bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photonic-crystal lasers with high-quality narrow-divergence symmetric beams and their application to LiDAR
Authors: Yoshida Masahiro , De Zoysa Menaka , Ishizaki Kenji , Kunishi Wataru , Inoue Takuya , Izumi Koki , Hatsuda Ranko , Noda Susumu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is a key technology for smart mobility of robots, agricultural and construction machines, and autonomous vehicles. However, current LiDAR systems often rely on semiconductor lasers with low-quality, large-divergence, and asymmetric beams, requiring high-precision integration of complicated lens systems to reshape the beam. Also, due to the broad linewidth and the large temperature dependence of their lasing spectrum, a bandpass filter with broad bandwidth must be used in front of the detector, so the detected signal is affected by noise from background light such as sunlight. These critical issues limit the performance, compactness, affordability, and reliability of the LiDAR systems. Photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs) have attracted much attention as novel semiconductor lasers that can solve the issues of conventional semiconductor lasers owing to their capability of high-quality, very-narrow-divergence, and symmetric beam operation supported by broad-area band-edge resonance in their two-dimensional photonic crystal. In this paper, we show the progress and the state of the art of broad-area coherent PCSELs and their application to a time-of-flight (ToF) LiDAR system. We first review the progress of PCSELs made so far. Next, we show recent progress based on PCSELs with a double-lattice structure that enables higher-power and narrower-divergence operation while keeping a symmetric beam shape. By optimizing the double-lattice photonic crystal and the reflective properties of a backside distributed Bragg reflector (DBR), we achieve a high peak power of 10 W while maintaining a nearly diffraction-limited beam divergence of ∼0.1° (FWHM) from a 500 µm diameter resonator. Using this PCSEL, we construct a LiDAR system that uses no external lens system in its light source and demonstrate highly spatially resolved ToF sensing (measurement range of ∼20 m), which is appropriate for autonomous robots and factory automation.
Mesoscale modeling of metal-based selective laser melting: evolution of the vapor capillary
Authors: Allen J B 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this work we apply a multiphysics approach to selective laser melting to model the evolution of the vapor capillary, taking into account the effects of variable laser intensity, scan speed, and spot size. Restricting the work to a single line scan with a continuous wave laser, we focused on the application of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. In addition to heat, momentum and mass transfer, the solid/liquid/vapor interface was simulated using a front-tracking, level-set method, and an imposed recoil pressure was used to model the evolving vapor capillary. Initial benchmark applications focusing on an evolving melting front served to validate the heat transfer/phase change numerical framework.
Study on hardness and wear resistance of shot peened AA7075-T6 aluminum alloy
Authors: Win Khun Nay , Quang Trung Pham , Lee Butler David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
AA7075-T6 aluminum alloy samples were shot peened at various shot peening pressures in the range of 10–70 psi to study their mechanical and tribological properties under dry and mineral oil lubrication conditions. The surface roughness of the shot peened AA7075-T6 samples apparently increased with increased shot peening pressure. The best bearing surface was obtained when the shot peening process was carried out at the highest shot peening pressure of 70 psi. It was found that the increased shot peening pressure increased the hardness and decreased the wear of the shot peened samples. The shot peened samples tested under the mineral oil lubrication condition also had lower wear for higher shot peening pressures due to the combined effects of their higher surface wear resistance and better bearing surfaces. The results clearly showed that using the mineral oil lubricant during sliding apparently decreased the wear of the shot peened samples as a result of the lubricating effect of the lubricant. It could be deduced that the tribological properties of the shot peened AA7075-T6 samples under the dry and lubrication conditions were affected by the shot peening pressure.
Music: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Music: A Very Short Introduction is a study of music and thinking about music, focusing on its social, cultural, and historical dimensions. It draws on a wealth of accessible examples, ranging from Beethoven to Chinese zither music. This VSI also discusses the nature of music as a real-time performance practice; the role of music in social and political action; and the nature of musical thinking, including the roles played in it by instruments, notations, and creative imagination. Digital technology has had a massive impact on the production and consumption of music, including transforming participatory music-making and the music business. This in turn has affected music’s position in a globalized world. In many ways music has changed out of all recognition over the last twenty years.
Introduction
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
‘Introduction’ describes a forty-second television commercial for Prudential pension plans in order to illustrate music’s ability to convey complex cultural meanings. Music encodes values, people’s cherished beliefs about the world they live in; it is an entertainment, one of life’s great pleasures. But it also penetrates deep into society, culture, and identity. It is important for any study of music that aims to reflect the importance of digital technology and globalization to place equal emphasis on music as real-time performance and the processes of creative imagination in music.
Thinking in music
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
‘Thinking in music’ examines how the culture of music involves a system of established metaphors that culture members share—what may be loosely called a language. This is the condition of writing, talking, or thinking about music, but more than that, it is the condition of music’s existence as cultural practice and product. Musicians internalize properties of instruments and notations: these are key ways musicians think not just about but in music. The creative imagination can be seen at work through the example of Beethoven, whose compositional process—based on the piano and on sketches—became central to a whole tradition of thinking about classical music.
The presence of the past
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
‘The presence of the past’ traces a number of key ideas going back to the 18th century that still condition music and thinking about it today, largely focusing on classical music, but situating it in relation to popular culture. A distinction needs to be drawn between ‘classical’ (small-C) and ‘Classical’ (big-C) music: Classical (big-C) music is a narrower term referring to a particular series of developments centred on Vienna and the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the late 18th and early 19th centuries—developments in which Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven played a key role, and which eventually led to the idea of music as its composer’s self-expression. A very different idea of what music is and what it is for emerged, centred around the consumption rather than the creation of music, linked to major social and technological changes, and this has given rise to today’s culture of musical pluralism.
Marketing research
Authors: Le Meunier-FitzHugh Kenneth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines marketing research, one of the most engaging parts of marketing, as it is the opportunity for organizations to evaluate marketing performance, uncover customer behaviours, and explore their preferences. Marketing research covers a range of activities which may be positioned as either problem-identification research or problem-solving research. Sources of data and information for marketing research include secondary or desk research; primary or field data; quantitative data; and qualitative data. Meanwhile, marketing research methods are reviewed including surveys and questionnaires; focus groups and interviews; experiments and observations; and neuromarketing. The chapter then considers how sampling is widely used in primary research. It also looks at customer insights and big data.
Promotions (marketing communications) and social media
Authors: Le Meunier-FitzHugh Kenneth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores promotions, which are made up of a range of marketing communication tools that are critical in supporting the organization’s offer and conveying their brand values. They are designed to reach, interest, and engage customers in conversations and to encourage them to purchase their products. Promotional tools include advertising, sales promotions, public relations, direct marketing (on- or offline), sponsorship, and personal selling. Today, communication activities are being totally reinvented by the growth of social media and digital marketing. Indeed, the development of different types of social media has created opportunities to develop digital marketing that has an immediacy of interaction and increased intimacy with potential customers.
Price and place (managing channels)
Authors: Le Meunier-FitzHugh Kenneth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the elements of price and distribution, which are important parts of marketing strategy. Pricing is critical in that it directly relates to the revenues generated by the organization and consequently affects its profitability. Pricing also has a strategic impact as it can be used to create competitive advantage in the marketplace by either undercutting the competition or supporting premium positioning statements. Meanwhile, place decisions are about how the product reaches the customers and are therefore about forms of distribution. Distribution can be mass, selective, or exclusive, and can be achieved through direct or indirect channels to market.
Historical development
Authors: Baderin Mashood A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
‘Historical development’ discusses the historical development of Islamic law, divided into six major periods. These include the formative period, the pre-classical period, the classical period, the post-classical period, the modern period, and an emerging post-modern period. The history of Islamic law is linked with the divine call of Muhammad to prophethood and the consequent emergence of Islam as a religious faith in Arabia in the 7th century. The Qur’an became the main source for guidance for the early Muslims. Thus, faith in God as the divine authority, in Muhammad as a prophet of God, and in the Qur’an as a divine revelation, has served as the cornerstone of Islamic law.
Theory, scope, and practice
Authors: Baderin Mashood A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
‘Theory, scope, and practice’ assesses the theoretical, substantive, and procedural aspects of Islamic law. The theoretical aspect engages with the jurisprudential rules relating to the sources, methods, principles, legal hermeneutics, and juristic methodologies of Islamic law. The substantive aspect deals with the scope of Islamic law, covering the textual provisions and juristic rulings on specific substantive issues. The procedural aspect deals with Islamic law in practice, covering its practical application as a functional legal system. Any examination of Islamic legal theory should consider the sources, methods, and principles of law and, in particular in this case, Islamic substantive law. Ijtihād is an important tool of independent juristic reasoning under Islamic legal theory.
Law of financial transactions
Authors: Baderin Mashood A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
‘Law of financial transactions’ studies the Islamic law of financial transactions. Islamic banking and finance is based on the general rules of contract and commerce as regulated by relevant provisions of the sharīʻah. Its fundamental principles are based on the legality of trade but prohibition of usury/interest (ribā), predatory/speculative transactions (gharar), gambling (maysir), and dealing in unlawful goods and services under the sharīʻah. Other relevant rules include the principles of partnership and agency, which are employed in devising different ‘sharīʻah-compliant’ products in contemporary Islamic banking and finance. The three main forms of ‘sharīʻah-compliant’ contracts are: the murābahah (‘cost-plus’ sale), mushārakah (equitable partnership), and mudārabah (silent partnership).
Administration of justice
Authors: Baderin Mashood A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
‘Administration of justice’ examines the administration of justice under Islamic law, highlighting the importance of adjudication. The processes of administration of justice in Islamic law have never been static or inflexible but leave room for necessary refinement as the needs of substantive justice demand. Such refinements are left to the jurists and the relevant state authorities to decide in accordance with the sharīʻah. The jurisprudential rules relate to the appointment and role of judges, structure of courts and judicial procedure, rules of evidence, and appeals and judicial reviews. Islamic law also recognizes alternative non-judicial means of settling disputes, such as arbitration or mediation (tahkīm) and amicable settlement or conciliation (sulh).
The future of Islamic law
Authors: Baderin Mashood A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
‘The future of Islamic law’ assesses the future of Islamic law. Owing to the influence of modern state structures and modern modes of law-making, the form and application of Islamic law as part of state law today is not based strictly on direct reference to classical fiqh manuals, but indirectly through state legislation in the form of codified statutes. Codification raises two questions concerning the future of Islamic law. The first question relates to form, while the second relates to content. One aspect of classical fiqh that may be affected by codified Islamic law is the flexibility of ikhtilāf (differences of juristic opinion), as the codified fiqh becomes the applicable law.
“Something is Said in the Silences”: Gwendolyn Brooks’s Years at Harper’s
Authors: Goldsby Jacqueline 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This essay draws upon Gwendolyn Brooks’ 49-year correspondence (1944–93) with her editor Elizabeth Lawrence to trace the “publishing knowledges” that Brooks gleaned during her mid-20th-century career with the US firm Harpers & Brothers. First and foremost, their correspondence richly details Brooks’s growth as an experimental poet with a mainstream commercial firm. The aesthetic sociality of their editorial debates fostered also allowed them to explore personal and political intimacies; in this dimension, their correspondence (both the letters’ contents and epistolary form) sheds light on how Brooks and Lawrence navigated the shoals of race, gender, and liberalism in the notoriously patriarchal corporate culture of mid-20th-century US publishing. Finally, the arc of Brooks’s relationship with Lawrence at Harper’s charts is how US publishing transformed from its corporate to conglomerated forms. Taken together, these epistolary threads not only weave African American poetry into the literary history of an era-defining institutional realignment but also they demonstrate how Brooks’ and Lawrence’s cross-racial solidarity and commitment to an anti-corporate poetics comprise a continuum between Brooks’s career in mainstream US publishing and her later years in the Black independent press in the late 1960s.
[P]ublishing at Harper’s was a shrewd, tactical choice [that] . . serve[d] Brooks’s evolving ideologies about art and politics.
Conglomerability, disintegrability and the comparative principle
Authors: Stewart Rush T , Nielsen Michael 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOur aim here is to present a result that connects some approaches to justifying countable additivity. This result allows us to better understand the force of a recent argument for countable additivity due to Easwaran. We have two main points. First, Easwaran’s argument in favour of countable additivity should have little persuasive force on those permissive probabilists who have already made their peace with violations of conglomerability. As our result shows, Easwaran’s main premiss – the comparative principle – is strictly stronger than conglomerability (and equivalent to disintegrability). Second, with the connections between the comparative principle and other probabilistic concepts clearly in view, we point out that opponents of countable additivity can still make a case that countable additivity is an arbitrary stopping point between finite and full additivity.
DPYD, down-regulated by the potentially chemopreventive agent luteolin, interacts with STAT3 in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Kato Hiroyuki , Naiki-Ito Aya , Suzuki Shugo , Inaguma Shingo , Komura Masayuki , Nakao Kenju , Naiki Taku , Kachi Kenta , Kato Akihisa , Matsuo Yoichi , Takahashi Satoru 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The 5-year survival rate of pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC) patients is &lt;10% despite progress in clinical medicine. Strategies to prevent the development of PDAC are urgently required. The flavonoids Luteolin (Lut) and hesperetin (Hes) may be cancer-chemopreventive, but effects on pancreatic carcinogenesis in vivo have not been studied. Here, the chemopreventive effects of Lut and Hes on pancreatic carcinogenesis are assessed in the BOP-induced hamster PDAC model. Lut but not Hes suppressed proliferation of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and reduced the incidence and multiplicity of PDAC in this model. Lut also inhibited the proliferation of hamster and human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Multi-blot and microarray assays revealed decreased phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) on Lut exposure. To explore the relationship between DPYD and STAT3 activity, the former was silenced by RNAi or overexpressed using expression vectors, and the latter was inactivated by small molecule inhibitors or stimulated by IL6 in human PDAC cells. DPYD knock-down decreased, and overexpression increased, pSTAT3 and cell proliferation. DPYD expression was decreased by inactivation of STAT3 and increased by its activation. The frequency of pSTAT3-positive cells and DPYD expression was significantly correlated and was decreased in parallel by Lut in the hamster PDAC model. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis in 73 cases of human PDAC demonstrated that DPYD expression was positively correlated with the Ki-67 labeling index, and high expression was associated with poor prognosis. These results indicate that Lut is a promising chemopreventive agent for PDAC, targeting a novel STAT3-DPYD pathway.
Expression of MAdCAM-1 and Gut-homing T Cells in Inflamed Pouch Mucosa
Authors: de Krijger Manon , Wildenberg Manon E , Mookhoek Aart , Verheul Sascha , de Jonge Wouter J , Ponsioen Cyriel Y 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
Pouchitis is a common complication following formation of an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis [IPAA] after proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis [UC]. Gut-specific lymphocyte trafficking mechanisms have been identified as players in the pathogenesis of UC. In the present study, we aimed to characterise the presence of lymphocyte subsets expressing gut-homing molecules in pouches and peripheral blood of UC patients with and without pouchitis.

Methods
Biopsy samples and peripheral blood were collected from 29 patients with an IPAA [seven with active inflammation, 22 without inflammation]. Expression of adhesion molecule MAdCAM-1 was assessed using immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry was used to characterise expression of integrin α4β7, C-chemokine receptor 9 [CCR9], and CD103 on T cell subsets.

Results
MAdCAM-1 expression was significantly increased in case of active inflammation in the pouch. T cells expressing integrin α4β7 were abundant in the pouch mucosa, but the frequency of integrin α4β7-expressing T cells was decreased on CD4+ lymphocytes during inflammation. Co-expression of gut-homing markers CCR9 and α4β7 was more pronounced in biopsies compared with peripheral blood, but was not enhanced upon active inflammation.

Conclusions
Gut-homing T cells are abundant in pouch mucosa, but the classic hypothesis that the chronic inflammatory state is maintained by an accumulation of α4β7-expressing effector T cells is not supported by our data.
Southern (American) Hospitality: Italians in Argentina and the United States During the Age of Mass Migration
Authors: Pérez Santiago 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Argentina and the United States were the principal destinations for Italian immigrants during the Age of Mass Migration. I assemble data following Italians from passenger lists to censuses in Argentina and the United States, enabling me to compare the economic outcomes of migrants with similar pre-migration characteristics but who moved to different countries. Italians assimilated faster in Argentina, and this advantage was unlikely to be due to selection. A higher human capital relative to natives and the Italian-Spanish similarity largely explain Italians’ advantage in Argentina. These findings highlight the importance of the fit between migrants’ characteristics and those of the receiving country.
The zone 2 concept and distal stent graft positioning in TH 2–3 are associated with high rates of secondary aortic interventions in frozen elephant trunk surgery
Authors: Liebrich Markus , Charitos Efstratios I , Schlereth Sebastian , Meißner Helfried , Trabold Tobias , Geisbüsch Philipp , Hemmer Wolfgang , Seeburger Joerg , Voth Vladimir 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The goal of this study was to investigate the association between the localization of the distal anastomosis (zone 2/3), the stent graft length (100–160 mm), the position of the distal end of the hybrid prosthesis and the need for secondary aortic intervention (SAI) in acute and chronic thoracic aortic disease after the frozen elephant trunk procedure.

METHODS
From 2009 through 2020, a total of 232 patients (137 men; mean age, 61.7 ± 13.8 years) were treated with the frozen elephant trunk procedure. The main indications were acute aortic dissection type A (n = 106, 46%), chronic aortic dissection type A (n = 52, 22%) and degenerative thoracic aortic aneurysm (n = 74, 32%).

RESULTS
The rate of SAI was significantly higher when we performed a distal anastomosis in zone 2 rather than in zone 3, whereas the rate of SAI was less frequent if the distal positioning of the hybrid prosthesis was below TH 4–5. Combining the zone 2 concept and the short stent graft length (100 mm) was associated with a significantly higher rate of SAIs. Patients with a distal anastomosis in zone 2 were significantly less likely to have a recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (P &lt; 0.001). However, no association between a specific arch zone of a distal anastomosis and the occurrence of spinal cord injury was observed.

CONCLUSIONS
Rates of SAIs are highest in patients who were treated with a distal anastomosis in zone 2 and a short stent graft (100 mm) with the distal end of the hybrid prosthesis at vertebral level TH 2–3.