bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuropeptide changes in an improved migraine model with repeat stimulations
Authors: Guo Yichen , Cheng Yawen , An Jiaqi , Qi Yi , Luo Guogang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Migraine is a medical condition with a severe recursive headache. The activation of the trigeminovascular system is an important mechanism. The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of migraine. Several other neuropeptides are also involved; however, their roles in migraine remain unclear. In this study, using a rat model of migraine induced by electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglia (TG) and an improved version induced with repeated stimulation, we observed the dynamic changes of these peptides in TG and blood. We demonstrated that the expression of CGRP, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide, and nociceptin in TG was significantly elevated and peaked at different time points after a single stimulation. Their levels in the blood plasma were significantly increased at 12 h after stimulation. The peptides were further elevated with repeated stimulation. The improved rat model of migraine with repeated stimulation of TG resulted in a more pronounced elevation of CGRP, PACAP, and NPY. Thus, the dynamic changes in neuropeptides after stimulation suggest that these neuropeptides may play an important role in the pathogenesis of migraine. Additionally, the migraine model with repetitive stimulation would be a novel model for future research.
Research on Experimental Properties of a Novel High-Performance Solidified Soil Material
Authors: Wu Chunying , Li Feng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the properties of a novel high-performance solidified soil material, explore the potential value of the application that instead of the traditional cement-stabilized macadam in the base course. The results showed that the 7-d unconfined compressive strength of high-performance solidified soil increased two- to threefold and was greater than 60 % of that of cement-stabilized aggregates. The water-stability coefficient and compressive strength loss increased by 10–30 % and 12–22 %, respectively, which were close to cement-stabilized aggregates, as compared with conventional solidified soil. The novel high-performance solidified soil material has excellent mechanical, water resistance, and anti-frost performance and is advantageous to the base course of low-grade highway in the application aspect.
ВЗАЄМИНИ ЛЕВА БАЧИНСЬКОГО І КИРИЛА ТРИЛЬОВСЬКОГО: ВІД ДІАЛОГУ ДО КОНФРОНТАЦІЇ (кінець ХІХ – перша третина ХХ ст.)
Authors: Паска Ганна 
Published: December 2021

Предметом статті є відносини Л. Бачинського і К. Трильовського в руслі українського націо­нально-визвольного руху кінця ХІХ – першої третини ХХ ст. Основу джерельної бази дослідження ста­нов­лять справи фондів ЦДІАЛ України, ЦДАВО України, Держархіву Івано-Франківської обл., автобіо­гра­фічні праці Л. Бачинського і К. Трильовського та матеріали тогочасної газетної періодики. Мето­до­ло­гічною основою статті є принципи об’єктивності, історизму, різноманітності джерельної бази. У ро­боті використано методи аналізу і синтезу, проблемно-хронологічний, біографічний методи для ви­вчення життя та діяльності історичної постаті, метод внутрішньої критики джерел. Автор статті приходить до висновку, що взаємини Л. Бачинського і К. Трильовського пройшли шлях від співпраці та дружніх відносин до відкритих конфліктів і політичної конфронтації. На рубежі ХІХ–ХХ ст. обидва політики були провідними діячами РУРП-УРП, а в 1907–1918 рр. стали послами австрійського парламенту. Початок суперечностей між двома радикалами було покладено після обрання Л. Бачин­ського головою УРП. Внаслідок загострення протистояння із К. Трильовським у 1910 р. Л. Бачинський змушений був залишити посаду керівника партії. Конфлікт отримав своє продовження в період ЗУНР, коли у 1919 р. К. Трильовський спричинився до розколу УРП та виокремлення із неї власної партії – СРП. Остання фаза протистояння між двома політиками відбулася у ході виборів до польського парламенту в 1928 р., коли з ініціативи К. Трильовського було засновано УСРП-лівицю. Конфлікт між двома політи­ками був фактором, який протягом більше двадцяти років відігравав негативну, деструктивну роль у радикальній течії західноукраїнського політикуму.
Ключові слова: Лев Бачинський, Кирило Трильовський, Русько-українська радикальна партія (Українська радикальна партія), Селянсько-радикальна партія, Українська соціалістично-радикальна партія-лівиця, “Громадський голос”.
ГОСПОДАРСЬКО-АДМІНІСТРАТИВНІ ПИТАННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАСЕЛЕННЯ НА СЕСІЯХ ГАЛИЦЬКОГО КРАЙОВОГО СЕЙМУ (1908–1914 рр.)
Authors: Водославський Тарас 
Published: December 2021

У статті висвітлено господарсько-адміністративні питання українців у діяльності послів Галицького крайового сейму в 1908–1914 рр., напередодні Першої світової війни. Автор поставив за ме­ту визначити основні господарсько-адміністративні проблеми населення Галичини, з’ясувати кількість внесків, поданих послами-українцями, та їх результативність, розкрити загальну активність українсь­кого сеймового представництва та окремих політичних партій, найбільш активних депутатів і таких, що вели себе більш пасивно. Зокрема, у внесках представників української сеймової репрезентації пору­шувалися питання надання допомоги мешканцям для боротьби з наслідками природних лих, спорудження об’єктів інфраструктури, вирішення соціальних проблем, сприяння веденню сільського господарства, прийняття крайових законів у господарській сфері та внесення до них поправок, виділення нових адмі­ністративних і судових одиниць у межах краю. Проблематика роботи дозволяє дослідити найбільш нагальні потреби повсякденного життя галицьких українців, з’ясувати, наскільки швидко та ефективно вони вирішувалися місцевою законодавчо-представницькою владою.
Ключові слова: Галицький крайовий сейм, посол, депутат, українці, поляки, господарсько-адмі­ністративні питання.
Round Table Discussion
Authors: ZUELZER WOLF W. , WHEELER WARREN E. , LEONARD MARTHA F. 
Published: December 2021

Chairman Zuelzer: Anemia happens to be one of the manifestations of erythroblastosis, but we intend to keep the purely hematologic aspects to a minimum and shall consider the disease as a whole, paying particular attention to its clinical features. The Rh factor which appears in the title of this discussion is likewise only of incidental interest to us. In recent years we have heard too much about Rh and too little about the clinical entity erythroblastosis fetalis which is our topic for today.
We have agreed for our purpose to define erythroblastosis as a disorder of fetal and neonatal life resulting from maternal sensitization against antigens of the Rh group present in the fetal cells. We exclude deliberately the still controversial cases of so-called erythroblastosis due to incompatibility in the O-A-B system of blood groups and will touch on this problem only in so far as it has a bearing on diagnosis.
Only a few words are needed in regard to the Rh antigens. The emphasis on the subtypes of Rh which are of interest mainly to the geneticist and immunologist have made the subject unpalatable to the clinician and the unnecessarily complex nomenclature has further beclouded a basically simple issue. For the clinician the original Rh antigen with a distribution of 85% in the white population is still by far the most important. In the simple language of the Fisher-Race theory we are chiefly concerned with the genes D and d, familiar to some of you as Rho and rh. The genetic background of maternal isoimmunization can be summarized by the simple statement that sensitization is possible only when a homozypous mother carries a heterozygous fetus. An heterozybous mother (Dd) cannot be sensitied since both antigens are present in her own cells. The homozygous fetus (DD or dd) cannot sensitize its mother because by definition it receives the same type of gene from both parents and must therefore be compatible with the mother. In the usual situation of erythroblastosis the mother is Rh negative (dd), i.e. homozygous, the Rh positive fetus is ipso facto heterozygous (Dd). Rarely a homozygous Rh positive mother may become sensitized to the c-d-e genes of a heterozygous fetus.
While the basic relationship of erythroblastosis fetalis to antigenic differences between mother and fetus is well established it seems only fair to say that we know as yet very little about the reasons why certain women become sensitized and others not.
THE PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE, THE PHYSICIAN'S ALLY
Authors: KAISER ALBERT D. 
Published: December 2021

When schools for nurses were established in 1879 at Bellevue,New Haven and Massachusetts General Hospitals, the nursing profession was finally recognized in America as an important adjunct to the medical profession. Prior to that time nursing care of the sick was largely in the hands of incompetent and untrained women who were not highly regarded by physicians or the laity. During the first decade after the three training schools were opened the majority of the trained nurses were engaged in private practice in homes, usually in the homes of the rich. Later some were employed as private duty nurses in hospitals.
It was not until 1877 that the Women's Branch of the New York City Mission first sent trained visiting nurses into the homes of the sick poor to do bedside nursing; four years later the New York Ethical Society placed four nurses in the New York dispensaries to do not sick nursing but health nursing. The first visiting nurse association, founded for the purpose of sending trained nurses into homes, was started in Buffalo in 1885; and in 1886 similar associations were established in Boston and Philadelphia. Relatively few trained nurses devoted their energies to the public health field during the next two decades. However, private or non-official agencies interested in the control of tuberculosis, syphilis, acute communicable disease and maternal and child care played a strategic role in the development of professional public health nursing. These agencies, usually organized on a local basis, worked dosely with private
IMMUNIZATION WITH COMBINED DIPHTHERIA AND TETANUS TOXOIDS (ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE ADSORBED) CONTAINING H. PERTUSSIS VACCINE
Authors: MILLER JOHN J. , RYAN MARY LOUISE 
Published: December 2021

A study of immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis by means of two injections of a mixture of aluminum hydroxide adsorbed diphtheria and tetanus toxoids containing H. pertussis vaccine was reported by Miller et al1 in 1944. Two injections of 1.0 cc. each of this triple adsorbed mixture* were shown to lead to the production of unusually high levels of tetanus antitoxin and to uniform Schick negativity. On the other hand, the protection obtained against pertussis as gauged by estimations of serum agglutinins and by the results of clinical exposures was not entirely satisfactory. Two cases of pertussis following indoor exposure occurred in the group. It was therefore recommended that the total dose of 40 billion H. pertussis, contained in the 2.0 cc. of triple mixture injected, be augmented. This has been done, and in a second group of infants and children the original schedule of two injections of mixed adsorbed toxoids with vaccine, injected at a 12 week interval, was modified by an additional injection of a Phase I H. pertussis vaccine in saline*given midway between the above two injections (6 weeks after the first injection). Varying doses of vaccine were used for this additional injection—20 or 30 billion cells in the form of 1.0 or 1.5 cc. of a 20 billion per cc. saline suspension, and 40 or 60 billion cells in the form of a 1.0 or 1.5 cc. of a 40 billion per cc. saline suspension.
In the original study, herein referred to as Group
PROLONGED OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE IN INFANCY
Authors: HSIA DAVID YI-YUNG , PATTERSON PAUL , ALLEN FRED H. , DIAMOND LOUIS K. , GELLIS SYDNEY S. 
Published: December 2021

One hundred fifty-six cases of prolonged obstructive jaundice seen at the Children's Medical Center between 1940 and 1951 have been investigated and in 85% of the patients follow-up studies have been carried out.
Ninety-four (61%) were due to true biliary atresia.
Twenty-three (15%) were due to inspissated bile associated with erythroblastosis. All these patients are living and well and free of jaundice. The diagnosis of this condition can be made when the patient has (1) jaundice during the first two days of life with persistence of jaundice for over three weeks, (2) a high direct and indirect bilirubin compatible with obstructive jaundice, (3) negative flocculation tests, (4) blood-grouping studies consistent with erythroblastosis.
Thirty (19%) were due to inspissated bile of unknown etiology. Of these 6 are dead, 2 are alive but cirrhotic, and 18 are living and well and no follow-up was obtained on the four other cases. There appears to be some relationship between this condition and immaturity of the liver, small extrahepatic ducts, thickened secretions, and possibly dehydration.
Nine (6%) were due to miscellaneous causes, of which four cases were probably due to infectious hepatitis.
NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS OF INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: KARPINSKI FELIX E. 
Published: December 2021

Four cases of infectious mononucleosis with central nervous system involvement are presented.
The literature pertaining to the neurologic complications in infectious mononucleosis is briefly reviewed.
Recovery is usually relatively prompt and complete but permanent residual manifestations may occur.
Careful peripheral blood studies and tests for the heterophil agglutinins are essential in the etiologic diagnosis of the obscure diseases of the nervous system.
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM AND DISPOSAL OF AMINO ACID MIXTURES GIVEN INTRAVENOUSLY
Authors: MULHOLLAND WILLIAM M. , BRIDGE EDWARD M. , FOX HELEN W. 
Published: December 2021

The effects of continuous eight hour infusions of casein hydrolysate have been studied in normal fasting rabbits. At a rate of 1.0 gm. hydrolysate/kg./hr., approximately 5% of the infused material is lost directly into the urine as amino nitrogen. Another 1 to 2% remains in the blood stream during the infusions but is quickly dissipated when the injection is discontinued.
Deamination, as indicated by the accumulation and excretion of urea, increases steadily and proceeds at a rapid rate for approximately four hours after the infusion is discontinued. In all, 60 to 70% of the infused material may appear in the urine as urea, and another 10 to 20% in other forms. A relatively small amount is available for tissue use beyond four hours after the end of the administration.
Although retention of nitrogenous metabolites occurs during infusions at this rate and persists for several hours afterward, renal function is not impaired.
The respiratory quotient during continuous eight hour infusions was found to fall to the level of 0.72 to 0.74. The significance of this is uncertain.
It is suggested that relatively small amounts of complete amino acid mixtures administered continuously might supply the tissues more efficiently than when much larger amounts are given intermittently.
Round Table Discussion
Authors: GIBSON STANLEY , DEVEL LEON , VANCE WILLIAM C. 
Published: December 2021

Chairman Gibson: For a good many years, it seems to me, we have been hashing over the same old problems of rheumatic fever without making much progress in our knowledge of the disease. Recently, however, I think there are hopeful signs that we are learning a little bit more about rheumatic fever and will be a little better able to deal with it.
As you all know, rheumatic fever is a disease with many varied manifestations. Some cases are so outright that even a junior medical student could make a diagnosis; other cases are so obscure that at a given time and in a given case one is quite unable to make a definite diagnosis. Yet within a wide scope of variations it seems to me that rheumatic fever does show a definite group of phenomena which, by careful study, one can usually evaluate in the course of time and thereby determine whether rheumatic fever is present.
I felt we might best handle the subject by dividing our discussion on rheumatic fever into 4 parts: etiology, recognition, prevention and treatment. At this time I want to introduce to you Dr. Edward C. Lambert, who is my associate in this Round Table discussion. He is at the University of Buffalo Medical School in Pediatrics and in charge of the Cardiac Children's Clinic.
Dr. Edward C. Lambert, Buffalo: About 50 years ago Dr. Osler defined rheumatic fever as an acute noncontagious febrile infection depending on an unknown infectious agent, characterized by multiple arthritis and a special tendency to involve the heart.
ANOMALIES OCCURRING IN CHILDREN EXPOSED IN UTERO TO THE ATOMIC BOMB IN HIROSHIMA
Authors: PLUMMER GEORGE 
Published: December 2021

A study was carried out on 205 4½ year old children who had been exposed to the atomic bomb blast during the first half of intra-uterine life. Eleven were exposed within 1200 meters of the bomb hypocenter, and the remaining 194 were beyond this distance.
Seven of these 11 children exposed within 1200 meters had microcephaly with mental retardation. This diagnosis was not made on any of the 194 children exposed at greater distances.
Correlation between head size and mental development of the child with distance from the hypocenter, symptoms of radiation effect and type of shielding of the mother is discussed.
The conclusion drawn from the present study is that central nervous system defects can be produced in the fetus by atomic bomb radiation, provided that exposure occurs within approximately 1200 meters of the hypocenter and that no effective shielding, such as concrete, protects the fetus from direct irradiation.
THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC
Authors: LESSER ARTHUR J. 
Published: December 2021

Your editor has asked a few physicians who have experience in the clinical, public health and educational aspects of some of the newer programs for handicapped children to prepare communications for this column. The first of these, Hearing Impairment in Childhood, is presented in this issue. The opportunities for helping children with impaired hearing which have been made possible by improvements in the vacuum tube, by specific therapy for middle ear infections, and by advances in speech training are among the most exciting in this decade.
A discussion of similar programs for children with epilepsy and with cerebral palsy are scheduled in future months.
Fever in Pediatric Primary Care: Occurrence, Management, and Outcomes
Authors: Finkelstein Jonathan A. , Christiansen Cindy L. , Platt Richard 
Published: December 2021

Objective.To describe the epidemiology, management, and outcomes of children with fever in pediatric primary care practice.Patients.A cohort of 20 585 children 3 to 36 months of age cared for in 11 pediatric offices of a health maintenance organization between 1991 and 1994.Methods.Using automated medical records we identified all office visits with temperatures ≥38°C for a random sample of 5000 children, and analyzed diagnoses conferred, laboratory tests performed, and antibiotics prescribed. We also determined the frequency of in-person and telephone follow-up after initial visits for fever. Finally, we reviewed hospital claims data for the entire cohort of 20 585 to identify cases of meningitis, meningococcal sepsis, and death from infection.Results.Among 3819 initial visits of an illness episode, 41% of children had no diagnosed bacterial or specific viral source. Of these, 13% with a temperature of 38°C to 39°C and 36% with a temperature of ≥39°C received laboratory testing. Almost half (43%) received some documented follow-up care in the subsequent 7 days. Among the 26 970 child-years of observation in the entire cohort, 15 children (56 per 100 000 child-years) were treated for bacterial meningitis or meningococcal sepsis. Five had an office visit for fever in the week before hospitalization, but only 1 had documented fever ≥39°C and received neither laboratory testing for occult bacteremia nor treatment with an antibiotic.Conclusion.The majority of febrile children in ambulatory settings were diagnosed with a bacterial infection and treated with an antibiotic. Of highly febrile children without a source, 36% received laboratory testing consistent with published expert recommendations, and short-term follow-up was common. Meningitis or death after an office visit for fever without a source was predictably rare. These data suggest that increased testing and/or treatment of febrile children beyond the rates observed here are unlikely to affect population rates of meningitis substantially.
Cost-Effectiveness of Childhood Immunization Reminder/Recall Systems in Urban Private Practices
Authors: Franzini Luisa , Rosenthal Jorge , Spears William , Martin Heather S. , Balderas Lorena , Brown Martha , Milne Gillian , Drutz Jan , Evans Donna , Kozinetz Claudia , Oettgen Barbara , Hanson Celine 
Published: December 2021

Objective.
To assess cost and cost-effectiveness of immunization reminder/recall systems in the private sector.

Methods.
A manual postcard system (mail) was compared with a computer-based telephone system (autodialer) and control. Costs included time costs and the cost of equipment and supplies. The cost per child and the incremental cost of the intervention relative to control were computed. Cost-effectiveness ratios were computed for return visits and for immunizations delivered.

Results.
The average cost per child was $2.28 for the mail group and $1.47 for the autodialer group. The incremental visit cost relative to the control was higher for the mail group ($9.52) than for the autodialer group ($3.48). The autodialer was more cost-effective in delivering immunizations: $4.06 per extra immunization (autodialer) versus $12.82 (mail).

Conclusions.
Excluding start-up costs, the autodialer system was most cost-effective. Including autodialer equipment costs, the autodialer system is more cost-effective only for larger practices.