bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevational boundaries influence richness patterns at large spatial scales evinced by madicolous insects of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Shimabukuro Erika Mayumi , Trivinho‐Strixino Susana 
Published: April 2021

1. ‘Biologists have long recognized that elevational and latitudinal species‐richness gradients mirror each other’. With this statement, Stevens (Stevens, The American Naturalist, 140, 893–911, 1992) and other ecologists assumed the same hypotheses to explain richness patterns in latitudinal and altitudinal gradients. However, the monotonic decrease of species toward high altitudes is far from a rule in elevational gradients studies.2. We analysed the richness pattern of the madicolous insect community along three elevational gradients of the Atlantic Forest, each representing a different altitudinal stratum in the domain (0–1100; 1200–2100; 1600–2800 m a.s.l). This way, we ensured that the complete altitudinal range extant in the Atlantic Forest (0–2800 m a.s.l.) was contemplated. We expected to find repeated patterns of richness variation in the elevational gradients where the elevational boundaries of each mountain constrained species' distribution, causing a mid‐elevation peak of richness in each gradient.3. Madicolous insects' communities from 70 sampling sites were analysed. Simple and multiple regressions were used to identify significant relations and comparisons between empirical richness data and null models for MDE were made.4. Each elevational gradient showed a different pattern of richness variation. However, a clear continuity in the richness‐altitude relation was observed in the complete elevational gradient where an intermediate peak was detected. The Rapoport effect was not observed. A significant effect of environmental variables was detected at local scale, while the hard‐elevational boundaries of the Atlantic Forest – sea level and the top of the highest mountaintop – constrained species distribution and contributed to the observed richness pattern.
Universal rules of life: metabolic rates, biological times and the equal fitness paradigm
Authors: Robert Burger Joseph , Hou Chen , A. S. Hall Charles , Brown James H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHere we review and extend the equal fitness paradigm (EFP) as an important step in developing and testing a synthetic theory of ecology and evolution based on energy and metabolism. The EFP states that all organisms are equally fit at steady state, because they allocate the same quantity of energy, ~ 22.4 kJ/g/generation to the production of offspring. On the one hand, the EFP may seem tautological, because equal fitness is necessary for the origin and persistence of biodiversity. On the other hand, the EFP reflects universal laws of life: how biological metabolism – the uptake, transformation and allocation of energy – links ecological and evolutionary patterns and processes across levels of organisation from: (1) structure and function of individual organisms, (2) life history and dynamics of populations, and (3) interactions and coevolution of species in ecosystems. The physics and biology of metabolism have facilitated the evolution of millions of species with idiosyncratic anatomy, physiology, behaviour and ecology but also with many shared traits and tradeoffs that reflect the single origin and universal rules of life.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical characteristics in mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia and epilepsy in a predominantly adult cohort
Authors: Mendes Coelho Vanessa C. , Morita‐Sherman Marcia , Yasuda Clarissa L. , Alvim Marina M. K. , Amorim Barbara Juarez , Tedeschi Helder , Ghizoni Enrico , Rogerio Fabio , Cendes Fernando 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to better characterize the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia (MOGHE), a rare clinicopathological entity associated with pharmacoresistance recently described in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy.MethodsWe studied 12 patients who underwent epilepsy surgery and whose surgical specimens showed histopathological findings of MOGHE, characterized by preserved cortical lamination, blurred gray–white matter interface due to increased number of oligodendrocytes, and heterotopic neurons in the white matter. The age at MRI evaluation ranged from 11 to 58 years, except for one 4.5‐year‐old patient.ResultsFollowing a detailed MRI analysis using an in‐house protocol, we found abnormalities in all cases. The lesion was circumscribed in the frontal lobe in six (50%) and in the temporal lobe in three (25%) patients. In the remaining three patients (25%), the lesion was multilobar (frontotemporal and temporoparieto‐occipital). Cortical thickening was mild in all patients, except in the 4.5‐year‐old patient, who had pronounced cortical thickening and white matter blurring. We also identified cortical/subcortical hyperintense T2/fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery signal associated with gray/white matter blurring in all but one patient. When present, cleft cortical dimple, and deep sulci aided in localizing the lesion. Overall, the MRI findings were like those in focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) Type IIa. Surgical outcome was excellent in five patients (Engel Class I in 25% and II in 17%). The remaining seven patients (58%) had worthwhile seizure reduction (Engle Class III). Incomplete lesion resection was significantly associated with worse outcomes.SignificanceMRI findings associated with MOGHE are similar to those described in FCD Type IIa. Although more frequent in the frontal lobe, MOGHE also occurred in the temporal lobe or involved multiple lobes. Multilobar or extensive MOGHE MRI lesions are associated with less favorable surgical outcomes. Because this is a rare condition, multicenter studies are necessary to characterize MOGHE further.
Effectively and accurately mapping global biodiversity patterns for different regions and taxa
Authors: Hughes Alice C. , Orr Michael C. , Yang Qinmin , Qiao Huijie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimThe aim was to understand the representativeness and accuracy of expert range maps and to explore alternative methods for mapping species distributions accurately.LocationGlobal.Time periodContemporary.Major taxa studiedTerrestrial vertebrates and Odonata.MethodsWe analysed the biases in 50,768 animal International Union for Conservation of Nature, Global Assessment of Reptile Distributions and BirdLife species maps and assessed the links between these maps and existing political boundaries and various non‐ecological boundaries to assess their accuracy for certain types of analyses. We cross‐referenced each species map with data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility to assess whether maps captured the whole range of a species and what percentage of occurrence points fell within the assessed range of the species. In addition, we used a number of different methods to map diversity patterns and compared these with high‐resolution models of distribution patterns.ResultsOn average, 20–30% of the non‐coastal range boundaries of species overlapped with administrative national boundaries. In total, 60% of areas with the highest spatial turnover in species (high densities of species range boundaries marking high levels of shift in the community of species present) occurred at political boundaries, which was especially common in Southeast Asia. Different biases existed for different taxa, with gridded analysis in reptiles, river basins in Odonata (except the Americas) and county boundaries for amphibians in the USA. On average, up to half (25–46%) of the recorded range points of species fell outside their mapped distributions. Filtered minimum convex polygons performed better than expert range maps in reproducing modelled diversity patterns.Main conclusionsExpert range maps showed high bias at administrative borders in all taxa, but this was highest at the transition from tropical to subtropical regions. The methods used were inconsistent across space, time and taxa, and the ranges mapped did not match species distribution data. Alternative approaches can reconstruct patterns of distribution better than expert maps, and data‐driven approaches are needed to provide reliable alternatives to gain a better understanding of species distributions.
Bioengineering, telecoupling, and alternative dairy: Agricultural land use futures in the Anthropocene
Authors: Newman Lenore , Newell Robert , Mendly‐Zambo Zsofia , Powell Lisa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe global environmental impact of rising consumption of animal products presents significant challenges to sustainable land use. One alternative to the production of animal products is a set of technologies for culturing meat and dairy alternatives referred to as “cellular agriculture”; in the case of dairy, “cellular dairy”. Optimism around the benefits of these technologies is widespread, and they fit within a larger narrative of land sparing, in which high‐yield farming allows the protection of habitats and the return of fallow land to ecological uses. However, questions remain as to whether cellular dairy is truly land sparing because although lab dairy could offer significant ecological benefits, these could be countered by increases in agricultural activity in other regions for the production of feedstocks. In addition, considerations around broader impacts to individuals, communities, and the environment are needed to understand whether/how cellular dairy aligns or conflicts with local, regional, and global sustainability goals. This paper employs the concept of telecoupling, which refers to socioeconomic and environmental interactions over distances, to examine the potential cellular dairy may have for contributing to sustainable food production and consumption. The research uses British Columba, Canada as a case study, and it explores three policy scenarios: (1) incentives for the growth of a cellular dairy industry, (2) cellular dairy incentivization with eco‐certification, and (3) cellular dairy incentivization with local sourcing of feedstock. The work is exploratory rather than predictive, meaning rather than forecasting outcomes, it stimulates ideas on potential direct and indirect impacts, feedback processes, and social and institutional changes associated with each scenario. The research demonstrates that exploring scenarios through a telecoupling lens can be useful for policy‐makers and analysts because it facilitates comprehensive and multi‐scalar thinking on the ecological, social, economic, and political factors associated with different policy options.
Virulence assessment of enterohepaticHelicobacterspecies carried by dogs using the wax moth larvaeGalleria mellonellaas infection model
Authors: Ochoa Sofía , Fernández Fabiola , Devotto Luis , France Iglesias Andrés , Collado Luis 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundEnterohepatic species of the genusHelicobacter(EHH) are emerging pathogens that have been associated with gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary diseases in humans. However, studies on their pathogenicity are scarce.Galleria mellonellais a recently proposed model for the study of virulence in different pathogens, such asCampylobacterspp. andHelicobacter pylori. Despite this, its usefulness in EHH has not yet been evaluated. Therefore, we determined the pathogenic potential of different EHH species isolated from dogs in this infection model.Materials and MethodsFour species of EHH (H.bilis,H.canicola,H.canis, and ‘H. winghamensis’) isolated from fecal samples from domestic dogs were evaluated. Three strains of each species were inoculated in cohorts ofG.mellonellaat a concentration of 1 × 107 CFU/mL. Survival curves were determined by the Kaplan‐Meier method. In addition, the quantification of melanin, bacterial load in hemolymph, and histopathology were evaluated daily post–infection (pi).ResultsG.mellonellalarvae are susceptible to EHH infection, exhibiting intra‐ and inter‐species variability. Melanin production became evident from 4 h pi and increased throughout the assay. All species were recovered from the hemolymph after 20 min pi; however, onlyH.caniscould be recovered up to 48 h pi. Histopathology revealed cellular and humoral immune response, evidencing accumulation of hemocytes, nodulation, and melanin deposition in different tissues.ConclusionEHH species carried by dogs have considerable pathogenic potential, beingH.canicolathe species with the highest degree of virulence. Thus,G.mellonellais a useful model to assess virulence in these emerging pathogens.
The effects of cell surface CD47 downregulation on ischaemia‐reperfusion injury during pig liver transplantation
Authors: Wang Zhi , Guo Hao , Xu Rui , Zhao Chun‐ni , Xia Yun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effect of cell surface CD47 downregulation on ischaemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI) during pig liver transplantation. Blood samples were collected from healthy miniature Bama pigs randomly and equally divided into CD47 antagonism (group A), without CD47 antagonism (group B) and a sham group (group C). Blood samples were collected from groups A and B at 0, 8 and 48 hours after establishment of the new liver through an indwelling tube in the right internal jugular vein. Blood samples were collected at the same time points after liver dissociation from group C. The expression of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) was detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); CD47 expression was detected by Western blot; and liver function indices, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartic transaminase (AST), were directly read by an automatic biochemical analyzer. The concentrations of both receptors in group A were significantly lower than groups B and C, at 8 and 48 hours after establishment of blood flow. At 8 and 48 hours in the new liver stage, the values of CD47 levels, ALT and AST in group A were significantly reduced compared to groups B and C (P < 0.05). The levels of CD47 in the three groups were consistent with the trends of the aforementioned observation indicators. The liver functions of the recipients were significantly improved by reducing the release of the inflammatory mediators. This study provides new ideas and intervention approaches for the treatment of IRI in liver transplantation.
Effects of daily sedation interruption in intensive care unit patients undergoing mechanical ventilation: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Chen Ting‐Jhen , Chung Yi‐Wei , Chen Pin‐Yuan , Hu Sophia H. , Chang Chuen‐Chau , Hsieh Shu‐Hua , Wang Bo‐Cyuan , Chiu Hsiao‐Yean 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimThis study aimed to assess the effects of daily sedation interruption on the mechanical ventilation duration and relevant outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit (ICU).BackgroundPreviously, three meta‐analyses on the association of daily sedation interruption with the mechanical ventilation duration have reported conflicting findings, and these did not support current guideline recommendations that daily sedation interruption can be routinely used in mechanically ventilated adult ICU patients.DesignThis was a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled studies.Data sourcesData were from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, ProQuest dissertation and theses, Airiti Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data Chinese, Science Direct and PsycINFO databases.Review methodsTwo reviewers independently assessed, extracted and appraised the included studies. Then, pooled estimates were calculated using a random‐effects model.ResultsIn total, 45 studies involving 5493 participants were included. Compared with controls, daily sedation interruption significantly reduced the mechanical ventilation duration, ICU stay length, sedation duration, and tracheostomy and ventilator‐associated pneumonia risks (all p ≤ 0.001). Moreover, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and study quality were significant moderators.ConclusionDaily sedation interruption could substantially reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation, particularly when it was applied to patients with high disease severity.
Efectos de la negociación colectiva e individual en el rendimiento empresarial. Análisis exhaustivo de la incidencia de diversos sistemas de negociación en la productividad laboral
Authors: BRAAKMANN Nils , BRANDL Bernd 
Published: April 2021

ResumenSobre un conjunto de datos empresariales representativos de todos los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea se analiza la relación entre diferentes procesos y estructuras institucionales de negociación colectiva y la evolución de la productividad laboral. Los resultados muestran efectos de amplio alcance. Algunos procesos y estructuras, en particular los sistemas sin coordinación entre unidades, parecen menoscabar el rendimiento empresarial, mientras que los sistemas coordinados lo mejoran. En consecuencia, lo importante son los procesos y estructuras institucionales en que se inscribe la negociación colectiva y no la cuestión de si la negociación debe ser colectiva o individual.
Tareas, ocupaciones y salarios en países de la OCDE
Authors: AGASISTI Tommaso , JOHNES Geraint , PACCAGNELLA Marco 
Published: April 2021

ResumenEn este artículo se investigan los vínculos entre ingresos, capital humano y tareas laborales, utilizando información internacionalmente comparable del PIAAC (OCDE) sobre competencias de adultos. Tomando el marco teórico de Autor y Handel (2013), se amplía el análisis empírico a 21 países de la OCDE. Los datos permiten tener en cuenta tanto el nivel de instrucción como una medida de las competencias cognitivas. Los resultados confirman que las tareas que implica cada ocupación tienen influencia en las diferencias salariales tanto entre ocupaciones como dentro de cada una y proporcionan pruebas empíricas del poder de predicción del modelo para un gran número de países.
Upskilling y cambios distributivos en la cadena global de valor de la industria electrónica
Authors: LLADÓS MASLLORENS Josep , MESEGUER ARTOLA Antoni , VILASECA REQUENA Jordi 
Published: April 2021

ResumenLa cadena global de valor de la industria electrónica es una de las más complejas de la economía internacional. Utilizando las tablas input‐output internacionales de 2000‐2014, se infieren las contribuciones individuales a dicha cadena para observar cómo la crisis de 2007–2008 afectó a su evolución y cartografiar las interacciones internacionales. Se observa un aumento de la deslocalización hasta el estallido de la crisis y después China y otras economías de Asia oriental se convierten en un epicentro de creación de valor. También se observa una profunda transformación de las tecnologías de producción, acompañada de un proceso de mejora del perfil de la cualificación (upskilling).
Buenos y malos empleos informales en Indonesia
Authors: ABLAZA Christine , WESTERN Mark , TOMASZEWSKI Wojtek 
Published: April 2021

ResumenPartiendo de un modelo del empleo informal que presupone su heterogeneidad, los autores estiman la brecha salarial entre trabajadores formales e informales en diferentes segmentos de la distribución de ingresos mediante regresiones cuantílicas incondicionales estimadas con datos de la Encuesta de vida familiar de Indonesia. Confirman la considerable penalización de ingresos observada en estudios anteriores para muchos trabajadores informales, pero también la existencia de un grupo entre ellos cuyos ingresos son similares a los de los trabajadores formales. Estas estimaciones concuerdan con el modelo de segmentación del empleo informal de Fields (1990 y 2005).
Impact of COVID‐19 on post‐traumatic stress symptoms in the general population: An integrative review
Authors: Hong Soyun , Kim Heejung , Park Min Kyung 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe coronavirus pandemic highlights the urgent need for increased support related to mental health concerns. This study aimed to synthesize the findings of empirical studies reporting the post‐traumatic stress symptoms in the general population during the coronavirus pandemic. Whittemore and Knafl’s (Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52, 546, 2005) integrative review methodology was used to analyse and synthesize the peer‐reviewed studies. Five electronic databases, PubMed, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Cochrane and Google Scholar were searched using terms related to the coronavirus pandemic and post‐traumatic stress symptoms. The quality of the studies was screened and evaluated using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. The sample size of the 16 studies included in this review ranged from 41 to 3480 participants, with a total of 18 039 participants. The majority of the participants’ ages ranged from 30 to 39 years, and 57% of the participants were female. The following factors related to post‐traumatic stress symptoms during the coronavirus pandemic were identified as follows: (i) risk factors included social discrimination, fear of uncontrolled contagion and financial burden or economic instability; and, (ii) protective factors included social support and timely government action. A traumatic experience itself can trigger the onset of post‐traumatic stress disorder; however, depending on the risk and protection factors, each individual can experience different post‐traumatic stress symptoms. Thus, mental health nurses should comprehensively understand how to reduce the influence of risk factors and enhance protective factors when dealing with the pandemic and related trauma. This study’s findings are beneficial for identifying, preventing and managing post‐traumatic stress symptoms associated with the coronavirus and future pandemics.
Promoting in situ formation of core‐shell structured carbides in high‐Cr cast irons by boron addition
Authors: Li Jiaqi , Tang Yunqing , Tang X. , Li D. Y. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractM7C3 carbide is an important reinforcing phase in high‐Cr cast irons, ferrous alloys, metal‐matrix composites, and hardfacing overlays. However, the mismatch at the carbide/matrix interface due to the differences in structure and mechanical strength between the carbide and metallic matrix may lower the resistance of the material to mechanical attack, such as wear, corresponding to increased risk of interfacial failure or the role of the interfacial mismatch as a stress raiser for crack initiation. Recent studies on high‐Cr cast irons (HCCI; Fe‐45%Cr‐%C series) show that core(M7C3)‐shell(M23C6) structured carbides (CSSCs) help minimize the misfit stress at the interface between carbide and matrix, thus enhancing their resistance to wear. However, such core‐shell structured carbide does not always form. It is of importance to understand the mechanism responsible for the formation of CSSC for maximized benefits. In this study, we conducted thermodynamic analysis to investigate the conditions for in situ forming CSSCs in HCCIs and determine the probability of generating CSSCs through alloying elements. Both thermodynamic analysis and first‐principles calculations demonstrate that the core‐shell structured carbide can be in situ formed in HCCIs by alloying with elements such as boron, which increases the stability of M23C6 with lowered energy. Relevant experiments were performed to verify the theoretical analysis and prediction.