bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EVIL EFFECTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION FOR GIRLS— ACCORDING TO DR. S. WEIR MITCHELL
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

During the latter half of the nineteenth century most physicians in this country were convinced that girls should not undergo the same rigorous scholastic programs as boys their age. The explanation usually given was that too much stimulation of the girl's brain would cause dire effects on the "female organs." The simplistic explanation went as follows: "The nutritive demands of the stimulated brain would jeopardize the nutritive needs of the girl's reproductive organs." This would cause not only disabling "female complaints" but bad health in general.
Dr. S. Weir Mitchell (1829-1914) vividly expressed the commonly-held view of the harmful effects of nineteenth century female education in these words:
"Worst of all, to my mind, most destructive in every way, is the American view of female education. The time taken for the more serious instruction of girls extends to the age of eighteen, and rarely over this. During these years, they are undergoing such organic development as renders them remarkably sensitive... To show more precisely how the growing girl is injured by the causes just mentioned (forced and continued study at the sexual epoch) would carry me upon subjects unfit for full discussion in these pages; but no thoughtful reader can be much at a loss as to my meaning... To-day the American woman is, to speak plainly, physically unfit for her duties as woman, and is, perhaps, of all civilized females, the least qualified to undertake those weightier tasks which tax so heavily the nervous system of man. She is not fairly up to what Nature asks for her as wife and mother.
Eponyms and Other Inane Titles for Diseases
Authors: Thelander H. E. 
Published: December 2021

The list of forgotten Pediatric diseases in the April issue Pediatrics, prompted me to list the following from the abstracts of the papers presented at the recent American Pediatric Society Meeting.
In addition to these there appeared these inane titles to syndromes: "Cat-Eve," "Chinese Restaurant," and "Stale Fish." Should not all of these designations be relegated to oblivion? What is wrong with a name like "Trisomy 21" or "Hemihypertrophy?"
Postural Hypotension from Imipramine
Authors: Slovisd Thomas L. , Ott John E. , Wenzl James E. 
Published: December 2021

It was of interest to read that postural hypotension occurred in a patient in a "therapeutic dose" of imipramine.1 This, however, is common in patients on any of the tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, nontriptyline, and so forth) as these drugs decrease the cardiovascular reflexes, such as carotid reflex, Bezold-janisch reflex, and postural reflexes.2,3
I take issue with the statement that the patient was on "therapeutic dosages of this drug," as she exhibited many of the toxic manifestations of this class of compounds.
Danger of Plexiglass Oxygen Hood: Query and Clarification
Authors: Lee Sherwood B. , Indyk Leonard 
Published: December 2021

In his recent paper,1 Dr. Indyk states that a dangerous situation in newborn thermoregulation arises with the use of plexiglass oxygen hoods in infants placed under radiant heat infant warmers. One might infer from the data that a decrease in a newborn's optimal core temperature is associated with the combined use of plexiglass hoods and infant warmers.
There is an inherent problem, however, in applying purely physical data, as the author has done, to a biological system, i.e., the newborn infant.
Indications for Tonsillectomy in Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Feroli Edward J. , Mella Gordon W. , Pedreira Frank A. , Storch Regis T. , Gutgesell Howard P. 
Published: December 2021

We read with interest the recent report, "Acute Airway Obstruction in Infectious Mononucleosis."1 Dr. Gutgesell appropriately has called attention to a serious complication of a usually benign disease. He mentions brief, high-dose corticosteroid therapy, tracheotomy, nasotracheal intubation, and IPPB as potential modes of therapy. The following case report suggests an additional therapeutic modality in the management of these patients.
A 4-year-old girl was admitted to a community hospital in acute respiratory distress associated with suspected infectious mononucleosis.
Mental Illness in Childhood: A Study of Residential Treatment, by Dr. V. L. Kahan. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1971, 219 pp., $10.00
Authors: Wore Henry H. 
Published: December 2021

This delightfully written little book does not contribute very much new in 1971. Rather, it is a monograph describing the care of a small number of children in a highly specialized, English residential treatment home called West Stowell House. The principles upon which the house operates are similar to those described by Bettleheim and indeed many of the therapeutic techniques seem borrowed from him.
A real asset is the excellent description of the cases. The course of each child's stay in the hospital is laid out clearly and without apology.
THE REGULATION OF OXYGEN AFFINITY OF FETAL BLOOD
Authors: Orzalesi Marcello M. , Hay William W. 
Published: December 2021

It has been previously shown that red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) binds to reduced hemoglobin (Hb) decreasing its affinity for oxygen (O2 and that the in vitro effect of DPG on fetal Hb is less marked than on the adult Hb.
The present study on whole blood provides evidence that the in vivo effect of DPG on the O2 affinity of fetal Hb is approximately 40% of that of adult Hb. It also shows that the O2 affinity of fetal blood decreases during gestation and depends on the relative proportions of adult and fetal Hb and on the level of red cell DPG.
ON THE CHOICE OF A PHYSICIAN TO CARE FOR CHILDREN
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

In 1836 Dr. J. Ackerley, who practiced medicine in New York City, published an excellent pamphlet fOr parents' use entitled "The Management of Children in Sickness and in Health." In it Dr. Ackerley offered parents this advice about choosing a physician for their children.
It is important above all things, in choosing a physician, that one should be selected, if time and opportunity permit, in whose skill and integrity we have entire confidence. It is certainly desirable to have gentleness and mildness of manner combined with skill if it can be obtained, particularly . in the treatment of children; but, although we should never countenance coarseness and vulgarity, by allowing it to pass for eccentricity, we should never reject a man because his personal appearance, his manner or his dress, does not exactly accord with any preconceived notions we may have as to perfection in these matters, for they are small matters–small indeed, when compared with the important nature of the business we have in hand for him. We ought to reflect, and never lose sight of the object for which his services are required; we ought never to forget that it is to have the sick made well; we ought to recollect that our child's life is at stake–the child so long wished for, and born in pain and travail–the child on whom we delight to gaze and dote–the child in whom we, perhaps, already perceive our very selves–is in danger of perishing. And can we leave this little suffering, helpless thing to the care of those in whom we have not the fullest confidence? No, we cannot.
FABLES FOR THE INSTRUCTION OF YOUTH PUBLISHED IN BOSTON IN 1818
Authors: Cone Thomas E. 
Published: December 2021

In the early years of the nineteenth century William Perry's The Only Sure Guide to the English Tongue, published by Isaiah Thomas, Jr., was the most widely used speller and reader in New England schools (Fig. 1). The two things in Perry's book that were said to have most impressed those who learned to spell and read from it were the frontispiece (Fig. 2) and the collection of fables.
The frontispiece shows a tree of learning growing in a schoolyard, and groups of boys playing in its shadow. A ladder reaches into the branches and several boys with open books in their hands are climbing up the ladder into branches of the tree.
The illustrated fables found toward the end of Perry's book were studied and memorized by almost all New England school children a century and a half ago. Perry's choice of fables, one of which will be published each month, will offer an excellent view of the kind of moral instruction our children were once taught.1
Phototherapy in Hemolytic Disease
Authors: Ente Gerald 
Published: December 2021

I agree wholeheartedly with Dr. Lanzkowsky that "phototherapy should be used with extreme caution" and that it is the object of "indiscriminate use . . . bringing in its wake a number of potential hazards." However, I disagree that anemia after use in hemolytic disease is the fault of the therapy.
Just as a good carpenter does not blame his tools, a knowledgable physician does not abuse his tools, although he knows their hazards. Phototherapy is an adjunct in the treatment of pathological jaundice, and is considered to be therapeutic in physiologic jaundice by some, while unnecessary by others.
Hypertension as a Cause of Facial Paralysis
Authors: Roskes Saul D. 
Published: December 2021

The review paper by Drs. Manning and Adour on facial paralysis in childhood was illuminating in terms of differential diagnosis.
However, one very important consideration in the assessment of children who present with peripheral facial paralysis is the possibility that it may be the initial manifestation of severe hypertension in children. It is presumed that the paralysis is due to hemorrhage within the facial canal.
Because hypertension in childhood very frequently has an etiology which is surgically or medically remediable the index of suspicion for its presence must be maintained at a high level.
LUNG EXPANSION IN THE PREMATURE RABBIT FETUS AFTER TRACHEAL DEPOSITION OF SURFACTANT
Authors: Enhörning Göran , Robertson Bengt 
Published: December 2021

Concentrated "surfactant" was obtained by centrifugation of alveolar wash from adult rabbits for 1 hour at 4°C, 1,000xG, and deposited in the trachea of premature rabbit fetuses, killed at the gestational age of 28 days, i.e., 1 day before appreciable amounts of surface active phospholipids are naturally present in the pulmonary fluid. Pressure-volume tracings revealed a mature pattern in the surfactant-treated animals, with wide hysteresis. Significantly less air entered the lungs of control fetuses from the same litters, and the pressure-volume tracings from these animals showed a premature pattern, with minimal hysteresis.
The lungs of the fetuses were fixed in formalin under the endotracheal deflation pressure of 10 cm H20. Histological examination of the lungs revealed moderate or prominent air expansion of the parenchyma in surfactant-treated animals, whereas no or only slight air expansion characterized the controls.
Tracheal deposition of surfactant prior to the first breath thus seems to enhance the air expansion of the premature lung, and might possibly be applied as a method for prophylaxis against the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome, which is related to deficiency of surface active phospholipids in the pulmonary fluid.
ROUSSEAU ADVISES PARENTS NOT TO REASON WITH CHILDREN
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

In his pedagogical novel Emile, published in 1761, Rousseau (1712-1778) traced the principles of all modern education. According to Rousseau, education should do nothing but give the child an opportunity to develop its natural gifts unhampered and shield it from the corrupting influences of civilization. Rousseau had this to say about reasoning with children:
DO NOT REASON WITH CHILDREN
Of all the powers of the human mind, reason, which may be said to be composed of all the rest, unfolds itself last and with the greatest difficulty; yet is employed to bring forward the other faculties, thus making a tool of that which ought to form the main-spring of the machine. By talking to children in their infancy a language they do not understand, they are accustomed to be satisfied with mere words, to criticise all you say, to believe themselves as wise as their instructors, and to become disputatious and stubborn. Act reasonably, but do not reason with your pupil. Above all, do not try to reason him into what is disagreeable, because to bring in reason on all occasions and upon unpleasant subjects, will only disgust him, before he is of an age to understand it. If in answering a child's questions you employ any arguments he is incapable of understanding, he will perceive you are reasoning on your own ideas not on his, and will conclude what you say is good for your age, but not for his; he will therefore cease to have any confidence in you, and all is lost.
School Phobia? Or Allergic Tension-Fatigue
Authors: Crook William G. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Barton Schmitt's article on school phobia is logically organized and well written. However, there is one fault. The author obviously has never heard of the allergic tension-fatigue syndrome which, in my experience, is a common cause of (1) vague physical symptoms, (2) normal physical and laboratory findings, and (3) poor school attendance.
I won't make this a long and detailed letter for three reasons: First, I know space in the Letters to the Editor section of Pediatrics is limited. Second, the typical clinical picture of the child with systemic manifestations due to allergy was presented in detail in this journal some years ago.
Opening of the Season: Little League Baseball Pro and Con
Authors: Maller Harold M. 
Published: December 2021

Drs. Torg et al. have thrown us a curve with their article in the February issue of Pediatrics on arm injuries in young baseball pitchers.
Having referred to "the effect of competitive pitching" in their title, they have proceeded to discuss a group of boys who, they would have us believe, played baseball "for the sake of recreation rather than competition." If one could imagine that such a group of boys had been found, then the authors have failed to investigate what they claim to have investigated.
Fluoride Availability in Fish Flour
Authors: Hadjimarkos D. M. 
Published: December 2021

The recent statement by the Committee on Nutrition, American Academy of Pediatrics, that fluoride in fish flour is less than 50% available is incorrect. Recent balance studies in man demonstrated an 88% absorption of fluoride present in fish flour.
Fish flour contains 150 to 300 ppm fluoride. In studies conducted abroad, infants and children 2 to 5 years of age received daily between 10 to 30 gm of fish flour in their diets. Assuming a fluoride content of at least 150 ppm, the daily fluoride intake would be between 1.5 and 4.5 mg
THE AGE AT WHICH A CHILD SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED TO WALK ACCORDING TO DR. HUGH SMITH WRITING IN 1772
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

In his delightful Letters to Married Women on Nursing and the Management of Children, first published in London in 1772, eighteenth century mothers read this about the age at which children should be put upon their feet.
I beg leave, my fair friends, to say something concerning their being put upon their feet. With respect to the time, the strength of the child must determine that period. Of this be assured, that all children will shew (sic) an inclination to walk, as soon as their bones have acquired a firmness sufficient to support the body. I am fearful many heavy children are injured by exciting their feeble efforts to walk too soon. Doubtless it is a convenience and ease to nurses to set them upon their feet, as they do not then require exercise in the arms; and consequently are not so great a trouble and fatigue to those who have the care of them. But it is a fault entirely to be condemned, and what I particularly caution you against; because, whoever you may have to attend upon your children, they will certainly encourage them to walk, for reasons above mentioned.
Therefore throw aside your leading-strings, and your back-strings, and every other crafty invention which tends to put children forwarder than Nature designed. Our young plants are to be cultivated without art. The industrious gardener, it is true, can boast of his exotics, and early fruits, by forcing their growth. Yet say, ye sons of Epicurus, are your grapes or pines thus raised equal to the produce of their natural climate?
HOW JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, THE SIXTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, MANAGED HIS GRANDSON'S SCHOOL PHOBIA
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Henry Adams (1838-1918), in his superb autobiography, The Education of Henry Adams, describes his school phobia and what his grandfather, President John Quincy Adams (1767-1848) did about it as follows:
... but he distinctly remembered standing at the house door one summer morning in a passionate outburst of rebellion against going to school. Naturally his mother was the immediate victim of his rage; that is what mothers are for, and boys also; but in this case the boy had his mother at unfair disadvantage, for she was a guest, and had no means of enforcing obedience. Henry showed a certain tactical ability by refusing to start, and he met all efforts at compulsion by successful, though too vehement protest. He was in fair way to win, and was holding his own, with sufficient energy, at the bottom of the long staircase which led up to the door of the President's library, when the door opened, and the old man slowly came down. Putting on his hat, he took the boy's hand without a word, and walked with him, paralyzed by awe, up the road to the town. After the first moments of consternation at this interference in a domestic dispute, the boy reflected that an old gentleman close on eighty would never trouble himself to walk near a mile on a hot summer morning over a shadeless road to take a boy to school, and that it would be strange if a lad imbued with the passion of freedom could not find a corner to dodge around, somewhere before reaching the school door.
Skin Creases on the Sole of the Foot as a Physical Index of Maturity: Comparison Between Caucasian and Negro Infants
Authors: Damoulaki-Sfakianaki Eleni , Robertson Alex , Cordero Leandro 
Published: December 2021

It has been known that the development of skin creases on the sole of the foot occurs in late intrauterine life and that after birth this is a helpful clinical sign to determine gestational age. Until 36 weeks of gestation there are only one or two transverse skin creases on the anterior part of the sole. The posterior two-thirds of the sole are smooth. By 37 to 38 weeks of gestation more creases have appeared and in the full-term infant there is a complex series of criss-crossed creases covering the entire sole.
Since no racial differences in the presence or absence of this sign have ever been published a study was designed to compare the development of skin creases on the sole of the foot between Caucasian and Negro newborn infants.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Cook Charles D. , Duff Raymond S. 
Published: December 2021

We certainly agree with Dr. Rako that a fulltime Chief of Pediatrics in a Community Hospital should decrease unnecessary hospital admissions. We currently have an opportunity to reexamine the admission practices of one of the community hospitals studied earlier to see if such is the case; our preliminary findings suggest that the full-time chief, without a critical house staff, may have disappointingly little influence on the criteria used for admission.
In regard to the comment of "I. M. Tired": we are having pediatricians from community hospitals review records from the "Ivory Tower" and from the community hospitals; hopefully this will have an educational value for both professional groups.
Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Croup
Authors: Yaffe Sumner J. 
Published: December 2021

The use of corticosteroids in croup remains controversial as evidenced by the many recent Commentaries in Pediatrics.1
The Committee on Drugs has been concerned about the lack of well-controlled studies on this question. A similar concern was expressed in its recent statement on the use of steroids in bronchiolitis.2 Therefore, at the request of an Academy Fellow, the Committee has prepared a suggested protocol for a multiclinic study of corticosteroid usage in croup. This should prove useful to all who plan well-controlled clinical studies on this controversial question.
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATIONS IN A PEDIATRIC OUTPATIENT CLINIC
Authors: Green Morris 
Published: December 2021

The naturalistic observations on life in the Yale Pediatric Clinic by Duff and his co-workers in this issue carry the potential of an important service to American pediatrics if their publication stimulates constructive change. Because their findings can be widely generalized throughout the nation and this is a time of rapid reinstitutionalization of health services, it would appear likely that this manuscript will stimulate thoughtful reaction from many groups. The paper by Duff et al. presents observations on a medical model of care that is not working adequately not just in New Haven but in other leading medical centers throughout the country. Since it has not worked in the past and it does not now, what is its future?
This paper demonstrates forcefully the need for a statement of objectives to be transmitted to the student, the instructor, the patient, and the hospital administrator. Such stated objectives and a regular evaluation of the extent to which they are being met should be a basic requirement for pediatric outpatient departments not only for educational purposes but also as a highly effective management tool. Another educational principle that needs to be invoked in situations such as described is that the educational challenge should be graduated according to the readiness of the student. The student preformance expected in a clinical situation should exceed, but only to a reasonable extent, his current level of ability to deliver such services. Undergraduate students generally do not have yet all the skills required to encompass simultaneously complex biomedical and psychosocial facets of health and disease, especially when the patients present, in such a high percentage of cases, extremely complex situations.
ANNUAL SUMMARY OF VITAL STATISTICS—1971
Authors: Wegman Myron E. 
Published: December 2021

Births in 1971 were lower than in 1970 (Table I); the birth rate turned down again; deaths were about the same; and the natural increase in population, 1,638,000 or 0.8%, was the lowest in several years. Infant mortality continued to drop slowly, marriages were down slightly, and divorces were up slightly.
Data for this article, as in previous reports, are drawn principally from two sources: the Monthly Vital Statistics Report, published by the National Center for Health Statistics, and the Demographic Yearbook and the monthly quarterly, Population and Vital Statistics, published by the Statistical Office of the United Nations. The limitations on the data used are explained in these reports and do not differ from previous years.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Katz Samuel L. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Barton is an astute and well-informed reader whose comments are absolutely correct. The Committee on Youth report on "Venereal Disease and the Pediatrician" must have been prepared prior to publication of the revised recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service for treatment of gonococcal infection. The dosages, routes, and alternatives which she has accurately quoted should be substituted for those in the footnote (p. 494) of the journal's September issue.
Thank you, Leslie, for calling this to our readers' attention.
Mortality, Fatality, and Morbidity (Proper Use of Terms)
Authors: Top Franklin H. 
Published: December 2021

The interesting article by Alden et al. in the July 1972 issue of Pediatrics is a too common example of the incorrect use of the word mortality where fatality is intended.
Mortality represents the number of deaths per unit of population (100,000 now generally used and indicated) which population consists of the sick and the well, thus:
mortality
= deaths (for a given illness)/unit of population (100,000 sick and well)
Fatality is based on the number of deaths per 100 cases of a given disease: