bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breaking TrustZone memory isolation and secure boot through malicious hardware on a modern FPGA-SoC
Authors: Gross Mathieu , Jacob Nisha , Zankl Andreas , Sigl Georg 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFPGA-SoCs are heterogeneous embedded computing platforms consisting of reconfigurable hardware and high-performance processing units. This combination offers flexibility and good performance for the design of embedded systems. However, allowing the sharing of resources between an FPGA and an embedded CPU enables possible attacks from one system on the other. This work demonstrates that a malicious hardware block contained inside the reconfigurable logic can manipulate the memory and peripherals of the CPU. Previous works have already considered direct memory access attacks from malicious logic on platforms containing no memory isolation mechanism. In this work, such attacks are investigated on a modern platform which contains state-of-the-art memory and peripherals isolation mechanisms. We demonstrate two attacks capable of compromising a Trusted Execution Environment based on ARM TrustZone and show a new attack capable of bypassing the secure boot configuration set by a device owner via the manipulation of Battery-Backed RAM and eFuses from malicious logic.
Preparation of ZrB2-MoSi2 high oxygen resistant coating using nonequilibrium state powders by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis
Authors: Zhang Menglin , Ren Xuanru , Zhang Mingcheng , Wang Songsong , Wang Li , Yang Qingqing , Chu Hongao , Feng Peizhong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTo achieve high oxygen blocking structure of the ZrB2-MoSi2 coating applied on carbon structural material, ZrB2-MoSi2 coating was prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) method utilizing ZrB2-MoSi2 composite powders synthesized by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) technique as raw materials. The oxygen blocking mechanism of the ZrB2-MoSi2 coatings at 1973 K was investigated. Compared with commercial powders, the coatings prepared by SHS powders exhibited superior density and inferior oxidation activity, which significantly heightened the structural oxygen blocking ability of the coatings in the active oxidation stage, thus characterizing higher oxidation protection efficiency. The rise of MoSi2 content facilitated the dispersion of transition metal oxide nanocrystals (5–20 nm) in the SiO2 glass layer and conduced to the increasing viscosity, thus strengthening the inerting impact of the compound glass layer in the inert oxidation stage. Nevertheless, the ZrB2-40 vol%MoSi2 coating sample prepared by SHS powders presented the lowest oxygen permeability of 0.3% and carbon loss rate of 0.29×10−6 g·cm−2·s−1. Owing to the gradient oxygen partial pressure inside the coatings, the Si-depleted layer was developed under the compound glass layer, which brought about acute oxygen erosion.
Dynamic sourcing strategies for supply disruptions under consumer stockpiling
Authors: Li Shanshan , He Yong , Zhou Li 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper considers a make-to-order system where production gets disrupted due to a random supply failure. To avoid potential stock-out risk and responding price increase during disruption, customers might decide to stockpile extra units for future consumption. We investigate the contingent sourcing strategy for the manufacturer to cope with the disruption. To this end, we first discuss the optimal post-disruption stockpiling decision for customers. In view of expected disruption duration, price rise, and inventory holding cost, three types of stockpiling behavior are analytically provided for the customers: non-stockpiling, gradual stockpiling, and instantaneous stockpiling. Next, a model is formulated to optimize the joint decision of contingent sourcing time and quantity, with the objective of maximizing profit expectation. Finally, by conducting numerical analysis, we generate further insights into the role of relative factors and provide specific managerial suggestions on how to adapt dynamic contingent sourcing strategies to alleviate different disruptions, under different market environments and customer behaviors.
On the Influence of Vegetation Cover Changes and Vegetation-Runoff Systems on the Simulated Summer Potential Evapotranspiration of Tropical Africa Using RegCM4
Authors: Anwar Samy A. , Mamadou Ossénatou , Diallo Ismaila , Sylla Mouhamadou Bamba 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe community land model version 4.5 provides two ways for treating the vegetation cover changes (a static versus an interactive) and two runoff schemes for tracking the soil moisture changes. In this study, we examined the sensitivity of the simulated boreal summer potential evapotranspiration (PET) to the aforementioned options using a regional climate model. Three different experiments with each one covering 16 years have been performed. The two runoff schemes were designated as SIMTOP (TOP) and variable infiltration capacity (VIC). Both runoff schemes were coupled to the carbon–nitrogen (CN) module, thus the vegetation status can be influenced by soil moisture changes. Results show that vegetation cover changes alone affect considerably the simulated 2-m mean air temperature (T2M). However, they do not affect the global incident solar radiation (RSDS) and PET. Conversely to the vegetation cover changes alone, the vegetation-runoff systems affect both the T2M and RSDS. Therefore, they considerably affect the simulated PET. Also, the CN-VIC overestimates the PET more than the CN-TOP compared to the Climatic Research Unit observational dataset. In comparison with the static vegetation case and CN-VIC, the CN-TOP shows the least bias of the simulated PET. Overall, our results show that the vegetation-runoff system is relevant in constraining the PET, though the CN-TOP can be recommended for future studies concerning the PET of tropical Africa.
Early warning signals from the periphery
Authors: Füllsack Manfred , Reisinger Daniel , Kapeller Marie , Jäger Georg 
Published: September 2021

AbstractStudies on the possibility of predicting critical transitions with statistical methods known as early warning signals (EWS) are often conducted on data generated with equation-based models (EBMs). These models base on difference or differential equations, which aggregate a system’s components in a mathematical term and therefore do not allow for a detailed analysis of interactions on micro-level. As an alternative, we suggest a simple, but highly flexible agent-based model (ABM), which, when applying EWS-analysis, gives reason to (a) consider social interaction, in particular negative feedback effects, as an essential trigger of critical transitions, and (b) to differentiate social interactions, for example in network representations, into a core and a periphery of agents and focus attention on the periphery. Results are tested against time series from a networked version of the Ising-model, which is often used as example for generating hysteretic critical transitions.
Could consumption of yam (Dioscorea) or its extract be beneficial in controlling glycaemia: a systematic review
Authors: Alharazi Waad Z. , McGowen Anthony , Rose Peter , Jethwa Preeti H. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractYam (Dioscorea spp.) and its associated extracts have been shown to possess a variety of biological activities and identified as beneficial in the control of glycaemia in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The objective was to conduct a systematic search of the literature to investigate whether yam and its extract can improve glycaemia and whether the consumption of yam could be beneficial for managing T2DM. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the Population, Invention, Comparison and Outcome framework, three databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched using a key term strategy. Strict inclusion criteria were employed to identify all relevant and available studies. The quality of these studies was assessed using SYRCLE’s Risk of Bias tool. Ten studies were included, and all studies consisted of findings from rodent models of diabetes, including animals consuming high fat diets or genetic models of diabetes. All ten studies showed that the consumption of yam and/or its extracts (containing dioscin, dioscorin, diosgenin, DA-9801/02 or Chinese yam polysaccharides) improved glycaemia. These included improvements in fasting blood glucose and reductions in glucose and increase in insulin levels following a glucose tolerance test. Furthermore, significant changes in body weight and adiposity were observed in nine studies, these included improvements in lipid biomarkers in four and reductions in inflammatory markers in one. The current work indicates that the consumption of yam or its extracts can be beneficial for improving blood glucose; however, the molecular mechanism for these effects remains largely unknown. Future trials on human subjects are warranted.
Getting in synch: Unpacking the role of parent–child synchrony in the development of internalizing and externalizing behaviors
Authors: Quiñones-Camacho Laura E. , Hoyniak Caroline P. , Wakschlag Lauren S. , Perlman Susan B. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhile substantial research supports the role of parent–child interactions on the emergence of psychiatric symptoms, few studies have explored biological mechanisms for this association. The current study explored behavioral and neural parent–child synchronization during frustration and play as predictors of internalizing and externalizing behaviors across a span of 1.5 years. Parent–child dyads first came to the laboratory when the child was 4–5 years old and completed the Disruptive Behavior Diagnostic Observation Schedule: Biological Synchrony (DB-DOS: BioSync) task while functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data were recorded. Parents reported on their child's internalizing and externalizing behaviors using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) four times over 1.5 years. Latent growth curve (LGC) modeling was conducted to assess neural and behavioral synchrony as predictors of internalizing and externalizing trajectories. Consistent with previous investigations in this age range, on average, internalizing and externalizing behaviors decreased over the four time points. Parent–child neural synchrony during a period of play predicted rate of change in internalizing but not externalizing behaviors such that higher parent–child neural synchrony was associated with a more rapid decrease in internalizing behaviors. Our results suggest that a parent–child dyad's ability to coordinate neural activation during positive interactions might serve as a protective mechanism in the context of internalizing behaviors.
Deep complex morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of Viburnum plicatum var. formosanum (Adoxaceae) from subtropical mountains
Authors: Chen Shun-Ying , Liu Chiung-Pin , Baskin Carol C. , Chien Ching-Te 
Published: September 2021

AbstractViburnum is a temperate-zone genus that also occurs in mountains of South America and Malesia, and seeds of many species have morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). Information on the level of MPD in seeds of species in various clades of Viburnum potentially would increase our understanding of the evolutionary relationships between the nine levels of MPD. Our aim was to determine the level of MPD in seeds of Viburnum plicatum var. formosanum that is endemic to mountains (1800–3000 m a.s.l.) in Taiwan and a member of the Lutescentia clade. The temperature requirements for embryo growth and root and shoot emergence and response of seeds to gibberellic acid (GA) were determined. No fresh seeds germinated during 16 weeks of incubation at 15/5, 20/10, 25/15, 30/20 or 25°C. Embryo growth and root emergence occurred during moist cold stratification at 5°C or at a temperature sequence of 15/5 to 5°C. During cold stratification, embryos length increased from 0.76 ± 0.06 to 3.40 ± 0.26 mm and the embryo length:seed length ratio from 0.20 ± 0.02 to 0.68 ± 0.07. In a temperature sequence simulating field conditions, embryos grew inside seeds at 5°C, roots emerged at 15/5°C and shoots emerged at 20/10°C. The optimum temperature for embryo growth was 5°C. Neither GA3 nor GA4 was effective in promoting root emergence. We conclude that seeds of V. plicatum var. formosanum have deep complex MPD, which is a first report for Viburnum. Dormancy release during the cool season at high elevations helps to ensure that seeds germinate at the beginning of the warm season.
Innovation in primary health care responses to COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Ray Sunanda , Mash Robert 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background:
In May 2020, the African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine invited submissions on lessons learnt from responses to the COVID-19 pandemic from primary care providers in Africa. This included descriptions of innovations and good practices, the management of COVID-19 in district health services and responses of communities to the outbreak.

Aim:
To synthesise the lessons learnt from the COVID-19 pandemic in the Africa region.

Methods:
A thematic document analysis was conducted on twenty-seven short report publications from Botswana, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Findings: Eight major themes were derived from the data: community-based activities; screening and testing; reorganisation of health services; emergency care for COVID-19; maintenance of essential non-COVID-19 health services; caring for the vulnerable; use of information technology; and reframing training opportunities. Community health workers were a vital community resource, delivering medications and other supplies to homes, as well as following up on patients with chronic conditions. More investment in community partnerships and social mobilisation was proposed. Difficulties with procurement of test kits and turn-around times were constraints for most countries. Authors described how services were reorganised for focused COVID-19 activities, sometimes to the detriment of essential services and training of junior doctors. Innovations in use of internet technology for communication and remote consultations were explored. The contribution of family medicine principles in upholding the humanity of patients and their families, clear leadership and planning, multidisciplinary teamwork and continuity of care was emphasised even in the context of providing critical care.

Conclusions:
The community-orientated primary care approach was emphasised as well as long-term benefits of technological innovations. The pandemic exposed the need to deliver on governmental commitments to strengthening primary health care and universal health coverage.
The Expression of Cultural Identity in Mosque Architecture in Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Lopes Rui Oliveira , Hasnan Nuriskandar bin Mohd 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe mosque connotes a place of prostration towards Allah. As a sacred space, mosque designs use great detail to respect specific ceremonial functions and some requirements outlined in the Quran, but accommodate diverse styles and construction materials that several traditional and cultural factors determine. As early as the seventh century, as Islam spread across the Mediterranean, North Africa, East Asia, and Southeast Asia, the mosque remained a quintessential Islamic building for local Muslim communities. Consequently, mosque architecture presents diverse styles and forms. It does not follow a normative design form besides having an essential hall to accommodate the congregation and visibly indicating the qibla. This paper explores mosque architecture designs in Brunei Darussalam to analyse expressions of cultural identity and constructions of a collective identity. Since the 1950s, mosque architecture in Brunei has distinguished itself by amalgamating designs that culturally significant historical exchanges within and beyond the Malay world dictated. The paper argues that specific governmental, social, cultural and economic contexts necessarily inform the built environment and, particularly, that of religious architecture, resulting in the development of autochthon styles.
Identifying and Characterizing Subsurface Tropical Instability Waves in the Atlantic Ocean in Simulations and Observations
Authors: Specht Mia Sophie , Jungclaus Johann , Bader Jürgen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRecent observations in the Pacific Ocean suggest that, apart from tropical instability waves (TIWs) at the surface, there also exist subsurface tropical instability waves (subTIWs), which can alter vertical mixing. However, the extent to which subTIWs impact mixing and heat flux is still unknown. Moreover, studies on subTIWs have been conducted exclusively in the Pacific. Here, we show the presence of subTIWs in the Atlantic for the first time, using mooring observations. Analyzing 16 years of simulations of a comprehensive, global, high‐resolution ocean model, we characterize subTIWs in the Atlantic with regard to their spatial and temporal variability and investigate their influence on vertical mixing. We find subTIWs in the Atlantic between 40 and 90 m depth in both the model and observations. Furthermore, the model results reveal that unlike TIWs, subTIWs frequently also occur south of the Equator in the Atlantic Ocean. We show that subTIWs induce an oscillating multilayer shear structure, suggesting subTIWs to destabilize the mean flow and thereby induce mixing. This is strongest north of the Equator, where both TIWs and subTIWs act simultaneously. We conclude that despite similar characteristics, TIWs and subTIWs are distinct waves which both impact mixing and heat flux within the thermocline. Therefore, future studies of thermocline dynamics in the tropical oceans should not only consider TIWs but also take into account the effect of subTIWs, particularly in the subTIW dominated region south of the Equator.
Satellite Constraints on the Latitudinal Distribution and Temperature Sensitivity of Wetland Methane Emissions
Authors: Ma Shuang , Worden John R. , Bloom A. Anthony , Zhang Yuzhong , Poulter Benjamin , Cusworth Daniel H. , Yin Yi , Pandey Sudhanshu , Maasakkers Joannes D. , Lu Xiao , Shen Lu , Sheng Jianxiong , Frankenberg Christian , Miller Charles E. , Jacob Daniel J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWetland methane (CH4) emissions comprise about one‐third of the global CH4 source. The latitudinal distribution and climate sensitivity of wetland CH4 fluxes are the key determinants of the global CH4‐climate feedback. However, large differences exist between bottom‐up estimates, informed by ground‐based flux measurements, and top‐down estimates derived from spaceborne total column CH4. Despite the extensive coverage of satellite CH4 concentration observations, challenges remain with using top‐down estimates to test bottom‐up models, mainly because of the uncertainties in the satellite retrievals, the model representation errors, the variable prior emissions, and the confounding role of the posterior error covariance structures. Here, we use satellite‐based top‐down CH4 flux estimates (2010–2012) to test and refine 42 bottom‐up estimates of wetland emissions that use a range of hypothesized wetland extents and process controls. Our comparison between bottom‐up models and satellite‐based fluxes innovatively accounts for cross‐correlations and spatial uncertainties typically found in top‐down inverse estimates, such that only the information from satellite observations and the atmospheric transport model is kept as a constraint. We present a satellite‐constrained wetland CH4 ensemble product derived from assembling the highest‐performance bottom‐up models, which estimates global wetland CH4 emissions of 148 (117–189, 5th–95th percentile) Tg CH4 yr−1. We find that tropical wetland emissions contribute 72% (63%–85%) to the global wetland total. We also find that a lower‐than‐expected temperature sensitivity agrees better with atmospheric CH4 measurements. Overall, our approach demonstrates the potential for using satellites to quantitatively refine bottom‐up wetland CH4 emission estimates, their latitudinal distributions, and their sensitivity to climate.
Horizontal Movement of Polar Mesospheric Clouds Observed From the Himawari‐8 Geostationary Meteorological Satellite
Authors: Hozumi Yuta , Tsuda Takuo T. , Hosokawa Keisuke , Ando Yoshiaki , Suzuki Hidehiko , Murata Takeshi , Nakamura Takuji 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe horizontal movement of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) is examined with data from Geostationary‐Earth‐Orbit (GEO) meteorological satellite Himawari‐8 using a cloud tracking technique. While previous PMC observations from the ground and Low‐Earth‐Orbit satellites have a limitation on local time coverage or field of view, observations from the GEO satellite provide a great opportunity to study the PMC variability with entire local time coverage and a wide field of view. A pattern matching technique is applied to PMC data from the Advanced Himawari Imagers (AHIs) onboard Himawari‐8, and the horizontal movement of PMC along the transverse direction to the line of sight is derived. At the center of field of view of AHI, the tracking velocity represents the zonal movement of PMCs around the latitude of 81.3°N and the longitude of 140.7°E. The horizontal movement shows large oscillations with amplitudes of 10–30 m/s and spectral peaks at periods of 12, 14.8, and 24 h. The mean zonal velocity for the northern summer season of 2018 is about 8 m/s in the westward direction. The characteristics of the tracking winds resemble those of horizontal wind reported by previous studies. This indicates that the horizontal movements of PMC observed by Himawari‐8 are mainly subjected to wind advection.
Latitudinal and Seasonal Asymmetries of the Helium Bulge in the Martian Upper Atmosphere
Authors: Gupta Neha , Rao N. V. , Bougher S. , Elrod M. K. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn the present study, we investigate the characteristics of helium (He) bulges in the Martian upper atmosphere using He densities and winds measured by the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) aboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. The observations are compared with those predicted by the Mars Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (M‐GITM). The results of the present study show that the nightside He bulge is a persistent feature of the Martian upper atmosphere in all seasons. The He densities inside the bulges are 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than those on the dayside. In solstices, the bulges are observed in the winter polar region which is in accordance with the model predictions. In equinoxes, however, the bulges are observed to extend from mid‐latitudes into the southern polar regions (>60°S), which is contrary to the model predictions at mid‐latitudes. These anomalous bulges are predominantly observed in the northern spring equinox and are 10–30 × greater than the modeled ones. During the autumnal equinox, the observed winds depart from the modeled winds. Furthermore, the observed winds point to the southern polar regions where the bulges are observed. Thus, the results of the present study indicate that in equinoxes the regions of local vertical advection, that are responsible for the formation of the bulges, are displaced toward the southern polar regions. The results of the present study point to the need of a larger wind database from NGIMS in southern polar region, particularly during equinoxes.