bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
P‐Wave Tomography for 3‐D Radial and Azimuthal Anisotropy Beneath Greenland and Surrounding Regions
Authors: Toyokuni Genti , Zhao Dapeng 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe present the first 3‐D images of P‐wave radial anisotropy (RAN) and azimuthal anisotropy (AAN) down to 750‐km depth beneath Greenland and surrounding regions. Three P‐wave velocity models (isotropic, RAN, and AAN) are determined by applying a regional tomographic method to simultaneously invert P wave arrival times of 1,309 local events and P wave relative traveltime residuals of 7,202 teleseismic events, which were recorded mainly by the latest GLISN network. A high‐velocity body located beneath northeast Greenland (NEG) exhibits a strong negative RAN and a strong AAN with N‐S to NE‐SW oriented fast‐velocity directions (FVDs). The FVDs are generally consistent with the direction of the fold axis of the Caledonian fold belt, which outcrops in NEG. Beneath the Iceland, Jan Mayen, and Svalbard hotspots, a strong positive RAN and a negligible or weak AAN are revealed, which may reflect effects of upwelling mantle plumes. Among the three hotspots, a weak AAN with a constant FVD is only revealed beneath Iceland, which may reflect the existence of background mantle flow. The RAN and AAN features beneath the Labrador Sea, Davis Strait, and Baffin Bay suggest the following scenario on breakup between Greenland and Canada: the breakup was initiated at the Labrador Sea due to local mantle upwelling, but the northward propagation of the breakup was blocked by a strong high‐velocity anomaly beneath Davis Strait; the opening of Baffin Bay might be caused passively by far‐field plate forces.
Oceanic Harbingers of Pacific Decadal Oscillation Predictability in CESM2 Detected by Neural Networks
Authors: Gordon Emily M. , Barnes Elizabeth A. , Hurrell James W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPredicting Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) transitions and understanding the associated mechanisms has proven a critical but challenging task in climate science. As a form of decadal variability, the PDO is associated with both large‐scale climate shifts and regional climate predictability. We show that artificial neural networks (ANNs) predict PDO persistence and transitions with lead times of 12 months onward. Using layer‐wise relevance propagation to investigate the ANN predictions, we demonstrate that the ANNs utilize oceanic patterns that have been previously linked to predictable PDO behavior. For PDO transitions, ANNs recognize a build‐up of ocean heat content in the off‐equatorial western Pacific 12–27 months before a transition occurs. The results support the continued use of ANNs in climate studies where explainability tools can assist in mechanistic understanding of the climate system.
Diurnal Variation of Overshooting Tops in Typhoons Detected by Himawari‐8 Satellite
Authors: Sun Liangxiao , Tang Xiaodong , Zhuge Xiaoyong , Tan Zhe‐Min , Fang Juan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOvershooting top (OT), a proxy for deep convection with an intense updraft that can penetrate the tropopause, has an important influence on typhoon intensification. Using 9003 Himawari‐8 satellite images and a unique OT detection algorithm, the diurnal variation of OTs within 45 western North Pacific typhoons were analyzed. We examined the distribution of OTs in different types of typhoons in terms of both intensity and intensity change and the relationship between the OTs and typhoon intensification on a diurnal scale. Our results show that a greater OT density (OTD) occurs in strong typhoons and rapid intensification (RI) typhoons. Moreover, RI typhoons showed greater diurnal variation than non‐RI typhoons. The diurnal cycle of OTD in RI typhoons was in phase with the intensification of the typhoon, with the maximum in the early morning. Therefore, OTD can become a potentially effective indicator to estimate diurnal changes in typhoon intensity.
Jupiter's Temperate Belt/Zone Contrasts Revealed at Depth by Juno Microwave Observations
Authors: Fletcher L. N. , Oyafuso F. A. , Allison M. , Ingersoll A. , Li L. , Kaspi Y. , Galanti E. , Wong M. H. , Orton G. S. , Duer K. , Zhang Z. , Li C. , Guillot T. , Levin S. M. , Bolton S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractJuno microwave radiometer (MWR) observations of Jupiter's midlatitudes reveal a strong correlation between brightness temperature contrasts and zonal winds, confirming that the banded structure extends throughout the troposphere. However, the microwave brightness gradient is observed to change sign with depth: the belts are microwave‐bright in the bar range and microwave‐dark in the bar range. The transition level (which we call the “jovicline”) is evident in the MWR 11.5 cm channel, which samples the 5–14 bar range when using the limb‐darkening at all emission angles. The transition is located between 4 and 10 bars, and implies that belts change with depth from being ‐depleted to ‐enriched, or from physically warm to physically cool, or more likely a combination of both. The change in character occurs near the statically stable layer associated with water condensation. The implications of the transition are discussed in terms of ammonia redistribution via meridional circulation cells with opposing flows above and below the water condensation layer, and in terms of the “mushball” precipitation model, which predicts steeper vertical ammonia gradients in the belts versus the zones. We show via the moist thermal wind equation that both the temperature and ammonia interpretations can lead to vertical shear on the zonal winds, but the shear is weaker if only gradients are considered. Conversely, if MWR observations are associated with kinetic temperature gradients then it would produce zonal winds that increase in strength down to the “jovicline”, consistent with Galileo probe measurements; then decay slowly at higher pressures.
Experimental Investigation of Mercury's Magma Ocean Viscosity: Implications for the Formation of Mercury's Cumulate Mantle, Its Subsequent Dynamic Evolution, and Crustal Petrogenesis
Authors: Mouser Megan D. , Dygert Nicholas , Anzures Brendan A. , Grambling Nadine L. , Hrubiak Rostislav , Kono Yoshio , Shen Guoyin , Parman Stephen W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMercury has a compositionally diverse surface that was produced by different periods of igneous activity suggesting heterogeneous mantle sources. Understanding the structure of Mercury's mantle formed during the planet's magma ocean stage could help in developing a petrologic model for Mercury, and thus, understanding its dynamic history in the context of crustal petrogenesis. We present results of falling sphere viscometry experiments on late‐stage Mercurian magma ocean analogue compositions conducted at the Advanced Photon Source, beamline 16‐BM‐B, Argonne National Laboratory. Owing to the presence of sulfur on the surface of Mercury, two compositions were tested, one with sulfur and one without. The liquids have viscosities of 0.6–3.9 (sulfur‐bearing; 2.6–6.2 GPa) and 0.6–10.9 Pa·s (sulfur‐free; 3.2–4.5 GPa) at temperatures of 1600–2000°C. We present new viscosity models that enable extrapolation beyond the experimental conditions and evaluate grain growth and the potential for crystal entrainment in a cooling, convecting magma ocean. We consider scenarios with and without a graphite flotation crust, suggesting endmember outcomes for Mercury's mantle structure. With a graphite flotation crust, crystallization of the mantle would be fractional with negatively buoyant minerals sinking to form a stratified cumulate pile according to the crystallization sequence. Without a flotation crust, crystals may remain entrained in the convecting liquid during solidification, producing a homogeneous mantle. In the context of these endmember models, the surface could result from dynamical stirring or mixing of a mantle that was initially heterogeneous, or potentially from different extents of melting of a homogeneous mantle.
Evaluation of SaRIF High‐Energy Electron Reconstructions and Forecasts
Authors: Glauert S. A. , Horne R. B. , Kirsch P. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIncreasing numbers of satellites are orbiting through the Earth's radiation belts, and the range of orbits being commonly used is also growing. As a result, there is an increasing need for services to help protect satellites from space weather. The Satellite RIsk prediction and radiation Forecast (SaRIF) system provides reconstructions and forecasts of the high‐energy electron flux throughout the outer radiation belt and translates these predictions into charging currents, dose rates, total ionizing dose and risk indicators. SaRIF both informs satellite operators of current and expected conditions and provides a tool to aid in post‐event analysis. The reconstructions and forecasts are provided by the British Antarctic Survey Radiation Belt Model (BAS‐RBM) running as part of an automatic system using real‐time data to specify the boundary conditions and drive processes within the physics‐based model. If SaRIF is to provide a useful tool, then the accuracy of the reconstructions and forecasts needs to be understood. Here we assess the accuracy of the simulations for geostationary orbit by comparing the model output with measurements made by the GOES 14 spacecraft for the period March–September 2019. No GOES 14 data was used to create the reconstruction or forecasts. We show that, with some improvements to the original system, the reconstructions have a prediction efficiency of 0.82 for >800 keV electrons and 0.87 for >2 MeV electrons, with corresponding prediction efficiencies of 0.59 and 0.78 for the forecasts.
Age-related immune alterations and cerebrovascular inflammation
Authors: Finger Carson E. , Moreno-Gonzalez Ines , Gutierrez Antonia , Moruno-Manchon Jose Felix , McCullough Louise D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAging is associated with chronic systemic inflammation, which contributes to the development of many age-related diseases, including vascular disease. The world’s population is aging, leading to an increasing prevalence of both stroke and vascular dementia. The inflammatory response to ischemic stroke is critical to both stroke pathophysiology and recovery. Age is a predictor of poor outcomes after stroke. The immune response to stroke is altered in aged individuals, which contributes to the disparate outcomes between young and aged patients. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the effects of aging on the immune system and the cerebral vasculature and how these changes alter the immune response to stroke and vascular dementia in animal and human studies. Potential implications of these age-related immune alterations on chronic inflammation in vascular disease outcome are highlighted.
Menin inhibition suppresses castration-resistant prostate cancer and enhances chemosensitivity
Authors: Cherif Chaïma , Nguyen Dang Tan , Paris Clément , Le Thi Khanh , Sefiane Thibaud , Carbuccia Nadine , Finetti Pascal , Chaffanet Max , kaoutari Abdessamad El , Vernerey Julien , Fazli Ladan , Gleave Martin , Manai Mohamed , Barthélémy Philippe , Birnbaum Daniel , Bertucci François , Taïeb David , Rocchi Palma 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDisease progression and therapeutic resistance of prostate cancer (PC) are linked to multiple molecular events that promote survival and plasticity. We previously showed that heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) acted as a driver of castration-resistant phenotype (CRPC) and developed an oligonucleotides antisense (ASO) against HSP27 with evidence of anti-cancer activity in men with CRPC. Here, we show that the tumor suppressor Menin (MEN1) is highly regulated by HSP27. Menin is overexpressed in high-grade PC and CRPC. High MEN1 mRNA expression is associated with decreased biochemical relapse-free and overall survival. Silencing Menin with ASO technology inhibits CRPC cell proliferation, tumor growth, and restores chemotherapeutic sensitivity. ChIP-seq analysis revealed differential DNA binding sites of Menin in various prostatic cells, suggesting a switch from tumor suppressor to oncogenic functions in CRPC. These data support the evaluation of ASO against Menin for CRPC.
Platelets in pediatric and neonatal sepsis: novel mediators of the inflammatory cascade
Authors: O’Reilly Daniel , Murphy Claire A. , Drew Richard , El-Khuffash Afif , Maguire Patricia B. , Ainle Fionnuala Ni , Mc Callion Naomi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Sepsis, a dysregulated host response to infection, has been difficult to accurately define in children. Despite a higher incidence, especially in neonates, a non-specific clinical presentation alongside a lack of verified biomarkers has prevented a common understanding of this condition. Platelets, traditionally regarded as mediators of haemostasis and thrombosis, are increasingly associated with functions in the immune system with involvement across the spectrum of innate and adaptive immunity. The large number of circulating platelets (approx. 150,000 cells per microlitre) mean they outnumber traditional immune cells and are often the first to encounter a pathogen at a site of injury. There are also well-described physiological differences between platelets in children and adults. The purpose of this review is to place into context the platelet and its role in immunology and examine the evidence where available for its role as an immune cell in childhood sepsis. It will examine how the platelet interacts with both humoral and cellular components of the immune system and finally discuss the role the platelet proteome, releasate and extracellular vesicles may play in childhood sepsis. This review also examines how platelet transfusions may interfere with the complex relationships between immune cells in infection.

Impact

Platelets are increasingly being recognised as important “first responders” to immune threats.

Differences in adult and paediatric platelets may contribute to differing immune response to infections.

Adult platelet transfusions may affect infant immune responses to inflammatory/infectious stimuli.
Regulatory T cells promote cancer immune-escape through integrin αvβ8-mediated TGF-β activation
Authors: Lainé Alexandra , Labiad Ossama , Hernandez-Vargas Hector , This Sébastien , Sanlaville Amélien , Léon Sophie , Dalle Stéphane , Sheppard Dean , Travis Mark A. , Paidassi Helena , Marie Julien C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPresence of TGFβ in the tumor microenvironment is one of the most relevant cancer immune-escape mechanisms. TGFβ is secreted in an inactive form, and its activation within the tumor may depend on different cell types and mechanisms than its production. Here we show in mouse melanoma and breast cancer models that regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the β8 chain of αvβ8 integrin (Itgβ8) are the main cell type in the tumors that activates TGFβ, produced by the cancer cells and stored in the tumor micro-environment. Itgβ8 ablation in Treg cells impairs TGFβ signalling in intra-tumoral T lymphocytes but not in the tumor draining lymph nodes. Successively, the effector function of tumor infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes strengthens, leading to efficient control of tumor growth. In cancer patients, anti-Itgβ8 antibody treatment elicits similar improved cytotoxic T cell activation. Thus, this study reveals that Treg cells work in concert with cancer cells to produce bioactive-TGFβ and to create an immunosuppressive micro-environment.
Microenvironmental IL-6 inhibits anti-cancer immune responses generated by cytotoxic chemotherapy
Authors: Bent Eric H. , Millán-Barea Luis R. , Zhuang Iris , Goulet Daniel R. , Fröse Julia , Hemann Michael T. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCytotoxic chemotherapeutics primarily function through DNA damage-induced tumor cell apoptosis, although the inflammation provoked by these agents can stimulate anti-cancer immune responses. The mechanisms that control these distinct effects and limit immunogenic responses to DNA-damage mediated cell death in vivo are currently unclear. Using a mouse model of BCR-ABL+ B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, we show that chemotherapy-induced anti-cancer immunity is suppressed by the tumor microenvironment through production of the cytokine IL-6. The chemotherapeutic doxorubicin is curative in IL-6-deficient mice through the induction of CD8+ T-cell-mediated anti-cancer responses, while moderately extending lifespan in wild type tumor-bearing mice. We also show that IL-6 suppresses the effectiveness of immune-checkpoint inhibition with anti-PD-L1 blockade. Our results suggest that IL-6 is a key regulator of anti-cancer immune responses induced by genotoxic stress and that its inhibition can switch cancer cell clearance from primarily apoptotic to immunogenic, promoting and maintaining durable anti-tumor immune responses.
BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine elicited antibody response in blood and milk of breastfeeding women
Authors: Rosenberg-Friedman Michal , Kigel Aya , Bahar Yael , Werbner Michal , Alter Joel , Yogev Yariv , Dror Yael , Lubetzky Ronit , Dessau Moshe , Gal-Tanamy Meital , Many Ariel , Wine Yariv 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe importance of breastmilk in postnatal life lies in the strong association between breastfeeding and the reduction in the risk of infection and infection-related infant mortality. However, data regarding the induction and dynamics of breastmilk antibodies following administration of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine is scarce, as pregnant and lactating women were not included in the initial vaccine clinical trials. Here, we investigate the dynamics of the vaccine-specific antibody response in breastmilk and serum in a prospective cohort of ten lactating women who received two doses of the mRNA vaccine. We show that the antibody response is rapid and highly synchronized between breastmilk and serum, reaching stabilization 14 days after the second dose. The response in breastmilk includes both IgG and IgA with neutralization capacity.
Impact of intensifying nitrogen limitation on ocean net primary production is fingerprinted by nitrogen isotopes
Authors: Buchanan Pearse J. , Aumont Olivier , Bopp Laurent , Mahaffey Claire , Tagliabue Alessandro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe open ocean nitrogen cycle is being altered by increases in anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen deposition and climate change. How the nitrogen cycle responds will determine long-term trends in net primary production (NPP) in the nitrogen-limited low latitude ocean, but is poorly constrained by uncertainty in how the source-sink balance will evolve. Here we show that intensifying nitrogen limitation of phytoplankton, associated with near-term reductions in NPP, causes detectable declines in nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) and constitutes the primary perturbation of the 21stcentury nitrogen cycle. Model experiments show that ~75% of the low latitude twilight zone develops anomalously low δ15N by 2060, predominantly due to the effects of climate change that alter ocean circulation, with implications for the nitrogen source-sink balance. Our results highlight that δ15N changes in the low latitude twilight zone may provide a useful constraint on emerging changes to nitrogen limitation and NPP over the 21stcentury.
Oncogene-mediated metabolic gene signature predicts breast cancer outcome
Authors: Aslan Merve , Hsu En-Chi , Garcia-Marques Fernando J. , Bermudez Abel , Liu Shiqin , Shen Michelle , West Meredith , Zhang Chiyuan Amy , Rice Meghan A. , Brooks James D. , West Robert , Pitteri Sharon J. , Győrffy Balázs , Stoyanova Tanya 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBreast cancer remains the second most lethal cancer among women in the United States and triple-negative breast cancer is the most aggressive subtype with limited treatment options. Trop2, a cell membrane glycoprotein, is overexpressed in almost all epithelial cancers. In this study, we demonstrate that Trop2 is overexpressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and downregulation of Trop2 delays TNBC cell and tumor growth supporting the oncogenic role of Trop2 in breast cancer. Through proteomic profiling, we discovered a metabolic signature comprised of TALDO1, GPI, LDHA, SHMT2, and ADK proteins that were downregulated in Trop2-depleted breast cancer tumors. The identified oncogene-mediated metabolic gene signature is significantly upregulated in TNBC patients across multiple RNA-expression clinical datasets. Our study further reveals that the metabolic gene signature reliably predicts poor survival of breast cancer patients with early stages of the disease. Taken together, our study identified a new five-gene metabolic signature as an accurate predictor of breast cancer outcome.
Mental health in people with Parkinson’s disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: potential for targeted interventions?
Authors: Dommershuijsen L. J. , Van der Heide A. , Van den Berg E. M. , Labrecque J. A. , Ikram M. K. , Ikram M. A. , Bloem B. R. , Helmich R. C. , Darweesh S. K. L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has introduced a myriad of challenges to the social life and care of people with Parkinson’s disease (PD), which could potentially worsen mental health problems. We used baseline data of the PRIME-NL study (N = 844) to examine whether the association between COVID-19 stressors and mental health is disproportionately large in specific subgroups of people with PD and to explore effects of hypothetical reductions in COVID-19 stressors on mental health and quality of life. The mean (SD) age of the study population was 70.3 (7.8) years and 321 (38.0%) were women. The linear regression effect estimate of the association of COVID-19 stressors with mental health was most pronounced in women, highly educated people, people with advanced PD and people prone to distancing or seeking social support. Smaller effect estimates were found in people scoring high on confrontive coping or planful problem solving. The parametric G-formula method was used to calculate the effects of hypothetical interventions on COVID-19 stressors. An intervention reducing stressors with 50% in people with above median MDS-UPDRS-II decreased the Beck Depression Inventory in this group from 14.7 to 10.6, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory from 81.6 to 73.1 and the Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire from 35.0 to 24.3. Insights from this cross-sectional study help to inform tailored care interventions to subgroups of people with PD most vulnerable to the impact of COVID-19 on mental health and quality of life.