bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineral composition changes recorded in the sediments from a 284-m-long drill-well in central part of the Kathmandu Basin, Nepal
Authors: Fujii Rie , Kuwahara Yoshihiro , Sakai Harutaka 
Published: April 2021

The mineralogical study on the sub-surface obtained from drill-well JW-3, in the central part of the Kathmandu Basin was first performed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD). The minerals detected in the sediments are quartz, feldspar, mica, smectite, chlorite, kaolinite, gypsum and calcite. The former three minerals are main constituent of the sediments and their relative proportion is over 70%. In general, the relative proportion of quartz is congruous with that of feldspar but is reverse proportion to that of mica. The clayey phyllosilicate minerals, such as smectite, chlorite and kaolinite are next dominant minerals in the sediments, and the relative proportion of these minerals shows a similar variation pattern to each other. Gypsum and calcite occur sporadically and their ratio is less than a few percentages, except in some horizons where they exceed 5%.
Variation curves of relative amounts of the minerals are mainly divided into two zones, based on the variation patterns of the minerals. In Zone I below115 m depth, the variation curves of minerals show gradual cyclic patterns with low amplitude except gypsum and calcite. On the other hand, the variations of mineral contents in Zone II above 115 m depth are larger than those in the Zone I. Particularly, the variation curves of quartz, feldspar and mica show repetition of shorter cycles at 4-7 m intervals which are overlapping a longer cycle at 30 m intervals. The change in variation pattern across 115 m depth of the drill-well is similar to that of frequency of each pollen in the same sediments, which depicts the climatic variations in the Kathmandu Basin (Fujii and Sakai 2002). Hence, the mineralogical variation must reflect not only the changes of depositional environments in the Kathmandu Basin but also the climatic variations there. Similar difference of variation pattern of mineral composition in the Zone I and Zone II are also reported from the pollen analysis of the same slimes. This difference seems to be related to global climatic changes.
Preliminary study of fossil freshwater molluscs from the Plio-Pleistocene Kathmandu Basin sediments, central Nepal
Authors: Gurung Damayanti , Takayasu Katsumi , Nesemann Hasko 
Published: April 2021

Fossils of freshwater Mollusca from the fluvio-lacustrine sediments of the Kathmandu Basin are collected from localities in the upper part of the Lukundol Formation, of Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene age, and the Gokarna Formation, of Late Pleistocene age. Despite the temporal differences of the two localities, the dominant molluscan species in each locality are similar. The fossil molluscan fauna in the older Lukundol Formation is entirely composed of prosobranch gastropod shells belonging to the genus Bellamya and opercula of the genus Digoniostoma. The fauna in the younger Gokarna Formation includes similar prosobranch species with addition of one prosobranch species, along with three pulmonate gastropods, an unidentified terrestrial gastropod and a bivalve species. The additional prosobranch species belong to the genus Gabbia, and the pulmonate gastropods are of the genera Lymnaea, Gyraulus, and Planorbis. The only bivalve species belong to the genus Pisidium.
In the Lukundol Formation, fossil molluscan shells are abundant but poor in number of species and the assemblage is dominated by lacustrine taxa preferring permanent lentic water body of shallow depth. Conversely, in the Gokarna Formation, species diversity is comparatively higher, with inhabitant of the shallow lacustrine to marginal less stable habitats. The fossil molluscan faunal composition is more similar to the recent fauna that inhabits the warmer southern Terai region of Nepal.
Neogene fluvial systems in the Siwalik Group along the Tinau Khola section, west central Nepal Himalaya
Authors: Ulak Prakash Das , Nakayama Katsuhiro 
Published: April 2021

Along the Tinau Khola section of west central Nepal, the Siwalik Group is a 4 km thick pile of fluvial sedimentary sequence of mudstone, sandstone and conglomerate. It is exposed between the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) to the north and the Frontal Churia Thrust (FCT), also known as the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT), in the south. The Siwalik Group is lithologically divided into the Arung Khola, Binai Khola and Chitwan formations, in ascending order. Six facies associations (FA1 to FA6) are recognised within the group based on grain size distribution, nature of bedforms, and sandstone-mudstone ratio. The fine-grained sediments of the Lower and Middle members of the Arung Khola Formation belong to the FA1-facies association and were interpreted to have deposited by a low-discharge, low -relief meandering fluvial system. The multiple accumulated thin-layered muddy sandstone sequence in the Upper Member of the Arung Khola and the Lower Member of the Binai Khola formations belong to FA2 and FA3- facies associations and were deposited by a flood flow-dominated meandering fluvial system. The deep sandy braided facies association (FA4) and shallow sandy braided facies association (FA5) are well developed in the Middle and Upper members of the Binai Khola Formation, respectively. The gravelly braided facies association (FA6) is recognised in the Chitwan Formation.
The palaeomagnetically well-studied section of the Tinau Khola allows precise dating of the major change of fluvial system during the deposition of the Siwalk Group. The environment of predominantly shallow meandering rivers with low­ relief and low-discharge during the time of deposition of the Arung Khola Formation changed at 9.9 Ma and flooding in the rivers dramatically increased due to the intensification of monsoon precipitation. This hydrographic change also brought the change in facies from the earlier FA1 facies to FA2 and FA3 facies. Change from meandering to braided system occurred at 8.2 Ma because of the obvious regional tectonic upliftment of the Higher Himalaya bringing into FA4 and FA5-facies associations. Finally the FA6-facies association was developed due to the large gravelly braided system development at 2.5 Ma as a result of the Main Boundary Thrust movement along the frontal part of the Himalaya.
Tourmaline chemistry in the metamorphic rocks of the central Nepal Himalaya
Authors: Rai Santa Man , Fort Patrick Le 
Published: April 2021

Tourmaline occurs in various tectonic units of the Himalaya. It is found in almost all formations, from the Lesser Himalaya to the Tibetan-Tethys Sedimentary Series. They are also found in the Cambro-Ordovician granite of the Kathmandu nappe and Miocene leucogranites of the Higher Himalaya.
The chemical composition of tourmalines from the central Nepal Himalaya is presented in schorlite (Fe)-dravite (Mg)­ elbaite (Al) diagram. The variation in chemistry of tourmaline in different types of rock is found to depend on the composition of the host rocks, the grade of metamorphism and the position in the structural edifice. The chemical results show that the Mg-rich tourmaline (dravite) is found to be concentrated in marble, calcic gneiss, whereas schorlite elbaite end members are found in the pelitic gneiss, mica schist, migmatitc, and quartzite, with little increase of elbaite content.
The Lesser Himalayan tourmalines show a correlation between their chemistry and the grade of metamorphism of the host rocks. The Mg content of the tourmaline increases whereas Fe and Al contents decrease from chlorite to kyanite isograd. In the chlorite isograd rocks, the tourmalines are detritic in origin and are affected very little by the low-grade metamorphism. With increasing grade of metamorphism, the fluids rich in boron are mobilized in the schist and quartzite, and reacted with aluminium silicate associated elements resulting in the crystallization of the tourmalines. In the Higher Himalayan Crystallines, where the temperature remains constant and the pressures decreases upward in the hanging wall of the MCT, the composition of the tourmaline is found to be evolved with an increase of Fe content and decrease of Mg and Al contents in the higher structural level.
The Sargipali sulphide deposit of Orissa, India: its atypical lead-high character and genesis
Authors: Chowdhury Sangita 
Published: April 2021

The sulphide deposit of Sargipali, in the Proterozoic fold belt of Gangpur, is strikingly lead dominant in character. It has an ore reserve of 2.06 million tonnes with an average grade of 6.73% Pb and 0.33% Cu, with a little Ag (about 50 ppm). The Zn content in the ore is insignificant (<0.5%), below recoverable limit.
The unusual compositional character of the deposit will be evident when compared with that of many known sulphide deposits. Pb- and S- isotope studies reveal extreme uniformity of Pb isotope composition, along with high source µ (238U / 204 Pb) value of Pb, which suggest a single- stage lead, derived from isotopically homogeneous, uranium enriched, felsic upper crustal source, though sulphur was derived from reduction of contemporary sea water sulphate source. However, the Pb- isotope study may well indicate that the Sargipali is a 1682- 1695- Ma- old sedimentary- exhalative (SEDEX) deposit. The petrographic and chemical studies of ore and host rocks indicate the metamorphosed synsedimentary­ exhalative genesis of the deposit. The abnormal enrichment of Pb in the residual fluid is suggested to have caused by the buffering of metal containing hydrothermal fluids by mica present in the felsic rocks or sediments, to a low pH at relatively low temperature. Pb-Pb ages of ores (ranging between 1682-1695 Ma) suggest that mineralisation occurred during the closing phase of sedimentation in the Gangpur basin.
The present study may help in throwing new light about the genesis of similar sediment- hosted Pb-rich deposists in terms of the SEDEX model.
Geomorphology, sedimentology, and hazard assessment of the Sapta Koshi alluvial fan in eastern Nepal
Authors: Thakur Pramod Kumar , Tamrakar Naresh Kazi 
Published: April 2021

The Sapta Koshi River that is known for exceptionally high sediment-carrying and channel-shifting nature forms a broad alluvial fan into the Indo-Gangetic Plain after its emergence from the Siwalik Hills. The Sapta Koshi alluvial fan has a radial length of about 45 km and width of about 15 km in the Nepalese territory, where it forms a proximal to midfan segment extending from NE to SW, showing various geomorphic surfaces characterised by gravel to fine sand and mud lithofacies associations. The alluvial fan deposits are of Holocene epoch, and are unconsolidated and vulnerable to rapid erosion. Flooding, river oscillation and soil erosion are the main environmental problems in the alluvial fan region.
The flood hazard assessment was made using criteria such as slope, relative relief, distance from the active channel and its shifting pattern, engineering protection-structures, and man-induced activities. The alluvial fan region was zoned into three hazard levels such as high, medium and low. The western bank of the Sapta Koshi River, around Balardaha. Bhardaha, and HanumanNagar are identified to be highly prone to flooding and waterlogging. Man-induced activities play important role in increasing the hazard level in these areas. Therefore, short- and long-termed preventive measures have been suggested.
Geo-environmental problem of snow avalanche defensive structures in mudstone zones, Niigata Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Aoyama K. , Bhattarai P. , Fukuda M. , Oku J. , Sakai T. 
Published: April 2021

Fence-type defensive structures are very common on highway hillsides in Japan. They are constructed to protect the highway mainly from snow avalanche. Initially, these structures behave well. However, as the time lapses, the foundation of these well designed structures weakens and collapses. The situation is further aggravated by the static load of accumulated thick snow cover behind them. As mudstone is the dominant rock type in the Niigata Prefecture, it is a challenging task for geotechnical engineers to cope with such a severe geo-environmental problem.
Although the mudstone exhibits a high strength while it is dry and fresh, it becomes quite unstable after sometime. When it comes in contact with water and atmosphere repeatedly, it starts weathering. Consequently, its shear strength is reduced and cannot resist the imposed shear stress and moment, and ultimately fails.
For the laboratory investigation, mudstone blocks of various sizes were collected from the two typical mudstone areas: the Matsunoyama area and Nagaoka area in the Niigata Prefecture. These samples were sub merged and then dried alternately for several cycles. The particle size analysis of the weathered material showed that the proportion of fine particles increased with the degree of weathering. The laboratory tests of these samples exhibited a decrease in shear strength with an increasing degree of saturation. The periodic swelling and contraction of the clay fraction leads to volume change of foundation inducing its further weathering.
Engineering and environmental geological investigations in Butwal area
Authors: Duvadi A. K. , Sikrikar S. M. , Piya B. , Rimal L. N. 
Published: April 2021

The Butwal town lies at the junction of the Siddhartha and Mahendra highways. It is endangered by landslides and floods every year during the monsoon season.
The area consists of the Tertiary sedimentary rocks (Siwaliks) in the north and Quaternary sediments (Terai Plain) in the south. The Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) marking the contact between the Siwaliks and Terai runs along the topographic break, north of the main settlement of Butwal.
Landslide at Jyotinagar (north of Butwal) triggered after the heavy monsoon of 27th August 1998 is considered as one of the main geo-hazard in the area. Wide-open cracks are marked around the crown of the slide with the slope of 40-60 degrees. Infiltration and percolation of water through these cracks is further aggravating the situation.
Engineering and environmental geological investigations were carried out in the area with an objective to prepare the engineering and environmental geological map at 1:15,000 scale. This map would be a great help to engineers, urban planners and decision- makers particularly in urban planning, landuse planning, infrastructure development, hazard mitigation, sustainable utilization of natural resources and environmental management. The types of information included in the map are lithological description of rocks and sediments, geo-hazards, mineral resources, features of environmental significance, riverbed mining, landfill site, landuse and urban geology.
Geotechnical properties of soil at Sundhara and Jamal area in Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Dahal Ranjan Kumar , Aryal Arjun 
Published: April 2021

The Kathmandu Valley lies in a synclinal basin filled up by fluvio-lacustrine sediments of Pleistocene age. Sundhara and Jamal lie at the core of Kathmandu City. The area is mostly occupied by public buildings. This paper primarily deals with distribution and engineering and geotechnical properties such as allowable bearing capacity of soil at Sundhara and Jamal area. For the purpose of identification of geotechnical properties of subsurface strata for multi­storeyed buildings, data of borehole logging from fifteen drill holes and laboratory test of disturbed and undisturbed soil samples was used for the investigation. In the laboratory, index and mechanical properties such as grain size, natural moisture content, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, penetration resistance, cohesion, uniaxial compressive strength, angle of shearing, rate of consolidation, and settlement were evaluated.
According to the National Building Code of India, the Kathmandu Valley is located in Seismic Zone V, and the recommended coefficient of horizontal acceleration for this zone is 0.08 g. Based on the present study of geotechnical properties of subsurface strata, it is recommended to increase the coefficient by up to 50 per cent for important structures. For multi-storeyed building, the tentative allowable bearing capacity for different types of foundation (strip, isolated. and raft) at different depths are determined as per the average parameters valid for the whole area.
Manejo multimodal del dolor crónico
Authors: Blanco Naranjo Erick Gerardo , Chavarría Campos Gary Felipe , Garita Fallas Yorlin María 
Published: April 2021

El dolor crónico es aquel que persiste más allá del tiempo de recuperación de una lesión, o aquel que se mantiene o recurre más allá de tres meses. Cuando el dolor agudo no es tratado correctamente puede cronificarse. El dolor crónico se considera una enfermedad propiamente dicha y debe ser tratado según su etiología. El dolor no es solo nocicepción, también implica las esferas psicológicas y sociales por lo que el manejo exitoso del dolor crónico requiere abordar todas las condiciones físicas y psicológicas desagradables. El manejo de esta patología requiere un abordaje multimodal que incluye combinaciones de terapias farmacológicas, no farmacológicas e intervencionistas.
ORAL HEALTH STATUS IN A COHORT OF 114 CANCER PATIENTS IN ADJUVANT THERAPY TREATED BY DENOSUMAB
Authors: Leone Silvia 
Published: April 2021

All patients (n=114) sents from Outpatient Clinic of Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, “Maggiore della Carità” Hospital, Novara, Italy the underwent a dental examination, in anticipation of taking Denosumab. Patients undergoing a dental check-up were on adjuvant therapy with hormone therapy drugs due to previous breast and prostate cancer. Good oral health is a prerequisite for starting denosumab treatment.
PENGARUH TEKNOLOGI BLOCKCHAIN TERHADAP KEABSAHAN IJAZAH
Authors: Rahardja Untung , Mulyati Mulyati , Budiarty Frizca 
Published: April 2021

Ijazah merupakan tanda bukti atau suatu dokumen pengakuan atas selesainya jenjang pendidikan yang telah ditempuh seorang pelajar. Keberadaan Ijazah tentu sangat bernilai penting karena digunakan sebagai alat dalam melakukan berbagai kegiatan diantaranya sebagai dokumen dalam melamar kerja. Pada studi lapangan banyak ditemukan suatu pelanggaran hukum yakni, kasus pemalsuan ijazah untuk tujuan mendapatkan pekerjaan yang layak. Kendati ijazah sangat mudah dipalsukan, hal ini menyebabkan sulitnya memastikan keabsahan dari dokumen tersebut. Hadirnya teknologi blockchain di era 4.0 ini diharapkan mampu dimanfaatkan dalam dunia pendidikan dengan menerapkan keunggulan yang dimiliki oleh blockchain yaitu sistem terdesentralisasi dan kriptografi, maka keberadaan teknologi blockchain akan mampu mengeliminasi keberadaan ijazah palsu dan mampu membuktikan keabsahan ijazah bagi calon pelamar kerja, secara efektif, efisien serta transparan. Penelitian ini mengadopsi 2 metode yaitu, metode analisis deskriptif dan metode studi pustaka. Blockchain diharapkan mampu ikut menyumbang keberhasilan dan meningkatkan
kualitas pendidikan nasional.
Clasificadores de Aprendizaje Automático aplicados a Datos RKI MALDI-TOF de Espectrometría de Masa de Bacterias
Authors: Rey Andrea Alejandra 
Published: April 2021

En este trabajo evaluamos el rendimiento de diferentes métodos de aprendizaje automático, para la clasificación de bacterias a partir de espectros de masas disponibles en la base de datos RKI MALDI-TOF. La identificación de microorganismos empleando espectrometría de masas se ha convertido en una tecnología muy popular en los últimos años, especialmente en microbiología clínica, donde una clasificación adecuada es fundamental al momento de elegir un tratamiento correcto. Los modelos elegidos en nuestro estudio incluyen análisis por discriminantes, árboles de decisión, vecinos más cercanos y redes neuronales. Consideramos las siguientes medidas para el análisis: exactitud, coeficiente κ de Cohen, tasa de no información y tiempo consumido. Los resultados obtenidos nos permiten recomendar el análisis por discriminante lineal, con un desempeño levemente inferior a vecinos más cercanos, pero aventajándolo en términos de costo computacional.
Flujos Hidrodinámicos y Magnetohidrodinámicos. Parte 1
Authors: Rotstein Néstor Osvaldo 
Published: April 2021

En este artículo desarrollamos un modelo hidrodinámico de un flujo de plasma no magnetizado, acelerado bajo la acción de sólo dos fuerzas, una debida al gradiente de presión y la otra la gravitatoria. Fijamos fenomenológicamente la topología del flujo a partir de un criterio de plausibilidad con base observacional. La discusión de la termodinámica asociada al flujo muestra que en el caso de estrellas cuyo viento no es generado por la presión de radiación y carecen de una corona, los valores que se obtienen de temperatura son mayores a los medidos, y que sólo bajo condiciones extremadamente particulares podría desarrollarse un viento compatible con las observaciones.
Some aspects of translating abstracts of research art papers into English
Authors: Mkhitarian Liudmyla , Kresan Tetyana 
Published: April 2021

English has become increasingly important for academic communication across the globe. Translating abstracts is among the necessary requirements for research papers as well as for theses and dissertations. Although Fundamentals of Translation are included into the curriculum of the Academy of Fine Arts and Architecture, the students still face difficulties while translating their abstracts. Making mistakes in scientific papers may result in decreased comprehension or even misinterpretation. Thus, this study’s objective was to reveal common mistakes and to suggest relevant translation models. For this purpose, some examples of English academic art writing were studied and the analysis of Ukrainian writers’ abstracts was conducted. The analysis of the ab- stracts revealed the most common grammar and vocabulary mistakes, which are mainly caused by differences between Ukrainian and English grammar, as well as by ignoring polysemy, poor understanding of context and «translator’s false friends». The article also provides a table of Ukrainian — English equivalents common in academic art writing. This study’s results can be used as the Academy’s curriculum supplement and may be of interest for both students and professors.
Evaluación de comprensión lectora, uso de estrategias y su relación con variables académicas y sociodemográficas en estudiantes universitarios
Authors: Guerra-García Jorge , Saldívar-Llanos Abigail , Sandria-López Sarabhí 
Published: April 2021

The aim of this research was to identify the levels of reading comprehension, the use of strategies and the motivation towards reading, and to relate them to different sociodemographic and academic variables, in students of the Biology career of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Campus Iztacala. Fifty-four students participated and were remotely applied the Instrument for Assessing Reading Comprehension in University Students, the Inventory of Metacognitive Strategies and Reading Motivation and a self-report to measure various academic and socio-demographic variables. The results showed a low level of reading comprehension, given that only 45% of the test was answered correctly; they reported a high use of strategies, -those related to reading analysis, identification of information and motivation towards reading general texts- and only statistically significant relationships were found in reading comprehension and parent's schooling (F(2-51)= 3,303, p= .045) and also with having access to text markers [t(52)= -2,155, p= .036] and Post it® [t(52)= -2,466, p= .17]. It is concluded that these results, although they should be taken with caution, are evidence of comprehension and reading strategies in Biology students.