bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Total Syntheses, Stereostructures, and Cytotoxicities of Marine Bromotriterpenoids Aplysiol B (Laurenmariannol) and Saiyacenol A
Authors: Nishikibe Kento , Nishikawa Keisuke , Kumagai Momochika , Doe Matsumi , Morimoto Yoshiki 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThere are marine cytotoxic bromotriterpenoids, named the thyrsiferol family that are structurally characterized by some tetrahydropyran (THP) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) rings. The thyrsiferol family belongs to natural products that are often difficult to determine their stereostructures even by the current, highly advanced spectroscopic methods, especially in acyclic systems including stereogenic tetrasubstituted carbon centers. In such cases, it is effective to predict and synthesize the possible stereostructures. Herein, to elucidate ambiguous stereostructures and unassigned absolute configurations of aplysiol B, laurenmariannol, and saiyacenol A, members of the thyrsiferol family, we carried out their asymmetric chemical syntheses featuring 6‐exo and 5‐exo oxacyclizations of epoxy alcohol precursors and 6‐endo bromoetherification of a bishomoallylic alcohol. In this paper, we report total assignments of their stereostructures through their asymmetric chemical syntheses and also their preliminary cytotoxic activities against some tumor cells. These results could not have been achieved without depending on asymmetric total synthesis.
Compact radio sources: Triggering and feedback
Authors: Tadhunter Clive , Morganti Raffaella , Santoro Francesco , Bernhard Emmanuel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCSS/GPS objects represent a key stage in the evolution of powerful radio AGN in which the jets are expanding through the denser, kpc‐scale ISM in the host galaxies. Therefore, it is important both to understand how such radio AGN are triggered as galaxies evolve and to directly quantify the impact of the outflows induced by the jet‐cloud interactions. Here, we show that CSS/GPS sources are likely to be triggered in galaxy mergers, just like powerful radio AGN in general. However, they are both more gas‐rich and have higher star formation rates on average than their more extended counterparts. Also, whereas observations frequently show evidence for strong jet‐cloud interactions in CSS/GPS in the form of warm outflows, in most cases these warm outflows are unlikely to be energetic enough to affect the star formation histories of the entire host galaxies outside the central kpc. Rather, much of the mass, energy, and momentum of the outflows appear to be tied up in neutral and molecular outflows, which may have a more important impact on the host galaxies. Finally, we consider whether CSS/GPS sources are impostors in flux‐limited samples due to the effect of the strong jet‐cloud interactions on their radio luminosities.
Assessment and treatment of problem behavior maintained by escape from attention
Authors: Cengher Mirela , O'Connor Julia T. , Strohmeier Craig W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study describes the assessment and treatment of problem behavior for two participants whose functional analysis results identified escape from attention as the function of problem behavior. Treatment involved functional communication training to teach an appropriate alternative behavior that produced escape from attention. Additionally, in both cases, we expanded treatments by using graduated exposure to attention to facilitate increases in social interaction while maintaining low levels of problem behavior. We discuss findings as they relate to (a) functional analysis procedures to identify escape from attention as a function for problem behavior, (b) treatment strategies to reduce problem behavior, and (c) treatment strategies aimed at decreasing escape from, and avoidance of, social interaction for individuals who demonstrate this problem behavior function.
Establishment of a pig CRISPR/Cas9 knockout library for functional gene screening in pig cells
Authors: Yu Chuanzhao , Zhong Haiwen , Yang Xiaohui , Li Guoling , Wu Zhenfang , Yang Huaqiang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundAs an important farm animal, pig functional genomic study can help understand the molecular mechanism related to the key economic traits of pig, such as growth, reproduction, or disease. The genome‐scale library based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated endonuclease Cas9 (Cas9) system facilitates discovery of key genes involved in a specific function or phenotype, allowing for an effective “phenotype‐to‐genotype” strategy for functional genomic study.Methods and ResultsWe designed and constructed a pig genome‐scale CRISPR/Cas9 knockout library targeting 16,888 genes with 970,001 unique sgRNAs. The library is a single‐vector system including both Cas9 and sgRNA, and packaged into lentivirus for an easy cell delivery for screening. To establish a screening method in pig cells, we used diphtheria toxin (DT)‐induced cell death as a model to screen the host genes critical for DT toxicity in pig PK‐15 cells. After lentiviral transduction and two sequential screening with DT treatment, the highest‐ranking candidates we identified were previously validated genes, HBEGF, DPH1, DPH2, DPH3, DPH5, DNAJC24, and ZBTB17, which are DT receptor and the key factors involved in biosynthesis of diphthamide, the target of DT action. The function and gene essentiality of candidates were further confirmed by gene knockout and DT toxicity assay in PK‐15 cells.ConclusionsOur CRISPR knockout library targeting pig whole genome establishes a promising platform for pig functional genomic analysis.
Surgical safe zones for oblique lumbar interbody fusion of L1‐5: A cadaveric study
Authors: Deng Donghai , Liao Xuqiang , Wu Ruihui , Zhou Yunfei , Huang Xingqiu , Shi Chenglong , Shi Benchao , Min Shaoxiong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTo evaluate the operating range and morphology of the surgical safe zone for oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF). Twenty embalmed full‐torso cadaveric specimens were dissected. The oblique corridor and the distance between adjacent lumbar arteries were measured in a static state and with psoas major retraction. The morphology and size of the safe zone for OLIF and the location of the lumbar sympathetic trunk were also recorded. The oblique corridor of the L1‐L5 segments was significantly greater in the retracted state than in the static state (p < 0.05). With psoas major retraction, the distances between adjacent lumbar arteries at L1‐4 were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than those in the static state. The lumbar sympathetic trunk is just located in the safe zone and travels downward adjacent to the psoas major. The shape of the safe zone for OLIF was approximately an oblique upward parallelogram at L1/2 and L2/3, an isosceles trapezoid at L3/4, and an irregular quadrangle or triangle at L4/5. The safe zone for OLIF at L1/2, L2/3, and L3/4 was significantly larger during retraction than in the static state (p < 0.05). On the lateral side of the lumbar spine there is a natural surgical safe zone for OLIF, which can provide a sufficient operating space. The safe zone has a certain morphological pattern in L1‐5 segments and psoas major retraction can significantly enlarge it.
Modification of Amorphous Mesoporous Zirconia Nanoparticles with Bisphosphonic Acids: A Straightforward Approach for Tailoring the Surface Properties of the Nanoparticles
Authors: Hossain Khohinur , Florean Luca , Del Tedesco Anna , Cattaruzza Elti , Geppi Marco , Borsacchi Silvia , Canton Patrizia , Benedetti Alvise , Riello Pietro , Scarso Alessandro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe use of readily prepared bisphosphonic acids obtained in few steps through a thio‐Michael addition of commercially available thiols on tetraethyl vinylidenebisphosphonate enables the straightforward surface modification of amorphous mesoporous zirconia nanoparticles. Simple stirring of the zirconia nanoparticles in a buffered aqueous solution of the proper bisphosphonic acid leads to the surface functionalization of the nanoparticles with different kinds of functional groups, charge and hydrophobic properties. Formation of both chemisorbed and physisorbed layers of the bisphosphonic acid take place, observing after extensive washing a grafting density of 1.1 molecules/nm2 with negligible release in neutral or acidic pH conditions, demonstrating stronger loading compared to monophosphonate derivatives. The modified nanoparticles were characterized by IR, XPS, ζ‐potential analysis to investigate the loading of the bisphosphonic acid, FE‐SEM to investigate the size and morphologies of the nanoparticles and 31P and 1H MAS NMR to investigate the coordination motif of the phosphonate units on the surface. All these analytical techniques demonstrated the strong affinity of the bisphosphonic moiety for the Zr(IV) metal centers. The functionalization with bisphosphonic acids represents a straightforward covalent approach for tailoring the superficial properties of zirconia nanoparticles, much straightforward compared the classic use of trisalkoxysilane or trichlorosilane reagents typically employed for the functionalization of silica and metal oxide nanoparticles. Extension of the use of bisphosphonates to other metal oxide nanoparticles is advisable.
COVID‐19 and patients with cancer: Investigating treatment impact, information sources, and COVID‐19–related knowledge, attitudes, and practices
Authors: Ugas Mohamed A. , Samoil Diana , Avery Lisa , Berlin Alejandro , Giuliani Meredith E. , Papadakos Tina J. , Quartey Naa Kwarley (Linda) , Papadakos Janet K. 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has caused enormous strain on public health. Patients with cancer are particularly susceptible to the disease, and their treatment plans have been threatened by public health restrictions designed to contain the spread.MethodsThis study examined the effects of the pandemic on cancer patients' psychology, knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning COVID‐19 as well as their perceptions of the impact of COVID‐19 on their cancer health care services. A survey was sent to 5800 patients at a cancer center in Toronto, Canada. Descriptive results were summarized. Qualitative feedback was coded and summarized. To examine for potential associations, regression models were tested for the outcomes of patient psychological well‐being, knowledge, attitudes, and practices, and they accounted for several demographic, health literacy, and disease variables.ResultsA total of 1631 surveys were completed. Most patients saw their appointments shifted to virtual visits, and for a substantial minority, there was no change. A majority of the patients (62%) expressed fears about contracting the virus. There were no independent predictors of COVID‐19–related knowledge. Fears were more pronounced among patients who did not speak English and those who used social media more often. Female participants, those who scored higher on knowledge questions, and those who used cancer center materials were more likely to take preventative measures against infection.ConclusionsThis study provides a snapshot of the state of cancer patient treatment and the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of patients between the first 2 waves of the pandemic. The study's results can inform our understanding of adaptation to conditions during and after the outbreak.
Miniaturized flexible metamaterial antenna of circularly polarized high gain‐bandwidth product for radio frequency energy harvesting
Authors: Alaukally Malak Naem Nashoor , Elwi Taha A. , Atilla Dogu Cagdas 
Published: October 2021

SummaryA discussion of using an ultrawide band (UWB) Hilbert‐shaped metamaterial (MTM) antenna structure for RF energy harvesting is exemplified in this article to conduct the use of organic substrates. Therefore, the proposed design is structured as a low profile rectangular MTM array in the context of wearable systems. The antenna is mounted on a prepared indium‐nickel oxide‐based polymerized Palm fiber (INP) substrate and backed with a ground plane of square electromagnetic band gap (EBG) defects. Fifteen samples of INP substrate are prepared for this study. Thus, the prepared INP substrates characterizations are tested using a T‐resonator transmission line technique printed on an FR4 substrate. In this technique, the measured scattering parameters are interpreted from two resonators with two different characteristics impedance to be employed for retrieving the relative permittivity (εr) and permeability (μr). This process is included to ensure the prepared substrate properties controllability for microwave devices manufacturing. After that, the proposed antenna is manufactured from silver nanoparticle (SNP) printout. The performance of the proposed antenna is tested numerically and experimentally. It is found that the proposed antenna shows an UWB response to start from 3 and up to 10 GHz that suits different applications including IoT, 5G, and WiMAX system networks. The measured gain spectrum shows four peaks at 3.5, 4.2, 5.4, and 6 GHz with gain values of 1.1, 2, 3.4, and 3.9 dBi, respectively. Finally, the conversion efficiency of RF harvesting is measured experimentally for the antenna in case of flat profile and bended structure at the frequency bands of interest to reveal insignificant changes.
Novel localizations of TRPC5 channels suggest novel and unexplored roles: A study in the chick embryo brain
Authors: Ahmed Sharifuddin Rifat , Liu Elise , Yip Alissa , Lin Yuqi , Balaban Evan , Pompeiano Maria 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMammalian TRPC5 channels are predominantly expressed in the brain, where they increase intracellular Ca2+ and induce depolarization. Because they augment presynaptic vesicle release, cause persistent neural activity, and show constitutive activity, TRPC5s could play a functional role in late developmental brain events. We used immunohistochemistry to examine TRPC5 in the chick embryo brain between 8 and 20 days of incubation, and provide the first detailed description of their distribution in birds and in the whole brain of any animal species. Stained areas substantially increased between E8 and E16, and staining intensity in many areas peaked at E16, a time when chick brains first show organized patterns of whole‐brain metabolic activation like what is seen consistently after hatching. Areas showing cell soma staining match areas showing Trpc5 mRNA or protein in adult rodents (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellar Purkinje cells). Chick embryos show protein staining in the optic tectum, cerebellar nuclei, and several brainstem nuclei; equivalent areas in the Allen Institute mouse maps express Trpc5 mRNA. The strongest cell soma staining was found in a dorsal hypothalamic area (matching a group of parvicellular arginine vasotocin neurons and a pallial amygdalohypothalamic cell corridor) and the vagal motor complex. Purkinje cells showed strong dendritic staining at E20. Unexpectedly, we also describe neurite staining in the septum, several hypothalamic nuclei, and a paramedian raphe area; the strongest neurite staining was in the median eminence. These novel localizations suggest new unexplored TRPC5 functions, and possible roles in late embryonic brain development.
Comparative genomics suggests local adaptations in the invasive small hive beetle
Authors: Liu Yuanzhen , Henkel Jan , Beaurepaire Alexis , Evans Jay D. , Neumann Peter , Huang Qiang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInvasive species are a major driver of ecological and environmental changes that affect human health, food security, and natural biodiversity. The success and impact of biological invasions depend on adaptations to novel abiotic and biotic selective pressures. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in invasive parasitic species are inadequately understood. Small hive beetles, Aethina tumida, are parasites of bee nests. Originally endemic to sub‐Saharan Africa, they are now found nearly globally. Here, we investigated the molecular bases of the adaptations to novel environments underlying their invasion routes. Genomes of historic and recent adults A. tumida from both the endemic and introduced ranges were compared. Analysis of gene–environment association identified 3049 candidate loci located in 874 genes. Functional annotation showed a significant bias toward genes linked to growth and reproduction. One of the genes from the apoptosis pathway encodes an “ecdysone‐related protein,” which is a crucial regulator in controlling body size in response to environmental cues for holometabolous insects during cell death and renewal. Genes whose proteins regulate organ size, ovary activation, and oviposition were also detected. Functions of these enriched pathways parallel behavioral differences between introduced and native A. tumida populations, which may reflect patterns of local adaptation. The results considerably improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and ecological factors driving adaptations of invasive species. Deep functional investigation of these identified loci will help clarify the mechanisms of local adaptation in A. tumida.
Trade‐offs of forest management scenarios on forest carbon exchange and threatened and endangered species habitat
Authors: McDowell Nate G. , Tan Zeli , Hurteau Matthew D. , Prasad Rajiv 
Published: October 2021

AbstractManagement of forest lands under climate warming poses challenges to managers, some of which are difficult to predict. Examining the trade‐offs associated with forest stewardship choices is essential to avoid consequences associated with loss of natural capital. We utilized LANDIS‐II process model simulations for three forested sites located in disparate parts of the United States with the purpose of understanding the trade‐offs imposed by management choices under climate warming and associated wildfire. There were only small trade‐offs that emerged from the simulations, between habitat area for threatened and endangered species (TES), net ecosystem exchange for CO2(NEE), and risk of wildfire. Stand management in the form of thinning and prescribed burning typically increased NEE while simultaneously increasing habitat for TES, while reducing the risk of wildfire. These benefits were also observed under a climate warming scenario; however, the benefits were greatly outweighed by the negative impacts of warming on both TES habitat and NEE. Balancing these ecosystem services via thinning and burning treatments is a strategic approach to mitigate risks of wildfire both currently and under a warming future climate.
Of olives and carp: interactive effects of an aquatic and a terrestrial invader on a stream‐riparian ecosystem
Authors: Heinrich Kaleb K. , Baxter Colden V. , Bell Alex T. C. , Hood James M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMultiple invasive species may interact, influencing one another and generating synergistic effects on food webs and ecosystem processes. We investigated the interaction between two non‐native species widespread in the western USA: common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), an invasive riparian tree associated with di‐nitrogen fixation. Deep Creek, Idaho, was an International Biological Program site in the early 1970s; at that time, carp were rare and Russian olive was absent. Subsequently, Russian olive was introduced and established a dense stand, increasing allochthonous inputs and nitrogen‐rich benthic organic matter. Since 1971, carp density has increased ~4× (an increase our bioenergetic analysis suggests could not have been sustained in the absence of Russian olive). Carp gut contents in 2013–2014 revealed, on average, ~40% olives, and, similarly, stable isotope analyses revealed ~58% of carp tissues were derived from olives. A small‐scale, short‐term experimental exclusion of these subsidized carp caused ~3× increases in macrophytes and chlorophyll‐a, suggesting they may limit algae and macrophyte biomass. Moreover, carp that consumed olives excreted more nitrogen (~2× more ammonium, ~2× more total dissolved nitrogen, and ~3× more total nitrogen) compared to those that had not, which may amplify recycling and export from streams invaded by both species. This scenario is characteristic of an “invasional meltdown,” with attendant changes in food webs and ecosystem processes.
Telemetry reveals migratory drivers and disparate space use across seasons and age‐groups in American horseshoe crabs
Authors: Bopp Justin J. , Sclafani Matthew , Frisk Michael G. , McKown Kim , Ziegler‐Fede Catherine , Smith David R. , Cerrato Robert M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIdentifying mechanisms that underpin animal migration patterns and examining variability in space use within populations is crucial for understanding population dynamics and management implications. In this study, we quantified the migration rates, seasonal changes in migratory connectivity, and residency across population demographics (age and sex) to understand the proximate cues of migration timing in American horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus). Juvenile (n = 25) and adult (n = 70) horseshoe crabs were tracked with acoustic telemetry techniques for a 3‐yr period in Moriches Bay, NY. Connectivity metrics and residency probability were quantified through spatial network analysis and empirically derived Markov Chain models (EDMC), respectively. The migratory probability of adult horseshoe crabs between Moriches Bay and the Atlantic Ocean was estimated to be 41.0% (95% CI: 34.0–59.8); in contrast, only 8% (95% CI: 1.2–31.6) of juveniles migrated into the ocean. Migration timing was influenced by the interaction of photoperiod and temperature, revealing seasonal differences in migration timing and a 50% narrower range of photoperiod and temperature over which fall migrations occurred compared to spring. Sex‐specific differences in space use and connectivity within each season were largely absent; however, centralized habitats were important for maintaining connectivity across all seasons. EDMC results revealed that when standardized to the number of horseshoe crab detections on each receiver, the centrally located habitats in Moriches Bay and Inlet accounted for >50% of the total relative residency probability within most seasons, indicating these areas may be preferred by adult horseshoe crabs. Ontogenetic differences in maximum spatial extent, space use, and connectivity were observed in the bay, as juveniles exhibited lower linkages between locations (n = 4) relative to adults (n = 13) during the same temporal period. Our work highlights the application of novel quantitative approaches for addressing the movement dynamics of horseshoe crabs that can be readily applied to other taxa in the context of wildlife conservation.