bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coronavirus induces diabetic macrophage-mediated inflammation via SETDB2
Authors: Melvin William J. , Audu Christopher O. , Davis Frank M. , Sharma Sriganesh B. , Joshi Amrita , DenDekker Aaron , Wolf Sonya , Barrett Emily , Mangum Kevin , Zhou Xiaofeng , Bame Monica , Ruan Alex , Obi Andrea , Kunkel Steven L. , Moore Bethany B. , Gallagher Katherine A. 
Published: September 2021

Significance
The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected patients with comorbidities, namely, obesity and type 2 diabetes. Macrophages (Mφs) are a key innate immune cell primarily responsible for the harmful, hyperinflammatory “cytokine storm” in patients that develop severe COVID-19. We describe a mechanism for this Mφ-mediated cytokine storm in response to coronavirus. In response to coronavirus infection, expression of the chromatin-modifying enzyme, SETDB2, decreases in Mφs, leading to increased transcription of inflammatory cytokines. Further, we find SETDB2 is regulated by an interferon beta (IFNβ)/JaK/STAT3 mechanism, and that exogenous administration of IFNβ can reverse inflammation, particularly in diabetic Mφs via an increase in SETDB2. Together, these results suggest therapeutic targeting of the IFNβ/SETDB2 axis in diabetic patients with COVID-19 may decrease pathologic inflammation.
Disabling de novo DNA methylation in embryonic stem cells allows an illegitimate fate trajectory
Authors: Kinoshita Masaki , Li Meng Amy , Barber Michael , Mansfield William , Dietmann Sabine , Smith Austin 
Published: September 2021

SignificanceMammalian DNA is widely modified by methylation of cytosine residues. This modification is added to DNA during early development. If methylation is prevented, the embryo dies by midgestation with multiple abnormalities. In this study we found that stem cells lacking the DNA methylation enzymes do not differentiate efficiently into cell types of the embryo and are diverted into producing placental cells. This switch in cell fate is driven by a transcription factor, Ascl2, which should only be produced in the placenta. In the absence of DNA methylation, theAscl2gene is misexpressed. Removing Ascl2 redirects embryonic fate but not full differentiation potential, suggesting that methylation acts at multiple developmental transitions to restrict activation of disruptive genes.
Frustrated peptide chains at the fibril tip control the kinetics of growth of amyloid-β fibrils
Authors: Xu Yuechuan , Knapp Kaitlin , Le Kyle N. , Schafer Nicholas P. , Safari Mohammad S. , Davtyan Aram , Wolynes Peter G. , Vekilov Peter G. 
Published: September 2021

Significance
Amyloid fibril growth is a probable key step in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis, and growing fibril tips may represent the “Achilles’ heel” of the process. We combine thermodynamic and kinetic experiments at the single-fibril level with molecular modeling, exclusively focused on events at the fibril tip. The experiments provide strong evidence for the role of frustrated intermediate states in fibrillization. The frustrated intermediates provide fresh targets in the search for potential drugs for Alzheimer’s disease.
Cause for optimism
Authors: Červinková Poesová Kristýna , Lancová Klára 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The current chapter explores the beliefs and
attitudes of Czech pre-service teachers towards native and
non-native accents. Specifically, we were interested in how accent
attitudes contribute to the process of forming non-native teacher
identities, viewed from both real and imagined L2 user/teacher
perspectives. On the one hand, the results indicate a growing
acceptance of one’s accentedness and, simultaneously, a highly
motivational character of native-like aspirations. On the other
hand, English teachers are perceived as role models and,
consequently, a high standard of performance is expected in terms of
nativeness. We argue that more emphasis should be placed on
excellence in pedagogical skills in teacher training in order to
counterbalance the unattainability of the imagined native
selves.
Contractions, constructions and constructional change
Authors: Daugs Robert 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this paper, I argue that construction grammarians may
have to consider integrating modal contractions into the English modal
system as distinct constructions rather than variants of their uncontracted
forms. Based on data from COHA, it can be shown that the contractions
investigated here have emancipated themselves from the full forms both in
terms of relative usage frequency as well as function over the past two
centuries, thus yielding a series of constructional changes. From a
usage-based, constructionist perspective, these results contribute to
modelling the modal network as possibly represented in the minds of
speakers, but they also support the understanding that this network appears
to be much more heterogeneous than perhaps desired (by some linguists).
Exploring relative degrees of auxiliarization empirically in German modal
constructions with wissen and
verstehen
Authors: Dekalo Volodymyr 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The present paper investigates which sort of
information – item- or feature-based – is more sufficient to quantify
relative degrees of auxiliarization. To understand this issue, the study
utilizes two German near-synonymous semi-schematic modal constructions with
wissen and verstehen. Sketching the
notion of host class expansion, the paper shows that the evidence of host
class expansion by gauging type frequency of co-occurring elements is often
used to demonstrate the increasing grammaticalization of a construction
within usage-based construction grammar. Applying a mixed-effects binary
logistic regression, the study ascertains a difference in the relative
degree of grammaticalization between the wissen- and
verstehen-construction by means of such usage features
as (a) the position of verbal complements, (b) the grammatical form of modal
auxiliaries, and (c) the animacy of subject referents. Comparing these
results with the counts of the co-occurring element types of each modal
construction, the analysis reveals that they contradict each other. As a
result, the usage feature-based behavior is considered to be more important
for deciding the relative degree of grammaticalization of semi-schematic
constructions than host class expansion.
Grammaticalization of verdienen into an auxiliary marker
of deontic modality
Authors: Diewald Gabriele , Dekalo Volodymyr , Czicza Dániel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates synchronic variation in the
lexical and grammatical environments of the German lexical verb
verdienen ‘earn’, ‘deserve’. In its lexical uses,
verdienen co-occurs with an object noun phrase whose
head is either concrete (e.g. Geld ‘money’) or, more
commonly, abstract (e.g. Beachtung ‘attention’). When it is
used more grammatically with deontic modal meaning,
verdienen is followed by a passive or active
infinitive. This paper uses collostructional analyses to contrast lexical
and grammatical uses in terms of the most strongly attracted lexical items,
which are grouped into semantic classes. The results reflect different
degrees of host-class expansion (cf. Himmelmann 2004), whereby the collexemes of
verdienen expand from concrete to abstract and their
morpho-syntactic contexts from nominal to infinitival complement and
subsequently from passive to active. Synchronic distribution can thus serve
as a window on diachronic development (Kuteva 2001), in this case the rise of a deontic modality
marker.
Horizontal links within and between paradigms
Authors: Smirnova Elena 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the constructional network of
reported directive speech acts in German. It addresses two aspects of
modality and constructions by relating directly to questions raised in the
introduction to this volume: the notion of the paradigm in Construction
Grammar on the one hand and the nature of the links within the
constructional network model on the other. By investigating the network of
syntactic constructions of reported directives in German, the paper focuses
on the modelling of two types of horizonal paradigmatic links between these
constructions: the links between allostructions and the links between
paradigmatic choices. On the conceptual level, the paper argues that these
two types of paradigmatic links constitute two different types of horizontal
links in the network. On the empirical level, the study demonstrates how
these horizontal links manifest themselves in the corpus data.
High-temperature oxidation and reduction of the inverse ceria/Cu(111) catalyst characterized by LEED, STM, nc-AFM and KPFM
Authors: El Barraj Ali , Chatelain Baptiste , Barth Clemens 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The inverse catalyst ‘cerium oxide (ceria) on copper’ has attracted much interest in recent time because of its promising catalytic activity in the water–gas-shift reaction and the hydrogenation of CO2. For such reactions it is important to study the redox behaviour of this system, in particular with respect to the reduction by H2. Here, we investigate the high-temperature O2 oxidation and H2 reduction of ceria nanoparticles (NPs) and a Cu(111) support by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). After oxidation at 550 °C, the ceria NPs and the Cu(111) support are fully oxidized, with the copper oxide exhibiting a new oxide structure as verified by LEED and STM. We show that a high H2 dosage in the kilo Langmuir range is needed to entirely reduce the copper support at 550 °C. A work function (WF) difference of △ϕ
rCeria/Cu–Cu ≈ −0.6 eV between the ceria NPs and the metallic Cu(111) support is measured, with the Cu(111) surface showing no signatures of separated and confined surface regions composed by an alloy of Cu and Ce. After oxidation, the WF difference is close to zero (△ϕ
Ceria/Cu–Cu ≈ −0.1…0 eV), which probably is due to a WF change of both, ceria and copper.
Measures maximizing the entropy for Kan endomorphisms
Authors: Núñez-Madariaga Bárbara , Ramírez Sebastián A , Vásquez Carlos H 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In 1994, Kan provided the first example of maps with intermingled basins. The Kan example corresponds to a partially hyperbolic endomorphism defined on a surface, with the boundary exhibiting two intermingled hyperbolic physical measures. Both measures are supported on the boundary, and they also maximize the topological entropy. In this work, we prove the existence of a third hyperbolic measure supported in the interior of the cylinder that maximizes the entropy. We also prove this statement for a larger class of invariant measures of large class maps including perturbations of the Kan example.
Effective bounds for monochromatic connectivity measures in two dimensions
Authors: de Courcy-Ireland Matthew , Eswarathasan Suresh 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We establish numerical lower bounds for the monochromatic connectivity measure in two dimensions introduced by Sarnak and Wigman. This measure dictates among the nodal domains of a random plane wave what proportion have any given number of holes, and how they are nested. Our bounds provide the first effective estimate for the number of simply connected domains and for those that contain a single hole. The deterministic aspect of the proof is to find a single function with a prescribed zero set and, using a quantitative form of the implicit function theorem, to argue that the same configuration occurs in the zero set of any sufficiently close approximation to this function. The probabilistic aspect is to quantify the likelihood of a random wave being close enough to this function.
Gevrey stability of hydrostatic approximate for the Navier–Stokes equations in a thin domain
Authors: Wang Chao , Wang Yuxi , Zhang Zhifei 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we justify the limit from the Navier–Stokes system in a thin domain to the hydrostatic Navier–Stokes/Prandtl system for the convex initial data with Gevrey 9/8 regularity in x.
Stability of the multi-solitons of the modified Korteweg–de Vries equation
*
Authors: Le Coz Stefan , Wang Zhong 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We establish the nonlinear stability of N-soliton solutions of the modified Korteweg–de Vries (mKdV) equation. The N-soliton solutions are global solutions of mKdV behaving at (positive and negative) time infinity as sums of one-solitons with speeds 0 < c
1 <…< c

N
. The proof relies on the variational characterization of N-solitons. We show that the N-solitons realize the local minimum of the (N + 1)th mKdV conserved quantity subject to fixed constraints on the N first conserved quantities. To this aim, we construct a functional for which N-solitons are critical points, we prove that the spectral properties of the linearization of this functional around an N-soliton are preserved on the extended timeline, and we analyze the spectrum at infinity of linearized operators around one-solitons. The main new ingredients in our analysis are a new operator identity based on a generalized Sylvester law of inertia and recursion operators for the mKdV equation.
Song varies with latitude, climate, and species richness in a Neotropical bird
Authors: Silva-Jr Edvaldo F , Diniz Pedro , Macedo Regina H 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAnimals can encode information within acoustic signals, particularly, bird songs can be remarkably complex and can indicate individual identity and quality. Two main sets of hypotheses attempt to explain the evolution of increased birdsong complexity across large-scale geographic ranges: 1) larger acoustic space availability, and 2) greater sexual selection intensity, both of which would favor the evolution of more complex songs at higher latitudes, more seasonal and/or species-poor environments. However, few studies have assessed patterns of song complexity for birds with broad geographic ranges. Here, we determined patterns of song variation in the blue-black grassquit (Volatinia jacarina), considering metrics of song complexity, structure and performance. This Neotropical bird occurs from Mexico to Argentina and produces a monosyllabic song. Using recordings from online databases, we calculated song metrics, such as bandwidth, song rate, number of song components, and proportion of vibratos of this signal. We found that song features varied with latitude, climate seasonality, bird species richness, and hemisphere. However, contrary to theoretical predictions, complexity mostly decreased with latitude and greater seasonality, while it was positively correlated with bird species richness. Proportion of vibratos was positively correlated with latitude and seasonality, and may be a feature under sexual selection in this species. Overall, our results did not support the main hypotheses proposed as explanations for song complexity. Our findings also highlight that song complexity does not vary uniformly among songbirds and song parameters, and future studies encompassing more species should clarify patterns and drivers of song variation across broad geographic dimensions.
The rise and fall of Neotropical biodiversity
Authors: Antonelli Alexandre 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe exceptional levels of biodiversity found today in the American tropics are the outcome of tens of millions of years of evolution, shaped by the tumultuous geological history of the region, its heterogeneous habitats, climate change, ecological interactions and, in recent millennia, human influence. Although our understanding of diversity patterns and their underlying processes grows steadily in breadth and depth, Neotropical biodiversity is rapidly breaking down. Here, I contrast the long-term evolution of Neotropical biodiversity with its recent and rapid deterioration due to anthropogenic factors. I consider the impacts of the early arrival of humans to the region and the modern intensification of land-use change (primarily driven by agriculture) and other drivers of biodiversity loss, such as direct exploitation, invasive species and climate change. Together, these threats have led to 33% of all Neotropical species for which sufficient data are available being currently threatened with extinction. I outline emerging opportunities for conservation and restoration under the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework and call for urgent action from the biodiversity community, for the benefit of people and nature.
Community-based paralegals to build just societies: insights from a legal empowerment project in Pakistan
Authors: Cheema Abdur Rehman , Riaz Mehvish 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The provision of rule of law and justice contributes to the building of equitable, inclusive, and economically prosperous societies. However, mere legal protection of the rights of the people in developing societies remains insufficient to ensure due protections guaranteed by the law. This study examines the impact of a legal empowerment project in the two districts of rural Punjab in Pakistan through key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The findings show that the project leads to awareness and fulfilment of rights, financial empowerment, agency development, especially of women, and reduction of oppression, exploitation, and injustice. It plays a significant role in building inclusive and sustainable societies where accountable public services are available and accessible to all without discrimination. This study emphasizes how the state including public and private administrative bodies should instead of oppressing, exploiting, or ignoring the needy masses create opportunities for them and develop their set of capabilities. This multidimensional paralegal assistance model rooted in existing community-based structures and support is scalable and adaptable.
Structural Covariance of Depth-Dependent Intracortical Myelination in the Human Brain and Its Application to Drug-Naïve Schizophrenia: A T1w/T2w MRI Study
Authors: Wei Wei , Yin Yubing , Zhang Yamin , Li Xiaojing , Li Mingli , Guo Wanjun , Wang Qiang , Deng Wei , Ma Xiaohong , Zhao Liansheng , Palaniyappan Lena , Li Tao 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAberrations in intracortical myelination are increasingly being considered as a cardinal feature in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We investigated the network-level distribution of intracortical myelination across various cortex depths. We enrolled 126 healthy subjects and 106 first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia patients. We used T1w/T2w ratio as a proxy of intracortical myelination, parcellated cortex into several equivolumetric surfaces based on cortical depths and mapped T1w/T2w ratios to each surface. Non-negative matrix factorization was used to generate depth-dependent structural covariance networks (dSCNs) of intracortical myelination from 2 healthy controls datasets—one from our study and another from 100-unrelated dataset of the Human Connectome Project. For patient versus control comparisons, partial least squares approach was used; we also related myelination to clinical features of schizophrenia. We found that dSCNs were highly reproducible in 2 independent samples. Network-level myelination was reduced in prefrontal and cingulate cortex and increased in perisylvian cortex in schizophrenia. The abnormal network-level myelination had a canonical correlation with symptom burden in schizophrenia. Moreover, myelination of prefrontal cortex correlated with duration of untreated psychosis. In conclusion, we offer a feasible and sensitive framework to study depth-dependent myelination and its relationship with clinical features.
Safety and Immunogenicity of an Inactivated Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine in a Subgroup of Healthy Adults in Chile
Authors: Bueno Susan M , Abarca Katia , González Pablo A , Gálvez Nicolás M S , Soto Jorge A , Duarte Luisa F , Schultz Bárbara M , Pacheco Gaspar A , González Liliana A , Vázquez Yaneisi , Ríos Mariana , Melo-González Felipe , Rivera-Pérez Daniela , Iturriaga Carolina , Urzúa Marcela , Domínguez Angélica , Andrade Catalina A , Berríos-Rojas Roslye V , Canedo-Marroquín Gisela , Covián Camila , Moreno-Tapia Daniela , Saavedra Farides , Vallejos Omar P , Donato Paulina , Espinoza Pilar , Fuentes Daniela , González Marcela , Guzmán Paula , Muñoz Venturelli Paula , Pérez Carlos M , Potin Marcela , Rojas Álvaro , Fasce Rodrigo A , Fernández Jorge , Mora Judith , Ramírez Eugenio , Gaete-Argel Aracelly , Oyarzún-Arrau Aarón , Valiente-Echeverría Fernando , Soto-Rifo Ricardo , Weiskopf Daniela , Sette Alessandro , Zeng Gang , Meng Weining , González-Aramundiz José V , Kalergis Alexis M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
The development of effective vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 is a global priority. CoronaVac is an inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine with promising safety and immunogenicity profiles. This article reports safety and immunogenicity results obtained for healthy Chilean adults aged ≥18 years in a phase 3 clinical trial.

Methods
Volunteers randomly received 2 doses of CoronaVac or placebo, separated by 2 weeks. A total of 434 volunteers were enrolled, 397 aged 18–59 years and 37 aged ≥60 years. Solicited and unsolicited adverse reactions were registered from all volunteers. Blood samples were obtained from a subset of volunteers and analyzed for humoral and cellular measures of immunogenicity.

Results
The primary adverse reaction in the 434 volunteers was pain at the injection site, with a higher incidence in the vaccine than in the placebo arm. Adverse reactions observed were mostly mild and local. No severe adverse events were reported. The humoral evaluation was performed on 81 volunteers. Seroconversion rates for specific anti-S1-receptor binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin G (IgG) were 82.22% and 84.44% in the 18–59 year age group and 62.69% and 70.37% in the ≥60 year age group, 2 and 4 weeks after the second dose, respectively. A significant increase in circulating neutralizing antibodies was detected 2 and 4 weeks after the second dose. The cellular evaluation was performed on 47 volunteers. We detected a significant induction of T-cell responses characterized by the secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) upon stimulation with Mega Pools of peptides from SARS-CoV-2.

Conclusions
Immunization with CoronaVac in a 0–14 schedule in Chilean adults aged ≥18 years is safe, induces anti-S1-RBD IgG with neutralizing capacity, activates T cells, and promotes the secretion of IFN-γ upon stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 antigens.
Is Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Less Deadly Now? Trends in In-Hospital Mortality Among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the United States
Authors: Moon Rena C , Mackey Rachel H , Cao Zhun , Emont Seth , Schott Laura L , Gayle Julie A , Lipkin Craig , Rosenthal Ning A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
After an initial decline from April through June 2020 (from 22.2% to 11.9%), adjusted in-hospital mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inpatients peaked twice and was significantly higher than June 2020 for subsequent months except in July and October 2020. Adjusted mortality trends differed across age groups between November 2020 and February 2021.