bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Civilian Immunity
Authors: Primoratz Igor 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe idea that warfare ought to be subject to restraint is probably as old as war itself. The restraints morality and law place on war fall under two heads: those concerning resort to war (jus ad bellum) and those concerning the ways war is fought (jus in bello). One of the rules comprisingjus in bello– on most accounts, its centerpiece – is that of discrimination (or, in legal parlance, distinction). It enjoins us to discriminate between legitimate and illegitimate targets in war and to restrict our attacks to the former. That means, roughly, that our acts of war may be directed only at enemy soldiers or combatants and military facilities, and that we must not attack civilians or noncombatants. Civilians (noncombatants) enjoy immunity against deliberately inflicted harm to life, limb, or property.
Peer victimization and reactive aggression in junior high‐school students: A moderated mediation model of retaliatory normative beliefs and self‐perspective
Authors: Shu Yue , Luo Zheng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUsing an experimental design, we examined whether retaliatory normative beliefs mediated the relation between peer victimization and reactive aggression and whether self‐perspective moderated the relations among peer victimization, retaliatory normative beliefs, and reactive aggressive behavior in a sample of 381 junior high‐school students (165 girls) in Grades 7 and 8. Findings revealed that retaliatory normative beliefs fully mediated the relation between peer victimization and reactive aggression. Moreover, the mediating effect of retaliatory normative beliefs was moderated by self‐perspective. Specifically, for the self‐distanced group, peer victimization demonstrated a weaker impact on retaliatory normative beliefs than that of the self‐immersed group and the control group. These results suggest that adolescents' beliefs about the acceptability of retaliatory aggression (rather than peer victimization) are directly associated with reactive aggression, and that self‐distancing may be a protective factor against retaliatory normative beliefs and reactive aggression in provocative situations. The implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.
Comparing the Impact of Symptoms and Health Care Experiences of People Who Have and Have Not Received a Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia: A Cross‐Sectional Survey Within the PACFiND Study
Authors: Doebl Stefanie , Hollick Rosemary J. , Beasley Marcus , Choy Ernest , Macfarlane Gary J. ,   for the PACFiND Study Investigators
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo compare the impact of symptoms and health care utilization of people diagnosed with fibromyalgia, people who fulfill the criteria but are not diagnosed, and people with chronic pain.MethodsWe recruited people who had participated in a previous population survey across Scotland and who reported some typical fibromyalgia symptoms or had received a diagnosis of fibromyalgia. Responses to a postal questionnaire were used to define mutually exclusive groups: people who had a fibromyalgia diagnosis, who met criteria for fibromyalgia, and who had chronic pain.ResultsParticipants included 85 people with a diagnosis of fibromyalgia, 110 who met criteria for fibromyalgia, and 133 with chronic pain. The mean age across groups ranged 57–59 years, but the percentage female varied markedly: 86%, 64%, and 67%, respectively. Compared to those with chronic pain, participants with a fibromyalgia diagnosis were more likely to be out of employment due to health. An average of 3 years was needed to receive a fibromyalgia diagnosis, and more than half were diagnosed in secondary care (most commonly rheumatology). The fibromyalgia diagnosis and criteria groups were similar in terms of symptom impact, quality of life, and life satisfaction but were worse than the chronic pain group. Participants who had received a diagnosis of fibromyalgia reported the poorest health care experiences.ConclusionAn urgent need exists for a model of care for fibromyalgia to ensure prompt diagnosis, access to evidence‐based care, and long‐term support, with the aim of improving function. The data suggest that diagnosis in men may be overlooked, and this finding warrants further study.
Prognostic Value of Cardiac Axis Deviation in Systemic Sclerosis–Related Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Lui Justin K. , Sangani Ruchika A. , Chen Clara A. , Bujor Andreea M. , Trojanowski Marcin A. , Gopal Deepa M. , LaValley Michael P. , Soylemez Wiener Renda , Klings Elizabeth S. 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveSystemic sclerosis–related pulmonary hypertension (SSc‐PH) is a common complication of SSc associated with accelerated mortality. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether cardiac axis deviation indicates abnormalities in cardiac function allowing for prognostication of disease severity and mortality.MethodsThis was a retrospective study in which electrocardiograms (ECGs) were reviewed for cardiac axis deviation and their association with echocardiography and cardiopulmonary hemodynamics on right‐sided heart catheterization. The primary outcome observed was all‐cause mortality from the time of PH diagnosis.ResultsECG results were reviewed from 169 patients with SSc‐PH. Right axis deviation (RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) occurred in 28.4% and 30.8% of patients with SSc‐PH, respectively. Compared to those without RAD, patients with RAD exhibited predominantly right‐sided cardiac disease on echocardiography and increased PH severity by cardiopulmonary hemodynamics including a greater mean ± SD pulmonary artery pressure (42.0 ± 12.5 mm Hg versus 29.8 ± 7.0 mm Hg) and mean ± SD pulmonary vascular resistance (645.6 ± 443.2 dynes · seconds/cm5 versus 286.3 ± 167.7 dynes · seconds/cm5). LAD was associated with predominantly left‐sided cardiac disease on echocardiography but was not associated with PH severity on cardiopulmonary hemodynamics. Both RAD (hazard ratio 10.36 [95% confidence interval 4.90–21.93], P < 0.001) and LAD (hazard ratio 2.94 [95% confidence interval 1.53–5.68], P = 0.001) were associated with an increased hazard for all‐cause mortality.ConclusionRAD and LAD reflect structural cardiac abnormalities and are associated with poor prognosis in patients with SSc‐PH. These findings support the importance of electrocardiography, an inexpensive, widely available noninvasive test, in risk stratification.
Highly Tunable Nanostructures in a Doubly pH‐Responsive Pentablock Terpolymer in Solution and in Thin Films
Authors: Jung Florian A. , Schart Maximilian , Bührend Lukas , Meidinger Elisabeth , Kang Jia‐Jhen , Niebuur Bart‐Jan , Ariaee Sina , Molodenskiy Dmitry S. , Posselt Dorthe , Amenitsch Heinz , Tsitsilianis Constantinos , Papadakis Christine M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMultiblock copolymers with charged blocks are complex systems that show great potential for enhancing the structural control of block copolymers. A pentablock terpolymer PMMA‐b‐PDMAEMA‐b‐P2VP‐b‐PDMAEMA‐b‐PMMA is investigated. It contains two types of midblocks, which are weak cationic polyelectrolytes, namely poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) and poly(2‐vinylpyridine) (P2VP). Furthermore, these are end‐capped with short hydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blocks in dilute aqueous solution and thin films. The self‐assembly behavior depends on the degrees of ionization α of the P2VP and PDMAEMA blocks, which are altered in a wide range by varying the pH value. High degrees of ionization of both blocks prevent structure formation, whereas microphase‐separated nanostructures form for a partially charged and uncharged state. While in solutions, the nanostructure formation is governed by the dependence of the P2VP block solubility of the and the flexibility of the PDMAEMA blocks on α, in thin films, the dependence of the segregation strength on α is key. Furthermore, the solution state plays a crucial role in the film formation during spin‐coating. Overall, both the mixing behavior of the 3 types of blocks and the block sequence, governing the bridging behavior, result in strong variations of the nanostructures and their repeat distances.
Multifunctional Crosslinking‐Enabled Strain‐Regulating Crystallization for Stable, Efficient α‐FAPbI3‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Hengkai , Chen Zhiliang , Qin Minchao , Ren Zhiwei , Liu Kuan , Huang Jiaming , Shen Dong , Wu Zehan , Zhang Yaokang , Hao Jianhua , Lee Chun‐sing , Lu Xinhui , Zheng Zijian , Yu Wei , Li Gang 
Published: June 2021

Abstractα‐Formamidinium lead triiodide (α‐FAPbI3) represents the state‐of‐the‐art for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) but experiences intrinsic thermally induced tensile strain due to a higher phase‐converting temperature, which is a critical instability factor. An in situ crosslinking‐enabled strain‐regulating crystallization (CSRC) method with trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMTA) is introduced to precisely regulate the top section of perovskite film where the largest lattice distortion occurs. In CSRC, crosslinking provides in situ perovskite thermal‐expansion confinement and strain regulation during the annealing crystallization process, which is proven to be much more effective than the conventional strain‐compensation (post‐treatment) method. Moreover, CSRC with TMTA successfully achieves multifunctionality simultaneously: the regulation of tensile strain, perovskite defects passivation with an enhanced open‐circuit voltage (VOC = 50 mV), and enlarged perovskite grain size. The CSRC approach gives significantly enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.39% in α‐FAPbI3‐based PSC versus 20.29% in the control case. More importantly, the control PSCs’ instability factor—residual tensile strain—is regulated into compression strain in the CSRC perovskite film through TMTA crosslinking, resulting in not only the best PCE but also outstanding device stability in both long‐term storage (over 4000 h with 95% of initial PCE) and light soaking (1248 h with 80% of initial PCE) conditions.
Ultrasensitive Molecular Detection by Imaging of Centimeter‐Scale Metasurfaces with a Deterministic Gradient Geometry
Authors: Min Siyi , Li Shijie , Zhu Zhouyang , Liu Yu , Liang Chuwei , Cai Jingxuan , Han Fei , Li Yuyan , Cai Wenshan , Cheng Xing , Li Wen‐Di 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHighly sensitive detection of trace amounts of substances is crucial for broad applications in healthcare, environmental monitoring, antiterrorism, etc., where cost effectiveness and portability are often demanded. Here, an ultrasensitive sensor is reported that can detect an angstrom‐thick layer of adsorbed molecules through image acquisition and processing. The sensor features a centimeter‐scale plasmonic metasurface with spatially varying geometry, where the light scattering is dependent on both the adsorbed substances and spatial locations. When illuminated with narrowband light (such as from a light emitting diode), the intensity pattern recorded on the metasurface changes with the surface‐adsorbed molecules, enabling label‐free, sensitive, and spectrometer‐free molecular detection. The centimeter‐scale size of the sensing area interfaces well with consumer‐level imaging sensors on mobile devices without the need for microscopic optics and offers a high signal‐to‐noise ratio by leveraging the multimillion pixels for noise reduction. It is experimentally demonstrated that a single layer of Al2O3 molecules deposited on the sensor, with a thickness of approximately one angstrom, can be detected by analyzing the images taken of the sensing chip. Furthermore, by integrating the sensor into a microfluidic setup, quantitative detection of BSA/anti‐BSA immune complex formation events is demonstrated, which agrees well with the Langmuir isotherm model.
Complex Metal Nanostructures with Programmable Shapes from Simple DNA Building Blocks
Authors: Ye Jingjing , Aftenieva Olha , Bayrak Türkan , Jain Archa , König Tobias A. F. , Erbe Artur , Seidel Ralf 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAdvances in DNA nanotechnology allow the design and fabrication of highly complex DNA structures, uisng specific programmable interactions between smaller nucleic acid building blocks. To convey this concept to the fabrication of metallic nanoparticles, an assembly platform is developed based on a few basic DNA structures that can serve as molds. Programming specific interactions between these elements allows the assembly of mold superstructures with a range of different geometries. Subsequent seeded growth of gold within the mold cavities enables the synthesis of complex metal structures including tightly DNA‐caged particles, rolling‐pin‐ and dumbbell‐shaped particles, as well as T‐shaped and loop particles with high continuity. The method further supports the formation of higher‐order assemblies of the obtained metal geometries. Based on electrical and optical characterizations, it is expected that the developed platform is a valuable tool for a self‐assembly‐based fabrication of nanoelectronic and nanooptic devices.
Enhanced Photoresponse of Single GaN Microwire Ultraviolet Photodetectors by Heteroepitaxial AlN Coating Layer
Authors: Liu Qing , Shi Jiang , Wang Xingfu , Luo Xingjun , Guo Jiaqi , Yang Yuqing , Cheng Chuan , Chen Fei , Deng Congcong , He Longfei , Fan Kaiping , Cui Yongjin , Chen Kai , Gao Fangliang , Li Shuti 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCore–shell heterojunction structure is a feasible approach to optimize the optoelectronic performance of devices by combining the advantages of different materials. In this work, GaN/AlN core–shell heterojunction microwire‐based photodetector (PD) has been fabricated, and appropriate epitaxy growth of AlN can improve the performances of PDs. Compared with pure GaN microwire device, the enhanced responsivity, sensitivity, detectivity, and external quantum efficiency value of 4160 A W−1, 1.88 × 107%, 3.93 × 1012 Jones, and 4.07 × 106% are obtained with 5 nm thick AlN. Meanwhile, a rise/decay time of 25/16 ms is possessed. In addition, the responsivity and detectivity are increased with an acceptable decrease in sensitivity when the exciting light intensity decreases. The effective advances of PDs are benefited from the increased Schottky barrier height, the built‐in electric field that promotes the separation of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs, and direct heteroepitaxial growth high crystal quality GaN/AlN core/shell structure, which will effectively passivate the surface of GaN microwire by covering AlN. This study sheds some light on fabricating high‐performance microwire‐based PDs.
Solution‐Processed Large‐Scale Concentric‐Ring Laser on Two‐Dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskites Thin Films
Authors: Liu Peng , Zhang Bingqian , Liao Qing , Tian Guifen , Gu Chunling , Fu Hongbing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSelf‐assembly of large‐scale periodic structures is promising for the applications of optoelectronic devices and enhancing light trapping or extraction in optoelectronics. Spontaneous pattern formation provides a facile and large‐area fabrication technology for ordered concentric‐ring patterns. Herein, a facile and robust solution‐processed method for the controllable spontaneous formation of concentric‐ring patterns on 2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite (2D‐RPP) thin films is presented. High‐quality (sub)millimeter‐scale concentric multi‐rings are prepared and their parameters can be adjusted by experimental conditions. The obtained 2D‐RPP concentric‐ring patterns show excellent lasing behaviors with high‐quality factor and significantly low lasing threshold. This strategy can be exploited for the development of high‐performance 2D‐RPP laser arrays and the integration of optoelectronic devices.
Optimizing Intercropping Systems of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) through Inoculation with Bacteria and Mycorrhizal Fungi
Authors: Rezaei‐Chiyaneh Esmaeil , Battaglia Martin Leonardo , Sadeghpour Amir , Shokrani Fahime , Nasab Adel Dabbagh Mohammadi , Raza Muhammad Ali , von Cossel Moritz 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study evaluates the effects of intercropping patterns, plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on seed yield and yield components of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.), as well as the essential oil and fatty acid profile of black cumin. A two‐year two‐factorial field experiment was conducted in 2015 and 2016 to investigate intercropping of black cumin and fenugreek in five ratios and biofertilizer application as AMF and bacteria. Intercropping reveals higher concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus compared with monocropping, whereas monocropping inoculated with bacteria shows the highest seed yield of both fenugreek (151 g m−2) and black cumin (148 g m−2). Regarding the quality of black cumin, the combination of a black cumin:fenugreek‐intercropping pattern of 66:34 with bacteria fertilization is most promising, as it shows i) the maximum essential oil content, oil yield, and fixed oil content, ii) the highest contents of thymol and p‐cymene, iii) the highest content of linoleic acid, and iv) the maximum land equivalent ratio. Conclusively, bacteria fertilization and black cumin:fenugreek‐intercropping pattern of 66:34 helps improving essential oil, fixed oil quality, and quantity of black cumin, thus creating a more sustainable cultivation system for black cumin and fenugreek.
Low Threshold and Long‐Range Propagation Plasmonic Nanolaser Enhanced by Black Phosphorus Nanosheets
Authors: Li Yongping , Yuan Yufeng , Peng Xiao , Zhou Feifan , Song Jun , Qu Junle 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis work theoretically proposes a novel surface plasmon polaritons nanolaser enhanced by 2D black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets, which can greatly enhance the local electric field and reduce the normalized mode area. The plasmonic nanolaser is created by integrating few‐layered BP nanosheets into a hybrid waveguide structure consisting of a cadmium sulfide (CdS) semiconductor nanowire, a low‐index dielectric MgF2 buffer film, and a silver substrate. Both the electric field distribution and mode parameters originating from the proposed hybrid structure are systematically studied. The simulation results show that, under the optimal conditions with r = 95 nm, hgap = 2 nm, and d = 1 nm, three key mode parameters (effective mode area, gain threshold, and propagation distance) can be determined to be 0.008 λ2, 0.5997 µm−1, and 3309 nm, respectively. Moreover, the figure of merit of the proposed nanolaser is enhanced by almost 2.3 times compared with the model without BP nanosheets. It can be expected that the proposed plasmonic nanolaser shows great potential in exploring ultrahigh density photonic integrated circuit.
Dynamic Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Tetrazines
Authors: Santos Tanausú , Rivero David S. , Pérez‐Pérez Yaiza , Martín‐Encinas Endika , Pasán Jorge , Daranas Antonio Hernández , Carrillo Romen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA dynamic nucleophilic aromatic substitution of tetrazines (SNTz) is presented herein. It combines all the advantages of dynamic covalent chemistry with the versatility of the tetrazine moiety. Indeed, libraries of compounds or sophisticated molecular structures can be easily obtained, which are susceptible to post‐functionalization by inverse electron demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) reaction, which also locks the exchange. Additionally, the structures obtained can be disassembled upon the application of the right stimulus, either UV irradiation or a suitable chemical reagent. Moreover, SNTz is compatible with the imine chemistry of anilines. The high potential of this methodology has been proved by building two responsive supramolecular systems: A macrocycle that displays a light‐induced release of acetylcholine; and a truncated [4+6] tetrahedral shape‐persistent fluorescent cage, which is disassembled by thiols unless it is post‐stabilized by IEDDA.
Polypropylene/poly(lactic acid)/carbon nanotube semi‐biodegradable nanocomposites: The effect of sequential mixing approach and compatibilization on morphology, rheology and electrical conductivity
Authors: Cordeiro Elisangela , Lopes Pereira Elaine C. , Silva Adriana Anjos , Soares Bluma Guenther 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSemi‐biodegradable polypropylene (PP)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) (50:50 vol%) blend loaded with 0.6 vol% of pristine carbon nanotube (CNT) were prepared by melt compounding the components using different sequential mixing strategies: (i) all components together (PP/PLA/CNT); (ii) PP first mixed with CNT (PP@CNT/EVA) and (iii) EVA first mixed with CNT (EVA@CNT/PP). The composites presented co‐continuous structure and the CNT selectively localized inside the PP phase or at the interface, regardless the order of the CNT addition into the mixing. These features were confirmed by selective extraction experiments and morphological studies: optical, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. However, the preferential localization at the interface was predicted from wetting coefficient, determined from interfacial energy. Higher electrical conductivity values were achieved by using the one‐step mixing approach, were all components were mixed together, whose value of around 10−4 S/m was achieved by adding 0.6 vol% of CNT to the blend. The compatibilization with polypropylene‐g‐maleic anhydride increased the melt viscosity of the blend and composite but did not affect the conductivity or the tensile properties of the CNT‐based composite.
Stretchable calix[4]arene‐based gels by induction of water
Authors: Park Jaehyeon , Kim Sukyoung , Lee Shim Sung , Kim Jong‐Hyun , Park Joung‐Man , Lee Ji Ha , Jung Jong Hwa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study focused on controlling the stretching property of gels. This resilience is dependent on the water content in the calix[4]arene‐based gel solvent system, where the stretching property of gels could be controlled upon the addition of water. The storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli of the calix[4]arene‐based gels prepared in solvent systems with different water contents were investigated via rheological measurements. By the strain sweeps, the values of G′ decreased, while tan‐delta increased with water content in the solvent system. In addition, a significant changes in the G′ and G″ values were observed upon the addition of water by frequency sweeps. In particular, the decrease in the G″ value of the gel prepared from the 1,3‐alternated calix[4]arene derivative (HC4) and diisocyanate linker (HDI) in DMSO/H2O mixed solvent (8:2 v/v) was approximately 5‐fold larger than that of the gel prepared in 100% DMSO. Thus, this novel approach would useful for the development of new soft materials with finely controllable mechanical properties.
Consensus of multiagent systems with time‐varying delays: An observer‐based distributed periodic event‐triggered control approach
Authors: Liu Hui‐Wei , Du Sheng‐Li , Wang Xue‐Fang , Sun Tao , Zhong Chong‐Quan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis work presents a consensus strategy for multiagent networked systems with time‐varying delays. A new control technique is first developed, named observer‐based distributed periodic event‐triggered control. Aiming at leader‐following consensus strategy, the state update of every follower agent just demands the neighbor state at the moment of its own event. Then, based on matrix inequalities, the sufficient criteria for the systems under consideration are established, which is easier to satisfy and shows that the consensus can be reached exponentially. Finally, one numerical example is presented to indicate the performance of the proposed method.