bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel anatomical classification of the frontal sinus: can it be useful in clinical approach to frontal sinusitis?
Authors: Özdemir Meltem , Kavak Rasime P. , Öcal Bülent , Soysal Handan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
We aimed to test the clinical relevance of a newly introduced anatomical classification system of the frontal sinus and to investigate the relation between the frontal sinus type according to this system and the development of frontal sinusitis. We retrospectively evaluated the computed tomography images of 808 frontal sinuses of 404 patients and classified the sinuses as small, medium-sized, and large, based on their size and relation to the orbital roof. We related this classification to the presence or absence of the findings of frontal sinusitis including mucosal thickening, retention cyst/polyp, and/or fluid collection.

Results
We found that the most common frontal sinus type is medium-sized (65.84%), followed by the small (22.89%) and large (11.26%) types, respectively. There was no significant difference between the right and left sides in terms of frontal sinus type (P<0.05). We recorded sinusitis in 28 (15.1%) small, 180 (33.8%) medium-sized, and 40 (43.9%) large sinuses. And we showed that the prevalence of sinusitis in medium-sized and large sinuses is significantly higher than that in small sinuses for both sides (P values were 0.001 and 0.015, respectively for the right, and 0.005 and 0.001, respectively for the left side).

Conclusion
The result obtained in this study may be considered the first step in demonstrating the clinical benefit of this classification. However, there is no doubt that further comprehensive studies with large series are needed to fully determine the clinical relevance of this newly introduced classification system.
Comparative study of tympanoplasty type I using periosteum versus tragal cartilage with perichondrium
Authors: Elmoursy Mohamed M. , Elbahrawy Mahmoud M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundVarious grafting materials and different techniques have been used for myringoplasty. The aim of the study was to compare the result of tympanoplasty in patients with safe-type chronic suppurative otitis media using periosteum versus tragal cartilage with perichondrium grafts through pre- and postoperative clinical and audiological evaluation.ResultsThere was statistically significant difference for mean air-bone gap for group A (23.4 dB ± 0.03 SD) when compared to group B (19.4 dB ± 4.2 SD) withPvalue 0.103. Also, there was statistically significant difference in the hearing gain in group A after 6 months (25.53 dB ± 6.26 SD) when compared to group B (19.63 dB ± 9.76 SD) and thePvalue was 0.003. Graft taken was superior in the periosteal group (95%), compared to the cartilage grafts (90%).ConclusionTympanoplasty with periosteal graft showed better hearing results and high rates of graft taken than tragal cartilage grafts.
Children and youth in the climate crisis
Authors: Sanson Ann , Bellemo Marco 
Published: April 2021

SummaryThis editorial is co-written by a developmental psychologist and a young climate activist. We start by showing how the climate crisis is imposing a heavy psychological burden on children and youth, both from experiencing climate-related disasters and from the knowledge that worse is to come. We then describe the global movement of youth demanding urgent climate action. We conclude that health professionals can support young people in many ways, but particularly by supporting their capacity to take action, raising awareness about the impact of the climate crisis on youth mental and physical health, and taking action themselves to work for a secure climate future.
Predictors of Unplanned Hospitalizations Among Older Adults Receiving Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: Klepin Heidi D. , Sun Can-Lan , Smith David D. , Elias Rawad , Trevino Kelly M. , Bryant Ashley Leak , Li Daneng , Nelson Christian , Tew William P. , Mohile Supriya G. , Gajra Ajeet , Owusu Cynthia , Gross Cary , Lichtman Stuart M. , Katheria Vani V. , Muss Hyman B. , Chapman Andrew E. , Cohen Harvey Jay , Hurria Arti , Dale William 
Published: April 2021

PURPOSE: Hospitalizations during cancer treatment are costly, can impair quality of life, and negatively affect therapy completion. Our objective was to identify risk factors for unplanned hospitalization among older adults receiving chemotherapy. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a multisite cohort study (N = 750) of patients ≥ 65 years of age evaluated with a geriatric assessment (GA) to predict chemotherapy toxicity. The primary outcome of this analysis was unplanned hospitalizations during treatment; the secondary outcome was length of stay (LOS) of the first hospitalization. Independent variables included pretreatment GA measures, laboratory values, cancer type and stage, and treatment intensity characteristics. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds of hospitalization and generalized linear models for LOS in multivariable analyses. RESULTS: The sample median age was 72 years (range, 65-94 years); 59% had stage IV disease. At least one unplanned hospitalization occurred in 193 patients (25.7%) during receipt of chemotherapy. In multivariable analyses controlling for cancer type, the following baseline characteristics were significantly associated with increased odds of hospitalization: needing help bathing or dressing (odds ratio [OR], 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.1), polypharmacy (≥ 5 meds) (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.4), more comorbid conditions (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.3), availability of someone to take them to the doctor (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0 to 4.1), CrCl < 60 mL/min (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.4), and albumin < 3.5 g/dL (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.8). In multivariable analyses, older age, self-reported presence of liver or kidney disease, living alone and depressive symptoms were associated with longer LOS. CONCLUSION: Readily available GA variables and laboratory data, but not age, were associated with unplanned hospitalizations among older adults receiving chemotherapy. If validated, these data can inform prediction models and the design of interventions to decrease unplanned hospitalizations.
Branched-Chain Amino Acids Associate Negatively With Postprandial Insulin Secretion in Recent-Onset Diabetes
Authors: Karusheva Yanislava , Strassburger Klaus , Markgraf Daniel F , Zaharia Oana-Patricia , Bódis Kálmán , Kössler Theresa , Tura Andrea , Pacini Giovanni , Burkart Volker , Roden Michael , Szendroedi Julia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Context
In addition to unfavorable effects on insulin sensitivity, elevated plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) stimulate insulin secretion, which, over the long-term, could impair pancreatic β-cell function.

Objective
To investigate cross-sectional and prospective associations between circulating BCAA and postprandial β-cell function in recently diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Methods
The study included individuals with well-controlled type 1 and type 2 diabetes (known diabetes duration &lt;12 months) and glucose-tolerant participants (controls) of similar age, sex, and body mass index (n = 10/group) who underwent mixed meal tolerance tests. Plasma BCAA levels were quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, postprandial β-cell function was assessed from serum C-peptide levels, and insulin sensitivity was determined from PREDIM index (PREDIcted M-value).

Results
In type 1 diabetes, postprandial total BCAA, valine, and leucine levels were 25%, 18%, and 19% higher vs control, and total as well as individual postprandial BCAA were related inversely to C-peptide levels. In type 2 diabetes, postprandial isoleucine was 16% higher vs the respective controls, while neither total nor individual BCAA correlated with C-peptide levels. Whole-body insulin sensitivity was lower in both diabetes groups than in corresponding controls.

Conclusion
Insulin deficiency associates with sustained high BCAA concentrations, which could contribute to exhausting the insulin secretory reserve in early type 1 diabetes.
Decomposing the Decline of Cash Assistance in the United States, 1993 to 2016
Authors: Parolin Zachary 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCash assistance allocations from Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and its predecessor program fell from $34.3 billion to $7.4 billion in real value from 1993 to 2016, a 78% decrease. Some investigations of TANF point to favorable labor market changes as the source of the decline, whereas others point to declining benefit levels and barriers to benefit receipt. This study introduces a framework to decompose the decline of TANF cash assistance into changes in need for cash assistance, the participation rate among those meeting income-based eligibility standards, and benefit levels among those receiving cash support. Using the U.S. Current Population Survey, I find that declining participation explains 52% of the decline in TANF cash assistance from 1993 onward, whereas declining need explains 21%, and declining benefit levels explain 27%. The study then applies reweighting techniques to measure the extent to which compositional changes in the population, such as rising employment rates among single mothers, can explain changes in need, participation, and benefit levels. The results suggest that compositional changes explain only 22% of the decline of TANF cash assistance, confirming that the majority of the decline is due to reduced participation and benefit levels rather than reduced demand for cash support. Adding the noncompositional share of the decline in TANF back to observed levels of cash spending in 2016 would result in nearly $20 billion in additional transfers, more than the minimum amount necessary to lift all single-mother households out of poverty.
Changes in Couples' Earnings Following Parenthood and Trends in Family Earnings Inequality
Authors: Gonalons-Pons Pilar , Schwartz Christine R. , Musick Kelly 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The growing economic similarity of spouses has contributed to rising income inequality across households. Explanations have typically centered on assortative mating, but recent work has argued that changes in women's employment and spouses' division of paid work have played a more important role. We expand this work to consider the critical turning point of parenthood in shaping couples' division of employment and earnings. Drawing on three U.S. nationally representative surveys, we examine the role of parenthood in spouses' earnings correlations between 1968 and 2015. We examine the extent to which changes in spouses' earnings correlations are due to (1) changes upon entry into marriage (assortative mating), (2) changes between marriage and parenthood, (3) changes following parenthood, and (4) changes in women's employment. Our findings show that increases in the correlation between spouses' earnings prior to 1990 came largely from changes between marriage and first birth, but increases after 1990 came almost entirely from changes following parenthood. In both instances, changes in women's employment are key to increasing earnings correlations. Changes in assortative mating played little role in either period. An assessment of the aggregate-level implications points to the growing significance of earnings similarity after parenthood for rising income inequality across families.
Some Introductory Remarks on the Cellular Basis of Differentiation
Authors: Weiss Paul 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
By request of the committee which organized the conference on ‘The Cellular Basis of Differentiation’, I undertook to open the meeting with a sort of topical outline that might serve as a guide in the subsequent free and informal discussion. In view of the diverse meanings attached to the term ‘differentiation’ in various quarters, from development in general in the broadest sense to the production of visible specialized cell structures in the narrowest sense, it seemed desirable to circumscribe at least the scope within which the conference was to hold itself. The instructions of the organizing group were to focus the discussion on the cellular transformations which lead to the final functional state of the mature cell. This limitation is taken into account in the following outline. At the same time it is clear that terminal cell specialization is part of a continuous process, hence cannot be neatly separated from antecedent developmental processes leading up to it. Therefore the difference between this presentation and others dealing with early embryonic phases lies in the emphasis rather than in the nature of the objects. In fact, it is becoming ever more evident that the study of special histogenesis and organogenesis may cast as much light on the interpretation of early embryonic processes as the study of early events, e.g. the formation of the fertilization membrane or of the sperm tail, contributes to the understanding of specific terminal cytodifferentiation. Accordingly, the main objective of the following outline is to set the problem of cellular differentiation into proper focus and perspective within the broad problems of ontogeny.
The Nerve Net of the Actinozoa
Authors: Hall D. M. , Pantin C. F. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
An account is given of the responses of Metridium senile to mechanical stimulation. The responses resemble those described by Parker in M. marginatum. The chief protective response is due to contraction of the longitudinal mesenteric muscles and not to contraction of the sphincter as in Calliactis. A simple apparatus for stimulation of Actinozoa is described. The behaviour of Metridium to electrical stimulation resembles that of Calliactis. The response does not depend upon the intensity of individual shocks but on their number and frequency. As with Calliactis, Metridium obeys the rule that a single stimulus produces no effect. The longitudinal mesenteries of Metridium resemble the sphincter of Calliactis remarkably closely in their properties. As in Calliactis, graded responses can be produced in Metridium by varying the frequency of stimulation. The longitudinal mesenteries require the highest frequency for a facilitated response. The parietals require a lower frequency. The sphincter requires a relatively high frequency of stimulation but its action is delayed owing to its slow rate of contraction. The graded responses of different muscles to stimulation are controlled by facilitation. They are not connected with differences in threshold. Temperature has a profound effect on the responses of actinozoans. Both contraction and relaxation are slowed at low temperatures (Q10 = 2). The facilitating effect of a stimulus endures more than three times longer for a fall in temperature of 10° C. Temperature thus greatly influences the rate of decay of the facilitation process.
Metal Ions Suppress the Abnormal Taste Behavior of the Drosophila Mutant malvolio
Authors: Orgad Sara , Nelson Hannah , Segal Daniel , Nelson Nathan 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A mutation in the malvolio (mvl) gene affects taste behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. The malvolio gene encodes a protein (MVL) that exhibits homology to the mammalian natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins. It is also homologous to the Smf1 protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which we have recently demonstrated to function as a Mn2+/Zn2+ transporter. We proposed that the Drosophila and mammalian proteins, like the yeast SMF1 gene product, are metal-ion transporters. To test this hypothesis, malvolio mutant flies were allowed to develop, from egg to adulthood, on a medium containing elevated concentrations of metal ions. Mutant flies that were reared in the presence of 10 mmol l−1 MnCl2 or FeCl2 developed into adults with recovered taste behavior. CaCl2 or MgCl2 had no effect on the mutant’s taste perception. ZnCl2 inhibited the effect of MnCl2 when both ions were supplied together. Similar suppression of the abnormal taste behavior was observed when mvl mutants were fed MnCl2 or FeCl2 only at the adult stage. Furthermore, exposure of adult mutant flies to these ions in the testing plate for only 2 h was sufficient to restore normal taste behavior. The suppression of the defective taste behavior suggests that MVL functions as a Mn2+/Fe2+ transporter and that Mn2+ and/or Fe2+ are involved in the signal transduction of taste perception in Drosophila adults.
CT-based radiomics for predicting the rapid progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia lesions
Authors: Zhang Bin , Ni-jia-Ti Ma-yi-di-li , Yan Ruike , An Nan , Chen Lv , Liu Shuyi , Chen Luyan , Chen Qiuying , Li Minmin , Chen Zhuozhi , You Jingjing , Dong Yuhao , Xiong Zhiyuan , Zhang Shuixing 
Published: April 2021

Objectives:
To develop and validate a radiomic model to predict the rapid progression (defined as volume growth of pneumonia lesions &gt; 50% within seven days) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Methods:
Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 who underwent longitudinal chest CT between January 01 and February 18, 2020 were included. A total of 1316 radiomic features were extracted from the lung parenchyma window for each CT. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), Relief, Las Vegas Wrapper (LVW), L1-norm-Support Vector Machine (L1-norm-SVM), and recursive feature elimination (RFE) were applied to select the features that associated with rapid progression. Four machine learning classifiers were used for modeling, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Logistic Regression (LR), and Decision Tree (DT). Accordingly, 20 radiomic models were developed on the basis of 296 CT scans and validated in 74 CT scans. Model performance was determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results:
A total of 107 patients (median age, 49.0 years, interquartile range, 35–54) were evaluated. The patients underwent a total of 370 chest CT scans with a median interval of 4 days (interquartile range, 3–5 days). The combination methods of L1-norm SVM and SVM with 17 radiomic features yielded the highest performance in predicting the likelihood of rapid progression of pneumonia lesions on next CT scan, with an AUC of 0.857 (95% CI: 0.766–0.947), sensitivity of 87.5%, and specificity of 70.7%.

Conclusions:
Our radiomic model based on longitudinal chest CT data could predict the rapid progression of pneumonia lesions, which may facilitate the CT follow-up intervals and reduce the radiation.

Advances in knowledge:
Radiomic features extracted from the current chest CT have potential in predicting the likelihood of rapid progression of pneumonia lesions on the next chest CT, which would improve clinical decision-making regarding timely treatment.
Differentiation between endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers and non- endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers based on magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Zhang Ximing , Li Min , Tang Zhuopeng , Li Xinyi , Song Ting 
Published: April 2021

Objectives:
Endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC) patients show different clinical characteristics compared with non-EAOC patients. However, a few studies are focused on the imaging characteristics of EAOC until now. We assessed MRI characteristics in differentiating EAOC and non-EAOC.

Methods:
We retrospectively analyzed clinical and MRI characteristics from 54 patients with 67 lesions diagnosed with primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between January 2012 and October 2020. We studied MRI findings such as maximum diameter, morphology, configuration, locularity, features of mural nodules, lymphadenopathy, peritoneal implants, the presence of hyperintensity on T1WI, and hypointensity on T2WI. We also studied the clinical characteristics. Significant MRI variables in univariate analysis were selected for subsequent multivariate regression analysis. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of the significant MRI variables in univariate analysis.

Results:
We found that the patients with EAOC, compared with those with non-EAOC, were younger, more unilateral, and had earlier FIGO stage. Univariate analysis revealed that morphology, locularity, growth pattern of mural nodules, and hypointensity on T2WI were factors that significantly differed between EAOC and non-EAOC. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, locularity and hypointensity on T2WI were independent predictors to distinguish EAOC from non-EAOC.

Conclusions:
EAOC typically presented as a unilocular mass with hypointensity on T2WI in cystic components. MRI could help distinguish EAOC from non-EAOC.

Advances in knowledge:
MRI is a promising tool for preoperative diagnosis of EAOC.
Retrospective evaluation of venous phase contrast-enhanced computed tomography images in patients who developed pancreatic adenocarcinomas after treatment for nonpancreatic primary cancer
Authors: Takaji Ryo , Yamada Yasunari , Shimada Ryuichi , Matsumoto Shunro , Daa Tsutomu , Endo Yuichi , Inomata Masafumi , Asayama Yoshiki 
Published: April 2021

Objectives: To clarify venous phase contrast-enhanced CT findings in early pancreatic adenocarcinomas by retrospectively evaluating CT images of pancreatic adenocarcinomas that developed during follow-up after treatment for non-pancreatic cancers. Methods: The study cohort comprised six patients who developed pancreatic adenocarcinomas between April 2005 and April 2020 during follow-up after treatment for non-pancreatic primary cancers. Two radiologists retrospectively evaluated CT images and reached consensus on previously reported CT findings that were suggestive of small pancreatic adenocarcinomas; namely pancreatic duct interruption and dilatation, pancreatic parenchymal atrophy, focal hypoattenuated areas, and appearance of cystic lesions. Time intervals between the first CT with these suggestive findings and the latest pre-operative CT were recorded. Doubling times were calculated in patients with hypoattenuated areas on initial CT scans. Results: Small (<10 mm) focal hypoattenuated areas with (n = 2) or without rim enhancement (n = 1) were identified on initial CT images of three patients. Pancreatic duct interruption and dilatation, pancreatic parenchymal atrophy, and cystic lesion were identified in two, one and one patient, respectively. Time intervals between initial and latest preoperative CT examination were 6–19 months (median, 14.5 months). Tumor doubling time according to CT findings was calculated as 46–407 days (median 106 days). Conclusion: Venous phase contrast-enhanced CT can provide findings that are suggestive of early pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreatic phase contrast-enhanced CT should therefore be performed in patients with such findings with the aim of early detection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Advances in knowledge: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma can develop subsequently in patients with non-pancreatic malignancies. Patients with non-pancreatic cancers are often followed up with monophasic contrast-enhanced CT in venous phase timing. Venous phase contrast-enhanced CT can provide some findings suggestive of early pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Knowledge of these findings is important for early detection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.