bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinct dynamics of neuronal activity during concurrent motor planning and execution
Authors: Eriksson David , Heiland Mona , Schneider Artur , Diester Ilka 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe smooth conduct of movements requires simultaneous motor planning and execution according to internal goals. So far it remains unknown how such movement plans are modified without interfering with ongoing movements. Previous studies have isolated planning and execution-related neuronal activity by separating behavioral planning and movement periods in time by sensory cues. Here, we separate continuous self-paced motor planning from motor execution statistically, by experimentally minimizing the repetitiveness of the movements. This approach shows that, in the rat sensorimotor cortex, neuronal motor planning processes evolve with slower dynamics than movement-related responses. Fast-evolving neuronal activity precees skilled forelimb movements and is nested within slower dynamics. We capture this effect via high-pass filtering and confirm the results with optogenetic stimulations. The various dynamics combined with adaptation-based high-pass filtering provide a simple principle for separating concurrent motor planning and execution.
Twin boundary migration in an individual platinum nanocrystal during catalytic CO oxidation
Authors: Carnis Jérôme , Kshirsagar Aseem Rajan , Wu Longfei , Dupraz Maxime , Labat Stéphane , Texier Michaël , Favre Luc , Gao Lu , Oropeza Freddy E. , Gazit Nimrod , Almog Ehud , Campos Andrea , Micha Jean-Sébastien , Hensen Emiel J. M. , Leake Steven J. , Schülli Tobias U. , Rabkin Eugen , Thomas Olivier , Poloni Roberta , Hofmann Jan P. , Richard Marie-Ingrid 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAt the nanoscale, elastic strain and crystal defects largely influence the properties and functionalities of materials. The ability to predict the structural evolution of catalytic nanocrystals during the reaction is of primary importance for catalyst design. However, to date, imaging and characterising the structure of defects inside a nanocrystal in three-dimensions and in situ during reaction has remained a challenge. We report here an unusual twin boundary migration process in a single platinum nanoparticle during CO oxidation using Bragg coherent diffraction imaging as the characterisation tool. Density functional theory calculations show that twin migration can be correlated with the relative change in the interfacial energies of the free surfaces exposed to CO. The x-ray technique also reveals particle reshaping during the reaction. In situ and non-invasive structural characterisation of defects during reaction opens new avenues for understanding defect behaviour in confined crystals and paves the way for strain and defect engineering.
Reaction inhomogeneity coupling with metal rearrangement triggers electrochemical degradation in lithium-rich layered cathode
Authors: Wang Liguang , Liu Tongchao , Dai Alvin , De Andrade Vincent , Ren Yang , Xu Wenqian , Lee Sungsik , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin , Wang Shun , Wu Tianpin , Jin Huile , Lu Jun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHigh-energy density lithium-rich layered oxides are among the most promising candidates for next-generation energy storage. Unfortunately, these materials suffer from severe electrochemical degradation that includes capacity loss and voltage decay during long-term cycling. Present research efforts are primarily focused on understanding voltage decay phenomena while origins for capacity degradation have been largely ignored. Here, we thoroughly investigate causes for electrochemical performance decline with an emphasis on capacity loss in the lithium-rich layered oxides, as well as reaction pathways and kinetics. Advanced synchrotron-based X-ray two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging techniques are combined with spectroscopic and scattering techniques to spatially visualize the reactivity at multiple length-scales on lithium- and manganese-rich layered oxides. These methods provide direct evidence for inhomogeneous manganese reactivity and ionic nickel rearrangement. Coupling deactivated manganese with nickel migration provides sluggish reaction kinetics and induces serious structural instability in the material. Our findings provide new insights and further understanding of electrochemical degradation, which serve to facilitate cathode material design improvements.
Future phytoplankton diversity in a changing climate
Authors: Henson Stephanie A. , Cael B. B. , Allen Stephanie R. , Dutkiewicz Stephanie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe future response of marine ecosystem diversity to continued anthropogenic forcing is poorly constrained. Phytoplankton are a diverse set of organisms that form the base of the marine ecosystem. Currently, ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystem models used for climate change projections typically include only 2−3 phytoplankton types and are, therefore, too simple to adequately assess the potential for changes in plankton community structure. Here, we analyse a complex ecosystem model with 35 phytoplankton types to evaluate the changes in phytoplankton community composition, turnover and size structure over the 21st century. We find that the rate of turnover in the phytoplankton community becomes faster during this century, that is, the community structure becomes increasingly unstable in response to climate change. Combined with alterations to phytoplankton diversity, our results imply a loss of ecological resilience with likely knock-on effects on the productivity and functioning of the marine environment.
TNF-α-mediated m6A modification of ELMO1 triggers directional migration of mesenchymal stem cell in ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Xie Zhongyu , Yu Wenhui , Zheng Guan , Li Jinteng , Cen Shuizhong , Ye Guiwen , Li Zhaofeng , Liu Wenjie , Li Ming , Lin Jiajie , Su Zepeng , Che Yunshu , Ye Feng , Wang Peng , Wu Yanfeng , Shen Huiyong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAnkylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of rheumatic disease characterized by chronic inflammation and pathological osteogenesis in the entheses. Previously, we demonstrated that enhanced osteogenic differentiation of MSC from AS patients (AS-MSC) resulted in pathological osteogenesis, and that during the enhanced osteogenic differentiation course, AS-MSC induced TNF-α-mediated local inflammation. However, whether TNF-α in turn affects AS-MSC remains unknown. Herein, we further demonstrate that a high-concentration TNF-α treatment triggers enhanced directional migration of AS-MSC in vitro and in vivo, which enforces AS pathogenesis. Mechanistically, TNF-α leads to increased expression of ELMO1 in AS-MSC, which is mediated by a METTL14 dependent m6A modification inELMO13′UTR. Higher ELMO1 expression of AS-MSC is found in vivo in AS patients, and inhibiting ELMO1 in SKG mice produces therapeutic effects in this spondyloarthritis model. This study may provide insight into not only the pathogenesis but also clinical therapy for AS.
Application of 3D MAPs pipeline identifies the morphological sequence chondrocytes undergo and the regulatory role of GDF5 in this process
Authors: Rubin Sarah , Agrawal Ankit , Stegmaier Johannes , Krief Sharon , Felsenthal Neta , Svorai Jonathan , Addadi Yoseph , Villoutreix Paul , Stern Tomer , Zelzer Elazar 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe activity of epiphyseal growth plates, which drives long bone elongation, depends on extensive changes in chondrocyte size and shape during differentiation. Here, we develop a pipeline called 3D Morphometric Analysis for Phenotypic significance (3D MAPs), which combines light-sheet microscopy, segmentation algorithms and 3D morphometric analysis to characterize morphogenetic cellular behaviors while maintaining the spatial context of the growth plate. Using 3D MAPs, we create a 3D image database of hundreds of thousands of chondrocytes. Analysis reveals broad repertoire of morphological changes, growth strategies and cell organizations during differentiation. Moreover, identifying a reduction in Smad 1/5/9 activity together with multiple abnormalities in cell growth, shape and organization provides an explanation for the shortening of Gdf5 KO tibias. Overall, our findings provide insight into the morphological sequence that chondrocytes undergo during differentiation and highlight the ability of 3D MAPs to uncover cellular mechanisms that may regulate this process.
Metabolic requirements of NK cells during the acute response against retroviral infection
Authors: Littwitz-Salomon Elisabeth , Moreira Diana , Frost Joe N. , Choi Chloe , Liou Kevin T. , Ahern David K. , O’Shaughnessy Simon , Wagner Bernd , Biron Christine A. , Drakesmith Hal , Dittmer Ulf , Finlay David K. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells are important early responders against viral infections. Changes in metabolism are crucial to fuel NK cell responses, and altered metabolism is linked to NK cell dysfunction in obesity and cancer. However, very little is known about the metabolic requirements of NK cells during acute retroviral infection and their importance for antiviral immunity. Here, using the Friend retrovirus mouse model, we show that following infection NK cells increase nutrient uptake, including amino acids and iron, and reprogram their metabolic machinery by increasing glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism. Specific deletion of the amino acid transporter Slc7a5 has only discrete effects on NK cells, but iron deficiency profoundly impaires NK cell antiviral functions, leading to increased viral loads. Our study thus shows the requirement of nutrients and metabolism for the antiviral activity of NK cells, and has important implications for viral infections associated with altered iron levels such as HIV and SARS-CoV-2.
Adipose tissue-derived neurotrophic factor 3 regulates sympathetic innervation and thermogenesis in adipose tissue
Authors: Cui Xin , Jing Jia , Wu Rui , Cao Qiang , Li Fenfen , Li Ke , Wang Shirong , Yu Liqing , Schwartz Gary , Shi Huidong , Xue Bingzhong , Shi Hang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractActivation of brown fat thermogenesis increases energy expenditure and alleviates obesity. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is important in brown/beige adipocyte thermogenesis. Here we discover a fat-derived “adipokine” neurotrophic factor neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) and its receptor Tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TRKC) as key regulators of SNS growth and innervation in adipose tissue. NT-3 is highly expressed in brown/beige adipocytes, and potently stimulates sympathetic neuron neurite growth. NT-3/TRKC regulates a plethora of pathways in neuronal axonal growth and elongation. Adipose tissue sympathetic innervation is significantly increased in mice with adipocyte-specific NT-3 overexpression, but profoundly reduced in mice with TRKC haploinsufficiency (TRKC +/−). Increasing NT-3 via pharmacological or genetic approach promotes beige adipocyte development, enhances cold-induced thermogenesis and protects against diet-induced obesity (DIO); whereas TRKC + /− or SNS TRKC deficient mice are cold intolerant and prone to DIO. Thus, NT-3 is a fat-derived neurotrophic factor that regulates SNS innervation, energy metabolism and obesity.
Vaginal microbiome topic modeling of laboring Ugandan women with and without fever
Authors: Movassagh Mercedeh , Bebell Lisa M. , Burgoine Kathy , Hehnly Christine , Zhang Lijun , Moran Kim , Sheldon Kathryn , Sinnar Shamim A. , Mbabazi-Kabachelor Edith , Kumbakumba Elias , Bazira Joel , Ochora Moses , Mulondo Ronnie , Nsubuga Brian Kaaya , Weeks Andrew D. , Gladstone Melissa , Olupot-Olupot Peter , Ngonzi Joseph , Roberts Drucilla J. , Meier Frederick A. , Irizarry Rafael A. , Broach James R. , Schiff Steven J. , Paulson Joseph N. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe composition of the maternal vaginal microbiome influences the duration of pregnancy, onset of labor, and even neonatal outcomes. Maternal microbiome research in sub-Saharan Africa has focused on non-pregnant and postpartum composition of the vaginal microbiome. Here we aimed to illustrate the relationship between the vaginal microbiome of 99 laboring Ugandan women and intrapartum fever using routine microbiology and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing from two hypervariable regions (V1–V2 and V3–V4). To describe the vaginal microbes associated with vaginal microbial communities, we pursued two approaches: hierarchical clustering methods and a novel Grades of Membership (GoM) modeling approach for vaginal microbiome characterization. Leveraging GoM models, we created a basis composed of a preassigned number of microbial topics whose linear combination optimally represents each patient yielding more comprehensive associations and characterization between maternal clinical features and the microbial communities. Using a random forest model, we showed that by including microbial topic models we improved upon clinical variables to predict maternal fever. Overall, we found a higher prevalence of Granulicatella, Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Anaerococcus, Sneathia, Clostridium, Gemella, Mobiluncus, and Veillonella genera in febrile mothers, and higher prevalence of Lactobacillus genera (in particular L. crispatus and L. jensenii), Acinobacter, Aerococcus, and Prevotella species in afebrile mothers. By including clinical variables with microbial topics in this model, we observed young maternal age, fever reported earlier in the pregnancy, longer labor duration, and microbial communities with reduced Lactobacillus diversity were associated with intrapartum fever. These results better defined relationships between the presence or absence of intrapartum fever, demographics, peripartum course, and vaginal microbial topics, and expanded our understanding of the impact of the microbiome on maternal and potentially neonatal outcome risk.
Molecular-scale investigation of the oxidation behavior of chromia-forming alloys in high-temperature CO2
Authors: Oleksak Richard P. , Addou Rafik , Gwalani Bharat , Baltrus John P. , Liu Tao , Diulus J. Trey , Devaraj Arun , Herman Gregory S. , Doğan Ömer N. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCurrent and future power systems require chromia-forming alloys compatible with high-temperature CO2. Important questions concerning the mechanisms of oxidation and carburization remain unanswered. Herein we shed light onto these processes by studying the very initial stages of oxidation of Fe22Cr and Fe22Ni22Cr model alloys. Ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy enabled in situ analysis of the oxidizing surface under 1 mbar of flowing CO2at temperatures up to 530 °C, while postexposure analyses revealed the structure and composition of the oxidized surface at the near-atomic scale. We found that gas purity played a critical role in the kinetics of the reaction, where high purity CO2promoted the deposition of carbon and the selective oxidation of Cr. In contrast, no carbon deposition occurred in low purity CO2and Fe oxidation ensued, thus highlighting the critical role of impurities in defining the early oxidation pathway of the alloy. The Cr-rich oxide formed on Fe22Cr in high purity CO2was both thicker and more permeable to carbon compared to that formed on Fe22Ni22Cr, where carbon transport appeared to occur by atomic diffusion through the oxide. Alternatively, the Fe-rich oxide formed in low purity CO2suggested carbon transport by molecular CO2.
Measuring and forecasting progress in education: what about early childhood?
Authors: Richter Linda M. , Behrman Jere R. , Britto Pia , Cappa Claudia , Cohrssen Caroline , Cuartas Jorge , Daelmans Bernadette , Devercelli Amanda E. , Fink Günther , Fredman Sandra , Heymann Jody , Boo Florencia Lopez , Lu Chunling , Lule Elizabeth , McCoy Dana Charles , Naicker Sara N. , Rao Nirmalo , Raikes Abbie , Stein Alan , Vazquez Claudia , Yoshikawa Hirokazu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA recentNaturearticle modelled within-country inequalities in primary, secondary, and tertiary education and forecast progress towards Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets related to education (SDG 4). However, their paper entirely overlooks inequalities in achieving Target 4.2, which aims to achieve universal access to quality early childhood development, care and preschool education by 2030. This is an important omission because of the substantial brain, cognitive and socioemotional developments that occur in early life and because of increasing evidence of early-life learning’s large impacts on subsequent education and lifetime wellbeing. We provide an overview of this evidence and use new analyses to illustrate medium- and long-term implications of early learning, first by presenting associations between pre-primary programme participation and adolescent mathematics and science test scores in 73 countries and secondly, by estimating the costs of inaction (not making pre-primary programmes universal) in terms of forgone lifetime earnings in 134 countries. We find considerable losses, comparable to or greater than current governmental expenditures on all education (as percentages of GDP), particularly in low- and lower-middle-income countries. In addition to improving primary, secondary and tertiary schooling, we conclude that to attain SDG 4 and reduce inequalities in a post-COVID era, it is essential to prioritize quality early childhood care and education, including adopting policies that support families to promote early learning and their children’s education.
Chicken bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells improve lung and distal organ injury
Authors: Niu Hexuan , Song Hanan , Guan Yuhan , Zong Xianchun , Niu Ruili , Zhao Shiyu , Liu Cong , Yan Wenzaixiang , Guan Weijun , Wang Xishuai 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are associated with pulmonary protection and longevity. We separated chicken bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs); investigated whether BM-MSCs can improve lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung and distal organ injury; and explored the underlying mechanisms. Ninety-six male ICR (6 weeks old) mice were randomly divided into three groups: Sham, LPS, and LPS + MSC groups. The mice were intratracheally injected with 5 mg/kg LPS to induce acute lung injury (ALI). The histopathological severity of injury to the lung, liver, kidney, heart, and aortic tissues was detected. Wet/dry ratio, protein concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), BALF cell counts, inflammatory cytokine levels in serum, inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and oxidative stress-related indicators were detected. In addition, a survival analysis was performed in sixty male ICR mice (6 weeks old, 18–20 g). This study used chicken BM-MSCs, which are easier to obtain and more convenient than other animal or human MSCs, and have MSC-associated properties, such as a colony forming ability, multilineage differentiation potential, and certain phenotypes. BM-MSCs administration significantly improved the survival rate, systemic inflammation, and the histopathological severity of lung, liver, kidney, and aortic injury during ALI. BM-MSCs administration reduced the levels of inflammatory factors in BALF, the infiltration of neutrophils, and oxidative stress injury in lung tissue. In addition, BM-MSCs administration reduced TRL4 and Mdy88 mRNA expression during ALI. Chicken BM-MSCs serve as a potential alternative resource for stem cell therapy and exert a prominent effect on LPS-induced ALI and extrapulmonary injury, in part through TRL4/Mdy88 signaling and inhibition of neutrophil inflammation and oxidative stress injury.
Oral hygiene and oral microbiota in children and young people with neurological impairment and oropharyngeal dysphagia
Authors: Fregatto Luiz Fernando , Costa Isabela Bazzo , De Bortoli Teixeira Daniel , Duarte Janaina Costa Marangon , Mascarin Aline Maria Noli , da Silveira Junior Salum Bueno , Serva Bianca Eduarda Baptistella Mesquita , da Silva Roberta Gonçalves , Junior Francisco Agostinho , Cola Paula Cristina 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study compared the oral hygiene and oral microbiota in children and young people with neurological impairment and oropharyngeal dysphagia with and without gastrostomy. Forty children and young people participated in this study: 19 females and 21 males, aged 2 to 22 years (mean age 8.6 years). Participants were divided into two groups: group I (GI = 20) with gastrostomy and group II (GII = 20) without gastrostomy (with oral feeding). Oral hygiene was assessed using the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (SOHI). Analysis of two bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, was performed by collecting saliva using an oral swab, then mRNA expression was evaluated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The oral hygiene index had a general median of 2.2, and the two groups were statistically different (Group I: median 2.9 and Group II: median 2.0) (p = 0.01751). Bacterial analysis indicated 13 individuals with S. mutans and none with S. sobrinus. Of the 13 individuals with S. mutans, 6 were from Group I and 7 from Group II. Those with gastrostomy had worse oral hygiene, and both groups harbored the bacterium S. mutans.
Clusters formed by dumbbell-like one-patch particles confined in thin systems
Authors: Sato Masahide 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPerforming isothermal-isochoric Monte Carlo simulations, I examine the types of clusters that dumbbell-like one–patch particles form in thin space between two parallel walls, assuming that each particle is synthesized through the merging of two particles, one non-attracting and the other attracting for which, for example, the inter-particle interaction is approximated by the DLVO model . The shape of these dumbbell-like particles is controlled by the ratio of the diameters q of the two spherical particles and by the dimensionless distance l between these centers. Using a modified Kern–Frenkel potential, I examine the dependence of the cluster shape on l and q. Large island-like clusters are created when $$q<1$$

q
<
1

. With increasing q, the clusters become chain-like . When q increases further, elongated clusters and regular polygonal clusters are created. In the simulations, the cluster shape becomes three-dimensional with increasing l because the thickness of the thin system increases proportionally to l.
NetTCR-2.0 enables accurate prediction of TCR-peptide binding by using paired TCRα and β sequence data
Authors: Montemurro Alessandro , Schuster Viktoria , Povlsen Helle Rus , Bentzen Amalie Kai , Jurtz Vanessa , Chronister William D. , Crinklaw Austin , Hadrup Sine R. , Winther Ole , Peters Bjoern , Jessen Leon Eyrich , Nielsen Morten 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPrediction of T-cell receptor (TCR) interactions with MHC-peptide complexes remains highly challenging. This challenge is primarily due to three dominant factors: data accuracy, data scarceness, and problem complexity. Here, we showcase that “shallow” convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures are adequate to deal with the problem complexity imposed by the length variations of TCRs. We demonstrate that current public bulk CDR3β-pMHC binding data overall is of low quality and that the development of accurate prediction models is contingent on paired α/β TCR sequence data corresponding to at least 150 distinct pairs for each investigated pMHC. In comparison, models trained on CDR3α or CDR3β data alone demonstrated a variable and pMHC specific relative performance drop. Together these findings support that T-cell specificity is predictable given the availability of accurate and sufficient paired TCR sequence data. NetTCR-2.0 is publicly available at https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/service.php?NetTCR-2.0.