bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Building Cumulative Culture
Authors: Sterelny Kim 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of methodological issues about historical reconstruction and scenario-building. To what extent can a theory of the emergence of human social behaviour be empirically constrained? What is known (and what is not known) of the behaviour of early humans? The chapter then turns to a substantive project: developing an account of the gradual expansion of cultural learning in the hominin lineage, and of the archaeological signatures of a gradual increase in bandwidth and reliability of that learning. The emphasis in this chapter is the importance of cultural learning in making cooperation increasingly profitable.
Institutional Networks
Authors: Bell Christopher 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 offers a discussion of the several monasteries and chapels that have strong connections to Nechung Monastery, and which form a larger ritual hegemony that reinforces the dominance of the Dalai Lamas’ state cult. These centers predominantly include institutions that have ties to other monasteries or are older than Nechung yet were brought into its liturgical and iconographic orbit, such as Meru Nyingpa, Gadong Monastery, Tsel Yangön, and Karmasha Chapel. Smaller chapels like Banakzhöl have more direct influence, but all of them evince an increase in ritual ties to the Five King Spirits, their retinue, and to the cult of Nechung more explicitly. This connection began in the seventeenth century and expanded in the following centuries under the administration of later Dalai Lamas.
Economics of Faith
Authors: Chung-Kim Esther 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This book addresses the role of religious reformers in the development of poor relief in the sixteenth century. During the Reformation, religious leaders served as catalysts, organizers, stabilizers, and consolidators of various programs to alleviate poverty. Although once in line with religious piety, voluntary poverty was no longer a spiritual virtue for many religious reformers. Rather, they imagined social welfare reform to be an integral part of religious reform and worked to modify existing common chests or establish new ones. As crises and migration exacerbated poverty and caused begging to be an increasing concern, Catholic humanists and Protestant reformers moved beyond traditional almsgiving to urge coordination and centralization of a poor relief system. For example, Martin Luther promoted the consolidation of former ecclesiastical property in the poor relief plan for Leisnig in 1523, while Juan Luis Vives devised a new social welfare proposal for Bruges in 1526. In negotiations with magistrates and city councils, reformers shaped various local institutions, such as hospitals, orphanages, job creation programs, and scholarships for students, as well as developed new ways of supporting foreigners, strangers, and refugees. Religious leaders contributed to caring for the vulnerable because poverty was a problem too big for any one group to tackle. As religious options multiplied within Christianity, one’s understanding of community would determine the boundaries, albeit contested and sometimes fluid, of responsible poor relief.
Heinrich Bullinger
Authors: Chung-Kim Esther 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although Ulrich Zwingli started the Swiss Reformation in Zürich, his successor Heinrich Bullinger was the main stabilizer for the reform movement during his forty-plus years as chief minister from 1532 to 1575. Bullinger’s advocacy through his sermons and speeches (Fürträge) before the city council regularly reminded the politicians of their duty to care for the poor. Although the Zurich council circumscribed the role of ministers to spiritual matters, Bullinger believed that ensuring a proper poor relief system was an important part of the pastors’ ministry to the people. Because church funds were in secular control, Bullinger’s involvement in poor relief emerged from his development as a church leader in which he justified his social-political critiques against the lack of effective poor relief based on Scripture, church history, Christian ethics, and socioeconomic needs. His persistence urged the Zürich council to reconsider and revise its poor relief policies to include poverty prevention.
Music for Others
Authors: Myrick Nathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Musical activity is one of the most ubiquitous and highly valued forms of social interaction in North America—from sporting events to political rallies, concerts to churches. Its use as an affective agent for political and religious programs suggests that it has ethical significance, but it is one of the most undertheorized aspects of both theological ethics and music scholarship. Music for Others: Care, Justice, and Relational Ethics in Christian Music fills part of this scholarly gap by focusing on the religious aspects of musical activity, particularly on the practices of Christian communities. It is based on ethnomusicological fieldwork at three Protestant churches and interviews with a group of seminary students, combined with theories of discourse, formation, response, and care ethics oriented toward restorative justice. The book argues that relationships are ontological for both human beings and musical activity. It further argues that musical meaning and emotion converge in human bodies such that music participates in personal and communal identity construction in affective ways—yet these constructions are not always just. Thus, Music for Others argues that music is ethical when it preserves people in and restores people to just relationships with each other, and thereby with God.
Different Memories, Different Worlds
Authors: Wertsch James V. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The chapter begins with an illustration of a “mnemonic standoff” between the author and Vitya, a Soviet friend from the 1970s, over the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. The two are stunned that they had such different accounts of “what really happened,” and this leads to three general questions: 1. How is it that there can be such strong disagreement between entire national communities about the past? 2. Why were Vitya and I so certain that our accounts of the events in 1945 were true? 3. What deeper, more general commitments of a national community led to the tenacity with which we held our views? The remaining sections of the chapter address why national memory, as opposed to other forms of collective memory, deserves special attention, what a “narrative approach” to national memory is, and how disciplinary collaboration is required to deal with such questions. It then turns to three illustrations that help clarify the conceptual claims. The first involves American and Russian national memory of World War II, the second focuses on differences between Chinese and American memory of the bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade in 1999, and the third examines how Russian national memory is used as a lens for interpreting contemporary events in Russia and Georgia. Final sections of the chapter introduce the notion of narratives as “equipment for living” in national memory.
Selectivity and Emplotment in National Memory
Authors: Wertsch James V. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses how narrative tools serve to select and neglect information in national memory. This view contrasts with standard assumptions about how the process is primarily a matter of top-down coercion by state authorities. Instead, it is argued that all parties in a national community, including state authorities, do their thinking and speaking with the help of narrative tools, giving an essential role to bottom-up cultural and psychological forces. The section “Resources for Selectivity in National Memory” examines selecting events and actors in accordance with what Zerubavel terms “mnemonic focusing.” In the USSR this often involved “blank spots” where events were airbrushed from official memory. Official Soviet accounts of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact are used to illustrate that even suppressing concrete details in a specific memory may do little to change the underlying narrative template of a national community. “Privileged event narratives” (PENs) represent a combination of a specific narrative and narrative template that yields a powerful lens through which events are remembered. For Russians, World War II is a PEN that is used to interpret many events, whereas for the Chinese the Century of Humiliation is a PEN. Finally, evidence from a survey study of “Selective Memory and National Narcissism” in connection with World War II is presented. This study involved 11 nations and reveals surprising findings about how Russian national memory contrasts with that of virtually every other nation. This may reflect the power of Hollywood and American culture of memory more generally.
Introduction
Authors: Banner Stuart 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This book is about a fundamental change in American legal thought that took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Before the change, natural law played an important role in our legal system. Lawyers believed that human affairs were governed in significant part by laws of nature, laws that could be discovered in much the same way as the natural laws governing the nonhuman realm. After the change, lawyers believed that all the rules of the legal system are created by humans. This book will explain the functions natural law performed, why lawyers stopped using it, and how those functions came to be performed once natural law was no longer a component of the legal system.
Double-Ventriloquism andAegyoinOverwatch
Authors: Dunkel William , Trammell Aaron 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter considers how South Korean identity is represented in the online video game Overwatch through a close reading of the character D.Va. The term “double-ventriloquism” is proposed to explain the simultaneous representation of South Korean youth culture and an assumed North American player within D.Va’s vocal utterances. Through the combination of the audio generated by the game engine and the actions of the player, D.Va communicates messages of instruction, cheer, and defeat. Speaking through action and flavor dialogue, D.Va becomes recognizable as a sexy, cute, young, and techno-forward character whose character and persona the player audience connects with. However, they remain ignorant of the combined corporate and political interests of the creators. This chapter argues that, through “double ventriloquism,” D.Va manifests both North American game company Blizzard Entertainment’s (which owns Overwatch) financial interest and the South Korean state’s interest in exporting Korean cool to an American audience.”
“You’re the Puppet”
Authors: Kessler Sarah 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn primetime US political discourse, across liberal and conservative outlets alike, accusations of puppetry and ventriloquism proliferate. Despite invoking an anachronism, the ventriloquial metaphor furnishes a reliable means of discrediting presidential candidates and presidents-elect by conjuring the figure of the dummy who speaks in a voice not his own. At the same time, the presidential voice’s constant mediation invites material comparisons to the channeling of voices through dummy and human bodies practiced in stage ventriloquism. This chapter examines how technologies of the voice, from microphones to speech aids such as earpieces and teleprompters, have figured into popular framings of the last three US presidents as speaking puppets, arguing that bipartisan charges of ventriloquism reflect twinned national-cultural anxieties about the voice’s constitutive mediation and power’s constitutive decentralization in late capitalism. Through analyses of liberal speculations about George W. Bush’s use of listening devices, conservative claims about Barack Obama’s dependence on teleprompters, and bipartisan responses to Donald Trump’s self-presentation as a leader whose mediated voice remains perpetually unfiltered, the chapter proposes a new theory of the politics of voice that acknowledges the voice’s technicity and power’s distribution.
Square pianos and piano-organs
Authors: Adelson Robert 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Today the word ‘piano’ connotes a large instrument with a powerful sonority, capable of doing battle with an entire orchestra in a romantic concerto. There are various features of the modern piano responsible for this image, including a case with a long wing shape reinforced by a cast iron frame, and the high degree of string tension that this frame makes possible. None of these features were present on pianos in eighteenth-century France, where the most common model was the rectangular-shaped piano carré (square piano), whose sound was scarcely more powerful than that of a harp. Before the French Revolution, the Erard firm produced square pianos and hybrid piano-organs. During this period, the Erards strengthened their ties with the French court, which resulted in several exceptional instruments made for Marie-Antoinette.
Harps, the Revolution, and London
Authors: Adelson Robert 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
For the Erard firm, the late 1780s was not only a fecund period for the manufacture of square pianos and piano-organs; it was also the time when Sébastien Erard launched his career as a harp maker. Over the course of his career Sébastien would become as innovative in harp manufacture as he was for the piano: his mechanism of forked discs and his system of double action are still at the basis of today’s models. However, Sébastien embarked upon harp building at the worst possible moment: the French Revolution would prove so disruptive for his new endeavour that he would be obliged to take the drastic step of opening a new branch in London. For this reason, harps, the Revolution, and the London enterprise are inextricably linked in the history of the Erard firm.
Gifts for Haydn, Beethoven, and many others
Authors: Adelson Robert 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
At the same time that Erard grand pianos were gaining a foothold in France, they were also finding enthusiasts abroad, even in places where there were established local builders. The Erards shipped grand pianos to both Haydn and Beethoven, instruments that would have an important influence on foreign piano building and piano music. Beethoven’s Erard piano in particular influenced numerous works he composed in the following years. The circumstances surrounding Beethoven’s acquisition of his Erard piano have been the subject of much debate among musicologists. Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it had been thought that Beethoven received the piano as a gift in recognition of his international stature as a composer, as had presumably been the case for Haydn. More recently, it has been argued that the Erard ledgers prove that Beethoven, then a little-known and largely unappreciated composer in France, ordered the piano from Erard, but never paid for it. A closer reading of the Erard ledgers, however, reveals that the piano was indeed a gift from the Erards to Beethoven, although perhaps not for the reasons that had previously been assumed.
Family strains and secrets
Authors: Adelson Robert 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
During the years following the invention of the double-escapement action, Sébastien became too ill to manage the operations of the firm. With Sébastien indisposed, Jean-Baptiste took a more active role in the inventive work, and in particular with refinements to the double escapement action. Jean-Baptiste’s death in 1826, however, left Sébastien and Pierre deeply uneasy about the future of their family enterprise. Pierre understood that in order to ensure the perennity of the Erard firm he needed a successor, because the workers trained at the London branch would not necessarily be as motivated as would an Erard family member to invest their efforts and capital in the firm. Since Sébastien remained single, and Céleste childless and in any case living in Berlin, far from the family enterprise, Pierre would have certainly felt pressure to marry and found a family. However, Pierre’s homosexuality, kept secret from his family and only recently discovered, made marriage and the subsequent transmission of the family enterprise to a potential heir problematic. When Pierre returned to Paris after his father’s death, he came to the realisation that his father had been a poor manager who left the firm in a disastrous financial state. As a result, Sébastien threatened to close the Paris branch, but in the end maintained it while making drastic reductions in the workforce.
Afterword
Authors: Adelson Robert 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In December 2018, Queen Elizabeth II recorded her annual televised Christmas broadcast while seated in front of an astonishingly ornate Erard piano purchased by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert from the London branch of the firm in 1856. The piano immediately became a symbol of excess and luxury in a time of social turmoil. The ‘gold piano affair’ reminds us that Erard pianos are more than just beautiful objects. They are musical instruments that can evoke a lost sound world. They are artefacts that carry traces of a rich history of creativity and inventiveness and the patronage that made such innovation possible. They are relics that remind us of the musicians who played them and who composed for them. And they are also precious reminders of one exceptional family and their passion for the piano.
Rhetorical Economy in Augustine's Theology
Authors: Gronewoller Brian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Augustine of Hippo (AD 354–430) studied and taught rhetoric for nearly two decades until, at the age of thirty-one, he left his position as professor of rhetoric in Milan to embark upon his new life as a Christian. But this was not a clean break. Previous scholarship has done much to show us that Augustine integrated rhetorical ideas about texts and speeches into his thought on homiletics, the formation of arguments, and scriptural interpretation. Over the past few decades a new movement among scholars has begun to show that Augustine also carried rhetorical concepts into areas of his thought that were beyond the typical purview of the rhetorical handbooks. This study contributes to this new movement by providing a detailed examination of Augustine’s use of the rhetorical concept of economy in his theologies of creation, history, and evil, in order to gain insights into these fundamental aspects of his thought. Ultimately, this book finds that Augustine used rhetorical economy as the logic by which he explained a multitude of tensions within, and answered various challenges to, these three areas of his thought as well as others with which they intersect—including his understandings of providence, divine activity, and divine order.
Augustine’s Use of Rhetorical Economy in His Theology of Creation
Authors: Gronewoller Brian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapters 3–5 form a second unit (Part II) which provides insights into fundamental aspects of Augustine’s thought by demonstrating and analyzing his use of rhetorical economy in his theology of creation, his theology of history, and his theodicy. In Chapter 3 close readings of On Genesis against the Manichaeans 1.21.32 and Sermon 29D.4–7 reveal that Augustine utilizes rhetorical economy as the logic by which he justifies his positions on the goodness of all creation and God’s providence over all human affairs against seeming counterevidence from daily life presented by his opponents. An analysis of On Order 1.7.18 then indicates that Augustine’s utilization of rhetorical economy in his theology of creation derives from his integration of rhetorical economy into the heart of his concept of order.
Augustine’s Use of Rhetorical Economy in his Theodicy
Authors: Gronewoller Brian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 demonstrates that Augustine utilizes rhetorical economy to explain God’s providence over that which does not come from God—evil. The first section provides a reading of On Genesis against the Manichaeans 1.3.5 which indicates that part of Augustine’s solution—the separation between the acts of creating and arranging—is a logical separation based upon the first two principal parts of rhetoric, invention (inuentio) and arrangement (dispositio). The second section then argues, by means of a close reading of On Free Choice 3.9.27, that Augustine utilizes rhetorical economy as the logic by which he explains how God’s providence harmonizes with the source of sin, free will, by defining God’s providence according to the divine activity of arrangement rather than production.
Sebastian Castellio’s Liberal Challenge
Authors: Bruening Michael W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Sebastian Castellio presented to French-speaking Protestants a vision of Christianity fundamentally different from that of Calvin. His vision was based on a belief in the opacity of Scripture and thus the temporary, provisional nature of any claims to religious truth. This need for doubt in Christianity led Castellio to his famous opposition to religious persecution and to his praise of reason as the ultimate arbiter in questions of religious truth. Castellio’s opposition to religious persecution emerged most strongly in his criticism of the execution of Michael Servetus, but he continued for the rest of his career to fight with Calvin and Theodore Beza over that issue, as well as others, such as biblical interpretation, predestination, and justification. Unlike recent studies that have downplayed Castellio’s role as a forerunner of liberal Protestantism, this book argues that he should, in fact, be viewed as such.
Introduction
Authors: Cohn Margit 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The introduction to the book offers a short overview of the contents of the book. This book is a treatise on the executive branch, which addresses, theoretically and comparatively, the nature of the executive as a body that is the dominant player in the public and political sphere but is also required, under the separation of powers principle, to be subservient to the law made by legislature according to the constitution of a polity. Three arguments are made in the book. First, to grasp the nature of executive power, one should reject hierarchic accounts of the public sphere: searches for the wielder of the final word should be replaced by a model which rests on networks and inter-branch tensions. Secondly, under this ‘internal tension’ vision of constitutionalism, the executive branch is to be considered as concurrently subservient to law and dominant over it. Finally, much of public law is shaped in ways that enable this seeming contradiction. The thirteen forms of ‘fuzzy’ law presented in the book, generated by constitutions, legislators, and executives, enable the executive to act relatively unfettered without losing the legitimacy arising from the existence of formal law, which, in effect, sets limited constraints on executive action. Ranging from open-ended or semi-written constitutions to unapplied legislation, these forms of legality span both constitutional and administrative aspects of public law. The introduction briefly discusses the structure of the book, which is divided into four parts.