bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From famine to therapeutic weight loss: Hunger, psychological responses, and energy balance‐related behaviors
Authors: Stubbs R James , Turicchi Jake 
Published: February 2021

SummaryUnderstanding physiological and behavioral responses to energy imbalances is important for the management of overweight/obesity and undernutrition. Changes in body composition and physiological functions associated with energy imbalances provide the structural and functional context in which to consider psychological and behavioral responses. Compensatory changes in physiology and behavior are more pronounced in response to negative than positive energy balances. The physiological and psychological impact of weight loss (WL) occur on a continuum determined by (i) the degree of energy deficit (ED), (ii) its duration, (iii) body composition at the onset of the energy deficit, and (iv) the psychosocial environment in which it occurs. Therapeutic WL and famine/semistarvation both involve prolonged EDs, which are sometimes similar in magnitude. The key differences are that (i) the body mass index (BMI) of most famine victims is lower at the onset of the ED, (ii) therapeutic WL is intentional and (iii) famines are typically longer in duration (partly due to the voluntary nature of therapeutic WL and disengagement with WL interventions). The changes in psychological outcomes, motivation to eat, and energy intake in therapeutic WL are often modest (bearing in mind the nature of the measures used) and can be difficult to detect but are quantitatively significant over time. As WL progresses, these changes become more marked. It appears that extensive WL beyond 10%–20% in lean individuals has profound effects on body composition and physiological function. At this level of WL, there is a marked erosion of psychological functioning, which appears to run in parallel to WL. Psychological resources dwindle and become increasingly focused on alleviating escalating hunger and food seeking behavior. Functional changes in fat‐free mass, characterized by catabolism of skeletal muscle and organs may be involved in the drive to eat associated with semistarvation. Higher levels of body fat mass may act as a buffer to protect fat‐free mass, functional integrity and limit compensatory changes in energy balance behaviors. The increase in appetite that accompanies therapeutic WL appears to be very different to the intense and all‐consuming drive to eat that occurs during prolonged semistarvation. The mechanisms may also differ but are not well understood, and longitudinal comparisons of the relationship between body structure, function, and behavior in response to differing EDs in those with higher and lower BMIs are currently lacking.
Responses of growth, photosynthesis and related physiological characteristics in leaves of Acer ginnala Maxim. to increasing air temperature and/or elevated O3
Authors: Wang Y. , Xu S. , Zhang W. , Li Y. , Wang N. , He X. , Chen W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Regional warming and atmospheric ozone (O3) pollution are two of the most important environmental issues, and commonly coexist in many areas. Both factors have an intense impact on plants. However, little information is available on the combined and interactive effects of air warming and elevated O3 concentrations on physiological characteristics of plants.

To explore this issue, we studied variations in growth, photosynthesis and physiological characteristics of leaves of Acer ginnala seedlings exposed to control (ambient temperature and O3), increasing air temperature (ambient temperature + 2 °C), elevated O3 (ambient O3 concentration + 40 ppb) and a combination of the two abiotic factors at different phenological stages by using open‐top chambers.

The results showed that increasing air temperature had no significant effect on growth, but increased photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity at the leaf unfolding and defoliation stages. In contrast, elevated O3 decreased growth and photosynthesis and caused oxidative stress injury in A. ginnala leaves at each phenological stage. The combination of increasing air temperature and elevated O3 improved growth and net photosynthetic rates of tested plants and alleviated the oxidative stress compared to O3 alone.

Our findings demonstrated that moderate warming was beneficial to A. ginnala at leaf unfolding and defoliation stages, and alleviated the adverse effects of O3 stress on growth, photosynthesis and the antioxidant system. These results will provide a theoretical reference and scientific basis for the adaptation and response of A. ginnala under regional air warming and atmospheric O3 pollution.
Does exercise intensity matter for fatigue during (neo‐)adjuvant cancer treatment? The Phys‐Can randomized clinical trial
Authors: Demmelmaier Ingrid , Brooke Hannah L. , Henriksson Anna , Mazzoni Anne‐Sophie , Bjørke Ann Christin Helgesen , Igelström Helena , Ax Anna‐Karin , Sjövall Katarina , Hellbom Maria , Pingel Ronnie , Lindman Henrik , Johansson Silvia , Velikova Galina , Raastad Truls , Buffart Laurien M. , Åsenlöf Pernilla , Aaronson Neil K. , Glimelius Bengt , Nygren Peter , Johansson Birgitta , Börjeson Sussanne , Berntsen Sveinung , Nordin Karin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractExercise during cancer treatment improves cancer‐related fatigue (CRF), but the importance of exercise intensity for CRF is unclear. We compared the effects of high‐ vs low‐to‐moderate‐intensity exercise with or without additional behavior change support (BCS) on CRF in patients undergoing (neo‐)adjuvant cancer treatment. This was a multicenter, 2x2 factorial design randomized controlled trial (Clinical Trials NCT02473003) in Sweden. Participants recently diagnosed with breast (n = 457), prostate (n = 97) or colorectal (n = 23) cancer undergoing (neo‐)adjuvant treatment were randomized to high intensity (n = 144), low‐to‐moderate intensity (n = 144), high intensity with BCS (n = 144) or low‐to‐moderate intensity with BCS (n = 145). The 6‐month exercise intervention included supervised resistance training and home‐based endurance training. CRF was assessed by Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI, five subscales score range 4‐20), and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy‐Fatigue scale (FACIT‐F, score range 0‐52). Multiple linear regression for main factorial effects was performed according to intention‐to‐treat, with post‐intervention CRF as primary endpoint. Overall, 577 participants (mean age 58.7 years) were randomized. Participants randomized to high‐ vs low‐to‐moderate‐intensity exercise had lower physical fatigue (MFI Physical Fatigue subscale; mean difference −1.05 [95% CI: −1.85, −0.25]), but the difference was not clinically important (ie <2). We found no differences in other CRF dimensions and no effect of additional BCS. There were few minor adverse events. For CRF, patients undergoing (neo‐)adjuvant treatment for breast, prostate or colorectal cancer can safely exercise at high‐ or low‐to‐moderate intensity, according to their own preferences. Additional BCS does not provide extra benefit for CRF in supervised, well‐controlled exercise interventions.
Rapid molecular detection of airway pathogens in lung transplant recipients
Authors: Hoover Jonathan , Mintz Michelle A. , Deiter Fred , Aminian Emily , Chen Joy , Hays Steven R. , Singer Jonathan P. , Calabrese Daniel R. , Kukreja Jasleen , Greenland John R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundAirway infections are difficult to distinguish from acute rejection in lung transplant recipients. Traditional culture techniques take time that may delay treatment. We hypothesized that a rapid multiplex molecular assay could improve time to diagnosis and appropriate clinical decision making.MethodsIn a prospective observational study of recipients undergoing bronchoscopy, we assessed the BioFire® FilmArray® Pneumonia Panel (BFPP) in parallel to standard of care (SOC) diagnostics. Research clinicians performed shadow (research only) clinical decision making in real time. Time to report and interpretation were reported as median and interquartile ranges and compared by Wilcoxon signed‐ranked test. Agreement was defined based on detection of any species targeted in the molecular assay.ResultsFor the 150 enrolled subjects, BFPP results were available 3.8 hours (IQR 2.8–5.1) following bronchoscopy, compared to 13 hours for viral SOC (IQR 10–34, P < .001) results and 48 hours for bacterial SOC (IQR 46–70, P < .001) results. Positive BFPP results were interpreted in 9 hours (IQR 5–20) following bronchoscopy, compared to 74 hours for SOC (IQR 37–110, P < .001). Assays agreed for 138 (92%) of the 150 subjects. Of 22 BFPP diagnoses, five (23%) resulted in a shadow antibiotic recommendation. Notable BFPP deficiencies included fungal species and H parainfluenzae, accounting for 15 (27%) and 13 (23%) of the 56 actionable SOC results, respectively.ConclusionsThis molecular diagnostic including bacterial targets has the potential to shorten time to diagnosis and augment current clinical decision making but cannot replace SOC culture methods.
Induced disgust increases negative implicit attitudes towards blood donation
Authors: Gilchrist Philippe T. , Schnall Simone , Vrinceanu Tudor , Nguyen Sebastien , Ditto Blaine 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground and objectivesThe blood donation environment includes a variety of disgust‐related stimuli that may influence attitudes among new and prospective donors. To explore the causal role of disgust in the context of attitudes towards blood donation, we experimentally induced feelings of disgust (vs. fear, moral elevation or control). We hypothesized that for people who are generally sensitive to their bodily sensations, disgust would lead to more negative implicit attitudes towards blood donation than other emotions.Materials and methodsA total of 123 participants completed a questionnaire package including private body consciousness, disgust, altruism and social desirability. Next, participants watched one of four videos with emotional content: a video segment depicting a filthy toilet (disgust), a man chasing a woman and child wielding an axe (fear), a man whose life was positively changed by a mentor (moral elevation) or a nature documentary (control). After the video, participants completed a Single‐Target Implicit Association Test (ST‐IAT) and questions regarding explicit attitudes towards blood donation.ResultsAs predicted, the disgust video resulted in lower implicit attitudes towards blood donation for participants high in private body consciousness. Disgust sensitivity predicted lower donation interest, but not implicit attitudes or explicit intention. There was no effect of emotion on explicit attitudes.ConclusionAutomatic processes should be considered in the development of interventions aimed at promoting prosocial and health behaviours. Management of disgust‐related stimuli in donation centres and recruitment campaigns might improve attitudes towards blood donation.
Debris flow initiation from ravel-filled channel bed failure following wildfire in a bedrock landscape with limited sediment supply
Authors: Palucis Marisa C. , Ulizio Thomas P. , Lamb Michael P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSteep, rocky landscapes often produce large sediment yields and debris flows following wildfire. Debris flows can initiate from landsliding or rilling in soil-mantled portions of the landscape, but there have been few direct observations of debris flow initiation in steep, rocky portions of the landscape that lacdk a thick, continuous soil mantle. We monitored a steep, first-order catchment that burned in the San Gabriel Mountains, California, USA. Following fire, but prior to rainfall, much of the hillslope soil mantle was removed by dry ravel, exposing bedrock and depositing ∼0.5 m of sandy sediment in the channel network. During a one-year recurrence rainstorm, debris flows initiated in the channel network, evacuating the accumulated dry ravel and underlying cobble bed, and scouring the channel to bedrock. The channel abuts a plowed terrace, which allowed a complete sediment budget, confirming that ∼95% of sediment deposited in a debris flow fan matched that evacuated from the channel, with a minor rainfall-driven hillslope contribution. Subsequent larger storms produced debris flows in higher-order channels but not in the first-order channel because of a sediment supply limitation. These observations are consistent with a model for post-fire ravel routing in steep, rocky landscapes where sediment was sourced by incineration of vegetation dams—following ∼30 years of hillslope soil production since the last fire—and transported downslope by dry processes, leading to a hillslope sediment-supply limitation and infilling of low-order channels with relatively fine sediment. Our observations of debris flow initiation are consistent with failure of the channel bed alluvium due to grain size reduction from dry ravel deposits that allowed high Shields numbers and mass failure even for moderate intensity rainstorms.
Primary laser therapy as monotherapy for discrete retinoblastoma
Authors: Soliman Sameh , Feng Zhao Xun , Gallie Brenda 
Published: February 2021

Background/aimLaser photocoagulation is less invasive than chemotherapy (systemic, intra-arterial or periocular) and brachytherapy. We studied the safety and efficacy of laser as primary monotherapy for discrete retinoblastoma with well-defined borders and attached retina.MethodsA single-institution retrospective non-comparative review (2004–2018) of discrete retinoblastoma tumours managed with primary laser (532 or 810 nm wavelength, 0.5–1 s duration and power titrated until desired tumour whitening). Efficacy was evaluated by tumour long-term stability avoiding non-laser therapies. Safety was evaluated by frequency of laser-related complications and uncontrollable tumour progression.ResultsEligible were 112 tumours in 55 eyes of 44 patients. Laser monotherapy (median 2 sessions) achieved initial remission in 95/112 (85%) tumour. Initial encircling only laser photocoagulation was associated with tumour progression (9/11, one tumour had vitreous seeding) compared with direct or combined photocoagulation techniques (0/94 and 0/7 tumours, respectively, p<0.001). Direct laser had no vitreous seeding, haemorrhage or injury to vital structures. Tumour recurrences developed in 52/112 (46%) tumour but repeat laser achieved long-term stability, except five tumour recurrences that required invasive therapy. Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified threshold largest basal diameter of 3 disc diameters (DD) for successful laser monotherapy, where 92/106 (87%) of tumours ≤3 DD and 0/6>3 DD achieved long-term stability with laser monotherapy (p<0.001). Overall, 35/55 (64%) eyes and 24/44 (55%) patients achieved long-term stability with laser monotherapy. No eye was enucleated for uncontrollable tumour progression.ConclusionsDiscrete retinoblastoma ≤3 DD can be effectively and safely managed with laser monotherapy, sparing a significant proportion of patients/eyes from more invasive therapies.
Psychological aspects in patients with advanced cancer receiving lifelong systemic treatment: protocol for a scoping review
Authors: Kolsteren Evie E M , Deuning-Smit Esther , Prins Judith B , van der Graaf Winette T A , van Herpen Carla M L , Lebel Sophie , Thewes Belinda , Kwakkenbos Linda , Custers José A E 
Published: January 2021

IntroductionA better understanding of the molecular, genetic and immunological characteristics of cancer and the introduction of new systemic treatment regimens in the last decades, has led to better treatment outcomes and increased survival rates for patients with previously short lived cancers. However, there is no uniform description to refer to this growing group of patients with advanced cancer who now respond to new systemic treatments for longer periods. Furthermore, little is known about the unique psychological challenges these patients face, living with ongoing uncertainty about the course of their disease and life expectancy. The objective of this scoping review is to identify the psychological aspects experienced by, and the definitions used to refer to patients with advanced cancer receiving lifelong systemic treatment.Methods and analysisThis review will be among the first to summarise literature on the psychological issues in the growing group of advanced cancer patients undergoing long-term systemic treatment. Articles will be retrieved from six databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) and reviewed for eligibility by two investigators independently. Definitions and psychological challenges will be extracted and narratively summarised following a descriptive approach. Furthermore, results will contribute in providing a uniform definition for this patient group, and help to identify knowledge gaps to give direction to further research in this field.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval is required. The results of the scoping review will be submitted for publication to a scientific journal and presented at relevant conferences.
Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic within institutional quarantine and isolation centres and its sociodemographic correlates in Qatar: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Reagu Shuja , Wadoo Ovais , Latoo Javed , Nelson Deborah , Ouanes Sami , Masoodi Naseer , Karim Mustafa Abdul , Iqbal Yousaf , Al Abdulla Samya , Al Nuaimi Saleem Khaldoun , Abdelmajid Alaaeldin Abdelmajid Basheer , Al samawi Musaed Saad , Khoodoruth Mohamed Adil Shah , Khoodoruth Widaad Nuzhah Chut-Kai , Al-Maslamani Muna A Rahman S , Alabdulla Majid 
Published: January 2021

SettingThe State of Qatar has had one of the highest COVID-19 infection rates globally and has used state-managed quarantine and isolation centres to limit the spread of infection. Quarantine and isolation have been shown to negatively affect the mental health of individuals. Qatar has a unique population, with around 90% of the population being economic migrants and a majority being blue-collar workers and labourers.ObjectivesThis study was carried out to evaluate the psychological impact of institutional isolation and quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Qatar. The study also explored the sociodemographic correlates of this psychological impact.Design, participants and interventionA cross-sectional study involving 748 consenting individuals in institutional quarantine and isolation in Qatar during the months of June and July 2020 was carried out. Relevant sociodemographic data along with depressive and anxiety symptomatology scores were collected from consenting adults at these facilities.Results37.4% (n=270) of respondents reported depressive symptoms and 25.9% (n=189) reported anxiety symptoms. The scores were higher for individuals in isolation facilities and higher for migrants from poor socioeconomic group (p<0.001 for both). Within this group, although worries about infection were widely reported, lack of contact with the family was cited as one of the most important sources of distress. Respondents reported that contact with the family and reliable information were important factors that helped during the duration of isolation and quarantine.ConclusionsOur study reported significantly elevated scores for depression and anxiety during institutional quarantine, which is in keeping with emerging evidence. However, in contrast to other studies reporting mostly from native populations, this study of a population with an overwhelming majority of immigrants highlights the special mental health needs of this specific group and can inform future healthcare policies.
Cattle manure loadings and legacy effects on copper and zinc availability under rainfed and irrigated conditions
Authors: Indraratne Srimathie P. , Spengler Matthew , Hao Xiying 
Published: February 2021

Long-term cattle manure applications build up nutrient pools and can lead to trace element enrichments in soils. The objectives of this study were to evaluate copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) loadings in the soil during continuous annual cattle manure applications and determine the time required for soil to return to its pre-manure available Cu and Zn levels after manure is discontinued. The manure application rates were 0, 30, 60, and 90 Mg·ha−1 for rainfed and 0, 60, 120, and 180 Mg·ha−1 (wet weight) for irrigated plots. Although manure was applied for 45 yr in some plots, applications were terminated in one subset of treatments after 14 yr and in another subset after 30 yr to study legacy effects after 31 and 15 yr, respectively. Soil samples were collected in the fall of 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2018 and analyzed for available Cu and Zn. Crops were grown in all years continuously with Cu and Zn concentrations measured in both silage and grains harvested. The regression model developed using data collected suggests long legacy effects with recovery time to pre-manure levels ranging from 10 to 20 yr for Cu and 23 to 41 yr for Zn at irrigated and 10–24 for Cu and 21–32 yr for Zn under rainfed, respectively. Long-term applications of cattle manure could lead to accumulation of Cu and Zn, creating long-lasting legacy effects in soils with the increased environmental risk of leaching to groundwater.
Importance of confinement in instanton induced potential for bottomonium spectroscopy
Authors: Pandya Bhoomika , Shah Manan , Vinodkumar P. C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMass spectra of bottomonium states are computed using the Instanton Induced potential obtained from Instanton Liquid Model for QCD vacuum and incorporating a stronger confinement term. Spin dependent interactions through confined one gluon exchange potential are incorporated to remove the mass degeneracy. The mass spectra of the$$b\bar{b}$$bb¯states up to 4Sstates are found to be in good agreement with the values reported by PDG(2020). Mixing of nearby isoparity states are also studied. We found the state$$\varUpsilon (10{,}860)$$Υ(10,860)as an admixture of$$5^3S_1$$53S1and$$6^3D_1$$63D1Upsilon states with mixing angle$$\theta = 39.98^{\circ }$$θ=39.98∘and the mixed state di-leptonic decay width is found to be 0.25 keV as against the width of$$0.31 \pm 0.07$$0.31±0.07 keV reported by PDG. Further the state$$\varUpsilon (11{,}020)$$Υ(11,020)is also found to be the admixture of$$6^3S_1$$63S1and$$5^3D_1$$53D1Upsilon states with the mixing angle$$\theta = 51.69^{\circ }$$θ=51.69∘and the di-leptonic decay width of the mixed state is obtained as 0.14 keV which is very close to the width of$$0.13 \pm 0.03$$0.13±0.03 keV reported by PDG. Present results indicates that addition of confinement to the instanton potential is crucial for the determination of the mass spectroscopy of heavy hadrons.
Axially symmetric Petrov type II general space–time and closed timelike curves
Authors: Hazarika Bidyut Bikash 
Published: February 2021

We present a Petrov type II general space–time which violates causality in the sense that it allows for the formation of closed timelike curves that appear after a definite instant of time. The metric, which is axially symmetric, admits an expansion-free, twist-free and shear-free null geodesic congruence. From the general metric, we obtain two particular type II metrics. One is a vacuum solution while the other represents a Ricci flat solution with a negative cosmological constant.