bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth of the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau Driven by Crustal Channel Flow: Evidence From High‐Resolution Ambient Noise Imaging
Authors: Zhao Panpan , Chen Jiuhui , Li Yu , Liu Qiyuan , Chen Yifang , Guo Biao , Yin Xinzhong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe present high‐resolution 3D images of the crustal S‐wave velocity structure beneath northeastern Tibet, via ambient noise imaging techniques. The data come from continuous recordings taken in one year by a seismic array consisting of 366 broadband stations in the study region. The results show a substantial and pervasive middle crust low‐velocity structure (<3.4 km/s) beneath the plateau region, which partially protrudes northeastward across the West Qinling fault, reflecting channel flow from inside the plateau and material extrusion in the periphery. The growth of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau in the study region is manifested in its northeastward expansion and thickening driven by crustal channel flow, accompanied with upper crust shortening.
Drought Cascade in the Terrestrial Water Cycle: Evidence From Remote Sensing
Authors: Farahmand Alireza , Reager J. T. , Madani Nima 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDroughts are complex phenomena that typically evolve slowly over time. They originate through interactions between the atmosphere and the land surface, but show delayed evolution as they cascade through soil moisture, surface, and groundwater supplies, sometimes resulting in prolonged and insidious impacts on regional hydrological systems. While previous studies have observed this cascade phenomenon at select in situ locations, the temporal characteristics of drought cascades have never been quantitatively estimated at large scales using primarily remote sensing techniques. Here, we use satellite observations of vapor pressure deficit, Precipitation, and terrestrial water storage, and reanalysis‐based estimates of column soil moisture to characterize cascade phenomena for four major US drought case studies. By mapping the time evolution through this suite of variables, we observe large‐scale behavior generally consistent with theory and are able to quantify emergent patterns in the evolution of drought signals that may support improved future predictability.
Drainage Capillary Pressure Distribution and Fluid Displacement in a Heterogeneous Laminated Sandstone
Authors: Lin Qingyang , Bijeljic Branko , Raeini Ali Q. , Rieke Holger , Blunt Martin J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe applied three‐dimensional X‐ray microtomography to image a capillary drainage process (0–1,000 kPa) in a cm‐scale heterogeneous laminated sandstone containing three distinct regions with different pore sizes to study the capillary pressure. We used differential imaging to distinguish solid, macropore, and five levels of subresolution pore phases associated with each region. The brine saturation distribution was computed based on average CT values. The nonwetting phase displaced the wetting phase in order of pore size and connectivity. The drainage capillary pressure in the highly heterogeneous rock was dependent on the capillary pressures in the individual regions as well as distance to the boundary between regions. The complex capillary pressure distribution has important implications for accurate water saturation estimation, gas and/or oil migration and the capillary rise of water in heterogeneous aquifers.
The Link Between Wedge‐Like and Nose‐Like Ion Spectral Structures in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Ren Jie , Zhou Xu‐Zhi , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Yue Chao , Fu Sui‐Yan , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Zhang Xiao‐Xin , Asamura Kazushi , Shinohara Iku 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe wedge‐like and nose‐like ion spectral structures, named after their characteristic shapes in the energy‐time spectrograms, appear to be distinctively different structures in the Earth's inner magnetosphere. Here. we present a case study with conjugate observations from the Arase spacecraft and the twin Van Allen Probes on July 1 and 2, 2017, which displayed the characteristic signatures of the wedge‐like and nose‐like ion structures, respectively. When the spacecraft nearly intersected at L = 2.8, the two structures overlapped with enhanced ion fluxes in the energy range of 1–10 keV. These observations suggest that the wedge‐like and nose‐like spectral signatures are merely the manifestations of one single structure along different spacecraft trajectories. This finding is further validated by the reproduction of both structures from a particle‐tracing model, which also indicates their formation processes associated with the intermittent substorm injections in the nightside magnetosphere.
Shear Alfvén Waves Driven by Magnetic Reconnection as an Energy Source for the Aurora Borealis
Authors: Gurram H. , Egedal J. , Daughton W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPrevious studies have concluded that the Hall magnetic field structures generated during magnetic reconnection are carried away by kinetic Alfvén waves. Here, we apply a kinetic simulation with an ion/electron mass ratio closer to its natural value and find that open boundary conditions and much reduced damping rates permit the shear Alfvén waves (SAWs) to become the main carrier of wave energy. For magnetotail reconnection, these SAWs provide efficient transport of wave energy, enhancing the energy input for the Aurora Borealis by orders of magnitude above previous estimates.
Accelerating Ice Mass Loss Across Arctic Russia in Response to Atmospheric Warming, Sea Ice Decline, and Atlantification of the Eurasian Arctic Shelf Seas
Authors: Tepes Paul , Nienow Peter , Gourmelen Noel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGlaciers and ice caps of the Russian Arctic are currently experiencing accelerating mass loss as a result of strong atmospheric and oceanic warming in the Barents and Kara Sea (BKS) region. Since 2010, this loss has been driven by both increased surface ablation, and dramatic shifts in ice dynamics at individual drainage basins across the entire Eurasian High Arctic. Here, we provide a high‐resolution spatial and temporal overview of ice surface elevation change and mass imbalance across both Novaya Zemlya and Severnaya Zemlya using CryoSat‐2 interferometric swath altimetry from 2010 to 2018. We find a total mass imbalance of −300 kg m−2 a−1, marked by a strong east‐to‐west gradient, with higher rates of loss over Novaya Zemlya (9.7 ± 0.5 Gt a−1 at 431 ± 22 kg m−2 a−1) in the west compared to Severnaya Zemlya (1.7 ± 0.1 Gt a−1 at 97 ± 8 kg m−2 a−1) in the east. Correlation between time series of surface elevation change and climate forcing reveals a quasi‐linear relationship between coupled ocean‐atmospheric forcing and glacier change over Novaya Zemlya, in agreement with similar findings from east Greenland. We further discern the likely role of ocean warming as the key factor driving dynamic ice loss in Severnaya Zemlya, owing to increasingly warm Atlantic Waters circulating along the Eurasian continental margin. We conclude that simple, linear relationships between environmental forcing and glacier change may be sufficiently accurate to parametrize ice loss in regions where synchronous, coupled ocean‐atmosphere forcing prevails.
Transcriptional profiling reveals multiple defense responses in downy mildew-resistant transgenic grapevine expressing a TIR-NBS-LRR gene located at the MrRUN1/MrRPV1 locus
Authors: Qu Junjie , Dry Ian , Liu Lulu , Guo Zexi , Yin Ling 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGrapevine downy mildew (DM) is a destructive oomycete disease of viticulture worldwide.MrRPV1is a typical TIR-NBS-LRR type DM disease resistance gene cloned from the wild North American grapevine speciesMuscadinia rotundifolia. However, the molecular basis of resistance mediated byMrRPV1remains poorly understood. Downy mildew-susceptibleVitis viniferacv. Shiraz was transformed with a genomic fragment containingMrRPV1to produce DM-resistant transgenic Shiraz lines. Comparative transcriptome analysis was used to compare the transcriptome profiles of the resistant and susceptible genotypes after DM infection. Transcriptome modulation during the response toP. viticolainfection was more rapid, and more genes were induced inMrRPV1-transgenic Shiraz than in wild-type plants. In DM-infectedMrRPV1-transgenic plants, activation of genes associated with Ca2+release and ROS production was the earliest transcriptional response. Functional analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that key genes related to multiple phytohormone signaling pathways and secondary metabolism were highly induced during infection. Coexpression network and motif enrichment analysis showed that WRKY and MYB transcription factors strongly coexpress with stilbene synthase (VvSTS) genes during defense againstP. viticolainMrRPV1-transgenic plants. Taken together, these findings indicate that multiple pathways play important roles inMrRPV1-mediated resistance to downy mildew.
The antiandrogen enzalutamide downregulates TMPRSS2 and reduces cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 in human lung cells
Authors: Leach D. A. , Mohr A. , Giotis E. S. , Cil E. , Isac A. M. , Yates L. L. , Barclay W. S. , Zwacka R. M. , Bevan C. L. , Brooke G. N. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 attacks various organs, most destructively the lung, and cellular entry requires two host cell surface proteins: ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Downregulation of one or both of these is thus a potential therapeutic approach for COVID-19. TMPRSS2 is a known target of the androgen receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor; androgen receptor activation increases TMPRSS2 levels in various tissues, most notably prostate. We show here that treatment with the antiandrogen enzalutamide—a well-tolerated drug widely used in advanced prostate cancer—reduces TMPRSS2 levels in human lung cells and in mouse lung. Importantly, antiandrogens significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection in lung cells. In support of this experimental data, analysis of existing datasets shows striking co-expression of AR and TMPRSS2, including in specific lung cell types targeted by SARS-CoV-2. Together, the data presented provides strong evidence to support clinical trials to assess the efficacy of antiandrogens as a treatment option for COVID-19.
Spin-valley locking and bulk quantum Hall effect in a noncentrosymmetric Dirac semimetal BaMnSb2
Authors: Liu J. Y. , Yu J. , Ning J. L. , Yi H. M. , Miao L. , Min L. J. , Zhao Y. F. , Ning W. , Lopez K. A. , Zhu Y. L. , Pillsbury T. , Zhang Y. B. , Wang Y. , Hu J. , Cao H. B. , Chakoumakos B. C. , Balakirev F. , Weickert F. , Jaime M. , Lai Y. , Yang Kun , Sun J. W. , Alem N. , Gopalan V. , Chang C. Z. , Samarth N. , Liu C. X. , McDonald R. D. , Mao Z. Q. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSpin-valley locking in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides has attracted enormous interest, since it offers potential for valleytronic and optoelectronic applications. Such an exotic electronic state has sparsely been seen in bulk materials. Here, we report spin-valley locking in a Dirac semimetal BaMnSb2. This is revealed by comprehensive studies using first principles calculations, tight-binding and effective model analyses, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements. Moreover, this material also exhibits a stacked quantum Hall effect (QHE). The spin-valley degeneracy extracted from the QHE is close to 2. This result, together with the Landau level spin splitting, further confirms the spin-valley locking picture. In the extreme quantum limit, we also observed a plateau in the z-axis resistance, suggestive of a two-dimensional chiral surface state present in the quantum Hall state. These findings establish BaMnSb2 as a rare platform for exploring coupled spin and valley physics in bulk single crystals and accessing 3D interacting topological states.
GlobSnow v3.0 Northern Hemisphere snow water equivalent dataset
Authors: Luojus Kari , Pulliainen Jouni , Takala Matias , Lemmetyinen Juha , Mortimer Colleen , Derksen Chris , Mudryk Lawrence , Moisander Mikko , Hiltunen Mwaba , Smolander Tuomo , Ikonen Jaakko , Cohen Juval , Salminen Miia , Norberg Johannes , Veijola Katriina , Venäläinen Pinja 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe describe the Northern Hemisphere terrestrial snow water equivalent (SWE) time series covering 1979–2018, containing daily, monthly and monthly bias-corrected SWE estimates. The GlobSnow v3.0 SWE dataset combines satellite-based passive microwave radiometer data (Nimbus-7 SMMR, DMSP SSM/I and DMSP SSMIS) with ground based synoptic snow depth observations using bayesian data assimilation, incorporating the HUT Snow Emission model. The original GlobSnow SWE retrieval methodology has been further developed and is presented in its current form in this publication. The described GlobSnow v3.0 monthly bias-corrected dataset was applied to provide continental scale estimates on the annual maximum snow mass and its trend during the period 1980 to 2018.
A sample cell for the study of enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation at the grain-scale and its implications for biocementation
Authors: Zehner Jennifer , Røyne Anja , Sikorski Pawel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBiocementation is commonly based on microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) or enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP), where biomineralization of $$\text {CaCO}_{3}$$

CaCO
3

in a granular medium is used to produce a sustainable, consolidated porous material. The successful implementation of biocementation in large-scale applications requires detailed knowledge about the micro-scale processes of $$\text {CaCO}_{3}$$

CaCO
3

precipitation and grain consolidation. For this purpose, we present a microscopy sample cell that enables real time and in situ observations of the precipitation of $$\text {CaCO}_{3}$$

CaCO
3

in the presence of sand grains and calcite seeds. In this study, the sample cell is used in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) which allows the monitoring in situ of local pH during the reaction. The sample cell can be disassembled at the end of the experiment, so that the precipitated crystals can be characterized with Raman microspectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) without disturbing the sample. The combination of the real time and in situ monitoring of the precipitation process with the possibility to characterize the precipitated crystals without further sample processing, offers a powerful tool for knowledge-based improvements of biocementation.
High expression of DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) is associated with advanced pathological features in the patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Fattahi Fahimeh , Saeednejad Zanjani Leili , Habibi Shams Zohreh , Kiani Jafar , Mehrazma Mitra , Najafi Mohammad , Madjd Zahra 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDNA damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) is induced in various cellular stress conditions. This study was conducted to investigate expression and prognostic significance of DDIT4 protein as a biomarker in the patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). PPI network and KEGG pathway analysis were applied to identify hub genes among obtained differentially expressed genes in CRC tissues from three GEO Series. In clinical, expression of DDIT4 as one of hub genes in three subcellular locations was evaluated in 198 CRC tissues using immunohistochemistry method on tissue microarrays. The association between DDIT4 expression and clinicopathological features as well as survival outcomes were analyzed. Results of bioinformatics analysis indicated 14 hub genes enriched in significant pathways according to KEGG pathways analysis among which DDIT4 was selected to evaluate CRC tissues. Overexpression of nuclear DDIT4 protein was found in CRC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues (P = 0.003). Furthermore, higher nuclear expression of DDIT4 was found to be significantly associated with the reduced tumor differentiation and advanced TNM stages (all, P = 0.009). No significant association was observed between survival outcomes and nuclear expression of DDIT4 in CRC cases. Our findings indicated higher nuclear expression of DDIT4 was significantly associated with more aggressive tumor behavior and more advanced stage of disease in the patients with CRC.
The RNA sensor MDA5 detects SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Sampaio Natalia G. , Chauveau Lise , Hertzog Jonny , Bridgeman Anne , Fowler Gerissa , Moonen Jurgen P. , Dupont Maeva , Russell Rebecca A. , Noerenberg Marko , Rehwinkel Jan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHuman cells respond to infection by SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, by producing cytokines including type I and III interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory factors such as IL6 and TNF. IFNs can limit SARS-CoV-2 replication but cytokine imbalance contributes to severe COVID-19. We studied how cells detect SARS-CoV-2 infection. We report that the cytosolic RNA sensor MDA5 was required for type I and III IFN induction in the lung cancer cell line Calu-3 upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Type I and III IFN induction further required MAVS and IRF3. In contrast, induction of IL6 and TNF was independent of the MDA5-MAVS-IRF3 axis in this setting. We further found that SARS-CoV-2 infection inhibited the ability of cells to respond to IFNs. In sum, we identified MDA5 as a cellular sensor for SARS-CoV-2 infection that induced type I and III IFNs.
Sediment and morphological changes along Yangtze River’s 500 km between Datong and Xuliujing before and after Three Gorges Dam commissioning
Authors: Xie Qiancheng , Yang James , Lundström T. Staffan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River begins in 2003 and a full pool level is first attained in 2010. This process leads to reciprocal adjustments in flow discharge, sediment transport and morphology downstream of the dam. Based on 26-year recorded hydrologic data 1990–2015 and surveyed bathymetries 1998, 2010 and 2015, this study elucidates, before and after the commissioning of the dam, the alterations along the 500-km reach of the river. Two-dimensional numerical simulations are performed to predict future morphological changes by 2025. The analyses demonstrate that the impoundment modulates the seasonal flow discharges and traps an appreciable amount of sediment, resulting in enhanced erosion potential and coarsening of sediment. On a multi-year basis, the maximum discharge varies by a factor of 1.3 and the corresponding suspended load concentration and transport rate differ by a factor of 3.0 and 3.8, respectively. Combinations of surveyed and simulated bathymetries reveal its morphological responses to the changes. A general pattern of erosion is observed along the reach. In its upper 120 km, the process slows down towards 2025. In the middle 200 km, the erosion shifts, following the gradual impounding, to slight deposition, which then shifts back to erosion around September 2018. In the final 180 km, erosion continues without any sign of de-escalation, which is presumedly ascribed to tidal actions. The reach has not yet achieved a hydro-morphological equilibrium; the riverbed down-cutting is supposed to continue for a while. The combination of the field and numerical investigations provides, with the elapse of time, insight into the morpho-dynamics in the 500 km river reach.
Electroacupuncture prevents cocaine-induced conditioned place preference reinstatement and attenuates ΔFosB and GluR2 expression
Authors: Nguyen Ai T. M. , Quach Tran V. B. , Kotha Peddanna , Chien Szu-Yu , MacDonald Iona J. , Lane Hsien-Yuan , Tu Cheng-Hao , Lin Jaung-Geng , Chen Yi-Hung 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAcupuncture has been used for treating drug addiction since the 1970s, but little is known about the mechanisms by which acupuncture affects drug cue-induced relapse. The transcription factor delta-FosB (ΔFosB) plays a critical role in behavior and pathology after chronic use of cocaine. ΔFosB regulates glutamate receptor signaling and dendritic spine morphology in animal models. This experimental study compared the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at acupoints LI4 and LI11 with those of another potentially beneficial intervention, gabapentin (GBP), alone or in combination, on reinstatement of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and levels of ΔFosB and glutamate receptor subunit 2 (GluR2) expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). EA at LI4 and LI11 significantly prevented cue-induced cocaine CPP reinstatement, whereas needle insertion without electrical stimulation at these acupoints had no such effect. EA also significantly attenuated cocaine-induced increases in ΔFosB and GluR2 expression in the NAc. Unexpectedly, these effects were reversed when GBP was combined with EA. Treatment with EA at LI4 and LI11 prevented cocaine-induced increases in dendritic spine density in the NAc core and shell. Our results suggest that EA at LI4 and LI11 may prevent cocaine relapse by modulating ΔFosB and GluR2 expression, as well as dendritic spine density.
Wisdom of crowds detects COVID-19 severity ahead of officially available data
Authors: Turiel Jeremy , Fernandez-Reyes Delmiro , Aste Tomaso 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDuring the unfolding of a crisis, it is crucial to forecast its severity at an early stage , yet access to reliable data is often challenging early on. The wisdom of crowds has been effective at forecasting in similar scenarios. We investigated whether the initial regional social media reaction to the emerging COVID-19 pandemic in three critically affected countries has significant relations with their observed mortality a month later. We obtained COVID-19 related regionally geolocated tweets from Italian, Spanish, and United States regions. We quantified the predictive power of the wisdom of the crowds using correlations and regressions of geolocated Tweet Intensity (TI) during the initial social media attention peak versus the cumulative number of deaths a month ahead. We found that the intensity of initial COVID-19 related tweet attention at the beginning of the pandemic across Italian, Spanish, and United States regions is significantly related (p < 0.001) to the extent to which these regions had been affected by the pandemic a month later. This association is most striking in Italy as when at its peak of TI in late February 2020 only two of its regions had reported mortality. The collective wisdom of the crowds at early stages of the pandemic, when information on the number of infections was not broadly available, strikingly predicted the extent of mortality reflecting the regional severity of the pandemic almost a month later. Our findings could underpin the creation of real-time novelty detection systems aimed at early reporting of the severity of crises impacting a territory leading to early activation of control measures at a stage when available data is extremely limited.