bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Was bedeutet Religion für Rechtsextremismus? Empirische Befunde zu Verbindungen zwischen Religiosität, Vorurteilen und rechtsextremen Einstellungen
Authors: Schneider Verena , Pickel Gert , Öztürk Cemal 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungZunehmend machen rechtspopulistische und rechtsextreme Akteur:innen in Deutschland und Europa „den Islam“ oder „die Muslime“ für das Entstehen gesellschaftlicher Konflikte verantwortlich. Diese Entwicklung begann spätestens mit dem 11. September 2001 und wurde durch die Fluchtbewegungen nach Europa 2015 zusätzlich verstärkt. Als Feindbild dienen rechten Akteur:innen neben Muslim:innen auch Jüd:innen. Sowohl bei Muslimfeindlichkeit als auch bei Antisemitismus fungiert die Religionszugehörigkeit als Ablehnungsmarker, den Rechtsextreme und Rechtspopulist:innen zur Mobilisierung nutzen. Auf der anderen Seite könnte sich auch Religiosität auf Seiten der Mehrheitsgesellschaft auf die Ausbildung rechtsextremer Einstellungen auswirken. Hierbei könnten zudem Vorurteile gegenüber Frauen sowie Menschen mit einer nicht-binären Geschlechtsidentität eine Rolle spielen. Doch wie genau hängen Religion, Vorurteile und Rechtsextremismus miteinander zusammen? Anhand von Umfragedaten zeigen die Autor:innen zunächst Korrelationen zwischen Rechtsextremismus, Muslimfeindlichkeit und Antisemitismus auf. Weiter stellen sie die ambivalente Wirkung von Religiosität heraus Während eine dogmatisch-fundamentalistische Religionsauslegung sowie Esoterikglauben rechtsextreme Einstellungen befördern, wirkt eine soziale Religiosität – also die Kombination von religiösem mit sozialem Engagement – extrem rechten Haltungen entgegen. Abschließend erklären die Autor:innen die Brückenfunktion von Vorurteilen gegenüber Muslim:innen und Jüd:innen sowie gegenüber Ausländer:innen, Geflüchteten, Sinti:zze und Rom:nja, Frauen und Menschen mit nicht-binärer Geschlechtsidentität: Abwertende Haltungen gegenüber all diesen Gruppen können als „Scharnier“ hin zu rechtsextremen Vorstellungswelten dienen.
Overview and Seasonality of PM10 and PM2.5 in Guayaquil, Ecuador
Authors: Moran-Zuloaga Daniel , Merchan-Merchan Wilson , Rodríguez-Caballero Emilio , Hernick Philip , Cáceres Julio , Cornejo Mauricio H. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe focus of this study is the assessment of total suspended particles (TSP) and particulate matter (PM) with various aerodynamic diameters in ambient air in Guayaquil, a city in Ecuador that features a tropical climate. The urban annual mean concentrations of TSP (Total Suspended Particles), and particle matter (PM) with various aerodynamic diameters such as: PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 are 31 ± 14 µg m−3, 21 ± 9 µg m−3, 7 ± 2 µg m−3 and 1 ± 1 µg m−3, respectively. Air mass studies reveal that the city receives a clean Southern Ocean breeze. Backward trajectory analysis show differences between wet and dry seasons. During the dry season, most winds come from the south and southwest, while air masses from the peri urban may contribute as pollutant sources during the wet season. Although mean values of PM10 and PM2.5 were below dangerous levels, our year-round continuous monitoring study reveals that maximum values often surpassed those permissible limits allowed by the Ecuadorian norms. A cluster analysis shows four main paths in which west and southwest clusters account for more than 93% of the pollution. Total vertical column of NO2 shows the pollution footprint is strongest during the dry season, as opposed to the wet season. A microscopic morphological characterization of ambient particles within the city during the wet and the dry season reveals coarse mode particles with irregular and rounded shapes. Particle analysis reveals that samples are composed of urban dust, anthropogenic and organic debris during the dry season while mainly urban dust during the wet season.
Stacking Disorder and Reactivity of Kaolinites
Authors: Fashina Bidemi , Deng Youjun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractKaolinite is a clay mineral with diverse environmental, industrial, and agricultural applications. The influence of the crystallographic properties of kaolinite, e.g. structural disorder, on these applications is of great interest. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of kaolinite structural disordering over the last 70 years have revealed three main sources of layer-stacking disordering: (1) enantiomorphic stacking; (2) dickite-like stacking; and (3) random shift of layers. What influence do these stacking disorders have on the reactivity of kaolinite? The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of stacking disorder on the intercalation and dissolution of kaolinite layers. To minimize the effect of particle size on reactivity, the 1–2 μm fractions of five geologic kaolinites were used. The 1–2 μm fractions varied in the degree of structural disorder. The kaolinites were: (1) intercalated with saturated CH3COOK solution at room temperature to examine the effect of stacking disorder on intercalation; and (2) dissolved in 4 M NaOH at 80°C to examine the effect of stacking disorder on kaolinite stability in alkaline solution. Samples with a low degree of stacking disorder intercalated twice as much and dissolved >1.5 times as much as the most disordered sample. The infrared spectrum of the undissolved kaolinite residue in 4 M NaOH showed relative intensities of OH-stretching bands characteristic of a kaolinite-dickite mixture. The binding strength (i.e. resistance to intercalation) of the undissolved residue by NaOH was high; the residue could not be intercalated by CH3COOK. Differences in the average interlayer binding strength were attributed to the greater proportions of dickite-like sequences in highly disordered kaolinite compared to ordered kaolinite specimens. These results suggested that the binding strength of kaolinite layers is proportional to the degree of stacking disorder. Dickite-like sequences, a type of stacking defect, contributed to the lower reactivity of highly disordered kaolinite.
A multiscale experimental analysis of mechanical properties and deformation behavior of sintered copper–silicon carbide composites enhanced by high-pressure torsion
Authors: Nosewicz Szymon , Bazarnik Piotr , Clozel Melanie , Kurpaska Łukasz , Jenczyk Piotr , Jarząbek Dariusz , Chmielewski Marcin , Romelczyk-Baishya Barbara , Lewandowska Malgorzata , Pakieła Zbigniew , Huang Yi , Langdon Terence G. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Experiments were conducted to investigate, within the framework of a multiscale approach, the mechanical enhancement, deformation and damage behavior of copper–silicon carbide composites (Cu–SiC) fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and the combination of SPS with high-pressure torsion (HPT). The mechanical properties of the metal–matrix composites were determined at three different length scales corresponding to the macroscopic, micro- and nanoscale. Small punch testing was employed to evaluate the strength of composites at the macroscopic scale. Detailed analysis of microstructure evolution related to SPS and HPT, sample deformation and failure of fractured specimens was conducted using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A microstructural study revealed changes in the damage behavior for samples processed by HPT and an explanation for this behavior was provided by mechanical testing performed at the micro- and nanoscale. The strength of copper samples and the metal–ceramic interface was determined by microtensile testing and the hardness of each composite component, corresponding to the metal matrix, metal–ceramic interface, and ceramic reinforcement, was measured using nano-indentation. The results confirm the advantageous effect of large plastic deformation on the mechanical properties of Cu–SiC composites and demonstrate the impact on these separate components on the deformation and damage type.
Lessons from human vision for robotic design
Authors: Goodale Melvyn A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe visual guidance of goal-directed movements requires transformations of incoming visual information that are different from those required for visual perception. For us to grasp an object successfully, our brain must use just-in-time computations of the object’s real-world size and shape, and its orientation and disposition with respect to our hand. These requirements have led to the emergence of dedicated visuomotor modules in the posterior parietal cortex of the human brain (the dorsal visual stream) that are functionally distinct from networks in the occipito-temporal cortex (the ventral visual stream) that mediate our conscious perception of the world. Although the identification and selection of goal objects and an appropriate course of action depends on the perceptual machinery of the ventral stream and associated cognitive modules, the execution of the subsequent goal-directed action is mediated by dedicated online control systems in the dorsal stream and associated motor areas. The dorsal stream allows an observer to reach out and grasp objects with exquisite ease, but by itself, deals only with objects that are visible at the moment the action is being programmed. The ventral stream, however, allows an observer to escape the present and bring to bear information from the past – including information about the function of objects, their intrinsic properties, and their location with reference to other objects in the world. Ultimately then, both streams contribute to the production of goal-directed actions. The principles underlying this division of labour between the dorsal and ventral streams are relevant to the design and implementation of autonomous robotic systems.
Distributed dynamic stochastic approximation algorithm over time-varying networks
Authors: Fu Kewei , Chen Han-Fu , Zhao Wenxiao 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a distributed stochastic approximation algorithm is proposed to track the dynamic root of a sum of time-varying regression functions over a network. Each agent updates its estimate by using the local observation, the dynamic information of the global root, and information received from its neighbors. Compared with similar works in optimization area, we allow the observation to be noise-corrupted, and the noise condition is much weaker. Furthermore, instead of the upper bound of the estimate error, we present the asymptotic convergence result of the algorithm. The consensus and convergence of the estimates are established. Finally, the algorithm is applied to a distributed target tracking problem and the numerical example is presented to demonstrate the performance of the algorithm.
An iterative local search based hybrid algorithm for the service area problem
Authors: Kong Yunfeng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article presents a hybrid algorithm for the service area problem. The design of service areas is one of the essential issues in providing efficient services in both the public and private sectors. For a geographical region with a number of small spatial units, the service area problem is to assign the service-demand units to the service-supply units such that each facility has a service area. The basic criteria for the service areas are the highest service accessibility, the contiguous service areas, and that the service demand does not exceed the service supply in each service area. A hybrid algorithm for the service area problem is proposed by extending iterative local search (ILS) algorithm with three schemes: population-based ILS, variable neighborhood descent (VND) search, and set partitioning. The performance of the algorithm was tested using 60 well-designed instances. Experimentation showed that the instances could be solved effectively and efficiently. The solutions found by the hybrid algorithm approximate optimal solutions or the lower bounds with an average gap of 0.15%.
Does violent conflict affect the labor supply of farm households? The Nigerian experience
Authors: Odozi John Chiwuzulum , Uwaifo Oyelere Ruth 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNigeria has experienced bouts of violent conflict in different regions since its independence leading to significant loss of life. In this article, we explore the average effect of exposure to violent conflict generally on labor supply in agriculture. Using a nationally representative panel dataset for Nigeria from 2010 to 2015, in combination with armed conflict data, we estimate the average effect of exposure to violent conflict on a household's farm labor supply. Our findings suggest that on average, exposure to violent conflict significantly reduces total family labor supply hours in agriculture. We also find that the decline in family labor supply is driven by a significant decline in the household head's total number of hours on the farm.
Perception and Attitude of Medical Staff in the Saudi Red Crescent Authority Toward their Preparedness for Disaster Management and Response
Authors: Mobrad Abdulmajeed , Almorairi Hussien M. , Khan Anas A. , Al-Wathinani Ahmad , Alotaibi Raied 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:The Saudi Red Crescent Authority (SRCA) plays a major role in the event of disasters and crisis, as it is the main pre-hospital health-care provider. This study reports on the attitude and perceptions of SRCA medical staff concerning their knowledge of disaster management and response.Method:This is a descriptive cross-sectional study performed in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. An Arabic version of the Disaster Preparedness Evaluation Tool (DPET), a self-administered Likert-scale survey, was used to obtain data from SRCA medical staff to evaluate the current status of disaster preparedness.Results:The population surveyed consisted of 302 participants; 20.9% had participated in a drill exercise or practical application of a regular disaster or emergency plan in their workplaces. Most of participants (85.3%) had incentives to extend their education regarding their role, scope of practice, and skills as medical staff in disaster situations.Conclusion:Results indicate a lack of regular disaster drills available to prehospital care providers, although most of them are willing to participate in more training and education programs regarding preparedness for disaster management, especially concerning their role in a disaster situation.
Development, Psychometric Testing, and Use of a Disaster Nursing Competency Scale in Iran: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Aliakbari Fatemeh , Aein Fereshteh , Bahrami Masoud , Arbon Paul 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNurses play an important role during disaster response and recovery. Few tools are available to assess the relative competence of nurses in disaster. This study aimed to develop, test, and evaluate a disaster nursing competency scale. This was an exploratory mixed methods study. In the qualitative phase, 35 Iranian nurses and managers with experience in disaster relief were asked about the skills they need to respond effectively to a disaster event. From the qualitative data, a 50-item questionnaire was developed. In the quantitative phase, exploratory factor analysis was conducted with 400 samples followed by a test-retest reliability assessment with 30 nurses. The developed and validated instrument was applied to 200 nurses in Iran to assess their competency. From content analysis of the qualitative data, 5 main themes emerged. In the quantitative phase, exploratory factor analysis loaded 50 items into 4 domains named management, legal and ethical, specific personal, and technical competence. Use of the tool showed that nurses estimated their competence overall at 70.28%. Findings demonstrate the necessity for new domains in disaster nursing competencies; which may be applicable as a useful tool and guideline to improve nursing education and practice.
Preliminary report on salvage excavation at the southern limit of ancient Balagrae (modern al-Beida)
Authors: Boshah Mohammed al-Twati 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article presents a preliminary report on a rescue excavation conducted during the building of a new mosque close to the campus of Omar al-Mokhtar University at Balagrae (al-Beida) in 2017. The excavation, undertaken by the Department of Archaeology at the university, revealed the remains of part of a building with a mosaic floor built in the late second or early third century AD, and perhaps destroyed by an earthquake in AD 365. The discovery created considerable local interest and resulted in the developers relocating south the new mosque to prevent further disturbance to the archaeological remains. The building was carefully backfilled for long-term protection.
Multinational Enterprises and International Cartels: The Strategic Implications of De-globalization
Authors: Buckley Peter J. , Casson Mark 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA cartel is an association of independent businesses for the purpose of regulating trade in an industry. There are three important reasons for studying international cartels: they will become important in the future; they are of immense historical significance; and they are poorly understood. This paper reviews the economic, political, and historical literatures on international cartels and considers the lessons for international business theory and policy. If IB researchers are to retain their reputation for policy-relevance, they must engage with the issue of institutional responses to globalization, and this must include the analysis of cartels.
Respite, renewal, retirement and tensions: Australian Men's Sheds and the impact on significant others
Authors: Foley Annette , Golding Barry , Weadon Helen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe health and wellbeing benefits of Men's Sheds to the men who participate have had significant research attention for over a decade. However, there has been little research into the broader impacts of Men's Sheds, particularly in relation to the impacts on significant others in the lives of the men who participate. Our paper aims to redress this lack of research by focusing on the interrelated perceptions and experiences of men and those closest to them in four Men's Sheds in regional Victoria, Australia. The research shows that the partners and carers of ‘shedders’ reported that the men's participation not only benefited the men but also had benefits for their significant others. The study also showed that the partners of shedders in the study found that their individual and joint adjustment to retirement was in some cases assisted by the men enjoying the social and structured environment of the Men's Shed, while in other cases it was seen by partners as an over-commitment and impacting negatively on the marriage. The findings also shed some important light on some tensions experienced by the partners associated with carer burden and adjustments to retirement.
Mecanismos de identificación y priorización de las tecnologías sanitarias a ser evaluadas por las Agencias de ETESA para decisiones de cobertura en Latino America
Authors: Pichon-Riviere Andrés , Augustovski Federico , Garcia-Marti Sebastián , Alcaraz Andrea , Alfie Verónica , Sampietro-Colom Laura 
Published: August 2021

Resumen

Objetivo
Ningún sistema de salud cuenta con los recursos necesarios para evaluar todas las tecnologías. Contar con un proceso claro para priorizar qué tecnologías serán evaluadas por las agencias de evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias (ETESA) constituye un principio de buena práctica reconocido a nivel internacional. El objetivo del Foro de Políticas en Latino América (LatamPF) 2020 de Health Technology Assessment International fue explorar cómo puede mejorarse la forma en que las agencias de ETESA de Latino América identifican y priorizan las tecnologías a ser evaluadas.

Métodos
Este manuscrito está basado en un documento base, una encuesta, y en el trabajo deliberativo realizado por los miembros (cuarenta y seis participantes, once países) que participaron del LatamPF, a través de la metodología design-thinking.

Resultados
Los participantes coincidieron en que la falta de mecanismos claros de priorización trae como consecuencia una falta de legitimidad de las decisiones y procesos de ETESA, que son percibidos como poco transparentes y demasiado expuestos a presiones políticas o de grupos de interés. También se identificaron barreras y acciones para mejorar los mecanismos de priorización de ETESA en América Latina. Los criterios identificados como más importantes para ser tenidos en cuenta por las agencias de ETESA de la región al momento de priorizar una tecnología para ser evaluada fueron la carga de enfermedad, el potencial beneficio clínico, la alineación con prioridades de salud nacionales, el potencial impacto en la equidad, ausencia de otras alternativas para los pacientes, y el potencial impacto económico.

Conclusiones
Los participantes del Foro coincidieron en que el establecimiento de procesos transparentes de priorización es un elemento clave para todos los sistemas de salud. Las mejoras en este proceso fortalecerán la ETESA en Latino América y darán mayor legitimidad a sus decisiones.
Thinking Inconsistently
Authors: Petrović Marija B. , Žeželj Iris 
Published: August 2021

Abstract. People tend to simultaneously accept mutually exclusive beliefs. If they are generally prone to tolerate inconsistencies, irrespective of their content, we say they are prone to doublethink. We developed a measure to capture individual differences in this tendency and demonstrated its construct and predictive validity across two studies. In Study 1, participants ( N = 240) filled in the doublethink scale, the rational/intuitive inventory, and three measures of conspiratorial beliefs (conspiracy mentality, belief in specific and contradictory conspiracies). Doublethink was meaningfully related to all measured variables and was predictive of all conspiratorial beliefs over and above rational/intuitive thinking styles. In Study 2 ( N = 149), we included the need for cognition and preference for consistency in the predictor set alongside doublethink, while the criterion set remained the same. Once again, doublethink related in an expected way to other measured variables and was predictive of belief in conspiracy theories after accounting for the effects of need for cognition and preference for consistency. We discuss the properties of the scale and how it relates to other consistency measures, and offer two ways to conceptualize doublethink: as a lack of metacognitive ability to spot inconsistencies or as a thinking style that easily accommodates inconsistent beliefs.
Seasonality and Drivers of Low Flows Across Europe and the United States
Authors: Floriancic Marius G. , Berghuijs Wouter R. , Molnar Peter , Kirchner James W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLow river flows can negatively impact society and the riverine environment. Thus, it is useful to predict their seasonal timing and reveal their main drivers. The typical timing of low flows varies between regions, yet systematic overviews across Europe and the United States are rare. Here, we identify regional patterns of the seasonal timing of annual minimum flows, and the consistency of that timing, across 1860 European and US catchments. Catchments where low flows typically occur during late summer or winter tend to have more consistent low‐flow timings. We compare the timing of annual low flows with that of potential climatic drivers. Low flows in 89% of the European and 86% of the US catchments exhibit a statistically significant (p < 0.05) overlap in timing with at least one potential climatic driver. In most catchments, low flows tend to occur during the warm season, reflecting a period of high potential evapotranspiration exceeding precipitation. In the higher elevation European Alps, Scandinavia, the Rocky Mountains, and the Upper Midwest and Plains states, low flows mostly occur during winter as a result of freezing temperatures which inhibit snowmelt. Binomial statistics also enabled us to statistically exclude individual climatic drivers for certain regions. The regional patterns of timings and drivers of low flows across Europe and the contiguous US can inform low‐flow management, provide context for the evolution of low flows under climate change, and point to processes that require attention in future low‐flow research.