bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving medical residents’ self-assessment of their diagnostic accuracy: does feedback help?
Authors: Kuhn Josepha , van den Berg Pieter , Mamede Silvia , Zwaan Laura , Bindels Patrick , van Gog Tamara 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWhen physicians do not estimate their diagnostic accuracy correctly, i.e. show inaccurate diagnostic calibration, diagnostic errors or overtesting can occur. A previous study showed that physicians’ diagnostic calibration for easy cases improved, after they received feedback on their previous diagnoses. We investigated whether diagnostic calibration would also improve from this feedback when cases were more difficult. Sixty-nine general-practice residents were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In the feedback condition, they diagnosed a case, rated their confidence in their diagnosis, their invested mental effort, and case complexity, and then were shown the correct diagnosis (feedback). This was repeated for 12 cases. Participants in the control condition did the same without receiving feedback. We analysed calibration in terms of (1) absolute accuracy (absolute difference between diagnostic accuracy and confidence), and (2) bias (confidence minus diagnostic calibration). There was no difference between the conditions in the measurements of calibration (absolute accuracy, p = .204; bias, p = .176). Post-hoc analyses showed that on correctly diagnosed cases (on which participants are either accurate or underconfident), calibration in the feedback condition was less accurate than in the control condition, p = .013. This study shows that feedback on diagnostic performance did not improve physicians’ calibration for more difficult cases. One explanation could be that participants were confronted with their mistakes and thereafter lowered their confidence ratings even if cases were diagnosed correctly. This shows how difficult it is to improve diagnostic calibration, which is important to prevent diagnostic errors or maltreatment.
Spatiotemporal variability of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution in Manchester (UK) city centre (2017–2018) using a fine spatial scale single-NOx diffusion tube network
Authors: Niepsch Daniel , Clarke Leon J. , Tzoulas Konstantinos , Cavan Gina 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNitrogen dioxide (NO2) is linked to poor air quality and severe human health impacts, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and being responsible annually for approximately 23,500 premature deaths in the UK. Automated air quality monitoring stations continuously record pollutants in urban environments but are restricted in number (need for electricity, maintenance and trained operators), only record air quality proximal to their location and cannot document variability of airborne pollutants at finer spatial scales. As an alternative, passive sampling devices such as Palmes-type diffusion tubes can be used to assess the spatial variability of air quality in greater detail, due to their simplicity (e.g. small, light material, no electricity required) and suitability for long-term studies (e.g. deployable in large numbers, useful for screening studies). Accordingly, a one passive diffusion tube sampling approach has been adapted to investigate spatial and temporal variability of NO2 concentrations across the City of Manchester (UK). Spatial and temporal detail was obtained by sampling 45 locations over a 12-month period (361 days, to include seasonal variability), resulting in 1080 individual NO2 measurements. Elevated NO2 concentrations, exceeding the EU/UK limit value of 40 µg m−3, were recorded throughout the study period (N = 278; 26% of individual measurements), particularly during colder months and across a wide area including residential locations. Of 45 sampling locations, 24% (N = 11) showed annual average NO2 above the EU/UK limit value, whereas 16% (N = 7) showed elevated NO2 (> 40 µg m−3) for at least 6 months of deployment. Highest NO2 was recorded in proximity of highly trafficked major roads, with urban factors such as surrounding building heights also influencing NO2 dispersion and distribution. This study demonstrates the importance of high spatial coverage to monitor atmospheric NO2 concentrations across urban environments, to aid identification of areas of human health concern, especially in areas that are not covered by automated monitoring stations. This simple, reasonably cheap, quick and easy method, using a single-NOx diffusion tube approach, can aid identification of NO2 hotspots and provides fine spatial detail of deteriorated air quality. Such an approach can be easily transferred to comparable urban environments to provide an initial screening tool for air quality and air pollution, particularly where local automated air quality monitoring stations are limited. Additionally, such an approach can support air quality assessment studies, e.g. lichen or moss biomonitoring studies.
One-Stage Tree: end-to-end tree builder and pruner
Authors: Xu Zhuoer , Zhu Guanghui , Yuan Chunfeng , Huang Yihua 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDecision trees have favorable properties, including interpretability, high computational efficiency, and the ability to learn from little training data. Learning a decision tree is known to be NP-complete. The researchers have proposed many greedy algorithms such as CART to learn approximate solutions. Inspired by the current popular neural networks, soft trees that support end-to-end training with back-propagation have attracted more and more attention. However, existing soft trees either lose the interpretability due to the continuous relaxation or employ the two-stage method of end-to-end building and then pruning. In this paper, we propose One-Stage Tree to build and prune the decision tree jointly through a bilevel optimization problem. Moreover, we leverage the reparameterization trick and proximal iterations to keep the tree discrete during end-to-end training. As a result, One-Stage Tree reduces the performance gap between training and testing and maintains the advantage of interpretability. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed One-Stage Tree outperforms CART and the existing soft trees on classification and regression tasks.
Using activated charcoal to remove substances interfering with the colorimetric assay of inorganic phosphate in plant extracts
Authors: Dayrell Roberta L. C. , Cawthray Gregory R. , Lambers Hans , Ranathunge Kosala 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Aim
Organic substances in leaves of several southwest Australian native species interfere with sensitive colorimetric assays and prevent quantification of inorganic phosphate concentration ([Pi]). We aimed to develop a reproducible routine procedure for treating leaf extracts with activated charcoal (AC) to remove interfering substances, allowing the determination of [Pi] by the malachite green spectrophotometric assay.

Methods
Leaf extracts of native plants from southwest Australia in 1% (v/v) acetic acid were treated with 10 mg mL−1 acid-washed AC for removal of interfering substances. Standard solutions (0 to 18 μM Pi) with and without AC treatment were compared to quantify Pi loss. A spiking and recovery test was performed to validate the AC treatment.

Results
Leaf extracts treated with AC exhibited distinguishable absorbance peaks for the malachite green-orthophosphate complex between 630 and 650 nm, as opposed to untreated samples. The Pi-adsorption by AC represented a relatively larger fraction of [Pi] in solutions at 0–4 μM Pi range and stabilised at higher [Pi] when maximum adsorption capacity of AC reached at 11.7 μg Pi g−1AC. The Pi recovery after AC treatment in spiked samples ranged between 100 and 111%.

Conclusion
The AC treatment successfully removed interfering substances from samples but caused Pi loss. Thus, quantification of [Pi] in AC-treated extracts requires sample [Pi] ≥ 6 μM Pi and the use of AC-treated standards. The error of the AC treatment was minor compared with environmental variability of leaf [Pi]. The AC treatment was a reproducible time- and cost-effective method to remove interfering substances from leaf extracts.
Porous Surface State Analysis of Anodized Titanium for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Jakubowicz J. , Adamek G. , Smardz L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this work, pure Ti was anodically oxidized using 1M H3PO4 + 2–10 pct HF electrolytes at 10 V vs open circuit potential (OCP). The structure of the anodized samples’ surfaces was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show the presence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and titanium hydrogen phosphate (Ti(HPO4)2) in the surface layer. Due to the chemical composition and properties that the materials have, they do not pose a threat and support the osseointegration process. The rough and porous anodic oxide morphology shown by the AFM is useful for tissue growth, as well as for improving corrosion resistance. The XPS confirms that the short anodization results in thin anatase-type TiO2, which is a candidate for hard tissue implant applications. The corrosion is improved after oxidation in 1M H3PO4 + 2 pct HF electrolyte for 15 minutes. The wetting analysis shows hydrophilic properties and suggests good bioadhesion of the anodically oxidized surface. The surface supports osteoblast cell proliferation, indicating that the material has a surface state appropriate for hard tissue implant applications.
Hemodynamic Study of a Patient-Specific Intracranial Aneurysm: Comparative Assessment of Tomographic PIV, Stereoscopic PIV, In Vivo MRI and Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Wu Xiaolin , Gürzing Stefanie , Schinkel Christiaan , Toussaint Merel , Perinajová Romana , van Ooij Pim , Kenjereš Saša 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Wall shear stress (WSS) is associated with the growth and rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. To reveal their underlying connections, many image-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies have been conducted. However, the methodological validations using both in vivo medical imaging and in vitro optical flow measurements were rarely accompanied in such studies.

Methods
In the present study, we performed a comparative assessment on the hemodynamics of a patient-specific intracranial saccular aneurysm using in vivo 4D Flow MRI, in silico CFD, in vitro stereoscopic and tomographic particle imaging velocimetry (Stereo-PIV and Tomo-PIV) techniques. PIV experiments and CFD were conducted under steady state corresponding to the peak systole of 4D Flow MRI.

Results
The results showed that all modalities provided similar flow features and overall surface distribution of WSS. However, a large variation in the absolute WSS values was found. 4D Flow MRI estimated a 2- to 4-fold lower peak WSS (3.99 Pa) and a 1.6- to 2-fold lower mean WSS (0.94 Pa) than Tomo-PIV, Stereo-PIV, and CFD. Bland-Altman plots of WSS showed that the differences between PIV-/CFD-based WSS and 4D Flow MRI-based WSS increase with higher WSS magnitude. Such proportional trend was absent in the Bland-Altman comparison of velocity where the resolutions of PIV and CFD datasets were matched to 4D Flow MRI. We also found that because of superior resolution in the out-of-plane direction, WSS estimation by Tomo-PIV was higher than Stereo-PIV.

Conclusions
Our results indicated that the differences in spatial resolution could be the main contributor to the discrepancies between each modality. The findings of this study suggest that with current techniques, care should be taken when using absolute WSS values to perform a quantitative risk analysis of aneurysm rupture.
Furostanol Saponins from Asparagus cochinchinensis and Their Cytotoxicity
Authors: Zhang Ruo-Song , Liu Yang-Yang , Zhu Pei-Feng , Jin Qiong , Dai Zhi , Luo Xiao-Dong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPhytochemical investigation on the roots ofAsparagus cochinchinensisled to the isolation of one new furostanol saponin, named 26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-22α-hydroxyl-(25R)-Δ5(6)-furost-3β,26-diol-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), along with three known congeners (2‒4). The structure of new saponin was elucidated via comprehensive inspection of its HRMS and NMR spectral data as well as chemical technology, whereas those of known ones were identified by comparison of their NMR and MS spectral data with those reported in literatures. All isolated saponins were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects on two human liver (MHCC97H) and lung adenocarcinoma (H1299) cancer cells in vitro. Among them, both1and2showed significant cytotoxicity against above mentioned cell lines. Further studies revealed that these two saponins could significantly inhibit their proliferation of MHCC97H and H1299 cells.Graphic Abstract
Higher testosterone is associated with increased inflammatory markers in women with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: preliminary results from an observational study
Authors: Di Stasi V. , Rastrelli G. , Inglese F. , Beccaria M. , Garuti M. , Di Costanzo D. , Spreafico F. , Cervi G. , Greco G. F. , Pecoriello A. , Todisco T. , Cipriani S. , Maseroli E. , Scavello I. , Glingani C. , Franchini M. , Maggi M. , De Donno G. , Vignozzi L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Objective of this study was to assess the association between testosterone (T) levels and biochemical markers in a cohort of female patients admitted for SARS-CoV-2 infection in a respiratory intensive care unit (RICU).

Methods
A consecutive series of 17 women affected by SARSCoV-2 pneumonia and recovered in the RICU of the Hospital of Mantua were analyzed. Biochemical inflammatory markers as well as total testosterone (TT), calculated free T (cFT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were determined.

Results
TT and cFT were significantly and positively associated with PCT, CRP, and fibrinogen as well as with a worse hospital course. We did not observe any significant association between TT and cFT with LH; conversely, both TT and cFT showed a positive correlation with cortisol. By LOWESS analysis, a linear relationship could be assumed for CRP and fibrinogen, while a threshold effect was apparent in the relationship between TT and procalcitonin, LDH and ferritin. When the TT threshold value of 1 nmol/L was used, significant associations between TT and PCT, LDH or ferritin were observed for values above this value. For LDH and ferritin, this was confirmed also in an age-adjusted model. Similar results were found for the association of cFT with the inflammatory markers with a threshold effect towards LDH and ferritin with increased LDH and ferritin levels for values above cFT 5 pmol/L. Cortisol is associated with serum inflammatory markers with similar trends observed for TT; conversely, the relationship between LH and inflammatory markers had different trends.

Conclusion
Opposite to men, in women with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, higher TT and cFT are associated with a stronger inflammatory status, probably related to adrenal cortex hyperactivity,
Impact of Long-Term Weathering on the Properties of a Digestate-Based Biocomposite
Authors: Gebhardt Marion , Milwich Markus , Gresser Götz T. , Lemmer Andreas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNatural fibre composites are increasingly used. For many applications, the long-term stability of the mechanical properties is crucial. Therefore, the effects of weathering of a biocomposite made from fibrous digestate and bio-based thermoset are investigated. The fibre component of the composite comes from digestate of a German biogas station which processes hop vines as main substrate. The matrix is a plant-oil-based epoxy resin. The samples were alternately exposed to UV radiation and moisture for various lengths of time. Afterwards, the material strength and water absorption were tested. As a result, the weathering leads to a decrease of strength but not to a high increase of water uptake.
Does sexting predict sexual behaviors among adolescents? Gender and race effects
Authors: Hicks Megan R. , Kernsmith Poco , Smith‐Darden Joanne 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionSexting has emerged as a significant public health issue. Sexting is associated with substance use and other sexual behaviors, such as oral and vaginal sex (Houck et al., 2014; Temple & Choi, 2014). Current studies on sexting are often cross‐sectional, limiting the ability to determine the temporal order of sexting and sexual behaviors. Additionally, studies focus on samples of young adults (Benotsch et al., 2013). The current study extends the literature by examining sexting and sexual behaviors longitudinally among adolescents and examines race and gender differences that play a role in sexting.MethodsThe current study utilizes a prospective, 4‐year longitudinal study of 1240 adolescents (aged 11–17) living in the Midwestern United States. Overall, the sample was 10% Black males, 11% Black females, 34% White Males, 31% White females, and 15% identified as Other. Analysis includes an autoregressive model with cross‐lagged effects in MPlus.ResultsSexting (T1) predicted oral and sexual encounters (T4) for Black males, White males, and White females but not for Black females. Oral sex and sexual encounters (T4) did not predict any sexting (T1) for all groups. Therefore, analysis establishes sexting as an antecedent to sexual behaviors for Black males, White males, and White females. Sexting and sexual behaviors did not have a significant association for Black females.ConclusionsThis study identifies sexting as a precursor to sexual behaviors among adolescents. Therefore, when tailoring programs for safe sex among these populations, focusing on sexting may reduce other sexual risky behaviors.
Justice and Good Trouble
Authors: Franklin Robert M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis essay examines the life and leadership of the late congressman John Lewis as it illustrates key dimensions of American history, including slavery, the exploitative sharecropping economy, the protests of the Civil Rights Movement and student activism. This embodiment of the American experience rendered him a unique national leader and conscience of the Congress. Lewis is presented as fulfilling key rhetorical dimensions of the public intellectual as moralist for the nation.
AA-RM WRESTLING: COMPARING ANALOGICAL APPROACHES AND RULE MODELS FOR LEGAL REASONING
Authors: Rigoni Adam 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTLegal reasoning is commonly thought of as being based on either rules or analogies. More specifically, there is ongoing debate regarding whether precedential reasoning is best characterized as rule-based or analogical. This article continues that work by comparing recent and representative approaches from each camp, namely, Stevens's analogical model and the “rule-based” model of Horty and Rigoni. In the course of the comparison improvements on each approach are suggested and the improved models serve as the basis for the ultimate evaluation. The evaluation demonstrates that the “best” approach depends on the goals one has in theorizing legal reasoning as well as the jurisprudential assumptions one is willing to make.
The effect of increasing starch intake and source in supplements fed in a complete diet to dairy cows on total dry matter intake, milk yield and milk composition, and fatty acid content of milk fat when supplements were fed in complete diets or three times a day
Authors: Mansbridge R.J. , Blake J.S. , Spechter H.H. 
Published: November 2021

Dietary starch can increase milk protein and reduce milk fat content, but when fed in single meals may cause problems with rumen stability. To overcome the risk of acidosis, complete diet feeding or reducing the rate of starch degradation (by feeding sodium hydoxide treated whole wheat rather than ground wheat) may provide solutions. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that feeding high levels of cereals alters fatty acid composition of body fat (Garton et al 1972), and similar changes may occur in milk fat.Ninety six multiparous Holstein cows were fed grass silage to appetite and supplements designed to provide increasing amounts of wheat starch either as wheat ground to pass through a 3 mm screen (GW) or as sodium hydroxide treated whole wheat (STW), prepared by adding 30 kg sodium hydroxide per tonne of wheat plus water to bring the total dry matter to 700 g/kg, and stored for 5 days before feeding.
A comparison of two genotypes of finishing pig housed in outdoor paddocks, straw yards and fully-slatted pens
Authors: Guy J. H. , Rowlinson P. , Chadwick J. P. 
Published: November 2021

With a growing interest in less-intensive housing systems, pig breeding companies have developed genotypes which are supposedly better suited to these conditions. The aim of this experiment was to compare the performance of progeny from sows of 2 types:
a)‘indoor’ - Large White x Landraceb)‘outdoor’ - 25% Meishan or 25% Duroc with 50%Large White and 25% LandraceAll sows were mated to a Large White boar and the progeny housed in one of three finishing systems - outdoor paddocks, straw yards or fully slatted pens. The systems were typical of commercial practice, with an automatically controlled natural ventilation system and 0.6 m2 of floor space per pig in fully-slatted pens. Outdoor paddocks and straw yards had minimal environmental control and space allowances of 20.0 m2 and 1.6 m2 per pig respectively. Pigs in outdoor paddocks were retained on cereal stubble with electric fencing and had free access to a bedded shelter hut.
A comparison of two genotypes of finishing pig housed in outdoor paddocks straw yards and fully-slatted pens
Authors: Guy J. H. , Rowlinson P. , Chadwick J. P. 
Published: November 2021

In a companion paper reporting on ‘indoor’ and ‘outdoor’ genotypes of finishing pigs housed in outdoor paddocks, straw yards and fully-slatted pens, materials and methods are detailed along with performance results. The aim of this experiment was to assess the welfare of progeny from both genotypes in these three finishing systems.For the 6 treatments (2 genotypes x 3 finishing systems), the welfare of each group of 20 growing-finishing pigs was measured using a combination of objective and subjective means.
i)Behaviour observations - recording the numbers of animals engaged in each of 5 behaviours at 5 minute intervals for a total of 6 hours (1.5 hours per day for 4 consecutive days). This value of pig minutes was then expressed as a proportion of the total time budget.ii)Mortality / Morbidity records - recording the number of pigs that died or were noted as being diseased or injured following daily inspection, and expressing this as a mean group score.iii)Body Damage scores - at the start and end of the experiment, each animal was restrained within a weighcrate for a few moments to determine levels of body damage (cuts, bruises and scratches) and hind leg bruising of the hock region (bursitis). Using scoring systems adapted from de Koning (1985), and Smith and Smith (1990), a mean injury score was subsequently calculated for each group of animals.iv)Stomach Damage scores - the number and severity of lesions and ulcers in the pars oesophagea region of the stomach were recorded following slaughter and translated into a mean pen score using a graded scoring system (Potkins et al 1989), where 1 = normal and 6 = ulcer.