bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why did European Radiology reject my radiomic biomarker paper? How to correctly evaluate imaging biomarkers in a clinical setting
Authors: Halligan Steve , Menu Yves , Mallett Sue 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This review explains in simple terms, accessible to the non-statistician, general principles regarding the correct research methods to develop and then evaluate imaging biomarkers in a clinical setting, including radiomic biomarkers. The distinction between diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is made and emphasis placed on the need to assess clinical utility within the context of a multivariable model. Such models should not be restricted to imaging biomarkers and must include relevant disease and patient characteristics likely to be clinically useful. Biomarker utility is based on whether its addition to the basic clinical model improves diagnosis or prediction. Approaches to both model development and evaluation are explained and the need for adequate amounts of representative data stressed so as to avoid underpowering and overfitting. Advice is provided regarding how to report the research correctly.

Key Points
• Imaging biomarker research is common but methodological errors are encountered frequently that may mean the research is not clinically useful.
• The clinical utility of imaging biomarkers is best assessed by their additive effect on multivariable models based on clinical factors known to be important.
• The data used to develop such models should be sufficient for the number of variables investigated and the model should be evaluated, preferably using data unrelated to development.
Seasonal prediction of the boreal winter stratosphere
Authors: Portal Alice , Ruggieri Paolo , Palmeiro Froila M. , García-Serrano Javier , Domeisen Daniela I. V. , Gualdi Silvio 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe predictability of the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere and its underlying dynamics are investigated in five state-of-the-art seasonal prediction systems from the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) multi-model database. Special attention is devoted to the connection between the stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) and lower-stratosphere wave activity (LSWA). We find that in winter (December to February) dynamical forecasts initialised on the first of November are considerably more skilful than empirical forecasts based on October anomalies. Moreover, the coupling of the SPV with mid-latitude LSWA (i.e., meridional eddy heat flux) is generally well reproduced by the forecast systems, allowing for the identification of a robust link between the predictability of wave activity above the tropopause and the SPV skill. Our results highlight the importance of November-to-February LSWA, in particular in the Eurasian sector, for forecasts of the winter stratosphere. Finally, the role of potential sources of seasonal stratospheric predictability is considered: we find that the C3S multi-model overestimates the stratospheric response to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and underestimates the influence of the Quasi–Biennial Oscillation (QBO).
Neural correlates of RDoC-specific cognitive processes in a high-functional autistic patient: a statistically validated case report
Authors: Daedelow Laura S. , Beck Anne , Romund Lydia , Mascarell-Maricic Lea , Dziobek Isabel , Romanczuk-Seiferth Nina , Wüstenberg Torsten , Heinz Andreas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe level of functioning of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) varies widely. To better understand the neurobiological mechanism associated with high-functioning ASD, we studied the rare case of a female patient with an exceptional professional career in the highly competitive academic field of Mathematics. According to the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach, which proposes to describe the basic dimensions of functioning by integrating different levels of information, we conducted four fMRI experiments targeting the (1) social processes domain (Theory of mind (ToM) and face matching), (2) positive valence domain (reward processing), and (3) cognitive domain (N-back). Patient’s data were compared to data of 14 healthy controls (HC). Additionally, we assessed the subjective experience of our case during the experiments. The patient showed increased response times during face matching and achieved a higher total gain in the Reward task, whereas her performance in N-back and ToM was similar to HC. Her brain function differed mainly in the positive valence and cognitive domains. During reward processing, she showed reduced activity in a left-hemispheric frontal network and cortical midline structures but increased connectivity within this network. During the working memory task patients’ brain activity and connectivity in left-hemispheric temporo-frontal regions were elevated. In the ToM task, activity in posterior cingulate cortex and temporo-parietal junction was reduced. We suggest that the high level of functioning in our patient is rather related to the effects in brain connectivity than to local cortical information processing and that subjective report provides a fruitful framework for interpretation.
Soldiers’ physical activity of daily life: a systematic literature review
Authors: Schilz Christin , Sammito Stefan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
High physical fitness and good health are not only essential for the civilian population but also for persons working in physically and psychologically demanding professions, such as armed forces personnel. To date there is no scientific summary of studies dealing with the physical activity of daily life in armed forces personnel, but this is necessary for a targeted intervention.

Methods
A systematic review was performed in the PubMed database (target date: 24 May 2020), using the search terms “military personnel” and “exercise” or “(physical) activity of daily life” including the assigned MESH words.

Results
Seven original papers have focused on the daily physical activity of military personal, and they were all conducted in different countries. The activity of daily life was on average 11,540 steps per day.

Conclusions
It could be shown that soldiers performed more physical activity than the civilian population and that the recommended 10,000 steps per day were slightly exceeded on average. However, the number of steps performed was very low in fields of activity with limited physical activity options, such as on board a ship. Altogether, it thus seems that additional health-promoting physical activity programs are not required for most of the soldiers, but that, in contrast, corresponding offers for physical activity alternatives, e.g., in the form of fitness equipment, are urgently required in specific task areas (e.g., on board ships).
The Plight of Female Cameroonian Migrant Sex Workers in N’Djamena, Chad: A Case of Intersectionality
Authors: Mutola Sianga , Pemunta Ngambouk Vitalis , Ngo Ngo Valery , Otang Ogem Irene , Tabenyang tabi-Chama James 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn most countries, sex-work is criminalized and frowned upon. This leads to human rights abuses, especially for migrant female sex workers. The burden is heavier on migrant female sex-workers whose gender and foreign citizenship intersect to produce a plethora of adverse health, social, and legal outcomes. This phenomenological study explores the intersectionality of individual factors leading to human rights abuses among migrant Cameroonian female sex workers in N’Djamena, Chad. Ten female sex workers and two key-informants were interviewed, and being a small sample, they gave detailed information about their experiences. The data was later analyzed using thematic analysis. Participants narrated experiences of social exclusion, exposure to diverse abuses, and health risks due to gender, immigrant status, and illegality of sex work. The experiences of female migrant sex workers, within contexts of sex work criminalization, are exacerbated by the intersectionality of these factors. Women endure several vulnerabilities in many African countries, more so when they have to survive on sex work as foreigners in a country where the act is illegal.
Bioaccumulation of different congeners of Poly-Brominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in muscle tissue of males and females of Clupea harengus from the North Sea
Authors: Gaion Andrea , Morgan Ellana , Collier Stuart , Sartori Davide 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the last decades, high concentrations of flame retardants (PBDE) in marine organisms have caused increasing concern among scientists with regards to their biomagnification potential and to human health. Poly-Brominated Diphenyl Ethers have been widely used in the past as flame retardants in various industrial sectors, and their presence in the biota has been associated with different toxicological effects. In this study, concentrations of 9 congeners of PBDE (183, 85, 153, 154, 99, 100, 47, 66 and 28) and morphometric parameters (Total Length, TL; Fork Length, FL in cm and weight) have been measured in muscle of males and females of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus). Results showed no statistical differences between the concentrations of most of the congeners analysed between the two sexes, except for PBDE 153 (Mean ± standard error in males = 0.034 ± 0.005 μg/kg and in females = 0.086 ± 0.040 μg/kg; p = 0.003). This research contributes to better comprehend the ecotoxicological properties of these molecules and their implications for human consumption.
Macht – Leistung – Kultur: Staatenvergleiche vom 17. bis ins frühe 20. Jahrhundert
Authors: Steinmetz Willibald 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungPraktiken des Vergleichens und Bewertens von Staaten mittels Zahlen haben eine lange Geschichte. Seit der Frühen Neuzeit erlebten sie einen Aufschwung infolge fiskal-militärischer Rivalität zwischen größeren und kleineren Mächten innerhalb wie außerhalb Europas. Im Laufe des langen 19. Jahrhunderts kamen zusätzliche Kriterien ins Spiel: Neben militärischer und demografischer Stärke wurden nun ökonomische Leistungsfähigkeit, soziale Vorsorge für die Einwohner sowie kulturelle Errungenschaften wichtiger. In einem ersten Schritt benennt der Beitrag wesentliche Voraussetzungen für die heute etablierten Praktiken des Rankings von Staaten: Serialität und Standardisierung der Datenerhebung, Existenz international anerkanntercentres of calculation, relevante Öffentlichkeiten als Nachfrager für Staatenvergleiche, eine Vision von Geschichte als Fortschritt, welche staatliche Akteure nötigte, sich im Verhältnis zu anderen als „vorauseilend“ oder „zurückgeblieben“ einzuordnen. Die empirischen Teile des Beitrags widmen sich der Entfaltung staatenvergleichender Praktiken in West- und Mitteleuropa vom späten 17. bis ins frühe 20. Jahrhundert. In exemplarischen Studien werden Autoren und Institutionen behandelt, die Staatenquantifizierendzu vergleichen suchten (englische politische Arithmetiker, deutsche Tabellenstatistiker, nationale statistische Bureaus, internationale statistische Kongresse). Ebenfalls berücksichtigt werdenqualitativeStaatenvergleiche in der deskriptiven deutschen „Statistik“ des 18. Jahrhunderts oder durch visuelle Präsentationen auf den Weltausstellungen des 19. Jahrhunderts. Schließlich kommen im Beitrag auch Kritiker zu Wort, die im Namen der Singularität von Nationen, Staaten oder Imperien gegen deren Reduktion auf wenige zählbare Größen protestierten. Die Geschichte der Staatenvergleiche im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert lief also keineswegs geradlinig auf immer mehr Quantifizierung hinaus. Vielmehr war sie die Geschichte einer umstrittenen Praxis, in der „progressive“ besser-schlechter-Vergleiche stets mit solchen Vergleichen rivalisierten, die auf essenzialisierte Andersartigkeit abhoben.
Isolating the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on urban air quality in Canada
Authors: Mashayekhi Rabab , Pavlovic Radenko , Racine Jacinthe , Moran Michael D. , Manseau Patrick M. , Duhamel Annie , Katal Ali , Miville Jessica , Niemi David , Peng Si Jun , Sassi Mourad , Griffin Debora , McLinden Chris Anthony 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe have investigated the impact of reduced emissions due to COVID-19 lockdown measures in spring 2020 on air quality in Canada’s four largest cities: Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, and Calgary. Observed daily concentrations of NO2, PM2.5, and O3 during a “pre-lockdown” period (15 February–14 March 2020) and a “lockdown” period (22 March–2 May 2020), when lockdown measures were in full force everywhere in Canada, were compared to the same periods in the previous decade (2010–2019). Higher-than-usual seasonal declines in mean daily NO2 were observed for the pre-lockdown to lockdown periods in 2020. For PM2.5, Montreal was the only city with a higher-than-usual seasonal decline, whereas for O3 all four cities remained within the previous decadal range. In order to isolate the impact of lockdown-related emission changes from other factors such as seasonal changes in meteorology and emissions and meteorological variability, two emission scenarios were performed with the GEM-MACH air quality model. The first was a Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario with baseline emissions and the second was a more realistic simulation with estimated COVID-19 lockdown emissions. NO2 surface concentrations for the COVID-19 emission scenario decreased by 31 to 34% on average relative to the BAU scenario in the four metropolitan areas. Lower decreases ranging from 6 to 17% were predicted for PM2.5. O3 surface concentrations, on the other hand, showed increases up to a maximum of 21% close to city centers versus slight decreases over the suburbs, but Ox (odd oxygen), like NO2 and PM2.5, decreased as expected over these cities.
Metric Versus Topological Receptive Entropy of Semigroup Actions
Authors: Biś Andrzej , Dikranjan Dikran , Giordano Bruno Anna , Stoyanov Luchezar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe study the receptive metric entropy for semigroup actions on probability spaces, inspired by a similar notion of topological entropy introduced by Hofmann and Stoyanov (Adv Math 115:54–98, 1995). We analyze its basic properties and its relation with the classical metric entropy. In the case of semigroup actions on compact metric spaces we compare the receptive metric entropy with the receptive topological entropy looking for a Variational Principle. With this aim we propose several characterizations of the receptive topological entropy. Finally we introduce a receptive local metric entropy inspired by a notion by Bowen generalized in the classical setting of amenable group actions by Zheng and Chen, and we prove partial versions of the Brin–Katok Formula and the local Variational Principle.
Epidemiology of trauma admissions in a level 1 trauma center in Northern Italy: a nine-year study
Authors: Difino Margherita , Bini Roberto , Reitano Elisa , Faccincani Roberto , Sammartano Fabrizio , Briani Laura , Cimbanassi Stefania , Chiara Osvaldo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyze the results of 9 years of trauma care and data collection in a level 1 urban trauma center in Northern Italy. Overall, 6065 patients have been included in the study; the number of patients managed yearly has doubled between 2011 and 2019. This rise mostly involved patients with injury severity score (ISS) < 16. Most injuries (94%) were blunt. Road traffic accidents, especially involving motorcycles, were the most common cause of injury. Self-inflicted injuries were responsible for less than 5% of trauma but they were severe in 56% of cases. The median age was 38 and it remained constant over the years; 43% of patients had 14–39 years of age. Different characteristics and patterns of injury were observed for each age group and gender. Males were more likely to be injured in the central years of life while females presented a trimodal pattern in the age distribution. Young adults (14–39 years old) were overall at higher risk of self-harm. Overall mortality was equal to 5.2%. Most deceased were male and ≥ 65 years of age.
Sequence effect of p(1/3) spectrum loading on service fatigue strength of as-welded and high-frequency mechanical impact (HFMI)-treated transverse stiffeners of mild steel
Authors: Schiller R. , Löschner D. , Diekhoff P. , Engelhardt I. , Nitschke-Pagel Th. , Dilger K. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the meantime, it’s well known that post-weld fatigue strength improvement techniques for welded structures like high-frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment increase the fatigue live of welded joints. Although the current design recommendations for HFMI-treated welded joints give first design proposals for the HFMI-treated welds, in practice the application of HFMI treatment and the associated increase in fatigue resistance are still being discussed. There are, for example, reservations regarding the efficiency of HFMI-treated welded joints under variable amplitude loading (VAL). This paper analyses first results for the sequence effect of VAL of a p (1/3) spectrum on the service fatigue strength of HFMI-treated transverse stiffeners (TS) of mild steel (S355). Fatigue test results with random and high-low loading for the two states as-welded (AW) and HFMI-treated joints will be presented. The modified linear damage accumulation and the failure locations will be discussed. The experimental results show a clear change in the slope of the S-N curve from the as-welded (AW) state to the HFMI state and additionally in the HFMI state from constant amplitude loading (CAL) to variable amplitude loading (VAL). It was particularly noticeable in the experimental results of all tested HFMI series that the specimens failed exclusively in the base material 2–4mm before the HFMI-treated welds. The presented results of the investigations show that with application of the nominal stress concept, no sequence effect was recognizable.
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1: an Italian survey on 158 patients
Authors: Garelli S. , Dalla Costa M. , Sabbadin C. , Barollo S. , Rubin B. , Scarpa R. , Masiero S. , Fierabracci A. , Bizzarri C. , Crinò A. , Cappa M. , Valenzise M. , Meloni A. , De Bellis A. M. , Giordano C. , Presotto F. , Perniola R. , Capalbo D. , Salerno M. C. , Stigliano A. , Radetti G. , Camozzi V. , Greggio N. A. , Bogazzi F. , Chiodini I. , Pagotto U. , Black S. K. , Chen S. , Rees Smith B. , Furmaniak J. , Weber G. , Pigliaru F. , De Sanctis L. , Scaroni C. , Betterle C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is a rare recessive inherited disease, caused by AutoImmune Regulator (AIRE) gene mutations and characterized by three major manifestations: chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), chronic hypoparathyroidism (CH) and Addison’s disease (AD).

Methods
Autoimmune conditions and associated autoantibodies (Abs) were analyzed in 158 Italian patients (103 females and 55 males; F/M 1.9/1) at the onset and during a follow-up of 23.7 ± 15.1 years. AIRE mutations were determined.

Results
The prevalence of APS-1 was 2.6 cases/million (range 0.5–17 in different regions). At the onset 93% of patients presented with one or more components of the classical triad and 7% with other components. At the end of follow-up, 86.1% had CH, 77.2% AD, 74.7% CMC, 49.5% premature menopause, 29.7% autoimmune intestinal dysfunction, 27.8% autoimmune thyroid diseases, 25.9% autoimmune gastritis/pernicious anemia, 25.3% ectodermal dystrophy, 24% alopecia, 21.5% autoimmune hepatitis, 17% vitiligo, 13.3% cholelithiasis, 5.7% connective diseases, 4.4% asplenia, 2.5% celiac disease and 13.9% cancer. Overall, 991 diseases (6.3 diseases/patient) were found. Interferon-ω Abs (IFNωAbs) were positive in 91.1% of patients. Overall mortality was 14.6%. The AIRE mutation R139X was found in 21.3% of tested alleles, R257X in 11.8%, W78R in 11.4%, C322fsX372 in 8.8%, T16M in 6.2%, R203X in 4%, and A21V in 2.9%. Less frequent mutations were present in 12.9%, very rare in 9.6% while no mutations in 11% of the cases.

Conclusions
In Italy, APS-1 is a rare disorder presenting with the three major manifestations and associated with different AIRE gene mutations. IFNωAbs are markers of APS-1 and other organ-specific autoantibodies are markers of clinical, subclinical or potential autoimmune conditions.
What delirium detection tools are used in routine clinical practice in the United Kingdom? Survey results from 91% of acute healthcare organisations
Authors: Tieges Zoë , Lowrey Jacqueline , MacLullich Alasdair M. J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Our aim was to collect information on delirium assessment processes and pathways in non-intensive care settings in the United Kingdom (UK).

Methods
We sent a Freedom of Information request to 169 UK National Health Service (NHS) hospitals, trusts and health boards (units) in July 2020 to obtain data on usage of delirium assessment tools in clinical practice and delirium pathways or guidelines.

Results
We received responses from 154/169 units (91% response rate). Of these, 146/154 (95%) units reported use of formal delirium assessment processes and 131/154 (85%) units had guidelines or pathways in place. The 4’A’s Test (4AT) was the most widely used tool, with 117/146 (80%) units reporting use. The Confusion Assessment Method was used in 65/146 (45%) units, and the Single Question to identify Delirium (SQiD) in 52/146 (36%) units.

Conclusions
Our findings show that the 4AT is the most commonly used tool in the UK, with 80% of units reporting use. This study adds to our knowledge of real-world uptake of delirium detection methods at scale. Future studies should evaluate real-world implementation of delirium assessment tools further via (1) tool completion rates and (2) rates of positive scores against the expected of prevalence delirium in the clinical population concerned.
Enhancing Mindfulness and Well-Being in Higher Education
Authors: Barker Randy K. , Tuominen Lori P. , Larson Mimi Rappley , Lee-Nichols Mary E. , Eslinger Gloria , Patterson Kristine L. , Stocker Shevaun L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article outlines the steps taken to establish the University of Wisconsin-Superior’s Pruitt Center for Mindfulness and Well-Being. Major historical components include: gaining momentum; securing funding; developing mission and vision statements; launching the Pruitt Center; and recounting the services, programs, and impacts achieved to date. Through outlining experiences and lessons learned, others in higher education looking to enhance the well-being of their campus communities could benefit, regardless of whether creating a center is their goal. The process and rationale for creating and adopting the PERMANENT Model of Well-Being is also provided. Comparisons are made regarding the similarities and differences between the PERMANENT Model and two existing models: the PERMA Model and the Universidad Tecmilenio Well-being in Happiness Ecosystem. Also depicted is the intention concerning: 1) describing each domain of the PERMANENT Model of Well-Being, including Present Moment Awareness, the model’s foundation; 2) the meaning behind the PERMANENT acronym, inspiring the notion of long-lasting well-being; 3) including the greater community; and 4) the model’s process of learn, experience, reflect, and repeat, a reminder that all learning takes effort and practice. This process is supported by current mindfulness and well-being research, specifically as it relates to higher education.