bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on fishers in the Indramayu District
Authors: Sari Y D , Mira  , Suryawati S H , Nababan B O , Hikmayani Y , Putri N P S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia has been perceived by all community. The global economic slowdown has an impact on Indonesia’s economic growth. Exports of Indonesian fishery products are delayed due to restrictions on imported products in Indonesia’s export destination countries. This study aims to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the utilization of fishery resources in the Indramayu District. The data used in this study are primary and secondary. Methods of data analysis using quantitative descriptive. The results showed that fishermen in the Indramayu District continue to catch fish using the same fishing fleet and gear at the same fishing ground. The decline in business income due to the decrease in the selling price of fish causes a decrease in business capital and a decrease in the source of livelihood for small-scale fishermen. Fishermen’s income has decreased by 20-30% per trip. Fishers continue to use the same boat, fishing gear, fishing ground, operational costs, and crew. The adaptation made by small fishermen is to reduce the number of trips to avoid losses when catches are low. The adaptation carried out by large-scale fishermen is to look for alternative sources of capital for operational costs to be still carried out during the fishing season. The government can provide fishing gear assistance and financial assistance to small fishers and provide capital institutions for large-scale fishers in reducing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on fishers in Indramayu.
Rural development in Papua: lesson learned from cocoa farming
Authors: Rahmanto M I , Frank S A K , Flassy M , Romaropen D A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper convey a reflection on the economic activities of the chocolate farming community in Berab, Papua and its relationship with the international market, namely in Japan through the Kakao Kita business organization in Jayapura. The ethnographic methods was used to collect the data, in-depth interviews, participant observation, and visual ethnography are conducted during June 2020 – January 2021.The crucial finding from this research is that the trading systems that are built are both based on humanism and community principles. Both buyers from Japan and the farming community built social relations which then abandoned the impression that trade, especially on an international scale, was all about profit and loss. There is a positive intersubjectivity between the two of them, shown by a sense of togetherness in the importance of maintaining this relationship, as well as the relationship to nature shown by organic cocoa plantation management and transparent and humanist trading mechanisms. Furthermore, the challenge that arises and need to reflect on is whether a similar scheme model can be replicated to other communities in Papua. It is recommended to the Papuan local government to take a closer look at the policy implementation process, especially from special autonomy for the economic empowerment of local communities.
Assessment of the multifunctional role of wetlands in Indonesia: a case study in West Java Province
Authors: Saputra Y H , Setiyanto A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Agricultural activities in paddy fields (wetlands) producing products and sell that product, and also generate desirable or positive externalities as environmental services. Environmental services and the products that sell to the market are called multifunctional agriculture (MFA). This study aims to evaluate and economically assess the multifunctional role of wetland areas in Indonesia by taking the case of the West Java region. This study uses secondary data and data collected from various institutions and publications. This study uses the replacement cost method (RCM) to investigate the economic value of the role of MFA in wetland farming systems. The results show that the total value of environmental products and services marketed in wetland areas in West Java Province is around USD 36.59 billion per year or USD 39.41 million per hectare per year. The policy implications of this research are (1) attracting the maximum capacity of the stakeholders and community to participate in all the programs planned to protect, preserve and conserve the environment; (2) parting, endorsing, and strengthening the government and communities in the downstream area to invest in rehabilitating the upstream and middle watersheds; and (3) in per hectare a year, excluding the price of the land itself, the cost of building paddy fields, and the value of other infrastructure and facilities, USD 39.41 million is the replacement cost value if the rice fields are to be converted to non-agricultural use and replaced by the construction of rice fields new in other areas that are still possible.
The method on measuring utilization index of agricultural technology
Authors: Mailena L , Sumedi  , Muharam A , Mardianto S , Hanifah V W 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Utilization of technology as a research result is the foremost indicator towards the success of R&D as well as the measure of the multiplier effect concerning the usage of R&D budgets. However, to define the indicators and measurement of technology benefits is less considered. This study was aimed to determine the scope, indicators, and comprehensive measurement methods on the utilization of technology in the form of an index to standardize the value. Through literature studies, benchmarking of previous models and Focus Group Discussions, the measurement indicators of technology utilization index include: the availability of technology at the user’s location, the distribution of technology adoption, technology benefits, technology accessibility and user acceptance. Every variable for each indicator was based on the type of technology. The method for measuring the level of technology utilization using a composite index of four variables and calculation was carried out by weighting the importance of each variables based on the eigein value of Analytical Hierarchy Process. Three utilization categories were not utilized (index <1); underutilized (index 1 to 3); and high utilized (index> 3). As an example, the utilization index of a new superior varieties (VUB) of rice was high (3.75) with relatively good indicators on technology benefits and availability of VUB rice seed at the user’s location. Furthermore, the result implies that the method on measuring the utilization index is adequate to be widely applied for other types of technology.
Changes in rural household characteristics and their implications on agricultural income in wetland rice ecosystems
Authors: Purwantini TB , Susilowati SH , Suryani E , Yofa RD , Rahmawati RR , Irawan AR 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Agricultural development has impacted changes in rural economic structure, as reflected by rural economic indicators.. The research question is how the direction of the changes is and the implications for rural household agricultural income. This paper aims to analyses household characteristics changes in the rice-based ecosystems and their implication on household agricultural income. The study used micro-panel data of the National Farmers Panel (in 2010 and 2016) from the Indonesian Centre for Agro Socio-Economic and Policy Studies. The survey was conducted in 14 villages of five rice production centers provinces in Java and Outside Java. The number of respondents is 559 households. Data was analyzed statistically descriptive by calculating the average, minimum-maximum numbers, and participation rate. Generalized Linear Models method was employed to determine the factors affecting household agricultural income. The results showed that agricultural land occupation tends to decrease. The number of older workers tends to increase. The increase of workforce older than 65 years is more significant in Java than Outside Java. The workforce level of education remains predominantly in elementary school. Although nominal total income increased significantly, real income increase sluggishly. Household agricultural income is still dominant but declining. The farmland managed, age and level of education of the household member, number of the household member, and cropping intensity affect household agricultural income significantly. To increase the household agricultural income by increasing the production capacity of farmers’ households through increasing land occupation, improving human resources skills, and facilitating innovative technology that can increase farming efficiency and productivity.
Three decades of agricultural and rural transformation in Indonesia
Authors: Sudaryanto T , Purba H J , Rachmawati R R , Erwidodo  , Dermoredjo S K , Yusuf E S , Nuryantono N , Pasaribu S H , Amalia S , Amin M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Structural transformation in Indonesia has been a subject of broad empirical research. However, a minimal study has verified the characteristics of rural transformation. This paper aims to analyze indicators of rural transformation, likely drivers, and their impact on household income and poverty incidence. The analysis utilizes national data covering the period of 1990-2019. The data is analyzed using graphical illustrations and a simple regression analysis. As part of rural transformation, the result shows that there have been changes in the share of agriculture value from staple food to high-value commodities, particularly during the first two decades. This transformation is also complemented by the increase in rural non-farm employment, most notably during the last decade. The results also highlight stages and the likely drivers to those changes, including institution, policies, and investment (IPIs). Finally, this phenomenon leads to rural household income growth and a reduction in rural poverty. The finding of this research implies that to increase rural household income and reduce rural poverty rate, the government should focus not only on increasing agricultural productivity but also on promoting rural non-farm employment.
The effect of using uncertified citrus seeds on huanglongbing disease incidence in Karo District
Authors: Barus R S , Nion Y A , Widyaningsih S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
North Sumatra Province is one of the major citrus producers for Siam cultivars in Indonesia. Recently, it experienced a significant decline in citrus production. One of the causes is the presence of huanglongbing (HLB) disease which results in decreased production and plant mortality. The research aim to obtain information on the origin of citrus seeds and to map HLB incidence in eight subdistricts within Karo District. This research was carried out through direct questionnaires to farmers, visual symptoms scoring, and molecular detection with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). At least two villages were taken from each sub-district and three orchards were taken from each village as samples in January 2019. The results showed that in general, citrus plants aged 3 to 15 years. Mostly, citrus planted in Karo originated from uncertified seedlings bought from local and outside seed breeders in the province of North Sumatra. The highest symptoms severity of HLB diseases based on leaf scores and canopy scores were recorded in Barus Jahe subdistrict with 82-83% intensity. The highest HLB incidence were recorded in three subdistricts namely Kabanjahe, Munte, and Brastagi, each with 100% HLB prevalence. This shows that asymptomatic plants are not always free from CLas pathogens. Certified citrus seeds which are free from systemic diseases, followed by improve farmer’s awareness to apply good agriculture practice the initial to sustain Indonesian citrus agroindustry.
The competitiveness of Indonesia’s pepper export and its challenges
Authors: Azahari D H , Purba H J , Erwidodo  , Darwis V , Dabukke F B M , Hestina J , Yusuf E S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Indonesia is the second-largest pepper (Piper Nigrum L) producer country after Vietnam and followed by India, Brazil, and Malaysia. While Vietnam is the largest black pepper producer, Indonesia is recognized as the largest white pepper-producing country. With the increasing market competition among them in the international market, Indonesia has to increase the market competitiveness of its pepper exports against its competitors. This study aims to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian pepper exports in the international market by using secondary data from various sources, including from the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture and the International Pepper Community for the year 2018. It focuses on Pepper beans (HS 0900411) and Pepper Powder (HS090412) and uses two methods, namely Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Export Products Dynamic (EPD). The RCA analysis shows that Indonesia has a comparative advantage as a pepper exporter on the international market, both for pepper beans and powder. However, the results of the EPD analysis revealed that such an advantage is declining. For example, the study revealed that the export of pepper beans from Indonesia to the United Stated is in the lost opportunity position, and to Vietnam and Singapore are in the falling star position. A similar situation occurs for pepper powder where Indonesia’s export to Japan, Netherlands, and Germany are all in the falling star position. Such situations are caused by some challenges Indonesian pepper exports face, including the fulfillment of the good agriculture practices (GAP) in the upstream sector and compliance to international standards.
Strategies for sustainable corn production: a case of South Lampung District, Lampung Province, Indonesia
Authors: Ariningsih E , Rachman B , Sudaryanto T , Ariani M , Septanti K S , Adawiyah C R 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDemand for corn has been increasing from time to time. However, efforts to increase its production face multidimensional challenges and problems. This study aims to assess sustainability status, analyze leverage and prospective factors, and formulate follow-up strategies for sustainable corn production. Data used primarily were data collected through online focus group discussions and interviews with various related agencies and key informants at provincial and district levels. This study was conducted between May and October 2020 in South Lampung District. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and Matrix of Cross Impact Multiplications Applied to Classification (MICMAC) were used to assess the sustainability status and analyze leverage and prospective factors. Then, the Multicriteria Policy (MULTIPOL) was used to formulate the follow-up strategies. The results show that the corn production in South Lampung District is classified as less sustainable, with a sustainability index of 49.30. The sustainability of corn production is influenced by ten leverage attributes, four of which are prospective factors, namely corn prices at the farmer level, the number of water pumps, the use of natural pesticides and fertilizers, and the number of corn shellers. The strategies for sustainable corn production could be carried out by by applying reference purchase prices effectively, strengthening farmer partnerships with the feed industry, supporting environmentally friendly corn farming, and optimization and effective use of pre-harvest and post-harvest machinery. It is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of various assistance and policies implemented at this time to improve the implementation of programs/policies in the future.
Beyond the myths about Indonesia’s deforestation: linking oil palm cultivation to forest degradation and sustainable development goals
Authors: van Assen B W , Azahari D H , Obaideen K , Al Jaghoub H R 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Oil palm cultivation is under scrutiny by various stakeholders, arguing that it is the main cause for Indonesia’s deforestation. This paper highlights the decades of forest degradation before the first land clearing for oil palm within the context of Indonesia’s development policies. Using ‘direct photointerpretation’ of ‘Historical Imagery’, it assesses the forest degradation and deforestation caused by oil palm cultivation in Indonesia, particularly in light of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Forest degradation has direct trade-offs with most of the SDGs, with the most affected SDGs being Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG12) and Life on Land (SDG15). Historical satellite imagery indicates that the first land clearing for the 176 Kha of oil palm estates sampled palm occurred around 1994. In contrast, only half of this area contained (natural) forests in 1984- a decade before the first land clearing. None of the remaining forests were (near) intact natural forests; all were (heavily) degraded and their biodiversity was strongly compromised. This indicates that oil palm cultivation is not linked to the degradation of Indonesia’s natural forests. Regarding SDG12, we found significant positive impacts from both the direct and indirect land-use changes by oil palm. For SDG15, we observed major positive impacts from the direct land-use changes and minor positive impacts from the indirect land-use changes. Hence, we conclude that oil palm cultivation in the sampled estates has positive impacts on Indonesia’s SDGs and Indonesia’s development policies align with its SDGs.
The effects of rural development on main sources of farm households
Authors: Sumaryanto  , Susilowati S H , Saptana  , Ashari  , Suryani E , Suryadi M 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn line with the development of the rural villages, rural employment changes. Consequently, the job opportunities of some farmers will also change. This study aims to estimate the effect of rural development and some other factors on the primary source of household income of farmers in several agroecosystems. The data analyzed were the 2013 Agricultural Census, Village Potential and “PATANAS” data. The results showed that farmers’ opportunity of leaving agriculture as the main source of household income increased if cultivated land was smaller and the inequality of landholding in the village increased. In the set of variables that determine rural development, improvements in the dimensions of basic services and basic infrastructure of non-accessibility/transportation positively affect the opportunities of farmers’ households to make non-agricultural work as their source of income. Improvements in the accessibility/transportation dimension, on the other hand, strengthen the ability of farm households to rely on agriculture as a source of household income. Based on the research results, increasing the agricultural sector as a significant contributor to farmer household income can be achieved by increasing accessibility/transportation facilities and improving the distribution of cultivated land.
Policies and strategies for reducing food loss and waste in Indonesia
Authors: Saliem H P , Mardianto S , Sumedi  , Suryani E , Widayanti S M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Food loss and waste (FLW) have become one of the targets for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which was agreed to achieve in 2030. This paper aims to provide policy recommendations and strategies to reduce FLW to achieve sustainable food and nutrition security in Indonesia. This paper used secondary data from FAO, BAPPENAS, and various references. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. FAO shows that one-third of the food available for human consumption at the global level is lost or wasted during the harvest process and at home. Meanwhile, according to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 44% of the landfill in Indonesia is food waste. The EIU report states Indonesia is one of the largest food waste-producing countries globally, with 300 kg/capita/year. BAPPENAS estimates that the amount of FLW in Indonesia during 2000-2019 ranges from 115-184 kg/capita/year. This paper recommends the importance of formulating a national policy on FLW reduction and provision of the national FLW data. The use of technology in the food supply chain from harvested until distributed to the retail level will reduce food loss. The strategy to reduce food waste requires socialization, education, and massive movement. Early education-related culture for not to waste food are essential things to do. Implementing rules and strategies for reducing FLW will significantly increase food availability and realize sustainable food security and nutrition in Indonesia.
Assessing the national seed production system of potato, shallot, and garlic
Authors: Sayaka B , Swastika D K S , Sunarsih  
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A good seed production system results in quality seed. Subsequently, quality seed produces high yield, good quality, and uniform crop performance. This paper aims to assess the national vegetable seed system, especially those seeds produced using vegetative propagation, i.e. potato, shallot, and garlic. The study was conducted in 2019 in West Sumatera, West Java, Central Java, and Northern Sulawesi Provinces. Using primary data from the respondents and secondary data from related institutions, both data were analyzed descriptively. Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute (IVEGRI), universities, and seed companies produce various vegetable seeds. Community in groups or personals as well as regional governments may register their varieties to the Center for Crop Variety Protection and Agriculture Permit (PVTPP). Potato seed producers deal with higher production cost and the farmers have to pay more expensive seed since the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) implemented the policy on shifting extension potato seed from G4 (fourth generation) to G2 (second generation). The farmers cope with quality and volume of garlic seed supply. Shallot seed adopted by the farmers are generally not certified. Farmers usually adopt certified shallot seed if they receive the government seed assistance. TSS (true shallot seed) has been introduced but farmers’ adoption is limited. Garlic seed certification through post-harvest observation in the seed warehouse without field supervision was valid until the end of 2019 leading to low garlic yield. MoA should facilitate farmers with quality seed of improved vegetable varieties to enhance vegetable production as well as to improve farmers’ profit.
Understanding the importance of fresh mango quality attributes from the perspective of Indonesian domestic consumers
Authors: Kiloes A M , Nurmalinda  , Handayani Y , Pitaloka D 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The domestic market is the primary market of the Indonesian locally produced mango. There is a positive transition in the economy in this market, highlighting the increase of healthy lifestyles and changes in fresh agri-food product preferences, including fresh mango. Understanding how consumers in this community have a variation in preferences is essential to formulate the strategy to improve the performance of the Indonesian mango value chain. This study aims to identify quality attributes of fresh mango considered important by Indonesian domestic consumers. An online consumer survey involving 435 consumers was conducted in February 2021 in Jakarta, the biggest city in Indonesia. Based on the hierarchical cluster analysis, consumers are divided into four clusters based on their perception of the importance of mango quality attributes. The results highlight the differences between four clusters of respondents in giving importance to intrinsic and extrinsic mango quality attributes, where three out of four clusters concern with quality attributes importance. The differences in respondent characteristics in each cluster can represent how different consumers give importance to a mango quality attribute. It can be valuable information to improve mango value chain performance by understanding that most consumers are concerned about mango quality attributes’ importance.