bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A panoramic view of the circumgalactic medium in the photoionized precipitation model
Authors: Roy Manami , Nath Biman B , Voit G M 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We consider a model of the circumgalactic medium (CGM) in which feedback maintains a constant ratio of cooling time to free-fall time throughout the halo, so that the entire CGM is marginally unstable to multiphase condensation. This ‘precipitation model’ is motivated by observations of multiphase gas in the cores of galaxy clusters and the haloes of massive ellipticals. From the model, we derive the density and temperature profiles for the CGM around galaxies with masses similar to the Milky Way. After taking into consideration the geometrical position of our Solar system in the Milky Way, we show that the CGM model is consistent with observed O vi, O vii, O viii column densities and the ratio of O vii and O viii column densities only if temperature fluctuations with a lognormal dispersion σln T ∼ 0.6–1.0 are included. We show that O vi column densities observed around star-forming galaxies require systematically greater values of σln T than around passive galaxies, implying a connection between star formation in the disc and the state of the CGM. Photoionization by an extragalactic ultraviolet background radiation does not significantly change these CGM features for galaxies like the Milky Way but has much greater and significant effects on the CGM of lower mass galaxies.
Connections between galaxy properties and halo formation time in the cosmic web
Authors: Zhang Youcai , Yang Xiaohu , Guo Hong 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
By linking galaxies in Sloan Digital Sky Survey to subhaloes in the ELUCID simulation, we investigate the relation between subhalo formation time and the galaxy properties, and the dependence of galaxy properties on the cosmic web environment. We find that central and satellite subhaloes have different formation time, where satellite subhaloes are older than central subhaloes at fixed mass. At fixed mass, the galaxy stellar-to-subhalo mass ratio is a good proxy of the subhalo formation time, and increases with the subhalo formation redshifts, especially for massive galaxies. The subhalo formation time is dependent on the cosmic web environment. For central subhaloes, there is a characteristic subhalo mass of ${\sim}10^{12} \, \mathrm{ h}^{-1}\,{\rm M}_\odot$, below which subhaloes in knots are older than subhaloes of the same mass in filaments, sheets, or voids, while above which it reverses. The cosmic web environmental dependence of stellar-to-subhalo mass ratio is similar to that of the subhalo formation time. For centrals, there is a characteristic subhalo mass of ${\sim}10^{12} \, \mathrm{ h}^{-1}\,{\rm M}_\odot$, below which the stellar-to-subhalo mass ratio is higher in knots than in filaments, sheets and voids, above which it reverses. Galaxies in knots have redder colours below $10^{12} \, \mathrm{ h}^{-1}\,{\rm M}_\odot$, while above $10^{12} \, \mathrm{ h}^{-1}\,{\rm M}_\odot$, the environmental dependence vanishes. Satellite fraction is strongly dependent on the cosmic web environment, and decreases from knots to filaments to sheets to voids, especially for low-mass galaxies.
Optimal Mitigation Policies in a Pandemic: Social Distancing and Working from Home
Authors: Jones Callum , Philippon Thomas , Venkateswaran Venky 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe study an economy’s response to an unexpected epidemic. The spread of the disease can be mitigated by reducing consumption and hours worked in the office. Working from home is subject to learning-by-doing. Private agents’ rational incentives are relatively weak and fatalistic. The planner recognizes infection and congestion externalities and implements front-loaded mitigation. Under our calibration, the planner reduces cumulative fatalities by 48$\%$ compared to 24$\%$ by private agents, although with a sharper drop in consumption. Our model can replicate key industry and/or occupational-level patterns and explain how large variations in outcomes across regions can stem from small initial differences.
Estradiol influences adenosinergic signaling and nonrapid eye movement sleep need in adult female rats
Authors: Smith Philip C , Phillips Derrick J , Pocivavsek Ana , Byrd Carissa A , Viechweg Shaun S , Hampton Brian , Mong Jessica A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Gonadal steroids and gender are risk factors for sleep disruptions and insomnia in women. However, the relationship between ovarian steroids and sleep is poorly understood. In rodent models, estradiol (E2) suppresses sleep in females suggesting that E2 may reduce homeostatic sleep need. The current study investigates whether E2 decreases sleep need and the potential mechanisms that govern E2 suppression of sleep. Our previous findings suggest that the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) is a key nexus for E2 action on sleep. Using behavioral, neurochemical, and pharmacological approaches, we tested whether (1) E2 influenced the sleep homeostat and (2) E2 influenced adenosine signaling in the MnPO of adult female rats. In both unrestricted baseline sleep and recovery sleep from 6-h sleep deprivation, E2 significantly reduced nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep-delta power, NREM-slow wave activity (NREM-SWA, 0.5–4.0 Hz), and NREM-delta energy suggesting that E2 decreases homeostatic sleep need. However, coordinated with E2-induced changes in physiological markers of homeostatic sleep was a marked increase in MnPO extracellular adenosine (a molecular marker of homeostatic sleep need) during unrestricted and recovery sleep in E2-treated but not oil control animals. While these results seemed contradictory, systemically administered E2 blocked the ability of CGS-21680 (adenosine A2A receptor agonist) microinjected into the MnPO to increase NREM sleep suggesting that E2 may block adenosine signaling. Together, these findings provide evidence that E2 may attenuate the local effects of the A2A receptors in the MnPO, which in turn may underlie estrogenic suppression of sleep behavior as well as changes in homeostatic sleep need.
Variation in type two taste receptor genes is associated with bitter tasting phenylthiocarbamide consumption in mature Targhee and Rambouillet rams
Authors: Davenport Kimberly M , Taylor J Bret , Henslee Dillan , Southerland Claire , Yelich Joel , Ellison Melinda J , Murdoch Brenda M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Bitter taste perception in sheep can lead to avoidance of specific types of forage, such as sagebrush, which is present on many rangeland grazing systems in the Intermountain West. In humans, bitter taste perception is influenced by variation in several TAS2R genes, including more extensively studied TAS2R38 and TAS2R16. We hypothesize that variation in taste receptor genes in sheep is associated with bitter taste. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine variation in TAS2R genes in relation to consumption of a bitter tasting compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) which determines bitter “taster” and “non-taster” status in humans. Rambouillet and Targhee rams (n = 26) were offered various concentrations of PTC solution (0.2–12.29 mM) and water in a side-by-side presentation during two experiments. Blood was collected for DNA isolation and sequencing. Nineteen TAS2R genes were amplified and sequenced with long read Oxford Nanopore MinION technology. A total of 1,049 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 26 haplotypes were identified in these genes. Of these, 24 SNPs and 11 haplotypes were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) associated with PTC consumption in TAS2R3, TAS2R5, TAS2R8, TAS2R9, TAS2R16, TAS2R31-like, TAS2R38, TAS2R39, and TAS2R42-like. Over 50% of the SNPs resulted in a change in amino acid sequence and several resided in potential regulatory regions, which could have downstream functional consequences and influence bitter taste perception in sheep. Further research is needed to validate these associations and elucidate the mechanisms that link variation in TAS2R genes to bitter taste perception in sheep. This may enable producers to select sheep more likely to consume bitter forage such as sagebrush as a flock and rangeland management strategy.
VII Shakespeare
Authors: Rendall Edward B M , Smith Peter J , Parsons Elinor , Tarantino Elisabetta , Stelzer Emanuel , Bell Shirley , Haworth Ben , Lim Vanessa , O’Brien Sheilagh Ilona , Wilkinson Kate 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter has four sections: 1. Editions and Textual Studies; 2. Shakespeare in the Theatre; 3. Shakespeare on Screen; 4. Criticism. Section 1 is by Edward B.M. Rendall; section 2 is by Peter J. Smith; section 3 is by Elinor Parsons; section 4(a) is by Elisabetta Tarantino; section 4(b) is by Emanuel Stelzer; section 4(c) is by Shirley Bell; section 4(d) is by Ben Haworth; section 4(e) is by Vanessa Lim; section 4(f) is by Sheilagh Ilona O'Brien; section 4(g) is by Kate Wilkinson.
Are Surgical Guideline Changes in Diverticulitis Care Associated With Decreased Inpatient Healthcare Expenditure?
Authors: Lin Saunders , Dewey Elizabeth N. , Tsikitis V. Liana 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
To examine possible associations in inpatient healthcare expenditure and guideline changes in the surgical management of diverticulitis, in terms of both cost per discharge and total aggregate costs of care.

Background:
Medical costs throughout the healthcare system continue to rise due to increased prices for services, increased quantities of high-priced technologies, and an increase in the amount of overall services.

Methods:
We used a retrospective case-control design using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample to evaluate cost per discharge and total aggregate costs of diverticulitis management between 2004 and 2015. The year 2010 was selected as the transition between the pre and postguideline implementation period.

Results:
The sample consisted of 450,122 unweighted (2,227,765 weighted) inpatient discharges for diverticulitis. Before the implementation period, inpatient costs per discharge increased 1.13% in 2015 dollars (95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.76% to 1.49%) per quarter. In the postimplementation period, the costs per discharge decreased 0.27% (95% CI –0.39% to –0.15%) per quarter. In aggregate, costs of care for diverticulitis increased 0.61% (95% CI 0.28% to 0.95%) per quarter prior to the guideline change, and decreased 0.52% (95% CI –0.87% to –0.17) following the guideline change.

Conclusions:
This is the first study to investigate any associations between evidence-based guidelines meant to decrease surgical utilization and inpatient healthcare costs. Decreased inpatient costs of diverticulitis management may be associated with guideline changes to reduce surgical intervention for diverticulitis, both in regards to cost per discharge and aggregate costs of care.
Unilateral Sacral Fractures Demonstrate Slow Recovery of Patient-Reported Outcomes Irrespective of Treatment
Authors: Mullis Brian H. , Agel Julie , Jones Clifford , Lowe Jason , Vallier Heather , Teague David , Kempton Laurence , Schmidt Andrew , Friess Darin , Morshed Saam , Miller Anna N. , Leighton Ross , Tornetta Paul 
Published: September 2021

Objectives:To report functional outcomes of unilateral sacral fractures treated both operatively and nonoperatively.Design:Prospective, multicenter, observational study.Setting:Sixteen Level 1 trauma centers.Patients/Participants:Skeletally mature patients with unilateral zone 1 or 2 sacral fractures categorized as displaced nonoperative (DN), displaced operative (DO), nondisplaced nonoperative (NN), and nondisplaced operative (NO).Main Outcome Measurements:Pelvic displacement was documented on injury plain radiographs. Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) scores were obtained at baseline and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after injury. Displacement was defined as greater than 5 mm in any plane at the time of injury.Results:Two hundred eighty-six patients with unilateral sacral fractures were initially enrolled, with a mean age of 40 years and mean injury severity score of 16. One hundred twenty-three patients completed the 2-year follow-up as follows: 29 DN, 30 DO, 47 NN, and 17 NO with 56% loss to follow-up at 2 years. Highest dysfunction was seen at 3 months for all groups with mean SMFA dysfunction scores: 25 DN, 28 DO, 27 NN, and 31 NO. The mean SMFA scores at 2 years for all groups were 13 DN, 12 DO, 17 NN, and 17 NO.Conclusions:All groups (operative/nonoperative and displaced/nondisplaced) reported worst function 3 months after injury, and all but (DN) continued to recover for 2 years after injury, with peak recovery for DN seen at 1 year. No functional benefit was seen with operative intervention for either displaced or nondisplaced injuries at any time point.Level of Evidence:Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Subspecialty Fellowship Training Is Not Associated With Better Outcomes in Fixation of Low-Energy Femoral Neck Fractures—An Analysis of the Fixation Using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip Fractures Database
Authors: DeAngelis Ryan D. , Stein Matthew K. , Minutillo Gregory T. , Mehta Nikhilesh G. , Schemitsch Emil H. , Bzovsky Sofia , Sprague Sheila , Bhandari Mohit , Swiontkowski Marc , Donegan Derek J. , Mehta Samir ,   on behalf of the FAITH Investigators
Published: September 2021

Objectives:
To compare risk of reoperation for femoral neck fracture patients undergoing fixation with cancellous screws (CSs) or sliding hip screws based on surgeon fellowship (trauma-fellowship-trained vs. non–trauma-fellowship-trained).

Design:
Retrospective review of Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures data.

Setting:
Eighty-one centers across 8 countries.

Patients/Participants:
Eight hundred nineteen patients ≥50 years old with low-energy hip fractures requiring surgical fixation.

Intervention:
Patients were randomized to CS or sliding hip screw group in the initial dataset.

Main Outcome Measurements:
The primary outcome was risk of reoperation. Secondary outcomes included death, serious adverse events, radiographic healing, discharge disposition, and use of ambulatory devices postoperatively.

Results:
There was no difference in risk of reoperation between the 2 surgeon groups (P > 0.05). Patients treated by orthopaedic trauma surgeons were more likely to be overweight/obese and have major medical comorbidities (P < 0.05). There was a higher risk of serious adverse events, higher likelihood of radiographic healing, and higher odds of discharge to a facility for patients treated by trauma-fellowship-trained surgeons (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
Based on these data, risk of reoperation for low-energy femoral neck fracture fixation is equivalent regardless of fellowship training. The higher likelihood of radiographic healing noted in the trauma-trained group does not seem to have a major clinical implication because it did not affect risk of reoperation between the 2 groups. Patient-specific factors present preinjury, such as body habitus and medical comorbidities, may account for the lower odds of discharge to home and higher risk of postoperative medical complications for patients treated by orthopaedic trauma surgeons.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Coronary plaque features on CTA can identify patients at increased risk of cardiovascular events
Authors: Andreini Daniele , Conte Edoardo , Serruys Patrick W. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
Multicenter studies showed that the characterization of coronary atherosclerosis by coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography (CCTA) provides independent and incremental prognostic value above and beyond traditional measures of coronary artery disease (CAD) and is able to identify patients at risk of future event. Aim of the present review is to expound the major imaging plaque features associated with increased risk of coronary event and to review the data supporting the usefulness of CCTA as tool for plaque assessment and for monitoring the changes in atherosclerotic burden.

Recent findings
The evaluation of coronary atherosclerosis, including the measurement of imaging risk scores (e.g. CT-adapted Leaman score) was demonstrated as independent long-term predictor of acute coronary events. In particular, qualitative (remodelling index, low-attenuation plaque, napkin-ring sign, small spotty calcifications) and quantitative (plaque burden, total-, noncalcific- and fibrofatty plaque volume) plaque features were associated with increased risk. CCTA was also demonstrated to accurately quantify plaque volume vs. intravascular ultrasound and findings from PARADIGM and EVAPORATE studies supported the use of CCTA as noninvasive tool to follow the effect of medication on plaque progression/regression. Finally, interesting relationship between plaque features, coronary physiology and biomarkers have been described.

Summary
Latest guidelines on the management of patients with stable CAD recommended CCTA in Class I of evidence, particularly when ‘information on atherosclerosis are desired’, underlining the usefulness of CCTA to characterize and quantify the atherosclerotic burden.
OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF ASP38ALA AND THR59LYS FAMILIAL TRANSTHYRETIN AMYLOIDOSIS
Authors: Choi Kyung Jun , Son Ki Young , Kang Se Woong , Kim Darae , Choi Jin Oh , Kim Hee Jin , Kim Jung Sun , Jeon Eun Seok , Kim A Young , Kang Min Chae , Kim Sang Jin 
Published: September 2021

Purpose:
To describe the ophthalmic manifestations of familial transthyretin amyloidosis (FTA) mutations, including Asp38Ala and Thr59Lys, which have not been previously reported to have ocular involvement.

Methods:
This is an observational case series of prospectively collected data of 16 patients with FTA who were taking tafamidis for mild peripheral neuropathy and underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination at a single tertiary center, between January 2013 and March 2020. The ocular involvement of each FTA mutation type and the specific manifestations were the main outcome measures.

Results:
Six of 16 patients with FTA manifested ocular involvement. Ocular involvement was noted in two of three patients with Glu89Lys mutations having retinal deposits, retinal hemorrhages, and corneal opacity. Three of nine patients with Asp38Ala mutations and one of two patients with Thr59Lys mutations showed ocular involvement that had not been previously described. The ophthalmic findings included glaucoma, anterior lens capsule opacity, vitreous opacity, and retinal deposits. The decrease in vascular flow due to perivascular cuffing of the amyloid deposits was detected by optical coherence tomography angiography.

Conclusion:
The current study newly described that two transthyretin mutation types of FTA, Asp38Ala and Thr59Lys, may manifest with ocular findings such as anterior lens capsule opacity and retinal deposits.
COST ANALYSIS OF SCLERAL BUCKLE, PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY, AND PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY WITH SCLERAL BUCKLE FOR RETINAL DETACHMENT REPAIR
Authors: Belin Peter J. , Yannuzzi Nicholas A. , Wagley Sushant , Smiddy William E. , Ryan Edwin H. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose:
To compare the cost and utility of scleral buckle (SB), pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and PPV with SB (PPV/SB) for moderately complex rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair.

Methods:
Cost-utility analysis using data from the Primary Retinal Detachment Outcomes Study. The model estimated costs, lifetime utility, and lifetime cost per quality-adjusted life year for treatment of moderately complex rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with SB, PPV, or PPV/SB. Data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services were used to calculate costs in hospital and ambulatory surgery center settings.

Results:
Total costs (2020 US dollars) for repair of a moderately complex rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in hospital (ambulatory surgery center) settings were $5,975 ($3,774) for the SB group, $8,125 ($5,082) for the PPV group, and $7,551 ($4,713) for the PPV/SB group. The estimated lifetime quality-adjusted life years gained were 5.4, 4.7, and 4.7 in the SB, PPV, and PPV/SB groups, respectively. The cost per quality-adjusted life year for hospital and ambulatory surgery center settings was $1,106 a ($699) for the SB group, $1729 ($1,081) for the PPV group, and $1,607 ($1,003) for the PPV/SB group.

Conclusion:
Scleral buckle, PPV, and PPV/SB yielded very favorable cost-utility results for the repair of moderately complex rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, with slightly better results for SB, compared with current willingness to pay standards.
Use of Topical Cyclosporine 0.1% in Therapeutic Penetrating Keratoplasty for Fungal Keratitis
Authors: Chatterjee Samrat , Agrawal Deepshikha 
Published: September 2021

Purpose:
The efficacy and safety of topical cyclosporine 0.1% in preventing early graft failure after therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (TPK) in eyes with fungal keratitis were evaluated.

Methods:
This prospective case series included patients with fungal keratitis undergoing TPK from May to December 2019 who were treated with cyclosporine A 0.1% eye drops (tCSA group). We compared the outcome with a historical cohort of patients who were treated conventionally (CT group) with topical prednisolone acetate 1% eye drops started 3 weeks after surgery.

Results:
There were 20 patients (male: 13; female: 7) in the tCSA group and 28 patients in the CT group (male: 23; female: 5). The number of clear grafts 3 months postoperatively was 10 (50%) in the tCSA group and 4 (14.3%) in the CT group (P = 0.011). The mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution best-corrected visual acuity was 1.49 ± 0.74 in the tCSA group and 2.10 ± 0.62 in the CT group (P = 0.003). There were 5 patients (17.9%) with recurrence of the primary fungal infection in the CT group, 4 of whom were using topical prednisolone. There was no recurrence in the tCSA group. A logistic regression analysis revealed higher odds of a clear graft at 3 months postoperatively with topical cyclosporine 0.1% [odds ratio: 14.35 (95% confidence interval, 2.38–86.5), P = 0.004].

Conclusions:
Postoperative treatment with topical cyclosporine 0.1% seems to increase graft survival and postoperative vision with reduced risk of recurrence of primary infection in eyes with fungal keratitis undergoing TPK.
Acute Keratoconjunctivitis Resulting From Coinfection With Avian Newcastle Virus and Human Adenovirus
Authors: Prajna N. Venkatesh , Lalitha Prajna , Chen Cindi , Zhong Lina , Lietman Thomas M. , Doan Thuy , Seitzman Gerami D. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to report a case of human keratoconjunctivitis caused by both Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and human adenovirus.

Methods:
A 32-year-old-man presented with an acute unilateral keratoconjunctivitis that resolved with corneal scarring. On presentation, his conjunctival swab was collected for metagenomic sequencing.

Results:
The highest number of pathogen sequencing reads in the conjunctival sample mapped to the NDV. The second highest number of reads mapped to human adenovirus. Confirmation testing with directed reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction also identified NDV in the specimen.

Conclusions:
Newcastle conjunctivitis has not been reported for more than 40 years. Mixed infections, including zoonotic pathogens, may be more common than realized.