 24.6 ± 5.1% vs. 51.7 ± 11.5%, p = 0.002; P-selectin expression; 50.3 ± 8.4MFI vs. 31.6 ± 9.3MFI, p = 0.018). These results could be attributed to the high gas permeability of polyolefin, which lowered PCO2 and maintained a high pH with or without agitation. There were no significant changes in platelet count and red blood cell parameters due to the storage methods. Our results suggest that ANH using polyolefin bags is advantageous in improving hemostatic function compared to the conventional method.
Supplier-origin mouse microbiomes significantly influence locomotor and anxiety-related behavior, body morphology, and metabolism
Authors: Ericsson Aaron C. , Hart Marcia L. , Kwan Jessica , Lanoue Louise , Bower Lynette R. , Araiza Renee , Kent Lloyd K. C. , Franklin Craig L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe mouse is the most commonly used model species in biomedical research. Just as human physical and mental health are influenced by the commensal gut bacteria, mouse models of disease are influenced by the fecal microbiome (FM). The source of mice represents one of the strongest influences on the FM and can influence the phenotype of disease models. The FM influences behavior in mice leading to the hypothesis that mice of the same genetic background from different vendors, will have different behavioral phenotypes. To test this hypothesis, colonies of CD-1 mice, rederived via embryo transfer into surrogate dams from four different suppliers, were subjected to phenotyping assays assessing behavior and physiological parameters. Significant differences in behavior, growth rate, metabolism, and hematological parameters were observed. Collectively, these findings show the profound influence of supplier-origin FMs on host behavior and physiology in healthy, genetically similar, wild-type mice maintained in identical environments.
I(nsp1)ecting SARS-CoV-2–ribosome interactions
Authors: Simeoni Matthieu , Cavinato Théo , Rodriguez Daniel , Gatfield David 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhile SARS-CoV-2 is causing modern human history’s most serious health crisis and upending our way of life, clinical and basic research on the virus is advancing rapidly, leading to fascinating discoveries. Two studies have revealed how the viral virulence factor, nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1), binds human ribosomes to inhibit host cell translation. Here, we examine the main conclusions on the molecular activity of Nsp1 and its role in suppressing innate immune responses. We discuss different scenarios potentially explaining how the viral RNA can bypass its own translation blockage and speculate on the suitability of Nsp1 as a therapeutic target.
Perspektiven und Methoden der Experimentellen Nuklearmedizin
Authors: Balber Theresa , Mitterhauser Markus 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungDie zentralen Aufgaben der experimentellen Nuklearmedizin liegen in der Entwicklung neuer Bildgebungsstrategien und Radioligandentherapien, in dem Erwerb eines tiefen molekularen Verständnisses für das Verhalten etablierter Radiopharmaka und der Entwicklung entsprechender Methodik für die Charakterisierung eben dieser. Die folgende Arbeit bietet einen Überblick über wichtige Parameter und Methoden der experimentellen Nuklearmedizin, die für die Realisierung einer erfolgreichen Bildgebungsstrategie und Radioligandentherapie essentiell sind.
Frischer Wind für Integrine
Authors: Kossatz Susanne , Notni Johannes 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungSelektive PET- oder SPECT- Radiopharmaka sind inzwischen nicht nur für αvβ3, sondern auch weitere der 24 verschiedenen Integrine verfügbar, zum Beispiel α5β1, αvβ6, αvβ8 und α6. Da diese unter anderem auch von verschiedenen Karzinomen und im Zuge von Fibrose exprimiert werden, ist die Vorstellung, dass Integrine nur als Zielstrukturen für die Bildgebung von Angiogenese in Betracht kommen, endgültig überholt. Die derzeit besten Aussichten auf eine breite klinische Anwendung, sowohl diagnostisch als auch therapeutisch, haben derzeit αvβ6-Integrin-Radiopharmaka, da αvβ6 von vielen malignen Krebsarten (v. a. Pankreas-, Plattenepithel-, Basalzell-, Lungen- und Colonkarzinom) überexprimiert wird.
Pharmacokinetics of Five Alkaloids and their Metabolites in Normal and Diabetic Rats after Oral Administration of Rhizoma coptidis
Authors: Feng Xinchi , Wang Kun , Cao Shijie , Ding Liqin , Qiu Feng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRhizoma coptidis has been clinically used for a long time for the treatment of various diseases in China, such as hypertension, diabetes, and inflammation. Previous studies have shown that alkaloid components of Rhizoma coptidis extract could be extensively metabolized and the metabolites were also considered to be the therapeutic material basis. However, until now, pharmacokinetic studies of the in vivo metabolites have not been revealed yet. The aim of the present study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and excretions of five main alkaloids (berberine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, epiberberine, and coptisine) and their seven metabolites (berberrubine, demethyleneberberine, jatrorrhizine-3-O-β-D-glucuronide, thalifendine-10-O-β-D-glucuronide, berberrubine-9-O-β-D-glucuronide, demethyleneberberine-2-O-sulfate, and demethyleneberberine-2-O-β-D-glucuronide) in rats after oral administration of
Rhizoma coptidis extract. Meanwhile, comparative pharmacokinetics and excretions of these analytes in diabetic model rats were also investigated, since Rhizoma coptidis is widely used for the treatment of diabetes. Our results showed that the in vivo existing forms of alkaloid components were phase II metabolites, highlighting the glucuronidation metabolic pathway. In diabetic model rats, the utilization of Rhizoma coptidis alkaloids was significantly increased and the biotransformation of berberine into berberrubine was significantly inhibited.
Facile Synthesis of 4-Perfluoroalkylated 2H-Pyran-2-ones Bearing Indole Skeleton via a Base-Promoted Cascade Process
Authors: Zhou Wei , Huang Qi , Zhang Hui , Cao Weiguo , Shen Lichun , Han Jing , Chen Jie , He Weimin , Deng Hongmei , Shao Min 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA protocol for the synthesis of 4-perfluoroalkylated 2H-pyran-2-ones bearing indole skeleton is reported. This efficient synthesis involves a Et3N-promoted Michael addition/enolization/cyclization cascade process at 40 °C in air, using 3-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-3-oxopropanenitriles and methyl perfluoroalk-2-ynoates as the easily available starting materials. Various functionalized 6-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-oxo-4-(perfluoroalkyl)-2H-pyran-5-carbonitrile derivatives were obtained in 44–99% yield.
Synthesis of Biologically Active Heterocycles via a Domino Sequence Involving an SN2/Thorpe–Ziegler Reaction Step
Authors: Larionova Natalia A. , Shestopalov Anatoliy M. , Rodinovskaya Lyudmila A. , Zubarev Andrey A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis review highlights methods for the synthesis of five- and six-membered heterocycles and their annulated analogues. These methods are based on anionic domino reactions that have a common step: an SN2/Thorpe–Ziegler reaction. In addition, data on the biological activity of these heterocycles are summarized.1	Introduction2	Synthesis of Thiophenes, Pyrroles, Furans and Other Heterocycles2.1	Synthesis of 3-Aminothiophenes2.2	Synthesis of 3-Aminopyrroles2.3	Synthesis of 3-Aminofurans3	Synthesis of Bicyclic Heterocyclic Systems3.1	Thiophenes, Pyrroles and Furans Fused with Five-Membered Heterocycles3.2	Thiophenes, Pyrroles and Furans Fused with Six-Membered Heterocycles4	Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds Using Three-Step Domino Reactions5	Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds Based on a Combination of Two Domino Reactions6	Miscellaneous7	Conclusion
Photocatalysis: A Green Tool for Redox Reactions
Authors: Das Shoubhik , Cauwenbergh Robin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractReduction-and-oxidation (redox) reactions are one of the most utilized approaches for the synthesis of value-added compounds. With the growing awareness of green chemistry, researchers have searched for new and sustainable pathways for performing redox reactions. From this, a new field has gained tremendous attention, namely photoredox catalysis. Here, molecules can be easily oxidized or reduced with the use of one of Nature’s biggest resources: visible light. This tutorial paper gives the basics of photoredox catalysis along with limited examples to encourage further research in this blooming research area.1 Introduction2 Redox Chemistry3 Photochemistry3.1 Laws of Photochemistry3.2 Principles3.3 Examples4 Photoredox Catalysis4.1 General Principles4.2 Classification of Redox Processes4.3 Other Mechanistic Considerations4.4 Stern–Volmer Plots4.5 Photophysical Properties4.6 Redox Potentials5 Photocatalysts5.1 Metal-Based Photocatalysts5.2 Organic Dyes5.3 Semiconductors6 Dual Catalysis7 Conclusions
Study on precision dicing process of SiC wafer with diamond dicing blades
Authors: Wang Xue , Yuan Zewei , Zhuang Peng , Wu Tianzheng , Feng Shuang 
Published: June 2021

An innovative method for high-speed micro-dicing of SiC has been proposed using two types of diamond dicing blades, a resin-bonded dicing blade and a metal-bonded dicing blade. The experimental research investigated the radial wear of the dicing blade, the maximum spindle current, the surface morphology of the SiC die, the number of chips longer than 10 µm, and the chipped area, which depend on the dicing process parameters such as spindle speed, feed speed, and cutting depth. The chipping fractures in the SiC had obvious brittle fracture characteristics. The performance of the metal-bonded dicing blade was inferior to that of the resin-bonded dicing blade. The cutting depth has the greatest influence on the radial wear of the dicing blade, the maximum spindle current, and the damage to the SiC wafer. The next most important parameter is the feed speed. The parameter with the least influence is the spindle speed. The main factor affecting the dicing quality is blade vibration caused by spindle vibration. The optimal SiC dicing was for a resin-bonded dicing blade with a spindle speed of 20 000 rpm, a feed speed of 4 mm/s, and a cutting depth of 0.1 mm. To improve dicing quality and tool performance, spindle vibrations should be reduced. This approach may enable high-speed dicing of SiC wafers with less dicing damage.
An application of a Si/CdTe Compton camera for the polarization measurement of hard x rays from highly charged heavy ions
Authors: Tsuzuki Yutaka , Watanabe Shin , Oishi Shimpei , Nakamura Nobuyuki , Numadate Naoki , Odaka Hirokazu , Uchida Yuusuke , Yoneda Hiroki , Takahashi Tadayuki 
Published: June 2021

Methods to measure the polarization of x rays from highly charged heavy ions with a significantly higher accuracy than that of the existing technology are needed to explore relativistic and quantum electrodynamics effects, including the Breit interaction. We developed an Electron Beam Ion Trap Compton Camera (EBIT-CC), a new Compton polarimeter with pixelated multi-layer silicon, and cadmium telluride counters. The EBIT-CC detects the three-dimensional position of Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption, and thus, the degree of polarization of incoming x rays can be evaluated. We attached the EBIT-CC on the Tokyo Electron Beam Ion Trap (Tokyo-EBIT) in the University of Electro-Communications. An experiment was performed to evaluate its polarimetric capability through an observation of radiative recombination x rays emitted from highly charged krypton ions, which were generated by the Tokyo-EBIT. The CC of the EBIT-CC was calibrated for the ∼75 keV x rays. We developed event reconstruction and selection procedures and applied them to every registered event. As a result, we successfully obtained the polarization degree with an absolute uncertainty of 0.02. This uncertainty is small enough to probe the difference between the zero-frequency approximation and full-frequency-dependent calculation for the Breit interaction, which is expected for dielectronic recombination x rays of highly charged heavy ions.