bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Androgenetic alopecia: Update on etiology
Authors: Dhurat Rachita S. , Daruwalla Sanober B. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAndrogenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common form of hair loss in men and women. Although female pattern hair loss (FPHL) and male AGA share a final common pathway that causes follicular regression but current knowledge suggests that the etiology is not necessarily the same in both sexes. There are many known and unknown factors that govern the development of AGA. We aim to review recent advances in the pathophysiology and molecular mechanism of pattern hair loss in males, females, and children.
Intense pulsed light: Where we are now?
Authors: Bitter Patrick 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFrom the introduction of pulsed light broad‐spectrum energy in 1995, intense pulsed light (IPL) has evolved to become an extremely popular and well‐accepted technology for rejuvenation of photodamaged skin in dermatology and plastic surgery practices as well as medical spas. This paper details where IPL is now, 25 years later, and discusses the wide variety of valuable uses for IPL in medical practices as well as the reasons for IPL's growth in popularity and usefulness.
Risk factors in preadolescent boys and girls for the development of eating pathology in young adulthood
Authors: van Eeden Annelies E. , Oldehinkel Albertine J. , van Hoeken Daphne , Hoek Hans W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveDespite a growing literature on potential risk factors for eating disorders, longitudinal research starting before adolescence is scarce, and little is known about risk factors in males. We investigated risk factors in preadolescent boys and girls for the development of eating pathology in adolescence and young adulthood.MethodThis study is part of TRAILS (TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey), a Dutch population‐based cohort study (N = 2,229) from preadolescence into adulthood. Potential risk factors were measured at age 11, based on self‐report, reports of one of the parents, and records of the Preventive Child Healthcare. Variables included sociodemographic variables, pregnancy and perinatal factors, eating‐ and weight‐related factors, psychological functioning, stressful experiences and family factors. At age 19, two‐stage screening including interviews by eating disorder experts was used to examine the prevalence of eating disorders. At age 22 and 26, eating pathology was assessed by the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale.ResultsPreadolescent anxious distress and high weight were associated with eating pathology in adolescence and young adulthood in both boys and girls. Overeating in preadolescence was found to be a prodromal symptom of eating disorders during late adolescence. No evidence was found for sex‐specific risk factors.DiscussionAnxious preadolescents with high weight are at increased risk for the development of eating pathology later on. Clinicians should be aware of eating disorder symptoms — like overeating — in this high‐risk group of children, and could consider an early intervention to prevent the development of full‐blown eating disorders.
Estimating carrying capacity for juvenile salmon using quantile random forest models
Authors: See Kevin E. , Ackerman Michael W. , Carmichael Richard A. , Hoffmann Sarah L. , Beasley Chris 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEstablishing robust methods and metrics to evaluate habitat quality is critical for the recovery of endangered Pacific salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.). A variety of modeling approaches are used for status and trend monitoring of anadromous species throughout the Pacific Northwest, USA, but current methods may fail to capture the complex relationship between fish and habitat and are often limited in predictive power beyond specific watersheds. Further, the focus on species distribution and abundance is not easily manipulated to predict carrying capacity and traditional stock‐recruitment analyses are reliant on long‐term data which are not always available. In this study, we developed a quantile random forest model to provide estimates of habitat carrying capacity for Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) parr during the summer months, at both the site and watershed scale. Quantile random forest models allow for the consideration of noisy data, correlated variables, and non‐linear relationships: common features in fish–habitat datasets. We leveraged Columbia Habitat Monitoring Program data to select habitat co‐variates and predict capacity at those sites. We also identified a set of globally available attributes to extrapolate capacity estimate predictions throughout wadeable streams within the Columbia River basin. Total capacity estimates for watersheds closely matched estimates from alternative fish productivity models. Carrying capacity estimates based on quantile random forest models, like those presented here, provide managers a framework to guide the identification, prioritization, and development of habitat rehabilitation actions to recover salmon populations.
Predicting impacts of food competition, climate, and disturbance on a long‐distance migratory herbivore
Authors: Stillman R. A. , Rivers E. M. , Gilkerson W. , Wood K. A. , Nolet B. A. , Clausen P. , Wilson H. M. , Ward D. H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractClimate change is driving worldwide shifts in the distribution of biodiversity, and fundamental changes to global avian migrations. Some arctic‐nesting species may shorten their migration distance as warmer temperatures allow them to winter closer to their high‐latitude breeding grounds. However, such decisions are not without risks, since this intensifies pressure on resources when they are used for greater periods of time. In this study, we used an individual‐based model to predict how future changes in food abundance, winter ice coverage, and human disturbance could impact an Arctic/sub‐Arctic breeding goose species, black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans, Lawrence 1846), and their primary food source, common eelgrass (Zostera marina L.), at the Izembek Lagoon complex in southwest Alaska. Brant use the site during fall and spring migrations, and increasingly, for the duration of winter. The model was validated by comparing predictions to empirical observations of proportion of geese surviving, proportion of geese emigrating, mean duration of stay, mean rate of mass gain/loss, percentage of time spent feeding, number of bird days, peak population numbers, and distribution across the complex. The model predicted that reductions >50% of the current decadal (2007–2015) mean of eelgrass biomass, which have been observed in some years, or increases in the number of brant, could lead to a reduction in the proportion of birds that successfully migrate to their breeding grounds from the site. The model also predicted that access to eelgrass in lagoons other than Izembek was critical for overwinter survival and spring migration of brant, if overall eelgrass biomass was 50% of the decadal mean biomass. Geese were typically predicted to be more vulnerable to environmental change during winter and spring, when eelgrass biomass is lower, and thermoregulatory costs for the geese are higher than in fall. We discuss the consequences of these predictions for goose population trends in the face of natural and human drivers of change.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Ozanimod, the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient of a New Drug for Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Cianferotti Claudio , Barreca Giuseppe , Bollabathini Venkatesh , Carcone Luca , Grainger Damian , Staniland Samantha , Taddei Maurizio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe report here a short enantioselective synthesis of Ozanimod, a potent modulator of the enzyme Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor (S1PR), recently approved by FDA and EMA for the treatment of relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis. Amongst different synthetic approaches explored, we achieved the best result introducing the stereogenic centre in the last step through imine asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) using Wills’ catalysts. Besides the reduced numbers of enantiomeric purity controls required, this process culminates in an exceptionally high enantioselective reductive amination obtained with commercially available tethered Ru catalysts. Starting from commercially available 4‐cyano‐indanone, enantiomerically pure Ozanimod was obtained in 5 steps in 62 % overall yield and 99 % ee.
Synthesis of Diarylmethanes Bearing CF3‐ and CN‐Substituted All‐carbon Quaternary Centers and Diarylmalononitriles through Cyanation of δ‐Disubstituted Para‐Quinone Methides
Authors: Pan Xiaoguang , Cao Min , Li Song , Wang Hengshan , Liu Xigong , Liu Lei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn effective construction of diarylmethanes containing CF3‐ and CN‐substituted all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters via cyanation of δ‐CF3‐δ‐aryl disubstituted para‐quinone methides has been described. The reaction proceeds smoothly under simple and mild conditions and exhibits a broad scope of δ‐CF3‐δ‐aryl disubstituted para‐quinone methides in high efficiency. δ‐CF3‐δ‐alkynyl‐disubstituted para‐quinone methides also proved to be suitable substrates. The rich chemistry of the cyano moiety allows for rapid access to other valuable CF3‐substituted di‐ and triarylmethanes containing all‐carbon quaternary centers that are otherwise difficult to synthesize. The generality of the method was further demonstrated by cyanation of δ‐CN‐substituted para‐quinone methides furnishing diarylmalononitriles in good yields.
Diagnostic accuracy of brief cognitive screening tools to diagnose vascular cognitive impairment in Peru
Authors: Custodio Nilton , Montesinos Rosa , Alva‐Diaz Carlos , Pacheco‐Barrios Kevin , Rodriguez‐Calienes Aaron , Herrera‐Pérez Eder , Becerra‐Becerra Yahaira , Castro‐Suárez Sheila , Pintado‐Caipa Maritza , Cruz del Castillo Rossana , Cuenca José , Lira David 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionTo evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of three brief cognitive screening (BCS) tools, Peruvian version of Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE‐Pe), of INECO Frontal Screening (IFS‐Pe) and of the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE‐Pe), for the diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and its non‐dementia stages (VCI‐ND) and vascular dementia (VD) in patients with cerebral stroke in Lima—Peru.Materials and methodsA cohort analysis to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of three BCS for VCI.ResultsTwo hundred and four patients were evaluated: 61% Non‐VCI, 30% VCI‐ND and 9% VD. To discriminate patients with VCI from controls, the area under the curve (AUC) of ACE‐Pe, IFS‐Pe and MMs‐Pe were 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98–0.99), 0.99 (95%CI 0.98–0.99) and 0.87 (95%CI 0.82–0.92), respectively. Of the three BCS, the IFS‐Pe presented a larger AUC to discriminate VCI‐ND from VD (AUC = 0.98 [95%CI 0.95–1]) compared to ACE‐Pe (AUC = 0.84 [95%CI 0.74–0.95]) and MMSE‐Pe (0.92 [95%CI 0.86–0.99]). The IFS‐Pe presented a higher sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp), and positive (+LR) and negative likelihood ratios (−LR) (S = 96.72%, Sp = 89.47%, +LR = 9.1 and −LR = 0.03) than ACE‐Pe (S = 96.72%, Sp = 63.16%, +LR = 2.62 and −LR = 0.05) and MMSE‐Pe (S = 90.16%, Sp = 78.95%, +LR = 4.28 and −LR = 0.12). In the multiple regression analysis, the IFS‐Pe was not affected by age, sex or years of schooling.ConclusionThe IFS‐Pe has the best diagnostic accuracy for detecting VCI and discriminating between pre‐dementia (VCI‐ND) and dementia (VD) stages.
Acetyl‐CoA synthases are essential for maintaining histone acetylation under metabolic stress during zygotic genome activation in pigs
Authors: Zhou Wenjun , Nie Zheng‐Wen , Zhou Dong‐Jie , Cui Xiang‐Shun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractACSS1/2 converts acetate into acetyl‐coenzyme A, which contributes to histone acetylation in the mitochondria and cytoplasm. Zygotic genome activation (ZGA) is critical for embryo development involving drastic histone modification. An efficient crRNAs‐Cas13a targeting strategy was employed to investigate the ACSS1/2 function during ZGA. The results showed that nuclear accumulation of ACSS1 and ACSS2 occurs during ZGA. Knockdown of ACSS1/2 did not affect blastocyst formation when using a normal medium. On culturing embryos in a medium with acetate and no pyruvate (−P + Ace), knockdown of ACSS1 did not affect histone acetylation levels but significantly reduced ATP levels, whereas knockdown of ACSS2 significantly reduced histone acetylation levels in porcine embryos. Inhibition of fatty acid beta‐oxidation by etomoxir significantly reduced ATP levels, which could be restored by acetate. The histone acetylation levels in the ACSS1 and ACSS2 knockdown groups both decreased considerably after etomoxir treatment. Moreover, acetate showed dose‐dependent effects on SIRT1 and SIRT3 levels when under metabolic stress. The C‐terminus of ACSS1 regulated the nuclear translocation. In conclusion, ACSS1/2 helps to maintain ATP and histone acetylation levels in porcine early embryos under metabolic stress during ZGA.
Assessing price sensitivity in dental education and implications on student diversity
Authors: Brent Erin M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIncreasingly, the price of professional school is seen as a potential deterrent for interested students. Data collected by the American Dental Association (ADA) from the 66 U.S. dental schools showed the average 4‐year nonresident tuition and fees totaled $321,575 in 2018–2019, 35% greater than in 2008–2009, after adjusting for inflation. The aim of this study was to assess whether dental education pricing has impacted applications, enrollments, and yield rates, particularly among students underrepresented in dentistry. Utilizing 7 years of ADA data across all 66 U.S. dental schools, OLS regression, fixed effects, and random effects models were used to examine the data in both cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses. OLS regression results show higher priced schools have higher rates of applications, admittances, and enrollment but lower yield rates. The inverse relationship between yield and tuition prices suggests, on average, students are sensitive to price when deciding whether to accept a spot at dental schools. Focusing on students underrepresented in dentistry, the results indicate that African American and Hispanic or Latino students are price sensitive: fewer of these students enroll in higher priced dental schools, and the relationship persists over time. In other words, fewer African American and Hispanic or Latino students enroll in U.S. dental schools as tuition increases over time. The salary potential is high for dental graduates, but social and cultural capital are significant factors in making students aware of a dental career. These findings suggest the breadth and scope of pipeline programs need to be enhanced to reach these potential students.
Soil aggregation and aggregate‐associated organic carbon concentrations for the perennial energy crop cup plant in comparison to maize
Authors: Grunwald Dennis , Panten Kerstin , Schittenhelm Siegfried 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to analyze soil aggregation and associated soil organic carbon (SOC) under cup plant and maize in a field trial (sandy loam) and two farmers' fields (both silty loams) during the 2018 growing period. On the sandy loam, aggregation under the two crops did not differ despite higher bulk SOC under cup plant. At the silty loam sites, cup plant exhibited a 64% higher aggregate mean weight diameter than maize in spring and higher aggregate‐associated SOC in autumn.
Determination of enantiomeric impurity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on a cellulose tris(3,5‐dichlorophenyl‐carbamate) chiral stationary phase and the characterization of its related substances
Authors: Nguyen Bao‐Tan , Le Thi‐Anh‐Tuyet , Mai Xuan‐Lan , Nguyen Thi Ngoc Van , Phan Thanh Dung , Kang Jong‐Seong , Kim Kyeong Ho 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA simple and reliable high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed to determine the enantiomeric impurity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, an orally bioavailable prodrug of tenofovir, commonly used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B. Tenofovir disoproxil and its enantiomer, were completely separated on a Chiralpak IC column (3 μm, 100 × 4.6 mm, i.d.). The chiral separation was achieved using a mobile phase containing n‐hexane, ethanol, methanol, and triethylamine 65/25/10/0.1 (v/v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. Ideally, the reversal of enantiomer elution order was achieved on the Chiralpak IC column, to allow the elution of the minor enantiomeric impurity before the major component. Moreover, the proposed method was able to discriminate the active ingredient from the related substances available in the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate raw materials. These compounds were isolated and structurally elucidated by MS and nuclear magnetic resonance. Based on the spectral data, the structures of related substances were confirmed as tenofovir isoproxil monoester and fumaric acid. The high‐performance liquid chromatography method was optimized by the design of experiment approach and successfully validated following the International Conference on Harmonization guideline. Proposed method was effectively applied for the quantification of enantiomeric impurity in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate raw materials.
Dependence of the mechanical properties and microstructure of ultralight magnesium‐lithium‐aluminum alloy on heat treatment conditions
Authors: Mineta T. , Kumatani K. , Adachi H. , Sato H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough magnesium‐lithium‐based alloys demonstrate superior workability and lower densities than conventional magnesium alloys, their mechanical properties require improvement. In this study, the effect of heat treatment conditions on the mechanical properties and microstructure of magnesium‐lithium‐aluminum alloys was investigated. Tensile tests were conducted on the alloys, and the results showed that the yield stress, ultimate tensile strength, and total elongation were significantly dependent on the heat treatment conditions. The relationship between the yield stress and grain size was not governed by the Hall‐Petch relationship. The activation volume of various heat‐treated samples estimated from the strain rate jump test was smaller for higher yield stress. Wide‐angle x‐ray scattering indicated that the second phase with a Bragg spacing of 1.7 nm was generated after heat treatment. It is found that the state of the second phase periodic structure affects the mechanical properties of the magnesium‐lithium‐aluminum alloy.
Impact of radar data assimilation on a squall line over the Yangtze–Huaihe River Basin with a radar reflectivity operator accounting for ice‐phase hydrometeors
Authors: Shen Feifei , Xu Dongmei , Li Hong , Liu Ruixia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA radar reflectivity observation operator with ice‐phase hydrometeors was employed for the assimilation of the real radar observations of a squall line on June 14, 2009, over Anhui and Jiangsu provinces in China. The three‐dimensional variational (3DVAR) data‐assimilation system along with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was applied. The impact of assimilating radar radial velocity and reflectivity is investigated by analysing the meteorological conditions for different stages of the squall line. The results show that the radar data‐assimilation experiments adjust and improve the initial fields to some extent for the squall line with the cycling data‐assimilation strategy. The analysed and predicted radar composite reflectivity is significantly improved with the use of the ice‐phase hydrometeors observation operator. The improvements are illustrated in terms of the wind fields for both the surface and upper level, the radar reflectivity, the surface perturbation potential temperature and the surface perturbation pressure. In addition, the forecast skills of the precipitation are improved noticeably for both the location and the intensity after using the ice‐phase hydrometeors radar observation operator.
Green synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate polymer by Bacillus iocasae
Authors: Ammar EM , El‐Sheshtawy Huda S , El‐Shatoury EH , Amer Shaimaa K 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are bio‐polyesters synthesized by various microbial species as a potential replacement for conventional fossil‐fuel‐based plastic. The aim of the present work was to produce PHAs by a bacterial isolate recovered from activated sewage sludge. The bacterial isolate was identified using 16S rRNA as Bacillus iocasae MMAS4. A Plackett–Burman (PB) design was used to estimate the PHA percentage content using the bacterial strain per 100 mL modified Luria–Bertani broth medium. Factors evidencing P values of less than 0.05 were considered to have significant effects on the PHA percentage. The production of PHAs was improved by adding stress factors such as ethanol, H2O2 and a 1:1 mixture of both into the culture medium. B. iocasae is considered a novel PHA producer yielding 1.5 g L−1 PHAs. The produced PHAs were extracted and characterized. The functional groups of the extracted PHA granules were characterized as P(3HB‐co‐3‐HV) copolyester (poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate‐poly‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H NMR analyses. The results indicated the possible use of B. iocasae for the production of PHAs on media containing molasses, an inexpensive substrate as an alternative to the conventionally chemically synthesized polymers. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Amphiphilic AxBy mikto‐arm star copolymers with PLMA and POEGMA arms: Self‐assembly and drug encapsulation
Authors: Vlassi Eleni , Papagiannopoulos Aristeidis , Pispas Stergios 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe report on the synthesis and self‐assembly of amphiphilic mikto‐arm star copolymers of the AxBy type with mixed arms of poly(lauryl methacrylate) and poly(oligo ethylene glycol methacrylate). Two star copolymers with different hydrophobic‐to‐hydrophilic ratios are prepared in order to study their self‐assembly in aqueous media. Both stars organize in structures with dimensions in the nanoscale. The star with the lower hydrophobic content forms aggregates of lower size and molar mass and it has a higher critical aggregation concentration. The synthesized mikto‐arm stars are able to encapsulate curcumin (CUR) and preserve its fluorescence properties while their self‐organization is affected by the incorporation of the hydrophobic drug compound. Interestingly, the more hydrophilic star is more strongly affected by the presence of CUR in terms of aggregate size and mass. In phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and fetal bovine serum‐PBS solutions the star with higher hydrophobic content appears to better preserve its monomodal size distribution in comparison to the star with lower hydrophobic content either with or without encapsulated CUR. This work opens possibilities for using the new star copolymers in the solubilization of hydrophobic compounds and the delivery of hydrophobic drugs for pharmaceutical and bioimaging applications.