bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parallel evolution of placental calcium transfer in the lizard Mabuya and eutherian mammals
Authors: Hernández-Díaz Nathaly , Leal Francisca , Ramírez-Pinilla Martha Patricia 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
An exceptional case of parallel evolution between lizards and eutherian mammals occurs in the evolution of viviparity. In the lizard genus Mabuya, viviparity provided the environment for the evolution of yolk-reduced eggs and obligate placentotrophy. One major event that favored the evolution of placentation was the reduction of the eggshell. As with all oviparous reptiles, lizard embryos obtain calcium from both the eggshell and egg yolk. Therefore, the loss of the eggshell likely imposes a constraint for the conservation of the egg yolk, which can only be obviated by the evolution of alternative mechanisms for the transport of calcium directly from the mother. The molecular and cellular mechanisms employed to solve these constraints, in a lizard with only a rudimentary eggshell such as Mabuya, are poorly understood. Here, we used RT-qPCR on placental and uterine samples during different stages of gestation in Mabuya, and demonstrate that transcripts of the calcium transporters trpv6, cabp28k, cabp9k and pmca are expressed and gradually increase in abundance through pregnancy stages, reaching their maximum expression when bone mineralization occurs. Furthermore, CABP28K/9K proteins were studied by immunofluorescence, demonstrating expression in specific regions of the mature placenta. Our results indicate that the machinery for calcium transportation in the Mabuya placenta was co-opted from other tissues elsewhere in the vertebrate bodyplan. Thus, the calcium transportation machinery in the placenta of Mabuya evolved in parallel with the mammalian placenta by redeploying the expression of similar calcium transporter genes.
desaparición forzada de la identidad
Authors: Vanyó Vicedo Raquel 
Published: February 2021

Esta investigación pretende denunciar la impunidad de uno de los crímenes más atroces del Estado español como es la desaparición forzada de miles de niños que fueron arrebatados a sus madres, primero como castigo ideológico e instrumento represivo de depuración eugenésica instaurado por el franquismo y que, convertido después en un lucrativo negocio de compraventa de menores, acaba moviendo a su antojo los hilos de la filiación en España hasta bien entrada la democracia.
Pese a que los numerosos casos denunciados en los últimos años apuntan a que podríamos estar ante un verdadero crimen de lesa humanidad, las autoridades españolas, tanto gubernamentales como judiciales, no permiten investigar estos hechos, al igual que otras muchas de las violaciones de derechos humanos que se cometieron durante la dictadura, de manera que, a día de hoy, la única esperanza de las víctimas para acceder a la verdad, la justicia y la reparación está depositada en la justicia penal internacional.
Droplet Size Spectrum, Activation Pressure, and Flow Rate Discharged from PWM Flat-Fan Nozzles
Authors: Wei Zhiming , Zhu Heping , Zhang Zhihong , Salcedo Ramón , Duan Degang 
Published: February 2021

HighlightsDroplet sizes, activation pressures acting on nozzle orifices, and flow rates were investigated.Droplet sizes varied with duty cycles, nozzle orifice sizes, and PWM solenoid valve manufacturers.Activation pressures decreased as duty cycles decreased and increased as nozzle orifice sizes decreased.Flow rates increased with increases in both duty cycles and nozzle orifice sizes.Abstract. Pulse width modulated (PWM) spray systems can produce variable spray rates for precision applications of pesticide and fertilizer; however, there are also concerns over their spray performance stability. Droplet size distributions, activation pressures acting on nozzle orifices, and flow rates discharged from nozzles were investigated for test combinations of ten PWM duty cycles (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%), six flat-fan nozzles with different orifice sizes (XR8001, XR8002, XR8003, XR8004, XR8005, and XR8006), and two PWM solenoid valves from two different manufacturers. Test results showed that the droplet size distribution, activation pressure, and flow rate varied with the duty cycle, nozzle orifice size, and PWM solenoid valve source. For XR8001 and XR8002 nozzles, droplet sizes did not vary significantly with all duty cycles from 10% to 100%. To obtain relatively consistent droplet size distributions, XR8003 and XR8004 nozzles required PWM duty cycles of at least 20%, while XR8005 and XR8006 nozzles required duty cycles of 30% or greater. The activation pressure directly on nozzle orifices increased as the duty cycle increased but decreased as the nozzle orifice size increased. In addition, the same nozzles coupled with PWM solenoid valves from two different manufacturers discharged different flow rates for the same duty cycle in the range of 10% to 90%. Therefore, careful selection of PWM solenoid valves for different orifice nozzles operated at different duty cycles was necessary to achieve consistent variable-rate spray performances. Keywords: Droplet diameter, Variable rate, PWM solenoid valve, Pesticide, Fertilizer, Precision farming.
Establishment of an in vitro culture system to study the developmental biology of Onchocerca volvulus with implications for anti-Onchocerca drug discovery and screening
Authors: Gandjui Narcisse V. T. , Njouendou Abdel J. , Gemeg Eric N. , Fombad Fanny F. , Ritter Manuel , Kien Chi A. , Chunda Valerine C. , Fru Jerome , Esum Mathias E. , Hübner Marc P. , Enyong Peter A. , Hoerauf Achim , Wanji Samuel 
Published: February 2021

Background
Infections with Onchocerca volvulus nematodes remain a threat in Sub-Saharan Africa after three decades of ivermectin mass drug administration. Despite this effort, there is still an urgent need for understanding the parasite biology especially the mating behaviour and nodule formation as well as the development of more potent drugs that can clear the developmental (L3, L4, L5) and adult stages of the parasite and inhibit parasite reproduction and behaviour.

Methodology/Principal findings
Prior to culture, freshly harvested O. volvulus L3 larvae from dissected Simulium damnosum flies were purified by centrifugation using a 30% Percoll solution to eliminate fly tissue debris and contaminants. Parasites were cultured in both cell-free and cell-based co-culture systems and monitored daily by microscopic visual inspection. Exhausted culture medium was replenished every 2–3 days. The cell-free culture system (DMEM supplemented with 10% NCS) supported the viability and motility of O. volvulus larvae for up to 84 days, while the co-culture system (DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and seeded on LLC-MK2 feeder cells) extended worm survival for up to 315 days. Co-culture systems alone promoted two consecutive parasite moults (L3 to L4 and L4 to L5) with highest moulting rates (69.2±30%) observed in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and seeded on LLC-MK2 feeder cells, while no moult was observed in DMEM supplemented with 10% NCS and seeded on LEC feeder cells. In DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and seeded on LLC-MK2 feeder cells, O. volvulus adult male worms attached to the vulva region of adult female worms and may have mated in vitro. Apparent early initiation of nodulogenesis was observed in both DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and seeded on LLC-MK2 and DMEM supplemented with 10% NCS and seeded on LLC-MK2 systems.

Conclusions/Significance
The present study describes an in vitro system in which O. volvulus L3 larvae can be maintained in culture leading to the development of adult stages. Thus, this in vitro system may provide a platform to investigate mating behaviour and early stage of nodulogenesis of O. volvulus adult worms that can be used as additional targets for macrofilaricidal drug screening.
Association between cotinine-verified smoking status and moderately increased albuminuria in the middle-aged and older population in Korea: A nationwide population-based study
Authors: Choi Yeonjoo , Park Joo-Hyun , Kim Do-Hoon , Kim Hyun Jin , Suh Euijung , Kim Ki-Hoon , Ahn Jae Joon , Lee Gyu-Na , Jung Jin-Hyung , Han Kyungdo , Shin You-Na 
Published: February 2021

Objectives
Although several self-reported questionnaire-based studies have found an association between smoking and moderately increased albuminuria, this result remains controversial. We investigated whether moderately increased albuminuria was associated with smoking status, verified by urinary cotinine (an objective biomarker of tobacco exposure), using population-based, nationally representative data.

Methods
This study included 2059 participants aged ≥ 50 years from the 2014 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Individuals with a urinary cotinine level ≥ 50 ng/mL were identified as cotinine-verified smokers. Moderately increased albuminuria was defined as a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ranging between ≥ 30 mg/g and < 300 mg/g. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between cotinine-verified smoking status and moderately increased albuminuria.

Results
Among the study participants, 16.9% were cotinine-verified smokers, 84.8% of whom were men. After adjustment for multiple covariates, cotinine-verified smokers showed a significant positive association with moderately increased albuminuria (adjusted odds ratio: 4.37, 95% confidence interval: 1.63–11.71) compared with cotinine-verified non-smokers. The association between urinary cotinine and moderately increased albuminuria did not differ with age, sex, obesity, or comorbidities (P-value for interaction > 0.05 in all cases).

Conclusion
This large-scale observational study showed that cotinine-verified smoking is associated with moderately increased albuminuria in the Korean middle-aged and older general population, suggesting that smoking must be strictly controlled to reduce the risk of moderately increased albuminuria.
Beliefs and perceptions regarding cervical cancer and screening associated with Pap smear uptake in Johannesburg: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Chisale Mabotja Mantwa , Levin Jonathan , Kawonga Mary 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundCervical cancer is a major global public health concern, with 85% of cases occurring in low- and middle-income countries. In South Africa, it is the second most common cancer amongst women. Screening and treatment of cervical cancer precursor lesions is associated with a lower incidence and mortality. This research determines the associations between women’s beliefs about cervical cancer and screening and the uptake of Papanicolaou (Pap) smears in Johannesburg, where cervical screening uptake is suboptimal.MethodsThis research was approved by the University of Witwatersrand Human Research Ethics Committee (Medical), clearance certificate number: M170243 and the Johannesburg District Heath Research Committee prior to conducting the study. All participants signed a consent form prior to participating in this study. This cross-sectional analytical study used an interviewer-administered validated measurement scale based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) to describe health beliefs regarding cervical cancer and screening among 280 women aged 30 years and older, attending Johannesburg primary care facilities in 2017. Logistic regression models, with robust estimation of variance to account for clustering of women within clinics, were fitted to identify health beliefs (perceived susceptibility, severity, barriers and benefit, cues to action, and self-efficacy) associated with ever having had a Pap smear (screening uptake), while controlling for knowledge of screening and potential confounders.ResultsOf the 280 women, 177 (63.2%) had ever been screened, 180 (64.3%) were never married, 199 (71.1%) attained secondary education and 133 (47.5%) were employed full time. Women of older age (AOR = 1.6 for a 5-year increase in age; CI: 1.3–1.9; P<0.001), with higher knowledge scores (AOR = 2.5 for a 5-point increase in knowledge score; 95% CI:1.0–6.3;P = 0.051), with lower perceived barriers scores (AOR = 0.4 for a 5-point increase in barriers score; 95% CI:0.3–0.5; P<0.001) and higher perceived severity scores (AOR = 1.3 for a 5-point increase in severity score; 95% CI:1.0–1.6; P = 0.017) were more likely to have had a Pap smear.ConclusionsThis study shows that women who take up screening are older, more knowledgeable regarding cervical cancer and screening, less likely to perceive screening barriers, and more likely to perceive cervical cancer as a severe disease. This highlights that for public health interventions to increase screening uptake, the focus should include tailored behaviour change communication strategies that address women’s beliefs regarding screening barriers and emphasize the severity of cervical cancer.
Familia-aniztasunaren trataera Haur Hezkuntzako gelan: prestatuta al daude irakasleak?
Authors: Ramos Haizea , Galende Nuria 
Published: February 2021

Familiaren bilakaerak kontzeptualizazio berria ekarri du, hainbat familia-eredurekin batera. Hori dela eta, ikerketa honek familia-aniztasuna ezagutzea eta Haur Hezkuntzako etapatik ema- ten zaion erantzuna aztertzea du helburu. Horretarako, ikerketa bat egin da Bilboko 7 eskolatako 48 ira- kaslerekin. Ad hoc galdetegi bat sortu da, ikastetxe horiek familia-aniztasunari ematen dioten erantzuna aztertzeko, bai profesionalen ikuspuntutik, bai erakundetik bertatik. Jasotako datuak kuantitatiboki az- tertu ostean, bi mailetan hobetzeko alderdiak daudela ondorioztatu da, baita zenbait aldagaik, hala nola profesionalen adinak edo ikastetxeetan dauden familia-ereduek eragina dutela eskolan familia-aniztasu- nari ematen zaion tratamenduan. Azkenik, guztiak hezkuntzan dituen inplikazioak eztabaidatzen dira.
On the Role of Isothermal Martensite Formation during Cryogenic Treatment of Steels
Authors: Villa Matteo , Somers Marcel A. J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This contribution addresses the effect of sub-zero Celsius treatments at cryogenic temperatures on the steel microstructure. It is shown that the formation of martensite, including the socalled isothermal, i. e. time dependent or thermally activated, martensitic product, can provide an explanation to the observations in the literature that both the temperature of cryogenic treatment and the holding time at cryogenic temperatures may have an influence on the performance of steel products in service. This review traces the most important stages in the development of cryogenic treatments along the last 95 years and describes it in parallel with the description of the current state of understanding of the kinetics of martensitic transformation in steel. In the last part of the contribution, the new insight is put into context with a practical example where various types of subzero Celsius treatments are applied.
Boundary layer analysis for a 2-D Keller-Segel model
Authors: Meng Linlin , Xu Wen-Qing , Wang Shu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We study the boundary layer problem of a Keller-Segel model in a domain of two space dimensions with vanishing chemical diffusion coefficient. By using the method of matched asymptotic expansions of singular perturbation theory, we construct an accurate approximate solution which incorporates the effects of boundary layers and then use the classical energy estimates to prove the structural stability of the approximate solution as the chemical diffusion coefficient tends to zero.
A Survey of Mechanical Property Variability of Additively Manufactured Metals
Authors: Slotwinski John , Martin Christine , Johnson Terrence 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes, such as laser powder bed fusion, allow for the realization of parts with features and characteristics that cannot be achieved with traditional material removal manufacturing technologies. Despite impressive applications of metal AM parts in demanding aerospace applications, there remain concerns about the variability in mechanical properties of parts made with these processes. This variability leads to concerns by program managers and other decision-makers and a reluctance to potentially use metal AM parts in applications where they would otherwise be beneficial. Some of this reluctance might be assuaged if the actual property variability was better known. Here, we examine the literature of metal AM tensile property data to quantify variability in the metal AM process and compare it to the variability found in traditionally fabricated metals. It is shown that the variability in tensile material properties is somewhat similar between AM metals and conventional metals.
CaMKII Phosphorylation Regulates Synaptic Enrichment of Shank3
Authors: Jeong Jaehoon , Li Yan , Roche Katherine W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSHANK3 is a large scaffolding protein in the postsynaptic density (PSD) that organizes protein networks, which are critical for synaptic structure and function. The strong genetic association ofSHANK3with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) emphasizes the importance of SHANK3 in neuronal development. SHANK3 has a critical role in organizing excitatory synapses and is tightly regulated by alternative splicing and posttranslational modifications. In this study, we examined basal and activity-dependent phosphorylation of Shank3 using mass spectrometry (MS) analysis fromin vitrophosphorylation assays,in situexperiments, and studies with cultured neurons. We found that Shank3 is highly phosphorylated, and we identified serine 782 (S782) as a potent CaMKII phosphorylation site. Using a phosphorylation state-specific antibody, we demonstrate that CaMKII can phosphorylate Shank3 S782in vitroand in heterologous cells on cotransfection with CaMKII. We also observed an effect of a nearby ASD-associated variant (Shank3 S685I), which increased S782 phosphorylation. Notably, eliminating phosphorylation of Shank3 with a S782A mutation increased Shank3 and PSD-95 synaptic puncta size without affecting Shank3 colocalization with PSD-95 in cultured hippocampal neurons. Taken together, our study revealed that CaMKII phosphorylates Shank3 S782 and that the phosphorylation affects Shank3 synaptic properties.
Single-Dimensional Human Brain Signals for Two-Dimensional Economic Choice Options
Authors: Seak Leo Chi U , Volkmann Konstantin , Pastor-Bernier Alexandre , Grabenhorst Fabian , Schultz Wolfram 
Published: February 2021

Rewarding choice options typically contain multiple components, but neural signals in single brain voxels are scalar and primarily vary up or down. In a previous study, we had designed reward bundles that contained the same two milkshakes with independently set amounts; we had used psychophysics and rigorous economic concepts to estimate two-dimensional choice indifference curves (ICs) that represented revealed stochastic preferences for these bundles in a systematic, integrated manner. All bundles on the same ICs were equally revealed preferred (and thus had same utility, as inferred from choice indifference); bundles on higher ICs (higher utility) were preferred to bundles on lower ICs (lower utility). In the current study, we used the established behavior for testing with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We now demonstrate neural responses in reward-related brain structures of human female and male participants, including striatum, midbrain, and medial orbitofrontal cortex (mid-OFC) that followed the characteristic pattern of ICs: similar responses along ICs (same utility despite different bundle composition), but monotonic change across ICs (different utility). Thus, these brain structures integrated multiple reward components into a scalar signal, well beyond the known subjective value coding of single-component rewards.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRewards have several components, like the taste and size of an apple, but it is unclear how each component contributes to the overall value of the reward. While choice indifference curves (ICs) of economic theory provide behavioral approaches to this question, it is unclear whether brain responses capture the preference and utility integrated from multiple components. We report activations in striatum, midbrain, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) that follow choice ICs representing behavioral preferences over and above variations of individual reward components. In addition, the concept-driven approach encourages future studies on natural, multicomponent rewards that are prone to irrational choice of normal and brain-damaged individuals.
Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Mediasi Dalam Penyelesaian Perkara Perdata Di Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Selatan (Analisis Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 01 Tahun 2016 tentang Prosedur Mediasi Di Pengadilan)
Authors: Ramadhany Satria , Rosdiana Rosdiana , Makmur Syafrudin 
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas dari pelaksanaan mediasi dalam penyelesaian perkara perdata di Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Selatan setelah diterbitkannya Peraturan Mahkamah Agung (Perma) Nomor 01 Tahun 2016 tentang Prosedur Mediasi di Pengadilan. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan hukum empiris. Teknik pengumpulan data pada dilakukan dengan menggunakan cara wawancara, dokumentasi dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat keberhasilan dari pelaksanaan mediasi dalam penyelesaian perkara perdata di Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Selatan setelah diterbitkannya Peraturan Mahkamah Agung (Perma) Nomor 01 Tahun 2016 tentang Prosedur Mediasi di Pengadilan masih kurang maksimal. Keberhasilan mediasi di Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Selatan hanya sekitar 4% sampai 5% perkara. Peran mediator dalam pelaksanaan mediasi di Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Selatan, sudah maksimal untuk mengupayakan perdamaian yang diamanatkan oleh Peraturan Mahkamah Agung (Perma) Nomor 01 Tahun 2016 tentang Prosedur Mediasi di Pengadilan. Kata kunci: Efektivitas, Mediasi, Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Selatan
Penyuluhan dan Pelatihan Pembuatan Laporan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas Bagi Guru Sejarah Sekolah Menengah Atas di Palembang
Authors: Pahlevi Muhammad Reza , Hudaidah Hudaidah Hudaidah 
Published: February 2021

Persoalan mengenai bagaimana meningkatkan kompetensi guru masih menjadi tantangan besar bagi dunia pendidikan saat ini. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan kinerja guru adalah melalui Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK). Dari hasil studi pendahuluan yang dilakukan tim PPM dengan beberapa alumni Prodi Pendidikan Sejarah FKIP Unsri yang telah menjadi tenaga pendidik di Kota Palembang melalui wawancara, diperoleh informasi bahwa mayoritas guru belum memiliki pemahaman yang mendalam tentang bagaimana membuat laporan PTK yang benar. Maka dari itu, sebagai bagian dari Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, Prodi Pendidikan Sejarah FKIP menyelenggarakan Penyuluhan dan Pelatihan Pembuatan Laporan PTK Bagi Guru Sejarah SMA di Kota Palembang. Hasil dari kegiatan tersebut adalah, pertama kegiatan pelatihan dan penyuluhan berjalan dengan baik oleh tim. Kedua, para peserta kegiatan sudah mendapatkan gambaran yang jelas mengenai penyusunan laporan PTK melalui workshop yang telah dilakukan. Ketiga, dengan hasil yang didapat, para peserta diharapkan menjadi guru yang kompeten dan inovatif dalam pembelajaran di kelas.