bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vital Rates
Authors: Hutchings Jeffrey A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Age-specific schedules of survival (lx) and fecundity (bx) comprise the vital rates that are key to estimating individual and population rates of increase. At the individual level, rates of increase reflect individual fitness. Common metrics include the intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R0), and reproductive value (RV). Across taxa, three general patterns of survival with age have been identified. Fecundity, however, tends either to remain constant or to increase with age until organisms begin to senesce, depending on whether growth is determinate or indeterminate. Life tables, which provide a logistically tractable means of expressing lx and bx, provide a straight-forward means of comparing the fitness of alternative life histories, allowing for the calculation of life-history trait optima. By changing parameter values, life tables can be used to explore how different levels of intrinsic and extrinsic mortality affect fitness. One implication of these exploratory exercises is the realization that different regimes of juvenile and adult mortality can result in the evolution of different life histories. As one example, optimal age at maturity is expected to decrease with increases in the ratio of survival during the juvenile period of life relative to survival during the adult period of life. Life-history theory, thus, can be used to predict how changes to abiotic and biotic environments might influence the fundamental ‘decisions’ that genotypes face concerning reproduction.
The Ageing Brain in Context
Authors: Irish Muireann , Ramanan Siddharth 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Successful interpersonal functioning relies upon the dynamic interplay of several complex cognitive and socio-emotional processes, enabling us to anticipate, predict, and respond appropriately to the behaviour of others. While significant attention has been paid to the emergence of these functions in childhood, comparatively less research has addressed how social cognition continues to evolve and change across the lifespan. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of how changes in social cognition arise as a natural consequence of healthy ageing, with important implications for how we construct and assess these processes in older adults. It then considers how degeneration of large-scale brain networks specialized for socio-emotional processing disrupts interpersonal functioning in dementia syndromes, and the mechanisms driving such impairments. In doing so, we aim to provide an empirically grounded road map to understand the dynamic nature of social cognitive function across the lifespan with a view to promoting resilience and well-being in later years.
Commemorating Power in Early Medieval Saxony
Authors: Greer Sarah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This book examines the function of convents as memorial centres in early medieval Saxony as expressed in the historical texts written for and by these institutions. In the early medieval world, how people remembered the past changed how power was seen in the present. Certain sites, like the prominent convents of Gandersheim and Quedlinburg, were linked to memories of the predecessors of the new dynasty that came to power in tenth century Saxony, the Ottonians. With the accession of the first Ottonian king to the throne in 919, the memorial centres linked to his family shot to the foreground of Saxon politics, with their prominence and prestige seen as exceptional in tenth-century Western Europe. Through closely examining how and why these convents became central sites in the new Ottonian Empire, this book reveals how the women in these communities themselves were skilful political actors. The women of Gandersheim and Quedlinburg were constantly renegotiating their relationships with the Ottonian rulers and their families and were able to produce new visions of the past to achieve their ends. In so doing, a new vision of the history of the Ottonian dynasty and their convents emerges, one of contingency, versatility, and luck.
The Restoration of Crown and Church, 1660–70
Authors: Smith Hannah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Set against the backdrop of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, rebellion in England and Scotland, and parliament’s proscription of religious dissent, this chapter focuses on Charles II’s establishment of a permanent professional army in 1660–1 and the increasing conflict between Charles II and parliament over its existence. The king’s inability to impose his own religious policy and his increasingly unworkable relationship with parliament made governance without parliament an attractive option for him. The 1660s saw Charles deliberating over whether to rule with the army’s assistance. Yet this was a potentially dangerous course of action, as Charles was aware, and throughout the decade, he was repeatedly faced with the question: to what extent was the king’s army his own?
Emergency medicine
Authors: Roberts Catherine 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter contains 35 questions that encompass all of the important areas of emergency medicine, with detailed explanations. These questions have been designed to develop the reader’s analytical and decision-making skills by showing how to approach solving clinical problems that are commonly encountered in the Emergency Department, how to use tests efficiently and effectively, and some of the options for treatment that are available other than admission under inpatient teams. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Promoting Executive Functions During the Writing Process
Authors: Mason Linda H. , Brady Stacie 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The complexity of writing has increased in the 21st century, demanding more of students, and challenging teachers to provide effective instruction. Developing and supporting students’ executive functions addresses these demands and challenges. Many students, unfortunately, lack the executive functions skills needed to promote the higher-order processes that relate to regulating essential writing behaviours. In this chapter, the role of executive functions processes and writing skill development, is situated within the complexity of written expression. A synthesis of effective research-based instruction for supporting students’ executive functions across the writing process from sentence writing to essay writing is presented. We describe an extensively researched approach, self-regulated strategy development (SRSD), and include an example of scaffolding strategies for teaching from early elementary grades through secondary grades. Research approaches for including self-regulation within technological intervention is then reviewed. Implications for research are noted in conclusion.
Making Science Indian
Authors: Kumar Arun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Science and technology has been an important site of constituting the national-modern. Elites, especially the Tatas, led the way in founding institutions of scientific research and training across the country. Such institutions were supposed to help the country overcome the deficit in scientific infrastructure, institutions, and individuals. Others such as Birlas and Thakurdas took a more pragmatic approach and invested in institutions of applied technologies such as cotton and textiles to fuel India’s industrialization. In addition to funding such ‘big’ science, elites also invested in ‘small’ science—on and off-farms—linking scientific laboratories to the field. Post-1990, elites took on a networking role linking new nexuses across lab–field–policy. At the turn of the twenty-first century, elites are now funding digital infrastructure and platforms over brick-and-mortar institutions from an earlier generation. In their pursuit of modern science, elites’ philanthropy has remained firmly tied to the national question as science has been closely tied to national self-reliance and sovereignty.
Development
Authors: Kumar Arun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In their pursuit of national-modern development, elites founded new sabhas, sanghathans, boards, committees, and foundations. Emergent civil society organizations in twentieth-century India, this chapter argues, were animated by elites’ ‘pedagogic reflex’ to train fellow citizens about ways of being and becoming modern. However, new disciplinary knowledge and new cadres of foot-soldiers equipped with such knowledge were required to teach others on how to be and become modern. The burden of such knowledge production and training fell onto institutes of applied social sciences, which elites founded. They also invested in the professional training of development workers who possessed the ‘right’ kind of knowledge, behaviours, and attitudes to development.
From Automaton to Autonomy
Authors: Begam Richard 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This essay considers Fritz Lang’s Metropolis (1927) in relation to Walter Benjamin’s “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” (1936) and the writings of two other Frankfurt School critics—Theodor Adorno and Siegfried Kracauer. Anticipating the larger argument of Benjamin’s essay, the film situates its central conflict around the “auratic” (as represented by Maria’s Christianity) and the “mechanical” (as embodied by Joh Fredersen’s technology). This conflict is crystallized by the robotic Maria, who is an exact duplicate of the real Maria. The essay highlights Adorno’s correspondence with Benjamin, examining how Metropolis itself engages with the positions these critics take on mechanical reproduction in film. Especially relevant in this regard is Kracauer’s classic study of German cinema, From Caligari to Hitler (1947), a book that levels against Lang the charge that Marxism often levels against modernism: its formalism mystifies its politics. The essay concludes with an analysis of the flood scene from Metropolis, demonstrating that the film’s formalism is not merely “ornamental”—as Kracauer claimed—and that for Lang political autonomy is inextricably linked with aesthetic autonomy.
“A Language Worth the Trouble of Learning”?
Authors: Gąsiorek Andrzej 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The critical reception of Carl Dreyer’s The Passion of Joan of Arc has tended to focus on the apparent disjunction between the intense naturalism of the main performance by Renée Falconetti and the abstraction of much of the film’s framing and mise en scène. When compared with other modernist works from the period, however, it can be seen as part of a cultural field in which techniques of fragmentation, juxtaposition, and bricolage produce a deliberate aesthetic of disunity—a disunity that is inseparable, in turn, from its challenge to realist narrative conventions and to the norms of an emergent Hollywood cinema.
O14 An atypical femoral fracture without a history of bisphosphonate use
Authors: Ford Mark , Venkatachalam Srinivasan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Case report - Introduction
A 60-year-old female presented with an insufficiency fracture of the midshaft of the left femur and a persistently low serum alkaline phosphatase. A diagnosis of adult hypophosphatasia was made. We present this case alongside a series of other cases that we have identified locally and discuss the importance of identifying this condition in clinical practice.

Case report - Case description
A 60-year-old female presented with left thigh pain and an 8-year history of polyarthralgia involving the medium-large sized joints. She had a traumatic fracture of the humerus 4 years previously. She had no history or examination findings suggestive of an inflammatory arthritis, connective tissue disease or systemic illness.
An X-ray of left femur revealed a cortical-based lucency at the lateral cortex of midshaft. An MRI identified a focal area of cortical thickening but no evidence of bone marrow oedema suggestive of an osteoid osteoma. Finally, a CT scan confirmed the diagnosis of a healed stress fracture. The patient had never received any form of bisphosphonate treatment, no previous history of a non-traumatic fracture and no history of dental problems.
Laboratory evaluation revealed persistently low levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (∼23 IU/L) with a normal vitamin D and PTH level. Bone density scan showed a T-score of -1.1 at the femoral neck and -2.6 at the lumbar spine. Serum pyridoxal phosphate level was elevated at 457 nmol/L (35-100). A diagnosis of adult hypophosphatasia was suspected and genetic study for ALPL gene confirmed the diagnosis.
The following table summarises a number of other cases of adult hypophosphatasia, which we have identified locally.

Case report - Discussion
Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare inherited metabolic disease caused by mutations in the alkaline phosphatase liver type (ALPL) gene, localized on the chromosome region 1p36.1–34, encoding the tissue-nonspecific isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). The disease is related to a decrease in both level and activity of alkaline phosphatase enzyme (ALP). The clinical expression is highly variable, ranging from lethal forms to mild forms diagnosed in adults. Fractures, chondrocalcinosis, calcific periarthritis, and chronic muscle and bone pain are key features for the diagnosis of HPP in adults. Teriparatide has been used for treatment in some case reports with inconsistent results. Antiresorptive drugs are contraindicated as they can worsen underlying osteomalacia.

Case report - Key learning points
Check for persistent low serum alkaline phosphatase levels in adults presenting with fragility fractures, crystal-related arthropathies and nonspecific generalised aches.
Avoid bisphosphonates in patients with low alkaline phosphatase.
P33 A female with a drooping eyelid and positive autoantibodies: mystery solved?
Authors: Ford Mark , Rajagopala Lavanya , Bhatt R , Mudhar H , Venkatachalam S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Case report - Introduction
The presence of autoantibodies in IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) can lead to confusion and we present a case to highlight the diagnostic difficulty in this condition.

Case report - Case description
A 63-year-old Indian female presented with progressive ptosis and swelling of the left eyelid for 2 months. She was referred to the stroke clinic where she was found to have left ptosis with associated swelling. An MRI of the orbit revealed an enlarged left lacrimal gland and mucosal thickening in paranasal sinuses. Her ESR was 20, CRP 2, 15% peripheral eosinophils and IgG 17.55 g/L (6-16). A referral was made to rheumatology due to an abnormal immunological profile: cANCA +, MPO ANCA positive 32 IU/ml (0-3.5) and a strongly positive anti-Ro antibody &gt;600 U/ml (0-10). Differential diagnosis considered: ANCA associated vasculitis (AAV), Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), and IgG4-related orbital disease. She was assessed by the ENT surgeon and there was no sinusitis or evidence of vasculitis. Chest X-ray and CT scan of chest were normal.
A left lacrimal gland biopsy revealed reactive lymphoid hyperplasia with numerous plasma cells and eosinophils. Immunohistochemistry revealed over 50% of plasma cells to be IgG4-positive (approximately 100/HPF) suggestive of IgG4-RD. There was no evidence of granuloma formation or malignancy. Serum IgG4 was raised 6.82 g/l (&lt;1.3). A review by ophthalmology revealed no objective evidence of dry eyes. She was treated as IgG4-RD and demonstrated a marked improvement following treatment with oral steroids and azathioprine.

Case report - Discussion
IgG4-RD is an immune-mediated systemic fibro inflammatory disease characterised by tumefactive lesions with abundant IgG4-positive plasma cells infiltrating into multiple organs. Isolated IgG4-related ophthalmic disease is present in 23% of patients with IgG4-RD, in whom the lacrimal gland is the most commonly involved structure, followed by orbital fat and extraocular muscles. IgG4-related ophthalmic disease is rare and we need to exclude commoner causes of orbital inflammation (such as thyroid ophthalmopathy, granulomatosis with poly-angiitis, sarcoidosis, and tuberculosis) or malignancy.

Case report - Key learning points
The diagnosis of IgG4-RD is often challenging. It is well recognised that small vessel vasculitis can increase the number of IgG4-positive plasma cells in tissue biopsies. Additionally, literature reveals biopsy-proven IgG4-RD can have ANCA positivity with and without concomitant presence of ANCA-associated vasculitis and there are case reports of patients who fulfil criteria for both Sjogren’s syndrome and IgG4-RD. As such, diagnosis requires careful correlation of clinical, radiologic and histological features due to the overlapping features in differential diagnoses.
P34 The value of combined ophthalmology and rheumatology review- an unmet need
Authors: Moorthy Arumugam , Kulkarni Priti , Patel V , Kumar Periyasamy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Case report - Introduction
Rheumatic diseases manifest in different specialties including ophthalmology. Presentation with eye symptoms may be a sight-threatening emergency such as GCA. Other inflammatory symptoms such as uveitis present to the Eye Casualty frequently, which need prompt rheumatologist input for a holistic management.

Case report - Case description
We present an interesting case with multiple learning points for both rheumatologists as well as ophthalmologists.
We present a case of a 73-year-old Caucasian lady who initially presented to the Eye Department. She was diagnosed as having bilateral uveitis by the ophthalmologist with an interest in uveitis. She had various investigations which showed positive HLA-B27 status, ENA, ANA, serum ACE level were normal; however, she was found to have raised immunoglobulins and plasma viscosity. She was treated with steroid eye drops and intravitreal dexamethasone implant in both eyes. She is a steroid responder and unfortunately developed glaucoma which needed two surgical procedures. She developed chronic cystoid macular oedema in Left eye.
She did not have any symptoms of psoriasis or gut symptoms suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease. She did report symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease. She had an MRI of axial spine as per AS protocol, which confirmed inflammatory spondyloarthropathy. She was diagnosed to have non-radiographic spondyloarthropathy which is managed by simple anti-inflammatories. Her BASDAI is less than 3 and does not qualify for biologic treatment for her axial spondyloarthropathy. Her main symptoms were ocular, which is very active and she is not able to escalate to biologic therapy.

Case report - Discussion
This is a patient presenting with late-onset inflammatory back pain without any articular or extra-articular activity. Her main manifestation is spectrum of spondyloarthropathy with uveitis; however, we could not escalate her to biologics. She has been on topical, intraocular and oral steroids which has led on to complications. The combined clinic between rheumatologists and ophthalmologists is key in managing such patients.

Case report - Key learning points
Targeting neurotrophic factors for low back pain and sciatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Rizzo Rodrigo R N , Ferraro Michael C , Wewege Michael A , Cashin Aidan G , Leake Hayley B , O’Hagan Edel T , Jones Matthew D , Gustin Sylvia M , McLachlan Andrew J , Day Richard , McAuley James H 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This meta-analysis aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of medicines that target neurotrophic factors for low back pain (LBP) or sciatica.

Methods
We searched published and trial registry reports of randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of medicines that target neurotrophic factors to LBP or sciatica in seven databases from inception to December 2020. Two reviewers independently identified studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias and certainty in the evidence.

Results
Nine studies (3370 participants) were included in the meta-analyses. Low certainty evidence showed that anti-nerve growth factor (NGF) may reduce pain at 4 weeks (mean difference [MD] −6.75, 95% CI: −8.61, −4.90) and 12 weeks (MD −6.16, 95% CI: −8.38, −3.94), and may increase adverse effects for chronic LBP (odds ratio [OR] 1.18, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.38). Higher doses of anti-NGF may offer a clinically important reduction in pain at the cost of increased adverse effects for chronic LBP. Very low certainty evidence showed that anti-NGF and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (pro-GDNF) may not reduce pain for sciatica at 4 weeks (MD −1.40, 95% CI: −8.26, 5.46), at 12 weeks (MD −2.91, 95% CI: −13.69, 7.67) and may increase adverse effects for sciatica (OR 3.27, 95% CI: 1.78, 6.00).

Conclusion
Anti-NGF may offer small reductions in pain intensity for chronic LBP. The effect may depend on the dose and types of medicines. For sciatica, anti-NGF or pro-GDNF may not reduce pain. Medicines that target neurotrophic factors for LBP or sciatica are associated with different adverse effects compared to those observed in commonly prescribed medicines for these conditions.
Investigation on mechanical properties and water stability of porous polyurethane concrete
Authors: Yang Jie , Li Hui , Harvey John , Yang Bing , Mahmud Saifullah , Zhang Yi , Zuo Xin , Tian Yu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Porous polyurethane concrete (PPUC) is a novel material for permeable pavements and is considered as an alternative to porous asphalt or porous cement concrete. However, studies of the mechanical properties of PPUC are still insufficient. In this study, the comprehensive mechanical properties and water stability of PPUC with different gradations and polyurethane dosages were investigated, and its water damage mechanism was preliminarily explored. The results show that the flexural strength and Marshall stability of PPUC can more easily reach the index in the standards of porous cement concrete or porous asphalt, while the compressive strength and abrasion resistance are the weak points of its mechanical properties and need to be further optimized. The mechanical properties and water stability of PPUC were effectively improved by increasing the polyurethane dosage and using continuously graded aggregates. PPUC is more susceptible to water damage because water reacts with the residual isocyanate groups within the polyurethane film to generate carbon dioxide gas, which reduces the cohesion and adhesion performance of polyurethane film. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of PPUC and an initial insight into the mechanism of water damage.