bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potassium and salicylic acid function synergistically to promote the drought resilience through upregulation of antioxidant profile for enhancing potassium use efficiency and wheat yield
Authors: Munsif Fazal , Farooq Umar , Arif Muhammad , Shah Tariq , Jehangir Muhammad , Zaheer Sajjad , Akhtar Kashif , Khan Muhammad Shahid , Ahmad Ijaz , Ahmad Wiqar , Ali Shamsher , Amir Rabia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInducing tolerance against drought stress with plant growth regulator and plant nutrients is vital for ensuring food security and sustainable crop production. The present study was undertaken to assess the influence of salicylic acid (SA) either seed primed or foliar application (1.1, 2.2, 0.7 and 1.4 mM SA) coupled with potassium (K) fertilisation (0, 50 and 100 kg/ha) on wheat yield and nutrients uptake under drought stress (100% field capacity [FC], 60% FC, 30% FC) at tillering stage. Findings revealed that drought stress substantially reduced yield components, yield and grain nutrients content and uptake, whereas the potassium use efficiency (KUE) and antioxidant profile was improved. However, the foliar application of 0.7 mM SA and 1.1 mM SA as seed priming had increased number of spikes, thousand grain weight, grains per spike, grain and biomass yield, N, P, K content and K uptake, KUE and antioxidant profile both under no stress and drought stress treatments indicating the key role in ameliorating the ill effects of drought stress as compared with no SA application. Moreover, K fertilisation at 100 kg/ha had improved growth, yield and yield components, plant nutrient uptake and antioxidant profile except proline under both no stress and mild stress as compared with no K application. These results suggested that the combined use of SA either as foliar or seed primed with higher K fertilisation can substantially improve wheat yield, and grain nutritional content under mild and severe drought stresses.
Hemoperfusion and blood purification strategies in patients with COVID‐19: A systematic review
Authors: Sanfilippo Filippo , Martucci Gennaro , La Via Luigi , Cuttone Giuseppe , Dimarco Giorgio , Pulizzi Carla , Arcadipane Antonio , Astuto Marinella 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundCoronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe cases requiring admission to the intensive care unit. Together with supportive therapies (ventilation in particular), the suppression of the pro‐inflammatory state has been a hypothesized target. Pharmacological therapies with corticosteroids and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) receptor antagonists have reduced mortality. The use of extracorporeal cytokine removal, also known as hemoperfusion (HP), could be a promising non‐pharmacological approach to decrease the pro‐inflammatory state in COVID‐19.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of PubMed and EMBASE databases in order to summarize the evidence regarding HP therapy in COVID‐19. We included original studies and case series enrolling at least five patients.ResultsWe included 11 articles and describe the characteristics of the populations studied from both clinical and biological perspectives. The methodological quality of the included studies was generally low. Only two studies had a control group, one of which included 101 patients in total. The remaining studies had a range between 10 and 50 patients included. There was large variability in the HP techniques implemented and in clinical and biological outcomes reported. Most studies described decreasing levels of IL‐6 after HP treatment.ConclusionOur review does not support strong conclusions regarding the role of HP in COVID‐19. Considering the very low level of clinical evidence detected, starting HP therapies in COVID‐19 patients does not seem supported outside of clinical trials. Prospective randomized data are needed.
Treating random effects as observed versus latent predictors: The bias–variance tradeoff in small samples
Authors: Liu Siwei , Rhemtulla Mijke 
Published: October 2021

Random effects in longitudinal multilevel models represent individuals’ deviations from population means and are indicators of individual differences. Researchers are often interested in examining how these random effects predict outcome variables that vary across individuals. This can be done via a two‐step approach in which empirical Bayes (EB) estimates of the random effects are extracted and then treated as observed predictor variables in follow‐up regression analyses. This approach ignores the unreliability of EB estimates, leading to underestimation of regression coefficients. As such, previous studies have recommended a multilevel structural equation modeling (ML‐SEM) approach that treats random effects as latent variables. The current study uses simulation and empirical data to show that a bias–variance tradeoff exists when selecting between the two approaches. ML‐SEM produces generally unbiased regression coefficient estimates but also larger standard errors, which can lead to lower power than the two‐step approach. Implications of the results for model selection and alternative solutions are discussed.
Assessing the rate of crustal extension by 2D sequential restoration analysis: A case study from the active portion of the Malta Escarpment
Authors: Gambino Salvatore , Barreca Giovanni , Gross Felix , Monaco Carmelo , Gutscher Marc‐André , Alsop G. Ian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTectono‐stratigraphic interpretation and sequential restoration modelling was performed over two high‐resolution seismic profiles crossing the Western Ionian Basin of southern Italy. This analysis was undertaken in order to provide greater insights and a more reliable assessment of the deformation rate affecting the area. Offshore seismic profiling illuminates the sub‐seafloor setting where a belt of active normal faults slice across the foot of the Malta Escarpment, a regional‐scale structural boundary inherited from the Permo‐Triassic palaeotectonic setting. A sequential restoration workflow was established to back‐deform the entire investigated sector with the primary aim of analysing the deformation history of the three major normal faults affecting the area. Restoration of the tectono‐stratigraphic model reveals how deformation rates evolved through time. In the early stage, the studied area experienced a significant deformation with the horizontal component prevailing over the vertical element. In this context, the three major faults contribute to only one third of the total deformation. The overall throw and extension then notably reduced through time towards the present day and, since the middle Pliocene, ongoing crustal deformation is accommodated almost entirely by the three major normal faults. Unloading and decompaction indicate that when compared to the unrestored seismic sections, a revision and a reduction of roughly one third of the vertical displacement of the faults offset is required. This analysis ultimately allows us to better understand the seismic potential of the region.
Trade restrictiveness indexes and welfare: A structural approach
Authors: Soderbery Anson 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTrade restrictiveness indexes (TRIs) have become a staple for practitioners and policy‐makers to summarize international trade barriers. TRIs theoretically found a measure of trade restrictiveness by calculating the uniform tariff that is welfare equivalent to the observed distribution of applied tariffs within a country. Here we incorporate importer market power and exporter heterogeneity into calculations of TRIs and welfare globally. To do so, we structurally estimate a quantitative model of international trade. The structure of the model allows tractable estimation of importer and exporter welfare and TRIs for every country in the world from 1990 to 2007. Canonical estimates, which ignore exporter heterogeneity and importer market power, are shown to overstate efficiency losses from tariffs by a factor of 5 for the average importer. Additionally, by not accounting for importer market power canonical methods fail to measure substantial welfare losses to exporters that are captured by importers through tariffs. These channels are shown to significantly impact the measurement and interpretation of TRIs. To conclude, we employ the methodology to evaluate China's WTO accession and a counterfactual renegotiation of NAFTA.
Crucial contribution of GPR56/ADGRG1, expressed by breast cancer cells, to bone metastasis formation
Authors: Sasaki So‐ichiro , Zhang Di , Iwabuchi Sadahiro , Tanabe Yamato , Hashimoto Shinichi , Yamauchi Akira , Hayashi Katsuhiro , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki , Hayakawa Yoshihiro , Baba Tomohisa , Mukaida Naofumi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFrom a mouse triple‐negative breast cancer cell line, 4T1, we previously established 4T1.3 clone with a high capacity to metastasize to bone after its orthotopic injection into mammary fat pad of immunocompetent mice. Subsequent analysis demonstrated that the interaction between cancer cells and fibroblasts in a bone cavity was crucial for bone metastasis focus formation arising from orthotopic injection of 4T1.3 cells. Here, we demonstrated that a member of the adhesion G‐protein–coupled receptor (ADGR) family, G‐protein–coupled receptor 56 (GPR56)/adhesion G‐protein–coupled receptor G1 (ADGRG1), was expressed selectively in 4T1.3 grown in a bone cavity but not under in vitro conditions. Moreover, fibroblasts present in bone metastasis sites expressed type III collagen, a ligand for GPR56/ADGRG1. Consistently, GPR56/ADGRG1 proteins were detected in tumor cells in bone metastasis foci of human breast cancer patients. Deletion of GPR56/ADGRG1 from 4T1.3 cells reduced markedly intraosseous tumor formation upon their intraosseous injection. Conversely, intraosseous injection of GPR56/ADGRG1‐transduced 4T1, TS/A (mouse breast cancer cell line), or MDA‐MB‐231 (human breast cancer cell line) exhibited enhanced intraosseous tumor formation. Furthermore, we proved that the cleavage at the extracellular region was indispensable for GPR56/ADGRG1‐induced increase in breast cancer cell growth upon its intraosseous injection. Finally, inducible suppression of Gpr56/Adgrg1 gene expression in 4T1.3 cells attenuated bone metastasis formation with few effects on primary tumor formation in the spontaneous breast cancer bone metastasis model. Altogether, GPR56/ADGRG1 can be a novel target molecule to develop a strategy to prevent and/or treat breast cancer metastasis to bone.
Identification of autophagic target RAB13 with small‐molecule inhibitor in low‐grade glioma via integrated multi‐omics approaches coupled with virtual screening of traditional Chinese medicine databases
Authors: Su Wei , Liao Minru , Tan Huidan , Chen Yanmei , Zhao Rongyan , Jin Wenke , Zhu Shiou , Zhang Yiwen , He Li , Liu Bo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesAutophagy, a highly conserved lysosomal degradation process in eukaryotic cells, has been widely reported closely related to the progression of many types of human cancers, including LGG; however, the intricate relationship between autophagy and LGG remains to be clarified.Materials and methodsMulti‐omics methods were used to integrate omics data to determine potential autophagy regulators in LGG. The expression of ZFP36L2 and RAB13 in SW1088 cells was experimentally manipulated using cDNAs and small interfering RNAs (siRNA). RT‐qPCR detects RNAi gene knockout and cDNA overexpression efficiency. The expression levels of proteins in SW1088 cells were evaluated using Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence analysis. Homology modelling and molecular docking were used to identify compounds from Multi‐Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Databases. The apoptosis ratios were determined by flow cytometry analysis of Annexin‐V/PI double staining. We detect the number of autophagosomes by GFP‐MRFP‐LC3 plasmid transfection to verify the process of autophagy flow.ResultsWe integrated various omics data from LGG, including EXP, MET and CNA data, with the SNF method and the LASSO algorithm, and identified ZFP36L2 and RAB13 as positive regulators of autophagy, which are closely related to the core autophagy regulators. Both transcription level and protein expression level of the four autophagy regulators, including ULK1, FIP200, ATG16L1 and ATG2B, and LC3 puncta were increased by ZFP36L2 and RAB13 overexpression. In addition, RAB13 participates in autophagy through ATG2B, FIP200, ULK1, ATG16L1 and Beclin‐1. Finally, we screened multi‐TCM databases and identified gallic acid as a novel potential RAB13 inhibitor, which was confirmed to negatively regulate autophagy as well as to induce cell death in SW1088 cells.ConclusionOur study identified the key autophagic regulators ZFP36L2 and Rab13 in LGG progression, and demonstrated that gallic acid is a small molecular inhibitor of RAB13, which negatively regulates autophagy and provides a possible small molecular medicine for the subsequent treatment of LGG.
Infants show pupil dilatory responses to happy and angry facial expressions
Authors: Prunty Jonathan E. , Keemink Jolie R. , Kelly David J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFacial expressions are one way in which infants and adults communicate emotion. Infants scan expressions similarly to adults, yet it remains unclear whether they are receptive to the affective information they convey. The current study investigates 6‐, 9‐ and 12‐month infants’ (N = 146) pupillary responses to the six “basic” emotional expressions (happy, sad, surprise, fear, anger, and disgust). To do this we use dynamic stimuli and gaze‐contingent eye‐tracking to simulate brief interactive exchanges, alongside a static control condition. Infants’ arousal responses were stronger for dynamic compared to static stimuli. And for dynamic stimuli we found that, compared to neutral, infants showed dilatory responses for happy and angry expressions only. Although previous work has shown infants can discriminate perceptually between facial expressions, our data suggest that sensitivity to the affective content of all six basic emotional expressions may not fully emerge until later in ontogeny.
Small‐sized specimen design with the provision for high‐frequency bending‐fatigue testing
Authors: Ghadimi Hamed , Jirandehi Arash P. , Nemati Saber , Guo Shengmin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe testing and study of emerging materials—such as additively manufactured materials—demands for specimen designs that are cost effective and time saving. The design of a small‐sized bending‐fatigue test specimen for an ultrasonic fatigue testing system is reported in this paper. The design is optimized based on the finite element analysis and analytical‐solution results to achieve the proper vibration shape and stress distribution. The proposed design is evaluated in the high‐ and very‐high‐cycle fatigue regimes under 20‐kHz frequency. Both simulation and testing results confirm that the desirable vibration mode occurs and the specimen fails at the designated test (gauge) section, where the maximum stress exists. The stress–life (S–N) curve is obtained for Inconel alloy 718 and indicates an expected trend.
Geometric factors affecting Young's modulus of porous carbon with a three‐dimensional network structure
Authors: Arai Yutaro , Daigo Yuka , Kojo Esuke , Inoue Ryo , Kogo Yasuo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThree‐dimensional networked porous carbons (TNPCs) exhibit unique structures, and the relationship between the Young's modulus and relative density does not follow the conventional relational expression proposed by Gibson and Ashby. In this study, image analysis for TNPC models developed by reconstructing cross‐sectional images obtained via X‐ray computed tomography and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy is conducted to extract the geometric factors of TNPCs, specifically, the strut length (L), struct thickness (t), diameter of the joints (dj), strut aspect ratio (L/t), and strut constriction ratio (dj/t). By evaluating these geometric factors, simple cubic three‐dimensional computer‐aided design (CAD) models, which reflect the geometric factors of TNPCs, are established to clarify the effect of these factors on the Young's modulus. The results indicate that L/t is the most effective geometric factor to determine the Young's modulus of TNPCs. The relationship between L/t and dj/t, obtained using the cubic CAD models, is in good agreement with that for TNPCs. Therefore, L/t and dj/t can help guide the design for the Young's modulus of porous materials.
Short fiber‐reinforced oxide fiber composites
Authors: Winkelbauer Jonas , Puchas Georg , Schafföner Stefan , Krenkel Walter 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a novel fiber spraying process for the manufacturing of short fiber bundle‐reinforced Nextel™ 610/Al2O3‐ZrO2 oxide fiber composites (SF‐OFC) and its characterization. First, the influence of varying fiber lengths (7, 14, and 28 mm, continuous fibers) and fiber orientations (unidirectional 0°, quasi‐isotropic, ±45°) was investigated using hand‐laid SF‐OFC. Due to the weak matrix, the hand‐laid material exhibited a strongly fiber‐dominated material behavior, that is, variations in fiber length and orientation had a strong influence on the material properties. Second, the automated sprayed SF‐OFC, however, exhibited a random orientation of the fiber bundles, which resulted in in‐plane isotropic material properties. Average bending strengths of up to 177 MPa, strains of .39%, and a quasi‐ductile fracture behavior were achieved. The strain was, therefore, in the range of fabric‐reinforced OFC. While the bending strength of the SF‐OFC was somewhat lower than that of fabric‐reinforced OFC with the fiber orientation parallel to the loading direction, it was more than two times higher than the strength in 45° direction relative to the fabric reinforcement. Combined with good drapability and lower material costs compared to fabric‐reinforced OFC, SF‐OFC is, therefore, a promising material for industrial applications.
Different mitotic rates are associated with different prognostic factors, relapses, and survival rates in melanoma
Authors: Tas Faruk , Erturk Kayhan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundMitotic rate is one of the major prognostic factors in melanoma.ObjectiveTo investigate the significance of mitotic rate and possible impacts of clinicopathological factors on the course of all staged melanoma patients.MethodsA total number of 970 melanoma patients were analyzed. Mitotic rates were grouped for analysis as follows: 0–1, 1.1–4.9, 5–9.9, and ≥10 mitoses/mm2.ResultsMelanomas with higher mitotic rates were more likely to be associated with nodular histology (P = 0.0001), higher Clark level (P = 0.0001), thick Breslow depth (P = 0.0001), ulceration (P = 0.0001), vertical growth pattern (P = 0.0001), neurotropism (P = 0.04), lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.01), de novo melanoma (P = 0.0001), absence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (P = 0.02), advanced stage (P = 0.0001), and relapse (P = 0.0001). The 5‐year overall survival (OS) rate of all patients was 68.7%, and it decreased significantly from 87% in melanomas with 0–1 mitoses/mm2 to 65.2%, 56.6%, and 50.4% in melanomas with 1.1–4.9, 5–9.9, and ≥10 mitoses/mm2, respectively (P = 0.0001). Age (P = 0.04), gender (P = 0.03), histology (P = 0.0001), Clark level (P = 0.001), T‐stage (P = 0.003), ulceration (0.006), node involvement (P = 0.0001), metastasis (P = 0.005), and relapse (P = 0.0001) were correlated with OS in 0–1 mitoses/mm2 melanomas, whereas lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.0001), BRAF mutation (P = 0.01), metastasis (P = 0.0001), relapse (P = 0.0001), and relapse pattern (P = 0.005) were found significant for ≥10 mitoses/mm2 melanomas.ConclusionHigher tumor mitotic rates associated with known histopathological and clinical poor prognostic factors were found to be significantly independent predictors of early relapse and unfavorable survival for cutaneous melanoma patients. Moreover, different prognostic variables were found to be affecting survivals in melanoma patients with lower and higher mitosis.
Statistical mechanical model for the formation of octahedral silicon in phosphosilicate glasses
Authors: Bødker Mikkel L. , Pedersen Johan B. , Muñoz Francisco , Mauro John C. , Smedskjaer Morten M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUnlike ambient pressure silicate glasses, some phosphosilicate glasses contain sixfold‐coordinated silicon (Si6) units even when prepared at ambient pressure. The variation in the fraction of Si6 with composition remains a topic of interest, both for technological applications of phosphosilicate glasses and for fundamental understanding of the glass structure. In this work, we use statistical mechanical modeling to predict the composition–structure relationships in Na2O–P2O5–SiO2 and CaO–P2O5–SiO2 glasses. This is achieved by accounting for the enthalpic and entropic contributions to the interactions between each pairwise modifier ion and structural unit. The initial enthalpy parameters are obtained based on experimental structural data for binary Na2O–SiO2, CaO–SiO2, Na2O–P2O5, and CaO–P2O5 glasses, which can then be transferred to predict the structure of mixed former glasses. This approach has previously been used to predict the short‐range structure of borosilicate and aluminoborate glass systems. However, here we show that the formation of Si6 must be specifically included to make accurate predictions of the composition–structure relationships in phosphosilicate glasses. After incorporating the formation mechanism of Si6 in the statistical mechanics model, we find an excellent agreement between model predictions and experimental structure data for Na2O–P2O5–SiO2 and CaO–P2O5–SiO2 glasses.
Al excess extends Hall‐Petch relation in nanocrystalline zinc aluminate
Authors: Sotelo Martin Luis E. , Castro Ricardo H. R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe increase in hardness with decreasing grain size is a well‐established size effect known as the Hall‐Petch relationship. In ceramics, there has been controversy surrounding the existence of a low size limit below which size‐induced hardening no longer occurs and softening is observed instead. Here, this so‐called inverse Hall‐Petch relationship was observed in quasi‐stoichiometric dense nanocrystalline zinc aluminate while an extension of the normal Hall‐Petch behavior was demonstrated by Al‐rich zinc aluminate nanoceramics. Vickers hardness increased with grain refinement for quasi‐stoichiometric samples prepared by High Pressure Spark Plasma Sintering, exhibiting a maximum of 18.6 GPa at a grain size of 21.4 nm. Conversely, Al‐rich zinc aluminate produced by the same technique strengthened up to 19.2 GPa at 12.6 nm grain sizes. Cross‐sections of Vickers indentation imprints showed that while quasi‐stoichiometric zinc aluminate showed a change in sub‐surface cracking pattern from larger to smaller grain sizes (before and after the inverse Hall‐Petch), the Al‐rich samples had sub‐surface cracking similar to those found in large grain sizes in quasi‐stoichiometric samples. These results suggest that softening at small grain sizes is driven by the activation of shear and fracture at weak grain boundaries which can be mitigated by Al enrichment.