bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic understanding of interspecific interaction between a C4 grass and a C3 legume via arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, as influenced by soil phosphorus availability using a 13C and 15N dual‐labelled organic patch
Authors: Liu Hongfei , Wu Yang , Xu Hongwei , Ai Zemin , Zhang Jiaoyang , Liu Guobin , Xue Sha 
Published: July 2021

SUMMARYArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve plant nutrient acquisition, either by directly supplying nutrients to plants or by promoting soil organic matter mineralization, thereby affecting interspecific plant relationships in natural communities. We examined the mechanism by which the addition of P affects interspecific interactions between a C4 grass (Bothriochloa ischaemum, a dominant species in natural grasslands) and a C3 legume (Lespedeza davurica, a subordinate species in natural grasslands) via AMF and plant growth, by continuous 13C and 15N labelling, combined with soil enzyme analyses. The results of 15N labelling revealed that P addition affected the shoot uptake of N via AMF by B. ischaemum and L. davurica differently. Specifically, the addition of P significantly increased the shoot uptake of N via AMF by B. ischaemum but significantly decreased that by L. davurica. Interspecific plant interactions via AMF significantly facilitated the plant N uptake via AMF by B. ischaemum but significantly inhibited that by L. davurica under P‐limited soil conditions, whereas the opposite effect was observed in the case of excess P. This was consistent with the impact of interspecific plant interaction via AMF on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) benefit for plant growth. Our data indicate that the capability of plant N uptake via AMF is an important mechanism that influences interspecific relationships between C4 grasses and C3 legumes. Moreover, the effect of AMF on the activities of the soil enzymes responsible for N and P mineralization substantially contributed to the consequence of interspecific plant interaction via AMF for plant growth.
A prognostic model for the preoperative identification of patients at risk for receiving transfusion of packed red blood cells in cardiac surgery
Authors: de Boer Wiebe J. , Visser Cornelis , van Kuijk Sander M. J. , de Jong Kim 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundPatients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery are at substantial risk for blood transfusion. Increased awareness and patient blood management have resulted in a significant reduction over the past years. The next step is preoperative treatment of patients at high risk for packed red blood cells (RBC) transfusion, with the ultimate goal to eventually prevent RBC transfusion. A prediction model was developed to select patients at high risk for RBC transfusion.Materials and methodsData of all patients that underwent cardiac surgery in our center between 2008 and 2013 (n = 2951) were used for model development, and between 2014 and 2016 for validation (n = 1136). Only preoperative characteristics were included in a multinomial regression model with three outcome categories (no, RBC, other transfusion). The accuracy of the estimated risks and discriminative ability of the model were assessed. Clinical usefulness was explored.ResultsRisk factors included are sex, type of surgery, redo surgery, age, height, body mass index, preoperative hemoglobin level, and preoperative platelet count. The model has excellent discriminative ability for predicting RBC transfusion versus no transfusion (area under the curve [AUC] = 94%) and good discriminative ability for RBC transfusion versus other transfusion (AUC = 84%). With a cut‐off value of RBC risk of 16.8% and higher, the model is well able to identify a high proportion of patients at risk for RBC transfusion (sensitivity = 87.1%, specificity = 82.3%).ConclusionIn the current study, a prediction tool was developed to be used for risk stratification of patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery at risk for blood transfusions.
Admission Braden Scale Score as an Early Independent Predictor of In‐Hospital Mortality Among Inpatients With COVID‐19: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Lovicu Elena , Faraone Antonio , Fortini Alberto 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe COVID‐19 pandemic has put a strain on health systems. Predictors of adverse outcomes need to be investigated to properly manage COVID‐19 patients. The Braden Scale (BS), commonly used for the assessment of pressure ulcer risk, has recently been proposed to identify frailty.ObjectiveTo investigate the predictive utility of the BS for prediction of in‐hospital mortality in a cohort of COVID‐19 patients admitted to non‐ICU wards.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective single‐center cohort study evaluating all patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection consecutively admitted over a 2‐month period (from March 6 to May 7, 2020) to the COVID‐19 general wards of our institution. Demographic, clinical, and nursing assessment data, including admission BS, were extracted from electronic medical records. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to explore the association between the BS score and in‐hospital death.ResultsBraden Scale was assessed in 146 patients (mean age 74.7 years; 52% males). On admission, 46 had a BS ≤ 15, and 100 patients had a BS > 15. Mortality among patients with BS ≤ 15 was significantly higher than in patients with BS > 15 (45.7% vs. 16%; p < .001). On multivariable regression analysis, adjusting for potentials confounders (age, Barthel scale, chronic kidney disease, atrial fibrillation, and hypertension), the admission BS remained inversely associated with the risk of in‐hospital mortality (OR = 0.76; 95% CI [0.60, 0.96]; p = .020).Linking Evidence to ActionAdmission BS could be used as a simple bedside predictive tool able to early identify non‐ICU COVID‐19 patients with poor prognosis who might benefit from specific and timely interventions.
Effects of Pore Additives on Deep Eutectic Solvent Immobilization for CO₂/N₂ Gas Separation Using Supported Deep Eutectic Solvent Membranes
Authors: Mohd Nasib Amira , Jullok Nora , Mohamad Dzahir Mohd Irfan Hatim , Luis Patricia , Der Bruggen Bart Van 
Published: July 2021

This work analyses the effect of two different pore additives focusing on polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lithium chloride (LiCl) at different concentrations on the immobilization of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) in a polyvinylidene fluoride-co-polytetrafluoroethylene (PVDF-co-PTFE) membrane. Two compounds were chosen to synthesized the DES; choline chloride as halide salt and ethylene glycol as a hydrogen bond donor. The DES was impregnated onto the membrane pores by applying a vacuum-based technique. The membranes were prepared via phase inversion by means of immersion precipitation. For characterization purposes, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) was used to analyse the morphology of the supported- DES-membranes together with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The gravimetric method was applied to calculate the porosity, while the membrane performance for carbon dioxide (CO2) permeation and separation was assessed to determine the capability of the DES-impregnated membrane. The outcomes demonstrating that the highest loading of DES in the membrane support was obtained when 3 wt% PEG was added into the polymer solution with a porosity of 70.5%. The CO2 permeability and the CO2/N2 selectivity achieved using the synthesized membrane are 2.81 x 106 barrer and 3.46, respectively, when working with a transmembrane pressure of 1.1 bar and a temperature of 25ᵒC at 200 cm3 /min of gas flow rate. The results showed that additional of PEG as a pore additives able to load the highest DES in the membrane pore and resulted the best CO2 permeability and the CO2/N2 selectivity.
Derivation of a Closed Form Expression for Estimating the Reduced Flow Rate for Pressure Driven Rarefied Gas Flow Through Circular Nano/Micro Pores
Authors: Hashemifard Seyed Abdollatif , Matsuura Takeshi 
Published: July 2021

In this paper, a new model to predict the gas flow rate through short tubes under rarefied condition based on the sigmoidal bahaviour of gas reduced flow rate (W) versus the rarefaction parameter (d) under rarefied condition was developed. The data produced by Varoutis et al. via Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method were utilised to obtain the model coefficients as functions of tube length to radius (w) and pressure ratio (Pr). Then, the model was tested against the published experimental data.There was a high degree of agreement between the model predictions and the experimental data. Moreover, the new model was capable to predict the reduced flow rate of rarefied systems, not only at free molecular region and hydrodynamic region, but also at transition region, hence covering all the Knudsen number domain within the utilised data. Therefore, the proposed model was capable to make predictions as well as meet all the criteria of the rarefied gas flow within the following conditions: 0<Pr<0.9, 0.01<d<1000 and 0.0<w<20. Thus, the proposed model provides a useful tool to make a valid prediction of the rarefied gas flow behavior in a wide range of gas transport regime.
The role of early visual experience in the development of spatial‐frequency preference in the primary visual cortex
Authors: Nishio Nana , Hayashi Kenji , Ishikawa Ayako Wendy , Yoshimura Yumiko 
Published: July 2021

Key points
The mature functioning of the primary visual cortex depends on postnatal visual experience, while the orientation/direction preference is established just after eye‐opening, independently of visual experience.
In this study, we find that visual experience is required for the normal development of spatial‐frequency (SF) preference in mouse primary visual cortex.
We show that age‐ and experience‐dependent shifts in optimal SFs towards higher frequencies occurred similarly in excitatory neurons and parvalbumin‐positive interneurons.
We also show that some excitatory and parvalbumin‐positive neurons preferentially responded to visual stimuli consisting of very high SFs and posterior directions, and that the preference was established at earlier developmental stages than the SF preference in the standard frequency range.
These results suggest that early visual experience is required for the development of SF representation and shed light on the experience‐dependent developmental mechanisms underlying visual cortical functions.
AbstractEarly visual experience is crucial for the maturation of visual cortical functions. It has been demonstrated that the orientation and direction preferences in individual neurons of the primary visual cortex are well established immediately after eye‐opening. The postnatal development of spatial frequency (SF) tuning and its dependence on visual experience, however, has not been thoroughly quantified. In this study, macroscopic imaging with flavoprotein autofluorescence revealed that the optimal SFs shift towards higher frequency values during normal development in mouse primary visual cortex. This developmental shift was impaired by binocular deprivation during the sensitive period, postnatal 3 weeks (PW3) to PW6. Furthermore, two‐photon Ca2+ imaging revealed that the developmental shift of the optimal SFs, depending on visual experience, concurrently occurs in excitatory neurons and parvalbumin‐positive inhibitory interneurons (PV neurons). In addition, some excitatory and PV neurons exhibited a preference for visual stimuli consisting of particularly high SFs and posterior directions at relatively early developmental stages; this preference was not affected by binocular deprivation. Thus, there may be two distinct developmental mechanisms for the establishment of SF preference depending on the frequency values. After PW3, SF tuning for neurons tuned to standard frequency ranges was sharper in excitatory neurons and slightly broader in PV neurons, leading to considerably attenuated SF tuning in PV neurons compared to excitatory neurons by PW5. Our findings suggest that early visual experience is far more important than orientation/direction selectivity for the development of the neural representation of the diverse SFs.
Energy Content Characterization of Water Waves Using Linear and Nonlinear Spectral Analysis
Authors: Mohtat Ali , Yim Solomon C. , Osborne Alfred R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The survivability, safe operation, and design of marine vehicles and wave energy converters are highly dependent on accurate characterization and estimation of the energy content of the ocean wave field. In this study, analytical solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS) using periodic inverse scattering transformation (IST) and its associated Riemann spectrum are used to obtain the nonlinear wave modes (eigen functions of the nonlinear equation consisting of multiple phase-locked harmonic components). These nonlinear wave modes are used in two approaches to develop a more accurate definition of the energy content. First, in an ad hoc approach, the amplitudes of the nonlinear wave modes are used with a linear energy calculation resulting in a semi-linear energy estimate. Next, a novel, mathematically exact definition of the energy content taking into account the nonlinear effects up to fifth order is introduced in combination with the nonlinear wave modes, the exact energy content of the wave field is computed. Experimental results and numerical simulations were used to compute and analyze the linear, ad hoc, and exact energy contents of the wave field, using both linear and nonlinear spectra. The ratio of the ad hoc and exact energy estimates to the linear energy content was computed to examine the effect of nonlinearity on the energy content. In general, an increasing energy ratio was observed for increasing nonlinearity of the wave field, with larger contributions from higher-order harmonic terms. It was confirmed that the significant increase in nonlinear energy content with respect to its linear counterpart is due to the increase in the number of nonlinear phase-locked (bound wave) modes.2
Radiation Modes of Propeller Tonal Noise
Authors: Jiang Hanbo , Zhong Siyang , Wu Han , Zhang Xin , Huang Xun , Zhou Guocheng , Chen Bao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper focuses on the radiation modes and efficiency of propeller tonal noise. The thickness noise and loading noise model of propellers has been formulated in spherical coordinates, thereby simplifying numerical evaluation of the integral noise source. More importantly, the radiation field can be decomposed and projected to spherical harmonics, which can separate source-observer positions and enable an analysis of sound field structures. Due to the parity of spherical harmonics, the proposed model can mathematically explain the fact that thrusts only produce antisymmetric sound waves with respect to the rotating plane. In addition, the symmetric components of the noise field can be attributed to the thickness, as well as drags and radial forces acting on the propeller surface. The radiation efficiency of each mode decays rapidly as noise sources approach the rotating center, suggesting the radial distribution of aerodynamic loadings should be carefully designed for low-noise propellers. The noise prediction model has been successfully applied to a drone propeller and achieved a reliable agreement with experimental measurements. The flow variables employed as an input of the noise computation were obtained with computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and the experimental data were measured in an anechoic chamber.
Constituent and Ply-Level Understanding of Electrical Resistance in Si-Containing SiC/SiC Composites
Authors: Rassi Joseph El , Morscher Gregory N. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Electrical resistance (ER), also known as direct current potential drop, has been demonstrated as an enabling means to monitor damage evolution in SiC-based ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). For laminate composites, it has become apparent that the location and orientation of SiC fibers, free Si, and in some cases insertion of C rods can greatly affect the measured resistance. In addition, the nature of crack growth through the different plies which consist of different constituents will have different effects on the change in resistance. Therefore, both experimental and modeling approaches as to the resistance and change in resistance for different laminate architectures based on the nature of constituent content and orientation are needed to utilize and optimize ER as a health-monitoring technique. In this work, unidirectional and cross-ply laminate composites have been analyzed using a ply-based electrical model. Based on a ply-level circuit model, the change in resistance was modeled for damage development. It is believed that this can serve as a basis for tailoring the architecture/constituent content to create a “smarter” composite.
Fuel Economy Results From Diesel Engine Tuning for Steady Speed and Drive Cycle Operation
Authors: Satorre James Carl M. , Quiros Edwin N. , Mercado Jose Gabriel E. , Rodgers Paul L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
As part of efforts to mitigate climate change by reducing fuel consumption in the transport sector in the Philippines, this paper presents the initial results of an investigation on the effects of engine tuning on fuel economy for different drive cycles using a commercially available piggyback tuning “chip” to modify fuel rail pressure from stock settings of a CRDI diesel passenger van. The drive cycles used in this study were the Japanese 10-15 Mode, US highway fuel economy test (HWFET), and one labeled “SMN” based on a Metro Manila local route. An initial steady state vehicle fuel economy performance map at five speeds per gear position and stock tuning was obtained from chassis dynamometer tests. The same series of tests were done with the tuning chip’s settings of progressively lower rail pressure to identify the setting giving lowest fuel consumption at each gear. Fuel consumption reduction of up to 47% was observed although not all speeds at a given gear and tuning setting gave reduced values. These lowest fuel settings were applied to corresponding gear positions in each of the selected drive cycles resulting to “specific tuning maps” per drive cycle. The test vehicle was then driven with these drive cycle-specific tuning maps and the fuel economy measured. It was found that overall fuel economy decreased with drive cycle-specific tuning settings.
It was then decided to try using a constant tuning setting throughout a drive cycle to see if fuel economy improved. Trials with the Japanese 10-15 Mode cycle at different constant lower rail pressure settings likewise gave overall lower fuel economy. However, a more detailed look showed that in the constant-speed portions of the cycle, fuel consumption savings of up to 35% were realized while it worsened in the accelerating and decelerating sections.
The drive cycle test results indicate that the engine ECU compensated for the lowered rail pressure, maybe with increased injection duration, to increase the amount of fuel injected to meet the road-load requirements imposed by the drive cycle. Control response instabilities may have also contributed to higher fuel consumption. Engine tuning by rail pressure reduction only was most effective in reducing fuel consumption for steady state driving and ineffective for transient driving under the conditions and methodology of this study.
An Assessment of Thermal Comfort for Thermoelectric-Based Radiant Cooling Systems: A Numerical Investigation
Authors: Seyednezhad Mohadeseh , Najafi Hamidreza 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Studying various innovative cooling/heating technologies as alternatives to vapor-compression refrigeration cycles has received growing attention over the last few years. Thermoelectric (TE) systems are among the promising emerging technologies in this category. In the present paper, numerical modeling and analysis is performed using COMSOL Multiphysics to assess the performance of a thermoelectric (TE)-based radiant cooling ceiling panel on the thermal comfort in a test chamber. The system consists of a rectangular test chamber (∼ 1.2 m × 1.2 m × 1.5 m) with a ceiling panel fabricated on the center of the ceiling (0.6 m × 0.6 m × 0.002 m). Four TE modules are installed on the backside of the ceiling panel producing a cooling effect to maintain the ceiling temperature at the desired level. The lowered temperature of the ceiling panel allows heat exchange through radiation and convection. A spherical object is used to model a globe thermometer (GT) and capture the mean radiant temperature inside of the chamber. The variation of mean radiant temperature and operative temperature versus time are assessed under natural convection, and the comfort level is evaluated using the PMV method based on ASHRAE Standard 55. Design challenges, such as temperature limitation to the dew point temperature, among others, will be discussed. The result of this study provides insights regarding the expected thermal comfort from TE-based radiant cooling systems under various conditions.
The Near Islands (the Aleutian Arc): History of Vegetation in the Holocene
Authors: Smyshlyaeva O. I. , Severova E. E. , Khasanov B. F. , Krylovich O. A. , Kuzmicheva E. A. , Savinetsky A. B. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract—
The vegetation history of the Alсan Creek peat deposit on Shemya Island (the Near Islands of the Aleutian Arc) has been reconstructed. We chose this flat island because there are no volcanoes on it and they have less impact on the vegetation. The sedge tundra dominated until 7000 years ago. Then it was replaced by mire with a noticeable participation of Sphagnum and Equisetum during the Holocene warming maximum 7000–5000 years ago. Forb sedge-grass meadows spread about 4700 years ago as a result of a local change in humidity. As a consequence of cooling and leaching processes, heather tundra began to dominate in the inner part of the island about 3400 years ago.
Wide-field optical coherence tomography deviation map for early glaucoma detection
Authors: Kim Hyungjun , Park Hae Min , Jeong Hyo Chan , Moon So Yeon , Cho Hyunsoo , Lim Han Woong , Seong Mincheol , Park Junhong , Lee Won June 
Published: July 2021

Background/aimsThis study aimed to establish a wide-field optical coherence tomography (OCT) deviation map obtained from swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) scans. Moreover, it also aimed to compare the diagnostic ability of this wide-field deviation map with that of the peripapillary and macular deviation maps currently being used for the detection of early glaucoma (EG).MethodsFour hundred eyes, including 200 healthy eyes and 200 eyes with EG were enrolled in this retrospective observational study. Patients underwent a comprehensive ocular examination, including wide-field SS-OCT (DRI-OCT Triton; Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). The individual wide-field scan was converted into a uniform template using the fovea and optic disc centres as fixed landmarks. Subsequently, the wide-field deviation map was obtained via the comparison between individual wide-field data and a normative wide-field database that had been created by combining images of healthy eyes into a uniform template in a previous study. The ability of the new wide-field deviation map to distinguish between EG and healthy eyes was assessed by comparing it with conventional deviation maps based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).ResultsThe wide-field deviation map obtained using the normative wide-field database showed the highest diagnostic ability for the diagnosis of EG (AUC=0.980 and 961 for colour-coded pixels presenting <5% and <1%, respectively) among various deviation maps. Its AUC was significantly superior to that of most conventional deviation maps (p<0.05). The wide-field deviation map demonstrated early structural glaucomatous damage well over a wider area.ConclusionThe wide-field SS-OCT deviation map exhibited good performance for distinguishing between eyes with EG and healthy eyes. The visualisation of the wider damaged area on the wide-field deviation map could be useful for the diagnosis of EG in clinical settings.