bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Detailed, Multi‐Scale Assessment of an Atmospheric River Event and Its Impact on Extreme Glacier Melt in the Southern Alps of New Zealand
Authors: Kropač Elena , Mölg Thomas , Cullen Nicolas J. , Collier Emily , Pickler Carolyne , Turton Jenny V. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNorth‐westerly airflow and associated atmospheric rivers (ARs) have been found to profoundly influence New Zealand’s west coasts, by causing flooding, landslides and extreme ablation and accumulation on glaciers in the Southern Alps. However, the response of local glacier mass balance to synoptic‐scale circulation, including events with ARs, has typically not been investigated by considering mesoscale processes explicitly. In this study, high‐resolution atmospheric simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting model are used to investigate the mesoscale drivers of an extreme ablation event on Brewster Glacier (Southern Alps), which occurred on February 6, 2011 during the landfall of an AR on the South Island. The following processes were found to be crucial for transferring the high temperature and water vapor contained in the AR into energy available for melt on Brewster Glacier: First, the moist‐neutral character of the air mass enabled the flow to pass over the ridge, leading to the development of orographic clouds and precipitation on the windward side of the orography, and foehn winds on the leeside. These processes fueled melt through longwave radiation and strong turbulent and rain heat fluxes within the high‐condensation environment of the orographic cloud. Second, orographic enhancement occurred due to both cellular convection within the cloud and the combined effect of multiple precipitating systems by the seeder‐feeder‐mechanism. These results indicate the potential importance of AR dynamics for New Zealand’s glaciers. They also illustrate the benefit of mesoscale atmospheric modeling for advancing process understanding of the glacier‐climate relationship in New Zealand.
Distribution and Settling Regime of Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP) Potentially Associated With Bio‐Physical Processes in the Eastern Indian Ocean
Authors: Guo Congcong , Sun Jun , Wang Xingzhou , Jian Shan , Abu Noman Md. , Huang Ke , Zhang Guicheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe detailed transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) distribution, sinking behavior and the potential mechanisms behind that were revealed in the upper 200 m water column of the eastern Indian Ocean (EIO). The biological process and nutrient limitation have proved to be non‐negligible, both of which possessed potential functions in controlling the TEP pool. TEP production and fate presented significant subregional variations in the study area. The vertical distributions of TEP displayed coherent declined patterns with depth between the marginal sea and pelagic ecosystems, but the concentration of TEP horizontally decreased from marginal sea to open ocean. Dissimilarly, variable distribution patterns and magnitudes were distinguished between stratified and active current zones with the conclusion that the stratified condition was in favor of downward remove of TEP pool but turbulence facilitated the accumulation of TEP especially in the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) layer. Distinct sinking regimes of TEP in the stratified zone were distinguishable between layers, with the regulatory mechanisms in the upper, DCM and lower layer of water column being physical diffusion of denser seawater and solutes, aggregation by biotic and abiotic processes and buoyancy effect by entrained lighter fluid, respectively. By comparing the theoretical and measured sinking rates of TEP‐formed aggregates and considering the complicated and uncontrollable situations in non‐culture scenarios, the coupling effects of physical and biological variables on TEP dynamics were elucidated, thus providing a compelling theory for predicting the downward fate of carbon flux in the field environments.
Polarization-insensitive 3D conformal-skin metasurface cloak
Authors: Xu He-Xiu , Hu Guangwei , Wang Yanzhao , Wang Chaohui , Wang Mingzhao , Wang Shaojie , Huang Yongjun , Genevet Patrice , Huang Wei , Qiu Cheng-Wei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractElectromagnetic metasurface cloaks provide an alternative paradigm toward rendering arbitrarily shaped scatterers invisible. Most transformation-optics (TO) cloaks intrinsically need wavelength-scale volume/thickness, such that the incoming waves could have enough long paths to interact with structured meta-atoms in the cloak region and consequently restore the wavefront. Other challenges of TO cloaks include the polarization-dependent operation to avoid singular parameters of composite cloaking materials and limitations of canonical geometries, e.g., circular, elliptical, trapezoidal, and triangular shapes. Here, we report for the first time a conformal-skin metasurface carpet cloak, enabling to work under arbitrary states of polarization (SOP) at Poincaré sphere for the incident light and arbitrary conformal platform of the object to be cloaked. By exploiting the foundry three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques to fabricate judiciously designed meta-atoms on the external surface of a conformal object, the spatial distributions of intensity and polarization of its scattered lights can be reconstructed exactly the same as if the scattering wavefront were deflected from a flat ground at any SOP, concealing targets under polarization-scanning detections. Two conformal-skin carpet cloaks working for partial- and full-azimuth plane operation are respectively fabricated on trapezoid and pyramid platforms via 3D printing. Experimental results are in good agreement with numerical simulations and both demonstrate the polarization-insensitive cloaking within a desirable bandwidth. Our approach paves a deterministic and robust step forward to the realization of interfacial, free-form, and full-polarization cloaking for a realistic arbitrary-shape target in real-world applications.
Mutant KRAS drives metabolic reprogramming and autophagic flux in premalignant pancreatic cells
Authors: Suzuki Tatsunori , Kishikawa Takahiro , Sato Tatsuyuki , Takeda Norihiko , Sugiura Yuki , Seimiya Takahiro , Sekiba Kazuma , Ohno Motoko , Iwata Takuma , Ishibashi Rei , Otsuka Motoyuki , Koike Kazuhiko 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMutational activation of the KRAS gene occurs in almost all pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and is the earliest molecular event in their carcinogenesis. Evidence has accumulated of the metabolic reprogramming in PDAC, such as amino acid homeostasis and autophagic flux. However, the biological effects of KRAS mutation on metabolic reprogramming at the earlier stages of PDAC carcinogenesis are unclear. Here we report dynamic metabolic reprogramming in immortalized human non-cancerous pancreatic ductal epithelial cells, in which a KRAS mutation was induced by gene-editing, which may mimic early pancreatic carcinogenesis. Similar to the cases of PDAC, KRAS gene mutation increased the dependency on glucose and glutamine for maintaining the intracellular redox balance. In addition, the intracellular levels of amino acids were significantly decreased because of active protein synthesis, and the cells required greater autophagic flux to maintain their viability. The lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine significantly inhibited cell proliferation. Therefore, metabolic reprogramming is an early event in carcinogenesis initiated by KRAS gene mutation, suggesting a rationale for the development of nutritional interventions that suppress or delay the development of PDAC.
Repurposing cabozantinib with therapeutic potential in KIT-driven t(8;21) acute myeloid leukaemias
Authors: Su Kuan-Wei , Ou Da-Liang , Fu Yu-Hsuan , Tien Hwei-Fang , Hou Hsin-An , Lin Liang-In 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCabozantinib is an orally available, multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of several solid tumours and known to inhibit KIT tyrosine kinase. In acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), aberrant KIT tyrosine kinase often coexists with t(8;21) to drive leukaemogenesis. Here we evaluated the potential therapeutic effect of cabozantinib on a selected AML subtype characterised by t(8;21) coupled with KIT mutation. Cabozantinib exerted substantial cytotoxicity in Kasumi-1 cells with an IC50 of 88.06 ± 4.32 nM, which was well within clinically achievable plasma levels. The suppression of KIT phosphorylation and its downstream signals, including AKT/mTOR, STAT3, and ERK1/2, was elicited by cabozantinib treatment and associated with subsequent alterations of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related molecules. Cabozantinib also disrupted the synthesis of an AML1-ETO fusion protein in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In a mouse xenograft model, cabozantinib suppressed tumourigenesis at 10 mg/kg and significantly prolonged survival of the mice. Further RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that mTOR-mediated signalling pathways were substantially inactivated by cabozantinib treatment, causing the downregulation of ribosome biogenesis and glycolysis, along with myeloid leukocyte activation. We suggest that cabozantinib may be effective in the treatment of AML with t(8;21) and KIT mutation. Relevant clinical trials are warranted.
E47 upregulates ΔNp63α to promote growth of squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Xu Jing , Li Fengtian , Gao Ya , Guo Rongtian , Ding Liangping , Fu Mengyuan , Yi Yong , Chen Hu , Xiao Zhi-Xiong Jim , Niu Mengmeng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTargeted therapy has greatly improved both survival and prognosis of cancer patients. However, while therapeutic treatment of adenocarcinoma has been advanced greatly, progress in treatment of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has been slow and ineffective. Therefore, it is of great importance to decipher mechanisms and identify new drug targets involved in squamous cell carcinoma development. In this study, we demonstrate that E47 plays the distinctive and opposite roles on cell proliferation in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. While E47 suppresses cell proliferation in adenocarcinoma cells, it functions as a oncoprotein to promote cell proliferation and tumor growth of squamous cell carcinoma. Mechanistically, we show that E47 can directly bind to the promoter and transactivate ΔNp63 gene expression in squamous cell carcinoma cells, resulting in upregulation of cyclins D1/E1 and downregulation of p21, and thereby promoting cell proliferation and tumor growth. We further show that expression of E2A (E12/E47) is positively correlated with p63 and that high expression of E2A is associated with poor outcomes in clinical samples of squamous cell carcinoma. These results highlight that the E47-ΔNp63α axis may be potential therapeutic targets for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma.
Defective dystrophic thymus determines degenerative changes in skeletal muscle
Authors: Farini Andrea , Sitzia Clementina , Villa Chiara , Cassani Barbara , Tripodi Luana , Legato Mariella , Belicchi Marzia , Bella Pamela , Lonati Caterina , Gatti Stefano , Cerletti Massimiliano , Torrente Yvan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), sarcolemma fragility and myofiber necrosis produce cellular debris that attract inflammatory cells. Macrophages and T-lymphocytes infiltrate muscles in response to damage-associated molecular pattern signalling and the release of TNF-α, TGF-β and interleukins prevent skeletal muscle improvement from the inflammation. This immunological scenario was extended by the discovery of a specific response to muscle antigens and a role for regulatory T cells (Tregs) in muscle regeneration. Normally, autoimmunity is avoided by autoreactive T-lymphocyte deletion within thymus, while in the periphery Tregs monitor effector T-cells escaping from central regulatory control. Here, we report impairment of thymus architecture of mdx mice together with decreased expression of ghrelin, autophagy dysfunction and AIRE down-regulation. Transplantation of dystrophic thymus in recipient nude mice determine the up-regulation of inflammatory/fibrotic markers, marked metabolic breakdown that leads to muscle atrophy and loss of force. These results indicate that involution of dystrophic thymus exacerbates muscular dystrophy by altering central immune tolerance.
Primate ventral striatum maintains neural representations of the value of previously rewarded objects for habitual seeking
Authors: Kang Joonyoung , Kim Hyeji , Hwang Seong Hwan , Han Minjun , Lee Sue-Hyun , Kim Hyoung F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe ventral striatum (VS) is considered a key region that flexibly updates recent changes in reward values for habit learning. However, this update process may not serve to maintain learned habitual behaviors, which are insensitive to value changes. Here, using fMRI in humans and single-unit electrophysiology in macaque monkeys we report another role of the primate VS: that the value memory subserving habitual seeking is stably maintained in the VS. Days after object-value associative learning, human and monkey VS continue to show increased responses to previously rewarded objects, even when no immediate reward outcomes are expected. The similarity of neural response patterns to each rewarded object increases after learning among participants who display habitual seeking. Our data show that long-term memory of high-valued objects is retained as a single representation in the VS and may be utilized to evaluate visual stimuli automatically to guide habitual behavior.
ATP6V0A1 encoding the a1-subunit of the V0 domain of vacuolar H+-ATPases is essential for brain development in humans and mice
Authors: Aoto Kazushi , Kato Mitsuhiro , Akita Tenpei , Nakashima Mitsuko , Mutoh Hiroki , Akasaka Noriyuki , Tohyama Jun , Nomura Yoshiko , Hoshino Kyoko , Ago Yasuhiko , Tanaka Ryuta , Epstein Orna , Ben-Haim Revital , Heyman Eli , Miyazaki Takehiro , Belal Hazrat , Takabayashi Shuji , Ohba Chihiro , Takata Atsushi , Mizuguchi Takeshi , Miyatake Satoko , Miyake Noriko , Fukuda Atsuo , Matsumoto Naomichi , Saitsu Hirotomo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractVacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) transport protons across cellular membranes to acidify various organelles. ATP6V0A1 encodes the a1-subunit of the V0 domain of V-ATPases, which is strongly expressed in neurons. However, its role in brain development is unknown. Here we report four individuals with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with ATP6V0A1 variants: two individuals with a de novo missense variant (R741Q) and the other two individuals with biallelic variants comprising one almost complete loss-of-function variant and one missense variant (A512P and N534D). Lysosomal acidification is significantly impaired in cell lines expressing three missense ATP6V0A1 mutants. Homozygous mutant mice harboring human R741Q (Atp6v0a1R741Q) and A512P (Atp6v0a1A512P) variants show embryonic lethality and early postnatal mortality, respectively, suggesting that R741Q affects V-ATPase function more severely. Lysosomal dysfunction resulting in cell death, accumulated autophagosomes and lysosomes, reduced mTORC1 signaling and synaptic connectivity, and lowered neurotransmitter contents of synaptic vesicles are observed in the brains of Atp6v0a1A512P/A512P mice. These findings demonstrate the essential roles of ATP6V0A1/Atp6v0a1 in neuronal development in terms of integrity and connectivity of neurons in both humans and mice.
Reprogrammable and high-precision holographic optical addressing of trapped ions for scalable quantum control
Authors: Shih Chung-You , Motlakunta Sainath , Kotibhaskar Nikhil , Sajjan Manas , Hablützel Roland , Islam Rajibul 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHigh-precision, individually programmable manipulation of quantum particles is crucial for scaling up quantum information processing (QIP) systems such as laser-cooled trapped-ions. However, restricting undesirable “crosstalk” in optical manipulation of ion qubits is fundamentally challenging due to micron-level inter-ion separation. Further, inhomogeneous ion spacing and high susceptibility to aberrations at UV wavelengths suitable for most ion-species pose severe challenges. Here, we demonstrate high-precision individual addressing (λ = 369.5 nm) of Yb+ using a reprogrammable Fourier hologram. The precision is achieved through in-situ aberration characterization via the trapped ion, and compensating (to λ/20) with the hologram. Using an iterative Fourier transformation algorithm (IFTA), we demonstrate an ultra-low (<10−4) intensity crosstalk error in creating arbitrary pair-wise addressing profiles, suitable for over fifty ions. This scheme relies on standard commercial hardware, can be readily extended to over a hundred ions, and adapted to other ion-species and quantum platforms.
Superconductor-to-metal transition in overdoped cuprates
Authors: Li Zi-Xiang , Kivelson Steven A. , Lee Dung-Hai 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe present a theoretical framework for understanding the behavior of the normal and superconducting states of overdoped cuprate high temperature superconductors in the vicinity of the doping-tuned quantum superconductor-to-metal transition. The key ingredients on which we focus are d-wave pairing, a flat antinodal dispersion, and disorder. Even for homogeneous disorder, these lead to effectively granular superconducting correlations and a superconducting transition temperature determined in large part by the superfluid stiffness rather than the pairing scale.
Prognostic value of thrombin generation parameters in hospitalized COVID-19 patients
Authors: de la Morena-Barrio María Eugenia , Bravo-Pérez Carlos , Miñano Antonia , de la Morena-Barrio Belén , Fernandez-Perez María Piedad , Bernal Enrique , Gómez-Verdu José Miguel , Herranz María Teresa , Vicente Vicente , Corral Javier , Lozano María Luisa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 infection increases the risk of thrombosis by different mechanisms not fully characterized. Although still debated, an increase in D-dimer has been proposed as a first-line hemostasis test associated with thromboembolic risk and unfavorable prognosis. We aim to systematically and comprehensively evaluate the association between thrombin generation parameters and the inflammatory and hypercoagulable state, as well as their prognostic value in COVID-19 patients. A total of 127 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19, 24 hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2-negative pneumonia and 12 healthy subjects were included. Clinical characteristics, thrombin generation triggered by tissue factor with and without soluble thrombomodulin, and also by silica, as well as other biochemical parameters were assessed. Despite the frequent use of heparin, COVID-19 patients had similar thrombin generation to healthy controls. In COVID-19 patients, the thrombin generation lag-time positively correlated with markers of cell lysis (LDH), inflammation (CRP, IL-6) and coagulation (D-dimer), while the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) inversely correlated with D-dimer and LDH, and positively correlated with fibrinogen levels. Patients with more prolonged lag-time and decreased ETP had higher peak ISTH-DIC scores, and had more severe disease (vascular events and death). The ROC curve and Kaplan Meier estimate indicated that the D-dimer/ETP ratio was associated with in-hospital mortality (HR 2.5; p = 0.006), and with the occurrence of major adverse events (composite end-point of vascular events and death) (HR 2.38; p = 0.004). The thrombin generation ETP and lag-time variables correlate with thromboinflammatory markers, and the D-dimer/ETP ratio can predict major adverse events in COVID-19.
Chest beats as an honest signal of body size in male mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)
Authors: Wright Edward , Grawunder Sven , Ndayishimiye Eric , Galbany Jordi , McFarlin Shannon C. , Stoinski Tara S. , Robbins Martha M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAcoustic signals that reliably indicate body size, which usually determines competitive ability, are of particular interest for understanding how animals assess rivals and choose mates. Whereas body size tends to be negatively associated with formant dispersion in animal vocalizations, non-vocal signals have received little attention. Among the most emblematic sounds in the animal kingdom is the chest beat of gorillas, a non-vocal signal that is thought to be important in intra and inter-sexual competition, yet it is unclear whether it reliably indicates body size. We examined the relationship among body size (back breadth), peak frequency, and three temporal characteristics of the chest beat: duration, number of beats and beat rate from sound recordings of wild adult male mountain gorillas. Using linear mixed models, we found that larger males had significantly lower peak frequencies than smaller ones, but we found no consistent relationship between body size and the temporal characteristics measured. Taken together with earlier findings of positive correlations among male body size, dominance rank and reproductive success, we conclude that the gorilla chest beat is an honest signal of competitive ability. These results emphasize the potential of non-vocal signals to convey important information in mammal communication.
Effects of both climate change and human water demand on a highly threatened damselfly
Authors: Khelifa Rassim , Mahdjoub Hayat , Baaloudj Affef , Cannings Robert A. , Samways Michael J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhile climate change severely affects some aquatic ecosystems, it may also interact with anthropogenic factors and exacerbate their impact. In dry climates, dams can cause hydrological drought during dry periods following a great reduction in dam water discharge. However, impact of these severe hydrological droughts on lotic fauna is poorly documented, despite climate change expected to increase drought duration and intensity. We document here how dam water discharge was affected by climate variability during 2011–2018 in a highly modified watershed in northeastern Algeria, and how an endemic endangered lotic damselfly, Calopteryx exul Selys, 1853 (Odonata: Calopterygidae), responded to hydrological drought episodes. Analysis was based on a compilation of data on climate (temperature, precipitation, and drought index), water dam management (water depth and discharge volume and frequency), survey data on C. exul occurrence, and capture–mark–recapture (CMR) of adults. The study period was characterized by a severe drought between 2014 and 2017, which led to a lowering of dam water depth and reduction of discharge into the river, with associated changes in water chemistry, particularly during 2017 and 2018. These events could have led to the extirpation of several populations of C. exul in the Seybouse River (Algeria). CMR surveys showed that the species was sensitive to water depth fluctuations, avoiding low and high water levels (drought and flooding). The study shows that climate change interacts with human water requirements and affects river flow regimes, water chemistry and aquatic fauna. As drought events are likely to increase in the future, the current study highlights the need for urgent new management plans for lotic habitats to maintain this species and possible others.