bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance Assessment of Different Turbulence Models for a Dual Jet Flowing Over a Heated Sinusoidal Wavy Surface
Authors: Singh Tej Pratap , Dewan Anupam 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
An enhancement in heat transfer is the key objective in any thermal system where an efficient cooling is needed. This requirement becomes more important for turbulent flow. A turbulent dual jet is associated with entrainment and mixing processes in several applications. This article aims at enhancing the heat transfer rate by utilizing the wavy surface of a heated plate. Heat transfer and flow characteristics are studied using five low Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) turbulence models, namely, Yang and Shih k − ɛ (YS), Launder and Sharma k − ɛ (LS), realizable k − ɛ, renormalization group k − ɛ (RNG), and shear-stress transport k − ω (SST) models. The amplitude of the wavy surface is varied from 0.1 to 0.8 for the number of cycles fixed to 7. The Reynolds number and offset ratio are set to 15,000 and 3, respectively. An isothermal wall condition is used at the wavy wall. An experimental validation has been performed. An enhancement of 55.94% in heat transfer is achieved by the RNG k − ɛ model. Furthermore, it is noticed that the YS model fails to predict the flow separation as the amplitude of the sinusoidal wavy surface increases. However, the SST model reveals that the flow separates when the amplitude increases beyond 0.6. The thermal hydraulic performance (THP) is found to increase for the RNG model by approximately 13.9% for the maximum amplitude considered. As the profiles of the bottom walls change, various turbulence models predict different fluid flow characteristics.
In-Situ Thermal Bridge Evaluation of a Building Using Bayesian Inference With Measured Infrared Thermography
Authors: Kang Eunho , Kim Dongsu , Lee Hyomoon , Yoon Jongho 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Useful thermal bridge performance indicators (ITBs) of existing buildings may differ from calculated thermal bridge performance derived theoretically due to actual construction conditions, such as irregular shapes and aging. To fill this gap practically, a more realistic quantitative evaluation of thermal bridge on-site needs to be considered to identify thermal behaviors throughout exterior walls and thus improve the overall insulation performance of buildings. In this study, a case study is conducted using an infrared thermal imaging method to evaluate the thermal bridge of an existing building practically. The study's main purpose is to review the thermal bridge performance indicators measured by the steady-state model under field conditions in terms of convergence and uncertainty. Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is used to examine the validity of the results by deriving evaluation results in the form of distribution, including uncertainty. After the measurement was completed, an analysis of the results was conducted. As a result of measurement for 3 days, it was found that the thermal bridge part had 1.221 times more heat loss than the non-thermal bridge part, which showed a 6.7% deviation from the numerical method. However, the uncertainty was 0.225 (18.4%, CI 95%), a large figure. This is due to the influence of field conditions and shows the limitations of the steady-state measurement model. Regarding the convergence of the results, the measurement results were found to converge continuously as the measurement time increased. This suggests that valid results can be obtained in the field if the measurement is performed for a sufficient time, even with a thermal bridge measurement method assuming a steady-state.
Trade-Off Study on Economy and Environmental Aspects of a Dual-Fuel Diesel Engine Using Diesel Additive and Producer Gas
Authors: Nayak Chandrakanta , Pattanaik Bhabani Prasanna , Panda Jibitesh Kumar 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Experiments are performed on a diesel engine working in a single-fuel mode using fossil diesel (FD) as well as 5% and 10% (v/v) di-ethyl ether (DEE) additives with FD as fuels as well as in dual-fuel mode using the aforementioned fuels as pilot fuels along with producer gas (PG) as a primary fuel. This study aims to draw comparative analyses of engine combustion, performance, and emission characteristics using the aforementioned fuel combinations to establish the most suitable fuel strategy for a diesel engine. The study revealed greater control over nitric oxide (NO) and smoke opacity in dual-fuel mode compared to single-fuel mode operations. The addition of DEE with FD produced lower hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and comparable NO emissions along with reduced smoke opacity compared to FD in both modes of operation. Furthermore, in a dual-fuel mode operation, the diesel percentage energy substitution (PES) reduced with an increase in the DEE content in the blends. The trade-off study involving engine performance and emissions with respect to the cost of operation revealed that the fuel strategy used in dual-fuel mode operation delivered better engine performance along with reduced NO emission and smoke opacity at lower operational cost compared to all the considered fuel strategy in single-fuel mode operation. Especially, FD + 5% DEE + PG and FD + 10% DEE + PG fuel strategies were found to be the most suitable dual-fuel mode combinations in a diesel engine in terms of their superior engine performance and lower emissions along with better economy.
Consensus on Operating Practices for the Control of Feedwater and Boiler Water Chemistry in Industrial and Institutional Boilers
Authors:   ASME Committee
Published: October 2021

The Water Technology Subcommittee of the ASME Research and Technology Committee on Water and Steam in Thermal Systems, under the leadership of Mr. Robert D. Bartholomew has revised the Consensus on Operating Practices for the Control of Feedwater Boiler Water Chemistry in Modern Industrial Boilers, first published in 1979 with prior revisions published in 1994 and 1998. The task group consisted of a cross section of manufacturers, operators, chemical treatment contractors and consultants involved in the fabrication and operation of industrial and institutional boilers. Members of this group are listed in the acknowledgments.
This current document is an expansion and revision of the original, with reordered and modified texts where considered necessary. While significant revisions have been incorporated, it is recognized that there are areas of operating practice not addressed herein. Additional information is available from the references. It is the plan of the ASME Research Committee to continue to review this information, and revise and reissue this document as necessary to comply with advances in boiler design and water conditioning technology.
Priorities for child health research across the UK and Ireland
Authors: Cathie Katrina , Sutcliffe Alastair G , Bandi Srini , Coghlan David , Turner Stephen W , Powell Colin 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundThe General and Adolescent Paediatric Research Network in the UK and Ireland (GAPRUKI) was established in 2016. The aims of GAPRUKI are to unite general paediatricians around the UK and Ireland, to develop research ideas and protocols, and facilitate delivery of multicentre research.ObjectivesTo undertake a research prioritisation exercise among UK and Ireland general paediatricians.MethodsThis was a four-phase study using a modified Delphi survey. The first phase asked for suggested research priorities. The second phase developed ideas and ranked them in priority. In the third phase, priorities were refined; and the final stage used the Hanlon Prioritisation Process to agree on the highest priorities.ResultsIn phase one, there were 250 questions submitted by 61 GAPRUKI members (66% of the whole membership). For phase two, 92 priorities were scored by 62 members and the mean Likert scale (1–7) scores ranged from 3.13 to 5.77. In a face-to-face meeting (phases three and four), 17 research questions were identified and ultimately 14 priorities were identified and ranked. The four priorities with the highest ranking focused on these three respiratory conditions: asthma, bronchiolitis and acute wheeze. Other priorities were in the diagnosis or management of constipation, urinary tract infection, fever, gastro-oesophageal reflux and also new models of care for scheduled general paediatric clinics.ConclusionResearch priorities for child health in the UK and Ireland have been identified using a robust methodology. The next steps are for studies to be designed and funded to address these priorities.
Is improvement in indicators of women’s empowerment associated with uptake of WHO recommended IPTp-SP levels in sub-Saharan Africa? A multilevel approach
Authors: Ameyaw Edward Kwabena , Njue Carolyne , Amoah Roberta Mensima , Appiah Francis , Baatiema Linus , Ahinkorah Bright Opoku , Seidu Abdul-Aziz , Ganle John Kuumuori , Yaya Sanni 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesThe global burden of malaria has reduced considerably; however, malaria in pregnancy remains a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where about 32 million pregnant women are at risk of acquiring malaria. The WHO has recommended that pregnant women in high malaria transmission locations, including SSA, have intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy with at least three doses of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP). Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of IPTp-SP uptake and associated individual-level, community-level and country-level predictors in SSA.DesignA cross-sectional survey was conducted using recent Demographic and Health Surveys datasets of 20 SSA countries. A total of 96 765 women were included. Optimum uptake of IPTp-SP at most recent pregnancy was the outcome variable. We fitted three-level multilevel models: individual, community and country parameters at 95% credible interval.ResultsIn all, 29.2% of the women had optimal IPTp-SP uptake ranging from 55.1% (in Zambia) to 6.9% (in Gambia). The study revealed a high likelihood of optimum IPTp-SP uptake among women with high knowledge (aOR=1.298, Crl 1.206 to 1.398) relative to women with low knowledge. Women in upper-middle-income countries were more than three times likely to have at least three IPTp-SP doses compared with those in low-income countries (aOR=3.268, Crl 2.392 to 4.098). We found that community (σ2=1.999, Crl 1.088 to 2.231) and country (σ2=1.853, Crl 1.213 to 2.831) level variations exist in optimal uptake of IPTp-SP. According to the intracluster correlation, 53.9% and 25.9% of the variation in optimum IPTp-SP uptake are correspondingly attributable to community-level and country-level factors.ConclusionsThe outcome of our study suggests that low-income SSA countries should increase budgetary allocation to maternal health, particularly for IPTp-SP interventions. IPTp-SP advocacy behavioural change communication strategies must focus on women with low knowledge, rural dwellers, married women and those who do not meet the minimum of eight antenatal care visits.
Association between livelihood capital and catastrophic health expenditure among patients with critical illness: a cross-sectional study in rural Shandong, China
Authors: Che Xin , Li Jiajia , Fu Wenhao , Fang Feng 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to examine the association between livelihood capital and catastrophic health expenditure (CHE).DesignBetween July and August 2019, a cross-sectional study was conducted in critically ill patients.SettingShandong, China.Participants1041 households with critically ill patients from 77 villages.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe defined expenditure as being catastrophic if a household’s out-of-pocket payments were greater than or equal to 40% of their capacity to pay. Using the sustainable livelihoods framework, this study explored the associations between CHE and the various forms of livelihood capital—inclusive of human capital, natural capital, physical capital, financial capital and social capital. χ2tests, t-tests, Wilcoxon tests and binary logistic regression analysis were performed to examine these associations.ResultsThe incidence of CHE among households with critically ill patients was 76.37% in this study. Better livelihood capital was significantly associated with lower incidence of CHE. After controlling for confounding factors, households with healthier patients (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.96), more real estate ownership (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.67) and better economic status (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.62) were associated with a reduction in the occurrence of CHE.ConclusionsLivelihood capital was significantly associated with CHE in rural families with critically ill patients. This association suggests that, in addition to providing health insurance to the critically ill, more attention should be paid to their ability to create and preserve livelihood capital.
Comparing the nutritional status of children and adolescents from North Korean defector families and South Korean families
Authors: Kim So-Yeong , Choi Seong-Woo , Park Jong , Ryu So-Yeon , Han Mi-Ah , Park Sun-Young 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the nutritional status of children and adolescents from North Korean defector (NKD) families who are currently living in South Korea (SK) and compared with the status of those from SK families.DesignA cross-sectional study comparing the prevalence of malnutrition, overweight and obesity between children and adolescents from NKD families and SK families.SettingChildren and adolescents from NKD families were interviewed face-to-face directly, whereas the data about those from SK families acquired by using 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Their nutritional status were estimated using the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents.ParticipantsThe total number of children and adolescents was 2136 consisting of 527 subjects from the NKD families and 1609 subjects from the SK families.ResultsThe overall prevalence of stunting, wasting, underweight, overweight and obesity in NKD group was 8.9%, 10.2%, 10.4%, 11.2% and 12.2% respectively, and 1.9%, 7.1%, 5.9%, 9.2% and 9.3%, respectively, in SK families. The NKD group showed significantly higher prevalence than SK group in stunting (p<0.001), wasting (p=0.014), underweight (p<0.001), obesity (p=0.041) but not in overweight.ConclusionsThe nutritional status of children and adolescents form NKD families was worse than that of those from SK families, and also higher prevalence of obesity.
Electronic reminders and rewards to improve adherence to inhaled asthma treatment in adolescents: a non-randomised feasibility study in tertiary care
Authors: De Simoni Anna , Fleming Louise , Holliday Lois , Horne Robert , Priebe Stefan , Bush Andrew , Sheikh Aziz , Griffiths Chris 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveTo test the feasibility and acceptability of a short-term reminder and incentives intervention in adolescents with low adherence to asthma medications.MethodsMixed-methods feasibility study in a tertiary care clinic. Adolescents recruited to a 24-week programme with three 8-weekly visits, receiving electronic reminders to prompt inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) inhalation through a mobile app coupled with electronic monitoring devices (EMD). From the second visit, monetary incentives based on adherence of ICS inhalation: £1 per dose, maximum £2 /day, up to £112/study, collected as gift cards at the third visit. End of study interviews and questionnaires assessing perceptions of asthma and ICS, analysed using the Perceptions and Practicalities Framework.ParticipantsAdolescents (11–18 years) with documented low ICS adherence (<80% by EMD), and poor asthma control at the first clinic visit.Results10 out of 12 adolescents approached were recruited (7 males, 3 females, 12–16 years). Eight participants provided adherence measures up to the fourth visits and received rewards. Mean study duration was 281 days, with 7/10 participants unable to attend their fourth visit due to COVID-19 lockdown. Only 3/10 participants managed to pair the app/EMD up to the fourth visit, which was associated with improved ICS adherence (from 0.51, SD 0.07 to 0.86, SD 0.05). Adherence did not change in adolescents unable to pair the app/EMD. The intervention was acceptable to participants and parents/guardians. Exit interviews showed that participants welcomed reminders and incentives, though expressed frustration with app/EMD technological difficulties. Participants stated the intervention helped through reminding ICS doses, promoting self-monitoring and increasing motivation to take inhalers.ConclusionsAn intervention using electronic reminders and incentives through an app coupled with an EMD was feasible and acceptable to adolescents with asthma. A pilot randomised controlled trial is warranted to better estimate the effect size on adherence, with improved technical support for the EMD.
Aged neutrophils form mitochondria-dependent vital NETs to promote breast cancer lung metastasis
Authors: Yang Chenghui , Wang Zhen , Li Lili , Zhang Zhigang , Jin Xiaoyan , Wu Pin , Sun Shanshan , Pan Jun , Su Ke , Jia Fang , Zhang Leyi , Wang Haijun , Yu Xiuyan , Shao Xuan , Wang Ke , Qiu Fuming , Yan Jun , Huang Jian 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundNeutrophils-linked premetastatic niche plays a key role in tumor metastasis, but not much is known about the heterogeneity and diverse role of neutrophils in niche formation. Our study focuses on the existence and biological function of a rarely delved subset of neutrophils, named as tumor-associated aged neutrophils (Naged, CXCR4+CD62Llow), involved in premetastatic niche formation during breast cancer metastasis.MethodsWe explored the distributions of Naged in 206 patients and mice models (4T1 and MMTV-PyMT) by flow cytometry. The ability of Naged to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and promote tumor metastasis in patients and mice was determined by polychromatic immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy and real-time video detection. Furthermore, the differences among tumor-associated Naged, Non-Naged and inflammation-associated aged neutrophils were compared by transcriptome, the biological characteristics of Naged were comprehensively analyzed from the perspectives of morphology, the metabolic capacity and mitochondrial function were investigated by Seahorse, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Finally, 120 patients’ sample were applied to confirm the acceleration of Naged formation through secreted NAMPT, and the importance of blocking this pathway in mice was evaluated.ResultsWe find that Naged accumulate in the lung premetastatic niche at early stage of breast tumorigenesis in multiple mice models and also exist in peripheral blood and metastatic lung of patients with breast cancer. Naged exhibit distinct cell marker and morphological feature of oversegmented nuclei. Further transcriptome reveals that Naged are completely different from those of Non-Aged or inflammation-associated aged neutrophils and illustrates that the key transcription factor SIRT1 in Naged is the core to maintain their lifespan via mitophagy for their function. The responsible mechanism is that SIRT1 can induce the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore channels to release mitochondrial DNA and lead to the mitochondria-dependent vital NETs formation, rather than traditional Cit-Histone H3 dependent fatal-NETs. Further mechanically investigation found tumor derived NAMPT could induce Naged formation. Additionally, therapeutic interventions of Naged and its formation-linked pathways could effectively decrease breast cancer lung metastasis.ConclusionsNaged exerts a vital role in breast cancer lung metastasis, and strategies targeting SIRT1-Naged-NETs axis show promise for translational application.
Anti-GD2 IgA kills tumors by neutrophils without antibody-associated pain in the preclinical treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma
Authors: Evers Mitchell , Stip Marjolein , Keller Kaylee , Willemen Hanneke , Nederend Maaike , Jansen Marco , Chan Chilam , Budding Kevin , Nierkens Stefan , Valerius Thomas , Meyer-Wentrup Friederike , Eijkelkamp Niels , Leusen Jeanette 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundThe addition of monoclonal antibody therapy against GD2 to the treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma led to improved responses in patients. Nevertheless, administration of GD2 antibodies against neuroblastoma is associated with therapy-limiting neuropathic pain. This severe pain is evoked at least partially through complement activation on GD2-expressing sensory neurons.MethodsTo reduce pain while maintaining antitumor activity, we have reformatted the approved GD2 antibody ch14.18 into the IgA1 isotype. This novel reformatted IgA is unable to activate the complement system but efficiently activates leukocytes through the FcαRI (CD89).ResultsIgA GD2 did not activate the complement system in vitro nor induced pain in mice. Importantly, neutrophil-mediated killing of neuroblastoma cells is enhanced with IgA in comparison to IgG, resulting in efficient tumoricidal capacity of the antibody in vitro and in vivo.ConclusionsOur results indicate that employing IgA GD2 as a novel isotype has two major benefits: it halts antibody-induced excruciating pain and improves neutrophil-mediated lysis of neuroblastoma. Thus, we postulate that patients with high-risk neuroblastoma would strongly benefit from IgA GD2 therapy.
Interstitial laser anterior capsulotomy for obsessive–compulsive disorder: lesion size and tractography correlate with outcome
Authors: Satzer David , Mahavadi Anil , Lacy Maureen , Grant Jon E , Warnke Peter 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundAnterior capsulotomy is a well-established treatment for refractory obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). MRI-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) allows creation of large, sharply demarcated lesions with the safeguard of real-time imaging.ObjectiveTo characterise the outcomes of laser anterior capsulotomy, including radiographical predictors of improvement.MethodsPatients with severe OCD refractory to pharmacotherapy and cognitive–behavioural therapy underwent bilateral anterior capsulotomy via LITT. The primary outcome was per cent reduction in Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) score over time. Lesion size was measured on postablation MRI. Disconnection of the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC) was assessed via individual and normative tractography.ResultsEighteen patients underwent laser anterior capsulotomy. Median follow-up was 6 months (range 3–51 months). Time occupied by obsessions improved immediately (median Y-BOCS item 1 score 4–1, p=0.002). Mean (±SD) decrease in Y-BOCS score at last follow-up was 46%±32% (16±11 points, p<0.0001). Sixty-one per cent of patients were responders. Seven patients (39%) exhibited transient postoperative apathy. One patient had an asymptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage. Reduction in Y-BOCS score was positively associated with ablation volume (p=0.006). Individual tractography demonstrated durable ALIC disconnection. Normative tractography revealed a dorsal–ventral gradient, with disconnection of orbitofrontal streamlines most strongly associated with a positive response (p<0.0001).ConclusionsLaser anterior capsulotomy resulted in immediate, marked improvement in OCD symptom severity. Larger lesions permit greater disconnection of prefrontal–subcortical pathways involved in OCD. The importance of greater disconnection is presumably related to variation in ALIC structure and the complex role of the PFC in OCD.