bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of edible casings with natural biological characteristics from green tea extract
Authors: Abdulhadi Ihab Mahmood , Shakkak Mahdi Abbas , El-Balloula Maha Fadul Mohammed , Dosh Kifah Saeed 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this study, the envelope of whey proteins was fortified with green tea extract, where the effectiveness of green tea extracts was measured in which the aqueous alcohol solution was used at different concentrations as a solvent for the purpose of choosing a specific concentration of the alcohol solution on which the rest of the studies would be conducted in addition to determining the proportions of the extraction relative to the dry matter for each, where the proportions were (aqueous, alcoholic 25%). Alcoholic 50% and alcohol 75%) and the percentages for extraction were respectively (18.6%, 21.33%, 24%, and 25.14%). Where it was found that there is clear effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of E. coli bacteria, and the radial halos measured for the types of concentrations of extracts (aqueous, alcoholic 25%, alcoholic 50%, alcoholic 75%), respectively (24.6, 24.2, 22.8, 11.5 mm). The minimum concentration of inhibition was measured for dry matter and included a group of negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp.) Furthermore, Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus spp.), moreover, to the yeast (Candida albican), where the diameters of the halos reached the minimum concentration of inhibition (17.6). 16.6, 10.7, 10.3), respectively. Thecasings fortified with the alcoholic extract of green tea showed a very high antioxidant efficiency compared to the standard concentration of BHA, where the efficacy for them was (69.78% and 30.24%) respectively. Finally, both oxygen and water vapour’s permeability values were measured to find and evaluate the confinementcasings’ properties. The values of the permeability of the control membrane to oxygen reached 92.02 (ml / m2 * day), while the water vapour permeability of thecasings sample supported by the extract decreased to 69.98 (ml / m2 * day).
Evaluation the turbidity removal efficiency in Al-Wahda water treatment plant using statistical indicators
Authors: Saleem A T , Al-Musawi N O 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Most of drinking water consuming all over the world has been treated at the water treatment plant (WTP) where raw water is abstracted from reservoirs and rivers. The turbidity removal efficiency is very important to supply safe drinking water. This study is focusing on the use of multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models to predict the turbidity removal efficiency of Al-Wahda WTP in Baghdad city. The measured physico-chemical parameters were used to determine their effect on turbidity removal efficiency in various processes. The suitable formulation of the ANN model is examined throughout many preparations, trials, and steps of evaluation. The prediction models of the turbidity removal are presented. Results found that the estimating of the turbidity removal efficiency by ANN and MLR model could be successful. Moreover, results showed that influent and effluent turbidity concentration have more effect on removal efficiency predicting from the other parameters. Finally, the ANN model could be more accurate than the MLR model according to the coefficient of correlation (0.925).
Effect of geogrid on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams
Authors: Yousif Mustafa Ahmed , Mahmoud Kamal Shahada , Hacheem Zuhiar Abd , Rasheed Mohammed Mohammed 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Now, using of geogrids as strengthening material are extend used, especially to enhancement of concrete elements as inter layers concrete applications, eight beams were tested to explain the effect of geogrid on the behavior of reinforced concrete beams. Beams tested had equal cross-sectional dimension (100 mm x 200 mm), compressive strength (f’c = 30 MPa), with a simply span length equals 1150 mm, with shear reinforcement (Ф4 @100mm C/C) and subjected to two point load. The tested beams were divided into two groups according to the presence of geogrid layer, with and without geogrid. Each group consists of four specimens, which were sub-divided according to the flexural reinforcement ratio that ranges from (0 to 0.0263). During the tests, it was noted that, the load deflection curve for beams with geogrid layer were stiffer and the percentage of stiffening was increased with increase of the flexural reinforcement ratio. The maximum applied load for beams with geogrid layer were higher than conventional beams without geogrid layer under the same conditions, while, the deflection values for beams with geogrid layer was lower than conventional beams without geogrid layer. The first crack load of beams with geogrid was greater than conventional beams without geogrid layer. So, the geogrids layer offer great enhancements to concrete properties and performance from the first cracking load, load-deflection response, reduce the cracks width and number and ultimate strength of tested in comparison to the conventional beams.
Numerical investigation of shear reinforcement effects on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams
Authors: Al-jamel Ameer A. N. , Al-Mutairee Hayder M.K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The aim of this article is to study the effects of lateral reinforcement on the flexural behaviour of Straight Reinforced Concrete (RC) Beam by Finite Element Method (FEM). Three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analyses was performed for simply and fixed supported beams utilizing computer program called NFHCBSL, this program incorporates 20-node isoparametric brick element that is used to represent the concrete elements while reinforcing bars are idealized as axial members embedded within the concrete elements without any relative displacement between them. Different flexural reinforcement ratios, stirrups spacing, depth to width ratios (h/b), and shear span to depth ratios (a/h) have been studied. The failure of all specimens is designed to be by flexure. The results have shown that the most increments in ultimate load with increasing shear reinforcement were found for ratios of ρprov./ρmax larger than 80% for h/b less than or equal to 2, while the increments were near to 9% when the stirrups increased by 100%. Also, for h/b is equal to 2.5 the optimal efficiency of stirrups on the ultimate load was at ρprovided/ρmax equal to 43. The increments in the ultimate loads were 20% and 33% when the stirrups increased by 50% and 100% respectively.
A review on hybrid fiber reinforced concrete pavements technology
Authors: Shakir Hadeel M. , Al-Tameemi Ahmed Farhan , Al-Azzawi Adel A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The problems of soil-structure interaction involve different members or different materials behave together under applied loading. In the case of concrete pavement resting on soil under traffic loading, both concrete and soil will deform. Rigid Pavements are made of Portland Cement Concrete (PCC). It serves out two aims, to maintain a durable surface with comfortable driving for vehicles. The second purpose is to decrease the stresses on the layers of pavement beneath the surface such as subbase and subgrade. Concrete is considered a weak material in resisting tensile stresses. Therefore, when low tensile stresses are applied, rigid pavement begins to crack effortlessly. In concrete pavement, the usage of different kinds of fiber reinforcement could be an effective technique to improve these properties. Numerous kinds of fibers are utilized in the concrete pavement to behave as an alternative to ordinary reinforcement. They may differ in material like steel or plastic and could be in many shapes, and dimensions. The addition of fibers is during the mixing when the concrete is still fresh. The incorporation of different sorts of fibers could be a significant step in diminishing the cracks and achieving a higher performance of concrete. Two kinds of fibers or even more than two can be combined to achieve a mixture that produces profits for each type of fiber in this composite. In this paper, an intensive review was made to demonstrate the forms of distresses that could happen in concrete (rigid) pavement and the impact of incorporating different kinds of fibers into the concrete to enhance the concrete ability to eliminate or even delay the process of failure.
Performance Evaluation of Mero Jointed Composite UHPC Composite Space Frame Structures
Authors: Al-Salman Harith , Muteb Haitham H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Spaceframe is a structural roofing system that generally made of steel tubes connected by ball joints which is called MERO jointed space frame structures and mostly used for covering large space area. In addition, some advantages could be obtained with such a system, for example lower weight, high strength-to-weight ratio and low cost. This study aims to use such a known roof structure for a composite structure in which Ultra-High-Performance Concrete slabs are used to withstand various loads as a structural floor system. Various inclinations of the main elements for space frames were tested, namely 30 °, 45 ° and 60 °. The composite effect is accounted for by testing composite and non-composite samples. The test results were evaluated and compared against several performance indices, such as: Ultimate load, stiffness, hardness, ductility, ductility index and absorbed energy. Test results have shown that spaceframe models with an angle of 60 ° have the highest load-carrying capacity compared to other angles and the highest toughness compared to various techniques. Putting together 40mm UHPC slab panels reflected a slight increase in the models used in this study than traditional spaceframe samples.
The effect of filling materials on the behaviour of filled steel tube composite beam
Authors: Mahdi Hawraa H. , Shallal Muhaned A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study is concerned with investigating the performance of filled steel tube composite beams, the composite beam consisting of a filled steel tube and reinforced concrete slab connected by perfobond connector. Six composite beams were tested; the main parameter in this investigation was the type of filling materials used to fill the steel tube. All specimens were simply supported, the specimens tested using a four-point load. The deflection at mid-span and slips were recorded with loads. All specimens failed by the flexural and the specimens show similar behaviour during the test, the first crack of the concrete slab appears in the final stages of loading. It is found that the highest ultimate strength of the composite beam obtained when using normal concrete as a filling material. The other filling material (wood, aggregate, and lightweight concrete) were less density and ultimate load. Wood is the best filling material as an alternative to normal concrete. All these filling material gives higher ultimate strength of the composite beam compared with a hollow steel tube composite beam. The test demonstrated that the gypsum is unuseful as a filling material.
Bi-axial shear capacity of the tilted solid reinforced concrete beam subject to point loading
Authors: Mohaisen Saad Khalaf , Waryosh Waleed A. , yahya Lubna Mohammed 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper concerns the biaxial shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams utilizing the “simple test method”. Applying the vertical shear force to the tilted beam. This loading condition simulated the response of the simply supported beams under biaxial shear applied corresponding to two main x and y axes. Three series of reinforced concrete beams have been tested. The main parameters of the present test are the tilting angle of the cross section simulating the ellipse formula of the JSCE recommendation to build reinforced concrete under biaxial shear, the shear reinforcement ratios from zero to 0.00377, 0.00502 and 0.00754, and three of ratios of longitudinal reinforcement were used (0.0276, 0.0426 and 0.0566). The ultimate capacity is discussed separately, based on the design approach using the ellipse interaction model, in terms of concrete contribution and shear reinforcement contribution (JSCE code 2010). By keeping the transverse steel ratio constant, it was found that the increase in the longitudinal ratio of reinforcement between 0.0276, to 0.0566 ‘respectively’ increased the diagonal cracking load (V
c) by 22 % and 36.8 % and the ultimate load by 8 and 18 %.
Charge exchange radiation diagnostic with gas jet target for measurement of plasma flow velocity in the linear magnetic trap
Authors: Lizunov A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The ambipolar electrostatic potential rising along the magnetic field line from the grounded wall to the centre in the linear gas dynamic trap, rules the available suppression of axial heat and particle losses. In this paper, the visible range optical diagnostic is described using the Doppler shift of plasma emission lines for measurements of this accelerating potential drop. We used the room temperature hydrogen jet puffed directly on the line of sight as the charge exchange target for plasma ions moving in the expanding flux from the mirror towards the wall. Both bulk plasma protons and He2+ ions velocity distribution functions can be spectroscopically studied; the latter population is produced via the neutral He tracer puff into the central cell plasma. This way, potential in the centre and in the mirror area can be measured simultaneously along with the ion temperature. A reasonable accuracy of 4 ÷ 8% was achieved in observations with the frame rate of ≈1 kHz. Active acquisitions on the gas jet also provide the spatial resolution better than 5 mm in the middle plane radial coordinate because of the strong compression of the object size when projected to the centre along the magnetic flux surface. The charge exchange radiation diagnostic operates with three emission lines: H-α 656.3 nm, He-I 667.8 nm and He-I 587.6 nm. Recorded spectra are shown in the paper and examples for physical dependences are presented. The considered experimental technique can be scaled to the upgraded multi-point diagnostic for the next generation linear traps and other magnetic confinement systems.
Electron evaporation from magnetic trap in Troitsk nu-mass experiment
Authors: Nozik A. , Hamitov T. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper is dedicated to the simulation of the so-called trapping-effect observed in the Troitsk nu-mass experiment. The effect is caused by the magnetic trapping of decay electrons in the windowless gaseous tritium source and the gradual evaporation of those electrons. As a result, alongside regular tritium beta-spectrum electrons, we see additional electrons that are initially trapped in the source and escape it with changed energy. The spectrum of evaporated electrons is quite peculiar (almost flat for monochromatic initial electrons) and could not be directly measured in the experiment. So one has to rely on simulations. Also, it is possible that the same effect could be observed in other cases of magnetic traps.
Diversity, composition, and abundance of zooplankton in the waters of Morella, Central Maluku, Indonesia
Authors: Huliselan NV , Tuapattinaja MA , Latukau S 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Generally, conditioning of surrounding waters caused variability of the diversity, composition and abundance of zooplankton organism, therefore, this research conducted during the rainy season (July 2019) in the waters of Morella. The zooplankton weekly collected using zooplankton net at three stations for the three weeks (periods). Each station is water with different ecosystem and conditions (sea grass, coral reefs and recreation area in coral reef area). 29 genera of zooplankton were encountered, which consisted of 25 genera of holoplankton and 4 genera of meroplankton, The copepods dominated the group of holoplankton, and reached the average value of 4708 individuals/m3. The highest abundance of the zooplankton reached the numbers of 19047 individuals/m3 (St 1, first period), while the lowest was 2547 individuals/m3 (St. 3, third period). Diversity indices (H’) was in a range of 2.717-3.004, whilst the Evenness indices was ranging from 0.82-0.89 and the highest similarity indices was between station 1 and 3 (92.0%) and the lowest was between station 2 and 3 (83.64%). The Siphonophores species, Diphyes sp was the only genera, which found at station 3 from the whole periods of this research.
Population dynamic of bungo fish (Glossogobius giuris) in three integrated lakes (Danau Tempe, Danau Sidenreng, and Danau Lampokka) South Sulawesi during rainy season
Authors: Kudsiah H , Suwarni  , Rahim S W , Hidayani A A , Moka W 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The rapid growth and production of bungo fish without management efforts will threaten the sustainability of endemic fish in the three lakes (Tempe Lake, Sidenreng Lake and Lapompakka Lake) which are located in the central part of the South Sulawesi region. In order to manage Bungo fish resources, information on population dynamics is needed. This research aims to save the Bungo fish species which are endemic to Tempe, Sidenreng, and Lapompakka Lakes, and other lakes in South Sulawesi from the threat of extinction. Bungo fish samples (Glossogobius giuris) were collected from fishermen’s catch during July - September 2020 in three lakes, namely the waters of Tempe Lake, Sidenreng Lake, and Lapompakka Lake. Sample measurements were carried out at the Laboratory of Fish Biology, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, Hasanuddin University. The results showed that Lake Sidenreng had more age groups of bungo fish compared to Lake Tempe and Lake Lapompakka. The lengths found in Lake Tempe were longer than those found in Lake Sidenreng and Lake Lapompakka, and the smallest length of bungo fish was found in Lake Lapompakka. Bungo fish found in Sidenreng Lake and Lapompakka Lake are classified as fast growth because the K value is greater than 0.5, while in Lake Tempe it is classified as slow because it is smaller than 0.5. The natural mortality rate of bungo fish was more prevalent in bungo fish aged around 1 and 2 years and this was found in all three waters. Mortality that occurred at the three locations was due to natural mortality because the M value was greater than the F value.
Migratory speed and pattern of Littorina scabra on mangrove trees Sonneratia alba during incoming and outgoing tides in Tanjung Tiram, Ambon Bay
Authors: Kesaulya I , Robinson  
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Migratory behaviour in Littorina scabra (Linne 1758) was studied in a mangrove ecosystem and observations were made in their natural habitat or in situ observation in Tanjung Tiram, Ambon. Migratory speed and pattern of L. scabra of different sizes (small and large) particularly in mangrove Sonneratia alba were observed throughout of the February 19th to March 11th 2019 during the day and night on incoming or outgoing tides and these are usually a 3 hours (270 minutes) observation. Marked snails were used to track the position to investigate their migratory direction and speed during advancing and receding tides. Those organisms migrate up and down the trees following the tidal cycles. This study indicates that small size organisms which live on leaves, branches or trunks move faster than the big organisms and they move faster during the incoming tide than outgoing tide. For a big size L. scabra, they move slower during the incoming tide than the outgoing tide. This behaviour indicates that they move faster to avoid immersion during incoming tide than during the outgoing tide when they move slower because they are searching for food. The migration trials showed different patterns for all sizes of L. scabra and this pattern seems to be influenced by the area of surface they occupy such as leaves, branches or trunks. They tend to move forward in one direction (almost straight line) when they are on a small surface such as trunks and on the larger surface such as leaves and braches most L. scabra of all sizes make different trial patterns such zig-zag.
The concentration of lead heavy metal (Pb) in the sediment of Tantui coastal area, Hative Kecil Village, Outer Ambon Bay
Authors: Selanno D A J , Tuhumury N C , Materay D M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The pollution of lead-heavy metal (Pb) not only harmfully towards aquatic organisms, but also to a human directly or indirectly. The objectives of this study were to analyze the concentration of lead-heavy metal (Pb) accumulated in the sediment, to identify human activities potentially increase the lead-heavy metal in the sediment, and to recommend management strategy to minimize lead heavy metal concentration in the sediment surround Tantui coastal area, Outer Ambon Bay. The research was conducted in January 2020. Data on lead heavy metal were sampled purposively from 5 sites along the coastline of Tantui. Samples obtained were then analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Data on human activities were obtained through field observation and interviews using a close questionnaire against respondents taken randomly. Problem tree analysis was used to analyze human activities and produce management strategies. The result shows that lead heavy metal concentration at 5 sampling station range between 0.0975 – 0.1631 ppm. This concentration was not over the standard value allowed. Source of lead-heavy metal identified were marine transportation and domestic waste. Management strategy consent recommended are monitoring on marine transportation, provide littering and sanitation facilities permanently, and beach clean-up as a routine agenda.
Characteristics of Palm Kernel Shell and Palm Kernel Shell-Polymer Composites: A Review
Authors: Baffour-Awuah E. , Akinlabi S. A. , Jen T. C. , Hassan S. , Okokpujie I. P. , Ishola F. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The peculiar characteristics of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) may have corresponding effects on polymer mono composites and hybrid composites when used as filler in polymer matrices. This review paper relates Palm Kernel Shell (PKS), palm kernel shell-mono composites, and palm kernel shell hybrid composites in terms of identification, sampling, and analysis. The purpose was to establish the properties of palm kernel shells and their composites as documented by various researchers in a one-stop-shop document for use by current and future researchers. The accidental and judgmental sampling procedures were employed to sample documents that relate palm kernel shells and polymers. The study revealed that lignocellulos palm kernel shell properties, including lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose might vary depending on the geographic location of the plant from which the shell is derived. Similarly, the mineral content of PKS, such as carbon, iron, Aluminum, potassium, silicon, phosphorus, oxygen, and cesium, among others, were found to vary. Other properties identified include solid density, porosity, specific gravity, specific heat capacity, moisture content, and angle of repose. The paper also observed that using PKS as a filler material in polymer composites could modify the properties of the filler and hence PKS/polymer composites. The paper concludes that PKS may be a good filler material when used in the development of PKS/oil palm mesocarp/polyethylene hybrid composites. Chemical treatment of the PKS particles may further enhance the characteristics of the evolved hybrid composite material.