bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolated Orbital Roof Fracture With Traumatic Encephalocele
Authors: Greenwald Mark J , Lissner Gary S , Tomita Tadanori , Naidich Thomas P 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Several months after a fall down a flight of stairs, a one-year-old girl developed downward displacement and pulsation of the left eye. Vision and ocular motility were not impaired and the child remained neurologically normal. Computed tomography with metrizamide cisternography demonstrated herniation of brain tissue through a traumatic defect in the roof of the orbit. The orbital rim and other craniofacial bones were intact. Repair of the growing fracture found at operation restored normal appearance without disturbing function. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of encephalocele associated with an isolated fracture of the orbital roof due to blunt head trauma.
The Investigation and Management of Torsion Preventing Fusion in Bilateral Superior Oblique Palsies
Authors: Pratt-Johnson J A , Tillson G 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Fifteen patients with bilateral superior oblique palsy were studied with respect to the influence of torsion on fusion with amplitudes. The Clement Clarke Synoptophore was used to record torsion and examine fusion. Nine patients needed the correction of torsion preoperatively to fuse in the primary position. Three patients had central fusion disruption. Torsion in excess of 10° or bilateral excyclotorsion were present in most patients who required torsion correction for fusion with amplitudes. All patients had surgery. The effects, at least three months after surgery, are discussed. Some residual excyclotorsion remained in most cases and appears to be compatible with a good fusional result and an average field of single binocular vision of 30°.
Artifacts of Measuring During Strabismus Surgery
Authors: Kushner Burton J , Preslan Mark W , Vrabec Michael 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Several different artifacts can induce errors in measurements obtained during strabismus surgery.
Fixating the severed rectus muscle stump with forceps during strabismus surgery can result in a temporary anterior displacement of the insertion. This may result in inaccuracies in determining the site to which the muscle is to be recessed. This displacement was quantified in a prospective masked manner and was found in some patients to result in as much as 1 mm of error. It can be prevented by measuring the recession prior to fixating the insertion stump with forceps; however, it cannot always be prevented by measuring from the limbus, which also introduces other artifacts due to geometric principles.
An "advancement effect" occurs during a rectus muscle recession due to the mechanics of suture placement in the muscle. It was quantified in a masked manner and found to be approximately .5 mm in most cases.
A "V" shaped deformity of the insertion stump may occur immediately adjacent to the forceps. This deformity frequently distorts the insertion by as much as several millimeters.
An Investigation of the Clinical Use of Botulinum Toxin A as a Postoperative Adjustment Procedure in the Therapy of Strabismus
Authors: McNeer Keith W 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Attempts to circumvent multiple surgical procedures are an integral part of the history of investigations in strabismus. In 1973, Botulinum toxin A (Oculinum®) injections into human EOM was proposed as an alternate method to surgery for strabismus and has since proved to be effective. This article reports the results from a retrospective investigation of EOM Oculinum injection used in the postoperative period as an alternate to additional surgery. It is difficult to establish whether Oculinum altered the time span of the clinical course in these patients, but when It was effective, it provided unprecedented convenience.
Monocular Eye Closure in Sunlight
Authors: Wiggins Robert E , von Noorden Gunter K 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Monocular eye closure in sunlight is often noted in patients with intermittent exotropia. Neither the reason for eye closure nor its frequency of occurrence in other populations is known. We questioned 147 consecutive nonoperated patients (and/or their parents) ages 1-45 years, 93 with strabismus with onset prior to 7 years of age and 54 without strabismus, for a history of closing one eye in sunlight. Monocular eye closure in sunlight was reported most frequently by patients with intermittent exotropia but was also reported by those with other forms of strabismus as well as by nonstrabismic normals. Cooperative subjects were studied further to determine the cause for eye closure. Each subject was exposed to a source of intense illumination while fixating a target. All who closed one eye under these conditions reported photalgia associated with the high light intensity, most noting less discomfort after closing one eye. None reported diplopia prior to eye closure. Monocular and binocular photophobia thresholds were then measured for each subject The mean monocular photophobia threshold was significantly higher than the binocular threshold. In addition, binocular photophobia thresholds were significantly lower in those reporting eye closure compared with those who did not Monocular eye closure in sunlight is a mechanism used to reduce photophobia and is not related to avoidance of diplopia.
The Visually Inattentive Preterm Infant
Authors: Kivlin Jane D , Bodnar Anna , Ralston Charles W , Hunt Steven 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A retrospective study was made of 16 premature infants who were visually inattentive despite normal eye findings and a lack of factors predisposing them to cerebral blindness, A comparison of this study group with other premature infants who were visually attentive revealed a much greater incidence of upper motor neuron disease and mental retardation in the study infants.
Characteristics of Two New Retinoblastoma Cell Lines: WERI-Rb24 and WERI-Rb27
Authors: Sery Theodore W , Lee Eva Y-HP , Lee Wen-Hwa , Bookstein Robert , Wong Vernon , Shields Jerry A , Augsburger James J , Donoso Larry A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
From 49 eyes enucleated for retinoblastoma, two new cell lines, WERI-Rb24 (W-24) and WERI-Rb27 (W-27), were established in long-term culture (>5 years). The W-24 cell line was derived from a 22-month-old boy with sporadic retinoblastoma; the W-27 cell line was derived from a 24-month-old boy with bilateral retinoblastoma. Both cell lines show abnormal mRNA transcripts corresponding to the retinoblastoma gene. At the DNA level, one retinoblastoma allele was not present in the W-24 cell line. In the W-27 cell line a mutation was identified in one allele, while the other appears grossly normal. Since no normal retinoblastoma mRNA can be detected in either cell line, a subtle mutation must occur on the grossly normal allele. Comparison of DNA in W-27 lymphocytes and tumor cells with DNA probe p6NR-0.5 indicates that the observed mutation occurred somatically. The application of these two new retinoblastoma cell lines to the characterization of defects in the retinoblastoma gene and to gene replacement therapy in retinoblastoma is discussed.
Erroneous Findings in Polarized Testing Caused by Plastic Prisms
Authors: Frantz Kelly A , Cotter Susan A , Brown William L , Motameni Mercedeh 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Certain plastic prisms, when used with polarized tests (eg, stereopsis), can destroy the uniqueness of each eye's view. We investigated this effect by administering the Randot stereotest to 12 visually normal observers. The test was administered monocularly (simulating suppression), under habitual conditions, and through six representative prisms, both fused and monocularly. Whereas stereo thresholds with an anaglyphic random dot stereogram (TNO) were not significantly affected by the prism, fusing through some of the prisms resulted in significantly poorer stereo thresholds and a failure to detect random dot stereopsis (RDS) on the polarized stereotest. Furthermore, some subjects appreciated RDS viewing monocularly through each of the prisms. Thus, it is important to conduct polarized testing through prisms that are known not to interfere with polarization. This optical phenomenon is explained here.
Atropine Cycloplegia: How Many Instillations Does One Need?
Authors: Stolovitch Chaim , Loewenstein Anat , Nemmet Pinchas , Lazar Moshe 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Atropine is accepted generally as the most efficient cycloplegic agent. Although it is considered a relatively safe drug, toxic local and systemic side effects do occur. The recommended regimen for atropine cycloplegia has been 7 to 10 applications within 3 to 4 days. We compared the cycloplegic effect of four instillations of atropine drops to the effect of eight instillations. The results showed that the cycloplegia obtained after eight instillations was not greater than after four instillations.
Enucleation Technique for Children With Retinoblastoma
Authors: Shields Jerry A , Shields Carol L , De Potter Patrick 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Based on personal experience with approximately 350 enucleations for retinoblastoma, the authors describe their current surgical technique for removal of the eye, opening the globe to harvest fresh tissue for research including DNA analysis, and placement of the new hydroxyapatite orbital implant. Enucleation should be performed as gently as possible. A hemostat Is placed on the stump of the severed medial rectus muscle for traction purposes, and long, minimally curved scissors are used to cut the optic nerve near the orbital apex. Clamps and snares are not advised and cautery of the orbital tissue is avoided. A piece of optic nerve is first submitted separately for histopathologic study and the globe is opened with a specific technique to harvest fresh tumor tissue. A hydroxyapatite implant covered by sterilized sclera is placed in the anophthalmic socket to provide orbital volume and improved motility of the prosthesis.
Central Nervous System Involvement in Leber Congenital Amaurosis
Authors: Steinberg Avraham , Ronen Suzy , Zlotogorski Zoli , Silverston Ben-Zion , Hirsch Israela , Nawratzki Ilse 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Sixteen patients with ocular criteria of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) were studied. Neurological examination was normal in 11 of 16 patients. The electroencephalogram was normal in six of eight patients, while two had nonspecific theta slowing. Computerized tomography of the brain was normal in two of five; hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis was seen in one, and mild to moderate ventriculomegaly was seen In two of five. Six patients underwent the verbal subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale and a detailed battery of neuropsychological tests. Subtests dependent on early environmental influences were most severely affected, while culture-free subtests showed average or well above average performance.
These results strongly support the hypothesis that children with LCA may be capable of normal cognitive functioning, although they perform poorly on standard IQ tests. This is related to their early environmental and sensory deprivation, rather than to a primary central nervous system dysfunction.
Multifocal Versus Monofocal Correction of Neonatal Monocular Aphakia
Authors: Lambert Scott R , Fernandes Alcides , Drews-Botsch Carolyn , Boothe Ronald G 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We compared the efficacy of monofocal and m u Iti foe a I intraocular lenses (IOLs) as a means of optically rehabilitating eyes with monocular congenital cataracts using a primate model. A congenital cataract was simulated m the right eye of 20 monkeys from birth to 2 weeks of age with an opalescent contact lens. A lensectomy was then performed and a monofocal IOL was implanted in 11 eyes and a multifocal IOL in 9 eyes. Any residual refractive error was then corrected with an extendedwear contact lens.
The fetlow eyes were then randomized to no treatment or 70% occlusion therapy. Grating acuity was assessed using forced-choice preferential looking with Teller acuity cards at regular intervals. At 32 weeks of age, the pseudophakic eyes were mildly amblyopic, but the grating acuities were not significantly different between the pseudophakic eyes with multifocal versus monofocal IOLs or between subjects who had received occlusion therapy versus no treatment of the fellow eye. We conclude that at least through 32 weeks of age, multifocal and monofocal IOLs are of similar efficacy and occlusion therapy may be less important to prevent amblyopia from developing in pseudophakic eyes compared to contact-lens corrected aphakic eyes.
Peroxisomal Bifunctional Enzyme Complex Deficiency With Associated Retinal Findings
Authors: Eustis H Sprague , Curry Thomas , Superneau Duane W 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme complex deficiency is a recently recognized abnormality of fatty acid metabolism. We herein present the association of a flecked retina with peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme deficiency, a clinical association not previously reported. We suggest the finding of a flecked retina in an infant presenting with hypotonia, seizures, and failure to thrive is highly suggestive of this diagnosis.
Measurement of Low Vision in Advanced Cicatricial Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Droste Patrick J , Trese Michael T 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This study evaluates functional vision in visually impaired children with stage IV to V cicatricial retinopathy of prematurity (CROP) by comparing results derived from the Teller acuity cards and a battery of behavioral tasks, the visual function battery (VFB). Vision was evaluated in 26 eyes of 15 children ages 6 months to 14 years, who underwent retinal reattachment procedures for active stage IV and stage V retinopathy of prematurity. Results showed that 10 of 26 eyes (38%) had a recordable grating acuity to Teller acuity card assessment. Twenty-five of 26 eyes (96%) showed a response to the VFB. Sixteen of 26 eyes (62%) showed recordable scores with the VFB but no corresponding scores with the Teller acuity cards. The VFB may be more reliable than the Teller acuity cards in measuring visual function in the very low acuity range.
Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses: Long-Term Results in Pediatric Cataract Patients
Authors: Crouch Earl R , Pressman Scott H , Crouch Eric R 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Major problems in pediatric cataract patients include noncompliance with contact lenses resulting in amblyopla. Advances in intraocular cataract surgery have provided a better environment to perform intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in children. We prospectively analyzed the results of 34 consecutive pediatric patients who underwent cataract removal and insertion of an IOL. Operative technique performed was posterior scleral beveled or frown incision and IOL endocapsular fixation. Subgroups included 10 eyes with traumatic cataract, and 24 eyes with developmental cataracts. Six patients had bilateral IOLs.
Data presented in each subgroup included initial and final visual acuity, age, sex, type of cataract, A and B scan biometry, early and late postoperative complications, time of YAG capsulotomy, postoperative refractive correction, and state of binocular vision.
Preoperative visual acuity ranged from 20/70 to light perception. The success rate for postoperative visual acuity of 20/40 or better occurred in 29 of 34 eyes, or 85.3%. In the traumatic cataracts, 8 of 10 eyes (80%) obtained 20/40 vision or better. In developmental cataracts, 21 of 24 eyes (88%) achieved visual acuity of 20/40 or better. Amblyopia (three patients) or macular scar (two patients) accounted for reduced visual acuity in the five eyes with vision less than 20/40.
Early complications included posterior synechiae and lens deposits. The primary late complication was opacification of the posterior capsule in 18 of 34 eyes. The average time for YAG capsulotomy post-cataract removal was 17 months. None of the 28 patients (34 eyes) developed glaucoma, IOL dislocation, or other significant postoperative problems related to IOL insertion.
Modern cataract surgery with posterior scleral beveled or frown incision and IOL fixation in the capsular bag is a safe, effective method of obtaining useful vision in pediatric patients ages 2 to 18.
Ultrastrucure of the Superior Oblique Tendon
Authors: Helveston Eugene M , Oberlander Mark , Evan Andrew , Connors Bret , Clendenon Jeff 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Individual collagen fibers in the superior oblique tendon of patients with superior oblique palsy studied at 60 000x with transmission electron microscopy are fewer in number and larger in diameter when compared to normal fibers. The relationship of these changes to function and to gross morphologic changes are not clear.
Electrophysiological and Eye-Movement Abnormalities in Children With the Bardet-Biedl Syndrome
Authors: Lavy Timothy , Harris Christopher M , Shawkat Fatima , Thompson Dorothy , Taylor David , Kriss Anthony 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigated 17 patients with clinical features of Bardet-Biedl syndrome by electroretinogram (ERG), visual-evoked potentials (VEP), and electro-oculographic (EOG) eye movement assessment. The ERGs were grossly abnormal in 16 cases. Pattern VEPs were generally well preserved, but showed a tendency to increase in latency and decrease in amplitude with age.These results confirm other reports that the retinopathy appears to be a progressive rod-cone dystrophy initially affecting mainly extramacular areas but involving the macula at later stages. Seven of 11 patients showed abnormalities of either optokinetic nystagmus, vestibulo-ocular reflex, or both. These eye-movement abnormalities have not been reported previously, and are further evidence of central nervous system involvement in this syndrome.
Intellectual and Educational Attainment in Albinism
Authors: Fulcher Tim , O'Keefe Michael , Bowell Roger , Lanigan Bernie , Burke Teresa , Carr Alan , O'Rourke Marie , Bolger Maeve 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We studied the intellectual and educational ability of a group of 18 albino children as compared with that of a group of demographically matched controls. Intellectual ability was measured using Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices, and educational ability was measured by the reading, spelling, and arithmetic tests of the Wide Range Achievement Test. There was no statistically significant difference in intelligence of the two groups. However, there was a significant difference in reading, spelling, and arithmetic skills. No correlation was found between the clinical features of the albino children and their performance on the intelligence or educational tests.
A Comparison of Wright Card With Teller Card for Detection of Amblyopia
Authors: Raina Jyoti 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: Teller acuity cards are used to assess visual acuity in infants but can underestimate amblyopla. In order to improve amblyopia detection, a new luminance balanced checkered card of 4.8 cycles/cm frequency was developed by Wright and Vistech (Dayton, Ohio). The Wright card was compared with a corresponding Teller card (of 4.8 cycles/cm) for detection of amblyopia.
Methods: A prospective masked study of 44 children was carried out. Each was assessed for amblyopia using both the Wright and Teller cards in addition to the Snellen or Alien card (optotype).The results were analyzed statistically using repeated measures of ordinal data.
Results: Thirteen eyes were found to be amblyopic with optotype testing, two with the Teller card and 17 with the Wright card. With optotype acuity as the standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the Teller card was 15.3% and 1 00%, while that of the Wright card was 1 00% and 94.6%.
Discussion: The Teller card Is associated with high false negative test rate because it assesses grating acuity and allows spurious resolution possibly due to an edge artifact. This artifact is less pronounced with the Wright card. Further, the stripes on the Teller card require resolution only In horizontal axis, while the checkers requires uniform resolution in all axes. Different pathways for neural processing may also contribute to the disparate results with these methods.
Conclusions: The Wright card was more sensitive than the Teller card for the detection of amblyopla In this study population and has potential value in preverbal children.
Electroretinographic Findings in Infants With the Shaken Baby Syndrome
Authors: Fishman Craig D , Dasher William B , Lambert Scott R 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: To determine if electroretinography Is helpful in the work-up of children with the shaken baby syndrome.
Methods: Six children with retinal hemorrhages and the shaken baby syndrome underwent electroretinography (ERG). The ERGs of these six children were compared with six age-matched controls using the sign-rank test.
Results: Neither the implicit time nor the amplitude of the white scotopic ERG response was significantly different between these patients and age-matched controls. Although the amplitude of the blue scotopic and 30 Hz flicker responses were attenuated (p<.05), the implicit times were not significantly different from controls. Three of the patients had serial ERGs recorded. The b-wave implicit time and amplitude Improved in two of these patients. The ERG was helpful in distinguishing between a CNS and a retinal cause of visual loss in one child.
Conclusions: The ERG can be helpful in assessing retinal function in children with the shaken baby syndrome who have persistent visual impairment. In most cases, the ERG is not helpful in the initial assessment of children with the shaken baby syndrome.
Can Congenital Nasolacrimal-duct Obstruction Interfere With Visual Development? A Cohort Case Control Study
Authors: Ellis John D , MacEwen Caroline J , Young James D H 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: To ascertain if tear film disturbance in congenital nasolacrimal-duct obstruction (CNLDO) interferes with visual maturation.
Methods: Review of a cohort of children in which the occurrence and duration of CNLDO had been previously documented. Information obtained included acuity, refractive data, and presence or absence of strabismus. The incidence of abnormality in the CNLDO group was compared with that in controls, which were fellow eyes in those children with unilateral obstruction, and all children with no history of CNLDO.
Results: Of 4792 children, visual acuity data were obtained on 2249. There was no difference in the incidence of amblyopia in CNLDO children compared with controls (pcO.89) nor in the watering eye compared with the fellow eye (p<0.58). No correlation between refractive error or astigmatism and CNLDO (p<0.26 and p<0.32 respectively) was found. Strabismus was no more common in CNLDO than in controls (p&lrt;0.89).
Conclusions:This study found no evidence to suggest that visual maturation is adversely affected by allowing spontaneous resolution of CNLDO.