bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Biography of the Earth
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The way the planet has changed through geologic time, and life on it, the account of the Earth, is the topic of this and the next three chapters, starting in this chapter with the Precambrian Supereon. The overarching principles of geologic time, plate tectonics, and evolution worked dynamically to create the biography of the planet. This chapter traces back to the recesses of the geologic record and early Earth, from its birth and the formation of the Moon through seven-eighths of its existence, a huge span of time. Early life forms emerged during this supereon in the Archean Eon and had a profound influence on other Earth systems. Life interacted and changed the chemistry of the atmosphere through photosynthesis, so much so that the changes are thought to have sent planetary systems over an edge into multiple “Snowball Earth” episodes when most of the planet froze over. In addition to the beginning of organic life and climate, the emergence and configuration of the continents during the Precambrian are covered. Events of this supereon set the stage for the burgeoning of life forms in the next eon, the Phanerozoic.
The Biography of the Earth
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The story of the Phanerozoic Eon continues in this chapter with the Mesozoic Era. The first period in the Mesozoic, the Triassic, was bookended by two extinction events, the one at the beginning, discussed in the prior chapter at the end of the Permian Period, the Great Dying, and then another at the end of the period, related to the further breakup of Pangea. Dinosaurs evolved and diversified during the Mesozoic to occupy nearly each and every ecological niche on the planet, with large dinosaurs and small dinosaurs, ones that flew, those that ate vegetation, and those that preyed upon the herbivores—making this time a dino-dominated age. In the late Jurassic Period, small mammals, many of them insectivores, were starting to become prevalent. The era ended with a “big bang” of a different type than is theorized as the start of the universe—with the Chicxulub asteroid impact 66 million years ago that ended the lives of most of the dinosaurs, the non-avian lines, and opened up new ecological niches for the next “masters of the universe,” the mammals.
“God, If You Want Me To”
Authors: Pitt Richard N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins answering the main question of the book: why people decide to start a church. The experience of a calling, where God explicitly pushes or pulls someone to make this choice, is seen as a fundamental element. The calling experiences of founding pastors differ in terms of the method, specificity, and scope. While some clergy describe distinct revelatory moments when they believe God called them into ministry and then charged them with planting a new church, many seem to suggest that God called them gradually through prayer, exhortation by family and fellow clergy, and both positive and negative experiences in intrepreneurial ministry. We discover that God’s role in the decision to plant a church was not always clear. Nevertheless, whatever the method of the call, founders are nearly unanimous in their attribution of it: it was God’s plan all along.
“Missions and Momentum”
Authors: Pitt Richard N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter engages founders—aspiring, new, and seasoned—in a simple question: “In a city full of churches, why did we need yours? What’s your product?” Their varied answers to this question fall into three broad frameworks that characterize their assertions about their public benefit and their orientations toward their consumers. Those orientations—client-centeredness, comrade-centeredness, and convert-centeredness—serve as ideal cases for what they claim drives (or in older congregations drove) their belief that they could meet latent demands in their communities. The penultimate section of this chapter describes the difficulty founders have maintaining the vision and values they started their church with, a difficulty exacerbated by the religious ecologies their churches are embedded in and the changing priorities of their spiritually and materially maturing memberships. Like their secular nonprofit peers, churches are vulnerable to mission drift, vision hijacks, and vision stalls.
A Quest for Beauty
Authors: Jacobsen Thomas 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the functional neuroimaging study of aesthetic judgment of beauty, reported in Jacobsen and colleagues, is reviewed from the experimenters’ point of view. Based on a framework for the psychology of aesthetics, the multifactorial determination of aesthetic judgment is discussed, along with implications for experimental design in neuroaesthetics. The selection of dependent and independent variables, as well as the control of influencing factors on aesthetic judgment, are discussed with respect to the design of the particular study. The 2006 study is also discussed with respect to contemporary neurocognitive psychology of aesthetics or neuroaesthetics.
An Eye for the Impossible
Authors: Cross Emily S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The embodied simulation account of aesthetics, proposed by Freedberg and Gallese, assigns a pivotal role to an observer’s body in aesthetic appreciation of an artwork. While originally focused on visual artworks (such as paintings and sculpture), this theory clearly also holds great relevance to the performing arts, in particular dance. In this chapter, the author describes how she was inspired by this theory, as well as earlier work using dance as stimuli and dancers as participants to explore the relationship between embodiment, perception, and brain activity from a non-artistic perspective, to examine how observers’ physical abilities (or lack thereof) shape dance preferences. The author describes her team’s work demonstrating that dance-naïve participants are most drawn to highly complex, impressive dance movements impossible for observers to embody or perform themselves and how engagement of brain regions implicated in translating perception into action appear to be involved in this process.
Why Is Cyber Risk an Issue?
Authors: Falco Gregory , Rosenbach Eric 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The question “Why is cyber risk an issue?” pinpoints the leadership challenge that cyber risk poses. The chapter begins with a WannaCry case study that demonstrates how cyberattacks can impact every aspect of organizations given the pervasive nature of digital systems. The chapter describes how leadership must address cyber risk by analyzing the organization’s unique threats, its vulnerabilities, and the impact an attack can have on the organization. It describes how mitigation measures minimize cyber vulnerabilities and maximize an organization’s ability to respond to cyberattacks. It emphasizes that leadership must strategically manage cyber risk through carefully selected mitigations. This chapter introduces how an Embedded Endurance cyber risk strategy offers a systems-level approach to mitigating cyber risk by addressing interdependent components of the organization’s risk and preparing for the inevitability of cyber threats over the long term, and details real-world Embedded Endurance cyber risk strategy experiences.
Compassionate Reasoning
Authors: Gopin Marc 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This book presents the case for Compassionate Reasoning as a moral and psychosocial skill for the positive transformation of individuals and societies. It has been developed from a reservoir of moral philosophical, cultural, and religious wisdom traditions over the centuries, combined with compassion neuroscience, contemporary approaches to conflict resolution, public health methodologies, and positive psychological approaches to social change. There is an urgent need for human civilization to invest in the broad-based cultivation of compassionate thoughts, feelings, and especially habits. This skill is then combined with moral reasoning to move the self and others toward less anger and fear, more joy and care in the pursuit of reasonable policies that build peaceful families, communities, and societies. There are many people who work for the sake of others, and tend to be kinder, more reasonable, more self-controlled, and more goal-oriented to peace. They are united by a set of moral values and the emotional skills to put those values into practice. The aim of this book is to articulate the best combination of those values and skills that lead to personal and communal sustainability, not burnout and self-destruction. The book pivots on the observable difference in the mind—and proven in neuroscience imaging experiments—between destructive empathic distress on the one hand, and on the other, joyful, constructive, compassionate care. Facing existential threats to life on the planet, humans can and must make such skills universally sustainable and ingrained.
Basics of Curriculum
Authors: Regelski Thomas A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the basics of curriculum. It is concerned to overcome the taken-for-granted idea that “curriculum” is the sum total of activities and of ensemble concert literature. Therefore, it particularly distinguishes a “curriculum,” as described in the following pages from a “program.” It provides accounts of four different kinds of curriculum: formal (written) curriculum, instructed (or “delivered”) curriculum, action (learned praxical) curriculum. Also covered is the unavoidable conditions in each school and class or the “hidden curriculum.” A substantial critique of “methodolatry” and ‘delivery methods’ follows to establish two basic themes visited often in the rest of the text. Finally, an overview of the following chapters is offered.
Why Study Religion?
Authors: Miller Richard B. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This book asks, can the study of religion be justified? It poses this question on the view that scholarship in religion, especially work in “theory and method,” is preoccupied with matters of methodological procedure and is thus inarticulate about the goals that can justify the study of religion and motivate scholarship in the field. For that reason, it insists, the field suffers from a crisis of rationale. The book identifies six prevailing methodologies in the field, each of which it critically examines as symptomatic of this crisis, on the way toward offering an alternative framework for thinking about purposes for studying religion. Shadowing these methodologies is a Weberian scientific ideal for studying religion, one that privileges value-neutrality. This ideal poses obstacles to making justificatory claims on behalf of studying religion and fortifies a repressive conscience about thinking normatively within the field’s regime of truth. After making these points, the book describes an alternative framework, Critical Humanism, especially how it theorizes about the ends rather than the means of humanistic scholarship and offers a basis for thinking about the ethics of religious studies as held together by four values: post-critical reasoning, social criticism, cross-cultural fluency, and environmental responsibility. Ordered to such purposes, the book argues, the study of religion can imagine itself as a valuable and desirable enterprise so that scholars of religion can relax their commitment to matters of methodological procedure and avow the values of studying religion.
What Reason Wrought
Authors: Wellman Kathleen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter recognizes scholarly debates about the Enlightenment; some indict the movement for failing to live up to its ideals. Nonetheless, the Founding Fathers were traditionally understood to have been shaped by Enlightenment values. These curricula reject that understanding. They repudiate Enlightenment values, including secularism, tolerance, the social sciences, social reform, internationalism, and those values’ possible influence on the new nation. The curricula instead indict the Enlightenment as godless and reject its appreciation of reason and science as threats to the authority of the Bible. The genuine eighteenth-century Enlightenment is, for these curricula, the religious revival known as the Great Awakening. These textbooks also assert that France’s commitment to humanism warranted divine punishment in the French Revolution, and that its reprehensible politics differentiate it from American virtues. This chapter concludes with some implications of what rejecting the Enlightenment entails for modern America culture.
“As a City on a Hill”
Authors: Wellman Kathleen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
These curricula proudly distinguish themselves from other histories of America; they intend, as the Abeka textbook puts it, to offer “uplifting history texts,” allowing students to understand “its traditional values.” This chapter explores these curricula’s commitment to providential history as English colonies founded the Christian nation. This story of unquestionable religious fervor and Christian virtue relies on nineteenth-century national origin myths. The chapter explores the central arguments used to make this case. They reject Jamestown because the colony adopted the unchristian practice of sharing goods and was no model of virtue. They point to the Massachusetts colonies as the establishment of a Christian city on a hill and herald the Mayflower Compact as the source of the subsequent founding documents of the new nation. They disparage or exclude other colonies and native peoples.
The Christian Nation
Authors: Wellman Kathleen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with the question posed by a historian to the American Historical Association member forum, “Why do my students think America was founded as a Christian nation?” It explores how these curricula sustain crucial elements of that narrative by denying the influence of the Enlightenment and by making crucial claims about the founding: the Declaration of Independence defined a Christian nation; the American Revolution was either a Christian cause or not a revolution at all; and the Constitution, though silent on religion, nonetheless confirmed the intent of unquestionably Christian founders to establish a Christian nation. The chapter also highlights the nuanced work of historians of religion on these questions to show that such arguments contradict the historical consensus, are unduly simplistic, and are rooted in national origin myths.
Christian Colonialism and Capitalism
Authors: Wellman Kathleen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The nineteenth century tells the story of Christian success in England and America. Victorian England set a model of patriarchal family virtue rooted in “biblical Christianity.” God rewarded it with industrial development and capitalist expansion in its colonial ventures. The Industrial Revolution advances these curricula’s crucial economic argument: economic success reveals God’s favor. England’s virtues also allowed it to avoid the political tumult that beset the European continent. England and the United States enjoyed religious revivals, and missionaries spread Christianity throughout the world. Colonialism opened the world to missionary evangelization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The capitalist success of the United States reveals it as the beneficiary of Divine Providence. Nineteenth-century evangelicals not only asserted these claims but also saw Christian hegemony as a realistic aspiration.
Evil Abroad and at Home
Authors: Wellman Kathleen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter revisits the Cold War world, divided between capitalists and communists, a conflict that these curricula cast as a good-versus-evil morality play. American evangelicals allied with the Republican Party. They connected religion and corporate capitalism and rejected Democrats as New Deal socialists. These curricula praise Joseph McCarthy’s campaign to root out communism in the United States and condemn internationalism, especially the United Nations, as fostering a totalitarian, one-world government. They see the United States’ wars in Korea and Vietnam as insufficiently committed to the fight against communism. These textbooks weigh whether other nations developed collective political actions or social welfare programs; they deplore both as socialism or incipient communism. Decolonization made new parts of the world ripe for American capitalism or Soviet communism. They and their leaders were good or evil depending on whether they subscribed to the agenda of Christian conservatives.
A Latin American Critical Sociology Perspective on Religion
Authors: Morello Gustavo S.J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Studying the interaction of modernity and religion has been at the heart of the sociology of religion. This chapter explores one of the most important explanations of this tension: secularization theory. Even when criticized, this theoretical perspective is present in debates and embedded in different methodologies in use to study religion. This chapter presents an alternative explanation of the Latin American religious landscape, inspired by the American-born religious-economy paradigm. Then the chapter considers the popular-religion approach, a model inspired by the Latin American cultural experience, which focuses on people’s practices. Finally, the chapter proposes a lived-religion approach to studying Latin American religiosity.
Educational Independence
Authors: Ellis Katharine 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Two underresearched aspects of French provincial education concern the centralist (but “alternative”) ambitions of the Paris Schola Cantorum across France and the distinctive character of conservatoires which either freed themselves from the national system or refused to join it. Discussion centers on Montpellier (the Schola set up by Charles Bordes in 1905), Strasbourg (a proudly municipal conservatoire which retained many Germanic elements after its return to France in 1919), and Bordeaux (the Société de Sainte-Cécile, also independent, and which, unusually, included a plainchant class alongside its secular provision). Composition emerges as the elusive yet defining feature of the finest and most ambitious of the provincial conservatoires, whether national or not, while the pedagogical commitment of the “scholistes” to regionalist composition (ostensibly one of their calling cards) is revealed as both belated and fragile.
Operatic Competition
Authors: Ellis Katharine 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The impact of the café-concert on the activity of residential opera companies was significant in French towns with significant working-class populations. Among stage-music genres, operetta was also a threat because it was staged by secondary theaters (and by café-concerts in breach of their licenses) and because large numbers of bourgeois patrons preferred it to either Grand Opera or opéra-comique. These forms of competition for licensed managers for opera and spoken theater characterize the 1850s onward, resulting in heated exchanges with all layers of local and national government and debates about how to preserve operatic decorum and status in the face of operetta’s popularity. A notable exception is 1870s Strasbourg, where French operetta acts as a vehicle of resistance. The role of touring companies (often from Paris) as a centralist threat to the resident company from the 1880s, especially, is contrasted with their enrichment of smaller towns; the increase in guest artists (often Parisian too) is discussed as a factor in the longer-term shrinking of permanent opera company personnel. A coda examines the often brutal impact of broadcast technology on opera management and audiences in the 1920s and 1930s.
Composition
Authors: Ellis Katharine 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Despite its “regional” label, the 1937 Exposition offered meagre support for folk-related art music written by regionalists, suggesting that the tempering of folk music’s power was just as important here as in its popular sung and danced forms. Consistently across the century from the 1830s, provincial career paths for composers offered many more opportunities for decentralized or centralist activity (secular or as a maître de chapelle) than for regionalist expression, and the Schola Cantorum was not the catalyst for change to the extent that has hitherto been assumed. Discussion of the influence of the “Russian Five” on French music, and the contrasting ways regions (native and adoptive) are presented in new music, leads to case studies of operas by Bruneau, Séverac, Ropartz, Canteloube, and Leroux to show how French local and regionalist content played out in Paris during periods of changing nationalist intensity, including during World War I. The allegorical tactics of creative anachronism (Ropartz) prompt a broader discussion about the folk-historical nexus in French music from Chabrier to Poulenc, underpinned via modality. This nexus is what explains why France emerges with one of the few European modernisms to eschew folk sources except as folded into an upper-class patrimoine—the balletic dance that underpins much French neoclassicism.
Conclusions
Authors: Ellis Katharine 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A decentralist history of Lyon’s musical life (Reuchsel, 1903) offers a springboard for rethinking the themes of decentralization, regionalism and deconcentration as they played out in France’s urban centers across the century from the 1830s to the 1930s. Comparison of decentralist and regionalist practice within the visual arts sets in relief the complex problems musicians experienced—from the ephemerality of composer groups to the state’s inability to showcase regional student compositions. Opera presented more opportunity to showcase regional difference, but the spectre of “colonization” remained, and local demands for “authentic” use of local material existed in tension with the vague atmospherics necessary for Parisian acceptance. The Vichy régime’s centralist appropriation of regionalism tainted the musical work of half a century as ruralist reaction of the extreme Right. New paradigms of thought stemming from ecomusicology suggest ways beyond the impasse of Left–Right politics that have dominated recent study.
The 1990s, Fulcrum of Change: Politics and Culture
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In his campaign for president in 1992, Bill Clinton did something surprising: he advocated for gay rights. After winning the presidency, however, he was unable to integrate gay soldiers into the military as he had promised to do. Congress instead created a program known as Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, which forced gay soldiers back into the closet. Congress also passed, and President Clinton signed, the Defense of Marriage Act, which prevented the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages and allowed states to continue to deny marriage rights to same-sex couples. In 1997 television star Ellen DeGeneres came out as a lesbian both in person and in character on her TV show Ellen, becoming one of the most prominent out-of-the-closet gay people in the US.
Public Opinion Change and the Uniqueness of Gay Rights
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 demonstrates that support for marriage equality is the fastest liberalizing attitude in the history of American public opinion. Abortion rights and gay rights divide the American public along similar lines (by region, religiosity, and party affiliation), but gay rights has undergone a remarkable transformation, while attitudes toward abortion rights are relatively static. One reason for the difference is that gay people have come out of the closet, while abortion histories remain closeted. Chapter 8 also shows that support for marriage equality seems to have made Americans more appreciative of all kinds of queer rights, including transgender rights. Marriage equality reduced the stigmas faced by all queer people and paved the way for more appreciation of all kinds of gay rights, exactly as the proponents of marriage equality said that it would.