bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adverse outcomes after partner bereavement in people with reduced kidney function: Parallel cohort studies in England and Denmark
Authors: Bidulka Patrick , Vestergaard Søren Viborg , Hlupeni Admire , Kjærsgaard Anders , Wong Angel Y. S. , Langan Sinéad M. , Schmidt Sigrun Alba Johannesdottir , Lyon Susan , Christiansen Christian Fynbo , Nitsch Dorothea 
Published: September 2021

Objectives
To investigate whether partner bereavement is associated with adverse cardiovascular and kidney-related events in people with reduced kidney function.

Design
Two parallel matched cohort studies using linked routinely collected health data.

Setting
England (general practices and hospitals using linked Clinical Practice Research Datalink, Hospital Episode Statistics, and Office of National Statistics) and Denmark (hospitals and community pharmacies using the Danish National Patient, Prescription and Education Registries and the Civil Registration System).

Participants
Bereaved people with reduced kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60mL/min/1.73m2 (England) or hospital-coded chronic kidney disease (Denmark)) and non-bereaved people with reduced kidney function similarly defined, matched on age, sex, general practice (England), and county of residence (Denmark) and followed-up from the bereavement date of the exposed person.

Main outcome measures
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) or acute kidney injury (AKI) hospitalization, or death.

Results
In people with reduced kidney function, we identified 19,820 (England) and 5,408 (Denmark) bereaved individuals and matched them with 134,828 (England) and 35,741 (Denmark) non-bereaved individuals. Among the bereaved, the rates of hospitalizations (per 1000 person-years) with CVD were 31.7 (95%-CI: 30.5–32.9) in England and 78.8 (95%-CI: 74.9–82.9) in Denmark; the rates of hospitalizations with AKI were 13.2 (95%-CI: 12.5–14.0) in England and 11.2 (95%-CI: 9.9–12.7) in Denmark; and the rates of death were 70.2 (95%-CI: 68.5–72.0) in England and 126.4 (95%-CI: 121.8–131.1) in Denmark. After adjusting for confounders, we found increased rates of CVD (England, HR 1.06 [95%-CI: 1.01–1.12]; Denmark, HR 1.10 [95%-CI: 1.04–1.17]), of AKI (England, HR 1.20 [95%-CI: 1.10–1.31]; Denmark HR 1.36 [95%-CI: 1.17–1.58]), and of death (England, HR 1.10 [95%-CI: 1.05–1.14]; Denmark HR 1.20 [95%-CI: 1.15–1.25]) in bereaved compared with non-bereaved people.

Conclusions
Partner bereavement is associated with an increased rate of CVD and AKI hospitalization, and death in people with reduced kidney function. Additional supportive care for this at-risk population may help prevent serious adverse events.
Roles and reimbursement of pharmacists as South Africa transitions towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC): An online survey-based study
Authors: Naidoo Vivian , Suleman Fatima , Bangalee Varsha 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundThe implementation of Universal Health Coverage in SA has sought to focus on promoting affordable health care services that are accessible to all citizens. In this regard, pharmacists are expected to play a pivotal function in the revitalization of primary health care (PHC) during this transition by the expansion of their practice roles.ObjectivesTo assess the readiness and perceptions of pharmacists to expand their roles in an integrated health care system. To determine the availability and pricing of primary health care services currently provided within a community pharmacy environment and to evaluate suitable reimbursement for the provision of such services by a community pharmacist.MethodsCommunity pharmacists’ across SA were invited to participate in an online survey-based study. The survey consisted of both open- and closed-ended questions. Descriptive statistics for closed-ended questions were generated and analysed using Microsoft Excel®and Survey Monkey®. Responses for the open-ended questions were transcribed, analysed, and reported as emerging themes.ResultsSix hundred and sixty-four pharmacists’ responded to the online survey. Seventy-five percent of pharmacists’ reported that with appropriate training, a transition into a more patient-centered role might be beneficial in the re-engineering of the PHC system. However, in order to adopt these new roles, appropriate reimbursement structures are required. The current fee levied by pharmacists in community pharmacies that offered these PHC services was found to be lower to that recommended by the South African Pharmacy Council; this disparity is primarily due to a lack of information and policy standardisation. Therefore, in order to ensure that fees levied are fair, comprehensive service package guidelines are required.ConclusionsThis study provides baseline data for policy makers on pharmacists’ readiness to transition into expanded roles. Furthermore, it can be used as a foundation to establish appropriate reimbursement frameworks for pharmacists providing PHC services.
Bullying in the clinical setting: Lived experiences of nursing students in the Central Region of Ghana
Authors: Amoo Sara Ama , Menlah Awube , Garti Isabella , Appiah Evans Osei 
Published: September 2021

Introduction
Nursing students are confronted with bullies in the classroom and during clinical placement. Acquisition of the necessary psychomotor skills intended during clinical placements may be impeded when workplace bullies intimidate students. This study aimed to describe the various bullying behaviours experienced by nursing students and their effects during clinical placement in the Central Region of Ghana.

Methods
A qualitative phenomenological descriptive approach using a semi-structured interview guide was employed to collect data from nursing students in focus groups. Overall, six (6) focus groups were used, with five (5) students in each group comprising males and females. The sample size was based on data saturation and was saturated on the six focus group discussions giving a sample size of 30. Purposive sampling was used to select students who had been on the ward at least three clinical placements and had experienced bullying in the clinical setting. In-depth interviews were conducted, recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using content analysis.

Results
The study revealed that nursing students had experienced bullying practices such as shouting, isolation, humiliation and being assigned tasks below their competency level. In addition, findings showed that bullying led to a loss of confidence and caused stress and anxiety in nursing students.

Conclusion
Therefore, it is recommended that nursing students are mentored holistically in a caring and accepting environment where they will be supported to achieve their learning goals, build their confidence, and develop their personal and professional identity.
The care needs of persons with oropharyngeal dysphagia and their informal caregivers: A scoping review
Authors: Ninfa Aurora , Crispiatico Valeria , Pizzorni Nicole , Bassi Marta , Casazza Giovanni , Schindler Antonio , Delle Fave Antonella 
Published: September 2021

Introduction
Besides affecting physical health, Oropharyngeal Dysphagia (OD) entails limitations in daily activities and social participation for both patients and their informal caregivers. The identification of OD-related needs is crucial for designing appropriate person-centered interventions.

Aims
To explore and map the literature investigating the care needs related to OD management of adult persons with OD and their informal caregivers during the last 20 years.

Methods
A scoping review was conducted and reported following PRISMA guidelines. Five electronic databases and reference lists of eligible publications were searched for original works in English or Italian, published between January 2000 and February 2021. Two independent raters assessed studies’ eligibility and extracted data; a third rater resolved disagreements. Extracted care needs were analyzed using a Best fit framework synthesis approach.

Results
Out of 2,534 records preliminarily identified, 15 studies were included in the review and 266 care needs were extracted. All studies were conducted in Western countries. Research methods primarily consisted of qualitative interviews and focus groups (14 studies, 93.3%); head and neck cancer was the most frequent cause of patients’ dysphagia (8 studies, 53.3%); caregivers’ perspective was seldom investigated (5 studies, 33.3%). Both patients and caregivers primarily reported social (N = 77; 28.9%) and practical (N = 67; 25.2%) needs, followed by informational (N = 55; 20.7%) and psychological (N = 54; 20.3%) ones. Only patients reported physical needs (N = 13; 4.9%), while spiritual needs were not cited.

Conclusions
The recurrence of personal and social needs besides physical ones highlighted the manifold impact of OD on patients’ and caregivers’ lives. Larger and more focused studies are required in order to design tools and interventions tailored to patients’ and caregivers’ needs.
Choroidal features in flat irregular pigment epithelial detachment associated with Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: Avascular versus vascularized
Authors: Faghihi Hooshang , Mahmoudi Alireza , Pour Elias Khalili , Ebrahimiadib Nazanin , Fadakar Kaveh , Ghassemi Fariba , Mirshahi Ahmad , Khodabande Alireza , Khojasteh Hassan , Bazvand Fatemeh , Mehrabi Bahar Mohammadreza , Riazi-Esfahani Hamid 
Published: September 2021

Purpose
To investigate the differences in the choroidal biomarkers between two forms of flat irregular pigment epithelial detachment (FIPED): avascular (aFIPED) and vascularized (vFIPED) in eyes with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).

Materials and methods
Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) was done in eyes with FIPED correlated to chronic CSC, fellow eyes, and also in healthy eyes from gender- and age-matched subjects. Eyes with FIPED were classified into two subgroups based on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) findings: vFIPED and aFIPED. Different choroidal biomarkers such as subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), total choroidal area (TCA), and choroidal vascular index (CVI) were compared between the groups.

Results
Forty-four eyes from 42 patients with chronic CSC and FIPED along with 40 eyes from 20 healthy subjects were included. OCTA identified vascularization in 14 eyes in the FIPED group (31.8%). Mean SFCT was higher in the FIPED group compared to two other groups (p = 0.005). In comparison to patients with aFIPED, patients with vFIPED had lower SFCT (p = 0.003) and higher CVI (p = 0.020) based on multivariate analysis.

Conclusions
It seems that measurement of CVI along with SFCT may help to differentiate aFIPED from vFIPED in patients with CSC. Further longitudinal studies would be required to confirm the clinical significance of these findings.
Performance enhancement of commercial ethylene oxide reactor by artificial intelligence approach
Authors: Chowdhury Somnath , Lahiri Sandip Kumar , Hens Abhiram , Katiyar Samarth 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The present work emphasizes the development of a generic methodology that addresses the core issue of any running chemical plant, i.e., how to maintain a delicate balance between profit and environmental impact. Here, an ethylene oxide (EO) production plant has been taken as a case study. The production of EO takes place in a multiphase catalytic reactor, the reliable first principle-based model of which is still not available in the literature. Artificial neural network (ANN) was therefore applied to develop a data-driven model of the complex reactor with the help of actual industrial data. The model successfully built up a correlation between the catalyst selectivity and temperature with other operational parameters. A hybrid multi-objective metaheuristic optimization technique, namely ANN-multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) algorithm was used to develop a Pareto diagram of selectivity versus reactor temperature. The Pareto diagram will help the plant engineers to make a strategy on what operating conditions to be maintained to make a delicate balance between profit and environmental impact. It was also found that by applying this hybrid ANN-MOGA modeling and optimization technique, for a 720 KTA ethylene glycol plant, approximately 32,345 ton/year of carbon-di-oxide emission into the atmosphere can be reduced. Along with the reduction of environmental impact, this hybrid approach enables the plant to reduce raw material cost of nine million USD per annum simultaneously.
Effects of Zr and Sc additions on precipitation of α-Al(FeMn)Si dispersoids under various heat treatments in Al–Mg–Si AA6082 alloys
Authors: Liu Kun , Elgallad Emad , Li Chen , Chen X.-Grant. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The present work investigated the influence of Zr and Sc on the evolution of α-Al(FeMn)Si dispersoids (“α-dispersoids") in Al–Mg–Si alloys. Both the individual addition of Zr and the combined additions of Sc and Zr increased the size but decreased the number density of the α-dispersoids, indicating the reduction in the formation of α-dispersoids. However, the reduction levels were the most significant when heat-treated at 350 °C in the alloy with both Sc and Zr and at 400 °C in the alloy with only Zr, which were likely related to the different interactions between intermediate B’ precipitates and α-dispersoids with the addition of Zr and Sc. Although the α-dispersoids were suppressed in the Zr/Sc-containing alloys, their microhardness was generally higher than the base alloy, which can be attributed to the strengthening contribution induced by Zr and Sc either from their solid solution hardening or the precipitation hardening of Al3Zr/Al3(Sc, Zr) dispersoids.
Home and Exile in Irène Némirovsky’s Novella Les Mouches d’automne (1931)
Authors: Cenedese Marta-Laura 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Irène Némirovsky’s novella Les Mouches d’automne (1931. Snow in Autumn, 2007) paints an effective portrait of exile, of the longing for the lost home, and the disorientation that one feels when faced with a reality that is neither recognizable nor understandable. In this article, I analyse Némirovsky’s narrative strategies in relation to spatio-temporal phenomena. My analysis is based on the work of philosophers Mikhail Bakhtin and Gilles Deleuze: Bakhtin’s chronotope and Deleuze’s crystal-image illuminate how the novella’s dominant themes, exile and nostalgia for the home, are irreducible to the clichés of a linear narration and to the simplistic dichotomy home/exile, past/present, and here/there. Instead, Némirovsky creates a productive tension of overlapping and coalescing space- and time-frames. The philosophical framework provided by Bakhtin and Deleuze is useful to unlock and make visible how this thematic complexity is reflected in the novella’s narrative structure. Indeed, my analysis of Les Mouches’s chronotopes and crystal images illuminates Némirovsky’s innovative experimentation in the creation of time–space crossings and a/synchronies, and also contributes to extend further our understanding of Némirovsky’s place within the contemporaneous literary panorama.
Investigation on the physical properties and diffusion layer phase transformation at the interface of Sialon-Duplex Stainless-Steel bonding
Authors: Rady Mohamed Ahmed , Hussain Patthi , Shaik Nagoor Basha , Bakthavatchalam Balaji 
Published: September 2021

Joining SiALON to duplex stainless steel utilizes the properties of two materials which may provide an opportunity for distinctive applications. Ceramic is hard and operates at a high temperature but it is brittle whereas metal is tough but it can work at a low temperature. The benefits of the best properties of both materials can be utilized by joining them. The objectives of the research work are to investigate the physical properties and the phase transformation at the interface and at the inter-diffusion layer in between the SiAlON and duplex stainless steel. The experiment incorporated nitriding, then diffusion bonding the duplex stainless steel using the hot press. Bonding was carried out at 1200°C for the holding times of 30 minutes and 1 hour. Metallography and micro analyses were conducted to achieve the above objectives. The study has demonstrated that 30 minutes joining time is sufficient to develop the thickness of the interface. However, 1 hour joining duration achieved cohesive and sound diffusion bonding of the SiAlON to duplex stainless steel. This is possible due to the formation of diffusion interlayer which accommodates the residual stress presence during cooling down process.
Wiechert-Herglotz inversion as integration on a closed contour
Authors: McMechan George A. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Wiechert-Herglotz integration around the boundary of the p-δ area representing the τ contribution of a ray segment gives the corresponding depth increment. Thus, Wiechert-Herglotz inversion can be performed with reference depths other than the surface of the Earth and with nonsurface as well as surface focus p-Δ curves providing that a depth can be assigned to any point on the path of integration.
Retrospective analysis of factors associated with emergency colostomy: an institutional experience
Authors: Teklewold Berhanetsehay , Meskel Ermias G. 
Published: September 2021

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Colostomy is one of the commonest lifesaving procedures done worldwide with an intention of either decompression of an obstructed colon or diversion of stool. This study tries to assess the pattern of emergency colostomy and factors associated with its complication in adult patients at St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Retrospective reviews of charts were done of all adult patients who underwent colostomy procedure from December 1, 2016 to May 30, 2019. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> There were 149 adult patients that underwent colostomy procedure in the study period and the majorities were male (83.2%). Majority of the procedures were done for indication of LBO secondary gangrenous sigmoid volvulus (49%). The most common comorbidity identified were renal disease (5%) and diabetes mellitus (3%). All patients who presented with gangrenous sigmoid volvulus underwent end colostomy procedure and 16.8% of them died. Generally, 69 patients among 149 (46.3%) developed certain type of complication. Presence of complication was significantly associated with increased chance of death by eight times than those who had no complication after the procedure. End colostomy was significantly associated with development of complication when compared to loop colostomy. Among the study participants 87.9% of them were discharged improved. The main cause of death was multi organ failure secondary to septic shock, which accounted to 52.9% of all deaths.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Gangrenous sigmoid volvulus, colorectal cancer and trauma were leading indications for colostomy. Presence of complication and type of colostomy were factors significantly associated with outcome.</p>
Judicialization of Economic and Monetary Union: between a rock and a soft place?
Authors: Albuquerque Matos Nuno 
Published: September 2021

The European Central Bank has been active since the sovereign debt crisis that struck European Union Member States by putting in place several asset-purchasing programmes such as Outright Monetary Transactions and Public Sector Purchase Programme. As much as these decisions have proven the pivotal importance of this institution within the monetary union, they have also spurred controversy on potentially having exceeded the competences attributed to the Union. The german federal constitutional court heard challenges to both and requested the Court of Justice to decide on their validity within the framework of a preliminary ruling. The decision of the former court to declare the Public Sector Purchase Programme ultra vires —in this way countering the preliminary ruling decision— as well as its argumentation could produce many institutional consequences to both the European Central Bank and Court of Justice of the European Union. Finally, it has shown the limits of European Union integration and will inevitably propel discussions on which way to go in the future: it is time for this discussion to come out from courtrooms into the public sphere.
Received: 11 November 2020Accepted: 26 May 2021
Performance of Litopenaeus vannamei at different levels of daily protein intake and carbohydrate/protein ratios in low fishmeal content feeds
Authors: Magallón Barajas Francisco Javier , Rubalcava Márquez Juan Carlos , Martínez Antonio Eliza , Goytortúa Bores Ernesto , Álvarez Ruíz Píndaro , Mejía Ruíz Humberto , Casillas Hernández Ramón 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
The increase in aquaculture production needs optimization of protein in feeds, which should aim to reduce production costs and environmental impact. The aim of this study was to determine the daily protein intake (DPI) mathematical functions related to body weight, to evaluate diets with low inclusion of fishmeal that present the best performance in terms of protein efficiency and nitrogen retention. Two experiments were carried out, Juveniles of L. vannamei. First trial; feed with commercial diet at four DPI levels (80, 100, 120 and 140 %). In second trial, five diets with different CHO:Protein (2.1, 1.5, 1.1, 0.8 and 0.6) levels were evaluated, according to 120 % DPI level. DPI = 43.174 BW-0.684 was the best mathematical function found to represent the aquaculture feeding practices. A significant effect on weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion rate, protein efficiency and nitrogen retention were found due to DPI levels and CBH:P ratios, without any effect on survival. Growth parameters and feed conversion rates increase in both cases, protein efficiency and nitrogen retention diminish with DPI levels using similar protein level and CBH:P ratio but increases with CBH:P ratios at same DPI level using low fishmeal content in feeds.
Reflecting back
Authors: Strathern Marilyn 
Published: September 2021

This invitation presents an opportunity to bring together older and newer strands of work on relations. The first fell back on an analytical notion of aesthetics to convey certain kinds of persuasive appearances: Melanesian ethnography emphasized how much it mattered that relations took an appropriate form (recognizing the support of ancestors for example). The second is a recent critique of relations as an explicit Euro-American concept in one of its vernacular contexts, namely English usage. Here, the kinds of Amerindianist interests engaged by the special issue of this journal – and as gleaned from certain translations into English – lead me to locate an aesthetic effect in the penumbra of connotations and associations that endow relations (English-speaking) with an aura or mood. What anthropologists ordinarily dismiss when they construct their analytical vocabularies becomes interesting.