bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crack tip microplasticity mediated by microstructure gradients
Authors: Castelluccio Gustavo M. , Lim Hojun , Emery John M. , Battaile Corbett C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTraditional fracture theories infer damage at cracks (local field) by surveying loading conditions away from cracks (far field). This approach has been successful in predicting ductile fracture, but it normally assumes isotropic and homogeneous materials. However, myriads of manufacturing procedures induce heterogeneous microstructural gradients that can affect the accuracy of traditional fracture models. This work presents a microstructure‐sensitive finite element approach to explore the shielding effects of grain size and crystallographic orientation gradients on crack tip microplasticity and blunting. A dislocation density‐based crystal plasticity model conveys texture evolution, grain size effects, and directional hardening by computing the constraint from dislocation structures. The results demonstrate that the microstructure can act as a buffer between the local and far fields that affects the crack tip microplasticity variability. For nominal opening loading, grain size and texture affect the local ductility and induce a non‐negligible multiaxial plastic deformation. Furthermore, driving forces based on measuring displacements away from the crack tip are less affected by the microstructure, which suggests that traditional experimental methods smear out important crack tip variability.
MAFLD better predicts the progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk than NAFLD: Generalized estimating equation approach
Authors: Tsutsumi Tsubasa , Eslam Mohammed , Kawaguchi Takumi , Yamamura Sakura , Kawaguchi Atsushi , Nakano Dan , Koseki Masahiro , Yoshinaga Shinobu , Takahashi Hirokazu , Anzai Keizo , George Jacob , Torimura Takuji 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimMetabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) partly overlaps with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Thus, using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach, we aimed to investigate the difference in worsening of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk between patients with MAFLD and NAFLD. We also investigated factors related to the difference between the two groups.MethodsWe enrolled 2306 subjects with fatty liver (MAFLD 80.7%, NAFLD 63.4%). Subjects with MAFLD/NAFLD were sub‐classified into three groups: NAFLD with no metabolic dysfunction (non‐Met NAFLD), overlapping, and MAFLD with moderate alcohol consumption (mod‐Alc MAFLD). ASCVD risk was estimated by non‐invasive tests, including the Suita score. An event was defined as worsening of these scores from the low‐risk to the high‐risk group. Independent factors for the event were analyzed by Cox regression analysis with the GEE.ResultsIn Cox regression analysis, MAFLD (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.02–1.15, p = 0.014) and alcohol consumption (20–39 g/day; HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.26–2.36, p = 0.001) were independently associated with worsening of the Suita score. In a subanalysis, the incidence of the event was significantly lower in non‐Met NAFLD than in the overlapping group (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50–0.98, p = 0.042). However, no significant difference was observed in the incidence between the overlapping and mod‐Alc MAFLD group (HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.89–1.58, p = 0.235).ConclusionsThe GEE approach demonstrates that MAFLD better identifies patients with worsening of ASCVD risk than NAFLD. Moreover, the superiority of MAFLD over NAFLD was due to the presence of metabolic dysfunction rather than moderate alcohol consumption.
The Modest ECtHR Supervision of Spain´s Prison System
Authors: REY SÁNCHEZ CLARA , PASCUAL RODRÍGUEZ ESTER 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has not yet ruled against Spain for breaching Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) on account of the material conditions in Spanish prisons. Most of the ECtHR´s case law regarding Spanish prisons and detention conditions refers to theincommunicadodetention regime, for which the ECtHR has condemned Spain for breaching the procedural limb of Article 3 of the ECHR and, in its most recent decision on the topic:Portu Juanenea and Sarasola Yarzabal v. Spainof 13 October 2018, also for breaching the material limb of that same provision. Besides the case law regarding theincommunicadodetention regime, the ECtHR has ruled on issues related to arrangements for granting adjustments of sentence, which have traditionally been understood to fall outside the scope of the ECHR. In this sense,Del Río Prada v. Spainof 21 October 2013 andArrozpide Sarasola and Others v. Spainof 23 October 2018 constitute important attempts of re‐examining the concept of penalty for the purpose of extending the guarantees of the Convention. Still, however, altogether considered, the case law of the ECtHR on Spain's prison system and policies is relatively modest if compared with the significant case law issued against other European countries regarding this same topic. The reasons behind the limited ECtHR oversight of Spain's prison system are varied and not straightforward and the present article aims at shedding light on this question, while highlighting the many potential areas where an alignment with some of the criteria set forth by the ECtHR is needed.
CuO nanoparticles/Indonesian cedarwood essential oil‐loaded chitosan coating film: characterisation and antifungal improvement against Penicillium spp.
Authors: Wardana Ata Aditya , Kingwascharapong Passakorn , Tanaka Fumina , Tanaka Fumihiko 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA novel formulation of composite coating comprising 0.8% chitosan (Chi) incorporating 0.025% CuO nanoparticles (CuO) and 0.5% Indonesian cedarwood essential oil (CEO) was fabricated by casting method. Fourier transform infrared, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses were employed to characterise the biocompatibility of each formulation. Additionally, the physico‐chemically properties of the composite coatings were characterised. The colour (L*), light transmission, zeta potential and roughness of Chi were significantly (P < 0.05) altered negatively by the presence of CuO or CEO; the colour (a*, b* and ∆E), apparent viscosity and transparency also changed positively as a consequence of CuO and CEO incorporation. The antifungal features of a pure Chi coating against Penicillium italicum and Penicillium digitatum were improved synergistically by CuO and CEO, confirmed by in vitro and in vivo assays. Composite coatings obtained in this work may have potential applications for active primary food packaging, particularly for fresh postharvest commodities.
Solvent fractionation of hard palm stearin to increase the concentration of tripalmitoylglycerol and dipalmitoyl‐stearoyl‐glycerol as substrates for synthesis of human milk fat substitute
Authors: Hasibuan Hasrul Abdi , Sitanggang Azis Boing , Andarwulan Nuri , Hariyadi Purwiyatno 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThis research aimed to produce triacylglycerols fraction rich in palmitic acid (PA) at the sn‐2 position from hard palm stearin (HPS) through acetone fractionation. Fractionations were done at HPS‐to‐acetone ratios of 1:3, 1:5 and 1:7 (w/v) and at temperatures of 25, 30 and 35 °C for 3 h. Triacylglycerols with PA at the sn‐2 position, such as tripalmitoylglycerol (PPP) and dipalmitoyl‐stearoyl‐glycerol (PPS), were concentrated in the solid fraction, obtained after separation by filtration. The optimal fractionation conditions were at a HPS‐to‐acetone ratio of 1:5 (w/v) and 30 °C. The total PPP and PPS content was more than 91%, with a corresponding yield of more than 59%. Triacylglycerols obtained were composed of more than 91% PA in which 88% were at the sn‐2 position. Conclusively, the solvent fractionation is a suited alternative method for the preparation of triacylglycerols used for the enzymatic synthesis of 1,3‐dioleoyl‐2‐palmitoylglycerol which is the main triacylglycerol for human milk fat substitute.
Nanoencapsulation of black seed oil by coaxial electrospraying: characterisation, oxidative stability and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion
Authors: Atay Elif , Altan Aylin 
Published: June 2021

SummaryIn this study, black seed oil‐loaded zein nanoparticles were produced via coaxial electrospraying. Nanoparticles obtained under optimised conditions had a uniform morphology with a mean diameter of 136 nm and a core–shell structure verified by confocal laser scanning microscope. The encapsulation efficiency of the oil in nanoparticles ranged from 65.3 to 97.2%. The peroxide value of oil in nanoparticles with high encapsulation efficiency was approximately three times lower than unencapsulated oil when stored at 60 °C for 55 days. The totox value of the encapsulated oil in nanoparticles stored at 25 °C was lower than the critical totox value of 30. The amount of thymoquinone released from encapsulated oil was low at the end of the gastric digestion, but the bioaccessibility of thymoquinone from encapsulated oil increased during intestinal digestion compared with free oil. These results demonstrated the successful nanoencapsulation of black seed oil with the improved oxidative stability due to the coaxial structures formed. Black seed oil‐loaded zein particles may have the potential to expand the use of black seed oil as a functional ingredient for food systems.
Using wavelets in the measurement of multiscale dependence between Saudi and selected foreign stock markets
Authors: Saâdaoui Foued 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper examines the multiscale linkage between one of the main stock markets in the Arab region (Tadawul All Share Index, TASI) and two foreign markets among its major partners (Dow Jones Industrial (DJI) and Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE)). A set of wavelet‐based multifractal and cross‐analysis tools are used to recognize signs of clustering or scattering between these markets in the time–frequency space. The experiment is designed to include a noteworthy period of instability in the financial sector along by a high recession in the global economic system. The results indicate that most cross‐correlations corresponding to the highest wavelet detail are statistically significant, especially for central lead–lag coefficients. At the highest frequency bands, significance is rejected for most cross‐correlations, thus providing investors with various short‐term investment replacements and portfolio diversification openings. Over the crisis period, cross‐correlations take a skewed distribution, which proves that foreign indexes have a higher predictive power for TASI's time series. Furthermore, the interdependence TASI–DJI is confirmed through several periods and at various frequencies, whereas the TASI–FTSE nexus was inclined to be slightly less important, particularly in short‐run horizons. Another surprising result is that in the midst of the crisis, while high and continuous cross‐correlations were expected, on a particular frequency band, we noted a significant dissociation between the Saudi index and the two international indexes. These findings would offer investors in Saudi Arabia new insights and tools for an increasingly globalized investment world.
DC electric field‐assisted hot pressing of zirconia: Methodology, phenomenology, and sintering mechanism
Authors: Xu Jingkun , Liu Zetan , Xie Zhipeng , He Shan , Xi Xiaoqing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFlash sintering (FS) is an important technique in the field of ceramic sintering. Nevertheless, conventional FS is less attractive for practical applications because of the complex shapes and small sizes of the specimens. In this study, using the novel electric field‐assisted hot pressing (FAHP) technique, we successfully achieved FS during the net‐shape hot pressing (HP) process for the first time. It was found that the 3 mol% yttria‐stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) can be flash sintered at 909°C using a fairly low DC field of 33 V/cm under 30 MPa pressure. The grain sizes of the FAHP‐sintered samples were 20% smaller than that of the HP‐sintered sample. When the current density limit is ≥240 mA/mm2, 3YSZ can be fully densified during the flash events. Careful analysis of the sintering curves suggests that although the carrier type or concentration is changed during flash events, it cannot explain the ultrafast densification. Additionally, we devised a qualitative method to analyze the densification mechanism. The results indicated that the ultrafast densification observed during flash events resulted from the synergistic effects of the rapid heating rate and peak sample temperature. Finally, the atomic force microscopy confirmed the lower grain boundary energy for the FAHP‐sintered samples, which accounts for the smaller grain sizes than the HP‐sintered sample. We believe that the FAHP technique could create new possibilities for theoretical and applied research on field‐assisted sintering techniques.
Follow‐up of the Cool Little Kids translational trial into middle childhood
Authors: Bayer Jordana K. , Brown Amy , Prendergast Luke A. , Bretherton Lesley , Hiscock Harriet , Mihalopoulos Cathrine , Nelson‐Lowe Margaret , Gilbertson Tamsyn , Noone Kate , Bischof Natalie , Beechey Cassima , Muliadi Fenny , Rapee Ronald M. 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundPublic health advocates have highlighted internalising problems as a leading cause of global burden of disease. Internalising problems (anxiety/depression) affect up to 20% of school‐age children and can impact peer relations, school engagement and later employment and mortality. This translational trial aimed to determine whether a selective/indicated parenting group programme to prevent internalising distress in shy/inhibited preschool children had sustained effects in middle childhood. Translational design aspects were a brief parent‐report screening tool for child inhibition offered universally across the population via preschools in the year before school, followed by an invitation to parents of all inhibited children to attend the parenting programme at venues in their local community.MethodsDesign of the study was a randomised controlled trial. The setting was 307 preschool services across eight socioeconomically diverse government areas in Melbourne, Australia. Participants were 545 parents of inhibited four‐year‐old children of which 456 (84%) were retained during middle childhood (age of seven to 10 years). Early intervention was the Cool Little Kids parenting group programme, and control was ‘usual care’ access to available support services in the community. Primary outcomes were child anxiety and depression symptoms (parent and child report) and DSM‐IV anxiety disorders (assessor masked). Secondary outcomes were parenting practices and parent mental health.ResultsThere was no significant difference in anxiety disorders between the intervention and control group during the three annual follow‐ups of the cohort in middle childhood (2015 43% vs. 41%, 2016 40% vs. 36%, 2017 27% vs. 30%, respectively; p’s > .05). There were also no significant differences in child anxiety or depression symptoms (by child or parent report), parenting practices or parent mental health, between the intervention and control group during middle childhood. However, a priori interaction tests suggested that for children with anxious parents, early intervention attenuated risk for middle childhood internalising problems.ConclusionsAn issue for population translation is low levels of parent engagement in preventive interventions. Initial effects of the Cool Little Kids parenting group programme in reducing shy/inhibited preschool children’s internalising distress at school entry dissipated over time, perhaps due to low engagement. Future translational research on early prevention of internalising problems could benefit from screening preschool children in the population at higher risk (combining temperamental inhibition and parent distress) and incorporating motivational techniques to facilitate family engagement.Trial registration ISRCTN30996662 http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN30996662.
The effects of dapagliflozin on hepatic and visceral fat in type 2 diabetes patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Phrueksotsai Susrichit , Pinyopornpanish Kanokwan , Euathrongchit Juntima , Leerapun Apinya , Phrommintikul Arintaya , Buranapin Supawan , Chattipakorn Nipon , Thongsawat Satawat 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and AimSodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors have shown excellent results in glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, while also promoting weight loss. These mechanisms may be beneficial in the treatment of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Our study aims to investigate the effect of dapagliflozin on hepatic and visceral fat contents and related biochemical markers in T2DM with NAFLD patients.MethodsThis is a double‐blinded placebo‐controlled randomized, single‐center study. Non‐insulin‐dependent T2DM patients with NAFLD were prospectively enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either dapagliflozin (10 mg/day) or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary end‐point was the changes in intrahepatic lipid contents, evaluated by the liver attenuation index.ResultsOf 40 patients enrolled, 38 patients completed the study (dapagliflozin group, n = 18; placebo group, n = 20). Baseline demographic and laboratory findings were similar in both groups. After 12 weeks of treatment, dapagliflozin significantly decreased intrahepatic lipid contents demonstrated by an increase in liver attenuation index in comparison with the placebo treatment (5.8 ± 5.1 vs 0.5 ± 6.1 Hounsfield units, P = 0.006). Significant reduction in bodyweight, bodyfat, visceral fat/subcutaneous fat ratio, hemoglobin A1c, and alanine aminotransferase were also observed in the dapagliflozin‐treated group as compared with the placebo group (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in adipokines including adiponectin, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor‐α changes between the dapagliflozin‐treated group and the placebo group (all P = nonsignificant).ConclusionDapagliflozin treatment for 12 weeks is associated with improvement in hepatic fat content, a decrease in visceral fat and bodyweight, enhanced glycemic control, and improved liver biochemistry among T2DM patients with NAFLD.
Features of post‐endoscopic submucosal dissection electrocoagulation syndrome for early gastric neoplasm
Authors: Kimura Hidenori , Yabuuchi Yohei , Notsu Akifumi , Yamamoto Yoichi , Yoshida Masao , Kawata Noboru , Takizawa Kohei , Kishida Yoshihiro , Imai Kenichiro , Ito Sayo , Hotta Kinichi , Ishiwatari Hirotoshi , Matsubayashi Hiroyuki , Ono Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and AimPost‐endoscopic submucosal dissection electrocoagulation syndrome (PECS) has become a common adverse event after colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and esophageal ESD. However, little is known about PECS after gastric ESD. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the clinical features of PECS after gastric ESD.MethodsPatients who underwent ESD for gastric cancer or adenoma between January 2016 and December 2017 were retrospectively investigated. PECS was clinically diagnosed based on the presence of upper abdominal pain and localized abdominal tenderness with a temperature of >37.5°C, without perforation. We analyzed the clinical features of PECS.ResultsA total of 637 ESD cases were enrolled; PECS occurred in 32 patients (5.0%), all of whom were diagnosed on postoperative Day 1. Among PECS cases, unplanned prolongation of hospitalization or fasting period was observed in 15 patients (47%). As a result, the median durations of hospitalization and fasting period were significantly longer in PECS cases (P = 0.008 and P < 0.001, respectively); however, the mean differences were less than a day. Additionally, all PECS cases recovered with conservative treatment.ConclusionsPECS is considered a common adverse event after gastric ESD. More than half of patients with PECS could start diets and be discharged as well as those without PECS.
The role of race in rural‐urban suicide disparities
Authors: Peltzman Talya , Gottlieb Daniel J. , Levis Maxwell , Shiner Brian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeTo assess the role that race‐ethnicity plays in modifying the observed rural‐urban disparity in suicide among Veteran Health Administration (VHA) users.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of 10,737,864 VHA users between 2003 and 2017, using cross‐linked VHA medical records and National Death Index mortality data to assess longitudinal race‐stratified rural‐urban differences in age‐ and sex‐adjusted annual suicide rates. We used Poisson regression and generated incident rate ratios (IRRs) to formally assess the impact of race on the rural‐urban suicide disparity. Given evidence of effect modification, we performed additional race‐stratified Poisson regression models.FindingsRurality is significantly associated with a higher risk of suicide in models which do not control for race (IRR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.10‐1.17). However, when race is added to the model, rural residence is no longer significant (0.98, CI: 0.95‐1.01). Stratified models demonstrate that rural residence is significantly associated with a higher suicide risk among Hispanic VHA users (1.41, CI: 1.11‐1.79), but it is not substantially associated with suicide among White (0.97, CI: 0.94‐1.00) and Black (1.03, CI: 0.86‐1.23) VHA users. White VHA users have considerably higher suicide rates than Black and Hispanic VHA users, though the suicide rate among Hispanic VHA users, particularly those in rural settings, increased markedly over the period of observation.ConclusionsRace significantly modifies the relationship between rural residence and suicide risk. Studies seeking to assess suicide disparity between rural and urban VHA user populations must include adjustment or stratification by race.
Baicalin protects giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii against Vibrio parahaemolyticus via modulation of the Toll signaling pathway
Authors: Li Xi‐Lian , Zhang Yu‐Fei , Shen Pei‐jing , Xu Yang , Gao Qiang , Cheng Hai‐Hua , Wang Wen‐Da , Gu Zhi‐min , Chen Xue‐Feng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTo evaluate the protective effect of baicalin against a Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge, immune parameters were analyzed and RNA interference (RNAi) was performed in the present study. The results from challenge tests showed that the cumulative mortalities in the 200 and 400 mg/kg baicalin groups after challenge with V. parahaemolyticus were significantly lower than they were in the 100 mg/kg baicalin or control groups (p < .05); the relative percent of survival reached 71.4%. Macrobrachium rosenbergii injected with V. parahaemolyticus exhibited a significant increase in lysozyme (LZM) and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels as well as phagocytic activity because of the immune response, while after treatment with baicalin, these immune parameters were further enhanced. The gene expression levels of anti‐lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs), LZM, relish, and crustin were increased after treatment with baicalin or challenge with V. parahaemolyticus. The results of RNAi experiments demonstrated that the expression of crustins (Cru2, Cru4, Cru5, and Cru8), ALFs (ALF1, ALF3, ALF4, and ALF5), lysozymes (Lys1 and Lys2), and relish were significantly elevated after V. parahaemolyticus challenge. After MrToll4 was knocked down by siRNA, the expression levels of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), except relish and Cru4, were inhibited. However, after oral administration of 400 mg/kg baicalin, the expression levels of all these AMPs, except Cru2, Cru4, ALF3, and relish, were upregulated.