bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐loop reinforcement learning algorithm for finite‐horizon optimal control of continuous‐time affine nonlinear systems
Authors: Chen Zhe , Xue Wenqian , Li Ning , Lewis Frank L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article proposes three novel time‐varying policy iteration algorithms for finite‐horizon optimal control problem of continuous‐time affine nonlinear systems. We first propose a model‐based time‐varying policy iteration algorithm. The method considers time‐varying solutions to the Hamiltonian–Jacobi–Bellman equation for finite‐horizon optimal control. Based on this algorithm, value function approximation is applied to the Bellman equation by establishing neural networks with time‐varying weights. A novel update law for time‐varying weights is put forward based on the idea of iterative learning control, which obtains optimal solutions more efficiently compared to previous works. Considering that system models may be unknown in real applications, we propose a partially model‐free time‐varying policy iteration algorithm that applies integral reinforcement learning to acquiring the time‐varying value function. Moreover, analysis of convergence, stability, and optimality is provided for every algorithm. Finally, simulations for different cases are given to verify the convenience and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and ecological footprint: Exploring the role of environmental regulations and democracy in sustainable development
Authors: Ahmed Zahoor , Ahmad Mahmood , Rjoub Husam , Kalugina Olga A. , Hussain Nazim 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCountries enact environmental regulations to achieve sustainable development and ecological sustainability. However, environmental regulations do not guarantee environmental sustainability unless implemented efficiently. Furthermore, political institutions play a key role in the formulation and management of environmental regulations. This research examines the relationship between democracy, environmental regulations, economic growth, and ecological footprint (EF) in the panel of G7 nations from 1985 to 2017. Second generation econometric techniques are used to analyze the data. The empirical evidence indicates that economic growth enhances EF while democracy and environmental regulations positively contribute to ecological sustainability by reducing EF. The causal outcomes reveal that democracy Granger causes EF and renewable energy indicating that democracy curbs environmental degradation and stimulates the share of renewables. Further, democracy and environmental regulations Granger cause each other. Lastly, the implication of these findings for sustainable development and ecological sustainability are discussed.
Measurement errors in control risk regression: A comparison of correction techniques
Authors: Guolo Annamaria 
Published: October 2021

AbstractControl risk regression is a diffuse approach for meta‐analysis about the effectiveness of a treatment, relating the measure of risk with which the outcome occurs in the treated group to that in the control group. The severity of illness is a source of between‐study heterogeneity that can be difficult to measure. It can be approximated by the rate of events in the control group. Since the estimate is a surrogate for the underlying risk, it is prone to measurement error. Correction methods are necessary to provide reliable inference. This article illustrates the extent of measurement error effects under different scenarios, including departures from the classical normality assumption for the control risk distribution. The performance of different measurement error corrections is examined. Attention will be paid to likelihood‐based structural methods assuming a distribution for the control risk measure and to functional methods avoiding the assumption, namely, a simulation‐based method and two score function methods. Advantages and limits of the approaches are evaluated through simulation. In case of large heterogeneity, structural approaches are preferable to score methods, while score methods perform better for small heterogeneity and small sample size. The simulation‐based approach has a satisfactory behavior whichever the examined scenario, with no convergence issues. The methods are applied to a meta‐analysis about the association between diabetes and risk of Parkinson disease. The study intends to make researchers aware of the measurement error problem occurring in control risk regression and lead them to the use of appropriate correction techniques to prevent fallacious conclusions.
Synthesis of New 4‐Vinyl‐1,2,3‐Thiadiazoles
Authors: Tokareva Marina A. , Keaveney Sinead T. , Pernik Indrek , Messerle Barbara A. , Glukhareva Tatiana V. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSimple and convenient methods for the synthesis of a range of new 1,2,3‐thiadiazole derivatives, including ethyl esters, alcohols, and aldehydes, were developed. Moreover, twenty‐nine new structurally diverse 4‐vinyl‐1,2,3‐thiadiazoles were successfully synthesized in 18–89 % yield via Knoevenagel condensation. NOESY‐experiments were performed for E/Z‐assignment of isomeric mixtures. The structure of five of the new vinylic derivatives has been confirmed using X‐ray diffraction analysis. Using the example of ethyl (E)‐2‐cyano‐3‐(5‐(pyrrolidin‐1‐yl)‐1,2,3‐thiadiazol‐4‐yl)acrylate, the possibility of dimerization with the formation of diethyl(1R,2R,3S,4S)‐1,3‐dicyano‐2,4‐bis(5‐(pyrrolidin‐1‐yl)‐1,2,3‐thiadiazol‐4‐yl)cyclobutane‐1,3‐dicarboxylate was demonstrated, allowing the first 1,2,3‐thiadiazole substituted cyclobutane to be synthesized.
Fe(II)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Unactivated Aziridines (N‐H/N‐Me) from Olefins Using O‐Arylsulfonyl Hydroxylamines
Authors: Chandra Dinesh , Yadav Ajay K. , Singh Vikram , Tiwari Bhoopendra , Jat Jawahar L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIron(II) catalyzed direct N−H/N−Me aziridination of olefins using O‐arylsulfonyl hydroxylamines is described. This stereospecific, mild, economical, open‐air, operationally simple, and environmentally benign procedure afforded the high yields of aziridines in a shorter reaction time.
Protein Nanopore Membranes Prepared by a Simple Langmuir–Schaefer Approach
Authors: Schwieters Magnus S. , Mathieu‐Gaedke Maria , Westphal Michael , Dalpke Raphael , Dirksen Maxim , Qi Daizong , Grull Marco , Bick Thomas , Taßler Stephanie , Sauer Daniel F. , Bonn Mischa , Wendler Petra , Hellweg Thomas , Beyer André , Gölzhäuser Armin , Schwaneberg Ulrich , Glebe Ulrich , Böker Alexander 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFiltration through membranes with nanopores is typically associated with high transmembrane pressures and high energy consumption. This problem can be addressed by reducing the respective membrane thickness. Here, a simple procedure is described to prepare ultrathin membranes based on protein nanopores, which exhibit excellent water permeance, two orders of magnitude superior to comparable, industrially applied membranes. Furthermore, incorporation of either closed or open protein nanopores allows tailoring the membrane's ion permeability. To form such membranes, the transmembrane protein ferric hydroxamate uptake protein component A (FhuA) or its open‐pore variant are assembled at the air–water interface of a Langmuir trough, compressed to a dense film, crosslinked by glutaraldehyde, and transferred to various support materials. This approach allows to prepare monolayer or multilayer membranes with a very high density of protein nanopores. Freestanding membranes covering holes up to 5 μm in diameter are visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), helium ion microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. AFM PeakForce quantitative nanomechanical property mapping (PeakForce QNM) demonstrates remarkable mechanical stability and elastic properties of freestanding monolayer membranes with a thickness of only 5 nm. The new protein membrane can pave the way to energy‐efficient nanofiltration.
Bacteria‐Triggered Multifunctional Hydrogel for Localized Chemodynamic and Low‐Temperature Photothermal Sterilization
Authors: Lin Xiaodong , Fang Yuan , Hao Zhe , Wu Haotian , Zhao Minyang , Wang Shuo , Liu Yaqing 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPathogenic infections seriously threaten public health and have been considered as one of the most critical challenges in clinical therapy. Construction of a safe and efficient photothermal antibacterial platform is a promising strategy for treatment of bacterial infections. Considering that high temperature does harm to the normal tissues and cells, herein, a bacteria‐triggered multifunctional hydrogel is constructed for low‐temperature photothermal sterilization with high efficiency by integrating localized chemodynamic therapy (L‐CDT). The hydrogel is constructed by incorporating copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) with photothermal profile into the network of hyaluronic acid (HA) and Fe3+‐EDTA complexes, named as CHFH (CuSNPs‐HA‐Fe3+‐EDTA hydrogel). Bacteria can be accumulated on the surface of CHFH, which secretes hyaluronidase to decompose the HA and release Fe3+. The Fe3+ is reduced into Fe2+ in microenvironment of bacteria to trigger Fenton reaction. The generated hydroxyl radicals result in sterilization based on L‐CDT within short range. By integrating with photothermal property of CuSNPs, low‐temperature photothermal therapy (LT‐PTT) for sterilization is realized, which improves the antibacterial efficiency while minimizes damage to normal tissues. The CHFH is further used to prepare Band aid which effectively promotes the Staphylococcus aureus‐infected wound healing process in vivo, confirming the great potential for clinical application.
Full‐Stokes Polarimeter Based on Chiral Perovskites with Chirality and Large Optical Anisotropy
Authors: Ma Jiaqi , Fang Chen , Liang Lihan , Wang Haizhen , Li Dehui 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFull‐Stokes polarimeters, equipped with the capability of discriminating light polarization states, can find important applications in various optical and optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, currently most full‐Stokes polarimeters require complex and bulky optical elements or optical metasystems integrated with metasurfaces, which can increase the cost and cause energy loss. Here, the anisotropy of chiral 2D perovskite single crystals is explored and the full‐Stokes polarimeter based on pure chiral 2D perovskite single crystals is reported. By using optical anisotropy and the ability to distinguish the helicity of the circularly polarized light, chiral 2D perovskite polarimeter integrates the polarizer, waveplate, and photodetector together and thus can be able to discriminate the polarization states of light. The as‐fabricated device exhibits a photoresponsivity of 0.136 A W−1 and a detectivity of 1.2 × 1010 Jones. This study provides a paradigm to construct filterless on‐chip Stokes polarimeter with great simplicity and low cost.
Versatile Reactivity of Metalloid‐Substituted π‐Allylpalladium Species
Authors: Horino Yoshikazu , Korenaga Toshinobu 
Published: October 2021

Abstractπ‐Allylpalladium complexes can not only serve as electrophilic allylating agents for a broad range of nucleophiles, but also nucleophilic allylating agents for electrophiles depending on their electronic environments. In contrast to these typical reactivities of π‐allylpalladium complexes, silylated and borylated π‐allylpalladium species show unique reactivities that can allow versatile transformations in addition to simple allylation. Herein, four different types of transformations that are in principle achieved via the inherently reactive silylated and borylated π‐allylpalladium species as common intermediates are described. An appropriate selection of ligands of the silylated and borylated π‐allylpalladium species can allow control over the reaction pathways.
Drivers of sustainable new technology diffusion in national markets: The case of electric vehicles
Authors: Jaiswal Mayank , Zane Lee J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the factors that impact the diffusion of sustainable new technologies (SNTs) in nations. The article focuses on four country‐level variables—development status, focus on sustainability, innovation focus, and type of government—and their relationship with SNT diffusion. In addition to using regression to assess the independent variables' sufficiency, necessary condition analysis is used to analyze the necessity of the variables for SNT diffusion. Data consisted of a 10‐year panel data set containing sales of electric vehicles from 2008 to 2017 across 89 countries. Results suggest a significant correlation between the development status of a country and diffusion levels of SNT. Similar results were found for focus on sustainability and innovation focus variables. Finally, relatively established SNT diffusion is affected by government type. Development status, focus on sustainability, and innovation focus were necessary for the diffusion of SNT in a country. In contrast, the absence of dictatorial regimes was also found to be necessary.
Gas diffusivity‐based characterization of aggregated soils linking to methane migration in shallow subsurface
Authors: Shanujah M. , Deepagoda Chamindu , Smits Kathleen M. , Shreedharan V. , Paramrswaran T. G. , Babu G. L. S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMethane transport in soil is primarily affected by soil physical conditions such as soil texture and soil structure, soil moisture, soil‐gas diffusivity, permeability, and soil temperature. Aggregated soils have distinct soil structure with two pore regions characteristics (i.e., interaggregate and intraaggregate regions) and therefore show bimodal behavior with respect to soil physical properties controlling gas migration. This study characterized an aggregated soil retrieved near a natural gas (NG) extraction site at Denver–Julesburg (D‐J) basin in northeast Colorado (USA) with respect to soil‐water characteristic (SWC), pore‐size distribution, gas diffusivity and thermal conductivity. The investigated soil exhibited distinctive two‐region characteristics, which were adequately parameterized with extended, existing, and newly developed bimodal functions. We carried out an analysis with integrated model parameters to obtain a graphical insight on the correlation of properties. In addition, CH4 concentration profiles originated from a point source representing a buried pipeline leakage at three different flow rates (6, 12, and 24 L min–1) were simulated with a numerical tool that can simulate the multiphase flow of gas mixture under dry and different saturation conditions of the soil. Simulated results highlighted pronounced effects of soil moisture and, to a lesser degree, of gas leakage rate on subsurface CH4 concentrations profiles, suggesting diffusion‐dominated movement of CH4 in subsurface.
Surface modification of nano‐drug delivery systems for enhancing antibiotic delivery and activity
Authors: Osman Nawras , Devnarain Nikita , Omolo Calvin A. , Fasiku Victoria , Jaglal Yajna , Govender Thirumala 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRampant antimicrobial resistance calls for innovative strategies to effectively control bacterial infections, enhance antibacterial efficacy, minimize side effects, and protect existing antibiotics in the market. Therefore, to enhance the delivery of antibiotics and increase their bioavailability and accumulation at the site of infection, the surfaces of nano‐drug delivery systems have been diversely modified. This strategy applies various covalent and non‐covalent techniques to introduce specific coating materials that have been found to be effective against various sensitive and resistant microorganisms. In this review, we discuss the techniques of surface modification of nanocarriers loaded with antibacterial agents. Furthermore, saccharides, polymers, peptides, antibiotics, enzymes and cell membranes coatings that have been used for surface functionalization of nano‐drug delivery systems are described, emphasizing current approaches for enhancing delivery, bioavailability, and efficacy of surface‐modified antibacterial nanocarriers at infection sites. This article offers a critical overview of the potential of surface‐modified antibacterial nanocarriers to overcome the limitations of conventional antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Vector-like quarks decaying into singly and doubly charged bosons at LHC
Authors: Corcella Gennaro , Costantini Antonio , Ghezzi Margherita , Panizzi Luca , Pruna Giovanni Marco , Šalko Jakub 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We investigate the production of vector-like quarks with charge 5/3 at the LHC and their subsequent decays into new singly or doubly charged bosons plus a heavy quark (top or bottom). In particular, we explore final states with same-sign di-leptons (electron or muon pairs), with the leptons coming from the decay of the new bosons and, in the case of production of singly charged bosons, from top quarks as well. These processes are predicted by classes of models based on extensions of the gauge group of the Standard Model, such as the 331 Model, where the electroweak symmetry is described by SU(3)L × U(1)X, X being a new abelian charge. For this purpose, a CMS search for vector-like partners with charge 5/3 decaying into Wt is recast to obtain model-independent bounds and projected reaches at future luminosity stages of the LHC. The results are then interpreted as mass bounds for the new particles predicted in the 331 Model and as a constraint on the scale of its spontaneous symmetry breaking. The complete set of model-independent results are provided as recast efficiencies, to allow for reinterpretation in different scenarios.
MHV gluon scattering amplitudes from celestial current algebras
Authors: Banerjee Shamik , Ghosh Sudip 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We show that the Mellin transform of an n-point tree level MHV gluon scattering amplitude, also known as the celestial amplitude in pure Yang-Mills theory, satisfies a system of (n−2) linear first order partial differential equations corresponding to (n−2) positive helicity gluons. Although these equations closely resemble Knizhnik-Zamoldochikov equations for SU(N) current algebra there is also an additional “correction” term coming from the subleading soft gluon current algebra. These equations can be used to compute the leading term in the gluon-gluon OPE on the celestial sphere. Similar equations can also be written down for the momentum space tree level MHV scattering amplitudes. We also propose a way to deal with the non closure of subleading current algebra generators under commutation. This is then used to compute some subleading terms in the mixed helicity gluon OPE.
Maruyoshi-Song flows and defect groups of $$ {\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{b}} $$(G) theories
Authors: Hosseini Saghar S. , Moscrop Robert 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe study the defect groups of$$ {D}_p^b $$Dpb(G) theories using geometric engineering and BPS quivers. In the simple case whenb=h∨(G), we use the BPS quivers of the theory to see that the defect group is compatible with a known Maruyoshi-Song flow. To extend to the case whereb≠h∨(G), we use a similar Maruyoshi-Song flow to conjecture that the defect groups of$$ {D}_p^b $$Dpb(G) theories are given by those ofG(b)[k] theories. In the cases ofG=An,E6,E8we cross check our result by calculating the BPS quivers of theG(b)[k] theories and looking at the cokernel of their intersection matrix.
Probing anomalous γγγZ couplings through γZ production in γγ collisions at the CLIC
Authors: İnan S. C. , Kisselev A. V. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We have estimated the sensitivity to the anomalous couplings of the γγγZ vertex in the γγ → γZ scattering of the Compton backscattered photons at the CLIC. Both polarized and unpolarized collisions at the e+e− energies 1500 GeV and 3000 GeV are addressed, and anomalous contributions to helicity amplitudes are derived. The differential and total cross sections are calculated. We have obtained 95% C.L. exclusion limits on the anomalous quartic gauge couplings (QGCs). They are compared with corresponding bounds derived for the γγγZ couplings via γZ production at the LHC. The constraints on the anomalous QGCs are one to two orders of magnitude more stringent that at the HL-LHC. The partial-wave unitarity constraints on the anomalous couplings are examined. It is shown that the unitarity is not violated in the region of the anomalous QGCs studied in the paper.
A new perspective on the electroweak phase transition in the Standard Model Effective Field Theory
Authors: Camargo-Molina José Eliel , Enberg Rikard , Löfgren Johan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A first-order Electroweak Phase Transition (EWPT) could explain the observed baryon-antibaryon asymmetry and its dynamics could yield a detectable gravitational wave signature, while the underlying physics would be within the reach of colliders. The Standard Model, however, predicts a crossover transition. We therefore study the EWPT in the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) including dimension-six operators. A first-order EWPT has previously been shown to be possible in the SMEFT. Phenomenology studies have focused on scenarios with a tree-level barrier between minima, which requires a negative Higgs quartic coupling and a new physics scale low enough to raise questions about the validity of the EFT approach. In this work we stress that a first-order EWPT is also possible when the barrier between minima is generated radiatively, the quartic coupling is positive, the scale of new physics is higher, and there is good agreement with experimental bounds. Our calculation is done in a consistent, gauge-invariant way, and we carefully analyze the scaling of parameters necessary to generate a barrier in the potential. We perform a global fit in the relevant parameter space and explicitly find the points with a first-order transition that agree with experimental data. We also briefly discuss the prospects for probing the allowed parameter space using di-Higgs production in colliders.
Phenomenology of a fake Inert Doublet Model
Authors: Anselmi Damiano , Kannike Kristjan , Marzo Carlo , Marzola Luca , Melis Aurora , Müürsepp Kristjan , Piva Marco , Raidal Martti 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We introduce a new way of modeling the physics beyond the Standard Model by considering fake, strictly off-shell degrees of freedom: the fakeons. To demonstrate the approach and exemplify its reach, we re-analyze the phenomenology of the Inert Doublet Model under the assumption that the second doublet is a fakeon. Remarkably, the fake doublet avoids the most stringent Z-pole constraints regardless of the chosen mass scale, thereby allowing for the presence of new effects well below the electroweak scale. Furthermore, the absence of on-shell propagation prevents fakeons from inducing missing energy signatures in collider experiments. The distinguishing features of the model appear at the loop level, where fakeons modify the Higgs boson h → γγ decay width and the Higgs trilinear coupling. The running of Standard Model parameters proceeds as in the usual Inert Doublet Model case. Therefore, the fake doublet can also ensure the stability of the Standard Model vacuum. Our work shows that fakeons are a valid alternative to the usual tools of particle physics model building, with the potential to shape a new paradigm, where the significance of the existing experimental constraints towards new physics must necessarily be reconsidered.