bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS HUKUM PERLINDUNGAN PERKAWINAN ANAK DI BAWAH UMUR
Authors: Hidayat Puti 
Published: October 2021

Berbicara mengenai pernikahan anak di bawah umur, yang pertama disoroti mengenai batas usia seseorang. Di Indonesia belum ada kesamaan batas usia yang dikatakan sebagai anak, masih terdapat perbedaan. Misalnya Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata mengatur batas usia anak adalah 21 tahun, Undang-Undang No. 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 74 tentang Perkawinan mengatur batas usia anak adalah l9 th untuk laki-laki dan untuk perempuan, sedangkan perlindungan anak mengatur batas usia anak adalah di bawah 18 tahun.
Perkawinan menurut Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang perkawinan adalah ikatan lahir batin antara seorang pria dan seorang wanita sebagai suami istri dengan tujuan membentuk keluaga (rumah tangga) yang bahagia dan kekal berdasarkan ketuhanan yang Maha Esa. Peraturan mengenai perkawinan di dalam Undang-Undang tersebut mengenai dispensasi seorang laki-laki dan perempuan untuk dapat menikah di bawah usia 19 tahun, hal itu berdasarkan Pasal 7 Ayat (2) Undang-Undang No. 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan. Kita tahu bahwa anak menjadi subjek hukum yang utama di dalam Undang-Undang No. 35 Tahun 2014 tentang perlindungan anak. Di dalamnya terkandung batasan mengenai anak, yaitu di bawah 18 tahun. Bagaimana eksistensi Undang-Undang No. 35 Tahun 2014 tentang perlindungan anak terhadap pernikahan anak di bawah umur?
Eksistensi Undang-Undang No. 35 Tahun 2015 tentang Perlindungan anak terhadap Pernikahan di bawah umur dengan diatur di dalam Pasal 26 Undang-Undang No. 35 Tahun 2015 tentang Perlindungan Anak mengenai larangan orang tua untuk memberikan ijin kepada anaknya yang masih di bawah umur sesuai dengan Pasal 1 Undang-Undang No.35 Tahun 2015 tentang Perlindungan anak, yaitu Anak adalah seseorang yang belum berusia 18 (delapan belas) tahun, termasuk anak yang masih dalam kandungan. Selain itu di dalam Pasal 76B lebih ditegaskan lagi, yakni Setiap orang dilarang menempatkan, membiarkan, melibatkan, menyuruh melibatkan Anak dalam situasi perlakuan salah dan penelantaran.
Dengan demikian diharapkan untuk pernikahan di usia anak bisa diminimalisir secara optimal dan komprehensif.
Share Capital Management in the Context of Ensuring Competitive Advantages of the Retail Business Entity
Authors: Дядін А. С. , Бобро Н. В. 
Published: October 2021

It has been proved that capital is a resource that is accumulated and is involved in the processes of reproduction and growth of value through mutual conversion of its various types, which are invested in the creation of assets, which is the total amount of financial resources of enterprises.
It has been demonstrated that it is possible to determine the most rational ratio of capital indicators calculated on the basis of factors of influence, risks and practical experience that brings the target capital structure as close as possible to its optimal value. Given that the capital structure affects the market value of the enterprise through the price of capital, the concept of capital structure is studied in the same theoretical complex with the concepts of capital value and market value of the enterprise.
The analysis has demonstrated that the first stage of optimizing the financial structure of enterprise’s capital as a specific object of anti-crisis retail business allows to determine the presence or absence of capital volume for a particular business entity. If the answer is positive, the optimization of the ratio of all sources of capital is carried out within this volume. If the available amount of capital is insufficient, it is necessary to find out whether the company has the opportunity to expand it and the sources to accomplish it. The second stage – assessing the capital structure by the criterion of financial stability – is carried out by comparing the actual values of the ratio of the current assets of business entities in retail trade in equity with the “normal” value, where its minimum level is 0.1. The capital structure is assessed during the third stage from the standpoint of the value of capital. Appropriate calculations are made by using the weighted average cost of capital of a business entity. The capital structure is evaluated during the fourth stage in terms of its efficiency. The basis for assessing the structure of capital by the criterion of its effectiveness is the calculation of the effect of financial leverage in previous periods and determining the impact of individual factors (return on assets, weighted average cost of debt, share of debt and equity) on this effect by using the method of chain substitutions regarding the weighted average cost of borrowed capital adjusted for the net operating result of the investment, the value of leased fixed assets, the amount of rent, as well as the share of financial loans, trade payables and long-term credit in the form of leased fixed assets in total borrowed capital. Finally, the target-oriented capital structure is formed during the fifth stage, taking into account the obtained results of optimization according to all the criteria and features of the components of capital and the factors that affect them. The fulfillment of this stage requires a thorough development of specific measures that should allow to form the necessary capital structure of the business entity in retail.
Estimación de volumen forestal mediante imágenes de satélite Landsat 8 OLI en bosques templados mixtos
Authors: García-Ramírez Pedro , Domínguez-Calleros Pedro Antonio , Corral-Rivas José Javier , Pompa-García Marín , Chávez-Simental Jorge Armando , López-Serrano Pablito Marcelo , Rodríguez- Laguna Rodrigo , Padilla-Martínez Jaime Roberto 
Published: October 2021

El objetivo fue estimar el volumen forestal (m3 ha-1) mediante información obtenida del Sistema de Planeación Forestal (SiPlaFor) y datos espectrales de imágenes de satélite del sensor Landsat 8 OLI en el Ejido La Victoria Pueblo Nuevo, Durango, México. Se utilizó la técnica no paramétrica Random Forest para la estimación del volumen forestal. Los resultados mostraron que empleando un modelo con 400 árboles de decisión, la raíz cuadrada del cuadrado medio del error (RMSE) se mantiene estable. La variable predictiva de mayor importancia fue el Índice de Vegetación de Área Foliar Especifica (SLAVI), con una RMSE de 12.99%. El modelo de Random Forest presentó un coeficiente de determinación (R2) de 0.84 y un valor de RMSE de 28.8 m3 ha-1. La información espectral de un sensor de media resolución en combinación con datos de campo es una alternativa viable para estimar volumen forestal en bosques templados mixtos.
МИТНЕ ПРАВО ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ: ІСТОРІЯ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ
Authors: Перепьолкін С. М. 
Published: October 2021

Стаття присвячена дослідженню історії становлення митного права Європейського Союзу, з’ясуванню його сучасного стану та визначенню перспектив подальшого розвитку. Історію становлення митного права Європейського Союзу запропоновано вивчати з дати набуття чинності Договору про заснування Європейського економічного співтовариства від 25 березня 1957 р. до сьогодні, розділивши на три етапи. Доведено, що митне право Європейського Союзу продовжує розвиватися й надалі. Серед можливих напрямів його подальшого розвитку виокремлено таке: приведення у відповідність до звичаєвих і договірних норм міжнародного митного права, розробка єдиного переліку правопорушень у митній сфері та єдиної системи санкцій за їх вчинення тощо.
Comparative Transcriptome Sequencing of Taro Corm Development With a Focus on the Starch and Sucrose Metabolism Pathway
Authors: Dong Weiqing , He Fanglian , Jiang Huiping , Liu Lili , Qiu Zuyang 
Published: October 2021

Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is an important tuber crop and staple food. Taro corms have higher nutritional value and starch contents as compared to most of the other root/tuber crops. However, the growth and development of the taro rhizome have not been critically examined in terms of transcriptomic signatures in general or specific to carbohydrates (starch and sucrose) accumulation. In current study, we have conducted a comprehensive survey of transcripts in taro corms aged 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 months. In this context, we have employed a whole transcriptome sequencing approach for identification of mRNAs, CircRNAs, and miRNAs in corms and performed functional enrichment analysis of the screened differentially expressed RNAs. A total of 11,203 mRNAs, 245 CircRNAs, and 299 miRNAs were obtained from six developmental stages. The mRNAs included 139 DEGs associated with 24 important enzymes of starch and sucrose metabolism. The expression of genes encoding key enzymes of starch and sucrose metabolism pathway (GBSS, AGPase, UGPase, SP, SSS, βFRUCT and SuSy) demonstrated significant variations at the stage of 4 months (S4). A total of 191 CircRNAs were differentially expressed between the studied comparisons of growth stages and 99 of these were associated with those miRNA (or target genes) that were enriched in starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. We also identified 205 miRNAs including 46 miRNAs targeting DEGs enriched in starch and sucrose biosynthesis pathway. The results of current study provide valuable resources for future exploration of the molecular mechanisms involved in the starch properties of Taro.
Case Report: Pyogenic Arthritis, Pyoderma Gangrenosum, and Acne: A Single-Center Experience and Literature Review
Authors: Wang Yumei , Wu Na , Yu Keyi , Shen Min 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesThis study aims to describe the characteristics of patients diagnosed with pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne (PAPA) syndrome at a single center in China and provide an up-to-date literature review.MethodsThe clinical data and genotype of three Chinese Han patients were carefully documented and studied. We also conducted a systematic literature review on PAPA syndrome.ResultsA total of three patients were diagnosed with PAPA syndrome at our center from 2018 to 2020. Arthritis was observed in all three patients, while pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) was found in two patients and acne in one patient. Other manifestations included pathergy reaction, intermittent fever, oral ulcer, keratitis, proteinuria, and hematuria. The PSTPIP1 A230T mutation was identified in two patients, and a novel Y119C variation was revealed in a sporadic patient. A total of 76 patients with PAPA syndrome reported in 29 articles were included in our literature review. The classical triad of arthritis, PG, and acne was visible in only 16 (25.4%) patients, while 24 (38.1%) exhibited only one major symptom. Skin lesions were more commonly seen in patients with adult-onset disease than those with childhood-onset disease (100 vs. 83%), whereas arthritis was less common (50 vs. 98.1%). Steroid and/or biological agents were effective in most patients.ConclusionsThe rarity and phenotypic heterogeneity associated with PAPA syndrome make the diagnosis a huge challenge to physicians, especially in adult patients. A significant portion of patients did not exhibit the full spectrum of the classical triad. Accordingly, gene testing is critically helpful for diagnosis.
Diagnostic Value of sIL-2R, TNF-α and PCT for Sepsis Infection in Patients With Closed Abdominal Injury Complicated With Severe Multiple Abdominal Injuries
Authors: Zhai Guang-hua , Zhang Wei , Xiang Ze , He Li-Zhen , Wang Wei-wei , Wu Jian , Shang An-quan 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), procalcitonin (PCT), and combined detection for sepsis infection in patients with closed abdominal injury complicated with severe multiple abdominal injuries.Patients and MethodsOne hundred forty patients with closed abdominal injury complicated with severe multiple abdominal injuries who were diagnosed and treated from 2015 to 2020 were divided into a sepsis group (n = 70) and an infection group (n = 70).ResultsThe levels of sIL-2R, TNF-α, and PCT in the sepsis group were higher than those in the infection group (p &lt; 0.05). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that the areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) of sIL-2R, TNF-α, PCT and sIL-2R+TNF-a+PCT were 0.827, 0.781, 0.821, and 0.846, respectively, which were higher than those of white blood cells (WBC, 0.712), C-reactive protein (CRP, 0.766), serum amyloid A (SAA, 0.666), and IL-6 (0.735). The AUC of the three combined tests was higher than that of TNF-α, and the difference was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). There was no significant difference in the AUCs of sIL-2R and TNF-α, sIL-2R and PCT, TNF-α and PCT, the three combined tests and sIL-2R, and the three combined tests and PCT (p &gt; 0.05). When the median was used as the cut point, the corrected sIL-2R, TNF-α, and PCT of the high-level group were not better than those of the low-level group (p &gt; 0.05). When the four groups were classified by using quantile as the cut point, the OR risk values of high levels of TNF-α and PCT (Q4) and the low level of PCT (Q1) after correction were 7.991 and 21.76, respectively, with statistical significance (p &lt; 0.05).ConclusionsThe detection of sIL-2R, TNF-α, and PCT has good value in the diagnosis of sepsis infection in patients with closed abdominal injury complicated with severe multiple abdominal injuries. The high concentrations of PCT and TNF-α can be used as predictors of the risk of septic infection.
Meta-Analysis of Neurochemical Changes Estimated via Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Liu Huanhuan , Zhang Dandan , Lin Huawei , Zhang Qi , Zheng Ling , Zheng Yuxin , Yin Xiaolong , Li Zuanfang , Liang Shengxiang , Huang Saie 
Published: October 2021

The changes of neurochemicals in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients has been observed via magnetic resonance spectroscopy in several studies. However, whether it exists the consistent pattern of changes of neurochemicals in the encephalic region during the progression of MCI to AD were still not clear. The study performed meta-analysis to investigate the patterns of neurochemical changes in the encephalic region in the progress of AD. We searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases, and finally included 63 studies comprising 1,086 MCI patients, 1,256 AD patients, and 1,907 healthy controls. It showed that during the progression from MCI to AD, N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) decreased continuously in the posterior cingulate (PC) (SMD: −0.42 [95% CI: −0.62 to −0.21], z = −3.89, P &lt; 0.05), NAA/Cr (creatine) was consistently reduced in PC (SMD: −0.58 [95% CI: −0.86 to −0.30], z = −4.06, P &lt; 0.05) and hippocampus (SMD: −0.65 [95% CI: −1.11 to −0.12], z = −2.44, P &lt; 0.05), while myo-inositol (mI) (SMD: 0.44 [95% CI: 0.26–0.61], z = 4.97, P &lt; 0.05) and mI/Cr (SMD: 0.43 [95% CI: 0.17–0.68], z = 3.30, P &lt; 0.05) were raised in PC. Furthermore, these results were further verified by a sustained decrease in the NAA/mI of PC (SMD: −0.94 [95% CI: −1.24 to −0.65], z = −6.26, P &lt; 0.05). Therefore, the levels of NAA and mI were associated with the cognitive decline and might be used as potentially biomarkers to predict the possible progression from MCI to AD.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42020200308.
Sonographic Features of Pure Mucinous Breast Carcinoma With Micropapillary Pattern
Authors: Zhou Wu , Li Yong-Zhong , Gao Li-Min , Cai Di-Ming 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivePrevious studies have mostly discussed the clinical manifestations and prognosis of mucinous breast carcinoma with a micropapillary pattern. The purposes of this study were to investigate the sonographic features of pure mucinous breast carcinoma with micropapillary pattern (MUMPC) and to identify the role of ultrasound in the differential diagnosis between MUMPC and conventional pure mucinous breast carcinoma (cPMBC).Materials and MethodsWe obtained written informed consent from all patients, and the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital approved this retrospective study. The study was conducted between May and August 2020. We enrolled 133 patients with 133 breast lesions confirmed as mucinous breast carcinoma (MBC) histopathologically between January 2014 and January 2020.We retrospectively assessed sonographic features (margin, shape, internal echogenicity, calcification, posterior acoustic feature, invasive growth, blood flow grade, and rate of missed diagnosis) and clinical characteristics (age, tumor size, tumor texture, initial symptom, and lymph node metastasis). Bivariable analyses were performed using SPSS version 19.0.ResultsThe 133 lesions included 11 MUMPCs, 65 cPMBCs, and 57 mixed MBCs (MMBCs). There were significant differences in margin, shape, calcification, posterior acoustic feature, invasive growth, rate of missed diagnosis, average tumor size, and lymph node metastasis among the three groups (p &lt; 0.05). The subsequent pairwise comparisons showed that there were significant differences in lymph node metastasis, margin, and invasive growth between MUMPC and cPMBC (p &lt; 0.05). In patients aged &gt;45 years, there was a significant difference in tumor size among the three groups (p = 0.045), and paired comparison showed that the average tumor size in the cPMBC group was larger than that in the MMBC group (p = 0.014).ConclusionMUMPC showed a non-circumscribed margin and invasive growth more frequently than cPMBC did. Lymphatic metastasis was more likely to occur in MUMPC than cPMBC. Ultrasound is helpful to distinguish MUMPC from cPMBC.
Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Third-Line Treatments for Advanced Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review With Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis
Authors: Huang Miao , Li Jisheng , Yu Xuejun , Xu Qian , Zhang Xue , Dai Xin , Li Song , Sheng Lei , Huang Kai , Liu Lian 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundAlthough various third-line treatments of advanced gastric cancer (AGC) significantly improved the overall survival, the optimal regimen has not been determined by now. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of multiple third-line treatments of AGC via integrated analysis and network meta-analysis (NMA) to provide valuable evidence for the optimal third-line systemic therapy for AGC.MethodsBy searching the databases of PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from Jan 01, 2005 to Dec 31, 2020, we included phase II/III randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of the third-line treatments for AGC to perform NMA. The main outcomes for NMA were median overall survival (mOS), median progression-free survival (mPFS), disease control rate (DCR) and adverse events (AEs). We also included phase IB/II non-RCTs and II/III RCTs of the third-line immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for integrated analysis for pooled mOS (POS), pooled mPFS (PPFS) and other outcomes.ResultsEight phase II/III RCTs and 2 ICIs-related phase IB/II non-RCTs were included for analysis, involving 9 treatment regimens and 3012 AGC patients. In terms of mOS, apatinib (hazard ratio [HR] 0.61, 95% credible interval [CrI] 0.48-0.78) and nivolumab (HR 0.62, 95% CrI 0.51-0.76) were the most effective treatments compared with placebo. Apatinib also significantly improved mPFS versus placebo (HR 0.38, 95% CrI 0.29-0.49). Nivolumab ranked first among all regimens for 1-year OS rate and achieved the best OS in patients with HER-2 positive tumor, patients with gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer and patients without gastrectomy history. TAS-102 (OR 7.46, 95% CrI 4.61-12.51) was the most toxic treatment in terms of AEs of grade 3 and higher (≥3 AEs). Pembrolizumab was more likely to cause immune related adverse event. Finally, the POS, pooled 1-year OS rate, pooled ORR and PPFS of AGC patients treated with third-line ICIs were 5.1 months, 25%, 10% and 1.71 months respectively.ConclusionsApatinib and nivolumab are the most effective treatments for the third-line treatment of AGC in contrast to the third-line chemotherapy. For AGC patients with HER-2 positive tumor, patients with GEJ cancer and patients without gastrectomy history, ICIs could be the optimal third-line treatment choice.
Association of Virological Response to Antiviral Therapy With Survival in Intermediate-Stage Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Chemoembolization
Authors: Jin Meng , Chen Yong , Hu Shuifang , Zhu Meiyan , Wang Yan , Chen Minshan , Peng Zhenwei 
Published: October 2021

IntroductionRole of response to antiviral therapies on survival of patients with intermediate-stage hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC) undergoing transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) remains unknown. We aimed to determine whether virological response (VR) or prolonged maintained virological response (MVR) to nucelos(t)ide analogues (NA) therapy could result in improved survival in HBV-HCC patients receiving TACE.MethodsBetween January 2012 and October 2018, data of patients with intermediate HBV-HCC who underwent TACE and started NA therapy within one week prior to TACE treatment at our institution were reviewed. Overall survival (OS) was compared using the Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test between different VR status groups. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to determine the association between achievement of VR or MVR and OS. VR was defined as an undetectable HBV DNA level (&lt;100 IU/ml) on two consecutive measurements during NA treatment. MVR was defined as a persistently undetectable HBV DNA level after achieving a VR.ResultsA total of 1265 patients undergoing TACE with a median follow-up time of 18 months (range, 2-78 months) were included in the analysis. Of 1265 NA-treated patients [1123 (88.8%) male, median (range) age, 56 (18-75) years], 744 patients (58.8%) achieved VR and the remaining patients (41.2%) did not. Patients with achievement of VR showed a significantly longer OS than those without VR (median OS: 21 vs 16 months; HR, 0.707; 95% CI, 0.622-0.804; P&lt;0.001). Among patients with VR, MVR was present in 542 patients (72.8%), while the other 202 patients (27.2%) in the non-MVR group. The OS for the MVR group was significantly higher than the non-MVR group (median OS: 23.2 vs 18 months; HR, 0.736; 95% CI, 0.612-0.885; P=0.001). Additionally, patients with MVR status more than two years showed a better OS than those with just one-year (HR, 0.719; 95% CI, 0.650-0.797; P&lt;0.001) or one-to-two-year MVR (HR, 0.612; 95% CI, 0.471-0.795; P=0.024). On multivariable analyses, splenomegaly and up-to-seven criteria were independent prognostic factors of OS in both VR and MVR cohorts.ConclusionsIn patients with intermediate-stage HBV-HCC, both VR to antiviral therapy and prolonged response are associated with prolonged OS after TACE, especially for those within up-to-seven criteria.