Abstract S01-03: The acute phase response identifies cancer patients with adverse outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection as quantified by the OnCovid Inflammatory Score
Authors: Dettorre Gino M. , Dolly Saoirse , Loizidou Angela , Chester John , Jackson Amanda , Mukherjee Uma , Zambelli Alberto , Aguilar-Company Juan , Bower Mark , Sng Christopher C. T. , Salazar Ramon , Bertuzzi Alexia , Brunet Joan , Mesia Ricard , Sita-Lumsden Ailsa , Seguí Elia , Biello Federica , Generali Daniele , Grisanti Salvatore , Seeva Pavetha , Rizzo Gianpiero , Libertini Michela , Maconi Antonio , Moss Charlotte , Russell Beth , Tabernero Josep , Harbeck Nadia , Vincenzi Bruno , Bertulli Rossella , Ottaviani Diego , Marrari Andrea , Carmona-García M. Carmen , Chopra Neha , Tondini Carlo , Mirallas Oriol , Tovazzi Valeria , Fotia Vittoria , Cruz Claudia A. , Saoudi-Gonzalez Nadia , Felip Eudald , Scotti Lorenza , Lee Alvin J. X. , Newsom-Davis Thomas , Patriarca Andrea , Rimassa Lorenza , Santoro Armando , Gennari Alessandra , Van Hemelrijck Mieke , Diamantis Nikolaos , Pinato David J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We sought to determine parameters of the acute phase response, a feature of innate immunity activated by infectious noxae and cancer, deranged by Covid-19 and establish oncological indices’ prognostic potential for patients with concomitant cancer and Covid-19. Between 27/02 and 23/06/2020, OnCovid retrospectively accrued 1,318 consecutive referrals of patients with cancer and Covid-19 aged 18 from the U.K., Spain, Italy, Belgium, and Germany. Patients with myeloma, leukemia, or insufficient data were excluded. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), prognostic nutritional index (PNI), modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS), and prognostic index (PI) were evaluated for their prognostic potential, with the NLR, PLR, and PNI risk stratifications dichotomized around median values and the pre-established risk categorizations from literature utilized for the mGPS and PI. 1,071 eligible patients were randomly assorted into a training set (TS, n=529) and validation set (VS, n=542) matched for age (67.9±13.3 TS, 68.5±13.5 VS), presence of 1 comorbidity (52.1% TS, 49.8% VS), development of 1 Covid-19 complication (27% TS, 25.9% VS), and active malignancy at Covid-19 diagnosis (66.7% TS, 61.6% VS). Among all 1,071 patients, deceased patients tended to categorize into poor risk groups for the NLR, PNI, mGPS, and PI (P&lt;0.0001) with a return to pre-Covid-19 diagnosis NLR, PNI, and mGPS categorizations following recovery (P&lt;0.01). In the TS, higher mortality rates were associated with NLR&gt;6 (44.6% vs 28%, P&lt;0.0001), PNI&lt;40 (46.6% vs 20.9%, P&lt;0.0001), mGPS (50.6% for mGPS2 vs 30.4% and 11.4% for mGPS1 and 0, P&lt;0.0001), and PI (50% for PI2 vs 40% for PI1 and 9.1% for PI0, P&lt;0.0001). Findings were confirmed in the VS (P&lt;0.001 for all comparisons). Patients in poor risk categories had shorter median overall survival [OS], (NLR&gt;6 30 days 95%CI 1-63, PNI&lt;40 23 days 95%CI 10-35, mGPS2 20 days 95%CI 8-32, PI2 23 days 95%CI 1-56) compared to patients in good risk categories, for whom median OS was not reached (P&lt;0.001 for all comparisons). The PLR was not associated with survival. Analyses of survival in the VS confirmed the NLR (P&lt;0.0001), PNI (P&lt;0.0001), PI (P&lt;0.01), and mGPS (P&lt;0.001) as predictors of survival. In a multivariable Cox regression model including all inflammatory indices and pre-established prognostic factors for severe Covid-19 including sex, age, comorbid burden, malignancy status, and receipt of anti-cancer therapy at Covid-19 diagnosis, the PNI was the only factor to emerge with a significant hazard ratio [HR] in both TS and VS analysis (TS HR 1.97, 95%CI 1.19-3.26, P=0.008; VS HR 2.48, 95%CI 1.47-4.20, P=0.001). We conclude that systemic inflammation drives mortality from Covid-19 through hypoalbuminemia and lymphocytopenia as measured by the PNI and propose the PNI as the OnCovid Inflammatory Score (OIS) in this context.
Citation Format: Gino M. Dettorre, Saoirse Dolly, Angela Loizidou, John Chester, Amanda Jackson, Uma Mukherjee, Alberto Zambelli, Juan Aguilar-Company, Mark Bower, Christopher C. T. Sng, Ramon Salazar, Alexia Bertuzzi, Joan Brunet, Ricard Mesia, Ailsa Sita-Lumsden, Elia Seguí, Federica Biello, Daniele Generali, Salvatore Grisanti, Pavetha Seeva, Gianpiero Rizzo, Michela Libertini, Antonio Maconi, Charlotte Moss, Beth Russell, Josep Tabernero, Nadia Harbeck, Bruno Vincenzi, Rossella Bertulli, Diego Ottaviani, Andrea Marrari, M. Carmen Carmona-García, Neha Chopra, Carlo Tondini, Oriol Mirallas, Valeria Tovazzi, Vittoria Fotia, Claudia A. Cruz, Nadia Saoudi-Gonzalez, Eudald Felip, Lorenza Scotti, Alvin J. X. Lee, Thomas Newsom-Davis, Andrea Patriarca, Lorenza Rimassa, Armando Santoro, Alessandra Gennari, Mieke Van Hemelrijck, Nikolaos Diamantis, David J. Pinato. The acute phase response identifies cancer patients with adverse outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection as quantified by the OnCovid Inflammatory Score [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Meeting: COVID-19 and Cancer; 2021 Feb 3-5. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(6_Suppl):Abstract nr S01-03.