bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insights into the phylogeny of three systematically controversial subfamilies of urostylid ciliates based on rDNA
Authors: Chen Xumiao , Li Ju , Xu Kuidong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe family Pseudokeronopsidae Borror & Wicklow, 1983 has an extensive history of iterative revisions regarding phylogenetic relationships of its members and some related taxa from the order Urostylida. The accumulation of morphological and multigene data has provided the opportunity to gain a more comprehensive understanding of their systematic and evolutionary relationship. We conducted phylogenetic analyses of multiple molecular markers and predicted secondary structures of SSU rRNA and ITS regions by adding 14 new sequences. The results demonstrate that: (1) all the present phylogenetic analyses support the transfer of the subfamily Thigmokeronopsinae from the family Pseudokeronopsidae to the family Urostylidae; (2) the monophyly of two subfamilies Pseudokeronopsinae and Nothoholostichinae is substantiated with high support values of the SSU rDNA, LSU rDNA and the concatenated rDNA loci; (3) the monophyly of Pseudokeronopsidae is substantiated of the LSU rDNA only, and the AU tests do not reject the possibilities of Anteholosticha pulchra in this family; (4) phylogenetic trees based on the ITS region do not support the monophylies of the Pseudokeronopsidae and Nothoholostichinae, but the AU tests do not reject their possibilities; and (5) even though Pseudokeronopsis is morphologically well‐defined, it is very likely a paraphyletic genus in which both Antiokeronopsis and Uroleptopsis could be included. Moreover, this study reveals that the V2 and V4 regions of the SSU rRNA molecule are rather conserved at genus level and could be used to distinguish different subfamilies and families. Although they are less stable than the Watson–Crick complementarities, the GU appositions often occur in the ITS transcripts, which are much more variable at genus level than the V2 and V4 regions of the SSU rRNA molecule.
Barriers and facilitators to general practitioners participating in implementation research: a mixed methods systematic review protocol
Authors: Sargent Lucy , Taylor Jane , Lowe John 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The aim of the review is to critically appraise and synthesize quantitative and qualitative evidence on the barriers and facilitators to general practitioners participating in implementation research for the purposes of evaluating translation of evidence into practice.

Introduction:
General practice is a distinct medical specialty that requires its own specific research; therefore, general practitioner participation in research is key in translating new knowledge into practice. However, recruiting general practitioners to research as participants is challenging. Understanding general practitioner behavior in relation to their participation in implementation research is critical.

Inclusion criteria:
Implementation studies that include general practitioners in primary health care settings will be considered. This review will consider quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies from developed countries investigating barriers and facilitators to general practitioners participating in implementation research.

Methods:
The review will be conducted in accordance with JBI methodology for mixed methods systematic reviews. The main databases accessed will be MEDLINE and Scopus, and include studies published in English between 2008 and the present. Two independent reviewers will read and screen relevant articles, assess for quality, extract study characteristics, and synthesize data. This review is taking an integrated approach involving transformed quantitative data. Primary outcome measures will include study details and outcomes related to the research question. Qualitative and transformed quantitative data will be mapped to the Theoretical Domains Framework at extraction phase. Synthesis will include identified barriers and facilitators categorized using the Theoretical Domains Framework indicators to provide future research and implementation recommendations for recruiting general practitioners to implementation research.

Systematic review registration number:
PROSPERO (CRD42020176759)
Fear-of-falling activity-avoidance behavior in people with Parkinson's disease: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Rider John V. , Longhurst Jason K. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this review is to explore existing literature related to fear of falling activity avoidance behavior and identify what is known about this phenomenon in people with Parkinson's disease.

Introduction:
Falling and fear of falling are significant concerns for persons with Parkinson's disease. Fear of falling is a significant problem over and above falling itself and can lead to activity avoidance. Activity-avoidance behavior is a risk factor for increased falls and can lead to further functional decline. A better understanding of the fear of falling and the associated avoidance behavior can inform screening, evaluation, and interventions to decrease fall risk and improve activity engagement and quality of life for persons with Parkinson's disease.

Inclusion criteria:
This review will consider studies published in English that include individuals diagnosed with Parkinson's disease experiencing fear of falling that impacts activity engagement with no limit on participant age or time of publication.

Methods:
JBI methodology will be used to conduct this scoping review. A three-step search strategy will be utilized. The databases to be searched include MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Elsevier), Scopus (Elsevier), APA PsycINFO (EBSCO), CINAHL (EBSCO), Papers First (OCLC), and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses (ProQuest). Two independent reviewers will screen the titles, abstracts, and full text of the selected studies. Data collection will be performed with a tool developed by the researchers based on the standardized tool from JBI SUMARI. Data will be presented in a comprehensive narrative summary.
Synergistic interaction of nerve growth factor and glial cell‐line derived neurotrophic factor in muscular mechanical hyperalgesia in rats
Authors: Murase Shiori , Kobayashi Kimiko , Nasu Teruaki , Kihara Chiaki , Taguchi Toru , Mizumura Kazue 
Published: January 2021

Key points
Nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are essential for neuronal development and survival in embryo. However, after birth they play pivotal roles in the generation of hyperalgesia in many painful conditions.
Both factors are believed to act on different groups of primary afferents, but interaction between them has not yet been studied. Here we show a synergism between the two factors. Intramuscular injection of a mixture of both factors at a low concentration, each of which alone had no effect, induced a significant muscular mechanical hyperalgesia in rats.
We show that synergism occurs in the primary afferent neurons and find that about 25% primary afferents innervating the muscle express both TrkA (NGF receptor) and GFRα1 (GDNF receptor).
We show by pharmacological means that afferent neurons with TrkA and GFRα1 express both TRPV1 and ASICs.
Our data establish a basis for synergism between NGF and GDNF.
In some inflammatory conditions both nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are upregulated and play pivotal roles in inducing hyperalgesia. However, their interaction has not been studied. We examined whether and where interaction between both neurotrophic factors occurs in SD rats. Intramuscular injection to gastrocnemius muscle (GC) of a mixture of NGF (0.1 µm) and GDNF (0.008 µm), which alone had no effect, induced a significant mechanical hyperalgesia (F(6,30) = 13.62, P = 0.0001), demonstrating synergism between the two factors. Phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (pERK) immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) induced by compression of GC increased after injection of the mixture (P = 0.028, compared with PBS); thus the interaction of NGF and GDNF could occur at the primary afferent level. An in situ hybridization study (n = 4) demonstrated that 23.7–29.2% of GC‐innervating DRG neurons coexpressed TrkA (NGF receptor) and GFRα1 (GDNF receptor). The cell size of the coexpressing GC DRG neurons showed no skewing towards the small size range but was distributed widely from the small to the large size ranges. Therefore, some of the coexpressing neurons with thin axons are thought to contribute to this mechanical hyperalgesia. The hyperalgesia was reversed by both amiloride (F(1,13) = 5.056, P = 0.0425, compared with PBS) and capsazepine (F(1,10) = 8.402, P = 0.0159, compared with DMSO), suggesting that the primary afferents sensitized by the mixture express both TRPV1 and ASICs. These results showed a basis of synergism between NGF and GDNF.
Phenomenological Analysis of the Cured Kinetics in the Order n of the Reaction as a Function of the Temperature of an EPDM Polymer
Authors: Gómez-Jimenez S. , Becerra-Ferreiro A. M. , Jareño-Betancourt E. , Vázquez-Penagos J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The fabrication of rubber products involves a complex chemical process, which is invariably assisted by temperature and pressure. Obviously, the curing process specifications have a strong impact on the quality and mechanical properties of the final product. Mechanistic kinetic models and phenomenological or empirical models have been used to describe the cure behavior of rubber. The empirical models ignore the chemical details and fit the data to a mathematic functional form where the constants of the model are determined based on experimental procedures such as rheometry. In this paper, we present the phenomenological characterization of the ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) synthetic elastomer by mobile die rheometer (MDR). The kinetic parameters were calculated from Kamal-Ryan, Sestak-Berggren, and the Isayev-Deng methods at different temperatures. An Arrhenius-type function for the order of reaction n is introduced to improve the fit. Finally, Sesták–Berggren and Isayev-Denǵs empirical models were compared in order to determine which best describes the behavior including the proposed expression. The graphical and analytical description of the cure kinetics for the EPDM rubber was obtained consistently. The expression proposed to describe the order of the reaction is predicted to give a better establishment of processing time. It was noted that for EPDM at higher temperatures, the increase of the rate of reaction occurs in short period of time, which could cause premature curing if the supply system is inadequate.
Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Prediction of Energetic Performance of a Hybrid System Consisting of an Earth-Air Heat Exchanger and a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal System
Authors: Shahsavar Amin , Bagherzadeh Seyed Amin , Afrand Masoud 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this study, an attempt is made to assess the feasibility of several machine learning techniques for forecasting the energetic performance of a hybrid renewable energy unit consisting of an earth-air heat exchanger (EAX) and a building-integrated photovoltaic thermal (BPV/T) unit. The unit provides preheating/precooling of outdoor air in cold/warm days and generates electricity throughout the year. The employed methods are artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine network (SVMN), and fuzzy network (FN). These techniques are employed to develop a relationship between the input and output parameters of the unit. The annual total energy output of the unit is taken as the essential output of the unit, while the input parameters were the length, depth, and width of the BPV/T unit, the air mass flowrate, and length and diameter of the EAX unit. The results indicated that all the methods are successful at the prediction of the annual total energy output of the unit; however, the SVMN outperforms other methods in the test phases where the non-trained data sets are examined. Finally, it is demonstrated that the SVMN model can successfully predict the output for any arbitrary combination of the inputs within the training intervals.
Experimental Study for Convection Heat Transfer From Helical Coils With the Same Outer Surface Area and Different Coil Geometry
Authors: Hassaan Amr M. , Mostafa Hesham M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
An experimental study is done to study the convection heat transfer from the outer surface of a group of helical coils that have the same external surface area which is 0.1 m2. These coils are wrapped to form different helical coils with different geometrical dimensions. Five pipe diameters are used in this study also; the pipes are wrapped by different values of coil diameter ranges 75–300 mm. The effect of the coil pitch on the heat transfer process has been studied, to reach the value that gives the best performance for each coil. The heat source is steam flowing inside the coil. These coils are tested at different airspeeds inside the wind tunnel, which made the Reynolds number (Re) changes from 239 to 3990. The obtained results showed that the Nusselt number enhances with the increase of D/do and P/do to reach the maximum value at the optimum values of D/do and P/do, and then, the Nusselt number begins to decrease. The Nusselt number increases with the increase of Reynolds number under all conditions. A correlation for Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds number and the other studied operating parameters is reported. By comparing this work with literature, one can find an acceptable agreement in the results.
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Melting of Paraffin in a Hemicylindrical Capsule
Authors: Dhaidan Nabeel S. , Khalaf Abbas F. , Khodadadi J. M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Phase change of paraffin in a hemicylindrical storage unit is investigated numerically and experimentally. The predicted findings are confirmed by comparison with the experimental results of the present work. Good agreements are achieved between the two approaches. The influence of the hot wall temperatures of 80, 85, and 90 °C is examined. The conduction mechanism is dominant only during the initial periods of the charging process, while buoyancy-driven convection is prevalent at later stages. The charging rate and stored energy both increased, whereas the melting time is reduced as the wall temperature increases. The Nusselt number increases sharply at the initial period of the fusion process, followed by a decaying trend with time until it stabilizes when the charging process is terminated. Increasing the cell diameter from 20 to 40 cm will raise the melting time by 300% for the wall temperature of 90 °C. In addition, under the same operating conditions, the melting of the phase change material (PCM) inside the hemicylindrical cell is faster than that observed in a rectangular one with equivalent volume. Savings in melting time due to using hemicylindrical container instead of a rectangular one of equivalent PCM volume are about 7.1%, 8.3%, and 11.7% for hot wall temperatures of 65, 75, and 85 °C, respectively.
An Assessment of the Validity of the Remote Food Photography Method (Termed Snap-N-Send) in Experienced and Inexperienced Sport Nutritionists
Authors: Stables Reuben G. , Kasper Andreas M. , Sparks S. Andy , Morton James P. , Close Graeme L. 
Published: January 2021

The remote food photography method, often referred to as “Snap-N-Send” by sport nutritionists, has been reported as a valid method to assess energy intake in athletic populations. However, preliminary studies were not conducted in true free-living conditions, and dietary assessment was performed by one researcher only. The authors, therefore, assessed the validity of Snap-N-Send to assess the energy and macronutrient composition in experienced (EXP, n = 23) and inexperienced (INEXP, n = 25) sport nutritionists. The participants analyzed 2 days of dietary photographs, comprising eight meals. Day 1 consisted of “simple” meals based around easily distinguishable foods (i.e., chicken breast and rice), and Day 2 consisted of “complex” meals, containing “hidden” ingredients (i.e., chicken curry). The estimates of dietary intake were analyzed for validity using one-sample t tests and typical error of estimates (TEE). The INEXP and EXP nutritionists underestimated energy intake for the simple day (mean difference [MD] = −1.5 MJ, TEE = 10.1%; −1.2 MJ, TEE = 9.3%, respectively) and the complex day (MD = −1.2 MJ, TEE = 17.8%; MD = −0.6 MJ, 14.3%, respectively). Carbohydrate intake was underestimated by INEXP (MD = −65.5 g/day, TEE = 10.8% and MD = −28.7 g/day, TEE = 24.4%) and EXP (MD = −53.4 g/day, TEE = 10.1% and −19.9 g/day, TEE = 17.5%) for both the simple and complex days, respectively. Interpractitioner reliability was generally “poor” for energy and macronutrients. The data demonstrate that the remote food photography method/Snap-N-Send underestimates energy intake in simple and complex meals, and these errors are evident in the EXP and INEXP sport nutritionists.
Is Altitude Training Bad for the Running Mechanics of Middle-Distance Runners?
Authors: Millet Grégoire P. , Trigueira Rosalie , Meyer Frédéric , Lemire Marcel 
Published: January 2021

Aims: It has been hypothesized that altitude training may alter running mechanics due to several factors such as the slower training velocity with associated alteration in muscle activation and coordination. This would lead to an altered running mechanics attested by an increase in mechanical work for a given intensity and to the need to “re-establish” the neuromuscular coordination and running biomechanics postaltitude. Therefore, the present study aimed to test the hypothesis that “live high—train high” would induce alteration in the running biomechanics (ie, longer contact time, higher vertical oscillations, decreased stiffness, higher external work). Methods: Before and 2 to 3 days after 3 weeks of altitude training (1850–2200 m), 9 national-level middle-distance (800–5000 m) male runners performed 2 successive 5-minute bouts of running at moderate intensity on an instrumented treadmill with measured ground reaction forces and gas exchanges. Immediately after the running trials, peak knee extensor torque was assessed during isometric maximal voluntary contraction. Results: Except for a slight (−3.0%; P = .04) decrease in vertical stiffness, no mechanical parameters (stride frequency and length, contact and flight times, ground reaction forces, and kinetic and potential work) were modified from prealtitude to postaltitude camp. Running oxygen cost was also unchanged. Discussion: The present study is the first one to report that “live high—train high” did not change the main running mechanical parameters, even when measured immediately after the altitude camp. This result has an important practical implication: there is no need for a corrective period at sea level for “normalizing” the running mechanics after an altitude camp.
Gender-specific prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among elderly Bangladeshi people: findings from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey
Authors: Hanif Abu Abdullah Mohammad , Shamim Abu Ahmed , Hossain Md Mokbul , Hasan Mehedi , Khan Md Showkat Ali , Hossaine Moyazzam , Ullah Mohammad Aman , Sarker Samir Kanti , Rahman S M Mustafizur , Mitra Dipak K , Mridha Malay Kanti 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveWe aimed to estimate the gender-specific prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among elderly people in Bangladesh.Design and methodWe analysed data from the food security and nutrition surveillance round 2018–2019. The multistage cluster sampling method was used to select the study population. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg and/or having a history of hypertension. We carried out the descriptive analysis, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression to report the weighted prevalence of hypertension as well as crude and adjusted ORs with 95% CI. A p value<0.05 was considered statistically significant.SettingThe study was conducted in 82 clusters (57 rural, 15 non-slum urban and 10 slums) in all eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh.ParticipantsA total of 2482 males and 2335 females aged ≥60 years were included in this analysis.ResultsThe weighted prevalence of hypertension was 42% and 56% among males and females, respectively. The prevalence was higher among females across all sociodemographic, behavioural and clinical strata. Factors associated with higher odds of hypertension (adjusted OR (AOR) (95% CI) for males and females, respectively) were age ≥70 years (1.32 (1.09, 1.60) and 1.40 (1.15, 1.71)); insufficient physical activity (1.50 (1.25, 1.81) and 1.38 (1.15, 1.67)); higher waist circumference (2.76 (2.22, 3.43) and 2.20 (1.82, 2.67)); and self-reported diabetes (1.36 (1.02, 1.82) and 1.82 (1.35, 2.45)). Additionally, living in slums decreased (0.71 (0.52, 0.96)) and education >10 years increased odds of hypertension (1.83 (1.38, 2.44)) among males.ConclusionIn Bangladesh, half of the elderly persons were hypertensive, with a higher prevalence in females. In both sexes, odds of hypertension was higher among persons with older age (≥70 years), insufficient physical activity, higher waist circumference and self-reported diabetes. The Ministry of Health of Bangladesh should consider these findings while designing and implementing health programmes for elderly population.
Network meta-analysis on the comparative efficacy of family interventions for psychotic disorders: a protocol
Authors: Laskowski Alina , Lincoln Tania M 
Published: January 2021

IntroductionFamily interventions are effective and are strongly recommended for psychotic disorders. However, there is a variety of intervention types, and their differential efficacy is widely unclear. The aim of the planned network meta-analysis (NMA) is to compare the efficacy of family interventions that differ in content (eg, psychoeducation, mutual support, skills training) and format (eg, number of sessions, inclusion of patients, form of delivery).Methods and analysisWe will include randomised controlled trials comparing psychosocial interventions directed at the adult relatives, friends or non-professional carers of people with a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder (schizophrenia spectrum) to any kind of control condition. The main outcomes will be global clinical state for the patients and coping with psychosis as well as attitudes towards psychosis for the relatives. Additional outcomes will be severity of symptoms, functioning, burden and compliance/drop-out. We conducted a comprehensive search of Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE(R), PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (8 August 2019) and reference lists of review articles. Full-text assessment of eligibility, data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment will be done by two independent reviewers. An NMA will be conducted for any of the planned outcomes and intervention characteristics for which sufficient and appropriate data are available. The analyses will make use of a random effects model within a frequentist framework. Estimates for all pairwise treatment effects will be obtained using standardised mean differences for continuous outcomes and risk ratios for dichotomous outcomes. Interventions will be ranked according to their relative efficacy. We will address the assumption of transitivity, heterogeneity and inconsistency using theoretical and statistical approaches. The possibility of publication bias and the strength of evidence will also be examined.Ethics and disseminationThere are no ethical concerns. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at practitioners’ conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020148728.