bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population‐based trends in energy and nutrient intakes from different types of fast‐food restaurants among U.S. children and adolescents from 2003 to 2010 (369.6)
Authors: Rehm Colin , Drewnowski Adam 
Published: June 2021

Objectives: To evaluate trends in energy and nutrient intakes from different types of fast food restaurants using population‐based data.Methods: Analyses used the first 24‐h dietary recall for 12,378 children age 4‐19y in the 2003‐2010 cycles of the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). NHANES identified food purchase locations as store, quick‐service restaurant/ pizza (QSR), full‐service restaurant (FSR), school cafeteria, or other. Custom algorithms further segmented the QSRs sourced‐meals into burger, pizza, sandwich, Mexican, Asian, fish, and coffee/snack categories. Temporal trends in energy, sodium, added sugar, and solid fat were then evaluated by QSR market segment. Also examined were trends in the proportion of children consuming each type of QSR and the energy intakes per eating occasion at each type of QSR.Results: There was a significant decline in total and QSR energy from 2003 and 2010. The decrease was most marked for the burger and pizza categories. For burger restaurants, the proportion of children/adolescents eating any food remained stable (17.7% in 2003‐2004 and 16.4% in 2009‐2010), but the average calories per day from burger QSRs decreased (144 vs. 104 kcal). For pizza restaurants, both the proportion of children/adolescents eating food from pizza places (12.2% to 6.4%) and average calories per day decreased from 2003‐2010 (96 vs. 39 kcal). Median calories per eating occasion in burger restaurants declined from 667 kcal to 561 kcal. There was a modest drop in energy intakes from chicken QSRs and a small increase in Asian QSRs.Conclusions: These first‐ever analyses of time trends in children’s consumption of energy and other nutrients by type of fast food restaurant offer an alternative to the analysis of restaurant menus. The trends observed in the present study closely mirror findings from industry marketing research, suggesting that NHANES data are sensitive to changes in the food environment and nutrition behavior.Grant Funding Source: Supported by McDonald's Corporation
Fatty acids, hyperglycemia, and glycosylated hemoglobin in the United States (369.7)
Authors: Yu Elaine , Mehta Saurabh 
Published: June 2021

Background: Insulin regulates fatty acid (FA) levels in the blood; on the other hand, FAs are known to affect insulin sensitivity and resistance and may represent modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes.Objective: We examined the associations of FAs and elevated blood glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose among individuals (n=1459) who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003‐2004) in the United States and with available information on plasma FA concentrations.Methods: 24 different individual plasma FA concentrations (µmol/L) were categorized as sub‐groups (total saturated [SFAs], monounsaturated [MFAs], n‐3 polyunsaturated [n‐3 PUFAs], n‐6 polyunsaturated [n‐6 PUFAs], highly unsaturated [HUFAs], and total [TFAs] fatty acids). Blood HbA1c was assessed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; Primus CLC330). Elevated HbA1c was defined as 蠅 6.5%. We examined associations between fatty acid sub‐groups, with HbA1c using logistic regression, accounting for complex survey design in both the overall sample and the subsets of individuals with and without elevated blood glucose (蠅126 mg/dL).Results: Among participants, 7.7% had HbA1c 蠅 6.5%. The highest quintile of plasma SFA concentration was associated with increased odds (odds ratio [OR]: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3‐5.6; p<0.01) of having HbA1c 蠅 6.5%, adjusting for covariates (age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, and body mass index [BMI]). Similarly, the highest quintile of MUFA plasma concentration was associated with greater odds of having HbA1c 蠅 6.5% (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.0‐4.7; p=0.04), after accounting for the same covariates.Conclusions: High plasma concentrations of SFA and MUFA are respectively associated with clinically significant hyperglycemia (HbA1c 蠅 6.5%) among U.S. participants in NHANES. Additional studies are necessary to understand causal relationships between FAs and diabetes, as well as implications for clinical management.
Arterial stiffness is increased in overweight and stunting Guatemalan adolescents (37.2)
Authors: Cordova Maria , Close Regina , Ramirez Manuel 
Published: June 2021

Background. Carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), a marker of arterial stiffness, is an independent predictor of CV mortality in adults. PWV in children is associated with age and body dimensions. Objective. To assess the effect of being overweight and/or stunted on PWV. Methods. This study comprised 106 boys and 98 girls (10‐18 yr of age) living in Guatemala City, divided in 4 groups: 36 normal weight non‐stunted (NW‐NS, BMI‐z < +1; HtA‐z >‐1), 85 normal weight stunted (NW‐S, BMI‐z < +1; HtA‐z s 蠄 ‐1), 36 overweight non‐stunted (OW‐NS, BMI‐z 蠅 +1; HtA‐z >‐1), and 47 overweight stunted (OW‐S, BMI‐z 蠅 +1; HtA‐z e 蠄 ‐1). Fat free mass (FFM, kg) and %fat (deuterium dilution technique), blood pressure (median of 3 measures), sexual maturation (self‐assessment, Tanner stage), and PWV (applanation tonometry, Sphygmocor, AtCor Medical) were measured. Results. There were significant differences among groups in age and sex, but not for Tanner stage. PWV means were lower in NW‐NS compared to the other groups (p<0.01). After adjusting by age, sex, fat, and height, the PWV in OW‐S (4.77 ± 0.10 m/s) was higher than in OW‐NS (4.68 ± 0.09, p<0.01), and both NW groups had lower values (NW‐NS 4.57 ± 0.12, NW‐S, 4.62 ± 0.11), although NW groups didn’t differ from each other. Conclusion. Stunting and being overweight are risk factors of arterial stiffness in adolescents.Grant Funding Source: Supported by International Atomic Energy Agency
Dairy consumption with onset of overweight and obesity among U.S. adolescents (370.7)
Authors: Li Shanshan , Field Alison , Rimm Eric , Flint Alan 
Published: June 2021

Background: Current evidence relating dairy intake and long‐term weight status for adolescents is inconclusive and insufficient.Objective: To evaluate the relationships between total dairy and dairy subtypes in childhood and early adolescence with subsequent onset of overweight and obesity through early adulthood.Methods: A total of 6,749 girls and 5,701 boys aged 9 to 14, participants in the U.S. prospective cohort Growing Up Today Study (GUTS), free of obesity at the time of enrollment in 1996 were followed until 2012. Dairy intake was measured using Youth/Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaires. Participants reported height and weight on each cycle, and Body Mass Index was calculated. We defined overweight and obesity using age‐ and sex‐specific International Obesity Task Force cutoffs. We used Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the associations with incident overweight and obesity of intake of total dairy, total milk, high fat dairy, low fat dairy, whole milk, 1% milk, skim milk, yogurt and frozen yogurt.Results: During 103,293 person‐years of follow up, 762 girls and 1,029 boys became overweight and 491 girls and 370 boys became obese. The total dairy intake hazard ratio (HR), comparing highest to lowest quintile, for incident obesity onset was 0.83 (95%CI: 0.60‐1.15, p trend=0.20) for girls and 1.34 (95%CI: 0.93‐1.95, p trend=0.14) for boys. The yogurt intake HR comparing the highest to lowest tertile, was 1.06 (95%CI: 0.83‐1.34) for girls and 1.00 (95%CI: 0.77‐1.31) for boys. For incident overweight or obesity, the total dairy intake HR was 1.01 (95%CI: 0.81‐1.25, p trend=0.81) for girls and 0.99 (95%CI: 0.82‐1.2, p trend=0.48) for boys. No significant associations were observed for dairy subtypes.Conclusions: Our results suggest that total dairy intake in childhood and early adolescence was not associated with long‐term risk of overweight and obesity in later adolescence and early adulthood.Funding: The Bell Institute of General Mills.Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Bell Institute of General Mills.
Multivitamin‐mineral use and cardiovascular disease mortality in the U.S. (370.8)
Authors: Bailey Regan , Fakhouri Tala , Park Yikyung , Dwyer Johanna , Thomas Paul , Dodd Kevin , Gahche Jaime , Miller Paige , Sempos Christopher , Murray David 
Published: June 2021

Multivitamin‐mineral products (MVMs) are the most commonly reported dietary supplements used in the US. Previous research on the role of MVM and cardiovascular mortality (CVD‐M) has been equivocal. We examined the use of MVM products among US adults in the NHANES III (1988‐94; n=18,643, age 20+y) and CVD‐M reported by the National Death Index through December 31, 2011 using Cox proportional hazards models with age as the underlying time metric stratified by birth cohort. Underlying cause of death was coded using ICD‐10. We examined potential confounders including sex, education, income, race, diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, BMI, blood pressure, serum lipids, medication use, and medical history. We observed a lower risk of CVD‐M among users of MVM products when compared to non‐users (HR=0.75; 95%CI: 0.62‐0.89). We further examined length of time MVMs were used relative to CVD‐M and found that MVM use of more than 3 years was associated with a reduced risk of CVD‐M (HR=0.62; 95%CI: 0.50‐0.77). Moreover, in older adults (age 60+y, n=6,515) the long‐term use of MVM (i.e. 15 or more years) conferred the greatest risk reduction (HR=0.49; 95%CI: 0.31‐0.79). Results were similar in sensitivity and sub‐group analysis. The primary limitation of this study is that all variables were only measured at baseline; therefore, changes in exposures over time are not captured. As such, this study cannot be used to infer causality. Nevertheless, in this nationally‐representative data set with detailed information on the use of MVMs from baseline and linked‐mortality data approximately 20 years later, we found a strong and consistent relationship between the use of MVMs and reduced risk of CVD‐M in US adults.Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Office of Dietary Supplements
A novel role of 3‐iodothyronamine (T1AM) as a master regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism through activating sirtuins 4 and 6 genes (373.7)
Authors: Assadi‐Porter Fariba , Tonelli Marco , Chiellini Grazia 
Published: June 2021

Objectives: T1AM subchronic low doses cause rapid lipolysis and weight loss with no change in food consumption. We investigated tissue specific effects of T1AM, a natural thyroid hormone analog, on metabolic pathways and associated transcriptional gene signaling and protein profiles.Methods: Three groups (n=5), randomly selected spontaneously obese female CD ‐1 mice were injected once daily for 7 days with saline, 10 mg/kg T1AM, or 25 mg/kg T1AM. Blood drawn on days ‐3, 4, and 7, was analyzed by 1H‐NMR. Mice were sacrificed on day 7 and the organs collected for real‐time PCR and protein profiles.Results: Multivariate analysis of the 1H‐NMR data revealed increased 3‐hydroxybutyrate and acetate and no differences in plasma glucose levels in T1AM‐treated vs. control mice, . Mice treated with high dose T1AM show significant changes in tissue specific gene expression. The livers had increased expression of SIRT6 and GCK, and decreased expression of SIRT4, but in adipose tissue only SIRT6 increased. Protein expression studies confirmed over‐expression of SIRT6 and GCK in liver.Conclusions: SIRT6 functions as a master gene regulator of glucose levels by maintaining the normal cell processes converting glucose into energy, SIRT4 functions as a negative regulator of fatty acids oxidative metabolism. Our results indicate that T1AM can act as a master regulator of both glucose and fat metabolism in obese mice.Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH/NIDCD (R01DC009818)
Transcriptomics of selenium toxicity and deficiency in C. elegans (374.1)
Authors: Boehler Christopher , Raines Anna , Sunde Roger 
Published: June 2021

Selenium (Se) is a trace element that is both essential and toxic. C. elegans expresses only 1 selenoprotein, and we have shown recently that Se is not essential but is toxic to C. elegans (PLOS ONE 8:e71525). To characterize Se regulation of the transcriptome, we conducted a microarray study in C. elegans cultured in axenic media with 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mM Se as selenite. Because worms cultured in 0.2 and 0.4 mM Se display delayed growth, all cultures were staged for harvest at the L4‐larval stage. Relative to 0.1 mM Se, this resulted in 2, 10, 6 and 2%, respectively, of the transcriptome being altered 蠅 2‐fold. C. elegans cultured in low Se (0 mM Se) exhibited no signs of deficiency, but a set of 222 genes changed 蠅 2‐fold; functional analysis revealed up‐regulation of genes related to lipid modification. Se toxicity (0.2 and 0.4 mM Se) altered the expression of 183 Se toxicity‐specific genes, after filtering against gene sets for sulfur and cadmium toxicity, that were significantly enriched in oxidoreductase genes, and significantly depleted in genes related to structural components of collagen and the cuticle. This study shows that while there is no phenotype associated with Se deficiency in C. elegans, low Se elicits a transcriptomic phenotype. In contrast, Se is toxic and elicits transcript changes supporting a hypothesis that derangement of cuticle thiols underlies altered development.Grant Funding Source: Supported by WIS 01435 and by UW Selenium Nutrition Research fund
Household food security and infant feeding practices in rural Bangladesh (378.1)
Authors: Owais Aatekah , Kleinbaum David , Suchdev Parminder , Schwartz Benjamin , Faruque Abu Syed , Das Sumon , Stein Aryeh 
Published: June 2021

To identify predictors of infant complementary feeding (CF) practices in rural Bangladesh, we studied pregnant women and their infants followed‐up at age 3 and 9 mo. Information on sociodemographics, maternal diet, and infant diet and feeding practices were collected by interview. Maternal food composition score (FCS) at infant age 3 mo, calculated via the World Food Programme method and dichotomized at the median, was used as an indicator of household food security, the main exposure. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify predictors of infant feeding practices.2078 mother‐child dyads completed the 9 mo follow‐up. CF was initiated at age 蠄 4 months for 4.3%, at 5‐6 months for 50%, and 蠅 7 months for 45% of infants. Based on 24‐hour dietary recall, 97.8% of infants were still breastfeeding at age 9 months, 16.4% received 蠅 4 food groups and 16.1% received a minimum acceptable diet (i.e. 蠅 4 food groups and 蠅 4 meals in addition to breastmilk). Infants from households with higher maternal FCS at 3 mo were more likely to receive 蠅 4 food groups (aOR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.6, 2.7) and a minimum acceptable diet (aOR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.5, 2.6) at 9 mo. SES, maternal age, literacy and parity were not associated with either outcome.Maternal FCS is a good predictor of subsequent infant feeding practices. Households with poor maternal FCS are likely to also have poor infant diet, and hence might benefit from interventions to improve both.
Obesity prevention targeting Latino preschool children attending family childcare homes (380.4)
Authors: Salkeld Judith , Lindsay Ana , Sands Faith , Greeney Molly 
Published: June 2021

Obesity prevention targeting Latino preschool children attending family childcare homes Background Obesity prevalence among minority populations, particularly Latinos, is a pressing public health concern. Many Latino families use Family Child Care Homes (FCCHs) services, making these settings a potentially important venue for obesity prevention.Objective Explore interpersonal and organizational influences on nutrition and physical activity behaviors associated with obesity risk among Latino preschoolers enrolled in licensed FCCH.Methods Using a combination of qualitative methods, we identified state‐level policy and practice pertaining to nutrition and physical activity (PA) in pre‐school care settings through researching Massachusetts Department of Early Education and Care website; additionally we interviewed representatives (N=16) of various regulatory/training agencies associated with FCCH. We conducted focus groups with Latino family childcare providers, plus Latino parents of children in care (4 each type). We will code information and use qualitative analysis methods to create reports.Results A disparate level of nutrition and PA standards and training resources is currently available to providers. Providers face challenges, which include cultural perspectives of parents, in promoting healthful eating and PA habits for children in their care.Conclusion Obesity prevention among Latino pre‐school children attending FCCHs could be enhanced through improved coordination of state agencies and training/educational strategies for providers and parents.Grant Funding Source: supported by Aetna Foundation
A new diet for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (381.1)
Authors: Taylor Jacob , Hamilton‐Reeves Jill , Sullivan Debra , Ptomey Lauren , Gibson Cheryl , Wesson Donald , Gratham Jared 
Published: June 2021

Background: Recent studies indicate Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) progression is hastened by excess dietary protein, salt, and dietary acids, and slowed by increased water intake. The aim of this study is to determine the extent to which the Kansas PKD diet can control these factors.Methods: Six adults with ADPKD at the University of Kansas Medical Center Kidney Clinic were enrolled. Participants followed their usual diet for one week and the Kansas PKD diet for the following 4 weeks. Changes in dietary protein, salt and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) were assessed from diet records and changes in osmolality, sodium, urea, and net acid excretion were calculated by averaging 24‐hour urine collections taken at each visit, baseline (day 8) and study end (day 36).Results: The Kansas PKD diet resulted in individuals having decreases in dietary protein (‐27%) and sodium (‐40%), NEAP (‐104%), urine osmolality (‐25%), urinary sodium excretion (‐29%), urea (‐17%), and net acid excretion (‐34%) on day 36.Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrated beneficial changes in the dietary factors known to affect ADPKD progression. Future studies will evaluate structural and functional changes in the kidney while following the Kansas PKD diet and participant acceptability in a larger sample.Key Words: Polycystic Kidney Disease, diet, nutrition, dietary acidsGrant Funding Source: Supported by the University of Kansas Medical Center Kidney Institute and Frontiers Pilot StudyGrant
The consumption of protein and fiber‐matched beef vs. soy lunch meals on appetite control, satiety, and subsequent food intake in healthy adults (381.3)
Authors: Lasley Tyler , Douglas Steve , Ortinau Laura , Shafer Rebecca , Leidy Heather 
Published: June 2021

Background: Although the satiety effects of protein quantity are well‐documented, the effects of protein quality (source) on satiety are limited. Purpose: To examine the effects of consuming beef vs. soy‐based protein foods on appetite control, satiety, and subsequent food intake. Methods: Using a randomized, crossover design, 23 healthy adults (age 23 ± 1 y; BMI: 23.4 ± 0.6 kg/m2) consumed, on separate days, 400 kcal lunch meals that were identical in protein (24 g), CHO (44 g), fat (11 g), and fiber (2 g) content but varied in protein source, with one containing beef protein (BEEF) and one containing soy protein (SOY). Pre and post‐lunch appetite questionnaires and repeated blood samples were collected throughout the day until dinner was voluntarily requested. An ad libitum dinner was provided. Results: The consumption of BEEF led to increased post‐lunch fullness vs. SOY (p<0.05) but had no effect on post‐lunch ghrelin, PYY, and GLP‐1 concentrations. Dinner was voluntarily requested at 260 ± 15min post‐lunch with no differences observed between the BEEF vs. SOY lunch meals. Lastly, no differences in dinner energy or macronutrient content were observed following the BEEF vs. SOY lunches. Conclusions: When comparing two high quality protein sources, such as beef and soy, the type of protein consumed within a mixed‐meal elicited very little effect on appetite control, satiety, and subsequent food intake in healthy adults.Grant Funding Source: Supported by The Beef Checkoff
One egg a day does not increase the risk for cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients (381.5)
Authors: Ballesteros Martha , Valenzuela Fabrizio , Robles Alma , Artalejo Elizabeth , Valdez Herlindo , Fernandez Maria Luz 
Published: June 2021

Diabetic patients (15 women/7 men) recruited from Hospital Chavez in Hermosillo, Mexico were given two distinct breakfasts to assess effects of egg intake on plasma lipids in this high risk population. Patients were randomized to consume either ½ cup of oatmeal with one cup of lactose‐free milk or 1 egg per day for 5 wk. Following a 3‐wk washout period, they were allocated to the alternate breakfast. Blood was collected at the end of each period to assess plasma lipid profiles. At baseline, individuals had high triglycerides (TG) (174 ± 62 mg/dL), low LDL cholesterol (LDL‐C) (59 ± 15mg/dL) and low HDL cholesterol (HDL‐C) (37.7 ± 7.6 mg/dL). Most of the patients were taking reductase inhibitors. In men, eating one egg/day resulted in no changes in plasma triglycerides, HDL‐C, LDL‐C or LDL/HDL ratio when compared to the oatmeal breakfast. In contrast, women experienced decreases in plasma TG (P< 0.025) and increases in LDL‐C (P < 0.025) with no changes in HDL‐C. However, the values observed in women following egg intake were still well below the recommended values for LDL‐C (< 100 mg/dL) for patients at risk for heart disease. These results suggest that for diabetic men or women consumption of one egg per day did not negatively impact the already existing dyslipidemias (low HDL and high TG).Grant Funding Source: Egg Nutrition Center
Effects of dietary protein source and quantity on glycemic control in energy‐restricted overweight and obese adults (381.8)
Authors: Li Jia , Chen Ning Ning , Armstrong Cheryl , Campbell Wayne 
Published: June 2021

The acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) for protein ranges from 10‐35% of daily total energy intake. It is unknown how diets with predominate sources of protein from animal flesh vs. plant, with protein intakes spanning the AMDR affect glycemic control during weight loss in overweight/obese adults. 23F/11M overweight/obese adults (age蠅21 y; BMI 30.8±2.6 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to two groups (lean pork/beef or soy/legume products). Each subject consumed, in random order, energy restricted (ER) diets (‐750 kcal/d) which contained 10%, 20%, or 30% energy from protein (30% of total protein provided from lean pork/beef or soy/legume products) for 3 consecutive 4‐week trials. Chronic adaptations to the experimental diets did not affect fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), or pancreatic beta function (HOMA‐β). Acute glucose responses (area under the curve, 4h) to breakfast meals corresponding to the assigned diets were not different, despite an elevation of insulin area under the curve (P=0.02) with 30% protein compared to 20%. These results suggest that neither protein source nor quantity spanning the ADMR range influence fasting and postprandial glucose responses in overweight/obese adults adapted to energy restricted diets.Grant Funding Source: Supported by National Cattleman’s Beef Association, National Pork Board, NIH UL1 TR000006.