bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Including fossils in phylogeny: a glimpse into the evolution of the superfamily Evanioidea (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) under tip-dating and the fossilized birth–death process
Authors: Jouault Corentin , Maréchal Arthur , Condamine Fabien L , Wang Bo , Nel André , Legendre Frédéric , Perrichot Vincent 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Using a fossilized birth–death model, a new phylogeny of the superfamily Evanioidea (including ensign wasps, nightshade wasps and hatchet wasps) is proposed, with estimates of divergence times for its constitutive families and for corroborating the monophyly of Evanioidea. Additionally, our Bayesian analyses demonstrate the monophyly of †Anomopterellidae, †Othniodellithidae, †Andreneliidae, Aulacidae, Gasteruptiida and Evaniidae, whereas †Praeaulacidae and †Baissidae appear to be paraphyletic. Vectevania vetula and Hyptiogastrites electrinus are transferred to Aulacidae. We estimate the divergence time of Evanioidea to be in the Late Triassic (~203 Mya). Additionally, three new othniodellithid wasps are described and figured from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber as the new genus Keratodellitha, with three new species: Keratodellitha anubis sp. nov., Keratodellitha basilisci sp. nov. and Keratodellitha kirin sp. nov. We also document a temporal shift in relative species richness between Ichneumonoidea and Evanioidea.
How social determinants of health affect COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality
Authors: Pecoraro Kathleen A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract:
The conditions under which people live and work and how those conditions affect health are known as social determinants of health. They are impacted by disparities of wealth, opportunity, and other societal resources. This article examines how these disparities have influenced morbidity and mortality in minority people of color during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Patient Involvement in Anesthesia Decision-making: A Qualitative Study of Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Graff Veena , Clapp Justin T. , Heins Sarah J. , Chung Jamison J. , Muralidharan Madhavi , Fleisher Lee A. , Elkassabany Nabil M. 
Published: April 2021

Background
Calls to better involve patients in decisions about anesthesia—e.g., through shared decision-making—are intensifying. However, several features of anesthesia consultation make it unclear how patients should participate in decisions. Evaluating the feasibility and desirability of carrying out shared decision-making in anesthesia requires better understanding of preoperative conversations. The objective of this qualitative study was to characterize how preoperative consultations for primary knee arthroplasty arrived at decisions about primary anesthesia.

Methods
This focused ethnography was performed at a U.S. academic medical center. The authors audio-recorded consultations of 36 primary knee arthroplasty patients with eight anesthesiologists. Patients and anesthesiologists also participated in semi-structured interviews. Consultation and interview transcripts were coded in an iterative process to develop an explanation of how anesthesiologists and patients made decisions about primary anesthesia.

Results
The authors found variation across accounts of anesthesiologists and patients as to whether the consultation was a collaborative decision-making scenario or simply meant to inform patients. Consultations displayed a number of decision-making patterns, from the anesthesiologist not disclosing options to the anesthesiologist strictly adhering to a position of equipoise; however, most consultations fell between these poles, with the anesthesiologist presenting options, recommending one, and persuading hesitant patients to accept it. Anesthesiologists made patients feel more comfortable with their proposed approach through extensive comparisons to more familiar experiences.

Conclusions
Anesthesia consultations are multifaceted encounters that serve several functions. In some cases, the involvement of patients in determining the anesthetic approach might not be the most important of these functions. Broad consideration should be given to both the applicability and feasibility of shared decision-making in anesthesia consultation. The potential benefits of interventions designed to enhance patient involvement in decision-making should be weighed against their potential to pull anesthesiologists’ attention away from important humanistic aspects of communication such as decreasing patients’ anxiety.

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Predicting fetal weight by three-dimensional limb volume ultrasound (AVol/TVol) and abdominal circumference
Authors: Kang Li , Wu Qing-Qing , Sun Li-Juan , Gao Feng-Yun , Wang Jing-Jing 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background:
Fetal weight is an important parameter to ensure maternal and child safety. The purpose of this study was to use three-dimensional (3D) limb volume ultrasound combined with fetal abdominal circumference (AC) measurement to establish a model to predict fetal weight and evaluate its efficiency.

Methods:
A total of 211 participants with single pregnancy (28–42 weeks) were selected between September 2017 and December 2018 in the Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Capital Medical University. The upper arm (AVol)/thigh volume (TVol) of fetuses was measured by the 3D limb volume technique. Fetal AC was measured by two-dimensional ultrasound. Nine cases were excluded due to incomplete information or the interval between examination and delivery >7 days. The enrolled 202 participants were divided into a model group (134 cases, 70%) and a verification group (68 cases, 30%) by mechanical sampling method. The linear relationship between limb volume and fetal weight was evaluated using Pearson Chi-squared test. The prediction model formula was established by multivariate regression with data from the model group. Accuracy of the model formula was evaluated with verification group data and compared with traditional formulas (Hadlock, Lee2009, and INTERGROWTH-21st) by paired t-test and residual analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to predict macrosomia.

Results:
AC, AVol, and TVol were linearly related to fetal weight. Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.866, 0.862, and 0.910, respectively. The prediction model based on AVol/TVol and AC was established as follows: Y = −481.965 + 12.194TVol + 15.358AVol + 67.998AC, R
2
adj = 0.868. The scatter plot showed that when birth weight fluctuated by 5% (i.e., 95% to 105%), the difference between the predicted fetal weight by the model and the actual weight was small. A paired t-test showed that there was no significant difference between the predicted fetal weight and the actual birth weight (t = −1.015, P = 0.314). Moreover, the residual analysis showed that the model formula's prediction efficiency was better than the traditional formulas with a mean residual of 35,360.170. The combined model of AVol/TVol and AC was superior to the Lee2009 and INTERGROWTH-21st formulas in the diagnosis of macrosomia. Its predictive sensitivity and specificity were 87.5% and 91.7%, respectively.

Conclusion:
Fetal weight prediction model established by semi-automatic 3D limb volume combined with AC is of high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The prediction model formula shows higher predictive efficiency, especially for the diagnosis of macrosomia.

Trial Registration:
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03002246; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03002246?recrs=e&cond=fetal&draw=8&rank=67.
Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome prevalence, incidence, and mortality in China, 1990 to 2017: a secondary analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 data
Authors: Liu Xue-Jiao , McGoogan Jennifer M. , Wu Zun-You 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background:
Despite almost two decades of well-funded and comprehensive response efforts by the Chinese Government, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) remains a major problem in China. Yet, few studies have recently examined long-term trends in HIV/AIDS prevalence, incidence, and mortality at the national level. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, incidence, and mortality trends for HIV/AIDS over the past 28 years in China.

Methods:
We conducted a descriptive, epidemiological, secondary analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 data. To evaluate trends in prevalence, incidence, and mortality over the study period from 1990 to 2017, we calculated values for annual percentage change (APC) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using joinpoint regression analysis.

Results:
A significant increase in HIV/AIDS prevalence was observed for 1990 to 2009 (APC: 10.7; 95% CI: 10.4, 11.0; P < 0.001), and then remained stable for 2009 to 2017 (APC: 0.7; 95% CI: −0.3, 1.7; P = 0.1). A significant increase in HIV incidence was also observed for 1990 to 2005 (APC: 13.0; 95% CI: 12.6, 13.4; P < 0.001), and then a significant decrease was detected for 2005 to 2017 (APC: −6.5; 95% CI: −7.0, −6.1; P < 0.001). A significant increase in AIDS-related mortality rate was detected for 1990 to 2004 (APC: 10.3; 95% CI: 9.3, 11.3; P < 0.001), followed by a period of stability for 2004 to 2013 (APC: 1.3; 95% CI: −0.7, 3.3; P = 0.2), and then another significant increase for 2013 to 2017 (APC: 15.3; 95% CI: 8.7, 22.2; P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Although prevalence has stabilized and incidence has declined, AIDS-related mortality has risen sharply in recent years. These findings suggest more must be done to bring people into treatment earlier, retain them in treatment more effectively, actively seek to reenter them in treatment if they dropout, and improve the quality of treatment and care regimens.
Circ_0049447 acts as a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer through reducing proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Authors: Tang Kai-Wen , Guo Zhe-Xu , Wu Zhong-Hua , Zhou Cen , Sun Jie , Wang Xin , Song Yong-Xi , Wang Zhen-Ning 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background:
Although increasing abnormal expression of circular RNAs (circRNAs) has been revealed in various cancers, there were a small number of studies about circRNAs in gastric cancer (GC). Here, we explored the expression and function of a novel circRNA, circ_0049447, in GC.

Methods:
A total of 80 GC tissues and non-tumorous tissues were collected from the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. And all cells were cultured with 10% fetal bovine serum and incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2. The expression of circ_0049447 was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The biological function of circ_0049447 on proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was evaluated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation assay, transwell migration and invasion assay, and Western blotting. Luciferase report assay was used to verify the direct binding between circ_0049447 and predicted microRNA (miRNA). Furthermore, a xenograft mouse model was used to validate the function of circ_0049447 in vivo.

Results:
We demonstrated that circ_0049447 was downregulated in GC (P < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve reached 0.838, while sensitivity was 82.3% and specificity was 77.2%. CCK-8 and colony formation assay showed that overexpression of circ_0049447 could inhibit the proliferation (P < 0.05). Transwell migration and invasion assay showed upregulated circ_0049447 could impede migration in GC cells (P < 0.05). In addition, overexpression of circ_0049447 could impede GC cell EMT. Upregulation of miR-324-5p in GC specimens and direct binding between miR-324-5p with circ_0049447 proven by luciferase reporter assay indicated that circ_0049447 may inhibit GC by sponging certain miRNA.

Conclusion:
Circ_0049447 acts as a tumor suppressor in GC through reducing proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT, and it is a promising biomarker for diagnosis.
Associations between air pollution indicators and prevalent and incident diabetes in an African American cohort, the Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Weaver Anne M. , Bidulescu Aurelian , Wellenius Gregory A. , Hickson DeMarc A. , Sims Mario , Vaidyanathan Ambarish , Wu Wen-Chih , Correa Adolfo , Wang Yi 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Diabetes is especially prevalent among African Americans. Prior studies suggest that long-term exposure to ambient air pollution may be associated with greater incidence of diabetes, but results remain heterogeneous. Few studies have included large numbers of African Americans.

Methods:
We assessed diabetes status and concentrations of 1- and 3-year fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) among African American participants of the Jackson Heart Study at visits 1 (2000–2004, N = 5128) and 2 (2005–2008, N = 2839). We used mixed-effect modified Poisson regression to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of incidence of diabetes by visit 2 and prevalence ratios (PRs) of the association between air pollution exposure and prevalent diabetes at visits 1 and 2. We adjusted for potential confounding by patient characteristics, as well as inverse probability weights of diabetes at visit 2, accounting for clustering by census tract.

Results:
We observed associations between incident diabetes and interquartile range increase in 1-year O3 (RR 1.34, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.61) and 3-year O3 (RR 0.88, 95% CI = 0.76, 1.02). We observed associations between prevalent diabetes and 1-year PM2.5 (PR 1.08, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.17), 1-year O3 (PR 1.18, 95% CI = 1.10, 1.27), and 3-year O3 (PR 0.95, 95% CI = 0.90, 1.01) at visit 2.

Conclusions:
Our results provide some evidence of positive associations between indicators of long-term PM2.5 and O3 exposure and diabetes. This study is particularly relevant to African Americans, who have higher prevalence of diabetes but relatively few studies of environmental pollution risk factors.
Simplifying Bony Midface Reconstruction with Patient-specific Titanium Plates
Authors: Palines Patrick A. , Ferrer James R. , Yoo Aran , St. Hilaire, Hugo , Stalder Mark W. 
Published: April 2021

Summary:
Virtual surgical planning and patient-specific osteosynthesis plates provide reconstructive surgeons with the ability to proceed with facial reconstruction of expanding complexity. Moreover, these advances have been shown to reduce the energy, effort, and operating time while helping guide the surgeon toward anatomically correct results. The currently available literature regarding custom-milled plates pertains mostly to reconstructive surgery of the mandible. This small 3-patient series illustrates the use of patient-specific titanium plating to simplify complex reconstruction of the midface. Composite defects requiring multiple bony and soft tissue segments are difficult to reconstruct intraoperatively without prior planning. Custom plates and associated cutting guides based on patient-specific anatomy allow for a more streamlined, stepwise protocol for assembly of intricate constructs. Custom-manufactured hardware will precisely fit bony contours and minimize additional manipulation of both the bone and plate, maximally preserving internal strength and allowing for improved stability, dental occlusion, and spatial positioning. In addition to these mechanical benefits, the ease of mind and overall cost reduction through a reduction in procedural time are significant advantages offered by pre-designed plates. We hope that this series illustrates the value of custom-printed plates for midface reconstruction.
Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in a Canadian Outpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation Program
Authors: Moran Chelsea , Flynn Michelle , Campbell Tavis , Rouleau Codie , Arena Ross , Chirico Daniele , Aggarwal Sandeep , Laddu Deepika 
Published: April 2021

Purpose:
The objective of this study was to determine whether type 2 diabetes status is associated with an increased likelihood of depressed mood and anxiety in patients attending cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and to explore predictors of depression and anxiety after CR completion in patients with diabetes.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis was conducted in patients who completed a 12-wk CR program between 2002 and 2016. Patients were classified as reporting normal-to-mild or moderate-to-severe symptoms of depression and anxiety using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Logistic regression models were used to compare predictors of depression and anxiety prior to CR enrollment and investigate predictors of post-CR HADS scores among a subset of patients with diabetes.

Results:
Data from 6746 patients (mean age 61 ± 11 yr, 18% female, 18% with diabetes) were analyzed. After controlling for known predictors of depression, patients with diabetes were not more likely to report moderate-to-severe levels of depression prior to or after completing CR. In patients with diabetes, younger age predicted moderate-to-severe depression post-CR (OR = 0.95: 95% CI, 0.93-0.98). Patients with diabetes were also more likely to report moderate-to-severe levels of anxiety after completing CR (OR = 1.45: 95% CI, 1.02-2.07). Younger age (OR = 0.93: 95% CI, 0.88-0.97) and smoking status (OR = 3.3: 95% CI, 1.15-7.06) predicted moderate-to-severe post-CR anxiety in patients with diabetes.

Conclusions:
Patients with diabetes, particularly younger patients who currently smoke or recently quit, are more likely to report having anxiety following CR. These patients may therefore require additional management of anxiety symptoms during CR. Larger studies of CR patients with diabetes and more variable depression and anxiety levels are needed.
Therapeutic Inefficacy and Proarrhythmic Nature of Metoprolol Succinate and Carvedilol Therapy in Patients With Idiopathic, Frequent, Monomorphic Premature Ventricular Contractions
Authors: Turan Oguzhan Ekrem , Aydin Mehmet , Odabasi Ahmet Yener , Inc Mustafa , Payzin Serdar , Hasdemir Can 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Antiarrhythmic drugs remain the first-line therapy for treatment of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias.

Study Question:
The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of extended-release metoprolol succinate (MetS) and carvedilol for idiopathic, frequent, monomorphic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs).

Study Design:
Study population consisted of 114 consecutive patients: 71 received MetS and 43 received carvedilol.

Measures and Outcomes:
All patients underwent 24-hour Holter monitoring at baseline and during drug therapy. PVC-burden response to drug therapy was categorized as “good” (≥80% reduction), “poor” (either <80% reduction or ≤50% increase), and “proarrhythmic” responses (>50% increase) based on change in PVC burden compared with baseline.

Results:
Most common presenting symptom was palpitations (65.8%), followed by coincidental discovery (29%). The mean MetS and carvedilol dosages were 65.57 ± 30.67 mg/d and 23.66 ± 4.26 mg/d, respectively. “Good,” “poor,” and “proarrhythmic” responses were observed in 11.3% and 16.3%, 63.4% and 67.4%, and 25.3% and 16.3% of patients treated with MetS and carvedilol, respectively. In patients with relatively high (≥16%) PVC burden, the sum of “poor”/“proarrhythmic” response was observed in 95.5% and 86.4% of patients treated with MetS and carvedilol, respectively. “Proarrhythmic” response was observed in 21.9% of the patients, particularly in the presence of relatively lower (≤10%) baseline PVC burden. Patients with “good” response during beta-blocker therapy had higher baseline daily average intrinsic total heart beats compared with patients with “poor”/“proarrhythmic” response combined (96,437 ± 26,488 vs. 86,635 ± 15,028, P = 0.047, respectively). Side effects and intolerance were observed in 5.6% and 18.6% of patients treated with MetS and carvedilol, respectively.

Conclusions:
MetS and carvedilol for idiopathic, frequent, monomorphic PVCs are frequently inefficient. Therapeutic efficacy decreases further in patients with relatively high (≥16%) PVC burden. Relatively higher baseline daily intrinsic total heart beats may be used to predict “good” response before beta-blocker therapy.
Access to support for Australian cancer caregivers: in-depth qualitative interviews exploring barriers and preferences for support
Authors: Taylor Jo , Fradgley Elizabeth A. , Clinton-McHarg Tara , Byrnes Emma , Paul Christine L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
Caregivers are critical to patient-centered care and can benefit from supportive care interventions such as counseling. However, the barriers to supportive care for caregivers are poorly understood. This Australian study explores caregivers’ experiences when accessing care to support their own wellbeing.

Method:
Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with a diverse sample of distressed caregivers who contacted the Cancer Council New South Wales and Victoria helpline. Grounded theory framework informed the generation of themes with data analyzed by two independent coders.

Results:
Caregivers (n = 14) included: partners (n = 8), parents (n = 3), child (n = 1), sibling (n = 1), and friend (n = 1). Two major themes emerged. First, caregivers face multiple barriers when accessing supportive care including: deprioritization of their needs; limited opportunity to express needs; poor availability; lack of time and lack of local services. Secondly, caregivers preferred the delivery of support to be: via face-to-face or telephone; separate to patient; and to occur while the patient receives treatment.

Conclusions:
Tailored pathways for new and existing services that are flexible and accessible are important in supporting caregiver's wellbeing. Caregivers must be encouraged to acknowledge and discuss their own needs.
Barriers to communicating a cancer diagnosis to patients in a low- to middle-income context
Authors: Henry Melissa , Nichols Sharon , Hwang Jennie M. , Nichols Scott D. , Odiyo Philip , Watson Maggie , Alias Ali , Parker Patricia A. , Kissane David , Asuzu Chioma , Lounsbury David W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective.
The aim of this study was to understand the needs and experiences of oncology professionals involved in communicating a diagnosis to adult and pediatric cancer patients in the low-middle income (LMI) context of Kenya, with a focus on identifying barriers and facilitators.

Methods.
A World Café focus group methodology was conducted and comprised 19 discussion groups of approximately 6 participants (n = 114 professionals). Thematic analysis was used to clarify barriers and facilitators of professional–patient communication.

Results.
Participants reported several obstacles that hinder communication between cancer patients and healthcare professionals in Kenya, including: patient-related barriers (ie, lack of terminology, health literacy), culture-related barriers (ie, cultural and religious beliefs about cancer, beliefs about children), and physician- and system-related barriers (ie, limited communication skills, organizational barriers). Communication facilitators included: the central role of family and cultural traditions, and the caring attitude of physicians when disclosing diagnosis and treatment procedures.

Conclusions.
The data indicate the potential need to adapt communication guidelines to the Kenyan context to disseminate skills training in a culturally relevant way. Also of importance may be to embed parallel public health strategies and health care structural changes to facilitate disclosure and mitigate any unintended negative effects such as stigma and social isolation.