bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying teacher understanding of phenomena-based learning after professional development
Authors: Hongyim K , Brunsell E 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Although phenomenon-based learning is an important pedagogical approach for science instruction, it is still new for many teachers of science. In this study, teachers have received professional development focused on identifying or creating phenomenon events for use in their classroom to improve student learning. Teachers must also be able to integrate modelling approaches so that their students can develop and refine appropriate scientific models related to the phenomenon being studied. This study will investigate teachers’ understanding of phenomena-based learning and issues surrounding the approach. Analysis of teacher questionnaires and open-ended questions about science and engineering practices and crosscutting concepts revealed understanding (1) Planning and carrying out investigations, (2) Analysing and interpreting data, (3) Constructing explanation and designing solutions, (4) Structure and function. However, teachers need supporting about using mathematics and computational thinking. Additionally, the most comfortable knowledge is connecting phenomena, processes, and events with scientific ideas. However, they have problems with controlling different kinds of response from students; some students may accept the new teaching method, but some students refuse to study by this method. Moreover, they also indicated to sharing the experiences to their profession community.
The impact of STEM-based independent learning unit on students’ mastery of the respiratory system topic
Authors: Puspaningsih A R 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
One of the efforts to overcome distance learning problems due to the lack of facilities owned by Bali Mandara Senior High School students is by implementing Independent Learning Unit (ILU). However, the ILU that has been developed so far has not been successfully applied in the biology class as evidenced by the average value of students’ understanding being four points below the passing grade. The application of STEM-based ILU is the solution in improving the students’ biology learning outcomes. In conducting the research, post-test data on biology learning outcomes on the respiratory system topic and the students’ responses toward a questionnaire administered were taken from the control group and the treatment group. The average post test score was compared with the passing grade. The results showed that the percentage of the learning mastery of the experimental group using STEM-based ILU was 81% while that of the control group was 59%. It is very likely that the result occured because STEM-based ILU provided a learning stimulus to foster the students’ independence and active involvement in competency mastery. For this reason, STEM-based ILU needs to be developed in distance learning for the other topics.
Maiman revisited: tuneable single mode CW ruby ring laser
Authors: Luhs W , Wellegehausen B , Zuber D , Morgner U 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The cw ruby laser reveals amazing properties, which have not been expected since its invention 60 years ago. CW pumping with a 405 nm laser diode requires an overall electrical power of only 6 W to achieve more than 100 mW in TEM00 at 694 nm for a linear resonator. In a ring cavity unidirectional single frequency operation with up to 75 mW, tuneable over more than 420 GHz is demonstrated. Experimental details will be presented, and possible applications will be discussed.
Properties of the five dimensions for the truncated overlap fermions
Authors: Murakami Yuko , Sekiguchi Motoo , Wada Hiroaki , Wakayama Masayuki 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) simulation with chiral fermions is an attractive tool for studies on the non-perturbative field theory of strong interaction. However, it requires a large number of computer assets and is computationally very expensive. We describe the propagators of the π meson and the ρ meson constructed from the truncated overlap fermions. These propagators are calculated using lattice QCD simulations with a quench approximation. We indicate the dependence of the five dimensions for the mass of the π and ρ mesons. The residual mass at the chiral limit is also investigated.
Deciphering the inflection points to achieve proficiency for each procedure step during training in laparoscopic appendicectomy
Authors: Skjold-Ødegaard B , Hamid S , Lindeman R -J , Ersdal H L , Søreide K 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundLaparoscopic appendicectomy is a common procedure early in surgical training. A minimum number is usually required for certification in general surgery. However, data on proficiency are scarce. This study aimed to investigate steps towards proficiency in laparoscopic appendicectomy.MethodsThis was a prospective observational cohort study of laparoscopic appendicectomies performed by junior trainees under supervision scored on a six-point performance scale. Structured assessment was done within a defined programme. Procedures performed for uncomplicated appendicitis in adults were included. The procedures were evaluated with LOWESS graphs generated to investigate inflection points. Factors associated with proficiency rates were reported with odds ratios and 95 per cent confidence intervals.ResultsIn total 142 laparoscopic procedures were included for 19 trainees (58 per cent female). The cumulative number of procedures during the study was a median of 20 (i.q.r. 8–33). For overall proficiency, an inflection point occurred at 30 procedures. Proficiency rate increased from 51 per cent for 30 or fewer procedures to 93 per cent for more than 30 procedures (odds ratio 11.9 (95 per cent c.i. 3.4 to 40.9); P &lt; 0.001). Inflection points for proficiency for each procedure step varied considerably, with lowest numbers (fewer than 15 procedures) for removing the specimen, and highest for dividing the mesoappendix (more than 55 procedures). Operating time was significantly reduced by a median of 7 minutes after 30 procedures, from median 62 (i.q.r. 25–120) minutes to median 55 (i.q.r. 30–110) minutes for more than 30 procedures.ConclusionFor junior trainees, variation in proficiency is related to specific procedure steps. Targeted training on specific procedure skills may reduce numbers needed to achieve proficiency in laparoscopic appendicectomy during training.
Correlation between the position of the glenoid fossa and condylar translational movement in skeletal Class III mandibular asymmetry patients
Authors: Tun Oo Lin , Miyamoto Jun J , Takada Jun-Ichi , Moriyama Keiji 
Published: August 2021

Summary

Objectives
Understanding the mechanism of mandibular asymmetry (MA) is important to provide suggestions for occlusal treatment and to know the developmental process of masticatory dysfunction. To investigate the morphological and functional effects on MA, we evaluated the three-dimensional position of the glenoid fossa and its relationship to asymmetrical condylar translational movement.

Methods
In this retrospective study, 50 subjects who previously underwent computed tomography for surgical purposes were divided into MA and control groups according to a menton deviation of at least 4 mm from the mid-sagittal plane. The glenoid fossae positions were evaluated using a three-dimensional analysis program. Condylar translational movements were recorded and measured by computerized axiography on protrusion. Side-to-side asymmetry was measured for each parameter. Asymmetry index value was calculated to assess the correlation between glenoid fossa position and condylar movement. Wilcoxon’s signed-ranked test, Mann–Whitney U-test, and Spearman’s rank correlation were used for the statistical analysis.

Results
In the MA group, glenoid fossa position on the shifted side was significantly inferior and posterior as compared to that on the non-shifted side and of the control group. Condylar path length and sagittal condylar inclination were significantly greater on the shifted side versus non-shifted side, while no significant difference was found in transverse condylar inclination. The asymmetry index of the anterior–posterior glenoid fossa position was significantly correlated with that of condylar path length and bilateral transverse condylar inclination. In the control group, there were no significant correlations among the morphological and functional parameters.

Limitations
This study did not consider muscle activity and disc position, which may affect condylar movement.

Conclusions
Functional asymmetry of condylar translational movements is closely related to asymmetry of glenoid fossa position in MA patients.
Long-term outcome of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with severe left atrial enlargement and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
Authors: Demarchi Andrea , Neumann Laura , Rordorf Roberto , Conte Giulio , Sanzo Antonio , Özkartal Tardu , Savastano Simone , Regoli François , Vicentini Alessandro , Caputo Maria Luce , Klersy Catherine , Petracci Barbara , Piciacchia Flavia , Bruno Jolie , Baldi Enrico , D’Amore Sabatino , Auricchio Angelo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Aims
Data regarding the efficacy of catheter ablation in heart failure patients with severely dilated left atrium and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) are scanty. We sought to assess the efficacy of catheter ablation in patients with reduced LVEF and severe left atrial (LA) enlargement, and to compare it to those patients with preserved left ventricular function and equally dilated left atrium.

Methods and results
Three patient groups with paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing a first pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) were considered: Group 1 included patients with normal or mildly abnormal LA volume (≤41 mL/m2) and normal LVEF; Group 2 included patients with severe LA enlargement (&gt;48 mL/m2) and normal LVEF; and Group 3 included patients with severe LA enlargement and reduced LVEF. Time to event analysis was used to investigate AF recurrences. The study cohort includes 439 patients; Group 3 had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. LA enlargement was associated with a two-fold in risk of AF recurrence, on the contrary only a smaller non-significant increase of 30% was shown with the further addition of LVEF reduction.

Conclusions
The long-term outcome of patients with severe LA dilatation and reduced LVEF is comparable to those with severe LA enlargement but preserved LVEF. Long-term efficacy of PVI is certainly affected by the enlargement of the left atrium, but less so by the addition of a reduced LVEF. CA remains the best strategy for rhythm control both in paroxysmal and persistent AF in this subgroup of patients.
Rad9-mediated checkpoint activation is responsible for elevated expansions of GAA repeats in CST-deficient yeast
Authors: Spivakovsky-Gonzalez Ekaterina , Polleys Erica J , Masnovo Chiara , Cebrian Jorge , Molina-Vargas Adrian M , Freudenreich Catherine H , Mirkin Sergei M 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Large-scale expansion of (GAA)n repeats in the first intron of the FXN gene is responsible for the severe neurodegenerative disease, Friedreich’s ataxia in humans. We have previously conducted an unbiased genetic screen for GAA repeat instability in a yeast experimental system. The majority of genes that came from this screen encoded the components of DNA replication machinery, strongly implying that replication irregularities are at the heart of GAA repeat expansions. This screen, however, also produced two unexpected hits: members of the CST complex, CDC13 and TEN1 genes, which are required for telomere maintenance. To understand how the CST complex could affect intra-chromosomal GAA repeats, we studied the well-characterized temperature-sensitive cdc13-1 mutation and its effects on GAA repeat instability in yeast. We found that in-line with the screen results, this mutation leads to ∼10-fold increase in the rate of large-scale expansions of the (GAA)100 repeat at semi-permissive temperature. Unexpectedly, the hyper-expansion phenotype of the cdc13-1 mutant largely depends on activation of the G2/M checkpoint, as deletions of individual genes RAD9, MEC1, RAD53, and EXO1 belonging to this pathway rescued the increased GAA expansions. Furthermore, the hyper-expansion phenotype of the cdc13-1 mutant depended on the subunit of DNA polymerase δ, Pol32. We hypothesize, therefore, that increased repeat expansions in the cdc13-1 mutant happen during post-replicative repair of nicks or small gaps within repetitive tracts during the G2 phase of the cell cycle upon activation of the G2/M checkpoint.
Gravity gradient tensors derived from radial component of gravity vector using Taylor series expansion
Authors: Chen Tao , Yang Dikun 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARY
Gravity gradient tensors (GGTs) are used to investigate the density of subsurface structures in the Earth's crust and can reduce ambiguity during data interpretation. However, costs and research area restrictions often prevent their application during surveys, thereby limiting their utility. To address this limitation, a matrix equation based on the Taylor series expansion that uses the gravity vector and its neighbours was formulated to obtain the GGTs. Higher-order derivatives of the gravity vector were utilized to constrain the calculation, which improved the accuracy of the transformation. Synthetic data were used to demonstrate that the proposed approach improved accuracy when the radial component of the gravity vector was transformed into GGTs. This approach was also applied to gravity data from the Otway Basin in Australia. Compared with the measured GGT, the results obtained using the proposed approach had a relative error of 0.46.
Damage-associated molecular patterns and Toll-like receptors in the tumor immune microenvironment
Authors: Yanai Hideyuki , Hangai Sho , Taniguchi Tadatsugu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
As clinically demonstrated by the success of immunotherapies to improve survival outcomes, tumors are known to gain a survival advantage by circumventing immune surveillance. A defining feature of this is the creation and maintenance of a tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) that directly and indirectly alters the host’s immunologic signaling pathways through a variety of mechanisms. Tumor-intrinsic mechanisms that instruct the formation and maintenance of the TIME have been an area of intensive study, such as the identification and characterization of soluble factors actively and passively released by tumor cells that modulate immune cell function. In particular, damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules typically released by necrotic tumor cells are recognized by innate immune receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and stimulate immune cells within TIME. Given their broad and potent effects on the immune system, a better understanding for how DAMP and TLR interactions sculpt the TIME to favor tumor growth would identify new strategies and approaches for cancer immunotherapy.
AUTHORITARIAN RESILIENCE AND THE ABSENCE OF DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION: THE IMPLICATIONS OF 2011
Authors: Joffé George 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
By the end of 2021 it will be a decade since the events of the ‘Arab Spring’ (al-rabīʿ al-ʿarabī) profoundly disrupted the Arab world, particularly in North Africa, raising hopes that the region overall would, through a permanent democratic transition, shake off its apparent exceptionalism in endorsing authoritarian governance. A decade later, such aspirations would appear to have been dashed, except in Tunisia, although fresh rounds of protest in Lebanon and Iraq, and especially in Algeria, during 2019 and 2020, might have suggested that this could be too peremptory a judgment. Nonetheless, authoritarian resistance appears to have been far more resilient than expected at the time. Yet, do the experiences of the decade therefore demonstrate that political liberalization within the region, specifically within North Africa, is not possible and, if not, what were the factors that made such an outcome seemingly impossible to achieve? This comment is designed to address some aspects of these concerns with particular emphasis on the theories behind democratic transition derived from different sets of hypotheses about the origins and principles of participatory socio-political action.
Deep co-added sky from Catalina Sky Survey images
Authors: Singhal Akshat , Bhalerao Varun , Mahabal Ashish A , Vaghmare Kaustubh , Jagade Santosh , Kulkarni Sumeet , Vibhute Ajay , Kembhavi Ajit K , Drake Andrew J , Djorgovski S George , Graham Matthew J , Donalek Ciro , Christensen Eric , Larson Stephen , Beshore Edward C 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
A number of synoptic sky surveys are underway or being planned. Typically, they are done with small telescopes and relatively short exposure times. A search for transient or variable sources involves comparison with deeper baseline images, ideally obtained through the same telescope and camera. With that in mind, we have stacked images from the 0.68 m Schmidt telescope on Mt. Bigelow taken over 10 yr as part of the Catalina Sky Survey. In order to generate deep reference images for the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (CRTS), close to 0.8 million images over 8000 fields and covering over 27 000 sq. deg have gone into the deep stack that goes up to 3 mag deeper than individual images. CRTS system does not use a filter in imaging; hence, there is no standard passband in which the optical magnitude is measured. We estimate depth by comparing these wide-band unfiltered co-added images with images in the g band and find that the image depth ranges from 22.0 to 24.2 across the sky, with a 200-image stack attaining an equivalent AB magnitude sensitivity of 22.8. We compared various state-of-the-art software packages for co-adding astronomical images and have used swarp for the stacking. We describe here the details of the process adopted. This methodology may be useful in other panoramic imaging applications, and to other surveys as well. The stacked images are available through a server at Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics.
Galaxy Zoo: 3D – crowdsourced bar, spiral, and foreground star masks for MaNGA target galaxies
Authors: Masters Karen L , Krawczyk Coleman , Shamsi Shoaib , Todd Alexander , Finnegan Daniel , Bershady Matthew , Bundy Kevin , Cherinka Brian , Fraser-McKelvie Amelia , Krishnarao Dhanesh , Kruk Sandor , Lane Richard R , Law David , Lintott Chris , Merrifield Michael , Simmons Brooke , Weijmans Anne-Marie , Yan Renbin 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
The challenge of consistent identification of internal structure in galaxies – in particular disc galaxy components like spiral arms, bars, and bulges – has hindered our ability to study the physical impact of such structure across large samples. In this paper we present Galaxy Zoo: 3D (GZ:3D) a crowdsourcing project built on the Zooniverse platform that we used to create spatial pixel (spaxel) maps that identify galaxy centres, foreground stars, galactic bars, and spiral arms for 29 831 galaxies that were potential targets of the MaNGA survey (Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory, part of the fourth phase of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys or SDSS-IV), including nearly all of the 10 010 galaxies ultimately observed. Our crowdsourced visual identification of asymmetric internal structures provides valuable insight on the evolutionary role of non-axisymmetric processes that is otherwise lost when MaNGA data cubes are azimuthally averaged. We present the publicly available GZ:3D catalogue alongside validation tests and example use cases. These data may in the future provide a useful training set for automated identification of spiral arm features. As an illustration, we use the spiral masks in a sample of 825 galaxies to measure the enhancement of star formation spatially linked to spiral arms, which we measure to be a factor of three over the background disc, and how this enhancement increases with radius.
The GALAH survey: effective temperature calibration from the InfraRed Flux Method in the Gaia system
Authors: Casagrande Luca , Lin Jane , Rains Adam D , Liu Fan , Buder Sven , Horner Jonathan , Asplund Martin , Lewis Geraint F , Martell Sarah L , Nordlander Thomas , Stello Dennis , Ting Yuan-Sen , Wittenmyer Robert A , Bland-Hawthorn Joss , Casey Andrew R , De Silva Gayandhi M , D’Orazi Valentina , Freeman Ken C , Hayden Michael R , Kos Janez , Lind Karin , Schlesinger Katharine J , Sharma Sanjib , Simpson Jeffrey D , Zucker Daniel B , Zwitter Tomaž 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
In order to accurately determine stellar properties, knowledge of the effective temperature of stars is vital. We implement Gaia and 2MASS photometry in the InfraRed Flux Method and apply it to over 360 000 stars across different evolutionary stages in the GALAH DR3 survey. We derive colour-effective temperature relations that take into account the effect of metallicity and surface gravity over the range $4000\, \rm {K}\lesssim T_{\rm {eff}}\lesssim 8000\, \rm {K}$, from very metal-poor stars to supersolar metallicities. The internal uncertainty of these calibrations is of order 40–80 K depending on the colour combination used. Comparison against solar-twins, Gaia benchmark stars, and the latest interferometric measurements validates the precision and accuracy of these calibrations from F to early M spectral types. We assess the impact of various sources of uncertainties, including the assumed extinction law, and provide guidelines to use our relations. Robust solar colours are also derived.
Photometry and long-slit spectroscopy of the split comet C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)
Authors: Ivanova Oleksandra , Luk'yanyk Igor , Tomko Dušan , Moiseev Alexei 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
We present an analysis of the photometric and spectroscopic observations of the split comet C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS). Observations were carried out on 2020 April 14 and 16, when the heliocentric distance of the comet was 1.212 and 1.174 au, its geocentric distance 0.998 and 0.991 au, and the phase angle 52.°9 and 54.°5, respectively. The comet was observed with the 6-m BTA (Big Telescope Alt-azimuth) telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory (Russia) with the SCORPIO-2 (Spectral Camera with Optical Reducer for Photometric and Interferometric Observations) multimode focal reducer. The narrow-band BC and RC cometary filters in the continuum were used. We identified numerous emissions of CN, C2, C3, and NH2 molecules within the range of 3750–7100 Å. The C2/CN and C3/CN production rate ratios coincide with those of typical comets. Four fragments belonging to the coma were detected in both observational runs. We compared and analysed temporal variations of the visual magnitudes, gas productivity, and dust colour. Based on our dynamical investigation of the orbits of comets C/1844 Y1 (Great comet) and C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS), we can claim that, with high probability, the two comets do not have a common progenitor.
Composite powerful short flare of water maser emission in IRAS 16293-2422
Authors: Volvach A E , Volvach L N , Larionov M G 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Using long-term monitoring data of water-vapour masers, here we examine a composite powerful flare of extremely short duration (∼12 d), which occurred in IRAS 16293-2422. The most powerful part of the flare was located on top of a less strong but more prolonged flare, which in turn is also a composite. The configuration of three radiating maser condensations located on the line of sight to the observer was detected for the first time. This made it possible to confirm one of the hypotheses for the activation of water masers, based on an increase in the maser’s amplification length by the components located in the observer’s line of sight. The unsaturated state of the two most powerful maser flares have been confirmed and some significant water maser parameters were obtained.