bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Considerations of providing patent and trademark assistance services at one's library
Authors: Griffis Patrick , Hoppenfeld Jared 
Published: November 2021

PurposeThe authors' goal in writing this article was to provide background information and detailed considerations to assist those wishing to provide patent and trademark assistance at their libraries. The major considerations include staffing, spaces and resources, with the time commitment from the staff being the most significant.Design/methodology/approachThis paper combined the experiences of an author relatively new to patent and trademark librarianship with one who has years of experience. These were used in tandem with knowledge gained from a decade of attendance at annual week-long seminars at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) as well as by way of a comprehensive literature review.FindingsThe main commitment needed in providing patent and trademark services to the public is not money but the investment of time, which includes professional development, staffing, teaching classes and workshops, outreach and consultations.Originality/valueThe information in this paper should serve as guidance to anyone new to providing patent and trademark services within their libraries, including those at Patent and Trademark Resource Centers (PTRCs), Patent Information Centres (PATLIBs) and beyond. Although articles have been published on various aspects of intellectual property (IP) and libraries, a comprehensive guide to providing patent and trademark services has yet to be published.
Root traits and soil micro‐organisms as drivers of plant–soil feedbacks within the sub‐arctic tundra meadow
Authors: Spitzer Clydecia M. , Wardle David A. , Lindahl Björn D. , Sundqvist Maja K. , Gundale Michael J. , Fanin Nicolas , Kardol Paul 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Plant–soil feedback (PSF) results from the influence of plants on the composition and abundance of various taxa and functional groups of soil micro‐organisms, and their reciprocal effects on the plants. However, little is understood about the importance of fine root traits and root economic strategies in moderating microbial‐driven PSF.

We examined the relationships between PSF and 11 chemical and morphological root traits from 18 sub‐arctic meadow plant species, as well as the soil microbial community composition which we characterized using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and high‐throughput sequencing. We also investigated the importance of the root economics spectrum in influencing PSF, because it indicates plant below‐ground economic strategies via trade‐offs between resource acquisition and conservation.

When we considered the entire root economics spectrum, we found that PSFs were more negative when root trait values were more acquisitive across the 18 species. In addition, PSF was more negative when values of root nitrogen content and root forks per root length were higher, and more positive when root dry matter content was higher. We additionally identified two fungal orders that were negatively related to PSF. However, we found no evidence that root traits influenced PSF through its relationship with these fungal orders.

Synthesis. Our results provide evidence that for some fine root traits, the root economics spectrum and some fungal orders have an important role in influencing PSF. By investigating the roles of soil micro‐organisms and fine root traits in driving PSF, this study enables us to better understand root trait–microbial linkages across species and therefore offers new insights about the mechanisms that underpin PSFs and ultimately plant community assembly.
Effect of computed tomography scanner location on time‐to‐computed tomography in the emergency department: A before and after study
Authors: Cabilan CJ , Eley Robert , Staib Andrew , Rowney Ben , Kay Phillip 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo compare time metrics associated with a temporary disruption to ED computed tomography (CT) scanner location from adjacent to the ED with direct access from resuscitation rooms, to a location remote to the ED.MethodsA retrospective before and after study was conducted in a public metropolitan ED with over 66 000 presentations annually. Time‐to‐CT metrics, operational time metrics and ED length of stay were extracted and analysed from presentations between October 2020 and January 2021.ResultsThere were 3031 CT scans during the study period. Overall, the disruption was associated with a significant 27–36 min delay (P < 0.01) in time‐to‐CT start; these delays were also observed in a subset of trauma patients. In a subset of presumed stroke patients, time‐to‐brain perfusion was significantly delayed by up to 10 min (P < 0.01). There was a 14% (P < 0.01) greater demand for operational services and a time imposition of up to 8 min (P < 0.01) to transport patients to or from CT scanning when the CT scanner was located away from the ED. ED length of stay was consistent at all time points.ConclusionAlthough rapid, proximate access to CT scanning is often considered desirable in terms of the management of trauma and other time‐critical emergencies, the wider time and resource implications demonstrated in this study suggest a potential broader benefit to co‐located CT scanning in ED. Our experience could be considered in future re‐design of EDs.
Auricularia auricula‐judae (Bull.) polysaccharides improve type 2 diabetes in HFD/STZ‐induced mice by regulating the AKT/AMPK signaling pathways and the gut microbiota
Authors: Xu Nuo , Zhou Yingjun , Lu Xinyang , Chang Yaning 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAuricularia auricula‐judae is an edible fungus with high nutritional value due to abundant polysaccharides, and is acknowledged as traditional food and medicine in Asia. Polysaccharides from A. auricula (AAPs) are typically fungal polysaccharides and have a wide range of biological activities. It has been shown the potential of AAPs to improve diabetes as an effective adjuvant, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we explored the effects and potential mechanism of AAPs on type 2 diabetes (T2D) using a high‐fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ) induced C57BL/6J mice. The results indicated that 50 and 100 mg/kg AAPs significantly decreased inflammation, liver injury, and insulin resistance. In addition, AAPs improved glycolipid metabolism disorders by activating the AKT and adenosine 5`monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways in T2D mice. Furthermore, we investigated the association between changes of gut microbiota and AAPs effects using high‐throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA for fecal samples. In our study, AAPs elevated gut microbiota diversity and optimized microbial composition and function in T2D mice, characterized by increased Lactobacillus and Bacteroides abundance and decreased Clostridium and Allobaculum abundance. Particularly, AAPs intervention mainly affected the amino acid metabolism and glycolipid metabolism pathways. Overall, this study confirms that AAPs can improve type 2 diabetes by regulating the AKT and AMPK pathways and modulating intestinal microbiota.Practical ApplicationThe article systematically verified the positive effects of AAPs on insulin resistance, glycolipid metabolism disorder, inflammation, and liver injury, key factors closely related to T2D. Furthermore, our study firstly determined the specific underlying mechanism that AAPs ameliorates T2D through regulating AKT/AMPK pathways and modifying the gut microbiota. These results could offer a full explanation and a potential option for the adjuvant therapy of diabetes with AAPs.
Can information drive demand for safer food? Impact of brand‐specific recommendations and test results on product choice
Authors: Kariuki Sarah Wairimu , Hoffmann Vivian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs an unobservable attribute, food safety is likely to be under‐provided by markets where regulatory enforcement is weak. In such settings, stimulating consumer demand for safer food can potentially encourage market actors to invest in food safety. Through a randomized trial in Kenya, we test the impact of informing consumers about which maize flour brands are most likely to comply with the regulatory standard for aflatoxin, a carcinogenic fungal byproduct. Providing information on safer brands alone does not significantly affect consumption behavior. However, when the same information is combined with a test performed on the maize flour stocked by the household, the likelihood that a safer brand is consumed 2 months later is 76% higher than in the comparison group. Our findings suggest that providing information on the relative riskiness of substitute foods could encourage consumers to make safer choices.
Marijuana toxicosis in dogs in Melbourne, Australia, following suspected ingestion of human faeces: 15 cases (2011–2020)
Authors: Lauinger CA , Peacock R 
Published: November 2021

This retrospective case series describes a novel and unexpected source for marijuana toxicosis in dogs; suspected ingestion of human faeces containing Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Medical records from four, 24‐h veterinary emergency hospitals in Melbourne, Australia, were reviewed and 15 dogs met the criteria for inclusion in this case series. Clinical signs of marijuana toxicosis included ataxia (n = 13), mydriasis (n = 6), hyperaesthesia (n = 5), urinary incontinence (n = 4) and stupor (n = 3). A urine drug screening test was performed for eight dogs and all were positive for THC. Confirmation of ingestion of human faeces was based on owner‐witnessed ingestion (n = 7) or the presence of faecal material within vomit (n = 8). Sites of human faecal exposure were recorded to be a local park (n = 10), beach (n = 1), camp site (n = 1) and walking trail (n = 1). Time from exposure to development of clinical signs ranged between 3 and 6 h (n = 4). All dogs survived to discharge. Ingestion of human faeces containing THC may lead to marijuana toxicosis in dogs. Veterinary staff and owners should be attentive in regard to using appropriate hygiene measures when managing these dogs.
Donor activating killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors genes correlated with Epstein–Barr virus reactivation after haploidentical haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Wang Xiang , Liu Xue‐Fei , Shang Qian‐Nan , Yu Xing‐Xing , Fan Ze‐Ying , Cao Xun‐Hong , Huo Ming‐Rui , Chang Ying‐Jun , Zhao Xiao‐Su , Wang Yu , Zhang Xiao‐Hui , Xu Lan‐Ping , Liu Kai‐Yan , Huang Xiao‐Jun , Zhao Xiang‐Yu 
Published: November 2021

SummaryNatural killer (NK) cells exert anti‐viral effects after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The balance between inhibition and activation of NK cells determined by the inherited repertoire of killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR) genes may influence Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) reactivation after transplantation. To evaluate the relative contributions of KIR genotypes to EBV reactivation, we prospectively enrolled 300 patients with malignant haematological disease who were suitable for haploidentical HSCT. Univariate analysis showed that donors with KIR2DS1, KIR2DS3 or KIR3DS1 genes were associated with an increased risk of EBV reactivation [hazard ratio (HR) 1·86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·19–2·9, P = 0·0067; HR 1·78, 95% CI 1·07‐2·97, P = 0·027; HR 1·86, 95% CI 1·19‐2·91, P = 0·0065 respectively]. Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of KIR2DS1, KIR2DS3 or KIR3DS1 genes was associated with increased EBV reactivation after HSCT. This effect was more evident in the absence of the cognate ligands for the corresponding activating receptors. Our present data firstly showed that donors with activating KIR genes, specifically activating KIR2DS1, KIR2DS3 and KIR3DS1, had an increased risk of EBV reactivation. Precaution for patients whose donors carry activating genes will help prevent EBV reactivation and improve patient prognosis after HSCT.
Early social communication development in infants with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Bradshaw Jessica , McCracken Courtney , Pileggi Moira , Brane Natalie , Delehanty Abigail , Day Taylor , Federico Alexis , Klaiman Cheryl , Saulnier Celine , Klin Ami , Wetherby Amy 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSocial‐communication differences are a robust and defining feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) but identifying early points of divergence in infancy has been a challenge. The current study examines social communication in 9‐ to 12‐month‐old infants who develop ASD (N = 30; 23% female; 70% white) compared to typically developing (TD) infants (N = 94, 38% female; 88% white). Results demonstrate that infants later diagnosed with ASD were already exhibiting fewer social‐communication skills using eye gaze, facial expression, gestures, and sounds at 9 months (effect size: 0.42–0.89). Moreover, three unique patterns of change across distinct social‐communication skills were observed within the ASD group. This study documents that observable social‐communication differences for infants with ASD are unfolding by 9 months, pointing to a critical window for targeted intervention.
Aberrant salience in first‐episode psychosis: Longitudinal stability and treatment‐response
Authors: Scazza Ilaria , Pelizza Lorenzo , Azzali Silvia , Garlassi Sara , Paterlini Federica , Chiri Luigi Rocco , Poletti Michele , Pupo Simona , Raballo Andrea 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimAberrant salience (AS) is considered a putative predisposing factor for the onset of psychosis. However, despite several studies conducted in the general population, research in early psychosis is still relatively scarce. The main purposes of this study were to investigate any relevant correlation of AS with functioning and psychopathology in young patients with first episode psychosis (FEP), and to analyse the longitudinal stability of AS across a 1 year follow‐up period.MethodsAll the participants (139 FEP), aged 13–35 years, completed the Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI), the Comprehensive Assessment of At‐Risk Mental States (CAARMS), and the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Spearman correlation analysis among psychopathological parameters were performed both at baseline and after the 1 year of follow‐up.ResultsAcross the follow‐up, FEP patients showed a significant decrease in the ASI total score. This reduction was specifically associated with the number of individual cognitive‐behavioural therapy sessions offered to FEP individuals in the same time period (and not with antipsychotic dose at baseline).ConclusionsAS is clinically significant in FEP patients. However, it tends to ameliorate over time together with the delivery of specialized, person‐tailored FEP treatments within a specific “Early Intervention in Psychosis” protocol.
Influenza hospitalizations in Australian children 2010–2019: The impact of medical comorbidities on outcomes, vaccine coverage, and effectiveness
Authors: Norman Daniel A. , Cheng Allen C. , Macartney Kristine K. , Moore Hannah C. , Danchin Margie , Seale Holly , McRae Jocelynne , Clark Julia E. , Marshall Helen S. , Buttery Jim , Francis Joshua R. , Crawford Nigel W. , Blyth Christopher C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundChildren with comorbidities are at greater risk of severe influenza outcomes compared with healthy children. In Australia, influenza vaccination was funded for those with comorbidities from 2010 and all children aged <5 years from 2018. Influenza vaccine coverage remains inadequate in children with and without comorbidities.MethodsChildren ≤16 years admitted with acute respiratory illness and tested for influenza at sentinel hospitals were evaluated (2010–2019). Multivariable regression was used to identify predictors of severe outcomes. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated using the modified incidence density test‐negative design.ResultsOverall, 6057 influenza‐confirmed hospitalized cases and 3974 test‐negative controls were included. Influenza A was the predominant type (68.7%). Comorbidities were present in 40.8% of cases. Children with comorbidities were at increased odds of ICU admission, respiratory support, longer hospitalizations, and mortality. Specific comorbidities including neurological and cardiac conditions increasingly predisposed children to severe outcomes. Influenza vaccine coverage in influenza negative children with and without comorbidities was low (33.5% and 17.9%, respectively). Coverage improved following introduction of universal influenza vaccine programs for children <5 years. Similar vaccine effectiveness was demonstrated in children with (55% [95% confidence interval (CI): 45; 63%]) and without comorbidities (57% [(95%CI: 44; 67%]).ConclusionsComorbidities were present in 40.8% of influenza‐confirmed admissions and were associated with more severe outcomes. Children with comorbidities were more likely experience severe influenza with ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and in‐hospital morality. Despite demonstrated vaccine effectiveness in those with and without comorbidities, vaccine coverage was suboptimal. Interventions to increase vaccination are expected to reduce severe influenza outcomes.
US circular versus Korean angular emergency management cultures
Authors: Ha Kyoo‐Man 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to explore uncommon alternatives or fresh ideas in emergency management by comparing the US and Korean emergency management cultures. Qualitative content analysis was used as the major methodology in the comparison, which considered five factors common to the two nations: ideology, key players, management principles, material resources, and international efforts. A key finding is that, although these two nations are far apart, each country has similarly developed its own emergency management culture. The difference is that the US circular culture emphasises diverse interests, whereas the Korean angular culture is oriented more toward its professional class. Based on the results, it is recommended that each nation improve its management culture by learning from and adopting the advantages of its counterpart. The greatest value of this research is in providing a basic mechanism for the systematic comparison of two different emergency management cultures.
Opacity, liquidity and disclosure requirements
Authors: Stenzel André , Wagner Wolf 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe present a model that links the opacity of an asset to its liquidity. We show that while low‐opacity assets are liquid, intermediate levels of opacity provide incentives for investors to acquire private information, causing adverse selection and illiquidity. High opacity, however, benefits liquidity by reducing the value of a unit of private information. The cross‐section of bid–ask spreads of US firms is shown to be broadly consistent with this hump‐shaped relationship between opacity and illiquidity. Our analysis suggests that uniform disclosure standards may be suboptimal; efficient disclosure can instead be achieved through a two‐tier standard system or by subsidizing voluntary disclosure.
Notoginsenoside R1 attenuates oxidative stress‐induced osteoblast dysfunction through JNK signalling pathway
Authors: Li Xumin , Lin Haiyan , Zhang Xiaorong , Jaspers Richard T. , Yu Qihao , Ji Yinghui , Forouzanfar Tim , Wang Dongyun , Huang Shengbin , Wu Gang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOxidative stress (OS)‐induced mitochondrial damage and the subsequent osteoblast dysfunction contributes to the initiation and progression of osteoporosis. Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1), isolated from Panax notoginseng, has potent antioxidant effects and has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. This study aimed to investigate the protective property and mechanism of NGR1 on oxidative‐damaged osteoblast. Osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells were pretreated with NGR1 24 h before hydrogen peroxide administration simulating OS attack. Cell viability, apoptosis rate, osteogenic activity and markers of mitochondrial function were examined. The role of C‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) signalling pathway on oxidative injured osteoblast and mitochondrial function was also detected. Our data indicate that NGR1 (25 μM) could reduce apoptosis as well as restore osteoblast viability and osteogenic differentiation. NGR1 also reduced OS‐induced mitochondrial ROS and restored mitochondrial membrane potential, adenosine triphosphate production and mitochondrial DNA copy number. NGR1 could block JNK pathway and antagonize the destructive effects of OS. JNK inhibitor (SP600125) mimicked the protective effects of NGR1while JNK agonist (Anisomycin) abolished it. These data indicated that NGR1 could significantly attenuate OS‐induced mitochondrial damage and restore osteogenic differentiation of osteoblast via suppressing JNK signalling pathway activation, thus becoming a promising agent in treating osteoporosis.
Efficacy and risks of tooth‐supported prostheses in the treatment of partially edentulous patients with stage IV periodontitis. A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Montero Eduardo , Molina Ana , Palombo David , Morón Belén , Pradíes Guillermo , Sanz‐Sánchez Ignacio 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimThe aim was to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of tooth‐supported fixed prostheses in partially edentulous patients with stage IV periodontitis.Material and MethodsRandomized and controlled clinical trials (RCTs and CCTs) and prospective/retrospective cohort studies or case series were searched in three databases. Survival rate of abutment teeth was considered the primary outcome. Meta‐analyses were performed whenever possible.ResultsTwenty‐four publications were included. No RCTs or CCTs compared the efficacy of tooth‐supported fixed prostheses between patients with severe periodontitis or non‐periodontitis patients. Most of the data retrieved were derived from case series. The incidence of abutment‐tooth loss after a follow‐up period from 2 to 35.4 years was low (n = 17 studies; weighted mean incidence (WMI) = 4.8%; confidence interval (CI) [3.2, 6.5]). The corresponding figure for prostheses failure was WMI = 6.9% (n = 18; 95% CI [4.1, 9.7]). Technical complications seemed to be more frequent than biological complications (caries, endodontic failure, root fracture, etc.). Periodontal outcomes tended to remain stable over time.ConclusionTooth‐supported fixed prostheses seemed to be a valid treatment approach to restore masticatory function in patients with stage IV periodontitis once periodontal therapy has been accomplished. However, the comparative efficacy of this treatment among periodontitis and non‐periodontitis patients is unclear due to the absence of clinical trials.