bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small-scale patterns in a larger picture
Authors: Sonnenhauser Barbara , Escher Anastasia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Telling apart family-internal developments from contact-induced changes and socio-geographically conditioned areal trends is still one of the main challenges in tracing the development - and stability - of languages. Notably prima facie contact phenomena might turn out to have resulted from the interaction of a variety of sources upon closer inspection; assessing their interaction is a crucial requirement for comprehending the dynamics of change. Based on the example of simplification patterns in the system of short personal pronouns observed in the Balkan Slavic dialects located in the territory of North Macedonian and Greece, the present paper illustrates the necessity of identifying the multiplicity of triggers and their interaction, thereby making a case for the relevance of small-scale, transient patterns in understanding diachronic processes. In particular, it places the simplifications within the pronominal system into the larger context of differential object indexing by preverbal pronominal elements in the Balkan languages. With the loss of agreement distinctions on pronouns being characteristic for the last phase in the emergence of object indexing, both processes appear to be closely related. Obviously, in this case, the convergence of various different processes has created a favorable environment for the mutual reinforcement and stabilization of two otherwise highly volatile phenomena.
A functional discourse approach to the particle ἀτάρ in Classical Greek
Authors: Lacerda Crepaldi Clara 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Taking into consideration both discourse structure and the pragmatics of contrast, this paper draws on Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) to provide a comprehensive and unified account of ἀτάρ in Classical Greek. In classical Greek drama, the particle ἀτάρ designates two main types of contrast. In its most common usage, it marks a discourse contrast, a boundary in conversational structure, such as the beginning of a new exchange or adjacency pair. More specifically, ἀτάρ can signal a change of addressee; the introduction of a new topic or new visual focus; or an abrupt thematic discontinuity such as an interruption. Moreover, ἀτάρ can also mark denial of expectation, especially when preceded by a preparatory μέν. When expressing counterexpectation, the particle instructs the addressee to process the next discourse segment in such a way as to contradict or eliminate some piece of information possibly inferred from the preceding segment. Very similarly, the classical prose of Herodotus, Plato and Xenophon shows analogous usages of ἀτάρ, namely, as a boundary between larger portions of discourse with or without thematic discontinuity, or as a marker of denial of expectation between acts and moves.
The Hieroglyphic Luwian genitive case
Authors: Palmér Axel I. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Descriptions of Hieroglyphic Luwian grammar assert that the genitive endings ‑as(a) and ‑asi are interchangeable; their distribution is said to be random rather than governed by any conditioning factor. However, recent studies have shown that the ending ‑asi is geographically and chronologically restricted in the corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian texts, which suggests that the distribution is not entirely random. In this paper, it is argued that in texts from the “‑asi area” - where texts containing both endings are found - the genitive endings are distributed in a non-random way. Genitives in ‑as(a) are dependent on neuter gender head nouns, whereas genitives in ‑asi are dependent on common gender head nouns. This means that, syntactically, Hieroglyphic Luwian genitives resemble genitival adjectives by agreeing with the gender of their head. Although several counterexamples exist, they are probably caused by translation errors, by language change in late Hieroglyphic Luwian, and possibly by the fact that -as(a) may reflect -asa as well as -as. Finally, a new account of the historical development of Luwian genitives is presented.
παλίντονος
Authors: Lundquist Jesse 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Ancient Greek feminines to u-stem adjectives (e.g. ἡδεῖα ‘sweet’ to ἡδύς) diverge from their Old Indic counterparts in terms of accentuation (cp. Ved. svādvī´ ). Homeric Greek possesses a couple of corresponding archaisms with oxytone accent (θαμειαί, ταρφειαί); in this paper, I will propose that Greek in fact runs the gamut, showing recessive accentuation as well, specifically in stems that have been “demorphologized” (e.g., λίγεια). This threefold accentuation provides a unique window onto the diachrony of accents in the prehistory of Greek. I bring to bear previously undertreated, and untranslated, evidence from ancient grammarians to bolster my position. Beginning from this reexamination, I turn to the controversial class of nouns in -υια, which have been held to show extraordinarily archaic properties of accent and ablaut. I propose that these nouns reflect not archaisms, but inner-Greek innovations.
On the inflection of palatal stems in Vedic
Authors: Rothstein-Dowden Zachary 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper re-examines the historical phonology and morphology of the palatal-stem declension of Vedic and concludes that the phonologically regular outcome of the animate nominative singular was -ṭ, while the “bh-cases” should by regular sound change have contained a cluster *°dbh°, the former existence of which can be inferred but which was replaced by °ḍbh° (or °gbh°) under the influence of the nominative singular.
Tocharian B santse ‘daughter-in-law’
Authors: Peyrot Michaël , Xiaoqiang Meng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In Ogihara’s edition of the Tocharian B so-called “Avadāna-Manuscript”, a fragment from the Dhanika-Avadāna contains a word santse. On the basis of parallel texts, it is shown that santse means ‘daughter-in-law’. This newly identified word is cognate with a.o. Greek νυός ‘daughter-in-law’ and derives from Proto-Indo- European *snusó-.
Strict Products Liability 2.0: The Triumph of Judicial Reasoning Over Mainstream Tort Theory
Authors: Geistfeld Mark A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Strict products liability has evolved in a manner that is widely misunderstood. The liability rule was first formulated to govern defective products that did not minimally perform one of their ordinary functions as expected by consumers—a malfunction that violates the implied warranty of quality. After adopting this rule, courts began applying it to products that did not malfunction and found that a test for defect based on consumer expectations often is indeterminate or can otherwise unduly limit liability in an important class of cases. To address these problems, most courts adopted the risk-utility test, a form of cost-benefit analysis that functions like the negligence standard of reasonable care. Relying on these cases, the Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products Liability embraced the risk-utility test, jettisoned the consumer expectations test, and characterized strict products liability as a misleading label that perpetuates confusion about liability being strict when it instead is based on negligence. In response, a clear majority of courts have rejected this negligence-based framework and affirmed the continued vitality of strict products liability. Puzzled by this unexpected development, mainstream scholars claim that courts are confused by the rhetoric of strict products liability. The prevailing scholarly opinion about this matter is confused; its fixation on negligence ignores the implied warranty rationale for strict products liability. Having been largely formulated as a rule of contract law, the implied warranty is under-theorized as a tort doctrine. Once adequately developed, the tort version of the implied warranty shows why courts have transformed the rule of strict products liability from the last century into a more comprehensive regime—“strict products liability 2.0”—that relies on consumer expectations to incorporate the risk-utility test into the framework of strict products liability. As compared to ordinary negligence liability, the implied warranty defines the safety problem in the normatively appropriate manner, thereby sharpening the inquiry about what’s at stake. In dismissing this important development, mainstream tort theory relies on legal categories that fundamentally differ from the ones courts have used to develop strict products liability with analogical reasoning. Scholars have either resorted to overly general theories of tort liability or have otherwise focused on narrow doctrinal questions. By not engaging in the mid-level categorical theorizing required by analogical reasoning, the mainstream position could not see how this characteristic form of judicial reasoning has created the substantively sound regime of strict products liability 2.0.
Perceptual mapping of linguistic variation in Saudi Arabic dialects
Authors: Al-Rojaie Yousef 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article provides a perceptual dialectology account of linguistic diversity in Saudi Arabia. Using the map-drawing and labeling task, the study examined the perceptions and ideologies of 674 speakers of Saudi Arabic dialects about the perceived boundaries of regional dialect varieties, as well as their social evaluation of and beliefs about the dialects. The analysis of the results as displayed in composite maps using a Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping program revealed that respondents identified five major dialect areas as having the most distinct features: the Najdi, Hijazi, southern, eastern, and northern regions. Ten categories of respondents’ labels emerged out of the qualitative analysis: style, influence, Bedouin/urban, fast, open/closed, vowel lengthening, unique vocabulary, alternation of /k/ and /g/, attraction, and social media. The present findings show the salience of certain linguistic and social features that respondents associate with certain dialect areas. Such perceptions can ultimately guide and enhance future descriptions and analyses of actual linguistic variation in Saudi Arabia.
Ungeheure Kräfte
Authors: Renner Adrian 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article examines Friedrich Nietzsche’s recourse to Robert Mayer’s physical and physiological concept of release (Auslösung) in various fragments, notes and writings from the 1880ies. Nietzsche’s understanding of force can be articulated as a critic of a purely mechanical understanding of the thermodynamic law of the conservation of energy. Based on Mayer’s writings, Nietzsche describes the eruptive quantitative release of forces as a qualitative process shaped by the bodily perception of forces. The underlying feeling of force (Kraftgefühl) can be traced in biological, psychological, historical and aesthetic phenomena and is rendered by Nietzsche both anthropomorphically as will and as a universal physiological law that determines bodily, social and moral actions.
НАЦІОНАЛЬНО-КУЛЬТУРНИЙ РУХ УКРАЇНЦІВ ГАЛИЧИНИ ДРУГОЇ ПОЛОВИНИ ХІХ – ПОЧАТКУ ХХ ст. НА СТОРІНКАХ ТОГОЧАСНИХ ПУБЛІЦИСТИЧНИХ ПРАЦЬ
Authors: Шологон Лілія 
Published: December 2021

У статті проаналізовано публіцистичні праці другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ ст., присвячені найважливішим проблемам національно-культурного руху українців Галичини. Метою статті є роз­кри­ти погляди переважно лідерів цього руху на найбільш актуальні питання українського куль­турного жит­тя краю та прослідкувати за трансформацією національно-культурного руху українців Галичини у національно-визвольний. За допомогою джерелознавчої критики ми спробували з’ясувати об’єктивно-суб’єктивний інформаційний потенціал публіцистичних праць українських, польських та російських гро­мадсько-культурних діячів та політиків, що дозволило зробити реконструкцію різних аспектів націо­нально-культурного руху українців Галичини впродовж другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. Герменев­тика, як мистецтво правильно розуміти мову іншої людини, зокрема писемний текст, мала також важливе значення для аналізу творів учасників національно-культурного руху. Нам вдалося вста­новити, що наприкінці ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. простежується стійка тенденція до політизації україн­ського націо­нально-культурного руху та трансформації його у національно-визвольний. Це позначилася на творах громадських діячів цього часу (Юліана Бачинського, Леона Василевського, Станісла­ва Людке­ви­ча, Івана Труша, Івана Франка та інших), де акцентується на тому, що тільки політична самостійність українців може стати передумовою до вирішення найнагальніших проблем, у тому числі культурного характеру. Такий світоглядний підхід має важливе суспільне значення в умовах сучасної гібридної російсько-української війни, коли боротьба за українську державність триває.
Ключові слова: Галичина, національно-культурний рух, публіцистичні праці, громадське това­риство, політична самостійність.
ГРОМАДСЬКО-ПОЛІТИЧНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ВАСИЛЯ СТЕФАНИКА НА ПОКУТТІ НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХ ст.
Authors: Королько Андрій 
Published: December 2021

У статті досліджується громадсько-політична діяльність відомого українського письменника Василя Стефаника на Покутті на початку ХХ ст. Простежено особливості формування світогляду та становлення суспільно-політичних поглядів українського письменника-новеліста у кінці ХІХ ст. Про­аналізовано його участь у передвиборчих кампаніях до Державної ради (австрійського парламенту) та Галицького крайового сейму, які відбувалися на теренах краю. Розглянуто основні напрямки практичної діяльності громадсько-політичного діяча в УРП на початку ХХ ст.: участь у роботі з’їздів УРП, на­родних віч; агітація на підтримку членів УРП під час виборів до австрійського парламенту і Гали­цького крайового сейму. Показано його внесок в організацію українського січового руху та діяль­ність това­риства “Просвіта” на Покутті, зокрема, на Снятинщині. Простежено участь пись­менника в ювілейних заходах з нагоди вшанування сторіччя від дня народження Тараса Шевченка.
Ключові слова: Василь Стефаник, Українська радикальна партія, Покуття, віче, Державна Рада, Галицький крайовий сейм, “Січ”, “Просвіта”.
DEVELOPMENTAL PEDIATRICS: ITS TASK AND POSSIBILITIES
Authors: GESELL ARNOLD 
Published: December 2021

SHORTLY after the American Board of Pediatrics was established in 1935, a basic requirement in Growth and Development was set up for specialty certification. When the medical history of the 20th century is written, we know this formal action will be regarded as a uniquely important event in the evolution of clinical medicine. Already we can see that a clinical science of development is in the making, and that the hygiene of the growing child is being envisaged in the dynamics of his growth. (We shall use the terms growth and development interchangeably for they are virtually synonymous.) Health is a somewhat static idea, unless by health we mean that condition which promotes optimal development.
Pediatrics is distinctive among all the specialties in three ways:
1.It is a specialty of general medicine.
2.It is directed to an age sector of life, rather than to an organ system.
3.It is basically interested in normality as well as disease.
Developmental Pediatrics is a form of clinical medicine which is systematically concerned with the diagnosis and supervision of child development, normal and abnormal.
Doctrine of Development
Development is a very usable concept—both for theoretic and for practical purposes. It is a unifying concept. It applies with equal force to body and mind. It resolves the false dualisms of psyche and soma. It also helps to resolve artificial distinctions between heredity and environment; between normal and abnormal; between structure and function. Development is an integrating concept. In fact, it is development which keeps the child from falling apart under the disrupting stress of excessive medical specialization.
Every newborn child traverses an indivisible, continuous cycle of growth. And for that very reason, the child remains the most cohesive force for the maintenance of family life in our democratic culture. The practicing pediatrician instinctively thinks of the child not only as the end product of eons of evolution, but also as a most important member of a family group; and by the way, also as the citizen of the future.
Special Report From the Committee for the Improvement of Child Health
Authors: WILSON JAMES L. , HUBBARD JOHN P. 
Published: December 2021

The Health of the Nation Depends on the Health of the Child
The number one health problem of this country is not any one aspect of medical care. Cancer, heart disease, mental illness, important in themselves, are less vital to the nation's well-being than the general health of its children. Organic and mental health of adults depend largely on the care they received as children. Only in old age is the incidence of disease as high as in childhood; in no other age group does disabling disease strike as often. In infancy the very survival rate varies directly with the availability and quality of medical care.
The need for preventive, diagnostic, and curative services of high quality for all children has beenn established and agreed upon by the government, organized medicine, voluntary agencies and the public. Furthermore, there is general agreement on the need for improvement of child health. So much evidence has already been givn on the subject that the case for better medical care and health supervision for children is well established.
Better Child Health Depends on More Well-Trained Doctors
How is better medical care for children to be achieved? In the last analysis, success in this field depends not so much upon the physical facilities of the hospital, the laboratory or the pharmacy as upon the judgment and skill of the individual physician. This skill is a result of training and experience.
Deficiencies in Pediatric Training
As a step toward better and more evenly distributed health services for children the American Academy of Pediatrics has conducted a nation-wide study of all factors involved in the medical care of children in the United States—hospitals, community health services, private practice of physicians and dentists, and pediatric education.
The preliminary findings of the Study reveal a startling lack of adequate training of a considerable portion of both general practitioners and pediatricians.
Round Table Discussion
Authors: HANSEN ARILD E. , FASHENA GLADYS J. 
Published: December 2021

Chairman Hansen: That we are here today bespeaks our interest in the problem of rheumatic fever. Undoubtedly some have come in hopes of finding new clues to a better understanding of a difficult problem, in spite of quite intimate knowledge of the field. Others may feel they have been pressed with variable agitations from many sources, hence desire to become more familiar with general features as well as details. From the viewpoint of the persons asked to conduct this Round Table Discussion, the same features apply; namely, the desire to gain exact information, yet help if possible in the clarification of points which are becoming generally accepted. The subject is broad, varied, indefinite and controversial at times even to the point of provoking emotional responses. Its importance is undisputed, the frequently cited comparatives and invectives in vogue may be mentioned as evidence:
"One of the chief causes of death in the school age child—responsible for more deaths in this age group in almost any year than the combined deaths from ordinary childhood diseases, e.g. diphtheria, poliomyelitis, scarlet fever, measles, mumps, with meningococcic meningitis thrown in— responsible for seven times the number of deaths as poliomyelitis in this age group—significantly more deaths than from all forms of tuberculosis—chief cause of death from heart disease in the young adult—and one of the chief causes of disability in children and youth—producing 'cripples who do not limp' also 'cripples who cannot even walk.' "
Textbook knowledge, perusal of current literature and personal consultation coupled with practical experiences allow one to comprehend the problem of rheumatic fever in childhood almost as well as the "expert".
LIPOID NEPHROSIS
Authors: BLOCK WALTER M. , JACKSON ROBERT L. , STEARNS GENEVIEVE , BUTSCH MIRIAM P. 
Published: December 2021

Clinical and biochemical studies of 40 children with lipoid nephrosis are evaluated. Twenty-six (65 %) are alive; 19 have been entirely well for 1 to 16 years, including three who had minimal hematuria on various occasions. Three have been well for less than a year, one still has proteinuria only, and three still have active disease. Of 22 children who had received sulfonamides for infections, only three have died. Necropsy was done on 10 of the 14 children who died. Minor glomerular changes were seen in the kidneys of four children not known to have had hematuria. Pronounced glomerular changes occurred in two children who had minimal hematuria. Of the four children who did not show any glomerular changes, two had minimal hematuria on several occasions. Pathologic changes in the liver were minimal unless acacia had been given.
Laboratory determinations revealed no significant alteration of the prothrombin time. Most of the increase in the plasma fats was in the cholesterol fraction. The precentage of cholesterol esters was not decreased. In case of recovery, the cholesterol seemed to return to normal values at a slower rate than the serum albumin. Plasma fat reached values exceeding 5 gm./100 ml. in some instances. No "critical edema level" for albumin was found. The erythrocyte sedimentation test was a reliable guide in determining the course of the disease.
Choline citrate (0.8 gm. each day), given to seven children for prolonged periods, failed to produce essential changes in the plasma fats or definite clinical improvement.
Periods of sudden change in edema were found to be critical times for the nephrotic child. Two children developed cardiac failure after injection of large volumes of sucrose.
Early diagnosis is important, for treatment is most effective in the early stage.
The prognosis is good since the advent of chemo- and antibiotic therapy, and is not impaired by prolonged duration of the disease. Growth of the children who recover is good.
A HOSPITAL ROOMING-IN UNIT FOR FOUR NEWBORN INFANTS AND THEIR MOTHERS
Authors: JACKSON EDITH B. , OLMSTED RICHARD W. , FOORD ALAN , THOMS HERBERT , HYDER KATE 
Published: December 2021

introduction
Rooming-in is the term currently in use to designate the hospital arrangement whereby a mother may have her newborn baby in a crib by her bedside whenever she wishes. The term was first used by Gesell and Ilg.1 Such an arrangement was established for study purposes on the University Service of the Grace-New Haven Community Hospital in October 1946. The four-bed ward used for this purpose is known as the Rooming-In Unit. An account of development of this Unit with a few preliminary observations is the subject of this paper.
Because of the enthusiastic participation of fathers in the project from the day of its inception, the authors were inclined to entitle the paper,“Rooming-In for Parents and Newborns.” The husband may be with his wife throughout the first stage of labor if mutually agreeable; under normal circumstances he may see his baby shortly after birth—even hold him; he may continue to get closely acquainted with his child day after day in the hospital, and watch his wife and the baby at nursing time if that happens to occur during visiting hours. This paternal participation has afforded obvious satisfaction to both parents which we believe is salutary for the baby. Indeed, the first major assumption in making plans for the Rooming-In Unit has been that a mother's satisfaction with herself and with the attention and care bestowed upon her (by husband, parents, members of medical and nursing staff)is the best guarantee for her inclination and ability to satisfy