bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) deletion from adipocytes, but not skeletal myocytes, impairs acute exercise performance in mice
Authors: Sitnick Mitchell , Dube John , Schoiswohl Gabriele , Kershaw Erin 
Published: June 2021

Fatty acids (FA) and glucose are essential energy substrates that supply exercising muscle. While the selection of substrates is highly influenced by their availability and the intensity and duration of exercise, for prolonged exercise FA are the key substrate. Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL) is the rate‐limiting enzyme mediating intracellular triacylglycerol hydrolysis and should play a key role in the mobilization of FA during exercise. However, the contribution of adipose versus skeletal muscle fatty acid mobilization to support exercise remains unclear. To gain insight, we generated adipocyte or skeletal myocyte‐specific ATGL knockout mice and determined their response to acute peak and submaximal exercise.We found that adipocyte ATGL‐mediated lipolysis was crucial to support exercise performance, likely owing to limited FA availability and reliance on a rapidly depleted carbohydrate store. Impaired skeletal muscle ATGL‐mediated lipolysis did not impact exercise tolerance and these mice exhibited improved metabolic flexibility during peak exercise.This suggests that adipocyte rather than skeletal myocyte ATGL‐mediated lipolysis plays a greater role during acute peak and submaximal endurance exercise due to limits in substrate availability and greater reliance on carbohydrate oxidation. While further investigation is needed, this suggests the role of IMCL is more of a stop‐gap substrate store to bridge carbohydrate use and FA mobilization and delivery from adipocytes to working muscle.Supported by NIH R01DK090166, HHMI Physician‐Scientist Early Career Award; NIH T32 DK007052
Deep Water Exercise Training is Associated with Decreased Arterial Stiffening in Women
Authors: Moore Corey , Fournier Sara , DeVallance Evan , Lee Kyuwan , Bonner Daniel , Donley David , Sherlock Lori , Chantler Paul 
Published: June 2021

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with an increase in cardiovascular (CV) mortality, partially due to arterial stiffening, which can be measured non‐invasively via pulse wave velocity (PWV). Arterial stiffness is a clinically relevant CV marker of mortality, an increase in PWV by only 1 SD is associated with an increase of CV risk by 15%. We tested the hypothesis that 8 weeks, 3 days per week, of deep water exercise can lower the PWV in individuals with MetS.10 women (age=58±5) were recruited to participate in the study. Carotid to femoral PWV was measured using applanation tonometry; radial artery waveforms were used for pulse wave analysis and to calculate central pressures. Aquatic exercise significantly lowered PWV by 0.53 m/s (p<0.05). Other significant changes that were observed were BMI (p=0.03) from 33.5±1.5 to 32.9±1.5, blood glucose (p=0.01, from 110±8 to 101±7), insulin (p=0.02, from 20±2 to 14±1), insulin resistance (p=0.01, from 5.39±0.81 to 3.55±0.50), augmentation index (p=0.05, from 25±2 to 22±2), and aerobic capacity (p=0.02, from 15.9±1.3 to 17.8±1.7).These findings indicate that the introduction of deep‐water exercise positively influences the PWV. This decrease in PWV portends improvements in overall CV health and it may be useful in managing other CV related diseases. Much of the data showed significant improvement in clinical measures and this shows the efficacy of deep‐water exercise. While the benefits of land based exercise have long been well known, these findings show that aquatic based exercise is also a very effective method for improving CV health.
Daily exercise may alter anti‐oxidative responses to heat in mouse brain
Authors: NAGASHIMA KEI , TOKIZAWA KEN , Obata Chisa , Tsunakawa Mizuki , Marui Shuri 
Published: June 2021

PurposeDaily exercise increases heat tolerance. However, a line of evidence seems to indicate that peripheral changes such as blood volume and sweat gland are involved in the mechanism. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the brain per se acquires heat tolerance.MethodsMale B6 mice (8 m.o., 40‐45 g b.w.) were used. Placed a radio telemetry device (F20, DSI), they were individually housed at 25°C and 50% RH for 6 w with or without a running wheel (n=20 each; Ex and C, respectively). After the period, each group of mice had exposure of 39.5°C for 4 h or remained at 25°C. The brain was excised: the left brain was frozen with liquid N2 for mRNA and protein expression of SOD 1 and 2 and 5‐HNE (RT‐PCR and Western blotting, respectively).ResultsBody temperature reached >41°C at the end of 39.5°C exposure in both groups. mRNA of SOD 1 and 2 remained unchanged between 25°C and 39.5°C in both groups. Although SOD 1 was not different between the C and Ex groups, SOD 2in the cortex and basal brain was greater in the Ex group than in the C group. In the C group, SOD2 became after the heat; however, remained unchanged in the Ex group.DiscussionHyperthermia may be a stimulus decreasing anti‐oxydative ability in the brain. However, daily exercise mayincreases anti‐oxydative enzyme and lessen influence of heat on the brain.
What Can We Learn From Deep‐Diving Elasmobranchs to Help Humans Adapt to Extreme Underwater Environments?
Authors: Ari Csilla , Decker Summer , Ford Jonathan , D'Agostino Dominic 
Published: June 2021

Operational Divers are often exposed to high pressure for extended periods while conducting deep dives. To enhance the performance and safety of these divers elevation of ketone bodies in the blood might be considered, as those have proven to serve as alternative fuel for the brain, to enhance physical and cognitive performance and delayed the onset of CNS oxygen toxicity seizures in rats exposed to 5 ATA O2. Some elasmobranchs developed adaptations to preserve and maintain brain function during repeated dives at extreme depths, in environments with low temperature and oxygen. We hypothesized that studying the morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations of deep‐diving elasmobranchs can lead to the development of new technologies to aid humans underwater.Brain morphology of shark and ray species were examined on a GE 3T MRI scanner. 3D volumetric reconstructions were used to analyze brain volume and geometric morphology. Histological studies determined astroglia to neuron ratio and biochemical analysis of blood measured ketones and glucose.Our results demonstrate that deep‐diving (~2000m) elasmobranchs have brains with largest weight, volume and surface area of all fish, high glia to neuron ratio and remarkably high blood ketones (~2.5mM). Considering these observations, we speculate that ketone utilization is an important physiological adaptation to preserve brain metabolism in deep‐diving animals with large brains. These preliminary observations offer insights into physiological countermeasures of elasmobranchs that can be exploited for extending human performance and resilience in extreme environments.
Short‐Term Hypoxia Training Improves Anaerobic Performance in Amateur Women Boxers
Authors: Wang Ran , Hu Yang , Fan Mengjiao , Fukuda David , Stout Jeffrey , Hoffman Jay 
Published: June 2021

The Live Low‐Exercise High (LoHi) method has shown to effectively improve athletic performance in various sports. However, the examination of this method in female combat sports athletes is limited.PurposeTo investigate the effect of LoHi on anaerobic performance of amateur women boxers.MethodsSixteen amateur women boxers were randomly assigned to hypoxic training (HT) or normal training (NT) groups during a 21‐day period utilizing identical daily training sessions and dietary protocols. The HT group trained under normobaric hypoxic conditions (with a simulated altitude of 2500 m) three times per week on alternating days, while the NT group trained in the standardized environment at sea level. Peak power (PP), mean power (MP), fatigue index (FI) and blood lactate concentrations (BL) from a 30‐s Wingate cycling test, and maximal heart rate (MHR) and one‐min heart rate recovery (HRR) from a simulated sparring test were recorded before and after the training period.

Numbers (N)
Age (Year)
Height (cm)
Weight (kg)
Training Status (Year)

HT Group
8
17.1 ± 0.8
165.4 ± 5.5
56.9 ± 6.6
3.6 ± 0.9

NT Group
8
17.3 ± 1.3
164.8 ± 2.3
55.4 ± 4.4
3.5 ± 0.8

ResultsTwo‐way analysis of variance with repeated measures exhibited a significant interaction for MP (p = .004), BL (p = .033), MHR (p = .008) and HRR (p = .036). Follow‐up paired sample t‐tests showed significant improvement in MP (p = .005), FI (p = .017), BL (p = .017), MHR (p = .019) and HRR (p = .034) in HT group and no change in these measures for the NT group.

HT‐Pre
HT‐Post
NT‐Pre
NT‐Post

Peak Power (Watts)
8.3 ± 1.0
8.7 ± 0.9
8.2 ± 1.0
8.3 ± 0.8

Mean Power (Watts)
6.5 ± 0.6
6.9 ± 0.7*
6.6 ± 0.8
6.6 ± 0.8

Fatigue Index (%)
49.3 ± 5.7
44.5 ± 4.4*
50.3 ± 5.2
49.7 ± 3.5

Blood Lactate (mmol/L)
9.6 ± 1.5
11.3 ± 1.6*
9.5 ± 1.3
9.9 ± 1.6

Maximal Heart Rate (beat/min)
182.4 ± 4.2
175.5 ± 9.2*
181.3 ± 4.2
181.8 ± 4.2

Heart Rate Recovery (beat/min)
45.9 ± 12.4
55.9 ± 9.9*
46.4 ± 9.4
47.4 ± 9.1

ConclusionShort‐term LoHi can improve anaerobic performance in amateur women boxers with apparent benefits in sustainable power output, lactate clearance and post‐exercise recovery.
Diminished M Currents Contribute to Hyperactivity of Corticotrophin‐Releasing Hormone Neurons in Acute Stress
Authors: Zhou Jing‐Jing , Gao Yong‐Gang , Kosten Therese A. , Li De‐Pei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCorticosterone‐releasing hormone (CRH) neuron in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus is the essential component of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis in regulating endocrine responses to stress. M‐current, generated through KCNQ2/3 channel, plays a key role in controlling neuronal excitability. In this study, we test a hypothesis that acute stress diminishes M currents to stimulate CRH neurons. The adeno‐associated viral (AAV) vector was microinjected into the PVN prior to acute stress, which carries sequence of green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by CRH promoter. GFP‐tagged CRH neurons displayed positive immunoreactivity with a specific antibody against CRH. Compared to unstressed rats, acute restraint stress significantly elevated serum corticosterone levels; and the basal firing rate of GFP‐tagged CRH neurons was significantly higher in acute restraint rats. Meanwhile blocking KCNQ2/3 with XE991 induced greater depolarization and firing frequency in GFP‐tagged CRH neurons of unstressed rats, but not stressed rats. Furthermore, M‐currents were markedly decreased in PVN‐CRH neurons in acute restraint rats. Acute restraint stress significantly decreased protein and mRNA expression of KCNQ3, but not KCN2 in PVN. Collectively, our data suggest that diminished M current results in hyperactivity of CRH neuron in acute stress.This study was supported by NIMH grants MH096086.
Cadavers as Educators: an Innovative Approach to Health Behavior and Preventable Disease Education
Authors: Stauder Erich , Swartz Jessa , Stevens Sam , Huerta Miguel , Hoagland Todd 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveCadavers as Educators maximizes body donors' educational potential by using medical students (MS) to teach a hands‐on curriculum that increases high school students (HSS) understanding of preventable chronic disease and health behaviors, and provides health careers information.MethodsAfter a MCW tour and intro to the anatomy lab, groups of 3 HSS rotate through thorax, abdomen, extremities and brain curriculum stations staffed by MS. Then, a multidisciplinary panel addresses HSS questions about health careers. Pre‐ and post‐tests are used for curriculum evaluation. HSS complete a confidential survey of their experience using open‐ended questions. A qualitative analysis of the HSS responses using standard methodology identifies themes. MS complete a survey about their experience, and chaperones of the HSS evaluate MS as teachers for internal validity.ResultsShort term outcomes for HSS included “better understanding” (69%) and “very positive experience” (63%), long term outcomes included “influence future/career” (44%), “influenced health perception/choices” (50%) and “shared learning with others” (84%), and pre and post tests indicated curriculum increased anatomical and health behavior knowledge. MS teaching skills were improved and anatomical knowledge was reinforced. ConclusionsThis novel program optimizes educational value of body donors. It influenced health behavior perceptions and encouraged HSS to share knowledge, and may impact health professions recruitment. Educational impact of body donors on MS is seen through enhancing teaching skills and solidifying anatomical knowledge. Future studies will include health behavior impact and will include rural and urban HSS. Website www.cadavereducators.org
A Comparative Assessment of Hard Palate Thickness using Micro‐CT and Gross Cadaveric Measurements: Implications for the Safe Placement of Orthodontic Miniscrews
Authors: Phillips Jillian , Bourassa Carine , Almadhoun Heba , Hosein Yara , Johnson Marjorie , Willmore Katherine , Tassi Ali , Galil Khadry 
Published: June 2021

The hard palate is a preferred area for orthodontic miniscrew (OMS) insertion due to easy surgical access and favorable anatomical configuration. However, accurate measurement of palatal bone thickness (BT) is crucial for choosing appropriate OMS lengths and insertion sites. The aim of this study is to determine the accuracy of micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) for assessing palatal BT, and to establish which sites commonly provide adequate BT for safe OMS placement.Ten cadaveric hard palates (52‐98 years) were cleaned of soft tissue and imaged using micro‐CT. Bone thickness was measured from sagittal micro‐CT image slices at pre‐determined sites beginning 3mm posterior to the incisive foramen and 4mm lateral to the midpalatal suture. Micro‐CT analysis was carried out using MicroView Image Viewer and Analysis tool. The same sites on each palate will also be measured from sagittal sections using digital caliper.Initial micro‐CT results indicate that palatal bone thickness is heterogeneous. The palate thins from anterior to posterior and also medio‐laterally when comparing sites 4 mm vs. 8mm adjacent to the midline. It is expected that similar results will also be observed from caliper measurements of palatal bone thickness. Early findings suggest that BT is favorable for OMS insertion in the anterior palate and that the posterior palate should be avoided.
The Clinical Significance of Nasal Index in Ethno‐Racial Specific Rhinoplasty
Authors: Otobo Tarimobo , Tarimobo‐Otobo Rugina 
Published: June 2021

Congruency of the nasal septum to the philtrum, the height and width of the nose bears great significance in nasal reconstruction. Therefore establishing base line nasal parameters for specific race and ethnicity has become valuable in rhinoplasty. Nasal length, nasal heights are among the most important cephalometric measurement which are also useful in forensic medicine, clinical diagnosis and treatment plan.Five hundred (500) well body volunteer subjects (218 males and 282 females) of urhobo extract of southern Nigeria were the subjects for this study. The nasal length and nasal height of each subject was measured using standard methods and the nasal index calculated as the percentage ratio of the nasal width to the nasal height. Male Urhobo subjects have significantly higher nasal dimensions than the female Urhobo subjects (P<0.05). There was also the prevalence of platyrrhirine nose type among the Urhobo's. This peculiarity has further buttress the poor aesthetic post‐surgical outcome of nasal reconstruction when racial specific nasal index is not applied.Therefore this study has provided standard base line nasal parameters for reference when nasal surgical reconstruction is envisaged within the study population.
Adipocytic Templating of Bone Matrix Deposition in Osteoarthropathies
Authors: Taylor Adam , Platt Chris , Wilson Peter , Ranganath Lakshminarayan , Gallagher James , Boyde Alan 
Published: June 2021

Alkaptonuria (AKU), the first human disorder recognised to conform to Mendelian inheritance, is accompanied by early onset, rapidly progressing osteoarthropathy. Novel anatomical and microanatomical structures found in AKU in joint tissues have subsequently been seen in other human arthropathy samples. One type of trabecular excrescence shows a close relationship with adipocytes, incongruent with typical views of osteoblastic bone formation.Joint samples, obtained with ethical approval were fixed and prepared routinely for histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examination.Histology and ultrastructural analysis of such excrescences show their scalloped surfaces to be continuous with marrow adipocytes fitting the contours of the bone surface. Immunohistochemistry shows excrescences and their marrow surfaces to contain collagen VI, an ECM protein produced by adipocytes but not seen in mature bone matrix.These results demonstrate a variety of bone matrix deposition templated and modulated by adipocytes. The data provide strong support for the view that adipocytes rather than inactive osteoblasts are de facto lining cells on some bone surfaces
Thyroid Hormone Receptor Regulation of Tooth Development in Newts
Authors: Miwa Yoko , Sunohara Masataka , Sato Iwao 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveThyroid hormone receptor and thyroid hormone are contribute to the development of the teeth and the regeneration of alveolar bone following amputation in newts. However, the relationship between the mRNA transcript levels of thyroid hormone receptor in alveolar bone is unknown in blocking the effect of thyroid hormone.Method: Propylthiouracil (PTU) is a thiouracil‐derived drug used to blocking the effect of thyroid hormone. Japanese newts (Cynops pyrrhogaster) were maintained in aqueous solutions with or without PTU for one month and tracked the sequential development of the tooth cap, the tooth bud, and ultimately the maturation of the sequential tooth germ. Fifty days after the amputation procedure of the right mandible alveolar bone, the newts were observed the effect of PTU by the expression levels of mRNA of thyroid hormone receptor detected in‐situ hybridization and real time RT‐PCR.Result: The amputated mandible sites were observed microscopically. The level of mineralized area of alveolar bone in amputation with PTU treatment was significantly smaller than that in the amputation in blocking the effect of thyroid hormone. The expression levels of mRNA of thyroid hormone receptor was significantly increased in regenerated area of alveolar bone by real time RT‐PCR(Student's t‐test, p<0.001).ConclusionOur data suggests that thyroid horme may affect the tooth germ development and the regeneration of alveolar bone in newts.
Diabetes Impairs Visual Function and Reduces Cytoprotective Nrf2 Protein Content in Retinas of Rats
Authors: Nasralah Zeinab , Barber Alistair 
Published: June 2021

PurposeTo determine the effect of diabetes and metabolic stress on retinal nuclear factor E2‐related factor‐2 (Nrf2) protein content after light and dark adaptation, and its effect on vision in rats. Darkness was used as a stressor because the retina is more metabolically active in the dark.MethodsLong‐Evans and Sprague‐Dawley rats were made diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ) injection and compared to age‐matched controls (CNT). One group of STZ and CNT rats was sacrificed in light‐adapted conditions; the second group was sacrificed after 24 hr dark adaptation. Retinal Nrf2 protein was determined by immunoblot after 6 and 10 weeks of STZ‐diabetes. Behavioral optokinetic testing was used to measure visual function (spatial frequency threshold and contrast sensitivity) after 6 and 10 weeks of diabetes. Statistical analysis was by ANOVA and Newman‐Keuls test.ResultsThere was significantly less Nrf2 after 6 weeks of STZ‐diabetes (p<0.05), and visual function was also significantly reduced after 6 and 10 weeks of STZ‐diabetes compared to CNT (p<0.05).ConclusionDiabetes impairs visual function in rats and reduces retinal Nrf2 protein content under metabolic stress.
Technical approach for visualization of the arterial and venous brain vasculature
Authors: Tonnelet Romain , Perez Manuela , Krebs Marine , Arnoux Jean‐Michel , Labrousse Marc , Braun Marc 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionWe present an original method for post‐mortem study of macro‐ and micro‐vascular of the arterial et venous bed of the brain based on 3D angiographic acquisition and micro‐radiography.Material & MethodSix brains were used for this study collecting by the Anatomy Laboratory of Université de Lorraine.For arterial preparation, removal of the brain was carried out at early stage. No formalin solution was used before injection, the latter being performed as soon as the brain was removed and injected with a mixture gelatin‐barium.Injections were made using soft tipped rubber trocars introduced in the two carotids and vertebrals arteries. The same protocol were used for the venous preparation, but the two internal jugular veins were cathterized and injected.Angiographic acquisition were done on C‐arm Flat‐Panel for each specimens (isotropic resolution ‹ 200 microns). Then brains were fixed for two months in a 4% Formaldehyde solution. They were sliced in sagittal or frontal plane. Finally micro‐radiographs were done on each sections by use of a Mammograph (pixel resolution ∼ 85 microns).ResultsWe obtained 3D volumic acquisition of the whole brain , and macro‐vascular pattern was studied on a Advantage Workstation for multiplanar and 3D‐Volume‐Rendering visualization.Micro‐radiographics acquisition showed us the micro‐vascular pattern, especially the transcerebral arteries or veins in cortico‐sub‐corticals and periventricular areas.ConclusionWe used the same technique as described by Salamon and Theron for study of the brain vasculature by used of modern radiographics materials allowing a sub‐millimetric visualization of brain vessels.
Investigation of the Role of CD4+ T cells and Interleukin‐10 in Immune‐Mediated Neuroprotection
Authors: Olmstead Deborah , Sanders Virginia , Jones Kathryn 
Published: June 2021

Previous studies demonstrate that immunodeficient mice suffer significantly more motoneuron (MN) loss after facial nerve axotomy (FNA), and CD4+ T cells and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) are the key mediators for MN survival. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of CD4+ T cells and IL‐10 in immune‐mediated neuroprotection. Our hypothesis is that the CD4+ T cells protect MN survival by regulating glial activation via microglia‐derived IL‐10.To study the role of CD4+ T cells, WT, immunodeficient RAG‐2 KO, and CD4+ T cell‐reconstituted RAG‐2 KO mice received a FNA, and qPCR analysis of the facial motor nucleus was conducted to compare gene expression profiles. Preliminary findings reveal that a robust MN regeneration response is present in all 3 groups. However, there is significant dysregulation in the glial response to FNA in the RAG‐2 KO mice compared to the WT and CD4+ reconstituted mice. These data suggest that CD4+ T cells regulate the glial response to injured MN, and this factor likely contributes to MN survival.To study the the role of IL‐10, mice expressing an IL‐10/GFP hybrid protein received a FNA, and immunohistochemistry was performed to identify colocalization of the IL‐10/GFP with microglia or astrocytes. The results demonstrate that microglia are the cellular source of IL‐10. In situ hybridization and qPCR of IL‐10 mRNA expression will also be performed. In summary, the current working hypothesis is that CD4+ T cells induce IL‐10 production in microglia which, in turn, regulates glial activation and creates an anti‐inflammatory environment that promotes MN survival after injury.