bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Odd Crisis: Covid‐19 and UK Food Prices
Authors: Lin Han , Lloyd Tim , McCorriston Steve 
Published: February 2021

SummaryThe Covid‐19 pandemic will have impacts that will vary across countries and commodity sectors, reflecting factors such as the importance of trade, differences in the functioning of supply chains and the market which producers and farmers supply. Some of these effects will be relatively short‐lived; others will be longer‐lasting. In this context, we set out the channels through which food prices will be affected by the Covid‐19 pandemic, emphasising the short‐ and longer‐term nature of the main effects. We focus on the UK but the insights extend to other (importing) countries. Drawing on a recent econometric model of UK retail food prices that accounts for both domestic and international factors, we show that the key drivers have potentially off‐setting effects, suggesting that the Covid‐19 shock to the food sector is likely to be different from previous shocks, particularly the commodity price crises of 2007–2008 and 2011. In many European countries, the Covid‐19 pandemic may manifest itself as something of an ‘odd crisis’, in which lower world and farm‐gate prices co‐exist with higher domestic retail prices. These off‐setting factors will frame policy responses targeted at different stages of the food chain across countries.
Food Supply Chains and Covid‐19: Impacts and Policy Lessons
Authors: Deconinck Koen , Avery Ellie , Jackson Lee Ann 
Published: February 2021

SummaryCovid‐19 placed unprecedented stresses on food supply chains. Farms faced bottlenecks for some inputs, notably seasonal labour. Processing was disrupted by labour shortages and shutdowns, especially in meat processing. Air freight, important for fruits and vegetables, was severely disrupted. Demand from restaurants and food service collapsed, while retail food demand surged. Yet supply chains in the developed world have been remarkably resilient to date. Store shelves were replenished as stockpiling behaviour subsided and as supply chain actors expanded operating hours, increased staff, simplified the product range and found alternative suppliers. This rapid recovery was facilitated by policy decisions to reduce border waiting times, to streamline certification procedures and to relax regulations on trade in food. Importantly, policymakers have so far mostly avoided a repeat of the mistakes of the 2007–2008 food price crisis, which was greatly exacerbated by export bans. Some bottlenecks remain, and there may be new supply risks as Covid‐19 spreads in Latin America. Overall, the biggest risk to food security is not food availability, but consumers’ loss of income. Safety nets and food assistance are essential to avoid an increase in hunger, especially in developing countries.
Has Covid‐19 Polarised the Debate on Climate Change and Food Security in the European Union?
Authors: Haniotis Tassos 
Published: February 2021

SummaryThe response of the global food system to the Covid‐19 crisis demonstrated not just its capacity to prevent a health crisis turning into a food crisis, but also highlighted deep divisions around the manner in which food security and climate action interact. The global food system has genuine shortcomings which are part of a much broader, complex picture of trade‐offs between enhancing climate action and food production; all major agricultural countries and regions face area constraints in meeting growing demands from the expected increase in world population. Amongst all major global players it is only in the EU that agriculture has reduced its GHG emissions, and even there momentum seems to have been exhausted recently. However, per capita and per area emissions differ significantly, with the ‘old world’ having a higher level of agricultural intensity than the ‘new world’. These production changes saw Brazil, the US and the EU, in different sectors and to varying degrees, increase the volume of food surpluses, while Africa and Asia generally increased their deficits; the former in food grains and the latter in feed and livestock products. These facts clearly point to an uncomfortable reality – that globally, we need to produce more with less, and therefore both economic and environmental efficiency matter.
Deployment and Exploration of a Gas Storage Well Pattern Based on the Threshold Radius
Authors: TANG Ligen , ZHU Weiyao , ZHU Huayin , SUN Chunhui , YANG Fenglai , WANG Yan , Li Xiaorui , Li Haiming , CHU Guangzhen , WANG Jieming , KONG Debin , YUE Ming , LIU Yuwei , HUANG Kun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTo tackle the problem that wells that are deployed in a specific pattern based on the requirements of gas reservoir development are not suitable for gas storage, we have conducted concentrically circular injection and production simulation experiments for gas storage, discovered the existence of a threshold radius, denoted by Rt, and derived the expression for Rt. Based on the analysis and discussion results, we propose a strategy for deploying gas storage wells in specific patterns. The expression for Rt shows that it is affected by factors such as the gas storage gas production/injection time, the upper pressure limit, the lower pressure limit, the bottomhole flow pressure at the ends of injection and production, the and permeability. The analysis and discussion results show that the Rt of a gas storage facility is much smaller than the Rt for gas reservoir development. In the gas storage facilities in China, the Rt for gas production is less than the Rt for the gas injection, and Rt increases with the difference in the operating pressure and with permeability K. Based on the characteristics of Rt, we propose three suggestions for gas storage well pattern deployment: (1) calculate Rt according to the designed functions of the gas storage facility and deploy the well pattern according to Rt; (2) deploy sparser, large‐wellbore patterns in high‐permeability areas and denser, small‐wellbore patterns in high‐permeability areas; and (3) achieve the gas injection well pattern by new drilling, and the gas production well pattern through a combination of the gas injection well pattern and old wells. By assessing a gas storage facility with a perfect well pattern after a number of adjustments, we found that the Rt of the 12 wells calculated in this paper is basically close to the corresponding actual radius, which validates our method. The results of this study provide a methodological basis for well pattern deployment in new gas storage construction.
Comparison of baseline laboratory findings of macrophage activation syndrome complicating systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children
Authors: Aydın Fatma , Çelikel Elif , Ekici Tekin Zahide , Coşkun Serkan , Sezer Müge , Karagöl Cüneyt , Kaplan Melike Mehveş , Tekgöz Nilüfer , Kurt Tuba , Özcan Serhan , Kavurt Ahmet Vedat , Özkaya Parlakay Aslınur , Çelikel Acar Banu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimsRecently, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C) has been recognized in association with coronavirus disease 2019 as a cytokine storm syndrome. MIS‐C presents with symptoms similar to Kawasaki disease and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). We aimed to better understand this cytokine storm syndrome by comparing the initial laboratory findings of MIS‐C and MAS.MethodsPatients who were diagnosed with MAS due to systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis in our clinic between March 2002 and November 2020 and with MIS‐C between 20 September and 20 October 2020 were enrolled into the study. The medical files of all patients were reviewed retrospectively.ResultsA total of 13 MAS (9 boys, 4 girls) and 26 MIS‐C (16 boys,10 girls) patients were included in the study. Hemoglobin, absolute neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, C‐reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, fibrinogen and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels showed significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.05). Patients with MAS had lower hemoglobin (10.10 g/dL) and fibrinogen (2.72 g/dL), but higher ferritin (17 863 mg/dL) and LDH (890.61 U/L) at the time of diagnosis. Patients with MIS‐C had higher absolute neutrophil count (12 180/mm3) and CRP (194.23 mg/dL) values, but lower absolute lymphocyte count (1140/mm3) at the time of diagnosis. Left ventricle ejection fraction was significantly lower in the MIS‐C group in echocardiographic evaluation (P < 0.001).ConclusionFerritin, hemoglobin, LDH, and fibrinogen levels were significantly changed in MAS compared with MIS‐C. However, patients with MIS‐C have more severe signs than MAS, such as cardiac involvement.
Predictive factors of recurrence after resection of subsolid clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Im Dong Jin , Lee Sang Min , Han Kyunghwa , Park Chul Hwan , Lee Ji Won , Hwang Sung Ho , Seo Jae Seung , Kwon Woocheol , Lee Kye Ho , Hur Jin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundOngoing studies are currently investigating the extent of surgical resection required for subsolid cancers. This study aimed to investigate the predictive factors related to recurrence in patients with clinical stage IA subsolid cancer who underwent either lobectomy or sublobar resection.MethodsThis was a prospective multicenter observational study conducted in eight qualifying university teaching hospitals between April 2014 and December 2016. A total of 173 patients with subsolid nodules pathologically confirmed to have primary lung adenocarcinoma and stage IA disease were included in the final analysis. All patients underwent lobectomy, segmentectomy, or wedge resection performed by experienced thoracoscopic surgeons at each site. The surgical procedure was chosen based on the decision of the surgeons involved. The primary endpoint was time to recurrence (TTR).ResultsThe study population was 43.9% (76 of 173) male with a mean age of 60.7 years. During the median follow‐up period of 5.01 years, nine patients (5%) experienced disease recurrence. In the multivariable analysis, tumor size (size ≥2 cm) (hazard ratio: 73.717, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.635–895.036; p < 0.001) and stage IA3 (hazard ratio: 62.010, 95% CI: 2.837–855.185; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of tumor recurrence. When analyzing the recurrence outcome in patients according to surgical procedure, no significant difference was found in TTR among the three groups (i.e., lobectomy, segmentectomy, and wedge resection; p = 0.99).ConclusionsPatients with radiologically subsolid lung adenocarcinoma measuring <3 cm could be candidates for sublobar resection instead of lobectomy.
A genome‐wide association study reveals a quantitative trait locus for calf mortality on chromosome 9 in Japanese Black cattle
Authors: Sasaki S. , Ibi T. 
Published: February 2021

SummaryCalf mortality is a major problem affecting cattle production. To identify genetic variants associated with calf mortality in Japanese Black cattle, we evaluated calf mortality as a categorical trait using a threshold model and conducted a GWAS. We identified two SNPs between 32 549 297 and 32 606 924 bp on bovine chromosome 9 that were significantly associated with calf mortality from 61 to 180 days after birth. The SNP showing the highest association was localized at a region 624 bp downstream of exon 4 of the anti‐silencing function 1A histone chaperone gene (ASF1A) that promotes DNA damage repair, and the null mice, which exhibit pre‐ and postnatal lethality. This association was also detected using the breeding value of 334 sires. The frequency of the risk allele in Japanese Black cattle from locations across Japan was 0.013; although the frequency of ASF1A risk allele was low, it is widespread in the Japanese Black cattle population. Thus, it may be necessary to routinely monitor the cattle population for the presence of this allele.
Adaptive Experimental Design: Prospects and Applications in Political Science
Authors: Offer‐Westort Molly , Coppock Alexander , Green Donald P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractExperimental researchers in political science frequently face the problem of inferring which of several treatment arms is most effective. They may also seek to estimate mean outcomes under that arm, construct confidence intervals, and test hypotheses. Ordinarily, multiarm trials conducted using static designs assign participants to each arm with fixed probabilities. However, a growing statistical literature suggests that adaptive experimental designs that dynamically allocate larger assignment probabilities to more promising treatments are better equipped to discover the best performing arm. Using simulations and empirical applications, we explore the conditions under which such designs hasten the discovery of superior treatments and improve the precision with which their effects are estimated. Recognizing that many scholars seek to assess performance relative to a control condition, we also develop and implement a novel adaptive algorithm that seeks to maximize the precision with which the largest treatment effect is estimated
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A longitudinal gender perspective of well‐being and health in spanish youth: the UP&DOWN study
Authors: Esteban‐Gonzalo Sara , Esteban‐Gonzalo Laura , González‐Pascual Juan Luis , Esteban‐Cornejo Irene , Izquierdo‐Gómez Rocío , Conde‐Caveda Julio , Castro‐Piñero José , Veiga Oscar L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPrevious studies have observed a link between gender and well‐being and health in young populations. The purpose of this research was twofold: (1) to analyse the cross‐sectional relationship between gender status with well‐being indicators and self‐perceived health in adolescents at baseline and at 2‐year follow‐up and (2) to evaluate the prospective associations between gender at baseline and well‐being indicators/self‐perceived health assessed at 2‐year follow‐up. Well‐being was measured using the KIDSCREEN‐10 questionnaire (as a measure of health‐related quality of life (HR‐QoL)), the Children's Hope Scale and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Health status of the adolescents was assessed using self‐perceived health. Multilevel mixed‐effects linear/logistic regression models were carried out to assess the associations between gender status and well‐being and health of a sample of 1590 Spanish adolescents. Adolescent girls were shown to have lower HR‐QoL scores and higher negative affect scores, and had a higher risk of reporting poor health than boys, in both cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses. Adolescent girls seem to be more vulnerable to poorer well‐being and self‐reported health than boys. When looking at hedonic and eudemonic well‐being separately, longitudinal differential evolution of boys and girls seems to indicate greater deterioration of hedonic well‐being among girls as compared to boys. Overall, gender may have a relevant impact on mental and physical health during adolescence.
Circulating tumour DNA in B‐cell lymphomas: current state and future prospects
Authors: Lakhotia Rahul , Roschewski Mark 
Published: February 2021

SummaryCirculating tumour DNA (ctDNA) is a highly versatile analyte and an emerging biomarker for detection of tumour‐specific sequences in lymphoid malignancies. Since ctDNA is derived from tumour cells throughout the body, it overcomes fundamental limitations of tissue biopsies by capturing the complete molecular profile of tumours, including those from inaccessible anatomic locations. Assays for ctDNA are minimally invasive and serial sampling monitors the effectiveness of therapy and identifies minimal residual disease below the detection limit of standard imaging scans. Dynamic changes in ctDNA levels measure real‐time tumour kinetics, and early reductions in ctDNA during treatment correlate with clinical outcomes in multiple B‐cell lymphomas. After therapy, ctDNA can effectively discriminate between patients who achieved a complete molecular remission from those with residual treatment‐resistant disease. Serial monitoring of ctDNA after therapy can detect early molecular relapse and identify drug‐resistant clones that harbour targetable mutations. In order for ctDNA to reach its full potential, the standardization and harmonization of the optimal pre‐analytical and analytical techniques for B‐cell lymphomas is a critically necessary requirement. Prospective validation of ctDNA within clinical studies is also required to determine its clinical utility as an adjunctive decision‐making tool.
Effect of information on reducing inappropriate expectations and requests for antibiotics
Authors: Thorpe Alistair , Sirota Miroslav , Orbell Sheina , Juanchich Marie 
Published: February 2021

People often expect antibiotics when they are clinically inappropriate (e.g., for viral infections). This contributes significantly to physicians’ decisions to prescribe antibiotics when they are clinically inappropriate, causing harm to the individual and to society. In two pre‐registered studies employing UK general population samples (n1 = 402; n2 = 190), we evaluated the relationship between knowledge and beliefs with antibiotic expectations, and the effects of information provision on such expectations. We conducted a correlational study (study 1), in which we examined the role of antibiotic knowledge and beliefs and an experiment (study 2) in which we assessed the causal effect of information provision on antibiotic expectations. In study 1, we found that both knowledge and beliefs about antibiotics predicted antibiotic expectations. In study 2, a 2 (viral information: present vs. absent) × 2 (antibiotic information: present vs. absent) experimental between‐subjects design, information about antibiotic efficacy significantly reduced expectations for antibiotics, but viral aetiology information did not. Providing antibiotic information substantially diminishes inappropriate expectations of antibiotics. Health campaigns might also aim to change social attitudes and normative beliefs, since more complex sociocognitive processes underpin inappropriate expectations for antibiotics.
A chronological and palaeoenvironmental re‐evaluation of two loess‐palaeosol records in the northern Harz foreland, Germany, based on innovative modelling tools
Authors: Schmidt Christoph , Zeeden Christian , Krauß Lydia , Lehmkuhl Frank , Zöller Ludwig 
Published: February 2021

The continuing development of analytical methods for investigating sedimentary records calls for iterative re‐examination of existing data sets obtained on loess‐palaeosol sequences (LPS) as archives of palaeoenvironmental change. Here, we re‐investigate two LPS (Hecklingen, Zilly) in the northern Harz foreland, Germany, being of interest due to their proximity to the Scandinavian Ice Sheet (SIS) and the position between oceanic climatic influence further west and continental influence towards the east. First, we established new quartz OSL and polymineral IRSL chronologies. Both methods show concordant ages in the upper part of the Hecklingen profile (~20–40 ka), but in the lower part IRSL underestimates OSL ages by up to ~15 ka for the period 40–60 ka. Interpretations hence refer to the OSL data set. Second, we applied Bayesian age‐depth modelling to data sets from Hecklingen to resolve inversions in the original ages, also reducing averaged 1σ uncertainty by ~19% (OSL) and ~12% (IRSL). Modelled chronologies point out phases of increased (MIS 2, early MIS 3) and reduced (middle and late MIS 3) sedimentation, but interpretation of numerical rates is problematic because of intense erosion and slope wash particularly during MIS 3. Finally, previously obtained grain‐size data were re‐investigated by end member modelling analyses. Three fundamental grain‐size distributions (loadings) explain the measured data sets and offer information on intensity and – combined with modelled OSL ages – timing of geomorphic processes. We interpret the loadings to represent (i) primary loess accumulation, (ii) postdepositional pedogenesis and/or input of aeolian fine fractions, and (iii) input of coarse aeolian material and/or slope wash. The applied modelling tools facilitate detailed understanding of site‐formation through time, allowing us to correlate a strong peak in mean grain size at ~26–24 ka to the maximum extent of the SIS and increased influence of easterly winds.
TRV130 partial agonism and capacity to induce anti‐nociceptive tolerance revealed through reducing available μ‐opioid receptor number
Authors: Singleton Samuel , Baptista‐Hon Daniel T. , Edelsten Emily , McCaughey Kirsty S. , Camplisson Ewan , Hales Tim G. 
Published: February 2021

Background and Purposeβ‐Arrestin2 recruitment to μ‐receptors may contribute to the development of opioid side effects. This possibility led to the development of TRV130 and PZM21, opioids reportedly biased against β‐arrestin2 recruitment in favour of G‐protein signalling. However, low efficacy β‐arrestin2 recruitment by TRV130 and PZM21 may simply reflect partial agonism overlooked due to overexpression of μ‐receptors.Experimental ApproachEfficacies and apparent potencies of DAMGO, morphine, PZM21 and TRV130 as stimulators of β‐arrestin2 recruitment and inhibitors of cAMP accumulation were assessed in CHO cells stably expressing μ‐receptors. Receptor availability was depleted through prior exposure of cells to the irreversible antagonist, β‐FNA. We also examined whether μ‐receptor availability influences TRV130 anti‐nociception and/or tolerance using the tail withdrawal assay in wild‐type C57BL/6 and μ+/− mice.Key ResultsMorphine, PZM21 and TRV130 were partial agonists in the β‐arrestin2 recruitment assay. Only TRV130 exhibited partial agonism in the cAMP assay. Exposure to β‐FNA to reduce μ‐receptor availability further limited the efficacy of TRV130 and revealed morphine and PZM21 to be partial agonists. Despite having partial efficacy in vitro, TRV130 caused potent anti‐nociception (ED50: 0.33 mg·kg−1) in wild‐type mice, without tolerance after daily administration for 10 days. TRV130 caused similar anti‐nociception in μ+/− mice, with marked tolerance on day 4 of injections.Conclusion and ImplicationsOur findings emphasise the importance of receptor reserve when characterising μ‐receptor agonists. Reduced receptor availability reveals that TRV130 is a partial agonist capable of tolerance, despite having limited efficacy for β‐arrestin2 recruitment to the μ‐receptor.
The Longitudinal Relationship Between Conversational Turn‐Taking and Vocabulary Growth in Early Language Development
Authors: Donnelly Seamus , Kidd Evan 
Published: February 2021

Children acquire language embedded within the rich social context of interaction. This paper reports on a longitudinal study investigating the developmental relationship between conversational turn‐taking and vocabulary growth in English‐acquiring children (N = 122) followed between 9 and 24 months. Daylong audio recordings obtained every 3 months provided several indices of the language environment, including the number of adult words children heard in their environment and their number of conversational turns. Vocabulary was measured independently via parental report. Growth curve analyses revealed a bidirectional relationship between conversational turns and vocabulary growth, controlling for the amount of words in children’s environments. The results are consistent with theoretical approaches that identify social interaction as a core component of early language acquisition.