bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile method for delivering chikungunya viral replicons into mosquitoes and mammalian cells
Authors: Lin Hui-Chung , Chiao Der-Jiang , Lin Chang-Chi , Kuo Szu-Cheng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractReverse genetics is an important tool in the elucidation of viral replication and the development of countermeasures; however, these methods are impeded by laborious and inefficient replicon delivery methods. This paper demonstrates the use of a baculovirus to facilitate the efficient delivery of autonomous CHIKV replicons into mosquito and mammalian cells in vitro as well as adult mosquitoes in vivo. The efficacy of this approach was verified via co-localization among an eGFP reporter, nsP1, and dsRNA as well as through the inhibition of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) null mutation (DDAA) in nsP4, or the treatment of a known antiviral compound (6-azauridine). We also investigated the correlation between CHIKV replicon-launched eGFP expression and the effectiveness of CHIKV replicon variants in inducing IFN-β expression in human cell lines. This delivery method based on a single vector is applicable to mosquito and mammalian cells in seeking to decipher the mechanisms underlying CHIKV replication, elucidate virus–host interactions, and develop antivirals. This study presents an effective alternative to overcome many of the technological issues related to the study and utilization of autonomous arbovirus replicons.
Small flexible automated system for monitoring Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan based on active vision and image processing techniques
Authors: Puchalt Joan Carles , Sánchez-Salmerón Antonio-José , Ivorra Eugenio , Llopis Silvia , Martínez Roberto , Martorell Patricia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTraditionally Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan assays are performed by manually inspecting nematodes with a dissection microscope, which involves daily counting of live/dead worms cultured in Petri plates for 21–25 days. This manual inspection requires the screening of hundreds of worms to ensure statistical robustness, and is therefore a time-consuming approach. In recent years, various automated artificial vision systems have been reported to increase the throughput, however they usually provide less accurate results than manual assays. The main problems identified when using these vision systems are the false positives and false negatives, which occur due to culture media changes, occluded zones, dirtiness or condensation of the Petri plates. In this work, we developed and described a new C. elegans monitoring machine, SiViS, which consists of a flexible and compact platform design to analyse C. elegans cultures using the standard Petri plates seeded with E. coli. Our system uses an active vision illumination technique and different image-processing pipelines for motion detection, both previously reported, providing a fully automated image processing pipeline. In addition, this study validated both these methods and the feasibility of the SiViS machine for lifespan experiments by comparing them with manual lifespan assays. Results demonstrated that the automated system yields consistent replicates (p-value log rank test 0.699), and there are no significant differences between automated system assays and traditionally manual assays (p-value 0.637). Finally, although we have focused on the use of SiViS in longevity assays, the system configuration is flexible and can, thus, be adapted to other C. elegans studies such as toxicity, mobility and behaviour.
Differential methylation of G-protein coupled receptor signaling genes in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Byun Seyoun , Affolter Kajsa E. , Snow Angela K. , Curtin Karen , Cannon Austin R. , Cannon-Albright Lisa A. , Thota Ramya , Neklason Deborah W. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNeuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the small intestine undergo large chromosomal and methylation changes. The objective of this study was to identify methylation differences in NETs and consider how the differentially methylated genes may impact patient survival. Genome-wide methylation and chromosomal copy number variation (CNV) of NETs from the small intestine and appendix were measured. Tumors were divided into three molecular subtypes according to CNV results: chromosome 18 loss (18LOH), Multiple CNV, and No CNV. Comparison of 18LOH tumors with MultiCNV and NoCNV tumors identified 901 differentially methylated genes. Genes from the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways are statistically overrepresented in the differentially methylated genes. One of the highlighted genes from the GPCR pathway is somatostatin (SST), a clinical target for NETs. Patient survival based on low versus high methylation in all samples identified four significant genes (p < 0.05) OR2S2, SMILR, RNU6-653P, and AC010543.1. Within the 18LOH molecular subtype tumors, survival differences were identified in high versus low methylation of 24 genes. The most significant is TRHR (p < 0.01), a GPCR with multiple FDA-approved drugs. By separating NETs into different molecular subtypes based on chromosomal changes, we find that multiple GPCRs and their ligands appear to be regulated through methylation and correlated with survival. These results suggest opportunities for better treatment strategies for NETs based on molecular features.
Cervical transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation (ctVNS) improves human cognitive performance under sleep deprivation stress
Authors: McIntire Lindsey K. , McKinley R. Andy , Goodyear Chuck , McIntire John P. , Brown Rebecca D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFatigue is a pervasive public health and safety issue. Common fatigue countermeasures include caffeine or other chemical stimulants. These can be effective in limited circumstances but other non-pharmacological fatigue countermeasures such as non-invasive electrical neuromodulation have shown promise. It is reasonable to suspect that other types of non-invasive neuromodulation may be similarly effective or perhaps even superior. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of cervical transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation (ctVNS) to mitigate the negative effects of fatigue on cognition and mood. Two groups (active or sham stimulation) of twenty participants in each group completed 34 h of sustained wakefulness. The ctVNS group performed significantly better on arousal, multi-tasking, and reported significantly lower fatigue ratings compared to sham for the duration of the study. CtVNS could be a powerful fatigue countermeasure tool that is easy to administer, long-lasting, and has fewer side-effects compared to common pharmacological interventions.
Hydrophobic-hydrophilic crown-like structure enables aquatic insects to reside effectively beneath the water surface
Authors: Suzuki Chiaki , Takaku Yasuharu , Suzuki Hiroshi , Ishii Daisuke , Shimozawa Tateo , Nomura Shuhei , Shimomura Masatsugu , Hariyama Takahiko 
Published: June 2021

AbstractVarious insects utilise hydrophobic biological surfaces to live on the surface of water, while other organisms possess hydrophilic properties that enable them to live within a water column. Dixidae larvae reside, without being submerged, just below the water surface. However, little is known about how these larvae live in such an ecological niche. Herein, we use larvae of Dixa longistyla (Diptera: Dixidae) as experimental specimens and reveal their characteristics. A complex crown-like structure on the abdomen consists of hydrophobic and hydrophilic elements. The combination of these contrasting features enables the larvae to maintain their position as well as to move unidirectionally. Their hydrophobic region leverages water surface tension to function as an adhesive disc. By using the resistance of water, the hydrophilic region serves as a rudder during locomotion.
ATP biphasically modulates LLPS of TDP-43 PLD by specifically binding arginine residues
Authors: Dang Mei , Lim Liangzhong , Kang Jian , Song Jianxing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMysteriously neurons maintain ATP concentrations of ~3 mM but whether ATP modulates TDP-43 LLPS remains completely unexplored. Here we characterized the effect of ATP on LLPS of TDP-43 PLD and seven mutants by DIC and NMR. The results revealed: 1) ATP induces and subsequently dissolves LLPS of TDP-43 PLD by specifically binding Arg saturated at 1:100. 2) ATP modifies the conformation-specific electrostatic property beyond just imposing screening effect. 3) Reversibility of LLPS of TDP-43 PLD and further exaggeration into aggregation appear to be controlled by a delicate network composed of both attractive and inhibitory interactions. Results together establish that ATP might be a universal but specific regulator for most, if not all, R-containing intrinsically-disordered regions by altering physicochemical properties, conformations, dynamics, LLPS and aggregation. Under physiological conditions, TDP-43 is highly bound with ATP and thus inhibited for LLPS, highlighting a central role of ATP in cell physiology, pathology and aging.
Unraveling the effects of multiscale network entanglement on empirical systems
Authors: Ghavasieh Arsham , Stella Massimo , Biamonte Jacob , De Domenico Manlio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractComplex systems are large collections of entities that organize themselves into non-trivial structures, represented as networks. One of their key emergent properties is robustness against random failures or targeted attacks —i.e., the networks maintain their integrity under removal of nodes or links. Here, we introduce network entanglement to study network robustness through a multiscale lens, encoded by the time required for information diffusion through the system. Our measure’s foundation lies upon a recently developed statistical field theory for information dynamics within interconnected systems. We show that at the smallest temporal scales, the node-network entanglement reduces to degree, whereas at extremely large scales, it measures the direct role played by each node in keeping the network connected. At the meso-scale, entanglement plays a more important role, measuring the importance of nodes for the transport properties of the system. We use entanglement as a centrality measure capturing the role played by nodes in keeping the overall diversity of the information flow. As an application, we study the disintegration of empirical social, biological and transportation systems, showing that the nodes central for information dynamics are also responsible for keeping the network integrated.
X-ray free electron laser heating of water and gold at high static pressure
Authors: Husband Rachel J. , McWilliams R. Stewart , Pace Edward J. , Coleman Amy L. , Hwang Huijeong , Choi Jinhyuk , Kim Taehyun , Hwang Gil Chan , Ball Orianna B. , Chun Sae Hwan , Nam Daewoong , Kim Sangsoo , Cynn Hyunchae , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Shim Sang-Heon , Toleikis Sven , McMahon Malcolm I. , Lee Yongjae , Liermann Hanns-Peter 
Published: June 2021

AbstractProbing of reactive materials such as H2O ices and fluids at the high pressures and temperatures of planetary interiors is limited by unwanted chemical reactions and confinement failure. Faster experiments can mitigate such issues, but the common approach of adiabatic compression limits the conditions achieved. This study demonstrates a fast experimental strategy for the creation and probing of selected extreme states using static compression coupled with ultrafast X-ray laser heating. Indirect X-ray heating of H2O through the use of a gold absorber is evidenced by sample melting inferred from textural changes in the H2O diffraction lines and inter-dispersion of gold and H2O melts. Coupled with numerical analysis of femtosecond energy absorption, thermal equilibration, and heat transfer, all evidence indicates that temperatures in excess of an electron volt have been reached in the H2O at high pressure. Even after repeated heating, samples stayed chemically unchanged from the starting material.
Global coral reef ecosystems exhibit declining calcification and increasing primary productivity
Authors: Davis Kay L. , Colefax Andrew P. , Tucker James P. , Kelaher Brendan P. , Santos Isaac R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLong-term coral reef resilience to multiple stressors depends on their ability to maintain positive calcification rates. Estimates of coral ecosystem calcification and organic productivity provide insight into the environmental drivers and temporal changes in reef condition. Here, we analyse global spatiotemporal trends and drivers of coral reef calcification using a meta-analysis of ecosystem-scale case studies. A linear mixed effects regression model was used to test whether ecosystem-scale calcification is related to seasonality, methodology, calcifier cover, year, depth, wave action, latitude, duration of data collection, coral reef state, Ωar, temperature and organic productivity. Global ecosystem calcification estimated from changes in seawater carbonate chemistry was driven primarily by depth and benthic calcifier cover. Current and future declines in coral cover will significantly affect the global reef carbonate budget, even before considering the effects of sub-lethal stressors on calcification rates. Repeatedly studied reefs exhibited declining calcification of 4.3 ± 1.9% per year (x̄ = 1.8 ± 0.7 mmol m−2 d−1 yr−1), and increasing organic productivity at 3.0 ± 0.8 mmol m−2 d−1per year since 1970. Therefore, coral reef ecosystems are experiencing a shift in their essential metabolic processes of calcification and photosynthesis, and could become net dissolving worldwide around 2054.
Southward decrease in the protection of persistent giant kelp forests in the northeast Pacific
Authors: Arafeh-Dalmau Nur , Cavanaugh Kyle C. , Possingham Hugh P. , Munguia-Vega Adrian , Montaño-Moctezuma Gabriela , Bell Tom W. , Cavanaugh Kate , Micheli Fiorenza 
Published: June 2021

AbstractKelp forests are globally important and highly productive ecosystems, yet their persistence and protection in the face of climate change and human activity are poorly known. Here, we present a 35-year time series of high-resolution satellite imagery that maps the distribution and persistence of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forests along ten degrees of latitude in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. We find that although 7.7% of giant kelp is protected by marine reserves, when accounting for persistence only 4% of kelp is present and protected. Protection of giant kelp decreases southerly from 20.9% in Central California, USA, to less than 1% in Baja California, Mexico, which likely exacerbates kelp vulnerability to marine heatwaves in Baja California. We suggest that a two-fold increase in the area of kelp protected by marine reserves is needed to fully protect persistent kelp forests and that conservation of climate-refugia in Baja California should be a priority.
Intestinal mucositis precedes dysbiosis in a mouse model for pelvic irradiation
Authors: Segers Charlotte , Mysara Mohamed , Claesen Jürgen , Baatout Sarah , Leys Natalie , Lebeer Sarah , Verslegers Mieke , Mastroleo Felice 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Pelvic radiotherapy is known to evoke intestinal mucositis and dysbiosis. Currently, there are no effective therapies available to mitigate these injuries, which is partly due to a lack of insight into the events causing mucositis and dysbiosis. Here, the complex interplay between the murine host and its microbiome following pelvic irradiation was mapped by characterizing intestinal mucositis along with extensive 16S microbial profiling. We demonstrated important morphological and inflammatory implications within one day after exposure, thereby impairing intestinal functionality and inducing translocation of intraluminal bacteria into mesenteric lymph nodes as innovatively quantified by flow cytometry. Concurrent 16S microbial profiling revealed a delayed impact of pelvic irradiation on beta diversity. Analysis of composition of microbiomes identified biomarkers for pelvic irradiation. Among them, members of the families Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Porphyromonadaceae were differentially affected. Altogether, our unprecedented findings showed how pelvic irradiation evoked structural and functional changes in the intestine, which secondarily resulted in a microbiome shift. Therefore, the presented in vivo irradiation-gut-microbiome platform allows further research into the pathobiology of pelvic irradiation-induced intestinal mucositis and resultant dysbiosis, as well as the exploration of mitigating treatments including drugs and food supplements.
Comment on “Tuning luminescence of Ca9La(PO4)7:Eu2+via artificially inducing potential luminescence centers” by P. Li, Z. Wang, et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2019, 7, 14601
Authors: Lazoryak Bogdan I. , Deyneko Dina V. 
Published: June 2021

Li X. et al. did not accurately interpret the experimental data on Eu2+ luminescence due to an erroneous assumption on location of La3+ cations in the β-Ca3(PO4)2-type structure. All theoretical considerations should be taken in a critical manner.
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Nutzung kleiner Zyklotrone bei der Produktion medizinisch relevanter Radionuklide
Authors: Neumaier Bernd , Spahn Ingo , Qaim Syed M. 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungRadionuklide für die Bildgebung sowie für die interne Radiotherapie werden in Kernreaktoren sowie an Zyklotronen erzeugt. In diesem Beitrag sollen verschiedene Optionen, Radionuklide an einem kleinen medizinischen Zyklotron (Ep ≤ 18 MeV; Ed ≤ 9 MeV) zu erzeugen, diskutiert werden. Neben der Routineproduktion kurzlebiger „Standard“-Positronenstrahler, wie 11C, 15O und 18F, können auch zahlreiche „Nicht-Standard“-Positronenstrahler, wie 64Cu, 86Y, 89Zr usw., für weitere Anwendungen in der Positronenemissionstomographie (PET) in ausreichender Menge hergestellt werden. Dies setzt voraus, dass ein geeignetes Targetsystem zur Bestrahlung von angereichertem Targetmaterial zur Verfügung steht. Prinzipiell ist es außerdem möglich, einige SPECT-Radionuklide (67Ga, 111In, 123I) sowie Therapienuklide (67Cu, 103Pd, 186Re) in geringen Mengen zu produzieren.
Radiotracer in Kombination mit Magnetresonanz-Kontrastmittel für die simultane MR-PET-Bildgebung
Authors: Ermert Johannes 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungModerne bildgebende Verfahren der medizinischen Diagnostik, wie die Magnetresonanz-Tomographie (MRT) und die Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie (PET), erlauben eine immer präzisere und differenziertere Untersuchung von Krankheiten. Neben dem reinen PET- bzw. MRT-Ansatz befassen sich neue Methoden mit der simultanen PET-MR-Bildgebung, die erst durch die Entwicklung hybrider PET-MRT-Scanner ermöglicht wurde. Diese komplementären Bildgebungsverfahren kombinieren dabei in synergistischer Weise die hohe Auflösung durch MRT mit der großen Sensitivität durch die PET-Methode. Eine Möglichkeit, die Synergie beider Techniken zu nutzen, besteht darin, bereits klinisch etablierte PET-Radiopharmaka mit zugelassenen, paramagnetischen MR-Kontrastmitteln zu kombinieren. Diese Methode wurde in zahlreichen präklinischen und klinischen Studien untersucht. Eine alternative und elegantere Möglichkeit ist die Einführung beider Modalitäten in einer einzigen Kontrastsonde für die nicht invasive bimodale Bildgebung. Hier sind verschiedene Ansätze entwickelt worden, die jedoch umfangreichere Entwicklungsarbeit erfordern. Diese multifunktionellen Kontrastsonden wurden daher bislang nur in präklinischen Studien eingesetzt.
Management Challenges and Outcomes of Traumatic Brain Injury due to Bear Maul in Tribal Areas of Chhattisgarh, India—Man versus Wild
Authors: Borde Praveen , Kumar Sanjeev , Sahana Debabrata , Rathore Lavlesh , Jain Amit , Tawari Manish , Sahu Rajiv 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives Neurosurgeons working in the vicinity of tribal areas face traumatic brain injury (TBI) cases due to bear maul which is on the rise in Chhattisgarh. Most of the literature is focused on the management of maxillofacial injuries. This study intends to describe the challenges in management and outcomes of TBI due to bear maul.

Materials and Methods A retrospective review was conducted from May 2018 to April 2020. The patients without TBI were excluded. The variables studied were age, gender, timing and mode of conflict, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) at arrival, injury spectrum, hospital stay, the modified Rankin score (MRS), mini mental status examination (MMSE), and surgical site infections (SSI).

Results Twenty-eight patients were eligible for analysis. The mean age of presentation was 40.67 ± 13.99 years. There were 23 males (82.15%). Most common time of attack was during dawn (n = 11, 39.28%) followed by dusk (n = 9, 32.14%) and day (n = 8, 28.57%) time. Provoked conflicts were seen in 64.28%. The mean preoperative GCS was 11.07 ± 3.54 and hospital stay was 18.71 ± 9.51 days. Skull fractures were found in 24/28 (85.71%). The mean MRS was 1.67 ± 1.38 at a mean follow-up of 14.53 ± 6.59 months. Favorable outcome (MRS ≤ 2) was seen in 64.28% of patients. The mean MMSE score was 22.28 ± 5.36. Eight patients developed SSI (28.57%).

Conclusion Outcomes of TBI due to bear maul depend on preoperative GCS. There are higher incidences of skull fractures and SSI. Humans need to avoid infiltration in wildlife territory to reduce the number of conflicts.
Bleeding Post Constriction Ring Release Surgery Causing Lower Limb Ischemia in an Infant with Undetected Hemophilia B
Authors: Sabapathy S. Raja , Mohan Monusha , Venkateswaran G. , Ranjani Shashi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBleeding in the immediate postoperative period causing compromised limb circulation is an alarming complication. It is known to occur in coagulation disorders like hemophilia. When such complications happen in a child with no previous history of bleeding problems, one has to have a low threshold for suspecting a coagulation disorder. Repeated diffuse bleeding in the whole of the surgical wound with no specific bleeders must raise the suspicion and appropriate laboratory tests must immediately be ordered. Bleeding in coagulation disorders can stop only with supplementation of the appropriate missing clotting factor. Early diagnosis is important to avoid excess morbidity. We are reporting a 6-month-old child who underwent surgery for constriction ring syndrome in the limbs with Z-plasty and developed impending limb ischemia due to bleeding in the immediate postoperative period. The article emphasizes the need to think of the possibility while encountering recurrent bleeding in the postoperative period.