bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The supercritical question for pyroclastic dune bedforms: An overview
Authors: Douillet Guilhem Amin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSedimentary structures deposited from dilute pyroclastic currents are largely dominated by the products of metre‐scale dune bedforms containing backset lamination. Since the first seminal works in the 1970s, the vast majority of the literature called these structures antidunes and chutes‐and‐pools. This consensus led to a loose terminology, either as descriptive terms for structures containing backset beds or as an interpretation of hydrodynamic conditions related to Froude‐supercritical flows. Here, the main characteristics of pyroclastic dune bedforms are summarized and classified under four categories. The literature is examined and a discussion is provided regarding a possible interpretation in terms of supercritical‐flow bedforms, including antidunes, chutes‐and‐pools and cyclic steps. The interpretation of pyroclastic dune bedforms as related to supercritical conditions is a possibility among others, yet open questions remain, and under the present state of knowledge alternative interpretations are equally valid. There is consensus that an interpretation of pyroclastic dune bedforms as related to supercritical flows implies deposition from a basal underflow supporting an internal free‐surface formed at a density interface within the overall current structure. Antidunes are likely to be limited to low‐angle, incipient bedforms. Chutes‐and‐pools may occur in the form of series of steep truncations formed by an erosive supercritical ‘chute’, with a depositional signature occurring exclusively in the subcritical ‘pool’ of a Froude jump. Rare examples of cyclic steps may be found as large‐scale undulations with superimposed metre‐scale bedforms, or for short‐scale, fully‐aggrading structures in periodic trains. Additionally, some pyroclastic bedforms may be formed by granular flows passing granular Froude jumps or as frozen granular stationary waves. The dominance of chute‐and‐pool structures over bedforms characterized by relatively more stable morphodynamics (antidunes and cyclic steps) could be the likely result of pulsating flow conditions and abrupt high‐rate deposition, impeding stable flow conditions. In a majority of cases, the growth of pyroclastic bedforms appears triggered by the influence of an inherited bed topography and by bed‐flow feedback effects. Apart from a possible interpretation as supercritical bedforms, other specific dynamics of dilute pyroclastic currents may well explain the characteristics of pyroclastic dune bedform structures. In particular, the inherent turbulence fluctuations, internal organization and highly depositional dynamics may be key to the formation of pyroclastic dune bedforms. In this respect, rather than solely focusing on the Froude dimensionless number of the formative current, theoretical considerations accounting for the Reynolds, Richardson and Rouse dimensionless parameters may be also implemented for the understanding of pyroclastic bedforms.
Skin tactile surface restoration using deep learning from a mobile image: An application for virtual skincare
Authors: Kim Donghyun , Ko Myeongseob , Kim Kwangtaek 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundFor virtual skincare using a touch feedback interface, reconstructing a 3D skin tactile surface from a mobile skin image is imperative for a dermatologist to palpate the skin surface that presents tactile characteristics of the subcutaneous tissues. However, the precise tactile reconstruction from a single view image is a challenging research problem due to varying illumination conditions.MethodsIn this study, a deep learning–based tactile reconstruction scheme is proposed to restore tactile properties from light distortion and reconstruct the 3D tactile surface from a mobile skin image. Our method consists of light distortion removal using deep learning, cGAN, and 3D tactile surface generation based on image gradients.ResultsThe proposed method was tested by conducting two evaluation experiments in terms of removing light distortion and reconstructing 3D skin tactile surface in comparison with other well‐known methods. The results demonstrated that our method outperforms existing other methods in both illumination‐free image restoration and 3D surface reconstruction.ConclusionThe proposed method is a promising approach in that tactile property distorted by illuminations can be completely restored using deep learning with a smaller training set and the precise reconstruction of 3D skin tactile surface can be achieved to be ready for a remotely touchable interface for virtual skincare applications.
Self-management for youth and young adults with special health needs: protocol for a scoping review of health care transition planning literature
Authors: Betz Cecily L. , Mannino Jennifer E. , Cleverley Kristin , Young Cara C. , Ridosh Monique , Kysh Lynn , Hudson Sharon M. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The purpose of this scoping review is to explore the extent to which self-management of youth and young adults with special health care needs is reported in the health care transition literature.

Introduction:
It is essential for youth and young adults with special health care needs to learn the self-management skills, to the extent possible, that are essential in maintaining the stability of their chronic condition to seamlessly transfer to adult care and live independently. Acquisition of self-management competencies for chronic care management is an essential component of health care transition preparation.

Inclusion criteria:
The inclusion criteria will be based upon age and condition designation. The age range of participants will include youth and young adults, aged nine to 35 years, who have special health care needs. Inclusion criteria consists of both non-categorical and diagnostic specific terminology for youth and young adults with a childhood acquired chronic condition. Non-categorical terms used include “long-term chronic condition,” “special health care needs,” “medical complex condition,” “complex care needs,” “developmental disability,” “intellectual disability,” “mental health condition,” “emotional disabilities,” “physical disabilities,” “chronic illness,” and “chronic condition.”

Methods:
The following databases will be accessed for this health care transition scoping review: CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Relevant gray literature will be accessed as well. The Covidence software platform will be used to review citations and full-text articles. Two reviewers will independently review abstracts and full texts of studies, and extract data using the data extraction tool. Any conflicts will be resolved with a third reviewer. Review findings will be presented in tabular format and narrative synthesis based upon the scoping review objective.
Electrocardiographic changes in the acute hyperkalaemia produced by intragastric KCl load in rats
Authors: Fazan Frederico , Colombari Débora Simões de Almeida , Menani José Vanderlei , Fazan Rubens , Colombari Eduardo 
Published: March 2021

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
This study presents a new model for studying the rapid onset of severe, acute hyperkalaemia in rats with intact kidney function by administering an intragastric KCl load.

What is the main finding and its importance?
This new model of intragastric KCl load produces a reliable and reproducible model for studying the rapid onset of severe, acute hyperkalaemia in rats with intact kidney function. We report unprecedented rapid changes (30 min) in ECG, blood pressure and various arterial blood analyses with this new model, providing a solid foundation for future experiments in this field.

AbstractA variety of animal models have been proposed to study hyperkalaemia, but most of them have meaningful limitations when the goal is to study the effect of potassium overload on healthy kidneys. In this study, we aimed to introduce a new approach for induction of hyperkalaemia in a reliable and reproducible animal model. We used intragastric administration of potassium chloride [KCl 2.3 M, 10 ml/(kg body weight)] to male Holtzman rats (300–350 g) to induce hyperkalaemia. The results showed that this potassium load can temporarily overwhelm the renal and extrarenal handling of this ion, causing an acute and severe hyperkalaemia that can be useful to study the effect of potassium imbalance in a variety of scenarios. Severe hyperkalaemia (>8 meqiv/l) and very profound ECG alterations, characterized by lengthening waves and intervals, were seen as early as 30 min after intragastric administration of KCl in rats. In addition, a transient increase in arterial blood pressure and time‐dependent bradycardia were also seen after the KCl administration. No metabolic acidosis was present in the animals, and the potassium ion did not increase proportionally to chloride ion in the blood, leading to an increased anion gap. In conclusion, the results suggest that intragastric KCl loading is a reliable model to promote rapid and severe hyperkalaemia that can be used for further research on this topic.
Analysis of Effect of Wire Curvature on Allowable Stresses in Helical Springs
Authors: Wahl A. M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The author suggests a method for determining the effect of wire or bar curvature on allowable stresses in helical springs, based on the endurance properties of the material. The method is based on the assumption, in agreement with available fatigue-test data, that stress-concentration effects produced by wire curvature may be neglected in calculating the static component of applied stress; also, it is assumed that the relation between the static- and variable-stress components at failure follows a linear law. On this basis, charts are given for determining maximum allowable stress as a function of spring index, ratio of minimum to maximum stress, and ratio between yield point and endurance limit. The effect of sensitivity of the material to stress concentration is taken into account by introducing a sensitivity-index q. Results calculated by means of the equations given show good agreement with results from tests of springs of different indexes. Some of the limitations of the method are discussed, and suggestions are made for future testing work.
Numerical and Graphical Method of Solving Two-Dimensional Stress Problems
Authors: Poritsky H. , Snively H. D. , Wylie C. R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In developing his numerical and graphical method for solving two-dimensional stress problems, while the authors use a tension member with a semicircular notch as an example, the procedure actually has a wide range of application. Comparison of the calculated results and those obtained from photoelasticity shows close agreement. The maximum value of the stress in the plate used as an example obtained by this method is 3.25. This compares with a maximum of 3.20 obtained photoelastically by Wahl and Beeuwkes and a maximum of 3.05 obtained in the same manner by M. M. Frocht.
Analysis of Spherical Shells of Variable Wall Thickness
Authors: Spotts Merhyle F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article presents a solution to the problem of finding the forces and moments which occur in a spherical shell which is axisymmetrically loaded, when the variation in wall thickness is taken as a quadratic function of the coordinate of latitude.
The so-called Love-Meissner differential equations for the case of nonuniform wall thickness are derived herein. By appropriate substitutions these are reduced to one linear equation of the fourth order having constant coefficients. The solution to this equation when taken in the homogeneous form is first given. This homogeneous solution will be the general solution for all problems where the shell surface is free from external force, and the only loads on the shell consist of forces and moments applied at the boundaries.
When, however, the shell surface itself is loaded, a particular integral, which will depend upon the type of loading, must also be obtained for the nonhomogeneous equations.
The solution contained herein is illustrated by a numerical example for a shell of one boundary when acted upon by dead-load forces, and the results are plotted.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of a Turbine Foundation
Authors: Vesselowsky Sergius 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper contains the results of a study made on a turbine foundation for the purpose of elucidating conditions which favor the building up of excessive vibrations when the unit is in operation. The structure studied was a steel framework supporting a concrete table with a turbogenerator erected on it. The experimental part consists of (a) dynamical loading of the structure and (b) determination of its elastic constants. The theoretical treatment of the problem consists of the determination of the frequencies and the modes of the natural vibrations by analytical methods. A comparison of the theoretical results obtained with the experimental findings is made. The results of the study indicate that vibrations of a turbogenerator on its foundation, for units of conventional design, can be treated as vibratory motion of a deformable body supported by a system of massless springs. Some rules to be followed in designing and means of changing a critical frequency in a desired sense also are included.
The present investigation was undertaken in an effort to eliminate the uncertainty which exists in the design of the foundations for turbogenerators, particularly where a steel substructure is used.
Preventing the induction of acid saline-induced fibromyalgia pain in mice by electroacupuncture or APETx2 injection
Authors: Yen Liang-Ta , Hsieh Ching-Liang , Hsu Hsin-Cheng , Lin Yi-Wen 
Published: March 2021

Background: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome involving chronic pain, fatigue, sleep difficulties, morning stiffness and muscle cramping lasting longer than 3 months. The epidemiological prevalence is approximately 3–5% in women and increases with age. Antagonism of acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) reportedly attenuates acid saline-induced FM pain in mice. Aims: Whether pre-treatment with electroacupuncture (EA) or APETx2 can attenuate mechanical hyperalgesia in this murine model remains unknown. Methods: Accordingly, we examined the analgesic effect of EA in a murine model of FM pain induced by dual injections of acid saline and investigated whether EA or APETx2 can attenuate FM pain via the ASIC3 channel. Results: EA significantly reduced mechanical hyperalgesia in this model. ASIC3 antagonism, induced by injecting APETx2, also significantly reduced mechanical hyperalgesia. The expression of ASIC3 in the dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord and thalamus was increased after FM model induction. Over-expression of these nociceptive channels was attenuated by pre-treatment with EA or an ASIC3 antagonist. Conclusion: Our data reveal that both EA and ASIC3 blockade significantly reduce FM pain in mice via the ASIC3, Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 signalling pathways. Moreover, our findings support the potential clinical use of EA for the treatment of FM pain.
Effect of electroacupuncture on sedation requirements during colonoscopy: a prospective placebo-controlled randomised trial
Authors: Eberl Susanne , Monteiro de Olivera Nelson , Bourne Danielle , Streitberger Konrad , Fockens Paul , Hollmann Markus W , Preckel Benedikt 
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Propofol provides excellent sedation during colonoscopy. However, its application, namely when used together with an opioid, is associated with cardiopulmonary depression. Acupuncture is used nowadays for the treatment of pain and anxiety, and also to induce sedation. We hypothesised that electroacupuncture (EA) during colonoscopy would have sedative effects, thereby reducing propofol requirements to achieve an adequate level of sedation. Method: The study was designed and conducted as a single centre, patient and observer blinded, sham- and placebo-controlled randomised trial. Patients scheduled for elective colonoscopy under deep propofol/alfentanil sedation were randomly assigned to receive unilateral EA, sham-acupuncture (SA) or placebo-acupuncture (PA) at ST36, PC6 and LI4. The primary outcome parameter was the total dosage of propofol. Secondary outcomes included the patients’ and endoscopists’ satisfaction levels evaluated by questionnaires. Results: The dosage of propofol required (median [IQR]) was not significantly different between the three groups (EA group 147 μg/kg/min [109–193] vs SA group 141 μg/kg/min [123– 180] vs PA group 141 μg/kg/min [112–182]; P=0.776). There was also no significant difference in alfentanil consumption (P=0.634). Global satisfaction (median [IQR]) among patients (EA group 6.6 [6.0–7.0] vs SA group 6.8 [6.0–7.0] vs PA group 6.5 [6.0–7.0]; P=0.481) and endoscopists (6.0 [5.0–6.0] for all groups; P=0.773) did not significantly differ between the three groups. There was no significant difference in the number of cardiorespiratory events. Conclusion: For colonoscopy, the applied mode of EA did not show any propofol-sparing sedative effect compared with sham or placebo acupuncture. Trial registration: The trial is registered in the Netherland’s Trial Registry (NTR4325).
Benefits of dry needling of myofascial trigger points on autonomic function and photoelectric plethysmography in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome
Authors: Castro-Sánchez Adelaida María , Garcia-López Hector , Fernández-Sánchez Manuel , Perez-Marmol José Manuel , Leonard Guillaume , Gaudreault Nathaly , Aguilar-Ferrándiz María Encarnación , Matarán-Peñarrocha Guillermo Adolfo 
Published: March 2021

Background: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a condition characterised by the presence of chronic, widespread musculoskeletal pain, low pain threshold and hyperalgesia. Myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) may worsen symptoms in patients with FMS. Objective: The purpose of this randomised controlled trial was to compare the effects of dry needling and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on pain intensity, heart rate variability, galvanic response and oxygen saturation (SpO2). Methods: 74 subjects with FMS were recruited and randomly assigned to either the dry needling group or the TENS group. Outcomes measures (pain intensity, heart rate variability, galvanic skin response, SpO2 and photoplethysmography) were evaluated at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment. 2×2 mixed-model analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were performed. Results: The mixed-model ANOVAs showed significant differences between groups for the sensory dimension of pain, affective dimension of pain, total dimension of pain, visual analogue scale (VAS) and present pain intensity (PPI) (P=0.001). ANOVAs also showed that significant differences between groups were achieved for very low frequency power of heart rate variability (P=0.008) and low frequency power (P=0.033). There were no significant differences in dry needling versus TENS groups on the spectral analysis of the photoplethysmography and SpO2. Conclusions: This trial showed that application of dry needling therapy and TENS reduced pain attributable to MTrPs in patients with FMS, with greater improvements reported in the dry needling group across all dimensions of pain. Additionally, there were between-intervention differences for several parameters of heart rate variability and galvanic skin responses. Trial registration number: NCT02393352
Incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax following acupuncture treatments in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Shun-Ku , Liu Jui-Ming , Hsu Ren-Jun , Chuang Heng-Chang , Wang Ying-Xue , Lin Po-Hung 
Published: March 2021

Background: Pneumothorax is a rare complication of acupuncture and the risk factors are unclear. Objective: This study analysed the incidence of post-acupuncture pneumothorax requiring hospitalisation in a one-million-sample cohort derived from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. Methods: We tracked this cohort between 1997 and 2012 and recorded all medical insurance information. Subjects were categorised according to gender, insurance amount, comorbidities, residential area, and number of acupuncture treatments. Pneumothorax risk was evaluated according to different demographic and medical variables by logistic regression analysis using an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: Overall, 411 734 patients undergoing 5 407 378 acupuncture treatments were identified with data collected over the first 7 days after acupuncture. The incidence rates of iatrogenic pneumothorax were 0.87 per 1 000 000 acupuncture treatments overall and 1.75 per 1 000 000 acupuncture treatments in “at-risk” anatomical areas. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that a history of thoracic surgery (aOR 7.85, 95% CI 3.49 to 9.25), chronic bronchitis (aOR 2.61, 95% CI 1.03 to 6.87), emphysema (aOR 4.87, 95% CI 1.03 to 7.96), pneumonia (aOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.44 to 2.72), tuberculosis (aOR 3.65, 95% CI 1.39 to 9.56), and lung cancer (aOR 3.85, 95% CI 1.53 to 9.73) may increase the post-acupuncture risk of iatrogenic pneumothorax. Men had a higher risk of pneumothorax than women (aOR 3.41, 95% CI 1.36 to 8.57). The number of treatments was not associated with risk of pneumothorax. Conclusions: Patients with a history of lung disease including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, tuberculosis, lung cancer and pneumonia, and a history of thoracic surgery, might have an increased post-acupuncture risk of pneumothorax. This information may possibly help physicians avoid post-acupuncture pneumothorax.
Study on the Influence of Introducing Al Transition Layer on Deuterium Resistance of Al2O3 Coating
Authors: Wang Weijing , Yu Qinghe , Liu Xiaopeng , Hao Lei , Mi Jing , Li Shijie , Li Shuai , Lu Zheng , Li Shanshan , Liu Hao 
Published: March 2021

The Al/Al2O3 composite deuterium barrier was deposited on the polished side of 316 L stainless steel by the method of radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. The influence of the introduction of Al transition layer on the deuterium resistance performance of Al2O3 ceramic coating was studied. The field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), the grazing incident X-ray diffraction technique (GIXRD), and the auger electron spectroscopy (AES) were used to analyze the microscopic morphology, phase, and element distribution in the depth direction of the Al/Al2O3 coating, and the gas-driver permeation method was used to measure the deuterium permeation behavior of the coating sample. The results show that Al2O3 is amorphous after annealing at 873 K. Due to the oxidation of the Al transition layer, the connection between the coating and the substrate is tightly connected. Under the combined action of permeation temperature and pressure of 873 K and 80 kPa, the deuterium permeability of Al/Al2O3 coating is

6.35
×

10

−
14

mol·m-1·s-1·Pa-0.5, which shows that the Al/Al2O3 coating has excellent deuterium permeation resistance. Furthermore, deuterium permeability of the Al/Al2O3 coating was diminished by about 2 orders of magnitude compared with 316 L stainless steel, and it is reduced 2~3 times compared with the single Al2O3 coating sample. The study indicates that the introduction of the Al transition layer can significantly enhance the barrier effect of the Al/Al2O3 coating sample.