bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research on performance optimization and mechanism of electrochemical water softening applied by pulse power supply
Authors: Wang Zhonghao , Lin Wei , Wang Wei , Wang Zhangwei , Li Jimin , Xu Jianmin , Yu Jiuyang 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In order to promote the application of electrochemical water softening technology in industrial circulating cooling water systems, electric field type, cathode structure and solution residence time are selected for optimization analysis of an electrochemical water softening device. The experimental results show that the water softening performance per unit area of mesh cathode is better than that of a plate cathode. In addition, the softening amount per unit area of the mesh cathode can be further increased when the high-frequency (HF) power supply is applied. When the HF power supply is applied, the softening amount per unit area is 158.58 g/m2·h−1 more than when the direct current power supply is applied. In order to explore the growth mechanism of calcium carbonate, micro-analysis technology and high-speed bubble photography technology are used. The results show that the bubbles escape along the longitudinal direction of the electrode plate, and the main growth direction of calcium carbonate growth is consistent with the escape direction of the bubble; that is, the bubbles grow along the longitudinal direction of the electrode plate. The special structure of the diamond-shaped mesh cathode facilitates the growth of calcium carbonate crystals.
Permeable reactive barrier of waste sludge from wine processing utilized to block a metallic mixture plume in a simulated aquifer
Authors: Chien Shui-Wen Chang , Li Yi-Pei , Liu Cheng-Chung 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Heavy metal contamination in underground water commonly occurs in industrial areas in Taiwan. Wine-processing waste sludge (WPWS) can adsorb and remove several toxic metals from aqueous solutions. In this study, WPWS particles were used to construct a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) for the remediation of a contaminant plume comprising HCrO4−, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, and AsO33− in a simulated aquifer. This PRB effectively prevented the dispersals of Cu2+, Zn2+, and HCrO4−, and their concentrations in the pore water behind the barrier declined below the control standard levels. However, the PRB failed to prevent the diffusion of Ni2+, Cd2+, and AsO33−, and their concentrations were occasionally higher than the control standard levels. However, 18% to 45% of As, 84% to 93% of Cd, and 16% to 77% of Ni were removed by the barrier. Ni ions showed less adsorption on the fine sand layer because of the layer's ineffectiveness in multiple competitive adsorptions. Therefore, the ions infiltrated the barrier at a high concentration, which increased the loading for the barrier blocking. The blocking efficiency was related to the degree of adsorption of heavy metals in the sand layer and the results of their competitive adsorption.
An Anti-EGFR/anti- HER2 Bispecific Antibody with Enhanced Antitumor Activity Against Acquired Gefitinib-Resistant NSCLC Cells
Authors: Si Yan , Pei Xinxin , Wang Xiangfang , Han Qianqian , Xu Changzhi , Zhang Buchang 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor–tyrosine kinase
inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) is a recurrent phenomenon during clinical therapy of non-small-cell lung
cancer (NSCLC). Studies have shown that HER2 is a key factor contributing to drug resistance in a
variety of cancers. Furthermore, we have observed that HER2 is overexpressed in PC-9 NSCLC
cells with acquired gefitinib-resistance (PC-9/GR) as compared to that in PC-9 cells.

Objective:
We hypothesized that blocking both EGFR and HER2 may serve as a potential strategy
for the treatment of NSCLC with acquired gefitinib-resistance.

Methods:
To target both EGFR and HER2 simultaneously, we developed a bispecific antibody
HECrossMAb, which was derived from a humanized Cetuximab and Trastuzumab. The binding affinity
of HECrossMAb for EGFR and HER2 was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
The MTT assay was used to determine the effect of HECrossMAb on the proliferation of PC-9 and
PC-9/GR cells in vitro. Finally, the effect of HECrossMAb on PI3K/AKT signaling and associated transcription
factors was measured using western blot analysis.

Results:
Our results showed that HECrossMAb exerts enhanced cytotoxicity in both PC-9 and PC-9/GR
cells by inhibiting the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling and expression of relevant transcription
factors such as AEG-1, c-Myc, and c-Fos.

Conclusion:
Our results suggest that HECrossMAb may function as a potential therapeutic agent for
treating NSCLC overexpressing EGFR and HER2.
Determinants of Cognitive Trajectories in Normal Aging: A Longitudinal PET-MRI Study in a Community-based Cohort
Authors: Herrmann François R. , Montandon Marie-Louise , Garibotto Valentina , Rodriguez Cristelle , Haller Sven , Giannakopoulos Panteleimon 
Published: October 2021

Background:
The determinants of the progressive decrement of cognition in normal aging
are still a matter of debate. Alzheimer disease (AD)-signature markers and vascular lesions, but also
psychological variables such as personality factors, are thought to have an impact on the longitudinal
trajectories of neuropsychological performances in healthy elderly individuals.

Objective:
The current research aimed to identify the main determinants associated with cognitive
trajectories in normal aging.

Methods:
We performed a 4.5-year longitudinal study in 90 older community-dwellers coupling two
neuropsychological assessments, medial temporal atrophy (MTA), number of cerebral microbleeds
(CMB), and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) at inclusion, visual rating of amyloid and FDG PET
at follow-up, and APOE genotyping. Personality factors were assessed at baseline using the NEO-PIR.
Univariate and backward stepwise regression models were built to explore the association between
the continuous cognitive score (CCS) and both imaging and personality variables.

Results:
The number of strictly lobar CMB at baseline (4 or more) was related to a significant increase
in the risk of cognitive decrement. In multivariable models, amyloid positivity was associated with a
1.73 unit decrease of the CCS at follow-up. MTA, WMH and abnormal FDG PET were not related to
the cognitive outcome. Among personality factors, only higher agreeableness was related to better
preservation of neuropsychological performances.

Conclusion:
CMB and amyloid positivity are the only imaging determinants of cognitive trajectories
in this highly selected series of healthy controls. Among personality factors, higher agreeableness confers
a modest but significant protection against the decline of cognitive performances.
Potential Drug Targets Identification Against Clostridioides Difficile (CD) and Characterization of Indispensable Proteins by a Subtractive Genomics Approach Followed by Virtual Screening
Authors: Uddin Reaz , Arif Alina 
Published: October 2021

Background:Clostridioides difficile (CD) is an enteric multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacterium. CD-associated infections are the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea that can further lead to pseudomembranous colitis, toxic mega-colon or sepsis with greater mortality and morbidity risks. CD infection possesses higher rates of recurrence due to its greater resistance to antibiotics. Considering its higher rates of recurrence, it has become a major burden on healthcare facilities. Therefore, there is a dire need to identify novel drug targets to combat antibiotic resistance of Clostridioides difficile.Objective:To identify and propose new and novel drug targets against the Clostridioides difficile.Methods:In the current study, a computational subtractive genomics approach was applied to obtain a set of potential drug targets that exist in the multi-drug resistant strain of Clostridioides difficile. Here, the uncharacterized proteins were studied as potential drug targets. The methodology involved several bioinformatics databases and tools. The druggable proteins sequences were retrieved based on non-homology with host proteome and essentiality for the survival of the pathogen. The uncharacterized proteins were functionally characterized using different computational tools, and sub-cellular localization was also predicted. The metabolic pathways were analyzed using the KEGG database. Eventually, the druggable proteome has been fetched using sequence similarity with the already available drug targets present in the DrugBank database. These druggable proteins were further explored for the structural details to identify drug candidates.Results :A priority list of potential drug targets was provided with the help of the applied method on the complete proteome set of the C. difficile. Moreover, the drug-like compounds have been screened against the potential drug targets to prioritize potential drug candidates. To facilitate the need for drug targets and therapies, the study proposed five potential protein drug targets, out of which three proposed drug targets were subjected to homology modeling to explore their structural and functional activitiesConclusion:In conclusion, we proposed three unique, unexplored drug targets against C. difficile. The structure-based methods were applied and resulted in a list of top-scoring compounds as potential inhibitors to proposed drug targets.
In silico Analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with MicroRNA
Regulating 5-fluorouracil Resistance in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Kavousipour Soudabeh , Eftekhar Ebrahim , Moosavy Seyed Hamid , Koochakkhani Shabnaz , Barazesh Mahdi , Mohammadi Shiva , Ahmadi Khadijeh , Inchehsablagh Behnaz Rahnama , Mokaram Pooneh 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Due to the broad influence and reversible nature of microRNA (miRNA) on the
expression and regulation of target genes, researchers suggest that miRNAs and single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs) in miRNA genes interfere with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) drug resistance in colorectal
cancer chemotherapy.

Methods:
Computational assessment and cataloging of miRNA gene polymorphisms that target mRNA
transcripts directly or indirectly through regulation of 5-FU chemoresistance in CRC were screened out
by applying various universally accessible datasets such as miRNA SNP3.0 software.

Results:
1255 SNPs in 85 miRNAs affecting 5-FU resistance (retrieved from literature) were detected.
Computational analysis showed that 167 from 1255 SNPs alter microRNA expression levels leading to
inadequate response to 5-FU resistance in CRC. Among these 167 SNPs, 39 were located in the seed
region of 25/85 miRNA and were more critical than other SNPs. Has-miR-320a-5p with 4 SNP in seed
region was miRNA with the most number of SNPs. On the other hand, it has been identified that proteoglycan
in cancer, adherents junction, ECM-receptor interaction, Hippo signaling pathway, TGF-beta signaling
cascade, biosynthesis of fatty acid, and fatty acid metabolism were the most important pathways
targeted by these 85 predicted miRNAs.

Conclusion:
Our data suggest 39 SNPs in the seed region of 25 miRNAs as catalog in miRNA genes that
control the 5-FU resistance in CRC. These data also identify the most important pathways regulated by
miRNA.
Inflammatory Biomarkers as Predictors of Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcer
Authors: Dmitriyeva Mariya , Kozhakhmetova Zhanar , Urazova Saltanat , Kozhakhmetov Saken , Turebayev Dulat , Toleubayev Medet 
Published: October 2021

Abstract:
Diabetic foot ulcer infection is a crucial complication associated with lower-limb amputation
and postoperative mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Deciding if a diabetic foot
ulcer is infected in a community setting is challenging without validated point-of-care tests. Early
detection of infected diabetic foot ulcers can reduce the frequency of hospitalizations, the occurrence
of disability, and chances of mortality. Inflammatory biomarkers are predictors of infected diabetic
foot ulcers and lower-limb amputation. Procalcitonin, CRP, pentraxin-3, interleukin-6, and
calprotectin may help distinguish uninfected from mildly infected diabetic foot ulcers and diagnose
soft tissue infections, bone lesions, and sepsis in diabetic patients. Moreover, these biomarkers may
be predictors of lower-limb amputation and postoperative mortality. The current management of infected
diabetic foot ulcers is disappointing and unsatisfactory, both in preventing its development
and halting and modifying its progression. The use of new (molecular) techniques for the identification
of the IDFU has not yet to be proven superior to classic cultural techniques for the management
of such patients. For clinicians, if the risk stratification of DFU can be obtained earlier in diabetic
patients, the hospitalization, disability, and mortality rate will be reduced. For the practical application
of these biomarkers, it is important to correlate these quantitative parameters with clinical
symptoms. Based on clinical observations and inflammatory biomarker evaluation, it can be used
to guide clinical treatment methods. This review details clinical information published during the
past several decades and discusses inflammatory biomarkers that may determine the risk and level
of infection of diabetic foot ulcers.
Combined Marangoni and buoyancy convection in a porous annular cavity filled with Ag-MgO/water hybrid nanofluid
Authors: Kanimozhi B. , Muthtamilselvan M. , Al-Mdallal Qasem M. , Abdalla Bahaaeldin 
Published: October 2021

Background:
This article numerically examines the effect of buoyancy and Marangoni convection in a porous enclosure formed by two concentric cylinders filled with Ag-MgO water hybrid nanofluid. The inner wall of the cavity is maintained at a hot temperature and the outer vertical wall is considered to be cold. The adiabatic condition is assumed for other two boundaries. The effect of magnetic field is considered in radial and axial directions. The Brinkman-extended Darcy model has been adopted in the governing equations.

Methods:
The finite difference scheme is employed to work out the governing Navier-Stokes equations. The numerically simulated outputs are deliberated in terms of isotherms, streamlines, velocityand average Nusselt number profiles for numerous governing parameters.

Results:
Except for a greater magnitude of axial magnetic field, our results suggest that the rate of thermal transport accelerates as the nanoparticle volume fraction grows.Also, it is observed that there is an escalation in the profile of average Nusselt numberwith an enhancement in Marangoni number.

Conclusion:
Furthermore, the suppression of heat and fluid flow in the tall annulus is mainly due to the radial magnetic field whereas in shallow annulus, the axial magnetic field profoundly affects the flow field and thermal transfer.
Assessment of Construction Project Cost Estimating Accuracy in Egypt
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed H. , Elshwadfy Lamiaa M. 
Published: October 2021

Background:
The accuracy of the cost estimate is a key success factor for any construction project. It is the base for an effective tendering process. It can also be considered as the cornerstone of the cost control process.

Objective:
This paper aims to develop a model that can be used to assess the expected cost estimating accuracy of construction projects. This model is named as Construction Cost Estimate Accuracy Index (CCEAI).

Methods:
A questionnaire survey that contains fifteen factors clustered into four categories was carried out among 90 experts based on the construction cost estimate. Only sixty-six questionnaires were returned. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to identify the relative weights of the different cost estimates.

Results:
The questionnaire results were analyzed using the AHP technique to calculate the relative weight for each of the input factors and categories. A Construction Cost Estimating Accuracy Assessment model (CCEAI) was developed based on the calculated relative weights. Then, three projects were used as case study applications to check the validity of the proposed model. The results showed that the CCEAI model is greatly reliable in predicting the expected accuracy of the cost estimate.

Conclusion:
The results of this research and the developed model are very important and can be considered as a powerful tool to predict and improve the expected accuracy of any future construction cost estimate.
Cytochrome bc1-aa3 Oxidase Supercomplex As Emerging and Potential
Drug Target Against Tuberculosis
Authors: Sindhu Thangaraj , Debnath Pal 
Published: October 2021

:
The cytochrome bc1-aa3 supercomplex plays an essential role in the cellular respiratory
system of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. It transfers electrons from menaquinol to cytochrome aa3
(Complex IV) via cytochrome bc1 (Complex III), which reduces the oxygen. The electron transfer
from a variety of donors into oxygen through the respiratory electron transport chain is essential to
pump protons across the membrane creating an electrochemical transmembrane gradient (proton
motive force, PMF) that regulates the synthesis of ATP via the oxidative phosphorylation process.
Cytochrome bc1-aa3 supercomplex in M. tuberculosis is, therefore, a major drug target for antibiotic
action. In recent years, several respiratory chain components have been targeted for developing
new candidate drugs, illustrating the therapeutic potential of obstructing energy conversion of M.
tuberculosis. The recently available cryo-EM structure of mycobacterial cytochrome bc1-aa3 supercomplex
with open and closed conformations has opened new avenues for understanding its structure
and function for developing more effective, new therapeutics against pulmonary tuberculosis.
In this review, we discuss the role and function of several components, subunits, and drug targeting
elements of the supercomplex cytochrome bc1-aa3 and its potential inhibitors in detail.
Anti-HIV Integrase Inhibitors as New Candidates for the Treatment of
COVID-19: A Narrative Literature Review
Authors: Salari Sofia , Karbasforooshan Hedyieh , Hosseinjani Hesamoddin 
Published: October 2021

Background:
The initial reports of a contagious novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syn-drome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) were proclaimed by Wuhan, Hubei province, China. This pathogen quickly became a health concern due to the World Health Organization's (WHO) alarm of its pandemic essence. Hence, there is an urgent need for efficacious and curative therapy against COVID-19.

Objective:
Theoretically, repurposing anti-viral drugs, specifically HIV treatments, could help meet the urgent need for treating COVID-19 due to the structural similarities of their critical enzyme sub-strates. Integrase inhibitors are a category of anti-HIV drugs that inhibit integrase strand transfer. In this review, we investigate the binding affinity and stability of raltegravir, dolutegravir, bictegravir, and elvitegravir in interactions with crucial enzymes of coronavirus.

Methods:
A literature search was conducted using scientific databases such as Web of Science, Med-line (PubMed), Scopus, Google Scholar, and Embase from commencement to September 2020. The most relevant articles regarding the potential effects of integrase inhibitors against COVID-19 were gathered. Ultimately, ten original articles related to the searched terms were selected for this narra-tive review.

Results:
Apparently, in addition to the recent drugs prescribed to cure SARS-CoV-2, integrase inhib-itors are promising drugs for repurposing in COVID-19 treatment. Several studies on raltegravir, do-lutegravir, bictegravir and elvitegravir were conducted using virtual screening to guess either they are effective or not. Encouraging results were mostly reported for raltegravir and dolutegravir. Nev-ertheless, bictegravir and elvitegravir need more investigations.

Conclusion:
Further experimental and clinical studies of antiviral drugs are necessary to introduce appropriate treatment options for COVID-19.
Diarylheptanoids: Potent Anticancer Agents
Authors: Hameed Rabia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract:
Diarylheptanoids are widely distributed among species belonging to the family Betulaceae.
Being highly polar in nature, they can either be isolated from plants by using sophisticated
chromatographic techniques or can be synthesized in the laboratory. They are found to exhibit a
wide range of activities, from very simple analgesics to anticancer agents. Recently, they have
gained considerable attention due to inhibitory activity against NF-κB activation, NO and TNF-α
production, reduction in NO and COX-2 levels in a dose-dependent manner, and suppression of Tcell
activation. The current review article highlights the role of diarylheptanoids as potent anticancer
agents in a variety of cancers.
Synthesis of Schiff’s Bases of 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives under Microwave
Irradiation Technique and Evaluation of their Anti-diabetic Activity
Authors: Panda Krishna Chandra , Kumar B.V.V Ravi , Sahoo Biswa Mohan 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Schiff bases play a key role in the generation of a large number of biologically
active compounds via cycloaddition, replacement, and ring closure reactions.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to optimize the purity and yield of the product, improve
the reaction time, and make the reaction more eco-friendly with the help of microwave-assisted
organic synthesis.

Methods:
New series of Schiff’s bases of triazole derivatives were achieved via multicomponent
reactions. The starting material benzohydrazide 1 was obtained by esterification of benzoyl chloride
with methanol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid, followed by the reaction with
hydrazine hydrate. Benzohydrazide was allowed to react with carbon disulphide in ethanolic potassium
hydroxide solution to yield potassium dithiocarbazinate 2, which undergoes cyclization by
reacting with hydrazine hydrate to afford 4-[amino]-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (3). Further,
various Schiff’s bases, 4a-f, were obtained by reacting 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol with different
substituted benzaldehydes under microwave irradiations as a green and eco-friendly energy
source.

Results:
The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated in accordance with
their spectral data and elemental analysis.

Conclusion :
The obtained compounds exhibited significant in vivo anti-diabetic activity as compared
to the standard drug Metformin. The anti-diabetic effect was investigated by using the
Alloxan-induced diabetic model.