bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variables of the Analytical Electrochemical Data Acquisition for Boron Subphthalocyanines
Authors: Bukuroshi Esmeralda , Mizrahi Amir , Gross Zeev , Bender Timothy P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe electrochemical behavior of boron subphthalocyanines (BsubPcs) has been investigated using cyclic voltammetry in the presence of various solvents, internal standards, supporting electrolytes, working electrodes, and sweep voltage scan rates. We have focused on halogenated BsubPcs (Cl−Cl6BsubPc, Cl−Cl12BsubPc, F−F6BsubPc, F−F12BsubPc) and a non‐halogenated baseline (Cl−BsubPc). Halogenated BsubPcs are of interest to the field due to their promising advances as organic electronic materials for applications based on redox or electron transfer processes. We had pre‐established a standard operating procedure (SOP) for electrochemical data acquisition, but it was timely to consider alternative variables, their impact on the electrochemical data and re‐establish an alternative SOP. We observed modest shifts (up to 49 mV) of the BsubPc redox potentials when changing the internal standard, working electrode and/or the electrolyte concentration. In scan rate range between 20 and 250 mV s−1, the peak (ir)reversibility for F−F6BsubPc and F−F12BsubPc remained unchanged and the electron transfers at the surface electrode remained diffusion‐controlled.
Influence of pressure on the formation process of CH4 hydrate in porous media below the freezing point
Authors: Zhang Xuemin , Li Jinping , Wu Qingbai , Wang Jiaxian , Wang Yingmei , Li Yang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNatural gas hydrates are mainly stored in the pores of the sedimentary layer in permafrost regions, and the formation characters in porous media were particularly important for the exploitation and utilization of natural gas hydrates. So, it is essential to understand the formation process of methane hydrate in porous media below freezing point. In this study, the formation process of methane hydrate was studied in a closed system in porous media below freezing point. The results indicated that the initial pressure played an important role in the formation characteristics of methane hydrate in porous media below freezing point. The higher the initial pressure was, the larger the formation rate of methane hydrate. And the maximum formation rate attained 6.46 × 10−4 mol/h when the initial pressure was 9.0 MPa under the same temperature and particle size conditions. Furthermore, the final conversion rate was larger at higher initial pressure and the final conversion rate attained 56.5% at an initial pressure of 9.0 MPa. Furthermore, the pressure disturbance could improve the formation process of methane hydrate and the final conversion rate was larger to some extent. The relevant results will provide a theoretical reference for natural gas hydrates exploitation.
Structural health monitoring of a 32‐storey steel‐frame building using 50 years of seismic monitoring data
Authors: Rahmani Mohammadtaghi , Todorovska Maria I. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe case study, Los Angeles 32‐storey residential building, has an exceptionally long seismic observation history, spanning 50 years (1971‐2020), during which it has experienced many earthquakes, some causing extensive damage in the metropolitan area. Records of 13 earthquakes are analyzed, including San Fernando of 1971, to find out if permanent loss of stiffness occurred in the structure since 1971 and to describe statistically its nonlinear elastic behavior, not related to damage. It is a rare example of an instrumented pre‐San Fernando earthquake steel‐frame building, constructed with some on‐site welded column‐beam connections, type of construction that exhibited weaknesses after the Northridge, 1994 earthquake. The identification method consists of fitting equivalent uniform and four‐layer Timoshenko beams models by waveform inversion of bandpass filtered impulse responses, which results in piecewise constant profiles of shear wave velocity (the damage sensitive parameter) and the elastic moduli ratio, reflecting the distribution of structural stiffness along the height. The nonlinear elastic behavior derived from the smaller amplitude data constitutes strain‐dependent baseline for future structural health monitoring of this building. This behavior reveals more prominent strain dependency in the longitudinal direction and stronger variation with strain toward the base of the structure.
A calibration and sampling technique for quantifying the chemical structure in fires using GC/MSD analysis
Authors: Falkenstein‐Smith Ryan , Harris Kimberly , Sung Kunhyuk , Liang Tianshui , Hamins Anthony 
Published: January 2021

SUMMARYThis work presents an approach to measure, calibrate, and verify local concentrations of combustion products in pool fires steadily burning in a quiescent environment. This study describes a method that can be used to measure and verify the chemical species present in a fire. Such information is needed to assist in the development and validation of the chemistry subroutines in computational fluid dynamic fire models. Samples are extracted along the centerline of pool fires using a thermal quenching probe. Gas species volume fractions are analyzed using a custom Agilent 5977E Series gas chromatograph fitted with a permanent gas dual‐column comprised of a Molsieve 5 Å and PoraBOND Q capillary columns in parallel flowing into mass selective and thermal conductivity detector. The system can identify and quantify a variety of stable reactant, intermediate, and product species collected from the fire, including several condensable species (eg, water, methanol, ethanol, and acetone). The time‐weighted average soot mass fraction is determined using a gravimetric sampling method. In order to solidify the legitimacy of the measured gas composition, the results are verified by implementing different techniques, including the determination of the carbon to hydrogen ratio, calculating the argon to nitrogen ratio, and comparing the total moles estimated from the chromatogram peaks to the total moles of the injected sample.
Development of camel and cow's milk, low‐fat frozen yoghurt incorporated with Qodume Shahri (Lepidium perfoliatum) and cress seeds (Lepidium sativum) gum: Flow behavior, textural, and sensory attributes' assessment
Authors: Azari‐Anpar Mojtaba , Khomeiri Morteza , Daraei Garmakhany Amir , Lotfi‐Shirazi Sorour 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this study, the effect of different concentrations (0.2%, 0.1%, and 0%) of some plant seed gums (Qodume Shahri (Lepidium perfoliatum) and cress (Lepidium sativum)) as the stabilizer on the flow behavior, textural, and sensory properties of frozen yoghurt produced from camel and cow's milk was investigated. The results showed that plant seed gums significantly affected the viscosity, overrun and melting rate, textural, and sensory properties of frozen yoghurt samples prepared from camel and cow's milk. Also, no significant differences were observed in pH and acidity of the samples. The highest overrun value was observed in the control sample. Frozen yoghurt containing 0.2% Qodume Shahri seed gum (QSSG) had the highest viscosity and the longest first dripping time. This is an indication that frozen yoghurt mixes are non‐Newtonian at all added concentrations. Finally, Herschel–Bulkley model well described the rheological behavior of frozen yoghurt mixtures due to the higher correlation coefficient. In general, cow's frozen yoghurts containing 0.2% cress seed gum (CSG) and 0.1% QSSG were more acceptable among panelists than camel frozen yoghurt sample.
Integration of community health workers into the health system in Tanzania: Examining the process and contextual factors
Authors: Mgawe Peter , Maluka Stephen O. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntegration of community health workers (CHWs) into the health systems has become a global concern. Recently, the Government of Tanzania through the then Ministry of Health and Social Welfare initiated different strategies that aimed at integrating CHWs into the health system. This paper discusses the process and factors that influence the integration of CHWs into the health system in Tanzania. The study employed qualitative case study design using in‐depth interviews (n = 37). In addition, various documents including health policies, Community‐based Health Policy, community health workers guideline and Community health workers training curriculum were reviewed. Data were analysed by using thematic analysis. The findings indicated that potential CHWs were selected based on the National Council for Technical Education standards that required an applicant to have four (4) passes in the ordinary level examination. None of the CHWs who had undergone training had been employed by the government. This differed from what was prescribed in the CHWs guidelines. Integration of CHWs into health system in Tanzania has not been optimal because of inadequate preparations in terms of stakeholders engagement, infrastructure, legal and policy frameworks, technical expertise and financial resources. Effective integration of CHWs into the health system requires working with different actors to communicate objectives, achieve ownership of the stakeholders, manage conflict and cooperation, and sustain changes.
A detailed energy budget analysis of river supercooling and the importance of accurately quantifying net radiation to predict ice formation
Authors: McFarlane Vincent , Clark Shawn P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRiver supercooling and ice formation is a regular occurrence throughout the winter in northern countries. The resulting frazil ice production can obstruct the flow through intakes along the river, causing major problems for hydropower and water treatment facilities, among others. Therefore, river ice modellers attempt to calculate the river energy budget and predict when supercooling will occur in order to anticipate and mitigate the effects of potential intake blockages. Despite this, very few energy budget studies have taken place during freeze‐up, and none have specifically analysed individual supercooling events. To improve our understanding of the freeze‐up energy budget detailed measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed and direction, short‐ and longwave radiation, and water temperature were made on the Dauphin River in Manitoba. During the river freeze‐up period of late October to early November 2019, a total of six supercooling events were recorded. Analysis of the energy budget throughout the supercooling period revealed that the most significant heat source was net shortwave radiation, reaching up to 298 W/m2, while the most significant heat loss was net longwave radiation, accounting for losses of up to 135 W/m2. Longwave radiation was also the most significant heat flux overall during the individual supercooling events, accounting for up to 84% of the total heat flux irrespective of flux direction, highlighting the importance of properly quantifying this flux during energy budget calculations. Five different sensible (Qh) and latent (Qe) heat flux calculations were also compared, using the bulk aerodynamic method as the baseline. It was found that the Priestley and Taylor method most‐closely matched the bulk aerodynamic method on a daily timescale with an average offset of 8.5 W/m2 for Qh and 10.1 W/m2 for Qe, while a Dalton‐type equation provided by Webb and Zhang was the most similar on a sub‐daily timescale with average offsets of 20.0 and 14.7 W/m2 for Qh and Qe, respectively.
Dietary exposure to bisphenol A affects memory function and neuroimmune biomarkers in allergic asthmatic mice
Authors: Win‐Shwe Tin‐Tin , Yanagisawa Rie , Koike Eiko , Takano Hirohisa 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBisphenol A (BPA) is a raw material of polycarbonate and epoxy resin. It is used for various household electrical appliances, electronic equipment, office automation equipment, medical equipment, mobile phones, paints for automobiles, internal surface coating of cans, and adhesives for civil engineering and construction. BPA is a well‐known endocrine‐disrupting chemical, and it was reported that BPA has an adverse effect on the nervous and immune systems. However, BPA‐induced memory impairment and changes in neuroimmune biomarkers in the allergic asthmatic subject are not known yet. We aim to investigate the dietary exposure effect of BPA on brain function and biomarkers using allergic an asthmatic mouse model. Five‐week‐old male C3H/HeJSlc mice were fed two doses of BPA [0.901, 9.01 μg/kg/day] contained chow diet from 5 to 11 weeks old and ovalbumin (OVA) was given by intratracheal instillation every 2 weeks. Memory function was determined by a novel object recognition test. Genes related to memory and immune markers in the hippocampus were investigated with the real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) method. In this study, impaired novel object recognition occurred in BPA‐exposed mice in the presence of an allergen. Moreover, upregulation of expression level of neuroimmune biomarkers such as N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor, tumor necrosis factor‐α, ionized calcium‐binding adapter molecule‐1, cyclooxygenase‐2, and heme oxygenase‐1 in the hippocampus was observed in BPA‐exposed allergic asthmatic mice. These findings show that BPA exposure can induce neuroinflammation and which triggers impairment of memory function in mice with allergic asthma. Our study indicated that dietary exposure to BPA may affect higher brain functions by modulating neuroimmune biomarkers in allergic asthmatic subjects.
Association of ISL1 polymorphisms and eosinophilic levels among otitis media patients
Authors: Kondyarpu Abhishek , Ray Chinmay Sundar , Panda Khirod Chandra , Biswal Narayan Chandra , Ramchander Puppala Venkat 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundOtitis media (OM) is a middle ear inflammatory complex disorder involving genetic and environmental factors. It onsets during childhood and often recurs and perplexes in genetically susceptible patients. Previously, murine models had shown the association of ISL LIM homeobox 1 (ISL1) gene with otitis media with effusion.AimTo investigate the association of ISL1 genetic variants with otitis media.Subjects and methodsA total of 285 cases and 277 controls were recruited for the study. The entire coding region of ISL1 gene was genotyped using Sanger sequencing or single‐strand conformation polymorphism methods. Genotype, haplotype, in silico analysis, and linkage disequilibrium analysis were performed.ResultsThe variants rs2303751 (c.504A>G) and rs121913540 (c.513G>A) were associated with OM, and the OR (95%CI) was 0.74 (0.57–0.95) and 0.43 (0.20–0.91), respectively. Besides, the rs2303751 AA genotype was associated with elevated eosinophil numbers in OM when compared to controls. The 5 SNP haplotype analysis of SNPs c.‐492A>G, c.504A>G, c.513G>A, c.576C>T, and c.*651A>T revealed A‐A‐G‐C‐A to be a risk haplotype in females whereas the 3 SNP haplotype analysis of SNPs c.504A>G, c.513G>A, and c.567C>T suggested G‐A‐C as protective and A‐G‐C to be a risk haplotype for otitis media.ConclusionOurs is the first report which shows a significant association of ISL1 variants (rs2303751 and rs121913540) with hearing‐related disorder like otitis media in humans. These results implicate the possible role of ISL1 gene in the etiopathology of otitis media. The replication of the study in other ethnic populations may strengthen our findings.
Evaluating a preparation of malathion‐tolerant Aspergillus niger MRU01 for accelerated removal of four organophosphorus insecticides
Authors: Mohapatra Debasish , Rath Sakti K , Mohapatra Pradipta K 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDMicrobial degradation of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides has emerged as an efficient and cost‐effective technology for removal of pesticide residues from soil. Malathion‐tolerant Aspergillus (Aspergillus niger MRU01) was developed, mass cultured, harvested, mixed with coir pith at 3% on dry weight basis, shade‐dried aseptically to a 5% moisture level and stored for 60 days. The growth, metabolic activity and insecticide removal efficiencies of the preparation were evaluated at 15‐day intervals.RESULTSNo significant change in the growth performance was observed up to 45 days of storage, after which viability decreased. The activities of carbohydrate enzymes (cellulase, invertase and amylase) and protein and carbohydrate contents of the preparation, however, did not significantly change during the experimental period. The preparation showed accelerated activities of esterases and phosphatases after treatment with malathion (500 μmol L−1), parathion (470 μmol L−1), chlorpyrifos (260 μmol L−1) and dimethoate (680 μmol L−1). The highest activity of the esterase and phosphatase enzymes was observed with malathion and the minimum with parathion treatment. Nearly 70% of the applied malathion was removed from the medium by the preparation during 5 days of incubation followed by dimethoate (68%), chlorpyrifos (58%) and parathion (54%).CONCLUSIONSThe fungal preparation was highly effective in removing malathion as well as the other three OP insecticides. A storage period of 45 days may be considered ideal for maintaining the preparation in the active state, and is recommended for field application after evaluating its efficacy under field conditions. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Modes of exploitation of atmospheric water resources in the Qinghai–Tibet plateau
Authors: Li Fang‐Fang , Zhao Kang , Lu Hou‐Liang , Wang Guang‐Qian , Qiu Jun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractKnown as “China's Water Tower,” the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) becomes warm and humid in the short term but faces drought in the long term because of global climate change. Atmospheric water resources seem to be the only choice in the QTP region to alleviate drought conditions. Analysis of water vapour distribution and evaluation of exploitation modes of atmospheric water resources are carried out in this study. Different exploitation modes of atmospheric water resources including routine, selective, and emergency‐oriented exploitation are distinguished using water vapour budget and its distribution entropy. Zoning of the QTP indicates that routine exploitation, that is, long‐term, continuous, and fixed‐point exploitation, can only be carried out in its eastern part, while the middle and western parts are suitable for selective exploitation. Such entropy‐based assessment and zoning can be used as a reference for the exploitation of atmospheric water in the QTP in the future. Furthermore, the proposed zoning criteria can be used to estimate the exploitability of atmospheric water resources.
Water productivity, yield and agronomic attributes of maize crop in response to varied irrigation levels and biochar–compost application
Authors: Zahra Misbah B , Aftab Zill‐E‐Huma , Haider Muhammad S 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDDue to the rapid increase in world population, the demand for freshwater is increasing day by day. There is also immense pressure on the agriculture sector to produce more food with limited supplies of water. About 75% of freshwater is used in crop production out of which 63% is lost due to poor farm practices and evapotranspiration. Enhancement of crop water productivity for sustainable agriculture production especially in areas having water scarcity plausibly contributes towards the solution of water scarcity.RESULTSThe combined application of biochar and compost has a highly significant impact on maize yield with increased grain production, i.e. 6.44 and 6.52 t ha−1 at 60% irrigation level with combined application of biochar and compost as compared with control at 6.39 and 6.44 t ha−1 at 100% irrigation level in autumn and spring seasons, respectively, by saving 40% of water. Furthermore, the highest value of water productivity (1.51 and 1.16 kg m−3) was achieved at 60% irrigation level with combined application of soil amendments. Also, cost–benefit analysis has shown highest values of net benefit with soil organic amendments.CONCLUSIONSIt is concluded that addition of biochar and compost to soil has the potential to increase crop yield and growth even at low irrigation levels by enhancing water use efficiency. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Complex wall materials of polysaccharide and protein effectively protected numb‐taste substance degradation of Zanthoxylum bungeanum
Authors: Meng Fan‐Bing , Li Jia‐Jia , Zhang Qian , Li Yun‐Cheng , Liu Da‐Yu , Chen Wei‐Jun , Zhang Yin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDHydroxyl‐sanshools are mainly responsible for the numb taste and biological activities of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, but they show low water solubility, high volatility and easy degradation, which limit their application in the catering and food industries. Thus microcapsules of Z. bungeanum essential oil (ZBEO) were prepared to prevent numb‐taste substance attenuation.RESULTSThe complex effects of hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPCD) with other materials, such as konjac glucomannan octenyl succinate (KGOS), octenyl succinic anhydride‐modified starch (OSAS), soy protein isolate (SPI) and gum arabic (GA), on the protection of the main numb‐taste substance of ZBEO were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that ZBEO was successfully encapsulated in the complex wall materials. X‐ray diffraction indicated that the loaded essential oil did not affect the crystalline form of the wall material. The stability of the numb‐taste substance α‐sanshool in the microcapsules prepared with the complex microcapsule wall materials was higher than that in single‐wall microcapsules. Storage stability evaluation indicated that microcapsules prepared with a combination of HPCD and SPI showed the greatest effect in maintaining the stability of the main numb‐taste substance α‐sanshool in ZBEO at room temperature, low pH and in high‐salt conditions.CONCLUSIONComplex wall materials of polysaccharide and protein could effectively protect the numb‐taste substance degradation of Z. bungeanum during processing and storage. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry