bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Head injury and diving: A review
Authors: Green R. D. , Leitch D. R. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryA number of prospective and trained divers experience head injury. The current guidelines for assessing these cases are inappropriate. This review was undertaken to clarify the issue. Head injury was considered in relation to possible complications in diving such as post-traumatic epilepsy, cerebral oxygen toxicity and decompression sickness. It was concluded that an injury resulting in not more than ten minutes unconsciousness and one hour of post traumatic amnesia without any localising signs would be acceptable. Head injury in trained divers should result in suspension of diving for three weeks. The significance of minor sequelae and linear skull fractures are also discussed. Ancillary investigations such as EEG are considered to be of little use.
The effect of exposure to simulated ship fire-fighting spray systems on the transfer factor for the lung
Authors: Searing Caroline S. M. , Golden F St C 
Published: October 2021

SummaryThe effect of inhalation of sea water mists of four different intensities (10, 20, 30 and 40 1 m−2 min−1) from a firefighting sprinkler system was investigated in seven volunteer subjects. Measurements of transfer factor taken before and after exposure to the sprays showed no consistent changes. Those changes that were evident were more pronounced following exposure to the less intense sprays, but it was considered that these were attributable to diesel oil contamination on that occasion. The effects of aspiration of diesel contaminated water and the diurnal variation in transfer factor are discussed.
Training for the role of Staff Nurse—Professional and personal preparation of recently qualified Registered General Nurses in the QARNNS
Authors: Wellings P. R. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryRecently qualified Registered General Nurses (RGN) in Queen Alexandra’s Royal Naval Nursing Service (QARNNS) undergo a four week management block prior to taking up Staff Nurse posts on the wards. The aim of the block is to introduce students to the principles of leadership and management, to foster an interest in world affairs and service matters, and to develop certain skills not included in the basic nurse training curriculum. An important secondary role of the block is to enable a proper assessment of the nurse’s managerial and leadership ability to be made, both real and potential. The development of the management block is discussed and the unusual assessment methods described.
Four cases of spinal cord compression: The need for early diagnosis
Authors: Bradley R. K. , Murch S. H. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryFour cases of spinal cord compression, with symptoms and signs evolving over several years or as quickly as two days, are presented. The symptoms and signs of extrinsic cord compression are described and briefly contrasted with those of intrinsic cord or cauda equina lesions. The need for early clinical diagnosis is emphasised.
Caries activity in a sample of 25-year olds—Sugars or dentistry?
Authors: Alexander D. C. C. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryA survey was performed in which the dental records of a sample of 25-year old RN personnel were analysed for increases in dental caries and restorative status since entry into the Service. Mean annual increments of 0.26 teeth and 0.74 surfaces occurred. The highest increases were found in the records of those who had served the longest, but the greatest number of courses of treatment occurred in those who on entry already had high caries scores. The possible causes of this continuing disease process are discussed and in conclusion it is put forward that dental health is being achieved in the Royal Navy by the treatment of disease by restorative dentistry rather than by the utilisation of proven and effective methods of prevention.
Sudden hearing loss due to coincident perilymph fistula and subluxation of the incudo-stapedial joint
Authors: Frampton M. C. , Counter R. T. , Garth R. J. N. , d’E Meredith A. P. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA case of deafness due to coincident perilymph fistula and subluxation of the incudo-stapedial joint is presented. Prompt surgical intervention confirmed the nature of the injury and repair resulted in a return to near normal hearing levels.
The first Antarctic winter in tents: The Joint Services Expedition to Brabant Island (Part 3)
Authors: Oakley E. H. N. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryThe final part of the account of this expedition describes experience and assessments of shelters, clothing, methods of travel, etc. Although the team lived throughout the winter in tents, a cardboard hut proved invaluable and easy to transport by air. The most robust design of tent was the Antarctic Pyramid, but this was not portable and proved cold in its lower regions. Lightweight dome tents were used for travelling, but needed protection from winds greater than 60 knots. Many different garments were taken. Although most were worn continuously for periods of three to nine months without their (or the underlying body) being washed, most performed very well. No subjective difference was observed between synthetic and natural fibre underwear in the face of these conditions. Foot and hand wear were less satisfactory. Insulation between body and ground was found to be very important in tents. Travel was largely achieved using ski-mountaineering techniques wearing rucsacs, and towing individual sledges (pulks). These enabled a lightweight, mobile and relatively cheap expedition, and should be considered for similar work in the future.
Actigraph measurements of work/sleep patterns during a Navy Operation
Authors: Brooks C. J. , Shergold D. J. , Redmond D. P. , Angus R. G. , Heslegrave R. J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCrew sleep-wake patterns were investigated using the new technology of actigraphy. During a routine seven day coastal patrol in HMCS Saguenay, the devices were worn by 20 personnel; eight dayworkers, eight ‘rotating shift’ watchkeepers, and four senior crew. To assess the validity of actigraphic data the results were compared with subjective sleep reports. Analyses showed that the actigraphic estimates of sleep quantity exceeded the subjective estimates by about one hour for watchkeepers and senior crew. There was no difference between the two estimates for dayworkers. Reasons suggested for differences between actigraphic and subjective sleep quantity estimates are discussed. Further laboratory studies are required to determine threshold sleep values for the actigraph. Once these studies have been completed the actigraph will have great utility for helping to determine optimal work/rest/sleep regimes for operational environments.
Geographic and Regional Variability in Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Stroke Thrombolysis in the United States
Authors: Suolang Deji , Chen Bridget J. , Wang Nae-Yuh , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Faigle Roland 
Published: October 2021

Background and Purpose:
Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) after ischemic stroke is underutilized in racially/ethnically minoritized groups. We aimed to determine the regional and geographic variability in racial/ethnic IVT disparities in the United States.

Methods:
Acute ischemic stroke admissions between 2012 and 2018 were identified in the National Inpatient Sample. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test the association between IVT and race/ethnicity, stratified by geographic region and controlling for demographic, clinical, and hospital characteristics.

Results:

Of the 545 509 included cases, 47 031 (8.6%) received IVT. Racially/ethnically minoritized groups had significantly lower adjusted odds of IVT compared with White people in the South Atlantic region (odds ratio [OR], 0.86 [95% CI, 0.82–0.91]), the East North Central region (OR, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.85–0.97]) and the Pacific region (OR, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.85–0.96]). In the South Atlantic region, IVT use in racial/ethnic minority groups was below the national average of all racial/ethnic minority patients (
P
=0.002). Compared with White patients, Black patients had lower odds of IVT in the Middle Atlantic region (OR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.78–0.91]), the South Atlantic region (OR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.74–0.82]), and the East North Central region (OR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.79–0.93]). In the South Atlantic region, this difference was below the national average for Black people (
P
<0.001). Hispanic patients had significantly lower use of IVT only in the Pacific region (OR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.85–0.99]), while Asian/Pacific Islander patients had lower odds of IVT in the Mountain (OR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.59–0.98]) and Pacific region (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.82–0.97]).

Conclusions:
Racial/ethnic disparities in IVT use in the United States vary by region. Geographic hotspots of lower IVT use in racially/ethnically minoritized groups are the South Atlantic region, driven predominantly by lower use of IVT in Black patients, and the East North Central and Pacific regions.
A New Perspective on Enriching Augmented Reality Experiences: Interacting with the Real World
Authors: Seo Byung-Kuk , Park Jungsik , Park Jong-Il 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the last couple of years, augmented reality (AR) has become one of the most anticipated emerging technologies. The technology is becoming more intimate with people's everyday lives, and user experiences are getting more vivid year by year. However, most of the current AR experiences rely on interacting with virtual content augmented on the real world, becoming less impressive and exciting than they were in the first place. In this article, we explore a new perspective on enriching AR experiences for their emerging mature state. We first investigate interaction schemes in AR environments in detail and highlight potential features in the context of interacting with the real world. We also provide a brief discussion on technical challenges and issues to realize interacting with the real world in online AR scenarios. We believe that this article will initiate new research interests and directions for the next level of AR experiences.
Anti-Eurocentric Historicism: Political Marxism in a Broader Context
Authors: Salgado Pedro 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Knafo and Teschke’s 2020 article, ‘Political Marxism and the Rules of Reproduction of Capitalism: A Historicist Critique’, is an important contribution to the debate between structuralist and historicist interpretations of Marxism. As such, it presents important implications for how Marxism is presented in broader academic debates. My aim is to highlight the contribution of its radical historicism and its methodological emphasis on agency for questioning Eurocentric macro-narratives, through an engagement with the ways in which Marxism (and the problem of Eurocentric structuralism) is presented in Post- and Decolonial traditions. I end by drawing briefly upon examples from my previous work on Brazilian state-formation and development.
Radical Historicism or Rules of Reproduction? New Debates in Political Marxism
Authors: Pal Maïa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This introduction presents the symposium on Sam Knafo and Benno Teschke’s article in Historical Materialism, ‘Political Marxism and the Rules of Reproduction of Capitalism: A Historicist Critique’ (2021). It briefly summarises the foundations of Political Marxism, discusses the broader implications of the debate raised by Knafo and Teschke for questions of collective knowledge-production and methods in Marxist historiography, and outlines the seven contributions of the symposium. The introduction concludes by tracing, through the evolution of debates in Political Marxism and the contributions of its protagonists, some of the lineages of Marxist historiography as well as of the history of this journal.
Blessing or Curse?
Authors: Schmid Lisa Katharina , Reitzenstein Alexander , Hall Nina 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Earmarked funding to international organizations (IO s) has increased significantly over the past two decades. International relations scholars have examined the causes of this trend, but know less about its effects on UN entities. This article identifies different types of earmarked funding, varying from low to high discretion delegated to IO s. Secondly, it examines trends in the UN Development Programme and UN Children’s Fund and finds that both have significant proportions of earmarked funding with low discretion. Drawing on thirty interviews, the article notes four implications of tightly earmarked financing: 1) higher transaction costs for IO s; 2) less predictable funding; 3) overhead costs that are rarely covered; and 4) increasing competition for financing. Overall, the article highlights that earmarked financing exists on a spectrum from tight to minimal control by donor states, and this has important implications for multilateralism.
On the relationship between CYGNSS surface heat fluxes and the lifecycle of low-latitude ocean extratropical cyclones
Authors: Naud Catherine M. , Crespo Juan A. , Posselt Derek J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSurface latent and sensible heat fluxes are important for extratropical cyclone evolution and intensification. Because extratropical cyclone genesis often occurs at low-latitude, CYGNSS surface latent and sensible heat flux retrievals are composited to provide a mean picture of their spatial distribution in low-latitude oceanic extratropical cyclones. CYGNSS heat fluxes are not affected by heavy precipitation and offer observations of storms with frequent revisit times. Consistent with prior results obtained for cyclones in the Gulf Stream region, the fluxes are strongest in the wake of the cold fronts, and weakest to negative in the warm sector in advance of the cold fronts. As cyclone strength increases, or mean precipitable water decreases, the maximum in surface heat fluxes increases while the minimum decreases. This impacts the changes in fluxes during cyclone intensification: the post-cold frontal surface heat flux maximum increases due to the increase in near surface winds. During cyclone dissipation, the fluxes in this sector decrease, due to the decrease in winds and in temperature and humidity contrast. The warm sector minimum decreases throughout the entire cyclone lifetime and is mostly driven by sea-air temperature and humidity contrast changes. However, during cyclone dissipation, the surface heat fluxes increase along the cold front in a narrow band to the east, independently from changes in the cyclone characteristics. This suggests that, during cyclone dissipation, energy transfers from the ocean to the atmosphere are linked to frontal in addition to synoptic-scale processes.
“Surviving to thriving”: a meta-ethnography of the experiences of healthcare staff caring for persons with COVID-19
Authors: Agyei Frank Bediako , Bayuo Jonathan , Baffour Prince Kyei , Laari Cletus 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
The emergence of the Coronavirus disease has heightened the experience of emotional burden among healthcare staff. To guide the development of support programmes, this review sought to aggregate and synthesise qualitative studies to establish a comparative understanding of the experiences of healthcare staff caring for persons with the disease.

Design
A meta-ethnography approach was used to aggregate and synthesise primary qualitative studies. Database search was undertaken from January to November 2020. A standardised tool was used to extract data from the identified primary studies. The studies were translated into each other to formulate overarching concepts/ metaphors which formed the basis of undertaking a narrative synthesis.

Results
Eight qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria. Two overarching metaphors/ concepts were formulated from the primary studies: 1) surviving to thriving in an evolving space and 2) support amid the new normal. The initial phase of entering the space of caring during the outbreak was filled with psychological chaos as healthcare staff struggled to survive within the context of an illness which was not fully understood. Gradually, healthcare staff may transition to a thriving phase characterised by resilience but still experienced heavy workload and physical/ emotional exhaustion predisposing them to burnout and compassion fatigue. Fear persisted throughout their experiences: fear of contracting the disease or infecting one’s family members/ loved ones remained a key concern among healthcare staff despite infection precaution measures. Healthcare staff who contracted the disease felt isolated with additional fears of dying alone. The sources of support were varied with a strong emphasis on peer support.

Conclusions
Healthcare staff caring for persons infected with the Coronavirus disease are at risk of burnout and compassion fatigue and require ongoing mental health support commensurate to their needs. Staff who contract the disease may require additional support to navigate through the illness and recovery. Policies and concerted efforts are needed to strengthen support systems and build resilience among healthcare staff.
Inhibition of BRD4 inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of psoriatic keratinocytes
Authors: Sun Xiaohui , Yang Pengfei 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Psoriasis is a common chronic recurrent inflammatory skin disease. The pathogenesis of psoriasis, such as other autoimmune diseases, is still unclear, which brings great difficulties to the treatment. This study aimed to investigate the role of bromine domain protein 4 (BRD4) in affecting the psoriatic keratinocytes.

Methods
Imiquimod-induced psoriasis mice model and TNF-α or IL-17A induced HaCAT cells, an experimental model in vitro for psoriasis, were constructed. The pathological skin changes at the back of mice were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) assay and evaluated by psoriasis area and severity index (PASI). KI67 expression and keratinocyte apoptosis at the skin tissues were, respectively, detected by Immunohistochemical analysis and TUNEL assay. The inflammatory factors in mice serum and culture supernatant were determined by ELISA assay. The related proteins expression of proliferation, apoptosis and MAPK pathway were detected by Western blot analysis.

Results
BRD4 expression was upregulated in injured skin on the back of imiquimod-induced mice and (+)-JQ1 relieved the skin injury by suppressing the inflammation and promoting apoptosis of keratinocytes. Consistently, BRD4 expression was also increased in TNF-α or IL-17A induced HaCAT cells. (+)-JQ1 suppressed the viability and inflammation, and promoted apoptosis of TNF-α or IL-17A induced HaCAT cells. In addition, the MAPK signaling pathway was inhibited by (+)-JQ1 whether in mice or HaCAT cells.

Conclusions
Inhibition of BRD4 inhibited proliferation and inflammation and promoted apoptosis of psoriatic keratinocytes.
Micronucleus production, activation of DNA damage response and cGAS-STING signaling in syncytia induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Ren He , Ma Chaobing , Peng Haoran , Zhang Bo , Zhou Lulin , Su Yan , Gao Xiaoyan , Huang Hongyan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 infection could cause severe acute respiratory syndrome, largely attributed to dysregulated immune activation and extensive lung tissue damage. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we reported that viral infection could induce syncytia formation within cells expressing ACE2 and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, leading to the production of micronuclei with an average rate of about 4 per syncytium (> 93%). Remarkably, these micronuclei were manifested with a high level of activation of both DNA damage response and cGAS-STING signaling, as indicated by micronucleus translocation of γH2Ax and cGAS, and upregulation of their respective downstream target genes. Since activation of these signaling pathways were known to be associated with cellular catastrophe and aberrant immune activation, these findings help explain the pathological effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection at cellular and molecular levels, and provide novel potential targets for COVID-19 therapy.
Factors influencing the uptake of intermittent preventive treatment among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Darteh Eugene Kofuor Maafo , Dickson Kwamena Sekyi , Ahinkorah Bright Opoku , Owusu Bernard Afriyie , Okyere Joshua , Salihu Tarif , Bio Bediako Vincent , Budu Eugene , Agbemavi Wonder , Edjah Jane Odurowaah , Seidu Abdul-Aziz 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) of malaria in pregnancy is a full therapeutic course of antimalarial sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) medicine given to pregnant women in their second trimester at routine antenatal care visits, regardless of whether the recipient is infected with malaria. Given the negative consequences of malaria in pregnancy, studies on Intermittent Preventive Therapy with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) are important benchmarks for understanding the extent of malaria control and prevention during pregnancy. We, therefore, examined the factors associated with the uptake of IPTp-SP among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods
We used data from the current versions of the Malaria Indicators Survey of 12 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Women aged 15–49 years participated in the surveys. The analyses were carried out using Stata version 14.2. Descriptive (frequencies and percentages) and multilevel regression analyses were carried out. The results of the multilevel regression analysis were presented as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
The average prevalence of uptake of IPTp-SP among pregnant women in the studied sub-Saharan African countries was 30.69%, with the highest and lowest prevalences in Ghana (59.64%) and Madagascar (10.08%), respectively. Women aged 40–44 compared to those aged 15–19 (aOR = 1.147, 95%CI = [1.02,1.30) had higher odds of receiving 3 or more doses of IPTp-SP. Women with a secondary/higher level of education compared to those with no formal education (aOR = 1.12, 95%CI = 1.04,1.20] also had higher odds of receiving 3 or more doses of IPTp-SP. Women who were exposed to malaria messages on the radio (aOR = 1.07, 95%CI = 1.02,1.12] and television (aOR = 1.13,95%CI = [1.05,1.21]) had higher odds of receiving 3 or more doses of IPTp-SP compared to those who were not exposed.

Conclusion
Our study indicates that the uptake of IPTp-SP is relatively low among the countries included in this study, with significant inter-country variations. Higher educational level, exposure to media, low parity, and higher age group were associated with higher odds of optimal IPTp-SP uptake. National policies, programs, guidance services such as information service and counselling and other interventions aimed at improving the coverage and uptake of IPTp-SP must be targeted at women with low level of education, non-exposure to media, high parity, and younger age group to attain the desired outcome.