bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Human Muscle Size and Strength Relationship: Effects of Architecture, Muscle Force, and Measurement Location
Authors: BALSHAW THOMAS G. , MADEN-WILKINSON THOMAS M. , MASSEY GARRY J. , FOLLAND JONATHAN P. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study aimed to determine the best muscle size index of muscle strength by establishing if incorporating muscle architecture measurements improved the human muscle size–strength relationship. The influence of calculating muscle force and the location of anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) measurements on this relationship were also examined.

Methods
Fifty-two recreationally active men completed unilateral isometric knee extension strength assessments and magnetic resonance imaging scans of the dominant thigh and knee to determine quadriceps femoris size variables (ACSA along the length of the femur, maximum ACSA (ACSAMAX), and volume (VOL)) and patellar tendon moment arm. Ultrasound images (two sites per constituent muscle) were analyzed to quantify muscle architecture (fascicle length, pennation angle) and, when combined with VOL (from magnetic resonance imaging), facilitated calculation of quadriceps femoris effective PCSA (EFFPCSA) as potentially the best muscle size determinant of strength. Muscle force was calculated by dividing maximum voluntary torque by the moment arm and addition of antagonist torque (derived from hamstring EMG).

Results
The associations of EFFPCSA (r = 0.685), ACSAMAX (r = 0.697), or VOL (r = 0.773) with strength did not differ, although qualitatively VOL explained 59.8% of the variance in strength, ~11%–13% greater than EFFPCSA or ACSAMAX. All muscle size variables had weaker associations with muscle force than maximum voluntary torque. The association of strength–ACSA at 65% of femur length (r = 0.719) was greater than for ACSA measured between 10%–55% and 75%–90% (r = −0.042–0.633) of femur length.

Conclusions
In conclusion, using contemporary methods to assess muscle architecture and calculate EFFPCSA did not enhance the muscle strength–size association. For understanding/monitoring muscle size, the major determinant of strength, these findings support the assessment of muscle volume, which is independent of architecture measurements and was most highly correlated with strength.
Assessment and management of adult ankle fractures: understanding the evidence
Authors: Yip Grace , Hay Daniel , Stringfellow Tom , Ahluwalia Aashish , Ahluwalia Raju 
Published: May 2021

Ankle fractures are a common injury. Assessment should include looking at the mechanism of injury, comorbidities, associated injuries, soft tissue status and neurovascular status. Emergent reduction is required for clinically deformed ankles. Investigations should include plain radiographs and a computed tomography scan for more complex injuries or those with posterior malleolus involvement. An assessment of ankle stability determines treatment, taking into account comorbidities and preoperative mobility which need special consideration. Non-operative management includes splint or cast, allowing for early weightbearing when the ankle is stable. Operative management includes open reduction and internal fixation, intramedullary nailing (of the fibula and hindfoot) and external fixation. Syndemosis stabilisation includes suture button or screw fixation. The aim of treatment is to restore ankle stability and this article explores the current evidence in best practice.
Performance analysis of a 1024-port Hipoλaos OPS in DCN, HPC, and 5G fronthauling Ethernet applications
Authors: Terzenidis N. , Giamougiannis G. , Tsakyridis A. , Spasopoulos D. , Yan F. , Calabretta N. , Vagionas C. , Pleros N. 
Published: May 2021

The explosive traffic growth of emerging cloud, augmented/virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and 5G applications along with the inherent need for high-bandwidth transport of big data has fueled the expansion of the Ethernet switch market for data centers (DCs), high-performance computers (HPCs), and 5G fronthaul networks. As such, next-generation switches have to be capable of conforming to the requirements of a versatile traffic environment, expanding along DC, HPC, and 5G fronthauling infrastructures while meeting the performance needs of these different application sectors. Within this frame, we experimentally validate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the performance of the recently reported Hipoλaos optical packet switch (OPS) within Ethernet-based traffic exchange in DC and 5G fronthaul testbeds, highlighting the credentials of the 1024-port and 10.24 Tb/s capacity OPS to successfully support real-world DC and 5G applications. Error-free unicast and dual-output multicast Ethernet packet transmission at 10 Gb/s are successfully validated for different output ports of the switch, followed by successful server-to-server high-definition video transmission, both when the OPS was employed in the DC as well as in the 5G fronthauling testbed. Network performance and stability over time were confirmed through several measurements carried out through the iperf application suite, revealing submicrosecond end-to-end (Layer 7) latency performance. Finally, an OMNeT++ simulation analysis for an Ethernet-switched Hipoλaos network utilizing real-world application traces collected from the MareNostrum HPC system revealed up to 89% lower latency performance compared to the actual system.
Dual-lasing channel quantum cascade laser based on scattering-assisted injection design: erratum
Authors: Wen Boyu , Xu Chao , Wang Siyi , Wang Kaixi , Tam Man chun , Wasilewski Zbig , Ban Dayan 
Published: May 2021

We correct three typographical errors in our published paper [Opt. Express 26, 9194 (2018)10.1364/OE.26.009194]. First, we correct the error in the Table 1. The injection coupling strength for the summarized device in the first raw is corrected to 1.5 meV. Second, we correct the listed reference 10 to “S. Kumar, C. W. I. Chan, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, “A 1.8-THz quantum cascade laser operating significantly above the temperature of ℏω/kB,” Nat. Phys. 7(2), 166–171 (2011).” Third, we correct the typographical error in the quantum structure layer thickness description. The text description on quantum structure layer thickness is correct to 40.3/74.4/24.1/103.6/29.7/79.7/40.3/156.7, which is the correct number extracted from high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) measurement and used in simulation through the manuscript. The corrections do not alter the figures and conclusions in manuscript.
Nonlinearity managed passively harmonic mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser based on carbon nanotube film
Authors: Huang Qianqian , Dai Lilong , Rozhin Aleksey , Al Araimi Mohammed , Mou Chengbo 
Published: May 2021

We examine the implication of intracavity nonlinearity for harmonic mode locking (HML) by exploiting highly nonlinear fiber in a carbon nanotube film mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser. It is found that the reasonably large nonlinearity is of benefit to increase the extent of harmonic order while the excessive nonlinearity leads to some peculiar multi-pulse patterns such as noise-like pulse and soliton rain. Via appropriate nonlinearity management, nearly 4 GHz repetition rate pulses at the 91st harmonic with 936 fs pulse duration are delivered under the pump power of 280 mW. The pulse stability is evidenced by the super-mode suppression ratio of 35.6 dB. To the best of our knowledge, it is the highest repetition rate yet reported for a passively HML fiber laser based on a film-type physical saturable absorber. Furthermore, the laser exhibits steep pumping efficiency slope of

>

19

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H
z

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, which is also a record among all of the passively HML fiber lasers.
The development and validation of a multivariable model to predict the bleeding risk score for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation using direct oral anticoagulants in the Arab population
Authors: AlAmmari Maha , Sultana Khizra , Alturaiki Abdulrahman , Thomas Abin , AlBabtain Monirah , AlAyoubi Fakahr , Richi Hanie 
Published: May 2021

Background
Frequently used models, such as the HAS-BLED, ATRIA, ORBIT, and GARFIELD-AF evaluate the risk of bleeding when using an anticoagulant, for example warfarin, in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Limited studies are available reporting a model with a good discriminative ability to predict the bleeding risk score when using direct oral anticoagulants.

Methods
Patient data were collected from King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Fahad Cardiac Center, and Prince Sultan Cardiac Center in Riyadh, from outpatients, inpatients, or primary care clinics. In total, 1722 patients with a prescription for a new oral anticoagulant, Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, or Apixaban, were enrolled. A resampling approach for variable selection was used and a five-fold cross-validation to assess the model fit and misclassification probabilities. The analysis used the receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC) and the concordance (c) statistic to assess the validation models’ discriminative power. The final penalized likelihood parameters were used for the development of the risk prediction tool. The accuracy of a classification and the prediction are reported with the sensitivity, specificity, and Brier score.

Results
Bleeding occurred in 11.15% of cases, of which 23.08% required a blood transfusion and 51.65% had a reduction in haemoglobin of more than 2 gm. The variable selection model identified 15 predictors associated with major bleeding. The discriminative ability of the model was good (c-statistic 0.75, p = 0.035). The Brier score of the model was 0.095. With a fixed cut-off probability value of 0.12 for the logistic regression equation, the sensitivity was 72.7%, and the specificity 66.3%.

Conclusion
This model demonstrated a good performance in predicting the bleeding risk in Arab patients treated with novel oral anticoagulants. This easy to use bleeding risk score will allow the clinician to quickly classify patients according to their risk category, supporting close monitoring and follow-up for high-risk patients, without laboratory and radiological monitoring.
Functional and structural outcome after vitrectomy combined with subretinal rtPA Injection with or without additional intravitreal Bevacizumab injection for submacular hemorrhages
Authors: Rickmann Annekatrin , Paez Lina R. , della Volpe Waizel Maria , Bisorca-Gassendorf Lukas , Schulz André , Vandebroek Anne-Cecile , Szurman Peter , Januschowski Kai 
Published: April 2021

Background
To analyze the functional and anatomical outcome after vitrectomy with subretinal rtPA (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) combined with or without an intravitreal Bevacizumab injection.

Patients and methods
Retrospective, consecutive case series of 31 pseudophakic patients with submacular hemorrhage (SMH) due to neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) treated with vitrectomy, subretinal rtPA and pneumatic air displacement with or without an additional intravitreal Bevacizumab injection. The primary endpoints were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and central macular thickness (CMT) measured by SD‑OCT. The secondary endpoint was a displacement of hemorrhage from the subretinal space three months after surgery.

Results
31 eyes of 31 patients were treated with vitrectomy and subretinal rtPA. 17/31 were treated simultaneously with an intravitreal Bevacizumab injection (group +B) and 14/31 without (group -B). The mean visual acuity improved significantly in both groups (from 1.37±0.39 to 1.03±0.57 logMAR in +B and from 1.48±0.48 to 1.01±0.38 logMAR in group –B, p<0.05). The mean CMT decreased in group +B from 607±179 μm to 424±205 μm (p = 0.2) and in group –B from 722±216 μm to 460±202 μm (p<0.05). A central displacement of the hemorrhage could be achieved in 47% in group +B, whereas in group -B displacement could be achieved in 50% (p = 0.44).

Conclusions
Vitrectomy with subretinal rtPA injection and air tamponade with or without simultaneous intravitreal Bevacizumab injection displaces SMH and improves BCVA effectively. In comparison, the postoperative outcome is comparable regardless of whether or not intravitreal bevacizumab is applied simultaneously.
Clinical determinants of the severity of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Xinyang , Zhong Xianrui , Wang Yongbo , Zeng Xiantao , Luo Ting , Liu Qing 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveWe aimed to systematically identify the possible risk factors responsible for severe cases.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, Web of science and Cochrane Library for epidemiological studies of confirmed COVID-19, which include information about clinical characteristics and severity of patients’ disease. We analyzed the potential associations between clinical characteristics and severe cases.ResultsWe identified a total of 41 eligible studies including 21060 patients with COVID-19. Severe cases were potentially associated with advanced age (Standard Mean Difference (SMD) = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.34–2.12), male gender (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.51, 95% CI:1.33–1.71), obesity (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.44–2.46), history of smoking (OR = 1.40, 95% CI:1.06–1.85), hypertension (OR = 2.42, 95% CI: 2.03–2.88), diabetes (OR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.98–2.91), coronary heart disease (OR: 2.87, 95% CI: 2.22–3.71), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (OR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.63–5.41), cerebrovascular disease(OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.54–3.97), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.89–4.38), malignancy (OR = 2.60, 95% CI: 2.00–3.40), and chronic liver disease (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.06–2.17). Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (OR = 39.59, 95% CI: 19.99–78.41), shock (OR = 21.50, 95% CI: 10.49–44.06) and acute kidney injury (AKI) (OR = 8.84, 95% CI: 4.34–18.00) were most likely to prevent recovery. In summary, patients with severe conditions had a higher rate of comorbidities and complications than patients with non-severe conditions.ConclusionPatients who were male, with advanced age, obesity, a history of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, malignancy, coronary heart disease, hypertension, chronic liver disease, COPD, or CKD are more likely to develop severe COVID-19 symptoms. ARDS, shock and AKI were thought to be the main hinderances to recovery.
Clinical and CT characteristics of Xpert MTB/RIF-negative pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Lee Han Na , Kim Jung Im , Kim Yee Hyung 
Published: May 2021

Purpose
To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay in patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and to assess clinical and CT characteristics of Xpert-negative pulmonary TB.

Material and methods
We retrospectively reviewed the records of 1,400 patients with suspected pulmonary TB for whom the sputum Xpert MTB/RIF assay was performed between September 1, 2014 and February 28, 2020. Clinical and CT characteristics of smear-negative pulmonary TB patients with negative Xpert MTB/RIF results were compared with positive results.

Results
Of 1,400 patients, 365 (26.1%) were diagnosed with pulmonary TB and 190 of 365 patients (52.1%) were negative for sputum acid-fast bacilli. The diagnosis of pulmonary TB was based on a positive culture, positive Xpert MTB/RIF or the clinical diagnoses of patients treated with an anti-TB medication. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values of sputum Xpert MTB/RIF for smear-negative pulmonary TB were 41.1%, 100%, 100%, and 90.1%, respectively. Finally, 172 patients with smear-negative pulmonary TB who underwent chest CT within 2 weeks of diagnosis were included to compare Xpert-positive (n = 66) and Xpert- negative (n = 106) groups. Patients with sputum Xpert-negative TB showed lower positive rates for sputum culture (33.0% vs. 81.8%, p<0.001) and bronchoalveolar lavage culture (53.3% vs. 84.6%, p = 0.042) than in Xpert-positive TB. Time to start TB medication was longer in patients with Xpert-negative TB than in Xpert-positive TB (11.3±16.4 days vs. 5.0±8.7 days, p = 0.001). On chest CT, sputum Xpert-negative TB showed significantly lower frequency of consolidation (21.7% vs. 39.4%, p = 0.012), cavitation (23.6% vs. 37.9%, p = 0.045), more frequent peripheral location (50.9% vs. 21.2 p = 0.001) with lower area of involvement (4.3±4.3 vs. 7.6±6.4, p<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed peripheral location (odds ratios, 2.565; 95% confidence interval: 1.157–5.687; p = 0.020) and higher total extent of the involved lobe (odds ratios, 0.928; 95% confidence interval: 0.865–0.995; p = 0.037) were significant factors associated with Xpert MTB/RIF-negative TB. Regardless of Xpert positivity, more than 80% of all cases were diagnosed of TB on chest CT by radiologists.

Conclusion
The detection rate of sputum Xpert MTB/RIF assay was relatively low for smear negative pulmonary TB. Chest CT image interpretation may play an important role in early diagnosis and treatment of Xpert MTB/RIF-negative pulmonary TB.
Women survive longer than men undergoing cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC for appendiceal cancer
Authors: Rozich Noah S. , Lewis Samara E. , Chen Sixia , Stewart Kenneth E. , Stout Michael B. , Dooley William C. , Fischer Laura E. , Morris Katherine T. 
Published: April 2021

Background
We hypothesize that women undergoing cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for peritoneal carcinomatosis from appendiceal cancer will have a survival advantage compared to men.

Methods
The National Cancer Database (NCDB) public user file (2004–2014) was used to select patients with PC undergoing CRS and HIPEC from appendiceal cancer. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed.

Results
1,190 patients with PC from appendiceal cancer underwent HIPEC and CRS. OS was significantly longer for women than for men, with mean and median OS being 73.8 months and 98.2 months for women vs 58.7 months and 82.5 months for men, respectively (p = 0.0032). On multivariable analysis, male sex (HR: 1.444, 95% CI: 1.141–1.827, p = 0.0022) and increasing age (HR: 1.017, 95% CI: 1.006–1.027, p = 0.0017) were both found to be independent risk factors for worse OS.

Conclusion
Women undergoing CRS and HIPEC for PC from appendiceal origin live longer than men undergoing the same treatment. Increasing age was also found to be independent risk factors for worse survival
COL3A1 rs1800255 polymorphism is associated with pelvic organ prolapse susceptibility in Caucasian individuals: Evidence from a meta-analysis
Authors: Niu Ke , Chen Xu , Lu Yongxian 
Published: April 2021

Background
The collagen 3 alpha 1 (COL3A1) rs1800255 polymorphism has been reported to be associated with women pelvic organ prolapse (POP) susceptibility, but the results of these previous studies have been contradictory. The objective of current study is to explore whether COL3A1 rs1800255 polymorphism confers risk to POP.

Methods
Relevant literatures were searched by searching databases including Pubmed, Embase, Google academic, the Cochrane library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Search time is from database foundation to March 2021.

Results
A total of seven literatures were enrolled in the present meta-analysis, including 1642 participants. Overall, no significant association was found by any genetic models. In subgroup analysis based on ethnicity, significant associations were demonstrated in Caucasians by allele contrast (A vs. G: OR = 1.34, 95%CI = 1.03–1.74,), homozygote comparison (AA vs. GG: OR = 3.25, 95%CI = 1.39–7.59), and recessive genetic model (AA vs. GG/GA: OR = 3.22, 95%CI = 1.40–7.42).

Conclusions
The present meta-analysis suggests that the COL3A1 is a candidate gene for POP susceptibility. Caucasian individuals with A allele and AA genotype have a higher risk of POP. The COL3A1 rs1800255 polymorphism may be risk factor for POP in Caucasian population.
Serum and cerebrospinal fluid host proteins indicate stroke in children with tuberculous meningitis
Authors: Manyelo Charles M. , Chegou Novel N. , Seddon James A. , Snyders Candice I. , Mutavhatsindi Hygon , Manngo Portia M. , Walzl Gerhard , Stanley Kim , Solomons Regan S. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction
Stroke is a common complication in children with tuberculous meningitis (TBM). Host proteins may give us insight into the mechanisms of stroke in TBM and serve as biomarkers for detection of stroke, however, they have not been widely explored. In this study, we compared the concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum proteins between children who had TBM-related stroke and children with TBM without stroke.

Methods
We collected CSF and serum from 47 children consecutively admitted to the Tygerberg Academic Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa between November 2016, and November 2017, on suspicion of having TBM. A multiplex platform was used to measure the concentrations of 69 host proteins in CSF and serum from all study participants.

Results
After classification of study participants, 23 (48.9%) out of the 47 study participants were diagnosed with TBM, of which 14 (60.9%) demonstrated radiological arterial ischemic infarction. The levels of lipocalin-2, sRAGE, IP-10/ CXCL10, sVCAM-1, MMP-1, and PDGF-AA in CSF samples and the levels of D-dimer, ADAMTS13, SAA, ferritin, MCP-1/ CCL2, GDF-15 and IL-13 in serum samples were statistically different between children who had TBM-related stroke and children with TBM without stroke. After correcting for multiple testing, only the levels of sVCAM-1, MMP-1, sRAGE, and IP-10/ CXCL10 in CSF were statistically different between the two groups. CSF and serum protein biosignatures indicated stroke in children diagnosed with TBM with up to 100% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity.

Conclusion
Serum and CSF proteins may serve as biomarkers for identifying individuals with stroke amongst children diagnosed with TBM at admission and may guide us to understand the biology of stroke in TBM. This was a pilot study, and thus further investigations in larger studies are needed.