bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathological neural networks and artificial neural networks in ALS: diagnostic classification based on pathognomonic neuroimaging features
Authors: Bede Peter , Murad Aizuri , Hardiman Orla 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe description of group-level, genotype- and phenotype-associated imaging traits is academically important, but the practical demands of clinical neurology centre on the accurate classification of individual patients into clinically relevant diagnostic, prognostic and phenotypic categories. Similarly, pharmaceutical trials require the precision stratification of participants based on quantitative measures. A single-centre study was conducted with a uniform imaging protocol to test the accuracy of an artificial neural network classification scheme on a cohort of 378 participants composed of patients with ALS, healthy subjects and disease controls. A comprehensive panel of cerebral volumetric measures, cortical indices and white matter integrity values were systematically retrieved from each participant and fed into a multilayer perceptron model. Data were partitioned into training and testing and receiver-operating characteristic curves were generated for the three study-groups. Area under the curve values were 0.930 for patients with ALS, 0.958 for disease controls, and 0.931 for healthy controls relying on all input imaging variables. The ranking of variables by classification importance revealed that white matter metrics were far more relevant than grey matter indices to classify single subjects. The model was further tested in a subset of patients scanned within 6 weeks of their diagnosis and an AUC of 0.915 was achieved. Our study indicates that individual subjects may be accurately categorised into diagnostic groups in an observer-independent classification framework based on multiparametric, spatially registered radiology data. The development and validation of viable computational models to interpret single imaging datasets are urgently required for a variety of clinical and clinical trial applications.
Who makes it all the way? Participants vs. decliners, and completers vs. drop-outs, in a 6-month exercise trial during cancer treatment. Results from the Phys-Can RCT
Authors: Strandberg Emelie , Bean Christopher , Vassbakk-Svindland Karianne , Brooke Hannah L. , Sjövall Katarina , Börjeson Sussanne , Berntsen Sveinung , Nordin Karin , Demmelmaier Ingrid 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeTo compare sociodemographic, health- and exercise-related characteristics of participantsvs.decliners, and completersvs.drop-outs, in an exercise intervention trial during cancer treatment.MethodsPatients with newly diagnosed breast, prostate, or colorectal cancer were invited to participate in a 6-month exercise intervention. Background data for all respondents (n = 2051) were collected at baseline by questionnaire and medical records. Additional data were collected using an extended questionnaire, physical activity monitors, and fitness testing for trial participants (n = 577). Moreover, a sub-group of decliners (n= 436) consented to additional data collection by an extended questionnaire . Data were analyzed for between-group differences using independentt-tests and chi2-tests.ResultsTrial participants were younger (59 ± 12yrsvs.64 ± 11yrs,p < .001), more likely to be women (80%vs.75%,p = .012), and scheduled for chemotherapy treatment (54%vs.34%,p < .001), compared to decliners (n = 1391). A greater proportion had university education (60%vs40%,p < .001), reported higher anxiety and fatigue, higher exercise self-efficacy and outcome expectations, and less kinesiophobia at baseline compared to decliners. A greater proportion of trial participants were classified as ‘not physically active’ at baseline; however, within the group who participated, being “physically active” at baseline was associated with trial completion. Completers (n = 410) also reported less kinesiophobia than drop-outs (n = 167).ConclusionThe recruitment procedures used in comprehensive oncology exercise trials should specifically address barriers for participation among men, patients without university education and older patients. Individualized efforts should be made to enroll patients with low exercise self-efficacy and low outcome expectations of exercise. To retain participants in an ongoing exercise intervention, extra support may be needed for patients with kinesiophobia and those lacking health-enhancing exercise habits at baseline.
Emotionally charged text classification with deep learning and sentiment semantic
Authors: Huan Jeow Li , Sekh Arif Ahmed , Quek Chai , Prasad Dilip K. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractText classification is one of the widely used phenomena in different natural language processing tasks. State-of-the-art text classifiers use the vector space model for extracting features. Recent progress in deep models, recurrent neural networks those preserve the positional relationship among words achieve a higher accuracy. To push text classification accuracy even higher, multi-dimensional document representation, such as vector sequences or matrices combined with document sentiment, should be explored. In this paper, we show that documents can be represented as a sequence of vectors carrying semantic meaning and classified using a recurrent neural network that recognizes long-range relationships. We show that in this representation, additional sentiment vectors can be easily attached as a fully connected layer to the word vectors to further improve classification accuracy. On the UCI sentiment labelled dataset, using the sequence of vectors alone achieved an accuracy of 85.6%, which is better than 80.7% from ridge regression classifier—the best among the classical technique we tested. Additional sentiment information further increases accuracy to 86.3%. On our suicide notes dataset, the best classical technique—the Naíve Bayes Bernoulli classifier, achieves accuracy of 71.3%, while our classifier, incorporating semantic and sentiment information, exceeds that at 75% accuracy.
In Situ Stress State of the Ruhr Region (Germany) and Its Implications for Permeability Anisotropy
Authors: Kruszewski Michal , Montegrossi Giordano , Backers Tobias , Saenger Erik H. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this study, we carried out reactivation potential analysis of discontinuities revealed from four exploration boreholes penetrating heavily faulted and folded Upper Carboniferous rock strata of the Ruhr region. We performed this study based on the notion that slip is controlled by the ratio of shear to effective normal stresses acting on a pre-existing plane of weakness in the prevailing stress field configuration. The results of this analysis were supported by indicators of localized fluid flow, both on micro- and macro-scales, which confirm relationship between secondary permeability and in situ stress state in the Ruhr region. Findings from this study, in conjunction with results of destructive laboratory testing, indicate that the steep NW–SE- and NNE–SSW-striking planar discontinuities are likely to be either close to the critical state or critically stressed in the in situ stress configuration in the Ruhr region. These planar structures, as evidenced by indicators of localized permeability, are the main fluid pathways in the studied region. The NE–SW-striking discontinuities, on the other hand, are most likely to be closed and hydraulically inactive in the prevailing stress state. Based on results gained from this study, implications for utilization of deep geothermal energy in the region were discussed.
The significance of monitoring high mountain environments to detect heavy precipitation hotspots: a case study in Gredos, Central Spain
Authors: Morán-Tejeda Enrique , Llorente-Pinto José Manuel , Ceballos-Barbancho Antonio , Tomás-Burguera Miquel , Azorín-Molina César , Alonso-González Esteban , Revuelto Jesús , Herrero Javier , López-Moreno Juan Ignacio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn 2015, a new automatic weather station (AWS) was installed in a high elevation site in Gredos mountains (Central System, Spain). Since then, a surprisingly high number of heavy precipitation events have been recorded (55 days with precipitation over 50 mm, and a maximum daily precipitation of 446.9 mm), making this site a hotspot in Spain in terms of annual precipitation (2177 mm year) and extreme precipitation events. The neighboring stations available in the region with longer data series, including the closest ones, already informed of wet conditions in the area, but not comparable with such anomaly behavior detected in the new station (51% higher). In this study, we present the temporal variability of detected heavy precipitation events in this mountain area, and its narrow relation with atmospheric patterns over the Iberian Peninsula. Results revealed that 65% of the events occurred during advections from West, Southwest, South and cyclonic situations. A regression analysis showed that the precipitation anomaly is mostly explained by the location windward to the Atlantic wet air masses and the elevation. However, the variance explained by the models is rather low (average R2 for all events > 50 mm is 0.21). The regression models underestimate on average a 60% intensity of rainfall events. Oppositely, the high-resolution weather forecast model AROME at 0.025° was able to point out the extraordinary character of precipitation at this site, and the underestimation of observed precipitation in the AWS was about 26%. This result strongly suggests the usefulness of weather models to improve the knowledge of climatic extremes over large areas, and to improve the design of currently available observational networks.
Universality of High-Strength Tensors
Authors: Bik Arthur , Danelon Alessandro , Draisma Jan , Eggermont Rob H. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA theorem due to Kazhdan and Ziegler implies that, by substituting linear forms for its variables, a homogeneous polynomial of sufficiently high strength specialises to any given polynomial of the same degree in a bounded number of variables. Using entirely different techniques, we extend this theorem to arbitrary polynomial functors. As a corollary of our work, we show that specialisation induces a quasi-order on elements in polynomial functors, and that among the elements with a dense orbit there are unique smallest and largest equivalence classes in this quasi-order.
A new taper index based on form-factor: application to three bamboo species (Phyllostachys spp.)
Authors: Inoue Akio , Sato Motohiro , Shima Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe form-factor for the stem surface area is directly proportional to the square root of the form-factor for the stem volume, i.e., the square root law of the form-factor. Although the square root law addresses the stems of coniferous trees, the nature of the proportional coefficient of the law has not been discussed. In this study, we demonstrated that the coefficient indicates the stem taper; therefore, it is named “Taper Index based on Form-Factor (TIFF).” We also examined the relationship between the form-factor for the culm surface area and the form-factor for the apparent culm volume of 570 culms across three bamboo species (Phyllostachys pubescensMazel ex Houz.,P.bambusoidesSieb. et Zucc., andP.nigravar.henonis). The square root law held true for all three bamboo species. The species-specific TIFF was determined to be 0.873 forP. pubescens, 0.897 forP. bambusoides, and 0.901 forP. nigra. This result implied thatP. pubescenshad a more tapering culm form compared to the other two species, while culm taper was similar betweenP. bambusoidesandP. nigra. Our findings align with empirical observations of the culm taper of the bamboo species. Intra-species variation in TIFF was considerably small, allowing us to evaluate the species-specific culm taper from a small number of samples. Therefore, we conclude that TIFF provides a simple and useful method for quantifying species-specific culm or stem taper, and facilitates the estimation of merchantable or total volume.
Complications of influenza in 272 adult and pediatric patients in a German university hospital during the seasonal epidemic 2017–2018
Authors: Geerdes-Fenge Hilte F. , Klein Saskia , Schuldt Hans-Martin , Löbermann Micha , Köller Kerstin , Däbritz Jan , Reisinger Emil Christian 
Published: September 2021

Summary
Background
The influenza season 2017–2018 of the northern hemisphere was the highest since 2001 and was caused predominantly by influenza B virus.

Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients in a university hospital in northern Germany with laboratory-confirmed influenza during the winter season 2017–2018 and analyzed underlying conditions, complications, and outcome.

Results
A total of 272 cases of influenza were diagnosed: 70 influenza A (25.7%), 201 influenza B (73.9%), and 1 co-infection. Of 182 adults, 145 were hospitalized, 73 developed pneumonia, 11 developed myocardial infarction, two a transient ischemic attack, one a stroke, and one perimyocarditis. Eleven of the 145 hospitalized adult patients (7.6%) died, ten of them because of pneumonia. All of them had preexisting diseases. Pneumonia was associated with a mortality of 13.7%. Underlying cardiac insufficiency was correlated with higher mortality (7/51 with versus 4/126 patients without cardiac insufficiency; p < 0.05). Ninety cases of influenza were diagnosed in 89 children (30 A, 60 B), one child had first influenza B, then influenza A. Twenty-eight children (31%) were hospitalized, 15 children developed one or more complications (lower respiratory tract infections, meningeal irritations, febrile seizures, otitis media, myositis). No child died. Influenza vaccination status was known in 149 adult patients, pneumonia occurred more frequently in non-vaccinated individuals (43/90; 47.8%) than in vaccinated patients (18/59; 30.5%, p < 0.05).

Conclusion
Patients with influenza should be monitored for secondary pneumonia and myocardial infarction, and vaccination should be enforced especially in patients with coronary heart disease and cardiac insufficiency.
Hierarchical learning from human preferences and curiosity
Authors: Bougie Nicolas , Ichise Ryutaro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRecent success in scaling deep reinforcement algorithms (DRL) to complex problems has been driven by well-designed extrinsic rewards, which limits their applicability to many real-world tasks where rewards are naturally extremely sparse. One solution to this problem is to introduce human guidance to drive the agent’s learning. Although low-level demonstrations is a promising approach, it was shown that such guidance may be difficult for experts to demonstrate since some tasks require a large amount of high-quality demonstrations. In this work, we explore human guidance in the form of high-level preferences between sub-goals, leading to drastic reductions in both human effort and cost of exploration. We design a novel hierarchical reinforcement learning method that introduces non-expert human preferences at the high-level, and curiosity to drastically speed up the convergence of subpolicies to reach any sub-goals. We further propose a strategy based on curiosity to automatically discover sub-goals. We evaluate the proposed method on 2D navigation tasks, robotic control tasks, and image-based video games (Atari 2600), which have high-dimensional observations, sparse rewards, and complex state dynamics. The experimental results show that the proposed method can learn significantly faster than traditional hierarchical RL methods and drastically reduces the amount of human effort required over standard imitation learning approaches.
Sexual Behaviors and HIV/STI Prevention Strategies Among Sexual Minority Men in Ecuador Who Use Geosocial Networking Apps
Authors: Hermosa-Bosano Carlos , Paz Clara , Hidalgo-Andrade Paula , Aguayo-Romero Rodrigo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAround the world, geosocial networking apps have become widely popular among sexual minority men (SMM). This research analyzed the sexual behaviors and HIV and STI prevention strategies (HIV/STI testing, HIV/STI inquiry, and HIV/STI disclosure) of an online-recruited sample of 284 SMM living in Ecuador. Sexting and oral sex were the most common sexual behaviors among SMM in the sample. Most participants had low perceptions of HIV and STI risk; 85% reported being tested for HIV and 70% for STIs. Being older predicted higher odds of being tested for either HIV or STIs at least once. Being single also predicted HIV testing. Future interventions in the country should explore apps’ utility as intervention tools to spread information about sexual health and HIV prevention strategies, such as condom use and event-driven PrEP. Apps can also facilitate connections to sexual health services, including programs for PrEP initiation and linkage to HIV treatment. They should also focus on promoting sexual harm reduction conversations among potential app-met sexual partners.
The Cost of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder in Swedish Youth
Authors: Lenhard Fabian , Aspvall Kristina , Andersson Erik , Ahlen Johan , Serlachius Eva , Lavner Malin , Brodin Anna , Mataix-Cols David 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe economic impact of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) on society is unknown. We compared a wide range of individual-level cost data of children 7–17 years with OCD (n = 152) with a control group from the general population in Sweden (n = 768). The total annual cost in the OCD group wasM = 11941€ (95%CI[9915–13966]), compared to the control groupM = 6380 € (95%CI[5461–7299]), corresponding to an estimated marginal mean cost of OCD of 5560 € per person and year (z = 4.99,p < .001). OCD was associated with significantly higher healthcare costs, parental absence from work and school productivity loss. OCD symptom severity was positively associated with higher costs. The total societal burden of pediatric OCD in Sweden was estimated to be 94.3 € million per year (95%CI[56.9–131.8]). These results have important implications for policy makers and for the allocation of healthcare resources. Similar studies are needed in other countries in order to estimate the global cost of the disorder.
Cost-sensitive ensemble learning: a unifying framework
Authors: Petrides George , Verbeke Wouter 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOver the years, a plethora of cost-sensitive methods have been proposed for learning on data when different types of misclassification errors incur different costs. Our contribution is a unifying framework that provides a comprehensive and insightful overview on cost-sensitive ensemble methods, pinpointing their differences and similarities via a fine-grained categorization. Our framework contains natural extensions and generalisations of ideas across methods, be it AdaBoost, Bagging or Random Forest, and as a result not only yields all methods known to date but also some not previously considered.
By chance or by choice? Biased attribution of others’ outcomes when social preferences matter
Authors: Erkal Nisvan , Gangadharan Lata , Koh Boon Han 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDecision makers in positions of power often make unobserved choices under risk and uncertainty. In many cases, they face a trade-off between maximizing their own payoff and those of other individuals. What inferences are made in such instances about their choices when only outcomes are observable? We conduct two experiments that investigate whether outcomes are attributed to luck or choices. Decision makers choose between two investment options, where the more costly option has a higher chance of delivering a good outcome (that is, a higher payoff) for the group. We show that attribution biases exist in the evaluation of good outcomes. On average, good outcomes of decision makers are attributed more to luck as compared to bad outcomes. This asymmetry implies that decision makers get too little credit for their successes. The biases are exhibited by those individuals who make or would make the less prosocial choice for the group as decision makers, suggesting that a consensus effect may be shaping both the belief formation and updating processes.
Identification of house price bubbles using robust methodology: evidence from Polish provincial capitals
Authors: Tomal Mateusz 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article aims to check whether there has been a price bubble in the Polish major housing markets in recent years. To accomplish this goal, the log price-to-rent ratios in Polish provincial cities were analysed. In order to avoid incorrect conclusions, the log price-to-rent ratio using the instrumental variable estimation and ordinary least squares methods was decomposed into two components: fundamental and non-fundamental. The latter was then examined using the Phillips, Shi, and Yu procedure to detect explosive and downward movements. The results of the study showed that, in general, over 2011, actual log price-to-rent ratios in the analysed cities were below their fundamental values, i.e., a negative price bubble existed. However, more or less since the beginning of 2013, the surveyed markets have seen an increasing level of the non-fundamental component of the index under study, and its particularly explosive movements are visible in the first quarters of 2014. Finally, this analysis indicated future research directions and study implications for Polish policy-makers, housing investors, and households.
Not-for-Profit Performance Reporting: A Reflection on Methods, Results and Implications for Practice and Regulation
Authors: McConville Danielle , Cordery Carolyn 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a critical analysis of present approaches to studying not-for-profit performance reporting, and implications of research in this area. Focusing on three approaches: content analysis of publicly available performance reporting; quantitative analysis of financial data; and (rarer) mixed/other methods, we consider the impact of these on our knowledge of not-for-profit performance reporting, highlighting gaps and suggesting further research questions and methods. Our analysis demonstrates the important role of regulation in determining the research data available, and the impact of this on research methods. We inter-connect the methods, results and prevailing view of performance reporting in different jurisdictions and argue that this reporting has the potential to influence both charity practices and regulators’ actions. We call for further research in this interesting area. Contribution is made to the methodological literature on not-for-profits, and ongoing international conversations on regulating not-for-profit reporting.
Lipid droplet evolution gives insight into polyaneuploid cancer cell lipid droplet functions
Authors: Kostecka Laurie G. , Pienta Kenneth J. , Amend Sarah R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLipid droplets (LDs) are found throughout all phyla across the tree of life. Originating as pure energy stores in the most basic organisms, LDs have evolved to fill various roles as regulators of lipid metabolism, signaling, and trafficking. LDs have been noted in cancer cells and have shown to increase tumor aggressiveness and chemotherapy resistance. A certain transitory state of cancer cell, the polyaneuploid cancer cell (PACC), appears to have higher LD levels than the cancer cell from which they are derived. PACCs are postulated to be the mediators of metastasis and resistance in many different cancers. Utilizing the evolutionarily conserved roles of LDs to protect from cellular lipotoxicity allows PACCs to survive otherwise lethal stressors. By better understanding how LDs have evolved throughout different phyla we will identify opportunities to target LDs in PACCs to increase therapeutic efficiency in cancer cells.