bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Top-Down Approach to Area Development Plan Maturation
Authors: Muhammad Yasin Muhammad Yazuwan Sallij , Muhammad Ir. Suhana , Wan Mohd Zamri Wan Fatin Izyan , Mohd Radzi Shahrul Nizam 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In maturing an Area Development Plan (ADP), most of the data used are incomplete, too fragmented, or sometime due to time constraint; need to be deduced down to assumptions. Due to this fact, an ADP is bound to have updates, even during the course of maturing it. This is where the issue starts. Since the conventional approach is "bottom-up", room to accommodate changes is limited; at times require the whole proposal to be reworked. This is because it focuses on getting the best development concept for a given field first before rolling it up to study the network/interrelationship between fields.
A "top-down" approach in maturing an ADP intends to better assist any given team to be agile whilst focusing on value added solutions from a strategic bird's eye point of view. The approach in discussion was adopted and tested to a regional ADP study in year 2020 which initially involves more than 1000 fields (discovered, prospects, and leads). This approach allows for any changes throughout the course of maturing the ADP because, its main focus is to get the best network/interrelationship between fields first, before focusing on the development concept of each of the fields.
Other benefits that can be observed by adopting the approach in discussion is a shorter study duration. Based on the case study, the study duration was reduced from 10 months to 6.5 months. With shorter duration too, can help the Company in better manage its manpower resources to focus on things that matters.
Achieving Uniform Fluid Distribution with a Custom-Designed Organic Solvent Maximizing Coiled Tubing Reach During Matrix Acid Stimulations
Authors: Saiood Hussain , Duthie Laurie , Aybar Umut , Molero Nestor 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The success of stimulation fluid placement in openhole extended reach wells (ERWs) through coiled tubing (CT) is highly dependent on the depth achieved. Friction forces and helical buckling typically cause early CT lockup, which limits the reach. Organic deposits in the wellbore increases frictional forces causing premature lockup or in some cases even complete blockage. Efficient removal of organic deposits enables CT to reach maximum depth to perform the matrix stimulation.
Analysis of these organic deposits was conducted and following a thorough comparative test, a new solvent-external phase emulsion inhibitor was selected to treat the wellbore prior to matrix stimulation. Optimum cleanout methodology was identified for the CT run with a high-pressure jetting nozzle (HPJN) combined with a chemical dissolution effect of the chosen solvent. Focused, high-energy fluid streams loosen any compacted deposits, while the high rate of fluid passing through the tool allows for an efficient cleanout. A matrix stimulation treatment with CT was then executed in the openhole section of the ERW with a TD of 18,773-ft (9800-ft horizontal lateral section) with HCl and emulsified acid systems.
By using a solvent-external phase emulsion, only the external phase of the emulsion containing the dissolver is in contact with organic deposits; the remaining internal phase fluid is not. This therefore allows a reduction in total solvent volume. The proposed wellbore cleanout treatment with HPJN reduced the friction coefficient between CT and the completion by 10%. In turn, it was verified that during the operation, an additional 3,320 ft of reach was achieved in the openhole section. Combined with other extended-reach techniques (i.e., mechanical agitator tools, friction reducers), it allowed the 2.0-in CT pipe to reach the TD of the well (18,773 ft). These efforts together maximized the reservoir contact during the matrix stimulation in the openhole section with HCl and emulsified acid systems. Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) methodology was used with the aid of fiber optic installed CT, and the intake profile of the openhole section was mapped. Analysis of the data was applied to optimize the pumping schedule to obtain uniform production contribution across the openhole section.
The systematic engineering workflow presented includes the organic deposit diagnostic procedure, laboratory testing, chemical selection, and treatment application. This yields a wellbore treatment that minimizes friction for the remainder of the operation and enables maximum CT reach. This provides more insights of integrated matrix stimulation treatment with CT to overcome the serious challenges present in extended reach openhole wells.
A Methodology that Enables Real Time Large Volume Reservoir Testing for Deeper Reservoir Targets in Old Wells Without Damaging the Existing Upper Reservoir Layers
Authors: Karacali Ozgur , Bellabiod Sofiane , Theuveny Bertrand 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Pressure transient testing has been significantly revamped and various types have been applied for numerous motives over the past decades. In this paper, a methodology and adapted technology have been discussed in detail for enabling downhole testing operations with existing open perforations above the test packer. This methodology enabled successful downhole testing operations where conventional annulus hydraulic pressure pulse system was ruled out for numerous reasons, such as existence of perforated zones above zone of interest and/or well integrity constraints.
The proposed method is based on an acoustic, wireless, bi-directional downhole to surface communication telemetry system. The process utilizes acoustic signals to control downhole tools and transmits downhole measurements in real time through a secured network connection. The procedure used in this well testing methodology is proven successful in numerous well test operations for exploration and appraisal wells in Algeria. The continuously unfolding downhole data has enabled end users and stake holders to take actions and decisions that maximized the value gain while optimizing the test durations and drilling rig utilizations.
The successful application of this proposed methodology has enabled parameter estimation during the execution phase of the well testing operations. Data measured in real time is coupled with reservoir engineering interpretation to ensure meaningful sub-surface evaluation. Wellbore dynamics and several other inherent noise sources have been successfully identified to avoid snags of misinterpretation. Wells needing stimulation treatment or longer clean-up durations to enhance the well to reservoir communication quality have been handily identified in real time. The methodology has proven hydrocarbon existence in unexplored layers while enabling incorporation of additional test objectives with further assessments of zones of interest. Real time data greatly reduced uncertainties in well behavior and assisted in informed-decision-making process to adapt well test programs in real time. All well testing objectives were achieved by addressing various challenges that are inherent to conventional memory mode downhole testing operations.
The methodology presented will enable the downhole testing operations through drill stem testing (DST) in complex wellbore geometries where conventional well testing approaches were rendered unattainable. The proposed solutions will warrant downhole testing of previously un-appraised formation layers that are overlain by perforated producing reservoirs. The methodology is described in detail and systematically so that the procedure and learnings from Algerian hydrocarbon producing basins can be adapted and applied to other well tests elsewhere around the globe.
Mud Motor PDM Dynamics: An Analytical Model
Authors: Samuel Robello , Baldenko Fedor , Baldenko Dmitry 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In a fast drilling environment, suchas shale drilling, refining advanced technologies for preventing downhole toolfailures is paramount. Challenges are still very much associated with complex bottom-hole assemblies and the vibration of the drill string when used with a downhole mud motor. The mud positive displacement motor with various lobe configurations and designs becomes an additional excitation source of vibration. Further, it affects the transient behavior of the performance mud motor. Unbalanced force exists because the center ofmass of the motor rotor does not coincide with the axis of rotation.Further, the vector of full acceleration of the center of the rotor can be decomposed into two perpendicular projections—tangent and normal—which aretaken into account and integrated intothe full drill string forced frequency modelas force and displacement at the motorlocation. The paper includes two models, first one to predict the critical speeds and the second one to see the transient behavior of the downhole parameters when the mud motor is used.The model also considers the effect of the stringspeed. The unbalanced force is more pronounced at the lower pair or lobe configuration as compared to the higher pairlobe configuration because of the larger eccentricity. The unbalance is modeled in terms of an equivalent mass of therotor with the eccentricity of the rotor. Also, the analysis provides an estimation of relative bending stresses, shear forces, lateral displacements and transient bit rpm, bit torque, and weightone bit for the assembly used. Based onthe study, severe vibrations causing potentially damaging operating conditionswhen transient downhole forcing parametersare used for the vibration model.It has been found that when a mud motor isused using static forcing parameters may not provide the conservative estimation of the critical speeds as opposed totransient parameters. This is because coupled oscillations fundamentally can create new dynamic phenomena, which cannot be predicted from the characteristics of isolated elements of the drilling system.
Corrosion Challenges on Electrical Submersible Pump Wells in the North Kuwait Field
Authors: Al-Majdli Abdullatif , Martinez Carlos Caicedo , Al-Dughaishem Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Oil production in North Kuwait (NK) asset highly relies on artificial lift systems. The predominant method of artificial lift in NK is electrical submersible pump (ESP). Corrosion is one of the major issues for wells equipped with ESP in NK field. Over 20% of the all pulled ESPs in 2019 and 2020 in NK field were due to corrosion of the completion or the ESP string. With an increase in ESP population in NK, a proactive corrosion mitigation is essential to reduce the number of ESP wells requiring workover. Historic data of the pulled ESPs in NK revealed that most of the corrosion cases were found in the tubing as opposed to the ESP components. Although there are multiple factors that can cause corrosion in NK, the driving force was identified to be the presence of CO2 (sweet corrosion). Corrosion rates have been enhanced by other factors such as stray current and galvanic couples. In this paper, multiple methods have been suggested to minimize and prevent the corrosion issue such as selecting the optimal completion and ESP metallurgy (ex. corrosion resistant alloy), installing internally glass reinforced epoxy lined carbon steel tubing, and installing a sacrificial anode whenever applicable.
The Role of Pre-College STEM Education in Student Enrollment in Petroleum Engineering
Authors: Alyafei Nayef , Shaikh Afsha , Gharib Mohamed , Retnanto Albertus 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Final-year high school students are faced with a difficult decision when selecting their undergraduate major of choice. Often, the decision is made even more difficult by uncertainty about what different majors entail. Petroleum engineering in particular is a discipline that is generally not explored within high school classrooms and therefore students lack understanding about the roles of engineers in the oil and gas industry. To combat this uncertainty, this paper explores the potential of running pre-college project-based learning programs to increase high school students’ interest in and familiarity with pursuing various undergraduate STEM disciplines and careers. More specifically, this paper provides an insight into two case studies of novel STEM education programs, developed to enhance a group of high school students’ understanding of petroleum engineering.
The programs were designed to increase students’ interest in learning about the selected petroleum engineering concepts, namely polymer flooding to enhance oil recovery and multiphase fluid flow in porous media, while simultaneously providing an understanding of the current global challenges faced by the oil and gas industry. The program also aimed to engage students in learning and applying fundamental engineering skills to relatable real-world issues. These project goals will help facilitate the desire, commonly seen in recent years, of developing countries to increase their oil and gas production. This program was applied during the Summer Engineering Academy program offered by Texas A&M University at Qatar, which provides an innovative educational space for high school students. The program was conducted with the main objective of allowing the students to understand the basic concepts of petroleum engineering via short lectures as well as laboratory experimentation. Students in Grades 9-11 spent 10 days learning about petroleum engineering applications that integrated science, engineering, and technology where they designed, built, and tested an experimental setup for understanding various processes in petroleum engineering. Students were expected to solve a common problem faced in the petroleum industry. At the end of the program, the students gained an understanding of the issues and recommended unique solutions to these problems in the form of oil-recovery based projects presented to a panel of experts. This program attempted to build bridges between the STEM education pipeline of rapidly developing countries, such as Qatar, and the new demand for talent in the oil and gas sector. The details of this novel program are presented, including the content, preparation, materials used, case studies, and the resulting learning outcomes.
Using an Adjustable Cone Meter to Measure Wet Gas
Authors: Mahalingam Sakethraman , Munro Gavin , Arsalan Muhammad , Gawski Victor 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
When the gas flow rate of a well significantly changes, the flow rate can fall below that of the operating range of a traditional fixed size Venturi meter, necessitating the replacement of the original meter with one of a smaller size. However, with an adjustable cone meter, the internal reconfiguration feature allows it to automatically switch from high operating flow range to low operating flow range and there is no requirement to disassemble the meter from the flow line assembly. Adjustable cone meters were designed, developed and tested at the wet-gas flow loop at National Engineering Laboratory in East Kilbride, Scotland. After calibrating the meter with dry nitrogen gas, the meter was tested with increasing amounts of liquid being injected into the flowline, upstream of the meter. The liquid caused the differential pressure measurement on the meter to over-read. Based on the differential pressure measurements under varying flow conditions, algorithms were developed to measure the dry gas and liquid fraction. The data obtained from the tests such as differential pressure, pressure, temperature, liquid density were used to build an over-reading model of the meter and a liquid fraction estimation model based on pressure loss ratio derived from an additional differential pressure measurement. The model was used to not only to quantify the gas and liquid flow rates but also the estimated error in each measurement. The measurements show that the Adjustable Cone meter is able to provide low uncertainty in both dry and wet gas conditions and offers a turndown ratio of up to 54:1 in dry gas conditions. In addition, the automatic adjustment of the meter from high flow to low flow positions avoids the need for manual intervention that involves additional risk and cost.
Corrosion and Wear Resistant Boronizing for Tubulars and Components Used Down-Hole
Authors: Machado Roger , de Sales Bastos Paola Andrea , Socorro Royero Danny Daniel , Medvedovski Eugene 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Components and tubulars in down-hole applications for oil and gas production must withstand severe wear (e.g. erosion, abrasion, rod wear) and corrosion environments. These challenges can be addressed through boronizing of steels achieved employing chemical vapour deposition-based process. This process permits protection of the entire working surfaces of production tubulars up to 12m in length, as well as various sizes of complex shaped components. The performance of these tubulars and components have been evaluated in abrasion, erosion, and corrosion conditions simulating the environment and service conditions experienced in down-hole oil and gas production. Harsh service conditions are very common in the oil industry and the combination of abrasion, friction-induced wear, erosion, and corrosion environments can be quite normal in wells producing with the assistance of artificial lift methods. The boronized steel products demonstrated significantly higher performance in terms of material loss when exposed to harsh operating conditions granting a significant extension of the component service life in wear and corrosion environments. As opposed to many coating technologies, the boronizing process provides high integrity finished products without spalling or delamination on the working surface and minimal dimensional changes. Successful application of tubulars and components with the iron boride protective layer in oil and gas production will be discussed and presented.
Corporate Engineering Center Org. Transformation in Response to New Business Challenges
Authors: Oshmarin Roman , Isakov Kirill , Chekanov Ignat , Taratin Nikolay , Shashel Vadim , Ignatyuk Anna , Vashkevich Alexey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
The world is changing rapidly. In order to response to VUCA conditions, we started the business transformation of GPN scientific and technical center (STC) in the mid 2019, and finished shortly after COVID crisis began (in June 2020). Now we can sum up the ultimate effect:

Methods, Procedures, Process
GPN STC made a long way since 2007 and became a strong corporate engineering center, providing a full range of services from the basin modeling to the integrated modeling. In 2019, we started the transformation from the description of objectives, and for these purpose, the survey of different business branches was performed. After that, we defined the shortcomings of the existing model (which was actually inside the organizational and administrative area), such as:
The transformation met all the challenges and made dramatic changes in the area of management and processes: We transformed STC works catalogue to product line and shift from instruments (such as geomodel) to business value (such as exploration strategy, based on geomodel). Now we focus on integrated analytical framework in support of key business decisions, rather than methodsor processes.The above shifting requires new roles and competences, thus we completely rebuild role model and staffing table. We initiated new role of account manager for every internal business customer, that is typically used in service companies, not in-house centers, and here we saw fantastic results and received positive feedback from business. The new role of discipline leader helped to increase speed of team gathering for new projects from average 7 weeks to 3-4 weeks;We removed 2 levels of hierarchy and moved on to "flattened" organizational structure;We initiated the internal business consulting team, responsible for implementation all of the conceptual decisions (which will be a new service for internal business customers in future);The single-contract principle was suggested, and the orders inside of this according to product line were initiated, where account manager is the person, responsible for implementation of this contract;Product transformation was supported by organizational agile transfrormation for cross-functional teams (Mohamed Saeed AlMarar, 2019);And a lot of another important changes (which will be described in final presentation);

Results, Observations, Conclusions
It is important to highlight again, this deep and ambitious transformation allowed STC to obtain sustainable target indexes/KPIs and business results:

Novel/Additive Information
We were the first (at least in Russian O&G industry), who shifted the entire corporate engineering center for product model, with focus on business value and now we perform strong operationalization of concept in order to push all changes into real life.
Modern Look at Uncertainty in Conceptual Geological Modelling. Development of the Decision Support System for Petroleum Exploration
Authors: Chirkunov Kirill , Gorelova Anastasiia , Filippova Zoia , Popova Oksana , Shokhin Andrey , Zaitsev Semen 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
At the early stages of field life, the subsurface project team operates under lack of information. Due to the high uncertainties, decisions at the exploration and appraisal stages are often influenced by cognitive distortion that leads to overestimation or underestimation of hydrocarbon reserves and, as a result, to suboptimal investment decisions.
World practice allows us to identify the most common causes of cognitive bias: the team focus on the most provable according to their view scenario and may ignore data that contradicts the chosen scenario,the opinions of the team members differ in the choice of the most likely scenario,the team members work with geological and geophysical (G&G) data performing separate tasks and may miss important connections between various sources of information.
The consequences of these cognitive distortions cause an increase in risk capital, the duration of exploration activities, and the choice of suboptimal field developmentstrategy resulting in a decrease in the effectiveness of the exploration program and the project as a whole.
To reduce such risks, it is possible to attract subject matter experts with extensive experience to support the project team. But the amount of experts is limited and this approach cannot be implemented for the entire portfolio of exploration projects.
As result of a research project of Gazpromneft in a partnership with IBM Research, an innovative approach was developed for the objective integration of geological and geophysical data. The main idea of this approach is to support the geologist's decisions by an intelligent assistant working on the principles of the modern theory of knowledge engineering. Using the generalized expert knowledge, the intelligent assistant impartially integrates disparate geological information into a set of conceptual geological models (scenarios, objectively evaluates their probabilities, and helps to plan optimal exploration/appraisal activities.