bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future Programming for the Bioengineering Division of ASME
Authors: Miller Gerald 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Bioengineering Division of ASME has recently undergone considerable discussion regarding the future of programming at the winter meeting (the International Congress — formerly the WAM) and at the Summer Bioengineering meeting. There has been considerable debate as to what is in the best interest of the Bioengineering Division and its members — should the programming stay the same? Should all programming occur only at the summer meeting? Only at the winter meeting? Should the Summer meeting occur annually, rather than every odd year? Should the Bioengineering division program at the winter “slot” jointly with BMES and/or EMBS?
Much of these discussions have occurred because some BED members feel that the trend of the division is towards life science oriented papers and that the ASME congress is not well suited for such presentations. Others bemoan the proliferation of scientific meetings which begs the issue of which meeting(s) should be eliminated for the sake of others.
A brief presentation of the mechanisms of programming at the ASME congress will take place as well as the history of BED programming at both the winter and summer meetings. Discussions of the pros and cons of continued programming at the winter meeting (the Congress) will follow along with alternatives such as joint programming with other societies.
The format of the session will be as follows:
• Twenty minute presentation on the current status of programming at the winter and summer meetings
• Ten minute question and answer session on current programming
• Forty five minute open forum on future programming mechanisms for BED
Within this open forum, we hope to hear from all BED members on a number of issues regarding programming. These include the following options:
• Continue with the current formats: annual programming at the winter meeting (congress) and biannual programming at the summer meeting.
• Programming annually at both the winter and summer meetings
• Program biannually at the winter meeting (congress) and program annually at the summer meeting – causes some problems which must be explained
• Program annually at the summer meeting and discontinue programming at the winter meeting in lieu of joint programming with another society.
• Another programming plan
This session will allow a lengthy discussion of BED members regarding the future of programming at ASME and the potential effects on publications in the Journal, in the conference proceedings and on the finances of the Division (as the summer meeting is a major source of income for the division).
Computational Analysis of Indicator Functions for Intimal Thickening in Branching Blood Vessels
Authors: Buchanan J. R. , Longest P. W. , Hyun S. , Kleinstreuer C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Intimal thickening and thrombi formation in medium to large blood vessels due to atherosclerotic lesions and/or intimal hyperplasia are the leading causes of death in the western world. Balloon angioplasty with stenting, bypass surgery and patch reconstruction are some of the mechanical techniques currently applied to reopen or bypass occluded blood vessels. Thus, it is of interest to develop suitable indicator functions which encapsulate aggravating flow patterns, in order to determine susceptible sites of intimal thickening and/or thrombi formation. These indicator functions are then applied in four case studies to interprete experimental/clinical data of intimal thickening and design blood vessel geometries which potentially improve long-term patency rates.
First Passage Measurements of Dispersion Coefficients for Suspension Flows
Authors: Eckstein Eugene C. , Leggas Mark 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We report results of an experimental protocol for determining effective diffusion coefficients in suspension flows in thin channels. The method is based on the first-passage method (FPM), a well-known aspect of probability theory. Images of identifiable individual particles are collected at a regular rate by a video camera. The times needed for individual particles to move selected distances on either side of the original position are measured. Such events are individually the “first passage” for the selected net distances. Repeated evaluation of this statistic for the same initial conditions is done so that the history of axial motion can be summarized in a statistical manner. All images are collected in a moving frame of reference in order to limit more precisely the initial time and to make observations in a specified region of the flow. The protocol has been used in rectangular channels approximately 50 micrometers high and 500 micrometers wide to collect observations that were located approximately 12 microns in the narrow direction down from the upper surface. The local shear rate is estimated to be 100 inverse seconds. A dilute suspension of beads and a 25% suspension (volume/volume) of erythrocytes was used. Values that were measured compared well with those predicted by the Stokes-Einstein equation and with published data for blood flows.
Effects of Stenosis Asymmetry on Blood Flow in Stenotic Arteries and Wall Compression
Authors: Tang Dalin , Yang Chun , Huan Zhongdan , Ku David N. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Severe stenoses in arteries cause critical flow conditions which may be related to thrombus formation, artery compression and plaque cap rupture. The exact mechanism of these events and the conditions causing them are not well understood. Considerable work for flow in stenotic tubes have been reported in last twenty years and many interesting phenomena such as flow limitation, choking, flutter and wall collapse have been observed [3]. Stenosis severity, wall compliance and pressure conditions have been identified as dominating factors affecting wall deformation and flow and pressure fields. However, real arteries are rarely axisymmetric. Stenosis asymmetry may have considerable effects on wall stress and the critical flow characteristics.
Characterization of Photo-Oxidized Small Bore Grafts
Authors: Hern-Anderson Diane L. , Hernandez Anne Marie J. , Ranieri John P. , Weinberg Steven 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Many have hypothesized that both chemical and mechanical material properties are important in the design of a small bore vascular graft. In an attempt to address both issues, a xenogeneic graft crosslinked by photo-oxidation and covalently modified with heparin was developed. The compliance, burst strength, and suture pull strength of photo-oxidized (PhotoFix®) and heparin-modified photo-oxidized ovine carotid tissue were tested in vitro. The heparin modification process was found to have no statistically significant effect on any of these properties. The shrink temperature of fresh, photo-oxidized, and heparin-modified photo-oxidized tissue was assessed using DSC. A small increase in the shrink temperature of the heparin-modified photo-oxidized tissue over the fresh tissue was found to be statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05). In vivo assessment of unmodified, heparin-soaked, and heparin-modified PhotoFix ovine grafts indicated that covalent modification of the grafts was imperative for the graft’s success.
A Structural Constitutive Model for Chemically Treated Soft Tissues
Authors: Sacks Michael S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chemically treated biologically derived tissues are used extensively in bioprostheses. Unfortunately, while extensive research has focused on chemical treatment technologies to reduce negative in-vivo effects such as mineralization and to enhance overall biocompatiblity, little work has been done on understanding the effects of chemical treatment on tissue mechanical properties. In the current work, a structural constitutive model for chemically treated tissues is presented that seeks to separate out the effects of the chemically treated matrix from that of the collagen fibers. Experimental results from Sacks and Chuong (Sacks and Chuong 1998) using glutaraldehyde bovine pericardium (GLBP) are used to demonstrate the approach. A unique feature of the current approach is the integration of collagen fiber orientation data quantified by small angle light scattering (SALS).
ATP-Induced Ca2+ Signaling in Human Chondrons Cultured in 3-Dimensional Gels
Authors: Elfervig Michelle K. , Sood Ajay , Lee Greta , Graff Ron , Francke Eric , Banes Albert J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cell-cell communication allows for the coordination of biological functions. In this study, we found that chondrons increase their intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]ic) upon stimulation by ATP at a 10μM concentration in resting and stimulated cells. Digital fluorescence microscopy was used to determine the [Ca2+]ic in resting and stimulated cells. Inhibition of signal propagation by the purinoceptor blocker, suramin, showed that ATP activates P2Y2 purinoceptors. We also found that chondrons signaled in a calcium-free medium showing that bound intracellular calcium is used in signal propagation. This study is the first to illustrate that chondrons in 3-D gels respond to the extracellular messenger molecule ATP by increasing their intracellular calcium concentration.
Alternative Pathways of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mediated Contractile Force in NR6 Fibroblasts
Authors: Allen Fred D. , Asnes Clara F. , Wells Alan , Elson Elliot L. , Lauffenburger Douglas A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We investigated the contractile force response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation in 3T3-derived NR6 fibroblast cells in order to determine significant pathways of biochemical signaling that mediate the response. We examined the force generating specificity of the EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling mechanism by using mutant NR6 fibroblasts expressing variations of the EGFR construct. The wild-type (WT) cell presented the complete internalizing EGFR signaling construct while the c’973 cell presented an internalization-defective EGFR construct, and the M721 cell presented a kinase-defective EGFR construct making it signaling inert. Additionally we examined the roles of the phospholipasc C-γ (PLCγ) pathway by using the PLC inhibitor U73122 (1 μM) and the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway using the inhibitor PD98059 (10 μM) in the observed contractile force responses. We found that the WT cells showed a rapid but transient force increase within the first hour post-stimulation and the c’973 showed a more gradual increase in force which it sustained for several hours post-stimulation. Blocking the PLCγ activation in the WT cells reduced the peak force increase by 50% while blocking MAPK did not affect the force development in either WT or c’973 cells.
The Role of Elastic and Large-Strain Mechanical Behavior on the Wear of UHMWPE, HDPE, PTFE, and Polyacetal Evaluated by a Hip Simulator
Authors: Edidin A. A. , Giddings V. L. , Kurtz S. M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The elastic and large deformation mechanical behavior of four materials with known clinical performance was examined and correlated with the wear behavior in a hip simulator. Acetabular liners of a commercially-available design were machined from UHMWPE, HDPE, PTFE, and polyacetal and wear tested in a multidirectional hip joint simulator. Elastic and large-deformation mechanical behavior was directly measured from the wear-tested liners using the small punch test. The inverse finite element method was used to compute elastic modulus from the measured small punch test initial stiffness, and the contact stress for the liners was calculated using the theory of elasticity solution. Positive, statistically-significant correlations were observed between the hip simulator wear rate and the initial peak load, ultimate load, and work to failure from the small punch test. Negative correlations were observed between the wear rate and the elastic modulus and contact stress. This results of this study support the hypothesis that the large deformation mechanical behavior of a polymer plays a greater role in the wear mechanisms prevalent in total hip replacements than the elastic behavior.
Viscoelastic Behavior of UHMWPE TKR Components During Compressive Loading and Sliding Conditions
Authors: Rullkoetter Paul J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Finite element stress analysis is frequently used to evaluate wear propensity in total joint replacement components. Previous work has primarily concentrated on static UHMWPE material properties and has not included important time-dependency. In this study, a viscoelastic material model was used to evaluate tibio-femoral contact stresses during simulated in vivo loading conditions of combined compressive load and femoral rotation and translation. After initial loading and displacement, the UHMWPE tibial component showed significant creep displacement and stress relaxation with constant load. These results demonstrate the importance of including time-dependent material behavior in assessing contact stresses in finite element analyses or experimental evaluation of TKR designs. The material recovery after initial indentation is slow enough to allow continued femoral articulation over newly created ridges on the edge of contact, and this effect may play a role in tibial component wear and damage.
3D Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Knee Joint Implants
Authors: Hashemi A. , Shirazi-Adl A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The finite element (FE) method has been used in orthopaedic biomechanics to investigate the fixation role of different design parameters in total knee replacement (TKA). Previous FE model studies used 2D, axisymmetric and 3D models to represent the geometry while neglecting many essential features. They simulated the bone-implant interface as frictionless, perfectly bonded or with idealized Coulomb’s friction model. The model of screws and posts have also been neglected altogether or inadequately considered in these studies. To overcome these limitations, the objective of the present study was set to develop a detailed 3D FE model of the knee bone-implant structure including all the interacting components in an immediate postoperative period without bony ingrowth to predict the micromotion at the bone-implant interface and stress distribution within the bone and the polyethylene insert.
An Improved In Vivo Rat Tail Vertebra Model for the Study of Trabecular Bone Adaptation
Authors: Eichler Mark J. , Kim Chi Hyun , Guo X. Edward 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The role of mechanical loading in trabecular bone adaptation is important for the understanding of bone integrity in different loading scenarios such as microgravity and for the etiology of age-related bone fractures. There have been numerous in vivo animal studies of bone adaptation, most of which are related to cortical bone remodeling, aimed at the investigation of Wolff’s Law [4], An interesting experimental model for trabecular bone adaptation has been developed in the rat tail vertebrae [2,3]. This model is attractive for trabecular bone adaptation studies because a controlled mechanical load can be applied to a whole vertebra with minimal surgical trauma, using a relatively inexpensive animal model. In addition, with advanced micro computed tomography (micro-CT) or micro magnetic resonance imaging (micro-MRI) coupled with large scale finite element modeling techniques, it is possible to characterize the three-dimensional (3D) stress/strain environment in the bone tissue close to a cellular level (∼25μm) [1]. Therefore, this in vivo rat tail model has a tremendous potential for quantification of the relationship between mechanical stimulation and biological response in trabecular bone adaptation.
The Influence of Cartilage Thickness in the Multibody Modeling of Patellofemoral Joint Kinematics and Contact Stresses
Authors: Cohen Zohara A. , Ateshian Gerard A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Three dimensional multibody computer models have been recently used to analyze the kinematics of the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) (Cohen, et al., 1998). By employing cartilage specific magnetic resonance images (MRI) to acquire the model geometry, detailed topographies of the cartilage surfaces were obtained to model the contact between the opposing surfaces of the patella and femur. Contact stresses due to compression of the cartilage layers were approximated by a linear function of the compressive strain estimated from the relative change in cartilage thickness within the contact region. In our earlier studies, a uniform cartilage layer thickness was assumed in the analysis of joint contact, and a validation of this model was performed by comparing its kinematic predictions to the measured kinematics of five cadaver joints (Kwak, et al., 1996).
Is Articular Cartilage Orthotropic in Compression?
Authors: Soltz Michael A. , Mauck Robert L. , Hung Clark T. , Ateshian Gerard A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that articular cartilage is anisotropic in tension, based on tensile tests of tissue strips harvested parallel to the articular surface, along and perpendicular to the local split line direction (e.g., Akizuki et al., 1986; Kempson et al., 1968; Schmidt et al., 1990; Woo et al., 1979). The observed differences in the tensile modulus suggest that the material symmetry of cartilage in tension is no higher than orthotropy, since two orthogonal planes of symmetry (with unit normals parallel and perpendicular to the split line direction) automatically define a third plane of symmetry mutually perpendicular to the other two. However, the properties of articular cartilage differ significantly in tension and compression (Cohen et al., 1998; Soulhat et al., 1998) and it remains to be established whether cartilage is anisotropic in compression as well. Only one previous preliminary study has investigated the compressive modulus of cartilage along two mutually perpendicular directions (Jurvelin et al., 1996), reporting significant differences.
Finite Element Contact Analysis of a Cartilage Layer Exhibiting Tension-Compression Nonlinearity
Authors: Ateshian Gerard A. , Soltz Michael A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Experimental studies have demonstrated that the moduli of articular cartilage in compression are one to two orders of magnitude smaller than in tension. However, only a few analyses of cartilage mechanics have been performed which account for this tension-compression nonlinearity (Soulhat et al., 1998; Ateshian and Soltz, 1999a,b). In order to understand the state of stress under loading conditions which simulate the physiologic environment of diarthrodial joints, and the possible implications for tissue failure and the pathomechanics of osteoarthritis, it is important to determine whether the tension-compression nonlinearity of cartilage significantly affects our current understanding of its response in contact mechanics. Most analyses of cartilage contact have employed linear isotropic or transversely isotropic models for cartilage, either within the context of elasticity theory or porous media theories. In this study, we present a finite element solution for the contact of a rigid spherical impermeable sphere against a cartilage layer supported on a rigid impermeable subchondral bone foundation, where cartilage is modeled using our recently proposed biphasic conewise linear elasticity model (Ateshian and Soltz, 1999a,b). A comparison is also provided with the more frequently used linear isotropic biphasic model, under similar conditions.
Permeability of Human Glenohumeral Joint Cartilage
Authors: Stankiewicz Anna , Ateshian Gerard A. , Bigliani Louis U. , Mow Van C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The nearly frictionless lubrication in diarthrodial joints and load support within articular cartilage depends on its mechanical properties. It has been shown that the majority of applied loads on cartilage are supported by interstitial fluid pressurization (Ateshian et al., 1994) which results from the frictional drag of flow through the porous permeable solid matrix. The duration and magnitude of this pressurization are a function of the permeability of cartilage (Lai et al., 1981).
Intervertebral Disc Morphology in Cervical Spine Biomechanics
Authors: Kumaresan Srirangam , Pintar Frank A. , Yoganandan Narayan , Khouphongsy Phaladone J. , Cusick Joseph F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Although qualitative descriptions of degenerative changes in the intervertebral disc components have been reported, methods to quantify these changes are lacking. A methodology was developed in this study to quantify the three-dimensional geometrical variations of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. Fresh isolated intervertebral discs with adjacent vertebral bodies of skeletally mature young and old adult primates were sectioned sequentially, and different staining methods were used to distinguish the annulus and nucleus. Histological images were examined using light microscopy and exported to a computer to trace the boundaries of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. Dorsal to ventral depth, medial to lateral width, and caudal to cranial height measurements of the nucleus pulposus and its relative location to the annulus pulposus were obtained. In the young adult, the nucleus was translucent with scattered notochordal cells. In the older adult, the nucleus appeared as a dense region of amorphous, irregular collagen material. A higher geometrical variation of nucleus due to degeneration was noted in the sagittal plane compared to coronal plane. Determination of the three-dimensional geometrical variations and histology analyses will assist mathematical modelers to better define the disc to study the biomechanics of the cervical spine.
A Finite Element Analysis of a Healthy Middle-Ear and a Middle-Ear Reconstructed With Prostheses
Authors: Prendergast Patrick J. , Rice Henry J. , Blayney Alexander W. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The human car is a complex biomechanical arrangement of bones and soft-tissues. To sense a sound, the pressure wave enters the ear canal (a curved tube) and is transformed as it travels towards the tympanic membrane (or ear drum). The tympanic membrane vibrates causing motion of the three bones of the middle-ear: the malleus, incus, and stapes (commonly called the hammer, anvil, and stirrup). The stapes motion stimulates the perilymph fluid of the inner-ear leading to an electrical pulse to the brain allowing us to perceive sounds. The there bones (called the ossicles) are suspended from the surrounding bone by various ligaments.
Replacement of the ossicles with a prosthesis is a common surgical procedure, though it is not entirely satisfactory because the prosthesis can loosen or even extrude out from the middle-ear. In this study, we have developed an FE model of the healthy middle-ear and compared its vibro-acoustic response with the middle-ear reconstructed with two types of prosthesis — a partial ossicular replacement prosthesis (PORP) and a total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP).
Stress Analysis at Cervical Region of Human Teeth
Authors: Chang Chih-Han , Lin Chun-Li , Wang Chau-Hsiang , Lee Huey-Er 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The concept of stress-induced cervical lesions has been discussed widely in recent years. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model was established to analyze the stress distribution at cervical region and evaluate the stresses on the interface of different restorative materials. The results indicated that tensile stress might be the major cause for tooth cervical lesion. For different restorative materials, the elastic modulus was not the key issue in premature loss of restorative material. The bonding strength between the restorative material and lesions could be the important factor for the retention failure.