bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Correlation Between Case Total Work Relative Value Unit, Operative Stress, and Patient Frailty
Authors: Reitz Katherine M. , Varley Patrick R. , Liang Nathan L. , Youk Ada , George Elizabeth L. , Shinall Myrick C. , Shireman Paula K. , Arya Shipra , Tzeng Edith , Hall Daniel E. 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
Assess the relationships between case total work relative value units (wRVU), patient frailty, and the physiologic stress of surgical interventions.

Summary of Background Data:
Surgeon reimbursement is frequently apportioned by wRVU. These subjective, procedure-specific valuations generated by physician survey estimate the intensity and time for typical patient care services. We hypothesized wRVU would not adequately account for patient-specific factors, such as frailty, that modify the required physician work, regardless of procedural complexity.

Methods:
Using National and Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Programs (2015–2018), we evaluated the correlation between case total wRVU, patient frailty (risk analysis index) and physiologic surgical stress (operative stress score).

Results:
Of 4,111,371 (86%) cases, the correlation between total wRVU and operative stress was moderate [ρ

s
= 0.587 (95% confidence interval, 0.586–0.587)], but negligible with frailty ρ = 0.177 (95% confidence interval, 0.176–0.178)]. Very high operative stress procedures [n = 34,047 (1%)] generated a mean total wRVU of 55.1 (standard deviation, 12.9), comprising 7%, 2%, and 1% of thoracic, vascular, and general surgical cases, respectively. Very frail patients [n = 152,535 (4%)] accounted for 9% of thoracic, 9% of vascular, 4% of general, 5% of urologic, and 4% of neurologic surgical cases, generating 21.0 (standard deviation, 12.4) mean total wRVU. Some nonfrail patients undergoing low operative stress procedures [n = 60,128 (2%)] nonetheless generated the highest quintile wRVU; these comprised >15% of plastic, gynecologic, and urologic surgical cases.

Conclusions:
Surgeon reimbursement correlates with operative stress but not patient frailty. The total wRVU does not adequately reflect patient-specific factors that increase the physician workload required to render optimal care to complex patients.
Outcomes After Minimally Invasive Versus Open Total Pancreatectomy
Authors: Scholten Lianne , Klompmaker Sjors , Van Hilst Jony , Annecchiarico Mario M. , Balzano Gianpaolo , Casadei Riccardo , Fabre Jean-Michel , Falconi Massimo , Ferrari Giovanni , Kerem Mustafa , Khatkov Igor E. , Lombardo Carlo , Manzoni Alberto , Mazzola Michele , Napoli Niccolò , Rosso Edoardo E. , Tyutyunnik Pavel , Wellner Ulrich F. , Fuks David , Burdio Fernando , Keck Tobias , Hilal Mohammed Abu , Besselink Marc G. , Boggi Ugo ,   for the European consortium on Minimally Invasive Pancreatic Surgery and the Scientific and Research Committee of the European-African Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association
Published: July 2021

Objective:
To assess postoperative 90-day outcomes after minimally invasive (laparoscopic/robot-assisted) total pancreatectomy (MITP) in selected patients versus open total pancreatectomy (OTP) among European centers.

Background:
Minimally invasive pancreatic surgery is becoming increasingly popular but data on MITP are scarce and multicenter studies comparing outcomes versus OTP are lacking. It therefore remains unclear if MITP is a valid alternative.

Methods:
Multicenter retrospective propensity-score matched study including consecutive adult patients undergoing MITP or OTP for all indications at 16 European centers in 7 countries (2008–2017). Patients after MITP were matched (1:1, caliper 0.02) to OTP controls. Missing data were imputed. The primary outcome was 90-day major morbidity (Clavien-Dindo ≥3a). Secondary outcomes included 90-day mortality, length of hospital stay, and survival.

Results:
Of 361 patients (99MITP/262 OTP), 70 MITP procedures (50 laparoscopic, 15 robotic, 5 hybrid) could be matched to 70 OTP controls. After matching, MITP was associated with a lower rate of major morbidity (17% MITP vs. 31% OTP, P = 0.022). The 90-day mortality (1.4% MITP vs. 7.1% OTP, P = 0.209) and median hospital stay (17 [IQR 11–24] MITP vs. 12 [10-23] days OTP, P = 0.876) did not differ significantly. Among 81 patients with PDAC, overall survival was 3.7 (IQR 1.7-N/A) versus 0.9 (IQR 0.5-N/ A) years, for MITP versus OTP, which was nonsignificant after stratification by T-stage.

Conclusion:
This international propensity score matched study showed that MITP may be a valuable alternative to OTP in selected patients, given the associated lower rate of major morbidity.
Electrical Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy and Emerging Applications
Authors: Worrell Gregory A. 
Published: July 2021

Summary:
Electrical brain stimulation is an established therapy for movement disorders, epilepsy, obsessive compulsive disorder, and a potential therapy for many other neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Despite significant progress and FDA approvals, there remain significant clinical gaps that can be addressed with next generation systems. Integrating wearable sensors and implantable brain devices with off-the-body computing resources (smart phones and cloud resources) opens a new vista for dense behavioral and physiological signal tracking coupled with adaptive stimulation therapy that should have applications for a range of brain and mind disorders. Here, we briefly review some history and current electrical brain stimulation applications for epilepsy, deep brain stimulation and responsive neurostimulation, and emerging applications for next generation devices and systems.
Transcription and replication organize cohesin-dependent chromosome loops
Authors: Jeppsson Kristian , Sakata Toyonori , Nakato Ryuichiro , Milanova Stefina , Shirahige Katsuhiko , Björkegren Camilla 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGenome function and stability is strictly dependent on regulated folding of chromosomes in space and time. Chromosome loop formation by the protein complex cohesin is a central feature of this multilayer organization1. Accumulating evidence indicates that cohesin creates loops by extruding chromosomal DNA through its ring-like structure in a process that is controlled by the cohesin loading factor Scc2 and the unloader Wpl11–4. Cohesin’s chromosomal positioning is affected by transcription in both yeast and human cells5,6, and the complex localizes in the vicinity of replication forks7. However, if transcription directly influences chromosome looping remains an unresolved question, and the threedimensional organization of replicating chromosomes is unknown. Here we show that transcription and replication machineries create chromosome loop boundaries. We find that drug-induced depletion of chromosome-bound RNA polymerases triggers a rapid expansion of cohesin-dependent chromosome loops in the budding yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae.New loop boundaries also form at a few highly expressed genes induced by the cellular stress response caused by the drug. The results also reveal that S-phase chromosomes are shaped by cohesin-dependent loops organized by transcription, with additional loop anchors at replication forks. Together, our results show that replication and transcription control the three-dimensional organization of the genome by blocking the progression of loop-forming cohesin. They also open for the possibility that the resulting positioning of loop-forming cohesin in the vicinity of transcription and replication machineries is part of cohesin’s functions in transcription control, sister chromatid cohesion and maintenance of fork stability.
Designing Interpretable Convolution-Based Hybrid Networks for Genomics
Authors: Ghotra Rohan , Lee Nicholas Keone , Tripathy Rohit , Koo Peter K. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHybrid networks that build upon convolutional layers with attention mechanisms have demon-strated improved performance relative to pure convolutional networks across many regulatory genome analysis tasks. Their inductive bias to learn long-range interactions provides an avenue to identify learned motif-motif interactions. For attention maps to be interpretable, the convolutional layer(s) must learn identifiable motifs. Here we systematically investigate the extent that architectural choices in convolution-based hybrid networks influence learned motif representations in first layer filters, as well as the reliability of their attribution maps generated by saliency analysis. We find that design principles previously identified in standard convolutional networks also generalize to hybrid networks. This work provides an avenue to narrow the spectrum of architectural choices when designing hybrid networks such that they are amenable to commonly used interpretability methods in genomics.
Aspiration-assisted freeform bioprinting of mesenchymal stem cell spheroids within alginate microgels
Authors: Kim Myoung Hwan , Banerjee Dishary , Celik Nazmiye , Ozbolat Ibrahim T 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAspiration-assisted freeform bioprinting (AAfB) has emerged as a promising technique for precise placement of tissue spheroids in three-dimensional (3D) space for fabrication of tissues. For successful embedded bioprinting using AAfB, an ideal support bath should possess shear-thinning behavior and yield-stress to obtain tightly fused assembly of bioprinted spheroids. Several studies have demonstrated support baths for embedded bioprinting, but these materials pose major challenges due to their low biocompatibility, opaqueness, complex and prolonged preparation procedures, and limited spheroid fusion efficacy. In this study, to circumvent the aforementioned limitations, we present the feasibility of AAfB of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) spheroids in alginate microgels as a support bath. First, alginate microgels were prepared with different particle sizes modulated by blending time and concentration, followed by determination of the optimal bioprinting conditions by the assessment of rheological properties, bioprintability, and spheroid fusion efficiency. The bioprinted and consequently self-assembled tissue structures made of hMSC spheroids were osteogenically induced for bone tissue formation. Alongside, we investigated the effects of peripheral blood monocyte-derived osteoclast incorporation into the hMSC spheroids in heterotypic bone tissue formation. We demonstrated that alginate microgels enabled unprecedented positional accuracy (~5%), transparency for visualization, and improved fusion efficiency (~97%) of bioprinted hMSC spheroids for bone fabrication. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using alginate microgels as a support bath for many different applications including but not limited to freeform bioprinting of spheroids, cell-laden hydrogels, and fugitive inks to form viable tissue constructs.
Trips and Neurotransmitters: Discovering Principled Patterns across 6,850 Hallucinogenic Experiences
Authors: Ballentine Galen , Friedman Samuel Freesun , Bzdok Danilo 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTPsychedelics are thought to alter states of consciousness by disrupting how the higher association cortex governs bottom-up sensory signals. Individual hallucinogenic drugs are usually studied in participants in controlled laboratory settings. Here, we have explored word usage in 6,850 free-form testimonials with 27 drugs through the prism of 40 neurotransmitter receptor subtypes, which were then mapped to 3D coordinates in the brain via their gene transcription levels from invasive tissue probes. Despite the variable subjective nature of hallucinogenic experiences, our pattern-learning approach delineated how drug-induced changes of conscious awareness (e.g., dissolving self-world boundaries or fractal distortion of visual perception) are linked to cortex-wide anatomical distributions of receptor density proxies. The dominant explanatory factor related ego-dissolution-like phenomena to a constellation of 5-HT2A, D2, KOR, and NMDA receptors, anchored especially in the brain’s deep hierarchy (epitomized by the associative higher-order cortex) and shallow hierarchy (epitomized by the visual cortex). Additional factors captured psychological phenomena in which emotions (5-HT2A and Imidazoline1) were in tension with auditory (SERT, 5-HT1A) or visual (5-HT2A) sensations. Each discovered receptor-experience factor spanned between a higher-level association pole and a sensory input pole, which may relate to the previously reported collapse of hierarchical order among large-scale networks. Simultaneously considering many psychoactive molecules and thousands of natural language descriptions of drug experiences our framework finds the underlying semantic structure and maps it directly to the brain. These advances could assist in unlocking their wide-ranging potential for medical treatment.
Achieving dendritic cell subset-specific targeting in vivo by site-directed conjugation of targeting antibodies to nanocarriers
Authors: Simon Johanna , Fichter Michael , Kuhn Gabor , Brückner Maximilian , Kappel Cinja , Schunke Jenny , Grabbe Stephan , Landfester Katharina , Mailänder Volker 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe major challenge of nanocarrier-based anti-cancer vaccination approaches is the targeted delivery of antigens and immunostimulatory agents to cells of interest, such as specific subtypes of dendritic cells (DCs), in order to induce robust antigen-specific anti-tumor responses. An undirected cell and body distribution of nanocarriers can lead to unwanted delivery to other immune cell types like macrophages reducing the vaccine efficacy. An often-used approach to overcome this issue is the surface functionalization of nanocarriers with targeting moieties, such as antibodies, mediating cell type-specific interaction. Numerous studies could successfully prove the targeting efficiency of antibody-conjugated carrier systems in vitro, however, most of them failed when targeting DCs in vivo that is partly due to cells of the reticuloendothelial system unspecifically clearing nanocarriers from the blood stream via Fc receptor ligation.Therefore, this study shows a surface functionalization strategy to site-specifically attach antibodies in an orientated direction onto the nanocarrier surface. Different DC-targeting antibodies, such as anti-CD11c, anti-CLEC9A, anti-DEC205 and anti-XCR1, were conjugated to the nanocarrier surface at their Fc domains. Anti-mouse CD11c antibody-conjugated nanocarriers specifically accumulated in the targeted organ (spleen) over time. Additionally, antibodies against CD11c and CLEC9A proved to specifically direct nanocarriers to the targeted DC subtype, conventional DCs type 1.In conclusion, site-directed antibody conjugation to nanocarriers is essential in order to avoid unspecific uptake by non-target cells while achieving antibody-specific targeting of DC subsets. This novel conjugation technique paves the way for the development of antibody-functionalized nanocarriers for DC-based vaccination approaches in the field of cancer immunotherapy.
Hypoxia induces early neurogenesis in human fetal neural stem cells by activating the WNT pathway
Authors: Dey D , Joshi D , Shrivastava V , Singal CMS , Tyagi S , Bhat MA , Jaiswal P , Sharma JB , Palanichamy JK , Sinha S , Seth P , Sen S 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFetal neural stem cells (FNSCs) are present in the brain of human fetuses that differentiate into cells of neuronal and glial lineages. Difference in oxygen concentration between maternal and fetal circulation indicates that the developing fetus may be exposed to lower oxygen concentrations compared to adults. This physiological hypoxia may influence the growth and differentiation of the FNSCs. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hypoxia on the differentiation potential of human FNSCs isolated from the sub-ventricular zone of aborted fetal brains (n=5). FNSCs were isolated, expanded, and characterized by Nestin and Sox2 expression, using immunocytochemistry and flowcytometry respectively. These FNSCs were exposed to 20% oxygen (normoxia) and 0.2% oxygen (hypoxia) concentrations for 48 hours, and hypoxia exposure (n=5) was evaluated by a panel of markers (CA9, PGK1 and VEGF). Whole human genome transcriptomic analyses (Genespring GX13) of FNSCs exposed to hypoxia (Agilent 4×44K human array slides), highlighted that genes associated with neurogenesis were getting enriched. The pathway analysis of these enriched genes (using Metacore) showed that WNT signaling played a role in determining the cell fate of FNSCs exposed to hypoxic environment. Microarray analyses was validated using neuronal and glial lineage commitment markers such as Ngn1, Ngn2, ASCL1, DCX, GFAP, Olig2 and Nkx2.2 using qPCR (n=9). This demonstrated upregulation of the neuronal commitment markers on hypoxia exposure, while no change was observed in astrocytic and oligodendrocyte lineage commitment markers. Increased expression of downstream targets of the WNT signaling pathway, TCF4 and ID2, by qPCR (n=9), indicated its involvement in mediating neuronal differentiation on exposure to hypoxia.
Repurposing screen highlights broad-spectrum coronavirus antivirals and their host targets
Authors: Haid Sibylle , Matthaei Alina , Winkler Melina , Sake Svenja M. , Gunesch Antonia P. , Rückert Jessica , Vieyres Gabrielle , Kühl David , Nguyen Tu-Trinh , Lasswitz Lisa , Zapatero Francisco , Brogden Graham , Gerold Gisa , Wiegmann Bettina , Bilitewski Ursula , Brönstrup Mark , Schulz Thomas F. , Pietschmann Thomas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLibraries composed of licensed drugs represent a vast repertoire of molecules modulating physiologic processes in humans, thus providing unique opportunities for discovery of host targeting antivirals. We interrogated the ReFRAME repurposing library with 12,993 molecules for broad-spectrum coronavirus antivirals and discovered 134 compounds inhibiting an alphacoronavirus, mapping to 59 molecular target categories. Dominant targets included the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor and dopamine receptor and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Counter-screening with SARS-CoV-2 and validation in primary cells identified Phortress, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligand, Bardoxolone and Omaveloxolone, two nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (NFE2L2) activators as inhibitors of both alpha- and betacoronaviruses. The landscape of coronavirus targeting molecules provides important information for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals reinforcing pandemic preparedness.
Effect of Geobacter metallireducens nanowire on electron transfer efficiency in microbial fuel cell
Authors: Liu Shunliang , Feng Yali , Li Haoran 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe inhibitory effect of electron mediator 2,6-anthraquinone disulphonate (AQDS) on Geobacter metallireducens nanowire in the microbial fuel cell (MFC) was studied. In the culture process of G.metallireducens with Fe(OH)3 as an electron acceptor, the concentration of reduction product Fe (II) in solution without AQDS was higher than that with AQDS after 10 days, due to the formation of microbial nanowires. The effects of nanowire on electron transfer efficiency and electrical current characteristic were studied using a double chamber MFC reactor. The transfer efficiency between biofilm and electrodes was increased by nanowire, which increased the maximum output voltage of MFC was 442 mV. The nanowire biofilm electrode had a bigger cyclic voltammetry curve peak, smaller activation resistance, and a stronger current response signal through electrochemical measurement, which indicates that the nanowire enhanced the electrochemical activity of the electrode.
Designing and producing a bird-inspired unmanned sailplane
Authors: Keskin Göksel , Durmus Seyhun , Karakaya Muharrem , Kushan Melih Cemal 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
Increasing endurance was a very appropriate subject for the biomimetic approach. The study aims to design and manufacture a long-lasting mini unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) using active gliding and soaring.

Design/methodology/approach
The endurance of mini UAVs is limited by battery or fuel capacity, and it is not always possible to increase these energy sources due to the fuselage size. Long endurance aircraft are required in various areas such as silent environment and traffic monitoring or search and rescue. Literature research on bird flight performance conducted to determine design parameters. These parameters are used in the theoretical design of the UAV for optimization. Computational fluid dynamics simulation and flight tests of the UAV performed to figure out the success of the design.

Findings
For a mini UAV to be produced in this class, it has been observed that it is more accurate to examine birds instead of gliders due to the size similarity. The UAV design reaches a 27.5 L/D (Glide ratio) ratio in the theoretical approach. However, flight results approved max L/D ratio is around 25 at the sea level. This flight performance is enough to outperform in glide ratio of Wandering albatrosses.

Practical implications
Sailplanes are known as sport aircraft. However, recent projects focus on glider designs due to fuel efficiency and silent tracking. Stemme S-14 that carries a high-resolution camera is one of the examples of these projects. The unmanned glider design can lead to these implications in the UAVs at least during the stand-by period in the air. Thanks to low weight, UAVs do not require strong thermals, which allows flying almost all over the world.

Originality/value
Researchers generally focus on increasing the battery capacity or the performance of the UAV. However, this study’s concentration is to increase the flight duration of the UAV by using geographical currents. For this purpose, taking advantage of bird morphology is quite a new topic. Also, glider type designs are rarely found in the field.
Hardware-free collision detection and braking for securing drone propellers
Authors: Araar Oualid , Benjdia Kheireddine , Vitanov Ivan 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
The widespread use of drones among the general public has led to an alarming increase in accidents, some with lethal consequences. As drone blades are made from rigid materials and rotate at very high speeds, their impact with a human body can result in fatal injuries. Reliable collision detection combined with near-instantaneous braking of the drone’s rotor(s) can substantially lessen the severity of injuries sustained. The purpose of this paper is to achieve a safety solution which can be easily integrated into new products, or retrofitted into existing systems.

Design/methodology/approach
Through a proof of concept, this paper demonstrates the possibility of detecting a collision with a drone propeller absent any hardware modifications to the drone’s instrumentation. The solution relies on current-sensor readings, ordinarily used for monitoring the battery status of electrically actuated drones. The braking is achieved purely by reconfiguring the motor’s control strategy, without the need for additional hardware, as has been the case in previous works.

Findings
This paper demonstrates the possibility of detecting a collision with a drone propeller absent any hardware modifications to the drone’s instrumentation.

Originality/value
Compared to previous works which require installing additional hardware, the solution is purely software. This makes it very easy to integrate into existing systems or new products, at no additional cost. In experiments conducted on a prototype system, the solution was shown capable of detecting a collision and braking the motor in fewer than 20 ms. This allowed attenuating centimetre-deep cuts made to a piece of meat by an unprotected rotor to mere superficial scratches.