bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructural Changes in the Left Mesocorticolimbic Pathway are Associated with the Comorbid Development of Fatigue and Depression in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Palotai Miklos , Small Catherine , Makris Nikolaos , Somes Nathaniel G. , Pinzon Alfredo Morales , Rathi Yogesh , Marzullo Aldo , Levitt James J. , Bakshi Rohit , Chitnis Tanuja , Guttmann Charles R. G. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSELower reward responsiveness has been associated with fatigue in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, association of MS‐related fatigue with damage to the mesocorticolimbic reward pathway (superolateral medial forebrain bundle [slMFB]) has not been assessed. We investigated the association of fatigue and depression with slMFB damage in MS patients stratified based on longitudinal fatigue patterns.METHODSPatient stratification: 1. Sustained Fatigue (SF): latest two Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) ≥ 38 (n = 26); 2. Reversible Fatigue (RF): latest MFIS < 38, and at least one previous MFIS ≥ 38 (n = 25); 3. Never Fatigued (NF): ≥ 5 consecutive MFIS < 38 (n = 42); 4. Healthy Controls (n = 6). Diffusion MRI‐derived measures of fractional anisotropy (FA), axial (AD), mean (MD), and radial diffusivity (RD) of the slMFB were compared between the groups. Depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression Scale (CES‐D).RESULTSDepressed (CES‐D ≥ 16) SF patients showed significantly higher MD and RD than nondepressed SF and RF, and depressed RF patients, and significantly lower FA than nondepressed SF and depressed RF patients in their left slMFB. Depressed SF patients showed significantly higher left slMFB MD and AD than healthy controls.CONCLUSIONMicrostructural changes to the left slMFB may play a role in the comorbid development of fatigue and depression in MS.
Robust stability of melatonin circadian phase, sleep metrics, and chronotype across months in young adults living in real‐world settings
Authors: McHill Andrew W. , Sano Akane , Hilditch Cassie J. , Barger Laura K. , Czeisler Charles A. , Picard Rosalind , Klerman Elizabeth B. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAppropriate synchronization of the timing of behaviors with the circadian clock and adequate sleep are both important for almost every physiological process. The timing of the circadian clock relative to social (ie, local) clock time and the timing of sleep can vary greatly among individuals. Whether the timing of these processes is stable within an individual is not well‐understood. We examined the stability of circadian‐controlled melatonin timing, sleep timing, and their interaction across ~ 100 days in 15 students at a single university. At three time points ~ 35‐days apart, circadian timing was determined from the dim‐light melatonin onset (DLMO). Sleep behaviors (timing and duration) and chronotype (ie, mid‐sleep time on free days corrected for sleep loss on school/work days) were determined via actigraphy and analyzed in ~ 1‐month bins. Melatonin timing was stable, with an almost perfect relationship strength as determined via intraclass correlation coefficients ([ICC]=0.85); average DLMO timing across all participants only changed from the first month by 21 minutes in month 2 and 5 minutes in month 3. Sleep behaviors also demonstrated high stability, with ICC relationship strengths ranging from substantial to almost perfect (ICCs = 0.65‐0.85). Average DLMO was significantly associated with average chronotype (r2 = 0.53, P <.01), with chronotype displaying substantial stability across months (ICC = 0.61). These findings of a robust stability in melatonin timing and sleep behaviors in young adults living in real‐world settings holds promise for a better understanding of the reliability of previous cross‐sectional reports and for the future individualized strategies to combat circadian‐associated disease and impaired safety (ie, “chronomedicine”).
Photosynthesis and photoprotection characteristics related to ROS production in three Chattonella (Raphidophyceae) species
Authors: Ahumada‐Fierro Norma Valeria , García‐Mendoza Ernesto , Sandoval‐Gil Jose Miguel , Band‐Schmidt Christine Johanna 
Published: February 2021

The toxic potential of Chattonella is associated with a high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Chattonella species can tolerate high irradiance levels but seems not to be efficient in the induction of nonphotochemical chl a fluorescence (NPQ) under light stress conditions. Therefore, we postulated that high ROS production of this microalgal group is related to the lack of effective photoprotection mechanisms. We compared the NPQ induction, xanthophyll cycle interconversion (XC), and the production of the ion superoxide (O2−) in Chattonella marina var. antiqua, Chattonella sp., and C. marina acclimated to 43 (LL) and 300 µmol photons · m2 · s−1 (HL). We also evaluated the photosynthetic characteristics of the three strains. Photosynthesis saturated at relative high irradiances (above 500 µmol photons · m2 · s−1) in LL and HL Chattonella strains. For the first time, we documented the conversion of diadinoxanthin into diatoxanthin in microalgae that have violaxanthin as the major XC carotenoid. The slow NPQ induction indicated that qE (fast component of NPQ) was not present, and this process was related to the interconversion of XC pigments. However, the quenching efficiency (QE) of deepoxidated xanthophylls was low in the three Chattonella strains. The strain with the lowest QE produced the highest amount of a O2−. Therefore, ROS production in Chattonella seems to be related to a low expression of XC‐related thermal PSII dissipation.
A new Cannabis genome assembly associates elevated cannabidiol (CBD) with hemp introgressed into marijuana
Authors: Grassa Christopher J. , Weiblen George D. , Wenger Jonathan P. , Dabney Clemon , Poplawski Shane G. , Timothy Motley S. , Michael Todd P. , Schwartz C. J. 
Published: February 2021

Summary

Demand for cannabidiol (CBD), the predominant cannabinoid in hemp (Cannabis sativa), has favored cultivars producing unprecedented quantities of CBD. We investigated the ancestry of a new cultivar and cannabinoid synthase genes in relation to cannabinoid inheritance.

A nanopore‐based assembly anchored to a high‐resolution linkage map provided a chromosome‐resolved genome for CBDRx, a potent CBD‐type cultivar. We measured cannabinoid synthase expression by cDNA sequencing and conducted a population genetic analysis of diverse Cannabis accessions. Quantitative trait locus mapping of cannabinoids in a hemp × marijuana segregating population was also performed.

Cannabinoid synthase paralogs are arranged in tandem arrays embedded in long terminal repeat retrotransposons on chromosome 7. Although CBDRx is predominantly of marijuana ancestry, the genome has cannabidiolic acid synthase (CBDAS) introgressed from hemp and lacks a complete sequence for tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS). Three additional genomes, including one with complete THCAS, confirmed this genomic structure. Only cannabidiolic acid synthase (CBDAS) was expressed in CBD‐type Cannabis, while both CBDAS and THCAS were expressed in a cultivar with an intermediate tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) : CBD ratio.

Although variation among cannabinoid synthase loci might affect the THC : CBD ratio, variability among cultivars in overall cannabinoid content (potency) was also associated with other chromosomes.
The 3 P’s model enhancing patient safety during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Nathwani Shrina , Rahman Naomi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimThe Local Safety Standards for Invasive Procedures must now consider additional features to address patient and staff safety in light of COVID19.Material and MethodsThe 3 P’s model encompasses an evidence‐based approach to preparation, protection and prevention, for safety of patients and healthcare staff. A literature review was performed (keywords ‘dental’ or ‘dentistry’ and ‘COVID19’ or ‘Coronavirus’ and ‘LocSSIPs’ or ‘Local Safety Standards for Invasive Procedures’). Guidance, institutional publications and original research were considered. Limits were applied (2015 onward, English only).ConclusionThe model ensures a systematic framework to aid communication among colleagues, provide and support the opportunity for learning, implement best practice guidance, monitor effectiveness of protocols and above all reduce the risk of viral transmission.
Detect thy family: Mechanisms, ecology and agricultural aspects of kin recognition in plants
Authors: Anten Niels P. R. , Chen Bin J. W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe phenomenon that organisms can distinguish genetically related individuals from strangers (i.e., kin recognition) and exhibit more cooperative behaviours towards their relatives (i.e., positive kin discrimination) has been documented in a wide variety of organisms. However, its occurrence in plants has been considered only recently. Despite the concerns about some methodologies used to document kin recognition, there is sufficient evidence to state that it exists in plants. Effects of kin recognition go well beyond reducing resource competition between related plants and involve interactions with symbionts (e.g., mycorrhizal networks). Kin recognition thus likely has important implications for evolution of plant traits, diversity of plant populations, ecological networks and community structures. Moreover, as kin selection may result in less competitive traits and thus greater population performance, it holds potential promise for crop breeding. Exploration of these evo‐ecological and agricultural implications requires adequate control and measurements of relatedness, sufficient replication at genotypic level and comprehensive measurements of performance/fitness effects of kin discrimination. The primary questions that need to be answered are: when, where and by how much positive kin discrimination improves population performance.
A two decade long study of disease progression of de novo and recurrent autoimmune hepatitis in the pediatric population
Authors: Hadley Timothy A. , Palle Sirish K. , Venkateswaran Suresh , Abramowsky Carlos , Gillespie Scott , Hall Lori , Kolachala Vasantha L. , Gupta Nitika A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRecurrent autoimmune hepatitis (rAIH) occurs in patients who undergo liver transplantation (LT) for AIH and de novo AIH (dAIH) is seen in patients who are transplanted for etiologies other than AIH. Whether these are distinct diseases with a similar phenotype remains understudied. The aim of this study was to identify clinical and immunologic factors affecting outcome in patients with dAIH and rAIH. A retrospective review of 387 LT patients from 1997 to 2014 was carried out, and they were followed until 2018. Patients with rAIH or dAIH were identified based on the pre‐transplant diagnosis of AIH (or not) and characteristic histology. Liver biopsies were stained with H&E, B‐cell marker CD20, and plasma cell marker CD138. Out of 387 patients, 31 were transplanted for AIH, and 8/31 developed rAIH. Of the remaining 356 patients, eight developed dAIH. Compared to the dAIH group, rAIH occurred in older patients, had an earlier onset in the allograft, and had higher IgG and serum ALT levels. It was most commonly seen in African American (AA) patients (87%). rAIH patients had significantly higher CD20 and CD138 positivity in liver biopsies. In addition, they had increased rejection episodes prior to the onset of recurrence, increased graft loss, and mortality. rAIH is a more aggressive disease, and has a preponderance of B cells and plasma cells in the liver tissue as compared to dAIH. The concurrent association with increased graft loss and patient mortality in rAIH warrants further investigations into B cell‐targeted therapies.
How Bureaucratic Representation Affects Public Organizational Performance: AMeta‐Analysis
Authors: Ding Fangda , Lu Jiahuan , Riccucci Norma M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe impact of representative bureaucracy on public organizational performance has received a good deal of attention in public management. However, the literature provides little systematic rationalization about the effects of the individual constructs of representative bureaucracy on organizational performance. This meta‐analysis of 648 effect sizes from 80 quantitative studies, closely examines the conditions under which bureaucratic representation affects public organizational performance. The research provides evidence on the relationship between different constructs of representative bureaucracy and organizational performance. This meta‐analysis overall advances the theory of representative bureaucracy from several perspectives. It shows that the effects of representative bureaucracy on public organizational performance are positive in general, but that these effects are moderated by several contextual factors. And our finding that the effects of bureaucratic representation on public organizational performance was shaped by demographics and types of representation, levels of bureaucracy, and performance measurements adds to the micro‐theory behind individual bureaucratic actions.
Explicit and implicit measurement of nonsuicidal self‐injury in the prediction of concurrent and prospective self‐injury
Authors: Powers Jeffrey T. , Brausch Amy M. , Muehlenkamp Jennifer J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe relationship between explicit nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) behavior and implicit identification with NSSI is important to understand considering the under‐reported nature of NSSI and the subsequent elevated risk of more severe NSSI. It was expected that implicit assessment of NSSI at baseline would be associated with past‐year NSSI frequency assessed at baseline and that it would more strongly associate with NSSI frequency than self‐reported future likelihood of NSSI at a 6‐month follow‐up.MethodData were collected from 420 young adults (mean age = 19; 83% women, 87% White) with recent NSSI at baseline, and 324 were assessed at 6‐month follow‐up. Participants completed self‐report measures and the Self‐Injury Implicit Association Task (SI‐IAT) at each time point.ResultsBaseline implicit NSSI scores significantly predicted NSSI frequency at baseline but not at 6‐month follow‐up. However, explicit ratings were strongly and significantly associated with future NSSI frequency.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that although implicit identification with oneself and NSSI is important to understand, there are limitations regarding the possible utility of the SI‐IAT in predicting future NSSI engagement and further research is needed to fully understand why NSSI continues to be such a strong predictor of future NSSI behavior, and suicidal ideation and behavior.
Rates of exposure to natural, accidental, and suicide deaths
Authors: Nadorff Michael R. , DeShong Hilary L. , Golding Shea , Cerel Julie , McDaniel Chandler J. , Pate Ashley R. , Kelley Karen , Walgren Maggie D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe expand upon previous research examining the prevalence of exposure to suicide deaths by comparing these to natural and accidental deaths. Furthermore, we examine whether participants are more apt to lie about the cause of death for a suicide than for an accidental or natural death.MethodThe sample consisted of 1,430 respondents who were recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk to complete an online study. Participants completed measures to assess exposure to death, causes of death, and willingness to disclose the cause of death to others.ResultsNearly all respondents (94.5%) had been exposed to a natural death, and most of our sample (63.2%) reported exposure to a suicide death. Among those affected by all three causes of death, RANOVA analysis also indicated that people lied about cause of suicide death to significantly more people than accidental or natural.ConclusionsOverall, the current study presents updated prevalence rates of exposure to various types of death and replicates previous findings of a decrease in willingness to disclose suicides when compared with other causes of death.
Measuring welfare states beyond the three worlds: Refining state‐of‐the‐art tools
Authors: Bolukbasi H. Tolga , Öktem Kerem Gabriel , Savaş Efe 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe past decades saw the expansion of the geography of comparative welfare state research beyond the three worlds embracing a heterogeneous set of mainly middle‐income countries. In response, two leading state‐of‐the‐art tools for measuring welfare states through social rights, Social Citizenship Indicators Program (SCIP) and Comparative Welfare Entitlements Dataset (CWED), integrated many new countries into their datasets. Comparative welfare state research has yet to address the extent to which these measurement tools originally developed for measuring classic welfare states work equally well for measuring welfare states beyond the three worlds. In this article, we explore a number of challenges these datasets face in measuring these new cases. These challenges, we believe, stem from a set of key institutional characteristics widely prevalent in these welfare states. These characteristics are overt and hidden conditionalities, unconventional instruments, informal practices, nature of changes in statutory pension age and labour market characteristics of the representative worker. We propose a set of solutions to refine these datasets for comparing all cases, old and new. We conclude by drawing lessons for comparative research focusing not only on welfare states beyond the three worlds but also on the three worlds themselves.
Mortality, survival and residual injury burden of Royal Navy and Royal Marine combat casualties sustained in 11-years of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Penn-Barwell J , Fries C A , Bennett P M , Midwinter M J , Baker A 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe present eleven years of prospectively-gathered data defining the full spectrum of the United Kingdom’s (UK) Naval Service (Royal Navy and Royal Marines) casualties, and characterise the injury patterns, recovery and residual functional burden from the conflicts of the last decade. The UK Military Trauma Registry was searched for all Naval Service personnel injured between March 2003 and April 2013. These records were then cross-referenced with the records of the Naval Service Medical Board of Survey (NSMBOS), which evaluates injured Naval Service personnel for medical discharge, continued service in a reduced capacity or Return to Full Duty (RTD). Population at risk data was calculated from service records.There were 277 casualties in the study period: 63 (23%) of these were fatalities. Of the 214 survivors, 63 or 29% (23% of total) were medically discharged; 24 or 11% (9% of total) were placed in a reduced fitness category with medical restrictions placed on their continued military service. A total of 127 individuals (46% of the total and 59% of survivors) RTD without any restriction. The greatest number of casualties was sustained in 2007. There was a 3% casualty risk per year of operational service for Naval Service personnel. The most common reason cited by Naval Service Medical Board of Survey (NSMBOS) for medical downgrading or discharge was injury to the lower limb, with upper limb trauma the next most frequent.This study characterises the spectrum of injuries sustained by the Naval Service during recent conflicts with a very high rate of follow-up. Extremity injuries pose the biggest challenge to reconstructive and rehabilitative services striving to maximise the functional outcomes of injured service personnel.
The current thinking on colorectal cancer
Authors: Spreadborough P , Doran C 
Published: February 2021

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer in the UK and the incidence has increased over recent decades. Although only 1.5% of cases are diagnosed in those aged under 40 years, it remains an important condition to be aware of in the military population. Patients who are genetically predisposed can have a lifetime risk of 80-100% of developing CRC and are likely to develop symptoms during their service. 20% of patients will present with metastatic disease. While surgical and oncological treatments have improved outcomes, early diagnosis of CRC is essential to reducing mortality. This paper provides an overview of the aetiology, investigations and treatment options for CRC. Explanation of primary surgical options and the principles of adjuvant therapies are included to aid informed discussions with patients.
Writing your postgraduate dissertation: a basic framework
Authors: Walker S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract This paper provides a basic framework for those embarking upon a postgraduate dissertation. The dissertation experience can offer many opportunities for self and academic development once ethical approval has been obtained. A good dissertation is the result of a sound methodological framework, where some thought has been given to the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative and quantitative methods of inquiry. The research question needs to be given careful consideration so that the aims and objectives of the postgraduate research project are fulfilled.
Femoral Acetabular Impingement: the sex- and agelinked distribution of alpha angles in 146 patients of service age without pre-existing osteoarthritic or other hip pathology
Authors: Heil K M , Wood A M , Penn-Barwell J , Keenan A C M , McKie S 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe use of the alpha angle to help the diagnosis of Femoral Acetabular Impingement (FAI) is common. However, there is currently no standard value available across an asymptomatic pre-arthritic population. We present the first large cohort of Computerised Tomography (CT) based alpha angles in patients with no history of hip pathology, including intra– and interobserver validation. We carried out a retrospective analysis of 73 consecutive individuals (146 hip joints) with ages ranging from 18 to 39 years. The age range 18–39 represents 82.4% of those currently serving in the UK Armed Forces. The cohort was drawn from those patients who had received a CT scan in the Lothian Region between 1 Jan 2011 and 31 Dec 2011 due to abdominal pathology. These patients had their electronic patient record checked to rule out any hip–related problems. The alpha angle of Nötzli was measured on the axial view bilaterally. The mean value for the 18–39 age range was found to be 51.89° for the left hip and 52.53° for the right.Femoral alpha angle is a reproducible measurement for assessing the femoral neck. However, there is wide variability in the alpha angle for patients, irrespective of the presence of symptoms. Our results would suggest that the alpha angle alone should not be used to diagnose FAI in service personnel, as even large angles may be normal.
International mine countermeasures exercise 2013: Role 2 Afloat
Authors: Matthews J J , Heames R M 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn May 2013 a Role 2 Afloat team was deployed on board the Bay-class Landing Ship Dock (Auxiliary) RFA CARDIGAN BAY as part of the US-led Task Force involved in the International Mine Countermeasures Exercise 2013 (IMCMEX 13). This article introduces a series of papers from the various departments that make up the Role 2 Afloat team explaining the make-up of the team and also the overall capability of the team to deliver Role 2 care in the maritime environment.
The surgical aspects of Role 2 Afloat
Authors: Tye S , Carnie R , Chambers R , Doran C M , Matthews J J 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe current configuration of the surgical component of the Role 2 Afloat team is described, including an outline of the equipment available. The lessons learned from a recent exercise, where a Role 2 Afloat team was deployed on RFA CARDIGAN BAY are outlined and expanded, emphasising the difficulties of providing damage control surgery in the maritime environment.