bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marathon race performance increases the amount of particulate matter deposited in the respiratory system of runners: an incentive for “clean air marathon runs”
Authors: Zoladz Jerzy A. , Nieckarz Zenon 
Published: June 2021

Background
In the last decades, marathon running has become a popular form of physical activity among people around the world. It should be noticed that the main marathon races are performed in large cities, where air quality varies considerably. It is well established that breathing polluted air results in a number of harmful effects to the human body. However, there have been no studies to show the impact of marathon run performance on the amount of the deposition of varied fractions of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the respiratory tract of runners. This is why the present study sought to determine the impact of marathon run performance in the air of varying quality on the deposition of the PM1, PM2.5, PM10 in the respiratory tract in humans.

Methods
The PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 deposition was determined in an “average runner” (with marathon performance time 4 h: 30 min) and in an “elite marathon runner” (with marathon performance time 2 h: 00 min) at rest, and during a marathon race, based on own measurements of the PM content in the air and the size-resolved DF(d) profile concept.

Results
We have shown that breathing air containing 50 µg m−3 PM10 (a borderline value according to the 2006 WHO standard - still valid) at minute ventilation (VE) equal to 8 L min−1 when at rest, resulted in PM10deposition rate of approximately 9 µg h−1, but a marathon run of an average marathon runner with the VE = 62 L min−1 increased the deposition rate up to 45 µg h−1. In the elite runner, marathon run with the VE= 115 L min−1 increased PM10 deposition rate to 83 µg h−1. Interestingly, breathing the air containing 50 µg m−3of PM10 at the VE = 115 L min−1by the elite marathon runner during the race resulted in the same PM10deposition rate as the breathing highly polluted air containing as much as 466 µg m−3 of PM10 when at rest. Furthermore, the total PM10 deposition in the respiratory tract during a marathon race in average runners is about 22% greater (203 / 166 = 1.22) than in elite runners. According to our calculations, the concentration of PM10in the air during a marathon race that would allow one not to exceed the PM10 deposition rate of 9 µg h−1should be lower than 10 µg m−3 in the case of an average runner, and it should be lower than 5.5 µg m−3 in the case of an elite runner.

Conclusions
We conclude that a marathon run drastically increases the rate of deposition of the airborne PM in the respiratory tract of the runners, as a consequence of the huge VE generated during the race. A decrease of the PM content in the air attenuates this rate. Based on our calculations, we postulate that the PM10 content in the air during a “clean air marathon run”, involving elite marathon runners, should be below 5.5 µg m−3.
Cubosomes as Potential Nanocarrier for Drug Delivery: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Kaur Simran Deep , Singh Gurdeep , Singh Gurpreet , Singhal Keshav , Kant Shubham , Bedi Neena 
Published: June 2021

Lyotropic liquid crystalline cores are characterized as soft nanoparticles and referred as cubosomes. They are prepared to activate the natural self-assembly capability of lipids (e.g., monoolein or phytantriol) in water. Cubosomes are crystalline isotropic lipidic nanoparticles stabilized by Poloxamers such as F127, F108. It is made up of a network of two separate aqueous channels formed by a three-dimensional, non-intersecting lipid bilayer imposed over an indefinite periodic minimum surface of cubic symmetry. Cubosomes constitute unique features such as their special cubic structure which permits to incorporate highly lipophilic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic drugs. Also, the lipids excipients used in the preparation of cubosomes such as monoolein, phytantriol are biodegradable and biocompatible so these cubic nanoparticles are referred as safe carrier for drug delivery. Cubic lipid nanoparticles have a highly stable cubic shape that allows for a slower rate of dissociation, improved drug retention, and site-specific drug delivery. The architecture of cubic particles provides suitability in the drug delivery as compared to other lipids-based drug delivery systems such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), liposomes due to their drug expulsion to the surface of nanoparticles. Cubosomes with these loaded features/architectural composition led to an array of desired performance. Solvent evaporation, ultrasonication, hydrotrope, spray drying, melt dispersion emulsifying methods are used to prepare these carrier systems.
Prevalence and factors associated to dysphonia and laryngeal lesions: a study among teachers in a region of the Brazilian Legal Amazon
Authors: Cruz Fernanda Aguiar da , Rêgo Adriana Sousa , Firmo Wellyson Da Cunha Araújo , Bassi-Dibai Daniela , Silva Flor de Maria Araujo Mendonça , Silva Ilana Mírian Almeida Felipe da 
Published: June 2021

<p><strong>Objective</strong>: to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with dysphonia and laryngeal lesions in teachers of basic education in a region of the Amazonian region. <strong>Methods: c</strong>ross-sectional study with collection of sociodemographic variables, occupational, environmental and clinics. Laryngeal lesions were evaluated by laryngoscopy. Was used a logistic regression to determine factors associated. <strong>Results</strong>: the prevalence of dysphonia and laryngeal lesions was 68.9% and 53.3%, respectively. There was association between self-reported dysphonia and respiratory problems (OR=3.00; CI95%=1.25-7.22), use of drugs (OR= 2.31, CI95%= 1.19-4.49) and noise in the internal environment (OR= 2.43; CI95%=1.24-4.73). Easy access to water was a protection factor against self-reported dysphonia (OR=0.09; CI95%: 0.01-0.79). We found a significant association between dysphonia diagnosed and digestive problems (OR= 6.09; CI95%=2.79-13.30), external noise (OR=5.20, CI95%=1.99-13.57) and inadequate ventilation (OR=3.24; CI95%=1.36-7.74). The variables associated with higher chance of laryngeal lesions in dysphonic teachers were lighting (OR=3.74; CI95%=1.15-12.14%), acoustics (OR= 4.14; CI95%=1.32-12.95) and inadequate room size (OR= 3.76; CI95%=1.29-10.91). The use of drugs (OR=0.34; CI95%=0.12-0.92), respiratory problems (OR=0.21; CI95%=0.06-0.76) and easy access to water (OR= 0.12; CI95%=0.04-0.38) were protection factors for laryngeal lesions. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> occupational environmental factors aggravated the vocal health of this professional category. Access to water in the work impacted positively.</p>
Aumento dos fatores de risco e suscetibilidade para o desenvolvimento de eventos tromboembólicos em indivíduos portadores de doença falciforme infectados pela Covid-19: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: De Jesus Gleice Kely Gomes , De Araújo Lila Teixeira , Silva Márcia Barbosa da 
Published: June 2021

<p><strong>Introdução</strong>: diante das preocupações causadas pela pandemia do novo Corona vírus e doença relacionada (COVID-19), seja para profissionais de saúde ou da sociedade em geral, estudos relacionados aos riscos para indivíduos com doença falciforme (DF) são ainda escassos. A doença falciforme possui um estado de hipercoagulabilidade, inclusive em pacientes estáveis, sendo assim, a infecção causada pela COVID-19 possivelmente agrava as manifestações fisiopatológicas desses pacientes, podendo ter consequências fatais. <strong>Objetivo</strong>: identificar eventos tromboembólicos causados pela COVID-19 que são frequentes na DF e podem trazer complicações para esses indivíduos, com consequente aumento do risco de mortalidade. <strong>Metodologia</strong>: revisão integrativa, onde foram identificados inicialmente 278 estudos, dos quais 264 foram excluídos, sendo então mantidos 14 artigos, os quais foram categorizados conforme o desenho estabelecido para cada um destes estudos, considerando como critérios de qualidade os itens definidos na escala PEDro, associados a outros parâmetros sugestivos de artigos de boa qualidade, como o Índice H, fator de impacto, representatividade dos autores na área do estudo e instituições as quais estes autores estão vinculados. <strong>Resultados</strong>: com base nas informações descritas, identificou-se o risco aumentado de indivíduos portadores de doença falciforme para o desenvolvimento de eventos tromboembólicos graves diante da exposição à COVID-19. <strong>Conclusão</strong>: o indivíduo portador<br />de Doença Falciforme diante da infecção pela COVID-19 tem maior risco e suscetibilidade de desenvolvimento de complicações tromboembólicas, consequentemente aumentando suas chances de mortalidade. É de grande importância a realização de estudos clínicos sobre os efeitos tromboembólicos da COVID-19 em pacientes com DF devendo ser incentivados.</p>
QUALIDADE DAS ÁGUAS URBANAS NO CÓRREGO VICENTE PIRES – DISTRITO FEDERAL
Authors: Costa Maria elisa Leite , Koide Sérgio , Carvalho Daniela Junqueira , Garnier Jeremie 
Published: June 2021

<p>Entre fevereiro de 2018 e janeiro de 2020, foi realizado o monitoramento hidrológico e de qualidade da água do Córrego Vicente Pires, localizado em uma zona urbana do Distrito Federal, a fim de avaliar as alterações na qualidade da água a partir da determinação de parâmetros físico-químicos, em eventos nos períodos seco e chuvoso. Foram elaborados polutogramas para os parâmetros de condutividade (elétrica), turbidez, pH, sólidos, demanda química de oxigênio e nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo), associados aos hidrogramas dos mesmos eventos, com vazões variando de 0,5 m³/s a 72,2 m³/s. O monitoramento dos eventos de cheia obteve concentrações de sólidos totais de até 7.583 mg/L, fosfato até 0,9 mg/L de PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3 </sup>e demanda química de oxigênio de até 958 mg/L. No período de estiagem, devido à menor disponibilidade de água no córrego, não há diluição de poluentes e ressalta-se a concentração de nitrato (NO<sub>3</sub>até 9 mg/L) em função dos lançamentos de esgotos domésticos no córrego. No período chuvoso, evidenciam-se os sólidos totais associados à lavagem da superfície e erosão do solo por grandes volumes gerados no escoamento superficial. Esses resultados expõem a necessidade de investimentos em infraestrutura de coleta de esgoto e drenagem urbana, inclusive, na adoção de medidas de contenção de sedimentos durante a realização de obras.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chaves: </strong>Monitoramento hidrológico; Polutograma; Cheias.</p><p> </p><h2 align="center">URBAN WATERQUALITY IN THE VICENTE PIRES STREAM – FEDERAL DISTRICT</h2><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Between February 2018 and January 2020, hydrological and water quality monitoring of Vicente Pires Stream, located in the urban area of the Federal District, was carried out in order to assess the changes in water quality from the determination of physical-chemical parameters during events in the dry and rainy periods. Polutographs were prepared for parameters such as (electric) conductivity, turbidity, pH, solids, chemical oxygen demand and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), associated with hydrographs of the same events, with flows that ranged from 0.5 m³/s to 72.2 m³/s. The monitoring of flood events showed concentrations of total solids up to 7,583 mg/L, phosphate up 0,9 mg/L PO43 and chemical oxygen demand up to 958 mg/L. During the dry season, due to the lower availability of water in the stream, there is no dilution of pollutants and the nitrate concentration stands out (NO3 up to 9 mg/L), due to discharges of domestic sewage into the stream. In the rainy season, the total solids associated with the washing of the surface and soil erosion by large volumes of runoff stand out. These results expose a need for investment in sewage collection and urban drainage infrastructures, including the adoption of sediment containment measures during the execution of construction.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Hydrological monitoring; Polutograph; Floods.</p>
CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTES FROM SEPTAGE COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT TRUCKS IN THE FEDERAL DISTRICT, BRAZIL
Authors: Lisboa Adriane Dias da Silva , Ginoris Yovanka Pérez , Souza Marco Antonio Almeida de 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn the Federal District of Brazil, the cleaning waste from on-site sanitation facilities is transported by septage trucks to sewage treatment plants (STPs) to be treated in conjunction with sewage. This research aimed to characterize the waste from septage trucks that were discharged in the two STPs in Brasilia, Federal District of Brazil. The methodology included the characterization (sampling and laboratory tests) of waste samples collected from septage trucks that discharged waste at the two STPs in Brasília, and the collection of information on the origin of this waste and the frequency of cleaning the on-site sanitation units. Great variability was found in the frequency of cleaning cesspools and septic tanks. The cleaning of the on-site sanitation facilities took place daily in some places and monthly in the remaining sites, and eventually, facilities with annual cleaning were reported. The characteristic that had the lowest variation coefficient was the pH. The presence of large concentrations of oils and greases in the residues of the septage trucks is a major inconvenience. The results obtained contribute to the knowledge of the characteristics of waste from septage trucks, its management and proper treatment.Keywords: septage; grease trap waste; septage collection and transport truck; oil and grease. CARACTERIZAÇÃO DOS RESÍDUOS DOS CAMINHÕES LIMPA-FOSSAS NO DISTRITO FEDERAL, BRASILResumoNo Distrito Federal, os resíduos da limpeza das instalações de tratamento descentralizado de esgoto são transportados por caminhões limpa-fossas para as estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETEs) para serem tratados em conjunto com o esgoto. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar os resíduos de caminhões limpa-fossas que descarregaram nas duas ETEs de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil. A metodologia incluiu a caracterização (amostragem e exames laboratoriais) de amostras de resíduos coletadas dos caminhões limpa-fossas que descarregaram lodo de fossa nas duas ETEs de Brasília, e a coleta de informações sobre a origem desses resíduos e a frequência de limpeza das unidades de tratamento descentralizado de esgoto. Encontrou-se grande variabilidade nas frequências de limpeza de fossas e tanques sépticos. A limpeza das instalações de tratamento descentralizado de esgotos ocorria diariamente em alguns locais e mensalmente nos demais e, eventualmente, foram registradas instalações com limpeza anual. O pH foi a característica que apresentou o menor coeficiente de variação. A presença de grandes concentrações de óleos e graxas nos resíduos dos caminhões limpa-fossas é um grande inconveniente. Os resultados obtidos contribuem para o conhecimento das características dos resíduos de caminhões limpa-fossas, sua gestão e tratamento adequado.Palavras-chave: lodo de fossas e tanques sépticos; resíduos de caixas de gordura; caminhões limpa-fossas; óleos e graxas.
Machine Learning in Solid‐State Chemistry: Heusler Compounds
Authors: Gzyl Alexander S. , Mar Arthur , Oliynyk Anton O. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Machine learning attempts to find underlying trends in data and offer predictions of outcomes. When machine learning is applied to materials science, in a discipline called materials informatics, the complex relationships between composition, structure, and properties can be unraveled even when the quantity of data is limited. To illustrate this application, the large class of materials known as Heusler compounds are modeled through machine learning, enabling new candidates to be predicted or existing compounds to be screened for potentially interesting properties. Data, algorithms, and preprocessing techniques are important components of a successful machine‐learning model. Efforts to predict structures and properties of Heusler compounds are reviewed, and other machine‐learning approaches to discover materials in general are discussed. Ultimately, a machine‐learning model is only valuable if its predictions are validated by experimental results. Thus, perspectives are offered to guide experimentalists on how machine learning can be useful for targeting new Heusler compounds.
CytochromecFused Copper Nitrite Reductases
Authors: Hedison Tobias M , Scrutton Nigel S 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCopper nitrite reductases catalyze the reduction of soluble nitrite (NO2−) to produce gaseous nitric oxide (NO), the first committed step in denitrification (Equation ):A number of copper nitrite reductase classes with distinct domain architectures are now known to exist in nature. Until recently, the role of the cytochrome domain in the three‐domain cytochromecfused copper nitrite reductase has remained unclear. In this article, we review the latest literature on three‐domain cytochromecfused copper nitrite reductases. In particular, this article is focused on how protein reverse engineering combined with extensive structural and biophysical analysis has shed light on the role of redox partner tethering in cytochromecfused nitrite reductase and the consequences of this domain fusion on catalysis in these unusual metalloenzymes.
Coproheme Decarboxylase
Authors: Hofbauer Stefan , Furtmüller Paul G 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Coproheme decarboxylases are essential enzymes within prokaryotic heme biosynthesis. These pentameric enzymes catalyze the ultimate reaction of the so‐called coproporphyrin‐dependent pathway, yielding the final product heme
b
by oxidative decarboxylation of two propionate groups of the substrate coproheme. The reaction occurs in a stepwise manner and transiently produces a three‐propionate intermediate during catalysis. In coproheme decarboxylases, the iron‐containing porphyrin substrate is the essential redox‐active molecule, which is required for the decarboxylation of the propionate groups and formation of the heme
b
vinyls. The reaction is initiated by an oxidant, most likely hydrogen peroxide, to lift the ferric iron of coproheme to the two‐electron‐deficient coproheme‐Compound I species. A catalytic tyrosine, in close proximity to the propionate to be cleaved, delivers an electron to form a neutral tyrosyl radical, which further attacks the β‐carbon of the propionate group and triggers the decarboxylation reaction, yielding a carbon dioxide molecule and a remaining vinyl group on the porphyrin. Structurally, coproheme decarboxylases are described by five subunits, which are arranged in a ring‐like manner to form the homopentameric enzyme. One subunit is built of two ferredoxin‐like folds, which are connected by a flexible linker. The C‐terminal domain is the catalytically relevant one, which is able to bind coproheme.
Copper Storage Protein From
Streptomyces Lividans
Authors: Worrall Jonathan AR 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

The ability of copper to cycle between two redox states (Cu
I
/Cu
II
), each having a preference for either soft or hard ligands, gives rise to a diverse spectrum of coordination spheres within protein scaffolds that results in a broad range of functionalities. Maintaining cellular copper bioavailability and preventing the detrimental effects associated with excess Cu
I
is critical for cell viability. In the bacterial cytosol, regulatory systems exist that are chemically tuned to constrain and regulate cuprous ion bioavailability through high‐affinity‐binding sites that use predominately cuprous‐thiolate coordination chemistry. Recently, a family of four‐helix bundle proteins with a cysteine‐rich core has been discovered to reside in the bacterial cytosol. These proteins have been named copper storage proteins (Csps), reflecting their ability to coordinate up to 20 cuprous ions in the cysteine‐rich core. In the Gram‐positive, filamentous bacterium,
Streptomyces lividans
, a Csp is present. The copper regulatory systems in
S. lividans
have been well studied and the extracytoplasmic copper‐trafficking pathways, essential to initiate the copper‐dependent morphological differentiation, identified. The role the Csp plays in the copper biochemistry of
S. lividans
has been investigated from both a biological and bioinorganic chemistry perspective, and the current understanding is summarized.
Triarylboranes in the Activation of Azo‐Containing Compounds
Authors: Gazis Theodore A. , Carden Jamie L. , Alharbi Mashael M. , Melen* Rebecca L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The field of nitrogen activation has traditionally been dominated by transition metals. However, concerns around the availability, environmental impact, and toxicity of some metals, in addition to renewed interest into the chemical reactivity of main group elements, have led chemists to investigate alternative methods of nitrogen activation. In particular, the use of boron‐containing compounds has been prevalent in the activation of nitrogen‐containing compounds. In this article, we aim to highlight how triarylboranes have been employed in the activation of azo‐containing molecules, including diazo compounds, hydrazines, azides, and diazenes.
A Universal Aqueous Conductive Binder for Flexible Electrodes
Authors: Wang Hanwei , Fu Jinzhou , Wang Chao , Zhang Ruiwang , Yang Yushan , Li Yingying , Li Caicai , Sun Qingfeng , Li Huiqiao , Zhai Tianyou 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe development of wearable electronics has led to new requirements for flexible and high‐energy batteries. However, the conventional polyvinylidene fluoride binder fails in the manufacture of high‐loaded and thick battery electrodes owing to its insufficient adhesiveness and electronic insulation, let alone for flexible devices. Furthermore, organic processing is expensive and not eco‐friendly. Herein, the authors report a novel aqueous conductive binder made of carbon nanotubes interwoven in cellulose nanosheets, successfully satisfying the fabrication of flexible yet high‐strength electrodes for universal active materials of different sizes, morphologies, and negative‐to‐positive working potentials, with a high mass loading of up to ≈90 mg cm−2. The conductive binder has an ultrathin 2D‐reticular nanosheet structure that forms continuous conductive skeletons in electrodes to segregate and warp active particles via a robust “face‐to‐point” bonding mode, allowing the fabricated electrodes to have remarkable flexibility and excellent mechanical integrity even under various external forces and excessive electrolyte erosion. Flexible LCO cathodes with a mass loading of >30 mg cm−2 as a case study exhibit high mechanical strength (>20 MPa) and can easily achieve an ultrahigh areal capacity of 12.1 mAh cm−2. This cellulose‐based binder system is ideal for advanced high‐performance functional devices, especially for flexible and high‐energy batteries.
Engineering (Bio)Materials through Shrinkage and Expansion
Authors: Wang Mian , Li Wanlu , Tang Guosheng , Garciamendez‐Mijares Carlos Ezio , Zhang Yu Shrike 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlthough various (bio)fabrication technologies have achieved revolutionary progress in the past decades, engineered constructs still fall short of expectations owing to their inability to attain precisely designable functions. Shrinkable and expandable (bio)materials feature unique characteristics leading to size‐/shape‐shifting and thus have exhibited a strong potential to equip current engineering technologies with promoted capacities toward applications in biomedicine. In this progress report, the advances of size‐/shape‐shifting (bio)materials enabled by various stimuli, are evaluated; furthermore, representative biomedical applications associated with size‐/shape‐shifting (bio)materials are also exemplified. Toward the future, the combination of size‐/shape‐shifting (bio)materials and 3D/4D fabrication technologies presents a wide range of possibilities for further development of intricate functional architectures.