bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frege's Answer to Kripke
Authors: Korte Tapio 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn his Naming and Necessity, Saul Kripke puts forth a series of arguments against theories of proper names he calls Frege‐Russell theories. As the title reveals, Kripke takes Gottlob Frege's theory of sense and Bedeutung to be a good representative of these theories. In this essay, I characterize how Frege might have answered Kripke. I agree with Kripke that presumably Frege thought that the sense of a proper name is the same as some definite description. I, however, question his assumption that Frege's theory of proper names was a theory of meaning as he uses the term. I go even further and suggest that it is not so obvious that Frege thought, at least always, that the role of the concept of sense in his theory is a semantic concept at all. This constitutes the heart of my reconstruction of Frege's answer. I argue that this, together with Frege's conception of natural languages, would have allowed him to hold that the sense of a proper name may sometimes be the same as the sense of an indefinite or even a wrong description. This makes Frege's theory immune to Kripke's counter‐arguments.
Acetylation of conserved lysines fine‐tunes mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase activity in land plants
Authors: Balparda Manuel , Elsässer Marlene , Badia Mariana B. , Giese Jonas , Bovdilova Anastasiia , Hüdig Meike , Reinmuth Lisa , Eirich Jürgen , Schwarzländer Markus , Finkemeier Iris , Schallenberg‐Rüdinger Mareike , Maurino Veronica G. 
Published: October 2021

SUMMARYPlants need to rapidly and flexibly adjust their metabolism to changes of their immediate environment. Since this necessity results from the sessile lifestyle of land plants, key mechanisms for orchestrating central metabolic acclimation are likely to have evolved early. Here, we explore the role of lysine acetylation as a post‐translational modification to directly modulate metabolic function. We generated a lysine acetylome of the moss Physcomitrium patens and identified 638 lysine acetylation sites, mostly found in mitochondrial and plastidial proteins. A comparison with available angiosperm data pinpointed lysine acetylation as a conserved regulatory strategy in land plants. Focusing on mitochondrial central metabolism, we functionally analyzed acetylation of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH), which acts as a hub of plant metabolic flexibility. In P. patens mMDH1, we detected a single acetylated lysine located next to one of the four acetylation sites detected in Arabidopsis thaliana mMDH1. We assessed the kinetic behavior of recombinant A. thaliana and P. patens mMDH1 with site‐specifically incorporated acetyl‐lysines. Acetylation of A. thaliana mMDH1 at K169, K170, and K334 decreases its oxaloacetate reduction activity, while acetylation of P. patens mMDH1 at K172 increases this activity. We found modulation of the malate oxidation activity only in A. thaliana mMDH1, where acetylation of K334 strongly activated it. Comparative homology modeling of MDH proteins revealed that evolutionarily conserved lysines serve as hotspots of acetylation. Our combined analyses indicate lysine acetylation as a common strategy to fine‐tune the activity of central metabolic enzymes with likely impact on plant acclimation capacity.
Inverse Design of Two-Dimensional Airfoils Using Conditional Generative Models and Surrogate Log-Likelihoods
Authors: Chen Qiuyi , Wang Jun , Pope Phillip , (Wayne) Chen Wei , Fuge Mark 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper shows how to use conditional generative models in two-dimensional (2D) airfoil optimization to probabilistically predict good initialization points within the vicinity of the optima given the input boundary conditions, thus warm starting and accelerating further optimization. We accommodate the possibility of multiple optimal designs corresponding to the same input boundary condition and take this inversion ambiguity into account when designing our prediction framework. To this end, we first employ the conditional formulation of our previous work BézierGAN–Conditional BézierGAN (CBGAN)—as a baseline, then introduce its sibling conditional entropic BézierGAN (CEBGAN), which is based on optimal transport regularized with entropy. Compared with CBGAN, CEBGAN overcomes mode collapse plaguing conventional GANs, improves the average lift-drag (Cl/Cd) efficiency of airfoil predictions from 80.8% of the optimal value to 95.8%, and meanwhile accelerates the training process by 30.7%. Furthermore, we investigate the unique ability of CEBGAN to produce a log-likelihood lower bound that may help select generated samples of higher performance (e.g., aerodynamic performance). In addition, we provide insights into the performance differences between these two models with low-dimensional toy problems and visualizations. These results and the probabilistic formulation of this inverse problem justify the extension of our GAN-based inverse design paradigm to other inverse design problems or broader inverse problems.
Analytical Limit Load Procedure for the Axial Complex Shaped Defect in a Pressurized Pipe
Authors: Orynyak Igor , Bai Julia , Mazuryk Roman 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The paper is devoted to elaboration of the analytical O-procedure for the limit load analysis of complex shaped axial defect in a pressurized pipe. It is based on the classical lower bound theorem of the theory of plasticity, and consists in construction of the statically admissible solution, where distribution of stress satisfies to the equilibrium equations and strength conditions. O-procedure is an optimization process to get the most favorable stress distribution for providing the maximal pressure. It allows to explicitly account for the variable geometrical and physical parameters. Contrary to other approaches, the derived formula for rectangular defect is only a particular case of the general procedure application. Four different methods for the complex defects are compared. They are: first, ASME, A-, rectangular defect formula combined with RSTRENG, R-, procedure, i.e., A–R approach; second, PCORRC, P-, formula with R-procedure, P–R approach; third, Orynyak's, O-, formula with R-procedure, O–R approach; and fourth, our universal O-procedure. The verification begins for rectangular defects where both theoretical and experimental comparison is performed for A-, P-, and O- formulas. The difference between them is small, provided that all three employ the same characteristic of material, here the ultimate strength. Then theoretical comparison for A–R, P–R, O–R approaches and O-procedure is performed for the artificial complex defects, for two symmetrical rectangular defects, for triangular defect. Experimental comparison between four methods is made based on the well-known University of Waterloo full scale tests.
Benchmark Analysis of Ductile Fracture Simulation for Circumferentially Cracked Pipes Subjected to Bending
Authors: Kumagai Tomohisa , Miura Yasufumi , Miura Naoki , Marie Stephane , Almahdi Remmal , Mano Akihiro , Li Yinsheng , Katsuyama Jinya , Wada Yoshitaka , Hwang Jin-ha , Kim Yun-Jae , Nagashima Toshio , Huh Nam-Su , Takahashi Akiyuki 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
To predict fracture behavior for ductile materials, some ductile fracture simulation methods different from classical approaches have been investigated based on appropriate models of ductile fracture. For the future use of the methods to overcome restrictions of classical approaches, the applicability to the actual components is of concern. In this study, two benchmark problems on the fracture tests supposing actual components were provided to investigate the prediction ability of simulation methods containing parameter decisions. One was the circumferentially through-wall and surface cracked pipes subjected to monotonic bending, and the other was the circumferentially through-wall cracked pipes subjected to cyclic bending. Participants predicted the ductile crack propagation behavior by their own approaches, including finite element method (FEM) employed Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) yielding function with void ratio criterion, are FEM employed GTN yielding function, FEM with fracture strain or energy criterion modified by stress triaxiality, extended FEM with J or ΔJ criterion, FEM with stress triaxiality and plastic strain based ductile crack propagation using FEM, and elastic-plastic peridynamics. Both the deformation and the crack propagation behaviors for monotonic bending were well reproduced, while few participants reproduced those for cyclic bending. To reproduce pipe deformation and fracture behaviors, most of the groups needed parameters that were determined to reproduce pipe deformation and fracture behaviors in benchmark problems themselves and it is still difficult to reproduce them by using parameters only from basic materials tests.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Transient Cavitating Flows in a Mixed Flow Pump With Different Number of Blades at Startup
Authors: Desheng Zhang , Qiang Zhou , Qi Gu , Guangjian Zhang , Bin Xu , Linlin Geng , van Esch B. P. M. (Bart) 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to experimentally and numerically investigate the transient cavitation flow during the startup process of mixed flow pump with emphasis on studying the influence of blade numbers. The transient cavitation simulation was studied based on the improved SST k–ω turbulence model and the Zwart cavitation model. Firstly, in order to obtain the relationship between transient flow rate and the variation of rotational speed at startup, a theoretical analysis based on the fast transients of centrifugal pump was first applied to mixed flow pump and was verified by the current experiment study. Subsequently, the influence of blade number on the cavitation flow in the startup was studied. It is found that the transient cavitation could be classified into four stages regardless of the number of blades: no cavitation stage, the cavitation growth stage, the cavitation reduction stage and the cavitation stabilization stage. However, the blade number does have an impact on the spatial-temporal evolution of cavitation. More specifically, when the blade number increases, the initial cavitation appeared lately, the coverage area of the triangular cavitation cloud and sheet cavitation both decreased, and the increase in blade number has a better inhibitory effect on the sheet cavitation at the cavitation growth stage, and can make sheet cavitation disappear more quickly at the cavitation reduction stage.
Corrosion-Resistant Metal-Ceramic Composite Coatings for Tribological Applications
Authors: Renner Peter , Jha Swarn , Chen Yan , Chagouri Tariq , Kazadi Serge , Gharib Mohamed , Liang Hong 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Effective design of corrosion-resistant coatings is critical for the protection of metals and alloys. Many state-of-the-art corrosion-resistant coatings are unable to satisfy the challenges in extreme environments for tribological applications, such as elevated or cryogenic temperatures, high mechanical loads and impacts, severe wear, chemical attack, or a combination of these. The nature of challenging conditions demands that coatings have high corrosion and wear resistance, sustained friction control, and maintain surface integrity. In this research, multi-performance metal-ceramic composite coatings were developed for applications in harsh environments. These coatings were developed with an easy to fabricate, low-cost, and safe procedure. The coating consisted of boron nitride, graphite, silicon carbide, and transition metals such as chromium or nickel using epoxy as vehicle and bonding agent. Salt spray (SS) corrosion tests showed that 1010 carbon steel (1/4 hard temper) substrates lost 20–100 × more mass than the coatings. The potentiodynamic polarization study showed better performance of the coatings by seven orders of magnitude in terms of corrosion relative to the substrate. Additionally, the corrosion rates of the coatings with Ni as an additive were five orders of magnitude lower than reported. The coefficient of friction (COF) of coatings was as low as 0.1, five to six times lower than that of epoxy and lower than a wide range of epoxy resin-based coatings found in literature. Coatings developed here exhibited potential in applications in challenging environments for tribological applications.
George Victor Du Noyer’s large format paintings: Nineteenth-century lecture slides
Authors: Parkes* Matthew Alastair 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The National Museum of Ireland’s natural history collections include a range of large format artworks, many of paleontological subjects, which were painted by George Victor Du Noyer, the celebrated nineteenth-century geologist, antiquarian, and artist who worked for both the Ordnance Survey of Ireland and the Geological Survey of Ireland (GSI). Letterbook references in the archives of GSI indicate that most, if not all of these, were commissioned by Joseph Beete Jukes, director of the GSI, for different public lecture series. The artistic qualities of the work suggest they were done at speed. However, they also are designed to be seen from a distance within a lecture hall, so an apparently crude technique is appropriate to the purpose. In effect, the watercolor paintings in this series are the PowerPoint presentation of the 1850s.
Fossil illustrations in three dimensions: Ward’s models at Cornell University
Authors: Brice* William R. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Some fossil examples are rare, but the educational value of such samples is undeniable. One way around this dilemma, and one that was popular in the late 1800s and early 1900s, was to have students study 3-D models; this solution was used by many universities, among them Cornell University. One of the main, but not the only, suppliers of such models was Ward’s Natural Science Establishment of Rochester, New York, USA, which was founded in 1862 by Henry Augustus Ward (1834–1906). Even today the use of virtual, computer-generated 3-D models in classroom laboratories indicates how important 3-D visualization continues to be. But a computer image cannot be held in one’s hands, so the use of 3-D printer technology allows students to create their own physical models. However, none of these technologies can totally replace seeing and working with actual specimens or life-sized reproductions. Thus, museum displays are still an important aspect of educational activity for both students and the general public. This chapter explores how Cornell University made use of the models purchased from Ward’s in the late 1800s and the fate of some of these replicas.
The present is the key to the paleo-past: Charles R. Knight’s reconstruction of extinct beasts for the Field Museum, Chicago
Authors: Clary* Renee M. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Although he was legally blind, Charles R. Knight (1874–1953) established himself as the premier paleontological artist in the early 1900s. When the Field Museum, Chicago, commissioned a series of large paintings to document the evolution of life, Knight was the obvious choice. Knight considered himself an artist guided by science; he researched and illustrated living animals and modern landscapes to better understand and represent extinct life forms within their paleoecosystems. Knight began the process by examining fossil skeletons; he then constructed small models to recreate the animals’ life anatomy and investigate lighting. Once details were finalized, Knight supervised assistants to transfer the study painting to the final mural. The Field Museum mural process, a monumental task of translating science into public art, was accompanied by a synergistic tension between Knight, who wanted full control over his artwork, and the museum’s scientific staff; the correct position of an Eocene whale’s tail—whether uplifted or not—documents a critical example. Although modern scientific understanding has rendered some of Knight’s representations obsolete, the majority of his 28 murals remain on display in the Field Museum’s Evolving Planet exhibit. Museum educators contrast these murals with contemporary paleontological knowledge, thereby demonstrating scientific progress for better public understanding of the nature of science.
Evaluation of the efficacy of an intersection conflict warning system at two-way stop-controlled rural intersections: difference-in-differences and triple-difference analytical approaches
Authors: Tian Disi , Gerberich Susan G , Kim Hyun , Ryan Andrew D , Erickson Darin J , Morris Nichole L 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveIntersection conflict warning systems (ICWSs) have been implemented at high-risk two-way stop-controlled intersections to prevent right-angle crashes and associated injuries. This study involved investigation of the impacts of ICWSs on crash reductions.MethodsThe study used a quasi-experimental design to analyse the potential causal relations between Minnesota’s ICWSs and various crash rate outcomes (including total, injury, non-injury, targeted right-angle and non-right-angle crashes) in pre-post analyses. A restricted randomisation method enabled identification of three controls to each ICWS treatment intersection, and included as many comparable intersection characteristics as possible. Annual crash rates (per year per intersection) were analysed over the same periods before and after system activation for treatment and control intersections in each matched group. Pre-crash data for 3 years and post-crash data for up to 5 years were included, ranging from 2010 to 2018. Negative binomial regression models with generalised estimating equations were applied to estimate the average, immediate and continuing treatment effects of ICWSs, through the difference-in-differences and difference-in-difference-in-difference approaches, respectively.ResultsThe ICWS treatment was significantly associated with a decreasing trend for targeted right-angle crash rates posttreatment. Although not statistically significant, most crash rate outcomes appeared to be elevated immediately after treatment (statistically significant for sideswipe crashes only). Pre–post differences in average crash rates (over entire periods), except for incapacitating injury-related crashes, were not statistically significant between treatment and control intersections.ConclusionsThe study provided important insight into potential causal associations between intersection safety countermeasures and crashes at high-risk rural two-way stop-controlled intersections.
Molecular diagnoses in the congenital malformations caused by ciliopathies cohort of the 100,000 Genomes Project
Authors: Best Sunayna , Lord Jenny , Roche Matthew , Watson Christopher M , Poulter James A , Bevers Roel P J , Stuckey Alex , Szymanska Katarzyna , Ellingford Jamie M , Carmichael Jenny , Brittain Helen , Toomes Carmel , Inglehearn Chris , Johnson Colin A , Wheway Gabrielle 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundPrimary ciliopathies represent a group of inherited disorders due to defects in the primary cilium, the ‘cell’s antenna’. The 100,000 Genomes Project was launched in 2012 by Genomics England (GEL), recruiting National Health Service (NHS) patients with eligible rare diseases and cancer. Sequence data were linked to Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) terms entered by recruiting clinicians.MethodsEighty-three prescreened probands were recruited to the 100,000 Genomes Project suspected to have congenital malformations caused by ciliopathies in the following disease categories: Bardet-Biedl syndrome (n=45), Joubert syndrome (n=14) and ‘Rare Multisystem Ciliopathy Disorders’ (n=24). We implemented a bespoke variant filtering and analysis strategy to improve molecular diagnostic rates for these participants.ResultsWe determined a research molecular diagnosis for n=43/83 (51.8%) probands. This is 19.3% higher than previously reported by GEL (n=27/83 (32.5%)). A high proportion of diagnoses are due to variants in non-ciliopathy disease genes (n=19/43, 44.2%) which may reflect difficulties in clinical recognition of ciliopathies. n=11/83 probands (13.3%) had at least one causative variant outside the tiers 1 and 2 variant prioritisation categories (GEL’s automated triaging procedure), which would not be reviewed in standard 100,000 Genomes Project diagnostic strategies. These include four structural variants and three predicted to cause non-canonical splicing defects. Two unrelated participants have biallelic likely pathogenic variants in LRRC45, a putative novel ciliopathy disease gene.ConclusionThese data illustrate the power of linking large-scale genome sequence to phenotype information. They demonstrate the value of research collaborations in order to maximise interpretation of genomic data.
Non-invasive ventilation versus invasive weaning in critically ill adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Burns Karen E A , Stevenson James , Laird Matthew , Adhikari Neill K J , Li Yuchong , Lu Cong , He Xiaolin , Wang Wentao , Liang Zhenting , Chen Lu , Zhang Haibo , Friedrich Jan O 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundExtubation to non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has been investigated as a strategy to wean critically ill adults from invasive ventilation and reduce ventilator-related complications.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, proceedings of four conferences and bibliographies (to June 2020) for randomised and quasi-randomised trials that compared extubation with immediate application of NIV to continued invasive weaning in intubated adults and reported mortality (primary outcome) or other outcomes. Two reviewers independently screened citations, assessed trial quality and abstracted data.ResultsWe identified 28 trials, of moderate-to-good quality, involving 2066 patients, 44.6% with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Non-invasive weaning significantly reduced mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.57, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.74; high quality), weaning failures (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.81; high quality), pneumonia (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.41; high quality), intensive care unit (ICU) (mean difference (MD) −4.62 days, 95% CI −5.91 to −3.34) and hospital stay (MD −6.29 days, 95% CI −8.90 to −3.68). Non-invasive weaning also significantly reduced the total duration of ventilation, duration of invasive ventilation and duration of ventilation related to weaning (MD −0.57, 95% CI −1.08 to −0.07) and tracheostomy rate. Mortality, pneumonia, reintubation and ICU stay were significantly lower in trials enrolling COPD (vs mixed) populations.ConclusionNon-invasive weaning significantly reduced mortality, pneumonia and the duration of ventilation related to weaning, particularly in patients with COPD. Beneficial effects are less clear (or more careful patient selection is required) in non-COPD patients.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020201402.
Locating and Identifying Codes in Circulant Graphs
Authors: Song Shu Jiao , Zhang Weiqian , Xu Can 
Published: October 2021

Identifying and locating-dominating codes have been studied widely in circulant graphs. Recently, Ville Junnila et al. (Optimal bounds on codes for location in circulant graphs, Cryptography and Communications; 2019) studied identifying and locating-dominating codes in circulants

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are studied, and this extends Junnila et al.’s results to general cases.