bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sludge
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. 
Published: September 2021

How we became so burdened by red tape and unnecessary paperwork, and why we must do better.
We've all had to fight our way through administrative sludge—filling out complicated online forms, mailing in paperwork, standing in line at the motor vehicle registry. This kind of red tape is a nuisance, but, as Cass Sunstein shows in Sludge, it can also impair health, reduce growth, entrench poverty, and exacerbate inequality. Confronted by sludge, people just give up—and lose a promised outcome: a visa, a job, a permit, an educational opportunity, necessary medical help. In this lively and entertaining look at the terribleness of sludge, Sunstein explains what we can do to reduce it.
Because of sludge, Sunstein explains, too many people don't receive benefits to which they are entitled. Sludge even prevents many people from exercising their constitutional rights—when, for example, barriers to voting in an election are too high. (A Sludge Reduction Act would be a Voting Rights Act.) Sunstein takes readers on a tour of the not-so-wonderful world of sludge, describes justifications for certain kinds of sludge, and proposes “Sludge Audits” as a way to measure the effects of sludge. On balance, Sunstein argues, sludge infringes on human dignity, making people feel that their time and even their lives don't matter. We must do better.
Health and Wellness Literacy Initiatives for Immigrant Populations Delivered Through Faith-Based Entities
Authors: Genereux Olivia , Chowdhury Nashit , Khalid Ayisha , Turin Tanvir C. 
Published: September 2021

Background: Health literacy has been shown to be low among immigrant populations globally, leading to limited ability to locate, access and use health information. Religious entities are often the initial contact for many immigrants regarding health and social supports, there are a lack of knowledge about how initiatives to improve health literacy of the immigrant population may be offered through faith-based entities. The objective of this proposed scoping review is to identify available evidence on health literacy initiatives delivered through faith-based entities for immigrant populations.
Methods/Design: Using a scoping review framework we will complete a comprehensive search of relevant keywords in major academic and grey literature databases. Eligible articles will be identified through screening by two independent reviewers according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria to include articles relevant to our research question. Selected articles will be charted into data extraction tables for analysis, synthesis and presentation of narrative description and visual graphics.
Discussion: This scoping review will identify and assess existing health literacy initiatives delivered through faith-based entities to improve health literacy of immigrant communities. This review will inform which initiatives are commonly practiced, and which immigrant groups are most benefitted from and can potentially be benefitted. It will also describe how to conduct those initiatives and what resources are needed and identify the stakeholders of such initiatives those needed to be engaged with to conduct a successful and acceptable program. The challenges and facilitators of those initiatives will also be identified.
3D/2D Perovskite Single Crystals Heterojunction for Suppressed Ions Migration in Hard X‐Ray Detection
Authors: He Yuhong , Pan Wanting , Guo Chunjie , Zhang Huimao , Wei Haotong , Yang Bai 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHalide perovskites exhibit diverse properties depending on their compositions. However, integrating desired properties into one material is still challenging. Here, a facile solution‐processed epitaxial growth method to grow 2D perovskite single crystal on top of 3D perovskite single crystal, which can passivate the surface defects for improved device performance is reported. Short formamidine (FA+) ions are replaced by long organic cations, which can fully align and cover the single crystal surface to prevent the ions migration or short FA+ ions volatilization. The thickness of epitaxial layer can be finely adjusted by controlling the growth time. The defect density of single crystals heterojunction is only 3.18 × 109 cm−3, and the carrier mobility is 80.43 cm2 V−1 s−1, which is greater than that of the control 3D perovskite single crystal. This study for the first time realized large area 3D/2D perovskite single crystals heterojunction, which suppressed ions migration and exhibited advanced performance in hard X‐rays detection applications. This strategy also provides a way to grow large area 2D perovskite single crystal from solution processes.
Boosting Photothermal Theranostics via TICT and Molecular Motions for Photohyperthermia Therapy of Muscle‐Invasive Bladder Cancer
Authors: Zeng Sheng , Gao Heqi , Li Chuang , Xing Shaoqiang , Xu Zhaoliang , Liu Qian , Feng Guangxue , Ding Dan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe development of photothermal agents with high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) can help to reduce drug and laser dosage, but still remains a big challenge. Herein, a novel approach is reported to design photothermal agents with high PCE values by promoting nonradiative heat generation processes through the cooperation of twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) and molecular motions. Within the designed molecule 2DMTT‐BBTD, the tetraphenylethenes act as molecular rotors, the long alkyl chain grafted thiophene helps to twist the molecular geometry to facilitate TICT state formation and preserve molecular motions in aggregate, while the strong electron‐withdrawing BBTD unit enhances TICT effect. 2DMTT‐BBTD exhibits NIR‐absorption and a high PCE value of 74.8% under 808 nm laser irradiation. Gambogic acid (GA) which surmounts tumor cell thermotolerance by inhibiting heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) expression is coloaded into the nanoparticles, RGD peptide is further introduced to the nanoparticle surface to improve tumor accumulation. The resultant nanoparticles facilitate the effective low‐temperature hyperthermia therapy of muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) with minimal damage to surrounding heathy tissues. This work delivers a new design concept for development of highly efficient photothermal agents, which also provides a safer approach for noninvasive treatment of MIBC and other malignant tumors.
Mechanotopography‐Driven Design of Dispersible Nanofiber‐Laden Hydrogel as a 3D Cell Culture Platform for Investigating Tissue Fibrosis
Authors: Kim Suntae , Choi Cholong , Cha Chaenyung 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFibrosis is one of the most frequent occurrences during one's lifetime, identified by various physiological changes including, most notably, excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Despite its physiological importance, it is still a significant challenge to conduct a systematic investigation of tissue fibrosis, mainly due to the lack of in vitro 3D tissue model that can accurately portray the characteristic features of fibrotic events. Herein, a hybrid hydrogel system incorporating dispersible nanofibers is developed to emulate highly collagenous deposits formed within a fibrotic tissue leading to altered mechanotopographical properties. Micrometer‐length, aqueous‐stable nanofibers consisting of crosslinked gelatin network embedded with graphene oxide (GO) or reduced graphene (rGO) are infused into hydrogel, resulting in controllable mechanotopographical properties while maintaining permeability sufficiently enough for various cellular activities. Ultimately, the ability to induce fibrotic behavior of fibroblasts cultured in these mechanotopography‐controlled, nanofiber‐laden hydrogels is investigated in detail.
Crystal Facet‐Controlled Efficient SnS Photocathodes for High Performance Bias‐Free Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Lee Hyungsoo , Yang Jin Wook , Tan Jeiwan , Park Jaemin , Shim Sang Gi , Park Young Sun , Yun Juwon , Kim Kyungmin , Jang Ho Won , Moon Jooho 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTo achieve a high solar‐to‐hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency, delicate strategies toward high photocurrent together with sufficient onset potential should be developed. Herein, an SnS semiconductor is reported as a high‐performance photocathode. Use of proper sulfur precursor having weak dipole moment allows to obtain high‐quality dense SnS nanoplates with enlarged favorable crystallographic facet, while suppressing inevitable anisotropic growth. Furthermore, the introducing Ga2O3 layer between SnS and TiO2 in SnS photocathodes efficiently improves the charge transport kinetics without charge trapping. The SnS photocathode reveals the highest photocurrent density of 28 mA cm−2 at 0 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode. Overall solar water splitting is demonstrated for the first time by combining the optimized SnS photocathode with a Mo:BiVO4 photoanode, achieving a STH efficiency of 1.7% and long‐term stability of 24 h. High performance and low‐cost SnS photocathode represent a promising new material in the field of photoelectrochemical solar water splitting.
Impact of an acute geriatric outreach service to residential aged care facilities on hospital admissions
Authors: Dai Jun , Liu Frank , Irwanto Deni , Kumar Manoj , Tiwari Nabaraj , Chen Jack , Xu Yinghua , Smith Matthew , Chan Daniel KY 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionResidential aged care facility (RACF) residents frequently present to the emergency department (ED) and are often admitted to hospital. Some presentations and admissions may be avoidable. In 2013, Bankstown‐Lidcombe Hospital introduced a subacute geriatric outreach service (SGOS), which had little impact on reducing ED presentations. In 2015, Bankstown‐Lidcombe Hospital introduced an acute geriatric outreach service (AGOS), a geriatrician‐led team that assesses and treats acutely unwell patients in RACFs. We aim to determine whether the AGOS reduces the risk of hospital admission for RACF residents.MethodsHospital admissions data from 2010 to 2019 were used to conduct an interrupted time series (ITS) analysis. AGOS activity data were also summarized.ResultsThe average number of admissions from RACF per month declined from 42.8 during the SGOS period to 27.1 during the AGOS period. The difference of 15.7 admissions from RACF per month was statistically significant (95% CI 12.1–19.2; P < .001). After the introduction of the AGOS, the risk of admission to our geriatric department from RACFs was reduced by 36.1% (incidence rate ratio =0.64; 95% CI: 0.58–0.71; P < .001) compared to the SGOS period, adjusting for seasonality.DiscussionThe AGOS probably reduced the risk of hospital admission for RACF residents.
Suicide mortality rates in farm‐related occupations and the agriculture industry in the United States
Authors: Arif Ahmed A. , Adeyemi Oluwaseun , Laditka Sarah B. , Laditka James N. , Borders Tyrone 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundStudies suggest that agricultural workers and rural residents may have an elevated suicide risk. However, suicide is relatively rare, and rural and farming populations have significantly declined, limiting their representation in national surveys. Many studies have inadequate samples for meaningful analysis.MethodsWe pooled 29 years of data from the Mortality‐Linked National Health Interview Survey, 1986–2014, then measured suicide mortality in groups including agriculture workers, and variation in suicide across rural and urban areas. Exposure variables indicated whether participants worked in a farm‐related occupation or industry, or lived in a rural area. We used survey‐weighted Poisson regression to estimate suicide mortality rates and rate ratios.ResultsAge‐adjusted suicide mortality rate per 100,000 was: 22.3 for farmers and farm managers; 21.6 for farmworkers; 28.7 in farming, forestry, and fishing; 15.3 across all other occupations; 16.1 among rural residents. Among farmworkers, age‐adjusted rates were 28.3 in rural areas, 17.1 in urban areas (not significantly different). The age‐adjusted suicide mortality rate ratio (RR) comparing workers in the agriculture, forestry, and fishery industries to those in all other industries was 1.34 (95% confidence interval, [CI]: 1.05–1.72) (not statistically significant after further adjustment for demographic characteristics). Age‐adjusted results were consistent with a higher suicide risk for workers in forestry and fishing than in all other occupations (RR: 1.88, 95% CI: 0.79–4.46).ConclusionWorkers in agriculture, forestry, and fishing may have an elevated suicide risk. National surveys should consider oversampling of rural residents, who have increased morbidity and mortality risks.
Medical and nursing home costs: From cognitively unimpaired through dementia
Authors: Long Kirsten Hall , Smith Carin , Petersen Ronald , Emerson Jane , Ransom Jeanine , Mielke Michelle M. , Hass Steven , Leibson Cynthia 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionEfforts to model the cost‐effectiveness of managing/modifying cognitive impairment lack reliable, objective, baseline medical, and nursing‐home (NH) costs.MethodsA stratified‐random sample of Olmsted County, MN, residents ages 70–89 years (N = 3545), well‐characterized as cognitively unimpaired, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or dementia, were followed forward ≤1 year in provider‐linked billing data and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services NH assessments. Direct medical/nursing home/medical + NH costs were estimated. Costs were stratified by vital status and NH‐use intensity (NH days/follow‐up days [0%, 1% to 24%, 25% to 99%, and 100%]). Between‐category mean‐annual cost differences were adjusted for patient characteristics and follow‐up days.ResultsCosts/follow‐up day distributions differed significantly across cognitive categories. Mean costs/follow‐up days were 2.5 to 18 times higher for decedents versus survivors. Among all persons with MCI, <9% with any NH use accounted for 18% of all total annual medical + NH costs. Adjusted‐between‐category comparisons revealed significantly higher medical and medical + NH costs for MCI versus cognitively unimpaired.DiscussionCost‐effectiveness for managing/modifying both MCI and dementia should consider end‐of‐life costs and NH‐use intensity. Results can help inform cost‐effectiveness models, predict future‐care needs, and aid decision‐making by individuals/providers/payers/policymakers.
Epigenomic features related to microglia are associated with attenuated effect ofAPOEε4 on Alzheimer's disease risk in humans
Authors: Ma Yiyi , Yu Lei , Olah Marta , Smith Rebecca , Oatman Stephanie R. , Allen Mariet , Pishva Ehsan , Zhang Bin , Menon Vilas , Ertekin‐Taner Nilüfer , Lunnon Katie , Bennett David A. , Klein Hans‐Ulrich , De Jager Philip L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNot all apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriers who survive to advanced age develop Alzheimer's disease (AD); factors attenuating the risk of ε4 on AD may exist. Guided by the top ε4‐attenuating signals from methylome‐wide association analyses (N = 572, ε4+ and ε4–) of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques, we conducted a meta‐analysis for pathological AD within the ε4+ subgroups (N = 235) across four independent collections of brains. Cortical RNA‐seq and microglial morphology measurements were used in functional analyses. Three out of the four significant CpG dinucleotides were captured by one principal component (PC1), which interacts with ε4 on AD, and is associated with expression of innate immune genes and activated microglia. In ε4 carriers, reduction in each unit of PC1 attenuated the odds of AD by 58% (odds ratio = 2.39, 95% confidence interval = [1.64,3.46],P = 7.08 × 10–6). An epigenomic factor associated with a reduced proportion of activated microglia (epigenomic factor of activated microglia, EFAM) appears to attenuate the risk of ε4 on AD.
Associations among vascular risk factors, neuroimaging biomarkers, and cognition: Preliminary analyses from the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Authors: Lockhart Samuel N. , Schaich Christopher L. , Craft Suzanne , Sachs Bonnie C. , Rapp Stephen R. , Jung Youngkyoo , Whitlow Christopher T. , Solingapuram Sai Kiran Kumar , Cleveland Maryjo , Williams Benjamin J. , Burke Gregory L. , Bertoni Alain , Hayden Kathleen M. , Hughes Timothy M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionLittle is known about how antecedent vascular risk factor (VRF) profiles impact late‐life brain health.MethodsWe examined baseline VRFs, and cognitive testing and neuroimaging measures (β‐amyloid [Aβ] PET, MRI) in a diverse longitudinal cohort (N = 159; 50% African‐American, 50% White) from Wake Forest's Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Core.ResultsAfrican‐Americans exhibited greater baseline Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia (CAIDE), Framingham stroke risk profile (FSRP), and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk estimate (ASCVD) scores than Whites. We observed no significant racial differences in Aβ positivity, cortical thickness, or white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume. Higher baseline VRF scores were associated with lower cortical thickness and greater WMH volume, and FSRP and CAIDE were associated with Aβ. Aβ was cross‐sectionally associated with cognition, and all imaging biomarkers were associated with greater 6‐year cognitive decline.DiscussionResults suggest the convergence of multiple vascular and Alzheimer's processes underlying neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
Cognitive decline as an outcome and marker of progression toward dementia, in early preventive trials
Authors: Mura Thibault , Coley Nicola , Amieva Hélène , Berr Claudine , Gabelle Audrey , Ousset Pierre‐Jean , Vellas Bruno , Andrieu Sandrine ,   for the GuidAge/DSA study group*
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionRecent Food and Drug Administration guidance endorses cognitive assessment as a possible primary endpoint for early trials for Alzheimer's disease but emphasizes the need for certainty regarding the relationship with progression to dementia.MethodsWe compared the validity of the 2‐year change (Y0–Y2) of 11 markers of neuropsychological and functional abilities for the prediction of incident dementia over the following 3 years (Y2–Y5), in 860 subjects aged 70 years or older, who consulted for memory loss and were included in the “GuidAge” prevention trial.ResultsThe Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test–Free Recall (FCSRT‐FR) score showed the most predictive 2‐year change (area under the curve = 0.72 95% confidence interval = 0.64;0.81). Changes in other subscores of the FCSRT, verbal fluencies tasks, and composite cognitive score were also significantly predictive. Conversely, 2‐year change of Mini‐Mental State Examination, Trail Making test (TMT)‐A, TMT‐B, Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes, and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scores did not significantly predict occurrence of dementia.ConclusionThe FCSRT, the Fluency Task, and the composite cognitive score appear to be good cognitive markers of progression toward dementia in early prevention trials.
Association between Alzheimer's disease and risk of cancer: A retrospective cohort study in Shanghai, China
Authors: Ren Ru‐Jing , Huang Qiang , Xu Gang , Gu Kai , Dammer Eric B. , Wang Chun‐Fang , Xie Xin‐Yi , Chen Wen , Shao Zhen‐Yi , Chen Sheng‐Di , Wang Gang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionWe investigated the association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the risk of cancer in the Chinese population.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between AD and the risk of various cancers, as shown by hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsOf 8097 AD patients, the HR for all subsequent cancers was 0.822 (95% CI, 0.728‐0.928; P = .002). Among them, three specific cancers were associated with AD: lung cancer (HR, 0.656; 95% CI, 0.494‐ 0.871; P = .004), prostate and testicular cancer (HR, 0.414; 95% CI, 0.202‐0.847; P = .016), and lymphoma (HR, 2.202; 95% CI, 1.005‐4.826; P = .049).ConclusionPatients with AD might have a lower chance of developing several cancers, including lung cancer and prostate and testicular cancer. Meanwhile, a positive association between AD and a higher incident rate of lymphoma was observed.
Why the cognitive “fountain of youth” may be upstream: Pathways to dementia risk and resilience through social connectedness
Authors: Perry Brea L. , McConnell Will R. , Coleman Max E. , Roth Adam R. , Peng Siyun , Apostolova Liana G. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractResearch suggests social connectedness may help older adults with dementia maintain cognitive functionality and quality of life. However, little is known about its specific social and biological mechanisms. This paper proposes two pathways through social bridging (i.e., cognitive enrichment through expansive social networks) and bonding (i.e., neuroendocrine benefits of integration in cohesive social networks). We provide preliminary evidence for these pathways using neuroimaging, cognitive, and egocentric social network data from the Social Networks and Alzheimer's Disease (SNAD) study (N = 280). We found that network size, density, and presence of weak ties (i.e., social bridging) moderated the association between brain atrophy and cognitive function, while marriage/cohabitation (i.e., social bonding) moderated the association between perceived stress and cognitive function. We argue that social connectedness may have downstream implications for multiple pathophysiological processes in cognitive aging, even negating existing structural damage to the brain, making it a strong candidate for clinical or policy intervention.
Decoding perineuronal net glycan sulfation patterns in the Alzheimer's disease brain
Authors: Logsdon Aric F. , Francis Kendra L. , Richardson Nicole E. , Hu Shannon J. , Faber Chelsea L. , Phan Bao Anh , Nguyen Vy , Setthavongsack Naly , Banks William A. , Woltjer Randy L. , Keene C. Dirk , Latimer Caitlin S. , Schwartz Michael W. , Scarlett Jarrad M. , Alonge Kimberly M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain comprises unique glycan “sulfation codes” that influence neurological function. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are chondroitin sulfate‐glycosaminoglycan (CS‐GAG) containing matrices that enmesh neural networks involved in memory and cognition, and loss of PNN matrices is reported in patients with neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS), we show that patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD‐related dementia undergo a re‐coding of their PNN‐associated CS‐GAGs that correlates to Braak stage progression, hyperphosphorylated tau (p‐tau) accumulation, and cognitive impairment. As these CS‐GAG sulfation changes are detectable prior to the regional onset of classical AD pathology, they may contribute to the initiation and/or progression of the underlying degenerative processes and implicate the brain matrix sulfation code as a key player in the development of AD clinicopathology.