bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mechanism of action of zopiclone
Authors: Doble A , Canton T , Malgouris C , Stutzmann JM , Piot O , Bardone MC , Pauchet C , Blanchard JC 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe mechanism of action of the cyclopyrrolone hypnotic drug zopiclone involves allosteric modulation of the GABAAreceptor. Zopiclone displaces the binding of [3H]-flunitrazepam with an affinity of 28 nM, and enhances the binding of the channel blocker [35S]-TBPS. The binding of zopiclone, unlike that of hypnotic benzodiazepines, is not facilitated by GABA. Zopiclone does not distinguish between GABAA receptors containing different α-subunits (BZ1and BZ2phenotype). Studies with protein-modifying agents (egdiethylpyrocarbonate) and photoaffinity labelling suggest that cyclopyrrolones bind to a domain on the GABAA receptor different from the benzodiazepine binding domain. The consequence of this interaction with the GABAAreceptor is to potentiate responses to GABA, as can be demonstrated by electrophysiological methods. Subchronic treatment of mice with high doses of zopiclone does not produce the changes in sensitivity of the GABAAreceptor that are observed with hypnotic benzodiazepines.
Deformation across the zone of callotasis during loading. Radiostereometric analysis in a patient with achondroplasia
Authors: Steen Harald , Kristiansen Leif Pål , Finnanger Anne Marie , Kärrholm Johan , Reikerås Olav 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe present study demonstrates that high‐resolution radiostereometric analysis (RSA) can be used to assess global longitudinal compressive deformation across the callotasis zone during loading. In an achondroplastic patient operated with bifocal lengthening of the tibia by use of the Ilizarov external fixator, the axial compressive intersegmental strain in the proximal lengthening zone under a load of 71% of body weight was 7.7 mm. The proximal lengthening zone was 51.0 mm, and accordingly the overall linear strain across the callotasis was 15.1%. This large strain value found in distraction osteogenesis 6 weeks after end of distraction is not consistent with classical theory of the magnitude of micromotion needed for adequate stimulation of bone formation in fracture healing. The increased axial displacement did not stimulate bone healing and delayed union was observed. This one single observation does not allow for any conclusions to be drawn about the relationship of strain to fracture healing, but further and refined use of the RSA method will certainly improve our understanding of the role of axial strains in distraction osteogenesis. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Clinical features and co-morbidity of social phobics in Turkey
Authors: Gökalp P.G. , Tükel R. , Solmaz D. , Demir T. , Kiziltan E. , Demir D. , Babaoðlu A.N. 
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical features and frequency and importance of related co-morbid disorders of social phobia in a clinical sample. Eighty-seven patients meeting DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for social phobia were studied. All patients were assessed by using a semi-structured socio-demographic form, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety. Sixty-eight (78.2%) of the group were male, 19 (21.8%) were female. The ages varied between 16–58 years, with a mean of 26.2 years (SD = 8.5). Fifty-one point seven percent of the subjects were assessed as having a co-morbid axis I disorder, of which 12.6% consisted of panic disorder and 10.3% agoraphobia. An additional axis II disorder had been found in 67.8% of the subjects, and 54.0% of them had been diagnosed as having avoidant personality disorder. The frequency of co-morbid disorders in our social phobic sample is lower than most of the studies in the literature. The interface between social phobia and avoidant personality disorder needs to be studied and discussed further.
Genotype of N‐acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) polymorphism in children with immunoglobulin E–mediated food allergy
Authors: Gawrońska‐Szklarz Barbara , Pawlik Andrzej , Czaja‐Bulsa Grażyna , Górnik Wanda , Luszawska‐Kutrzeba Teresa , Wrześniewska Joanna 
Published: July 2002

We investigated whether patients with immunoglobulin E–mediated food allergy differed from healthy individuals with regard to genotype of the polymorphic enzyme N‐acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2). The genetic polymorphism of acetylation can alter the toxic and therapeutic response to certain xenobiotics and may be also a factor that influences the susceptibility toward certain partly chemically induced diseases. We compared 136 children with immunoglobulin E–mediated food allergy with 123 healthy children. The NAT2 alleles (*4, *5, *6, and *7) were determined by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism methods with DNA extracted from peripheral blood. A statistically significant increase in the proportion of homozygous slow acetylators (76.5%) was found among patients with food allergy compared with healthy subjects (53.7%; P < .001). There were no homozygous fast acetylators within this group of individuals with severe forms of food allergy. The risk of development of immunoglobulin E–mediated food allergy was almost 3‐fold greater in slow acetylators than that in the healthy subjects (odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 4.9). We therefore concluded that the slow acetylation genotype may be an important factor of individual susceptibility to immunoglobulin E–mediated food allergy.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 69, 372–378; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.115541
Low‐Dimensional Single‐Cation Formamidinium Lead Halide Perovskites (FAm+2PbmBr3m+2): From Synthesis to Rewritable Phase‐Change Memory Film
Authors: Minh Duong Nguyen , Nguyen Lan Anh Thi , Trinh Cong Tai , Oh Changjun , Eom Sangwon , Vu Thanh Van , Choi Jinwoo , Sim Jae Hyun , Lee Kwang‐Geol , Kim Jaeyong , Cho Seong Chan , Lee Sang Uck , Cimrová Věra , Kang Youngjong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSynthesis of 2D perovskites often demands long and bulky organic spacer cations, but they hamper optoelectronic properties of the resulting 2D perovskites. Novel low‐dimensional single‐cation perovskites with a general formula of FAm+2PbmBr3m+2 are prepared by using a quenching‐assisted solution process, which leads to the wide dimensional control over 1D FA3PbBr5 (m = 1), 2D FAm+2PbmBr3m+2 (m ≥ 2), and 3D FAPbX3 (m = ∞) perovskites simply by changing the composition of precursors. In this case, formamidinium (FA) acts as both an A‐site cation and spacer cation in FAm+2PbmBr3m+2. Unlike conventional 2D perovskites, FAm+2PbmBr3m+2 perovskites have (110) orientation. PVDF (poly(vinylidene fluoride)) preferentially stabilizes the low‐dimensional FAm+2PbmBr3m+2 phases, which is utilized to fabricate the stable FAm+2PbmBr3m+2‐PVDF composite films. The phase transitions from 1D and 2D to 3D are investigated in response to various stimuli, including humidity, ultraviolet, oxygen, and solvents, are exploited for rewritable phase‐change memory films.
Wicking–Polarization‐Induced Water Cluster Size Effect on Triboelectric Evaporation Textiles
Authors: Gong Wei , Wang Xiaolei , Yang Weifeng , Zhou Jie , Han Xin , Dickey Michael D. , Su Yun , Hou Chengyi , Li Yaogang , Zhang Qinghong , Wang Hongzhi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSweating during exercise, physical labor, or hot weather leads to a feeling of discomfort. The stuffiness, stickiness, and heaviness brought by sweat may promote negative emotions or disease. Clothing, textiles, and wearable devices exacerbate these problems by restricting evaporation of sweat. Here, a textile that can promote and enhance sweat evaporation by coupling wicking and polarization is reported. The wicking is produced by the wettability gradient and pore size, which make the surface moisture content of the textile in contact with the skin strictly 0%. The polarization is driven by a ferroelectric‐enhanced triboelectric textile. This textile degrades large‐sized water clusters into small‐sized water clusters or water monomers, so that the textiles have an excellent moisture evaporation rate (4.4 and 3.6 times faster than the cotton and polyester textiles, respectively). This work provides a new source of inspiration for quick‐drying textiles and also finds an attractive application for triboelectric technology.
Paleoaltingia gen. nov., a new genus of Altingiaceae from the Late Cretaceous of New Jersey
Authors: Lai Yangjun , Gandolfo Maria A. , Crepet William L. , Nixon Kevin C. 
Published: March 2021

PremiseAltingiaceae is a small family with a bimodal Northern Hemisphere distribution in eastern North America and eastern Asia, and a rich Cenozoic fossil record. The charcoalified fossil infructescence Paleoaltingia gen. nov. from Turonian (Late Cretaceous) deposits of New Jersey, provides new evidence of early Altingiaceae reproductive structures and has biogeographical implications in understanding modern distribution.MethodsFossils were prepared using standard methods for obtaining and processing mesofossils. The fossils were examined with light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy for observing structural and anatomical details. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using a combined matrix of molecular and morphological data.ResultsBased on morphological features of the fossil and the phylogenetic analyses, the new genus, Paleoaltingia, with two species (Paleoaltingia ovum‐dinosauri and P. polyodonta) is erected. The phylogenetic position of Paleoaltingia confirms affinities with living Altingiaceae.ConclusionsThe combination of characters—simple capitate infructescence, syncarpous bicarpellate, and bilocular ovary, unique sterile phyllome structures—indicates that the fossil taxa have close affinities to modern Altingiaceae. The unique characters of the phyllomes provide new information on the floral diversity of Altingiaceae. The emergence of Paleoaltingia in Late Cretaceous sediments of Northeastern North America represents the earliest fossil record of Altingiaceae and provides new insights into its biogeography.
Recent developments and applications of polymer monolithic stationary phases
Authors: Eeltink Sebastiaan , Meston Daniel , Svec Frantisek 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis review highlights the current trends and the most recent advances in the field of preparation and application of organic polymer‐based monolithic materials and covers literature published in 2020. A short historical background is provided and protocols to anchor monoliths covalently to the wall of the column/separation device are discussed. Furthermore, advances in tuning the macroporous structure and establishing its link to separation performance are conferred. Finally, method development and key applications using novel monolithic columns are discussed.
Burrowing behaviour of unionid mussels in subtropical rivers: Implications for survey guidelines
Authors: Hernández Bianca A. , Mitchell Zachary A. , Robertson Clinton R. , Schwalb Astrid N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Conservation efforts have increased in response to global mussel declines, and effective surveys are a crucial step in assessing and monitoring mussel populations and in determining their conservation status. The burrowing behaviour of mussels can affect their detectability, and a better understanding of these behaviours would help to improve survey design and guidelines.
The burrowing depth of mussels may differ between seasons, habitat conditions, species, and individuals, and little is known about the burrowing behaviour of mussels in subtropical rivers.
Burrowing depth variation was examined and compared at three sites in the San Marcos, Guadalupe, and San Antonio river drainages in central Texas. In addition, laboratory experiments were used to determine whether observed differences between field sites and seasons could be linked to differences in substrate type and water temperature and to examine differences between species.
Seasonal variation in burrowing depth was found at all field sites, and water temperature was a significant factor for explaining variation in burrowing depth, but there was no clear relationship between burrowing depth and temperature in shorter term laboratory experiments, where individual variation was high and burrowing behaviour seemed to be solely a function of time.
Mussels burrowed significantly deeper in finer substrate (sand vs. gravel) in both field and laboratory experiments. Few significant differences between species were found in the field, but no differences were found in the laboratory experiments.
The results suggest that surveys may need to follow different guidelines depending on local conditions, such as substrate and water temperature. Surveys will be less efficient and may fail to detect larger proportions of populations in colder water temperatures. In addition, a larger proportion of burrowed mussels can be expected at sites with finer substrate, such as sand. Under these conditions, visual searches will not suffice, as a large part of the population or specific species may be overlooked.
Patient perspectives on health‐related behavior change after transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke
Authors: Brouwer‐Goossensen Dorien , den Hertog Heleen M. , Mastenbroek‐de Jong Marinke A. , van Gemert‐Pijnen Lisette J. E. W. C. , Taal Erik 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveUnhealthy lifestyle is common among patients with ischemic stroke or TIA. Hence, health‐related behavior change may be an effective way to reduce stroke recurrence. However, this is often difficult to carry out successfully. We aimed to explore patients' perspectives on health‐related behavior change, support in this change, and sustain healthy behavior.MethodsWe conducted a descriptive qualitative study with in‐depth, semistructured interviews in eighteen patients with recent TIA or ischemic stroke. Interviews addressed barriers, facilitators, knowledge, and support of health‐related behavior change framed by the protection motivation theory. All interviews were transcribed and thematically analyzed.ResultsPatients seem unable to adequately appraise their own health‐related behavior. More than half of the patients were satisfied with their lifestyle and felt no urgency to change. Self‐efficacy as coping factor was the most important determinant (both barrier and facilitator). Fear as threat factor was named as facilitator for health‐related behavior change by half of the patients. Most of the patients did not need support or already received support in changing health behavior. Patients indicated knowledge, guidelines, and social support as most needed to support and preserve a healthy lifestyle.ConclusionThis study suggests that patients with recent TIA or ischemic stroke often do not have a high intention to change health‐related behavior. The results fit well within the framework of the protection motivation theory. As many patients seem unable to adequately appraise their health behaviors, interventions should focus on increasing knowledge of healthy behavior and improving self‐efficacy and social support.
Nanozymes “Artificial Peroxidase”: Enzyme Oxidase Mixtures for Single‐Step Fabrication of Advanced Electrochemical Biosensors
Authors: Komkova Maria A. , Andreeva Ksenia D. , Zarochintsev Alexander A. , Karyakin Arkady A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe report the single‐step fabrication of advanced electrochemical biosensors upon drop‐casting of “artificial peroxidase”, that is, oxidase‐containing mixtures. Compared to bienzyme biosensors, we substitute peroxidase with more active and stable nanozymes based on catalytically synthesized Prussian Blue. The electroactivity of nanozymes in the sensing membrane was facilitated with carbon black nanoparticles, which resulted in record sensitivity of the H2O2 transducer exceeding 1.1 A M−1 ⋅ cm−2. Both glucose and lactate oxidases were co‐immobilized with nanozymes in alkoxysilane or perfluorosulfonated ionomer membranes. The proposed drop‐casting approach results in biosensors that are advantageous over those conventionally produced upon layer‐by‐layer immobilization in terms of i) almost an order of magnitude increased sensitivity, ii) unsurpassed biosensor‐to‐transducer sensitivity ratio reaching the value of 0.3, and iii) three times extended operational lifetime.
Are you a newcomer to horizon scanning? A few decision points and methodological reflections on the process
Authors: Géring Zsuzsanna , Király Gábor , Tamássy Réka 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this short methodological paper, we introduce four issues regarding the process of a horizon scanning exercise. During our horizon scanning project about the future of higher education, we met with several methodological challenges that influenced the data gathering and analysis of our research. The four issues were as follows: (1) finding the right template of data gathering, (2) identifying the right focus of our exercise, (3) the effect of the chosen target group on the process, and (4) the issue of blind spots of the analyzed discourse. By making our research dilemmas and our answers transparent, we would like to highlight how these issues and our decisions shaped the process and the output. In this manner, we demonstrate the iterative aspect of data‐gathering and analysis phases in horizon scanning processes. By discussing these four challenges, we also attempt to emphasize that methodological decisions mutually affect each other and in turn the process itself. Furthermore, this way we could provide methodological insights for researchers who encounter similar decision points during their horizon scanning.
Seasonal precipitation variability modes over South America associated to El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and non‐ENSO components during the 1951–2016 period
Authors: de Souza Itamara Parente , Andreoli Rita Valéria , Kayano Mary Toshie , Vargas Franci Flores , Cerón Wilmar L. , Martins Jorge Alberto , Freitas Edmilson , de Souza Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAnomalous seasonal patterns of precipitation variability over South America (SA) associated with El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and non‐ENSO (residual) conditions were assessed during 1951–2016. Patterns were obtained from empirical orthogonal functions analysis of total and residual precipitation seasonal anomalies. In austral spring and summer, precipitation variability is dominated by a dipolar anomaly mode with a centre extending from northwestern to northeastern SA and another in central‐eastern Brazil and part of southeastern SA (SESA) during spring, and a centre in northwestern SA and another extending from northeastern SA to central and eastern Brazil and central SESA, during summer. These modes are associated with ENSO to a greater extent during spring than summer. In summer, there is a strong association of the dipolar precipitation pattern with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on the east coast of Brazil, which indicates local influence. In austral fall, SST anomalies in the tropical South Atlantic relate to precipitation anomalies in northeast SA, and those in the tropical north Atlantic (TNA) to precipitation anomalies in northwestern SA, through the intertropical convergence zone anomalous position modulated by SST anomalies. In this same condition, the ENSO acts only to intensify or weaken the dominant precipitation pattern, depending on its phase, mainly over SESA. In contrast, the second variability mode in fall is characterized by positive SST anomalies in the Indian Ocean and equatorial and southern Atlantic Ocean and negative in the TNA. The importance of ENSO and the Indian Ocean in the characterization of the SST dipole in the tropical Atlantic explains the main changes in precipitation patterns over northeastern Brazil not been discussed in previous studies.
Characteristics of air temperature in Poland from 1994 to 2019 based on hourly data
Authors: Sachindra D.A. , Nowosad M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study was conducted to understand the characteristics of hourly air temperature across Poland over the period 1994–2019. For this purpose, hourly temperature observations from 38 stations were used. It was found that the average temperature at all stations in the period 2007–2019 (second half of data) is higher than that in the period 1994–2006 (first half of data). The increase in the average temperature in autumn was smaller than that in the other seasons. In the northern part of Poland, the increase in the average temperature in spring was more notable compared with that in the other seasons. In the southern part of Poland, the increase in the average temperature in winter and summer was more notable compared with that in the other seasons. At all stations, a statistically significant increasing trend in the average temperature was seen in the period 1994–2019. This trend was highest at Warszawa (0.067°C/year) and lowest at Kraków Balice (0.029°C/year). At all stations, the frequency of relatively low/high temperatures was lesser/higher in the period 2007–2019 compared with that in the period 1994–2006 indicating that temperature distribution has shifted toward a warmer climate. In comparison to the period 1994–2006, in the period 2007–2019, in the southern region of Poland, a large increase in the average number of hours per year above high percentiles and a large decrease in the average number of hours per year below low percentiles was observed. Also, it was found that warm/cold spells are becoming more/less frequent in Poland. In many stations, compared with the period 1994–2006, in the period 2007–2019, an increase in the length of the longest spell of hours above the 99th percentile and below the first percentile was observed.
Modulation of El Niño events on summertime westward‐propagating wave patterns and tropical cyclone movement in the western North Pacific
Authors: Ko Ken‐Chung , Hong Chi‐Cherng , Liu Jyun‐Hong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the association between westward‐propagating wave patterns and associated tropical cyclones (TCs), and eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) El Niño events. The wave pattern was more enhanced in the EP El Niño events than it was in the CP El Niño events, whereas the monsoon trough was deeper in the CP El Niño events than it was in the EP El Niño events. This enhanced monsoon trough together with the formation of a significantly stronger subtropical high strengthened the southeasterly flow, which caused TCs to detour northwestward to Japan in the CP El Niño events. An analysis of kinetic energy indicated that barotropic conversion provided more kinetic energy following the axis of the monsoon trough from the background flow to the westward‐propagating wave pattern in EP El Niño events, except near the centre of the monsoon trough where the background flow was more favourable for the wave pattern during CP El Niño events. The advection term by the southeasterly flow became more important in supporting the perturbation kinetic energy during CP El Niño events. Large‐scale circulation changes can influence smaller‐scale phenomena through barotropic conversion and advection.