bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Established diet quality indices are not universally associated with body composition in young adult women
Authors: Zagarins Sofija E , Ronnenberg Alayne G , Bertone-Johnson Elizabeth R 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:To determine which established diet quality indices best predict weight-related outcomes in young women.Design:In this cross-sectional analysis, we collected dietary information using the Harvard FFQ and measured body fat percentage (BF%) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We used FFQ data to derive five diet quality indices: Recommended Food Score (RFS), Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015), Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI-2010), alternate Mediterranean Diet Score (aMED) and Healthy Plant-Based Diet Index (HPDI).Setting:University of Massachusetts at Amherst.Participants:Two hundred sixty healthy women aged 18–30 years.Results:The AHEI-2010 and HPDI were associated with BMI and BF%, such that a ten-point increase in either diet score was associated with a 1·2 percentage-point lower BF% and a 0·5 kg/m2lower BMI (P< 0·05). Odds of excess body fat (i.e. BF% > 32 %) were 50 % lower for those in the highestv. lowest tertile of the AHEI-2010 (P= 0·04). Neither the RFS nor HEI-2015 was associated with BMI or BF%; the aMED was associated with BMI but not BF%.Conclusions:These results suggest that diet quality tends to be inversely associated with BMI and BF% in young women, but that this association is not observed for all diet quality indices. Diet indices may have limited utility in populations where the specific healthful foods and food groups emphasised by the index are not widely consumed. Future research should aim to replicate these findings in longitudinal studies that compare body composition changes over time across diet indices in young women.
Assessing the patient experience of anal and rectal cancer MR simulation for radiotherapy treatment planning
Authors: Bird David , Pearce Sinead , Teo Mark , Gilbert Alexandra , Casanova Nathalie , Cooper Rachel , Burnett Carole , Sebag-Montefiore David , Speight Richard , Henry Ann M. , Al-Qaisieh Bashar 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAim:The patient experience of radiotherapy magnetic resonance (MR) simulation is unknown. This study aims to evaluate the patient experience of MR simulation in comparison to computed tomography (CT) simulation, identifying the quality of patient experience and pathway changes which could improve patient experience outcomes.Materials and Methods:MR simulation was acquired for 46 anal and rectal cancer patients. Patient experience questionnaires were provided directly after MR simulation. Questionnaire responses were assessed after 33 patients (cohort one). Changes to the scanning pathway were identified and implemented. The impact of changes was assessed by cohort two (13 patients).Results:Response rates were 85% (cohort one) and 54% (cohort two). 75% of cohort one respondents found the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experience to be better or similar to their CT experience. Implemented changes included routine use of blankets, earplugs and headphones, music and feet-first positioning and further MRI protocol optimisation. All cohort two respondents found the MRI experience to be better or similar to the CT experience.Findings:MR simulation can be a comfortable and positive experience that is comparable to that of standard radiotherapy CT simulation. Special attention is required due to the fundamental differences between CT and MRI scanning.
A Qualitative Theory of Cognitive Attitudes and their Change
Authors: LORINI EMILIANO 
Published: April 2021

AbstarctWe present a general logical framework for reasoning about agents’ cognitive attitudes of both epistemic type and motivational type. We show that it allows us to express a variety of relevant concepts for qualitative decision theory including the concepts of knowledge, belief, strong belief, conditional belief, desire, conditional desire, strong desire, and preference. We also present two extensions of the logic, one by the notion of choice and the other by dynamic operators for belief change and desire change, and we apply the former to the analysis of single-stage games under incomplete information. We provide sound and complete axiomatizations for the basic logic and for its two extensions.
Discordance between the perceptions of clinicians and families about end-of-life trajectories in hospitalized dementia patients
Authors: Moon Felicity , Kissane David W. , McDermott Fiona 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundDue to the unpredictable dementia trajectory, it is challenging to recognize illness progression and the appropriateness of a palliative approach. Further confusion occurs during hospitalization where the presence of comorbid conditions complicates prognostication. This research examined clinicians and families' perceptions of dementia as a terminal condition in relation to end-of-life admissions.ContextThe study was based in the General Medicine units of one Australian public hospital. Medical, nursing, and social work clinicians were recruited to reflect multidisciplinary perspectives. Bereaved caregivers of deceased patients with dementia were interviewed 3 months following death.MethodsQualitative research underpinned by a social constructionist epistemology and framed through complex systems theory. Semi-structured interviews generated data that illuminated perceptions of deterioration observed toward the end of life.ResultsAlthough participants anticipated general cognitive and physical deterioration associated with dementia, the emergence of comorbid illness made it difficult to predict the onset of the end of life. During a hospital admission, clinicians attributed the end of life to the advanced outcomes of dementia, whereas families described new medical crises. End-of-life admissions illuminated intersections between dementia and comorbidities rather than illness progression. In contrast with the perception that people with dementia lose awareness at the end of life, families drew attention to evidence that their loved one was present during the dying phase.Significance of resultsOur findings challenge the dominant understanding of dementia trajectories. Bifurcations between clinicians and families' views demonstrate the difficulties in recognizing end-of-life transitions. Implications for the integration of palliative care are considered.
Rice response to sublethal rates of paraquat, metribuzin, fomesafen, and cloransulam-methyl at different application timings
Authors: Lawrence Benjamin H. , Bond Jason A. , Golden Bobby R. , Allen Tom W. , Reynolds Daniel B. , Bararpour Taghi M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe application of paraquat mixtures with residual herbicides before planting rice is a common treatment in Mississippi, and rice in proximity is susceptible to off-target movement of these applications. Four concurrent studies were conducted in Stoneville, MS, to characterize rice performance following exposure to a sublethal rate of paraquat, metribuzin, fomesafen, and cloransulam-methyl at different application timings. Herbicides were applied to rice at the growth stages of spiking to one-leaf (VEPOST), two- to three-leaf (EPOST), three- to four-leaf (MPOST), 7 d postflood (PFLD), and panicle differentiation (PD). Regardless of application timing, rice injury following exposure to paraquat was ≥45%. Delays in maturity were increased by 0.3 d d−1 following paraquat from emergence through PD. Dry weight, rough rice yield, panicle density, and germination were reduced by 18.7 g, 131.5 kg ha−1, 5.6 m−2, and 0.3%, respectively, per day from application of paraquat at emergence through PD. By 28 d after treatment (DAT), metribuzin injured rice 3% to 6%, and that injury did not translate into a yield reduction. Regardless of application timing, rice injury following fomesafen application ranged from 2% to 5% 28 DAT. Rice exposed to cloransulam-methyl EPOST exhibited the greatest root and foliar injury 21 DAT and 28 DAT, respectively. Additionally, when rice was exposed to cloransulam-methyl EPOST, yield was reduced to 6,540 kg ha−1 compared with a yield of 7,850 kg ha−1 from nontreated rice. Rice yield was negatively affected after paraquat was applied any time after rice emergence. However, applications of paraquat to rice at early reproductive growth stages reduced rough rice yield and seed germination the greatest. Application timing is crucial in determining severity of rice injury. Early-season injury to rice following paraquat application had less effect on yield compared with injury at later stages. Additionally, fields devoted to seed rice production are at risk for reduced seed germination if they are exposed to paraquat during early reproductive growth stages.
Applications of topramezone and SpeedZone®for POST goosegrass (Eleusine indica) control in hybrid bermudagrass
Authors: Carroll Devon E. , Brosnan James T. , Breeden Gregory K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTopramezone and carfentrazone + 2,4-D + mecoprop-p + dicamba (SpeedZone®) are herbicides labeled for POST goosegrass (Eleusine indicaL. Gaertn.) control in hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon×C. transvaalensisBurtt Davy). Field research was conducted in Knoxville, TN, during 2019 and 2020 to evaluate goosegrass control and hybrid bermudagrass tolerance to these herbicides applied alone and in mixture. Treatments included topramezone (12.2 g ha–1), SpeedZone® [carfentrazone (33.6 g ha–1) + 2,4-D (1,029 g ha–1) + mecoprop-p (322 g ha–1) + dicamba (91 g ha–1)] and SpeedZone® + topramezone at 12.2, 6.1, 3.6, or 2.4 g ha–1. A nontreated control was included for comparison. Hybrid bermudagrass tolerance was assessed on four cultivars (‘Northbridge’, ‘Tifway’, ‘Tahoma 31’, and ‘TifTuf’) via visual ratings of turfgrass injury and assessments of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). At the termination of the experiment, SpeedZone® alone and in mixture with topramezone controlled goosegrass better than or equal to topramezone alone. Mixtures of SpeedZone® + topramezone reduced injury on all cultivars compared to topramezone alone, particularly when mixtures delivered ≤6.1 g ha–1topramezone. Injury subsided on all cultivars by 28 d after treatment regardless of herbicide. Findings suggest that SpeedZone® can be mixed with topramezone at the rates tested herein to minimize hybrid bermudagrass injury from topramezone applications for goosegrass control.
Evaluation of Hourly PWV Products Derived From ERA5 and MERRA‐2 Over the Tibetan Plateau Using Ground‐Based GNSS Observations by Two Enhanced Models
Authors: Huang Liangke , Mo Zhixiang , Liu Lilong , Zeng Zhaoliang , Chen Jun , Xiong Si , He Hongchang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPrecipitable water vapor (PWV), despite being the key factor for assessing climate change over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), is undersampled in this region due to the complex terrain and climate conditions therein. The fifth‐generation European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis (ERA5) and Second Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA‐2) data sets are the two newly released global reanalyzes that provide hourly PWV products with a high spatiotemporal resolution for water vapor research. The accuracies of these two PWV products on the TP require a comprehensive and cautious assessment. In this study, the hourly PWV values derived from ERA5 and MERRA‐2 are systematically assessed by a comparison with 33 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations from 2017 to 2018 over the TP. To improve the reliability of this evaluation, an enhanced Tm model and a PWV vertical correction model, namely, TP‐Tm and TP‐PWVC, respectively, are developed, and both models show better performance when compared against other widely used models. The accuracies of the ERA5‐ and MERRA‐2‐derived PWV at the 33 GNSS stations are very high; ERA5 has the smallest mean bias and root mean square (RMS) error of −0.08 and 1.77 mm, respectively, compared to those of 0.53 and 2.12 mm for MERRA‐2. In addition, the biases and RMS errors show significant regional and seasonal differences. The performance of ERA5 is slightly better than MERRA‐2, mainly due to its higher spatial resolution. The spatial distributions of the PWV derived from the two reanalyzes are consistent with the GNSS‐derived PWV distribution. The diurnal PWV variations derived from ERA5 are in good agreement with the diurnal variation of the GNSS‐derived PWV, whereas significant differences are observed for MERRA‐2 at several stations. These results indicate that ERA5 can provide more reliable hourly PWV estimates over the TP, which can help users further understand the strengths and weaknesses of these two PWV products and promote climate change research.
Large‐Scale O+ Depletions Observed by ICON in the Post‐Midnight Topside Ionosphere: Data/Model Comparison
Authors: Huba J. D. , Heelis R. , Maute A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Ion Velocity Meter instrument on the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite measured large depletions in the O+ density (but not H+) in the post‐midnight topside ionosphere on December 23, 2019. This phenomenon has been observed previously but has yet to be explained. The authors provide for the first time a physical explanation for this observation based on a simulation study using the first‐principles, ionosphere/plasmasphere code SAMI3 (Sami3 is also a model of the ionosphere) with neutral atmosphere inputs (neutral wind, density, and temperature) from the whole atmosphere model Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension (WACCM‐X). The physical processes responsible for these observations are (1) the nighttime O+/H+ transition altitude is below the ICON orbit and (2) a prolonged downward E × B drift in the post‐midnight/pre‐sunrise time sector. Interestingly, the authors also find that equatorial plasma bubbles develop in the African and Pacific sectors.
The Evolution of Lightning Flash Density, Flash Size, and Flash Energy During Hurricane Dorian's (2019) Intensification and Weakening
Authors: Duran Patrick , Schultz Christopher J. , Bruning Eric C. , Stevenson Stephanie N. , PeQueen David J. , Johnson Nicholas E. , Allen Roger E. , Smith Matthew R. , LaFontaine Frank J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe two most distinct inner‐core lightning outbreaks in Hurricane Dorian (2019) are analyzed using the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM). The first outbreak occurred during Dorian's intensification, including a rapid intensification (RI), and the second occurred during weakening. During RI, inner‐core lightning flash density increased as flashes concentrated inside of the radius of maximum wind (RMW). As weakening commenced, numerous flashes still occurred within the RMW, with a flash rate more than three times that during RI–a signal typically associated with strengthening. These flashes, however, were much smaller and less energetic than those during intensification. Evidence is presented that barotropic mixing and secondary eyewall formation increased the number of small, low‐energy lightning flashes in the inner core while simultaneously weakening the storm. The results suggest that flash area and energy from GLM could help distinguish between lightning outbreaks that correspond to intensification and those that correspond to weakening.
On the Breakdown of ENSO's Relationship With Thermocline Depth in the Central‐Equatorial Pacific
Authors: Zhao Sen , Jin Fei‐Fei , Long Xiaoyu , Cane Mark A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRecent classification of El Nino‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) into two types, Eastern (EP) and Central (CP) events, has highlighted the importance of the central Pacific. We show here that the local correlation between ENSO subsurface temperatures (Tsub) in the upper 100‐m and thermocline depth anomalies breaks down in the central equatorial Pacific, whereas Tsub remains well correlated with sea surface height anomalies. This observed difference in the central equatorial Pacific is simulated by almost all climate models. It arises from a vertically slanted Tsub anomaly structure that is unique to the central equatorial Pacific. We show that this feature is an adiabatic response to wind‐driving that is even present in a linear dynamic model, as long as the model has enough baroclinic modes to adequately represent the observed vertical complexity. Our findings have implications for better understanding the different importance of thermocline feedback in CP and EP events.
Predicted Sources of Samples Returned From Chang’e−5 Landing Region
Authors: Liu Tiantian , Michael Greg , Zhu Meng‐Hua , Wünnemann Kai 
Published: April 2021

AbstractChina's Chang’e‐5 (CE‐5) has returned 1.731 kg lunar samples from a young mare unit on December 2020. Here, the authors used a spatially resolved numerical model, which considers both impact mixing and volcanic effusion, to estimate the evolving distribution of components over the landing region. Using this model, the age composition of surface scooped and sub‐surface drilled CE‐5 samples and their sources were traced back. The proposed model predicts that local mare material predominates in both surface and sub‐surface samples and the nonlocal mare component is ∼1%. There is ∼40% of nonmare component. The composition of both nonmare components in the surface and sub‐surface samples are similar: Abundant components are basin‐sourced melts, where the Imbrium melt are ∼ 25% among all the melt. The ejecta of Sharp B, Harding, Copernicus, and Aristarchus crater that possess different compositions of basin‐sourced melt may have significantly altered the material composition of the landing surface.
Dependence of Climate Sensitivity on the Given Distribution of Relative Humidity
Authors: Bourdin Stella , Kluft Lukas , Stevens Bjorn 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe study how the vertical distribution of relative humidity (RH) affects climate sensitivity, even if it remains unchanged with warming. Using a radiative‐convective equilibrium model, we show that the climate sensitivity depends on the shape of a fixed vertical distribution of humidity, tending to be higher for atmospheres with higher humidity. We interpret these effects in terms of the effective emission height of water vapor. Differences in the vertical distribution of RH are shown to explain a large part of the 10%–30% differences in clear‐sky sensitivity seen in climate and storm‐resolving models. The results imply that convective aggregation reduces climate sensitivity, even when the degree of aggregation does not change with warming. Combining our findings with RH trends in reanalysis data shows a tendency toward Earth becoming more sensitive to forcing over time. These trends and their height variation merit further study.
The Principal Hugoniot of Iron‐Bearing Olivine to 1465 GPa
Authors: Chidester B. A. , Millot M. , Townsend J. P. , Spaulding D. K. , Davies E. J. , Root S. , Kalita P. , Fratanduono D. E. , Jacobsen S. B. , Stewart S. T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractShock compression experiments on natural compositions are imperative to accurately model planetary accretion and the interior dynamics of planets. Combining shock compression experiments from the Sandia Z Machine and the OMEGA EP laser facility with density functional theory‐based molecular dynamics calculations, we report the first pressure‐density‐temperature (P‐ρ‐T) relationship of natural iron (Fe)‐bearing olivine ((Mg0.91Fe0.09)2SiO4) on the principal Hugoniot between 166 and 1,465 GPa. Additionally, we report the first reflectivities of natural olivine liquid in this pressure range. Compared to the magnesium‐endmember forsterite (Mg2SiO4), the presence of Fe in typical mantle abundance (∼9 wt% FeO) alters the US‐uP relation of olivine. On the other hand, the shock temperature and reflectivity of olivine are indistinguishable from forsterite where experimental conditions overlap. Both forsterite and olivine increase in reflectivity (and hence optical conductivity) with increasing temperature, with a maximum reflectivity of ∼31% at shock velocities greater than 22 km/s (∼800 GPa).
Double‐Peak Structures of Martian Nightside Total Electron Content in Strong Crustal Magnetic Cusp Regions
Authors: Qin JunFeng , Zou Hong , Futaana Yoshifumi , Ye YuGuang , Hao YongQiang , Nielsen Erling , Wang JinSong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWith the help of the high‐spatial‐resolution total electron content (TEC) data obtained by Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding on board the Mars Express (MEx) during June 2005 to September 2007, the detailed configurations of the Martian nightside ionosphere in crustal magnetic field cusp regions are researched in this paper. It is found that double‐peak structures of orbital observed TEC values frequently appeared when MEx was crossing through the strong crustal magnetic field cusp regions. This observational result implies that the Martian nightside TECs in the periphery of the cusp regions are generally higher than those in the central areas of the cusp regions, a phenomenon never reported before. By combining the TEC data with the in‐situ electron flux data obtained by the Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms‐3 (ASPERA‐3), it is found that the difference between the fluxes of the electrons precipitating in the central and peripheral areas of the cusp regions can be responsible for the observed TEC double‐peak structures.
Atmospheric Nanoparticle Survivability Reduction Due to Charge‐Induced Coagulation Scavenging Enhancement
Authors: Mahfouz Naser G. A. , Donahue Neil M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNew‐particle formation is important to aerosol–cloud interactions and thus climate, but for newly formed particles to become cloud condensation nuclei, they must grow and avoid scavenging by larger background particles. Whereas ion‐induced new‐particle formation and growth have received attention recently, here we study an opposing effect, blunting the enhancement due to ions, that has received less attention: Small charged particles are scavenged more efficiently due to their charge, and thus their survival probability is lower than that of their neutral counterparts. Through simulations, we show that particle survival is reduced, in some cases dramatically, matching updated theoretical predictions. We also show that the survival of charged particles is enhanced if particles lose their charge via neutralization; therefore, for ion‐induced nucleation to be important, the resulting charged particles must become neutral as soon as possible. Overall, the coagulation scavenging enhancement due to charge ought to lessen the influence of ions in new‐particle formation and growth.
Flexural Control of Basal Crevasse Opening Under Ice Shelves
Authors: Buck W. Roger , Lai Ching‐Yao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractClassical analyses of basal crevasse opening do not account for the free surface of a floating ice layer. We describe a high‐resolution numerical treatment of the opening of a single crevasse in a finite thickness elastic layer floating on an inviscid substrate. For low extensional stress (less than about half of the expected maximum for a freely floating shelf) the resulting crevasse height and width match previous studies. For larger magnitude applied extensional stresses, the new results predict basal crevasse widths an order of magnitude greater than the classical solution. An analysis using the thin‐layer approximation shows that the greatly increased predicted width of basal crevasse opening results from layer bending. Given that the height and width of basal crevasses are non‐linear functions of the stress experienced by an ice shelf, the new model results may enable better estimation of buttressing stresses for different parts of ice shelves.