bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Human Patent: What Intellectual Property Rights Does an Individual Have in Their Own Genetic Material, and What Are the Global Biosecurity Implications?
Authors: Egbunike Christopher Chukwuemeka 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Under United States patent law, the landmark Supreme Court decision in Diamond v. Chakrabarty established the patentability of human-made life forms, except for those encompassing a human organism. The America Invents Act of 2011, and decisions from lower courts such as Moore v. Regents of University of California, reaffirm the unpatentability of human organisms and limit an individual’s rights to their own genetic material. Prior to Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc, which struck down the patentability of human genes as well, the decision in Diamond led to the proliferation of gene patents and the growth of the global biotechnology market. While the debate over the patenting of human genetic material, and individual rights, rages on, DNA-gathering companies such as 23andMe and Ancestry.com routinely utilize their customer’s genetic material for multi-million dollar pharmaceutical research. This research not only raises ethical concerns, but can also pose a potentially dangerous biosecurity threat based on the many ways this genetic material can be used to target individuals, groups, and nations.
Toward Aligning with International Gender Goals? Analysis of the Gender Equality Landscape in Japan under the Laws on Women’s Economic and Political Participation and Leadership
Authors: Hatano Ayako 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Gender equality and women’s empowerment is taken as an important precondition and driving force for the achievement of all the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Despite its highly developed economy and democratic governance system, Japan’s record of gender equality, in particular, women’s political and economic leadership, has stalled for a number of years. Even after the promulgation of laws for promoting economic and political participation and leadership of women, namely, the Act on Promotion of Women’s Participation and Advancement in the Workplace (2015) and the Act on Promotion of Gender Equality in the Political Field (2018), Japan’s global ranking on gender equality was lowered further by a widening of the political gender gap and remaining dearth of female managers. This study analyses the effectiveness of the legal frameworks aimed at improving gender equality, through assessing their regulatory design, compliance, and implementation. It also highlights how gender norms underlining the international human rights law and international development agenda have affected the development and implementation of those legal frameworks. The paper concludes that the laws aimed to promote women’s leadership in the economic and political spheres have not fully performed to achieve intended goals because of their weak enforcement mechanism, the lack of strong political will as well as insufficient awareness raising and advocacy to bring about transformative changes of gendered practices embedded in social context and practice. The partnerships among global and local stakeholders including international organisations, governments, business, media, civil society, and people with diverse backgrounds are essential to provide the necessary momentum to drive the laws to work effectively on the ground, through transnational and local advocacy. Japanese society is standing at a critical juncture to advance equal voice in economic and political decision making, which is a core of democratic governance and sustainable development based on the principle of leaving no one behind.
Negotiating the Intellectual Property Protocol under the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area: Priorities and Opportunities for Nigeria
Authors: Adewopo Adebambo , Oriakhogba Desmond , Okorie Chijioke 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Early March 2021, following its ratification of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA agreement), Nigeria’s National Office of Trade launched a consultative process into issues constituting the country’s priorities as it prepares to participate in the negotiation of the AfCFTA agreement’s protocol on intellectual property rights (IPRs). We contributed a position paper to that process, with a focus on key policy considerations that should form Nigeria’s negotiation priorities on IPRs. This article describes some of the most important points of our submission and concludes by stressing that the broad policy focus should be to champion initiatives that promote Nigeria’s national interest and, at the same time, recognize and accommodate the ideals of inclusiveness, openness, and collaboration within the context of the AfCFTA. In this regard, the paper recommends that Nigeria should prioritize negotiations in recognition of her strongest economic assets in copyright-related sectors and focus on institutional capacity-building for its patent and technology transfer offices so that Nigeria can effectively take advantage of the relevant Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights flexibilities locally. Nigeria can learn from South Africa in domesticating the appropriate legal framework for benefit sharing and the general protection of traditional knowledge and genetic resources. The Swakopmund Protocol on the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Folklore 2010, the Arusha Protocol for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants 2015, and the African Union model law for the protection of the rights of local communities, farmers, breeders, and for the regulation of access to biological resources offer relevant guidance.
Radicalization potentials of young Muslims in prison: What role do religious factors play?
Authors: King Sonja , Endres Johann , Stemmler Mark 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Wie steht es um das Ausmaß islamistischer Einstellungen unter jungen Muslimen im deutschen Justizvollzug? Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, Radikalisierungspotenziale und damit in Verbindung stehende mögliche religionsbezogene Einflussfaktoren sowie die Dauer der bisher verbüßten Haft anhand einer Stichprobe von 87 jungen muslimischen Inhaftierten explorativ zu untersuchen. Die Teilnehmer bearbeiteten hierfür einen Fragebogen, in dem wir Fragen zu religiösen Sozialisationserfahrungen und aktueller Religiosität stellten, sowie Zustimmung zu fundamentalistischen und religiös-militanten Aussagen erhoben. Wir untersuchten die Häufigkeitsverteilungen fundamentalistischer und militanter Einstellungen und verglichen die Skalenmittelwerte von Muslimen mit einer nicht-muslimischen Vergleichsgruppe (n = 255). Anschließend berechneten wir Regressionsmodelle und modellierten Kausalketten, die die von uns untersuchten Konzepte durch Mediation miteinander verknüpften. Unsere Ergebnisse geben Hinweise auf eine erhöhte Vulnerabilität von muslimischen Gefangenen für Radikalisierung. Weiterhin geht aus unseren Ergebnissen hervor, dass Sozialisationseinflüsse zwar offenbar keinen unmittelbaren Einfluss haben, sich aber indirekt auf das Ausmaß militanter Einstellungen auswirken. Die bisher im Gefängnis verbrachte Zeit spielt eine untergeordnete Rolle. Wir diskutieren die Verallgemeinerbarkeit unserer Ergebnisse und mögliche Implikationen für den Strafvollzug.
Effect of tempering temperature on impact energy of AISI 410 martensitic stainless steel at low temperatures
Authors: Suwanpatcharakul Kittipat , Saenarjhan Nithi , Nakthong Nathi , Lothongkum Anchaleeporn Waritswat , Lothongkum Gobboon 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
AISI 410 martensitic stainless-steel specimens were austenitized at 1253 K then oil quenched and tempered at 573, 673, 773 and 923 K for 3600 s. The impact energy of the specimens was tested at 298, 253, 223, 213 K and measured using ASTM E23 standard. After austenitizing and tempering, the microstructure of the specimens showed carbide precipitation. Tempering at 773 K resulted in the highest hardness due to secondary hardening, while tempering at 923 K resulted in the lowest hardness due to brittle carbide precipitation at the grain boundary which caused softening of the matrix by decreasing the solute carbon content. By contrast, the change in impact energy is inversely proportional to the hardness values. The impact surface of specimens tempered at 573, 673 and 773 K revealed transgranular fracture; on the other hand, the impact surface of the specimen tempered at 923 K revealed intergranular fracture. From our experimental results, the appropriate hardening and tempering procedure of AISI 410 for low temperatures applications is selectable.
Statistical evaluation of fatigue tests using maximum likelihood
Authors: Störzel Klaus , Baumgartner Jörg 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe statistical evaluation of fatigue tests can be carried out using the maximum likelihood method. With this method, the influence of run-outs on the S-N curve can be statistically considered. Typically, a bilinear S-N curve (Wöhler curve) in double-logarithmic representation is used. The logarithmic normal distribution is the basis for describing the scatter, which is assumed here to be independent of the number of cycles. For parameter determination via the maximum likelihood method, reliability is examined and compared with the evaluation methods proposed in DIN 50100. While a defined test procedure is required for the application of DIN 50100, any test data can be evaluated according to the maximum likelihood method. In comparison with the methods proposed in DIN 50100, it could be shown through some examples that the maximum likelihood method yields very reliable results for all S-N curve parameters.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of 6082-T6 aluminum alloy–zinc coated steel braze-welded joints
Authors: Mitelea Ion , Crăciunescu Corneliu Marius , Lucian Ciprian Pavel , Uţu Ion Dragoş 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The laser braze-welding technique was aimed to join a low alloyed zinc coated steel used in automotive industry, with a deformable, aging hardenable aluminum alloy from the 6xxx series using as filler material a AlSi12 wire. The heterogeneous joint was obtained by welding of aluminum alloy with the filler wire and by brazing of molten aluminum alloy together with the filler wire on the surface of a zinc coated steel which remained in solid state. The results showed that by using a proper heat input, the zinc coated steel was brazed without a melting process by the aluminum alloy which was in liquid state. On the interface between the zinc coated steel and the welded seam, a thin layer (the thickness was 6 to 8 μm) formed consisting of star (Al-Fe-Si) or needle shape (Mg-Al-Fe-Mn) intermetallic phases.
Alfred Müller-Armack und die Helmstedter Theologie
Authors: Petersen Tim 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Die christlichen Wurzeln der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft sind vielfältig erforscht. Die Verbindung zwischen dem Wortschöpfer der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, Alfred Müller-Armack und dem Helmstedter Theologen Georg Calixt ist dabei allerdings unbeachtet geblieben. Calixt versucht, nach dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg mit seiner irenischen Theologie zwischen den zerstrittenen Konfessionen zu vermitteln. Müller-Armack zieht die Parallele zu der Zeit nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg und will mit seiner Sozialen Irenik zwischen den rivalisierenden Sozialphilosophien eine Brücke schlagen. Dabei bezieht er sich explizit auf Calixt.
Die Geldpolitik der EZB: Spielt die Nationalität der Notenbanker (k)eine Rolle?
Authors: Mause Karsten , Panreck Sebastian 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Bisweilen wird der Verdacht geäußert, dass zur politischen Unabhängigkeit verpflichtete EZB-Ratsmitglieder bei bestimmten geldpolitischen Entscheidungen so votiert haben, dass insb. ihr jeweiliges Heimatland von der Entscheidung profitierte. Dieser Beitrag geht diesem zumeist an Einzelfällen festgemachten Home-bias-Vorwurf erstmals anhand einer größeren Datenbasis nach. Als Fallbeispiel dient das 2015 beschlossene „Public Sector Purchase Programme“ (PSPP). Die Analyse zeigt u. a., dass sich EZB-Ratsmitglieder aus relativ hoch (niedrig) verschuldeten Euroländern tendenziell für (gegen) dieses Staatsanleihen-Ankaufprogramm ausgesprochen haben. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird diskutiert, ob der Tatbestand, dass z. B. Notenbanker aus hoch verschuldeten Ländern ein geldpolitisches Instrument präferieren, welches insb. ihren Heimatländern nutzt, da es den fiskalischen Druck auf diese reduziert, als empirische Evidenz für einen ‚home bias‘ interpretiert werden kann.
Walter Eucken’s Concept of Economic Order and Business Cycle Analysis
Authors: Grudev Lachezar 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWalter Eucken formulated his concept of economic order as a solution to the tension between theoretical approaches and empirical observation that had constituted the conflict between the Austrian School of Economics and the German Historical School. Previous literature has established the linkage between the German-language business cycle debate of the late 1920 s and Eucken’s concept of economic order. This paper discusses how his concept of economic order can help to understand the severity of economic crises and thus concentrates on the elements constituting the economic order, i. e. its ideal types, with whose help Eucken aimed to derive hypothetical propositions. Based on the writings of his students Leonhard Miksch and Friedrich A. Lutz who underscored the role of equilibrium in business cycle research, this paper suggests that abstract theory of economic crises should employ ideal types as models and thus study how exogenous shocks affect the endogenous economic variables. The subject of inquiry should be oriented to the process of equilibrium reestablishment. Crucial for this paper is that the equilibrium reestablishment depends on institutional factors. This method to explain economic crises represents the link which connects the business cycle debate of the 1920 s and 1930 s to the subsequent emergence of the ordoliberal theory of institutions and orders.
Das Paradox der Freiheit – Der Sozialismus als individualistische Weltanschauung
Authors: Braun Eduard 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungIm Regelfall versteht man den Sozialismus als eine kollektivistische Ideologie und daher als einen Gegenspieler des Liberalismus. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird ein Standpunkt ausgeleuchtet, der dieser Interpretation widerspricht. Demnach ist der Sozialismus die extreme Form des Individualismus und als solche die ideologische Fortsetzung des Liberalismus. Die marxistische Ausbeutungstheorie und der derzeitige Kampf für Minderheitenrechte – die „Identitätspolitik“ – sind von individualistischen Vorstellungen beseelt. Die übliche Interpretation des Sozialismus als kollektivistisch lässt sich erklären aus der historischen Tendenz des modernen, individualistischen Staates, seine Macht im Namen der Freiheit und der Gleichheit auszudehnen und die Gesellschaft in diesem Zuge mit einer wachsenden Anzahl von bürokratischen Regeln zu überziehen, die paradoxerweise die Freiheit und die Gleichheit einschränken, die sie eigentlich garantieren sollen.
Das optimale Design von Auktionen als Teil einer modernen Ordnungspolitik: Zum Ökonomie-Nobelpreis 2020 für Robert Wilson und Paul Milgrom
Authors: Haucap Justus 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag beschreibt und würdigt die auktionstheoretische Forschung von Robert Wilson und Paul Milgrom, die gemeinsam im Jahr 2020 für ihre Beiträge zur Auktionstheorie und die Entwicklung neuer Auktionsformate mit dem Ökonomie-Nobelpreis ausgezeichnet wurden. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung wichtiger elementarer Auktionsformen werden konkret die Beiträge der beiden Laureaten diskutiert. Im Fazit kommt der Beitrag zu dem Ergebnis, dass das Forschungsprogramm von Milgrom und Wilson zum sog. Marktdesign keineswegs im Gegensatz zur Ordnungspolitik steht, sondern vielmehr selbst Teil einer modernen Ordnungspolitik ist, mit dem Ziel, die Ordnung der Wirtschaft und damit auch Marktregeln so zu gestalten, dass es kurzfristig sowie langfristig zu einer möglichst effizienten Allokation knapper Ressourcen kommt.
Strong emission at 1000 nm from Pr3+/Yb3+-codoped multicomponent tellurite glass
Authors: Burtan-Gwizdala Bozena , Reben Manuela , Cisowski Jan , Yousef El Sayed , Lisiecki Radoslaw , Nosidlak Natalia 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We have investigated the spectroscopic properties of Pr3+-doped and Pr3+/Yb3+-codoped tellurite glass with the molar composition 78TeO2–10Nb2O5–5PbO–1PbF2–5Li2O–1La2O3. Analysis of the absorption data has allowed us to calculate the radiative lifetimes of 3P0 excited state of Pr3+ ions and 2F5/2 excited state of Yb3+ ions as being equal to 9.43 and 440 µs, respectively. These values appear to be much higher than those obtained from the lifetime measurements indicating the presence of various energy transfer mechanisms. This conclusion is supported by analysis of the emission spectra obtained for doped glasses under the 445 nm excitation; the visible spectra consist of only Pr3+ transitions, while the near infrared spectrum of Pr3+/Yb3+-codoped glass demonstrates a strong emission from the 2F5/2 excited state of Yb3+ ion around 1000 nm. This emission is a result of the Pr3+–Yb3+ down-conversion energy transfer and its efficiency for our Pr3+/Yb3+-codoped glass is estimated as 29 %. For potential applications, it is important to increase this efficiency and further studies are desirable, in particular, an optimal choice of Pr3+ and Yb3+ concentrations to minimize non-radiative energy transfers among the ions through cross-relaxation and energy migration processes.
Die Flexion der Indefinita jemand und niemand
Authors: Weitkamp Linnéa 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article investigates the inflection of the German indefinite pronouns jemand and niemand in the accusative and dative. The pronouns are used both with inflectional suffix (jemanden/jemandem, niemanden/niemandem) and without (jemand, niemand) and are thus an example of current variation in contemporary German. The grammars take an unusually liberal stance and describe both forms as correct, partially even with preference to the uninflected form. A corpus study which examines conceptually written data of the DeReKo (German reference corpus) and conceptually oral data of the DECOW16B (German web corpus), shows that over 90 % of occurrences are inflected. But almost 10 % of uninflected forms show that these formations are no arbitrary errors either. To find out what influences the presence or absence of the inflectional ending, a binary logistic regression model was calculated. The following factors proved to be significant influencing factors for inflection: the degree of formality (DeReKo vs. DECOW16B), the lexeme (jemand vs. niemand), the case (acc vs. dat), government by preposition vs. government by verb and the following nominalized adjective (jemand anderen). With regard to the different inflectional suffixes, the frequent use of -en in the dative stood out in particular. Although this form is classified as erroneous in all grammars, almost 30 % of the dative occurrences in informal DECOW16B data are formed in this way.
Sprechakttheoretische Überlegungen zur Typographie – am Beispiel von Presseüberschriften
Authors: Finkbeiner Rita 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUsing the example of newspaper headlines, this paper develops a speech-act theoretic approach to aspects of meaning that can be communicated through the use of typographic means. After considering, more generally, the relationship between speech act theory and writing, analogies between prosody and typography are discussed and the claim is developed that typographic means, just as prosodic means, may function as illocutionary force indicating devices. Using Gallmann’s (1985) system of graphic means, newspaper headlines are defined, more specifically, as typographic objects indicating the (meta-textual) illocution type of an announcement of the text topic. Finally, the relationship between the grammatically determined illocution of a (sentential) headline and its typographically determined meta-textual illocution is modeled, on the basis of Searle’s (1982b) account of fictional speech acts, as an interplay of „vertical“ and „horizontal“ rules. The paper closes with a discussion of the more general question whether typographic acts are speech acts.
Zum humoristischen Umgang mit Covid-19 in der Sprache
Authors: Reutner Ursula 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe global outbreak of Covid-19 in 2020 changed the world in many ways. Language reflects these changes at various levels. The article considers the linguistic effects of the pandemic with humorous potential: various types of puns, the jocular exploitation of the polysemy ofcorona, and playful components of contemporary trending words. As a result, not only do portmanteaus and compounds prove to be particularly prone to entertain, but it is also shown that the various forms of word play generally depend on ludic remotivation, a kind of remotivation which is finally situated and defined between the scholarly and the folk etymological type.
A europium kagome lattice in the solid solution Eu3−х
Sr
х
Pt4Zn12 – first zinc representatives of the Gd3Ru4Al12 type
Authors: Klenner Steffen , Reimann Maximilian Kai , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Eu3Pt4Zn12 and Sr3Pt4Zn12 form a complete solid solution Eu3−x
Sr
x
Pt4Zn12. Samples with x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 were synthesized from the elements in sealed tantalum ampoules in an induction furnace. All samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and the structures of Sr3Pt3.93Zn12.07, Eu1.80Sr1.20Pt4Zn12 and Eu3Pt3.68Zn12.32 were refined from single crystal X-ray diffractometer data. The new compounds are isotypic with Gd3Ru4Al12, space group P63/mmc. The striking building units in these phases are the kagome networks occupied by the europium and strontium atoms and Pt1@Zn8 and Pt2@Zn8 distorted cubes. Besides the Eu/Sr mixing within the solid solution, the structure refinements indicated small homogeneity ranges induced by Pt/Zn mixing. The europium containing samples of the solid solution Eu3−x
Sr
x
Pt4Zn12 are Curie–Weiss paramagnets and the experimental magnetic moments manifest stable divalent europium. The samples with x = 0, 0.5 and 2 order magnetically: T
N = 15.4(1) K for x = 0, T
C = 12.4(1) K for x = 0.5 and T
N = 4.0(1) K for x = 2. The 3 K magnetization isotherms tend toward Brillouin type behavior with increasing europium dilution. The divalent ground state of Eu3Pt4Zn12 is further confirmed by 151Eu Mössbauer spectroscopy with an isomer shift of −9.66(2) mm s−1 at 78 K. In the magnetically ordered state Eu3Pt4Zn12 shows full magnetic hyperfine field splitting (23.0(1) T).
La reparación y la participación de las víctimas en la Ley 1448 de 2011 y el Acuerdo de Paz de la Habana
Authors: Mayorga Coy Angie 
Published: August 2021

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo determinar de que manera la reparación y la participación de las victimas del conflicto armado colombiano se concibieron en la ley de víctimas 1448/2011 y el punto sobre las víctimas de los Acuerdos de Paz de La Habana, firmados en septiembre de 2016 entre el gobierno de Colombia y el grupo de la Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia –FARC-. Así, se hace una comparación entre estos dos lineamientos, dejando ver en que vía se estableció la reparación y la participación, y de esta forma, evidenciar si estos dos resultan complementarios o difieren.