bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A pragmatic evaluation of the primary school Be Active After-School Activity Programme (Be Active ASAP)
Authors: Murtagh Elaine , Mulhare Brian , Woods Catherine , Corr Méabh , Belton Sarahjane 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The period after school represents an opportunity to engage children in physical activity (PA) programmes in schools. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an afterschool programme, delivered in schools, on children’s participation in and attitudes to PA. Ten schools took part in this non-randomized controlled trial (five experimental and five control schools). Experimental schools participated in an after-school programme delivered by teachers and parents for 50 min per week. Outcome measures included device-measured PA, self-report youth PA behaviour and parental perceptions of the school environment. Measurements took place at baseline, and mean follow-up was at 10 weeks. Data were collected from 196 participants, with a mean age of 8.1 ± 0.8 years. Mean daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) for the entire sample at baseline was 69.9 ± 23.3. While both groups presented a decline in MVPA levels, there was a significant difference in the change from baseline to follow-up (P = 0.043) of min/day MVPA between the control group (−13.2 ± 23.9) and the experimental group (−0.9 ± 25.2). This programme may help maintain MVPA levels, with children exposed to the intervention experiencing a significantly lower decline in MVPA than their control counterparts.
Clinical, pathological and genetic features and follow-up of 110 patients with late-onset MADD: a single-center retrospective study
Authors: Wen Bing , Tang Shuyao , Lv Xiaoqing , Li Duoling , Xu Jingwen , Olsen Rikke Katrine Jentoft , Zhao Yuying , Li Wei , Wang Tan , Shao Kai , Zhao Dandan , Yan Chuanzhu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
To observe a long-term prognosis in late-onset multiple acyl-coenzyme-A dehydrogenation deficiency (MADD) patients and to determine whether riboflavin should be administrated in the long-term and high-dosage manner, we studied the clinical, pathological and genetic features of 110 patients with late-onset MADD in a single neuromuscular center. The plasma riboflavin levels and a long-term follow-up study were performed. We showed that fluctuating proximal muscle weakness, exercise intolerance and dramatic responsiveness to riboflavin treatment were essential clinical features for all 110 MADD patients. Among them, we identified 106 cases with ETFDH variants, 1 case with FLAD1 variants and 3 cases without causal variants. On muscle pathology, fibers with cracks, atypical ragged red fibers (aRRFs) and diffuse decrease of SDH activity were the distinctive features of these MADD patients. The plasma riboflavin levels before treatment were significantly decreased in these patients as compared to healthy controls. Among 48 MADD patients with a follow-up of 6.1 years on average, 31 patients were free of muscle weakness recurrence, while 17 patients had episodes of slight muscle weakness upon riboflavin withdrawal, but recovered after retaking a small-dose of riboflavin for a short-term. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed vegetarian diet and masseter weakness were independent risk factors for muscle weakness recurrence. In conclusion, fibers with cracks, aRRFs and diffuse decreased SDH activity could distinguish MADD from other genotypes of lipid storage myopathy. For late-onset MADD, increased fatty acid oxidation and reduced riboflavin levels can induce episodes of muscle symptoms, which can be treated by short-term and small-dose of riboflavin therapy.
The underrepresentation of palliative care in global guidelines for responding to infectious disease outbreaks: a systematic narrative review
Authors: de Boer Meghan , Coghlan Rachel J , Russell Bethany , Philip Jennifer A M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
The importance of palliative care provision has been highlighted in previous humanitarian emergencies. This review aimed to examine the breadth and depth of palliative care inclusion within global guidelines for responding to infectious disease outbreaks.

Methods
The review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Electronic searches of MEDLINE, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, PsychInfo and grey literature were performed. Inclusion criteria were guidelines (recommendations for clinical practice or public health policy) for responding to infectious disease outbreaks in the general adult population. Results were limited to the English language, between 1 January 2010 and 17 August 2020. Analysis of the included articles involved assessing the breadth (number of palliative care domains covered) and depth (detail with which the domains were addressed) of palliative care inclusion.

Results
A total of 584 articles were retrieved and 43 met the inclusion criteria. Two additional articles were identified through handsearching. There was limited inclusion of palliative care in the guidelines examined.

Conclusions
There is an opportunity for the development of guidelines that include information on palliative care implementation in the context of infectious disease outbreaks in order to reduce the suffering of key vulnerable populations worldwide.
GlcNAc-Asn is a biomarker for NGLY1 deficiency
Authors: Mueller William F , Zhu Lei , Tan Brandon , Dwight Selina , Beahm Brendan , Wilsey Matt , Wechsler Thomas , Mak Justin , Cowan Tina , Pritchett Jake , Taylor Eric , Crawford Brett E 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Substrate-derived biomarkers are necessary in slowly progressing monogenetic diseases caused by single-enzyme deficiencies to identify affected patients and serve as surrogate markers for therapy response. N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) deficiency is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by developmental delay, peripheral neuropathy, elevated liver transaminases, hyperkinetic movement disorder and (hypo)-alacrima. We demonstrate that N-acetylglucosamine-asparagine (GlcNAc-Asn; GNA), is the analyte most closely associated with NGLY1 deficiency, showing consistent separation in levels between patients and controls. GNA accumulation is directly linked to the absence of functional NGLY1, presenting strong potential for its use as a biomarker. In agreement, a quantitative liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry assay, developed to assess GNA from 3 to 3000 ng/ml, showed that it is conserved as a marker for loss of NGLY1 function in NGLY1-deficient cell lines, rodents (urine, cerebrospinal fluid, plasma and tissues) and patients (plasma and urine). Elevated GNA levels differentiate patients from controls, are stable over time and correlate with changes in NGLY1 activity. GNA as a biomarker has the potential to identify and validate patients with NGLY1 deficiency, act as a direct pharmacodynamic marker and serve as a potential surrogate endpoint in clinical trials.
MRI in the Setting of Neoadjuvant Treatment of Breast Cancer
Authors: Mercado Cecilia , Chhor Chloe , Scheel John R 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNeoadjuvant therapy may reduce tumor burden preoperatively, allowing breast conservation treatment for tumors previously unresectable or requiring mastectomy without reducing disease-free survival. Oncologists can also use the response of the tumor to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) to identify treatment likely to be successful against any unknown potential distant metastasis. Accurate preoperative estimations of tumor size are necessary to guide appropriate treatment with minimal delays and can provide prognostic information. Clinical breast examination and mammography are inaccurate methods for measuring tumor size after NAC and can over- and underestimate residual disease. While US is commonly used to measure changes in tumor size during NAC due to its availability and low cost, MRI remains more accurate and simultaneously images the entire breast and axilla. No method is sufficiently accurate at predicting complete pathological response that would obviate the need for surgery. Diffusion-weighted MRI, MR spectroscopy, and MRI-based radiomics are emerging fields that potentially increase the predictive accuracy of tumor response to NAC.
Actin nucleator formins regulate the tension-buffering function of caveolin-1
Authors: Shi Xuemeng , Tang Daijiao , Xing Yifan , Zhao Shuangshuang , Fan Changyuan , Zhong Jin , Cui Yanqin , Shi Kun , Jiu Yaming 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBoth the mechanosensitive actin cytoskeleton and caveolae contribute to active processes such as cell migration, morphogenesis, and vesicular trafficking. Although distinct actin components are well studied, how they contribute to cytoplasmic caveolae, especially in the context of mechano-stress, has remained elusive. Here, we identify two actin-associated mobility stereotypes of caveolin-1 (CAV-1)-marked intracellular vesicles, which are characterized as ‘dwelling’ and ‘go and dwelling’. In order to exploit the reason for their distinct dynamics, elongated actin-associated formin functions are perturbed. We find drastically decreased density, increased clustering, and compromised motility of cytoplasmic CAV-1 vesicles resulting from lacking actin nucleator formins by both chemical treatment and RNA silencing of formin genes. Furthermore, hypo-osmosis-stimulated diminishing of CAV-1 is dramatically intensified upon blocking formins. The clustering of CAV-1 vesicles when cells are cultured on soft substrate is also aggravated under formin inhibition condition. Together, we reveal that actin-associated formins are essential for maintaining the dynamic organization of cytoplasmic CAV-1 and importantly its sensitivity upon mechanical challenge. We conclude that tension-controlled actin formins act as a safety valve dampening excessive tension on CAV-1 and safeguarding CAV-1 against mechanical damage.
Limitation of C4 photosynthesis by low carbonic anhydrase activity increases with temperature but does not influence mesophyll CO2 conductance
Authors: Crawford Joseph D , Cousins Asaph B 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) in C4 plants is initiated by the uptake of bicarbonate (HCO3−) via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). Generation of HCO3− for PEPC is determined by the interaction between mesophyll CO2 conductance and the hydration of CO2 to HCO3− by carbonic anhydrase (CA). Genetic reduction of CA was previously shown not to limit C4 photosynthesis under ambient atmospheric partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2). However, CA activity varies widely across C4 species and it is unknown if there are specific environmental conditions (e.g. high temperature) where CA may limit HCO3− production for C4 photosynthesis. Additionally, CA activity has been suggested to influence mesophyll conductance, but this has not been experimentally tested. We hypothesize that CA activity can limit PEPC at high temperatures, particularly at low pCO2, but does not directly influence gm. Here we tested the influence of genetically reduced CA activity on photosynthesis and gm in the C4 plant Zea mays under a range of pCO2 and temperatures. Reduced CA activity limited HCO3− production for C4 photosynthesis at low pCO2 as temperatures increased, but did not influence mesophyll conductance. Therefore, high leaf CA activity may enhance C4 photosynthesis under high temperature when stomatal conductance restricts the availability of atmospheric CO2.
A birth-death-migration model for life in astrophysical environments
Authors: Lingam Manasvi , Grimaldi Claudio , Balbi Amedeo 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
To assess the number of life-bearing worlds in astrophysical environments, it is necessary to take the intertwined processes of abiogenesis (birth), extinction (death), and transfer of life (migration) into account. We construct a mathematical model that incorporates this trio of mechanisms and accordingly derive the probability distribution function and other statistical properties (e.g. mean) for the number of worlds with biospheres. We show that a given astrophysical setting may become eventually saturated with life if the rate of successful transfers of organisms is higher than the extinction rate of biospheres. Based on the available data, we suggest that this criterion might be fulfilled for star-forming clusters (and perhaps the Galactic bulge under optimal circumstances), thereby indicating that such regions could constitute promising abodes for hosting and detecting life.
Isocratic HPLC analysis for the simultaneous determination of dNTPs, rNTPs and ADP in biological samples
Authors: Ranjbarian Farahnaz , Sharma Sushma , Falappa Giulia , Taruschio Walter , Chabes Andrei , Hofer Anders 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Information about the cellular concentrations of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) is instrumental for mechanistic studies of DNA replication and for understanding diseases caused by defects in dNTP metabolism. The dNTPs are measured by methods based on either HPLC or DNA polymerization. An advantage with the HPLC-based techniques is that the parallel analysis of ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTPs) can serve as an internal quality control of nucleotide integrity and extraction efficiency. We have developed a Freon-free trichloroacetic acid-based method to extract cellular nucleotides and an isocratic reverse phase HPLC-based technique that is able to separate dNTPs, rNTPs and ADP in a single run. The ability to measure the ADP levels improves the control of nucleotide integrity, and the use of an isocratic elution overcomes the shifting baseline problems in previously developed gradient-based reversed phase protocols for simultaneously measuring dNTPs and rNTPs. An optional DNA-polymerase-dependent step is used for confirmation that the dNTP peaks do not overlap with other components of the extracts, further increasing the reliability of the analysis. The method is compatible with a wide range of biological samples and has a sensitivity better than other UV-based HPLC protocols, closely matching that of mass spectrometry-based detection.
An integrative NMR-SAXS approach for structural determination of large RNAs defines the substrate-free state of a trans-cleaving Neurospora Varkud Satellite ribozyme
Authors: Dagenais Pierre , Desjardins Geneviève , Legault Pascale 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The divide-and-conquer strategy is commonly used for protein structure determination, but its applications to high-resolution structure determination of RNAs have been limited. Here, we introduce an integrative approach based on the divide-and-conquer strategy that was undertaken to determine the solution structure of an RNA model system, the Neurospora VS ribozyme. NMR and SAXS studies were conducted on a minimal trans VS ribozyme as well as several isolated subdomains. A multi-step procedure was used for structure determination that first involved pairing refined NMR structures with SAXS data to obtain structural subensembles of the various subdomains. These subdomain structures were then assembled to build a large set of structural models of the ribozyme, which was subsequently filtered using SAXS data. The resulting NMR-SAXS structural ensemble shares several similarities with the reported crystal structures of the VS ribozyme. However, a local structural difference is observed that affects the global fold by shifting the relative orientation of the two three-way junctions. Thus, this finding highlights a global conformational change associated with substrate binding in the VS ribozyme that is likely critical for its enzymatic activity. Structural studies of other large RNAs should benefit from similar integrative approaches that allow conformational sampling of assembled fragments.
Examining Truth and State-Sponsored Media Campaigns as a Means of Decreasing Youth Smoking and Related Disparities in the United States
Authors: Colston David C , Xie Yanmei , Thrasher James F , Patrick Megan E , Titus Andrea R , Emery Sherry , McLeod M Chandler , Elliott Michael R , Fleischer Nancy L 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroductionTo analyze the impact of Truth and state-sponsored anti-tobacco media campaigns on youth smoking in the United States, and their potential to reduce tobacco-related health disparities.Aims and MethodsOur study included data from the 2000–2015 Monitoring the Future study, an annual nationally representative survey of youth in 8th (n = 201 913), 10th (n = 194 468), and 12th grades (n = 178 379). Our primary exposure was Gross Rating Points (GRPs) of Truth or state-sponsored anti-tobacco advertisements, from Nielsen Media Research. Modified Poisson regression was used to assess the impact of a respondent’s GRPs on smoking intentions, past 30-day smoking participation, and first and daily smoking initiation. Additive interactions with sex, parental education, college plans, and race/ethnicity were used to test for differential effects of campaign exposure on each outcome.ResultsGreater campaign exposure (80th vs. 20th GRP percentile) was associated with lower probabilities of smoking intentions among 8th graders, smoking participation among 8th and 12th graders, and initiation among 8th graders. Greater exposure was associated with a greater reduction in the likelihood of smoking participation among 10th and 12th grade males than females; 10th and 12th graders with parents of lower education versus those with a college degree; and 12th graders who did not definitely plan to go to college relative to those who did.ConclusionsMedia campaign exposure was associated with a lower likelihood of youth smoking behaviors. Associations were more pronounced for groups disproportionately affected by smoking, including youth of lower socioeconomic status. Media campaigns may be useful in reducing smoking disparities and improving health equity.ImplicationsFew recent studies have investigated the impact of anti-tobacco media campaigns on youth smoking and their potential to reduce tobacco-related health disparities in the United States. We found media campaigns—specifically state-sponsored media campaigns—reduced the likelihood of several smoking outcomes among youth, with some evidence that they mitigate disparities for disproportionately affected groups.
EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE ON ANTIRETROVIRAL ADHERENCE AND HIV VIRAL SUPPRESSION: A MEDIATION ANALYSIS
Authors: Moges Tesfaye S. , Cachay Edward R. , Qin Huifang , Bamford Laura , Grelotti David J. , Mathews Wm. Christopher 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known regarding the degree to which substance and alcohol use effects on HIV viral suppression are mediated through medication adherence. We hypothesized that the total effects of such use are mediated through adherence.MethodsWe included patients with HIV (PWH) receiving care at an urban academic HIV clinic between 2014 and 2018. Eligible patients were those prescribed antiretroviral therapy who completed both patient reported outcome (PRO) questionnaires, and had subsequent plasma viral load (pVL) measurements. Measures included assessments of alcohol use (AUDIT-C), drug use (ASSIST), and self-reported adherence. Substances found in bivariate analysis to predict detectable pVL were modeled separately for mediation effects through adherence. We report natural direct (NDE) and indirect effect (NIE), marginal total effect (MTE) and percentage mediated.ResultsAmong 3125 Patients who met eligibility criteria, percentages of current use by category were: hazardous alcohol 25.8%, cannabis 27.1%, amphetamines 13.1%, inhalants 11.9%, cocaine 5.3%, sedative-hypnotics 4.5%, opioids 2.9%, and hallucinogens 2.3%. Excellent adherence was reported in 58% and 10% had detectable pVL. Except for sedatives use of other ascertained substances was significantly associated with worse adherence. Bivariate predictors of detectable pVL were [OR(95% CI)]: amphetamine use 2.4 (1.8 -3.2) and opioid use 2.3 (1.3 - 4.0). The percentage mediated by adherence was 36% for amphetamine use, 26.5% for opioid use, and 39% for multiple substance use.ConclusionUse of amphetamines, opioids, and multiple substances predicted detectable pVL. However, less than 40% of effects were mediated by self-reported adherence.SummaryWe examined adherence-mediated effects of hazardous alcohol and substance use on HIV viral suppression. Use of amphetamines, opioids, and multiple substance predicted detectable viral load, however, less than 40% of effects were mediated by self-reported antiretroviral adherence.
A monogenean parasite reveals the widespread translocation of the African Clawed Frog in its native range
Authors: Schoeman Anneke L , du Preez Louis H , Kmentová Nikol , Vanhove Maarten PM 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTThe management of bio-invasions relies upon the development of methods to trace their origin and expansion. Co-introduced parasites, especially monogenean flatworms, are ideal tags for the movement of their hosts due to their short generations, direct life cycles and host specificity. However, they are yet to be applied to trace the intraspecific movement of host lineages in their native ranges.As proof of this concept, we conducted a comparative phylogeographic analysis based upon two mitochondrial markers of a globally invasive frog Xenopus laevis and its monogenean parasite Protopolystoma xenopodis in its native range in southern Africa and invasive range in Europe.Translocation of lineages was largely masked in the frog’s phylogeography. However, incongruent links between host and parasite phylogeography indicated host switches from one host lineage to another after these were brought into contact in the native range. Thus, past translocation of host lineages is revealed by the invasion success of its co-introduced parasite lineage.This study demonstrates that parasite data can serve as an independent line of evidence in invasion biology, also on the intraspecific level, shedding light on previously undetected invasion dynamics. Based upon the distribution of these invasive parasite lineages, we infer that there is widespread anthropogenic translocation of this frog, not only via official export routes, but also facilitated by the frog’s use as live bait by angling communities.Synthesis and applications. Data from co-introduced, host-specific parasites, as tags for translocation, can add value to investigations in invasion biology and conservation. A better understanding of the translocation history and resulting genetic mixing of host and parasite lineages in the native range can shed light on the genetic make-up of parasite assemblages co-introduced to the invasive range. Knowledge of the intraspecific movement of different lineages of animals in their native ranges also has conservation implications, since contact between divergent lineages of hosts and parasites can facilitate host switches and altered parasite dynamics in both native and invasive populations. Therefore, we recommend the inclusion of parasite data as a more holistic approach to the invasion ecology of animals on the intraspecific level.