bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immigrant status, citizenship, and victimization risk in the United States: New findings from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)*
Authors: Xie Min , Baumer Eric P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUntil recently, national‐level data on criminal victimization in the United States did not include information on immigrant or citizenship status of respondents. This data‐infrastructure limitation has hindered scientific understanding of whether immigrants are more or less likely than native‐born Americans to be criminally victimized and how victimization may vary among immigrants of different statuses. We address these issues in the present study by using new data from the 2017–2018 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to explore the association between citizenship status and victimization risk in a nationally representative sample of households and persons aged 12 years and older. The research is guided by a theoretical framing that integrates insights from studies of citizenship with the literature on immigration and crime, as well as with theories of victimization. We find that a person's foreign‐born status (but not their acquired U.S. citizenship) confers protection against victimization. We also find that the protective benefit associated with being foreign born does not extend to those with ambiguous citizenship status, who in our data exhibit attributes similar to the known characteristics of undocumented immigrants. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings and the potential ways to extend the research.
Legume–rhizobium dance: an agricultural tool that could be improved?
Authors: Basile Laura A. , Lepek Viviana C. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThe specific interaction between rhizobia and legume roots leads to the development of a highly regulated process called nodulation, by which the atmospheric nitrogen is converted into an assimilable plant nutrient. This capacity is the basis for the use of bacterial inoculants for field crop cultivation. Legume plants have acquired tools that allow the entry of compatible bacteria. Likewise, plants can impose sanctions against the maintenance of nodules occupied by rhizobia with low nitrogen‐fixing capacity. At the same time, bacteria must overcome different obstacles posed first by the environment and then by the legume. The present review describes the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the entire legume–rhizobium symbiotic process and the strategies and tools of bacteria for reaching the nitrogen‐fixing state inside the nodule. Also, we revised different approaches to improve the nodulation process for a better crop yield.
Nodal metabolic tumour volume on baseline 18F‐FDG PET/CT and overall survival in stage II and III NSCLC patients undergoing curative‐intent chemoradiotherapy/radiotherapy
Authors: Alipour Ramin , Bucknell Nick , Bressel Mathias , Everitt Sarah , MacManus Michael , Siva Shankar , Hofman Michael S , Akhurst Tim , Hicks Rodney J , Iravani Amir 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionThis study aims to investigate whether nodal metabolic tumour volume (nMTV) and nodal total lesion glycolysis (nTLG) on Fluorine‐18 fluoro‐deoxy‐glucose positron emission tomography–computed tomography (18F‐FDG PET/CT) in inoperable node‐positive stage II and III non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are independent predictors of overall survival (OS) in patients undergoing curative‐intent chemoradiotherapy/radiotherapy (CRT/RT).MethodsData from two prospective trials between 2004 and 2016 were analysed retrospectively. Primary, nodal and total metabolic tumour volume and total lesion glycolysis (pMTV, nMTV, tMTV, pTLG, nTLG and tTLG, respectively) were derived from baseline 18F‐FDG PET/CT. Cox regressions were used to model OS by 18F‐FDG PET/CT parameters adjusting for overall stage.Results89 patients with stage II (8%) and stage III (92%) were included. The median age at diagnosis was 67 years; 62% were male. The median follow‐up was 6.9 years; the median OS was 2.2 years (95% CI 1.7–3.1). The median pMTV, nMTV and tMTV were 14 mL (range 0–360), 8 mL (range 0–250) and 34 mL (range 3–384), respectively. In 3 patients, the primary lesion could not be delineated from the central hilar mass. There was no association between nMTV (adjusted HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.95–1.15, P‐value 0.43), pMTV (adjusted HR 1.0, 95% CI 0.96–1.04, P‐value 0.92), tMTV (adjusted HR 1.0, 95% CI 0.97–1.04, P‐value 0.88), nTLG, pTLG or tTLG and OS. Consistent results were noted when patients with central hilar lesions were excluded from analysis.ConclusionIn node‐positive stage II and III NSCLC patients who underwent 18F‐FDG PET/CT‐guided target delineation curative‐intent concurrent CRT/RT, metabolic parameters did not appear to provide independent prognostication.
Nodular‐type central squamous cell lung carcinoma cured by intraluminal bronchoscopic treatment: A case report
Authors: Aoki Hikaru , Uchimura Keigo , Imabayashi Tatsuya , Matsumoto Yuji , Higashiyama Masahiro , Watanabe Shun‐Ichi , Tsuchida Takaaki 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPrimary squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) often occurs in the trachea and bronchi. Recently, intraluminal bronchoscopic treatment (IBT) has emerged as an option for curative treatment, not just surgery, in patients with central early‐stage SqCC (CES‐SqCC). However, patients that can be cured by IBT are limited. We report a rare case of CES‐SqCC that was surgically confirmed to be cured by IBT alone. A 72‐year‐old woman had a nodular bronchial tumor at the bifurcation of right upper and intermediate bronchi. For histological diagnosis, the tumor was resected and incinerated using high‐frequency snare (HFS). Obtained specimens were diagnosed as SqCC; wedge resection of the bifurcation was performed to remove the residual lesion. However, no malignant findings were found in the excised specimens. Some patients with CES‐SqCC may be cured by aggressive diagnostic bronchoscopy. The risk of postoperative complications cannot be ignored because the surgery requires bronchoplasty in patients with CES‐SqCC. For patients with CES‐SqCC, surgical resection may be avoided by detailed assessment of residual lesion with radial probe endobronchial ultrasonography (RP‐EBUS).
Robotany: A portable, low‐cost platform for precise automated aerial imaging of field plots
Authors: Potter James J. , Tan Sylvia , Penczykowski Rachel M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

The 1 m2 quadrat is a standard field survey tool in ecology. Traditionally, a researcher places a square frame on the ground and manually records data about organisms (typically plants) within that quadrat. Collecting data through this method can require a great deal of time on‐site. For some studies, it would be more efficient to collect data as images in the field, and then extract desired data from the images later. Equipment currently available for precise aerial imaging of plants is most applicable to large‐scale settings (e.g. entire fields) or controlled environments (e.g. greenhouses or growth chambers). There is a lack of technology suited to 1 × 1 m quadrat surveys of natural communities.

To satisfy this need, we developed a portable, low‐cost platform (‘Robotany’) that automatically takes a set of data samples to precisely cover a 1 m2 field plot. The current design is optimized for taking aerial photographs of short herbaceous plants in mowed or grazed habitats, at a spatial resolution of 24 non‐overlapping photographs per 1 m2, using a digital single‐lens reflex (DSLR) camera with the lens 55 cm above the ground. Novel attachment and actuation methods allow for fast, convenient assembly and disassembly, and the waterproof frame can be disinfected with ethanol.

The device was reliable and precise in its initial two summers of field testing (ca. 200 plots imaged). These images were of sufficient resolution to identify common plant taxa, and to collect information on plant size, flowering status, and damage by foliar pathogens and herbivores. The apparatus was robust to frequent disassembly, transport and reassembly.

The on‐site time and labour of quadrat‐based field surveys can be greatly reduced with this device. For some applications, images may replace on‐site (manual) data collection from quadrats. For other applications, the images may complement on‐site data collection, as a digital back‐up and source of additional data (e.g. high‐resolution spatial mapping of plant species or traits, or types of ground cover). The Robotany is modular and can be adapted to different research needs, including replacement of the camera with a different type of sampler.
Influence of time to procurement, incubation and release of organ cultured donor corneas on graft failure after Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Gram Niels , Shehab Anders , Ivarsen Anders , Hjortdal Jesper 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeThe aim of the present study was to investigate whether the time from death to procurement, to preservation or the storage time of donor corneas preserved in organ culture influenced the clinical outcome of patients undergoing Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) for Fuchs endothelial keratoplasty.MethodsWe conducted a registry‐based study on 776 patients undergoing DSAEK. Data on time from donor death to cornea retrieval (DRT), time from death to preservation (DPT), the preservation time and donor cornea characteristics: age, sex and endothelial cell density (ECD) at the time of release for surgery, were extracted from The Danish Cornea Bank Registry. Data on recipient follow‐up were collected from a corneal graft registry. The primary outcome was presence of graft failure within a period from 2 months to 2 years after surgery. Secondary outcomes were DRT, DPT, ECD ≤2300 and gender mismatch between donor and recipient.ResultsGraft failure occurred in 26 patients. The mean preservation time for failed grafts was 34.1 ± 10.0 days (mean ± SD) and 27.3 ± 10.6 days (mean ± SD) for the clear, functional grafts at the 2‐year follow‐up. A preservation time of >29 days compared with ≤29 days was associated with a lower survival (HR 2.33, 95% CI on 1.06–5.14, p = 0.036) and an increased risk of graft failure (RR 1.53, 95% CI on 1.11–2.10, p = 0.009). For the secondary outcome variables, no difference in the risk of graft failure was observed and did not appear to impact the survival rate of DSAEK patients.ConclusionPreservation time of donor cornea was associated with graft survival and a prolonged preservation time of more than 4 weeks seemed to lower the 2‐year survival.
Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction assay for identifying and quantifying pork products
Authors: Ampaporn Kessara , Phasuk Yupin , Duangjinda Monchai 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHalal products are growing in consumer markets worldwide, and pork meat is classified as non‐halal. Manufacturers of processed foods and products must ensure that their products follow Islamic dietary law because pork is prohibited for Muslims. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (ddPCR) is a novel method for identifying pig species and quantifying pork products. This experiment aimed to investigate pork species and establish the proportion of pork in meat products using the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (CYTB). The study found that the correlation coefficient between the meat weight and DNA concentration of pork was 0.997, and the correlation coefficient between the DNA concentration and the target DNA copy number of pork was 0.998. The accuracy of the ddPCR assay was verified using a sample of a known proportion of pork, and it was revealed that this method is highly precise in quantifying pork products. Nine products contained an undeclared meat proportion (90%). The limit of detection for pork was 0.0001 ng. The analysis indicated that the ddPCR assay has high accuracy and sensitivity for quantifying pork products. Therefore, the predictive model can be used in routine laboratories for quality assurance of halal food products.
Identification of the core rumen bacterial taxa and their population dynamics during the fattening period in Japanese Black cattle
Authors: Miura Hiroto , Hashimoto Takuya , Kawanishi Yukiko , Kawauchi Hiroki , Inoue Ryo , Shoji Noriaki , Saito Kunihiko , Sekiya Mario , Saito Yosuke , Yasuda Jumpei , Yonezawa Chiemi , Endo Tetsushiro , Kasuya Hirotaka , Suzuki Yutaka , Kobayashi Yasuo , Koike Satoshi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe rumen microbiota comprises a vast range of bacterial taxa, which may affect the production of high‐quality meat in Japanese Black cattle. The aim of this study was to identify core rumen microbiota in rumen fluid samples collected from 74 Japanese Black cattle raised under different dietary conditions using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. In the rumen of fattening Japanese Black cattle, 10 bacterial taxa, showing >1% average relative abundance and >95% prevalence, irrespective of the dietary conditions and the fattening periods, were identified as the core rumen bacterial taxa, which accounted for approximately 80% of the rumen microbiota in Japanese Black cattle. Additionally, population dynamics of the core rumen bacterial taxa revealed two distinct patterns: Prevotella spp. and unclassified Bacteroidales decreased in the mid‐fattening period, whereas unclassified Clostridiales, unclassified Ruminococcaceae, Ruminococcus spp., and unclassified Christensenellaceae increased during the same period. Therefore, the present study reports the wide distribution of the core rumen bacterial taxa in Japanese Black cattle, and the complementary nature of the population dynamics of these core taxa, which may ensure stable rumen fermentation during the fattening period.
Evaluation of colorimetric pH strips for wild animal meat using image analysis
Authors: Watanabe Akira , Kinoshita Kazunari , Muramoto Takayuki , Nakai Mizuho , Suzuki Yuiko , Inoue Sakumi , Hirata Shigeki 
Published: July 2021

AbstractColorimetric pH strips (MColorpHast™) are very convenient to use, but the decision of pH is based on an individual's color perception and is, therefore, subjective. We developed a pH calculation program for the image of coloring strips on CIE1976 (L*a*b* color space), which slightly underestimated human judgment as the color of pH darker. This image analysis and three individuals' judgments were used for evaluating the strip's features for various qualities of meat from wild animals, and the results were compared with the assessments based on potentiometric pH. In both methods, dipping the strips in distilled water just before use improved the regression coefficient compared with that mentioned in the manual. The image analysis showed higher correlation than human judgments but slightly underestimate pH by a maximum of 0.13 unit from the regression line of the potentiometric pH. In addition, the image analysis revealed meat pigment changed pH higher on the color scale in the lower meat pH region. The strips must be used according to the manual, but dipping is effective when the meat surface is dry, and keeping the strips from touching the meat drip is important in lower pH region because the pigment affects the color of pH.
Tiny steps towards greater knowledge: An osteological review with novel data on the Atlantic Forest toadlets of the Brachycephalus ephippium species group
Authors: Folly Manuella , de Luna‐Dias Cyro , Miguel Ingrid R. , Ferreira Julio C. , Machado Alessandra , Tadeu Lopes Ricardo , Pombal José P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBrachycephalus is a small, endemic genus of anurans that occur throughout the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Recent analyses corroborated the monophyly of two species groups within this genus (B. ephippium and B. pernix), whereas the B. didactylus group appears to be polyphyletic. Herein, we compare and describe the skeletal system of all species from the Brachycephalus ephippium species group. We investigated diagnostic characters that are potentially useful to delimit similar species, confirmed the previously proposed genus definition and added six extra characters. We propose an osteological diagnosis for each species of the B. ephippium group, evaluating and describing intraspecific variations. Our results suggest that adults of B. ephippium group have ornamented parotic plates, ornamented post‐orbital crests, absence of quadratojugal and neopalatines, distal end of the otic ramus of squamosal expanded towards the parotic plate, reduced zygomatic ramus of the squamosals, posterolateral projection of the crista parotica, presence of ornamented spinal plates (except B. alipioi) and ornamented paravertebral plates. We highlighted the importance of including more than one specimen per species when dealing with miniaturized taxa. A comparison with other Brachycephalus species groups and with Ischnocnema was also provided. Lastly, we suggest some characters to be included in future phylogenetic analysis.
A nationwide survey on central nervous system multiple myeloma in Japan: analysis of prognostic and treatment factors that impact survival
Authors: Yamashita Takeshi , Takamatsu Hiroyuki , Kawamura Koji , Sunami Kazutaka , Hagiwara Shotaro , Itagaki Mitsuhiro , Takahashi Tsutomu , Kondo Tadakazu , Ikeda Takashi , Watakabe‐Inamoto Kyoko , Handa Hiroshi , Imaizumi Yoshitaka , Kuroda Junya , Murakami Jun , Nakamura Yuichi , Nakazawa Hideyuki , Ozaki Shuji , Okura Miyuki , Takeuchi Masami , Nagai Hirokazu , Hanamura Ichiro , Nakao Shinji , Iida Shinsuke 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThis nationwide multicentre retrospective study was performed to analyze clinical features that predict the prognosis of central nervous system invasion in multiple myeloma (CNS‐MM, approximately 1% of MM). Overall, of the 77 adult patients with CNS‐MM identified between 2005 and 2016, those diagnosed at MM diagnosis (n = 3) had longer overall survival (OS) than those diagnosed at relapse (n = 74; median: 48·5 vs 2·7 months). Therefore, we compared the relapsed MM with CNS‐MM in patients with any treatment (n = 60). Multivariate analyses revealed that lenalidomide treatment [hazard ratio (HR) 0·27, P = 0·003], intrathecal chemotherapy (IT; HR 0·54, P = 0·05), and radiation therapy (RTx; HR 0·33, P < 0·001) for CNS‐MM had a positive effect on longer OS. These factors were used to develop a scoring system combining the number of treatments with lenalidomide, IT, and RTx (0, 1, 2, 3). The OS of CNS‐MM patients was stratified based on these factors, with a median OS of 1·1, 4·5, and 7·5 months for patients with zero, one, two to three favourable features, respectively (0 vs 1, P = 0·0002; 1 vs 2–3, P = 0·08). Multimodal treatment including lenalidomide in addition to conventional IT and RTx can improve OS.
Circulating regulatory T cells in adult-onset Still's disease: Focusing on their plasticity and stability
Authors: Shimojima Yasuhiro , Ichikawa Takanori , Kishida Dai , Takamatsu Ryota , Sekijima Yoshiki 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We investigated the characteristics of regulatory T cells in adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) with a focus on their plasticity, stability and relationship to disease severity. The proportion of circulating CD4+CD25+forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3+) cells (Tregs) and intracellular expression of effector cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-4, was analysed in 27 untreated patients with AOSD (acute AOSD), 11 of the 27 patients after remission and 16 healthy controls (HC) using flow cytometry. The suppressive ability of Tregs was also evaluated. Regression analyses of the results were performed. The proportion of Tregs was significantly lower in patients with acute AOSD than in the HC. The expression levels of IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-4 in Tregs were significantly increased in patients with acute AOSD. IFN-γ and IL-4 expression levels were inversely correlated with the proportion of Tregs and positively correlated with serum ferritin levels. Decreased expression of FoxP3 in CD4+CD25+ cells, which was correlated with increased expression of IL-17, and impaired suppressive function were observed in Tregs in acute AOSD. However, these aberrant findings in Tregs, including the reduced circulating proportion and functional ability and altered intracellular expression levels of cytokines and FoxP3, were significantly improved after remission. In acute AOSD, Tregs show plastic changes, including effector cytokine production and reductions in their proportion and functional activity. IFN-γ and IL-4 expression levels in Tregs may be associated with disease severity. Also, down-regulation of FoxP3 may be related to IL-17 expression in Tregs. Importantly, the stability of Tregs can be restored in remission.
Geometric accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging–derived virtual 3‐dimensional bone surface models of the mandible in comparison to computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography: A porcine cadaver study
Authors: Probst Florian Andreas , Burian Egon , Malenova Yoana , Lyutskanova Plamena , Stumbaum Maria Juliane , Ritschl Lucas Maximilian , Kronthaler Sophia , Karampinos Dimitrios , Probst Monika 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundProviding accurate 3‐dimensional virtual bone surface models is a prerequisite for virtual surgical planning and additive manufacturing in craniomaxillofacial surgery. For this purpose, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be a radiation‐free alternative to computed tomography (CT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).PurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the geometric accuracy of 3‐dimensional T1‐weighted MRI‐derived virtual bone surface models of the mandible in comparison to CT and CBCT.Materials and methodsSpecimens of the mandible from porcine cadavers were scanned with (1) a 3‐dimensional T1‐weighted MRI sequence (0.6 mm isotropic voxel) optimized for bone imaging, (2) CT, and (3) CBCT. Cortical mandibular structures (n = 10) were segmented using semiautomated and manual techniques. Imaging‐based virtual 3‐dimensional models were aligned with a high‐resolution optical 3‐dimensional surface scan of the dissected bone (=ground truth) and global geometric deviations were calculated (mean surface distance [MSD]/root‐mean‐square distance [RMSD]). Agreement between the imaging modalities was assessed by equivalence testing and Bland–Altman analysis.ResultsIntra‐ and inter‐rater agreement was on a high level for all modalities. Global geometric deviations (MSD/RMSD) between optical scans and imaging modalities were 0.225 ± 0.020 mm/0.345 ± 0.074 mm for CT, 0.280 ± 0.067 mm/0.371 ± 0.074 mm for MRI, and 0.352 ± 0.076 mm/0.454 ± 0.071 mm for CBCT. All imaging modalities were statistically equivalent within an equivalence margin of ±0.3 mm, and Bland–Altman analysis indicated high agreement as well.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that the accuracy and reliability of MRI‐derived virtual 3‐dimensional bone surface models is equal to CT and CBCT. MRI may be considered as a reliable alternative to CT and CBCT in computer‐assisted craniomaxillofacial surgery.