bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Chalcogenide‐Germanosilicate Waveguides for High Performance Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Applications
Authors: Lai Choon Kong , Choi Duk‐Yong , Athanasios Nicholas J. , Yan Kunlun , Chong Wu Yi , Debbarma Sukanta , Ahmad Harith , Eggleton Benjamin J. , Merklein Moritz , Madden Stephen J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOn‐chip stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in arsenic trisulfide (As2S3) planar waveguides lead to a range of outstanding demonstrations in microwave photonics signal generation and processing. However, the lack of other integrated functionalities, high back reflections, and large in‐ and out‐fiber coupling losses in high index contrast waveguides cause a number of serious impairments and lessen the applicability of microwave photonic devices. In this report, a hybrid integration scheme is demonstrated where As2S3 waveguides optimized for SBS gain are coupled with very low losses via a vertical taper to a high index contrast and versatile germanosilicate (Ge:SiO2) platform. The Ge:SiO2 waveguide is optimally mode‐matched to commercially available high numerical aperture optical fiber to achieve very low coupling losses. The structure has very low back reflection due to the adiabatic nature of the taper and negligible refractive index difference across the fiber‐chip interface. The hybrid architecture exhibits a similar Brillouin gain coefficient to its monolithic counterpart but with an improvement of >3 dB/facet fiber‐to‐chip loss and >20 dB reduction in facet reflectivity. The hybrid structures demonstrated will bring chalcogenide‐based chip scale SBS devices closer to practical application.
Universal Patterning for 2D Van der Waals Materials via Direct Optical Lithography
Authors: Cho Seong Rae , Ahn Seonghun , Lee Seung Hyung , Ha Heonhak , Kim Tae Soo , Jo Min‐kyung , Song Chanwoo , Im Tae Hong , Rani Pragya , Gyeon Minseung , Cho Kiwon , Song Seungwoo , Jang Min Seok , Cho Yong‐Hoon , Lee Keon Jae , Kang Kibum 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAdvanced patterning techniques are essential to pursue applications of 2D van der Waals (vdW) materials in electrical and optical devices. Here, the direct optical lithography (DOL) of vdW materials by single‐pulse irradiation of high‐power light through a photomask is reported. The DOL exhibits large‐scale patterning with a sub‐micrometer resolution and clean surface, which can be applied to various combinations of vdW materials and substrates. In addition, the thermal profile during DOL is investigated using the finite element method, and the ideal conditions of DOL according to the materials and substrates are determined.
Holographic Sensors in Biotechnology
Authors: Davies Sam , Hu Yubing , Jiang Nan , Blyth Jeff , Kaminska Monika , Liu Yunzheng , Yetisen Ali K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs populations expand worldwide, medical care will need to diversify its data collection techniques to be able to provide adequate healthcare to global populations, this can be achieved through point‐of‐care analysis by wearable analytical devices. Holographic sensors are reusable optical biosensors with the capability to continuously monitor variations, generating the prospect of in vivo monitoring of patient homeostasis. Holographic optical sensors have emerged as an opportunity for low cost and real‐time point‐of‐care analysis of biomarkers to be realized. This review aims to summarize the fundamentals and fabrications of holographic sensors; a key focus will be directed to examining the biotechnology applications in a variety of analytical settings. Techniques covered include surface relief gratings, inverse opals, metal nanoparticle and nanoparticle free holographic sensors. This article provides an overview of holographic biosensing in applications such as pH, alcohol, ion, glucose, and drug detection, alongside antibiotic monitoring. Details of developments in fabrication and sensitizing techniques will be examined and how they have improved the applicability of holographic sensors to point‐of‐care analytics. Although holographic sensors have made significant progress in recent years, the current challenges, and requirements for advanced holographic technology to fulfil their future potential applications in biomedical devices will be discussed.
Targeted Delivery of Anesthetic Agents to Bone Tissues using Conductive Microneedles Enhanced Iontophoresis for Painless Dental Anesthesia
Authors: Seeni Razina Z. , Zheng Mengjia , Lio Daniel Chin Shiuan , Wiraja Christian , Mohd Yusoff Mohammad Firdaus Bin , Koh William Teck Yeow , Liu Yuchun , Goh Bee Tin , Xu Chenjie 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPain management during dental procedures is a cornerstone for successful daily practice. In current practice, the traditional needle and syringe injection is used to administer local anesthesia. However, the appearance of long needles and the pain associated with it often leads to dental anxiety deterring timely interventions. Microneedles (MNs) have emerged as a minimally invasive alternative to hypodermic needles and shown to be effective in transdermal drug delivery applications. In this article, the potential use of MNs for local anesthesia delivery in dentistry is explored. The development of a novel conductive MN array that can be used in combination with iontophoresis technique to achieve drug penetration through the oral mucosa and the underlying bone tissue is presented. The conductive MN array plays a dual‐role, creating micro‐conduits and lowering the resistance of the oral mucosa. The reduced tissue resistance further enhances the application of a low‐voltage current that is able to direct and accelerate the drug molecules to target the sensory nerves supplying teeth. The successful delivery of lidocaine using this new strategy in a clinically relevant rabbit incisor model is shown to be as effective as the current gold standard.
Ultrasensitive Freestanding and Mechanically Durable Artificial Synapse with Attojoule Power Based on Na‐Salt Doped Polymer for Biocompatible Neuromorphic Interface
Authors: Hu Luodan , Li Lei , Chang Kuan‐Chang , Lin Xinnan , Huang Pei , Zhang Shendong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe human brain, with high energy‐efficient and parallel processing ability, inspires to mitigate power issues perplexing von Neumann architecture. As one of the essential components constructing the human brain, the emulation of biological synapses exploiting electronic devices consuming power at a biological level lays the foundation for the implementation of energy‐efficient neuromorphic computing. Besides, signal matching between biologically‐related stimuli and the driving voltage of artificial synapses helps to realize intelligent neuromorphic interfaces and sustainable energy. Here, ultra‐sensitive artificial synapse stimulated at 1 mV with energy consumption of 132 attojoule/synaptic event is demonstrated. Biological signal matching and low power application are realized simultaneously based on sodium acetate (NaAc) doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) electrolyte. The biphasic current, which comprises the electrical‐ and ion‐mediation current component, contributes to enrich synaptic functions compared to monophasic synaptic behavior. Moreover, freestanding NaAc‐doped PVA membrane functions as both dielectric layer and mechanical support and facilitates to achieve flexible, transferable artificial synapse, which maintains functional stability at an ultralow voltage and power even after bending tests. Thus, encompassing superior sensitivity, low energy, and multiple functionalities with flexible, self‐supported, biocompatible property, takes a step to construct energetically‐efficient, complex neuromorphic systems for wearable, implantable medicines as well as smart bio‐electronic interfaces.
Efficient Visible‐to‐UV Photon Upconversion Systems Based on CdS Nanocrystals Modified with Triplet Energy Mediators
Authors: Hou Lili , Olesund Axel , Thurakkal Shameel , Zhang Xiaoyan , Albinsson Bo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDeveloping high‐performance visible‐to‐UV photon upconversion systems based on triplet–triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA‐UC) is highly desired, as it provides a potential approach for UV light‐induced photosynthesis and photocatalysis. However, the quantum yield and spectral range of visible‐to‐UV TTA‐UC based on nanocrystals (NCs) are still far from satisfactory. Here, three different sized CdS NCs are systematically investigated with triplet energy transfer to four mediators and four annihilators, thus substantially expanding the available materials for visible‐to‐UV TTA‐UC. By improving the quality of CdS NCs, introducing the mediator via a direct mixing fashion, and matching the energy levels, a high TTA‐UC quantum yield of 10.4% (out of a 50% maximum) is achieved in one case, which represents a record performance in TTA‐UC based on NCs without doping. In another case, TTA‐UC photons approaching 4 eV are observed, which is on par with the highest energies observed in optimized organic systems. Importantly, the in‐depth investigation reveals that the direct mixing approach to introduce the mediator is a key factor that leads to close to unity efficiencies of triplet energy transfer, which ultimately governs the performance of NC‐based TTA‐UC systems. These findings provide guidelines for the design of high‐performance TTA‐UC systems toward solar energy harvesting.
Trigger‐Detachable Hydrogel Adhesives for Bioelectronic Interfaces
Authors: Xue Yu , Zhang Jun , Chen Xingmei , Zhang Jiajun , Chen Guangda , Zhang Kuan , Lin Jingsen , Guo Chuanfei , Liu Ji 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRecent electronics technology development has provided unprecedented opportunities for enabling implantable bioelectronics for long‐term disease monitoring and treatment. Current electronics‐tissue interfaces are characterized by weak physical interactions, suffering from potential interfacial failure or dislocation during long‐term application. On the other hand, some new technologies can be used to achieve robust electronics‐tissue interfaces; however, such technologies are limited by potential risks and the discomfort associated with postdetachment of the bioelectronics. Here, a hydrogel‐based electronics‐tissue interface based on the exploitation of dynamic interactions (such as boronate‐diol complexation) that features an interfacial toughness over 400 J m−2 is presented. Moreover, these hydrogel adhesion layers are also trigger‐detachable by dissociating the dynamic complexes (i.e., addition of glucose). These hydrogel‐based bioelectronic interfaces enable the in vivo recording of physiological signals (i.e., electromyograph, blood pressure, or pulse rates). Upon mild triggering, these bioelectronics can be easily detached without causing any damage, trauma, or discomfort to the skin, tissues, and organs. This kind of trigger‐detachable hydrogel adhesives offer general applicability in bioelectronic interfaces, exhibiting promising utility in monitoring, modulating, and treating diseases where temporary monitoring of physiologic signals, interfacial robustness, and postremoval of bioelectronics are required.
Liquid Metal Welding to Suppress Li Dendrite by Equalized Heat Distribution
Authors: Wang Dong , Liu Yumin , Li Guanwu , Qin Chichu , Huang Lu , Wu Yingpeng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIt is important to understand the growth mechanism of Li dendrites for the protection of Li metal anodes. Herein, joule heat as another inducing mechanism for Li dendrites is proposed and demonstrated by experiments and theoretical simulations. A nonuniform interface structure can lead to disordered surface thermal distribution based on joule heat theory, which may induce chaotic nucleation and growth of dendrites. Based on this concept, a new strategy of liquid metal welding is explored to overcome such joule heat distribution issue. This strategy is universally compatible with other traditional protection routes such as solid electrode interphase films, charging protocols, and electrolytes. Multistrategy synergetic protection strategies result in remarkable performance.
Practicable Applications of Aggregation‐Induced Emission with Biomedical Perspective
Authors: Wang Yuqing , Xia Bozhang , Huang Qianqian , Luo Ting , Zhang Yuanyuan , Timashev Peter , Guo Weisheng , Li Fangzhou , Liang Xing‐Jie 
Published: August 2021

AbstractConsiderable efforts have been made into developing aggregation‐induced emission fluorogens (AIEgens)‐containing nano‐therapeutic systems due to the excellent properties of AIEgens. Compared to other fluorescent molecules, AIEgens have advantages including low background, high signal‐to‐noise ratio, good sensitivity, and resistance to photobleaching, in addition to being exempt from concentration quenching or aggregation‐caused quenching effects. The present review outlines the major developments in the biomedical applications of AIEgens‐containing systems. From a literature survey, the recent AIE works are reviewed and the reasons why AIEgens are chosen in various biomedical applications are highlighted. The research activities on AIEgens‐containing systems are increasing rapidly, therefore, the present review is timely.
Reproducible X‐ray Imaging with a Perovskite Nanocrystal Scintillator Embedded in a Transparent Amorphous Network Structure
Authors: Zhang Hao , Yang Ze , Zhou Min , Zhao Lei , Jiang Tingming , Yang Huiying , Yu Xue , Qiu Jianbei , Yang Yang (Michael) , Xu Xuhui 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMetal halide perovskites are emerging scintillator materials in X‐ray detection and imaging. However, the vulnerable structure of perovskites triggers unreliable performance when they are utilized in X‐ray detectors under cumulative dose irradiation. Herein, a self‐limited growth strategy is proposed to construct CsPbBr3 nanocrystals that are embedded in a transparent amorphous network structure, featuring X‐imaging with excellent resolution (≈16.8 lp mm−1), and fast decay time (τ = 27 ns). Interestingly, it is found that the performance degradation of the scintillator, caused by the damage from high‐dose X‐ray irradiation, can be fully recovered after a facile thermal treatment process. This indicates a superior recycling behavior of the explored perovskites scintillator for practical applications. The recoverability of the as‐explored scintillator is attributed to the low atom‐migration rate in the amorphous network with high‐viscosity (1 × 1014 cP). This result highlights the practical settlement of the promising perovskites for long‐term, cost‐effective scintillator devices.
High‐Efficiency Ion‐Exchange Doping of Conducting Polymers
Authors: Jacobs Ian E. , Lin Yue , Huang Yuxuan , Ren Xinglong , Simatos Dimitrios , Chen Chen , Tjhe Dion , Statz Martin , Lai Lianglun , Finn Peter A. , Neal William G. , D'Avino Gabriele , Lemaur Vincent , Fratini Simone , Beljonne David , Strzalka Joseph , Nielsen Christian B. , Barlow Stephen , Marder Seth R. , McCulloch Iain , Sirringhaus Henning 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMolecular doping—the use of redox‐active small molecules as dopants for organic semiconductors—has seen a surge in research interest driven by emerging applications in sensing, bioelectronics, and thermoelectrics. However, molecular doping carries with it several intrinsic problems stemming directly from the redox‐active character of these materials. A recent breakthrough was a doping technique based on ion‐exchange, which separates the redox and charge compensation steps of the doping process. Here, the equilibrium and kinetics of ion exchange doping in a model system, poly(2,5‐bis(3‐alkylthiophen‐2‐yl)thieno(3,2‐b)thiophene) (PBTTT) doped with FeCl3 and an ionic liquid, is studied, reaching conductivities in excess of 1000 S cm−1 and ion exchange efficiencies above 99%. Several factors that enable such high performance, including the choice of acetonitrile as the doping solvent, which largely eliminates electrolyte association effects and dramatically increases the doping strength of FeCl3, are demonstrated. In this high ion exchange efficiency regime, a simple connection between electrochemical doping and ion exchange is illustrated, and it is shown that the performance and stability of highly doped PBTTT is ultimately limited by intrinsically poor stability at high redox potential.
Manipulating the Local Coordination and Electronic Structures for Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Wu Zhi‐Peng , Zhang Huabin , Zuo Shouwei , Wang Yan , Zhang Song Lin , Zhang Jing , Zang Shuang‐Quan , Lou Xiong Wen (David) 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNon‐noble‐metal‐based nanomaterials can exhibit extraordinary electrocatalytic performance toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) by harnessing the structural evolution during catalysis and the synergistic effect between elements. However, the structure of active centers in bimetallic/multimetallic catalysts is under long‐time debate in the catalysis community. Here, an efficient bimetallic Ni–Fe selenide‐derived OER electrocatalyst is reported and the structure–activity correlation during the OER evolution studied. By combining experiments and theoretical calculations, a conceptual advance is provided, in that the local coordination structure distortion and disordering of active sites inherited from the pre‐catalyst and post‐formed by a further reconstruction are responsible for boosting the OER performance. The active center is identified on Ni sites showing moderate bindings with oxygenous intermediates rather than Fe sites with strong and poisonous adsorptions. These findings provide crucial understanding in manipulating the local coordination and electronic structures toward rational design and fabrication of efficient OER electrocatalysts.
Orbital Angular Momentum from Self‐Assembled Concentric Nanoparticle Rings
Authors: Vargo Emma , Evans Katherine M. , Wang Qingjun , Sattler Andrew , Qian Yiwen , Yao Jie , Xu Ting 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRing‐shaped nanostructures can focus, filter, and manipulate electromagnetic waves, but are challenging to incorporate into devices using standard nanofabrication techniques. Directed self‐assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) on lithographically patterned templates has successfully been used to fabricate concentric rings and spirals as etching masks. However, this method is limited by BCP phase behavior and material selection. Here, a straightforward approach to generate ring‐shaped nanoparticle assemblies in thin films of supramolecular nanocomposites is demonstrated. DSA is used to guide the formation of concentric rings with radii spanning 150–1150 nm and ring widths spanning 30–60 nm. When plasmonic nanoparticles are used, ring nanodevice arrays can be fabricated in one step, and the completed devices produce high‐quality orbital angular momentum (OAM). Nanocomposite DSA simplifies and streamlines nanofabrication by producing metal structures without etching or deposition steps; it also introduces interparticle coupling as a new design axis. Detailed analysis of the nanoparticle ring assemblies confirms that the supramolecular system self‐regulates the spatial distribution of its components, and thus exhibits a degree of flexibility absent in DSA of BCPs alone, where structures are determined by polymer‐pattern incommensurability. The present studies also provide guidelines for developing self‐regulating DSA as an alternative to incommensurability‐driven methods.
A Supramolecular Antidote to Macromolecular Toxins Prepared through Coassembly of Macrocyclic Amphiphiles
Authors: Pan Yu‐Chen , Yue Yu‐Xin , Hu Xin‐Yue , Li Hua‐Bin , Guo Dong‐Sheng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPoisoning is a leading cause of admission to medical emergency departments and intensive care units. Supramolecular detoxification, which involves injecting supramolecular receptors that bind with toxins to suppress their biological activity, is an emerging strategy for poisoning treatment; it has few requirements and a broad application scope. However, it is still a formidable challenge to design supramolecular therapeutic materials as an antidote to macromolecular toxins, because the large size, flexible conformation, and presence of multiple and diverse binding sites of biomacromolecules hinder their recognition. Herein, a supramolecular antidote to macromolecular toxins is developed through the coassembly of macrocyclic amphiphiles, relying on heteromultivalent recognition between the coassembled components and toxic macromolecules. The coassembly of amphiphilic cyclodextrin and calixarene strongly and selectively captures melittin, a toxin studied herein; this imparts various therapeutic effects such as inhibiting the interactions of melittin with cell membranes, alleviating melittin cytotoxicity and hemolytic toxicity, reducing the mortality rate of melittin‐poisoned mice, and mitigating damage to major organs. The use of the proposed antidote overcomes the limitation of supramolecular detoxification applicability to only small‐molecular toxins. The antidote can also detoxify other macromolecular toxins as long as selective and strong binding is achieved because of the coassembling tunability.
Hot‐Spin Casting Synthesis of Freestanding Cs2AgBiBr6 Double Perovskite Facet‐Oriented Microcrystals for Efficient Photodetectors
Authors: Hossain Mozakkar , Sheikh Md Sariful , Rao K. D. M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFacet‐orientated double perovskite (DP) microcrystals (MCs) are of particular interest in optoelectronics due to the special symmetry and homogeneous interfaces, which extend the carrier lifetime and enhance the mobility to realize robust device performance. Here, a simple hot‐spin casting method is developed to instantaneously synthesize the highly crystalline lead‐free halide DP Cs2AgBiBr6 MCs with facet‐orientation. The low temperature (130 °C) hot‐spin casting synthesis of DP MCs instigates growth only along the highly packed (111) plane attributed to heterogeneous nucleation. The Cs2AgBiBr6 DP MCs demonstrate reduced lattice parameters with enhanced light absorbance resulting in decreased bandgap (ΔEg ≈ 0.23 eV). The facet‐oriented DP MCs exhibit the enhancement in photoluminescence and carrier lifetime compared to the nanocrystalline thin‐film. Moreover, the DP MCs are successfully transferred on the desired substrate using micro‐imprint lithography keeping its original orientation intact. The DP Cs2AgBiBr6 MCs‐based photodetectors manifest broader spectral response, high detectivity (1.72 × 1011 Jones) and improved external quantum efficiency (EQE, 451%). The freestanding and facet orientated DP MCs synthesis is easily extendable to other types of halide perovskites and has the potential to fabricate high‐performance optoelectronic devices.
Complexions at the Electrolyte/Electrode Interface in Solid Oxide Cells
Authors: Türk Hanna , Schmidt Franz‐Philipp , Götsch Thomas , Girgsdies Frank , Hammud Adnan , Ivanov Danail , Vinke Izaak C. , de Haart L.G.J. (Bert) , Eichel Rüdiger‐A. , Reuter Karsten , Schlögl Robert , Knop‐Gericke Axel , Scheurer Christoph , Lunkenbein Thomas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRapid deactivation presently limits a wide spread use of high‐temperature solid oxide cells (SOCs) as otherwise highly efficient chemical energy converters. With deactivation triggered by the ongoing conversion reactions, an atomic‐scale understanding of the active triple‐phase boundary between electrolyte, electrode, and gas phase is essential to increase cell performance. Here, a multi‐method approach is used comprising transmission electron microscopy and first‐principles calculations and molecular simulations to untangle the atomic arrangement of the prototypical SOC interface between a lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) anode and a yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte in the as‐prepared state after sintering. An interlayer of self‐limited width with partial amorphization and strong compositional gradient is identified, thus exhibiting the characteristics of a complexion that is stabilized by the confinement between two bulk phases. This offers a new perspective to understand the function of SOCs at the atomic scale. Moreover, it opens up a hitherto unrealized design space to tune the conversion efficiency.