bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Models of care for patients with hypertension and diabetes in humanitarian crises: a systematic review
Authors: Jaung Michael S , Willis Ruth , Sharma Piyu , Aebischer Perone Sigiriya , Frederiksen Signe , Truppa Claudia , Roberts Bayard , Perel Pablo , Blanchet Karl , Ansbro Éimhín 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCare for non-communicable diseases, including hypertension and diabetes (HTN/DM), is recognized as a growing challenge in humanitarian crises, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where most crises occur. There is little evidence to support humanitarian actors and governments in designing efficient, effective, and context-adapted models of care for HTN/DM in such settings. This article aimed to systematically review the evidence on models of care targeting people with HTN/DM affected by humanitarian crises in LMICs. A search of the MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health, Global Indexus Medicus, Web of Science, and EconLit bibliographic databases and grey literature sources was performed. Studies were selected that described models of care for HTN/DM in humanitarian crises in LMICs. We descriptively analysed and compared models of care using a conceptual framework and evaluated study quality using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. We report our findings according to PRISMA guidelines. The search yielded 10 645 citations, of which 45 were eligible for this review. Quantitative methods were most commonly used (n = 34), with four qualitative, three mixed methods, and four descriptive reviews of specific care models were also included. Most studies detailed primary care facility-based services for HTN/DM, focusing on health system inputs. More limited references were made to community-based services. Health care workforce and treatment protocols were commonly described framework components, whereas few studies described patient centredness, quality of care, financing and governance, broader health policy, and sociocultural contexts. There were few programme evaluations or effectiveness studies, and only one study reported costs. Most studies were of low quality. We concluded that an increasing body of literature describing models of care for patients with HTN/DM in humanitarian crises demonstrated the development of context-adapted services but showed little evidence of impact. Our conceptual framework could be used for further research and development of NCD models of care.
Twin Peaks: more twinning in humans than ever before
Authors: Monden Christiaan , Pison Gilles , Smits Jeroen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
How many twins are born in human populations and how has this changed over recent decades?

SUMMARY ANSWER
Since the 1980s, the global twinning rate has increased by a third, from 9.1 to 12.0 twin deliveries per 1000 deliveries, to about 1.6 million twin pairs each year.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
It was already known that in the 1980s natural twinning rates were low in (East) Asia and South America, at an intermediate level in Europe and North America, and high in many African countries. It was also known that in recent decades, twinning rates have been increasing in the wealthier parts of our world as a result of the rise in medically assisted reproduction (MAR) and delayed childbearing.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
We have brought together all information on national twinning rates available from statistical offices, demographic research institutes, individual survey data and the medical literature for the 1980–1985 and the 2010–2015 periods.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
For 165 countries, covering over 99% of the global population, we were able to collect or estimate twinning rates for the 2010–2015 period. For 112 countries, we were also able to obtain twinning rates for 1980–1985.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
Substantial increases in twinning rates were observed in many countries in Europe, North America and Asia. For 74 out of 112 countries the increase was more than 10%. Africa is still the continent with highest twinning rates, but Europe, North America and Oceania are catching up rapidly. Asia and Africa are currently home to 80% of all twin deliveries in the world.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
For some countries, data were derived from reports and papers based on hospital registrations which are less representative for the country as a whole than data based on public administrations and national surveys.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
The absolute and relative number of twins for the world as a whole is peaking at an unprecedented level. An important reason for this is the tremendous increase in medically assisted reproduction in recent decades. This is highly relevant, as twin deliveries are associated with higher infant and child mortality rates and increased complications for mother and child during pregnancy and during and after delivery.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
The contribution of CM was partially supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant No 681546, FAMSIZEMATTERS), Nuffield College, and the Leverhulme Trust. The contribution of GP was partially supported by the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (grant No ANR-18-CE36-0007-07). The authors declare no conflict of interest.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A.
Seeing Is Disbelieving: The Depths and Limits of Factual Misinformation in War
Authors: Silverman Daniel , Kaltenthaler Karl , Dagher Munqith 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMisinformation, lies, and fake news are pervasive in war. But when are they actually believed by the people who live in war zones, and when are they not? This question is key, as their spread can spark greater violence and spoil efforts to make peace. In this study, we advance a new argument about lies in war. Building on existing research that links people's factual beliefs in conflict to their psychological and informational biases, we argue that they also hinge on their exposure and proximity to relevant events. While war is rife with lies, those close to the action have the means and the motives to see through them. We test this argument with a unique combination of survey and event data from the Coalition air campaign against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in contemporary Iraq, finding support for our theory. Ultimately, the results help enhance our understanding of the dynamics of modern armed conflict and the reach of misinformation in contemporary world politics.
Invasive infections withPurpureocillium lilacinum: clinical characteristics and outcome of 101 cases from FungiScope® and the literature
Authors: Sprute Rosanne , Salmanton-García Jon , Sal Ertan , Malaj Xhorxha , Ráčil Zdeněk , Ruiz de Alegría Puig Carlos , Falces-Romero Iker , Barać Aleksandra , Desoubeaux Guillaume , Kindo Anupma Jyoti , Morris Arthur J , Pelletier René , Steinmann Joerg , Thompson George R , Cornely Oliver A , Seidel Danila , Stemler Jannik ,   the FungiScope® ECMM/ISHAM Working Group
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo provide a basis for clinical management decisions in Purpureocillium lilacinum infection.MethodsUnpublished cases of invasive P. lilacinum infection from the FungiScope® registry and all cases reported in the literature were analysed.ResultsWe identified 101 cases with invasive P. lilacinum infection. Main predisposing factors were haematological and oncological diseases in 31 cases (30.7%), steroid treatment in 27 cases (26.7%), solid organ transplant in 26 cases (25.7%), and diabetes mellitus in 19 cases (18.8%). The most prevalent infection sites were skin (n = 37/101, 36.6%) and lungs (n = 26/101, 25.7%). Dissemination occurred in 22 cases (21.8%). Pain and fever were the most frequent symptoms (n = 40/101, 39.6% and n = 34/101, 33.7%, respectively). Diagnosis was established by culture in 98 cases (97.0%). P. lilacinum caused breakthrough infection in 10 patients (9.9%). Clinical isolates were frequently resistant to amphotericin B, whereas posaconazole and voriconazole showed good in vitro activity. Susceptibility to echinocandins varied considerably. Systemic antifungal treatment was administered in 90 patients (89.1%). Frequently employed antifungals were voriconazole in 51 (56.7%) and itraconazole in 26 patients (28.9%). Amphotericin B treatment was significantly associated with high mortality rates (n = 13/33, 39.4%, P = &lt;0.001). Overall mortality was 21.8% (n = 22/101) and death was attributed to P. lilacinum infection in 45.5% (n = 10/22).ConclusionsP. lilacinum mainly presents as soft-tissue, pulmonary or disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients. Owing to intrinsic resistance, accurate species identification and susceptibility testing are vital. Outcome is better in patients treated with triazoles compared with amphotericin B formulations.
Derivation of Pheromone-Based Larval Thresholds in Spruce Budworm Accounting for Distance to Defoliated Forest Stands
Authors: Rhainds Marc , DeMerchant Ian , Therrien Pierre 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is the most severe defoliator of Pinaceae in Nearctic boreal forests. Three tools widely used to guide large-scale management decisions (year-to-year defoliation maps; density of overwintering second instars [L2]; number of males at pheromone traps) were integrated to derive pheromone-based thresholds corresponding to specific intergenerational transitions in larval densities (L2i → L2i+1), taking into account the novel finding that threshold estimates decline with distance to defoliated forest stands (DIST). Estimates of thresholds were highly variable between years, both numerically and in terms of interactive effects of L2i and DIST, which limit their heuristic value. In the context of early intervention strategy (L2i+1 &gt; 6.5 individuals per branch), however, thresholds fluctuated within relatively narrow intervals across wide ranges of L2i and DIST, and values of 40–200 males per trap may thus be used as general guideline.
Institutions and the productivity challenge for European regions
Authors: Rodríguez-Pose Andrés , Ganau Roberto 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEurope has witnessed a considerable labour productivity slowdown in recent decades. Many potential explanations have been proposed to address this productivity ‘puzzle’. However, how the quality of local institutions influences labour productivity has been overlooked by the literature. This article addresses this gap by evaluating how institutional quality affects labour productivity growth and, particularly, its determinants at the regional level during the period 2003–2015. The results indicate that institutional quality influences regions’ labour productivity growth both directly—as improvements in institutional quality drive productivity growth—and indirectly—as the short- and long-run returns of human capital and innovation on labour productivity growth are affected by regional variations in institutional quality.
The prognostic impact of tumour location and first-line chemotherapy regimen in locally advanced pancreatic cancer
Authors: Takeda Tsuyoshi , Sasaki Takashi , Mie Takafumi , Furukawa Takaaki , Yamada Yuto , Kasuga Akiyoshi , Matsuyama Masato , Ozaka Masato , Sasahira Naoki 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
The prognostic impact of tumour location (pancreatic head vs. pancreatic body/tail) and first-line chemotherapy regimen (gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel vs. modified FOLFIRINOX) has not been fully elucidated in locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Therefore, we conducted this study to examine the prognostic impact of tumour location and first-line chemotherapy regimen.

Methods
We retrospectively investigated locally advanced pancreatic cancer patients who initiated first-line chemotherapy (gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel or modified FOLFIRINOX) between March 2014 and December 2019. We compared clinical characteristics and survival outcomes according to chemotherapy regimen and tumour location. Furthermore, we examined the prognostic factors associated with overall survival using cox proportional hazards model. Distant metastasis pattern was also compared according to tumour location.

Results
A total of 128 patients were included (GnP 95, mFFX 33; Ph 66, Pbt 62). Distribution of chemotherapy regimen was balanced between pancreatic head and pancreatic body/tail cancers. Eight patients underwent conversion surgery and 81 patients (63%) developed distant metastasis. Although patients receiving modified FOLFIRINOX were significantly younger and tended to have better performance status compared to patients receiving gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel, radiological tumour response, progression-free survival, overall survival and chemotherapy-related adverse events were similar between the two groups except for grades 3–4 anorexia (9% vs. 1%, P = 0.05). Furthermore, overall survival was similar between pancreatic head and pancreatic body/tail cancers. Conversion surgery and radiation therapy were identified as independent prognostic factors for overall survival. The most common site of distant metastasis was liver metastasis in both groups and pattern of distant metastasis was not different between the two groups.

Conclusions
In our experience, tumour location and first-line chemotherapy regimen were not a prognostic factor for overall survival in locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
A novel radiolytic rotenone derivative, rotenoisin A, displays potent anticarcinogenic activity in breast cancer cells
Authors: Bak Dong-ho , Kang Seong Hee , Park Chul-hong , Chung Byung Yeoup , Bai Hyoung-Woo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chemotherapy for cancer treatment has therapeutic limitations, such as drug resistance, excessive toxic effects and undesirable adverse effects. Therefore, efforts to improve the safety and efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents are essential. Ionizing radiation can improve physiological and pharmacological properties by transforming structural modifications of the drug. In this study, in order to reduce the adverse effects of rotenone and increase anticancer activity, a new radiolytic rotenone derivative called rotenoisin A was generated through radiolytic transformation. Our findings showed that rotenoisin A inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells and increased the rate of apoptosis, whereas it had no inhibitory effect on primary epidermal keratinocytes compared with rotenone. Moreover, rotenoisin A-induced DNA damage by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. It was also confirmed not only to alter the composition ratio of mitochondrial proteins, but also to result in structural and functional changes. The anticancer effect and molecular signalling mechanisms of rotenoisin A were consistent with those of rotenone, as previously reported. Our study suggests that radiolytic transformation of highly toxic compounds may be an alternative strategy for maintaining anticancer effects and reducing the toxicity of the parent compound.
JASMONATE RESISTANT 1 negatively regulates root growth under boron deficiency in Arabidopsis
Authors: Huang Yupu , Wang Sheliang , Shi Lei , Xu Fangsen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development. Jasmonic acid (JA) plays pivotal roles in plant growth, but the underlying molecular mechanism of JA involvement in B-deficiency-induced root growth inhibition is yet to be explored. In this study, we investigated the response of JA to B deficiency and the mechanism of JAR1-dependent JA signaling in root growth inhibition under B deficiency in Arabidopsis. B deficiency enhanced JA signaling in roots, and root growth inhibition was partially restored by JA biosynthesis inhibition. The jar1-1 (jasmonate-resistant 1, JAR1) mutant, and mutants of coronatine-insensitive 1 (coi1-2) and myc2 defective in JA signaling showed insensitivity to B deficiency. The ethylene-overproduction mutant eto1 and ethylene-insensitive mutant etr1 showed sensitivity and insensitivity to B deficiency, respectively, suggesting that ethylene is involved in the inhibition of primary root growth under B deficiency. Furthermore, after a decline in levels of EIN3, which may contribute to root growth, ethylene signaling was weakened in the jar1-1 mutant root under B deficiency. Under B deficiency, B concentrations were increased in the roots and shoots of the jar1-1 mutant, owing to the large root system and its activity. Therefore, our findings revealed that JA, which is involved in the inhibition of root growth under B deficiency, is regulated by JAR1-activated JA and ethylene signaling pathways.
Herbicide Selection Promotes Antibiotic Resistance in Soil Microbiomes
Authors: Liao Hanpeng , Li Xi , Yang Qiue , Bai Yudan , Cui Peng , Wen Chang , Liu Chen , Chen Zhi , Tang Jiahuan , Che Jiangang , Yu Zhen , Geisen Stefan , Zhou Shungui , Friman Ville-Petri , Zhu Yong-Guan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Herbicides are one of the most widely used chemicals in agriculture. While they are known to be harmful to nontarget organisms, the effects of herbicides on the composition and functioning of soil microbial communities remain unclear. Here we show that application of three widely used herbicides—glyphosate, glufosinate, and dicamba—increase the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in soil microbiomes without clear changes in the abundance, diversity and composition of bacterial communities. Mechanistically, these results could be explained by a positive selection for more tolerant genotypes that acquired several mutations in previously well-characterized herbicide and ARGs. Moreover, herbicide exposure increased cell membrane permeability and conjugation frequency of multidrug resistance plasmids, promoting ARG movement between bacteria. A similar pattern was found in agricultural soils across 11 provinces in China, where herbicide application, and the levels of glyphosate residues in soils, were associated with increased ARG and MGE abundances relative to herbicide-free control sites. Together, our results show that herbicide application can enrich ARGs and MGEs by changing the genetic composition of soil microbiomes, potentially contributing to the global antimicrobial resistance problem in agricultural environments.
Relax, Keep Walking — A Practical Guide to Continuous Phylogeographic Inference with BEAST
Authors: Dellicour Simon , Gill Mandev S , Faria Nuno R , Rambaut Andrew , Pybus Oliver G , Suchard Marc A , Lemey Philippe 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Spatially explicit phylogeographic analyses can be performed with an inference framework that employs relaxed random walks to reconstruct phylogenetic dispersal histories in continuous space. This core model was first implemented 10 years ago and has opened up new opportunities in the field of phylodynamics, allowing researchers to map and analyze the spatial dissemination of rapidly evolving pathogens. We here provide a detailed and step-by-step guide on how to set up, run, and interpret continuous phylogeographic analyses using the programs BEAUti, BEAST, Tracer, and TreeAnnotator.
Optimal Distribution of Iron to Sink Organs via Autophagy Is Important for Tolerance to Excess Zinc in Arabidopsis
Authors: Shinozaki Daiki , Tanoi Keitaro , Yoshimoto Kohki 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is nutritionally an essential metal element, but excess Zn in the environment is toxic to plants. Autophagy is a major pathway responsible for intracellular degradation. Here, we demonstrate the important role of autophagy in adaptation to excess Zn stress. We found that autophagy-defective Arabidopsis thaliana (atg2 and atg5) exhibited marked excess Zn-induced chlorosis and growth defects relative to wild-type (WT). Imaging and biochemical analyses revealed that autophagic activity was elevated under excess Zn. Interestingly, the excess Zn symptoms of atg5 were alleviated by supplementation of high levels of iron (Fe) to the media. Under excess Zn, in atg5, Fe starvation was especially severe in juvenile true leaves. Consistent with this, accumulation levels of Fe3+ near the shoot apical meristem remarkably reduced in atg5. Furthermore, excision of cotyledons induced severe excess Zn symptoms in WT, similar to those observed in atg5. Our data suggest that Fe3+ supplied from source leaves (cotyledons) via autophagy is distributed to sink leaves (true leaves) to promote healthy growth under excess Zn, revealing a new dimension, the importance of heavy-metal stress responses by the intracellular recycling.
Compositions and Classification of Fractionated Boninite Series Melts from the Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc: A Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Valetich Matthew J , Le Losq Charles , Arculus Richard J , Umino Susumu , Mavrogenes John 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMuch of the boninite magmatism in the Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc is preserved as evolved boninite series compositions wherein extensive fractional crystallization of pyroxene and spinel have obscured the diagnostic geochemical indicators of boninite parentage, such as high Mg and low Ti at intermediate silica contents. As a result, the usual geochemical discriminants used for the classification of the broad range of parental boninites are inapplicable to such highly fractionated melts. These issues are compounded by the mixing of demonstrably different whole-rock and glass analyses in classification schemes and petrological interpretations based thereon. Whole-rock compositions are compromised by entrainment of variable proportions of crystalline phases resulting in inconsistent differences from corresponding in situ glass analyses, which arguably better reflect prior melt compositions. To circumvent such issues, we herein present a robust method for the classification of highly fractionated boninite series glasses. This new classification leverages the analysis of trace elements, which are much more sensitive to evolutionary processes than major elements, and benefits from the use of unsupervised machine learning as a classification tool. The results show that the most fractionated boninite series melts preserve geochemical indicators of their parentage, and highlight the pitfalls of interpreting whole-rock and glass analyses interchangeably.