bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combining transcranial brain stimulation and PET/SPECT molecular imaging
Authors: Cho Sang Soo , Strafella Antonio P. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Transcranial brain stimulation (TMS) was introduced in 1985 by Barker and his colleagues. Since then, further improvements in technology have allowed additional applications and new stimulation protocols. In the last decade, while the use of TMS has expanded enormously in basic science as well as in the clinical scenario, the underlying neurophysiological or neurochemical mechanisms are still not fully understood. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) are neuroimaging modalities utilized to investigate brain functions. In spite of their lower spatial and time resolution compared with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG), PET/SPECT have helped to elucidate some of the neurochemical mechanisms and neural plastic changes associated with TMS. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of these techniques, describing methodological details and application of TMS-PET/SPECT imaging in basic and clinical studies.
Law as Technique
Authors: Michaels Ralf , Riles Annelise 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter challenges anthropologists’ long-standing antipathy to the study of legal technique. It highlights Max Weber and Karl Llewellyn’s early interest in legal experts and legal knowledge as objects of sociological study, but suggests that the impetus to produce an external critique of law or context for law has hindered subsequent generations of anthropologists and sociolegal scholars from engaging legal technique as an object of ethnographic inquiry. In response, this chapter argues for greater ethnographic attention to the aspect of legal knowledge that most captivates lawyers: the means. The chapter highlights a growing body of sociolegal scholarship that engages with legal technique by drawing variously on systems theory and science and technology studies (STS) to illuminate the recursivity of legal expertise, the materiality of legal knowledge, and the agency of legal technique. Ultimately, this chapter argues that anthropologists’ long-standing attention to the constraints of form inherent in exchange can serve as a productive starting point both for anthropological theory and methods to elucidate the workings of legal knowledge, and for ethnography of legal technique to serve as a source of theoretical innovation.
Athletic Images and the Monumentalization of Victory
Authors: Raschke Wendy J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The monuments created by the Greeks to celebrate victories were of many kinds, as were the victories celebrated. The focus of the present discussion is monuments associated with success in the major athletic games; these were usually in the form of free-standing statues erected in the sanctuary where the games took place. Some fundamental questions are addressed, not least, what the idea of a monument signified to the Greeks? Who qualified for this extraordinary honour? What form did it typically take and how much did it cost to create? Were the statues erected merely a reward? Or did they also have political value which affected the choice of location? In ancient Greece, as now, athletic monuments stood as markers of glory achieved, but also as statements to the viewer.
Sparta’s Contributions to Greek Sport
Authors: Cartledge Paul 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Spartan public education was notably physical in focus, and internalized Spartan core values. Athletic nudity and anointing athletes with oil may have arisen from the culture of olive-oil-rich Sparta. Spartan athletic fervour possibly prompted Tyrtaeus’ critique of athletics. Sparta was an early and avid supporter of the Olympics (see the Lycurgus legend) and its citizens accrued forty-five of the known Olympic victories in the first two centuries of the festival, followed by a precipitous drop-off of athletic victors for a couple centuries thereafter. In equestrian events, they garnered seventeen or eighteen victories from 548 to about 368, capped by the first Olympic victory by a woman, Cynisca, in 396. Olympia was the Spartan venue of choice: there are oddly no known Spartan victors at the other major Panhellenic festivals. The site of their most avid participation was Lacedaemon itself, evidenced primarily by the ‘stele of Damonon’ (c.400– c.375), recording numerous victories at nine local festivals. A Leonidaea commemorating Leonidas was instituted from the third century bce to the second century ce. Physical education for Spartan girls is alluded to by Xenophon and Aristophanes, and evidenced by bronze figurines of the sixth century bce.
Origins of the Olympics to the Sixth Century bce
Authors: Sinn Ulrich 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The tumulus at Olympia, later a cult site of Pelops, dates to the mid-third millennium bce, but cult activity and the altar of Zeus are evidenced only from the late eleventh century. Votive tripod ornamentation from the tenth to the eighth century reflects myth and warfare, not athletics. Weapons and armour from all over Greece were dedicated in abundance in the late eighth to early seventh centuries. The sacred precinct was extended and the stadium built at about 700 bce. The tumulus became a Pelops Heroön about 600 bce. Texts like Pindar O.10 that portray Pelops as the Olympics founder reflect the biased view of the Eleans. The site was much earlier a sanctuary for Zeus and other deities to promote agriculture and cattle, then prominent at the site of the oracle of Zeus Olympios, and finally as the festival site. The oracle functioned importantly in matters of warfare and colonization, especially in the Greek west.
Patterns of Politics in Ancient Greek Athletics
Authors: Valavanis Panos 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGreek athletics were of high political significance in view of their place in religion and communal festivals. This is reviewed in terms of votive offerings; the status of a group, a ruler, or an individual within a community; interstate rivalries, colonization and state formation; elite status, kudos, and political capital, especially in chariot-racing. The examples of Cleisthenes of Sikyon and the Alcmaeonids of Athens, among others, are discussed. The rivalry of Athens and Sparta in athletics and chariot events is also examined, e.g. the cases of the Spartans Lichas, Cynisca, and Agesilaus, and the Athenian Alcibiades. The participation of ‘peripheral’ Greek cities (Italy, Sicily, Cyrene) in Panhellenic games bolstered their Greek identity and served their rulers too. Macedonian rulers, e.g. Alexander I, Philip II and Alexander the Great, notably took part in Greek games for the fifth century on, and so asserted their Greek identity and their domain. The Panathenaic Games served political aims not only for Athenian elite, but also for Ptolemies and Macedonians.
Roman Games and Spectacle
Authors: Potter David 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As the Roman world became increasingly influenced by the spread of Christianity, contemporary social and political practices both shaped and were shaped by the new religion. For Christians the realm of public spectacle was marked by ambiguities, as religious authority figures strove to reconcile these cultural expressions, their origins embedded in commemorations of the pagan state, with their own evolving notions of what it was to be Christian. As Christian emperors co-opted the consolidated circus organization and the racing factions that spread from it, late antique public spectacles became a key venue for the formation of Christian identity.
Economic Aspects of Athletic Competition in the Archaic and Classical Age
Authors: D'Amore Lucia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
An economic study of the Panhellenic contests in the archaic and classical periods requires an analysis of the relationship between economics, politics, and society of the Greek cities from a diachronic perspective. The competitive spirit formed an integral part of Greek life and culture and reflected the different social classes across various ages. The Homeric athletic contest is reserved for heroes and the aristocracy. In the eighth century the agōn is still dominated by a warrior aristocracy and landed classes, although members of the lower class were not restricted from participation. Subsequently with the birth of the polis, and through the development of crafts and trade, there emerged new social classes that undermined the archaic aristocratic values and introduced wealth based on coinage. The establishment of cash prizes offered to Panhellenic victors corresponded to the new conception of the timocratic polis. In the fifth century the emergence of Athenian democracy offered new possibilities to citizens with the opening of gymnasia and the establishment of liturgies.
Circuses and Hippodromes
Authors: Holliday Peter J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The circus was the grandest of all sites in antiquity for public spectacles. Focusing on the development of its form reveals its origins in Greek hippodromes and Etruscan arenas for equestrian competitions. It was essentially a long, narrow racetrack designed primarily for chariot-races, but could accommodate all manner of other spectacles, including foot-races, boxing, and wrestling; because of its size and sightlines, the circus was also the most frequent location for venationes, but eventually less commonly for munera and theatrical entertainments. Following Greek and Etruscan custom, leading Roman citizens had once raced their own horses in the circus, but the practice was abandoned and the elite instead competed for esteem by sponsoring races. With its immense and diverse audiences, the circus came to serve specifically Roman religious and political purposes, and played an unrivalled role in the public life of ancient Rome.
Ludi and Factiones as Organizations of Performers
Authors: Tuck Steven L. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Major performers in Roman spectacle entertainments (animal hunters, gladiators, and charioteers) were not independent contractors but members of organizations with far-reaching influence in social, political, and economic activities. Indeed, these empire-wide organizations shaped distinctive identities for performers and fans alike. Analysis of these affiliations’ personnel reveals that the hunters, venatores, had regional collectives that not only recruited, trained, and provided performers but also engaged in lucrative trade of commodities from Roman Africa. The gladiatorial ludi and familiae similarly prepared combat specialists for local, provincial, and imperial munera. The four circus factions, largest and most complex, maintained thousands of employees in an empire-wide presence, acquiring and training racehorses and charioteers for the stabulae factionum in major Roman cities. This efficiency and well-established structure enabled them to take charge after third-century changes made the factions responsible for providing the performers for all spectacular entertainments across the late Roman empire.
Animal Supply
Authors: MacKinnon Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Animals of all types, be these domestic or wild, native or exotic, were routinely required for spectacles and events in the Graeco-Roman world, most notably, perhaps, in the context of the amphitheatre games of Roman antiquity. Behind such events, however, lay networks involved in the capture, transport, and supply of these animals. The integration of ancient textual, iconographical, and archaeological (including zooarchaeological) evidence provides the requisite data to investigate these aspects. Available ancient textual and artistic evidence suggest that soldiers and professional hunters, assisted by civilians and natives as required or demanded, undertook many of these tasks. Guilds or professional organizations of wild beast hunters and merchants provided further administrative, technical, financial, and transport assistance. Equipment involved in capturing the animals varied depending upon factors such as the size, age, or ferocity of the animal, but included a range of nets, cages, and traps, among other methods. Extrapolation from more modern practices, however, suggests that baiting and ambushing, arguably somewhat less noble or brave tactics, likely characterized much of exotic animal capture in antiquity. Treatment for many of these animals, in transit to their final destination, was probably poor; large numbers certainly perished during transport or while in captivity. Available zooarchaeological evidence helps locate exotic animal bones across different contexts in the ancient Graeco-Roman world, including beasts presumably involved in amphitheatre games, but also provides tempering evidence to downplay the magnitude of numbers actually supplied to such events, as is attested in ancient textual and iconographical data.
Curse Tablets
Authors: Hollmann Alexander 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Greco-Roman antiquity the intense competition (agōn) between opponents in the sporting arena was echoed by an equally fierce competition of magical materials inside and outside the venue. Curse tablets (Gr. katadesmoi, L. defixiones), phylacteries, protective magical texts worn on or near the person, and other magical materials, symbols, and rituals all competed with each other to advance or retard the performance of the competitors in the event. Extant tablets come from the early imperial period to the 6th century ce, but their use in the classical and Hellenistic periods is likely. The extant sport-related tablets contain curses relating to wrestling and running, beast-hunting in the arena (venatio), and chariot-racing in the circus, with tablets relating to the latter predominating. As chariot-racing in the empire became an increasingly high-stakes event and connected with competition among the factions, their supporters, and the ruling elite, the practice of magic to influence outcomes of the races is increasingly mentioned in sources of the period as a source of concern.
Uterus transplantation: ethical considerations
Authors: da Graca Briget , Johannesson Liza , Testa Giuliano , Wall Anji 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
Uterus transplantation (Utx) offers women with absolute uterine factor infertility the opportunity to carry their own pregnancies. As Utx transitions from an experimental to standard clinical procedure, we review the status of the ethical issues applicable to the stakeholders involved.

Recent findings
With more than 65 Utx procedures reported to date, evidence is accruing that enables the chance of success – a live birth – for the recipient to be weighed against the risks the recipient incurs through the Utx process, as well as risks to living donors undergoing surgery, to children exposed in utero to immunosuppressants and the uterine graft environment, and to third parties related to uterus procurement from multiorgan deceased donors. Experience has also informed aspects of recipient and donor autonomy that must be safeguarded.

Summary
Clinical trial results provides a basis for weighing the interests of the stakeholders implicated in Utx, and so can inform transplant centers’ and regulatory bodies’ development of policies and protocols that will determine access to Utx and allocation of organs, together with other considerations of justice. Additional evidence, particularly on long-term outcomes, is needed, and new questions can be expected to arise as access to and indications for Utx broaden.
Meta-analysis of Virtual Reality Based on Delaying Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Chao Guanqun , Chen Liying 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
To further clarify the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) in improving cognitive function of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) through meta-analysis, we searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE, and Cochrane centers for controlled trials of VR in patients with MCI. All analyses were performed using RevMan (Version 5.3; Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, United Kingdom). The selected data were extracted as 2 × 2 table. All included studies were weighted and aggregated. According to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria, five articles were selected for meta-analysis. There was no bias or heterogeneity in the results. We found that the diamond is on the right side of the vertical line and does not intersect with the vertical line. We determined the following values: odds ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.31–2.37; z = 2.55; p = 0.01. VR can effectively improve the cognitive function of MCI patients and delay cognitive impairment, which can be further developed as a treatment to delay the development of MCI.
Systematic Review of Medpor Versus Autologous Ear Reconstruction
Authors: Ma Yangmyung , Lloyd Mark Sheldon 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Ear reconstruction is 1 of the most technically challenging sub-specialties of craniofacial and reconstructive plastic surgery. The reconstructive ear must not only fulfil the requirement of being aesthetically pleasing but must also have good vascularity with a low complication rate. Several ear reconstructive techniques have been developed such as the autologous ear reconstruction technique using costal cartilage and ear reconstruction with high-density porous polyethylene or Medpor (Porex Surgical, Inc, College Park, GA). Autologous ear reconstructive techniques have advantages of durability and low infection rates however are associated with poorer aesthetic outcomes such as poor projection of the ear. Medpor has advantages of a more consistent three-dimensional definition without the need to harvest costochondral cartilage and create a donor site. However, due to its alloplastic material properties, Medpor has historically been reported as having a higher rate of extrusion and infection. This is the first systematic review to compare the outcomes of both techniques. The 6 studies that were reviewed were analyzed against 3 evaluative criteria: aesthetic outcome, complication rate, and convenience of intervention. This is so a comprehensive, evidence-based decision can be made by the surgeon and patient when ear reconstruction is required. The results showed heterogeneity in data and a lack of detailed descriptions of the assessment for aesthetic outcomes and convenience, hence were inconclusive. The results however showed that there were more complications with Medpor framework with 15% of total cases resulting in either extrusion or infection compared to 2% of autologous ear reconstruction framework.
Reconstruction of Nose and Adjacent Facial Units With Chimeric Flap Combined of Auricular Free Flap and Radial Forearm Free Flap
Authors: Piotrowska-Seweryn Agnieszka , Opyrchal Jakub , Krakowczyk Lukasz 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Composite full-thickness nasal defects that include adjacent facial units still remain a challenge for reconstructive surgeons. The commonly used auricular free flap (AFF) might not be sufficient for full coverage of a defect, and radial forearm free flap (RFFF) lacks the rigid component for nasal framework. Therefore, the authors present a chimeric flap combined of both AFF and RFFF for the reconstruction of extended nasal defects. Auricular free flap enables the restoration of the exact contour of nose, and it preserves similar texture and color of the skin. Moreover, its harvesting results in minimal deformity of donor site. Radial forearm free flap gives the possibility of covering extensive defects of the facial units thanks to its elasticity and long vascular pedicle. The combination of both flaps seems to be an optimal solution for the reconstruction of extended nasal defects, giving satisfactory aesthetic results. Also, it might not require any further corrections, remaining a one-stage procedure.
Osteoplasty of Medial Temporomandibular Joint Wall. A New Strategy for Treating Disc Displacement
Authors: Martín Irene García , Cariati Paolo , Rico Angel Martínez-Sauquillo , Medina Blas García 
Published: October 2021

Introduction:
Numerous factors have been indicated as possible causes of alterations in the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The main aim of the present study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of arthroscopic osteoplasty of the medial TMJ wall associated with myotomy of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle for treating TMJ internal derangement.

Material and Methods:
A retrospective and comparative study was performed analyzing patients diagnosed with TMJ internal derangement and underwent TMJ arthroscopic surgery in our Hospital. These patients presented signs and symptoms of TMJ internal derangement along with pathological magnetic resonance imaging images, and underwent either arthroscopic osteoplasty of the medial TMJ and myotomy of lateral pterygoid muscle (group 1) or arthroscopic eminoplasty (group 2) in our center.

Results:
The sample consisted of 109 patients (21 male, 88 females) who agreed to voluntarily participate in our study. The results revealed that the patients who had undergone arthroscopic osteoplasty of the medial TMJ and myotomy of lateral pterygoid muscle showed better outcomes in terms of pain reduction when compared with patients who had undergone arthroscopic eminoplasty. No statistically significant differences were found between the 2 groups in terms of postoperative mouth opening.

Conclusions:
Arthroscopic osteoplasty of the medial and anterior medial wall of TMJ associated with arthroscopic myotomy of the SLEM represent an effective treatment option for TMJ internal derangement even in advanced stages (Wilkes IV and V)
Long-Term Stability of Alveolar Bone Graft in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Jahanbin Arezoo , Kamyabnezhad Elaheh , Raisolsadat Mohammad Ali , Farzanegan Fahimeh , Bardideh Erfan 
Published: October 2021

Objective:
Alveolar bone grafts are the golden standard in treating patients with oral cleft and hence, the long-term success of this treatment is the subject of many studies. The aim of this study was to systematically review literature that examined the long-term stability of alveolar bone grafting in patients with cleft lip and palate.

Methods:
In this study, data was collected via a comprehensive search of random and nonrandom studies evaluating the success of bone grafts in patients with cleft lip and palate in ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, Medline, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from the beginning until July 3, 2020. Also, a search was conducted for ongoing studies in the trial registry and a hand search of related gray literature and references of the relevant studies. The relevant data of the included studies were extracted using predefined extraction forms. Meta-analysis was performed using inverse-variance for calculating the pooled outcome of outcome measures. The pooled mean success rate of alveolar bone graft and mean difference of cleft volume after 1 year was presented as the outcome of the analysis.

Results:
Eight studies (1 randomized clinical trial study and 7 controlled prospective studies) were included in this meta-analysis. The results of the analyses showed that the total percentage of secondary alveolar success in the follow-up period of at least 1 year according to the Bergland index was 76.52% (pooled success = 76.52%, 44.92–98.10). Also, bone defect in the cleft area reduced significantly after bone grafting (MD = 0.62 cm3, 0.48–0.75, P < 0.00001). The total percentage of bone filling after 1 year and according to CBCT (cone beam computed tomography) was about 63.38%, and the rate of definite natural eruption of canine within the graft was 80.89%.

Conclusions:
The total success rate of secondary alveolar bone grafting in the follow-up period of at least 1 year was clinically significant and alveolar bone grafting significantly reduced bone defect volume. Also, there was no difference in the amount of bone remaining after 1 year in patients whose canine had erupted through the grafted bone and in those whose canine had not erupted.