bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary iodine supplement on sheep milk and cheese
Authors: Carnicelli Veronica , Lizzi Anna Rita , Ponzi Alessia , Luzi Carla , Grotta Lisa , Bennato Francesca , Di Giulio Antonio 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe work reported in this paper addresses the iodine nutritional deficiency that still affects a large number of people. For this purpose, we analyzed the possibility to use, as iodine vehicle, a hard typical ewe cheese, called Canestrato d'Abruzzo, derived from milk of ewes fed with an iodine-fortified diet. Both in the milk and the cheese of these animals, the iodine level was higher than that measured in sheep with a normal diet. An increase in the lactoferrin and iron content was evident in the whey derived from milk of the iodine group. Furthermore, in derived cheese, the caseins seemed more efficiently transformed in small peptides making the product more digestible and, for this reason, particularly suitable for feeding the elderly. In conclusion, the dairy products obtained from ewes fed with iodine diet contain more bioactive compounds so that they represent a useful food to prevent iodine and iron deficiency in lamb and humans.
Protein arginine methyltransferases in protozoan parasites
Authors: Rodriguez Mario Alberto 
Published: December 2021

AbstractArginine methylation is a post-translational modification involved in gene transcription, signalling pathways, DNA repair, RNA metabolism and splicing, among others, mechanisms that in protozoa parasites may be involved in pathogenicity-related events. This modification is performed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), which according to their products are divided into three main types: type I yields monomethylarginine (MMA) and asymmetric dimethylarginine; type II produces MMA and symmetric dimethylarginine; whereas type III catalyses MMA only. Nine PRMTs (PRMT1 to PRMT9) have been characterized in humans, whereas in protozoa parasites, except for Giardia intestinalis, three to eight PRMTs have been identified, where in each group there are at least two enzymes belonging to type I, the majority with higher similarity to human PRMT1, and one of type II, related to human PRMT5. However, the information on the role of most of these enzymes in the parasites biology is limited so far. Here, current knowledge of PRMTs in protozoan parasites is reviewed; these enzymes participate in the cell growth, stress response, stage transitions and virulence of these microorganisms. Thus, PRMTs are attractive targets for developing new therapeutic strategies against these pathogens.
Vagal flexibility to negative emotions moderates the relations between environmental risk and adjustment problems in childhood
Authors: Ugarte Elisa , Miller Jonas G. , Weissman David G. , Hastings Paul D. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNeurobiological and social-contextual influences shape children’s adjustment, yet limited biopsychosocial studies have integrated temporal features when modeling physiological regulation of emotion. This study explored whether a common underlying pattern of non-linear change in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) across emotional scenarios characterized 4–6 year-old children’s parasympathetic reactivity (N = 180). Additionally, we tested whether dynamic RSA reactivity was an index of neurobiological susceptibility or a diathesis in the association between socioeconomic status, authoritarian parenting, and the development of externalizing problems (EP) and internalizing problems over two years. There was a shared RSA pattern across all emotions, characterized by more initial RSA suppression and a subsequent return toward baseline, which we call vagal flexibility (VF). VF interacted with parenting to predict EP. More authoritarian parenting predicted increased EP two years later only when VF was low; conversely, when VF was very high, authoritarian mothers reported that their children had fewer EP. Altogether, children’s patterns of dynamic RSA change to negative emotions can be characterized by a higher order factor, and the nature by which VF contributes to EP depends on maternal socialization practices, with low VF augmenting and high VF buffering children against the effects of authoritarian parenting.
The Long-Term Struggle for Violence against Women Legislation: The Guatemalan Women's Movement and the Politics of Patience
Authors: Beck Erin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA scholarly consensus depicts strong, autonomous domestic women's movements as critical for the passage of gender equality reforms, alongside openings in domestic and international political contexts. What, then, is a nascent women's movement seeking gender equality reforms to do if it lacks strength or a history of autonomous organizing? A long-term analysis of the Guatemalan women's movement's push for reforms to address violence against women demonstrates that one potential road forward is through a “politics of patience,” rooted in the pursuit of cumulative, incremental victories. Adopting a politics of patience allows nascent domestic movements in developing and post-transition contexts to achieve incremental victories that create future political openings while simultaneously building movement strength and autonomy over time. This finding highlights the temporal and strategic power of women's movements, as well as the iterative and potentially reinforcing nature of social mobilization and political reform.
Student Motivation in the Latin Classroom
Authors: Baglio Kellie J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIt has been argued that learning a second language requires more self-motivation than other courses (Horwitz, 1995). This article reviews literature on motivation in foreign language classrooms and discusses reasons for the lack of motivation among students in second language classes. Particular attention will be given to addressing reasons why students in Latin classrooms may have less motivation than in other classes. Specifically, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation will be discussed in terms of a Latin classroom. Additionally, this article will discuss what steps can be taken by the teacher to increase motivation and engagement through gameplay, creating a safe space to make mistakes, and turning extrinsic motivation into intrinsic motivation.
Quasi‐Two‐Day Waves in the Northern Hemisphere Observed by TIMED/SABER Measurements During 2002–2019
Authors: Gu Sheng‐Yang , Tang Liang , Hou Xin , Zhao Han , Teng Chen‐Ke‐Min , Dou Xiankang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe quasi‐two‐day waves (QTDWs) with westward‐propagating wavenumbers 2 (W2), 3 (W3), and 4 (W4) during the boreal summers were statistically examined using TIMED/SABER temperature observation datasets during 2002–2019 with a 6‐day two‐dimensional least‐squares fitting window. The W4 (W3) and W2 QTDWs were observed at ∼67–73 km and ∼30–40°N, and ∼89–95 km and ∼20–30°N, respectively. The W4 mode occurred 57 times over the past 18 years compared to 43 (52) times for the W3 (W2) QTDWs. The W4 QTDW reached maximum amplitudes of ∼9–10 K during 2006, 2009, and 2017, whereas W3 and W2 QTDWs attained maximum amplitudes of ∼8 K during 2017 and 2012. In addition, W4, W3, and W2 occurred more frequently with periods of 41–44 hr, 47–53 hr, and 44–50 hr, respectively. QTDW events with longer periods took place later than those events with shorter periods. Statistically, the W4 (W2) QTDW events were significantly more frequent during days 195–210 (165–180). In contrast, the W3 QTDW tended to occur during days 180–195 but was only slightly less frequent during days 195–210 and 210–225. Diagnostic analysis of the modern‐era retrospective analysis for research and applications ‐2 reanalysis dataset indicates that the attribution variations of the QTDWs, including their amplitudes and periods, were intimately related to the corresponding variabilities of the background zonal wind.
Enhanced Turbulence in the Upper Mixed Layer Under Light Winds and Heating: Implications for Gas Fluxes
Authors: MacIntyre Sally , Amaral J. H. F. , Melack J. M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMeasurements of turbulence, as rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy (ε), adjacent to the air‐water interface are rare but essential for understanding of gas transfer velocities (k) used to compute fluxes of greenhouse gases. Variability in ε is expected over diel cycles of stratification and mixing. Monin‐Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) predicts an enhancement in ε during heating (buoyancy flux, β+) relative to that for shear (u*w3/κz where u*w is water friction velocity, κ is von Karman constant, z is depth). To verify and expand predictions, we quantified ε in the upper 0.25 m and below from profiles of temperature‐gradient microstructure in combination with time series meteorology and temperature in a tropical reservoir for winds <4 m s−1. Maximum likelihood estimates of near‐surface ε during heating were independent of wind speed and high, ∼5 × 10−6 m2 s−3, up to three orders of magnitude higher than predictions from u*w3/κz, increased with heating, and were ∼10 times higher than during cooling. k, estimated using near‐surface ε, was ∼10 cm hr−1, validated with k obtained from chamber measurements, and 2–5 times higher than computed from wind‐based models. The flux Richardson number (Rf) varied from ∼0.4 to ∼0.001 with a median value of 0.04 in the upper 0.25 m, less than the critical value of 0.2. We extend MOST by incorporating the variability in Rf when scaling the influence of β+ relative to u*w3/κz in estimates of ε, and by extension, k, obtained from time series meteorological and temperature data.
Scale Factors of the Thermospheric Density: A Comparison of Satellite Laser Ranging and Accelerometer Solutions
Authors: Zeitler Lea , Corbin Armin , Vielberg Kristin , Rudenko Sergei , Löcher Anno , Bloßfeld Mathis , Schmidt Michael , Kusche Jürgen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA major problem in the precise orbit determination (POD) of satellites at altitudes below 1,000 km is the modeling of the aerodynamic drag which mainly depends on the thermospheric density and causes the largest non‐gravitational acceleration. Typically, empirical thermosphere models are used to calculate density values at satellite positions but current thermosphere models cannot provide the required accuracy. Thus, unaccounted variations in the thermospheric density may lead to significantly incorrect satellite positions. For the first time, we bring together thermospheric density corrections for the NRLMSISE‐00 model in terms of scale factors with a temporal resolution of 12 hr derived from satellite laser ranging (SLR) and accelerometer measurements. Whereas, the latter are in situ information given along the satellite orbit, SLR results have to be interpreted as mean values along the orbit within the underlying time interval. From their comparison, we notice a rather similar behavior with correlations of up to 80% and more depending on altitude. During high solar activity, scale factors vary around 30% at low solar activity and up to 70% at high solar activity from the value one. In addition, we found the scaled thermospheric density decreasing stronger as the modeled density of NRLMSISE‐00. To check the reliability of the SLR‐derived scale factors, we compare the POD result of two different software packages, namely DOGS‐OC from DGFI‐TUM and GROOPS from IGG Bonn. Furthermore, a validation of our estimated scale factors with respect to an external data set proofs the high quality of the obtained results.
Roles of the M‐I Coupling and Plasma Sheet Dissipation on the Growth‐Phase Thinning and Subsequent Transition to the Onset
Authors: Tanaka T. , Ebihara Y. , Watanabe M. , Den M. , Fujita S. , Kikuchi T. , Hashimoto K. K. , Nishitani N. , Kataoka R. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe plasma‐sheet dynamics leading to the substorm onset is analyzed from a global simulation. We calculated three cases, the normal (case 1), reduced magnetosphere‐ionosphere (M‐I) coupling (case 2) and reduced tail dissipation (case 3). The normal solution reproduces the thinning, reconnection, tail flow, and the dipolarization in the magnetosphere, and the AU/AL, the initial brightening, the beads, the pre‐onset arc, and the poleward expansion in the ionosphere. Case 2 shows that the M‐I coupling promotes the thinning by evacuating magnetic field from the plasma sheet. Case 3 shows that it is implausible to reproduce the AU/AL of the expansion phase only with numerical dissipation. The projection area of the growth phase plasma sheet is so narrow that the quiet arcs on the high‐latitude side are projected to the lobe. The key point to understand such narrow projection is to consider the origin of the field‐aligned current (FAC). The FAC occurs to transmit motion, and particle precipitation is the consequence. The upward FACs for the quiet arc and initial brightening, which produce the substorm sequence, are generated to transmit enhanced convection from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere. The substorm onset is the transmission of the convection transient. The onset FAC is generated by the near‐earth dynamo. Before the onset, a two‐stage reconnection occurs at the medium‐tail (MTNL) and the near‐earth (NENL) neutral lines through retreating nulls. The accompanying flow explains the model that assumes two causal areas for the onset in the near‐earth and middle tails.
Turning Instrument Background Into Science Data for Structural Features of Radiation Belts
Authors: Ganushkina N. Yu. , Dandouras I. , Liemohn M. W. , Rème H. , Cao J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractApproaches regarding how to turn the instrument background counts into scientifically valuable data are presented in this Technical Report on Methods. The background counts due to penetrating energetic particles of radiation belts detected on Cluster CIS HIA and CODIF instruments and the Double Star HIA instrument are used in these approaches. In HIA spectrograms, the background counts are seen simultaneously in all energy channels marking the entry and exit of the radiation belts by the spacecraft, therefore, the locations of the boundaries of the outer and inner belts can be determined. In the case when HIA measurements are not readily available, a new method is proposed in which supplementary data streams within the CODIF telemetry is exploited. It employs separate counts that register “start,” “stop,” and “non‐valid” signals increasing in the presence of penetrating particles even when no corresponding increase are shown in the energy‐time spectrograms. The locations of the radiation belt boundaries are defined by following the changes in counts gradients with time and visual inspection of all the available measurements. The July–August 2007 and September–October 2012 time periods are analyzed for method demonstration on a presence of a third radiation belt, or storage ring.
NMDAR1 autoantibodies amplify behavioral phenotypes of genetic white matter inflammation: a mild encephalitis model with neuropsychiatric relevance
Authors: Arinrad Sahab , Wilke Justus B. H. , Seelbach Anna , Doeren José , Hindermann Martin , Butt Umer Javed , Steixner-Kumar Agnes A. , Spieth Lena , Ronnenberg Anja , Pan Hong , Berghoff Stefan A. , Hollmann Michael , Lühder Fred , Nave Klaus-Armin , Bechter Karl , Ehrenreich Hannelore 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEncephalitis has an estimated prevalence of ≤0.01%. Even with extensive diagnostic work-up, an infectious etiology is identified or suspected in <50% of cases, suggesting a role for etiologically unclear, noninfectious processes. Mild encephalitis runs frequently unnoticed, despite slight neuroinflammation detectable postmortem in many neuropsychiatric illnesses. A widely unexplored field in humans, though clearly documented in rodents, is genetic brain inflammation, particularly that associated with myelin abnormalities, inducing primary white matter encephalitis. We hypothesized that “autoimmune encephalitides” may result from any brain inflammation concurring with the presence of brain antigen-directed autoantibodies, e.g., against N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor NR1 (NMDAR1-AB), which are not causal of, but may considerably shape the encephalitis phenotype. We therefore immunized young female Cnp−/− mice lacking the structural myelin protein 2′-3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (Cnp) with a “cocktail” of NMDAR1 peptides. Cnp−/− mice exhibit early low-grade inflammation of white matter tracts and blood–brain barrier disruption. Our novel mental-time-travel test disclosed that Cnp−/− mice are compromised in what–where–when orientation, but this episodic memory readout was not further deteriorated by NMDAR1-AB. In contrast, comparing wild-type and Cnp−/− mice without/with NMDAR1-AB regarding hippocampal learning/memory and motor balance/coordination revealed distinct stair patterns of behavioral pathology. To elucidate a potential contribution of oligodendroglial NMDAR downregulation to NMDAR1-AB effects, we generated conditional NR1 knockout mice. These mice displayed normal Morris water maze and mental-time-travel, but beam balance performance was similar to immunized Cnp−/−. Immunohistochemistry confirmed neuroinflammation/neurodegeneration in Cnp−/− mice, yet without add-on effect of NMDAR1-AB. To conclude, genetic brain inflammation may explain an encephalitic component underlying autoimmune conditions.
Diverse ecophysiological adaptations of subsurface Thaumarchaeota in floodplain sediments revealed through genome-resolved metagenomics
Authors: Reji Linta , Cardarelli Emily L , Boye Kristin , Bargar John R , Francis Christopher A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The terrestrial subsurface microbiome contains vastly underexplored phylogenetic diversity and metabolic novelty, with critical implications for global biogeochemical cycling. Among the key microbial inhabitants of subsurface soils and sediments are Thaumarchaeota, an archaeal phylum that encompasses ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) as well as non-ammonia-oxidizing basal lineages. Thaumarchaeal ecology in terrestrial systems has been extensively characterized, particularly in the case of AOA. However, there is little knowledge on the diversity and ecophysiology of Thaumarchaeota in deeper soils, as most lineages, particularly basal groups, remain uncultivated and underexplored. Here we use genome-resolved metagenomics to examine the phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of Thaumarchaeota along a 234 cm depth profile of hydrologically variable riparian floodplain sediments in the Wind River Basin near Riverton, Wyoming. Phylogenomic analysis of the metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) indicates a shift in AOA population structure from the dominance of the terrestrial Nitrososphaerales lineage in the well-drained top ~100 cm of the profile to the typically marine Nitrosopumilales in deeper, moister, more energy-limited sediment layers. We also describe two deeply rooting non-AOA MAGs with numerous unexpected metabolic features, including the reductive acetyl-CoA (Wood-Ljungdahl) pathway, tetrathionate respiration, a form III RuBisCO, and the potential for extracellular electron transfer. These MAGs also harbor tungsten-containing aldehyde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, group 4f [NiFe]-hydrogenases and a canonical heme catalase, typically not found in Thaumarchaeota. Our results suggest that hydrological variables, particularly proximity to the water table, impart a strong control on the ecophysiology of Thaumarchaeota in alluvial sediments.
Adipose tissue dysfunction, inflammation, and insulin resistance: alternative pathways to cardiac remodelling in schizophrenia. A multimodal, case–control study
Authors: Osimo Emanuele F. , Sweeney Mark , de Marvao Antonio , Berry Alaine , Statton Ben , Perry Benjamin I. , Pillinger Toby , Whitehurst Thomas , Cook Stuart A. , O’Regan Declan P. , Thomas E. Louise , Howes Oliver D. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia show evidence of concentric cardiac remodelling (CCR), defined as an increase in left-ventricular mass over end-diastolic volumes. CCR is a predictor of cardiac disease, but the molecular pathways leading to this in schizophrenia are unknown. We aimed to explore the relevance of hypertensive and non-hypertensive pathways to CCR and their potential molecular underpinnings in schizophrenia. In this multimodal case–control study, we collected cardiac and whole-body fat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), clinical measures, and blood levels of several cardiometabolic biomarkers known to potentially cause CCR from individuals with schizophrenia, alongside healthy controls (HCs) matched for age, sex, ethnicity, and body surface area. Of the 50 participants, 34 (68%) were male. Participants with schizophrenia showed increases in cardiac concentricity (d = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.12, 1.30; p = 0.01), indicative of CCR, but showed no differences in overall content or regional distribution of adipose tissue compared to HCs. Despite the cardiac changes, participants with schizophrenia did not demonstrate activation of the hypertensive CCR pathway; however, they showed evidence of adipose dysfunction: adiponectin was reduced (d = −0.69, 95% CI: −1.28, −0.10; p = 0.02), with evidence of activation of downstream pathways, including hypertriglyceridemia, elevated C-reactive protein, fasting glucose, and alkaline phosphatase. In conclusion, people with schizophrenia showed adipose tissue dysfunction compared to body mass-matched HCs. The presence of non-hypertensive CCR and a dysmetabolic phenotype may contribute to excess cardiovascular risk in schizophrenia. If our results are confirmed, acting on this pathway could reduce cardiovascular risk and resultant life-years lost in people with schizophrenia.
30 year experience of index case identification and outcomes of cascade testing in high-risk breast and colorectal cancer predisposition genes
Authors: Woodward Emma R. , Green Kate , Burghel George J. , Bulman Michael , Clancy Tara , Lalloo Fiona , Schlecht Helene , Wallace Andrew J. , Evans D. Gareth 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIt is 30 years since the first diagnostic cancer predisposition gene (CPG) test in the Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine (MCGM), providing opportunities for cancer prevention, early detection and targeted treatments in index cases and at-risk family members. Here, we present time trends (1990–2020) of identification of index cases with a germline CPG variant and numbers of subsequent cascade tests, for 15 high-risk breast and gastro-intestinal tract cancer-associated CPGs: BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, PTEN, TP53, APC, BMPR1a, CDH1, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, SMAD4, STK11 and MUTYH. We recorded 2082 positive index case diagnostic screening tests, generating 3216 positive and 3140 negative family cascade (non-index) tests. This is equivalent to an average of 3.05 subsequent cascade tests per positive diagnostic index test, with 1.54 positive and 1.51 negative non-index tests per family. The CPGs with the highest numbers of non-index positive cases identified on cascade testing were BRCA1/2 (n = 1999) and the mismatch repair CPGs associated with Lynch Syndrome (n = 731). These data are important for service provision and health economic assessment of CPG diagnostic testing, in terms of cancer prevention and early detection strategies, and identifying those likely to benefit from targeted treatment strategies.