bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES WITH A FURTHER ATTENUATED LIVE MEASLES-VIRUS VACCINE
Authors: Krugman Saul , Giles Joan P. , Jacobs A. Milton , Friedman Harriet 
Published: December 2021

A "further attenuated" live measles-virus vaccine was administered to more than 2,000 infants and children in the New York City area. The clinical and immunologic effects of further attenuated and Edmonston "B" vaccines were compared. Observations were made on the protective effect of live measles-virus vaccine. The febrile reaction rate following further attenuated measles-virus vaccine without gamma-globulin was 15%, a rate essentially the same as that following Edmonston "B" vaccine with gamma-globulin, 0.01-0.02 ml/lb body weight. The percentage incidence of fever in infants less than 2 years of age was 35%, a rate significantly higher than the 15% febrile reaction rate observed in older children. Modification of further attenuated vaccine by an additional inoculation of 0.2 ml of gamma-globulin eliminated febrile reactions almost completely; the "corrected" incidence of fever was 1%.
A comparison of the relative incidence of febrile reactions following live measles, smallpox, and inactivated polyvalent influenza vaccines revealed no significant differences. Systemic reactions were most severe following influenza vaccine, minimal or absent following live measles vaccine, and moderately severe following smallpox vaccine. The following decreasing incidence of rash was observed when Edmontson "B" vaccine was modified by the addition of gamma-globulin and by further attenuation: Edmonston "B" vaccine, 50%; Edmonston "B" plus gamma-globulin, 12%; further attenuated vaccine, 5%; and further attenuated vaccine plus gamma globulin, 3%. The immunologic response following further attenuated vaccine without or with gamma-globulin (0.2 ml) exceeded 97%.
A rapid immunogenic and protective effect of live measles-virus vaccine was observed in children from five families in which a case of measles had occurred. Vaccination performed on the day of exposure and 1, 5, and 6 days before exposure was followed by no illness and a significant antibody response. Children vaccinated 3 to 10 days after exposure acquired measles after the appropriate incubation period.
The protective effect of live attenuated measles-virus vaccine was observed at the Willowbrook State School. Since the last "measles year" in 1960, 600 susceptible children were admitted to the institution; of this group, 550 were vaccinated. During the 1962 "measles year" only 32 cases of measles occurred in the entire institution—all in unvaccinated children.
Preventive Pediatrics: Child Health and Development
Authors: SHAWK EDWARD B. 
Published: December 2021

This book serves very well to fulfill the author's avowed purpose "to bring together in one place as much as possible the information and research which are pertinent to the health supervision of growing children and to describe the health services which are or should be available to them."
Perhaps the chief charm of this book is that it has been written by a single author who has deliberately attempted to improve his own knowledge in every area which he discusses and to present it in an evenly paced and understandable manner. The encyclopedic scope of this volume could readily have been expanded beyond its 800 pages; abbreviation of some sections and omission of some subjects is understandable for this reason.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL ASPECTS OF CEREBRAL PALSY
Authors: Gibbs Frederic A. , Gibbs Erna L. , Perlstein Meyer A. , Rich Catherine L. 
Published: December 2021

The motor defects of cerebral palsy, and the mental retardation that so commonly accompanies it, are chiefly clue to destruction of cerebral neurons. Such disorder is not as clearly indicated in the electroencephalogram as nondestructive, nonlethal, irritative injuries. Certain nonparoxysmal forms of electroencephalographic abnormality, for example, focal slowing, asymmetry, and altered sleep patterns, correlate fairly well with the structural damage and with the specific motor defects of cerebral palsy.
The electroencephalogram is a sensitive indicator of less than lethal injury in damaged but surviving neurons, whose function is not abolished but is unstabilized. Such disorder commonly manifests itself in epileptic seizures. Although cerebral dysrhythmia and epilepsy are not the main problems in cerebral palsy, they should not be overlooked. They are related to the motor and intellectual manifestations and they are part of the total problem.
Electroencephalography adds another dimension to our view of cerebral palsy. In combination with other parameters of evaluation is useful for diagnosis and prognosis and as a guide to treatment.
AUTOSOMAL DISORDERS
Authors: Lejeune Jerome 
Published: December 2021

THE RAPID GROWTH of human cytogenetics imposes, as a corollary, the progressive restriction of the scope of a talk on this subject. Two years ago, a quarter of an hour was sufficient for a general survey; today, a whole hour is filled with one topic only. Without being a prophet, it can be seriously foreseen that some day, a Blackfan Lecture restricted to "the genic content of the short arm of chromosome 22" will be considered a very brief summary of the current knowledge.
I would like to discuss the general implications of the available data on autosomal disorders. Chromosomes are divided into sex chromosomes and non-sex chromosomes, which are generally called autosomes. My subject can be considered under three points of view: the recognition of autosomal disorders, the mechanism of their production and, finally, the practical or heuristic use of this knowledge, as it enables more to be learned.
SYNDROMES DETERMINED BY AUTOSOMAL DISORDERS
The Numerical Abnormalities
The numerical abnormalities are no longer limited to classic mongolism, with its 47 chromosomes and its trisomy for No. 21.1-3
The trisomy for chromosome 17, in which there occurs a typical deformity of the head, a small mandible, low set ears, other nonspecific malformations of heart, hands and feet, and severe mental retardation, is also quite classic. Possibly more than 25 different patients suffering from this disease are now known.
The 13-15 trisomy with eyeball defects, polydactyly, cardiopathy, and mental defect, together with deformities of lips, palate, skin, and ears is also well established.
Folic Acid Content of Cow's Milk
Authors: NAIMAN J. LAWRENCE , OSKI FRANK A. 
Published: December 2021

In the report of the Committee on Nutrition concerning the nutritional adequacy of cow's milk substitutes (Pediatrics, 31:329, 1963) we noted that the folic acid content of cow's milk was stated to be 2.2 µg per quart.
This figure was obtained by microbiologic assay with Streptococcus fecalis1; no added ascorbic acid was used in the incubation medium to protect labile folates from oxidative destruction.
Folic Acid Content of Milk and Milk Substitutes
Authors: LUHBY A. LEONARD , COOPERMAN JACK M. 
Published: December 2021

The "folic acid" content of cow's milk, as listed in the report of the Committee on Nutrition (Pediatrics, 31:329, 1963) is probably too low, as pointed out by Drs. Naiman and Oski. We would agree that these figures should be withdrawn until a more accurate assessment can be made.
We are, however, less certain than they appear to be, that the L. casei assay, ascorbate-protected, will provide the information desired, i.e., the true total folate content of foodstuff biologically available to the human. For an understanding of the present situation, it is necessary to review briefly certain pertinent developments in this field.
Family Medical Care: A Report on The Family Health Maintenance Demonstration
Authors: VINCENT MARC 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Silver has condensed in a book rich with facts amid details the origins, developments and results of this "Family Health Demonstration." The demonstration was set up in an attempt to find a way of giving to the patient the personal attention that he expects to receive from an individual practitioner and the higher level of technical excellence that might be possible in group practice.
The author outlines the main characteristics of the present day life of the urban American family and shows what can be the role of the physician in regard to these facts.
THE THYMUS AND OTHER LYMPHOID TISSUES IN CONGENITAL AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
Authors: Gitlin David , Craig John M. 
Published: December 2021

Patients with congenital agammaglobulinemia may be separated clinically and pathologically into two groups. One group manifests a persistent lymphopenia and is characterized clinically by an unremitting course marked by pneumonia, moniliasis, and other infections usually beginning in the first three months of life and, thus far, terminating fatally during the patient's infancy. These patients have thymic alymphoplasia and lymphocytic hypoplasia of their tissues: the thymus is rudimentary, and the other lymphoid structures contain only sparse populations of small lymphocytes. The thymic alymphoplasia and general deficiency in small lymphocytes appear to be inherited characteristics and the evidence suggests that the primary defect is thymic alymphoplasia which results in generalized lymphocytic hypoplasia including lymphopenia.
The second group of patients often has a later onset and a more intermittent course of bacterial infections, a variable leukocyte response marked only occasionally by transitory lymphopenia; their lymphoid organs including the thymus contain more nearly normal numbers of lymphocytes.
Plasma cells and germinal follicles are absent from the tissues of both groups of patients, but the marked generalized paucity of small lymphocytes in these patients with thymic alymphoplasia results in an increased susceptibility to infection beyond that seen in nonlymphopenic agammaglobu-linemia. Whatever the exact contribution of the small lymphocyte to resistance to infection, it appears to be significant and its loss is not replaced by γ-globulin therapy.
PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Edsall Geoffrey 
Published: December 2021

Passive immunization has existed for over 70 years, ever since Von Behring and Kitasato demonstrated its effectiveness in neutralizing diphtheria toxin. In fact, at first glance one might think that there was little new to say on this subject. However, the very fact that its concepts and practices have been so long accepted and–in the minds of many–have fallen into the pattern of purely routine procedures, is in itself sufficient justification to re-examine the subject. In addition, moreover, there have been a number of changes in the range of diseases for which passive immunization may be employed, the type of antiserum used, and the guiding principles for use of such preparations. Therefore, it may be timely to deal with some of the present considerations that apply to passive immunization, its prospects, its scope, and its limitations.
At the risk of repeating old and familiar cliches it appears desirable to summarize, at first, the guiding principles which apply to the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of passive immunization. First of all, it is well established that some techniques of passive immunization are highly effective–e.g., diphtheria prophylaxis with antitoxin; some are very useful but fall short of the ideal of routine success with the purpose intended–e.g., the use of gamma-globulin for the modification of measles; whereas others are of relatively uncertain value so that their usefulness in medical practice still continues to be debated–e.g., gas gangrene antitoxin. The reasons for such great disparity in the efficacy of different antisera cannot easily be put into generalizations, but surely the varied pathogenesis of the diseases in question must be a major factor, as well as the fact that high antibody titers can readily be obtained for some such sera, whereas they are difficult or impossible to achieve with others.
THE ACADEMY—1962-1963
Authors: Webb Clarence H. 
Published: December 2021

I am grateful to you, the fellows of the Academy, for entrusting me–a simple practitioner of pediatrics from a small city in a small state–with this highest office in the world of pediatrics. You had the promise, one year ago, of my undivided attention and best efforts in meeting this responsibility. But only as time passed did the realization come, as it must to every president, of the golden gift which I had received and for which I shall be forever thankful: the vision from the portals of my office of the far-flung activities and influence of the Academy. It touches the lives of children on isolated farms and in the great cities; its voice is heard in governmental councils, in public health and child welfare activities; it counsels with other great medical and nonmedical organizations; we glimpsed something of its international role in Lisbon last year, and we saw its expanding influence in other American countries when we went to South America and the Pan-American Pediatric Congress this year.
May I attempt to partially repay this debt by unfolding a panorama of your service to childhood and humanity through this organization? For the Academy is the extension of the personality and idealism of each of its members. Each of you seeks from it the ability to give better care to the children whom you serve; each of you contributes to it a part of your unselfish desire to improve the lot of all children. The effort, the aspirations of a single memher would amount to little; like a few drops of rain, they would be lost in the vast desert of child needs.
MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATION OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE TO MUSCULAR EXERCISE
Authors: Mitchell Jere H. 
Published: December 2021

THE mechanisms of adaptation of the left ventricle to the demands of muscular exercise have intrigued cardiovascular physiologists for many years. Although highly complex, these adaptive mechanisms are more and more susceptible to analysis and quantification. In this presentation I will attempt to identify some of the individual factors which appear to be important in the response of the left ventricle to exercise, beginning with data obtained from experiments on conscious normal male subjects and proceeding to experiments performed on dog preparations in which individual factors were controlled and analyzed.
The changes in oxygen intake, cardiac output, estimated arteriovenous oxygen difference, pulse rate and estimated mean stroke volume were determined in 15 normal male subjects during rest in the standing position and during treadmill exercise at the maximal oxygen intake level. Oxygen intake was obtained from the volume and composition of expired air, cardiac output by the dye dilution technique, and pulse rate from the electrocardiogram. Estimated arteriovenous oxygen difference was obtained by dividing the oxygen intake by the cardiac output (Fick principle) and estimated mean stroke volume by dividing the cardiac output by the heart rate. The data are shown in Figure 1. Oxygen intake increased from a mean value of 0.34 at rest to a maximal value of 3.22 L./min. The corresponding mean values for cardiac output were 5.4 and 23.4 L./min. and for arteriovenous oxygen difference were 6.5 and 14.3 ml./100 ml. Thus, as oxygen intake increased 9.5 times, the cardiac output increased 4.3 times and the arterio venous oxygen difference 2.2 times.
THE JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS OF THE KIDNEY AND THE ZONA GLOMERULOSA OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN THE SODIUM-LOSING AND THE HYPERTENSIVE FORMS OF VIRILIZING ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Authors: Cara José , Gardner Lytt I. 
Published: December 2021

Pathological and biochemical observations are presented in two cases of virilizing adrenal hyperplasia: one of the sodium-losing type and the other of the hypertensive type. Examination of the kidneys revealed hypertrophy of the juxtaglomerular cells in the case exhibiting excessive sodium loss. The adrenal cortex showed hypertrophy of the zona glomerulosa. It is hypothesized that the chronic state of sodium loss caused changes in the intravascular compartment which led to compensatory activity of the juxtaglomerular cells with resultant stimulation of the zona glomerulosa.
Examination of the hypertensive case (known to involve a different enzyme deficit) showed hypertrophy of the zona glomerulosa without hypertrophy of the juxtaglomerular cells. The intrinsic overproduction of sodium-retaining steroids associated with the genetic defect in this clinical form could account for both the hypertension and the absence of hypertrophy of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Albumin in the Meconium of Infants with Cystic Fibrosis: A Preliminary Report
Authors: WISER WILMER C. , BEIER FRANCES R. 
Published: December 2021

Meconium samples were collected from 5 newborn infants, who had a known family history of cystic fibrosis of the pancreas but who did not present with meconium ileus, and 11 normal newborn infants. Extracts of the meconium samples were examined for the presence of serum proteins by paper and immunoelectrophoresis.
Three of the infants who had a family history of cystic fibrosis of the pancreas showed protein in their meconium, and this was identified by immunoelectrophoresis as consisting mainly of albumin; each of these babies subsequently developed classic symptoms of cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. The two remaining infants had no albumin in the meconium and did not develop signs of cystic fibrosis. None of the meconium samples of the control group of infants contained detectable amounts of albumin.
Possible sources of the abnormal protein content of meconium are discussed, and the suggestion that the finding of albumin in meconium of newborn infants may prove to constitute a valuable diagnostic procedure for screening newborn infants for cystic fibrosis of the pancreas is advanced.
EVIDENCE FOR THE NUCLEIC ACID COMPOSITION OF MEASLES VIRUS
Authors: St. Geme Joseph W. 
Published: December 2021

The in vitro interaction of cultural cells and viruses in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (5-BDU) provides a simple indirect assessment of viral nucleic acid composition. The 5-BDU, a thymidine analogue which inhibits cell deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, interferes with the replication of DNA-containing vaccinia virus but not ribonucleic acid (RNA)-containing poliovirus. The observation that measles virus escapes inhibition by 5-BDU suggests that it is composed of RNA, not DNA. Other characteristics also suggest a close taxonomic relationship with the myxovirus group. Since chemotherapeutic agents may selectively disrupt either DNA on RNA synthesis, knowledge of the nucleic acid composition of a virus seems essential in predicting which agents may be promising for clinical trial.
Note Added in Proff: Since this manuscript was submitted for publication there have appeared two other reports on the failure of halogenated deoxyuridines to inhibit either the in vitro cytopathology or multiplication of measles virus.
GASEOUS METABOLISM IN PREMATURE INFANTS AT 32-34°C AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
Authors: Adams Forrest H. , Fujiwara Tetsuro , Spears Robert , Hodgman Joan 
Published: December 2021

Thirty-four measurements of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory quotient, and rectal temperature were made on 22 premature infants with ages ranging from 2½ hours to 18 days. The studies were conducted at 32-34°C utilizing an open circuit apparatus and a specially designed climatized chamber. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were lowest in the first 12 hours and increased thereafter. The rate of increase in O2 consumption was greater than that of CO2 production, with a consequent fall in respiratory quotient during the first 76 hours of life. A reverse relation of O2 consumption and CO2 production was found following the 4th day of life with a consequent rise in respiratory quotient.
There was a close correlation between O2 consumption and rectal temperature regardless of age.
A respiratory quotient below the value of 0.707 for fat metabolism was observed in 7 premature infants with ages ranging from 24 to 76 hours.
A COMPARISON OF ATRIO-VENTRICULAR CONDUCTION IN NORMAL CHILDREN AND IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATIC FEVER, GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, AND ACUTE FEBRILE ILLNESSES
Authors: Mirowski M. , Rosenstein Beryl J. , Markowitz Milton 
Published: December 2021

1. Atrio-ventricular conduction was studied in 50 normal children, 25 children with acute febrile illnesses, 50 patients with an initial episode of active rheumatic carditis, 46 patients with acute rheumatic fever without clinical evidence of carditis, and 39 children with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
2. Quantitative measurements of A-V conduction were obtained by calculating the P-R index, the ratio between the recorded P-R interval (numerator) and the upper limit of normal for the age and heart rate as given in standard tables (denominator).
3. The mean P-R indices were similar in patients with acute rheumatic fever without clinical evidence of myocardial involvement and in children with overt carditis, and were significantly higher than in normal children, children with acute febrile illnesses of patients with acute glomerulonephritis.
4. The frequency with which high P-R indices were found in patients with acute rheumatic fever suggests that disturbances in A-V conduction are even more common than has been previously recognized from conventional P-R interval determinations.
5. The data suggest also that A-V conduction abnormalities in acute rheumatic fever occur independent of other signs of myocardial involvement and are not related to the ultimate prognosis.
PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA AND OTHER CARDIORESPIRATORY LESIONS AS PART OF THE MARFAN ABIOTROPHY
Authors: Bolande Robert P. , Tucker Arthur S. 
Published: December 2021

Seven cases of Marfan's syndrome are reviewed clinically, radiologically, and pathologically.
Six of the seven cases showed evidence of pulmonary dysaeration: (a) Two of the cases showed compression of the left main-stem bronchus by a giant left atrium with atelectasis of the left lung and compensatory emphysema of the right lung. (b) Two of the cases showed evidence of diffuse chronic pulmonary emphysema. Three cases had bilateral apical bullae. (c) One of the cases developed pneumothorax. The lungs of the children with the Marfan syndrome show precocious maturation of the elastic stroma of the alveolar septae. The pathogenesis of emphysema is discussed in relationship to the Marfan abiotrophy of connective tissue.
SYMPTOMATIC NEONATAL HYPOGLYCEMIA
Authors: Cornblath Marvin , Wybregt Susan H. , Baens Gloria S. , Klein Reuben I. 
Published: December 2021

1. Symptomatic hypoglycemia occurs predominantly in male infants of low birth weight for the period of gestation.
2. Approximately 50% of the mothers had toxemia of pregnancy.
3. Low levels of glucose were found in the smaller of twins, with central nervous system pathology, and in the presence of polycythemia. On occasion, low levels of calcium were also present.
4. Therapy consists of intravenous glucose, plus ACTH or steroids as needed to relieve symptoms and maintain normal levels of blood glucose.
5. The pathogenesis may reflect intrauterine malnutrition with low stores of glycogen present at birth associated with an abnormally sensitive insulin release mechanism resulting in hypoglycemia and symptoms.