bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Democratic Conference and the Pre-Parliament in Russia, 1917: Class, Nationality, and the Building of a Postimperial Community
Authors: Sablin Ivan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe article offers a detailed analysis of the debates at the All-Russian Democratic Conference and in the Provisional Council of the Russian Republic (the Pre-Parliament), which followed the proclamation of the republic on September 1, 1917, and predated the Bolshevik-led insurgency on October 25. The two assemblies were supposed to help resolve the multilayered political, economic, and military crises of the First World War and the Revolution by consolidating a Russian postimperial political community and establishing a solid government. The debates demonstrated that grievances and antagonism, which were articulated in terms of class and nationality, made the idea of a broad nationalist coalition unpopular, since it would halt agrarian and other reforms and continue the negligence of non-Russian groups. Furthermore, those who still called for all-Russian national or civic unity split on the issue of community-building. The top-down, homogenizing and bottom-up, composite approaches proved irreconcilable and precluded a compromise between non-socialist and moderate socialist groups. The two assemblies hence failed to ensure a peaceful continuation of the postimperial transformation and did not lead to a broad coalition against right and left radicalism. The divisions, which were articulated in the two assemblies, translated into the main rifts of the Russian Civil War.
The effect of conventional preservatives on spicule length ofHeligmosomoides bakeri(Nematoda, Heligmosomidae)
Authors: Musah-Eroje M. , Burton L. , Behnke J.M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNematode spicules vary in shape and size even between closely related species and, therefore, constitute key characters in nematode taxonomy for distinguishing between species. Spicules are seldom measured on fresh specimens, but rather at some time after extraction from culled hosts and after a period of preservation of the worms in chemical fixatives or by freezing. We carried out two experiments to assess the effects of freezing in Hanks’ balanced salt solution, 70% or 80% ethanol and 10% formalin (both of the latter at room temperature and after storage at −80°C) on spicule length ofHeligmosomoides bakeriat two time intervals after extraction from mice (Experiment 1, one and four weeks; Experiment 2, one and four months). In Experiment 1, no significant differences were detected, although there was some variation between treatments and over time. In Experiment 2, spicule length varied significantly between treatments and over time, the greatest shrinkage being in 80% ethanol and the least in 10% formalin. However, overall variation in spicule length was very limited, accounting for no more than 5.03% change in length over time and 4.95% between treatments at any of the periods of assessment. Therefore, while whole nematodes can shrivel and shrink in preservatives, making many measurements unreliable, our data indicated that spicule lengths are very little changed by preservation techniques over time, and so spicule length remains as a reliable taxonomic character.
Impact of guidance on intervention adherence in computerised interventions for mental health problems: a meta-analysis
Authors: Musiat Peter , Johnson Catherine , Atkinson Melissa , Wilksch Simon , Wade Tracey 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWeb-based interventions are increasingly used for the prevention, treatment and aftercare of mental disorders. A crucial factor to the efficacy of such online programmes is adherence to the intervention content and procedure. It has been frequently suggested that adherence in web-based interventions is low and little is known about which factors influence adherence. To increase intervention uptake and completion, studies increasingly include interventions with some form of guidance. Guided interventions have been shown to have higher efficacy, however, evidence for the impact on adherence is limited and mixed. This meta-analysis explored the impact of human guidance on intervention completion in web-based mental health interventions. A total of 22 studies were included with interventions primarily targeting symptoms of depression and anxiety disorders. Results showed that guidance significantly increases the average amount of intervention completion [g = 0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18–0.40] and the proportion of intervention completers [log odds ratio (OR) = 0.50, 95% CI 0.34–0.66] with small effects. On average, full completion rates were 12% higher in guided intervention groups. This meta-analysis demonstrated that guidance in web-based mental health interventions does increase adherence, but more research is required to better understand the specific mechanisms between guidance, adherence and outcomes.
Potential range shifts and climatic refugia of rupicolous reptiles in a biodiversity hotspot of South Africa
Authors: Petford Melissa Anne , Alexander Graham John 
Published: November 2021

SummaryClimate change is causing the geographical ranges of some species to track suitable conditions. Habitat specialists, range-restricted species and species with limited dispersal abilities may be unable to track changing conditions, increasing their extinction risk. In response to changing conditions and species movement patterns, there is a need to account for the effects of climate change when designing protected areas and identifying potential climate refugia. We used ecological niche models projected into future climates to identify potential impacts of climate change on the distribution of 11 rupicolous reptile species in the Soutpansberg Mountains, South Africa.Lygodactylus incognitus, Lygodactylus soutpansbergensis, Platysaurus relictusandVhembelacerta rupicolawere identified as being vulnerable to climate change due to substantial reductions in suitable habitat and low spatial overlap between current and future niche envelopes. We identified areas of high conservation importance for the persistence of these species under present-day and projected future conditions. The western Soutpansberg was identified as an area of high conservation priority as it is a potential refuge under future projections. Projecting distributions of vulnerable species into future climate predictions can guide future research and identify potential refugia that will best conserve species with restricted ranges in a world with climate change.
Trapping of Wind Momentum in a Salinity‐Stratified Ocean
Authors: Chaudhuri Dipanjan , Sengupta Debasis , D’Asaro Eric , Shivaprasad S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe study the nature of ocean currents forced by summer monsoon winds in the Bay of Bengal using data from two cruises within a pool of low‐salinity (<32 psμ) river water, and one cruise outside the low‐salinity pool. Upper ocean (5–70 m) temperature, salinity, and velocity profiles were measured at sub‐kilometer horizontal resolution along the 800–1800‐km‐long cruise tracks. We find that beneath the river water, density stratification at 5–15 m depth can be 10 times stronger than typically seen in much of the subtropical or tropical ocean. The shallow salinity‐dominated stratification suppresses shear‐induced turbulence, thereby “trapping” momentum input from monsoon winds in the uppermost 20 m of the ocean. Estimates of directly wind‐forced ocean currents are consistent with Ekman depth scaling as , where N0 is stratification at the base of the mixed layer and f is Coriolis frequency. In the presence of river water, cruise‐mean wind‐forced currents resemble tightly surface trapped Ekman‐like spirals: The shallowest measured current at 5 m depth has a speed of nearly 0.2 m/s, directed 80° to the right of the wind. Outside the pool of river water, wind momentum penetrates to 40 m depth.
Impacts of Momentum Fluxes Modulated by Surface Waves on Near‐Inertial Motions in Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Zhang Lei , Liu Guoqiang , He Yijun , Perrie William 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSurface waves play an essential role in modifying the momentum fluxes across the air‐sea interface, especially under tropical cyclone (TC) conditions. A coupled wave‐ocean circulation model system, taking into consideration the surface wave effects on momentum fluxes, is applied to investigate the generation of near‐inertial motions (NIMs) under TC conditions. When surface waves are ignored, large overestimates in wind power input are obtained, about 10%–40%, occurring in the right and rear TC regions. Surprisingly, the modulation effects of surface waves on the momentum fluxes have impacts on NIMs that reach depths of ∼100 m; the resulting reduction in the near‐inertial velocity can exceed 0.1 m/s (up to 35%) and the reduction in the near‐inertial energy (NIE) is up to 20%. The largest modifications to NIMs are located at two times the radius of the maximum wind speed, relative to the TC center. In the upper ocean, the mixed‐layer NIE reductions due to surface waves are greater in medium‐speed TCs (3–6 m/s) than in rapidly moving TCs, by about ∼10%, because there are more young waves around the TC centers, and better overlapping between the regions with large wind stress changes and ocean current responses. Given that these effects are notable for surface waves impacts on NIMs, and thus on the currents and the resulting thermal redistribution under TCs, the feedbacks of these modified ocean properties must affect TC evolution and should be included in coupled atmosphere‐ocean studies.
Optical meta-waveguides for integrated photonics and beyond
Authors: Meng Yuan , Chen Yizhen , Lu Longhui , Ding Yimin , Cusano Andrea , Fan Jonathan A. , Hu Qiaomu , Wang Kaiyuan , Xie Zhenwei , Liu Zhoutian , Yang Yuanmu , Liu Qiang , Gong Mali , Xiao Qirong , Sun Shulin , Zhang Minming , Yuan Xiaocong , Ni Xingjie 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe growing maturity of nanofabrication has ushered massive sophisticated optical structures available on a photonic chip. The integration of subwavelength-structured metasurfaces and metamaterials on the canonical building block of optical waveguides is gradually reshaping the landscape of photonic integrated circuits, giving rise to numerous meta-waveguides with unprecedented strength in controlling guided electromagnetic waves. Here, we review recent advances in meta-structured waveguides that synergize various functional subwavelength photonic architectures with diverse waveguide platforms, such as dielectric or plasmonic waveguides and optical fibers. Foundational results and representative applications are comprehensively summarized. Brief physical models with explicit design tutorials, either physical intuition-based design methods or computer algorithms-based inverse designs, are cataloged as well. We highlight how meta-optics can infuse new degrees of freedom to waveguide-based devices and systems, by enhancing light-matter interaction strength to drastically boost device performance, or offering a versatile designer media for manipulating light in nanoscale to enable novel functionalities. We further discuss current challenges and outline emerging opportunities of this vibrant field for various applications in photonic integrated circuits, biomedical sensing, artificial intelligence and beyond.
3D spheroids of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate spinal cord injury in mice
Authors: Deng Junhao , Li Miao , Meng Fanqi , Liu Zhongyang , Wang Song , Zhang Yuan , Li Ming , Li Zhirui , Zhang Licheng , Tang Peifu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is an absorbing candidate for cell therapy in treating spinal cord injury (SCI) due to its great potential for multiple cell differentiation, mighty paracrine secretion as well as vigorous immunomodulatory effect, of which are beneficial to the improvement of functional recovery post SCI. However, the therapeutic effects of MSC on SCI have been limited because of the gradual loss of MSC stemness in the process of expanding culture. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to maintain those beneficial properties of MSC via three-dimensional spheroid cell culture and then compared them with conventionally-cultured MSCs in the treatment of SCI both in vitro and in vivo with the aid of two-photon microscope. We found that 3D human placenta-derived MSCs (3D-HPMSCs) demonstrated a significant increase in secretion of anti-inflammatory factors and trophic factors like VEGF, PDGF, FGF via QPCR and Bio-Plex assays, and showed great potentials on angiogenesis and neurite morphogenesis when co-cultured with HUVECs or DRGs in vitro. After transplantation into the injured spinal cord, 3D-HPMSCs managed to survive for the entire experiment and retained their advantageous properties in secretion, and exhibited remarkable effects on neuroprotection by minimizing the lesion cavity, inhibiting the inflammation and astrogliosis, and promoting angiogenesis. Further investigation of axonal dieback via two-photon microscope indicated that 3D-HPMSCs could effectively alleviate axonal dieback post injury. Further, mice only treated with 3D-HPMSCs obtained substantial improvement of functional recovery on electrophysiology, BMS score, and Catwalk analysis. RNA sequencing suggested that the 3D-HPMSCs structure organization-related gene was significantly changed, which was likely to potentiate the angiogenesis and inflammation regulation after SCI. These results suggest that 3D-HPMSCs may hold great potential for the treatment of SCI.
Particle-like topologies in light
Authors: Sugic Danica , Droop Ramon , Otte Eileen , Ehrmanntraut Daniel , Nori Franco , Ruostekoski Janne , Denz Cornelia , Dennis Mark R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) topological states resemble truly localised, particle-like objects in physical space. Among the richest such structures are 3D skyrmions and hopfions, that realise integer topological numbers in their configuration via homotopic mappings from real space to the hypersphere (sphere in 4D space) or the 2D sphere. They have received tremendous attention as exotic textures in particle physics, cosmology, superfluids, and many other systems. Here we experimentally create and measure a topological 3D skyrmionic hopfion in fully structured light. By simultaneously tailoring the polarisation and phase profile, our beam establishes the skyrmionic mapping by realising every possible optical state in the propagation volume. The resulting light field’s Stokes parameters and phase are synthesised into a Hopf fibration texture. We perform volumetric full-field reconstruction of the $${{{\Pi }}}_{{{3}}}$$

Π

3

mapping, measuring a quantised topological charge, or Skyrme number, of 0.945. Such topological state control opens avenues for 3D optical data encoding and metrology. The Hopf characterisation of the optical hypersphere endows a fresh perspective to topological optics, offering experimentally-accessible photonic analogues to the gamut of particle-like 3D topological textures, from condensed matter to high-energy physics.
The main oxidative inactivation pathway of the plant hormone auxin
Authors: Hayashi Ken-ichiro , Arai Kazushi , Aoi Yuki , Tanaka Yuka , Hira Hayao , Guo Ruipan , Hu Yun , Ge Chennan , Zhao Yunde , Kasahara Hiroyuki , Fukui Kosuke 
Published: November 2021

AbstractInactivation of the phytohormone auxin plays important roles in plant development, and several enzymes have been implicated in auxin inactivation. In this study, we show that the predominant natural auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is mainly inactivated via the GH3-ILR1-DAO pathway. IAA is first converted to IAA-amino acid conjugates by GH3 IAA-amidosynthetases. The IAA-amino acid conjugates IAA-aspartate (IAA-Asp) and IAA-glutamate (IAA-Glu) are storage forms of IAA and can be converted back to IAA by ILR1/ILL amidohydrolases. We further show that DAO1 dioxygenase irreversibly oxidizes IAA-Asp and IAA-Glu into 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid-aspartate (oxIAA-Asp) and oxIAA-Glu, which are subsequently hydrolyzed by ILR1 to release inactive oxIAA. This work established a complete pathway for the oxidative inactivation of auxin and defines the roles played by auxin homeostasis in plant development.
A Phase I/II randomized trial of H56:IC31 vaccination and adjunctive cyclooxygenase-2-inhibitor treatment in tuberculosis patients
Authors: Jenum Synne , Tonby Kristian , Rueegg Corina S. , Rühwald Morten , Kristiansen Max P. , Bang Peter , Olsen Inge Christoffer , Sellæg Kjersti , Røstad Kjerstin , Mustafa Tehmina , Taskén Kjetil , Kvale Dag , Mortensen Rasmus , Dyrhol-Riise Anne Ma 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHost-directed-therapy strategies are warranted to fight tuberculosis. Here we assess the safety and immunogenicity of adjunctive vaccination with the H56:IC31 candidate and cyclooxygenase-2-inhibitor treatment (etoricoxib) in pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients in a randomized open-label phase I/II clinical trial (TBCOX2, NCT02503839). A total of 222 patients were screened, 51 enrolled and randomized; 13 in the etoricoxib-group, 14 in the H56:IC31-group, 12 in the etoricoxib+H56:IC31-group and 12 controls. Three Serious Adverse Events were reported in the etoricoxib-groups; two urticarial rash and one possible disease progression, no Serious Adverse Events were vaccine related. H56:IC31 induces robust expansion of antigen-specific T-cells analyzed by fluorospot and flow cytometry, and higher proportion of seroconversions. Etoricoxib reduced H56:IC31-induced T-cell responses. Here, we show the first clinical data that H56:IC31 vaccination is safe and immunogenic in tuberculosis patients, supporting further studies of H56:IC31 as a host-directed-therapy strategy. Although etoricoxib appears safe, our data do not support therapy with adjunctive cyclooxygenase-2-inhibitors.
Hemisphere-asymmetric tropical cyclones response to anthropogenic aerosol forcing
Authors: Cao Jian , Zhao Haikun , Wang Bin , Wu Liguang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHow anthropogenic forcing could change tropical cyclones (TCs) is a keen societal concern owing to its significant socio-economic impacts. However, a global picture of the anthropogenic aerosol effect on TCs has not yet emerged. Here we show that anthropogenic aerosol emission can reduce northern hemisphere (NH) TCs but increase southern hemisphere (SH) TCs primarily through altering vertical wind shear and mid-tropospheric upward motion in the TC formation zones. These circulation changes are driven by anthropogenic aerosol-induced NH-cooler-than-SH and NH-increased versus SH-decreased meridional (equator to mid-latitudes) temperature gradients. The cooler NH produces a low-level southward cross-equatorial transport of moist static energy, weakening the NH ascent in the TC formation zones; meanwhile, the increased meridional temperature gradients strengthen vertical wind shear, reducing NH TC genesis. The opposite is true for the SH. The results may help to constrain the models’ uncertainty in the future TC projection. Reduction of anthropogenic aerosol emission may increase the NH TCs threat.
Human RIPK3 maintains MLKL in an inactive conformation prior to cell death by necroptosis
Authors: Meng Yanxiang , Davies Katherine A. , Fitzgibbon Cheree , Young Samuel N. , Garnish Sarah E. , Horne Christopher R. , Luo Cindy , Garnier Jean-Marc , Liang Lung-Yu , Cowan Angus D. , Samson Andre L. , Lessene Guillaume , Sandow Jarrod J. , Czabotar Peter E. , Murphy James M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe ancestral origins of the lytic cell death mode, necroptosis, lie in host defense. However, the dysregulation of necroptosis in inflammatory diseases has led to widespread interest in targeting the pathway therapeutically. This mode of cell death is executed by the terminal effector, the MLKL pseudokinase, which is licensed to kill following phosphorylation by its upstream regulator, RIPK3 kinase. The precise molecular details underlying MLKL activation are still emerging and, intriguingly, appear to mechanistically-diverge between species. Here, we report the structure of the human RIPK3 kinase domain alone and in complex with the MLKL pseudokinase. These structures reveal how human RIPK3 structurally differs from its mouse counterpart, and how human RIPK3 maintains MLKL in an inactive conformation prior to induction of necroptosis. Residues within the RIPK3:MLKL C-lobe interface are crucial to complex assembly and necroptotic signaling in human cells, thereby rationalizing the strict species specificity governing RIPK3 activation of MLKL.
The diagnostic trajectory of infants and children with clinical features of genetic disease
Authors: Schroeder Brock E. , Gonzaludo Nina , Everson Katie , Than Kyi-Sin , Sullivan Jeff , Taft Ryan J. , Belmont John W. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe characterized US pediatric patients with clinical indicators of genetic diseases, focusing on the burden of disease, utilization of genetic testing, and cost of care. Curated lists of diagnosis, procedure, and billing codes were used to identify patients with clinical indicators of genetic disease in healthcare claims from Optum’s de-identified Clinformatics® Database (13,076,038 unique patients). Distinct cohorts were defined to represent permissive and conservative estimates of the number of patients. Clinical phenotypes suggestive of genetic diseases were observed in up to 9.4% of pediatric patients and up to 44.7% of critically-ill infants. Compared with controls, patients with indicators of genetic diseases had higher utilization of services (e.g., mean NICU length of stay of 31.6d in a cohort defined by multiple congenital anomalies or neurological presentations compared with 10.1d for patients in the control population (P < 0.001)) and higher overall costs. Very few patients received any genetic testing (4.2–8.4% depending on cohort criteria). These results highlight the substantial proportion of the population with clinical features associated with genetic disorders and underutilization of genetic testing in these populations.
XRCC1 protects transcription from toxic PARP1 activity during DNA base excision repair
Authors: Adamowicz Marek , Hailstone Richard , Demin Annie A. , Komulainen Emilia , Hanzlikova Hana , Brazina Jan , Gautam Amit , Wells Sophie E. , Caldecott Keith W. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGenetic defects in the repair of DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) can result in neurological disease triggered by toxic activity of the single-strand-break sensor protein PARP1. However, the mechanism(s) by which this toxic PARP1 activity triggers cellular dysfunction are unclear. Here we show that human cells lacking XRCC1 fail to rapidly recover transcription following DNA base damage, a phenotype also observed in patient-derived fibroblasts with XRCC1 mutations and Xrcc1−/− mouse neurons. This defect is caused by excessive/aberrant PARP1 activity during DNA base excision repair, resulting from the loss of PARP1 regulation by XRCC1. We show that aberrant PARP1 activity suppresses transcriptional recovery during base excision repair by promoting excessive recruitment and activity of the ubiquitin protease USP3, which as a result reduces the level of monoubiquitinated histones important for normal transcriptional regulation. Importantly, inhibition and/or deletion of PARP1 or USP3 restores transcriptional recovery in XRCC1−/− cells, highlighting PARP1 and USP3 as possible therapeutic targets in neurological disease.