bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ancient Egypt and the Near East in World History
Authors: Van De Mieroop Marc 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Ancient Egypt and the Near East are central to many histories that aim to look at the world in its entirety, mostly because they are the earliest cultures that are well-documented both with textual and material evidence. This article surveys how these studies use that evidence in the various ways the discipline of world or global history is practiced. Those include chronological narratives of human activities from prehistory up to today, investigations that consider the worlds in which the peoples of ancient Egypt and the Near East lived, and comparative studies that seek to explain how certain features of human society and culture came about. The final question it addresses is whether the people of ancient Egypt and the Near East had any interest in a global history themselves.
What Made a Peasantry: Theory and Historiography of Rural Labor in Byzantine Egypt
Authors: Tedesco Paolo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Modern discussions of rural labor in Byzantine Egypt (300–700 CE) have been bedevilled by disagreement over the definition of that concept. There are three main competing conceptualizations: (i) Rural labor has been defined in terms of serfdom as a parallel outcome to the emergence of “private” (or feudal) large landowners as opposed to the decline of “public powers”; (ii) Rural labor has been described as “free” since it was based on contractual arrangements (primarily, rent tenancy) and on the payment of a public levy to the state; and (iii) Rural labor has been characterized in terms of exploitation, that is, as the instrument through which landholders (both landowners and tenants) extracted unpaid wealth from the population of producers. Building on a vast literature, this essay seeks to clarify that while the notion of feudal serfdom does not find corroborations in the Byzantine sources, the contractual, tributary, and “exploitative” characterizations of labor were not mutually exclusive, but instead describe different aspects and possible developments of the employer-employee relationships.
From Tenochtitlán to Punt: When People Encounter the Distant and Unknown, a Cognitive Approach
Authors: Miniaci Gianluca 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article aims to analyse the behavioural response generated by people who came into contact with civilisations and places whose existence was previously unknown or only remotely registered in their collective knowledge. Three major cases have been taken into consideration: a.) the “discovery” of America during the sixteenth century CE when Europeans entered in contact with Aztecs, Cakchiquels, and Andeans; b.) the encounters with the civilisations in Tahiti and Hawaii during the eighteenth century CE, and c.) the ancient Egyptian arrival at Punt during the fifteenth century BCE under the reign of queen Hatshepsut. Although spatially and chronologically separated by thousands of miles and hundreds of years, in all of these cases the “encounterers” (i.e., the ones who were moving towards the unknown or distant and contemporaries who were writing their own history) tended to project a self-perceived supremacy over the encountered people, configured as a spontaneous feeling of their supremacy over the local population (hence a “counterfeit” emic notion). In all the above cases, the “encountering” event gave rise to the creation of an “apotheosis” myth, in which the encounterers were supposed to be seen, and believed in, as “gods coming from the sky.” Applying concepts from the cognitive science to these historical events, the article aims to scrutinize the mental categories that tended to generate such a belief of divine superiority projected in the vision of the Other. Rather than being marginalized as an episodic event, the formation of an apotheosis myth can be interpreted as part of a global process, which emerges in the human mind-frame, solicited by mental processes and in contact with a number of similar external outputs.
The Forest Sector in the 2030 EU Climate Policy Framework: Looking back to Assess Its Future
Authors: Böhling Kathrin , Todeschini Maria Fernanda Marques 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
From 2021 onwards, forests and forestry will for the first time contribute to the European Union’s climate action targets. The new Land Use, Land Use Change & Forestry (lulucf) Regulation commits Member States to achieve carbon neutrality on the basis of an EU-wide system. The system accounts for carbon sequestered and emitted from forests and other land uses like crop- and wetland. What looks like a significant step in the Union’s climate policy framework, however, leaves the large potential of Europe’s forest sector for climate mitigation untapped. The present article draws this conclusion from a comprehensive analysis of 67 documents related to decision-making on the lulucf Regulation. It reveals coalitional politics and the salience of the Commission’s behavior as key to explain the Regulation’s limited scope and concludes with assessing the future role of forests in the Union’s climate policy framework.
Emery Walker’s Counsel
Authors: Hartsiotis Kirsty 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Process engraver and printer Emery Walker was a pivotal figure in the English, American, and continental European Private Press Movement from the 1880s until his death in 1933. This article looks at his theories for the typography, design, and production of books, and how those theories were developed by key designers and close associates of Walker such as William Morris, T. J. Cobden Sanderson, and Bruce Rogers and through the practical teaching of figures such as J. H. Mason and Edward Johnston. It examines how the theories were then taken up by the exponents of fine printing from the early 20th century through to the 1930s, focusing on the presses of Bernard Newdigate, Harry Kessler, Harold Curwen, and Francis Meynell. From these presses, and also via Stanley Morison and the Monotype Corporation, Walker’s theories are shown to have spread into mainstream book publishing in the first half of the 20th century. The article considers questions of whether the improvement in the readability of books in the early 20th century has had a continuing impact in book publishing, and makes suggestions how to access the incunabula referenced by the designers discussed, as well as collections of private press books and other early 20th-century fine printing.
The Collins Crime Club
Authors: Bolton Sophie 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The interwar years in Britain are regularly referred to by historians and literary commentators as the Golden Age of detective fiction (c. 1920–1940). This article focuses on the Collins imprint the Crime Club, established in 1930. It assesses the significance of this imprint in the context of the Golden Age, with a focus on its commercial animus, drawing on theories about class-based markets and the commercialization of print culture. The article examines the marketing methods used by the Crime Club to promote its titles, such as newsletters and card games, and takes into consideration the arguments of 1930s literary critics. It aims to show that detective fiction had a significant role in the commercialization of print culture during the 1930s and that its success heavily relied upon the support of a middle-class readership.
Applications of Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in Winter Precipitation-Type Forecasts
Authors: Tripp Daniel D. , Martin Elinor R. , Reeves Heather D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTemperature and humidity profiles in the lowest 3 km of the atmosphere provide crucial information in determining the precipitation type, which aids forecasters in relaying winter-weather risks. In response to the challenges associated with forecasting mixed-phase environments, this study employs uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) to explore the efficacy of high-resolution temporal and vertical measurements in winter-weather environments. On 19 February 2019, boundary layer measurements of an Oklahoma winter storm were collected by a UAV and radiosondes. UAV observations show a pronounced surface-based subfreezing layer that corresponds to observed ice pellets at the surface. This is in contrast to the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model analyses, which show a subfreezing layer near the surface that is 3°C warmer than both the UAV and radiosonde observations. Using a spectral-bin-microphysics algorithm designed to provide hydrometeor-phase diagnosis throughout the vertical column, it was found that UAV measurements can improve discrimination between hydrometer types in environments near 0°C. A numerical-modeling study of the same winter-weather event illustrates the potential benefit of vertically sampling a mixed-phase environment at multiple mesonet sites and highlights future scientific and operational questions to be addressed by the UAV community.
Assimilation of FY-3D MWHS-2 Radiances with WRF Hybrid-3DVAR System for the Forecast of Heavy Rainfall Evolution Associated with Typhoon Ampil
Authors: Sun Wei , Xu Youping 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA detailed investigation about the effects of the Microwave Humidity Sounder-2 (MWHS-2) radiances on board the Fengyun-3D (FY-3D) satellite is combined with developments within the Weather Research and Forecasting Data Assimilation (WRFDA) system and analyses on the evolution of the heavy rainfall associated with Typhoon Ampil during 23–24 July 2018. In the analysis field, the position of Typhoon Ampil is found out to be distinctly affected by the MWHS-2 assimilation. The experiment that assimilates MWHS-2 radiances through hybrid-3DVAR generates the best analysis with large increments around the typhoon, which contributes to the typhoon moving inland to the southwest. In the forecast fields, the MWHS-2 assimilation improves the rainfall in not only the accumulated amount, but also the evolution characteristics. The hybrid-3DVAR experiment reduces the RMSE of the rainfall amount, and enhances the spatial correlation and the fractions skill score of the rainfall evolution to the greatest extent, followed by the 3DVAR MWHS-2 experiment. As for the cause of the rainfall improvements, analyses suggest that it could be closely connected with the characteristics of the circulation structures related to the typhoon evolution. On one hand, the increases of the rainfall amount and intensities in the MWHS-2 assimilation experiments (previously underestimated) correspond to the strengthened typhoon structures with strong anomalies in both the upper-layer temperature and the lower-layer geopotential height. On the other hand, the better rainfall evolution in the hybrid-3DVAR experiment could be explained by its clearer evolution of the structure of typhoon under the effects of an approaching upper trough, and its smallest typhoon track errors around the middle time period.
Forecasting the incidence of mumps in Chongqing based on a SARIMA model
Authors: Qiu Hongfang , Zhao Han , Xiang Haiyan , Ou Rong , Yi Jing , Hu Ling , Zhu Hua , Ye Mengliang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Mumps is classified as a class C infection disease in China, and the Chongqing area has one of the highest incidence rates in the country. We aimed to establish a prediction model for mumps in Chongqing and analyze its seasonality, which is important for risk analysis and allocation of resources in the health sector.

Methods
Data on incidence of mumps from January 2004 to December 2018 were obtained from Chongqing Municipal Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention. The incidence of mumps from 2004 to 2017 was fitted using a seasonal autoregressive comprehensive moving average (SARIMA) model. The root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were used to compare the goodness of fit of the models. The 2018 incidence data were used for validation.

Results
From 2004 to 2018, a total of 159,181 cases (93,655 males and 65,526 females) of mumps were reported in Chongqing, with significantly more men than women. The age group of 0–19 years old accounted for 92.41% of all reported cases, and students made up the largest proportion (62.83%), followed by scattered children and children in kindergarten. The SARIMA(2, 1, 1) × (0, 1, 1)12 was the best fit model, RMSE and MAPE were 0.9950 and 39.8396%, respectively.

Conclusion
Based on the study findings, the incidence of mumps in Chongqing has an obvious seasonal trend, and SARIMA(2, 1, 1) × (0, 1, 1)12 model can also predict the incidence of mumps well. The SARIMA model of time series analysis is a feasible and simple method for predicting mumps in Chongqing.
Mechanistic strategies of microbial communities regulating lignocellulose deconstruction in a UK salt marsh
Authors: Leadbeater Daniel R. , Oates Nicola C. , Bennett Joseph P. , Li Yi , Dowle Adam A. , Taylor Joe D. , Alponti Juliana Sanchez , Setchfield Alexander T. , Alessi Anna M. , Helgason Thorunn , McQueen-Mason Simon J. , Bruce Neil C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundSalt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. Accumulated carbon predominantly exists as lignocellulose which is metabolised by communities of functionally diverse microbes. However, the organisms that orchestrate this process and the enzymatic mechanisms employed that regulate the accumulation, composition and permanence of this carbon stock are not yet known. We applied meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling to study lignocellulose decomposition in situ within the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh.ResultsOur studies revealed a community dominated byGammaproteobacteria,BacteroidetesandDeltaproteobacteriathat drive lignocellulose degradation in the salt marsh. We identify 42 families of lignocellulolytic bacteria of which the most active secretors of carbohydrate-active enzymes were observed to beProlixibacteracea,Flavobacteriaceae,Cellvibrionaceae,Saccharospirillaceae,Alteromonadaceae,VibrionaceaeandCytophagaceae. These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degradingSpartinabiomass. While fungi were present, we did not detect a lignocellulolytic contribution from fungi which are major contributors to terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction. Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed.ConclusionsHere, we identify a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment and describe the enzymatic mechanisms they employ to facilitate this process. Our results increase the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ and provide insights into the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments.
Feasibility, Acceptability, and Education of Pediatric Oncology Providers Before and After an Embedded Pediatric Palliative Oncology Clinic
Authors: Falk Erin E. , Allen Kristen E. , DeGroote Nicholas P. , Wasilewski-Masker Karen , Brock Katharine E. 
Published: February 2021

PURPOSE: Most pediatric palliative care (PPC) education is trainee-directed, didactic, or simulation-based and therefore limited in scope, realism, and audience. We explored whether an embedded pediatric palliative oncology (PPO) clinic is associated with improved pediatric oncology provider palliative care comfort, knowledge, and attitudes toward PPC and if the model is feasible for both clinical care and education of providers of all levels. METHODS: Oncology providers (oncologists, advanced practice providers, and fellows) were enrolled in this study. Based on interaction with the PPO clinic, two cohorts were defined: PPO providers (n = 11, 37.9%) and non-PPO providers (n = 18, 62.1%). Providers in both groups responded to qualitative and quantitative questionnaires about the feasibility and acceptability of PPO clinic, their attitudes toward PPC, and knowledge and comfort in PPC concepts at baseline and 1 year. Descriptive statistics were performed; demographic and outcome variables across cohorts by PPO grouping and experience were compared. RESULTS: All 29 pediatric oncology providers reported acceptability of a PPO clinic and favorable attitudes about PPC. The most feasible clinic model was oncology followed by PPO visits. Non-PPO group and less experienced (≤ 10 years) providers had greater improvement in knowledge and comfort with PPC skills than PPO group or more experienced providers. Providers lacked comfort in non-pain symptom management skills. CONCLUSION: This embedded PPO clinic model was feasible, acceptable, and highly rated by responding oncology clinicians, but was insufficient as a sole method of educating multidisciplinary oncology providers. Methods of combining clinical and formal education are needed to impart sustained educational change.
Deiodinases: How Nonmammalian Research Helped Shape Our Present View
Authors: Darras Veerle M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Iodothyronine deiodinases are enzymes capable of activating and inactivating thyroid hormones (THs) and have an important role in regulating TH action in tissues throughout the body. Three types of deiodinases (D1, D2, and D3) were originally defined based on their biochemical characteristics. Cloning of the first complementary DNAs in the 1990s (Dio1 in rat and dio2 and dio3 in frog) allowed to confirm the existence of 3 distinct enzymes. Over the years, increasing genomic information revealed that deiodinases are present in all chordates, vertebrates, and nonvertebrates and that they can even be found in some mollusks and annelids, pointing to an ancient origin. Research in nonmammalian models has substantially broadened our understanding of deiodinases. In relation to their structure, we discovered for instance that biochemical properties such as inhibition by 6-propyl-2-thiouracil, stimulation by dithiothreitol, and temperature optimum are subject to variation. Data from fish, amphibians, and birds were key in shifting our view on the relative importance of activating and inactivating deiodination pathways and in showing the impact of D2 and D3 not only in local but also whole body T3 availability. They also led to the discovery of new local functions such as the acute reciprocal changes in D2 and D3 in hypothalamic tanycytes upon photostimulation, involved in seasonal rhythmicity. With the present possibilities for rapid and precise gene silencing in any species of interest, comparative research will certainly further contribute to a better understanding of the importance of deiodinases for adequate TH action, also in humans.
Molecular-Level Anatomy of SARS-CoV-2 for the Battle against the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Komiyama Makoto 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCOVID-19 is currently spreading all over the world, and causing enormous damage to health, economies, and daily lives. In order to overcome this pandemic, huge amounts of work have been accomplished, and many papers published. However, most of these works are from medical institutes and/or hospitals, and the attempts to solve this tragedy by chemical approaches have been rather scarce. This account surveys chemical information on COVID-19 with special emphasis on molecular-level understanding. In the first part, the fundamentals of causative pathogen SARS-CoV-2 (structures of genome and proteins of this virus) are briefly described. Next, the molecular structure of the spike on the viral surface, the key component for the infection of human beings, is shown. Then, the binding mode of these spikes to the receptors on human cells (ACE2) is presented in detail, based on the structural data. The conformational change of spike proteins is critically important for the virus to enter human cells. Furthermore, the roles of mutation of SARS-CoV-2 in the promotion of pathogenicity are discussed primarily in terms of the spike/ACE2 interactions. Finally, the origins of unprecedentedly high pathogenicity of this virus are proposed. This account should help the readers to understand the current status of our chemical knowledge on COVID-19, promoting the research to attack the worst pandemic of the last 100 years.
Readmissions Following Hospitalization for Infection in Children With or Without Medical Complexity
Authors: Markham Jessica L , Hall Matt , Goldman Jennifer L , Bettenhausen Jessica L , Gay James C , Feinstein James , Simmons Julia , Doupnik Stephanie K , Berry Jay G 
Published: February 2021

OBJECTIVETo describe the prevalence and characteristics of infection‐related readmissions in children and to identify opportunities for readmission reduction and estimate associated cost savings.STUDY DESIGNRetrospective analysis of 380,067 nationally representative index hospitalizations for children using the 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database. We compared 30‐day, all‐cause unplanned readmissions and costs across 22 infection categories. We used the Inpatient Essentials database to measure hospital‐level readmission rates and to establish readmission benchmarks for individual infections. We then estimated the number of readmissions avoided and costs saved if hospitals achieved the 10th percentile of hospitals' readmission rates (ie, readmission benchmark). All analyses were stratified by the presence/absence of a complex chronic condition (CCC).RESULTSThe overall 30‐day readmission rate was 4.9%. Readmission rates varied substantially across infections and by presence/absence of a CCC (CCC: range, 0%‐21.6%; no CCC: range, 1.5%‐8.6%). Approximately 42.6% of readmissions (n = 3,576) for children with a CCC and 54.7% of readmissions (n = 5,507) for children without a CCC could have been potentially avoided if hospitals achieved infection‐specific benchmark readmission rates, which could result in an estimated savings of $70.8 million and $44.5 million, respectively. Bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and upper respiratory tract infections were among infections with the greatest number of potentially avoidable readmissions and cost savings for children with and without a CCC.CONCLUSIONReadmissions following hospitalizations for infection in children vary significantly by infection type. To improve hospital resource use for infections, future preventative measures may prioritize children with complex chronic conditions and those with specific diagnoses (eg, respiratory illnesses).