bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperinflammation: On the pathogenesis and treatment of macrophage activation syndrome
Authors: Andersson Ulf 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMacrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a subtype of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) diseases. The underlying mechanism of these life‐threatening disorders is impaired granule‐mediated cytotoxicity exerted by natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes. This function is meant for elimination of virus‐infected cells, malignant cells and to prevent exaggerated immune responses. The normal outcome after an attack by NK or cytotoxic T cells is apoptosis of the target cell. This prevents cytotoxic inflammatory responses in adjacent tissues which occur after lytic cell death. Extensive cell lysis can even produce a cytokine storm, as evidenced in MAS. Programmed proinflammatory lytic cell death, pyroptosis, caused by activated inflammasomes is central in the pathogenesis of MAS. Pyroptosis mediates IL‐18 cytokine release, which robustly stimulates NK and T cells to produce IFN‐γ, the key macrophage‐activating signal which initiates a burst of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Lytic cell death also mediates a discharge of the prototype alarmin high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), a proinflammatory molecule present in all cells and that mediates the pathogenesis of MAS as outlined here. Therapeutic options to control causal factors operating in the pathogenesis of MAS are also discussed.
Health outcomes among detoxification patients: The role of chronic pain
Authors: Woodhead Erin L. , Brief Deborah , Below Maureen , Timko Christine 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUnderstanding associations between chronic pain and health outcomes among detoxification patients may help improve treatment outcomes and abstinence rates. Exercise is a modifiable lifestyle factor that may reduce the effect of pain on outcomes in this population. The current study examined whether baseline pain, exercise, and their interaction were associated with psychiatric and medical severity, and abstinence self‐efficacy, over six months following detoxification. Participants were veteran patients in alcohol or opioid detoxification treatment (N = 298) who were followed for six months (91.1%). Psychiatric severity and abstinence self‐efficacy improved over the six months after detoxification; medical severity was stable. More intense pain at baseline was associated with poorer psychiatric and medical outcomes during the post‐detoxification period. Regular exercise at baseline was associated with less psychiatric severity and more abstinence self‐efficacy during the post‐detoxification period. A significant pain by exercise interaction at baseline indicated that regular exercise was associated with more abstinence self‐efficacy during the post‐detoxification period only among participants with less intense pain. Pain by exercise interactions was not significant for the outcomes of psychiatric and medical severity. Among detoxification patients, exercise may be beneficial in improving outcomes among those with less intense pain.
Antecedents of CSR communication by hotels: The case of the Colombian Caribbean Region
Authors: Serra‐Cantallops Antoni , Peña Miranda David D. , Ramón‐Cardona José 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBy measuring the level of CSR communication carried out by hotels located in the Colombian Caribbean region and identifying the main determinant factors influencing this level (including pressure from the different stakeholders), this paper contributes to deepening our understanding of the antecedents of CSR communication in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in emerging economies and, particularly, in the hotel industry, for which no previous studies on this topic could be uncovered. The results reveal that the level of CSR disclosure is low in the region and that the size of the hotel, the pressure from government agencies, and the age and educational background of the hotel’s top manager have a significant influence on the level of CSR communication. Results indicate a reactive approach to CSR communication confirming the prominent role played by government agencies, thus contributing to gain a richer understanding of institutional influences on CSR in Latin American countries. In terms of practical implications, findings suggest that governments should play a more active role in stimulating CSR communication in emerging countries, particularly in the case of SMEs.
Collective Reflective Equilibrium in Practice (CREP) and controversial novel technologies
Authors: Savulescu Julian , Gyngell Christopher , Kahane Guy 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate how data about public preferences may be used to inform policy around the use of controversial novel technologies, using public preferences about autonomous vehicles (AVs) as a case study. We first summarize the recent ‘Moral Machine’ study, which generated preference data from millions of people regarding how they think AVs should respond to emergency situations. We argue that while such preferences cannot be used to directly inform policy, they should not be disregarded. We defend an approach that we call ‘Collective Reflective Equilibrium in Practice’ (CREP). In CREP, data on public attitudes function as an input into a deliberative process that looks for coherence between attitudes, behaviours and competing ethical principles. We argue that in cases of reasonable moral disagreement, data on public attitudes should play a much greater role in shaping policies than in areas of ethical consensus. We apply CREP to some of the global preferences about AVs uncovered by the Moral Machines study. We intend this discussion both as a substantive contribution to the debate about the programming of ethical AVs, and as an illustration of how CREP works. We argue that CREP provides a principled way of using some public preferences as an input for policy, while justifiably disregarding others.
Specific activation of glycolytic enzyme enolase 2 in BRAF V600E‐mutated colorectal cancer
Authors: Yukimoto Ryohei , Nishida Naohiro , Hata Tsuyoshi , Fujino Shiki , Ogino Takayuki , Miyoshi Norikatsu , Takahashi Hidekazu , Uemura Mamoru , Satoh Taroh , Hirofumi Yamamoto , Mizushima Tsunekazu , Doki Yuichiro , Eguchi Hidetoshi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe BRAF V600E mutation occurs in approximately 10% of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) and constitutes a distinct subtype of the disease with extremely poor prognosis. To address this refractory disease, we investigated the unique metabolic gene profile of BRAF V600E‐mutated tumors via in silico analysis using a large‐scale clinical database. We found that BRAF V600E‐mutated tumors exhibited a specific metabolic gene expression signature, including some genes that are associated with poor prognosis in CRC. We discovered that BRAF V600E‐mutated tumors expressed high levels of glycolytic enzyme enolase 2 (ENO2), which is mainly expressed in neuronal tissues under physiological conditions. In vitro experiments using CRC cells demonstrated that BRAF V600E‐mutated cells exhibited enhanced dependency on ENO2 compared to BRAF wild‐type cancer cells and that knockdown of ENO2 led to the inhibition of proliferation and migration of BRAF V600E‐mutated cancer cells. Moreover, inhibition of ENO2 resulted in enhanced sensitivity to vemurafenib, a selective inhibitor of BRAF V600E. We identified AP‐1 transcription factor subunit (FOSL1) as being involved in the transcription of ENO2 in CRC cells. In addition, both MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling were suppressed upon inhibition of ENO2, implying an additional oncogenic role of ENO2. These results suggest the crucial role of ENO2 in the progression of BRAF V600E‐mutated CRC and indicate the therapeutic implications of targeting this gene.
Design strategies, SAR, and mechanistic insight of Aurora kinase inhibitors in cancer
Authors: Sankhe Kaksha , Prabhu Arati , Khan Tabassum 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAurora kinases (AURKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that play a critical role during cell proliferation. Three isoforms of AURKs reported in mammals include AURKA, AURKB, AURKC, and all share a similar C‐terminal catalytic domain with differences in their subcellular location, substrate specificity, and function. Recent research reports indicate an elevated expression of these kinases in several cancer types highlighting their role as oncogenes in tumorigenesis. Inhibition of AURKs is an attractive strategy to design potent inhibitors modulating this target. The last few years have witnessed immense research in the development of AURK inhibitors with few FDA approvals. The current clinical therapeutic regime in cancer is associated with severe side‐effects and emerging resistance to existing drugs. This has been the key driver of research initiatives toward designing more potent drugs that can potentially circumvent the emerging resistance. This review is a comprehensive summary of recent research on AURK inhibitors and presents the development of scaffolds, their synthetic schemes, structure–activity relationships, biological activity, and enzyme inhibition potential. We hope to provide the reader with an array of scaffolds that can be selected for further research work and mechanistic studies in the development of new AURK inhibitors.
Accuracy, predictability and prognostic implications of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy for parotid gland tumours: A retrospective case series
Authors: Boldes Tomer , Hilly Ohad , Alkan Uri , Shkedy Yotam , Morgenstern Sara , Shpitzer Thomas , Bachar Gideon , Mizrachi Aviram 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the precision and utility of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) in differentiating between benign and malignant parotid tumours, and the implications of FNA results on management and outcomes.DesignRetrospective case series.SettingTertiary medical centre.ParticipantsAll adults who underwent preoperative FNA, followed by postoperative histological examination, between 1986 and 2014.Main outcome measuresDifferences in clinical management and outcomes of patients with parotid masses in light of FNA results.ResultsWe analysed 505 samples from 485 patients. According to histopathological results, preoperative FNA successfully identified benign tumours in 89% of the cases (362/405) and only 59% of malignant tumours (59/100). Overall sensitivity and specificity of FNA in distinguishing between different subtypes of benign lesions were 80% and 99%, respectively, whereas positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 85% and 98%. Moreover, malignant lesions subtyping had high false‐positive and false‐negative rates with sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 44%, 100%, 75% and 99%, respectively. Additionally, when FNA falsely classified malignant tumours as benign, surgeries were inappropriately delayed and the durations of surgeries and hospitalisations were shorter, compared to true malignant FNA results. Interestingly, survival was not affected in falsely benign lesions that were mostly low‐grade, conversely non‐diagnostic FNA for malignant tumours resulted in decreased survival.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the limitations of FNA as a decision‐making tool in preoperative evaluation of parotid masses. Clinicians should take into account that FNA is inaccurate for identifying specific subtypes of malignant lesions, which may eventually delay treatment and influence outcome.
Cutaneous foreign body microemboli‐induced occlusive vasculopathy: A complication of illicit intravenous injection of oral opioid tablets
Authors: Vu Marie , Wisell Joshua , Wohltmann Wendi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOcclusive nonvasculitic vasculopathy is a process characterized clinically by retiform purpura and potential ulceration and necrosis of affected areas, secondary to blockage of small vessels without associated inflammatory vasculitis. Intravascular injection of foreign material is known to cause distal ischemia and necrosis due to thrombosis, local vasoconstriction, or microemboli formation. A 27‐year‐old male presented with retiform purpura and worsening distal fingertip necrosis of the right upper extremity accompanied by suspicious intravascular polarizable foreign material identified on skin, muscle, and vascular biopsies. We report a case that highlights concerning complications and dermatopathologic findings of intravascular injection of oral opioid tablets.
Has beverage composition of alcohol consumption in Sweden changed over time? An age‐period‐cohort analysis
Authors: Kraus Ludwig , Seitz Nicki‐Nils , Loy Johanna Katharina , Trolldal Björn , Törrönen Jukka 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionIn recent years, beverage composition of total alcohol consumption has changed substantially in Sweden. As beverage choice is strongly associated with drinking practices, our paper aims to analyse trends in beverage composition of alcohol consumption by age, period and cohort.MethodsAge‐period‐cohort (APC) analysis was conducted using monthly data from the Swedish Alcohol Monitoring Survey (2003–2018). The sample consisted of n = 260 633 respondents aged 16–80 years. APC analysis was conducted on drinkers only (n = 193 954; 96 211 males, 97 743 females). Beverage composition was defined as the beverage‐specific proportion of total intake in litre ethanol. Fractional multinomial logit regression was applied to estimate the independent effects of age, period and cohort on trends in beverage composition.ResultsRegression models revealed statistically significant effects of age on all beverages except for medium‐strength beer and spirits in males. Controlling for age and cohort, decreasing trends were found over time for medium‐strength beer and spirits. The proportion of regular beer increased statistically significantly in males and the proportion of wine in females, whereas the trends for the opposite sex remained stable in each case. Predictions for cohorts showed statistically significant decreasing trends for medium‐strength beer in males, lower proportions for regular beer and higher proportions for spirits in the youngest cohorts.Discussion and ConclusionsThe increasing proportion of wine drinking, which is associated with less risky drinking practices, may decrease alcohol‐related morbidity and mortality. Increasing proportions of spirits in the youngest cohorts raises concerns of a possible revival in spirits consumption among the youngest.
Moisture‐associated skin damage (MASD): A best practice recommendation from Wund‐D.A.CH.
Authors: Dissemond Joachim , Assenheimer Bernd , Gerber Veronika , Hintner Marianne , Puntigam Magareta Jukic , Kolbig Norbert , Koller Sonja , Kurz Peter , Läuchli Severin , Probst Sebastian , Protz Kerstin , Steiniger Alfred , Strohal Robert , Traber Jürg , Kottner Jan 
Published: May 2021

SummaryWund‐D.A.CH., as the umbrella organization of German‐speaking wound treatment societies, has currently developed a best practice recommendation for skin damage caused by body fluids, which is known as moisture‐associated skin damage (MASD) in English‐speaking countries. In this expert consensus, the diseases incontinence‐associated dermatitis (IAD), intertriginous dermatitis, including intertrigo, gram‐negative bacterial toe web infection and toxic contact dermatitis, including periwound and peristomal dermatitis are presented in a differentiated manner. A common feature of these clinical diseases is a deterioration of skin integrity due to prolonged exposure to body fluids such as urine, stool, sweat or wound exudate with associated physical‐irritative and/or chemical irritation. In addition, other comorbidities and cofactors play an important role.The diagnosis of these interdisciplinary and interprofessionally relevant MASD is difficult in everyday clinical practice because there are currently no uniform definitions and many relevant differential diagnoses. Effective strategies for the prevention and therapy of these skin diseases are, for example, continence management, use of efficient, absorbent aids with good retention as well as consistent skin protection and adequate skin care. Another important aspect is the education of patients and relatives about the origin, treatment and prevention of MASD.
Ethical heuristics for pandemic allocation of ventilators across hospitals
Authors: Palacios‐González César , Pugh Jonathan , Wilkinson Dominic , Savulescu Julian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn response to the COVID‐19 pandemic philosophers and governments have proposed scarce resource allocation guidelines. Their purpose is to advise healthcare professionals on how to ethically allocate scarce medical resources. One challenging feature of the pandemic has been the large numbers of patients needing mechanical ventilatory support. Guidelines have paradigmatically focused on the question of what doctors should do if they have fewer ventilators than patients who need respiratory support: which patient should get the ventilator? There is, however, an important higher level allocation problem. Namely, how are we to ethically distribute newly obtained ventilators across hospitals: which hospital should get the ventilator(s)? In this paper, we identify a set of principles for allocating newly obtained ventilators across hospitals. We focus particularly on low and middle income countries, who frequently have limited pre‐existing intensive care capacity, and have needed to source additional ventilators. We first provide some background. Second, we argue that the main population healthcare aim during the COVID‐19 pandemic should be to save the most lives. Next, we assess a series of potential heuristics or principles that could be used to guide allocation: allocation to the most densely populated cities, random allocation, allocation based on the ratio of patients to ICU personnel, prioritisation in terms of intrahospital mortality, prioritisation of younger populations, and prioritisation in terms of population mortality. We conclude by providing a plausible ranking of the principles, while noting a number of epistemological challenges, in terms of how they best further the aim of increasing the probability of saving the most lives.
Intrapericardial solitary fibrous tumor: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Sheikhy Ali , Fallahzadeh Aida , Ahmadi‐Tafti Seyed Hossein , Hosseini Kaveh , Mohseni‐Badalabadi Reza , Shahbazi Narges , Ghorashi Seyyed Mojtaba , Tajdini Masih 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSolitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a mesenchymal neoplasm mostly originates from pleura, but rarely from other parts of the body including pericardium. We report a case of a 44‐year‐old woman with dyspnea and intermittent edema in whom a large intrapericardial mass was discovered by echocardiography. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a focal pericardial calcification in right AV grove with pressure on right ventricle and right atrial, with no connection to cardiac chambers. Histopathological findings after complete resection of the mass revealed fibroconnective tissue with heavy calcification and no evidence of inflammation or malignancy. We reviewed the literature on pericardial solitary fibrous tumors up to 2020.
Climatic and edaphic characteristics constrain the distribution of the quarantine pestAnastrepha grandis
Authors: Mesquita Filho Walter , de Souza‐Filho Miguel Francisco , Raga Adalton , de Oliveira André Stocco , de Almeida Aparecida Marques , Garcia Maria José De Marchi , de Azevedo‐Filho Joaquim Adelino , Pereira Marcelo Francisco Arantes , Montes Sônia Maria Nalesso Marangoni , Michelotto Marcos Doniseti , Garcia Adriano Gomes , Godoy Wesley Augusto Conde , Zucchi Roberto Antonio 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe South American cucurbit fruit fly,Anastrepha grandis(Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an economically important pest of cucurbits and is classified as a quarantine species in many countries. In Brazil,A. grandishas a limited distribution; it is absent from northern and northeastern Brazil and distributed discontinuously in other parts of the country. To indirectly evaluate the influence of climatic and edaphic variables on the occurrence ofA. grandis, we used data based on 4 years of cucurbit fruit collections from all mesoregions of the state of São Paulo. Our results show evidence thatA. grandisis constrained by a minimum air temperature above 12 °C, low (<20 °C) and high (>29 °C) maximum air temperature, and by low rainfall and relative humidity, occurring at altitudes from 520 to 780 m. More importantly,A. grandiswas not collected in central to western São Paulo, where sandy soil and low soil water availability predominate and the climate is hot and dry. Our findings suggest that soil texture and moisture may be limiting factors for pupal survivorship ofA. grandis, and consequently edaphic characteristics should be taken into account in studies on its geographical distribution. Based on our results, central to western São Paulo state can potentially be classified as an area of low pest prevalence. Moreover, in countries where cucurbit species are cultivated in such conditions, it is not likely thatA. grandiscould become established.
Cannabis use, self‐perceived risk, perceived peer approval and parental attitudes among youth at clinical high‐risk for psychosis
Authors: Ristanovic Ivanka , Damme Katherine S. F. , DeVylder Jordan E. , Schiffman Jason , Mittal Vijay A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimCannabis use is associated with greater likelihood of psychosis. The relationship between attitudes about cannabis and use has not been examined in youth at clinical high‐risk (CHR) for psychosis. Additionally, the shifting legal landscape can provide a valuable context for evaluating use and related attitudes.MethodsThis study included 174 participants (44 CHR, 43 healthy control [HC] youth‐parent dyads). Youth completed measures of self‐reported cannabis use confirmed with a urinalysis, self‐perceived risk and perceived peer attitudes. Parents reported attitudes about youth use. Legalization occurred halfway during a 5‐year study in Colorado, providing an opportunity to cross‐sectionally examine its role in use and attitudes.ResultsFrequency of youth reporting cannabis use was significantly higher in CHR (69%) than control group (30%). Use in CHR group was associated with higher perceived peer approval (r = .57), increased parental permissiveness (r = .28) and lower self‐perceived risk (r = −.26). Comparing samples participating pre and post‐legalization, use remained stable within each group. Group differences in parental permissiveness shifted; trend toward decrease in permissiveness in CHR group (η2partial = .07) and a significant increase in HCs (η2partial = .16) were observed. Post‐legalization, use in CHR group correlated with higher perceived peer approval (r = .64), lower self‐perceived risk (r = −.51) and higher parental permissiveness (r = .35, trend).ConclusionsTaken together, results indicate a relationship between self and peer/parental attitudes about cannabis and use in youth at CHR for psychosis. These factors are important to consider within the legalization context given the changes in parental attitudes and a stronger association between use and attitudes in this group post‐legalization.