bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slavery, Health, and Healing Now: The State of the Field
Authors: Herschthal Eric 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The scholarship on slavery, health, and healing has dramatically transformed over the past two decades. This essay synthesizes several themes within the thriving subfield, highlighting its relevance to historians of medicine and science working in adjacent fields, and suggesting new directions forward. The recent scholarship builds on research begun in the 1970s, but where earlier scholarship relied on quantitative methods and retrospective diagnoses, the new scholarship takes a social constructivist approach. Scholars today are exploring how slavery shaped the natural and built environment to create new disease environments in the New World; how Black healing knowledge was either circulated or suppressed by White physicians; and how gender and race intersected in slave societies to influence diagnoses and the categorization of specific diseases. Most importantly, the new scholarship suggests that medical knowledge produced in slave societies was not marginal—but central—to the rise of early modern medicine. The lack of any synthesis of the recent literature, combined with the recent public attention given to racial health disparities, make this literature vitally important to all historians of medicine and allied sciences. It can provide useful insights for scholars working in other areas, and it can diversify and complicate the stories we tell about the origins of modern medicine.
Biological Parameters of TwoTriatoma protractaSubspecies (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
Authors: Nogueda-Torres B , Martínez-Ibarra J A , Barboza-López M , Montañez-Valdez O D , Michel-Parra J G 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn recent years, concerns about Chagas disease in the United States have increased. Triatomine bug (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) populations are the vectors of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae), which causes Chagas disease, although the route of transmission is considered inefficient in United States. However, more studies on triatomine feeding and defecation behavior are needed. In this study, six related biological parameters from two populations of Triatoma protracta protracta (Uhler) and T. p. woodi (Uhler) from Mexican locations near the U.S. border were evaluated. The four population life cycles were less than 6 mo (161–171 d), with 9–10 blood meals needed to molt. Mortality rates were similar (31–38%) among the four populations. Triatoma p. woodi from Hidalgo, Coahuila was the most aggressive one. Feeding times were over 10 min, increasing with instar in all populations. Defecation behaviors varied among populations. High percentages of male and female fourth- and fifth-instar nymphs of T. p. protracta from Imuris and both populations of T. p. woodi defecated immediately after or &lt;1 min of feeding. Lower percentages were observed for T. p. protracta from Jacumé. Because most parameters were similar among the four populations, independent of their subspecies and their geographic origin, we considered that T. p. protracta and T. p. woodi are efficient vectors of T. cruzi. In contrast, defecation patterns were noticeably different among some of the four triatomine populations studied. Our results highlight the importance of studying the biological parameters of local triatomine populations. They also contribute to increasing the knowledge of North American triatomine behavior and defecation patterns.
Kelvin probe force microscopy for material characterization
Authors: Glatzel Thilo , Gysin Urs , Meyer Ernst 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Kelvin probe force microscopy is a scanning probe method for imaging the surface potential by atomic force microscopy. The surface potential is one of the most important surface properties and is correlated to e.g. the work function, surface dipoles, localized surface charges and structural properties. It gives detailed information on the electrical properties and can be combined with optical and electrical excitation mechanisms providing additional properties like surface band bending and charge carrier mobilities. We will introduce the main concept and will briefly describe the major methods of operation. Based on the analysis of a Si superjunction device, structures dopant profiling and the concept of surface photovoltage measurements will be introduced. The influence of local charge accumulation on these devices will be presented and the effect on the measured contact potential values will be discussed.
Justification by Faith in Christ or Faithfulness of Christ? Updating the ΠΙΣΤΙΣ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΥ Debate in Light of Paul’s Use of Scripture
Authors: Oropeza B J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The debate over Paul’s use of πίστις Χριστοῦ as ‘faith in Christ’ or ‘faithfulness of Christ’ remains an unsettled one. After discussing theological and exegetical arguments for and against the two positions, this study explores Paul’s use of Scripture, primarily Psalms and Habakkuk in Romans 1:17, 3:1–19, and 4:6–8, which may be informative on how the apostle intended πίστις Χριστοῦ to be understood by his auditors in 3:21–26. Although the study concludes that the objective genitive reading of πίστις Χριστοῦ makes better sense of the evidence, it also suggests a trajectory from Christ’s faithfulness, to faith in the gospel message about Christ, to confession of Christ as Lord at baptism, as a robust way of understanding the term.
Using binaries in globular clusters to catch sight of intermediate-mass black holes
Authors: Aros Francisco I , Sippel Anna C , Mastrobuono-Battisti Alessandra , Bianchini Paolo , Askar Abbas , van de Ven Glenn 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The dynamical evolution of globular clusters (GCs) is tied to their binary population, as binaries segregate to the cluster centre, leading to an increased binary fraction in the core. This central overabundance of mainly hard binaries can serve as a source of energy for the cluster and has a significant effect on the observed kinematics, such as artificially increasing the observed line-of-sight velocity dispersion. We analyse the binary fractions and distributions of 95 simulated GCs, with and without an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) in their centre. We show that an IMBH will not only halt the segregation of binaries towards the cluster centre, but also, directly and indirectly, disrupt the binaries that segregate, thus, depleting binaries in the cluster core. We illustrate this by showing that clusters with an IMBH have fewer binaries and flatter radial binary distributions than their counterparts without one. These differences in the binary fraction and distribution provide an additional indicator for the presence of a central IMBH in GCs. In addition, we analyse the effects of the binary fraction on the line-of-sight velocity dispersion in the simulated GCs and find that binaries can cause an overestimation of up to $70 \rm {per \, cent}$ of the velocity dispersion within the core radius. Using recent VLT/MUSE observations of NGC 3201 by Giesers et al. (2019), we find an overestimation of $32.2\pm 7.8 \rm {per \, cent}$ in the velocity dispersion that is consistent with the simulations and illustrates the importance of accurately accounting for the binary population when performing kinematic or dynamical analysis.
Periodicities in X-ray solar flare occurrences and coherency with daily mean magnetic field
Authors: Joshi C , Sobha B , Erdélyi R 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
We present here the study of periodic behaviour of occurrence of solar X-ray flares over a wide range of time-scales during four solar cycles. We have also investigated the coherency between the value of daily mean magnetic field of the Sun and solar flare occurrences. Data of daily X-ray flare counts from the GOES network and daily mean magnetic field values from Wilcox Observatory are used to carry out the investigations reported here. Wavelet analysis method was employed to search for and identify the periodicities and to test the coherency between these two values parameters. Oscillatory periods of squared daily mean magnetic field (SMF) and weighted flare count (WFC) were found in the data. The results are consistent with and support the conjecture of the existence of wave guide concept of the solar upper atmosphere. For SMF, we found a common shortest period of 29 d in solar cycles 21–24 while the longer periods are different in different cycles. The longest period found is 890 d during SC 22. In WFC, the shortest period of 25.5 d is identified in SC 22, while the longest one of 950 d is in SC 24.
The COMBS Survey – III. The chemodynamical origins of metal-poor bulge stars
Authors: Lucey Madeline , Hawkins Keith , Ness Melissa , Nelson Tyler , Debattista Victor P , Luna Alice , Bensby Thomas , Freeman Kenneth C , Kobayashi Chiaki 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The characteristics of the stellar populations in the Galactic bulge inform and constrain the Milky Way’s formation and evolution. The metal-poor population is particularly important in light of cosmological simulations, which predict that some of the oldest stars in the Galaxy now reside in its centre. The metal-poor bulge appears to consist of multiple stellar populations that require dynamical analyses to disentangle. In this work, we undertake a detailed chemodynamical study of the metal-poor stars in the inner Galaxy. Using R ∼ 20 000 VLT/GIRAFFE spectra of 319 metal-poor (−2.55 dex ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ 0.83 dex, with $\overline{\rm {[Fe/H]}}$ = −0.84 dex) stars, we perform stellar parameter analysis and report 12 elemental abundances (C, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, Zn, Ba, and Ce) with precisions of ≈0.10 dex. Based on kinematic and spatial properties, we categorize the stars into four groups, associated with the following Galactic structures: the inner bulge, the outer bulge, the halo, and the disc. We find evidence that the inner and outer bulge population is more chemically complex (i.e. higher chemical dimensionality and less correlated abundances) than the halo population. This result suggests that the older bulge population was enriched by a larger diversity of nucleosynthetic events. We also find one inner bulge star with a [Ca/Mg] ratio consistent with theoretical pair-instability supernova yields and two stars that have chemistry consistent with globular cluster stars.
Lateral spreading effects on VLBI radio images of neutron star merger jets
Authors: Fernández Joseph John , Kobayashi Shiho , Lamb Gavin P 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Very long baseline interferometry radio images recently proved to be essential in breaking the degeneracy in the ejecta model for the neutron star merger GW170817. We discuss the properties of synthetic radio images of merger jet afterglows by using semi-analytical models of laterally spreading or non-spreading jets. The image centroid initially moves away from the explosion point in the sky with apparent superluminal velocity. After reaching a maximum displacement, its motion is reversed. This behaviour is in line with that found in full hydrodynamic simulations. We show that the evolution of the centroid shift and the image size are significantly different when lateral spreading is considered. For Gaussian jet models with plausible model parameters, the morphology of the laterally spreading jet images is much closer to circular. The maximum displacement of the centroid shift and its occurrence time are smaller/earlier by a factor of a few for spreading jets. Our results indicate that it is crucial to include lateral spreading effects when analysing radio images of neutron star merger jets. We also obtain the viewing angle θobs by using the centroid shift of radio images provided the ratio of the jet core size θc and θobs is determined by afterglow light curves. We show that a simple method based on a point-source approximation provides reasonable angular estimates ($10{-}20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ errors at most). By taking a sample of laterally spreading structured Gaussian jets, we obtain θobs ∼ 0.32 for GW170817, consistent with previous studies.
pyaneti
– II. A multidimensional Gaussian process approach to analysing spectroscopic time-series
Authors: Barragán Oscar , Aigrain Suzanne , Rajpaul Vinesh M , Zicher Norbert 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The two most successful methods for exoplanet detection rely on the detection of planetary signals in photometric and radial velocity time-series. This depends on numerical techniques that exploit the synergy between data and theory to estimate planetary, orbital, and/or stellar parameters. In this work, we present a new version of the exoplanet modelling code pyaneti. This new release has a special emphasis on the modelling of stellar signals in radial velocity time-series. The code has a built-in multidimensional Gaussian process approach to modelling radial velocity and activity indicator time-series with different underlying covariance functions. This new version of the code also allows multiband and single transit modelling; it runs on Python 3, and features overall improvements in performance. We describe the new implementation and provide tests to validate the new routines that have direct application to exoplanet detection and characterization. We have made the code public and freely available at https://github.com/oscaribv/pyaneti. We also present the codes citlalicue and citlalatonac that allow one to create synthetic photometric and spectroscopic time-series, respectively, with planetary and stellar-like signals.
Binary black hole signatures in polarized light curves
Authors: Dotti Massimo , Bonetti Matteo , D’Orazio Daniel J , Haiman Zoltán , Ho Luis C 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Variable active galactic nuclei showing periodic light curves have been proposed as massive black hole binary (MBHB) candidates. In such scenarios, the periodicity can be due to relativistic Doppler-boosting of the emitted light. This hypothesis can be tested through the timing of scattered polarized light. Following the results of polarization studies in type I nuclei and of dynamical studies of MBHBs with circumbinary discs, we assume a coplanar equatorial scattering ring, whose elements contribute differently to the total polarized flux, due to different scattering angles, levels of Doppler boost, and line-of-sight time delays. We find that in the presence of an MBHB, both the degree of polarization and the polarization position angle have periodic modulations. The polarization angle oscillates around the semiminor axis of the projected MBHB orbital ellipse, with a frequency equal either to the binary’s orbital frequency (for large scattering screen radii), or twice this value (for smaller scattering structures). These distinctive features can be used to probe the nature of periodic MBHB candidates and to compile catalogues of the most promising sub-pc MBHBs. The identification of such polarization features in gravitational-wave (GW) detected MBHBs would enormously increase the amount of physical information about the sources, allowing the measurement of the individual masses of the binary components, and the orientation of the line of nodes on the sky, even for monochromatic GW signals.
Determination of dynamical ages of open clusters through the A+ parameter – I
Authors: Rao Khushboo K , Vaidya Kaushar , Agarwal Manan , Bhattacharya Souradeep 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The sedimentation level of blue straggler stars (BSS) has been shown to be a great tool to investigate the dynamical states of globular clusters (GCs). The area enclosed between the cumulative radial distributions of BSS and a reference population up to the half-mass radius of the clusters, $A^+_{\mathrm{rh}}$, is known to be a measure of the sedimentation of BSS in GCs. In this work, we calculate $A^+_{\mathrm{rh}}$ for 11 open clusters (OCs) using a combined list of main-sequence turn-off stars, sub-giant branch stars, and red giant branch stars as reference population. The BSS, the reference populations, and the cluster members are identified using the proper motions and parallaxes from the Gaia DR2 data. In a subset of clusters, the BSS are confirmed cluster members on the basis of radial velocity information available in the literature. Using the Pearson and Spearman rank correlation coefficients, we find weak correlations between the estimated values of $A^+_{\mathrm{rh}}$ and other markers of dynamical ages of the clusters, i.e. the number of central relaxations a cluster has experienced since its formation, and the structural parameters of the clusters. Based on statistical tests, we find that these correlations are similar to the corresponding correlations among the less evolved GCs, albeit within large errors.
Non-canonical LexA proteins regulate the SOS response in the Bacteroidetes
Authors: Sánchez-Osuna Miquel , Cortés Pilar , Lee Mark , Smith Aaron T , Barbé Jordi , Erill Ivan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Lesions to DNA compromise chromosome integrity, posing a direct threat to cell survival. The bacterial SOS response is a widespread transcriptional regulatory mechanism to address DNA damage. This response is coordinated by the LexA transcriptional repressor, which controls genes involved in DNA repair, mutagenesis and cell-cycle control. To date, the SOS response has been characterized in most major bacterial groups, with the notable exception of the Bacteroidetes. No LexA homologs had been identified in this large, diverse and ecologically important phylum, suggesting that it lacked an inducible mechanism to address DNA damage. Here, we report the identification of a novel family of transcriptional repressors in the Bacteroidetes that orchestrate a canonical response to DNA damage in this phylum. These proteins belong to the S24 peptidase family, but are structurally different from LexA. Their N-terminal domain is most closely related to CI-type bacteriophage repressors, suggesting that they may have originated from phage lytic phase repressors. Given their role as SOS regulators, however, we propose to designate them as non-canonical LexA proteins. The identification of a new class of repressors orchestrating the SOS response illuminates long-standing questions regarding the origin and plasticity of this transcriptional network.
Using Technology to Improve Assessment Facilitation on a Policing Apprenticeship Programme: From COVID-19 Contingency to Best Practice
Authors: Honess Richard , Clarke Scott , Jones Gary , Owens and Jane 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article evaluates the introduction of an online assessment protocol to student officers on a Police Constable Degree Apprenticeship (PCDA) programme in the aftermath of the implementation of the COVID-19 global pandemic lockdown. This evaluation comes from conducting two cycles of action research to examine and improve the provision of an online multiple choice/short question exam which came about as a result of the lockdown, and the necessary withdrawal of university staff from face-to-face contact. The study shows that the introduction of the online exam was successful and contributed to a positive student experience, while providing vital feedback to the programme team to make continual improvements and can be progressed after lockdown and into the ‘new normal’.
Amino acid imbalance with excess methionine in late-finishing pigs: effects on performance and carcass quality
Authors: Edmonds Michael S , Smith James W 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Limitations in harvest facility capacity can necessitate feeding strategies to slow growth rate in late-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, six dietary treatments were used with 423 late-finishing pigs (initial weight of 109.5 kg) randomly allotted (mixed-sex) across 24 pens in a 35 d study. The treatments consisted of: 1) Positive Control (PC, 11.7% CP (Crude Protein) diet with added amino acids (AA), 2) Methionine (Met) 0% (8.8% CP with added AA), 3) Met 1% (8.8% CP with added AA plus 1% added Met for 35 d), 4) Met 1-1.8% (8.8% CP with added AA plus 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.8% added Met for d 0-7, 7-14, 14-21, 21-28 and 28-35 d, respectively), 5) Met 2% (8.8% CP with added AA plus 2% added Met for 35 d) and 6) Met 1.5-2.3% (8.8% CP with added AA plus 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1 and 2.3% added Met for d 0-7, 7-14, 14-21, 21-28 and 28-35 d, respectively). Overall, pigs on the PC had improved ADG and G:F (P &lt; 0.05) compared to the other five treatments. Pigs on Met 1% had reduced overall ADG and ADFI (P &lt; 0.05) with similar G:F compared to pigs on Met 0%. Compared to pigs on Met 1%, pigs on Met 1-1.8%, Met 2%, and Met 1.5-2.3% had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) ADG of 28, 54 and 53%, respectively; and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) ADFI of 12, 26 and 26%, respectively. Dressing percent was similar among all six treatments. In Exp. 2, three dietary treatments were used with 393 late-finishing pigs (average initial weight was 108.8 kg) randomly allotted (mixed-sex) across 24 pens in a 35-d study. The treatments consisted of 1) Met 2%, 2) Met 1.5-2.3% and 3) Met 2.0-2.8% (8.8% CP with added AA plus 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6 and 2.8% added Met for d 0-7, 7-14, 14-21, 21-28 and 28-35 d, respectively). Treatments 1 and 2 were identical to Exp. 1. Overall, pigs on Met 1.5-2.3% had ADG of 241 g and ADFI of 2,040 g which were greater (P &lt; 0.001) compared to pigs on Met 2% with ADG of 57 g and ADFI of 1,515 g. Furthermore, pigs on Met 2-2.8% had an overall ADG of -62 g and ADFI of 1,254 g which were less (P &lt; 0.05) than those pigs on Met 2%. Percent lean and dressing percent were similar among the three treatments. These data suggest that late-finishing growth can be manipulated in a concise and effective manner by creating amino acid imbalances with varying levels of excess Met.
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin and alarmins as possible therapeutical targets for asthma
Authors: Salvati Lorenzo , Maggi Laura , Annunziato Francesco , Cosmi Lorenzo 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
Overview of epithelial cytokines, particularly thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), released by the airway epithelium and the effects of their inhibition on the outcomes of patients with asthma.

Recent findings
The epithelial cytokines are early mediators at the top of the inflammatory cascade and are attractive therapeutic targets to prevent exacerbations and improve lung function in patients with type 2 and nontype 2 asthma.

Summary
Clinical trials demonstrated that tezepelumab, an anti-TSLP monoclonal antibody, is a promising alternative treatment for asthma that is effective also in nontype 2 asthma. The PATHWAY and NAVIGATOR trials have assessed its effects in improving outcomes on broad clinically diverse populations. The identification of biomarkers will help to predict potential responders and help in asthma treatment personalization.