bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Corona-Pandemie und Multiple Sklerose: Impfungen und deren Implikationen für Patienten – Teil 2: Impfstofftechnologien
Authors: Monschein Tobias , Zrzavy Tobias , Löbermann Micha , Winkelmann Alexander , Berger Thomas , Rommer Paulus , Hartung Hans-Peter , Zettl Uwe K. 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungIm Zusammenhang mit den Herausforderungen durch die weltweit vorherrschende COVID-19-Pandemie kam es zu teils epochalen Fortschritten im Bereich der Impfstofftechnologien. Neben den bereits langjährig eingesetzten Tot‑, Lebend- und proteinbasierten Impfstoffen gewannen im Zuge dieser Gesundheitskrise vektor- und genbasierte Impfstoffe enorm an Bedeutung. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es daher, einen Überblick über Multiple Sklerose und Impfen, rezente Fortschritte in der SARS-CoV-2-Impfstoff-Landschaft sowie eine detaillierte Auseinandersetzung mit den verschiedenen Impfstofftechnologien zu bieten. Abschließend sollen übersichtsmäßig klare Empfehlungen im Zusammenhang mit krankheitsmodifizierenden Therapien und Impfen bei Multiple Sklerose gegeben werden.
Zwei Fälle kardialer Sarkoidose als Ursache des plötzlichen Herztodes
Authors: Schwarz Clara-Sophie , Weis Cleo-Aron , Marx Alexander , Germerott Tanja , Walz Cleo 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungEine der primären Aufgaben der Rechtsmedizin ist die Aufklärung unerwarteter Todesfälle. Speziell das Erkennen seltener Todesursachen setzt ein fundiertes Wissen um die typischen makromorphologischen Befunde sowie das Einleiten und die Interpretation entsprechend geeigneter Ergänzungsuntersuchungen, etwa histologischer Verfahren, voraus. Wichtige Differenzialdiagnosen müssen bekannt sein, damit die Todesursache mit vertretbarem diagnostischem Aufwand festgestellt werden kann.In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden charakteristische makroskopische und mikroskopische Befunde der kardialen Sarkoidose (oder granulomatösen Myokarditis) und deren Abgrenzung zur Riesenzellmyokarditis anhand von 2 Fällen demonstriert. In beiden Fällen gab der plötzliche Tod einer erwachsenen Person mittleren Alters Anlass zu einer gerichtlichen Obduktion, die jeweils zur Diagnose einer kardialen Sarkoidose führte. Die unterschiedlichen Krankheitsverläufe und Befunde werden unter Berücksichtigung einschlägiger wissenschaftlicher Literatur diskutiert. Durch eine sorgfältige Erhebung der Vorgeschichte und der makromorphologischen Befunde kann die Verdachtsdiagnose einer kardialen Sarkoidose unmittelbar nach der Obduktion geäußert und durch histopathologische Untersuchungen bestätigt werden. Es wird deutlich, dass eine interdisziplinäre Fallarbeit bei seltenen Erkrankungen wie der kardialen Sarkoidose eine schnelle Diagnose ermöglicht.
Nutritional influences on enzyme activities in saliva of Asian and African elephants
Authors: Boehlke Carolin , Schuster Sabrina , Kauthe Lucas , Zierau Oliver , Hannig Christian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAsian and African elephants show morphological adaptations to their ecological niche including the oral cavity. Variety and preferences of forage plants differ between both herbivorous elephant species. Diet can affect salivary enzymes. Asian elephants were shown to have a higher salivary amylase activity than African elephants. Species-specific differences were presumed to be influenced by feeding during collection procedure. This study aimed to determine the influence of feeding on enzyme activities in saliva of both elephant species to differentiate from species-specific effects. Additionally, season and housing conditions on salivary enzyme activities in non-fed elephants of both species were investigated. Salivary amylase (sAA), lysozyme (sLYS) and peroxidase (sPOD) activity were measured photometrically or fluorometrically. Results of this study reinforce previous observations of higher basic sAA activity in Asian elephants compared to African elephants. Salivary LYS and sPOD activity showed neither species-specific nor housing-specific differences. Independent from season, most elephants of both species revealed a lack of or low sPOD activity. Feeding caused a temporary decrease of sAA, sLYS and sPOD activity in both elephant species kept in four of eight tested zoos. Furthermore, sAA activity in Asian elephants was higher and sLYS activity lower in Spring than in Autumn. This study summarizes that sAA and sLYS are components of Asian and African elephant saliva in an active conformation in contrast to sPOD. Diet varying between season and zoos might influence sAA and sLYS activities primarily in Asian elephants but temporary low effects suggest sufficient buffer capacity of elephant saliva of both species.
Missed opportunities for ovarian salvage in children: an 8-year review of surgically managed ovarian lesions at a tertiary pediatric surgery centre
Authors: Karavadara D , Davidson JR , Story L , Diab Y , Upadhyaya M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Introduction
The aetiology and management of ovarian pathology in children differs between antenatal and postnatal lesions. However, all lesions may present acutely due to adnexal torsion. In this setting, opportunities to preserve fertility with ovary-sparing surgery (OSS) may be missed. Some studies suggest that pediatric and adolescent gynaecology (PAG) input in care is associated with OSS.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study of children undergoing surgery for ovarian pathology at a tertiary pediatric surgery centre over an 8-year period (2011–2018). Patient factors, lesion characteristics and PAG involvement were examined for association with OSS using multivariate logistic regression.

Results
Thirty-five patients with ovarian pathology managed surgically were included. Ten were infants with lesions detected antenatally; all were managed by pediatric surgeons (PS) alone at median age 2 weeks (1 day–25 weeks). Twenty-five patients presented postnatally at median age 11 (0.75–15) years. In total, there were 16 cases of adnexal torsion, each managed primarily by PS. Twelve underwent oophorectomy and six (50%) of these cases had viable ovarian tissue on histology. Furthermore, two infants with large simple cysts were similarly managed by unnecessary oophorectomy based on histology. Overall rate of OSS was 46% and PAG involvement was the only factor associated with ovarian salvage.

Conclusion
Differences in surgical management between PAGs and PS may be attributable to the different patient populations they serve. We recommend improving the knowledge of PS trainees in OSS approaches for adnexal torsion and large benign lesions.
Statistical analysis of the community lockdown for COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Wu Shaocong , Wang Xiaolong , Su Jingyong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs the global pandemic of the COVID-19 continues, the statistical modeling and analysis of the spreading process of COVID-19 have attracted widespread attention. Various propagation simulation models have been proposed to predict the spread of the epidemic and the effectiveness of related control measures. These models play an indispensable role in understanding the complex dynamic situation of the epidemic. Most existing work studies the spread of epidemic at two levels including population and agent. However, there is no comprehensive statistical analysis of community lockdown measures and corresponding control effects. This paper performs a statistical analysis of the effectiveness of community lockdown based on the Agent-Level Pandemic Simulation (ALPS) model. We propose a statistical model to analyze multiple variables affecting the COVID-19 pandemic, which include the timings of implementing and lifting lockdown, the crowd mobility, and other factors. Specifically, a motion model followed by ALPS and related basic assumptions is discussed first. Then the model has been evaluated using the real data of COVID-19. The simulation study and comparison with real data have validated the effectiveness of our model.
A novel methodological approach for land subsidence prediction through data assimilation techniques
Authors: Gazzola Laura , Ferronato Massimiliano , Frigo Matteo , Janna Carlo , Teatini Pietro , Zoccarato Claudia , Antonelli Massimo , Corradi Anna , Dacome Maria Carolina , Mantica Stefano 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAnthropogenic land subsidence can be evaluated and predicted by numerical models, which are often built over deterministic analyses. However, uncertainties and approximations are present, as in any other modeling activity of real-world phenomena. This study aims at combining data assimilation techniques with a physically-based numerical model of anthropogenic land subsidence in a novel and comprehensive workflow, to overcome the main limitations concerning the way traditional deterministic analyses use the available measurements. The proposed methodology allows to reduce uncertainties affecting the model, identify the most appropriate rock constitutive behavior and characterize the most significant governing geomechanical parameters. The proposed methodological approach has been applied in a synthetic test case representative of the Upper Adriatic basin, Italy. The integration of data assimilation techniques into geomechanical modeling appears to be a useful and effective tool for a more reliable study of anthropogenic land subsidence.
Longitudinal variability in mortality predicts COVID-19 deaths
Authors: Lundberg Jon O. , Zeberg Hugo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWithin Europe, death rates due to COVID-19 vary greatly, with some countries being severely hit while others to date are almost unaffected. This has created a heated debate in particular regarding how effective the different measures applied by the governments are in limiting the spread of the disease and ultimately deaths. It would be of considerable interest to pinpoint the factors that determine a country’s susceptibility to a pandemic such as COVID-19. Here we present data demonstrating that mortality due to COVID-19 in a given country could have been predicted to some extent even before the pandemic hit Europe, simply by looking at longitudinal variability of death rates in the years preceding the current outbreak. The variability in death rates during the winter influenza seasons of 2015–2019 correlates to excess mortality in 2020 during the COVID-19 outbreak (Spearman’s ρ = 0.68, 95 % CI = 0.40–0.84, p < 0.001). In contrast, there was no correlation with age, population density, latitude, GNP, governmental health spending, number of intensive care beds, degree of urbanization, or rates of influenza vaccination. These data suggest an intrinsic susceptibility in certain countries to excess mortality associated with viral respiratory diseases including COVID-19.
Feasibility beyond Non-ideal Theory: a Realist Proposal
Authors: Cozzaglio Ilaria , Favara Greta 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSome realists in political theory deny that the notion of feasibility has any place in realist theory, while others claim that feasibility constraints are essential elements of realist normative theorising. But none have so far clarified what exactly they are referring to when thinking of feasibility and political realism together. In this article, we develop a conception of the realist feasibility frontier based on an appraisal of how political realism should be distinguished from non-ideal theories. In this realist framework, political standards are feasible if they meet three requirements: they are (i) politically intelligible, (ii) contextually recognisable as authoritative, and (iii) contestable. We conclude by suggesting that our conception of realist feasibility might be compatible with utopian demands, thereby possibly finding favour with realists who otherwise refuse to resort to the notion of feasibility.
Synergies of THESEUS with the large facilities of the 2030s and guest observer opportunities
Authors: Rosati P. , Basa S. , Blain A. W. , Bozzo E. , Branchesi M. , Christensen L. , Ferrara A. , Gomboc A. , O’Brien P. T. , Osborne J. P. , Rossi A. , Schüssler F. , Spurio M. , Stergioulas N. , Stratta G. , Amati L. , Casewell S. , Ciolfi R. , Ghirlanda G. , Grimm S. , Guetta D. , Harms J. , Le Floc’h E. , Longo F. , Maggiore M. , Mereghetti S. , Oganesyan G. , Salvaterra R. , Tanvir N. R. , Turriziani S. , Vergani S. D. , Balman S. , Caruana J. , Erkut M. H. , Guidorzi G. , Frontera F. , Martin-Carrillo A. , Paltani S. , Porquet D. , Sergijenko O. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe proposed THESEUS mission will vastly expand the capabilities to monitor the high-energy sky. It will specifically exploit large samples of gamma-ray bursts to probe the early universe back to the first generation of stars, and to advance multi-messenger astrophysics by detecting and localizing the counterparts of gravitational waves and cosmic neutrino sources. The combination and coordination of these activities with multi-wavelength, multi-messenger facilities expected to be operating in the 2030s will open new avenues of exploration in many areas of astrophysics, cosmology and fundamental physics, thus adding considerable strength to the overall scientific impact of THESEUS and these facilities. We discuss here a number of these powerful synergies and guest observer opportunities.
Parenting and Adolescents’ Academic Achievement: The Mediating Role of Goal Engagement and Disengagement
Authors: Yau Priscilla S. , Cho Yongwon , Shane Jacob , Kay Joseph , Heckhausen Jutta 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPrior research has investigated parental behavior and students’ motivation separately as predictors of adolescents’ academic achievement. The current study jointly examined the associations between parental behavior, adolescents’ motivation, and academic achievement. Using data collected from participants in youth programs (N = 220), we investigated whether students’ academic goal engagement and disengagement mediates the association between adolescents’ relationships with their parents and their academic achievement. Findings from regression-based mediation models indicated that adolescents’ perceived maternal support was positively associated with their academic achievement, and that this association was mediated by students’ engagement with academic goals. Perceived maternal psychological control was negatively associated with students’ academic success, mediated by students’ academic goal disengagement. Supplementary analyses examining components of perceived parental support and psychological control showed that maternal warmth may be most beneficial for adolescents’ academic success, whereas maternal devaluation may be most detrimental. Perceived paternal psychological control was only associated with lower academic achievement, but was not related to adolescents’ goal disengagement.
Portable Generator to Detect Cracks on Large Steel Structures: An Application of Inductive Thermography
Authors: Toasa Caiza Paul Dario , Schwendemann Rüdiger , Calero Paola , Ummenhofer Thomas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe demand of non-destructive methods to detect cracks caused by fatigue or brittle behavior in large steel structures has increased in the last years. Thermography based on electromagnetic induction is a promising method to detect cracks in weld seams and notches. This paper presents a portable experimental setup, which allows to perform in situ crack detection tests on large steel structures. The success of this configuration is based on the use of a highly efficient switched H-Bridge circuit, which can generate a square-wave output voltage with a fundamental frequency up to 100 kHz. Due to the low losses and the low necessary DC-link voltage, the circuit can be supplied by a lithium-ion battery, which allows a small and light setup. The generated square-wave output voltage supplies an air coil resulting in a high frequent triangle current. The induced electromagnetic field caused by the current signal generates eddy currents in the steel structure. Due to an increased current density of the eddy currents in the crack area, there is a measurable temperature increase near the crack. The resulting temperature field is visualized and recorded with an infrared (IR) camera, which shows in real time the occurrence of cracks.
Effect of particle breakage on the shear strength of calcareous sands
Authors: Wei Houzhen , Yin Mei , Zhao Tao , Yan Ke , Shen Jianhua , Meng Qingshan , Wang Xinzhi , He Jianqiao 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe particle breakage of calcareous sands plays a key role in determining the particle shape and shear strength. This process has been analysed in the current study by employing the ring shear tests on calcareous sands sampled from the South China Sea. In this study, a set of parameters, e.g. roundness and aspect ratio, have been employed to quantify the geometrical properties of calcareous sands pre- and after the breakage. These two parameters have been found to correlate well with the vertical loading stress level, shear strain and shear strength. The particle breakage leads to the change of micro-structure during the shear test, as illustrated by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. It is found that during the shearing deformation, particle breakages can effectively reduce, while particle rearrangements can increase the shear strength of the calcareous sands.
Board monitoring and capital structure dynamics: evidence from bank-based economies
Authors: Ezeani Ernest , Salem Rami , Kwabi Frank , Boutaine Khalid , Bilal  , Komal Bushra 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe examine the impact of board characteristics on the speed of adjustment and the capital structure dynamics of firms in bank-based economies. Using 3927 firm-year observations over a 10-year (2009–2019), we find that board characteristic influences firms' speed of adjustment in a bank-based (stakeholder-oriented) system. We also find some evidence that board characteristics have varying impacts on the capital structure of Japanese, French and German firms. We conclude that firms' capital structure reflects the corporate governance environment they operate. Our results are robust to accounting for endogeneity and alternative leverage measure.
Human immune reactivity of GGTA1/CMAH/A3GALT2 triple knockout Yucatan miniature pigs
Authors: Shim Joohyun , Ko Nayoung , Kim Hyoung-Joo , Lee Yongjin , Lee Jeong-Woong , Jin Dong-Il , Kim Hyunil , Choi Kimyung 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the effect of a triple knockout of the genes alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1), cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), and alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase 2 (A3GALT2) in Yucatan miniature pigs on human immune reactivity. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to create pigs lacking GGTA1 (GTKO) and GGTA1/CMAH/A3GALT2 triple gene knockout (TKO). The expression of all three xenoantigens was absent in TKO pigs, but there was no additional reduction in the level of Galα1,3Gal (αGal) epitopes expression in the A3GALT2 gene KO. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), aorta endothelial cells (AECs), and cornea endothelial cells (CECs) were isolated from these pigs, and their ability to bind human IgM/IgG and their cytotoxicity in human sera were evaluated. Compared to wild type (WT) pigs, the level of human antibody binding of the PBMCs, AECs, and CECs of the transgenic pigs (GTKO and TKO) was significantly reduced. However, there were significant differences in human antibody binding between GTKO and TKO depending on the cell type. Human antibody binding of TKO pigs was less than that of GTKO on PBMCs but was similar between GTKO and TKO pigs for AECs and CECs. Cytotoxicity of transgenic pig (GTKO and TKO) PBMCs and AECs was significantly reduced compared to that of WT pigs. However, TKO pigs showed a reduction in cytotoxicity compared to GTKO pigs on PBMCs, whereas in AECs from both TKO and GTKO pigs, there was no difference. The cytotoxicity of transgenic pig CECs was significantly decreased from that of WT at 300 min, but there was no significant reduction in TKO pigs from GTKO. Our results indicate that genetic modification of donor pigs for xenotransplantation should be tailored to the target organ and silencing of additional genes such as CMAH or A3GALT2 based on GTKO might not be essential in Yucatan miniature pigs.
Design of a novel tendon-driven manipulator structure based on monolithic compliant rolling-contact joint for minimally invasive surgery
Authors: Zhang Dingzhi , Sun Yilun , Lueth Tim C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeCompliant mechanisms are commonly used in the design of manipulator and surgical robotic tools for minimally invasive surgery (MIS) thanks to their compactness, ability of miniaturization and lower part count. However, conventional compliant joint has higher internal stiffness, which limits the bending radius. To overcome this problem, a novel tendon-driven manipulator structure based on monolithic compliant rolling-contact joint (CRCJ) is proposed.MethodsThe proposed rolling-contact mechanism is used to prevent cable slack during actuation, which occurs in conventional compliant joint design. By means of selective laser sintering (SLS) technique, the CRCJ can be fabricated in a monolithic structure, thus granting the CRCJ both the advantages of compliant joints and rolling-contact mechanism. Simulations with nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) and experiments were conducted to evaluate and compare the mechanical properties of the proposed CRCJ with conventional leaf-type compliant joint including the bending and compliant motion.ResultsExperimental results showed that the CRCJ has lower bending stiffness, higher maximum bending angle (over$$180^{\circ }$$180∘) and a higher compliance compared to conventional compliant hinges, which allows a larger workspace and reduces the possibility of tissue injury. Agreement was also found between the nonlinear FEA and experiments regarding the relation between actuation force and bending angle. A primary prototype of a 3-DOF handheld laparoscopic manipulator with a diameter of 7 mm was further developed.ConclusionA dexterous tendon-driven monolithic manipulator structure based on CRCJ for MIS is proposed. A preliminary prototype of a handheld laparoscopic manipulator demonstrates the capability of the CRCJ for steerable medical devices. However, design improvements based on FEA and application-orientated prototypes considering anatomical requirements still show room for improvements.
Assessment of squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth with magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Baba Akira , Hashimoto Kazuhiko , Kuno Hirofumi , Masuda Koichi , Matsushima Satoshi , Yamauchi Hideomi , Ikeda Koshi , Yamazaki Masae , Taiki Suzuki , Ogane Satoru , Kurokawa Ryo , Ota Yoshiaki , Nomura Takeshi , Ojiri Hiroya 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
We aimed to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine the relationship between the pathological depth of invasion (DOI), undetectability, and tumor thickness of squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth.

Materials and methods
We retrospectively evaluated the relationship between pathological DOI and MRI detectability, as well as the relationship between pathological DOI and tumor thickness on coronal fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging or coronal T2-weighted imaging.

Results
We analyzed 30 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth; MRI revealed that the pathological DOI of the 11 undetectable lesions (median 2 mm) was smaller than that of the 19 detectable lesions (median 14 mm) (p < 0.001), and the cut-off value was 3 mm (sensitivity, 0.84; specificity, 0.91; area under the curve, 0.89). Tumor thickness on coronal fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging was assessed in all 19 detectable lesions; however, tumor thickness on coronal T2-weighted imaging could not be assessed in eight cases. Tumor thickness on coronal fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging was found to be significantly associated with the pathological DOI.

Conclusions
Undetectability on MRI indicates superficial lesions with a pathological DOI value that is less than 3 mm. In detectable lesions, tumor thickness on coronal fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging is associated with pathological DOI.