bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working together: Sociolinguistic research in urban Aboriginal Australia
Authors: Rodríguez Louro Celeste , Collard Glenys 
Published: April 2021

AbstractVariationist sociolinguists have now collectively spent decades gathering vernacular language data, enriching linguistic theory through detailed empirical analysis. What the field is yet to offer are reflective accounts of how partnership with communities and participatory research models can begin to decolonise the field. In this paper we reflect on the Indigenous‐led fieldwork that allowed us to document Australian Aboriginal English in urban Nyungar country, Southwest Western Australia. We discuss how Indigenous leadership allowed us to choose appropriate data collection methods (the Indigenous cultural form of conversation and storytelling known as ‘yarning’). Our analysis of premonitory yarns about the death of youth in the community reveals a rich performative style which shows linguistically entrenched ties with traditional Aboriginal Australia, and which provides original material for sociolinguistic analysis. Our work has great potential for social transformation in the inclusion of Indigenous epistemologies, and through ‘hearing the voices’ of speakers rarely featured in sociolinguistic research.
Long‐term evolution of LI‐RADS observations in HCV‐related cirrhosis treated with direct‐acting antivirals
Authors: Cannella Roberto , Vernuccio Federica , Celsa Ciro , Cabibbo Giuseppe , Calvaruso Vincenza , Greco Silvia , Battaglia Salvatore , Choudhury Kingshuk Roy , Tang An , Midiri Massimo , Di Marco Vito , Cammà Calogero , Brancatelli Giuseppe 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground & AimsThe risk of progression of indeterminate observations to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after direct‐acting antivirals (DAA) is still undetermined. To assess whether DAA therapy changes the risk of progression of observations with low (LR‐2), intermediate (LR‐3) and high (LR‐4) probability for HCC in cirrhotic patients and to identify predictors of progression.MethodsThis retrospective study included cirrhotic patients treated with DAA who achieved sustained virological response between 2015 and 2019. A total of 68 patients had pre‐DAA indeterminate observations and at least six months CT/MRI follow‐up before and after DAA. Two radiologists reviewed CT/MRI studies to categorize observations according to the LI‐RADSv2018 and assess the evolution on subsequent follow‐ups. Predictors of evolutions were evaluated by using the Cox proportional hazard model, Kaplan‐Meier method and log‐rank test.ResultsA total of 109 untreated observations were evaluated, including 31 (28.4%) LR‐2, 67 (61.5%) LR‐3 and 11 (10.1%) LR‐4. During a median follow‐up of 41 months, 17.4% and 13.3% of observations evolved to LR‐5 or LR‐M and LR‐5, before and after DAA respectively (P = .428). There was no difference in rate of progression of neither LR‐2 (P = 1.000), LR‐3 (P = .833) or LR‐4 (P = .505). At multivariate analysis, only initial LI‐RADS category was an independent predictor of progression to LR‐5 or LR‐M for all observations (hazard ratio 6.75, P < .001), and of progression to LR‐5 after DAA (hazard ratio 4.34, P = .047).ConclusionsDAA therapy does not increase progression of indeterminate observations to malignant categories. The initial LI‐RADS category is an independent predictor of observations upgrade.
Carotid stiffness is associated with retinal microvascular dysfunction—The Maastricht study
Authors: van der Heide Frank C. T. , Zhou Tan Lai , Henry Ronald M. A. , Houben Alfons J. H. M. , Kroon Abraham A. , Dagnelie Pieter C. , van Dongen Martien C. J. M. , Eussen Simone J. P. M. , Berendschot Tos T. J. M. , Schouten Jan S. A. G. , Webers Carroll A. B. , Schram Miranda T. , van Greevenbroek Marleen M. J. , Wesselius Anke , Schalkwijk Casper G. , Koster Annemarie , Savelberg Hans H. C. M. , Schaper Nicolaas C. , Reesink Koen D. , Stehouwer Coen D. A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study investigated whether arterial stiffening is a determinant of subtle retinal microvascular changes that precede diabetic retinopathy.Research design and methodsThis study used cross‐sectional data from the Maastricht Study, a type 2 diabetes‐enriched population‐based cohort study. We used multivariable linear regression analysis to investigate, in individuals without and with type 2 diabetes, the associations of carotid distensibility coefficient and carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity with retinal microvascular diameters and flicker light‐induced dilation and adjusted for cardiovascular and lifestyle risk factors.ResultsThe retinal microvascular diameter study population consisted of N = 2434 participants (51.4% men, mean ± SD age 59.8 ± 8.1 years, and 28.1% type 2 diabetes). No measures of arterial stiffness were significantly associated with microvascular diameters. Greater carotid distensibility coefficient (i.e., lower carotid stiffness) was significantly associated with greater retinal arteriolar flicker light‐induced dilation (per standard deviation, standardized beta [95% CI] 0.06 [0.00; 0.12]) and non‐significantly, but directionally similarly, associated with greater retinal venular flicker light‐induced dilation (0.04 [−0.02; 0.10]). Carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (i.e., aortic stiffness) was not associated with retinal microvascular flicker light‐induced dilation. The associations between carotid distensibility coefficient and retinal arteriolar and venular flicker light‐induced dilation were two‐ to threefold stronger in individuals with type 2 diabetes than in those without.ConclusionIn this population‐based study greater carotid, but not aortic, stiffness was associated with worse retinal flicker light‐induced dilation and this association was stronger in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Hence, carotid stiffness may be a determinant of retinal microvascular dysfunction.
Unique damage‐related, gap‐filling tooth replacement in pycnodont fishes
Authors: Collins Sally E. , Underwood Charlie J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMost jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) replace their teeth throughout life (polyphyodonty) and there is currently great interest in its molecular and cellular basis, particularly in fish. While much has still to be elucidated, it appears that whichever tooth replacement mechanism is used, only one tooth replaces one predecessor, at any one time. Here we present fossil crushing dentitions of two extinct pycnodont fishes, Pycnodus zeaformis and Pycnodus maliensis. Their surface features and x‐ray micro‐CT virtual sections show no evidence of one‐for‐one replacement. Instead, individual large teeth were replaced by multiple small teeth, for which, as far as we could ascertain, there is no known mechanism. This occurred where underlying dentigerous bone was damaged. Small teeth also developed where parts of large teeth had broken off, and in gaps between large teeth created by the geometry of their close alignment in rows. We compared the virtual sections to those of functionally analogous crushing dentitions of three modern fishes. Contrasting greatly to the pycnodonts, each showed an orderly, one‐for‐one replacement, typical of osteichthyans. We propose that the pycnodont specimens exhibit a gap‐filling tooth addition hitherto unseen in gnathostomes, and that the oral epithelium retained an initiatory competence throughout life, with a programming of ‘if a gap exists, fill it’. This would also have facilitated the addition of large teeth in rows, in space provided by ontogenetic growth. We hypothesize that gaps were registered as an absence of pressure at the crushing surface, initiating tooth development, as in the modern cichlid Astatoreochromis alluaudi.
Importing inputs for climate change mitigation: The case of agricultural productivity
Authors: Garcia‐Verdu Rodrigo , Meyer‐Cirkel Alexis , Sasahara Akira , Weisfeld Hans 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of temperature on agricultural TFP growth rates during the period 1992–2015. We argue that higher temperatures impede TFP growth, particularly in low‐income countries (LICs) using less imported inputs. Our estimates imply that a 1°C rise in annual average temperatures reduces TFP growth rates by 5.2 percentage points in the LICs in question. However, LICs using greater amounts of imported inputs are less affected by temperatures, suggesting a new source of gains from imported inputs mitigating the adverse effects of rising temperatures.
Impact of baseline serum ferritin and supplemental iron on altitude‐induced hemoglobin mass response in elite athletes
Authors: Koivisto‐Mørk Anu Elisa , Svendsen Ida Siobhan , Skattebo Øyvind , Hallén Jostein , Paulsen Gøran 
Published: April 2021

The present study explored the impact of pre‐altitude serum (s)‐ferritin and iron supplementation on changes in hemoglobin mass (ΔHbmass) following altitude training. Measures of Hbmass and s‐ferritin from 107 altitude sojourns (9–28 days at 1800–2500 m) with world‐class endurance athletes (males n = 41, females n = 25) were analyzed together with iron supplementation and self‐reported illness. Altitude sojourns with a hypoxic dose [median (range)] of 1169 (912) km·h increased Hbmass (mean ± SD) 36 ± 38 g (3.7 ± 3.7%, p < 0.001) and decreased s‐ferritin −11 (190) µg·L−1 (p = 0.001). Iron supplements [27 (191) mg·day−1] were used at 45 sojourns (42%), while only 11 sojourns (10%) were commenced with s‐ferritin <35 µg/L. Hbmass increased by 4.6 ± 3.7%, 3.4 ± 3.3%, 4.2 ± 4.3%, and 2.9 ± 3.4% with pre‐altitude s‐ferritin ≤35 µg·L−1, 36–50 µg·L−1, 51–100 µg·L−1, and >100 µg·L−1, respectively, with no group difference (p = 0.400). Hbmass increased by 4.1 ± 3.9%, 3.0 ± 3.0% and 3.7 ± 4.7% without, ≤50 mg·day−1 or >50 mg·day−1 supplemental iron, respectively (p = 0.399). Linear mixed model analysis revealed no interaction between pre‐altitude s‐ferritin and iron supplementation on ΔHbmass (p = 0.906). However, each 100 km·h increase in hypoxic dose augmented ΔHbmass by an additional 0.4% (95% CI: 0.1–0.7%; p = 0.012), while each 1 g·kg−1 higher pre‐altitude Hbmass reduced ΔHbmass by −1% (−1.6 to −0.5; p < 0.001), and illness lowered ΔHbmass by −5.7% (−8.3 to −3.1%; p < 0.001). In conclusion, pre‐altitude s‐ferritin or iron supplementation were not related to the altitude‐induced increase in Hbmass (3.7%) in world‐class endurance athletes with clinically normal iron stores.
Estimation of Aircraft Engine Flight Mission Severity Caused by Erosion
Authors: Brandes Tim , Koch Christian , Staudacher Stephan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
More and more attention is being devoted to assessing severity of the engine operation for a high number of flights in a minimum of time. Compressor erosion is one of the physical phenomena contributing to this severity. Hence, an effective method is developed which allows a general judgment of the severity of engine operation with regard to compressor erosion. The shortening of the camber line at blade leading edge is selected as the parameter describing the degree of severity. The particle impingement conditions experienced by compressor blades throughout a flight mission are computed using a flight mission simulation and a non-dimensional engine model. Local flow conditions of all compressor blade rows are derived from mean line computations. A dimensional analysis of a straight through swirling annulus flow led to a simplified model of particle separation within the compressor blade rows. It turns out that bypass ratio, bleed setting, and degree of particle separation changing from operating point to operating point are significant drivers of erosion. Fan root and booster suffer less from compressor erosion than the high pressure compressor. The flight segments taxi, take-off, take-off climb, climb, and cruise are significantly impacting the severity of a flight mission with regard to compressor erosion.
Film Cooling Superposition Theory for Multiple Rows of Cooling Holes With Multiple Coolant Temperatures
Authors: Fuqua Matthew N. , Rutledge James L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The classical method of superposition has been used for several decades to provide an estimate of the adiabatic effectiveness for multiple sets of already well-characterized film cooling hole rows. In this way, design work is aided by classical superposition theory prior to higher fidelity experiments or simulations that would account for fluid dynamic interaction for which superposition cannot account. In the present work, we consider the additive effects of multiple rows of coolant holes, but now also with coolant issuing at different temperatures. There are a number of ways that coolant may issue from different cooling hole rows at different temperatures, one of which is simply the necessarily different internal channels through which the coolant must pass. The film cooling effectiveness is investigated for double rows of cooling holes wherein the two rows have different coolant temperatures. A double row consisting of an upstream slot and a downstream row of 7–7–7 cooling holes were first evaluated with a single coolant temperature to demonstrate that classical superposition theory applies well to the present configuration. Superposition theory is then extended to the context of multiple coolant temperatures and a new nondimensional parameter is identified, which governs cooling performance. The theory is experimentally evaluated by independently varying the coolant temperatures of the two rows. Circumstances are identified in which the second row of cooling holes may be detrimental to cooling performance.
Data-Driven Analysis of Locomotion for a Class of Articulated Mobile Robots
Authors: Carbonari Luca , Botta Andrea , Cavallone Paride , Tagliavini Luigi , Quaglia Giuseppe 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the recent past, the use of autonomous vehicles is becoming of relevant interest in several fields of application. In many cases, the use of articulated structures is preferred to single chassis robots for their peculiar modularity. Such vehicles are often built as an active front module and a rear one that is pulled passively or that can contribute to the vehicle traction when required. Understanding whether this contribution is convenient or not is the main matter of this paper. Two different mobile robots of different scales and purposes are taken into consideration. A dynamic model is presented and analyzed. An experimental validation of the model parameters is also presented in order to make it exploitable as a reliable analysis tool. At last, a simple yet effective actuation law is tested for both the considered robots to evaluate whether the contribution of the back module is beneficial or not to the whole machine maneuverability.
Experimentally Identified Models of McKibben Soft Actuators as Primary Movers and Passive Structures
Authors: Olson Gina , Manjarrez Holly , Adams Julie A. , Mengüç Yiğit 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Soft robots join body and actuation, forming their structure from the same elements that induce motion. Soft actuators are commonly modeled or characterized as primary movers, but their second role as support structure introduces strain–pressure combinations outside of normal actuation. This article examines a more complete set of possible strain–pressure combinations for McKibben actuators, including passive or unpressurized, deformation, pressurized extension and compression of a pressurized actuator beyond the maximum actuation strain. Each region is investigated experimentally, and empirical force–displacement–pressure relationships are identified. Particular focus is placed on ensuring that empirical relationships are consistent at boundaries between an actuator’s strain–pressure regions. The presented methodology is applied to seven McKibben actuator designs, which span variations in wall thickness, enclosure material, and actuator diameter. Empirical results demonstrate a trade-off between maximum contraction strain and force required to passively extend. The results also show that stiffer elastomers require an extreme increase in pressure to contract without a compensatory increase in maximum achieved force. Empirical force–displacement–pressure models were developed for each variant across all the studied strain–pressure regions, enabling future design variation studies for soft robots that use actuators as structures.
A Systematic Optimization Design Method for Thermal Management of Passenger Vehicles
Authors: Zhang Jie , Wang Qi-Dong , Zhang Han , Zhang Min , Lin Jian-Wei 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this study, a systematic optimization method for the thermal management problem of a passenger vehicle was proposed. This article addressed the problem of the drive shaft sheath surface temperature exceeded allowable value. Initially, the causes and initial measures of the thermal problem were studied through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The key measures and their parameters were determined through the Taguchi method and significance analysis. A prediction model between the parameters and optimization objective was built by the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). The prediction model and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm were combined to calculate the optimal solution, and the optimal solution was selected for simulation and experimental verification. Experiment results indicated that this method reduced the drive shaft sheath surface temperature promptly, and the decreasing amplitude was 22%, which was met the experimental requirements.
Thermo-Economic Assessment and Multi-Objective Optimization of an Innovatively Designed District Cooling System in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alsagri Ali Sulaiman 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The experience of leading countries in distributed energy systems (e.g., Scandinavian countries) shows that district cooling systems are highly beneficial techno-economic-environmentally by facilitating the use of waste heat resources, solar energy, etc. for cold supply at large scales. This study proposes the optimal development of a novel district cooling design equipped with a large-scale cold storage unit and utilizing the exhaust waste heat of an energy plant in a case study in Saudi Arabia. The optimal configuration of the hybrid system, the sizing of its components, and operating conditions are found using multi-objective optimization techniques based on the genetic algorithm method and a creative performance assessment index. Then, the feasibility of this optimized proposal is investigated through comprehensive thermodynamic and economic analyses. The results show that a district cooling system can surely cope with the harsh climate condition of the case study and provide the required interior comfort conditions. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the system can be as high as 62% and 53% using an absorption chiller utilizing a power plant’s waste heat along with a storage tank for peak shaving. The levelized cost of cooling of the system can be 28 USD/MW h, by which the payback period will be only 8 years.
Compatibility Representation of Knowledge About Design for Net Shape Manufacturing
Authors: Ishii K. , Nekkanti R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a model for representing knowledge about design for net shape manufacturing (NSM) and a means of applying the model to conduct simultaneous engineering. The three major issues that the designers have to balance are: 1) user requirements, 2) process constraints, and 3) candidate designs. We view the goal of design for NSM to be achieving the best possible compatibility among these three issues. Expert designers develop skilled know-how of achieving good compatibility. This paper conceptualizes this knowledge as compatibility-data (c-data) and constructs a knowledge-base CKB. Further, we present two methods that use the CKB to help designers. The first method is the compatibility-based classification system (CCS) which, given the user requirements and the process constraints, searches the CKB for candidate designs. The second is the design assessment system which utilizes the concept of design compatibility analysis (DCA). Given a partial or full description of all the three issues, DCA evaluates the overall compatibility and gives suggestions for improvement, i.e., to modify the design, to respecify the process, or to negotiate the user requirements. Both methods accommodate hardness of constraints, the degree to which the constraints must be satisfied. Using these systems, designers can rapidly generate sound part designs that satisfy requirements and are producible. We illustrate our model by an example: injection molded composite shells for electrical connectors.
Rules of Constructing Primitives for Integration of Design and Manufacture
Authors: Weiying Duan , Ji Zhou , Jun Yu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper analyzes the difficulties of basic primitives of geometric modeling systems currently in effect, which is met in the application of numerical control manufacture. On the bases of the analysis, the paper proposes the primitive designing rules for the integrated CAD / CAM systems. The paper is divided into four parts. The first part analyzes the defects of often-used primitives. The second part discusses requirements of primitive in the integration of design and manufacture, and proposes the basic rules and unified method of designing primitives. The third part introduces rules and basic principles of constructing primitives offered by the writer. The last part provides an example to show the advantages of the modeling rules.