bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An efficient anonymous user authentication and key agreement protocol for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Kumar Devender , Grover Harmanpreet Singh , Kaur Damandeep , Verma Adarsh , Saini Khushil Kumar , Kumar Bijendra 
Published: January 2021

SummaryDue to fast development of wireless technology, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used in many applications such environmental monitoring, health monitoring, and area monitoring. To protect WSNs from various security threats, many user authentication protocols have been proposed. Recently, Gope and Hwang have discussed an authentication protocol for WSNs. Here, we show that their scheme is not resistant to stolen verifier, user impersonation, smart card loss, and insider attacks. Also, it does not maintain secrecy of session key and anonymity of sensor node. Then we devise an efficient user authentication protocol using physically unclonable function (PUF) for WSNs to overcome the limitations of their scheme. We present our protocol's informal security analysis to show that is resistant to various known attacks. Formal security verification and analysis of the proposed protocol are done using ProVerif tool and widely accepted Real‐Or‐Random (ROR) model, respectively. In the performance analysis, we show that our protocol offers more security features than the others related schemes.
Softball teaches lessons in leadership
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z. 
Published: January 2021

I didn't play team sports when I was a kid. When I got married, I acquired a 9‐year‐old stepson who played soccer. It wasn't until his daughters began to play softball at ages 4 and 9 that I had any interest in the sport. For the last six years, I have spent a considerable amount of time every spring and fall watching recreational‐league softball. I have learned a thing or two.
Effects of nitrogen addition on leaf nutrient stoichiometry in an old‐growth boreal forest
Authors: Xu Longchao , Xing Aijun , Du Enzai , Shen Haihua , Yan Zhengbing , Jiang Lai , Tian Di , Hu Huifeng , Fang Jingyun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBoreal forests have been evidenced to be highly sensitive to enhanced nitrogen (N) deposition due to prevailing N limitations, and external N inputs from atmospheric deposition are expected to alter plant nutrient stoichiometry. Previous studies have mostly focused on the dominant tree species while neglecting understory plants that often play important role in the nutrient cycles in forest ecosystems. By conducting a six‐year N‐addition experiment with four treatments of 0 (control), 20 (low N), 50 (medium N), and 100 (high N) kg N·ha−1·yr−1in a boreal forest in Northeast China, we assessed the responses of leaf nutrient stoichiometry (N, phosphorus [P], potassium [K], calcium [Ca], and magnesium [Mg]) for tree, shrubs, and grass. Although the responses of different species to N addition varied, six‐year N addition, especially the medium and high N treatments, generally increased the leaf N concentration and decreased the leaf P and Ca concentrations. As a result, the foliar N:P, N:K, N:Ca, and N:Mg ratios increased consistently across plant functional groups under the high N addition compared with the control, and the grassDeyeuxia angustifoliashowed a larger increase in its foliar N:P, N:Ca, and N:Mg than the shrubs. The leaf N concentration increased consistently with soil inorganic N in a nonlinear saturating form, while the other leaf nutrients either decreased (P, Ca) or were not affected (Mg, K) by the soil N availability. Consequently, the foliar N:P, N:K, N:Ca, and N:Mg ratios increased linearly with increasing soil N availability. In spite of this alteration of the leaf nutrient stoichiometry with increasing soil N availability, foliar nutrients and their stoichiometry were less affected under the low N treatment in both trees and understory plants, suggesting minor effects of current N deposition rates on the foliar nutrient balance in boreal forests.
Efficacy and safety of teneligliptin added to metformin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin: A phase 3, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Ji Linong , Li Ling , Ma Jianhua , Li Xuefeng , Li Dongmei , Meng Bangzhu , Lu Weiping , Sun Jiao , Liu Yanmei , Takayanagi Gen , Wang Yi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionWe evaluated the efficacy and safety of teneligliptin compared with placebo when added to metformin therapy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy.MethodsThis multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group study enrolled type 2 diabetes patients with glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 7.0%−<10.0% and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) <270 mg/dl, receiving a stable metformin dose ≥1000 mg/day. Teneligliptin 20 mg or placebo was administered orally once daily (qd) before breakfast for 24 weeks. The primary efficacy end‐point was change in HbA1c from baseline to Week 24. Safety end‐points included the incidence of adverse events (AEs).ResultsThe least square mean (LSM) change from baseline (standard error [SE]) was −0.72 (0.07) (95% confidence intervals [CI], −0.87, −0.58) for teneligliptin and −0.01 (0.07) (95% CI, −0.16, 0.13) for placebo. The differences (LSM ± SE) between the placebo and teneligliptin groups in HbA1c and FPG were −0.71% ± 0.11% (p < .0001) and −16.5 ± 4.7 mg/dl (p = .0005), respectively. Teneligliptin yielded significant changes in HbA1c (−0.81%; p < .0001) and FPG (−22.2 mg/dl; p < .0001) at Week 12. At Week 24, more patients achieved HbA1c <7.0% with teneligliptin (41.7%) compared with placebo (16.1%; p < .0001). Treatment‐emergent AE incidence was similar with teneligliptin (58.9%) and placebo (68.3%); upper respiratory tract infection, hyperuricaemia and hyperlipidaemia were the most common AEs.ConclusionsTeneligliptin 20 mg qd for 24 weeks added to ongoing metformin treatment significantly decreased HbA1c and FPG levels compared with placebo in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients. The combination was safe and tolerable.
Operationalizing niche construction theory with stone tools
Authors: Iovita Radu , Braun David R. , Douglass Matthew J. , Holdaway Simon J. , Lin Sam C. , Olszewski Deborah I. , Rezek Zeljko 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOne of the greatest difficulties with evolutionary approaches in the study of stone tools (lithics) has been finding a mechanism for tying culture and biology in a way that preserves human agency and operates at scales that are visible in the archaeological record. The concept of niche construction, whereby organisms actively construct their environments and change the conditions for selection, could provide a solution to this problem. In this review, we evaluate the utility of niche construction theory (NCT) for stone tool archaeology. We apply NCT to lithics both as part of the “extended phenotype” and as residuals or precipitates of other niche‐constructing activities, suggesting ways in which archaeologists can employ niche construction feedbacks to generate testable hypotheses about stone tool use. Finally, we conclude that, as far as its applicability to lithic archaeology, NCT compares favorably to other prominent evolutionary approaches, such as human behavioral ecology and dual‐inheritance theory.
Seasonal and short‐term controls of riparian oxygen dynamics and the implications for redox processes
Authors: Nogueira Guilherme E. H. , Schmidt Christian , Trauth Nico , Fleckenstein Jan H. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRiparian zones are highly‐dynamic transition zones between surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) and function as key biogeochemical‐reactors for solutes transitioning between both compartments. Infiltration of SW rich in dissolved oxygen (DO) into the riparian aquifer can supress removal processes of redox sensitive compounds like NO3−, a nutrient harmful for the aquatic ecosystem at high concentrations. Seasonal and short‐term variations of temperature and hydrologic conditions can influence biogeochemical reaction rates and thus the prevailing redox conditions in the riparian zone. We combined GW tracer‐tests and a 1‐year high‐frequency dataset of DO with data‐driven simulations of DO consumption to assess the effects of seasonal and event‐scale variations in temperature and transit‐times on the reactive transport of DO. Damköhler numbers for DO consumption (DADO) were used to characterize the system in terms of DO turnover potential. Our results suggest that seasonal and short‐term variations in temperature are major controls for DO turnover and the resulting concentrations at our field site, while transit‐times are of minor importance. Seasonal variations of temperature in GW lead to shifts from transport‐limited (DADO > 1) to reaction‐limited conditions (DADO < 1), while short‐term events were found to have minor impacts on the state of the system, only resulting in slightly less transport‐limited conditions due to decreasing temperature and transit‐times. The data‐driven analyses show that assuming constant water temperature along a flowpath can lead to an over‐ or underestimation of reaction rates by a factor of 2–3 due to different infiltrating water temperature at the SW–GW interface, whereas the assumption of constant transit‐times results in incorrect estimates of NO3− removal potential based on DADO approach (40%–50% difference).
Linking field and laboratory studies: Reproductive effects of perfluorinated substances on avian populations
Authors: Custer Christine M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Although both laboratory and field studies are needed to effectively assess effects and risk of contaminants to free-living organisms, the limitations of each must be understood. The objectives of this paper are to examine information on field studies of reproductive effects of perfluorinated substances (PFASs) on bird populations, discuss the differences among field studies, and then place those results in context with laboratory studies. Hypotheses to explain the divergences between field studies and between laboratory and field studies will be discussed. Those differences include mixture issues, misattribution of the mechanism or the specific PFAS causing impairments, as well as other possible reasons. Finally, suggestions to better link laboratory and field studies will be presented. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:690–696. Published 2021. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
KEY POINTS
Effects of perfluorinated substances (PFASs) on reproductive success in avian field studies are described, compared, and contrasted. Laboratory studies to assess reproductive effects of PFASs, primarily perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), in birds are described. Hypotheses to explain differences among avian reproductive effect field studies and to explain differences between laboratory and field study results are presented.
Cost comparison of extracorporeal photopheresis technologies at the European Institute of Oncology
Authors: Magarò Antonio , Lucchetti Bruno , Caime Alessandro , Lionetti Maria T. , Laszlo Daniele 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundStem Cell Mobilization and Collection Unit at Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO; Milan, Lombardia) provides extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) therapy to treat graft‐vs‐host disease (GvHD) using offline procedures. ECP can be administered via an integrated single device (online procedure). Total cost of performing ECP at IEO vs an integrated device was assessed using a micro‐costing approach.MethodsTen offline ECP procedures for GvHD were monitored using Time‐Driven Activity‐Based Costing methodology, which utilized costs of resources, and time spent by patients/healthcare personnel with each resource. Details of ECP steps were recorded (pre−/post‐treatment clinical evaluations, biological sampling, cannulation, apheresis, irradiation, reinfusion time). Time and cost comparisons between offline (combination of equipment/devices) and online technologies (THERAKOS™ CELLEX™ Photopheresis System) were performed. Cost variables: consumables, personnel, equipment, and laboratory tests. Personnel costs for online procedures were calculated using published time estimates and IEO hourly rates. Costs recorded in 2018 euros.ResultsMedian duration of IEO offline ECP procedures (296 minutes) was greater than that reported for CELLEX ECP delivery (120 minutes). Total cost of offline ECP (€1134.57 [$1314.57]/procedure) was greater than that reported for online delivery (€1063.95 [$1232.74]/procedure). IEO performs ~84 ECP procedures/y, which would require ~412 hours/y vs 168 hours/y for online procedures; suggesting €5932.08 [$6873.72]/y savings with online procedures.ConclusionsThis assessment highlights potential resource time savings with online procedures. Time saved could allow increased activity with the same resources, at a department level. Potential non‐monetary benefits include reduced time burden on patients, increased availability of hospital staff and improved patient safety.
A national window on critical thinking by dental educators following an ADEA webinar
Authors: Krupp Michelle M. , Holloway Julie A. , Johnsen David C. , Marchini Leonardo , Butali Azeez 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeCritical thinking is an essential skill for the dentist, yet little has surfaced to define the outcome, guide learning, and assess performance. On June 16, 2020, the American Dental Education Association (ADEA) sponsored a 1‐hour webinar on Critical thinking with 600 attendees. To report input from a national cohort of dental educators responding to a model for critical thinking guidance.MethodsCritical thinking concepts with explicit skillsets were presented. Attendees gave Likert responses on importance and confidence defining outcome. At the end of the webinar, attendees were asked in an open‐ended format what their “take away” was.ResultsOne hundred and five responded to a Likert scale question on how important critical thinking is, with 93% giving a 5. To the question on how well have you figured out how to define the outcome, guide learning, and assess performance, 53% gave a 3 and 21% gave a 2 (χ2 = 151; P < 0.01) From 121 “take away” responses, 79 reiterated the session's central theme with comments on emulating the thought process of the expert or articulating a skillset. In a separate classification of the same “take away,” responses oriented to common domains of education nomenclature. No alternative critical thinking model for articulating the outcome, guiding learning, and assessing performance was evident in any of the 121 take away responses.ConclusionsResults are interpreted as an opportunity moment for dental education to collectively develop additional critical thinking models.
Effect of surface mechanical attrition treatment on the microstructure of cobalt–chromium–molybdenum biomedical alloy
Authors: Nkonta Daniella Tchana , Drevet Richard , Fauré Joël , Benhayoune Hicham 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis research work describes the impact of the surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) on the microstructure of cobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo), a biomedical alloy commonly used for orthopedic applications. This surface treatment induces crystalline phases transformations characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The corresponding structural changes are observed from cross‐section images obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the SMAT process induces the martensitic transformation of the CoCrMo alloy (from γ‐fcc phase to ε‐hcp phase) related to an important grain refinement due to twinning and sliding.
Morphospace analysis leads to an evo‐devo model of digit patterning
Authors: Fontanarrosa Gabriela , Abdala Virginia , Dos Santos Daniel A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBiological forms occupy a constrained portion of theoretical morphospaces. Developmental models accounting for empirical morphospaces are necessary to achieve a better understanding of this phenomenon. We analyzed the phalangeal formulas (PFs) in lizards and relatives’ hands by comparing them with a set of simulated PFs that compose a theoretical morphospace. We detected that: (1) the empirical morphospace is severely limited in size, (2) the PFs comply with two properties of phalangeal count per digit, namely the ordering rule (DI ≤ DII ≤ DIII ≤ DIV ≥ DV), and the contiguity relationship (neighbor digits differ on average in one phalanx), (3) the totality of the PFs can be categorized into four categories of hands aligned along a feasibility gradient. We also reconstructed the evolution of PFs and found a stepwise trajectory from the plesiomorphic PF towards reduced conditions. Finally, we propose a developmental model as the generative mechanism behind the PFs. It is consistent with the bulk of evidence managed and involves an ordered digit primordia initialization timed with periodic signals of joint formation coming from digit tips. Our approach is also useful to address the study of other meristic sequences in nature such as dental, floral, and branchial formulas.
lncRNA FBXL19‐AS1 is a diagnosis biomarker for paediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Sheng Hongling , Zhang Jiajia , Ma Yan , Zhang Yuhua , Dai Yunpeng , Jiang Renpeng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundLong non‐coding RNAs (lncRNA) have emerged as novel clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various tumors because of their disease‐ and stage‐restricted expression. lncRNA FBXL19 antisense RNA 1 (FBXL19‐AS1) expression has been confirmed to be up‐regulated in several tumors. However, its expression and effects in paediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have not been elucidated.MethodsSerum FBXL19‐AS1 expression was determined in 137 AML patients compared to 43 healthy controls ( < 0.01).ResultsUsing receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, we observed that serum FBXL19‐AS1 provided the highly diagnostic performance for the detection of AML (AUC = 0.841, < 0.001). We also examined the association between serum FBXL19‐AS1 expression and clinicopathological factors, finding that its high expression was associated with French–American–British classification ( = 0.011) and cytogenetics ( = 0.021). Survival assays with the Kaplan–Meier method revealed that the overall survival ( = 0.0088) and disease‐free‐survival ( = 0.0027) of AML patients with high serum FBXL19‐AS1 levels were distinctly shorter compared to those with low serum FBXL19‐AS1 levels. More importantly, Multivariate analysis identified serum FBXL19‐AS1 overexpression as an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for both overall survival and disease‐free‐survival of AML patients.ConclusionsOverall, our findings revealed that high expression of serum FBXL19‐AS1 might be useful as a novel prognostic and diagnostic biomarker for AML patients.
Optimizing infant HIV diagnosis with additional screening at immunization clinics in three sub‐Saharan African settings: a cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Dunning Lorna , Gandhi Aditya R , Penazzato Martina , Soeteman Djøra I , Revill Paul , Frank Simone , Phillips Andrew , Dugdale Caitlin , Abrams Elaine , Weinstein Milton C , Newell Marie‐Louise , Collins Intira J , Doherty Meg , Vojnov Lara , Fassinou Ekouévi Patricia , Myer Landon , Mushavi Angela , Freedberg Kenneth A , Ciaranello Andrea L 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionUptake of early infant HIV diagnosis (EID) varies widely across sub‐Saharan African settings. We evaluated the potential clinical impact and cost‐effectiveness of universal maternal HIV screening at infant immunization visits, with referral to EID and maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation.MethodsUsing the CEPAC‐Pediatric model, we compared two strategies for infants born in 2017 in Côte d’Ivoire (CI), South Africa (SA), and Zimbabwe: (1) existing EID programmes offering six‐week nucleic acid testing (NAT) for infants with known HIV exposure (EID), and (2) EID plus universal maternal HIV screening at six‐week infant immunization visits, leading to referral for infant NAT and maternal ART initiation (screen‐and‐test). Model inputs included published Ivoirian/South African/Zimbabwean data: maternal HIV prevalence (4.8/30.8/16.1%), current uptake of EID (40/95/65%) and six‐week immunization attendance (99/74/94%). Referral rates for infant NAT and maternal ART initiation after screen‐and‐test were 80%. Costs included NAT ($24/infant), maternal screening ($10/mother–infant pair), ART ($5 to 31/month) and HIV care ($15 to 190/month). Model outcomes included mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV (MTCT) among HIV‐exposed infants, and life expectancy (LE) and mean lifetime per‐person costs for children with HIV (CWH) and all children born in 2017. We calculated incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) using discounted (3%/year) lifetime costs and LE for all children. We considered two cost‐effectiveness thresholds in each country: (1) the per‐capita GDP ($1720/6380/2150) per year‐of‐life saved (YLS), and (2) the CEPAC‐generated ICER of offering 2 versus 1 lifetime ART regimens (e.g. offering second‐line ART; $520/500/580/YLS).ResultsWith EID, projected six‐week MTCT was 9.3% (CI), 4.2% (SA) and 5.2% (Zimbabwe). Screen‐and‐test decreased total MTCT by 0.2% to 0.5%, improved LE by 2.0 to 3.5 years for CWH and 0.03 to 0.07 years for all children, and increased discounted costs by $17 to 22/child (all children). The ICER of screen‐and‐test compared to EID was $1340/YLS (CI), $650/YLS (SA) and $670/YLS (Zimbabwe), below the per‐capita GDP but above the ICER of 2 versus 1 lifetime ART regimens in all countries.ConclusionsUniversal maternal HIV screening at immunization visits with referral to EID and maternal ART initiation may reduce MTCT, improve paediatric LE, and be of comparable value to current HIV‐related interventions in high maternal HIV prevalence settings like SA and Zimbabwe.
High‐resolution global climate simulations: Representation of cities
Authors: Hertwig Denise , Ng Matthew , Grimmond Sue , Vidale Pier Luigi , McGuire Patrick C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEnsemble runs of high‐resolution (~10 km; N1280) global climate simulations (2005–2010) with the Met Office HadGEM3 model are analysed over large urban areas in the south‐east UK (London) and south‐east China (Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing region). With a focus on urban areas, we compare meteorological observations to study the response of modelled surface heat fluxes and screen‐level temperatures to urbanization. HadGEM3 has a simple urban slab scheme with prescribed, globally fixed bulk parameters. Misrepresenting the magnitude or the extent of urban land cover can result in land‐surface model bias. As urban land‐cover fractions are severely under‐estimated in China, this impacts surface heat‐flux partitioning and quintessential features, such as the urban heat island. Combined with the neglect of anthropogenic heat emissions, this can result in misrepresentation of heat‐wave intensities (or cold spells) in cities. The model performance in urban areas could be improved if bulk parameters are modelled instead of prescribed, but this necessitates the availability of local morphology data on a global level. Improving land‐cover information and providing more flexible ways to account for differences between cities (e.g., anthropogenic emission; morphology) is essential for realistic future projections of city climates, especially if model output is intended for urban climate services.