bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology and mechanical performance between the skin surface of Rana dybowskii and Bufo gargarizans
Authors: Li Mo , Du Chunyu , Wang Jili , Gao Zibo , Yang Xiao , Chen Donghui , Tong Jin , Ren Lili 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAnuran skin is a typical natural biomaterial with multifunctional features. A specific comparison of mechanical performance and morphology related to them was performed in the skin of Rana dybowskii and Bufo gargarizans using the tensile testing technique and morphological equipment. Rana dybowskii's skin has soft smooth surface covered by polygonal epidermal cells, while the Bufo gargarizans species has tough and uneven skin surface due to numerous verrucae structures. The collagen fibre bundles in lower dermis of Bufo gargarizans have wavelike organisation while the bundles of Rana dybowskii show a parallel arrangement. The mean elastic modulus of Rana dybowskii was nine times higher than that of Bufo gargarizans. This study clarified that the arrangement of collagen fibres play an important role in the strength and elasticity of skin material.
Ocean wave power forecasting using convolutional neural networks
Authors: Bento Pedro , Pombo José , Calado Maria do Rosário , Mariano Sílvio 
Published: August 2021

AbstractClimate change “fuelled” by anthropogenic causes has been identified as the greatest threat faced by societies. In this respect, the roadmap to a “greener” generation mix certainly includes a greater heterogeneity in terms of renewable energy sources. In this regard, one of the leading candidates is ocean wave energy. One of the issues with renewables in general is their unpredictably and variability, as it is crucial to address the subject of wave power forecasting, to facilitate a future market integration. Hence, to tackle this prediction problem, a new approach to short‐term wave power forecasting is proposed, based on deep learning capabilities. These highly popular networks were traditionally developed to deal with images (2D data), so the authors discuss all the necessary implementation and design details to employ these networks with 1D input data, to solve a regression‐based problem. These case‐studies include wave data from three different locations. The proposed approach was tested across all seasons of the year, revealing the suitability to extract the relevant input data dependencies from the time‐series. As such, especially for horizons up to 6 h, the proposed approach outperforms other conventional methods.
Efficient integration of transmembrane domains depends on the folding properties of the upstream sequences
Authors: Janoschke Marco , Zimmermann Mirjam , Brunauer Anna , Humbel Raffael , Junne Tina , Spiess Martin 
Published: August 2021

SignificanceThe topology of membrane proteins is defined by the successive integration of α-helical transmembrane domains at the Sec61 translocon. For each polypeptide segment of ∼20 residues entering the translocon, their combined hydrophobicities were previously shown to define membrane integration. Here, we discovered that different sequences preceding a potential transmembrane domain substantially affect the hydrophobicity threshold. Sequences that are rapidly folding, intrinsically disordered, very short, or strongly binding chaperones allow efficient integration at low hydrophobicity. Folding deficient mutant domains and artificial sequences not binding chaperones interfered with membrane integration likely by remaining partially unfolded and exposing hydrophobic surfaces that compete with the translocon for the emerging transmembrane segment, reducing integration efficiency. Rapid folding or strong chaperone binding thus promote efficient integration.
Erwinia herbicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Erwinia herbicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Saprophytic on a wide variety of plants; frequently mistaken for a pathogen. DISEASE: Probably none. In many cases where this organism was originally thought to be pathogenic the true pathogens have since been found. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Very widespread, probably world-wide.
Ascosphaera apis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ascosphaera apis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Apis mellifera
and
Megachile
spp. DISEASE: Chalkbrood of the honey bee (
Apis mellifera
) with a few poorly documented records on leaf cutting bees
Megachile
spp. (Melville & Dade, 1944) and
M
.
internis
(Baker & Torchio, 1968). The spores are ingested by young larvae and germinate in the gut, breaking out of the hind end when larvae are sealed in their cells prior to pupation. If one strain only is present this forms the typical chalkbrood. If both strains are present a layer of grey cysts forms on the surface of the larva. Larvae are most susceptible at 3-4 days old and are then chilled briefly immediately after sealing. Although fatal to the larvae, this rarely destroys a whole colony and individual dead larvae are ejected by the bees. Ascospores persist many years providing periodic trouble in adverse conditions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe; USA. Until 1968 chalkbrood was considered to be a European disease and it was only in 1971 that it became recognised as of economic importance in USA (Hitchcock & Christensen, 1972). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores within the cells of the comb to young larvae. From hive to hive probably by robber bees. More prevalent in cold, wet summers.
Beauveria bassiana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Beauveria bassiana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS & SUBSTRATA: All stages of insects of all groups; lungs of wild rodents, nasal swab of horse; man; giant tortoise. The fungus overwinters in vegetable matter and is found in the soil. DISEASE: The fungus has been known since 1835 as the cause of the muscardine disease of silkworms. Although
B. bassiana
has multiplied in bees in laboratory tests it has so far not been recorded from bees in nature (Bailey, 1971). According to Wasti & Hartman (1975) penetration of the cuticle of gypsy moth (
Porthetria dispar
[Lymantria dispar]
) larvae takes place 24 h after 2nd instar larvae have crawled over a culture of
B. bassiana
and within 64h the interior of the insect is completely filled with hyphae. These authors also note penetration of the gut wall. Fargues & Vey (1974), who sprayed conidia on to 3rd instar larvae of
Leptinostarsa decemlineata
(Colorado beetle), showed that conidia germinate on the surface of the integument, penetrate the loosening skin, and blastospores develop in the moulting fluid, infecting the new integument as it forms. Some individuals cannot finish the moult, in others the delicate new skin ruptures and hyphae enter the haemolymph. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide.
Puccinia evadens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Puccinia evadens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of
Baccharis: B. articulata, B. consanguinea, B. dracunculoides, B. floribunda, B. halimifolia, B
.
pilularis, B. platypoda, B. rosmarinifolia, B. salicina, B. sarothroides, B. thesioides
. DISEASE: Rust of
Baccharis
species. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America, Southern USA, particularly California southward to New Mexico and Virginia to Florida; Central America (Mexico) and West Indies; South America. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been made; presumably spores are disseminated by air currents and water splash.
Mycovellosiella cajani
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Sutton B. C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycovellosiella cajani
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cajanus, Callicarpa, Desmodium
and
Solanum verbascifolium
. DISEASE: Causes a minor leaf spot of pigeon pea. The spots are usually small, round with an indefinite margin and are usually pale brown in the centre with a darker border. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: East Africa, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, West Indies, Venezuela, Mauritius, India, Pakistan, Burma and Taiwan. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia and may carry over on crop debris.
Mycovellosiella nattrassii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Sutton B. C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycovellosiella nattrassii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Solanum melongena
and
S. incanum
. DISEASE: Causes circular yellow patches on upper leaf surface with sporulation on the lower leaf surfaces. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Sabah, China, Nepal, Kenya. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores.
Phoma caricae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phoma caricae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Carica papaya
. DISEASE: Black leathery rot of fruit, sunken bleached rot of young stems and leaf petioles and brown and white spot of leaves. On half-grown fruit the first visible symptom is a small circular water-soaked spot which slowly enlarges and darkens whilst the fruit is still immature but develops more rapidly as the plant tissues break colour. Within 2 weeks the lesion may reach 5 cm diam., become sunken and brownish-black in colour. On leaves, spots on both upper and lower surfaces are brown with a darker margin but gradually turn white as they dry out. On flowers the visible symptoms are brown decayed areas. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritius, Rhodesia, Tanzania, Togo, Sudan, Zambia); Asia (India, Nepal, Thailand); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, West Irian, Hawaii); Central America (Honduras); South America (Ecuador: Quito). TRANSMISSION: Probably by water splash and contact; infection through both wounded and unwounded surfaces (17, 627).
Rhabdocline pseudotsugae subsp. pseudotsugae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Millar C. S. , Minter D. W. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rhabdocline pseudotsugae subsp. pseudotsugae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pseudotsuga menziesii, P. menziesii
var.
caesia, P. menziesii
var.
glauca
. DISEASE: Needle cast, needle blight or mottled needle cast. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Europe (Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands, Norway), North America (Canada: British Columbia, USA: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington). TRANSMISSION: by air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.
Phacidium pini-cembrae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Millar C. S. , Minter D. W. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phacidium pini-cembrae
[Phacidium infestans]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus cembra, P. sibirica
. DISEASE: Snow blight of pine. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Austria, Italy, Switzerland, USSR). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid or wet weather.
Septoria cannabis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria cannabis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Cannabis sativa
(hemp). DISEASE: White leaf spot or leaf blight of hemp. Symptoms usually appear on basal leaves as round or ellipsoidal to polygonal, whitish or ochraceous yellow lesions with a conspicuous dark brown border. Affected leaves become curled and withered up towards the edges and fall prematurely leaving much of the lower part of the stem defoliated (15, 97, 805). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, Europe and North America (CMI Map No. 477, ed. 1, 1971). New records not mapped are: Asia (Kashmir, Pakistan). TRANSMISSION: Detailed studies have not been reported but conidia are presumed to be disseminated by rain-splash and wind blown water. The fungus could also be carried over in crop residues.
Septoria passifloricola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria passifloricola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Passiflora brasiliensis
(=
P. alata
),
P. edulis, P. macrocarpa, P. quadrangularis, P. quitensis
. DISEASE: Leaf, blossom, fruit and stem spot (22, 393; 35, 588). Leaves, blossoms, fruit skin and stems are all susceptible to attack. The visible symptoms on leaves are circular to irregular, light brown, sharply defined, necrotic lesions reaching 5-10 mm diam., surrounded by a yellowish zone. Severe attacks may result in premature drop of leaves and blossoms. On blossoms the disease lesions are somewhat similar to those on leaves, the primary infection of the calyx may extend to the stalks, resulting in the premature shedding of flowers. On the immature fruits more or less circular sharply demarcated brown spots tend to coalesce to form large irregular necrotic, somewhat depressed patches of a hard consistency. On the young stems, the lesions appear as small, irregularly circular to elongated water-soaked areas. When stems of young plants are affected, they may gradually become engirdled by a band of necrotic tissue, as a result of which young stems may wither and die (22, 393-394). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand); Central America and West Indies (Trinidad); South America (Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Rainfall and temperatures have been claimed to be decisive factors in the epidemiology and dissemination of the disease. Conidia within pycnidia on infected leaves stored under dry laboratory conditions were reported to show a reduction in their germinative capacity after three months. Conidia maintained under such conditions have been claimed to be non-viable after five months (Louw, 1941). It has been presumed that large amounts of pycnidia generated saprophytically on infected, prematurely dropped leaves trapped by the dense growth of the vines and protected from desiccation might have a significant effect on the initiation of epidemics.
Basidiophora entospora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Basidiophora entospora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Aster chilensis, A. cordifolius, A. douglasii, A. novae-angliae, A. novi-belgii, A. oblongifolius, A. puniceus, A. sagittifolius, Callistephus chinensis, Conyza bonariensis, C. canadensis, Erigeron philadelphicus, Felicia bergeriana, Rudbeckia speciosa, Solidago rigida
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of asters. Seedlings in flats and plants in the open may be attacked. On
Aster novae-angliae
the fungus tends to infect along the midrib and the adjacent lamina becomes yellow and finaly brown. All lower leaves on these plants may die. The sporangiophores develop on the undersurface of these leaves and form a sparse white covering. The degree and type of infection differs with the host plant and on a variety of
Aster novi-belgii
the disease symptoms were recorded as lesions which spread diffusely over the leaf surface and showed very little necrosis (24, 5). Laboratory inoculations with spores of
B. entospora
showed it to be very pathogenic on leaves and stems of King asters (
Callistephus chinensis
) while flowers were not infected. The foliage of
Chrysanthemum morifolium
'White Iceberg' was not susceptible to
B. entospora
(48, 328). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Iraq); Australasia (New Zealand); Europe (Britain, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania); N. America (Canada, USA); S. America (Ecuador). TRANSMISSION: No reports, but presumably by resting spores, which are formed freely in infected leaves, being carried in plant debris to the soil. In Canada the pathogen is found on the wild
Aster cordifolius
which may act as a reservoir of infection.
Peronospora manshurica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora manshurica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: soyabean (
Glycine max
). DISEASE: Downy mildew of soyabean. Small discrete pale to bright yellow spots (2-8 mm diam.) are formed on the upper leaf surface. The size of the spots varies both with the severity of the attack and with the race of pathogen involved (33, 525). In a heavy infection the whole leaf area is affected and shrivels and dies. The conidiophores form a greyish-purple down on the lower leaf surface beneath these spots. Pods can become infected, without showing external symptoms, and the seeds invaded. Oospores develop on the seed surface and appear as a milky white crust consisting of a mass of the hyaline spherical resting spores. Plants developing from oospore encrusted seed may be systemically infected, remain small and stunted and die early. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map No. 268, ed. 3, 1979. Latvia (Serzane, 1962), Ryukyu Islands (Nuttonson, 1952) and Sweden (Gustavsson, 1959) should be added. TRANSMISSION: Usually by seed infected with oospores which form a crust on the seed coat or, very rarely, on the cotyledons. The pathogen can also be spread by oospores remaining on plant debris in the soil. Systemically infected plants develop and the conidia which form on their leaves initiate infection in the surrounding crop. Method of detecting oospores on soyabean seed are described by Pathak
et al.
(57, 5214). Their studies also indicate that oospores on the seed may remain viable foe to 8 years.
Erwinia nigrifluens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Erwinia nigrifluens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Juglans regia
. DISEASE: Bark canker of walnut. Irregular, dark brown, necrotic areas are formed in the bark of the trunk and large branches. The full extent of a canker is not visible from the surface, but its presence is usually known by exudation of a dark-coloured liquid which stains the bark. Lesions start as small spots in the phelloderm (just below the outer, corky bark). These extend and coalesce, but do not usually penetrate far inwards. Occasionally a radial split occurs in the tissues and a pocket of watery exudate is formed. Penetration may be enough to kill the phloem at these points. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (California). TRANSMISSION: The disease has been found associated with the wounds caused by sap-sucking birds, and it seems likely that they can transmit the disease. The main agent in mechanized orchards is probably the mechanical harvester as has been shown for
E. rubrifaciens
(56, 5825).
Erwinia quercina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Erwinia quercina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Quercus agrifolia
and
Q. wislizenii
. DISEASE: 'Drippy nut' of oak. The first visible signs are darkening and oozing at insect punctures in the acorns. The oozing is copious and often becomes a nuisance with shade trees. It may continue for several weeks, being frothy and sticky in dry weather, and more fluidal or watery in humid weather. The acorns may show some rot. After the acorn has fallen, the cup may produce ooze. The disease occurs in late summer when day temperatures average about 29°C. Shoot blighting has been produced by inoculation, but this symptom has not been reported to occur naturally. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (California). TRANSMISSION: The bacteria enter the acorns through holes made by insects, mainly cynipid wasps (
Cynipidae
), which may be primary vectors. When ooze is present the bacteria will find their way into uninfected holes by downwash, rain splash, dew or other moisture.
Penicillium glabrum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Penicillium glabrum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found in soil, cereals, cereal crops etc. (Pitt, 1980). DISEASES: On man: It has been implicated in suberosis, a respiratory disease of workers in the cork industry (Avila & Lacey, 1974). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, particularly in acid forest soils.
Penicillium roquefortii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Penicillium roquefortii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily on cheese, but also in cool stored foods (Pitt, 1980). DISEASES: On man:
P. roquefortii
is implicated in cheese workers' lung disease (RMVM 19, 2232). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, although primarily a cheese-producing mould, it is also an active agent of biodeterioration.
Inocybe terrigena
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Treu R. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Inocybe terrigena
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Ectomycorrhizal, under conifers. DISEASE: None. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe. TRANSMISSION: Via airborne basidiospores.
Mortierella alpina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mortierella alpina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: From soil. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; encountered as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Canada, China, Corsica, Cyprus, Gibraltar, Hungary, India, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, Spain, Sweden, UK, former USSR, USA (Alaska, Colorado, New York, North Carolina, Washington). TRANSMISSION: Movement of soil, or water-borne dispersal of sporangiospores.