bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early fMRI responses to somatosensory and optogenetic stimulation reflect neural information flow
Authors: Jung Won Beom , Im Geun Ho , Jiang Haiyan , Kim Seong-Gi 
Published: March 2021

Significance
fMRI has revolutionized how neuroscientists investigate human brain functions and networks. To further advance understanding of brain functions, identifying the direction of information flow, such as thalamocortical versus corticothalamic projections, is critical. Because the early hemodynamic response at microvessels near active neurons can be detected by ultrahigh field fMRI, we propose using the onset times of fMRI responses to discern the information flow. This approach was confirmed by observing the ultrahigh spatiotemporal resolution BOLD fMRI responses to bottom-up somatosensory stimulation and top-down optogenetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex in anesthetized mice. Because ultrahigh field MRI is increasingly available, ultrahigh spatiotemporal fMRI will significantly facilitate the investigation of functional circuits in humans.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is essential for the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Masaki Takeshi , Okazawa Makoto , Asano Ryotaro , Inagaki Tadakatsu , Ishibashi Tomohiko , Yamagishi Akiko , Umeki-Mizushima Saori , Nishimura Manami , Manabe Yusuke , Ishibashi-Ueda Hatsue , Shirai Manabu , Tsuchimochi Hirotsugu , Pearson James T , Kumanogoh Atsushi , Sakata Yasushi , Ogo Takeshi , Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Nakaoka Yoshikazu 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Inflammatory signals are thought to be crucial for the pathogenesis of PAH; however, the underlying mechanism is still largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that AHR makes a causal contribution to the pathogenesis of PAH, activating a focal inflammatory response in the lungs and promoting infiltration of immune cells from the bone marrow. Furthermore, we found that PAH patients with higher AHR agonistic activity in sera are more susceptible to severe clinical events than those with lower activity. Because conventional therapy for pulmonary hypertension targeting pulmonary artery vasodilation has limited efficacy against severe PAH, the AHR-signaling pathway represents a promising therapeutic target for PAH. In addition, AHR agonistic activity in serum represents a biomarker for PAH.
Clutch mechanism of chemomechanical coupling in a DNA resecting motor nuclease
Authors: Unciuleac Mihaela-Carmen , Meir Aviv , Xue Chaoyou , Warren Garrett M. , Greene Eric C. , Shuman Stewart 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Multisubunit motor nucleases such as RecBCD, AddAB, and AdnAB recognize, unwind, and resect DSB ends during homologous recombination in bacteria. Guided by recent cryo-EM structures of AdnAB bound to a forked duplex DNA, we conducted a thorough mutational analysis of the interface of the AdnB motor domain with the 3′ ssDNA tracking strand and the ssDNA–dsDNA junction. We thereby identified the tracking strand DNA contacts that, when severed, either completely decouple ATP hydrolysis from mechanical work or else markedly lower the efficiency of the helicase motor and hence its velocity during DSB resection. An analogy is drawn between the mechanism of chemomechanical coupling in AdnAB and that of an automobile clutch friction plate.
Unveiling the “invisible” druggable conformations of GDP-bound inactive Ras
Authors: Liu Dan , Mao Yunyun , Gu Xue , Zhou Yang , Long Dong 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Recent progress in targeting Ras, an oncoprotein involved in approximately 30% of all human cancers, has been made with the identification of covalent and noncovalent inhibitors binding to druggable pockets that are not observed in the inhibitor-free protein structures. To understand the nature of these cryptic sites and to facilitate rational drug discovery, we constructed a conformational ensemble of inactive Ras by exploiting the rich information on protein intrinsic dynamics provided by NMR experimental and computational approaches. Our results unveil the transiently sampled conformations bearing preformed druggable pockets and demonstrate the utility of the Ras•GDP ensemble for computer-aided drug design.
Modeling programmable drug delivery in bioelectronics with electrochemical actuation
Authors: Avila Raudel , Li Chenhang , Xue Yeguang , Rogers John A. , Huang Yonggang 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Drug delivery systems with electrochemical actuation offer programmable volume/flowrates in miniaturized form factors for in vivo pharmacological experiments in freely moving animals where flowrate control and delivery time are important. Here, we present an analytical model that accounts for all the problem variables influencing the drug delivery in nondimensional parameters for pressure, volume, and microfluidic channels. Variation of the nondimensional parameters provides a scalable relationship for the volume/flowrate and delivery time. This analytical model agrees well with experiments and gives researchers additional parameters when designing a programmable drug delivery system for neuroscience/clinical research.
Rapidly deployable and morphable 3D mesostructures with applications in multimodal biomedical devices
Authors: Zhang Fan , Li Shupeng , Shen Zhangming , Cheng Xu , Xue Zhaoguo , Zhang Hang , Song Honglie , Bai Ke , Yan Dongjia , Wang Heling , Zhang Yihui , Huang Yonggang 
Published: March 2021

Significance
The ability to miniaturize deployable and morphable structures could significantly broaden their applications in biomedical, healthcare, and electronics devices, but remains to be very challenging, due to the difficulty to achieve considerable actuation deformations at small scales (e.g., several millimeters). Here, we present actuation schemes and design strategies to enable assembly of three-dimensional (3D) mesostructures that actively, rapidly, and reversibly deform (by nearly an order of amplitude in size) and switch among various stable states. These schemes provide routes to multimodal devices that actively change their functions following changes in shapes. A skin sensor that can actively switch between the deep and shallow sensing modes serves as an example to demonstrate the promising potential toward developments of multimodal biomedical devices.
Loss of expression of both miR-15/16 loci in CML transition to blast crisis
Authors: Lovat Francesca , Gasparini Pierluigi , Nigita Giovanni , Larkin Karilyn , Byrd John C. , Minden Mark D. , Andreeff Michael , Carter Bing Z. , Croce Carlo M. 
Published: March 2021

Significance
The mechanisms that promote the transition from chronic phase to blast crisis (BC) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients are not fully described. Given the loss of miR-15/16 loci is critical in the development of myeloid and lymphocytic leukemia, here we evaluated the correlation between the expression of miR-15a/16 and miR-15b/16 with the transition of CML from chronic phase to BC. A significant reduction of miR-15a, miR-15b, and miR-16 expression and an overexpression of their targets, such as Bmi-1, ROR1, and Bcl-2, can describe the progression from chronic phase to BC. This study suggests that targeting different oncogenes activated by the same genetic/epigenetic alteration could represent an important advancement in the treatment of BC CML.
Defect agglomeration induces a reduction in radiation damage resistance of In-rich In
x
Ga1−x
N
Authors: Zhang S , Wang B W , Zhang L M , Liu N , Wang T S , Duan B H , Xu X G 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
To investigate the reason for the reduction in damage resistance of In
x
Ga1−x
N with increasing indium (In) content, we used molecular dynamics methods to simulate the threshold displacement energies, the individual recoil damage and the overlapping cascade processes in In
x
Ga1−x
N (x = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7) during ion implantation. The average threshold displacement energy of In
x
Ga1−x
N decreases a little (from 41.0 eV to 34.6 eV) as the In content increases (from 0.3 to 0.7) and the number of defects produced by individual cascades increases less than 30% with increasing In content (from 0.3 to 0.7), while the overlapping cascade simulations showed that with In content increasing the dynamic annealing processes in cascades were significantly suppressed. Thus, the suppression of dynamic annealing in the cascades is the main reason for the reduction of damage resistance of In
x
Ga1−x
N by adding In content. The analysis of defect distribution during overlapping cascades showed that defects in In-rich In
x
Ga1−x
N (x = 0.7) agglomerate more rapidly as the irradiation dose increases and are likely to form large clusters, which are harder to anneal during cascade evolution. Therefore, the suppression of dynamic annealing in In-rich In
x
Ga1−x
N can be attributed to the rapid agglomeration of defects with the irradiation dose.
Theoretical perspective on the electronic structure and optoelectronic properties of type-II SiC/CrS2 van der Waals heterostructure with high carrier mobilities
Authors: Ali Anwar , Zhang Jian-Min , Muhammad Iltaf , Shahid Ismail , Huang Yu-Hong , Wei Xiu-Mei , Kabir Fazal 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Two-dimensional heterostructures formed by stacking layered materials play a significant role in condensed matter physics and materials science due to their potential applications in high-efficiency nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices. In this paper, the structural, electronic, and optical properties of SiC/CrS2 van der Waals heterostructure (vdWHs) have been investigated by means of density functional theory calculations. It is confirmed that the SiC/CrS2 vdWHs is energetically and thermodynamically stable indicating its great promise for experimental realization. We find that the SiC/CrS2 vdWHs has a direct-band gap and type-II (staggered) band alignment, which can effectively separate the photo-induced electrons and holes pairs and extend their life time. The carrier mobilities of electrons and holes along the armchair and zigzag directions are as high as 6.621 × 103 and 6.182 × 104 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. Besides, the charge difference and potential drop across the interface can induce a large built-in electric field across the heterojunction, which will further hinder the electron and hole recombination. The SiC/CrS2 vdWHs has enhanced optical absorption capability compared to individual monolayers. This study demonstrates that the SiC/CrS2 vdWHs is a good candidate for application in the nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices.
Efficiency of CNT-based rotation transmission nanosystem in water
Authors: Shi Jiao , Wu Puwei , Li Xin , Cai Kun , Zhang Yingyan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely used as the motor and rotor in a rotational transmission nanosystem (RTnS), whose function is to transfer the input rotational frequency of the motor into the output frequency of the rotor through motor-rotor interactions. A wide range of techniques has been explored to achieve a CNT-based RTnS with a stable and adjustable transmission. In this work, a CNT-based rotor is partly immersed into a water box and the associated water-rotor interaction leads to effective manipulation of the transmission efficiency of RTnS. Molecular dynamics simulations are performed on this new RTnS to investigate the dynamic response of the rotor and the local flow field near the water-rotor interface. Various parameters, including ambient temperature, tubes’ radii, and volume fractions of water in the box (V
f) are examined for their effects on the rotational transmission efficiency. This study offers useful guidelines for the design of stable RTnS with controllable transmission efficiency.
Novel sample-thickness-dependent flux pinning behaviors of KFe2As2 intercalations in CaKFe4As4 single crystals
Authors: Wang Chunlei , He Tian , Han Qianqian , Fan Chunfeng , Tang Qingbin , Chen Dong , Lei Qiankun , Sun Shujie , Li Yingbin , Yu Benhai 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We report the strong dependence of critical current density (J
c) on the sample thickness (d) along the crystalline c-axis in CaKFe4As4 single crystals. The J
c can be respectively enlarged more than 3 and 50 times in H parallel to c-axis (

J

c

c

) and ab-plane (

J

c

a
b

) at temperature of 5 K and high magnetic fields of 8 T when the d is reduced from 88 to 2.0

μ

m

. It is surprising to find that, accompanied by the enhanced J
c, the fishtail effect fades away with the decreasing d. We believe that both the origins of enhanced J
c and the fishtail effect in CaKFe4As4 may have close relationship with the interlayer coupling between CaKFe4As4 and the intercalations of KFe2As2. Our results not only demonstrate an encouraging prospect for application of CaKFe4As4, but also illuminate new light on the origin of fishtail effect in iron-based superconductors.
Ultrahigh molecular recognition specificity of competing DNA oligonucleotide strands in thermal equilibrium: a cooperative transition to order
Authors: Schenkelberger Marc , Trapp Christian , Mai Timo , Giri Varun , Mohammadi-Kambs Mina , Ott Albrecht 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The specificity of molecular recognition is important for molecular self-organization. A prominent example is the biological cell where a myriad of different molecular receptor pairs recognize their binding partners with astonishing accuracy within a highly crowded molecular environment. In thermal equilibrium it is usually admitted that the affinity of recognizer pairs only depends on the nature of the two binding molecules. Accordingly, Boltzmann factors of binding energy differences relate the molecular affinities among different target molecules that compete for the same probe. Here, we consider the molecular recognition of short DNA oligonucleotide single strands. We show that a better matching oligonucleotide can prevail against a disproportionally more concentrated competitor with reduced affinity due to a mismatch. We investigate the situation using fluorescence-based techniques, among them Förster resonance energy transfer and total internal reflection fluorescence excitation. We find that the affinity of certain strands appears considerably reduced only as long as a better matching competitor is present. Compared to the simple Boltzmann picture above we observe increased specificity, up to several orders of magnitude. We interpret our observations based on an energy-barrier of entropic origin that occurs if two competing oligonucleotide strands occupy the same probe simultaneously. Due to their differences in binding microstate distributions, the barrier affects the binding affinities of the competitors differently. Based on a mean field description, we derive a resulting expression for the free energy landscape, a formal analogue to a Landau description of phase transitions reproducing the observations in quantitative agreement as a result of a cooperative transition. The advantage of improved molecular recognition comes at no energetic cost other than the design of the molecular ensemble and the presence of the competitor. As a possible application, binding assays for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA strands could be improved by adding competing strands. It will be interesting to see if mechanisms along similar lines as exposed here contribute to the molecular synergy that occurs in biological systems.
Nonlinear trapping in wave–particle interactions in tokamaks
Authors: Shaing K.C. , Garcia-Munoz M. , Viezzer E. , Chu M.S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The physics and transport consequences of the nonlinear trapping of the wave–particle interactions on the transit and bounce time scale are investigated by solving drift kinetic equation including collisions. The nonlinear particle dynamics is governed by a new set of coupled evolution equations for the phase of the wave, the toroidal component of the canonical momentum (radial motion), and the particle energy. The resonant particles are trapped nonlinearly in the phase space in a pendulum-like motion to resolve the linear resonance. The trapping mechanism is similar to that of the superbananas in the neoclassical theory. The nonlinear particle dynamics is employed to facilitate the solution of the drift kinetic equation. It is shown analytically that the particle distribution in the nonlinearly trapped region is flattened when a term of the order of

δ
A

is neglected. Here, δA is the typical magnitude of the normalized perturbed wave field. The trapped and barely circulating particles diffuse collisionally in the phase space. Transport fluxes, wave–particle energy transfer rate and nonlinear damping rate are calculated. The transport coefficients have a new analytic scaling

ν

r

2

δ
A

U in the context of the wave–particle interaction, and can be significant even for a small amplitude wave in tokamaks. Here, ν is the collision frequency, r is the minor radius, and U is a function of the wave frequency, aspect ratio, magnetic shear, and mode numbers. It is estimated that when δA ∼ 10−4 for the magnetic perturbation, alpha particle energy loss rate is comparable to that of the neoclassical theory. The energy transfer rate is proportional to part of the particle flux, a new relation, and scales as ν

δ
A

; the nonlinear damping or growth rate ν

δ
A

−
3
/
2

.
Design of EAST lower divertor by considering target erosion and tungsten ion transport during the external impurity seeding
Authors: Sang Chaofeng , Zhou Qingrui , Xu Guosheng , Wang Liang , Wang Yilin , Zhao Xuele , Zhang Chen , Ding Rui , Jia Guozhang , Yao Damao , Liu Xiaoju , Si Hang , Wang Dezhen , the EAST Team  
Published: March 2021

Abstract
To demonstrate the performance of tungsten (W) as the divertor target material and to solve the power handling problem during high power long-pulse discharge, the upgrade of EAST lower divertor is planned. In this work, the physical design of the W divertor is presented by using 2D edge plasma code SOLPS and Monte Carlo impurity transport code DIVIMP. The optimized divertor geometry is proposed after systematic examination of target shapes, target slant angles and the pump opening locations. The performance of the designed divertor is further assessed by impurity seeding. By comparing the medium and high power discharges with argon (Ar) seeding, the differences on the divertor power radiation and impurity core accumulation are distinguished. The simulated effective ion charge Z
eff fits well the scaling law, which is based on multi-machine database. Ar seeding and neon (Ne) seeding scans are carried out separately. The simulation results indicate Ar has higher power radiation efficiency than that of Ne, thus promoting the achievement of plasma detachment. However, the core compatibility with Ar is worse than with Ne. The W target erosion and W impurity transport during impurity seeding are simulated by the DIVIMP–SOLPS coupled modeling. It illustrates that under the similar divertor plasma conditions, Ar seeding causes more serious W erosion and more severe core contamination by W impurity, than Ne seeding. Finally, the divertor in–out asymmetry is studied by considering electromagnetic drifts. The simulation results manifest that the designed open vertical inner target reduces in–out asymmetry due to that its weak power radiation capability is offset by the ion flow driven by the drifts. In addition, the designed divertor is compatible with the quasi snowflake magnetic configuration. These studies will improve the understanding of W target sputtering and W impurity transport control during the radiative divertor discharges for CFETR/DEMO.
Application of the GPR (Ground Penetration Radar) method for soil investigation and building structure analysis test
Authors: Parwatiningtyas D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The large number of infrastructure improvements in Indonesia, causing the need for an underground investigation first, so that the buildings become sturdy and have a small risk of natural disturbance (landslides, land subsidence, earthquakes),etc. One of method used in underground investigations is the Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) method. The GPR antenna system consists of a sending antenna (transmitter antenna), as an electromagnetic signal transmitter and part of the receiving antenna (receiver antenna), that is as a detector of reflected electromagnetic waves. The scope of this research is to collect data in the field using the GPR method, and perform data processing using the Reflex-W application software to obtain information on the condition of the structure, depth of the building foundation, as well as its subsurface information. After all the information on the above values is obtained, we are able to manage the area of the local building more conducive and stable, especially those related to the dynamics of ground movement. GPR data collection was carried out for 3 days, at PANASONIC COMPANIES Tapos Depok, Jakarta – Bogor street on August 7th and 8th 2019. Then data processing and report writing were carried out at the office of Putra Cipta Jaya Consultant from August 12nd to September 8th 2019. Based on the results of the GPR inversion processing using Reflex-W software from 9 measured areas, information was obtained that the condition of the Building and its surroundings as a whole was still in good condition. There are only a few parts of the area that are attention in detail here, which is the office area, 1st factory building, 1st floors, as well as the generator building area, which in general, the three areas of this underground structure there is a land that moves down approximately 1-5 metres from the east and west direction. Therefore the building structure of this area is made a deep pondation, which is approximately 10 to 26 metres.
Efficient TiO2 nanoparticle-ruthenium sensitizers with high open-circuit voltage (Voc) for high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Hardani  , Idawati S , Mustariani B A A , Dewi Y K , Hidayatulloh A , Darmawan M I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The study aims to characterize Ruthenium as a photosensitizer in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC). Samples are made in the structure of the working electrode pair Sandwich and the opponent electrode. Sample absorbance test using UV-Visible LAMBDA 25 spectrophotometer and test current and voltage characterization (I-V) using Keithley 2602A. The results of the study showed that the maximum absorbance in the high dye ruthenium appeared at the two peaks at 448 nm and 580 nm. While I-V curve measurements showed great efficiency that resulted in ruthenium dye with concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 in a row were 0, 12%, 0.186%, and 0.26%. These results show that higher concentrations of ruthenium dye can increase the value of the resulting efficiency.
Hawking temperature and stability in BTZ-Sen Black Hole
Authors: Jayawiguna B N , Ramadhan H S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
By using the appropriate Killing vector for BTZ-Sen black hole, we obtained surface gravity and the corresponding Hawking temperature. The stability of a black hole can be seen from specific heat. From the result, we can infer that the Hawking temperature reduces to the well known BTZ when the charge vanishes and there is no phase transition with appropriate fixed parameters.