bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robust Prediction of Patient-Specific Clinical Response to Unseen Drugs From in vitro Screens Using Context-aware Deconfounding Autoencoder
Authors: He Di , Liu Qiao , Xie Lei 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Accurate and robust prediction of patient-specific responses to drug treatments is critical for drug development and personalized medicine. However, patient data are often too scarce to train a generalized machine learning model. Although many methods have been developed to utilize cell line data, few of them can reliably predict individual patient clinical responses to new drugs due to data distribution shift and confounding factors. We develop a novel Context-aware Deconfounding Autoencoder (CODE-AE) that can extract common biological signals masked by context-specific patterns and confounding factors. Extensive studies demonstrate that CODE-AE effectively alleviates the out-of-distribution problem for the model generalization, significantly improves accuracy and robustness over state-of-the-art methods in both predicting patient-specific ex vivo and in vivo drug responses purely from in vitro screens and disentangling intrinsic biological signals from confounding factors. Using CODE-AE, we screened 50 drugs for 9,808 cancer patients and discovered novel personalized anti-cancer therapies and drug-response biomarkers.
A New Quantitative Approach to the Study of Divergence in the Progress of Economies
Authors: Vettoor Julian Su 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A new method is introduced to study divergence between economies. Data indicative of economic progress is utilised for this study. The data for a less developed economy is expressed as a percentage of a more developed economy for the corresponding years. Then a correlation between the newly generated values with the data for the developed economy is calculated. This is named as divergence index. A negative value close to -1 for this index signifies great divergence and a positive value signifies the absence of divergence. This idea is applied to data for silver wages and GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita for Asian and European economies with the British economy as a reference. The divergence index calculated for Asian countries with respect to Britain show that a Great divergence existed for the imperial period. A similar calculation for Italy with Britain reveals the greater extent of divergence than that was often conceived regarding the idea of little divergence.
Body weight change and its association with food and beverage consumption during COVID-19 confinement: A study in 12 Ibero-American countries
Authors: Cavagnari Brian M. , Vinueza-Veloz María Fernanda , Carpio-Arias Valeria , Durán-Agüero Samuel , Ríos-Castillo Isabel , Nava-González Edna J. , Pérez-Armijo Patricio , Camacho-López Saby , Bejarano-Roncancio Jhon Jairo , Núñez-Martínez Beatríz , González-Medina Gabriel , Ivankovich-Guillén Sonia , Ortíz Alfonsina , Cordón-Arrivillaga Karla , Meza-Miranda Eliana Romina , Landaeta-Díaz Leslie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: SARS-CoV-2, a newly identified coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has challenged health services and profoundly impacted people's lifestyle. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic on food consumption patterns and body weight in adults from 12 Ibero-American countriesMethods: Multicentric, cross-sectional study. Data was collected using an online survey disseminated by social networks. Sample included 10 552 people from Spain and 11 Latin American countries who were selected by snowball sampling.Results: While 38.50% of the sample reported weight gain, 16.90% reported weight lost. Weight change was associated to sex, age, country of residence and education level. People who were not confined, more often reported having maintained their weight in comparison to people who were confined. All Latin American countries showed an increased consumption of sweetened drinks, pastry products, fried foods and alcoholic beverages during confinement. Consumption of eggs and dairy products was independent from body weigh change. People who consumed more fruits and vegetables during the confinement more often reported having lose weight. In contrast, body weight gain during confinement was associated with increased intake of sugary drinks, baked goods and pastries, pizza, fried foods and alcoholic beverages.Conclusions: During COVID-19 confinement all the Latin American countries included in this study showed a change in their consumption patterns toward less healthy diets, which in turn was associated with an increase in the body weight of their population.
Intrinsic OXPHOS limitations underlie cellular bioenergetics in leukemia.
Authors: Nelson Margaret , McLaughlin Kelsey , Hagen James , Coalson Hannah , Schmidt Cameron , Kassai Miki , Kew Kimberly , McClung Joseph , Neufer P. , Brophy Patricia , Vohra Nasreen , Liles Darla , Cabot Myles , Fisher-Wellman Kelsey 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Typified by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), mitochondria catalyze a wide variety of cellular processes seemingly critical for malignant growth. As such, there is considerable interest in targeting mitochondrial metabolism in cancer. However, notwithstanding the few drugs targeting mutant dehydrogenase activity, nearly all hopeful ‘mito-therapeutics’ cannot discriminate cancerous from non-cancerous OXPHOS and thus suffer from a limited therapeutic index. The present project was based on the premise that the development of efficacious mitochondrial-targeted anti-cancer compounds requires answering two fundamental questions: 1) is mitochondrial bioenergetics in fact different between cancer and non-cancer cells? and 2) If so, what are the underlying mechanisms? Such information is particularly critical for the subset of human cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), in which alterations in mitochondrial metabolism are implicated in various aspects of cancer biology (e.g., clonal expansion and chemoresistance). Herein, we leveraged an in-house diagnostic biochemical workflow to comprehensively evaluate mitochondrial bioenergetic efficiency and capacity in various hematological cell types, with a specific focus on OXPHOS dynamics in AML. Consistent with prior reports, clonal cell expansion, characteristic of leukemia, was universally associated with a hyper-metabolic phenotype which included increases in basal and maximal glycolytic and respiratory flux. However, despite having nearly 2-fold more mitochondria per cell, clonally expanding hematopoietic stem cells, leukemic blasts, as well as chemoresistant AML were all consistently hallmarked by intrinsic limitations in oxidative ATP synthesis (i.e., OXPHOS). Remarkably, by performing experiments across a physiological span of ATP free energy (i.e, ΔGATP), we provide direct evidence that, rather than contributing to cellular ΔGATP, leukemic mitochondria are particularly poised to consume ATP. Relevant to AML biology, acute restoration of OXPHOS kinetics proved highly cytotoxic to leukemic blasts, suggesting that active OXPHOS repression supports aggressive disease dissemination in AML. Taken together, these findings argue against ATP being the primary output of mitochondria in leukemia and provide proof-of-principle that restoring, rather than disrupting, OXPHOS and/or cellular ΔGATP in cancer may represent an untapped therapeutic avenue for combatting hematological malignancy and chemoresistance.
Organic fertilization influences nematode diversity and maturity index in coffee tree plantations using an agroforestry system
Authors: Vieira Júnior JOL , Pereira RC , Soto RL , Cardoso IM , Mondino EA , Berbara RLL , Sá Mendonça E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In conventional coffee farming, soil fauna can be negatively affected by the intensive management practices adopted and the use of an agroforestry system (AFS) is an alternative to reduce these impacts. In coffee AFS, soil nutrition is provided mainly using organic fertilizers. This soil management favors the microbiota and can alter the population dynamics of some organisms. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizers on the nematode community in coffee AFS and to determine their impact on soil ecology. Soil samples were collected from three coffee AFS and a nearby Atlantic rainforest fragment. Nematodes were extracted from the samples and identified to the genus. The identified populations were compared using several community and diversity indices to determine the environmental conditions of the systems under evaluation. No differences in total abundance among nematode communities were found in the four areas evaluated. Regarding trophic groups, the coffee AFS treated with either cow manure or poultry litter favored the trophic group of bacterivores. Plant-parasitic nematodes were more abundant in soils of both the naturally fertilized coffee AFS and the Atlantic rainforest fragment. The maturity and structural indexes indicated that the Atlantic rainforest fragment and the naturally fertilized coffee AFS had similar ecological functions. On the other hand, soils fertilized with cow manure were less diverse, had higher dominance in the community, and showed less ecological stability. The nematode communities found in the AFS were similar to those seen in the forest fragment indicating that is possible to produce coffee sustainably without negatively affecting soil quality.
Unified Theory of Gravity and Electromagnetism: Classical and Quantum Aspects
Authors: Dubey Avik 
Published: May 2021

A unified classical theory of gravity and electromagnetism with a torsion vector 0, proposed by S N Bose in 1952, is introduced. In this theory, the torsion vector acts as a magnetic current and it is shown that (i) the electromagnetism is invariant under continuous Heaviside–Larmor transformations and (ii) the electric and magnetic charges are topologically quantised, satisfying the Dirac quantisation condition, without implying any Dirac string provided is curl-less.
Region, nation and culture on the British waterways, 1761–1894
Authors: Matthews Jodie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the ways in which writing about Britain's canals, from the Duke of Bridgewater's Canal to the opening of the Manchester Ship Canal, took influence from, framed, and contributed to contemporaneous discourses of region and nation. It proposes that, while schemes and management were often local affairs concerned with specific regional trade and industry interests, successes were considered to be British, with engineering and organisational innovation seen as national points of pride. Writing about the waterways contributed to the overwhelming sense in this period that Britain was a modern (perhaps the modern) nation, despite its ancient institutions and the fact that it often followed the lead of others in canal technology. The chapter thus takes the well-understood early history of the waterways and considers the ways in which they were represented in relation to discourses of region, nation, and modernity of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, using interpretive methodologies from historical, literary, and social/cultural studies to interrogate a national social hydrological discourse. It connects specialist waterways history to the larger question of nationhood to demonstrate the ways in which an understanding of historical representation offers insight into the cultural dynamics of water management.
Learning from indigenous water ethics
Authors: Groenfeldt David 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Even as Indigenous cultural lifeways are gaining newfound respect, as evidenced by the UN Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007), the very real threats to traditional Indigenous land and waters, and indeed individual physical safety, continue unabated. This chapter focuses on Indigenous efforts to protect culturally important water ecosystems and identifies lessons that can be usefully applied to the modern challenges of sustainable water governance. Water ethics provides a common framework for articulating water's ontological significance for Indigenous communities in contrast to the role ascribed to water in Western cultural contexts. For Indigenous societies, rivers are living beings that nourish human communities and that humans have a responsibility to protect. It is a profoundly Western notion that people have a moral duty to put rivers to work for economic benefits such as irrigation or hydropower. Ontologies matter: The ethical response to a living river is to protect its life, while the ethical response to a river viewed as a lifeless economic resource is to extract as much benefit from that resource as possible. Both Indigenous and non-Indigenous societies practice what they each consider to be ethical water management. When the sustainability of water resources is considered, however, Indigenous ontologies have an adaptive edge. Clearly there are potential lessons for sustainable development!
Empirical modeling of turbidity removal in a dissolved air flotation system: application of artificial neural networks
Authors: Souza Ana Cláudia Oliveira e , Ferreira Newton Libanio , da Silva Flávio Vasconcelos 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a physical separation process that uses air microbubbles to remove suspended material dispersed in a liquid phase. Even though DAF is considered a well-established unit operation, modeling it is difficult due to the complexity of the phenomena involved, resulting in conceptual models with no practical application. Thereby, the objective of this work was to evaluate empirical modeling efficiency in predicting the turbidity removal dynamic using artificial neural networks applied to a DAF prototype. For the study of the neural network input variables, a two-level, full-factorial design was utilized to verify the statistical significance of the saturation pressure and the saturated water flow rate in relation to the turbidity removal. Using a time-delay recurrent neural network architecture, two empirical models were proposed to simulate the dynamic behavior of the turbidity removal promoted by the DAF prototype. The real-time model provided good predictions with R = 0.9717 and MSE = 1.0482, and the simulation model was also able to predict the process behavior presenting performance criteria equal to R = 0.9475 and MSE = 1.8640.
Comparative Evaluation of Pain Perception in Symptomatic Apical Periodontitis among Smokers and Non-Smokers Patients during Endodontic Treatment. A Clinical Prospective
Authors: Shetty Krishna P. , Luke Alexander M. , Saeed Musab , Simy Mathew , Venkata Satish S. 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
The most common sequelae of events caused by the bacterial ingress into the tooth structures leading to pain is almost always treated by endodontic therapy, which establishes a correlation between pain and endodontics. There are many host modulatory factors that alter pain response. Smoking is one such factor that has a significant effect on human responses, immune responses, along with the risk of infection.

Methods:
A total of 10 non-smokers and 10 smokers having symptomatic apical periodontitis undergoing root canal treatment were selected. The treatment was divided into four appointments, and the patients were asked to record the interappointment pain level on a VAS scale. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software, and the tests employed were independent sample t-test, post-hoc Bonferroni test.

Results and Discussion:
The interappointment pain levels during the endodontic treatment were found to be higher among smokers than non-smokers. Both the groups initially showed the perception of pain, but even at the end of the treatment, smokers were found to have pain. p-value </= 0.5 was considered significant.

Conclusion:
It was concluded from the study that smokers have a higher level of pain perception when compared to non-smokers.
In-tunnel Accident Detection System based on the Learning of Accident Sound
Authors: Yan Linyang , Ko Sun-Woo 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:Traffic accidents are easy to occur in the tunnel due to its special environment, and the consequences are very serious. The existing vehicle accident detection system and CCTV system have the issues of low detection rate.Methods:A method of using Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient (MFCC) to extract sound features and using a deep neural network (DNN) to learn sound features is proposed to distinguish accident sound from the non-accident sound.Results and Discussion:The experimental results show that the method can effectively classify accident sound and non-accident sound, and the recall rate can reach more than 78% by setting appropriate neural network parameters.Conclusion:The method proposed in this research can be used to detect tunnel accidents and consequently, accidents can be detected in time and avoid greater disasters.
The Making and Evaluation of Digital Games Used for the Assessment of Attention: Systematic Review
Authors: Wiley Katelyn , Robinson Raquel , Mandryk Regan L 
Published: May 2021

Background
Serious games are now widely used in many contexts, including psychological research and clinical use. One area of growing interest is that of cognitive assessment, which seeks to measure different cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and perception. Measuring these functions at both the population and individual levels can inform research and indicate health issues. Attention is an important function to assess, as an accurate measure of attention can help diagnose many common disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dementia. However, using games to assess attention poses unique problems, as games inherently manipulate attention through elements such as sound effects, graphics, and rewards, and research on adding game elements to assessments (ie, gamification) has shown mixed results. The process for developing cognitive tasks is robust, with high psychometric standards that must be met before these tasks are used for assessment. Although games offer more diverse approaches for assessment, there is no standard for how they should be developed or evaluated.

Objective
To better understand the field and provide guidance to interdisciplinary researchers, we aim to answer the question: How are digital games used for the cognitive assessment of attention made and measured?

Methods
We searched several databases for papers that described a digital game used to assess attention that could be deployed remotely without specialized hardware. We used Rayyan, a systematic review software, to screen the records before conducting a systematic review.

Results
The initial database search returned 49,365 papers. Our screening process resulted in a total of 74 papers that used a digital game to measure cognitive functions related to attention. Across the studies in our review, we found three approaches to making assessment games: gamifying cognitive tasks, creating custom games based on theories of cognition, and exploring potential assessment properties of commercial games. With regard to measuring the assessment properties of these games (eg, how accurately they assess attention), we found three approaches: comparison to a traditional cognitive task, comparison to a clinical diagnosis, and comparison to knowledge of cognition; however, most studies in our review did not evaluate the game’s properties (eg, if participants enjoyed the game).

Conclusions
Our review provides an overview of how games used for the assessment of attention are developed and evaluated. We further identified three barriers to advancing the field: reliance on assumptions, lack of evaluation, and lack of integration and standardization. We then recommend the best practices to address these barriers. Our review can act as a resource to help guide the field toward more standardized approaches and rigorous evaluation required for the widespread adoption of assessment games.
Nutūl as an effective and time tested regimenal modality in Unani system of medicine: An Overview
Authors: Nayab Mohd , Khan Fatima , Ansari Abdul Nasir , Khan Tariq Nadeem , Itrat Malik 
Published: May 2021

Ilāj bit tadbīr is one of the treatment plans in the Unani system of medicine which includes the modification in asbāb-i-sitta zarooriya (six essential factors) through certain interventions. Nutūl or irrigation is a classical and effective method in regimenal therapy which refers to pouring or dripping of liquid slowly and steadily over the body part from a pre-fixed height. The benefits achieved are an amalgamation of neurological effect, psychological effect and pharmacological actions of the procedure and the drugs used. For this purpose, usually water, oil or medicated decoction is poured from a height over specific sites of body in certain diseases. Therapeutically, nutūl is effective in various ways such as dispersing the causative morbid matter from the part, normalizing the mal-temperament, relieving pain, increasing the circulation, etc. It is specifically useful as an adjuvant treatment in the management of central nervous system disorders like headache, insomnia, migraine, amnesia, melancholia, vertigo, epilepsy and also in certain other disorders like cystitis, mastitis, arthralgia, etc. These therapeutic effects are expected due to the kafiyat (quality) of liquid and the constituents of the formulation used in the procedure. Nutūl has an analgesic effect also, hence, recommended in several Musculoskeletal problems such as waja-ul-mafasil (osteoarthritis), waja-uz-zahr (low backache), waja-ul-azlat (myalgia), irq-un-nasa (sciatica), etc. The exact mechanism of action of Nutūl therapy is still not known but few preliminary reports suggested that it has an anxiolytic effect through decreasing the plasma noradrenaline and urinary serotonin excretion, decrease in rate of breathing, reduction in diastolic blood pressure and heart rate with lowered sympathetic tone.
Keywords: Taḥlīl; Kafiyat; Mizāj; Tadbīr; Joshānda