bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yawning Is More Contagious in Pregnant Than Nulliparous Women
Authors: Norscia Ivan , Agostini Lucia , Moroni Alessia , Caselli Marta , Micheletti-Cremasco Margherita , Vardé Concetta , Palagi Elisabetta 
Published: July 2021

AbstractContrary to spontaneous yawning, which is widespread in vertebrates and probably evolutionary ancient, contagious yawning—yawning triggered by others’ yawns—is considered an evolutionarily recent phenomenon, found in species characterized by complex sociality. Whether the social asymmetry observed in the occurrence of contagious yawning is related to social and emotional attachment and may therefore reflect emotional contagion is a subject of debate. In this study we assessed whether yawn contagion was enhanced in pregnant women, a cohort of subjects who develop prenatal emotional attachment in preparation for parental care, via hormonal and neurobiological changes. We predicted that if yawn contagion underlies social and emotional attachment, pregnant women would be more likely to contagiously yawn than nonpregnant, nulliparous women of reproductive age. We gathered data in two different settings. In the experimental setting, 49 women were exposed to video stimuli of newborns either yawning or moving their mouth (control) and we video-recorded the women during repeated trials to measure their yawning response. In the naturalistic setting, 131 women were observed in a social environment and their yawning response was recorded. We tested the factors influencing the yawning response, including the reproductive status (pregnant vs. not pregnant). In both settings, yawn contagion occurred significantly more in pregnant than nonpregnant women. By showing that pregnant women were most likely to respond to others’ yawns, our results support the hypothesis that the social variation observed in yawn contagion may be influenced by emotional attachment and that yawning in highly social species might have been coopted for emotional contagion during evolution.
Why people were less compliant with public health regulations during the second wave of the Covid-19 outbreak: The role of trust in governmental organizations, future anxiety, fatigue, and Covid-19 risk perception
Authors: Scandurra Cristiano , Bochicchio Vincenzo , Dolce Pasquale , Valerio Paolo , Muzii Benedetta , Maldonato Nelson Mauro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTrust in governmental organizations is a crucial factor in terms of encouraging people to conform to public health regulations, such as those recommended to slow down the spread of SARS-CoV-2. However, trust in governmental organizations tends to decline over time, reducing the compliance with public health regulations. This study aimed at exploring, first, the role of future anxiety and fatigue as serial mediators of the relationship between trust in governmental organizations and protective behaviors, and, secondly, the role of Covid-19 risk perception as a moderator between fatigue and protective behaviors. A total of 948 Italian participants (302 males and 646 females), ranged from 18 to 80 years (M = 27.20, SD = 11.01), answered an online survey during the second wave of the Covid-19 outbreak. A moderated serial mediation model was performed using a structural equation modeling. The results indicate that: (1) a higher trust in Italian governmental organizations was associated with a greater compliance in terms of adopting protective behaviors; (2) a lower trust in Italian governmental organizations increased anxiety about the future which, in turn, raised levels of fatigue, leading, finally, to a reduction in the levels of protective behaviors; and (3) as the perceived risk related to Covid-19 increased, the effect of fatigue on protective behaviors decreased. The findings of the current study may provide indications for public health policy on how to increase compliance with the recommended behaviors to be adopted in order to decrease the spread of the SARS-CoV-2.
What should a Universal School-Based Psychoeducational Programme to Support Psychological Well-Being amongst Children and Young People in South Africa Focus on and how should it be Delivered? A Multi-Stakeholder Perspective
Authors: Coetzee Bronwynè J. , Gericke Hermine , Human Suzanne , Stallard Paul , Loades Maria 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChildren and young people are vulnerable to developing mental health problems. In South Africa, this vulnerability is compounded by contextual risk factors such as community violence and poverty. However, mental health services are scarce and costly, which precludes access for many. Universal school-based mental health programmes can prevent the onset of mental health problems in children and young people and have been implemented to good effect in high-income settings. We sought to understand stakeholder perspectives on what such a programme should focus on and how it could be implemented in practice within the South African context. We interviewed children and young people (n = 22), parents (n = 21), teachers (n = 17), and school mental health counsellors (n = 6) recruited from two schools in the Western Cape, South Africa. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. We generated three overarching themes: ‘the value of a mental health and well-being programme’, ‘content and delivery’, and ‘practicalities and logistics’. Participants were optimistic about the potential value of such a programme. Developing content that was appropriate for group delivery, flexible and timed to fit within the school schedule was important. Finding ways to make activities meaningful for large classes was important logistically, as was determining to what extent leaners would feel comfortable participating alongside their peers. Participants felt that outsiders, as opposed to school staff, should deliver the programme and that parents should be involved where possible. Developing a mental health programme for children and young people in the South African context requires careful understanding of who the key role players in such an intervention will be and how exactly they want to be involved and, how the challenges associated with practicalities and logistics can be overcome.
Effect of anionic group [SiO4]4−/[PO4]3− on the luminescence properties of Dy3+-doped tungstate structural compounds
Authors: Liu Ning , Mei Lefu , Bin Jianxiong , Zhang Ze , Peng Zhijian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNovel scheelite structures of Li2Ca(WO4)2, Li2Ca2(WO4)(SiO4), and LiCa2(WO4)(PO4) fluorescent materials were successfully prepared using a high-temperature solid-phase process. The compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The tests revealed that the substitution of [WO4]2− by [SiO4]4− or [PO4]3− tetrahedron in tungstate had no significant influence on the crystal structure of the Li2Ca(WO4)2. When Dy3+ ions were introduced as an activator at an optimum doping concentration of 0.08 mol%, all of the as-prepared phosphors generated yellow light emissions, and the emission peak was located close to 576 nm. Replacing [WO4]2− with [SiO4]4− or [PO4]3− tetrahedron significantly increased the luminescence of the Li2Ca(WO4)2 phosphors. Among them, the LiCa2(WO4)(PO4):0.08Dy3+ phosphor had the best luminescence properties, decay life (τ = 0.049 ms), and thermal stability (87.8%). In addition, the as-prepared yellow Li2Ca(WO4)2:0.08Dy3+, Li2Ca2(WO4)(SiO4):0.08Dy3+, and LiCa2(WO4)(PO4):0.08Dy3+ phosphor can be used to fabricate white light emitting diode (LED) devices.
S$$^{2}$$ES: a stationary and scalable knowledge transfer approach for multiagent reinforcement learning
Authors: Wang Tonghao , Peng Xingguang , Xu Demin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractKnowledge transfer is widely adopted in accelerating multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL). To accelerate the learning speed of MARL for learning-from scratch agents, in this paper, we propose a Stationary and Scalable knowledge transfer approach based on Experience Sharing (S$$^{2}$$

2

ES). The mainframe of our approach is structured into three components: what kind of experience, how to learn, and when to transfer. Specifically, we first design an augmented form of experience. By sharing (i.e., transmitting) the experience from one agent to its peers, the learning speed can be effectively enhanced with guaranteed scalability. A synchronized learning pattern is then adopted, which reduces the nonstationarity brought by experience replay, and at the same time retains data efficiency. Moreover, to avoid redundant transfer when the agents’ policies have converged, we further design two trigger conditions, one is modified Q value-based and another is normalized Shannon entropy-based, to determine when to conduct experience sharing. Empirical studies indicate that the proposed approach outperforms the other knowledge transfer methods in efficacy, efficiency, and scalability. We also provide ablation experiments to demonstrate the necessity of the key ingredients.
Understanding the ramifications of quantitative ordinal scales on accuracy of estimates of disease severity and data analysis in plant pathology
Authors: Chiang Kuo-Szu , Bock Clive H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe severity of plant diseases, traditionally defined as the proportion of the plant tissue exhibiting symptoms, is a key quantitative variable to know for many diseases but is prone to error. Plant pathologists face many situations in which the measurement by nearest percent estimates (NPEs) of disease severity is time-consuming or impractical. Moreover, rater NPEs of disease severity are notoriously variable. Therefore, NPEs of disease may be of questionable value if severity cannot be determined accurately and reliably. In such situations, researchers have often used a quantitative ordinal scale of measurement—often alleging the time saved, and the ease with which the scale can be learned. Because quantitative ordinal disease scales lack the resolution of the 0 to 100% scale, they are inherently less accurate. We contend that scale design and structure have ramifications for the resulting analysis of data from the ordinal scale data. To minimize inaccuracy and ensure that there is equivalent statistical power when using quantitative ordinal scale data, design of the scales can be optimized for use in the discipline of plant pathology. In this review, we focus on the nature of quantitative ordinal scales used in plant disease assessment. Subsequently, their application and effects will be discussed. Finally, we will review how to optimize quantitative ordinal scales design to allow sufficient accuracy of estimation while maximizing power for hypothesis testing.
Short-Term Effects of Video-Games on Cognitive Enhancement: the Role of Positive Emotions
Authors: Franceschini Sandro , Bertoni Sara , Lulli Matteo , Pievani Telmo , Facoetti Andrea 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAccording to established background knowledge, playing is essential in human development and a power remediation tool in clinical populations. In clinical interventions, the beneficial roles of playing have often been sought and investigated in the specific features of the game, rather than in the positive emotions generated by playing. However, regardless of game specifications, cognitive enhancement could be driven by the emotions linked to play. Establishing the causal connections between play and cognitive enhancement should allow us to determine how to involve play in therapy, prevention and educational programmes. Today, video-gaming is one of the most diffused forms of play. In the first crossover randomized controlled trial, we compared the short-term effects induced by shooting and puzzle video-games in visual perception, sensorimotor and reading skills in children with developmental coordination disorder and dyslexia. The funnier and more activating game enhanced breadth of visual perception and reduced sensorimotor and reading disorders. Visual perception, sensorimotor and reading improvements correlated with fun. In the second crossover randomized controlled trial, comparing the effects of the same shooting with a fighting video-game in healthy young adults, we show that regardless of game characteristics, changes in positive emotions correlated with contextual reading enhancement, while play-driven biochemical activation boosted single word and pseudoword reading. The short-term effects induced by play could be a useful clinical tool for the prevention and treatment of multiple cognitive disorders.
Potential Nutrient Conversion Using Nature-Based Solutions in Cities and Utilization Concepts to Create Circular Urban Food Systems
Authors: Wirth Maria , Vobruba Tamara , Hartl Marco , Kisser Johannes 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe present food system is characterized by a linear flow of resources from rural areas into cities, where most food is consumed and essential nutrients discharged as wastewater. Limited water and phosphorus resources and large carbon footprints of chemical fertilizers drive increased recovery of water and nutrients for reuse in agriculture. Alongside end-of-pipe technologies at conventional wastewater treatment plants, nature-based solutions provide a robust and low-energy alternative solution. This paper assesses the potential of treatment processes using NBS to close water and nutrient cycles in the urban food system. A Substance Flow Analysis approach is used to quantify the recoverable urban nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) budget contained in household wastewater and biodegradable kitchen waste, using the city of Vienna, Austria, as an example. The developed model reflects the metabolization of water and nutrients by treatment wetlands and biogas digesters into fertigation water and fertilizer. It differentiates between specific crop nutrient requirements and yields, and by greenhouse and outdoor farming conditions in a temperate climate. Results indicate that, using NBS, the wastewater and kitchen waste from 77,250 persons could fully cover the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer demand of the entire vegetable production in Vienna, which currently supplies one-third of Vienna’s vegetable consumption. Additional people connected to the system can supply significant excess nutrients to produce other crops within and beyond the city. The model can inform selection and design of NBS for nutrient recovery and reuse, and support integrated planning regarding use of secondary nutrient sources and optimization of secondary nutrient utilization.
Graphite from Palaeoproterozoic enhanced carbon burial, and its metallogenic legacy
Authors: Parnell John , Brolly Connor , Boyce Adrian J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe episode of widespread organic carbon deposition marked by peak black shale sedimentation during the Palaeoproterozoic is also reflected in exceptionally abundant graphite deposits of this age. Worldwide anoxic/euxinic sediments were preserved as a deep crustal reservoir of both organic carbon, and sulphur in accompanying pyrite, both commonly >1 wt %. The carbon- and sulphur-rich Palaeoproterozoic crust interacted with mafic magma to cause Ni–Co–Cu–PGE mineralization over the next billion years, and much uranium currently produced is from Mesoproterozoic deposits nucleated upon older Palaeoproterozoic graphite. Palaeoproterozoic carbon deposition has thus left a unique legacy of both graphite deposits and long-term ore deposition.
Stigma Reduction Interventions of Dementia: A Scoping Review
Authors: Bacsu Juanita-Dawne , Johnson Shanthi , O’Connell Megan E. , Viger Marc , Muhajarine Nazeem , Hackett Paul , Jeffery Bonnie , Novik Nuelle , McIntosh Thomas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDespite its global importance and the recognition of dementia as an international public health priority, interventions to reduce stigma of dementia are a relatively new and emerging field. The purpose of this review was to synthesize the existing literature and identify key components of interventions to reduce stigma of dementia. We followed Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review process to examine peer-reviewed literature of interventions to reduce dementia-related stigma. A stigma-reduction framework was used for classifying the interventions: education (dispel myths with facts), contact (interact with people with dementia), mixed (education and contact), and protest (challenge negative attitudes). From the initial 732 references, 21 studies were identified for inclusion. We found a variety of education, contact, and mixed interventions ranging from culturally tailored films to intergenerational choirs. Findings from our review can inform the development of interventions to support policies, programs, and practices to reduce stigma and improve the quality of life for people with dementia.
Health Impacts of Climate Change as Contained in Economic Models Estimating the Social Cost of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Cromar Kevin , Howard Peter , Vásquez Váleri N. , Anthoff David 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe health impacts of climate change are substantial and represent a primary motivating factor to mitigate climate change. However, the health impacts in economic models that estimate the social cost of carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) have generally been made in isolation from health experts and have never been rigorously evaluated. Version 3.10 of the Framework for Uncertainty, Negotiation and Distribution (FUND) model was used to estimate the health‐based portion of current SC‐CO2estimates across low‐, middle‐, and high‐income regions. In addition to the base model, three additional experiments assessed the sensitivity of these estimates to changes in the socio‐economic assumptions in the model. Economic impacts from adverse health outcomes represent ∼8.7% of current SC‐CO2estimates. The majority of these health impacts (74%) were attributable to diarrhea mortality (from both low‐ and high‐income regions) followed by diarrhea morbidity (12%) and malaria mortality (11%); no other health impact makes a meaningful contribution to SC‐CO2estimates in current economic models. The results of the socio‐economic experiments show that the health‐based portion of SC‐CO2estimates are highly sensitive to assumptions regarding income elasticity of health effects, income growth, and use of equity weights. Improving the health‐based portion of SC‐CO2estimates could have substantial impacts on magnitude of the SC‐CO2. Incorporating additional health impacts not previously included in estimates of SC‐CO2will be a critical component of model updates. This effort will be most successful through coordination between economists and health researchers and should focus on updating the form and function of concentration‐response functions.
Mapping Irregularities in the Postsunset Equatorial Ionosphere With an Expanded Network of HF Beacons
Authors: Hysell D. L. , Rojas E. , Goldberg H. , Milla M. A. , Kuyeng K. , Valdez A. , Morton Y. T. , Bourne H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractData from a network of high‐frequency (HF) beacons deployed in Peru are used to estimate the regional ionospheric electron density in a volume. Pseudorange, accumulated carrier phase, and signal power measurements for each of the 36 ray paths provided by the network at a 1 min cadence are incorporated in the estimates. Additional data from the Jicamarca incoherent scatter radar, the Jicamarca sounder, and GPS receivers can also be incorporated. The electron density model is estimated as the solution to a global optimization problem that uses ray tracing in the forward model. The electron density is parametrized in terms of B‐splines in the horizontal direction and generalized Chapman functions or related functions in the vertical. Variational sensitivity analysis has been added to the method to allow for the utilization of the signal power observable which gives additional information about the morphology of the bottomside F region as well as absorption including absorption in the D and E regions. The goal of the effort is to provide contextual information for improving numerical forecasts of plasma interchange instabilities in the postsunset F region ionosphere associated with equatorial spread F (ESF). Data from two ESF campaigns are presented. In one experiment, the HF data revealed the presence of a large‐scale bottomside deformation that seems to have led to instability under otherwise inauspicious conditions. In another experiment, gradual variations in HF signal power were found to be related to the varying shape of the bottomside F layer.
Sensing leg movement enhances wearable monitoring of energy expenditure
Authors: Slade Patrick , Kochenderfer Mykel J. , Delp Scott L. , Collins Steven H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPhysical inactivity is the fourth leading cause of global mortality. Health organizations have requested a tool to objectively measure physical activity. Respirometry and doubly labeled water accurately estimate energy expenditure, but are infeasible for everyday use. Smartwatches are portable, but have significant errors. Existing wearable methods poorly estimate time-varying activity, which comprises 40% of daily steps. Here, we present a Wearable System that estimates metabolic energy expenditure in real-time during common steady-state and time-varying activities with substantially lower error than state-of-the-art methods. We perform experiments to select sensors, collect training data, and validate the Wearable System with new subjects and new conditions for walking, running, stair climbing, and biking. The Wearable System uses inertial measurement units worn on the shank and thigh as they distinguish lower-limb activity better than wrist or trunk kinematics and converge more quickly than physiological signals. When evaluated with a diverse group of new subjects, the Wearable System has a cumulative error of 13% across common activities, significantly less than 42% for a smartwatch and 44% for an activity-specific smartwatch. This approach enables accurate physical activity monitoring which could enable new energy balance systems for weight management or large-scale activity monitoring.
Changes in Atlantic major hurricane frequency since the late-19th century
Authors: Vecchi Gabriel A. , Landsea Christopher , Zhang Wei , Villarini Gabriele , Knutson Thomas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAtlantic hurricanes are a major hazard to life and property, and a topic of intense scientific interest. Historical changes in observing practices limit the utility of century-scale records of Atlantic major hurricane frequency. To evaluate past changes in frequency, we have here developed a homogenization method for Atlantic hurricane and major hurricane frequency over 1851–2019. We find that recorded century-scale increases in Atlantic hurricane and major hurricane frequency, and associated decrease in USA hurricanes strike fraction, are consistent with changes in observing practices and not likely a true climate trend. After homogenization, increases in basin-wide hurricane and major hurricane activity since the 1970s are not part of a century-scale increase, but a recovery from a deep minimum in the 1960s–1980s. We suggest internal (e.g., Atlantic multidecadal) climate variability and aerosol-induced mid-to-late-20th century major hurricane frequency reductions have probably masked century-scale greenhouse-gas warming contributions to North Atlantic major hurricane frequency.