bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The value of corticospinal excitability and intracortical inhibition in predicting motor skill improvement driven by action observation
Authors: Nuara Arturo , Bazzini Chiara , Cardellicchio Pasquale , Scalona Emilia , De Marco Doriana , Rizzolatti Giacomo , Fabbri-Destro Maddalena , Avanzini Pietro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVEAction observation can sustain motor skill improvement. At the neurophysiological level, action observation affects the excitability of the motor cortices, as measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation. However, whether the cortical modulations induced by action observation may explain the amount of motor improvement driven by action observation training (AOT) remains to be addressed.METHODSWe conducted a two-phase study involving 40 volunteers. First, we assessed the effect of action observation on corticospinal excitability (amplitude of motor evoked potentials), short-interval intracortical inhibition, and transcallosal inhibition (ipsilateral silent period). Subsequently, a randomized-controlled design was applied, with AOT participants asked to observe and then execute, as quickly as possible, a right-hand dexterity task six consecutive times, whereas controls had to observe a no-action video before performing the same task.RESULTSAOT participants showed greater performance improvement relative to controls. The amount of improvement in the AOT group was predicted by the amplitude of corticospinal modulation during action observation and even more by the amount of intracortical inhibition induced by action observation. Importantly, these relations were found specifically for the AOT group and not for the controls.CONCLUSIONSIn this study, we identified the neurophysiological signatures associated with, and potentially sustaining, the outcome of AOT. Intracortical inhibition driven by action observation plays a major role. These findings elucidate the cortical mechanisms underlying AOT efficacy and open to predictive assessments for the identification of potential responders to AOT, informing the rehabilitative treatment individualization.
Tracing the invasion of a leaf-mining moth in the Palearctic through DNA barcoding of historical herbaria
Authors: Kirichenko Natalia I. , Zakharov Evgeny V. , Lopez-Vaamonde Carlos 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHistorical herbaria are valuable sources of data in invasion biology. Here we study the invasion history of the lime leaf-miner,Phyllonorycter issikii, by surveying over 15 thousand herbarium specimens of limes (Tiliaspp.) collected in the Palearctic during last 253 years (1764–2016). The majority of herbarium specimens with the pest’s mines (89%) originated from East Asia (1859–2015), whereas remaining 11% of specimens with the mines came from Europe, European Russia and Western Siberia (1987–2015). These results support the hypothesis of a recentPh. issikiiinvasion from Eastern to Western Palearctic.Single molecule real-time sequencing of the COI barcode region of 93 archival larvae and pupae (7–162 years old) dissected from the mines on historical herbaria allowed to distinguish betweenPh. issikiiandPh. messaniella, a polyphagous species rarely feeding onTilia, which mines were found in herbarium from Europe dated by 1915–1942. We discovered 25 haplotypes ofPh. issikii, of which 16 haplotypes were present solely in East Asia, and revealed wide distribution of the species in China. Six haplotypes shared between Eastern and Western Palearctic suggest the contribution ofPh. issikiipopulations from the Russian Far East, China and Japan to the westward invasion.
Prioritizing Management for Cumulative Impacts
Authors: Singh Gerald G. , Rhodes Jonathan , McDonald-Madden Eve , Possingham Hugh P. , Hammill Edd , Murray Cathryn Clarke , Mach Megan , Martone Rebecca , Halpern Benjamin , Satterfield Terre , Chan Kai M. A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDetermining where environmental management is best applied, either through regulating single sectors of human activities or across sectors, is complicated by interactions between human impacts and the environment. In this article, we show how an explicit representation of human-environment interactions can help, via “impact networks” including activities (e.g. shipping), stressors (e.g. ship strikes), species (e.g. humpback whales) or ecosystem services (e.g. marine recreation). Impact networks can enable the identification of “leverage nodes”, which, if present, can direct managers to the activities and stressors crucial for reducing risk to important ecosystem components. Exploring an impact network for a coastal ecosystem in British Columbia, Canada, we seek to identify these leverage nodes using a new approach employing Bayesian Belief Networks of risks to ecosystems. In so doing, we address three key questions: (1) Do leverage nodes exist? (2) Do management plans for species correctly identify leverage nodes? (3) Does the management of leverage nodes for certain species realize benefits for other species and ecosystem services? We show that there are several leverage nodes across all species investigated, and show that preconceptions about the regulation of risk to species can misidentify leverage nodes, potentially leading to ineffective management. Notably, we show that managing fisheries does not reduce overall risk to herring whereas managing diverse cumulative impacts including nutrient runoff, oil spills, and marine debris can reduce risk to herring, additional species, and related ecosystem services. Thus, by targeting leverage nodes, managers can efficiently mitigate risks for whole communities, ecosystems, and ecosystem services.
Genetic patterns in Montipora capitata across an environmental mosaic in Kāne’ohe Bay
Authors: Caruso Carlo , de Souza Mariana Rocha , Ruiz-Jones Lupita , Conetta Dennis , Hancock Joshua , Hobbs Callum , Hobbs Caroline , Kahkejian Valerie , Kitchen Rebecca , Marin Christian , Monismith Stephen , Madin Joshua , Gates Ruth , Drury Crawford 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSpatial genetic structure (SGS) is important to a population’s ability to adapt to environmental change. For species that reproduce both sexually and asexually, the relative contribution of each reproductive mode has important ecological and evolutionary implications because asexual reproduction can have a strong effect on SGS. Reef building corals reproduce sexually, but many species also propagate asexually under certain conditions. In order to understand SGS and the relative importance of reproductive mode across environmental gradients, we evaluated genetic relatedness in almost 600 colonies of Montipora capitata across 30 environmentally characterized sites in Kāne’ohe Bay, O’ahu, Hawai’i using low-depth restriction digest associated sequencing. Clonal colonies were relatively rare overall but influenced SGS. Clones were located significantly closer to one another spatially than average colonies and were more frequent on sites where wave energy was relatively high, suggesting a strong role of mechanical breakage in their formation. Excluding clones, we found no evidence of isolation by distance within sites or across the bay. Several environmental characteristics were significant predictors of the underlying genetic variation (including degree heating weeks, time spent above 30°C, depth, sedimentation rate and wave height); however, they only explained 5% of this genetic variation. Our results show that colony fragmentation contributes to the ecology of M. capitata at local scales and that genetic diversity is maintained despite strong environmental gradients in a highly impacted ecosystem, suggesting potential for broad adaptation or acclimatization in this population.
Perinatal Outcomes of Fetuses and Infants Diagnosed with Trisomy 13 or Trisomy 18
Authors: Cortezzo DonnaMaria E. , Tolusso Leandra K. , Swarr Daniel T. 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesTo identify factors associated with adverse prenatal, perinatal and postnatal outcomes, and determine the utilization medical care for fetuses & infants with trisomy 13 (T13) and trisomy (T18).Study DesignThis population-based retrospective cohort study included all prenatal and postnatal diagnoses of T13 or T18 in the Greater Cincinnati area from 1/1/12-12/31/18. Overall survival, survival to hospital discharge, approach to medical management, and maternal, fetal and neonatal characteristics are analyzed.Results124 pregnancies (125 fetuses) were identified, which resulted in 72 liveborn infants. Male fetal sex and hydrops were associated with a higher rate of spontaneous loss. The median length of survival was 7 days (95% CI, 0-18 days) and 29 days (95% CI, 2-115 days), for infants with T13 and T18, respectively. Of the 27 infants who were alive at 1 month of age, 14 (52%) were alive at 1 year of age. Only the trisomy type, chosen goals of care (comfort care), and extremely low birthweight were associated with overall length of survival. A high degree of variability existed in the use of medical services, with 28% of infants undergoing at least one surgical procedure and some children requiring repeated (up to 29) or prolonged hospitalization (> 1 year).ConclusionsAlthough many infants with T13 or T18 did not survive past the first week of life, up to 25% of infants lived for more than one year. Length of survival for an individual infant cannot be easily predicted, and surviving infants have high health care utilization throughout their lifespan.
Variability is actively regulated in speech
Authors: Tang Ding-lan , Parrell Benjamin , Niziolek Caroline A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlthough movement variability is often attributed to unwanted noise in the motor system, recent work has demonstrated that variability may be actively controlled. To date, research on regulation of motor variability has relied on relatively simple, laboratory-specific reaching tasks. It is not clear how these results translate to complex, well-practiced and real-world tasks. Here, we test how variability is regulated during speech production, a complex, highly over-practiced and natural motor behavior that relies on auditory and somatosensory feedback. Specifically, in a series of four experiments, we assessed the effects of auditory feedback manipulations that modulate perceived speech variability, shifting every production either towards (inward-pushing) or away from (outward-pushing) the center of the distribution for each vowel. Participants exposed to the inward-pushing perturbation (Experiment 1) increased produced variability while the perturbation was applied as well as after it was removed. Unexpectedly, the outward-pushing perturbation (Experiment 2) also increased produced variability during exposure, but variability returned to near baseline levels when the perturbation was removed. Outward-pushing perturbations failed to reduce participants’ produced variability both with larger perturbation magnitude (Experiment 3) or after their variability had increased above baseline levels as a result of the inward-pushing perturbation (Experiment 4). Simulations of the applied perturbations using a state space model of motor behavior suggest that the increases in produced variability in response to the two types of perturbations may arise through distinct mechanisms: an increase in controlled variability in response to the inward-pushing perturbation, and an increase in sensitivity to auditory errors in response to the outward-pushing perturbation. Together, these results suggest that motor variability is actively regulated even in complex and well-practiced behaviors, such as speech.
Kidney pathology alters cell-clustering in single cell RNA sequencing
Authors: Ma Lijun , Murea Mariana , Choi Young A , Hemal Ashok K. , Mikhailov Alexei V. , Snipes James A. , Chou Jeff W. , Langefeld Robert C. , Cui Wei , Miller Lance D. , Hawkins Gregory A. , Palmer Nicholette D. , Langefeld Carl D. , Freedman Barry I. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSingle cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) is useful to classify cell-specific gene expression profiles in kidney tissue. As viable cells are required, we report an optimized cell dissociation methodology and the necessity of screening tissue histology prior to scRNA-Seq. We demonstrate that glomerular injury can selectively reduce the appearance of groups of cells during analysis of cell clustering and we confirmed reductions in cell-specific markers among injured cells on kidney sections with fluorescence microscopy. Interpretation of scRNA-Seq results may be refined based upon these considerations.
A Proposed Unified Interphase Nucleus Chromosome Structure: Preliminary Preponderance of Evidence
Authors: Sedat John , McDonald Angus , Cang Hu , Lucas Joseph , Arigovindan Muthuvel , Kam Zvi , Murre Cornelis , Elbaum Michael 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCellular cryo-electron tomography (CET) of the cell nucleus using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) and the use of deconvolution (DC) processing technology has highlighted a large-scale, 100–300 nm interphase chromosome structure (LSS), that is present throughout the nucleus. This chromosome structure appears to coil the nucleosome 11-nm fiber into a defined hollow structure, analogous to a Slinky (S) (1, motif used in 2) helical spring. This S architecture can be used to build chromosome territories, extended to polytene chromosome structure, as well as to the structure of Lampbrush chromosomes.Significance StatementCryo-preservation of the nuclear interior allows a large scale interphase chromosome structure—present throughout the nucleus—to be seen for the first time. This structure can be proposed to be a defined coiled entity, a Slinky. This structure can be further used to explain polytene chromosome structure, an unknown chromosome architecture as well as for lampbrush chromosomes. In addition, this new structure can be further organized as chromosome territories, using all 46 human interphase chromosomes as an example, easily into a 10 micron diameter nucleus. Thus, interphase chromosomes can be unified into a flexible defined structure.
A perceptual glitch in serial perception generating temporal distortions
Authors: Sierra Franklenin , Muralikrishnan R. , Poeppel David , Tavano Alessandro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPrecisely estimating event timing is essential for survival, yet temporal distortions are ubiquitous in our daily sensory experience. Here, we tested whether the relative position, relative duration and relative distance in time of two sequentially-organized events —standard S, with constant duration, and comparison C, varying trial-by-trial— are causal factors in generating temporal distortions. We found that temporal distortions emerge when the first event is shorter than the second event. Importantly, a significant interaction suggests that a longer ISI helps counteracting such serial distortion effect only the constant S is in first position, but not if the unpredictable C is in first position. These results suggest the existence of a perceptual bias in perceiving ordered event durations, mechanistically contributing to distortion in time perception. We simulated our behavioral results with a Bayesian model and replicated the finding that participants disproportionately expand first-position dynamic (unpredictable) short events. Our results clarify the mechanics generating time distortions by identifying a hitherto unknown duration-dependent encoding inefficiency in human serial temporal perception, akin to a strong prior that can be overridden for highly predictable sensory events but unfolds for unpredictable ones.
An Anatomically and Hemodynamically Realistic Simulation Framework for 3D Ultrasound Localization Microscopy
Authors: Belgharbi Hatim , Porée Jonathan , Damseh Rafat , Perrot Vincent , Milecki Léo , Delafontaine-Martel Patrick , Lesage Frédéric , Provost Jean 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe resolution of 3D Ultrasound Localization Microscopy (ULM) is determined by acquisition parameters such as frequency and transducer geometry but also by microbubble (MB) concentration, which is also linked to the total acquisition time needed to sample the vascular tree at different scales. In this study, we introduce a novel 3D anatomically- and physiologically-realistic ULM simulation framework based on two-photon microscopy (2PM) and in-vivo MB perfusion dynamics. As a proof of concept, using metrics such as MB localization error, MB count and network filling, we could quantify the effect of MB concentration and PSF volume by varying probe transmit frequency (3-15 MHz). We find that while low frequencies can achieve sub-wavelength resolution as predicted by theory, they are also associated with prolonged acquisition times to map smaller vessels, thus limiting effective resolution. A linear relationship was found between maximal MB concentration and inverse point spread function (PSF) volume. Since inverse PSF volume roughly scales cubically with frequency, the reconstruction of the equivalent of 10 minutes at 15 MHz would require hours at 3 MHz. We expect that these findings can be leveraged to achieve effective reconstruction and serve as a guide for choosing optimal MB concentrations in ULM.
Covert valuation for information sampling and choice
Authors: Butler James L , Muller Timothy H. , Veselic Sebastijan , Nishantha Malalasekera W. M. , Hunt Laurence T. , Behrens Timothy E.J. , Kennerley Steven W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe use our eyes to assess the value of objects around us and carefully fixate options that we are about to choose. Neurons in the prefrontal cortex reliably encode the value of fixated options, which is essential for decision making. Yet as a decision unfolds, it remains unclear how prefrontal regions determine which option should be fixated next. Here we show that anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) encodes the value of options in the periphery to guide subsequent fixations during economic choice. In an economic decision-making task involving four simultaneously presented cues, we found rhesus macaques evaluated cues using their peripheral vision. This served two distinct purposes: subjects were more likely to fixate valuable peripheral cues, and more likely to choose valuable options whose cues were never even fixated. ACC, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex neurons all encoded cue value post-fixation. ACC was unique, however, in also encoding the value of cues before fixation and even cues that were never fixated. This pre-saccadic value encoding by ACC predicted which cue was next fixated during the decision process. ACC therefore conducts simultaneous processing of peripheral information to guide information sampling and choice during decision making.
Development and verification of SSR markers from drought stress-responsive miRNAs in common wild rice
Authors: Chen Yong , Fan Yuan-wei , Yang Wan-ling , Ding Gu-mu , Zhao Min-min , Chen Yan-hong , Xie Jian-kun , Zhang Fan-tao 
Published: October 2021

PREMISEDongxiang wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff., DXWR) is the northernmost common wild rice found in the world, which possesses abundant elite genetic resources. We developed a set of drought stress-responsive microRNA (miRNA)-based single sequence repeat (SSR) markers for DXWR, which will help breed drought stress-resistant rice varieties.METHODS AND RESULTSNinety-nine SSR markers were developed from the drought stress-responsive miRNAs of DXWR. The SSR loci were distributed in all 12 rice chromosomes and most were in chromosomes 2 and 6, with di- and trinucleotides being the most abundant repeat motifs. Nine out of ten synthesized SSR markers were displayed high levels of genetic diversity in the genomes of DXWR and 41 modern rice varieties worldwide. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 6, and the observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 0.024 and 0.461 to 0.738, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThese SSR markers developed from drought stress-responsive miRNAs in DXWR could be additional tools for elite genes mapping and useful for drought stress-resistant rice breeding.
Plastic biodegradation: do Galleria mellonella larvae - bio-assimilate polyethylene? A spectral histology approach using isotopic labelling and infrared microspectroscopy
Authors: Réjasse Agnès , Waeytens Jehan , Deniset-Besseau Ariane , Crapart Nicolas , Nielsen-Leroux Christina , Sandt Christophe 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTEnvironmental pollution by non-biodegradable polyethylene (PE) plastics is of major concern, thus, organisms capable of bio-degrading PE are required. The larvae of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella (Gm), were identified as a potential candidate to digest PE. In this study, we tested whether PE was metabolized by Gm larvae and could found in their tissues. We examined the implication of the larval gut microbiota by using conventional and axenic reared insects. First, our study showed that neither beeswax nor PE alone favour the growth of young larvae. We then used Fourier-Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy (µFTIR) to detect deuterium in larvae fed with isotopically labelled food. Perdeuterated molecules were found in most tissues of larvae fed with deuterium labelled oil for 72 hours proving that µFTIR can detect metabolization of 1-2 mg of deuterated food. No bio-assimilation was detected in the tissues of larvae fed with 1-5 mg of perdeuterated PED4 for 72 hours and 19-21 days, but micron sized PE particles were found in the larval digestive tract cavities. We evidenced weak bio-degradation of PE films in contact for 24 hours with the dissected gut of conventional larvae; and in the PED4 particles from excreted larval frass. Our study confirms that Gm larvae can bio-degrade PE but can not necessarily metabolize it.
The [PSI+] prion and HSP104 modulate cytochromecoxidase deficiency caused by deletion of COX12
Authors: Saini Pawan Kumar , Dawitz Hannah , Aufschnaiter Andreas , Thomas Jinsu , Amblard Amélie , Stewart James , Thierry-Mieg Nicolas , Ott Martin , Pierrel Fabien 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTCytochromecoxidase is a pivotal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which sustains bioenergetics of eukaryotic cells. Cox12, a peripheral subunit of cytochromecoxidase, is required for full activity of the enzyme, but its exact function is unknown. Here, experimental evolution of aSaccharomyces cerevisiaeΔcox12strain for ~300 generations allowed to restore the activity of cytochromecoxidase. In one population, the enhanced bioenergetics was caused by a A375V mutation in the AAA+ disaggregase Hsp104. Deletion or overexpression of Hsp104 also increased respiration of the Δcox12ancestor strain. This beneficial effect of Hsp104 was related to the loss of the [PSI+] prion, which forms cytosolic amyloid aggregates of the Sup35 protein. Overall, our data demonstrate that cytosolic aggregation of a prion impairs the mitochondrial metabolism of cells defective for Cox12. These findings identify a new functional connection between cytosolic proteostasis and biogenesis of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.