bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program-bundled initiative utilizing Accelerate Pheno™ system in the management of patients with aerobic Gram-negative bacilli bacteremia
Authors: Walsh Thomas L. , Bremmer Derek N. , Moffa Matthew A. , Trienski Tamara L. , Buchanan Carley , Stefano Kelly , Hand Catharine , Taylor Tricia , Kasarda Karen , Shively Nathan R. , Bhanot Nitin , Cheronis Nicholas , DiSilvio Briana E. , Cho Christian Y. , Carr Dustin R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are a leading cause of bloodstream infections (BSI) and management is complicated by antibiotic resistance. The Accelerate Pheno™ system (ACC) can provide rapid organism identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST).

Methods
A retrospective, pre-intervention/post-intervention study was conducted to compare management of non-critically ill patients with GNB BSI before and after implementation of a bundled initiative. This bundled initiative included dissemination of a clinical decision algorithm, ACC testing on all GNB isolated from blood cultures, real-time communication of results to the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP), and prospective audit with feedback by the ASP. The pre-intervention period was January 2018 through December 2018, and the post-intervention period was May 2019 through February 2020.

Results
Seventy-seven and 129 patients were included in the pre-intervention and post-intervention cohorts, respectively. When compared with the pre-intervention group, the time from Gram stain to AST decreased from 46.1 to 6.9 h (p < 0.001), and the time to definitive therapy (TTDT) improved from 32.6 to 10.5 h (p < 0.001). Implementation led to shorter median total duration of antibiotic therapy (14.2 vs 9.5 days; p < 0.001) and mean hospital length of stay (7.9 vs 5.3 days; p = 0.047) without an increase in 30-day readmissions (22.1% vs 14%; p = 0.13).

Conclusion
Implementation of an ASP-bundled approach incorporating the ACC aimed at optimizing antibiotic therapy in the management GNB BSI in non-critically ill patients led to reduced TTDT, shorter duration of antibiotic therapy, and shorter hospital length of stay without adversely affecting readmission rates.
Effect of cyclic wetting–drying on tensile mechanical behavior and microstructure of clay-bearing sandstone
Authors: Guo Pingye , Gu Juan , Su Yi , Wang Jiong , Ding Zhanwen 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe understanding of the weakening mechanism of tensile strength of rock subjected to cyclic wetting-drying is critical for rock engineering. Tensile strength tests were conducted on a total of 35 sandstone specimens with different wetting-drying cycles. The crack propagation process and acoustic emission characteristics of the tested samples were obtained through a high-speed camera and acoustic emission system. The results indicate that the tensile strength is observably reduced after cyclic wetting-drying, and the extent of the reduction is not only related to the number of wetting-drying cycle, but also closely related to the clay mineral content of the sample. In addition, as the cycles of wetting-drying increase, the effect of each single cycle on tensile strength get reduced until it becomes constant. Moreover, the crack initiation and penetration time is prolonged as the number of wetting-drying cycle increases, which indicates that cyclic wetting-drying weakens the rock stiffness and enhances the ductility of sandstone. Meanwhile, the acoustic emission characteristics of the tested samples further confirmed the ductile behaviour of the sandstone samples with increasing wetting-drying cycle. Furthermore, through the analysis of the microstructure and mineral composition of the samples with different wetting-drying cycles, it is concluded that the main weakening mechanisms of sandstones containing clay minerals are frictional reduction, chemical and corrosive deterioration.
The Viability of Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs) in the UK: The Impact on Global Anti-Bribery Compliance
Authors: Bu Qingxiu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDeferred prosecution agreements (DPAs) provide an alternative enforcement tool to tackle economic crime. Prosecutors tailor punishment and remediation measures more accurately to satisfy the principles of prosecution. The companies in question can avoid criminal charges, provided that they comply with agreed terms and conditions. The use of DPAs is conducive to relieving collateral consequences, while being able to deter, punish and reshape corporate behaviour. In principle, enforcement authorities can maximise the leverage with criminal liability over companies to cultivate a robust corporate culture against bribery. It is argued that an effective global anti-bribery regime rests with not only transnational cooperation, but also adequate governance and rigorous compliance. With the DPAs having increased in prominence as a mainstay of the US enforcement regime, it remains to be seen whether the potent tool will be viable and further reshape the future enforcement landscape of the anti-bribery regime in the UK and even on a global basis.
Actual Precipitation Index (API) for Drought Classification
Authors: Şen Zekâi , Almazroui Mansour 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) is a widely used statistical technique for the characterization of droughts. It is based on a probabilistic standardization procedure, which converts a Gamma-type probability distribution function (PDF) into a normal (Gaussian) standard series with zero mean and unit standard deviation. Drought classification based on SPI indicates dry and wet spell characteristics, provided that the hydro-meteorological records abide by normal (Gaussian) PDF only, otherwise the results will be biased. Therefore, in this paper, the actual precipitation index (API) method is presented, which provides drought classification and information regardless of the underlying PDFs. The main purpose of this paper is to explain the main differences between SPI and API and to prove that the use of API is the more reliable solution for classification of droughts into five categories described as “Normal dry”, “Slightly dry”, “Medium dry”, “Very dry” and “Extremely dry”. The application of the methodology is presented for two sets of precipitation data; one with exponential PDF monthly precipitation records from Istanbul City, Turkey and one for New Jersey, USA with almost normal (Gaussian) PDF based on annual precipitation records. The comparisons indicate that API is applicable regardless of the underlying PDF of the hydro-meteorology data. It produces real drought classification from the original data without recourse to standard normal PDF conversion.
Physical and Psychological Effects of Gender-Affirming Hormonal Treatment Using Intramuscular Testosterone Enanthate in Japanese Transgender Men
Authors: Kirisawa Takahiro , Ichihara Koji , Sakai Yasuyuki , Morooka Daichi , Iyoki Takaya , Masumori Naoya 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Introduction
The evidence on gender-affirming hormonal treatment (HT) for transgender persons is still insufficient.

Aim
To characterize the physical and psychological effects of HT using testosterone enanthate in transgender men, and to validate the safety of this treatment.

Methods
A total of 85 Japanese transgender men who were followed up for at least 1 year at our gender clinic from 2004 to 2017 were included in this study. All self-reported effects that they recognized and regularly acquired laboratory data were investigated after initiation of HT.

Main Outcome Measure
HT mainly using testosterone enanthate 250 mg every 2 weeks caused the most desired physical effects to appear promptly and effectively, whereas small but not negligible numbers of undesired physical and psychological effects were also confirmed.

Results
The initial dose of testosterone enanthate was 250 mg for 72 (84.7%) subjects, and the injection interval was maintained every 2 weeks for 70 (82.3%). Most physical effects appeared within 6 months. A deepened voice (87.1%), cessation of menses (78.8%), acne (69.4%), and facial (52.9%)/body (37.6%) hair growth occurred within 3 months. Although recognition of psychological effects was rare, emotional instability (9.4%) and increased libido (7.1%) appeared in the relatively early phase after beginning HT. The mean values for red blood cells, hemoglobin, uric acid, and alkaline phosphatase were significantly increased for 2 year. During the observation period, there were no life-threatening adverse effects in any subjects.

Conclusion
The present HT strategy is effective and safe for Japanese transgender men.
The information from self-reported effects and objective data from blood tests can help both physicians and transgender men to understand testosterone HT.
The symplectic geometry of higher Auslander algebras: Symmetric products of disks
Authors: Dyckerhoff Tobias , Jasso Gustavo , Lekili Yankι 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe show that the perfect derived categories of Iyama’sd-dimensional Auslander algebras of type${\mathbb {A}}$are equivalent to the partially wrapped Fukaya categories of thed-fold symmetric product of the$2$-dimensional unit disk with finitely many stops on its boundary. Furthermore, we observe that Koszul duality provides an equivalence between the partially wrapped Fukaya categories associated to thed-fold symmetric product of the disk and those of its$(n-d)$-fold symmetric product; this observation leads to a symplectic proof of a theorem of Beckert concerning the derived Morita equivalence between the corresponding higher Auslander algebras of type${\mathbb {A}}$. As a by-product of our results, we deduce that the partially wrapped Fukaya categories associated to thed-fold symmetric product of the disk organise into a paracyclic object equivalent to thed-dimensional Waldhausen$\text {S}_{\bullet }$-construction, a simplicial space whose geometric realisation provides thed-fold delooping of the connective algebraicK-theory space of the ring of coefficients.
Justice for All Without Exception: Julia Ward Howe's 1886 Lecture “The Position of Women in Plato'sRepublic”
Authors: Townsend Mary 
Published: February 2021

AbstractJulia Ward Howe, author of the lyrics to “The Battle Hymn of the Republic,” remains known as a poet, abolitionist, and founding member of the antiracist organization American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), but her work on political philosophy and her foundational sense of the necessity for justice and suffrage for all without exception are still unexplored. Howe's speech, “The Position of Women in Plato'sRepublic” provides a window into the philosophy that shaped the second half of her life and her political organizing. Howe explores problems feminist scholars have often had with Socrates's plans to educate and enfranchise women of the ruling class, analyzes the rhetoric behind Socrates's successful persuasion of reluctant interlocutors, and transforms Plato's arguments into overwhelming rhetorical support for universal suffrage. Howe's intellectual conversion to the cause of suffrage, which occurred later in life and after her support for the 15thAmendment, comes into focus as she wrestles with the questions fundamental to her change of heart: women's moral relationship to human excellence, whether suffrage would destabilize family life, the relationship of gender to divine genderless unity, and the relationship of the Platonic principle of the Good to practical political policy.
The Crown in National Disguises: The Uses of Monarchy’s Historical Past in Spanish Nation-Building, 1833–1868
Authors: San Narciso David 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe competing ideologies of nation and monarchy had a troubled beginning in the 19th century, insomuch as they derived partly from two opposing sources of legitimacy. However, from the 1830s on, their supporters achieved the establishment of an interspecific and mutually advantageous relationship. The nation gradually managed to prevail over the monarchy, justifying its presence in national terms. However, the monarchy possessed something longed for by liberal nationalists: historical legitimacy. Thus, the crown served Romantic nationalism in its search for national foundations and to generate national emotions of a collective sense of belonging. This article analyses this process by focusing on the Spanish case and using a vast range of cultural sources. I reason that the monarchy’s history was intensively used in Isabel II’s reign (1833–1868), both by the monarch herself as well as nationalist elites, to legitimate and justify their presence in the liberal world. The article is divided into three sections. The first part locates the problem into a general process that touched all the crowned heads of Europe. The second section studies the appeal of exemplary medieval monarchs in the liberal hunt for national roots. The final one focuses on the particular case of Isabel the Catholic because of the remarkable prominence it acquired.
Patterns and correlates of ownership and utilization of insecticide-treated bed-nets for malaria control among women of reproductive age (15–49 years) in Malawi
Authors: Forty James , Keetile Mpho 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMalaria is a major public health concern in Malawi. This study explored the patterns and correlates of ownership and utilization of ITNs for malaria control among women of reproductive age in Malawi. Data were derived from the multi-stage cross-sectional Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS) conducted in 2017, which followed ITN distribution in 2012 and 2015. Of the 3860 sampled women aged 15–49 years, 88% (3398/3860) and 64% (2473/3860) reported that they owned and utilized ITNs, respectively. Adjusted multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of ownership of ITNs were significantly low among women with no education (AOR = 0.36, CI = 0.18–0.72), those with primary education (AOR = 0.50, CI = 0.27–0.94) and poor women (AOR = 0.70, CI = 0.51–0.97). Similarly, the odds of utilization of ITNs were significantly low among women with no education, (AOR = 0.40, CI = 0.26–0.63), primary education (AOR = 0.53, CI = 0.36–0.78) and poor women (AOR = 0.70, CI = 0.51–0.97). Furthermore, the odds of utilization of ITNs were significantly low among women living in households without a radio (AOR = 0.79, CI = 0.67–0.93) and those who have not seen or heard a malaria message in the last 6 months (AOR = 0.74, CI = 0.64–0.87). In order to prevent malaria morbidity and mortality among women of reproductive age, especially those from poor households, the Malawi government and relevant stakeholders need to continue the free distribution of ITNs to the poor and encourage social behaviours that promote the ownership and utilization of ITNs.
KODAIRA DIMENSION OF UNIVERSAL HOLOMORPHIC SYMPLECTIC VARIETIES
Authors: Ma Shouhei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe prove that the Kodaira dimension of then-fold universal family of lattice-polarised holomorphic symplectic varieties with dominant and generically finite period map stabilises to the moduli number whennis sufficiently large. Then we study the transition of Kodaira dimension explicitly, from negative to nonnegative, for known explicit families of polarised symplectic varieties. In particular, we determine the exact transition point in the Beauville–Donagi and Debarre–Voisin cases, where the Borcherds$\Phi _{12}$form plays a crucial role.
Survey of various bandwidth enhancement techniques used for 5G antennas
Authors: Nahar Tapan , Rawat Sanyog 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFifth-generation technology is not fully deployed in the world wireless communication till date. Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band needs to be used due to plenty of available bandwidth and for achieving the goals of 5G such as greater data rate, ultra-high-speed video broadcasting, low latency services, and many more. Wideband antenna is required for 5G applications to access the high speed, low latency Internet services, and ultra-high-definition video streaming. Various bandwidth enhancement techniques have been reported by the researchers for microstrip antennas operating at microwave bands. High link losses, small wavelength, limited coverage, and environmental losses are the major challenges of mm-wave band. To mitigate these issues and satisfy 5G standard, an antenna with wide bandwidth, high gain, narrow steerable beam, high isolation, low side lobe levels, and multiband characteristics is required. Modifications in conventional antenna design techniques are required to achieve broader bandwidth along with stable radiation characteristics, improved gain, and low side lobe levels at mm-wave frequencies. This paper presents the survey of various bandwidth enhancement techniques which has been used in the 5G antennas designed by researchers. Reviews of some wideband 5G antennas with their performance comparisons are also discussed.
Health and social care service utilisation and associated expenditure among community-dwelling older adults with depressive symptoms
Authors: Lu Shiyu , Liu Tianyin , Wong Gloria H. Y. , Leung Dara K. Y. , Sze Lesley C. Y. , Kwok Wai-Wai , Knapp Martin , Lou Vivian W. Q. , Tse Samson , Ng Siu-Man , Wong Paul W. C. , Tang Jennifer Y. M. , Lum Terry Y. S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Aims
Late-life depression has substantial impacts on individuals, families and society. Knowledge gaps remain in estimating the economic impacts associated with late-life depression by symptom severity, which has implications for resource prioritisation and research design (such as in modelling). This study examined the incremental health and social care expenditure of depressive symptoms by severity.

Methods
We analysed data collected from 2707 older adults aged 60 years and over in Hong Kong. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Client Service Receipt Inventory were used, respectively, to measure depressive symptoms and service utilisation as a basis for calculating care expenditure. Two-part models were used to estimate the incremental expenditure associated with symptom severity over 1 year.

Results
The average PHQ-9 score was 6.3 (standard deviation, s.d. = 4.0). The percentages of respondents with mild, moderate and moderately severe symptoms and non-depressed were 51.8%, 13.5%, 3.7% and 31.0%, respectively. Overall, the moderately severe group generated the largest average incremental expenditure (US$5886; 95% CI 1126–10 647 or a 272% increase), followed by the mild group (US$3849; 95% CI 2520–5177 or a 176% increase) and the moderate group (US$1843; 95% CI 854–2831, or 85% increase). Non-psychiatric healthcare was the main cost component in a mild symptom group, after controlling for other chronic conditions and covariates. The average incremental association between PHQ-9 score and overall care expenditure peaked at PHQ-9 score of 4 (US$691; 95% CI 444–939), then gradually fell to negative between scores of 12 (US$ - 35; 95% CI - 530 to 460) and 19 (US$ -171; 95% CI - 417 to 76) and soared to positive and rebounded at the score of 23 (US$601; 95% CI -1652 to 2854).

Conclusions
The association between depressive symptoms and care expenditure is stronger among older adults with mild and moderately severe symptoms. Older adults with the same symptom severity have different care utilisation and expenditure patterns. Non-psychiatric healthcare is the major cost element. These findings inform ways to optimise policy efforts to improve the financial sustainability of health and long-term care systems, including the involvement of primary care physicians and other geriatric healthcare providers in preventing and treating depression among older adults and related budgeting and accounting issues across services.
Geophysical Observations of Taliks Below Drained Lake Basins on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska
Authors: Rangel R. C. , Parsekian A. D. , Farquharson L. M. , Jones B. M. , Ohara N. , Creighton A. L. , Gaglioti B. V. , Kanevskiy M. , Breen A. L. , Bergstedt H. , Romanovsky V. E. , Hinkel K. M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLakes and drained lake basins (DLBs) together cover up to ∼80% of the western Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. The formation and drainage of lakes in this continuous permafrost region drive spatial and temporal landscape dynamics. Postdrainage processes including vegetation succession and permafrost aggradation have implications for hydrology, carbon cycling, and landscape evolution. Here, we used surface nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and transient electromagnetic (TEM) measurements in conjunction with thermal modeling to investigate permafrost aggradation beneath eight DLBs on the western Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. We also surveyed two primary surface sites that served as nonlake affected control sites. Approximate timing of lake drainage was estimated based on historical aerial imagery. We interpreted the presence of taliks based on either unfrozen water estimated with surface NMR and/or TEM resistivities in DLBs compared to measurements on primary surface sites and borehole resistivity logs. Our results show evidence of taliks below several DLBs that drained before and after 1949 (oldest imagery). We observed depths to the top of taliks between 9 and 45 m. Thermal modeling and geophysical observations agree about the presence and extent of taliks at sites that drained after 1949. Lake drainage events will likely become more frequent in the future due to climate change and our modeling results suggest that warmer and wetter conditions will limit permafrost aggradation in DLBs. Our observations provide useful information to predict future evolution of permafrost in DLBs and its implications for the water and carbon cycles in the Arctic.
Deep‐Water Formation in the North Pacific During the Late Miocene Global Cooling
Authors: Zhai Lina , Wan Shiming , Colin Christophe , Zhao Debo , Ye Yuntao , Song Zhaojun , Yin Xuebo , Shi Xuefa , Li Anchun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA multiproxy study including organic carbon and bulk nitrogen isotopes along with major and trace element concentrations in sediments from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Sites U1425 and U1430 in the Japan Sea have been conducted in order to trace deep‐water evolution in the Japan Sea and the North Pacific since the late Miocene. The high total organic carbon (TOC) flux, as well as other published geochemical and sedimentary evidence, indicates the occurrence of anoxic deep‐water in the Japan Sea before ∼7.4 Ma. The low‐nitrogen isotope values probably suggest nearly complete denitrification. In contrast, the sharply enhanced biological production but decreased burial of organic matter during ∼7.4–4 Ma, as shown by high enrichment factor of Ba (BaEF) values, together with low TOC flux, highlights enhanced deep‐water oxygenation in the Japan Sea during that time. We suggest that deep‐water formation in the North Pacific ventilated the deep Japan Sea via northern deep seaways before the sea became semi‐closed in the early Pliocene. The synchronously increased equator‐to‐pole temperature gradients driven by late Miocene global cooling may have caused southward shift of mid‐latitude storm tracks, coupled with the weakened East Asian summer monsoon and moisture transport, leading to decreased precipitation in mid‐latitude regions. The potential increases in surface salinity in the North Pacific may have broken the ocean stratification and favored deep‐water formation, and further caused deep‐water ventilation in the Japan Sea.