bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and cross states comparison of case fatality rate and recovery rate of COVID 19/SARS-COV-2 in India
Authors: Z. Ansari Ajaz Ahmed , Desai Hardik D. , Sharma Kamal , Jadeja Dhigishaba M. , Patel Rahul , Patel Yesha , Desai Harshil M. 
Published: January 2021

Background and aim:
CFR and RR are important indicator of disease pandemic. As of now no data is available about cross-states analysis of these. We aimed to evaluate CFR and RR of COVID-19 across majorly affected States in India.

Method:
We observed and compared data of confirmed COVID-19 cases, number of deaths, number of recovered/discharged cases and calculated CFR and RR across majorly affected States/UT in India from official database of Government of India, State Government official bulletin, accurate database worldometer.

Results:
The data showed that Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal reported highest CFR on 8th April, 22nd April, 6th May, 1st June 2020 (95% CI 4.91 – 6.99). Kerala showed encouraging recovery rates 24.32%, 70.31%, 93.24%, 45.81% on 8th and 22nd April, 6th May and 1st June 2020 respectively. India had an average estimated weekly Recovery rate of newly discharged/recovered cases was 32.68% from 19th March to 1st June 2020. (95% CI 20- 45.4%). (The Recovery rate across India was 80.83% as on 22nd September 2020.).

Conclusion:
The CFR of a disease varies greatly in different regions of the same Country and is influenced by numerous factors such as health control policies, medical standards, and detection efficiency and protocols apart from number of screening tests done. This comparison discusses need of evaluating policies with optimal reporting of medical history of affected persons when comparing COVID-19 case and fatality rates in different regions of the Country.
The relationship between use of aluminum-containing anti-perspirant and hair color with breast cancer
Authors: Mousavi Maryam , Vaghar Mohammad I 
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
Breast cancer is one of the most important and common types of cancer in most countries of the world and its incidence are increasing in Iranian women. Understanding its contributing factors is important in planning for prevention. This study was conducted to investigate the association between aluminum-containing antiperspirant and hair color use with breast cancer.

Methods:
In this observational cross-sectional descriptive study, 384 patients with breast cancer referred to selected hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2017 and 384 person as control group were randomly selected. The anti-perspiration use of aluminum-containing and hair color was compared. In this study, data were collected and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze them. Absolute and relative frequency distribute tables, mean, and standard deviation were used to descriptive statistics. Chi-square and independent t-tests were used for data analysis.

Results:
The use of antiperspirant was similar in this study, with 23.2% of breast cancer patients and 22.4% of control group using antiperspirant (P = 0.796). Frequency distribution of the use of hair color was similar among the studied subjects and 35.9% of breast cancer patients and 32% of control group consumed hair color (P = 0.253).

Conclusion:
Based on the results, it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between the use of aluminum-containing anti-perspiration and hair color with breast cancer.
Quality of life (QOL) among older persons in an urban and rural area of Bangalore, South India
Authors: Krishnappa Lalitha , Gadicherla Suman , Chidambaram Priyadarshini , Murthy Nandagudi S. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
The increasing ageing population of India has unique challenges due to changing social structure, health issues and inaccessible healthcare facilities. These challenges can adversely affect the quality of life (QOL) of older persons. Hence, this study was undertaken with the objective of assessing the QOL among older persons in an urban and rural area of Bangalore.

Materials and Methods:
Cross-sectional study was done among 977 older persons 60 years and above. Census enumeration blocks in urban areas and villages in rural areas were randomly selected and all older persons meeting the inclusion criteria were administered the WHOQOL-Bref questionnaire.

Results:
Mean QOL scores (SD) in the physical, psychological, social relationship and environmental domains were 50.5 (5.5), 49.2 (5.5), 49.4 (6.5) and 49.3 (5.1) in rural areas and 57.4 (8.9), 58.6 (8.8), 64.6 (10.8) and 60.0 (9.4) in urban areas, respectively. Compared to urban, rural older persons uniformly have lower QOL irrespective of sex, education or financial dependence.

Conclusion:
Inequitable health resource distribution and inadequate social support systems must be addressed to improve the QOL of older persons, especially in rural areas. Primary care providing essential services can bridge this urban–rural divide and improve QOL of older persons.
Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice about first aid among male school teachers in Hail city
Authors: Alshammari Khalid O. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
Children in schools are more prone to get injured during their activities. Awareness toward first aid is vital for teachers to provide solutions in case of the occurrence of accidents. Our work aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of first aid and the associated factors among male school teachers in Hail city.

Methodology:
This is a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire-based survey was performed among teachers in primary, middle, and secondary male schools in the Hail region, Saudi Arabia. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 12 software, Continuous variables were presented as mean, and SD and inter-group differences were compared using t-test. Categorical variables showed as numbers and percentages. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results:
A total of 604 teachers were included in our sample; all completed an online structured questionnaire formed of 20 questions. The majority of participants were male teachers (80.96%). The teachers had a mean age of 39 ± 7.8 years old. Most of the teachers (90.9%) knew about first aids. More than one-half of teachers (58.28%) had not taken first aid training, and the majority of participants (87.9%) need to learn first aid principles. Age, sex, and marital status were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the knowledge of first aids. Most of our samples depend on media and social media to gain information regarding first aid principles.

Conclusion:
Our study concluded that the school teachers in Hail city had good knowledge and attitude about the first aid. However, more training workshops were recommended for improving the first aid practice of teachers.
Acute kidney injury and electrolyte abnormalities in patients with scrub typhus admitted to a tertiary care hospital in southern India
Authors: Grover Raghav , Mehalingam Vadivelan 
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness that is seen in many parts of India. Acute kidney injury (AKI) can occur in patients with scrub typhus who are not diagnosed and treated in the early stage of the disease. Such patients can have associated electrolyte abnormalities also.

Objectives:
This study was done to find out the incidence of occurrence of AKI and electrolyte abnormalities among patients with scrub typhus and correlate the latter with the severity of AKI.

Methods:
This prospective, observational study included 38 patients with scrub typhus admitted to a tertiary care hospital in south India. Serum sodium and serum potassium levels of all the patients were measured at hospital admission. Also, serum creatinine levels of patients on all days of the hospital stay was measured along with other parameters like hemoglobin, leucocyte count, and platelet count.

Results:
The incidence of AKI among patients with scrub typhus was 13.16%. However, electrolyte abnormalities though seen in the patients did not correlate with AKI.

Conclusion:
AKI is not an uncommon phenomenon in patients with scrub typhus. Electrolyte abnormalities in these patients did not correlate with the severity of AKI.
Knowledge, awareness, and vaccination compliance of hepatitis B among medical students in Riyadh's governmental universities
Authors: Altamimi Abdulrahman R. , Alqahtani Taif M. , Ahmed Jumanah A. , Aldosari Lama H. , Alzahrani Manar M. , Alotaibi Ghala S. , Moukaddem Afaf K. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Hepatitis B is a blood-borne infectious liver disease caused by the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and it is best prevented by immunization. Due to occupational exposure, medical students have an increased risk of contracting HBV. Therefore, it is essential for all medical students to have good knowledge about HBV and to complete their HBV vaccinations.

Aims:
The aim of this study was to assess and compare HBV knowledge, awareness, and vaccination compliance among pre-clinical medical students in four universities.

Settings and Design:
A cross-sectional study was conducted in September 2018 at the College of Medicine of four governmental universities: King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Saud University, Princess Noura university, and Imam Mohammed bin Saud Islamic University, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Methods and Materials:
Two-hundred-sixty-three pre-clinical medical students completed a questionnaire with sections about demographics, HBV awareness, knowledge, and vaccination compliance.

Statistical analysis used:
The data was transferred to Excel and SPSS version 22 was used for statistical analysis. A significance level of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
The overall knowledge about HBV and vaccination compliance were poor. KSU students had the highest vaccination compliance (n = 52, 54.2%) and KSAU-HS the lowest (n = 19, 23,8%). The most-cited reasons for noncompliance were “forgetting about the vaccine” and “busy schedule“.

Conclusion:
Overall, most of the participants had poor HBV knowledge and vaccine compliance. Therefore, we recommend the implementation of pre-clinical vaccine checking and the addition of an infectious disease awareness and prevention program.
Prediction of hospital outcome in emergency medical admissions using modified early warning score (MEWS)
Authors: Bhatnagar Mini , Sirohi Nikita , Dubey Aruna Bhagat 
Published: January 2021

Objective:
To evaluate the applicability of modified early warning (MEWS) Score for prediction of hospital outcomes of medical emergency patients.

Design:
Prospective hospital based observational study.

Setting:
A tertiary care level medicine emergency unit in a medical college of North India.

Study Population:
300 Patients admitted in medicine emergency.

Method:
Patients of both sexes of age more than 18 years who were admitted in medical emergency unit at MMIMSR, Ambala were evaluated. Patients who were in cardiac arrest at arrival and those who died within the first 24 hours were excluded and 300 patients were included. Modified Early Warning Score based on physiological parameters was recorded at admission for each patient and monitored over the next 24 hours in the emergency unit. Hospital outcome of the patient in terms of mortality, need for critical care, prolonged stay and uneventful discharge were recorded and correlated with MEWS scores over the first 24 hours in the emergency unit. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves was generated to evaluate the utility of MEWS as a tool to predict patient outcome in medical emergency setting.

Result:
Of the 300 patients studied, the mean age of patients was 49 years, and the majority of the patients were male (61%). A MEWS Score of >5 at 24 hours of admission was associated significantly with in-hospital mortality of patients (p < 0.0001). The ROC (Receiver Operator Characteristic) curve revealed that in those patients who had a 24 hours MEWS >/= 5, the area under curve was (AUC) = 0.9. (95% CI: 0.95-0.98). Thus, MEWS was an effective predictor of in hospital mortality with sensitivity (78%) and specificity (94%).

Conclusion:
MEWS, a scoring system based on easily recordable physiological parameters can be used as an effective tool to triage and monitor patients in medical emergency units, to identify patients who are at greater risk of clinical deterioration and need close monitoring or early transfer for critical care or other timely interventions. Thus, application of MEWS in medical emergency units can be a useful tool to improve patient care, ensure optimal utilization of resources and prevent inappropriate discharge or neglect of sick patients.
Glycemic control and its associated factors among women with gestational diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care Centre, Puducherry, South India
Authors: Meena Garima , Venkatachalam Jayaseelan , Chinnakali Palanivel , Olickal Jeby J. , Kumar Karthiga V. , Subramanian Sadhana , Dasari Papa 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Worldwide, one in ten pregnancies is related with diabetes; 87.6% of which are gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Maternal hyperglycaemia affects the successful progression of pregnancy.

Objectives:
To determine the proportion and the factors associated with poor glycaemic control among women with gestational diabetes.

Methods:
This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital, Puducherry, South India from September to October 2019. Pregnant women diagnosed as GDM and on treatment for at least one month were approached consecutively for the study. A fasting blood sugar (FBS) ≥92 mg/dl and postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) 1 hour ≥180 mg/dl or PPBS 2 hour ≥153 mg/dl were considered as poor glycaemic control.

Results:
A total of 301 women with GDM were included and the mean (SD) age was 27 (5) years. Of total, 29 (10%) reported GDM during their previous pregnancy and 95 (32%) got diagnosed before reaching the tertiary care hospital. Lifestyle modifications (77%) were the most common mode of management for GDM. Of total, 116 (38.5%; 95% CI 33%-44.3%) had poor glycaemic control. Multigravida women (46.9%) and those on pharmacological treatment for GDM had poor glycaemic control.

Conclusion:
One-third of women with GDM at a tertiary care centre had poor glycaemic control. Therefore, a novel approach to improve awareness about GDM control both among pregnant women and the medical fraternity is needed.
Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, its determinants, and impact on the quality of life in elderly persons in rural Ballabgarh, Haryana
Authors: Jaiswal Abhishek , Goswami Kiran , Haldar Partha , Salve Harshal Ramesh , Singh U. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis and a very common disease of elderly. It is one of the leading causes of disability. The present study was conducted to estimate the burden of the knee OA among rural elderly.

Methods:
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 randomly selected elderly resident of rural Ballabgarh, Haryana. A semi-structured interview schedule was used by a trained investigator for face-to-face interview, clinical examination of knee using American College of Rheumatology criteria, and quality of life assessment using WHOQOL-BREF.

Results:
Almost two-third of the participants among 454 elderly recruited, suffered from knee OA (292, 64.3%) had knee OA. History of a knee injury, a family history of knee pain, current physical activity and smoking status were found to be significantly associated with knee OA, in multivariate logistic regression model. Elderly suffering from knee OA had significantly lower quality-of-life scores contrasted to those not (p-value < 0.001). The scores were significantly lower for all the domains (P-value <0.001) among elderly suffering with the knee OA, with the maximum effect seen in psychological, and physical domain.

Conclusion:
Rural elderly of Ballabgarh, Haryana, had a high burden of knee OA. Elderly suffering from knee OA had significantly lower perception of their quality of life most affected is the psychological and physical domains of quality of life.
Proportion of anaemia and factors associated with it among the attendees of the antenatal clinic in a teaching institute of northeast India
Authors: Debnath Arpita , Debbarma Asish , Debbarma Saru Kumar , Bhattacharjya Himadri 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Anaemia is an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in India. According to National Family Health Survey-4, the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women in Tripura was 54.4%, but the proportion of anaemic women attending antenatal clinics is not known.

Objectives:
To find out the proportion of anaemia and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Agartala Government Medical College.

Materials and Method:
This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of Agartala Government Medical College from 14th July to 7th August 2019 chosen by consecutive sampling.

Results:
Majority (69.5%) of the women were aged either ≤ 25 years, 94.5% were Hindu, 37% belonged to scheduled caste community, 58.5% from a rural area, 28% belonged to BG Prasad's class II socioeconomic status and 52.5% had only primary education. The proportion of anaemia was found to be 60%. It was 63.3% among ≤ 25 years age group and 62.9% among those who studied up to primary level. Mean (SD) Hb level was 9.9 ± 0.6 g%. Among the anaemic, 57.5% were primigravida and 45% were carrying the third trimester of pregnancy. Only 1% of the study women reportedly consumed either 200 or more number of iron tablets. Age < 25 years, (OR = 1.824, 95% CI = 1.231–2.108, P = 0.003), holding BPL or similar ration cards (OR = 3.482, 95% CI = 1.201–5.371, P = 0.031) and getting at <18 years (OR = 4.482, 95% CI = 2.317–6.451, P = 0.003) were identified as the significant predictors of anaemia during pregnancy.

Conclusion:
The proportion of anaemia among attendees of the antenatal clinic was higher than the state prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women. Lower literacy, lower socioeconomic status, rural residence, etc., had significant associations with anaemia in this population.
Use of ABI to detect peripheral arterial disease in diabetes – A recommendation for primary care physicians
Authors: Mishra Nibedita 
Published: January 2021

Background:
India is considered the diabetes capital of the world. As per current practice, most of the diabetes patients go to primary care physicians for their monitoring and follow up. One of the dreaded complications of long-term diabetes is peripheral arterial disease.

Methods:
A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a diabetes workshop. Totally, 48 patients were selected who satisfied the inclusion criteria. All were subjected to ankle-brachial index measurement (ABI) and doppler ultrasound was done to assess patency of the lower extremity arteries. The results were compared. The ankle-brachial index of less than 0.99 was considered abnormal.

Results:
Out of a total of 48 included patients 26 patients had normal ABI and 22 patients were found to have abnormal ABI. Out of those with normal ABI, 2 patients had features of peripheral arterial disease proved by doppler, whereas 3 patients with abnormal ABI had no feature of peripheral arterial disease in doppler. MedCalc software was used for statistical comparison.

Conclusion:
In the selected diabetic population prevalence of peripheral arterial disease was found to be 56.25%. Measurement of ABI was found to be quite a sensitive and specific method for diagnosing peripheral arterial disease of diabetics.
Effect of Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) on the self efficacy of Individuals of Alcohol dependence
Authors: Kumar Saurav , Srivastava Mona , Srivastava Manushi , Yadav Jai S. , Prakash Shiv 
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
Motivational enhancement therapy is characterized as a directive, client-centered intervention which helps in modification of behavior by helping subjects in identifying and resolving the ambivalence toward a change in self. In order to free one from the vicious cycle of the alcohol trap one needs self-efficacy, which serves a protective role to prevent from relapses. The study aims to assess and compare the effectiveness of MET on the self-efficacy of individuals pre and posttest with control design were applied.

Methods:
A total of 40 subjects, alcohol-dependent persons fulfilling International classification of Diseases-10 criteria were selected through purposive sampling method from Outdoor and Indoor Service of Psychiatry Department IMS BHU, Varanasi, were randomly divided into two groups. 1st group 20 subjects were given motivational enhancement therapy session for 10 sessions along with treatment as usual (MET + TAU), whereas 2nd group control group were given treatment as usual (TAU) at the end of intervention post level of self-efficacy were measured through self-efficacy scale. Modified Kuppuswamy Socioeconomic Status Scale, Alcohol use disorder identification test, Self-Efficacy Scale as tools were used.

Result:
The result shows that the mean value of self-efficacy in (MET + TAU) group before intervention was 56.30 ± 2.99 and mean value of self-efficacy in (MET + TAU) after intervention was 60.75 ± 2.65 which shows significant difference is found in self-efficacy after intervention.

Conclusion:
Motivational enhancement therapy tries to decrease ambivalence so as to enhance the change in the subject's self-efficacy which assists the individuals in abstinence from alcohol.
Postnatal newborn care practices and knowledge of newborn danger signs among mothers in rural area of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Pathak Pankaj K. , Singh J.V. , Agarwal Monika , Kant Surya 
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
The postnatal period is the most critical period for mothers and her newborn especially during the hours and days after birth. Proper utilization of postnatal care services plays a vital role in dropping the maternal mortality ratio and infant mortality rate.

Methods:
The community based, cross-sectional study was carried out in the field practice area of Primary Health Centre (PHC) Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow UP. A total of 200 mothers of newborn (age 03 days to 60 days) born in the catchment area of PHC Sarojini Nagar during eight months period were included in this study. A semi-structured pre-tested questionnaire was used for interview of eligible mother. The objective of study was to assess the postnatal newborn care practices and the knowledge of newborn danger sign among mothers in rural area of Lucknow, U.P.

Results:
The results showed that 49.50% of mothers applied substances to the stump after birth. 52.5% of mothers applied Kajal on the eye of the baby after birth. More than half of the mothers breastfed the baby within 1-4 hours of birth and Exclusive breastfeeding were practiced by nearly half (47%) of the mothers. Less than one-third of mothers used ambulance service 102/108 as their means of transportation to the health facility.

Conclusion:
Unsafe and harmful traditional newborn care practices are more prevalent in the rural areas. Health education and awareness programmes are recommended to improve maternal knowledge on the various aspects of newborn care.