bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceptions and attitudes of University of Johannesburg chiropractic students toward a blended learning approach and a shift to an e-learning approach necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Ismail Fatima , Yelverton Christopher , Rademan Rolene , Peterson Cynthia 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective
This study aimed to explore and compare the perceptions and attitudes of chiropractic students on a blended learning offering in 2019 and a subsequent shift to an e-learning approach in 2020 owing to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
This was an exploratory descriptive study of 4th-year BHSc chiropractic students enrolled in the Clinical and Applied Biomechanics IV module in 2019 (n = 31) and 2020 (n = 33). The survey used close-ended Likert scale questions collected from 29 July to 14 August 2020. Data were analyzed using frequencies and descriptions, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability. Trends and interrelationships of and between student attitude, satisfaction, social influences, ease of use, accessibility, and effectivity were investigated for each year and compared between successive years' cohorts.

Results
Students were mostly female (76.6%), aged 20 to 24 years (84.4%). Although both cohorts showed similar positive attitudes, accessibility, and satisfaction levels, the e-learning group showed increased effectivity (p = .016) and ease of use (p = .038) compared with the blended learning cohort. Face-to-face time with the lecturer was shown to be more important to the blended learning cohort (p = .006). Strong correlations were demonstrated in both cohorts between accessibility and satisfaction with attitude, effectivity, and ease of use.

Conclusion
Findings suggest that students were more receptive to an e-learning approach than they may have been in the past. This may be as a direct consequence of the response to COVID-19, and the adapted offerings of the curriculum.
Use of Social Media by Farmers of Uttarakhand
Authors: Kaur Sandeep , Sharma Neha , Pipaliya Gayatri , Kameswari V. L. V. 
Published: December 2021

Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the Indian economy and can benefit tremendously from the application of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). ICTs can be especially important in bringing changes to socio-economic conditions of small and marginal farmers. A study was conducted in using Accidental sampling method with a sample size of 99 in Udham Singh Nagar District of Uttarakhand to find the characteristics of the farmers and to assess the use of ICTs by the farmers. The finding of the study revealed that majority of the farmers belonged to middle age group, practiced farming as their main occupation and maximum number of farmers were educated upto graduation level. Majority of them owned smart phones and had internet connectivity on their mobile phone. Samsung mobile phones were used by maximum number of the farmers. It was also found that majority of the farmers used WhatsApp, Facebook, YouTube frequently and mainly for entertainment purpose. However, majority of them were not using email, agricultural websites/ portals, agricultural apps and Twitter.
Assessment of the Effect of Cutting Length on Sprout and Growth of Pterocarpus santalinoides L’hérit. Ex Dc
Authors: Fredrick C. , Ekeke B. A. , Omokhua G. E. , Alex A. 
Published: December 2021

Aims: This study evaluated the effect of cutting lengths on sprouts and seedling growth of P. santalinoides.
Study Design: The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomised Design (CRD).
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management Nursery, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, between April 2019 and March 2020.
Methodology: Ten (10) cuttings per cutting length were planted in a polybag filled with forest topsoil. The treatments are; 13, 20, 25 and 33 cm cutting lengths. Five seedlings per treatment were randomly selected and dried for biomass. Emergence of sprouts, number of leaves and branches, survival rate, number of cuttings that sprouted, sprout length, root length and biomass were determined and subjected to analysis of variance.
Results: Sprouts emergence occurred earliest in 25 cm cuttings (7 days) and latest in 13 and 20 cm cuttings (12 days). There were significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in leaf number at month 1, number of branches at months 1, 3, 5 and 9, cutting length at month 2 and root to shoot ratio and non-significant differences (P > 0.05) in leaf number at months 3,5,7,9 and 11, number of branches at months 7 and 11, number of sprouts, cutting length at month 12, root length, shoot biomass, root biomass and total fresh and dry weight. Twenty five (25) cm long cutting enhanced sprout parameters while 33 cm long cutting enhanced root parameters.
Conclusion: The result showed that 25 and 33 cm long cuttings are most suitable cutting lengths and are therefore recommended for growth of the species.
Impact of Balance Training and Co-ordination Exercises in Post-Operative Left Cerebellopontine Angle Tumor: A Case Report
Authors: Akhuj Aditi , Samal Snehal , Kovela Rakesh Krishna , Dagal Ragini , Thimoty Rebecca 
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Acoustic neuromas are most common tumors of CP angle, accounting more than 90% of all such tumors. Meningioma, primary cholesteratoma and facial nerve schwanoma are the different type of tumors. Acoustic neuroma is a benign tumor situates in CP angle which has a fibrous growth and originates from the division of vestibulochochlear nerve.
Aim: Impact of Balance Training and Co-ordination Exercises in Post-Operative Left Cerebellopontine Angle Tumor
Case Presentation: A 40 year old male with right hand dominance was referred to physiotherapy department. On examination he presented mild impairment in balance and co-ordination, assisted walking.
Discussion: This case report is an important to the published literature on rehabilitation of a patient witha CPA tumor, as it presents the sequential management in the patients post CPA tumor.
Conclusion: Acoustic neuroma is most common CPA tumor. Management of CPA tumor is important to improve quality of life. As per the reference articles and the exercises planned can progressively improve balance and co-ordination of patients.
Using Herbal Medicine for Dental Pain in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence and Knowledge Assessment
Authors: Mandorah Ayman , Wali Othman , Alqais Malak , Alsaegh Layla , Fatani Buthaina , Alomar Ziyad , Kabli Razan , BinSalman Rawan , Alqubali Maha , Albalawi Alanoud , Abdullah Abeer , Alshahrani Faten , Alqahtani Abeer , Alqahtani Rahaf , Alzahrani Khames T. 
Published: December 2021

Background: The dental community has started to use natural plant properties to relieve dental pain. Besides their significant serious side effect, Herb’s ingredients should be chosen wisely. However, many studies are conducted to find out the herb’s information due to the lack of randomized controlled clinical trials. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and the knowledge of the effect of using herbal medicine for dental pain among Saudi population.
Methodology: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi Arabia between September 2020 and October 2021. based on a structured questionnaire among Saudi populations. Structured self-administrated questionnaires in English and Arabic languages were used as a study tool. Authors collected the information using social media channels through google forms. SPSS 26 was used for data entry and data analysis.
Results: The study included 4213 participants. 25% of study sample were males and 75% were females. 51.6% aged between 20- 30 years old. 61.8% of all participants use herbs to relieve toothache (82% of them use clove or clove oil and 36% use thyme). Think herbs are safe and free from side effects in treating toothache. 8% noticed side effects or damage while using herbs to relieve dental pain (27% of them swelling, 21% sharp stomach pain, 21% hypersensitive and 17% bleeding).
Conclusion: The Saudi population show relatively good knowledge level and practice towards herbs use in dentistry. The use of herbs to relieve toothache was significantly associated with female gender, age, residence area in western region and average monthly income.
Safety of Weekly Primaquine in Glucose 6 Phosphatase Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficient Children
Authors: Shaikh Salma , Chohan Muhammad Nadeem , Touseef Muhammad , Buriro Hafiz Wajid Ali , Shah Mushtaque Ali , Muzaffar Sehrish 
Published: December 2021

Aim: To assess the Safety of weekly Primaquine in Glucose 6 Phosphatase Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient children, for radical treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria
Study Design: cross sectional study
Place and Duration: Pediatrics Out Patient Department, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Hyderabad from 11 January 2018 to 31st August 2019 (total 20 months’ duration)
Methodology: A sample of 40 patients was studied during study period. Male children between 4 years to 12 years of age having confirmed vivax malaria were included in the study. If G6PD result showed decreased level of G6PD level then, they were enrolled for study. MP was checked by thick and thin slide method. 5 ml blood was taken in anticoagulant bottle for G6PD, liver function test, creatinine, complete blood count, and reticulocyte count tests. Haemoglobin < 7 g/dL, reticulocyte count > 4, SGPT > 80, G6PD Level < 60% of normal and creatinine > 1.2 was considered significant. Treatment was given with Artemether and Lumefantrine for 3 days while Primaquine, 0 .75 mg base/kg body weights once a week was given for 8 weeks. Patients were followed at OPD initially on 3rd day of therapy then every week for 8 weeks for any hemolysis.
Results: There was no hemolysis during the first week and 8 weeks after therapy. Most common side effect was abdominal pain 4 (10%). Mean hemoglobin was 11.8mg/dl. Plasmodium vivax was negative on 3rd day of therapy, it was also negative on 8 week of therapy. Reticulocyte count, Liver function test, creatinine were also normal on 8 weeks of therapy.
Conclusion: Primaquine 0.75mg//kg/week for total eight weeks is highly effective for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax in G6PD deficient children. There is no recurrence of Plasmodium vivax after 8 weeks of therapy. We found this regimen safe as there was no hemolysis demonstrated in children.
Animals, in Zoroastrianism
Authors: Moazami Mahnaz 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn Zoroastrianism the entire creation is divided into two main groups belonging to the opposing powers of good and evil. The world in which we live is a mixture of these two powers which not only determine the lives of humans, but also control that of animals. The “beneficent animals” (Avestan: gao.spəṇta‐; Middle Persian:gōspand) are the creatures of the Good Spirit/Ohrmazd and the “evil animals” (Avestan: xrafstra‐; Middle Persian:xrafstar) are the creatures of the Evil Spirit/Ahriman. Beneficent animals (cattle, dogs, and other domestic animals) all play important roles in promoting human welfare; they can be tamed, eaten, or sacrificed to the deities. Opposed to them are evil animals (frogs, scorpions, lizards, and snakes) which are potentially harmful to human beings and their agricultural crops or else hideous and obnoxious in aspect; they are regarded as inedible and unsuitable as sacrificial offerings. Eliminating the evil animals was regarded as a highly meritorious deed for Zoroastrians and could be part of atonement for various sins and purification rituals.
Law in Pre‐Islamic Iran
Authors: Jany János 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis entry considers the history, sources, legal theory, and substantive law of ancient Persia, mainly during the time of the Sasanians (224–651ce). It examines the historic process by which Persian law developed into Zoroastrian law and how legal theory reflected this new situation. Substantive law mainly concerns secular law, particularly family law and criminal law, and their administration.
Fire Temples, Pre‐Islamic Religions
Authors: Farridnejad Shervin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

An ever‐burning sacred fire and the cults of its veneration and maintenance have always held an essential position in the Zoroastrian religion and its rituals. However, less is known about the consecrated building or fire temple in which the ever‐burning fire was kept from the early stages of the religion. It seems that the temple cult of fire and the building of fire temples developed at the latest from the mid part of the Achaemenian period (fourth century
bce
) onward and has continued up to the present day. Fire temples remained the most prevalent religious architectural structure for housing holy fires and for the performance of the holiest Zoroastrian rituals during the Parthian and Sasanian periods, most prominently in the form of the Chahar‐Taq, i.e. the four‐arched domed square chambers.
Cotton in Africa
Authors: Tallet Gaëlle 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cotton in Africa during antiquity comes in various forms: seeds and fibers, of two different origins (Indian and African), yarns and fabrics. In addition to a circuit of cotton textiles imported from India and the South Arabian Peninsula, recent historical, archaeological, and archaeobotanical research has revealed an African culture of cotton and production of cotton fabrics, limited for the moment to the northeastern quarter of Africa. The very high added value of the product, which is also ecologically adapted to certain African environments, notably oases, has contributed to its integration into trans‐Saharan and Mediterranean connectivity. This entry presents the archaeological discoveries of cotton seeds, fibers, and textiles in northeast Africa and opens avenues of reflection on a cash crop inserted in African mobility and trade relations with the Roman Mediterranean, and its potential impact on social organization.
Food Culture in Highland Ethiopia
Authors: Lyons Diane 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFood culture in the Ethiopian highlands is associated with the Habashat super‐regional identity. This identity applies to Semitic‐speaking and Orthodox Christian highlanders. Habashat cuisine and identity developed over the past 2000 years or more as part of the formation of the Aksumite kingdom in the first millenniumceand the Abyssinian state in the second millenniumce. The foods used in the cuisine include domesticated plants and animals of Near Eastern, African, Asian, and American origin. Habashat food culture plays a role in creating common social identities in shared dishes and beverages that people across the highlands enjoy. The cuisine is shaped by the religious proscriptions of the Orthodox Christian Church, and by the historic needs of Aksumite and Abyssinian rulers to distinguish themselves from the people that they ruled.
Sasanians
Authors: Daryaee Touraj 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Sasanians established an empire in the Near East which held power over modern‐day Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, and parts of Arabia and the Caucasus. The Sasanians, with the rise of Ardashir I to power in 224 until the death of Yazdgerd III in 651, held a huge landmass together and brought prosperity, while defending themselves against the Roman Empire in the West and the nomadic tribes and kingdoms in the East and the South.
Shrines
Authors: Ichumbaki Elgidius B. , Schmidt Peter R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Social problems and related disasters continue to affect many societies in Africa and beyond. Likewise, various communities continue to seek solutions and/or alternatives for such problems and disasters they regularly encounter. One among several solutions is conducting ritual practices at various localities including hills, major trees, at monumental structures, in caves, and within major forests. This entry examines places commonly known as shrines.
African Furnaces, Smelting, Refining, and Smithing
Authors: Lyaya Edwinus Chrisantus 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFor over two and half millennia, African people have used iron and steel for various purposes including hunting, fishing, intertribal wars, marriage, coronation rituals, decoration, and agriculture. Besides iron and steel, African people have also used copper, gold, and tin. This entry discusses iron and steel in terms of furnaces, smelting, refining, and smithing. Archaeological, experimental, and analytical techniques have shown that African iron technology was greatly variable across time and space. Some societies, particularly in the African Great Lakes region, involved three stages of iron technology: smelting, refining, and (primary and secondary) smithing, while others did not – involving smelting and smithing alone. Another feature of iron technology is that there is neither archaeological nor archaeometallurgical evidence of the production of liquid cast iron in Africa. African iron production critically incorporated rituals, symbols, and techno‐medicines in its technological processes.
Zhuangzi
Authors: Porat Roy 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTheZhuangzi莊子 is a late Warring States text which is regarded as one of China's greatest philosophical and literary masterpieces and, along with theLaozi老子 (Daodejing道德經), as one of the two fundamental works of Daoism. TheZhuangziis famous for its vibrant style and original thought, which had a tremendous influence on Chinese thinkers and writers of the past two millennia, as well as on the formation of Chinese Buddhism, especially Chan (Zen).
Tsinghua University Bamboo Strips
Authors: Foster Christopher J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn July 2008, Tsinghua University acquired a large collection of Warring States bamboo‐strip manuscripts. This collection, often referred to as the “Tsinghua strips,” includes historical anecdotes featuring speeches and poetry, political and philosophical treatises, manuals for divination and calculations, ritual and prayer scripts, medical recipes and more. A number of the Tsinghua manuscripts correspond to titles in theShangshuandYi Zhoushuclassics, providing fresh evidence by which to assess the nature of these important works and their complex histories. Other manuscripts bear long‐lost texts not seen among the received corpus, offering a wealth of new insights into early Chinese thought and culture. The Tsinghua strips, moreover, have advanced research on Pre‐Qin paleography, manuscript production, and related fields. Unfortunately, this collection was not archaeologically excavated, but acquired from the antiquities market. While the majority of scholars accept the authenticity of the Tsinghua strips, the lack of archaeological context impedes study of these manuscripts, and concerns have been raised about the professional ethics of working on looted artifacts.
Mawangdui Manuscripts
Authors: Waring Luke 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

The Mawangdui manuscripts, comprising some forty documents made of silk, bamboo, and wood, were recovered from Tomb 3 at the Mawangdui tomb site in Changsha, Hunan province. Excavated in 1973, the tomb probably belonged to the Western Han (202
bce
–9
ce
) dynasty nobleman Li Xi (d. ca. 168
bce
). The manuscripts created an international sensation when they were first discovered, and their importance has been likened to that of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Comprising early editions of important texts as well as previously unknown works, they are invaluable sources for the study of early Chinese philosophy, history, divination, and medicine. In addition, as the only significant collection of ancient Chinese silk manuscripts, they have revolutionized our understanding of early Chinese textual practices and provided an insight into the roles played by manuscripts in early Chinese tombs.
Qi
Authors: Cook Constance A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Literate diviners and philosophers in the lands that would become China in 221
bce
called the invisible forces of life, death, and regeneration by the term
qi
. Understanding the different modes and flow of
qi
in the body and the larger cosmos has been key to the practice of Chinese medicine and self‐cultivation practices. The earliest documentation for the term dates to the fourth century
bce
and the fact that it was written with different graphs may signify an evolving meaning.
Implementation of Synaptic Device Using Ultraviolet Ozone Treated Water‐in‐Bisalt/Polymer Electrolyte‐Gated Transistor
Authors: Lee Haeyeon , Jin Minho , Na Hyun‐Jae , Im Changik , Lee Jae Hak , Kim Jiyeon , Gong Yong Jun , Lee Chan , Lee Eungkyu , Kim Youn Sang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractElectrolyte‐gated transistors (EGTs) have been extensively studied as a next‐generation neuromorphic device mimicking the biological ionic flux in synapses. However, its long‐term plasticity characteristic lasts only for few seconds because of the rapid self‐discharge of electrical double layer. Here, ultraviolet ozone (UVO) treated water‐in‐bisalt (WiBS)/polymer electrolyte‐gated synaptic transistor (WEST) which excellently implements multiple synaptic functions is proposed. Ultraviolet (UV) light and reactive oxygen radicals generated during UVO treatment form trap sites on the surface of active layer, causing lithium cations in the WiBS/polymer electrolyte to be captured at the electrolyte/active layer interface. The UVO treated WEST shows enhanced nonvolatile memory performance for 10 000 s, up to 1186 times longer than that of the untreated WEST. Also, near‐ideal weight update over 10 000 cycle tests with 0.32 and −0.55 nonlinearities of long‐term potentiation and depression is acquired with a ten times improved symmetricity. These results confirm that the surface engineering is a key technique for sophisticated ion transport, and demonstrate various applicability of EGTs as a neuromorphic device.
Crystal Water‐Assisted Additional Capacity for Nickel Hydroxide Anode Materials
Authors: Kim Hyunwoo , Lee Wontae , Choi Woosung , Yun Soyeong , Lee Eunkang , Yoon Won‐Sub 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTo further increase the energy density of rechargeable batteries to meet the rapidly growing needs of high‐energy consuming devices, various materials are tested as anode materials. Some of these newly developed anode materials exhibit anomalously high capacities that exceed their theoretical values. Advanced analytical techniques have revealed that unconventional reaction mechanisms account for these extra capacities. However, despite the potential to take current battery technology development to the next level, research on the utilization of these reactions is currently limited. Herein, a new strategy is proposed to maximize the reaction of ‐OH components by using crystal water to increase the extra capacity obtained from the abnormal reactions of LiOH species. In addition to the LiOH phase formed by the conversion reaction of metal hydroxides, the H2O inside Ni(OH)2 crystals contributes to the formation of LiOH, which then reacts with lithium. As a result, water‐containing Ni(OH)2 exhibits greater reversible capacities than bare Ni(OH)2 and NiO, thereby confirming the beneficial effects of crystal water. This novel concept for the enhancement of electrochemical ion storage capacities through the introduction of crystal water to conversion‐based anode materials can expand the design factors for maximizing the available capacities of active materials.