bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of internal limiting membrane peeling on postoperative visual acuity in macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
Authors: Obata Shumpei , Kakinoki Masashi , Sawada Osamu , Saishin Yoshitsugu , Ichiyama Yusuke , Ohji Masahito ,   on behalf of the Japan Retina Vitreous Society Registry Committee
Published: August 2021

Purpose
To investigate the effects of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling on visual acuity (VA) after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery.

Methods
This retrospective analysis examined the medical records of patients with RRD who underwent vitrectomy at 26 institutions. To detect prognostic factors of VA at 6 months postoperatively (post-VA), multivariate linear regression was performed with post-VA as the objective variable; ILM peeling, sex, age, preoperative VA (pre-VA), intraocular pressure, axial length, duration of RRD, and cataract surgery served as explanatory variables. Recurrence of RRD and epiretinal membrane formation within 6 months postoperatively were compared between groups of patients with and without ILM peeling, among patients with macula-on and macula-off RRD.

Results
The inclusion criteria were met by 523 eyes with a macula-on RRD and 364 eyes with a macula-off RRD. ILM peeling was performed in 85 eyes with a macula-on RRD and 57 eyes with a macula-off RRD. In eyes with a macula-on RRD, ILM peeling did not affect post-VA (p = 0.72). Vitrectomy without cataract surgery and poor pre-VA were significantly associated with poor post-VA (p = 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). In eyes with a macula-off RRD, ILM peeling, long duration of RRD, and poor pre-VA were significantly associated with poor post-VA (p = 0.037, p = 0.007, and p < 0.001, respectively). Recurrence of RRD and epiretinal membrane formation were similar between groups of patients with and without ILM peeling, among patients with macula-on and macula-off RRD. Retina sensitivity was not evaluated by microperimetry.

Conclusion
ILM peeling did not affect post-VA in eyes with a macula-on RRD, whereas post-VA was worse in eyes with ILM peeling than in eyes without peeling, among eyes with a macula-off RRD.
Optimal distribution-preserving downsampling of large biomedical data sets (opdisDownsampling)
Authors: Lötsch Jörn , Malkusch Sebastian , Ultsch Alfred 
Published: August 2021

MotivationThe size of today’s biomedical data sets pushes computer equipment to its limits, even for seemingly standard analysis tasks such as data projection or clustering. Reducing large biomedical data by downsampling is therefore a common early step in data processing, often performed as random uniform class-proportional downsampling. In this report, we hypothesized that this can be optimized to obtain samples that better reflect the entire data set than those obtained using the current standard method.ResultsBy repeating the random sampling and comparing the distribution of the drawn sample with the distribution of the original data, it was possible to establish a method for obtaining subsets of data that better reflect the entire data set than taking only the first randomly selected subsample, as is the current standard. Experiments on artificial and real biomedical data sets showed that the reconstruction of the remaining data from the original data set from the downsampled data improved significantly. This was observed with both principal component analysis and autoencoding neural networks. The fidelity was dependent on both the number of cases drawn from the original and the number of samples drawn.ConclusionsOptimal distribution-preserving class-proportional downsampling yields data subsets that reflect the structure of the entire data better than those obtained with the standard method. By using distributional similarity as the only selection criterion, the proposed method does not in any way affect the results of a later planned analysis.
SOME ASPECTS OF DRUG SECURITY IN THE SIBERIAN FEDERAL DISTRICT IN THE CONTEXT OF ANNUAL MONITORING OF DRUG SITUATION
Authors: Shinkevich Vladimir E. 
Published: August 2021

The state of drug situation is an important component of security enforcement of modern society. In this regard, narcotism, the effectiveness of the implementation of anti-drug policy by the state and public institutions are annually studied in various areas. In the article based on the study of statistical data on hospitalization of patients in the organizations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation with a diagnosis of «drug addiction», the amount of drugs and psychotropic substances seized by law enforcement agencies from illegal drug trafficking, as well as the level of drug crime, the drug situation in the Siberian Federal District is analyzed. Also, when assessing narcotism, the results of sociological research as an integral part of the annual monitoring of the drug situation were used. Special attention is paid to the consideration of the movement of drugs of the opium group, the state of opium addiction, determination of the most problematic federal subjects located within the district. An attempt to determine the most probable transit regions and the concentration of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances is made. Reasoning from the analysis carried out, attention is drawn to the high level of drug tension in the district, exceeding in some areas the corresponding indicators across the Russian Federation.
THE INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF COLLECTIVE ACTIONS OF CITIZENS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE ACTIVITIES OF SOCIALLY ORIENTED NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS)
Authors: Kosygina Ksenia E. 
Published: August 2021

The study analyzes the institutional environment of associated collective actions of citizens on the example of the functioning of organizations of the non-profit sector, which is formed by the state and affects their work. Using the methods of economic-statistical, comparative and structural-logical analysis, the main trends in the provision of financial and property state support to socially oriented non-profit organizations at the federal, regional and municipal levels of government are identified. The study showed that state funding is carried out in two major areas – industry and grant (competitive). Problems of implementation of these directions are noted. It is determined that at the regional level, the form of competitive subsidies from the budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation for the implementation of social projects by non-profit organizations prevails. In terms of state property support, it was found that more than half of the registered organizations do not have premises for carrying out their activities, while only 13% received it for free use from the state. The results of this discussion can be used by the authorities to make management decisions in the implementation of public policy aimed at the development of the non-profit sector.
ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE ISSUE OF HOMELESS ANIMALS IN THE ARTICULATION OF COMMUNITY IN SOCIAL MEDIA (BASED ON RESEARCH MATERIALS)
Authors: Panfilova Anna O. , Smolina Alexandra A. 
Published: August 2021

The problem of animal homelessness is a multifaceted and urgent social phenomenon. The main difficulties: combining measures of humane and effective control of the number of homeless animals; public health risks; development of a unified state and public position and decision model. This is an important issue of social and personal responsibility of citizens, as well as a weakly sounding problem on the social agenda. The purpose of the article is to show the attitude of representatives of the virtual community towards it, as well as to evaluate the methods of work they use. The methodological basis of the research was made up of a semi-formalized targeted interview and analysis of network content. The results show that civilians interested in solving this problem form virtual communities. They use the network resource for information and communication activities, although the community under study is distinguished by the use of real educational and volunteer practices. The methods they use are not always correct from an ethical and even legal point of view. Their practice is a kind of reaction to the lack of attention to the problem on the part of the state. The general conclusion of the work done: against the background of a low degree of civil, corporate and personal responsibility towards pets, the efforts of caring subjects are largely reduced to private, not fully legalized initiatives.
The Need for Permit Management within Biodiversity Collection Management Systems to Digitally Track Legal Compliance Documentation and Increase Transparency About Origins and Uses
Authors: Zimkus Breda M. , Ford Linda S. , Morris Paul J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A growing number of domestic and international legal issues are confronting biodiversity collections, which require immediate access to information documenting the legal aspects of specimen ownership and restrictions regarding use. The Nagoya Protocol, which entered into force in 2014, established a legal framework for access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources and has notable implications for collecting, researchers working with specimens, and biodiversity collections. Herein, we discuss how this international protocol mandates operating changes within US biodiversity collections. Given the new legal landscape, it is clear that digital solutions for tracking records at all stages of a specimen's life cycle are needed. We outline how the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) has made changes to its procedures and museum-wide database, MCZbase (an independent instance of the Arctos collections management system), linking legal compliance documentation to specimens and transactions (i.e., accessions, loans). We used permits, certificates, and agreements associated with MCZ specimens accessioned in 2018 as a means to assess a new module created to track compliance documentation, a controlled vocabulary categorizing these documents, and the automatic linkages established among documentation, specimens, and transactions. While the emphasis of this work was a single year test case, its successful implementation may be informative to policies and collection management systems at other institutions.
Assessment of Airborne Fungi in Childrens Hospital Located in Kolkata India
Authors: Dhar Debasmita Ghosh , Dhar Priyanka , Das Ashok Kumar , Uddin Naim 
Published: August 2021

Fungal spores contribute significant concentration in the bioaerosol of various environmental conditions which may have potential health threats. Our study was aimed at determining the presence of disseminating airborne fungi in a pediatric government hospital in Kolkata. The study was started from the post-monsoon to the middle winter (August to December 2008) in the indoor and outdoor environment of the hospital with temperature and humidity ranges of 11.2 °C-35.2 °C and 70 per cent-90 per cent, respectively. Air sampling was performed at 14 days intervals during the daytime following the gravitation settling method, and the fungal colonies were identified based on micro and macro morphological characteristics. The percentage contribution of individual fungal species from the outdoor section and indoor units (Newborn Baby Ward, Respiratory Care Unit, Step Down Ward, Thalassemia Care Unit) of the hospital environment was calculated. We observed profound aeromycofloral diversity where the outdoor environment was mostly colonised by sterile hyphae (16.43 %) along with the allergenic Aspergillus fumigatus (13.6 %) and Penicillium sp. (12.32 %). Conversely, an abundance of Cladosporium herbarum (24.7 %) and Penicillium sp. (17.85 %) followed by Aspergillus sp. (12.9 %) and sterile hyphae (14.51 %) were found in different indoor units. Our results showed the diversity of airborne mycoflora which promotes the trend to health difficulties and thus the hospital environment monitoring along with proper control measures is essential.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AUTONOMOUS REGION IN MUSLIM MINDANAO (ARMM) PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS FOR MORO NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (MNLF) COMMUNITY IN MAGUINDANAO PROVINCE
Authors: Mayasa Samsiya , Manalasal Abdulmanan , Fiesta Margie , Butuan Omar 
Published: August 2021

This study aims to determine the ARMM programs and projects implementation to MNLF identified communities in the province of Maguindanao during the year periods of 2013 to 2017. Specifically, this study attempts to determine the programs and projects of ARMM to MNLF identified communities; how the implementing offices and agencies of ARMM implement these programs and projects to the MNLF-respondents; the extent of benefits do MNLF respondents have obtained from these programs and projects in terms of: (a) Livelihood (b) Health and (c) education; the problems encountered by the MNLF-respondents during the implementation of these programs and projects; and the prepared alternatives/solutions to these problems. This study further used the combination of “Quantitative and Qualitative” analysis of data. The respondents were the MNLF-Field Commanders and identified MNLF community leaders in Maguindanao Province. The Purposive Sampling was used because only One Hundred Fifty-Six (156) MNLF Commanders and Leaders under Prof. Nur Misuari were used as sample respondents. The findings show that there are serious problems that need to be addressed by the national government on the implementation of the MOU signed by the OIC-GPh-MNLF tripartite process structure to monitor the implementation of the 1996 Peace Agreement and the security, governance, economic activities, including the delivery of social services in the conflict-affected areas. Thus, the government specially, ARMM is tasked to formulate and oversee programs and projects implementation in the cities, provinces and municipalities to improve the lives of the Moros and MNLF combatants regardless of race, tribes and group or faction organization affiliation. Hence as concluded further, various socio-economic activities of the ARMM government found out failed or maybe failed again.

Keywords: Implementation, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), Programs and Projects, Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), Maguindanao Province
An Investigation on Sharia Governance in Islamic Banking A Case of Islamic Banks in Oman
Authors: Al-Musheifri Ziyad Juma 
Published: August 2021

The concept of Sharia governance in Islamic banks in Oman was highlighted by presenting the conceptual framework for Sharia governance and regulating the Islamic banks through Sharia governance. Finally, the study explains the role of Sharia governance in raising the efficiency of Islamic banks. As this research paper concluded that Sharia governance has a major role in Islamic banks, through the existence of a Sharia supervisory body on all transactions that take place inside these banks, which prevents the occurrence of any activities that violate the provisions of Islamic law, as happens in other banks.
The Sharia Supervisory Board for Muzn is the highest authority in the bank with regard to all matters related to Islamic law. It ensures that the commission’s decisions are strictly followed. The Sharia Supervisory Board reviews product papers, structures, policies, and legal documents and all other tasks. The board also provides decisions based on Sharia in all matters and related banking issues, including opinion on all aspects of the bank's commitment to Islamic law. The findings indicated that Sharia governance laws must be applied by Islamic banks and they need to make updates through the SSB and AAOIFI boards. Sharia was found to be a regulatory and supervisory component that Islamic banks must operate under to ensure the religion has been applied within the establishment of the banks.
Code-switching in Intercultural Communication and English Language Teaching
Authors: Alharbi Samar 
Published: August 2021

Code-switching is the interplay between two languages. Code-switching happens when the speakers switch between two or more languages or linguistic varieties in the context of a particular discussion or conversation. Many people engage in code-switching or mixing practises by speaking a different language and their mother tongue when talking with other individuals who comprehend various languages. There are multiple reasons why people tend to code-switch during interaction with others. One important reason is that people consciously and unconsciously code-switch because they want to fit in. Code-switching is also implied in the language teaching context, where L2 learners cod switching between their mother tongue and the other language to get involved in the learning process. The practice of code-switching in Foreign language classroom has been examined thoroughly in the literature. This paper will introduce the concept of code-switching, its types and the reasons for code-switching. It will offer some implication of code-switching in English as a second or foreign language (EFL) classroom.
Determinants of ultra-processed food consumption in Brazilian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Lopes da Rocha Karine , Silvério Raquel Nascimento Chanca , Fortins Roberta Ferreira , Santos Mayara Silva dos , Carmo Cleber Nascimento do , da Costa Veronica Medeiros , Luescher Jorge Luiz , de Carvalho Padilha Patricia 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To analyze the determinants of UPP consumption among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Methods
Cross-sectional study at a reference hospital for the treatment of diabetes in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The sociodemographic, anthropometric, dietary, and clinical factors associated with the percentage of total energy intake (TEI) consumed in the form of UPP were investigated. Food consumption was assessed by 24 h recall and the foods were classified according to the degree of processing as described in the NOVA classification, after which the TEI of each food group was calculated. Multiple linear regression was adopted in the analysis, and associations with p<0.05 were considered significant.

Results
The study included 120 children and adolescents with a mean age of 11.74 ± 2.88 years, 53.3% female. Body mass index z-score was 0.65 (± 0.89) and 31.7% (n=38) were overweight. The average total energy consumption was 1,756.38 kcal (± 518.38). The mean percentage of TEI from UPP was 24.2% ± 17.9, meaning that 425.59 kcal (± 380.15) of all calories ingested came from such foods. The independent variables associated with the percentage of ultra-processed foods (UPP) in TEI were: per capita household income up to one the minimum wage (β: −22.03; CI 95% −35.24 to −8.82); and parents/guardians schooling of the up to nine years in formal education (β: 19.86; CI 95% 8.27–31.45).

Conclusions
Lower household income and fewer years in formal education seem to determine a preference for UPP over fresh and minimally processed foods.
Urban Regeneration as a Specific Type of Public Policy Response to Urban Decline. The Case of Poland
Authors: Idczak Piotr , Musiałkowska Ida 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe paper examines the issue of whether the process of policy formulation and implementation on urban regeneration in Poland is done pursuant to the rules of a cycle of public policy-making. This is carried out through the use of the functioning cycle of public policy in Poland proposed by Zybała (2015) that stresses the specificities of Polish conditions in the public policy-making. Hence, the aim of the study is to provide an overview of public policy-making on urban regeneration in the context of legislative and institutional-administrative practices. In the light of increasingly complex challenges faced by cities, there is a need for the necessary counter-balancing regeneration measures taking a form of state sponsored public policy. Therefore, the Act on Regeneration was adopted in 2015. The paper concludes that the adoption of this Act was dominated by the legislator which, with relatively little contribution from other stakeholders, resulted in a rather unambitious set of legal provisions on regeneration that have not substantially changed the instrumental approach of local authorities to urban regeneration.
Global Governance V/S COVID-19: A Human Security Approach
Authors: Akl Alain 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
After the Cold War, global governance emerged as an umbrella to address transnational challenges. But this concept is still somewhat ambiguous, and so is the contemporary world order, where a significant power shift has occurred from the nation-State to the “new actors.” On the other hand, it is now over a year since a global threat emerged, affecting millions of people. The COVID-19 challenge revealed several flaws in the contemporary world order, the United Nations system, and the international organizations’ role. It is therefore imperative that we ask ourselves about the nation-State’s ability to face the COVID-19 challenge on its own, as an introduction to raise the topic of facing the future transnational challenges. In this setting, the objective of this study is to shed the light on the aforementioned flaws, the contemporary challenges, and the way we tackle new threats as human beings. This study was conducted using a qualitative methodological approach based on analysis of secondary data. Following deductive reasoning, it highlights the importance of global governance in facing contemporary challenges in general before addressing the COVID-19 issue in particular. Study findings show that states, international organizations, and unofficial actors need to update the traditional approach to transnational challenges towards global governance. In this context, international conferences are a necessary tool to tackle new challenges related to human security.
Dimensional Inconsistency Measures and Postulates in Spatio-Temporal Databases
Authors: Grant John , Martinez Maria Vanina , Molinaro Cristian , Parisi Francesco 
Published: August 2021

The problem of managing spatio-temporal data arises in many applications, such as location-based services, environmental monitoring, geographic information systems, and many others. Often spatio-temporal data arising from such applications turn out to be inconsistent, i.e., representing an impossible situation in the real world. Though several inconsistency measures have been proposed to quantify in a principled way inconsistency in propositional knowledge bases, little effort has been done so far on inconsistency measures tailored for the spatio-temporal setting.
In this paper, we define and investigate new measures that are particularly suitable for dealing with inconsistent spatio-temporal information, because they explicitly take into account the spatial and temporal dimensions, as well as the dimension concerning the identifiers of the monitored objects. Specifically, we first define natural measures that look at individual dimensions (time, space, and objects), and then propose measures based on the notion of a repair. We then analyze their behavior w.r.t. common postulates defined for classical propositional knowledge bases, and find that the latter are not suitable for spatio-temporal databases, in that the proposed inconsistency measures do not often satisfy them. In light of this, we argue that also postulates should explicitly take into account the spatial, temporal, and object dimensions and thus define “dimension-aware” counterparts of common postulates, which are indeed often satisfied by the new inconsistency measures. Finally, we study the complexity of the proposed inconsistency measures.