bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Computational Homogenization of Deformation–Diffusion Processes
Authors: Polukhov Elten , Keip Marc-André 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn various industrial applications, materials are usually considered in the form of composites in order to take advantage of further enhanced physical properties, particularly by designing complex microstructures. Therefore, it is of high interest to computationally model as well as predict the response of not only elastic materials but also materials showing characteristic coupling phenomena. In the present contribution, we are considering the computational homogenization of deformation–diffusion processes (see also [1,4]) in a minimization‐based formulation (see [2,3,6]). In this approach, the primary fields are the rate of the deformation map and fluid volume flux which is incorporated in a rate‐type variational principle. The time‐discrete version of the problem is implemented into a conforming Raviart–Thomas‐type finite element formulation. Finally, we present numerical examples to show further aspects of the formulation.
Evaluation of manufacturing deviations of composite materials
Authors: Willberg Christian , Heinecke Falk 
Published: January 2021

AbstractManufacturing induced imperfections in composites lead to a reduction in the performance of the structure. In order to carry out repairs only when they are really necessary, evaluation capabilities to determine the strength reduction are required. Two methods of evaluation are presented: a finite element based and a Peridynamic based approach, respectively. The finite element based process is used to evaluate stiffness and strength reduction. This processes currently doesn't include progressive failure analysis. Hence, the peridynamics process serves among other things to verify the prediction by the finite element model. Because, the correspondence formulation is used, integral Cauchy stresses are obtained for the laminate and can be verified. Progressive failure analysis is then used to evaluate whether the first ply failure approach used in the finite element model is accurate enough to ensure strength reduction values.
Fiber Formation of Printed Carbon Fiber/Poly (Ether Ether Ketone) with Different Nozzle Shapes
Authors: Matschinski A , Ziegler P , Abstreiter T , Wolf T , Drechsler K 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe additive manufacturing industry shows annual growth of more than 10 %. Therefore, the requirements for produced components are increasing, especially for individual medical technology applications printed from poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK). This paper focuses on an investigation of an uninterrupted nozzle system for printing the high‐performance thermoplastic PEEK with short fiber reinforcements. A custom‐made nozzle design with variable outlet angle is presented and the achievable fiber length distribution and fiber orientation in the printed material are investigated. The applied nozzle angles are 60 °, 90 ° and 120 °. The geometric shape of the tip of the custom‐made nozzles is comparable to that of a reference nozzle. With regard to the height profile, the inner surface is up to three times smoother. With a decreasing nozzle angle, a lower degree of fiber damage caused by deposition can be demonstrated. Thus, the process‐induced shortening of the fibers decreases. The enhanced flow profile for small angles outweighs the simultaneous disadvantageous due to friction loss, shear stress and pressure drop. A clear result for the fiber orientation cannot be deduced. © 2021 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Disparities across race and disability risk: Assessing teacher practices
Authors: Green Ambra L. , Olsen Amanda A. , Nandakumar Vandana 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis exploratory study occurred in 10 title 1 schools located within a Midwestern state. The sample included 23 general educators and 551 students in second through fifth grade. Fifty‐seven students identified as at risk for an emotional or behavioral disorder represented the targeted sample. The purpose of this study was to determine if teachers' implementation of evidence‐based practices (EBP) occurred at different rates across demographic groups (i.e., race and disability risk). The results indicated that teachers used higher rates of opportunities to respond (OTR) with students not at risk compared to students at risk but used higher rates of positive specific feedback with students who were at risk compared to students not at risk. Students at risk who were Black also received statistically significantly more OTR than White at‐risk students. Results of the study illuminate the need to continue examining teachers' differing use of EBP as contributors to and predictors of student outcomes and disproportionality.
Diagnosis of unexposed tumours using endobronchial ultrasonography with a guide sheath and a thin transbronchial needle
Authors: Kuno Haruka , Sainouchi Rei , Simamoto Takayuki , Miyagawa‐Hayashino Aya , Takemura Yoshizumi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTransbronchial diagnosis of unexposed lung tumours is challenging in clinical practice. Although modified transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is used for this purpose, the diagnostic yield is unsatisfactory. In such cases, conventional endobronchial ultrasonography with a guide sheath and transbronchial biopsy (TBB) is also ineffective. We found TBB was feasible by placing a guide sheath with a thin transbronchial needle into the tumours. We report two cases of unexposed tumours diagnosed successfully with this technique. Case 1 presents a typical carcinoid in the peripheral lung. Case 2 presents a squamous cell carcinoma at the third bifurcation of the right lung. TBB samples obtained this way were larger than TBNA samples. Moreover, multiple TBBs were possible once the guide sheath was inserted intratumourally. In the modern era of precision medicine, larger amounts of tissues are required for multiple downstream analyses. This novel technique will make a significant contribution towards diagnosing unexposed lung tumours.
National disaster risk assessments in Europe. How comparable are they and why?
Authors: Pursiainen Christer , Rød Bjarte 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the late 2000s, a process started that was designed to approximate the national disaster risk assessments in the European Union. Member states are currently obliged to prepare their assessments every three years. The European Commission will summarize the results, which should not only lead to a better overview of common risks but also direct future joint activities and investments. To date, two rounds of this new practice have been implemented and summarised. The present study investigates how and why this largely informal integrative practice was born, how it is facilitated, and how successful it has been vis‐à‐vis the expectations, especially achieving a relative comparability of the national risk assessments.
Unified adaptive event‐triggered control of uncertain multi‐input multi‐output nonlinear systems with dynamic and static constraints
Authors: Zhang Tianping , Hua Yu , Xia Xiaonan , Yi Yang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this article, a unified adaptive neural event‐triggered control strategy is presented for uncertain multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) nonlinear systems with dynamic and static constraints in the presence of unmodeled dynamics. By introducing an invertible nonlinear mapping based on hyperbolic tangent function, the constrained original system is transformed into an equivalent unconstrained MIMO pure‐feedback system. A dynamic signal is employed to dispose of the dynamical uncertainties in the novel system. Based on the transformed system, unified adaptive event‐triggered controller is formed by using modified dynamic surface control technique and the bounded characteristic of Gaussian function. Using the introduced compact set in stability analysis and Lyapunov function method, all signals in the closed‐loop system are proved to be the semiglobal uniform ultimate boundedness. Furthermore, all states and output signals can strictly comply with the defined constraint conditions. Simulations of two numerical examples including 2‐link rigid manipulator are provided to verify and clarify the theoretical results.
Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction Using Novel Retrievable Magnetic Photocatalyst
Authors: Azadi Gouhar , Kazemi Foad , Firouzeh Ebrahim 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA new complex based on palladium (Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2@Schiff base@Pd(0)) as a multifunctional photocatalyst has been successfully prepared using a facile method. Different techniques such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were applied for characterization of nano photocatalyst structure. The magnetic nano photocatalyst showed excellent catalytic activity in the Suzuki coupling reaction under visible light irradiation. This core‐shell magnetic nano photocatalyst could separate using a magnetic field from the reaction mixture and reused without a significant decrease in catalytic activity.
Triethylamine‐Promoted Stereoselective Synthesis of Dialkyl 2‐Thiofumarates by the Reaction of Thiols and Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates
Authors: Hashemi Sayyed Abolghasem , Mohammadizadeh Mohammad Reza 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA mild, efficient and stereoselective synthesis of dialkyl 2‐thiofumarates is described based on the addition reaction of aryl(benzyl) thiols and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates in the presence of triethylamine as a mild base. The reactions were stereoselectively performed in CH2Cl2at room temperature toward synthesis ofZ‐stereoimers as the major isomer in good yields.
Mineralization and Self‐assembly of Gold Nanoparticles using Sulfur Amino Acid Modified Hierarchically Porous Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Liu Xiao , Liang Yaoyu , Liu Jiayu , Shi Se , Wang Yuefei , You Shengping , Qi Wei , Su Rongxin , He Zhimin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this work, we modified the hierarchically porous metal‐organic frameworks (HP‐MOFs) HP‐UiO‐66 with sulfur‐containing amino acid cysteine and methionine, respectively. The cysteine or methionine modified HP‐MOFs, HP‐UiO‐66‐C and HP‐UiO‐66‐M, can be used for the adsorption and mineralization of Gold nanoparticles. Au nanoparticles will form in HP‐MOFs when the concentration of chloroauric acid is relatively low. Intriguingly, when the concentration of the chloroauric acid solution was increased to 5 mg ml−1, hexagonal gold micro flakes appeared in the system after adsorption by the HP‐UiO‐66‐C and HP‐UiO‐66‐M. Transmission electron microscope revealed that the hexagonal gold micro flakes are formed by the ordered self‐assembly of gold nanoparticles induced by the HP‐UiO‐66‐C and HP‐UiO‐66‐M. The obtained AuNP@HP‐UiO‐66‐C and AuNP@HP‐UiO‐66‐M can catalyze the reduction of 4‐NP. The apparent reaction rates constant of unit mass catalyst kcat are 0.0356 mg−1 min−1 and 0.0265 mg−1 min−1, respectively.
Luminescent Gold Nanocluster‐Methylcellulose Composite Optical Fibers with Low Attenuation Coefficient and High Photostability
Authors: Hynninen Ville , Chandra Sourov , Das Susobhan , Amini Mohammad , Dai Yunyun , Lepikko Sakari , Mohammadi Pezhman , Hietala Sami , Ras Robin H. A. , Sun Zhipei , Ikkala Olli , Nonappa  
Published: January 2021

AbstractBecause of their lightweight structure, flexibility, and immunity to electromagnetic interference, polymer optical fibers (POFs) are used in numerous short‐distance applications. Notably, the incorporation of luminescent nanomaterials in POFs offers optical amplification and sensing for advanced nanophotonics. However, conventional POFs suffer from nonsustainable components and processes. Furthermore, the traditionally used luminescent nanomaterials undergo photobleaching, oxidation, and they can be cytotoxic. Therefore, biopolymer‐based optical fibers containing nontoxic luminescent nanomaterials are needed, with efficient and environmentally acceptable extrusion methods. Here, such an approach for fibers wet‐spun from aqueous methylcellulose (MC) dispersions under ambient conditions is demonstrated. Further, the addition of either luminescent gold nanoclusters, rod‐like cellulose nanocrystals or gold nanocluster‐cellulose nanocrystal hybrids into the MC matrix furnishes strong and ductile composite fibers. Using cutback attenuation measurement, it is shown that the resulting fibers can act as short‐distance optical fibers with a propagation loss as low as 1.47 dB cm−1. The optical performance is on par with or even better than some of the previously reported biopolymeric optical fibers. The combination of excellent mechanical properties (Young's modulus and maximum strain values up to 8.4 GPa and 52%, respectively), low attenuation coefficient, and high photostability makes the MC‐based composite fibers excellent candidates for multifunctional optical fibers and sensors.
Specifications and Modeling
Authors: Marwedel Peter 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHow can we describe the system which we would like to design, and how can we represent intermediate design information? Models and description techniques for initial specifications as well as for intermediate design information will be shown in this chapter. First of all, we will capture requirements for modeling techniques. Next, we will provide an overview of models of computation. This will be followed by a presentation of popular models of computations, in combination with examples of the corresponding languages. The presentation includes models for early design phases, automata-based models, data flow, Petri nets, discrete event models, von Neumann languages, and abstraction levels for hardware modeling. Finally, we will compare different models of computation and present exercises.
System Software
Authors: Marwedel Peter 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn order to cope with the complexity of applications of embedded systems, reuse of components is a key technique. As pointed out by Sangiovanni-Vincentelli (The context for platform-based design. IEEE Design and Test of Computers, 2002), software and hardware components must be reused in the platform-based design methosdology (see p. 296). These components comprise knowledge from earlier design efforts and constitute intellectual property (IP). Standard software components that can be reused include system software components such as embedded operating systems (OSs) and middleware. The last term denotes software that provides an intermediate layer between the OS and application software. This chapter starts with a description of general requirements for embedded operating systems. This includes real-time capabilities as well as adaptation techniques to provide just the required functionality. Mutually exclusive access to resources can result in priority inversion, which is a serious problem for real-time systems. Priority inversion can be circumvented with resource access protocols. We will present three such protocols: the priority inheritance, priority ceiling, and stack resource protocols. A separate section covers the ERIKA real-time system kernel. Furthermore, we will explain how Linux can be adapted to systems with tight resource constraints. Finally, we will provide pointers for additional reusable software components, like hardware abstraction layers (HALs), communication software, and real-time data bases. Our description of embedded operating systems and of middleware in this chapter is consistent with the overall design flow.
Effect of fluid administration on scene to traffic accident patients by EMS personnel: a propensity score-matched study using population-based ambulance records and nationwide trauma registry in Japan
Authors: Katayama Yusuke , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Kiyohara Kosuke , Ishida Kenichiro , Hirose Tomoya , Nakao Shunichiro , Tachino Jotaro , Matsuyama Tasuku , Kiguchi Takeyuki , Umemura Yutaka , Noda Tomohiro , Nakagawa Yuko , Shimazu Takeshi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the effect of fluid administration by emergency life-saving technicians (ELST) on the prognosis of traffic accident patients by using a propensity score (PS)-matching method.MethodsThe study included traffic accident patients registered in the JTDB database from January 2016 to December 2017. The main outcome was hospital mortality, and the secondary outcome was cardiopulmonary arrest on hospital arrival (CPAOA). To reduce potential confounding effects in the comparisons between two groups, we estimated a propensity score (PS) by fitting a logistic regression model that was adjusted for 17 variables before the implementation of fluid administration by ELST at the scene.ResultsDuring the study period, 10,908 traffic accident patients were registered in the JTDB database, and we included 3502 patients in this study. Of these patients, 142 were administered fluid by ELST and 3360 were not administered fluid by ELST. After PS matching, 141 patients were selected from each group. In the PS-matched model, fluid administration by ELST at the scene was not associated with discharge to death (crude OR: 0.859 [95% CI, 0.500–1.475];p = 0.582). However, the fluid group showed statistically better outcome for CPAOA than the no fluid group in the multiple logistic regression model (adjusted OR: 0.231 [95% CI, 0.055–0.967];p = 0.045).ConclusionIn this study, fluid administration to traffic accident patients by ELST was associated not with hospital mortality but with a lower proportion of CPAOA.
Assessment of cochlear toxicity in response to chronic 3,3′-iminodipropionitrile in mice reveals early and reversible functional loss that precedes overt histopathology
Authors: Greguske Erin A. , Llorens Jordi , Pyott Sonja J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe peripheral auditory and vestibular systems rely on sensorineural structures that are vulnerable to ototoxic agents that cause hearing loss and/or equilibrium deficits. Although attention has focused on hair cell loss as the primary pathology underlying ototoxicity, evidence from the peripheral vestibular system indicates that hair cell loss during chronic exposure is preceded by synaptic uncoupling from the neurons and is potentially reversible. To determine if synaptic pathology also occurs in the peripheral auditory system, we examined the extent, time course, and reversibility of functional and morphological alterations in cochleae from mice exposed to 3,3′-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) in drinking water for 2, 4 or 6 weeks. Functionally, IDPN exposure caused progressive high- to low-frequency hearing loss assessed by measurement of auditory brainstem response wave I absolute thresholds and amplitudes. The extent of hearing loss scaled with the magnitude of vestibular dysfunction assessed behaviorally. Morphologically, IDPN exposure caused progressive loss of outer hair cells (OHCs) and synapses between the inner hair cells (IHCs) and primary auditory neurons. In contrast, IHCs were spared from ototoxic damage. Importantly, hearing loss consistent with cochlear synaptopathy preceded loss of OHCs and synapses and, moreover, recovered if IDPN exposure was stopped before morphological pathology occurred. Our observations suggest that synaptic uncoupling, perhaps as an early phase of cochlear synaptopathy, also occurs in the peripheral auditory system in response to IDPN exposure. These findings identify novel mechanisms that contribute to the earliest stages of hearing loss in response to ototoxic agents and possibly other forms of acquired hearing loss.
Embryological development of the human cranio-facial arterial system: a pictorial review
Authors: Bertulli Lorenzo , Robert Thomas 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe embryological development of the cerebral vasculature is very complex. Historical and also more recent studies based on human embryos, comparative anatomy and cerebral angiographies allowed us to better understand this vasculature development. The knowledge and understanding of such embryological development are important for physicians interested in neurovascular pathologies. Indeed, all vascular variants and almost all vascular pathologies, such as aneurysms, dolichoectasia, atherosclerosis, and neurovascular conflicts could be explained by an alteration during the embryological life. There are also many variants of these vascular structures present in normal developed adults, which are variably associated with pathological entities. Understanding the process which leads to the development of the normal cerebral arterial system in humans is, therefore, very important to have a better knowledge of the possible clinical and surgical implications of these anomalies. In this paper, we review the embryological development of the cranio-facial arterial vasculature from its beginning at approximately days 21–50 of intrauterine life, with pictures illustrating each developmental phase.
Revisiting plant biological nitrification inhibition efficiency using multiple archaeal and bacterial ammonia-oxidising cultures
Authors: Kaur-Bhambra Jasmeet , Wardak Daniel L. R. , Prosser James I. , Gubry-Rangin Cécile 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNitrification is a major process within the nitrogen (N) cycle leading to global losses of N, including fertiliser N, from natural and agricultural systems and producing significant nitrous oxide emissions. One strategy for the mitigation of these losses involves nitrification inhibition by plant-derived biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs). Cultivation-based studies of BNIs, including screening for new compounds, have predominantly investigated inhibition of a single ammonia-oxidising bacterium (AOB), Nitrosomonas europaea, even though ammonia oxidation in soil is usually dominated by ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA), especially in acidic soils, and AOB Nitrosospira sp., rather than Nitrosomonas, in fertilised soils. This study aimed to assess the sensitivity of ammonia oxidation by a range of AOA and AOB pure cultures to BNIs produced by plant roots (methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, sakuranetin and 1,9-decanediol) and shoots (linoleic acid, linolenic acid and methyl linoleate). AOA were generally more sensitive to BNIs than AOB, and sensitivity was greater to BNIs produced by shoots than those produced by roots. Sensitivity also varied within AOA and AOB cultures and between different BNIs. In general, N. europaea was not a good indicator of BNI inhibition, and findings therefore highlight the limitations of use of a single bioassay strain and suggest the use of a broader range of strains that are more representative of natural soil communities.