bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generalizing neural signal-to-text brain-computer interfaces
Authors: Sheth Janaki , Tankus Ariel , Tran Michelle , Pouratian Nader , Fried Itzhak , Speier William 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective: Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) may help patients with faltering communication abilities due to neurodegenerative diseases produce text or speech by direct neural processing. However, their practical realization has proven difficult due to limitations in speed, accuracy, and generalizability of existing interfaces. The goal of this study is to evaluate the BCI performance of a robust speech decoding system that translates neural signals evoked by speech to a textual output. While previous studies have approached this problem by using neural signals to choose from a limited set of possible words, we employ a more general model that can type any word from a large corpus of English text. Approach: In this study, we create an end-to-end BCI that translates neural signals associated with overt speech into text output. Our decoding system first isolates frequency bands in the input depth-electrode signal encapsulating differential information regarding production of various phonemic classes. These bands form a feature set that then feeds into a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model which discerns at each time point probability distributions across all phonemes uttered by a subject. Finally, a particle filtering algorithm temporally smooths these probabilities by incorporating prior knowledge of the English language to output text corresponding to the decoded word. The generalizability of our decoder is driven by the lack of a vocabulary constraint on this output word. Main result: This method was evaluated using a dataset of 6 neurosurgical patients implanted with intra-cranial depth electrodes to identify seizure foci for potential surgical treatment of epilepsy. We averaged 32% word accuracy and on the phoneme-level obtained 46% precision, 51% recall and 73.32% average phoneme error rate while also achieving significant increases in speed when compared to several other BCI approaches. Significance: Our study employs a more general neural signal-to-text model which could facilitate communication by patients in everyday environments.
Radiotherapy dose calculations in high-Z materials: comprehensive comparison between experiment, Monte Carlo, and conventional planning algorithms
Authors: Cheng Zhangkai J , Bromley Regina M , Oborn Brad , Booth Jeremy T 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Purpose. To compare the accuracies of the AAA and AcurosXB dose calculation algorithms and to predict the change in the down-stream and lateral dose deposition of high energy photons in the presence of material with densities higher that commonly found in the body. Method. Metal rods of titanium (d = 4.5 g cm−3), stainless steel (d = 8 g cm−3) and tungsten (d = 19.25 g cm−3) were positioned in a phantom. Film was position behind and laterally to the rods to measure the dose distribution for a 6 MV, 18 MV and 10 FFF photon beams. A DOSXYZnrc Monte Carlo simulation of the experimental setup was performed. The AAA and AcurosXB dose calculation algorithms were used to predict the dose distributions. The dose from film and DOSXYZnrc were compared with the dose predicted by AAA and AcurosXB. Results. AAA overestimated the dose behind the rods by 15%–25% and underestimated the dose laterally to the rods by 5%–15% depending on the range of materials and energies investigated. AcurosXB overestimated the dose behind the rods by 1%–18% and underestimated the dose laterally to the rods by up to 5% depending on the range of material and energies investigated. Conclusion. AAA cannot deliver clinically acceptable dose calculation results at a distance less than 10 mm from metals, for a single field treatment. Acuros XB is able to handle metals of low atomic numbers (Z ≤ 26), but not tungsten (Z = 74). This can be due to the restriction of the CT-density table in EclipseTM TPS, which has an upper HU limit of 10501.
Multilayer adsorption and kinetic studies of dyes on pure and structurally modified poly(methyl methacrylate) electrospun nanofibers
Authors: Philip Princy , Jose Tomlal , Mathew Jomit T , Kuthanapillil Jinesh M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Natural fibers and materials are well known for adsorption studies, whereas synthetic fibers have not received enough attention in this field. Therefore, an attempt is made here to study the adsorption properties of synthetic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanofibers and methods for improving or modifying their adsorption properties. PMMA nanofibers are prepared by the most recent electrospinning technique and the structural, and hence, the adsorption properties of the PMMA nanofibers are modified by preparing them in surface-roughened and coaxial hollow forms through electrospinning. Studies of the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) and brilliant green (BG) dyes by the three types of PMMA nanofiber demonstrate that all the PMMA nanofibers show a certain amount of adsorption. Fiber samples that had adsorbed MB and BG were subjected to various adsorption isotherms which confirmed the multilayer adsorption properties of the fiber samples by satisfying various isotherms, mainly the Freundlich and Elovich adsorption isotherms. Kinetic studies of pure and structurally modified PMMA nanofibers that had adsorbed MB and BG dyes proved that the intraparticle diffusion model applied to these fiber samples. Here, it is also shown that the adsorption properties of electrospun synthetic fibers can be further improved by structural modification using the possibilities of electrospinning.
A complete, parallel and autonomous photonic neural network in a semiconductor multimode laser
Authors: Porte Xavier , Skalli Anas , Haghighi Nasibeh , Reitzenstein Stephan , Lott James A , Brunner Daniel 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Neural networks are one of the disruptive computing concepts of our time. However, they fundamentally differ from classical, algorithmic computing. These differences result in equally fundamental, severe and relevant challenges for neural network computing using current computing substrates. Neural networks urge for parallelism across the entire processor and for a co-location of memory and arithmetic, i.e. beyond von Neumann architectures. Parallelism in particular made photonics a highly promising platform, yet until now scalable and integratable concepts are scarce. Here, we demonstrate for the first time how a fully parallel and fully implemented photonic neural network can be realized by spatially multiplexing neurons across the complex optical near-field of a semiconductor multimode laser. Discrete spatial sampling defines ∼90 nodes on the surface of a large-area vertical cavity surface emitting laser that is optically injected with the artificial neural networks input information. Importantly, all neural network connections are realized in hardware, and our processor produces results without pre- or post-processing. Input and output weights are realized via the complex transmission matrix of a multimode fiber and a digital micro-mirror array, respectively. We train the readout weights to perform 2-bit header recognition, a 2-bit XOR logical function and 2-bit digital to analog conversion, and obtain

<
0.9
×

10

−
3

and 2.9 × 10−2 error rates for digit recognition and XOR, respectively. Finally, the digital to analog conversion can be realized with a standard deviation of only 5.4 × 10−2. Crucially, our proof-of-concept system is scalable to much larger sizes and to bandwidths in excess of 20 GHz.
Implants and Breast Pocket Irrigation: Outcomes of Antibiotic, Antiseptic, and Saline Irrigation
Authors: Awad Amanda N , Heiman Adee J , Patel Ashit 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Breast implant–associated infection and capsular contracture are challenging complications that can result in poor outcomes following implant-based breast surgery. Antimicrobial irrigation of the breast pocket or implant is a widely accepted strategy to prevent these complications, but the literature lacks an evidence-based consensus on the optimal irrigation solution.

Objectives
The objective of this systematic review was to compare clinical outcomes, specifically capsular contracture, infection, and reoperation rates, associated with the use of antibiotic, antiseptic, and saline irrigation.

Methods
A systematic review was performed in March 2020 based on the following search terms: “breast implant,” “irrigation,” “antibiotic,” “bacitracin,” “antiseptic,” “povidone iodine,” “betadine,” “low concentration chlorhexidine,” and “hypochlorous acid.” Capsular contracture, infection, and reoperation rates were compared by analysis of forest plots.

Results
Out of the 104 articles screened, 14 met the inclusion criteria. There was no significant difference in capsular contracture rates between antibiotic and povidone-iodine irrigation, although the data comparing these 2 groups were limited and confounded by the concurrent use of steroids. Antibiotic irrigation showed a significantly lower rate of capsular contracture compared with saline irrigation and a lower rate of capsular contracture and reoperation compared with no irrigation at all. Povidone-iodine was associated with lower rates of capsular contracture and reoperation compared with saline irrigation but there were no data on infection rates specific to povidone-iodine irrigation.

Conclusions
Our study supports the use of antibiotics or povidone-iodine for breast implant irrigation. Further research is required to better determine which of these 2 irrigation types is superior.

Level of Evidence: 4
Reconciling multiple connectivity scores for drug repurposing
Authors: Samart Kewalin , Tuyishime Phoebe , Krishnan Arjun , Ravi Janani 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The basis of several recent methods for drug repurposing is the key principle that an efficacious drug will reverse the disease molecular ‘signature’ with minimal side effects. This principle was defined and popularized by the influential ‘connectivity map’ study in 2006 regarding reversal relationships between disease- and drug-induced gene expression profiles, quantified by a disease-drug ‘connectivity score.’ Over the past 15 years, several studies have proposed variations in calculating connectivity scores toward improving accuracy and robustness in light of massive growth in reference drug profiles. However, these variations have been formulated inconsistently using various notations and terminologies even though they are based on a common set of conceptual and statistical ideas. Therefore, we present a systematic reconciliation of multiple disease-drug similarity metrics ($ES$, $css$, $Sum$, $Cosine$, $XSum$, $XCor$, $XSpe$, $XCos$, $EWCos$) and connectivity scores ($CS$, $RGES$, $NCS$, $WCS$, $Tau$, $CSS$, $EMUDRA$) by defining them using consistent notation and terminology. In addition to providing clarity and deeper insights, this coherent definition of connectivity scores and their relationships provides a unified scheme that newer methods can adopt, enabling the computational drug-development community to compare and investigate different approaches easily. To facilitate the continuous and transparent integration of newer methods, this article will be available as a live document (https://jravilab.github.io/connectivity_scores) coupled with a GitHub repository (https://github.com/jravilab/connectivity_scores) that any researcher can build on and push changes to.
Early and late morbidity of local excision after chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer
Authors: Teste B , Rouanet P , Tuech J -J , Valverde A , Lelong B , Rivoire M , Faucheron J -L , Jafari M , Portier G , Meunier B , Sielezneff I , Prudhomme M , Marchal F , Dubois A , Capdepont M , Denost Q , Rullier E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Local excision (LE) after chemoradiotherapy is a new option in low rectal cancer, but morbidity has never been compared prospectively with total mesorectal excision (TME). Early and late morbidity were compared in patients treated either by LE or TME after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer.

Method
This was a post-hoc analysis from a randomized trial. Patients with clinical T2/T3 low rectal cancer with good response to the chemoradiotherapy and having either LE, LE with eventual completion TME, or TME were considered. Early (1 month) and late (2 years) morbidities were compared between the three groups.

Results
There were no deaths following surgery in any of the three groups. Early surgical morbidity (20 per cent LE versus 36 per cent TME versus 43 per cent completion TME, P = 0.025) and late surgical morbidity (4 per cent versus 33 per cent versus 57 per cent, P &lt; 0.001) were significantly lower in the LE group than in the TME or the completion TME group. of LE, was associated with the lowest rate of early (10 versus 18 versus 21 per cent, P = 0.217) and late medical morbidities (0 versus 7 versus 7 per cent, P = 0.154), although this did not represent a significant difference between the groups. The severity of overall morbidity was significantly lower at 2 years after LE compared with TME or completion TME (4 versus 28 versus 43 per cent grade 3–5, P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
The rate of surgical complications after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in the LE group was half that of TME group at 1 month and 10 times lower at 2 years. LE is a safe approach for organ preservation and should be considered as an alternative to watch-and-wait in complete clinical responders and to TME in subcomplete responders.
Flexible Rigidity and Caring Distance: How Discretion Works in Compulsory Care
Authors: Svensson Kerstin , Ponnert Lina 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The aim of this article was to develop the understanding of discretion in compulsory care for youth and the influence of emotional aspects in developing a collective discretionary practice. The empirical material consists of group interviews with staff at these institutions. The theoretical concepts of emotional labour and emotional energy are used to understand discretion and face-to-face interaction in this specific setting. The results show how the staff navigate between rigidity and flexibility in order to uphold institutional rules, whilst also being able to meet youths’ different needs in specific situations in a personal, yet not private, manner. Professionalism is understood as providing a caring distance, in other words, a temporary emotional involvement with the youth. The staffs’ reasoning and understanding of their work show how to manage emotional labour in a setting where the youth can be seen as both dangerous and vulnerable. The emotional energy is primarily connected to the long-lasting relation amongst staff and not to the youth, and hence, it is of primary importance to form a shared collective discretionary practice.
Physiological consequences of consuming low-energy foods: herbivory coincides with a stress response in Yellowstone bears.
Authors: Christianson David , Coleman Tyler H , Doan Quint , Haroldson Mark A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Meat, fruit, seeds and other high-energy bear foods are often highly localized and briefly available and understanding which factors influence bear consumption of these foods is a common focus of bear conservation and ecology. However, the most common bear foods, graminoids and forbs, are more widespread but of lower quality. We poorly understand how herbage consumption impacts bear physiology, such as endocrine system function that regulates homeostasis and stress responses. Here, we described bear diets with a novel approach, measuring the concentration of chlorophyll in bear scats (faecal chlorophyll) to index the proportion of the recent diet that was composed of leaves from graminoids and forbs. We measured faecal chlorophyll and faecal cortisol in 351 grizzly (Ursus arctos, n = 255) and black bear (Ursus americanus, n = 96) scats from Yellowstone National Park in 2008–2009. We compared models of faecal chlorophyll and faecal cortisol concentrations considering the effects of spatial, dietary, scat and bear-specific factors including species. Faecal chlorophyll levels were the strongest predictor of faecal cortisol in a manner that suggested an endocrine response to a low-energy diet. Both compounds were highest during the spring and early summer months, overlapping the breeding season when higher energy foods were less available. Effects of scat composition, scat weathering, bear age, bear sex, species and other factors that have previously been shown to influence faecal cortisol in bears were not important unless faecal chlorophyll was excluded from models. The top models of faecal chlorophyll suggested grazing was primarily influenced by spatial attributes, with greater grazing closer to recreational trails, implying that elevated cortisol with grazing could be a response to anthropogenic activity. Our results confirm that higher stress hormone concentrations correspond with lower quality diets in bears, particularly grazing, and that faecal chlorophyll shows promise as a metric for studying grazing behaviour and its consequences.
Quick response code applications in medical and cardiology settings: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Faggiano Andrea , Fioretti Francesco , Nodari Savina , Carugo , Stefano 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Aims
To review published literature on the use of quick response (QR) codes within medical and cardiology settings.

Methods and Results
Medline, Scopus Search, and Cochrane Library were used to conduct the research. Title and abstract review of 376 publications were performed. Papers that discussed the application of QR codes in medical setting were included. A total of 151 articles were reviewed and thematic analysis conducted to understand how QR codes are currently used in the medical setting, the medical areas in which they are mostly used, their applications in the cardiovascular area. The analysis of 151 articles revealed that QR code technology is mainly used in the medical field to: (i) collect data via survey, (ii) educate medical staff or students, and (iii) provide information about therapies or surgery. The medical area in which QR codes are most used is the clinical one, but only 3.3% of publications concern cardiovascular settings. A third of the QR code-related articles of 2020 is about Covid-19.

Conclusions
Different uses of QR codes in a medical setting are increasing. Quick response codes might represent an easy and convenient digital tool to collect data and implement telemedicine programs on a large scale involving also the cardiovascular setting.
Synchronous computer-mediated communication as a peer observation tool
Authors: Bates Paul , Donaghue Helen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Peer observation plays a key developmental role in initial teacher education courses. However, potential benefits can be limited due to time constraints and the rigidity of individual observation tasks. This article examines the use of synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) as a peer observation tool on a CELTA course. We analyse SCMC feeds and participant interviews to discover how CELTA trainees and tutors use SCMC during observations and how participants perceive SCMC as an observation tool. SCMC enabled trainees to identify and solve problems, share ideas and opinions, give constructive feedback, and reflect on their own and their peers’ teaching. Tutor questions were an important resource in prompting these actions. SCMC seemed to help build rapport and democratize feedback as trainees initiated discussions, chose topics, and interacted with each other and the tutor. Participants found SCMC engaging and useful. Results suggest that SCMC enhanced collaboration, dialogue, and reflection during peer observation.
Socioeconomic position and first-time major cardiovascular event in patients with type 2 diabetes: a Danish nationwide cohort study
Authors: Falkentoft Alexander C , Zareini Bochra , Andersen Julie , Wichmand Charlotte , Hansen Tina B , Selmer Christian , Schou Morten , Gæde Peter Haulund , Staehr Peter Bisgaard , Hlatky Mark A , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Gislason Gunnar H , Gerds Thomas Alexander , Bruun Niels E , Ruwald Anne-Christine 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Aims
The association between socioeconomic position and cardiovascular disease has not been well studied in patients with type 2 diabetes. We aimed to examine the association between socioeconomic position and first-time major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods and results
Through the Danish nationwide registers, we identified all residents with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes between 2012 and 2017. Based on sex-stratified multivariable cause-specific Cox regression models, we calculated the standardized absolute 5-year risk of the composite outcome of first-time myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular mortality (MACE) according to income quartiles. A total of 57 106 patients with type 2 diabetes were included. During 155 989 person years, first-time MACE occurred in 2139 patients. Among both men and women, income was inversely associated with the standardized absolute 5-year risk of MACE. In men, the 5-year risk of MACE increased from 5.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.9–6.5] in the highest income quartile to 9.3% (CI 8.3–10.2) in the lowest income group, with a risk difference of 3.5% (CI 2.4–4.7). In women, the risk of MACE increased from 4.2% (CI 3.4–5.0) to 6.1% (CI 5.2–7.0) according to income level, with a risk difference of 1.9% (CI 0.8–2.9).

Conclusion
Despite free access to medical care in Denmark, low-socioeconomic position was associated with a higher 5-year risk of first-time MACE in patients with incident type 2 diabetes. Our results suggest prevention strategies could be developed specifically for patients with low-socioeconomic position.
Evaluating Causes of Current Genetic Gradients of Modern Humans of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Ferreiro David , Núñez-Estévez Bernabé , Canedo Mateo , Branco Catarina , Arenas Miguel 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The history of modern humans in the Iberian Peninsula includes a variety of population arrivals sometimes presenting admixture with resident populations. Genetic data from current Iberian populations revealed an overall east–west genetic gradient that some authors interpreted as a direct consequence of the Reconquista, where Catholic Kingdoms expanded their territories toward the south while displacing Muslims. However, this interpretation has not been formally evaluated. Here, we present a qualitative analysis of the causes of the current genetic gradient observed in the Iberian Peninsula using extensive spatially explicit computer simulations based on a variety of evolutionary scenarios. Our results indicate that the Neolithic range expansion clearly produces the orientation of the observed genetic gradient. Concerning the Reconquista (including political borders among Catholic Kingdoms and regions with different languages), if modeled upon a previous Neolithic expansion, it effectively favored the orientation of the observed genetic gradient and shows local isolation of certain regions (i.e., Basques and Galicia). Despite additional evolutionary scenarios could be evaluated to more accurately decipher the causes of the Iberian genetic gradient, here we show that this gradient has a more complex explanation than that previously hypothesized.