bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing the Minimum Dataset for the New Mexico Decedent Image Database
Authors: Daneshvari Berry Shamsi , Kroth Philip J. , Edgar Heather J. H. , Warner Teddy D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background A minimum dataset (MDS) can be determined ad hoc by an investigator or small team; by a metadata expert; or by using a consensus method to take advantage of the global knowledge and expertise of a large group of experts. The first method is the most commonly applied.
Objective Here, we describe a use of the third approach using a modified Delphi method to determine the optimal MDS for a dataset of full body computed tomography scans. The scans are of decedents whose deaths were investigated at the New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator and constitute the New Mexico Decedent Image Database (NMDID).
Methods The authors initiated the consensus process by suggesting 50 original variables to elicit expert reactions. Experts were recruited from a variety of scientific disciplines and from around the world. Three rounds of variable selection showed high rates of consensus.
Results In total, 59 variables were selected, only 52% of which the original resource authors selected. Using a snowball method, a second set of experts was recruited to validate the variables chosen in the design phase. During the validation phase, no variables were selected for deletion.
Conclusion NMDID is likely to remain more “future proof” than if a single metadata expert or only the original team of investigators designed the metadata.
Instrument for spatially resolved, temperature-dependent electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of thin films under locally controlled atmosphere
Authors: Papac Meagan C. , Talley Kevin R. , O’Hayre Ryan , Zakutayev Andriy 
Published: June 2021

We demonstrate an instrument for spatially resolved measurements (mapping) of electrochemical impedance under various temperatures and gas environments. Automated measurements are controlled by a custom LabVIEW program, which manages probe motion, sample motion, temperature ramps, and potentiostat functions. Sample and probe positioning is provided by stepper motors. Dry or hydrated atmospheres (air or nitrogen) are available. The configurable heater reaches temperatures up to 500 °C, although the temperature at the sample surface is moderated by the gas flow rate. The local gas environment is controlled by directing flow toward the sample via a glass enclosure that surrounds the gold wire probe. Software and hardware selection and design are discussed. Reproducibility and accuracy are quantified on a Ba(Zr,Y)O3−δ proton-conducting electrolyte thin film synthesized by pulsed laser deposition. The mapping feature of the instrument is demonstrated on a compositionally graded array of electrocatalytically active Ba(Co,Fe,Zr,Y)O3−δ thin film microelectrodes. The resulting data indicate that this method proficiently maps property trends in these materials, thus demonstrating the reliability and usefulness of this method for investigating electrochemically active thin films.
An experimental platform for studying the radiation effects of laser accelerated protons on mammalian cells
Authors: Ehlert J. , Piel M. , Boege F. , Cerchez M. , Haas R. , Iliakis G. E. , Prasad R. , Willi O. , Monzel C. 
Published: June 2021

An experimental platform was designed to study the effects of laser accelerated protons (LAPs) on mammalian cells. The protons, in the MeV energy range, originate from the rear side of a thin 5 µm Ti foil target following the interaction with a high power laser pulse and are accelerated by the target normal sheath mechanism. A tape Ti foil target was developed, allowing a shot repetition rate of up to 5 Hz, which corresponds to the rate of the laser system. A dipole magnet arrangement was used for energy dispersion and to separate the proton burst from electrons and x rays. The absorbed radiation dose at the cell port was measured with CR39 plastic detectors and calibrated imaging plates. An epifluorescence microscope with compact open-beam optics was developed to image live cells and their spatiotemporal properties during and after irradiation. To demonstrate the functionality of all components of the platform, biological proof of concept experiments were carried out using two suspension (Jurkat and Ramos) and two adherent (HeLa and A-549) cell lines. A multitude of biological procedures and analytical techniques were established on-site or in laboratories nearby. For example, we analyzed DNA double-strand break (DSB) induction and repair by detecting the γH2A.X signal by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The observed dose-dependent increase in DSB induction confirms that DNA damage is induced in cells after exposure to LAPs.
Analytical drain current and performance evaluation for inversion type InGaAs gate-all-around MOSFET
Authors: Rahman I. K. M. Reaz , Khan Md. Irfan , Khosru Quazi D. M. 
Published: June 2021

This paper presents an analytical investigation of the drain current model for symmetric short channel InGaAs gate-all-around (GAA) MOSFETs valid from depletion to strong inversion using a continuous expression. The development of the core model is facilitated by the solution of the quasi-2D Poisson equation in the doped channel, accounting for interface trap defects and fixed oxide charges. Correction to short channel effects such as threshold voltage roll-off, drain induced barrier lowering, and subthreshold slope degradation is later introduced, complemented with channel length modulation, velocity saturation, and mobility degradation from surface roughness, leading to accurate mobile charge density for electrostatic capacitance–voltage and transport characterization. The effect of physical process parameters such as fin width, oxide thickness, and channel length scaling is thoroughly investigated in both on and off states of the transistor. The robustness of the model is reflected by the precise match with published experimental reports in the literature. An Ron of 1160 Ω μm is obtained from output characteristics and a switching efficiency improvement of 2.5 times is estimated by incorporating a high-κ dielectric into the GAA transistor. Numerical 3D simulations from TCAD corroborate the validity of the proposed model in all regions of operation.
Foliar elemental microprobe data and leaf anatomical traits consistent with drought tolerance in
Authors: Fernando Denise R. , Lynch Jonathan P. , Hanlon Meredith T. , Marshall Alan T. 
Published: June 2021

In food-productive river basins, ecosystems reliant on natural flows are affected by climate change and water removal. One such example is Australia’s Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), to which the ecologically important black box tree Eucalyptus largiflorens (Myrtaceae) is unique. Little is known about its mineral nutrition and response to flooding. A field study conducted at Hattah Kulkyne National Park on the MDB examined nutrient and Al distribution in mature and young foliage of trees whose status varied with respect to the presence of surface floodwaters. Black box is also of interest due to emerging evidence of its capacity to accumulate high foliar salt concentrations. Here, cryo scanning electron microscopy alone (SEM), combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy were applied to evaluate leaf anatomy and elemental patterns at the cellular and whole-leaf levels. Variation in whole-leaf elemental levels across flooded and dry trees aligned with known nutritional fluctuations in this drought-tolerant species reliant on occasional infrequent flooding. The microprobe data provide evidence of drought tolerance by demonstrating that extended conditions of lack of water to trees do not elicit leaf anatomical changes nor changes to leaf cellular storage of these elements. Foliar Na concentrations of ~2000–6000 mg kg–1 DW were found co-localised with Cl in mesophyll and dermal cells of young and mature leaves, suggesting vacuolar salt disposal as a detoxification strategy.
Characterising a tunable, pulsed atomic beam using matter-wave interferometry
Authors: Morley J , Flack R , Hiley B J , Barker P F 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We describe the creation and characterisation of a velocity tunable, spin-polarized beam of slow metastable argon atoms. We show that the beam velocity can be determined with a precision below 1% using matter-wave interferometry. The profile of the interference pattern was also used to determine the velocity spread of the beam, as well as the Van der Waals (VdW) co-efficient for the interaction between the metastable atoms and the multi-slit silicon nitride grating. The VdW co-efficient was determined to be C
3 = 1.84 ± 0.17 a.u., in good agreement with values derived from spectroscopic data. Finally, the spin polarization of the beam produced during acceleration of the beam was also measured, demonstrating a spatially uniform spin polarization of 96% in the m = +2 state.
Key outcome summaries of the scientific programme of the IRPA15 congress
Authors: Weiss Wolfgang , Salomaa Sisko , Giorgio Marina Di , Boyd Mike , Thurston Jim , Takala John , Tokonami Shinji , Vaillant Ludovic , Coates Roger , Kim Jong Kyung 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This special issue of JRP includes a selection of research papers and review articles presented at the 15th Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA15) as chosen by the scientific committee. All invited journal contributions are suitably expanded beyond the initial conference presentations to meet the criteria for a full journal article and include (a) presentation within a comprehensive radiological protection context and (b) additional data/interpretation. Published contributions address a wide spectrum of scientific topics and concepts to further develop the radiation protection (RP) system. They are based on scientific evidence and available experience in a wide spectrum of applications of the protection system. The IRPA is the international voice of the RP profession. It promotes excellence in RP by providing benchmarks of good practice, enhancing professional competence, and encourages the application of the highest standards of professional conduct, skills and knowledge for the benefit of individuals and society. Within the overarching theme of the conference ‘Bridging RP Culture and Science—Widening Public Empathy’ IRPA15 provided an invaluable opportunity to discuss and strengthen the relations between RP culture and science, and share developing scientific knowledge and related experience in RP among members of the scientific community, between representatives of key international organizations, including ICRP, IAEA, WHO, and NEA but also with the public. Some discussions focused on the rationale of available RP programmes and priorities, with an opportunity to identify and further develop key scientific issues of the current RP system as well as key processes for the interaction between members of the scientific community and society. The scientific programme of IRPA15 included eight topics and four thematic areas. The topical areas were: Underpinning Science; Dosimetry and Measurement; the System of Protection; Standards and Regulation; Practical Implementation—Medical Sector, as well as Industry and Research; Emergency Preparedness and Response; Existing Exposures and Non-ionizing Radiation. The thematic areas addressed were: Ethics; Communication and Public Understanding; RP Culture; Human Capital and Competency.
Quantification and mitigation of PIV bias errors caused by intermittent particle seeding and particle lag by means of large eddy simulations
Authors: Martins Fabio J W A , Kirchmann Jonas , Kronenburg Andreas , Beyrau Frank 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the present work, a standard large eddy simulation is combined with tracer particle seeding simulations to investigate the different PIV bias errors introduced by intermittent particle seeding and particle lag. The intermittency effect is caused by evaluating the velocity from tracer particles with inertia in a region where streams mix with different seeding densities. This effect, which is different from the vastly-discussed particle lag, is frequently observed in the literature but scarcely addressed. Here, bias errors in the velocity are analysed in the framework of a turbulent annular gaseous jet weakly confined by low-momentum co-flowing streams. The errors are computed between the gaseous flow velocity, obtained directly from the simulation, and the velocities estimated from synthetic PIV evaluations. Tracer particles with diameters of 0.037, 0.37 and 3.7 µm are introduced into the simulated flow through the jet only, intermediate co-flowing stream only and through both regions. Results quantify the influence of intermittency in the time-averaged velocities and Reynolds stresses when only one of the streams is seeded, even when tracers fulfil the Stokes-number criterion. Additionally, the present work proposes assessing unbiased velocity statistics from large eddy simulations, after validation of biased seeded simulations with biased PIV measurements. The approach can potentially be applied to a variety of flows and geometries, mitigating the bias errors.
Photoionization of Rydberg atoms in optical lattices
Authors: Cardman R , MacLennan J L , Anderson S E , Chen Y-J , Raithel G 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We develop a formalism for photoionization (PI) and potential energy curves (PECs) of Rydberg atoms in ponderomotive optical lattices and apply it to examples covering several regimes of the optical-lattice depth. The effect of lattice-induced PI on Rydberg-atom lifetime ranges from noticeable to highly dominant when compared with natural decay. The PI behavior is governed by the generally rapid decrease of the PI cross sections as a function of angular-momentum (ℓ), lattice-induced ℓ-mixing across the optical-lattice PECs, and interference of PI transition amplitudes from the lattice-mixed into free-electron states. In GHz-deep lattices, ℓ-mixing leads to a rich PEC structure, and the significant low-ℓ PI cross sections are distributed over many lattice-mixed Rydberg states. In lattices less than several tens-of-MHz deep, atoms on low-ℓ PECs are essentially ℓ-mixing-free and maintain large PI rates, while atoms on high-ℓ PECs trend towards being PI-free. Characterization of PI in GHz-deep Rydberg-atom lattices may be beneficial for optical control and quantum-state manipulation of Rydberg atoms, while data on PI in shallower lattices are potentially useful in high-precision spectroscopy and quantum-computing applications of lattice-confined Rydberg atoms.
The POEMMA (Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics) observatory
Authors: Olinto A.V. , Krizmanic J. , Adams J.H. , Aloisio R. , Anchordoqui L.A. , Anzalone A. , Bagheri M. , Barghini D. , Battisti M. , Bergman D.R. , Bertaina M.E. , Bertone P.F. , Bisconti F. , Bustamante M. , Cafagna F. , Caruso R. , Casolino M. , Černý K. , Christl M.J. , Cummings A.L. , De Mitri I. , Diesing R. , Engel R. , Eser J. , Fang K. , Fenu F. , Filippatos G. , Gazda E. , Guepin C. , Haungs A. , Hays E.A. , Judd E.G. , Klimov P. , Kungel V. , Kuznetsov E. , Mackovjak Š. , Mandát D. , Marcelli L. , McEnery J. , Medina-Tanco G. , Merenda K.-D. , Meyer S.S. , Mitchell J.W. , Miyamoto H. , Nachtman J.M. , Neronov A. , Oikonomou F. , Onel Y. , Osteria G. , Otte A.N. , Parizot E. , Paul T. , Pech M. , Perkins J.S. , Picozza P. , Piotrowski L.W. , Plebaniak Z. , Prévôt G. , Reardon P. , Reno M.H. , Ricci M. , Romero Matamala O. , Sarazin F. , Schovánek P. , Scotti V. , Shinozaki K. , Soriano J.F. , Stecker F. , Takizawa Y. , Ulrich R. , Unger M. , Venters T.M. , Wiencke L. , Winn D. , Young R.M. , Zotov M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA) is designed to accurately observe ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) and cosmic neutrinos from space with sensitivity over the full celestial sky. POEMMA will observe the air fluorescence produced by extensive air showers (EASs) from UHECRs and potentially UHE neutrinos above 20 EeV. Additionally, POEMMA has the ability to observe the Cherenkov signal from upward-moving EASs induced by Earth-interacting tau neutrinos above 20 PeV. The POEMMA spacecraft are designed to quickly re-orientate to follow up transient neutrino sources and obtain currently unparalleled neutrino flux sensitivity. Developed as a NASA Astrophysics Probe-class mission, POEMMA consists of two identical satellites flying in loose formation in 525 km altitude orbits. Each POEMMA instrument incorporates a wide field-of-view (45∘) Schmidt telescope with an optical collecting area of over 6 m2. The hybrid focal surface of each telescope includes a fast (1 μs) near-ultraviolet camera for EAS fluorescence observations and an ultrafast (10 ns) optical camera for Cherenkov EAS observations. In a 5-year mission, POEMMA will provide measurements that open new multi-messenger windows onto the most energetic events in the universe, enabling the study of new astrophysics and particle physics at these extreme energies.
Relativistic viscous effects on the primordial gravitational waves spectrum
Authors: Mirón-Granese Nahuel 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We study the impact of the viscous effects of the primordial plasma on the evolution of the primordial gravitational waves (pGW) spectrum from Inflation until today, considering a self-consistent interaction that incorporates the back-reaction of the GW into the plasma. We use a relativistic causal hydrodynamic framework with a positive entropy production based on a Second-Order Theory (SOT) in which the viscous properties of the fluid are effectively described by a new set of independent variables. We study how the spin-2 modes typical of SOTs capture the simplest GW-fluid viscous interaction to first order. We consider that all non-ideal properties of the primordial plasma are due to an extra effectively massless self-interacting scalar field whose state becomes a many-particles one after Reheating and for which an effective fluid description is suitable. We numerically solve the evolution equations and explicitly compute the current GW spectrum obtaining two contributions. On the one hand we have the viscous evolution of the pGW: for the collision-dominated regime the GW source becomes negligible while in the collisionless limit there exists an absorption of the pGW energy due to the damping effect produced by the free-streaming spin-2 modes of the fluid and driven by the expansion of the Universe. The latter effect is characterized by a relative amplitude decrease of about 1 to 10 % with respect to the GW free evolution spectrum. On the other hand we get the GW production due to the decay of the initial spin-2 fluctuations of the fluid that is negligible compared with the above-mentioned contribution.

This SOT framework captures the same qualitative effects on the evolution of GW coupled to matter reported in previous works in which a kinetic theory approach has been used.
On the use of recombination rate coefficients in hydrogen transport calculations
Authors: Schmid K. , Zibrov M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The commonly accepted picture for the uptake of hydrogen isotopes (HIs) from the gas phase across the surface into a metal with an endothermic heat of solution for HIs is that of dissociation followed by thermalisation in a chemisorbed surface state and finally overcoming a surface barrier to enter the metal bulk where the HIs occupy interstitial solute sites. To leave the metal bulk the HIs first transition to the chemisorbed surface state from which they then enter gas phase by recombining into a diatomic molecule. This model is generally attributed to the work of Pick and Sonnenberg from 1985. They clearly distinguish surface states and subsurface solute sites where the recombination flux is proportional to the square of the concentration of chemisorbed atoms due the diatomic nature of this Langmuir–Hinshelwood process. In an effort to compare their extended model with an earlier surface model by Waelbroeck, which uses an expression for the recombination flux proportional to the square of the sub-surface interstitial solute concentration, they derive an effective recombination coefficient. However, also with the so-derived Pick and Sonnenberg recombination coefficient, the Waelbroeck model is only applicable under certain conditions. But, due to its simplicity, it is often used in boundary conditions of diffusion trapping type calculations, generally ignoring whether or not these conditions are met. This paper will use the full Pick and Sonnenberg model implemented in the TESSIM-X code and in simplified algebraic approximations, to show the limits of applicability of the Waelbroeck–Ansatz in modelling hydrogen transport in metals foreseen for the first wall of magnetic confinement fusion devices.
Tensile strength of pervious concrete with different mix proportions
Authors: Karawi Rasha Jasim Al 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
No-fines concrete is a distinctive kind of concrete that has an amount of porosity that lets the water and any liquid sources pass immediately through it. Often, many mechanical properties of concrete refer to its strength through the testing of the compressive strength, flexural strength, and splitting tensile. Thus, this research mainly focused on the splitting tensile strength with different mix ingredients. Two series of penetrable concrete were prepared to study the effect of two parameters on such concrete. In the first group, the sand was eliminated for one sample and the styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) was added to the mix with a percentage of 5% and 8% by cement weight. The second group was to study the effect of a partial replacement of coarse aggregate with sand in three varied proportions of 15%, 30%, and 45% of the total volume of aggregate. The water/cement ratio (w/c) was chosen to be 0.38 and 0.42. The results showed that the sand content has a higher positive effect than SBR on the tensile strength of pervious concrete.
A review of slopes stability challenges and neighbour buildings
Authors: Mahmood Mohammed Shakir , Akhtarpour Ali , Alsharifi Zehraa 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Due to the attraction of the hilly views and lack of flatland in some countries, there are needs to the construction near the slopes. In evaluating slope stability, attention must be considered by geotechnical engineers, particularly to geology, surface drainage, groundwater, and soil shear strength. Slope failures depend on the soil type, soil stratification, groundwater, seepage, and the slope geometry and some failures are sudden and disastrous. The analysis of slope stability is more complicated with the existence of earthquakes, neighbour buildings or structures, unsaturated-saturated soil states. This paper reviews the effect of different parameters on the stability analysis of slopes and neighbour structures. There are distinguished effects from increasing the seismic forces and wetting process on the decreasing of soil shear strength and collapsing of the slopes.