bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caregiver Experiences and Roles in Care Seeking During COPD Exacerbations: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Suresh Madhuvanthi , Young Jessica , Fan Vincent , Simons Carol , Battaglia Catherine , Simpson Tracy L , Fortney John C , Locke Emily R , Trivedi Ranak 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive, debilitating illness characterized by exacerbations that require timely intervention. COPD patients often rely on informal caregivers—relatives or friends—for assistance with functioning and support. Caregivers perform roles that may be particularly important during acute exacerbations in monitoring symptoms and seeking medical intervention. However, little is known about caregivers’ roles and experiences as they support their patients during exacerbations.

Purpose
To explore the experiences, roles in care seeking, and needs of caregivers during COPD exacerbations.

Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 caregivers of Veterans with COPD who experienced a recent exacerbation. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using inductive content analysis.

Results
Five themes arose: (a) caregivers reported continuously monitoring changes in patients symptom severity to identify exacerbations; (b) caregivers described emotional reactions evoked by exacerbations and constant vigilance; (c) caregivers described disagreements with their patient in interpreting symptoms and determining the need for care seeking; (d) caregivers noted uncertainty regarding their roles and responsibilities in pursuing care and their approaches to promote care varied; and (e) expressed their need for additional information and support. Caregivers of patients with COPD often influence whether and when patients seek care during exacerbations. Discrepancies in symptom evaluations between patients and caregivers paired with the lack of information and support available to caregivers are related to delays in care seeking. Clinical practice should foster self-management support to patient–caregiver dyads to increase caregiver confidence and patient openness to their input during exacerbations.
What Drives Preventive Health Behavior During a Global Pandemic? Emotion and Worry
Authors: Coifman Karin G , Disabato David J , Aurora Pallavi , Seah T H Stanley , Mitchell Benjamin , Simonovic Nicolle , Foust Jeremy L , Sidney Pooja Gupta , Thompson Clarissa A , Taber Jennifer M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background & Purpose
Primary prevention of COVID-19 has focused on encouraging compliance with specific behaviors that restrict contagion. This investigation sought to characterize engagement in these behaviors in U.S. adults early during the pandemic and to build explanatory models of the psychological processes that drive them.

Methods
US adults were recruited through Qualtrics Research Panels (N = 324; 55% female; Mage = 50.91, SD = 15.98) and completed 10 days of online reports of emotion, COVID-19 perceived susceptibility and worry, and recommended behaviors (social distancing, hand washing, etc.). Factor analysis revealed behaviors loaded on two factors suggesting distinct motivational orientations: approach and avoidance.

Results
Changes in approach and avoidance behaviors over the 10 days indicated large individual differences consistent with three types of participants. Discrete emotions, including fear, guilt/shame, and happiness were associated with more recommended behaviors. Fear and COVID-19 worry indirectly influenced each other to facilitate more behavioral engagement. While emotions and worry strongly predicted individual differences in behavior across the 10 days, they did not predict as well why behaviors occurred on one day versus another.

Conclusions
These findings suggest how daily affective processes motivate behavior, improving the understanding of compliance and efforts to target behaviors as primary prevention of disease.
Henry James: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Mizruchi Susan L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Henry James: A Very Short Introduction places Henry James’s notoriously difficult writings in their historical and biographical context. Henry James had a major impact on the literary culture of his time and ever since. From his childhood through his mature life, James created a unique body of fiction, travel writing, reviews, and theory that represents one of the greatest achievements in America’s literary history. This VSI studies various fictional and nonfictional works by James. These complex accounts of human experience engage with the vital issues of both James’s era and our own, including gender relations, sexuality, the nature of modernity, the threat of relativism, and the role of art.
Prologue
Authors: Mizruchi Susan L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
‘Prologue’ provides a background on Henry James’s writing, the hallmarks of which are aesthetic self-consciousness and a focus on the conventions and etiquette of the social elite. James is considered to be among the greatest English-language novelists. He specialized in profound portraits of human character, the relations between genders, and moral conflicts. He wrote with extraordinary insight about women and girls, and about the power conferred by money and the vulnerability conferred by lacking it.
Global apprenticeship
Authors: Mizruchi Susan L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
‘Global apprenticeship’ discusses how Henry James pursued a global apprenticeship, during which he produced formidable reviews of European and American writers. He schooled himself deliberately in the methods of an international array of masters, including Honoré de Balzac, Charles Baudelaire, Émile Zola, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, and Ivan Turgenev. James’s early heroines from this apprenticeship period include Eugenia Münster, Daisy Miller, and Catherine Sloper, of, respectively, The Europeans (1878), Daisy Miller (1879), and Washington Square (1880). By making complexly imagined young women the engines of these stories, these narratives show how riveting the question of what the young woman will do, and why, can be.
Professional author
Authors: Mizruchi Susan L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
‘Professional author’ explores some of Henry James’s most renowned works, published between the late 1880s and the turn of the century. The volume and quality of novels and stories that he produced in this period made his name as a leading Anglo-American author. James’s steady focus on his signature subjects never waned. These include coming of age, gender relations, sexuality, the nature of modernity, the threat of relativism, and the rise of mass culture and the role of art within it. Three important works of this period include The Bostonians (1886), The Turn of the Screw (1898), and The Awkward Age (1899).
Epilogue
Authors: Mizruchi Susan L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
‘Epilogue’ assesses the legacy of Henry James. James endures in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries as a phenomenon as much as any writer of his time. The persisting attractions of James’s life and works undoubtedly have something to do with their rarity and difficulty. There is also the durability of his themes: the position of women, the multifariousness of human sexuality, and the problem of knowledge. James’s keen awareness of class and money and his understanding of how wealth confers power through social connections and networks have become ever more relevant in today’s era of super capitalism. Yet another source of James’s contemporaneity is his commitment to literary and technological innovation.
Plague: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Plague: A Very Short Introduction explores the historical and social impact of plague from the earliest times. Throughout history, plague has been the cause of many major catastrophes, from the Black Death of 1348 to devastating epidemics in China and India in the late 1800s. Today, Corona-virus serves as a powerful reminder that we have not escaped the global impact of epidemic diseases. This VSI demonstrates the influence of plague on modern notions of government and public health, examining how plague has been interpreted in different times and place. It includes evidence from ancient DNA on the nature of plague and the latest research on plague in the Middle East.
Plague
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
‘Plague’ discusses the identity of plague. The word ‘plague’ has been used over the centuries to denote an epidemic disease of particular severity and dramatic impact, and a disease which probably always had the same causative agent, now known to have been a bacillus, Yersinia pestis. Today, plague is certainly much better understood than it has ever been. The findings of modern medical science about plague’s causes (aetiology) and its incidence and distribution (epidemiology) have illuminated many aspects of its history. However, they have given rise to considerable debate about whether all the plagues of the past can have had the same cause as those of the present.
Pandemics and epidemics
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
‘Pandemics and epidemics’ starts by looking at the conventional picture of the history of plague which divides it into three long pandemics, each of them made up of a series of separate but closely connected epidemics, in particular places, extending over centuries. The ‘Plague of Justinian’, the ‘Black Death’, and the epidemics in India and China in the late 1800s are useful case studies. How do plagues appear and disappear? The European defences against plague in the early modern period included quarantine precautions. Quarantine created protective thresholds which reduced the risk of plague retaining its hold across the whole European mainland.
Big impacts
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
‘Big impacts’ focuses on the Black Death, which had an impact on every sphere of human activity. Indeed, the Black Death reshaped the course of European history. The case is strongest in the area where sudden, severe, and prolonged high mortality might be expected to have an effect—that of economic and social relations. The Black Death also had an impact on how people thought about their world and their place in it, and some have argued that there were wholesale changes in mentalities, amounting to turning points in contemporary culture. It is interesting to note that the process of accommodating plague took less time than one might imagine.
Private horrors
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
‘Private horrors’ details the experiences of plague, looking at narrative sources illustrating how people coped. There were always two stories to tell about plague. One is about heroes undeterred by contagion, the other about victims of harsh officialdom and of quarantine measures. The fullest accounts tried to combine the two and show men and women, physicians, churchmen, magistrates, and citizens trying to cooperate in impossible circumstances. Most poignant of all are expressions of the pain and loss created by one of plague’s cruellest features: the heavy mortality it inflicted on single families and households, as relatives and servants died one after the other.
The lessons of histories
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
‘The lesson of histories’ explores the lessons from histories of plague. These lessons highlight the importance of cultures and institutions, contexts and agents in creating epidemics and reactions to them. They show that the ways in which people think and live, the kinds of information available to them, and the kinds of behaviour they adopt make a difference. Whether they were effective or not, the quarantine policies invented and developed in early modern Europe demonstrated the role played by political cultures and political institutions in shaping reactions to plague. The responses to new or ‘re-emerging’ diseases, which seemed to threaten fresh pandemic disasters, including HIV/AIDS and COVID-19, have shown that public and private responses to them will be necessary, diverse, and divisive, and no more certain to succeed than they were in the past.
Machine learning identifies novel markers predicting functional decline in older adults
Authors: Valerio Kate E , Prieto Sarah , Hasselbach Alexander N , Moody Jena N , Hayes Scott M , Hayes Jasmeet P ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The ability to carry out instrumental activities of daily living, such as paying bills, remembering appointments and shopping alone decreases with age, yet there are remarkable individual differences in the rate of decline among older adults. Understanding variables associated with a decline in instrumental activities of daily living is critical to providing appropriate intervention to prolong independence. Prior research suggests that cognitive measures, neuroimaging and fluid-based biomarkers predict functional decline. However, a priori selection of variables can lead to the over-valuation of certain variables and exclusion of others that may be predictive. In this study, we used machine learning techniques to select a wide range of baseline variables that best predicted functional decline in two years in individuals from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative dataset. The sample included 398 individuals characterized as cognitively normal or mild cognitive impairment. Support vector machine classification algorithms were used to identify the most predictive modality from five different data modality types (demographics, structural MRI, fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, neurocognitive and genetic/fluid-based biomarkers). In addition, variable selection identified individual variables across all modalities that best predicted functional decline in a testing sample. Of the five modalities examined, neurocognitive measures demonstrated the best accuracy in predicting functional decline (accuracy = 74.2%; area under the curve = 0.77), followed by fluorodeoxyglucose-PET (accuracy = 70.8%; area under the curve = 0.66). The individual variables with the greatest discriminatory ability for predicting functional decline included partner report of language in the Everyday Cognition questionnaire, the ADAS13, and activity of the left angular gyrus using fluorodeoxyglucose-PET. These three variables collectively explained 32% of the total variance in functional decline. Taken together, the machine learning model identified novel biomarkers that may be involved in the processing, retrieval, and conceptual integration of semantic information and which predict functional decline two years after assessment. These findings may be used to explore the clinical utility of the Everyday Cognition as a non-invasive, cost and time effective tool to predict future functional decline.
A Comprehensive Molecular Analysis of in Vivo Isolated EpCAM-Positive Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer
Authors: Strati Areti , Zavridou Martha , Kallergi Galatea , Politaki Eleni , Kuske Andra , Gorges Tobias M , Riethdorf Sabine , Joosse Simon A , Koch Claudia , Bohnen Anna-Lena , Mueller Volkmar , Koutsodontis George , Kontopodis Emmanouil , Poulakaki Nikiforita , Psyrri Amanda , Mavroudis Dimitris , Georgoulias Vasilis , Pantel Klaus , Lianidou Evi S 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Circulating tumor cell (CTC) analysis is highly promising for liquid biopsy-based molecular diagnostics. We undertook a comprehensive molecular analysis of in vivo isolated CTCs in breast cancer (BrCa).

Methods
In vivo isolated CTCs from 42 patients with early and 23 patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) were prospectively collected and analyzed for gene expression, DNA mutations, and DNA methylation before and after treatment. 19 healthy donor (HD) samples were analyzed as a control group. In identical blood draws, CTCs were enumerated using CellSearch® and characterized by direct IF staining.

Results
All 19 HD samples were negative for CK8, CK18, CK19, ERBB2, TWIST1, VEGF, ESR1, PR, and EGFR expression, while CD44, CD24, ALDH1, VIM, and CDH2 expression was normalized to B2M (reference gene). At least one gene was expressed in 23/42 (54.8%) and 8/13 (61.5%) CTCs in early BrCa before and after therapy, and in 20/23 (87.0%) and 5/7 (71.4%) MBC before and after the first cycle of therapy. PIK3CA mutations were detected in 11/42 (26.2%) and 3/13 (23.1%) in vivo isolated CTCs in early BrCa before and after therapy, and in 11/23 (47.8%) and 2/7 (28.6%) MBC, respectively. ESR1 methylation was detected in 5/32 (15.7%) and 1/10 (10.0%) CTCs in early BrCa before and after therapy, and in 3/15(20.0%) MBC before the first line of therapy. The comprehensive molecular analysis of CTC revealed a higher sensitivity in relation to CellSearch or IF staining when based on creatine kinase selection.

Conclusions
In vivo-CTC isolation in combination with a comprehensive molecular analysis at the gene expression, DNA mutation, and DNA methylation level comprises a highly powerful approach for molecular diagnostic applications using CTCs.
Non-negative Matrix Factorization: A Survey
Authors: Gan Jiangzhang , Liu Tong , Li Li , Zhang Jilian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNon-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a powerful tool for data science researchers, and it has been successfully applied to data mining and machine learning community, due to its advantages such as simple form, good interpretability and less storage space. In this paper, we give a detailed survey on existing NMF methods, including a comprehensive analysis of their design principles, characteristics and drawbacks. In addition, we also discuss various variants of NMF methods and analyse properties and applications of these variants. Finally, we evaluate the performance of nine NMF methods through numerical experiments, and the results show that NMF methods perform well in clustering tasks.
Effects of Age and Self-Performance on Memory for Who Did What
Authors: Kersten Alan W , Earles Julie L , Brymer Jennifer Walsh 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This research tested whether performing an action themselves leads young and older adults to false memory for having seen that action performed by another person. It also tested whether observing another person perform an action leads to false memory for self-performance of that action.

Method
Healthy young and older adults viewed videos involving actors performing different actions. After viewing some of the actions, participants were instructed to perform those same actions themselves. Participants were tested 1 week later on their memory for the actions of the actors in the videos and for their own actions.

Results
Older adults were more likely to believe that the actor in a test item had performed the same action previously when they had performed that same action themselves, both when the actor had indeed performed that action and when the actor had not. This effect of self-performance on memory for other people’s actions was significantly smaller in young adults. Young adults performed better than older adults at remembering which actors had performed which actions in the videos, although participants had greater difficulty remembering who did what for actions that they had also performed themselves. The 2 groups were equally likely to falsely remember having performed an action that had only appeared in the videos, but young adults were better able than older adults to correctly identify the actions that they had in fact performed.

Discussion
Older adults have greater difficulty than young adults at distinguishing self-performed actions from actions performed by other people.
Which Honesty Test for Trademark Law? Why Traders’ Efforts to Avoid Trademark Harm Should Matter When Assessing Honest Business Practices
Authors: Anemaet Lotte 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article argues that the honest practices proviso should be more empirically based. Judges should focus on the efforts made by the competitor to avoid detriment to the trademark and on whether consumers perceive the potentially infringing sign differently because of these efforts. If the defendant has taken sufficient measures to minimise possible harm to the trademark owner but some confusion still exists or some advantage is taken, the use of the trademark should be allowed when these side effects are outweighed by overarching market values, such as furthering freedom of competition and enhancing consumer information and consumer choice. This conduct-based approach ensures that not only the legitimate interests of the trademark owner but also those of third parties are taken into account. In this way, trademark owners cannot prevent honest use of the trademark if the defendant has taken sufficient efforts to minimise harm, and at the same time third parties must respect trademark owners’ interests to the largest extent possible if they want the trademark limitations to apply.
eHealth literacy during the COVID-19 pandemic: seeking, sharing, suspicion amongst older and younger UK populations
Authors: Sykes Susie , Wills Jane , Trasolini Andrew , Wood Kerry , Frings Daniel 
Published: June 2021

Summary
The containment of infectious diseases is most successful when at-risk populations have a high level of relevant health literacy (HL). To achieve this both literacy needs and patterns of knowledge sharing must be understood within the context of the disease being studied. It is also important to understand these processes from both offline (HL) and online (eHL) perspectives and amongst demographics with access to different types of information and social capital, and who have different levels of vulnerability. This paper discusses the insights gained over a series of 30 interviews with the UK residents aged either 19 − 30 years of age or older than 70 years—focussing on how they seek, understand, evaluate and convey information about COVID-19 during the current pandemic. Using thematic analysis, we identified themes around motivations to seek information, the information journey, digital choice and engagement, dilemmas and challenges of managing and appraising information, and sharing information. There was little difference in the eHL between the two age groups who both had high levels of education and were sophisticated digital citizens. The COVID-19 pandemic highlights three dominant processes in managing complex and uncertain information: some individuals may suffer from information fatigue but there was no evidence of any impact on their behaviours; others seek and share information across many networks; and there were strikingly high levels of distrust leading to complex processes of meaning-making demanding critical health literacy skills.