bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on coal to methanol of Arutmin coal
Authors: Suganal  , Huda Miftahul , Efendi Muhammad Ade A. , Diniati Dahlia , Fatia Umar Datin , Rianda Sapta , Nurhadi  , Kurnia Gandi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Indonesian government has encouraged coal mining companies to expand into coal downstream industries. In response to this policy, PT. Arutmin Indonesia has conducted a pre-feasibility study on the construction of a coal-to-methanol plant. The plant was located in the Pulau Laut Utara Coal Terminal (NPLCT). The plant is designed to produce 3.0 million tons of methanol/year. The raw material is supplied from the Sarongga coal mine, about 5 km away from NPLCT. The coal-to-methanol process was simulated using ChemCad to solve chemical and energy problems. Based on heat & material balance simulation results, the plant requires coal of 6.0 million tons/year as a raw material. Air Product technology was chosen for coal gasification and Davy Technology for methanol synthesis. Air product gasifier requires lower oxygen to produce syngas than other technologies, thereby reducing oxygen production costs. The plant needs an investment cost of USD 3.0 billion. With the assumption of a methanol price of 311 USD/ton and 20 years of tax holiday incentives, the financial analysis results show that the construction of coal-to-methanol plant is financially feasible with an NPV value of 289.7 million USD and an IRR of 13.35%.
Coal blending selection for CFPP fuel with slagging fouling prediction and procurement cost calculation
Authors: Hariana  , Putra H P , Raksodewanto A A , Enjang  , Kuswa F M , Darmadi D B , Nielsen C 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Most coal-fired power plants in Indonesia use medium and low-rank coal due to coal availability in the domestic coal market. Because of technical and economic reasons, single coal as fuel is rarely used in coal-fired power plants. Therefore the coal blending method is used. Here, the most dominant technical requirement of a coal-fired power plant is the calorific value and potential of slagging and fouling. For this reason, a selection method that involves the technical aspect of coal and coal procurement cost is carried out. This study found that from 42 types of alternative coal blend made, 18 types fulfill the potential of slagging and fouling criteria. 12 type coal blends could be prioritized as the main alternative because they fulfilled all technical aspects and coal procurement costs. The conclusion obtained from this study is the completion of the search for alternative coal blends based on technical aspects, especially slagging and fouling and procurement cost, to effectively obtain blending priority. This method can be developed for different coal-fired power plant technology and operation condition.
Characteristics of low-rank and medium-rank Indonesian coal using the TG-DSC method
Authors: Hariana  , Prismantoko A , Putra H P , Nuryadi A P , Sugiarto  , Enjang  , Nielsen C 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Low-rank and medium-rank coal are dominant coal resources in Indonesia. Considering the decisive role of coal in coal-fired power plants, it is crucial to examine the combustion characteristics before burning coal in the boiler. This paper presents the effect of moisture content, heating value, and volatile matter on ignition temperature and burn out of five samples of low-rank coal and five samples of medium-rank coal using TG-DSC analysis which was carried out using LINSEIS High-Pressure STA at atmospheric pressure with an air rate of 25 ml/min and heating rate of 10 °C/min. The investigation results show that low-rank coal with the higher volatile matter has tremendous reactivity and is more flammable, and favours of burning through itself than medium-rank coal. Medium-rank coal has better combustion with short residence time because it has a lower burnout temperature (Tbo) value than low-rank coal. However, medium-rank coal burns more instantly because it has a lower temperature interval than low-rank coal. Medium-rank coal, which has fixed carbon and higher heating value, but lower moisture content, has a higher Rmax value than low-rank coal. In conjunction with these properties, it is crucial to examine the implementation in boilers.
The effect of coal stockpile on shallow groundwater aquifer: Study case Tarahan
Authors: Iqbal M , Farishi B A , Hassan M A A , Natalia H C , Radityo D , Erica T F , Candany M , Safa S M J 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper aims to determine the existence of groundwater contamination due to coal stockpile activity in shallow groundwater. The research area is located in a stockpile that has been operating since 1986. We conducted chemical content analysis at several points around the coal stockpile and outside the stockpile area to see the impact of pollution on the surrounding residents’ areas. This study also uses geoelectric methods and direct observations to identify shallow groundwater levels (water table). The research area has a groundwater depth of about 2 m from the surface, and groundwater flows from northeast to southwest (sea). The chemical content analysis results show that each sample taken around the stockpile is below the water quality standard threshold, so it can be concluded that coal stockpile activity does not contaminate the shallow groundwater. However, there is nitrate contamination from shallow groundwater located outside the stockpile area taken from dug wells and drilling wells with a depth of 8 m shows a value of 14.08-23.67 ppm (>10 ppm threshold). We suspect that this pollution is caused by the large number of mining activities carried out in the north of the study area.
The potency of rare earth elements and yttrium in Konawe coal ashes, Indonesia
Authors: Farqhi Maidatul , Anisa Ayu Besari Dea , Anggara Ferian , Tri Bayu Murti Petrus Himawan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Fly ash and bottom ash (FABA), which not utilized is considered waste, has been regarded as the promising source of rare earth elements and yttrium (REY). REY has been recognized as critical raw materials to several modern high-technology applications. This research aims to identify the potential resource of REY in FABA, by investigating FABA samples from two different coal-fired power plant (KNW-1 and KNW-2) in Konawe, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The geochemical compositions of coal and FABA include major elements and REY determined by ICP-MS and ICP-AES. The major elements in coal and FABA samples showed the highest concentration in SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, and MgO. The individual REY contents in FABA from KNW-1 are about 17-21 times higher than in coal samples while FABA from KNW-2 are about 57-73 times higher than in coal. The total REY concentration in FABA KNW-1 ranged from 227.34-276.41 ppm while the concentration in FABA KNW-2 ranged from 278.49-356.45 ppm. The total REO content of KNW-1 FABA samples ranged from 274.08-333.45 ppm. These values are lower than the REO content of the KNW-2 FABA (335.67-429.80 ppm). The percentage critical REY (30% ≤ REYdef ≤ 51%) and coefficient outlook (0.7 ≤ Cou tl ≤ 1.9%), showed all FABA samples are potential for promising raw material REY.
Identification of zeolite using electrical resistivity tomography in Campang Tiga, South Lampung Regency
Authors: Farduwin Alhada , Lumbatoruan Pangeran G. , Karyanto  , Triyanto Dian 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Currently, zeolites are widely used in various fields including horticultural, agricultural, household, industrial, water and wastewater management. Due to the increasing use of zeolites, it is estimated that the demand for zeolites will increase in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a survey to determine the potential of zeolites in an area. Campang Tiga is an area with quite a lot of potential zeolite and is exposed on the surface along with tuffs from the Lampung Formation. To estimate the potential zeolite in this area, it was carried out the Electrical Resistivity (ERT) measurements to determine the distribution and depth of the tuff layer associated with the zeolite. Measurements were made in 3 lines with an electrode spacing of 6 m using a dipole-dipole configuration. The result performs that the zeolites in the area are located at a depth of up to ∼ 10 m and are getting thicker towards the east until they reach a depth of ∼ 20 m. The results of this interpretation have been combined with the results of laboratory measurements of the resistivity value of zeolites in the area. Laboratory test results present that the zeolite resistivity value ranges from 20-300 Ωm.
Geotechnical structure interpretation from borehole wall imagery at Mamput Block, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Zulfahmi Z. , Pulungan Z. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
One of the considerations in mining excavation is geotechnical conditions especially structure orientation. Its observations can be done on the surface or through the drill core. However, if there is no free vertical plane on the surface and core observation, then it is difficult to find the direction of dip and strike, which then the televiewer technology is used. This study aims to reveal the structural conditions and to observe the strike and dip of rock layers using the High-Resolution Acoustic Televiewer (HIRAT) apparatus. This apparatus is an accurate and reliable method for recording structural data and has widely used in mining activity. Analysis of the structural conditions was carried out with a reading density of 0.20 m. The observations show that the discontinuity plane is generally trending to Northeast - Southwest, with a dip generally below 30°. The results of the structural interpretation of the borehole have various features that are bedding plane, filled fracture/joint, minor/major open joint, broken zone, and washout. This study gives many advantages especially in preparing data for project feasibility related to excavation, underground tunneling, or other constructions.
Advantages of underground coal gasification implementation in Indonesia
Authors: Huda M , Yunianto B , Sirait B , Salinita S , Shaigec D 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is an energy manufacturing process whereby coal is gasified or chemically converted into a gas, in-situ. UCG has several benefits in terms of low capital cost, lower environmental impact, high energy density and long-term production certaint y. The objective of this study is to describe the advantages of implementing UCG technology in Indonesia based on UCG gas resources, product market, coal quality and availability of regulation to support UCG projects. UCG gas resources are estimated based on data of CBM resource and coal quality was examined by heat treatment. The size of conservatively estimated potential UCG gas manufacturing volume in Indonesia based on CBM data is 160 TCF which is greater than Indonesia’s natural gas reserves, namely 142.7 TCF. UCG gas markets are available in South Sumatera and East Kalimantan since the natural gas production in the two provinces is declining significantly. UCG in Indonesia is regulated under the mineral and coal regulatory regime, which brings some benefits, including more flexibility in the type of drilling rigs that can be used for UCG, compared to oil and gas drilling.
Evaluation of coating performance on carbon steel A-36 in copper concentrate environment using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Fauzi Ahmad , Zakiyuddin Ahmad 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe presence of chalcopyrite increases the corrosion rate of carbon steel through a galvanic couple. In this study, five organic coating systems were evaluated for their strength against consequent corrosion in the presence of copper concentrate by electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement. The coating system studied are a single application epoxy coating (C1); a three-layer epoxy system with zinc-rich epoxy primer base coat, surface tolerant epoxy middle layer, and a top layer polyurethane (C2); a three-layer epoxy system that has the advantages of fast dry time consist of epoxy zinc phosphate base coat primer, the middle layer of the epoxy primer containing the pigment zinc phosphate and top layer polyurethane (C3); metallic pigmented polyurethane coating (C4), and an epoxy coating which can be applied to wet surfaces or in water (C5). All those systems have been tested by the EIS. The test results showed that C2, C3, C4, and C5 coating systems maintained good barrier properties during the immersion process, the low frequency |Z| is more than 108Ω.cm2after 30 days of immersion exposure. Epoxy modified coating (C1) had the lowest impedance with resistance under 106Ω.cm2provide poor corrosion protection.
Artificial wastewater treatment from recycling process of LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries using activated carbon
Authors: Prasakti L , Prasetya A , Suryohendrasworo R M S D , Puteri S N S H 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In 2025, the demand of Li-ion batteries is estimated to reach 400,000 tons. A strategic effort is needed especially in the battery industry to realize sustainable use of Li-ion batteries. Spent batteries are being recycled using hydrometallurgical process to collect the lithium. This purifying process consists of leaching and precipitation which results in finding of lithium and sodium ions in the wastewater. To use water efficiently, wastewater is projected to be reused in the hydrometallurgical process. In order to do that, metal ions must be reduced from water to meet quality standards. In this experiment, granular activated carbon (GAC) and activated carbon block (CTO) were used as the adsorbent in a 30 minutes semi-continuous system. Samples were taken at 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes at room temperature. Based on the result, granular activated carbon’s highest percentage of removal were 11.71% for lithium and 19.51% for sodium, and activated carbon block’s highest percentage of removal were 10.33% for lithium and 14.65% for sodium. It is observed from this experiment that the capacity of both adsorbents to remove lithium and sodium ions decreased after 20 minutes.
Characterization of amalgamation tailings from ASGM in Sekotong area, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, and its potential added value
Authors: Wahyudi A , Surono W , Rodliyah I , Mamby H E 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in Indonesia still uses mercury in amalgamation process to extract gold form the ores. The process easily produces gold but at the same time produces very dangerous mercury waste. In this study, a comprehensive series of tests were carried out on amalgamation tailings from the ASGM in Sekotong area, West Nusa Tenggara. The tailings contain mercury up to 150 ppm, above the safe threshold, and gold up to 20 ppm which is intended to be recovered. Furthermore, mineral liberation analysis (MLA) and gravity recoverable gold (GRG) test were performed to determine the feasibility of recovering gold from the tailings. The liberation degree of the gold started from particle size of 37 \xm causes challenging to recover it. However, the GRG test confirmed that the gold was still feasible to be recovered by gravity concentration.
A preliminary study on the element abundance in the Hulusimpang Formation, Way Kalianda, Pesawaran, Lampung, Indonesia
Authors: Harbowo D G , Priadi B , Julian T , Amelia R N , Sihombing D J P , Kencana F S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Hulusimpang Formation.has known as Oligocene-Miocene rocks that consisted of volcanoclastic rock. Its scope was wide, especially in southern Sumatra. This formation is supposed as a prospect host of various hydrothermal mineralization. A preliminary study was carried out to examine the abundance of elements located in Way Kalianda River, Pesawaran, Lampung. This study was conducted by easuring its stratigraphy and analyzing its composition using an X-Ray fluorescence analyzer. The lithologies generally consist of lapilli tuffs, volcanic breccias, interbeded by claystone and sandstone; in addition, it is also frequently found petrified wood and andesitic-lithic fragments. As a result, the significant abundant elements are Fe (35.5%), Si (27.9%), Al (17.4%), K (6.7%), Cl (5.5%), Ti (1.7%), and Ca (1.5%) and also Mn, Ag, P, Mg, Sr, Zr, and Co. It also presents trace elements such as Rb, Zn, Pb, Te, V, Ba, Cr, Sn, Ni, Ga, Nb, Mo, and Eu. These elements are suggested from distal facies of intermediates-magma series Tertiary volcano.
Value-added analysis of the electric vehicle battery industry in Indonesia
Authors: Suherman I , Rochani S , Cahyaningtyas D 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The establishment of the Indonesian Battery Corporation is a step forward to make Indonesia a global player in the electric vehicle battery industry. This state-owned consortium is mandated to develop an integrated electric vehicle battery industry ecosystem from upstream to downstream. Indonesia has around six companies developing High-Pressure Acid Leach processing and refining projects. Battery production for Indonesian electric vehicles is estimated to contribute approximately 12.7% to the global market by 2035. A value-added analysis approach model is estimated to increase Gross Domestic Product by $21,434 billion. In addition, the impact on job creation is around 42,603 people. This estimation can be implemented with some supports, such as partners with proven technology and significant capital to build the precursor and cathode industries, battery cell and battery industries, and the electric vehicle industry and policies related to development.
Growth and Hepatic Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Gene Expression in Dominant and Subordinate Oreochromis Niloticus L Under Limited Period of Physical Interaction
Authors: Cruz E M V , Manuel M C 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Social stress is known to regulate several aspects of the teleost physiology. This study explored the influence of limited period of physical interaction on growth and hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the fish. Twenty all-male Oreochromis niloticus were isolated for 10 days and were used in a social pair study. After the social interaction was settled, dominant and subordinate individuals in a pair were reared separately in one aquarium separated by glass divider. The fish were fed at the same rate daily to remove the possible effect of nutrition. The glass divider was removed 10 min daily for social interaction. Weight was monitored on Days 2, 7 and 14 during the experimental period, then hepatic IGF-I mRNA expression was quantified. During the 14 days social experiment, mean specific growth rate of dominant fish (1.6%·day−1) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of the subordinate fish (0.9%·day−1). Dominant fish also had 2.5 fold significantly higher (P<0.05) mean IGF-I mRNA expression than that of subordinate fish. These indicate that even under limited period of physical contact but with period of visual communication, social status regulates growth and hepatic IGF-I gene expression in this species of fish. There was also a significant positive correlation (r = 0.52; P<0.01) between growth and IGF-I mRNA level which supports the previous studies that hepatic IGF-I gene expression has a potential utility as an instantaneous growth rate indicator for O. niloticus.
Biological and Ecological Observation of Rasbora sp. for Conservation and Domestication Purpose in Lake Ie Sayang
Authors: Rahmayanti F , Najmi N , Munandar  , Islama D 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Lake Ie Sayang provides habitat to several variety of aquatic animals including small fish such as Rasbora sp. However, their existences in nature are increasingly decline due to overfishing and degradation of its natural habitat. The objective of this study was to investigate some habitat characteristics, biological and ecological aspects of bileh fish (Rasbora sp.). Water quality parameters were recorded in situ and fish samples were collected from the water in four stations during April to July 2021. Fish sex ratio and body length-weight were measured ex situ. The data are presented in table and analyzed descriptively. The result revealed that this fish was mainly found at station 1. This station is characterized by the presence of several aquatic plants as feeding ground and fish sanctuary. This fish was easy to find in the mid-water level to water surface and near the land. The water quality parameters revealed that the temperature was in the range 30.2°C to 31.9°C, pH 6.13 to 6.35, DO 3.0 mg/l to 5.25 mg/l, and transparency 47 cm to 58 cm. Fish sex ratio showed that the overall number of females was higher than males with the average range of fish body length-weight were 34.05 mm to 41.33 mm and 1.25 g to 1.58 g respectively.
The Effect of ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) phenomenon on Fishing Season of Small Pelagic Fishes in Indonesia Waters
Authors: Puspasari R , Rahmawati P F , Prianto E 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon causes changes in environmental conditions such as water temperature, salinity, and rainfall. In fisheries sector, the changing environment has affected the fishing seasons and Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) of some pelagic species. This research was conducted by calculating CPUE and fishing season index for several small pelagic fishes in Makassar Strait, Bali Strait, and Aceh waters, then comparing the index value with the fishing season pattern in two extreme periods that are 2010-2011 and 2016 - 2017. An ANOVA test was conducted to assess the significant difference between normal and extreme conditions. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant different in CPUE between average normal condition and ENSO period. Every single species showed different response to ENSO event, mostly decreased in CPUE relate to El Nino event, except for sardine in Bali and Makassar Strait and scad in Makassar Strait. ENSO affects shift in the fishing season of big-eye scad, scad, sardine, and neritic tuna in Makassar Strait, Bali Strait, and around Aceh waters. Indian mackerel in Makassar Strait showed no change in fishing season but the CPUE showed lower than normal condition. This study shows that ENSO was significantly affected fisheries in Indonesia waters.
Some Biological Parameters of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) from the Handline Fishery in the Eastern Part of the Banda Sea
Authors: Amri K , Setyadji B , Rahmat E 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Export quality yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) from the handline fishery in the Banda Sea (Ambon and Seram) is vital in supporting coastal communities. To ensure its sustainability, information on their biological parameters is essential, especially for harvest strategy purposes. A combination of port sampling and fisheries surveys were conducted from January to October 2016 to monitor the catch, effort, size (length and weight), and maturity level of yellowfin tuna. An equal catch proportion of yellowfin and bigeye tuna was found during surveys in Masohi, Seram Island. In contrast, two-thirds of the catch landed in Ambon was dominated by yellowfin tuna. The catch rate varied between 25.5-71.9 kg/day. Length of samples distributed between 65-152 cm FL (mode=104 cm FL), whereas estimated live weight ranged from 6.12-148.92 kg. Both females (W=0.000001*FL3.7190) and males (W=0.000001*FL3.7438) possessed allometric growth. The proportion of males was twice that of females (1: 0.5), where most (47%) of samples were found to be mature. The estimated total mortality (Z) is 1.04/year, with the natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) is around 0.55/year and 0.49/year, respectively. The stock condition allegedly reaching its optimum level tagged by the length at first caught (Lc) was slightly higher in comparasion to length at first maturity (Lm50
) and utilization rate (E) below 0.55/year.