bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-control from a multiple goal perspective of mixed reward options
Authors: Mayer Zita , Freund Alexandra M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We introduce a distinct type of choice that has yet to be addressed by self-control research: Choosing between activities that offer both delayed and immediate rewards. We describe when and why such mixed-reward choices pose challenges to self-control, and suggest that self-control in mixed-reward choices may be supported (rather than undermined) by delay discounting.
Is “willpower” a scientific concept? Suppressing temptation contra resolution in the face of adversity
Authors: Khalil Elias L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The distinction that Ainslie draws among the triple-phenomena “suppression,” “resolve,” and “habit” is a great advance in decision making theory. But the conceptual machinery “willpower,” and its underpinning distinction between small/soon (SS) rewards as opposed to large/later (LL) rewards, provides a faulty framework to understand the triple-phenomena.
It's not a bug, it's boredom: Effortful willpower balances exploitation and exploration
Authors: Bieleke Maik , Wolff Wanja 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The continuous revaluation of rewards lies at the core of Ainslie's account of willpower. Yet, he does not explicate the underlying experiential mechanisms. We draw upon theoretical, neuroscientific, and computational evidence to demonstrate that boredom evokes revaluation. By biasing behavior toward exploration, boredom necessitates effortful willpower to balance it against exploitation, thereby rendering suppression a highly adaptive function of willpower.
Self-organization of power at will
Authors: Tzafestas Elpida 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We challenge and extend Ainslie's top-down view of willpower as a dual function, resolve and suppression. Instead, we propose an alternative self-organizational view of the motivational system as a network of urges, incentives, drives, and so on that interact dynamically. With such a view, resolve, suppression, and other functions emerge under certain environmental and social conditions for certain personality profiles.
Perceptual validation of vowel normalization methods for variationist research
Authors: Barreda Santiago 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe evaluation of normalization methods sometimes focuses on the maximization of vowel-space similarity. This focus can lead to the adoption of methods that erase legitimate phonetic variation from our data, that is, overnormalization. First, a production corpus is presented that highlights three types of variation in formant patterns: uniform scaling, nonuniform scaling, and centralization. Then the results of two perceptual experiments are presented, both suggesting that listeners tend to ignore variation according to uniform scaling, while associating nonuniform scaling and centralization with phonetic differences. Overall, results suggest that normalization methods that remove variation not according to uniform scaling can remove legitimate phonetic variation from vowel formant data. As a result, although these methods can provide more similar vowel spaces, they do so by erasing phonetic variation from vowel data that may be socially and linguistically meaningful, including a potential male-female difference in the low vowels in our corpus.
Genetic characterization of novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for Epilobium nankotaizanense (Onagraceae), an endemic and threatened herb in Taiwan
Authors: Tseng Yu-Wei , Huang Chi-Chun , Wang Chih-Chiang , Li Chiuan-Yu , Hung Kuo-Hsiang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEpilobium belongs to the family Onagraceae, which consists of approximately 200 species distributed worldwide, and some species have been used as medicinal plants. Epilobium nankotaizanense is an endemic and endangered herb that grows in the high mountains in Taiwan at an elevation of more than 3300 m. Alpine herbs are severely threatened by climate change, which leads to a reduction in their habitats and population sizes. However, only a few studies have addressed genetic diversity and population genetics. In the present study, we developed a new set of microsatellite markers for E. nankotaizanense using high-throughput genome sequencing data. Twenty polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed and tested on 30 individuals collected from three natural populations. These loci were successfully amplified, and polymorphisms were observed in E. nankotaizanense. The number of alleles per locus (A) ranged from 2.000 to 3.000, and the observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.929 and from 0.034 to 0.631, respectively. The developed polymorphic microsatellite markers will be useful in future conservation genetic studies of E. nankotaizanense as well as for developing an effective conservation strategy for this species and facilitating germplasm collections and sustainable utilization of other Epilobium species.
The TSIS‐1 Hybrid Solar Reference Spectrum
Authors: Coddington O. M. , Richard E. C. , Harber D. , Pilewskie P. , Woods T. N. , Chance K. , Liu X. , Sun K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe present a new solar irradiance reference spectrum representative of solar minimum conditions between solar cycles 24 and 25. The Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor‐1 (TSIS‐1) Hybrid Solar Reference Spectrum (HSRS) is developed by applying a modified spectral ratio method to normalize very high spectral resolution solar line data to the absolute irradiance scale of the TSIS‐1 Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) and the CubeSat Compact SIM (CSIM). The high spectral resolution solar line data are the Air Force Geophysical Laboratory ultraviolet solar irradiance balloon observations, the ground‐based Quality Assurance of Spectral Ultraviolet Measurements In Europe Fourier transform spectrometer solar irradiance observations, the Kitt Peak National Observatory solar transmittance atlas, and the semi‐empirical Solar Pseudo‐Transmittance Spectrum atlas. The TSIS‐1 HSRS spans 202–2730 nm at 0.01 to ∼0.001 nm spectral resolution with uncertainties of 0.3% between 460 and 2365 nm and 1.3% at wavelengths outside that range.
Smartrock Transport From Seconds to Seasons: Shear Stress Controls on Gravel Diffusion Inferred From Hop and Rest Scaling
Authors: Pretzlav Kealie L. G. , Johnson Joel P. L. , Bradley D. Nathan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOur ability to test probabilistic models linking clast movements to bedload diffusion is most limited by basic field data, because measuring transport statistics during natural floods is difficult. We embedded accelerometers and gyroscopes into artificial cobbles, and measured transport during 28 daily snowmelt floods in Halfmoon Creek, Colorado, USA. The tracers captured ≈6 orders of temporal magnitude of rest durations in one data set for the first time. Motions and rests suggest a scaling transition around ≈12.5 min from subdiffusion to superdiffusion with increasing shear stress and timescale. We interpret that diurnal hydrograph cyclicity may cause another diffusion scaling break at ≈12 h. Shear stress controls and scaling uncertainties may explain differences in diffusion exponents found in several field data sets, suggesting that gravel superdiffusion scaling may be relatively universal over minutes to seasons. Methodologically, “smartrocks” can quantify field transport probabilities previously only possible in laboratory experiments.
Where and Why Do Submarine Canyons Remain Connected to the Shore During Sea‐Level Rise? Insights From Global Topographic Analysis and Bayesian Regression
Authors: Bernhardt Anne , Schwanghart Wolfgang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe efficiency of sediment routing from land to the ocean depends on the position of submarine canyon heads with regard to terrestrial sediment sources. We aim to identify the main controls on whether a submarine canyon head remains connected to terrestrial sediment input during Holocene sea‐level rise. Globally, we identified 798 canyon heads that are currently located at the 120m‐depth contour (the Last Glacial Maximum shoreline) and 183 canyon heads that are connected to the shore (within a distance of 6 km) during the present‐day highstand. Regional hotspots of shore‐connected canyons are the Mediterranean active margin and the Pacific coast of Central and South America. We used 34 terrestrial and marine predictor variables to predict shore‐connected canyon occurrence using Bayesian regression. Our analysis shows that steep and narrow shelves facilitate canyon‐head connectivity to the shore. Moreover, shore‐connected canyons occur preferentially along active margins characterized by resistant bedrock and high river‐water discharge.
Siamese Earthquake Transformer: A Pair‐Input Deep‐Learning Model for Earthquake Detection and Phase Picking on a Seismic Array
Authors: Xiao Zhuowei , Wang Jian , Liu Chang , Li Juan , Zhao Liang , Yao Zhenxing 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEarthquake detection and phase picking play a fundamental role in studying seismic hazards and the Earth’s interior. Many deep‐learning‐based methods, including the state‐of‐the‐art model called Earthquake Transformer (EqT), have made considerable progress. However, the processing of low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) seismograms remains a challenge. Here, we present a pair‐input deep‐learning model called Siamese Earthquake Transformer (S‐EqT), which achieves good performance on low SNR seismograms using the latent information in the deep‐learning black box of the pre‐trained EqT model on a seismic array. We compare the EqT and S‐EqT models on 2 weeks of continuous seismograms recorded by stations around northern Los Angeles region in California. In addition to showing a good performance similar to the EqT model on high SNR seismograms, the S‐EqT model retrieves ∼40% more reliable picks from low SNR seismograms, resulting in better earthquake characterizations. Our method provides a novel perspective on earthquake monitoring by highlighting the importance of hidden responses inside a deep‐learning model and shows its great potential for seismology.
Interaction of Saturn’s Hexagon With Convective Storms
Authors: Sánchez‐Lavega A. , García‐Melendo E. , del Río‐Gaztelurrutia T. , Hueso R. , Simon A. , Wong M. H. , Ahrens‐Velásquez K. , Soria M. , Barry T. , Go C. , Foster C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn March 2020, a convective storm erupted at planetographic latitude 76°N in the southern flank of Saturn’s long‐lived hexagonal wave. The storm reached a zonal size of 4,500 km and developed a tail extending zonally 33,000 km. Two new short‐lived storms erupted in May in the hexagon edge. These storms formed after the convective storms that took place in 2018 in nearby latitudes. There were no noticeable changes in the zonal profile of Saturn's polar winds in 2018–2020. Measurements of the longitude position of the vertices of the hexagon throughout this period yield a value for its period of rotation equal to that of System III of radio rotation measured at the time of Voyagers. We report changes in the hexagon clouds related to the activity of the storms. Our study reinforces the idea that Saturn’s hexagon is a well‐rooted structure with a possible direct relationship with the bulk rotation of the planet.
Recent Dark Pyroclastic Deposits on Mercury
Authors: Xiao Zhiyong , Xu Rui , Wang Yichen , Chang Yiren , Xu Ru , Cui Jun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the origin of volatiles and identifying opaque phases on the surface of Mercury are important tasks to be completed to understand the planet's building blocks and early evolution. Pyroclastic deposits, typically featuring higher and steeper reflectance spectra than the global average, are a bridge connecting the two tasks. We report the first discovery of dark pyroclastic deposits on Mercury, which exhibit identical morphology and geometry with typical reddish pyroclastics but comparable reflectances to low‐reflectance materials (LRM). Two Kuiperian‐aged dark pyroclastic deposits and many potential older ones are discovered. Reflectance spectra for one Kuiperian‐aged pyroclastic deposit exhibits an absorption feature attributable to graphite, indicating incomplete exsolution of C from the pre‐eruption magma and/or a dominance of blasted country rocks in the pyroclastics. Our second Kuiperian‐aged case and also ∼12.5% of the global LRM exhibit no graphite or other absorption features, and metallic iron may be the alternative darkening phase.
Comparison of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function in treatment resistant unipolar and bipolar depression
Authors: Markopoulou Kalypso , Fischer Susanne , Papadopoulos Andrew , Poon Lucia , Rane Lena J. , Fekadu Abebaw , Cleare Anthony J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAltered functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been demonstrated in patients with treatment-resistant depression, although studies have often conflated patients with unipolar and bipolar depression. This is problematic given that the two groups often present with opposed neurovegetative symptom patterns. The aim of this study was to test, for the first time, whether post-awakening cortisol, a highly reliable, naturalistic measure of HPA functioning, could distinguish patients with clearly defined treatment-resistant unipolar (TRUD) and bipolar depression (TRBD). A total of 37 patients with TRUD, 17 patients with TRBD, and 47 healthy controls were recruited. Areas under the curve (AUC) with respect to the ground (g) and increase (i) of post-awakening cortisol concentrations (awakening, +15, +30, +45, +60, +90 min) were measured over two days. Patients with TRUD had higher total cortisol production in the morning hours compared to controls (AUCg,p = 0.01), while they did not differ in terms of the awakening response (AUCi,p = 0.28). By contrast, subjects with TRBD had lower total cortisol when compared to controls by trend (AUCg,p = 0.07), while they did not differ in the awakening response (AUCi,p = 0.15). A direct comparison of TRUD and TRBD revealed differences in the AUCg (p = 0.003) and AUCi (p = 0.03). This finding of comparatively elevated HPA axis activity in the morning in TRUD and attenuated HPA axis activity in TRBD attests to a fundamental biological distinction between unipolar and bipolar depression. It has implications for the understanding and treatment of bipolar depression and in differentiating the two types of depression.
PXDN reduces autophagic flux in insulin-resistant cardiomyocytes via modulating FoxO1
Authors: Li Chan , Liu Zhaoya , Xu Qian , Peng Huihui , Cao Jing , Zhou Honghua , Zhang Guogang , Cheng Guangjie , Shi Ruizheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAutophagy, a well-observed intracellular lysosomal degradation process, is particularly important to the cell viability in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Peroxidasin (PXDN) is a heme-containing peroxidase that augments oxidative stress and plays an essential role in cardiovascular diseases, while whether PXDN contributes to the pathogenesis of DCM remains unknown. Here we reported the suppression of cell viability and autophagic flux, as shown by autophagosomes accumulation and increased expression level of LC3-II and p62 in cultured H9C2 and human AC16 cells that treated with 400 μM palmitate acid (PA) for 24 h. Simultaneously, PXDN protein level increased. Moreover, cell death, autophagosomes accumulation as well as increased p62 expression were suppressed by PXDN silence. In addition, knockdown of PXDN reversed PA-induced downregulated forkhead box-1 (FoxO1) and reduced FoxO1 phosphorylation, whereas did not affect AKT phosphorylation. Not consistent with the effects of si-PXDN, double-silence of PXDN and FoxO1 significantly increased cell death, suppressed autophagic flux and declined the level of FoxO1 and PXDN, while the expression of LC3-II was unchanged under PA stimulation. Furthermore, inhibition of FoxO1 in PA-untreated cells induced cell death, inhibited autophagic flux, and inhibited FoxO1 and PXDN expression. Thus, we come to conclusion that PXDN plays a key role in PA-induced cell death by impairing autophagic flux through inhibiting FoxO1, and FoxO1 may also affect the expression of PXDN. These findings may develop better understanding of potential mechanisms regarding autophagy in insulin-resistant cardiomyocytes.
Nonadiabatic dynamics of cobalt tricarbonyl nitrosyl for ligand dissociation induced by electronic excitation
Authors: Lee Yeonghun , Kolesov Grigory , Yao Xiaolong , Kaxiras Efthimios , Cho Kyeongjae 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe utilize real-time time-dependent density functional theory and Ehrenfest dynamics scheme to investigate excited-state nonadiabatic dynamics of ligand dissociation of cobalt tricarbonyl nitrosyl, Co(CO)3NO, which is a precursor used for cobalt growth in advanced technologies, where the precursor’s reaction is enhanced by electronic excitation. Based on the first-principles calculations, we demonstrate two dissociation pathways of the NO ligand on the precursor. Detailed electronic structures are further analyzed to provide an insight into dynamics following the electronic excitations. This study sheds light on computational demonstration and underlying mechanism of the electronic-excitation-induced dissociation, especially in molecules with complex chemical bonds such as the Co(CO)3NO.
The pattern-recognition molecule H-ficolin in relation to diabetic kidney disease, mortality, and cardiovascular events in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Østergaard Jakob Appel , Jansson Sigfrids Fanny , Forsblom Carol , Dahlström Emma H. , Thorn Lena M. , Harjutsalo Valma , Flyvbjerg Allan , Thiel Steffen , Hansen Troels Krarup , Groop Per-Henrik 
Published: April 2021

AbstractH-ficolin recognizes patterns on microorganisms and stressed cells and can activate the lectin pathway of the complement system. We aimed to assess H-ficolin in relation to the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), all-cause mortality, diabetes-related mortality, and cardiovascular events. Event rates per 10-unit H-ficolin-increase were compared in an observational follow-up of 2,410 individuals with type 1 diabetes from the FinnDiane Study. DKD progression occurred in 400 individuals. The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) for progression was 1.29 (1.18–1.40) and 1.16 (1.05–1.29) after adjustment for diabetes duration, sex, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, and smoking status. After adding triglycerides to the model, the HR decreased to 1.07 (0.97–1.18). In all, 486 individuals died, including 268 deaths of cardiovascular causes and 192 deaths of complications to diabetes. HRs for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were 1.13 (1.04–1.22) and 1.05 (0.93–1.17), respectively, in unadjusted analyses. These estimates lost statistical significance in adjusted models. However, the unadjusted HR for diabetes-related mortality was 1.19 (1.05–1.35) and 1.18 (1.02–1.37) with the most stringent adjustment level. Our results, therefore, indicate that H-ficolin predicts diabetes-related mortality, but neither all-cause mortality nor fatal/non-fatal cardiovascular events. Furthermore, H-ficolin is associated with DKD progression, however, not independently of the fully adjusted model.
Analysis of IgM, IgA, and IgG isotype antibodies Directed against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and ORF8 in the course of COVID-19
Authors: Meinberger Denise , Koch Manuel , Roth Annika , Hermes Gabriele , Stemler Jannik , Cornely Oliver A. , Streichert Thomas , Klatt Andreas R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractImmunoassays are a standard diagnostic tool that assesses immunity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, immunoassays do not provide information about contaminating antigens or cross-reactions and might exhibit inaccurately high sensitivity and low specificity. We aimed to gain insight into the serological immune response of SARS-CoV-2 patients by immunoblot analysis. We analyzed serum immunoglobulins IgM, -A, and -G directed against SARS-CoV-2 proteins by immunoblot analysis from 12 infected patients. We determined IgG isotype antibodies by commercially available ELISA and assessed the clinical parameters of inflammation status and kidney and liver injury. Unexpectedly, we found no correlation between the presence of antibodies and the future course of the disease. However, attention should be paid to the parameters CRP, IL-6, and LDH. We found evidence of antibody cross-reactivity, which questions the reliability of results for serum samples that tested negative for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies when assessed by immunoassays. Nevertheless, for the detection of IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, our data suggest that the use of the spike glycoprotein in immunoassays should be sufficient to identify positive patients. Using a combination of the spike glycoprotein and the open reading frame 8 protein could prove to be the best way of detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibodies.
Acute symptomatic vitreous floaters assessed with ultra-wide field scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and spectral domain optical coherence tomography
Authors: Son Gisung , Sohn Joonhong , Kong Mingui 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo describe the eyes with vitreous floaters and to analyze the development of acute symptomatic posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). A retrospective review of medical records was performed on patients with the vitreous floater developed for the first time of their life. Peripapillary vitreous opacity (pVO) was searched in Ultra-wide field (UWF) scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and PVD stage was assessed through spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). 196 patients (55 males and 141 females), who were 58.4 (± 9.1) years old, visited a retinal clinic 9.4 (± 9.1) days after they experienced vitreous floaters. In 196 eyes, pVO was noticed in 122 eyes (62.2%) at UWF. In 106 eyes where SD-OCT data were available, PVD was noticed in 100 eyes (94.3%). Symptomatic eyes showed more advanced stage of PVD (p < 0.001) than symptom free eyes. Eyes with floaters were more myopic (− 0.7 ± 2.2D vs − 0.5 ± 1.9D, p = 0.02), and had lower intraocular pressure (IOP) (14.7 ± 3.2 mmHg vs 15.2 ± 3.0 mmHg, p = 0.02) than the other symptom free eyes. In patients with first floater symptoms, PVD was in progress in most of the eyes not only the symptomatic eyes but also on the contralateral symptom free eyes. Eyes with vitreous floaters were more myopic and had lower IOP than the opposite symptom free eyes.
Assessing the impact of previous experience on lie effects through a transfer paradigm
Authors: Mazzuca Claudia , Benassi Mariagrazia , Nicoletti Roberto , Sartori Giuseppe , Lugli Luisa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInfluential lines of research propose dual processes-based explanations to account for both the cognitive cost implied in lying and for that entailed in the resolution of the conflict posited by Simon tasks. The emergence and consistency of the Simon effect has been proved to be modulated by both practice effects and transfer effects. Although several studies provided evidence that the lying cognitive demand may vary as a function of practice, whether and how transfer effects could also play a role remains an open question. We addressed this question with one experiment in which participants completed a Differentiation of Deception Paradigm twice (baseline and test sessions). Crucially, between the baseline and the test sessions, participants performed a training session consisting in a spatial compatibility task with incompatible (condition 1) or compatible (condition 2) mapping, a non-spatial task (condition 3) and a no task one (condition 4). Results speak in favour of a modulation of individual performances by means of an immediate prior experience, and specifically with an incompatible spatial training.