bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
13 Using Cameras to Predict Estrus and Ovulation
Authors: Shull Caleb M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
One of the leading challenges facing the swine industry in recent years that will likely continue has been assembling a talented work force that can consistently execute farm protocols. Talented labor is difficult to find and animal husbandry is becoming a lost art. One production task that particularly requires skill is timely detection of estrus in gilts and sows. While recruiting and training talented people must remain a priority, it is important to pursue solving these problems such as estrus detection by other means, and technology utilization offers a viable path forward. Camera technologies have the potential to not only reduce the need for skilled labor to assess signs of estrus, but improve the ability to inseminate in a timely manner prior to ovulation, which could lead to improved fertility and a reduction in total sperm per mating. Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the use of infrared thermal cameras for detecting body surface temperature changes in sows. Variations in anatomical location, external ambient temperature, skin moisture, and camera technology used all have the potential to impact the applicability of those measurements. There is some evidence in the literature that vulva surface temperature or, perhaps more interesting, its relationship with other anatomical body surface locations may offer predictability of the onset of estrus and warrants additional research. It is also generally accepted that sow behavior and activity level changes, especially in the presence of boars, during the onset of estrus. Camera technologies have the ability to continuously monitor changes in temperature and behavior and offer exciting opportunities for future development.
152 Body Weight Standardized Cull Sow Non-edible Trim Loss Evaluation
Authors: Taylor William E , Humphrey Dalton C , Peyer Ben D , Stalder Kenneth J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Non-edible trim loss has been shown to reduce value in market hogs (Johnson et al., 2013). Non-edible trim loss from pork carcasses results from; adhesions, arthritis, and abscess (Keenlislide, 2005). Sow harvest facilities often encounter sow carcasses having one or more non-edible trim loss factors (Knauer, 2007). Non-edible trim loss observed repeatedly in high levels will result in carcass discounts to the seller. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic impact of non-edible trim loss from cull sow carcasses. Data were collected as a convenience sample from a Midwestern cull-sow harvest facility. This facility focuses on harvesting high quality animals and harvesting “lean” or “boner” sows occurs relatively infrequently. For this study, trim was expressed as a percentage of carcass weight. At this harvest facility all carcasses have some non-edible trim loss. The average total pre-trim carcass weight was 149 kgs (n = 87). The relative percentage of non-edible trim loss was sorted into quartiles. Based on percent trim and average carcass weight the quartiles were classified as 1st Qu. = normal trim (0.5% – 1.2%, n = 22), 2nd Qu. = low trim (1.2% – 2.1%, n =20), 3rd Qu. = medium trim (2.1% – 3.4%, n = 21), and 4th Qu. = high trim (3.4% – 20.9%, n = 22). A 5-year average cull sow price (USDA, ERS) was utilized to calculate the economic loss represented from each quartile of percentage trim. Normal trim, low trim and medium trim showed to have low economic impact. High trim loss had an average economic loss of $9.37 (s.d. = 6.9) on a standardized basis. Substantial economic losses are observed when high trim is measured. Additional work is needed in identifying significant trim loss prior to harvest.
151 A Web Application to Establish Customized Feeding Program and Nutrient Specifications for Highly Prolific Sows
Authors: Jerez-Bogota Kevin S , Ramirez-Camba Christian D , Navales Ron A , Vier Carine M , Lu Ning , Cast Wayne R , Dritz Steve S , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A web application was developed to provide a dynamic feeding program for PIC maternal dam lines during gilt development, gestation, peri-partum, lactation and wean-to-service interval (WSI). These recommendations for each production phase are based on peer-reviewed large-scale commercial research. The tool was developed using the Shiny package of R and includes CSS themes, html widgets, and JavaScript actions. Inputs, include pigs weaned per sow per year (PWSY), farrowing rate (FR), total born (TB), replacement rate, the existing feeding program of the breeding herd and the diet energy and standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels. Outputs include the feeding program, nutrient specifications and estimates of economic opportunity and performance improvement. The feeding program is based on user-defined energy and SID Lys levels for the gestation and lactation diets and the PIC nutrient recommendations for the breeding herd. Correspondingly, recommended specifications of other nutrients in the diets are provided and calculated based on the recommended feeding program. The tool provides economic and productivity opportunity analysis by comparing the PIC recommendations and the current user feeding programs. Improvement in PWSY is driven by the energy intake impact on caliper score during breeding and farrowing and consequently to FR and TB. This web application can be used by nutritionists and production managers to compare their current feeding practices to PIC recommendations for highly prolific sows. This will aid in their decision-making process regarding nutrition and feeding programs considering productivity and profitability outcomes.
153 Characteristics of Animal Science Graduate Students Associated with Their Professional Interest in Statistics and Career Path
Authors: Serão Nick V , Petry Amy L , Sanglard Leticia P , Rossoni-Serão Mariana C , Bundy Jennifer M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Statistical training is a major component in the education of animal science graduate students (ASGS). Although most graduate courses in animal science require ASGS to take credits in statistics courses, ASGS differ on their educational and professional interest in statistics. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify associations between the overall graduate and statistical training of ASGS with the statistical interest related to their professional career path. Data from a nationwide statistical training survey was used and included information on 381 ASGS from 42 universities. Analyses focused on identifying overall graduate and statistical training factors associated with ASGS’s answers to the following questions: “Gives statistical advices to lab peers” (No/Yes), “Gives statistical advices to others outside the lab” (No/Yes), “Desired career path after graduation” (Academia/Industry/Other), and “Desire to be involved in statistical analysis in desired career path” (No/Somewhat/Yes). Data were analyzed using logistic regression model including 11 fixed effects, such as degree being pursued (MS/PhD), years of graduate education (covariate), previous professional experience (No/Yes), preferred stats software (SAS/R/SAS and R/Other), etc. There were significant associations (P &lt; 0.05) for all four analyses. ASGS were more likely to give statistical advice to lab peers as they had more years of graduate education [odds-ratio (OR)=1.33], had additional training in statistics (OR=1.92), and had analyzed their own dataset (OR=4.46). ASGS with and without previous professional experience had greater desire to go to industry (OR=1.3) and academia (OR=1.23), respectively. ASGS interested in being involved in statistics in their future career had greater years of graduate education (OR=1.31) and credits in stats courses (OR=1.31), had previously completed a graduate degree (OR=1.49), had previous research experience (OR=1.5), and had additional training in statistics (OR=1.54). These results indicate that a variety of experiences prior to and during graduate ASGS education are associated with their interest in statistics.
154 Efficacy of a Virtual Operation Main Street in Changing Perceptions of Pork Production
Authors: Tesch Logan L , Samuel Ryan S , Eidson Al S , Thaler Robert C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of the virtual Operation Main Street (OMS) program was to provide a live, interactive experience to educate audiences anywhere in the world about modern pork production. National Pork Board’s OMS began in 2004 to train pork producers to share their stories to improve the image of pig farming. Since its inception, they have trained &gt;1,300 producers influencing &gt;240,000 people However, there are locations that don’t have access to OMS speakers, and because presenters use slides, it doesn’t provide a real-time experience of being in the barn. Therefore, the virtual OMS was developed through a collaborative effort between the National Pork Board, Eidson & Partners, and South Dakota State University (SDSU). After a formal interview process, students participate in a 2-day OMS training. Students are trained to cover a set of defined speaking points, but discuss them in their own words. Each live tour is conducted in the SDSU Swine Unit, and is done entirely by the student on her/his own cellphone. Tours last approximately 10 minutes, with the audience asking questions at any time through a moderator at the venue. The first virtual tour was given on December 7, 2017, and since then there have been a total of 133 tours impacting 24,558 people. Audiences include Veterinary Colleges, high schools, the American Association of Critical Care Nurses, and the Association of Nutrition and Foodservice Professionals. In the last year, 51 tours were given to 1,678 people in 22 different states. Respondents to a Google survey offered at the end of every virtual tour stated the presentation and tour resulted in a &gt;60% increase in a positive opinion of the pork industry. Virtual OMS is an impactful method to dispel myths about modern pig farming, and creates a personal connection between the faces of pork production and consumers.
44 Effects of Decreasing Corn Particle Size on Metabolizable Energy and Proportions of Fecal Volatile Fatty Acids in Gestating Sows
Authors: Kort Rachel , Nichols Gage E , Evans Caitlin E , Holen Julia P , Wecker Haley , Lourenco Jeferson M , Callaway Todd R , Stark Charles R , Paulk Chad B 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of the first experiment was to determine the effects of corn particle size on the diet apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of protein (CP), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and N-corrected ME (AMEn) in addition to estimating the ME of corn in gestating sows. A total of 27 sows, during the second phase of gestation, were fed a common diet manufactured with corn ground to one of 3 target particle sizes (dgw): 400, 800, or 1200 µm. Titanium dioxide (0.25%) was included in the diet as an indigestible marker for digestibility calculations. Sows were fed experimental diets for 7 days to allow for diet adaptation before a 2-day collection period of urine and fecal samples. Reducing dgw of corn from 1,200 to 400 µm increased (linear, P &lt; 0.01) ATTD CP and GE, DE, ME, AMEn and calculated ME of corn. The objective of the second experiment was to determine the effects of corn particle size on the total concentration and molar proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the feces of gestating sows. A total of 27 sows were fed treatments similar to Exp. 1 from day 61 to 82 of gestation. On day-82 and 83 of gestation, 2 fecal grab samples were collected for VFA analyses. Sows fed diets with decreasing corn dgw had increased (quadratic, P = 0.021) fecal acetic acid proportions, and decreased propionic (quadratic, P = 0.019) and valeric acid (P = 0.005). In conclusion, for every 100 µm decrease in corn dgw from 1,200 to 400 µm, corn ME value increased by 28.6 kcal/kg. Additionally, decreasing corn particle size led to an increase in the proportion of acetic acid and a decrease in propionic and valeric acid in fecal samples of gestating sows.
56 The Effect of a Developmental Bacillus Direct-fed Microbial on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Health
Authors: Rulon Karissa N , Richert Jacob A , Thayer Morgan T , Schinckel Allan P , Asmus Matthew D , Jones Daniel B , Radcliffe John S , Richert Brian T 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A developmental Bacillus based direct-fed microbial (DFM) was added to nursery pig diets to evaluate the effect on growth and health in two 35-d randomized complete block design experiments blocked on initial BW and sex. Experiment 1 used 315 weaned pigs (20.1 d of age; 6.11 kg initial BW) allotted to one of three diets: 1) Negative Control (NC; no antibiotics but with pharmacological Zn or Cu), 2) NC+DFM 0.55x109CFU, 3) NC+DFM 1.1x109CFU. Experiment 2 used 376 weaned pigs (17.8 d of age; 5.99 kg initial BW) allotted to one of four diets, the same 3 diets from Experiment 1 plus a lower inclusion rate: 4) NC+DFM 0.275x109CFU. Both studies had 15 replicates/treatment, 6–7 pigs/pen. Pigs were budget fed phase 1–3 diets (1.13 kg/pig; 2.72 kg/pig; and 6.35 kg/pig, respectively) and ad libitum fed Phase 4 diet to d35. For Experiment 1, during week 1 pigs fed the DFM tended to linearly decrease ADFI (P = 0.086) and linearly increase G:F (P = 0.085). During day 21–35 of Experiment 1 pigs fed DFM linearly increased ADG (P = 0.035) and quadratically increased ADFI (P = 0.027). Overall for experiment 1, ADG (P = 0.114) and ADFI (P = 0.104) tended to quadratically increase and G:F linearly increased (P = 0.012) with increasing concentrations of DFM. Experiment 2; during week 1 and 3 ADFI (P = 0.084, P = 0.050, respectively) quadratically increased and G:F (P = 0.081; P = 0.022, respectively) quadratically decreased as DFM increased in the diet. During d21–35 of experiment 2, ADG (P = 0.064) quadratically increased and G:F (P = 0.012) quadratically decreased as DFM increased. Overall for Experiment 2 ADFI numerically increased (4.3%) with no increase in ADG, resulting in a quadratic decrease in G:F (P = 0.010) as the DFM increased in the diet. Summarizing these two studies, the DFM product had its greatest effect increasing ADFI while inconsistently impacting gain and efficiency.
54 Relationships Between Heat Stress and Behavioral Responses with Reproductive Traits of Maternal-line Gilts
Authors: Cleaver Kristen N , Hill Brooklyn A , Johnson Jay S , Brito Luiz F 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) during summer months can negatively affect reproductive efficiency and sow productivity. This study was designed to evaluate potential relationships between HS sensitivity and behavior with litter characteristics in replacement gilts. A total of 61 replacement gilts (108.8± 10.4 kg BW; 8 repetitions; 9d/repetition), were tested from February to May 2020 at the USDA-ARS Food Animal Behavior Laboratory in West Lafayette, IN. Pigs were housed (2/pen) in thermoneutral (TN; 22.6± 1.6⁰C) conditions and their behavior was recorded for 5 d. On d 6, gilts were subjected to an open field test and novel object test. Heart rate, number of escape attempts, and vocalizations were recorded during behavior testing. Vaginal temperature monitors were inserted to record body temperature (TB) every 15 min. Gilts were individually housed and exposed to cyclic HS (28.2± 0.97⁰C nighttime to 36.9± 1.9⁰C daytime; 46± 15.4% relative humidity) on d 7 to 9. Feed was provided ad libitum and feed intake was recorded daily. During the HS challenge, respiration rate (RR), skin (ear, shoulder, rump, and tail) temperature, and posture were recorded every 2 h from 0800 to 2000 h. Following the HS challenge, gilts were transported to the Purdue University swine farm, and gilts that displayed signs of estrus were artificially inseminated (253±29 d of age) between May and September 2020. At farrowing, litter characteristics were obtained and included total number of piglets born, total number of piglets born alive, average litter birth weight, total number of piglets weaned, and average weaning weight of the litter. Correlations between behavior, HS response, and litter characteristics were obtained using JMP 15 software. The preliminary analysis indicated no significant interactions (P &lt; 0.05) between RR or TB with litter characteristics. However additional records are currently being collected, which might reveal important trends among the traits analyzed.
57 The Impact of Functional Teat Number on Piglet Survival and Sow Efficiency
Authors: Obermier Dalton , Eickhoff Megan , Mote Benny E , Uitermarkt Amanda , Frobose Hyatt , Borg Bart 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Pre-weaning mortalities have become a pressing issue in modern swine production. Litter size at birth has greatly increased through direct genetic selection. Unfortunately, little emphasis was placed on improving functional teat number, resulting in a nutrient access shortage. Therefore, a total of 750 sows consisting of three genetic lines in a commercial barn in Nebraska, USA, were used to evaluate the impact of functional teat number on piglet survival. Teat traits recorded at farrowing included total teat number (TT), functional teat number (FT), and non-functional teat number (NFT); with population means of 14.84 (1.21), 14.55 (1.30), and 0.28 (0.56), respectively. Production traits recorded included total number born (TNB), wean number (WN), total pre-weaning mortality (PWM), and post-cross foster mortality (CFPWM). The lm function within RStudio was used to estimate regressions, with parity and piglets placed (PP) used as covariates for WN and CFPWM, and parity, PP, and TNB for PWM. One additional FT increased WN (P &lt; 0.01; 0.33), and reduced PWM (P &lt; 0.01; -3.04%) and reduced CFPWM (P &lt; 0.01; -3.71%). A subset of 274 sows were used to determine the effects of increasing functional teats on sow and piglet efficiency. Additional traits recorded included sow average daily feed intake (ADFI), backfat loss (BF) and average piglet weaning weight (WW). Parity, ADFI, backfat-entry, and WN were used as covariates for BF; parity, backfat-entry, and WN for ADFI; and parity, PP, ADFI, and WN were used for estimating WW. Regression estimates showed that an additional functional teat had no significant impact (P &gt; 0.05) on ADFI, BF, or WW. Taken together, these results suggest that improving functional teat number does not impact ADFI or BF for sows and does not influence average piglet weaning weight, but it does decrease PWM resulting in more pigs weaned per litter.
47 Effects of Lactobacillus and Bacillus Probiotics on Pre-ruminating Calf Growth Performance and Efficiency
Authors: Bowman Sydney M , Quantz Steven T , Rehberger Tom , Habib Kellen , Smith Kristen , Boomer W , Tarpoff Anthony J , Bradford Barry J , Gragg Sara E , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Lactobacillus and Bacillus probiotics may serve as an alternative to antibiotics in milk replacer for pre-ruminant calves by altering gastrointestinal microflora to prevent the proliferation of harmful bacteria. However, there are limited studies evaluating their impact on calf growth and efficiency. The objective of this trial was to discover the impact of probiotic-containing milk replacer on pre-ruminating calf growth performance. A total of 44 pre-ruminant calves (50% Angus/50% Holstein, average weight 39.3 kg + 7.5 kg) were fed milk replacer with either no probiotic or 1.25x10^9 colony forming units/head/day of a probiotic blending containing Lactobacillus and two different Bacillus species (Church & Dwight Animal Nutrition (Princeton, NJ). Calves were blocked by age and randomly assigned within block to one of two treatments in a randomized complete block design. Calf was the experimental unit, with 22 calves per treatment. Calf weight and hip height was measured on d 0 and 30 to calculate average daily gain (ADG) and average growth per day. Calves were offered 1.36 kg milk replacer [15% dry matter (DM)] twice daily and up to 0.5 kg starter feed (88% DM) once daily. Refusals were recorded to calculate average daily intake and gain to feed ratio (G:F). Initial weight differed (P = 0.020) between treatments, and was therefore used as a covariate in all response criteria. Calves fed milk replacer with probiotic had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG (0.53 vs. 0.42 kg/d, respectively) and G:F (0.50 vs. 0.41, respectively) than those fed the control. There was no evidence (P &gt;0.05) that probiotic inclusion impacted hip height on d 30 or daily intake. In summary, Lactobacillus and Bacillus probiotic inclusion in milk replacer improved calf growth performance without impacting intake. Subsequent research is warranted to elucidate mode of action and evaluate impact relative to an antibiotic-containing positive control.
45 Effects of Grazing Management Systems on Forage Quality, Forage Availability, and Cow Performance
Authors: Jurak Meghan , Johnson Michelle , Neira Lucas T , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objectives were to compare the effects of two rotational grazing systems on forage quality, forage availability, and cow performance. Multiparous, fall-calving beef cows (n = 360; BW = 597±62 kg) were stratified by body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), age, and sire and allotted to 6 groups. Groups were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 8-paddock system rotated every 5 d or 6-paddock system rotated every 7 d. All paddocks (6.1 ha) contained endophyte-infected tall fescue and were grazed in two rounds. Cow BW and BCS were obtained on d 0, 28, 56, and 84. Forage heights were measured using a rising plate meter upon the groups entering and exiting each paddock. Forage samples were clipped from each paddock for proximate analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. During the first and second grazing rounds, grazing management system had no effects (P ≥ 0.11) on dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude protein of the forage. The 8-paddock system tended (P = 0.09) to have greater forage availability than the 6-paddock system at the end of each rotation in the first round with 3,665 and 3,263 kg DM/ha, respectively. However, grazing system did not affect (P = 0.13) forage availability at the end of the rotation in the second round. Cow BW was not affected (P ≥ 0.63) by grazing system on d 0, 28, or 56. On d 84, cows rotationally grazed through an 8-paddock system had greater (P = 0.04) BW than those who grazed the 6-paddock system. Treatment had no effect (P ≥ 0.37) on BCS at any time point. In conclusion, grazing management system did not affect forage quality; however, the 8-paddock system resulted in greater forage availability which led to greater cow BW.