bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SimPET—An open online platform for the Monte Carlo simulation of realistic brain PET data. Validation for 18F‐FDG scans
Authors: Paredes‐Pacheco José , López‐González Francisco Javier , Silva‐Rodríguez Jesús , Efthimiou Nikos , Niñerola‐Baizán Aida , Ruibal Álvaro , Roé‐Vellvé Núria , Aguiar Pablo 
Published: March 2021

PurposeSimPET (www.sim‐pet.org) is a free cloud‐based platform for the generation of realistic brain positron emission tomography (PET) data. In this work, we introduce the key features of the platform. In addition, we validate the platform by performing a comparison between simulated healthy brain FDG‐PET images and real healthy subject data for three commercial scanners (GE Advance NXi, GE Discovery ST, and Siemens Biograph mCT).MethodsThe platform provides a graphical user interface to a set of automatic scripts taking care of the code execution for the phantom generation, simulation (SimSET), and tomographic image reconstruction (STIR). We characterize the performance using activity and attenuation maps derived from PET/CT and MRI data of 25 healthy subjects acquired with a GE Discovery ST. We then use the created maps to generate synthetic data for the GE Discovery ST, the GE Advance NXi, and the Siemens Biograph mCT. The validation was carried out by evaluating Bland‐Altman differences between real and simulated images for each scanner. In addition, SPM voxel‐wise comparison was performed to highlight regional differences. Examples for amyloid PET and for the generation of ground‐truth pathological patients are included.ResultsThe platform can be efficiently used for generating realistic simulated FDG‐PET images in a reasonable amount of time. The validation showed small differences between SimPET and acquired FDG‐PET images, with errors below 10% for 98.09% (GE Discovery ST), 95.09% (GE Advance NXi), and 91.35% (Siemens Biograph mCT) of the voxels. Nevertheless, our SPM analysis showed significant regional differences between the simulated images and real healthy patients, and thus, the use of the platform for converting control subject databases between different scanners requires further investigation.ConclusionsThe presented platform can potentially allow scientists in clinical and research settings to perform MC simulation experiments without the need for high‐end hardware or advanced computing knowledge and in a reasonable amount of time.
Management of low back pain: Treatment provision within private practice in the UK in the context of clinical guidelines
Authors: Murtagh Shemane , Bryant Elizabeth , Hebron Clair , Ridehalgh Colette , Horler Christopher , Trosh Caroline , Olivier George 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo summarise the combination of treatments private UK‐based physiotherapists use with patients who have low back pain (LBP) and the extent to which the treatments used are consistent with clinical guideline recommendations.DesignCross‐sectional observational survey.MethodsData were collected from physiotherapists within private UK‐based clinics using an online standardised data collection system to record the treatment they provided for patients who had LBP with/without leg pain. Treatment data were classified into those that are ‘recommended’, ‘not recommended’ and had ‘no recommendation’.Results/FindingsTreatment provided to 8003 patients were included in the analyses. Most patients (95.0%) were provided with a ‘recommended’ treatment. Approximately half of the patients who received ‘recommended’ treatment were also provided with other treatments that were either ‘not recommended’ (16.7%), had ‘no recommendation’ (16.6%) or a combination of both (13.0%). Few patients were provided with only treatments that were ‘not recommended’ and/or treatment with ‘no recommendation’ (4.6%).ConclusionThis study provides insight into the self‐reported practice of participating physiotherapists and highlights how they generally adopted a multimodal treatment model for patients with LBP. Consistent with the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines, most patients received information and advice often in conjunction with exercise and manual therapy. Only a small proportion of patients were provided with treatments that are ‘not recommended’ and/or treatment that had ‘no recommendation’. These findings are useful in documenting the implementation of clinical guidelines given the need for practitioners to balance the best available evidence with patient expectation and preference and to facilitate the therapeutic alliance.
Hydroacoustic Surveys Underestimate Yellow Perch Population Abundance: The Importance of Considering Habitat Use
Authors: Mrnak Joseph T. , Sikora Logan W. , Jake Vander Zanden M. , Hrabik Thomas R. , Sass Greg G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
When estimating fish population abundance, it is important to recognize that differing habitat use may cause one gear type to be more effective and less biased than another. We generated and compared population abundance estimates (PE) for adult Yellow Perch Perca flavescens in Crystal Lake, Wisconsin using a spring mini-fyke net mark–recapture survey and summer hydroacoustic surveys. Mean PE from the spring mark–recapture survey was 11,051 adult Yellow Perch (95% confidence limits of 9,878 and 12,541). This mean was 4.0–8.5 times greater than the range of mean summer hydroacoustic estimates (mean ± 95% CI = 1,291 ± 312 and 2,912 ± 703). Due to Yellow Perch spawning behavior, we assumed that the spring mark–recapture survey sampled the entire adult population, while summer hydroacoustics sampled the postspawn pelagic component. Using the mean of all hydroacoustic surveys (PE = 2,492; n = 5), we estimated that approximately 22% of adult Yellow Perch selected for pelagic habitats postspawn. Our study emphasizes the importance of evaluating gear bias and has implications for future assessments, particularly when the target species may exhibit multiple habitat preferences within a lake.
Ingestion of PIT Tags by Hatchery-Reared Juvenile Steelhead and Subsequent Detection at Main-Stem Dams in the Columbia River Basin
Authors: Peterson Douglas P. , Engle Rod O. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
During the past 30 years, millions of hatchery-reared Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. have been implanted with PIT tags to estimate their survival and track their migration through the extensive system of hydroelectric dams in the Columbia River basin. The mark–recapture models that are used for these analyses assume that the tags are not lost, making it important to understand retention rates for PIT tags and the fate of shed tags. To understand the potential fate of shed PIT tags in a production hatchery, we distributed 12-mm PIT tags in two traditional cement raceways and the two circular tanks of a partial reuse aquaculture system (PRAS) containing juvenile summer steelhead O. mykiss. We then monitored the detection of these PIT tags at the time that the fish were released as smolts and at main-stem dams during their migration. The probability that a loose PIT tag was inside a steelhead smolt at release ranged from 0.200 to 0.519 across the raceways and tanks, confirming that the fish consumed tags during hatchery rearing. Detections at six dams—including one located 1,208 km from the release site—and up to 36 d after smolt release confirmed that some ingested tags remained in the steelhead during their migration. The estimates of apparent survival for smolts with ingested and implanted PIT tags suggested that some ingested tags were being excreted during migration through the Columbia River basin. The results highlight the need to reevaluate assumptions about the fate of shed PIT tags in steelhead production hatcheries and ensure that biologists and managers have reliable estimates of tag retention.
A refitting experiment on long bone identification
Authors: Morin Eugène , Boileau Arianne , Ready Elspeth 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRefitting is an important analytical tool in archaeology that can yield valuable information on site formation processes and on the range of activities practiced at a site, including tool production, tool curation, and discard behavior, among others. In the present paper, we use refit data from a control assemblage of red deer (Cervus elaphus) long bones to assess problems of specimen identification and representation in an experiment where bones were processed for marrow. Three goals motivated this experiment: (i) to assess how different methods of NISP (number of identified specimens) calculation affect comparisons of the relative abundances of long bone regions, (ii) to evaluate whether long bone shaft regions vary with respect to the probability of identification, and (iii) to ascertain the potential refit rate for a well‐preserved and fully‐collected sample of faunal specimens. Our results show no statistical differences in terms of patterns of skeletal representation between the two methods of NISP calculation (single vs. multiple NISP counts) that we assessed. Our data also indicate that the shape, particularly the cross‐section, of fragments clearly impacts the probability of identification and refitting. Moreover, the refitting experiment reveals that, in ideal conditions, a majority of specimens (>95%) from the NISP sample can be refitted, which leads to largely reconstructed skeletal elements. Thus, the comparatively very low refit rates recorded in archaeological sites, including samples that are well preserved, suggest that the often limited extent of excavations, along with offsite discard and/or extensive sharing of parts, substantially reduce the possibility of finding refits in a faunal sample.
Unmasking the potential role of plant‐based medicine “Plumbagin” in oral cancer—A Novel Paradigm
Authors: Taneja Neeraj , Alam Aftab , Patnaik Ranjana S. , Taneja Tannu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionCancer is a deadly disease affecting 185 countries with about 10 million deaths worldwide. Barring high cost, modern cancer treatment and allopathic medicines are double‐edged sword due to the side effects which is a major concern to worry; therefore, the time has come to look for plant‐based herbal treatment like Plumbagin.ObjectivesTo enlighten the role of Plumbagin in cancer treatment, to highlight the much‐needed plant extract Plumbagin for oral cancer treatment, and to encourage the further research on medicinal plants that result in the discovery of potent anticancer agent.MethodologyLiterature search was accomplished using Google‐scholar, PubMed, EBSCO, and Scopus databases. Data were collected by electronic and manual search. The articles were scrutinized carefully and those which were not relevant to our search were omitted. The data were compiled depicting the role of Plumbagin in different types of cancer and cancer cell lines in general and oral cancer in particular.ResultsIn vitro and in vivo studies of Plumbagin have shown anti‐oncogenic properties in almost all types of cancer of the body. But only a few in vitro studies and in vivo studies have been conducted to prove its anticancer potential in oral cancer.ConclusionPlant‐based medicines are being increasingly recognized as useful complementary treatments for cancer as they are most suited, safe, cost‐effective, and easily biodegradable with no significant side‐effects. Plumbagin is one such phytocompound that has immense anti‐oncogenic medicinal and therapeutic properties. There is an urgent need to do more studies on this novel drug for oral cancer. Additionally, clinical studies are also required for the evolution of Plumbagin as anticancer drug for oral cancer.
Modeling of the resin transfer molding process including viscosity dependence with time and temperature
Authors: Soares Laisa Luiz , Amico Sandro Campos , Isoldi Liércio André , Souza Jeferson Avila 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFlow behavior inside the mold cavity of liquid molding processes such as resin transfer molding (RTM) is important information that is necessary to determine filling time and void formation. Most of the studies found in the literature use isothermal models with Newtonian fluids and constant viscosities. However, for some specific applications, the mold filling time dependence on temperature and the viscosity dependence on time and temperature must be considered to precisely predict the flow advance inside the mold. In this study, a viscosity model, that accounts for temperature and time dependence is coupled with a standard computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to simulate the resin advance inside an RTM mold cavity. The model is simpler than similar methods that describe viscosity as a function of temperature and resin conversion. Nevertheless, the results show that the proposed model is capable of calculating flow advance, air and resin temperatures, and viscosity changes with time and temperature as expected in actual RTM and correlated processing of thick parts or with low injection pressure or high fiber content.
Self‐esteem as a mediator of parental attachment security and social anxiety
Authors: Seon Youngwoon 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study examined the mediating role of self‐esteem on the relationship between parental attachment security and social anxiety in children, separating maternal and paternal attachment. A total of 298 Korean children in 5th and 6th grade participated. Using structural equation modeling, results showed that the research model fit the data well and the mediating effects of self‐esteem were statistically significant. Self‐esteem fully mediated both relationships between maternal and paternal attachment security and social anxiety. This finding suggests the importance of maternal and paternal attachment security and self‐esteem as protective factors against social anxiety in children. Implications for practice and future research directions are discussed.
Controlling the molecular weight of poly(2,5‐bis[N‐methyl‐N‐hexylamino]phenylene vinylene) using nitrobenzene as an inhibitor
Authors: Garrison Michael D. , Sotuyo Ania , Stenger‐Smith John D. , Baldwin Lawrence C. , Baca Alfred J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPoly(2,5‐bis[N‐methyl‐N‐hexylamino] phenylene vinylene) (BAM‐PPV) has been studied for several decades as an anti‐corrosion coating. Although the polymer is readily synthesized via base‐promoted radical chain polymerization, BAM‐PPV exhibits poor solubility at high‐molecular weights (Mw > 100 kDa), which limits its applications. In this work, the molecular weight of BAM‐PPV was modulated with nitrobenzene. At nitrobenzene loading as low as 0.9 mol%, the polymerization reaction produced low‐molecular weight BAM‐PPV (Mw = 5–46 kDa). The polymerization of BAM‐PPV was systematically studied via size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS), and 1H NMR spectroscopy, which revealed suppression of the dimer intermediate before chain polymerization. Collectively, this work could expand the practical applications of BAM‐PPV for use in optoelectronic devices or corrosion inhibition coatings.
Characteristics of infants or children presenting to outpatient bronchopulmonary dysplasia clinics in the United States
Authors: Collaco Joseph M. , Agarwal Amit , Austin Eric D. , Hayden Lystra P. , Lai Khanh , Levin Jonathan , Manimtim Winston M. , Moore Paul E. , Sheils Catherine A. , Tracy Michael C. , Alexiou Stamatia , Baker Christopher D. , Cristea A. Ioana , Fierro Julie L. , Rhein Lawrence M. , Villafranco Natalie , Nelin Leif D. , McGrath‐Morrow Sharon A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionBronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common respiratory sequelae of preterm birth, for which longitudinal outpatient data are limited. Our objective was to describe a geographically diverse outpatient cohort of former preterm infants followed in BPD‐disease specific clinics.MethodsSeven BPD specialty clinics contributed data using standardized instruments to this retrospective cohort study. Inclusion criteria included preterm birth (<37 weeks) and respiratory symptoms or needs requiring outpatient follow‐up.ResultsA total of 413 preterm infants and children were recruited (mean age: 2.4 ± 2.7 years) with a mean gestational age of 27.0 ± 2.8 weeks and a mean birthweight of 951 ± 429 grams of whom 63.7% had severe BPD. Total, 51.1% of subjects were nonwhite. Severe BPD was not associated with greater utilization of acute care/therapies compared to non‐severe counterparts. Of children with severe BPD, differences in percentage of those on any home respiratory support (p = .001), home positive pressure ventilation (p = .003), diuretics (p < .001), inhaled corticosteroids (p < .001), and pulmonary vasodilators (p < .001) were found between centers, however no differences in acute care use were observed.DiscussionThis examination of a multicenter collaborative registry of children born prematurely with respiratory disease demonstrates a diversity of management strategies among geographically distinct tertiary care BPD centers in the United States. This study reveals that the majority of children followed in these clinics were nonwhite and that neither variation in management nor severity of BPD at 36 weeks influenced outpatient acute care utilization. These findings suggest that post‐neonatal intensive care unit factors and follow‐up may modify respiratory outcomes in BPD, possibly independently of severity.
Normal growth variance by Z scores should be considered when interpreting the growth inhibitory effect of inhaled corticosteroids
Authors: Sidhu Sonam Tanna , Morphew Tricia , Galant Stanley P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundRandomized clinical trials suggest that long‐term inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment significantly inhibits growth velocity (GV) assessed by centimeters/year (cm/year) in primarily prepubescent, mild asthmatics. However, several observational studies measuring normal growth variance by Z score suggest the absence of the ICS inhibitory effect.ObjectiveTo demonstrate the generalizability of ICS growth inhibition in cm/year by establishing whether this measure exceeds the expected normal changes in GV by Z score for similar age and sex.MethodsThis was a retrospective, observational study comparing height and GV across a 2 year period in asthmatics aged 2–10 years, receiving ICS therapy (Group 3) with non‐asthmatics, and non‐ICS asthmatics (Groups 1 and 2), respectively. Generalized linear model procedure compared GV measures after adjustment for age, gender, and dependence of group differences on the age of the child.ResultsBefore initiation of ICS therapy at baseline, Group 3 patients (n = 22) were shorter than Groups 1 (n = 67) and 2 (n = 44) by mean height in cm, and height for age Z score in the adjusted model (p < .05). GV was also significantly reduced in Group 3 after initiation of ICS therapy versus Groups 1 and 2 by 1.0–1.5 cm/year, respectively, p < .05, but not significantly in comparison to expected normal GV variance determined by Z score, p ≥ .05.ConclusionOur findings suggest the need to consider normal growth variance by Z scores in addition to absolute changes (cm/year) when interpreting the inhibitory effect of ICS on GV. Larger sample size studies will be necessary to confirm our findings.
Frequency of ventilator circuit changes to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia in neonates and children—A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Abiramalatha Thangaraj , Ramaswamy Viraraghavan Vadakkencherry , Thanigainathan Sivam , Pullattayil Abdul Kareem , Kirubakaran Richard 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effect of different frequencies of ventilator circuit changes in neonates and children through a systematic review and meta‐analysis.Interventions(1) “No routine change of ventilator circuit (unless visibly soiled)” versus “routine change at any fixed interval”; (2) routine change of circuit at “less frequent” versus “more frequent” intervals.OutcomesPrimary outcomes were VAP rate (number of VAP episodes per 1000 ventilator‐days) and all‐cause mortality before discharge.MethodsMEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, and CINAHL were systematically searched from inception till November 3, 2020. Two authors assessed trial eligibility and risk of bias, and independently extracted data. Data were synthesized using fixed effects model. GRADE was used to assess certainty of evidence (CoE).ResultsWe identified six studies enrolling 768 participants evaluating circuit changes at two fixed intervals. Meta‐analysis of studies on circuit changes “once in less than 7 days” versus “once weekly” showed no difference in VAP rate (risk ratio: 0.83 [0.38–1.81]; one randomized controlled trial (RCT) and 0.94 [0.49–1.81]; two before‐after studies) or mortality before discharge (0.67 [0.34–1.3]; one RCT and 1.01 [0.63–1.64]; two before‐after studies). CoE was very low. Less frequent circuit changes reduced health‐care costs. No study evaluating “circuit changes only when visibly soiled” versus “circuit changes at a fixed interval” was identified.ConclusionThere is no evidence to suggest that ventilator circuits can be safely left unchanged until visibly soiled in neonates and children. Extending circuit changes interval to “once weekly” may not increase VAP rate (CoE—very low) and reduces healthcare costs.
Stability of sputum inflammatory phenotypes in childhood asthma during stable and exacerbation phases
Authors: Tsang Yuk Ping , Marchant Julie M. , Li Albert M. , Chang Anne B. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundManagement strategies based on airway inflammation phenotypes are increasingly used for adults with asthma. While sputum‐based phenotypes are relatively stable in adults with asthma, there is little such data in childhood asthma. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the stability of sputum inflammatory phenotypes in children with asthma both in the stable and during exacerbation phases.MethodsSputum cellularity data from two previous prospective studies involving children with asthma were re‐evaluated and categorized into two inflammatory phenotypes: eosinophilic (>2.5% eosinophils) and noneosinophilic (≤2.5% eosinophils). Baseline values and follow‐up sputum inflammatory phenotype classification were compared in children with asthma during stable and exacerbation phases.ResultsThirteen of 32 children (41%) with stable asthma demonstrated a change in sputum inflammatory phenotype 8 weeks later. In a different second cohort, both sputum eosinophils and neutrophils percentages increased and peaked on Day 1 of asthma exacerbation, but compared with baseline, 22% (2/9) and 13% (1/8) of these children had their sputum phenotype categorization changed on Day 1 and Day 3 of exacerbation, respectively.ConclusionIn children with asthma, sputum inflammatory phenotypes are variable in both stable and exacerbation phases, in contrast to data in adults.