bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current practices of Western Australian general dentists regarding management of patients on anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy
Authors: Foo M , See L , Lee J , Feng B , Kruger E 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeCurrently, there are little to no published studies outlining general dentists' knowledge in the management of patients on anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapies in Australia. The aim of this study was to investigate the current practices of Western Australian (WA) general dentists with regards to dental management of patients taking anticoagulants/antiplatelets.Materials and methodsWA dentists were invited to undertake a survey to investigate their knowledge on the management of patients taking anticoagulant/antiplatelet. The questionnaire provided to WA general dentists consisted of pre‐extraction advice on patients (direct oral anticoagulants [DOACs], antiplatelets, warfarin, dual antiplatelets and antiplatelet/anticoagulant). Results were analysed using descriptive statistics as well as chi‐square tests.ResultsOf the 89 participants, 40.5% had <5 years of general dental experience. Most WA general dentists (64%–71%) responded with ‘no change’ when performing extractions on patients on DOACs, antiplatelet therapy, warfarin, dual antiplatelets and antiplatelets/anticoagulants (P = 0.00). Furthermore, dentists with 6–10 years of experience were more likely to cease antiplatelet for 24 h before extractions (P < 0.05). Dentists who extracted 10–30 teeth per month were likely to stop antiplatelets and DOACs for more than 48 h compared to other groups (P < 0.05).ConclusionMost WA dentists would not cease anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy when undergoing dental extractions.
Urine cell image recognition using a deep‐learning model for an automated slide evaluation system
Authors: Kaneko Masatomo , Tsuji Keisuke , Masuda Keiichi , Ueno Kengo , Henmi Kohei , Nakagawa Shota , Fujita Ryo , Suzuki Kensho , Inoue Yuichi , Teramukai Satoshi , Konishi Eiichi , Takamatsu Tetsuro , Ukimura Osamu 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesTo develop a classification system for urine cytology with artificial intelligence (AI) using a convolutional neural network algorithm that classifies urine cell images as negative (benign) or positive (atypical or malignant).Patients and MethodsWe collected 195 urine cytology slides from consecutive patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of urothelial cancer (between January 2016 and December 2017). Two certified cytotechnologists independently evaluated and labelled each slide; 4637 cell images with concordant diagnoses were selected, including 3128 benign cells (negative), 398 atypical cells, and 1111 cells that were malignant or suspicious for malignancy (positive). This pathologically confirmed labelled dataset was used to represent the ground truth for AI training/validation/testing. Customized CutMix (CircleCut) and Refined Data Augmentation were used for image processing. The model architecture included EfficientNet B6 and Arcface. We used 80% of the data for training and validation (4:1 ratio) and 20% for testing. Model performance was evaluated with fivefold cross‐validation. A receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the binary classification model. Bayesian posterior probabilities for the AI performance measure (Y) and cytotechnologist performance measure (X) were compared.ResultsThe area under the ROC curve was 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98–0.99), the highest accuracy was 95% (95% CI 94–97), sensitivity was 97% (95% CI 95–99), and specificity was 95% (95% CI 93–97). The accuracy of AI surpassed the highest level of cytotechnologists for the binary classification [Pr(Y > X) = 0.95]. AI achieved >90% accuracy for all cell subtypes. In the subgroup analysis based on the clinicopathological characteristics of patients who provided the test cells, the accuracy of AI ranged between 89% and 97%.ConclusionOur novel AI classification system for urine cytology successfully classified all cell subtypes with an accuracy of higher than 90%, and achieved diagnostic accuracy of malignancy superior to the highest level achieved by cytotechnologists.
Integration of NMR studies, computational predictions, and in vitro assays in the search of marine diterpenes with antitumor activity
Authors: Forero Abel M. , Castellanos Leonardo , Sandoval‐Hernández Adrián G. , Magalhães Alvicler , Tinoco Luzineide W. , Lopez‐Vallejo Fabian , Ramos Freddy A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAmong the compounds of natural origin, diterpenes have proved useful as drugs for the treatment of cancer. Marine organisms, such as soft corals and algae, are a promising source of diterpenes, being a rich and unexplored source of cytotoxic agents. This study evaluated a library of 32 natural and semisynthetic marine diterpenes, including briarane, cembrane, and dolabellane nuclei, with the aim of determining their cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines (A549, MCF7, and PC3). The three most active compounds were submitted to a flow cytometry analysis in order to determine induction of apoptosis against the A549 cell line. An NMR analysis was conducted to determine and evaluate the interactions between active diterpenes and tubulin. These interactions were characterized by a computational study using molecular docking and MD simulations. With these results, two cembrane and one chlorinated briarane diterpenes were active against the three human cancer cell lines, induced apoptosis in the A549 cell line, and showed interactions with tubulin preferably at the taxane‐binding site. This study is a starting point for the identification and optimization of the marine diterpenes selected for better antitumor activities. It also highlights the power of integrating NMR studies, computational predictions, and in vitro assays in the search for compounds with antitumor activity.
Airway gene expression identifies subtypes of type 2 inflammation in severe asthma
Authors: Frøssing Laurits , Silberbrandt Alexander , Von Bülow Anna , Kjærsgaard Klein Ditte , Ross Christensen Marcus , Backer Vibeke , Baines Katherine J. , Porsbjerg Celeste 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundType 2 inflammation is characterized by enhanced activity of interleukin (IL)‐4, ‐5 and ‐13, and treatments targeting these pathways are available for treatment of severe asthma. At present, the pattern of pathway activity and the implications overlapping of pathway activity are unknown.ObjectiveWe hypothesized that clustering of airway mRNA expression would identify distinct molecular subtypes of severe asthma and thereby uncover the prevalence and overlap of pathway activity.MethodsSputum mRNA expression of genes related to expression of IL‐5(CLC, CPA3 and DNASE1L3), IL‐13(IL13Ra1, TNFSF14 and SERPINB2), T1/Th17 activity(IL1B, ALPL and CXCR2) and in vitro response to corticosteroids (FKBP512) and mepolizumab (ARAP3) was analysed in patients (n = 109) with severe asthma and healthy controls (n = 22). A cluster analysis of gene expression was performed. The response to a short course of OCS was assessed in a subset of patients (n = 29).ResultsFive molecular clusters were identified. Three had abundant T2 gene expression of which two (n = 39 and n = 9) were characterized by abundant expression of both IL‐13‐ and IL‐5‐related genes. The last (n = 6) had only abundant IL‐5‐related gene expression. These T2‐high molecular clusters could not be distinguished using T2 biomarkers. T2‐ and Th1/Th17‐related mRNA expression were co‐expressed across all clusters. OCS significantly reduced T2 gene expression (CLC, IL13Ra1, SERPINB2 and ARAP3) and significantly increase expression of Th1/Th17‐related genes (ALPL and CXCR2).Conclusions and clinical relevanceClustering of airway mRNA expression identified five molecular clusters of severe asthma of which three were considered T2 high. Co‐expression of IL‐5‐ and IL‐13‐related genes at moderate levels was present in almost half of patients, while marked elevated expression of both was rare. In contrast to IL‐5, clusters with isolated IL‐13‐ and Th1/Th17‐related gene expression were not identified.
High genetic diversity of immunity genes in an expanding population of a highly mobile carnivore, the grey wolf Canislupus, in Central Europe
Authors: Kloch Agnieszka , Biedrzycka Aleksandra , Szewczyk Maciej , Nowak Sabina , Niedźwiedzka Natalia , Kłodawska Monika , Hájková Andrea , Hulva Pavel , Jędrzejewska Bogumiła , W. Mysłajek Robert 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimThe aim of the study was to assess the effect of changes in population size and migration on variation in functional immunity genes in the previously bottlenecked population of the grey wolf, Canis lupus.LocationEastern/Central Europe: Poland, Czechia, Slovakia.MethodsWe genotyped 7 immunity genes: three MHC‐DLA genes (dog leukocyte antigen) and four Toll‐like receptor (TLR) genes among 130 wolves originating from three populations: two lowland (Baltic and Central European), and highland Carpathian. We contrasted the population structure in immunity genes with a neutral structure based on 13 microsatellites, and we analysed signatures of selection in the immunity loci.ResultsWe found high overall genetic variance in immunity genes and no evidence for decreased diversity in the recently established populations. The population structure in immunity loci was weak, with pairwise FST lower than for neutral markers. Although the results of neutrality tests were not significant, we identified codons under selection, both positive and negative.Main ConclusionsWe demonstrated that despite recent population expansion which is expected to result in decreased genetic diversity, the diversity of immunity genes in the newly established wolf population is similar to those in the source population. This suggests that migrations do not cause allele loss in grey wolf. Signatures of selection on codon level, but not in tests using allele frequencies, suggest the contrasting effects of demography and selection.
Somatosensory deficits and neural correlates in cerebral palsy: a scoping review
Authors: Brun Clémentine , Traverse Élodie , Granger Élyse , Mercier Catherine 
Published: June 2021

AimTo synthetize studies assessing somatosensory deficits and alterations in cerebral responses evoked by somatosensory stimulation in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) compared to typically developing individuals.MethodA scoping review of the literature was performed in the MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Evidence‐Based Medicine Reviews, and Web of Science databases (last search carried out on 6th and 7th August 2020) with a combination of keywords related to CP and somatosensory functions. Somatosensory deficits were measured with clinical tests and alterations in cerebral responses were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, and magnetoencephalography.ResultsForty‐eight articles were included. Overall, 1463 participants with CP (mean [SD] age 13y 1mo [4y 11mo], range 1–55y; 416 males, 319 females, sex not identified for the remaining participants) and 1478 controls (mean [SD] age 13y 1mo [5y 8mo], range 1–42y; 362 males, 334 females, sex not identified for the remaining participants) were included in the scoping review. For tactile function, most studies reported registration (8 out of 13) or perception (21 out of 21) deficits in participants with CP. For proprioception, most studies also reported registration (6 out of 8) or perception (10 out of 15) deficits. Pain function has not been studied as much, but most studies reported registration (2 out of 3) or perception (3 out of 3) alterations. Neuroimaging findings (18 studies) showed alterations in the somatotopy, morphology, latency, or amplitude of cortical responses evoked by somatosensory stimuli.InterpretationDespite the heterogeneity in the methods employed, most studies reported somatosensory deficits. The focus has been mainly on tactile and proprioceptive function, whereas pain has received little attention. Future research should rigorously define the methods employed and include a sample that is more representative of the population with CP.
What this paper adds

Most of the papers reviewed found tactile registration and perception deficits in the upper limbs.

Proprioceptive deficits were generally observed in cerebral palsy but results were heterogeneous.

Pain has received little attention compared to tactile and proprioceptive functions.

Neuroimaging studies supported behavioral observations.

Alterations were observed for both the most and least affected limb.
Blood glucose monitoring by insulin‐treated pilots of commercial and private aircraft: An analysis of out‐of‐range values
Authors: Garden Gillian L. , Frier Brian M. , Hine Julia L. , Hutchison Ewan J. , Mitchell Stuart J. , Shaw Kenneth M. , Heller Simon R. , Koehler Gerd , Hofmann Veronika , Gaffney Thomas P. , Maher Declan , Roberts Graham A. , Russell‐Jones David L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimTo examine blood glucose measurements recorded as part of the diabetes protocol operated by the UK, Ireland and Austria, which allows commercial airline pilots with insulin‐treated diabetes to fly.MethodsAn observational study was conducted in pilots with insulin‐treated diabetes, granted medical certification to fly commercial or noncommercial aircraft, who recorded pre‐flight and hourly in‐flight blood glucose measurements. These values were correlated to a traffic light system (green 5.0 to 15.0 mmol/L; amber 4.0 to 4.9 mmol/L and 15.1 to 20.0 mmol/L; and red <4.0 mmol/L or >20.0 mmol/L) and studied for trends in glucose concentrations, time course within flight and any consequences. Pilot demographics were also analysed.ResultsForty‐four pilots (90%) recorded one or more blood glucose value outside the green range during the 7 years of the study. Pilot age, diabetes type and duration, and follow‐up period were comparable among subgroups, and mean glycated haemoglobin did not differ before and after certification in a way which would indicate poorer glycaemic control in any subgroup. A total of 892 blood glucose values (2.31%) were outside the green range, with half reported in‐flight at various time intervals. There were 48 (0.12%) low red range values recorded, 14 (0.04%) of which occurred in‐flight; all but four were restored to within the green range by the time of the next measurement. Appropriate corrective action was taken for all out‐of‐range values, with no reports of pilot incapacitation from any cause.ConclusionsThe traffic light system appears effective in identifying and reducing the frequency and severity of out‐of‐range values.
Using machine learning to predict severe hypoglycaemia in hospital
Authors: Fralick Michael , Dai David , Pou‐Prom Chloe , Verma Amol A. , Mamdani Muhammad 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimTo predict the risk of hypoglycaemia using machine‐learning techniques in hospitalized patients.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients hospitalized under general internal medicine (GIM) and cardiovascular surgery (CV) at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Toronto, Ontario. Three models were generated using supervised machine learning: least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression; gradient‐boosted trees; and a recurrent neural network. Each model included baseline patient data and time‐varying data. Natural‐language processing was used to incorporate text data from physician and nursing notes.ResultsWe included 8492 GIM admissions and 8044 CV admissions. Hypoglycaemia occurred in 16% of GIM admissions and 13% of CV admissions. The area under the curve for the models in the held‐out validation set was approximately 0.80 on the GIM ward and 0.82 on the CV ward. When the threshold for hypoglycaemia was lowered to 2.9 mmol/L (52 mg/dL), similar results were observed. Among the patients at the highest decile of risk, the positive predictive value was approximately 50% and the sensitivity was 99%.ConclusionMachine‐learning approaches can accurately identify patients at high risk of hypoglycaemia in hospital. Future work will involve evaluating whether implementing this model with targeted clinical interventions can improve clinical outcomes.
Impact of China on trade in electronic products
Authors: Pham Cong S. , Lovely Mary E. , Nguyen Xuan , Chao Chi‐Chur 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUsing 6‐digit product‐level data of exports in electronics, this paper finds robust evidence that China's exports adversely affect both the intensive export margin and the extensive export margin of its competitors for the 1992–2018 period. The displacement effects of China's exports on the intensive margin apply especially for the group of intermediate and capital electronic goods and are much more robust and significantly larger in magnitude than the displacement effects found in other studies using aggregated trade data. Finally, we find that China's displacement effect is increasing in China's advantage relative to its competitors in terms of human capital index and internet access of its population.
Immunological mechanisms underlying progression of chronic wounds in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Huitema Leonie , Phillips Taylor , Alexeev Vitali , Igoucheva Olga 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHereditary epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a mechanobullous skin fragility disorder characterized by defective epithelial adhesion, leading to mechanical stress‐induced skin blistering. Based on the level of tissue separation within the dermal‐epidermal junction, EB is categorized into simplex (EBS), junctional (JEB), dystrophic (DEB) and Kindler syndrome. There is no cure for EB, and painful chronic cutaneous wounds are one of the major complications in recessive (RDEB) patients. Although RDEB is considered a cutaneous disease, recent data support the underlying systemic immunological defects. Furthermore, chronic wounds are often colonized with pathogenic microbiota, leading to excessive inflammation and altered wound healing. Consequently, patients with RDEB suffer from a painful sensation of chronic, cutaneous itching/burning and an endless battle with bacterial infections. To improve their quality of life and life expectancy, it is important to prevent cutaneous infections, dampen chronic inflammation and stimulate wound healing. A clear scientific understanding of the immunological events underlying the maintenance of chronic poorly healing wounds in RDEB patients is necessary to improve disease management and better understand other wound healing disorders. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the role of professional phagocytes, such as neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells, the role of T‐cell‐mediated immunity in lymphoid organs, and the association of microbiota with poor wound healing in RDEB. We conclude that RDEB patients have an underlying immunity defect that seems to affect antibacterial immunity.
Foraminifera‐derived carbon contribution to sedimentary inorganic carbon pool: A case study from three Norwegian fjords
Authors: Szymańska Natalia , Łącka Magdalena , Koziorowska‐Makuch Katarzyna , Kuliński Karol , Pawłowska Joanna , Kujawa Agnieszka , Telesiński Maciej Mateusz , Zajączkowski Marek 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNorwegian fjords have been recently recognized as hot spots for carbon burial due to the large amounts of terrestrial organic matter delivered to fjord sediments, as well as the high sediment accumulation rates. Here, we present the first data on the contribution of benthic foraminiferal inorganic carbon to the sediments of three Norwegian fjords. Our study shows that calcareous foraminifera, which are among the most abundant calcifying organisms in the modern global oceans, can constitute between 15% and 33% of inorganic carbon accumulated in the sediments of the two studied southern Norwegian fjords (Raunefjorden and Hjeltefjorden). In a northern Norwegian fjord (Balsfjorden), the contribution of calcareous foraminifera to the inorganic carbon pool is smaller (<1%) than the one observed in southern fjords. We also found that the amount of foraminifera‐derived carbon is primarily dependent on the species composition of the foraminifera community. Large calcareous foraminifera species, despite a lower number of individuals, constitute, on average, 13%–29% of the inorganic carbon in the two southern Norwegian fjords, while the contribution of small, highly abundant species does not exceed 4% of the inorganic carbon pools in the sediments. Calcareous foraminifera species that are indicative of dysoxic conditions have been found to have low inorganic carbon contents per specimen compared to other analysed similar‐sized calcareous foraminifera species. This relationship most likely exists due to the thin test walls of these foraminifera species, which may facilitate gas exchange. The results of our case study suggest that the climate‐driven formation of near‐bottom low‐oxygen zones may lead to the dominance of foraminifera associated with dysoxic conditions and, in consequence, to the decrease of foraminifera‐derived inorganic carbon. However, to properly analyse the contribution of carbon from thin‐walled foraminifera to the sedimentary carbon pool, further studies analysing a broader range of these species is needed.
Elective surgery in patients with inherited bleeding disorders: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Clarke Lisa , Dennington Peta M , Curnow Jennifer 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionPublished guidelines are available to assist in the management of patients with inherited bleeding disorders in the elective surgical setting however good quality outcome data is lacking.Aim‐ Evaluate the outcomes of adult patients with inherited bleeding disorders, who received factor replacement for elective surgery in NSW/ACT, Australia.‐ Assess adherence to relevant guidelines including Haemophilia Treatment Centre (HTC) utilisation and appropriate factor replacement.MethodA retrospective analysis was performed between 2000 and 2018 to describe patient characteristics, surgical details, factor provision and outcomes. Univariate analysis was used to determine variables associated with guideline adherence. Covariates with p < 0.1 were included in the multivariate analysis.ResultsA total of 1065 surgeries were performed on 571 patients. Diagnoses included Haemophilia A (43.5%), Haemophilia B (9.7%), von Willebrand disease (VWD) (45.3%) and rare bleeding disorders (RBDs) (1.6%). Bleeding complications were reported in 14 surgeries and 19 patients received factor replacement beyond standard duration of prophylaxis. Approximately 50% of all surgeries were performed in a HTC. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that diagnosis, surgical specialty, sex and year (p < 0.001) were associated with non‐compliance with variable pattern within each category. Factor replacement was as expected except for plasma‐derived Factor VIII/VWF usage in patients with VWD undergoing major bleeding risk surgery. VWD classification (p < 0.001) was associated with this deviation.ConclusionLow complication rates demonstrate that elective surgery in Australia is being safely performed in patients with inherited bleeding disorders however non‐compliance with published guidelines exists highlighting areas of practice and policy discrepancies that warrant further exploration.