bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GhMYB7 promotes secondary wall cellulose deposition in cotton fibres by regulating GhCesA gene expression through three distinct cis‐elements
Authors: Huang Junfeng , Chen Feng , Guo Yanjun , Gan Xinli , Yang Mingming , Zeng Wei , Persson Staffan , Li Juan , Xu Wenliang 
Published: July 2021

Summary

Cotton fibre is the most important source for natural textiles. The secondary cell walls (SCWs) of mature cotton fibres contain the highest proportion of cellulose content (> 90%) in any plant. The onset and progression of SCW cellulose synthesis need to be tightly controlled to balance fibre elongation and cell wall deposition. However, regulatory mechanisms that control cellulose synthesis during cotton fibre growth remain elusive.

Here, we conducted genetic and functional analyses demonstrating that the R2R3‐MYB GhMYB7 controls cotton fibre cellulose synthesis.

Overexpression of GhMYB7 in cotton sped up SCW cellulose biosynthesis in fibre cells, and led to shorter fibres with thicker walls. By contrast, RNA interference (RNAi) silencing of GhMYB7 delayed fibre SCW cellulose synthesis and resulted in elongated fibres with thinner walls. Furthermore, we demonstrated that GhMYB7 regulated cotton fibre SCW cellulose synthases by directly binding to three distinct cis‐elements in the respective GhCesA4, GhCesA7 and GhCesA8 promoters. We found that this regulatory mechanism of cellulose synthesis was ‘hi‐jacked’ also by other GhMYBs.

Together, our findings uncover a hitherto‐unknown mechanism that cotton fibre employs to regulate SCW cellulose synthesis. Our results also provide a strategy for genetic improvement of SCW thickness of cotton fibre.
Bacteraemia of oral origin in children—A Systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Charlotte Höfer Karolin , Graf Isabelle , Adams Anne , Kuhr Kathrin , Plum Georg , Schwendicke Falk , Brockmeier Konrad , Johannes Noack Michael 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo systematically review the prevalence of bacteraemia, triggered by dental intervention and home oral hygiene practices, in children. The network meta‐analysis (NMA) quantitatively compared the risk of bacteraemia triggered by dental extractions and home and professional cleaning procedures.Materials and MethodsClinical trials with the outcome “bacteraemia in children” were searched. The NMA was performed using the frequentist weighted least‐squares approach comparing the odds ratios (OR) of different interventions.ResultsAmong 11 of 13 studies, dental treatment was performed under general anaesthesia. In 2,381 patients, bacteraemia occurred in 38.7%–56% patients following single‐tooth extractions, in 22%–46% after manual toothbrushing (MTB), and in 26%–78% after power toothbrushing (PTB).When MTB was set as the reference (OR 1), rubber cup polishing showed a slightly higher risk (OR 1.26) of bacteraemia. PTB presented a higher risk (OR 1.79–2.27) than with single‐tooth extractions (OR 1.55) but lower than that with multiple extractions (OR 2.55).ConclusionDaily use of MTB and routine professional cleaning were associated with the lowest risk of developing bacteraemia in children with gingivitis, almost as much as with a single‐tooth extractions. Improved plaque control with PTB increased the risk of bacteraemia. There is limited evidence on gingivitis‐free and systemically‐diseased children.
Self‐perceived and self‐reported breath odour and the wearing of face masks during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Faria Sandro Felipe Santos , Costa Fernando Oliveira , Pereira Alexandre Godinho , Cota Luís Otávio Miranda 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the self‐perception of breath odour (SPBO) and oral hygiene habits (OHHs) while the wearing of face masks during the COVID‐19 pandemic.Subjects and MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 4647 individuals who answered a structured questionnaire containing demographic, medical and dental variables and self‐perceived breath odour. Variables associated with changes in self‐perceived breath odour, self‐perceived halitosis and changes in OHHs were assessed through multivariate logistic regression.ResultsChanges in self‐perceived breath odour were reported by 1572 individuals and were associated with smoking, systemic conditions, dry mouth, tongue coating, the period of face mask use and its interaction with prior thinking of having bad breath. Likewise, 645 individuals started to consider having bad breath. This was associated with the interaction between prior family/friends saying they have bad breath and period of face mask use. Changes in OHHs were strongly associated with changes in SPBO and starting to consider having bad breath.ConclusionChanges in one's SPBO was associated with the wearing of face masks and was significant for changes in OHHs. Findings may be important to guide comprehensive preventive and therapeutic strategies in relation to oral health care.
Changes in agronomic practices and incidence and severity of diseases in winter wheat in England and Wales between 1999 and 2019
Authors: Turner Judith A. , Chantry Tracey , Taylor Moray C. , Kennedy Marc C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn continuation of the annual national surveys of winter wheat, which began in 1970, samples from between 250 and 350 randomly selected wheat crops in England and Wales between 1999 to 2019 were visually assessed for disease symptoms during the milky ripe development stages (GS 73–75). Septoria tritici blotch was the most prevalent and severe foliar disease each year, although annual levels fluctuated considerably and there was no overall significant change over the two decades. Incidence of brown rust, yellow rust, take‐all, and barley yellow dwarf virus also showed no significant overall change during the survey period, whereas glume blotch, powdery mildew, eyespot, and sharp eyespot all showed significant decline. Fusarium ear blight has significantly increased in both incidence and severity, causing a serious epidemic in 2012, when 96% of crops were affected. Tan spot has been the third most prevalent foliar disease since 2009 although severity is still very low. Regional disease levels were consistent over the two decades, providing reliable baselines to measure changes in seasonal disease severity. There were significant changes in agronomic practice with a rise to predominance of minimum tillage over the use of ploughing, decreases in overall disease susceptibility of cultivars grown, a major increase in the use of oilseed rape in the rotation and a long‐term trend towards earlier sowing. Fungicide use increased considerably, with over 98% crops sprayed and an average of 3.5 applications made per crop each year since 2014. Implications of changes over the last 21 years are discussed.
The impact of climate change on disease in wild plant populations and communities
Authors: Jeger Michael J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDisease in wild plant populations has received less attention from plant pathologists than diseases of managed plants in agriculture, horticulture, and plantation forestry. Plant ecologists, however, have contributed much to an understanding of how pathogens, other plant–microbe interactions, and arthropods affect population structure and community assemblages of wild plants. Consequentially, this lack of attention has meant that the potential impacts of climate change on disease in wild plant populations are less appreciated than on major food crops, where modelling of such impacts is now well established. However, plant ecologists and soil microbiologists have long studied long‐term climatic effects through a combination of observational studies and manipulative field experiments. Here, strategies are discussed to bring together these different perspectives into an integrated approach to address the future impacts of climate change on plant, environmental, and ecosystem health. The approach taken will be first to note the temporal and spatial scales that can be considered, ranging from microhabitats to whole biomes, review what is known about climate change impacts on natural vegetation, referring briefly to climate change impacts on crop diseases, and then what is known about impacts in wild populations at both the individual species and also the ecosystem level. The more general area of plant–soil–microbe–pathogen interactions is covered as one of the more important areas where climate change may have much impact on plant health through indirect rather than direct effects. The special cases of introduced invasive plants and the connectedness of agricultural systems with the wider landscape are discussed.
Transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of Zea mays fed with urea and ammonium
Authors: Buoso Sara , Tomasi Nicola , Arkoun Mustapha , Maillard Anne , Jing Lun , Marroni Fabio , Pluchon Sylvain , Pinton Roberto , Zanin Laura 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe simultaneous presence of different N‐forms in the rhizosphere leads to beneficial effects on nitrogen (N) nutrition in plants. Although widely used as fertilizers, the occurrence of cross connection between urea and ammonium nutrition has been scarcely studied in plants. Maize fed with a mixture of urea and ammonium displayed a better N‐uptake efficiency than ammonium‐ or urea‐fed plants (Buoso et al., Plant Physiol Biochem, 2021a; 162: 613–623). Through multiomic approaches, we provide the molecular characterization of maize response to urea and ammonium nutrition. Several transporters and enzymes involved in N‐nutrition were upregulated by all three N‐treatments (urea, ammonium, or urea and ammonium). Already after 1 day of treatment, the availability of different N‐forms induced specific transcriptomic and metabolomic responses. The combination of urea and ammonium induced a prompt assimilation of N, characterized by high levels of some amino acids in shoots. Moreover, ZmAMT1.1a, ZmGLN1;2, ZmGLN1;5, ZmGOT1, and ZmGOT3, as well transcripts involved in glycolysis‐TCA cycle were induced in roots by urea and ammonium mixture. Depending on N‐form, even changes in the composition of phytohormones were observed in maize. This study paves the way to formulate guidelines for the optimization of N fertilization to improve N‐use efficiency in maize and therefore limit N‐losses in the environment.
Drought‐tolerant Pseudomonas sp. showed differential expression of stress‐responsive genes and induced drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Yasmin Humaira , Bano Asghari , Wilson Neil L. , Nosheen Asia , Naz Rabia , Hassan Muhammad Nadeem , Ilyas Noshin , Saleem Muhammad Hamzah , Noureldeen Ahmed , Ahmad Parvaiz , Kennedy Ivan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe growth and persistence of rhizobacteria in soils are highly impacted by moisture stress. In this study, we report the first transcript analysis of four Pseudomonas strains (PS1, PS2, PS3, and PS4) isolated from the root‐soil interface of rice and maize associated with different moisture levels during water deprivation. Filtered Pseudomonas sp. cells incubated at low (RH10%) and high (RH85%) relative humidity showed decreased survival of all Pseudomonas sp. at RH10% when compared with RH85%. RT‐PCR showed differential expression of treS (trehalose synthase), rpoS (sigma factor), mucA (alginate regulatory gene), and fliM (flagellar motor switch protein gene) in response to exposure to RH10%. However, molecular fingerprinting and nutrient assimilation profile of Pseudomonas strains demonstrated genetic and physiological variation between the four strains irrespective of water regime and host. In vitro testing of these strains showed ACC deaminase activity and gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, indole acetic acid, and exopolysaccharide production. We determined that 50 μl of 1.2 × 103 CFU ml‐1 of these Pseudomonas strains was enough to protect Arabidopsis plants against drought stress in a pot experiment. Inoculated plants increased their root colonization ability and biomass; however, PS2 showed higher survival (95%), relative water content (59%), chlorophyll (30%), glycine betaine (38%), proline (23%), and reduced MDA (43%) in shoots than irrigated control under induced water deprivation. It can be concluded that all Pseudomonas strains were effective in mitigating drought stress, however, PS2 appears to impart more resistance to drought than the other strains by upregulating key defense mechanisms.
Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on reversal learning, tonic pupil size, salivary alpha‐amylase, and cortisol
Authors: D’Agostini Martina , Burger Andreas M. , Franssen Mathijs , Claes Nathalie , Weymar Mathias , von Leupoldt Andreas , Van Diest Ilse 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study investigated whether transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) enhances reversal learning and augments noradrenergic biomarkers (i.e., pupil size, cortisol, and salivary alpha‐amylase [sAA]). We also explored the effect of taVNS on respiratory rate and cardiac vagal activity (CVA). Seventy‐one participants received stimulation of either the cymba concha (taVNS) or the earlobe (sham) of the left ear. After learning a series of cue‐outcome associations, the stimulation was applied before and throughout a reversal phase in which cue‐outcome associations were changed for some (reversal), but not for other (distractor) cues. Tonic pupil size, salivary cortisol, sAA, respiratory rate, and CVA were assessed at different time points. Contrary to our hypothesis, taVNS was not associated with an overall improvement in performance on the reversal task. Compared to sham, the taVNS group performed worse for distractor than reversal cues. taVNS did not increase tonic pupil size and sAA. Only post hoc analyses indicated that the cortisol decline was steeper in the sham compared to the taVNS group. Exploratory analyses showed that taVNS decreased respiratory rate but did not affect CVA. The weak and unexpected effects found in this study might relate to the lack of parameters optimization for taVNS and invite to further investigate the effect of taVNS on cortisol and respiratory rate.
Interleukin 1 alpha genetic polymorphisms as potential biomarkers for oral health‐related quality of life in Para athletes
Authors: Von Held Rodrigo , Castilho Thuanny , Antunes Lívia Azeredo Alves , Tavares Jhenyfer da Silva , Pivetta Petinati Maria Fernanda , Winckler Ciro , Neto Zair Candido Oliveira , Scariot Rafaela , Küchler Erika Calvano , Brancher João Armando , Antunes Leonardo Santos 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsTo assess the impact of dental caries on OHRQoL in Para athletes and to evaluate whether interleukin 1 alpha (IL1A) (rs17561, rs1304037), interleukin 10 (IL10) (rs1800871), and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) (rs9005) genes are potential biomarkers for OHRQoL in Para athletes.Materials and MethodsA cross‐sectional study consisting of 264 Para athletes (athletics, 143; powerlifting, 61; and swimming, 60) aged between 14 and 79 years was conducted. The decayed‐missing‐filled teeth index was used for the clinical evaluation. The Brazilian version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) was used to measure the OHRQoL. Genomic DNA was extracted from the saliva. Genetic polymorphisms were analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed.ResultsThe overall mean OHIP‐14 score observed was 6.24 (standard deviation, 7.05) and 10.03 (standard deviation, 8.11) in Para athletes with no caries experience and with caries experience, respectively (p = .002). Para athletes with the A allele in the IL1A gene (rs17561), in a dominant model, had a significantly higher risk of poor psychological discomfort than those with the other allele (p = .03).ConclusionDental caries affected the OHRQoL in Para athletes. IL1A genetic polymorphisms were the potential biomarkers for OHRQoL in Para athletes.
Implant‐prosthetic treatment in patients with oral lichen planus: A systematic review
Authors: Anitua Eduardo , Alkhraisat Mohammad Hamdan , Piñas Laura , Torre Aintzane , Eguia Asier 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsThis review is aiming on identifying the ideal implant‐prosthetic treatment design in patients with OLP.Methods and ResultsA systematic review was conducted using four electronic databases; Medline (PubMed), Cochrane library, DOAJ and SCOPUS, following the PRISMA statement recommendations to answer the PICO question: “which implant‐prosthetic treatment design is most useful to ensure implant survival in OLP patients?”. The study was pre‐registered in PROSPERO (CRD 42020220102). Included articles quality was assessed using the “Newcastle‐Ottawa scale” and the JBI critical appraisal tool for case series. No article was found specifically designed to analyze the prosthetic influence on implant survival in OLP patients. Despite, information about implant‐prostheses in studies designed with other goals was compiled. Eight articles that involved 141 patients and 341 implants were finally selected. The weighted mean follow‐up was 38 months and the weighted mean survival of the implants 98.9%. No statistical differences were observed between cemented or screw retained prostheses and the materials employed or the technology to manufacture the prostheses.ConclusionThe influence of prosthetic design on implant survival in OLP patients is still poorly understood, but important clinical recommendations can be drawn. The strength of evidence was grade 3b (CEBM) or low (GRADE).
Monetary policy when the objectives of central bankers are imperfectly observable
Authors: Salsano Francesco 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe paper presents a theoretical model for analysis of the imperfect observability of central bank preferences by the private sector on the decisions taken by the monetary authority, and therefore, on the inflation rate. It examines, in particular, the connection which, in the presence of a time‐inconsistency problem, arises between the observability of the monetary institution's goals and its equilibrium strategies. The model yields innovative results from the technical and economic points of view. From the technical point of view, it is possible to identify the conditions on the model's parameters under which a pure separating equilibrium arises, and the conditions under that there instead exists a “hybrid” equilibrium in which some types of Central Bankers adopt separating strategies whilst others adopt pooling strategies. From an economic point of view, the paper shows a number of relations that arise, in equilibrium, between the degree of observability and transparency of the Central Banker's goals and the inflation rate set by the Central Banker.
Object‐based large‐scale terrain classification combined with segmentation optimization and terrain features: A case study in China
Authors: Na Jiaming , Ding Hu , Zhao Wufan , Liu Kai , Tang Guoan , Pfeifer Norbert 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTerrain classification involves essential tasks in geomorphology, landscape investigation, regional planning, and hazard prediction. Most existing methods are based on a simple thresholding approach. However, such an approach is limited in terms of accuracy and robustness, especially for large‐scale tasks. To overcome this limitation, this article proposes an object‐based framework combined with the random forest. Six terrain factors, namely terrain relief, surface roughness, elevation, elevation coefficient variation, shaded relief, and accumulative curvature, are first selected by correlation analysis using Sheffield's entropy. The obtained segmentation result is then optimized by Moran's I and the weighted variance, combining both terrain factors and textures derived from digital elevation models. Then, the features are selected among both terrain factors and their gray‐level co‐occurrence matrix textures. Finally, the features are fed into the random forest classifier. Seven landform types are classified, including plain, hill, low mountain, low‐middle mountain, high‐middle mountain, high mountain, and extremely high mountain. A case study in China was conducted and achieved an overall accuracy of 80.53% compared with the official landform atlas, which is better performance over the compared semi‐automatic methods. The transferability of our framework was further confirmed by an additional application in provincial‐scale mapping with a different classification system.
Adrenal disease and pregnancy: an overview
Authors: Ahmed Mayada , Bashir Mohammed , Okunoye Gbemisola O , Konje Justin C. 
Published: July 2021

Key contentAlthough uncommon, adrenal disorders in pregnancy are associated with severe complications, especially if undiagnosed or poorly managed.Some women are on long‐term steroids (especially those known to suffer from adrenal insufficiency) that suppress endogenous adrenal function. Under stress, these can become insufficient – particularly around labour and the puerperium.Adrenal insufficiency, for example, has been associated with maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality if untreated, while phaeochromocytoma is associated with considerable maternal mortality.Clinical features, diagnosis and management of the disorders of the adrenals in pregnancy are discussed, including Cushing’s syndrome, adrenal insufficiency, phaeochromocytoma and paragangliomas, primary aldosteronism and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.Learning objectivesTo understand the physiological changes in the adrenal system during pregnancy.To understand the clinical features of common adrenal problems in pregnancy and how they can be diagnosed and managed to minimise complications, especially acute adrenal insufficiency.To understand how the management of adrenal disorders is altered in pregnancy and the effect of adrenal diseases on pregnancy.Ethical issuesIs there a role for in utero therapy if a prenatal diagnosis is made?Does treatment of the mother affect the fetus?Is optimal treatment of the mother limited by concerns for the fetus?
The wicked city: Genealogies of interdisciplinary hubris in urban thought
Authors: Barnett Clive 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAcross multiple academic disciplines and fields of policy, cities are now ascribed wide‐ranging task responsibility for addressing a wide range of global issues. This paper elaborates a genealogical mode of analysis for understanding the ascription of causal and practical responsibility to urban processes. This analysis is developed through a case study of the revival of interest in the concept of wicked problems. The paper pinpoints aspects of the original account of wicked problems that are crucial to appreciating the significance now played by this concept in discourses of metrophilia. The focus is on the specific sense of “wickedness” outlined in this original account. The career of the wicked problems idea is reconstructed, with an emphasis on different views of expertise and how these are related to the changing status of the city in recent accounts of wicked problems. The paper identifies differences and similarities between the two prevalent ways in which the invocation of the concept of wicked problems is used to ascribe responsibility for shaping urban futures – a “taming” perspective and a “sharing” perspective. In concluding, it is argued that the career of the idea of wicked problems brings into view the constitutive link between generalised ascriptions of task responsibility to urban processes and a set of chronic concerns about the ambivalence of urban expertise.