bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aubrite Pesyanoe: Clues to composition and evolution of the enstatite achondrite parent body
Authors: Lorenz C. A. , Ivanova M. A. , Brandstaetter F. , Kononkova N. N. , Zinovieva N. G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Pesyanoe aubrite is an essentially polymict regolith breccia comprised by fragments of different highly magnesian pyroxenitic lithologies: albite; anorthoclase and labradorite‐bearing pyroxenites; diopside and magnesian augite pyroxenites; roedderite‐ and forsterite‐bearing pyroxenites; and impact glasses; porphyritic and melt matrix breccia fragments; FeO‐rich chondritic inclusions; and exotic oxidized clasts. The parent magma of Pesyanoe probably was carbon saturated, as suggested by pyroxenite fragments containing igneous‐textured carbon phases, possibly graphite. The composition of feldspar and trapped melt inclusions in enstatite indicates occurrence of at least three metaluminous melt sources with different (K + Na)/Al and K/(K + Na) atomic ratios on the Pesyanoe parent body and has records of K and Na loss from the melt, possibly due to evaporation from the parent body surface. The roedderite‐ and forsterite‐bearing rocks probably crystallized from a peralkaline melt. We propose that peralkaline melt could be formed from a metaluminous melt(‐s) due to gravitational segregation of djerfisherite‐bearing metal‐sulfide liquid in the lower horizon of the magma chamber and following oxidation of the magma. This should lead to enrichment of silicate melt in K2O and Na2O and increasing of (K + Na)/Al > 1, allowing forsterite and roedderite to crystallize. Rocks enriched in K and containing rare K‐bearing minerals were found among both magmatic and melt rocks. This may imply an insignificant role of regolith transport in the process of the breccia’s formation and, therefore, an origin of all of the breccia components from a local region of the Pesyanoe parent body, probably from a single complex igneous massif.
Women's fasting habits and dietary diversity during Ramadan in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Seiermann Andrea U. , Al‐Mufti Hudaalrahman , Waid Jillian L. , Wendt Amanda S. , Sobhan Shafinaz , Gabrysch Sabine 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLittle is known about fasting practices and dietary changes during Ramadan in low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries. Although pregnant women are exempt from fasting, they may still fast. This is of interest as dietary habits during pregnancy may affect the development of the unborn child. In a community‐based sample of young women in rural Sylhet division, Bangladesh, we described fasting practices and beliefs (n = 852). We also examined reported food group consumption and minimally adequate dietary diversity for women (MDD‐W) by Ramadan occurrence (n = 1,895) and by fasting adherence (n = 558) using logistic regression with Hindu women as a seasonal control.During Ramadan in 2018, 78% of pregnant Muslim women fasted every day. Over 80% of Muslim women believe that they should fast during pregnancy and over 50% expect positive health effects on the mother and the unborn child. We found strong evidence that Muslim women have more diverse diets during Ramadan, with higher odds of MDD‐W (OR [95% CI]: 5.0 [3.6, 6.9]) and increased consumption of pulses, dairy, fruit, and large fish. Dietary diversity increased to a lesser extent on non‐fasting days during Ramadan. Ramadan appears to improve dietary quality in both fasting and non‐fasting Muslim women in a rural population in Bangladesh. These results help to interpret findings from studies on Ramadan during pregnancy on later‐life outcomes and thus contribute to a better understanding of intrauterine influences of maternal nutrition on healthy child development.
Speciation inDaphnia
Authors: Chin Tiffany A. , Cristescu Melania E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe microcrustaceanDaphniais arguably one of the most studied zooplankton species, having a well understood ecology, life history, and a relatively well studied evolutionary history. Despite this wealth of knowledge, species boundaries within closely related species in this genus often remain elusive and the major evolutionary forces driving the diversity of daphniids remain controversial. This genus contains more than 80 species with multiple cryptic species complexes, with many closely related species able to hybridize. Here, we review speciation research inDaphniawithin the framework of current speciation theory. We evaluate the role of geography, ecology, and biology in restricting gene flow and promoting diversification. Of the 253 speciation studies onDaphnia, the majority of studies examine geographic barriers (55%). While evidence shows that geographic barriers play a role in species divergence, ecological barriers are also probably prominent inDaphniaspeciation. We assess the contribution of ecological and nonecological reproductive isolating barriers between closely related species ofDaphniaand found that none of the reproductive isolating barriers are restricting gene flow completely. Research on reproductive isolating barriers has disproportionally focused on two species complexes, theDaphnia pulexandDaphnia longispinaspecies complexes. Finally, we identify areas of research that remain relatively unexplored and discuss future research directions that build our understanding of speciation in daphniids.
Coupled whole‐tree optimality and xylem hydraulics explain dynamic biomass partitioning
Authors: Potkay Aaron , Trugman Anna T. , Wang Yujie , Venturas Martin D. , Anderegg William R. L. , Mattos Caio R. C. , Fan Ying 
Published: February 2021

Summary

Trees partition biomass in response to resource limitation and physiological activity. It is presumed that these strategies evolved to optimize some measure of fitness. If the optimization criterion can be specified, then allometry can be modeled from first principles without prescribed parameterization.

We present the Tree Hydraulics and Optimal Resource Partitioning (THORP) model, which optimizes allometry by estimating allocation fractions to organs as proportional to their ratio of marginal gain to marginal cost, where gain is net canopy photosynthesis rate, and costs are senescence rates. Root total biomass and profile shape are predicted simultaneously by a unified optimization. Optimal partitioning is solved by a numerically efficient analytical solution.

THORP’s predictions agree with reported tree biomass partitioning in response to size, water limitations, elevated CO2 and pruning. Roots were sensitive to soil moisture profiles and grew down to the groundwater table when present. Groundwater buffered against water stress regardless of meteorology, stabilizing allometry and root profiles as deep as c. 30 m.

Much of plant allometry can be explained by hydraulic considerations. However, nutrient limitations cannot be fully ignored. Rooting mass and profiles were synchronized with hydrological conditions and groundwater even at considerable depths, illustrating that the below ground shapes whole‐tree allometry.
Relational Risk and Collective Management: A Pathway to Transformational Risk Management
Authors: Kamstra Peter , Cook Brian , Edensor Tim , Kennedy David , Kearnes Matthew 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRisk tends to be conceptualized at the individual scale, with global risk communication and governance efforts fixated on an individual's knowledge and behavior. While individuals are undoubtedly influenced by those who surround them, such human–human interactions tend to be excluded from empirical and field‐based analyses of risk taking. This study diverges from prevailing analyses of risk as an individualized phenomenon, exploring the collective and relational practices that influence risk while fishing from hazardous rocky coasts. The aim is to counter the near‐universal tendency to individualize risk in empirical analyses by instead using a mixed‐methodology that can quantify and enable consideration of collective responses to risk, in real‐time. We demonstrate that both rock fishing practice and many of the high‐risk events that emerge while rock fishing are managed collectively. Compared to the tendency to individualize risk, we demonstrate that collective responses to risk are more representative of how risk is experienced and acted upon, with implications for risk management in countless contexts.
Influence of clinical and experimental intra‐articular inflammation on neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin concentrations in horses
Authors: Frydendal Catina , Nielsen Katrine B. , Berg Lise C. , van Galen Gaby , Adler Ditte M. T. , Andreassen Stine M. , Jacobsen Stine 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) concentrations in serum and synovial fluid (SF) from horses with joint inflammation.Study designExperimental studies and retrospective clinical study.Sample populationSerum and SF samples were available from healthy horses (n = 19), clinical cases, and horses with experimental joint inflammation. Clinical cases included horses with (n = 10) or without (n = 10) septic arthritis. Experimental intra‐articular inflammation was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS; n = 7, severe inflammation), lidocaine (n = 6, moderate inflammation), or mepivacaine (n = 6, mild inflammation).MethodsAvailability of samples was based on approval from the local ethical committee and from the Danish Animal Experiments Inspectorate. Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin was measured with a previously validated enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Repeated‐measurements one‐ and two‐way analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used to analyze NGAL concentrations and white blood cell counts (WBC).ResultsAfter injection of LPS or lidocaine, SF NGAL concentrations increased 343‐ (P = .0035) and 60‐fold (P = .0038) relative to baseline, respectively. Serum NGAL also increased in both groups (P < .05) but to lower concentrations than in SF. Concentrations were higher after injection of lidocaine SF NGAL than after injection of mepivacaine (P < .05) at 6 and 12 hours. Synovial fluid concentrations of NGAL were higher in horses with septic arthritis than in the nonseptic group (P = .0070) and in healthy controls (P = .0071). Concentrations of NGAL correlated with WBC in SF (P < .0001, R2 = 0.49) and in blood (P = .0051, R2 = 0.27).ConclusionNeutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin concentrations increased in SF in response to experimentally induced and naturally occurring joint inflammation. Synovial fluid NGAL concentration correlated with WBC and, thus, seems to reflect intensity of joint inflammation.Clinical significanceNeutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin may prove to be a useful biomarker of joint inflammation and infection in horses.
Peritoneal dissolved oxygen and function of encapsulated adult porcine islets transplanted in streptozotocin diabetic mice
Authors: Mitchelson Fernie , Safley Susan A. , Gordon Kereen , Weber Collin J. , Sambanis Athanassios 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlginate‐encapsulated islet xenografts have restored normoglycemia in diabetic animals for various periods of time. Plausible mechanisms of graft failure in vivo include immune rejection and hypoxia. We sought to understand the effects of encapsulated adult porcine islet (API) dosage on the peritoneal dissolved oxygen (DO) level in correlation to the achieved glycemic regulation in diabetic mice.MethodsAdult porcine islets encapsulated in barium alginate were transplanted intraperitoneally in streptozotocin diabetic BALB/c mice at 6000 and 4000 islet equivalents (IEQ) and in normal mice at 500 IEQ; APIs encapsulated in calcium alginate were transplanted at 6000 IEQ in diabetic mice. In all cases, cell‐free barium alginate capsules containing a perfluorocarbon emulsion were co‐implanted for DO measurements using 19F NMR spectroscopy. Blood glucose levels and peritoneal DO were measured over 60 days or until graft failure. Explanted capsules were evaluated microscopically and histologically.ResultsBoth barium and calcium alginate‐encapsulated APIs at 6000 IEQ reversed diabetes until day 60; barium alginate‐encapsulated APIs at 4000 IEQ also reversed diabetes but with a higher failure rate. Transplanted APIs significantly reduced the peritoneal DO, approximately in a dose‐dependent manner. The number of viable islets and the insulin content per capsule decreased over time. Capsules retrieved from normoglycemic mice exhibited minimal host cell adherence.ConclusionsTransplantation of encapsulated APIs can reduce peritoneal DO to severely hypoxic levels. Although normoglycemia could be maintained within the study period, the DO levels suggest that hypoxia is a factor contributing to loss of islet viability and insulin secretion with time in mice.
Objective Measurement of Physical Activity Attributed to a Park-Based Afterschool Program
Authors: Booth Ja’mese V. , Messiah Sarah E. , Hansen Eric , Nardi Maria I. , Hawver Emily , Patel Hersila H. , Kling Hannah , Okeke Deidre , D’Agostino Emily M. 
Published: February 2021

Background: Only 24% of US youth meet physical activity recommendations set by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Research demonstrates that community-based programs provide underresourced minority youth with opportunities for routine physical activity, although limited work draws from accelerometry data. This study objectively assessed youth physical activity attributable to participation (vs nonparticipation) days in a park-based afterschool program in Miami-Dade County, Miami, FL. Methods: Participants’ (n = 66; 60% male; 57% white Hispanic, 25% non-Hispanic black, 14% Black Hispanic, mean age = 10.2 y) physical activity was assessed April to May 2019 over 10 days across 7 park sites using Fitbit (Charge 2) devices. Separate repeated-measures multilevel models were developed to assess the relationship between program daily attendance and total (1) moderate to vigorous physical activity minutes and (2) step counts per day. Results: Models adjusted for individual-level age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty, and clustering by park showed significantly higher moderate to vigorous physical activity minutes (β = 25.33 more minutes per day; 95% confidence interval, 7.0 to 43.7, P < .01) and step counts (β = 4067.8 more steps per day; 95% confidence interval, 3171.8 to 4963.8, P < .001) on days when youth did versus did not attend the program. Conclusions: Study findings suggest that park-based programs may support underserved youth in achieving daily physical activity recommendations.
Management of aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity in oculocutaneous albinism
Authors: Panchal Bhavik , Gulati Megha 
Published: February 2021

A male infant, born preterm at 32 weeks of gestation, was referred at 36-week postmenstrual age for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening. He had nystagmus, generalised hypopigmentation of skin, hair and eyes with preaxial polydactyly. The fundus was depigmented with prominently visible choroidal vessels. The retinal vessels were dilated, tortuous at zone 1. There was presence of arcading, shunting of vessels with presence of vitreous haemorrhage in the left eye. A diagnosis of aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity (APROP) in association with oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) was made.Half-dose intravitreal bevacizumab was used to treat the vascular condition. After 2 weeks, there was complete regression of APROP with a completely mature retina observed at 4 months post-treatment. Herein, we describe the role of red-free light for screening ROP in infants with OCA; challenges in the management of ROP with laser photocoagulation compared with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.
Three-year review of a capacity building pilot for a sustainable regional network on food, nutrition and health systems education in India
Authors: Buckner Luke , Carter Harrison , Ahankari Anand , Banerjee Rinku , Bhar Somnath , Bhat Shivani , Bhattacharya Yagnaseni , Chakraborty Debashis , Douglas Pauline , Fitzpatrick Laura , Maitra-Nag Sudeshna , Muhkerjee Sagarika , Ray Sabyasachi , Roy Ananya , Saha Aparjita , Sayegh Marietta , Rajput-Ray Minha , Tsimpli Ianthi , Ray Sumantra 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundIn Kolkata (India), there are high rates of malnourished children (45.9%) under the age of three, impacting growth, organ development, function, and cognition. Mothers have a major role to play during this crucial development stage, with research showing nutrition knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of mothers are important determinants of childhood malnutrition.AimsTo document 3 years of capacity building towards a sustainable nutrition education network in Kolkata, India, while assessing the ability to perform data collection in the form of needs assessments, impact assessments and capacity reviews.MethodsDescriptive review and analysis of engagement and impact from 3 years of work by the NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, initiating locally led nutrition education interventions. Mapping to the Indian National Nutrition Strategy was also performed to review adherence to nationwide priorities surrounding nutrition and determine the wider application potential of the network.ResultsTwo simultaneous projects were taken forward by a team of local healthcare professionals and student champions. Project 1—medical college workshops for medical student nutrition education with added focus on underserved populations, Project 2—preparation for a ‘Mobile Teaching Kitchen’ (MTK) in marginalised communities to empower local women as nutrition educators.Data collection methods used for analysing markers of impact and sustainability were semi-structured interviews of the community members, and KAP questionnaires to assess response to educational sessions.ConclusionWith local support it is possible to create and sustain fieldwork for an extended period with meaningful outputs and impact. This initiative demonstrates that it is possible to use healthcare professionals, students and volunteers with low-intensity training and a low-cost approach to produce action research with considerable impact and results in rapid, reliable and robust manner.
British Intestinal Failure Alliance (BIFA) guidance - haematological and biochemical monitoring of adult patients receiving home parenteral nutrition
Authors: Mercer-Smith Gavin William , Kirk Colette , Gemmell Lisa , Mountford Christopher , Nightingale Jeremy , Thompson Nick 
Published: February 2021

Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is necessary for patients with prolonged intestinal failure which can be secondary to a variety of pathophysiological mechanisms or surgical resection. HPN is needed to supply micronutrients, macronutrients and water to reduce morbidity and mortality and to maximise the patient’s quality of life.HPN requires close monitoring by a dedicated multidisciplinary team and is vital to minimise complications; both catheter related and metabolic. A regular comprehensive review is required including history, examination including anthropometry and blood testing. The focus of this review is on the monitoring of haematological and biochemical parameters.There is a paucity of evidence-based literature on the biochemical monitoring of HPN and existing guidance is sourced mostly on expert opinion and lower grade studies. Sources offering guidance on the frequency of biochemical monitoring for the stable adult HPN patient are the British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, the European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and the Australasian Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (AuSPEN).The aim of this work is to review and collate this existing guidance into one clear and concise review. It is recommended that biochemical parameters are checked at baseline, thereafter more frequently if concerns arise and less frequently when the patient’s condition is stable, as assessed by the multidisciplinary team with expertise in HPN.
Global longitudinal strain predicts cardiovascular events after coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: Olsen Flemming Javier , Lindberg Søren , Pedersen Sune , Iversen Allan , Davidovski Filip Soeskov , Galatius Søren , Fritz-Hansen Thomas , Gislason Gunnar Hilmar , Søgaard Peter , Møgelvang Rasmus , Biering-Sørensen Tor 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveTo determine the prognostic value of global longitudinal strain (GLS) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study on patients undergoing CABG between 2006 and 2011 who had an echocardiogram available for strain analysis. The patients were followed up through nationwide registries for development of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death (CVD) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) defined as heart failure hospitalisation and/or CVD. Multivariable Cox regression was applied to adjust for the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II (EuroSCORE-II). Additive value was assessed by Net Reclassification Index (NRI) improvement.ResultsOf the 709 patients included, 80 died during a median follow-up of 3.8 years. Of these, 45 had CVD, and 72 patients experienced MACE. Mean age was 68 years and 85% were men. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 50% and GLS was −13%.GLS was an independent predictor when adjusted for the EuroSCORE-II (all-cause mortality: HR=1.07 (1.01–1.13), p=0.018; CVD: HR=1.11 (1.03–1.20), p=0.007; MACE: HR=1.12 (1.06–1.19), p<0.001, per 1% absolute decrease). GLS significantly improved the NRI score by 0.30 when added to the EuroSCORE-II for predicting MACE, but not significantly for the other endpoints.LVEF modified the association between GLS and outcomes (p for interaction<0.05 for CVD and MACE). GLS remained an independent predictor of outcomes in patients with preserved LVEF (LVEF≥50%) and improved the NRI score when added to the EuroSCORE-II for predicting CVD and MACE, but not all-cause mortality in these patients.ConclusionGLS is an independent predictor of long-term outcomes after CABG. The predictive value appears strongest among patients with preserved LVEF.
Breast lumps in service women
Authors: Pengelly S , Lambert AW , Khan M , Groome J 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionBreast cancer is uncommon in a young population but it does occur. 80% of breast cancer occurs after 50 yrs of age. This article uses current guidelines and evidence to advise military medical staff on how best to investigate and manage servingage women presenting with breast symptoms. Male breast changes will be dealt with in a future article.Differential DiagnosisYoung females presenting with breast lumps are unlikely to have cancer. In order of frequency the causes are likely to be benign breast change; fibroadenoma; abscesses in 20-30 year olds; cysts in 30-40 year olds; and lastly cancer. The UK sees 48,000 new cases of breast cancer in women every year; breast cancer can also occur in men but is very rare.Diagnosis and ManagementManagement in the deployed, primary and secondary care settings are described. It may be reasonable in young women to wait and see if a lump resolves after the patient’s next menstrual cycle before referring the patient. Once referred, current guidelines recommend that all patients are seen by a breast surgeon within two weeks. Within this group, a subgroup of patients with ‘red-flag’ lumps is identified who need to be referred urgently. The remaining patients have lumps that can be considered non-urgent: however, hospitals will still endeavour to see these patients within two weeks..ConclusionsBreast cancer is more difficult to diagnose in the younger patient. In primary care, breast lumps are still simple to manage if the points in this article are followed. Anxious patients can be reassured that cancer is unlikely. However, cancer in this young age group is associated with worse outcomes than breast cancer in older patients.