bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purification and characterization of a novel cypermethrin‐hydrolyzing esterase from Bacillus licheniformis B‐1
Authors: Zhang Mengmei , Lai Wen , Zhu Yuanting , Chen Shujuan , Zhou Kang , Ao Xiaolin , He Li , Yang Yong , Zou Likou , Liu Aiping , Yao Kai , Liu Shuliang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCypermethrin (CY) is a synthetic pyrethroid widely used to control insect pests and it elicits a toxic effect on the human body. In this study, Bacillus licheniformis B‐1 isolated from tea garden soil was used to degrade CY effectively. A specific enzyme was mainly localized in the extracellular compartments of B‐1. This enzyme was identified as an esterase that could be produced without CY. The enzyme was purified 23.03‐fold to apparent homogeneity with 8.38% overall recovery by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography. The molecular mass of the CY‐degrading enzyme was 66.4 kDa, and its optimal pH and temperature were 8.5 and 40 °C, respectively. Appropriate Zn2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Tween 80, SDS, Triton X‐100, and BSA concentrations could greatly increase the activity of this enzyme. By contrast, EDTA, 1,10‐phenanthroline, NaF, and PMSF strongly inhibited its activity. The purified enzyme showed Km and Vmax values were 5.532 nmol/mL and 33.445 nmol/min. The CY residue in lettuce and cherry tomatoes could be removed more than 50% under the conditions of the treatment concentration for 500 mg/L and the enzyme preparation dilution of 100 times. These results suggested that the CY‐degrading enzyme, a constitutive enzyme that mainly exists in the extracellular space, was a novel esterase that might be used to detoxify CY, and could remove CY in vegetables effectively.Practical ApplicationOur research found a novel cypermethrin‐hydrolyzing esterase from Bacillus licheniformis B‐1 and proved that the enzyme could remove cypermethrin in vegetables effectively.
Improving the reliability of eDNA data interpretation
Authors: Burian Alfred , Mauvisseau Quentin , Bulling Mark , Domisch Sami , Qian Song , Sweet Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGlobal declines in biodiversity highlight the need to effectively monitor the density and distribution of threatened species. In recent years, molecular survey methods detecting DNA released by target‐species into their environment (eDNA) have been rapidly on the rise. Despite providing new, cost‐effective tools for conservation, eDNA‐based methods are prone to errors. Best field and laboratory practices can mitigate some, but the risks of errors cannot be eliminated and need to be accounted for. Here, we synthesize recent advances in data processing tools that increase the reliability of interpretations drawn from eDNA data. We review advances in occupancy models to consider spatial data‐structures and simultaneously assess rates of false positive and negative results. Further, we introduce process‐based models and the integration of metabarcoding data as complementing approaches to increase the reliability of target‐species assessments. These tools will be most effective when capitalizing on multi‐source data sets collating eDNA with classical survey and citizen‐science approaches, paving the way for more robust decision‐making processes in conservation planning.
Competitive differential pricing
Authors: Chen Yongmin , Li Jianpei , Schwartz Marius 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe analyze welfare under differential versus uniform pricing across oligopoly markets that differ in costs of service, and establish general demand conditions for differential pricing by symmetric firms to increase consumer surplus, profit, and total welfare. The analysis reveals why competitive differential pricing is generally beneficial—more than price discrimination—but not always, including why profit may fall, unlike for monopoly. The presence of more competitors tends to enlarge consumers' share of the gain from differential pricing, though profits often still rise. When firms have asymmetric costs, however, profit or consumer surplus can fall even with ‘simple’ linear demands.
Detecting Financial Misreporting with Real Production Activity: Evidence from an Electricity Consumption Analysis*
Authors: Allee Kristian D. , Baik Bok , Roh Yongoh 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThis study examines whether a real production activity measure, firm‐level electricity consumption growth, is useful in detecting firm financial misreporting. Identifying proxies for a firm's underlying financial performance that are not a function of the firm's accounting system is essential for detection of misreporting. We propose that the difference between revenue growth and electricity consumption growth (i.e., growth wedge (GW)) is a useful signal of financial misreporting. Using electricity consumption data for Korean firms from 2006 to 2014, we find that the GW is positively associated with discretionary revenues and accruals and the likelihood of financial misreporting as proxied by accounting restatements, qualified audit opinions, and regulatory enforcement actions. The GW provides incremental information over firm characteristics and earnings management signals examined by prior research. Our findings are robust to a battery of additional tests, including within‐firm and industry comparisons that do not require access to cross‐sectional firm‐level electricity data. Overall, our study documents new evidence on the role of a real production activity measure from an independent reporting entity in detecting financial misreporting. Our evidence speaks to the potential usefulness of real activity metrics in forensic economics.
Animal‐related facial fractures in South Australia
Authors: Diab Jason , H. Moore Mark 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundAnimal‐related facial fractures can affect livelihoods impacting the hard and soft tissues of the face. Animal husbandry and recreational sports have close relationships with animals, which can lead to injuries equivalent to those of road traffic accidents and assaults. Our aim is to describe epidemiological trends of animal‐related facial fractures in the paediatric and adult age group across South Australia.MethodsA retrospective review from January 2012 to January 2017 at the Women and Children's Hospital and Royal Adelaide Hospital in Adelaide. All animal‐related injuries that attended or were referred to the unit were included in this study.ResultsThere were 50 patients who presented with an animal‐related facial fracture. There was an equal distribution of males to females with horses as the most common animal to cause injury from kicking. The orbit and orbitozygomatic fracture equally represented the most common type of facial fracture with 38% of all cases having an associated injury. The operative rate was 56% with four post‐operative complications. There were differences between males and females for season, post‐operative complications and length of stay (P < 0.05). Females, multiple fractures and associated injuries were independently associated with increased length of stay (P = 0.001).ConclusionsFemale adolescents and young women involved with horses were more likely to have facial fractures with associated injuries, post‐operative complications and an extended length of stay compared to males. Educational awareness for trainees about interdisciplinary care and prevention strategies for patients are key to better understanding and managing facial trauma.
Yokoyama procedure for esotropia associated with high myopia: real‐world data from a large‐scale multicentre analysis
Authors: Wabbels Bettina , Fricke Julia , Schittkowski Michael , Gräf Michael , Lorenz Birgit , Bau Viktoria , Nentwich Martin M. , Atili Abed , Eckstein Anja , Sturm Veit , Beisse Christina , Sterker Ina , Neppert Birte , Mauschitz Matthias M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurposeHigh myopic patients may develop strabismus due to globe dislocation out of the normal extraocular muscle cone. Surgical correction of this strabismus type is possible by joining the superior and lateral rectus muscles without the need for a scleral suture called the Yokoyama procedure. Data from large patient samples and the evaluation of a potential effect of an additional medial rectus recession (MRR) have been lacking so far.MethodsWe pooled retrospective patient data of 14 departments of ophthalmology in Germany and Switzerland and analysed determinants of postoperative results using multivariable regression models.ResultsWe included 133 patients (mean age: 59.7 ± 13.4 years, surgery between 2008 and 2017) with a mean preoperative esotropia (both Yokoyama with and without MRR) of 23.8°±4.6°. The angle of preoperative esotropia increased with age. The postoperative esotropia was 8.7° ± 9.9°, and six patients were overcorrected. While preoperative esotropia was highly associated with postoperative results, we found no association of additional MRR with any of our postoperative outcome measures. The Yokoyama procedure had a higher absolute effect in patients with higher preoperative esotropia.ConclusionOur study confirms the positive effect of the Yokoyama procedure on strabismus due to high myopia in large‐scale real‐world data. In some cases, MRR may be needed because of muscle contracture, although additional MRR statistically did not affect the postoperative outcome. In patients with bilateral high myopic strabismus, correction of both eyes seems beneficial. The effect size of the Yokoyama procedure appears to be mainly driven by preoperative esotropia.
Activation of thyroid hormone receptor‐β improved disease activity and metabolism independent of body weight in a mouse model of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis
Authors: Kannt Aimo , Wohlfart Paulus , Madsen Andreas Nygaard , Veidal Sanne Skovgård , Feigh Michael , Schmoll Dieter 
Published: March 2021

Background and PurposeActivation of hepatic thyroid hormone receptor β (THR‐β) is associated with systemic lipid lowering, increased bile acid synthesis, and fat oxidation. In patients with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), treatment with THR‐β agonists decreased hepatic steatosis and circulating lipids, and induced resolution of NASH. We chose resmetirom (MGL‐3196), a liver‐directed, selective THR‐β agonist, as a prototype to investigate the effects of THR‐β activation in mice with diet‐induced obesity (DIO) and biopsy‐confirmed advanced NASH with fibrosis.Experimental ApproachC57Bl/6J mice were fed a diet high in fat, fructose, and cholesterol for 34 weeks, and only biopsy‐confirmed DIO‐NASH mice with fibrosis were included. Resmetirom was administered at a daily dose of 3 mg·kg−1 p.o., for 8 weeks. Systemic and hepatic metabolic parameters, histological non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity and fibrosis scores, and liver RNA expression profiles were determined to assess the effect of THR‐β activation.Key ResultsTreatment with resmetirom did not influence body weight but led to significant reduction in liver weight, hepatic steatosis, plasma alanine aminotransferase activity, liver and plasma cholesterol, and blood glucose. These metabolic effects translated into significant improvement in NAFLD activity score. Moreover, a lower content of α‐smooth muscle actin and down‐regulation of genes involved in fibrogenesis indicated a decrease in hepatic fibrosis.Conclusion and ImplicationsOur model robustly reflected clinical observations of body weight‐independent improvements in systemic and hepatic metabolism including anti‐steatotic activity.
The role of statins in the differentiation and function of bone cells
Authors: Chamani Sajad , Liberale Luca , Mobasheri Leila , Montecucco Fabrizio , Al‐Rasadi Khalid , Jamialahmadi Tannaz , Sahebkar Amirhossein 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundStatins are 3‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors blocking cholesterol biosynthesis in hepatic cells, thereby causing an increase in low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors resulting in enhanced uptake and clearance of atherogenic LDL‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) from the blood. Accordingly, statins decrease the risk of developing atherosclerosis and its acute complications, such as acute myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke. Besides the LDL‐C‐lowering impact, statins also have other so‐called pleiotropic effects. Among them, the ability to modulate differentiation and function of bone cells and exert direct effects on osteosynthesis factors. Specifically, earlier studies have shown that statins cause in vitro and in vivo osteogenic differentiation.DesignThe most relevant papers on the bone‐related ‘pleiotropic’ effects of statins were selected following literature search in databases and were reveiwed.ResultsStatins increase the expression of many mediators involved in bone metabolism including bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2), glucocorticoids, transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), type I collagen and collagenase‐1. As a result, they enhance bone formation and improve bone mineral density by modulating osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation.ConclusionThis review summarizes the literature exploring bone‐related ‘pleiotropic’ effects of statins and suggests an anabolic role in the bone tissue for this drug class. Accordingly, current knowledge encourages further clinical trials to assess the therapeutic potential of statins in the treatment of bone disorders, such as arthritis and osteoporosis.
CLEC10A is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with clinical pathologic features and immune infiltrates in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: He Min , Han Ying , Cai Changjing , Liu Ping , Chen Yihong , Shen Hong , Xu Xingyuan , Zeng Shan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCLEC10A, (C‐type lectin domain family 10, member A), as the member of C‐type lectin receptors (CLRs), plays a vital role in modulating innate immunity and adaptive immunity and has shown great potential as an immunotherapy target for cancers. However, there is no functional research of CLEC10A in prognostic risk, immunotherapy or any other treatment of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). We performed bioinformatics analysis on LUAD data downloaded from TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) and GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus), and jointly analysed with online databases such as HPA, LinkedOmics, TIMER, ESTIMATE and TISIDB. We found that lower expression of CLEC10A was accompanied with worse outcomes of LUAD patients. Moreover, CLEC10A expression was significantly correlated with a variety of the tumour‐infiltrating immune cells (TIICs). As a promising prognosis predictor and potential immunotherapy target, the potential influence and mechanisms of CLEC10A in LUAD deserve further exploring.
CIDEC silencing attenuates diabetic nephropathy via inhibiting apoptosis and promoting autophagy
Authors: Zheng Gao‐shu , Tan Yan‐min , Shang Yuan‐yuan , Liu Ya‐peng , Hu Bo‐ang , Wang Di , Han Lu , Wang Zhi‐hao , Zhang Wei , Ti Yun , Zhong Ming 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe role of cell death‐inducing DFF45‐like effector C (CIDEC) in insulin resistance has been established, and it is considered to be an important trigger factor for the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). We intend to explore whether CIDEC plays an important role in the regulation of DN and its potential mechanism.MethodsHigh‐fat diet and low dose streptozotocin were used to establish type 2 diabetic rat model. We investigate the role of CIDEC in the pathogenesis and process of DN through histopathological analysis, western blot and gene silencing. Meanwhile, the effect of CIDEC on renal tubular epithelial cells stimulated by high glucose was also verified.ResultsDM group exhibited glucose and lipid metabolic disturbance, with hypertrophy of kidneys, damaged renal function, increased apoptosis, decreased autophagy, glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. CIDEC gene silencing improved metabolic disorder and insulin resistance, alleviated renal hypertrophy and renal function damage, decreased glomerular and tubular apoptosis, increased autophagy and inhibited renal fibrosis. At the cellular level, high glucose stimulation increased CIDEC expression in renal tubular epithelial cells, accompanied by increased apoptosis and decreased autophagy. CIDEC gene silencing can improve autophagy and reduce apoptosis. At the molecular level, CIDEC gene silencing also decreased the expression of early growth response factor (EGR)1 and increased the expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL).ConclusionCIDEC gene silencing may delay the progression of DN by restoring autophagy activity and inhibiting apoptosis with the participation of EGR1and ATGL.
Global publication productivity in dermatology: a bibliometric description of the past and estimation of the future
Authors: Gantenbein L. , Arora P. , Navarini A. , Brandt O. , Mueller S.M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn the past two centuries, generations of dermatologists around the world have created an enormous number of publications. To our knowledge, no bibliometric analysis of these publications has been performed so far, nor have registered trials been analysed to anticipate future publication trends.ObjectivesTo determine the global distribution of national publication productivity, most published topics, institutions and funding sources contributing most to publications and to anticipate future trends based on registered clinical trials.MethodsFollowing pre‐assessment on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus, the number of publications for ‘dermatology’ was determined for each of 195 countries, normalized per 1 Mio inhabitants and bibliometrically analysed. Dermatology‐related trials registered at clinicaltrials.gov were specified by the top‐10 diagnoses for the top‐10 countries.ResultsThe search yielded 1 071 518 publications between 1832 and 2019 with the top‐5 diagnoses being melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, psoriasis, pruritus/itch and atopic dermatitis. The top‐3 countries with highest absolute numbers of publications were the USA (30.6%), Germany (8.1%) and the UK (8.1%), whereas Switzerland, Denmark and Sweden had the highest publication rates when normalized by inhabitants. The most productive affiliation was the Harvard Medical School, the leading funding source the National Institutes of Health. Currently, maximum number of trials are registered in the USA (8111), France (1543) and Canada (1368). The highest percentage of all dermatology‐related trials in a specific country were as follows: Melanoma in the Netherlands (24.8%), psoriasis in Germany (21.7%) and atopic dermatitis in Japan (15.9%).ConclusionThe top‐10 countries including the USA, Canada, a few European and Asian countries contributed more than 3/4 of all publications. The USA hold the dominant leader position both in past publication productivity and currently registered trials. While most Western countries continue to focus their research on the top‐10 topics, China and India appear to prioritize their scope towards other topics.
Astrocytes are HIV reservoirs in the brain: A cell type with poor HIV infectivity and replication but efficient cell‐to‐cell viral transfer
Authors: Valdebenito Silvana , Castellano Paul , Ajasin David , Eugenin Eliseo A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe major barrier to eradicating Human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV) infection is the generation of tissue‐associated quiescent long‐lasting viral reservoirs refractory to therapy. Upon interruption of anti‐retroviral therapy (ART), HIV replication can be reactivated. Within the brain, microglia/macrophages and a small population of astrocytes are infected with HIV. However, the role of astrocytes as a potential viral reservoir is becoming more recognized because of the improved detection and quantification of HIV viral reservoirs. In this report, we examined the infectivity of human primary astrocytes in vivo and in vitro, and their capacity to maintain HIV infection, become latently infected, be reactivated, and transfer new HIV virions into neighboring cells. Analysis of human brain tissue sections obtained from HIV‐infected individuals under effective and prolonged ART indicates that a small population of astrocytes has integrated HIV‐DNA. In vitro experiments using HIV‐infected human primary astrocyte cultures confirmed a low percentage of astrocytes had integrated HIV‐DNA, with poor to undetectable replication. Even in the absence of ART, long‐term culture results in latency that could be transiently reactivated with histone deacetylase inhibitor, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), or methamphetamine. Reactivation resulted in poor viral production but efficient cell‐to‐cell viral transfer into cells that support high viral replication. Together, our data provide a new understanding of astrocytes' role as viral reservoirs within the central nervous system (CNS).
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The impact of ultraviolet radiation on skin photoaging — review of in vitro studies
Authors: Gromkowska‐Kępka Krystyna Joanna , Puścion‐Jakubik Anna , Markiewicz‐Żukowska Renata , Socha Katarzyna 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundPhotoaging, ultra violet (UV) induced skin aging is a gradual process that depends on the time and intensity of solar radiation.AimThe aim of this paper was to review of the literature focused on in vitro studies explaining the mechanisms of photoaging.MethodsElectronic databases, including PubMed and MEDLINE, were searched for in vitro studies on the importance of UV radiation in the skin photoaging process of peer‐reviewed scientific journals. Only articles available in English and full version publications were considered for this review.ResultsThree main modes of UV radiation action on skin cells which lead to photoaging, there are changes in cell metabolism, induction of oxidative stress due to the change in enzyme activity.ConclusionThe information gathered in this publication will help to better understand the complex and multidirectional mechanism of skin photoaging, which will contribute to the development of research on potential cosmetic products that provide effective and safe sun protection or repair damage caused by UV radiation.
Mining oomycete proteomes for metalloproteases leads to identification of candidate virulence factors in Phytophthorainfestans
Authors: Schoina Charikleia , Rodenburg Sander Y. A. , Meijer Harold J. G. , Seidl Michael F. , Lacambra Lysette T. , Bouwmeester Klaas , Govers Francine 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPathogens deploy a wide range of pathogenicity factors, including a plethora of proteases, to modify host tissue or manipulate host defences. Metalloproteases (MPs) have been implicated in virulence in several animal and plant pathogens. Here we investigated the repertoire of MPs in 46 stramenopile species including 37 oomycetes, 5 diatoms, and 4 brown algae. Screening their complete proteomes using hidden Markov models (HMMs) trained for MP detection resulted in over 4,000 MPs, with most species having between 65 and 100 putative MPs. Classification in clans and families according to the MEROPS database showed a highly diverse MP repertoire in each species. Analyses of domain composition, orthologous groups, distribution, and abundance within the stramenopile lineage revealed a few oomycete‐specific MPs and MPs potentially related to lifestyle. In‐depth analyses of MPs in the plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans revealed 91 MPs, divided over 21 protein families, including 25 MPs with a predicted signal peptide or signal anchor. Expression profiling showed different patterns of MP gene expression during pre‐infection and infection stages. When expressed in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, 12 MPs changed the sizes of lesions caused by inoculation with P. infestans; with 9 MPs the lesions were larger, suggesting a positive effect on the virulence of P. infestans, while 3 MPs had a negative effect, resulting in smaller lesions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic inventory of MPs in oomycetes and the first study pinpointing MPs as potential pathogenicity factors in Phytophthora.