bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of T2 Mapping Sequences using MR Imaging in Evaluation of Knee Joint Articular Cartilage
Authors: Abokamer Eman Magdy , Taiema Atef Hamad , Hafez Kamal Mohamed , Dawoud Rasha Mahmoud 
Published: March 2021

Background: Cartilage mapping using Magnetic Resonance Imaging T2 is a functional scanning procedure without invasion delivering cartography of the cartilage T2 relaxation time without using of any contrast. It is tissue anisotropy sensitive, and compositional data on the collagen network of cartilage, content of water and concentration of proteoglycans are provided by it. This study used MR scanning technique to assess the T2 mapping sequence role in diagnosis of articular cartilage lesions of knee joint.
Patients and Methods: This prospective trial was done to utilize sagittal T2 mapping sequence for assessment of articular cartilage of knee joint on 1.5 T MR. The material of this study included thirty (30) patients. The study included 24/30 cases presented by knee pain, 6/30 cases presented by knee pain following trauma, 10/30 cases presented by limitation of movement and 7/30 cases presented by knee swelling. As each patient had a single conventional MRI examination of the knee followed by a single sagittal T2 maps, 30 MRI examinations and 30 corresponding T2 maps were analyzed.
Results: The addition of sagittal T2 maps to standard views improved accuracy in diagnosing cartilage affection in early osteoarthritis. there are 69 (57.5%) lesions diagnosed as grade 0 by MRI only VS 24 (20%) lesions diagnosed as grade 0 by MRI with T2 mapping sequence and 34 (28.3%) lesions diagnosed as grade 1 by MRI only VS 77 (64.2%) lesions diagnosed as grade 1 by MRI with T2 mapping sequence. there is 46 (38.3%) lesions diagnosed as grade 1a by MRI with T2 mapping sequence which diagnosed grade 0 by MRI only.
Conclusions: This imaging plane seems to provide a useful addition to standard MR imaging when osteoarthritis is suspected specially among the young population.
Clinical Presentation of Carcinoma of Thyroid and Its Treatment Options
Authors: Laghari Ahsan Ali , Khaskheli Ghulam Akbar , Shaikh Aijaz Ahmed , Munir Ambreen , Baloch Tufail Ahmed , Dalwani Abdul Ghafoor 
Published: March 2021

Objective: To determine the clinical presentation of carcinoma of thyroid and its treatment modalities at tertiary care Hospital.
Study Design: Prospective observational study.
Place and Duration: This study was conducted in Liaquat university of Medical and health sciences Jamshoro/Hyderabad, Pakistan, during two years from July 2017 to June 2020.
Patients and Methods: All the patients with age range between 20 to 80 years having swelling in front of neck according to clinical examination with hard inconsistency along with change of voice lymphadenopathy, difficulty in swallowing and breathing, patients diagnosis with malignancy according to FNAC and CT, and either of gender were included. FNAC was done in each patient except toxic goiter, diffuse goiter and multinodular goiter with dominant nodules. Patients those were diagnosed with stage I and II, underwent surgical treatment and remaining were referred to oncology department for new adjuvant therapy and then surgeries were done if possible. All the data was recorded in study proforma and data analysis was done by using SPSS data analysis software version 20.
Results: Out of all cases of suspicious of carcinoma thyroid, 70% were females.
Neck swelling was in all of the cases, followed by pain, cervical lymphadenopathy, recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy with change of voice, swallowing difficulty, cyanosis and pathological fracture. According to tumor staging, most of the cases were found with benign tumor, followed by 5 cases with stage I, three cases with stage II, three patients presented with stage IV and one was seen with secondary’s from malignant melanoma. Most of the cases 70.0% underwent subtotal and near total thyroidectomies Eight patients were initially operated having stage I and II of malignancy and remaining 7 patients of stage III and IV were referring to oncology department for further management.
Conclusion: In the conclusion of this study the neck swelling was the commonest clinical presentation. Surgical decision making and the operative planning is one of the new challenges. Mostly patients underwent subtotal and near total thyroidectomies having benign presentation and patients those had stage I and II of malignancy were initially operated, while patients of stage III and IV including secondary were referred to oncology.
The role of SAMM50 in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: from genetics to mechanisms
Authors: Li Zuyin , Shen Weixing , Wu Gang , Qin Changjiang , Zhang Yijie , Wang Yupeng , Song Guohe , Xiao Chao , Zhang Xin , Deng Guilong , Wang Ruitao , Wang Xiaoliang 
Published: March 2021

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation. SAMM50 encodes Sam50, a mitochondrial outer membrane protein involved in the removal of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial morphology and regulation of mitophagy. Certain single nucleotide polymorphisms of SAMM50 have been reported to be correlated with NAFLD. However, the contribution of SAMM50 polymorphisms to the occurrence and severity of fatty liver in the Chinese Han cohort has rarely been reported. Here, we investigated the association between SAMM50 polymorphisms (rs738491 and rs2073082) and NAFLD in a Chinese Han cohort, as well as the mechanistic basis of this association. Clinical information and blood samples were collected from 380 NAFLD cases and 380 normal subjects for the detection of genotypes and biochemical parameters. Carriers of the rs738491 T allele or rs2073082 G allele of SAMM50 exhibit increased susceptibility to NAFLD [odds ratio (OR) = 1.39; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.14–1.71, P = 0.001; OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.05–1.62, P = 0.016, respectively] and are correlated with elevated serum triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels. The presence of the T allele (TT + CT) of rs738491 (P < 0.01) or G allele (AG + GG) of rs2073082 (P = 0.03) is correlated with the severity of fatty liver in the NAFLD cohort. In vitro studies indicated that SAMM50 gene polymorphisms decrease its expression and SAMM50 deficiency results in increased lipid accumulation as a result of a decrease in fatty acid oxidation. Overexpression of SAMM50 enhances fatty acid oxidation and mitigates intracellular lipid accumulation. Our results confirm the association between the SAMM50 rs738491 and rs2073082 polymorphisms and the risk of fatty liver in a Chinese cohort. The underlying mechanism may be related to decreased fatty acid oxidation caused by SAMM50 deficiency.
H2O2 Electrogeneration from O2 Electroreduction by N‐Doped Carbon Materials: A Mini‐Review on Preparation Methods, Selectivity of N Sites, and Prospects
Authors: Ding Yani , Zhou Wei , Gao Jihui , Sun Fei , Zhao Guangbo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is one of the 100 most paramount chemicals in the world, which has been widely used in industrial synthesis, pulp and bleaching, semiconductor cleaning, medical sterilizing, environmental treatments, and energy storage. Among various H2O2 production methods, anthraquinone process has intrinsic drawbacks such as energy‐intensive and environmental pollution while 2‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) provides an economic, efficient, and nonhazardous alternative process to realize the in situ production of H2O2 instead. Recently, heteroatom‐doped carbon electrocatalysts, especially the nitrogen‐doped ones, receive special attention due to the tunability on selectivity, activity, and stability towards ORR. In this review, the preparation methods on N‐doped carbon‐based electrocatalysts with different nitrogen forms are systematically classified, the mechanism of specific nitrogen morphology acting on two‐electron ORR is discussed, especially the selectivity, and the factors (pH, nitrogen content, active surface site density, physical properties of carbon substrates) affecting the ORR selectivity of N‐doped electrocatalysts are analyzed. Moreover, the preparation of H2O2 with N‐doped carbon materials in different experimental systems is also summarized. Finally, the development direction of H2O2 synthesis by 2‐electron ORR is prospected, and the suggestions from the aspects of production technology, testing method, and theoretical research are put forward.
Indene Derived Phosphorus‐Thioether Ligands for the Ir‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Olefins with Diverse Substitution Patterns and Different Functional Groups
Authors: Margalef Jèssica , Biosca Maria , de la Cruz‐Sánchez Pol , Caldentey Xisco , Rodríguez‐Escrich Carles , Pàmies Oscar , Pericàs Miquel A. , Diéguez Montserrat 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA family of phosphite/phosphinite‐thioether ligands have been tested in the Ir‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of a range of olefins (50 substrates in total). The presented ligands are synthesized in three steps from cheap indene and they are air‐stable solids. Their modular architecture has been crucial to maximize the catalytic performance for each type of substrate. Improving most Ir‐catalysts reported so far, this ligand family presents a broader substrate scope, covering different substitution patterns with different functional groups, ranging from unfunctionalized olefins, through olefins with poorly coordinative groups, to olefins with coordinative functional groups. α,β‐Unsaturated acyclic and cyclic esters, ketones and amides were	hydrogenated in enantioselectivities ranging from 83 to 99% ee. Enantioselectivities ranging from 91 to 98% ee were also achieved for challenging substrates such as unfunctionalized 1,1′‐disubstituted olefins, functionalized tri‐ and 1,1′‐disubstituted vinyl phosphonates, and β‐cyclic enamides. The catalytic performance of the Ir‐ligand assemblies was maintained when the environmentally benign 1,2‐propylene carbonate was used as solvent.magnified image
Highly Sensitive, Ultrafast, and Broadband Photo‐Detecting Field‐Effect Transistor with Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenide van der Waals Heterostructures of MoTe2 and PdSe2
Authors: Afzal Amir Muhammad , Iqbal Muhammad Zahir , Dastgeer Ghulam , Ahmad Aqrab ul , Park Byoungchoo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecently, van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) based on transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted significant attention owing to their superior capabilities and multiple functionalities. Herein, a novel vdWH field‐effect transistor (FET) composed of molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) and palladium diselenide (PdSe2) is studied for highly sensitive photodetection performance in the broad visible and near‐infrared (VNIR) region. A high rectification ratio of 6.3 × 105 is obtained, stemming from the sharp interface and low Schottky barriers of the MoTe2/PdSe2 vdWHs. It is also successfully demonstrated that the vdWH FET exhibits highly sensitive photo‐detecting abilities, such as noticeably high photoresponsivity (1.24 × 105 A W−1), specific detectivity (2.42 × 1014 Jones), and good external quantum efficiency (3.5 × 106), not only due to the intra‐TMD band‐to‐band transition but also due to the inter‐TMD charge transfer (CT) transition. Further, rapid rise (16.1 µs) and decay (31.1 µs) times are obtained under incident light with a wavelength of 2000 nm due to the CT transition, representing an outcome one order of magnitude faster than values currently in the literature. Such TMD‐based vdWH FETs would improve the photo‐gating characteristics and provide a platform for the realization of a highly sensitive photodetector in the broad VNIR region.
Direct Prediction of Phonon Density of States With Euclidean Neural Networks
Authors: Chen Zhantao , Andrejevic Nina , Smidt Tess , Ding Zhiwei , Xu Qian , Chi Yen‐Ting , Nguyen Quynh T. , Alatas Ahmet , Kong Jing , Li Mingda 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMachine learning has demonstrated great power in materials design, discovery, and property prediction. However, despite the success of machine learning in predicting discrete properties, challenges remain for continuous property prediction. The challenge is aggravated in crystalline solids due to crystallographic symmetry considerations and data scarcity. Here, the direct prediction of phonon density‐of‐states (DOS) is demonstrated using only atomic species and positions as input. Euclidean neural networks are applied, which by construction are equivariant to 3D rotations, translations, and inversion and thereby capture full crystal symmetry, and achieve high‐quality prediction using a small training set of examples with over 64 atom types. The predictive model reproduces key features of experimental data and even generalizes to materials with unseen elements, and is naturally suited to efficiently predict alloy systems without additional computational cost. The potential of the network is demonstrated by predicting a broad number of high phononic specific heat capacity materials. The work indicates an efficient approach to explore materials' phonon structure, and can further enable rapid screening for high‐performance thermal storage materials and phonon‐mediated superconductors.
Current approaches to management of high‐risk multiple myeloma
Authors: Goldman‐Mazur Sarah , Kumar Shaji K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe median overall survival in multiple myeloma is rapidly approaching 10 years; however, in nearly a fifth of patients the prognosis remains poor. Therefore, the modern‐day management of myeloma patients should be individualized, with a more intense and continuous approach in these high‐risk patients. This includes first‐line treatment based on multi‐drug combinations employing the most effective drug combinations, upfront autologous stem cell transplantation (in eligible patients with tandem transplantation being a consideration), and maintenance based on proteasome inhibitor‐based combinations. This paper reviews the results of recent retrospective analyses and clinical trials, but also gives a glance into the future by presenting the ongoing trials.
Dynamic Protease Activation on a Multimeric Synthetic Protein Scaffold via Adaptable DNA‐Based Recruitment Domains
Authors: Mashima Tsuyoshi , Rosier Bas J. H. M. , Oohora Koji , de Greef Tom F. A. , Hayashi Takashi , Brunsveld Luc 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHexameric hemoprotein (HTHP) is employed as a scaffold protein for the supramolecular assembly and activation of the apoptotic signalling enzyme caspase‐9, using short DNA elements as modular recruitment domains. Caspase‐9 assembly and activation on the HTHP platform due to enhanced proximity is followed by combinatorial inhibition at high scaffold concentrations. The DNA recruitment domains allow for reversible switching of the caspase‐9 assembly and activity state using short modulatory DNA strands. Tuning of the recruitment domain affinity allows for generating kinetically trapped active enzyme complexes, as well as for dynamic repositioning of caspases over scaffold populations and inhibition using monovalent sink platforms. The conceptual combination of a highly structured multivalent protein platform with modular DNA recruitment domains provides emergent biomimicry properties with advanced levels of control over protein assembly.
A comparative study on the influences of whisker and conventional carbon nanotubes on the electrical and thermal conductivity of polyether ether ketone composites
Authors: Li Shu , Wen Fengyu , Sun Cong , Wang Zhenyang , Chen Rui , He Qingxia , Mu Jianxin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this study, the electrical and thermal conductivity of polyether ether ketone (PEEK)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with different types, namely whisker CNTs (Wh‐CNTs) and conventional CNTs were compared. PEEK/CNTs composites were melt mixed in PEEK via two screw extrusion technology. Moreover, the effects of different methods for mixing of PEEK/Wh‐CNTs, namely, dry mixing, wet mixing and melt mixing, were compared. The electrical and thermal properties were analyzed. A high thermal conductivity value of about 0.741 W/(m K) could be obtained upon loading with 10 wt% Wh‐CNTs and the PEEK/Wh‐CNTs composites had low volume resistivity value of 10.96 Ω cm at 10 wt% loading via melt mixing. Thermal conductivity values of 1.066 W/(m K) (out‐of‐plane) and 1.50 W/(m K) (in‐plane) were achieved with 10 wt% loading by wet mixing. Experimental results of out‐of‐plane thermal conductivity were more consistent with the Nan model. PEEK/Wh‐CNTs composites prepared by wet mixing exhibited higher thermal conductivity than the composites mixed using the two other methods. As the content of Wh‐CNTs in wet mixed PEEK/Wh‐CNTs nanocomposites increased, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) was improved. The PEEK/Wh‐CNTs composites were 0.6 mm thick and showed an EMI SE of 21.5 dB.
Epidemiology of Scleritis in the United Kingdom From 1997 to 2018: Population‐Based Analysis of 11 Million Patients and Association Between Scleritis and Infectious and Immune‐Mediated Inflammatory Disease
Authors: Braithwaite Tasanee , Adderley Nicola J. , Subramanian Anuradhaa , Galloway James , Kempen John H. , Gokhale Krishna , Cope Andrew P. , Dick Andrew D. , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah , Denniston Alastair K. 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo estimate 22‐year trends in the prevalence and incidence of scleritis, and the associations of scleritis with infectious and immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases (I‐IMIDs) in the UK.MethodsThe retrospective cross‐sectional and population cohort study (1997–2018) included 10,939,823 patients (2,946 incident scleritis cases) in The Health Improvement Network, a nationally representative primary care records database. The case–control and matched cohort study (1995–2019) included 3,005 incident scleritis cases and 12,020 control patients matched by age, sex, region, and Townsend deprivation index. Data were analyzed using multivariable Poisson regression, multivariable logistic regression, and Cox proportional hazards multivariable models adjusted for age, sex, Townsend deprivation index, race/ethnicity, smoking status, nation within the UK, and body mass index. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated.ResultsScleritis incidence rates per 100,000 person‐years declined from 4.23 (95% CI 2.16–6.31) to 2.79 (95% CI 2.19–3.39) between 1997 and 2018. The prevalence of scleritis per 100,000 person‐years was 93.62 (95% CI 90.17–97.07) in 2018 (61,650 UK patients). Among 2,946 patients with incident scleritis, 1,831 (62.2%) were female, the mean ± SD age was 44.9 ± 17.6 years (range 1–93), and 1,257 (88.8%) were White. Higher risk of incident scleritis was associated with female sex (adjusted IRR 1.53 [95% CI 1.43–1.66], P < 0.001), Black race/ethnicity (adjusted IRR 1.52 [95% CI 1.14–2.01], P = 0.004 compared to White race/ethnicity), or South Asian race/ethnicity (adjusted IRR 1.50 [95% CI 1.19–1.90], P < 0.001 compared to White race/ethnicity), and older age (peak adjusted IRR 4.95 [95% CI 3.99–6.14], P < 0.001 for patients ages 51–60 years versus those ages ≤10 years). Compared to controls, scleritis patients had a 2‐fold increased risk of a prior I‐IMID diagnosis (17 I‐IMIDs, P < 0.001) and significantly increased risk of subsequent diagnosis (13 I‐IMIDs). The I‐IMIDs most strongly associated with scleritis included granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Behçet’s disease, and Sjögren’s syndrome.ConclusionFrom 1997 through 2018, the UK incidence of scleritis declined from 4.23 to 2.79/100,000 person‐years. Incident scleritis was associated with 19 I‐IMIDs, providing data for rational investigation and cross‐specialty engagement.
Hydroboration of Nitriles, Esters, and Carbonates Catalyzed by Simple Earth‐Abundant Metal Triflate Salts
Authors: Thenarukandiyil Ranjeesh , Satheesh Vanaparthi , Shimon Linda J. W. , de Ruiter Graham 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDuring the past decade earth‐abundant metals have become increasingly important in homogeneous catalysis. One of the reactions in which earth‐abundant metals have found important applications is the hydroboration of unsaturated C−C and C−X bonds (X=O or N). Within these set of transformations, the hydroboration of challenging substrates such as nitriles, carbonates and esters still remain difficult and often relies on elaborate ligand designs and highly reactive catalysts (e. g., metal alkyls/hydrides). Here we report an effective methodology for the hydroboration of challenging C≡N and C=O bonds that is simple and applicable to a wide set of substrates. The methodology is based on using a manganese(II) triflate salt that, in combination with commercially available potassium tert‐butoxide and pinacolborane, catalyzes the hydroboration of nitriles, carbonates, and esters at room temperature and with near quantitative yields in less than three hours. Additional studies demonstrated that other earth‐abundant metal triflate salts can facilitate this reaction as well, which is further discussed in this report.
Surface Functionalization of a γ‐Graphyne‐like Carbon Material via Click Chemistry
Authors: Xiong Huatian , Zou Haiyuan , Liu Hong , Wang Mei , Duan Lele 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSurface functionalization of carbon materials is of interest in many research fields, such as electrocatalysis, interfacial engineering, and supercapacitors. As an emerging carbon material, γ‐graphyne has attracted broad attention. Herein, we report that the surface functionalization of a γ‐graphyne‐like carbon material (γ‐G1) is achieved by immobilizing functional groups via the click chemistry. Texture analysis of aberration‐corrected microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemistry confirm the successful surface modification of γ‐G1 through a strong covalent linkage 1,2,3‐triazole. The direct linkage of functional groups on γ‐G1 via the click chemistry represents a general method for preparing other functional materials by using γ‐graphyne‐like materials as a skeleton.
A Thorough Analysis of Two Different Pre‐Lithiation Techniques for Silicon/Carbon Negative Electrodes in Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Overhoff Gerrit Michael , Nölle Roman , Siozios Vassilios , Winter Martin , Placke Tobias 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSilicon (Si) is one of the most promising candidates for application as high‐capacity negative electrode (anode) material in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high specific capacity. However, evoked by huge volume changes upon (de)lithiation, several issues lead to a rather poor electrochemical performance of Si‐based LIB cells. The Coulombic efficiency (CEff) during the first cycle(s), especially when using nano‐sized Si, is relatively low, due to the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Pre‐lithiation approaches can increase the CEff by compensating active lithium losses during the first cycle(s). Here, we evaluate the beneficial impact of pre‐lithiated Si/C electrodes for their application in NCM111||Si/C cells by comparing two approaches, i. e., electrochemical pre‐lithiation and pre‐lithiation by direct contact to Li metal foil. The SEI composition and surface morphology of pre‐lithiated Si/C electrodes as well as the impact of reducing active Li losses on individual electrode potentials over cycling are revealed. For long‐term cycling, both pre‐lithiation techniques lead to a distinct improvement of the overall capacity as well as the CEff for the first 40 cycles due to i) the pre‐formed SEI and ii) a Li reservoir within the anode. Depletion of the active Li from NCM111 is significantly reduced and we can confirm that both pre‐lithiation techniques improve the cycling performance of NCM111||Si/C cells in an almost equal manner.