bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite element implementation and application of a sand model in micropolar theory
Authors: Liu Jiangxin , Yin Zhen-Yu , Wu Lijian , Hicher Pierre-Yves 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In traditional finite element failure analyses of geotechnical structures, the micro grain rotations cannot be modelled and numerical solutions are mesh dependent. In this study, a user element including rotational degree of freedom has been developed based on micropolar theory (Cosserat theory), then an enhanced non-associated sand model is calibrated with laboratory data and used to model the plane strain tests. The simulated results demonstrate the polarized model is able to model reasonably the sand behavior as well as the grain rotations in the localized region. What’s more, with this enhanced model, the mesh independent numerical solutions in terms of mechanical responses, shear bands thickness and orientations have been obtained.

Article highlights

In failure analysis of geostructures, significant rotations of soil grains have been observed to occur in the strain localized regions, but the current commercial Finite Element tools cannot model the micro rotations. Therefore, a user defined element must be developed to include the rotational degree of freedom.
The micropolar approach is proven to be effective to model the grain rations in present paper.

More suitable than other classical soil or sand constitutive models, the selected non-associated sand model in
present paper is capable of describing well the contraction and shear dilatancy behaviors of sand. Then the model
has been enhanced by means of micropolar technique, in this way, the reasonable strain localization phenomena
in laboratory tests could be predicted well.

There are always the mesh dependent problems for traditional simulations of the strain localization phenomena in finite element analysis. It can be found in present paper that the mesh independent numerical solutions are obtained by means of micropolar technique. Furthermore, the micropolar approach can obviously improve convergence difficulties in finite element analyses.
Media, technology, and the sins of memory
Authors: Schacter Daniel L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHuman memory is prone to error and distortion. It has been proposed that memory's misdeeds can be classified into seven categories or ‘sins’. This article discusses the impact of media and technology on four memory sins:transience(forgetting over time),absent-mindedness(lapses in attention that produce forgetting),misattribution(attributing a memory to the wrong source), andsuggestibility(implanted memories). Growing concerns have been expressed about the negative impact of media and technology on memory. With respect to transience, I review research regarding the impact of the Internet (ie, Google), GPS, and photographs. Studies have documented impaired memory following specific tasks on which people rely on media/technology (eg, poor memory for a route after using GPS), but have revealed little evidence for broader impairments (eg, generally impaired memory in GPS users), and have also documented some mnemonic benefits (eg, reviewing photos of past experiences). For absent-mindedness, there is strong evidence that media multitasking is associated with poor memory for a target task (eg, a lecture) because of attentional lapses, suggesting evidence that chronic media multitasking could be associated with broader memory problems, and emerging evidence that technology can help to reduce certain kinds of absent-minded errors. Regarding misattribution and suggestibility, there is clear evidence that manipulated or misleading photos are associated with false memories for personal events and fake news, but no evidence of broader effects on susceptibility to memory distortion. Further study of the impact of media and technology on the memory sins is a fruitful pursuit for interdisciplinary studies.
Prevalence and determinants of symptomatic COVID-19 infection among children and adolescents in Qatar: a cross-sectional analysis of 11 445 individuals
Authors: Musa Omran A. H. , Chivese Tawanda , Bansal Devendra , Abdulmajeed Jazeel , Ameen Osman , Islam Nazmul , Xu Chang , Sallam Mohamed A. , Albayat Soha S. , Khogali Hayat S. , Ahmed Shazia N. N. , Himatt Sayed M. , Nour Mohamed , Elberdiny Aiman A. , Abdallah Abdallah Musa , Furuya-Kanamori Luis , Al-Romaihi Hamad E. , Doi Suhail A. R. , Al-Thani Mohammed H. J. , Abu Baker Abd Farag Elmoubashar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
There is a paucity of evidence about the prevalence and risk factors for symptomatic infection among children. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its risk factors in children and adolescents aged 0–18 years in Qatar. We conducted a cross-sectional study of all children aged 0–18 years diagnosed with COVID-19 using polymerase chain reaction in Qatar during the period 1st March to 31st July 2020. A generalised linear model with a binomial family and identity link was used to assess the association between selected factors and the prevalence of symptomatic infection. A total of 11 445 children with a median age of 8 years (interquartile range (IQR) 3–13 years) were included in this study. The prevalence of symptomatic COVID-19 was 36.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 35.7–37.5), and it was similar between children aged <5 years (37.8%), 5–9 years (34.3%) and 10 + years (37.3%). The most frequently reported symptoms among the symptomatic group were fever (73.5%), cough (34.8%), headache (23.2%) and sore throat (23.2%). Fever (82.8%) was more common in symptomatic children aged <5 years, while cough (38.7%) was more prevalent in those aged 10 years or older, compared to other age groups. Variables associated with an increased risk of symptomatic infection were; contact with confirmed cases (RD 0.21; 95% CI 0.20–0.23; P = 0.001), having visited a health care facility (RD 0.54; 95% CI 0.45–0.62; P = 0.001), and children aged under 5 years (RD 0.05; 95% CI 0.02–0.07; P = 0.001) or aged 10 years or older (RD 0.04; 95% CI 0.02–0.06; P = 0.001). A third of the children with COVID-19 were symptomatic with a higher proportion of fever in very young children and a higher proportion of cough in those between 10 and 18 years of age.
Quantifying seed germination based on thermal models to predict global climate change impacts on Cerrado species
Authors: Correa Amanda Ribeiro , Pereira da Silva Ana Mayra , de Aquino Arantes Carita Rodrigues , Guimarães Sebastião Carneiro , Camili Elisangela Clarete , de Fátima Barbosa Coelho Maria 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSeed germination is regulated by temperature and can thus be quantified by thermal models, which can predict germination occurrence in biomes and plant survival under possible climate change scenarios. The objective of this study was to quantify germination based on thermal time and survival risk of 14 species in the Brazilian Cerrado in scenarios of future climate change. Seeds were collected in the warmer regions of the Cerrado, central Brazil, placed in incubators to germinate at constant temperatures of 10–50°C and evaluated every hour or day. Germination rate (R50), time for germination of 50% of the seeds (T50) and dent-like function were used to determine cardinal temperatures. Thermal time parameters were estimated using the Weibull model. Seed germination forecasts were made based on the International Panel on Climatic Change (IPCC) scenarios of global temperature increase. Base temperatures (Tb) ranged from 3.5 to 16.5°C, maximum temperatures (Tmax) from 35 to 50°C and optimum temperatures (To) from 30 to 35°C. Estimated thermal time varied from 484°C h to 400°C d at sub-optimal temperatures and 108°C h at 126°C d at supra-optimal temperatures. Species more distributed showed a higher thermal range of germination and are less susceptible to extinction in temperature increase scenarios. The results of this study suggest that seeds that are non-dormant after dispersal may be the most vulnerable in the future. In this context, our predictions contribute to understand how the survival of trees and shrubs will be affected in the Cerrado in the future.
‘Where Have all the Distortions Gone?’ Appellate Body Report, Ukraine–Ammonium Nitrate
Authors: Herghelegiu Cristina , Rubini Luca 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article reviews the Appellate Body Report in the Ukraine–Ammonium Nitrate dispute that focused on the impact of Russia's dual pricing in the natural gas market on the ammonium nitrate market. Interpreting the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA), the Appellate Body rejected the possibility to reject input costs, which, though distorted, were duly reported in the company's records, and to replace them with a surrogate price which, for the Ukrainian authorities, was the (adjusted) export price of Russian natural gas at the German border. In this article, (a) we fully review the background of the dispute, showing the connections between natural gas and ammonium nitrate prices, and the impact on Russia's price regulation of the domestic market on them; (b) we then review the ADA and concur with the interpretation of the Appellate Body, essentially for systemic reasons; (c) for completeness, we also investigate whether econometrics could accurately determine the natural gas benchmark price in Russia and conclude in the negative; (d) since dual pricing gives an economic benefit to domestic ammonium nitrate producers, we finally test dual pricing under the WTO subsidy rules. The conclusion is that the current disciplines are not likely to apply to dual pricing and lead us to conclude that important distortions are currently left without regulation in the WTO.
How does an allowance for a non-working younger partner affect the retirement behaviour of couples?
Authors: Nagore García Amparo , van Soest Arthur 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe examine the effect of the partner allowance (PA) in the Dutch pension system on the retirement decisions of couples using administrative data. PA was paid to people who receive the public old-age pension with a partner younger than the state pension age (SPA) and with a low own income. PA worked as a financial incentive to retire earlier, especially for the younger partners. As of 1 April 2015, new old-age pensioners are no longer entitled to this allowance. We estimate the effect of this reform on the retirement behaviour of each spouse. To account for the fact that at the same time, another reform essentially put an end to generous early retirement arrangements, we compare singles and couples. We conclude that PA substantially increased female younger partners' probabilities to exit from part-time employment into retirement close to the older partner's SPA. On the other hand, there is no evidence that male younger partners (either full-time or part-time workers) responded to the PA reform. In addition, PA increased male older partners’ probabilities to retire in the years before reaching their SPA.
Identifying the influential factors, benefits and challenges of hydroponic shipping container farm businesses: a snapshot of farmers' perceptions
Authors: Wagner Nicole , Morrish Douglas , Juarez Marcella 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis preliminary mixed methods study utilized an online survey and phone interviews to examine the benefits, challenges and user experience of farmers utilizing hydroponic shipping container farms (HSCFs). Due to the novelty of this crop production method, and thus the relatively small number of commercial farmers adopting this technology, 12 commercial HSCF businesses, of 46 identified online and via social media, participated in this study. Because population size was small, and 11 of the 12 farms had been in business a very short amount of time (two years or less), the following results are preliminary. The results showed that HSCFs gave farmers the ability to produce locally, sustainably and in new areas. Seventy-five percent of the farmers (n= 9) strongly agreed or agreed that the HSCFhelped their farm become more productive, did everything they expected it to doandwas efficient.Most participants were satistifed (n= 8; 66.7%) with their HSCFs; one was very satisfied (8.3%), while others wereneutral(n= 1; 8.3%) anddissatisfied(n= 2; 16.7%). Participant expectations were most met regarding incorporation of technology, reduced resource use and efficiency; however, 50.0% of the farmers (n= 6) disagreed or strongly disagreed that the HSCF was profitable. Some farmers reported that HSCFs are efficient in production, although their units were not as productive and profitable, nor as user friendly as they expected. Regarding HSCF challenges, power usage and startup costs were ranked most highly, while finding labor was the least challenging. Following phone interviews with three profitable farmers, it was revealed that their success was due to growing local food that was in demand by their community. While this study identified several challenges of HSCFs, this technology may have benefits, for example in areas with limited arable land and water resources, and may offer some farmers a way to be profitable, especially by tapping the growing consumer demand for local produce.
Comment on “Fragmentation of the Adriatic Promontory: New Chronological Constraints From Neogene Shortening Rates Across the Southern Alps (NE Italy)” by Moulin & Benedetti
Authors: Poli M. E. , Monegato G. , Fontana A. , Mozzi P. , Rossato S. , Zampieri D. , Falcucci E. , Gori S. , Caputo R. , Zanferrari A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMoulin and Benedetti (2018),https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC004958present a new interpretation of the Neogene‐Quaternary tectonic evolution of the Eastern Southern Alps (ESA) in Veneto‐Friuli. After the reinterpretation of literature field data by means of remote sensing analysis (Digital Elevation Model interpretation), they calculated deformation rates of the tectonic structures through age interpretation of geomorphological surfaces of the Veneto‐Friuli piedmont plain. The authors linked the result of surface analysis to the thrust and fold architecture of the ESA basing on the Castellarin et al. (2006),https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.10.013interpretation of TRANSALP project and the Friuli geological map at the scale 1:150,000 (Carulli, 2006). Discussing their new architecture of the ESA, the authors finally yielded rates of Europe‐Adria plates convergence and suggested fragmentation of Adria over the last 1–2 Ma. The present comment is aimed at discussing several critical points concerning: the use of the geomorphological and chronological data; the misinterpretation of the Digital Terrain Model; the reconstruction of the balanced geological cross section. Moreover, the application of a structural model defined in a certain area to another without considering peculiar structural complexities available in the literature results is geologically and methodologically questionable.
Initiating Salt Tectonics by Tilting: Viscous Coupling Between a Tilted Salt Layer and Overlying Brittle Sediment
Authors: Hamdani Itzhak , Aharonov Einat , Olive Jean‐Arthur , Parez Stanislav , Gvirtzman Zohar 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSalt basins often exhibit a shelf/slope region of extension and a deeper domain of contraction. The up‐slope normal faults in such salt tectonics systems are often associated with the pinch‐out edge of the buried salt layer. Although the spatial correlation between the normal faults and the salt pinch‐out was previously observed, the mechanism was not fully explained. The Levant basin, which is a young and mildly deformed salt basin with a relatively thin overburden, provides an opportunity to analyze a simple salt tectonics system driven by basin margin tilt, and the formation of the normal faults. This work presents analytical and numerical modeling of the coupled viscous salt and overlying visco‐plastic sediment layer. Results suggest the viscosities of both the sediment overburden and salt, as well as their thicknesses, control the deformation of the coupled layers. The visco‐plastic deformation mechanism explains quantitatively the position of faulting and observations of the temporal evolution of brittle deformation in the Levant basin margin. It predicts that the largest stress in the overburden arises above the salt edge, driving normal faulting at that location. Our model also places quantitative constraints on the effective viscosity of the overburden (>2 × 1020 Pa s), which is consistent with experimentally‐determined creep laws. Our results contribute to the understanding of halokinematics in salt basins during the early stages of deformation and will allow better assessment of geological hazards related to salt related deformation.
Paleobathymetry of Submarine Lavas in the Samail and Troodos Ophiolites: Insights From Volatiles in Glasses and Implications for Hydrothermal Systems
Authors: Belgrano Thomas M. , Tollan Peter M. , Marxer Felix , Diamond Larryn W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHydrostatic pressure exerted by the ocean water column fundamentally influences magmatic and hydrothermal processes in submarine volcanic settings and is therefore an important parameter to know when investigating such processes. Currently, there are few reliable methods for reconstructing past ocean depths for ancient volcanic terranes. Here, we develop and test an empirically calibrated statistical approach for determining paleodepths of eruption from the concentrations of H2O and CO2 dissolved in volcanic glasses, utilizing the well‐defined pressure‐dependent solubility of these volatiles in silicate melts. By comparing newly determined and published glass compositions from the Samail and Troodos ophiolites with sedimentary and fluid inclusion evidence, we propose that the Samail lavas erupted at ocean depths of ∼3.4 km, and the Troodos lavas at ∼4.1 km. These depths are 1–2 km deeper than those assumed in most previous studies of hydrothermal activity in the two ophiolites. These high depths imply high hydrostatic pressures within the underlying oceanic crust. Such pressures may have allowed convecting hydrothermal fluids to attain significantly higher temperatures (e.g., >450°C) than in typical modern ocean ridge hydrothermal systems during metal leaching in the crust and metal precipitation in seafloor sulfide deposits.
Prevalence of benefit finding and posttraumatic growth in long-term cancer survivors: results from a multi-regional population-based survey in Germany
Authors: Liu Zhunzhun , Thong Melissa S. Y. , Doege Daniela , Koch-Gallenkamp Lena , Bertram Heike , Eberle Andrea , Holleczek Bernd , Waldmann Annika , Zeissig Sylke Ruth , Pritzkuleit Ron , Brenner Hermann , Arndt Volker 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Cancer studies reported mixed results on benefit finding (BF) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) prevalence and few were focused on long-term survivors.

Methods
BF and PTG were assessed in a multi-regional population-based study in Germany with 6952 breast, colorectal and prostate cancer survivors, using the Benefit Finding Scale and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. We calculated the age-adjusted prevalence, stratified by demographical and clinical characteristics.

Results
Overall, 66.0% of cancer survivors indicated moderate-to-high BF, and 20.5% moderate-to-high PTG. Age-adjusted prevalence of BF and PTG differed according to cancer type (breast > colorectal > prostate) and sex (female > male). BF and PTG prevalence were higher in younger than in older respondents; the age-adjusted prevalence was higher in respondents who survived more years after diagnosis. The strength and direction of associations of age-adjusted prevalence with cancer stage, disease recurrence, and time since diagnosis varied according to cancer type and sex.

Conclusions
A substantial proportion of long-term cancer survivors reported moderate-to-high BF and PTG. However, the prevalence was lower in older and male cancer survivors, and during the earlier years after cancer diagnosis. Further longitudinal studies on PTG and BF in cancer survivors are warranted to address heterogeneity in survivors’ experience after cancer diagnosis.
Ensemble learning-iterative training machine learning for uncertainty quantification and automated experiment in atom-resolved microscopy
Authors: Ghosh Ayana , Sumpter Bobby G. , Dyck Ondrej , Kalinin Sergei V. , Ziatdinov Maxim 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDeep learning has emerged as a technique of choice for rapid feature extraction across imaging disciplines, allowing rapid conversion of the data streams to spatial or spatiotemporal arrays of features of interest. However, applications of deep learning in experimental domains are often limited by the out-of-distribution drift between the experiments, where the network trained for one set of imaging conditions becomes sub-optimal for different ones. This limitation is particularly stringent in the quest to have an automated experiment setting, where retraining or transfer learning becomes impractical due to the need for human intervention and associated latencies. Here we explore the reproducibility of deep learning for feature extraction in atom-resolved electron microscopy and introduce workflows based on ensemble learning and iterative training to greatly improve feature detection. This approach allows incorporating uncertainty quantification into the deep learning analysis and also enables rapid automated experimental workflows where retraining of the network to compensate for out-of-distribution drift due to subtle change in imaging conditions is substituted for human operator or programmatic selection of networks from the ensemble. This methodology can be further applied to machine learning workflows in other imaging areas including optical and chemical imaging.
Parkinson’s disease patient-specific neuronal networks carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation unveil early functional alterations that predate neurodegeneration
Authors: Carola G. , Malagarriga D. , Calatayud C. , Pons-Espinal M. , Blasco-Agell L. , Richaud-Patin Y. , Fernandez-Carasa I. , Baruffi V. , Beltramone S. , Molina E. , Dell’Era P. , Toledo-Aral J. J. , Tolosa E. , Muotri A. R. , Garcia Ojalvo J. , Soriano J. , Raya A. , Consiglio A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA deeper understanding of early disease mechanisms occurring in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is needed to reveal restorative targets. Here we report that human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived dopaminergic neurons (DAn) obtained from healthy individuals or patients harboring LRRK2 PD-causing mutation can create highly complex networks with evident signs of functional maturation over time. Compared to control neuronal networks, LRRK2 PD patients’ networks displayed an elevated bursting behavior, in the absence of neurodegeneration. By combining functional calcium imaging, biophysical modeling, and DAn-lineage tracing, we found a decrease in DAn neurite density that triggered overall functional alterations in PD neuronal networks. Our data implicate early dysfunction as a prime focus that may contribute to the initiation of downstream degenerative pathways preceding DAn loss in PD, highlighting a potential window of opportunity for pre-symptomatic assessment of chronic degenerative diseases.