bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology, clinical profile, and pattern of refractive error in newly diagnosed cases of refractive error in pediatric population visiting a tertiary eye care center
Authors: Rajput Vimal Krishna , Shetty Naren , Raut Pritish 
Published: July 2021

Purpose:
This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical profile, and pattern of refractive error in newly diagnosed cases in children visiting a tertiary care eye center in southern India.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective study was conducted on 367 children, ≤15 years of age, with significant refractive error who visited our tertiary eye care hospital over a period of 1 year. Every child underwent detailed ocular examination. Significant refractive error was defined as myopia of ≥−0.75 diopter (D), hypermetropia of more than +2 D, and astigmatism of more than 0.75 D. Descriptive statistics were computed for better and the worse eye. Statistical tests were applied between the worse and better eyes using Chi-square test.

Results:
A total of 367 children (38.8%) were diagnosed for the first time of having refractive error. Only 146 (39.8%) children presented with visual complaints. With respect to the vision in the worse eye, 65.9% (n = 240) had moderately subnormal vision. There was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.057) between age distribution and visual acuity in the worse eye. Two hundred and thirty-eight children (64.9%) had significant astigmatism as compared to 161 myopic (43.9%) children. There was a statistically significant difference between reasons of visit and different age groups.

Conclusions:
Astigmatism was the most prevalent refractive error and uncorrected astigmatism the most significant amblyogenic factor. Since majority of children, especially in the younger age group, present with nonvisual complaints, involvement of pediatricians and parents will help us to reduce morbidity due to uncorrected refractive error and amblyopia.
Validation of absolute point dosimetry by the analytical anisotropic algorithm and Acuros XB algorithm employing intensity-modulated radiotherapy technique on an in-house develop cost-effective heterogeneous thorax phantom
Authors: Bagdare Priyusha , Dubey Swati , Ghosh Sanjay 
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Dose validation inside the human body needs a medium which can simulate the actual heterogeneities of a specific body site. The aim of the present work is to study the properties of a cost-effective heterogeneous thorax phantom (HTP) developed in-house by the author and its application for the evaluation of patient-specific absolute point dosimetry by employing analytic anisotropic algorithm (AAA) and Acuros XB (AXB) algorithm.

Materials and Methods:
HTP was made from the dust of porous pinewood, rib cage, and honeybee's wax. Density and central axis isodose depth distribution was measured on computed tomography images of actual patient and on HTP. Absolute point dose verification of 35 patients was done using AAA and AXB algorithm. The difference in the calculated dose by AAA and AXB was compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Results:
Density distribution and central axis depth dose inside the HTP compare well with that of an actual patient. The mean percentage variation between the planned and the measured doses inside the HTP was found to be 4.85 (standard deviation [SD] = 3.38) and 1.3 (SD = 2.93), respectively, using AAA and AXB algorithm. The difference in the measured dose and the planned dose was found to be significant for AAA with the significance level of 0.01 (p-value < 0.00001), whereas it was found to be insignificant (p-value < 0.00001) for AXB.

Conclusion:
The results of this study showed that the HTP is resembled with the human thorax in terms of its heterogeneities and radiological properties and can be used for pretreatment plan verification.
Immunohistochemical subtyping of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma into germinal center B-cell and activated B-cell subtype, along with correlation of the subtypes with extranodal involvement, serum lactate dehydrogenase, and positron emission tomography scan-based response assessment to chemotherapy
Authors: Tyagi Aarti , Abrari Andleeb , Khurana Anuj , Tyagi Shantanu 
Published: July 2021

Context:
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Indian population and is divided into the prognostically important subtypes, germinal center B-cell (GCB) and activated B-cell-like (ABC), using immunohistochemistry-based algorithm.

Aim:
The present study aims to evaluate the influence of immunohistochemical derived DLBCL subtype, GCB or ABC on prognostically significant variables – extranodal involvement and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level at presentation, and response to chemotherapy assessed on pre- and posttreatment fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography study.

Settings and Design:
This was a retro-prospective, 2-year observational study at a tertiary health-care center, New Delhi.

Subjects and Methods:
The study population includes a total 236 cases of DLBCL. According to the Hans algorithm, DLBCL cases were allocated to the GCB and ABC subgroups.

Statistical Analysis Used:
For comparison of mean values, independent t-test and analysis of variance were used. For this purpose, we used SPSS 20.0 software. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results:
Ninety-eight patients (41.5%) had GCB immunophenotype and 138 patients (58.5%) were ABC. A significant difference was observed between mean baseline level of LDH between GCB and ABC subtypes (P < 0.05). The proportion of cases with extranodal involvement was comparatively higher in ABC subtype (P < 0.05). Association between response to chemotherapy with DLBCL immunophenotypes was found to be highly significant (P < 0.00). The response rates were much better in GCB subtype.

Conclusions:
The mean baseline level of LDH is significantly higher in ABC subtype. The proportion of cases with extranodal involvement was comparatively higher in ABC and shows poor response to chemotherapy as compared to GCB. Baseline LDH level was found to be important prognostic marker in the DLBCL.
COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: Patel Vishalkumar Kanaiyalal , Pandey Sunayna , Jani Arpit Madhusudanbhai , Tiwari Deepak Sachidanand , Patel Falguni Babubhai , Amritlal Thakrar Rajendra Kumar 
Published: July 2021

Context:
COVID-19 outbreak has had a huge impact on health-care facilities, and challenges of health-care providers would compromise their physical and mental well-being during this epidemic.

Aims:
This study aimed to find out stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression among the health-care workers during COVID-19 outbreak.

Settings and Design:
This was a 3-month, cross-sectional, observational, single-center study of health-care workers of designated COVID-19 hospital.

Subjects and Methods:
Study objectives were explained to health-care workers, and written consent was obtained. Participants were approached in their department as per their convenience and requested to fill the pro forma. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 and Insomnia Severity Index were used to detect psychological issues in the form of stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression.

Statistical Analysis:
Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were used for analysis of variables in the study.

Results:
Overall 27.41% and 29.18% of the health-care workers reported stress and anxiety symptoms, respectively, while 18.78% reported clinically significant insomnia and depression. Among them, being female, married, elderly, presence of medical illness, frontline workers, frequently watching COVID news, and excessive fear of COVID emerged as statistically significant variables associated with stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression.

Conclusions:
Health-care workers experienced many mental health issues while performing duties during COVID-19 outbreak. Such issues are alarming and need to be addressed with appropriate health-care policy.
Utilization Of Glycerol By Product From Transesterification Of Waste Cooking Oil As A Cosurfactant In Nanocream Preparation
Authors: Rani Zulmai , Julia Reveny  , Urip Harahap  
Published: July 2021

Waste cooking oil (used cooking oil ) is oil derived from leftover cooking oil for frying food. Waste cooking oil is still considered as waste by some people and waste cooking oil that should not be suitable for consumption is sometimes still widely reused in food processing, this can endanger health and reduce the nutritional value of food. In order to be used and have economic value, it is overcome by synthesizing waste cooking oil into glycerol so it can be used as cosurfactant. Besides as cosurfactant, this waste cooking oil glycerol also can be used for various chemical industies, foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals industries. For cosmetic preparation, it can make a nanocream preparation. The purpose of this research was to utilize waste cooking oil into a glycerol which is used as a cosurfactant, to characterize the synthesis results based on IR Spectroscopy data and to formulate it to nanocream preparation. The research was conducted in an experimentally by making glycerol from side product of waste cooking oil. Separating glycerol process conducted by transesterification reaction. Glycerol of waste cooking oil by product was characterized with IR Spectroscopy and evaluated include organoleptic, glycerol contents, density, viscosity, ash content, and moisture content. Formulation of nanocream preparation using 30% of Tween 80 as surfactant, glycerol by-product as cosurfactant 7,5% concentration, and 20% of VCO as oil phase. The nanocream preparation was measured for its particle size with the aim of being able to determine the particle size of the formula to form nanoparticle size. The results showed that glycerol of waste cooking oil by product shows the presence of OH, CH-aliphatic, C=O carbonyl and C-O. particle size of nanocream preparation obtained was 397,76 nm. Based on the result of this research, the conclusion is glycerol of waste cooking oil by-product can form nano size with presence of glycerol as cosurfactant. The particle size of the nanocream preparation obtained was still in the nanocream requirement range, namely 20-500 nm.
A Combined Experiment and Modeling Analysis of ASTM G85 WB Accelerated Corrosion Testing of Galvanically Coupled Sensitized AA5456-H116 and CDA 706 Cupronickel
Authors: Blohm L.M. , Liu C. , Kelly R.G. 
Published: July 2021

AA5456-H116 undergoes accelerated localized corrosion when in a galvanic couple with cupronickel alloy C70600 (CDA 706) during ASTM G85 Appendix 2 Wet Bottom (G85 WB) testing. Surface and subsurface damage of AA5456-H116 and the region of protection of the C70600 were investigated and quantified after 31 d (124 cycles). These results were compared to finite element modeling results investigating relative humidity (RH) and water layer (WL) thickness. The best fit between experimental results and the modeling results was found when modeling assumed that a 3,000 μm water layer was formed during the spray portion at the start of each G85 cycle, with thinner water layers present during the decreasing RH portion of the cycle, which led to intergranular corrosion attack that was primarily focused in the proximity of the C70600/AA5456-H116 interface, but extending along the AA5456-H116 surface for some distance. The high-water layer thickness is likely the result of the corrosion product formation that traps additional electrolyte than would be present on a clean surface.
A recepção crítica da obra de Adriana Lisboa
Authors: Bruno Neila Brasil 
Published: July 2021

Desenvolve-se, neste artigo, uma análise da recepção crítica da obra de Adriana Lisboa com o objetivo central de verificar qual a posição da crítica especializada e da crítica não especializada diante da produção literária da autora. Nesta investigação, buscou-se evidenciar as temáticas dos romances de Adriana Lisboa e apontar como a crítica tem contribuído para a criação de um público específico para esta escritora. Para isso, utilizamos como base de nosso trabalho estudos de autores como Pierre Bourdieu, para um aprofundamento sociológico das questões que envolvem a arte, e Tânia Pellegrini, para o entendimento da formação do campo crítico no Brasil, entre outros. Palavras-chave: Adriana Lisboa. Recepção crítica. Profissionalização. Campo literário.
O caráter performativo da linguagem do movimento escola sem partido
Authors: Cardozo Letícia Berneira 
Published: July 2021

Este artigo busca investigar o caráter performativo da linguagem do “Movimento Escola sem Partido”. Como embasamento teórico utilizar-se-á autores como Austin (1962), Derrida (1977) e Butler (1997), que discorrem sobre o caráter performativo da linguagem e a violência exercida através dos atos de fala. Ancorada nos pressupostos da pesquisa qualitativa, analisam-se aqui os comentários online de três publicações da página oficial do “Escola sem Partido”, disponibilizados na rede social Facebook. Os comentários apontam para a força ilocucionária da linguagem, capaz de nomear, transformar, subverter o papel do professor e incitar práticas violentas.
O eu da poesia inscrito nos cruzamentos do fingimento e do delírio com o real: compreensões do sujeito lírico
Authors: Lima Felippe Nildo Oliveira de 
Published: July 2021

Este trabalho discute a relação realidade/ficção atuante no sujeito lírico em três momentos da literatura. Primeiramente, abordamos a semelhança do eu da subjetividade romântica ao eu empírico do poeta (GOETHE, 2017; HEGEL, 2004; 2009). Em seguida, analisamos o desvencilhar-se da poesia moderna do ego em dissolução, transmutando-se em criação ficcional e autônoma de linguagem (FRIEDRICH, 1978; HAMBURGUER, 1986). Por fim, trazemos algumas tendências críticas mais recentes (COMBE, 2010; DE MAN, 2012; PUCHEU, 2014; SCARANO, 1997) que ampliam os horizontes críticos com base em um sujeito lírico contemporâneo de estatuto duplo inscrito nas fronteiras indiscerníveis da realidade e da ficção. Palavras-chave: Realidade. Ficção. Sujeito lírico. Teorias literárias.
A dimensão interpessoal da linguagem na variação e na gramaticalização
Authors: Görski Edair Maria , Valle Carla Regina Martins 
Published: July 2021

Discutimos o lugar destinado à dimensão interpessoal e aos interlocutores na Sociolinguística Variacionista e na Gramaticalização; e questões metodológicas envolvidas nas duas abordagens. Destaca-se que, enquanto a sociolinguística laboviana privilegia fatores de estratificação social do falante (em detrimento ao ouvinte), em razão do caráter quantitativo de suas análises, a abordagem funcionalista de gramaticalização como expansão considera a interação falante-ouvinte como motivação para a mudança. Do ponto de vista analítico, são apresentados dois artefatos metodológicos voltados à dimensão interpessoal, e aplicados a um fenômeno em variação e gramaticalização.
O elemento gramatical “lo” em publicações didáticas brasileiras da década de 1940: Historiografia da Linguística e ensino de espanhol
Authors: Alexandre Diego José Alves , Vieira Francisco Eduardo 
Published: July 2021

Tomando por objeto da Historiografia da Linguística as formas de conhecimento construídas sobre a língua ao longo da história (ALTMAN, 2009), este artigo objetiva analisar a metalinguagem empregada em torno do elemento gramatical lo em materiais didáticos de espanhol publicados na década de 1940 no Brasil. Assim, selecionamos cinco fontes representativas desse período, sobretudo a partir da publicação de uma lei que fixava conteúdos de espanhol no sistema educativo brasileiro. Nos resultados, verificou-se nas obras uma difusa variedade taxonômica e de possibilidades de uso do lo, que são refletidas nos livros didáticos e nas práticas docentes até os dias atuais
Comprehensive evaluation of satellite-based and reanalysis soil moisture products using in situ observations over China
Authors: Ling Xiaolu , Huang Ying , Guo Weidong , Wang Yixin , Chen Chaorong , Qiu Bo , Ge Jun , Qin Kai , Xue Yong , Peng Jian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Soil moisture (SM) plays a critical role in the water and energy cycles of the Earth system; consequently, a long-term SM product with high quality is urgently needed. In this study, five SM products, including one microwave remote sensing product – the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI) – and four reanalysis data sets – European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis – Interim (ERA-Interim), National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), the 20th Century Reanalysis Project from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the ECMWF Reanalysis 5 (ERA5) – are systematically evaluated using in situ measurements during 1981–2013 in four climate regions at different timescales over the Chinese mainland. The results show that ESA CCI is closest to the observations in terms of both the spatial distributions and magnitude of the monthly SM. All reanalysis products tend to overestimate soil moisture in all regions but have higher correlations than the remote sensing product except in Northwest China. The largest inconsistency is found in southern Northeast China region, with an unbiased root mean square error (ubRMSE) value larger than 0.04. However, all products exhibit certain weaknesses in representing the interannual variation in SM. The largest relative bias of 144.4 % is found for the ERA-Interim SM product under extreme and severe wet conditions in northeastern China, and the lowest relative bias is found for the ESA CCI SM product, with the minimum of 0.48 % under extreme and severe wet conditions in northwestern China. Decomposing mean square errors suggests that the bias terms are the dominant contribution for all products, and the correlation term is large for ESA CCI. As a result, the ESA CCI SM product is a good option for long-term hydrometeorological applications on the Chinese mainland. ERA5 is also a promising product, especially in northern and northwestern China in terms of low bias and high correlation coefficient. This long-term intercomparison study provides clues for SM product enhancement and further hydrological applications.
Équipements collectifs et ségrégation sociale
Authors: Pinçon-Charlot Monique , Préteceille Edmond , Rendu Paul 
Published: July 2021

Dans le cours de nos recherches sur les politiques urbaines, l’analyse statistique de la distribution spatiale et sociale des équipements collectifs à l’échelle d’une région urbaine socialement diversifiée nous a paru une étape indispensable pour l’étude des effets sociaux de ces politiques. Rassembler, traiter, interpréter la somme, considérable, des informations nécessaires sur un ensemble social aussi vaste que la région parisienne demande un travail tel qu’il implique, en fait, la coopération de plusieurs chercheurs pendant plusieurs années. Du point de vue des rapports entre les chercheurs eux-mêmes, ce n’est pas toujours simple, dans la mesure où il faut gérer en permanence la contradiction entre la nécessité d’une problématique commune définissant précisément le programme de travail et les différences inévitables (et productives à condition qu’elles ne soient pas paralysantes) de sensibilité théorique, de manière de travailler, d’écrire… De plus, l’idéologie professionnelle dominante dans la recherche en sciences sociales est fortement individualiste, et les instances scientifiques, commissions du CNRS entre autres, ont une attitude encore trop réservée par rapport aux travaux collectifs. La réalisation de travaux empiriques d’une certaine ampleur exige également des moyens importants. Ces travaux présentés ici ont pu être menés à leur terme grâce principalement aux financements du Commissariat Général au Plan puis à ceux du Plan-Construction. Bien sûr, ce n’est pas très élégant de parler d’argent dans une discussion épistémologique. Et puis nous avions « choisi » les plus mauvaises conditions possibles pour faire ce travail : sur contrats (il nous en a fallu sept ou huit pour l’ensemble du programme, gymnastique passible de la réprobation de la Cour des comptes, faut-il l’avouer ?) devant financer nos salaires, les charges sociales, etc., avant même les frais de recherche, et tout cela en pleine période de récession de la recherche contractuelle et de désintérêt pour les travaux sociologiques quantitatifs de la part de nombreuses administrations. Et il faut bien dire que le long travail de « digestion théorique » des résultats, indispensables pour donner tout son sens au travail statistique, n’a pu avoir lieu vraiment que grâce à notre intégration au CNRS en cours de route.
Un droit d’entrée sur le terrain à géométrie variable
Authors: Weil Armelle , Bugnon Géraldine , Frauenfelder Arnaud 
Published: July 2021

Cette contribution opère un retour réflexif et pratique sur l’accès au terrain d’une recherche en cours, portant sur les trajectoires et expériences des jeunes dans la justice pénale pour mineur·es en Suisse romande. En quête de vécus et de discours contrastés, nous avons privilégié une approche multi-site plutôt qu’une immersion au sein d’un unique dispositif. C’est ainsi par le biais de huit institutions pénales que nous avons pu nous entretenir avec des adolescent∙es confronté∙es à la justice. Négocier l’accès à des enquêté·es sous emprises institutionnelles par le biais de ces dernières a comporté deux spécificités majeures. D’une part, cela a entrainé la multiplication des situations de négociations, dont les impératifs, interlocuteur∙rices et modalités différaient à chaque fois. D’autre part, nous avons dû gagner l’accord d’un double public : les professionnel∙les de la chaîne pénale dans un premier temps et les jeunes dans un deuxième. Nos négociations ont ainsi été soumises à deux ensembles de contraintes, discours et techniques à mobiliser différents, si ce n’est opposés. Ce double impératif nous renseigne grandement sur notre objet et met en lumière plusieurs enjeux : les différentes relations d’enquête qui se donnent à voir sur le terrain (entre chercheur∙es et jeunes, entre jeunes et professionnel∙les…) ainsi qu’un certain mimétisme entre le type de sanction pénale et la négociation du terrain.
Grief and Bereavement Practices Among Igbo People of South-Eastern Nigeria: Implications for Counselling
Authors: Kamonges Wahab , Nawait Mukhtar 
Published: July 2021

Death is as old as human kind, but always appears in minds as fresh as a new born when and wherever it occurs. Death or loss of loved one/valuable items is a tragedy, disastrous and difficult to swallow within a short period of its occurrence. The unpredictable psychological feeling called grief is usually accompanied with emotional setbacks like; anxiety, depression, insomnia, anger, feeling of guilt, sadness, despair and yearning among others determines the level of attachment to the loss and so the likely period of bereavement. The unfortunate circumstances seem to manifest themselves even among animals particularly mammals for example; chimpanzees exhibit silence behavior around the dead member, gorillas use sign language and even expressing sadness about the deceased member, elephants display destructive unusual habit on seeing motionless member, some deer mostly sniff and poke while looking at their lifeless deceased among others. However, this paper attempts to define the concepts of grief, mourning, counselling and bereavement practices by various groups around the world, with much emphasis on Igbo people of South-Eastern Nigeria as well as its counselling implications.