bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Phosphate Binding Agents
Authors: HSU CHEN H. , PATEL SANJEEVKUMAR R. , YOUNG ERIC W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract.
Several prior studies suggest that ferric compounds bind dietary phosphate and possess clinical potential as phosphate binding agents. Therefore, this study was conducted to measure the effect of several ferric compounds on intestinal phosphate binding and absorption. Balance studies lasting 2 to 4 wk were performed in normal and azotemic (achieved by subtotal nephrectomy) rats maintained on a 1.02% phosphorus diet supplemented with ferric salts (formulated to 0.95% Fe) or no ferric salt (control). In rats with normal renal function (average creatinine clearance, 4.0 ml/min per kg), the average net intestinal absorption of phosphate over all balance periods was 103.3 mg/d for the control group versus 84.7 mg/d for the ferric citrate group (P < 0.005). In the azotemic rats (average creatinine clearance, 3.3 ml/min per kg), the average net intestinal absorption of phosphate over all balance periods was significantly lower for the three ferric groups than the control groups (P ≤ 0.02): 95.3 mg/d for the control group versus 75.6 mg/d for the ferric ammonium citrate-treated group (P = 0.058), 77.0 mg/d for the ferric citrate-treated group (P = 0.057), and 62.5 mg/d for the ferric chloride-treated group (P < 0.002). Urinary phosphate excretion fell, sometimes to an even greater extent than did intestinal absorption, yielding no net reduction in phosphate balance in these growing, young animals with relatively preserved renal function. Calcium balance was largely unaffected by the ferric compounds. There were trends toward decreased serum phosphorus and parathyroid hormone concentrations and increased iron and hematocrit in the ferric-treated azotemic groups. All tested ferric compounds were well tolerated, but animal growth was stunted in the ferric chloride animals compared with the control group. Phosphate binding was estimated at 85 to 180 mg per gram of elemental iron, which is comparable to other phosphate binding agents. Ferric salts decrease net intestinal phosphate absorption and hold promise for the treatment of phosphate retention in patients with renal failure.
T Cell Costimulatory Blockade
Authors: GUDMUNDSDOTTIR HREFNA , TURKA LAURENCE A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract.
Optimal T cell responses occur when T cells receive both antigen-specific signals through the T cell receptor and non-antigen-specific costimulatory signals through accessory cell surface molecules. The best understood costimulatory receptor is CD28. Signals through the T cell receptor and CD28 cooperatively induce cytokine gene expression and promote T cell proliferation and survival. Negative signals delivered through a related cell surface receptor, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA-4), act to terminate immune responses and are required for normal immune homeostasis. This article reviews T cell costimulation, including the CD28/CTLA-4 system and other potential costimulatory pathways (such as CD40/CD154), the role of these pathways in normal immune responses, and the potential for the inhibition of these pathways to induce transplantation tolerance.
CD40 Ligation Enhances IL-15 Production by Tubular Epithelial Cells
Authors: WEILER MICHAL , KACHKO LEONID , CHAIMOVITZ CIDIO , KOOTEN CEES VAN , DOUVDEVANI AMOS 
Published: May 2021

Abstract.
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a potent T-cell growth factor and activator. Acute rejection of kidney allografts strongly correlated with elevated IL-15 mRNA in the graft. A role in the rejection process is also suggested for the interaction between CD40 ligand (CD154) expressed on membranes of activated T cells and its receptor (CD40). The effect of CD40 ligation on IL-15 production in human tubular epithelial cells (TEC) was investigated. TEC were co-cultured with a cell line genetically engineered to express CD154. CD154-expressing cells (CD40L cells) bind to TEC. Addition of the CD40L cells to the TEC culture resulted in elevated IL-15 levels. This enhanced production was not observed with control cells, when anti-CD154 antibody was added, and when direct contact between CD40L-cells and TEC was prevented with the use of a Trans-well system. CD40 activation resulted in a twofold increase of IL-15 mRNA transcripts as measured by reverse transcription-PCR and a concordant elevation in IL-15 protein production as measured by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The intensity of activation by CD154 was linearly dependent on cell number, reaching plateau when the effector/target-ratio was 1:1. The increase of IL-15 levels was similar to that produced by stimulation with interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Combination of IFN-γ and activation with CD154 resulted in an additive effect. To conclude, activated T cells may enhance IL-15 expression in two ways: by secreting IFN-γ and by cell to cell contact using CD154. Each signal alone induces IL-15 in similar magnitudes, and both signals are additive. Because IL-15 is a major T-cell activator, this interaction may contribute to graft rejection.
Iloprost Inhibits Inositol-1,4,5-Trisphosphate-Mediated Calcium Mobilization Stimulated by Angiotensin II in Cultured Preglomerular Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: PURDY KIT E. , ARENDSHORST WILLIAM J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract.
In a previous study of cultured preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells, it was demonstrated that, although the stable prostacyclin analog iloprost alone had no effect on the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), it did significantly attenuate the increase in [Ca2+]i stimulated by angiotensin II (AngII). In this study, the mechanisms by which iloprost interacts with calcium signaling pathways stimulated by AngII were examined. [Ca2+]i was assessed using the calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye fura-2. Initial studies identified two major components of the [Ca2+]i response to AngII in this homogeneous preparation of vascular smooth muscle cells from renal resistance vessels. Mobilization of internal stores was evident as an immediate TMB-8-sensitive peak increase in [Ca2+]i (52 ± 6 to 297 ± 26 nM, P < 0.001) in a calcium-free medium. After [Ca2+]i had returned to baseline levels during continued AngII stimulation, a nifedipine-sensitive entry pathway was revealed by the sustained stimulatory effect of added external calcium, which increased [Ca2+]i to 112 ± 13 nM (P < 0.001). Coadministration of iloprost with AngII attenuated both the immediate peak (154 ± 14 nM) and sustained plateau (61 ± 9 nM) phases. Increases in endogenous levels of cAMP induced by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor milrinone mirrored the actions of iloprost, suggesting that the prostacyclin analog exerted its actions via cAMP activation. Blockade of cAMP-dependent protein kinase with KT 5720 reversed the effects of both iloprost and milrinone. When iloprost or milrinone was introduced after the initial mobilization peak had dissipated, the plateau phase of calcium entry was unchanged (92 ± 9 nM). The concept that iloprost does not directly modulate calcium entry was further supported by data showing that the activation of L-type calcium channels by BAY-K 8644 was unchanged during iloprost treatment. On the basis of the observation that iloprost did not alter thapsigargin stimulation of Ca2+-ATPase activity, it is concluded that the actions of cAMP are distinct from increasing calcium uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This study provides new information on the ability of iloprost to primarily attenuate inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate-mediated calcium mobilization via cAMP, with secondary inhibition of L-type calcium entry channels. These data clarify the mechanism by which prostaglandins buffer AngII constriction in resistance arterioles.
Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Activation of Human Neutrophils by Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies
Authors: KETTRITZ RALPH , SCHREIBER ADRIAN , LUFT FRIEDRICH C. , HALLER HERMANN 
Published: May 2021

Abstract.
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) may be important in the pathophysiology of necrotizing vasculitis. ANCA activate human neutrophils primed with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in vitro. TNF-α priming results in translocation of ANCA antigens to the cell surface, where they are recognized by the antibodies. The signaling mechanisms involved in TNF-α priming and subsequent ANCA-induced activation were investigated. TNF-α-primed neutrophils were stimulated with monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to human myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proteinase 3 (PR3), and with preparations of human ANCA (three patients with PR3-ANCA and two patients with MPO-ANCA). Respiratory burst was measured with superoxide dismutase-inhibitable ferricytochrome C reduction and using dihydro-rhodamine-1,2,3. Phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were assessed by immunoblotting. ANCA-antigen translocation was studied by flow cytometry. The tyrosine phosphorylation inhibitor genistein, but not calphostin or staurosporin, resulted in a significant dose-dependent superoxide generation inhibition (11.6 ± 1.7 nmol to 2.1 ± 0.5 for PR3-ANCA, and 16.0 ± 2.8 to 3.3 ± 1.3 for MPO-ANCA). The p38-MAPK inhibitor (SB202190) and the ERK inhibitor (PD98059) diminished PR3-ANCA-mediated superoxide production dose dependently (11.6 ± 1.7 nmol O2
- to 1.9 ± 0.6 with 50 μM SB202190 and 4.0 ± 0.6 with 50 μM PD098059, respectively). For MPO-ANCA, the results were similar (16.0 ± 2.8 nmol to 0.9 ± 1.0 nmol with SB202190 and 6.4 ± 2.4 nmol with PD98059, respectively). Western blot showed phosphorylation of both p38-MAPK and ERK during TNF-α priming. The p38-MAPK inhibitor and the ERK inhibitor showed the strongest effect on respiratory burst when added before TNF-α priming, further supporting an important role for both signaling pathways in the priming process. Flow cytometry showed that p38-MAPK inhibition decreased the translocation of PR3 (by 93 ± 2%) and of MPO (by 64 ± 2%). In contrast, no such effect was seen when ERK was inhibited. Thus, p38-MAPK and ERK are important for the TNF-α-mediated priming of neutrophils enabling subsequent ANCA-induced respiratory burst. However, both pathways show differential effects, whereby p38-MAPK controls the translocation of ANCA antigens to the cell surface.
Constraining Compression Wave Velocity Profiles Using Incidence Angles ofPWaves
Authors: Kim Byungmin 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTThis study proposes a method of constraining compression (P) wave velocity (VP) profiles (up to a depth of 1700 m) using P-wave seismograms recorded on the ground surface. The relationship between the incidence angle of P waves near the ground surface and the ratio of the radial to vertical components of P-wave seismograms on the surface is developed based on 895 seismograms recorded at 630 Kiban–Kyoshin network (KiK-net) stations in Japan. The incidence angles for the underlying layers with hypothesized VP values are estimated using Snell’s law. The epicentral distance is estimated using these incidence angles and layer thicknesses. The processes of estimating the incidence angles and the epicentral distance are repeated using a new hypothesis on VP profiles, until the misfit between the estimated epicentral distance and the known epicentral distance is smaller than the predefined tolerance. This methodology is validated using the measured VP profiles at eight KiK-net stations that exceed a depth of 800 m. When predefined layer thicknesses are used, the standard deviations of the between-site residuals for various depth intervals vary from, approximately, 0.11 to 0.22, indicating good agreement between the measured and estimated VP profiles. For the cases of known layer thicknesses, the standard deviations of between-site residuals vary from 0.11 to 0.19.
A Theoretical Model for the Self-Noise of a Velocity-Broadband Seismometer
Authors: Lin Zhan , Xue Bing , Ma Xinxin , Wang Hongyuan , Li Lijuan 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTA theoretical model of the seismometer self-noise can be used to predict the self-noise. Its inputs are mechanical and electrical parameters of the seismometer. In this article, we studied the theoretical model of the self-noise of the velocity-broadband seismometer, using the CS60 seismometer as an example. Velocity-broadband seismometer is a type of feedback seismometer. The previous theoretical model of the self-noise of the feedback seismometer only involved noise sources in the forward path of the feedback system. Our model involved not only noise sources in the forward path, but also noise sources in the feedback path and external to the feedback loop.We introduced noise sources in the feedback system of the seismometer and the method of calculating their levels with mechanical and electrical parameters, developed expressions for referring all noise sources to the input terminal of the feedback system, and finally established the model. We compared the CS60 seismometer’s predicted self-noise calculated using this model with the measured self-noise, and we found good agreement between them.The contribution of each noise source to the total noise was studied, and it was found that the dominant noise source in CS60 is different over different frequency bands. Over the frequency band below 0.0095 Hz, the noise of the integrator (in the feedback path) is the dominant noise source. Over the frequency band from 0.0095 to 0.21 Hz, suspension noise is the dominant noise source. Over the frequency band from 0.21 to 39 Hz, the noise of the differential driver (external to the feedback loop) is the dominant noise source. Over the frequency band above 39 Hz, the noise of the preamplifier (in the forward path) is the dominant noise source. In addition, some viewpoints about the low-noise design of seismometers were proposed.
Geometry and Technical Drawing in the Secondary School Journal: knowledge for teaching (1957 to 1963)
Authors: Pietropaolo Ruy Cesar , Araújo de Oliveira Maria Cristina 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study presents an analysis of articles on Mathematics and Technical Drawing, published in the Brazilian Secondary School Journal, between 1957 and 1963, in order to provide a panorama of theoretical and practical recommendations, emphasized and defended in these papers, regarding to teaching and learning processes of notions, concepts and procedures relative to geometry and especially whether the History of Mathematics was used a tool for teaching and learning Mathematics. This journal has been structured as a teacher training esource, as it has emerged in a context in which the large majority of Brazilian secondary school teachers were self-taught because, in 1957, only 16% of in-service teachers had graduated from Schools of Philosophy. For this analysis, we assume that the pedagogical media, which resulted from editorial strategies aimed at teachers, plays a significant role in the dissemination of ideas and knowledge understood as necessary and fundamental for the teaching practice. In this paper, we identify recommendations on the teaching and learning process for geometry, which are highlighted in the process of teacher professionalization, according to the appropriation perspective (Certeau 1994, Chartier 1991 and Carvalho 2006) of the educational legislation of the 1950s, followed by different authors of the analyzed articles.
Keywords: History of Mathematics Education in Brazil. Mathematics Teacher Training in Brazil. Pedagogical Media.
Resumo Este estudo apresenta uma análise de artigos sobre Matemática e Desenho, publicados na Revista do Ensino Médio, entre 1957 e 1963, com a finalidade de fornecer um panorama de recomendações teóricas e práticas, enfatizadas e defendidas nesses artigos, no que se refere aos processos de ensino e aprendizagem de noções, conceitos e procedimentos relativos à geometria e, principalmente, se a História da Matemática foi utilizada como ferramenta para ensinar Matemática. Este periódico se estruturou como um recurso para a formação de professores, pois surgiu em um contexto em que a grande maioria dos professores do ensino médio brasileiro eram autodidatas, uma vez que em 1957 apenas 16% dos professores em serviço eram formados em escolas de Filosofia. Para esta análise, partimos do pressuposto de que os meios pedagógicos, fruto de estratégias editoriais dirigidas aos professores, desempenham um papel significativo na difusão de ideias e saberes entendidos como necessários e fundamentais para a prática docente. Neste artigo, identificamos recomendações sobre o processo de ensino e aprendizagem da geometria, que se destacam no processo de profissionalização docente, segundo a perspectiva de apropriação (Certeau 1994, Chartier 1991 e Carvalho 2006) da legislação educacional dos anos 1950, seguida por diferentes autores dos artigos analisados.
Palavras-chave: História da Educação Matemática no Brasil; Formação de professores de Matemática; Mídia Pedagógica
Inteligência artificial como suporte a sistemas de controle e contabilidade gerencial:
Authors: Avelar Ewerton Alex , Vinícius Dias Jordão Ricardo , Maria Couto Ferreira Gabriela , Najela Ekaterina Ribeiro da Silva Beatriz 
Published: May 2021

Destaques: Em um ambiente de economia compartilhada, a forma de exercício do controle pelas empresas pode mudar radicalmente. Nesse contexto, destaca-se o crescimento do emprego de decisões baseadas em algoritmos. Em especial, é cada vez mais popular o uso da inteligência artificial (IA) por parte de empresas para controlar o trabalho dos colaboradores. Tais mudanças tecnológicas influenciam significativamente os sistemas de controle e contabilidade gerencial (SCCG).
Objetivo: Analisar o papel da IA como suporte às diferentes ferramentas do SCCG da 99 Tecnologia Ltda (99TL) e da UBER no Brasil, tendo como base o modelo proposto por Malmi e Brown (2008).
Desenho/Metodologia/Abordagem: A pesquisa se caracteriza como qualitativa, exploratória e documental. Os dados (visuais e verbais) foram coletados por meio de documentos das empresas divulgados publicamente e de relatos de motoristas parceiros. Esses dados foram tratados e analisados com base na análise de conteúdo, sendo que foram usadas como principais categorias aquelas baseadas nos pacotes de controles dos SCCG propostos por Malmi e Brown (2008).
Resultados: Constatou-se que várias ferramentas de controle empregadas pela 99TL e pela UBER podem ser categorizadas de acordo com os pacotes de controle de Malmi e Brown (2008). Ademais, verificam-se muitas similaridades entre as empresas em relação às ferramentas empregadas em cada pacote do SCCG para incentivar os motoristas. No que se relaciona ao papel da IA, há evidências de que ela transpassa praticamente todos os pacotes de controle apresentados, em especial, os controles cibernéticos, de prêmios e compensações e administrativos.
Limitações da investigação: (a) O uso de uma amostra não probabilística dos motoristas; (b) o fato de que alguns motoristas têm a visão de sua localidade de atuação, podendo confundir situações regionais com nacionais; e (c) o acesso a alguns controles via dados secundários é limitado (em especial, no que se refere a controles financeiros).
Implicações práticas: A pesquisa demonstra diversas evidências do papel central da IA como suporte ao SCCG das empresas de transporte por aplicativo. Ademais, destaca-se como os motoristas compreendem os incentivos dos SCCG das empresas, reagindo aos mesmos.

Originalidade/valor: (i) Enfocou-se a inter-relação entre o SCCG e a economia compartilhada, algo raro tanto nacional quanto internacionalmente; (ii) demonstrou-se que é possível a aplicação do modelo de Malmi e Brown (2008) em empresas com modelos de negócios diferenciados como o transporte por aplicativo; (iii) abordou-se o papel cada vez mais central da IA nos sistemas de controle gerencial; e (iv) foi proposta uma nova abordagem metodológica de pesquisa na área, empregando dados baseados em relatos públicos.
Kontribusi konsep Green Moral Dalam Mendukung SDGs di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0
Authors: Praja Wina Nurhayati 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh berbagai permasalahan lingkungan yang terjadi saat ini. Kerusakan lingkungan yang dihadapi sedikitnya terjadi dari ulah tangan manusia yang tidak bertanggung jawab. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memberikan pandangan masyarakat tentang pentingnya menjaga dan melestarikan alam, agar alam itu memberikan kebermanfaatan untuk kehidupan. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan metode etnopedagogi. Hasil penelitian yang penulis peroleh yaitu: (1) Proses pembinaan masyarakat melalui adat istiadat yang sudah lama terbangun memberikan filosofis kuat dalam bersikap bijak terhadap alam,melalui adat istiadat upacara adat nyuguh, babarit, dan sedekah bumi. (2) Dalam mempertahankan adat istiadat di tengah Revolusi Industri 4.0, dengan membumikan nilai-nilai adat yang bermilai luhung terutama dalam menyeleksi dan membatasi teknologi-teknologi yang dirasa kurang bermanfaat untuk masyarakat sekitar. (3) Konsep SDGs, sangat didukung oleh masyarakat adat Kuta terutama dalam pelestarian alam. Masyarakat masih memegang teguh pelestarian alam dengan sangat menghormati lingkungan alamnya, alam itu dijadikan sebagai nilai kehidupan tertinggi bagi mereka.
ABSTRACTThe contribution of the green moral concept in supporting the SDG's in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. This research is motivated by various environmental problems that occur today. The environmental damage faced is at least caused by irresponsible human hands. The purpose of this research is to provide a view of the community about the importance of protecting and preserving nature, so that nature can provide benefits for life. The approach used is qualitative with the ethnopedagogical method. The results of the research that the authors obtained are: (1) The process of community development through long-established customs provides a strong philosophical attitude towards being wise towards nature, through the customs of the ceremonies of nyuguh, babarit, and earth alms. (2) In maintaining customs in the midst of the 4.0 Industrial Revolution, by grounding customary values that have noble values, especially in selecting and limiting technologies that are deemed less beneficial to the surrounding community. (3) The concept of SDGs is strongly supported by the Kuta indigenous people, especially in nature conservation. People still uphold the preservation of nature with great respect for their natural environment, this nature is used as the highest value of life for them.