bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CARMN
Is an Evolutionarily Conserved Smooth Muscle Cell–Specific LncRNA That Maintains Contractile Phenotype by Binding Myocardin
Authors: Dong Kunzhe , Shen Jian , He Xiangqin , Hu Guoqing , Wang Liang , Osman Islam , Bunting Kristopher M. , Dixon-Melvin Rachael , Zheng Zeqi , Xin Hongbo , Xiang Meixiang , Vazdarjanova Almira , Fulton David J.R. , Zhou Jiliang 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Vascular homeostasis is maintained by the differentiated phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The landscape of protein coding genes comprising the transcriptome of differentiated VSMCs has been intensively investigated but many gaps remain including the emerging roles of noncoding genes.

Methods:

We reanalyzed large-scale, publicly available bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing datasets from multiple tissues and cell types to identify VSMC-enriched long noncoding RNAs. The in vivo expression pattern of a novel smooth muscle cell (SMC)–expressed long noncoding RNA,
Carmn
(cardiac mesoderm enhancer-associated noncoding RNA), was investigated using a novel
Carmn
green fluorescent protein knock-in reporter mouse model. Bioinformatics and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis were used to assess
CARMN
expression changes during VSMC phenotypic modulation in human and murine vascular disease models. In vitro, functional assays were performed by knocking down
CARMN
with antisense oligonucleotides and overexpressing
Carmn
by adenovirus in human coronary artery SMCs. Carotid artery injury was performed in SMC-specific
Carmn
knockout mice to assess neointima formation and the therapeutic potential of reversing
CARMN
loss was tested in a rat carotid artery balloon injury model. The molecular mechanisms underlying
CARMN
function were investigated using RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assays.

Results:

We identified
CARMN
, which was initially annotated as the host gene of the
MIR143/145
cluster and recently reported to play a role in cardiac differentiation, as a highly abundant and conserved, SMC-specific long noncoding RNA. Analysis of the
Carmn
GFP knock-in mouse model confirmed that
Carmn
is transiently expressed in embryonic cardiomyocytes and thereafter becomes restricted to SMCs. We also found that
Carmn
is transcribed independently of
Mir143/145
.
CARMN
expression is dramatically decreased by vascular disease in humans and murine models and regulates the contractile phenotype of VSMCs in vitro. In vivo, SMC-specific deletion of
Carmn
significantly exacerbated, whereas overexpression of
Carmn
markedly attenuated, injury-induced neointima formation in mouse and rat, respectively. Mechanistically, we found that
Carmn
physically binds to the key transcriptional cofactor myocardin, facilitating its activity and thereby maintaining the contractile phenotype of VSMCs.

Conclusions:

CARMN
is an evolutionarily conserved SMC-specific long noncoding RNA with a previously unappreciated role in maintaining the contractile phenotype of VSMCs and is the first noncoding RNA discovered to interact with myocardin.
The Subversive Trilemma: Why Cyber Operations Fall Short of
Expectations
Authors: Maschmeyer Lennart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Although cyber conflict has existed for thirty years, the strategic utility of cyber operations remains unclear. Many expect cyber operations to provide independent utility in both warfare and low-intensity competition. Underlying these expectations are broadly shared assumptions that information technology increases operational effectiveness. But a growing body of research shows how cyber operations tend to fall short of their promise. The reason for this shortfall is their subversive mechanism of action. In theory, subversion provides a way to exert influence at lower risks than force because it is secret and indirect, exploiting systems to use them against adversaries. The mismatch between promise and practice is the consequence of the subversive trilemma of cyber operations, whereby speed, intensity, and control are negatively correlated. These constraints pose a trilemma for actors because a gain in one variable tends to produce losses across the other two variables. A case study of the Russo-Ukrainian conflict provides empirical support for the argument. Qualitative analysis leverages original data from field interviews, leaked documents, forensic evidence, and local media. Findings show that the subversive trilemma limited the strategic utility of all five major disruptive cyber operations in this conflict.
MOSES: A Novel Observation System to Monitor Dynamic Events across Earth Compartments
Authors: Weber Ute , Attinger Sabine , Baschek Burkard , Boike Julia , Borchardt Dietrich , Brix Holger , Brüggemann Nicolas , Bussmann Ingeborg , Dietrich Peter , Fischer Philipp , Greinert Jens , Hajnsek Irena , Kamjunke Norbert , Kerschke Dorit , Kiendler-Scharr Astrid , Körtzinger Arne , Kottmeier Christoph , Merz Bruno , Merz Ralf , Riese Martin , Schloter Michael , Schmid HaPe , Schnitzler Jörg-Peter , Sachs Torsten , Schütze Claudia , Tillmann Ralf , Vereecken Harry , Wieser Andreas , Teutsch Georg 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Modular Observation Solutions of Earth Systems (MOSES) is a novel observation system that is specifically designed to unravel the impact of distinct, dynamic events on the long-term development of environmental systems. Hydrometeorological extremes such as the recent European droughts or the floods of 2013 caused severe and lasting environmental damage. Modeling studies suggest that abrupt permafrost thaw events accelerate Arctic greenhouse gas emissions. Short-lived ocean eddies seem to comprise a significant share of the marine carbon uptake or release. Although there is increasing evidence that such dynamic events bear the potential for major environmental impacts, our knowledge on the processes they trigger is still very limited. MOSES aims at capturing such events, from their formation to their end, with high spatial and temporal resolution. As such, the observation system extends and complements existing national and international observation networks, which are mostly designed for long-term monitoring. Several German Helmholtz Association centers have developed this research facility as a mobile and modular “system of systems” to record energy, water, greenhouse gas, and nutrient cycles on the land surface, in coastal regions, in the ocean, in polar regions, and in the atmosphere—but especially the interactions between the Earth compartments. During the implementation period (2017–21), the measuring systems were put into operation and test campaigns were performed to establish event-driven campaign routines. With MOSES’s regular operation starting in 2022, the observation system will then be ready for cross-compartment and cross-discipline research on the environmental impacts of dynamic events.
Understanding parents’ views toward the newly enacted HPV vaccine school entry policy in Puerto Rico: a qualitative study
Authors: Colón-López Vivian , Medina-Laabes Diana T. , Abreu Roxana Soto , Díaz Miranda Olga L. , Ortiz Ana P. , Fernández María E. , Hull Pamela C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
The Human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV) is an essential tool for the prevention of HPV-related cancers. In Puerto Rico, the Secretary of Health established a school entry requirement of at least one dose of HPV vaccination in girls and boys aged 11 and 12 years, taking effect in August 2018. Our study aimed to examine parents’ and guardians’ views of unvaccinated children about the process of implementation of the new HPV vaccination school entry policy in Puerto Rico and identify potential barriers and facilitators related to the implementation of this requirement.

Methods
During April through November 2019, we conducted three focus groups (n = 12) and eight in-depth semi-structured interviews with parents of children aged 11 and 12 who had not yet initiated the HPV vaccine series. The interview topics addressed were: perception of vaccination, HPV vaccine and it is inclusion as new school entry requirement practice, procedure of the sources of information, influencers, and willingness to change. The interviews were recorded and transcribed by our staff members. We identified emergent themes through thematic analysis.

Results
The participants’ perspective on the HPV vaccine school requirement was mixed. Lack of information of the HPV vaccines and lack of communication about the school-entry requirement were the themes most mentioned in the interviews. Moreover, previous negative experiences from friends or family members and adverse effects deterred some participants from vaccinating their kids. We discussed barriers in the process of soliciting an exemption.

Conclusion
Most barriers mentioned by study participants are modifiable. Information about the HPV vaccine mandate’s implementation and educational materials regarding HPV vaccine safety need to be provided to address parents’ concerns related to the vaccine’s side effects. Schools (teachers, principal directors, and administrative staff), the government, and parent organizations need to be part of these efforts. This multilevel approach will help to improve disseminating information about HPV vaccination to clarify doubts and misinformation among parents.
The influence of the steep medial posterior tibial slope on medial meniscus tears in adolescent patients: a retrospective case-control study
Authors: Deng Xiangtian , Hu Hongzhi , Song Qingcheng , Zhang Yiran , Liu Weijian , Zhu Lian , Zhang Yingze 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Several studies have demonstrated a relationship between the posterior tibial slope (PTS) and meniscal tears in adults. However, little is known about the association between the PTS of the adolescents and medial meniscal tears (MMT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the PTS and MMT in adolescents, and to determine the optimal cut-off values of PTS for discriminating between the MMT and the control groups.

Methods
Between January 2018 and January 2020, a retrospective case-control study was performed. In this study, isolated MMT adolescent patients with no ligamentous injuries were matched by age and sex to a control group of radiologically normal images. The PTS was defined as the angle between the perpendicular line to proximal tibial cortex (PTC) and the tangent line along the tibial plateau. Then, both the medial posterior tibial slope (MPTS) and lateral posterior tibial slope (LPTS) were measured by plain radiographs on the lateral views. In addition, the optimal cut-off values of PTS were determined by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results
A total of seventy-two patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the final analysis (36 patients with isolated MMT, 36 controls). The MPTS was greater in the knees with isolated MMT (10.7° ± 2.1°) than that of the control group (8.8° ± 1.7°), showing significant difference (P<0.001). However, there was no significant difference regarding the LPTS between the isolated MMT and controls (11.5 ± 3.4 vs 10.9 ± 2.6, p>0.05). In the ROC curve analysis, the calculated cutoff value of the MPTS discriminating between the groups was 10.3°, with a sensitivity of 73.3% and specificity of 78.9%.

Conclusions
This study demonstrated that steep MPTS is associated with MMT, and MPTS≥10.3° was identified to be a risk factor for MMT in adolescents.
Shallow tectonic tremor activities in Hyuga-nada, Nankai subduction zone, based on long-term broadband ocean bottom seismic observations
Authors: Yamashita Yusuke , Shinohara Masanao , Yamada Tomoaki 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe study of slow earthquake activity, which occurs in the shallow and deep sides of seismogenic zone, is crucial for understanding subduction zones, including variations in frictional properties with depth and interplate coupling. Observations at the seafloor are necessary, particularly for shallow slow earthquakes occurring in offshore areas; however, few observations of such activity have been made. We conducted long-term seismic observations on the seafloor in the Hyuga-nada region, located at the western end of the Nankai Trough, to characterize shallow low-frequency tremor activity from 2014 to 2017. Although these observations lasted for only a few years, the occurrence frequency of shallow tremors in Hyuga-nada was lower than that of deep tremors in the Nankai Trough, and major activity involving migration occurred only once every two or more years. In contrast, minor activity with a duration of a few days occurred several times a year. Major activities in 2015 were accompanied by migration similar to those in 2013. The tremors in 2013 were characterized by south to north migration at a rate of 30–60 km/day. However, the tremors in 2015 were characterized by west to east migration, and the activity area extended further to the east. The migration rates were also much slower (several to 20 km/day) than in 2013. These different migration properties likely reflect the state of interplate coupling in the down-dip side of shallow slow earthquake area. Minor activity was identified, including tremors triggered by the 2015 Nepal and 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes. Activity occurred mainly in the focal regions of major activities. Very-low-frequency earthquakes (VLFEs) occurred concurrently with tremors, and their epicenters coincided within the margin of error. However, the VLFEs were mostly peripheral to the shallow tremor concentration zones. This indicates that minor heterogeneities in frictional properties are present along the shallow plate boundary.
The House of Harlequins
Authors: Beizer Janet 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article explores the concept of the arlequin, the plate of used food collected piecemeal from the tables of the rich to sell to the poor, as it was popularized by Eugène Sue in 1842 in his blockbuster novel Les Mystères de Paris. I show how this alimentary genre functions in this text not only to reflect a socioeconomic reality of the nineteenth-century politics of eating, but also to introduce a budding aesthetic principle. The harlequin meal, composed of bits and pieces of various origins reassembled as a patchwork whole, inaugurates in Sue’s novel a reappearing pattern that comes to characterize not only food but also bodies, clothing, décor, narrative form, and modes of attention and belief. I argue that the aesthetics of patchwork and collage extend as well to Sue’s self-fashioning as a political and moral opportunist.
Expression profile of tumour suppressor protein p53 and its regulator MDM2 in a cohort of breast cancer patients in a Tertiary Hospital in Ghana
Authors: Opoku Francis , Bedu-Addo Kweku , Titiloye Nicholas Akinwale , Atta Manu Elijah , Ameh-Mensah Charity , Duduyemi Babatunde Moses 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundInactivation or mutation of the tumour suppressor genep53or its regulator mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) is the commonest event in breast cancer. These altered genes usually express abnormally high levels of their proteins in many carcinomas. The phenotypic expression of p53 and MDM2 in breast cancer cases in our setting is not known. This study investigated the expression of the tumour suppressor protein p53 and its regulator MDM2, using immunohistochemistry in a Ghana breast cancer cohort.MethodA 9-year retrospective cross-sectional study on archived tissue blocks–formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue (FFPE) was carried out. Demographic data were abstracted. Based on complete clinical data and availability of FFPE archived blocks 203 cases were selected for tissue micro array (TMA) construction. The TMA sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) (ER, PR, HER2, p53, and MDM2). Expression of p53 and MDM2 were related to grade and molecular subtypes.ResultsThe age ranged from 17 to 92 years (mean = 49.34 ± 13.74). Most of the cases were high grade; grade II (34.9%) and grade III (55.7%). Fifty-four percent of the cases were triple negative. Invasive ductal carcinoma no special type was the commonest histotype (87.1%). Thirty-six percent (36%) of the cases expressed p53. Significant associations were found between p53 overexpression and histological grade (p = 0.034), triple negative (p = 0.0333) and luminal B (p<0.01) tumors. Most cases (93.1%) were negative for MDM2 expression. Significant association was found between MDM2 and HER2 over-expression as well as Ki-67. There was no significant positive correlation between MDM2 and p53 co-expression (p>0.05).ConclusionThe elevated level of p53 expression in the aggressive breast cancer phenotypes (high histological grade and triple negative) in our cohort suggest that P53 elevation may be a poor prognostic marker in our setting. High expression of MDM2 in our cohort with high Ki67; also in cases with Her2/neu overexpression known with predictable poor prognosis in the absence of target therapy suggest MDM2 may be associated with aggressive biological behaviour in our breast cancer cases. The non-significant association of p53 and MDM2 expression in the same cases as also documented by previous studies suggest independent genetic pathway in tumourigenesis.
Modular 3D printable orthodontic measuring apparatus for force and torque measurements of thermoplastic/removable appliances
Authors: Behyar Masoud , Ratzmann Anja , Shojaei Khatouni Sohrab , Quasthoff Maximilian , Pink Christiane , Ladisch Jens , Krey Karl-Friedrich 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The magnitude of forces and moments applied on teeth during orthodontic treatment is crucial to achieve the desired tooth movement. The aim of this study is to introduce a modular 3D printable orthodontic measurement apparatus (M3DOMA), which can be used for measurements of forces and moments acting on teeth during treatment with aligners. The measurement device was characterized regarding signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the sensors, repeatability of measurements, influence of thermoforming, as well as reliability. Forces and moments were evaluated for an activation range of 0.1–0.4 mm, comparing them among different activation patterns with two aligner thicknesses. The sensors exhibited a SNR from 13–33 dB. Repeatability with repeated measurements showed standard deviations ≤0.015 N and 0.769 Nmm. The influence of thermoforming represented by standard deviation of forces ranges from 0.019–0.147 N. The device showed a range of intra class correlation (ICC) for repeated measurements for all sensors from 0.932 to 0.999. Hence the reliability of the device has been proven to be excellent.
Buckling analysis of thin-walled metal liner of cylindrical composite overwrapped pressure vessels with depressions after autofrettage processing
Authors: Zhang Guo , Zhu Haiyang , Wang Qi , Zhang Xiaowen , Ren Mingfa , Xue Shunan , Li Gang 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The cylindrical filament wound composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPV) with metal liner has been widely used in spaceflight due to their high strength and low weight. After the autofrettage process, the plastic deformation of the metal liner is constrained by composite winding layers, which introduce depressions to the metal liner that causes local buckling. To predict the local buckling of the inner liner with depressions of the pressure vessel after the autofrettage process, a local buckling analysis method for the metal liner of COPV was developed in this article. The finite element method is used to calculate the overall stress distribution in the pressure vessel before and after the autofrettage process, and the influence of local depressions on the buckling is evaluated. The axial buckling of the pressure vessel under external pressure is analyzed. The control equation of the metal liner with depressions is developed, considering the changes in the pressure and the bending moment of the liner depressions and its vicinity during the loading and unloading process. Taking the cylindrical COPV (38 L) with aluminum alloy liner as an example, the effects of liner thickness, liner radius, the thickness-to-diameter ratio, autofrettage pressure, and the length of straight section on the autofrettage process are discussed. The results show that the thickness of the inner liner has the most significant influence on the buckling of the liner, followed by the length of the straight section and the radius of the inner liner, while the autofrettage pressure has the least influence.
The System of Self-Consistent QSPR-Models for Refractive Index of Polymers
Authors: Toropov Andrey A. , Toropova Alla P. , Kudyshkin Valentin O. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Quantitative structure-property/activity relationships (QSPRs/QSARs) are a component of modern natural science. The system of self-consistent models is a specific approach to build up QSPR/QSAR. A group of models of refractive index for different distributions in training and test sets compared. This comparison is a basis to formulate the system of self-consistent models. The so-called index of ideality of correlation (IIC) has been used to improve the predictive potential of models of the refractive index of different polymers (n=255). The predictive potential of the suggested models is high since the average value of the determination coefficient for the validation set is 0.885. In addition, the system of self-consistent models may be applied as a tool to assess the predictive potential of an arbitrary QSPR-approach.
Deciphering the Mechanisms of Pre-Attachment Striga Resistance in Sorghum Using Genome-Wide Association Studies
Authors: Mallu Tesfamichael S , Irafasha Gilles , Mutinda Sylvia Mbula , Owuor Erick , Githiri Stephen Mwangi , Odeny Damaris Achieng , Runo Steven 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Witchweeds (Striga spp.) greatly limit production of Africa’s most staple crops. These parasitic plants use strigolactones (SLs) – chemical germination stimulants, emitted from host’s roots to germinate, and locate their hosts for invasion. This information exchange provides opportunities for controlling the parasite by either stimulating parasite seed germination without a host (suicidal germination) or by inhibiting parasite seed germination (pre-attachment resistance). We sought to determine genetic factors that underpin Striga pre-attachment resistance in sorghum using the genome wide association study (GWAS) approach. Results revealed that Striga germination was associated with genes encoding hormone signaling functions e.g., the Novel interactor of jaz (NINJA) and, Abscisic acid-insensitive 5 (ABI5). This pointed toward abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) as probable determinants of Striga germination. To test this hypothesis, we conditioned Striga using: ABA, ABA + its inhibitor fluridone (FLU), GA or water. Unexpectedly, Striga conditioned with FLU germinated after 4 days without SL. Upon germination stimulation using sorghum root exudate or the synthetic SL GR24, we found that ABA conditioned seeds had above 20-fold reduction in germination. Conversely, FLU conditioned seeds recorded above 20-fold increase in germination and conditioning with GA caused at least 1.5-fold reduction in Striga seed germination. Germination assays using seeds of a related parasitic plant (Alectra vogelii) showed similar degrees of stimulation and reduction of germination by the hormones further affirming the hormonal crosstalk. Our findings have far-reaching implications in the control of some of the most noxious pathogens of crops in Africa.