bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Round Table Discussion
Authors: SANFORD HEYWORTH N. , ROOT J. HAROLD , GRAHAM R. H. 
Published: December 2021

Chairman Sanford: Dr. Herman N. Bundesen, Commissioner of Health of Chicago, organized 12 years ago the "Chicago Premature Plan." This consists in registering all premature infants with the City Health Department within a few hours after birth. The premature infant who is born at home, or in a hospital that does not have adequate premature care, is transported in an oxygenated incubator ambulance to a hospital which specializes in such care.
From 1936 to 1947 premature infant deaths in Chicago have been lowered 6½%. The full term infant death rate during the same period has been lowered about 3%. Inasmuch as the premature death rate has been lowered about double that of the full term infant rate, we believe this procedure has been the cause of reduction. In 1936 there were 47,000 live births in Chicago. In 1947 there were 82,000, or an increase of 80%. In this number the full term infants increased from 45% to 60%, whereas the premature infants increased from 2000 to over 5000, or about 140% increase of premature infants born in Chicago during the last 10 years.
This adds a considerable increase to the number of infants for our available premature infants beds. Where formerly we planned 5 premature births to each 100 full term births, we now find that prematures have increased to 8 per 100 full term infants.
Causes of prematurity are multiple births, toxemia, heart disease, syphilis, tuberculosis, infections, accidents, premature separation of the placenta and abnormalities of the reproduction tract. It is generally understood that there is a tendency for more premature births among the Negro race than the white race.
EFFECT OF THE CAROTID-JUGULAR-ANASTOMOSIS OPERATION UPON INTELLIGENCE
Authors: KESSLER JANE W. 
Published: December 2021

The psychologic findings on 33 children following the c-j-a operation have been reported. The results show that almost all the patients improved in mental age but only at the same rate, in comparison with the chronologic age, which was evident prior to the operation. There was one instance of significantly increased rate with an I.Q. improvement of 18 points, and one instance of significantly decreased rate with an I.Q. loss of 20 points. The average difference in I.Q. following surgery was slight and in a minus direction.
Certain sources of confusion in evaluating intellectual changes have been discussed. A change in I.Q. within 10 points sometimes occurs with repeated tests for no specific reason beyond the measuring error inherent in the intelligence test. The mere fact of improved functioning in a child means little as far as evaluating surgical intervention is concerned, since most children are still in the process of growth, although it may be slow. Moreover, individual I.Q.'s obtained before the chronologic age of 3 years should be interpreted with discretion; this is particularly true in the case of spastic children who, in standard tests, are unfairly handicapped on a purely physical basis.
On the basis of the data reported in this study, the previous claim that "this procedure represents the first successful attempt at correction of mental retardation on an organic basis" is not fulfilled. Although in previous reports by Beck, McKhann and Belnap, the concept of the I.Q. is used freely in general statements, no statistical facts have been provided. The improvement in two cases presented in the first published report by these authors has not been sustained by later study. The statement that children with I.Q.'s between 40 and 60 show the greatest improvement is contradicted by the present author's findings. There is virtually no evidence in this study (significant improvement in one case out of 33) for crediting the c-j-a surgical procedure with improvement of the intellect. The majority of the cases herein reported were tested several months after surgery so that whatever improvement was going to occur should have been manifest, according to the statement of McKhann, Belnap and Beck that "improvement usually begins to appear in the retarded children within the first two postoperative months."
STUDIES ON PREMATURITY
Authors: STEINER MORRIS , POMERANCE WILLIAM 
Published: December 2021

The weight lag periods of 623 premature infants with birth weights ranging between 1000 and 2250 gm. were studied. It was found that the time required for a premature infant to regain its birth weight and continue to gain (weight lag period) was inversely related to the length of its gestation period.
The importance of considering gestation period (degree of maturity) in studies of premature infants is emphasized.
PAROXYSMAL HYPERTENSION SIMULATING PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
Authors: ARONSON NATALIE , STERN GERTRUDE S. , COHLAN SIDNEY Q. 
Published: December 2021

An eight year old child with intermittent attacks of hypertension and vomiting has been described, The blood pressure fell dramatically in response to Benzodioxane®, suggesting the presence of a pheochromocytoma, but this tumor was not found after an extensive exploratory laparotomy. The episodes of hypertension and vomiting together with the associated findings in this child of crying without tears, frequent blotching of the skin and excessive sweating and salivating are considered to be indications of an unusually labile autonomic nervous system. These latter characteristics were present in a younger sibling who also had an extremely labile blood pressure but who did not exhibit periodic attacks of hypertension and vomiting.
A variety of agents were studied for their effects on the patient's signs and symptoms but none of these were demonstrated to have any therapeutic value.
FACTORS AFFECTING PROGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS TREATED WITH STREPTOMYCIN
Authors: FINBERG LAURENCE 
Published: December 2021

A series of 35 consecutive unselected cases of tuberculous meningitis treated with streptomycin is presented briefly. The over-all survival rate with a minimum observation period of six months is 37.2%. The longest observation on a survivor is 49 months.
It is shown that for this group of cases of tuberculous meningitis that the coexistence of roentgenographic evidence of miliary lesions in the lungs changed the prognosis for survival from 55% to 13%. It is also noted that applying this factor to the published data from other clinics seems to resolve in part some apparent discrepancies in results.
CONGENITAL LOBAR EMPHYSEMA
Authors: ROBERTSON ROSS , JAMES E. STEWART 
Published: December 2021

Congenital lobar emphysema is a surgical emergency of infancy. It may be diagnosed without much difficulty and treated by lobectomy with gratifying success.
The exact nature of the congenital defect in the bronchus should be revealed by a more thorough study of similar cases.
If the condition is not suspected, it might readily be missed at routine autopsy, and consequently may occur more frequently than realized.
SERUM COMPLEMENT IN ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Authors: LANGE KURT , SLOBODY LAWRENCE , GRAIG FRANK , OGUR GLORIA , OBERMAN JACOB , LOCASTO FRED 
Published: December 2021

The literature on glomerulonephritis as an antigen-antibody reaction has been briefly reviewed. This reaction is complement-binding. A method to determine complement titres has been described and a unit of complement defined. The value for complement in 52 control children ranged between 0.84 and 3.0 units with an average of 1.68 units; only one child showed a value below 1.0 units.
The complement titre in five cases of acute glomerulonephritis in children ranged between 0.08 and 1.0 units with an average of 0.43 units. Similar values were found in eight adult cases.
The complement titre in nine cases of nephrosis in children ranged between 0.09 and 1.0 unit with an average of 0.57 units. No immunologic differences were observed between the nephrotic syndrome in glomerulonephritis and so-called pure nephrosis as far as complement was concerned.
Complement levels return to normal approximately one week after the subsidence of clinical and laboratory signs of activity of glomerulonephritis.
Diuresis, whether spontaneous or induced by ACTH therapy, is accompanied by a return of complement to normal values in spite of persistence of the same degree of proteinuria, hypoproteinemia and hypercholesterolemia.
Fetal Minoxidil Exposure
Authors: ROSA FRANZ W. , IDANPAAN-HEIKKILA JUHANA , ASANTI RITA 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Kaler et al (Pediatrics 1987;79:434-436) provided a case report of hypertrichosis and multiple congenital anomalies with maternal minoxidil use. Reports such as this contribute to alerting national drug safety offices of possible teratologic questions. Maternal drug exposure data, since 1979 when minoxidil was marketed, is available to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 73,000 pregnancies (15,600 birth defects, 4,400 spontaneous abortions, and 53,000 normal outcomes). This yields, in addition to the report by Kaler et al, only two other births with maternal minoxidil exposures:
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Authors: BURTON BARBARA K. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
I thank Drs Wiswell and Weisse for their interesting observations regarding the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage in term infants with inborn errors of metabolism. There is no question that intracranial hemorrhage is a potentially devastating, although presumably uncommon, complication of these disorders. In my personal experience, neonates with inborn errors of metabolism who have experienced intracranial hemorrhages have all had obvious predisposing factors, such as severe metabolic acidosis, which would provide a clue to the underlying diagnosis.
LIDIAN EMERSON, WIFE OF RALPH WALDO EMERSON, ON THE DEATH OF HER FIVE-YEAR-OLD SON (1842)
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Lidian Jackson Emerson (1802-1892), the second wife of Ralph Waldo Emerson, corresponded with a large circle of relatives and friends between 1826 and 1876. In a letter to her sister, dated February 4, 1842, she described her grief on the death of her five-year-old son who had died a week before of scarlet fever.
Dear Lucy,
What shall I say—I feel at this moment almost comfortless—but I will write on and better hopes and feelings will return, so that I shall not make you grieve the more by my letter. My faith that all is yet well—all is better than ever—never quite leaves me—and sometimes I am cheerful, and no one would think one of my greatest sources of happiness had so lately stopped. . . . Such another bud of lovliest promise we may not hope for. I find it was not parental partiality that made us believe Waldo [her son] to be an uncommonly interesting child. Others have felt his loveliness, and now speak of him and of the impression he made upon them, in terms which surprise as much as they gratify us. Indeed it seems as if wherever he went the eyes that saw him have witness to him—the ear that heard him, bless him. He was an angel with wings but half concealed. But his body and mind were so healthful—he was far from any thing like precocity—that it had never occurred to us that Earth would be but a little while his home....
Mr. Emerson is very sorrowful. He has an unwavering faith that all is right; but sees not how the departure of the child is to be more to us than his presence would have been. I tell him I am sure, though I too, see not how—that greatly as he was blessed in the possession of such a treasure he is still more high blessed in its recall. I can give you no idea of the joy and hope the pride—the rapture, with which he regarded Waldo; he was always his companion and his best society. . . . I did not imagine till Waldo was taken from us, how deeply I loved him. He died in the evening and after all was over we sat together (Mr. Emerson, Mother and myself) and talked of our loss—and I then felt able to endure my bereavement. But after we had separated for the night and I was left alone with the baby—and Ellen [a three-year-old daughter] who was to take her father's place in my bed that I might take care of her, grief desolating grief came over me like a flood—and I feared that the charm of earthly life was forever destroyed. I saw not how I could ever feel happy again. I thought of the words "Time brings such wondrous easing" and believed Time could bring no easing to us. I lived over my life with the child and recalled all his sweet and lovely traits. His innocence, his wisdom, his generosity, his love for his mother I wished I could forget them all. . . . I was not worthy to be his mother—except my love for him made me worthy.
In Reply: Lipid Composition of Milk From Mothers With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: BITMAN JOEL , HAMOSH MARGIT , WOOD D. L. , FREED L. M. , HAMOSH P. 
Published: December 2021

This report from Golembeski and Emery adds to the small quantity of literature in this field.
Drs Golembeski and Emery claim that they are presenting information that counters our statement,"The abnormalities in fatty acid composition of the cystic fibrosis milk may contraindicate its use for the nursing infant." However, no data regarding fatty acid composition were presented. In their Table, only total lipids are shown. In our study, we acknowledged that mean total lipids were sufficient to supply the energy needs of the nursing infant.
Intrapartum Asphyxia and Cerebral Palsy
Authors: HERMANSEN MARCUS C. 
Published: December 2021

Freeman and Nelson recently presented a review of the relationship between fetal distress and subsequent cerebral palsy. Their review supported the theory that most cases of cerebral palsy are not caused by birth asphyxia. However, the review and its conclusions must be interpreted cautiously because the authors omitted important data that contradict their theory.
At least five studies have presented data comparing pH at birth and Apgar scores (Table). In all five studies, some infants with acidemia had a one-minute Apgar score of 7 or more.
Precut Endotracheal Tubes for Orotracheal Intubation
Authors: KATZMAN GERALD H. 
Published: December 2021

Recently, I visited several neonatal units and delivery areas. I noted that the endotracheal tubes used for orotracheal intubation are of a length required for nasotracheal intubation. There is a line on the tube marked with the words "oral" on the side closer to the tip and "nasal" on the farther side.
Various techniques have been recommended for managing endotracheal tubes in newborns. The use of endotracheal tubes, precut by the manufacturer for orotracheal intubation, represents an additional method that has several advantages.
SECOND THOUGHTS
Authors: Student  
Published: December 2021

Observations of mothers who had cared for a lifetime for severely handicapped children:
"At the time we wanted him to live, preferred that he would, but now realise this was a mistake.... The strain of caring has been overwhelming."
"I really had no idea what I had let myself in for.... Now we are imprisoned for life.... There is no future for us."
"The do gooders on TV make my blood boil. They have no idea what a child like this involves."
LIQUOR INDUSTRY BIRTH DEFECT SUITS
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

Seattle, April 20—Already faced with declining sales and increasingly hostile public attitudes, the alcoholic beverage industry is bracing for the first in a series of trials in which they are blamed for causing birth defects.
The nation's first lawsuit on behalf of children suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome, a birth defect that is the leading known cause of mental retardation, is scheduled to go to trial Monday in Federal District Court here.
In the suit, two parents who admit they are alcoholics say a distiller's failure to warn of the link between moderate or heavy whisky consumption and birth defects was the cause of their child's impairment.
The suit alleges that liquor manufacturers have a duty to warn consumers that drinking during pregnancy can lead to birth defects. Lawyers for the distiller argue that, because most people already know of the dangers of drinking, the company had no duty to warn of the specific health hazards.
Statement of Principle
Authors:   AAP Provisional Committee on International Child Health
Published: December 2021

Since its inception, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has been concerned with child health throughout the world. Although dramatic successes have been scored, the change of fundamental conditions necessary to produce major improvements in the lives and well being of children in many instances has not occurred. Morbidity and mortality rates for children remain tragically and unacceptably high. Low birth weight, malnutrition, preventable infections, waterborne diseases, diarrhea, alcohol and drug abuse, armed conflict, and other calamities take a heavy toll on children.
Efforts to help stem the tide of disabling and lethal diseases in children have been mounted by many private, public, and multinational agencies. The AAP applauds and supports UNICEF, the Child Survival Programs, and other agencies in their efforts to promote mass immunizations, develop safe water supplies, improve nutrition, and foster the delivery of health services to children worldwide. The Academy believes the ultimate key to improving primary health care for all children is the development of partnerships in service, education, research, and advocacy by pediatricians throughout the world. To achieve this goal, a Task Force on International Child Health was established in 1987 to make and implement recommendations for improving global child health. The task force was recently assigned provisional committee status.
The Academy's past international efforts have been principally focused in this hemisphere. Latin American countries were officially organized as districts and chapters in 1942, and a Committee on International Child Health was formed in the 1960s to facilitate collaboration between the United States and Latin American countries.
Early Treatment for Congenital Hypothyroidism
Authors: FISHER DELBERT A. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
We pointed out in our letter1 two observations from the now extensive worldwide experience with newborn hypothyroid screening. These are (1) that 10 mg/kg, daily, of oral sodium l-thyroxone begun before 45 days of age nórmalizes 5-to 7-year IQ values (relative to a control population) in a population of infants with congenital hypothyroidism detected by newborn screening and evaluated to date; (2) that correlations between the levels of serum thyroxine and TSH as markers of the severity of clinical thyroxine deficiency and bone maturation as a marker of tissue thyroxine deficiency in the neonatal period correlate with lower IQ values in some, but not all, screening programs.
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension and ECMO
Authors: BRUCKHEIMER ELCHANAN , EIDELMAN ARTHUR I. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
We read with interest Dr Gross' letter1 concerning the relationship between inborn and outborn infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension and the relevance of "classical" extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) inclusion criteria and outcome of therapy. We wholly agree with his observation that early skilled respiratory treatment of infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension to a large extent can obviate the need for ECMO, and we wish to report our experience.
As has been noted, the major category of patients requiring ECMO are those with severe meconium aspiration syndrome.2
Postneonatal Mortality: A Performance Indicator of the Child Health Care System
Authors: Kessel Samuel S. 
Published: December 2021

This discussion presents the rationale for using postneonatal mortality as a proxy health status measure, briefly reviews some recent epidemiologic observations and international comparisons related to postneonatal mortality, focuses on implications of postneonatal mortality as a performance indicator of the child health care delivery system, especially for vulnerable infants, and concludes with some thoughts about policy issues concerning health care for children.
A first birthday has been heralded as one of life's most celebrated and significant anniversaries. This is not only a personal moment marking a milestone along life's continuum, it is also a sentinel measure or indicator of the health status of the children living in a particular society and indeed of the society itself.
We have characterized this qualitative marker as an infant mortality rate. We have also differentiated two age periods during the first year of life, the first 28 days and the 11 months remaining until 1 year of age, yielding neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates. Traditionally, these two rates have been considered to be reflective of nature and nurture, or endogenous and exogenous events; neonatal mortality is associated more closely with biologic processes in utero and at delivery, whereas postneonatal mortality is influenced more by parenting or caring for the infant directly, and consequently more amenable to the effects of proper interventions.
Our accumulated knowledge clearly indicates, however, that both nature and nurture affect the well-being of the infant. Moreover, the distinction between neonatal mortality and postneonatal mortality based solely on "age-at-death" may be less useful today; advances in life-saving perinatal technology often extend survival beyond the first 28 days of life but not beyond the first birthday.
Reviews of Lay Literature in Child-Care: What Parents Are Reading
Authors: GLASCOE FRANCES PAGE , MOORE WILLIAM O. , BAUMGAERTEL ANNA 
Published: December 2021

P. Mayle. What's Happening to Me? New York: Carol Publishing, 1975; list price $8.95 (No. 6 on the 1990 bestseller list of books on child care from Ingram Book Co., distributor of trade books).
In need of prompt revision to address AIDS-era issues, this book, which is written for adolescents in puberty, is an odd, amusing, and aggravating mixture of goofy cartoons designed to appeal to young children, a reading level which varies from elementary to high school, and medical content which ranges from accurate to euphemistic and incorrect (especially about acne treatment, fertilization of eggs, sex hormones, and female external genitalia). The emphasis on normal variability in penis and breast size is helpful as is the guilt-free acceptance of masturbation and encouragement to achieve social and mental maturity before having children. Despite the drawbacks, the book may be useful for prepubescent children who need light exposure to the issues of puberty. Parental guidance is advised, at least until a revision is published.