O-006 Diagnosis debate – USG vs endoscopy
Authors: Jain K , Jain M 
Published: August 2021

Abstract text
MULLERIAN ANOMAIES – DEBATE USG OR ENDOSCOPY
Mullerian duct anomalies are a complex spectrum of congenital anomalies resulting from defective fusion or canalization leading to different uterine anomalies. Early detection and proper diagnosis of uterine anomalies are paramount for proper management. Outflow obstruction defects like transvers septal defects or non canalised functional horn present early with complaint of pain while rest of patients present with amenorrhoea , infertility, repeated first-trimester abortion, fetal intrauterine growth restriction, and obstetric complications.The prevalence of uterine malformations is variable depending on the population studied , 0.4% , 4 % respectively in the general population and in infertile women while a high prevalence between 3 and 38% is reported in patients with repeated spontaneous miscarriages.
Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment planning in mullerian duct anomalies. There are different imaging and endoscopic modalities that can be used for the diagnosis and confirmation of uterine malformations. All modalities are having limitations and one need to select and combine various modalities depending on the clinical presentation of patient and pelvic examination. In younger patients or acute cases, trans abdominal ultrasonography (US) is the preferred method because it is readily available, inexpensive, and rapid and does not use ionizing radiation. However it may not give the complete picture because of poor demarcation especially in fatty patient and owing to complex nature of defects , Field-of-view restrictions with US, patient body habitus, and artefact from bowel gas. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an excellent tool in the diagnosis of Mullerian duct anomalies due to high soft tissue resolution. But it is more expensive and less available. 3D ultrasound may be a valid alternative to pelvic MRI as It is less expensive and better tolerated by patients however in doubtful cases of complex nature , hysteroscopy combined with laparoscopy may be considered to confirm the diagnosis. Another advantage of endoscopy is the opportunity to correct the defect in the same sitting in most of the cases.
Hysterosalpingography (HSG) and hysteroscopy are considered good modalities to assess the uterine cavity. Hysteroscopy provide the direct visualisation of the defect and considered as gold standard for cavity evaluation in doubtful cases of septate and bicornuate uterus and for simultaneous correction. However outer contour cannot be visualised so one need to use laparoscopy for complete evaluation which is a major drawback. Three-dimensional transvaginal sonography provides image quality like those provided by MRI and is being extensively used for diagnosis of all sorts of mullerian defects. it has got the advantage of realtime imaging which is helpful in distorted pelvic anatomy , visualisation of outer contour is possible ,which is considered very important to differentiate between bicornuate and septate uterus and unicornuate uterus with rudimentary horn. however it may not be possible in all cases to get a definitive diagnosis inspite of using a high end 3D machine specially in presence of artefacts , distorted contour and retroverted uterus. In such cases both modalities including MRI and endoscopy may be required to reach to a definitive diagnosis.
It can be concluded that primary imaging tool is still 2d ultrasound but 3D TVS should be included in all suspected anomalies along with complete careful pelvic examination to corroborate the findings of USG. In doubt ful or complex cases, MRI should be performed particularly for cervical and vaginal atresia and septum. endoscopy should be reserved for all doubtful cases for confirmation and for acute cases where a corrective surgery can also be planned to relieve the distress.