bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Local Version of the Log-Brunn–Minkowski Conjecture and Some New Related Geometric Inequalities
Authors: Kolesnikov Alexander V , Livshyts Galyna V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We prove that for any semi-norm $\|\cdot \|$ on $\mathbb{R}^n$ and any symmetric convex body $K$ in $\mathbb{R}^n,$(1)$$\begin{align}& \int_{\partial K} \frac{\|n_x\|^2}{\langle x,n_x\rangle}\leq \frac{1}{|K|}\left(\int_{\partial K} \|n_x\| \right)^2, \end{align}$$and characterize the equality cases of this new inequality. The above would also follow from the Log-Brunn–Minkowski conjecture if the latter was proven, and we believe that it may be of independent interest. We, furthermore, obtain an improvement of this inequality in some cases, involving the Poincare constant of $K.$
The conjectured Log-Brunn–Minkowski inequality is a strengthening of the Brunn–Minkowski inequality in the partial case of symmetric convex bodies, equivalent to the validity of the following statement: for all symmetric convex smooth sets $K$ in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and all smooth even $f:\partial K\rightarrow \mathbb{R},$(2)$$\begin{align}& \int_{\partial K} H_x f^2-\langle \textrm{II}^{-1}\nabla_{\partial K} f, \nabla_{\partial K} f\rangle +\frac{f^2}{\langle x,n_x\rangle}\leq \frac{1}{|K|}\left(\int_{\partial K} f \right)^2. \end{align}$$
In this note, we verify ( 2) with the particular choice of speed function $f(x)=|\langle v,n_x\rangle |$, for all symmetric convex bodies $K$, where $v\in \mathbb{R}^n$ is an arbitrary vecto.
92 Effect of Rearing Cross-fostered Piglets in Litters of Differing Within-litter Birth Weight Variation on Pre-weaning Growth and Mortality
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine D , Rivas Rafael Ovidio Bautista , Harper Heath , Shull Caleb M , Brown Katie , Ellis Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Cross-fostering of piglets is a common commercial practice, however, there is limited information on optimum methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of within-litter birth weight variation after cross-fostering on piglet pre-weaning mortality (PWM) and growth. A RCBD was used with 47 blocks of 6 litters (total 282 litters/3,948 piglets); blocking factors were farrowing day, sow parity, body condition score, and functional teat number. Piglets were allotted at 24 h after birth according to Birth Weight Category (BWC) [L (&lt; 1.0 kg), M (1.0 to 1.5 kg), or H (1.5 to 2.0 kg)] to 6 Litter Composition (LC) treatments with 14 piglets/litter: Uniform (14 L, M or H); Mixed L+M (7 L, 7 M); Mixed M+H (7 M, 7 H); Mixed L+M+H (3 L, 6 M, 5 H). Piglets were weaned at 18.7 ± 0.64 d and PWM was recorded. Piglet birth and weaning weights were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS; PWM were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS; models included BWC, LC, the interaction, and sow within block. There were LC by BWC interactions (P &lt; 0.05) for PWM and weaning weights. For L piglets, there was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of LC on PWM (22.8, 26.7, and 28.4% for Uniform, Mixed L+M, and Mixed L+M+H treatments, respectively). For H piglets, PWM was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in Mixed L+M+H compared to Uniform or Mixed M+H litters (1.7, 9.6, and 5.8%, respectively). For M piglets, PWM was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in Mixed L+M than Uniform or Mixed M+H litters (7.1, 12.2, and 14.6%, respectively); Mixed L+M+H were intermediate (10.0%; P &gt; 0.05). Weaning weights generally followed a similar but opposite pattern for all BWC. In conclusion, increasing the average weight of littermates generally decreased weaning weights and increased PWM within each BWC.
284 Prop 12 and Its Implications for Future On-farm Animal Welfare in the United States
Authors: Horback Kristina 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
California’s Proposition 12, also known as the Farm Animal Confinement Initiative, will go into full effect starting in January 2022. This measure changes the minimum space requirement for egg-laying hens, calves raised for veal, and breeding sows within the state of California. These changes include housing that provides 1 to 1.5 square feet of floor space per hen within a cage-free system, 43 square feet of floor space per veal calf, and 24 square feet of floor space per sow. In addition, Proposition 12 would require producers to move the sows from gestation pens into farrowing crates for a maximum of 5 days before they are due to farrow. This measure also prohibits producers outside of California from importing their eggs, veal, or pork into the state unless they meet these minimum housing requirements. The goal of these requirements is to ensure that they animal can lie down, stand up, turn around, and fully extend their limbs without touching the sides of their stalls or another animal. While the intent of this new housing requirement may allow for a greater freedom of movement, animal welfare concerns are still prominent for group housing. For breeding sow, such concerns include injuries caused by social aggression, and, abnormal or harmful behaviors related to feed restriction. These welfare concerns can be addressed when considerations are given to the group composition (e.g., age and size of sows), pen mixing practices (e.g., pre or post breeding), feeding schedule [e.g., collective (trough, floor fed) or individual (electronic sow feeding, free access stalls)], and, pen structural quality (e.g., flooring, enrichment). Given that California represents approximately 15 percent of the American pork market, this measure will have considerable economic and ethical implications related to barn renovations, animal care staff training, and husbandry practices for the entire U.S. pork industry.
232 Effect of Beef-dairy Cross Breed Description on the Sale Price of Lots of Steer Calves Sold Through Superior Livestock Auction in 2020 Summer Video Sales
Authors: McCabe Esther D , King Mike E , Fike Karol E , Rogers Glenn M , Odde Kenneth G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effect of beef-dairy cross breed description as compared to Holstein and beef breed descriptions on the sale price of steer calf lots sold through Superior Livestock Auction in 2020 summer video sales. Data were available on 589 lots of weaned steer calves sold via six video auctions during the summer of 2020. Steer lots from the Rocky Mountain/North Central and South Central regions were included in the analysis. All lot characteristics that could be accurately quantified or categorized were used to develop a multiple regression model that evaluated effects of independent factors on sale price using backwards selection. A value of P &lt; 0.05 was used to maintain a factor in the final model. Based upon reported breed descriptions, lots were subsequently categorized into one of five breed groups: 1) English-English cross, 2) English-Continental cross, 3) Brahman influenced, 4) Holstein, and 5) Beef-dairy cross. The mean weight of weaned steer calves was 277.5 ± 60.1 kg. Among weaned steer calf lots, Holstein lots sold for the lowest (P &lt; 0.05) sale price ($113.21/45.36 kg of BW;Table1). Beef-dairy cross lots sold for the second lowest (P &lt; 0.05) sale price ($153.07/45.36 kg of BW), but were only $15.21/45.36 kg of BW below English-English cross. Brahman-influenced lots sold for the third lowest (P &lt; 0.05) sale price ($160.30/45.36 kg of BW). English-Continental cross lots sold for the second greatest (P &lt; 0.05) sale price at $164.01/45.36 kg of BW. English-English cross lots sold for the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) sale price ($168.38/45.36 kg of BW) compared with all other breed descriptions. Beef-dairy cross steer calves were closer in value to beef combinations than to Holstein steer calves.
8 Functional Role of Histidine in Diets of Young Pigs
Authors: van Milgen Jaap , Le Floc’h Nathalie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Histidine is a constituent amino acid of body proteins and, once incorporated in protein, histidine can be methylated post-translationally to methyl-histidine. Histidine is also a precursor of histamine, a neurotransmitter and involved in the immune response. Histidine and histamine are constituents of a number of dipeptides, which act as pH buffers, metal chelating agents, and anti-oxidants, especially in skeletal muscles and in the brain. A considerable fraction of whole-body histidine is present as carnosine, the dipeptide of histidine and β-alanine. In the longissimus muscle, about 40% of the total histidine content is present as carnosine. The histidine in carnosine can be methylated to anserine or balenine, and the pig is among the few species that synthesize both forms. Hydrolysis of body protein and of histidine-containing dipeptides results in the release of the constituent amino acids. However, only the histidine of protein and carnosine can be reused for protein synthesis. Methyl-histidine is either excreted in the urine or remains bound in the dipeptides and accumulates in the body. Because carnosine represents such a large histidine reservoir, a dietary histidine deficiency may not directly lead to a reduction in growth, especially if growth is given a higher priority for histidine utilization than maintaining or depleting the histidine-containing dipeptide reserves. Few histidine dose-response studies have been done in piglets and differences in the estimated requirements may be due to differences in diluting or depleting the dipeptide reserves. However, at low histidine intakes, both feed intake and growth are reduced and a reduction of the histidine-to-lysine supply by 1 percentage point results in a growth reduction of 4%. Histidine dose-response studies need to consider the role of histidine as a constituent amino acid of body protein as well as its role in dipeptides.
3 Nursery Pig Research Under Dr. Gary Allee
Authors: Touchette Kevin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Dr. Gary Allee focused on many different topics in nursery pig nutrition over his years at Kansas State University and University of Missouri. This talk will discuss four main areas of research. The first area of research was evaluating soybean meal and soy products and hypersensitivity in early weaned pigs. They demonstrated that allergens present in soybean meal caused a hypersensitivity in weaned pigs which reduced feed intake and growth in the early nursery period, but the pigs recovered to be of similar weight at the end of the nursery. They also demonstrated that high protein soy products do not cause this same reaction. The second area was evaluating new sources of sugars/lactose for nursery diets. When dried whey permeate was first produced and considered to be a novel ingredient, they demonstrated that it could replace the lactose from whey and skim milk in weaned pig diets. Further research showed that up to 50% of the lactose requirement could be met by other simple sugars provided by sugar food by-products. The third area was understanding of the mode of action in which spray-dried plasma works in weaned pig diets. They demonstrated that while being fed plasma, there was a reduction in immune stimulation to the pig, which resulted in an improved feed intake and growth after weaning. The fourth area was evaluating fish meal and fish oil. They demonstrated that both fish oil and fish meal alter the immune system, but fish meal was the best at improving performance under challenging conditions. These trials were both relevant at the time they were run to influence practical nursery diet formulation, but also helped set the background for future trials.
2 A Metabolic Understanding of Nutrition
Authors: Kerr Brian J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Optimal nutrition is essential to support growth and development of farm animals, and in combination with costs, is essential in maintaining economical animal production. Simplistically nutrition involves physiological and biochemical processes whereupon feedstuffs are consumed for energy and nutrient purposes, and through the myriad of digestive and metabolic mechanisms, provides the energy and nutrients to be used and/or deposited for productive purposes (e.g., bone, lean, and fat). While the individual parts of metabolism, and therefore nutrition, must add up to the animal as a whole, in the long-term energy and nutrients cannot be evaluated strictly on a reductionist basis. Thus, while research is conducted using methods to control outside and confounding effects, it is these influences and interactions that must be researched and understood in order to support optimal animal production in an economical and environmentally sustainable manner. Therefore, understanding basic mechanisms is critical in providing a scientific basis as to why a nutrient, feed additive, or feedstuff may ‘work’, but it does not guarantee such. As exhibited in Dr. Allee’s publications, development of students, and outreach activities, he often conducted basic research from which to use this knowledge in relationship to the whole animal on an applied basis. Portions of this presentation will discuss some specific areas (e.g., lipids and amino acids) of Dr. Allee’s career whereupon research was conducted to scientifically understand how and why energy and nutrients (feedstuffs) may improve animal productivity and efficiency on a real-world basis.
281 Can We Developmentally Program the Epigenome to Improve Traits Relevant to Production in Cattle?
Authors: Cushman Robert A , Snider Alexandria , Crouse Matthew S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
While sequence variation can be informative to associate regions of the genome with specific traits and improve genetic selection, the epigenome may provide a more powerful tool to manage cattle. Identifying practices that are producer friendly and effectively control epigenetic function within animals is crucial to translating developmental programming to a production setting. Initial studies of developmental programming investigated how environmental or nutritional stresses during fetal and peri-natal development impacted performance of animals later in life. These studies demonstrated changes in methylation, alterations in transcript abundance, and negative impacts on physiology, but they also suggested that we may be able to beneficially impact the epigenome and developmentally program animals to excel in their niche in the production system. Maternal nutritional status during the third trimester influenced date of conception of female progeny in several studies but failed to do so in other studies. Transcriptomic analyses provided evidence that nutritional treatments alter mRNA abundance in brain, liver, muscle, and ovary, but does not conclusively demonstrate that this is due to functional changes in the epigenome. If developmental programming is to be applied in production systems, responses must be consistent and beneficial. Reducing nutrient intake in heifers during peri-pubertal development increased number of primordial follicles in the ovaries and reproductive longevity. While nutritional programming of the ovarian reserve in peri-pubertal heifers appears to occur consistently across locations and studies, it does not ensure that subsequent environmental stressors will not induce changes in the ovarian reserve that will negate beneficial effects. These studies demonstrate that it is possible to developmentally program the epigenome in cattle in ways that will improve production traits; however, there remains a need for studies to improve the consistency of response and to determine best practices that fit into production systems. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
282 Multi-omics Approaches to Improve Animal Production
Authors: Da Silva Diniz Wellison Jarles , Ward Alison K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The livestock sector faces an immense challenge to meet the increased demand for animal products. There is a need to increase animal performance, improve animal health and well-being, and reduce the environmental footprint. To meet these challenges, omics technologies have provided opportunities to understand animal biology and the genetic architecture underlying important economic traits. Despite the increased number of quantitative trait loci identified, the reported number of causal genes and mutations driving phenotypic changes is still limited. Likewise, transcriptomics has been routinely explored to identify genes underlying complex traits such as feed efficiency and meat quality. Furthermore, other omics approaches, such as epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, are now extensively used. However, most of the studies have focused on single-data-type designs without considering the intricated relationship among these regulatory layers. Additionally, it has been shown that the relationship between the host genome and its gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in shaping animal performance. Despite the improved genetic gain provided by genomic selection approaches, the genetic basis of complex traits remains unclear. As the cross-talk between regulatory layers modulates complex traits, integrative network modeling has been adopted to untangle the biological mechanisms driving genotype-phenotype association. For example, by combining multi-tissue transcriptomic profiles, we were able to identify putative mechanisms driving the differential tissue regulation in nutrient restricted bovine fetuses. Despite the advances in network modeling, the genome to phenome connection still requires a better functionally annotated genome. Furthermore, analytical methods to fully integrate omics data into breeding equations are still under development. However, initiatives, such as FAANG, seek to address some of the aforementioned limitations. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying complex traits and the development of statistical models that includes omics data will increase the prediction accuracy of important economic traits. Altogether, it will allow improving production efficiency to meet society’s demand.
20 Effect of Adding Bioactive Peptide in Combination of Pharmaceutical Zinc Oxide or Organic Acids on Growth Performance, Hematology Profile, and Nutrient Digestibility in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Mudarra Richard A , Tsai Tsung Cheng Cheng , Bottoms Kristopher , Shieh Thomas S , Bradly Casey , Maxwell Charles V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
To evaluate the effect of bioactive peptide (P) in combination with high level of zinc (HZ) or acidifiers on growth performance, complete blood cell counts (CBC) and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs, a total of 288 weaned pigs (PIC1050xDNA600) were stratified by initial BW within gender and allotted to 1of 7 treatments. Treatments for phase 1&2 were: 1) nutrient adequate positive control with HZ (PC), 2) nutrient deficient negative control with HZ (NC, -0.13% SID Lysine by reducing fish meal), 3) NC+0.25% peptide (0.25PZ), 4) NC+0.5% peptide (0.5PZ), 5) NC+0.25% peptide with standard zinc (0.25P), 6) NC+0.5% peptide with standard zinc (0.5P), 7) as 5 + 0.1% sodium butyrate and 0.5% benzoic acid (PSB). All pigs were fed a common low Zn diet (197 ppm) during phase 3. The whole blood was obtained from a close-to-average pen-BW pig repeatedly at weaning, and at the end of phase 2 and 3 to determine CBC. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker to determine nutrient digestibility. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedures of SAS as a RCBD with treatment as fixed effect, and BW block as random effect. In overall phase 1&2, pigs fed PSB had similar ADG and BW when compared to pigs fed 0.25PZ and both were greater than NC pigs (Table 1). With the same inclusion rate of peptide, pigs fed a high zinc diet had greater BW and ADG than pigs fed a standard zinc diet. PSB pigs had the greatest G:F ratio and nitrogen digestibility among treatments. Increasing peptide in high zinc diets gradually decreased Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. This study indicates that the improvement in growth performance from pigs fed peptide is pharmaceutical zinc dependent and acidifiers can be an alternative to replace ZnO without affecting growth performance.
19 Dietary Supplementation of Botanicals Enhanced Growth Performance and Disease Resistance of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Infected with a Pathogenic E. coli
Authors: Wong Braden T , He Yijie , Kim Kwangwook , Xu Sharon , Lingga Christopher , Li Xunde , Wall Emma , Liu Yanhong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary botanical supplementation on growth performance and frequency of diarrhea of weaned piglets experimentally infected with a pathogenic F18 Escherichia coli (E. coli). Sixty weaned piglets (around 21 days old; 7.15 ± 0.97 kg) were individually housed and randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments (n = 12): negative control (NC), positive control (PC), high dose of botanicals blend 1 (BB1, 100 ppm), low dose of botanicals blend 2 (BB2, 50 ppm), and high dose of botanicals blend 2 (BB2, 100 ppm). The experiment lasted 28 days: from day -7 to +21 relative to E. coli inoculation. All piglets except the pigs in the NC group were orally inoculated with F18 E. coli (1010 cfu per dose, 3 doses) for 3 consecutive days. Growth performance was recorded throughout the experiment and diarrhea scores were recorded daily. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS with a randomized complete block design. E. coli challenge reduced (P &lt; 0.05) pig body weight and growth rate throughout the experiment. Pigs supplemented with high dose BB1 or BB2 tended (P &lt; 0.10) to have greater body weight (19.52 and 19.10 vs. 18.00 kg) on d 21 PI and greater average daily gain from d 0 to 21 PI (554 and 557 vs. 515 g/d) than PC. No differences were observed in pig performance between high dose BB1 or BB2 in comparison with NC. Supplementation of high dose BB1 or BB2 also reduced (P &lt; 0.05) frequency and severity of diarrhea of challenged pigs during the entire experimental period. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of botanicals reduced diarrhea and tended to improve growth performance of weaned pigs infected with E. coli.
35 Effect of Late Gestational Heat Stress on Placental Characteristics in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Potadle Greer M , Dahl Geoff , Fabris Thaigo , Bundy Jennifer M , Tyler Howard 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
To determine the effects of late gestation heat stress on placental development, dairy cows were exposed to heat stress (HT, shade) or cooled (CL, shade, fans and soakers) during the final 46 d pre-calving on the University of Florida dairy facility (temperature-humidity index; THI &gt;68). We hypothesize heat stress (or lack of heat abatement) will reduce placental efficiency and in turn increase placental weight, surface area, and volume. At expulsion all placentae were collected and total placental weight was determined as well as individual cotyledonary weights, surface areas, and volume. In addition, the total number of total cotyledons was recorded and cotyledonary color and placental growth abnormalities (i.e. teratomas) were recorded and photographed. All data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. In addition, associations between parameters were determined by calculating Pearson Correlation Coefficients using SAS. Placentae from HT cows had a higher total placental weight, higher non-vascular membrane weight, higher total cotyledonary weight, higher total cotyledonary volume, and a higher incidence of teratomas than those from CL cows (P &lt; 0.05). HT cows also had placentae with a significantly greater average cotyledonary weight and volume (P &lt; 0.05). HT cows tended to have a greater incidence of color abnormalities in the placenta (P &lt; 0.075). In addition, HT cows had significantly lighter calves at birth (P &lt; 0.05). These data demonstrate that heat stress (or lack of heat abatement) impacts placental growth during the final stages of gestation, resulting in heavier placentae, an increase in cotyledonary weight and volume, but not an increase in the total number of cotyledons or total cotyledonary surface area. These placental alterations ultimately resulted in lighter calves at birth.