bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micromotor-based localized electroporation and gene transfection of mammalian cells
Authors: Wu Yue , Fu Afu , Yossifon Gilad 
Published: September 2021

Significance
A metallodielectric Janus particle–based micromotor system for local electroporation and gene transfection of a single mammalian cell is studied. This hybrid micromotor is magnetically and electrically propelled with magnetic steering to approach and contact a targeted cell. The targeted cell is then locally electroporated at its contact point with the micromotor, where the electric field is intensified. These Janus particles can enable the introduction of drugs and plasmids to a specific location along a single cell of irregular shape, such as neurons. Moreover, the localized electroporation results in increased cell viability, as only a small portion of the cell is experiencing an intensified electric field.
Activation loop phosphorylation of a non-RD receptor kinase initiates plant innate immune signaling
Authors: Bender Kyle W. , Couto Daniel , Kadota Yasuhiro , Macho Alberto P. , Sklenar Jan , Derbyshire Paul , Bjornson Marta , DeFalco Thomas A. , Petriello Annalise , Font Farre Maria , Schwessinger Benjamin , Ntoukakis Vardis , Stransfeld Lena , Jones Alexandra M. E. , Menke Frank L. H. , Zipfel Cyril 
Published: September 2021

Significance
Protein kinases lacking Arg in the catalytic loop HxD motif (i.e., non-RD kinases) are associated with innate immune signaling across kingdoms. Phosphorylation activates plant immune receptor kinases (RKs), but the mechanistic details of activation are limited. Using the non-RD immune RK ELONGATION FACTOR TU RECEPTOR (EFR) as a model, we investigated the role of the receptor cytoplasmic domain in immune signaling and found that the catalytic activity of EFR is dispensable for antibacterial immunity. Nevertheless, ligand-induced EFR-mediated signaling is initiated by activation loop phosphorylation, but not via the catalytic activity of the receptor protein kinase domain. We propose that leucine-rich repeat-receptor kinase complexes containing a non-RD kinase are activated through phosphorylation-dependent conformational changes of the receptor cytoplasmic domain.
A sociolinguistic typology for languages in contact
Authors: Croft William A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Different types of languages evolve in situations of human social contact, depending on the nature of the contact and the attitudes on the part of the speakers towards the societies in contact. Three socially-defined language types are useful for classifying contact languages. One may distinguish between an esoteric language, used for communication within a speech community, and an exoteric language used for communication between different speech communities. The third language type, a neogenic language, results when speech communities merge (e.g., in colonisation). Each language type involves a continuum depending on the degree and asymmetry of the social contact between speech communities. This chapter describes these continua, the “contact” or “mixed” languages that they account for, and their structural linguistic correlates.
Coordination in the Suriname Creoles
Authors: Migge Bettina 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Although there is a fair amount of research on the morphosyntax of the Suriname Creoles, coordination has received surprisingly little attention. Coordination can be seen as a fundamental aspect of grammar that intersects with a number of seemingly different constructions. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, this chapter provides a comparative overview of coordinate structures in the Eastern Maroon Creole or Nengee, and in one of its Western Maroon sister languages, Matawai. It then focuses on coordinate constructions involving the juxtaposition of sentential constituents. The comparison of the distributional, semantic, and pragmatic properties of coordinate constructions within and across the two sets of Suriname Maroon Creoles reveals striking differences reported here for the first time.
Reflections on Darwin’s natural selection
Authors: Baptista Marlyse 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, I adopt Mufwene's (2001, 2008) concepts of feature pool and feature selection and competition and compare it to Darwin's theory of natural selection (Darwin 1859). Such a comparison brings to light both the descriptive and explanatory adequacy of Mufwene’s theoretical framework, showing how his work has undoubtedly furthered our understanding of language emergence and development. I will examine more specifically how, given Mufwene's biological model of language evolution, variation and diversity can be seen as key factors driving feature competition and selection, ultimately leading to language change. I propose that the ways in which linguistic features emerge, coexist, compete and get selected can find parallels in processes of natural selection in nature.
English as an identity marker in Bangladeshi TV commercials
Authors: Mostafa Massrura , Jones Dylan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper analyzes the use of English in Bangladeshi commercials from a sociocultural perspective. A semiotic approach describes these multimodal commercials. An identity-construction approach provides a sociolinguistic understanding of them. The results are categorized into three types: monolingual, bilingual, and English loanword-translation commercials. This study confirms that, in the Bangladeshi context, the presence and positive connotations of English and Western culture increase the social and cultural value of the advertised product, engendering satisfaction and symbolic pleasure in consumers. These commercials prove that English is used to reconstruct and recontextualize the Bangla language and Bangla sense of identity on the basis of linguistic, semantic, and contextual references that exemplify metrolingualism. Thus, this paper contributes to the ongoing study of the role played by commercials in promoting the intersection between metrolingualism and the construction of local, national, and global identities within the methodological and theoretical framework of Cultural Linguistics.
Translanguaging in Indian fiction
Authors: Gupta Munmun 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Translanguaging refers to the way in which multilingual individuals draw on their full linguistic repertoires,
rather than adhering to narrow use of one named language. This concept has important sociolinguistic significance because it
enables individuals to move beyond colonial structures of power and liberates the language practices of multilinguals. The purpose
of this research is to investigate the phenomenon of translanguaging in Indian writing in English, using two anthologies,
She Speaks (Ray et al. 2019) and She Celebrates
(Choudhury et al. 2020), as data sources. Focusing on stories contained in these
anthologies as case studies, the research describes linguistic, cultural and stylistic effects of translanguaging used in these
works, in which Indian writers portray their characters engaging in translanguaging as a way of ‘Indianising’ the English
language. In line with accounts of the process of translanguaging as culture-specific, the study reveals that often authors and
their characters use translanguaging because forms of usage can be difficult to translate – or at least to translate in a way that
conveys the meaning those forms have in the original, vernacular context. The study demonstrates how work at the intersection of
literary studies and linguistics can illuminate cross-cultural aspects of fiction writing.
Programmable and scalable assembly of a flexible hexagonal DNA origami
Authors: Chen Congzhou , Lin Tingting , Ma Mingyuan , Shi Xiaolong , Li Xin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Nanoscale structures demonstrate considerable potential utility in the construction of nanorobots, nanomachines, and many other devices. In this study, a hexagonal DNA origami ring was assembled and visualized via atomic force microscopy. The DNA origami shape could be programmed into either a hexagonal or linear shape with an open or folded pattern. The flexible origami was robust and switchable for dynamic pattern recognition. Its edges were folded by six bundles of DNA helices, which could be opened or folded in a honeycomb shape. Additionally, the edges were programmed into a concave-convex pattern, which enabled linkage between the origami and dipolymers. Furthermore, biotin-streptavidin labels were embedded at each edge for nanoscale calibration. The atomic force microscopy results demonstrated the stability and high-yield of the flexible DNA origami ring. The polymorphous nanostructure is useful for dynamic nano-construction and calibration of structural probes or sensors.
Zero-dimensional and pseudo-one-dimensional models of atmospheric-pressure plasma jets in binary and ternary mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen with helium background
Authors: He Youfan , Preissing Patrick , Steuer David , Klich Maximilian , Schulz-von der Gathen Volker , Böke Marc , Korolov Ihor , Schulze Julian , Guerra Vasco , Brinkmann Ralf Peter , Kemaneci Efe 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A zero-dimensional (volume-averaged) and a pseudo-one-dimensional plug-flow (spatially resolved) model are developed to investigate atmospheric-pressure plasma jets operated with He, He/O2, He/N2 and He/N2/O2 mixtures. The models are coupled with the Boltzmann equation under the two-term approximation to self-consistently calculate the electron energy distribution function. An agreement is obtained between the zero-dimensional model calculations and the spatially averaged values of the plug-flow simulation results. The zero-dimensional model calculations are verified against spatially resolved simulation results and validated against a wide variety of measurement data from the literature. The nitric oxide (NO) concentration is thoroughly characterized for a variation of the gas mixture ratio, helium flow rate and absorbed power. An ‘effective’ and a hypothetical larger rate coefficient value for the reactive quenching

N

2

(

A

3

Σ
,

B

3

Π

)

+
O

(

P

3

)

→
N
O
+
N

(

D

2

)

are used to estimate the role of the species N2(A3Σ, B3Π; v > 0) and multiple higher N2 electronically excited states instead of only N2(A3Σ, B3Π; v = 0) in this quenching. The NO concentration measurements at low power are better and almost identically captured by the simulations using the ‘effective’ and hypothetical values, respectively. Furthermore, the

O

(

P

3

)

density measurements under the same operation conditions are also better predicted by the simulations adopting these values. It is found that the contribution of the vibrationally excited nitrogen molecules N2(v ⩾ 13) to the net NO formation rate gains more significance at higher power. The vibrational distribution functions (VDFs) of molecular oxygen O2(v < 41) and nitrogen N2(v < 58) are investigated regarding their formation mechanisms and their responses to the variation of operation parameters. It is observed that the N2 VDF shows a stronger response than the O2 VDF. The sensitivity of the simulation results with respect to a variation of the VDF resolutions, wall reaction probabilities and synthetic air impurity levels is presented. The simulated plasma properties are sensitive to the variation, especially for a feed gas mixture containing nitrogen. The plug-flow model is validated against one-dimensional experimental data in the gas flow direction, and it is only used in case an analysis of the spatially resolved plasma properties inside the jet chamber is of interest. The increasing NO spatial concentration in the gas flow direction is saturated at a relatively high power. A stationary O2 VDF is obtained along the direction of the mass flow, while a continuously growing N2 VDF is observed until the jet nozzle.
Implementation of an Alternative Method for Assessing Competing Risks: Restricted Mean Time Lost
Authors: Wu Hongji , Yuan Hao , Yang Zijing , Hou Yawen , Chen Zheng 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In clinical and epidemiologic studies, hazard ratios are often applied to compare treatment effects between 2 groups for survival data. For competing-risks data, the corresponding quantities of interest are cause-specific hazard ratios and subdistribution hazard ratios. However, they both have some limitations related to model assumptions and clinical interpretation. Therefore, we recommend restricted mean time lost (RMTL) as an alternative measure that is easy to interpret in a competing-risks framework. Based on the difference in RMTL (RMTLd), we propose a new estimator, hypothetical test, and sample-size formula. Simulation results show that estimation of the RMTLd is accurate and that the RMTLd test has robust statistical performance (both type I error and statistical power). The results of 3 example analyses also verify the performance of the RMTLd test. From the perspectives of clinical interpretation, application conditions, and statistical performance, we recommend that the RMTLd be reported along with the hazard ratio in analyses of competing-risks data and that the RMTLd even be regarded as the primary outcome when the proportional hazards assumption fails.
Differential plastic responses to temperature and nitrogen deposition in the subalpine plant species, Primula farinosa subsp. modesta
Authors: Jeong Hyungsoon , Cho Yong-Chan , Kim Eunsuk 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Future environmental changes are projected to threaten plant populations near mountaintops, but plastic responses of plant traits that are related to demographic parameters may reduce the detrimental effects of altered environments. Despite its ecological significance, little is known about the intraspecific variation of plasticity in alpine plant species such as Primula farinosa subsp. modesta. In this study, we investigated the plastic responses of plants at the early developmental stage from four P. farinosa natural populations in response to temperature and nitrogen deposition under laboratory conditions. Measured traits included plant survival, leaf number, rosette diameter, carbon assimilation rate and leaf chlorophyll content. In addition, we conducted a demographic survey of the natural populations to assess the plant’s performance at the early developmental stage in the field and evaluate the ecological implications of our experimental treatments. The seedling stage contributed to the projected population growth rate in natural conditions, and the growth and survival of seedlings in the field were comparable to those grown in the control treatment. In response to high temperature, plants exhibited lower survival but produced larger rosettes with more leaves. Nitrogen deposition had little effect on plant survival and plant size; however, it increased plant survival in one population and altered the effect of temperature on the carbon assimilation rate. Populations exhibited differential plasticity indexes of measured traits in response to environmental treatments. These results suggest that even though the plants suffer from high early mortality under increasing temperature, stimulated growth at a high temperature potentially contributes to the persistence of P. farinosa natural populations. Natural populations might face differential extinction risks due to distinctive plastic responses to altered environments.
Anatomical phenotyping and staging of brain tumours
Authors: Akeret Kevin , Vasella Flavio , Staartjes Victor E , Velz Julia , Müller Timothy , Neidert Marian Christoph , Weller Michael , Regli Luca , Serra Carlo , Krayenbühl Niklaus 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Unlike other tumours, the anatomical extent of brain tumours is not objectified and quantified through staging. Staging systems are based on understanding the anatomical sequence of tumour progression and its relationship to histopathological dedifferentiation and survival. The aim of this study was to describe the spatiotemporal phenotype of the most frequent brain tumour entities, to assess the association of anatomical tumour features with survival probability and to develop a staging system for WHO grade 2 and 3 gliomas and glioblastoma.
Anatomical phenotyping was performed on a consecutive cohort of 1000 patients with first diagnosis of a primary or secondary brain tumour. Tumour probability in different topographic, phylogenetic and ontogenetic parcellation units was assessed on preoperative MRI through normalization of the relative tumour prevalence to the relative volume of the respective structure. We analysed the spatiotemporal tumour dynamics by cross-referencing preoperative against preceding and subsequent MRIs of the respective patient. The association between anatomical phenotype and outcome defined prognostically critical anatomical tumour features at diagnosis. Based on a hypothesized sequence of anatomical tumour progression, we developed a three-level staging system for WHO grade 2 and 3 gliomas and glioblastoma. This staging system was validated internally in the original cohort and externally in an independent cohort of 300 consecutive patients.
While primary CNS lymphoma showed highest probability along white matter tracts, metastases enriched along terminal arterial flow areas. Neuroepithelial tumours mapped along all sectors of the ventriculocortical axis, while adjacent units were spared, consistent with a transpallial behaviour within phylo-ontogenetic radial units. Their topographic pattern correlated with morphogenetic processes of convergence and divergence of radial units during phylo- and ontogenesis. While a ventriculofugal growth dominated in neuroepithelial tumours, a gradual deviation from this neuroepithelial spatiotemporal behaviour was found with progressive histopathological dedifferentiation. The proposed three-level staging system for WHO grade 2 and 3 gliomas and glioblastoma correlated with the degree of histological dedifferentiation and proved accurate in terms of survival upon both internal and external validation.
In conclusion, this study identified specific spatiotemporal phenotypes in brain tumours through topographic probability and growth pattern assessment. The association of anatomical tumour features with survival defined critical steps in the anatomical sequence of neuroepithelial tumour progression, based on which a staging system for WHO grade 2 and 3 gliomas and glioblastoma was developed and validated.
Prematurity Modifies the Risk of Long-term Neurodevelopmental Impairments After Invasive Group B Streptococcus Infections During Infancy in Denmark and the Netherlands
Authors: Horváth-Puhó Erzsébet , Snoek Linde , van Kassel Merel N , Gonçalves Bronner P , Chandna Jaya , Procter Simon R , van de Beek Diederik , de Gier Brechje , van der Ende Arie , Sørensen Henrik T , Lawn Joy E , Bijlsma Merijn W ,   GBS Danish and Dutch Collaborative Group for Long-term Outcomes, Sørensen Henrik T , Horváth-Puhó Erzsébet , Søgaard Kirstine K , van de Beek Diederik , Bijlsma Merijn W , van Kassel Merel N , Snoek Linde , de Gier Brechje , van der Ende Arie , Hahné Susan J M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Preterm birth and neonatal infections are both associated with mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental impairments (NDIs). We examined whether the effect of invasive group B Streptococcus disease (iGBS) on mortality and long-term NDI differs for preterm and term infants, and whether co-occurrence of iGBS and prematurity leads to worse outcome.

Methods
Nationwide cohort studies of children with a history of iGBS were conducted using Danish and Dutch medical databases. Comparison cohorts of children without iGBS were matched on birth year/month, sex, and gestational age. Effects of iGBS on all-cause mortality and NDI were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression. Effect modification by prematurity was evaluated on additive and multiplicative scales.

Results
We identified 487 preterm and 1642 term children with a history of iGBS and 21 172 matched comparators. Dutch preterm children exposed to iGBS had the highest mortality rate by 3 months of age (671/1000 [95% CI, 412–929/1000] person-years). Approximately 30% of this mortality rate could be due to the common effect of iGBS and prematurity. Preterm children with iGBS had the highest NDI risk (8.8% in Denmark, 9.0% in the Netherlands). Of this NDI risk 36% (Denmark) and 60% (the Netherlands) might be due to the combined effect of iGBS and prematurity.

Conclusions
Prematurity is associated with iGBS development. Our study shows that it also negatively impacts outcomes of children who survive iGBS. Preterm infants would benefit from additional approaches to prevent maternal GBS colonization, as this decreases risk of both preterm birth and iGBS.
Nicotinamide and acute kidney injury
Authors: Fontecha-Barriuso Miguel , Lopez-Diaz Ana M , Carriazo Sol , Ortiz Alberto , Sanz Ana Belen 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
In a recent issue of ckj, Piedrafita et al. reported that urine tryptophan and kynurenine are reduced in cardiac bypass surgery patients that develop acute kidney injury (AKI), suggesting reduced activity of the kynurenine pathway of nicotinamide (NAM) adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthesis from tryptophan. However, NAM supplementation aiming at repleting NAD+ did not replete kidney NAD+ and did not improve glomerular filtration or reduce histological injury in ischaemic–reperfusion kidney injury in mice. The lack of improvement of kidney injury is partially at odds with prior reports that did not study kidney NAD+, glomerular filtration or histology in NAM-treated wild-type mice with AKI. We now present an overview of research on therapy with vitamin B3 vitamers and derivate molecules {niacin, Nicotinamide [NAM; niacinamide], NAM riboside [Nicotinamide riboside (NR)], Reduced nicotinamide riboside [NRH] and NAM mononucleotide} in kidney injury, including an overview of ongoing clinical trials, and discuss the potential explanations for diverging reports on the impact of these therapeutic approaches on pre-clinical acute and chronic kidney disease.
The Interrelationship Between Female Reproductive Aging and Survival
Authors: Mason Jeffrey B , Habermehl Tracy L , Underwood Kaden B , Schneider Augusto , Brieño-Enriquez Miguel A , Masternak Michal M , Parkinson Kate C 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The link between survival and reproductive function is demonstrated across many species and is under both long-term evolutionary pressures and short-term environmental pressures. Loss of reproductive function is common in mammals and is strongly correlated with increased rates of disease in both males and females. However, the reproduction-associated change in disease rates is more abrupt and more severe in women, who benefit from a significant health advantage over men until the age of menopause. Young women with early ovarian failure also suffer from increased disease risks, further supporting the role of ovarian function in female health. Contemporary experiments where the influence of young ovarian tissue has been restored in postreproductive-aged females with surgical manipulation were found to increase survival significantly. In these experiments, young, intact ovaries were used to replace the aged ovaries of females that had already reached reproductive cessation. As has been seen previously in primitive species, when the young mammalian ovaries were depleted of germ cells prior to transplantation to the postreproductive female, survival was increased even further than with germ cell-containing young ovaries. Thus, extending reproductive potential significantly increases survival and appears to be germ cell and ovarian hormone-independent. The current review will discuss historical and contemporary observations and theories that support the link between reproduction and survival and provide hope for future clinical applications to decrease menopause-associated increases in disease risks.