bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Industrial Relations and Inequality in the EU
Authors: Bosch Gerhard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with a summary, based on a number of key indicators, of the evolution of industrial relations in Europe. The fundamental importance for the primary distribution of income of minimum wages and collective agreements is explained. The example of the interactions between minimum and collectively agreed wages is used to develop a typology of the various wage-setting ‘architectures’ in the EU. In a monetary union the debate on the appropriate wage policy cannot be conducted on a country by country basis. Wage moderation or expansive wage increases can have both positive and negative effects on other countries. Finally, the interventions by nation states and the Troika in collective bargaining systems will be investigated.
Introduction
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Tsunamis affect people—that is why researchers study them and why the media tracks their paths of destruction. A devastating tsunami is usually an event that is so far beyond people’s life experiences that they often struggle to rationalize what they saw. The destruction that has been wrought on human communities over the millennia is reflected in stories passed down either through word of mouth or in the writings of experts and non-experts alike. With an unprecedented wealth of previously unpublished tsunami survivor stories, the Introduction outlines the human side of these catastrophic events and what they mean to people. The basics of the tsunami warning system are introduced, as are some of the cases discussed in the book.
The Case of the Disappearing Lighthouse
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter follows the course of the waves caused by the 1946 Aleutian earthquake, which ultimately resulted in the creation of the first official tsunami warning system, from their source in Alaska as they demolished a Coast Guard lighthouse, caused massive destruction and loss of life in Hawaii, and ultimately reached the shores of Antarctica. The chapter presents observations by mariners at sea off Alaska, Navy pilots flying over Hawaii, and a marine geologist in the Hawaiian Islands for the Bikini atomic bomb tests and firsthand accounts of amazing survival and tragic loss in Hawaii. In addition to the devastating tsunami, 1946 marked the year when scientists in Japan and the English-speaking world finally adopted the name “tsunami” for these events.
The Perils of Freshwater Tsunamis
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Most people think that tsunamis happen in the sea, but huge events generated by landslides into lakes, rivers, and dams indicate otherwise. For example, during the 563 event in Lake Geneva, a massive fort and numerous towns and villages along its shores were destroyed. There were earlier tsunamis and there will doubtless be more in the future. Indeed, man-made lakes—reservoirs—also represent spectacular dam-building failures. The Vajont Dam in Italy is a story of human folly, a disregard for Nature’s warnings that led to the death of thousands of people downstream. Landslides fall into rivers and can also produce massive waves. New Zealand’s largest historical tsunami was caused by just such a scenario, and although no people died, it offers an ominous sign of what can happen around any water body, fresh or otherwise, in the world.
Storegga
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Northwest Europe is not immune to tsunamis. More than 8,000 years ago, Mesolithic people had found a good life following the retreating glaciers and settling the new land rich in flora and fauna. Britain was joined to mainland Europe, and people lived in an area of flat land called Doggerland. And then two things happened: The sea level began to rise rapidly—far more rapid than today—and the Storegga submarine landslide off the coast of Norway produced a region-wide tsunami that can be traced as far as Greenland, western Ireland, and southern England. This was the beginning of the end for Doggerland. In 1701, an English professor interpreted Plato’s Atlantis as being Doggerland, not some mythical Mediterranean paradise destroyed by Santorini’s eruption. However, like so many academic ponderings, it was buried deep in obscurity. This chapter brings this story back to life.
1960 Chile
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The 1960 Chilean earthquake, the largest earthquake in recorded history, ruptured nearly 620 miles of seafloor, generated a tsunami well over 50 ft (15 m) high in Chile, and moved the entire country to the west in a matter of minutes as the ground shook. The tsunami following the earthquake caused Pacific-wide destruction. This chapter charts the progress of the tsunami across the Pacific Ocean, beginning with tsunami survivor stories from Chile and then moving to the Moai of Easter Island, bad decisions in Hawaii, and the unwelcome surprise of this distantly generated event for Japan. This was an ocean-wide disaster that provides important lessons regarding what happened in the past and what will happen in the future.
Seeking Deeper Explanations
Authors: Willison Charley E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 describes the rationale for conducting a mixed methods, explanatory sequential design, or the use of quantitative data, to first explore trends in an understudied subject, followed by in-depth qualitative analyses to explain the mechanisms behind the broader trends. Chapter 3 outlines the quantitative data, sample selection, and methodological approaches. A novel national data set was built to identify political characteristics associated with the presence of a municipal-level supportive housing policy. The sample includes municipalities receiving federal funding to address homelessness. This chapter subsequently discusses the case selection strategy stemming from the results from the national analysis and the qualitative methods and data. Three municipal cases were selected from the national data set to provide in-depth explanations of the mechanisms behind local choices to adopt supportive housing policy or not. The three cases are San Francisco, CA; Atlanta, GA; and Shreveport, LA.
Measuring Municipal Participation in Homeless Governance
Authors: Willison Charley E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines national variation in municipal responses to chronic homelessness, identifying the prevalence of municipal-level supportive housing policies among municipalities affected by homelessness in the United States and identifying and examining factors associated with the presence of a municipal-level supportive housing policy. The presence of municipal-level supportive housing policies is an indication of evidence-based policy adoption to address chronic homelessness effectively in urban areas. To date, there has been almost no research on the political predictors of the adoption of these evidence-based policies. Results demonstrate that most municipalities facing homelessness challenges do not have supportive housing policies. Of the municipalities in the data set, only 40% had a municipal-level supportive housing policy. These municipalities tend to be: more liberal; sanctuary cities; have fewer but better funded nonprofit health organizations; lower rates of municipal governmental fragmentation; and located in states without Medicaid expansion.
Wrote a Song for Everyone
Authors: Case George 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Led by John Fogerty, Creedence Clearwater Revival had a breakthrough when they recast rock music as an unpretentious voice of ordinary people, at a time when many acts were preaching psychedelic revolution: not everyone who enjoyed rock ‘n’ roll was necessarily an enemy of the Establishment. Through songs such as “Fortunate Son” and “Proud Mary,” the music’s vocabulary could now include stoicism, integrity, and class consciousness, along with rebellion, indulgence, and radicalism. The appearance of Creedence Clearwater Revival, Steppenwolf, and others during the time that President Richard Nixon was invoking the American “silent majority” signified a looming schism within the rock audience
Swamp Music
Authors: Case George 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Southern rockers such as the Allman Brothers, Black Oak Arkansas, ZZ Top, and the doomed Lynyrd Skynyrd transformed the popular image and reputation of their home territories and their musical genre. As country music had moved a little to the left, some brands of rock moved a little to the right. Lynyrd Skynyrd’s lead singer, Ronnie Van Zant, in particular became a symbol of a just slightly more enlightened Dixie generation: with southern rock, a region long thought of as a backwater with a dark history was reinvented, and a strain of rural, good-ol’-boy white populism became forever tied to the music.
Youngstown
Authors: Case George 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Over a long career, New Jersey’s Bruce Springsteen became the poet of the working poor, just as Indiana’s John Mellencamp became the voice of embattled farm families and Bob Seger the rock ‘n’ roll bard of the Midwest. Springsteen’s stature became such that, against his own intentions, his appeal was invoked by Republican conservatives during the transformative Reagan era. The success of these artists, singing about the hopes and fears of ordinary citizens whose communities and livelihoods were besieged by globalization, was directly tied to the sweeping shifts of labor and governance that affected the industrialized world in the 1980s.
The Ethics of Architecture
Authors: Kingwell Mark 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Ethics of Architecture offers a short and approachable scholarly introduction to a timely question: In a world of increasing population density, how does one construct habitable spaces that promote social goals like health, happiness, environmental friendliness, and justice? What are the special ethical obligations assumed by architects? Because their work creates the basic material conditions that make all other human activity possible, architects and their associates in building enjoy vast influence on how we all live, work, play, worship, and think. With this influence comes tremendous, and not always examined, responsibility. This book addresses the range of ethical issues that architects face, with a broad understanding of ethics. Beyond strictly professional duties—transparency, technical competence, fair trading—lie more profound issues that move into aesthetic, political, and existential realms. Does an architect have a duty to create art, if not always beautiful art? Should an architect feel obliged to serve a community and not simply the client? Is social justice a possible orientation for architectural practice? Is there such a thing as feeling compelled to “shelter being” in architectural work? By taking these usually abstract questions into the region of physical creation, the book attempts a concrete reformulation of “architectural ethics” as a matter of deep reflection on the architect’s role as both citizen and caretaker. Thinkers and makers discussed include Le Corbusier, Martin Heidegger, Lewis Mumford, Rem Koolhaas, Jane Jacobs, Arthur Danto, and John Rawls. An added preface addresses architectural issues arising during and after the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.
Creating Justice
Authors: Kingwell Mark 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Beyond community and aesthetics lie deeper, and sometimes murkier, responsibilities. Can the built environment facilitate or even create more just conditions? Can it, by the same token, create injustice, whether wittingly or otherwise? This chapter addresses those questions using traditional notions of social justice theory and of public goods. Elements of risk distribution likewise are addressed, with respect to the uneven spread of both happiness and suffering enabled by buildings and urban planning.
Creating Being
Authors: Kingwell Mark 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Heidegger is well known for his arguments that architecture “shelters being,” and allows us to “dwell” in order that we may “think” in his special ontological sense of the term. This chapter takes serious these reflections on the relationship between the built environment and the question of the meaning of Being. Without endorsing such views wholesale, the argument is that there is indeed an existential dimension to buildings—how could there not be?—and therefore that architects have a special responsibility to consider this issue of Being in their work.
The Rise of the Fed State
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. , King Desmond 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 analyzes the growth of America’s central bank from humble beginnings into the institutional behemoth it is now—what we call the Fed State. Two elements shaped the Bank’s developments since its establishment in 1913. First, the confluence of financial crises and the Fed’s self-interested maneuvering propelled it from a limited and marginalized body to a large and national institution with administrative capacity and independence that is unparalleled on the domestic front. Second, the Fed’s structures embody a “mobilization of bias” toward the organized, well-connected financial interests and corporations at the expense of disorganized, poorly resourced, and diffuse individuals and businesses.
The Fed’s Legitimacy Problem
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. , King Desmond 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 explains how the Fed’s inventions in 2008–2009 and 2020 strained the Federal Reserve’s legitimacy as an apolitical central bank serving the public good. The Fed’s actions punctured its preferred reputation for technocratic expertise. Instead, the Fed’s failure to adequately regulate banks prior to 2008 and its lopsided assistance to Wall Street and big business while neglecting families and Main Street America revealed a damaging pattern of mistakes and favoritism. The general public’s confidence and approval of the Fed’s performance declined, a populist backlash formed, and lawmakers started to take aim at the Bank’s prerogatives and widening scope of responsibilities. The Fed’s activism starting in 2020 appears to be inching it closer to being perceived as a partisan tool. The cumulative threat to the Fed is enormous: its ability to respond as a trusted last resort in the face of economic and financial crisis is eroding and may become a drag on its ability to act.
The Consequences of Technopopulism
Authors: Bickerton Christopher J. , Accetti Carlo Invernizzi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the consequences of technopopulism. It distinguishes between internal and external consequences. Internal consequences concern the domain of electoral party politics itself. External consequences refer to the broader effects of technopopulism on other domains of contemporary politics and society. Internally, technopopulism has resulted in a form of politics that is both increasingly conflictual and highly desubstantialized. The external consequences of technopopulism are both an increasing degree of citizen dissatisfaction with democracy and a new authoritarianism with our societies, manifested in increasing rates of incarceration, police activity, and generalized surveillance. A final external consequence of technopopulism is the closure of the revolutionary horizon and the rise of identity politics as a new dominant mode of political expression. This derives from the fact that technopopulist politics are characterized by both a virulent anti-establishmentarianism and a very moderate wish to fulfil the basic promises of the existing political order in a more effective way. The pursuit of identity politics fulfils this simultaneous desire for radicalism and stasis embedded within the technopopulist political field.
Roots and Branches
Authors: Orend Brian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Jus post bellum is commonly considered a new and novel concept. But it does have a deeper historical pedigree; and this past is of relevance for its future, both as concept and as practice. This chapter argues that the most plausible contender for ‘inventor of jus post bellum’ in its unique, substantive, recognizable, and forward-looking form, is the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). The main aim of this chapter is not to defend such a purely historical claim. It is, rather, to show in detail all that Kant had to offer regarding the jus post bellum: how he develops it in both a short-term (procedural) sense and a long-term (substantive) sense, ranging from immediate ceasefires and public peace treaties all the way to the worldwide spread of a cosmopolitan federation devoted to peace and the realization of everyone’s human rights.
Basic Commands in R
Authors: Láruson Áki J. , Reed Floyd A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter is an introduction to the basics of object-oriented programming in R. It covers how to create and view objects in R, as well as how to perform basic calculations, manipulate objects, and identify the “class” of different objects. Finally, it addresses how to create and subset data frames, change row and column names, and cover matrix multiplication.
Realistic Masks in the Real World
Authors: Sanders Jet G. , Jenkins Rob 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Security and crime prevention often rely on facial appearance to connect individuals to behaviours. Hyper-realistic face masks can potentially frustrate this connection by allowing the wearer to look like someone else. In this chapter, we review the evidence that hyper-realistic masks are truly realistic, in the sense that they are accepted as real faces. We begin by outlining relevant experimental studies of face identification and disguise. We then tabulate all criminal cases known to involve hyper-realistic face masks (41 cases between 2009 and 2019). Experimental tests suggest that failures to detect such masks can be attributed to the realism of the masks, without invoking inattention or incompetence on the part of observers. We end with eight proposals for improving mask detection, encompassing training, personnel selection, and machine vision. If the misuse of hyper-realistic masks becomes widespread, our inability to detect them will compromise face recognition infrastructure.
Possession and Title: Three Views
Authors: Rostill Luke 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the enquiry into the nature of the title acquired through possession. It analyses and contrasts three views of the nature of the possessor’s title and, in so doing, brings to light two important distinctions. First, there is a distinction between accounts of the law that maintain that the law actually confers on a possessor an interest of some kind in the chattel or the land, and accounts that assert that the possessor is to be presumed to have a certain interest. Secondly, there is a distinction between accounts that claim that the possessor acquires a mere right of possession in respect of the land or chattel, and accounts that assert that the possessor acquires an alienable proprietary interest. The chapter argues that, while some commentators have regarded these distinctions as muddled or illusory, they are, in fact, real and important.
Possession and Title to Chattels
Authors: Rostill Luke 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the nature of the title that is acquired through taking possession of a chattel. It argues that the possessor acquires a general property interest in respect of the chattel. This is an alienable proprietary interest that is capable of lasting forever, will survive a loss of possession, and includes a right to exclude the world at large. The chapter explains that this argument is compatible with (a) the law concerning the jus tertii; and (b) the rule that a possessor must be presumed, for certain purposes, to be the ‘absolute and complete owner’ of the chattel, unless a person with a better right can be identified.
Why I Am Not a Dualist
Authors: Bennett Karen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
cI argue that dualism does not help assuage the perceived explanatory failure of physicalism. I begin with the claim that a minimally plausible dualism should only postulate a small stock of fundamental phenomenal properties and fundamental psychophysical laws: it should systematize the teeming mess of phenomenal properties and psychophysical correlations. I then argue that it is dialectically odd to think that empirical investigation could not possibly reveal a physicalist explanation of consciousness, and yet can reveal this small stock of fundamental phenomenal properties and psychophysical laws. I go on to consider a couple of different forms the dualist’s laws could take, and argue that one version makes no progress on the hard problem of consciousness, and the other replaces the hard problem with a different problem that is just as hard.
Problems with Other Interpretations of Locke’s Account of Identity
Authors: Boeker Ruth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter contrasts the kind-dependent interpretation with other interpretations that have dominated the secondary literature on Locke’s account of identity and aims to offer further support for why his approach to questions of identity is best interpreted as kind-dependent. It shows that alternative interpretations are often based on metaphysical assumptions that Locke would be reluctant to endorse. The chapter pays particularly close attention to disputes between defenders of coincidence and Relative Identity interpretations of Locke. The disputes are commonly traced back to a disagreement about the question of how many things exist at a particular spatiotemporal location. Rather than siding with one position, the author’s strategy is to identify problems that arise for both types of interpretations, and to show how the kind-dependent interpretation avoids them. Moreover, she argues that other interpretive options such as four-dimensionalism or mode interpretations are also based on questionable metaphysical assumptions.
Locke and his Early Critics and Defenders: Moral and Religious Differences
Authors: Boeker Ruth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Shaftesbury’s and Hume’s responses to Locke’s account of persons and personal identity. Both philosophers generally share Locke’s metaphysically agnostic views, but disagree with Locke on moral and religious grounds. By contrasting their moral and religious views we can see how their different moral and religious views shape their thinking about persons and personal identity and understand why Shaftesbury and Hume develop views that differ from Locke’s. The chapter pays particular attention to how Shaftesbury and Hume each criticize psychological accounts of personal identity and what role their underlying moral and religious views play. Moreover, both philosophers reject moral theories grounded in divine law like Locke’s. Since Locke’s account of moral personhood can be separated from his psychological account of personal identity, it is interesting to ask how philosophers who do not share Locke’s moral views approach or can approach moral personhood.
Rainer Maria Rilke
Authors: Hofmann Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
One doesn’t think of Rainer Maria Rilke as writing poems on sociological or documentary themes, on subjects that might otherwise reside in newspapers and books of social history, anything like emigration or poverty or unemployment. To some extent, one would be wrong. From the vantage point of a Swiss-managed Neapolitan luxury hotel, the poet describes the phenomenon of industrial-strength emigration from Southern Italy at the opening of the twentieth century. Is this an exercise in the macabre, the heartless, or something somehow strangely prophetic of Rilke’s own future career?