bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proliferation ability of particulated juvenile allograft cartilage
Authors: Zhang Changgui , Zhao Xingyu , Ao Yunong , Cao Jin , Yang Liu , Duan Xiaojun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Particulated juvenile allograft cartilage (PJAC) has a good short-term clinical efficacy in repairing articular cartilage defects, but the proliferation ability of PJAC and the biological characteristics of transplanted cells after transplantation are still unclear.

Purpose
To study the cartilage proliferation ability of PJAC in repairing full-thickness cartilage defects and the reasons for proliferation to provide experimental evidence for its clinical application.

Study design
Controlled laboratory study.

Methods
Twenty Guizhou minipigs were randomly divided into the experimental group and control group. In all minipigs, an 8-mm cylindrical full-thickness cartilage defect was created in the femoral trochlea of one knee. The experimental group received PJAC transplantation from five juvenile donors of Guizhou minipigs (PJAC group; n = 10) and the control group received transplantation of autologous cartilage chips (ACC group; n = 10). Both groups were followed at 1 and 3 months after surgery, immunohistochemical evaluation of the tissue sections Ki-67 and Lin28 was conducted, the positive rate was calculated according to the staining, and the proliferation ability of PJAC was analyzed.

Results
All 20 Guizhou minipigs were followed, and there was no infection or incision healing disorder after surgery. By Ki-67 and Lin28 immunohistochemical tests, the positive rate of Ki-67 was 88.9 ± 0.2% in the PJAC group and 28.3 ± 3.6% in the ACC group at 1 month, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05); the positive rate of Lin28 was 34.6 ± 3.3% in the PJAC group and 7.6 ± 1.4% in the ACC group at 1 month, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). At 3 months, the positive rates of Ki-67 in the PJAC group and ACC group were 53.6 ± 6.9% and 1.97 ± 0.3%, respectively (P < 0.05); the positive rates of Lin28 were 86.6 ± 3.3% and 1.4 ± 0.3%, respectively (P < 0.01).

Conclusion
A large animal model was established with Guizhou minipigs, and the expressions of Ki-67 protein and Lin28 protein detected by immunohistochemistry in the repaired transplanted tissue of the PJAC group were stronger than those of adult cartilage. The proliferation of PJAC within 3 months of transplantation was stronger than that of adult cartilage. The enhanced expression of Lin28 may be one of the mechanisms by which PJAC achieved stronger proliferation ability than adult cartilage. PJAC technology has shown good application prospects for repairing cartilage defects.
Let-7a regulates EV secretion and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by targeting SNAP23 in colorectal cancer
Authors: Liu You Dong , Zhuang Xiao Peng , Cai Dong Lan , Cao Can , Gu Qi Sheng , Liu Xue Ni , Zheng Bin Bin , Guan Bing Jie , Yu Liang , Li Ji Kun , Ding Hui Bin , Yan Dong Wang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are abundant in tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and the functions of extracellular miRNA to recipient cells have been extensively studied with tumorigenesis. However, the role of miRNA in EV secretion from cancer cells remains unknown.

Methods
qPCR and bioinformatics analysis were applied for determining extracellular let-7a expression from CRC patient serum and cells. Nanosight particle tracking analysis was performed for investigating the effect of let-7a on EV secretion. Luciferase reporter assays was used for identifying targeted genes synaptosome-associated protein 23 (SNAP23). In vitro and in vivo assays were used for exploring the function of let-7a/SNAP23 axis in CRC progression. Bioenergetic assays were performed for investigating the role of let-7a/SNAP23 in cellular metabolic reprogramming.

Results
let-7a miRNA was elevated in serum EVs from CRC patients and was enriched in CRC cell-derived EVs. We determined that let-7a could suppress EV secretion directly targeting SNAP23. In turn, SNAP23 promotes EV secretion of let-7a to downregulate the intracellular let-7a expression. In addition, we found a novel mechanism of let-7a/SNAP23 axis by regulating mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) through Lin28a/SDHA signaling pathway.

Conclusions
Let-7a plays an essential role in not only inhibiting EV secretion, but also suppressing OXPHOS through SNAP23, resulting in the suppression of CRC progression, suggesting that let-7a/SNAP23 axis could provide not only effective tumor biomarkers but also novel targets for tumor therapeutic strategies.
A comparison of the demographics, injury patterns and outcome data for patients injured in motor vehicle collisions who are trapped compared to those patients who are not trapped
Authors: Nutbeam Tim , Fenwick Rob , Smith Jason , Bouamra Omar , Wallis Lee , Stassen Willem 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are a common cause of major trauma and death. Following an MVC, up to 40% of patients will be trapped in their vehicle. Extrication methods are focused on the prevention of secondary spinal injury through movement minimisation and mitigation. This approach is time consuming and patients may have time-critical injuries. The purpose of this study is to describe the outcomes and injuries of those trapped following an MVC: this will help guide meaningful patient-focused interventions and future extrication strategies.

Methods
We undertook a retrospective database study using the Trauma Audit and Research Network database. Patients were included if they were admitted to an English hospital following an MVC from 2012 to 2018. Patients were excluded when their outcomes were not known or if they were secondary transfers.

Results
This analysis identified 426,135 cases of which 63,625 patients were included: 6983 trapped and 56,642 not trapped. Trapped patients had a higher mortality (8.9% vs 5.0%, p < 0.001). Spinal cord injuries were rare (0.71% of all extrications) but frequently (50.1%) associated with other severe injuries. Spinal cord injuries were more common in patients who were trapped (p < 0.001).
Injury Severity Score (ISS) was higher in the trapped group 18 (IQR 10–29) vs 13 (IQR 9–22). Trapped patients had more deranged physiology with lower blood pressures, lower oxygen saturations and lower Glasgow Coma Scale, GCS (all p < 0.001). Trapped patients had more significant injuries of the head chest, abdomen and spine (all p < 0.001) and an increased rate of pelvic injures with significant blood loss, blood loss from other areas or tension pneumothorax (all p < 0.001).

Conclusion
Trapped patients are more likely to die than those who are not trapped. The frequency of spinal cord injuries is low, accounting for < 0.7% of all patients extricated. Patients who are trapped are more likely to have time-critical injuries requiring intervention. Extrication takes time and when considering the frequency, type and severity of injuries reported here, the benefit of movement minimisation may be outweighed by the additional time taken. Improved extrication strategies should be developed which are evidence-based and allow for the expedient management of other life-threatening injuries.
Morbidity associated with patent ductus arteriosus in preterm newborns: a retrospective case-control study
Authors: Terrin Gianluca , Di Chiara Maria , Boscarino Giovanni , Metrangolo Valentina , Faccioli Francesca , Onestà Elisa , Giancotti Antonella , Di Donato Violante , Cardilli Viviana , De Curtis Mario 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Association between persistency of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and morbidity in preterm newborns is still controversial. We aimed to investigate the relation between PDA and morbidity in a large retrospective study.

Methods
A case-control study including neonates consecutively admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), with gestational age (GA) < 32 weeks or body birth weight (BW) < 1500 g, over a 5-year period. Newborns were divided into Cases and Controls, according with the presence or absence of a hemodynamically significant PDA (hs-PDA).

Results
We enrolled 85 Cases and 193 Controls. Subjects with hs-PDA had significantly (p < 0.001) lower GA (26.7 w, 95%CI 27.1–28.0 vs. 30.1 w, 95%CI 29.7–30.4), BW (1024 g, 95% CI 952–1097 vs. 1310 g 95%CI 1263–1358) and an increased morbidity (60.0% vs. 18.7%). In a sub-group of extremely preterm newborns (GA ≤ 28 weeks and BW ≤ 1000 g), the rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) was significantly increased in Cases (31.7%) compared with Controls (5.9%, p = 0.033). Multivariate analysis showed that morbidity significantly depended on hs-PDA, GA and BW, and that, in extremely preterms, the hs-PDA represented an independent risk factor for BPD.

Conclusions
Occurrence of the main morbidities of prematurity depended by hs-PDA, in association with GA, BW, and use of prenatal steroids. In extremely premature babies, hs-PDA is a risk factor for BPD, one of the most important morbidity of prematurity, independently by other confounding variables.
Physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises performed immediately after spinal manipulative therapy for the treatment of mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: study protocol for a randomized controlled pilot trial
Authors: Wang Li , Wang Chun , Youssef Ahmed S. A. , Xu Jiang , Huang Xiaolin , Xia Nan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundSpinal manipulative therapy is commonly used in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Some therapists also rely on physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercise (PSSE). Combining these two modalities seems reasonable, but the effectiveness of this combination has never been rigorously tested. Here, a protocol for a pilot study is proposed to determine the feasibility of conducting a larger randomized trial. The pilot study was designed to test the hypothesis that spinal manipulative therapy followed by PSSE is more effective than PSSE alone in improving the Cobb angle, sensorimotor integration, the angle of trunk rotation (ATR), body symmetry, and quality of life.MethodsThe protocol describes a randomized controlled pilot trial with 40 subjects divided into study and control groups. Both groups will receive 8 weeks of PSSE, but the study group will also receive spinal manipulative therapy during the first 2 weeks before PSSE. The primary outcome will be an estimate of the feasibility of conducting a full-scale experiment. The influencing factors will be the time to complete enrollment, the recruitment rate, subject retention, and adherence to the treatment allocations. The secondary outcomes that will be used to assess the efficacy of treatment will include the Cobb angle, somatosensory evoked potentials, ATR, three-dimensional postural parameters, and scores on the 22-item Scoliosis Research Society outcomes questionnaire. The Cobb angle will be measured at baseline and at the end of 8 weeks of training. The somatosensory evoked potentials will be measured at baseline and at the end of 2 weeks of training. The ATR, three-dimensional postural parameters, and scores on the 22-item Scoliosis Research Society outcomes questionnaire will be measured at baseline and at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks of treatment.DiscussionThis study will inform the design of a future full-scale trial. The outcomes will provide preliminary data about the efficacy of the combination of spinal manipulative therapy and exercise in treating scoliosis.Trial registrationProspectively registered at Chinese clinical trial registry,ChiCTR1900027037. Registered on 29 October 2019.http://www.chictr.org.cn/edit.aspx?pid=44954&htm=4
Mitochondrial genomes of two eucotylids as the first representatives from the superfamily Microphalloidea (Trematoda) and phylogenetic implications
Authors: Suleman  , Muhammad Nehaz , Khan Mian Sayed , Tkach Vasyl V. , Ullah Hanif , Ehsan Muhammad , Ma Jun , Zhu Xing-Quan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
The Eucotylidae Cohn, 1904 (Superfamily: Microphalloidea), is a family of digeneans parasitic in kidneys of birds as adults. The group is characterized by the high level of morphological similarities among genera and unclear systematic value of morphological characters traditionally used for their differentiation. In the present study, we sequenced the complete or nearly complete mitogenomes (mt genome) of two eucotylids representing the genera Tamerlania (T. zarudnyi) and Tanaisia (Tanaisia sp.). They represent the first sequenced mt genomes of any member of the superfamily Microphalloidea.

Methods
A comparative mitogenomic analysis of the two newly sequenced eucotylids was conducted for the investigation of mitochondrial gene arrangement, contents and genetic distance. Phylogenetic position of the family Eucotylidae within the order Plagiorchiida was examined using nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs) plus RNAs using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. BI phylogeny based on concatenated amino acids sequences of PCGs was also conducted to determine possible effects of silent mutations.

Results
The complete mt genome of T. zarudnyi was 16,188 bp and the nearly complete mt genome of Tanaisia sp. was 13,953 bp in length. A long string of additional amino acids (about 123 aa) at the 5′ end of the cox1 gene in both studied eucotylid mt genomes has resulted in the cox1 gene of eucotylids being longer than in all previously sequenced digeneans. The rrnL gene was also longer than previously reported in any digenean mitogenome sequenced so far. The TΨC and DHU loops of the tRNAs varied greatly between the two eucotylids while the anticodon loop was highly conserved. Phylogenetic analyses based on mtDNA nucleotide and amino acids sequences (as a separate set) positioned eucotylids as a sister group to all remaining members of the order Plagiorchiida. Both ML and BI phylogenies revealed the paraphyletic nature of the superfamily Gorgoderoidea and the suborder Xiphidiata.

Conclusions
The average sequence identity, combined nucleotide diversity and Kimura-2 parameter distances between the two eucotylid mitogenomes demonstrated that atp6, nad5, nad4L and nad6 genes are better markers than the traditionally used cox1 or nad1 for the species differentiation and population-level studies of eucotylids because of their higher variability. The position of the Dicrocoeliidae and Eucotylidae outside the clade uniting other xiphidiatan trematodes strengthened the argument for the need for re-evaluation of the taxonomic content of the Xiphidiata.

Graphical Abstract
The bacterial community of the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)
Authors: Maldonado-Ruiz L. Paulina , Neupane Saraswoti , Park Yoonseong , Zurek Ludek 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
The lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), an important vector of a wide range of human and animal pathogens, is very common throughout the East and Midwest of the USA. Ticks are known to carry non-pathogenic bacteria that may play a role in their vector competence for pathogens. Several previous studies using the high throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies reported the commensal bacteria in a tick midgut as abundant and diverse. In contrast, in our preliminary survey of the field collected adult lone star ticks, we found the number of culturable/viable bacteria very low.

Methods
We aimed to analyze the bacterial community of A. americanum by a parallel culture-dependent and a culture-independent approach applied to individual ticks.

Results
We analyzed 94 adult females collected in eastern Kansas and found that 60.8% of ticks had no culturable bacteria and the remaining ticks carried only 67.7 ± 42.8 colony-forming units (CFUs)/tick representing 26 genera. HTS of the 16S rRNA gene resulted in a total of 32 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with the dominant endosymbiotic genera Coxiella and Rickettsia (> 95%). Remaining OTUs with very low abundance were typical soil bacterial taxa indicating their environmental origin.

Conclusions
No correlation was found between the CFU abundance and the relative abundance from the culture-independent approach. This suggests that many culturable taxa detected by HTS but not by culture-dependent method were not viable or were not in their culturable state. Overall, our HTS results show that the midgut bacterial community of A. americanum is very poor without a core microbiome and the majority of bacteria are endosymbiotic.

Graphical Abstract
An atlas of tsetse and animal African trypanosomiasis in Zimbabwe
Authors: Shereni William , Neves Luis , Argilés Rafael , Nyakupinda Learnmore , Cecchi Giuliano 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
In the 1980s and 1990s, great strides were taken towards the elimination of tsetse and animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) in Zimbabwe. However, advances in recent years have been limited. Previously freed areas have been at risk of reinvasion, and the disease in tsetse-infested areas remains a constraint to food security. As part of ongoing control activities, monitoring of tsetse and AAT is performed regularly in the main areas at risk. However, a centralized digital archive is missing. To fill this gap, a spatially explicit, national-level database of tsetse and AAT (i.e. atlas) was established through systematic data collation, harmonization and geo-referencing for the period 2000–2019.

Methods
The atlas covers an area of approximately 70,000 km2, located mostly in the at-risk areas in the north of the country. In the tsetse component, a total of 33,872 entomological records were assembled for 4894 distinct trap locations. For the AAT component, 82,051 samples (mainly dry blood smears from clinically suspicious animals) were collected at 280 diptanks and examined for trypanosomal infection by microscopy.

Results
Glossina pallidipes (82.7% of the total catches) and Glossina morsitans morsitans (17.3%) were the two tsetse species recorded in the north and northwest parts of the country. No fly was captured in the northeast. The distribution of AAT follows broadly that of tsetse, although sporadic AAT cases were also reported from the northeast, apparently because of transboundary animal movement. Three trypanosome species were reported, namely Trypanosoma brucei (61.7% of recorded infections), Trypanosoma congolense (28.1%) and Trypanosoma vivax (10.2%). The respective prevalences, as estimated in sentinel herds by random sampling, were 2.22, 0.43 and 0.30%, respectively.

Discussion
The patterns of tsetse and AAT distributions in Zimbabwe are shaped by a combination of bioclimatic factors, historical events such as the rinderpest epizootic at the turn of the twentieth century and extensive and sustained tsetse control that is aimed at progressively eliminating tsetse and trypanosomiasis from the entire country. The comprehensive dataset assembled in the atlas will improve the spatial targeting of surveillance and control activities. It will also represent a valuable tool for research, by enabling large-scale geo-spatial analyses.

Graphical Abstract
Spatial and temporal patterns of the emerging tick-borne pathogen Borrelia miyamotoi in blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) in New York
Authors: Keesing F. , McHenry D. J. , Hersh M. H. , Ostfeld R. S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBorrelia miyamotoi, a bacterium that causes relapsing fever, is found in ixodid ticks throughout the northern hemisphere. The first cases of human infection with B. miyamotoi were identified in 2011. In the eastern USA, blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) become infected by feeding on an infected vertebrate host, or through transovarial transmission. We surveyed B. miyamotoi prevalence in ticks within forested habitats in Dutchess County, New York, and identified possible reservoir hosts. To assess spatial variation in infection, we collected questing nymphal ticks at > 150 sites. To assess temporal variation in infection, we collected questing nymphs for 8 years at a single study site. We collected questing larval ticks from nine plots to estimate the amount of transovarial transmission. To evaluate potential reservoir hosts, we captured 14 species of mammal and bird hosts naturally infested with larval blacklegged ticks and held these hosts in the laboratory until ticks fed to repletion and molted to nymphs. We determined infection for all ticks using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The overall infection prevalence of questing nymphal ticks across all sites was ~ 1%, but prevalence at individual sites was as high as 9.1%. We detected no significant increase in infection through time. Only 0.4% of questing larval ticks were infected. Ticks having fed as larvae from short-tailed shrews, red squirrels, and opossums tended to have higher infection prevalence than did ticks having fed on other hosts. Further studies of the role of hosts in transmission are warranted. The locally high prevalence of B. miyamotoi in the New York/New England landscape suggests the importance of vigilance by health practitioners and the public.
Graphical abstract
Delayed management of atrial lead dislodgment after pacemaker implantation: a case report
Authors: Guan Fu , Li Guangping , Liu Yong , Gao Xing , Zhou Rui 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Pacemaker lead dislodgement may cause malfunction in the pacing system, which may lead to severe adverse events. For patients with sick sinus syndrome but normal atrioventricular conduction, atrial lead dislocation may cause excessive unnecessary ventricular pacing, resulting in nonphysiological pacing leading to heart failure. The longer the unwanted ventricular pacing continues, the greater the chances that irreversible heart failure may occur. Ironically, we admitted a patient who had been refusing dislodged lead relocation for 7 years. The symptoms of heart failure were significantly resolved after new atrial lead implantation. We reviewed her clinical data before and after the procedure and believed the case was worthy of reflection.

Case presentation
An 83-year-old Han Chinese woman presented with heart failure symptoms for 7 years due to the late macro-dislodgement of an atrial pacing lead. Her echocardiogram showed average left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) but reduced left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) during right ventricular pacing, indicating heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). After 7 years of refusal, she finally agreed to implantation of a new atrial lead. She has been doing well since the operation.

Conclusions
For patients with sick sinus syndrome with dual-chamber pacemaker indication, atrial lead dislodgement should be appropriately managed if the atrioventricular function is normal. As the consequences are subtle and appear gradually, they might be overlooked by patients and even doctors. Implanting a new atrial lead is the right thing to do rather than just passively waiting or treating with symptom relief medications.