bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Super‐Durable, Low‐Wear, and High‐Performance Fur‐Brush Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Wind and Water Energy Harvesting for Smart Agriculture
Authors: Chen Pengfei , An Jie , Shu Sheng , Cheng Renwei , Nie Jinhui , Jiang Tao , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), as a promising energy harvesting technology, provides a new approach for the realization of the Internet of Things (IoTs). However, material abrasion severely limits its practical applications because of the deterioration in mechanical durability and electrical stability. Here, naturally available animal furs are introduced, owing to their superiorities of extremely low wear, high performance and humidity resistance. More than 10 times the electric output is observed relative to the conventional TENG, even at low driving torque. The transferred charge of fur‐brush TENG (FB‐TENG) exhibits only 5.6% attenuation after continuous operation for 300 000 cycles, maintaining high output performance even if the relative humidity increases up to 90%. Furthermore, a counter‐rotating structure is first designed to further increase the output by doubling the relative rotation speed. Based on this mechanism, a significantly elevated output current of 36.6% is obtained in ambient conditions. Finally, self‐powered automatic irrigation, weather monitoring and wireless water level warning multifunctional management systems are realized by collecting the wind and water flow energy. This work provides a strategy of reducing wear on the premise of high performance, which lays a foundation for effective environmental energy harvesting toward practical applications in big data and the IoTs.
Materials‐Related Strategies for Highly Efficient Triboelectric Energy Generators
Authors: Choi Yeon Sik , Kim Sang‐Woo , Kar‐Narayan Sohini 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSince 2012, triboelectric energy harvesting technologies have received a substantial amount of attention as they constitute one of the most efficient ways of transforming vibrational and frictional energy into electrical energy, regardless of location and environmental conditions. One of the most significant advantages of this technology is in the suitability of a very wide range of materials that can be readily incorporated into devices. In order to achieve efficient energy harvesting performance, advances in materials science and nanotechnology have been applied to develop high‐performance triboelectric energy harvesters, which have witnessed a tremendous growth in popularity. However, even though a large number of materials, including polymers, metals, inorganic and composite materials, have been separately studied for triboelectric energy harvesting applications, the key features of these different classes of materials have never been presented together or summarized, to provide valuable insight for future materials development in this field. Here, a comprehensive review of the up‐to‐date materials‐driven progress of triboelectric energy harvesting devices is provided, with emphasis on the study of materials‐related operating mechanisms and emergent materials design strategies for highly efficient triboelectric devices. The discussion includes several issues and challenges that need to be addressed for further improvement of triboelectric devices.
How might broad adoption of blockchain‐based traceability impact the U.S. fresh produce supply chain?
Authors: Collart Alba J. , Canales Elizabeth 
Published: January 2021

AbstractApplications of blockchain in the food sector are growing and the adoption of farm‐to‐fork traceability systems is at the forefront. We review applications of blockchain across different dimensions while focusing on how broad adoption of the technology might help address major challenges faced by the U.S. fresh produce industry. These challenges include food safety, food fraud, food loss and waste, and the general need for better traceability systems. We discuss whether blockchain technologies might play a role in enhancing the resilience of the produce supply chain and highlight limitations and challenges of the technology stakeholders might consider going forward.JEL CLASSIFICATIONL86; O32; Q13
Milestone achievements in a national sample of pediatric emergency medicine fellows: impact of primary residency training
Authors: Kou Maybelle , Baghdassarian Aline , Rose Jerri A. , Levasseur Kelli , Roskind Cindy G. , Vu Tien , Zuckerbraun Noel S. , Leonard Kathryn , Shabanova Veronika , Langhan Melissa L. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundPediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellowships recruit trainees from both pediatric and emergency medicine (EM) residencies. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) defines separate training pathways for each. The 2015 PEM milestones reflect a combination of subcompetencies from the two residencies. This project aims to compare the milestone achievement of PEM fellows based on their primary residency training. We hypothesize that fellows trained in pediatrics achieve PEM milestones at different rates than EM‐trained fellows in the ACGME domains of patient care, medical knowledge, systems‐based practice, practice‐based learning, professionalism, and interpersonal and communication skills.MethodsThis is a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of fellows from a national sample of U.S. PEM fellowship programs. Basic demographic information and deidentified, biannual milestone scores for 23 competencies were collected for fellows training between 2015 and 2018. Subcompetencies are scored on a 5‐point milestone scale. Descriptive and multivariable analyses for longitudinal data were performed to compare milestone assessments by primary residency training.ResultsComplete data were obtained for 600 fellows; 95% (570) and 5% (30) completed pediatric and EM residency, respectively. In both year 1 and year 2 of fellowship, the mean milestone scores of EM‐trained fellows were statistically higher than pediatrics‐trained fellows across the majority of subcompetencies. By the final year of training, there were no statistically significant differences in milestone scores for any of the subcompetencies.ConclusionsFellow milestone achievement between groups was not significantly different by graduation. However, fellows entering PEM training from an EM background attained higher scores on the milestones than fellows from a pediatric background in the first year of fellowship.
Review on unmanned aerial vehicles, remote sensors, imagery processing, and their applications in agriculture
Authors: Olson Daniel , Anderson James 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and the sensors they can be equipped with are becoming more technologically advanced and common place within the agricultural industry. The output analyses from UAV captured data helps drive decisions for improving input efficiency in agricultural systems, which can result in maximum return on investment and reduced environmental impact. Advances in UAV technologies provides producers with options for assessment of crucial factors impacting crop yield and quality including crop water status and nutrient stress, competition from weeds, insects, and pathogens, and soil characteristics and precision field maps. Thus, integrating UAV technologies as a component of production agriculture enables producers to identify and locate problem areas in their fields in near real time and take corrective actions once these areas are verified. UAV technologies also offers researchers with a non‐destructive, objective manner for obtaining phenotypic measurements such as height assessment, biomass estimation, canopy reflectance, and abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, which can greatly expedite field data collection for advancing germplasm with desired agronomic traits. This review covers more than a hundred articles that were obtained from the existing literature and illustrates common UAV types, common sensor types, imagery processing options, and their practical application and pitfalls in the modern agricultural industry.
Effect of mono‐, relay‐, and double‐crop systems on yield and profitability
Authors: Shrestha Raj K. , Richer Eric , Clevenger William B. , Davis Matthew , Lindsey Laura E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDiversification and intensification of cropping systems are of interest due to the potential for increased farm income. However, yield and profitability of multi‐crop systems need to be understood, especially in northern environments where the growing season is short. The objective of this study was to evaluate yield and profitability of monocrop (MC), relay‐intercrop (RI), and double‐crop (DC) systems. A 3‐yr field study was conducted in northwest Ohio with nine cropping systems, including winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), red clover (Trifolium pretense L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), and oat (Avena sativa L.) grown in MC, RI, and DC systems. System yield was calculated by summing crop yield within a cropping year. Cropping system profitability was estimated by subtracting costs that varied across treatments from gross revenue. Winter wheat + RI red clover had the highest system yield (11.1–11.4 Mg ha−1 yr−1). However, profit was the greatest with wheat planted in wide row (38 cm row width) + RI red clover cropping system ($1,252 ha−1 yr−1) followed by wheat planted in narrow row (19 cm row width) + RI red clover ($1,140 ha−1 yr−1) and MC soybean ($919 ha−1 yr−1). This suggests that producers interested in diversifying their cropping systems may increase profitability with a winter wheat + RI red clover system, provided there is a market for red clover forage. However, if producers do not have a market for red clover, the MC soybean system would offer greatest profitability and reduce workload compared with a multi‐crop system.
New insights into the mechanisms of carbon dioxide mineralization by portlandite
Authors: Falzone Gabriel , Mehdipour Iman , Neithalath Narayanan , Bauchy Mathieu , Simonetti Dante , Sant Gaurav 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPortlandite (Ca(OH)2; also known as calcium hydroxide or hydrated lime), an archetypal alkaline solid, interacts with carbon dioxide (CO2) via a classic acid–base “carbonation” reaction to produce a salt (calcium carbonate: CaCO3) that functions as a low‐carbon cementation agent, and water. Herein, we revisit the effects of reaction temperature, relative humidity (RH), and CO2 concentration on the carbonation of portlandite in the form of finely divided particulates and compacted monoliths. Special focus is paid to uncover the influences of the moisture state (i.e., the presence of adsorbed and/or liquid water), moisture content and the surface area‐to‐volume ratio (sa/v, mm−1) of reactants on the extent of carbonation. In general, increasing RH more significantly impacts the rate and thermodynamics of carbonation reactions, leading to high(er) conversion regardless of prior exposure history. This mitigated the effects (if any) of allegedly denser, less porous carbonate surface layers formed at lower RH. In monolithic compacts, microstructural (i.e., mass‐transfer) constraints particularly hindered the progress of carbonation due to pore blocking by liquid water in compacts with limited surface area to volume ratios. These mechanistic insights into portlandite's carbonation inform processing routes for the production of cementation agents that seek to utilize CO2 borne in dilute (≤30 mol%) post‐combustion flue gas streams.
Effective solvent system selection in the recrystallization purification of pharmaceutical products
Authors: Fickelscherer Richard J. , Ferger Christian M. , Morrissey Stephanie A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis treatment describes the details of a methodical three step algorithm for determining the best operating conditions for the recrystallization separations of solid mixtures for the chosen targeted solvent systems. Our algorithm was applied to effectively separate a representative pharmaceutical product (caffeine) from a related pharmaceutical product (theophylline). The limitations of such calculations with currently available, widely used predictive methods for computing solution thermodynamics without experimental data are directly examined. Also presented here is a novel two stage recrystallization procedure which can potentially dramatically improve the overall recovery yields of the desired products. These systematic selection calculations described herein should enable researchers to quickly screen many potential solvent systems and operating conditions and concentrate experimental efforts only on the most promising candidates for such purifications.
A generalized cutting‐set approach for nonlinear robust optimization in process systems engineering
Authors: Isenberg Natalie M. , Akula Paul , Eslick John C. , Bhattacharyya Debangsu , Miller David C. , Gounaris Chrysanthos E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe propose a novel computational framework for the robust optimization of highly nonlinear, non‐convex models that possess uncertainty in their parameter data. The proposed method is a generalization of the robust cutting‐set algorithm that can handle models containing irremovable equality constraints, as is often the case with models in the process systems engineering domain. Additionally, we accommodate general forms of decision rules to facilitate recourse in second‐stage (control) variables. In particular, we compare and contrast the use of various types of decision rules, including quadratic ones, which we show in certain examples to be able to decrease the overall price of robustness. Our proposed approach is demonstrated on three process flow sheet models, including a relatively complex model for amine‐based CO2 capture. We thus verify that the generalization of the robust cutting‐set algorithm allows for the facile identification of robust feasible designs for process systems of practical relevance.
Phase behavior and kinetics properties of gas hydrates in confinement and its application
Authors: Majid Ahmad A. A. , Koh Carolyn A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMassive amounts of gas hydrates occur naturally in the pores of sediments or fractures in permafrost regions and beneath the oceans. For hydrate formation in confinement, the equilibrium condition can shift to harsher conditions, lowering the water activity and subsequently depressing the hydrate freezing temperature at a given pressure. Conversely, the nucleation and rate of hydrate formation, as well as hydrate conversion can be increased in confinement. Therefore, reliable assessment of the hydrate distribution in nature requires accurate thermodynamic and kinetic models of hydrate formation; however, these models tend to be based upon the properties of bulk hydrates. Hydrate formation and growth promotion in confinement are also potentially interesting for hydrate technological applications, such as gas separation, energy storage, and flow assurance. This paper reviews the thermodynamic and kinetic properties and their interrelations of gas hydrates in confined spaces.
Iterative model‐based experimental design for spherical agglomeration processes
Authors: Pal Kanjakha , Szilagyi Botond , Burcham Christopher L. , Jarmer Daniel J. , Nagy Zoltan K. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSpherical agglomeration (SA) is a process intensification strategy, which can reduce the number of unit operations in pharmaceutical manufacturing. SA merges drug substance crystallization with drug product wet granulation, reducing capital, and operating costs. However, SA is a highly nonlinear process, thus for its efficient operation model‐based design and control strategies are beneficial. These require the development of a high‐fidelity process model with appropriately estimated parameters. There are two major problems associated with the development of a high‐fidelity process models—(i) selection of the appropriate model corresponding to the underlying process mechanisms, and (ii) accurate estimation of the parameters. This work focuses on the identification of the best fitting model that correlates with experimental observations using cross‐validation experiments. Further, an iterative model‐based experimental design strategy is developed, which uses D‐optimal experimental design criterion to minimize the number of experiments necessary to obtain accurate parameter estimates.
Fine‐scale environmental heterogeneity and spatial niche partitioning among spring‐flowering forest herbs
Authors: Beck Jared J. , Givnish Thomas J. 
Published: January 2021

PREMISEEnvironmental heterogeneity influences plant distributions and diversity at several spatial scales. In temperate forests, fine‐scale environmental variation may promote local coexistence among herbaceous species by allowing plants to spatially partition microsites within forest stands. Here we argue that shallow soils, low soil water‐holding capacity and fertility, and reduced light near tree boles should favor short, shallow‐rooted, evergreen species like Anemone acutiloba with low moisture, nutrient, and light requirements. Farther from trees, richer, deeper soils should favor taller, deeper‐rooted herbs with greater moisture and nutrient demands, such as Sanguinaria canadensis and Trillium flexipes.METHODSWe tested these hypotheses by mapping the fine‐scale distributions of Anemone, Sanguinaria, and Trillium individuals within a 50 × 50 m plot, comparing local species’ distributions with respect to soil depth and proximity to neighboring trees, and characterizing intraspecific and interspecific spatial associations.RESULTSLocal plant distributions were consistent with our predictions based on leaf height, physiology, and phenology. Anemone was found in microsites on shallower soils and closer to trees than either Sanguinaria or Trillium. In all three species, individual plants were spatially aggregated within 2 m, but spatially segregated from individuals of the other species beyond 2 m.CONCLUSIONSDifferential plant responses to fine‐scale environmental heterogeneity and observed spatial associations suggest that local species‐environment associations could facilitate coexistence. These findings illustrate how fine‐scale environmental heterogeneity coupled with phenological and physiological differences likely contribute to spatial niche partitioning among spring‐flowering forest herbs and maintain high local plant diversity within temperate forests.
Cytomegalovirus kinetics after hematopoietic cell transplantation reveal peak titers with differential impact on mortality, relapse and immune reconstitution
Authors: Leserer Saskia , Bayraktar Evren , Trilling Mirko , Bogdanov Rashit , Arrieta‐Bolaños Esteban , Tsachakis‐Mück Nikolaos , Crivello Pietro , Koldehoff Michael , Maaßen Fabienne , Ross Rudolf Stefan , Fleischhauer Katharina , Beelen Dietrich W. , Turki Amin T. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEven in the era of PCR‐based monitoring, prophylaxis, and preemptive therapy, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia remains a relevant cause of non‐relapse mortality (NRM) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). However, studies using binary analysis (presence/absence of CMV) reported contradicting data for NRM, overall survival and leukemia relapse. Here, we analyzed CMV replication kinetics in 11 508 whole blood PCR samples of 705 patients with HCT between 2012 and 2017. Using two independent models based on CMV peak titers and on the time point of first CMV reactivation, we stratified patients into risk cohorts. Each cohort had distinct cellular immune reconstitution profiles and differentiated for relevant clinical outcomes. Patients with high CMV peak titers had significantly reduced overall survival (HR 2.13, 95% CI 1.53–2.96; p < .0001), due to high NRM. Early impaired T cell reconstitution was a risk factor for high CMV peak titers, however relevant CMV viremia also related to boosted T cell reconstitution. Importantly, intermediate CMV peak titers associated with a significantly reduced relapse probability (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.31–0.91; p = .022). In short, CMV kinetics models distinguished relevant clinical outcome cohorts beyond the R+ serostatus with distinct immune reconstitution patterns and resolve in part contradicting results of previous studies exclusively focused on the presence or absence of CMV.
Centering human milk composition as normal human biological variation
Authors: Quinn Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectivesHuman biological variation in the phenotype is the cornerstone of modern human biology, evolutionary anthropology, and related studies of human evolution. Minimal dialogue, however, has considered human milk to be part of this phenotypic variation. This may reflect researcher bias‐mental models oriented around commercial infant formula and homogenized cow's milk, both of which present milk composition as static. A general lack of research outside primarily Western, well‐nourished populations has also contributed to this underestimation of biological variation.MethodsThis review analyzes published research on breast milk composition, developmental metabolic programming, and maternal body composition to articulate the ways in which population‐based studies of human milk outside the United Sates are necessary to better understanding biological variation in human milk phenotypes.ResultsThis review discusses some of the common issues in current research on the biological variation in human milk composition and argues that anthropological inquiries that frame milk as part of an adaptive phenotype are necessary to better understand the biological significance of human milk composition in the production of human biological variation.ConclusionsBiological anthropology is uniquely positioned to investigate biological variation in human milk, using evolutionary theory, cutting edge biology, and anthropologically informed perspectives that challenge the biomedical framing of lactation and often act to privilege well nourished, primarily western populations and formula feeding as normatives for infant feeding research.
Craniofacial and occlusal features of children with Noonan syndrome
Authors: Bagattoni Simone , Costi Tommaso , D'Alessandro Giovanni , Toni Sara , Gatto Maria Rosaria , Piana Gabriela 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCraniofacial features of 12 children with Noonan syndrome (NS) were compared with age and gender matched healthy children. Dental history, panoramic radiograph, dental casts, and cephalometric measurements were assessed. The palatal height was significantly increased in the study group compared with the control group (p = .009; paired t‐test). The palatal width was significantly reduced in the study group compared with the control group (p = .006; paired t‐test). The mean SNB was reduced in the study group compared with the control group (p = .02; paired t‐test) and the ANB increased (p = .009; paired t‐test). The mean Sum (NSAr + SArGo + ArgoMe) angle and SN‐GoMe were increased in the study group compared with the control group (respectively, p = .015 and p = .002; paired t‐test). The cephalometric analysis assessed a retruded position of the mandible, skeletal class II characteristics, and a vertical growth pattern. The mandibular hyperdivergency was associated to a positive overbite.