bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on the Applicability of URANS, Large Eddy Simulations, and Hybrid Large Eddy Simulations/RANS Models for Prediction of Hydrodynamics of Cyclone Separator
Authors: Jakkala Sai Guruprasad , Vengadesan S. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Cyclone separators are an integral part of many industrial processes. A good understanding of the flow features is paramount to efficiently use them. The turbulent fluid flow characteristics are modeled using unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS), large eddy simulations (LES), and hybrid LES/Reynolds–averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) turbulent models. The hybrid LES/RANS approaches, namely, detached eddy simulation (DES), delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES), and improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) based on the k−ω SST RANS approaches are explored. The study is carried out for three different inlet velocities (v = 8, 16.1, and 32 m/s). The results from hybrid LES/RANS models are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data available in the literature. Reduction in computational time and mesh size are the two main benefits of using hybrid LES/RANS models over the traditional LES methods. The Reynolds stresses are observed in order to understand the redistribution of turbulent energy in the flow field. The velocity profiles and vorticity quantities are explored to obtain a better understanding of the behavior of fluid flow in cyclone separators.
High Strain Rate Mechanical Properties of SAC-Q Solder for Extreme Temperatures After Exposure to Isothermal Aging Up to 90 Days
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Mehta Vishal , Suhling Jeff , Blecker Ken 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Electronic components are subject to high strain, during shock and vibration in many applications such as the automobile and aerospace. In many cases, this kind of electronic components will also be exposed to harsh temperatures of –65 °C to 200 °C. Electronic devices in harsh environments are often subject to strain rates of 1–100 per second. A large number of doped SAC solder alloys have emerged including SAC-Q, SAC-R, Innolot for electronic component interconnection. SAC-Q consists of inclusion of the Bi composition in Sn–Ag–Cu. For maximizing electronic package stability and high temperature storage and strain rates, the mechanical characteristic results and data for lead-free solder alloys are extremely significant. Thermal aging has been previously shown to cause modification of the mechanical properties at low strain rates. High strain-rate SAC-Q solder alloy data are not available for high temperature aging and testing at very low to high operating temperatures. For this analysis, the SAC-Q solder material was measured and analyzed at operating temperatures between –65 °C and 200 °C, at strain rates of up to 75 per second. Comparison with solder material SAC305, which has been tested under similar conditions, has also been made. When tensile experiments were carried out at various working temperatures, specimens for isothermal aging were preserved at 100 °C for up to 90 days after production and reflowing. The stress–strain curves are developed and described in this paper for a wide range of strain rates and test temperatures. Furthermore, the test results and data measured have been matched to the Anand viscoplasticity model and Anand constants have been determined by estimation of the high strain rate behavior measured in the broad range of working temperatures and stress levels.
Figure of Merit-Based Optimization Approach of Phase Change Material-Based Composites for Portable Electronics Using Simplified Model
Authors: Singh Ayushman , Rangarajan Srikanth , Choobineh Leila , Sammakia Bahgat 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This work presents an approach to optimally designing a composite with thermal conductivity enhancers infiltrated with phase change material based on figure of merit (FOM) for thermal management of portable electronic devices. The FOM defines the balance between effective thermal conductivity and energy storage capacity. In this study, thermal conductivity enhancers are in the form of a honeycomb structure. Thermal conductivity enhancers are often used in conjunction with phase change material to enhance the conductivity of the composite medium. Under constrained heat sink volume, the higher volume fraction of thermal conductivity enhancers improves the effective thermal conductivity of the composite, while it reduces the amount of latent heat storage simultaneously. This work arrives at the optimal design of composite for electronic cooling by maximizing the FOM to resolve the stated tradeoff. In this study, the total volume of the composite and the interfacial heat transfer area between the phase change material and thermal conductivity enhancers are constrained for all design points. A benchmarked two-dimensional direct computational fluid dynamics model was employed to investigate the thermal performance of the phase change material and thermal conductivity enhancer composite. Furthermore, assuming conduction-dominated heat transfer in the composite, a simplified effective numerical model that solves the single energy equation with the effective properties of the phase change material and thermal conductivity enhancer has been developed. The effective properties like heat capacity can be obtained by volume averaging; however, effective thermal conductivity (required to calculate FOM) is unknown. The effective thermal conductivity of the composite is obtained by minimizing the error between the transient temperature gradient of direct and simplified model by iteratively varying the effective thermal conductivity. The FOM is maximized to find the optimal volume fraction for the present design.
Silicone oil versus gas tamponade for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment treated successfully with a propensity score analysis: Japan Retinal Detachment Registry
Authors: Funatsu Ryoh , Terasaki Hiroto , Koriyama Chihaya , Yamashita Toshifumi , Shiihara Hideki , Sakamoto Taiji 
Published: August 2021

Background/aimsTo compare the effects of silicone oil tamponade (SOT) to that of gas tamponade (GT) on the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after successful vitrectomy for retinal detachment (RD).MethodsA retrospective, multicentre, nationwide study with RD who were registered in the Japan-RD Registry. All cases with RD treated with successful vitrectomy between February 2016 and March 2017 were studied. A propensity score matching was performed using the preoperative findings as covariates to adjust the relevant confounders. The primary outcome was the estimated mean difference of the postoperative BCVA in 6 months between eyes treated with SOT to those treated with GT.ResultsOf the 3446 cases registered, 2097 cases met the entry criteria. There were 2042 eyes that had GT and 55 eyes that had SOT. Primary success was defined as a reattached retina with no tamponade at 6 months. After propensity score matching, each group contained 40 cases. The preoperative BCVA was 0.966±0.738 logMAR units in the GT group and 1.270±0.945 logMAR units in the SOT group (p=0.177). Six months postoperatively, the BCVA in the GT group was significantly better at 0.309 logMAR units in the GT group than the 0.671 logMAR units in the SOT group (p=0.002).ConclusionsEven after successful surgery for RD, eyes that experienced SOT had poorer BCVA than eyes treated with GOT. SOT should be considered cautiously.PrecisPropensity score analysis of eyes with rhegmatogenous RD showed that postoperative vision was worse in eyes treated once with silicone oil than with gas even after completely successful surgery.
Hip and knee replacement as a proxy measure for lower limb osteoarthritis in Scottish military veterans
Authors: Bergman Beverly P , Mackay D F , Pell J P 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionPhysical activity is an important component of military training. Although injuries and musculoskeletal disorders are the most common cause of medical retirement from the Armed Forces, the long-term risk of lower limb osteoarthritis in veterans is unknown. We used data on hip and knee replacement in Scottish military veterans as a proxy measure.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of 78 000 veterans born between 1945 and 1995 and a comparison group of 253 000 non-veterans, matched for age, sex and area of residence, followed up for up to 37 years, using survival analysis to examine the risk of hip and knee replacement.ResultsVeterans were significantly less likely to undergo hip replacement than non-veterans, Cox proportional HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.95, p<0.001. There was no significant difference between veterans and non-veterans in respect of knee replacement, HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.11, p=0.643, and there was no difference in the ages at which veterans and non-veterans underwent joint replacement. People who had served for longest in the military had similar risk to those with the shortest service.ConclusionsBased on the likelihood of undergoing joint replacement surgery in later life, we found no evidence of a positive association between military service and an increased risk of lower limb osteoarthritis.
Prevalence of child maltreatment in India and its association with gender, urbanisation and policy: a rapid review and meta-analysis protocol
Authors: Fernandes Gwen , Fernandes Megan , Vaidya Nilakshi , De Souza Philip , Plotnikova Evgeniya , Geddes Rosemary , Holla Bharath , Sharma Eesha , Benegal Vivek , Choudhry Vikas 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionIndia is home to 20% of the world’s children and yet, little is known on the magnitude and trends of child maltreatment nationwide. The aims of this review are to provide a prevalence of child maltreatment in India with considerations for any effects of gender; urbanisation (eg, urban vs rural) and legislation (Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act 2012).Methods and analysisA rapid review will be undertaken of all quantitative peer-reviewed studies on child maltreatment in India between 2005 and 2020. Four electronic databases will be systematically searched: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane and PsychInfo. The primary outcomes will include all aspects of child maltreatment: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect. Study participants will be between 0 and 18 years and will have reported maltreatment experiences using validated, reliable tools such as the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire as well as child self-reports and clinician reports. Study selection will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and the methodological appraisal of the studies will be assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality assessment scale. A narrative synthesis will be conducted for all included studies. Also, if sufficient data are available, a meta-analysis will be conducted. Effect sizes will be determined from random-effects models stratified by gender, urbanisation and the pre-2012 and post-2012 POCSO Act cut-off. I2statistics will be used to assess heterogeneity and identify their potential sources and τ2statistics will indicate any between-study variance.Ethics and disseminationAs this is a rapid review, minimal ethical risks are expected. The protocol and level 1 self-audit checklist were submitted and approved by the Usher Research Ethics Group panel in the Usher Institute (School of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences) at the University of Edinburgh (Reference B126255). Findings from this review will be disseminated widely through peer-reviewed publications and in various media, for example, conferences, congresses or symposia.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019150403.
Efficacy and safety of abdominal paracentesis drainage on patients with acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lu Zongqing , Zhu Xingxing , Hua Tianfeng , Zhang Jin , Xiao Wenyan , Jia Di , Yang Min 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesTo conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of abdominal paracentesis drainage (APD) in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) when compared with conventional ‘step-up’ strategy based on percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD).DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (OVID), China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang Database were electronically searched to collect cohort studies and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to 25 July 2020. Studies related to comparing APD with conventional ‘step-up’ strategy based on PCD were included.OutcomesThe primary outcome was all-cause mortality. The secondary outcomes were the rate of organ dysfunction, infectious complications, hospitalisation expenses and length of hospital stay.ResultsFive cohort studies and three RCTs were included in the analysis. Compared with the conventional ‘step-up’ method, pooled results suggested APD significantly decreased all-cause mortality during hospitalisation (cohort studies: OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.89 and p=0.02), length of hospital stay (cohort studies: standard mean difference (SMD) −0.31, 95% CI −0.53 to –0.10 and p=0.005; RCTs: SMD −0.45, 95% CI −0.64 to –0.26 and p<0.001) and hospitalisation expenses (cohort studies: SMD −2.49, 95% CI −4.46 to –0.51 and p<0.001; RCTs: SMD −0.67, 95% CI −0.89 to –0.44 and p<0.001). There was no evidence to prove that APD was associated with a higher incidence of infectious complications. However, the incidence of organ dysfunction between cohort studies and RCTs subgroup slightly differed (cohort studies: OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.28 and p=0.22; RCTs: OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.98 and p=0.04).ConclusionsThe findings suggest that early application of APD in patients with AP is associated with reduced all-cause mortality, expenses during hospitalisation and the length of stay compared with the ‘step-up’ strategy without significantly increasing the risk of infectious complications. These results must be interpreted with caution because of the limited number of included studies as well as a larger dependence on observational trials.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020168537.
Hospitalisation costs of malignant mesothelioma: results from the Italian hospital discharge registry (2001–2018)
Authors: Ferrante Pierpaolo 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesThis paper aims to establish hospitalisation costs of mesothelioma in Italy and to evaluate hospital-related trends associated with the 1992 asbestos ban.DesignThis is a retrospective population-based study of Italian hospitalisations treating pleura, peritoneum and pericardium mesothelioma in the period 2001–2018.SettingsPublic and private Italian hospitals reached by the Ministry of Health (coverage close to 100%).Participants157 221 admissions with primary or contributing diagnosis of pleural, peritoneal or hearth cancer discharged from 2001 to 2018.Primary and secondary outcome measures: number, length and cost of hospitalisations with related percentages.ResultsEach year, Italian hospitals treated a mesothelioma in 6025 admissions on average. Mean annual costs by site were €20 293 733, €3183 632 and €40 443 for pleura, peritoneum and pericardium, respectively. Pericardial mesothelioma showed the highest cost per admission (€6117), followed by peritoneal (€4549) and pleural cases (€3809). Percentage of hospitalisation costs attributable to mesothelioma was higher when it is located in pleura (53.4%) and pericardium (51.8%) with respect to peritoneum (41.2%). Overall annual hospitalisation cost, percentages of number and length of admissions showed an inverted U-shape, with maxima (of €25 850 276, 0.064% and 0.096%, respectively) reached in 2011–2013. Mean age at discharge and percentages of surgery and of urgent cases increased over time.ConclusionsThe highest impact of mesothelioma on the National Health System was recorded 20 years after the asbestos ban (2011–2013). Hospitals should expect soon fewer but more severe patients needing more cares. To study the disease prevalence could help assistance planning of next decade.
Physicians’ perceptions of followership in resuscitation in Japan and the USA: a qualitative study
Authors: Akamine Yoko , Imafuku Rintaro , Saiki Takuya , Lee-Jayaram Jannet , Berg Benjamin W , Suzuki Yasuyuki 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesWhile leadership is accepted as a crucial aspect of a successful resuscitation team, the role of followership has not been sufficiently explored. This study aims to explore physicians’ perceptions of common favourable followership in resuscitation teams in two different countries.DesignA qualitative study with interviews and a reflexive thematic analysis.SettingThe authors individually interviewed critical care and emergency physicians whose clinical experience exceeded 6 years in Japan and the USA.ParticipantsA total of 18 physicians participated in a face-to-face, semistructured and in-depth interviews.ResultsFive themes and nine subthemes related to followership in resuscitation were identified. Under technical skills, two themes (being knowledgeable and skilled) and three subthemes (understanding guidelines/algorithms, clinical course and being competent with procedural skills), were generated. Under non-technical skills, three themes (assuming roles, team communication and flattening hierarchy) and six subthemes (taking roles spontaneously, calm tone of voice, sharing information, closed-loop communication, respectful attitude and speaking up), were generated. Each generated theme involved commonly perceived favourable attributes of followership in resuscitation teams by experienced critical care and emergency physicians in both countries.ConclusionsThis study clarified physicians’ perception of common favourable followership attributes in resuscitation teams, both in Japan and in the USA. The results of this study shed light on followership-focused resuscitation education, where followership skills are generally underestimated.
Assessing community engagement in Nigeria polio eradication initiative: application of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research
Authors: Akinyemi Oluwaseun Oladapo , Adebayo Adedamola , Bassey Christopher , Nwaiwu Chioma , Kalbarczyk Anna , Fatiregun Akinola A , Alonge Olakunle O. , Owoaje Eme 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveThis study employed the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to assess factors that enhanced or impeded the implementation of community engagement strategies using the Nigerian polio programme as a point of reference.DesignThis study was a part of a larger descriptive cross-sectional survey. The CFIR was used to design the instrument which was administered through face-to-face and phone interviews as well as a web-based data collection platform, Qualtrics.SettingThe study took place in at least one State from each of the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria (Nasarawa, Borno, Kano, Sokoto, Anambra, Bayelsa, Lagos, Ondo and Oyo States as well as the Federal Capital Territory).ParticipantsThe respondents included programme managers, policy-makers, researchers and frontline field implementers affiliated with the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (PEI) core partner organisations, the three tiers of the government health parastatals (local, state and federal levels) and academic/research institutions.ResultsData for this study were obtained from 364 respondents who reported participation in community engagement activities in Nigeria’s PEI. Majority (68.4%) had less than 10 years’ experience in PEI, 57.4% were involved at the local government level and 46.9% were team supervisors. Almost half (45.0%) of the participants identified the process of conducting the PEI program and social environment (56.0%) as the most important internal and external contributor to implementing community engagement activities in the community, respectively. The economic environment (35.7%) was the most frequently reported challenge among the external challenges to implementing community engagement activities.ConclusionCommunity engagement strategies were largely affected by the factors relating to the process of conducting the polio programme, the economic environment and the social context. Therefore, community engagement implementers should focus on these key areas and channel resources to reduce obstacles to achieve community engagement goals.
Defining and grouping children’s therapeutic footwear and criteria for their prescription: an international expert Delphi consensus study
Authors: Hill Matthew , Healy Aoife , Chockalingam Nachiappan 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesThis study aimed to achieve an expert consensus on how to define and group footwear interventions for children, with a further focus on the design characteristics and prescription of off-the-shelf stability footwear for children with mobility impairment.SettingA group of multinational professionals, from clinicians to those involved in the footwear industry, were recruited to ensure a spectrum of opinions.ParticipantsThirty panellists were contacted, of which 24 consented to participate and six withdrew before round 1, a further two withdrew after round 1. Sixteen panellists completed the consensus exercise.Primary and secondary outcome measuresA Delphi consensus method was employed with round 1 split into three sections: (1) terms and definitions, (2) specifics of off-the-shelf stability footwear design and (3) criteria for clinical prescription of off-the-shelf stability footwear. The panel was asked to rate their level of agreement with statements and to provide further insights through open-ended questions. The opinions of the experts were analysed to assess consensus set at 75% agreement or to modify or form new statements presented through the subsequent two rounds.ResultsTherapeutic footwear was the agreed term to represent children’s footwear interventions, with grouping and subgrouping of therapeutic footwear being dependent on their intended clinical outcomes (accommodative, corrective or functional). Both the heel counter and topline as well as the stiffness and width of the sole were identified as potentially influencing mediolateral stability in children’s gait. A consensus was achieved in the prescription criteria and outcome measures for off-the-shelf stability therapeutic footwear for cerebral palsy, mobile symptomatic pes planus, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, spina bifida and Down’s syndrome.ConclusionsThrough a structured synthesis of expert opinion, this study has established a standardisation of terminology and groupings along with prescription criteria for the first time. Reported findings have implications for communication between stakeholders, evidence-based clinical intervention and standardised outcome measures to assess effectiveness.