bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Indian Children at a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Jha Shweta , Kumar Dinesh 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Leukemia is a varied group of hematological malignancies due to uncontrolled proliferation of blast cells. Among childhood leukemias, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) comprise 70%–80% of all childhood leukemias in India. The current study aims to report the various prognostic markers of disease severity.

Methodology:
Bone marrow and peripheral blood samples from 20 patients of ALL were subjected to cytogenetic and flow cytometric analysis after recording clinical history and laboratory findings. Patients were classified according to immunophenotyping markers.: For risk stratification, patients were divided into two subgroups B ALL and T ALL. The age group of majority of patients was 1–9 years (90%) with 5% each belonging to <1 and >9 years. Male: female ratio was 1.1:1.

Results:
Hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and mediastinal involvement was found in 45%, 40%, and 5% of patients, respectively. Hemoglobin levels <5 g/dl and >5 g/dl were seen in 50% of patients in each range. White blood cell counts >50,000 were seen in 3 (15%) of patients. Cytogenetic analysis revealed hypodiploid karyotype for majority (64%) of cases, normal karyotype in 28% and hyperdiploidy in rest (7%). Structural aberrations like t (21;4), del (5p), dic (5) were found all in B ALL subgroup. Patients were stratified into high and standard risk groups based on good and prognostic factors.

Conclusions:
This study reinforces the significance of immunophenotyping cytogenetics, clinical presentation as a prognostic tool, and their significance in risk stratification.
Analyzing the Attitude of Medical Students Toward Class Absenteeism
Authors: Rashid Saima , Ul Hassan Ashfaq , Bhat Ishfaq Hussain , Bhat Ghulam Mohammad 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Class attendance is very important to improve academic performance in medical education. National Medical Commission has made it mandatory to have 75% attendance to appear in the university examination. Classroom teaching is necessary to develop competence in cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the causes of absenteeism in medical education.

Methodology:
This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted from phase 1 to phase III MBBS students of Government Medical College Srinagar, J and K, India. The response was collected through a structured, pretested, and prevalidated questionnaire. The attitude of medical students towards class absenteeism was obtained using the Likert scale. The response was analyzed using SPSS 22 software.

Results:
The results showed that major reasons for student absenteeism were poor teaching skills of teachers (mean 3.85), students studying through Self directed learning (SDL) (mean 3.75), unfavorable learning environment (mean 3.43), lack of sleep (mean 3.28), distraction due to concentration problems (mean 3.26) not interested with that subject (mean 3.09), ill-health (mean 2.57), traffic jams (mean 2.53), social media (mean 2.45), climatic conditions (mean 2.37), availability of online resources (mean 2.84), too much self-confidence (mean 2.61), lectures, not enough informative (mean 2.49), family issues (mean 2.01).

Conclusion:
The causes of student absenteeism are varied. Teachers have to be friendly and cooperative so that students can overcome their inhibitions and weaknesses. Constructive feedback and mentoring programs should be part of the curriculum.
Cytogenetic Evaluation of Orofacial Clefts
Authors: Sabnis Anjali Satyen , Natrajan Srivalli 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Orofacial cleft (OFC) is one of the common congenital anomalies of the face which includes cleft lip and or cleft palate that causes abnormal appearance of the face. It leads to difficulty in speech and feeding, especially in new-borns. Genetic and nongenetic factors may lead to OFCs. An association of OFC to genetic cause was assessed in the study.

Methodology:
Conventional karyotyping was done in 133 patients of all the age groups with OFCs (syndromic and nonsyndromic) to find out chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in OFCs, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, MGM Dental College, Navi Mumbai directed patients to cytogenetic laboratory. Project was started after taking consent and ascent from the patient and institutional ethical approval.

Results:
The incidence of CAs is 2.2%, and polymorphic variations are 3.7%. Out of 133 patients 47, XXY was seen in one case and trisomy 21 was seen in two cases, polymorphic variations like pericentric inversion in chromosome 9, 16qh + and 22 pstk + were observed in one case each and 9qh+ was seen in two cases.

Conclusion:
The incidence of genetic involvement in terms of CAs and polymorphic variations to OFC is low. The application of molecular technique in patients with OFC will help to find out genetic involvement. Genetic counseling and precise prenatal diagnosis will prevent the incidence of OFC.
Histomorphometric Study of Renal Corpuscles of Human and Goat
Authors: Rasool Gulam , Jaiswal Pratima , Jain Aarushi , Sharma Shiv K. 
Published: October 2021

Background:
The nephron is the functional and structural unit of the kidney and greatly varies in its structure among different vertebrates; also the formation of nephron shows a variable degree of differences among species. This study was done to compare the size of the renal corpuscle, glomerulus, and urinary space between human and goat kidneys.

Methodology:
This observational descriptive type of the study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Kota from December 2019 to January 2021, after seeking proper approval from the Institutional Review Board and Ethical Committee for the study. Seventy human and 70 goat kidney tissues were taken for this study. The stained sections were studied under light microscopy for the diameter of renal corpuscles and glomeruli were measured in ×400 by MICAPS camera and software attached on microscope. The observed data were analyzed, and calculated by MedCalc software version 20.0.3. Data were subjected to independent sample t-test and results were compared and were considered significant at P < 0.05.

Results:
The renal corpuscles had the mean greatest and least diameter of 131.57 μ and 131.49 μ in humans. While respective values were 157.95 μ and 142.61 μ in goats. The glomeruli had mean maximum and minimum diameter of 112.80 μ and 111.60 μ in humans and 128.20 μ and 119.59 μ in goats. Mean urinary space distance that was 9.66 μ and 13.19 μ in humans and goats, respectively.

Conclusions:
The present is useful for anatomists and veterinary doctors, comparative anatomists, anthropologists, and histologists.
Learning Human Anatomy Amid COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Albalushi Halima , Al Mushaiqri Mohamed , Al Jabri Ruqaiya 
Published: October 2021

Introduction:
Many countries adopted remote teaching upon the declaration of COVID-19 pandemic. Like many universities around the world, Sultan Qaboos University in the Sultanate of Oman shifted to emergency remote teaching (ERT) to contain the spread of the virus. In addition, anatomy classes were shifted to be taught online completely. This study aimed to explore students' perspective about the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on anatomy learning.

Methodology:
Students enrolled in anatomy courses during spring 2020 semester were asked to fill a questionnaire within 6 weeks of the end of online classes. The questionnaire included questions about students' perceptions and preferences about learning anatomy during ERT.

Results:
Findings indicated that coronavirus pandemic was disruptive to students' anatomy learning. Fulfilling courses requirements, home environment, internet connection, the anatomy knowledge without exposure to cadavers, and other resources in the lab were their main concerns. The reliability of internet connection was a major factor affecting their way of studying anatomy and selecting learning resources. Social media platforms were helpful in assisting students in their study and communication between themselves and their instructors. However, assessment and practical part teaching were not satisfactory to the students and they urge improvement.

Conclusion:
COVID-19 pandemic was disruptive to anatomy education. Internet connection was the major obstacles for the students, while the social media platforms were helpful tools in study and communication. Students urged improvement in the practical part teaching and assessment of the anatomy courses.
Acceptance of repeat cesarean section and its determinants among a Nigerian pregnant women population
Authors: Maduka Roy Ngozi , Enaruna Nosakhare Osasere 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Many women who need caesarian section in most sub Saharan Africa do not get it or do so too late, thereby resulting in an unnecessary increase in maternal and perinatal adverse outcome. Refusal of caesarian section has been attributed to poverty and sociocultural factors.

Objective:
The objective of the study was to determine the level of acceptance of repeat cesarean section (CS) among pregnant women attending care in a government-funded health facility with a policy of free maternity care services.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional study surveyed 157 consecutive consenting antenatal clinic clients with previous CS presenting for booking in Central Hospital, Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria. The women completed a questionnaire with sections on sociodemographic attributes, inquiry about previous CS outcome and associated factors, a desire to accept a repeat CS if clinically indicated in index pregnancy, as well as reasons to decline a repeat CS.

Results:
The acceptance rate of repeat CS was 54%. Women with two or more previous CS were more likely to accept repeat CS (71.8% vs. 48.3%, prevalence ratio: 1.5; P = 0.02). There was no sociodemographic variable or any event related to the previous CS which was significantly associated with the women's choice regarding repeat CS. The rejection of repeat CS was mainly due to concerns about postoperative pain and being tagged with “failure of womanhood.”

Conclusions:
The level of acceptance of repeat CS in Central Hospital, Agbor, is low despite the policy of free maternity care. Along with the increasing effort to make health care affordable, attention needs to be paid to the role of patient and community engagement in the form of health education and continuous counseling to address noncost barriers to achieving improved maternal and perinatal health indices.
Disease mortality audit in a Nigerian tertiary care center
Authors: Uchendu Obiora Jude 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Mortality audit is in developing countries is sparse despite its importance in guiding decision-making toward reversing the present high death rate.

Objective:
The study aims to study the profile of in-hospital mortality in a Nigerian hospital.

Materials and Methods:
This is a retrospective review of the records of all in-hospital mortalities at Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, from 2016 to 2018. Information extracted from the records included age, sex, year, and cause of death. The causes were further classified with Global Burden of Disease 2017 classification. Analysis was with SPSS version 21.

Results:
A total of 1044 mortalities were recorded during the 3-year period, giving a mortality rate of 12.6%, with a male to female ratio of 1.3:1 and a mean age of 42.36 ± 25.23. The peak fatality were in early neonatal and 50–54 years of age group accounting for 96 (9.1%) and 87 (8.3%) cases, respectively. Communicable, maternal and nutritional diseases, noncommunicable diseases and injuries accounted for 276 (26.4%), 642 (61.5%), and 126 (12.1%) fatalities, respectively. The leading causes of fatality are stoke (17.1%), road injuries (7.7%), neonatal disorders (7.6%), HIV/AIDS (6.0%), chronic kidney disease (5.7%), diabetes mellitus (4.6%), chronic liver disease (4.4%), maternal disorders (2.6%), upper digestive system diseases (2.3%), and breast cancer (2.3%).

Conclusion:
The mortality pattern show male predominance, peak at neonatal period and preponderance of noncommunicable diseases, road injury and HIV/AIDS-related deaths. Increased government funding, universal health coverage, public education, and lifestyle modification are paramount to reducing mortality.
Management of patients with patent ductus arteriosus
Authors: Mohammed Ismail Inuwa , Ahmad Jameel Ismail , Nurein Tunde Oyebanji , Ishaq Naseer Ahmad , Aliyu Ibrahim 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is quite a common acyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD). Its ligation in Sub-Saharan Africa is challenging due to lack of adequate cardiothoracic surgeons. We, therefore, present our experience and our challenges in our center with limited resources.

Objectives:
To determine the challenges and outcome of surgical ligation of PDA in our center.

Methods:
This was a retrospective review of all PDA ligations done from January 2012 to December 2017. Data were extracted from the operation theater register and patients files. Information such as age, sex, symptoms at presentation, intraoperative findings, and outcome of surgery were analyzed. Discordances between echocardiography and intraoperative finding of PDA were noticed in only two cases, and these were excluded from the study because PDA was not seen intraoperatively and they were referred for further evaluation. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16 was used for data entry and analysis.

Results:
Twenty-five patients had PDA ligation during the study period; the subjects comprised 17 females and 8 males with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2. Two adult cases were recorded. Three cases had other associated CHD. All surgeries were carried out successfully and only a single case of complication was reported (4%, chylothorax).

Conclusion:
PDA ligation is relatively safe if properly done with successful outcome.
Mitigating COVID-19 effects on farmers: The role of commissioners of agriculture in Nigeria
Authors: Idu M.A. , Onyenekwe C.S. 
Published: October 2021

In Nigeria, agriculture plays a critical role in the economy and remains the key to the country’s economic diversification plan. However, the agricultural sector is facing numerous challenges such as climate change, widespread insecurity, price volatility, poor government policies and the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the already existing problems. This paper reviews the state of the COVID 19 pandemic in Nigeria and its effects on the agricultural sector and outlines the role of commissioners of agriculture in mitigating the effects of the pandemic on farmers with a view to catalyzing sustainable agricultural development in Nigeria. When the first case of COVID-19 was reported in February, 2020, the Federal government of Nigeria took some measures to help curb the spread of the virus. Although, these measures were critical to saving lives, they also significantly caused a disruption in agricultural activities and food systems in several ways such as decline in availability of farm labour and mechanization, limited availability of agricultural inputs, decline in food imports and exports, reduction in food supply, decline in household income and food consumption, increased food insecurity, panic buying and sharp price spikes. This paper suggests that commissioners of agriculture have important roles to play to help mitigate these negative impacts on agricultural livelihoods and food systems. These include a push for a bill to integrate social protection mechanisms into the Nigerian legal framework, lobby for increased budgetary allocation to the agricultural sector, formulation of good agricultural policies and provision of adequate infrastructures, organization of these farmers into farming clusters to help stimulate agglomeration economies by integrating agricultural value chains and development strategies, and frameworks and initiatives that will ensure a seamless transition from emergency response to resilience building.
Key words: Coronavirus disease, government interventions, agrarian development, food production
Impacts of Wood Fuel Uses on Forest Cover: The Case of Semiarid Areas in Northern Tanzania
Authors: Mahushi Debora J , Machunda Revocatus L , Kibona Talam E 
Published: October 2021

Satellite images for the years 1987, 1997, 2002 and 2017, and questionnaire surveys were used to assess energy sources and demands as well as the impacts of wood fuel use to forest cover changes in Meru and Mwanga Districts. The major energy sources identified in the study areas include cow dung cake, firewood, charcoal, biogas, and liquefied petroleum gas. The total energy demands from these sources were 1400, 6289, 724 and 21 kg per day, respectively. Analysis from Landsat images showed variations in forest cover. The areas covered with forests in Meru District were found to be 1510, 1723, 1612 and 1327 ha for 1987, 1997, 2002 and 2017, respectively. The changes observed in Mwanga District were 31705, 31988, 17939 and 30960 ha for 1987, 1997, 2002 and 2017, respectively. From the findings it was observed that, the ongoing use of wood fuel in semi-arid areas of Meru and Mwanga Districts could deplete forests completely. The study concludes that charcoal and firewood consumptions are real threats to the long-term persistence of forests in Tanzania and proposes the use of renewable energy such as biogas for alleviating forest losses.
Keywords: Biogas, energy sources, Satellite images
Automated Detection of Bilingual Obfuscated Abusive Words on Social Media Forums: A Case of Swahili and English Texts
Authors: Njovangwa Geofrey , Justo Godfrey 
Published: October 2021

The usage of social media has exponentially grown in recent years leaving the users with no limitations on misusing the platforms through abusive contents as deemed fit to them. This exacerbates abusive words exposure to innocent users, especially in social media forums, including children. In an attempt to alleviate the problem of abusive words proliferation on social media, researchers have proposed different methods to help deal with variants of the abusive words; however, obfuscated abusive words detection still poses challenges. A method that utilizes a combination of rule based approach and character percentage matching techniques is proposed to improve the detection rate for obfuscated abusive words. The evaluation results achieved F1 score percentage ratio of 0.97 and accuracy percentage ratio of 0.96 which were above the significance ratio of 0.5. Hence, the proposed approach is highly effective for obfuscated abusive words detection and prevention.
Keywords: Rule based approach, Character percentage matching techniques, Obfuscated abuse, Abuse detection, Abusive words, Social media
Effects of Refuge Prey on Stability of the Prey-Predator Model Subject to Immigrants: A Mathematical Modelling Approach
Authors: Stephano Mussa Amos , Jung Il Hyo 
Published: October 2021

Prey-predator system is enormously complex and nonlinear interaction between species. Such complexity regularly requires development of new approaches which involves more factors in analysis of its population dynamics. In this paper, we formulate a modified Lotka-Volterra model that incorporates factors such as refuge prey and immigrants. We investigate the effects of refuge prey and immigrants by varying the refuge factor, with and without immigrants. The results show that with Holling’s type I functional response, the proposed model is asymptotically convergent when a refuge prey factor is introduced. Moreover, with Holling’s type II functional response, the proposed mathematical model is unstable and does not converge. However, with Holling’s type III functional response in a system, the proposed mathematical model is asymptotically stable. These results point out the following remarks: The effects of refuge prey on stability of the dynamical system vary depending on the type of functional response, and when the predator population increases, the likelihood of prey extinction declines when the proportion of preys in refuge population increases. Hence, the factor of refuge prey is crucial for controlling the population of the predator and obtaining balances between prey and predator in the ecosystem.
Keywords: Refuge prey, stability, prey-predator, immigrants, Mathematical modelling
Analisis Kelayakan Financial Proyek Pembangunan Rumah Toko (RUKO) dengan Metode Life Cycle Cost (LCC) (Studi Kasus : Proyek Pembangunan Rumah Toko (RUKO) di Kecamatan Cenrana, Kabupaten Maros)
Authors: Rahman Qarnila Ridhaniah , Apriadi Fajar 
Published: October 2021

Setiap konstruksi gedung yang akan dibangun mempunyai tahapan-tahapan yang harus dilaksanakan selama umur rencananya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pilihan alternatif biaya sewa dengan anggaran yang dikeluarkan selama umur rencana pembangunan rumah toko di Kecamatan Cenrana, Kabupaten Maros dan Mengetahui nilai kelayakan financial rumah toko di Kecamatan Cenrana, Kabupaten Maros berdasarkan analisa Life Cycle Cost (LCC). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif. Penelitian kuantitatif merupakan salah satu jenis penelitian yang lebih sistematis, terstruktur, spesifik, dan juga terencana dengan baik dari awal hingga mendapatkan suatu kesimpulan. Penggunaan tabel, grafik dan juga diagram memudahkan untuk dibaca. Dari hasil analisis kelayakan investasi terhadap biaya siklus hidup yang terjadi dengan menggunakan metode Life Cycle Cost (LCC) didapatkan peningkatan tarif sewa sebesar 200% dari tarif sewa yang diinginkan dengan nilai NPV sebesar Rp 350.163.541. Kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian ini Life Cycle Cost (Biaya Siklus Hidup) yang terjadi mulai dari perencanaan hingga umur ekonomis bangunan selama 50 tahun sebesar Rp 2.224.665.224 meliputi biaya awal atau biaya pembangunan sebesar Rp 912.763.847, Biaya Operasional Sebesar Rp 606.695.132, biaya Perawatan dan Penggantian sebesar Rp. 697.373.888, biaya Penghancuran sebesar Rp 7.832.357 dan biaya sewa ekonomis untuk bangunan ruko yang dibangun sebaiknya pemilik ruko menerapkan tarif sebesar ≥ Rp. 60.000.000.
Japanese university campuses as dialoguing enclaves: six examples
Authors: Vecchi Pietro , Suzuki Ken-ichi 
Published: October 2021

<p class="Corpoprincipale"><span>El problema abordado en este estudio es cómo pueden los campus universitarios de Japón, caracterizados por la separación del contexto y por fronteras cerradas, abrirse a la sociedad circundante sin perder la naturaleza ´diferenciada’ de los lugares destinados a la comunidad de estudiantes y profesores. En primer lugar se presenta la particularidad de los espacios universitarios japoneses y se explican varias posiciones teóricas sobre la naturaleza cerrada o abierta de los campus y la importancia concedida al papel educativo de la comunidad. A continuación se analizan seis campus que encarnan la teoría que responde a la pregunta inicial: la de la comunidad universitaria ‘en diálogo’ con la sociedad circundante.</span><span> </span><span>Los campus seleccionados son:</span><span> </span><span>Saitama Prefectural University, Future University Hakodate, Nagoya Z</span><span>ō</span><span>kei University, Sapporo City University, Okinawa Christian University, Okinawa University.<span> </span>El análisis de los conceptos de planificación se apoya en entrevistas con los proyectistas de cinco de ellos: Yamamoto Riken y Makishi Yoshikazu. Finalmente se concluye con la posibilidad de que las soluciones de planificación que responden al problema inicial sean: la pequeña escala; la centralidad de los espacios comunes; los ‘umbrales’ físicos o visuales pero abiertos del campus;el reconocimiento del entorno del campus; y instalaciones educativas compartidas entre diferentes facultades.</span></p>