bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER XIII. FURTHER STUDIES ON LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM
Authors: Mukai Terumi , Voelker Robert A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Raleigh, North Carolina, population of Drosophila melanogaster was examined for linkage disequilibrium in 1974, several years after previous analyses in 1968, 1969, and 1970. αglycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-1 (αGpdh-1), malate dehydrogenase-1 (Mdh-1), alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), and hexokinase-C (Hex-C, tentative name, F. M. Johnson, unpublished; position determined by the present authors to be 2-74.5) were assayed for 617 second chromosomes, and esterase-C (Est-C) and octanol dehydrogenase (Odh) were assayed for 526 third chromosomes. In addition, two polymorphic inversions in the second chromosomes [In(2L)t and In(2R)NS] were examined, and the following findings were obtained: (1) No linkage disequilibrium between isozyme genes was detected. Significant linkage disequilibria were found only between the polymorphic inversions and isozyme genes [In(2L)t vs. Adh, and In(2R)NS vs. Hex-C]. Significant disequilibrium was not detected between In(2L)t and αGpdh-1, which is included in the inversion, but a tendency toward disequilibrium was consistently found from 1968 to 1974. The frequency of two-strand double crossovers within inversion In(2L)t involving a single crossover on each side of αGpdh-1 was estimated to be 0.00022. Thus, the consistent but not significant linkage disequilibrium between the two factors can be explained by recombination after the inversion occurred. (2) Previously existing linkage disequilibrium between Adh and In(2R)NS (the distance is about 30 cM, but the effective recombination value is about 1.75%) was found to have disappeared. (3) No higher-order linkage disequilibrium was detected. (4) Linkage disequilibrium between Odh and Est-C (the distance of which was estimated to be 0.0058 ± 0.002) could not be detected (χ2 df=1 = 0.9).—From the above results, it was concluded that linkage disequilibria among isozyme genes are very rare in D. melanogaster, so that the Franklin-Lewontin model (Franklin and Lewontin 1970) is not applicable to these genes. The linkage disequilibria between some isozyme genes and polymorphic inversions may be explained by founder effect.
GENETIC VARIATION IN HAWAIIAN DROSOPHILA. IV. ALLOZYMIC SIMILARITY BETWEEN D. SILVESTRIS AND D. HETERONEURA FROM THE ISLAND OF HAWAII
Authors: Sene F M , Carson H L 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The species are endemic to the newest island in the archipelago and are broadly sympatric. They are easily distinguished morphologically in both sexes. Using standard electrophoretic procedures, we have examined 25 loci encoding for structural proteins from 539 silvestris and 325 heteroneura collected at three widely-separated localities where the two species are sympatric. Pairwise comparisons within and between the species show the following coefficients of genetic identity (Nei's I): within silvestris, 0.961 ± 0.01; within heteroneura, 0.949 ± 0.02; between silvestris and heteroneura, 0.939 ± 0.01. Neither the differences within nor between the species are significant. There are no fixed allelic differences either within or between the species. At the three areas of sympatry, the species show gene frequency differences (P &lt; 0.05) at 9, 11 and 13 loci respectively. This is not much different from the variation within either one of the species across the three localities. The two species have similar heterozygosity (H) levels (silvestris, 0.083; heteroneura, 0.089) and percent of polymorphic loci (both 0.37). It is suggested that despite their morphological divergence, these species are much more newly formed than classical sibling species. Significant allozymic differences may not have had time to accumulate.
AMINO ACID REPLACEMENTS RESULTING FROM SUPPRESSION AND MISSENSE REVERSION OF A CHAIN-TERMINATOR MUTATION IN NEUROSPORA
Authors: Seale T W , Brett M , Baron A J , Fincham J R S 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Neurospora crassa super-suppressor mutation, ssu-1, suppresses the auxotrophic phenotype of the mutant am(17) by inserting tyrosine at residue 313 of NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase, a position occupied in the wild type by glutamate. Two classes of am(17) revertants due to further mutation within the am gene have, respectively, tyrosine and leucine at residue 313. These replacements are consistent with a chain-terminating codon in am(17) of either the amber (UAG) or the ochre type (UAA), but are inconsistent with UGA. The Leu313 and Tyr313 variants of the enzyme have effective activity but are grossly different from the wild type in Michaelis constants (especially for ammonium) and heat stabilities at two different pH values. They show smaller but significant differences in these respects from each other.
Multimorbidity Accumulation Among Middle-Aged Americans: Differences by Race/Ethnicity and Body Mass Index
Authors: Botoseneanu Anda , Markwardt Sheila , Nagel Corey L , Allore Heather G , Newsom Jason T , Dorr David A , Quiñones Ana R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Obesity and multimorbidity are more prevalent among U.S. racial/ethnic minority groups. Evaluating racial/ethnic disparities in disease accumulation according to body mass index (BMI) may guide interventions to reduce multimorbidity burden in vulnerable racial/ethnic groups.

Method
We used data from the 1998–2016 Health and Retirement Study on 8 106 participants aged 51–55 at baseline. Disease burden and multimorbidity (≥2 co-occurring diseases) were assessed using 7 chronic diseases: arthritis, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, lung disease, and stroke. Four BMI categories were defined per convention: normal, overweight, obese class 1, and obese class 2/3. Generalized estimating equations models with inverse probability weights estimated the accumulation of chronic diseases.

Results
Overweight and obesity were more prevalent in non-Hispanic Black (82.3%) and Hispanic (78.9%) than non-Hispanic White (70.9 %) participants at baseline. The baseline burden of disease was similar across BMI categories, but disease accumulation was faster in the obese class 2/3 and marginally in the obese class 1 categories compared with normal BMI. Black participants across BMI categories had a higher initial burden and faster accumulation of disease over time, while Hispanics had a lower initial burden and similar rate of accumulation, compared with Whites. Black participants, including those with normal BMI, reach the multimorbidity threshold 5–6 years earlier compared with White participants.

Conclusions
Controlling weight and reducing obesity early in the lifecourse may slow the progression of multimorbidity in later life. Further investigations are needed to identify the factors responsible for the early and progressing nature of multimorbidity in Blacks of nonobese weight.
Body Mass Index and Polygenic Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease Predict Conversion to Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Moody Jena N , Valerio Kate E , Hasselbach Alexander N , Prieto Sarah , Logue Mark W , Hayes Scott M , Hayes Jasmeet P ,   Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)
Published: April 2021

AbstractBody mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) although the relationship is complex. Obesity in midlife is associated with increased risk for AD, whereas evidence supports both higher and lower BMI increasing risk for AD in late life. This study examined the influence of individual differences in genetic risk for AD to further clarify the relationship between late-life BMI and conversion to AD. Participants included 52 individuals diagnosed as having mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at baseline who converted to AD within 24 months and 52 matched MCI participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort. BMI was measured at baseline. Genetic risk for AD was assessed via genome-wide polygenic risk scores. Conditional logistic regression models were run to determine if BMI and polygenic risk predicted conversion to AD. Results showed an interaction between BMI and genetic risk, such that individuals with lower BMI and higher polygenic risk were more likely to convert to AD relative to individuals with higher BMI. These results remained significant after adjusting for cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of AD. Exploratory sex-stratified analyses revealed this relationship only remained significant in males. These results show that higher genetic risk in the context of lower BMI predicts conversion to AD in the next 24 months, particularly among males. These findings suggest that genetic risk for AD in the context of lower BMI may serve as a prodromal risk factor for future conversion to AD.
Introduction
Authors: Blevins Cameron 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
How did the American state consolidate its power over the vast and remote territory of the western United States? This chapter orients readers to the period of western expansion spanning the 1860s to the early 1900s and the crucial, often unseen, role of the US Post within this project. It explains the book’s methodology of using a dataset of more than one hundred thousand post offices to map the spread of the western postal network, part of a larger approach of digital history. This spatial analysis leads to four findings about the US Post and its status as a “gossamer network”: that it was big, spatially expansive, fast moving, and ephemeral. The chapter then introduces the concept of the agency model, a new organizational framework for understanding the American state. It concludes with an overview of the book’s chapter structure, major themes, and narrative strategies.
Introduction
Authors: Korver-Glenn Elizabeth 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Introduction presents the book’s driving question: How does racism contribute to the persistence of racial segregation in urban America? It sets up the book’s answer to that question by highlighting a group of people the author theorizes are central to housing exchange: housing market professionals. Housing market professionals are the influential gatekeepers, or brokers, who connect—or avoid connecting—housing consumers to housing resources and opportunities. Professionals’ decisions about whether and whom to connect occur through what the author calls the racist market rubric—the set of racist ideas that links racial status with market worth—or the people-oriented market rubric—the set of equitable, people-affirming ideas that equalizes market worth. Professionals’ use of the racist market rubric in particular is supported by real estate organizational routines. The Introduction provides a brief overview of the book’s research methods and data, as well as brief chapter summaries.
Lending Capital
Authors: Korver-Glenn Elizabeth 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes how White mortgage bankers relied on segregated interindustry networking with real estate agents to shore up their lending portfolios. In doing so, they helped sustain racially segregated buyer–agent–banker networks and loan opportunities. The chapter also demonstrates how White real estate agents undertook such networking and, in some cases, used the racist market rubric to interpret mortgage bankers of color, whom they excluded from their professional circles. In addition, the chapter describes how mortgage bankers depended on the routine of racialized discretion when they interpreted mortgage borrower and property risk. They gave White borrowers and homes in White neighborhoods the benefit of the doubt, assuming they were the least risky and most valuable. By contrast, they cast shadows of doubt on borrowers of color and homes in neighborhoods of color, interpreting these individuals and areas through the racist market rubric. Racialized discretion has consequences for whether and under what conditions mortgage loans are approved.
Liberal Non-Domination
Authors: Schemmel Christian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops the fundamental features of liberal non-domination. It connects the expressive perspective (chapter 2) to a liberal framework for social justice, aiming at fair cooperation between free and equal individuals endowed with two moral powers—sense of justice and capacity for a conception of the good—and derives a conception of non-domination from it. Domination consists of the asymmetrical capacity of one agent to arbitrarily interfere in the choices of another; interference is arbitrary when it is not forced to respect others’ prima facie relevant claims arising out of cooperation. This conception improves upon neo-republican accounts of non-domination by showing that domination is a very important, but not the only, requirement of social justice, and by giving a substantive determination to the claims and choices justice requires it to range over. Concluding critical analyses of Lovett’s, Forst’s, and Pettit’s rival conceptions of just non-domination confirm its advantages.
Relational Equality beyond Non-Domination
Authors: Schemmel Christian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Non-domination is not the only demand of relational equality. This chapter rejects two important attempts to make sense of demands for other kinds of egalitarian relations, based on the goods of community, friendship, trust, and self-respect. The first is a pluralist, free-standing approach, according to which social equality goes beyond, and sometimes conflicts with, social justice. This approach either leads to egalitarian perfectionism, which should worry liberals, or fails to yield a mandate to shape society according to its demands. The second approach extends distributive theories of equality by incorporating fair shares of the various goods at stake in egalitarian relations. The chapter shows how resulting variants of relation-sensitive distributivism either fail to capture what is distinctive about relational goods, or to yield recognizably egalitarian demands. This result confirms the case for the liberal approach, while underscoring the need to extend it to matters of social status and self-respect.
Introduction
Authors: Haynes Justin A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
By placing twelfth-century Latin epic in the context of the Virgilian tradition, this study seeks to promote wider interdisciplinary knowledge of these poems. At the same time, it attempts to bridge a gap in scholarship between late antique epic and early modern epic. The Introduction presents what information is known about the lives of Joseph of Exeter, Walter of Châtillon, Alan of Lille, and John of Hauville, as well as the chronology of the composition of their poems, the Ylias, Alexandreis, Anticlaudianus, and Architrenius, respectively. The poets all lived in close geographical proximity—all were active in northern France for all or much of their careers. There was also a narrow window of time in which all four poems were composed—roughly a decade, centered around the 1180s. These facts suggest the possibility of direct competition and mutual influence.
Blurring the Lines between History and Allegory
Authors: Haynes Justin A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the possibility that the allegorical epics, the Anticlaudianus and Architrenius, and the historical epics, the Alexandreis and Ylias, are not so diametrically opposed as is often thought. If historical and allegorical epic in the twelfth century can both be said to be founded on a medieval reading of the Aeneid, then the allegorical epics should be able to be read as historical epics and vice versa. The Architrenius is read both as a possible autobiography and as a biography of John of Hauville’s patron. Previous historical readings of characters in the Anticlaudianus are re-evaluated—such as Nero as Henry II, the New Man as Philip Augustus, and the New Man as Christ. The plots of both the Alexandreis and Ylias seem to show the imprint of global allegory, in the style of Fulgentius’s and Bernard Silvestris’s allegorizations of the Aeneid.
Parent Religiousness, Parenting Styles, and Intergenerational Religious Transmission
Authors: Smith Christian , Adamczyk Amy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Parents’ religious beliefs and practices, along with their parenting styles, matter for shaping how parents choose to transmit religious belief to their children and the extent to which they are effective. This chapter explores the direct, independent effects of parents’ religiousness and to some extent their parenting styles on children’s religious outcomes. Survey data are used to show how parenting styles moderate the relationship between parents’ religious importance and adult children’s religious importance and attendance. The chapter shows that an authoritative approach, whereby parents combine high expectations of and involvement with their children with emotional warmth and good communication can help more religious parents transmit religion to their children. This chapter also explores the role of religion in strengthening the connection between parents and offers important context and insight for understanding the relationship between corporal punishment and religion.
The Big Picture of American Religious Parenting
Authors: Smith Christian , Adamczyk Amy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter zooms out to explore findings from two other nationally representative surveys of American parents about their priorities for, expectations about, and practices to influence their children’s religious futures. The surveys analyzed are the Culture of American Families survey conducted in 2012 by the Institute for the Advanced Study of Culture at the University of Virginia; and the Faith and Family in America survey conducted in 2005 for Religion and Ethics Newsweekly by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research, Inc. Findings explore American parents’ beliefs about, values of, and strategies for the religious socialization of their children.
Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to Parkinson’s disease (PD) for the nonmedical specialist reader. It covers the history and prevalence of PD, the disease process and its symptoms (motor and non-motor), disease diagnosis, the stages of Parkinson’s, rates of progression, and treatment approaches. Although no form of treatment stops the disease process, there are treatments that can ease its symptoms. These approaches include pharmacological options, such as carbidopa/levodopa; technological devices, surgical interventions, such as deep brain stimulation; and lifestyle practices, such as regular vigorous exercise. The latter has also been shown to slow disease progression. The chapter concludes with a description of current and future research into treating and possibly stopping the progression of Parkinson’s disease.
Counseling Persons with Parkinson’s
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how a counselor may utilize phase 1 of the loss-based counseling (LBC) approach in practice by presenting a case study of a man, Manny, who has recently been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. The five components of the LBC approach, education, identification, formulation, implementation, and evaluation receive attention as concerns Manny’s experience and needs. Showing how a Parkinson’s diagnosis results in feelings of significant loss, the chapter also suggests how attention to purposeful actions (tasks) geared toward ameliorating particular problems-in-living may help ease the burdens of Parkinson’s and, likewise, promote an experience of mourning. The result can be a life with greater measures of acceptance, peace, purpose, joy, and contentment.
Systems of Complexity
Authors: Phelps Charles E. , Madhavan Guru 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Every day people make decisions, from trivial to critical, just as organizations. Groups making decisions commonly have some rules guiding their approach—bylaws, constitutions, or just custom. Each approach can be vague and subject to different interpretation and also manipulation. This chapter starts off our discussion about how to make better choices, individually but primarily in groups where the preferences of multiple individuals must somehow be combined to create a collective choice. Decision making on consequential matters often come down to making tradeoffs. Becoming better off on one dimension might mean becoming worse off on another. These decisions are innately matters of sacrifices and compromises. Both systems analysis and social choice analysis focus on how to make these types of tradeoffs. These issues form our goals for this book—how to help organizations make better decisions, by focusing on all three of the key issues: who gets to decide, how do they decide, and what should they decide.
Mind Reading, Gossip, and Liars
Authors: Wellman Henry M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses mind reading and theory of mind in adults, preparatory to looking at children in many further chapters. It starts by looking at adult gossip. Gossip appeals to people because it gives them a massive arena for learning about the inner workings of far more people than they could ever know individually. Through gossip, one learns about people’s intentions, quirks, likes, beliefs, deeds, and misdeeds. Then the chapter outlines in more detail just what theory of mind is, its components, and its structures. It is an everyday (not a scientific) theory used to understand ourselves and others; ordinary and commonsensical, it is also called commonsense psychology. Despite all its usefulness, people’s theories of mind can fail them. An everyday example is people’s sense of if and when someone is lying. Despite years of being concerned about lying, most adults’ theories about lying are wrong.
Expertise
Authors: Mitchell Neil J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Professionals are in good standing in the principal-agent literature. With a sense of professional responsibility, an honor code or an oath, they bring extra effort to challenging and difficult to monitor tasks. Often they repay our trust. But there are also substantial challenges in delegating to those with difficult to replace knowledge and specialized training. These challenges are discussed in this chapter in a variety of individual and organizational contexts and in particular in analyzing the use that religious institutions and governments make of those with specialized training. Notwithstanding their rigidly hierarchical organizational structures, complete with rules of conduct and quite fearsome methods of control, the Catholic Church and the military have difficulty keeping agents on task. The chapter shows how these agents exploit their positions. Observing the theoretically unexpected passivity of principals when confronted with non-compliant behavior in these organizations, this chapter modifies the accepted account with the argument that group loyalties, asset specificity, and what the author refers to as the “agent confidence factor” put up the cost of punishment for the principal and protect noncompliant agents from the normal consequences of their actions.
Ignorance
Authors: Stoltz Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter engages in a prolonged discussion of those episodes of cognition that are not instances of knowledge. More explicitly, it focuses on Tibetan Buddhist epistemological developments in the eleventh to thirteenth centuries. Three overarching categories of ignorant cognition are discussed: mistaken cognition, nonascertaining perception, and factive assessment. Of particular interest are those cognitions that are correct or true but which, nonetheless, fail to yield knowledge. In examining these forms of cognition, this chapter explores the boundary between knowledge and ignorance, and does so by highlighting the conditions for knowledge that fail to be satisfied in these different forms of ignorant cognition.