bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Transdermal and Injection Testosterone Therapy in Klinefelter Syndrome: A Real-Life Study
Authors: Kabilan Apiraa , Skakkebæk Anne , Chang Simon , Gravholt Claus H 
Published: April 2021

AbstractContextKlinefelter Syndrome (KS) is the most frequent sex chromosome disorder in males. Due to hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, treatment with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is commonly indicated. There are no international guidelines for the most appropriate TRT in KS.ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate how different routes of testosterone administration impact testosterone-responsive variables, as well as the development of later metabolic diseases and other complications.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study covering 5 years from 2015 to 2020. Data on TRT, biochemical parameters, bone mineral density (BMD), medications, comorbidity, and karyotyping were derived from electronic patient records and The Danish Cytogenetic Register.ResultsA total of 147 KS males were included: 81 received injection TRT, 61 received transdermal TRT, and 5 did not receive TRT. Testosterone levels were similar in the 2 TRT groups (P = 0.9), while luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were higher in the group receiving transdermal TRT (P = 0.002). Levels of cholesterol, blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, hemoglobin, hematocrit, liver parameters, prostate-specific antigen, and spine and hip BMD were similar in the 2 treatment groups (Ps &gt; 0.05).ConclusionTRT, irrespective of route of administration, affects androgen-responsive variables similarly in males with KS. Neither long-acting injection nor transdermal gel seem to reduce the risk of metabolic diseases significantly. These results should encourage clinicians in seeking the route of administration resulting in the highest degree of adhesion to treatment based on individual patient preferences. Implementation of shared decision-making with patients may be important when choosing TRT.
“Broken Bits of Color in the Dirt”
Authors: Schwartz Jesse W. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis essay examines the numerous critical claims of “timeliness” around the recently recovered novel Romance in Marseille as well as Claude McKay’s own numerous commitments and challenges as they emerge therein: the multiple and enduring afterlives of slavery, the Bolshevik Revolution and the burgeoning of its stiflingly bureaucratic Thermidor under Stalin, the various theoretical and programmatic complications that issues of race and gender posed for international socialism alongside the promises and disappointments of emancipatory politics writ large. However, in attempting to adjudicate such problematics of difference, McKay also provides the outlines of a dialectical “Black Intersectional International,” thereby gesturing toward a “commonism” of the quayside.
“A Syrup of Passion and Desire”
Authors: Tuszynska Agnieszka 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article examines the politics of transgressive pleasure and desire in Claude McKay’s novel Romance in Marseille, as a response to what Achille Mbembe, departing from Foucault’s notion of biopower, has termed necropolitics. In the novel, the interlocking hegemonic systems of racism and capitalism function as mechanisms of necropower—the power of determining whose lives are deemed worthy and whose bodies are deemed disposable—which is executed through the procedures of mutilation, surveillance, poverty, and sexual exploitation. Foregrounding the titular “romance,” McKay’s novel features characters who engage in romantic and sexual relationships that subvert the expectations of heteronormativity, sexual economy, and the color line. Anticipating the twenty-first-century theories that locate sovereign power in the body, McKay politicizes and radicalizes desire as a response to the racialization, criminalization, and dehumanization of his novel’s lumpen characters.
Shoreline Thinking
Authors: Winkiel Laura 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article explores the relation between the dockside denizens of Claude McKay’s Marseille and the violent history of slavery and racism. It takes a longue durée approach to modernism by arguing that the previous five hundred years of colonization and conquest of Black and Indigenous life continue to constrain the possibilities of freedom imagined in the art and literature of the early twentieth century. Using Édouard Glissant’s poetics of relation, it considers how the shoreline in Romance in Marseille provides a fecund location for sifting through the residues of slavery to salvage possibilities for living otherwise than the racist state demands. In so doing, Romance in Marseille goes further than McKay’s other novels in asserting that Black femininity must be central to a Black reinvention of the human.
Local adaptation in thermal tolerance for a tropical butterfly across ecotone and rainforest habitats
Authors: Dongmo Michel A. K. , Hanna Rachid , Smith Thomas B. , Fiaboe K. K. M. , Fomena Abraham , Bonebrake Timothy C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Thermal adaptation to habitat variability can determine species vulnerability to environmental change. For example, physiological tolerance to naturally low thermal variation in tropical forests species may alter their vulnerability to climate change impacts, compared with open habitat species. However, the extent to which habitat-specific differences in tolerance derive from within-generation versus across-generation ecological or evolutionary processes are not well characterized. Here we studied thermal tolerance limits of a Central African butterfly (Bicyclus dorothea) across two habitats in Cameroon: a thermally stable tropical forest and the more variable ecotone between rainforest and savanna. Second generation individuals originating from the ecotone, reared under conditions common to both populations, exhibited higher upper thermal limits (CTmax) than individuals originating from forest (∼3°C greater). Lower thermal limits (CTmin) were also slightly lower for the ecotone populations (∼1°C). Our results are suggestive of local adaptation driving habitat-specific differences in thermal tolerance (especially CTmax) that hold across generations. Such habitat-specific thermal limits may be widespread for tropical ectotherms and could affect species vulnerability to environmental change. However, microclimate and within-generation developmental processes (e.g. plasticity) will mediate these differences, and determining the fitness consequences of thermal variation for ecotone and rainforest species will require continued study of both within-generation and across-generation eco-evolutionary processes.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Self-organized cell migration across scales – from single cell movement to tissue formation
Authors: Stock Jessica , Pauli Andrea 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Self-organization is a key feature of many biological and developmental processes, including cell migration. Although cell migration has traditionally been viewed as a biological response to extrinsic signals, advances within the past two decades have highlighted the importance of intrinsic self-organizing properties to direct cell migration on multiple scales. In this Review, we will explore self-organizing mechanisms that lay the foundation for both single and collective cell migration. Based on in vitro and in vivo examples, we will discuss theoretical concepts that underlie the persistent migration of single cells in the absence of directional guidance cues, and the formation of an autonomous cell collective that drives coordinated migration. Finally, we highlight the general implications of self-organizing principles guiding cell migration for biological and medical research.
Antibiotic Drug screening and Image Characterization Toolbox (A.D.I.C.T.): a robust imaging workflow to monitor antibiotic stress response in bacterial cells in vivo
Authors: Mayer Benjamin , Schwan Meike , Thormann Kai M. , Graumann Peter L. 
Published: April 2021

The search for novel drugs that efficiently eliminate prokaryotic pathogens is one of the most urgent health topics of our time. Robust evaluation methods for monitoring the antibiotic stress response in prokaryotes are therefore necessary for developing respective screening strategies. Besides advantages of common in vitro techniques, there is a growing demand for in vivo information based on imaging techniques that allow to screen antibiotic candidates in a dynamic manner. Gathering information from imaging data in a reproducible manner, robust data processing and analysis workflows demand advanced (semi-)automation and data management to increase reproducibility. Here we demonstrate a versatile and robust semi-automated image acquisition, processing and analysis workflow to investigate bacterial cell morphology in a quantitative manner. The presented workflow, A.D.I.C.T, covers aspects of experimental setup deployment, data acquisition and handling, image processing (e.g. ROI management, data transformation into binary images, background subtraction, filtering, projections) as well as statistical evaluation of the cellular stress response (e.g. shape measurement distributions, cell shape modeling, probability density evaluation of fluorescence imaging micrographs) towards antibiotic-induced stress, obtained from time-course experiments. The imaging workflow is based on regular brightfield images combined with live-cell imaging data gathered from bacteria, in our case from recombinant Shewanella cells, which are processed as binary images. The model organism expresses target proteins relevant for membrane-biogenesis that are functionally fused to respective fluorescent proteins. Data processing and analysis are based on customized scripts using ImageJ2/FIJI, Celltool and R packages that can be easily reproduced and adapted by users. Summing up, our approach aims at supporting life-scientists to establish their own imaging-pipeline in order to exploit their data as versatile as possible and in a reproducible manner.
Comparing the cost-effectiveness of three diagnostic test strategies for angle closure in a developing country
Authors: Miyamoto Mariana Y , Cohen Ralph , Kasahara Niro 
Published: April 2021

Background/Aims The appropriate roles for alternative diagnostic tests in detecting primary angle closure of the eye are uncertain. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of Scheimpflug camera imaging, the van Herick technique and gonioscopy to identify primary angle in a developing country. Methods This cross-sectional diagnostic study included participants aged >40 years with suspected primary angle closure in the developing country of Brazil. All participants underwent Scheimpflug camera imaging, a van Herick test and gonioscopy. The diagnostic ability of these tests was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Costs of interventions were derived using the Brazilian Hierarchical Classification of Medical Procedures. The cost-effectiveness of the tests were compared using an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Results Gonioscopy was confirmed to be the most accurate diagnostic test for primary angle closure, closely followed by the van Herick test. The accuracy of Scheimpflug camera imaging was considerably lower, largely because of its low sensitivity. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio demonstrated that Scheimpflug camera imaging was also the least cost-effective, as it was considerably more expensive but with less clinical benefits. Conclusions Because of its relatively low accuracy and high costs, Scheimpflug camera imaging is not as cost-effective as gonioscopy nor the van Herick test as a means of diagnosing primary angle closure in a developing country.
Effect of stem position and length on bone-stem constructs after cementless hip arthroplasty
Authors: Kwak Dae-Kyung , Bang Sun-Hee , Lee Sung-Jae , Park Ji-Hun , Yoo Je-Hyun 
Published: April 2021

Aims There are concerns regarding initial stability and early periprosthetic fractures in cementless hip arthroplasty using short stems. This study aimed to investigate stress on the cortical bone around the stem and micromotions between the stem and cortical bone according to femoral stem length and positioning. Methods In total, 12 femoral finite element models (FEMs) were constructed and tested in walking and stair-climbing. Femoral stems of three different lengths and two different positions were simulated, assuming press-fit fixation within each FEM. Stress on the cortical bone and micromotions between the stem and bone were measured in each condition. Results Stress concentration was observed on the medial and lateral interfaces between the cortical bone and stem. With neutral stem insertion, mean stress over a region of interest was greater at the medial than lateral interface regardless of stem length, which increased as the stem shortened. Mean stress increased in the varus-inserted stems compared to the stems inserted neutrally, especially at the lateral interface in contact with the stem tip. The maximum stress was observed at the lateral interface in a varus-inserted short stem. All mean stresses were greater in stair-climbing condition than walking. Each micromotion was also greater in shorter stems and varus-inserted stems, and in stair-climbing condition. Conclusion The stem should be inserted neutrally and stair-climbing movement should be avoided in the early postoperative period, in order to preserve early stability and reduce the possibility of thigh pain, especially when using a shorter stem. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(4):250–258.
High-performance 1–10  THz integrating sphere
Authors: Wang Chun-Lun , Chiu Chuang-Pin , Huang Pin-Jie , Wang Shiang-Yu , Wang Ming-Jye 
Published: April 2021

The SPICA far-infrared instrument (SAFARI), one of instruments of the space infrared telescope for cosmology and astrophysics, requires a calibration source assembly to calibrate the transition edge sensor readout circuits. A high-performance integrating sphere working at SAFARI wavelength (34–230 µm) is essential. A novel process for preparing terahertz integrating spheres was developed. The aluminum surfaces after sandblasting, wet-etching, and gold plating processes demonstrate rough morphology but high reflectance of 0.91 in 1–10 THz. The spatial distribution of the measured output power excellently agrees with the numerical simulation results based on the assumption of uniform surface radiation at the output port.
Measurement of the internal electric field in periodically poled
congruent lithium niobate crystals by far-field diffraction
Authors: Prasath Ragothaman K , Ravi Rajan Indumathi , Madhupriya G. , Ali Meerasha Mubarak , Boomadevi Shanmugam , Pandiyan Krishnamoorthy 
Published: April 2021

A simple nondestructive diffraction method is introduced to estimate the internal electric field present in the congruent lithium niobate crystal. Due to the presence of an unrelaxed internal field, the as-poled sample acts as an index grating and diffracts the incident light beam. By analyzing the diffraction patterns, we calculated the refractive index difference (

Δ
n
=
1.52
×

10

−
4

) between the poled and the unpoled domains, and the duty cycle error of 7.9%. Using the Pockels effect, the internal field

E
i

present in the periodically poled lithium niobate crystal is estimated to be 2.56 kV/mm.
Evolutions of Q-switched mode-locked square noise-like pulse with different cavity lengths
Authors: Wu Chong-Hao , Yao Yong , Wu Qian-Chao , Xu Ke , Xu Xiao-Chuan , Tian Jia-Jun 
Published: April 2021

A

Q

-switched mode-locked square noise-like pulse (QMLSNLP) is generated in a nonlinear polarization rotation passively mode-locked fiber laser. When the pump power changes from 154 mW to 414 mW, the frequency of the

Q

-switched envelope varies from 21.7 kHz to 38.9 kHz, while the duration of the

Q

-switched envelope decreases from

5.1

µ
s

to

3.2

µ
s

, correspondingly. In the meantime, QMLSNLP keeps the fundamental repetition rate constant, and the pulse duration increases from 3.4 ns to 6.7 ns. By inserting different lengths of single-mode fiber into the ring cavity, the evolutions of QMLSNLP are measured and analyzed. According to the cavity parameters and experimental results, impacts of the cavity length on QMLSNLP are investigated in detail.
High pulse energy ZnGeP2 OPO directly pumped by a Q-switched Tm3+-doped single-oscillator fiber laser
Authors: Schneider Julian , Forster Patrick , Romano Clément , Eichhorn Marc , Kieleck Christelle 
Published: April 2021

A mid-infrared

Z
n
G
e
P

2

optical parametric oscillator pumped by a

T
m

3
+

-doped fiber laser is reported, providing pulse energies of

230

µ

J

, pulse widths of 40 ns, and peak powers of

∼

6

k
W

with excellent efficiency and beam quality. The pump source is an actively

Q

-switched single oscillator optimized to generate high pulse energies.
Ultrafast two-photon optical switch using single crystal hybrid halide perovskites
Authors: Zhang Xinping , Wang Meng , Ma Lin , Fu Yulan , Guo Jinxin , Ma He , Zhang Yiwei , Yan Zhengguang , Han Xiaodong 
Published: April 2021

Photoelectronic performance of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites has been investigated extensively. Advancement in optoelectronic characterization and application of this group of materials in solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and lasers has been pushed forward rapidly. However, nonlinear optical properties for applications in optical logic devices have not been exploited. Moreover, long-lived excitons and charges limit the response speed of such materials and further construction of ultrafast devices. In this work, we make use of the high third-order optical nonlinearity of

(

C
H

3

N
H

3

)

P
b
B
r

3

single crystals and develop a femtosecond optical switch (OS) based on strong two-photon processes through absorbing one pump and one probe photon. The fascinating band structure, with a steep edge at 2.22 eV between the transmission and strong absorption bands, endows single crystals of

(

C
H

3

N
H

3

)

P
b
B
r

3

with perfect characteristics for two-photon optical switching in the near infrared. An on–off ratio of the probe pulses of about 90% and a speed faster than 400 fs have been achieved for this OS device. To the best of our knowledge, such high efficiency has not been realized for an ultrafast OS with any other materials and devices. Moreover, this is a first exploration, to our best knowledge, of the third-order optical nonlinearity of organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskites for application in ultrafast optical logic devices with high reliability and low threshold in the near infrared.
The relationship between liver histology and thyroid function tests in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Authors: D'Ambrosio Roberta , Campi Irene , Maggioni Marco , Perbellini Riccardo , Giammona Enza , Stucchi Roberta , Borghi Marta , Degasperi Elisabetta , De Silvestri Annalisa , Persani Luca , Fugazzola Laura , Lampertico Pietro 
Published: April 2021

Background
Data on the role of hypothyroidism in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver fibrosis are conflicting, although selective Thyroid Hormone Receptor (THR)-β agonists have been identified as potential therapy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Therefore, we investigated the association between hypothyroidism and NAFLD histological features potentially associated with progressive liver disease.

Methods
Between 2014 and 2016, consecutive patients with histologically proven NAFLD and frozen serum available for thyroid function tests assessment were included. NAFLD was staged according to the NAFLD Activity Score (NAS), and fibrosis according to Kleiner. NASH was defined as NAS ≥4, significant fibrosis as F2-F4 and significant steatosis as S2-S3. Thyroid function tests (TFT; TSH, FT3, FT4, rT3), TPO-Ab and Tg-Ab were also assessed.

Results
Fifty-two patients were analyzed: median age 54 years, 58% females, LSM 7.8 kPa, 27% diabetics, 14% hypothyroid. At histology, NASH was present in 21 (40%), F2-F4 in 28 (54%) and S2-S3 in 30 (58%) patients. Rates of hypothyroidism were similar independently of the presence of NASH (p = 0.11), significant fibrosis (p = 0.21) or steatosis (p = 0.75). However, hypothyroid patients displayed a higher NAS (p = 0.02) and NASH (p = 0.06) prevalence. At multivariate analysis, TFT were not independently associated with histology.

Conclusion
Hypothyroidism was highly prevalent in NAFLD patients, and was associated with increased NAFLD activity, but not with fibrosis and steatosis severity. Thus, thyroid dysfunction might play a direct and/or indirect in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH.
Prevalence and characteristics of fever in adult and paediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17515 patients
Authors: Islam Md Asiful , Kundu Shoumik , Alam Sayeda Sadia , Hossan Tareq , Kamal Mohammad Amjad , Hassan Rosline 
Published: April 2021

Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 started to spread globally since December 2019 from Wuhan, China. Fever has been observed as one of the most common clinical manifestations, although the prevalence and characteristics of fever in adult and paediatric COVID-19 patients is inconclusive. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the overall pooled prevalence of fever and chills in addition to fever characteristics (low, medium, and high temperature) in both adult and paediatric COVID-19 patients.

Methods
The protocol of this systematic review and meta-analysis was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020176327). PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases were searched between 1st December 2019 and 3rd April 2020 without language restrictions. Both adult (≥18 years) and paediatric (<18 years) COVID-19 patients were considered eligible. We used random-effects model for the meta-analysis to obtain the pooled prevalence and risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Quality assessment of included studies was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic and Cochran’s Q test. Robustness of the pooled estimates was checked by different subgroups and sensitivity analyses.

Results
We identified 2055 studies, of which 197 studies (n = 24266) were included in the systematic review and 167 studies with 17142 adults and 373 paediatrics were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the pooled prevalence of fever in adult and paediatric COVID-19 patients were 79.43% [95% CI: 77.05–81.80, I2 = 95%] and 45.86% [95% CI: 35.24–56.48, I2 = 78%], respectively. Besides, 14.45% [95% CI: 10.59–18.32, I2 = 88%] of the adult COVID-19 patients were accompanied with chills. In adult COVID-19 patients, the prevalence of medium-grade fever (44.33%) was higher compared to low- (38.16%) and high-grade fever (14.71%). In addition, the risk of both low (RR: 2.34, 95% CI: 1.69–3.22, p<0.00001, I2 = 84%) and medium grade fever (RR: 2.79, 95% CI: 2.21–3.51, p<0.00001, I2 = 75%) were significantly higher compared to high-grade fever, however, there was no significant difference between low- and medium-grade fever (RR: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.94–1.44, p = 0.16, I2 = 87%). 88.8% of the included studies were of high-quality. The sensitivity analyses indicated that our findings of fever prevalence for both adult and paediatric patients are reliable and robust.

Conclusions
The prevalence of fever in adult COVID-19 patients was high, however, 54.14% of paediatric COVID-19 patients did not exhibit fever as an initial clinical feature. Prevalence and risk of low and medium-grade fevers were higher compared to high-grade fever.