bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of perinatal outcomes and birth defects amongst adolescent and older Ugandan mothers: Evidence from a hospital-based surveillance database
Authors: Serunjogi Robert , Barlow-Mosha Linda , Mumpe-Mwanja Daniel , Williamson Dhelia , Valencia Diana , Tinker Sarah C. , Adler Michelle R. , Namale-Matovu Joyce , Kalibbala Dennis , Nankunda Jolly , Nabunya Evelyn , Birabwa-Male Doreen , Byamugisha Josaphat , Musoke Philippa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Uganda has one of the highest adolescent pregnancy rates in sub-Saharan Africa. We compared the risk of adverse birth outcomes between adolescents (age 12-19 years) and mothers (age 20-34 years) in four urban hospitals.Methods: Maternal demographics, HIV status, and birth outcomes of all live births, stillbirths, and spontaneous abortions delivered from August 2015 to December 2018 were extracted from a hospital-based birth defects surveillance database. Differences in the distributions of maternal and infant characteristics by maternal age groups were tested with Pearson’s chi-square. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated using logistic regression to compare the prevalence of adverse birth outcomes among adolescents to mothers 20-34 years.Results: A total of 100,189 births were analyzed, with 11.1% among adolescent mothers and 89.0% among older mothers. Adolescent mothers had an increased risk of preterm delivery (aOR: 1.14; CI: 1.06-1.23), low birth weight (aOR: 1.46; CI: 1.34-1.59), and early neonatal deaths (aOR: 1.58; CI: 1.23-2.02). Newborns of adolescent mothers had an increased risk of major external birth defects (aOR: 1.33; CI: 1.02-1.76), specifically, gastroschisis (aOR: 3.20; CI: 1.12-9.13) compared to mothers 20-34 years. The difference between the prevalence of gastroschisis among adolescent mothers (7.3 per 10,000 births; 95% CI: 3.7-14.3) was statistically significant when compared to mothers 20-34 years (1.6 per 10,000 births; 95% CI: 0.9-2.6).Conclusions: This study found that adolescent mothers had an increased risk for several adverse birth outcomes compared to mothers 20-34 years, similar to findings in the region and globally. Interventions are needed to improve birth outcomes in this vulnerable population.
Absence of gut microbiota affects lipid metabolism in the prefrontal cortex of mice
Authors: Chen Jian-Jun , Xie Jing , Zeng Ben-hua , Li Wen-wen , Bai Shun-jie , Zhou Chanjun , Chen Wei , Wei Hong , Xie Peng 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objectives: Lipid metabolism is closely associated with many important biological functions. Here, we conducted this study to explore the effects of gut microbiota on the lipid metabolism in the prefrontal cortex of mice.Methods: Germ-free (GF) mice, specific pathogen-free (SPF) and colonized GF (CGF) mice were used in this study. The open field test (OFT), forced swimming test (FST) and novelty suppressed feeding test (NSFT) were conducted to assess the changes in general behavioral activity. The liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to obtain the lipid metabolites. Both one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to obtain the key differential lipid metabolites.Results: The behavioral tests showed that compared to SPF mice, GF mice had more center distance, more center time, less immobility time and less latency to familiar food. Meanwhile, 142 key differential lipid metabolites between SPF mice and GF mice were identified. These lipid metabolites mainly belonged to glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, sphingolipids, and saccharolipids. The gut microbiota colonization did not reverse these changed behavioral phenotypes, but could restore 25 key differential lipid metabolites.Discussion: These results showed that the absence of gut microbiota could influence host behaviors and lipid metabolism. Our findings could provide original and valuable data for future studies to further investigate the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
Formulations for Effective Detoxification Derived from Three Medicinal Plants: Thunbergia laurifolia, Clerodendrum disparifolium and Rotheca serrata
Authors: Boonthai Prasit , Noikotr Kowit , Saemram Naraphatra , Sudmoon Runglawan , Tanee Tawatchai , Chaveerach Arunrat , Patarapadungkit Natcha , Siripiyasing Pornnarong 
Published: February 2021

Background:Based on the long history of the medicinal use of Thunbergia laurifolia, Clerodendrum disparifolium and Rotheca serrata, the extract formulations of these species: T. laurifolia and C. disparifolium; T. laurifolia and R. serrata; and T. laurifolia, C. disparifolium and R. serrata, called formulas 1, 2 and 3, were created for detoxification testing to take more advantage of each species.Objective:The objective of this study is to estimate the detoxifying effects of studied extract formulations on human cell and tissue culture as a preclinical trial.Methods:The major phytochemicals were derived by GC-MS. The detoxification efficacy of these formulations in cells and DNA levels were derived by MTT and comet assays in toxic PBMCs (incubated with rice whisky or bathroom cleaner).Results:The phytochemical constituents were detected at 23.48% phytol and 43.03% oleamide in T. laurifolia; 12.88% oleamide, 20.93% 9,12,15-octadecatrien, 25.52% squalene, 22.19% butylated hydroxy toluene and 15.36% vitamin E in C. disparifolium; and 30.41% phytol, 32.78% oleamide, and 12.20%, 9,12,15-octadecatrien-1-ol in R. serrata. The toxic cells treated with the plant formulas 1, 2 and 3 showed no IC50 values, but formulas 1 and 2 displayed higher efficacies than formula 3 did. The comet assay indicated that the experiments (the treatment on toxic cells with the plant formulas) induced significant (p < 0.05) DNA damage compared to the negative control due to poisoning occurring before administration of the plant formulas. The OTM of the controls was significantly (p < 0.05) longer than the experimental samples showing significantly reduce the toxicity of the created formulations.Conclusion:The formulas showed high detoxification efficacies and formulations 1 and 2 resulted in higher levels of detoxification than formulation 3, especially in immediate treatment after receiving toxic substances.
Junk Food Consumption, Perceptions and Associated Factors among the Private School Children
Authors: Acharya Shiva R. , Pahari Sandip , Moon Deog H. , Shin Yong C. 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Urbanization and recent development in the food industries have led to a
notable increase in junk food production, making them readily available, accessible and affordable.
The main problem with junk foods is that they are low in satiation value. People do not tend to feel
as full when they eat them, which can lead to overeating. Junk food tends to replace other, more nutritious
foods. It is considered as one of the prominent causes of the pandemic of obesity.

Objective:
The study aims to find out the perception and factors influencing junk food consumption
among private school children of Pokhara Valley, Nepal.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 220 students of 12 different private
schools of grades 4-9 in Pokhara, Nepal. Systematic random sampling was done to collect samples.
Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire. Chi-square (χ2) test was used to find out
the associated factors with junk food consumption.

Results:
Though the majority of the students (80.9%) stated, junk food was unhealthy but were predominantly
lured by its taste. Taste (80.5%), lack of time (16.4%), advertisement (13.6%) and
changing lifestyle (6.4%) were the major influencing factors for junk food consumption. Half of
the students were unaware of the nutritive value, food quality, ingredients, preservatives used and
negative consequences on health. Grade of the students and gender were found to be associated
with the average frequency of junk food use per week and junk food consumption pattern, respectively.
The data shows the average consumption of junk food increases as the students grew from
smaller grades to higher ones (X2=53.025, P ≤0.01).

Conclusion:
Junk food consumption was notably high due to various enabling factors such as addictive
taste, changing lifestyle, propagandist advertising and instant availability. Grade and gender
of the students were the predictors of over-consuming junk foods.
The Effect of a Health Game Prompt on Self-efficacy: Online Between-Subjects Experimental Survey
Authors: Haring Priscilla 
Published: February 2021

Background
Games for health are increasingly used as (part of) health interventions and more effect research into games for health is being done. This online experiment questions expectancies of games for health by investigating whether a game for health prompt might be considered arousal congruent cognitive reappraisal and as such positively effects self-efficacy before gameplay.

Objective
The aim of this study experiment is to test whether a game for health prompt effects self-efficacy and other well-being measurements, as a first step into investigating if a game prompt is a form of arousal congruent cognitive reappraisal.

Methods
This study used an online, 2D, between-subjects experimental survey design with self-efficacy as the main dependent variable. Stimulus is an assignment for health-related problem solving concerning living with diabetes type II, introduced as a game (n=125) versus the same assignment introduced as a task (n=107). Measurements after prompting the game/task assignment include self-efficacy, positive and negative affect, expected difficulty, flourishing, and self-esteem.

Results
The results indicate a small negative effect from prompting the game assignment on self-efficacy, compared with prompting a task assignment. This effect is mediated by the expected difficulty of the health game/task. No differences between the game and task groups were found in affect, flourishing, or self-esteem.

Conclusions
This experiment provides no support for the notion that a game for health prompt might be seen as arousal congruent cognitive reappraisal.
A Gamification Framework for Cognitive Assessment and Cognitive Training: Qualitative Study
Authors: Khaleghi Ali , Aghaei Zahra , Mahdavi Mohammad Amin 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundCognitive tasks designed to measure or train cognition are often repetitive and presented in a monotonous manner, features that lead to participant boredom and disengagement. In this situation, participants do not put forth their best effort to do these tasks well. As a result, neuropsychologists cannot draw accurate conclusions about the data collected, and intervention effects are reduced. It is assumed that greater engagement and motivation will manifest as improved data quality. Gamification, the use of game elements in nongame settings, has been heralded as a potential mechanism for increasing participant engagement in cognitive tasks. Some studies have reported a positive effect of gamification on participant performance, although most studies have shown mixed results. One reason for these contrasting findings is that most studies have applied poor and heterogeneous design techniques to gamify cognitive tasks. Therefore, an appropriate gamification design framework is needed in these tasks.ObjectiveThis study aimed to propose a framework to guide the design of gamification in cognitive tasks.MethodsWe employed a design science research (DSR) approach to provide a framework for gamifying cognitive assessments and training by synthesizing current gamification design frameworks and gamification works in cognitive assessment and training, as well as incorporating field experiences. The prototypes of the framework were iteratively evaluated with 17 relevant experts.ResultsWe proposed a framework consisting of 7 phases: (1) preparation; (2) knowing users; (3) exploring existing tools for assessing or training a targeted cognitive context and determining the suitability of game-up and mapping techniques; (4) ideation; (5) prototyping using the Objects, Mechanics, Dynamics, Emotions (OMDE) design guideline; (6) development; and (7) disseminating and monitoring.ConclusionsWe found that (1) an intermediate design framework is needed to gamify cognitive tasks, which means that game elements should be selected by considering current cognitive assessment or training context characteristics since game elements may impose an irrelevant cognitive load that, in turn, can jeopardize data quality; (2) in addition to developing a new gamified cognitive task from scratch, 2 gamification techniques are widely used (first, adding game elements to an existing cognitive task and second, mapping an existing game to a cognitive function or impairment to assess or train it); and (3) further research is required to investigate the interplay of cognitive processes and game mechanics.
Adolescent Problem Gaming and Loot Box Purchasing in Video Games: Cross-sectional Observational Study Using Population-Based Cohort Data
Authors: Ide Soichiro , Nakanishi Miharu , Yamasaki Syudo , Ikeda Kazutaka , Ando Shuntaro , Hiraiwa-Hasegawa Mariko , Kasai Kiyoto , Nishida Atsushi 
Published: February 2021

Background
Video game loot boxes, which can typically be purchased by players or are given as reward, contain random virtual items, or loot, ranging from simple customization options for a player's avatar or character, to game-changing equipment such as weapons and armor. Loot boxes have drawn concern, as purchasing loot boxes might lead to the development of problematic gambling for adolescents. Although parental problem gambling is associated with adolescent problem gambling, no studies have evaluated the prevalence of loot box purchases in adolescents’ parents.

Objective
This study investigated the association between loot box purchasing among adolescents and parents, and problem online gaming in population-based samples.

Methods
In total, 1615 adolescent (aged 14 years) gamers from Japan responded to a questionnaire regarding their loot box purchasing and problem online gaming behaviors. Problem online gaming was defined as four or more of the nine addictive behaviors from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The adolescents’ primary caregivers were asked about their loot box purchasing.

Results
Of the 1615 participants, 57 (3.5%) reported loot box purchasing. This prevalence did not differ according to primary caregivers’ loot box purchasing, but adolescents who purchased loot boxes were significantly more likely to exhibit problem online gaming (odds ratio 3.75, 95% CI 2.17-6.48).

Conclusions
Adolescent loot box purchasing is linked to problem online gaming, but not with parents’ loot box purchasing. Measures to reduce these behaviors should target reducing addictive symptoms in young video gamers.
Sintesis Taganing Adaptif Menggunakan Metode Pitch Shifting by Delay-Line Based untuk Standardisasi Gondang Batak Toba
Authors: Malau Pasto Juni Ansen , Suyanto Yohanes 
Published: February 2021

This research using pitch shifting by delay line based method which consist of two main stage. The first stage is called analysis stage (framing, windowing, pre-emphasis and de-emphasis and FFT) that can detect the value of fundamental frequency of each taganing’s gendang. Then, this fundamental frequncy from each gendang will be classified into keyboard tones. The second one is called synthesis stage that will process the fundamental frequency become a new desire signal by creat an upward pitch change or a downward pitch change by delay line based method. Result of this research is created new signals as standard tones of each taganing’s gendang. The evaluation of synthesis output is using comparation method between fudamnetal frequency value of signal output as result of synthetis stage and the fundamental frequency value of keyboard standard’s tone. From the results of the system, it can be concluded that taganing synthesis tone have 98.87% accuration rate.
Case of Acute B cell Lymphoblastic Leukaemia in HIV-infected patient with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Pyannikov V. V. , Kazankova T. A. 
Published: February 2021

Purpose. To observe clinical course of acute B cell lymphoblastic leukaemia and HIV infection combination from the point of view of current treatment conceptions for thus patients.Materials and methods. A clinical case of acute B cell lymphoblastic leukaemia in HIV-infected patient is presented.Results and discussion. 39-year old HIV-infected male with acute B cell lymphoblastic leukaemia received chemotherapy with the ALL-2009 regimen simultaneously with anti-retroviral therapy accompanied by severe leukopenia complicated with pneumonia by the force of strong comorbidity resulting to lethal outcome.Summary. Nowadays acute B cell lymphoblastic leukaemia and HIV infection combination that predestine poor prognosis in the accordance of special infection and immune status within the comorbidity of the patients, what demands to establish particular guidelines for chemotherapy, target therapy, maintenance treatment and bone marrow stem cell transplantation to improve efficiency of therapeutic inﬂuence at the course of heamoblastosis, so as HIV infection.
Trends in Total and Out-of-pocket Payments for Noninsulin Glucose-Lowering Drugs Among U.S. Adults With Large-Employer Private Health Insurance From 2005 to 2018
Authors: Shao Hui , Laxy Michael , Benoit Stephen R. , Cheng Yiling J. , Gregg Edward W. , Zhang Ping 
Published: February 2021

OBJECTIVE
To estimate trends in total payment and patients’ out-of-pocket (OOP) payments of noninsulin glucose-lowering drugs by class from 2005 to 2018.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We analyzed data for 53 million prescriptions from adults aged &gt;18 years with type 2 diabetes under fee-for-service plans from the 2005–2018 IBM MarketScan Commercial Databases. The total payment was measured as the amount that the pharmacy received, and the OOP payment was the sum of copay, coinsurance, and deductible paid by the beneficiaries. We applied a joinpoint regression to evaluate nonlinear trends in cost between 2005 and 2018. We further conducted a decomposition analysis to explore the drivers for total payment change.

RESULTS
Total annual payments for older drug classes, including metformin, sulfonylurea, meglitinide, α-glucosidase inhibitors, and thiazolidinedione, declined during 2005–2018, ranging from −$271 (−53.8%) for metformin to −$2,406 (−92.2%) for thiazolidinedione. OOP payments for these drug classes also reduced. In the same period, the total annual payments for the newer drug classes, including dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, and sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, increased by $2,181 (88.4%), $3,721 (77.6%), and $1,374 (37.0%), respectively. OOP payment for these newer classes remained relatively unchanged. Our study findings indicate that switching toward the newer classes for noninsulin glucose-lowering drugs was the main driver that explained the total payment increase.

CONCLUSIONS
Average annual payments and OOP payment for noninsulin glucose-lowering drugs increased significantly from 2005 to 2018. The uptake of newer drug classes was the main driver.
Intelligent and Natural Agriculture with Industry 4.0
Authors: AYTEKİN Alper , AYAZ Ahmet , TÜMİNÇİN Fatma 
Published: February 2021

It is estimated that by 2050 the world population will
increase by one third. Most of these people will continue to live in developing
countries. This means that more people will live in cities. According to FAO,
if current revenues and consumption increase continue, agricultural production
is expected to need 60% additional production to meet the expected demands for
food and feed. Therefore, the agriculture and food sector must transform itself
to feed the ever-increasing global population. It should be noted that this
process will be very difficult given that climate change will also require
additional costs. It has become mandatory to use intelligent systems both to
manage this process and to meet the needs. To do this, it need to take
advantage of all the facilities offered by Industry 4.0. With technologies that
make things easier by increasing the productivity of the producer, profit and
quality in agriculture has become even smarter.
In this study, a general analysis of the future of the agricultural
sector is made, and the possible consequences of intelligent and natural
agriculture with Industry 4.0 are discussed.
CLUSTERING PERKEMBANGAN KASUS COVID-19 DI INDONESIA MENGGUNAKAN SELF ORGANIZING MAP
Authors: Khotimah Tutik , Darsin Darsin 
Published: February 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan pengelompokan daerah-daerah di Indonesia berdasarkan perkembangan kasus Covid-19. Pada penelitian ini digunakan Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan Kohonen yang disebut juga Self Organizing Map (SOM). Data yang digunakan adalah data situasi terkini penyebaran Covid-19 di Indonesia per tanggal 19 September 2020. Data ini diperoleh dari Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
BERAKSI CEGAH PENYAKIT TIDAK MENULAR DI RW 2 KELURAHAN JAYAWARAS TAROGONG KIDUL GARUT
Authors: Rosidin Udin , Witdiawati Witdiawati , Sumarna Umar 
Published: February 2021

Kegiatan PPM ini dilatarbelakangi dengan tingginya penyakit tidak menular seperti hipertensi dan diabetes melitus (DM). Keadaan seperti ini akibat adanya pergeseran pola penyakit, dari penyakit menular ke penyakit tidak menular. Konsep transisi epidemiologi tersebut menggambarkan adanya kecenderungan dominasi penyakit degenaritif yang sangat di tentukan oleh perilaku masyarakat. Perilaku masyarakat yang sangat tepat untuk mengatasi penyakit degeneratif ini adalah dengan melaksanakan PHBS. Dalam kegiatan survey yang dilaksanakan di RW 02 Kelurahan Jayawaras oleh mahasiswa profesi menunjukan banyak masyarakat yang menderita penyakit hipertensi dan diabetes melitus. Tujuan dalam kegiatan PPM ini diharapkan adanya gerakan masyarakat untuk mencegah penyakit tidak menular (PTM) khususnys penyakit hipertensi dan diabetes melitus. Metoda pelaksanaan PPM yang dilakukan diawali dengan persiapan sosial dengan melakukan pendekatan pada pihak terkait, baik lintas program maupun lintas sektoral. Kemudian melakukan serangkaian kegiatan upaya pencegahan PTM dengan thema BERAKSI CEGAH PTM. Kegiatan ini disepakati oleh seluruh masyarakat melalui musyawarah masyarakat kelurahan. Namun saat kegiatan sedang berjalan terjadi beberapa perubahan strategi pelaksanaan karena adanya pandemi covid 19. Hasil kegiatan tidak seluruhnya bisa diikuti seluruh masyarakat karena metoda yang digunakan sebagian menggunakan metode daring. Kegiatan senam hipertensi dan pemeriksaan kesehatan diikuti oleh sebagian warga masyarakat sedangkan pendidikan kesehatan diikuti oleh ketua RT, RW dan kader kesehatan. Hasil pengabdian ini diharapkan akan menjadi kebiasaan yang baik dari seluruh masyarakat terutama dalam menjalankan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat sehingga dapat tercegah dari penyakit tidak menular.
periodismo en Baja California y la Revolución Mexicana
Authors: Ortiz Marín Ángel Manuel 
Published: February 2021

El autor documenta en este artículo la situación del periodismo en Baja California, México, antes, durante y después del periodo de la revolución mexicana. Mediante la recopilación y la interpretación de diversas fuentes documentales, el trabajo da cuenta del contexto sociopolítico en el que se produjo el nacimiento del diarismo regional para luego detallar y describir las características y el rol desempeñado por los diferentes y numerosos periódicos que, entre 1900 y 1920, fueron publicados en las ciudades y en los poblados de esta zona fronteriza.