bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological Boundaries of the Parotid Gland in Koreans
Authors: Kim Ye-Gyung , Jeon Anna , Sui Hong-Jin , Hwang Kun , Han Seung-Ho 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the accurate location and boundary of the parotid gland in Koreans.Forty hemifaces from embalmed cadavers (mean age: 73 years) were studied. The line connecting the porion, gonion, and gnathion was used as a reference line. To measure the boundary of the parotid gland, the Frankfort horizontal line was used as thex-axis, whereas the vertical line passing through the porion was used as they-axis. All measurements were taken from the lateral side of the face.The parotid gland has a variety of shapes: irregular, reverse triangle, and falciform. In all specimens, the boundary of the parotid gland was located 20 to 60 mm below the Frankfort horizontal line and located 10 mm anterior to they-axis. On average, the most anterior and posterior distances of the parotid gland from the porion-gonion line were 36.4 ± 13.9 mm and 20.1 ± 10.5 mm, respectively, and the most inferior distance of the parotid gland from the gonion-gnathion line was 9.8 ± 5.8 mm. All specimens of parotid glands were found within an area 20 to 40 mm below the Frankfort horizontal line and 10 mm to the left of they-axis. The most anterior point of the parotid gland was observed at varying locations. The maximum value of the most anterior point was 61.26 mm; it rarely exceeded the ectocanthion. The most posterior points of the parotid gland were located between the mastoid process and sternocleidomastoid muscle.These results might be useful for preventing injury to the parotid gland during facial rejuvenation procedures.
Frontal Sinus Fractures: 10-Year Contemporary Experience at a Level 1 Urban Trauma Center
Authors: Obayemi Adetokunbo , Losenegger Tasher , Long Sallie , Spielman Daniel , Casiano Michael F. , Reeve Gwendolyn , Kacker Ashutosh , Stewart Michael , Sclafani Anthony 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Frontal sinus fractures account for 5% to 15% of all facial fractures, and have traditionally been associated with high kinetic energy blunt injury. Surgical management is largely focused on minimizing potentially serious sequelae including frontal sinus dysfunction, CSF leak, and significant cosmetic deformity. An institutional database of 1944 patients presenting with maxillofacial fractures over a 10-year period was queried. Demographics, mechanism of injury, yearly trends, surgical approaches, and follow-up data were examined. A total of 160 (8.3%) patients presented with at least 1 fracture of the frontal sinus anterior table, posterior table, or frontal sinus outflow tract during the study period. The average annual number of cases was 15.9 ± 5.7 per year with a peak of 21.5 ± 4.0 cases during the 2014 to 2015 period and a decline to 8.5 ± 1.5 cases/year from 2016 to 2017. Among those patients with falls, 61.5% (n = 40) were a result of tripping or fainting at a height of <6 ft. 55.6% of fracture types were isolated to the anterior table, but fracture location was not significantly associated with operative intervention. Cases of operative fracture type had a higher rate of both displacement and comminution compared to nonoperative fractures (P < 0.00001). Of all patients presenting with frontal sinus fractures, 75% of cases were managed nonoperatively. However, many patients presented with falls and other seemingly low energy injuries which are not traditionally associated with frontal sinus trauma. These results highlight the need for continued follow-up even in otherwise low-risk urban populations in order to avoid long term sinus dysfunction.
Fronto-Orbital Advancement and Posterior Cranial Vault Expansion Using Distraction Osteogenesis in Patients With Multiple Craniosynostosis
Authors: Kamil Muhammad , Oyoshi Tatsuki , Komasaku Soichiro , Kuroki Shinichi , Higa Nayuta , Yoshimoto Koji 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the treatment outcomes and the efficiency of techniques of fronto-orbital advancement (FOA) and posterior cranial vault expansion (PCVE) using distraction osteogenesis in patients with multiple craniosynostosis. We assessed the treatment results and outcomes of 8 patients with multiple craniosynostosis at the Kagoshima University Hospital between 2005 and 2019. Each 4 patients underwent FOA and PCVE, respectively, using distraction osteogenesis. The cranial volume and developmental quotient (DQ) were measured at the preoperative period and 1 year after surgery. The mean patient age at surgery was 22 months. The mean preoperative cranial volume was 1027 and 1071 cm3 in the FOA and PCVE groups, respectively. The mean preoperative DQ scores were 74 and 67, respectively. After 1-year of follow-up, the corresponding mean cranial volume became 1108 and 1243 cm3, respectively. The corresponding mean DQ scores also improved to 74 and 81, respectively. The postoperative follow-ups in all cases were uneventful, except for persistent epilepsy in 1 patient. Fronto-orbital advancement and PCVE using distraction osteogenesis might contribute to good outcomes in expanding cranial volume, cosmetic osteogenesis, and infantile development in patients with multiple craniosynostosis. Regarding the cranial volume expansion, especially, PCVE using distraction osteogenesis is more effective than FOA.
Overlooked Piece of Wood Served as a Vector Transmitting Clostridium Perfringens: A Case Report Emphasizing the Awareness of Gas-Forming Organisms in Posttraumatic Pneumocephalus
Authors: Andereggen Lukas , Beck Juergen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The radiological depiction of posttraumatic pneumocephalus is due to trapped air in most cases. Although rarely reported, it can also be the result of a gas-forming organism, requiring immediate treatment due to high mortality. Here, we report on an elderly patient with radiological appearance of posttraumatic intracranial pneumocephalus after a wound was closed without recognition of a retained tree branch. The piece of wood served as a vector for transmission of Clostridium perfringens causing the collection of abnormal intracranial air. Radical excision of temporal muscle tissue along with extensive evacuation of the brain abscess and targeted intravenous antibiotics resulted in minor morbidity.
Although a piece of wood can easily be missed with current diagnostic imaging, it is crucial that both clinicians and radiologists are aware of the presence of air and its differential diagnosis in posttraumatic pneumocephalus, in order to allow timely treatment in this fatal disease.
Is Le Fort I Distraction Enough to Treat Severe Midface Hypoplasia?
Authors: Goel Pedram , Fahradyan Artur , Wolfswinkel Erik M. , Jacob Laya , Yen Stephen L-K. , Urata Mark M. , Hammoudeh Jeffrey A. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
In severe cases of maxillary hypoplasia, Le Fort I distraction may be required for treatment. This study describes our experience with internal distraction devices and assesses our outcomes in patients with a negative overjet on average >15 mm.

Methods:
A retrospective review of patients with a history of cleft lip and/or palate who underwent Le Fort I distraction at our institution from 11/2007-11/2017 was performed. Data regarding demographics, procedural details and outcomes were collected and analyzed.

Results:
Twenty patients, 13 (65.0%) male and 7 (30.0%) female, were included. All (100%) patients had a history of cleft lip and/or palate and 2 (10.0%) of them had associated syndromes. All 20 patients underwent internal distraction. The average age at surgery was 17.8 years (range 15.2–20.7, SD 1.6 years). The average preoperative negative overjet was 19.27 mm (range 10–30, SD 5.63 mm). The mean total distraction length was 15.3 mm (range 0–30, SD 6.72 mm). There were no intraoperative complications, however, there were a total of 4 (20.0%) postoperative complications, 2 of which required reoperation due to device malfunction or displacement. 14 (70.0%) patients had repeat procedures to complete occlusal correction or correct relapse.

Conclusions:
Maxillary distraction alone was insufficient for correction of maxillary discrepancies averaging >15 mm. Instead, it's utility may be in positioning the maxilla for a more viable final advancement and fixation procedure, rather than being solely responsible for achieving normal occlusion during distraction.
Magnitude, change over time, demographic characteristics and geographic distribution of excess deaths among nursing home residents during the first wave of COVID-19 in France: a nationwide cohort study
Authors: Canouï-Poitrine Florence , Rachas Antoine , Thomas Martine , Carcaillon-Bentata Laure , Fontaine Roméo , Gavazzi Gaëtan , Laurent Marie , Robine Jean-Marie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractImportanceNursing home (NH) residents are particularly vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infections and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lethality. However, excess deaths in this population have rarely been documented.ObjectivesThe primary objective was to assess the number of excess deaths among NH residents during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in France. The secondary objectives were to determine the number of excess deaths as a proportion of the total excess deaths in the general population and determine whether a harvesting effect was present.DesignWe studied a cohort of 494,753 adults (as of March 1st, 2020) aged 60 and over in 6,515 NHs in mainland France. This cohort was exposed to the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (from March 1st to May 31st, 2020) and was compared with the corresponding, reference cohorts from 2014 to 2019 (using data from the French National Health Data System).Main outcome and measuresThe main outcome was all-cause death. Weekly excess deaths and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were estimated.ResultThere were 13,505 excess deaths among NH residents. Mortality increased by 43% (SMR: 1.43). The mortality excess was higher among males than among females (SMR: 1.51 and 1.38, respectively) and decreased with age (SMRs in females: 1.61 in the 60-74 age group, 1.58 for 75-84, 1.41 for 85-94, and 1.31 for 95 or over; Males: SMRs: 1.59 for 60-74, 1.69 for 75-84, 1.47 for 85-94, and 1.41 for 95 or over). We did not observe a harvesting effect (up until August 30th, 2020). By extrapolating to all NH residents nationally (N=570,003), the latter accounted for 51% of the total excess deaths in the general population (N=15,114 out of 29,563).ConclusionNH residents accounted for about half of the total excess deaths in France during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The excess death rate was higher among males than females and among younger residents than among older residents. We did not observe a harvesting effect. A real-time mortality surveillance system and the identification of individual and environmental risk factors might help to design the future model of care for older dependent adults.Key pointsDuring the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in France, the mortality among nursing home residents increased by 43%.Nursing home residents accounted for 51% of the total excess deaths in France.The excess mortality was higher among younger residents than among older residents.The excess mortality was higher among males than among females.We did not observe a harvesting effect during the study period (ending on August 30th, 2020, i.e., three months after the end of the first wave).
Model-based cellular kinetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection: different immune response modes and treatment strategies
Authors: Zhou Zhengqing , Zhao Ziheng , Shi Shuyu , Wu Jianghua , Li Dianjie , Li Jianwei , Zhang Jingpeng , Gui Ke , Zhang Yu , Mei Heng , Hu Yu , Ouyang Qi , Li Fangting 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIncreasing number in global COVID-19 cases demands for mathematical model to analyze the interaction between the virus dynamics and the response of innate and adaptive immunity. Here, based on the assumption of a weak and delayed response of the innate and adaptive immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infection, we constructed a mathematical model to describe the dynamic processes of immune system. Integrating theoretical results with clinical COVID-19 patients’ data, we classified the COVID-19 development processes into three typical modes of immune responses, correlated with the clinical classification of mild & moderate, severe and critical patients. We found that the immune efficacy (the ability of host to clear virus and kill infected cells) and the lymphocyte supply (the abundance and pool of naïve T and B cell) play important roles in the dynamic process and determine the clinical outcome, especially for the severe and critical patients. Furthermore, we put forward possible treatment strategies for the three typical modes of immune response. We hope our results can help to understand the dynamical mechanism of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and to be useful for the treatment strategies and vaccine design.
Early analysis of a potential link between viral load and the N501Y mutation in the SARS-COV-2 spike protein
Authors: Golubchik Tanya , Lythgoe Katrina A. , Hall Matthew , Ferretti Luca , Fryer Helen R. , MacIntyre-Cockett George , de Cesare Mariateresa , Trebes Amy , Piazza Paolo , Buck David , Todd John A. ,   The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) consortium, Fraser Christophe , Bonsall David 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA new variant of SARS-CoV-2 has emerged which is increasing in frequency, primarily in the South East of England (lineage B.1.1.7 (1); VUI-202012/01). One potential hypothesis is that infection with the new variant results in higher viral loads, which in turn may make the virus more transmissible. We found higher (sequence derived) viral loads in samples from individuals infected with the new variant with median inferred viral loads were three-fold higher in individuals with the new variant. Most of the new variants were sampled in Kent and Greater London. We observed higher viral loads in Kent compared to Greater London for both the new variant and other circulating lineages. Outside Greater London, the variant has higher viral loads, whereas within Greater London, the new variant does not have significantly higher viral loads compared to other circulating lineages. Higher variant viral loads outside Greater London could be due to demographic effects, such as a faster variant growth rate compared to other lineages or concentration in particular age-groups. However, our analysis does not exclude a causal link between infection with the new variant and higher viral loads. This is a preliminary analysis and further work is needed to investigate any potential causal link between infection with this new variant and higher viral loads, and whether this results in higher transmissibility, severity of infection, or affects relative rates of symptomatic and asymptomatic infectionDocument Description and PurposeThis is an updated report submitted to NERVTAG in December 2020 as part of urgent investigations into the new variant of SARS-COV-2 (VUI-202012/01). It makes full use of (and is restricted to) all sequence data and associated metadata available to us at the time this original report was submitted and remains provisional. Under normal circumstances more genomes and metadata would be obtained and included before making this report public. We will update this preprint when more genomes and metadata are available and before submitting for peer review.
Prostate cancer castrate resistant progression usage of non-canonical androgen receptor signaling and ketone body fuel
Authors: Labanca Estefania , Bizzotto Juan , Sanchis Pablo , Yang Jun , Shepherd Peter D.A. , Paez Alejandra , Antico-Arciuch Valeria , Anselmino Nicolas , Lage-Vickers Sofia , Hoang Anh G. , Titus Mark , Efstathiou Eleni , Cotignola Javier , Araujo John , Logothetis Christopher , Vazquez Elba , Navone Nora , Gueron Geraldine 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTProstate cancer (PCa) that progresses after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains incurable. The intricacy of metabolic pathways associated with PCa progression spurred us to develop a metabolism-centric analysis. Using PCa patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) we assessed the metabolic changes after castration of tumor-bearing mice. We found that relapsed tumors had a significant increase in fatty acids and ketone body content compared with baseline. We confirmed that critical ketogenic/ketolytic enzymes (ACAT1, OXCT1, BDH1) were significantly augmented after castrate-resistant progression. Further, these enzymes are increased in the human donor tissue after progressing to ADT.Increased ACAT1 and OXCT1 was also observed for a subset of PCa patients that relapsed with low AR and ERG expression. These factors were associated with decreased biochemical relapse and progression free survival. In summary, our studies reveal the key metabolites fueling castration resistant progression in the context of a partial or complete loss of AR dependence.
Scalable cardiovascular risk assessment using artificial intelligence-enabled event adjudication and widely available hematologic predictors
Authors: Truslow James G. , Goto Shinichi , Homilius Max , Mow Christopher , Higgins John M. , MacRae Calum A. , Deo Rahul C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionResearchers routinely evaluate novel biomarkers for incorporation into clinical risk models. Although of potential benefit, such emerging markers, which are often costly or not yet commercially available, are unlikely to enable the scalable risk assessment needed for population health strategies. In contrast, the ideal inputs for population approaches would be those already widely available for most patients. We hypothesized that simple hematologic markers, available in an outpatient complete blood count without differential, would be useful to develop risk models for cardiovascular events.MethodsUsing routine laboratory measurements as predictors and neural network-based automated event adjudication of 1,072,348 discharge summaries, we developed and validated models for prediction of heart attack, ischemic stroke, heart failure hospitalization, revascularization, and all-cause mortality.ResultsModels with hematology indices alone showed Harrell’s concordance index ranging from 0.60–0.80 on an external validation set. Hematology indices added significantly in terms of discrimination and calibration performance compared to models using only demographic data and diagnostic codes for coronary artery disease, heart failure, and ischemic stroke, with the concordance index of resulting models in the range 0.75–0.85 on an external validation set. Predictive features varied by outcome, and included red blood cell, leukocyte, and platelet indices.ConclusionWe conclude that low-cost ubiquitous inputs, if biologically informative, can provide population-level readouts of risk.
Impact of CancelRx on Discontinuation of Controlled Substance Prescriptions
Authors: Watterson Taylor L. , Stone Jamie A , Gilson Aaron , Brown Roger , Xiong Ka Z , Schiefelbein Anthony , Ramly Edmond , Kleinschmidt Peter , Semanik Michael , Craddock Lauren , Pitts Samantha , Woodroof Taylor , Chui Michelle 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveTo assess how controlled substance medication discontinuations were communicated over timeData SourcesSecondary data from a midwestern academic health system electronic health record and pharmacy platform were collected 12-months prior to CancelRx implementation and for 12-months post implementation.Study DesignThe study utilized an interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) to capture the proportion of controlled substance medications that were cancelled in the clinic’s electronic health record and also cancelled in the pharmacy’s dispensing software. The ITSA plotted the proportion of successful cancellation messages over time, particularly after the health system’s implementation of CancelRx, a novel technology.Data Collection/ExtractionData were extracted from the EHR and pharmacy records for patients aged 18+ who had a controlled substance discontinued by a health system provider. Information collected included patient demographics, drug information (name, dose), and dates discontinued in the clinic and pharmacy records.Principal FindingsAfter CancelRx implementation there was a significant increase in the proportion of discontinued controlled substance medications that were communicated to the pharmacy.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the role that technology can play in promoting controlled substance policy and medication safety.
Proline-rich Extensin-like Receptor Kinases PERK5 and PERK12 are involved in Pollen Tube Growth
Authors: Borassi Cecilia , Sede Ana R. , Mecchia Martin A. , Mangano Silvina , Marzol Eliana , Denita-Juarez Silvina P. , Salgado Salter Juan D. , Velasquez Silvia M. , Muschietti Jorge P. , Estevez José M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundCell wall integrity plays an essential role during polarized cell growth typical of pollen tubes and root hairs. Proline-rich Extensin-like Receptor Kinases (PERK) belong to the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily of cell surface glycoproteins.ResultsHere, we identified two PERKs from Arabidopsis thaliana, PERK5 and PERK12 highly expressed in mature pollen. Pollen tube growth was impaired in the single and double perk5-1 perk12-1 loss of function mutants, with a moderate impact on seed production. When the segregation of self- and reciprocal-crosses of the perk5-1, perk5-2 and perk12-1 single mutants, and reciprocal-crosses of the perk5-1 perk12-1 double mutant were carried out, a male gametophytic defect was found, indicating that perk5-1 and perk12-1 mutants carry defective pollen tubes, resulting in deficient pollen transmission. Furthermore, double perk5-1 perk12-1 mutants show excessive accumulation of pectins and cellulose at the cell wall pollen of the tube tip. In addition, an upregulation of cytoplasmic ROS levels were detected by using 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe (H2DCF-DA), and in agreement, similar results were obtained with HyPer, a genetically encoded YFP-based radiometric sensor, which is used to follow the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Single and double perk5-1 perk12-1 mutants show higher levels of cytoplasmic H2O2 in their pollen tube tips.ConclusionsTaken together, our results suggest that PERK5 and PERK12 are necessary for proper pollen tube growth highlighting their role on cell wall assembly and ROS homeostasis.
In silicoapproach on drug repurposing - Antimalarial drugs against HIV-1 protease
Authors: Arulanandam Charli Deepak 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAcquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), belonging to the retrovirus family is one of the most devastating contagious diseases of this century. Most of the available approved drugs are small molecules which are used in antiretroviral therapy (ART) that trigger the therapeutic response through binding to a targeted protein, HIV-1 protease (PR). This protein represents the most important antiretroviral drug target due to its key role in viral development inhibition. Computational tools using computer-aided technologies have proven useful in accelerating the drug discovery. In this study we evaluated selected FDA (USA) approved antimalarial drugs against HIV-1 protease to find a potential inhibitor candidate for HIV-1 PR (PDB 6DJ1). Binding affinities and Ki inhibition constant of an AutoDock 4.2 study suggest that of all assessed antimalarial agents, Lumefantrine (LUM) would be a most promising HIV-1 PR inhibitor.