bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinico-Cytological Study of Fungal Elements in the Buccal Smears of Prediabetic, Diabetic, and Nondiabetic Individuals in Association with Burning Sensation
Authors: Divyadharshini C. , Sathya R. , Rao Gururaj Narayana , Rachel J. Beryl , Harishini B. S. , Daniel T. Divyna 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that may have profound effects on oral mucosa being prone to infections, particularly candidiasis. In healthy individuals, the candida is a commensal, but in diabetic patients, it forms severe colonization, even in the absence of any clinically evident lesion and may cause a burning sensation of the mouth. This study aims to identify the presence or absence of fungal elements in buccal smears of nondiabetic, prediabetic, and diabetic individuals and to correlate the presence or absence of burning sensation in the oral cavity.

Materials and Methods:
A total of ninety individuals were selected for the study and divided into Group 1 – thirty cases of diabetics, Group 2 – thirty cases of prediabetic patients, and Group 3 – thirty cases of nondiabetic individuals. Detailed case history and thorough intra and extraoral examination were recorded. The buccal smears were cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar, subcultured in HiCrome™ agar, observed for the colonies of fungal elements, and were analyzed for species differentiation.

Results:
There was a positive correlation between the presence of fungal elements and burning sensation in diabetic individuals, whereas it was not the case in the nondiabetic and prediabetic individuals.

Conclusion:
Candida colonization is one among a factor in diabetic individuals related with burning sensation of the mouth.
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Irreversible Hydrocolloid Impression Impregnated with Silver Nanoparticles Compared to Surface Disinfected Impressions - An In vivo Study
Authors: Rajendran Vaishnavi , Suma Karthigeyan , Ali Seyed Asharaf , Karthigeyan R. , Kalarani G. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Routine disinfection procedures have shown to cause incomplete disinfection and detrimental effects on dimensional properties of the impression. Hence, self-disinfecting impression materials impregnated with antimicrobial agents were developed.

Purpose:
The purpose is to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) impregnated in irreversible hydrocolloid (IH) impression material in in vivo conditions.

Materials and Methods:
This study comprised of four groups-IH impressions disinfected by immersion in 2% glutaraldehyde, IH impregnated with AgNPs of sizes 80–100 nm and 20–30 nm, nondisinfected impressions as control. Five impressions were made for each group and a total of 20 impression samples were made. The antimicrobial action of each sample was assessed by counting the number of colony forming units and by disc diffusion method.

Results:
The results were obtained and the data were statistically analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test and tabulated. The results revealed that AgNPs of size 80–100 nm when impregnated in irreversible impression material showed effective antimicrobial action.

Conclusion:
The anti-microbial action of 80–100 nm AgNP impregnated IH impressions is comparable to that of impressions disinfected by immersion in 2% glutaraldehyde for 10 min.
Comparative Evaluation of Changes in Microflora in Delayed and Immediate Implant Placement: An In vivo Study
Authors: Choudhary Shivendra , Verma Neeraj , Anand Santosh , Sinha Abhishek , Shankar Daya 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
This study is aimed to compare and evaluate the changes in the microflora in immediate and delayed placed implants.

Materials and Methods:
In this study, the implant site sample was taken and assessed during different phases of treatment for delayed and immediate implants. They were looked for Streptococcus, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum.

Results:
The results showed that Streptococci were found in a higher number in all the phases of the treatment. The presence of pathogenic organisms such as P. gingivalis and Fusobacterium, in considerable amounts, was seen in both the groups.

Conclusion:
Thus, we conclude that implant mode of placement, delayed or immediate placement does not alter the flora of the oral cavity. Organisms present remains the same in all the phase of the treatment. To prevent the disease, one must continuously monitor the implant, with the increasing age changes, the microflora is continually changing in the oral cavity. The periodontal health should be assessed before the placement of the implant, followed by follow-ups after a set period for a better prognosis.
In vivo Comparison of Crestal Bone Heights Following Implant Placement with “Flapless” and “Flap” Techniques in the Sites of Early Loaded Implants
Authors: Pahuja Suhani Kukreja , Negi Pooja , Singh Anjali , Singh Gangesh Bahadur , Rayast Deepa , Minz Manisha 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
The purpose was to evaluate the difference in crestal bone loss (CBL) around implants with flap and flapless methods followed by early loading.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty implants were placed in twenty patients – ten using flap and ten using flapless techniques. The difference in CBL was measured on standardized digital periapical radiograph taken at 0 week, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months.

Results:
The present study showed the mean CBL on proximal surfaces when evaluated at intervals of 0 week, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months for flapless method was significantly lower than with flap method the values of which were +0.07 mm against +0.26 mm on mesial side and +0.15 mm against +0.33 mm on distal side at 6 months.

Conclusion:
The flapless approach is a predictable procedure when patient selection and surgical technique are appropriate, and results in lesser CBL.
Analysis of Age and Gender-Related Changes in Gingival Width in Patients of Known Population: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Gandhi Vaishali , Singh Purushottam , Bakshi Rimjhim , Singh Ravpreet , Sood Ritesh , Brar Arundeep S. 
Published: June 2021

Aims:
The present study was conducted for analyzing age and gender-related alterations in gingival width (GW) in patients of known population.

Materials and Methods:
Two hundred and ten healthy participants were enrolled in the present research. All the participants were divided into the following study groups with seventy participants in each group based on their age: adolescents, young adults, and older adults. All the participants were recalled and oral and periodontal examination was carried out using mouth mirror, probe, and explorer. Lidocaine spray was used for anesthetizing the anterior gingival region. A probe was used for assessing the width of the gingiva, in which and rubber stopper was fitted. In all the six maxillary anterior and mandibular anterior teeth, the width and thickness of the attached gingivae were assessed. All the measurements were recorded and analyzed.

Results:
Mean width of the attached gingiva in the maxillary arch in adolescents, young adults, and older adults were found to be 2.51 mm, 2.93 mm, and 3.92 mm, respectively. Mean width of the attached gingiva in the mandibular arch in adolescents, young adults, and older adults were found to be 1.76 mm, 2.39 mm, and 3.19 mm, respectively. Significant results were observed while comparing the GW among participants divided on the basis of age group. Nonsignificant results were observed while comparing the GW among participants divided on the basis of gender.

Conclusion:
There is a significant enhancement of GW with the advancement of age in both the maxillary arch and mandibular arch.
Oral Health-Related Quality of Life and Severity of Periodontal Disease
Authors: Bhargava Neetha , Jadhav Atul , Kumar Pratiksha , Kapoor Aliza , Mudrakola Durga Prasad , Singh Sandeep 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Oral diseases are among the most common diseases which could not dissociate from general conditions with regards to impacts on quality of life (QoL). The present study is aimed to assess the impact of the severity of periodontal disease on oral health QoL using oral health-related quality of life (OHQoL)-UK questionnaire.

Materials and Methods:
The OHQoL-UK questionnaire consists of 16 variables within four domains made up of symptoms, psychological, social dimensions, and physical dimensions. Summing up the responses produce overall OHQoL-UK scores ranging from 16 to 80. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's reliability coefficient. Each patient underwent a periodontal examination including periodontal attachment levels with Williams' periodontal probe as part of his or her routine assessment by one clinician collaborating on the study.

Results:
Within 200 patients participating in this study, 51% were < diploma, 32% were < bachelor's degree, and 17% were bachelor's degree and higher. Patients with higher educational level have a higher mean QoL score (P = 0.0001) which was statistically significant in regard to all aspects.

Conclusion:
The mean QoL score was significantly lower in patients with severe periodontitis when compared to patients with mild periodontitis, patients with better academic qualification have higher mean QoL score. According to the effect of severity of periodontal condition and educational level on QoL, required intervention should be done for treatment to improve QoL as a result.
Assessment of Levels of Plasma Oxidative Stress in Patient Having Aggressive Periodontitis before and after Full Mouth Disinfection
Authors: Bhagat Sachin , Singh Parthivi , Parihar Anuj Singh , Kaur Gurpreet , Takkar Harsh , Rela Rathi 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The primary purpose of the study was to evaluate the levels of oxidative stress in plasma in patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) before and after full-mouth disinfection.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty-five healthy controls and 25 participants with aggressive periodontal were assessed for plaque index, probing pocket depth, papillary bleeding index, and clinical attachment level. Periodontal bone support was assessed by taking full mouth periapical radiographs. Full-mouth disinfection of the patient was done within 24 h of clinical assessment of AgP. These parameters were assessed at the baseline and after 8 weeks of initial periodontal therapy. Plasma samples were taken and evaluated for various oxidative stress markers.

Results:
Strong positive correlation was observed among periodontal parameters and levels of enzymatic/nonenzymatic biomarkers for oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS], glutathione peroxidase [GPX], and catalase [CAT]) (P < 0.05), before and after periodontal management. The patients with AgP had high levels of TBARS, GPX, and CAT levels in the plasma matched to the healthy individuals (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Enzymatic and nonenzymatic oxidative stress may have a role in the pathogenesis AP. Initial periodontal treatment can lead to the reduction of these stresses.
Comparative Evaluation of Primary Stability of Two Different Types of Orthodontic Mini-Implants
Authors: Singh Jyotirmay , Singh Sanjay Kumar , Gupta Abhinav Raj , Nayak Subhash Chandra , Vatsa Ritesh , Priyadarshni Priyanka 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The mini-implants introduced new possibilities of adequate anchorage in orthodontics. Furthermore, due to its small size, it can even be placed at relatively difficult sites with ease. Removal torque should be high to prevent implant unscrewing.

Objective:
This prospective clinical trial was aimed to evaluate the insertion torque and removal torque of single-threaded and double-threaded cylindrical orthodontic mini-implants.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 36 cases were randomly divided into two groups, with an equal number of patients in each group (n = 18). In Group 1 single-threaded cylindrical mini-implant was placed, and in the other group, cylindrical implants with double-threaded were placed. Maximum insertion torque (MIT) and maximum removal torques (MRTs) were recorded for both groups. Data collected were subjected to statistical analysis.

Results:
MIT was found to be significantly higher than MRT for both the groups and between the groups. Intergroup comparison in the present study showed significantly higher values for MIT than MRT. Intergroup comparison of MIT showed more values for Group 2 as compared to Group 1. Similar statistically significant values were seen in terms with MRT, where double-threaded cylindrical mini-implants had more torque value than the other group.

Conclusions:
Orthodontic mini screws represent effective temporary anchorage devices. Double-threaded cylindrical mini-implants have significantly higher insertion and removal torque than single-threaded mini-implants and hence better stability.
Assessment of Implant Stability in Immediate Implant Placement using Different Bone Grafting materials: A Clinical Study
Authors: Jalaluddin Mohammad , Sathe Saurabh , Thomas Joyce , Haleem Shaista , Naik Sachin , Shivanna Madhuniranjanswamy Mahalakshmamma 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The aim of the present study was to assess the implant stability in immediate implant placement using different bone grafting materials.

Materials and Methods:
Twelve patients (5 males, 7 females, range of 40–58 years) were included in the study. All patients were divided into two groups based on the graft material used. For Group 1, Xenograft bone grafting material was used, and for Group 2, Freeze-dried bone allograft was used. The patients were suggested to rinse with 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth wash for 1 min. Periotome was used for atraumatic tooth extraction, and necessary care was taken to avoid fracture of socket wall. The implant was placed with respective bone grafting materials. An Orthopantomogram (OPG) radiograph is taken at the day of the operation to serve as baseline data for the marginal bone level. Clinical and radiological parameters were evaluated at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months to assess the mean marginal bone level changes. Periotest was used for the measurement of implant stability.

Results:
The mean marginal bone level in Group 1 at baseline (13.58 ± 1.09), 3 months (12.64 ± 0.88), 6 months (12.02 ± 1.42), and 12 months (11.20 ± 1.26), respectively. In Group 2, the marginal bone level was at baseline (14.22 ± 0.26), 3 months (13.52 ± 1.28), 6 months (13.10 ± 0.32), and 12 months (12.12 ± 1.26), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference found in both the groups. Moreover, there was no statistically significant differences found between the groups at all the duration on intergroup comparison of the mean marginal bone level. The mean difference of implant stability in Group 1 the implant stability was 188.6 ± 22.5 and in Group 2 was 191.5 ± 18.2, and there was no statistically significant difference found between the groups.

Conclusion:
Both bone grafting materials used in the study showed improvement in implant stability and marginal bone levels after immediate placement of implant.
Prevalence of Bruxism among the Students of Gulf Medical University: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study
Authors: Hussain Anam , Rizvi Marsha , Vohra Umika , Kohli Kavleen , Asim Sundus , Fikree Manahil , Ovais Zainab , Ahmed Sura Ali 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Bruxism is a multifactorial phenomenon that involves grinding or clenching of teeth. The parafunctional habit includes abnormal tooth wear, tooth fracture, pain, and tooth mobility, along with headaches and facial muscle hypertrophy. It is imperative for students to be conscious of teeth grinding along with its possible causes. The student will be alert to visit the dentist if required and contribute to the recognition of etiological factors, to eliminate them.

Objective:
This study aims to find the prevalence and understanding of bruxism among Gulf Medical University (GMU) students.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 451 GMU students. The parameters for data collection were age, gender, prevalence, associated signs and symptoms, causes, genetic predisposition, time of day, and effect on the appearance of teeth.

Results:
While 35.9% were unaware, 41.7% of our samples reported bruxism. The majority recognized temporomandibular joint and facial pain as causative, and 24.8% reported symptoms. Headache (26.4%) was prime and 7.5% were associated with fracture and abnormal tooth wear to bruxism (38.1%) experienced night bruxism. A significant number of students (32.4%) identified abnormal anterior teeth relationship as the cause and (64.3%) associated bruxism and esthetics.

Conclusion:
Nearly 41.7% of the students reported bruxism. Around 35.9% of the samples were uninformed. Nearly 20.8% believed that bruxism had genetic relevance. Nearly 51.9% of the participants were asymptomatic. Around 38.1% had night bruxism and 32.4% identified abnormal anterior teeth relationship as the cause. The majority of the sample (64.3%) connected bruxism to negative effects on teeth and esthetics.
Comparison of the Efficacy of K-File, Canal Brush Technique, and Sonic Irrigation Technique in the Retrievability of Calcium Hydroxide and Metapex Intracanal Medicaments from Root Canals: An In vitro Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Analysis
Authors: Chandran Arunima , Gaffoor Faisal M. A. , Gopakumar Rethi , Girish Sabari , Soumya S. , Nair Maya R. 
Published: June 2021

Background and Objectives:
At present, none of the routinely used irrigating agents and activation techniques were able to completely remove the Ca(OH)2 intracanal medicament placed inside the root canal system during endodontic therapy. With this as the background, the aim of this study was to achieve complete removal of Ca(OH)2 when mixed with two different vehicles, using various irrigant activation techniques such as K-file, canal brush technique, and sonic irrigation technique, from the root canals of extracted human teeth.

Materials and Methods:
Seventy-two mandibular premolar teeth with straight single root canal were selected and filled either with oil-based Metapex or calcium hydroxide powder mixed with distilled water and were activated using different activation techniques such as K-file, canal brush, and sonic MM1500 and NaOCl alone. Volumetric analysis was performed utilizing cone-beam computed tomography.

Results:
None of the irrigants used were able to completely remove Ca(OH)2 from root canal. Sonic MM1500 showed significant removal efficacy than K-file, canal brush technique, and NaOCl for both aqueous-based and oil-based calcium hydroxide.

Conclusion:
Sonic MM1500 performed better than K-file, canal brush technique, and NaOCl in removing both Metapex and Ca(OH)2 powder. Regardless of the vehicles and agitation technique used, the remnants of Ca(OH)2 were present on all thirds of the canal walls.
Awareness and Knowledge about Sugar Substitutes among Population in Riyadh Region
Authors: Gowdar Inderjit Murugendrappa , Aljuaid Bader Khalid , Almasaad Abdulilah Ibrahim , Bamuqadm Mohammed Abdullah , Alfaifi Tariq Ahmed , Alhoti Abdulmalik Abdullah 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The food we consume will have sugar in one or the other form, which is not ideal for our teeth. This can be replaced by the use of sugar substitutes available in the market. Sugar substitutes have beneficial and adverse effects on health. In spite of their beneficial effects, long-term use of sugar substitutes is not recommended because of their health-related complications. Therefore, before consuming any sugar substitutes, everyone needs to know about both health benefits and their health hazards; hence, the present study was designed to assess the awareness, knowledge, and utilization of sugar substitutes among the general population in Riyadh Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Objectives:
The aim is to assess the awareness and knowledge about sugar substitutes.

Methodology:
Questionnaire consisting of demographic details, awareness, and knowledge about sugar substitutes were sent through social media and it was in the Arabic and English Language. After completing the questionnaire, participants are requested to send the link to their friends and relatives.

Results:
About 60.20% of participants were aware of sugar substitutes. Statistically significant difference was observed for gender and awareness of sugar substitutes (P < 0.05). About 31.5% of the participants are of the view that sugar substitutes have got side effects. About 61.9% of participants are of the view that Sugar substitute reduces the chance of occurrence of dental caries.

Conclusions:
Overall, 60.2% of study participants were aware of sugar substitutes, but the controversy on most of the artificial sweeteners cannot be ignored. Hence, the safety of these sweeteners is of prime importance for scientists. Any usage of sugar substitutes should be weighed against the adverse effects.
Influence of Titania Nanotubes Diameter on Its Antibacterial Efficacy against Periodontal Pathogens: An In vitro Analysis
Authors: Rajeswari S. Raja , Nandini Vidyashree , Perumal Agilan , Rajendran  , Gowda Triveni 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Peri implant infection in dental implantology is a frequently encountered clinical problem. Titania nanotubes (TNTs) are recent improvement in surface characterization, showing promising results.

Aim:
The nanosurface parameter tweaking has been implicated with profound change in the microbiological and biological response. Hence, it was proposed that alteration in the nanotube diameter could have positive influence in its antibacterial activity against salient periodontal pathogens.

Materials and Methods:
Commercially, pure titanium discs of 8-mm diameter and 1.5-mm thickness were prepared. Polished titanium discs were used as control (Group A). Vertically oriented, structured TNTs were fabricated by anodization technique and grouped as B and C, having nanotube diameter, 40 and 80 nm subsequently. The surface characterizations of the samples were done by scanning electron microscope analysis. The antibacterial activity was evaluated with the bacterial colony counting method, at 24 h, 72 h, and 1-week intervals.

Statistical Analysis:
The one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's honest significance post hoc test were employed to assess the statistical significance.

Results:
The 80 nm nanotubes showed better antibacterial activity comparatively, at all three-time intervals investigated.

Conclusion:
The optimal TNT diameter of 80 nm was the most effective from an antimicrobial stand point of view.
Disinfection of Impression Materials with Glutaraldehyde, Ultraviolet Radiation, and Autoclave: A Comparative Study
Authors: Kotwal Monica , Singh Vishal Partap , Mushtaq Humaira , Ahmed Rimsha , Rai Gaurav , Kumar Amit 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The present study was conducted to compare various methods of disinfection of impression materials such as glutaraldehyde, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and autoclave.

Materials and Methods:
The present study was conducted on eighty alginate impression materials which were disinfectant with 2.2% glutaraldehyde, UV radiation, and autoclave. The pre- and postbacterial count was assessed.

Results:
The mean premicrobial contamination in Group I was 362.2 106 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml, in Group II was 306.4 106 CFU/ml, and in Group III was 336.2 106 CFU/ml. The mean postmicrobial contamination in Group I was 65.2 106 CFU/ml, in Group II was 76.7 106 CFU/ml, and in Group III was 28.4 106 CFU/ml.

Conclusion:
The authors found that autoclave proved to be better in terms of reduction in bacterial colonies as compared to glutaraldehyde and UV radiation.