bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Flooding in Packed Liquid‐Liquid and High‐Pressure Extraction Columns Using a Gaussian Process
Authors: Brockkötter Johannes , Ahndorf Johannes , Jupke Andreas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractReliable prediction of flooding conditions is needed for sizing and operating packed extraction columns. Due to the complex interplay of physicochemical properties, operational parameters and the packing‐specific properties, it is challenging to develop accurate semi‐empirical or rigorous models with a high validity range. State of the art models may therefore fail to predict flooding accurately. To overcome this problem, a data‐driven model based on Gaussian processes is developed to predict flooding for packed liquid‐liquid and high‐pressure extraction columns. The optimized Gaussian process for the liquid‐liquid extraction column results in an average absolute relative error (AARE) of 15.23 %, whereas the algorithm for the high‐pressure extraction column results in an AARE of 13.68 %. Both algorithms can predict flooding curves for different packing geometries and chemical systems precisely.
Palladium/Xu‐Phos Catalyzed Enantioselective Tandem Heck/Cacchi Reaction of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: Wu Yi , Xu Bing , Zhao Guofeng , Pan Zhangjin , Zhang Zhan‐Ming , Zhang Junliang 
Published: August 2021

Main observation and conclusionA highly enantioselective palladium‐catalyzed intermolecular tandem Heck/Cacchi reaction of unactivated alkenes with ortho‐ethynylanilines was developed, which provides a powerful route to access a broad range of enantioenriched 2,3‐dihydrobenzofuran‐ or indoline‐substituted indoles bearing all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter of interest in pharmaceutical research. Its salient features include inherent atom‐ and step‐economy, high functional group tolerance, mild conditions, broad structural diversity together with excellent enantioselectivities.
Morphological and neurochemical characterization of glycinergic neurons in laminae I–IV of the mouse spinal dorsal horn
Authors: Miranda Camila Oliveira , Hegedüs Krisztina , Wildner Hendrik , Zeilhofer Hanns Ulrich , Antal Miklós 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA growing body of experimental evidence shows that glycinergic inhibition plays vital roles in spinal pain processing. In spite of this, however, our knowledge about the morphology, neurochemical characteristics, and synaptic relations of glycinergic neurons in the spinal dorsal horn is very limited. The lack of this knowledge makes our understanding about the specific contribution of glycinergic neurons to spinal pain processing quite vague. Here we investigated the morphology and neurochemical characteristics of glycinergic neurons in laminae I–IV of the spinal dorsal horn using a GlyT2::CreERT2‐tdTomato transgenic mouse line. Confirming previous reports, we show that glycinergic neurons are sparsely distributed in laminae I–II, but their densities are much higher in lamina III and especially in lamina IV. First in the literature, we provide experimental evidence indicating that in addition to neurons in which glycine colocalizes with GABA, there are glycinergic neurons in laminae I–II that do not express GABA and can thus be referred to as glycine‐only neurons. According to the shape and size of cell bodies and dendritic morphology, we divided the tdTomato‐labeled glycinergic neurons into three and six morphological groups in laminae I–II and laminae III–IV, respectively. We also demonstrate that most of the glycinergic neurons co‐express neuronal nitric oxide synthase, parvalbumin, the receptor tyrosine kinase RET, and the retinoic acid‐related orphan nuclear receptor β (RORβ), but there might be others that need further neurochemical characterization. The present findings may foster our understanding about the contribution of glycinergic inhibition to spinal pain processing.
Immunophenotypic shifts during minimal residual evaluation in a case of leukemic form of anaplastic large cell lymphoma ALK+
Authors: Canellas Maria Clara , Bruno‐Riscarolli Enrico , Ferreira‐Facio Cristiane S. , Lopes‐Alves Daiana V. , Botafogo Vitor D. , Sutter Deborah , Pontes Roberia M. , Land Marcelo G. P. , Bedran Milito Cristiane , da Costa Elaine Sobral 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study aims to describe immunophenotypic explorations at diagnosis and follow up of a pediatric patient with leukemic phase of ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) by multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC).CaseAn 8‐color MFC combination of antibodies allowed to identify neoplastic cells in concentrations until 0.02% during minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring. Immunophenotypic shifts occurred in key markers as CD30, CD7, CD2, and CD5, however neoplastic cells were clearly discriminated from normal populations.ConclusionMFC can be a useful tool for ALCL diagnosis and MRD monitoring and may support therapeutic decisions.
Rapid whole‐blood assay to detect SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific memory T‐cell immunity following a single dose of AstraZeneca ChAdOx1‐S COVID‐19 vaccine
Authors: Lineburg Katie E , Neller Michelle A , Ambalathingal George R , Le Texier Laetitia , Raju Jyothy , Swaminathan Srividhya , Lekieffre Lea , Smith Caitlyn , Rehan Sweera , Crooks Pauline , Panikkar Archana , Srihari Sriganesh , Khanna Rajiv , Smith Corey 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesWith the ongoing emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants and potential to evade vaccine‐induced neutralisation, understanding the magnitude and breadth of vaccine‐induced T‐cell immunity will be critical for the ongoing optimisation of vaccine approaches. Strategies that provide a rapid and easily translatable means of assessing virus‐specific T‐cell responses provide an opportunity to monitor the impact of vaccine rollouts in the community. In this study, we assessed whether our recently developed SARS‐CoV‐2 whole‐blood assay could be used effectively to analyse T‐cell responses following vaccination.MethodsFollowing a median of 15 days after the first dose of the ChAdOx1‐S (AstraZeneca®) vaccine, peripheral blood was isolated from 58 participants. Blood was incubated overnight with an overlapping set of spike protein peptides and assessed for cytokine production using a cytometric bead array.ResultsThe majority of vaccine recipients (51/58) generated a T helper 1 response (IFN‐γ and/or IL‐2) following a single dose of ChAdOx1‐S. The magnitude of the IFN‐γ and IL‐2 response strongly correlated in vaccine recipients. While the production of other cytokines was evident in individuals who did not generate IFN‐γ and IL‐2, they showed no correlation in magnitude, nor did we see a correlation between sex or age and the magnitude of the response.ConclusionsThe whole‐blood cytokine assay provides a rapid approach to assessing T‐cell immunity against SARS‐CoV‐2 in vaccine recipients. While the majority of participants generated a robust SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific T‐cell response following their first dose, some did not, demonstrating the likely importance of the booster dose in improving T‐cell immunity.
Formation of solitons and shocks in toroidal ion temperature gradient mode in the presence ofnon‐Maxwellianelectrons
Authors: Hassan Sunia , Masood Waqas , Mirza Arshad M. , Siddiq Mohsin , Batool Nazia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLinear and nonlinear phenomena are investigated in toroidal ion temperature gradient (TITG)‐driven pure drift mode. The model includes inhomogeneity in background magnetic field, ion temperature, and density. Finite Larmor radius effect is incorporated to understand the effect of low‐frequency wave on ion dynamics. Electrons are assumed to follow nonthermal distribution, that is, kappa and Cairns distributions. Dispersion relation is obtained to analyse the linear behaviour of the TITG mode in the presence of non‐Maxwellian electron distribution. In the nonlinear regime, exact solutions (soliton and shocks) are obtained (in dispersive and dissipative medium respectively) by using functional variable method to solve the nonlinear partial differential equation obtained for the system under consideration. Graphical illustrations are used to exhibit the characteristics of linear and nonlinear structures and their dependence on different physical parameters. It is observed that for TITG‐driven pure drift mode, rarefactive solitons are formed for both thermal and nonthermal electron distributions. It is also observed that variation of electrons from standard thermal distribution affects the propagation characteristics of linear and nonlinear structures in TITG‐driven modes. Results of our investigations will be helpful to understand the low‐frequency waves in inhomogeneous plasmas in the presence of nonthermal electron distributions which are frequently observed by satellite missions and are also observed in laboratory plasmas.
Comprehensive phenotyping of peripheral blood monocytes in healthy bovine
Authors: Grandoni Francesco , Scatà Maria Carmela , Martucciello Alessandra , De Carlo Esterina , De Matteis Giovanna , Hussen Jamal 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMonocytes are bone marrow derived innate myeloid cells that circulate in the blood and play important roles in infection and inflammation. As part of the mononuclear phagocytic system, monocytes provide innate effector functions, support the adaptive immune response, and play a role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In addition to their role in sensing pathogen‐associated molecular patterns using several pattern recognition receptors, monocytes are characterized by their ability to ingest and kill microbes, to produce cytokines and chemokines, and to present antigens to T cells. For a long time, monocytes have been considered as a homogenous cell population, characterized by the expression of CD14, the receptor of lipopolysaccharide. Studies in several species have shown that the monocyte population consists of phenotypically and functionally different cell subsets. In this review, we report a comprehensive phenotyping of monocyte subsets in cattle. In addition, the most characterizing cell markers and gating strategies for detailed immunophenotyping of bovine monocyte subsets are discussed.
Contrasting growth response of evergreen and deciduous arctic‐alpine shrub species to climate variability
Authors: Dobbert Svenja , Pape Roland , Löffler Jörg 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBroad‐scale changes in arctic‐alpine vegetation and their global effects have long been recognized and labeled one of the clearest examples of the terrestrial impacts of climate change. Arctic‐alpine dwarf shrubs are a key factor in those processes, responding to accelerated warming in complex and still poorly understood ways. Here, we look closely into such responses of deciduous and evergreen species, and for the first time, we make use of high‐precision dendrometers to monitor the radial growth of dwarf shrubs at unprecedented temporal resolution, bridging the gap between classical dendroecology and the underlying growth physiology of a species. Using statistical methods on a five‐year dataset, including a relative importance analysis based on partial least squares regression, linear mixed modeling, and correlation analysis, we identified distinct growth mechanisms for both evergreen (Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum) and deciduous (Betula nana) species. We found those mechanisms in accordance with the species respective physiological requirements and the exclusive micro‐environmental conditions, suggesting high phenotypical plasticity in both focal species. Additionally, growth in both species was negatively affected by unusually warm conditions during summer and both responded to low winter temperatures with radial stem shrinking, which we interpreted as an active mechanism of frost protection related to changes in water availability. However, our analysis revealed contrasting and inter‐annually nuanced response patterns. While B. nana benefited from winter warming and a prolonged growing season, E. hermaphroditum showed high negative sensitivity to spring cold spells after an earlier growth start, relying on additional photosynthetic opportunities during snow‐free winter periods. Thus, we conclude that climate–growth responses of dwarf shrubs in arctic‐alpine environments are highly seasonal and heterogenic, and that deciduous species are overall likely to show a positive growth response to predicted future climate change, possibly dominating over evergreen competitors at the same sites, contributing to the ongoing greening trend.
Understanding the future of big sagebrush regeneration: challenges of projecting complex ecological processes
Authors: Schlaepfer Daniel R. , Bradford John B. , Lauenroth William K. , Shriver Robert K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRegeneration is an essential demographic step that affects plant population persistence, recovery after disturbances, and potential migration to track suitable climate conditions. Challenges of restoring big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) after disturbances including fire‐invasive annual grass interactions exemplify the need to understand the complex regeneration processes of this long‐lived, woody species that is widespread across the semiarid western U.S. Projected 21st century climate change is expected to increase drought risks and intensify restoration challenges. A detailed understanding of regeneration will be crucial for developing management frameworks for the big sagebrush region in the 21st century. Here, we used two complementary models to explore spatial and temporal relationships in the potential of big sagebrush regeneration representing (1) range‐wide big sagebrush regeneration responses in natural vegetation (process‐based model) and (2) big sagebrush restoration seeding outcomes following fire in the Great Basin and the Snake River Plains (regression‐based model). The process‐based model suggested substantial geographic variation in long‐term regeneration trajectories with central and northern areas of the big sagebrush region remaining climatically suitable, whereas marginal and southern areas are becoming less suitable. The regression‐based model suggested, however, that restoration seeding may become increasingly more difficult, illustrating the particularly difficult challenge of promoting sagebrush establishment after wildfire in invaded landscapes. These results suggest that sustaining big sagebrush on the landscape throughout the 21st century may climatically be feasible for many areas and that uncertainty about the long‐term sustainability of big sagebrush may be driven more by dynamics of biological invasions and wildfire than by uncertainty in climate change projections. Divergent projections of the two models under 21st century climate conditions encourage further study to evaluate potential benefits of re‐creating conditions of uninvaded, unburned natural big sagebrush vegetation for post‐fire restoration seeding, such as seeding in multiple years and, for at least much of the northern Great Basin and Snake River Plains, the control of the fire‐invasive annual grass cycle.
Intraspecific trait variation drives grassland species richness and productivity under changing precipitation
Authors: Deng Meifeng , Liu Weixing , Li Ping , Jiang Lin , Li Shaopeng , Jia Zhou , Yang Sen , Guo Lulu , Wang Zhenhua , Liu Lingli 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIt has been increasingly recognized that plant traits and their intraspecific variation play pivotal roles in determining how ecosystem structure and function respond to a changing environment. Yet, it remains unclear how and which plant traits regulate the assembly process and thus affect ecosystem structure and function under climate changes. Here, we selected six steppe sites with snow fences along a precipitation gradient in inner Mongolia. We measured traits including plant height and leaf carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations. We incorporated intraspecific trait variation to quantify the strength of external filters (assembly processes outside the community at a larger spatial scale), the strength of internal filters (assembly processes within the local community), and functional redundancy (the number of species having a similar function to an ecosystem). We applied these assembly rules to explain the changes in biodiversity and productivity in response to changing precipitation. We found that increased rainfall reduced plant carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorous (P) concentrations, but did not affect plant height. High snowfall increased phosphorous concentration, but did not affect other traits. Latent variable models identified climate (rainfall) and soil nutrient conditions (soil total N and P content) were more important than external filtering processes in predicting species richness. However, external filtering processes were the most important predictor of productivity. More specifically, we found with the increase in steppe productivity, the strength of the external filtering on leaf N increased and on plant height decreased, leading to leaf N converging into a small range but broadening the range of plant height. The internal filters had no significant effects on species richness or productivity. Additionally, we found that low precipitation reduced functional redundancy. We emphasize that intraspecific trait‐variation drives plant productivity and richness responses to precipitation changes by regulating community assemblage. Our finding also underlines the importance to separate the contributions of different functional traits in regulating the responses of ecosystem structure and function to climate changes.
Identification of the Gulf of Mexico as an important high‐use habitat for leatherback turtles from Central America
Authors: Evans Daniel R. , Valverde Roldán A. , Ordoñez Cristina , Carthy Raymond R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEndangered leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) are wide‐ranging, long‐distance migrants whose movements are often associated with environmental cues. We examined the spatial distribution and habitat use for 33 satellite‐tracked leatherbacks from nesting beaches on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica and Panama from 2004 to 2018, an important nesting population for the leatherback Northwest Atlantic Distinct Population Segment. Tracking revealed the use of two distinct regions, the Gulf of Mexico (GoM, n = 18) and the North Atlantic Ocean (NAO, n = 15). We developed density utilization maps to elucidate high‐use habitats, migration pathways, and seasonal movements. GoM leatherbacks were found in three concentrated high‐use habitats connected by a migration pathway, while NAO leatherbacks were primarily found in a single, large high‐use habitat. Leatherbacks in both regions have the potential to interact with Atlantic pelagic longline fisheries based on seasonal overlap with high fishing effort. Our findings suggest that the GoM is an important destination for leatherbacks from the Caribbean coast of Central America with seasonal movements between high‐use habitats within the GoM. While leatherbacks are utilizing high‐use habitats in both the NAO and the GoM, the proportion of individuals migrating into the GoM increased over the study period. Additionally, NAO leatherbacks have increased the distance they travel in the first 90 d. Regional differences in movement and spatial distribution of high‐use habitats are important considerations when developing conservation plans for the Northwest Atlantic leatherback population.
Experimental investigation of self‐centering hybrid concrete shear walls subjected to horizontal cyclic loading
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhou Wei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs an effective way to facilitate functional recovery, self‐centering structures are gaining increased attention from researchers. Extensive experimental studies of self‐centering concrete shear walls have been conducted in recent decades, but there are still a limited number of full‐scale tests assessing the stiffness, ductility, and tendon stress variation. In this study, the seismic performance of self‐centering concrete shear walls was investigated. Full‐scale tests of seven cantilever walls were conducted under a constant gravity load, including six self‐centering shear walls and one cast‐in situ shear wall. The failure modes of the cast‐in situ wall and the self‐centering walls were compared, and different indices representing the seismic performance were calculated and analyzed further, such as the stiffness, ductility, residual drift, contact length, tendon stress variation, and the energy‐dissipating capacity, to present a full assessment of the seismic performance of the self‐centering concrete shear walls. It was found that although the longitudinal bars and concrete were terminated at the wall base joint, the self‐centering walls showed comparable stiffness and larger ductility than the cast‐in situ wall, and sufficient dissipating capacity to resist seismic events. Also, the tendons worked elastically to provide a stable contribution to the self‐centering ability.
Lactobacillus casei relieves liver injury by regulating immunity and suppression of the enterogenic endotoxin‐induced inflammatory response in rats cotreated with alcohol and iron
Authors: Li Xuelong , Han Jianmin , Liu Ying , Liang Hui 
Published: August 2021

AbstractExcessive alcohol and iron intake can reportedly cause liver damage. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Lactobacillus casei on liver injury in rats co‐exposed to alcohol and iron and evaluated its possible mechanism. Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups for 12 weeks: the Control group (administered normal saline by gavage and provided a normal diet); alcohol +iron group (Model group, treated with alcohol [3.5–5.3 g/kg/day] by gavage and dietary iron [1,500 mg/kg]); Model group supplemented with L. casei (8 × 108 CFU kg−1 day−1) (L. casei group). Using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and transmission electron microscopy, we observed that L. casei supplementation could alleviate disorders associated with lipid metabolism, inflammation, and intestinal mucosal barrier injury. Moreover, levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, gamma‐glutamyl transferase, triglyceride (TG), and hepatic TG were significantly increased in the model group; however, these levels were significantly decreased following the 12‐week L. casei supplementation. In addition, we observed notable improvements in intestinal mucosal barrier function and alterations in T lymphocyte subsets and natural killer cells in L. casei‐treated rats when compared with the model group. Furthermore, L. casei intervention alleviated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1β, accompanied by decreased serum endotoxin levels and downregulated expression of toll‐like receptor 4 and its related molecules MyD88, nuclear factor kappa‐B p65, and TNF‐α. Accordingly, supplementation with L. casei could effectively improve liver injury induced by the synergistic interaction between alcohol and iron. The underlying mechanism for this improvement may be related to immune regulation and inhibition of enterogenic endotoxin‐mediated inflammation.
Additive manufacturing applications of phase‐field‐based topology optimization using adaptive isogeometric analysis
Authors: Carraturo Massimo , Hennig Paul , Alaimo Gianluca , Heindel Leonhard , Auricchio Ferdinando , Kästner Markus , Reali Alessandro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this contribution, we apply adaptive isogeometric analysis to a diffuse interface model for topology optimization. First, the influence of refinement and coarsening parameters on the optimization procedure are evaluated and discussed on a two‐dimensional problem and a possible workflow to convert smooth isogeometric solutions into 3D printed products is described. Second, to assess the required numerical accuracy of the proposed simulation framework, numerical results obtained adopting different stopping criteria are experimentally evaluated for a three‐dimensional benchmark problem.