bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making BaZrS3 Chalcogenide Perovskite Thin Films by Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Authors: Sadeghi Ida , Ye Kevin , Xu Michael , Li Yifei , LeBeau James M. , Jaramillo Rafael 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe making of BaZrS3 thin films by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is demonstrated. BaZrS3 forms in the orthorhombic distorted‐perovskite structure with corner‐sharing ZrS6 octahedra. The single‐step MBE process results in films smooth on the atomic scale, with near‐perfect BaZrS3 stoichiometry and an atomically sharp interface with the LaAlO3 substrate. The films grow epitaxially via two competing growth modes: buffered epitaxy, with a self‐assembled interface layer that relieves the epitaxial strain, and direct epitaxy, with rotated‐cube‐on‐cube growth that accommodates the large lattice constant mismatch between the oxide and the sulfide perovskites. This work sets the stage for developing chalcogenide perovskites as a family of semiconductor alloys with properties that can be tuned with strain and composition in high‐quality epitaxial thin films, as has been long‐established for other systems including Si‐Ge, III‐Vs, and II‐VIs. The methods demonstrated here also represent a revival of gas‐source chalcogenide MBE.
Hollow InVO4 Nanocuboid Assemblies toward Promoting Photocatalytic N2 Conversion Performance
Authors: Han Qiutong , Bai Xiaowan , Chen Jingming , Feng Shengnan , Gao Wa , Tu Wenguang , Wang Xiaoyong , Wang Jinlan , Jia Bi , Shen Qing , Zhou Yong , Zou Zhigang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe unique InVO4 mesocrystal superstructure, particularly with cubical skeleton and hollow interior, which consists of numerous nanocube building blocks, closely stacking by stacking, aligning by aligning, and sharing the same crystallographic orientations, is successfully fabricated. The synergy of a reaction‐limited aggregation and an Ostwald ripening process is reasonably proposed for the growth of this unique superstructure. Both single‐particle surface photovoltage and confocal fluorescence spectroscopy measurements demonstrate that the long‐range ordered mesocrystal superstructures can significantly retard the recombination of electron–hole pairs through the creation of a new pathway for anisotropic electron flow along the inter‐nanocubes. This promising charge mobility feature of the superstructure greatly contributes to the pronounced photocatalytic performance of the InVO4 mesocrystal toward fixation of N2 into NH3 with the quantum yield of 0.50% at wavelength of 385 nm.
Short Excited‐State Lifetimes Mediate Charge‐Recombination Losses in Organic Solar Cell Blends with Low Charge‐Transfer Driving Force
Authors: Shivhare Rishi , Moore Gareth John , Hofacker Andreas , Hutsch Sebastian , Zhong Yufei , Hambsch Mike , Erdmann Tim , Kiriy Anton , Mannsfeld Stefan C. B. , Ortmann Frank , Banerji Natalie 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA blend of a low‐optical‐gap diketopyrrolopyrrole polymer and a fullerene derivative, with near‐zero driving force for electron transfer, is investigated. Using femtosecond transient absorption and electroabsorption spectroscopy, the charge transfer (CT) and recombination dynamics as well as the early‐time transport are quantified. Electron transfer is ultrafast, consistent with a Marcus–Levich–Jortner description. However, significant charge recombination and unusually short excited (S1) and CT state lifetimes (≈14 ps) are observed. At low S1–CT offset, a short S1 lifetime mediates charge recombination because: i) back‐transfer from the CT to the S1 state followed by S1 recombination occurs and ii) additional S1–CT hybridization decreases the CT lifetime. Both effects are confirmed by density functional theory calculations. In addition, relatively slow (tens of picoseconds) dissociation of charges from the CT state is observed, due to low local charge mobility. Simulations using a four‐state kinetic model entailing the effects of energetic disorder reveal that the free charge yield can be increased from the observed 12% to 60% by increasing the S1 and CT lifetimes to 150 ps. Alternatively, decreasing the interfacial CT state disorder while increasing bulk disorder of free charges enhances the yield to 65% in spite of the short lifetimes.
Optimizing Electronic Quality Factor toward High‐Performance Ge1−x−yTaxSbyTe Thermoelectrics: The Role of Transition Metal Doping
Authors: Li Meng , Sun Qiang , Xu Sheng‐Duo , Hong Min , Lyu Wan‐Yu , Liu Ji‐Xing , Wang Yuan , Dargusch Matthew , Zou Jin , Chen Zhi‐Gang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOwing to high intrinsic figure‐of‐merit implemented by multi‐band valleytronics, GeTe‐based thermoelectric materials are promising for medium‐temperature applications. Transition metals are widely used as dopants for developing high‐performance GeTe thermoelectric materials. Herein, relevant work is critically reviewed to establish a correlation among transition metal doping, electronic quality factor, and figure‐of‐merit of GeTe. From first‐principle calculations, it is found that Ta, as an undiscovered dopant in GeTe, can effectively converge energy offset between light and heavy conduction band extrema to enhance effective mass at high temperature. Such manipulation is verified by the increased Seebeck coefficient of synthesized Ge1−x−yTaxSbyTe samples from 160 to 180 µV K−1 at 775 K upon doping Ta, then to 220 µV K−1 with further alloying Sb. Characterization using electron microscopy also reveals the unique herringbone structure associated with multi‐scale lattice defects induced by Ta doping, which greatly hinder phonon propagation to decrease thermal conductivity. As a result, a figure‐of‐merit of ≈2.0 is attained in the Ge0.88Ta0.02Sb0.10Te sample, reflecting a maximum heat‐to‐electricity efficiency up to 17.7% under a temperature gradient of 400 K. The rationalized beneficial effects stemming from Ta doping is an important observation that will stimulate new exploration toward high‐performance GeTe‐based thermoelectric materials.
3D Temporary‐Magnetized Soft Robotic Structures for Enhanced Energy Harvesting
Authors: Miao Liming , Song Yu , Ren Zhongyang , Xu Chen , Wan Ji , Wang Haobin , Guo Hang , Xiang Zehua , Han Mengdi , Zhang Haixia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe advent of functional materials offers tremendous potential in a broad variety of areas such as electronics, robotics, and energy devices. Magnetic materials are an attractive candidate that enable multifunctional devices with capabilities in both sensing and actuation. However, current magnetic devices, especially those with complex motion modalities, rely on permanently magnetized materials with complicated, non‐uniform magnetization profiles. Here, based on magnetic materials with temporary‐magnetization, a mechanically guided assembly process successfully converts laser‐patterned 2D magnetic materials into judiciously engineered 3D structures, with dimensions and geometries ranging from mesoscale 3D filaments, to arrayed centimeter‐scale 3D membranes. With tailorable mechanical properties and highly adjustable geometries, 3D soft structures can exhibit various tethered locomotions under the precise control of magnetic fields, including local deformation, unidirectional tilting, and omnidirectional rotation, and can serve as dynamic surfaces for further integration with other functional materials or devices. Examples demonstrated here focus on energy‐harvesting systems, including 3D piezoelectric devices for noncontact conversion of mechanical energy and active motion sensing, as well as 3D solar tracking systems. The design strategy and resulting magnetic‐controlled 3D soft structures hold great promise not only for enhanced energy harvesting, but also for multimodal sensing, robotic interfaces, and biomedical devices.
An Engineered Pseudo‐Macrophage for Rapid Treatment of Bacteria‐Infected Osteomyelitis via Microwave‐Excited Anti‐Infection and Immunoregulation
Authors: Fu Jieni , Li Yuan , Zhang Yu , Liang Yanqin , Zheng Yufeng , Li Zhaoyang , Zhu Shengli , Li Changyi , Cui Zhenduo , Wu Shuilin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPreventing deep bacterial infection and simultaneously enhancing osteogenic differentiation are in great demand for osteomyelitis. Microwave (MW) dynamic therapy is attracting attention due to its excellent penetration ability, but the mechanism of MW‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) is still unknown. Herein, MW‐responsive engineered pseudo‐macrophages (M‐Fe3O4/Au nanoparticles (NPs)) are fabricated to clear Staphylococcus aureus infections and induce M2 polarization of macrophages to improve osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) under MW irradiation. Fe3O4/Au NPs can generate ·O2− and heat under MW irradiation in a saline solution, and the mechanism is put forward via finite element modeling and density functional theory calculations. Due to the gap plasmon, electromagnetic hotspots are produced at Fe3O4–Au interface at 2.45 GHz. Because of these induced electromagnetic hotspots, the sodium species is field‐ionized and subsequently reacts with oxygen to produce ·O2−. Meanwhile, the Fe3O4/Au NPs have a stronger ability than Fe3O4 NPs to fix oxygen, favoring the production of ROS. Additionally, MW‐treated macrophages diminish to secrete inflammatory cytokines, resulting in the decrease of ROS production in MSCs and thus enhancing their osteogenic differentiation. These engineered pseudo‐macrophages will be promising for effectively treating bacterial infections and promoting osteoblast differentiation simultaneously in deep tissues under MW irradiation.
A Micrometer‐Sized Silicon/Carbon Composite Anode Synthesized by Impregnation of Petroleum Pitch in Nanoporous Silicon
Authors: Chae Sujong , Xu Yaobin , Yi Ran , Lim Hyung‐Seok , Velickovic Dusan , Li Xiaolin , Li Qiuyan , Wang Chongmin , Zhang Ji‐Guang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPorous silicon (Si)/carbon nanocomposites have been extensively explored as a promising anode material for high‐energy lithium (Li)‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, shrinking of the pores and sintering of Si in the nanoporous structure during fabrication often diminishes the full benefits of nanoporous Si. Herein, a scalable method is reported to preserve the porous Si nanostructure by impregnating petroleum pitch inside of porous Si before high‐temperature treatment. The resulting micrometer‐sized Si/C composite maintains a desired porosity to accommodate large volume change and high conductivity to facilitate charge transfer. It also forms a stable surface coating that limits the penetration of electrolyte into nanoporous Si and minimizes the side reaction between electrolyte and Si during cycling and storage. A Si‐based anode with 80% of pitch‐derived carbon/nanoporous Si enables very stable cycling of a Si||Li(Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3)O2 (NMC532) battery (80% capacity retention after 450 cycles). It also leads to low swelling in both particle and electrode levels required for the next generation of high‐energy LIBs. The process also can be used to preserve the porous structure of other nanoporous materials that need to be treated at high temperatures.
Micro‐Concentrator Photovoltaics Using Fluidic Self‐Assembly Technology
Authors: Cho Seongkyu , Choi Wonseok , Han Sunghoon , Kim Junhoi , Lee Amos C. , Kim Su Deok , Song Seo Woo , Kim Changsoon , Lee Daewon , Kwon Sunghoon 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper is the first to report a simple and cost‐effective method for modularizing an array of gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells on a plastic circuit board using fluidic self‐assembly (FSA) technology and the combination thereof with a polymer lens array to implement micro‐concentrator photovoltaics (micro‐CPV). Using FSA and low‐melting‐point solder, the GaAs cells are successfully self‐assembled into a 2D array in 1 min. Micro‐CPVs consisting of 36 and 256 cells are manufactured by aligning a polymer concentrator fabricated by a drop‐on‐demand droplet dispensed lens array mold on the solar cell array. The micro‐CPVs generate 21.31 and 112.96 mW of power, respectively, under 1 sun AM 1.5G illumination. In each module, only 1.69 and 2.27 mm2 of GaAs are used for producing 1 mW; in other words, the implemented micro‐CPV platform consumes 4.21 and 3.14 times less material than a flat‐panel GaAs array. The proposed method for implementing a GaAs‐based solar cell array enables the efficient fabrication of a compact micro‐CPV with a thickness of only 4 mm owing to the absence of a cooling module. This technology is expected to potentially increase the practical usability of III‐V compound solar cells in the energy industry.
Temperature Gradient‐Driven Multilevel and Grayscale Patterning of Tosylate‐Doped Poly(3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene) Films for Flexible and Functional Electronics
Authors: Kim Ju Hyeon , Kim Hyeong Jun , Jeon Jei Gyeong , Shin Gilyong , Lee Junho , Yun Sungryul , Kang Tae June 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFlexible conducting polymers are an integral part of emerging flexible and functional electronics such as rollables, photovoltaics, and wearables. Patterning the polymers into various surface morphologies is essential to fabricating such devices. Introduced here is an approach of realizing the pattern by polymerizing a precursor solution into the shape of the desired pattern on substrate. Selective temperature activation of the monomer precursor containing an inhibitor leads to the formation of the polymer only on the area of the desired pattern, thereby accomplishing the pattern formation. Even multilevel and graduated patterns, not readily realizable with the conventional lithography, can be formed autonomously. Flexible electrode arrays, a foldable supercapacitor, and an electrochromic device are fabricated to demonstrate the utility of the patterning approach and to showcase development of prototype devices quickly and inexpensively.
High‐Performance Transmission Structural Colors Generated by Hybrid Metal‐Dielectric Metasurfaces
Authors: Yang Bo , Liu Wenwei , Choi Duk‐Yong , Li Zhancheng , Cheng Hua , Tian Jianguo , Chen Shuqi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDespite structural colors based on metasurfaces drawing enormous attentions due to the high resolutions and superior durability, few researches focus on transmission colors in RGB model with high saturation because high‐monochromaticity transmission peak is hard to be realized. Herein, a strategy of high‐performance transmission structural colors in RGB model with high saturation, full hue, high efficiency, easy manufacturability, and polarization independence by means of Al‐Si3N4 nanoblocks deposited on glass substrate is proposed. The coupling between Wood's anomaly and Mie lattice resonance is capable of introducing magnetic‐dipole and electric‐quadrupole resonances, creating enhanced resonant peak with full width of half maximum (FWHM) of 50 nm and efficiency of over 70% in transmission mode. High‐saturation transmission colors occupying 150% standard RGB (sRGB) space can be obtained for the first time by tailoring the geometric parameters. Besides, it is also demonstrated that the hybrid nanostructures can realize full‐hue colors with constant resolutions, which is significant for imaging applications. The designed method has potential for further extending the applications of transmission colors.
3D Printed Wesselsite Nanosheets Functionalized Scaffold Facilitates NIR‐II Photothermal Therapy and Vascularized Bone Regeneration
Authors: Yang Chen , Ma Hongshi , Wang Zhiyong , Younis Muhammad Rizwan , Liu Chunyang , Wu Chengtie , Luo Yongxiang , Huang Peng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractVarious bifunctional scaffolds have recently been developed to address the reconstruction of tumor‐initiated bone defects. Such scaffolds are usually composed of a near‐infrared (NIR) photothermal conversion agent and a conventional bone scaffold for photothermal therapy (PTT) and long‐term bone regeneration. However, the reported photothermal conversion agents are mainly restricted to the first biological window (NIR‐I) with intrinsic poor tissue penetration depth. Also, most of these agents are non‐bioactive materials, which induced potential systemic side toxicity after implantation. Herein, a NIR‐II photothermal conversion agent (Wesselsite [SrCuSi4O10] nanosheets, SC NSs) with tremendous osteogenic and angiogenic bioactivity, is rationally integrated with polycaprolactone (PCL) via 3D printing. The as‐designed 3D composite scaffolds not only trigger osteosarcoma ablation through NIR‐II light generated extensive hyperthermia, but also promote in vitro cellular proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), respectively, and the ultimate enhancement of vascularized bone regeneration in vivo owing to the controlled and sustained release of bioactive ions (Sr, Cu, and Si). The authors' study provides a new avenue to prepare multifunctional bone scaffolds based on therapeutic bioceramics for repairing tumor‐induced bone defects.
Aquaporin‐Incorporated Graphene‐Oxide Membrane for Pressurized Desalination with Superior Integrity Enabled by Molecular Recognition
Authors: Lee Chang Seon , Kim Insu , Jang Jae Won , Yoon Dae sung , Lee Yun Jung 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAquaporins (AQPs), the natural water channel, have been actively investigated for overcoming the limitations of conventional desalination membranes. An AQP‐based biomimetic high‐pressure desalination membrane is designed by tethering AQP‐carrying red blood cell membrane (RBCM) vesicles onto graphene oxide (GO). RBCMs with AQPs are incorporated into GO based on the molecular recognition between the integrin of RBCM and Arginine‐Glycine‐Aspartate (RGD) ligand on the GO surface. GO is pre‐functionalized with the Glycine‐Arginine‐Glycine‐Aspartate‐Serine peptide to capture RBCMs. RBCMs are inserted between GO flakes through the material‐specific interaction between integrin of RBCM and RGD ligand, thus ensuring sufficient coverage of channels/defects in the GO for the full functioning of the AQPs. The incorporated AQPs are not completely fixed at the GO, as tethering is mediated by the integrin–RGD pair, and suitable AQP flexibility for appropriate functioning is guaranteed without frictional hindrance from the solid substrate. The integrity of the GO–RBCMs binding can provide mechanical strength for enduring high‐pressure reverse‐osmosis conditions for treating large amounts of water. This biomimetic membrane exhibits 99.1% NaCl rejection and a water permeance of 7.83 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 at 8 bar with a 1000‐ppm NaCl feed solution, which surpasses the upper‐bound line of current state‐of‐the‐art membranes.
Suppression of Hot‐Carrier Effects Facilitated by the Multimodal Thin‐Film Transistor Architecture
Authors: Bestelink Eva , de Sagazan Olivier , Motte Lea , Sporea Radu A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHot‐carrier effects are a persistent challenge for Ohmic contact, high carrier mobility thin‐film transistors. As semiconductor properties are systematically improved, such phenomena (e.g., the kink effect) are becoming apparent even in materials such as InGaZnO. Few of the past solutions are practical in these low‐complexity semiconductor systems. Here, it is shown that contact‐controlled devices offer robust performance under extreme biasing conditions due to their distinctive charge injection processes. The recently‐developed multimodal transistor (MMT) provides further control still, by separate regulation of current flow and magnitude. Internal electric field distributions in the source and drain regions are studied via technology computer‐aided design simulations, and support the formulation of operational guidelines for the MMT's channel control gate for optimal characteristics in saturation. As MMT principles are universal, these findings should inform device design and operation in all high carrier mobility material systems.
An Ultrafast Quasi‐Non‐Volatile Semi‐Floating Gate Memory with Low‐Power Optoelectronic Memory Application
Authors: Zhou Yu , Ning Jing , Shen Xue , Guo Haibin , Zhang Chi , Dong Jianguo , Lu Wei , Feng Xin , Hao Yue 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSemi‐floating gate (SFG) memory based on 2D materials shows ultrahigh‐speed operations and fills the huge gap between volatile memory and nonvolatile memory technology in time scale. In this study, a SFG FET with a programmable rectification mode based on the 2D WS2 is achieved. The innovative use of the quasi‐non‐volatile programmable p–n junction photovoltaic effect successfully provides an ultra‐low power consumption photovoltaic quasi‐non‐volatile memory. The device exhibits a switching ratio of more than 107 at constant drain‐source voltage Vds = ±5 V. In the p–n junction mode, after removing the gate voltage for 1 h, the rectification ratio of the device is 105. Combined with ultra‐fast operation speed, which can provide perspectives on possible directions of the next generation for low‐power high‐speed semi‐floating gate FET applications.
The Effect oftransAxial Isocyanide Ligands on Iron(II) Tetra‐NHC Complexes and their Reactivity in Olefin Epoxidation
Authors: Esslinger Eva‐Maria H. J. , Schlagintweit Jonas F. , Zámbó Greta G. , Imhof Alexander M. , Reich Robert M. , Kühn Fritz E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe performance oftransaxially substituted mono‐(2 a) and bis(tert‐butylisocyanide) (2 b) complexes derived from the highly active bio‐inspired iron(II) (pre‐ )catalyst2containing an equatorial macrocyclic tetraN‐heterocyclic carbene in homogenous olefin epoxidation catalysis is reported. H2O2is used as oxidant in combination with the Lewis acid Sc(OTf)3as additive resulting in a considerable improvement of catalytic activity. In contrast to other iron epoxidation catalysts, the introduction of π‐accepting isocyanide ligands does not improve the catalytic performance of2 aand2 bposed by cyclic voltammetry. However, besides their lower activity, a high temperature tolerance of both compounds is found as a unique feature for iron NHC epoxidation catalysts.
Prevalence and predictors of direct discharge home following hospitalization of patients with serious adverse events managed by the rapid response system in Japan: a multicenter, retrospective, observational study
Authors: Hongo Takashi , Naito Hiromichi , Fujiwara Toshifumi , Naito Takaki , Homma Yosuke , Fujimoto Yoshihisa , Takaya Morooka , Yamamori Yuji , Nakada Taka‐aki , Nojima Tsuyoshi , Nakao Atsunori , Fujitani Shigeki ,   In‐Hospital Emergency Study Group
Published: August 2021

AimThe rapid response system (RRS) is an in‐hospital medical safety system. To date, not much is known about patient disposition after RRS activation, especially discharge home. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes of patients with adverse events who required RRS activation.MethodsRetrospective data from the In‐Hospital Emergency Registry in Japan collected from April 2016 to November 2020 were eligible for our analysis. We divided patients into Home Discharge, Transfer, and Death groups. The primary outcome was the prevalence of direct discharge home, and independently associated factors were determined using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsWe enrolled 2,043 patients who met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of discharge home was 45.7%; 934 patients were included in the Home Discharge group. Age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95–0.97), malignancy (AOR 0.69; 95% CI, 0.48–0.99), oxygen administration before RRS (AOR 0.49; 95% CI, 0.36–0.66), cerebral performance category score on admission (AOR 0.38; 95% CI, 0.26–0.56), do not attempt resuscitation order before RRS (AOR 0.17; 95% CI, 0.10–0.29), RRS call for respiratory failure (AOR 0.50; 95% CI, 0.34–0.72), RRS call for stroke (AOR 0.12; 95% CI, 0.03–0.37), and intubation (AOR 0.20; 95% CI, 0.12–0.34) were independently negative, and RRS call for anaphylaxis (AOR 15.3; 95% CI, 2.72–86.3) was positively associated with discharge home.ConclusionLess than half of the in‐hospital patients under RRS activation could discharge home. Patients’ conditions before RRS activation, disorders requiring RRS activation, and intubation were factors that affected direct discharge home.