bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short‐term results of stress urinary incontinence in women undergoing laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy with and without midurethral sling
Authors: Huang Kuan‐Hui , Chang Yu‐Wei , Ngo Yeh Giin , Wu Ling‐Ying , Yang Tsai‐Hwa , Lee Yi‐Ling , Chuang Fei‐Chi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the short‐term results of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women undergoing laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LSC) with and without midurethral sling (MUS).MethodsThis retrospective study was conducted from July 2012 to December 2017. Women with stage 3 or 4 in the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP‐Q) who underwent LSC were recruited. Multichannel urodynamic studies were performed in all women. Assessment included pre‐ and postoperative POP‐Q stages, urodynamic parameters, peri‐ and postoperative complications, and symptoms.ResultsOne hundred and eighteen patients met the inclusion criteria in total. A total of 19.5% (23/118) of them had concomitant MUS. The mean follow‐up duration was 16.9 ±  16.0 (range 3–69) months. Meanwhile, 33.9% (40/118) of the patients were diagnosed with overt SUI, and 50% (20/40) underwent MUS. In the concomitant MUS group, the rate of having postoperative SUI was only 5% (1/20). Patients diagnosed with SUI and without concomitant MUS had a 45% rate (9/20), and 25% of them (5/20) received MUS later. Preoperatively, 16.1% (19/118) of the patients were diagnosed with occult SUI. Among the patients without anti‐incontinence sling during prolapse surgery, 25% (4/16) of them complained about having SUI during the follow‐up. However, none of the women required subsequent anti‐incontinence surgery. Postoperative de novo SUI occurred to 13.6% (16/118) of them. None of the patients received further operation. Based on the preoperative and postoperative urodynamic studies in the combination surgery group, a significant improvement was observed in the pad test.ConclusionsThe combination of LSC with MUS procedure is likely to be beneficial in selected patients.
Coordinated control of the type IV pili and c‐di‐GMP‐dependent antifungal antibiotic production in Lysobacter by the response regulator PilR
Authors: Xu Kangwen , Shen Danyu , Yang Nianda , Chou Shan‐Ho , Gomelsky Mark , Qian Guoliang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the soil gammaproteobacterium Lysobacter enzymogenes, a natural fungal predator, the response regulator PilR controls type IV pili (T4P)‐mediated twitching motility as well as synthesis of the heat‐stable antifungal factor (HSAF). Earlier we showed that PilR acts via the second messenger, c‐di‐GMP; however, the mechanism remained unknown. Here, we describe how PilR, c‐di‐GMP signalling, and HSAF synthesis are connected. We screened genes for putative diguanylate cyclases (c‐di‐GMP synthases) and found that PilR binds to the promoter region of lchD and down‐regulates its transcription. The DNA‐binding affinity of PilR, and therefore its repressor function, are enhanced by phosphorylation by its cognate histidine kinase, PilS. The lchD gene product is a diguanylate cyclase, and the decrease in LchD levels shifts the ratio of c‐di‐GMP‐bound and c‐di‐GMP‐free transcription factor Clp, a key activator of the HSAF biosynthesis operon expression. Furthermore, Clp directly interacts with LchD and enhances its diguanylate cyclase activity. Therefore, the PilS–PilR two‐component system activates T4P‐motility while simultaneously decreasing c‐di‐GMP levels and promoting HSAF production via the highly specific LchD–c‐di‐GMP–Clp pathway. Coordinated increase in motility and secretion of the “long‐distance” antifungal weapon HSAF is expected to ensure safer grazing of L. enzymogenes on soil or plant surfaces, unimpeded by fungal competitors, or to facilitate bacterial preying on killed fungal cells. This study uncovered the mechanism of coregulated pili‐based motility and production of an antifungal antibiotic in L. enzymogenes, showcased the expanded range of functions of the PilS–PilR system, and highlighted exquisite specificity in c‐di‐GMP‐mediated circuits.
Embodying Britishness: National identity in the United Kingdom
Authors: Tranter Bruce , Donoghue Jed 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSome argue that national identity is constructed from the shared myths and ‘collective memories’ of a nation, where heroes from a ‘golden age’ and legendary figures embody national identity. However, when a national sample of British adults were asked to name the most important Britons, living or dead, they did not hark back to legendary figures, military leaders or sporting heroes, but identified their monarch, political leaders, and to a lesser extent, ‘household heroes’ within their own family. ‘Banal’, quotidian political leaders and Queen Elizabeth II symbolise national identity in Britain, although they sit alongside ‘hot’ signifiers of nationalism personified, such as football hero David Beckham. This research suggests that studies of national identity should not be limited to examining essentialist claims of ethnonationalism, or civic attachments to laws and institutions, but also explore those whom the citizens of a given country identify as embodying their national identity.
In Living Memory: The Demographic Dynamics of Event Recollection in a Stable Population*
Authors: Denton Frank T. , Spencer Byron G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe model a stable population that has experienced an important historical event and the declining proportion, as time passes, of the population that remembers that event. The proportion is determined by the demographic characteristics of the population, including its age distribution, the natural rate of growth, the underlying birth rate, the life table probabilities to which the population is subject, and the effects of immigration and emigration under alternative assumptions about the nature of the event. (We distinguish between “local” and “universal” events.) It is determined also by the choice of an age of awareness of children at the time the event occurred. We preface development of the model by noting examples of major events of the kind we have in mind and, after development, explore the model's sensitivity to different parameter specifications by experimental simulation. The output of each experiment is a sequence of “remembering” proportions at successive decade intervals and the corresponding mean ages of the “rememberers” in relation to the overall mean age of the population.
Insertion of cuff inflation line into pediatric tracheal tubes related to oral and nasal tracheal intubation depth
Authors: Kemper Michael , Fischer Martina , Grass Beate , Dave Mital H. , Weiss Markus 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn clinical practice, the cuff inflation line of cuffed pediatric tracheal tubes often interferes with securing tracheal tubes.MethodsThe insertion site of the cuff inflation lines and the lengths of four different brands and nine sizes of commonly used cuffed pediatric tracheal tubes were measured and compared in vitro with oral and nasotracheal intubation depths as calculated by different formulas for pediatric patients aged from birth to 16 years. Motoyama's recommendation was used for age‐related size selection of cuffed pediatric tracheal tubes.ResultsThe proportion of the distance from the tracheal tube tip to the insertion site of the cuff inflation line varied considerably between the tracheal tubes (Microcuff: 48.5–60.7%; Parker: 48.7–73.2%; Ruesch: 59.1–77.8%; and Shiley: 46.0–60.3%). Using different formulas for oral or nasotracheal intubation depth, the insertion site of the cuff inflation line was placed within the oral or nasal cavity or within an area 1 cm beyond the teeth or the nostrils in almost all tracheal tubes tested. Positioning the insertion site 2 cm from the proximal end of the tracheal tubes resulted in a cuff line–free tube area of ≥1 cm in all orally and almost in all nasally inserted tracheal tubes, considering maximum recommended tracheal intubation depths.ConclusionThe cuff inflation line in almost all commonly used cuffed pediatric tracheal tubes interferes with securing the tracheal tube due to its insertion site into the tracheal tube. This potentially carries the risk of kinking, obstruction, or damage to the cuff inflation line with ensuing failure to deflate or inflate the cuff. The proposed position of the insertion of the cuff inflation line 2 cm from the proximal end of the tracheal tube would ensure a 1‐cm‐wide cuff line–free circular area beyond the oral or nasal cavity in nearly all assessed tracheal tube sizes.
Prospective evaluation of plasma lactate parameters for prognosticating dogs with shock
Authors: Blutinger Alex Louis , Zollo Ann Marie , Weltman Joel , Prittie Jennifer 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether admission venous plasma lactate concentration, serially calculated lactate variables, or the Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLEfast) score could discriminate hospital survivors from non‐survivors in dogs presenting to the emergency department with clinical signs of shock.DesignProspective case series performed over a 24‐month period.SettingLarge urban private teaching hospital.AnimalsSeventy‐one dogs admitted to the ICU with initial peripheral venous plasma lactate concentration > 2.5 mmol/L and clinical and hemodynamic parameters consistent with shock.InterventionsNone.Measurements and main resultsHeart rate, systolic blood pressure, temperature, initial venous plasma lactate, and APPLEfastscore were recorded at admission. Lactate concentrations were serially recorded at predefined time points and used to calculate lactate variables, including lactime (time lactate > 2.5 mmol/L), lactate clearance ([lactateinitial– lactatedelayed]/ lactateinitial× 100), and LACAREA(area under the lactate concentration versus time curve). Primary outcome was survival to discharge. Overall survival rate was 61%. Admission plasma lactate did not differ between groups (P = 0.28). Lactime was shorter in survivors vs non‐survivors (P = 0.03). Lactate clearance at hours (h) 1, 4, 10, and 16 was greater in survivors vs non‐survivors (P < 0.05). Final plasma lactate clearance differed between groups (P < 0.05). LACAREAat time intervals 1 to 4 hours, 4 to 10 hours, 10 to 16 hours, and 16 to 24 hours was larger in non‐survivors vs survivors (P < 0.05). Total LACAREAdid not differ between groups (P = 0.51). Admission APPLEfastwas not different between survivors and non‐survivors (P = 0.16).ConclusionsWhile neither single APPLEfastnor admission plasma lactate concentration could discriminate between hospital survivors and non‐survivors, measures of lactate clearance can prognosticate survival in dogs with shock.
Hemostatic capacity of canine chilled whole blood over time
Authors: Edwards Thomas H. , Darlington Daniel N. , Pusateri Anthony E. , Keesee Jeffrey D. , Ruiz Daikor D. , Little Joshua S. , Parker Jacquelyn S. , Cap Andrew P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the hemostatic potential of canine chilled whole blood maintained at clinically relevant storage conditions.DesignIn vitro experimental study.SettingGovernment blood and coagulation research laboratory and government referral veterinary hospital.AnimalsTen healthy Department of Defense military working dogs.InterventionsOne unit of fresh whole blood was collected from each of 10 military working dogs using aseptic technique. Blood was maintained in a medical‐grade refrigerator for 28 days at 4°C (39°F) and analyzed before refrigeration (day 0) and after (days 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 21, and 28).Measurements and main resultsTen units of canine blood were analyzed with whole blood platelet aggregation, thromboelastography, CBC, biochemical analysis, blood gas, and prothrombin/activated partial thromboplastin/fibrinogen assay. Clotting strength of chilled blood was maintained up to 21 days despite significant decreases in platelet aggregation to ADP, collagen, or γ‐thrombin, significant prolongation of prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times, and reduced speed of clot formation (K time, alpha angle). Fibrinogen concentration, WBC, RBC, and platelet counts did not change over time.ConclusionsChilled canine whole blood loses a small percentage of clot strength through 21 days of refrigerated storage. Further research is needed to determine if this hemostatic potential is clinically relevant in hemorrhaging dogs who require surgical intervention or are exposed to traumatic events.
Association of ABO blood group with postoperative total bleeding volume in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Maezawa Katsuhiko , Nozawa Masahiko , Gomi Motoshi , Sugimoto Munehiko , Maruyama Yuichiro 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground and objectivesAs individuals with blood types A, B and AB have approximately 25% higher levels of vWF than those with type O, the risk of developing venous thrombotic events has been investigated in a number of clinical studies, but whether individuals with type O blood experience increased bleeding remains to be clarified. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an association of ABO blood group with intraoperative bleeding and postoperative total bleeding in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty.Materials and methodsWe prospectively recruited 84 women who were undergoing total hip arthroplasty. The differences between blood groups in mean age, body weight, preoperative and postoperative Hct levels, and postoperative/preoperative Hct ratio, intraoperative bleeding volume (IBV), and total bleeding volume (TBV) were evaluated.ResultsTwenty‐six patients had type A blood, 17 had type B, 9 had type AB, and 30 had type O. There were no significant differences in mean age, body weight or operating time between the different ABO blood groups. While there was no significant difference in these Hct levels or IBV among the different blood groups, there was a significant difference in TBV between type O and type AB, and between type O and non‐type O.ConclusionOur study in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty suggests that patients in blood group O tend to have large amounts of bleeding.
The envelope protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 increases intra‐Golgi pH and forms a cation channel that is regulated by pH
Authors: Cabrera‐Garcia David , Bekdash Ramsey , Abbott Geoffrey W. , Yazawa Masayuki , Harrison Neil L. 
Published: March 2021

Key points
We report a novel method for the transient expression of SARS‐CoV‐2 envelope (E) protein in intracellular organelles and the plasma membrane of mammalian cells and Xenopus oocytes.
Intracellular expression of SARS‐CoV‐2 E protein increases intra‐Golgi pH.
By targeting the SARS‐CoV‐2 E protein to the plasma membrane, we show that it forms a cation channel, viroporin, that is modulated by changes of pH.
This method for studying the activity of viroporins may facilitate screening for new antiviral drugs to identify novel treatments for COVID‐19.
AbstractThe envelope (E) protein of coronaviruses such as SARS‐CoV‐1 is proposed to form an ion channel or viroporin that participates in viral propagation and pathogenesis. Here we developed a technique to study the E protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 in mammalian cells by directed targeting using a carboxyl‐terminal fluorescent protein tag, mKate2. The wild‐type SARS‐CoV‐2 E protein can be trafficked to intracellular organelles, notably the endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi intermediate complex, where its expression increases pH inside the organelle. We also succeeded in targeting SARS‐CoV‐2 E to the plasma membrane, which enabled biophysical analysis using whole‐cell patch clamp recording in a mammalian cell line, HEK 293 cells, and two‐electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology in Xenopus oocytes. The results suggest that the E protein forms an ion channel that is permeable to monovalent cations such as Na+, Cs+ and K+. The E current is nearly time‐ and voltage‐independent when E protein is expressed in mammalian cells, and is modulated by changes of pH. At pH 6.0 and 7.4, the E protein current is activated, whereas at pH 8.0 and 9.0, the amplitude of E protein current is reduced, and in oocytes the inward E current fades at pH 9 in a time‐ and voltage‐dependent manner. Using this directed targeting method and electrophysiological recordings, potential inhibitors of the E protein can be screened and subsequently investigated for antiviral activity against SARS‐CoV‐2 in vitro and possible efficacy in treating COVID‐19.
Mechanical Activation—A Newly Developed Chemical Process
Authors: Shaw M. C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the course of a fundamental study of metal cutting it was found that a cutting fluid encounters a rather unusual combination of conditions at the point of a cutting tool. The fluid is subjected to high local pressures of the order of the hardness of the metal cut, high local temperatures limited only by the melting point of the work material, and nascent highly stressed metal surfaces. This combination of conditions will, in general, promote a chemical reaction. The organic chemist uses reactions between metals and organic reagents in chemical synthesis, many of these so-called organometallic reactions being difficult to initiate and control. In this paper it is shown how the metal-cutting process may be employed in the preparation of organometallic compounds. The metal involved in the preparation is cut in the presence of the other reactants, thus utilizing the high-temperature, high-pressure, and highly stressed nascent surface produced at the point of cutting to start the reaction. This process has been called mechanical activation. This new chemical technique promises to give many extremely versatile organometallic reactions a commercial significance which they have heretofore lacked because their application was limited to batch rather than continuous processes by the inflammability and toxicity of the reactants, and the difficulty of starting and controlling the reaction.
Reinforcement of a Small Circular Hole in a Plane Sheet Under Tension
Authors: Levy Samuel , McPherson A. E. , Smith F. C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a theoretical and experimental investigation of the effect of various reinforcements on the stresses and displacements near a small circular hole in a plane sheet under load in its plane. The first part of the paper gives a plane-stress analysis for a reinforcement of variable thickness when the load is a uniform tension in all directions. It is found that a reinforcement which crowds most of the material close to the edge of the hole is most effective in reducing the stress concentration at the hole. The next part presents the principal results of earlier plane-stress analyses for reinforcement by a “doubler plate” when the load is tension in one direction only. The last part describes tests in the elastic range of riveted doubler-plate reinforcements of several sizes and with several rivet arrangements. Details of a test to failure of one reinforcement riveted to one side of the sheet only are given. The tests indicate that the plane-stress theory gives a good estimate of the state of stress outside the reinforcement, and that it may be used for computing median-surface stresses and average elongations of the hole in the specimen, provided that the reinforcement is attached to the sheet by more than one row of rivets.
Vibration of a Cantilever Beam With Prescribed End Motion
Authors: Nothmann G. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A cantilever beam, vibrating as a result of prescribed motion of its end, is studied with particular regard to the force required to maintain such motion. The end motions in the four basic problems solved are, respectively, uniform acceleration; uniform acceleration, uniform velocity; uniform acceleration, uniform velocity, uniform deceleration, rest; and sinusoidal pulse, rest. Figs. 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively, of the paper show the end-force variation for each of the problems considered. The method of analysis indicates that the end force on the beam may be obtained in each instance by super-position of certain basic components. The results show how the parameters of the prescribed motion determine the magnitude of the fluctuations and the direction of the corresponding end force.
Assessment of Turbulent Combustion Models for Simulating Prechamber Ignition in a Natural Gas Engine
Authors: Kim Joohan , Scarcelli Riccardo , Som Sibendu , Shah Ashish , Biruduganti Munidhar S. , Longman Douglas E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Lean combustion is a promising strategy to increase thermal efficiency in an internal combustion engine, by exploiting a favorable specific heat ratio of the fresh mixture while simultaneously suppressing the heat losses to the cylinder wall. However, unstable ignition and slow flame propagation at fuel-lean conditions lead to large cycle-to-cycle variability and limit the high-efficiency engine operating range. Prechamber ignition is considered an effective concept to extend the lean operating limit, by providing spatially distributed ignition with multiple turbulent flame-jets and enabling a faster combustion rate compared to the conventional spark ignition approach. From a numerical modeling standpoint to date science base and available simulation tools are inadequate to properly understand and predict the combustion processes in prechamber ignited engines. In this paper, conceptually different Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) combustion models widely adopted in the engine modeling community are used to simulate the ignition and combustion processes in a medium-duty natural gas engine with a prechamber spark-ignition system. A flamelet-based turbulent combustion model, i.e., G-equation, and a multizone well-stirred reactor model are employed for this modeling study. Simulation results are compared with experimental data in terms of in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate. Finally, the analysis of the performance of the two models is carried out to highlight the strengths and limitations of the two evaluated approaches.
Effects of Carbonization on the Co-Activation of Sludge and Biomass to Produce Activated Coke
Authors: Wang Liwei , Lu Lin , Li Minghua , Liu Yulin , Ren Xiaohan , Levendis Yiannis A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Activated coke was prepared by mixing sewage sludge and waste poplar bark biomass from furniture manufacturing. The physical activation method of these feedstocks with steam for 1 h at 850 °C was implemented. The elemental composition, pore distribution, microstructure, and surface functional groups of the activated coke products were analyzed by proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, N2 adsorption, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The effects of different mixing ratios of sludge and biomass, preactivation carbonization temperature, and activation method on the activated coke were investigated. When the proportion of biomass was two-thirds of the total feedstock mass and the carbonization temperature was 300 °C, the produced activated coke had the highest specific surface area and the most extended micropore structure. Water vapor (steam) activation was found to be beneficial to the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups. This study established that steam is beneficial to pore expansion and promotes pore development. It was found that the carbonaceous feedstocks acquired initial porosity through carbonization in nitrogen, which proved to be instrumental in the ensuing activation process. After sequential carbonization and activation, the produced active coke acquired a higher specific surface area and microporosity, compared with the active coke produced by activation alone.