bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circumbinary disc self-gravity governing supermassive black hole binary mergers
Authors: Franchini Alessia , Sesana Alberto , Dotti Massimo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Understanding the interaction of massive black hole binaries with their gaseous environment is crucial since at sub-parsec scales the binary is too wide for gravitational wave emission to take over and to drive the two black holes to merge. We here investigate the interaction between a massive black hole binary and a self-gravitating circumbinary disc using 3D smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations. We find that, when the disc self-gravity regulates the angular momentum transport, the binary semi-major axis decreases regardless the choice of disc masses and temperatures, within the range we explored. In particular, we find that the disc initial temperature (hence the disc aspect ratio) has little effect on the evolution of the binary since discs with the same mass self-regulate towards the same temperature. Initially warmer discs cause the binary to shrink on a slightly shorter timescale until the disc has reached the self-regulated equilibrium temperature. More massive discs drive the binary semi-major axis to decrease at a faster pace compared to less massive discs and result in faster binary eccentricity growth even after the initial-condition-dependent transient evolution. Finally we investigate the effect that the initial cavity size has on the binary-disc interaction and we find that, in the self-gravitating regime, an initially smaller cavity leads to a much faster binary shrinking, as expected. Our results are especially important for very massive black hole binaries such as those in the PTA band, for which gas self gravity cannot be neglected.
Occupational burnout in oncologists in Kazakhstan
Authors: Vinnikov D , Romanova Z , Ussatayeva G , Tulekov Z , Dushimova Z , Khussainova I , Dushpanova A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Although burnout levels in oncologists are likely high, its predictors remain poorly understood.

Aims
This study was aimed to verify the prevalence of occupational burnout in oncology doctors and nurses in the major cancer centre in Kazakhstan and to elucidate its predictors to plan future prevention activities.

Methods
In the leading tertiary-level cancer centre in Kazakhstan, we recruited 256 subjects (67% doctors and 33% nurses, 62% women, median age 37.5 [interquartile range 15] years) and offered them Maslach Burnout Inventory to quantify emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP) and personal accomplishment (PA). Demographics, fatigue, health-related quality of life with SF-8 and lifestyle were tested as predictors of burnout in multivariate logistic regression models.

Results
Number of subjects with high EE was 121 (47%), high DP was 161 (63%) and high PA was 152 (59%). Fatigue, worse mental component score (MCS), being single and not exercising regularly predicted more burnout in EE. Fatigue, worse physical component score (PCS) and worse MCS predicted more burnout in DP. Finally, more burnout in PA was independently associated with fatigue, worse PCS, being married or divorced and having a university or academic degree.

Conclusions
The prevalence of occupational burnout in oncologists was high, necessitating early burnout prevention programmes, addressing, among other, fatigue reduction and regular exercise.
Capitalism, laws, and the need for trustworthy institutions
Authors: Admati Anat R 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDebates on capitalism get muddled by blind spots about essential institutions, particularly effective governments and legal systems that enable corporations to exist in their current form and markets to succeed at scale. Across regimes, incentives to maximize profits and power play key roles in determining outcomes, and all institutions are vulnerable to distortions from imbalances in control, information, and expertise. The key problems with capitalism today boil down to failed governance and confusions that obscure the issues and prevent beneficial changes. In recent decades, the forces of ‘free-market capitalism’ have undermined and overwhelmed democratic institutions, leading to intertwined crises in both capitalism and democracy. Deception and the manipulation of beliefs often distort both markets and political systems. The financial system illustrates starkly how key institutions have failed society and how flawed narratives enable recklessness and bad rules to persist. Fixing capitalism must start with seeing the challenges for what they are. The devil is then in the details of improving transparency, norms, rules, and civic engagement so as to prevent the abuse of power and to create more trustworthy and less corruptible versions of capitalism.
The global capital market reconsidered
Authors: Obstfeld Maurice 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhile the globalization of production has been a prominent target of anti-globalization backlash, globalized finance has seemed to be much less in the public bull’s-eye. The blueprint for the post-war international economy agreed at Bretton Woods in 1944 envisioned nothing like today’s extensive and fluid global capital market. The demise of the 1946–73 fixed exchange rate system, however, also brought a progressive dismantling of barriers to international financial flows motivated by special-interest politics, national economic competition, and ideology—alongside the benign desire for a more efficient international allocation of capital. Unfortunately, free cross-border financial capital mobility can compromise governments’ capacities to attain domestic economic and social goals in several ways. This essay links the dynamics of financial liberalization to the Teflon-like resilience of finance to backlash so far, and suggests that stronger backlash could emerge if national governments fail to enhance multilateral cooperation to manage the financial commons.
A comparison of vitamin D and cathelicidin (LL-37) levels between patients with active TB and their healthy contacts in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective descriptive study
Authors: Lungu Patrick Saili , Kilembe William , Lakhi Shabir , Sukwa Thomas , Njelesani Evarist , Zumla Alimuddin I , Mwaba Peter 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Studies from Asia and Europe indicate an association between vitamin D deficiency and susceptibility to TB. We performed an observational case-control study to determine vitamin D and cathelicidin (LL-37) levels and their association with active TB in newly diagnosed and microbiologically confirmed adult TB patients in Zambia, a high HIV prevalence setting.

Methods
Both total vitamin D and LL-37 were measured using ELISA from serum and supernatant isolated from cultured whole blood that was stimulated with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA statistical software version 12.

Results
The median vitamin D in TB patients and healthy contacts was 28.7 (19.88–38.64) and 40.8 (31.2–49.44) ng/ml, respectively (p&lt;0.001). The median LL-37 in TB patients compared with healthy contacts was 1.87 (2.74–8.93) and 6.73 (5.6–9.58) ng/ml, respectively (p=0.0149). Vitamin D correlation with LL-37 in healthy contacts was R2=0.7 (95% CI 0.566 to 0.944), p&lt;0.0001. Normal vitamin D significantly predicted a healthy status (OR 4.06, p=0.002).

Conclusions
Significantly lower levels of vitamin D and LL-37 are seen in adults with newly diagnosed active TB. Longitudinal studies across various geographical regions are required to accurately define the roles of vitamin D and LL-37 in preventive and TB treatment outcomes.
Virulence Diversity of Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Mexico
Authors: García-Rodríguez Julio César , Vicente-Hernández Zeferino , Grajales-Solís Manuel , Yamanaka Naoki 
Published: July 2021

Asian soybean rust, caused by the pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is the main soybean disease in Mexico and worldwide, threatening its production. Knowledge about the virulence of Mexican rust populations (MRPs) is crucial to develop or introduce soybean cultivars with resistance to this disease. This study investigated the geographic variation in the virulence of 19 MRPs collected in two states of Mexico (Tamaulipas and Chiapas) using a set of 12 differential soybean varieties. The inoculation of MRPs showed that there was no large difference in virulence to differentials carrying Rpp4 or Rpp5 between MRPs from the two states. However, a contrasting phenotype was observed on Rpp1, Rpp1-b, Rpp2, and Rpp3. In the comparative analysis of virulence profiles with 157 and 20 P. pachyrhizi samples from South America and Asia, respectively, the MRPs from Chiapas form an isolated cluster, including the Tamaulipas state. The MRPs from Tamaulipas clustered with South American samples because of common characteristics, such as virulence to Rpp1 and avirulence to Rpp1-b. However, opposite reactions on Rpp1 and Rpp1-b that have been reported in major U.S. pathogens were also observed in Chiapas samples. A common trend between Chiapas and major U.S. pathogens was also observed in Rpp3. The main conclusion of the present study is that the 1,000-km distance between these two states in Mexico makes a big difference in the virulence of Asian soybean rust. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Associations of opioid prescription dose and discontinuation with risk of substance-related morbidity in long-term opioid therapy
Authors: Quinn Patrick D. , Chang Zheng , Bair Matthew J. , Rickert Martin E. , Gibbons Robert D. , Kroenke Kurt , D'Onofrio Brian M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Efforts to reduce opioid-related harms have decreased opioid prescription but have provoked concerns about unintended consequences, particularly for long-term opioid therapy (LtOT) recipients. Research is needed to address the knowledge gap regarding how risk of substance-related morbidity changes across LtOT and its discontinuation. This study used nationwide commercial insurance claims data and a within-individual design to examine associations of LtOT dose and discontinuation with substance-related morbidity. We identified 194,839 adolescents and adults who initiated opioid prescription in 2010 to 2018 and subsequently received LtOT. The cohort was followed for a median of 965 days (interquartile range, 525-1550), of which a median of 176 days (119-332) were covered by opioid prescription. During follow-up, there were 17,582 acute substance-related morbidity events, defined as claims for emergency visits, inpatient hospitalizations, and ambulance transportation with substance use disorder or overdose diagnoses. Relative to initial treatment, risk was greater within individual during subsequent periods of >60 to 120 (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.49) and >120 (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.24-1.76) daily morphine milligram equivalents. Risk was also greater during days 1 to 30 after discontinuations than during initial treatment (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05-1.35). However, it was no greater than during the 30 days before discontinuations, indicating that the risk may not be wholly attributable to discontinuation itself. Results were supported by a negative control pharmacotherapy analysis and additional sensitivity analyses. They suggest that LtOT recipients may experience increased substance-related morbidity risk during treatment subsequent to initial opioid prescription, particularly in periods involving higher doses.
#WhyIDidntReport
Authors: Guidry Jeanine P. D. , Sawyer Ashlee N. , Carlyle Kellie E. , Burton Candace W. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
In September 2018, Dr. Christine Blasey Ford accused then-nominee to the U.S. Supreme Court Brett Kavanaugh of sexual assault. When then-U.S. President Donald Trump questioned her credibility on Twitter, sexual assault survivors began tweeting their reasons for not reporting using the hashtag #WhyIDidntReport. This study examined how these posts were discussed on Twitter and to what extent the tweets fit within levels of the Social Ecological Model (SEM).

Method
This study used quantitative content analysis to code 1,000 tweets with #WhyIDidntReport for violence type, reasons for not reporting, and SEM levels.

Results
Overall, 68.7% of posts mentioned a specific reason for not reporting; of these, 24.1% referred to the perpetrator being in a position of power, 36.3% feared not being believed, and 20.6% mentioned that others invalidated the assault. In addition, 47.6% mentioned a specific form of violence. Within the SEM, 47.6% referred to individual, 52.6% to relational, 43.2% to community, and 21.7% to societal reasons for not reporting.

Conclusion
Reading social media content allows healthcare providers to directly discover how survivors talk about their experiences, priorities in the care environment, and how to support a patient-centered and trauma-informed approach.

Implications
Understanding reasons people do not report sexual assault is critical for healthcare professionals to engage patients in open, honest screening and intervention efforts.
Association of Organizational Factors With the Proportion of Healthy Behaviours and Control of Blood Pressure at a Company Level
Authors: Nagata Masako , Nagata Tomohisa , Takahashi Hirosuke , Mori Koji 
Published: July 2021

Objectives:
The study examined a relationship between organizational factors and the health outcomes (health behaviors and blood pressure control) at a company level.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study using data from listed corporations on a stock exchange with 1000 to 30,000 employees that completed the health and productivity management survey of Japan in 2019.

Results:
We analyzed 886 companies. The presence of occupational health staff was associated with good health behaviors (no smoking and healthy body mass index) and good control of blood pressure. Implementation of education for manager was associated with low smoking rates.

Conclusion:
The implementation of organizational factors by corporations may improve the lifestyle behaviors and disease management of their employees.
Time to a Negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR Predicts Delayed Return to Work After Medical Leave in COVID-19 Infected Health Care Workers
Authors: Villarreal Jaime , Nieto Sandra Valeria , Vázquez Fabián , del Campo M. Teresa , Mahillo Ignacio , de la Hoz Rafael E. 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
To investigate whether HCWs return to work (RTW) after COVID-19 was associated with time to a negative viral detection test.

Methods:
To evaluate the association of RTW with an undetectable RT-PCR adjusting for different factors.

Results:
Three hundred seventy-five HCWs who required medical leave for COVID-19 at a hospital in Madrid. Multivariable analyses confirmed the association of delayed RTW with interval to negative PCR (ORadj 1.12, 95% CI 1.08, 1.17) as well as age, sex, and nursing staff and clinical support services compared to physicians. A predictive model based on those variables is proposed, which had an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.82.

Conclusions:
Delayed RTW was associated with longer interval to a negative RT-PCR after symptom onset, adjusting for occupational category, age, and sex.
Association of Long Working Hours With Marital Status Changes in South Korea
Authors: Kim Hyunil , Lee Woncheol , Lee Yesung 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
This study investigated the relationship between long working hours and the incidence of divorce or separation among Korean female and male workers.

Methods:
A cohort study was conducted in 125,108 Korean workers, married at baseline, who attended health examinations between 2012 and 2017 and had been followed annually or biennially until December 31, 2018. The weekly working hours and marital status changes were measured using self-administered questionnaires. This study was performed using sex stratification.

Results:
In a multivariable-adjusted model, by comparing working hours—>52 hours/week with 35 to 40 hours/week—the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for incidents of divorce or separation were 1.60 (1.03–2.49) and 0.86 (0.66–1.12) in females and males, respectively.

Conclusions:
This study showed that long working hours could contribute to marital status changes in Korean female workers.
Adverse Events Associated With Electromyogram Endotracheal Tubes in Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
Authors: Pier Matthew M. , Pasick Luke J. , Benito Daniel A. , Nogues Juan , Thakkar Punam , Joshi Arjun S. , Goodman Joseph F. 
Published: July 2021

Objective
Thyroid and parathyroid surgeries are frequently performed with the aid of electromyogram endotracheal tubes. However, the most common adverse events have not been reported comprehensively. This study aimed to summarize the device adverse events, patient complications, and subsequent interventions related to electromyogram endotracheal tubes.

Methods
In this retrospective cross-sectional analysis, the US Food and Drug Administration’s Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database was queried for electromyogram endotracheal tube adverse events between 2010 and 2020. Data were extracted for devices used in thyroid and parathyroid surgery.

Results
Of 198 included reports, the most common device-related adverse events were loss of response to nerve stimulation (34.8%), cuff perforation (18.2%), and tube lumen obstruction (13.6%). Of 98 patient complications, the most common included ventilation failure (n = 50), airway trauma (n = 22), and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (n = 5). There was 1 periprocedural death reported. Reported interventions include reintubation performed in 60.1% of all device adverse events, extended hospitalization in 27.3% of airway trauma events, and 5 tracheostomies performed for ventilation failure events. Forty-one events resulted in case delays and 13 events led to aborted cases. The most reported adverse events occurred in 2018 (n = 35) and 2015 (n = 30).

Conclusions
The most commonly reported adverse events associated with electromyogram endotracheal tubes include loss of response to nerve stimulation, cuff perforation, ventilation failure, and airway trauma. Subsequent interventions include reintubation, tracheostomy, extended hospitalization, and aborted cases. Surgical teams should consider these adverse events when consenting patients and using these devices in thyroid and parathyroid cases.
Effects of Text Enhancement on Reduction of Look-Alike Drug Name Confusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Hailiang , Tao Da , Yan Mian 
Published: July 2021

Background and Objectives:
Drug name confusion induced by look-alike drug names represents a serious health care management problem in practice. Text enhancement by changing visual attributes of look-alike drug names has been proposed and widely applied in practice to mitigate drug name confusion. However, the effectiveness of text enhancement on reducing drug name confusion is yet to be determined. This study aimed to explore the effects of text enhancement on reduction of confusion caused by look-alike drug names through systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods:
We searched 5 databases (from database inception to January 2020) for empirical studies that examined the effects of text enhancement on reduction of look-alike drug name–induced drug name confusion. The pooled outcome data were analyzed using either meta-analysis or a narrative synthesis approach.

Results:
From the 351 identified articles, 11 articles representing 20 individual trials were included. Five basic text enhancement methods were revealed, including Tall Man, red, boldface, contrast, and size enhancement, from which 4 Tall Man variants and 6 text enhancement combinations were derived. The meta-analysis results showed significant reduction in omission errors when using Tall Man (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −0.628, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −1.018 to −0.238, P = .002), red (SMD = −0.516, 95% CI: −1.002 to −0.030, P = .038), boldface (SMD = −1.027, 95% CI: −1.240 to −0.814, P < .001), and contrast (SMD = −0.437, 95% CI: −0.869 to −0.004, P = 0.048), as compared with lowercase. This finding was also supported in our subgroup analysis by task type for name differentiation tasks. No other significant effects of text enhancement were found for either commission errors or response time.

Conclusions:
Using Tall Man, red, boldface, or contrast could help reduce omission errors (ie, wrong medication selection) caused by look-alike drug names, particularly in name differentiation tasks. However, no text enhancement could shorten name search and/or differentiation time. Our findings could facilitate the understanding of the effects of text enhancement in the prevention of confusion errors caused by look-alike drug names and promote the application of text enhancement in practice.
Online Reviews of Hemodialysis Centers Correlate With Medicare and Medicaid Survey Measures of Patient Experience
Authors: Sadda Praneeth , Huang Brendan , Taha Birra 
Published: July 2021

Background and Objectives:
Patient experience in outpatient hemodialysis has been shown to be significantly correlated with health outcomes. The current gold standard for assessing patient experience in outpatient hemodialysis is the In-Center Hemodialysis Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (ICH-CAHPS). Online reviews of outpatient hemodialysis centers could potentially serve as an additional source of information regarding patient experience, but they have not been well validated. This study aims to determine whether overall scores and subscores from patient-authored online reviews of outpatient dialysis centers are correlated with current gold standard survey-based measures of patient experience in outpatient hemodialysis.

Methods:
All reviews of hemodialysis centers posted to the online review site CiteHealth.com between March 2008 and October 2019 were collected (1081 reviews of 762 centers). Publicly-available ICH-CAHPS survey summary data and End Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program (ESRD QIP) summary data from May 2016 to October 2019 were obtained from the Dialysis Facility Compare website. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between facilities' mean online review overall scores and subscores within a given year and their ICH-CAHPS ratings from the same year. Statistical significance was assessed with a 2-tailed permutation test. A Bonferroni correction for multiple hypothesis testing was applied.

Results:
The mean “Overall” score from CiteHealth.com had a significant positive correlation with the “Center Care Quality,” “Staff,” and “Facility” scores from ICH-CAHPS surveys. No significant correlation could be found between the mean “Overall” CiteHealth.com score and any other ICH-CAHPS patient satisfaction metric. There was a significant positive correlation between the mean CiteHealth.com “Center” score and the ICH-CAHPS “Center Care Quality” score, the mean CiteHealth.com “Facility” score and the ICH-CAHPS “Facility” score, and the mean CiteHealth.com “Staff” score and the ICH-CAHPS “Staff” score. No significant correlation was found between the mean CiteHealth.com “Nephrologist” score and the ICH-CAHPS “Nephrologist” score. No significant correlation was found between online review scores and ESRD QIP health outcome measures.

Conclusion:
Certain components of online reviews are significantly correlated with ICH-CAHPS measures of patient experience. Additionally, online reviews come with narrative comments that can offer specific insights into positive and negative aspects of patient care that cannot always be elucidated by numeric survey questions. Online reviews may have utility as an adjunctive source of information to patient experience surveys such as the ICH-CAHPS.