bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meconium stained amniotic fluid exposure and long‐term respiratory morbidity in the offspring
Authors: Rodavsky Gal , Sheiner Eyal , Walfisch Asnat , Gutvirtz Gil , Hermon Narkis , Landau Daniella , Wainstock Tamar 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveMeconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) is a well‐established risk factor for neonatal short‐term respiratory complications. Little is known regarding the long‐term morbidity. We investigated the possible association between MSAF and offspring respiratory morbidity.MethodsA population‐based, cohort study of singleton deliveries occurring between 1991 and 2014 at a sole regional tertiary medical center was performed. Incidence of offspring respiratory related hospitalizations up to the age of 18 years were evaluated and compared to unexposed offspring. A Kaplan–Meier survival curve was used to compare cumulative respiratory morbidity incidence, and a Cox proportional hazards model was used to control for confounders.ResultsDuring the study period 242,342 deliveries met the inclusion criteria. Of them, 14.7% (n = 35,609) were complicated with MSAF. Incidence of respiratory‐related hospitalizations was significantly lower in children exposed to MSAF as compared to the unexposed group (4.5% vs. 4.9%, respectively; p < .01). Specifically, hospitalizations involving pneumonitis were significantly less common among the MSAF group (odds ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.13–0.96; p = .03). The Kaplan–Meier survival curve demonstrated significantly lower total cumulative respiratory morbidity rates in the MSAF exposed group (log rank p < .01). In the Cox model, controlled for clinically relevant confounders, MSAF exhibited an independent and significant protective effect on long‐term childhood respiratory morbidity (aHR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86–0.96; p < .01).ConclusionsFetal exposure to MSAF during labor appears to be associated with lower rates of long‐term respiratory related hospitalizations in the offspring. Changes in offspring microbiome, as well as functional and anatomical modulations possibly resulting from MSAF exposure, might offer a plausible explanation of our findings.
The resistance law for stably stratified atmospheric planetary boundary layers
Authors: Kadantsev Evgeny , Mortikov Evgeny , Zilitinkevich Sergej 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe resistance law for stably and neutrally stratified atmospheric planetary boundary layers (PBL) entered textbooks on boundary‐layer meteorology but, until now, remains practically unused in modelling applications. This is not surprising. The law has been formulated and validated only for idealised cases, such as truly neutral PBL – implying neutral stratification across the entire atmosphere, nocturnal stable PBL – stably stratified near the surface but developed against the neutrally stratified free flow, and (more recently) conventionally neutral PBLs – neutrally stratified near the surface but developed against stable stratification in the free flow. We derive and validate the general formulation of the resistance law accounting for the integral effect on PBL of stable stratifications at the surface and in the free atmosphere. Such long‐lived stable PBLs, typical of wintertime at high latitudes, were until recently overlooked in boundary‐layer meteorology, not to mention weather and climate models. The proposed general formulation of the resistance law covers long‐lived stable PBLs and opens up prospects for their improved modelling.
Hyperbranched Poly(amidoamine)‐Grafted Graphene Oxide as a Multifunctional Curing Agent for Epoxy‐Terminated Polyurethane Composites
Authors: Izadi Mohammadreza , Mardani Hanieh , Roghani‐Mamaqani Hossein , Salami‐Kalajahi Mehdi , Khezri Khezrollah 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGraphene oxide (GO) modified with hyperbranched poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) structure (GOD) was used as a multifunctional curing agent in the preparation of thermally stable composites from epoxy‐terminated polyurethanes. The multifunctional GOD sample was prepared through a divergent approach by using (3‐Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES)‐functionalized GO as the core for grafting PAMAM dendrimer by sequential addition of methyl acrylate and ethylenediamine (EDA). Epoxy‐terminated polyurethanes with two different chain extenders of 1,4‐butanediol (BD) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) were prepared from the reaction of poly(ethylene glycol), hexamethylene diisocyanate, and chain extenders, and subsequent end group transformation of the isocyanate to epoxy functionalities. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) proved successful preparation of GOD. TGA indicated improvement in char content and thermal stabilities of the composites with increasing GOD content and using the PMDA chain extender in comparison with the BD. Weight percentages of APTES, methyl acrylate, and EDA in the modified graphene samples were 15.8, 2.2, and 2.2 wt %, respectively, in each of the successive modification process of GO. Structural study of the graphitic and hybrid samples was accomplished with X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopies. A broad peak at about 21° in the patterns of hybrid composites originates from the amorphous structure of polyurethane.
Recent Developments in Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Regioselective Functionalization of Imidazo[1, 2‐a]pyridine
Authors: Konwar Dipika , Bora Utpal 
Published: March 2021

AbstractImidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine is an important nitrogen‐containing heterocycle from biological as well as pharmaceutical point of view. In recent years, regioselective functionalization of C−H bond of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine is extensively carried out using various transition metal‐based catalysts. Alkenylation, arylation, dual dehydrogenative annulations, formylation, thiolation, aminomethylation, dicarbonylation, phosphonylation along with other significant reactions are the progress in the field of functionalization of imidazopyridine. Most of these functionalizations are done at the C‐3 position of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine scaffold and in addition to that development towards C‐5 regioselectivity is also available. In this review, our aim is to present the recent advances for the functionalization of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine employing transition metal catalysts under significant reaction conditions.
Synthesis of P‐Chirogenic Diphosphinotriazoles and Their Use in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Bayardon Jérôme , Rousselin Yoann , Malacea‐Kabbara Raluca 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe stereoselective synthesis of P‐chirogenic diphosphinotriazoles using ephedrine methodology was described. The coordination behavior of these compounds as P,P‐ligands has been demonstrated by the preparation as well as the spectroscopic and X‐ray crystallographic analyses of a palladium complex. The efficiency of these new P‐chirogenic diphosphines in the palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reaction was also evaluated.
Multivesicular Vesicles: Preparation and Applications
Authors: Giuliano Camila Betterelli , Cvjetan Nemanja , Ayache Jessica , Walde Peter 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe front cover artwork was prepared by Louise Mari Bautista, associate consultant. The image depicts a multivesicular vesicle and the different methods that can be used to guide their assembly along with the possible applications of this type of multicompartment system in drug delivery or as artificial cell‐like systems. It may well be that vesicles, including multivesicular vesicles, formed in prebiotic times as protocellular structures before the first living cells emerged from non‐living forms of matter, at the origin of life. The use of vesicles as protocell models is one of the research approaches within the Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska‐Curie Actions Innovative Training Network (MSCA‐ITN) ProtoMet (members of this consortium are shown in the 16 images above; the consortium is coordinated by Sheref S. Mansy). The review on this subject published in this issue is the result of a cooperation within the ProtoMet consortium between two groups whose encounter would not likely have happened without the research network (the four review authors are shown in the photographs above and denoted with a * symbol). Read the full text of the Review at 10.1002/syst.202000049.
Twelve Years of High Frequency Absolute Gravity Measurements at the UK’s Space Geodesy Facility: Systematic Signals and Comparison with SLR Heights
Authors: Smith Victoria Anne , Appleby Graham , Ziebart Marek , Rodriguez Jose 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAbsolute gravity measurements taken on a near-weekly basis at a single location is a rarity. Twelve years of data at the UK’s Space Geodesy Facility (SGF) provides evidence to show that the application of results from international comparisons of absolute gravimeters should be applied to data and are critical to the interpretation of theSGF gravity time series of data from 2007 to 2019. Though residual biases in the data are seen. The SGF time series comprises near weekly data, with exceptions for manufacturer services and participation in international instrument comparisons. Each data set comprises hourly data taken over 1 day, with between 100 and 200 drops per hour. Environmental modelling indicates that the annual groundwater variation at SGF of some 2 m influences the gravity data by 3.1 μGal, based upon some measured and estimated soil parameters. The soil parameters were also used in the calculation of the effect of an additional telescope dome, built above the gravity laboratory, and have been shown to be realistic. Sited in close proximity to the long-established satellite laser ranging (SLR) system and the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) the absolute gravimetry (AG) measurements provide a complimentary geodetic technique, which is non space-based. The SLR-derived height time series provides an independent measurement of vertical motion at the site which may be used to assess the AG results, which are impacted by ground motion as well as mass changes above and below the instruments.
About Identification of Instrument Error Parameters for a Gravity Gradiometer
Authors: Golovan A. A. , Gorushkina E. V. , Papusha I. A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe article presents the description of two algorithms used for processing of the raw data of a gravity gradiometer. These algorithms are intended for estimation of some instrument errors. The first algorithm is applicable for the instrument operation in its stationary mode, the second proposes the use of a special test bench. Rotary gravity gradiometer of the accelerometric type was taken as a prototype for relevant mathematical models. Nowadays this type of gradiometer is brought to the stage of practical implementation and serial production.
The Doctor Turned into an Instrument
Authors: Dopchie Catherine 
Published: March 2021

AbstractI have been working as a cancer specialist since 1984, and I have witnessed an explosion of therapeutic possibilities. In caring for my fellow human beings, I have learned to recognize the effectiveness and the extent of my treatments, but also their limits, which are closely connected to the reality of the human condition that is so rich but naturally limited. As he strives for the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being of the sick person who seeks his help, the doctor stands at the patient’s side to combat pain and suffering with determination, perseverance, humility, and patience.
When Conscience Wavers. Some Reflections on the Normalization of Euthanasia in Belgium
Authors: Lemmens Willem 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, I evaluate from a philosophical perspective the ongoing discussions in the Belgian civil society triggered by the euthanasia law and its implementation in end-of-life care since 2002. I challenge the idea that the so-called normalization of euthanasia is an established fact and I contend that the ongoing discussions on the possible abuses of the law and the practice of euthanasia are unavoidable. I see three reasons for this. First, in contrast with what some think, euthanasia can never become a “normal” therapeutic option, that could be integrated in standard medical practice. Euthanasia is, by its very nature, a transgression of a fundamental moral taboo and will thus always, however liberal the law might be, challenge the conscience of some physicians. Secondly, because of its transgressive meaning, every act of euthanasia can always be contested by family members or the larger society. This is the case when euthanasia is given to patients who are not terminally ill (such as psychiatric patients), but also when a physician performs euthanasia in an undignified and negligent way. Thirdly, the very existence of the law puts pressure not only on patients and physicians but also the larger society. By making euthanasia into a symbol of the good death, a whole society loses its sensitivity for the intrinsic transgressive nature of euthanasia and creates all sorts of strategies to mask the wavering of conscience that results from this collective negligence. There is no way, so I conclude, to avoid this. The wavering of conscience will continue to haunt the end-of-life care in Belgium as long as the law on euthanasia remains as it is.
Euthanasia for Unbearable Psychological Suffering
Authors: Haekens An 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, we focus on the problem of euthanasia because of unbearable psychological suffering. We explain that there are fundamental problems with euthanasia for psychological suffering and that the criteria for euthanasia in the current Belgian legislation are open to much interpretation and (thus) not suitable for euthanasia for psychological suffering. In addition, there are many concerns about the functioning of the Belgian Committee for the evaluation and monitoring of euthanasias carried out.
Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA discussion of the ethics of artificial intelligence hinges on the definition of the term. In this chapter I propose three interrelated but distinct concepts of AI, which raise different types of ethical issues. The first concept of AI is that of machine learning, which is often seen as an example of “narrow” AI. The second concept is that of artificial general intelligence standing for the attempt to replicate human capabilities. Finally, I suggest that the term AI is often used to denote converging socio-technical systems. Each of these three concepts of AI has different properties and characteristics that give rise to different types of ethical concerns.
Concepts of Ethics and Their Application to AI
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAny discussion of the ethics of AI needs to be based on a sound understanding of the concept of ethics. This chapter therefore provides a brief overview of some of the key approaches to ethics with a particular emphasis on virtue ethics and the idea of human flourishing. The chapter reviews the purposes for which AI can be used, as these have a bearing on an ethical evaluation. Three main purposes are distinguished: AI forefficiency, optimisation and profit maximisation, AI forsocial control and AI for human flourishing. Given the focus on human flourishing in this book, several theoretical positions are introduced that provide insights into different aspects and ways of promoting human flourishing. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the currently widespread principle-based approach to AI ethics.
AI Ecosystems for Human Flourishing: The Background
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter analyses the concept of AI ecosystems with a view to identifying how the ecosystem metaphor can help deal with ethical questions. The first step is to introduce in more detail the concept of ecosystems, drawing specifically on the literature on innovation ecosystems. This allows the identification of characteristics of ecosystems such as their openness, the co-evolution and mutual learning of their members, and the interdependence and complex relationship between those members. These characteristics underlie the challenges that an ethics-driven approach to ecosystems must consider.
Child Abuse Potential in Young German Parents: Predictors, Associations with Self-reported Maltreatment and Intervention Use
Authors: Lang Katrin , Liel Christoph , Lux Ulrike , Kindler Heinz , Vierhaus Marc , Eickhorst Andreas 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSince child maltreatment has highly negative effects on child adjustment, early identification of at-risk families is important. This study focuses on longitudinal risk factors for child maltreatment and associations between abuse risk and occurrence. It also examines whether abuse risk and involvement in early childhood intervention are associated. The sample comprises 197 German caregivers with children under 3 years of age. Data was collected in two waves. The Brief Child Abuse Potential Inventory assessed abuse risk. Socio-demographic, parent, child and family-related risk factors were measured using screening tools. The analysis revealed that parental characteristics (psychopathology, own maltreatment experiences etc.) were associated with concurrent abuse risk. Longitudinal changes in abuse risk were linked to caregiver education and child-related factors. Cumulative risk did not explain more variance than specific risk factors. Significant associations with caregiver-reported abuse were found, and data suggest that some burdened families cannot be reached by early childhood intervention.
Crowdfunding in higher education: evidence from UK Universities
Authors: Horta Hugo , Meoli Michele , Vismara Silvio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn contemporary higher education systems, funding is increasingly associated with performativity, assessment, and competition, and universities are seeking different forms of financing their activities. One of these new forms is crowdfunding, a tool enabled by the digitalization of finance. Based on data from the UK higher education system and two crowdfunding platforms, our study adds to previous crowdfunding research in academic settings that have, thus far, focused on research projects, and assesses who is participating, their level of engagement and the resources they have gathered from crowdfunding. Our findings show that crowdfunding is used more by universities that have fewer resources. These universities are more teaching-oriented, less prestigious, and have a student body largely derived from lower socio-economic sectors of society. The popularity of crowdfunding in this type of university suggests that crowdfunding may enhance the democratization of higher education funding. However, as optimal crowdfunding participation and engagement requires high academic-to-student ratios and total-staff-to-academic-staff ratios, universities facing a greater financial precarity may be disadvantaged in their access to and engagement with crowdfunding. Differentials between part-time and full-time student ratios may exacerbate this disadvantage. Our study suggests that crowdfunding is a viable means of obtaining additional financing for learning activities complementing the fundings from other sources, but raises concerns about the use of crowdfunding as a burden to academics and students to find resources to meet learning experiences that ought to be provided by universities in the first place.
Health Services Use and Costs in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Germany: Results from a Survey in ASD Outpatient Clinics
Authors: Höfer Juliana , Hoffmann Falk , Dörks Michael , Kamp-Becker Inge , Küpper Charlotte , Poustka Luise , Roepke Stefan , Roessner Veit , Stroth Sanna , Wolff Nicole , Bachmann Christian J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with high services use, but European data on costs are scarce. Utilisation and annual costs of 385 individuals with ASD (aged 4–67 years; 18.2% females; 37.4% IQ < 85) from German outpatient clinics were assessed. Average annual costs per person were 3287 EUR, with psychiatric inpatient care (19.8%), pharmacotherapy (11.1%), and occupational therapy (11.1%) being the largest cost components. Females incurred higher costs than males (4864 EUR vs. 2936 EUR). In a regression model, female sex (Cost Ratio: 1.65), lower IQ (1.90), and Asperger syndrome (1.54) were associated with higher costs. In conclusion, ASD-related health costs are comparable to those of schizophrenia, thus underlining its public health relevance. Higher costs in females demand further research.
Using Radiocarbon Dates and Tool Design Principles to Assess the Role of Composite Slotted Bone Tool Technology at the Intersection of Adaptation and Culture-History
Authors: Manninen Mikael A. , Asheichyk Vitali , Jonuks Tõnno , Kriiska Aivar , Osipowicz Grzegorz , Sorokin Aleksei Nikolaevich , Vashanau Aliaksandr , Riede Felix , Persson Per 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSlotted bone tools are an iconic example of composite tool technology in which change in one of the components does not require changing the design of the other parts. Commonly, slotted bone tools are seen through the lens of lithic technology, highlighting organizational aspects related to serial production of insets, reliability and maintainability. In this framework, slotted bone tool technology is associated with risk aversion in demanding environmental settings. Here, we provide the first overview of radiocarbon-dated slotted bone tools in northernmost Europe and the East European Plain, including 17 new direct dates on pitch glue, and show that the Late Pleistocene to Middle Holocene period of inset slotted bone tool use in this area shows marked variation and idiosyncrasy in associated lithic technology against a trend of continuously warming climate. We suggest that historical specificity and path-dependence, rather than convergent evolution, best explain the variability seen in slotted bone tool technology in the studied case, and that slotted bone tools in general formed an organizationally flexible, adaptable and hence likely adaptive technological solution that met a wide variety of cultural and technological demands.
Human emotion recognition in the significance assessment of property attributes
Authors: Renigier-Biłozor Małgorzata , Janowski Artur , Walacik Marek , Chmielewska Aneta 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOne of the largest problems in the real estate market analysis, which includes valuation, is determining the significance of individual property attributes that may affect value or attractiveness perception. The study attempts to assess the significance of selected attributes of real estate based on the detection and analysis of the emotions of potential investors. Human facial expression is a carrier of information that can be recorded and interpreted effectively via the use of artificial intelligence methods, machine learning and computer vision. The development of a reliable algorithm requires, in this case, the identification and investigation of factors that may affect the final solution of the problem, from behavioural aspects through technological possibilities. In the presented experiment, an approach that correlates the emotional states of buyers with the visualization of selected attributes of properties is utilized. The objective of this study is to develop an original method for assessing the significance of property attributes based on emotion recognition technology as an alternative to the commonly used methods in the real estate analysis and valuation, which are usually based on surveys. The empirical analysis enabled determination of the mainstream property attributes significance from evoked emotions intensity within the group of property clients (represented by 156 respondents). The significance ranking determined on the basis of the unconscious expressed facial emotions was verified and compared to the answers given in a form of questionnaire. The results have shown that the conscious declaration of the attribute ranking differs from the emotion detection conclusions in several cases.