bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of the physical examination: A small group learning approach for increasing engagement and learning in a medical gross anatomy course
Authors: McNamara John Patrick , Nolan Michael F. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe ability to perform and interpret the physical examination requires an understanding of human anatomy and how to apply that content in the clinical setting. Previous work has shown that students understand and retain information more effectively when they are actively engaged in the learning process and it is clearly linked to other coursework and their future needs. We developed a series of learning activities, based on the general physical examination, designed to enhance engagement and encourage durable learning of anatomical principles that are important in performing and interpreting the physical examination. Activities were designed for use in small group settings with faculty supervision and input as needed. We describe these activities and provide comments from students regarding the perceived value of these learning activities. Students reported that the applied anatomy learning activities were engaging and aided in their learning of human anatomy. Additionally, students appreciated the connection between the applied anatomy activities and the skills being learned in concurrent coursework focusing on the physical examination. We observed that applied human anatomy exercises modeled after components of the general physical examination and embedded in an anatomy course enhanced student engagement and helped students appreciate the importance of anatomical principles. We note that sensitivity to and acceptance of personal preferences and religious matters must be shown when using learning activities that involve close physical interactions to teach anatomical topics.
The deep student: A thematic analysis of counsellor educators' perceptions and experiences
Authors: Tangen Jodi L. , Fickling Melissa J. , Cashwell Craig S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWhat does it mean when we say a person is “deep” or has a lot of “depth?” We asked counsellor educators to describe the concept of personal depth, how it manifests in counsellors' work, and whether or not it could be trained. Twenty counsellor educators responded, and we analysed their responses using thematic analysis. We unearthed seven major themes of the construct: nondual consciousness, emotions, cognitions, interpersonal attributes, self‐awareness, attitude and life experiences. Participants also provided suggestions for training students to cultivate personal depth. Finally, we introduce a depth wheel to conceptualise our results and provide implications for counselling and training.
Antioxidant capacities of heat‐treated wheat germ and extruded compounded bran
Authors: Wu Fan , Tian Fulin , Jin Zhou , Liu Jing , Jin Weiping , Chen Xuan , Wang Zhan , Jia Xiwu , Liu Benguo , Liu Lingyi , Shen Wangyang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground and objectivesPure wheat bran and wheat germ are the by‐products of sieved flour. Pure wheat bran contains a substantial amount of dietary fiber, vitamins B and D, and other nutrients; lipases in the wheat germ induce lipid oxidation and break down vitamins. The present study used heat treatment to stabilize the wheat germ and then compounded it with the extruded pure wheat bran and compared it with the extruded bran. The antioxidant capacity and soluble polyphenols of the compounded wheat bran and extruded wheat bran were subsequently measured, to select a method to improve the antioxidant capacity of wheat bran.FindingsThe optimized heating temperature of wheat germ was 110°C. The half‐maximal inhibitory concentration value of the total antioxidant capacity showed that the compounded wheat bran had a higher antioxidant capacity than the extruded wheat bran. It was hypothesized that the operations of extrusion and heat treatment increased the antioxidant capacity of compounded wheat bran. In addition, after the extrusion treatment, a variety of flavonoid glycosides in the wheat bran was released while the content of various phenolic acid types was decreased. However, the content of the phenolic acid types and flavonoids in the compounded wheat bran was increased. Hence, compounded wheat bran is more suitable for producing functional foods.ConclusionThe results of this study revealed that extruded pure wheat bran and heat‐treated wheat germ can effectively increase the antioxidant capacity and the content of the phenolic acid types and flavonoids; hence, it is more suitable for producing functional foods.Significance and noveltyThis study developed a fast and inexpensive detection method that uses a combination of heat and extrude to process compounded wheat bran, which provides the optimal process method for extending the yield and shelf life of wheat bran products.
Preterm infant with diprosopus and holoprosencephaly
Authors: Nair Nitya M. , Swarr Daniel T. , Barnes‐Davis Maria E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDiprosopus is an extremely rare congenital anomaly involving craniofacial duplication. The etiology and pathophysiology remain unknown, and no genetic mutations have been definitively associated with the condition. This case describes an infant born at 27‐weeks completed gestation with multiple congenital anomalies including diprosopus and discusses the implications of prenatal diagnosis.
Photo racemization of 2,2′‐dihydroxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl derivatives
Authors: Wang Qingyu , Pietropaolo Adriana , Fortino Mariagrazia , Song Zhiyi , Bando Masayoshi , Naga Naofumi , Nakano Tamaki 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPhoto racemization of 2,2′‐dihydroxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (BINOL) and its monomethyl ether, monobutyl ether, and dimethyl ether was studied by means of circularly dichroism spectra, chiral HPLC, and theoretical calculations of rotation energy barriers. Racemization was fastest for BINOL and about one seventh as fast for the monomethyl and monobutyl ethers while it was too slow to be detected for the dimethyl ether under the present conditions.
Concentration and pH effect on the electronic circular dichroism and anisotropy spectra of aqueous solutions of glyceric acid calcium salt
Authors: Bocková Jana , Jones Nykola C. , Leyva Vanessa , Gaysinski Marc , Hoffmann Søren V. , Meinert Cornelia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractElectronic circular dichroism (ECD) and anisotropy spectra carry information on differential absorption of left‐ and right‐circularly polarized light (LCPL and RCPL) by optically active compounds. This makes them powerful tools for the rapid determination of enantiomeric excesses (ee) in asymmetric synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry, as well as for predicting the ee inducible by ultraviolet (UV) CPL. The ECD response of a chiral molecule is, however, critically dependent on the properties of the surrounding medium. Here, we report on the first ECD/anisotropy spectra of aqueous solutions of the calcium salt dihydrate of glyceric acid. A systematic study of the effect of the salt concentration and pH on the chiroptical response revealed significant changes and the appearance of a new ECD band of opposite sign. Based on the literature, this can be rationalized by the increase in the relative proportion of free glyceric acid/glycerate to Ca2+ complexes with glycerate with decreasing salt concentration or pH. Glyceric acid can be readily produced under astrophysical conditions. The anisotropy spectra of the solution containing prevalently the free form of this dihydroxy carboxylic acid resemble the ones of previously investigated aliphatic chain hydroxycarboxylic acids and proteinogenic amino acids. This indicates possible common handedness of stellar CPL‐induced asymmetry in the potential comonomers of primitive proto‐peptides.
Condensation‐Assisted Separation of Alkanes by Silica Membranes with Wide Pore Size Distribution
Authors: Vo Phuong Nguyen Xuan , Thu Ngo Hong Anh , Stöhr Marion , Jorabchi Majid Namayandeh , Wohlrab Sebastian 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPurification of gases by membranes can provide enormous energy savings. Inorganic membranes offer good stability and regenerability, but large margin manufacturing is limited. Silica membranes are an exception since they can be produced by coating with molecular precursors. However, such membranes do not have a defined pore structure, which limits their applicability in mass separation. Nevertheless, it is possible to fill the pores of silica membranes with condensate of a component to be separated from gas mixtures. In this work, this applicability of a micro‐mesoporous silica membrane was demonstrated exemplarily by the separation of n‐butane (C4) from mixtures containing methane (C1). The main result, which was supported by grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations, is that capillary condensation contributes significantly to the performance. The experimental results showed that the n‐butane separation efficiency (permeate flux and separation selectivity) through the silica membrane under the condensation conditions is excellent and thus can serve as a model for similar separation tasks.
A new exponential estimators for analysis of COVID‐19 risk
Authors: Zaman Tolga , Sagir Murat , Şahin Mehmet 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is the most crucial issue of all countries worldwide as it poses a threat and risk to people in many aspects such as health and economy. Since each country's development level, economy, and infrastructure differ, countries' struggle against COVID‐19 varies. Therefore, understanding the COVID‐19 risk levels of countries can be crucial in determining possible strategies to take specific measures for those at the highest risk. Also, determining the risk level of countries can be more critical than estimates, such as the number of cases and deaths, as the level of risk alone can be an informative indicator for all such issues. Unlike most studies, this study concentrates on evaluating and estimating the COVID‐19 risk level of countries. This study proposes two families of multivariate exponential estimators using two auxiliary attributes. Theoretically, the mean square error (MSE) equations of all proposed exponential estimators are obtained and compared with existing estimators. Some exceptional cases of the multivariate exponential estimators are regarded and compared with MSE values of proposed multivariate exponential estimators. As a result, the multivariate exponential estimators provide more efficient results than all other estimators. These theoretical findings are supported by a numerical illustration using real dataset.
Serotonin‐Affecting Antidepressant Use in Relation to Platelet Reactivity
Authors: Grech Joseph , Chan Melissa Victoria , Ochin Chinedu , Lachapelle Amber , Thibord Florian , Schneider Zoe , Nkambule Bongani Brian , Armstrong Paul Charles John , de Melendez Catherine Wallace , Tucker Katherine L. , Garelnabi Mahdi , Warner Timothy David , Chen Ming‐Huei , Johnson Andrew Danner 
Published: December 2021

Depression is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease morbidity. Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter in depressive pathology, contained within platelets, and is a weak activator of platelets. Our study assessed the link between platelet reactivity traits, depression, and antidepressant (AD) use in a large population sample. Our study was conducted in the Framingham Heart Study (n = 3,140), and AD use (n = 563) and aspirin use (n = 681) were noted. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression (CES‐D) survey. Platelet reactivity traits were measured across multiple agonists using five distinct assays. We utilized a linear mixed effects model to test associations between platelet traits and depression, adjusting for age, sex, aspirin use, and AD use. Similarly, we analyzed trait associations with any AD use, serotonin‐affecting ADs, and norepinephrine‐affecting ADs, respectively. There were strong associations with reduced platelet function and AD use, particularly with serotonin‐affecting medications. This included lower Optimul epinephrine maximal aggregation (P = 4.87E‐13), higher U46619 half maximal effective concentration (P = 9.09E‐11), lower light transmission aggregometry (LTA) adenosine diphosphate (ADP) final aggregation (P = 1.03E‐05), and higher LTA ADP disaggregation (P = 2.28E‐05). We found similar associations with serotonin‐affecting ADs in an aspirin‐taking subset of our sample. There were no significant associations between platelet traits and depression. In the largest study yet of AD use and platelet function we show that antidepressants, particularly serotonin‐affecting ADs, inhibit platelets. We did not find evidence that depressive symptomatology in the absence of medication is associated with altered platelet function. Our results are consistent with AD use leading to platelet serotonin depletions, decreased stability of platelet aggregates, and overall decreased aggregation to multiple agonists, which may be a mechanism by which ADs increase risk of bleeding and decrease risk of thrombosis.
Guinea Pig Model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Authors: Creissen Elizabeth , Izzo Linda , Dawson Clinton , Izzo Angelo A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGuinea pigs have been used as a model for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection for many years and have been more recently adopted as a model for testing new tuberculosis (TB) vaccines. From the time of Robert Koch, who used guinea pigs to test theories about the newly discovered pathogen, the guinea pig has modeled active human infections, as it is susceptible to infection with low numbers of organisms. This article describes the modern use of the guinea pig to examine the pathology of the disease and the protocols used to examine specific outcomes associated with aerosol infection with virulent M. tuberculosis. The guinea pig is used extensively to investigate the ability of new TB vaccines to reduce TB disease, and two models have been employed. The first is the long‐term disease model, in which vaccinated guinea pigs are monitored for disease after infection, and the second is the short‐term assessment of mycobacterial burden model, which can determine the ability of a vaccine to reduce organism burden. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.This article was corrected on 26 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis seed stocks for animal infectionsBasic Protocol 2: Preparation of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis working stocks for animal infectionsBasic Protocol 3: Preparation of M. tuberculosis for aerosol infection of guinea pigsBasic Protocol 4: Injection of guinea pigsBasic Protocol 5: Blood collection from live guinea pigsBasic Protocol 6: Guinea pig euthanasia
A Thin In2S3 Interfacial Layer for Reducing Defects and Roughness of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Thin‐Film Solar Cells
Authors: Eun Song Jeong , Kyung Hwang Sun , Hyun Park Jae , Young Kim Jin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) has generated considerable research interest owing to its composition of abundant elements and excellent light‐absorption properties. However, CZTSSe thin‐film solar cells suffer from a considerable deficit in the open‐circuit voltage (VOC), which is mainly due to the severe interfacial recombination induced by the rough surface of CZTSSe and numerous physical defects. In this study, to improve the morphology and reduce the interfacial recombination, an In2S3 passivation layer was introduced between the CZTSSe and CdS layers via a chemical bath deposition process, and the effects of the In2S3 layer on the device performance were systematically examined by performing various electrodynamic analyses. The CZTSSe solar cells with thin In2S3 layers exhibited impressive increases in VOC and conversion efficiency (from 7.33 to 9.24 %), due to the suppression of physical defects and the refined surface morphology resulting from filling the voids and pinholes. In addition, the nanoscale roughness of the In2S3/CZTSSe surface increased the number of nucleation sites for the CdS nuclei, which may reduce the activation energy of the heterogeneous nucleation. The presence of In2S3 layer resulted in uniform growth of CdS without macroscopic CdS agglomerates (i. e., reduced roughness of full devices), which improved the quality of the interface. These findings confirmed that the reduction of physical defects and the improved deposition of the CdS layer enabled by the added In2S3 passivation layer improved the device performance.
HGC: Hypergraph‐based dynamic stable clustering scheme model for vehicular ad‐hoc networks (VANETs)
Authors: Kumar Parveen , Dahiya Pawan Kumar , Singh Bijay Kumar 
Published: December 2021

SummaryVehicular ad‐hoc network (VANET) is the unstructured evolving conception of a wireless network; clustering in these networks is perplexing due to continuously varying topology and recurrent disconnection in networks. The cluster head (CH) stability plays a noticeable role in robustness and scalability in the network. The author designs a model that includes cluster generation and maintenance. The cluster formation is conceived on the notion that the changes that are brought about due to the vehicle's speed are inevitable. A directed hypergraph approach is used to comprehend this problem, and then, based on the spectral clustering through tensor trace maximization, an optimal number of the cluster is formed. The centers of these clusters are used to place the auxiliary facilities that aid cluster maintenance. In the maintenance phase, the author has envisioned a CH selection method based on a summed amalgamation of three metrics: link lifetime, cooperative connectivity level, and relative cooperative speed superimposed on the vehicular hypergraph network to design the metric for choosing a stable CH. The proposed scheme is tested on the old Delhi area that includes a market area with urban inclusion. Also, the area is highly crowded as being the marketplace. The region also has a tourist attraction as being part of the heritage of Delhi. The traffic density and the variety are high in peak hours—a complete analysis of the different vehicular mobility and routing analysis. The analysis done through microscopic and macroscopic parameters has projected significant improvement in the CH stability and a promising solution for dynamic networks.
A hybrid spectrum access approach for efficient channel allocation and power control in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Kumar Dhurandher Sanjay , Kumar Bhoopendra 
Published: December 2021

SummaryRadio spectrum is the backbone for wireless communication. Many recent studies show that most of the available spectrum has already been allocated. Cognitive radio (CR) provides a new dimension in the field of wireless communication and is considered as a life line for the spectrum scarcity problem as seen all around the world nowadays. CR enables the use of dynamic spectrum access, where secondary users (SUs) or unlicensed users are allowed to opportunistically use the spectrum when it is not being used by the primary users (PUs) or licensed users. Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols use the sensing capability and the primary users behavior to generate the transmission opportunities for SUs. This article proposes two Markov based hybrid access methods namely Hybrid‐P1 and Hybrid‐P2, where a secondary user (SU) dynamically decides it's transmission mode between overlay and underlay depending upon the primary users's (PU's) past and present behavior. Analytical results based on the Markov chain concept are very encouraging and verified through OMNeT++ simulator. This work also analyses the performance ofoverlay onlyandunderlay onlymethods, which are well known data transmission techniques in the cognitive radio networks (CRNs). Simulation results show the 47% and 59% performance improvement in Hybrid‐P1 access method, when compared to theoverlay onlyandunderlay onlyaccess methods respectively. Furthermore simulation results also show the 54% and 65% performance improvement in Hybrid‐P2 access method, when compared to theoverlay onlyandunderlay onlyaccess methods respectively.
Assessing temporal biases across aggregated historical spatial data: a case study of North Carolina’s freshwater fishes
Authors: Sigler Kyra , Warren Dan , Tracy Bryn , Forrestel Elisabeth , Hogue Gabriela , Dornburg Alex 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHistorical records from museums or government agencies are of tremendous utility for illuminating the factors that shape the spatial distribution of the planet’s biodiversity. However, these data were often collected under heterogeneous and opportunistic sampling designs and therefore likely contain significant sampling biases that change over time. Understanding historical biases is particularly important for aquatic vertebrates, where no studies of changes in sampling effort have yet been conducted. Here, we use a dataset of 276,138 records that span all freshwater fishes known to occur in North Carolina as a case study from which to highlight major shifts in collection trends that cause sample biases in datasets that aggregate historical records. We found evidence for three distinct phases of sampling over the last two centuries: (1) early sampling in the late 19th and early 20th century that was largely dominated by the research interests of a few “mega‐collectors”; (2) a mid‐20th century shift toward more widespread sampling; and (3) a major surge of sampling that corresponds to the rise of major environmental movements. We find each period possesses distinct phylogenetic and spatial biases. Moreover, these phases mirror trends in other spatial datasets that aggregate historical records spanning plants to terrestrial vertebrates, thereby suggesting that historical contingency and a temporal bias toward recent records are likely hallmarks of compiled historical datasets. Given that the pace of spatial data sampling continues to grow, our results strongly caution that the continued development of new models and methods to mitigate against bias‐driven statistical artifacts will be critical to effectively harnessing the power of historical data.