bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paragymnodinium verecundum sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a new species of mixotrophic dinoflagellate from Japan
Authors: Yokouchi Koh , Horiguchi Takeo 
Published: January 2021

SUMMARYParagymnodinium verecundum Yokouchi & Horiguchi sp. nov. was isolated from sand samples collected at Kitsunezaki, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, and described based on observations using light and scanning and transmission electron microscopy, together with molecular analysis. The cells were 9.4–17.1 μm long and 5.7–13.6 μm wide and showed a benthic lifestyle. They possessed a sulcal extension‐like furrow on the episome, an eyespot, nematocysts and multiple chloroplasts with separated thylakoids. They ingested prey cells by engulfment, indicating a mixotrophic nutrition. These characters are shared with a known species of the genus Paragymnodinium, P. stigmaticum. However, unlike P. stigmaticum, P. verecundum showed negative phototaxis and possessed a pusule. Additional differences in the ultrastructure of the nematocysts and the flagellar apparatus indicated that these two dinoflagellates are different species. A phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences recovered P. verecundum in a robust clade of species of Paragymnodinium within the clade Gymnodinium sensu stricto. The sister to P. verecundum was P. stigmaticum, but they were clearly separated. Therefore, this dinoflagellate was concluded to be a new species in the genus Paragymnodinium.
Risk Analysis in the Age of Big Data: The Promises and Pitfalls
Authors: Nateghi Roshanak , Aven Terje 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDespite its rising popularity, the novelty and merits of big data risk analysis are still debated. This perspective article contributes to the debate by clarifying what constitutes big data in the context of risk analysis and proposing that the discussions of big data attributes (i.e., scale, speed, and structure) and big data methods should go hand in hand. Simple examples are used to illustrate the differences between big data risk analysis and traditional approaches. Finally, a distinction is made between the conceptual definition of risk and how risk is measured to clarify the contributions of big data to risk assessment, and to highlight the importance of explicitly accounting for strength of knowledge in conducting big data risk analysis.
IMF conditionality and capital controls: Capital account liberalization to capital inflow management?
Authors: El‐Shagi Makram , Yamarik Steven J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSince the end of the Bretton Woods system, promoting capital account liberalization has been one of the tenants of the IMF. Capital account liberalization was deemed one of the 10 pillars of what was often dubbed the “Washington Consensus.” Yet, things changed drastically with the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. From 2009 to 2012, comments from top IMF officials and staff reports displayed quite clearly that the IMF had revised its position where capital controls could be part of the toolkit. In this paper, we assess the role of the IMF in capital account liberalization from 1995 to 2015. We use a midpoint‐inflated ordered probit model to estimate the effects of being under IMF conditionality on capital controls, allowing for different effects for pre‐ and post‐Financial Crisis. We find that the IMF did indeed drive liberalization of capital inflows in the precrisis era, but stopped doing so in the postcrisis period.
Evaluation of radiographic predictors of left heart enlargement in dogs with known or suspected cardiovascular disease
Authors: Duler Laetitia , Visser Lance C. , Jackson Kristina N. , Phillips Kathryn L. , Pollard Rachel E. , Wanamaker Mason W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRadiographic assessment of heart size is important for clinical management of dogs with cardiovascular disease (CVDz). We sought to compare the ability of vertebral heart size (VHS), vertebral left atrial size (VLAS), and radiologists’ assessment of left atrial size (RadLAE) to predict echocardiographic left atrial size (EchoLAE), an important marker of left heart disease severity. We also compared the ability of VHS and VLAS to predict echocardiographic criteria for ACVIM stage B2 (EchoB2) in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). This prospective observational study enrolled 183 dogs with known or suspected CVDz that had an echocardiographic examination and thoracic radiographs obtained within 24 h. Compared to increased VHS, VLAS >2.3 was a more accurate predictor of EchoLAE (P = .002). VLAS >2.3 and RadLAE (bothP <.0001) were independently associated with EchoLAE but VHS was not (P = .45). Optimal cutoffs for VLAS and VHS to predict EchoLAE were >2.3 vertebrae (sensitivity [Sn] = 90.3%, specificity [Sp] = 73.6%) and >11.1 vertebrae (Sn = 75.8%, Sp = 76.0%), respectively. Diagnostic accuracy of VLAS (AUC 0.84, 95% CI 0.73‐0.92) and VHS (AUC 0.78, 95% CI 0.66‐0.88) to predict EchoB2 in dogs with subclinical MMVD (n = 64) were not significantly different (P = .17). Results demonstrate that VLAS and RadLAE were superior indicators of EchoLAE compared to VHS in dogs with known or suspected CVDz. Both VLAS and VHS are useful predictors of EchoB2 in dogs with subclinical MMVD. When echocardiography is unavailable, VLAS represents a useful radiographic measurement to aid clinical management of dogs with known or suspected CVDz.
Effectiveness assessment of olive mill wastewater treatment by combined process: Natural flotation and anaerobic‐aerobic biodegradation
Authors: Khattabi Rifi Safaa , Aguelmous Anas , El Fels Loubna , Hafidi Mohamed , Souabi Salah 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe present work intends to study the treatment of olive oil mill wastewater (OMW) by natural flotation followed by anaerobic‐aerobic biodegradation, without dilution. After natural flotation, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and polyphenol decreased by 37.7%, 3.7% and 3.3%, respectively. Whereas, anaerobic treatment removed 23.9% of nitrate, 29.1% of turbidity and 16.2% of polyphenol. However, intermittent aeration treatment showed the reduction of nitrate, turbidity and ammonium by 90%, 26.5% and 65.1%, respectively. In general, the combined natural flotation and anaerobic‐aerobic treatment of OMW, without dilution, have led to reduced turbidity, COD, polyphenol, nitrate, ammonium and phosphorus by 67.5%, 29.1%, 25.2%, 93.9%, 77.1% and 81.8%, respectively. The germination index of the treated OMW was 69% after 30% of dilution. Finally, the proposed treatment process could be used in small and medium‐sized industries as a simple, economical and effective method. Also, the produced water could be reused for irrigation.
Multimetric approach in the effects of small impoundments on stream water quality: Case study of Faylor and Walker Lakes on Middle Creek, Snyder County, PA
Authors: Lachhab Ahmed , Trent Millum Matthew , Motsko Jeremy 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn recent years, dams have received extensive scrutiny for their effects on stream and river systems throughout the United States. Dams vary greatly in size and scale, but investigations often focus on large‐scale dams due to their visibility in the public eye and pronounced impact. This can result in smaller and less impactful impoundments being overlooked, despite the cumulative effects these dams can have on higher order aquatic systems. Two small water impoundments: Walker and Faylor Lakes located, respectively, on the north and west branches of Middle Creek in Snyder County; Pennsylvania have demonstrated an impact on Middle Creek. This study focused on using onsite physical properties, grab samples for chemical analysis and macroinvertebrate samples to determine and compare the effects of the two impoundments on Middle Creek. Both upstream and downstream sites from the dams were sampled. All sites were sampled for physical variables using the YSI Multimeter and chemical concentrations of several cations and anions using Ion Chromatography (IC). A Water Quality Index (WQI) was constructed based on 11 different parameters. All parameters were positively correlated. Data show that the physical and chemical changes to the streams, are caused by the dams and are affecting the biological communities in the downstream water course. Walker Lake was found to have a much greater negative impact on the north branch of Middle Creek causing degradation to the water in relation to certain parameters. Greater concentrations of NH4+, BOD5 and a decreasing WQI downstream of the Walker Dam, as well as several different macroinvertebrate indices indicate this negative impact. Faylor Lake Dam did not have a large impact on the west branch of Middle Creek with regard to any particular variable measured. Overall, small reservoirs can have substantial impacts on the streams they impound especially when considering the morphology and design.
Establishment of sentinel surveillance of human clinical campylobacteriosis in Ireland
Authors: Brehony Carina , Lanigan Donal , Carroll Anne , McNamara Eleanor 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe aim of this work was the establishment of a national laboratory sentinel surveillance service for human clinical Campylobacter in Ireland. This included detailed genomic molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter for 2019. For February‐December 2019, 24 clinical microbiology laboratories in Ireland submitted all PCR/culture‐positive clinical Campylobacter spp. specimens to Public Health Laboratory (PHL) Dublin one week out of every four. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) criteria was carried out for Campylobacter spp. isolates for ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin. Batch whole genome sequencing (WGS) was carried out on cultures and analysis was performed to determine species, genotype, identify antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence determinants and identify clusters. A total of 75 isolates and 366 PCR‐positive stools were received, and 277 isolates recovered (55.7% recovery from stools). Of 257 isolates characterized by WGS, 86.4% (n = 222) were Campylobacter jejuni, 11.7% (n = 30) Campylobacter coli and 1.9% (n = 5) Campylobacter lari. There were 20 clonal complexes with ST‐21 clonal complex most prevalent at 26.8% (n = 69). 50.5% (n = 140) of isolates were susceptible to all three antimicrobials tested. 39.3% (n = 109) isolates were ciprofloxacin resistant, 26.3% (n = 73) tetracycline resistant and two isolates erythromycin resistant. Congruence between phenotypic and genotypic AST was observed. There was 95.9% and 95.6% sensitivity and specificity for WGS to predict ciprofloxacin sensitivity and 98.6% and 99.5% sensitivity and specificity for WGS to predict tetracycline sensitivity. Virulence factors flaA, racR, ciaB and cdtB were detected in all isolates. WGS identified 31 potential clusters for public health alert. This sentinel surveillance of human campylobacteriosis in Ireland establishes the basis for a national reference service. Linking with other partners in a ‘One Health’ framework will help us better understand sources of infection to reduce disease burden and the threat of AMR.
Design and Modeling of a Parallel Continuum Manipulator for Trunk Motion Rehabilitation
Authors: Díaz-Caneja Daniel , Campa Francisco J. , Altuzarra Oscar 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The objective of the present work is to develop a device for training the trunk balance and motion during the early stage of rehabilitation of patients who have suffered a stroke. It is coupled to a standing frame and is based on a parallel continuum manipulator where a wearable jacket is moved by four flexible limbs actuated by rotary motors, achieving the translation and rotation required in the trunk to perform a given exercise. The flexible limbs act as a natural mechanical filter in such a way that a smooth physiological motion is achieved, and it feels less intimidating to the patient. After measuring the kinematic requirements, a model has been developed to design the system. A prototype has been built and a preliminary experimental validation has been done where the jacket generates translation coupled to a rotation around the anteroposterior, medio-lateral and longitudinal axis. The measurements of the motors torque and the force sensors located in the flexible limbs have been compared with the simulations from the model. The results prove that the prototype can accomplish the motions required for the rehabilitation task, although further work is still required to control the interaction with the patient and improve the performance of the device.
A Comparative Study of Pellet-Based Extrusion Deposition of Short, Long, and Continuous Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Large-Scale Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Pappas John M. , Thakur Aditya R. , Leu Ming C. , Dong Xiangyang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Pellet-based extrusion deposition of carbon fiber-reinforced composites at high material deposition rates has recently gained much attention due to its applications in large-scale additive manufacturing. The mechanical and physical properties of large-volume components largely depend on their reinforcing fiber length. However, very few studies have been done thus far to have a direct comparison of additively fabricated composites reinforced with different carbon fiber lengths. In this study, a new additive manufacturing (AM) approach to fabricate long fiber-reinforced polymer (LFRP) was first proposed. A pellet-based extrusion deposition method was implemented, which directly used thermoplastic pellets and continuous fiber tows as feedstock materials. Discontinuous long carbon fibers, with an average fiber length of 20.1 mm, were successfully incorporated into printed LFRP samples. The printed LFRP samples were compared with short fiber-reinforced polymer (SFRP) and continuous fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) counterparts through mechanical tests and microstructural analyses. The carbon fiber dispersion, distribution of carbon fiber length and orientation, and fiber wetting were studied. As expected, a steady increase in flexural strength was observed with increasing fiber length. The carbon fibers were highly oriented along the printing direction. A more uniformly distributed discontinuous fiber reinforcement was found within printed SFRP and LFRP samples. Due to decreased fiber impregnation time and lowered impregnation rate, the printed CFRP samples showed a lower degree of impregnation and worse fiber wetting conditions. The feasibility of the proposed AM methods was further demonstrated by fabricating large-volume components with complex geometries.
Topological Optimization of Under-Platform Dampers With Moving Morphable Components and Global Optimization Algorithm for Nonlinear Frequency Response
Authors: Denimal E. , El Haddad F. , Wong C. , Salles L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
To limit the risk of high cycle fatigue, underplatform dampers (UDPs) are traditionally used in aircraft engines to control the level of vibration. Many studies demonstrate the impact of the geometry of the damper on its efficiency, thus the consideration of topological optimization (TO) to find the best layout of the damper seems natural. Because of the nonlinear behavior of the structure due to the friction contact interface, classical methods of TO are not usable. This study proposes to optimize the layout of an UDP to reduce the level of nonlinear vibrations computed with the multiharmonic balance method (MHBM). The approach of TO employed is based on the moving morphable components (MMC) framework together with the Kriging and the efficient global optimization algorithm to solve the optimization problem. The results show that the level of vibration of the structure can be reduced to 30% and allow for the identification of different efficient geometries.
A Smaller Bearing Ratio, as a Surface Texture Measure, Promotes Faster Sliding on Ice
Authors: Jansons Ernests , Lungevičs Jānis , Jerāne Ilze , Gross Kārlis Agris 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Surfaces only characterized by a roughness Ra or Sa may have a totally different surface texture and include complex patterns such as grooves, dimples, or a mirror-polish. Here, the bearing ratio is proposed as an additional characterization measure to determine the sliding performance of a steel–ice friction pair. Different steel surfaces were produced by milling, shot blasting, and scratching, followed by texture assessment with a stylus type three-dimensional (3D) profilometer. The bearing ratio and other 3D roughness parameters were determined. Tribology experiments involved a 3 m long inclined plane tribometer and the speed measured at four points during the sliding experiment. Correlation between the steel sliding speed and the bearing ratio was observed under two different regimes: at warmer conditions and at colder conditions. Experiment 1 depicting warmer conditions exhibited a relative humidity of 64%, an air temperature of −2 °C, and an ice temperature of −9 °C. Experiment 2 for colder conditions showed a relative humidity of 78%, an air temperature of 1 °C, and an ice temperature of −4 °C. The sliding speed correlated with the bearing ratio in these two conditions showing −0.91 and −0.96, respectively. A strong correlation between the sliding speed and the bearing ratio shows the value of the bearing ratio as an additional surface characteristic for considering larger surface features.
Nonlinear Wave Loads on Offshore Wind Turbines: Extreme Statistics and Fatigue
Authors: Zhang Yu , Sclavounos Paul D. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The development is presented of an analytical model for the prediction of the stochastic nonlinear wave loads on the support structure of bottom-mounted and floating offshore wind turbines. Explicit expressions are derived for the time-domain and frequency-domain nonlinear exciting forces in a seastate with a significant wave height comparable to the diameter of the support structure based on the fluid impulse theory. The higher-order moments of the nonlinear load are evaluated from simulated force records, and the derivation of analytical expressions for the nonlinear load statistics for their efficient use in design is addressed.
Numerical Investigation of Effects of Blockage, Inclination Angle, and Hole-Size on Film Cooling Effectiveness at Concave Surface
Authors: Wang Fu-qiang , Pu Jian , Wang Jian-hua , Xia Wei-dong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Film-hole can be often blocked by thermal-barrier coatings (TBCs) spraying, resulting in the variations of aerodynamic and thermal performances of film cooling. In this study, a numerical study of the blockage effect on the film cooling effectiveness of inclined cylindrical-holes was carried out on a concave surface to simulate the airfoil pressure side. Three typical blowing ratios (BRs) of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 were chosen at an engine-similar density ratio (DR) of 2.0. Two common inclination angles of 30 deg and 45 deg were designed. The blockage ratios were adjusted from 0 to 20%. The results indicated the blockage could enhance the penetration of film cooling flow to the mainstream. Thus, the averaged effectiveness and coolant coverage area were reduced. Moreover, the pressure loss inside of the hole was increased. With the increase of BR, the decrement of film cooling effectiveness caused by blockage rapidly increased. At BR = 1.5, the decrement could be acquired up to 70% for a blockage ratio of 20%. The decrement of film cooling effectiveness caused by blockage was nearly nonsensitive to the injection angle; however, the larger angle could generate the higher increment of pressure loss caused by blockage. A new design method for the couple scheme of film cooling and TBC was proposed, i.e., increasing the inlet diameter according to the blockage ratio before TBC spraying. In comparison with the original unblocked-hole, the enlarged blocked-hole not only kept the nearly same area-averaged effectiveness but also reduced slightly the pressure loss inside of the hole. Unfortunately, application of enlarged blocked-hole at large BR could lead to a more obvious reduction of effectiveness near hole-exit, in comparison with the original common-hole.
Investigation of Coupling Guard Temperature Rise Using Advanced CFD Analysis
Authors: Samale Anil P. , El Ghazzani El Mostafa 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Increasingly, the turbomachinery industry is facing issues related to high temperatures and oil misting inside coupling guards. This leads to machinery downtimes and loss of revenue. Many in the turbomachinery industry are investing significant time and effort to reduce heat generation inside coupling guards. The present computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigation of Air+Oil flow and heat transfer in the coupling guard was conducted to investigate these issues. In prior investigations, the emphasis has been mostly placed on predicting temperature by modeling pure airflow in the coupling guard. This paper presents CFD simulations completed under two conditions: 1) with pure AIR -in a Single phase and 2) a multi-phase fluid combining Air+Oil.
The coupling guard geometry is cylindrical in nature. Given the symmetry in the geometry, a 90-degree sector was modeled, allowing significantly smaller meshes and lower run times without compromising quality. In this paper, the modeled geometry includes both Fluid + Solid domains that do not contain an inlet or outlet. This work explains the CFD methodology for multiphase and conjugate heat transfer analysis.
The objective of this paper is to predict the temperature on the coupling guard considering Air + Oil flow and heat transfer. The domain evaluated consists of several stationary and rotating components. The CFD domain used for the conjugate heat transfer analysis consists of fluid between the rotating shaft and the stationary cover. The solid domain includes the coupling guard cover. The commercially available software ANSYS CFX 18.1 was used. The mesh was created using Tetrahedral/Prism elements. Both steady-state and unsteady CFD analyses were completed. As noted, multiphase CFD analyses were carried out using Air and Oil VG68 as a homogenous type of mixture.
Detailed flow field characteristics (total and static temperature, pressure, streamlines colored by Mach number, etc.) and CFD-predicted temperatures are compared between the Pure Air and Air+Oil simulations. Also, available measurements were used to validate the CFD results. Temperature results obtained from the CFD simulations were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The CFD modeling approach developed can be used to design coupling guards with lower surface temperatures.
Temperature-Dependent Fatigue Damage Evolution of Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic-Matrix Composites
Authors: Longbiao Li 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the temperature-dependent fatigue damage evolution of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) is investigated. The fatigue loading/unloading constitutive model considering the effect of temperature is developed based on the damage mechanisms of matrix cracking, interface debonding, and repeated sliding between the fiber and the matrix. The relationships between the fatigue loading/unloading hysteresis loops, testing temperature, applied cycle number, peak stress, and fiber/matrix interface debonding and sliding are established. The evolution of fatigue loading/unloading hysteresis loops, interface debonding and sliding length with applied cycle number is analyzed. The effects of temperature, peak stress level, applied cycle number, interface shear stress, and interface debonding energy on the fatigue damage evolution are discussed based on the developed temperature-dependent fatigue loading/unloading constitutive model. The experimental fatigue damage evolution of SiC/SiC composite at 600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C in inert atmosphere, 1000°C in air and in steam atmosphere, and 1300°C in air atmosphere are predicted. The interface shear stress of SiC/SiC composite decreases with temperature, and the degradation rate of interface shear stress increases with temperature.