bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A FEW BELIEFS ABOUT CHILDREN IN THE MEDICAL FOLKLORE OF THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The medical folklore of the Pennsylvania Germans is rich with suggestions for the care of children. Although modem medicine continues to supplant folk beliefs of disease and folkways of diagnosis and cure in the lives of the Pennsylvania Germans, nonetheless folk beliefs still linger on.
A few former beliefs about the care of children are these1:
A fretful baby longs for some certain food for which its mother wished in vain during pregnancy. The only remedy is to discover the nature of the food and to give the child a taste of it. To forestall such fretfulness a husband will do all in his power to gratify the fitful desires of his wife.
A child will cease to grow if it is stepped over; if it crawls through an open window, or between the legs of a chair or table; however if it crawls back the same way its growth will not be interrupted.
A cat left alone with a sleeping baby will endeavor to rob it of its breath. An aged person sleeping with a young child will absorb its vitality.
A child will have lofty thoughts if a louse is placed on its head and it is carried to the upper story of the house before it is nine months old.
A fretful unbaptized child cries for a name; a child that cries during baptism is displeased with its name; will become a great singer or preacher; a face washed with baptismal water will become very beautiful.1
Care of the Seriously Ill Neonate With Hyaline Membrane Disease and With Sepsis (Sclerema Neonatorum)
Authors: Prod'hom L. S. , Choffat J.-M. , Frenck N. , Mazoumi M. , Relier J.-P. , Torrado A. 
Published: December 2021

1. Intensive treatment of 595 infants with hyaline membrane disease has increased the survival rate from 46% in the years 1966 to 1968 to 68% in the years 1971 to 1972. This improvement is seen in infants with a gestational age of 28 weeks and more in both sexes, not only in the milder form of the disease, but also in the more severely affected infants, whether in the asphyxiated or in the nonasphyxiated group. Mechanical ventilation seems to be a valuable therapeutic tool, particularly in the most severely affected infants.
2. Postmortem examinations have shown the prevalence of three major disturbances other than those of respiration: ventricular and subarachnoidal hemorrhage, infections, and iatrogenic lesions.
3. Among the 355 survivors, the overall frequency of late somatic and neurological sequellae has been found to be 6.5%.
4. It seems justified to stop all reanimation practices in the presence of a ventricular hemorrhage, since this neonatal complication has led always to severe brain damage in the survivors.
5. Exchange transfusion can be effective in the clinical management of septicemia associated with sclerema neonatorum, when given repeatedly.
A Method of Securing Orotracheal Tubes in Neonatal Respiratory Care
Authors: Cussel George , Levy Louis , Thompson Richard E. 
Published: December 2021

Endotracheal tubes, employed in respirator therapy or CPAP, must remain in place despite frequent suctioning, manipulation of the baby by x-ray and blood-drawing technicians, and changes in the baby's position. After trying several methods, the following simple inexpensive method of securing endotracheal tubes is now used in our NICU.
Materials
Figure 1 pictures the materials that are used. The clamp is a Hollister plastic umbilical clamp with a central hole drilled to accommodate the endotracheal tube. The clamp's "safety lock"is beveled on both sides so the clamp can be opened and closed.
Recurrent Acute Intussusception
Authors: Kenigsberg Kenneth , Lee Jack C. , Stein Harry 
Published: December 2021

1. A case of idiopathic recurrent acute intussusception in a 2-year-old male child is presented. The patient was successfully treated with elective ileocolectomy after four recurrences.
2. The incidence of recurrent acute intussusception in children is about 4% and in 20% a specific etiology is identifiable.
3. The treatment of recurrent acute intussusception is essentially the same as that of primary intussusception. However, after the second recurrence, resection of the involved intestinal segment is indicated, as this seems to be the only effective means of preventing further recurrence.
The Pediatric Experience of an Experimental Prepaid Group Practice in a Medical School Setting
Authors: Kahn Lawrence , Perkoff Gerald T. 
Published: December 2021

The Medical Care Group (MCG) of Washington University is an experimental prepaid group practice which operates as an integral part of a medical school. When the practice was begun, study (MCG) and control group (CG) families were enrolled and selected prospectively by random drawing. Medical care utilization by families in the prepaid group practice (MCG) then was compared with that of families cared for in the traditional fee-for-service system (CG).
The data presented here represent pediatric utilization for the first 25 months' experience. There were 592 pediatric person years of experience (PY) in MCG and 697 PY in CG. MCG enrollees made almost twice as many ambulatory visits as did CG, 3.45 versus 1.79 visits/PY. There were fewer hospital admissions and the average duration of stay was shorter for MCG than for CG. Thus, MCG used 53.4% fewer hospital days 10.8 per 100 PY compared to 23.2 for CG (p = &lt; 0.01). This reduction resulted more from reduced nonsurgical than surgical utilization.
These data substantiate, in a prospectively controlled study of pediatric enrollees, the reduced hospital and increased ambulatory care utilization expected in a prepaid group practice and support the feasibility of conducting such a practice as an integral part of a medical school setting.
Propionicacidemia (Ketotic Hyperglycinemia): Dietary Treatment Resulting in Normal Growth and Development
Authors: Brandt Ira K. , Hsia Y. Edward , Clement David H. , Provence Sally A. 
Published: December 2021

A number of metabolic disorders are now known to bring about a syndrome of recurrent ketoacidosis, vomiting, lethargy, stupor, and hypotonia, to present in the newborn period and to result in neurological impairment or death, if not properly controlled. The subject has been discussed by O'Brien and the number of disorders, primarily those involving a block in the metabolism of amino acids, continues to increase.
See image in the PDF file
The principles involved in diagnosis and management of these disorders are well exemplified in the present report. At the earliest suspicion that such a disorder exists, one should discontinue protein feeding, obtain blood and urine specimens for metabolic screening, and restore and temporarily maintain a normal metabolic milieu by the administration of water, glucose and balanced electrolytes. Should a specific metabolic block be ascertained, appropriate management, usually lifelong and dietary, may then be instituted with high expectations as to being able to control if not entirely prevent the usually unfavorable consequences. While the sporadic case may not be ascertained before some permanent damage is done, in situations in which the genetic predisposition has been defined the potential for normalcy is present. That this potential has been achieved in this patient is in greatest measure due to the cooperation and understanding of the parents, since the burden of management was primarily theirs.
Renal Disease in Childhood, ed. 2, by John A. James, M.B. (Edin.), M.R.C.P., D.C.H. St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Company, 1972, 377 pp., $23.50
Authors: Worthen Howard G. 
Published: December 2021

This is the second edition of Dr. James' compact text dealing with pediatric nephrology. The short interval between the first and second editions attests both to the rapid rate of change in this field and to the success of the first edition.
The format of the second edition remains the same as that of the first. Introductory chapters on anatomy and physiology of the kidney, signs and symptoms of renal disease and diagnostic procedures in infants and children are followed by chapters dealing with the various diseases and disorders encountered in pediatric nephrology.
Hemodialysis and renal transplantation in children: The role of the pediatric nephrology team
Authors: Grushkin Carl , Lewy John E. , Cole Barbara , Holland Nancy , Lewy Peter , Potter Donald 
Published: December 2021

Dialysis and transplantation are now acceptable modes of therapy for infants and children with end-stage renal disease. This necessitates a consideration of the appropriate role of the pediatric nephrology team in the care of these children. The passage of Federal legislation amending the Social Security Act to cover the extensive costs of dialysis and transplantation and the likelihood of the establishment of regional centers for adults and children further emphasizes the need to establish guidelines for personnel and facilities caring for infants, children and adolescents.
Initially, we must assess the goals of dialysis and transplantation in children. The most desirable and obvious goal is to return renal function to normal through transplantation whenever possible.
Double-Blind Study of the Effectiveness of a Broad Spectrum Antibiotic in Status Asthmaticus
Authors: Shapiro Gail G. , Eggleston Peyton A. , Pierson William E. , Ray C. George , Bierman C. Warren 
Published: December 2021

Forty-four children and adolescents with status asthmaticus and without signs of bacterial infection, such as otitis media, purulent pharyngitis or lobular pulmonary infiltrate and fever were treated identically except that one group received hetacillin, whose active form is ampicillin, and one group received placebo in a prerandomized double-blind fashion.
The groups were similar in terms of age, size and severity of asthma. Hospital course, complications and duration of hospitalization were similar for the two groups. The incidence of viral and mycoplasma infection was 20%. History, physical examination and chest x-ray were poor predictors of those with nonbacterial infection. There was no culture evidence that bacterial disease had been missed.
It appears that the use of broad spectrum antibiotics such as hetacillin or ampicillin in children and adolescents with status asthmaticus and without clinical evidence of bacterial disease is of no benefit. The need for close observation of these patients is stressed.
Contentment Defined for American Children in 1787
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

In 1787 a Philadelphia printer published a book for school children entitled "Miscellanies in Prose and Verse for the Improvement of Young Persons of Both Sexes." Benjamin Franklin expressed his approval of this book in these words: "A book containing so many well chosed sentiments and excellent instructions, put into the hands of our children cannot but be highly useful to the rising generation." The following is a lesson from this book:
Forget not that thy station on earth is appointed by the wisdom of the eternal; who knoweth thy heart, who seeth the vanity of all thy wishes, and who in mercy often denieth thy requests; yet for all reasonable desires, for all honest endeavours, his benevolence hath appointed, in the nature of things, a probability of success. The uneasiness thou feelest, the misfortunes thou bewailest, behold the root from whence they spring, even thine own folly, thine own pride, thine own distempered fancy; murmur not therefore at the dispensations of God, but correct thine own heart; neither say within thyself, if I had wealth or power, or leisure, I should be happy; for know, they all of them bring of their several possessors their peculiar inconveniencies.
The poor man seeth not the vexations and anxieties of the rich; he feeleth not the difficulties and perplexities of power, neither the wearisomeness of leisure, and therefore it is that he repineth at his own lot. But envy not the appearance of happiness in any man, for thou knowest not his griefs.
Simple Rule for Converting Body Weight to Body Surface
Authors: Harvey Norman A. 
Published: December 2021

The body surface area (BSA) in square meters is commonly used to determine daily body water and electrolyte needs. Most pediatric fluid and electrolyte problems are calculated in patients under 70 lb in body weight (1.004 sq m).
To arrive at the proper decimal fraction of the BSA for infants and small children one needs a slide rule, nomogram or pocket calculator, all of which have a way of never being handy when needed. The standard formula (see below) may be used but this is a bother.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: McIntosh Sue , Aspnes Gregg T. 
Published: December 2021

It is becoming increasingly apparent, as Dr. Muriel and others have observed, that transient encephalopathy often occurs in leukemic children during the second month following prophylactic irradiation. We have found in retrospect that this "reactive syndrome" occurs to a variable degree in at least 30 percent of patients, some of whom are well again after only a few days of mild somnolence and malaise.
We agree that these types of delayed encephalopathy are different in many ways from acute effects of intrathecal methotrexate.
DR. JOHN BROWN ON THE EVILS OF WHISKY FOR THE NURSING MOTHER
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

In his delightful volumes of essays, Horae Subsecivae (i.e., "leisure hours"), Dr. John Brown (1810-1882), a Scottish physician, included a touching chapter on "Children and How to Guide Them." His warning below about the evils of whisky for the nursing mother must have made many of them teetotalers.
A baby for nine months after it is born, should have almost nothing but its mother's milk. This is God's food, and it is the best and the cheapest too. If the baby be healthy it should be weaned or spained at nine or ten months; and this should be done gradually, giving the baby a little gruel, or new milk, and water and sugar, or thin bread-berry, once a day for some time, so as gradually to wean it. This makes it easier for mother as well as baby. No child should get meat or hard things till it gets teeth to chew them, and no baby should ever get a drop of whisky, or any strong drink, unless by the doctor's orders. Whisky to the soft, tender stomach of an infant is like vitriol to ours; it is a burning poison to its dear little body, as it may be a burning poison and a curse to its never-dying soul. As you vlaue your children's health of body, and the salvation of their souls, never give them a drop of whisky; and let mothers, above all others, beware of drinking when nursing. The whisky passes from their stomachs into their milk, and poisons their own child.
Use of Serum Amylase Isoenzymes in Evaluation of Pancreatic Function
Authors: Taussig Lynn M. , Wolf Robert O. , Woods Robert E. , Deckelbaum Richard J. 
Published: December 2021

Amylase isoenzyme patterns were evaluated in serum, urine, and duodenal fluid from 19 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and normal subjects. Two thirds of the CF patients with absent pancreatic enzymes lacked a serum pancreatic isoamylase band, while the remainder had a markedly diminished pancreatic band when compared to the salivary isoamylase. In normal sera the pancreatic band is equal to or greater than the salivary band. In all patients with absent enzymes the diagnosis of abnormal pancreatic function could have been made by evaluation of serum isoamylase patterns thereby avoiding duodenal intubation or collection of 72-hour stools for proteolytic enzyme activities. The patients with normal pancreatic enzyme activities had normal serum zymograms. No CF patient had a low total serum amylase concentration. Total duodenal fluid amylase levels may be misleading in the evaluation of pancreatic function since the amylase may be of salivary origin.
The advantages of this isoamylase method include (1) simplicity and noninvasiveness, requiring only a small blood sample; (2) specificity for pancreatic function; and (3) independence of pancreatic enzyme medication.
AN ACCOUNT OF A MONSTROUS CHILD BY DR. JOHN BURTON, PHYSICIAN AT YORK
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The case history below, published in 1747, demonstrates two things. First, that children could sumvive in spite of serious congenital anomalies; and second, that physicians' claims were not always accepted at face value.
—Wright, Spouse to a Ship Carpenter living at Kirkthorp near Wakefield in Yorkshire, bore a Child that had no Parts of Generation proper either to Male or Female, there not being the least Appearance of such Organs at the Place where we should expect to find those Parts; the child in every other Part was made as is common, except about half Way betwixt the Navel and Os pubic there was a circular Orifice of about an Inch Diameter, in which was a spongious Substance resembling the end of the Glans Penis excoriated; it did not project in the least from the Body, neither was it covered, but was quite bare, and very sore and tender. Through the several and almost innumerable Pores or Orifices of this spongious Body the Urine ouzed (sic) continually, and sometimes Blood, and at other times a reddish-coloured Serum. The Child lived to the Age of five Years or thereabouts, and died of the small Pox in November last. To the Truth of this I can bring many certificates, as well as living witnesses, if it was thought necessary.1
Systemic Plant Poisoning in Children
Authors: Lampe Kenneth F. 
Published: December 2021

There is probably no area in clinical toxicology more steeped in folklore, misunderstood, or mismanaged than plant and mushroom poisoning. Although there are thousands of species of plants capable of producing moderate to severe and possibly fatal poisoning, relatively few cases of serious intoxication occur in the United States and these are associated with a limited number of plants. The majdrity of the victims of plant poisoning are children under 6, but recently older age groups of children have become more vulnerable due to the increased popularity of camping, natural food cultism, and the search by some for naturally occurring hallucmnogens.
Because of incomplete reporting and limited means for physicians to obtain plant identifications, it is very difficult to prepare meaningful statistics on serious or fatal poisonings by plants containing systemically active toxins. For the United States it may be estimated that approximately half of these cases involve mushrooms. The remaining are distributed among a variety of species with different pharmacological properties.
One of the most perplexing problems facing those concerned with Poison Control Information Centers is the call from the panicky mother that her child has or may have swallowed a red berry growing on a bushy little plant with funny looking green leaves in the backyard. Equally frustrating is the parent who appears in the pediatrician's office with a wilted plant specimen announcing that this is growing all over the neighborhood, is it poisonous? Plant identification is becoming even more difficult with the increasing number of ornamentals and horticultural varieties introduced throughout the country.
Impedance Audiometry Suggested
Authors: McCurdy John A. 
Published: December 2021

The findings of Kaplan et al.1 with respect to impairment of verbal ability in Alaskan children with hearing loss greater than 25 dB ISO secondary to chronic suppurative otitis media warrant renewed attention to a similar otologic problem which constitutes a threat to the verbal development of a significant percentage of all children—hearing impairment secondary to chronic secretory otitis media.
Although the hearing loss in chronic secretory otitis media may fluctuate, a significant conductive impairment will persist as long as fluid remains in the middle ear.
Congratulations on a Useful Article
Authors: Johnson George M. 
Published: December 2021

Forman, Goldstein and Gonel are to be congratulated for their important, succinct paper, "Management of Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus: Usefulness of 24-Hour Fractional Quantitative Urine Glucose" (Pediatrics, 53:257, 1974).
For the past five years, on the recommendation of Dr. Donnell B. Etzwiler, we have followed approximately 60 juvenile diabetics using fractional quantitative 24-hour urine glucose values (obtained three or four times a year). As the authors point out, it is unfortunate and often detrimental to the juvenile diabetic that this simple inexpensive test has not gained wide clinical acceptance or even consideration by the physician caring for the juvenile diabetic.
The Whiplash Shaken Infant Syndrome: Manual Shaking by the Extremities With Whiplash-Induced Intracranial and Intraocular Bleedings, Linked With Residual Permanent Brain Damage and Mental Retardation
Authors: Caffey John 
Published: December 2021

Our evidence, both direct and circumstantial, indicates that manual whiplash shaking of infants is a common primary type of trauma in the socalled battered infant syndrome. It appears to be the major cause in these infants who suffer from subdural hematomas and intraocular bleedings. The label "battered infant" is a misnomer in many cases which may interfere with early diagnosis and proper preventive treatment.
The essential elements in the infantile whiplash shaking syndrome present an extraordinary diagnostic contradiction. They include intracranial and intraocular hemorrhages, in the absence of signs of external trauma to the head or fractures of the calvaria, and are associated with traction lesions of the periosteums of the long bones in the absence of fractures and traumatic changes in the overlying skin of the extremities. Usually there is no history of trauma of any kind.
Habitual, prolonged, casual whiplash shakings may produce an insidious progressive clinical picture, the latent whiplash shaken infant syndrome, which is often inapparent to both parents and physicians. It usually first becomes evident at school age when minor idiopathic cerebral motor defects are first detected along with mild idiopathic mental retardation. Permanent impairments of vision and hearing may also be identified at this time for the first time when the children are 5 to 6 years of age. The actual number of such cases is incalculable from current evidence but it appears to be substantial.
This concept of the whiplash shaken infant syndrome warrants careful diagnostic consideration in all infants with unexplained convulsions, hyperirritability, bulging fontanel, paralyses, and forceful vomiting singly or in combination. The routine careful examination of the ocular fundi of all infants should provide a superior screening method for early and massive detection of pathogenic whiplash shakings along with radiographic examination of the long bones for confirmation in appropriate cases.
Current evidence, though manifestly incomplete and largely circumstantial, warrants a nationwide educational campaign on the potential pathogenicity of habitual, manual, casual whiplash shaking of infants, and on all other habits, practices and procedures in which the heads of infants are habitually jerked and jolted (whiplashed).
The proposed nationwide educational campaign against the shaking, slapping, jerking, and jolting of infants' heads is summarized in the following stanza:
Guard well your baby's precious head,
Shake, jerk and slap it never,
Lest you bruise his brain and twist his mind,
Or whiplash him dead, forever.
Questions for Bauer et al.
Authors: Stevenson Stuart Shelton 
Published: December 2021

The recent article by Bauer et al., which associates prolonged rupture of membranes with a decreased incidence of respiratory distress syndrome, is intriguing.1 Stevenson and Laufe theorized, on the basis of guinea pig experiments,2-4 that "... the human disease occurred when aspirated amniotic fluid reacted with pulmonary exudate in the lungs and the resulting film of fibrin coated the alveoli and alveolar ducts in the form of a hyaline membrane."
The infants cited in Bauer's article obviously had less opportunity to aspirate amniotic fluid and their elevated corticosteroid levels might have mitigated the severity of their pulmonary exudates.