bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of CFRP/PU foam and GFRP/PU sandwich beams having initial debond between facesheet and core
Authors: Dhaliwal Gurpinder Singh 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn the present investigation, we present, the flexural characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced polymer/polyurethane foam and glass fiber reinforced polymer/polyurethane foam sandwich beams having partial debonding between facesheet and core that acts interfacial degradation and hinders the load transfer between facesheets and core. An initial pre-crack between core and face sheet is created by placing a Teflon sheet at the interface on one end of the beams during the manufacturing of sandwich beams. A comparative analysis is carried out to study the effect of using CFRP and Eglass prepregs as face sheet material on such sandwich beams. The flexural behavior of GFRP/PU sandwich beams having initial debond is characterized and analyzed under both three- and four-point loadings. Lastly, the effect of varying the support span length on the flexural response of CFRP/PU sandwich beam having initial debond is also investigated. It was found that the degraded sandwich beams having woven CFRP facesheets have slightly higher stiffness and peak load level as compared to the sandwich beam having cross ply GFRP facesheets. GFRP/PU foam sandwich beam showed higher ductile behavior prior to progressive failure of the sandwich beam. It was observed that the crack tip of the implanted interfacial debond acts as a medium to trigger the interfacial damage followed by the shear failure of the core due to the progression of the initial crack into the core.
An Examination of Empathy and Interpersonal Dominance in BDSM Practitioners
Authors: Jansen Kate L. , Fried Adam L. , Chamberlain Jared 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundRecent research has indicated that participation in BDSM (bondage-discipline, dominance-submission, and/or sadism-masochism) is not associated with psychological distress or psychopathology but that sexual roles may be associated with personality characteristics, specifically interpersonal dominance and empathy.AimThe present study examined potential differences between those who identify as dominant, switch, and submissive on interpersonal dominance and empathy.MethodsIndividuals who identified as members of the BDSM community were recruited online via a social networking site.Main Outcome MeasuresSelf-reported demographic variables, the Personality Assessment Inventory, Dominance subscale, and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index Empathic Concern subscale.RESULTSParticipants were well distributed across sexual roles (n = 279; 25.4% dominant, 38% submissive, 36.6% switch), identified as primarily female (59.5%), primarily heterosexual (53.4%), and the most common age group was 25-34 years (27.2%). BDSM role was associated with scores on the Dominance subscale; dominant BDSM practitioners scored significantly higher on the Dominance scale than switches, who in turn scored significantly higher than submissives (dominant mean [M] = 61.44, standard deviation [SD] = 8.26; switch M = 53.99, SD = 11.18, P &lt; .01; submissive M = 49.41, SD = 11.46, P &lt; .01). There were no differences on the measure of empathy between dominant, submissive, and switch BDSM practitioners. On average, individuals who identified as submissives and switches scored in the average range on the Dominance scale compared with the normative sample, and individuals who identified as dominants scored higher but not in the markedly elevated range.Clinical ImplicationsThe study provides information on the relationship between interpersonal dominance as a personality trait and dominance as a sexual role and has implications for reducing stigma related to these practices.Strengths and LimitationsThe study contributes to the growing literature suggesting that while BDSM roles may correspond with specific personality characteristics, they are not indicative of personalities significantly different than the general population’s. The study also included individuals who identified as switch, a group often excluded from quantitative research in the BDSM community. The sample was, however, recruited exclusively online, and findings may not be applicable to all BDSM practitioners.CONCLUSIONThese findings suggest that there are no differences in empathy between BDSM practitioner roles, and although there are differences in interpersonal dominance, these characteristics are not likely to be prominent in individuals’ everyday interactions.
Charcoal evidence for environmental change ca. 3.5 ka and its influence on ancient people in the West Liao River Basin of northeastern China
Authors: Jia Xin , Wang Shuzhi , Sun Yonggang , Li Yiyin , Jiao Yanjing , Zhao Zhijun , Lee Harry F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Fossil charcoals from archaeological sites provide direct evidence for the relationship between environmental change and ancient peoples’ livelihoods in the past. Our identification of 5811 fossil charcoal fragments from 84 samples suggested temperate deciduous and mixed conifer-broadleaved forests as the dominant vegetation at the Erdaojingzi site in northeastern China ca. 3500 cal yr BP; the major representative taxa were Quercus, Pinus, and Ulmus. Four woody plants probably supplied humans with food resources at the Erdaojingzi site, including Quercus, Ulmus, Amygdalus/Armeniaca, and Ziziphus. The nuts of Quercus were utilized as staple foods because of their rich starch content. The leaves of Ulmus may have been used by humans because of their massive dietary fibre. Amygdalus/Armeniaca and Ziziphus probably provided fruits for humans. Based on the coexistence approach (CA) used on the fossil charcoals, we found that the MAT anomaly was 7.9 ± 5.9°C at ca. 3500 cal yr BP, which is almost the same as the modern one (7.8°C), while the MAP was halved from 772 ± 301 mm at ca. 3500 cal yr BP to 370 mm currently. The wet climate might have facilitated significant development of rain-fed agriculture, promoted the emergence of large settlements, and eventually facilitated the birth of civilization.
Stably inherited transfer of the bacterial symbiont Candidatus Erwinia dacicola from wild olive fruit flies Bactrocera oleae to a laboratory strain
Authors: Livadaras Ioannis , Koidou Venetia , Pitsili Eugenia , Moustaka Julietta , Vontas John , Siden-Kiamos Inga 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, the most serious pest of olives, requires the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Erwinia dacicola in order to complete its development in unripe green olives. Hence a better understanding of the symbiosis of Ca. E. dacicola and its insect host may lead to new strategies for reduction of B. oleae and thus minimize its economic impact on olive production. Studies of this symbiosis are hampered as the bacterium cannot be grown in vitro and the established B. oleae laboratory populations, raised on artificial diets, are devoid of this bacterium. Here, we sought to develop a method to transfer the bacteria from wild samples to laboratory populations. We tested several strategies. Cohabitation of flies from the field with the laboratory line did not result in a stable transfer of bacteria. We provided the bacteria directly to the egg and also in the food of the larvae but neither approach was successful. However, a robust method for transfer of Ca. E. dacicola from wild larvae or adults to uninfected flies by transplantation to females was established. Single female lines were set up and the bacteria were successfully transmitted for at least three generations. These results open up the possibilities to study the interaction between the symbiont and the host under controlled conditions, in view of both understanding the molecular underpinnings of an exciting, unique in nature symbiotic relationship, as well as developing novel, innovative control approaches.
Optimising image-guidance frequency for patients treated with volumetric-modulated arc therapy for pelvic cancer
Authors: Wongke Thunyarat , Nobnop Wannapha , Tharavichitkul Ekkasit 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAim:To determine the feasibility of non-daily image-guided radiotherapy (RT) with volumetric-modulated arc therapy for pelvic cancer.Methods:Daily cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images data of 21 patients (542 fractions) with pelvic cancer were used to simulate 5 non-daily imaging (DL) protocols (Alternate day: AD, First 5 + Weekly: FF+WL, Weekly: WL, First 5 fractions: FF and Alternate week: AW protocol). The residual errors in the lateral (X), longitudinal (Y), and vertical (Z) directions and 3D vector shifts of each non-DL protocol were explored. The planning target volume (PTV) margins were calculated using the van Herk’s formula according to population systematic and random error. Finally, the average time of each process from the start to stop of the treatment was used to calculate the number of patients treated per day to assess the treatment delivery capacity for different imaging protocols.Results:The 3D vector shift for the FF+WL protocol produced the greatest proportion of residual error ≤ 0·5 cm and showed the smallest random error in all three directions. However, the FF protocol produced the greatest proportion of residual error > 0·5 cm and revealed the largest magnitudes of systematic error in all three directions. Only the AD protocol can explore the PTV margin of less than 0·5 cm in all three directions. The AW protocol showed the maximum capacity of the treatment delivery, showed the highest number of patients treated per day. In contrast, the AW protocol also affects the treatment accuracy, showed the large residual error and PTV margin.Findings:Reducing the frequency of image-guided RT results in a high residual error. Non-daily image-guided RT strategies for pelvic irradiation should be applied for margins more than 0·5 cm. The number of patients treated per day, residual error and PTV margin are information to determine non-daily protocol applications that balance treatment delivery capacity and treatment accuracy.
THE SHAKESPEARE CONNECTION: BEETHOVEN'S STRING QUARTET OP. 18 NO. 1 AND THE VIENNA HAUSTHEATER
Authors: VAN DER ZANDEN JOS 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTThe ‘Amenda anecdote’ from 1856 associates the second movement of Beethoven's String Quartet Op. 18 No. 1 (Adagio affettuoso ed appassionato) with the vault scene of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Sketchbook jottings by Beethoven from 1799, in French, confirm that such a link really existed. The question of what incited him to represent in his music elements of Shakepeare has not been settled to any satisfaction. It seems unlikely that Beethoven read a French version of the play. Nor can a public theatrical or operatic staging have been the stimulus, for the original vault scene was not allowed to be performed by the authorities. This study approaches the Shakespeare connection from the perspective of a cultural practice that has received limited attention in the literature, that of Viennese Haustheater. A performance of the vault scene in this context, it is argued, informed Beethoven's quartet movement. The most crucial piece of evidence are the memoirs of Caroline Pichler, which mention a tableau given at her parents’ house at the end of eighteenth century. One of the claims of the study is that Beethoven's Shakespeare connection was a one-time digression from normal practice, and that it is thus hazardous to draw this particular event into a wider hermeneutic debate.
The Benefits of Continuous Local Regression for Quantifying Global Warming
Authors: Clarke David C. , Richardson Mark 
Published: February 2021

AbstractChange in global mean surface temperature (ΔGMST), based on a blend of land air and ocean water temperatures, is a widely cited climate change indicator that informs the Paris Agreement goal to limit global warming since preindustrial to “well below” 2°C. Assessment of current ΔGMST enables determination of remaining target‐consistent warming and therefore a relevant remaining carbon budget. In recent IPCC reports, ΔGMST was estimated via linear regression or differences between decade‐plus period means. We propose nonlinear continuous local regression (LOESS) using ±20 year windows to derive ΔGMST across all periods of interest. Using the three observational GMST data sets with almost complete interpolated spatial coverage since the 1950s, we evaluate 1850–1900 to 2019 ΔGMST as 1.14°C with a likely (17%–83%) range of 1.05°C–1.25°C, based on combined statistical and observational uncertainty, compared with linear regression of 1.05°C over 1880–2019. Performance tests in observational data sets and two model large ensembles demonstrate that LOESS, like period mean differences, is unbiased. However, LOESS also provides a statistical uncertainty estimate and gives warming through 2019, rather than the 1850–1900 to 2010–2019 period mean difference centered at the end of 2014. We derive historical global near‐surface air temperature change (ΔGSAT), using a subset of CMIP6 climate models to estimate the adjustment required to account for the difference between ocean water and ocean air temperatures. We find ΔGSAT of 1.21°C (1.11°C–1.32°C) and calculate remaining carbon budgets. We argue that continuous nonlinear trend estimation offers substantial advantages for assessment of long‐term observational ΔGMST.
Will Individual Actions Do the Trick? Comparing Climate Change Mitigation Through Geoengineering Versus Reduced Vehicle Emissions
Authors: Murray Emily G. , DiGiorgio Andrea L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGeoengineering is the focus of a large debate over potential solutions to climate change. However, in the midst of geoengineering and other large‐scale proposals, such as reducing emissions at an industrial level, the role of individual actions to reduce emissions is often overlooked. Given the current and fast‐paced changes we have seen as emissions are reduced by COVID‐19 social distancing strategies, it is time to re‐examine the impact that individual actions can have. This paper considers how one individual action (reducing carbon dioxide emissions from gasoline‐fueled private vehicles), when adopted at a global scale, may have an effect that is comparable to the effects of geoengineering. This paper also argues that the role of geoengineering as a safeguard against climate change may be encouraging complacency and reducing motivation for individual action.
Lithosphere Destabilization and Small‐Scale Convection Constrained From Geophysical Data and Analogical Models
Authors: Adam C. , Vidal V. , Pandit B. , Davaille A. , Kempton P. D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe destabilization of oceanic lithosphere by small scale convection at its base is important for providing a holistic picture of mantle/lithosphere coupling. We use three highly resolved tomography models to characterize the base of the oceanic lithosphere in the Pacific Ocean. Regions associated with abnormally thick lithosphere are associated with seafloor older than 100 Ma and are elongated parallel to the direction of present‐day Pacific plate motion. They are correlated with bathymetric lows and negative geoid anomalies (for l = 10–39 and l = 14–39), which can be accounted for by dynamic topography. They do not correlate with volcanic features. We interpret these regions of thickened lithosphere as evidence for sites of lithospheric instabilities where denser lithosphere detaches and sinks into the underlying mantle. To understand the phenomena at the origin of these lithospheric “drips,” we performed laboratory experiments. Fluids with different properties are heated from one side to generate a large‐scale convection and cooled from the top. This configuration results in the generation of small‐scale convection at the base of the upper cold thermal boundary layer. The experimental results show the existence of two possible structures: instabilities organized into longitudinal rolls, aligned in the direction of the large‐scale motion and 3D, time‐dependent cold plumes that drip from the base of the lithosphere and are sheared away by the large‐scale flow. The 3D plume morphology is similar to what we observe in tomography models. This provides insights into the phenomenology at the origin of the lithospheric drips observed in the geophysical data.
Upper Mantle Anisotropic Shear Velocity Structure at the Equatorial Mid‐Atlantic Ridge Constrained by Rayleigh Wave Group Velocity Analysis From the PI‐LAB Experiment
Authors: Saikia Utpal , Rychert Catherine , Harmon Nicholas , Kendall J. M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe evolution of ocean lithosphere and asthenosphere are fundamental to plate tectonics, yet high resolution imaging is rare. We present shear wave velocity and azimuthal anisotropy models for the upper mantle from Rayleigh wave group velocities from local earthquake and ambient noise at 15–40‐s period recorded by the Passive Imaging of the Lithosphere Asthenosphere Boundary experiment at the equatorial Mid‐Atlantic Ridge covering 0–80‐Myr‐old seafloor. We find slow velocities along the ridge, with faster velocities beneath older seafloor. We image a fast lid (25–30‐km thick) beneath the ridge that increases to 50–60 km beneath older seafloor. Punctuated, ∼100 km wide low velocity anomalies exist off‐axis. There are multiple layers of azimuthal anisotropy, including (i) a lithosphere (20–40 km depth) characterized by strong anisotropy (4.0%–7.0 %) with fast‐axes that rotate from ridge subparallel toward the absolute plate motion/spreading direction at distances >60 km from the ridge, and (ii) weak anisotropy (1.0%–2.0%) at >40 km depth. Our results are consistent with conductive cooling of lithosphere, although with some complexities. Thickened lithosphere beneath the ridge supports lateral conductive cooling beneath slow‐spreading centers. Undulations in lithospheric thickness and slow asthenospheric velocities are consistent with small scale convection and/or partial melt. Lithospheric anisotropy can be explained by vertical flow and a contribution from either fluid or mineral filled cracks organized melt beneath the ridge and plate motion induced strain off axis. Deep azimuthal anisotropy is suggestive of upwelling beneath the ridge and three‐dimensional flow possibly caused by small scale convection off‐axis.
Mapping and Modeling Sources of Natural Remanent Magnetization in the Microcline–Sillimanite Gneiss, Northwest Adirondack Mountains: Implications for Crustal Magnetism
Authors: Pastore Z. , McEnroe S. A. , Church N. S. , Oda H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDistinct crustal remanent magnetic anomalies are a strong indicator of rocks with stable natural remanent magnetization (NRM) carriers. The latter are able to store information on the history of a rock over long geological periods, and can therefore be used for a variety of applications in the field of paleomagnetism and rock magnetism. Typically, paleomagnetic and rock‐magnetic studies rely on rocks bulk magnetic properties. With the advent of high‐resolution magnetometric scanning techniques, it is now possible to map magnetic sources at the mineral scale, identify the different magnetic carriers, and analyze the effect of geometry, microstructures, and composition on their magnetic response. We investigate the stability of discrete remanent magnetization sources of a microcline–sillimanite gneiss sample from Russell Belt with a strong NRM, by scanning the sample before, and after alternating field demagnetization to 100 mT. We quantified changes in the magnetization intensity and direction by inverting the magnetic scan data. Here, we confirm that the exsolved titanohematite with ilmenite lamellae is the major source of magnetization, and the coexisting multidomain hematite grains contribute little to the NRM, or the magnetic anomalies. The microstructures in the titanohematite control local magnetic properties at the mineral scale. Magnetic modeling results suggest a consistent average magnetization direction before and after demagnetization at both the grain and thin section scale, with a decrease in the magnetization intensity of ≈30%. Results are consistent with previous bulk magnetic measurements and the likelihood to use high‐resolution magnetometric techniques in future magnetic studies is high.
No Yangtze River Prior to the Late Miocene: Evidence From Detrital Muscovite and K‐Feldspar40Ar/39Ar Geochronology
Authors: Sun Xilin , Tian Yuntao , Kuiper K.F. , Li Chang’an , Zhang Zengjie , Wijbrans J.R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Yangtze River is the largest river in Asia and its age and evolution has been the subject of debate for more than one century. Here, we applied a combination of detrital muscovite and K‐feldspar40Ar/39Ar dating on a set of samples from late Cenozoic Nanjing fluvial gravel sediments (overlain by basalt with ages of ∼22.9 and ∼10.3 Ma) distributed along the lower Yangtze River to trace the late Cenozoic Yangtze drainage. It is found that the characteristic Cenozoic muscovite and K‐feldspar age signals of the upper Yangtze are absent in the gravel sediments, indicating that the upper Yangtze did not supply sediment to the lower Yangtze before at least late Miocene time. These results do not support a prelate Miocene birth of the Yangtze River, but favor an alternative model highlighting later integration of the upper Yangtze into the mid‐lower reaches to form the current Yangtze drainage system.
Use of Neural Networks for Stable, Accurate and Physically Consistent Parameterization of Subgrid Atmospheric Processes With Good Performance at Reduced Precision
Authors: Yuval Janni , O'Gorman Paul A. , Hill Chris N. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA promising approach to improve climate‐model simulations is to replace traditional subgrid parameterizations based on simplified physical models by machine learning algorithms that are data‐driven. However, neural networks (NNs) often lead to instabilities and climate drift when coupled to an atmospheric model. Here, we learn an NN parameterization from a high‐resolution atmospheric simulation in an idealized domain by accurately calculating subgrid terms through coarse graining. The NN parameterization has a structure that ensures physical constraints are respected, such as by predicting subgrid fluxes instead of tendencies. The NN parameterization leads to stable simulations that replicate the climate of the high‐resolution simulation with similar accuracy to a successful random‐forest parameterization while needing far less memory. We find that the simulations are stable for different horizontal resolutions and a variety of NN architectures, and that an NN with substantially reduced numerical precision could decrease computational costs without affecting the quality of simulations.
Metocean Modulators of the First Recorded South Atlantic Hurricane: Catarina
Authors: Lauton Gustavo , Marta‐Almeida Martinho , S. Dorfschäfer Geoff , A. D. Lentini Carlos 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn March 2004, the first‐ever documented South Atlantic Hurricane, Catarina, made landfall in southern Brazil. Here, we apply the genesis potential index (GPI) to give a quantitative diagnostic of the contribution of the environmental factors known to be linked to tropical cyclogenesis on Catarina's modulation. The results indicate two regions of large positive GPI anomalies: where Catarina (1) developed subtropical cyclone structure and underwent tropical transition, and (2) acquired hurricane status. We also examine the ocean's potential to sustain tropical cyclone intensification through the ocean heat content (OHC). Although some areas of positive OHC anomalies may have indicated conditions favorable to cyclogenesis, it was not sufficient to explain the main stages of Catarina's development. On the other hand, the GPI in March 2004 was the highest among March of all years (1990–2019), suggesting that this may be a valid index for obtaining a threshold for tropical cyclogenesis in south/southeastern Brazil.