bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should vaccination be mandated? Individuals' perceptions on mandatory vaccination in Greece
Authors: Giannouchos Theodoros V. , Steletou Evaggelia , Saridi Maria , Souliotis Kyriakos 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to explore factors that influence individuals' attitudes towards mandatory vaccination in Greece.MethodsA nationally representative cross‐sectional telephone survey was conducted via a random multistage selection process in October 2019 in Greece. The survey was designed to obtain information about whether vaccination should be mandated or not among adults 18 years of age or older. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between individuals' sociodemographic, contextual and clinical characteristics, utilization, satisfaction, and trust in the healthcare system and providers and their preference over mandatory vaccination.ResultsA total of 901 participants fully completed the survey (response rate 90%‐901/1001). About 85% of the respondents supported mandatory vaccination. Individuals who used preventive services more often compared to those who never or rarely used such, those who reported increased trust in official healthcare authorities' guidelines and recommendations compared to those who reported no trust and those who had underage children living in the household were significantly more likely to support mandatory vaccination. No differences were observed for sociodemographic factors and mandatory vaccination support.ConclusionThis survey revealed that most Greek citizens support mandatory vaccination, which was critically affected by the utilization of preventive services and trust in healthcare authorities. Our results suggest that healthcare policy interventions should promote mandatory vaccination through multi‐level initiatives to improve healthcare providers' and the general public's understanding of the value of vaccination.
Deoxycholic acid enhancement of lymphocyte migration through direct interaction with the intestinal vascular endothelium
Authors: Shibuya Naoki , Higashiyama Masaaki , Akita Yoshihiro , Shirakabe Kazuhiko , Ito Suguru , Nishii Shin , Mizoguchi Akinori , Inaba Kenichi , Tanemoto Rina , Sugihara Nao , Hanawa Yoshinori , Wada Akinori , Horiuchi Kazuki , Yoshikawa Kenichi , Kurihara Chie , Okada Yoshikiyo , Watanabe Chikako , Komoto Shunsuke , Tomita Kengo , Saruta Masayuki , Hokari Ryota 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground and AimThe small intestine plays a central role in gut immunity, and enhanced lymphocyte migration is involved in the pathophysiology of various enteropathy. Bile acid (BA) is closely related to lipid metabolism and gut microbiota and essential for gut homeostasis. However, the effects of BA on gut immunity have not been studied in detail, especially on the small intestine and lymphocyte migration. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of BA on small intestinal lymphocyte microcirculation.MethodsThe effect of deoxycholic acid (DCA), taurocholic acid (tCA), or cholic acid (CA) on the indomethacin (IND)‐induced small intestinal enteropathy in mice was investigated. Lymphocyte movements were evaluated after exposure to BA using intravital microscopy. The effects of BA on surface expression of adhesion molecules on the vascular endothelium and lymphocytes through BA receptors were examined in vitro.ResultsIND‐induced small intestinal enteropathy was histologically aggravated by DCA treatment alone. The expression of adhesion molecules ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 was significantly enhanced by DCA. Exposure to DCA increased lymphocyte adhesion in the microvessels of the ileum, which was partially blocked by anti‐α4β1 integrin antibody in vivo. The expression of ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 was significantly enhanced by DCA in vitro, which was partially suppressed by the sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) antagonist. The S1PR2 antagonist significantly ameliorated IND‐induced and DCA‐exaggerated small intestinal injury.ConclusionDCA exacerbated IND‐induced small intestinal enteropathy. DCA directly acts on the vascular endothelium and enhances the expression levels of adhesion molecules partially via S1PR2, leading to enhanced small intestinal lymphocyte migration.
Predictors of Early and Late Unplanned Intensive Care Unit Readmission: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Son Youn‐Jung , Kim Gi‐Ock , Lee Yun Mi , Oh Minkyung , Choi JiYeon 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurposeIntensive care unit (ICU) readmission is considered one of the major quality indicators of critical care. Reducing ICU readmission can improve patients’ outcomes and optimize health resources, but there are limited data on the predictors of unplanned ICU readmission. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with unplanned ICU readmission within 48 hr (early) and after 48 hr (late) from ICU discharge.DesignRetrospective cohort study.MethodsData were collected from patients’ electronic medical records in a 24‐bed medical ICU at a tertiary academic medical center in Busan, South Korea. Among all the patients admitted to the medical ICU (n= 1,033) between January 2015 and December 2017, 739 eligible patients were analyzed. A multivariable multinomial logistic regression model was conducted to identify predictors of ICU readmission.FindingsOut of the 739 patients analyzed, 66 (8.9%) were readmitted to the medical ICU: 13 (1.8%) as early readmission and 53 (7.1%) as late readmission. Two significant predictors were identified for early readmission: ICU admission from the ward (odds ratio [OR] = 4.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25, 13.67) and mechanical ventilation support >14 days (OR= 13.25; 95% CI 1.78, 98.89). For late ICU admission, there were four risk factors: ICU admission from the ward (OR= 2.69; 95% CI 1.44, 5.05), tracheostomy placement (OR= 3.58; 95% CI 1.49, 8.59), mechanical ventilation support >14 days (OR= 4.77; 95% CI 1.67, 13.63), and continuous renal replacement therapy (OR= 4.57; 95% CI 2.42, 8.63).ConclusionsTo prevent unplanned ICU readmission in patients at high risk, it is necessary to investigate further the role of clinical judgment and communication within the ICU clinical team and institutional‐level support regarding ICU readmission events.Clinical RelevanceBoth ICU nurses and nurses in post‐ICU settings should be aware of the potential risk factors associated with early and late ICU readmission. Predictors and readmission strategies may be different for early and late readmissions. Prospective multicenter studies are needed to examine how these factors influence post‐ICU outcomes.
Time Variation of the Equity Term Structure
Authors: GORMSEN NIELS JOACHIM 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTI study the term structure of one‐period expected returns on dividend claims with different maturity. I find that the slope of the term structure is countercyclical. The countercyclical variation is consistent with theories of long‐run risk and habit, but these theories cannot explain the average downward slope. At the same time, the cyclical variation is inconsistent with recent models constructed to match the average downward slope. More generally, the average and cyclicality of the slope are hard to reconcile with models with a single risk factor. I introduce a model with two priced factors to solve the puzzle.
The provenance of what is proven: exploring (mock) jury deliberation in Scottish rape trials
Authors: CHALMERS JAMES , LEVERICK FIONA , MUNRO VANESSA E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article presents findings from the largest research study of the nature of mock jury deliberations in rape cases undertaken in the UK to date – and the first such study to be undertaken in the Scottish context. The study found considerable evidence of the expression of problematic attitudes towards rape complainers. These included the belief that a ‘real’ rape victim would have extensive external and internal injuries and would resist attack by inflicting injuries on her attacker and shouting for help, that even a short delay in reporting a rape is suspicious, and that false allegations of rape are commonly made by women and difficult to refute. There was, however, also evidence that some jurors were willing to challenge these attitudes and that they often relied – explicitly or implicitly – on third‐sector campaigns to do so. The article concludes by drawing out the implications of this research for policy and practice.
MRI Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging to Measure Infarct Volume: Assessment of Manual Segmentation Variability
Authors: Cimflova Petra , Kral Jiri , Volny Ondrej , Horn MacKenzie , Ojha Piyush , Cabal Martin , Kasickova Linda , Havelka Jaroslav , Jonszta Tomas , Bar Michal , Qiu Wu 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEManual segmentation of infarct volume on follow‐up MRI diffusion‐weighted imaging (MRI‐DWI) is considered the gold standard but is prone to rater variability. We assess the variability of manual segmentations of MRI‐DWI infarct volume.METHODSConsecutive patients (May 2018 to May 2019) with the anterior circulation stroke and endovascularly treated were enrolled. All patients underwent 24‐ to 32‐hour follow‐up MRI. Three users manually segmented DWI infarct volumes slice by slice twice. The reference standard of DWI infarct volume was generated by the STAPLE algorithm. Intra‐ and interrater reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) by comparing manual segmentations with the reference standard. Spatial measurements were evaluated using metrics of the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). Volumetric measurements were compared using the lesion volume.RESULTSThe dataset consisted of 44 patients, mean (SD) age was 70.1 years (±10.3), 43% were women, and median baseline NIHSS score was 16. Among three users, the mean DSC for MRI‐DWI infarct volume segmentations ranged from 80.6% ± 11.7% to 88.6% ± 7.5%, and the mean absolute volume difference was 2.8 ± 6.8 to 13.0 ± 14.0 ml. Interrater ICC among the users for DSC and infarct volume was .86 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: .78‐.91) and .997 (95% CI: .995‐.998). Intrarater ICC for the three users was .83 (95% CI: .69‐.93), .84 (95% CI: .72‐.91), and .80 (95% CI: .64‐.89) for DSC, and .99 (95% CI: .987‐.996), .991 (95% CI: .983‐.995), and .996 (95% CI: .993‐.998) for infarct volume.CONCLUSIONSManual segmentation of infarct volume on follow‐up MRI‐DWI shows excellent agreement and good spatial overlap with the reference standard, suggesting its usefulness for measuring infarct volume on 24‐ to 32‐hour MRI‐DWI.
Digital pain drawings are a useful and reliable tool for assessing patients with temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Pitance Laurent , De Longhi Benjamin , Gerard Eve , Cayrol Timothee , Roussel Nathalie , Cescon Corrado , Falla Deborah , Barbero Marco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundTemporomandibular disorders (TMD) are characterised by complex symptomatology and their assessment can be enhanced using pain drawings (PD).ObjectivesTo evaluate the location and extent of pain in people TMD using digital PD, and to explore their association with clinical features. Reliability of pain extent and pain location using PD was also assessed.MethodsForty volunteers with TMD completed two consecutive digital PDs. Clinical features were captured from self‐reported questionnaire. Additionally, secondary hyperalgesia was measured using the pressure pain threshold (PPT). The correlation between pain extent and clinical features was investigated using Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Reliability of pain extent was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland‐Altman plots. The Jaccard index was computed to assess the reliability of pain location.ResultsAnalysis of the PDs indicated that people with TMD commonly experience pain in other body regions including the neck, the shoulder and the low back. Except for PPT and pain catastrophising, all other clinical features were significantly correlated with pain extent. The ICCs of pain extent for all body charts were very high (ICCs 95% CI from 0.73 to 0.96), and Bland‐Altman plots showed mean biases close to zero with narrow limits of agreement. The reliability of pain location was also supported by Jaccard index mean scores above 0.68.ConclusionsPeople with TMD showed widespread pain, and pain extent was associated with pain intensity, neck and headache‐related disability, depression, anxiety, hyperventilation and central sensitivity. The reliability of measuring pain extent and pain location was confirmed.
GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CHARGE HISTORY OF OIL IN THE UPPER CRETACEOUS M1 SANDSTONES (NAPO FORMATION) IN BLOCK T, ORIENTE BASIN, ECUADOR
Authors: Zhongzhen Ma , Heping Chen , Xiaofa Yang , Yubing Zhou , Zuoji Tian , Dandan Wang , Yaming Liu , Yongbin Zhao 
Published: March 2021

Major oil discoveries have recently been made in Block T in the north of the Oriente Basin, Ecuador. The oil is reservoired in the M1 Sandstones of the Upper Cretaceous Napo Formation. To investigate the origin and charge history of the petroleum, a detailed geochemical study was carried out on 43 crude oil samples from 42 producing wells in Block T together with fluid inclusion analyses of three core samples from two wells.According to the results of GC/GC‐MS analyses of the oil samples, the oils contain n‐alkanes with a peak carbon number at C15‐C17 and a subordinate peak at C25‐C30. The nC21‐/nC22+ ratio ranges from 0.64 to 1.69, and the Carbon Preference Index from 0.95 to 1.23. The odd‐over‐even predominance is 1.02–1.27. A cross‐plot of C22/C21 versus C24/C23 tricyclic terpanes indicates that the source rock is a marine marl mixed with a small amount of terrigenous material. C27 regular steranes are more dominant than C28 ≈ C29 and the C29/C27 ratio ranges from 0.67 to 0.94 indicating a source rock dominated by marine algal material with minor terrigenous input. Rc calculated using the MPI index was 0.83% to 1.11%, indicating that the oils were generated during the early to peak oil generation stage. A cross‐plot of C29ααα20S/(20S+20R) versus C29αββ/(ββ+αα), and ratios of C31L‐hopane 22S/(22S + 22R) and C32L‐hopane 22S/(22S + 22R), gave similar maturity results.The presence in the same oil samples of a complete n‐alkane series together with an unresolved UCM hump and 25‐norhopanes indicates at least two stages of oil charging, with severe biodegradation of the early‐stage oil and a later charge of fresh, unaltered oil.The homogenization temperatures of 36 fluid inclusions in samples from Block T wells F20 and F67 range from 81 to 95°C. A reconstructed burial and geothermal history of well F20 indicates that the M1 Sandstones in this area reached a temperature of 81°C at 19–16 Ma, after which temperatures increased continuously to 95–100°C at the present day. The homogenization temperatures of the analysed fluid inclusions combined with the geothermal history indicate that oil charging into the M1Sandstones began in the early Miocene and continues at the present day.
Dental pain in adult and elderly homeless people: Prevalence, associated factors, and impact on the quality of life in Midwest Brazil
Authors: do Carmo Matias Freire Maria , de Campos Lawder Juliana Aparecida , de Souza João Batista , de Matos Marcos André 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence and factors associated with dental pain and its impact on the quality of life of adult and elderly homeless people in Midwest Brazil.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted with 353 individuals aged ≥18 attending a public homeless shelter in a Brazilian state capital (Goiânia). Data on sociodemographic, psychosocial, drug use and oral health‐related factors, and quality of life [Oral Impact on Daily Performance scale (OIDP)] were collected through interviews. Pearson's Chi‐square tests and robust Poisson regression were used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe prevalence of dental pain in the past 6 months was 50 percent. Most of the respondents reported very severe pain and self‐management including medication and tooth extraction. In the adjusted regression, the prevalence of pain was 1.48 times higher among individuals who last visited the dentist within the past 2 years, compared to those who had visited more than 2 years ago; and nearly five times higher among those with a perceived need for dental treatment, compared to those with no need. The prevalence of oral impact on daily performance was 80.1 percent and the most affected activities were “difficulty eating” and “feeling ashamed to smile or speak.” The adjusted prevalence of impact was higher among individuals who had dental pain, regardless of their sociodemographic characteristics.ConclusionsThe prevalence, intensity, and self‐management of dental pain were high among the Brazilian homeless people studied. Reporting of pain was associated with factors related to dental care and negatively affected their quality of life.
The Effect of Speaker Proficiency on Intelligibility, Comprehensibility, and Accentedness in L2 Spanish: A Conceptual Replication and Extension of Munro and Derwing (1995a)
Authors: Huensch Amanda , Nagle Charlie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship among intelligibility, comprehensibility, and accentedness in the speech of second language learners of Spanish of varying proficiency in instructed contexts. It conceptually replicated studies by Munro and Derwing (1995a) and Derwing and Munro (1997), who found partial independence among the three speech dimensions but also evidence that proficiency may mediate the relationship between linguistic features of stimuli (e.g., phonemic and grammatical error rates) and speech dimensions. Speech data from 42 second language learners of Spanish recruited from two different universities were elicited via a semispontaneous speaking task: the picture‐based narration from the initial study. Amazon Mechanical Turk was used to recruit 80 native Spanish listeners to transcribe and rate extracted utterances. The utterances were coded for grammatical and phonemic errors, goodness of prosody, and speaking rate. Analyses included mixed‐effects models that allowed estimation of individual variation across facets of the data, particularly those of listeners.
First insights on the horizontal movements of short‐finned pilot whales in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: García‐Aguilar María C. , Pardo Mario A. , Fajardo‐Yamamoto Arturo , Ramírez‐León Mario Rafael , Sosa‐Nishizaki Oscar 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study is the first assessment on how short‐finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) move within the Gulf of Mexico. In April 2018, seven adult animals were tagged using location‐only satellite transmitters in the south‐western Gulf (18°59′N and 95°19′W). When tagged, all animals were in a medium‐size aggregation that split after a week and followed two routes, indicating that the initial aggregation was consisted of at least two social units. Regardless of the route, short‐finned pilot whales moved at a low travel rate (mean = 3.4 km/hr; 50% IC: 1.5–4.8) on the south‐western continental shelf‐break, between the 500‐ and 800‐m isobaths. The oceanography and hydrographic features of the south‐western Gulf's continental shelf‐break would favour the aggregation of prey, influencing the low dispersion observed during the transmission period, as well as the co‐occurrence of several social units. However, given the relatively short period covered (up to 87 days) and the few animals tagged, the movement patterns described here could vary at longer temporal and spatial scales.
Simulating risk measures via asymptotic expansions for relative errors
Authors: Jiang Wei , Kou Steven 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRisk measures, such as value‐at‐risk and expected shortfall, are widely used in finance. With the necessary sample size being computed using asymptotic expansions for relative errors, we propose a general framework to simulate these risk measures for a wide class of dependent data. The asymptotic expansions are new even for independent and identical data. An extensive numerical study is conducted to compare the proposed algorithm against existing algorithms, showing that the new algorithm is easy to implement, fast and accurate, even at the 0.001 quantile level. Applications to the estimation of intra‐horizon risk and to a comparison of the relative errors of value‐at‐risk and expected shortfall are also given.
Smartphone Addiction, Loneliness, Narcissistic Personality, and Family Belonging Among University Students: A Path Analysis
Authors: Gökçearslan Şahin , Yildiz Durak Hatice , Berikan Burcu , Saritepeci Mustafa 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundThe relationship between smartphone addiction (SPA) and loneliness is examined in several studies, however, the mediating effects of the variables related to narcissism and the family on the relationship between SPA and loneliness are not yet available in the literature.ObjectiveThe present study investigates the role of SPA on loneliness and the moderating effects of narcissistic personality and family belonging on loneliness.Participants and SettingData required for research were obtained via an online survey from undergraduate students (n = 500) studying at a public university.MethodsIn the study, the relationship between the variables was determined by path analysis.ResultsThe results of the path analysis show that there is a significant positive relationship between SPA and loneliness. According to the model, no significant relationship was found between narcissistic personality and family‐belonging level. There is a negative and significant mediation effect between SPA and narcissistic personality traits. There is a positive and significant mediation effect between SPA and family belonging. The results of the research are discussed with regard to university students and future directions.ConclusionsAccording to these research results, SPA predicts loneliness. As the level of family belonging decreases, SPA increases. The relationship between university students and their families and environments is among the variables that should be considered when evaluating SPA.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis induced by Toxoplasma gondii infection diagnosed by a bone marrow biopsy and DNA next‐generation sequencing in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient
Authors: Obeid Karam M. , Grzywacz Bartosz , Ferrieri Patricia , Arbefeville Sophie , Slungaard Arne , Betts Brian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the United States, toxoplasmosis following allogeneic hematopoietic stem transplant (allo‐HCT) is very rare with a rate only between 0.5% and 2%. The reported rates of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) following allo‐HCT range between 0.3% and 17%. Secondary HLH due to toxoplasmosis infection is extremely rare. Herein, we report a case of secondary HLH due to toxoplasmosis following allo‐HCT. The diagnosis was reached by a bone marrow biopsy and confirmed by DNA next generation sequencing and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The IHC staining included CD1a, a stain previously known to react with cells infected by Leishmania, here we show CD1a staining of macrophages infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Our report highlights the utility of bone marrow biopsy in diagnosing parasitic infection underlying HLH in post‐transplant settings. The pre‐transplant evaluation of patients from low endemic countries, is a great opportunity to obtain a travel history to determine the risks and the preventative measures against opportunistic infections including toxoplasmosis.