bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What the Fair Minded Observer Really Thinks About Judicial Impartiality
Authors: Higgins Andrew , Levy Inbar 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article presents the results of an empirical study designed to assess the degree of convergence and divergence between public opinion and the fictional Fair Minded Observer (FMO) test used to determine whether a judge ought to be disqualified on the grounds of possible bias. As part of the test, judges imagine whether an FMO would see a risk of bias on the part of the judge. To the extent that the FMO is partly meant to reflect public perception, the obvious weakness in the test is that no one has tested public attitudes to the risk of judicial bias specifically. We conducted nationally representative public surveys in the UK and Australia, asking respondents what they think about different situations of possible bias (N = 2064). Our results indicate that a gap exists between the FMO created by the courts and public opinion in both countries across a number of scenarios thought to give rise to possible bias, including financial relationships, the risk of prejudgement and fact patterns based on leading cases.
We need a hero: HR and the ‘next normal’ workplace
Authors: Kulik Carol T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDuring the first few months of the COVID‐19 pandemic, employees worked from home in record numbers and enjoyed extraordinarily high levels of autonomy. Now, as employers reopen their doors, we can build on those gains to create better workplaces than the ones we left behind. HR has a window of opportunity in which to develop psychologically safe workplaces, trust‐based employment relationships and socially connected workforces. But progress towards better workplaces hangs on a few critical adjustments in the HR researcher–practitioner relationship. HR researchers must work with HR practitioners to identify organization‐level interventions and examine their simultaneous influence on employee and employer outcomes. HR practitioners must create sandboxes where those interventions can be pilot tested, and resist their instinctive urge to establish formalised structures and develop monitoring systems.
Adhesion heterogeneity of individual bacterial cells in an axenic culture studied by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Laskowski Dariusz , Strzelecki Janusz , Dahm Hanna , Balter Aleksander 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThe evaluation of bacterial adhesive properties at a single‐cell level is critical for under standing the role of phenotypic heterogeneity in bacterial attachment and community formation. Bacterial population exhibits a wide variety of adhesive properties at the single‐cell level, suggesting that bacterial adhesion is a rather complex process and some bacteria are prone to phenotypic heterogeneity. This heterogeneity was more pronounced for Escherichia coli, where two subpopulations were detected. Subpopulations exhibiting higher adhesion forces may be better adapted to colonize a new surface, especially during sudden changes in environmental conditions. Escherichia coli was characterized by a higher adhesion force, a stronger ability to form biofilm and larger heterogeneity index calculated in comparison with Bacillus subtilis. Higher adhesion forces are associated with a more efficient attachment of bacteria observed in an adhesion assay and might provide a basis for successful colonization, survival and multiplications in changing environment. The atomic force microscopy provides a platform for investigation of the adhesion heterogeneity of individual cells within a population, which may be expected to underpin further elucidation of the adaptive significance of phenotypic heterogeneity in a natural environment.
Plant richness drives ant diversity in Eucalyptus‐dominated landscape on Brazilian savanna
Authors: Aguiar Jonas José Mendes , Anjos Diego V. , Carvalho Raquel L. , Rejane de Almeida Wanessa , Santos Ana Carolina Costa , Santos Jean Carlos 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe conversion of natural areas into agricultural systems and silviculture is the greatest threat to biodiversity in tropical ecosystems such as the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado). This landscape transformation could lead to the loss of native species, including ants that cannot tolerate the new environment dominated by exotic plant species, such as Eucalyptus spp. The present study aims to investigate ant diversity and their functional groups to verify which vegetation and landscape variables explain their changes in a neglected formation of Cerrado (Campos Murundus) surrounded by Eucalyptus forests planted. We sampled ants in 29 sites, which presented a gradient of richness, average plant heights, and distances from Eucalyptus plantations and permanent protected areas (PPAs). We found 83 ant species from six functional guilds (arboreal, Camponotini, epigeic omnivorous, higher Attini, lower Attini and specialist predators). Plant richness best explained the diversity of ants. Higher distance from Eucalyptus plantations also positively explained the frequency of functional groups, whereas higher distance from the PPAs negatively explained the frequency of Camponotini species. Our study showed that vegetation (plant richness) and landscape variables help to understand ant diversity in a Eucalyptus‐dominated landscape. This reaffirms the importance of preserving the vegetation and their associate fauna in Campos Murundus by increasing the extent of conservation of this threatened biome.
Natural history of florid osseous dysplasia of the jaws with important clinical implications
Authors: Farah Camile S. , Matias Marie Anne T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOsseous dysplasia (OD) is the most common fibro‐osseous lesion of the jaws. A number of cases of florid osseous dysplasia (FOD) have been described; however, to our knowledge none have shown radiographic disease progression for a single case involving multiple regions of the jaws over an extended period of time. This report presents the 18‐year history and radiographic disease progression of a patient diagnosed with FOD demonstrating progression from the osteolytic phase through the osteoblastic phase and to maturation phase at different intervals. Additionally, it outlines the importance of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in diagnostic workup to avoid unnecessary and invasive treatment such as bone biopsy, endodontic treatment or tooth extraction due to misdiagnosis of FOD. Dental practitioners should establish a correct diagnosis themselves by making use of important clinical and radiographic cues such as tooth vitality of affected teeth, or by referral to an appropriate specialist before commencing irreversible dental treatment.
The effect of deprivation on depression across different age groups in Korea
Authors: Lee Jumi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to verify whether deprivation is experienced differently across different age groups and whether these differences change the effect of deprivation on depression. In this study, the CES‐D 11 scale was used to measure depression. Additionally, to verify the relationship between deprivation and depression by age group, logistics analysis was conducted. This study analyzed the survey data of 4,000 individuals from Korea; respondents were classified into four age groups: ≤34, 35–49, 50–64, and ≥65 years old. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between deprivation and depression and that specific areas of deprivation affected depression differently for each age group. The deprivation ratios of older individuals were higher in all areas. Further, the deprivation ratio of the ≤34 group in housing and living conditions was higher than that of the other groups. Additionally, respondents in the 50–64 and the ≥65 groups were alienated from the social security network, which poses an increased risk for chronic deprivation or poverty. The results of this study suggest that policies and practical interventions are needed, taking into account that the effects of absolute and relative deprivation on depression vary by age group.
Indirect effects of African megaherbivore conservation on bat diversity in the world's oldest desert
Authors: Laverty Theresa M. , Berger Joel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn extreme environments, temperature and precipitation are often the main forces responsible for structuring ecological communities and species distributions. The role of biotic interactions is typically thought to be minimal. By clustering around rare and isolated features, like surface water, however, effects of herbivory by desert‐dwelling wildlife can be amplified. Understanding how species interact in these environments is critical to safeguarding vulnerable or data‐deficient species. We examined whether African elephants (Loxodonta africana), black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), and southern giraffe (Giraffa giraffa) modulate insectivorous bat communities around permanent waterholes in the Namib Desert. We estimated megaherbivore use of sites based on dung transects, summarized vegetation productivity from satellite measurements of the normalized difference vegetation index, and surveyed local bat communities acoustically. We used structural equation models to identify relationships among megaherbivores and bat species richness and dry‐ (November 2016–January 2017) and wet‐ (February–May 2017) season bat activity. Site‐level megaherbivore use in the dry season was positively associated with bat activity—particularly that of open‐air foragers—and species richness through indirect pathways. When resources were more abundant (wet season), however, these relationships were weakened. Our results indicate that biotic interactions contribute to species distributions in desert areas and suggest the conservation of megaherbivores in this ecosystem may indirectly benefit insectivorous bat abundance and diversity. Given that how misunderstood and understudied most bats are relative to other mammals, such findings suggest that managers pursue short‐term solutions (e.g., community game guard programs, water‐point protection near human settlements, and ecotourism) to indirectly promote bat conservation and that research includes megaherbivores’ effects on biodiversity at other trophic levels.
Association of CYP3A5 polymorphisms and parathyroid hormone with blood level of tacrolimus in patients with end‐stage renal disease
Authors: Tanaka Ryota , Suzuki Yosuke , Watanabe Hiroshi , Fujioka Takashi , Hirata Kenshiro , Shin Toshitaka , Ando Tadasuke , Ono Hiroyuki , Tatsuta Ryosuke , Mimata Hiromitsu , Maruyama Toru , Itoh Hiroki 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBecause tacrolimus is predominantly metabolized by CYP3A, the blood concentration/dose (C/D) ratio is affected by CYP3A5 polymorphism. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) expression increases in secondary hyperparathyroidism, which is frequently associated with end‐stage renal disease. Recently, PTH has been shown to downregulate CYP3A expression at mRNA level. In this study, we examined the influence of CYP3A5 polymorphism on and association of serum intact‐PTH (iPTH) level with blood tacrolimus concentration in patients with end‐stage renal disease just before kidney transplantation. Forty‐eight patients who satisfied the selection criteria were analyzed. Subjects were classified into two phenotype subgroups: CYP3A5 expressor (CYP3A5*1/*1 and *1/*3; n = 15) and CYP3A5 nonexpressor (CYP3A5*3/*3; n = 33). The blood tacrolimus C/D (per body weight) ratio was significantly lower in CYP3A5 expressors than that in CYP3A5 nonexpressors. A significant positive correlation was found between tacrolimus C/D and iPTH concentrations (r = 0.305, p = 0.035), and the correlation coefficient was higher after excluding 20 patients co‐administered CYP3A inhibitor or inducer (r = 0.428, p = 0.023). A multiple logistic regression analysis by stepwise selection identified CYP3A5 polymorphism and serum iPTH level as significant factors associated with tacrolimus C/D. These results may suggest the importance of dose design considering not only the CYP3A5 phenotype but also serum iPTH level when using tacrolimus in patients who undergo renal transplantation.
Insights into the early use of oral semaglutide in routine clinical practice: The IGNITE study
Authors: Aroda Vanita R. , Faurby Mads , Lophaven Søren , Noone Josh , Wolden Michael Lyng , Lingvay Ildiko 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOral semaglutide is the first oral glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and showed significant benefits in glycaemic control and weight reduction versus active comparators in the PIONEER phase 3a randomized controlled trial programme. In this retrospective study, we present early data on the use of oral semaglutide in clinical practice, from the US IBM Explorys electronic health record database. In 782 patients prescribed oral semaglutide, 54.5% were women, and the mean age (SD) was 57.8 years (11.3); 66.0% of patients received their prescription from a primary care practitioner. Although prescribing information recommends increasing the dose to 7 mg after 30 days, 37.0% of patients received a prescription only for the initial 3 mg dose. Mean body mass index was 36.2 kg/m2 (7.6); mean HbA1c was 8.4% (1.8%). Mean HbA1c change from baseline to approximately 6 months after oral semaglutide initiation was −0.9% (95% CI: −1.1%; −0.6%), with greater reductions in patients with higher baseline HbA1c. These data indicate prevalent early adoption of oral semaglutide in primary care, show real‐world improvements in glycaemic control, and identify potential treatment gaps.
The deep sea is a hot spot of fish body shape evolution
Authors: Martinez Christopher M. , Friedman Sarah T. , Corn Katherine A. , Larouche Olivier , Price Samantha A. , Wainwright Peter C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDeep‐sea fishes have long captured our imagination with striking adaptations to life in the mysterious abyss, raising the possibility that this cold, dark ocean region may be a key hub for physiological and functional diversification. We explore this idea through an analysis of body shape evolution across ocean depth zones in over 3000 species of marine teleost fishes. We find that the deep ocean contains twice the body shape disparity of shallow waters, driven by elevated rates of evolution in traits associated with locomotion. Deep‐sea fishes display more frequent adoption of forms suited to slow and periodic swimming, whereas shallow living species are concentrated around shapes conferring strong, sustained swimming capacity and manoeuvrability. Our results support long‐standing impressions of the deep sea as an evolutionary hotspot for fish body shape evolution and highlight that factors like habitat complexity and ecological interactions are potential drivers of this adaptive diversification.
Improving landings forecasts using environmental covariates: A case study on the Indian oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps)
Authors: Holmes Elizabeth Eli , BR Smitha , Nimit Kumar , Maity Sourav , Checkley David M. , Wells Mark L. , Trainer Vera L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCommercial landings of sardines are known to show strong year‐to‐year fluctuations. A key driver is thought to be environmental variability, to which small forage fish are especially sensitive. We examined the utility of including environmental covariates in forecasts for landings of the Indian oil sardine using a long‐term time series of quarterly catches. Potentially influential variables examined included precipitation, upwelling intensity, sea surface temperature (SST), and chlorophyll‐a concentration. All of these have been shown to be important for oil sardine growth and survival, spawning and/or movement into the nearshore fishing regions. However, improving out‐of‐sample landings forecasts using environmental covariates has often proven elusive. We tested the inclusion of environmental covariates in forecast models using generalized additive models, which allow for non‐linear responses, and dynamic linear models, which allow for time‐varying responses. Only two environmental covariates improved out‐of‐sample prediction: the 2.5‐year average regional SST and precipitation over land during June–July. The most significant improvement was with the SST covariate and post‐monsoon landings with a 19%–22% reduction in mean‐squared prediction error. Models with the second best covariate, monsoon precipitation over land, provided a 4%–8% reduction in prediction error. We also tested large‐scale ocean climate teleconnection indices. One, an index of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, also improved out‐of‐sample predictions similarly to the multiyear average regional SST. The earth's changing climate is associated with both rapid warming in the Western Indian Ocean and changes to monsoon rainfall patterns. Our work highlights these as key variables that can improve forecasting of oil sardine landings.
Analysing gateway cities at different scales: From global interlinking and regional development to urban branding
Authors: Scholvin Sören 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGateway cities connect vast hinterlands to the outside world, being vital for our highly globalised and networked society. Studying them complements the understanding of urban nodes in global networks from the world city literature because it draws attention to the diversity of these nodes and city‐to‐hinterland relations. This article first discusses which features mark gateway cities. Logistics, industrial processing, knowledge generation and perhaps other dimensions of global interlinking should be taken into consideration – in addition to corporate control and corporate services. Second, the article sheds light on the impact of gateway cities upon regional development. Whilst some argue that gateways are a filter to economic gains and thus reduce the prospects of their hinterlands, others suggest that they may serve as engines of growth, transmitting impulses to subordinate locations. The author then elaborates on dynamics at the urban scale. He contends that there is need for research on cities (or organisations from there) as actors that resort to, for example, urban branding to become a gateway or reinforce this status. Research along these lines must also address the dark side of urban branding, most importantly the sharp divide between globalised and sidelined urban districts.
BULWARK AGAINST RACISM? HUMBOLDT'S INFLUENCE ON THE RACIAL NOTIONS OF GERMAN WRITERS IN MEXICO (1920s–1940s)
Authors: Acle‐Kreysing Andrea 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTAlexander von Humboldt was regarded as an anti‐fascist symbol among German‐speaking exiles who, fleeing persecution from the Nazi regime, found refuge in Mexico. Humboldt's legacy was read as being an endorsement of the country's struggle for political and cultural emancipation, while his famously anti‐racist stance proved helpful in framing the exiles’ unprecedented encounter with Mexico's indigenous peoples. Moreover, as I argue, Humboldt's approach to creating knowledge indicated a willingness to treat non‐Europeans as intellectual peers, paving the way for a more egalitarian relationship between Germans and Mexicans. Yet the legacy of Humboldt, as will be seen with reference to several German writers between the 1920s and 1940s, was far from being an unfailing antidote to both racist attitudes or the tendency to exoticise. These tensions will be exemplified through works by Alfons Goldschmidt, B. Traven, Egon Erwin Kisch, Ludwig Renn and Gustav Regler, using novel sources and calling into question some of the established truths in the literature about German exiles in Mexico. In particular, I will show why Goldschmidt was considered by fellow exiles to be Humboldt's successor, insofar as both gave a political and ethical dimension to scientific practice.
Age, operation time and surgical approach can be used to detect incidental gallbladder carcinoma in cholecystectomy specimens from low‐incidence settings
Authors: Echelard Philippe , Roy Simon F , Trinh Vincent Q‐H , Garant Marie‐Pierre , Collin Yves , Nguyen Bich N , Geha Sameh 
Published: June 2021

AimsGallbladders resected for non‐neoplastic diseases are systemically examined microscopically to rule out incidental dysplasia and carcinoma. The main aim of this study was to test whether a pre‐grossing algorithm can detect incidental gallbladder carcinoma. The secondary aim was to test whether the algorithm can detect high‐grade dysplasia.Methods and resultsA retrospective study of clinical, pathological and radiological findings in cholecystectomy recipients was performed on a test set to develop a classification and regression tree algorithm. Cholecystectomy cases were included; exclusion criteria were age <18 years, missing pathology reports, preoperative suspicion of neoplastic disease, and cholecystectomy for non‐gallbladder oncological disease. Five thousand nine hundred and eighty‐two cholecystectomies from 2006 to 2018 were included in the study, with 18 cases of incidental gallbladder carcinoma and 11 cases of high‐grade dysplasia. Three hundred and ninety controls were randomly selected for the testing set. Patient age, surgical approach, operation duration, dilatation of the biliary tract and gallbladder gross anomalies were statistically significant distinguishing factors in multivariate analysis (P < 0.00–0.026). Unsupervised testing with a conditional inference tree suggested that age, procedure type and operation duration can be used to identify incidental gallbladder carcinoma from controls, whereas high‐grade dysplasia also requires grossing parameters to identify half of the cases (5/11).ConclusionReadily available clinical parameters and postoperative data can be used to detect incidental gallbladder carcinoma. High‐grade dysplasia mostly requires grossing and microscopic examination.
Impact of hypomineralised second primary molar on preschoolers' oral health–related quality of life—A hierarchical approach
Authors: Cerqueira Silva Renara Natália , Lima Cacilda Castelo Branco , Bendo Cristiane Baccin , Lima Luciano Rodrigues Silva , de Moura Marcoeli Silva , Moura Lúcia de Fátima Almeida de Deus , Lima Marina de Deus Moura de 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundHypomineralised second primary molar (HSPM) is a developmental enamel defect associated with dental caries.AimTo evaluate the impact of HSPM on oral health–related quality of life (OHRQoL) in preschoolers through hierarchical analysis.DesignThis population‐based cross‐sectional study assessed 834 5‐year‐old preschoolers, in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, using sociodemographic questionnaires and Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). Dental examination was performed by two calibrated examiners (κ ≥ 0.80) for the diagnosis of HSPM (EAPD), dental caries (dmft and pufa indices), and malocclusion (Foster and Hamilton criteria). Analysis of the determinants of OHRQoL was stratified at three levels (P < .05).ResultsSevere HSPM was associated with OHRQoL in bivariate analysis (P < .05). In adjusted final multivariate analysis (model 1), the presence of dental caries with or without clinical consequences was associated with worse OHRQoL (P < .05). In model 2, after the removal of dental caries, preschoolers with severe HSPM had greater probability of having a negative impact on OHRQoL in the child impact section (RR = 2.14; 95% CI = 1.26‐3.65), family impact section (RR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.16‐3.42), and total score (RR = 2.09; 95% CI = 1.25‐3.49) of the ECOHIS.ConclusionSevere HSPM had a negative impact on the OHRQoL of preschoolers and their families, but the presence of dental caries neutralised this impact.