bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Private Credentialing of Health Care Personnel: An Antitrust Perspective—Part One
Authors: Havighurst Clark C. , King Nancy M. P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis Article explores the antitrust and other implications of private credentialing and accrediting programs in the health care industry. Although such programs are usually sponsored by powerful competitor groups, they serve the procompetitive purpose of providing useful information and authoritative advice to independent decision makers. Part One examines the risk that credentialing will sometimes be unfair to competitors and deceive consumers. Its survey of common-law, antitrust, and regulatory interventions to correct such unfairness and deception seeks to determine the degree of oversight to which credentialing and similar activities have been and should be subjected. In recommending that judicial or regulatory scrutiny should be limited to discovering whether standards and practices have a rational relation to a procompetitive purpose, the Article argues that greater intrusion into credentialing schemes would be inconsistent with market theory and first amendment values and would discourage line-drawing efforts that stimulate competition and facilitate consumer choice. By emphasizing throughout that personnel certification and institutional accreditation embody ideology and opinion as well as factual information, Part One sets the stage for the argument in Part Two that antitrust law can and should be used to contest the dominance of a single ideology of health care and to facilitate the development of alternative sources of consumer information. The Article’s overall thesis is that, whereas the quality of advice given to the public about health care personnel and similar matters should not be closely regulated, neither should the supply of competing information and opinion be artificially curtailed.
Malpractice Issues in Heart Transplantation
Authors: Overcast Thomas D. , Merrikin Karen J. , Evans Roger W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAs organ transplantation procedures become accepted as standard medical practice, it is anticipated that the frequency of liability claims against transplant care providers will increase. This article examines current statutory and common law analyses of malpractice issues in transplantation, with particular attention given to issues of informed consent as they arise both for the organ donor and donee.
The Current Status of Medical Malpractice Countersuits
Authors: Sokol David J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe dramatic growth of medical malpractice litigation in recent decades has contributed significantly to an overall increase in health care costs in this country. Although lawmakers, physicians, and other responsible citizens have proposed numerous solutions in an effort to curb die crisis, diese proposals have generally been ineffective.In this Article the Audior endorses countersuits as die most appropriate response to frivolous medical malpractice actions. The Author also suggests that contingent fee systems, coupled with the economic motivation of private insurers to settle claims quickly, provide incentive for plaintiffs to initiate frivolous claims.This Article analyzes the general legal approaches available for countersuits, emphasizing recent successful actions based on malicious prosecution and abuse of process, and proposes more widespread use of diese approaches.
Beshada v. Johns-Manville Products Corp.: The Function of State of the Art Evidence in Strict Products Liability
Authors: Berman Jack 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn Beshada v. Johns-Manville Products Corp., the Supreme Court of New Jersey held that a state of the art defense is unavailable in cases brought under a theory of strict liability for failure to warn. The court indicated that asbestos producers may be held liable for their products' harms even if the health hazards of asbestos were unknown and not discoverable when the products were marketed. In a subsequent case, the New Jersey court held that state of the art evidence is relevant to whether a product is defective. This Case Comment examines these different uses of knowledge evidence in the disposition of products liability cases. It contends that manufacturers should not be held liable for unknowable risks. The Comment concludes that the state of the art defense establishes a logical limit on strict liability and promotes efficient resolution of products liability claims.
Access to Health Care and Equal Protection of the Law: The Need for a New Heightened Scrutiny
Authors: Mariner Wendy K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractProposals to reduce national expenditures for health care under Medicare and other programs raise questions about the limits on legislative power to distribute health care benefits. The constitutional guarantee of equal protection has been a weak source of protection for the sick, largely because they fail to qualify for special scrutiny under traditional equal protection analysis. Recent decisions of the United States Supreme Court suggest that the Justices seek a newer, more flexible approach to reviewing claims of unequal protection. This Article examines the application of the equal protection guarantee to health-related claims. It argues that traditional equal protection analysis is too rigid and newer rationality review too imprecise to provide just eligibility determinations. The Article concludes that courts should subject claims of unequal protection in the health care context to heightened scrutiny, as health care plays a special role in assuring equality of opportunity.
Judicial Postponement of Death Recognition: The Tragic Case of Mary O'Connor
Authors: Gindes Daniel 
Published: February 2021

A recent New York Court of Appeals decision seriously impedes the ability of incompetent patients to control their medical care. In the case of Mary O'Connor, the court virtually eliminated an incompetent's rights to bodily integrity and privacy. The court relied on formalistic evidentiary arguments to vitiate the patient's refusal of death-prolonging treatment. This Case Comment examines both the doctrine and policy underlying the O'Connor decision, suggesting that the court erred in its holding and reasoning.An alternative framework is presented, arguing that courts should honor competently expressed patient decisions concerning medical treatment. New York's highest court, instead, posited an incompetent patient who becomes competent for a moment to render a decision. This legal fiction is nothing more than a thinly masked technique for imposition of the judges’ values on the patient. This Case Comment argues that in the absence of clear direction from the patient, family and loved ones generally should make care decisions for the patient.
The Legal and Ethical Implications of Gag Clauses in Physician Contracts
Authors: Martin Julia A. , Bjerknes Lisa K. 
Published: February 2021

Throughout history, those in power have feared the consequences of unfettered discourse within their society. The empowered have restricted and directly manipulated discourse in the context of doctor-patient discussions with surprising frequency, resulting in disturbing curtailments of individual autonomy. During the Cultural Revolution, the Chinese government dispatched physicians to peasants’ homes to convince them to use contraception. In the 1930s, the Soviet government expedited the completion of the Siberian railroad by ordering physicians to deny workers’ requests for medical leave and to conceal this order from those workers. Recently, Nicolae Ceausescu sought to increase the Romanian birth rate by prohibiting physicians from advising patients about birth control and barring the dissemination of information about condom use to prevent HIV transmission.Restraints on doctor-patient discussions have not been limited to socialist regimes. In 1988, the Bush Administration implemented a federal regulation prohibiting physicians from discussing abortion with patients in federally funded clinics.
Drug Testing of Health Care Workers: Toward a Coherent Hospital Policy
Authors: Devon Dana 
Published: February 2021

Spurred by President Ronald Reagan's 1986 Executive Order seeking to establish a drug-free workplace and by the growing empirical data purporting to show a loss of time, money and productivity due to the adverse effects of substance abuse, employers in both the public and private sector have implemented drug testing programs on an unprecedented scale. Today, employers subject an estimated thirty million workers to some type of employer-sponsored drug and alcohol testing in the workplace. A 1996 survey by the American Management Association reports that eighty-one percent of all major corporations now employ some type of drug testing program, a fourfold increase in nine years.While drag testing in the health care sector is rising, it still lags behind other industries. When a hospital does test, it often exempts a crucial job classification—physicians. This Article's thesis centers on the potential liability hospitals face by failing to include drug testing in its hiring and credentialing process.
Grammatical gender in L2 Swedish in Finnish-speaking immersion students: A comparison with non-immersion students
Authors: Nyqvist Eeva-Liisa , Lahtinen Sinikka 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSwedish grammatical gender is challenging for Finnish-speaking learners of Swedish due to its abstract meaning, the complex nature of Swedish NPs and the low salience of the morphology used to mark gender. Our study compares the expression of gender in texts written in Swedish by Finnish-speaking 12- and 15-year-old immersion students with that of 16-year-old non-immersion students. The results show that NPs with gender agreement, i.e. those with several morphemes marking gender, are more difficult than NPs with only one marker. In all informant groups, uter is significantly easier than neuter, but uter is also overused, as approximately 75% of all Swedish nouns are uter in modern Swedish. Comparisons between different informant groups show that non-immersion students often reach a significantly higher level of accuracy than immersion students, which indicates that formal teaching has a positive effect.
Parental perspectives on negotiations over diet and physical activity: how do we involve parents in adolescent health interventions?
Authors: Shaw Sarah , Correia Simao Sara , Jenner Sarah , Lawrence Wendy T , Woods-Townsend Kathryn , Vogel Christina A , Farrell David , Inskip Hazel , Baird Janis , Morrison Leanne , Barker Mary , Strömmer Sofia T ,   the EACH-B study group
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjective:To identify the ways in which parental involvement can be incorporated into interventions to support adolescent health behaviour change.Design:Data from semi-structured interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis.Setting:Southampton, Hampshire, UK.Participants:A convenience sample of twenty-four parents of adolescents.Results:Parents consider themselves to play an important role in supporting their adolescents to make healthy choices. Parents saw themselves as gatekeepers of the household and as role models to their adolescents but recognised this could be both positive and negative in terms of health behaviours. Parents described the changing dynamics of the relationships they have with their adolescents because of increased adolescent autonomy. Parents stated that these changes altered their level of influence over adolescents’ health behaviours. Parents considered it important to promote independence in their adolescents; however, many described this as challenging because they believed their adolescents were likely to make unhealthy decisions if not given guidance. Parents reported difficulty in supporting adolescents in a way that was not viewed as forceful or pressuring.Conclusions:When designing adolescent health interventions that include parental components, researchers need to be aware of the disconnect between public health recommendations and the everyday reality for adolescents and their parents. Parental involvement in adolescent interventions could be helpful but needs to be done in a manner that is acceptable to both adolescents and parents. The findings of this study may be useful to inform interventions which need to consider the transitions and negotiations which are common in homes containing adolescents.
Teargas and Selfie Cams: Foreign Protests and Media in the Digital Age
Authors: Green-Riley Naima , Kruszewska-Eduardo Dominika , Fu Ze 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study explores the impact of repression of foreign protests and the media source reporting the news upon American foreign policy preferences for democracy promotion abroad. We use two survey experiments featuring carefully edited video treatments to show that even short media clips presenting foreign protests as violently repressed increase American support for targeted sanctions against the hostile regime; however, these treatments alone do not inspire respondents to political action. Furthermore, we do not find evidence that mobile treatment magnifies the effects of violence.
Future Changes in the Frequency and Destructiveness of Landfalling Tropical Cyclones Over East Asia Projected by High‐Resolution AGCMs
Authors: Hsu Pang‐Chi , Chen Kuan‐Chieh , Tsou Chih‐Hua , Hsu Huang‐Hsiung , Hong Chi‐Cherng , Liang Hsin‐Chien , Tu Chia‐Ying , Kitoh Akio 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFuture changes in the frequency and destructiveness of landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) over East Asia were investigated by analyzing the simulations of two high‐resolution (20–25‐km) atmospheric general circulation models forced by sea surface temperature (SST) in the present period (1979–2003) and under future warming conditions (2075–2099) of the RCP8.5 scenario. The present‐day simulations capture well the genesis count, tracks, and intensity associated with TCs striking the coastal areas of Taiwan‐East China (TWCN), the South China Sea‐Indochina (SCS) and the vicinity of Japan (JP). The frequency of landfalling TCs over TWCN, SCS, and JP is projected to nearly half by the end of the 21st century. However, these landfalling TCs induce enhanced destructive threats of stronger winds and heavier precipitation under the future warmer climate. Through attribution analysis we found the reduced frequency of landfalling TCs to be mainly caused by a decline in TC genesis count (rather than TC track changes), while the increased intensity of landfalling TCs is linked with changes in the TC intensification rate (as opposed to duration changes). Diagnoses of the genesis potential index and eddy energetics further suggest that the mid‐tropospheric drying and weakened synoptic‐scale eddy activity resulting from anticyclonic and downward circulations over the main TC genesis region create an unfavorable environment for TC genesis. In contrast, warmer SST, reduced vertical wind shear and enhanced efficiency of eddy kinetic energy generations appear over the regions before TC landfall, resulting in a more rapid intensification of TCs that later approach the coastal areas.
Transcriptional regulatory network for the establishment of CD8+ T cell exhaustion
Authors: Seo Wooseok , Jerin Chandsultana , Nishikawa Hiroyoshi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractChronic infection with persistent antigenic stimulation results in the generation of exhausted CD8+ T cells, which are considered defective effector CD8+ T cells, and thus compromises effective immune responses. However, recent studies have illustrated that exhausted CD8+ T cells may be purposely generated and maintained to provide mild immune responses against chronic infection or cancer, which can be safer over a long period of time than strong immune responses. Indeed, a specific population of exhausted CD8+ T cells that behaves similarly to self-renewing stem cells and provides a continuous supply of exhausted CD8+ T cells has been identified, indicating that this population can be considered progenitors of exhausted CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, several ground-breaking studies in the last few years have shed new light on the transcriptional regulatory network governing the generation and propagation of exhausted CD8+ T cells, which involves T cell receptor (TCR) signaling that leads to NFAT-TCF1 (nuclear factor of activated T cells-T cell factor 1) activity followed by activation of the TOX/NR4A axis. Elucidation of the intracellular signaling pathways will help to define the definitive developmental stages leading to exhausted CD8+ T cells, which can be exploited to advance our never-ending battle against cancer. This review will summarize the recent discoveries that have deepened our understanding of the exhaustion program of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.
H2A.Z overexpression suppresses senescence and chemosensitivity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ávila-López P. A. , Guerrero G. , Nuñez-Martínez H. N. , Peralta-Alvarez C. A. , Hernández-Montes G. , Álvarez-Hilario L. G. , Herrera-Goepfert R. , Albores-Saavedra J. , Villegas-Sepúlveda N. , Cedillo-Barrón L. , Montes-Gómez A. E. , Vargas M. , Schnoor M. , Recillas-Targa F. , Hernández-Rivas R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most intractable and devastating malignant tumors. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modification regulate tumor initiation and progression. However, the contribution of histone variants in PDAC is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that the histone variant H2A.Z is highly expressed in PDAC cell lines and PDAC patients and that its overexpression correlates with poor prognosis. Moreover, all three H2A.Z isoforms (H2A.Z.1, H2A.Z.2.1, and H2A.Z.2.2) are highly expressed in PDAC cell lines and PDAC patients. Knockdown of these H2A.Z isoforms in PDAC cell lines induces a senescent phenotype, cell cycle arrest in phase G2/M, increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN2A/p16, SA-β-galactosidase activity and interleukin 8 production. Transcriptome analysis of H2A.Z-depleted PDAC cells showed altered gene expression in fatty acid biosynthesis pathways and those that regulate cell cycle and DNA damage repair. Importantly, depletion of H2A.Z isoforms reduces the tumor size in a mouse xenograft model in vivo and sensitizes PDAC cells to gemcitabine. Overexpression of H2A.Z.1 and H2A.Z.2.1 more than H2A.Z.2.2 partially restores the oncogenic phenotype. Therefore, our data suggest that overexpression of H2A.Z isoforms enables cells to overcome the oncoprotective barrier associated with senescence, favoring PDAC tumor grow and chemoresistance. These results make H2A.Z a potential candidate as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for PDAC.
In-vivo imaging of targeting and modulation of depression-relevant circuitry by transcranial direct current stimulation: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Jog Mayank. S. , Kim Elizabeth , Anderson Cole , Kubicki Antoni , Kayathi Rishikesh , Jann Kay , Yan Lirong , Leaver Amber , Hellemann Gerhard , Iacoboni Marco , Woods Roger P. , Wang Danny J. J. , Narr Katherine L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRecent clinical trials of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in depression have shown contrasting results. Consequently, we used in-vivo neuroimaging to confirm targeting and modulation of depression-relevant neural circuitry by tDCS. Depressed participants (N = 66, Baseline Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) 17-item scores ≥14 and <24) were randomized into Active/Sham and High-definition (HD)/Conventional (Conv) tDCS groups using a double-blind, parallel design, and received tDCS individually targeted at the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). In accordance with Ampere’s Law, tDCS currents were hypothesized to induce magnetic fields at the stimulation-target, measured in real-time using dual-echo echo-planar-imaging (DE-EPI) MRI. Additionally, the tDCS treatment trial (consisting of 12 daily 20-min sessions) was hypothesized to induce cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes post-treatment at the DLPFC target and in the reciprocally connected anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), measured using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) MRI. Significant tDCS current-induced magnetic fields were observed at the left DLPFC target for both active stimulation montages (Brodmann’s area (BA) 46: pHD = 0.048, Cohen’s dHD = 0.73; pConv = 0.018, dConv = 0.86; BA 9: pHD = 0.011, dHD = 0.92; pConv = 0.022, dConv = 0.83). Significant longitudinal CBF increases were observed (a) at the left DLPFC stimulation-target for both active montages (pHD = 3.5E−3, dHD = 0.98; pConv = 2.8E−3, dConv = 1.08), and (b) at ACC for the HD-montage only (pHD = 2.4E−3, dHD = 1.06; pConv = 0.075, dConv = 0.64). These results confirm that tDCS-treatment (a) engages the stimulation-target, and (b) modulates depression-relevant neural circuitry in depressed participants, with stronger network-modulations induced by the HD-montage. Although not primary outcomes, active HD-tDCS showed significant improvements of anhedonia relative to sham, though HDRS scores did not differ significantly between montages post-treatment.
Understanding the impact of immune-mediated selection on lung cancer evolution
Authors: Rosenthal Rachel , Swanton Charles , McGranahan Nicholas 
Published: February 2021

SummaryUnderstanding how a tumour evolves and avoids immune recognition is paramount to improving cancer immunotherapy and patient outcome. Here we examine our recent integration of multi-region genomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic, pathology, and clinical data, highlight the need for a systematic examination of immune escape mechanisms, and discuss implications for immunotherapy approaches.
p53 induces ARTS to promote mitochondrial apoptosis
Authors: Hao Qian , Chen Jiaxiang , Liao Junming , Huang Yingdan , Gan Yu , Larisch Sarit , Zeng Shelya X. , Lu Hua , Zhou Xiang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractApoptosis related protein in TGF-β signaling pathway (ARTS) was originally discovered in cells undergoing apoptosis in response to TGF-β, but ARTS also acts downstream of many other apoptotic stimuli. ARTS induces apoptosis by antagonizing the anti-apoptotic proteins XIAP and Bcl-2. Here we identified the pro-apoptotic Sept4/ARTS gene as a p53-responsive target gene. Ectopic p53 and a variety of p53-inducing agents increased both mRNA and protein levels of ARTS, whereas ablation of p53 reduced ARTS expression in response to multiple stress conditions. Also, γ-irradiation induced p53-dependent ARTS expression in mice. Consistently, p53 binds to the responsive DNA element on the ARTS promoter and transcriptionally activated the promoter-driven expression of a luciferase reporter gene. Interestingly, ARTS binds to and sequesters p53 at mitochondria, enhancing the interaction of the latter with Bcl-XL. Ectopic ARTS markedly augments DNA damage stress- or Nutlin-3-triggered apoptosis, while ablation of ARTS preferentially impairs p53-induced apoptosis. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that ARTS collaborates with p53 in mitochondria-engaged apoptosis.