bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Reformed System of Terminology of the Reproductive Organs of the Cryptogamia
Authors: Bennett Alfred W. , Murray George 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We have been led to the following attempt at obtaining a symmetrical system of terminology among Cryptogams by the undoubted fact that the anomalies at present existing greatly retard the prosecution of the study of this most interesting group of plants. A more striking instance of the want of accuracy in the use of the commonest terms could not be afforded than by observing the different meanings, often quite irreconcilable with one another, applied by the most approved writers to the term “spore.” Thus, Le Maout and Decaisne (Hooker’s edition of ‘Descriptive and Analytical Botany,’ p. 14) and Professor Asa Gray (‘Botanical Textbook,’ sixth edition, p. 434) speak of spores as “the analogues of seeds Sachs (‘Text-book,’ English edition, p. 203, but modified in the most recent German edition) defines them as “asexual reproductive cells.” In direct opposition to each and both of these definitions, Berkeley (‘Micrographie Dictionary,’ third edition, p. 327) describes the unfertilised ova or oospheres of Fucus as spores ; and Huxley and Martin (‘Elementary Biology,’ p. 45) call the archegonium of Characeæ a spore-fruit or sporangium. A still more singular example occurs in the most recent text-book of botany introduced to English readers (Vines’s edition of ‘Prantl’s Text-book” where we read on one page (p. 97) “Reproduction of Cryptogams is effected asexually by cells termed gonidia, conidia, or spores and on another page (p. 115), “Fungi are reproduced sexually by means of spores.”
The Peripheral Nervous System in Palæo- and Schizo- Nemertini, one of the Layers of the Body-Wall
Authors: Hubrecht A. A. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a paper, which was published in May last, in the ‘Verhandelingen van de Koninklyke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, vol. xx,’ and which treats of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system of the Nemerteans (an abstract of the paper with accompanying plate appeared in the July number of this Journal), the peripheral nervous system is dealt with very superficially only. This was done on purpose. At the time when that paper was prepared for the press the results which I had arrived at concerning the peripheral nerves in the two suborders of the PALÆO- and SCHIZONEMERTINI were so much in contradiction with everything hitherto published on the subject that I could not venture to publish these results before I had been able to convince myself of their trustworthiness in numerous series of preparations, which should gradually come under my observation. During the correction of the proof-sheets of that paper I was happily surprised in obtaining, much sooner than I expected, different sets of sections, which, by their superior state of preservation, allowed me to settle the point. I could only mention this briefly and insufficiently in the explanation of the plate belonging to that article. A more detailed account was at the same time promised, and is now embodied in the following pages.
On the Terminations of Nerves in the Epidermis
Authors: Ranvier L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is well known that by the employment of chloride of gold it is possible to show the ultimate nerve-endings in tissues. But this reaction is not always followed with success if the original process of Cohnheim is pursued ; and in attempting, during the last few years, to render it more regular by combining the action of the gold with formic acid, Pritchard and Loewit have effected a very notable progress. At the same time the process of Loewit, although it gives far more constant results than any previous process, is not without its disadvantages. The solution of a third part of formic acid, in which the tissue is placed before being submitted to the action of the gold, alters the ultimate ramifications of the nerves, so that, on being fixed by the action of the gold, they are more or less altered.
On the Termination of the Nerves in the Mammalian Cornea
Authors: Klein E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
There is hardly an organ in which the distribution of the fine nerves can be so easily observed as in the cornea, thanks to the invaluable discovery of Cohnheim of staining the organ with chloride of gold. Since his publication, November, 1866, “On the Termination of the Sensory Nerves in the Cornea,” in ‘Virchow’s Archiv,’ vol. xxviii, a very great number of observations on the same subject have been published, all of which have been obtained by Cohnheim’s method of chloride of gold.
On the Head Cavities and Associated Nerves of Elasmobranchs
Authors: Marshall A. Milnes 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The discovery by Mr. Balfour1 of the extension forwards to the head of that splitting of the mesoblast which in the trunk gives rise to the body cavity, and of the subsequent division of the cavity so formed into the series of segments which he has termed head-cavities, has given us a new and very important clue to that favourite problem of morphologists, the segmentation of the vertebrate head.
A Renewed Study of the Germinal Layers of the Chick
Authors: Balfour F. M. , Deighton F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The formation of the germinal layers in the chick has been so often and so fully dealt with in recent years, that we consider some explanation to be required of the reasons which have induced us to add to the long list of memoirs on this subject. Our reasons are twofold. In the first place the principal results we have to record have already been briefly put forward in a ‘Treatise on Comparative Embryology’ by one of us; and it seemed desirable that the data on which the conclusions there stated rest should be recorded with greater detail than was possible in such a treatise. In the second place, our observations differ from those of most other investigators, in that they were primarily made with the object of testing a theory as to the nature of the primitive streak. As such they form a contribution to comparative embryology; since our object has been to investigate how far the phenomena of the formation of the germinal layers in the chick admit of being compared with those of lower and less modified vertebrate types.
Note on the Formation of Fibrine
Authors: Hart Ernest 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The research, of which this paper is a record, was made in the laboratory of M. Ranvier, at the Collège de France, in the Autumn of 1879. It has remained so long unpublished because I was always in hopes of being able to make the work more complete and exhaustive. In presenting it now for publication and criticism, I do so with great diffidence, knowing that the work is incomplete; yet I am assured by competent authorities that, viewed in connection with other work on this subject now being carried on in various parts of the world, it may not be without utility and suggestiveness, as an addition to the data for the investigation of the production of fibrine.
The Genesis of the Egg in Triton
Authors: Iwakawa T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Contents.—Some general remarks, 260. The manner of depositing the egg, 262. The structure of the ovary, 262. Origin of the ovum, 264. Epithelial islands, 266. Formation of yolk-spherules, 271. Vitelline membrane, 273. The germinal vesicle, 274. The “yolk-nucleus,” 276. Bibliography, 277. Explanation of plates.
On Saprolegnia in Relation to the Salmon Disease. Extracted from the Twenty-first Annual Report of H.M.’s Inspectors of Salmon Fisheries
Authors: Huxley T. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
There are two other matters on which it is necessary for us to treat before we close this report; one of these we need only refer to in a short paragraph; the other we propose to deal with in more detail.
On the Development of the European Oyster (Ostrea edulis, L.)
Authors: Horst R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Last summer, when the Dutch Zoological Station was erected in the neighbourhood of the East Scheldt oysterbanks, I studied for some weeks the development of the oyster. Although this research is not fully completed, I believe that the following communication may contribute to augment our still very scanty knowledge of the embryology of Lamellibranchiata.
The Vertebration of the Tail of Appendiculariæ
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A Prominent objection to the association proposed by me of the Tunicata as a subdivision “Urochorda “with the “Cephalochorda” (Amphioxus) and the “Craniata “in one group, for which the name “Vertebrata” is retained, has been the fact especially put forward by Gegenbaur, that the Urochorda (Tunicata) do not exhibit any “vertebrate “structure, that is to say, a division of the body into myotomes. For a similar reason Balfour, whilst accepting the three-fold division of the Vertebrata, has proposed to denominate that group “Chordata,” and to restrict the term Vertebrata to the craniate division of the Chordata, thus excluding the Cephalochorda, as well as the Urochorda from the application of the term “vertebrate.”
The Tongue of Ornithorhynchus paradoxus: the Origin of Taste Bulbs and the parts upon which they occur
Authors: Poulton Eihiard B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I am indebted to Professor Moseley for kindly giving me a very perfect tongue of Ornithorhynchus. This animal has never been brought alive to Europe, and therefore it must be unusually difficult to procure the tissues in a condition favorable for histological investigation. Professor Moseley obtained the specimen from which the tongue was taken in 1874, and the animal was one of those mentioned on page 263 of the ‘Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger.’ The organ was hardened in chromic acid, and subsequently in spirit, and I found it in excellent condition during my work upon it last Christmas and again at Easter. There appears to have been some slight alteration of the most delicate tissues, due to the time that unavoidably elapsed before the organ could be hardened, together with the heat and jolting of a journey by coach. However, this change was not so great as to prevent me from arriving at definite conclusions with regard to these tissues, and it is very unlikely that the terminal organs of the gustatory nerves (to which I allude) could have been made out perfectly, except by work upon the fresh specimen.
Observations upon the Fœtal Membranes of the Opossum and other Marsupials
Authors: Osborn Henry F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In 1834 and 1837 Professor Owen published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ and the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ descriptions of the fœtal membrane of the kangaroo. Quite recently his observations have been confirmed by Professor Chapman,1 of Philadelphia. They are given in full in the ‘Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates,’ and are to be found, in abstract, in Balfour’s ‘Comparative Embryology,’ vol. ii. It is surprising that no additions have been made to our knowledge of these forms during the long period intervening between Owen’s observation and the present time, even when one is aware of the extreme difficulty of obtaining females during the period of gestation.
Recent Researches upon the Origin of the Sexual Cells in Hydroids.1 A Review
Authors: Bourne A. G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The question as to the place of origin of the sexual products of Hydroids is one upon which very various opinions have of late years been current. The ectoderm and endoderm have, in turn, been put forward as giving rise to either, or both, eggs and spermatozoa.
On Procalistes, a Young Cephalopod with Pedunculate Eyes, taken by the “Challenger” Expedition
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Mr. John Murray, the director of the “Challenger “publications has kindly placed in my hands for examination three specimens of a very young Cephalopod—mounted for microscopic study—together with a drawing and notes by the late Dr. R. von Willemoes Suhm relating thereto.
Notes on Echinoderm Morphology, No. VIII. On some Points in the Anatomy of Larval Comatulæ
Authors: Carpenter P. Herbert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While preparing the morphological section of my report on the “Challenger “Crinoids, I have continually felt the want of some knowledge of the organogeny of the Crinoid-type during the later larval stages. Götte’s admirable observations on the “Cystidean phase,” and the early Pentacrinoid, have told us much about the development of the water-vascular ring; while Ludwig’s researches have thrown consideable light on the relations of the primary water-pore and water-tube.1 But in neither case were the larvæ studied sufficiently advanced to afford any results as regards the earliest condition of the chambered organ, and of the puzzling glandular structure connected with it.
On the Chromatology of the Blood of Some Invertebrates
Authors: Munn C. A. Mac 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following account of a few observations made by me during the last two years on the blood of some invertebrate animals may prove of use to others engaged in the same kind of work, and although the observations are not by any means complete, I have thought it advisable to publish the results, with the remark that the present account is merely a preliminary one, and that I hope to follow up the subject more fully when an opportunity occurs of doing so.
The Anatomy of the Madreporaria: I
Authors: Fowler G. Herbert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
By the kindness of Professor H. N. Moseley I have been enabled to study the anatomy of certain Madreporaria obtained by him during the voyage of H.M.S. “Challenger.” As in lecture-courses and text-books but little information is given relative to this ancient and interesting group, and the few papers on the subject are scattered, a short sketch of the more recent researches is prefixed to my own results. Two forms only are described in this paper, Flabellum patagonichum and Rhodopsammia parallela ; others, it is hoped, will follow shortly. Throughout the text will be reduced as far as possible.
On a Peculiar Sense Organ in Scutigera coleoptrata, one of the Mvriapoda
Authors: Heathcote F. G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the spring of the year I was fortunate enough to get a fair number of Scutigera in the South of Europe. In making an examination, of their anatomy I found a sense organ which seemed to me to be of sufficient interest to render a more complete examination desirable. This organ is placed on the ventral surface of the head at a short distance behind the mouth and near the base of the mandibles. Its external appearance under a low power of the microscope (Zeiss’s objective A A) is shown in fig. 1.
A New Hypothesis as to the Relationship of the Lung-book of Scorpio to the Gill-book of Limulus
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The view which I advocated in my essay ‘Limulus an Arachnid’ as to the mode of conversion, of an external lamel-ligerous appendage into the hollow lameliiginous lung of Scorpio no longer commends itself to me. A much simpler and, as it appears to me, a thoroughly satisfactory explanation of the relationship of the two organs, has occurred to me in the course of recent investigations, and is supported also by embryological data. In the essay above referred to I suggested that by the enlargement of the hollow stigmata connected with the thoraco-branchial muscles of an ancestral Scorpion, resembling Limulus in having branchigerous appendages on the mesosoma, and provided with thoraco-branchial muscles, the branchigerous appendage might come to lie in the pit or hollow of the tendon of the thoraco-branchial muscle, and eventually the hollow might enclose it. The conversion of the insunken appendage into a hollow air-holding sac and the corresponding conversion of the surrounding pit into a closed blood-holding space, involved serious difficulties which were indeed fatal to the hypothesis.
The Anatomy of the Madreporarian Coral Fungia
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During a visit, extending from the middle of September, 1885, to the middle of January, 1886, to the island of Diego Garcia, an atoll lying in S. lat. 7° 13′, E. long. 72° 23′, I was able to collect and preserve a large number of specimens of Fungia dentata, which form the subject of the present memoir.
The Development of the Cape Species of Peripatus: Part III. On the Changes from Stage a to Stage F
Authors: Sedgwick Adam 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The early development of Peripatus capensis, as described in Parts I and II of this series, is apparently so different from that of the West Indian and New Zealand species, and at the same time our knowledge of the early stages of these species is still so incomplete,1 that it is difficult at present, and would indeed under the circumstances be waste of time, to attempt to institute any detailed comparison between them. With regard to the later stages, however, the matter stands otherwise; for not only do they seem to be alike in the three species, but in the case of the West Indian species at any rate we have in Dr. Kennel’s memoir, if not a complete still a detailed and coherent account of them.
The Anatomy of the Madreporaria: III
Authors: Fowler G. Herbert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The present memoir deals with the anatomy of Turbinaria (p. 1), a colonial Perforate coral; of Lophohelia (p. 6), an Imperforate form, colonial but with separate calyces; and of the two aberrant Imperforate genera, Seriatopora (p. 10) and Pocillopora (p. 13), in which the calyces are merged in coenenchyme. To these descriptions is appended a note on the skeleton of Flabellum.
The Tongue and Gustatory Organs of Mephitis mophitica
Authors: Tuckerman Frederick 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is now twenty years since Christian Lovén (26)1 and Gustav Schwalbe (37) discovered and described, independently of each other, the peripheral end-organs of the nerves of taste in the tongue of Mammalia. Subsequent investigators have studied the distribution and minute anatomy of these organs in many animals, and in all essential points they confirm the results reached by Lovén and Schwalbe.
On the Anatomy of Allurus tetraedrus (Eisen)
Authors: Beddard Frank E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Allurus was first recognised as a distinct genus by Eisen,1 who described the worm from specimens found in Sweden. It has since been recorded by Dr. Rosa,2 from Northern Italy; as it is probably identical with Hoffmeister’s3 Lumbricus agilis, it occurs also in North Germany and in Great Britain and France.
On the Occurrence of numerous Nephridia in the same Segment in Certain Earthworms, and on the Relationship between the Excretory System in the Annelida and in the Platyhelminths
Authors: Beddard Frank E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The nephridia of this worm differ in their appearance from those of any other species of Acanthodrilus at present known. In a dissection of the worm the nephridia can be recognised as a series of glandular tufts closely adherent to the body wall and to the intersegmental septa; each of the eight setæ often appeared to have a nephridial tuft specially related to it: thus by dissection there seemed to be eight separate nephridia in each segment. This, however, is not invariably the case, and in the anterior segments no relation between the setæ and the nephridia could be detected by dissection.
Two New Types of Actiniaria.
Authors: Fowler G. Herbert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a bottle of corals, which had been collected from the reefs at Papeete during the expedition of H.M.S. “Challenger,” and sent to me by Mr. John Murray for investigation, I was fortunate enough to meet with three small specimens of an Actin-arian, which differs so markedly from all known types, that it will apparently necessitate in the future the formation of a new tribe of Actinaria, of equal value with the Hexactiniæ, Edward-siæ, Ceriantheæ, &c. From the study of such an isolated form, it is naturally impossible to deduce a satisfactory definition for either tribe, genus, or species. I will therefore leave this omission to be filled up by future observers of allied forms, and merely describe the anatomical characteristics in order. I propose for the animal the name
On the Structure and Functions of the Cerata or Dorsal Papillæ in some Nudibranchiate Mollusca
Authors: Herdman W. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Most of the Nudibranchiate Mollusca are provided with brightly coloured and sometimes elaborately branched projections from the sides and dorsal surface of the body. These include— The Rhinophores, or dorsal tentacles.The true Branchiæ.The Cerata, or dorsal papillæ.
On the Structure of a Species of Earthworm belonging to the Genus Diachæta
Authors: Beddard Frank E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I received some time since, through the kindness of Mr. Windle, a number of examples of earthworms from the Bermudas. Some of these belonged to a species of Lumbricus, while others seemed to be referable to the genus Urochæta; under this generic name I described a year ago in ‘Nature’ the remarkable characteristics of the setæ of the hinder end of the body of the worm.
The Renal Organs of Certain Decapod Crustacea
Authors: Weldon W. F. R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a paper published during the summer of 1889,1 I gave an account of the excretory apparatus of Palæmon serratus, in which I drew attention to the enormous development of the bladder, which extends dorsally from the level of the green glands to the anterior boundary of the pericardium.
On Pelomyxa Viridis, sp. n., and on the Vesi-cular Nature of Protoplasm
Authors: Bourne Alfred Gibbs 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
My assistant, M.R.Ry. A. Sambasivan, B.A. (Madras), during the course of an exhaustive examination of the fauna of a small tank (pond) in the neighbourhood of the Presidency College discovered and drew my attention to numerous green “egg-like” bodies, of about inch in diameter, which were to be seen on the surface of the finely divided mud.
On a Red Pigment-forming Organism, B. Corallinus (?)
Authors: Slater Charles 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The number of micro-organisms known which form red pigments is already considerable, and include the M. prodigiosus, B. indiens, B. ruber, and B. rouge de Kiel. The organism described below differs from any of these in morphology, cultural characteristics, and tint of pigment produced. It occurred as a coral-red, slow-growing, circular, non-liquefactive colony on a gelatine plate which had been used in an examination of the tap water of the laboratory. As the plate had been withdrawn from the moist chambers and examined at least once before the colony appeared, it is impossible to say whether it was derived from the water or was an air contamination. It was most probably the latter.
On the Occurrence of Pseudopodia in the Diatomaceous Genera, Melosira and Cyclotolla
Authors: Grenfell J. G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The diatoms on which these pseudopodia have been found do not belong, as might have been expected, to the motile, but to the non-motile forms, to the genera Melosira and Cyclotella. The Cyclotella is certainly C. Kützingiana. The Melosiras belong to one or two small species which have not yet been satisfactorily determined.
On the Nauplius Eye persisting in some Decapods
Authors: Robinson Margaret 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The nauplius eye has been described as persisting in Schizo-pods, but I have heard of no description of it in Decapods, though Dr. Paul Mayer mentions having seen it in an adult Pal æmonætes (‘Carcinologische Mitt. Naples Mitt.,’vol. ii). Professor Weldon noticed it in Pal æmon, and suggested that I should work it out either in that or in some other member of the Caridid æ. This is the only family in which I know of it as persisting. I have used Pal æmon serratus, Virbius varians, and Pandalus annulicornis.