bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical study of activation of O2 at cathode and CH3OH at anode of “CH3OH ‐O2” fuel cell using ZnC4H4 and CuC4H4 organometallic catalysts “a DFT study”
Authors: Rahnama Seyedeh Nasim , Aghaie Mehran , Noei Maziar , Aghaie Hossein 
Published: January 2021

AbstractStudying the interaction of oxygen molecule with organometallic compounds as low cost catalysts have always been an interesting research subject. So, in this study, the catalytic effect of TM‐C4H4 organometallic compounds (TM is Zn or Cu) was investigated to enhance the reaction rate of “methanol‐oxygen” fuel cell using density functional theory(DFT) calculations at the B3LYP level and the basis set of 6‐31G(d). In addition, the gap energy (Eg) for each of TM‐C4H4 and the adsorption energy(Ead) of each pair of TM‐C4H4/O2 and TM‐C4H4/CH3OH were calculated. Natural bond orbital (NBO) calculations were also performed to examine the charge transfer and bond stability. The results showed that, due to the adsorption process, the bond length of O=O increased about 16 and 20%, respectively, while the C and O distance in the CH3OH was increased by 137 and 199%, respectively. These rises are fairly due to the somewhat negative charge transfer from the organometallic compound to O2 or C–O in methanol. A bond elongation increases the chemical activity and reactivity of the reactants at the anode and the cathode of the studied fuel cell. The results showed that, ZnC4H4 activates O2 and CH3OH in the “CH3OH‐O2” fuel cell reaction more than the CuC4H4 compound.
“Please don't buy!”: Consumers attitude to alternative luxury consumption
Authors: Guzzetti Alice , Crespi Roberta , Belvedere Valeria 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCollaborative luxury consumption is driven both by product‐related and experience‐related motivations. The present study investigates the underlying factors that drive consumers to acquire and rent vintage and secondhand luxury products, applying a framework based on product‐related and experience‐related motivations. Findings reveal how vintage and secondhand are nurtured by anti‐consumption tendencies and recreational motives, while luxury renting is more driven by utilitarian reasons.
Direct separation and purification of α‐lactalbumin from cow milk whey by aqueous two‐phase flotation of thermo‐sensitive polymer/phosphate
Authors: Jiang Bin , Wang Linlin , Wang Meichan , Wu Shuang , Wang Xiaojing , Li Dongmei , Liu Chunhong , Feng Zhibiao , Chi Yujie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDα‐lactalbumin (α‐La) is of great interest to the industry as a result of its excellent functional properties and nutritional value. Aqueous two‐phase flotation (ATPF) of thermo‐sensitive polymer poly (ethylene glycol‐ran‐propylene glycol) monobutyl ether (UCON) and KH2PO4 was applied to directly separate and purify α‐La from milk whey, which was purposed to simplify the production process and reduced cost of production.RESULTSThe effect of ATPF composition and operating parameters on the flotation efficiency (E) and purity of α‐La were investigated. The optimal conditions included 2 min of premixing time, 30 mL min−1 flow velocity and 20 min of flotation time, whereas the composition conditions comprised 35.0 mL 0.18 g mL−1 phosphate solution (containing 10% (cow milk whey/salt solution, v/v) cow milk whey, 50 ppm defoamer and 2 g NaCl) and 5.0 mL of 40% (w/w) UCON solution. Under the optimal conditions, E of α‐La was 95.67 ± 1.04% and purity of α‐La was 98.78 ± 1.19%. UCON was recovered by a thermally‐induced phase separation and reused in next ATPF process without reducing E of α‐La. Purified α‐La was characterized by several key technologies. The results indicated that α‐La in cow milk whey could be directly separated and purified by the ATPF and the purity was satisfactory. Moreover, it was suggested there was no obvious structure difference between the α‐La separated by ATPF and the α‐La standard.CONCLUSIONThe present study enabled the recycling of UCON, providing an effective, economically viable and environmentally friendly approach for the separation and purification of protein. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Contrastive analysis of lipid composition and thermal and crystallization behavior of olein/stearin fractionated by novel layer melt crystallization from palm oil
Authors: Lu Chao , Qiu Shuang , Wang Xueping , He Xinyi , Dang Leping , Wang Zhanzhong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDMelt crystallization is typically recognized as a highly efficient and green method for oil fractionation. This work concentrated on novel layer melt crystallization for preparing desirable olein and stearin products from palm oil and the evaluation of fraction quality. Layer melt crystallization was performed at various temperatures and the effects on fractions were evaluated using iodine value (IV), solid fat content (SFC) and melting point. The lipid composition, thermal and crystallization properties, and phase behaviors of the final optimized fractions were determined using gas chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry.RESULTSIncreasing crystallization tube temperatures under the same jacket temperature increased the melting point and SFC, while decreasing the IV of the olein product. Opposite results were observed for the stearin product. Major fatty acids in fractions were determined as palmitic acid and oleic acid. 1,2‐Dioleoyl‐3‐palmitoylglycerol and 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol were identified as the main triacylglycerols in olein and stearin fractions, respectively. A critical effect of crystallization temperature on co‐crystallization of oleins and stearins was revealed. A transition from plate‐like crystal growth to spherulitic growth with spontaneous nucleation was indicated in palm oil and stearin fractions with increasing crystallization temperature. As for olein fractions, a temperature increase resulted in heterogeneous nucleation from instantaneous nucleation.CONCLUSIONSNovel layer melt crystallization was successfully applied and optimized for fractionating palm oil. The composition and property changes of obtained fractions were analyzed and explained at both macroscopic and microscopic levels. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
A comparison between basis functions for the efficient invasive weed optimization‐based optimization of phase‐only linear array patterns
Authors: Angeletti Piero , Berretti Lisa , Maddio Stefano , Pelosi Giuseppe , Selleri Stefano , Toso Giovanni 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSynthesis of phased array antennas generating shaped patterns by exploiting phase tapering only is a challenging problem. A phase‐only tapering permits maximizing the DC to RF power efficiency and results to be particularly useful in satellite applications with stringent constraints on the available power. Such a synthesis is a highly nonlinear problem most effectively addressed via stochastic optimization techniques. In this paper several basis functions to represent the phase distribution are traded‐off and compared, within an invasive weed optimization paradigm.
A multivariate approach to investigate the NMR CPMG pulse sequence for analysing low MW species in polymers
Authors: Aiello Federica , Gerretzen Jan , Simons Marcel G. , Davies Antony N. , Dani Paulo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDetection and quantification of low molecular weight components in polymeric samples via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be difficult due to overlapping signal caused by line broadening characteristics of polymers. A way of overcoming this problem could be the exploitation of the difference in relaxation between small molecules and macromolecular species, such as the application of a T2 filter by using the Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) spin‐echo pulse sequence. This technique, largely exploited in metabolomics studies, is applied here to material sciences. A Design of Experiments approach was used for evaluating the effect of different acquisition parameters (relaxation delay, echo time and number of cycles) and sample‐related ones (concentration and polymer molecular weight) on selected responses, with a particular interest in performing a reliable quantitative analysis. Polymeric samples containing small molecules were analysed by NMR with and without the application of the filter, and analysis of variance was used to identify the most influential parameters. Results indicated that increasing the polymer concentration, hence sample viscosity, further attenuates polymer signals in CPMG experiments because the T2 of those signals tends to decrease with increasing viscosity. The signal‐to‐noise ratio measured for small molecules can undergo a minimum loss when specific parameters are chosen in relation to the polymer molecular weight. Furthermore, the difference in dynamics between aliphatic and aromatic nuclei, as well as between mobile and stiff polymers, translates into different results in terms of polymer signal reduction, suggesting that the relaxation filter can also be used for obtaining information on the polymer structure.
How detrimental is coincidental correctness to coverage‐based fault detection and localization? An empirical study
Authors: Abou Assi Rawad , Masri Wes , Trad Chadi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAccording to the reachability–infection–propagation (RIP) model, three conditions must be satisfied for program failure to occur: (1) the defect's location must bereached, (2) the program's state must becomeinfectedand (3) the infection mustpropagateto the output.Weak coincidental correctness(orweak CC) occurs when the program produces the correct output, while condition (1) is satisfied but conditions (2) and (3) are not satisfied.Strong coincidental correctness(orstrong CC) occurs when the output is correct, while both conditions (1) and (2) are satisfied but not (3). The prevalence ofCCwas previously recognized. In addition, the potential for its negative effect on spectrum‐based fault localization (SBFL) was analytically demonstrated; however, this was not empirically validated. UsingDefects4J, this paper empirically studies the impact ofweakandstrong CCon three well‐researched coverage‐based fault detection and localization techniques, namely, test suite reduction (TSR), test case prioritization (TCP) and SBFL. Our study, which involved 52 SBFL metrics, provides the following empirical evidence. (i) The negative impact ofCCtests on TSR and TCP is very significant. In addition, cleansing theCCtests was observed to yield (a) a 100% TSR defect detection rate for all subject programs and (b) an improvement of TCP for over 92% of the subjects. (ii) The impact ofCCtests on SBFL varies widely w.r.t. the metric used. The negative impact was strong for 11 metrics, mild for 37, non‐measurable for 1 and non‐existent for 3 metrics. Interestingly, the negative impact was mild for the 9 most popular and/or most effective SBFL metrics. In addition, cleansing theCCtests resulted in the deterioration of SBFL for a considerable number of subject programs. (iii) Increasing the proportion ofCCtests has a limited impact on TSR, TCP and SBFL. Interestingly, for TSR and TCP and 11 SBFL metrics, small and large proportions ofCCtests are strongly harmful. (iv) Lastly,weakandstrong CCare equally detrimental in the context of TSR, TCP and SBFL.
From Relay Attacks to Distance-Bounding Protocols
Authors: Avoine Gildas , Boureanu Ioana , Gérault David , Hancke Gerhard P. , Lafourcade Pascal , Onete Cristina 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe present the concept of relay attacks, and discuss distance-bounding schemes as the main countermeasure. We give details on relaying mechanisms, we review canonical distance-bounding protocols, as well as their threat-model (i.e., covering attacks beyond relaying) stemming from the authentication dimension in distance bounding. Advanced aspects of distance-bounding security are also covered. We conclude by presenting what we consider to be the most important challenges in distance bounding.
Experimentalist Systems in Manufacturing Multinationals: Recursivity and Continuous Learning Through Destabilization
Authors: Herrigel Gary 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores manufacturing MNC governance practices under conditions of uncertainty. It shows that organized recursivity in knowledge flow and practice (“experimentalism”) can diffuse learning and innovation throughout the MNC. Three sorts of obstacles, however, are common: hierarchical insulation, stakeholder exclusion, and inadequate empowerment resources for participants. These obstacles exist not onlyex ante, as firms attempt to construct formal experimentalist systems; they also are continuallyregeneratedby the experimentalist dynamics themselves. In order to avoid disruption of recursive flow, MNCs are developing an array of destabilization mechanisms to undermine obstacles and reconstitute the deliberative experimentalist learning process.
Herbst–multibracket appliance treatment: is there an association between lower incisor position changes and the development of labial gingival recessions?
Authors: Südwasser S. , Bock N. C. , Jost J. , Killat S. , Ruf S. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To assess a potential association between lower incisor (LI) position changes during Herbst–multibracket appliance (Herbst–MBA) treatment and the development of labial gingival recessions (LGR).

Methods
All class II patients (Department of Orthodontics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany) who had undergone Herbst–MBA treatment until 2015 with study models and lateral cephalograms available from before (T0) and after treatment plus ≥24 months of retention (T3) were included (n = 259). Lateral cephalograms were evaluated regarding LI position changes: iiL/ML (angle between LI long axis and mandibular plane [MP]), ii-MLPg (distance between LI incisal edge and a line perpendicular to MP through pogonion), apex-MLPg (distance between LI apex and a line perpendicular to MP through pogonion), ii-MLii (distance between LI incisal edge and MP on a line perpendicular to MP through incisal edge). Using study models the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the deepest point of the gingival margin was defined as LGR.

Results
The following cephalometric mean changes were recorded (T0–T3): iiL/ML +5.9 ± 5.76° (p = 0.929), ii-MLPg −0.2 ± 0.25 mm (p = 0.430), apex-MLPg +0.1 ± 0.32 mm (p = 0.363), ii-MLii +0.1 ± 0.36 mm (p = 0.206). The mean increase of LGR magnitude measured on the study models was 0.1 ± 0.35 mm. However, no association with the cephalometric LI position changes was found (|R| ≤ 0.2).

Conclusion
There is no association between the amount of LI position changes and the development of LGR during Herbst–MBA treatment plus retention. Nevertheless, individual predisposition or excessive treatment changes and extraordinary treatment approaches, respectively, might still lead to development of LGR.
Myeloid cells, tissue homeostasis, and anatomical barriers as innate immune effectors in arterial hypertension
Authors: Wild Johannes , Wenzel Philip 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlthough essential hypertension affects a large proportion of the human population and is one of the key drivers of cardiovascular mortality worldwide, we still do not have a complete understanding of its pathophysiology. More than 50 years ago, the immune system has been identified as an important part of the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension. An exceeding variety of recent publications deals with the interplay between the numerous different components of the immune system and mechanisms of arterial hypertension and has substantially contributed to our understanding of the role of immunity and inflammation in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review, we focus on myeloid cells and anatomical barriers as particular aspects of innate immunity in arterial hypertension. Since it represents a first line of defense protecting against pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis, innate immunity provides many mechanistic hinge points in the area of hypertension.
On the modeling paradigm of plant root nutrient acquisition
Authors: Tang Jinyun , Riley William J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPlant root nutrient acquisition, and to a lesser extent foliar nutrient uptake, maintain plant metabolism and strongly regulate terrestrial biogeochemistry and carbon-climate feedbacks. However, terrestrial biogeochemical models differ in their representations of plant root nutrient acquisition, leading to significantly different, and uncertain, carbon cycle and future climate projections. Here we first review biogeochemical principles and observations relevant to three essential plant root nutrient acquisition mechanisms: activity of nutrient acquiring proteins, maintenance of nutrient stoichiometry, and energy expenditure for these processes. We next examine how these mechanisms are considered in three existing modeling paradigms, and conclude by recommending the capacity-based approach, the need for observations, and necessary modeling developments of plant root nutrient acquisition to improve carbon-climate feedback projections.
Biological Conceptualization of Race
Authors: Lee Jun-Ki , Aini Rahmi Qurota , Sya’bandari Yustika , Rusmana Ai Nurlaelasari , Ha Minsu , Shin Sein 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe conception of racial categories from a biological perspective is unconsciously embedded in the individual’s cognition. This is true even among university students majoring in biology and medicine. Even though students have never learned about “race” explicitly in formal biology class, they are highly likely to implicitly construct, and hold biological concepts of race. This study investigated how Korean college students majoring in General Science Education define the concept of race and acquire a scientific conception of race. The study draws on Efstathiou (2009)’s framework of the “founded concept.” Two open-ended questions regarding race conceptualization were administered to 218 college students. Furthermore, interviews with three students were conducted to explore any biological meaning of race. The results suggest four types of conception held by students about race. These were race as a typological means of distinguishing human diversity, race as a biological concept, race as a social construct, and race as a bio-social mixture. Additionally, in-depth interviews indicated that students constructed their biological concept of race unintentionally through learning biology. There are three mediators which have a role as mediator in the transfiguration process of finding and founding race concepts in a biological context: skin color, reproductive isolation, and ethnicity. Accordingly, science teachers should carefully teach this information in order to help prevent any misunderstanding of biological racial concepts. Teaching strategies and other educational implications are discussed.
Free Logics are Cut-Free
Authors: Indrzejczak Andrzej 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe paper presents a uniform proof-theoretic treatment of several kinds of free logic, including the logics of existence and definedness applied in constructive mathematics and computer science, and called here quasi-free logics. All free and quasi-free logics considered are formalised in the framework of sequent calculus, the latter for the first time. It is shown that in all cases remarkable simplifications of the starting systems are possible due to the special rule dealing with identity and existence predicate. Cut elimination is proved in a constructive way for sequent calculi adequate for all logics under consideration.
Clinical profile and contemporary management of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: results from the CHECK-HF registry
Authors: Uijl A. , Veenis J. F. , Brunner-La Rocca H. P. , van Empel V. , Linssen G. C. M. , Asselbergs F. W. , van der Lee C. , Eurlings L. W. M. , Kragten H. , Al-Windy N. Y. Y. , van der Spank A. , Koudstaal S. , Brugts J. J. , Hoes A. W. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Clinical management of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) centres on treating comorbidities and is likely to vary between countries. Thus, to provide insight into the current management of HFpEF, studies from multiple countries are required. We evaluated the clinical profiles and current management of patients with HFpEF in the Netherlands.

Methods
We included 2153 patients with HFpEF (defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 50%) from the CHECK-HF registry, which included patients from 2013 to 2016.

Results
Median age was 77 (IQR 15) years, 55% were women and the most frequent comorbidities were hypertension (51%), renal insufficiency (45%) and atrial fibrillation (AF, 38%). Patients between 65 and 80 years and those over 80 years had on average more comorbidities (up to 64% and 74%, respectively, with two or more comorbidities) than patients younger than 65 years (38% with two or more comorbidities, p-value < 0.001). Although no specific drugs are available for HFpEF, treating comorbidities is advised. Beta-blockers were most frequently prescribed (78%), followed by loop diuretics (74%), renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors (67%) and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs, 39%). Strongest predictors for loop-diuretic use were older age, higher New York Heart Association class and AF.

Conclusion
The medical HFpEF profile is determined by the underlying comorbidities, sex and age. Comorbidities are highly prevalent in HFpEF patients, especially in elderly HFpEF patients. Despite the lack of evidence, many HFpEF patients receive regular beta-blockers, RAS inhibitors and MRAs, often for the treatment of comorbidities.
Physico-chemical characteristics and therapeutic potential of Chutrun thermal springs in Shigar Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan)
Authors: Farhat Naima , Hussain Shabbir , Faisal Foqia , Batool Iqra , Noreen Mafia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCurrent studies were performed to evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics and therapeutic potential of Chutrun thermal springs located in the North-west of Shigar Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan). Thermal springs with different mineral contents have been used by people for bathing and health purposes since old timings. The mineral water of these springs contains elements like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium as chlorides, fluorides, sulphates, phosphates and bicarbonates which may be responsible for cure of various diseases. Chutrun hot springs have 7.21–7.8 pH, 40–42° C Temperature, 300–310 ppm TDS, 3.1–6.7 ppm DO, 278–285 ppm hardness, 1.62–2.42 ppm turbidity, 250–260 ppm alkalinity, 500–516 ppm conductivity, 12–18 ppm sodium, 3.8–4.1 ppm potassium, 80–82 ppm calcium, 20 ppm magnesium, 9.6–12 ppm chlorides, 3.4–3.9 fluorides, 260–282 bicarbonates and 80–85 ppm sulphates. Absence of E.Coli and faecal coliforms indicated that waters from thermal springs are free from organic wastes contaminations. Water from thermal springs of Chutrun was unsuitable for drinking purposes due to the presence of high fluoride content and also small amount of total coliforms which may be due to the presence of environmental bacteria and non-protective measures during sampling but it was found suitable for bathing and other body contact activities.