bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immersive simulation and debriefing method as an active learning platform for trauma specialty educational programme
Authors: Momani Emad A Al , Atallah Karim , Alraoush Tawfiq , Al-Atey Asmaa Mosa 
Published: January 2021

Background: The Trauma Center of Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Qatar, aims to develop highly skilled specialized trauma nurses. The American Trauma Society highlights the importance of specialty courses for the professional development of trauma nurses. All HMC trauma nurses are mandated to attend the Advanced Trauma Care Nursing (ATCN) course. While, this course focuses on the trauma golden hours and the life threating injuries, there is no coverage on the daily and long term trauma specialty practices. HMC designed a trauma specialty programme and embedded the immersive simulation and debriefing method, a high fidelity simulation through case based teaching
. In this study we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of the programme design. Methods: A four day trauma specialty programme was designed in an active form of learning through case based high fidelity simulation. A skills assessment checklist and nine case based simulation scenarios were developed. A structured learning conversation and debriefing sessions were established after each scenario. To assess the effectiveness of the program design, a retrospective survey was conducted for trauma nurses (n = 75) who attended the programme. Results: For the trauma specialty education programmes, the learning through immersive simulation and debriefing method is an effective, dynamic, and active form of learning (). There was a significant improvement in the competency level of the trauma nurses’ specialty skills (long term and daily basis skills) (). Conclusion: Having a trauma educational specialty programme is essential for the trauma nurses’ professional development. The immersive simulation method is an effective method for the trauma specialty educational courses, as it; improves trauma nurse's knowledge and skills, and it is an active form of education.
Pre-hospital management of major incidents in Qatar: challenges and solutions
Authors: Badawi Anan Al , Alinier Guillaume 
Published: January 2021

Background: A major incident is defined as any incident or event which due to its size, nature, and/or complexity, is likely to cause serious disruption to services and would potentially overwhelm the Hamad Medical Corporation Ambulance Service (HMCAS) or one or more of HMC's hospitals as a result. Such an incident requires a coordinated response from multiple agencies including HMC (as well as corporate departments), other healthcare services and hospitals (Qatar Red Crescent), various police forces, and the Qatar Civil Defense (1).
Identified issues: HMCAS defines three primary goals of managing a major incident
1. the greatest good for the greatest number
2. scarce resources
3. not relocate the disaster by transporting all victims to one hospital.
Some common challenges faced by pre-hospital care providers in major incident management are summarized in . If these challenges are not overcome, this will cause the possibility of increasing the numbers of victims, delaying their first aid, and impact on their rapid transportation at the most appropriate healthcare facility. Results: Qatar, as the organizer of a major event such as the 2022 FIFA World Cup, expects approximately 1.3 million visitors, which leads to the formation of mass gatherings in many areas such as stadiums, fan zones, hotels, malls, metro stations, and the airport. One of the duties of HMCAS is planning and preparing for any major incident and address the potential challenges which are listed in . Some of the proposed solutions and procedures to confront them are presented . Conclusion: Major incidents are generally overwhelming for any healthcare system. Regular staff training, good planning, and ensuring effective communication within the entire Service is necessary to ensure the provision of care to the greatest number of victims and transfer them to hospitals appropriate to their condition. HMCAS is already implementing the suggested solutions in preparation for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
Evaluating preparedness of emergency trainees to triage victims of mass casualty incidents
Authors: Al-Moslih Ayad , Naser Howaidi Abdul , Tlayib Shafa , Carr Alison , Nilsson Helene , Fadlallh Elsaye Elawad Elmogiera 
Published: January 2021

Background: Triage of victims in mass casualty incidents (MCI) is crucial in prioritizing care and allocating resources. Triage skills are important to be evaluated for training and better preparedness. Using clinical vignettes is a well-known approach to evaluate clinicians’ knowledge and decision-making. This study aims to evaluate preparedness of emergency residents and fellows to triage victims of MCI. Methods: Emergency Medicine (EM) residents and fellows at Hamad General Hospital, Emergency Department (HGH-ED) were invited to the study. Each participant filled a questionnaire followed by triaging of 15 vignette-based victims of MCI. Descriptive statistics elaborated on participants’ training and relevant exposures (). It also showed the degree of agreement in their triage results and rates of under-triage and over-triage. Cohen's kappa coefficient showed inter-rater agreement and internal consistency in triage results. Results: Participants included 63 emergency trainees, 27 residents, and 36 fellows. Only 28.3% (n = 17) of them participated in an MCI drill over the past two years. 51.7% (n = 31) attended training on triage in MCI. 73.3% (n = 44) indicated that they have rarely or never triaged victims in a real MCI or a drill. Only 3.3% (n = 2) perceived themselves as highly confident in triaging victims of MCI. A total of 904 triage outcomes resulted from this exercise (). The overall rate of agreement among the triage outcomes is 73% (660 times in 904 triage outcomes). The rate of over-triage was 36.8% and 23% under-triage. Conclusion: Better triage results was associated with previous triage training. The rate of over-triage was as the literature recommends. However, the rate of under triage was alarmingly higher than the literature recommendation as < 5%. The higher rate of under-triage imposes a risk of missing seriously injured victims, which may lead to higher mortality or poor patients’ outcomes. Further training and exercises may be the key to saving more lives and resources.
Reagan’s Cold War on Immigrants: Resistance and the Rise of a Detention Regime, 1981–1985
Authors: Shull Kristina 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Through migrant and activist testimonies, media coverage, and government documents, this article explores the modes of resistance inside and outside of immigration detention that arose in response to new, more punitive detention policies enacted by the Reagan administration that specifically targeted Caribbean and Central American asylum-seekers in the early 1980s, and the modes of retaliation adopted by the administration in response. It argues migrant detention operates as a form of counter-insurgency, re-centering the geopolitics of asylum within the transnational scope of counter-insurgent warfare and its role in the rise of carceral trends more broadly. Reagan’s “Cold War on immigrants”—defined as a suite of new immigration enforcement measures that was adopted by the Reagan administration during its first term and buttressed the subsequent growth of the detention system—sparked mass resistance. Mounting public dissent against Reagan’s foreign and immigration policies, as evidenced by “inside-outside” and transnational activism, Jesse Jackson’s 1984 presidential campaign, and the Central America peace and Sanctuary movements, prompted the administration to wage a total war against its opponents to maintain its immigration control and foreign policy aims. The contemporary US immigration detention system emerged, and continues, out of this dialectic of resistance and retaliation.
Política Nacional de Enfrentamento à Violência contra as Mulheres
Authors: Lessa Leticia De Matos , Silva Lorena Maria da 
Published: January 2021

Redigida em 2011, a Política Nacional de Enfrentamento à Violência contra as Mulheres é fruto de uma militância histórica de movimentos de luta pelos direitos das mulheres. Ela aponta os princípios, diretrizes e objetivos que devem direcionar as ações de enfrentamento as diferentes violências que subjugam mulheres por todo o território brasileiro. Tendo em vista essa Política nosso ensaio objetiva refletir acerca dos possíveis reflexos da aplicação dos princípios e diretrizes da Política na efetividade e integralidade dos atendimentos às mulheres em situação de violência doméstica e de gênero em um Núcleo de Extensão Maria da Penha (NUMAPE). A fim de alcançarmos o objetivo proposto analisaremos os atendimentos realizados no Núcleo Maria da Penha da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (Numape/UEM). Nossa reflexão contará com as lentes da história, para compreendermos tais princípios e diretrizes dispostos na Política e, posteriormente, faremos uma análise do desenvolvimento das ações do Numape/UEM averiguando as possibilidades e desafios da aplicação da Política nas práticas de atenção à mulher em situação de violência doméstica e de gênero. A Política propõe o trabalho interdisciplinar e intersetorial enquanto uma das diretrizes para o enfrentamento à violência. Entendemos assim, que as práticas do Numape/UEM podem favorecer o fortalecimento da rede de atenção as mulheres, por meio do trabalho articulado e interdisciplinar. Com pressupostos que extrapolam o campo jurídico e buscando atender as mulheres integralmente, este Núcleo de Extensão direciona suas ações para além do escopo do judiciário e busca concretizar a Política Nacional convidando diferentes mecanismos da rede para unir esforços a fim de desnaturalizar a violência doméstica e de gênero contra as mulheres.
Analysis of Wideband Second-Order Microwave Integrators
Authors: Gautam Usha , Kumar Rawat Tarun 
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents the implementation of stable, accurate, and wideband second-order microwave integrators (SOMIs). These SOMI designs are obtained by the use of various cascading combinations of transmission line sections and shunt stubs. In order to obtain the optimal values of the characteristic impedances of these line elements, the particle swarm optimization (PSO), cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) and gravitational search algorithm (GSA) are used to approximate the magnitude response of the ideal second-order integrator (SOI). Based on magnitude response, absolute magnitude error, phase response, convergence rate, pole-zero plot, and improvement graph, the performance measure criteria for the proposed SOMIs are performed. The results of the simulation and statistical analysis reveal that GSA exceeds the PSO and CSA in order to approximate the ideal SOI in all state-of-the-art eligible for wide-band microwave integrator. The designed SOMI is compact and suitable for applications covering ultra-wideband (UWB). The designed SOMI structure is also simulated on Advanced Design Software (ADS) in the form of a microstrip line on a dielectric constant 2.2 RT/Duroid substrate with a height of 0.762 mm. In the 3–15 GHz frequency range, the simulated magnitude result agrees well with the ideal one.
Neoplasias in Fish: Review of the Last 20 Years. A Look from the Pathology
Authors: Romano Luis Alberto , Pedrosa Virgínia Fonseca 
Published: January 2021

In fish there is an innumerable variety of neoplasias that arise essentially from all cell types. Neolasia here, we will focus on the neoplasias that appear spontaneously in these animals and will not cover the experimentally induced neoplasias and/or the animal models of neoplasias. As for diagnosis, in general, specialists in aquatic organism pathology are not so familiar with the diagnosis of neoplasias. Infectious pathology, as opposed to non-infectious pathology, is the predominant condition in this area and, of course, these are of greater importance because some infectious diseases generate great economic losses, while neoplasias are isolated pathologies, with some exceptions.
In the last 20 years, 10 neoplasias in different species have been diagnosed in our laboratory, and we reported their characteristics in this paper. We also made a detailed bibliography review and observed how 90 neoplasias among 56 species of teleosteal fish were reported.
Neoplasias in fish, unlike other diseases, do not generate great losses to aquaculture. However, the true value of neoplastic pathology compared is to better understand the histiogenesis and biological behavior of neoplasias in mammals and humans. Carcinogenesis is generally complex and in most neoplasias in both mammals and fish, the origin is unknown, and it seems that there are many factors that contribute to the onset and growth of neoplasias.
Engineering New Microvascular Networks On‐Chip: Ingredients, Assembly, and Best Practices
Authors: Tronolone James J. , Jain Abhishek 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTissue engineered grafts show great potential as regenerative implants for diseased or injured tissues within the human body. However, these grafts suffer from poor nutrient perfusion and waste transport, thus decreasing their viability post‐transplantation. Graft vascularization is therefore a major area of focus within tissue engineering because biologically relevant conduits for nutrient and oxygen perfusion can improve viability post‐implantation. Many researchers used microphysiological systems as testing platforms for potential grafts owing to an ability to integrate vascular networks as well as biological characteristics such as fluid perfusion, 3D architecture, compartmentalization of tissue‐specific materials, and biophysical and biochemical cues. Although many methods of vascularizing these systems exist, microvascular self‐assembly has great potential for bench‐to‐clinic translation as it relies on naturally occurring physiological events. In this review, the past decade of literature is highlighted, and the most important and tunable components yielding a self‐assembled vascular network on chip are critically discussed: endothelial cell source, tissue‐specific supporting cells, biomaterial scaffolds, biochemical cues, and biophysical forces. This paper discusses the bioengineered systems of angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis and includes a brief overview of multicellular systems. It concludes with future avenues of research to guide the next generation of vascularized microfluidic models.
Remarkable Antibacterial Activity of Reduced Graphene Oxide Functionalized by Copper Ions
Authors: Tu Yusong , Li Pei , Sun Jiajia , Jiang Jie , Dai Fangfang , Li Chengzhang , Wu Yuanyan , Chen Liang , Shi Guosheng , Tan Yanwen , Fang Haiping 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDespite long‐term efforts for exploring antibacterial agents or drugs, potentiating antibacterial activity and meanwhile minimizing toxicity to the environment remains a challenge. Here, it is experimentally shown that the functionality of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through copper ions displays selective antibacterial activity that is significantly stronger than that of rGO itself and no toxicity to mammalian cells. Remarkably, this antibacterial activity is two‐orders‐of‐magnitude greater than the activity of its surrounding copper ions. It is demonstrated that rGO is functionalized through the cation–π interaction to massively adsorb copper ions to form a rGO–copper composite and result in an extremely low concentration level of surrounding copper ions (less than ≈0.5 µm). These copper ions on rGO are positively charged and strongly interact with negatively charged bacterial cells to selectively achieve antibacterial activity, while rGO exhibits the functionality to not only actuate rapid delivery of copper ions and massive assembly onto bacterial cells but also result in the valence shift in the copper ions from Cu2+ into Cu+, which greatly enhances the antibacterial activity. Notably, this rGO functionality through cation–π interaction with copper ions can similarly achieve algaecidal activity but does not exert cytotoxicity against neutrally charged mammalian cells.
Synthetic Bone‐Like Structures Through Omnidirectional Ceramic Bioprinting in Cell Suspensions
Authors: Romanazzo Sara , Molley Thomas Gregory , Nemec Stephanie , Lin Kang , Sheikh Rakib , Gooding John Justin , Wan Boyang , Li Qing , Kilian Kristopher Alan , Roohani Iman 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe integration of hierarchical structure, chemistry, and functional activity within tissue‐engineered scaffolds is of great importance in mimicking native bone tissue. Bone is a highly mineralized tissue which forms at ambient conditions by continuous crystallization of the mineral phase within an organic matrix in the presence of bone residing cells. Despite recent advances in the biofabrication of complex engineered tissues, replication of the heterogeneity of bone microenvironments has been a major challenge in constructing biomimetic bone scaffolds. Herein, inspired by the bone biomineralization process, the first example of bone mimicking constructs by 3D writing of a novel apatite‐transforming ink in a supportive microgel matrix with living cells is demonstrated. Using this technique, complex bone‐mimicked constructs are made at room temperature without requiring invasive chemicals, radiation, or postprocessing steps. This study demonstrates that mineralized constructs can be deposited within a high density of stem cells, directing the cellular organization, and promoting osteogenesis in vitro. These findings offer a new strategy for fabrication of bone mimicking constructs for bone tissue regeneration with scope to generate custom bone microenvironments for disease modeling, multicellular delivery, and in vivo bone repair.
A Facile Magnetic Extrusion Method for Preparing Endosome‐Derived Vesicles for Cancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Guo Peng , Busatto Sara , Huang Jing , Morad Golnaz , Moses Marsha A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTo date, the scaled‐up manufacturing and efficient drug loading of exosomes are two existing challenges limiting the clinical translation of exosome‐based drug delivery. Herein, a facile magnetic extrusion method is developed for preparing endosome‐derived vesicles, also known as exosome mimetics (EMs), which share the same biological origin and similar morphology, composition, and biofunctions with native exosomes. The high yield and consistency of this magnetic extrusion method help to overcome the manufacturing bottleneck in exosome research. Moreover, the proposed standardized multi‐step method readily facilitates the ammonium sulfate gradient approach to actively load chemodrugs such as doxorubicin into EMs. The engineered EMs developed and tested here exhibit comparable drug delivery properties as do native exosomes, and potently inhibit tumor growth by delivering doxorubicin in an orthotopic breast tumor model. These findings demonstrate that EMs can be prepared in a facile and scaled‐up manner as a promising biological nanomedicine for cancer drug delivery.
A New Strategy of Discretionarily Reconfigurable Actuators Based on Self‐Healing Elastomers for Diverse Soft Robots
Authors: Lou Jiaming , Liu Zenghe , Yang Lei , Guo Yifan , Lei Dong , You Zhengwei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractActuators have shown great promise in many fields including soft robotics. Since reconfiguration allows actuators to change their actuation mode, it is considered a key characteristic for new‐generation adaptive actuators. However, it remains a challenge to design simple and universal methods to fabricate actuators that can be reconfigured to allow diverse actuation modes. Here, a macroscopically discretionary healing‐assembly strategy to fabricate reconfigurable soft actuators based on intrinsic self‐healing poly(dimethylglyoxime‐urethane) (PDOU) elastomers is developed. The PDOU elastomers with different degrees of crosslinking show different responsiveness to solvents, and are seamlessly healed. Crosslinked and non‐crosslinked PDOU elastomers as building units are healing‐assembled into actuators/robots with diverse actuation behaviors. Notably, the assembled actuators/robots are readily reprogrammed to exhibit multiple actuation modes by simply tailoring and reassembling without any external stimuli. This work paves a new, simple, powerful, and universal method to construct sophisticated soft robots.
Gradient Quasi‐Liquid Surface Enabled Self‐Propulsion of Highly Wetting Liquids
Authors: Zhang Lei , Guo Zongqi , Sarma Jyotirmoy , Zhao Weiwei , Dai Xianming 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSelf‐propulsion of highly wetting liquids is important in heat exchanger, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems. However, it is challenging to achieve such a spontaneous motion as these liquids tend to wet all the surfaces due to their ultralow surface tensions. Despite that extensive asymmetric surface structures and gradient chemical coatings are developed for directional droplet transport, they will be flooded and covered by these liquids. Here, this challenge is addressed by creating a gradient quasi‐liquid surface to achieve the self‐propulsion of droplets with surface tensions down to 10.0 mN m−1. Such a surface engineered by tethering flexible polymers with gradient grafting density shows ultralow contact angle hysteresis (<1o) to highly wetting liquids. Thus, the surface can simultaneously provide sufficient driving forces through the gradient wettability and negligible retention forces through the slippery boundary lubrication for spontaneous droplet movement. Moreover, continual self‐propulsion of tiny droplets is achieved by spraying highly wetting liquids in simulated condensation conditions and demonstrates that adding temperature gradient can further accelerate the self‐propulsion. The study provides a new paradigm to promote passive removal of highly wetting droplets, leading to potential impacts in enhancing condensation heat transfer regardless of surface orientations.
The Effect of Alkyl Spacers on the Mixed Ionic‐Electronic Conduction Properties of N‐Type Polymers
Authors: Maria Iuliana P. , Paulsen Bryan D. , Savva Achilleas , Ohayon David , Wu Ruiheng , Hallani Rawad , Basu Aniruddha , Du Weiyuan , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Inal Sahika , Rivnay Jonathan , McCulloch Iain , Giovannitti Alexander 
Published: January 2021

AbstractConjugated polymers with mixed ionic and electronic transport are essential for developing the complexity and function of electrochemical devices. Current n‐type materials have a narrow scope and low performance compared with their p‐type counterparts, requiring new molecular design strategies. This work presents two naphthalene diimide‐bithiophene (NDI‐T2) copolymers functionalized with hybrid alkyl‐glycol side chains, where the naphthalene diimide unit is segregated from the ethylene glycol (EG) units within the side chain by an alkyl spacer. Introduction of hydrophobic propyl and hexyl spacers is investigated as a strategy to minimize detrimental swelling close to the conjugated backbone and balance the mixed conduction properties of n‐type materials in aqueous electrolytes. It is found that both polymers functionalized with alkyl spacers outperform their analogue bearing EG‐only side chains in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). The presence of the alkyl spacers also leads to remarkable stability in OECTs, with no decrease in the ON current after 2 h of operation. Through this versatile side chain modification, this work provides a greater understanding of the structure‐property relationships required for n‐type OECT materials operating in aqueous media.