bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frontline treatment patterns and outcomes among older adults with acute myeloid leukemia: A population‐based analysis in the modern era
Authors: Kennedy Vanessa E. , Keegan Theresa H. M. , Li Qian , Maguire Frances B. , Muffly Lori S. 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundTraditionally, conventional induction chemotherapy has been the primary frontline treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML); however, older adults are often poor chemotherapy candidates. Recently, several nonconventional frontline AML regimens, including hypomethylating agents, the BCL‐2 inhibitor venetoclax, and targeted therapies, have emerged, and they may offer new options for older adults. This study was aimed at describing treatment patterns and outcomes of older adult AML in a modern population‐based cohort.MethodsThis study evaluated patients aged ≥60 years with a first primary diagnosis of AML (2014‐2017) in the California Cancer Registry linked to inpatient hospitalizations. Multivariable regression examined factors associated with the frontline treatment regimen and survival.ResultsIn all, 3068 patients were included; 36% received frontline therapy with a conventional chemotherapy backbone, 42% received nonconventional therapy, and 22% received no treatment. The use of nonconventional therapy increased over time from 38% of patients in 2014 to 47% in 2017 (P < .001). In multivariable analyses, receipt of treatment was associated with an age younger than 80 years, fewer than 2 comorbidities, and care at a National Cancer Institute–designated cancer center (NCI‐CC). Compared with conventional chemotherapy, nonconventional therapy was associated with Black race/ethnicity, public health insurance, fewer hospital admissions, and fewer inpatient days. Receiving frontline therapy at an NCI‐CC was independently associated with superior overall survival.ConclusionsUsing a population‐based approach, this study has demonstrated that patterns of care for frontline AML treatment in older adults are changing, with increasing use of nonconventional therapies. A significant proportion of older adults remain untreated. At the population level, there remain opportunities to increase therapy access for older adults with AML.
Super‐Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy Methods for Assessing Mouse Biology
Authors: Valli Jessica , Sanderson Jeremy 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSuper‐resolution (diffraction unlimited) microscopy was developed 15 years ago; the developers were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in recognition of their work in 2014. Super‐resolution microscopy is increasingly being applied to diverse scientific fields, from single molecules to cell organelles, viruses, bacteria, plants, and animals, especially the mammalian model organism Mus musculus. In this review, we explain how super‐resolution microscopy, along with fluorescence microscopy from which it grew, has aided the renaissance of the light microscope. We cover experiment planning and specimen preparation and explain structured illumination microscopy, super‐resolution radial fluctuations, stimulated emission depletion microscopy, single‐molecule localization microscopy, and super‐resolution imaging by pixel reassignment. The final section of this review discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each super‐resolution technique and how to choose the best approach for your research. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Evaluation of environmental factors affecting the genetic diversity, genetic structure, and the potential distribution of Rhododendron aureum Georgi under changing climate
Authors: Zhao Wei , Wang Xiaolong , Li Lin , Li Jiangnan , Yin Hang , Zhao Ying , Chen Xia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUnderstanding genetic variation and structure, adaptive genetic variation, and its relationship with environmental factors is of great significance to understand how plants adapt to climate change and design effective conservation and management strategies. The objective of this study was to (I) investigate the genetic diversity and structure by AFLP markers in 36 populations of R. aureum from northeast China, (Ⅱ) reveal the relative contribution of geographical and environmental impacts on the distribution and genetic differentiation of R. aureum, (Ⅲ) identify outlier loci under selection and evaluate the association between outlier loci and environmental factors, and (Ⅳ) exactly calculate the development trend of population of R. aureum, as it is confronted with severe climate change and to provide information for designing effective conservation and management strategies. We found high genetic variation (I = 0.584) and differentiation among populations (ΦST = 0.703) and moderate levels of genetic diversity within populations of R. aureum. A significant relationship between genetic distance and environmental distance was identified, which suggested that the differentiation of different populations was caused by environmental factors. Using BayeScan and Dfdist, 42 outlier loci are identified and most of the outlier loci are associated with climate or relief factors, suggesting that these loci are linked to genes that are involved in the adaptability of R. aureum to the environment. Species distribution models (SDMs) showed that climate warming will cause a significant reduction in suitable areas for R. aureum, especially under the RCP 85 scenario. Our results help to understand the potential response of R. aureum to climatic changes and provide new perspectives for R. aureum resource management and conservation strategies.
Bioinspiration as a method of problem‐based STEM education: A case study with a class structured around the COVID‐19 crisis
Authors: Snell‐Rood Emilie C. , Smirnoff Dimitri , Cantrell Hunter , Chapman Kaila , Kirscht Elizabeth , Stretch Elizabeth 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBioinspiration is a promising lens for biology instruction as it allows the instructor to focus on current issues, such as the COVID‐19 pandemic. From social distancing to oxygen stress, organisms have been tackling pandemic‐related problems for millions of years. What can we learn from such diverse adaptations in our own applications? This review uses a seminar course on the COVID‐19 crisis to illustrate bioinspiration as an approach to teaching biology content. At the start of the class, students mind‐mapped the entire problem; this range of subproblems was used to structure the biology content throughout the entire class. Students came to individual classes with a brainstormed list of biological systems that could serve as inspiration for a particular problem (e.g., absorptive leaves in response to the problem of toilet paper shortages). After exploration of relevant biology content, discussion returned to the focal problem. Students dug deeper into the literature in a group project on mask design and biological systems relevant to filtration and transparency. This class structure was an engaging way for students to learn principles from ecology, evolution, behavior, and physiology. Challenges with this course design revolved around the interdisciplinary and creative nature of the structure; for instance, the knowledge of the participants was often stretched by engineering details. While the present class was focused on the COVID‐19 crisis, a course structured through a bioinspired approach can be applied to other focal problems, or subject areas, giving instructors a powerful method to deliver interdisciplinary content in an integrated and inquiry‐driven way.
Guest‐Induced Transformations in Metal‐Organic Cages
Authors: Percástegui Edmundo G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractStimuli‐responsive structural transformations are common in artificial coordination assemblies and can help expand the engineering of programmable functional materials. In particular, chemical guests have proven to act as stimuli and signals inducing structural interconversions in Metal‐Organic Cages (MOCs). In addition to cages, other related classes of coordination assemblies can express structural reorganization upon chemical binding to produce new MOC constructs, many of which do not form otherwise, and exhibit properties and functions not available before the transformation. This review highlights recent examples of such a class of guest‐induced transformations. The connection between changes and host–guest interactions is examined for both neutral and anionic guests, pointing out that in‐situ formed molecular cargoes may also exert conversions. Cases of mixtures of MOCs that redistribute upon encapsulation of complementary species are also featured. This review thus aims to provide an update and new methodological insights into guest‐responsive MOCs for enhancing their design and applications.
Synthesis of 1‐Tri(di)fluoromethyl 1,4‐Diketones Enabled by Radical Brook Rearrangement
Authors: Zhu Zhihong , Chen Xiang , Liu Shanshan , Zhang Jianjun , Shen Xiao 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHerein, we disclose the first and simple one‐pot‐two‐step process to the synthesis of 1‐difluoromethyl 1,4‐diketones, through Mn‐catalyzed radical Brook rearrangement. The methodology is also amenable to the synthesis of 1‐trifluoromethyl 1,4‐diketones. The products are efficiently converted to fluoroalkyl substituted furans, thiophenes, pyrroles and pyridazines, which are important structural motifs in natural products and pharmaceuticals.
Performance assessment of a desalination system integrated with ground heat exchanger for hydrogen and fresh water production
Authors: Hürdoğan Ertaç , Kara Osman 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGround heat exchangers, which enable the utilization of shallow geothermal energy, have been widely used in recent years in order to improve the performance of systems. In the present study, theoretical performance of a humidification–dehumidification desalination system integrated with a ground heat exchanger in order to increase the productivity of the system was investigated. The system employed photovoltaic–thermal panels and polymer electrolyte membranes to meet the electrical and thermal energy requirement as well as producing hydrogen, respectively. The present study examined the impact of each parameter, namely solar radiation, soil temperature, and mass flow rate on the gained output rate, thermal efficiency of the photovoltaic‐thermal panel, the amount of fresh water, and hydrogen production. The results revealed that the solar radiation, soil temperature, and the mass flow rate ratio had a significant impact on the performance of the system, and that the capacity of hydrogen and fresh water production, and the gained output ratio of the system were in the range of 0.08–0.16 kg/h, 2–16 kg/h, and 0.1–0.5, respectively.
Accessing a high‐voltage nonaqueous hybrid flow battery with a sodium‐methylphenothiazine chemistry and a sodium‐ion solid electrolyte
Authors: Yu Xingwen , Manthiram Arumugam 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe development of redox flow batteries (RFBs) with nonaqueous electrolytes offers the possibility of accessing a high cell‐operation voltage (no restrain of hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution potentials) and a low operation temperature (can be operated below the freezing point of water). Therefore, nonaqueous RFBs have recently garnered increasing attention. However, the cross‐mixing of liquid electrode/electrolyte materials has been plaguing the progress of the nonaqueous RFBs. Herein, we present a crossover‐free, high voltage nonaqueous hybrid flow battery (HFB) with a novel sodium‐methylphenothiazine (MPT) chemistry and a single‐ion solid‐electrolyte separator. The Na‐MPT redox couple delivers a high voltage of ~2.6 V when the cell was operated at a medium current density. A NASICON‐type solid electrolyte membrane (Na3Zr2Si2PO12) could circumvent the crossover of the liquids between the positive and negative electrodes, and meanwhile could maintain a single‐ion (Na+‐ion) conduction between the two electrodes to sustain the electrochemical reactions. Under such an electrochemical mechanism, the nonaqueous Na‐MPT HFB shows remarkable cycling performance.
Therapeutic Underuse and Delay in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Clinical Impact
Authors: Govalan Rajalakshmi , Luu Michael , Lauzon Marie , Kosari Kambiz , Ahn Joseph C. , Rich Nicole E , Nissen Nicholas , Roberts Lewis R. , Singal Amit G. , Yang Ju Dong 
Published: August 2021

Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) could be affected by lack of or delayed therapy. We aimed to characterize the prevalence, correlates, and clinical impact of therapeutic underuse and delay in patients with HCC. Patients with HCC diagnosed between 2010 and 2017 were analyzed from the United States National Cancer Database. Logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with no and delayed (>90 days after diagnosis) HCC treatment. Cox proportional hazards regression with landmark analysis assessed the association between therapeutic delay and overall survival (OS), accounting for immortal time bias. Of 116,299 patients with HCC, 24.2% received no treatment and 18.4% of treated patients had delayed treatment. Older age, Black, Hispanic, lower socioeconomic status, earlier year of diagnosis, treatment at nonacademic centers, Northeast region, increased medical comorbidity, worse liver dysfunction, and higher tumor burden were associated with no treatment. Among treated patients, younger age, Hispanic, Black, treatment at academic centers, West region, earlier tumor stage, and receipt of noncurative treatment were associated with treatment delays. In multivariable Cox regression with a landmark of 150 days, patients with and without treatment delays had similar OS (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98‐1.04) with a median survival of 33.7 vs. 32.1 months, respectively. However, therapeutic delay was associated with worse OS in patients who had tumor, nodes, and metastases (TNM) stage 1 (aHR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01‐1.11) or received curative treatment (aHR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.05‐1.18). Conclusion: One‐fourth of patients with HCC receive no therapy and one‐fifth of treated patients experience treatment delays. Both were associated with demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics of patients as well as facility type and region. The association between therapeutic delay and survival was stage and treatment dependent.
Short‐Term Safety of Repeated Acetaminophen Use in Patients With Compensated Cirrhosis
Authors: McGill Mitchell R. , James Laura P. , McCullough Sandra S. , Moran Jeffery H. , Mathews Samuel E. , Peterson Eric C. , Fleming Davis P. , Tripod Morgan E. , Vazquez Joel H. , Kennon‐McGill Stefanie , Spencer Horace J. , Dranoff Jonathan A. 
Published: August 2021

Current guidelines recommend restricting acetaminophen (APAP) use in patients with cirrhosis, but evidence to support that recommendation is lacking. Prior studies focused on pharmacokinetics (PK) of APAP in cirrhosis but did not rigorously examine clinical outcomes, sensitive biomarkers of liver damage, or serum APAP‐protein adducts, which are a specific marker of toxic bioactivation. Hence, the goal of this pilot study was to test the effects of regularly scheduled APAP dosing in a well‐defined compensated cirrhosis group compared to control subjects without cirrhosis, using the abovementioned outcomes. After a 2‐week washout, 12 subjects with and 12 subjects without cirrhosis received 650 mg APAP twice per day (1.3 g/day) for 4 days, followed by 650 mg on the morning of day 5. Patients were assessed in‐person at study initiation (day 1) and on days 3 and 5. APAP‐protein adducts and both conventional (alanine aminotransferase) and sensitive (glutamate dehydrogenase [GLDH], full‐length keratin 18 [K18], and total high‐mobility group box 1 protein) biomarkers of liver injury were measured in serum on the mornings of days 1, 3, and 5, with detailed PK analysis of APAP, metabolites, and APAP‐protein adducts throughout day 5. No subject experienced adverse clinical outcomes. GLDH and K18 were significantly different at baseline but did not change in either group during APAP administration. In contrast, clearance of APAP‐protein adducts was dramatically delayed in the cirrhosis group. Minor differences for other APAP metabolites were also detected. Conclusion: Short‐term administration of low‐dose APAP (650 mg twice per day, <1 week) is likely safe in patients with compensated cirrhosis. These data provide a foundation for future studies to test higher doses, longer treatment, and subjects who are decompensated, especially in light of the remarkably delayed adduct clearance in subjects with cirrhosis.
Effects of mining activities on the distribution, controlling factors, and sources of metals in soils from the Xikuangshan South Mine, Hunan Province
Authors: Xie Qing , Ren Bozhi , Hursthouse Andrew , Shi Xiyang 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this study, we analyzed 53 topsoil samples from the Xikuangshan South Mine in Hunan Province to investigate the distribution characteristics of pH and the concentrations of selected metals to determine the controlling factors and identify their sources. Kriging interpolation, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, the index of the geoaccumulation index, and Hakanson's potential ecological risk were applied. The results show that the mean values of Pb, As, Cd, and Sb in the study area were larger than the background value of mountain soil in Hunan Province, and only the average Cr concentration was slightly lower than the background value. The spatial distributions of pH and five metals in the soil were very different, indicating that pH had no significant effect on the distribution of the metals. The wind, rivers, and land-use patterns in different regions of the study area may be the main reasons for their distribution patterns. The correlation component and principal component analysis revealed that Pb showed positive correlations with Cr and Cd, respectively, and Sb-As and Cr-Cd showed strong paired correlations. The cumulative proportion of the first two components accounted for 70.516% of the total variance, which suggests that mining activities are a major source of As and Sb, whereas Pb, Cr, and Cd were derived from natural and anthropogenic sources. The geoaccumulation index revealed that the major pollutants in the soils were mainly Cd, followed by Sb and As. The soils in the study area were moderately contaminated with Pb and lightly polluted by Cr. The ecological hazards of each metal in descending order were Cd &gt; Sb &gt; As &gt; Pb &gt; Cr. The index of the comprehensive potential ecological risk for metals indicated that the Xikuangshan South Mine is at or above a moderate ecological risk level, with an extremely strong potential for ecological risks posed by Cd and Sb. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:748–756. © 2021 SETAC
KEY POINTS
The mean values of Pb, As, Cd and Sb in the Xikuangshan South Mine are over the background value of mountain soil in Hunan Province, only the average Cr content is slightly lower than the background value. pH had no significant effect on the spatial distribution of metals, the wind, rivers and land use patterns in different regions may be the main reasons for their distinguishing distribution patterns. The cumulative proportion of the first two components suggest mining activities were the major sources for As and Sb, natural and anthropogenic sources for Pb, Cr and Cd. The index of comprehensive potential ecological risk for metals indicated that the Xikuangshan South Mine was at or above the level of moderate ecological risk, with an extremely strong potential for the ecological risks pose by Cd and Sb.
Li4Ti5O12 spinel anode: Fundamentals and advances in rechargeable batteries
Authors: Zhang Hao , Yang Yang , Xu Hong , Wang Li , Lu Xia , He Xiangming 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) spinel material, ranking at the second large market share after graphite, is a promising anode material for lithium‐ion batteries due to its good cycle stability, rate capability, and safety with both conventional and low‐temperature electrolytes. However, several critical challenges, such as the low capacity and gassing issue, hindered the wide applications of LTO anode. Recent progress indicated that the LTO performances are possible to be further improved by novel strategies, such as heterogeneous phase control, surface engineering, or overlithiation. To rethink and develop advanced LTO anodes, this review intensively associates the performances and modification strategies with the electronics/crystal structures. From a thermodynamic/kinetic point of view, we summarized the data obtained from recently developed characterization techniques, and the results of electrochemical performances and fundamental structures of LTO to potentially address several key challenges and issues toward advanced LTO anodes. As a result, light is shed on the future research direction of the LTO anodes.image
Thyroid stimulating hormone aggravates diabetic retinopathy through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway
Authors: Lin Dong , Qin Ruijie , Guo Lixin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. High glucose‐induced mitochondrial apoptosis is involved in the loss of retinal pericytes (PCs), which is considered to be a predominant pathologic change of diabetic retinopathy (DR). A high thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) serum level is associated with an increased prevalence of DR in diabetic patients. Here, we investigated whether TSH regulated glucose‐induced PCs loss through TSH‐receptor (TSHR)‐dependent mitochondrial apoptosis. First, the serum TSH level was found to be an independent risk factor for DR in Type 2 diabetic study participants (odds ratio = 2.294; 95% confidence interval: 1.925–2.733; p ≤ 0.001). Second, human PCs were treated with different concentrations of glucose, with or without bovine TSH (b‐TSH). Glucose induced mitochondrial apoptosis through various mechanisms, including through regulating the expression of apoptosis‐related proteins and inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, which could be deteriorated by costimulation of glucose and b‐TSH. Additionally, we detected functional TSHR in PCs; blocking TSHR significantly restricted TSH‐induced apoptosis. Thus, the presence of functional TSHR in human retinal PCs may facilitate the effect of high TSH on high glucose‐induced PCs loss through TSHR‐dependent mitochondrial apoptosis.