bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pythium splendens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pythium splendens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A root parasite or pseudomycorrhizal, on a variety of plants including:
Aplaonema simplex, Aloe
sp.,
Ananas comosus, Anthurium scherzerianum, Begonia
spp.,
Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Capsicum
sp.,
Carica papaya, Chrysanthemum
sp.,
Citrus aurantium, Coleus
sp.,
Cucumis sativus, Cymbidium sp., Dieffenbachia picta, Elaeis guineensis, Geranium
sp.,
Helianthus annuus, Hordeum vulgare, Ipomoea batatas, Lactuca sativa, Lilium longiflorum
var.
eximium, Linum usitatissimum, Manihot utilissima, Medicago saliva, Melilotus
sp.,
Nephytis afzelii, Nicotiana tabacum, Pelargonium
spp.,
Peperomia caperata, Phaseolus aureus, P. vulgaris, Philodendron cordatum, Pinus elliottii, Piper betle, P. methysticum, P. nigrum, Pisum sativum, Pyrus communis, Raphanus sativus, Rheum rhaponticum, Saccharum officinarum, Scindapsus aureus, Spinacia oleracea, Tithonia rotundifolia, Trifolium
spp.,
Triticum aestivum, Vicia faba, Vigna sinesis, Zea mays
. Also on the fern
Platycerium grande
and in nursery soil. DISEASES: Causing seed rot, pre-emergence blight and post-emergence damping-off of seedings of a large number of plants including black pepper, maize, lucerne and sweet clover; mottle necrosis of sweet potato, black stem rot of pelargonium, wilt of Betel pepper, crown rot of rhubarb; and root rot of aloe, oil palm seedlings ('blast'), Easter lily, pineapple, maize, papaw, slash pine and aroids. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: In warm temperate and sub-tropical areas: Africa (Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania), Asia (Indo China, Malaysia, Sabah, Singapore) Australasia & Oceania (Australia, Fiji, Hawaii, New Caledonia); Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal); North America (U.S.A.); Central America and West Indies (Jamaica). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne but may be spread by leaf contact (18: 113). Also widely disseminated on infected bulbs and cuttings (26: 147). Excessive soil moisture favours infection (21: 526; 32: 510). Injuries caused by nematodes (32: 510) or frost (11: 330) have also predisposed hosts to infection.
Septoria chrysanthemella
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria chrysanthemella
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Chrysanthemum indicum, C. japonicum, C. morifolium, C. parthenium
. Also by inoculation on
C. azaleanum, C. koreanum, C. leueanthemum, C. segetum, C. roseum, Tagetes patula, Centaurea cyanus
(Punithalingam & Wheeler, 1965; Schneider, 1959). DISEASE: Formerly known as brown leaf spot or blight (Halsted, 1891; Cavara, 1892; Salmon, 1907; Moore, 1959) but now referred to as the black leaf spot of chrysanthemum (Hemmi & Nakamura 1927; Waddel & Weber, 1963) in order to distinguish the symptoms from those produced by
Septoria obesa
(CMI Descript. 139). The first visible leaf symptom is a small discrete necrotic spot. This gradually develops into a circular or elliptical spot seldom irregular, about 5-10 mm wide, at first dark brown, then turning black. Leaf spots of a purple to brown colour, with a distinct brown margin are not uncommon. The disease appears in susceptible chrysanthemum plants of all ages, first on the lower leaves and then gradually progressing upwards. This is a disfiguring disease and in a severe attack all leaves wither resulting in premature defoliation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique); Asia (China, Formosa, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Azores, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Yugoslavia, U.S.S.R.); North America (Canada, U.S.A.), Central America (Costa Rica, Cuba). (Literature; Herb. IMI). TRANSMISSION: Dimock & Allyn (24: 192) suggested the pathogen may survive the winter in the soil in infected debris from the previous season. The fungus may be disseminated by water splash or by mechanical means as with
S. obesa
.
Puccinia chrysanthemi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Puccinia chrysanthemi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Chrysanthemum boreale, C. decaisneanum, C. hortum, C. indicum, C. makinoi, C. pacificum, C. shimotomaii, C. shiwagiku, C. sinense
and
C. zawadskii
. DISEASE: Black rust of cultivated chrysanthemum. Attacks mainly leaves, killing them and causing premature defoliation. Severe foliar infection in certain varieties is accompanied by slight infection of stems and occasionally of the involucre. Affected plants often become stunted and produce few flowers. Heavy damage was caused in Germany during 1926-27 (8: 242). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Rhodesia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda); Asia (China, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, U.S.S.R.); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, New Zealand, Tasmania); Europe (Azores, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Iceland, Italy, Malta, N. Ireland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia); N. America (Bermuda, Canada, U.S.A.); Central America & W. Indies (Dominican Republic); S. America (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay). (CMI Map 117, Ed. 2, 1964). TRANSMISSION: Teliospores have been reported from Japan, N. America and Sweden; elsewhere the fungus is known in the uredial stage only. It has been shown that urediospores wintered in the open can germinate in the spring (Jacky, Z.
Pfl.-Krankh
. 10: 132, 1900;
Zbl Bakt
. II, 10: 369, 1903; 18: 88, 1907). It is believed that urediospores can remain viable through winter on woodwork, glass, fallen leaves or in the soil (Pape,
Gartenwelt
32: 623, 1928). No perennial mycelium has been found (Gibson,
New Phytol
. 3: 188, 1904).
Gymnoconia nitens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gymnoconia nitens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On numerous
Rubus
species including American dewberries, blackberries, loganberries, raspberries, ornamental and wild species. There are no reliable records of this rust on the true red raspberry (
R. idaeus
) and the European blackberry (
R. fruticosus
agg.). DISEASE: Orange rust of brambles. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Central and Eastern U.S.S.R., China, Japan); Australia; Europe (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Czechoslovakia, U.S.S.R.); N. America (N., N.W. and Central Canada, E. U.S.A. from Nova Scotia to Florida, Great Lakes Region, Texas, California). TRANSMISSION: The fungus overwinters as systemic perennial mycelium within the host. Transmission by wind-borne and perhaps splash-borne aeciospores (demicyclic form) and aeciospores and basidiospores (endocyclic form); by vegetative propagation of infected plants; by natural root grafts (Dodge, 1923), and by conveyance of infected plants from one country to another (11: 423).
Phragmidium bulbosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phragmidium bulbosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Rubus fruticosus
sect. Corylifolii (European blackberry) and on
R. caesius
(dewberry). DISEASE: Blackberry leaf rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely recorded in Western Europe (Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Spain). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by windblown and perhaps splash-borne spores.
Pucciniastrum americanum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pucciniastrum americanum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on
Picea glauca
(=
P. canadensis
), uredia and telia on
Rubus idaeus
(incl.
R. strigosus
) and
R
.
leucodermis
(raspberries). DISEASE: Needle rust of white spruce. Late leaf rust or late yellow rust of raspberry, infecting canes, leaves, petioles, calyces and fruits. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada and U.S.A. (widely distributed, recorded from British Columbia, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Mass., Md, Me, Montana, North Dakota, New Hamp., New Jersey, Nova Scotia, New York, Ohio, Ontario, Quebec, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia). TRANSMISSION: Although the basidiospores infect
Picea glauca
(white spruce) (Darker, 1929) in some areas they probably play little part in the life cycle on raspberry since this rust is found on the latter host year after year in regions remote from any spruce trees (Anderson, 1956).
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. batatas
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. batatas
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ipomoea batatas
. DISEASE: An important wilt disease of sweet potato in U.S.A. but apparently of little importance in the tropics. Interveinal yellowing of the leaves is followed by distortion and stunting and the old leaves fall. There is extensive vascular necrosis which may appear purplish below soil level; the cortex may rupture. Infected tubers may rot in storage. Fusaria that cause surface rots are probably different (41: 329). The fungus infects the roots of many plants without causing any external symptoms, viz. cabbage, cotton, cowpea, maize, okra potato, sage, snap bean, soyabean, tobacco, tomato and water melon (28: 189; 37: 593). But race 2 causes wilt in Burley and flue cured tobacco (38: 421). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: General in U.S.A., especially in the northern range of sweet potato production, including the Pacific coast and western states (40: 511). Also reported from Africa (Malawi); Asia (China, Formosa, India, Japan) Australasia & Oceania (Hawaii, New Zealand). TRANSMISSION: Through plant material and by any means through soil.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Subramanian C. V. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Brassica oleracea
(cabbage) and other
Cruciferae
: kale, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, kohlrabi, rutabaga, turnip, mustard, rape, Chinese cabbage, garden cress, stock, raddish. Armstrong & Armstrong (1952) consider the form infecting cabbage, raddish and stock as races of
Fusarium conglutinans
, however, Gordon (1965) recognizes these three as distinct formae speciales of
Fusarium oxysporum
, f.sp.
conglutinans
, f.sp.
raphani
Kendrick & Snyder and f.sp.
mathioli
Baker, respectively. DISEASES: Yellows of cabbage and other
Cruciferae
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Congo, Cameroon, Rhodesia); Asia (China, Japan); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (France, Netherlands, U.S.S.R.); N. America (U.S.A.); C. America and W. Indies (Cuba,? Trinidad); S. America (Brazil (Sao Paulo)) (CMI Map 54). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Dissemination by means of soil on implements, transplants, surface drainage water and water-borne and wind-borne.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Subramanian C. V. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Lycopersicon esculentum
(tomato),
L. pimpinellifolium
(red currant tomato) and other species of
Lycopersicon
. DISEASE: Vascular wilt of tomato. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, N. and S. America, Australasia, Europe, W. Indies and C. America. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne and seed-borne. Long distance spread by infected seed and transplants. Local dissemination by transplants, wind-borne and water-borne infested soil, surface-drainage water.
Chrysomyxa weirii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Chrysomyxa weirii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Picea engelmannii, P. glauca, P. mariana, P. rubens, P. schrenkiana, P. sitchensis
and other
Picea
spp. DISEASE: Needle rust of spruce caused by localized telia which are restricted to needles, causing limited to severe defoliation (Tripp, Stevenson & Baranyay, 1966). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Scattered throughout Canada and the mainly western states of U.S.A., including reports from British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, Canada and Idaho, Montana, Oregon, W. Virginia, Tennessee and Washington, U.S.A. Also reported from Kazakhstan S.S.R. by Nevodovskii (1956). TRANSMISSION: Unknown.
Trachysphaera fructigena
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Trachysphaera fructigena
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Theobroma cacao, Coffea liberica
, banana. Also on
Mimusops elenpi
and
M. commersonii
(41: 358). DISEASES: Mealy pod of cacao, fruit rot of coffee and bananas. Fairly rapidly developing brown to black rot followed by the dense conidial masses on the surface, at first white, becoming pink to brown and covering most of the fruit. On cacao and coffee of minor importance, though heavy losses in the latter have been reported from the Ivory Coast (14: 153). Young fruit may be more susceptible (33: 757); can only infect wounded cacao pods and spread of the rot is quicker on ripe fruit (40: 33). The fungus is of greater importance on bananas, both on the fruit in the field and in the ripening rooms, causing a general wet rot. It is probably associated with other funeal invaders of banana fruit (34: 657). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Restricted to tropical west and central Africa (CMI Map 249, ed. 2, 1957). Reported from Malagasy Republic in 1960 (40: 405). It can occur in ripening rooms of countries importing bananas from Africa. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are presumably air dispersed, but spread by ants and snails has been suggested (8: 28).
Aplanobacter populi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aplanobacter populi
[Xanthomonas populi]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Populus
spp. DISEASE: Bacterial canker of poplar. 'Chancre suitant' of Ride. First visible on young branches as slightly swollen areas with superficial cracks from which may ooze a dense, mucous, greyish exudate in sparing. Large cankers may develop at these sites over several seasons, or other organisms may invade and cause rapid death of the distal part of the branch. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (CMI Map 422). Recently reported from East Germany (46, 2843). A different bacteriosis has been reported in Italy (Ride, pers. comm., 1970). TRANSMISSION: The disease can spread rapidly in the direction of the prevailing wind in susceptible plantations (47, 3227), suggesting spread by wind-blown rain splashes. Insects such as the cambium miner,
Dendromyza carbonaria
, are probably also involved. Dissemination into new areas occurs when infected material is planted. The pathogen gains entry into the plant through wounds, e.g. leaf and stipule scars, insect punctures, and frost cracks.
Erwinia tracheiphila
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Erwinia tracheiphila
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Cucumis
spp.,
Cucurbita
spp., and
Citrullus
spp. Elliott lists hosts in three other genera, all
Cucurbitaceae
. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of cucumber. The symptoms are similar to those of other wilts, leaves and later entire branches wilt and shrivel. Infected stems may exude sticky bacterial slime when cut, which helps to distinguish this disease from other wilts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Canada and U.S.A., also reported sporadically in South Africa, Congo, Japan, China, U.S.S.R., and several countries in Europe (CMI Map 456). TRANSMISSION: The usual vectors in North America are the cucumber beetles,
Diabrotica
spp., but other insects that cause wounds may also be able to transmit the disease, e.g. grasshoppers (Chupp & Sherf, 1960). It has not been conclusively shown that woodlice play an important role in transmission in the absence of
Diabrotica
spp., and statements to this effect seem to originate from the conjecture of Bewley in his
Diseases of Glasshouse Plants
(3: 94). Mechanical transmission on tools or hands of workers also occurs. Infection without wounding does not normally take place, but there is one report of infection along the margins of unwounded leaves that had been artificially water-congested (28: 26). Seed transmission does not occur.
Xanthomonas oryzicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas oryzicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Oryza saliva
. Some weed species of
Oryza
have also been reported to be susceptible (45, i789). Weakly pathogenic to
Leersia hexandra
by artificial inoculation. DISEASE: Bacterial leaf streak of rice. Narrow, dark greenish, water-soaked streaks of various lengths appear between the veins. Minute amber droplets of bacterial exudate are commonly found on these lesions. Later the lesions extend and coalesce giving large brownish patches. In the late stages symptoms are difficult to distinguish from bacterial leaf blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Confined to tropical Asia. Reported from China, India, Philippines, Thailand and West Malaysia (CMI Map 463 and 49, 144).TRANSMISSION: The pathogen spreads within a crop in surface moisture and may enter the leaf through minor abrasions or stomata. Warm wet weather is favourable to both spread and development of the tisease. Introduction into new areas can occur in seed from infected plants (48, 1693).
Sphaerotheca mors-uvae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Purnell T. J. , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sphaerotheca mors-uvae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Chiefly on
Ribes grossularia
, but not infrequent on other species of
Ribes
, e.g.
R. alpinum, R. atropurpureum, R. aureum, R. fosekulatum, R. nigrum
and
R. rubrum
(Blumer, 1967). DISEASE: American gooseberry miltew. The pathogen attacks the tips of young shoots, the leaves becoming covered on both sides with white mycelium which spreads over the whole shoot causing a serious check in growth. Leaves and berries in all stages are attacked. The disease first appears on occasional isolated infected leaf trusses at the early flowering stage in gooseberry and the invisible spread is very rapid (44, 3413). Severe infection reduces shoot growth and consequently the crop in the following year (45, 1440). In black currant, differentiation of flower buds may be affected, resulting in considerable reduction of the crop (45, 153). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan); Europe (Austria, Britain, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland, U.S.S.R.); North America (Canada, U.S.A.). CMI Map 16, ed. 2, 1964. TRANSMISSION: Wind-borne conidia. Cleistothecia remain on the twigs and may produce ascospores in the spring. On
Ribes prossularia
the fungus normally overwinters as mycelium in the dormant buds (47, 2773). On
R. nigrum
, however, the main sources of infection in spring are the ascospores, the fungus producing active cleistothecia (46, 3140).
Verticillium albo-atrum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. , Talboys P. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Verticillium albo-atrum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of dicotyledonous plants, mostly herbaceous. Engelhard (1957) gives a host index for
V. albo-atrum
, including
V. dahliae
, and it is not always evident which species is being reported. Moore (1959) lists British records. Economically important diseases are caused in hop, lucerne and solanaceous crops. DISEASES: Causes so called 'wilt' diseases: diurnal flaccidity followed by permanent wilting commonly occur, but not invariably; in some 'wilts' there is chlorosis leading to marginal and interveinal necrosis and progressive desiccation
without flaccidity
(e.g. hop wilt). Leaves are generally affected in acropetal succession. Infection of only a few vascular bundles may result in one-sided development of chlorosis and necrosis in a pattern that is related to stem and leaf vascular connections. Infected xylem strands commonly show brown discoloration but this may develop only after considerable delay. See also Talboys (1968). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, but predominantly in temperate regions (CMI Map 365, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: The fungus persists in the soil in the debris of dead infected plants, and infects roots that come into contact with it. Conidia formed on the debris (39: 502) may also contribute to root infection. Additional infection by air-borne conitia can occur in lucerne through the ends of stems severed during harvesting (37: 176). Spread of disease generally results from dissemination of infectet plant debris by natural agencies or in the processes of cultivation, harvesting, etc. The pathogen may be transferred in cuttings, etc. propagated in infested soils and transmission by superficial infection of seeds occurs in lucerne (41: 393).