bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interannual Climate Variability and Malaria in Mozambique
Authors: Harp Ryan D. , Colborn James M. , Candrinho Baltazar , Colborn Kathryn L. , Zhang Lei , Karnauskas Kristopher B. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMalaria is among the greatest public health threats in Mozambique, with over 10 million cases reported annually since 2018. Although the relationship between seasonal trends in environmental parameters and malaria cases is well established, the role of climate in deviations from the annual cycle is less clear. To investigate this and the potential for leveraging inter‐annual climate variability to predict malaria outbreaks, weekly district‐level malaria incidence spanning 2010–2017 were processed for a cross‐analysis with climate data. An empirical orthogonal function analysis of district‐level malaria incidence revealed two dominant spatiotemporal modes that collectively account for 81% of the inter‐annual variability of malaria: a mode dominated by variance over the southern half of Mozambique (64%), and another dominated by variance in the northern third of the country (17%). These modes of malaria variability are shown to be closely related to precipitation. Linear regression of global sea surface temperatures onto local precipitation indices over these variance maxima links the leading mode of inter‐annual malarial variability to the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, such that La Niña leads to wetter conditions over southern Mozambique and, therefore, higher malaria prevalence. Similar analysis of spatiotemporal patterns of precipitation over a longer time period (1979–2019) indicate that the Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole is both a strong predictor of regional precipitation and the climatic mechanism underlying the second mode of malarial variability. These results suggest that skillful malaria early warning systems may be developed that leverage quasi‐predictable modes of inter‐annual climate variability in the tropical oceans.
On the Rupture Propagation of the 2019 M6.4 Searles Valley, California, Earthquake, and the Lack of Immediate Triggering of the M7.1 Ridgecrest Earthquake
Authors: Cortez Jordan T. , Oglesby David D. , Kyriakopoulos Christodoulos , Wu Baoning , Chaudhuri Kuntal , Ghosh Abhijit , Douilly Roby 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe 2019 M6.4 Searles Valley, Southern California, earthquake nucleated on a buried right‐lateral fault segment and propagated around a perpendicular fault intersection to a surface‐outcropping left‐lateral segment, but it did not propagate coseismically to the intersecting fault of the subsequent M7.1 Ridgecrest mainshock. We use the three dimensional finite element method to explore the physical reasons for this curious rupture path. Rather than model the details of the measured and inferred slip distribution, we use simple constant‐traction assumptions to explore how initial stress, hypocenter location, and the depth of burial of the initial right‐lateral segment may have influenced rupture propagation. The results suggest that only a narrow range of fault stresses, fault burial depths, and hypocenter locations would result in the observed rupture path in this earthquake. The results may have implications for interactions between faults in Southern California and beyond.
Magnetic Conjugacy of Pc1 Waves and Isolated Proton Precipitation at Subauroral Latitudes: Importance of Ionosphere as Intensity Modulation Region
Authors: Ozaki Mitsunori , Shiokawa Kazuo , Horne Richard B. , Engebretson Mark J. , Lessard Marc , Ogawa Yasunobu , Hosokawa Keisuke , Nosé Masahito , Ebihara Yusuke , Kadokura Akira , Yagitani Satoshi , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Hashimoto Shion , Sinha Shipra , Sinha Ashwini K. , Seemala Gopi K. , Jun Chae‐Woo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPc1 geomagnetic pulsations, equivalent to electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the magnetosphere, display a specific amplitude modulation, though the region of the modulation remains an open issue. To classify whether the amplitude modulation has a magnetospheric or ionospheric origin, an isolated proton aurora (IPA), which is a proxy of Pc1 wave‐particle interactions, is compared with the associated Pc1 waves for a geomagnetic conjugate pair, Halley Research Base in Antarctica and Nain in Canada. The temporal variation of an IPA shows a higher correlation coefficient (0.88) with Pc1 waves in the same hemisphere than that in the opposite hemisphere. This conjugate observation reveals that the classic cyclotron resonance is insufficient to determine the amplitude modulation. We suggest that direct wave radiation from the ionospheric current by IPA should also contribute to the amplitude modulation.
Experimental Evidence of a Link Between Lightning and Magnetic Field Fluctuations in the Upper Ionosphere Observed by Swarm
Authors: Strumik M. , Slominski J. , Slominska E. , Mlynarczyk J. , Blecki J. , Haagmans R. , Kulak A. , Popek M. , Martynski K. , Wronowski R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe present results of analysis of lightning observations and satellite measurements of ionospheric magnetic field fluctuations in the ultralow frequency (ULF) range. The fluctuations are measured by Swarm satellites, while the lightning observations are provided by the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) and the World ELF Radiolocation Array (WERA). We identify spatio‐temporal relationships that demonstrate a leakage of electromagnetic fluctuations caused by lightning into the upper ionosphere. Causal association between the two phenomena is evidenced by investigating relations between lightning and fluctuation properties. The presented results suggest that lightning generate ULF fluctuations in the ionosphere that can be detected by satellites, if the lightning‐satellite geographic distance is less than ∼5°. Typical properties of the fluctuations caused by lightning are described in the paper. To our knowledge, this is the first direct experimental confirmation of a link between lightning and magnetic field fluctuations in the upper ionosphere in the ULF range.
Effective Elastic Thickness Map Reveals Subglacial Structure of East Antarctica
Authors: Swain C. J. , Kirby J. F. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEast Antarctica is the least well‐exposed Precambrian shield on Earth. What is known, or surmised, of its geological structure comes from extrapolation over large distances and from geophysics. Here, we present a map of effective elastic thickness, Te, computed from Antarctic bedrock topography and both terrestrial and satellite gravity data. Te is directly related to lithospheric strength and can distinguish domains of differing tectonic history. Our map reveals a broad region of high Te in Wilkes Land, interpreted as a craton, while elsewhere a corridor of low Te meanders between areas of higher Te. The low‐Te belt follows the trend of prominent linear magnetic anomalies identified in the Gamburtsev and Dronning Maud Land provinces, two of which have previously been identified as possible Grenville or Pan‐African age sutures.
Waves in Western Long Island Sound: A Fetch‐Limited Coastal Basin
Authors: Shin Y. , Cifuentes‐Lorenzen A. , Howard Strobel M. M. , O'Donnell J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper summarizes the statistics of observations of wind and surface gravity waves in Long Island Sound, a large estuarine embayment in southern New England. We examine the relationship between significant wave height and wind speed and direction and show that the significant wave height and dominant period in western Long Island Sound have an asymmetric response to the wind direction. Waves are larger and have longer periods when the wind is from the east than when the same stress is directed from the west. The data are consistent with the predictions of empirical parameterizations of fetch limited wave growth when the wind is from the west. However, for easterly winds, the westward narrowing of the Sound limits wave growth and requires that an effective fetch of approximately 30 km be used in the empirical formulae. An examination of the extreme values in the time series shows that previous estimates based on simulations significantly underestimates the occurrence of large waves with the important consequence that design guidance for shore protection structures may underestimate wave heights during severe storms. We speculate that earlier work has not adequately represented the consequences of fetch asymmetry on wave growth.
Climatological Westward‐Propagating Semidiurnal Tides and Their Composite Response to Sudden Stratospheric Warmings in SuperDARN and SD‐WACCM‐X
Authors: Zhang J. , Limpasuvan V. , Orsolini Y. J. , Espy P. J. , Hibbins R. E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUsing the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network observations (clustered around 60°N) and NCAR CESM2.0 extended Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model nudged with reanalyzes, we examine the climatology of semidiurnal tides in meridional wind associated with the migrating component (SW2) and non‐migrating components of wavenumbers 1 (SW1) and 3 (SW3). We then illustrate their composite response to major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs). Peaking in late summer and winter, the climatological SW2 amplitude exceeds SW1 and SW3 except around late Fall and Spring. The winter climatological peak is absent in the model perhaps due to the zonal wind bias at the observed altitudes. The observed SW2 amplitude declines after SSW onset before enhancing ∼10 days later, along with SW1 and SW3. Within the observed region, the simulated SW2 only amplifies after SSW onset, with minimal SW1 and SW3 responses. The model reveals a stronger SW2 response above the observed location, with diminished amplitude before and enhancement after SSW globally. This enhancement appears related to increased equatorial ozone heating and background wind symmetry. The strongest SW1 and SW3 growth occurs in the Southern Hemisphere before SSW. SW2 and quasi‐stationary planetary wave activities are temporally collocated during SSW suggesting that their interactions excite SW1 and SW3. After SSW, the model also reveals (1) semidiurnal‐tide‐like perturbations generated possibly by the interactions between SW2 and westward‐traveling disturbances and (2) the enhancement of migrating semidiurnal lunar tide in the Northern Hemisphere that exceeds non‐migrating tidal and semidiurnal‐tide‐like responses. The simulated eastward‐propagating semidiurnal tides are briefly examined.
Mantle Dynamics Beneath the Sichuan Basin and Eastern Tibet From Teleseismic Tomography
Authors: Wang Wei , Wu Jianping , Hammond James O. S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe cratonic Sichuan Basin is located east of the Tibetan Plateau, and is surrounded by mountains that have undergone complex deformation and uplift since the Cenozoic. Imaging mantle structure is important for understanding its formation, and to date most models suggest a deep cratonic root underlies the basin, blocking eastward extrusion of lithospheric material beneath Tibet. Here, we obtain detailed upper mantle structure from teleseismic tomography in the region utilizing travel time data from earthquakes recorded at 506 seismic stations, including 25 new stations in the poorly sampled Sichuan Basin. Contrasting to previous models, we show eastward and southeastward dipping high‐velocity anomalies extending eastward ∼150–400 km into the upper mantle from the Sichuan Basin. We suggest, the southeastward subduction of the Yangtze Block occurred in the Mesozoic and may be reactivated in the Cenozoic, with the relatively thin and weak lithosphere to the east of the Sichuan Basin prone to deformation in response to the eastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau. A west‐dipping high‐velocity anomaly beneath eastern Tibet is interpreted as delaminated lithosphere. This delamination may accelerate the development of the Xianshuihe fault zone and the horizontal extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau. Beneath the East Qinling orogen, the eastward extrusion of the plateau material is not obvious suggesting limited horizontal lithospheric extrusion is present north of the Sichuan Basin.
No‐Flow Fraction (NFF) Permeability Model for Rough Fractures Under Normal Stress
Authors: Javanmard Hoda , Ebigbo Anozie , Walsh Stuart D. C. , Saar Martin O. , Vogler Daniel 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFlow through rock fractures is frequently represented using models that correct the cubic law to account for the effects of roughness and contact area. However, the scope of such models is often restricted to relatively smooth aperture fields under small confining stresses. This work studies the link between fracture permeability and fracture geometry under normal loads. Numerical experiments are performed to deform synthesized aperture fields of various correlation lengths and roughness values under normal stress. The results demonstrate that aperture roughness can more than triple for applied stresses up to 50 MPa – exceeding the valid range for roughness in most previously published models. Investigating the relationship between permeability and contact area indicates that the increase in flow obstructions due to the development of new contact points strongly depends on the correlation length of the unloaded aperture field. This study eliminates these dependencies by employing a parameter known as the No‐Flow Fraction (NFF) to capture the effect of flow stagnation zones. With this concept, a new Cubic‐law‐based permeability model is proposed that significantly improves the accuracy of permeability estimations, compared to previous models. For cases, where the NFF is difficult to obtain, we introduce an empirical relationship to estimate the parameter from the aperture roughness. The new models yield permeability estimates accurate to within a factor of 2 of the simulated permeability in over three‐quarters of the 3,000 deformed fractures studied. This compares with typical deviations of at least one order of magnitude for previously published permeability models.
Variation in the SERPINA6/SERPINA1 locus alters morning plasma cortisol, hepatic corticosteroid binding globulin expression, gene expression in peripheral tissues, and risk of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Crawford Andrew A. , Bankier Sean , Altmaier Elisabeth , Barnes Catriona L. K. , Clark David W. , Ermel Raili , Friedrich Nele , van der Harst Pim , Joshi Peter K. , Karhunen Ville , Lahti Jari , Mahajan Anubha , Mangino Massimo , Nethander Maria , Neumann Alexander , Pietzner Maik , Sukhavasi Katyayani , Wang Carol A. , Bakker Stephan J. L. , Bjorkegren Johan L. M. , Campbell Harry , Eriksson Johan , Gieger Christian , Hayward Caroline , Jarvelin Marjo-Riitta , McLachlan Stela , Morris Andrew P. , Ohlsson Claes , Pennell Craig E. , Price Jackie , Rudan Igor , Ruusalepp Arno , Spector Tim , Tiemeier Henning , Völzke Henry , Wilson James F. , Michoel Tom , Timpson Nicolas J. , Smith George Davey , Walker Brian R. ,   on behalf of the CORtisol NETwork (CORNET) consortium, Mellström Dan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe stress hormone cortisol modulates fuel metabolism, cardiovascular homoeostasis, mood, inflammation and cognition. The CORtisol NETwork (CORNET) consortium previously identified a single locus associated with morning plasma cortisol. Identifying additional genetic variants that explain more of the variance in cortisol could provide new insights into cortisol biology and provide statistical power to test the causative role of cortisol in common diseases. The CORNET consortium extended its genome-wide association meta-analysis for morning plasma cortisol from 12,597 to 25,314 subjects and from ~2.2 M to ~7 M SNPs, in 17 population-based cohorts of European ancestries. We confirmed the genetic association with SERPINA6/SERPINA1. This locus contains genes encoding corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) and α1-antitrypsin. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses undertaken in the STARNET cohort of 600 individuals showed that specific genetic variants within the SERPINA6/SERPINA1 locus influence expression of SERPINA6 rather than SERPINA1 in the liver. Moreover, trans-eQTL analysis demonstrated effects on adipose tissue gene expression, suggesting that variations in CBG levels have an effect on delivery of cortisol to peripheral tissues. Two-sample Mendelian randomisation analyses provided evidence that each genetically-determined standard deviation (SD) increase in morning plasma cortisol was associated with increased odds of chronic ischaemic heart disease (0.32, 95% CI 0.06–0.59) and myocardial infarction (0.21, 95% CI 0.00–0.43) in UK Biobank and similarly in CARDIoGRAMplusC4D. These findings reveal a causative pathway for CBG in determining cortisol action in peripheral tissues and thereby contributing to the aetiology of cardiovascular disease.
Personalized neoantigen pulsed dendritic cell vaccine for advanced lung cancer
Authors: Ding Zhenyu , Li Qing , Zhang Rui , Xie Li , Shu Yang , Gao Song , Wang Peipei , Su Xiaoqing , Qin Yun , Wang Yuelan , Fang Juemin , Zhu Zhongzheng , Xia Xuyang , Wei Guochao , Wang Hui , Qian Hong , Guo Xianling , Gao Zhibo , Wang Yu , Wei Yuquan , Xu Qing , Xu Heng , Yang Li 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNeoantigens are considered to be ultimate target of tumor immunotherapy due to their high tumor specificity and immunogenicity. Dendritic cell (DCs) vaccines based on neoantigens have exciting effects in treatment of some malignant tumors and are a promising therapeutic modality. Lung cancer is a lethal disease with the highest morbidity and mortality rate in the world. Despite the rapid development of targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors for lung cancer in recent years, their efficacy is still unsatisfactory overall. Therefore, there is an urgent unmet clinical need for lung cancer treatment. Here, we attempted to treat lung cancer using a personalized neoantigen peptide-pulsed autologous DC vaccine and conducted a single-arm, 2 medical centers, pilot study initiated by the investigator (ChiCTR-ONC-16009100, NCT02956551). The patients enrolled were patients with heavily treated metastatic lung cancer. Candidate neoantigens were derived from whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing of fresh biopsy tissues as well as bioinformatics analysis. A total of 12 patients were enrolled in this study. A total of 85 vaccine treatments were administered with a median value of 5 doses/person (range: 3–14 doses/person). In total, 12–30 peptide-based neoantigens were selected for each patient. All treatment-related adverse events were grade 1–2 and there were no delays in dosing due to toxic effects. The objective effectiveness rate was 25%; the disease control rate was 75%; the median progression-free survival was 5.5 months and the median overall survival was 7.9 months. This study provides new evidence for neoantigen vaccine therapy and new therapeutic opportunities for lung cancer treatment.
Unravelling an oxygen-mediated reductive quenching pathway for photopolymerisation under long wavelengths
Authors: Wu Chenyu , Jung Kenward , Ma Yongtao , Liu Wenjian , Boyer Cyrille 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPhotomediated-reversible-deactivation radical polymerisation (photo-RDRP) has a limited scope of available photocatalysts (PCs) due to multiple stringent requirements for PC properties, limiting options for performing efficient polymerisations under long wavelengths. Here we report an oxygen-mediated reductive quenching pathway (O-RQP) for photoinduced electron transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerisation. The highly efficient polymerisations that are performed in the presence of ambient air enable an expanded scope of available PCs covering a much-broadened absorption spectrum, where the oxygen tolerance of PET-RAFT allows high-quality polymerisation by preventing the existence of O2 in large amounts and efficient O-RQP is permitted due to its requirement for only catalytic amounts of O2. Initially, four different porphyrin dyes are investigated for their ability to catalyse PET-RAFT polymerisation via an oxidative quenching pathway (OQP), reductive quenching pathway (RQP) and O-RQP. Thermodynamic studies with the aid of (time-dependent) density functional theory calculations in combination with experimental studies, enable the identification of the thermodynamic constraints within the OQP, RQP and O-RQP frameworks. This knowledge enables the identification of four phthalocyanine photocatalysts, that were previously thought to be inert for PET-RAFT, to be successfully used for photopolymerisations via O-RQP. Well-controlled polymerisations displaying excellent livingness are performed at wavelengths in the red to near-infrared regions. The existence of this third pathway O-RQP provides an attractive pathway to further expand the scope of photocatalysts compatible with the PET-RAFT process and facile access to photopolymerisations under long wavelengths.
Short H2A histone variants are expressed in cancer
Authors: Chew Guo-Liang , Bleakley Marie , Bradley Robert K. , Malik Harmit S. , Henikoff Steven , Molaro Antoine , Sarthy Jay 
Published: January 2021

AbstractShort H2A (sH2A) histone variants are primarily expressed in the testes of placental mammals. Their incorporation into chromatin is associated with nucleosome destabilization and modulation of alternate splicing. Here, we show that sH2As innately possess features similar to recurrent oncohistone mutations associated with nucleosome instability. Through analyses of existing cancer genomics datasets, we find aberrant sH2A upregulation in a broad array of cancers, which manifest splicing patterns consistent with global nucleosome destabilization. We posit that short H2As are a class of “ready-made” oncohistones, whose inappropriate expression contributes to chromatin dysfunction in cancer.
Nicotine promotes breast cancer metastasis by stimulating N2 neutrophils and generating pre-metastatic niche in lung
Authors: Tyagi Abhishek , Sharma Sambad , Wu Kerui , Wu Shih-Ying , Xing Fei , Liu Yin , Zhao Dan , Deshpande Ravindra Pramod , D’Agostino Ralph B. , Watabe Kounosuke 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSmoking has a profound impact on tumor immunity, and nicotine, which is the major addictive component of smoke, is known to promote tumor progression despite being a non-carcinogen. In this study, we demonstrate that chronic exposure of nicotine plays a critical role in the formation of pre-metastatic niche within the lungs by recruiting pro-tumor N2-neutrophils. This pre-metastatic niche promotes the release of STAT3-activated lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a secretory glycoprotein from the N2-neutrophils, and induces mesenchymal-epithelial transition of tumor cells thereby facilitating colonization and metastatic outgrowth. Elevated levels of serum and urine LCN2 is elevated in early-stage breast cancer patients and cancer-free females with smoking history, suggesting that LCN2 serve as a promising prognostic biomarker for predicting increased risk of metastatic disease in female smoker(s). Moreover, natural compound, salidroside effectively abrogates nicotine-induced neutrophil polarization and consequently reduced lung metastasis of hormone receptor-negative breast cancer cells. Our findings suggest a pro-metastatic role of nicotine-induced N2-neutrophils for cancer cell colonization in the lungs and illuminate the therapeutic use of salidroside to enhance the anti-tumor activity of neutrophils in breast cancer patients.
Catalytic enantioselective C(sp3)–H functionalization involving radical intermediates
Authors: Zhang Chi , Li Zhong-Liang , Gu Qiang-Shuai , Liu Xin-Yuan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRecently, with the boosted development of radical chemistry, enantioselective functionalization of C(sp3)–H bonds via a radical pathway has witnessed a renaissance. In principle, two distinct catalytic modes, distinguished by the steps in which the stereochemistry is determined (the radical formation step or the radical functionalization step), can be devised. This Perspective discusses the state-of-the-art in the area of catalytic enantioselective C(sp3)–H functionalization involving radical intermediates as well as future challenges and opportunities.