bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aquifer Monitoring Using Ambient Seismic Noise Recorded With Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) Deployed on Dark Fiber
Authors: Rodríguez Tribaldos Verónica , Ajo‐Franklin Jonathan B. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGroundwater is a critical resource for human activities worldwide, and a vital component of many natural ecosystems. However, the state and dynamics of water‐bearing aquifers remain uncertain, mostly due to the paucity of subsurface data at high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we show that analysis of infrastructure‐generated ambient seismic noise acquired on distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) arrays has potential as a tool to track variations in seismic velocities (dv/v) caused by groundwater level fluctuations. We analyze 5 months of ambient noise acquired along an unused, 23 km‐long telecommunication fiber‐optic cable in the Sacramento Valley, CA, a so‐called “dark fiber." Three array subsections, ∼6 km apart, are processed and the stretching technique is applied to retrieve daily dv/v beneath each location. Near the Sacramento river, dv/v variations in the order of 2%–3% correlate with precipitation events and fluctuations in river stage of ∼1.5 m. In contrast, regions away (2.5 km) from the river do not experience large dv/v variations. These observations reveal short‐scale spatial variability in aquifer dynamics captured by this approach. Dispersion analysis and surface wave inversion of noise gathers reveal that seismic velocity perturbations occur at depths of 10–30 m. Rock physics modeling confirms that observed dv/v are linked to pore pressure changes at these depths, caused by groundwater table fluctuations. Our results suggest that DAS combined with ambient noise interferometry provides a means of tracking aquifer dynamics at high spatial and temporal resolutions at local to regional scales, relevant for effective groundwater resource management.
Mapping Stress and Fluids on Faults by Nonshear Earthquakes
Authors: Vavryčuk Václav , Adamová Petra , Doubravová Jana , Ren Yi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFluids on faults facilitate triggering of earthquakes and affect seismic energy release. Their detection in the focal zone is, however, difficult. Here, we present mapping of stress changes and fluid flow based on determining seismic moment tensors (MTs), which describe focal mechanisms and shear/tensile/compressive fracturing modes of earthquake sources. We calculate highly accurate MTs of 4,500 microearthquakes that occurred in the West Bohemia swarm region in the period of 2008–2018. The extent and quality of the moment tensor data are unique and allow us to study detailed behavior of the nondouble‐couple (nonDC) components of MTs along the fault. The nonDC components were mostly zero or negative and indicated shear/compressive fracturing. However, also a patch with positive nonDC components, indicating tensile fracturing, was revealed. The inversion for stress and modeling of the Coulomb stress change confirmed that this patch is under anomalous stress conditions. Tensile fractures in the patch were opened due to interaction of tensile fault steps and filled by overpressurized fluids. Hence, evaluating nonDC components of earthquakes might help for tracing stress variations and fault interactions, identifying pathways of fluids and locating areas with overpressure prone to being activated.
Emergent Properties of Convection in OTREC and PREDICT
Authors: Raymond D. J. , Fuchs‐Stone Ž. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractData from recent field programs studying deep convection may be useful in constraining cumulus parameterizations. To this end, gridded dropsonde analyses are made using data from the OTREC (Organization of Tropical East Pacific Convection) and PREDICT (PreDepression Investigation of Cloud‐Systems in the Tropics) projects to characterize the mesoscale properties of tropical oceanic convection in terms of selected thermodynamic parameters computable from the explicit grids of large‐scale models. In particular, saturation fraction, lower tropospheric moist convective instability, and convective inhibition appear to govern column‐integrated moisture convergence, while sea surface temperature is related to the top‐heaviness of mass flux profiles and the integrated entropy divergence. Local (as opposed to global) surface heat and moisture fluxes and convective available potential energy correlate weakly with these quantities. Recommendations to improve cumulus parameterizations are enumerated.
Influence of African Atmospheric Rivers on Precipitation and Snowmelt in the Near East's Highlands
Authors: Bozkurt D. , Sen O. L. , Ezber Y. , Guan B. , Viale M. , Caglar F. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) traveling thousands of kilometers over arid North Africa could interact with the highlands of the Near East (NE), and thus affect the region's hydrometeorology and water resources. Here, we use a state‐of‐the‐art AR tracking database, and reanalysis and observational datasets to investigate the climatology (1979–2017) and influences of these ARs in snowmelt season (March–April). The Red Sea and northeast Africa are found to be the major source regions of these ARs, which are typically associated with the eastern Mediterranean trough positioned over the Balkan Peninsula and a blocking anticyclone over the NE‐Caspian region, triggering southwesterly air flow toward the NE's highlands. Approximately 8% of the ARs are relatively strong (integrated water vapor transport >∼275 kg m−1 s−1). AR days exhibit enhanced precipitation over the crescent‐shaped orography of the NE region. Mean AR days indicate wetter (up to + 2 mm day−1) and warmer (up to + 1.5°C) conditions than all‐day climatology. On AR days, while snowpack tends to decrease (up to 30%) in the Zagros Mountains, it can show decreases or increases in the Taurus Mountains depending largely on elevation. A further analysis with the observations and reanalysis indicates that extreme ARs coinciding with large scale sensible heat transport can significantly increase the daily discharges. These results suggest that ARs can have notable impacts on the hydrometeorology and water resources of the region, particularly of lowland Mesopotamia, a region that is famous with great floods in the ancient narratives.
Interpreting the Diurnal Cycle of Clouds and Precipitation in the ARM GoAmazon Observations: Shallow to Deep Convection Transition
Authors: Tian Yang , Zhang Yunyan , Klein Stephen A. , Schumacher Courtney 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon) 2014/5 field campaign data are used to study the diurnal cycle of clouds and precipitation. Through a careful classification of days with shallow cumulus, congestus and deep convection, we investigate the major differences among locally generated convection regimes and the most important environmental factors governing the shallow‐to‐deep convection transition. On shallow cumulus days, a greater sensible heat flux drives deeper boundary layer growth, which entrains drier free‐tropospheric air and lowers the relative humidity, thus leading to a significantly higher cloud base than those on days with deeper convection. Congestus and deep convection regimes exhibit distinct cloud top height distributions with noticeable differences in the vertical wind shear in the mid‐troposphere, suggesting an important role of wind shear in limiting the vertical extent of convection. On deep convection days, with preexisting nocturnal convection or cold‐pools from external disturbances, the timing of peak surface precipitation (12:00–13:00 LST) tends to be in‐phase with the diurnal variation in surface fluxes. However, it takes longer for local deep convection to develop without these disturbances. A plume model with thermodynamic and dynamical constraints is developed to explore the relative importance of various convection‐controlling factors. Initial cloud‐base vertical velocity and buoyancy are important in helping parcels ascend to the level of free convection (LFC). After parcels reach the LFC, entrainment of environmental air and lower free troposphere humidity become crucial in determining cloud top. Entrainment rate differentiates among convection regimes, which may be tied to the cloud size distribution at cloud base.
Impact of Urban Roughness Representation on Regional Hydrometeorology: An Idealized Study
Authors: Li Qi , Yang Jiachuan , Yang Long 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMesoscale climate models provide indispensable tools to understand land‐atmosphere interactions over urban regions. However, uncertainties in urban canopy parameters (UCPs) and parameterization schemes lead to degraded representation of the drag effect in complex built terrains. In particular, for the widely applied single‐layer urban canopy model (SLUCM) coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, near‐surface horizontal wind speed is known to be overestimated systematically. In this study, idealized large eddy simulations (LES) and WRF‐SLUCM simulations are conducted to study the separate effect of UCPs and aerodynamic parameterization on atmospheric boundary layer processes and rainfall variabilities in Phoenix, Arizona. For LES that explicitly resolves surface geometry, significant differences between three‐dimensional (3D) versus two‐dimensional (2D) representation of urban morphology are found in the surface layer and above. When surface drag is parameterized following SLUCM, surface morphologies have little impacts on the mean momentum transfer. WRF‐SLUCM simulation results, incorporated with 3D urban morphology data, indicate that simply refining the frontal area index will reduce the surface drag, which further amplifies the systematic positive bias of SLUCM in predicting horizontal wind speed. Replacing the drag parameterization in SLUCM by LES‐based aerodynamic parameters has evident impacts on near‐surface wind speed. The impact of urban roughness representation becomes the most evident during rainfall periods, due to the important role of surface drag in dictating moisture convergence. Our study underlines that apart from intensive efforts in obtaining detailed UCPs, it is also critical to enhance the urban momentum exchange parameterization schemes.
Characteristics of Propagation From Meteorological Drought to Hydrological Drought in the Pearl River Basin
Authors: Zhou Zhaoqiang , Shi Haiyun , Fu Qiang , Ding Yibo , Li Tianxiao , Wang Yao , Liu Suning 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDrought events occur more frequently under recent climate change. Generally, meteorological drought is the fuse of hydrological drought; thus, it is important to understand the characteristics of meteorological drought and its propagation to hydrological drought for early warning. Taking the Pearl River Basin (PRB) in China as study area, this study adopted K‐means cluster analysis method to divide the PRB into subregions with similar precipitation characteristics. Then, standardized precipitation index and standardized runoff index were used to analyze the characteristics of meteorological drought and hydrological drought, respectively, and the maximum Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the drought propagation time (DPT) between these two types of drought. Moreover, the link between meteorological drought and hydrological drought was explored based on continuous wavelet transform and cross wavelet transform. The results revealed that: the PRB has experienced severe meteorological and hydrological droughts since early 2000s, and hydrological drought was more serious than meteorological drought in each of the five subregions in the PRB. The DPTs from meteorological drought to hydrological drought were mainly 2–6 months, and the periodic characteristics of meteorological drought were mainly responsible for those of hydrological drought. Precipitation and runoff could greatly affect the DPT, while the impacts of evapotranspiration and shallow soil moisture on the DPT were not significant. Furthermore, El‐Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation are important factors that affect the DPT from meteorological to hydrological drought in the PRB.
The Aeolian Environment of the Landing Site for the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin Rover in Oxia Planum, Mars
Authors: Favaro E. A. , Balme M. R. , Davis J. M. , Grindrod P. M. , Fawdon P. , Barrett A. M. , Lewis S. R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAeolian features at Oxia Planum—the 2023 landing site for the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin Rover (ERFR)—are important for Mars exploration because they record information about past and current wind regimes, sand transport vectors, and lend insight to the abrasion, deposition, and transport of granular material. To characterize the wind regime and erosional history of Oxia Planum we used a combination of manual observational and machine‐learning techniques to analyze the morphometrics, distribution, and orientation of 10,753 aeolian bedforms (Transverse Aeolian Ridges[TARs]) and landforms (Periodic Bedrock Ridges [PBRs]) around the ERFR landing ellipses. We found that, irrespective of the scale of the TARs, crestline azimuths are consistent across the study area and we infer that the bedform forming winds blew from NW‐NNW toward SE‐SSE. PBR azimuths show a substantively different orientation to the aeolian bedforms, and we infer that the winds necessary to abrade PBRs had a N‐NNE or S‐SSE orientation (180° ambiguity). From observations of active dust devils and windstreaks from repeat imagery, we infer a W‐WNW or E‐ESE (180° ambiguity) wind dominates today. Finally, we compare the inferred wind direction results from the aeolian landscape to modeled wind data from Mars Global Circulation Models. We note that, despite landscape evidence to the contrary, modeled contemporary wind direction lacks the consistent directionality to be responsible for the orientation of aeolian features in Oxia Planum. These results characterize aeolian features ERFR will encounter and suggests multiple wind regimes have influenced the surficial expression of the landing site.
Distributions of Ion Density Irregularities and Their Gradients Inside Low‐Latitude Ionospheric Plasma Bubbles Based on C/NOFS Planar Langmuir Probe Data
Authors: Costa Emanoel , Roddy Patrick A. , Ballenthin John O. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractData from the planar Langmuir probe onboard the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System has been processed, with focus on the: (1) identification of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles located within the eclipse sections of the satellite orbits; (2) subdivision of each Equatorial Plasma Bubble into three sections (West Wall, Center, and East Wall); and (3) statistical analyses of the standard deviations and gradients of ion density data for each section. The statistical distributions resulted from the application of the above processing to structures identified during the years October 1, 2008 to September 30, 2009 (solar minimum conditions) and June 5, 2012 to June 4, 2013 (close to maximum conditions of solar cycle 24). The statistical distributions have also been classified considering all longitudes or three 60° longitude sectors in South America, Africa, India‐Asia, as well as all altitudes of the C/NOFS satellite or the limited range from 650 to 800 km. It will be shown that all the parameters (Equatorial Plasma Bubble sections, solar activity, longitude sector, and altitude range) affect the resulting statistical distributions. Additionally, the probability density functions (pdfs) of ion density gradients for the EPB West Walls, Centers, and East Walls and the South American longitude sector, detected during 2012 and estimated with different resolutions will be compared. While the pdfs based on 1‐Hz low‐resolution data (sampling large‐scale structures) display east‐west asymmetries, those based on the original 512‐Hz high‐resolution data (sampling small‐scale structures), created by secondary plasma instabilities, are essentially symmetric around the reference 0 mm/km gradient.
MiR-211 determines brain metastasis specificity through SOX11/NGN2 axis in triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Pan Jhih-Kai , Lin Cheng-Han , Kuo Yao-Lung , Ger Luo-Ping , Cheng Hui-Chuan , Yao Yun-Chin , Hsiao Michael , Lu Pei-Jung 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBrian metastasis, which is diagnosed in 30% of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients with metastasis, causes poor survival outcomes. Growing evidence has characterized miRNAs involving in breast cancer brain metastasis; however, currently, there is a lack of prognostic plasma-based indicator for brain metastasis. In this study, high level of miR-211 can act as brain metastatic prognostic marker in vivo. High miR-211 drives early and specific brain colonization through enhancing trans-blood–brain barrier (BBB) migration, BBB adherence, and stemness properties of tumor cells and causes poor survival in vivo. SOX11 and NGN2 are the downstream targets of miR-211 and negatively regulate miR-211-mediated TNBC brain metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Most importantly, high miR-211 is correlated with poor survival and brain metastasis in TNBC patients. Our findings suggest that miR-211 may be used as an indicator for TNBC brain metastasis.
Prognostic significance of esterase gene expression in multiple myeloma
Authors: Kumari Romika , Majumder Muntasir Mamun , Lievonen Juha , Silvennoinen Raija , Anttila Pekka , Nupponen Nina N. , Lehmann Fredrik , Heckman Caroline A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Esterase enzymes differ in substrate specificity and biological function and may display dysregulated expression in cancer. This study evaluated the biological significance of esterase expression in multiple myeloma (MM).

Methods
For gene expression profiling and evaluation of genomic variants in the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) cohort, bone marrow aspirates were obtained from patients with newly diagnosed MM (NDMM) or relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM). CD138+ plasma cells were enriched and used for RNA sequencing and analysis, and to evaluate genomic variation. The Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF) Relating Clinical Outcomes in MM to Personal Assessment of Genetic Profile (CoMMpass) dataset was used for validation of the findings from FIMM.

Results
MM patients (NDMM, n = 56; RRMM, n = 78) provided 171 bone marrow aspirates (NDMM, n = 56; RRMM, n = 115). Specific esterases exhibited relatively high or low expression in MM, and expression of specific esterases (UCHL5, SIAE, ESD, PAFAH1B3, PNPLA4 and PON1) was significantly altered on progression from NDMM to RRMM. High expression of OVCA2, PAFAH1B3, SIAE and USP4, and low expression of PCED1B, were identified as poor prognostic markers (P < 0.05). The MMRF CoMMpass dataset provided validation that higher expression of PAFAH1B3 and SIAE, and lower expression of PCED1B, were associated with poor prognosis.

Conclusions
Esterase gene expression levels change as patients progress from NDMM to RRMM. High expression of OVCA2, PAFAH1B3, USP4 and SIAE, and low expression of PCED1B, are poor prognostic markers in MM, suggesting a role for these esterases in myeloma biology.
Modulation of intratumoural myeloid cells, the hallmark of the anti-tumour efficacy induced by a triple combination: tumour-associated peptide, TLR-3 ligand and α-PD-1
Authors: Zalba Sara , Belsúe Virginia , Topp Brian , de Alwis Dinesh , Alvarez Maite , Trocóniz Iñaki F. , Berraondo Pedro , Garrido María J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) show remarkable clinical anti-tumour efficacy. However, rational combinations are needed to extend the clinical benefit to primary resistant tumours. The design of such combinations requires the identification of the kinetics of critical immune cell populations in the tumour microenvironment.

Methods
In this study, we compared the kinetics of immune cells in the tumour microenvironment upon treatment with immunotherapy combinations with different anti-tumour efficacies in the non-inflamed tumour model TC-1/A9. Tumour-bearing C57BL/6J mice were treated with all possible combinations of a human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 long peptide, polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (PIC) and anti-PD-1 mAb. Tumour growth and kinetics of the relevant immune cell populations were assessed over time. The involvement of key immune cells was confirmed by depletion with mAbs and immunophenotyping with multiparametric flow cytometry.

Results
The maximum anti-tumour efficacy was achieved after intratumoural administration of HPV E7 long peptide and PIC combined with the systemic administration of anti-PD-1 mAb. The intratumoural immune cell kinetics of this combination was characterised by a biphasic immune response. An initial upsurge of proinflammatory myeloid cells led to a further rise in effector CD8+ T lymphocytes at day 8. Depletion of either myeloid cells or CD8+ T lymphocytes diminished the anti-tumour efficacy of the combination.

Conclusions
The anti-tumour efficacy of a successful immunotherapy combination in a non-inflamed tumour model relies on an early inflammatory process that remodels the myeloid cell compartment.
More light on cancer and COVID-19 reciprocal interaction
Authors: Brest Patrick , Mograbi Baharia , Hofman Paul , Milano Gerard 
Published: February 2021

SummaryCancer patients are vulnerable to COVID-19 with consequences on treatment delays and on mortality rate. This Comment explores the interaction between COVID-19 and cancer with attention paid to the modulation by cancer treatments of both ADAM17 and TMPRSS2, the proteases which control ACE2 processing, the SARS-CoV-2 target.
The bovine dialysable leukocyte extract IMMUNEPOTENT CRP induces immunogenic cell death in breast cancer cells leading to long-term antitumour memory
Authors: Reyes-Ruiz Alejandra , Calvillo-Rodriguez Kenny Misael , Martínez-Torres Ana Carolina , Rodríguez-Padilla Cristina 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Cancer recurrence is a serious problem in breast cancer (BC) patients, and immunogenic cell death (ICD) has been proposed as a strategy to overcome this recurrence. IMMUNEPOTENT CRP (ICRP) acts as an immunomodulator and can be cytotoxic to cancer cells. Thus, we evaluated if ICRP induces ICD in BC cells.

Methods
Immunogenicity of ICRP-induced cell death was evaluated in vitro, analysing the principal biochemical characteristics of ICD in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells. Ex vivo, we assessed the ability of killed cancer cells (KCC) obtained from ICRP-treated 4T1 cells (ICRP-KCC) to induce DC maturation, T-cell priming and T-cell-mediated cancer cytotoxicity. In vivo, we evaluated tumour establishment and antitumour immune memory after prophylactic ICRP-KCC vaccination in BALB/c mice.

Results
ICRP induced caspase-independent, ROS-dependent cell death, autophagosome formation, P-eIF2α, chaperone protein exposure, CD47 loss, ATP and HMBG1 release in BC cells. Additionally, ICRP-KCC promoted DC maturation, which triggered T-cell priming and cancer cytotoxicity. Prophylactic vaccination with ICRP-KCC prevented tumour establishment and induced long-term antitumour memory in BALB/c mice, involving DC maturation in lymph nodes, CD8+ T-cell augmentation in lymph nodes, peripheral blood and tumour site and ex vivo tumour-specific cytotoxicity by splenocytes.

Conclusions
ICRP induces ICD in BC cells, leading to long-term antitumour memory.