bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the promise and reality of ward-based primary healthcare outreach teams conducting TB household contact tracing in three districts of South Africa
Authors: Chetty-Makkan Candice M. , deSanto Daniel , Lessells Richard , Charalambous Salome , Velen Kavindhran , Makgopa Sewele , Gumede Dumile , Fielding Katherine , Grant Alison D. 
Published: August 2021

Background
Tuberculosis (TB) household contact tracing is a form of targeted active case-finding for which community health workers (‘outreach teams’) in South Africa are primarily responsible for its implementation. We conducted an exploratory qualitative study to understand the role of outreach teams in delivering TB household contact tracing.

Methods
The study took place in three districts of South Africa between May 2016 and February 2017. We conducted 78 in-depth interviews (IDI) (comprising 35 key stakeholders, 31 TB index patients and 12 HHCs) and five focus group discussions (FGD) (40 outreach team members in four FGDs and 12 community stakeholders in one FGD).

Results
Outreach teams contributed positively by working across health-related programmes, providing home-based care and assisting with tracing of persons lost to TB care. However, outreach teams had a limited focus on TB household contact tracing activities, likely due to the broad scope of their work and insufficient programmatic support. Outreach teams often confused TB household contact tracing activities with finding persons lost to TB care. The community also had some reservations on the role of outreach teams conducting TB household contact tracing activities.

Conclusions
Creating awareness among outreach workers and clinic personnel about the importance of and activities related to TB household contact tracing would be required to strengthen the delivery of TB household contact tracing through the community-based primary health care teams. We need better monitoring and evaluation systems, stronger integration within a realistic scope of work, adequate training on TB household contact tracing and TB infection prevention control measures. Involving the community and educating them on the role of outreach teams could improve acceptance of future activities. These timely results and lessons learned should inform contact tracing approaches in the context of COVID-19.
The role of risk communication in public health interventions. An analysis of risk communication for a community quarantine in Germany to curb the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Authors: Scholz Juliane , Wetzker Wibke , Licht Annika , Heintzmann Rainer , Scherag André , Weis Sebastian , Pletz Mathias , Betsch Cornelia , Bauer Michael , Dickmann Petra ,   the CoNAN study group
Published: August 2021

BackgroundSeparating ill or possibly infectious people from their healthy community is one of the core principles of non-pharmaceutical interventions. However, there is scarce evidence on how to successfully implement quarantine orders. We investigated a community quarantine for an entire village in Germany (Neustadt am Rennsteig, March 2020) with the aim of better understanding the successful implementation of quarantine measures.MethodsThis cross-sectional survey was conducted in Neustadt am Rennsteig six weeks after the end of a 14-day mandatory community quarantine. The sample size consisted of 562 adults (64% of the community), and the response rate was 295 adults, or 52% (33% of the community).FindingsNational television was reported as the most important channel of information. Contact with local authorities was very limited, and partners or spouses played a more important role in sharing information. Generally, the self-reported information level was judged to be good (211/289 [73.0%]). The majority of participants (212/289 [73.4%]) approved of the quarantine, and the reported compliance was 217/289 (75.1%). A self-reported higher level of concern as well as a higher level of information correlated positively with both a greater acceptance of quarantine and self-reported compliant behaviour.InterpretationThe community quarantine presented a rare opportunity to investigate a public health intervention for an entire community. In order to improve the implementation of public health interventions, public health risk communication activities should be intensified to increase both the information level (potentially leading to better compliance with community quarantine) and the communication level (to facilitate rapport and trust between public health authorities and their communities).
Early effect of percutaneous coronary intervention of non-left anterior descending artery on coronary flow velocity reserve of left anterior descending artery assessed by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography
Authors: Hada Masahiro , Hoshino Masahiro , Wakasa Nobutaka , Sugiyama Tomoyo , Kanaji Yoshihisa , Yamaguchi Masao , Misawa Toru , Nagamine Tatsuhiro , Nogami Kai , Yasui Yumi , Yonetsu Taishi , Sasano Tetsuo , Kakuta Tsunekazu 
Published: August 2021

Background
Limited data are available regarding the influence of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of non-totally occluded lesions (non-CTO) on the coronary flow of non-target vessels. We sought to investigate the short-term impact of the non-left anterior descending artery (non-LAD) PCI on the coronary flow physiology of LAD using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TDE).

Methods and results
We consecutively studied 50 patients who underwent successful PCI of non-LAD and non-CTO lesions and a coronary flow velocity assessment of LAD at rest and maximal hyperemia before and at 2 days after the procedure by TDE. Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic to resting diastolic peak velocity (hDPV/bDPV). We evaluated the changes in LAD coronary flow characteristics after PCI of non-LAD and explored the determinants of the change in LAD-CFVR. The median fractional flow reserve (FFR) of the culprit lesion and the LAD quantitative flow ratio (QFR) were 0.67 and 0.88, respectively. After non-LAD PCI, LAD-CFVR was decreased in 33 patients (66.0%). LAD-CFVR significantly decreased (pre-PCI: 2.41, post-PCI: 2.03, p = 0.001) due to a significant decrease in LAD-hDPV (P = 0.007). The prevalence of impaired LAD-CFVR (≤2.0) significantly increased (pre: 30%, post: 48%, P = 0.027). Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that pre-PCI LAD-CFVR was independent predictor of the change in LAD-CFVR after PCI.

Conclusions
LAD-CFVR significantly decreased after successful non-LAD PCI due to the postprocedural reduction of coronary flow assessed by LAD-hDPV.
Depression, anxiety and associated factors among people with epilepsy and attending outpatient treatment at primary public hospitals in northwest Ethiopia: A multicenter cross-sectional study
Authors: Nigussie Kabtamu , Lemma Alemu , Sertsu Addisu , Asfaw Henock , Kerebih Habtamu , Abdeta Tilahun 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveTo assess the magnitude and factors associated with depression and anxiety among people with epilepsy and attending out-patient treatment at central Gondar zone primary public hospitals, northwest, Ethiopia.MethodAn institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from May—June, 2020 at central Gondar zone primary public hospitals. A total of 589 participants were chosen by systematic sampling technique. Data was collected by utilizing Amharic version interviewer-administered structured and semi-structured questioners. Depression and anxiety were assessed by using hospital anxiety and depression scale. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to recognize variables related to both depression and anxiety. Association was described by using “adjusted odds ratio” (AOR) along with 95% full Confidence interval (CI). Finally, P-values < 0.05 in adjusted analysis were taken as a cut off for significant association.ResultOut of 556 participants included in the study, 30.9%, 33.1% had depression and anxiety respectively. Being divorced/widowed (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI, 1.18–4.99), using two and above number of antiepileptic medications (AOR = 1.77,95% CI,1.02–3.09), very frequent seizure frequency (AOR = 2.68, 95% CI,1.30–5.51), current substance use (AOR = 1.82, 95% CI, 1.03–3.22), perceived stigma (AOR = 5.67,95% CI,3.14–8.18), and hazardous alcohol use (AOR = 2.84, 95% CI,1.32–6.09) were statistically associated with depression. While, being a single (AOR = 1.65, 95% CI, 1.04–2.63), using two and above number of antiepileptic medications (AOR = 2.27, 95% CI, 1.42–3.62), duration of illness ≥16 years (AOR = 2.82, 95% CI, 1.26–6.31), and perceived stigma (AOR = 2.49, 95% CI, 1.63–3.82) were statistically associated with anxiety at a p-value < 0.05.ConclusionThis study showed that the magnitude of depression and anxiety were relatively high among people with epilepsy. Using two and above number of antiepileptic medications and perceived stigma were statistically associated with both depression and anxiety. Screening, early identification and providing appropriate intervention of depression and anxiety among people with epilepsy should be great concern for the health care providers.
Further Developments in the Panel of Psychological Inquiry Method of Case Study Research: The Case of "Ronan"
Authors: Miller Ronald B. , Ashley Brian , Mount Kristin , Tuepker Samantha , Powell Thomas , O'Leary David , Fouts Michele , Allshouse Kimberly , Rusczek Jacob , Hennebarrows Kelsy , Dombroski Amanda 
Published: August 2021

In 2011 our research group published a pilot study—the Case of "Anna"—employing the Panel of Psychological Inquiry (PPI) Clinical Case Study Method. The present study—the Case of "Ronan"—is a second example of the PPI method in action. The Case of Ronan has a number of modifications in method compared to the Case of Anna. First, the Case of Ronan involves the evaluation of a more complex and controversial written case study of a 20-month old boy who was diagnosed with moderate to severe autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and who was treated in a comprehensive therapeutic daycare center program where the core approach was based upon Greenspan’s (2009) "Developmental, Individual-differences, Relationship-based" ("DIR"/ "Floortime") model. DIR/Floortime was originally developed for use by parents in their own homes, and the Case of Ronan demonstrates how a therapeutic pre-school environment can use DIR/Floortime as a model for most adult-child interactions in a pre-school therapeutic environment. In addition to the application of the PPI model to a radically different clinical diagnosis, there were modifications to the methodology itself including: (a) reduction in the number of judges from five to three; (b) having a key witness in the case testify remotely before the Panel; (c) the writing of a much more detailed judges’ opinion on the aspects of the case that most influenced their decisions; and (d) a further development of the logic of a quasi-judicial approach to clinical case studies in psychology. By examining how the civil law’s basic framework for proving causality in cases of personal injury (who did what harm to whom), the process by which knowledge claims that emerge out of clinical practice (who provided what benefit to whom) is further explicated.
Ethno-pharmacology of Asaroon (Asarum europaeum L.) with special reference to Unani System of Medicine
Authors: Maseehullah MD , Zakir Mohammad , Anas Mohd , Kazmi Munawwar Husain 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Asaroon is the rhizome of Asarum europaeum L. and is commonly used in Unani medicines for its various pharmacological actions. It is an evergreen plant with glossy foliage. It belongs to the family of Aristolochiaceae and is native to Europe and the United State of America. Some species of Asaroon have been found in the Eastern Himalayan region. Asaroon has actions like Muharrik-i-A‘sab (nervine stimulant), Mudirr-i-Bawl (diuretics), Mudirr-i-Hayd (emmenagogue), Musakkin-i-Alam (analgesic), Mufattit-i-sudad (remove obstructions) and Muqawwī-i-Jigar (hepatotonic), etc. It is used in the management of Hummā (fevers), Waja 'al-Mafasil (polyarthritis), Sara (epilepsy), Falij (paralysis), Ihtibās al-Tamth (amenorrhea) and Niqris (gout), etc. as per the Unani system of medicine (USM). It is used as a single herb as well as with a combination of other drugs to manage many diseases. The A. europaeum L. contains volatile oils and flavonoids along with other secondary metabolites. In the Indian market, Valeriana wallichii DC has been sold as Tagar but in some cases, it is sold as Asaroon. It is a clear case of adulteration by replacement of costly foreign drugs with a similar-looking indigenous drug. In this manuscript, we have discussed the Ethno-pharmacology of the A. europaeum L. with special reference to USM and basic differences with V. wallichii DC to show that both drugs are different and their actions and uses are also different from each other.
An endocrine perspective on menstrual suppression for adolescents: achieving good suppression while optimizing bone health
Authors: Lahoti Amit , Yu Christine , Brar Preneet Cheema , Dalgo Austin , Gourgari Evgenia , Harris Rebecca , Kamboj Manmohan K. , Marks Seth , Nandagopal Radha , Page Laura , Raman Vandana , Reynolds Danielle G. , Sarafoglou Kyriakie , Terrell Carrie , Stanley Takara L. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Suppression of menstruation and/or ovarian function in adolescent girls may be desired for a variety of reasons. Numerous medical options exist. The choice of the appropriate modality for an individual patient depends on several factors based on differences in the efficacy of achieving menstrual suppression as well as in their side effect profiles. Adolescence is also a period of bone mass accrual in girls, and several of these modalities may negatively influence peak bone mass. This review focuses on the efficacy of achieving menstrual suppression and the effect on bone health of the various options through an overview of the current literature and also highlights areas in need of further research.
Urinary iodine and thyroglobulin are useful markers in infants suspected of congenital hypothyroidism based on newborn screening
Authors: Tachibana Makiko , Miyoshi Yoko , Fukui Miho , Onuma Shinsuke , Fukuoka Tomoya , Satomura Yoshinori , Yasuda Kie , Kimura Takeshi , Bessho Kazuhiko , Ozono Keiichi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Iodine deficiency and excess both cause thyroid dysfunction. Few data describe the relationship between iodine status and outcomes of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in iodine-sufficient areas. We investigated urinary iodine (UI) concentration and its relationship with the clinical course of CH.

Methods
We reviewed and retrospectively analyzed patients with positive newborn screening (NBS) for CH from January 2012 to June 2019 in Japan, obtaining UI and UI-urine creatinine ratio (UI/Cr), serum TSH, free T4, free T3 and thyroglobulin (Tg) at the first visit, TSH at NBS, levothyroxine (LT4) dose, and subsequent doses. A UI value of 100–299 μg/L was considered adequate.

Results
Forty-eight patients were included. Median UI and UI/Cr were 325 μg/L and 3,930 µg/gCr, respectively. UI was high (≥300 μg/L) in 26 (54%) and low (≤99 μg/L) in 11 (23%). LT4 was administered to 34 patients. Iodine status was not related to the need for treatment. We found a U-shaped relationship between Tg and UI/Cr. Patients with high Tg (≥400 ng/mL) and abnormal UI levels required significantly lower LT4 doses (≤20 µg/day) at three years of age. Even if they showed severe hypothyroidism initially, they did not need subsequent dose increments.

Conclusions
Abnormal UI levels with Tg elevation were associated with lower LT4 dose requirements. The evaluation of iodine status and Tg concentrations were considered useful in patients suspected of CH.
Induced abortion and COVID-19 as contributing factors to declining fertility in Sardinia
Authors: Corda Valentina , Monni Giovanni , Murgia Federica , Piras Alba , Ibba Rosa Maria , Chervenak Frank A. , McCullough Laurence B. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Decreasing fertility implies considerable public health, societal, political, and international consequences. Induced abortion (IA) and the recent COVID-19 pandemic can be contributing factors to it but these have not been adequately studied so far. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relation of IA incidence and the COVID-19 pandemic to declining rates of delivery, as per our Sardinian experience.

Methods
We analyzed the registered data from the official Italian statistics surveys of deliveries and IA in the last 10 years from 2011 to 2020 in Sardinia.

Results
A total of 106,557 deliveries occurred and a progressive decrease in the birth rate has been observed. A total of 18,250 IA occurred and a progressive decline has been observed here as well. The ratio between IA and deliveries remained constant over the decade. Between 2011 and 2019 a variation of −4.32% was observed for IA while in the last year, during the COVID-19 pandemic the decrease of the procedures was equal to −12.30%. For the deliveries, a mean variation of the −4.8% was observed between the 2011 and the 2019 while in the last year, during the COVID-19 pandemic the decrease was about −9%. Considering the about 30% reduction of live births between 2011 and 2020, there is an almost proportional reduction in IA.

Conclusions
Public policy responses to decreasing fertility, especially pronatalist ones, would be provided with evidence base about trends in delivery and IA and women’s decision making.
A Robust Test for Monotonicity in Asset Returns
Authors: Taufemback Cleiton G. , Troster Victor , Shahbaz Muhammad 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a robust test of monotonicity in asset returns that is valid under a general setting. We develop a test that allows for dependent data and is robust to conditional heteroskedasticity or heavy-tailed distributions of return differentials. Many postulated theories in economics and finance assume monotonic relationships between expected asset returns and certain underlying characteristics of an asset. Existing tests in literature fail to control the probability of a type 1 error or have low power under heavy-tailed distributions of return differentials. Monte Carlo simulations illustrate that our test statistic has a correct empirical size under all data-generating processes together with a similar power to other tests. Conversely, alternative tests are nonconservative under conditional heteroskedasticity or heavy-tailed distributions of return differentials. We also present an empirical application on the monotonicity of returns on various portfolios sorts that highlights the usefulness of our approach.
Monolithic integrated emitting-detecting configuration based on strained Ge microbridge
Authors: Qin Senbiao , Sun Junqiang , Jiang Jialin , Zhang Yi , Cheng Ming , Yu Linfeng , Wang Kang , Kai Li , Shi Haotian , Huang Qiang 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The strain technology is accelerating the progress on the CMOS compatible Ge-on-Si laser source. Here, we report a monolithically integrated microbridge-based emitting-detecting configuration, equipped with lateral p–i–n junctions, waveguide and gratings. The operating wavelength range of the emitting bridge and the detecting bridge are matched through the designed same dimensions of the two microbridges, as well as the strain. Strain-enhanced spontaneous emission and the effect of spectra red-shifting on low-loss transmission of on-chip light are discussed. Temperature dependence experiments reveal that in devices with highly strain-enhanced structure, the strain variation can offset the effect of electron thermalization, so that the performance of the device remains stable when temperature changes around room temperature.
Crystal structure of dimethyl-bis(4-bromophenyl-κC
1)tin(IV), C14H14Br2Sn
Authors: Lee See Mun , Lo Kong Mun , Tiekink Edward R. T. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
C14H14Br2Sn, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 12.9848(2) Å, b = 18.9911(2) Å, c = 6.0550(1) Å, β = 99.136(1)°, V = 1474.19(4) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0193, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0490, T = 100 K.
Crystal structure of [meso-5,7,7,12,14,14,-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane]nickel(II) diperchlorate – dimethylsulphoxide (1/2), C20H48Cl2N4NiO10S2
Authors: Rabi Saswata , Dey Lucky , Palit Debashis , Dey Benu Kumar , Rahman Ismail M. M. , Tiekink Edward R. T. , Roy Tapashi Ghosh 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
C20H48Cl2N4NiO10S2, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 8.657(2) Å, b = 15.233(4) Å, c = 11.956(3) Å, β = 102.737(2)°, V = 1537.9(7) Å3, Z = 2, R

gt
(F) = 0.0237, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0655, T = 93(2) K.
Fulgide dyes
Authors: Towns Andrew 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article outlines the general structures and photochromism characteristic of fulgide dyes and their most important related analogues. It provides an overview of synthetic routes to such derivatives in addition to exemplifying how typical structural variations influence photochromic behavior. A brief survey then follows, giving a flavor of the applications that have been – and continue to be – sought for them in the capacity of functional dyes.
Foaming and rheological properties of aqueous solutions: an interfacial study
Authors: Vishal Badri 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Although aqueous foam is composed of simple fluids, air and water, it shows a complex rheological behavior. It exhibits solid-like behavior at low shear and fluid-like behavior at high shear rate. Therefore, understanding such behavior is important for many industrial applications in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Additionally, air–water interface of bubble surface plays an important role in the stabilizing mechanism of foams. Therefore, the rheological properties associated with the aqueous foam highly depend on its interfacial properties. In this review, a systematic study of aqueous foam are presented primarily from rheology point of view. Firstly, foaming agents, surfactants and particles are described; then foam structure was explained, followed by change in structure under applied shear. Finally, foam rheology was linked to interfacial rheology for the interface containing particles whose surface properties were altered by surfactants.
Exploring the charge injection aptitude in pyrazol and oxazole derivatives by the first-principles approach
Authors: Irfan Ahmad , Imran Muhammad , Thomas Renjith , Basra Muhammad Asim Raza , Ullah Sami , Al-Sehemi Abdullah G. , Assiri Mohammed A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Azole derived products acquired significant consideration in everyday life based on their improved biological potential to the semiconducting substances. The research focused in-depth within pyrazol, and oxazole compounds 1–4 concerning charge transport, structural, optical as well as electronic properties. The density functional theory (DFT) along with time-dependent DFT were used for the optimization of their ground state geometries and excitation energies. We also investigated the molecule’s electron coupling constants (|V
RP|) as well as electron injection (ΔG
inject) values. For better understanding, charge transport and electronic characteristics were performed through quantum chemical computations. The |V
RP| and ΔG
inject values of pyrazole, as well as oxazole molecules, exhibited that these compounds could be competent for dye-sensitized solar cell applications. The pyrazole higher diagonal band gap enlightening these might have enhanced fill factor (FF) along with short-circuit current density (J

sc
). We have also explored the electron injection, energy level offset, dissociation of excitons, and band alignment of studied compounds to shed light on the functionality of these compounds for photovoltaic and semiconductor device applications.