bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Statistical Study of F‐Region 3.2‐m‐Scale Field‐Aligned Irregularities Occurrence and Vertical Plasma Drift Over Hainan: Solar Activity, Season, and Magnetic Activity Dependences
Authors: Jin Han , Zou Shasha , Yan Chunxiao , Yang Guotao , Chen Gang , Zhang Shaodong , Yan Jingye , Yi Shan , Wang Zhihua 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe dependences of the nighttime low‐latitude F‐region 3.2‐m‐scale field‐aligned irregularities (FAIs) occurrence and vertical drift on solar activity, season, and magnetic activity during 2014–2017 are studied by using the coherent scatter radar located at Fuke (19.5°N, 109.1°E) and a nearby Digisonde at Sanya (18.4°N, 109.6°E), Hainan Island, China. The postsunset FAIs occurrence and vertical drift are closely related and modulated by the solar activity, especially for equinox. Utilizing the day‐to‐day comparison analysis, the threshold of the peak for the definitive postsunset FAIs generation during equinox was ∼30 m/s. The postmidnight FAIs occurrence in June solstice did not increase with the decreasing solar activity and is different from the nearby longitude 100°E reported by other studies. This difference is suggested to be due to the different Intertropical Convergence Zone activity between the two longitudes and reveals the highly localized and dynamic nature of irregularities, which clearly highlights the related challenges of space weather forecast. The SYM‐H and AE indices are used as indicators of the geomagnetic activity level, and the statistical results show that enhanced geomagnetic activity appears to weaken the evening and thus suppress the subsequent FAIs generation during the postsunset period. Westward substorm‐related overshielding electric field and/or disturbance dynamo electric field in the dusk side are suggested to play a role in the FAIs suppression during geomagnetic disturbances. This study contributes to the limited available statistical results in the Asian sector and is valuable for the holistic understanding of the global small‐scale FAIs occurrence pattern.
Pore Habit of Gas in Gassy Sediments
Authors: Terzariol Marco , Sultan Nabil , Apprioual Ronan , Garziglia Sebastien 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGas bubbles are widespread in seafloors and lakebeds and typically found in shallow and fine‐grained sediments. Sediment properties control gas nucleation and gas migration. Gas migration and pathways have been studied mostly in clean coarse particles or fine‐grained matrices. Nevertheless, both cases show very distinct geo‐behaviors. Pore habit is defined by the counteracting effects of effective stress and pore‐throat‐dependent capillary pressure. In this article, we explore gas nucleation by CO2 gas exsolution and its consequent gas‐driven fractures (open‐mode discontinuities) or pore invasion in binary sediments as a function of fines content (FC). We conducted physical test analogies for different FC subjected to gas exsolution. Our results highlight that the pore habit of gas in gassy sediments depends on its capability to invade a neighboring pore (capillarity) and burial depth (effective stress). We show that the load dominant fraction in binary soils can be used to estimate the dominant pore throat size. We then proposed a robust methodology to predict the pore habit of gassy sediments from its properties as defined in recent developments in soil behavior and characterization. Finally, we applied it to a real case offshore Vancouver Island.
Assessing the Role of Water in Alaskan Flat‐Slab Subduction
Authors: Petersen Sarah E. , Hoisch Thomas D. , Porter Ryan C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLow‐angle subduction has been shown to have a profound impact on subduction processes. However, the mechanisms that initiate, drive, and sustain flat‐slab subduction are debated. Within all subduction zone systems, metamorphic dehydration reactions within the down‐going slab have been hypothesized to produce seismicity, and to produce water that fluxes melting of the asthenospheric wedge leading to arc magmatism. In this work, we examine the role hydration plays in influencing slab buoyancy and the geometry of the downgoing oceanic plate. When water is introduced to the oceanic lithosphere, it is incorporated into hydrous phases, which results in lowered rock densities. The net effect of this process is an increase in the buoyancy of the downgoing oceanic lithosphere. To better understand the role of water in low‐angle subduction settings, we model flat‐slab subduction in Alaska, where the thickened oceanic lithosphere of the Yakutat oceanic plateau is subducting beneath the continental lithosphere. In this work, we calculate the thermal conditions and stable mineral assemblages in the slab crust and mantle in order to assess the role that water plays in altering the density of the subducting slab. Our slab density results show that a moderate amount of hydration (1–1.5 wt% H2O) in the subducting crust and upper lithospheric mantle reduces slab density by 0.5%–0.8% relative to an anhydrous slab, and is sufficient to maintain slab buoyancy to 300–400 km from the trench. These models show that water is a viable factor in influencing the subduction geometry in Alaska, and is likely important globally.
Atmospheric Gravity Waves in Aeolus Wind Lidar Observations
Authors: Banyard T. P. , Wright C. J. , Hindley N. P. , Halloran G. , Krisch I. , Kaifler B. , Hoffmann L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAeolus is the first Doppler wind lidar in space. It provides unique high‐resolution measurements of horizontal wind in the sparsely observed upper‐troposphere/lower‐stratosphere (UTLS), with global coverage. In this study, Aeolus' ability to resolve atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) is demonstrated. The accurate representation of these small‐scale waves is vital to properly simulate dynamics in global weather and climate models. In a case study over the Andes, Aeolus GW measurements show coherent phase structure from the surface to the lower stratosphere, with wind perturbations >10 ms−1, a vertical wavelength ∼8 km, and an along‐track horizontal wavelength ∼900 km. Good agreement is found between Aeolus and co‐located satellite, ground‐based lidar and reanalysis data sets for this example. Our results show that data from satellites of this type can provide unique information on GW sources and propagation in the UTLS, filling a key knowledge gap that underlies known major deficiencies in weather and climate modeling.
Progress on AlGaN-based solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors and focal plane arrays
Authors: Cai Qing , You Haifan , Guo Hui , Wang Jin , Liu Bin , Xie Zili , Chen Dunjun , Lu Hai , Zheng Youdou , Zhang Rong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSolar-blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors (PDs) have attracted tremendous attention in the environmental, industrial, military, and biological fields. As a representative III-nitride material, AlGaN alloys have broad development prospects in the field of solar-blind detection due to their superior properties, such as tunable wide bandgaps for intrinsic UV detection. In recent decades, a variety of AlGaN-based PDs have been developed to achieve high-precision solar-blind UV detection. As integrated optoelectronic technology advances, AlGaN-based focal plane arrays (FPAs) are manufactured and exhibit outstanding solar-blind imaging capability. Considering the rapid development of AlGaN detection techniques, this paper comprehensively reviews the progress on AlGaN-based solar-blind UV PDs and FPAs. First, the basic physical properties of AlGaN are presented. The epitaxy and p-type doping problems of AlGaN alloys are then discussed. Diverse PDs, including photoconductors and Schottky, metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM), p-i-n, and avalanche photodiodes (APDs), are demonstrated, and the physical mechanisms are analyzed to improve device performance. Additionally, this paper summarizes imaging technologies used with AlGaN FPAs in recent years. Benefiting from the development of AlGaN materials and optoelectronic devices, solar-blind UV detection technology is greeted with significant revolutions.
Can small molecular inhibitors that stop de novo serine synthesis be used in cancer treatment?
Authors: McNamee Megan Jessica , Michod David , Niklison-Chirou Maria Victoria 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo sustain their malignancy, tumour cells acquire several metabolic adaptations such as increased oxygen, glucose, glutamine, and lipids uptake. Other metabolic processes are also enhanced as part of tumour metabolic reprogramming, for example, increased serine metabolism. Serine is a non-essential amino acid that supports several metabolic processes that are crucial for the growth and survival of proliferating cells, including protein, DNA, and glutathione synthesis. Indeed, increased activity of D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the enzyme rate-limiting de novo serine synthesis, has been extensively reported in several tumours. Therefore, selective inhibition of PHGDH may represent a new therapeutic strategy for over-expressing PHGDH tumours, owing to its downstream inhibition of essential biomass production such as one-carbon units and nucleotides. This perspective article will discuss the current status of research into small molecular inhibitors against PHGDH in colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and Ewing’s sarcoma. We will summarise recent studies on the development of PHGDH-inhibitors, highlighting their clinical potential as new therapeutics. It also wants to shed a light on some of the key limitations of the use of PHGDH-inhibitors in cancer treatment which are worth taking into account.
The ecological importance of habitat complexity to the Caribbean coral reef herbivore Diadema antillarum: three lines of evidence
Authors: Bodmer M. D. V. , Wheeler P. M. , Anand P. , Cameron S. E. , Hintikka Sanni , Cai W. , Borcsok A. O. , Exton D. A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhen Caribbean long-spined sea urchins, Diadema antillarum, are stable at high population densities, their grazing facilitates scleractinian coral dominance. Today, populations remain suppressed after a mass mortality in 1983–1984 caused a loss of their ecosystem functions, and led to widespread declines in ecosystem health. This study provides three lines of evidence to support the assertion that a lack of habitat complexity on Caribbean coral reefs contributes to their recovery failure. Firstly, we extracted fractal dimension (D) measurements, used as a proxy for habitat complexity, from 3D models to demonstrate that urchins preferentially inhabit areas of above average complexity at ecologically relevant spatial scales. Secondly, controlled behaviour experiments showed that an energetically expensive predator avoidance behaviour is reduced by 52% in complex habitats, potentially enabling increased resource allocation to reproduction. Thirdly, we deployed a network of simple and cost-effective artificial structures on a heavily degraded reef system in Honduras. Over a 24-month period the adult D. antillarum population around the artificial reefs increased by 320% from 0.05 ± 0.01 to 0.21 ± 0.04 m−2 and the juvenile D. antillarum population increased by 750% from 0.08 ± 0.02 to 0.68 ± 0.07 m−2. This study emphasises the important role of habitat structure in the ecology of D. antillarum and as a barrier to its widespread recovery.
Proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiling of shammah induced signaling in oral keratinocytes
Authors: Patil Shankargouda , Bhat Mohd Younis , Advani Jayshree , Mohan Sonali V. , Babu Niraj , Datta Keshava K. , Subbannayya Tejaswini , Rajagopalan Pavithra , Bhat Firdous A. , Al-hebshi Nezar , Sidransky David , Gowda Harsha , Chatterjee Aditi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractShammah is a smokeless tobacco product often mixed with lime, ash, black pepper and flavorings. Exposure to shammah has been linked with dental diseases and oral squamous cell carcinoma. There is limited literature on the prevalence of shammah and its role in pathobiology of oral cancer. In this study, we developed a cellular model to understand the effect of chronic shammah exposure on oral keratinocytes. Chronic exposure to shammah resulted in increased proliferation and invasiveness of non-transformed oral keratinocytes. Quantitative proteomics of shammah treated cells compared to untreated cells led to quantification of 4712 proteins of which 402 were found to be significantly altered. In addition, phosphoproteomics analysis of shammah treated cells compared to untreated revealed hyperphosphorylation of 36 proteins and hypophosphorylation of 83 proteins (twofold, p-value ≤ 0.05). Bioinformatics analysis of significantly altered proteins showed enrichment of proteins involved in extracellular matrix interactions, necroptosis and peroxisome mediated fatty acid oxidation. Kinase-Substrate Enrichment Analysis showed significant increase in activity of kinases such as ROCK1, RAF1, PRKCE and HIPK2 in shammah treated cells. These results provide better understanding of how shammah transforms non-neoplastic cells and warrants additional studies that may assist in improved early diagnosis and treatment of shammah induced oral cancer.
Magnification inferred curvature for real-time curvature monitoring
Authors: Arnoult Alexandre , Colin Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe in situ and real-time measurement of curvature changes of optically reflecting surfaces is a key element to better control bottom-up fabrication processes in the semiconductor industry, but also to follow or adjust mirror deformations during fabrication and use for space or optics industries. Despite progresses made in the last two decades thanks to laser deflectometry-based techniques, the community lacks an instrument, easy to use, robust to tough environments and easily compatible with a large range of fabrication processes. We describe here a new method, called magnification inferred curvature (MIC), based on the determination of the magnification factor of the virtual image size of a known object created by a reflecting curved surface (the substrate) acting as a spherical mirror. The optical formalism, design, and proof of concept are presented. The precision, accuracy, and advantages of the MIC method are illustrated from selected examples taken from real-time growth monitoring and compared with state-of-the-art laser deflectometry-based instruments.
Extrahepatic alveolar echinococcus on multi-slice computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Guo Hui , Liu Wenya , Wang Jian , Xing Yan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlveolar echinococcus (AE) is a severe health problem in endemic areas. In recent years, the incidence of this disease in China has been increasing. The study was designed to illustrate the multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of extrahepatic AE. A cohort of 33 patients who suffered from extrahepatic AE was enrolled consecutively from January 2012 to December 2017. The MSCT and MRI features of extrahepatic AE were recorded and analyzed by experienced radiologists. All cases secondary to hepatic AE, except two primary extrahepatic AE, were found in this study. Locations of extrahepatic AE included 19 (57.6%) lung, 10 (30.3%) adrenal gland, 9 (27.3%) brain, 5 (15.2%) peritoneal cavity, 5 (15.2%) spleen, 4 (12.1%) diaphragm, 3 (9.1%) kidney, 3 (9.1%) retroperitoneal, and 2 (6.1%) vertebra; Involvement of 1 (3.0%) heart, 1 (3.0%) mediastinum, 1 (3.0%) muscle, and 1 (3.0%) pancreas was rare. AE of the lung usually appeared as irregular and scattered nodules with small vacuoles or cavities inside and peripheral distribution. Multiple cerebral nodules with calcification and surrounding edema were the most common features seen in brain AE. Adrenal gland AE presented as plaques containing different sizes of hypodense areas and different amounts of calcification. Injection of contrast medium showed no enhancement of lesions except in the brain. MSCT and MRI are reliable imaging methods for the diagnosis of extrahepatic AE. When one AE patient is clinically confirmed, MSCT scan from the chest to the abdomen should be performed to exclude other organs AE.
Écoulement et capture d’aérosols dans les masques respiratoires
Authors: Duprat Camille 
Published: April 2021

Une stratégie essentielle dans la lutte contre la pandémie de Covid-19 est le port de masques composés de fibres enchevêtrées non tissées, qui capturent les gouttes chargées de virus émises par le porteur du masque ou présentes dans l’air ambiant.
Deux mécanismes principaux de capture des gouttes sont observés : l’interception directe de grosses gouttes qui ne sont capturées qu’en dessous d’une vitesse critique, et la capture par impact inertiel de petites gouttes qui augmente avec la vitesse des gouttes. Il est nécessaire de mieux quantifier ces phénomènes en fonction de la microstructure du matériau filtrant pour optimiser l’efficacité des masques selon les usages.
La stratégie européenne en physique des particules
Authors: Hamel de Monchenault Gautier , Vacavant Laurent 
Published: April 2021

La communauté européenne de physique des particules a actualisé en 2020 sa feuille de route, dont la mise à jour a lieu environ tous les sept ans depuis 2005, sous l’égide du CERN, l’Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire.
La mise à jour de 2020 formule des recommandations sur les priorités scientifiques et les futurs objectifs de la physique des particules dans un contexte mondial, sur les instruments qui offrent le meilleur potentiel pour atteindre ces objectifs, et sur les technologies qui doivent être développées pour construire ces instruments.
L’ambition de cet article est d’apporter un éclairage sur ces recommandations.
Yves Couder. De l’apprentissage par l’expérience, et quand l’expérience guide la recherche
Authors: Thiria Benjamin , Courrech du Pont Sylvain 
Published: April 2021

Cet article revient sur un enseignement central du département de physique de l’Université de Paris. Initié par Yves Couder et ses collègues au milieu des années 1970, cet enseignement a pour but de mettre l’observation, le questionnement et la mesure expérimentale au centre de l’apprentissage des sciences fondamentales, tranchant radicalement avec les méthodes conventionnelles.De nos jours, le module de « Physique Expérimentale » fait toujours partie intégrante de la formation des jeunes physiciens de l’Université de Paris et a depuis inspiré plusieurs autres enseignements universitaires et de grandes écoles.
Myopexie des Musculus rectus inferior: Indikationen und Langzeitergebnisse
Authors: Hoeckele Nicole , Kaeser Pierre-François , Klainguti Georges 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Die Myopexie am Rectus inferior wird bei inkomitanten vertikalen Schielwinkeln ohne signifikante Vertikalabweichung in Primärposition angewendet. Wir berichten über Langzeitergebnisse in diversen Pathologien.
Methoden Retrospektiv wurden die Daten von Patienten ausgewertet, bei denen im Zeitraum von 1984 bis 2018 eine Rectus-inferior-Myopexie durchgeführt wurde. Bei allen Patienten wurde mittels Tangentenskala nach Harms der vertikale und torsionelle Schielwinkel bei Blick geradeaus (PP) und 25° Abblick sowie das Feld des binokularen Einfachsehens (BES) gemessen. Letzteres wurde mithilfe einer Punkteskalamessung in Prozent evaluiert. Postoperative Kontrollen erfolgten nach 1 Monat, 6 Monaten und im Langzeitverlauf (1 – 24 Jahre).
Ergebnisse 62 Patienten wurden eingeschlossen (Durchschnittsalter 41 Jahre, 28 Frauen und 34 Männer), 47 wiesen eine Obliquus-superior-Parese (Gruppe 1) und 15 eine Senkungseinschränkung anderer Genese (Gruppe 2) auf. 31 Patienten waren bereits voroperiert. Bei 34 Patienten wurde die Myopexie kombiniert mit einer anderen Operation. In der Gruppe 1 betrug der präoperative Mittelwert (MW) des vertikalen Schielwinkels in PP 6,4° und im Abblick 12,3°, postoperativ 4° und 7,2°. In der Gruppe 2 verringerte sich der Wert von 3,3° in PP und 11,5° im Abblick auf 1,2° und 6,6°. Im Langzeitverlauf zeigte sich besonders in der Gruppe 1 ein Effektverlust. Der Einfluss auf die Zykloabweichung war in beiden Gruppen gering. Der mithilfe eines Punktesystems gemessene Bereich des BES in Prozent (Median) verbesserte sich in Gruppe 1 von 10% prä- auf 39% postoperativ und von 25 auf 69% in der Gruppe 2.
Schlussfolgerung Die Myopexie am Rectus inferior reduziert deutlich die Inkomitanz der vertikalen Schielabweichung ohne wesentliche Beeinflussung der Zykloabweichung. Im Langzeitverlauf zeigt sich vor allem bei den Obliquus-superior-Paresen eine Abnahme des Effekts. Die Rectus-inferior-Myopexie stellt keine klassische Behandlungsmethode bei den Obliquus-superior-Paresen dar. Sie kommt nur in Einzelfällen zum Einsatz.
Seltene Erkrankungen der Orbita
Authors: Kisser Ulrich , Heichel Jens , Glien Alexander 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDieser Übersichtsartikel stellt eine Zusammenstellung seltener Erkrankungen der Orbita dar. Es werden angeborene Fehlbildungen und strukturelle Läsionen, entzündliche Erkrankungen, gutartige und bösartige epitheliale sowie nicht epitheliale Tumoren erörtert. Da in der Orbita zahlreiche Gewebetypen auf engstem Raum beieinanderliegen, kommen dort besonders viele Erkrankungen vor, sodass der Vollständigkeit und dem Tiefgang bei den einzelnen Abhandlungen natürliche Grenzen gesetzt sind. Die Kapitel beinhalten eine Übersicht über das jeweilige klinische Erscheinungsbild, wichtige Stichpunkte zur Diagnostik, Therapie und gegebenenfalls zur Prognose der Erkrankung. Dabei wurde versucht, die besonders charakteristischen Merkmale der einzelnen Erkrankungen herauszuarbeiten, sodass trotz der kurzen Darstellung die relevanten Aspekte enthalten sind.
Prismen zur Blickverlagerung und Schielkorrektur bei Augenmotilitätsstörungen und Kopfzwangshaltung
Authors: Eppenberger Leila Sara , DiTaranto Rahel , Bücheler Andrea , Heckmann Jan , Sturm Veit 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Das therapeutische Management von Motilitätseinschränkungen und begleitender Kopfzwangshaltung (KZH) stellt oft eine Herausforderung dar. Wir berichten über unsere Erfahrungen mit der Prismenapplikation.
Patienten und Methoden Retrospektive Fallserie von 3 Patienten mit Augenmotilitätsstörungen und begleitender KZH, bei denen eine Behandlung mittels Prismenkorrektur erfolgte.
Ergebnisse Ein 37-jähriger Mann mit traumatischer Okulomotoriusparese links mit leichter residueller Senkungseinschränkung und deutlicher Hebungseinschränkung zeigte nach Prismenausgleich der Hypotropie links (OS: 10^ Basis oben) ein Feld binokularen Einfachsehens (BES-Feld) nur im Abblick. Erst unter zusätzlicher Vorgabe von beidseits 10^ Basis oben gelang eine Verlagerung des BES-Feldes in die Primärposition. Ein 45-jähriger Mann mit Parinaud-Syndrom infolge eines Schädel-Hirn-Traumas und beidseitiger Hebungseinschränkung beklagte erhebliche Nackenbeschwerden bei ausgeprägter Kinnhebung. Zudem bestand bei Amaurose rechts eine sekundäre Exotropie. Unter Vorgabe von OS: 8^ Basis oben war der Patient bei Aufgabe der KZH auch subjektiv beschwerdefrei. Bei einer 69-jährigen Frau mit Abduzensparese links bestand eine Kompensation der Schielabweichung nur im äußersten Rechtsblick unter Einnahme einer ausgeprägten Linksdrehung von 20°. Mit OS: 20^ Basis temporal
resultierte Doppelbildfreiheit ohne KZH in Primärposition.
Schlussfolgerung Neben der Schielkorrektur kann auch die Blickverlagerung durch Prismen in verschiedenen klinischen Konstellationen therapeutisch hilfreich sein. Zur Reduktion der KZH erfolgt die prismeninduzierte Blickverlagerung prinzipiell in Richtung des Motilitätsdefizits.