bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consensus exercise identifying priorities for research in the field of general surgery of childhood in the UK
Authors: Hall N J , Rees C M , Rhodes H , Williams A , Vipond M , Gordon A , Evans D A , Wood R J , Bytheway J , Sutcliffe J ,   on behalf of the British Association of Paediatric Surgeons research committee
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
The evidence base underlying clinical practice in children’s general surgery is poor and high-quality collaborative clinical research is required to address current treatment uncertainties. The aim of this study was, through a consensus process, to identify research priorities for clinical research in this field amongst surgeons who treat children.

Methods
Questions were invited in a scoping survey amongst general surgeons and specialist paediatric surgeons. These were refined by the study team and subsequently prioritized in a two-stage modified Delphi process.

Results
In the scoping survey, a total of 226 questions covering a broad scope of children’s elective and emergency general surgery were submitted by 76 different clinicians. These were refined to 71 research questions for prioritization. A total of 168 clinicians took part in stage one of the prioritization process, and 157 in stage two. A ‘top 10’ list of priority research questions was generated for both elective and emergency general surgery of childhood. These cover a range of conditions and concepts, including inguinal hernia, undescended testis, appendicitis, abdominal trauma and enhanced recovery pathways.

Conclusion
Through consensus amongst surgeons who treat children, 10 priority research questions for each of the elective and emergency fields have been identified. These should provide a basis for the development of high-quality multicentre research projects to address these questions, and ultimately improve outcomes for children requiring surgical care.
Incidence, drivers and global health implications of the 2019/2020 yellow fever sporadic outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Uchenna Emeribe Anthony , Nasir Abdullahi Idris , O. R. Ajagbe Odunayo , Egede Ugwu Charles , Oloche Onoja Solomon , Dahiru Abubakar Sharafudeen , Modesta Umeozuru Chikodi , Sunday Animasaun Olawale , Omoruyi Omosigho Pius , Mukhtar Danmusa Umar , Alhaji Baba Mallam Mala , Saidu Aminu Maijiddah , Yahaya Hadiza , Oyewusi Silifat 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
The 2019 and 2020 sporadic outbreaks of yellow fever (YF) in Sub-Saharan African countries had raised a lot of global health concerns. This article aims to narratively review the vector biology, YF vaccination program, environmental factors and climatic changes, and to understand how they could facilitate the reemergence of YF. This study comprehensively reviewed articles that focused on the interplay and complexity of YF virus (YFV) vector diversity/competence, YF vaccine immunodynamics and climatic change impacts on YFV transmission as they influence the 2019/2020 sporadic outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Based on available reports, vectorial migration, climatic changes and YF immunization level could be reasons for the re-mergence of YF at the community and national levels. Essentially, the drivers of YFV infection due to spillover are moderately constant. However, changes in land use and landscape have been shown to influence sylvan-to-urban spillover. Furthermore, increased precipitation and warmer temperatures due to climate change are likely to broaden the range of mosquitoes' habitat. The 2019/2020 YF outbreaks in SSA is basically a result of inadequate vaccination campaigns, YF surveillance and vector control. Consequently, and most importantly, adequate immunization coverage must be implemented and properly achieved under the responsibility of the public health stakeholders.
Candidate genes involved in cuticular hydrocarbon differentiation between cryptic, parabiotic ant species
Authors: Sprenger Philipp P , Hartke Juliane , Schmitt Thomas , Menzel Florian , Feldmeyer Barbara 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are highly diverse and have multiple functions, including communication and waterproofing. CHC profiles form species-specific, complex blends of up to 150 compounds. Especially in ants, even closely related species can have largely different profiles, raising the question how CHC differences are mirrored in the regulation of biosynthetic pathways. The neotropical ants Crematogaster levior and Camponotus femoratus both consist of two cryptic species each that are morphologically similar, but express strongly different CHC profiles. This is ideal to study the molecular basis of CHC differences. We thus investigated gene expression differences in fat-body transcriptomes of these ants. Despite common garden conditions, we found several thousand differentially expressed transcripts within each cryptic species pair. Many of these were related to metabolic processes, probably accounting for physiological differences. Moreover, we identified candidate genes from five gene families involved in CHC biosynthesis. By assigning candidate transcripts to orthologs in Drosophila, we inferred which CHCs might be influenced by differential gene expression. Expression of these candidate genes was often mirrored in the CHC profiles. For example, Cr. levior A, which has longer CHCs than its cryptic sister species, had a higher expression of elongases and a lower expression of fatty acyl- CoA reductases. This study is one of the first to identify CHC candidate genes in ants and will provide a basis for further research on the genetic basis of CHC biosynthesis.
DNA replication, transcription, and H3K56 acetylation regulate copy number and stability at tandem repeats
Authors: Salim Devika , Bradford William D , Rubinstein Boris , Gerton Jennifer L 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Tandem repeats are inherently unstable and exhibit extensive copy number polymorphisms. Despite mounting evidence for their adaptive potential, the mechanisms associated with regulation of the stability and copy number of tandem repeats remain largely unclear. To study copy number variation at tandem repeats, we used two well-studied repetitive arrays in the budding yeast genome, the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) locus, and the copper-inducible CUP1 gene array. We developed powerful, highly sensitive, and quantitative assays to measure repeat instability and copy number and used them in multiple high-throughput genetic screens to define pathways involved in regulating copy number variation. These screens revealed that rDNA stability and copy number are regulated by DNA replication, transcription, and histone acetylation. Through parallel studies of both arrays, we demonstrate that instability can be induced by DNA replication stress and transcription. Importantly, while changes in stability in response to stress are observed within a few cell divisions, a change in steady state repeat copy number requires selection over time. Further, H3K56 acetylation is required for regulating transcription and transcription-induced instability at the CUP1 array, and restricts transcription-induced amplification. Our work suggests that the modulation of replication and transcription is a direct, reversible strategy to alter stability at tandem repeats in response to environmental stimuli, which provides cells rapid adaptability through copy number variation. Additionally, histone acetylation may function to promote the normal adaptive program in response to transcriptional stress. Given the omnipresence of DNA replication, transcription, and chromatin marks like histone acetylation, the fundamental mechanisms we have uncovered significantly advance our understanding of the plasticity of tandem repeats more generally.
Cuttlefish and squid egg deposition patterns on artificial devices and trap-like gears: implications for offspring survival and population management
Authors: Ganias Konstantinos , Perri Rozalia , Moditsis Anastasios 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We investigated the effect of trap-like gear deployment on the survival of European squid Loligo vulgaris and common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis eggs laid on various surfaces of these gears. In parallel, a detailed assessment of the two species’ egg deposition patterns on such gears was performed with respect to both the fishing season and their preferences for artificial spawning substrates. Hemp ropes with floats were the most preferred spawning substrate for squid, whereas cuttlefish mostly deposited their egg clusters on the plastic mesh of rectangular pots. Almost no egg laying was observed on traps where netting frame was coated with antifouling paints (copper oxide or zinc pyrithione). A high proportion of squid egg mops and cuttlefish egg clusters were shown to either be lost or to die after a period of continuous operation (i.e. hauling and retrieval at frequent intervals), which exceeded egg incubation periods. It is thus advised that coastal fishers either completely avoid operating static gears, which act as artificial spawning substrates on the spawning fields or use gears with materials that are repellent for these animals to approach and lay their eggs, such as nets coated with antifouling substances.
Open wounds and rifampicin therapy are associated with rifampicin resistance among staphylococcal vascular graft/endograft infections
Authors: Leung Yau Kei Stefan , Ledergerber Bruno , Eberhard Nadia , Mestres Carlos A , Rancic Zoran , Zimmermann Alexander , Zbinden Reinhard , Brugger Silvio D , Zinkernagel Annelies S , Hasse Barbara ,   Vascular Graft Cohort Study, Anagnostopoulos Alexia , Eberhard Nadia , Hasse (PI) Barbara , Husmann Lars , Ledergerber Bruno , Mayer Dieter O , Mestres Carlos A , Rancic Zoran , Zbinden Reinhard , Zimmermann Alexander , Zinkernagel Annelies S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Optimal timing for rifampicin combination therapy in patients with staphylococcal vascular graft/endograft infection (S-VGEI) is unknown. Experts recommend adding rifampicin after lowering bacterial load by surgery and wound closure.

Objectives
To assess predictors of rifampicin resistance among staphylococci isolated from patients in the Vascular Graft Infection Cohort Study.

Methods
We included prospective patients with S-VGEI diagnosis from 1 January 2002 to 30 June 2020. We retrospectively assessed determinants of rifampicin resistance using exact logistic regression and described survival with Kaplan–Meier curves.

Results
We analysed 513 Staphylococcus spp. among 143 predominantly male (82%) patients with a median age of 68 years (IQR 60–75). Thereof, 82 (57%) received a rifampicin combination therapy and 61 (43%) received an antimicrobial therapy without rifampicin. Among 82 patients with rifampicin, 26/26 patients with any rifampicin resistance had open wounds with a strong association of rifampicin resistance with rifampicin treatment while having open wounds (OR 37, 95% CI 6.1 to ∞). Among 75 patients with a rifampicin combination therapy and rifampicin-susceptible staphylococci at S-VGEI diagnosis, 12/12 patients with a secondary rifampicin-resistant isolate had an open wound (OR 14, 95% CI 2.1 to ∞).

Conclusions
Rifampicin should be started after wound closure due to increased risk of rifampicin resistance observed while having open wounds or second-look surgeries among patients with S-VGEI.
A multicentre point prevalence survey of patterns and quality of antibiotic prescribing in Indonesian hospitals
Authors: Limato Ralalicia , Nelwan Erni J , Mudia Manzilina , de Brabander Justin , Guterres Helio , Enty Enty , Mauleti Ifael Y , Mayasari Maria , Firmansyah Iman , Hizrani May , Hamers Raph L 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
The global emergence of antimicrobial resistance is driven by antibiotic misuse and overuse. However, systematic data in Indonesian hospitals to adequately inform policy are scarce.

Objectives
To evaluate patterns and quality indicators of antibiotic prescribing in six general hospitals in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Methods
We conducted a hospital-wide point prevalence survey (PPS) between March and August 2019, using Global-PPS and WHO-PPS protocols. The analysis focused on antibacterials (antibiotics) for systemic use.

Results
Of 1602 inpatients, 993 (62.0%) received ≥1 antimicrobial. Of 1666 antimicrobial prescriptions, 1273 (76.4%) were antibiotics. Indications comprised community-acquired infections (42.6%), surgical prophylaxis (22.6%), hospital-acquired infections (18.5%), medical prophylaxis (9.6%), unknown (4.6%) and other (2.1%). The most common reasons for antibiotic prescribing were pneumonia (27.7%), skin and soft tissue infections (8.3%), and gastrointestinal prophylaxis (7.9%). The most prescribed antibiotic classes were third-generation cephalosporins (44.3%), fluoroquinolones (13.5%), carbapenems (7.4%), and penicillins with β-lactamase inhibitor (6.8%). According to the WHO AWaRe classification, Watch antibiotics accounted for 67.4%, followed by 28.0% Access and 2.4% Reserve. Hospital antibiotic guidelines were not available for 28.1% of prescriptions, and, where available, guideline compliance was 52.2%. Reason for the antibiotic prescription, stop/review date and planned duration were poorly documented. Culture-guided prescriptions comprised 8.1% of community-acquired infections and 26.8% of hospital-acquired infections.

Conclusions
Our data indicate a high rate of empirical use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in Indonesian hospitals, coupled with poor documentation and guideline adherence. The findings suggest important areas for antimicrobial stewardship interventions.
International Child Sponsorship Improves School Performance: Evidence from Goma (DRC)
Authors: Rossignoli Domenico , Balestri Sara , Beretta Simona , Maggioni Mario A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper provides new evidence on the impact on educational attainment of an international child support (ICS) program, implemented in ten primary schools located in the peri-urban districts of the city of Goma (Democratic Republic of Congo). Using original micro data from a sample of 309 children (treated, 121; control, 188), we explore, through a difference-in-differences approach, whether the ICS program, which reduces the structural uncertainty faced by the targeted pupils and their families, impacts on a broad set of alternative educational outcomes—namely, performance scores in four different subjects (civic education and religion, French languages, national languages and mathematics), total score, failure and school drop-out rates. The results show that sponsored children report lower drop-out and failure rates in comparison to their control peers and that they succeed in catching up in all subjects in two school years. Results are robust to the implementation of a coarsened exact matching procedure, exploiting the data structure to produce unbiased estimates along with bounded ex-post balancing.
Natural language processing and machine learning of electronic health records for prediction of first-time suicide attempts
Authors: Tsui Fuchiang R , Shi Lingyun , Ruiz Victor , Ryan Neal D , Biernesser Candice , Iyengar Satish , Walsh Colin G , Brent David A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
Limited research exists in predicting first-time suicide attempts that account for two-thirds of suicide decedents. We aimed to predict first-time suicide attempts using a large data-driven approach that applies natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) to unstructured (narrative) clinical notes and structured electronic health record (EHR) data.

Methods
This case-control study included patients aged 10–75 years who were seen between 2007 and 2016 from emergency departments and inpatient units. Cases were first-time suicide attempts from coded diagnosis; controls were randomly selected without suicide attempts regardless of demographics, following a ratio of nine controls per case. Four data-driven ML models were evaluated using 2-year historical EHR data prior to suicide attempt or control index visits, with prediction windows from 7 to 730 days. Patients without any historical notes were excluded. Model evaluation on accuracy and robustness was performed on a blind dataset (30% cohort).

Results
The study cohort included 45 238 patients (5099 cases, 40 139 controls) comprising 54 651 variables from 5.7 million structured records and 798 665 notes. Using both unstructured and structured data resulted in significantly greater accuracy compared to structured data alone (area-under-the-curve [AUC]: 0.932 vs. 0.901 P &lt; .001). The best-predicting model utilized 1726 variables with AUC = 0.932 (95% CI, 0.922–0.941). The model was robust across multiple prediction windows and subgroups by demographics, points of historical most recent clinical contact, and depression diagnosis history.

Conclusions
Our large data-driven approach using both structured and unstructured EHR data demonstrated accurate and robust first-time suicide attempt prediction, and has the potential to be deployed across various populations and clinical settings.
Prevalence of Five Commonly Analyzed Cannabinoids in Forensic Toxicology Casework from Orange County CA, USA, from 2016 to 2019
Authors: Meneses Vanessa M , Mata Dani C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Over the last 25 years, marijuana laws have been changing throughout the USA. California started legalizing medicinal marijuana in 1996 and has since continued to relax laws. Compared to Washington and Colorado, there are little data on how the changing laws have affected the cannabinoid detection rate in California. This paper looks at the prevalence of five cannabinoids (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (hydroxy-THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (carboxy-THC), cannabinol and cannabidiol) in Orange County, CA, from 2016 to 2019. From 2016 to 2017, after legalizing recreational marijuana, there was an increase in the presence of THC, carboxy-THC and hydroxy-THC in postmortem and major crime cases, consisting mostly of sexual assaults. However, driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) saw a slight decrease. In 2018, when shops could be licensed to sell marijuana to anyone over 21 years old, there was an increase seen in all five cannabinoids for DUID and postmortem cases. The age group from 21 to 30 years showed the most prevalent cannabinoid use in all case types for all years except in major crime cases in 2019, where &lt;21 year-old age group was the most prevalent. Surprisingly, the &gt;50-year-old group in death investigation cases was a close second in prevalence in all years, which differs from DUID and major crime cases.
The Influence of German Tubular Steel on Soviet Furniture at the VKhUTEMAS, 1927–1930
Authors: Tucker Bennett 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article looks at the influence of German tubular steel furniture at the State Higher Art and Technical Workshops (VKhUTEMAS) in Moscow during the late 1920s. Tubular steel furniture was first introduced in 1925 at the Bauhaus and within a few years was perceived by progressive architects across Europe as the appropriate material for the modernist interior. While the Soviet Union sought to revive its industrial economy during the New Economic Policy (1921–28), VKhUTEMAS students and professors looked to Europe for technical and artistic guidance for the design of new furniture as the country became a socialist society. German design innovations reached Moscow through the dissemination of print material, international exhibitions, and travel, including student exchanges between the Bauhaus and VKhUTEMAS. Between 1927–30 VKhUTEMAS students Boris Zemliannitsyn and Alexandr Galaktionov designed new furniture that referenced German tubular steel furniture, while professors El Lissitzky and Moisei Ginzburg replicated German tubular steel designs in their models and renditions of standard proletariat dwellings. Although the Soviet economy could not support widespread steel manufacturing, the experimentation with tubular steel furniture at VKhUTEMAS highlighted the international influence of German modernism and exposed the derivative nature of Soviet socialist material culture.
Using Multiple Natural Enemies to Manage Sweetpotato Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Commercial Poinsettia (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae) Production
Authors: Vafaie Erfan K , Pemberton H Brent , Gu Mengmeng , Kerns David , Eubanks Micky D , Heinz Kevin M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this case study, we investigate the efficacy and economics of using two natural enemies in an integrated pest management (IPM) program to manage sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), in commercial poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) production. Two similar greenhouses at each of three different grower locations were designated as either the IPM or the conventional insecticide greenhouses in southeastern United States. In the IPM greenhouses, we released Eretmocerus eremicus (Rose & Zolnerowich) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) weekly and Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) every 4 wk, and selective insecticides were used to treat high whitefly densities as needed. In the conventional greenhouses, growers were autonomous in their insecticide application decisions. All whitefly stages were counted weekly on a maximum of 20 leaves per 50 randomly sampled poinsettias and 50 flagged (i.e., revisited) poinsettias in every greenhouse. Whitefly densities were consistently similar or higher in the IPM greenhouses compared to their conventionally managed counterparts for the duration of the trial. The cost of inputs and labor for whitefly management in the IPM greenhouses was between 0.57- and 3.0-fold the cost of conventional management. Our study supports that releasing E. eremicus and A. swirskii can reduce insecticide applications by 25–78% and may be considered a feasible strategy to manage B. tabaci in commercial poinsettia production in place of conventional insecticidal control in southeastern United States.
Hysteresis modeling of impact dynamics using artificial neural network
Authors: Tabaza T A , Tabaza O , Barrett J , Alsakarneh A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the process of training an artificial neural network (ANN) on predicting the hysteresis of a viscoelastic ball and ash wood bat colliding system is discussed. To study how the material properties and the impact speed affect the hysteresis phenomenon, many experiments were conducted for colliding three types of viscoelastic balls known as sliotars at two different speeds. The aim of the study is to innovate a neural network model to predict the hysteresis phenomenon of the collision of viscoelastic materials. The model accurately captured the input data and was able to produce data sets out of the input ranges. The results show that the ANN model predicted the impact hysteresis accurately with &lt;1% error.
Reflections on a 38-Day-Old Japanese Encephalitis Patient Born to a Pregnant Traveler in Endemic Area: Strategies for Prevention
Authors: Choi Han Som , Ahn Jong Gyun , Kang Hoon-Chul 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Vaccination against Japanese encephalitis is recommended for long-term travelers to endemic areas; however, the recommendation for pregnant women is controversial. An infant was diagnosed with Japanese encephalitis whose mother moved to an endemic area while pregnant. Preventive strategies are discussed.
An infant was diagnosed with Japanese encephalitis whose mother travelled to endemic area while pregnant. As preventive strategies, we suggest vaccination of mother before or during pregnancy before the travel, or application of physical barriers before the child’s vaccination.