bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Tensions Become Opportunities: Managing Accountability Demands in Collaborative Governance
Authors: Lee Seulki 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Accountability in collaborative governance comprises a tangled web of vertical and horizontal accountability relationships. Although different accountability mechanisms are apparently complementary, they also clash with each other, producing serious accountability tensions. This study explores how actors in collaborative governance experience and manage conflicting accountability demands in the context of a Korean interorganizational network. Using qualitative data based on in-depth interviews with 32 personnel across 10 organizations and document analysis, the study identifies different types of accountability tensions and actors’ strategic responses to them. The analysis reveals that accountability tensions vary across the sources of the demand, and they are more likely to emerge when there are gaps in procedural and institutional arrangements or differences in collaborators’ commitment levels. Findings suggest that accountability tensions inherent to collaborative networks, when harnessed and actively managed, may be viewed as opportunities for advancing the whole network’s mission and improving network accountability. Based on these findings, the study proposes a novel framework for accountability tensions in collaborative governance with propositions about the mechanisms through which accountability tensions emerge and are managed. The study provides insights into the complexities of maintaining accountability in cross-sector, multi-actor networks.
Genus Barleria L. (Acanthaceae): a review of its taxonomy, cytogenetics, phytochemistry and pharmacological potential
Authors: Lekhak Manoj M , Patil Suraj S , Deshmukh Pradip V , Lekhak Utkarsha M , Kumar Vijay , Rastogi Anshu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Barleria, a large genus of the Acanthaceae family, comprises more than 300 species with diverse taxonomy, cytogenetics, phytochemistry and pharmacological potential. Therefore, the aim of this review is to critically assess the research on Barleria and provide guidance for future investigations.

Methods
The data were obtained from different sources, such as books, theses, journals and some of the websites and internet-based searches, published from 1901 to 2020. Data obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, online electronic journals, SpringerLink, Wiley, etc. have also been used.

Key findings
The species of this genus exhibit considerable medicinal properties. Cytogenetical data are scantily available with chromosome counts available for only 24 species. The most common chromosome number is 2n = 2x = 40. So far, 187 compounds are reported from Barleria species. The active principles, their uses, toxicity and pharmacological effects are discussed. Essential oils, flavones, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenes and terpenoids form the major compounds.

Summary
It is highly recommended that the pharmacological and economic potential of Barleria species should be exploited and more detailed studies and attention be geared towards its utilization and conservation. In addition, to ensure maximum pharmacological benefits and sustainable use, it is necessary to have empirical information explaining its ethnobotanical values as well as commercial potential.
China’s natural gas sector regulation in the context of pipeline restructuring: towards independent gas pipeline operation?
Authors: Zhang Hao 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The establishment of China National Oil and Gas Pipeline Network Corporation (PipeChina) is one of the most ambitious reforms of China’s oil and gas industry to date. As a cleaner type of fossil fuel, natural gas is considered the preferred transition energy resource during China’s transformation from fossil fuel-intensive to renewable energy. The strategic choice is to increase the proportion of natural gas in China’s primary energy portfolio. The creation of PipeChina, through acquiring the pipeline assets from the national oil companies, is an essential part of the reform agenda to increase natural gas supply and consumption through a monopoly and independent midstream sector. Accompanying this change is the promulgation of two sets of regulations governing a new transmission tariff regime and third-party access, respectively. Given the nascency of China’s gas pipeline restructuring, this article critically examines the regulations that underpin the independent operation of PipeChina. It discovers that enforcement of third-party access contradicts the existing regulations on gas concession rights. PipeChina’s independent operation is also likely to be challenged by the regulatory uncertainties identified by this study. Therefore, the success of PipeChina to achieve the reform objectives largely depends on how these challenges can be addressed appropriately in the process of ongoing reform.
Observational hints on the torus obscuring gas behaviour through X-rays with NuSTAR data
Authors: Osorio-Clavijo N , González-Martín O , Sánchez S F , Esparza-Arredondo D , Masegosa J , Victoria-Ceballos C , Hernández-García L , Díaz Y 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
According to theory, the torus of active galactic nuclei (AGN) is sustained from a wind coming off the accretion disc, and for low efficient AGN, it has been proposed that such structure disappears. However, the exact conditions for its disappearance remain unclear. This can be studied throughout the reflection component at X-rays, which is associated with distant and neutral material at the inner walls of the torus in obscured AGN. We select a sample of 81 AGNs observed with NuSTAR with a distance limit of D&lt; 200 Mpc and Eddington rate $\rm {\lambda _{Edd} \equiv L_{bol}/L_{Edd}\lt 10^{-3}}$. We fit the 3–70 keV spectra using a model accounting for a partial-covering absorber plus a reflection component from neutral material. We find that the existence of the reflection component spans in a wide range of black hole mass and bolometric luminosities, with only ∼13 per cent of our sample (11 sources) lacking of any reflection signatures. These sources fall in the region in which the torus may be lacking in the L-MBH diagram. For the sources with a detected reflection component, we find that the vast majority of them are highly obscured ($\rm {\log \ N_H \gt 23}$), with $\rm {\sim 20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}}$ being Compton-thick. We also find an increase in the number of unobscured sources and a tentative increase on the ratio between $\rm {FeK\alpha }$ emission line and Compton-hump luminosities toward $\rm {\lambda _{Edd}=10^{-5}}$, suggesting that the contribution of the $\rm {FeK\alpha }$ line changes with Eddington ratio.
Tetanus: A Rare Complication of Black Tar Heroin Use
Authors: Pichlinski Elisa M , Hoff Emily , Epperson Lindsey Claire , Morley Elizabeth , Cao James Dazhe , Thoppil Joby , Field Steven , Mehta Prayag , Good Daniel , Nijhawan Ank E 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Tetanus is associated with high morbidity and mortality, although this is rarely encountered in high-income countries. We present a case of tetanus in an unvaccinated patient secondary to black tar heroin use that highlights the importance of considering tetanus in appropriate clinical contexts, harm reduction interventions, and universal tetanus vaccination campaigns.
Hα emission in the outskirts of galaxies atz= 0.4
Authors: Shimakawa Rhythm , Tanaka Masayuki , Kikuta Satoshi , Hayashi Masao 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper reports detections of Hα emission and stellar continuum out to approximately 30 physical kiloparsecs, and Hα directionality in the outskirts of Hα-emitting galaxies (Hα emitters) at $z$ = 0.4. This research adopts narrow-band selected Hα emitters at $z$ = 0.4 from the emission-line object catalog by Hayashi et al. (2020, PASJ, 72, 86), which is based on data in the Deep and Ultradeep layers of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program. Deep narrow- and broad-band images of 8625 Hα emitters across 16.8 deg2 enable us to construct deep composite emission-line and continuum images. The stacked images show diffuse Hα emission (down to ∼5 × 10−20 erg s−1 cm−2 arcsec−2) and stellar continuum (down to ∼5 × 10−22 erg s−1 cm−2 Å−1 arcsec−2), extending beyond 10 kpc at stellar masses &gt;109 $M_\odot$, parts of which may originate from stellar halos. Those radial profiles are broadly consistent with each other. In addition, we obtain a dependence of the Hα emission on the position angle because relatively higher Hα equivalent width has been detected along the minor-axis towards galaxy disks. While the Hα directionality could be attributed to biconical outflows, further research with hydrodynamic simulations is highly demanded to pin down the exact cause.
Phytochrome B Conveys Low Ambient Temperature Cues to the Ethylene-Mediated Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis
Authors: Lee June-Hee , Park Young-Joon , Kim Jae Young , Park Chung-Mo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Leaf senescence is an active developmental process that is tightly regulated through extensive transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming events, which underlie controlled degradation and relocation of nutrients from aged or metabolically inactive leaves to young organs. The onset of leaf senescence is coordinately modulated by intrinsic aging programs and environmental conditions, such as prolonged darkness and temperature extremes. Seedlings growing under light deprivation, as often experienced in severe shading or night darkening, exhibit an accelerated senescing process, which is mediated by a complex signaling network that includes sugar starvation responses and light signaling events via the phytochrome B (phyB)-PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) signaling routes. Notably, recent studies indicate that nonstressful ambient temperatures profoundly influence the onset and progression of leaf senescence in darkness, presumably mediated by the phyB-PIF4 signaling pathways. However, it is not fully understood how temperature signals regulate leaf senescence at the molecular level. Here, we demonstrated that low ambient temperatures repress the nuclear export of phyB and the nuclear phyB suppresses the transcriptional activation activity of ethylene signaling mediator ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3), thus delaying leaf senescence. Accordingly, leaf senescence was insensitive to low ambient temperatures in transgenic plants overexpressing a constitutively nuclear phyB form, as observed in ein3 eil1 mutants. In contrast, leaf senescence was significantly promoted in phyB-deficient mutants under identical temperature conditions. Our data indicate that phyB coordinately integrates light and temperature cues into the EIN3-mediated ethylene signaling pathway that regulates leaf senescence under light deprivation, which would enhance plant fitness under fluctuating natural environments.
Arabidopsis CHROMATIN REMODELING 19 acts as a transcriptional repressor and contributes to plant pathogen resistance
Authors: Kang Huijia , Liu Yuhao , Fan Tianyi , Ma Jing , Wu Di , Heitz Thierry , Shen Wen-Hui , Zhu Yan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chromatin remodelers act in an ATP-dependent manner to modulate chromatin structure and thus genome function. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) remodeler CHROMATIN REMODELING19 (CHR19) is enriched in gene body regions, and its depletion causes massive changes in nucleosome position and occupancy in the genome. Consistent with these changes, an in vitro assay verified that CHR19 can utilize ATP to slide nucleosomes. A variety of inducible genes, including several important genes in the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways, were transcriptionally upregulated in the chr19 mutant under normal growth conditions, indicative of a role of CHR19 in transcriptional repression. In addition, the chr19 mutation triggered higher susceptibility to the JA pathway-defended necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, but did not affect the growth of the SA pathway-defended hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Expression of CHR19 was tissue-specific and inhibited specifically by SA treatment. Such inhibition significantly decreased the local chromatin enrichment of CHR19 at the associated SA pathway genes, which resulted in their full activation upon SA treatment. Overall, our findings clarify CHR19 to be a novel regulator acting at the chromatin level to impact the transcription of genes underlying plant resistance to different pathogens.
Plant autoimmunity—fresh insights into an old phenomenon
Authors: Freh Matthias , Gao Jinlan , Petersen Morten , Panstruga Ralph 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe plant immune system is well equipped to ward off the attacks of different types of phytopathogens. It primarily relies on two types of immune sensors—plasma membrane-resident receptor-like kinases and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLRs) receptors that engage preferentially in pattern- and effector-triggered immunity, respectively. Delicate fine-tuning, in particular of the NLR-governed branch of immunity, is key to prevent inappropriate and deleterious activation of plant immune responses. Inadequate NLR allele constellations, such as in the case of hybrid incompatibility, and the mis-activation of NLRs or the absence or modification of proteins guarded by these NLRs can result in the spontaneous initiation of plant defense responses and cell death—a phenomenon referred to as plant autoimmunity. Here, we review recent insights augmenting our mechanistic comprehension of plant autoimmunity. The recent findings broaden our understanding regarding hybrid incompatibility, unravel candidates for proteins likely guarded by NLRs and underline the necessity for the fine-tuning of NLR expression at various levels to avoid autoimmunity. We further present recently emerged tools to study plant autoimmunity and draw a cross-kingdom comparison to the role of NLRs in animal autoimmune conditions.
Aquaporin OsPIP2;2 links the H2O2 signal and a membrane-anchored transcription factor to promote plant defense
Authors: Zhang Mou , Shi Haotian , Li Ningning , Wei Nana , Tian Yan , Peng Jinfeng , Chen Xiaochen , Zhang Liyuan , Zhang Meixiang , Dong Hansong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
To overcome pathogen infection, plants deploy a highly efficient innate immune system, which often uses hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a versatile reactive oxygen species, to activate downstream defense responses. H2O2 is a potential substrate of aquaporins (AQPs), the membrane channels that facilitate the transport of small compounds across plasma membranes or organelle membranes. To date, however, the functional relationship between AQPs and H2O2 in plant immunity is largely undissected. Here, we report that the rice (Oryza sativa) AQP OsPIP2;2 transports pathogen-induced apoplastic H2O2 into the cytoplasm to intensify rice resistance against various pathogens. OsPIP2;2-transported H2O2 is required for microbial molecular pattern flg22 to activate the MAPK cascade and to induce the downstream defense responses. In response to flg22, OsPIP2;2 is phosphorylated at the serine residue S125, and therefore gains the ability to transport H2O2. Phosphorylated OsPIP2;2 also triggers the translocation of OsmaMYB, a membrane-anchored MYB transcription factor, into the plant cell nucleus to impart flg22-induced defense responses against pathogen infection. On the contrary, if OsPIP2;2 is not phosphorylated, OsmaMYB remains associated with the plasma membrane, and plant defense responses are no longer induced. These results suggest that OsPIP2;2 positively regulates plant innate immunity by mediating H2O2 transport into the plant cell and mediating the translocation of OsmaMYB from plasma membrane to nucleus.
Modifying pH-sensitive PCSK9/LDLR interactions as a strategy to enhance hepatic cell uptake of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)
Authors: Ben-Naim Lital , Khalaila Isam , Papo Niv 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
LDL-receptor (LDLR)-mediated uptake of LDL-C into hepatocytes is impaired by lysosomal degradation of LDLR, which is promoted by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Cell surface binding of PCSK9 to LDLR produces a complex that translocates to an endosome, where the acidic pH strengthens the binding affinity of PCSK9 to LDLR, preventing LDLR recycling to the cell membrane. We present a new approach to inhibit PCSK9-mediated LDLR degradation, namely, targeting the PCSK9/LDLR interface with a PCSK9-antagonist, designated Flag-PCSK9PH, which prevents access of WT PCSK9 to LDLR. In HepG2 cells, Flag-PCSK9PH, a truncated version (residues 53–451) of human WT PCSK9, strongly bound LDLR at the neutral pH of the cell surface but dissociated from it in the endosome (acidic pH), allowing LDLR to exit the lysosomes intact and recycle to the cell membrane. Flag-PCSK9PH thus significantly enhanced cell-surface LDLR levels and the ability of LDLR to take up extracellular LDL-C.
Emergence of new manifestations during infliximab treatment in Behçet’s syndrome
Authors: Tukek Nur Beyza , Esatoglu Sinem Nihal , Hatemi Gulen , Calıskan Elif Buse , Ozyazgan Yılmaz , Ucar Didar , Ozguler Yesim , Seyahi Emire , Melikoglu Melike , Uygunoglu Ugur , Siva Aksel , Kutlubay Zekayi , Hatemi İbrahim , Celik Aykut Ferhat , Ugurlu Serdal , Fresko Izzet , Yurdakul Sebahattin , Yazici Hasan , Hamuryudan Vedat 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Infliximab (IFX) is increasingly being used for the treatment of severe manifestations of Behçet’s syndrome (BS). However, emergence of new manifestations has also been occasionally reported during IFX treatment. We aimed to assess the frequency of new manifestations in our BS patients treated with IFX.

Methods
A chart review was conducted to identify all BS patients treated with IFX in our clinic between 2004 and 2020. Demographic data, indications for IFX initiation, concomitant treatments and outcomes were recorded. A new manifestation was defined as the emergence of a new organ involvement or mucocutaneous manifestation developing for the first time during IFX treatment or within 12 weeks after the last infusion of IFX.

Results
Among our 282 patients who used IFX, 19 (7%) patients had developed a total of 23 new manifestations during a mean follow-up of 20.0 (15.3) months. Patients with vascular involvement were more likely to develop a new manifestation (12/19, 63%). Initial manifestations that required IFX were in remission at the time of new manifestation in 14/19 patients. IFX treatment was intensified (n = 6) and/or glucocorticoids, immunosuppressives or colchicine was added to IFX (n = 21). IFX was switched to another agent for the remaining manifestations (n = 8). These treatment modifications led to remission in 17/19 patients.

Conclusion
New manifestations developed during IFX treatment in 7% of our patients with BS. They could be managed by intensifying IFX treatment or adding other agents in the majority of these manifestations.
Dynamic and Static Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder After the First Episode
Authors: Zanelli Jolanta , Reichenberg Abraham , Sandin Sven , Morgan Craig , Dazzan Paola , Pilecka Izabela , Marques Tiago Reis , Morgan Kevin , Young Allan H , Mollon Josephine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Few studies have comprehensively examined the profile of cognitive functioning in first episode psychosis patients throughout the lifespan, and from first episode to chronic stage. We assessed functioning in general and specific cognitive functions, comparing both schizophrenia (N = 64) and bipolar I (N = 19) patients to controls (N = 103). Participants were from a population-based, case-control study of first episode psychosis patients, who were followed prospectively up to 10 years post first admission. A cognitive battery was administered at baseline and follow-up. By combining longitudinal and cross-sectional data, we were able to examine the cognitive profile of patients and controls throughout the entire age range of our sample (16–65). Schizophrenia patients exhibited widespread declines in IQ, executive function, visual memory, language ability, and verbal knowledge. However, the ages at which these declines occurred differed between functions. Deficits in verbal memory, working memory, processing speed, and visuospatial ability, on the other hand, were present at the first episode, and remained relatively static thereafter. Bipolar I patients also showed declines in IQ, verbal knowledge, and language ability, albeit at different ages to schizophrenia patients and only in verbal functions. Deficits on measures of verbal memory, processing speed, and executive function remained relatively static. Thus, both schizophrenia and bipolar I patients experienced cognitive decline in general and specific functions after the first episode, but the age at which these declines occurred differed between disorder and function. Cognitive remediation efforts may be most fruitful when targeting individual functions during specific time periods throughout adulthood.
Evidence From Imaging Resilience Genetics for a Protective Mechanism Against Schizophrenia in the Ventral Visual Pathway
Authors: Hettwer Meike D , Lancaster Thomas M , Raspor Eva , Hahn Peter K , Mota Nina Roth , Singer Wolf , Reif Andreas , Linden David E J , Bittner Robert A 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionIlluminating neurobiological mechanisms underlying the protective effect of recently discovered common genetic resilience variants for schizophrenia is crucial for more effective prevention efforts. Current models implicate adaptive neuroplastic changes in the visual system and their pro-cognitive effects as a schizophrenia resilience mechanism. We investigated whether common genetic resilience variants might affect brain structure in similar neural circuits.MethodUsing structural magnetic resonance imaging, we measured the impact of an established schizophrenia polygenic resilience score (PRSResilience) on cortical volume, thickness, and surface area in 101 healthy subjects and in a replication sample of 33 224 healthy subjects (UK Biobank).FindingWe observed a significant positive whole-brain correlation between PRSResilience and cortical volume in the right fusiform gyrus (FFG) (r = 0.35; P = .0004). Post-hoc analyses in this cluster revealed an impact of PRSResilience on cortical surface area. The replication sample showed a positive correlation between PRSResilience and global cortical volume and surface area in the left FFG.ConclusionOur findings represent the first evidence of a neurobiological correlate of a genetic resilience factor for schizophrenia. They support the view that schizophrenia resilience emerges from strengthening neural circuits in the ventral visual pathway and an increased capacity for the disambiguation of social and nonsocial visual information. This may aid psychosocial functioning, ameliorate the detrimental effects of subtle perceptual and cognitive disturbances in at-risk individuals, and facilitate coping with the cognitive and psychosocial consequences of stressors. Our results thus provide a novel link between visual cognition, the vulnerability-stress concept, and schizophrenia resilience models.