bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structures of the ApoL1 and ApoL2 N-terminal domains reveal a non-classical four-helix bundle motif
Authors: Ultsch Mark , Holliday Michael J. , Gerhardy Stefan , Moran Paul , Scales Suzie J. , Gupta Nidhi , Oltrabella Francesca , Chiu Cecilia , Fairbrother Wayne , Eigenbrot Charles , Kirchhofer Daniel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractApolipoprotein L1 (ApoL1) is a circulating innate immunity protein protecting against trypanosome infection. However, two ApoL1 coding variants are associated with a highly increased risk of chronic kidney disease. Here we present X-ray and NMR structures of the N-terminal domain (NTD) of ApoL1 and of its closest relative ApoL2. In both proteins, four of the five NTD helices form a four-helix core structure which is different from the classical four-helix bundle and from the pore-forming domain of colicin A. The reactivity with a conformation-specific antibody and structural models predict that this four-helix motif is also present in the NTDs of ApoL3 and ApoL4, suggesting related functions within the small ApoL family. The long helix 5 of ApoL1 is conformationally flexible and contains the BH3-like region. This BH3-like α-helix resembles true BH3 domains only in sequence and structure but not in function, since it does not bind to the pro-survival members of the Bcl-2 family, suggesting a Bcl-2-independent role in cytotoxicity. These findings should expedite a more comprehensive structural and functional understanding of the ApoL immune protein family.
Unveiling quasiparticle dynamics of topological insulators through Bayesian modelling
Authors: Tokuda Satoru , Souma Seigo , Segawa Kouji , Takahashi Takashi , Ando Yoichi , Nakanishi Takeshi , Sato Takafumi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractQuasiparticle - a key concept to describe interacting particles - characterizes electron-electron interaction in metals (Fermi liquid) and electron pairing in superconductors. While this concept essentially relies on the simplification of hard-to-solve many-body problem into one-particle picture and residual effects, a difficulty in disentangling many-body effects from experimental quasiparticle signature sometimes hinders unveiling intrinsic low-energy dynamics, as highlighted by the fierce controversy on the origin of Dirac-band anomaly in graphene and dispersion kink in high-temperature superconductors. Here, we propose an approach to solve this fundamental problem - the Bayesian modelling of quasiparticles. We have chosen a topological insulator TlBi(S,Se)2 as a model system to formulate an inverse problem of quasiparticle spectra with semiparametric Bayesian analysis, and successfully extracted one-particle and many-body characteristics, i.e. the intrinsic energy gap and unusual lifetime in Dirac-quasiparticle bands. Our approach is widely applicable to clarify the quasiparticle dynamics of quantum materials.
Cluster defects in gibbsite nanoplates grown at acidic to neutral pH
Authors: Mergelsberg Sebastian T. , Dembowski Mateusz , Bowden Mark E. , Graham Trent R. , Prange Micah , Wang Hsiu-Wen , Zhang Xin , Qafoku Odeta , Rosso Kevin M. , Pearce Carolyn I. 
Published: July 2021

Results from this study demonstrate gibbsite [α-Al(OH)3] nanoplates, grown at low to neutral pH, contain cluster-sized defects that persist during initial dissolution and subsequent growth of the particles in 3 M NaOH at 80 °C.
Why do more massive stars host larger planets?
Authors: Lozovsky M. , Helled R. , Pascucci I. , Dorn C. , Venturini J. , Feldmann R. 
Published: July 2021

Aims. It has been suggested that planetary radii increase with stellar mass for planet sizes smaller than 6 R⊕ and host masses lower than 1 M⊙. In this study, we explore whether this inferred relation of planetary size and host star mass can be explained by a higher planetary mass of planets orbiting higher-mass stars, inflation of the planetary radius due to the difference in stellar irradiation, or different planetary compositions and structures.
Methods. Using exoplanetary data of planets with measured masses and radii, we investigated the relations between stellar mass and various planetary properties for G and K stars. We confirm that more massive stars host larger and more massive planets.
Results. We find that the differences in the planetary masses and temperatures are insufficient to explain the measured differences in radii for planets surrounding different stellar types. We show that the larger planetary radii can be explained by a larger fraction of volatile material (H-He atmospheres) in planets surrounding more massive stars.
Conclusions. We conclude that planets around more massive stars are most probably larger as a result of larger H-He atmospheres. Our findings imply that planets forming around more massive stars tend to accrete H-He atmospheres more efficiently.
Detectability of large-scale counter-rotating stellar disks in galaxies with integral-field spectroscopy
Authors: Rubino M. , Pizzella A. , Morelli L. , Coccato L. , Portaluri E. , Debattista V. P. , Corsini E. M. , Dalla Bontà E. 
Published: July 2021

Context. In recent years integral-field spectroscopic surveys have revealed that the presence of kinematically decoupled stellar components is not a rare phenomenon in nearby galaxies. However, complete statistics are still lacking because they depend on the detection limit of these objects.
Aims. We investigate the kinematic signatures of two large-scale counter-rotating stellar disks in mock integral-field spectroscopic data to address their detection limits as a function of the galaxy properties and instrumental setup.
Methods. We built a set of mock data of two large-scale counter-rotating stellar disks as if they were observed with the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE). We accounted for different photometric, kinematic, and stellar population properties of the two counter-rotating components as a function of galaxy inclination. We extracted the stellar kinematics in the wavelength region of the calcium triplet absorption lines by adopting a Gauss-Hermite (GH) parameterization of the line-of-sight velocity distribution (LOSVD).
Results. We confirm that the strongest signature of the presence of two counter-rotating stellar disks is the symmetric double peak in the velocity dispersion map, already known as the 2σ feature. The size, shape, and slope of the 2σ peak strongly depend on the velocity separation and relative light contribution of the two counter-rotating stellar disks. When the 2σ peak is difficult to detect due to the low signal-to-noise ratio of the data, the large-scale structure in the h3 map can be used as a diagnostic for strong and weak counter-rotation. The counter-rotating kinematic signatures become fainter at lower viewing angles as an effect of the smaller projected velocity separation between the two counter-rotating components. We confirm that the observed frequency of 2σ galaxies represents only a lower limit of the stellar counter-rotation phenomenon.
Conclusions. The parameterization with a single GH function does not provide a good description of the LOSVD in the presence of strong counter-rotation. However, using GH parametric solutions is a practical way to reveal the large-scale counter-rotating stellar disks and could be used to detect faint counter-rotating components to improve the statistics of stellar counter-rotation.
Pulsational instability of pre-main-sequence models from accreting protostars
Authors: Steindl T. , Zwintz K. , Barnes T. G. , Müllner M. , Vorobyov E. I. 
Published: July 2021

Context. The picture of pre-main-sequence evolution is often simplified by the application of classical initial models. Such models have large initial radii and sufficient uniform contraction to make them fully convective, however, real stars are born as small protostellar seeds in collapsing molecular clouds and obtain their final mass by means of accretion.
Aims. We aim to constrain the input physics of accretion on protostellar seeds with the observed spectroscopic parameters and stellar pulsations of young stellar objects and pre-main-sequence stars.
Methods. We conducted a literature search for spectroscopic samples of young stellar objects and pre-main-sequence stars, including all previously known pulsators. The sample size of pulsating pre-main-sequence stars was increased by analysing TESS observations and presenting additional discoveries in the CoRoT data. We employed Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics and GYRE to calculate evolutionary tracks of accreting protostellar seeds in a constant accretion scenario, the subsequent pre-main-sequence evolution, and their pulsation properties. We then compared the results with the observations to constrain the input physics.
Results. We discuss 16 formerly unknown pulsating pre-main-sequence stars and candidates that are of any of the following type: slowly pulsating B-stars, δ Scuti, γ Doradus, or a δ Scuti - γ Doradus hybrid type. We find that evolutionary tracks with a mass accretion rate of 5 × 10−6 M⊙ yr−1 and a fraction of injected accretion energy of β = 0.1 provide the best results for enveloping the spectroscopic parameters of pre-main-sequence stars in the constant accretion scenario. The calculated instability regions constrain the atmospheric boundary conditions to Eddington Gray atmospheres. Here, we discuss the future potential for additional constraints by instability regions that are dependent on radial order. Finally, we present a possible candidate star for pulsations in M-type young stellar objects.
Conclusions. We show that evolutionary calculations of accreting protostellar seeds match the observed spectroscopic parameters of pre-main-sequence stars. Future observations that will allow for the identification of radial orders in particular will present opportunities for additional constraints.
Effects of Age on Match-related Acceleration and Deceleration Efforts in Elite Soccer Players
Authors: Lorenzo-Martínez Miguel , Corredoira Francisco J. , Lago-Peñas Carlos , Campo Roberto López-Del , Nevado-Garrosa Fabio , Rey Ezequiel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of chronological age on acceleration and deceleration match performance in professional soccer players. A total of 5317 individual match observations were collected on 420 professional players competing in the Spanish LaLiga during the 2018–2019 season, using a multiple-camera computerised tracking system (TRACAB; ChyronHego, Melville, NY, USA). Players were classified using a k-means cluster analysis into four different age groups: 17–23 years, 24–27 years, 28–30 years, and 31–38 years. Linear mixed models were adjusted to compare the players’ match performance according to their age group and playing position (central defenders, external defenders, central midfielders, external midfielders, and forwards). The results showed that players aged between 31–38 years performed a significantly less total number of accelerations (ES=0.30–0.48) and decelerations (ES=0.29–0.49) in comparison with younger players. These age-related physical performance declines were more pronounced among central defenders, central midfielders, and forwards. However, no significant effects were obtained for players’ maximum acceleration and deceleration capacities. The current findings provide useful information for coaches and strength and conditioning specialists to better understand the effects of age on players’ physical performance and to develop age-tailored training programs.
A Domino Approach for the Synthesis of 4-Carboxamide Oxazolines from Azirines
Authors: Balalaie Saeed , Nikbakht Ali , Mohammadi Fariba , Mousavi Mohammad Sadeq , Amiri Kamran , Rominger Frank , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA regio- and diastereoselective ring-expansion reaction of N-acylaziridines is described for the synthesis of 4-carboxamide oxazolines using InCl3. A domino Ugi–Joullié/ring-expansion reaction of arylphenylazirines, isocyanides, and carboxylic acids leads to the target products through the N-acylaziridine intermediates in the presence of the indium catalyst. The oxazolines were synthesized in moderate to excellent yields with high atom economy and high bond-forming efficiency under mild reaction conditions.
Characterizing the Richness of Maternal Input for Word Learning in Neurogenetic Disorders
Authors: Mattie Laura J. , Hadley Pamela A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPromoting language abilities, including early word learning, in children with neurogenetic disorders with associated language disorders, such as Down syndrome (DS) and fragile X syndrome (FXS), is a main concern for caregivers and clinicians. For typically developing children, the quality and quantity of maternal language input and maternal gesture use contributes to child word learning, and a similar relation is likely present in DS and FXS. However, few studies have examined the combined effect of maternal language input and maternal gesture use on child word learning. We present a multidimensional approach for coding word-referent transparency in naturally occurring input to children with neurogenetic disorders. We conceptualize high-quality input from a multidimensional perspective, considering features from linguistic, interactive, and conceptual dimensions simultaneously. Using case examples, we highlight how infrequent the moments of word-referent transparency are for three toddlers with DS during play with their mothers. We discuss the implications of this multidimensional framework for children with DS and FXS, including the clinical application of our approach to promote early word learning for these children.
Management of Children with the Trisomy 18 and Trisomy 13 Syndromes: Is there a Shift in the Paradigm of Care?
Authors: Carey John C. 
Published: July 2021

Objective The conventional view toward the management of infants with the trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 syndromes has been to recommend pure comfort care and the avoidance of technological interventions. This commentary aims to address the recently raised question about whether there has been a shift in the paradigm of the management of infants with the two conditions.
Study Design The study design includes narrative review of the literature.
Results A body of opinion pieces and evidence has emerged indicating that there has been a recent increase in the administration of interventions, including ventilatory support and surgery, in the management of children with these syndromes.
Conclusion Based on the evidence in the literature, the author concludes that there has been a type of paradigm shift described by philosopher of science, Thomas Kuhn, in the treatment of infants with trisomy 18 and 13. More parents are being offered and choosing technological interventions, including cardiac surgery. Future investigation of the question whether intervention improves outcome, including the quality of life, is crucial in addressing the unanswered questions in this dialogue.
Key Points
Estrogens influence female itch sensitivity via the spinal gastrin-releasing peptide receptor neurons
Authors: Takanami Keiko , Uta Daisuke , Matsuda Ken Ichi , Kawata Mitsuhiro , Carstens Earl , Sakamoto Tatsuya , Sakamoto Hirotaka 
Published: July 2021

Significance
Many women exhibit a dramatic increase in itch during pregnancy, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the female sex steroid hormone estradiol, but not progesterone, enhances itch-related scratching behavior in female rats elicited by histamine, the prototypical itch mediator in humans. This is associated with an enhancement in histamine-evoked activity of a subset of spinal dorsal horn neurons that express a neuropeptide receptor, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), that was previously shown to be involved in spinal cord processing of itch. These findings may account for why itch sensation varies with estrogen levels and provide a basis for treating histamine-related itch diseases in females by targeting GRPR.
Prestige norms and sound change in Māori
Authors: King Jeanette , Maclagan Margaret , Harlow Ray , Keegan Peter , Watson Catherine 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMāori, the threatened language of the indigenous people of New Zealand, has been undergoing revitalisation since the 1970s. The MAONZE project (Māori and New Zealand English) has studied sound change in Māori by comparing the speech of historical elders, present-day elders and young speakers. Here we analyse the read speech from nine present-day elders and twelve young speakers and compare it with the results from our previous analysis of their conversational material to investigate whether style shift occurs in more careful Māori speech. Pronunciation change was restricted to the backing of long /u:/, a sound whose fronting had been stigmatised and of which older female speakers seemed to be particularly aware. We conclude that, although there is some indication of style-shift in the read material, ‘first wave’ (Eckert 2012) sociolinguistic methodology is not appropriate for Māori speakers whose notion of class and prestige differ from that of previously articulated sociolinguistic norms.
Style variation in the second formant
Authors: Lee Nala H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBaba Malay speakers perceive words ending with [al], [aɾ], and [as] askasar‘coarse’, and their counterparts ending with [ɛ] ashalus‘refined’. The contrast is neither phonetic, phonological or morphological. Instead, it may be mitigated by sound symbolism operationalized by F2. The frontness of [ɛ] is associated with a smaller articulatory space in the oral cavity, and hence refinedness, as compared to the more backwards coarse forms. This study employs a matched-guise perceptual task. Refined forms are elicited from speakers. The F2 in the relevant endings is adjusted twice upwards and twice downwards in steps of 100Hz. Listeners rate these guises on a scale of 1 to 5, 5 being most associated with ‘refined’ values. Results show that the higher F2 is, the more likely listeners are to associate the guise with ‘refined’ values.
Adaptive functions of neurobehavioral plasticity in language learning and processing
Authors: Kail Michèle 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article presents a large scope of issues on early and late language plasticity that increase our understanding of the neurobehavioral dynamics of change, the main property of the learning brain. In their pioneering work, Bates and Kuhl have convincingly demonstrated that plasticity is intrinsic to development. Bates has provided new data on the impressive recovery of language in children with focal brain injury, highlighting that both hemispheres support the early phases of this change, contrary to previous assumptions. The fundamental reorganization of the early phonemic system around the age of 8 months proposed by Kuhl, combining neural commitment and social abilities, has powerful cascading effects for subsequent word learning. Our developmental crosslinguistic research on online sentence processing in monolinguals and simultaneous bilinguals has revealed distinctive linguistic patterns of “cue cost”, a multifactorial concept relevant for capturing the microplasticity of the processing system. Whatever the language, the shift around the age of 9 towards the canonical adult pattern indicates an efficient adaptive processing occurring with a small delay in bilinguals. Most salient, from childhood, bilinguals exhibit specific cue cost patterns with interactions. In older French adults, cue cost variability is mediated by processing speed which preserves online syntactic abilities but reveals plasticity limits in Alzheimer’s patients.
What is an ecosystem?
Authors: Llinares Ana , Nashaat-Sobhy Nashwa 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) contexts, students are expected to express disciplinary
knowledge in a second/foreign language. One construct that has proven useful for the identification and realization of language
functions in disciplinary knowledge is Dalton-Puffer’s (2013) model of cognitive
discourse functions (CDFs). Additionally, Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) has already been proven useful for distinguishing
lexico-grammatical features that characterise different CDFs in CLIL students’ productions (e.g., Nashaat-Sobhy & Llinares, 2020; Evnitskaya & Dalton-Puffer,
2020). In this article, we use SFL to analyse the oral and written realisations of the CDF Define by 6th grade students
participating in a CLIL program in Madrid, Spain. A total of 83 students responded to the same prompt (on science) in writing (in
the form of a blog) as well as orally (in the form of an interview). In the oral interviews the co-construction of definitions by
the students with the interviewer (researcher) and another peer are explored using the notion of Legitimation Code Theory and the
concept of semantic waves (Maton, 2013). The analysis of students’ definitions is also
related to primary CLIL teachers’ evaluations using comparative judgement.
Septoria albopunctata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Andrianova T. V. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria albopunctata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission and control (by fungicides), geographical distribution (Korea and USA), and hosts (
Vaccinium angustifolium, V. arboreum, V. ashei, V. corymbosum, V. myrsinites, V. oldhamii, V. ovatum, V. tallapusae
and
Rhododendron minus
).
Indian citrus ringspot virus. [Distribution map].
Authors: CABI  , EPPO  
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A new distribution map is provided for Indian citrus ringspot virus. Tymovirales: Alphaflexiviridae: Mandarivirus. Hosts: kinnow (
Citrus aurantium
×
Citrus reticulata
), Cleopatra mandarin (
Citrus reshni
) and navel orange (
Citrus sinensis
). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (India, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh).
Trichosporum vesiculosum
. [Distribution map].
Authors: CABI  , EPPO  
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A new distribution map is provided for
Trichosporum vesiculosum
Butler. Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes: Capnodiales. Host:
Casuarina equisetifolia
. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (China, India, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam) and Africa (Kenya and Mauritius).
Anisogramma anomala
. [Distribution map].
Authors: CABI  , EPPO  
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A new distribution map is provided for
Anisogramma anomala
(Peck) E. Müller. Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales: Valsaceae. Host: European hazelnut (
Corylus avellana
). Information is given on the geographical distribution in North America (Canada, British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, USA, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Washington and Wisconsin).