bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear dynamics of proton beams with hollow electron lens in the CERN high-luminosity LHC
Authors: Mirarchi D. , Appleby R. B. , Bruce R. , Giovannozzi M. , Mereghetti A. , Redaelli S. , Stancari G. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe design stored beam energy in the CERN high-luminosity large hadron collider (HL-LHC) upgrade is about 700 MJ, with about 36 MJ in the beam tails, according to estimates based on scaling considerations from measurements at the LHC. Such a large amount of stored energy in the beam tails poses serious challenges on its control and safe disposal. In particular, orbit jitters can cause significant losses on primary collimators, which can lead to accidental beam dumps, magnet quenches, or even permanent damage to collimators and other accelerator elements. Thus, active control of the diffusion speed of halo particles is necessary and the use of hollow electron lenses (HELs) represents the most promising approach to handle overpopulated tails at the HL-LHC. HEL is a very powerful and advanced tool that can be used for controlled depletion of beam tails, thus enhancing the performance of beam halo collimation. For these reasons, HELs have been recently included in the HL-LHC baseline. In this paper, we present detailed beam dynamics calculations performed with the goal of defining HEL specifications and operational scenarios for HL-LHC. The prospects for effective halo control in HL-LHC are presented.
PKM2 Is Essential for Bladder Cancer Growth and Maintenance
Authors: Xia Yong , Wang Xing , Liu Yan , Shapiro Ellen , Lepor Herbert , Tang Moon-Shong , Sun Tung-Tien , Wu Xue-Ru 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) has been shown to promote tumorigenesis by facilitating the Warburg effect and enhancing the activities of oncoproteins. However, this paradigm has recently been challenged by studies in which the absence of PKM2 failed to inhibit and instead accelerated tumorigenesis in mouse models. These results seem inconsistent with the fact that most human tumors overexpress PKM2. To further elucidate the role of PKM2 in tumorigenesis, we investigated the effect of PKM2 knockout in oncogenic HRAS-driven urothelial carcinoma. While PKM2 ablation in mouse urothelial cells did not affect tumor initiation, it impaired the growth and maintenance of HRAS-driven tumors. Chemical inhibition of PKM2 recapitulated these effects. Both conditions substantially reduced complex formation of PKM2 with STAT3, their nuclear translocation, and HIF1α- and VEGF-related angiogenesis. The reduction in nuclear STAT3 in the absence of PKM2 also correlated with decreased autophagy and increased apoptosis. Time-controlled, inducible PKM2 overexpression in simple urothelial hyperplasia did not trigger tumorigenesis, while overexpression of PKM2, but not PKM1, in nodular urothelial hyperplasia with angiogenesis strongly accelerated tumorigenesis. Finally, in human patients, PKM2 was overexpressed in low-grade nonmuscle-invasive and high-grade muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Based on these data, PKM2 is not required for tumor initiation but is essential for tumor growth and maintenance by enhancing angiogenesis and metabolic addiction. The PKM2–STAT3–HIF1α/VEGF signaling axis may play a critical role in bladder cancer and may serve as an actionable therapeutic target.

Significance:
Genetic manipulation and pharmacologic inhibition of PKM2 in mouse urothelial lesions highlight its essential role in promoting angiogenesis and metabolic addiction, events indispensable for tumor growth and maintenance.
Integrated Molecular Characterization of Patient-Derived Models Reveals Therapeutic Strategies for Treating CIC-DUX4 Sarcoma
Authors: Carrabotta Marianna , Laginestra Maria Antonella , Durante Giorgio , Mancarella Caterina , Landuzzi Lorena , Parra Alessandro , Ruzzi Francesca , Toracchio Lisa , De Feo Alessandra , Giusti Veronica , Pasello Michela , Righi Alberto , Lollini Pier-Luigi , Palmerini Emanuela , Donati Davide Maria , Manara Maria Cristina , Scotlandi Katia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Capicua-double homeobox 4 (CIC-DUX4)–rearranged sarcomas (CDS) are extremely rare, highly aggressive primary sarcomas that represent a major therapeutic challenge. Patients are treated according to Ewing sarcoma protocols, but CDS-specific therapies are strongly needed. In this study, RNA sequencing was performed on patient samples to identify a selective signature that differentiates CDS from Ewing sarcoma and other fusion-driven sarcomas. This signature was used to validate the representativeness of newly generated CDS experimental models—patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and PDX-derived cell lines—and to identify specific therapeutic vulnerabilities. Annotation analysis of differentially expressed genes and molecular gene validation highlighted an HMGA2/IGF2BP/IGF2/IGF1R/AKT/mTOR axis that characterizes CDS and renders the tumors particularly sensitive to combined treatments with trabectedin and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Trabectedin inhibited IGF2BP/IGF2/IGF1R activity, but dual inhibition of the PI3K and mTOR pathways was required to completely dampen downstream signaling mediators. Proof-of-principle efficacy for the combination of the dual AKT/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 (dactolisib) with trabectedin was obtained in vitro and in vivo using CDS PDX-derived cell lines, demonstrating a strong inhibition of local tumor growth and multiorgan metastasis. Overall, the development of representative experimental models (PDXs and PDX-derived cell lines) has helped to identify the unique sensitivity of the CDS to AKT/mTOR inhibitors and trabectedin, revealing a mechanism-based therapeutic strategy to fight this lethal cancer.

Significance:
This study identifies altered HMGA2/IGF2BP/IGF2 signaling in CIC-DUX4 sarcomas and provides proof of principle for combination therapy with trabectedin and AKT/mTOR dual inhibitors to specifically combat the disease.
High-Dimensional Unbalanced Binary Classification by Genetic Programming with Multi-Criterion Fitness Evaluation and Selection
Authors: Pei Wenbin , Xue Bing , Shang Lin , Zhang Mengjie 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHigh-dimensional unbalanced classification is challenging because of the joint effects of high dimensionality and class imbalance. Genetic programming (GP) has the potential benefits for use in high-dimensional classification due to its built-in capability to select informative features. However, once data are not evenly distributed, GP tends to develop biased classifiers which achieve a high accuracy on the majority class but a low accuracy on the minority class. Unfortunately, the minority class is often at least as important as the majority class. It is of importance to investigate how GP can be effectively utilized for high-dimensional unbalanced classification. In this article, to address the performance bias issue of GP, a new two-criterion fitness function is developed, which considers two criteria, that is, the approximation of area under the curve (AUC) and the classification clarity (i.e., how well a program can separate two classes). The obtained values on the two criteria are combined in pairs, instead of summing them together. Furthermore, this article designs a three-criterion tournament selection to effectively identify and select good programs to be used by genetic operators for generating offspring during the evolutionary learning process. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better classification performance than other compared methods.
“I updated the &lt;ref&gt;”: The evolution of references in the English Wikipedia and the implications for altmetrics
Authors: Zagovora Olga , Ulloa Roberto , Weller Katrin , Flöck Fabian 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
With this work, we present a publicly available data set of the history of all the references (more than 55 million) ever used in the English Wikipedia until June 2019. We have applied a new method for identifying and monitoring references in Wikipedia, so that for each reference we can provide data about associated actions: creation, modifications, deletions, and reinsertions. The high accuracy of this method and the resulting data set was confirmed via a comprehensive crowdworker labeling campaign. We use the data set to study the temporal evolution of Wikipedia references as well as users’ editing behavior. We find evidence of a mostly productive and continuous effort to improve the quality of references: There is a persistent increase of reference and document identifiers (DOI, PubMedID, PMC, ISBN, ISSN, ArXiv ID) and most of the reference curation work is done by registered humans (not bots or anonymous editors). We conclude that the evolution of Wikipedia references, including the dynamics of the community processes that tend to them, should be leveraged in the design of relevance indexes for altmetrics, and our data set can be pivotal for such an effort.
The History and Practice of AI in the Environmental Sciences
Authors: Haupt Sue Ellen , Gagne David John , Hsieh William W. , Krasnopolsky Vladimir , McGovern Amy , Marzban Caren , Moninger William , Lakshmanan Valliappa , Tissot Philippe , Williams John K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have become important tools for environmental scientists and engineers, both in research and in applications. Although these methods have become quite popular in recent years, they are not new. The use of AI methods began in the 1950s and environmental scientists were adopting them by the 1980s. Although an “AI winter” temporarily slowed the growth, a more recent resurgence has brought it back with gusto. This paper tells the story of the evolution of AI in the field through the lens of the AMS Committee on Artificial Intelligence Applications to Environmental Science. The environmental sciences possess a host of problems amenable to advancement by intelligent techniques. We review a few of the early applications along with the ML methods of the time and how their progression has impacted these sciences. While AI methods have changed from expert systems in the 1980s to neural networks and other data-driven methods, and more recently deep learning, the environmental problems tackled have remained similar. We discuss the types of applications that have shown some of the biggest advances due to AI usage and how they have evolved over the past decades, including topics in weather forecasting, probabilistic prediction, climate estimation, optimization problems, image processing, and improving forecasting models. We finish with a look at where AI as employed in environmental science appears to be headed and some thoughts on how it might be best blended with physical/dynamical modeling approaches to further advance our science.
Oceanic Influence on Seasonal Malaria Incidence in West Africa
Authors: Diouf Ibrahima , Suárez-Moreno Roberto , Rodríguez-Fonseca Belen , Caminade Cyril , Wade Malick , Thiaw Wassila M. , Deme Abdoulaye , Morse Andrew P. , Ndione Jaques-André , Gaye Amadou T. , Diaw Anta , Ndiaye Marie Khemesse Ngom 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Climate variability is a key factor in driving malaria outbreaks. As shown in previous studies, climate-driven malaria modeling provides a better understanding of malaria transmission dynamics, generating malaria-related parameters validated as a reliable benchmark to assess the impact of climate on malaria. In this framework, the present study uses climate observations and reanalysis products to evaluate the predictability of malaria incidence in West Africa. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are shown as a skillful predictor of malaria incidence, which is derived from climate-driven simulations with the Liverpool Malaria Model (LMM). Using the SST-based Statistical Seasonal Forecast model (S4CAST) tool, we find robust modes of anomalous SST variability associated with skillful predictability of malaria incidence Accordingly, significant SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins are related to a significant response of malaria incidence over West Africa. For the Mediterranean Sea, warm SST anomalies are responsible for increased surface air temperatures and precipitation over West Africa, resulting in higher malaria incidence; conversely, cold SST anomalies are responsible for decreased surface air temperatures and precipitation over West Africa, resulting in lower malaria incidence.. Our results put forward the key role of SST variability as a source of predictability of malaria incidence, being of paramount interest to decision-makers who plan public health measures against malaria in West Africa. Accordingly, SST anomalies could be used operationally to forecast malaria risk over West Africa for early warning systems.
Harmonising public sector accounting laws and regulations of the European Union member states: powers and competences
Authors: Helldorff Karoline , Christiaens Johan 
Published: December 2021

This paper analyses the powers and competences of the EU to standardise public sector accounting of the member states and to take other EU action in the field of public sector accounting. We argue that public sector accounting forms part of the administrative organisation of the member states that is not a core EU competence. EU initiatives such as the European Public Sector Accounting Standards project, which aim to increase transparency and comparability, therefore need to follow the rules set out for administrative matters in general. The study reveals on the one hand that EU actions are essentially limited to voluntary cooperation and influences of other policy areas. But on the other hand, it shows that they do not need to be limited to the initiatives currently driven by Eurostat. Points for practitioners The future of the European Public Sector Accounting Standards project is uncertain. However, it is very unlikely that it will take the shape of a top-down set of readymade EU accounting standards that will force public administrations to adjust their inner workings. Public sector accounting is not (yet) a (typical) European policy, but simply a national one that the EU can support. The EU initiative can be considered as an opportunity for collaboration and knowledge sharing on how to increase transparency of public sector accounting.
Compassion as a Source of Satisfaction and Fear in Professionals Who Work With People
Authors: Sak Ramazan , Nas Eşref , Şahin-Sak İkbal Tuba , Öneren-Şendil Çağla , Tekin-Sitrava Reyhan , Taşkın Necdet , Kardeş Servet , Yayla Ahmet , Dirik Yaren 
Published: December 2021

Background Compassion satisfaction and fear of compassion affect the mental health of professionals who work with people. In addition, each of these two variables can be important indicators of the quality of the services such professionals provide. Methods This study examines compassion as a source of satisfaction and fear among 293 professionals work with people, including 158 teachers, 57 police officers, 45 nurses and 44 imams. A personal information form, the Fear of Compassion Scale, and the Compassion Satisfaction Scale were used as data collection tools. Results Neither fear of compassion nor compassion satisfaction varied significantly according to the sampled professionals’ genders, educational levels, monthly incomes or area of residence. However, both these measures did exhibit statistically significant variation by the respondents’ professional roles, ages, numbers of children and marital statuses. A significant negative relationship between the participants’ fear of compassion and their compassion satisfaction was also identified. Conclusion Courses related to kindness and social interaction should be provided in schools, to help the adults of the future.
What Counts in Nursing Homes’ Quality and Efficiency? Results From Data Envelopment Analysis in Italy
Authors: Barsanti Sara , Bunea Anita Mariana , Colombini Giulia 
Published: December 2021

Purpose: Economic resource constrains in public spending budget in a country, such as Italy, with an ageing population with high incidence of chronic diseases calls for better strategies to improve measuring quality and efficiency in nursing homes (NHs). This paper analyses the efficiency of 40 NHs based in Tuscany considering not only structural characteristics but also quality of care, including residents, relatives and staff satisfaction. Methodology: We run a classic data envelopment analysis (DEA) on data gathered by the NHs’ regional performance evaluation system. We include as inputs the number of total work hours as labour and the daily cost for services as economic resources. As outputs we include measures for quality of care (number of falls, urinary infections and antidepressants), satisfaction (residents, relatives and professionals) and quality of life (days of recreational activities). We run a multivariate regression to analyse the determinants of previously obtained efficiency scores considering factors such as: institutional (ownership), managerial (training) and clinical (patient’s severity). Findings: Results find 35% efficient NHs. Moreover, management and the managerial factor (staff trained in end-of-life support) are predictors of the efficiency score. Originality: Our study uses satisfaction (residents, relatives and professionals) measures as proxy for quality output in the DEA model and measures related to staff management (eg training) as predictors of the efficiency scores.
Experiences Building Graphics Literacy Skills: Interviews With Teachers and Students
Authors: Rosenblum L. Penny , Zebehazy Kim T. , Gage Nicholas , Beal Carole R. 
Published: December 2021

Introduction Participants’ perspectives are valuable in evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention. Methods Interviews were conducted with teachers of students with visual impairments and students who completed an intervention designed to build graphics literacy skills. Results Six themes were identified with corresponding subthemes. The intervention was reported to build students’ graphics literacy skills. Discussion Some students were able to generalize the strategies they learned to academic classes. Higher-level thinking skills challenged some students. Implications for practitioners A systematic approach beginning early can increase students’ graphics literacy skills. Teachers should provide ongoing opportunities for thinking and regulation of learning.
Orbital schwannoma with hyposmia as the only presentation: Case report and a literature review on differential diagnosis
Authors: Lou Xiangyu , Jiang Bo , Zhong Jianguang , Wu Jian , Wang Haibin , Jiang Li 
Published: December 2021

Orbital schwannoma is a rare benign tumor, originating from the Schwann cells of the orbital peripheral nerve sheath. Orbital schwannoma is easily misdiagnosed if the patient shows atypical presentations and atypical appearance on MRI imaging. A 56-year-old male experienced hyposmia for 1 year and was misdiagnosed with cavernous hemangioma pre-operation. This case was treated by surgery through the endoscopic trans-nasal approach. After operation, the patient had no recurrence or complications. Preoperative diagnosis for these cases remains difficult. Combined imaging modalities including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help in differential diagnosis. Surgery is the main treatment modality for treating orbital schwannoma. Outcomes in most cases are favorable without complications or recurrence.
An Evaluation of YouTube Videos as a Surgical Instructional Tool for Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches in Otolaryngology
Authors: De La Torre Amy B. , Joe Stephanie , Lee Victoria S. 
Published: December 2021

Objectives Online surgical videos are an increasingly popular resource for surgical trainees, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our objective was to assess the instructional quality of the YouTube videos of the transsphenoidal surgical approach (TSA), using LAParoscopic surgery Video Educational Guidelines (LAP-VEGaS). Methods YouTube TSA videos were searched using 5 keywords. Video characteristics were recorded. Two fellowship-trained rhinologists evaluated videos using LAP-VEGaS (scale 0 [worst] to 18 [best]). Results The searches produced 43 unique, unduplicated videos for analysis. Mean video length 7 minutes (standard deviation [SD] = 13), mean viewership was 16 017 views (SD = 29 415), and mean total LAP-VEGaS score was 9 (SD = 3). The LAP-VEGaS criteria with the lowest mean scores were presentation of the positioning of the patient/surgical team (mean = 0.2; SD = 0.6) and the procedure outcomes (mean = 0.4; SD = 0.6). There was substantial interrater agreement (κ = 0.71). Conclusions LAP-VEGaS, initially developed for laparoscopic procedures, is useful for evaluating TSA instructional videos. There is an opportunity to improve the quality of these videos.
Effects of virtual reality in improving upper extremity function after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Jin Minxia , Pei Junjie , Bai Zhongfei , Zhang Jiaqi , He Ting , Xu Xiaojing , Zhu Feifei , Yu Dan , Zhang Ziwei 
Published: December 2021

Objective To investigate the effect of virtual reality on arm motor impairment, activity limitation, participation restriction, and quality of life in patients with stroke. To determine potential moderators that affect the efficacy of virtual reality. Data sources CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data from inception to October 23, 2021. Review methods Randomized controlled trials that investigated the effect of virtual reality on arm recovery in adult patients with stroke compared to conventional therapy or sham control were included. Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale was used to assess the methodological quality of each study. Results Forty studies with 2018 participants were identified. Quality of included studies was fair to high. Virtual reality exhibited better effects on overall arm function ( g = 0.28, p < 0.001), motor impairment ( g = 0.36, p < 0.001) and activity limitation (daily living) ( g = 0.24, p < 0.001) compared with the control group. No significant improvement was observed in participation restriction and activity limitation (specific task). The result for quality of life was described qualitatively. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that immersive virtual reality produced a greater beneficial effect ( g = 0.60, p < 0.001). Patients with moderate to severe arm paresis could make more progress after training ( g = 0.71, p < 0.001). Conclusion Virtual reality is recommended for improving motor impairment and activities of daily living after stroke and is favorable to patients with moderate to severe paresis. An immersive design could produce greater improvement.