bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social determinants in the access to health care for Chagas disease: A qualitative research on family life in the “Valle Alto” of Cochabamba, Bolivia
Authors: Jimeno I. , Mendoza N. , Zapana F. , de la Torre L. , Torrico F. , Lozano D. , Billot C. , Pinazo M. J. ,   on behalf of the InSPIRES Consortium
Published: August 2021

IntroductionChagas disease is caused by theTrypanosoma cruziinfection. It is a neglected tropical disease with considerable impact on the physical, psychological, familiar, and social spheres. The Valle Alto of Cochabamba is a hyperendemic region of Bolivia where efforts to control the transmission of the disease have progressed over the years. However, many challenges remain, above all, timely detection and health-care access.MethodsFollowing the Science Shop process, this bottom-up research emerged with the participation of the civil society from Valle Alto and representatives of the Association ofCorazones Unidos por el Chagasfrom Cochabamba. The aim of this study is to explore the social determinants in the living realities of those affected by Chagas disease or the silent infection and how families in the Valle Alto of Cochabamba cope with it. An interdisciplinary research team conducted a case study of the life stories of three families using information from in-depth interviews and performed a descriptive qualitative content analysis and triangulation processes.FindingsFindings provide insights into social circumstances of the research subjects’ lives; particularly, on how exposure toTrypanosoma cruziinfection affects their daily lives in terms of seeking comprehensive health care. Research subjects revealed needs and shared their experiences, thus providing an understanding of the complexity of Chagas disease from the socioeconomic, sociocultural, political, and biomedical perspectives. Results enlighten on three dimensions: structural, psychosocial, and plural health system. The diverse perceptions and attitudes toward Chagas within families, including the denial of its existence, are remarkable as gender and ethnocultural aspects. Findings support recommendations to various stakeholders and translation materials.ConclusionsIntersectional disease management and community involvement are essential for deciding the most appropriate and effective actions. Education, detection, health care, and social programs engaging family units ought to be the pillars of a promising approach.
Parity moderates the effect of delivery mode on maternal ratings of infant temperament
Authors: Takács Lea , Putnam Samuel P. , Bartoš František , Čepický Pavel , Monk Catherine 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveCesarean section (CS) rates are rising rapidly around the world but no conclusive evidence has been obtained about the possible short- and long-term effects of CS on child behavior. We evaluated prospectively the association between CS and infant temperament across the first 9 postpartum months, controlling for indications for CS and investigating parity and infant sex as moderators.MethodsThe sample consisted of mothers and their healthy infants. Infant temperament was measured using the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire completed by the mothers at 6 weeks (n = 452) and 9 months (n = 258) postpartum. Mode of birth was classified into spontaneous vaginal birth (n = 347 for 6 weeks sample; 197 for 9 months sample), CS planned for medical reasons (n = 55; 28) and emergency CS (n = 50; 33).ResultsMultiple regression analysis revealed no main effects of birth mode, but showed a significant interaction between birth mode and parity indicating that emergency CS in firstborn infants was associated with more difficult temperament at 6 weeks. There were no significant associations between indications for CS and infant temperament, although breech presentation predicted difficult temperament at 9 months.ConclusionWe largely failed to support the association between CS and infant temperament. Although our results suggest that emergency CS may be associated with temperament in firstborns, further research is needed to replicate this finding, preferably using observational measures to assess child temperament.
A comparison of comorbidity measures for predicting mortality after elective hip and knee replacement: A cohort study of data from the National Joint Registry in England and Wales
Authors: Penfold Chris M. , Whitehouse Michael R. , Blom Ashley W. , Judge Andrew , Wilkinson J. Mark , Sayers Adrian 
Published: August 2021

Background
The risk of mortality following elective total hip (THR) and knee replacements (KR) may be influenced by patients’ pre-existing comorbidities. There are a variety of scores derived from individual comorbidities that can be used in an attempt to quantify this. The aims of this study were to a) identify which comorbidity score best predicts risk of mortality within 90 days or b) determine which comorbidity score best predicts risk of mortality at other relevant timepoints (30, 45, 120 and 365 days).

Patients and methods
We linked data from the National Joint Registry (NJR) on primary elective hip and knee replacements performed between 2011–2015 with pre-existing conditions recorded in the Hospital Episodes Statistics. We derived comorbidity scores (Charlson Comorbidity Index—CCI, Elixhauser, Hospital Frailty Risk Score—HFRS). We used binary logistic regression models of all-cause mortality within 90-days and within 30, 45, 120 and 365-days of the primary operation using, adjusted for age and gender. We compared the performance of these models in predicting all-cause mortality using the area under the Receiver-operator characteristics curve (AUROC) and the Index of Prediction Accuracy (IPA).

Results
We included 276,594 elective primary THRs and 338,287 elective primary KRs for any indication. Mortality within 90-days was 0.34% (N = 939) after THR and 0.26% (N = 865) after KR. The AUROC for the CCI and Elixhauser scores in models of mortality ranged from 0.78–0.81 after THR and KR, which slightly outperformed models with ASA grade (AUROC = 0.77–0.78). HFRS performed similarly to ASA grade (AUROC = 0.76–0.78). The inclusion of comorbidities prior to the primary operation offers no improvement beyond models with comorbidities at the time of the primary. The discriminative ability of all prediction models was best for mortality within 30 days and worst for mortality within 365 days.

Conclusions
Comorbidity scores add little improvement beyond simpler models with age, gender and ASA grade for predicting mortality within one year after elective hip or knee replacement. The additional patient-specific information required to construct comorbidity scores must be balanced against their prediction gain when considering their utility.
Impact of university re-opening on total community COVID-19 burden
Authors: Cipriano Lauren E. , Haddara Wael M. R. , Zaric Gregory S. , Enns Eva A. 
Published: August 2021

Background
University students have higher average number of contacts than the general population. Students returning to university campuses may exacerbate COVID-19 dynamics in the surrounding community.

Methods
We developed a dynamic transmission model of COVID-19 in a mid-sized city currently experiencing a low infection rate. We evaluated the impact of 20,000 university students arriving on September 1 in terms of cumulative COVID-19 infections, time to peak infections, and the timing and peak level of critical care occupancy. We also considered how these impacts might be mitigated through screening interventions targeted to students.

Results
If arriving students reduce their contacts by 40% compared to pre-COVID levels, the total number of infections in the community increases by 115% (from 3,515 to 7,551), with 70% of the incremental infections occurring in the general population, and an incremental 19 COVID-19 deaths. Screening students every 5 days reduces the number of infections attributable to the student population by 42% and the total COVID-19 deaths by 8. One-time mass screening of students prevents fewer infections than 5-day screening, but is more efficient, requiring 196 tests needed to avert one infection instead of 237.

Interpretation
University students are highly inter-connected with the surrounding off-campus community. Screening targeted at this population provides significant public health benefits to the community through averted infections, critical care admissions, and COVID-19 deaths.
Mortality in children aged <5 years with severe acute respiratory illness in a high HIV-prevalence urban and rural areas of South Africa, 2009–2013
Authors: Ayeni Oluwatosin A. , Walaza Sibongile , Tempia Stefano , Groome Michelle , Kahn Kathleen , Madhi Shabir A. , Cohen Adam L. , Moyes Jocelyn , Venter Marietjie , Pretorius Marthi , Treurnicht Florette , Hellferscee Orienka , von Gottberg Anne , Wolter Nicole , Cohen Cheryl 
Published: August 2021

Background
Severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) is an important cause of mortality in young children, especially in children living with HIV infection. Disparities in SARI death in children aged <5 years exist in urban and rural areas.

Objective
To compare the factors associated with in-hospital death among children aged <5 years hospitalized with SARI in an urban vs. a rural setting in South Africa from 2009–2013.

Methods
Data were collected from hospitalized children with SARI in one urban and two rural sentinel surveillance hospitals. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for ten respiratory viruses and blood for pneumococcal DNA using polymerase chain reaction. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify patient and clinical characteristics associated with in-hospital death.

Results
From 2009 through 2013, 5,297 children aged <5 years with SARI-associated hospital admission were enrolled; 3,811 (72%) in the urban and 1,486 (28%) in the rural hospitals. In-hospital case-fatality proportion (CFP) was higher in the rural hospitals (6.9%) than the urban hospital (1.3%, p<0.001), and among HIV-infected than the HIV-uninfected children (9.6% vs. 1.6%, p<0.001). In the urban hospital, HIV infection (odds ratio (OR):11.4, 95% confidence interval (CI):5.4–24.1) and presence of any other underlying illness (OR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.0–9.2) were the only factors independently associated with death. In the rural hospitals, HIV infection (OR: 4.1, 95% CI: 2.3–7.1) and age <1 year (OR: 3.7, 95% CI: 1.9–7.2) were independently associated with death, whereas duration of hospitalization ≥5 days (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3–0.8) and any respiratory virus detection (OR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3–0.8) were negatively associated with death.

Conclusion
We found that the case-fatality proportion was substantially higher among children admitted to rural hospitals and HIV infected children with SARI in South Africa. While efforts to prevent and treat HIV infections in children may reduce SARI deaths, further efforts to address health care inequality in rural populations are needed.
“Spoiled” girls: Understanding social influences on adolescent contraceptive decision-making in Kenya
Authors: Harrington Elizabeth K. , Casmir Edinah , Kithao Peninah , Kinuthia John , John-Stewart Grace , Drake Alison L. , Unger Jennifer A. , Ngure Kenneth 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesDespite significant public health emphasis on unintended pregnancy prevention among adolescent girls and young women in Sub-Saharan Africa, there is a gap in understanding how adolescents’ own reproductive priorities and the social influences on their decision-making align and compete. We examined the social context of contraceptive decision-making among Kenyan female adolescents.MethodsUsing community-based sampling, we conducted 40 in-depth interviews and 6 focus group discussions among sexually-active or partnered adolescent girls and young women aged 15–19 in the Nyanza region of Kenya. We analyzed the data in Dedoose using an inductive, grounded theory approach, and developed a conceptual model from the data illustrating social influences on adolescent contraceptive decision-making.ResultsParticipants viewed adolescent pregnancy as unacceptable, and described severe social, financial, and health consequences of unintended pregnancy, including abortion under unsafe conditions. Yet, their contraceptive behaviors often did not reflect their desire to delay pregnancy. Contraceptive decision-making was influenced by multiple social factors, centering on the intersecting stigmas of adolescent female sexuality, pregnancy, and contraceptive use, as well as unequal power in sexual relationships. To prioritize pregnancy prevention, adolescents must navigate conflicting social norms and power dynamics, and put their perceived future fertility at risk.ConclusionsContraceptive decision-making among Kenyan female adolescents is strongly influenced by opposing social norms within families, communities, and sexual relationships, which compel them to risk stigma whether they use a contraceptive method or become pregnant as adolescents. These findings put into perspective adolescents’ seemingly incongruent pregnancy preferences and contraceptive behaviors. Interventions to address adolescent unintended pregnancy should focus on supporting adolescent decision-making agency, addressing fertility-related contraceptive concerns, and promoting innovative contraceptive access points rather than increasing contraceptive prevalence.
Changes in the top 25 reasons for primary care visits during the COVID-19 pandemic in a high-COVID region of Canada
Authors: Stephenson Ellen , Butt Debra A. , Gronsbell Jessica , Ji Catherine , O’Neill Braden , Crampton Noah , Tu Karen 
Published: August 2021

Purpose
We aimed to determine the degree to which reasons for primary care visits changed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
We used data from the University of Toronto Practice Based Research Network (UTOPIAN) to compare the most common reasons for primary care visits before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the number of visits and the number of patients seen for each of the 25 most common diagnostic codes. The proportion of visits involving virtual care was assessed as a secondary outcome.

Results
UTOPIAN family physicians (N = 379) conducted 702,093 visits, involving 264,942 patients between March 14 and December 31, 2019 (pre-pandemic period), and 667,612 visits, involving 218,335 patients between March 14 and December 31, 2020 (pandemic period). Anxiety was the most common reason for visit, accounting for 9.2% of the total visit volume during the pandemic compared to 6.5% the year before. Diabetes and hypertension remained among the top 5 reasons for visit during the pandemic, but there were 23.7% and 26.2% fewer visits and 19.5% and 28.8% fewer individual patients accessing care for diabetes and hypertension, respectively. Preventive care visits were substantially reduced, with 89.0% fewer periodic health exams and 16.2% fewer well-baby visits. During the pandemic, virtual care became the dominant care format (77.5% virtual visits). Visits for anxiety and depression were the most common reasons for a virtual visit (90.6% virtual visits).

Conclusion
The decrease in primary care visit volumes during the COVID-19 pandemic varied based on the reason for the visit, with increases in visits for anxiety and decreases for preventive care and visits for chronic diseases. Implications of increased demands for mental health services and gaps in preventive care and chronic disease management may require focused efforts in primary care.
Why “Anticolonial” International Rhetorical Studies?
Authors: deTar Matthew 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRhetorical studies as a discipline relies on a set of theories and a geography of case studies that circularly reinforce one another to authorize white-Euro-American traditions of knowledge beholden to colonial ways of knowing the world. Calls to “internationalize” the cases and topics of rhetorical studies are easily subsumed by the self-authorizing racist epistemology of the discipline, since additive models of “diverse” cases repurpose diversity to reinforce the authority of the discipline as it already exists. How should the globalization of rhetorical studies address the disciplinary logic of white, colonial, U.S. normativity? Studying non-U.S., non-Western rhetorical practice must be an anticolonial political intervention to fundamentally reimagine the discipline or it will risk reproducing a racist disciplinary structure.This essay maps three ways that scholars studying “international” cases have led a restructuring of the discipline by challenging the presumptions of universality that creep into scholarship. Anticolonial rhetorical scholars challenge processes of universalization as method, as rhetorical practice, and as ontology. When these processes of universalization become the object of study for rhetorical scholars, there is a possibility that rhetorical studies can develop the reflexivity to challenge its own circularly reinforcing, exclusionary disciplinary logic of white-U.S. normativity.
Digitality, Diversity, and the Future of Rhetoric and Public Address
Authors: Hartelius E. Johanna , Lu Jessica H. , Pfister Damien Smith , Woods Carly S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe pandemic and economic catastrophes of 2020 and the forms of resistance that surged against racist systemic and physical violence indicate, we contend, that studying public address in the present moment requires attention to the mutual contingency of rhetoric and digitality. Relying on interdisciplinary literatures and a global perspective, we direct such attention along three vectors: platforms, commons, and methods. We indicate how theorizing rhetoric and digitality transforms critical and historical traditions. In expanding the purview of the public address tradition while retaining the tradition’s hermeneutic potential, we emphasize the need to challenge disciplinary terms and the desirability of expanded analytical methods. We submit that by not attending sufficiently to the advent and diffusion of digital media technologies, public address scholarship misses opportunities to shape ongoing conversations about how rhetoric mediates public affairs; and that insofar as struggles for racial justice are bound up with, not just mediated by, digitality, the prospects of diversifying rhetoric’s professoriate increase when research on this topic is central rather than peripheral.
Metaphors to Live and Die By
Authors: Houdek Matthew 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDecolonial smuggling is a practice that falls at the intersections of fugitivity (Moten) and delinking (Mignolo, Wanzer-Serrano). It is geared toward disrupting rhetorical studies’ zero-point epistemology to open space to marshal alternative epistemologies—of Black being, Indigeneities, and their relational formations—against the canon to enable more radical, decolonial disciplinary futures. Building on the work of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) scholars, this essay details the forms of whiteness and knowledge production that reproduce epistemic violence, performs metaphoric (meta)criticism across various strands of race scholarship, and comments on white scholars’ role in these conversations. This essay seeks to add clarity to what decolonization looks like for rhetoricians with respect to the epistemologies and ontologies embedded within the metaphors that, for many, are matters of life and death.
Decolonizing Settler Public Address: The Role of Settler Scholars
Authors: Johnson Taylor N. , Endres Danielle 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe argue that decolonization must be a future direction for the study of rhetoric and public address. Settler rhetoricians must not only recognize that the field is founded on settler colonialism but also commit to an ongoing process of unsettling the field and making both mundane and extraordinary tangible engagements with decolonization. What the field needs is to begin charting a path for all rhetoricians to participate with decolonization struggles, particularly settler scholars. Drawing from research from Indigenous scholars and Native American and Indigenous studies, we focus on tactics for settler scholars to engage with this important research trajectory. This essay teases out the distinctions between theories of postcoloniality, decoloniality, and decolonization; highlights the active role rhetoric plays in settler colonialism; and lays out tactics for settler rhetorical scholars to enact forms of accountability and responsibility in their research, at their universities, and in the field of rhetoric.
Licht, Luft, Raum – Bauen für Forschung und Kultur
Authors: Grevesmühl Christa , Andreae Jens , Schneider-Kempf Barbara 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Für die Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin investierte der Bund seit den 2000er Jahren enorme Summen, um dieser Institution wie auch den in ihr aufbewahrten Beständen von Weltgeltung eine sowohl architektonisch wie auch konservatorisch-technisch angemessene Unterbringung zu garantieren. Rund 100 Jahre Architektur- und Baugeschichte zeigen sich nun an dem größten historischen Gebäudekomplex des Berliner Zentrums am Boulevard Unter den Linden: Eröffnet im Jahr 1914, erlitt das Bibliotheksgebäude dreißig Jahre später durch Bombentreffer teils schwere Beschädigungen, welche in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, unter schwierigen technischen und ökonomischen Bedingungen, für einen Bibliotheksbetrieb nur teilweise beseitigt werden konnten. Dank der Wiedervereinigung der beiden deutschen Staaten eröffnete sich die Chance, für die 1661 gegründete Bibliothek wieder Rahmenbedingungen zu schaffen, die ihrer Bedeutung wie auch ihrer Leistungsfähigkeit entsprechen. Mit den architektonischen, technischen und planerischen Konzepten des beginnenden 21. Jahrhunderts wurde der Altbau des Gebäudes instandgesetzt und zugleich auf ein modernes technisches Niveau gehoben. Im gleichen Zuge konnte das Jahrzehnte zuvor verloren gegangene architektonische wie auch funktionale Zentrum des Bibliotheksgebäudes durch ein neues ersetzt werden.
Die Bibliotheken der Università della Svizzera italiana (USI) im Wandel: Biblioteca universitaria di Lugano – Biblioteca dell’Accademia di architettura
Authors: Dosi Davide , Windholz Angela 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Die beiden Bibliotheken Biblioteca dell’Accademia di architettura in Mendrisio (BAAM) und Biblioteca universitaria Lugano (BUL) bilden zusammen die Biblioteche dell’Università della Svizzera italiana (USI). In den letzten Jahren haben sie gemeinsame, aber auch autonome Projekte durchgeführt. Die BUL hat zur Schaffung der BiblioAgorà auf dem neuen Campus Lugano-Viganello beigetragen, einem Raum, der die Bibliotheksdienste von USI und Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana (SUPSI) beherbergen soll. Die BAAM hat im Januar 2021, nach mehrjährigen Renovierungsarbeiten den 1. Stock des Palazzo Turconi, eines Krankenhausbaus aus der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts, bezogen. Die Konzeption der neuen Bibliothek auf 1 800 qm, die über sehr heterogene Bestände und Sondersammlungen, wie Autorenbibliotheken, Archivalien, Fotografie- und Graphikbestände und eine Rarasammlung verfügt, wurde in enger Zusammenarbeit mit dem Architekturbüro Cube aus Lausanne erarbeitet. Ziel war die Freihandaufstellung und Zugänglichmachung möglichst aller Bestände unter Beibehaltung optimaler konservatorischer Bedingungen.
Punktgenau auf Tag und Stunde: eine Buchungs-App für Bibliothekslesesäle. Das Beispiel der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek
Authors: Ceynowa Klaus , Gillitzer Berthold 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Nicht erst unter Pandemiebedingungen stellt die Option einer digital gesteuerten Buchung begrenzter Leseplatzkapazitäten in Bibliotheken ein drängendes Desiderat dar. Die Bayerische Staatsbibliothek hat daher in Zusammenarbeit mit einer Internetagentur eine Reservierungs-App entwickelt, die die einzelplatz- und stundengenaue Reservierung von Arbeitsplätzen in Lesesälen per Smartphone erlaubt. Der Beitrag stellt Funktionalität und Technologie der App vor, diskutiert die besonderen Herausforderungen von Bibliotheksdiensten an der digital-analogen Schnittstelle und lädt zur Nachnutzung des entwickelten Konzepts ein.