bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitogenome phylogeny reveals Indochina Peninsula origin and spatiotemporal diversification of freshwater crabs (Potamidae: Potamiscinae) in China
Authors: Pan Da , Shi Boyang , Du Shiyu , Gu Tianyu , Wang Ruxiao , Xing Yuhui , Zhang Zhan , Chen Jiajia , Cumberlidge Neil , Sun Hongying 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Asian potamid subfamily Potamiscinae is the most species‐rich group of primary freshwater crabs in the world, and a large number of these (318 species in 52 genera) are found in China where they exhibit a remarkably high rate of endemism. However, the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationships of this subfamily is still poorly understood and the hypothesis that the Chinese potamids originated in the Indochina Peninsula has yet to be tested using a modern phylogeographic reconstruction and molecular dating methods. Here we analyze the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history of the Chinese potamiscines based on whole mitogenomes of 72 species of Asian freshwater crabs representing 65% of the potamiscine genera found in China, including new mitogenome sequences for 57 species. The mitogenomic phylogeny generated four separate clades: Southwest China (SWC), Indochina‐Southwest China (ISWC), Central China (CC), and South China‐adjacent Islands (SCI). Our results suggest that the Chinese potamiscine fauna most likely originated in Indochina during the Eocene. The establishment of the East Asian monsoon during the Eocene/Oligocene resulted in major climate changes that coincide with the local diversification of the CC and SCI clades. In addition, diversification of two other clades (ISWC and SWC) may have been driven by past large scale environmental changes taking place at that time such as increased local precipitation and expanding freshwater habitats associated with the uplifting of the Hengduan Mountains. In addition, our phylogenies did not support monophyly for six currently recognized potamiscine genera, highlighting the need for further taxonomic revisions of this fauna. The broad taxonomic sampling and well‐supported molecular phylogenies used here allow for the updating of our understanding of the evolutionary origins and diversification of the potamiscine freshwater crabs in China.
Comparing ultrasound assessment of thyroid nodules using BTA U classification and ACR TIRADS measured against histopathological diagnosis
Authors: McClean Simon , Omakobia Eugene , England R. James A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe British Thyroid Association (BTA) recommends ultrasound assessment of thyroid nodules using the U classification. The American College of Radiologists (ACR) recommend assessment with the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS). We conduct the first UK study to compare these two systems.MethodsUltrasound (US) reports of patients who underwent surgical excision of thyroid nodules over a 10‐year period in one UK centre were reviewed. US findings were collected, and the classifications were retrospectively applied. The systems were compared to histopathological diagnosis.Results308 nodules in 296 patients are included. 135 nodules (43.8%) were malignant. U classification showed sensitivity of 88.1% in recommending FNA, significantly higher than TIRADS at 73.3% (p = .0002). The U classification showed specificity of 41.6%, significantly lower than TIRADS at 64.2% (p=<0.0001). PPV between classifications at equivalent levels showed no significant difference at U3/TR‐3 (p=.81), U4/TR‐4 (p=.30) or U5/TR‐5 (p=.90).DiscussionClassification systems enable risk stratification of potentially malignant thyroid nodules. This study shows BTA U classification has a higher sensitivity but lower specificity than TIRADS.
Strategies for overcoming therapeutic inertia in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Powell Rhea E. , Zaccardi Francesco , Beebe Christine , Chen Xin Mei , Crawford Alyssa , Cuddeback John , Gabbay Robert A. , Kissela Lauren , Litchman Michelle L. , Mehta Rajesh , Meneghini Luigi , Pantalone Kevin M. , Rajpathak Swapnil , Scribner Paul , Skelley Jessica W. , Khunti Kamlesh 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimsTo systematically investigate the effect of interventions to overcome therapeutic inertia on glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsWe electronically searched for randomized controlled trials or quasi‐experimental studies published between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2019 evaluating the effect of interventions on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) control. Characteristics of included studies and HbA1c difference between intervention and control arms (main outcome) were extracted. Interventions were grouped as: care management and patient education; nurse or certified diabetes educator (CDE); pharmacist; or physician‐based.ResultsThirty‐six studies including 22 243 individuals were combined in nonlinear random‐effects meta‐regressions; the median (range) duration of intervention was 1 year (0.9 to 36 months). Compared to the control arm, HbA1c reduction ranged from: −17.7 mmol/mol (−1.62%) to −4.4 mmol/mol (−0.40%) for nurse‐ or CDE‐based interventions; −13.1 mmol/mol (−1.20%) to 3.3 mmol/mol (0.30%) for care management and patient education interventions; −9.8 mmol/mol (−0.90%) to −6.6 mmol/mol (−0.60%) for pharmacist‐based interventions; and −4.4 mmol/mol (−0.40%) to 2.8 mmol/mol (0.26%) for physician‐based interventions. Across the included studies, a reduction in HbA1c was observed only during the first year (6 months: −4.2 mmol/mol, 95% confidence interval [CI] −6.2, −2.2 [−0.38%, 95% CI −0.56, −0.20]; 1 year: −1.6 mmol/mol, 95% CI −3.3, 0.1 [−0.15%, 95% CI −0.30, 0.01]) and in individuals with preintervention HbA1c >75 mmol/mol (9%).ConclusionsThe most effective approaches to mitigating therapeutic inertia and improving HbA1c were those that empower nonphysician providers such as pharmacists, nurses and diabetes educators to initiate and intensify treatment independently, supported by appropriate guidelines.
Why do parasites exhibit reverse latitudinal diversity gradients? Testing the roles of host diversity, habitat and climate
Authors: Johnson Pieter , Haas Sarah E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimThe latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), in which species richness decreases from the equator towards the poles, is among the most fundamental distributional patterns in ecology. Despite the expectation that the diversity of parasites tracks that of their hosts, available evidence suggests that many parasites exhibit reverse latitudinal gradients or no pattern, yet the rarity of large‐scale datasets on host–parasite interactions calls into question the robustness of such trends. Here, we collected parasitological data from a host group of conservation importance, lentic‐breeding amphibians, to characterize the form and direction of relationships among latitude, parasite richness and parasite load.LocationThe contiguous USA.Time period2000–2014.Major taxa studiedLentic‐breeding frogs and toads and their helminth parasites.MethodsWe collected information on parasite richness and infection load for 846 amphibian populations representing 31 species. We combined these data with environmental and biological data to test for LDGs and potential mechanisms.ResultsBoth parasite richness and parasite abundance increased across 20° of latitude (i.e., a reverse LDG). For parasite richness, this pattern was explained, in part, by latitudinal increases in wetland area, land‐cover diversity and the richness of waterbirds, which function as definitive hosts for many amphibian parasites. Host body size also correlated positively with latitude and helminth richness, potentially reflecting increased habitat availability, greater host longevity or a persistent phylogenetic signal. Parasite abundance associated positively with wetland area and land‐cover diversity, but negatively with amphibian taxonomic richness. Longitude exhibited nonlinear relationships with parasite abundance and richness, which we suggest stem from large‐scale variation in host availability (e.g., migratory bird flyways).Main conclusionsWith growing interest in the distribution of parasites and pathogens, these results highlight the importance of inverse latitudinal gradients while emphasizing the explanatory influence of host body size, habitat availability and host diversity.
The online marketplace: Zero‐order city or new source of social inequality?
Authors: Ganning Joanna P. , Green Timothy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOnline shopping revenues in the United States were $520 billion 2018, a more than threefold increase over a decade prior. Recent research on county‐level shares of consumer expenditures conducted online shows aggregate consumer gains but also considerable spatial variation, creating a new source of social inequality. Through the lens of classical retail location theory, this paper uses a novel approach to test the effects of marginalization, by both income and remoteness, on online shopping behavior. We find that increased shipping costs weaken demand for online goods across consumer groups. When the costs of shipping are controlled for, distance from a city most strongly motivates low‐income counties to engage in online shopping, reflecting sensitivity to cost reductions. However, variations in cost and cost/distance ratios have little effect for this group, because if shipping surcharges exist, which they almost always do at high levels, consumers in these counties will forego online shopping. Medium‐income counties are sensitive to variations in cost and cost/distance ratios. The highest‐income counties display no response to the marginal costs of remoteness. In sum, online shopping benefits consumers living in counties marginalized by either remoteness or low income but not both.
About job market outcomes: Assessing the performance of Colombian higher education institutions
Authors: Saavedra‐Caballero Fabiola , Van Bellegem Sébastien 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOne method for evaluating higher education performance is to conceptualize it as a production function represented as an input/output process. This paper proposes a performance evaluation of higher education institutions from the perspective of recent graduates taking as inputs students' cognitive abilities and tuition, and as outputs three we contend are relevant for recent graduates: starting salary, sectoral distinctiveness, and sectoral variety. Using a sample of recent Colombian higher‐education graduates, we apply the DEA technique to analyze efficiency at the institutional level in the formal labor market. Our results highlight the importance of focusing on the student as the protagonist of the educational process and contribute to the debate about the selection of relevant inputs and outputs when measuring institution's efficiency.
A decision method on yard cranes transformation and deployment in green ports
Authors: Tan Zheyi , Zhang Qian , Yuan Yingying , Jin Ying 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study proposes a strategic level decision method for yard cranes (YCs) transformation and deployment for the purpose of building efficient and energy‐saving green ports with low carbon emission. An integer programming model is embedded in the method for the above decision considering some green technology for YC transformation. The aim of the model is to minimize the investment cost for purchasing and transforming YCs as well as the operation costs during the planning horizon. A neighborhood descent particle swarm optimization algorithm is developed for solving the proposed model. Real data based on numerical experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed decision method. Take the case of Shanghai Yangshan Deep Water Port, the carbon emission is reduced by 415,756.8 kg and the energy consumption costs are saved 1,226,016 RMB. The above method may be potentially useful for the practitioners on the strategic level decisions of YCs transformation and deployment.
Investigation of β‐hydroxybutyrate in early lactation of Simmental cows: Genetic parameters and genomic predictions
Authors: Falchi Laura , Gaspa Giustino , Cesarani Alberto , Correddu Fabio , Degano Lorenzo , Vicario Daniele , Lourenco Daniela , Macciotta Nicolò P. P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGenomic information allows for a more accurate calculation of relationships among animals than the pedigree information, leading to an increase in accuracy of breeding values. Here, we used pedigree‐based and single‐step genomic approaches to estimate variance components and breeding values for β‐hydroxybutyrate milk content (BHB). Additionally, we performed a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) to depict its genetic architecture. BHB concentrations within the first 90 days of lactation, estimated from milk medium infrared spectra, were available for 30,461 cows (70,984 records). Genotypes at 42,152 loci were available for 9,123 animals. Low heritabilities were found for BHB using pedigree‐based (0.09 ± 0.01) and genomic (0.10 ± 0.01) approaches. Genetic correlation between BHB and milk traits ranged from −0.27 ± 0.06 (BHB and protein percentage) to 0.13 ± 0.07 (BHB and fat‐to‐protein ratio) using pedigree and from −0.26 ± 0.05 (BHB and protein percentage) to 0.13 ± 0.06 (BHB and fat‐to‐protein ratio) using genomics. Breeding values were validated for 344 genotyped cows using linear regression method. The genomic EBV (GEBV) had greater accuracy (0.51 vs. 0.45) and regression coefficient (0.98 vs. 0.95) compared to EBV. The correlation between two subsequent evaluations, without and with phenotypes for validation cows, was 0.85 for GEBV and 0.82 for EBV. Predictive ability (correlation between (G)EBV and adjusted phenotypes) was greater when genomic information was used (0.38) than in the pedigree‐based approach (0.31). Validation statistics in the pairwise two‐trait models (milk yield, fat and protein percentage, urea, fat/protein ratio, lactose and logarithmic transformation of somatic cells count) were very similar to the ones highlighted for the single‐trait model. The GWAS allowed discovering four significant markers located on BTA20 (57.5–58.2 Mb), where the ANKH gene is mapped. This gene has been associated with lactose, alpha‐lactalbumin and BHB. Results of this study confirmed the usefulness of genomic information to provide more accurate variance components and breeding values, and important insights about the genomic determination of BHB milk content.
Underlying microevolutionary processes parallel macroevolutionary patterns in ancient neotropical mountains
Authors: Dantas‐Queiroz Marcos Vinicius , Cacossi Tami da Costa , Leal Bárbara Simões Santos , Chaves Cleber Juliano Neves , Vasconcelos Thais N. C. , Versieux Leonardo de Melo , Palma‐Silva Clarisse 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimAncient climatic fluctuations are invoked as the main driving force that generates the astonishing biodiversity in ancient mountains. As a result, endemism and spatial turnover are usually high and few species are widespread amongst entire mountain ranges, precluding the understanding of origins of macroevolutionary patterns. Here, we used a species endemic to, but widespread in, one of the most species‐rich ancient mountains in the globe to test how environmental changes acted on and how their macroevolutionary patterns were shaped.LocationEspinhaço Range, Eastern Brazil.TaxonVriesea oligantha species complex (Bromeliaceae).MethodsWe compiled data for plastidial regions and nuclear microsatellites to assess genetic diversity, population structure, migration rates and phylogenetic relationships. Using temperature and precipitation variables, we modelled suitable areas for the present and the past, estimating corridors between isolated populations. We also implemented Bayesian demographic analyses to estimate ancient populations dynamics. Finally, we tested if population structure is driven by isolation by environment or by distance using a Bayesian modelling approach.ResultsOur results showed that the intraspecific divergence events of V. oligantha are older than those associated with the latest Pleistocene climatic oscillations, supporting the view that Quaternary climatic fluctuations are key components for understanding its population differentiation processes. Species distribution modelling estimated corridors between populations in the past, as also shown in the demographic analyses, depicting a major spatial reorganization during colder climates. Besides, the high genetic structure estimated results from both models of isolation by distance and by environment.Main conclusionsV. oligantha is a remarkable model to test the effects of climatic oscillations over the biological community, since this species originated in the early‐Pleistocene, prevailing over several cycles of climatic fluctuations until today. The estimated demographic dynamics of V. oligantha agrees with the species‐pump mechanism, suggesting it as the main cause of speciation within the Espinhaço Range. Moreover, the phylogeographic patterns of V. oligantha reflect previously recognised spatial and temporal macroevolutionary patterns in the Espinhaço Range, providing insights into how microevolutionary processes may have given rise to this astonishing mountain biodiversity.
Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of erythroid differentiation potential of olive leaf in haematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Kondo Shinji , Ferdousi Farhana , Yamauchi Ken , Suidasari Sofya , Yokozawa Miki , Harrabi Mohamed Moncef , Tominaga Ken‐ichi , Isoda Hiroko 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAnaemia is one of the leading causes of disability in young adults and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in elderly. With a global target to reduce the disease burden of anaemia, recent researches focus on novel compounds with the ability to induce erythropoiesis and regulate iron homeostasis. We aimed to explore the biological events and potential polypharmacological effects of water‐extracted olive leaf (WOL) on human bone marrow–derived haematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs) using a comprehensive gene expression analysis. HPLC analysis identifies six bioactive polyphenols in the WOL. Treatment with WOL for 12 days regulated gene expressions related to erythroid differentiation, oxygen homeostasis, iron homeostasis, haem metabolism and Hb biosynthesis in hHSCs. Functional clustering analysis reveals several major functions of WOL such as ribosomal biogenesis and mitochondrial translation machinery, glycolytic process, ATP biosynthesis and immune response. Additionally, the colonies of both primitive and mature erythroid progenitors, CFU‐E and BFU‐E, were significantly increased in WOL‐treated hHSCs. The expressions of erythroid markers, CD47, glycophorin A (GYPA), and transferrin receptor (TFRC) and adult Hb subunits‐HBA and HBB were also confirmed in immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometer analysis in WOL‐treated hHSCs. It is well known that induction of lineage‐specific differentiation, as well as the maturation of early haematopoietic precursors into fully mature erythrocytes, involves multiple simultaneous biological events and complex signalling networks. In this regard, our genome‐wide transcriptome profiling with microarray study on WOL‐treated hHSCs provides general insights into the multitarget prophylactic and/or therapeutic potential of WOL in anaemia and other haematological disorders.
LncRNA‐ATB regulates epithelial‐mesenchymal transition progression in pulmonary fibrosis via sponging miR‐29b‐2‐5p and miR‐34c‐3p
Authors: Xu Qi , Cheng Demin , Liu Yi , Pan Honghong , Li Guanru , Li Ping , Li Yan , Sun Wenqing , Ma Dongyu , Ni Chunhui 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDysregulation of non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has been proved to play pivotal roles in epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrosis. We have previously demonstrated the crucial function of long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) ATB in silica‐induced pulmonary fibrosis‐related EMT progression. However, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Here, we verified miR‐29b‐2‐5p and miR‐34c‐3p as two vital downstream targets of lncRNA‐ATB. As opposed to lncRNA‐ATB, a significant reduction of both miR‐29b‐2‐5p and miR‐34c‐3p was observed in lung epithelial cells treated with TGF‐β1 and a murine silicosis model. Overexpression miR‐29b‐2‐5p or miR‐34c‐3p inhibited EMT process and abrogated the pro‐fibrotic effects of lncRNA‐ATB in vitro. Further, the ectopic expression of miR‐29b‐2‐5p and miR‐34c‐3p with chemotherapy attenuated silica‐induced pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. Mechanistically, TGF‐β1‐induced lncRNA‐ATB accelerated EMT as a sponge of miR‐29b‐2‐5p and miR‐34c‐3p and shared miRNA response elements with MEKK2 and NOTCH2, thus relieving these two molecules from miRNA‐mediated translational repression. Interestingly, the co‐transfection of miR‐29b‐2‐5p and miR‐34c‐3p showed a synergistic suppression effect on EMT in vitro. Furthermore, the co‐expression of these two miRNAs by using adeno‐associated virus (AAV) better alleviated silica‐induced fibrogenesis than single miRNA. Approaches aiming at lncRNA‐ATB and its downstream effectors may represent new effective therapeutic strategies in pulmonary fibrosis.
Infection dynamics of Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) in culture water and its effects on cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel)
Authors: Sohn Hanchang , Jin Chang Nam , Kang Bong Jo , Shin Sang Phil , Lee Jehee 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEnteromyxum leei is a causative agent of enteromyxosis, with a wide range of marine fish hosts. Recently, massive morbidity and mortality were caused by E. leei infection in cultured olive flounders in Korea. To reveal a relationship between E. leei abundance in culture water and the occurrence of parasite infection in host fish, we used a quantitative PCR assay targeting the 28S rDNA of E. leei in three fish farms (two where enteromyxosis had occurred and one where it did not) from April to November 2018. The gene of E. leei was detected at levels greater than 10 cells/L in the culture water where enteromyxosis occurred from July to September. Furthermore, 2 months after the detection in the water, the parasite gene (with more than 5,000 cells per 100 mg) was detected in fish intestine samples. However, in the fish farms where enteromyxosis had not occurred, the E. leei gene was detected at <10 cells in culture water (1 L) and fish intestine samples (100 mg). The quantification method used in this research provides a baseline of the infection timeline in olive flounder to develop effective management practices.
Foaming and foam mat drying characteristics of ripe banana [Musa balbisiana (BB)] pulp
Authors: Watharkar Ritesh Balaso , Chakraborty Sourav , Srivastav Prem Prakash , Srivastava Brijesh 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFoam‐mat drying characteristics of wild ripe banana [Musa balbisiana (BB)] pulp on the attributes of the product were investigated. The effects of pulp concentration (PC), skim milk powder (SMP) and whipping time (WT) on foaming characteristics such as foam density, drainage volume and foam expansion were studied. The obtained optimum condition for the foaming process was 9.62°Brix of PC, 8.18% of SMP, and 145.54 s of WT. The hot air drying of banana foam was carried out at 50–70°C; the drying rate and moisture diffusivity (3.9–5.9 × 10−10 m2/s) increased with drying temperature. The physico‐chemical properties of banana foam powder such as moisture content, water activity, bulk density, and Carr index decreased with an increase in drying temperature, whereas hygroscopicity, water solubility index, and water absorption index increased. The dried samples were moderately bright in color and had a porous microstructure. The present study is expected to be useful in the preparation of banana powder.Practical ApplicationsFoam‐mat drying technology is a pragmatic method to dry fruit juices and pulps. The concept behind the foam‐mat drying is an increase in the surface area of material to be dried. The process depends on the material property of pulp/juice and the use of the additives to create a foam structure and ensuring its stability during the phase of drying to offer granular products having low bulk density.