bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
School Safety or School Criminalization? The Typical day of A School Resource Officer in the United States
Authors: Higgins Ethan M , Coffey Brandon S , Fisher Benjamin W , Benitez Ivan , Swartz Kristin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSchool resource officers (SROs) have become increasingly common in schools in the United States and this growth of police in schools has taken place as part of a trend of school criminalization. In a school criminalization framework, scholars have focused on physical security measures and punitive outcomes for students, however, the subtler dimensions have been less explored. We draw on 26 interviews where SROs were asked to detail their typical day to investigate whether, and how, SROs criminalize school spaces through routine tasks. In spite of the multi-faceted roles of the SRO, the SROs in this study framed a typical day through a crime control logic where school spaces are criminogenic hotspots and the student body is ripe with potential offenders.
Delay to surgery in acute perforated and ischaemic gastrointestinal pathology: a systematic review
Authors: Murray V , Burke J R , Hughes M , Schofield C , Young A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Patients with acute abdominal pathology requiring emergency laparotomy who experience a delay to theatre have an increased risk of morbidity, mortality and complications. The timeline between symptom onset and operation is ill defined with international variance in assessment and management. This systematic review aims to define where delays to surgery occur and assess the evidence for interventions trialled across Europe.

Methods
A systematic review was performed searching MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (1 January 2005 to 6 May 2020). All studies assessing the impact of time to theatre in patients with acute abdominal pathology requiring emergency laparotomy were considered.

Results
Sixteen papers, involving 50 653 patients, were included in the analysis. Fifteen unique timepoints were identified in the patient pathway between symptom onset and operation which are classified into four distinct phases. Time from admission to theatre (1–72 hours) and mortality rate (10.6–74.5 per cent) varied greatly between studies. Mean time to surgery was significantly higher in deceased patients compared with that in survivors. Delays were related to imaging, diagnosis, decision making, theatre availability and staffing. Four of five interventional studies showed a reduced mortality rate following introduction of an acute laparotomy pathway.

Conclusion
Given the heterogeneous nature of the patient population and pathologies, an assessment and management framework from onset of symptoms to operation is proposed. This could be incorporated into mortality prediction and audit tools and assist in the assessment of interventions.
Management of Gustilo–Anderson IIIB open tibial fractures in adults—a systematic review
Authors: Myatt A , Saleeb H , Robertson G A J , Bourhill Jana Keren , Page P R J , Wood A M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Open tibial fractures are the most common open long bone fracture, despite this, the management of these complex injuries still remains a topic of discussion amongst orthopaedic surgeons.

Sources of data
We searched the EMBASE, MEDLINE and Google Scholar and a systematic review of 7500 articles, leaving 23 after exclusion criteria were applied, in order to analyse the management of open tibial fractures.

Areas of agreement and controversy
Infection was noted to be the most significant concern amongst authors, with definitive external fixation having a high rate of superficial pin-site infection and internal fixation having a high deep infection rate.

Growing points
It is essential to have a combined ortho-plastic approach to the management of these fractures as muscle flaps were the most common form of soft tissue coverage.

Areas timely for developing research
A national pragmatic trial into the management of open tibial fractures is required looking at fixation methods and soft tissue coverage, with at least a 2-year follow-up in order to ascertain the most appropriate management of these fractures and patient-related outcomes.
Driving motor cortex oscillations modulates bradykinesia in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Guerra Andrea , Colella Donato , Giangrosso Margherita , Cannavacciuolo Antonio , Paparella Giulia , Fabbrini Giovanni , Suppa Antonio , Berardelli Alfredo , Bologna Matteo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In patients with Parkinson’s disease, beta (β) and gamma (γ) oscillations are altered in the basal ganglia, and this abnormality contributes to the pathophysiology of bradykinesia. However, it is unclear whether β and γ rhythms at the primary motor cortex (M1) level influence bradykinesia.
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can modulate cortical rhythms by entraining endogenous oscillations. We tested whether β- and γ-tACS on M1 modulate bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson’s disease by analysing the kinematic features of repetitive finger tapping, including movement amplitude, velocity and sequence effect, recorded during β-, γ- and sham tACS. We also verified whether possible tACS-induced bradykinesia changes depended on modifications in specific M1 circuits, as assessed by short-interval intracortical inhibition and short-latency afferent inhibition. Patients were studied OFF and ON dopaminergic therapy. Results were compared to those obtained in a group of healthy subjects.
In patients, movement velocity significantly worsened during β-tACS and movement amplitude improved during γ-tACS, while the sequence effect did not change. In addition, short-latency afferent inhibition decreased (reduced inhibition) during β-tACS and short-interval intracortical inhibition decreased during both γ- and β-tACS in Parkinson’s disease. The effects of tACS were comparable between OFF and ON sessions. In patients OFF therapy, the degree of short-interval intracortical inhibition modulation during β- and γ-tACS correlated with movement velocity and amplitude changes. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the effect of γ-tACS on movement amplitude and motor symptoms severity. Our results show that cortical β and γ oscillations are relevant in the pathophysiology of bradykinesia in Parkinson’s disease and that changes in inhibitory GABA-A-ergic interneuronal activity may reflect compensatory M1 mechanisms to counteract bradykinesia.
In conclusion, abnormal oscillations at the M1 level of the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical network play a relevant role in the pathophysiology of bradykinesia in Parkinson’s disease.
Does hydrostatic pressure influence lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) heart rate and its response to environmental challenges?
Authors: Zrini Zoe A , Sandrelli Rebeccah M , Gamperl A Kurt 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Studies on the effects of environmental changes with increasing depth (e.g. temperature and oxygen level) on fish physiology rarely consider how hydrostatic pressure might influence the observed responses. In this study, lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus, 200–400 g), which can exhibit vertical migrations of over 100 m daily and can be found at depths of 500 m or more, were implanted with Star-Oddi micro-HRT loggers. Then, their heart rate (fH) was measured in a pressure chamber when exposed to the following: (i) increasing pressure (up to 80 bar; 800 m in depth) at 10°C or (ii) increasing temperature (12–20°C), decreasing temperature (12 to 4°C) or decreasing oxygen levels (101–55% air saturation at 12°C) in the absence or presence of 80 bar of pressure. Additionally, we determined their fH response to chasing and to increasing temperature (to 22°C) at atmospheric pressure. Pressure-induced increases in fH (e.g. from 48 to 61 bpm at 12°C) were associated with hyperactivity. The magnitude of the rise in fH with temperature was greater in pressure-exposed vs. control fish (i.e. by ~30 bpm vs. 45 bpm between 5°C and 20°C). However, the relative increase (i.e. slope of the relationship) was not different between groups. In contrast, 80 bar of pressure eliminated the small (5 bpm) increase in fH when control fish were exposed to hypoxia. Exhaustive exercise and increasing temperature to 22°C resulted in a maximum fH of 77 and 81 bpm, respectively. Our research shows that pressure influences the fH response to environmental challenges and provides the first evidence that lumpfish have a limited capacity to increase fH.
Atopic diseases and airway-related symptoms in Bavarian pre-schoolers: determinants and association with immunization
Authors: Korbely Christine , Weinberger Alisa , Kutzora Susanne , Huß Jonas , Hendrowarsito Lana , Nennstiel Uta , Heißenhuber Annette , Herr Caroline , Heinze Stefanie ,   for The GME Study Group, Doerk Wiltrud Angelika , Pfister Rosemarie , Sittig Winfried , Strauch Heidi , Thamm Anita , Wunder Tatjana , Frieß-Hesse Franziska , Lang Dagmar , Rudolph Roland , Schmid Gudrun , Winter Isabella , Bockmann Christine , Gampenrieder Margot , Motzet Elisabeth , Schneider Traudl , Tontsch Gerlinde , Woelk Sylvia , Kranebitter Heidi , Mayrhofer Gertraud , Rohrhirsch Brigitte , Weise Luisa , Wolf Kornelia , Baranek Gitte , Koch-Singer Maximilian , Kühnel Ladan , Baghi Otmar , von Bayer Rüdiger , Kries Gabriele , Bolte Hermann , Fromme Annette , Heißenhuber Lana , Hendrowarsito Caroline , Herr Martina , Kohlhuber Joseph , Kuhn Bernhard , Liebl Anja , Lüders Nicole , Meyer Christine , Mitschek Gabriele , Morlock Michael , Mosetter Uta , Nennstiel-Ratzel Dorothee , Twardella Manfred , Wildner Angelika 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundAtopic diseases are among the most common chronic conditions in childhood. Causes of allergies are manifold. The aim of this paper is to evaluate risk factors for atopic diseases and unremitting wheeze and to examine if there is an association between measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination and atopic dermatitis, asthma and unremitting wheeze in Bavarian pre-schoolers.MethodsParents filled out a questionnaire on children’s health and environmental and socioeconomic factors. The questionnaire was administered within the Health Monitoring Units in a cross-sectional study in Bavaria, Germany (2014/2015). Data on vaccinations were obtained via the School Entrance Examination, a mandatory examination for pre-school children in Bavaria. Rates of influential factors of atopic diseases and wheeze, MMR and DTP (diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus) vaccination were calculated for all children stratified by health outcomes. To examine if there is an association between MMR vaccination and health outcomes, a multiple logistic regression analysis was performed.ResultsData were available for 3237 individuals. Symptoms and diseases were more frequent in boys. Higher parental education was associated with a higher prevalence of atopic dermatitis. There were no significant associations between any of the health outcome groups and MMR vaccination in the multiple logistic regression models with adjustment for potential confounders.ConclusionsThe present study is in line with the current state of research that MMR vaccination is not associated with atopic diseases.
Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated With Poor Cognition: A Population-Based Study of 70-Year-Old Adults Without Dementia
Authors: Marseglia Anna , Darin-Mattsson Alexander , Skoog Johan , Rydén Lina , Hadarsson-Bodin Timothy , Kern Silke , Rydberg Sterner Therese , Shang Ying , Zettergren Anna , Westman Eric , Skoog Ingmar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Individual conditions of metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been related to dementia; however, their combined impact on the preclinical stage is unknown. We investigated the associations between MetS and domain-specific cognitive function as well as the role of sociodemographic, cardiovascular, and genetic factors.

Methods
Within the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Study-Birth cohort 1944, 1131 dementia-free participants (aged 70 years) were examined during 2014–2016. MetS (central obesity plus at least 2 factors [reduced HDL-cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, blood pressure, or blood glucose]) was identified according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Five cognitive domains (memory, attention/perceptual speed, executive function, verbal fluency, visuospatial abilities) were generated after z-standardizing raw scores from 10 neuropsychological tests. Education, heart disease, claudication (indicating peripheral atherosclerosis), and apolipoprotein genotype were ascertained by trained staff. Data were analyzed with linear regression models.

Results
Overall, 618 participants (55%) had MetS. In multiadjusted linear regressions, MetS was related to poorer performance in attention/perceptual speed (β −0.14 [95% CI −0.25, −0.02]), executive function (β −0.12 [95% CI −0.23, −0.01]), and verbal fluency (β −0.19 [95% CI −0.30, −0.08]). These associations were present only among individuals who did not carry any APOE-ε4 allele or were highly educated. However, among those with MetS, high education was related to better cognitive performance. MetS together with comorbid heart disease or claudication was associated with even worse cognitive performance than each alone.

Conclusions
MetS is associated with poor attention/perceptual speed, executive function, and verbal fluency performance. Education, apolipoprotein E-ε4 allele, and comorbid cardiovascular disease influenced the observed associations.
Effects of elevated pCO2 on the physiological energetics of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas
Authors: Jiang Weiwei , Wang Xiaoqin , Rastrick Samuel P S , Wang Junwei , Zhang Yitao , Strand Øivind , Fang Jianguang , Jiang Zengjie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Ocean acidification is predicted to have significant implications for marine calcifying organisms. However, little is known about the physiological responses of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, to elevated partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2) under natural fluctuations associated with a farm environment. The present study evaluated the effect of two pCO2 levels (i.e. ambient ∼625 μatm and elevated ∼1432 μatm) on the physiological processes and growth of C. gigas in in situ mesocosms that simulated the farm environment. Oysters were exposed for 30 days over a sensitive period during their production cycle when they are first exposed to natural coastal conditions. Despite this being a well-known “bottleneck” in production, it remains understudied with respect to climate change. Results showed that elevated pCO2 levels decreased clearance rate, ingestion rate, absorption efficiency, and oxygen to nitrogen ratio, while increasing oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rates. These physiological responses of oysters resulted in a reduction in energy available for growth (scope for growth). No mortality was observed in the control or elevated pCO2 treatments, indicating that although oyster may survive future coastal acidification, the allocation of energy towards production within aquaculture systems will decrease in the future, affecting the culture of these economically important marine bivalves.
Compactifications of Moduli of Points and Lines in the Projective Plane
Authors: Schaffler Luca , Tevelev Jenia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractProjective duality identifies the moduli spaces $\textbf{B}_n$ and $\textbf{X}(3,n)$ parametrizing linearly general configurations of $n$ points in $\mathbb{P}^2$ and $n$ lines in the dual $\mathbb{P}^2$, respectively. The space $\textbf{X}(3,n)$ admits Kapranov’s Chow quotient compactification $\overline{\textbf{X}}(3,n)$, studied also by Lafforgue, Hacking, Keel, Tevelev, and Alexeev, which gives an example of a KSBA moduli space of stable surfaces: it carries a family of certain reducible degenerations of $\mathbb{P}^2$ with $n$ “broken lines”. Gerritzen and Piwek proposed a dual perspective, a compact moduli space parametrizing certain reducible degenerations of $\mathbb{P}^2$ with $n$ smooth points. We investigate the relation between these approaches, answering a question of Kapranov from 2003.
COVID-19 First Responders: The Gayatri Pariwar and the Immune Ritual Body
Authors: Tackes Nick 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The following article investigates one North Indian new religious movement’s initial reactions to the onset of COVID-19. The Gayatri Pariwar is an organization popular in Uttar Pradesh, India, and its members believe it is their duty to save the world through a regime of virtuous lifestyle practices, beginning with the reformation of the self. Between mid-March and May 2020, the Gayatri Pariwar responded to the pandemic in three distinctive ways: it folded COVID-19 into the organization’s longstanding eschatological project, pursued ritual practices understood to provide immunity against moral and viral contagion, and insisted upon an ethic of caregiving meant to include society at large in their redemptive mission. This article analyzes the Gayatri Pariwar’s COVID-19–related YouTube video alongside ethnographic data to demonstrate how the Gayatri Pariwar used the viral pandemic as an occasion to reiterate and pursue its identity as a global moral custodian.
SI-MOIRAI: a new method to identify and quantify the metabolic fate of nucleotides
Authors: Ikeda Yoshiki , Hirayama Akiyoshi , Kofuji Satoshi , Hirota Yoshihisa , Kamata Ryo , Osaka Natsuki , Fujii Yuki , Sasaki Mika , Ikeda Satsuki , Smith Eric P , Bachoo Robert , Soga Tomoyoshi , Sasaki Atsuo T 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Since the discovery of nucleotides over 100 years ago, extensive studies have revealed the importance of nucleotides for homeostasis, health and disease. However, there remains no established method to investigate quantitatively and accurately intact nucleotide incorporation into RNA and DNA. Herein, we report a new method, Stable-Isotope Measure Of Influxed Ribonucleic Acid Index (SI-MOIRAI), for the identification and quantification of the metabolic fate of ribonucleotides and their precursors. SI-MOIRAI, named after Greek goddesses of fate, combines a stable isotope-labelling flux assay with mass spectrometry to enable quantification of the newly synthesized ribonucleotides into r/m/tRNA under a metabolic stationary state. Using glioblastoma (GBM) U87MG cells and a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) GBM mouse model, SI-MOIRAI analyses showed that newly synthesized GTP was particularly and disproportionally highly utilized for rRNA and tRNA synthesis but not for mRNA synthesis in GBM in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, newly synthesized pyrimidine nucleotides exhibited a significantly lower utilization rate for RNA synthesis than newly synthesized purine nucleotides. The results reveal the existence of discrete pathways and compartmentalization of purine and pyrimidine metabolism designated for RNA synthesis, demonstrating the capacity of SI-MOIRAI to reveal previously unknown aspects of nucleotide biology.
Incidental Breast Cancer on Chest CT: Is the Radiology Report Enough?
Authors: Aripoli Allison , Beeler Joley , Clark Lauren , Walter Carissa , Inciardi Marc , Huppe Ashley , Gatewood Jason , Irani Neville , Carroll Melissa , Norris Taylor , Barton Angela , Ackerman Peyton , Winblad Onalisa 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
To determine the frequency of incidental breast findings reported on chest CT for which breast imaging follow-up is recommended, the follow-up adherence rate, and the breast malignancy rate. The relationship between strength of recommendation verbiage and follow-up was also explored.

Methods
A retrospective review was conducted of chest CT reports from July 1, 2018, to June 30, 2019, to identify those with recommendation for breast imaging follow-up. Patients with recently diagnosed or prior history of breast malignancy were excluded. Medical records were reviewed to evaluate patient adherence to follow-up, subsequent BI-RADS assessment, and diagnosis (if tissue sampling performed). Adherence was defined as diagnostic breast imaging performed within 6 months of CT recommendation. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine statistical significance of categorical and continuous variables, respectively.

Results
A follow-up recommendation for breast imaging was included in chest CT reports of 210 patients; 23% (48/210) returned for follow-up breast imaging. All patients assessed as BI-RADS 4 or 5 underwent image-guided biopsy. Incidental breast cancer was diagnosed in 15% (7/48) of patients who underwent follow-up breast imaging as a result of a CT report recommendation and 78% (7/9) of patients undergoing biopsy. There was no significant difference in follow-up adherence when comparing report verbiage strength.

Conclusion
It is imperative that incidental breast findings detected on chest CT undergo follow-up breast imaging to establish accurate and timely diagnosis of breast malignancy. Outreach to referring providers and patients may have greater impact on the diagnosis of previously unsuspected breast cancer.
Intimate Partner Violence and the Role of Breast Imaging Centers
Authors: Wahab Rifat A , Chan Maegan , Vijapura Charmi , Brown Ann L , Asghar Emaan , Frazee-Katz Casey , Mahoney Mary C 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is defined as physical violence, sexual violence, stalking, or psychological harm by a current or former intimate partner. In the United States, one in three women will experience a form of IPV in their lifetime. Screening for IPV at breast imaging centers provides an important opportunity to identify and assist affected women. Breast imaging centers provide a private environment where passive and active IPV screening methods can be employed. In addition, when obtaining a mammogram or breast ultrasound, the patient’s upper chest is exposed, which could demonstrate patterns of abuse. This article discusses the need for IPV screening, via both passive and active methods, and implementation steps for breast imaging centers.
Clinical Course and Treatment Implications of Combination Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Mediated Hepatitis: A Multicentre Cohort
Authors: Smith Matthew K , Chan Yin , Suo Aleksi E , Shaheen Abdel Aziz , Congly Stephen E , Tandon Puneeta , Bhanji Rahima A , Wells Malcolm M , Cheng Tina , Ma Christopher 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Immune-related adverse events can occur after treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), limiting treatment persistence. We aimed to evaluate the clinical course of ICI-mediated hepatitis (IMH) associated with combination ipilimumab and nivolumab treatment.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study including consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma treated with ipilimumab and nivolumab between 2013 and 2018 was conducted at two tertiary care centres. IMH was defined by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). We determined the proportion of patients developing IMH, and compared the duration, treatment patterns and outcomes, stratified by hepatitis severity. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate time to hepatitis resolution, and a linear mixed-effects model was used to compare longitudinal outcomes by treatment.

Results
A total of 63 patients were included. Thirty-two patients (51%) developed IMH (34% Grade 1–2, 66% Grade 3–4), at a median of 34 days (IQR 20 to 43.5 days) after the first dose. Baseline FIB4 index ≥1.45 was associated with IMH (OR 3.71 [95% CI: 1.03 to 13.38], P = 0.04). Ninety-four per cent (30/32) of patients had liver enzyme normalization after a median duration of 43 days (IQR 26 to 70 days). Corticosteroid use was not associated with faster IMH resolution or less ICI discontinuation. A total of 24 patients died during the study; no deaths were attributable to hepatitis-related complications. Fifty-three per cent (17/32) of patients resumed anti-PD-1 monotherapy and three patients developed IMH recurrence.

Conclusions
Approximately half of the patients treated with combination ipilimumab and nivolumab developed IMH in this cohort. However, most patients experienced uncomplicated IMH resolution.