bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
rTMS and NONDECLARATIVE learning
Authors: Freedberg Michael V. , Wassermann Eric M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Nondeclarative learning and memory involve acquiring and retaining skills or habits and include subtypes, such as procedural learning, priming, and classical conditioning. Animal studies, lesion, and functional imaging studies in humans have implicated a range of brain areas, including frontal and parietal cortical regions, basal ganglia, cerebellum in these functions. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can modulate functional connectivity in brain networks and provide causal evidence for their involvement in behavior. In this chapter, we review the use of rTMS to investigate the brain networks underlying nondeclarative learning by stimulating their cortical nodes and examining the effects of these interventions on behavior and imaging measures of brain activity and connectivity, with emphasis on how the timing of stimulation (before, during, or after learning) affects these measures.
Extreme Speech, Democratic Deliberation, and Social Media
Authors: Howard Jeffrey W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Social media are now central sites of democratic discourse among citizens. But are some contributions to social media too extreme to be permitted? This entry considers the permissibility of suppressing extreme speech on social media, such as terrorist propaganda and racist hate speech. It begins by considering the argument that such restrictions on speech would wrong democratic citizens, violating their freedom of expression. It proceeds to investigate the moral responsibilities of social media companies to suppress extreme speech, and whether these ought to be enforced through the law. Finally, it explores an alternative mechanism for combatting extreme speech on social media—counter-speech—and evaluates its prospects.
Price Discrimination in the Digital Age
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper , Aastrup Munch Lauritz 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the morality of online price discrimination. Price discrimination is a widespread type of market behaviour and it occurs, roughly, when a seller systematically charges different prices for the same product when it is offered to different groups of customers. Price discrimination occurs both online and offline, but some find the practice particularly suspicious when deployed in online markets. This asymmetry, we argue, calls for an explanation. In the chapter, we define price discrimination and review a number of explanations of why, and when, price discrimination is morally objectionable. We argue that online price discrimination will often prove more problematic than its offline counterpart, but also that neither practice is necessarily morally wrong.
Privacy in Social Media
Authors: Marmor Andrei 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Most people’s immediate concern about privacy in social media, and about the internet more generally, relates to data protection. People fear that information they post on various platforms is potentially abused by corporate entities, governments, or even criminals, in all sorts of nefarious ways. The main premise of this chapter is that concerns about data protection, legitimate and serious as they may be, are not, mostly, about the right to privacy. Privacy is about control over the presentation of the self, not about protection of property rights. From the perspective of privacy as self-presentation, I argue that social media is, generally, very conducive to privacy—in fact, often too much so. Social media enables a great deal of privacy at the expense of truth and authenticity. But the medium also comes with dangers of exposure that carry serious risks to privacy, potentially undermining peoples’ ability to control what aspects of themselves they present to others. Privacy in social media is a mixed bag, containing different goods and dangers pulling in opposite directions.
Fake News
Authors: Levy Neil 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The blame for fake news obviously lies with the producers. It is plausible, nevertheless, that consumers have a responsibility to avoid fake news, to engage in fact-checking, or to seek multiple sources, including sources with different ideologies. This chapter argues that these strategies have limited utility and if the problem of fake news is to be effectively addressed, we need responses at the supply end, not the consumption end. Since suppliers, who are often ill motivated, cannot be expected to offer or consent to these responses, we need effective regulation or control of sources. The author sketches proposals compatible with maintaining the rights of everyone to free speech.
Is There Collective Responsibility for Misogyny Perpetrated on Social Media?
Authors: Lawford-Smith Holly , Megarry Jessica 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Women, particularly those who work in public positions (such as journalists, politicians, celebrities, activists) are subject to disproportionate amounts of abuse on social media platforms such as Twitter. This abuse occurs in a landscape that those platforms designed and that they maintain. Focusing in particular on Twitter, as typical of the kind of platform we are interested in, this chapter argues that it is the platform, not (usually) the individuals who use it, that bears collective responsibility as a corporate agent for misogyny. Social media platforms, however, should not overstep the prevention of misogyny into interference in open political debates.
Global 4-group symmetry and ’t Hooft anomalies in topological axion electrodynamics
Authors: Hidaka Yoshimasa , Nitta Muneto , Yokokura Ryo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We study higher-form global symmetries and a higher-group structure of a low-energy limit of (3 + 1)-dimensional axion electrodynamics in a gapped phase described by a topological action. We argue that the higher-form symmetries should have a semi-strict 4-group (3-crossed module) structure by consistency conditions of couplings of the topological action to background gauge fields for the higher-form symmetries. We find possible ’t Hooft anomalies for the 4-group global symmetry, and discuss physical consequences.
Advances in artificial intelligence and deep learning systems in ICU-related acute kidney injury
Authors: Ozrazgat-Baslanti Tezcan , Loftus Tyler J. , Ren Yuanfang , Ruppert Matthew M. , Bihorac Azra 
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review
Acute kidney injury (AKI) affects nearly 60% of all patients admitted to ICUs. Large volumes of clinical, monitoring and laboratory data produced in ICUs allow the application of artificial intelligence analytics. The purpose of this article is to assimilate and critically evaluate recently published literature regarding artificial intelligence applications for predicting, diagnosing and subphenotyping AKI among critically ill patients.

Recent findings
Among recent studies regarding artificial intelligence implementations for predicting, diagnosing and subphenotyping AKI among critically ill patients, there are many promising models, but few had external validation, clinical interpretability and high predictive performance. Deep learning techniques leveraging multimodal clinical data show great potential to provide continuous, accurate, early predictions of AKI risk, which could be implemented clinically to optimize preventive and early therapeutic management strategies.

Summary
Use of consensus criteria, standard definitions and common data models could facilitate access to machine learning-ready data sets for external validation. The lack of interpretability, explainability, fairness and transparency of artificial intelligence models hinder their entrustment and clinical implementation; compliance with standardized reporting guidelines can mitigate these challenges.
How Hypertension Guidelines Address Social Determinants of Health
Authors: Razon Na’amah , Hessler Danielle , Bibbins-Domingo Kirsten , Gottlieb Laura 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Patient-level and community-level social and economic conditions impact hypertension risk and control. We examined adult hypertension management guidelines to explore whether and how existing guidelines refer to social care activities.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to explore how hypertension guidelines reference social care activities.

Research Design:
A systematic scoping review of clinical guidelines for adult hypertension management. We employed a PubMed search strategy to identify all hypertension guidelines published in the United States between 1977 and 2019. We reviewed all titles to identify the most updated versions focused on nonpregnant adults with hypertension. We extracted instances where guidelines referred to social determinants of health (SDH) or social care activities. The primary outcome was how guidelines covered social care activities, defined using a framework adapted from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM).

Results:
Search terms yielded 126 guidelines. Thirty-six guidelines met the inclusion criteria. Of those, 72% (26/36) recommended social care activities as part of hypertension management; 58% recommended clinicians change clinical practice based on social risk information. These recommendations often lacked specific guidance around how to directly address social risk factors or reduce the impact of these risks on hypertension management. When guidelines referred to specific social factors, patient financial security was the most common. Over time, hypertension guidelines have included more references to SDH.

Conclusion:
Information about SDH is included in many hypertension guidelines, but few guidelines provide clear guidance for clinicians or health systems on how to identify and address social risk factors in the context of care delivery.
Sphingobacterium micropteri sp. nov. and Sphingobacterium litopenaei sp. nov., isolated from aquaculture water
Authors: Zhang Mingxia , Li Anzhang , Xu Shuaishuai , Chen Meng , Yao Qing , Xiao Botao , Zhu Honghui 
Published: November 2021

Two novel bacterial strains, designated as DN00404T and DN04309T, were isolated from aquaculture water and characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strains DN00404T and DN04309T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, oxidase-positive and catalase-positive. Cells of DN00404T were short rod-shaped and those of DN04309T were long rod-shaped. Strain DN00404T was found to grow at 15–37 °C (optimum, 25–30 °C), at pH 6.0–11.0 (optimum, pH 7.5) and in 0–2.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1.0 %). Strain DN04309T was found to grow at 15–45 °C (optimum, 20–37 °C), at pH 5.5–11.0 (optimum, 7.5) and in 0–4.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.5 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and genome sequences revealed that the two strains belonged to the genus

Sphingobacterium

and were distinct from all known species of this genus. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the two strains and between each of the two strains and related type strains of this genus were well below the recognized thresholds of 95.0–96.0 % ANI and 70.0 % dDDH for species delineation. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains DN00404T and DN04309T were 41.6 and 36.0 mol%, respectively. The respiratory quinone in both strains was identified as MK-7, and their major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
ω6c and/or C16 : 1
ω7c), which were similar to those of other species of this genus. The two major fatty acids C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH were also found in strain DN00404T. Based on genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, two novel species of the genus

Sphingobacterium

are proposed: Sphingobacterium micropteri sp. nov. with DN00404T (=GDMCC 1.1865T=KACC 21924T) as the type strain and Sphingobacterium litopenaei sp. nov. with DN04309T (=GDMCC 1.1984T=KCTC 82348T) as the type strain.
Early and rapid identification of COVID-19 patients with neutralizing type I-interferon auto-antibodies by an easily implementable algorithm
Authors: Akbil Bengisu , Meyer Tim , Stubbemann Paula , Thibeault Charlotte , Staudacher Olga , Niemeyer Daniela , Jansen Jenny , Mühlemann Barbara , Doehn Jan , Tabeling Christoph , Nusshag Christian , Hirzel Cédric , Sanchez David Sökler , Nieters Alexandra , Lother Achim , Duerschmied Daniel , Schallner Nils , Lieberum Jan Nikolaus , August Dietrich , Rieg Siegbert , Falcone Valeria , Hengel Hartmut , Kölsch Uwe , Unterwalder Nadine , Hübner Ralf-Harto , Jones Terry C. , Suttorp Norbert , Drosten Christian , Warnatz Klaus , Spinetti Thibaud , Schefold Joerg C. , Dörner Thomas , Sander Leif , Corman Victor M. , Merle Uta ,   Pa-COVID study Group, Kurth Florian , von Bernuth Horst , Meisel Christian , Goffinet Christine 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTPurposeSix-19% of critically ill COVID-19 patients display circulating auto-antibodies against type I interferons (IFN-AABs). Here, we establish a clinically applicable strategy for early identification of IFN-AAB-positive patients for potential subsequent clinical interventions.MethodsWe analysed sera of 430 COVID-19 patients with severe and critical disease from four hospitals for presence of IFN-AABs by ELISA. Binding specificity and neutralizing activity were evaluated via competition assay and virus-infection-based neutralization assay. We defined clinical parameters associated with IFN-AAB positivity. In a subgroup of critically ill patients, we analyzed effects of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) on the levels of IFN-AABs, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and clinical outcome.ResultsThe prevalence of neutralizing AABs to IFN-α and IFN-ω in COVID-19 patients was 4.2% (18/430), while being undetectable in an uninfected control cohort. Neutralizing IFN-AABs were detectable exclusively in critically affected, predominantly male (83%) patients (7.6% IFN-α and 4.6% IFN-ω in 207 patients with critical COVID-19). IFN-AABs were present early post-symptom onset and at the peak of disease. Fever and oxygen requirement at hospital admission co-presented with neutralizing IFN-AAB positivity. IFN-AABs were associated with higher mortality (92.3% versus 19.1 % in patients without IFN-AABs). TPE reduced levels of IFN-AABs in three of five patients and may increase survival of IFN-AAB-positive patients compared to those not undergoing TPE.ConclusionIFN-AABs may serve as early biomarker for development of severe COVID-19. We propose to implement routine screening of hospitalized COVID-19 patients according to our algorithm for rapid identification of patients with IFN-AABs who most likely benefit from specific therapies.
Crowd-sourced observations of a polyphagous moth reveal evidence of allochronic speciation varying along a latitudinal gradient
Authors: Black Emily N. , Blair Jarrett D. , van der Burg Karin R.L. , Marshall Katie E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAllochronic speciation, where reproductive isolation between populations of a species is facilitated by a difference in reproductive timing, depends on abiotic factors such as seasonality and biotic factors such as diapause intensity. These factors are strongly influenced by latitudinal trends in climate, so we hypothesized that there is a relationship between latitude and divergence among populations separated by life history timing.Hyphantria cunea(the fall webworm), a Lepidopteran defoliator with red and black colour morphs, is hypothesized to be undergoing an incipient allochronic speciation. However, given their broad geographic range, the strength of allochronic speciation may vary across latitude. We annotated >11,000 crowd-sourced observations of fall webworm to model geographic distribution, phenology, and differences in colour phenotype between morphs across North America.We found that red and black morph life history timing differs across North America, and the phenology of morphs diverges more in warmer climates at lower latitudes. We also found some evidence that the colour phenotype of morphs also diverges at lower latitudes, suggesting reduced gene flow between colour morphs.Our results demonstrate that seasonality in lower latitudes may increase the strength of allochronic speciation in insects, and that the strength of sympatric speciation can vary along a latitudinal gradient. This has implications for our understanding of broad-scale speciation events and trends in global biodiversity.
A systematic literature review of food safety management system implementation in global supply chains
Authors: Nguyen Tram Thi Bich , Li Dong 
Published: November 2021

PurposeThe study sets to summarise managerial requirements, analyse practices and tools to measure food safety management system (FSMS) implementation. Also, underpinned by critical success factors (CSFs) theory, the authors explore when food firms manage FSMS and which factors are critical to their implementation to identify promising research directions for researchers and suggestions for practitioners through a comprehensive analytical lens.Design/methodology/approachIt is difficult to ensure food safety from farm to fork worldwide. The paper addresses this challenge from the angle of how firms measure and improve the implementation of the FSMS in global food supply chains by a systematic review combined with biological mapping analysis (VOS viewer) on 81 peer-reviewed papers published from 2005 to 2020.FindingsMandatory and voluntary regulations and standards are the most critical part of international requirements to assure integrated, proactive, risk-based approaches as well as continuous improvement in the FSMS in global food chains. To measure the FSMS, only a limited number of measurement tools for the FSMS have been identified. External and internal factors, and technology adoption that significantly impact the management of the FSMS implementation still require more future works.Research limitations/implicationsSeveral FSMS research gaps observed during the content analysis of selected papers within 15 years are presented along with ten future research questions.Practical implicationsA systematised list of published papers that have been studied and reported in this research could be a useful reference point for practitioners in the food industry.Originality/valueThis study set out to summarise managerial requirements for the FSMS from the existing research, analyse practices and tools to measure FSMS implementation, explore when food firms manage the FSMS, which factors are critical to their implementation, and identify promising research directions for researchers and useful suggestions for practitioners.
Fostering sustainability: reinventing SME strategy in the new normal
Authors: Hu Meng Kui , Kee Daisy Mui Hung 
Published: November 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to deliberate the significant impacts caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It also discusses SMEs’ practical approaches to capitalise on the renewed opportunity in the new normal by expanding their businesses regionally and globally. This paper also discusses the tactical and strategic interventions SMEs need to take to charge forward.

Design/methodology/approach
The resource-based view of the firm (Barney, 1991) is used to explain how SMEs develop a sustainable competitive advantage in the new normal. The resource-based view focuses on the link between strategy and firm internal resources. Drawing from the resource-based view of the firm, internal analysis of the resources that are regarded as sources of competitive advantage controlled by the SMEs is imperative in today’s business environment. Based on the resource-based view theory, this paper focuses on reinventing SME’s strategies in the new normal to foster sustainability.

Findings
Post-COVID-19 pandemic, SMEs must essentially be dynamic, forward-looking and transformational in capturing the regional and global markets’ opportunities. They need to sharpen their internal competencies and realign their effective business strategy in seizing the vast opportunities in the international markets.

Practical implications
How SMEs respond to COVID-19 has important implications for subsequent performance in the new normal. This study focuses on the different potential SMEs’ reactions to COVID-19 and how their strategy affects SMEs performance and fosters sustainability in the new normal.

Social implications
The sustainability of SMEs is critical for the nation’s socio-economy. This study offers a holistic view of how SMEs respond to their challenges and help them choose the right business options.

Originality/value
This paper’s contents are solidly based on accumulated evidence, observation and critical arguments on the impacts caused by the COVID-19 pandemic that caused numerous challenges faced by the SMEs, with a specific focus on SMEs operating in Malaysia.
Multi-objective robust optimization for multi-stage-multi-product agile closed-loop supply chain under uncertainty in the context of circular economy
Authors: Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi Saeid , Hushyar Iman , Sabri-Laghaie Kamyar 
Published: November 2021

PurposeA circular economy (CE) is an economic system that tries to eliminate waste and continually use resources. Due to growing environmental concerns, supply chain (SC) design should be based on the CE considerations. In addition, responding and satisfying customers are the challenges managers constantly encounter. This study aims to improve the design of an agile closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) from the CE point of view.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, a new multi-stage, multi-product and multi-period design of a CLSC network under uncertainty is proposed that aligns with the goals of CE and SC participants. Recycling of goods is an important part of the CLSC. Therefore, a multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming model (MILP) is proposed to formulate the problem. Besides, a robust counterpart of multi-objective MILP is offered based on robust optimization to cope with the uncertainty of parameters. Finally, the proposed model is solved using the e-constraint method.FindingsThe proposed model aims to provide the strategic choice of economic order to the suppliers and third-party logistic companies. The present study, which is carried out using a numerical example and sensitivity analysis, provides a robust model and solution methodology that are effective and applicable in CE-related problems.Practical implicationsThis study shows how all upstream and downstream units of the SC network must work integrated to meet customer needs considering the CE context.Originality/valueThe main goal of the CE is to optimize resources, reduce the use of raw materials, and revitalize waste by recycling. In this study, a comprehensive model that can consider both SC design and CE necessities is developed that considers all SC participants.