bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining Evolutionary Agent-Based Models via Principled Simplification
Authors: Barnes Chloe M. , Ghouri Abida , Lewis Peter R. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Understanding how evolutionary agents behave in complex environments is a challenging problem. Agents can be faced with complex fitness landscapes derived from multi-stage tasks, interaction with others, and limited environmental feedback. Agents that evolve to overcome these can sometimes access greater fitness, as a result of factors such as cooperation and tool use. However, it is often difficult to explain why evolutionary agents behave in certain ways, and what specific elements of the environment or task may influence the ability of evolution to find goal-achieving behaviours; even seemingly simple environments or tasks may contain features that affect agent evolution in unexpected ways. We explore principled simplification of evolutionary agent-based models, as a possible route to aiding their explainability. Using the River Crossing Task (RCT) as a case study, we draw on analysis in the Minimal River Crossing (RC-) Task testbed, which was designed to simplify the original task while keeping its key features. Using this method, we present new analysis concerning when agents evolve to successfully complete the RCT. We demonstrate that the RC- environment can be used to understand the effect that a cost to movement has on agent evolution, and that these findings can be generalised back to the original RCT. Then, we present new insight into the use of principled simplification in understanding evolutionary agents. We find evidence that behaviour dependent on features that survive simplification, such as problem structure, are amenable to prediction; while predicting behaviour dependent on features that are typically reduced in simplification, such as scale, can be invalid.
Completion of the Infeasible Actions of Others: Goal Inference by Dynamical Invariant
Authors: Torii Takuma , Hidaka Shohei 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
To help another person, we need to infer his or her goal and intention and then perform the action that he or she was unable to perform to meet the intended goal. In this study, we investigate a computational mechanism for inferring someone's intention and goal from that person's incomplete action to enable the action to be completed on his or her behalf. As a minimal and idealized motor control task of this type, we analyzed single-link pendulum control tasks by manipulating the underlying goals. By analyzing behaviors generated by multiple types of these tasks, we found that a type of fractal dimension of movements is characteristic of the difference in the underlying motor controllers, which reflect the difference in the underlying goals. To test whether an incomplete action can be completed using this property of the action trajectory, we demonstrated that the simulated pendulum controller can perform an action in the direction of the underlying goal by using the fractal dimension as a criterion for similarity in movements.
Invoking International Environmental Norms Through Treaty Interpretation
Authors: Brown Rebecca 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article analyses the way in which international tribunals considering treaty- based disputes incorporate extraneous environmental principles through the use of interpretative mechanisms. Increasingly prominent in the international sphere, this approach allows States bringing claims under historical treaties to adopt and enforce contemporary understandings of environmental obligations. This article pursues an extensive survey of cases exhibiting this process, focusing on the interpretative techniques used; the extent to which the tribunals allowed for environmental arguments; and the basis, and use, of environmental norms. These results facilitate a comparative analysis, which concludes that tribunals’ choices regarding each of these features ultimately depends on the underlying treaty’s relationship with intertemporal law. This article thus provides a guide as to how States may effectively enforce environmental obligations, even absent explicit environmental enforcement mechanisms.
Procedural Developments at the International Court of Justice
Authors: Bordin Fernando Lusa 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The present column covers procedural developments at the International Court of Justice for the period 1 February 2019 to 31 March 2021. Those developments comprise jurisdiction ratione materiae under compromissory clauses; procedural preconditions in compromissory clauses; expert opinions; admissibility challenges based on abuse of process and the “clean hands” doctrine; conditions for the indication of provisional measures; and the Court’s discretion to give advisory opinions in cases where a request overlaps with a dispute between States.
Erssonite, CaMg7Fe3+2(OH)18(SO4)2⋅12H2O, a new hydrotalcite-supergroup mineral from Långban, Sweden
Authors: Zhitova Elena S. , Chukanov Nikita V. , Jonsson Erik , Pekov Igor V. , Belakovskiy Dmitry I. , Vigasina Marina F. , Zubkova Natalia V. , Van Konstantin V. , Britvin Sergey N. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe new wermlandite-group mineral erssonite, ideally CaMg7Fe3+2(OH)18(SO4)2⋅12H2O (or [Mg7Fe3+2(OH)18][Ca(SO4)2]⋅12H2O), was discovered in a late-stage, low-temperature assemblage in cavities of a magnetite-bearing dolomitic rock from the Långban deposit, Värmland county, Bergslagen ore province, Sweden. The associated minerals are dolomite, calcite, members of the magnetite–magnesioferrite solid-solution series, phlogopite, chrysotile, pyroaurite and norbergite. Erssonite has a vitreous lustre and forms colourless, platy hexagonal crystals flattened on [0001], up to 0.5 mm across and up to 10 μm thick, occurring mainly as aggregates in cavities of dolomitic rock. Erssonite is malleable; separate crystals are flexible and non-elastic, with a perfect, mica-like cleavage on {0001}. The calculated density is equal to 2.02 g⋅cm–3. Raman spectroscopy shows the presence of typical bands for S–O bonds attributed to intercalated SO42– anions and structural OH– anions together with the absence of C–O bonds, attributed to carbonate anions. The chemical composition is (wt.%, electron microprobe, H2O content is calculated from structure data): MgO 28.67, CaO 2.76, Al2O3 0.23, Cr2O3 0.23, Fe2O3 16.00, SiO2 0.48, SO3 14.80, H2O 35.58, total 98.75. The empirical formula based on 38 O atoms is H41.48Ca0.52Mg7.47Fe3+2.11Al0.05Cr0.03S1.94Si0.08O38. The ideal formula is CaMg7Fe3+2(OH)18(SO4)2⋅12H2O or {Mg7Fe3+2(OH)18}{[Ca(H2O)6](SO4)2(H2O)6}. The crystal structure was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and refined to R = 0.093. Erssonite is trigonal, P$\bar{3}$c1, with a = 9.3550(6), c = 22.5462(14) Å, V = 1708.8(2) Å3 and Z = 2. The strongest lines of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [d, Å (I, %)(hkl)] are: 11.22 (90)(002), 5.63 (64)(004), 4.670 (100)(110, 104, 014), 2.626 (64)(032, 302), 2.435 (66)(034, 304) and 1.951 (45)(038, 308). The mineral is named in honour of the Swedish amateur mineralogist Dr. Anders Ersson (b. 1971).
A novel homozygous variant of the thrombomodulin gene causes a hereditary bleeding disorder
Authors: Osada Makoto , Maruyama Keiko , Kokame Koichi , Denda Ryunosuke , Yamazaki Kohei , Kunieda Hisako , Hirao Maki , Madoiwa Seiji , Okumura Nobuo , Murata Mitsuru , Ikeda Yasuo , Watanabe Kentaro , Tsukada Yuiko , Kikuchi Takahide 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We report a 19-year-old Vietnamese woman who experienced several life-threatening bleeding events, including ovarian hemorrhage. Blood analysis revealed a decreased fibrinogen level with markedly elevated fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products and D-dimer levels. Despite hemostatic surgery and administration of several medications, such as nafamostat mesylate, tranexamic acid, and unfractionated heparin, the coagulation abnormalities were not corrected, and the patient experienced repeated hemorrhagic events. We found that administration of recombinant human thrombomodulin (rhTM) remarkably improved the patient’s pathophysiology. Screening and sequencing of the TM gene (THBD) revealed a previously unreported homozygous variation: c.793T&gt;A (p.Cys265Ser). Notably, the Cys265 residue forms 1 of 3 disulfide bonds in the epidermal growth factor (EGF)–like domain 1 of TM. Transient expression experiments using COS-1 cells demonstrated markedly reduced expression of TM-Cys265Ser on the plasma membrane relative to wild-type TM. The TM-Cys265Ser mutant was intracellularly degraded, probably because of EGF-like domain 1 misfolding. The reduced expression of TM on the endothelial cell membrane may be responsible for the disseminated intravascular-coagulation–like symptoms observed in the patient. In summary, we identified a novel TM variant, c.793T&gt;A (p.Cys265Ser). Patients homozygous for this variant may present with severe bleeding events; rhTM should be considered a possible treatment option for these patients.
Single- and double-hit events in genes encoding immune targets before and after T cell–engaging antibody therapy in MM
Authors: Truger Marietta S. , Duell Johannes , Zhou Xiang , Heimeshoff Larissa , Ruckdeschel Anna , John Mara , Riedel Angela , Hüper Sebastian , Peter Jessica , Walter Wencke , Haertle Larissa , Meggendorfer Manja , Topp Max S. , Rosenwald Andreas , Da Via Matteo Claudio , Bolli Niccolo , Weinhold Niels , Einsele Hermann , Haferlach Claudia , Kortüm K. Martin , Rasche Leo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
T cell–engaging immunotherapies exert unprecedented single-agent activity in multiple myeloma (MM), thereby putting a yet unexplored selective pressure on the clonal architecture. In this study, we report on homozygous BCMA (TNFRSF17) gene deletion after BCMA-targeting T cell–redirecting bispecific antibody therapy in a heavily pretreated MM patient. Loss of BCMA protein expression persisted over subsequent relapses, with no response to treatment with anti-BCMA antibody drug conjugate. In light of the multiple alternative targets that are emerging in addition to BCMA, we extended our analyses to delineate a more complete picture of genetic alterations that may have an impact on immunotherapy targets in MM. We performed whole-genome sequencing and RNA sequencing in 100 MM patients (50 were newly diagnosed; 50 were relapsed/refractory) and identified a significant proportion of patients with aberrations in genes encoding immunotherapy targets; GPRC5D ranked first with 15% heterozygous deletions, followed by CD38 (10%), SDC1 (5%), and TNFRSF17 (4%). Notably, these heterozygous deletions did not lower the expression levels of respective genes, but they may represent a first hit that drives the acquisition of homozygous deletions and subsequent antigen-loss relapse upon targeted immunotherapy. In summary, we show preexisting vulnerability in genes encoding immunotargets before and homozygous deletions after T cell–engaging immunotherapy.
Effect of lumbopelvic control on landing mechanics and lower extremity muscles’ activities in female professional athletes: implications for injury prevention
Authors: Fadaei Dehcheshmeh Paria , Gandomi Farzaneh , Maffulli Nicola 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background

Lumbopelvic control (LPC) has recently been associated with function, kinesiology, and load distribution on the limb. However, poor LPC has not been studied as a risk factor for lower limb injury in sports requiring frequent jump landings. The present study investigated the effects of LPC on landing mechanics and lower limb muscle activity in professional athletes engaged in sport requiring frequent landing.

Methods
This study was conducted on 34 professional female athletes aged 18.29 ± 3.29 years with the height and body mass of 173.5 ± 7.23 cm and 66.79 ± 13.37 kg, respectively. The landing error scoring system (LESS) and ImageJ software were used to assess landing mechanics. Wireless electromyography was also used to record the activity of the gluteus medius (GMed), rectus femoris, and semitendinosus. Lumbopelvic control was evaluated using the knee lift abdominal test, bent knee fall-out, active straight leg raising, and the PRONE test using a pressure biofeedback unit. Based on the LPC tests results, the participants were divided into two groups of proper LPC (n = 17) and poor LPC (n = 17).

Results
There were significant differences between the groups with proper and poor LPC in terms of the LESS test scores (P = 0.0001), lateral trunk flexion (P = 0.0001), knee abduction (P = 0.0001), knee flexion (P = 0.001), trunk flexion (P = 0.01), and GMed muscle activity (P = 0.03). There were no significant differences in the activity of the rectus femoris and semitendinosus muscles, and ankle dorsiflexion (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
Poor lumbopelvic control affects the kinematics and activity of the lower limb muscles, and may be a risk factor for lower limb injuries, especially of the knee.
Discovering the evolution of Jacques-Louis David’s portrait of Antoine-Laurent and Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze Lavoisier
Authors: Centeno Silvia A. , Mahon Dorothy , Carò Federico , Pullins David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Jacques-Louis David’s (1748–1825) iconic portrait of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1794) and Marie-Anne Lavoisier (Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, 1758–1836) has come to epitomize a modern couple born of the Enlightenment. An analytical approach that combined macro-X-ray fluorescence with the examination and microanalysis of samples by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry to investigate imprecise indications of changes to the composition observed by microscopy and infrared refectography allowed the visualization of a hidden composition with a high level of detail. The results revealed that the first version depicted not the progressive, scientific-minded couple that we see today, but their other identity, that of wealthy tax collectors and fashionable luxury consumers. The first version and the changes to the composition are placed in the context of David’s mastery of the oil painting technique by examining how he concealed colorful features in the first composition by using paint mixtures that allowed for maximum coverage with thin paint layers. The limitations of the analytical techniques used are also discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first in-depth technical study of a painting by J.-L. David.
An experimental study on the effects of the cortical thickness and bone density on initial mechanical anchorage of different Straumann® implant designs
Authors: Emmert Marie , Gülses Aydin , Behrens Eleonore , Karayürek Fatih , Acil Yahya , Wiltfang Jörg , Spille Johannes Heinrich 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
The aim of the current study was to comparatively assess the primary stability of different Straumann® implant designs (BLX, Straumann Tapered Effect, Bone Level Tapered, and Standard Plus) via resonance frequency analysis by using an implant insertion model in freshly slaughtered bovine ribs with and without cortical bone. Tapered Effect (4.1 × 10 mm), Bone Level Tapered (4.1 × 10 mm), Standard Plus (4.1 × 10 mm), and BLX (4.0 × 10 mm) implants were inserted into the distal epiphysis on the longitudinal axis of the freshly slaughtered bovine ribs. As a control, implants with the same sizes were inserted into the proximal diaphysis. The stability of the implants was examined with resonance frequency analysis.

Results
BLX and Tapered Effect implants showed higher implant stability quotient values in both study and control groups. All implant systems showed a significant decrease of mechanical anchorage in the study group. BLX and Bone Level Tapered designs had a significantly lower loss of mechanical anchorage in the lack of cortical bone.

Conclusion
Both Tapered Effect and BLX designs could ensure sufficient initial stability; however, BLX implants could be an appropriate option in the lack of cortical bone and poor bone quality at the implant recipient site.

Clinical relevance
BLX is a novel implant system, which could be especially beneficial in the presence of spongious bone type at posterior maxillae.
The economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on Sri Lankan migrants in Qatar
Authors: Ekanayake Anoji , Amirthalingam Kopalapillai 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe spread of Covid-19 in Qatar and the pandemic-led economic slump in the country have substantial financial implications for Sri Lankan migrant workers in Qatar and the Sri Lankan economy as a whole, as Qatar has been one of the primary destinations among Sri Lankan migrants in recent years. Based on 12 in-depth interviews and an online survey of 101 Sri Lankan workers in Qatar, this paper assesses the pandemic’s financial implications on three groups of Sri Lankan migrants; the highly-skilled, skilled and semi-skilled. Using a mixed-method analysis, the paper identifies that pay-cuts have been the most common financial issue across all skill levels, with nearly half of respondents reporting deductions from their salaries. The research also identifies that while all three groups of migrants have used various coping mechanisms to mitigate the pandemic’s financial impact, highly-skilled migrants have been more successful in weathering the storm than others due to their accumulated savings. Though compared to the early months of the pandemic, the financial stability of most Sri Lankans in Qatar had improved by September 2020 with the easing of restrictions imposed to contain the spread of Covid-19, it might not necessarily transfer into stability in remittances to Sri Lanka, as an increasing number of Sri Lankan migrant workers in Qatar are considering a permanent return home.
Emergency remote teaching in higher education: mapping the first global online semester
Authors: Bond Melissa , Bedenlier Svenja , Marín Victoria I. , Händel Marion 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDue to the Covid-19 pandemic that spread globally in 2020, higher education courses were subsequently offered in fully remote, online formats. A plethora of primary studies began investigating a range of topics exploring teaching and learning in higher education, particularly during the initial semester. In order to provide an overview and initial understanding of this emerging research field, a systematic mapping review was conducted that collates and describes the characteristics of 282 primary empirical studies. Findings reveal that research was carried out mostly descriptively and cross-sectionally, focusing predominantly on undergraduate students and their perceptions of teaching and learning during the pandemic. Studies originate from a broad range of countries, are overwhelmingly published open access, and largely focused on the fields ofHealth & WelfareandNatural Sciences, Mathematics & Statistics. Educational technology used for emergency remote teaching are most oftensynchronous collaborative tools, used in combination withtext-based tools. The findings are discussed against pre-pandemic research on educational technology use in higher education teaching and learning, and perspectives for further research are provided.
Cardiovascular disease risk calculators to reflect the subclinical atherosclerosis of coronary artery in rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study
Authors: Kim Se Hee , Lee Sang-Heon , Kim Hae-Rim , Min Hong Ki 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score quantifies the severity of atherosclerosis. We estimated CVD risk using several methods and compared these with the CAC score to identify the most suitable CVD risk calculator in RA patients.

Methods
We recruited RA patients, and the 10-year CVD risk was assessed using various tools, viz. Framingham risk score, Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) risk estimator plus, QRISK3, Expanded Risk Score in Rheumatoid Arthritis (ERS-RA), and Reynolds risk score. Computed tomography was used to determine the CAC score of each patient. Correlation analysis and linear regression analysis between the CAC score and CVD risk score was performed.

Results
In total, 54 RA patients were enrolled. ERS-RA showed the highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.430, P = 0.001). In multivariate linear regression analysis, ERS-RA (β = 10.01, 95% confidence interval 3.78–16.23) showed a positive association with the CAC score in RA patients.

Conclusions
The ERS-RA method was highly correlated with the CAC score in RA patients. Therefore, the application of the ERS-RA method may be suitable for predicting subclinical atherosclerosis and CVD risk in RA patients.
In vitro antagonistic activity of Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride strains compared to carbendazim fungicide against the fungal phytopathogens of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
Authors: Yassin Mohamed Taha , Mostafa Ashraf Abdel-Fattah , Al-Askar Abdulaziz Abdulrahman 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
High losses of sorghum crops due to fungal diseases, such as grain mold and stalk rot, are economically harmful and cause increased use of environmentally damaging chemical fungicides, which also are detrimental to human health. Hence, finding safe and effective ways to manage fungal diseases of sorghum is urgently needed.

Results
In the present study, the antagonistic activities of Trichoderma viride and T. harzianum against different pathogenic fungal strains were evaluated in vitro using a dual culture assay. Furthermore, the anti-mycotic activity of Trichoderma spp. culture filtrates was evaluated against different fungal strains using a food poisoning technique. Additionally, the antifungal activities of ethyl acetate extracts of T. viride and T. harzianum against different pathogens were evaluated using a disk diffusion method. As indicated by the dual culture assay, T. harzianum suppressed 66.8, 69.5, 68.7, 54.6, 84.12, and 71.39% of the mycelial growth of Curvularia lunata, Exserohilum rostratum, Fusarium chlamydosporum, F. incarnatum, F. proliferatum, and Macrophomina phaseolina, respectively. T. viride was more effective for controlling the growth of these pathogens, inhibiting 81.0, 89.0, 63.0, 70.7, 84.4, and 71.8% of mycelial growth, respectively. Both E. rostratum and M. phaseolina showed resistance to carbendazim fungicide at all tested concentrations, whereas the fungicidal concentrations of carbendazim against C. lunata, F. chlamydosporum, and F. incarnatum strains were 2.50, 1.50, and 2.00 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, F. proliferatum was sensitive to carbendazim fungicide at all tested concentrations. Antifungal assays of the ethyl acetate extracts of T. viride and T. harzianum indicated the potent activity of these extracts against fungal phytopathogens with different susceptibility patterns. F. chlamydosporum was the most sensitive to the extracts of T. viride and T. harzianum with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/disk, respectively.

Conclusion
The potent suppression of sorghum phytopathogens by T. viride and T. harzianum makes them potential sources of safe and effective natural fungicides compared to carbendazim fungicide.