Advances in physics and applications of 3D magnetic perturbations on the J-TEXT tokamak
Authors: Wang Nengchao , Liang Y. , Ding Yonghua , Chen Zhongyong , Chen Zhipeng , Yang Zhoujun , Xia Donghui , Zheng Wei , Yan Wei , Li Da , Jiang Zhonghe , Wang Lu , Rao Bo , Hu Qiming , Zhang Xiaolong , Zhang Junli , Chen Xixuan , Xu Xin , Xu Tao , Xie Xianli , Huang Zhuo , Mao Feiyue , Han Dongliang , Li Jianchao , Wang Tong , Liu Linzi , Tong Ruihai , Lin Zhifang , Wei Yunong , Cai Nianheng , Shi Yuejiang , Zhang Yaping , Guo Weixin , Zhang Xiaoqing , Shi Peng , Cheng Zhifeng , Zhu Ping , Liu Minghai , Ma Shaoxiang , Yang Yong , Li Chuan , Gao Li , Wang Zhijiang , Zhang Ming , Yu Kexun , Hu Xiwei , Yu Q. , Gentle K.W. , Pan Yuan , J-TEXT Team the 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the last two years, three major technical improvements have been made on J-TEXT in supporting of the expanded operation regions and diagnostic capabilities. (1) The successful commission of the 105 GHz/500 kW/1 s electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system increasing the core electron temperature from 0.9 keV up to around 1.5 keV. (2) The poloidal divertor configuration with an X-point in the high-field side has been achieved. In particular, the 400 kW electron cyclotron wave has also been successfully injected into the diverted plasma. (3) A 256-channel electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostic system and two sets of four-channel Doppler backscattering diagnostics have been successfully developed on J-TEXT, allowing detailed measurement of the electron temperature and density fluctuations for turbulence and MHD research. The locked mode (LM), especially the 2/1 LM, is one of the biggest threats to the plasma operation. Both the thresholds of 2/1 and 3/1 LM are observed to vary non-monotonically on electron density. The electrode biasing was applied successfully to unlock the LM from either a rotating or static resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) field. In the presence of 2/1 LM, three kinds of standing wave (SW) structures have been observed to share a similar connection to the island structure, i.e. the nodes of the SWs locate around the O- or X-points of the 2/1 island. The control and mitigation of disruption is essential to the safe operation of ITER, and it has been systematically studied by applying a RMP field, massive gas injection (MGI) and shattered pellet injection on J-TEXT. When the RMP-induced 2/1 LM is larger than a critical width, the MGI shutdown process can be significantly influenced. If the phase difference between the O-point of LM and the MGI valve is +90° (or −90°), the penetration depth and the assimilation of impurities can be enhanced (or suppressed) during the pre-thermal quench (TQ) phase and result in a faster (or slower) TQ. A secondary MGI can also suppress the runaway electron (RE) generation, if the additional high-Z impurity gas arrives at the plasma edge before TQ. When the secondary MGI has been applied after the formation of the RE current plateau, the RE current can be dissipated, and the dissipation rate increases with the injected impurity quantity but saturates with a maximum of 28 MA s−1. The non-local transport is experimentally observed in the ion transport channel. The electron thermal diffusivity significantly increases with the ECRH power. Theoretical work shows that significant intrinsic current can be driven by electromagnetic turbulence, and the robust formation mechanism of the E × B staircase is identified from the Hasegawa–Wakatani system.