bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subjective Cash Flow and Discount Rate Expectations
Authors: DE LA O RICARDO , MYERS SEAN 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTWhy do stock prices vary? Using survey forecasts, we find that cash flow growth expectations explain most movements in the S&P 500 price‐dividend and price‐earnings ratios, accounting for at least 93% and 63% of their variation. These expectations comove strongly with price ratios, even when price ratios do not predict future cash flow growth. In comparison, return expectations have low volatility and small comovement with price ratios. Short‐term, rather than long‐term, expectations account for most price ratio variation. We propose an asset pricing model with beliefs about earnings growth reversal that accurately replicates these cash flow growth expectations and dynamics.
Pregnancy outcome after first trimester exposure to domperidone—An observational cohort study
Authors: Hishinuma Kayoko , Yamane Ritsuko , Yokoo Ikuko , Arimoto Takahide , Takahashi Kunihiko , Goto Mikako , Saito Yoshiyuki , Nakajima Ken , Murashima Atsuko , Hayashi Masahiro 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimTo assess the teratogenic risk of domperidone by comparing the incidence of major malformation with domperidone to a control.MethodsPregnancy outcome data were obtained for women at two Japanese facilities that provide counseling on drug use during pregnancy between April 1988 and December 2017. The incidence of major malformation was calculated among infants born to women taking domperidone (n = 519), nonteratogenic drugs (control, n = 1673), or metoclopramide (reference, n = 241) during the first trimester of pregnancy. Using the control group as reference, the crude odds ratio (OR) of the incidence of major malformation in the domperidone and metoclopramide groups was calculated using univariable logistic regression analysis. Adjusted OR was also calculated using multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for various other factors.ResultsThe incidence of major malformation was 2.9% (14/485, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6–4.8) in the domperidone group, 1.7% (27/1554, 95%CI: 1.1–2.5) in the control group, and 3.6% (8/224, 95%CI: 1.6–6.9) in the metoclopramide group. The adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis showed no significant difference in incidence between the control and domperidone groups (adjusted OR: 1.86 [95%CI: 0.73–4.70], p = 0.191) or between the control and metoclopramide groups (adjusted OR: 2.20 [95%CI: 0.69–6.98], p = 0.183).ConclusionsThis observational cohort study showed that domperidone exposure during the first trimester was not associated with increased risk of major malformation in infants. These results may help alleviate the anxiety of patients who took domperidone during pregnancy.
Interregional fiscal transfers resulting from central government debt: New insights and consequences for political economy
Authors: Jennes Geert 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe political geography of central government debt has hardly been investigated. We propose a method for calculating implicit interregional transfers stemming from central government debt.We apply this method to Belgium over the 1970‐2016 period. The share of poorer Francophone Belgium in debt‐financed central governmentspendingwas persistently larger than its share in central governmentrevenueused to pay the resulting interest bills. The opposite holds for richer Flanders. Also, a primary deficit inone particular yearleads to an interest bill ineach of the following yearsas long as debt caused by that primary deficit is not repaid. All the above caused debt‐related transfers from Flanders to Francophone Belgium of over 7% of Flemish GDP during many years.Interregional interest transfers may also be large in the many other democracies suffering from both high central government debt and considerable geographic income disparities.The size of these transfers mayin turn explainthe size and persistence of central government deficits. This is also because poorer, less densely populated regions such as Francophone Belgium tend to be overrepresented within central governments. This strengthens their ability to cause deficits.We recommend more fiscal decentralisation or at least smaller central government deficits.
A novel lightweight deep convolutional neural network for early detection of oral cancer
Authors: Jubair Fahed , Al‐karadsheh Omar , Malamos Dimitrios , Al Mahdi Samara , Saad Yusser , Hassona Yazan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo develop a lightweight deep convolutional neural network (CNN) for binary classification of oral lesions into benign and malignant or potentially malignant using standard real‐time clinical images.MethodsA small deep CNN, that uses a pretrained EfficientNet‐B0 as a lightweight transfer learning model, was proposed. A data set of 716 clinical images was used to train and test the proposed model. Accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and area under curve (AUC) were used to evaluate performance. Bootstrapping with 120 repetitions was used to calculate arithmetic means and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsThe proposed CNN model achieved an accuracy of 85.0% (95% CI: 81.0%–90.0%), a specificity of 84.5% (95% CI: 78.9%–91.5%), a sensitivity of 86.7% (95% CI: 80.4%–93.3%) and an AUC of 0.928 (95% CI: 0.88–0.96).ConclusionsDeep CNNs can be an effective method to build low‐budget embedded vision devices with limited computation power and memory capacity for diagnosis of oral cancer. Artificial intelligence (AI) can improve the quality and reach of oral cancer screening and early detection.
Against Mother's Day and Employee Appreciation Day and Other Representations of Oppressive Expectations as Opportunities for Excellence and Beneficence
Authors: Martin Adrienne M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAppreciation and gratitude get good press: They are central virtues in many religious and secular ethical frameworks, core in positive psychology research, and they come highly recommended by the self‐improvement set. Generally, appreciation and gratitude feature as good things, in popular consciousness. Of course, on an Aristotelian model, the belief that these are virtues implies they are something people can get right or wrong. This paper examines bad appreciation and bad gratitude, characterizing forms of appreciation and gratitude at the center of some major social norms and practices, and demonstrating that they mask familiar oppressive expectations and power relations.
Application of unsupervised machine learning to identify areas of blood product wastage in transfusion medicine
Authors: Xiang Richard F. , Quinn Jason G. , Watson Stephanie , Kumar‐Misir Andrew , Cheng Calvino 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundWastage of blood products can be a significant cost to blood banks. However, the cause of wastage is often complex and makes it difficult to determine wastage‐associated factors. Machine learning techniques may be useful tools to investigate these complex associations. We investigated whether unsupervised machine learning can identify patterns associated with wastage in our blood bank.Materials and methodsData on red blood cells, platelets and frozen products were obtained from the laboratory information system of the Central Zone Blood Transfusion Services at Nova Scotia Health Authority. A total of 879 532 transactions were analysed by association rule mining, a type of machine learning algorithm. Associations with lift scores greater than 25 and with clinical relevance were flagged for further examination.ResultsAssociation rule mining returned a total of 3355 associations related to wastage. Several notable associations were identified. For example, certain wards were associated with wastage due to thawing unused frozen products. Other examples included association between smaller blood banks and evening work shifts with product wastage due to excess time outside the laboratory or returning products with high temperatures.ConclusionThis paper demonstrates the effective use of unsupervised machine learning for the purpose of investigating wastage in a large blood bank. The use of association rule mining was able to identify wastage factors, which can help guide quality improvement initiatives. This technique can be automated to provide rapid analysis of complex associations contributing to wastage and could be utilized in modern blood banks.
Flow Distortion Into the Core Engine for an Installed Variable Pitch Fan in Reverse Thrust Mode
Authors: Rajendran David John , Pachidis Vassilios 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The flow distortion at core engine entry for a variable pitch fan (VPF) in reverse thrust mode is described from a realistic flow field obtained using an integrated airframe-engine model. The model includes the VPF, core entry splitter, complete bypass nozzle flow path wrapped in a nacelle, and installed to an airframe in landing configuration through a pylon. A moving ground plane to mimic the rolling runway is included. 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solutions are generated at two combinations of VPF stagger angle and rotational speed settings for the entire aircraft landing run from 140 to 20 knots. The internal reverse thrust flow field is characterized by bypass nozzle lip separation, pylon wake, and recirculation of flow turned back from the VPF. A portion of the reverse stream flow turns 180 deg with separation at the splitter leading edge to feed the core engine. The core engine feed flow exhibits circumferential and radial nonuniformities that depend on the reverse flow development at different landing speeds. The temporal dependence of the distorted flow features is also explored by an unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) analysis. Total pressure and swirl angle distortion descriptors, as defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) S-16 committee, and, total pressure loss into the core engine are described for the core feed flow at different operating conditions and landing speeds. It is observed that the radial intensity of total pressure distortion is critical to core engine operation, while the circumferential intensity is within acceptable limits. Therefore, the baseline sharp splitter edge is replaced by two larger rounded splitter edges of radii, ∼0.1x and ∼0.2x times the core duct height. This was found to reduce the radial intensity of total pressure distortion to acceptable levels. The description of the installed core feed flow distortion, as described in this study, is necessary to ascertain stable core engine operation, which powers the VPF in reverse thrust mode.
Impact of Additive Manufacturing on Internal Cooling Channels With Varying Diameters and Build Directions
Authors: Wildgoose Alexander J. , Thole Karen A. , Sanders Paul , Wang Lieke 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe use of additive manufacturing (AM) processes, such as direct metal laser sintering, provides the design freedom required to incorporate complex cooling schemes in gas turbine components. Additively manufactured turbine components have a range of cooling feature sizes and, because of the inherent three-dimensionality, a wide range of build angles. Previous studies have shown that AM built directions influence internal channel surface roughness that, in turn, augment heat transfer and pressure loss. This study investigates the impact of AM on channel feature size and builds direction relative to tolerance, surface roughness, pressure losses, and convective cooling. Multiple AM coupons were built from Inconel 718 consisting of channels with different diameters and a variety of build directions. An experimental rig was used to measure pressure drop to calculate friction factor and was used to impose a constant surface temperature boundary condition to collect Nusselt number over a range of Reynolds numbers. Significant variations in surface roughness and geometric deviations from the design intent were observed for distinct build directions and channel sizes. These differences led to notable impacts in friction factor and Nusselt number augmentations, which were a strong function of build angle.
Systematic review of interventions to improve gender equity in graduate medicine
Authors: Lydon Sinéad , O'Dowd Emily , Walsh Chloe , O'Dea Angela , Byrne Dara , Murphy Andrew W , O'Connor Paul 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWomen are substantially underrepresented in senior and leadership positions in medicine and experience gendered challenges in their work settings. This systematic review aimed to synthesise research that has evaluated interventions for improving gender equity in medicine. English language electronic searches were conducted across MEDLINE, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, PsycINFO and Web of Science. Reference list screening was also undertaken. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and March 2020 that evaluated interventions to improve gender equity, or the experiences of women, in academic or clinical medicine were reviewed. Dual reviewer data extraction on setting, participants, type of intervention, measurement and outcomes was completed. Methodological rigour and strength of findings were evaluated. In total, 34 studies were included. Interventions were typically focused on equipping the woman (82.4%), that is, delivering professional development activities for women. Fewer focused on changing cultures (20.6%), ensuring equal opportunities (23.5%) or increasing the visibility or valuing of women (23.5%). Outcomes were largely positive (87.3%) but measurement typically relied on subjective, self-report data (69.1%). Few interventions were implemented in clinical settings (17.6%). Weak methodological rigour and a low strength of findings was observed. There has been a focus to-date on interventions which Equip the Woman. Interventions addressing systems and culture change require further research consideration. However, institutions cannot wait on high quality research evidence to emerge to take action on gender equity. Data collated suggest a number of recommendations pertaining to research on, and the implementation of, interventions to improve gender equity in academic and clinical settings.
Healthcare worker protection against epidemic viral respiratory disease
Authors: Scantling-Birch Yarrow , Newton Richard , Naveed Hasan , Rajak Saul , Bhutta Mahmood F 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLower respiratory infections are often caused or precipitated by viruses and are a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Mutations in these viral genomes can produce highly infectious strains that transmit across species and have the potential to initiate epidemic, or pandemic, human viral respiratory disease. Transmission between humans primarily occurs via the airborne route and is accelerated by our increasingly interconnected and globalised society. To this date, there have been four major human viral respiratory outbreaks in the 21st century. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at particular risk during respiratory epidemics or pandemics. This is due to crowded working environments where social distancing, or wearing respiratory personal protective equipment for prolonged periods, might prove difficult, or performing medical procedures that increase exposure to virus-laden aerosols, or bodily fluids. This review aims to summarise the evidence and approaches to occupational risk and protection of HCWs during epidemic or pandemic respiratory viral disease.
An estimation of the harm of menthol cigarettes in the United States from 1980 to 2018
Authors: Le Thuy TT , Mendez David 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundMenthol cigarettes are thought to encourage smoking initiation among youths and young adults and make it more difficult for smokers to quit, thus increasing cigarette harm. However, no study to date has quantified the damage that menthol cigarettes have caused the US population.ObjectiveTo estimate the excess smoking prevalence, smoking initiation, and mortality in the US from 1980 through 2018 that can be attributed to menthol cigarettes.MethodsUsing a well-established simulation model of smoking prevalence and health effects and data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), we first reproduced the overall US adult smoking prevalence between 1980 and 2018 (pseudo-R2=0.98) and associated mortality. Then we re-ran the model, assuming that menthol cigarettes were not present in the market over the same period. Finally, we compared both scenarios to quantify the public health harm attributable to menthol over the 1980–2018 period.ResultsFrom 1980 to 2018, we found that menthol cigarettes were responsible for slowing down the decline in smoking prevalence by 2.6 percentage points (13.7% vs 11.1% in 2018). Our results also show that menthol cigarettes were responsible for 10.1 million extra smokers, 3 million life years lost and 378 000 premature deaths during that period.ConclusionsWith millions of excess smoking initiators and thousands of smoking-related deaths due to mentholated cigarettes from 1980 through 2018, our results indicate that these products have had a significant detrimental impact on the public’s health and could continue to pose a substantial health risk. Our findings can assist the Food and Drug Administration in evaluating potential regulatory actions for mentholated tobacco products.
Folic acid ameliorates neonatal isolation-induced autistic like behaviors in rats: epigenetic modifications of BDNF and GFAP promotors
Authors: Ahmed Omyma G. , Shehata Ghaydaa A. , Ali Rasha M. , Makboul Rania , Abd Allah Eman S.H. , Abd el-Rady Nessren M. 
Published: February 2021

The current study investigated the role of epigenetic dysregulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) genes and oxidative stress as possible mechanisms of autistic-like behaviors in neonatal isolation model in rats and the impact of folic acid administration on these parameters. Forty Wistar albino pups were used as follows: control, folic acid administered, isolated, and isolated folic acid treated groups. Isolated pups were separated from their mothers for 90 min daily from postnatal day (PND) 1 to 11. Pups (isolated or control) received either the vehicle or folic acid (4 mg/kg/day) orally from PND 1 to 29. Behavioral tests were done from PND 30 to 35. Oxidative stress markers and antioxidant defense in the frontal cortex homogenate were determined. DNA methylation of BDNF and GFAP genes was determined by qPCR. Histopathological examination was carried out. Neonatal isolation produced autistic-like behaviors that were associated with BDNF and GFAP hypomethylation, increased oxidative stress, increased inflammatory cell infiltration, and structural changes in the frontal cortex. Folic acid administration concurrently with isolation reduced neonatal isolation-induced autistic-like behaviors, decreased oxidative stress, regained BDNF and GFAP gene methylation, and ameliorated structural changes in the frontal cortices of isolated folic acid treated rats. Novelty: Neonatal isolation induces “autistic-like” behavior and these behaviors are reversed by folic acid supplementation. Neonatal isolation induces DNA hypomethylation of BDNF and GFAP, increased oxidative stress markers, and neuroinflammation. All of these changes were reversed by daily folic acid supplementation.
Tectonic history of the Grenville-age Trenton Prong inlier, Central Appalachians, USA: evidence from SHRIMP U–Pb geochronology
Authors: Volkert Richard A. , Aleinikoff John N. 
Published: February 2021

New zircon U–Pb geochronologic data from the Grenville-age Trenton Prong provide information on the age of magmatism, timing of metamorphism, and post-metamorphic history of the inlier. Diorite gneiss (1318 ± 13 Ma) of the Colonial Lake Suite temporally correlates to magmatic arc sequences that formed along the eastern margin of Laurentia at <1.4 Ga. Metasedimentary gneisses yielded detrital zircon ages of ca. 1319–1133 Ma and ca. 1370–1207, consistent with sediment derived from a similar local source of Laurentian affinity. A small population of zircon (either detrital or igneous in origin) in one sample yielded ages of ca. 1074–1037 Ma. Possible interpretations for their formation are explored. Ca. 1060 Ma overgrowths on zircon in the northern part of the inlier constrain the timing of granulite-facies metamorphism to the Ottawan phase of the Grenvillian Orogeny. The undeformed Assunpink Creek Granite (1041 ± 6 Ma) intruded country rocks as small bodies of late-orogenic syenogranite. It provides a minimum age for amphibolite-facies metamorphism and Ottawan orogenesis elsewhere in the inlier. Regionally, zircon rim ages of ca. 1010–960 Ma record continued thermal activity during the Rigolet phase of the orogen that resulted in migmatization of paragneiss at ca. 1004 Ma and juxtaposition of upper- and mid-crustal rocks during orogenic collapse. The lithologic ages and tectonic history of the Trenton Prong correlate to those in other Appalachian Mesoproterozoic inliers and parts of the Canadian Grenville Province, confirming it is not an exotic terrane that was accreted to eastern Laurentia during Grenvillian orogenesis.
$$K^{+}\Lambda $$ photoproduction at forward angles and low momentum transfer
Authors: Alef S. , Bauer P. , Bayadilov D. , Beck R. , Bella A. , Bieling J. , Braghieri A. , Cole P. L. , Elsner D. , Di Salvo R. , Fantini A. , Freyermuth O. , Frommberger F. , Ghio F. , Goertz S. , Gridnev A. , Hammann D. , Hannappel J. , Jude T. C. , Kohl K. , Kozlenko N. , Lapik A. , Levi Sandri P. , Lisin V. , Mandaglio G. , Messi F. , Messi R. , Moricciani D. , Nedorezov V. , Nikonov V. A. , Novinskiy D. , Pedroni P. , Polonskiy A. , Reitz B.-E. , Romaniuk M. , Sarantsev A. V. , Scheluchin G. , Schmieden H. , Stuglev A. , Sumachev V. , Vegna V. , Tarakanov V. , Zimmermann T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract$$\gamma p \rightarrow K^{+} \Lambda $$

γ
p
→

K
+

Λ

differential cross sections and recoil polarisation data from threshold for extremely forward angles are presented. The measurements were performed at the BGOOD experiment at ELSA, utilising the high angular and momentum resolution forward spectrometer for charged particle identification. The high statistics and forward angle acceptance enables the extraction of the cross section as the minimum momentum transfer to the recoiling hyperon is approached.
Use of a generalized energy Mover’s distance in the search for rare phenomena at colliders
Authors: Crispim Romão M. , Castro N. F. , Milhano J. G. , Pedro R. , Vale T. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we expand on the previously proposed concept of energy Mover’s distance. The resulting observables are shown to provide a way of identifying rare processes in proton–proton collider experiments. It is shown that different processes are grouped together differently and that this can contribute to the improvement of experimental analyses. The $$t{\bar{t}}Z$$

t

t

¯

Z

production at the Large Hadron Collider is used as a benchmark to illustrate the applicability of the method. Furthermore, we study the use of these observables as new features which can be used in the training of deep neural networks.