bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution characteristics and relationship of meteorological and hydrological droughts from 1961 to 2018 in Hanjiang River Basin, China
Authors: Wang Lin , Zhang Jianyun , Elmahdi Amgad , Shu Zhangkang , Wu Yinghui , Wang Guoqing 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the context of global warming and increasing human activities, the acceleration of the water cycle will increase the risk of basin drought. In this study, to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of hydrological and meteorological droughts over the Hanjiang River Basin (HRB), the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Runoff Index (SRI) were selected and applied for the period 1961–2018. In addition, the cross-wavelet method was used to discuss the relationship between hydrological drought and meteorological droughts. The results and analysis indicated that: (1) the meteorological drought in the HRB showed a complex cyclical change trend of flood-drought-flood from 1961 to 2018. The basin drought began to intensify from the 1990s and eased in the 2010s. The characteristics of drought evolution in various regions are different based on scale. (2) During the past 58 years, the hydrological drought in the HRB has shown a significant trend of intensification, particularly in autumn. Also, the hydrological droughts had occurred frequently since the 1990s, and there were also regional differences in the evolution characteristics of drought in various regions. (3) Reservoir operation reduces the frequency of extreme hydrological drought events. The effect of reducing the duration and intensity of hydrological drought events by releasing water from the reservoir is most obvious at Huangjiagang Station, which is the nearest to Danjiangkou Reservoir. (4) The hydrological drought and meteorological drought in the HRB have the strongest correlation on the yearly scale. After 1990, severe human activities and climate change have not only reduced the correlation between hydrological drought and meteorological drought in the middle and lower reaches of the basin, but also reduced the lag time between them. Among them, the hydrological drought in the upper reaches of the basin lags behind the meteorological drought by 1 month, and the hydrological drought in the middle and lower reaches of the basin has changed from 2 months before 1990 to 1 month lagging after 1990.
Recent Progress Towards Vaccines and Antibody-based Therapies Against
Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Ji Wenbo , Gong Baofeng , Jin Hong , Chen Xiaohan , Li Peng , Cheng Wenbin , Zhao Yuchen , He Bin , Zhuang Jianhua , Gao Jie , Yin You 
Published: August 2021

:
Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the progressive neurodegenerative disorders, is characterized
by clinical features such as memory loss, acquired skill loss, apraxia, and interpersonal and
social communication disorders. The AD hallmarks at the neuropathological level include intracellular
neurofibrillary tangles constituted by the hyperphosphorylated tau protein as well as the senile
extracellular plaques dominated by the amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits. At present, AD treatment that
mainly targeted towards improving symptoms and effective drugs to delay or stop disease progression
is lacking. Vaccines and antibody-based therapies are a type of natural, synthetic, and gene recombinant
biological product that treat or prevent disease progression by stimulating specific or
non-specific immune responses. Compared with traditional targeted drugs, vaccines and antibodybased
therapies have better safety and effectiveness and can even maintain the expression and stability
of Aβ and Tau proteins in patients for a long time. Logically, vaccines and antibody-based therapies
are somewhat different from traditional drugs because these drugs can achieve the therapeutic
effect of AD by activating immune cells and regulating the immune system of patients themselves,
thereby clearing disease-related proteins and long-term survival. Complete cure is also observed in
some patients after receiving the immunotherapy. Currently available vaccines and antibody-based
therapies mainly target Aβ and phosphorylated tau proteins. There are 44 vaccines and antibodybased
therapies for AD, among which nine drugs are discontinued, three drugs are inactive, eleven
drugs are in clinical phase 1, twelve drugs are in clinical phase 2, and seven drugs are in clinical
phase 3. Currently, no vaccines and antibody-based therapies have been approved for AD treatment.
In this paper, we review and analyse the research progress of vaccines and antibody-based therapies
that are used to treat AD.
Formulation and Evaluation of Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose-dicyclomine
Microsponges for Colon Targeted Drug Delivery: In Vitro and In
Vivo Evaluation
Authors: Sher Muhammad , Bukhari Syed Nasir Abbas , Sarfaraz Rai Muhammad , Iqbal Sadia , Hussain Muhammad Ajaz , Naeem-ul Hassan Muhammad , Hassan Faiza 
Published: August 2021

Objective:
The objective of the present study was to design novel colon targeted delivery
of Dicyclomine Hydrochloride (DCH) microsponges.

Methods:
Microsponges (MS1-MS4) based on different ratios of Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
(HPMC) and DCH were prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method. Micro-sponges
were analyzed by determining percent yield, encapsulation efficiency, drug content, drug-polymer
compatibility and thermal stability. Kinetic analysis of thermal stability data was done by Chang
method, Friedman method and Broido method. In vitro dissolution study was carried out at pH 1.2,
pH 6.8 and pH 7.4 at different time intervals.

Results:
Results showed that there was no chemical interaction between DCH and HPMC in all microsponge
formulations. Production yield, drug content and encapsulation efficiency were enhanced
on increasing the drug-polymer ratio. Thermal stability of all the micro-sponges was
greater than that of pure drug. In vitro drug release was decreased on increasing the polymer concentration
at different pH levels. The newly prepared micro-sponges based on HPMC were confirmed
as a promising means of colon-targeted delivery of DCH. An HPLC method was developed
and validated for the bioequivalence study of newly designed microsponges. Pharmacokinetics parameters
were calculated using the linear trapezoidal method after single oral administration of microsponges
in white albino rabbits. Pharmacokinetics results indicate an enhancement in the value
of t1/2, tmax, Cmax and AUC0-t of DCH in the microsponges as compared to standard DCH showing enhanced
bioavailability of the drug after microsponges formation.

Conclusion:
The current study shows a new approach for colon-specific delivery of DCH based on
microsponges.
Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 Virus in Egypt: A Major Change in the Circulating Subtypes
Authors: Amer Ahmed Noby , Gaballah Ahmed , Emad Rasha , Ghazal Abeer , Attia Nancy 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is characterized by high
genetic diversity due to its high mutation and recombination rates. Although, there is an increasing
prevalence of Circulating Recombinant Forms (CRFs) worldwide, subtype B is still recognized as
the predominant subtype in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. There is a limited
sampling of HIV in this region due to its low prevalence. The main purpose of this study is to provide
a summary of the current status of the resident HIV subtypes and their distribution among
Egyptian patients.

Methodology:
Forty-five HIV-1 patients were included in this study. Partial pol gene covering the
protease (PR) and Reverse Transcriptase (RT) was successfully amplified in 21 HIV patients using
nested PCR of cDNA of the viral genomic RNA, then sequenced. The sequence data were used for
viral HIV-1 subtyping by 5 online subtyping tools: NCBI viral genotyping tool, Stanford University
HIV database (HIVDB) subtyping program, REGA tool, Context-Based Modeling for Expeditious
Typing (COMET) tool, and Recombinant Identification Program (RIP) tool. The final subtype
assignment was based on molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Results:
Unexpectedly, non-B subtypes are dominating, with the most common circulating one is
CRF02_AG (57.1%) followed by subtype B (14.3%), subtype BG recombinant (9.5%), CRF35_
AD (9.5%), subtype A1 and CRF06_cpx (4.8% each).

Conclusion:
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to tackle HIV-1 subtyping among
the group of HIV-1 patients in Egypt. CRF02_AG is the most prevalent subtype in Egypt.
Synthetic Methods and Pharmacological Potential of Different Oxazine
Analogs
Authors: Asif Mohammad , Imran Mohd. 
Published: August 2021

:
Oxazine analog is a vital class of heterocyclic compounds and has attracted synthetic interest
owing to their wide range of biological activities. Oxazine analogs are valuable in medicinal
organic chemistry and exhibit different varieties of biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer,
antimalarial, antitubercular, sedative, anticonvulsant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic,
etc. Oxazine can be derived from benzene by appropriate substitution of carbon atoms of the ring
by nitrogen and oxygen atoms. Nowadays, the development of drug resistance is a key problem, and
to defeat this problem, it is crucial to synthesize novel compounds. So, novel oxazine analogs may
play a crucial role to overcome these problems. Oxazine analogs are prepared by reaction of chalcone
derivatives with thiourea in the presence of alcohol and sodium hydroxide. The present aims of
this review are to give an outline of some different synthetic methods and different types of biological
activities of oxazine analogs. We hope that this review will be motivating for researchers concerned
with oxazine analogs.
An Analysis of Structure-function Co-relation between GLI Oncoprotein and HLA Immune-gene Transcriptional Regulation through Molecular Docking
Authors: Majumder Durjoy 
Published: August 2021

Background:GLI proteins play a significant role in the transduction of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. A variety of human cancers, including the brain, gastrointestinal, lung, breast, and prostate cancers, demonstrate inappropriate activation of this pathway. GLI helps in proliferation and has an inhibitory role in the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Malignancies may have a defect in differentiation. Different types of malignancies and undifferentiated cells have a low level of HLA expression on their cell surface.Objective:Human Leukocytic Antigen (HLA) downregulation is frequently observed in cancer cells. This work is aimed to hypothesize whether this downregulation of HLA molecules is GLI oncoprotein mediated or not. To understand the roles of different types of GLI oncoproteins on different classes of HLA transcriptional machinery was carried out through structure-based modeling and molecular docking studies.Methods:To investigate the role of GLI in HLA expression /downregulation is Hh-GLI mediated or not, molecular docking based computational interaction studies were performed between different GLI proteins (GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3) with TATA box binding protein (TBP) and compare the binding efficiencies of different HLA gene (both HLA class I and –II) regulating transcription factors (RelA, RFX5, RFXAP, RFXANK, CIITA, CREB1, and their combinations) with TBP. Due to unavailability of 3D protein structures of GLI2 and cyclin D2 (a natural ligand of GLI1) were modelled followed by structural validation by Ramachandran plot analysis.Results:GLI proteins especially, GLI1 and GLI2, have almost similar binding energy of RFX5-RFXANK- RFXAP and CIITA multi-protein complex to TBP but has lower binding energy between RelA to TBP.Conclusion:This study suggests that HLA class I may not be downregulated by GLI; however, over-expression of GLI1 is may be responsible for HLA class II downregulation. Thus this protein may be responsible for the maintenance of the undifferentiated state of malignant cells. This study also suggests the implicative role of GLI1 in the early definitive stage of hematopoiesis.
High-output Cardiac Failure: A Forgotten Phenotype in Clinical Practice
Authors: de Ávila Diane Xavier , Villacorta Humberto , de Andrade Martins Wolney , Mesquita Evandro Tinoco 
Published: August 2021

Introduction:
The knowledge on High-Output Cardiac Failure (HOCF) has greatly improved
in the last two decades. One of the advances was the identification of a new phenotype of
HOCF, characterized by the absence of ventricular dilation, already associated with liver disease,
Arteriovenous Fistulas (AVF), lung disease, myelodysplastic syndromes, and obesity. However, it
has been noted that any aetiology can present with one of the two phenotypes, depending on the
evolution.

Objective:
The study aims to describe, through an integrative review, the physiopathology and aetiologies
of HOCF and to discuss phenotypes associated with this condition.

Methods:
Revisions, guidelines, case-controls, cohort studies and clinical studies were searched in
MEDLINE and LILACS, using the connectives in the “cardiac output, high” database (MeSH
Terms) OR “high cardiac output” (All Fields).

Discussion:
Two distinct phenotypes are currently described in the HOCF, regardless of the aetiology:
1) one with enlarged cardiac chambers; and 2) with normal heart chambers. The mechanisms related
to HOCF are vasodilation, arteriovenous shunts that cause increased microvascular density,
Reduced Systemic Vascular Resistance (RSVR), and high metabolism. These mechanisms lead to
activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sodium and water retention, activation of
neprilysin, of the sodium-glucose-2 transporter, which promote interstitial fibrosis, ventricular remodeling
and a consequent increase in cardiac output >8L/min.

Conclusion:
Many aetiologies of HOCF have been described, and some of them are potentially curable.
Prompt recognition of this condition and proper treatment may lead to better outcomes.
Insights into Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19):
Current Understanding, Research, and Therapeutic Updates
Authors: Sushma Dudala Sai , Jaiswal Varun , Kumar Arvind , Asha Syed , Pal Tarun 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Humans can be infected with various coronaviruses that can cause serious
illness and death. One such pandemic strain of coronavirus was recently identified in December
2019, and it led to a devastating outbreak in Wuhan city of China. It is caused by severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2). It is highly contagious and
causes symptoms such as fever, cough, and shortness of breath.

Objective:
The objective of this review is to highlight the current understanding, research, and
therapeutic updates of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Methods:
A thorough literature search was conducted for research papers and patents in the
context of COVID-19. All the related articles were extracted from various public repositories
such as Google Scholar, Pubmed, ScienceDirect (Elsevier), Springer, Web of Science, etc.

Results:
The present analysis revealed that the key areas of the inventions were vaccines and
diagnostic kits apart from developing the treatment of CoV. It was also observed that no specific
vaccine treatments were available for the treatment of 2019-nCov; therefore, developing
novel chemical or biological drugs and kits for early diagnosis, prevention, and disease management
is the primary governing topic among the patented inventions. The present study also
indicates potential research opportunities for the future, particularly to combat 2019-nCoV.
The current focus of the researches has turned towards developing four potential treatments,
including the development of candidate vaccines, development of novel potential drugs, repurposing
of existing drugs, and development of convalescent plasma therapy. The PCR based diagnosis
is the gold standard for the COVID-19 testing, but it requires resource time, expertise,
and high associated cost; hence researchers are also developing different diagnostic methods
for the COVID-19. Although vaccines are being developed by various companies and have
passed the pre-clinical stages but there still exists no guarantee for these to come into effect.
The current treatments that are being used for COVID-19 patients are not well established and
have shown limited success.

Conclusion:
The pandemic has challenged the medical, economic, and public health infrastructure
across the globe. There is an urgent need to explore all available and possible methods/
approaches to study this disease for drug and vaccine development at the earliest.
Acumulador solar térmico de placa compacta con material de cambio de fase para secadores familiares
Authors: Janampa Kléber 
Published: August 2021

En el presente trabajo se ha diseñado un acumulador solar térmico para mejorar la inestabilidad temporal de la energía solar en el secado familiar de productos. La estructura del acumulador se define mediante la simulación térmica en Comsol Multiphysics. El acumulador es modular, de placa compacta rectangular de cobre, cuyas dimensiones determinadas son 30 cm x 20 cm x 3 cm que encapsula 1 kg de parafina como material de cambio de fase. Para mejorar la transferencia de calor desde el material de cambio de fase, debido a la baja conductividad térmica de la parafina, se incorpora aletas internas y/o externas en el acumulador para acelerar el proceso de carga y descarga de la energía térmica. Cuando se incorporan dos unidades del acumulador en la placa colectora de un secador solar de cabina, se logra estabilizar la temperatura del aire que ingresa a la cámara de secado durante el proceso de carga del acumulador y cuando cesa la intervención de la radiación solar, la energía acumulada permite disponer de aire que ingresa a la cámara de secado con una temperatura mayor a 30 o C por un intervalo de 2 h, energía adicional que optimiza el proceso de secado del producto.
Aprovechamiento del estiércol de alpaca e ichu para la producción de briquetas como fuente de energía calorífica en Arequipa
Authors: Palo Tejada Juan Ernesto , Puma Taco Alicia Lelia , Campos Falcón Enriqueta Victoria , Colque Ollachica Danae , Figueroa Ccanahuire Isabel Karina , Chaupi Quispe Luz Mery 
Published: August 2021

En este trabajo se realizaron pruebas para determinar el poder calorífico de briquetas de estiércol de alpaca e ichu y aglomerante; la proporción de la mezcla está en 80 % de estiércol de alpaca, 18% de ichu, 2% de cal y agua en medida proporcional al estiércol. Los resultados muestran la temperatura máxima que alcanza la briqueta en estudio es 500 °C medido con un termómetro infrarrojo y poder calorífico estimado para estas briquetas 4318,18 cal/g. Por los resultados obtenidos las briquetas resultantes se pueden utilizar como combustible alternativo y económico y además amigable con el medio ambiente. El estiércol de alpaca a 4000 m.s.n.m no se utiliza como abono para la agricultura en la población deSan Antonio de Chuca-Imata.
Estudio de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero producidas por los embalses de las centrales hidroeléctricas del Perú
Authors: Villanueva Ure Justo Reynaldo , Franco Gonzales Elmar Javier , Becerra Arévalo Gilberto 
Published: August 2021

El proceso de generación hidroeléctrica se compone esencialmente de tres etapas que son la del embalse de agua, la de transformación de energía hidráulica a energía eléctrica y la de entrega de la energía eléctrica para su distribución. En la etapa del embalse se realizó la cuantificación de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero usando la metodología propuesta por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, denominada Panel Intergubernamental para el Cambio Climático del 2006 en diez centrales hidroeléctricas peruanas. Se concluyó que, en la primera fase de la generación hidroeléctrica, que es la del embalse, la contaminación significativa total de dióxido de carbono, CO2, llegó a ser 83947 toneladas por año y se contrastó los resultados comparando con datos obtenidos de embalses similares de hidroeléctricas brasileñas.
Recurrence of IgA Nephropathy after Kidney Transplantation in Adults
Authors: Uffing Audrey , Pérez-Saéz Maria José , Jouve Thomas , Bugnazet Mathilde , Malvezzi Paolo , Muhsin Saif A. , Lafargue Marie-Camille , Reindl-Schwaighofer Roman , Morlock Alina , Oberbauer Rainer , Buxeda Anna , Burballa Carla , Pascual Julio , von Moos Seraina , Seeger Harald , La Manna Gaetano , Comai Giorgia , Bini Claudia , Russo Luis Sanchez , Farouk Samira , Nissaisorakarn Pitchaphon , Patel Het , Agrawal Nikhil , Mastroianni-Kirsztajn Gianna , Mansur Juliana , Tedesco-Silva Hélio , Ventura Carlucci Gualberto , Agena Fabiana , David-Neto Elias , Akalin Enver , Alani Omar , Mazzali Marilda , Manfro Roberto Ceratti , Bauer Andrea Carla , Wang Aileen X. , Cheng Xingxing S. , Schold Jesse D. , Berger Stefan P. , Cravedi Paolo , Riella Leonardo V. 
Published: August 2021

Background and objectives
In patients with kidney failure due to IgA nephropathy, IgA deposits can recur in a subsequent kidney transplant. The incidence, effect, and risk factors of IgA nephropathy recurrence is unclear, because most studies have been single center and sample sizes are relatively small.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We performed a multicenter, international, retrospective study to determine the incidence, risk factors, and treatment response of recurrent IgA nephropathy after kidney transplantation. Data were collected from all consecutive patients with biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy transplanted between 2005 and 2015, across 16 “The Post-Transplant Glomerular Disease” study centers in Europe, North America, and South America.

Results
Out of 504 transplant recipients with IgA nephropathy, recurrent IgA deposits were identified by kidney biopsy in 82 patients; cumulative incidence of recurrence was 23% at 15 years (95% confidence interval, 14 to 34). Multivariable Cox regression revealed a higher risk for recurrence of IgA deposits in patients with a pre-emptive kidney transplant (hazard ratio, 3.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.31 to 9.17) and in patients with preformed donor-specific antibodies (hazard ratio, 2.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.09 to 6.19). After kidney transplantation, development of de novo donor-specific antibodies was associated with subsequent higher risk of recurrence of IgA nephropathy (hazard ratio, 6.65; 95% confidence interval, 3.33 to 13.27). Immunosuppressive regimen was not associated with recurrent IgA nephropathy in multivariable analysis, including steroid use. Graft loss was higher in patients with recurrence of IgA nephropathy compared with patients without (hazard ratio, 3.69; 95% confidence interval, 2.04 to 6.66), resulting in 32% (95% confidence interval, 50 to 82) graft loss at 8 years after diagnosis of recurrence.

Conclusions
In our international cohort, cumulative risk of IgA nephropathy recurrence increased after transplant and was associated with a 3.7-fold greater risk of graft loss.