bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digitally controlled laser frequency stabilization for a ring laser using saturated absorption
Authors: Udommai Parinya , Harvey Matthew , Murray Andrew James 
Published: July 2021

A digital system for controlling the frequency of a continuous wave (CW) ring laser is described. The system utilizes Doppler-free absorption to steer the laser onto a resonance peak within a vapor cell and can hold the laser at this frequency for long periods of time using active feedback. The vapor cell is immersed in a sinusoidally varying magnetic field that produces a feedback signal by exploiting the Zeeman effect so that the laser frequency does not need to be dithered to achieve lock. A bias field can also be applied to adjust the frequency over several MHz while maintaining lock. This is advantageous for cold atom studies that require the laser to be red-detuned from resonance. Signals from the absorption cell and magnetic field are digitized and fed to a dedicated microcontroller that calculates and produces the feedback signal. The digital control system is described, and measurements are presented where the locked frequency is compared to data obtained from a commercial wavemeter. The locked frequency standard deviations ranged from 250 to 450 kHz within a 1 h period. The Allan deviations of the locked frequency had the best stability at a value of 6 × 10−11 in a 10 s averaging period. The locking system described here has application in experiments that require very stable laser frequency control and can also be used for regular recalibration of wavemeter parameters. The design can easily be adapted to control different CW laser systems and hence can be used for a range of atomic targets.
Low-Reynolds-number, biflagellated Quincke swimmers with multiple forms of motion
Authors: Han Endao , Zhu Lailai , Shaevitz Joshua W. , Stone Howard A. 
Published: July 2021

Significance
We demonstrate a centimeter-scale swimmer that converts direct current electric power into thrust in the low Reynolds number regime with minimal design and engineering. The swimmers show multiple forms of motion despite their simple geometry, which are reminiscent of some swimming microorganisms in nature. We map the state diagram to reveal how the swimmers translate and rotate and how they switch between these different forms of motion. Finally, our experiments confirm a theoretically predicted self-oscillation in such systems due to an elastohydrodynamic–electrohydrodynamic instability, which is a fundamentally different driving mechanism from the forced oscillation exploited by other artificial swimmers.
Neu3 neuraminidase induction triggers intestinal inflammation and colitis in a model of recurrent human food-poisoning
Authors: Yang Won Ho , Westman Julia S. , Heithoff Douglas M. , Sperandio Markus , Cho Jin Won , Mahan Michael J. , Marth Jamey D. 
Published: July 2021

SignificanceThe environmental triggers of human colitis are unknown, while current treatments have limited efficacy. To find better therapies, various animal models of colitis have been investigated including studies of inborn genetic defects and chemical toxin ingestion. However, such models do not appear to identify common triggers of disease among human populations. We recently developed a recurrent food-poisoning model of colitis involving theSalmonellabacterial pathogen, a major source of human foodborne illness, and discovered that repeated infections over the adult lifespan cause a progressive intestinal inflammation that leads to a severe and enduring colitis. We have identified the Neu3 neuraminidase as essential in disease onset and provide rationale for the development of Neu3 inhibitors to prevent and treat colitis.
Nonsteady fracture of transient networks: The case of vitrimer
Authors: Shen Tong , Song Zhaoqiang , Cai Shengqiang , Vernerey Franck J. 
Published: July 2021

Significance
This paper explores the unusual fracture behavior of vitrimers, a transient polymer network whose rupture displays various regimes including flow, crack propagation and arrest, controlled by loading rates. The existence of these regimes was not previously reported in the literature and cannot be explained by current fracture theories. This study therefore extends the fracture criterion to a time-dependent version and relates crack velocity in a vitrimer to the force-dependent kinetics of the bond exchange reaction. This framework not only successfully describes experimental results over a large range of loading conditions but also pinpoints the distinct roles of network kinetics and external loading on the deformation history of a pre-existing defect.
The recent evolution of first languages in Catalonia
Authors: Flors-Mas Aveŀlí , Sorolla Natxo , Pradilla Miquel Àngel , Vila F. Xavier 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe case of Catalonia has often been pointed out as a case of success in the field of language policy, based on the improvement in its legal situation, the increase in the number of people who know it, and the extension of its use in certain fields. To contribute to a complete evaluation of the current language policy model in Catalonia, this article assesses the evolution of the first languages of the population over the last fifteen years. The study shows that during this period, despite some oscillations, Catalan has remained in stable numbers of L1 speakers in absolute terms, thanks essentially to very strong patterns of intergenerational transmission in both linguistically homogeneous and mixed couples. However, significant immigration during this period has substantially increased the weight of other languages and, to a lesser degree, Castilian, so that in relative terms Catalan has been reduced as a first language between 2003 and 2018.
How dissociated fragments of multiatomic molecules saturate all active surface sites—H2O adsorption on the Si(100) surface
Authors: Chang Chan-Yuen , Lin Cheng-Yu , Lin Deng-Sung 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A fundamental question for the adsorption of any gas molecule on surfaces is its saturation coverage, whose value can provide a comprehensive examination for the adsorption mechanisms, dynamic and kinetic processes involved in the adsorption processes. This investigation utilizes scanning tunneling microscopy to visualize the H2O adsorption processes on the Si(100) surface with a sub-monolayers (<0.05 ML) of chemically-reactive dangling bonds remaining after exposure to (1) a hydrogen atomic beam, (2) H2O, and (3) Cl2 gases at room temperature. In all three cases, each of the remaining isolated single dangling bonds (sDB) adsorb and is passivated by either of the two dissociation fragments, the H or OH radical, to form a surface Si–H and Si–OH species. A new adsorption mechanism, termed ‘dissociative and asynchronous chemisorption’, is proposed for the observation presented herein. Upon approaching a sDB site, the H2O molecule breaks apart into two fragments. One is chemisorbed to the sDB. The other attaches to the same or the neighboring passivated dimer to form a transition state of surface diffusion, which then diffuses on the mostly passivated surface and is eventually chemisorbed to another reactive site. In other words, the chemisorption reactions of the two fragments after dissociation occur at different and uncorrelated time and places. This adsorption mechanism suggests that a diffusion transition state can be an adsorption product in the first step of the dissociative adsorption processes.
Optimal Design of Oxygenator Structure Using Taguchi Method
Authors: Kai Zheng , De-ping Liu , Dong-mei LI 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In order to reduce the blood damage of the oxygenator at work, the Taguchi method combined with finite element analysis was used to optimize the blood flow channel structure of the oxygenator with multi-objective optimization. The order of the degree of the influence of each parameter on blood damages was obtained and the optimal blood flow channel structure was determined. The results show that the most critical control factor affecting blood damages is the diversion component at the end of the blood inlet under this design condition. With the increase of the length of inlet and outlet pipes, the blood damage is reduced, but the processing difficulty is increased. The standard hemolysis index value of the oxygenator after optimization is reduced by 0.001284g/100L compared to before optimization. This research provides a reference to the optimal design of oxygenator and other medical devices.
Surface water, vegetation, and fire as drivers of the terrestrial Arctic-boreal albedo feedback
Authors: Webb E E , Loranty M M , Lichstein J W 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Arctic is warming twice as fast as the global average, due in part to the albedo feedbacks of a diminishing cryosphere. As snow cover extent decreases, the underlying land is exposed, which has lower albedo and therefore absorbs more radiation, warming the surface and causing a positive feedback to climate change. Changes in terrestrial snow-free albedo (e.g. changes in vegetation or surface water) could also affect Earth’s energy balance, but their importance for contemporary climate change is relatively unknown. Here we show that changes in surface water are significantly altering Artic-boreal albedo, and explain up to 27% of the spatial variation in monthly albedo change from 2000 to 2019. The increase in radiative forcing due to changes in surface water extent is most pronounced in the continuous permafrost zone, contributing to a positive feedback between permafrost thaw and climate change. Additionally, we show that fire history and changes in tree cover and surface water extent together account for at least 15% of albedo-induced radiative forcing over the study period, indicating that these processes are a regionally important aspect of the climate-albedo feedback.
Climate-driven acceleration in forest evapotranspiration fuelling extreme rainfall events in the Himalaya
Authors: Singh Nilendu , Singh Jayendra , Gupta Anil K , Bräuning Achim , Dimri A P , Ramanathan A L , Sharma Vikram , Tiwari Reet Kamal , Chakraborty Joyeeta Singh , Chauhan Pankaj , Shukla Tanuj , Singhal Mohit , Rawat Suman , Agarwal Shefali , Raja P 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWarming-induced expansion in vegetation coverage and activity can accelerate the montane hydrological regimes. However, the climate impacts on ecohydrology of forested valleys of the Himalaya are uncertain. In this study, utilizing results of about three centuries of cellulose isotope chronologies (δ13C andδ18O) of dominant tree species, geo-chronological proxies, bio-geophysical dataset and simulations including satellite observations, we show an activation in the ecophysiological processes including evapotranspiration (ET) since the 1950s. Observation suggests rapid greening, while isotopic records indicate enhanced assimilation and transpiration in deciduous species vis-à-vis conifers post 1950s. Given strong vegetation-precipitation feedback and superimposed on the increasing trends of conducive atmospheric factors affecting valley-scale convective processes, intensification in forest ET is manifesting in a progressive enhancement in extreme rainfall events (EREs) since the last few decades. Results suggest that representation of ecophysiological processes and dynamics of seasonal moisture loading in observational and modelling framework is critical for understanding EREs under climate change.
The potential of Moringa oleifera as immune booster against COVID 19
Authors: Fajri M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
COVID-19 is a new disease that has become a pandemic. This disease should be watched out for because transmission is relatively fast, has a mortality rate that cannot be ignored, and there is no definitive therapy. After COVID 19, people will be more selective in the food they eat. The types of food chosen were those that have health benefits, especially as immunity boosters. The problem was what types of products can provide these benefits en masse, cheap, and easy to access. This review aims to explore the potential of the Moringa plant as a plant that can be a source of functional food as a post-COVID 19 immune booster. The method used was to review various journal references that discuss research results related to the use of Moringa plants and specifically those related to the anticipation of COVID 19. Based on the results of a review of various literature, it was found that the Moringa plant has various functional properties. These health functions include, among others, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anticancer, antihypertensive, antiasthmatic, antiurolithiasis, anthelmintic, anti-fertility, antihyperthyroid, and anti-Alzheimer. One of the roles of Moringa plants in dealing with COVID 19 was as an immune booster. This is important because one of the factors that cause the different severity of COVID 19 patients is immunity. People with good body immunity tend to be able to survive infection and attacks by the SARS-Cov-2. Some of the components of Moringa that play a role in this were kaempferol, pterygospermin, morphine, quercetin, and apigenin-7-O-rutinoside. Apigenin has the highest activity against SARS-Cov-2-MPro (the main protease of COVID 19). From the results of this review, it can be concluded that the Moringa plant has the potential as an immune booster against the SARS-Cov-2 (COVID 19).
The contribution of housewives in timber and non-timber harvesting activities during the Covid-19
Authors: Dassir Muhammad , Dalya Nurdin , Esye Semoin Christine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The current pandemic situation has a major impact on the economic sector, especially household income. Housewives often contribute to the family economic system, one of the ways is by utilizing forest products. This research aims to describe the role of housewives on harvesting timber and pine resin products, and to determine the time spent and the contribution of income generated by these housewives. Data collection process was carried out directly using interview techniques to 27 selected samples by purposive sampling. Data from interview then processed and analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis methods. The results showed that the role of housewives in harvesting wood forest products was used as raw material for charcoal production, with an average flow of work time of 43% and an income contribution by 42,5%. While in harvesting pine sap, housewives act as pine sap collectors with an average working time of 48% and an income contribution by 26%.
Farming system of food crop keep going to produce on a time climate change and COVID-19 Pandemic in Timor - Indonesia
Authors: Seran Y L , da Silva H , Kario N 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Each body needs some foods to consume every day. But to produce food in all region face many factors as challenges. Challenges that farmers always face in the dryland region are limited water for supplying to crop, and the soil has low fertile and low input production into manage farming system. In addition, producing food crops on the COVID-19 Pandemic face new challenges like the availability of input production, distribution, and marketing of products. However, food production should be prepared to fulfil human needs. The research objectives are (1) to know farmers’ activity on the food crop farming system. (2) to know the way farmer’s availability input production, distribution, and marketing of product. And (3) to know the productivity of food crops on the COVID-19 Pandemic. This research used to survey and observation Method to the farming system that farmers do. This research shows that farmers always are doing their farming system of food crop despite happen climate change, especially have no rain for a long time and the COVID-19 Pandemic. For doing their farming intensively, farmers should get input production from distribution agents. And farmers’ success in selling their product in the local market. However, products that should be sold on the other island or products for the industry market often face challenges, especially transportation.
Designing business models for rural agroindustry to increase the added value of coconut
Authors: Wulandari Suci , Alouw Jelfina C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Indonesia is the world’s largest coconut producer, where smallholder plantations play a significant role. Income-generating from coconut farming currently very low because there is no by-products processing. The integrated coconut industry is a strategy to produce processed products with added value by utilizing all product components. However, implementing a rural-based integrated coconut industry faced several constraints. This paper aims to analyze the constraints of increasing coconut added value and identify the integrated coconut industry’s business model, followed by a support system analysis. The constraints faced include raw material, processing, human resource capacity, and support system. These constraints are not only related to technical problems but also managerial aspects. Therefore, the required approach must be system-based, where the development of a business model with its supporting system is a strategic step to overcome. Three business model patterns can be built, distinguished by business model structure, role sharing, and risk management. The development of a business model requires an innovation system that allows the transfer of knowledge and technology. It focuses on capacity building, technology transfer, market access, and financial support. The system will involve small-medium enterprises, local government, research institutes, coconut associations, and financial institutions.
Strengthening women’s entrepreneurship capabilities in the palm cattle integrated farming system
Authors: Wulandari Suci , Villano Renato 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Rural women entrepreneurs play a significant role in economic, social, and sustainable agriculture development aspects, increase the added value of a product, create a thriving community system, and encourage a competitive agribusiness system. One of the agribusiness systems that is developing in Indonesia is palm cattle integration. However, women’s entrepreneurial capabilities in palm cattle integration are still limited due to underlying issues and challenges. Using qualitative techniques, this paper aims to evaluate the women’s entrepreneurship aspects in palm cattle integration and identify the potential strategies to strengthen women’s entrepreneurship skills. The performance of women entrepreneurship is influenced not only by individual-specific factors but also by external factors driven by the organizational factors and the external environments. Organizational factors are related to the agribusiness system in palm cattle integration, including human resources, social capital, operational skills, managerial skills, and technology applications. The external environments include entrepreneurial culture, market opportunity, infrastructure, and government policy. Strategy to strengthen women’s entrepreneurship can be considered through the assistance program and facilitation support. The results offer useful insights for policymakers and stakeholders to address women entrepreneurship issues in accelerating palm cattle integration implementation.
The role of cooperatives in marketing arabica coffee: A case study of the Benteng Alla Farmers’ cooperative in Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Busthanul N , Summase I , Syafiuddin M , Heliawaty  , Ibrahim T , Rukka R M. , R Abdul 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Cooperatives are a product of the government’s efforts to improve the national economy. The agricultural sector is the backbone of the national economy, so if the cooperative in the agricultural sector functions properly, it will greatly assist in improving the national economy. The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of the Benteng Alla Farmers’ Cooperative in marketing Arabica coffee, and to analyze the development strategy of the Benteng Alla Farmers’ cooperative in Marketing Arabica Coffee. The analysis technique used is the SWOT analysis. The results of this study indicate that the Benteng Alla farmer s’ cooperative is not only used as a forum for members to gather but a place where they can gain experience and knowledge about the activities carried out by the cooperative, and with the cooperative it will also build farmers and rural communities who have quality human resources excellence which includes increasing expertise and skills (business and organization), knowledge, and developing the entrepreneurial spirit of the farmers themselves.
Institutional strengthening of rice seed based on the community in supporting food security
Authors: Setiani C , Ambarsari I , Wulanjari M E 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Seedling-system transformation has been gradually shifted the seed authority management from farmer and breeder to multinational companies. This circumstance should be balanced with farmer capability in producing seeds independently to prevent capitalization. Thus, the Ministry of Agriculture has declared the seed self-reliance villages as a community-based program to face those challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the importance of institutional strengthening through the seed self-reliance villages program to improve food security and increase farmer welfare. This research was conducted based on the survey method and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) at five districts (Kendal, Boyolali, Tegal, Klaten, and Sragen) in Central Java. A survey through informal interview involved 30 representative participants from farmer groups of each district, while the FGD was performed through in-depth discussion with 22 participants, including farmers, extension or agricultural officers, and other related stakeholders. The result showed that global agreement obstructs the community-based seedling system, particularly in breeding and certification. A community-based rice seedling institution threatened to quit due to asymmetric interaction between the actors. Moreover, this seedling institution should be strengthened in the technological aspect and property right management. In the end, the government’s role as a facilitator is critical in this community-based seedling institution, especially in capital aspects.
Strengthening competitiveness of agricultural products through reactivation of agribusiness sub-terminal in pulang pisau, central kalimantan
Authors: Anugrah I S , Dewi Y A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The potential of small medium entreprises (SMEs) of agricultural product in Pulang Pisau District, Central Kalimantan is enormous. One of the opportunities to support the marketing of SMEs products is through reactivation of the Agribusiness Sub-Terminal (AST) institutional which has been built for a long time but its activities have not been optimal. This paper aims to analyze the institutional function of AST in supporting the empowerment of SMEs agricultural products, especially in expanding product marketing, so that it becomes a brand image for local products in specific areas of Pulang Pisau and Central Kalimantan. The research was conducted in 2015 in Pulang Pisau District, Central Kalimantan Province. The location and the respondents were determined purposively. The data collection method was carried out by structured and unstructured interviews, direct discussions and Forum Group Discussion (FGD) with various stakeholders. The data were analysed descriptively. The results of the analysis showed that the ATS concept is very strategic to be used as a centralized facility, as an entrance and center for product information, marketing media of SMEs products and mapping of SMEs activity clusters. The synergy of the roles and policies of local governments as well as the active role of stakeholders is required to encourage the existence of AST, so agricultural products become better known, have a wider consumer market, absorb agricultural production, and robust the local economy.