bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Erythroid Differentiation by Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis
Authors: Xin Zijuan , Zhang Wei , Gong Shangjin , Zhu Junwei , Li Yanming , Zhang Zhaojun , Fang Xiangdong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThere is an imbalance between the supply and demand of functional red blood cells (RBCs) in clinical applications. This imbalance can be addressed by regenerating RBCs using several in vitro methods. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can handle the low supply of cord blood and the ethical issues in embryonic stem cell research, and provide a promising strategy to eliminate immune rejection. However, no complete single-cell level differentiation pathway exists for the iPSC-derived erythroid differentiation system. In this study, we used iPSC line BC1 to establish a RBC regeneration system. The 10X Genomics single-cell transcriptome platform was used to map the cell lineage and differentiation trajectory on day 14 of the regeneration system. We observed that iPSC differentiation was not synchronized during embryoid body (EB) culture. The cells (on day 14) mainly consisted of mesodermal and various blood cells, similar to the yolk sac hematopoiesis. We identified six cell classifications and characterized the regulatory transcription factor (TF) networks and cell–cell contacts underlying the system. iPSCs undergo two transformations during the differentiation trajectory, accompanied by the dynamic expression of cell adhesion molecules and estrogen-responsive genes. We identified erythroid cells at different stages, such as burst-forming unit erythroid (BFU-E) and orthochromatic erythroblast (ortho-E) cells, and found that the regulation of TFs (e.g., TFDP1 and FOXO3) is erythroid-stage specific. Immune erythroid cells were identified in our system. This study provides systematic theoretical guidance for optimizing the iPSC-derived erythroid differentiation system, and this system is a useful model for simulating in vivo hematopoietic development and differentiation
Impact of Androgens on Sexual Function in Women with Rectal Cancer – A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Svanström Röjvall Annika , Buchli Christian , Flöter Rådestad Angelique , Martling Anna , Segelman Josefin 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundWomen treated for rectal cancer are at risk of sexual dysfunction and impaired ovarian androgen production.AimTo investigate a possible association between serum levels of endogenous androgens and sexual function in women with rectal cancer.MethodsWomen diagnosed with stage I–III rectal cancer were consecutively included and prospectively followed with the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire from baseline to 2 years postoperatively and blood samples for hormone analyses, baseline to 1 year. Androgens were measured with liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry and electrochemiluminescence. The associations between the 4 measured androgens (testosterone, free testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate) and sexual function were assessed with generalized least squares random effects regression analysis in sexually active women.OutcomesThe primary outcome measure was the mean change observed in the FSFI total score when the serum androgen levels changed with one unit. Secondary outcomes were the corresponding mean changes in the FSFI domain scores: sexual desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain/discomfort.RESULTSIn the 99 participants, the median FSFI total score decreased from 21.9 (range 2.0 – 36.0) to 16.4 (3.5 – 34.5) and 11.5 (2.0 to 34.8) at 1 and 2-years follow-up. After adjustment for age, partner, psychological well-being, preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy, and surgery, total testosterone and androstenedione were significantly associated with FSFI total score (β-coefficients 3.45 (95% CI 0.92 – 5.97) and 1.39 (0.46 – 2.33) respectively). Testosterone was significantly associated with the FSFI-domains lubrication and orgasm, free testosterone with lubrication, androstenedione with all domains except desire and satisfaction, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate with none of the domains.Strengths and LimitationsThis is the first study investigating whether androgen levels are of importance for the impaired sexual function seen in women following rectal cancer treatment. The prospective design allows for repeated measures and the use of the FSFI for comparisons across studies. No laboratory data were collected at the 2-year follow-up, and the missing data could have further clarified the studied associations.Conclusion and Clinical ImplicationTestosterone and androstenedione were associated with sexual function in female rectal cancer patients. The results are of interest for future intervention studies and contribute to the understanding of sexual problems, which is an essential component of the rehabilitation process in pelvic cancer survivors.
Immigrants' demand for informal and formal education: evidence from US time use data
Authors: Coniglio Nicola Daniele , Hoxhaj Rezart , Jayet Hubert 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper contributes to the migration literature studying the time devoted to educational activities. It uses US time-diary surveys to study the allocation of time to informal as well as formal learning and educational activities by immigrants and natives. We develop a simple theoretical framework, which highlights the different constraints/opportunity costs faced by immigrants as compared with natives. Consistently with our theoretical model, the estimates show that immigrants are more likely to engage in informal and formal education and conditional on participation, they allocate more time to these activities. We find that the main drivers are economic incentives, mostly in the early phase of working life, and that the differences between natives and immigrants persist across generations. We also find that differences between immigrants and natives are generally larger in informal education than in formal education. The investment in informal and formal learning and educational activities is likely to boost immigrants' human and social capital and contribute to their socio-economic integration.
Medicine in Unplanned Mass Gatherings: A Qualitative Study of Health-Care Providers’ Response and Recommendations to Beirut’s Protests
Authors: Yassine Farah , Bou Karroum Samer , Amine Reem , Chammas Majid , Dehaini Hassan , El-Khoury Habib , Haddad Andrea , Khalifeh Joanna , Maaliki Maya , Ghandour Lilian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjective:This study aims at exploring the dynamics of health-care provision during recent unplanned public mass gatherings in Beirut, and how the health-care system adapts to mass movements in protests.Methods:A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 12 health-care providers who volunteered at medical tents set during protests in Beirut, Lebanon. Responses were transcribed and coded.Results:Three themes were noted: preparedness and logistics, encountered cases, and participants’ proposed recommendations. In terms of preparedness and logistics, participants lacked knowledge of field medicine protocols and an organizational structure. They faced difficulties in securing equipment and advertising their services. Most encountered cases were physical injuries rather than mental health problems. The participants proposed both short-term recommendations, including advice on how to boost care provided, and long-term recommendations on structuring the health-care system to be better prepared.Conclusions:On-site health-care provision during unplanned mass gatherings is a vital need. We recommend forming a task force of health-care workers from various fields led by the Ministry of Public Health in every respective country to plan protocols, train personnel, and secure resources beforehand.
The nutritional impact of replacing dietary meat with meat alternatives in the UK: a modelling analysis using nationally representative data
Authors: Farsi Dominic N. , Uthumange Dinithi , Munoz Munoz Jose , Commane Daniel M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDietary patterns high in meat compromise both planetary and human health. Meat alternatives may help to facilitate meat reduction; however, the nutritional implications of displacing meat with meat alternatives does not appear to have been evaluated. Here, the ninth cycle of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey was used as the basis of models to assess the effect of meat substitution on nutritional intake. We implemented three models; model 1 replaced 25 %, 50 %, 75 % or 100 % of the current meat intake with a weighted mean of meat alternatives within the UK market. Model 2 compared different ingredient categories of meat alternative; vegetable, mycoprotein, a combination of bean and pea, tofu, nut and soya. Model 3 compared fortified v. unfortified meat alternatives. The models elicited significant shifts in nutrients. Overall, carbohydrate, fibre, sugars and Na increased, whereas reductions were found for protein, total and saturated fat, Fe and B12. Greatest effects were seen for vegetable-based (+24·63g/d carbohydrates), mycoprotein-based (–6·12g/d total fat), nut-based (–19·79g/d protein, +10·23g/d fibre; −4·80g/d saturated fat, +7·44g/d sugars), soya-based (+495·98mg/d Na) and tofu-based (+7·63mg/d Fe, −2·02μg/d B12). Our results suggest that meat alternatives can be a healthful replacement for meat if chosen correctly. Consumers should choose meat alternatives low in Na and sugar, high in fibre, protein and with high micronutrient density, to avoid compromising nutritional intake if reducing meat intake. Manufacturers and policy makers should consider fortification of meat alternatives with nutrients such as Fe and B12 and focus on reducing Na and sugar content.
COMMUNITY INTERESTS AND THE PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT WITHIN NATIONAL JURISDICTION
Authors: McCreath Millicent 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article considers the under-studied question of the interests that the international community may have in the protection of the marine environment within national jurisdiction. This question is addressed on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the major documents that reveal the convictions of the international community, including UN General Assembly resolutions, major international treaties and the outcomes of multilateral conferences. The core argument is that, despite the dominance of the zonal jurisdictional regime in the law of the sea, the international community has, in fact, clearly and consistently demonstrated an interest in the protection of the marine environment within national jurisdiction. Although a finding of community interest does not affect the character of the coastal State's primary environmental protection obligations, it may have implications for the rights of third States to challenge a coastal State's failure to protect its own marine environment. Whether third States choose to exercise this right in practice remains to be seen; however, this article's findings should indicate to States that their actions and policies concerning the protection of the marine environment of their own maritime zones are a matter of concern to all States.
Altered effective connectivity of the extended face processing system in depression and its association with treatment response: findings from the YoDA-C randomized controlled trial
Authors: Jamieson Alec J. , Harrison Ben J. , Davey Christopher G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundDepression is commonly associated with fronto-amygdala dysfunction during the processing of emotional face expressions. Interactions between these regions are hypothesized to contribute to negative emotional processing biases and as such have been highlighted as potential biomarkers of treatment response. This study aimed to investigate depression associated alterations to directional connectivity and assess the utility of these parameters as predictors of treatment response.MethodsNinety-two unmedicated adolescents and young adults (mean age 20.1; 56.5% female) with moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder and 88 healthy controls (mean age 19.8; 61.4% female) completed an implicit emotional face processing fMRI task. Patients were randomized to receive cognitive behavioral therapy for 12 weeks, plus either fluoxetine or placebo. Using dynamic causal modelling, we examined functional relationships between six brain regions implicated in emotional face processing, comparing both patients and controls and treatment responders and non-responders.ResultsDepressed patients demonstrated reduced inhibition from the dlPFC to vmPFC and reduced excitation from the dlPFC to amygdala during sad expression processing. During fearful expression processing patients showed reduced inhibition from the vmPFC to amygdala and reduced excitation from the amygdala to dlPFC. Response was associated with connectivity from the amygdala to dlPFC during sad expression processing and amygdala to vmPFC connectivity during fearful expression processing.ConclusionsOur study clarifies the nature of face processing network alterations in adolescents and young adults with depression, highlighting key interactions between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Moreover, these findings highlight the potential utility of these interactions in predicting treatment response.
MEASUREMENT PROPERTIES OF A STANDARDIZED ELICITED IMITATION TEST: AN INTEGRATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
Authors: Isbell Daniel R. , Son Young-A 
Published: July 2021

AbstractElicited Imitation Tests (EITs) are commonly used in second language acquisition (SLA)/bilingualism research contexts to assess the general oral proficiency of study participants. While previous studies have provided valuable EIT construct-related validity evidence, some key gaps remain. This study uses an integrative data analysis to further probe the validity of the Korean EIT score interpretations by examining the performances of 318 Korean learners (198 second language, 79 foreign language, and 41 heritage) on the Korean EIT scored by five different raters. Expanding on previous EIT validation efforts, this study (a) examined both inter-rater reliability and differences in rater severity, (b) explored measurement bias across subpopulations of language learners, (c) identified relevant linguistic features which relate to item difficulty, and (d) provided a norm-referenced interpretation for Korean EIT scores. Overall, findings suggest that the Korean EIT can be used in diverse SLA/bilingualism research contexts, as it measures ability similarly across subgroups and raters.
The two extinctions of the Carolina ParakeetConuropsis carolinensis
Authors: BURGIO KEVIN R. , CARLSON COLIN J. , BOND ALEXANDER L. , RUBEGA MARGARET A. , TINGLEY MORGAN W. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryDue to climate change and habitat conversion, estimates of the resulting levels of species extinction over the next century are alarming. Devising conservation solutions will require many different approaches, including examining the extinction processes of recently extinct species. Given that parrots are one of the most threatened groups of birds, information regarding parrot extinction is pressing. While most recent parrot extinctions have been island endemics, the Carolina ParakeetConuropsis carolinensishad an 18th-century range covering nearly half of the present-day United States, yet mostly disappeared by the end of the 19thcentury. Despite a great deal of speculation, the major cause of its extinction remains unknown. Establishing the date when a species went extinct is one of the first steps in determining what caused their extinction. While there have been estimates of their extinction date, these analyses used a limited dataset and did not include observational data. We used a recently published, extensive dataset of Carolina Parakeet specimens and observations combined with a Bayesian extinction estimating model to determine the most likely extinction dates. By considering each of the two subspecies independently, we found that they went extinct ˜30 years apart: the western subspeciesC. c. ludovicianusgoing extinct around 1914 and the eastern subspeciesC. c. carolinensiseither in the late 1930s or mid-1940s. Had we only considered all observations together, this pattern would have been obscured, possibly missing a major clue in solving the mystery of the parakeet’s extinction. Since the Carolina Parakeet was a wide-ranging species that went extinct during a period of rapid agricultural and industrial expansion, conditions that mirror those occurring in many parts of the world where parrot diversity is highest, any progress we make in unraveling the mystery of their disappearance may be vital to modern conservation efforts.
The Early Imperial fortress of Berkou, Eastern Desert, Egypt
Authors: Gates-Foster Jennifer , Goncalves Isabelle , Redon Bérangère , Cuvigny Hélène , Hepa Mariola , Faucher Thomas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn 2020, during excavations in the Wadi al-Ghozza in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, archaeologists from the French Archaeological Mission to the Eastern Desert of Egypt discovered a well-preserved Flavian praesidium. This small and unusually shaped fort, identified in ostraca found in the fortress as Berkou (Βɛρκου), lay along a track leading from ancient Kaine (Qena) to the imperial quarries at Porphyrites. The fort lay over the remains of a Ptolemaic village and incorporated elements from the water system of the older settlement. This article presents the results of those excavations, including an overview of the fort's architecture and associated finds, as well as a discussion of its role in the regional transportation and security network that supported Roman exploitation of the nearby porphyry quarries in the 1st c. CE.
A NOTE ON THE AXISYMMETRIC DIFFUSION EQUATION
Authors: PATKOWSKI ALEXANDER E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe consider the explicit solution to the axisymmetric diffusion equation. We recast the solution in the form of a Mellin inversion formula, and outline a method to compute a formula for
$u(r,t)$
as a series using the Cauchy residue theorem. As a consequence, we are able to represent the solution to the axisymmetric diffusion equation as a rapidly converging series.
NORMAL REFLECTION SUBGROUPS OF COMPLEX REFLECTION GROUPS
Authors: Arreche Carlos E. , Williams Nathan F. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe study normal reflection subgroups of complex reflection groups. Our approach leads to a refinement of a theorem of Orlik and Solomon to the effect that the generating function for fixed-space dimension over a reflection group is a product of linear factors involving generalised exponents. Our refinement gives a uniform proof and generalisation of a recent theorem of the second author.
On inequality, growth and trust: some evidence from the lab
Authors: D'Amato Marcello , O'Higgins Niall , Stimolo Marco 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn a novel experimental design, we investigate the impact of exogenous variation in economic growth and inequality on trusting behaviour. In addition to a control with uniform endowment, three treatments were implemented where the initial endowment is exogenously changed to produce inequality and three growth scenarios where average endowments increase (boom), decrease (recession) or remain unaltered (steady state). We find that aggregate trust and trustworthiness both decrease due to the induced heterogeneity in endowments. Also, trust (but not trustworthiness) decreases (increases) due to recessions (booms). The impact of inequality on trust is greatest in a recession and absent in a boom. These aggregate effects are driven mainly by the reactions of those who, after treatment, end up at the bottom of the endowment distribution. These findings are close in sign and in the order of magnitude to those reported in observational studies on the relationship between growth, inequality and trust.
Re‐Analysis of the Cassini RPWS/LP Data in Titan's Ionosphere: 1. Detection of Several Electron Populations
Authors: Chatain A. , Wahlund J.‐E. , Shebanits O. , Hadid L. Z. , Morooka M. , Edberg N. J. T. , Guaitella O. , Carrasco N. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCurrent models of Titan's ionosphere have difficulties in explaining the observed electron density and/or temperature. In order to get new insights, we re‐analyzed the data taken in the ionosphere of Titan by the Cassini Langmuir probe (LP), part of the Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) instrument. This is the first of two papers that present the new analysis method (current paper) and statistics on the whole data set. We suggest that between two and four electron populations are necessary to fit the data. Each population is defined by a potential, an electron density and an electron temperature and is easily visualized by a distinct peak in the second derivative of the electron current, which is physically related to the electron energy distribution function (Druyvesteyn method). The detected populations vary with solar illumination and altitude. We suggest that the four electron populations are due to photo‐ionization, magnetospheric particles, dusty plasma and electron emission from the probe boom, respectively.
Diverse Responses of Global‐Mean Surface Temperature to External Forcings and Internal Climate Variability in Observations and CMIP6 Models
Authors: Rashid Harun A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe investigate the impacts of external forcings and internal climate variability (ICV) on global‐mean surface air temperature (GMST) variations (1850–2014) in observation and an ensemble of sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) historical simulations. Using multiple regression models, we estimate that 83% of the observed GMST variance is explained by global‐scale anthropogenic forcing. Most CMIP6 models underestimate this anthropogenic contribution (median explained variance is 67%), but compare better with observation when the North Atlantic regional contribution is included in the anthropogenic forcing (median 77%). The ICV contributions to the GMST variance are ∼8% for observation and ∼7% for the models (median). The models' GMST responses to the external forcings and ICV vary widely, with the two responses being oppositely related. The North Atlantic predominantly drives the free GMST variability in observations, whereas the Pacific drives this in most CMIP6 models due to stronger than observed simulated GMST‐Pacific ICV relationships.
The Solar Eclipse Effects on the Upper Thermosphere
Authors: Li Ruoxi , Lei Jiuhou , Dang Tong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTheoretical studies have shown that the solar eclipse can have significant impacts on the thermospheric mass density, which, however, has not been confirmed from the observational perspective. In this study, we present direct observations of the thermospheric density responses to three solar eclipses based on the measurements of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Gravity field and steady state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE). It was observed that the eclipses induced about 20% and 25% density depletions at GRACE altitudes (360 and 480 km, respectively) and about 10% depletions at GOCE altitudes (∼270 km). Moreover, the eclipse could generate large‐scale traveling atmospheric disturbances (TADs), which propagate globally even from the duskside to the dawnside after the eclipse ended. Those thermospheric responses could be generally reproduced by Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM). However, the simulated densities recover more rapidly than the observations at the duskside. This study provides observational evidence to validate the results from theoretical models and further bring insights into the mechanism of eclipse effects on the ionosphere‐thermosphere system.