bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Age of Mass Child Removal in Spain
Authors: Anderson Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This book analyses the ideas and practices that underpinned the age of mass child removal. This era emerged from growing criticisms across the world of ‘dangerous’ parents and the developing belief in the nineteenth century that the state could provide superior guardianship to ‘unfit’ parents. In the late nineteenth century, the juvenile court movement led the way in forging a new and more efficient system of child removal that severely curtailed the previously highly protected sovereignty of guardians deemed dangerous. This transnational movement rapidly established courts across the world and used them to train the personnel and create the systems that frequently lay behind mass child removal. Spaniards formed a significant part of this transnational movement and the country’s juvenile courts became involved in the three main areas of removal that characterize the age: the taking of children from poor families, from families displaced by war, and from political opponents. The study of Spanish case files reveals much about how the removal process worked in practice across time and across democratic regimes and dictatorships. It also affords an insight into the rich array of child-removal practices that lay between the poles of coercion and victimhood. Accordingly, the book further offers a history of some of most marginalized parents and children and recaptures their voice, agency, and experience. It also analyses the removal of tens of thousands of children from General Franco’s political opponents, sometimes referred to as the lost children of Francoism, through the history and practice of the juvenile courts.
Dangerous Parents
Authors: Anderson Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
While we know much about the cult of childhood, historians have spent less time analysing the ways in which certain parents became demonized from the late eighteenth century. This chapter traces growing criticisms across nations of parents who were felt to have endangered their offspring and to have deprived the nation of a future robust population. Industrialization and urbanization lent a growing shrillness to the debate. Doctors, opponents of child labour and slavery, and criminologists all began to denounce parents and especially those from the left who they identified as a threat to their offspring and society. As the nineteenth century progressed and competition between nations increased, the growth of eugenic thought gave extra virulence to these denunciations. This set the stage for demands for ‘dangerous’ parents to be stripped of their guardianship.
The Battle for Madrid and the Splintering of Families, 1936–1939
Authors: Anderson Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Spanish Civil War displaced and split families, destroyed support networks, forced families into poverty, and led to a surge in family disputes. As a result, child removal and separation became the lot of much greater numbers of people. Widows of husbands lost to violence behind the lines formed one highly vulnerable group. Refugees and evacuees also frequently found their families split apart and poor families proved especially at risk. The mass evacuation of children also led to a surge in custody disputes. Despite the disruption of the war, the Madrid Juvenile Court pressed ahead with its work and many of its conservative members continued to exert a hold over the institution despite a strong shift in sentiment towards the left during the conflict. These officials continued to enforce traditional notions of morality and gender roles and savvy relatives could exploit this situation in custody disputes.
The Role of Family Visitors in Supervising, Removing, and Returning Children
Authors: Anderson Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Family visitors supervised children released on probation and strove to guide youngsters and their parents towards the faith. They insisted on children being baptized, studying the catechism, and, where necessary, placing them in Catholic boarding schools. They consistently looked to the spiritual rather than material welfare of the families. In this endeavour they targeted poor families, political families, and Protestants. Despite this, family visitors were overworked, floundered in the face of family resistance, and frequently chose the most lenient policy available. This allowed parents to petition for the return of their children or to keep their children with only a few desultory inspections of their homes carried out. Children exploited these weaknesses. In some cases they simply walked out of care homes and returned to live with their families. Children on probation also proved willing to denounce parents they despised for their immoral behaviour.
Descriptive Digressions
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter seizes on Hammett’s intriguing early insight that detection requires description more than violence—indeed that, at the genre’s best, description trumps narrative. Chandler and Ross Macdonald extended that premise in elaborate renderings of furniture and wardrobes, of authentic locales and even facial features as a means of inventively diverting attention in order to sustain it. In the process, objects become all but haunted, returning us to plot in a heightened state of awareness, tightening the hold of the past on the present. Admittedly, that descriptive impulse in its frequency and obtrusiveness can come to verge on parody. But as the interruptions of misdirection and diversion occur ever more self-consciously, they also increasingly draw our gaze to the configuration of the whole.
Lost Identities
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Extending the implications of this turn from fleshed-out character, chapter four highlights the genre’s later focus on identities lost altogether (if only apparently). Among more recent authors, some have collapsed the mysteries earlier involving dead victims with those now entangling the unknown investigator himself. After all, the detective’s presence has always verged on a condition of invisibility, which has gradually become an informing premise within the genre. Central figures more than occasionally seem unaware of their tormented pasts, or even of their own present insights and skills. Alternatively, those who are so aware now strive to protect their identities by staying off the grid, avoiding scrutiny altogether, including the reader’s inquiring eye. Remaining invisible becomes either a chronic, unbidden condition or an increasingly hard act to sustain, with concealment having become the genre’s signature narrative line.
Agential Modal Contextualism
Authors: Whittle Ann 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The argument for contextualism regarding freedom and moral responsibility begins with agential modals, the ‘cans’, ‘coulds’, and ‘ables’ of our discourse. Given the evidence from ordinary language, it is argued that all acceptable analyses of agential modals should be committed to contextualism. The chapter begins by introducing the notion of an agential modal and characterizing the commitments of a contextualist analysis. After this, evidence in favour of a contextualist account of agential modals is outlined and responses to data that counts against contextualism are offered. The chapter ends by contrasting contextualism, positively, with two rival views, relativism and the default rival, invariantism.
Abilities and Incompatibilism
Authors: Whittle Ann 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins the task of relating a contextualist account of agential modals to questions concerning freedom. In the first two sections, different ways of characterizing abilities and their relationship to freedom are discussed. This helps clarify the framework and assumptions that the subsequent arguments rely upon. Next, an influential argument for incompatibilism, namely the consequence argument, is argued to be problematic. Using the notion of an all-in ability, the question of how best to develop the case for incompatibilism is then considered. After criticizing an argument for incompatibilism based upon all-in abilities, the chapter ends by offering a reformulation of the consequence argument, in light of the characterization of all-in abilities.
All-In Abilities in Context
Authors: Whittle Ann 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers a significant challenge, initially raised in chapter one, that of showing why attributions of all-in abilities are not invariant. This is crucial to the wider project of showing why a contextualist analysis of agential modals has significant implications for both freedom and moral responsibility, since it is highly plausible to think that our attributions of freedom and moral responsibility concern these all-in abilities. The chapter begins by arguing that the notions which comprise the characterizations of an all-in ability should be understood contextually. After answering an objection to the proposed argument for a contextualist account of all-in abilities, semantic evidence in favour of the view is then offered. The chapter ends by discussing the wider philosophical significance of a contextualist account of agential modals which embraces all-in abilities.
A Contextualist Account of Regulative Freedom
Authors: Whittle Ann 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, attention again turns to issues surrounding freedom. In chapter two it was argued that the dual power to do otherwise, to be able to A and to refrain from A-ing, was a necessary condition of a concept of freedom, which was named ‘regulative freedom’. In this chapter, a contextualist analysis of regulative freedom is proposed. The chapter begins by considering different possible formulations of a contextualist account of freedom, after which, semantic evidence both for and against the view is examined. Next, two significant advantages of the contextualist theory are outlined, namely, a response to the (reformulated) consequence argument and the argument from manipulation. Finally, objections to a contextualist account of regulative freedom are answered.
Control
Authors: Whittle Ann 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins relating the rather abstract issues considered so far to the issue of moral responsibility. It introduces the notion of guidance control in the first section, before examining some influential analyses that have been offered of this form of control. In particular, the chapter examines both reasons-sensitivity and hierarchical analyses of this notion. It is argued that there is reason to be sceptical of the claim that such analyses can offer an adequate account independent of considerations regarding abilities to do otherwise. This discussion, in addition to a counterexample offered, challenges the view that we can cleanly divorce the concepts of regulative and guidance control as is often proposed. The chapter ends by sketching an alternative, unified ability analysis of control, which combines elements associated with both regulative and guidance analyses of control.
Why Read Keats?
Authors: Everest Kelvin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter interrogates the challenges for new readers of poetry, and in particular of Keats’s poetry, of understanding and appreciating the special nature of Keats’s appeal and achievement. It considers those aspects of Keats’s poetry which can be difficult for new readers, including the reflexive nature of Keats’s thematic preoccupations: his concern with his own development as a poet, and with the place of poetry in human experience generally. Keats’s poetry can seem to be isolated from real experience in taking as its main theme the idea of poetry itself, rather than directing its attention out to matters such as personal emotion, society, and history. These issues are explored through a reading of ‘On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer’. There is then an overview of the three interlocking central concerns of the poetry: the relationship between identity and change, personal, literary, and historical.
Keats’s Formal Legacy and the Victorians
Authors: Everest Kelvin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys the earliest period of Keats’s posthumous reputation, with discussion of the importance of the ‘Cambridge Apostles’ and their enthusiasm for Shelley as a bridge to early appreciation of Keats. This Victorian image of Shelley and Keats is considered through a reading of Browning’s ‘Memorabilia’ and ‘Popularity’. The development of the stanza form of Keats’s odes, of particular appeal in the mid-nineteenth century, is analysed in a detailed reading of the ‘Ode to Psyche’, and its surviving manuscript forms. The stanza-form of the odes is then compared with Matthew Arnold’s adaptation in ‘The Scholar Gypsy’. Arnold’s presentation of the figure of the scholar gypsy exposes a duality in the image of Keats for subsequent generations: a poet valued for his intellectual toughness and resilience, but also primarily influential through the rich sensuousness of his versification.
Shelley’s Adonais and John Keats
Authors: Everest Kelvin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Shelley’s elegy for Keats, Adonais, is set in the context of the acquaintance of the two poets, and in Shelley’s intellectual and poetic development up to 1821. His artistic decisions in determining the ornate ‘classical’ style of the poem, including the paratexts of its first published form, are understood as deliberately chosen to honour Keats, who had in Shelley’s understanding been killed by the effects of savage, politically motivated, attacks in the Tory Reviews. The essay then reveals the true extent and complexity of Shelley’s allusions to Keats’s poetry throughout Adonais, starting with its title as a Greek pun on ‘nightingale’, and covering references of many kinds to the whole range of Keats’s published output, including some of the most famous passages in Adonais.
‘Mechanism of a kind yet unattempted’
Authors: Everest Kelvin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Prometheus Unbound is amongst Shelley’s greatest achievements, and is widely read and admired. However, it offers challenges to interpretation of an unusual kind. The characters and action of the drama are intrinsically difficult to understand, given their quasi-mythic and transhistorical nature. But most challenging is the combination in the plotting in the drama of inexplicit scientific concepts and phenomena, with elements from classical culture, including prophecy and its mechanisms. The difficulty of grasping ideas which are very obscure but nevertheless brilliantly realized, and crucial to understanding of the action (particularly in Act II), is demonstrated through detailed reading of key passages. The growing realization by Asia and Panthea of their revolutionary destiny is dramatized using contemporary understanding of chemical gases and their beneficial and harmful effects.
Conclusions
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The conclusion sums up the findings of the book and addresses the question whether the political culture of conversations could be applied to previous and later periods of Roman history. The Roman political system ran on conversation and face-to-face meetings. The main objective of this book has been to offer an extra-institutional perspective on Roman politics through the proxy of conversations and meetings. Orality has long been identified as an important component for the analysis of Roman institutions and was also crucial for the circulation of rumours and public opinion. The present book has argued that in Rome, oral communication was the default mode in politics, especially for all politics carried out outside institutions. Only when they could not reach each other in person did Roman senators and their peers resort to letters.
Justifying and Demanding
Authors: Whiting Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to introduce and defend a distinction between two kinds of reasons, justifying and demanding. After illustrating the distinction via examples, it offers a number of principles that distinguish reasons that merely justify from those that also demand. Next, the chapter demonstrates that the distinction has explanatory power. By appeal to it, it is possible to explain the difference between reasons not to act and reasons against doing so and, most importantly, to explain how reasons determine what a person may, must, and ought to do. In closing, the chapter returns to the evidence-based account of reasons and shows how it captures the justifying/demanding distinction.
A Modal Theory of Reasons
Authors: Whiting Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter begins with the idea that a reason to act is evidence of a respect in which it is right to act and asks how the evidential relation is to be understood. A tempting answer is in terms of probabilities. This chapter rejects that answer by appeal to cases involving lotteries. In turn, reflection on such cases motivates replacing reference to probabilities with reference to possibilities, specifically, to nearby metaphysically possible worlds. What makes a fact a reason is that there is a modal connection, not a probabilistic one, between it and some respect in which it is right to act. This leads to a novel modal account of reasons—justifying and demanding—which is presented as a successor to, rather than development of, the original evidence-based account.
Knowledge
Authors: Whiting Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter generalizes the modal theory of possessed reasons to the epistemic domain and combines it with the first-order commitment that truth is the sole right-maker for belief. A fact is a reason for believing a proposition only if, in nearby metaphysically possible worlds in which that fact obtains, the proposition is true. A person possesses that fact as a reason for believing a proposition only if, in nearby epistemically possible worlds in which that fact obtains, the proposition is true. This is an anti-luck or safety condition on possession. The chapter goes on to argue that, if a person possesses a reason for believing a proposition, they are in a position to know it. It shows that this claim is not vulnerable to Gettier-style counterexamples and that it vindicates the idea that knowledge is a norm of belief, an idea supported by reflection on lottery cases and Moorean beliefs.
Rational Belief
Authors: Whiting Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter generalizes the modal theory of subjective reasons to the epistemic domain and combines it with the first-order commitment that truth is the sole right-maker for belief. The result is a modal account of epistemic rationality, according to which there is a safety condition on rational belief distinct from but mirroring the more familiar safety condition on knowledge. The chapter shows that the account delivers plausible closure principles on rational belief and offers a straightforward resolution of the lottery paradox. It also explores the implications of the view for whether it is rational to believe necessary propositions, preface propositions, and Moorean propositions.
Conclusion
Authors: Whiting Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter returns to the theme of unity. It explains how the book has revealed what is common to a diverse range of reasons—practical and epistemic, objective and subjective, possessed and unpossessed, for and against—while also revealing how they differ and how they relate to a range of overall verdicts. It also explains how the book has introduced a plurality of norms for belief that are nonetheless unified by an underlying principle. The chapter concludes by indicating two avenues for further research. One concerns norms governing combinations of attitudes rather than individual attitudes. The other concerns norms governing feeling, rather than belief and action.
Game Data Science: An Introduction
Authors: El-Nasr Magy Seif , Dinh Truong Huy Nguyen , Canossa Alessandro , Drachen Anders 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the topic of this book: Game Data Science. Game data science is the process of developing data-driven techniques and evidence to support decision-making across operational, tactical, and strategic levels of game development, and this is why it is so valuable. This chapter introduces this topic as well as outlines the process of game data science from instrumentation, data collection, data processing, data analysis, to reporting. Further, the chapter also discusses the application of game data science, as well as its utility and value, to the different stakeholders. The chapter also includes a section discussing the evolution of this process over time, which is important to situate the field and the techniques discussed in the book. The chapter also outlines established industry terminologies and defines their use in the industry and academia.
Living Religion
Authors: Balbier Uta A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter explores the everyday contributions of ordinary Christians to the running of Graham’s crusades. In forming prayer groups and organizing bus rides, ordinary Christians blurred the boundaries between private religiosity and public mass evangelism, as well as between the religious and the secular. They filled the organizational structures implemented by the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association with life and by doing so turned the crusades into a powerful force of renewal for local churches and everyday religious life in London, Berlin, and New York. Women played a crucial role in this everyday running of the crusade machine. Religious practices such as prayer and pilgrimages traveled with Billy Graham and crossed the national boundaries between the different organizing committees. Organized prayer turned into a dynamic form of transnational communication that tied different crusade audiences together and became the cornerstone of Graham’s international ministry.
Epilogue
Authors: Balbier Uta A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the transformed religious, economic, and political landscapes in Europe and the United States at the time of Graham’s return to Berlin and London in 1966. It explains why Graham was now facing sharper criticism: the theological climate had shifted even further away from Graham’s rather fundamentalist theology, which now appeared outdated. The 1960s counterculture articulated an increasing consumer critique that zoomed in on Graham’s unconditional support for American business culture and the American way of life. And the Vietnam War, from which Graham never really distanced himself, loomed large over his revival meetings, where he now faced open political protest. But even more so, the increasing secularization of crusade cities such as London and Berlin made it significantly harder to rally support for Graham’s revival work at the same time when Graham’s highly professionalized revivalism was increasingly perceived as secular and formulaic.
Introduction
Authors: Pitt Richard N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
While we tend to think of entrepreneurs only as individuals or groups who create “firms”—that is, organizations whose primary goal is to create wealth—social scientists who study organizational emergence and entrepreneurship have been using the word “entrepreneur” to describe a broad range of organizational founders, from those starting schools and hospitals to those founding savings and loan associations and art museums. But consistently these scholars leave churches out of their examinations of entrepreneurial orientations and actions. This book is an attempt to disrupt this impulse by shining a light on a unique, but not insubstantial, set of organizational founders: individuals who start new churches. This chapter introduces three questions: (1) Are church founders “entrepreneurs”? (2) What motivates religion entrepreneurship in a crowded and competitive field trying to appeal to an increasingly anti-institutional-religion customer base? (3) What factors reduce these entrepreneurs’ uncertainty and fear of failure?