bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commerce
Authors: Bittner Stephen V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Russia’s ‘passage through Armageddon’—seven years of war, revolution, and civil war—destroyed almost entirely the empire’s vinicultural economy. Wartime prohibition, territorial losses, vineyard neglect, and the priorities of the new Bolshevik government harkened a crisis worse than phylloxera. Yet many prominent persons in the wine industry, who cut their professional teeth during the tsarist years, and who were often so-called ‘former people’, aristocrats or members of the bourgeoisie, found common cause with the new Soviet government during the 1920s. Because they thought the wine industry was too important to be ignored, these persons welcomed the regulatory gaze of newly activist Soviet state, even as that state sought the destruction of so many of them.
A Life for the Tsar, an Opera for the Nation
Authors: Werth Paul W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Performed as A Life for the Tsar (Ivan Susanin in the USSR), composer Mikhail Glinka’s first opera occupies a unique place in both Russian music and Russian history. Contemporaries asserted its importance almost immediately. As one critic wrote ten days after the premiere, ‘Glinka’s opera appeared suddenly, as if from nowhere’, signifying ‘the dawn of a new age in the history of the arts––the age of Russian music’. Premiered in November 1836 and completed the next year, A Life for the Tsar represents a watershed—a major event in the history of Russian musical culture, signalling the country’s arrival as a musical power, the mobilization of opera in Russia’s nation-building, and a process of myth-making about these and other issues.
Philosophical Madness
Authors: Werth Paul W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Among the stranger literary products of 1837 was an essay called Apology of a Madman. Together with companion Philosophical Letters, this text represents a fundamental moment in the history of Russian thought and makes its author, Peter Chaadaev, a central figure in Russian intellectual history. For these texts not only played a major role in precipitating a grand debate between Westernizers and Slavophiles about Russia’s place in the world, but also laid the foundations for all subsequent philosophies of history in Russia. And by positing that Russia constituted a blank slate on which virtually anything could be inscribed, the Apology exerted a powerful influence on anyone contemplating Russia’s future. Chaadaev’s interventions in 1836–7 thus gave birth to a particular way of thinking about Russia’s past and future, and the country would not be the same without them.
Think More About Camels
Authors: Werth Paul W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Russia’s military campaign against the khanate of Khiva in 1839–40 is noteworthy for its disastrous outcome. Planned for the winter months in order to obviate the absence of water in the arid Kazakh steppe, the campaign encountered an uncommonly severe winter, which imposed exceptional hardships and compelled the expedition to return to the outpost of Orenburg. Felled largely by the decimation of its camels in the cold winter, the campaign is enmeshed in larger changes unfolding in Russia’s relationship to Kazakhs, Central Asia, and the wider world. A growing Russian attitude of European superiority and preoccupations with great-power status after the defeat of Napoleon equipped tsarist elites with an enhanced sense of entitlement. The year 1837 proved critical for translating these sentiments into attempted conquest. Russian activity in the region also served as the midwife for an intense British Russophobia.
Statistical Methods for Analyzing Species–Habitat Associations
Authors: Veech Joseph A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Six methods for statistically identifying and quantifying meaningful species–habitat associations are discussed. These are (1) comparison among group means (e.g. ANOVA), (2) multiple linear regression, (3) multiple logistic regression, (4) classification and regression trees, (5) multivariate techniques (principal components analysis and discriminant function analysis), and (6) occupancy modeling. Each method is described in statistical detail and associated terminology is explained. The example of habitat associations of a hypothetical beetle species (from Chapter 8) is used to further explain some of the methods. Assumption, strengths, and weaknesses of each method are discussed. Related statistical constructs and procedures such as the variance–covariance matrix, negative binomial distribution, generalized linear modeling, maximum likelihood estimation, and Bayes’ theorem are also explained. Some historical context is provided for some of the methods.
The Psychocultural Life of Cities and Regions
Authors: Huggins Robert , Thompson Piers 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter seeks to explore the role of culture in relation to economic development in a place-based context, and secondly to examine the adoption of a more holistic perspective of behaviour at the regional and local level that considers specific configurations of human behaviour, which in combination influence the outputs attained. In particular, it combines theories of socio-spatial community culture and personality psychology into a holistic, spatially oriented perspective in order to identify distinct psychocultural behavioural profiles, drawing on an empirical example of regions and localities across Great Britain. This psychocultural behavioural approach is based on the interaction between the community culture apparent in these localities, which generates the social norms that influence the behaviour of individuals, and the personality traits of individuals located in these places.
Agency, Economic Evolution, and History
Authors: Huggins Robert , Thompson Piers 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the type and nature of human agency existing within cities and regions at particular points in their development are significant factors explaining the capacity of these places to achieve economic transformation and renewal. In particular, it seeks to set notions of entrepreneurial human agency within wider and emerging theories of regional economic renewal and transformation. It is suggested that, while the configuration and capability of economic ecosystems—which are conceptualized through notions such as clusters, innovation systems, and industrial districts—determine regional development outcomes, at the micro level it is the role played by certain key human agents within regions that actually shapes the nature and evolution of these ecosystems. In other words, human agency is considered to be a primary driver associated with economic development and transformation, and should be viewed seriously when addressing the routes available to economically mature and underdeveloped cities and regions in their bid to foster renewal and transformation.
Institutions, Capital, and Network Behaviour
Authors: Huggins Robert , Thompson Piers 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As a means of seeking to better understand and consider the deeper and less transparent drivers of urban and regional development, this chapter examines the institutional determinants of the innovation and growth capability and capacity of cities and regions. From the institutional perspective, cities and regions are portrayed as growth systems in which the availability of a range of capital and institutional forms play a key role in promoting innovation and growth. Having established the means by which the types of institutions and associated capital within a city or region impact upon its evolutionary development, the second part of the chapter argues that within any city or region the institutions concerning the networks formed by key agents will establish the framework for the distribution of power, particularly power that impacts upon the evolution and development of the economy.
Repertoires of Migration Governance
Authors: Geddes Andrew 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter specifies the idea of migration governance repertoires, which are then used to organize the analysis of migration governance in Europe, North America, South America, and Southeast Asia and to explore prospects for global migration governance. Repertoires are shown to have narrative, social, symbolic, and affective components and also to be ongoing in that they don’t have a clear beginning and end. The key features of repertoires are assessed through five intuitively expressed questions that actors face in migration governance systems: ‘How can we figure out what’s going on out there?’; ‘Why do something when we don’t know what effect it will have?’; ‘How can we choose our priorities?’; ‘Who are all these people at this meeting?’; and ‘Does that make sense to us?’ These are shown to require interpretations of facts and evidence but also to necessarily elide with beliefs and values in ways that shape the operation and effects of migration governance systems.
The Courtroom in the Bedroom
Authors: Ziogas Ioannis 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter compares the distinction between what lies inside and outside the rule of law with the blurring of public and private space in the age of Augustus. Love elegy blends private with public life but also bars Roman law from the privacy of the bedroom. The secrecy of lovemaking is emblematic of the autonomy of love poetry, an independent area governed by the sovereign laws of love. At the same time, love’s jurisdiction spreads from the privacy of the bedroom to occupy the spaces of public life. The bedroom in love elegy is part of the discursive independence of sexuality, an autonomy that is the basis of sovereignty. Focusing on representative case studies from the Amores (1.4, 2.5, 2.7–8, 2.19, 3.4, 3.14), the chapter examines the shift to the privacy of the elegiac bedroom against the background of Augustus’ policy of making all aspects of his private life public.
Freedom in Paul and Modernity
Authors: Tilling Chris 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, Tilling argues that an account of Paul’s understanding of freedom can be brought into fruitful dialogue with other contributions in this volume, and with ‘freedom’ in the Eroica and in modernity more generally. An outline of Pauline scholarship sets the stage for Tilling’s constructive proposal, which claims that Paul’s core theological axioms situate the Apostle’s ‘freedom’ language in such a way that takes us beyond contemporary New Testament debates. It does this by deploying musical analogies, presenting a more coherent account than before of both Paul’s language as well as the interpreter’s task of describing Paul’s theology. The upshot, which presents freedom in Paul as a corollary of divine love, facilitates critical interaction with modernity’s freedom.
The Theology of Richard Allen’s Musical Worship
Authors: Andemicael Awet 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the role music may have played in Bishop Richard Allen’s struggle for African-American liberation from slavery, and empowerment as full participants in church and state affairs. It begins with a broad survey of music in American and British abolitionist efforts in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, including two hymns of Allen’s own composition, to provide context for Allen’s engagement with music. In comparison to such protest songs, the hymns Allen selected for his hymnbooks were not overtly political. Nevertheless, the theology of music they represented resonated with socio-political significance, coalescing around three key themes: musical worship as (a) a means for conversion and a telos for the Christian life; (b) a bridge between heaven and earth; and (c) a reflection of, and aide to, the formation of community and ecclesial unity.
The Hegemony of the Reasonable Person in Anglo-American Tort Law
Authors: Simons Kenneth W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Tort law has increasingly employed the rubric of the reasonable person in a variety of doctrinal domains. Many jurisdictions have rejected a differentiation of landowner duties according to the status of the entrant as trespasser, licensee, or invitee, and substituted a “reasonable person” test. Assumption of risk has been eliminated or greatly narrowed in favor of comparative fault, which asks simply whether the plaintiff failed to act as a reasonable person. The reasonable person plays a significant role even in intentional torts: apparent consent precludes liability when the defendant reasonably (though mistakenly) believes that plaintiff consented; putative self-defense precludes liability when the defendant reasonably (though mistakenly) believes facts that would establish that privilege; and offensive battery requires that the contact be offensive to a “reasonable” sense of dignity. What explains this widespread use of “reasonable person” tests? A desire for simplicity? The normative appeal of such a standard? Normative modesty about adopting a more controversial standard or about specifying more detailed rules? A concern to empower juries? Inertia or lazy thinking? Are such tests mainly descriptive (of ordinary conduct) or mainly idealized and prescriptive? In answering these questions, this paper argues that the hegemony of the reasonable person is sometimes a welcome but often an unwelcome development.
Reckoning Reputation
Authors: Kolb Laura 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 analyzes Shakespeare’s Othello alongside sixteenth-century commercial arithmetics. Othello makes a problem that inflects certain narrative examples in these math books into grounds for tragedy: the problem of calculating the value of persons in a society where new forms of commercial credit were unsettling traditional notions of worth. Social evaluation comes to the fore in the specific mathematical genre of “partnership problems,” which were designed to teach merchants how to calculate returns on joint ventures but which also demanded skill in reckoning the worth of words and of persons. Othello’s jealousy operates according to an extreme version of the logic inherent to these mathematical problems. The evaluation of others and of the self are linked, in Othello, to acts of evaluation drawn from the world of trade—the world reflected and addressed in arithmetic textbooks in general, and partnership problems in particular.
Opposing Fascism or Accommodating Its Last Remnant?
Authors: Guirao Fernando 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 demonstrates that in the late 1950s, the pro-Europe group in the Spanish administration decided that trade liberalization and European integration were required to assure the survival of the Franco regime. The liberal officials in Madrid were cautious about progressive Europeanization. The official request of February 1962 to open negotiations with the EEC expressed Spain’s goal to obtain a commitment from the Six in favour of the country’s economic development and political evolution at the Franco regime’s desired pace. The official Spanish request brought the Six to assess their responsibility towards Spain’s future economic stability. The critical moment in the European rescue of the Franco regime took place in 1964 when the Six accepted that the Europeanization of Spain should not be limited to solving bilateral disputes, but should address Spain’s place in the future integration of Europe.
The Decision to Grant the Preference (1964–1967)
Authors: Guirao Fernando 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For the Six, Chapter 4 shows, the Spanish question boiled down to whether they would grant the preference rather than how. Documentary records and trade data show that the EEC did not discriminate against Spanish products. The EEC’s policy on Franco Spain was forged around the justification that relations with dictatorships of less-developed countries served to promote economic development and social change. These changes would naturally lead to a collective desire for political change. France and West Germany acted accordingly and exercised due influence on their peers. In the pursuit of their own interests, the European Community and its member-states opted to induce progressive reform towards West-European institutional standards over punishment or rupture. The political debate was limited to the speed of such changes, not to the validity of the assumption. The Europeanization/democratization binomial implied that closer relations with the EEC would promote convergence towards West-European standards, including democratization.
Karl Barth and the Crisis of the First World War
Authors: Mauldin Joshua 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how Karl Barth responded to the social crisis in Europe in the wake of the First World War. Barth’s experience as a pastor and professor early in the twentieth century led him to seek an alternative to nineteenth-century theological liberalism, which he had imbibed during his own education. Many of Barth’s critics, as well as his supporters, have mistakenly assumed that Barth’s rejection of theological liberalism entailed and included a matching rejection of political liberalism. This chapter argues that Barth supported democratic liberalism even while rejecting theological liberalism. Focusing primarily on his early lectures, the chapter examines how Barth’s vision of the legitimacy of modern politics was not in tension with his theological project; on the contrary his politics afforded him the theological freedom to work toward a renewal of dogmatic orthodoxy.
Adjunctions and Monads
Authors: Johnson Niles , Yau Donald 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, adjunctions and monads in 2-/bicategories are defined and discussed, along with their basic properties and examples. This includes the internal theory of mates, adjoint equivalences, and monads in bicategories, along with 2-monads on 2-categories and various concepts of algebras for a 2-monad. A section is devoted to several examples of duality in algebra as adjunctions in the bicategory of bimodules over rings.
Catalysing Marginalisation? The Effect of Populist Governments on the Legislative and Scrutiny Functions of the Italian Parliament
Authors: Fasone Cristina 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The article analyses whether and how the activity of populist governments in Italy has affected the performance of parliament’s legislative and scrutiny functions. The analysis covers the government of Five Star Movement (5SM) and the Lega as well as the coalition government made up of the 5SM, the Democratic Party and centre-left junior allies up to the COVID-19 outbreak. The article uses selected bills and decree-laws to investigate the impact on the legislative function, while question time sessions and committees of inquiry are examined as case studies on the scrutiny function. The analysis demonstrates that although ‘subversive’ constitutional and parliamentary conduct was already in place beforehand, when populists entered government in the 18th legislative term there was a worsening of a trend towards eroding representative democracy.
Confrontational but Respecting the Rules: The Minor Impact of the Finns Party on Legislative–Executive Relations
Authors: Poyet Corentin , Raunio Tapio 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Having achieved a major breakthrough in the 2011 elections, the Finns Party remained in opposition but joined the governing coalition from 2015 until 2017 when the party suffered a serious internal split. This article shows that the overall impact of the populists on parliamentary procedures and culture has been modest. The Finns Party has adjusted to the strongly institutionalised parliamentary norms and it has not contested the existing patterns of legislative–executive relations. The populists have brought more confrontational elements to the debates but seem content operating within the established institutional constraints. Content analysis of oral and written questions shows the internal diversity of the party.
The molecular and genetic regulation of shoot branching
Authors: Luo Zhiwei , Janssen Bart J , Snowden Kimberley C 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The architecture of flowering plants exhibits both phenotypic diversity and plasticity, determined, in part, by the number and activity of axillary meristems and, in part, by the growth characteristics of the branches that develop from the axillary buds. The plasticity of shoot branching results from a combination of various intrinsic and genetic elements, such as number and position of nodes and type of growth phase, as well as environmental signals such as nutrient availability, light characteristics, and temperature (Napoli et al., 1998; Bennett and Leyser, 2006; Janssen et al., 2014; Teichmann and Muhr, 2015; Ueda and Yanagisawa, 2019). Axillary meristem initiation and axillary bud outgrowth are controlled by a complex and interconnected regulatory network. Although many of the genes and hormones that modulate branching patterns have been discovered and characterized through genetic and biochemical studies, there are still many gaps in our understanding of the control mechanisms at play. In this review, we will summarize our current knowledge of the control of axillary meristem initiation and outgrowth into a branch.
Epidemiology of COVID-19 and public health restrictions during the first wave of the pandemic in Ireland in 2020
Authors: Conway Robert , Kelly David M , Mullane Paul , Ni Bhuachalla Cliodhna , O’Connor Lois , Buckley Claire , Kearney Patricia M , Doyle Sarah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
We describe the epidemiological trends and report and review the public health restrictions implemented during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland.

Methods
The study reviewed confirmed cases of COVID-19 notified from 1 March to 18 July 2020. Data were obtained from the national COVID-19 Data Hub, the National Health Protection Surveillance Centre, the National Contact Management Programme and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.

Results
A total of 25 617 cases were notified during the study period. Weekly cases and deaths peaked in mid-April 2020 at 5701 and 316, respectively. Mean number of close contacts per case was lowest at 0.7 in April, rising to 6.6 by July. Outbreak settings shifted from travel and workplace in March, to healthcare in April. Restrictions implemented on 12 March extended to full lockdown on 27 March. Phased relaxation of restrictions commenced 18 May. Effective suppression of community transmission of COVID-19 was achieved by June 2020.

Conclusion
Lockdown is a crude population-level restriction effective in controlling COVID-19. Phased relaxation of restrictions in Ireland, however, led to an immediate increase in mean number of contacts per case, which facilitates viral transmission unless individual-level restrictions are adhered to. This demonstrates a limitation of lockdown as a long-term mechanism of pandemic control.