bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Triggered and controlled release of active gaseous/volatile compounds for active packaging applications of agri‐food products: A review
Authors: Zaitoon Amr , Luo Xiaoyu , Lim Loong‐Tak 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGaseous and volatile active compounds are versatile to enhance safety and preserve quality of agri‐food products during storage and distribution. However, the use of these compounds is limited by their high vapor pressure and/or chemical instability, especially in active packaging (AP) applications. Various approaches for stabilizing and controlling the release of active gaseous/volatile compounds have been developed, including encapsulation (e.g., into supramolecular matrices, polymer‐based films, electrospun nonwovens) and triggered release systems involving precursor technology, thereby allowing their safe and effective use in AP applications. In this review, encapsulation technologies of gases (e.g., CO2, ClO2, SO2, ethylene, 1‐methylcyclopropene) and volatiles (e.g., ethanol, ethyl formate, essential oils and their constituents) into different solid matrices, polymeric films, and electrospun nonwovens are reviewed, especially with regard to encapsulation mechanisms and controlled release properties. Recent developments on utilizing precursor compounds of bioactive gases/volatiles to enhance their storage stability and better control their release profiles are discussed. The potential applications of these controlled release systems in AP of agri‐food products are presented as well.
Comparative Fortunes of Ecosystem Services as an International Governance Concept
Authors: Allan Jen Iris , Auld Graeme , Cadman Timothy , Stevenson Hayley 
Published: December 2021

AbstractConservation biologists and environmental economists popularized ecosystem services as a governance concept in the 1990s. The concept, it was hoped, would valorize biodiversity conservation to place it on a level playing field with the economic concerns of the world's finance ministers and private sector. Has this valorization promise been realized within the international community? We examine this question by interrogating a constructed dataset of 272 international activities undertaken by international actors (e.g. non‐governmental organizations, inter‐governmental organizations, and other international organizations) that invoke or use the ecosystem services concept. We find that ecosystem service practice is dominated by capacity‐building not the valuation of nature. This suggests that the international community is not extensively using the concept to value nature in order to inform governance decisions. We posit that budget and management pressures facing international organizations along with priorities of countries help explain the dominance of capacity‐building. But we also suggest that a deeper understanding of the concept of ecosystem services – particularly its implied programme of action – is necessary to account for its unfulfilled promise to date. We close with implications from this study for broader work on global environmental governance.
Tumor‐associated macrophages: An important player in breast cancer progression
Authors: Huang Xinqun , Cao Jingsong , Zu Xuyu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBreast cancer is the most common form of malignant tumor in females, accounting for the second highest mortality among cancer patients. In the breast tumor microenvironment, tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells, which regulate the progression of breast cancer. During breast cancer tumorigenesis and progression, TAMs support breast tumor growth by promoting angiogenesis and cancer cell metastasis, inducing cancer stemness, regulating energy metabolism, and supporting immune system suppression. TAMs exhibit a high degree of cellular plasticity. Repolarizing tumor‐related macrophages into M1 macrophages can promote tumor regression. This study reviews the role and mechanism of action of TAMs in the development of breast cancer and establishes TAMs as effective targets for breast cancer treatment.
Baseline type 2 biomarker levels and response to tezepelumab in severe asthma
Authors: Corren Jonathan , Pham Tuyet‐Hang , Garcia Gil Esther , Sałapa Kinga , Ren Pin , Parnes Jane R. , Colice Gene , Griffiths Janet M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundTezepelumab is a human monoclonal antibody that blocks activity of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). In the phase IIb PATHWAY study (NCT02054130), tezepelumab significantly reduced annualized asthma exacerbation rates (AAERs) versus placebo in adults with severe, uncontrolled asthma. We evaluated the effects of tezepelumab in reducing type 2 (T2) inflammatory biomarker levels in the PATHWAY population, and the relationship between baseline T2 biomarker levels and AAER.MethodsAdults with severe, uncontrolled asthma (n = 550) were randomized to tezepelumab (70 mg or 210 mg every 4 weeks, or 280 mg every 2 weeks) or placebo for 52 weeks. Blood eosinophil count, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and serum total immunoglobulin (Ig)E, interleukin (IL)‐5, IL‐13, periostin, thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine (TARC), and TSLP were measured at baseline and over 52 weeks. AAERs were analyzed by baseline threshold (high/low) biomarker levels.ResultsPositive correlations were observed between T2 inflammatory biomarkers (blood eosinophil count, FeNO, IL‐5, IL‐13 and periostin) at baseline. At Week 52, treatment with tezepelumab 210 mg reduced all biomarker levels measured from baseline versus placebo. Exacerbations were reduced by 55–83% in the pooled tezepelumab cohort versus placebo, irrespective of baseline blood eosinophil count, FeNO, or serum total IgE, IL‐5, IL‐13, periostin, TARC, or TSLP, when these biomarkers were assessed individually.ConclusionAt baseline, positive correlations between specific T2 inflammatory biomarkers were observed. Tezepelumab reduced multiple T2 inflammatory biomarkers, which indicates decreased airway inflammation, and reduced exacerbations irrespective of baseline T2 biomarker profiles in patients with severe asthma.
National nostalgia and prostalgia predict support toward the Black Lives Matter movement and creating a new normal following the pandemic
Authors: Armenta Angel D. , James Kityara U. , Bray Jessica R. , Zárate Michael A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests and the COVID‐19 pandemic are two distinct forces that have introduced cultural change around the world by respectively challenging or amplifying the status quo. Past research demonstrates that cultural change can be perceived as threatening. Thus, the change brought upon by the BLM movement and the pandemic may be reducing support toward the BLM movement and reducing support for creating a new normal following the pandemic (i.e., creating new social norms). Based on the Cultural Inertia Model, we predicted that highlighting the BLM protests and the COVID‐19 pandemic as agents of change would hinder support toward each agent of change. In essence, two agents of change might be too much change. We also hypothesized that national nostalgia and prostalgia would serve as psychological anchors or propellers that hinder or facilitate support toward each agent of change. Our findings demonstrated that highlighting the BLM protests and the pandemic as agents of change did not cause differences in support toward the BLM movement or creating a new normal. However, national nostalgia and prostalgia served as individual difference measures that respectively reduced and facilitated support toward the BLM movement and the creation of new social norms.
Zanubrutinib for treatment‐naïve and relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: long‐term follow‐up of the phase I/II AU‐003 study
Authors: Cull Gavin , Burger Jan A. , Opat Stephen , Gottlieb David , Verner Emma , Trotman Judith , Marlton Paula , Munoz Javier , Johnston Patrick , Simpson David , Stern Jennifer C. , Prathikanti Radha , Wu Kenneth , Novotny William , Huang Jane , Tam Constantine S. 
Published: December 2021

SummaryThe phase I/II AU‐003 study in patients with treatment‐naïve (TN) or relapsed/refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma demonstrated that zanubrutinib therapy results in clinically meaningful and durable responses with acceptable safety and tolerability. We report updated safety and efficacy data for 123 patients with a median follow‐up of 47·2 months. Patients received zanubrutinib 160 mg twice daily (81 patients), 320 mg once daily (40), or 160 mg once daily (two). Discontinuations due to adverse events or disease progression were uncommon. The overall response rate (ORR) was 95·9% (TN, 100%; R/R, 95%) with 18·7% achieving complete response (CR). Ongoing response at 3 years was reported in 85·7%. The ORR in patients with del(17p)/tumour protein p53 mutation was 87·5% (CR 16·7%). The 2‐ and 3‐year progression‐free survival estimates were 90% (TN, 90%; R/R, 91%) and 83% (TN, 81%; R/R, 83%) respectively. The most reported Grade ≥3 adverse events were neutropenia (15·4%), pneumonia (9·8%), hypertension (8·9%) and anaemia (6·5%). The annual incidence of atrial fibrillation, major haemorrhage, Grade ≥3 neutropenia and Grade ≥3 infection decreased over time. With a median follow‐up of ~4 years, responses remain clinically meaningful and durable and long‐term tolerability to zanubrutinib therapy continues.
Middle Albian provenance, sediment dispersal and foreland basin dynamics in southwestern Montana, North American Cordillera
Authors: Rosenblume Justin A. , Finzel Emily S. , Pearson David M. , Gardner Cole T. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Lower Cretaceous Blackleaf Formation in southwestern Montana records sedimentation in the Idaho‐Montana retroforeland basin of the North American Cordillera. Regional‐scale sedimentology suggests that during Albian time southwestern Montana was partially flooded by an early marine incursion of the Western Interior Seaway during deposition of the Blackleaf Formation. We use sandstone petrography, large‐n (n = 600) U‐Pb detrital zircon geochronology and mixture modelling to determine the provenance of these strata. Our analysis suggests three distinct provenance groups: Group 1 sandstones occur in the eastern region of the study area, are quartz‐rich and have zircon age‐probability peaks of ca. 110, 160, 420–450, 1050 and 1160 Ma; these sandstones match with a primarily Appalachian provenance. Group 2 sandstones occur in the western region of study area, are lithic‐rich and have peaks of ca. 110, 160, 1780, 1840, 1920, 2080 and 2700 Ma; the primary source for these sandstones was exhumed lower‐middle Palaeozoic strata from the Idaho sector of the Sevier belt. Group 3 sandstones occur in the western region of the study area, are lithic‐rich and have prominent peaks of ca. 115, 170, 430, 600, 1085, 1170, 1670 and 1790 Ma; the primary source for these sandstones was exhumed Triassic‐upper Palaeozoic strata from the Idaho sector of the Sevier belt. Our provenance data record a sharp change that coincides with the western shoreline of the seaway, and we infer that it may indicate the position of an irregular, submarine forebulge depozone influenced by dynamic subsidence during a period of reduced thrusting in the adjacent fold‐thrust belt. Albian‐aged sediments in southwestern Montana were delivered by rivers with headwaters in the Sevier belt as well as transcontinental river systems with headwaters in eastern North America. In southwestern Montana, west‐flowing transcontinental fluvial systems were flooded by the Western Interior Seaway as it encroached from the north.
Pyrimidine: An elite heterocyclic leitmotif in drug discovery‐synthesis and biological activity
Authors: Nadar Sahaya , Khan Tabassum 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHeterocyclic compounds bearing the pyrimidine core are of tremendous interest as they constitute an important class of natural and synthetic compounds exhibiting diverse useful biological activities that hold attractive potential for clinical translation as therapeutic agents in alleviation of a myriad of diseases. Heterocycles possessing a pyrimidine scaffold have piqued tremendous interest of organic and medicinal chemists owing to their privileged bioactivities. Drugs having the pyrimidine motif have manifested to exhibit gratifying biological activity like anticancer, antiviral, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, and antihypertensive activities. This heterocycle, being a significant endogenous component of the body, the pyrimidine derivatives can easily interact with enzymes, genetic materials, and bio components within the cell. The landscape of FDA approved drugs, presently marketed incorporating the pyrimidine scaffold continues to evolve in number and diversity. There is a tremendous surge in discovery of new targets across many diseases especially those involving emerging resistance to clinically used battery of drugs. Pyrimidine scaffolds will continue to be explored expanding their chemical space portfolio in an effort to find novel drugs impacting these targets. This review aims to provide an elaborate recapitulation of the recent trends adopted to synthesize propitious pyrimidine incorporated hits and also focuses on the clinical significance reported for functionalized pyrimidine analogues that would quintessentially aid medicinal chemists for new research explorations in this arena.
Active site‐based analysis of structural proteins for drug targets in different human Coronaviruses
Authors: Ahmadi Khadijeh , Zahedifard Farnaz , Mafakher Ladan , Ali Einakian Mohammad , Ghaedi Tayebeh , Kavousipour Soudabeh , Faezi Sobhan , Karmostaji Afsaneh , Sharifi‐Sarasiabi Khojasteh , Gouklani Hamed , Hassaniazad Mehdi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSeven types of Coronaviruses (CoVs) have been identified that can cause infection in humans, including HCoV‐229E, HCoV‐NL63, HCoV‐OC43, HCoV‐HKU1, SARS‐CoV, HCoV‐MERS, and SARS‐CoV‐2. In this study, we investigated the genetic structure, the homology of the structural protein sequences, as well as the investigation of the active site of structural proteins. The active site of structural proteins was determined based on the previous studies, and the homology of their amino acid sequences and structure was compared. Multiple sequence alignment of Spike protein of HCoVs showed that the receptor‐binding domain of SARS‐CoV‐2, SARS‐CoV, and MERS‐CoV was located at a similar site to the S1 subunit. The binding motif of PDZ (postsynaptic density‐95/disks large/zona occludens‐1) of the envelope protein, was conserved in SARS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2 according to multiple sequence alignment but showed different changes in the other HCoVs. Overall, spike protein showed the most variation in its active sites, but the other structural proteins were highly conserved. In this study, for the first time, the active site of all structural proteins of HCoVs as a drug target was investigated. The binding site of these proteins can be suitable targets for drugs or vaccines among HCoVs.
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and child behaviour problems in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: Nazareth Meaghan L. , Kvalsvig Jane D. , Mellins Claude A. , Desmond Chris , Kauchali Shuaib , Davidson Leslie L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundAdverse childhood events (ACEs) are associated with negative health effects in adulthood. Despite knowledge of these later impacts, little is known about the earlier effect of ACEs on later child behaviour in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC).MethodsThe population‐based Asenze cohort study was implemented in a peri‐rural area of KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, comprising five Zulu tribal areas. Two waves of data were examined: family information and ACEs exposure when children were on average 5 years old and child behaviour problems (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ]) approximately 2 years later (average age 7 years). Logistic regression analysis was used to examine unadjusted and adjusted relationships between cumulative ACEs experienced and the SDQ total scores (dichotomized as top 10% vs. the rest) as well as selected SDQ subscales.ResultsA significant relationship between increased ACE exposure and SDQ total score was observed. The same relationship was also seen for the SDQ emotional symptoms and conduct problem subscales, but not for hyperactivity. The results of a sensitivity analysis excluding intimate partner violence from the ACEs measure demonstrated similar results.ConclusionsThere is an association between exposure to ACEs and later child behaviour problems within this LMIC population demonstrating an early negative impact for ACEs. While previous research has focused on the effects of ACEs on adult health, this study provided evidence for an earlier relationship between ACEs and child behaviour problems that may be a part of the mechanism through which later health effects arise.
The Effect of Context and Individual Differences in Human‐Generated Randomness
Authors: Biesaga Mikołaj , Talaga Szymon , Nowak Andrzej 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMany psychological studies have shown that human‐generated sequences are hardly ever random in the strict mathematical sense. However, what remains an open question is the degree to which this (in)ability varies between people and is affected by contextual factors. Herein, we investigated this problem. In two studies, we used a modern, robust measure of randomness based on algorithmic information theory to assess human‐generated series. In Study 1 (), in a factorial design with task description as a between‐subjects variable, we tested the effects of context and mental fatigue on human‐generated randomness. In Study 2 (), in online research, in experimental design, we further investigated the effect of mental fatigue on the randomness of human‐generated series and the relationship between the need for cognition (NFC) and the ability to produce random‐like series. Results of Study 1 show that the activation of the ability to produce random‐like series depends on the relevance of the contextual cues (), whether they activate known representations of a random series generator and consequently help to avoid the production of trivial sequences. Our findings from both studies on the effect of mental fatigue (Study 1 – ; Study 2 – ) and cognitive motivation () demonstrate that regardless of the context or task's novelty people quickly lose interest in the random series generation. Therefore, their performance decreases over time. However, people high in the NFC can maintain the cognitive motivation for a longer period and consequently on average generate more random series. In general, our results suggest that when contextual cues and intrinsic constraints are in optimal interaction people can temporarily escape the structured and trivial patterns and produce more random‐like sequences.
Does early drug use‐related police contact predict premature mortality and morbidity: A population register‐based study
Authors: Ellonen Noora , Pitkänen Joonas , Miller Bryan L. , Remes Hanna , Aaltonen Mikko , Oksanen Atte , Martikainen Pekka 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe aim was to analyse whether age at first drug offense predicts premature mortality and morbidity due to substance use and violence among adolescents and young adults.MethodsA prospective longitudinal register‐linkage study based on a total population sample from Finland including individuals born between 1987 and 1992 and aged 15–25 years during follow‐up in 2002–2017 (n = 386 435). Age‐specific rates of deaths and health‐care admissions (morbidity) during a 5‐year follow‐up were calculated from the first drug offense. Cox regression models were used to estimate differences in mortality and morbidity at ages 21–25.ResultsOf all 15‐ to 20‐year‐olds, 1.4% (n = 5540) have had a police contact. The 5‐year mortality rates (per 1000 person‐years) among those with first drug offense at ages 15–16 was 2.92 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.56–6.18], and 5.26 (CI 4.00–7.07) and 5.05 (CI 4.06–6.38) at ages 17–18, and 19–20, respectively. The rates of morbidity varied between 61.20 (CI 52.43–71.76) and 87.51 (CI 82.11–93.33). Both mortality and morbidity rates were over 10 times higher than among the general population. In models adjusted for family background, first police contact at an early age (15–16) did not increase the risk of mortality at ages 21–25 compared with first police contact at ages 17–18 (hazard ratio 1.55, CI 0.77–3.09) or 19–20 (hazard ratio 1.52, CI 0.78–2.98). The results were similar for morbidity.Discussion and ConclusionsAdolescents with drug‐related police contacts have high risk of mortality and morbidity due to substance use and violence regardless of age of first contact.
Ecological interactions mediate projected loss of kelp biomass under climate change
Authors: Davis Tom R. , Champion Curtis , Coleman Melinda A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimClimate change has precipitated loss of kelp in temperate regions globally, with further losses projected in response to ocean warming. Projected climate‐driven changes to kelp are commonly derived from responses to sea surface temperature and neglect the effects of important ecological interactions, such as herbivory. Here, we use a stacked species distribution model to project impacts of future climate scenarios on kelp distribution and biomass incorporating the effects of key ecological interactions.LocationThe eastern Australian coastline (28.0–37.5°S).MethodsA stacked species distribution model, incorporating ecological interactions with urchins, was used to project future effects of climate change on kelp. This model incorporated key drivers of kelp occurrence and cover (habitat availability, light and in situ temperatures) that are rarely considered when projecting the effects of climate change on kelp.ResultsConsistent with previous research, we find range contractions of kelp (~275 km) at lower latitudes (<32°S), due to ocean warming under RCP 8.5 (~3.4°C) by 2100. However, in contrast to previous studies, we find range contractions will not occur under RCP 2.6 (~0.8°C), and only moderate contractions are projected (~55 km) under RCP 6.0 (~2.3°C). Instead, vertical migration of kelp, from shallow areas to cooler deep water refugia, is likely under future change. Interestingly, range contractions at lower latitudes are projected to be offset by increased kelp biomass at higher latitudes (32–37.5°S) resulting from reductions in urchin herbivory. Consequently, a net gain in kelp biomass is projected for mainland eastern Australia by 2100 under RCPs 2.6 and 6.0 (up to 29.4%), while relatively small net losses are projected under RCP 8.5 (−3.5%).Main conclusionsConsidering key ecological interactions when developing species distribution models can significantly change projections of habitat loss and must be integrated into assessments to accurately evaluate future change and enable evidence‐based management.