bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental and socioeconomic correlates of extinction risk in endemic species
Authors: Pouteau Robin , Brunel Caroline , Dawson Wayne , Essl Franz , Kreft Holger , Lenzner Bernd , Meyer Carsten , Pergl Jan , Pyšek Petr , Seebens Hanno , Weigelt Patrick , Winter Marten , van Kleunen Mark 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimOur current understanding of the causes of global extinction risk is mostly informed by the expert knowledge‐based “threats classification scheme” of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Studies based on this dataset came to different conclusions about the relative importance of threats to species, depending on which taxonomic groups and levels of extinction risk were considered, and which version of the database was used. A key reason may lie in data limitations as causes of threat are well known for charismatic and well‐studied species, but not for the majority of species assessed. Here, we aim to fill current knowledge gaps about the importance of drivers of global extinction risks by focusing on endemic species.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe examined country‐level variation in the proportion of globally threatened and extinct endemic species (Index of Threat, IoT) with a range of spatially explicit information about anthropogenic pressures, mitigation measures and data limitations.ResultsIoT coincided with several anthropogenic pressures, with substantial differences among kingdoms, life‐forms, levels of extinction risk and geographic locations. IoT of plants, particularly tropical woody plants of moderate extinction risk, was higher in countries with higher GDP and more invasive species. Furthermore, IoT of animals, particularly tropical mammals and invertebrates of moderate extinction risk, was higher in countries with higher GDP and smaller roadless areas.Main conclusionsThe extinction crisis for endemic species is associated with a complex network of potential drivers that need to be considered in concert in conservation policy and practice. Although our results require careful interpretation and remain sensitive to data limitations, we encourage similar studies at smaller scales to identify potential drivers of extinction risk at a higher resolution, particularly in regions where species assessments have been conducted consistently or on organisms with a uniform response time to pressures.
Regulating cryptocurrencies checkpoints: Fighting a trench war with cavalry?
Authors: Soana Giulio 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe rise of cryptocurrencies during the last decade has caused growing concerns among national and international regulators. One of the risks identified is that these instruments may constitute an innovative tool for criminals when laundering money. This risk has been confirmed by numerous recent cases which have underlined the criminogenic potential of cryptocurrencies. Through the V antimoney laundering (AML) Directive, the European legislator has first regulated this emerging issue. This legislation extends the AML duties to two players of the cryptocurrencies market: exchangers and wallet providers. This choice, however, does not exploit the opportunities offered by cryptocurrencies and fails to provide a customized regulatory framework. By maintaining a traditional regulatory approach centered on intermediaries it misses the key innovation of blockchain technology: disintermediation. Compared with traditional online money flows, intermediaries are not necessary nor fundamental in the cryptocurrencies environment. Failing to adapt to this reality, the Directive is employing chivalry to fight a trench war. To guarantee the integrity of this market, the policymaker has to abandon the traditional intermediary‐centred approach in favor of a strategy that seizes the new opportunities offered by blockchain. This paper advocates for a shift from an individual‐centered approach to financial crime control to a transaction‐centered one.
Knowledge and attitude of caregivers of people with dementia
Authors: Parveen Shaheena , Mehra Aseem , Kumar Krishan , Grover Sandeep 
Published: November 2021

AimThis study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of caregivers of people with dementia towards the disease (Alzheimer disease). The secondary objective of the study was to assess the association of attitude and knowledge towards dementia.MethodsIn total, 50 patients with dementia and their caregivers were included in the present study. Caregivers were evaluated on the Dementia Attitude Scale and Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS) to assess the level of knowledge and attitude.ResultsThe mean age of patients was 72.2 years, and the majority of them were men, married, from joint/extended family setup, urban background, and upper or upper‐middle socioeconomic status. The mean age of the caregivers was 48.04 years, and the majority was educated more than the matric level. Nearly half of the caregivers were children, and about one‐third were the spouse of the person with dementia. The mean duration of the caregiver role was 3.6 ± 3.0 years, while the average time spent in caregiving was 7.4 ± 2.9 h/day. Using the Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale, the mean knowledge score for the caregivers was 16.9 ± 2.7. In terms of individual items on the knowledge scale, most of the caregivers were aware of most aspects of dementia. In terms of the mean weighted score, the maximum score was for the domains of course and symptoms and this was followed by the domain of “treatment and management.” The lowest score was obtained for the domain of assessment and diagnosis on ADKS. On the Dementia Attitude Scale, the mean total score was 76.4 ± 18.4. The mean total score for the knowledge domain was higher than the support domain.ConclusionThe current study suggests that most caregivers with dementia have a reasonable level of knowledge about dementia. However, in terms of attitude, caregivers of people with dementia have a less positive attitude towards dementia. The study's finding suggests that there is a need to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of the caregivers of people with dementia and the gaps must be addressed to improve the outcome, both for the people with dementia and their caregivers. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 19–25.
Limestone quarries are the most important refuge for a formerly widespread grassland butterfly
Authors: Münsch Thorsten , Fartmann Thomas 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Calcareous grasslands have an outstanding value for nature conservation. However, during the last century, they have suffered from severe area loss, fragmentation and degradation.
Here, we studied the influence of macroclimate, landscape quality and habitat quality on populations of the Silver‐studded Blue, Plebejus argus, in calcareous grasslands and limestone quarries in a Central European landscape.
Our study revealed that limestone quarries, especially those being actively managed, are the most important refuge for P. argus. Originally, the species was common in calcareous grasslands across the study area. More recently, however, patch occupancy was five times higher at quarries compared to calcareous grasslands and mean adult abundance nearly four times higher at occupied quarries than at occupied grasslands. The key driver of patch occupancy and adult abundance was a high abundance of the host plant. Adult abundance, additionally, increased with a sparse vegetation and a high cover of bedrock.
The deterioration of habitat quality due to abandonment and decreasing grazing intensity has resulted in a strong decline of P. argus in calcareous grasslands. In contrast, quarries exhibit a very low successional speed due to their shallow soils. Hence, they are characterised by a high habitat quality for P. argus, i.e. dense stands of the host plant L. corniculatus, which grow on skeletal soils providing warm microclimatic conditions.
Preserving limestone quarries with their early‐successional stages is of crucial importance for the conservation of P. argus.
Sensitive detection of GATA1 mutations using complementary DNA‐based analysis for transient abnormal myelopoiesis associated with the Down syndrome
Authors: Mizuta Shumpei , Yamane Noriko , Mononobe Saya , Watanabe Asami , Kitamura Ritsuko , Takahara Tadamori , Matsushima Chieko , Yoshida Atushi , Okamoto Seiji , Tanaka Kuniaki , Iwai Atsushi , Ikegawa Atsuko , Wada Takahito , Usami Ikuya , Maihara Toshiro , Komai Takao , Heike Toshio , Nishida Yoshinobu , Kobayashi Kenichiro 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionGATA1 mutation plays an important role in initiating transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) and in the clonal evolution towards acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia (AMKL) associated with Down syndrome (DS). This study aimed to develop and validate the clinical utility of a complementary DNA (cDNA) analysis in parallel with the conventional genomic DNA (gDNA) Sanger sequencing (Ss), as an initial screening test for GATA1 mutations.MethodsGATA1 mutations were evaluated using both gDNA and cDNA in 14 DS patients using Ss and fragment analysis (FA), respectively.ResultsThe detection sensitivity of conventional gDNA sequencing was limited in low blast percentage TAM (LBP‐TAM); however, cDNA‐based Ss readily detected all the pathognomonic GATA1 mutations. The cDNA‐based FA readily detected GATA1 frameshift mutation with a reliable sensitivity ranging from 0.005% to 0.01% of clonal cells.ConclusionsGATA1 mutations are heterogeneous; therefore, we would like to propose a dual cDNA and gDNA analysis as a standard diagnostic approach, especially for LBP‐TAM. cDNA‐based FA promises an excellent sensitivity for detecting frameshift GATA1 mutations in the longitudinal clonal evolution towards AMKL without using a patient specific primer.
Laboratory methods for monitoring argatroban in heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia
Authors: Guy Susan , Kitchen Steve , Hopkins Barbara , Chunara Zunaid , Stephenson‐Brown Alex , van Veen Joost J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe Summary of Product Characteristics for the direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban states monitoring should be by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), with a target range of 1.5‐3.0 times the patients' baseline APTT. APTT may be influenced by coagulopathies, lupus anticoagulant and raised FVIII levels. Previous studies have shown sensitivity differences of APTT reagents to argatroban. Some recent publications have favoured the use of anti‐IIa methods to determine the plasma drug concentration of argatroban. This study aims to compare the anti‐IIa assays: Hemoclot thrombin inhibitor assay (HTI) and Ecarin chromogenic assay (ECA) alongside the APTT.MethodsResidual plasma of 25 samples from 8 patients (3 with COVID‐19 and HIT: n = 18, 5 with HIT: n = 7) was tested at two sites: site A: Sysmex CS5100 by HTI and APTT (Actin FS and SynthASil), and also on Stago STA Compact Max: ECA and APTT (CK Prest); and site B: Stago STA R Max 2 by ECA and APTT (Cephascreen).ResultsMean APTT ratio was 1.96 (Actin FS), 1.84 (SynthASil), 1.59 (CK Prest) and 2.48 (Cephascreen). Mean argatroban concentration by HTI was 0.60 µg/mL and by ECA was 0.65 µg/mL (site A) and 0.70 µg/mL (site B). There was a poor correlation to HTI in APTT ratios (range r2 = .0235‐0.4181) with stronger correlations between ECA methods to HTI (r2 = .8998 site A, r2 = .8734 site B).ConclusionThis study confirms previous publications on the unsuitability of APTT and expands this by being multisited and included APTT reagents that use mechanical clot detection. Both anti‐IIa methods are more suitable.
Early diagnosis of craniofacial necrotising fasciitis: Analysis of clinical risk factors
Authors: Lee Da Woon , Ryu Heongrae , Choi Hwan Jun , Heo Nam Hun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNecrotising fasciitis (NF) is a rapidly progressing fatal disease. Craniofacial necrotising fasciitis (CNF) is limited to the region above the mandibular margin, and early diagnosis is particularly difficult in the absence of related studies. Ten‐year data of patients with craniofacial infection were collected from four separate hospitals. Based on the diagnostic criteria, patients were classified into abscess and CNF. The risk factors for early diagnosis were analysed by comparing the two groups. Simple abscess was found in 176 patients, and CNF was detected in 25 patients. The risk factors associated with CNF include old age, presence of odontogenic infection, elevated white blood cell count (WBC), increased C‐reactive protein (CRP), high levels of creatinine (Cr) and glucose (Glu) and low levels of haemoglobin (Hb) and albumin (Alb). In addition, fever above 38°C and sinusitis at the time of admission and progressive sepsis after admission were also risk factors. Among the statistically significant risk factors, low Alb level showed the greatest association with CNF progression. Appropriate management of CNF via early diagnosis and extensive surgical intervention based on identified risk factors can reduce the mortality rate, complications and unnecessary medical expenses. Clinical question/level of evidence: Diagnostic, III.
Mutual fund performance and changes in factor exposure
Authors: Bessler Wolfgang , Conlon Thomas , de Mingo‐López Diego Víctor , Matallín‐Sáez Juan Carlos 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this article, we examine whether active mutual funds that markedly change their exposure to systematic risk factors subsequently outperform. We propose a new returns‐based approach to assess the degree to which mutual funds adjust their risk exposure, with the benefit of not requiring periodically updated information related to funds' portfolio holdings. Applying this measure to active US mutual funds from 1990 to 2016, we provide evidence that mutual fund managers exhibiting substantial changes in their risk exposure generate alphas that are significantly higher than those with limited exposure variation. Other characteristics such as fund tracking errors, fund size, and investment style, or holdings‐based measures cannot explain these findings. Analyzing the long‐term persistence of active management, we provide evidence that the outperformance is due to managers' skill rather than to luck. Our findings contribute to the empirical evidence suggesting that active management may in some cases, produce short‐term performance persistence.
Empowering patients with the PREPARE advance care planning program results in reciprocal clinician communication
Authors: Nouri Sarah , Street Richard L. , Barnes Deborah E. , Shi Ying , Volow Aiesha M. , Li Brookelle , Alexander Stewart C. , Sudore Rebecca L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe patient‐directed PREPAREforYourCare.org program empowers patients to participate in advance care planning (ACP) discussions with clinicians. Our goal was to determine whether PREPARE could reciprocally increase clinician ACP communication.MethodsIn a secondary analysis of two trials evaluating the efficacy of PREPARE plus an easy‐to‐read advance directive (AD) versus an AD alone, patients were included if they were ≥55 years old, English‐ or Spanish‐speaking, and had ≥2 chronic conditions. We audio‐recorded postintervention primary care visits and used the validated clinician–patient participation coding scheme to calculate the number of clinician ACP utterances concerning information‐giving, recommendations, or supportive talk. We examined differences by study arm using mixed effects negative binomial models, stratifying by language. To assess possible mediation, we adjusted for active patient participation (e.g., asking questions or stating preferences).ResultsThree hundred ninety‐three visits were audio‐recorded (177 in PREPARE arm and 216 in AD‐only arm). Recordings included 179 clinicians (mean 2.2 [SD 1.9] patients each). Patients' mean age was 66 ± 8 years, 31% had limited health literacy, and 25% were Spanish‐speaking. Exactly 67% of recordings included information‐giving, 85% recommendations, and 62% supportive talk. PREPARE resulted in 51% more clinician supportive talk versus the AD alone (mean 4.5 [8.9] vs. 2.9 [6.0] utterances; incidence rate ratio 1.51 [95% CI 1.02–2.24]). Effects were most pronounced among Spanish speakers. There were no differences in information‐giving or recommendations. After adjusting for active patient participation, no differences in supportive talk remained.ConclusionsThe patient‐directed PREPARE program was associated with greater clinician supportive ACP communication with older adults compared with an AD alone; the effect was most pronounced among Spanish speakers and was mediated by active patient participation. Thus, PREPARE helps patients be more engaged communicators, which in turn encourages clinicians to be more supportive of patients. Enhanced patient–clinician communication represents an important mechanism by which PREPARE may decrease disparities in ACP.
Factors associated with changes in inpatients’ smoking pattern during hospitalization and one month after discharge: A cohort study
Authors: Feliu Ariadna , Ravara Sofia , Papadakis Sophia , Enriquez Marta , Antón Laura , Saura Judith , Company Assumpta , Romero Olga , Ripoll Ruth , Ruz Angels , Precioso José , Pascoal Ivone , Videira Lídia , Correia Claudia , Ferreira Soraia , Fernández Esteve , Martínez Cristina 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionSmokers are frequent users of healthcare services. Admissions to hospital can serve as a “teachable moment” for quitting smoking. Clinical guidelines recommend initiating smoking cessation services during hospitalization; however, in Southern European countries less than 5% of inpatients receive a brief intervention for smoking cessation.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were (i) to examine rates of smoking abstinence during and after hospitalization; (ii) to measure changes in smoking patterns among persons who continued smoking after discharge; and (iii) to identify predictors of abstinence during hospitalization and after discharge.MethodsA cohort study of a representative sample of current adult smokers hospitalized in two Spanish and two Portuguese hospitals. We surveyed smokers during hospitalization and recontacted them one month after discharge. We used a 25‐item ad hoc questionnaire regarding their smoking pattern, the smoking cessation intervention they have received during hospitalization, and hospital and sociodemographic characteristics. We performed a descriptive analysis using the chi‐square test and a multivariate logistic regression to characterize the participant, hospital, and smoking cessation intervention (5As model) characteristics associated with smoking abstinence.ResultsSmoking patients from both countries presented high abstinence rates during hospitalization (Spain: 76.4%; Portugal: 70.2%); however, after discharge, their abstinence rates decreased to 55.3% and 46.8%, respectively. In Spain, smokers who tried to quit before hospital admission showed higher abstinence rates, and those who continued smoking reduced a mean of five cigarettes the number of cigarettes per day (p ≤ 0.001). In Portugal, abstinence rates were higher among women (p = 0.030), those not living with a smoker (p = 0.008), those admitted to medical‐surgical wards (p = 0.035), who consumed their first cigarette within 60 min after waking (p = 0.006), and those who were trying to quit before hospitalization (p = 0.043).ConclusionsHalf of the smokers admitted into the Spanish hospitals are abstinent one month after discharge or have reduced their cigarettes per day. Nevertheless, success rates could be increased by implementing evidence‐based tobacco cessation programs at the organizational‐level, including post‐discharge active quitting smoking support.Clinical relevanceThree‐quarters of the inpatients who smoke remain abstinent during hospitalization and over half achieve to maintain their abstinence or at least reduce their consumption one month after discharge, proving that admission to hospitals is an excellent teachable moment to quit smoking.
Telecommuting and gender inequalities in parents' paid and unpaid work before and during theCOVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Lyttelton Thomas , Zang Emma , Musick Kelly 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study examines the relationship between telecommuting and gender inequalities in parents' time use at home and on the job before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic.BackgroundTelecommuting is a potential strategy for addressing the competing demands of work and home and the gendered ways in which they play out. Limited evidence is mixed, however, on the implications of telecommuting for mothers' and fathers' time in paid and unpaid work. The massive increase in telecommuting due to COVID‐19 underscores the critical need to address this gap in the literature.MethodData from the 2003–2018 American Time Use Survey (N = 12,519) and the 2020 Current Population Survey (N = 83,676) were used to estimate the relationship between telecommuting and gender gaps in parents' time in paid and unpaid work before and during the pandemic. Matching and quasi‐experimental methods better approximate causal relationships than prior studies.ResultsBefore the pandemic, telecommuting was associated with larger gender gaps in housework and work disruptions but smaller gender gaps in childcare, particularly among couples with two full‐time earners. During the pandemic, telecommuting mothers maintained paid work to a greater extent than mothers working on‐site, whereas fathers' work hours did not differ by work location.ConclusionIn the context of weak institutional support for parenting, telecommuting may offer mothers a mechanism for maintaining work hours and reducing gender gaps in childcare, while exacerbating inequalities in housework and disruptions to paid work.
Dyadic employment biographies and within‐couple wealth inequality in Britain and Western Germany
Authors: Nutz Theresa , Gritti Davide 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study examines how the interplay of both partners' employment biographies is associated with the within‐couple gender wealth gap in later life in Britain and Western Germany, including married couples born between the 1920s and 1960s.BackgroundAlthough it is well‐known that women own less personal wealth than their male partners on average, variation in the gender wealth gap across partners' employment constellations and contexts remains unaddressed. Following the life course paradigm, this study theorizes how individual wealth accumulation, within‐couple redistribution processes, and institutional arrangements shape the within‐couple gender wealth gap in later life.MethodThe analyses rely on retrospective employment and prospective survey data from Britain (UKHLS; Wave 8; 2016–2018) and Germany (SOEP, 2017). Sequence and cluster analyses detect patterns of dyadic employment biographies (ages 20–55) among different‐sex couples in their first marriage and OLS regressions associate them with the within‐couple gender wealth gap.ResultsThe within‐couple gender wealth gap to the disadvantage of women existed in Britain and Western Germany, with considerably larger inequality in Germany. German male breadwinner couples, particularly those with longer periods of female homemaking and part‐time employment, showed higher levels of wealth inequality. Whereas dyadic employment biographies were not clearly associated with the gender wealth gap in Britain, stable arrangements of female full‐time employment reduced the gap in Germany.ConclusionA similar division of labor throughout the life course can result in different levels of the within‐couple gender wealth gap in later life across country contexts, particularly depending on the housing system.