bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of topical tacrolimus 0.03% monotherapy in the treatment of non‐segmental vitiligo: a randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Saleh Ramadan , Ahmed Aml Abd‐Elaziz , M Abd‐Elmagid Wafaa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundTopical tacrolimus is increasingly used nowadays in the treatment of vitiligo.ObjectiveWe evaluated therapeutic outcomes of tacrolimus 0.03% in non‐segmental vitiligo (NSV).Patients and methodsSixty‐three patients with NSV were divided into groups A and B. Group A received 0.03% tacrolimus ointment (n = 31) and group B received 1% hydrocortisone acetate ointment (n = 32) for 24 weeks. Vitiligo area and severity index (VASI) and repigmentation rates were determined at baseline and 4‐week intervals.ResultsIn group A, 24‐week VASI [0.5 (0.3, 1.95)] was significantly lower than baseline VASI [0.75 (0.5, 2.1); p = 0.030]. In group B, 24‐week VASI [0.75 (0.4, 2.3)] was not significantly different from baseline VASI [0.73 (0.4, 2.1); p = 0.111]. Repigmentation was observed in 14/31 (45.2%) of patients in group A versus 0/32 (0.0%) in group B (p < 0.001). Repigmentation was graded as poor in 6/31 (19.4%), fair in 4/31 (12.9%), good in 1/31 (3.2%), and excellent in 3/31 (9.7%).ConclusionRepigmentation was achieved in 45% of patients with NSV following treatment with tacrolimus 0.03% monotherapy for 24 weeks. Tacrolimus‐induced repigmentation is more likely in patients with vitiligo vulgaris, head and neck lesions, skin phototype III, and young age.
National surveillance of oral medication prescription for children with dystonic cerebral palsy
Authors: Harvey Adrienne , Bear Natasha , Rice James , Antolovich Giuliana , Waugh Mary‐Clare 
Published: March 2021

AimOral medications are often first‐line medical management for children with cerebral palsy who have generalised dystonia; however, evidence for their effectiveness is limited and dosing practices are inconsistent. As a first step to improve consistency, this study aimed to examine current clinical practice of expert doctors for prescribing medications for children with dystonic cerebral palsy including prescribing patterns and combinations of medications used.MethodsThis was a prospective surveillance study of medical doctors working in major Australian centres who manage children with cerebral palsy. Each week over a continuous 6‐month period, doctors completed a custom developed online survey for children seen that week with dystonic cerebral palsy for whom they prescribed a new medication to treat dystonia.ResultsTwenty‐five doctors consented to participate, 16 of whom prescribed new medications for dystonia in children with cerebral palsy over the study period. There were 77 children who were prescribed new medications. Baclofen and gabapentin were prescribed most, followed by levodopa, trihexyphenidyl and diazepam. The most common combinations of medications were baclofen and diazepam or baclofen and gabapentin. Dosage regimens were variable, particularly for trihexyphenidyl and diazepam.ConclusionInconsistencies in dosing regimens remain for oral medication prescription by Australian doctors when managing dystonia in cerebral palsy. Future studies using the consensus of expert clinicians will be conducted to develop guidelines in an area where the evidence for individual medications is extremely limited.
Painless, inexpensive and non‐permanent tattoo sticker for the eyebrow alopecia in children
Authors: García Castro Rubén , Domínguez Santás Miguel , Luna Bastante Loreto , Lobato Izagirre Ane , Krasnovska Zayets Khrystyna , Feito‐Rodríguez Marta 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChildren who suffer from scarring alopecia, especially in areas such as the eyebrows which are an important part in facial mimicry, are at risk of social stigmatization. Inexpensive, painless and non‐permanent options are available for online purchase, which can be useful in such infants and children. Dermatologists should be aware of the availability of these product and could offer advice in this regard.
Three‐dimensional submerged wall jets and their transition to density flows: Morphodynamics and implications for the depositional record
Authors: Lang Jörg , Fedele Juan J. , Hoyal David C. J. D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractJets that expand from an orifice into an ambient water body represent a basic flow model for depositional environments related to expanding flows. Momentum‐dominated jets evolve into gravity‐dominated density flows. To understand this transition and its sedimentological relevance, three‐dimensional tank experiments with submerged wall jets were conducted, systematically varying parameters such as the initial density difference, bed slope, grain size and sediment supply. Bedform successions could be subdivided into those related to the jet and those related to the density flow. Jet deposits included early‐stage bedforms, scours and mouth bars. Early‐stage bedforms are asymmetrical dunes that spread concentrically from the orifice. Sediment entrainment by eddies from the expanding jets led to the formation of scours and mouth bars. Flows with lesser initial density difference produced more elongate scours. Conversely, scours became deeper for denser incoming flows. Coarser‐grained sediment caused the formation of higher and steeper mouth bars and vice versa. The transition from momentum‐dominated jets to gravity‐dominated density flows occurred approximately at the mouth‐bar crest. Hydraulic jumps were absent in the expanding jet regions and at the transitions to density flows. Instead, complex flow patterns and circulations were inferred from the velocity measurements within the scour and at the mouth‐bar crests. Bedform trains related to the density flow were controlled by the grain size and sediment supply. Coarse‐grained sediment and high supply rates caused strong mouth‐bar aggradation and flow splitting, leading to the formation of bedform trains laterally adjacent to the mouth bar. Fine‐grained sediment and low supply rates caused the formation of bedform trains downflow of the mouth bar. The symmetrical bedforms deposited by the density flows always displayed an in‐phase relationship with the flow, indicating that they were antidunes. The experimental jet deposits resemble successions known from subaqueous ice‐contact fans and deep water channel‐lobe transition zones.
A case report of tigecycline induced acute pancreatitis in a renal transplant patient and review of the literature: Should we avoid tigecycline in patients on calcineurin inhibitors?
Authors: Yazirli Bercemhan , Kara Emre , Inkaya Ahmet Cagkan , Maden Sarpcan , Ozberk Ugur , Yildirim Tolga , Parlak Erkan , Uzun Omrum , Yilmaz Seref Rahmi , Arici Mustafa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTigecycline has been approved by the US (United States) Food and Drug Administration in a variety of complicated infections due to its broad‐spectrum antibiotic activity. Following phase III trials, the product label was revised and acute pancreatitis was listed as an adverse effect. Its safety profile in special groups such as renal transplant patients is not exactly known. We report the first case of unintentional rechallenge of tigecycline induced pancreatitis in a renal transplant patient. Ten days following the renal transplantation, a 35‐year‐old patient presented to the clinic with acute rejection. He received anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG) and pulse steroid treatments for rejection. Following the treatment, he developed perianal cellulitis and tigecycline was started. Nine days following initiation of tigecycline he received thrombectomy for his incidental cardiac thrombus. One day after thrombectomy, he developed acute pancreatitis (AP). Thrombectomy was suspected to be the cause of AP. During hospitalization for transplant rejection, tigecycline was re‐started for a newly developed complicated abdominal infection. On the third day of the tigecycline re‐treatment, he developed a second episode of AP. Following tigecycline withdrawal, his symptoms resolved and serum pancreatic enzymes returned to normal, thus AP was ultimately attributed to tigecycline. This lethal side effect should be kept in mind while treating severe infections in renal transplant recipients.
Expression and processing of polycistronic artificial microRNAs and trans‐acting siRNAs from transiently introduced transgenes in Solanum lycopersicum and Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Lunardon Alice , Kariuki Samwel Muiruri , Axtell Michael J. 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYTargeted gene silencing using small regulatory RNAs is a widely used technique for genetic studies in plants. Artificial microRNAs are one common approach, as they have the advantage of producing just a single functional small RNA, which can be designed for high target specificity and low off‐target effects. Simultaneous silencing of multiple targets with artificial microRNAs can be achieved by producing polycistronic microRNA precursors. Alternatively, specialized trans‐acting short interfering RNA (tasiRNA) precursors can be designed to produce several specific tasiRNAs at once. Here we tested several artificial microRNA‐ and tasiRNA‐based methods for multiplexed gene silencing in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Nicotiana benthamiana. All analyses used transiently expressed transgenes delivered by infiltration of leaves with Agrobacterium tumefacians. Small RNA sequencing analyses revealed that many previously described approaches resulted in poor small RNA processing. The 5′‐most microRNA precursor hairpins on polycistronic artificial microRNA precursors were generally processed more accurately than precursors at the 3′‐end. Polycistronic artificial microRNAs where the hairpin precursors were separated by transfer RNAs had the best processing precision. Strikingly, artificial tasiRNA precursors failed to be processed in the expected phased manner in our system. These results highlight the need for further development of multiplexed artificial microRNA and tasiRNA strategies. The importance of small RNA sequencing, as opposed to single‐target assays such as RNA blots or real‐time polymerase chain reaction, is also discussed.
Action of Deep Beams Under Combined Vertical, Lateral, and Torsional Loads
Authors: Dohrenwend C. O. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper is devoted to a discussion of the behavior of beams when the primary vertical load acts at the same time as the secondary lateral and torsional loads. Beam loading of this type occurs in the case of shop traveling cranes, measurements indicating that the lateral and torsional loads are much smaller than the primary vertical load. The author considers the problem of the “deep beam” in which the moment of inertia of the cross section about the horizontal axis is much greater than about the vertical axis. The solution is achieved by determining the equation of twist in the beam and the moment or load where small increases of their values cause large increases in the values of angle of twist.
A New Lateral Extensometer
Authors: de Forest A. V. , Anderson A. R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper is described a new lateral-strain gage which utilizes the principle of change of electrical resistance in wires with strain. An application of the instrument to the field of photoelasticity is given in which the problem of determining the individual principal stresses in a model can be solved directly when the information given by the isochromatic pattern is combined with the sum of the principal stresses at the points in question, as determined by the new gage.
Model Tests of Two Types of Vibration Dampers
Authors: Meyer C. A. , Saldin H. B. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the construction and tests of two types of vibration dampers, selected from a number of original proposals, designed to damp out the vibration in steam-turbine impulse blades. These dampers were tested using models constructed of such size and physical dimensions as to simulate the conditions of operation in the actual turbine blade. Test results show that if a properly designed damper is attached to a freely vibrating system having 26 times the mass of the damper, it will reduce an initial deflection of the vibrating system to 4 per cent of its value in 10 cycles.
Distribution of Stress in Built-In Beams of Narrow Rectangular Cross Section
Authors: Hildebrand F. B. , Reissner Eric 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the problem of the distribution of stress in cantilever beams of narrow rectangular flanged cross section with one end of the beam rigidly built-in. Since an exact solution of this plane-stress problem appears difficult to obtain, an approximate solution is derived by applying the principle of least work. Instead of the linear normal stress distribution of the elementary beam theory, a third-degree polynomial is assumed, and the spanwise variation of this stress curve is determined by means of the calculus of variations. Numerical results are obtained with regard to the stresses at the built-in end of the beam, in their dependence upon (a) the span-height ratio of the beam, (b) the flange area-web area ratio of the beam, (c) Poisson’s ratio of the material, and (d) the distribution of load along the span. It is found that the deviations from the results of the elementary theory may be appreciable when the distance of the center of gravity of the load curve from the built-in end of the beam is less than twice the height of the cross section of the beam.
Experimental Determination of the Isostatic Lines
Authors: Durelli Augusto J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper a direct method for obtaining the isostatics or stress trajectories is described. These lines indicate the directions of the principal stresses. The procedure used by the author can be applied almost without regard to the geometrical form of the object under stress. It also possesses the advantage in that the test is nondestructive and that in most cases it will yield values of the stress magnitudes within 10 or 15 per cent of the correct values. The technique consists in covering the surface of the body with a thin coat of lacquer which becomes brittle upon hardening. If the object being tested is painted under zero load and then stressed after the coating has hardened, the layer of lacquer will crack along lines perpendicular to the maximum tensile strain. The companion set of trajectories at right angles can usually be formed through relaxation. As an aid in photoelasticity this procedure has great possibilities as it eliminates the necessity for determining the isoclinic lines which are difficult to obtain.
On Cutting and Hobbing Gears and Worms
Authors: Dudley D. W. , Poritsky H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Two problems are treated in this paper, i.e., (1) given the shape of the milling cutter tooth or of the hob tooth, to find out what is the resulting shape of the worm or gear surface; (2) given the desired shape of a worm or gear tooth, what shape of the milling or hobbing tooth will produce it. These problems are fundamental to all cutter and hob design. Except for special cases, the solution of these problems obtained in the following treatise is believed to be new. The general equations which enable one to determine exactly the relation between the shape of the cutting tool and the shape of tooth produced are obtained in the present paper by going back to the fundamentals of the motion of a milling cutter or a hob and the motion of the worm, or gear part being cut. With these equations available it is possible to design precision tools for any worm or gear-cutting job, thus eliminating guesswork in the design, and possible delays, such as are involved in “cut-and-try” shop methods.
The Strength of Cylindrical Dies
Authors: Sachs G. , Lubahn J. D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Internal-pressure tests on hot-rolled- and cold-rolled-steel cylinders yield pressure-expansion curves of the same shape as those determined mathematically. The value of the flow stress can be determined by finding the theoretical pressure-expansion curve which most nearly fits the data. Values of flow stress determined in this way agree closely with the yield strength found from a tensile test. Die-steel cylinders, heat-treated to hardnesses up to 62 Rockwell C, exhibit plastic flow before failure, and the stress-strain curve permits the calculation of the flow stress by this method. The flow stress increases with the hardness, reaching a value as high as 440,000 psi for a Rockwell C hardness of 62. It can be shown mathematically that a partly plastic cylinder may fail due to a circumferential stress which is well below the flow stress. Values of fracture stress determined from cylinder tests bear out the foregoing conclusion, although the fracture stress is slightly higher than that determined by tensile tests.
The Appropriate Lumped Constants of Vibrating Shaft Systems
Authors: Horvay G. , Ormondroyd J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The present paper is a theoretical supplement to the descriptive article, “Static and Dynamic Spring Constants.” It is concerned with the derivation of the constants (1a) K i = k i + 1 6 m i ω 2 = k i ( 1 + 1 6 ϵ i 2 ) ( ϵ i 2 = ω 2 m i / k i ) (1b) M i = μ i + 1 2 ( m left + m right ) of the appropriately lumped shaft system (Section 1), and with an estimate of the range of the new method (Sections 2, 3, 4). Term ki denotes the distributed static spring constant, mi the total mass of the ith (uniform) shaft section of the system; μi is the ith concentrated mass, ω the frequency of vibration.
Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England
Authors: Davies Nicholas G. , Abbott Sam , Barnard Rosanna C. , Jarvis Christopher I. , Kucharski Adam J. , Munday James D. , Pearson Carl A. B. , Russell Timothy W. , Tully Damien C. , Washburne Alex D. , Wenseleers Tom , Gimma Amy , Waites William , Wong Kerry L. M. , van Zandvoort Kevin , Silverman Justin D. ,   CMMID COVID-19 Working Group,   COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium, Diaz-Ordaz Karla , Keogh Ruth , Eggo Rosalind M. , Funk Sebastian , Jit Mark , Atkins Katherine E. , Edmunds W. John 
Published: March 2021

UK variant transmissionSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the capacity to generate variants with major genomic changes. The UK variant B.1.1.7 (also known as VOC 202012/01) has many mutations that alter virus attachment and entry into human cells. Using a variety of statistical and dynamic modeling approaches, Davieset al.characterized the spread of the B.1.1.7 variant in the United Kingdom. The authors found that the variant is 43 to 90% more transmissible than the predecessor lineage but saw no clear evidence for a change in disease severity, although enhanced transmission will lead to higher incidence and more hospital admissions. Large resurgences of the virus are likely to occur after the easing of control measures, and it may be necessary to greatly accelerate vaccine roll-out to control the epidemic.Science, this issue p.eabg3055
Usability of electronic health record systems in UK EDs
Authors: Bloom Benjamin Michael , Pott Jason , Thomas Stephen , Gaunt David Ramon , Hughes Thomas C 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundThe large volume of patients, rapid staff turnover and high work pressure mean that the usability of all systems within the ED is important. The transition to electronic health records (EHRs) has brought many benefits to emergency care but imposes a significant burden on staff to enter data. Poor usability has a direct consequence and opportunity cost in staff time and resources that could otherwise be employed in patient care. This research measures the usability of EHR systems in UK EDs using a validated assessment tool.MethodsThis was a survey completed by members and fellows of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine conducted during summer 2019. The primary outcome was the System Usability Scale Score, which ranges from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). Scores were compared with an internationally recognised measure of acceptable usability of 68. Results were analysed by EHR system, country, healthcare organisation and physician grade. Only EHR systems with at least 20 responses were analysed.ResultsThere were 1663 responses from a total population of 8794 (19%) representing 192 healthcare organisations (mainly UK NHS), and 25 EHR systems. Fifteen EHR systems had at least 20 responses and were included in the analysis. No EHR system achieved a median usability score that met the industry standard of acceptable usability.The median usability score was 53 (IQR 35–68). Individual EHR systems’ scores ranged from 35 (IQR 26–53) to 65 (IQR 44–80).ConclusionIn this survey, no UK ED EHR system met the internationally validated standard of acceptable usability for information technology.
Predicting Software Defects for Object-Oriented Software Using Search-based Techniques
Authors: Malhotra Ruchika , Jain Juhi 
Published: March 2021

Development without any defect is unsubstantial. Timely detection of software defects favors the proper resource utilization saving time, effort and money. With the increasing size and complexity of software, demand for accurate and efficient prediction models is increasing. Recently, search-based techniques (SBTs) have fascinated many researchers for Software Defect Prediction (SDP). The goal of this study is to conduct an empirical evaluation to assess the applicability of SBTs for predicting software defects in object-oriented (OO) softwares. In this study, 16 SBTs are exploited to build defect prediction models for 13 OO software projects. Stable performance measures — GMean, Balance and Receiver Operating Characteristic-Area Under Curve (ROC-AUC) are employed to probe into the predictive capability of developed models, taking into consideration the imbalanced nature of software datasets. Proper measures are taken to handle the stochastic behavior of SBTs. The significance of results is statistically validated using the Friedman test complied with Wilcoxon post hoc analysis. The results confirm that software defects can be detected in the early phases of software development with help of SBTs. This paper identifies the effective subset of SBTs that will aid software practitioners to timely detect the probable software defects, therefore, saving resources and bringing up good quality softwares. Eight SBTs — sUpervised Classification System (UCS), Bioinformatics-oriented hierarchical evolutionary learning (BIOHEL), CHC, Genetic Algorithm-based Classifier System with Adaptive Discretization Intervals (GA_ADI), Genetic Algorithm-based Classifier System with Intervalar Rule (GA_INT), Memetic Pittsburgh Learning Classifier System (MPLCS), Population-Based Incremental Learning (PBIL) and Steady-State Genetic Algorithm for Instance Selection (SGA) are found to be statistically good defect predictors.