bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of breeds for UK veal production
Authors: Chapple D. G. , Davies M. H. , Pickard N. 
Published: November 2021

The export of live calves to be reared for veal in Continental Europe has raised animal welfare issues for calves transported over long distances for finishing in continental production systems which use veal-crates. Veal production systems which are designed to be welfare-friendly, and do not involve the live export of calves from the UK could help to resolve current consumer objections, and also stimulate an increase in domestic veal production and consumption.To compare the performance and suitability for veal production of three breeds of heifer calves, when reared in the UK on a welfare-friendly veal system.
Comparative digestibility and digesta flow kinetics in two breeds of sheep
Authors: Ranilla M.J. , Valdés C. , Giráldez F.J. , Carro M.D. , López S. 
Published: November 2021

Recent studies carried out in cattle, sheep and goats have shown differences between both species and breeds of ruminants in digestive capacity, digesta flows and fermentation rates. Most of these differences are related to their feeding behaviour and digestive physiology and could affect digestive utilization of feeds. The aim of this work was to study the digestibility and digesta kinetics in the whole digestive tract in two breeds of sheep (Churra v. Merino).Ten non-productive mature sheep (five Churra (mean LW= 44.3kgÂ±3.20) and five Merino (mean LW= 46.7kgÂ±2.22)) fitted with rumen cannulae were used in this study. Animals were fed once a day 1 kg of alfalfa hay (877 g DM/kg; 169 g CP/kg DM; 489 g NDF/kg DM).
The effect of nose ringing of outdoor sows on foraging behaviour and pasture damage
Authors: Edwards S A , Anssems E , Horrell R I , Ness P A , Eddison J 
Published: November 2021

Nose ringing of outdoor sows is widely practiced to reduce pasture damage, but may have both short and longer term implications for animal welfare. This study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of different forms of nose ring and the extent of behavioural modification which they caused.Six groups of 5 sows were allocated between three treatments: unrung (U), rung with three traditional boss-rings through the upper rim of the nasal disc (TR) or rung with a single bull-ring through the nasal septum (BR). Groups were placed in adjacent paddocks on undamaged grass leys at a stocking rate of 38 sows/ha. Pasture damage was assessed weekly by measuring proportions of grass, bare earth and overturned earth in 20 half-metre square quadrats per paddock on a fixed sampling pattern.
Effect of fish meal on digestibility in the rumen
Authors: Carro M.D. , Miller E.L. , Fabb O.C. 
Published: November 2021

Some studies have shown that fish meal (FM) supplementation could result in an increased digestion in the rumen, with different levels of response with different FM (McAllan, 1991). The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of supplementation with two FM, having the same nitrogen content (113 g N/kg DM) but different N rumen degradability, on fermentation and duodenal flow of nutrients.The study was carried out using six mature sheep fitted with rumen cannulae and single duodenal cannulae. Animals were fed 1 kg/d of a 60:40 hay:concentrate diet having a N content of 22 g/kg DM, either alone (Control; C) or supplemented with 40 g FM/d (FMl and FM2). The experiment was carried out over four periods of 14 days and in each period two sheep received each of the diets.
Effect of monensin on in vitro semi-continuous rumen fermentation in the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec)
Authors: Mackintosh E.D. , Phipps R.H. , Sutton J.D. , Wilkinson J. 
Published: November 2021

Rusitec (Czerkawski and Breckenndge, 1977) lias been widely used to study factors which affect rumen fermentation such as monensin, monensin-propionate, abierixin, calcimycin and Aspergillus oryzae (Bogaert et al., 1990; Newbold et al., 1993). Monensin is a grain-positive ionophore which modifies rumen fermentation. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of monensin on molar proportions of volatile fatty acid (VFA) produced from diets which varied in foragexoncentrate ratio.Four Rusitec vessels (800 ml) were used in an extended Latin Square design with 2 blocks, 2 treatments and 3 periods, each lasting 14 days. To initiate each period, inocula was recovered from the same lactating Holstein-Friesian cow (∽650 kg). All vessels received 15 g DM/day of a complete diet which contained maize silage, grass silage, NaOH treated wheat grain and a protein supplement in three foragexoncentrate ratios; 25:75 (L), 50:50 (M) and 75:25 (H).
The effect of increasing substrate concentration on the gas production profiles of pure maize starch and milled, high temperature dried grass
Authors: Huntington J. A. , Givens D. I. 
Published: November 2021

Theodorou et al. (1994) using a manual pressure transducer technique observed a linear response to substrate concentration (cone.) in gas production (GP; ml absolute) whilst lag time and rate of GP values remained constant. This experiment investigated the effect of increasing the cone, of maize starch (S) and milled (1mm) dried grass (DG) on the GP profile using an automated GP technique (Cone 1994).Either 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 g of S or DG were weighed into 250 ml bottles and pre-soaked with anaerobic buffer (85 ml). The bottles were connected to a data logger/pressure tranducer unit and gassed with carbon dioxide. Incubation (39Â°C) started ∽16 h later when strained rumen fluid was injected into each bottle (15 ml) and a data logger initiated. When GP had ceased the final pH of each bottle was measured and 25 ml of 1M H3PO4 added to stop further enzymic activity. DG bottles were filtered to determine organic matter (OM) residue and hence OM degraded (OMD).
Effect of dietary unsaturated fats on the flavour, and on oxidative and colour stability, of Suffolk, Friesland and Soay sheep meats
Authors: Kurt E. , Nute G. , Enser M. , Richardson R.I. , Sinclair L.A. , Wilkinson R.G. , Wood J.D. 
Published: November 2021

Nutritional recommendations to improve the human diet are to increase the P:S ratio and to decrease the n-6:n-3 ratio of food (Department of Health 1994). However, increasing the degree of unsaturation of meat lipids may alter the flavour of the cooked meat and can increase its susceptibility to oxidative changes such as lipid rancidity and colour deterioration. We have studied these quality aspects in meat from three breeds of lambs fed different fats.Seventy two entire ram lambs of three genotypes were used in a 3x4 factorial design: Suffolk x Lleyn, Frieslands x Lleyn and Soay lambs were fed diets, for an average of 80 days, containing one of four fats at 50g/kg supplemented with 200 IU/kg vitamin E: 1, control, 2, linseed, 3, fish oil and 4, fish oil plus linseed (50:50). Sensory assessment was performed on loin chops grilled to an internal temperature of 74°C which were rated using 100mm unstructured line scales. For colour and lipid oxidation measurements, 10mm thick leg steaks were aged for 10 days in vacuum at 1°C then repacked in modified atmosphere (O2:CO2,75:25) and displayed under light at 4°C for 6 days.
Thermoregulation in wet Shetland ponies
Authors: Booth M.E. , Pearson R.A. , Cuddeford D. 
Published: November 2021

Understanding the influence of the weather on the energy requirements of horses living outdoors during winter is essential when estimating feed requirements. Measurements of heat production from live horses have only been made at different air temperatures. The influences of other weather parameters, such as precipitation and wind speed, which are known to increase the rate of heat loss in other domestic stock, have not been researched for horses. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of wetting the upper body surface of Shetland ponies in winter coat on their rate of heat production (W/kg) and on their skin and body temperatures (°C ).Two mature Shetland pony stallions (178 and 200 kg liveweight) in full winter coat (coat parameters over the back; mean depth 2.38 cm; mean length 3.25 cm; mean density 79.25 mg/cm2), and in good body condition (condition score 2; Pollock, 1980), were housed at ambient temperature (range 2 - 9.5 °C) in an open-sided shed and fed meadow hay at maintenance energy requirements (NRC, 1989).
The effect of an inoculant additive on the fermentation characteristics of grass silage and bovine performance
Authors: Johnson P.N. , Grundy H.F. , Stanway A.P. 
Published: November 2021

The efficacy of inoculant silage additives has often been questioned under difficult ensiling conditions. This study was conducted under testing conditions to test the efficacy of an inoculant additive (SA55) on silage fermentation and animal performance.A perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) based sward was mown and conditioned on 29 October 1996 and was picked up on 30 and 31 October. Two similar precision-chop forage harvesters were used, one picked up grass without applying additive (Control), whilst the second applied the inoculant additive (SA55). SA55 (Microferm Ltd) was applied at a target rate of 2 1/t to give 5 x 105 organisms (Lactobacillus plantarum, Paediococcus acidilactici, Lactococcus lactis lactis and clostridial bacteriophages) per gramme of grass. The harvesters picked up adjacent swaths and dedicated trailers serviced each harvester. Frequent checks were made on the application rate of the additive. Two similar, roofed bunker silos were loaded with grass, using loaders dedicated to each silo. Loads of grass were tipped in their respective silos to avoid Cross contamination during the filling operation. Care was taken to ensure equal consolidation of both clamps. After consolidation, clamps were sealed with polythene sheeting and weighted down with tyres. Each load of grass was weighed and sampled.
Influence of different sources of methionine (DL methionine, hydroxy-analogues of methionine) and sulphur on the digestibility of organic matter of maize silage measured in vitro
Authors: Robert J.C. , Ferragu V. , Bouza B. , Williams P.E.V. 
Published: November 2021

Rode et al (1997) reported a significant improvement in milk production and milk fat content when the ration was supplemented at the start of lactation with hydroxy-analogue of methionine (HMB) (DL,2 hydroxy 4 (methyl thio) butanoic acid. This could be explained either by the fact that HMB in the liquid form, in a manner similar to the calcium salt of HMB is used by the rumen microorganisms, resulting in the stimulation of the rumen microflora or that the HMB supplies by-pass methionine analogue to the duodenum. The objective of the present trial was to measure the effects of HMB in the rumen using a rumen simulation technique and to test the effect of different sources of methionine on the digestibility of the organic matter of maize silage.Experiments were carried out using the in vitro rumen technique (Menke et al, 1988) (HFT). Different sources of methionine were tested : two sources of the hydroxy-analogue of methionine (HMB) : [A] AlimetTM (88,2%) (Novus Int Inc) and [B] RhodimetTM AT88 (88,9%) (Rhone Poulenc Animal Nutrition), [C] calcium salt of HMB (85,3%) [D] Rhodimet NP99 (99%) (DL methionine powder (RPAN)) [E] mineral sulphur in the form of sodium sulphate (99,5%).
Short Term Intake Rate (STIR) as a method of ranking the intake potential of forage mixtures by dairy cows
Authors: Harrison S. , Romney D.L , Phipps R.H , Owen E. 
Published: November 2021

Studies conducted by Moseley and Manendez (1989) and Gill and Romney (1994) have indicated a good correlation between potential intake rate and voluntary food intake for certain feedstuffs. Therefore development of a simple technique to assess intake rate could enable rapid assessment of feed acceptability. This experiment examined what will be termed Short Term Intake Rate (STIR) as a method of ranking forage mixtures in terms of intake potential.Five individually fed multiparous Fresian Holstein dairy cows were offered five silage based diets ad libitum daily for five days in a latin square design. The diets consisted of grass silage (A), or grass silage and maize silage in a 1:3 DM ratio (B, C, D and E). The DM content of the grass silage (A) was 279 g DM/kg, and the target DM content of the maize silage used in diets B, C, D and E was 230, 280, 300 and 380 g DM/kg respectively. The DM content of the forage mixtures B, C, D and E were 278, 302, 318 and 373 g DM/kg.
The effect of supplementary carbohydrate composition on lactational performance in dairy cows grazing alfalfa pasture
Authors: Castillo A.R. , Beever D.E , Gregoret R.F. , Onetti S.G. , Quaino O.R. 
Published: November 2021

The rate of disimilation of the dietary protein fraction of fresh forages, especially fresh legumes, is rapid and often exceeds microbial requirements for ammonia [Beever, 1993]. Consequently total dietary nitrogen [N] utilisation is impaired due to increased absorption of ammonia from the rumen and excretion of urea via the kidneys. This experiment, as part of a larger co-ordinated study to examine N utilisation in alfalfa swards for milk production, considered the evaluation of different isoenergetic supplements formulated to contain contrasting carbohydrate components with respect to starch and fibre level and type, and water soluble carbohydrate content.Forty multiparous Holstein cows in immediately post peak lactation were randomnly allocated to one of four alfalfa paddocks, and provided fresh daily allowances [13kg Dry matter (DM)/cow/d] by means of electric fencing. Cows were milked twice daily [0600&1500h] when 3.5kg DM concentrate was offered at each milking. At all other times cows were at pasture and intakes were estimated by measuring pasture DM on offer to and refused by the cows.
Effect of dry period treatment on endocrine profiles of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows
Authors: Moorby J.M. , Beck N.F.G. , Dhanoa M.S. , Davies D.W.R. , Fisher W.J. 
Published: November 2021

The dry period nutrition of the dairy cow can significantly affect subsequent milk production. It has been suggested that part of this effect can be attributed to the animal's use of labile body protein in support of early lactation nutrient requirements. If this is so, then there may be endocrine changes to signal nutrient partitioning. This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of offering diets differing in protein content during the dry period on changes in the endocrine profiles of animals over that period and during the first 21 weeks of lactation.Forty-eight multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were offered one of three different dry period diets for 6 weeks before predicted calving (16 animals per treatment): A) grass silage only, B) a grass silagetoarley straw mix (60:40 on a dry matter basis), or C) grass silage plus 0.5 kg/d high protein maize gluten meal. Diets A, B and C differed in the amounts of protein supplied: medium, low and high respectively. After calving, all animals were offered the same diet of ad libitum grass silage and concentrates at a stepped fixed rate.
Mapping the Thermal Structure of Southern Africa From Curie Depth Estimates Based on Wavelet Analysis of Magnetic Data With Uncertainties
Authors: Sobh M. , Gerhards C. , Fadel I. , Götze H.‐J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSurface heat flow provides essential information on the thermal state and thickness of the lithosphere. Southern Africa is a mosaic of the best‐preserved and exposed crustal blocks, assembled in the early late Archean and then modified by a series of major tectono‐thermal events, both of Precambrian and Phanerozoic. Understanding the thermal and compositional structure of the southern African lithosphere provides crucial information for the actual causes, processes of lithospheric stability, and modification. Curie depth, interpreted as the depth to 580°C, provides a valuable constraint on the thermal structure of the lithosphere. Due to the sparse distribution of surface heat flow data, we examine the degree to which the thermal structure of the crust can be constrained from Curie depth estimates in southern Africa. We provide a Curie depth map for southern Africa (obtained from the inversion of magnetic anomaly data via power spectral methods and wavelet analysis) alongside with a heat flow map (based on the previous Curie depth estimates), both equipped with uncertainties via a Bayesian approach. Opposed to other cratonic regions, the observation of a shallow Curie depths and low heat flow over the Kaapvaal Craton suggests a thermochemical reworking of the cratonic lithosphere in this region. Furthermore, a comparison with a model for the Moho depth reveals significant variations of the Curie depth, which may be located below or above the Moho in large regions. Both observations indicate that in certain regions magnetic anomaly based Curie depth estimates may reflect a compositional rather than a temperature controlled constraint.
Observation of High‐Frequency Electrostatic Waves in the Dip Region Ahead of Dipolarization Front
Authors: Wei Y. Y. , Huang S. Y. , Yuan Z. G. , Deng X. H. , Jiang K. , Xu S. B. , Zhang J. , Zhang Z. H. , Xiong Q. Y. , Yu L. , Lin R. T. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDipolarization front (DF) is a sharp magnetic structure featuring the increase of Bz in the magnetotail. Various types of waves have been observed around the DF. However, in the magnetic dip ahead of the DF, very few waves have been reported so far. In this study, we report broadband high‐frequency electrostatic waves in the dip region by using high resolution data from the magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) mission. The frequency range of these electrostatic emissions is higher than electron cyclotron frequency but lower than electron plasma frequency. These high‐frequency waves are quasi‐parallel propagating, and their parallel components dominate. Simultaneously, the measured field‐aligned electron distribution function (EDF) has a positive slope (df/dv|| > 0). The kinetic theory dispersion relationship curve based on the measured EDF reveals that the positive slope is responsible for the generation of high‐frequency electrostatic wave in the magnetic dip ahead of the DF.
Multi‐Event Studies of Sudden Energetic Electron Enhancements in the Inner Magnetosphere and Its Association With Plasmapause Positions
Authors: Khoo L.‐Y. , Li X. , Zhao H. , Thaller S. A. , Hogan B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSudden enhancements of energetic electrons (tens of keV to <500 keV) at low L‐shells have been frequently observed by Van Allen Probes. It is, however, still unclear how deep these electrons can reach and what the responsible mechanisms are. Here we seek to determine the inner boundary of initial enhancements of these energetic electrons and its link with the plasmapause location to offer a new, insightful perspective on this topic. Previous statistical studies have revealed a remarkably consistent observation that initial enhancements of energetic electrons occur mostly at higher L‐shell than the innermost plasmapause locations (Lpp), though a few outlier events were also identified. In this study, we examine the identified outlier events where electron enhancements were reported inside the plasmapause (either in situ Lpp or simulated innermost Lpp). More detailed investigation indicates that the appearance of enhancements inside the in situ Lpp is often associated with duskside observations where the “actual” initial enhancement likely occurs somewhere else, outside the innermost plasmapause location. We thereby urge caution when using the relationship between the observed enhancement locations and the in situ Lpp to infer the effect of electric fields on energetic electrons. In summary, our findings suggest that the innermost Lpp remains the innermost limit of the initial sudden enhancements of energetic electrons. Combining with phase space density analysis, our result implies the role of a large‐scale electric field that leads to sudden electron enhancements and the erosion of the plasmasphere.
Lower Mantle Melting: Experiments and Thermodynamic Modeling in the System MgO‐SiO2
Authors: Yao Jie , Frost Daniel J. , Steinle‐Neumann Gerd 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCharacterizing and modeling melting relations in the system MgO‐SiO2 at lower mantle pressures rely on the location of the eutectic points for MgO‐MgSiO3 and MgSiO3‐SiO2. While at an uppermost lower mantle pressure there is general consensus on the eutectic composition in the former, large discrepancies exist for MgSiO3‐SiO2 from experiments in the diamond anvil cell, ab‐initio simulations and models built on them. In order to address this discrepancy, we have performed multi‐anvil press experiments at GPa for Mg4Si6O16 and Mg3Si7O17 at temperatures of K and K. In the experiments at K, we observe the presence of partial melt. The recovered Mg4Si6O16 sample shows SiO2 stishovite as the liquidus phase, and electron microprobe analysis of the quenched melt determines as the eutectic composition. We fit a thermodynamic model to describe the melting relations in the MgO‐SiO2 system, and extrapolate to core‐mantle boundary pressure. At 136 GPa, we predict that the eutectic points have moved further away from enstatite composition, and solidus temperatures remain similar for MgO‐MgSiO3 and MgSiO3‐SiO2.
Photosensitized Degradation of DMSO Initiated by PAHs at the Air‐Water Interface, as an Alternative Source of Organic Sulfur Compounds to the Atmosphere
Authors: Jiang Haoyu , Carena Luca , He Yingyao , Wang Yiqun , Zhou Wentao , Yang Lihua , Luan Tiangang , Li Xue , Brigante Marcello , Vione Davide , Gligorovski Sasho 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe photochemical reactions of organic compounds at the water surface lead to the formation of gas‐phase molecules that may contribute to new particle formation in the atmosphere. Here, we observe the formation of organic sulfur (OS) compounds that are known secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors, upon irradiation of aqueous solutions containing typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as pyrene, fluoranthene, and phenanthrene as well as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The reactivity between the excited triplet states of PAHs (3PAHs*) and DMSO was determined by transient absorption spectroscopy and a tentative reaction mechanism for DMSO degradation was proposed, supported by theoretical calculations of the reaction Gibbs energies. In all cases, we observe rapid formation of methanesulfonic acid, methanesulfinic acid, methylsulfonylmethane, ethyl methanesulfonate, hydroxymethanesulfonic acid, and 2‐hydroxyethanesulfonic acid by use of novel membrane inlet‐single photon ionization‐time of flight mass spectrometry. These results suggest that ubiquitous PAHs and DMSO at the sea surface may represent an alternative source of OS compounds during daytime, through photochemical processes that should be considered in future models to better represent the SOA formation processes in the atmosphere.