bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attenuated erythrocytic ATP release is caused by extracellular hemoglobin.
Authors: Cole Russell H , Malavalli Ashok , Vandegriff Kim D 
Published: June 2021

Local regulation of microvascular flow is a complex process evolved to match oxygen supply to the metabolic demands of the tissue. The RBC has been proposed as an O2 sensor through a direct link between the desaturation of intracellular hemoglobin (Hb) and ATP release, leading to vasodilation1. This theory suggests a link between alterations of O2 transport parameters in the plasma space and vasoactivity. Based on theoretical calculations of O2 extraction from RBCs in the presence of Hb‐based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), we hypothesized that that the addition of cell‐free Hb to the extracellular space provides a supplementary O2 source that reduces RBC desaturation and ATP release. In this study, the total O2 concentration of RBC/HBOC suspensions was lowered by additions of deoxygenated saline, and then assayed for ATP production via the luciferin‐luciferase bioluminescence assay. When an acellular Hb cross‐linked between α subunits (αα Hb, p50 = 33 mmHg) was added to the red cell suspension, ATP production was significantly less in the absence of HBOC. These results provide a possible mechanism for HBOC‐induced vasoactivity through delayed release of red cell ATP.1 Ellsworth, ML (2000) Acta Physiol Scand 168: 551‐559.
A Comparative Biomechanical Study of Load Bearing Properties between the Humerus and the Femur
Authors: Khan Hassan S , Hayes Westley , Saha Subrata , Márquez Samuel 
Published: June 2021

Living bone is subjected to a series of complex load as external and internal forces act on our skeletal system during locomotion. Differences in mechanical properties are dependent upon whether the bone is weight bearing or not. For example, the human femur exhibits greater mass and resistance to applied force than the humerus presumably due to its role as a weight bearing bone. This quantitative comparative study focuses on load to failure values between the humerus and femur bone tissue. Upper and lower limb segments from cadaveric material were disarticulated and cleaned in order to harvest the bones of interest for this study. Proximal and distal one inch segments were machined and X‐rays were performed to examine for any pathologies. The samples were mechanically tested using the Instron 8874 (Norwood, MA) Servohydraulic Test System to measure the loads to assess compression failure of these segments. Results showed a marked variation in the maximum force between the humerus and the femur. The proximal and distal humeral segments withstood an average compressive load of 18,935 N and 8,440 N respectively. The femoral segments withstood the maximum applied force of 25,000 N. These results confirm weight bearing bones have higher resistance to compressive forces. The results of this study will illuminate the role of load bearing on the mechanical properties of bone tissue.Grant Funding Source: Dept. of Cell Biology
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) activates the ERK signaling pathway, in part, by upregulating CTGF expression
Authors: Oubrahim Hammou , Sengupta Deepali C. , Wilson Brenda A. , Chock P. Boon 
Published: June 2021

PMT, a 146 kDa bacterial protein, is a potent mitogen and a strong inducer of anchorage‐independent growth for fibroblast and osteoclast cells. We showed that PMT activated the ERK pathway, and that this ERK activation was also detected when quiescent 3T3 cells were treated with conditioned media taken from PMT‐treated cells. These results support the existence of a diffusible factor(s) that mediates ERK activation. Microarray analysis revealed that connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is the most elevated factor in PMT‐treated cells. CTGF is a 36‐kDa secreted protein and a member of the CCN family. It stimulates cellular proliferation and regulation of angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Western blot analysis using CTGF antibody revealed a robust elevation of an immunoreactive protein of 36–38 kDa in both cell lysate and conditioned media of PMT‐treated cells. This observed PMT‐induced CTGF elevation was also detected in WT, but not in Gαq/Gα11‐deficient MEF cells. While PMT failed to induce ERK activation in Gαq/Gα11‐deficient MEF cells, the conditioned media can activate ERK in these cells suggesting that PMT upregulates the CTGF protein level and leads to ERK activation.This work was supported, in part, by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, NHLBI.
Initial evidence for increased glutamine turnover in obese adolescents
Authors: Lenders Carine M ,   The Elisabeth Glaser Pediatric Research Network Obesity Study Group
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesTo examine the relationships of plasma glutamine‐to‐glutamate ratio (Gln/Glu) to markers of energy metabolism and body fat.Methods58 obese 13–17.9 years olds, screened for a Weight‐Loss Trial (38 females, 8 black, 16 Hispanic). We calculated FM using DXA‐scan and VAT using CT‐scan. Blood tests included amino‐acids (AA), 25(OH)D, and PTH. HOMA_IR calculated based on fasting glucose and insulin levels.ResultsMedian [10–90th percentile] plasma levels included glutamine 524[432;595], glutamate 56[26;98], their ratio 10[5;22], leucine 21[102;151], and BCAA 428[354;505] μmol/L. After adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, Tanner stage, 25(OH)D deficiency, and PTH, Gln/Glu was inversely associated with HOMA_IR (−0.13±0.06 units, p=0.004). After adjustment for covariates including HOMA‐IR, Gln/glu was inversely associated with VAT (−0.2±0.1%), FM (−628±218g) and BMI (−0.3±0.12kg/m2), p<0.05; not lean mass (p>0.05).DiscussionWhile leucine, BCAA, and glutamine levels were similar to Lepage data (1997), glutamate was more than twice as high. Thus, Gln/Glu was half that of healthy adolescents and inversely related to energy metabolism and body fat measures. These results provide initial evidence of increased glutamine turnover in obese adolescents. K23DK082732‐01.
Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) and its association with adequate intake and nutritional status in HIV+ adults
Authors: Campa Adriana , Hernandez Gabrielle , Martinez Sabrina Sales , Li Yinghui , Lai Shenghan , Page John Bryan , Baum Marianna K 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveA low Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) is associated with risk of chronic diseases and may be a useful tool in predicting risk of HIV progression. This study examined the relationship between AHEI, nutritional status and dietary intake in HIV+ adults.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional study of 202 HIV+ adults, the AHEI (scored on the basis of intake of 8 components: vegetables, fruit, nuts and soy, white or red meat, polyunsaturated or saturated fat, fiber, multivitamin use, and alcohol) was applied to 24‐hour recalls. Regression analyses assessed the relationship between AHEI score and nutritional and immunological biomarkers collected simultaneously.ResultsThe AHEI score was significantly inversely related to viral load (β=−1.023, p=0.0108), and directly to body cell mass (β=0.06, p=0.03), serum albumin (β=1.82, p=0.03), hemoglobin (β=0.50, p=0.045), iron intake (β=0.12, p=0.0002) and adequate caloric intake using the Harris‐Benedict formula (β=0.001, p=0.003). The models were controlled for BMI, age and education.ConclusionAHEI is significantly associated with viral load, a marker of HIV disease progression, and with parameters of nutritional status and dietary intake. The Healthy Eating recommendations that are the basis of the AHEI, should be an important part of nutritional interventions for people living with HIV.Funded by NIDA
Alternatives for energy‐adjustment of nutrient intakes
Authors: Rhee Jinnie , Cho Eunyoung , Willett Walter 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveAdjustment for body weight and physical activity has been suggested as an alternative to adjusting for reported energy intake. We examined which of these approaches would yield stronger correlations between nutrients and their corresponding blood biomarkers.MethodsWe used data from nested case‐control studies of erythrocyte fatty acids and coronary heart disease (N=442), and of plasma carotenoids and breast cancer (N=1254). Dietary fatty acids and carotenoids were adjusted for total energy intake estimated by food frequency questionnaire and, separately, for body weight and physical activity. We computed correlation coefficients between the adjusted nutrients and their biomarkers.ResultsEnergy‐adjusted trans fatty acid intakes had significantly stronger correlations with blood biomarkers than did intakes adjusted for weight and activity (for plasma fatty acid levels, r=0.17 unadjusted, 0.30 energy‐adjusted, and 0.16 weight‐ and activity‐adjusted; for erythrocytes, the corresponding correlations were 0.25, 0.37, and 0.25). For intakes of linoleic acid and alpha‐linolenic acid, correlations with their respective biomarkers were also significantly stronger when adjusted for reported energy intake than when adjusted for weight and activity. Adjustments made little difference for docosahexaenoic acid and carotenoids.ConclusionsAdjustment for energy intake calculated from the same questionnaire used to estimate nutrient intakes appears to be superior to adjustment using body weight and physical activity. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health [AG00158].
The Local Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency or Insufficiency in Southeast Michigan
Authors: Duanmu Zhengbo , Shah Rita P , Reddy Vishnuvardhan , Shah Alka Y , Marella Basil J , Gupta Neelum , Roth Frank , Knapp Mary J , Shah Dinesh M 
Published: June 2021

Serum 25(OH) vitamin D level is critical for optimal health. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with skeletal abnormalities as well as numerous other health issues. The objective of this study was to evaluate by age and gender the local prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in a population from an area of Northern latitude (Southeast Michigan). This was a retrospective cohort study of 1016 patients with serum vitamin D measurements from December 2010 to June 2011. Vitamin D level were normal in 323 patients (31.8%), insufficient in 337 patients (33.2%) and deficient in 356 patients (35.0%). The average vitamin D levels in both male and female were below normal (24.8±13.2 and 27.5±13.2 respectively). Contrary to other reports, our results showed vitamin D levels increased with age. For patients age >60, 30–59, and <30, the average 25(OH) D levels declined considerably from 28.9±13.9, 22.9±11.5, to 17.6±7.6, respectively (P<0.001 among each group). Consistent with previous investigations, these findings suggest a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. The serum 25(OH) D levels were markedly lower in males compared to those in females. Surprisingly, serum 25(OH) D levels were lowest in the younger population. Current recommendations for vitamin D supplementation may need to be adjusted accordingly based on these results.Supported by Michigan Physicians Group internal funding.
Qualitative Assessment of Resources Needed by Third and Fourth Year Medical Students for the Prevention and Treatment of Childhood Obesity
Authors: Raad Alice A. , Cooke Natalie K. , Alexander De'Ja S. , Lang Brittany A. , Wheeley Jennifer R. , Goodell L. Suzanne 
Published: June 2021

Healthcare providers should to be equipped with the necessary information, resources, and skills to treat and prevent childhood obesity. This qualitative assessment focused on medical students’ understanding of childhood obesity and what they believe is lacking from their training to treat and prevent childhood obesity. Individual interviews were conducted with both allopathic and osteopathic third and fourth year students throughout the United States. Researchers found that students felt inadequate in preventing and treating childhood obesity. Students said that they would benefit if referred to the proper information from clinical studies they could share with patients, community educational programs in which to refer their patients, and nutritional pamphlets to send home with their patients. Some students stated a need for skills to interact with both children and their parents, and students want to learn motivational interviewing skills to encourage and promote healthier lifestyles. Some students said that they would benefit from lectures on childhood obesity and the basics of nutrition. Medical students want to be more prepared to work with obese patients and would like to receive resources to be successful physicians in addition to the extensive medical knowledge they are already receiving. With the proper nutrition education, healthcare providers may feel confident in working with obese children.Grant Funding Source : N/A
An Ecological study on food consumption patterns and childhood obesity in schools
Authors: Cuevas-Nasu Lucia , Shamah-Levy Teresa , Méndez-Gómez-Humarán Ignacio , Méndez-Ramírez Ignacio 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveEvaluate the association between food consumption with overweight and obesity (OW+O), in a representative sample of school children in Mexico.MethodsWe assessed nutriment consumption (energy, carbohydrates, lipids, fiber and sodium) in 8,367 children with food and beverages consumption records during journey from home to school and back (out of home=OH), and global consumption (GC). We standardized average consumption by state. Ward clustering method was used to group consumption patterns. Analysis of variance was used for evaluate consumption patterns association with OW+O.ResultsWe selected 4 consumption groups: 1) all nutrients at average in OH and slightly lower in GC; 2) all nutrients high OH and high in all nutrients in GC but low in fiber; 3) all the nutrients were slightly lower OH and in average in GC; and 4) all the nutrients were low OH and all the nutrients in GC, but high in fiber. Tukey‐Kramer test shows a significant higher prevalence of OW+O in cluster 2 with respect to cluster 4.ConclusionHigher nutrient consumption OH and GC, with low fiber is associated with higher prevalence of OW+O.
In vivo postprandial lipid partitioning in liver and muscle of diabetic rats is disturbed
Authors: Prompers Jeanine J , Jonkers Richard AM , van Loon Luc JC , Nicolay Klaas 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo study in vivo lipid partitioning in insulin‐resistant liver and muscle of diabetic rats using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).MethodsFour groups of n=6 male Zucker diabetic fatty rats were used for this study: obese, pre‐diabetic fa/fa rats and lean, non‐diabetic fa/+ littermates at the age of 6 weeks, and obese, diabetic fa/fa rats and lean, non‐diabetic fa/+ littermates at the age of 12 weeks. 1H‐[13C] MRS measurements were performed in liver and tibialis anterior muscle at baseline and 4, 24 and 48 h after oral administration of 1.5 g [U‐13C] Algal lipid mixture per kg body weight.ResultsAt baseline, total lipid content was higher in fa/fa rats compared with fa/+ rats in both liver and muscle, and at both ages. Both in pre‐diabetic and in diabetic fa/fa rats, hepatic lipid uptake was increased compared with non‐diabetic fa/+ rats. Likewise, in muscle of diabetic fa/fa rats, lipid uptake was higher than in muscle of fa/+ rats. In contrast, lipid uptake in muscle of younger, pre‐diabetic fa/fa rats was lower than in controls.ConclusionIn the pre‐diabetic state, muscle appeared to be protected from massive lipid uptake, whereas lipid uptake in the liver was largely increased. In contrast, after developing full‐blown diabetes, lipid uptake was highly elevated in both liver and muscle. This research was funded by a VIDI grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO).
Effects of 12 types of oils from plant seeds on lipid metabolism of mice
Authors: Choi Kyung Soon , Chung Keun Hee , Shin Kyung Ok , Huh Seon Min , Kim Sun Ok , Kim Yong Hwan 
Published: June 2021

Mice were fed 12 types of dietary oils from plant seeds in order to study their effects on lipid metabolism. Cholesterol level was 202.40±44.08 mg/dl (highest) in mice fed gorosoe seeds, and it decreased in mice fed loofah seeds, magnolia seeds, and Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. (p<0.05).HDL‐C level in mice fed gorosoe seeds was 175.80±27.66 mg/dl, LDL‐C level was 23.60±17.47 mg/dl, and TG level was 257.00±48.18 mg/dl. All of these levels were higher than those in mice fed other types of oils. Saturated fatty acid level in mice fed gorosoe seeds was 3.395%, whereas that in mice fed Chionanthus retusus lindl. & paxton seeds was the highest.Liver weight of mice fed cherry blossom seeds and Chionanthus retusus lindl. & paxton seeds was the highest, and pancreas weight of mice fed cherry blossom seeds was the highest (p<0.05). Further, kidney weight of mice fed acacia seeds was the highest. Fat levels of internal organs of mice fed loofah seeds were the highest (p<0.05). Further, body weights of mice fed loofah seeds, gorosoe seeds, and magnolia seeds were generally higher.Therefore, the study of dietary plant oils as an alternative energy source should be continued.Grant Funding Source : Sahmyook University
Practical Utility of Lipid Predictive Equations in a Diabetic Population
Authors: Horton Sarah E , Sauder Katherine A , Kris-Etherton Penny M , West Sheila G 
Published: June 2021

In the 1960s, Ancel Keys created an equation to predict how total blood cholesterol levels are affected by dietary modification. This equation has since been modified and applied to triglycerides, LDL, and HDL cholesterol. We assessed the practical utility of 11 published equations in Type 2 diabetics using self‐reported dietary data. In a larger clinical trial, 21 participants completed three daily food logs followed by a two‐week controlled feeding period. Fasting lipid profiles were assessed prior to study entry and after completion of the study diet. The difference between the participants’ personal diets and the study diet was used to predict lipid changes between the eating periods. The predicted lipid changes were compared to the observed lipid changes using a correlation analysis. For total cholesterol, the Original Keys Equation yielded the only predicted change that was significantly correlated with the observed change (r=0.45, p=0.04). For HDL cholesterol, the Yu equation yielded the only predicted change that was significantly correlated with the observed change (r=0.47, p=0.03). The predicted changes in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were not correlated with the observed changes. Our findings demonstrate that for self‐reported dietary data, the Original Keys Equation provides the best estimate of total cholesterol changes in a diabetic population.Funding: American Pistachio Growers
Quantitative Analysis of Trans‐Fatty Acids in Human Plasma
Authors: Kuiper Heather C , Meyers Tunde , Ribera Ashley M , Muresan Marcela C , Smith Antoinette R , Waters Christina W , Vesper Hubert W 
Published: June 2021

Trans‐fatty acids (TFA) intake has been associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about the TFA levels in humans or about how these levels relate to other fatty acids (FA).In order to assess TFA levels in humans we have developed and validated an isotope dilution‐gas chromatography‐negative chemical ionization‐mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of 28 FA in human plasma, including 4 major TFA. We analyzed 73 convenience samples from adults. All samples contained TFA, with average levels ± standard deviation of 2.66 ± 1.29 μM for palmitelaidic acid 12.70 ± 8.31 μM for elaidic acid, 16.59 ± 11.10 μM for vaccenic acid, and 1.15 ± 0.52 μM for linoelaidic acid. The sum of all FA was 9647 ± 2913 μM. The sum of the 4 TFA accounted for 0.34 ± 0.20 % of total FA. FA values expressed as percent of total FA showed negative association between monounsaturated FA and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), ω‐6 PUFAs, and ω‐3 PUFAs. Negative trends were also seen between certain TFA and the summed PUFAs. We have developed an analytical method that enables the assessment of major TFA and other FA in 100 μL of plasma, which allows the investigation of FA concentrations as well as differences in the composition of these FA in plasma. This method is being used to analyze samples from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
Docosahexaenoic acid regulates 5′ AMP‐activated protein kinase in adipocytes
Authors: Huang Chao-Wei , Chen Yu Jen , Lin Yuan-Yu , Mersmann Harry John , Ding Shih-Torng 
Published: June 2021

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) promotes lipolysis in animal livers and decreases the incidence of metabolic syndrome in human. Feeding weaning pigs diets with 2% soybean oil, beef tallow or DHA oil for 1 month to measure the effect of dietary oils on body weight and gene expression related to lipid metabolism, we found pig body weights were not affected by different dietary treatments, but the triglyceride concentration in plasma was reduced by the DHA treatment. The protein level of 5′ AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) was significant decreased by the DHA treatment when compared to the beef tallow treatment (p <0.05). However, the hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), a lipolytic enzyme and phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), an enzyme for glyceroneogenesis, were not affected by dietary oils. To investigate the acute effect of DHA on the expression of genes related to lipid, we induced preadipocyte 3T3‐L1 to adipocytes, and treated with or without 100 μM DHA for 15, 30 and 60 min. The gene expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ), adiponectin, adiponectin receptor 1, AMPK and PEPCK was not affected by the DHA treatment. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) was significantly increased (p <0.05). The data suggest that DHA may increase the expression of AMPK to affect its downstream gene function in order to midify cellular physiology. This observation gives a good hint to study whether DHA can affect cellular function through AMPK pathway.Grant Funding Source : National Scince Council
EPA decreases mRNA and protein for endocannabinoid receptors in myoblasts
Authors: Kim Jeffrey , Li Yong , Watkins Bruce A 
Published: June 2021

Our research objective is to characterize the actions of n‐3 PUFA on mRNA and protein levels for endocannabinoid (EC) receptors (CB1 and CB2) and the EC synthesizing and degrading enzymes in muscle. In two experiments, C2C12 myoblasts were cultured until 50% confluency. Cells were assigned to two groups: one maintained with standard growth media (proliferating) and the other with differentiating media (differentiated). After 48 h, both groups were treated with 100μM of either eicosapenaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic acids (AA), or bovine serum albumin (BSA) control for 24 h. RNA was then isolated from cells and subjected to real time PCR analysis. Compared to the BSA, the amount of CB2 in EPA and DHA treated cells was lower in differentiated cells. The EPA treated proliferating cells had lower CB1 and CB2 compared to the AA and BSA control. CB1 protein was lower in differentiated cells treated with EPA. The synthesizing enzymes, NAPE‐PLD and DAGL, of the endogenous cannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2‐ arachidonylgycerol (2‐AG); respectively, mRNA was lower in differentiated cell treated with DHA and EPA. These data suggest that DHA and EPA may potentially inhibit EC signaling in C2C12 by reducing the agonists (AEA and 2‐AG) and their receptors. Thus treatment of myoblasts with DHA or EPA results in lower mRNA for EC receptors and endogenous cannabinoid synthesizing enzymes in proliferating C2C12.Grant Funding Source : Diet and Health Initiative (UConn)