bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Vegetation Response to Climate Variability over Japan
Authors: Ayodele Adigun Paul , Seun Adawa Ifeoluwa 
Published: August 2021

Vegetation plays a significant role in the exchange of energy, water and carbon between the atmosphere and land surface, understanding its response to climate variability is of great importance for climate adaptation studies. This study examined Seasonal June-July- August, and December-January-February(JJA and DJF) vegetation response to Temperature(T) and Rainfall(R) variability. Vegetation response to climate dynamics over Japan are still poorly understood, in other to quantify these response spatio-temporal distribution of T and R were investigated, vegetations changes was also accessed utilizing MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from 2007-2016(10 years) along with T and R datasets from 1987-2017 (31 years), The NDVI patterns show a checked heterogeneity relating to seasonal variations in climates, our findings further reveals Northern region record an increasing trend in T and R, standard deviation of 0.48, 9.66, with CV of 6.63%, 9.25% respectively were recorded. Also, an increasing trend in T and R was equally observed in the southern region with standard deviation of 0.43, 28.5, by a CV of 2.47% and 15.05. Further analysis revealed critical patterns in the NDVI during DJF months and then afterward NDVI was seen with critical expanding values during the JJA month and diminishing NDVI patterns were seen over similar districts. The result further made it clear that NDVI changes were highly connected to different T and R patterns over the region while seasonal mean NDVI showed a critical increment for JJA in the North and DJA in the south.
Internet Crimes- it’s Analysis and Prevention Approaches
Authors: Babakerkhell Mohammad Dawood , Slimanzai Habibullah 
Published: August 2021

In the present period of computerized handling, high level of online information is looked with digital threats. There are unlimited dangers and difficulties to information existence online. Cyber-attacks which are considered the emerging and serious threats that are going on each second and investigation of those dangers and threats are exceptionally hard to confine and vanquish them. Cybercrimes have a terrible effect on governmental and non-governmental organizations, educational institutions, financial banks and economic infrastructures. Numerous worldwide societies, policy makers and intelligent agencies are trying to react and control cybercrimes. One of the most serious issue in the online processing is that how to secure and deal with our day by day information against digital misrepresentation and cybercrimes. To comprehend cybercrime and save our digital assets, this paper will analyze about various cybercrimes and addresses the effective prevention and detection ways and methods used for the avoidance, controlling, detection and combatting of those crimes.
Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis and Plantlet Development of Turkey Berry (Solanum torvum SW)
Authors: Maloth Ghan Singh , Marka Rajinikanth , Nanna Rama Swamy 
Published: August 2021

In the present study it was reported on direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from cotyledon and leaf explants of Turkey berry/pea egg plant (Solanum torvum SW), a medicinally important plant. Somatic embryogenesis has several advantages over other routes of in vitro plant regeneration. Somatic embryogenesis was induced directly from cotyledon and leaf explants on MS medium fortified with BAP (0.5 mg/L)+NAA (0.5-6.0 mg/L). High percentage of somatic embryogenesis (90%), maximum number of somatic embryos formation (62±0.18) along with high percentage (76%) conversion of somatic embryos into bipolar embryos was observed on cotyledon explants in 0.5 mg/L BAP+2.5 mg/L NAA. At the same concentration of BAP (0.5 mg/L)+NAA (2.5 mg/L) also resulted on the maximum percentage of somatic embryogenesis (92%), the highest number of somatic embryos formation (88±0.15) and the highest percentage (76%) of somatic embryos conversion into bipolar embryos in leaf explants. A mixture of globular, heart and torpedo-shaped embryos were germinated on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L IAA+1.0-4.0 mg/L BAP. Maximum germination frequency (75±0.14) of somatic embryos and plantlet formation was found in 0.5 mg/L IAA+2.0 mg/L BAP, but they didn’t germinate on ½ MSO and MSO media. The survival rate of regenerated plants after field transfer was recorded to be 75%. These regenerated plants were found morphologically similar to donor plants. The present protocol can be used for conservation of the species and also for genetic transformation experiments in S. torvum.
Increased Relapse Rate During COVID‐19 Lockdown in an Italian Cohort of Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Naddei Roberta , Alfani Renata , Bove Martina , Discepolo Valentina , Mozzillo Filomena , Guarino Alfredo , Alessio Maria 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveChanges of routine disease management associated with COVID‐19 lockdown might have potentially affected the clinical course of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The aim of our study was to assess the rate of disease flare before and during COVID‐19 lockdown to investigate its impact on disease course in children with JIA.MethodsA single‐center retrospective study was conducted, including patients presenting with inactive JIA between September 1, 2018 and March 9, 2019 (group A) and between September 1, 2019 and March 9, 2020 (group B). For each patient, demographic and clinical data were collected. The rate of JIA flare from March 10, 2019 to June 30, 2019 for group A and from March 10, 2020 to June 30, 2020 for group B was compared.ResultsGroup A included 126 patients, and group B 124 patients. Statistical analysis did not show significant differences among the 2 cohorts with respect to age, sex, age at JIA onset, JIA subtype, co‐occurrence of uveitis, antinuclear antibody positivity, and past or ongoing medications. The rate of disease flare during lockdown at the time of the first COVID‐19 pandemic wave was significantly higher in comparison to the previous year (16.9% versus 6.3%; P = 0.009).ConclusionOur study showed that COVID‐19 lockdown was associated with a higher rate of joint inflammation in children with JIA. This finding has a considerable clinical implication, as restrictive measures may be necessary in order to contain pandemics. Our data highlight the need for rearrangement in the home and health care management of children with JIA during lockdowns.
Photonic Crystal Palette of Binary Block Copolymer Blends for Full Visible Structural Color Encryption
Authors: Eoh Hongkyu , Jung Youngdoo , Park Chanho , Lee Chang Eun , Park Tae Hyun , Kang Han Sol , Jeon Seungbae , Ryu Du Yeol , Huh June , Park Cheolmin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractStructural color (SC) arising from a periodically ordered self‐assembled block copolymer (BCP) photonic crystal (PC) is useful for reflective‐mode sensing displays owing to its capability of stimuli‐responsive structure alteration. However, a set of PC inks, each providing a precisely addressable SC in the full visible range, has rarely been demonstrated. Here, a strategy for developing BCP PC inks with tunable structures is presented. This involves solution‐blending of two lamellar‐forming BCPs with different molecular weights. By controlling the mixing ratio of the two BCPs, a thin 1D BCP PC film is developed with alternating in‐plane lamellae whose periodicity varies linearly from ≈46 to ≈91 nm. Subsequent preferential swelling of one‐type lamellae with either solvent or non‐volatile ionic liquid causes the photonic band gap of the films to red‐shift, giving rise to full‐visible‐range SC correlated with the pristine nanostructures of the blended films in both liquid and solid states. The BCP PC palette of solution‐blended binary solutions is conveniently employed in various coating processes, allowing facile development of BCP SC on the targeted surface. Furthermore, full‐color SC paintings are realized with their transparent PC inks, facilitating low‐power pattern encryption.
Hybrid Devices by Selective and Conformal Deposition of PtSe2 at Low Temperatures
Authors: Prechtl Maximilian , Parhizkar Shayan , Hartwig Oliver , Lee Kangho , Biba Josef , Stimpel‐Lindner Tanja , Gity Farzan , Schels Andreas , Bolten Jens , Suckow Stephan , Giesecke Anna Lena , Lemme Max C. , Duesberg Georg S. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract2D materials display very promising intrinsic material properties, with multiple applications in electronics, photonics, and sensing. In particular layered platinum diselenide has shown high potential due to its layer‐dependent tunable bandgap, low‐temperature growth, and high environmental stability. Here, the conformal and area selective (AS) low‐temperature growth of layered PtSe2 is presented defining a new paradigm for 2D material integration. The thermally‐assisted conversion of platinum which is deposited by AS atomic layer deposition to PtSe2 is demonstrated on various substrates with a distinct 3D topography. Further the viability of the approach is presented by successful on‐chip integration of hybrid semiconductor devices, namely by the manufacture of a highly sensitive ammonia sensors channel with 3D topography and fully integrated infrared‐photodetectors on silicon photonics waveguides. The presented methodologies of conformal and AS growth therefore lay the foundation for new design routes for the synthesis of more complex hybrid structures with 2D materials.
Surface‐Bound Microgels for Separation, Sensing, and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Cutright Camden C. , Harris Jacob L. , Ramesh Srivatsan , Khan Saad A. , Genzer Jan , Menegatti Stefano 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study presents a comprehensive survey of microgel‐coated materials and their functional behavior, describing the complex interplay between the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the microgels and the chemical and morphological features of substrates. The cited literature is articulated in four main sections: i) properties of 2D and 3D substrates, ii) synthesis, modification, and characterization of the microgels, iii) deposition techniques and surface patterning, and iv) application of microgel‐coated surfaces focusing on separations, sensing, and biomedical applications. Each section discusses – by way of principles and examples – how the various design parameters work in concert to deliver functionality to the composite systems. The case studies presented herein are viewed through a multi‐scale lens. At the molecular level, the surface chemistry and the monomer make‐up of the microgels endow responsiveness to environmental and artificial physical and chemical cues. At the micro‐scale, the response effects shifts in size, mechanical, and optical properties, and affinity towards species in the surrounding liquid medium, ranging from small molecules to cells. These phenomena culminate at the macro‐scale in measurable, reversible, and reproducible effects, aiming in a myriad of directions, from lab‐scale to industrial applications.
All‐Dielectric Crescent Metasurface Sensor Driven by Bound States in the Continuum
Authors: Wang Juan , Kühne Julius , Karamanos Theodosios , Rockstuhl Carsten , Maier Stefan A. , Tittl Andreas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMetasurfaces based on quasi‐bound states in the continuum (quasi‐BICs) constitute an emerging toolkit in nanophotonic sensing as they sustain high quality factor resonances and substantial near‐field enhancements. It is demonstrated that silicon metasurfaces composed of crescent shaped meta‐atoms provide tailored light‐matter interaction controlled by the crescent geometry. Significantly, this metasurface not only exhibits a fundamental quasi‐BIC resonance, but also supports a higher‐order resonance with tunable electromagnetic field enhancement and advantageous properties for sensing. The higher‐order resonance shows twice the sensitivity of the fundamental one for bulk refractive index sensing. It is further demonstrated that both the fundamental and higher‐order resonances can be exploited for sensing ultrathin layers of biomolecules in air and buffer solutions. Specifically, when measuring in buffer solution, the figure of merit of the sensor, defined as the change in the spectral position of the resonance normalized to its full width at half maximum, is a factor of 2.5 larger for the higher‐order resonance when compared to the fundamental one. Due to its high sensitivity and potential for straightforward microfluidic integration, the silicon crescent metasurface is ideally suited for real‐time and in situ biosensing, enabling compact sensing devices for a wide range of diagnostic applications.
Advances in Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Self‐Powered Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Parandeh Samira , Etemadi Niloofar , Kharaziha Mahshid , Chen Guorui , Nashalian Ardo , Xiao Xiao , Chen Jun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOver the last decade, in pursuit to provide suitable alternatives for power supplies of medical devices in regenerative medicine, extensive research on nanogenerators has been developed. Such devices can overcome current commercial battery challenges, including intense heat‐on‐body complications due to the electrical current during therapeutic usage, leading to protein denaturation, cell structure destruction, and even cell necrosis. In addition, these traditional batteries contain a bulky and heavy structure that prevents them from providing sustainable on body biomedical therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, advantages such as wide‐range biocompatible and biodegradable materials, lightweight, and sufficient stretchability for device construction can minimize the side effects of implantable devices, including inflammation or toxicity, as well as eliminate secondary surgery to replace or remove batteries. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are associated with harvesting mechanical energy in various forms, among which human body motions can serve as a renewable power source for healthcare systems. This review is written to emphasize the importance of TENG's applications in regenerative medicine and modulation purposes, particularly for the nervous system. Some crucial parameters for implantable consideration are discussed. In the concluding remarks, features for clinical utilization including output efficiency, encapsulation, stability, and miniaturization are suggested as challenges and prospects.
Muscle‐Inspired MXene Conductive Hydrogels with Anisotropy and Low‐Temperature Tolerance for Wearable Flexible Sensors and Arrays
Authors: Feng Yubin , Liu Hou , Zhu Weihang , Guan Lin , Yang Xinting , Zvyagin Andrei V. , Zhao Yue , Shen Chun , Yang Bai , Lin Quan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractConductive hydrogels as flexible electronic devices, not only have unique attractions but also meet the basic need of mechanical flexibility and intelligent sensing. How to endow anisotropy and a wide application temperature range for traditional homogeneous conductive hydrogels and flexible sensors is still a challenge. Herein, a directional freezing method is used to prepare anisotropic MXene conductive hydrogels that are inspired by ordered structures of muscles. Due to the anisotropy of MXene conductive hydrogels, the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity are enhanced in specific directions. The hydrogels have a wide temperature resistance range of −36 to 25 °C through solvent substitution. Thus, the muscle‐inspired MXene conductive hydrogels with anisotropy and low‐temperature resistance can be used as wearable flexible sensors. The sensing signals are further displayed on the mobile phone as images through wireless technology, and images will change with the collected signals to achieve motion detection. Multiple flexible sensors are also assembled into a 3D sensor array for detecting the magnitude and spatial distribution of forces or strains. The MXene conductive hydrogels with ordered orientation and anisotropy are promising for flexible sensors, which have broad application prospects in human–machine interface compatibility and medical monitoring.
Superswelling Microneedle Arrays for Dermal Interstitial Fluid (Prote)Omics
Authors: Laszlo Elise , De Crescenzo Gregory , Nieto‐Argüello Alfonso , Banquy Xavier , Brambilla Davide 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe noninvasive sampling of dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) for the monitoring of clinical biomarkers is a greatly appealing area of research. The identification of molecular biomarkers in biological fluids has been accelerated with ‐omics analyses but remains limited in ISF because of its time‐consuming and complex extraction process. Here, the generation of microneedle (MN) patches made of superabsorbent acrylate‐based hydrogels for the rapid sampling of dermal ISF is described to explore its proteome. In depth, iterative optimization allows the identification of novel acrylate‐based compositions with the required chemical, mechanical, and biocompatibility properties allowing proteomic analysis of the extracted ISF for the first time after sampling with swelling MNs. The generated MN arrays show no cytotoxic effect, successfully cross the stratum corneum, and can collect up to 6 µL of dermal ISF in 10 min in vivo. Proteomics lead to the detection of 176 clinically relevant biomarkers in the collected samples validating the use of ISF as a relevant bodily fluid for disease monitoring and diagnostic. Importantly, it is discovered that extraction fingerprint is strongly dependent on the MNs chemistry, and thus specific biomarkers could be selectively extracted by tuning the composition of the patch, making the system versatile and specific.
Structural Design Variations in Beetle Elytra
Authors: Rivera Jesus , Murata Satoshi , Hosseini Maryam Sadat , Trikanad Adwait A. , James Robin , Pickle Allison , Yaraghi Nicholas , Matsumoto Nana , Yang Wen , Parkinson Dilworth Y. , Barnard Harold S. , Zavattieri Pablo , Arakaki Atsushi , Kisailus David 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBeetles typically use their protective wing coverings or elytra to shield their membranous hindwings from the environment. Elytra in some terrestrial species have evolved a greater protective role capable of shielding the organism from powerful antagonistic predators. The structure–function relationships of these biological composites identify how architectural and chemical variations of the cuticle are tuned to create light‐weight, impact resistant composites. Specifically, the elytral structures of a tree dwelling beetle capable of flight, Trypoxylus dichotomus, and a terrestrial beetle incapable of flight, Phloeodes diabolicus, are compared to understand how their varied environmental needs forged the elytra to facilitate fight or resist fatal predator strikes. Mechanical and microstructural analysis reveals P. diabolicus has a harder, stiffer elytra that incorporate through‐thickness fibers to resist greater mechanical stresses imposed by bending and puncture. Conversely, the elytra of T. dichotomus have a compliant structure with large voids that facilitates localized deformation. Variations in flexural strength and puncture resistance remain attributed to P. diabolicus possessing a thicker cuticle with a greater degree of cross‐linking and an increased amount of endocuticular layers. These findings may provide useful insight into the design and manufacturing of composite materials for use in light‐weight or energy‐absorbing applications.
Membrane Materials for Selective Ion Separations at the Water–Energy Nexus
Authors: DuChanois Ryan M. , Porter Cassandra J. , Violet Camille , Verduzco Rafael , Elimelech Menachem 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSynthetic polymer membranes are enabling components in key technologies at the water–energy nexus, including desalination and energy conversion, because of their high water/salt selectivity or ionic conductivity. However, many applications at the water–energy nexus require ion selectivity, or separation of specific ionic species from other similar species. Here, the ion selectivity of conventional polymeric membrane materials is assessed and recent progress in enhancing selective transport via tailored free volume elements and ion–membrane interactions is described. In view of the limitations of polymeric membranes, three material classes—porous crystalline materials, 2D materials, and discrete biomimetic channels—are highlighted as possible candidates for ion‐selective membranes owing to their molecular‐level control over physical and chemical properties. Lastly, research directions and critical challenges for developing bioinspired membranes with molecular recognition are provided.
A Microvascular‐Based Multifunctional and Reconfigurable Metamaterial
Authors: Devi Urmi , Pejman Reza , Phillips Zachary J. , Zhang Pengfei , Soghrati Soheil , Nakshatrala Kalyana B. , Najafi Ahmad R. , Schab Kurt R. , Patrick Jason F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNearly all‐natural and synthetic composites derive their characteristic attributes from a hierarchical makeup. Engineered metamaterials exhibit properties not existing in natural composites by precise patterning, often periodically on size scales smaller than the wavelength of the phenomenon they influence. Lightweight fiber‐reinforced polymer composites, comprising stiff/strong fibers embedded within a continuous matrix, offer a superior structural platform for micro‐architectured metamaterials. The emergence of microvascular fiber‐composites, originally conceived for bioinspired self‐healing via microchannels filled with functional fluids, provides a unique pathway for dynamic reconfigurable behavior. Demonstrated here is the new ability to modulate both electromagnetic and thermal responses within a single structural composite by fluid substitution within a serpentine vasculature. Liquid metal infiltration of varying density micro‐channels alters polarized radio‐frequency wave reflection, while water circulation through the same vasculature enables active‐cooling. This latest approach to control bulk property plurality by widespread vascularization exhibits minimal impact on structural performance. Detailed experimental/computational studies, presented in this paper, unravel the effects of micro‐vascular topology on macro‐mechanical behavior. The results, spanning multiple physics, provide a new benchmark for future design optimization and real‐world application of multifunctional and adaptive microvascular composite metamaterials.
Erythrocytes, a New Contributor to Age‐Associated Loss of Blood–Brain Barrier Integrity
Authors: Amiri Payam , DeCastro Jonalyn , Littig Joshua , Lu Hsiang‐Wei , Liu Chao , Conboy Irina , Aran Kiana 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBlood exchanges between young and old partners demonstrate old blood has a detrimental effect on brain health of young animals. Previous studies primarily investigate soluble blood factors, such as transforming growth factor‐beta, on the brain and the blood–brain barrier (BBB). However, the role of blood cellular components, particularly erythrocytes, has not been defined. Erythrocyte morphology and rigidity change as mammals age, altering their transport within the capillary bed. This impacts downstream biological events, such as the release of reactive oxygen species and hemoglobin, potentially compromising the BBB. Here, a micro electrical BBB (µE‐BBB), with cocultured endothelial and astrocytic cells, and a built‐in trans‐endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) system is described to monitor the effect of capillary shear stress on erythrocytes derived from young and old mice and people and the subsequent effects of these cells on BBB integrity. This is monitored by the passage of fluorescein isothiocyanate‐dextran and real‐time profiling of TEER across the BBB after old and young erythrocyte exposure. Compared to young erythrocytes, old erythrocytes induce an increased permeability by 42% and diminished TEER by 2.9% of the µE‐BBB. These results suggest that changes in circulating erythrocytes are a biomarker of aging in the context of BBB integrity.