bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oil and Global Insecurity: Lessons from Asia, Latin America and African Oil Producing Countries
Authors: Samuel Umaru Tsaku 
Published: June 2021

This paper critically digs into history to examine the role oil played in generating war among nations. It also examines conflicts and agitations within nations as well as regime-change in the global system with their attendant consequences on global security. The discovery of oil as a major source of energy for the running of military and civilian complexes the world over, has been a blessing and a curse. Oil as a commodity has contributed in no small measure to growth and development as it helps in turning the wheels necessary for industrialization. However, the search for oil over the years by nations of the world has engendered conflicts and full-fletched wars within and among nations due to antagonistic encounter of interests. Asian and African oil producing countries are the worst hit, as established powers sponsor proxy wars, change unfriendly regimes in the name of accessing abundant oil resources with all the security implications these portend. Within the oil producing states, agitations and rebellion are commonplace in oil producing regions. The governing elites see oil revenue as opportunity for primitive accumulation leaving the people in oil producing regions in extreme poverty and deprivation in the midst of abundant wealth. The frustration and agony of the people find expression in violence and counter violence by the state reducing the oil regions to theaters of conflicts and security crises. The paper however, concluded and recommended that; oil search by the established and emerging powers should be carried out within the confines of the law. Oil producing states deserve to be respected by the international community to utilize their resources for the development of their people. There must not be interference in their internal affairs. Again, the governing elites should develop strategies for equitably distributing oil wealth among the various stake holders within the oil producing states so as to nib rebellion in the bud for the sake of international peace and security.
Development of Gluten-Free Sorghum Cookies with Different Vegetable Oil Sources
Authors: Goubgou Mahamadé , Bationo Fabrice , Ouattara Laurencia Toulsoumdé Songré , Fofana Daouda , Traoré Yves , Aly Savadogo 
Published: June 2021

Aims: Lipids have important role in cookies production depending on their nature and function. In this study, the effect of refined cottonseeds oil (RCO), refined palm oil (RPO), and red (or crude) palm oil (CPO) on physicochemical characteristics of gluten-free sorghum cookies was evaluated and compared to control gluten-free cookies produced with a margarine (M20).
Methodology: RCO and RPO were incorporated at the level of 20 % and CPO at the level of 16%. The physicochemical characteristics were determined according to standard methods of analysis.
Results: Moisture, ash, proteins, lipids, sugar, fiber, pH, fat acidity, and energy value were ranged respectively between 0.12 ± 0.05 and 1.72 ± 0.02 % ; 2.00 ± 0.00 and 2.34 ± 0.01% (g/100g DM) ; 6.91 ± 0,08 and 7.49 ± 0.07% (g/100g DM) ; 20.61 ± 0.01 and 25.62 ± 0.53% (g/100g DM) ; 61.71 ± 0.52 and 65.79 ± 0.23% (g/100g DM) ; 3.41 ± 0.52 and 8.02 ± 2.04% (g/100g DM) ; 7.01 ± 0.00 and 7.36 ± 0.00; 0.03± 0.00 and 0.11 % of H2SO4 ; 462.70 ± 8.17 and 505.79 ±5.32 Kcal. The use of RCO and RPO induced significantly increase of the fat content. But, the moisture, ash, fat, sugar and the energy of the experimental and control cookies are in accordance with the recommended value of the guidelines of codex Alimentarius on supplementary foods for older infants and young children.
Conclusion: RCO, RPO and CPO exhibit the potential to be used as substitutes to margarine in the production of gluten-free cookies with interesting nutritional values.
Frequency of Incidental Findings on Diagnostic Laparoscopy in Patients Undergoing Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Soomro Nazia Khatoon , Kumar Sandesh , Bhurgri Karim Bux , Pathan Ahmed Hussain , Talpur Altaf Ahmed 
Published: June 2021

Objective: To determine the frequency of incidental findings on diagnostic laparoscopy in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy at tertiary care hospital Jamshoro.
Study design: This is a descriptive cross sectional study.
Setting: Study carried out at department of general surgery, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS) Jamshoro from 1st February 2019 to 30th July 2019.
Materials and methods: A total of 164 patients of both gender undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy in patients of laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included in the study. Laparoscopy was done under general anesthesia in all patients. The whole of peritoneal cavity was sequentially visualized using trendelenberg and reverse trendelenberg positions, and right or left tilt as required.
Results: Age range in this study was from 20 to 79 years with mean age of 43.622±9.31 years. 40.2% patients were of male gender and 59.8% patients were females. Peritoneal band & adhesions was seen in 9.8% patients, Ovarian Cyst 5.5%, Abdominal Tuberculosis 19.5% and Gall Bladder Carcinoma was 3%.
Conclusion: We conclude that laparoscopy is very safe, can obviate the need for a full exploratory laparotomy & minimize the surgical trauma in chronically ill patients.
Synergistic effect of Ocimum Sanctum and Andrographis Paniculata against Diabetic Complications
Authors: Gupta Lalit , Arora Mandeep Kumar , Tomar Ritu , Pathak Anuj , Gupta Vardan , Garg Anchal , Sahoo Jagannath , Grover Parul 
Published: June 2021

The present study explored the effect of Ocimum sanctum, Andrographis paniculata and their combination for the management of experimental diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes associated dyslipidemia and free radical generation have been connected to the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced vascular complications. Ocimum sanctum, Andrographis paniculata, possess hypolipidemic and antioxidant property, thus we evaluated their vaso-protective potential. Hydroalcoholic extract of Ocimum sanctum (200 mg/kg p.o) and hydroalcoholic extract of Andrographis paniculata (400 mg/kg p.o) were noted to possess vascular protective potential in experimental chronic diabetes. Experimental diabetes mellitus was induced by Streptozotocin (55 mg/kg i.p., once) to Wistar rats. The induction of diabetes and its associated vascular complications were assessed biochemically. Diabetes-associated dyslipidemia and tissue oxidative stress were also assessed. Treatment of combination of Ocimum sanctum + Andrographis paniculata (300mg/kg p.o) was noted to be more efficient against the diabetes-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction and renal impairment as compared to either treatment with Ocimum sanctum (400mg/kg p.o) or Andrographis paniculata (200mg/kg p.o) or Lisinopril (1 mg/kg/day p.o.) (a reference agent). To conclude, diabetes associate oxidative stress and dyslipidemia are majorly accountable for the induction of vascular and renal impairment. The combination of Ocimum sanctum + Andrographis paniculata (300mg/kg p.o) shown the synergistic effect and may have prevented the progression of diabetes-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction and nephropathy by preventing the alteration lipid profile, restoring the serum nitrate/nitrite concentration, and decreasing the renal oxidative stress.
Assessment of Gene Polymorphism in GABAA1 Receptor among Sudanese Patients with Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME)
Authors: Abdalla Sami F. , Eltahir Hanan B. , El-Magzoub Salah M. 
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is an idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndrome (IGE) with a strong genetic contribution. The main characters of JME are generalized convulsive or an absences seizures proceeded by myoclonic jerks. Gene variant of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A inhibitory receptor speculated to underlay JME etiology.
Objective: This study aimed to screen for JME based on the International League against Epilepsy Commission on Classification and Terminology diagnostic criteria and to assess the link of polymorphism in the GABAA receptor gene, GABRA1 to the development of JME in Sudanese patients.
Methods: Our epidemiological study enrolled 44 JME patients, only 23 participated in the genetic part and 35 matched healthy controls were also included. Blood genomic DNA was isolated and PCR based- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was done. The data obtained were analyzed using computer software SPSS 21rt edition.
Results: The frequency of the mutant G allele was found to be 41.5% in patients and 45.5% in the controls. The genotype distribution of A and G alleles among patients were found to be (AA= 39%), (AG=39%) and (GG= 22%) and that of the controls were (AA=40%), (AG=30%) and (GG= 30%).
Conclusion: The mutant G allele of the GABAA1 receptor does not affect the development of JME in Sudanese patients but the AG genotype may be a risk factor.
The Correlation between Gene Expression and DNA Methylation Levels of RAS p21 Protein Activator 3 (RASA3) Gene in Saudi Autistic Children
Authors: Alrofaidi Aisha , Alghamdi Rawan Saeed , Alharbi Mona , Algothmi Khloud , Farsi Reem , Alburae Najla , Ganash Magdah , Basingab Fatemah , Azhari Sheren , Alkhatabi Heba , Elaimi Aisha , Shaabad Manal , Dallol Ashraf , Alqosaibi Amany , Jan Mohammed , Aldhalaan Hesham , Alhazmi Safiah 
Published: June 2021

The potential role of DNA methylation pattern in autism has been provided by revealing the differences in methylation level of multiple genes which are significantly associated with their expression and implicated in ASD pathogenesis. RASA3 is a member of GTPase-activating proteins, RASA3 is highly expressed in brain tissues and can be deregulated by different epigenetic mechanisms. Many studies reported that differentially expressed RASA3 is correlated with its aberrant methylation. Accordingly, this has been suggested that deferentially expression of RASA3 may be correlated with its methylation levels which could play a role in ASD which brought our attention to identify differentially-expressed genes that could be associated with their methylation level of ASD in Saudi population, by performing comparative gene expression of RASA3 then investigate its relation to methylation level.
This study was conducted on 18 Saudi autistic children as well as their healthy-control siblings. Relative expression of a candidate gene (RASA3) was measured using RT-qPCR. Furthermore, MethyLight assay was performed to estimate methylation level and evaluate its impact on RASA3 expression. Interestingly, RASA3 expression has found to be dysregulated in ASD cases. In contrast, MethyLight assay result showed no differences in the methylation patterns among ASD cases in the candidate region. However, it remains an open question whether these dysregulations of RASA3 expression could be a biomarker for early screening/detection of some cases which may also suggest a role for RasGAPs in autistic brain function.
Remediation of Oily Waste using Soil Organic Nutrient Stimulant
Authors: John Ofonime U. M. , Eduok Samuel I. , Nwaugo Victor O. , Onyeagba Reginald A. 
Published: June 2021

Aims: This present study aim at assessing the efficacy of soil-organic nutrient stimulant in the remediation of oily waste.
Study design: Preparation of Soil-goat dung mix was used as stimulant for the remediation of oily waste.
Place and duration of study: The study was carried out at the Department of Microbiology University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria in the dry season months of January - March
Methodology: Remediation of oily waste using soil - organic (goat dung) nutrient stimulant was assessed for 12 weeks using standard culture-dependent microbiological, chemical and enzyme activity assay procedures.
Results: The results indicate increased counts of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes with remediation time. Microorganisms belonging to the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Serratia, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Rhodococcus, Nocardia and Streptomyces were recovered from the remediated waste. The pH of the soil-goat dung treatment ranged from 6.5 ± 0.02 to 7.1 ± 0.05. Enzyme activity by dehydrogenase and urease were higher than phenol oxidase with time. PAHs were below detectable limits (< 0.01) and reduction in total petroleum hydrocarbon was 99.3% for the remediated waste.
Conclusion: Overall, enhanced microbial activities correlated positively with reduction in Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon and PAH composition which resulted in ecofriendly waste product. Soil-goat dung stimulant can therefore serve as a cheap alternative in the management of oily waste.
Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma via liquid biopsy: panel of small extracellular vesicle‐derived long noncoding RNAs identified as markers
Authors: Kim Soon Sun , Baek Geum Ok , Son Ju A , Ahn Hye Ri , Yoon Moon Kyung , Cho Hyo Jung , Yoon Jung Hwan , Nam Suk Woo , Cheong Jae Youn , Eun Jung Woo 
Published: June 2021

This study investigated the diagnostic potential of serum small extracellular vesicle‐derived long noncoding RNAs (EV‐lncRNAs) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Driver oncogenic lncRNA candidates were selected by a comparative analysis of lncRNA expression profiles from two whole transcriptome human HCC datasets (Catholic_LIHC and TCGA_LIHC). Expression of selected lncRNAs in serum and small EVs was evaluated using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Diagnostic power of serum EV‐lncRNAs for HCC was determined in the test (n = 44) and validation (n = 139) cohorts. Of the six promising driver onco‐lncRNAs, DLEU2, HOTTIP, MALAT1, and SNHG1 exhibited favorable performance in the test cohort. In the validation cohort, serum EV‐MALAT1 displayed excellent discriminant ability, while EV‐DLEU2, EV‐HOTTIP, and EV‐SNHG1 showed good discriminant ability between HCC and non‐HCC. Furthermore, a panel combining EV‐MALAT1 and EV‐SNHG1 achieved the best area under the curve (AUC; 0.899, 95% CI = 0.816–0.982) for very early HCC, whereas a panel with EV‐DLEU2 and alpha‐fetoprotein exhibited the best positivity (96%) in very early HCC. Serum small EV‐MALAT1, EV‐DLEU2, EV‐HOTTIP, and EV‐SNHG1 may represent promising diagnostic markers for very early‐stage HCC.
Plasmalogen‐rich foods promote the formation of cubic membranes in amoeba Chaos under stress conditions
Authors: Chong Ketpin , Almsherqi Zakaria A. , Zhuo Ruijiang , Deng Yuru 
Published: June 2021

Previous studies have indicated that the ability to form cubic membrane (CM), a three‐dimensional periodic structure with cubic symmetry, in amoeba (Chaos carolinense) under stress conditions depends on the type of food organism supplied before cell starvation. The significant increase in docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; C22:5n‐6) during the starvation period has been reported to induce CM formation and support Chaos cell survival. In this article, we further investigated the lipid profiles of food organisms of the Chaos cells to reveal the key lipid components that might promote CM formation. Our results show that the lipids extracted from cells of the native food organism Paramecium multimicronucleatum are enriched in plasmalogens. More specifically, plasmalogen phosphatidylcholine and plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine might be the key lipids that trigger CM formation in Chaos cells under starvation stress conditions. Unexpectedly, CM formation in these cells is not supported when the native food organism was replaced with plasmalogen‐deficit Tetrahymena pyriformis cells. Based on a previous lipidomics study on amoeba Chaos and this study on the lipid composition of its food organisms, three key lipids (plasmalogen phosphatidylcholine, plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine and diacyl‐phosphatidylinositol) were identified and used for liposomal construction. Our in vitro study revealed the potential role of these lipids in a nonlamellar phase transition. The negative staining transmission electron microscopy data of our liposomal constructs support the notion that plasmalogens may curve the membrane, which, in turn, may facilitate membrane fusion and vesicular formation, which is crucial for membrane dynamics and trafficking.
History of Marine Biology and Oceanography
Authors: Bengtsson Keith R 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

The modern scientific disciplines of marine biology and oceanography did not emerge until the twentieth century. Their historical antecedents are embedded in the natural history tradition, European global explorations and scientific‐educational reforms of the late nineteenth century. As new institutions dedicated to the marine sciences emerged around the beginning of the twentieth century, they began to diverge in two major directions, those investigating the open ocean (pelagic) while others examined the ocean's shorelines (littoral). Gradually, the two disciplines developed from this divergence, with marine biology usually studied within seaside laboratories focused initially upon marine botany and marine zoology before expanding into more specific areas of developmental biology, cytology and intertidal ecology. Oceanography, often conducted aboard research vessels, followed a similar trajectory with its disciplinary character eventually including physical, chemical, geological and biological oceanography by the 1920s.

Key Concepts

Biocoenosis was the early ecological notion of Karl Möbius that stressed the study of the community of organisms living together.

Dynamic meteorology was the field pioneered by the Bergen School that led to the incorporation of oceanography into weather forecasting.

Institutionalization of science relates the formation of specific organizations focused on an emerging area of science, such as oceanography or marine biology.

International scientific cooperation is most often associated with large‐scale and expensive scientific research areas; oceanography is a primary example.

Marine sociology is the idea championed initially by Torsten Gislén that emphasized the community approach for marine ecology.

Microscopical research was the laboratory‐based investigation of fauna and flora pioneered in marine biology at the end of the nineteenth century.

Plankton dynamics represented the study of marine plankton, a study that led to the incorporation of biological oceanography into modern oceanographic research.

Plate tectonics was the mechanism suggested by Alfred Wegener to explain the movement of the earth's mantle leading to the current configuration of the planet's land masses.

Scientific disciplines represent the various areas of the scientific enterprise that constitute contemporary science; marine biology and oceanography are two disciplines that emerged in the twentieth century.
A Canvas on which to Feast: A Canadian Adventure
Authors: Spiller Neil 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSince 2020, AD Editor Neil Spiller has been Azrieli Visiting Critic at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. This appointment necessitated a new approach to his teaching, one that is highly direct and fast‐paced. Having run many iterations of academic year‐long studios, he swiftly had to adapt his solo tutoring to short six‐week option studios, which proved to be a reinvigorating experience. Here he shares some of the fruits of his and the students’ labour.
Re‐envisioning Healthcare Urbanism and Architecture
Authors: Rashid Hani 
Published: June 2021

AbstractProfessor Hani Rashid of the University of Applied Arts Vienna directs Studio Hani_Rashid and the Deep_Futures Lab. Rashid has long been a cyber‐evangelist, being one of the first architects to recognise the paradigm‐shifting potential of computers in the early 1990s. His students are likewise utilising the most up‐to‐date computation processes and techniques to posit all manner of formal articulations housing new and audacious concepts for the future of architecture.
New Melbourne Pedagogics: A Virtual Web of Actions
Authors: Burry Jane 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe educational approach of the School of Design at Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne is predicated on peer learning and integration with the building industry and the wider architectural profession, and is also deeply embedded in creating solutions to urban design issues. This praxis gives students a platform from which to develop their skill in real and complex environments. The school's Dean, Jane Burry, reveals some examples of their work and expands on its aims and objectives.
Fabrication of Anticounterfeiting Nanocomposites with Multiple Security Features via Integration of a Photoresponsive Polymer and Upconverting Nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Yazhi , Liang Shuofeng , Yuan Chenrui , Best Andreas , Kappl Michael , Koynov Kaloian , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Wu Si 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAnticounterfeiting materials are used to distinguish real banknotes, products, and documents from counterfeits, fakes, or unauthorized replicas. However, conventional anticounterfeiting materials generally exhibit a single anticounterfeiting function, resulting in a low level of security. Herein, a novel anticounterfeiting nanocomposite is demonstrated with numerous prominent security features. The nanocomposite is fabricated by doping upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) in a photoresponsive azobenzene‐containing polymer (azopolymer). Because of the cis–trans photoisomerization of the azopolymer, the nanocomposite exhibits photoinduced reversible color changes suitable for anticounterfeiting applications. Additionally, the hard nanocomposite can be converted to a rubber‐like soft solid by light irradiation. Imprinted microstructures are fabricated on the photosoftened nanocomposite, which result in photonic colors. Moreover, polarization‐dependent structures are fabricated on the nanocomposite via photoinduced orientation for encryption. Importantly, UCNPs in the nanocomposite emit visible light upon excitation by near‐infrared light, enabling the observation of various anticounterfeiting structures with high contrast. An advantage of the anticounterfeiting nanocomposite is that the security features can be observed by the naked eye for quick discrimination and can be analyzed using laboratory equipment for higher accuracy. The anticounterfeiting nanocomposite is easily processed on paper, glass, and plastic, which demonstrates its potential anticounterfeiting functions for banknotes, wines, and medicines.
Strong Tough Polyampholyte Hydrogels via the Synergistic Effect of Ionic and Metal–Ligand Bonds
Authors: Huang Yiwan , Xiao Longya , Zhou Ju , Liu Tao , Yan Yongqi , Long Shijun , Li Xuefeng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDespite existing in biological systems, developing synthetic polyampholyte (PA) hydrogels constructed by both ionic and metal–ligand bonds remains challenging. Herein, a simple secondary equilibrium approach is proposed to fabricate strong and tough PA hydrogels via the synergy of ionic and metal–ligand bonds. The original PA gels (constructed by ionic bonds) are first dialyzed in multivalent metal‐ion solutions to reach a swelling equilibrium and then moved to deionized water to dialyze excess free ions to achieve a new equilibrium. Through this approach, the original PA gel network can be optimized and eventually constructed by ionic and metal–ligand bonds, enabling a synergistic reinforcement. By selecting different original PA gel systems and diverse multivalent metal‐ions, the proposed approach is proved to be generalizable to fabricate strong and tough PA gels. Additionally, the hydrogels have stable ion‐conductivity even at the water‐equilibrium state, making them promising as strain sensors. The viscoelastic and elastic contributions to the mechanical properties of the hydrogels by a viscoelastic model are also discussed to further understand the strengthening and toughening mechanisms. The proposed strategy is simple but effective for achieving strong and tough PA‐based hydrogels. This study also provides new insights for PA hydrogels in electrolyte environments.