bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annual Meeting of the Section on Pediatric Urology
Authors: GONZALES EDMOND T. 
Published: December 2021

The Section on Urology of the American Academy of Pediatrics met in association with the 50th annual meeting of the Academy in New Orleans. Several topics of interest to both pediatricians and pediatric urologists were discussed. Inasmuch as members are unable to attend subspecialty sessions when they occur simultaneously with other scheduled programs, this summary is prepared to offer an overview of the content of the meeting of our Section. Readers interested in a specific topic should feel free to contact the senior author of papers of special interest to them.
The meeting was organized into topic-oriented sessions including hypospadias, reconstructive surgery, anomalies of the testis and scrotum, myelodysoplasia, principles of urinary undiversion, ureteral obstruction and techniques to assess the severity of obstruction, urinary incontinence, and vesicouretenal reflux. Miscellaneous papers of interest to both pediatricians and pediatric urologists were also discussed. This summary will focus on those papers of mutual interest to urologists and pediatricians.
HYPOSPADIAS
Several years ago, the Sections on Urology and Child Development issued a position paper on timing for elective genital surgery in children.1 This paper suggested that, for psychological reasons, surgery at less than 1 year of age was preferable. However, for technical reasons, especially regarding hypospadias repairs, surgery was often best delayed until 2 years of age.
More recently, Manley and Epstein2 reported a series of very young infants undergoing major hypospadias reconstructions (as young as age 6 months), with no apparent technical difficulty, no increase in complications, and lessened postoperative anxiety. Two papers at this meeting addressed this topic of current concern.
Breast-Feeding and Infections
Authors: MICK ANN FAY , GROSSMAN LINDSEY K. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Frank et al,1 comparing incidence and severity of respiratory illness in breast-fed v bottle-fed babies, reach an interesting and reasonable sounding conclusion: that breast-feeding in their study population appeared to protect babies from serious morbidity, but not from respiratory illness per se. The authors do not, however, address in their discussion the fact that 93% of the parents of bottle-fed babies were smokers, whereas only 38% of the breast-fed babies' parents were (table 1 in their paper; these numbers are statistically significant [P &lt; .001 by χ2 test with Yeats' correction]).
Breast-Feeding and Infections
Authors: PROBER CHARLES G. , BACHRACH LAURA K. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The recent article by Frank et al1 describes the relative incidence of respiratory infections and the morbidity of these infections among breast-fed v bottle-fed infants. The authors note that breast-feeding was associated with trends toward decreased morbidity from these infections in the first 3 and 6 months of life and significantly fewer episodes of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in the first 6 months (P &lt; .05). The authors imply that if their findings are confirmed by others, "a better explanation of the potential benefits of breast-feeding can be offered to parents."
Capitation Adjustment for Pediatric Populations
Authors: Fowler Elizabeth J. , Anderson Gerard F. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. The objective of this study is to assess the predictive performance of current claimsbased capitation adjustment methods for pediatric populations. Medicaid programs and other insurers may increasingly use these systems for capitation rate setting, physician profiling, and other purposes.
Methods. Five leading models, a demographic model, ambulatory care groups, ambulatory diagnostic groups, diagnostic cost groups, and payment amounts for capitated systems, were tested by using use and expenditure data for children enrolled in the Maryland Medicaid program and a private nonprofit health maintenance organization in Minnesota. The models were tested at the individual level by using multiple regression methods and at the group level by using split-half validation to create both random and nonrandom groups. One of the nonrandom groups was created to represent children with chronic conditions.
Results. The findings indicate that although each of the alternative methods offers an improvement over a demographic model, significant underpayment remained for high-risk children, regardless of the capitation adjustment method used.
Conclusions. It is concluded that children with chronic conditions would probably remain at risk for discrimination in a competitive health care market under all models tested. Limitations associated with current alternatives suggest the need for further research in the area of pediatric capitation adjustment methods.
Ceftriaxone Choledocholithiasis
Authors: Robertson Frank M. , Crombleholme Timothy M. , Barlow Sarah E. , Verhave Menno , Brown Daniel 
Published: December 2021

Ceftriaxone is a broad-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin. The formation of biliary sludge and cholelithiasis after ceftriaxone administration has been reported and is thought by many to be a benign process.1-3 Despite this, cholecystectomy has been performed in symptomatic patients who have received ceftriaxone.3,4 This complication of ceftriaxone therapy is not widely appreciated in the gastroenterology and surgical literature. We report the documented case of ceftriaxone choledocholithiasis.
CASE REPORT
A 9-year-old boy who 4 weeks before admission was treated for open head trauma was referred for evaluation of abdominal pain and cholelithiasis. The patient sustained a comminuted, depressed skull fracture of the left frontal area with underlying cerebral laceration from being kicked in the head by a horse.
A Randomized Trial of the Effect of Dust Control on Children's Blood Lead Levels
Authors: Lanphear Bruce P. , Winter Nancy L. , Apetz Leslie , Eberly Shirley , Weitzman Michael 
Published: December 2021

Objective. Dust control is recommended as one of the cornerstones of controlling childhood lead exposure; however, the effectiveness of dust control has not been demonstrated for children who have low to mild elevations in blood lead (ie, less than 25 µg/dL). The objective of this study was to determine whether dust control, as performed by families, had an effect on children's blood lead levels and dust lead levels in children's homes.
Design. Randomized, controlled trial.
Setting. Community-based trial in Rochester, NY.
Participants. One hundred four children, 12 to 31 months of age at baseline.
Intervention. Families and children were randomized to one of two groups. Families of children in the intervention group received cleaning supplies, information about cleaning areas that are often contaminated with lead, and a cleaning demonstration. Families in the control group received only a brochure about lead poisoning prevention.
Outcome Measures. Baseline measurements of lead in blood, house dust, soil, water, and paint were taken from both groups. Seven months after enrollment, a second blood lead assay was obtained, and lead levels in household dust were measured. The main outcome measures were change in blood lead levels and dust lead levels by treatment group.
Results. The median blood lead level of children enrolled in the study was 6.7 µg/dL (range, 1.7 to 30.6 µg/dL). There was no significant difference in the change of children's blood lead levels or dust lead levels by treatment group. The median change in blood lead levels among children in the intervention group was -0.05 µg/dL compared with -0.60 µg/dL among those in the control group. There also was no significant difference in the change of dust lead by group assignment, although there was a trend toward a significant difference in the percentage of change in dust lead levels on noncarpeted floors, which was greater among houses in the intervention group.
Conclusions. These data suggest that an intervention that consists only of providing cleaning supplies and a brief description of dust control is not effective at reducing blood lead levels among urban children with low to mild elevations in blood lead levels at a 7-month followup.
Efficacy of Glucose-based Oral Rehydration Therapy
Authors: Gavin Norma , Merrick Nancy , Davidson Bruce 
Published: December 2021

Objective. This article reviews and synthesizes evidence in the published literature on the safety and efficacy of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) among young children with pediatric gastroenteritis in developed nations.
Methodology. We searched the literature for randomized, controlled trials comparing the safety and efficacy of ORT with intravenous (IV) rehydration treatment and/or oral rehydration solutions (ORSs) of different sodium content. We combined the failure rates of each set of studies in statistical meta-analyses and conducted tests of homogeneity of treatment effect over all the studies and for subgroups of children defined by the trial type, the sodium content of the ORS, and the setting of care. We also conducted a multivariate logistic regression on the probability of failure to determine the relative importance of these factors, controlling for other characteristics of the trials. Other outcomes were also tabulated and discussed. These include the relative incidence of hypernatremia and hyponatremia induced by treatment; weight gain; the volume, frequency, and duration of diarrhea; for inpatient trials, the length of stay; and for outpatient trials, rates of hospitalization.
Results. The evidence suggests that among pediatric patients with gastroenteritis in developed countries, failure of ORT, defined as the need to rehydrate children intravenously, is infrequent. We found a combined overall ORT failure rate of 3.6%. We found no statistically significant difference in failure rates by trial type or the sodium content of the ORS. However, we did find some supporting evidence for a lower failure rate among children treated in outpatient settings. In addition, compared with patients rehydrated intravenously, pediatric patients treated with ORT were not found to be at higher risk of iatrogenic hypernatremia or hyponatremia. The evidence from the literature fails to show a consistent trend in favor of either high-or low-sodium solutions for rehydration of pediatric patients.
Conclusions. There seems to be a great potential for improving the medical treatment of children with acute gastroenteritis by the greater use of ORT.
Weight Modification Efforts Reported by Black and White Preadolescent Girls: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study
Authors: Schreiber George B. , Robins Morton , Striegel-Moore Ruth , Obarzanek Eva , Morrison John A. , Wright David J. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. This study tested four hypotheses: (1) a high percentage of 9-and 10-year-old girls are already trying to lose weight; (2) more white than black girls are trying to lose weight; (3) more black than white girls are trying to gain weight; and (4) weight modification efforts of preadolescent girls are influenced by factors other than race, such as maternal criticism, body dissatisfaction, and socioeconomic status.
Design. Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data on 2379 girls 9 and 10 years of age, which consisted of 1213 black and 1166 white enrollees.
Results. Black girls were taller and heavier and showed earlier signs of puberty than white girls but were less dissatisfied with their weight, body shape, and body parts. Approximately 40% of 9-and 10-year-old girls reported that they were trying to lose weight. Of those girls classified in the fourth quartile of body mass index (BMI), approximately 75% were trying to lose weight. After adjusting for BMI, no significant black and white differences in the prevalence of those trying to lose weight were seen, but significantly more black than white girls were trying to gain weight. Multiple logistic regression identified a high BMI, the mother telling her she was too fat, and body dissatisfaction as the major factors associated with trying to lose weight. However, chronic dieting was only associated with a high BMI and the mother telling her she was too fat. An important predictor of girls who were trying to gain weight was being black, along with having a low BMI and the mother telling her she was too thin.
Conclusions. Attempts at gaining weight are much more frequent among black preadolescent girls than their white counterparts. No racial difference was found between black and white girls in their efforts to lose weight or to practice chronic dieting. Because approximately 40% of 9-and 10-year-old girls are already trying to lose weight, pediatricians should capitalize on this concern by providing information on proper weight control techniques. Educational efforts should be directed to both the mother and the child, because weight control efforts of preadolescent girls are stimulated by their mothers' admonitions of being too fat or too thin. The high prevalence of dieting among the thinnest preadolescent girls also needs to be addressed by pediatricians.
Late Dose-Response Effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on Newborn Neurobehavioral Performance
Authors: Tronick Edward Z. , Frank Deborah A. , Cabral Howard , Mirochnick Mark , Zuckerman Barry 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To determine in a representative sample of full-term urban newborns of English-speaking mothers whether an immediate or late dose-response effect could be demonstrated between prenatal cocaine exposure and newborn neurobehavioral performance, controlling for confounding factors.
Methods. The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) was administered by masked examiners to a total sample of 251 clinically healthy, full-term infants at 2 days and/or 17 days. Three in utero cocaine exposure groups were defined: heavily exposed (n = 44, &gt;75th percentile self-reported days of use during pregnancy and/or &gt;75th percentile of meconium benzoylecognine concentration); lightly exposed (n = 79, less than both 75th percentiles); and unexposed (n = 101, no positive biological or self-report marker). At the 3-week examination there were 38 heavily exposed, 73 lightly exposed, and 94 unexposed infants. Controlling for infant birth weight, gestational age, infant age at the time of examination, mothers' age, perinatal risk, obstetric medication, and alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use, a regression analysis evaluated the effects of levels of cocaine exposure on NBAS performance.
Results. No neurobehavioral effects of exposure on the newborn NBAS cluster scores or on the qualifier scores were found when confounders were controlled for at 2 to 3 days of age. At 3 weeks, after controlling for covariates, a significant dose effect was observed, with heavily exposed infants showing poorer state regulation and greater excitability.
Conclusions. These findings demonstrate specific dose-related effects of cocaine on 3-week neurobehavioral performance, particularly for the regulation of arousal, which was not observed in the first few days of life.
Effects of Marination with Different Salt Concentrations on Some Quality Criteria of Beef Meat
Authors: PRINCIPAL Admin , ER DEMİRHAN Buket , DEMİRHAN Burak 
Published: December 2021

In the present study, the effect of different salt concentrations on some quality properties such as the total number of coliform bacteria, texture, cooking loss, total salt content, metmyoglobin, pH, the water activity of steaks prepared from longissimus dorsi muscle of fresh beef was investigated. For this purpose, steaks prepared from longissimus dorsi muscle were dipped in marination brine in four different concentrations; 0% (control group), 1.5% NaCl, 2% NaCl and 2.5% NaCl, and marinated for 24 hours at +4 °C. The initial crude protein, crude fat, pH, moisture, and ash contents of beef were determined as 20.50%, 5.80%, 6.13, 72.63%, 1.07%, respectively. In the cooked meat samples, the hardness, chewiness and gumminess of the samples marinated with 1.5% and 2% NaCl was found to be higher than the control group. Metmyoglobin content of the meat samples marinated with NaCl is lower than the control group. The results revealed that the total number of coliform bacteria decreased drastically in parallel with the increase in salt concentration. As a result, the changes in the quality of the bovine longissimus dorsi muscle with different salt concentrations and marination were investigated, and positive effects on the textural properties and coliform bacterial load of the meat were observed.
Micropropagation of Raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) in Liquid Media by Temporary Immersion Bioreactor in Comparison with Gelled Media
Authors: CLAPA Doina , HÂRȚA Monica , POP Cornel Viorel 
Published: December 2021

Temporary Immersion Bioreactor (TIB) is a suitable technique for large scale micropropagation of plant species. The aim of this work was to test the capacity of in vitro proliferation of the primocane-fruiting red raspberry cv Maravilla and floricane-fruiting red raspberry cv Willamette on gelled media compared to liquid media. The two varieties were cultured in vitro on two media, Murashige and Skoog 1962 (MS) and Driver and Kuniyuki walnut medium, 1984 (DKW), both supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 6-benzyladenine (BA). In the control cultures on gelled media the media were gelled with 5g/l Plant Agar, whereas for the cultures in liquid media Plantform bioreactors were used. After six weeks of in vitro culture we recorded the proliferation rates and lengths of the axillary shoots obtained in all the experimental treatments. The highest proliferation rate was 16 ± 2.03, obtained in cv. Willamette on gelled MS medium with 0.5 mg/l BA. The longest shoots (3.17 ± 0.32 cm) were obtained at cv. Maravilla on the DKW medium with 0.5 mg / l BA in the bioreactor. Our research highlighted that Rubus idaeus L. Maravilla and Willamette can be TIB propagated, although further research is needed to improve the efficiency of this method.
Dhikr as Psychotherapy to Overcome Academic Stress of Muslim Youth
Authors: Reza Iredho Fani , Siregar Salwa Alfina , Aulia Nada , Aziza Kartika Nur , Apriansyah Aji , Wulandari Desi , Putra Firza Anugra , Sabrina Hafizah , Mastura Liyana , Maulana M. Gilang , Kurnia Melsy , Resilawati Resilawati , Rizki Rinjani Ayu , Triana Wahyu 
Published: December 2021

Mahasiswa tahun pertama mengalami masalah dalam penyesuaian diri pada tuntunan akademik yang menyebaban kondisi stres akademik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh terapi dzikir dalam bentuk shalawat dalam mengatasi stress akademik dengan desain pra eksperimental. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 20 mahasiswa yang dipilih dengan metode purposive sampling. Alat ukur yang digunakan untuk mengukur skor pretest dan skor post-test adalah The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 Items (DASS-21) yang telah dimodifikasi. Berdasar hasil analisis menggunakan paired samples t-test ditemukan bahwa nilai signifikansi (0,000) < α (0,05), maka Ho ditolak berarti ada hubungan antara skor stres akademik pre-test dan post-test setelah pemberian terapi dzikir, dengan hubungan 0,619. Hasil ini menunjukkan adanya penurunan stres akademik pada mahasiswa tahun pertama dengan terapi dzikir. Penelitian dapat dijadikan solusi bagi pemuda muslim dalam mengatas stress akademik.
Harga Diri Dengan Perilaku Agresif Pada Peserta Didik Di SMA Nurul Iman Palembang
Authors: Fitriani Futriani , Mansur Abu , Lukmawati Lukmawati 
Published: December 2021

Penelitian ini membahas tentang harga diri dengan perilaku agresif pada peserta didik di SMA Nurul Iman Palembang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan sampling jenuh dengan jumlah sampel 159 peserta didik. Metode analisis data yang digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis penelitian adalah analisis korelasi Product Moment. Kesimpulan yang diambil dari hasil penelitian ini adalah ada hubungan negatif yang sangat signifikan antara harga diri dengan perilaku agresif pada peserta didik di SMA Nurul Iman Palembang dibuktikan dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar -0,642 dan nilai p = 0,000 yang berarti bahwa semakin tinggi harga diri yang dimiliki oleh peserta didik maka semakin rendah perilaku agresif yang dilakukannya dan sebaliknya, apabila semakin rendah harga diri yang dimiliki oleh peserta didik maka semakin tinggi perilaku agresif yang dilakukannya.
Stres Kerja Pada Guru Bimbel (Bimbingan Belajar) Matematika Di Matrik Kota Palembang
Authors: Jelita Iset , Hasanah Uswatun , Setiawan Kiki Cahaya 
Published: December 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana gambaran stress kerja pada guru bimbel matematika. Untuk mengetahui factor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi stress kerja pada guru bimbel matematika di matrik. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Adapun sumber data yang digunakan adalah data-data primer langsung dari guru yang mengalami stress kerja pada guru Berdasarkan temuan penelitian dan pembahasan mengenai bagaimana stres kerja pada guru bimbel matematika di matrik kota palembang, maka di dapatkan gambaran stress kerja pada guru bimbel matematika, yang serupa pada setiap subjek penelitian. Adapun gambaran stress kerja pada guru bimbel matrik adalah pusing/sakit kepala perasaan nya cemas, mood makan pun berkurang, kebosanan, tegang, gelisah saat beban itu terlalu banyak. Sedangkan factor yang muncul berupa adanya tuntutan dari orang tua murid, tuntutan dari pribadi sendiri yang berupa bertahan bekerja karna tuntutan ekonomi yang harus di penuhi dan tuntutan keluarga yang menyebabkan bertahan untuk tetap bekerja.
Kecerdasan Emosi dan Perilaku Prososial pada Mahasiswa
Authors: Trianatasya R. A. Safira , Yudiani Ema , Afifah Sarah 
Published: December 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kecerdasan emosi dengan perilaku prososial pada Mahasiswa Prodi Kedokteran Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang. Populasi dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 307 mahasiswa dengan sampel penelitian sejumlah 161 mahasiswa Prodi Kedokteran Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang angkatan 2019 dengan di lakukan pengambilan sampel dengan teknik simple random sampling. Dengan cara mengambil sampel secara sederhana dimana setiap anggota populasi memiliki kesempatan menjadi sampel. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif korelasional dengan analisis pearson’s product moment. Keseluruhan perhitungan statistic dilakukan dengan bantuan program SPSS versi 23 for windows. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diperoleh besarnya koefisien antara kecerdasan emosi dengan perilaku prososial sebesar r= 0,844 dengan signifikansi 0,000 dimana p= < 0,05 maka ada hubungan antara kecerdasan emosi dengan perilaku prososial pada mahasiswa prodi Kedokteran Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang.