bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic, Scoping and Narrative Reviews
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA Systematic Review is an attempt to distill the essence of a large number of studies in medicine by first asking a research question and then first identifying and later synthesizing carefully chosen studies of a high quality which might provide the answers. A more precise definition is ‘a summary of the medical literature that uses explicit and reproducible methods to systematically search, critically appraise and synthesise the results of multiple primary studies related to each other by using strategies to reduce bias and random errors’ [1].
How to Present a Poster in a Conference?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOnce your scientific experiment has finished you need to tell the world about its importance [1]. The usual ways are by writing a manuscript and sending it to a peer-reviewed journal, by giving a slide presentation at a conference or by the way of a poster presentation at a conference. There are usually workshops held in conferences about how to publish papers. However, little consideration is paid to how to present a good poster. This is also a common method of presenting your work, at a conference and needs to be given importance [2].
Bedside Teaching in Developing Countries
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe patient’s bedside has been compared to a platform where budding doctors get an opportunity to actively engage, learn, and acquire new skills. It provides the best in-person professional environment for young medical graduates, staff physicians, and fellows to translate their theoretical knowledge into practical skills. The concept of human learning has been based on the evolution of varying theories of behaviourism, cognitivism, and constructivism [1]. Human psychology trains itself by constructive analysis of the varying experiences in day-to-day learning; in other words, exploring old information through the discovery of new information. This phenomenon has been termed as the ‘spiral learning’ by Bruner [2] a concept that is reinforced in bedside teaching. This emphasizes active participation in teaching by the mentee/learner, which is the ‘new normal’ for a didactic teaching format (Fig. 39.1). The importance of bedside teaching dates back to the fifteenth century, when Sylvius (1614–1672), a renowned French practitioner, voiced his thoughts on teaching on rounds [3]. He believed in the concept of daily teaching by asking questions about the various clinical signs and symptoms and inquiring from the students regarding their observations, thoughts, and perceptions relating to patient care. It has been shown by studies that history contributes to deriving 56% of the diagnosis [4] and a comprehensive physical examination can provide 70%.
Medical Records
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe term of Medical Records is vast and vaguely defined. It encompasses, but is not necessarily limited to, the admission sheet, history sheet, progress of a patient as well as the charts of his or her vital parameters, intake–output data, medications given, referrals, and discharge summary. Medical certificates, birth certificates, Medico-legal case sheets also fall into this purview.
What Are the Types of Study Design?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe quality, reliability, dependability, and publishability of a study depend on its design. A clinical study design includes the preparation of trials, ]experiments, and observations in research involving human beings. The various types of study designs are depicted in Fig. 8.1.
Disks globally maximize the entanglement entropy in 2 + 1 dimensions
Authors: Bueno Pablo , Casini Horacio , Andino Oscar Lasso , Moreno Javier 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The entanglement entropy corresponding to a smooth region in general three-dimensional CFTs contains a constant universal term, −F ⊂ SEE. For a disk region, F|disk ≡ F0 coincides with the free energy on 𝕊3 and provides an RG-monotone for general theories. As opposed to the analogous quantity in four dimensions, the value of F generally depends in a complicated (and non-local) way on the geometry of the region and the theory under consideration. For small geometric deformations of the disk in general CFTs as well as for arbitrary regions in holographic theories, it has been argued that F is precisely minimized by disks. Here, we argue that F is globally minimized by disks with respect to arbitrary regions and for general theories. The proof makes use of the strong subadditivity of entanglement entropy and the geometric fact that one can always place an osculating circle within a given smooth entangling region. For topologically non-trivial entangling regions with nB boundaries, the general bound can be improved to F ≥ nBF0. In addition, we provide accurate approximations to F valid for general CFTs in the case of elliptic regions for arbitrary values of the eccentricity which we check against lattice calculations for free fields. We also evaluate F numerically for more general shapes in the so-called “Extensive Mutual Information model”, verifying the general bound.
Optimal monetary policy in a collateralized economy
Authors: Gorton Gary , He Ping 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCollateral plays a real role in an economy. Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities (MBS/ABS) produced by the private sector are imperfect substitutes for Treasuries as collateral. The ratio of MBS/ABS to Treasuries is positively related to financial fragility because privately-produced collateral is risky. We analyze optimal central bank policy in a dynamic game between the central bank and private agents. In equilibrium, the central bank sometimes optimally triggers recessions to reduce systemic fragility.
Initial in-hospital heart rate is associated with long-term survival in patients with acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Lee Jiann-Der , Kuo Ya-Wen , Lee Chuan-Pin , Huang Yen-Chu , Lee Meng , Lee Tsong-Hai 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Aims
Increased heart rate has been associated with stroke risk and outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore the long-term prognostic value of initial in-hospital heart rate in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

Methods
We analyzed data from 21,655 patients with AIS enrolled (January 2010–September 2018) in the Chang Gung Research Database. Mean initial in-hospital heart rates were averaged and categorized into 10-beat-per-minute (bpm) increments. The primary and secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazard models, using the heart rate < 60 bpm subgroup as the reference.

Results
The adjusted HRs for all-cause mortality were 1.23 (95% CI 1.08–1.41) for heart rate 60–69 bpm, 1.74 (95% CI 1.53–1.97) for heart rate 70–79 bpm, 2.16 (95% CI 1.89–2.46) for heart rate 80–89 bpm, and 2.83 (95% CI 2.46–3.25) for heart rate ≥ 90 bpm compared with the reference group. Likewise, heart rate ≥ 60 bpm was also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death (adjusted HR 1.18 [95% CI 0.95–1.46] for heart rate 60–69 bpm, 1.57 [95% CI 1.28–1.93] for heart rate 70–79 bpm, 1.98 [95% CI 1.60–2.45] for heart rate 80–89 bpm, and 2.36 [95% CI 1.89–2.95] for heart rate ≥ 90 bpm).

Conclusions
High initial in-hospital heart rate is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death in patients with AIS.

Graphical abstract
The relevance of magnesium homeostasis in COVID-19
Authors: Trapani Valentina , Rosanoff Andrea , Baniasadi Shadi , Barbagallo Mario , Castiglioni Sara , Guerrero-Romero Fernando , Iotti Stefano , Mazur André , Micke Oliver , Pourdowlat Guitti , Scarpati Giuliana , Wolf Federica I. , Maier Jeanette A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
In less than one and a half year, the COVID-19 pandemic has nearly brought to a collapse our health care and economic systems. The scientific research community has concentrated all possible efforts to understand the pathogenesis of this complex disease, and several groups have recently emphasized recommendations for nutritional support in COVID-19 patients. In this scoping review, we aim at encouraging a deeper appreciation of magnesium in clinical nutrition, in view of the vital role of magnesium and the numerous links between the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and magnesium-dependent functions.

Methods
By searching PubMed and Google Scholar from 1990 to date, we review existing evidence from experimental and clinical studies on the role of magnesium in chronic non-communicable diseases and infectious diseases, and we focus on recent reports of alterations of magnesium homeostasis in COVID-19 patients and their association with disease outcomes. Importantly, we conduct a census on ongoing clinical trials specifically dedicated to disclosing the role of magnesium in COVID-19.

Results
Despite many methodological limitations, existing data seem to corroborate an association between deranged magnesium homeostasis and COVID-19, and call for further and better studies to explore the prophylactic or therapeutic potential of magnesium supplementation.

Conclusion
We propose to reconsider the relevance of magnesium, frequently overlooked in clinical practice. Therefore, magnesemia should be monitored and, in case of imbalanced magnesium homeostasis, an appropriate nutritional regimen or supplementation might contribute to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection, reduce severity of COVID-19 symptoms and facilitate the recovery after the acute phase.
Environmental awareness, environmental R&D spillovers, and privatization in a mixed duopoly
Authors: Yakita Akira , Zhang Donglin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAssuming that consumption goods are differentiated in terms of environmental friendliness in a mixed duopolistic market, we present an analysis of public firm privatization effects on the environment and social welfare. The public firm maximizes the weighted average of its profit and social welfare. The private firm maximizes its profit. Consumers are aware of the environmental friendliness of goods. We demonstrate that an increase in the degree of public firm privatization lowers its environmental R&D investment and output. The decreased public firm’s R&D in turn lowers the private firm’s R&D investment through spillovers. The reduction of R&D investment by both firms decreases the environmental friendliness of these goods. Consumers consequently decrease their consumption of these goods. Therefore, if consumers exhibit environmental friendliness, then an increased degree of privatization might be socially undesirable.
Stochastic neighbor embedding as a tool for visualizing the encoding capability of magnetic resonance fingerprinting dictionaries
Authors: Koolstra Kirsten , Börnert Peter , Lelieveldt Boudewijn P. F. , Webb Andrew , Dzyubachyk Oleh 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Objective
To visualize the encoding capability of magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) dictionaries.

Materials and methods
High-dimensional MRF dictionaries were simulated and embedded into a lower-dimensional space using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). The embeddings were visualized via colors as a surrogate for location in low-dimensional space. First, we illustrate this technique on three different MRF sequences. We then compare the resulting embeddings and the color-coded dictionary maps to these obtained with a singular value decomposition (SVD) dimensionality reduction technique. We validate the t-SNE approach with measures based on existing quantitative measures of encoding capability using the Euclidean distance. Finally, we use t-SNE to visualize MRF sequences resulting from an MRF sequence optimization algorithm.

Results
t-SNE was able to show clear differences between the color-coded dictionary maps of three MRF sequences. SVD showed smaller differences between different sequences. These findings were confirmed by quantitative measures of encoding. t-SNE was also able to visualize differences in encoding capability between subsequent iterations of an MRF sequence optimization algorithm.

Discussion
This visualization approach enables comparison of the encoding capability of different MRF sequences. This technique can be used as a confirmation tool in MRF sequence optimization.
From “Decent work and economic growth” to “Sustainable work and economic degrowth”: a new framework for SDG 8
Authors: Kreinin Halliki , Aigner Ernest 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) have successfully raised awareness and built momentum for taking collective action, while also remaining uncritical of the central causes of the environmental crises – economic growth, inequality, and overconsumption in the Global North. We analyse SDG 8 “Decent Work and Economic Growth” from the perspective of strong sustainability – as phenomena, institutions and ideologies – and find that it does not fit the criteria of strong sustainability. Based on this observation, we propose a novel framework for SDG8 in line with strong sustainability and the latest scientific research, “Sustainable Work and Economic Degrowth”, including a first proposal for new sub-goals, targets and indicators. This encompasses an integrated systems approach to achieving the SDGs’ overalls goals – a sustainable future for present and future generations. The key novel contributions of the paper include new indicators to measure societies’ dependence on economic growth, to ensure the provisioning of welfare independent of economic growth.
On the size of coset unions
Authors: Sambale Benjamin , Tǎrnǎuceanu Marius 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLet $$g_1H_1,\ldots ,g_nH_n$$

g
1

H
1

,
…
,

g
n

H
n

be cosets of subgroups $$H_1,\ldots ,H_n$$

H
1

,
…
,

H
n

of a finite group G such that $$g_1H_1\cup \ldots \cup g_nH_n\ne G$$

g
1

H
1

∪
…
∪

g
n

H
n

≠
G

. We prove that $$|g_1H_1\cup \ldots \cup g_nH_n|\le \gamma _n|G|$$

|

g
1

H
1

∪
…
∪

g
n

H
n

|
≤

γ
n

|
G
|

where $$\gamma _n<1$$

γ
n

<
1

is a constant depending only on n. In special cases, we show that $$\gamma _n=(2^n-1)/2^n$$

γ
n

=

(

2
n

-
1
)

/

2
n

is the best possible constant with this property and we conjecture that this is generally true.
Computational modeling of seizure spread on a cortical surface
Authors: Sip Viktor , Guye Maxime , Bartolomei Fabrice , Jirsa Viktor 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn the field of computational epilepsy, neural field models helped to understand some large-scale features of seizure dynamics. These insights however remain on general levels, without translation to the clinical settings via personalization of the model with the patient-specific structure. In particular, a link was suggested between epileptic seizures spreading across the cortical surface and the so-called theta-alpha activity (TAA) pattern seen on intracranial electrographic signals, yet this link was not demonstrated on a patient-specific level. Here we present a single patient computational study linking the seizure spreading across the patient-specific cortical surface with a specific instance of the TAA pattern recorded in the patient. Using the realistic geometry of the cortical surface we perform the simulations of seizure dynamics in The Virtual Brain platform, and we show that the simulated electrographic signals qualitatively agree with the recorded signals. Furthermore, the comparison with the simulations performed on surrogate surfaces reveals that the best quantitative fit is obtained for the real surface. The work illustrates how the patient-specific cortical geometry can be utilized in The Virtual Brain for personalized model building, and the importance of such approach.
Natural Biocidal Compounds of Plant Origin as Biodegradable Materials Modifiers
Authors: Pawłowska Alona , Stepczyńska Magdalena 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe article presents a literature review of the plant origin natural compounds with biocidal properties. These compounds could be used as modifiers of biodegradable materials. Modification of polymer material is one of the basic steps in its manufacturing process. Biodegradable materials play a key role in the current development of materials engineering. Natural modifiers are non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and renewable. The substances contained in natural modifiers exhibit biocidal properties against bacteria and/or fungi. The article discusses polyphenols, selected phenols, naphthoquinones, triterpenoids, and phytoncides that are natural antibiotics. Due to the increasing demand for biodegradable materials and the protection of the natural environment against the negative effects of toxic substances, it is crucial to replace synthetic modifiers with plant ones. This work mentions industries where materials containing natural modifying additives could find potential applications. Moreover, the probable examples of the final products are presented. Additionally, the article points out the current world’s pandemic state and the use of materials with biocidal properties considering the epidemiological conditions.
Fukinolic acid and cimicifugic acids: a review
Authors: Jahn Anne , Petersen Maike 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDuring the last decades, the research on the biological activities of extracts from Cimicifuga/Actaea species and Petasites japonicus as well as their active ingredients has been intensified. Besides terpenoids as dominant natural product group, hydroxycinnamic acid esters such as fukinolic acid and several cimicifugic acids have been isolated from Actaea and Petasites species and their chemical structures have been elucidated. Investigations on the biological properties of these hydroxycinnamic acid esters are currently undertaken and some compounds might be promising therapeutic tools. In this review, we have gathered information on the genera Actaea and Petasites, the occurrence of cimicifugic and fukinolic acids and some aspects of their biosynthesis. Furthermore, we have summarized the medicinal aspects of fukinolic acid and cimicifugic acids. In connection with the biological activities of these compounds, structural features of the hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives move into the focus. The position of the hydroxyl group at the aromatic rings and the introduction of an electron-donating moiety may be important for anti-inflammatory, antiviral, cytotoxic and vasoactive effects of these compounds.
Task specialization and cognitive skills: evidence from PIAAC and IALS
Authors: Martínez-Matute Marta , Villanueva Ernesto 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe study how the tasks conducted on the job relate to measures of cognitive skills using data from 18 countries participating in the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competences (PIAAC) and from 13 countries that also participate in the International Adult Literacy Study (IALS). We document two main findings. Firstly, individual-fixed effect models suggest that low-educated workers specializing in a particular set of basic tasks -say, in numeric relative to reading or ICT tasks- obtain 10% of one standard deviation higher scores in the domain of the PIAAC assessment most related to those tasks than in the rest -say, numeracy relative to literacy or problem-solving scores. Secondly, a synthetic cohort analysis using repeated literacy assessments in IALS and PIAAC indicates that, among the low-educated, long-run increases in the reading task component of jobs correlate positively with increases in cohort-level literacy scores. The results are stronger among low-skilled workers with less working experience or females -i.e., the set of workers who have had less time to sort in the labor market. An interpretation of our findings is that tasks conducted on the job help in building human capital but are imperfect substitutes of formal schooling.
Closer Look at Inverse Electron Demand Diels–Alder and Nucleophilic Addition Reactions on s-Tetrazines Using Enhanced Sampling Methods
Authors: Ketkaew Rangsiman , Creazzo Fabrizio , Luber Sandra 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInverse electron demand [4+2] Diels–Alder (iEDDA) reactions as well as unprecedented nucleophilic (azaphilic) additions of R-substituted silyl-enol ethers (where R is Phenyl, Methyl, and Hydrogen) to 1,2,4,5-tetrazine (s-tetrazine) catalyzed by $$\hbox {BF}_{3}$$

BF
3

have recently been discovered (Simon et al. in Org Lett 23(7):2426–2430, 2021), where static calculations were employed for calculation of activation energies. In order to have a more realistic dynamic description of these reactions in explicit solution at ambient conditions, in this work we use a semiempirical tight-binding method combined with enhanced sampling techniques to calculate free energy surfaces (FESs) of the iEDDA and azaphilic addition reactions. Relevant products of not only s-tetrazine but also its derivatives such as $$\hbox {BF}_{3}$$

BF
3

-mediated s-tetrazine adducts are investigated. We reconstruct the FESs of the iEDDA and azaphilic addition reactions using metadynamics and blue moon ensemble, and compare the ability of different collective variables (CVs) including bond distances, Social PeRmutation INvarianT (SPRINT) coordinates, and path-CV to describe the reaction pathway. We find that when a bulky Phenyl is used as a substituent at the dienophile the azaphilic addition is preferred over the iEDDA reaction. In addition, we also investigate the effect of $$\hbox {BF}_{3}$$

BF
3

in the diene and steric hindrance in the dienophile on the competition between the iEDDA and azaphilic addition reactions, providing chemical insight for reaction design.
Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve between economic growth and chemical fertilizer surpluses in China: a provincial panel cointegration approach
Authors: Yu Xiaomin , Schweikert Karsten , Doluschitz Reiner 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship between fertilizer nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) surpluses and economic development on the regional level in China. With a balanced panel dataset covering 30 provinces of mainland China from 1988 to 2019, we employed panel cointegrating polynomial regression (CPR) analysis using fully modified OLS (FM-OLS) estimators. Our results suggested that all provinces exhibit a long-run cointegrated relationship between fertilizer surpluses and real per capita gross regional product (GRP). A total of 22 provinces out of 30 showed a significant inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). Among those, 14 provinces are considered to have reached the peak and 8 provinces are considered to be before the peak. The group-mean turning points on the EKC are CNY 7022, CNY 9726, CNY 4697, CNY 3749, and CNY 5588 per capita GRP (1978 = 100) for the Northeast, Northcentral, Middle, and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Southwest and Northwest China, respectively. The overall turning point of China is CNY 6705 per capita real gross domestic product (GDP), which was reached in circa 2012. This shows a general improvement of chemical fertilizer management in China. However, six provinces still exhibit linear growth in fertilizer surpluses when the economy grows. These regions are characterized by high cash-crop ratios and are mostly located along the southeast coast. Therefore, more effort and attention should be given to these regions to promote further fertilizer reduction. At the same time, nutrient use efficiencies should be improved, especially for cash crops such as fruit and vegetables.