bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Color reproduction on varnished cardboard packaging by using lower ink coverages due to the gray component replacement image processing
Authors: Cigula Tomislav , Hudika Tomislav , Donevski Davor 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEven in these challenging times, cardboard packaging industry is increasing its revenue with stable annual increase prediction, but customers are increasing demands on the packaging with respect to environmental protection, attractiveness, and branding. This article aims to determine the influence of image processing in terms of gray component replacement and overprint varnishing on the color reproduction on a cardboard packaging material. A test chart with tertiary colors was defined and modified by different gray component replacement levels. It was printed in accordance with ISO norm on coated and uncoated cardboard and finished by overprinting water based, offset, and UV varnish. The prepared samples were evaluated by measuring surface coverage, tone value increase (dot gain) of primary colors and calculating ΔE00 of defined tertiary colors. The results showed that gray component replacement application reduces ink consumption. Higher gray component replacement applied results in lower ink surface coverage, but the decrease is also dependent on the image content. The TVI (dot gain) is significantly influenced only by applying UV varnish, resulting with higher TVI. The color differences of the tertiary colors showed that increased level of the gray component replacement applied did not cause significant color differences, even decreased color difference in some cases. Additionally, applying gray component replacement decreased color differences in “reddish” part of the gamut. This research proved that lowering the ink consumption due to the gray component replacement will not cause significant differences in the color reproduction. Furthermore, varnishing with commercial offset or water‐based varnish will not cause higher deviations in color reproduction, but use of the UV varnish would.
Malignancy outcomes and the impact of repeat fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodules with Bethesda category III cytology: A multicenter experience
Authors: Köseoğlu Derya , Özdemir Başer Özden , Çetin Zeynep 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe clinical management of Bethesda III category thyroid nodules has some undefined points and differs among centers and conflicting malignancy rates are present in the literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the Bethesda category III thyroid nodule outcomes in our centers, to determine malignancy rates and also to evaluate clinical and sonographic features which may help to predict malignancy.MethodsThis retrospective study included 333 patients with thyroid nodules who had Bethesda category III on fine needle aspiration (FNA) in three tertiary medical centers of Turkey.ResultsAmong 333 patients, 302 had appropriate follow up. Eighteen patients received thyroidectomy after the first FNA, with a malignancy rate of 38.89% (7/18) and 284 patients received a second FNA. After the second FNA, thyroidectomy was performed in 80 patients and 41 patients needed the third FNA. Thirteen thyroidectomies were performed after the third FNA. Totally 111 patients received thyroidectomy with a malignancy rate of 48.65% (54/111) among patients with surgery and the lower bound was detected as 17.88% (54/302). Of these patients the malignancy rates of patients receiving thyroidectomy with two and three FNAs were 47.50% (38/80) and 69.23% (9/13), respectively. Hypoechogenicity, microcalcification, and irregular margin were found as good predictors for malignancy.ConclusionWe demonstrated that the malignancy rate was 48.65% in patients receiving thyroidectomy. We showed a higher malignancy rate than the traditionally rate of 5%–15%. This study showed that repeat FNAs decrease the rate of unnecessary surgery performed for benign lesions by increasing the rate of malignancy detection.
Mouse model of panic disorder: Vulnerability to early environmental instability is strain‐dependent
Authors: Luchetti Alessandra , Di Segni Matteo , Andolina Diego , Ventura Rossella , Battaglia Marco , D'Amato Francesca Romana 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEarly life experiences and genetic background shape phenotypic variation. Several mouse models based on early treatments have evaluated short‐ and long‐term phenotypic alterations and explored their molecular mechanisms. The instability of maternal cues was used to model human separation anxiety in outbred mice, one of the etiopathogenetic factors that predict panic disorder (PD). Application of the repeated cross‐fostering (RCF) protocol to inbred strains (C57 and DBA) allowed us to measure differential responses to the same experimental manipulation. Ultrasounds emitted during isolation indicated that after RCF, pups from both strains lose their ability to be comforted by nest cues, but the frequency modulation of separation calls increased in RCF‐C57 and decreased in RCF‐DBA mice. No strain‐specific difference in olfactory ability explained these responses in RCF‐exposed mice. Rather, disruption of the infant‐mother bond may differentially affect separation calls in the two strains. Moreover, the RCF‐associated increased respiratory response to hypercapnia–an endophenotype of human PD documented among mice outbred strains–was replicated in the C57 strain only. We suggest that RCF‐induced instability of the early environment affects emotionality and respiratory physiology differentially, depending on pups’ genetic background. These strain‐specific responses provide a lead to understand differential vulnerability to emotional disorders.
Infants’ stress responses and protest behaviors at childcare entry and the role of care providers
Authors: Ahnert Lieselotte , Eckstein‐Madry Tina , Piskernik Bernhard , Porges Stephen W. , Lamb Michael E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDuring the transition from home to childcare, 70 15‐month‐old infants were videotaped, and their negative emotions were rated. Infants’ attachments to mothers were assessed prior to child care entry and to care providers five months later using the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP). Infant heart rate was monitored at home, during adaptation to childcare (mothers present), and during subsequent separations. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was computed from the beat‐to‐beat measures of heart rate to reflect vagal tone, which is reduced during chronic states of stress, and was collected upon Arrival, during in‐group Play, and when in the Group more generally. All infants responded to childcare entry with low RSA levels indicating stress. However, during adaptation with the mother present, RSA was higher for securely attached infants. On the first separation day, 35.3% of the infants fussed and cried extensively. These intense protests predicted later secure attachments to care providers, which adaptively helped to reduce stress, especially in infants who protested extensively, as if summoning their mothers back. Because extensive protest suggests limited regulatory capacities, infants risk overburdening the stress system when left unsupported.
Pharmacokinetic profiles of a SARS‐COV‐2 neutralizing antibody BD‐604 in cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Gao Feng , Zhang Xu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundCurrently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐COV‐2) has spread worldwide as a severe pandemic and effective therapeutic medications are urgently needed. As reported previously, BD‐604 is a fully human monoclonal antibody with strong in vitro and in vivo neutralizing activity to SARS‐COV‐2.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetic propertie of BD‐604 in cynomolgus monkeys.MethodsTo analyze the concentration of BD‐604 in cynomolgus monkey serum, an ELISA assay was established, and a systemic validation was performed including accuracy and precision, dilution linearity and hook effect, selectivity, specificity, stability, and parallelism tests. Then, six naïve cynomolgus monkeys (3/sex) were administered BD‐604 at a single dose of 10 mg/kg via intravenous infusion (60 min). Blood samples were collected at various time points (0–672 h) and analyzed for serum concentrations of BD‐604.ResultsThe data from validation experiments assure the reproducibility and reliability of the established ELISA assay. Then, the validated method was used to measure BD‐604 concentration in cynomolgus monkey serum. The pharmacokinetics parameters including terminal half‐life (t1/2), peak serum concentration (Cmax), area under curve from time zero to last timepoint or infinity (AUClast/AUCinf), apparent volume of distribution (Vz), clearance rate (CL), and mean residence time (MRT) were calculated and reported. BD‐604 showed no marked sex differences at the dose of 10 mg/kg when comparing the AUC0‐last and Cmax between female and male cynomolgus monkeys.ConclusionIn cynomolgus monkeys, BD‐604 possesses pharmacokinetic properties similar to natural IgGs.
Online Research Participant Communication: Balancing Benefits and Risks
Authors: Gelinas Luke , Morrell Walker , White Sarah A. , Bierer Barbara E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOnline communication has emerged as an important vehicle for participant interaction during the course of clinical research. At the same time, such communication has been identified as a source of risks both for participants and the scientific integrity of clinical trials. Although strategies for mitigating these risks have become a focus in the research community, missing from the discussion has been a sustained and sympathetic effort to understand the various benefits of online communication for participants themselves. In this article, we provide a taxonomy of the benefits of online communication for participants and argue that attempts to mitigate the risks of online communication by discouraging or placing limits on such communication are generally unadvisable. Instead, we advance a context‐sensitive approach that emphasizes education and several actionable recommendations for preserving the benefits of online participant communities while mitigating the risks.
Browsing wildlife and heavy grazing indirectly facilitate sapling recruitment in an East African savanna
Authors: LaMalfa Eric M. , Riginos Corinna , Veblen Kari E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractManagement of tree cover, either to curb bush encroachment or to mitigate losses of woody cover to over‐browsing, is a major concern in savanna ecosystems. Once established, trees are often “trapped” as saplings, since interactions among disturbance, plant competition, and precipitation delay sapling recruitment into adult size classes. Saplings can be directly suppressed by wildlife browsing and competition from adjacent plants, and indirectly facilitated by grazers, such as cattle, which feed on neighboring grasses. Yet few experimental studies have simultaneously quantified the effects of cattle and wildlife on sapling growth, particularly over long time scales. We used a series of replicated 4‐ha herbivore‐manipulation plots to investigate the net effects of wildlife and moderate cattle grazing on Acacia drepanolobium sapling growth over 10 years that encompassed extended wet and dry periods. We also simulated more intense cattle grazing using grass removal treatments (0.5‐m radius around saplings), and we quantified the role of intraspecific tree competition using neighborhood tree surveys (trees within a 3‐m radius). Wildlife, which included elephants, had a positive effect on sapling growth. Wildlife also reduced neighbor tree density during the 10‐yr study, which likely caused the positive effect of wildlife on saplings. Although moderate cattle grazing did not affect sapling growth, grass removal treatments simulating heavy grazing increased sapling growth. Both grass removal and neighbor tree effects on saplings were strongest during above‐average rainfall years following drought. This highlights that livestock‐driven reductions in grass cover and catastrophic wildlife damage to trees during droughts present a need, or an opportunity, for targeted management of sapling growth and woody plant cover during ensuing wet periods.
Do floral and ecogeographic isolation allow the co‐occurrence of two ecotypes ofAnacamptis papilionacea(Orchidaceae)?
Authors: Cozzolino Salvatore , Scopece Giovanni , Lussu Michele , Cortis Pierluigi , Schiestl Florian P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEcotypes are relatively frequent in flowering plants and considered central in ecological speciation as local adaptation can promote the insurgence of reproductive isolation. Without geographic isolation, gene flow usually homogenizes the allopatrically generated phenotypic and ecological divergences, unless other forms of reproductive isolation keep them separated. Here, we investigated two orchid ecotypes with marked phenotypic floral divergence that coexist in contact zones. We found that the two ecotypes show different ecological habitat preferences with one being more climatically restricted than the other. The ecotypes remain clearly morphologically differentiated both in allopatry and in sympatry and differed in diverse floral traits. Despite only slightly different flowering times, the two ecotypes achieved floral isolation thanks to different pollination strategies. We found that both ecotypes attract a wide range of insects, but the ratio of male/female attracted by the two ecotypes was significantly different, with one ecotype mainly attracts male pollinators, while the other mainly attracts female pollinators. As a potential consequence, the two ecotypes show different pollen transfer efficiency. Experimental plots with pollen staining showed a higher proportion of intra‐ than interecotype movements confirming floral isolation between ecotypes in sympatry while crossing experiments excluded evident postmating barriers. Even if not completely halting the interecotypes pollen flow in sympatry, such incipient switch in pollination strategy between ecotypes may represent a first step on the path toward evolution of sexual mimicry in Orchidinae.
Structural brain dynamics across reading development: A longitudinal MRI study from kindergarten to grade 5
Authors: Phan Thanh Van , Sima Diana , Smeets Dirk , Ghesquière Pol , Wouters Jan , Vandermosten Maaike 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPrimary education is the incubator for learning academic skills that help children to become a literate, communicative, and independent person. Over this learning period, nonlinear and regional changes in the brain occur, but how these changes relate to academic performance, such as reading ability, is still unclear. In the current study, we analyzed longitudinal T1 MRI data of 41 children in order to investigate typical cortical development during the early reading stage (end of kindergarten–end of grade 2) and advanced reading stage (end of grade 2–middle of grade 5), and to detect putative deviant trajectories in children with dyslexia. The structural brain change was quantified with a reliable measure that directly calculates the local morphological differences between brain images of two time points, while considering the global head growth. When applying this measure to investigate typical cortical development, we observed that left temporal and temporoparietal regions belonging to the reading network exhibited an increase during the early reading stage and stabilized during the advanced reading stage. This suggests that the natural plasticity window for reading is within the first years of primary school, hence earlier than the typical period for reading intervention. Concerning neurotrajectories in children with dyslexia compared to typical readers, we observed no differences in gray matter development of the left reading network, but we found different neurotrajectories in right IFG opercularis (during the early reading stage) and in right isthmus cingulate (during the advanced reading stage), which could reflect compensatory neural mechanisms.
Efficacy and safety of topical spironolactone 5% cream in the treatment of acne: A pilot study
Authors: Ayatollahi Azin , Samadi Ansieh , Bahmanjahromi Ayda , Robati Reza M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundSpironolactone is an effective treatment for female patients with acne vulgaris. However, topical spironolactone could be a valuable treatment option in both male and female acne patients due to the less possibility of systemic side effects with its topical formulation.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of 5% spironolactone cream in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris.MethodsIn this pilot clinical trial, topical spironolactone 5% was evaluated to treat patients with mild to moderate acne twice a day for 8 weeks. The rate of improvement as any alterations in the number of open and closed comedones, facial inflammatory papules, and acne global grading scores were assessed. Moreover, skin biometric characteristics including skin hydration, erythema, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), pH, sebum, and Propionibacterium acnes bacteria activity were also assessed following the treatment.ResultsFifteen patients participated in our study with a mean age of 25 ± 4.87 years old. A total of 66.6% (n = 10) were female and 33.4% (n = 5) were male. The number of acne papules, open and closed comedones, and acne global grading score decreased significantly 4 and 8 weeks after the beginning of treatment (P < .05). No considerable side effect was reported. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the skin hydration, melanin, erythema, TEWL, pH index, sebum, and P acnes bacteria activity before, 4, and 8 weeks after the treatment with topical spironolactone cream (P > .05).ConclusionThe topical 5% spironolactone cream seems to be an effective and safe treatment of acne vulgaris in both male and female patients.
Use of postpartum contraception during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19): A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Das Kirsten J. H. , Fuerst Megan , Brown Ciara , Lesko Jennifer 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess how use of postpartum contraception (PPC) changed during the COVID‐19 public health emergency.MethodsBilling and coding data from a single urban institution (n = 1797) were used to compare use of PPC in patients who delivered from March to June 2020 (COVID Cohort, n = 927) and from March to June 2019 (Comparison Cohort, n = 895). χ2 and multivariable logistic regression models assessed relationships between cohorts, use of contraception, and interactions with postpartum visits and race/ethnicity.ResultsIn the COVID Cohort, 585 women (64%) attended postpartum visits (n = 488, 83.4%, via telemedicine) compared to 660 (74.7%, in‐person) in the Comparison Cohort (P < 0.01). Total use of PPC remained similar: 30.4% (n = 261) in the COVID Cohort and 29.6% (n = 278) in the Comparison Cohort (P = 0.69). Compared to in‐person visits in the Comparison Cohort, telemedicine visits in the COVID Cohort had similar odds of insertion of long‐acting reversible contraception (LARC) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.78–1.6), but higher odds of inpatient insertion (aOR 6.4, 95% CI 1.7–24.9). Black patients compared to white patients were more likely to initiate inpatient LARC (aOR 7.29, 95% CI 1.81–29.4) compared to the Comparison Cohort (aOR 3.63, 95% CI 0.29–46.19).ConclusionUse of PPC remained similar during COVID‐19 with a decrease of in‐person postpartum visits, new adoption of postpartum telemedicine visits, and an increase in inpatient insertion of LARC with higher odds of inpatient placement among black patients.
Double Foley catheter for labor induction: An alternative method
Authors: Obut Mehmet , Balsak Deniz , Sarsmaz Kemal , Tolunay Harun E. , Varlı Erol N. , Şahin Dilek , Yücel Aykan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo introduce a new handmade device, the double Foley catheter (DFC), and compare it with the Foley catheter (FC) and Cook cervical ripening balloon for its effectiveness in labor induction.MethodsThis prospective randomized controlled trial included 222 patients with unfavorable cervices. The patients were randomly allocated to the DFC, FC, and Cook cervical ripening balloon groups (n = 74 patients per group). The outcomes were evaluated using SPSS v. 23.ResultsBishop scores successfully increased with all three methods (P = 0.000 for all groups), and the rates of vaginal delivery within 24 and 48 h were similar (P = 0.101 and P = 0.390, respectively). The pain scores of the DFC and Cook cervical ripening balloon groups were similar, but were lower than those of the FC group (P = 0.011). The overall maternal satisfaction scores of the DFC and Cook cervical ripening balloon groups were not significantly different but were higher than those of the FC group (P = 0.014).ConclusionThe maternal safety and success rate of labor induction were comparable between groups. However, the FC group had a higher pain score during catheter insertion and a lower maternal satisfaction rate. Moreover, considering the high cost of the Cook cervical ripening balloon, the DFC has an advantage, especially in low‐resource countries.
The use of thermal ablation in diverse cervical cancer “screen‐and‐treat” service platforms in Zambia
Authors: Mwanahamuntu Mulindi , Kapambwe Sharon , Pinder Leeya F. , Matambo Jane , Chirwa Susan , Chisele Samson , Basu Partha , Prendiville Walter , Sankaranarayanan Rengaswamy , Parham Groesbeck P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveThermal ablation (TA) was implemented in public sector cervical cancer prevention services in Zambia in 2012. Initially introduced as a treatment modality in primary healthcare clinics, it was later included in mobile outreach campaigns and clinical research trials. We report the feasibility, acceptability, safety, and provider uptake of TA in diverse clinical contexts.MethodsScreening services based on visual inspection with acetic acid were offered by trained nurses to non‐pregnant women aged 25–59 years. Women with a type 1 transformation zone (TZ) were treated with same‐visit TA. Those with a type 2 or 3 TZ, or suspicious for cancer, were managed with same‐visit electrosurgical excision or punch biopsy, respectively. A provider survey was conducted.ResultsBetween 2012 and 2020, 2123 women were treated with TA: primary healthcare clinics, n = 746; mobile outreach clinics, n = 1127; research clinics, n = 250. Of the 996 women treated in primary healthcare and research clinics, 359 (48%) were HIV positive. Mild cramping during treatment was the most common adverse effect. No treatment interruptions occurred. No major complications were reported in the early (6 weeks) follow‐up period. Providers expressed an overwhelming preference for TA over cryotherapy.ConclusionTA was feasible, safe, and acceptable in diverse clinical contexts. It was the preferred ablation method of providers when compared with cryotherapy.