bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abundance, habitat use and food consumption of seabirds in the high-Arctic fjord ecosystem
Authors: Stempniewicz Lech , Goc Michał , Głuchowska Marta , Kidawa Dorota , Węsławski Jan Marcin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo monitor the rapid changes occurring in Arctic ecosystems and predict their direction, basic information about the current number and structure of the main components of these systems is necessary. Using boat-based surveys, we studied the numbers and distribution of seabirds foraging in Hornsund (SW Spitsbergen) during three summer seasons. The average number of seabirds foraging concurrently in the whole fjord was estimated at 28,000. Little Auks Alle alle were the most numerous, followed by Northern Fulmars Fulmarus glacialis, Brünnich’s Guillemots Uria lomvia and Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla. The pelagic zone was exploited by some 75% of the birds. Their density was the highest (> 400 ind. km−2) in the tidewater glacier bays, where kittiwakes were predominant, and the lowest in the coastal glacier bays. The seabirds in Hornsund daily consumed c. 12.7 tons of food, i.e. c. 0.2% of the summer mesozooplankton and fish standing stocks available in the fjord. This food consisted primarily of copepods, amphipods and molluscs (c. 70%), whereas fish made up < 15%. More than 50% of this biomass was ingested by pursuit divers, while surface feeders took c. 29% and benthophages c. 13%. About three-quarters of the food biomass was taken from the pelagic zone. This paper describes, for the first time in quantitative terms, the structure and function of a seabird community foraging in an Arctic fjord. It also provides a baseline for future studies on climate-induced changes in the importance of seabirds in the Arctic food web.
Development of residual stresses by infeed rotary swaging of steel tubes
Authors: Ortmann-Ishkina Svetlana , Charni Dhia , Herrmann Marius , Liu Yang , Epp Jérémy , Schenck Christian , Kuhfuss Bernd 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAdditionally to the achievable tight geometrical tolerances, rotary swaging can influence intrinsic material properties by work hardening and residual stresses generation. Although residual stresses should be usually avoided, they can be used on purpose to improve the performance properties of a produced part. To find prospective process settings, 2D FEM simulation of the rotary swaging process was developed and revealed the development of residual stresses distributions in E355 steel tubes in the whole longitudinal section. Besides the closing time, also geometric features of the dies were varied. It was found that the closing time affects the residual stresses significantly at the surface, but not in the depth of the part. By shortening the calibration zone, the axial tensile residual stresses near the outer surface could be lowered, while compressive residual stresses near the inner surface remained almost unaffected. By applying a higher die angle, the tensile axial residual stresses were increased while reducing the compressive axial residual stresses. Experimental investigations of residual stresses were performed by X-ray diffraction which revealed a good agreement between simulation results and physical measurements. With these findings, the rotary swaging process can be optimized for shaping residual stresses profiles to improve the performance properties of the produced parts.
A dimensional measure of safety behavior: A non-dichotomous assessment of costly avoidance in human fear conditioning
Authors: Wong Alex H. K. , Pittig Andre 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSafety behavior prevents the occurrence of threat, thus it is typically considered adaptive. However, safety behavior in anxiety-related disorders is often costly, and persists even the situation does not entail realistic threat. Individuals can engage in safety behavior to varying extents, however, these behaviors are typically measured dichotomously (i.e., to execute or not). To better understand the nuances of safety behavior, this study developed a dimensional measure of safety behavior that had a negative linear relationship with the admission of an aversive outcome. In two experiments, a Reward group receiving fixed or individually calibrated incentives competing with safety behavior showed reduced safety behavior than a Control group receiving no incentives. This allowed extinction learning to a previously learnt warning signal in the Reward group (i.e., updating the belief that this stimulus no longer signals threat). Despite the Reward group exhibited extinction learning, both groups showed a similar increase in fear to the warning signal once safety behavior was no longer available. This null group difference was due to some participants in the Reward group not incentivized enough to disengage from safety behavior. Dimensional assessment revealed a dissociation between low fear but substantial safety behavior to a safety signal in the Control group. This suggests that low-cost safety behavior does not accurately reflect the fear-driven processes, but also other non-fear-driven processes, such as cost (i.e., engage in safety behavior merely because it bears little to no cost). Pinpointing both processes is important for furthering the understanding of safety behavior.
Are there sex differences among colorectal cancer patients in treatment and survival? A Swiss cohort study
Authors: Limam Manuela , Matthes Katarina Luise , Pestoni Giulia , Michalopoulou Eleftheria , Held Leonhard , Dehler Silvia , Korol Dimitri , Rohrmann Sabine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the three most common incident cancers and causes of cancer death in Switzerland for both men and women. To promote aspects of gender medicine, we examined differences in treatment decision and survival by sex in CRC patients diagnosed 2000 and 2001 in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland.

Methods
Characteristics assessed of 1076 CRC patients were sex, tumor subsite, age at diagnosis, tumor stage, primary treatment option and comorbidity rated by the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Missing data for stage and comorbidities were completed using multivariate imputation by chained equations. We estimated the probability of receiving surgery versus another primary treatment using multivariable binomial logistic regression models. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for survival analysis.

Results
Females were older at diagnosis and had less comorbidities than men. There was no difference with respect to treatment decisions between men and women. The probability of receiving a primary treatment other than surgery was nearly twice as high in patients with the highest comorbidity index, CCI 2+, compared with patients without comorbidities. This effect was significantly stronger in women than in men (p-interaction = 0.010). Survival decreased with higher CCI, tumor stage and age in all CRC patients. Sex had no impact on survival.

Conclusion
The probability of receiving any primary treatment and survival were independent of sex. However, female CRC patients with the highest CCI appeared more likely to receive other therapy than surgery compared to their male counterparts.
Emerging role and therapeutic application of exosome in hepatitis virus infection and associated diseases
Authors: Shi Ying , Du Lingyao , Lv Duoduo , Li Yan , Zhang Zilong , Huang Xiaolun , Tang Hong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHepatitis viruses are chief pathogens of hepatitis and end-stage liver diseases. Their replication and related pathogenic process highly rely on the host micro-environment and multiple cellular elements, including exosomes. Representing with a sort of cell-derived vesicle structure, exosomes were considered to be dispensable cellular components, even wastes. Along with advancing investigation, a specific profile of exosome in driving hepatitis viruses’ infection and hepatic disease progression is revealed. Exosomes greatly affect the pathogenesis of hepatitis viruses by mediating their replication and modulating the host immune responses. The characteristics of host exosomes are markedly changed after infection with hepatitis viruses. Exosomes released from hepatitis virus-infected cells can carry viral nucleic or protein components, thereby acting as an effective subterfuge for hepatitis viruses by participating in viral transportation and immune escape. On the contrary, immune cell-derived exosomes contribute toward the innate antiviral immune defense and virus eradication. There is growing evidence supporting the application of exosomal biomarkers for predicting disease progress or therapeutic outcome, while exosomal nanoshuttles are regarded as promising therapeutic options based on their delivery properties and immune compatibility. In this review, we summarize the biogenesis and secretion mechanism of exosomes, review the recent findings pertaining to the role of exosomes in the interplay between hepatitis viruses and innate immune responses, and conclude their potential in further therapeutic application.
Lubricating properties of chewing stimulated whole saliva from patients suffering from xerostomia
Authors: Vinke Jeroen , Oude Elberink Marijn , Stokman Monique A. , Kroese Frans G. M. , Nazmi Kamran , Bikker Floris J. , van der Mei Henny C. , Vissink Arjan , Sharma Prashant K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objectives
The study aimed to quantify the lubricating properties of chewing stimulated whole saliva from healthy controls (n = 22), from patients suffering from primary Sjögren’s syndrome (n = 37) and from patients undergoing head-and-neck radiotherapy (n = 34).

Materials and methods
All participants had to complete the Xerostomia Inventory questionnaire to score dry mouth sensation. Lubrication was measured using an ex vivo tongue-enamel friction system in terms of Relief and Relief period. MUC5b and total protein concentrations of the saliva samples were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a bicinchoninic acid assay, respectively.

Results
Relief of Sjögren’s patients’ saliva and post-irradiation patients’ saliva was similar compared with healthy controls, but saliva from post-irradiation patients lubricated significantly better than saliva from Sjögren’s patients. The Relief period was similar between the three groups. The Relief and Relief period were higher for saliva samples post-irradiation compared to pre-irradiation. MUC5b and total protein concentrations were comparable in all groups. MUC5b and total protein output were significantly lower in patients subjected to radiotherapy compared to saliva from healthy controls and pre-irradiation patients. MUC5b concentrations positively correlated with lubricating properties of post-irradiation patient saliva.

Conclusions
The lubricating properties of patient saliva were not any worse than healthy controls. Lower flow rate leads to lower availability of saliva in the oral cavity and decreases the overall output of protein and MUC5b, which might result in an insufficient replenishing of the mucosal salivary film.

Clinical relevance
An insufficient replenishing might underlie the sensation of a dry mouth and loss of oral function.
Prognostic and predictive impact of stroma cells defined by PDGFRb expression in early breast cancer: results from the randomized SweBCG91RT trial
Authors: Strell Carina , Stenmark Tullberg Axel , Jetne Edelmann Reidunn , Akslen Lars Andreas , Malmström Per , Fernö Mårten , Holmberg Erik , Östman Arne , Karlsson Per 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Predictive biomarkers are needed to aid the individualization of radiotherapy (RT) in breast cancer. Cancer-associated fibroblasts have been implicated in tumor radioresistance and can be identified by platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFRb). This study aims to analyze how PDGFRb expression affects RT benefit in a large randomized RT trial.

Methods
PDGFRb was assessed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays from 989 tumors of the SweBCG91RT trial, which enrolled lymph node-negative, stage I/IIA breast cancer patients randomized to RT after breast-conserving surgery. Outcomes were analyzed at 10 years for ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) and any recurrence and 15 years for breast cancer specific death (BCSD).

Results
PDGFRb expression correlated with estrogen receptor negativity and younger age. An increased risk for any recurrence was noted in univariable analysis for the medium (HR 1.58, CI 95% 1.11–2.23, p = 0.011) or PDGFRb high group (1.49, 1.06–2.10, p = 0.021) compared to the low group. No differences in IBTR or BCSD risk were detected. RT benefit regarding IBTR risk was significant in the PDGFRb low (0.29, 0.12–0.67, p = 0.004) and medium (0.31, 0.16–0.59, p < 0.001) groups but not the PDGFRb high group (0.64, 0.36–1.11, p = 0.110) in multivariable analysis. Likewise, risk reduction for any recurrence was less pronounced in the PDGFRb high group. No significant interaction between RT and PDGFRb-score could be detected.

Conclusion
A higher PDGFRb-score conferred an increased risk of any recurrence, which partly can be explained by its association with estrogen receptor negativity and young age. Reduced RT benefit was noted among patients with high PDGFRb, however without significant interaction.
New DTW Windows Type for Forward- and Backward-Lookingness Examination. Application for Inflation Expectation
Authors: Rutkowska Aleksandra , Szyszko Magdalena 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study provides an application of dynamic time warping algorithm with a new window constraint to assess consumer expectations’ information content regarding current and future inflation. Our study’s contribution is the novel application of DTW for testing expectations’ forward-lookingness. Additionally, we modify the algorithm to adjust it for a specific question on the information content of our data. The DTW overcomes constraints of the standard tool that examines forward-lookingness: DTW does not impose assumptions on time series properties. In empirical study we cover seven European counties and compare the DTW outcomes with the results of previous studies in these economies using a standard methodology. The research period covers 2001 to mid-2018. Application of DTW provides information on the degree of expectations’ forward-lookingness. The result, after standardization, are similar to the standard parameters of hybrid specification of expectations. Moreover, the rankings of most forward-looking consumers are replicated. Our results confirm the economic intuition, and they do not contradict previous studies.
Manin Involutions for Elliptic Pencils and Discrete Integrable Systems
Authors: Petrera Matteo , Suris Yuri B. , Wei Kangning , Zander René 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe contribute to the algebraic-geometric study of discrete integrable systems generated by planar birational maps: (a) we find geometric description of Manin involutions for elliptic pencils consisting of curves of higher degree, birationally equivalent to cubic pencils (Halphen pencils of index 1), and (b) we characterize special geometry of base points ensuring that certain compositions of Manin involutions are integrable maps of low degree (quadratic Cremona maps). In particular, we identify some integrable Kahan discretizations as compositions of Manin involutions for elliptic pencils of higher degree.
A microbiome engineering framework to evaluate rhizobial symbionts of legumes
Authors: Quides Kenjiro W. , Atamian Hagop S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
For well over a century, rhizobia have been recognized as effective biofertilizer options for legume crops. This has led to the widespread use of rhizobial inoculants in agricultural systems, but a recurring issue has emerged: applied rhizobia struggle to provide growth benefits to legume crops. This has largely been attributed to the presence of soil rhizobia and has been termed the ‘rhizobial competition problem.’

Scope
Microbiome engineering has emerged as a methodology to circumvent the rhizobial competition problem by creating legume microbiomes that do not require exogenous rhizobia. However, we highlight an alternative implementation of microbiome engineering that focuses on untangling the complexities of the symbiosis that contribute to the rhizobial competition problem. We outline three approaches that use different starting inocula to test hypotheses to overcome the rhizobial competition problem.

Conclusions
The approaches we suggest are targeted at various stages of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis and will help us uncover underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to the rhizobial competition problem. We conclude with an integrative perspective of these different approaches and suggest a path forward for future research on legumes and their complex microbiome.
A touchstone of Finnish curriculum thought and core curriculum for basic education: Reviewing the current situation and imagining the future
Authors: Hakala Liisa , Kujala Tiina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPandemics, like other global challenges, are unquestionably curricular issues. They are curriculum issues not only because of the disrupting consequences of Covid-19 and the economic and social crisis alike but also because people have, through their own activities, contributed to global catastrophes and perpetuated injustices. This article attempts to answer the question: How does Finnish curricular thought, including the role of the teacher and the core curriculum for basic education, respond to the various global crises? While reviewing the current situation, the article also imagines a post–Covid-19 curriculum. Reactivating what is still powerful inBildung/Didaktikand emphasizing the importance of education’s ethical dimension and the teacher’s role as a curriculum theorist offer the means for dealing with the theme. In addition, understanding the structure of the National Core Curriculum document, the political dimension of the Finnish curriculum’s design process, and the educative possibilities in subjects and multidisciplinary modules, the teacher is capable of creating opportunities for educational experiences that are (ethically) significant for students, proactively and in terms of crises.
COVID-19 nationwide lockdown and physical activity profiles among North-western Italian population using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)
Authors: Abate Daga Federico , Agostino Samuel , Peretti Serenella , Beratto Luca 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
The role of physical activity in enhancing health is well recognized. However, in the more industrialized countries, physical activity rates are declining, and the emerging COVID-19 pandemic may amplify this scenario. Thus, this study aimed to report the Italian population’s physical activity profile living in the North-western regions during the national lockdown.

Methods
Physical activity was assessed using the official Italian short form of IPAQ, intended for Social Networking Services (SNS). Participation was voluntary, and people could fill the questionnaire simply by clicking on a specific link.

Results
The final sample size was 612 Italians, male and female, equally distributed (49.1% male and 50.9% female). Data showed a percentage of 15.4% of inactive subjects (MET < 700), 61.8% of moderate-active (MET 700–2500), and 22.9% of active people (MET > 2500). Women were more inactive than men (p < 0.01; 57.4% vs 42.6%). Furthermore, participants were classified into four classes of age: 18–29; 30–44; 45–59; and 60–79. Class 18–29 was prevalent (p < 0.01, 68.3%) and showed higher levels of physical activity (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
Italians living in North-western regions maintained a moderate amount of physical activity during the quarantine. This behavior should be encouraged, particularly among women that usually appear to be less active than men.
Diagnosis and management of X-linked hypophosphatemia in children and adolescent in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries
Authors: Al Juraibah Fahad , Al Amiri Elham , Al Dubayee Mohammed , Al Jubeh Jamal , Al Kandari Hessa , Al Sagheir Afaf , Al Shaikh Adnan , Beshyah Salem A. , Deeb Asma , Habeb Abdelhadi , Mustafa Manal , Zidan Hanaa , Mughal M. Zulf 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Introduction
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare inherited cause of hypophosphatemic rickets and osteomalacia. It is caused by mutations in the phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homolog, X-linked (PHEX). This results in increased plasma fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), which leads to loss of renal sodium-phosphate co-transporter expression leading to chronic renal phosphate excretion. It also leads to low serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), resulting in impaired intestinal phosphate absorption. Chronic hypophosphatemia in XLH leads to impaired endochondral mineralization of the growth plates of long bones with bony deformities. XLH in children and adolescents also causes impaired growth, myopathy, bone pain, and dental abscesses. XLH is the most frequent inherited cause of phosphopenic rickets/osteomalacia. Hypophosphatemia is also found in calcipenic rickets/osteomalacia as a result of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Thus, chronic hypophosphatemia is a common etiologic factor in all types of rickets.

Results
There is considerable overlap between symptoms and signs of phosphopenic and calcipenic rickets/osteomalacia. Wrong diagnosis leads to inappropriate treatment of rickets/osteomalacia. Nutritional rickets and osteomalacia are common in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries which include Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman. Due to high levels of consanguinity in the region, genetic causes of phosphopenic and calcipenic rickets/osteomalacia are also common.

Conclusion
This guideline was developed to provide an approach to the diagnosis of XLH, especially where there is no family history of the disease, and that other related conditions are not mistaken for XLH. We also guide the medical management of XLH with conventional treatment and with burosumab, a recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal antibody to FGF23.
The Influence of Induction Sintering on Microstructure and Deformation Behavior of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr Alloy
Authors: Zyguła Krystian , Wojtaszek Marek , Śleboda Tomasz , Lech Sebastian , Lypchanskyi Oleksandr , Korpała Grzegorz , Prahl Ulrich 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The influence of the induction sintering process at different temperatures on the behavior of the powder metallurgy Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy was investigated. Material for the research was produced by elemental powder blending, followed by the uniaxial cold compacting process. Powder compacts were induction heated and sintered within the temperature range of 1000 °C to 1300 °C. The influences of process parameters on the material behavior during sintering and its properties were studied. The microstructure examination was performed with particular attention to the pore size and distribution as well as the homogenization of the microstructure. The sintering temperature of 1200 °C proved to be critical for the dissolution of most alloying powder particles. Hot compression tests were performed to determine the formability of the obtained material. Significant differences in flow stress behavior between samples sintered at temperatures below and above 1200 °C were observed. The mechanical properties of the material before and after deformation were compared. The evolution of the microstructure of sintered Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy after hot deformation was analyzed with an emphasis on its influence on the material properties. Based on the conducted research, it was found that the adequate homogenization of the chemical composition and microstructure was achieved at the temperature of 1250 °C, and a further increase did not reflect in a significant improvement.