bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
External Dose to Recovery Teams Following a Wide-area Nuclear or Radiological Release Event
Authors: Kaminski Michael D. , Sanders Keith , Hepler Katherine , Magnuson Matthew , Slagley Jeremy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The common radionuclide 137Cs is a gamma-ray source term for nuclear reactor accidents, nuclear detonations, and potential radionuclide dispersal devices. For wide-area contamination events, one remediation option integrates water washing activities with on-site treatment of water for its immediate reuse. This remediation option includes washing building and roadways via firehose, collecting the wash water, and passing the contaminated water through chemical filtration beds. The primary objective of this study was to quantify the dose incurred to workers performing a remediation recovery effort for roadways and buildings following a wide-area release event. MicroShield® was employed to calculate the dose to workers at the roadway level and to calculate total dose rates while performing washing activities. This study finds that for a realistic contamination scenario for a wide area of a large urban environment, decontamination crews would be subjected to <220 μSv per person, much less than the 50,000 μSv limit for occupational dose. By extrapolation, one decontamination team of 48 people could continue washing operations on a total of 2.8 km2 before reaching their incurred annual dose limits. Though it is unrealistic to assign one team that entire area, we can conclude external dose will not limit worker deployment given the range of contamination levels adopted in this study.
Contamination Measurements from Simultaneous Activated Potassium Bromide Radiological Dispersal Devices with a Collimated Vehicular Sensor
Authors: Simerl Nathanael , Beavers Jace , Milburn Jacob , Dodson Miranda , Strahler Ryan , Kroeger Richard , Ulloa-Garcia Ivan , Moosman Bryan , Sin Terence , Kagan Jeffrey , Nelson Kyle , Paradis Nathan , Bahadori Amir Alexander , McNeil Walter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Surface contamination was quantified over a distributed source of activated potassium bromide from three detonations of Radiological Dispersal Devices (RDDs) at the Idaho National Laboratory Radiological Response Training Range, with a maximum sampled area of 19,900 m2, to provide a baseline comparison with other rapid, remote mapping methods. Measurements were obtained with a cerium bromide sensor collimated to a field of view of 3.14 m2, using lead shielding, and towed behind a ground vehicle. Sensor response correction factors for activated potassium bromide were calculated through simulation with SWORD to obtain activity per meter-squared. Continuous maps were produced by interpolating coverage from lawnmower raster scans. Radiological data was overlaid with aerial imagery from an automated unmanned aerial vehicle flight to provide contextual geological information relative to contamination levels. The contamination distribution measurements will be compared to unmanned aerial vehicle methods in future work.
Simulations and Experimental Verifications of an Algorithm for Radiation Source Mapping and Navigational Path Generation
Authors: Chung Long Kiu , Kent Andrew J. E. , Cooney Margaret A. , Noey Jordan D. , Liebler Kyle J. , Kearfott Kimberlee J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Accurate and efficient mapping and localization of both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation sources are important across many different fields. As such, a versatile mapping and navigational path generation algorithm, which can be applied to any point source measurements that follow an inverse-square characteristic, was developed using non-linear least squares methods. Forty thousand simulations were performed on the algorithm, which located sources successfully in a 10 m × 10 m × 10 m three-dimensional space with a success rate of over 80% across different noise functions, given a proportional constant of 10 to 1,000. The algorithm was also verified experimentally with small-scale radioactive decontamination of a 70 cm × 70 cm surface and localization of a lost Wi-Fi router in a 70 m × 70 m open field. One hundred twenty-one measurements were taken from each experiment, which were then fed into the algorithm for navigation. For the radioactive 137Cs source, the estimated locations were within 7 cm × 7 cm of the answer in 79.3% of the scenarios, while the Wi-Fi router was located to within 7 m × 7 m in 57.9% of the tests. In general, the method requires much less information and data than a geographically comprehensive survey and thus shows a lot of potential for practical applications, such as lost source retrieval with unmanned aerial vehicles, small-scale decontamination, mapping undocumented Wi-Fi routers or radio towers, and radiation simulation with radio signals. Different failure modes, desirable features, and potential improvements were also identified but remain as future work.
Radon Kinetics in a Basement Space Measured with Different Devices
Authors: Chung Long Kiu , Piersma Nathan P. , Kearfott Kimberlee J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Although indoor monitoring of radon and benchmarking of radon measurement devices remain important research topics, few intercomparisons of active radon measurement devices have been performed under realistic conditions, let alone dynamic ones enabling comparison of their transient behavior. Five different radon monitors were therefore placed in a poorly ventilated basement space under three different conditions: 24 h under a steady, elevated radon level, 24 h with fans turned on to produce a radon washout transient, and 9 d with fans turned off for a radon buildup transient. Resulting radon concentrations varied between ~200 and ~2,000 Bq m−3. Accuracy of the devices were evaluated using root-mean-square error, and ventilation data were fit to first order linear compartmental models. To more accurately model behaviors such as cyclic diurnal variations, the source term corresponding to entry of radon from soil into the basement was considered to be non-constant, as it is likely to vary drastically with both the indoor-outdoor pressure differential and soil concentration variations. The improved radon washout model fit very well with the measurements. Despite a wide variety in list prices, all devices performed similarly during transients and at different radon concentrations.
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY ASSESSMENT OF THE DIABETIC MACULA
Authors: Borrelli Enrico , Sacconi Riccardo , Parravano Mariacristina , Costanzo Eliana , Querques Lea , Battista Marco , Grosso Domenico , Giorno Paola , Bandello Francesco , Querques Giuseppe 
Published: February 2021

Purpose:
To assess the impact of histogram adjustments and binarization thresholding selection on quantitative measurements of diabetic macular ischemia using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

Methods:
Patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) who had swept-source OCTA imaging obtained were enrolled. An additional group of 15 healthy control subjects was included for comparison. Previously used brightness/contrast changes and binarization thresholds were applied to original OCTA images to obtain and compare different binarized images. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons were performed.

Results:
Thirty patients with DR (30 eyes) were included in the analysis. Fifteen eyes displayed the presence of diabetic macular edema. Qualitative grading revealed that binarized images obtained using a global threshold had better quality compared with local or multistep thresholds. The “median” filter was most frequently graded as the histogram adjustment resulting in binarized images with best quality. In the quantitative analysis, local thresholds tended to generate higher values of measured metrics. Differences in OCTA metrics between global and local thresholds were associated with presence of diabetic macular edema and signal strength index value. In the comparison between healthy and DR eyes, differences in OCTA metrics were significantly affected by binarization threshold selection.

Conclusion:
Quantitative OCTA parameters may be significantly influenced by strategies to quantify macular perfusion. Image quality and presence of macular edema can significantly impact OCTA-derived quantitative vascular measurements and differences between global and local binarization thresholds. These findings highlight the importance of consistent strategies to reliably generate quantitative OCTA metrics in patients with DR.
Engagement of TLR and Dectin-1/Syk Signaling Is Required for Activation of Notch Targets in Dendritic Cells
Authors: Zhao Yuna , Ju Chanyang , Au Karmen , Zhu Jimmy , Zhao Baohong , Shang Yingli , Hu Xiaoyu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Pattern-recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), detect a wide range of microbial products and initiate innate immune responses leading to the production of inflammatory mediators. In addition, TLR signaling also activates expression of Notch target genes that play crucial roles in suppression of TLR-triggered inflammatory responses. However, whether TLR signaling pathways engaged by other classes of pattern-recognition receptors induce expression of Notch target genes remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that zymosan, a stimulus for TLR2 and dectin-1, strongly induces expression of multiple Notch target genes in both human and murine dendritic cells. Mechanistically, induction of Notch targets by zymosan is both TLR2- and Syk-dependent through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and the transcription factor c-Fos. Hence, our data reveals a novel mechanism that efficient induction of Notch target genes requires engagement of TLR and dectin-1/Syk signaling pathways.
Purifying air over the operating field with a new mobile laminar airflow device to reduce the possibility of airborne contamination
Authors: Osher Robert H. , Figueiredo Gabriel B. , Schneider Julia G. , Kratholm Jens 
Published: February 2021

Purpose:
To investigate the effectiveness of a mobile laminar airflow (LAF) device designed to reduce both airborne particles and lint fibers within the sterile field during cataract surgery.

Setting:
Cincinnati Eye Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Design:
Prospective case series.

Methods:
The number of airborne particles sized 0.5 μm, 1.0 μm, and 1.5 μm were measured at different locations and times during 116 routine phacoemulsification procedures with and without the use of a mobile LAF device. In a companion study, the presence of lint fibers in 99 eyes undergoing cataract surgery with a mobile LAF device was compared with 50 eyes in the control group. Lint fibers were differentiated as either falling onto the ocular surface or being carried into the sterile field by an instrument.

Results:
A statistically significant reduction (P < .0005) occurred in all 3 particle sizes measurements when the LAF device was used: 79.0% (93.6 ± 16.1 vs 445.3 ± 30.9), 81.7% (11.30 ± 1.98 vs 61.85 ± 5.34), and 90.8% (0.241 ± 0.056 vs 2.624 ± 0.362) in the 0.5 μm, 1.0 μm and 5.0 μm particles, respectively. Lint fibers were identified in 18% (9/50) of eyes in the control group and 16.16% (16/99) of eyes in the LAF group. Although the number of lint fibers carried into the sterile field was similar in each group, the incidence of lint fibers falling onto the sterile field was reduced from 6% (3/50) to 0% (0/99) when the LAF was used (P = .014).

Conclusions:
The mobile LAF device was highly effective in reducing the number of particulate matter and lint fibers within the sterile surgical field when used during cataract surgery.
In anticipation of pain: expectancy modulates corticospinal excitability, autonomic response, and pain perception
Authors: Barnes Kirsten , McNair Nicolas A. , Harris Justin A. , Sharpe Louise , Colagiuri Ben 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Pain is a ubiquitous experience encompassing perceptual, autonomic, and motor responses. Expectancy is known to amplify the perceived and autonomic components of pain, but its effects on motor responses are poorly understood. Understanding expectancy modulation of corticospinal excitability has important implications regarding deployment of adaptive and maladaptive protective behaviours in anticipation of pain. We developed a protocol to compare corticospinal excitability to expected high pain, expected low pain, and critically low pain when high pain was expected. Expecting high pain suppressed corticospinal excitability and heightened perceptual and autonomic responses to the low-pain stimulus, as with increased noxious stimulation (ie, expected high pain). Multilevel modelling revealed that perceived pain mediated the effect of both noxious stimulation and this expectancy-modulated pain on autonomic responses, but corticospinal excitability did not. These results demonstrate that merely expecting pain influenced all pain components. Findings shed new light on the aetiology of expectancy-modulated pain, whereby expecting pain mobilises the motor system to protect the body from harm by a protective withdrawal reflex, associated with reduced corticospinal excitability, and activates similar processes as increased nociceptive stimulation. This has significant practical implications for the treatment of pain, particularly in scenarios where avoidance of pain-related movement contributes to its maintenance.
Baseline resting-state functional connectivity determines subsequent pain ratings to a tonic ecologically valid experimental model of orofacial pain
Authors: Ayoub Lizbeth J. , McAndrews Mary Pat , Barnett Alexander J. , Jeremy Ho Ka Chun , Cioffi Iacopo , Moayedi Massieh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Pain is a subjective experience with significant individual differences. Laboratory studies investigating pain thresholds and experimental acute pain have identified structural and functional neural correlates. However, these types of pain stimuli have limited ecological validity to real-life pain experiences. Here, we use an orthodontic procedure—the insertion of an elastomeric separator between teeth—which typically induces mild to moderate pain that peaks within 2 days and lasts several days. We aimed to determine whether the baseline structure and resting-state functional connectivity of key regions along the trigeminal nociceptive and pain modulatory pathways correlate with subsequent peak pain ratings. Twenty-six healthy individuals underwent structural and resting-state functional MRI scanning before the placement of a separator between the first molar and second premolar, which was kept in place for 5 days. Participants recorded pain ratings 3 times daily on a 100-mm visual analogue scale. Peak pain was not significantly correlated with diffusion metrics of the trigeminal nerve or gray matter volume of any brain region. Peak pain did, however, positively correlate with baseline resting-state functional connectivity between the thalamus contralateral to the separator and bilateral insula, and negatively correlated with connectivity between the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and core nodes of the default mode network (medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortices). The ascending (thalamic) nociceptive and the descending (PAG) pain modulatory pathways at baseline each explained unique variation in peak pain intensity ratings. In sum, preinterventional functional neural architecture of both systems determined the individual pain experience to a subsequent ecologically valid pain stimulus.
Mrgprd Cre lineage neurons mediate optogenetic allodynia through an emergent polysynaptic circuit
Authors: Warwick Charles , Cassidy Colleen , Hachisuka Junichi , Wright Margaret C. , Baumbauer Kyle M. , Adelman Peter C. , Lee Kuan H. , Smith Kelly M. , Sheahan Tayler D. , Ross Sarah E. , Koerber H. Richard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Most cutaneous C fibers, including both peptidergic and nonpeptidergic subtypes, are presumed to be nociceptors and respond to noxious input in a graded manner. However, mechanically sensitive, nonpeptidergic C fibers also respond to mechanical input in the innocuous range, so the degree to which they contribute to nociception remains unclear. To address this gap, we investigated the function of nonpeptidergic afferents using the Mrgprd

Cre
allele. In real-time place aversion studies, we found that low-frequency optogenetic activation of Mrgrpd

Cre
lineage neurons was not aversive in naive mice but became aversive after spared nerve injury (SNI). To address the underlying mechanisms of this allodynia, we recorded responses from lamina I spinoparabrachial (SPB) neurons using the semi-intact ex vivo preparation. After SNI, innocuous brushing of the skin gave rise to abnormal activity in lamina I SPB neurons, consisting of an increase in the proportion of recorded neurons that responded with excitatory postsynaptic potentials or action potentials. This increase was likely due, at least in part, to an increase in the proportion of lamina I SPB neurons that received input on optogenetic activation of Mrgprd

Cre
lineage neurons. Intriguingly, in SPB neurons, there was a significant increase in the excitatory postsynaptic current latency from Mrgprd

Cre
lineage input after SNI, consistent with the possibility that the greater activation post-SNI could be due to the recruitment of a new polysynaptic circuit. Together, our findings suggest that Mrgprd

Cre
lineage neurons can provide mechanical input to the dorsal horn that is nonnoxious before injury but becomes noxious afterwards because of the engagement of a previously silent polysynaptic circuit in the dorsal horn.
Greater Compliance With Early Sepsis Management is Associated With Safer Care and Shorter Hospital Stay
Authors: Rodriguez-Homs Larissa G. , Masoud Sabran J. , Mosca Matthew J. , Jawitz Oliver K. , O'Brien Cara , Mosca Paul J. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
This retrospective, cross-sectional study of U.S. hospitals in Medicare's Inpatient Quality Reporting Program aimed to determine whether variation in Sepsis/Septic Shock (Bundle SEP-1) compliance is linked to hospital size and measures of safety and operational efficiency. Two thousand six hundred and fifty-three acute care hospitals in Medicare's Hospital Compare online database were included in the study. Relationships between SEP-1 bundle compliance, hospital size, and indices of operational excellence (including Patient Safety Index [PSI-90], average length of stay [ALOS] and readmission rate) were analyzed. SEP-1 compliance score was inversely associated with staffed bed number (r = −.14, p < .001), PSI-90 (r = −.01, p < .001), and ALOS (r = −.13, p < .001) in a multivariate analysis. Hospitals in the lowest versus highest quartile by bed number had SEP-1 compliance score of 49.8 ± 20.2% versus 46.9 ± 16.8%, p < .001. Hospitals in the lowest versus highest quartile for SEP-1 score had an ALOS of 5.0 ± 1.2 days versus 4.7 ± 1.1 days and PSI-90 rate of 1.03 ± 0.22 versus 0.98 ± 0.16, p < .001 for both. Although this does not establish a causal relationship, it supports the hypothesis that the ability of hospitals to successfully implement SEP-1 is associated with superior performance in key measures of operational excellence.
Grappling With Professionalism: A Developmental Approach to a Dynamic Concept
Authors: Nesbit Kathryn C. , Fitzsimmons Amber 
Published: February 2021

Introduction.
Professionalism is difficult to define, explicitly teach, and assess. The purpose of this study was to examine the data gathered from professionalism rubrics from one cohort of students over 3 years and to identify the implications of these findings for our program.

Review of Literature.
Studies in the current literature situate professionalism in the context of the interplay between actors, systems, and environments. Professionalism is recognized not only as a characteristic of the individual but of social interactions with material systems and communities of practice.

Subjects.
A convenience sample of one cohort of students enrolled in a Doctor of Physical Therapy graduate program (n = 49) participated in this 3-year study.

Methods.
This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study. Quantitative results were analyzed using percentiles, mean values, median values and Cohen's Kappa. Qualitative results were analyzed using a general inductive approach.

Results.
Students in year 1 lacked professionalism in the area of preparedness, students in year 2 lacked professionalism in the area of stress management, and students in year 3 lacked professionalism in the area of social responsibility.

Discussion and Conclusion.
The study findings illustrate how a social–material teaching and learning tool can inform curricular design, program supports, and assessment processes. By viewing professionalism as a developmental, dynamic concept influenced by contextual factors, physical therapy education programs can better assess and support student success.
Job Satisfaction and Retention Among Physical Therapist Education Program Directors
Authors: Bowens Andrea N. , Ford Deana J. , Boggs Olivia M. 
Published: February 2021

Introduction.
The attrition of leaders in physical therapist (PT) education programs has been linked to job stress and satisfaction. Specifically, Program Director (PD) attrition has been associated with multiple extrinsic factors, such as perceived support, internal conflict, workload, and burnout. Institution type has also been linked to job satisfaction. However, there is limited evidence directly assessing PD job satisfaction and the impact of institutional characteristics on levels of satisfaction. Thus, we sought to determine the degree to which current PT PDs experience job satisfaction, what institution-related factors impact satisfaction, and the position PDs foresee themselves having in 3 years.

Methods.
All current PD at accredited PT education programs were invited to participate in the survey, of which 88 responded. Data were collected using an electronic survey composed of the Job Satisfaction Scale (JSS), demographics, and a question on PD intended job status in 3 years. Statistical analyses of the respondents looked for associations between Carnegie classification, institution type, and anticipated position with the 9 facets of the JSS.

Results.
Program directors were satisfied with their current roles, and most respondents intended to stay at their current institution, either in the same or different role. Program director working at public institutions felt less appreciation and reward from their institution. Respondents working at public and Research/Doctoral universities were less satisfied with the organizational communication, whereas respondents from Master's colleges and universities were more likely to not like their supervisors and less satisfied with their coworkers.

Discussion and Conclusion.
These findings call attention to the impact that institution-related factors can have on aspects of PD job satisfaction. Results can be used inform strategies to improve educational leaders' work–life satisfaction and increase PD retention and underscore the importance of current and future leaders considering individual fit for the institution.