bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems of Chemical Control in Agriculture: An Environmental Perspective
Authors: Shimada Belmiro Saburo , Simon Marcos Vinícius , Silva Vinícius Bueno da , Nunes Diego Sidney de Oliveira 
Published: September 2021

Introduction: In the environment, agriculture has been causing several environmental problems due to the use of chemicals in agriculture, and mainly of agrochemicals, causing serious damage to the environment and the environment in which we live. The use of chemical products occurred due to many factors, which caused their consumption to increase, and one of them is the high demand for food due to the increase in the population.
Aims: The aim of this work is to carry out a brief literature review on the problems of chemical control in agriculture: an environmental perspective, describing its importance in the agricultural sector.
Literature Review: The control of pests, diseases and weeds, chemical control is essential, and before agriculture took a turn in sustainable rural development, the use of agrochemicals was common, and it was not seen as something that brings many problems. However, with the search for sustainability, and sustainable rural development, since the high consumption of pesticides was caused by agriculture, it was necessary to adopt other methods of controlling pests, diseases, and weeds. Even with the benefits of using chemical control, current agriculture seeks its use when other methods are not possible, as the use of pesticides causes many problems for the environment, for human health and for food.
Final considerations: As a result, other methods have been adopted, such as cultural and biological control, so that, in this way, the use of pesticides in agriculture is reduced, and problems in different sectors of society are avoided, providing a more sustainable environment.
Safety and efficacy of dimethyl fumarate in ALS: randomised controlled study
Authors: Vucic Steve , Henderson Robert D. , Mathers Susan , Needham Merrilee , Schultz David , Kiernan Matthew C. ,   the TEALS study group
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveNeuroinflammation is an important pathogenic mechanism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), with regulatory T cells (Tregs) mediating a slower rate of disease progression. Dimethyl fumarate enhances Treg levels and suppresses pro‐inflammatory T cells. The present study assessed the safety and efficacy of dimethyl fumarate in ALS.MethodsPhase‐2, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled randomised clinical trial recruited participants from May 1, 2018 to September 25, 2019, across six Australian sites. Participants were randomised (2:1 ratio) to dimethyl fumarate (480 mg/day) or matching placebo, completing visits at screening, baseline, weeks 12, 24 and 36. The primary efficacy endpoint was a change in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale‐Revised (ALSFRS‐R) at week 36. Secondary outcome measures included survival, neurophysiological index (NI), respiratory function, urinary neurotrophin‐receptor p75 and quality of life.ResultsA total of 107 participants were randomised to dimethyl fumarate (n = 72) or placebo (n = 35). ALSFRS‐R score was not significantly different at week 36 (−1.12 [−3.75 to 1.52, p = 0.41]). Dimethyl fumarate was associated with a reduced NI decline week 36 (differences in the least‐squares mean: (0.84 [−0.51 to 2.22, p = 0.22]). There were no significant differences in other secondary outcome measures. Safety profiles were comparable between groups.InterpretationDimethyl fumarate, in combination with riluzole, was safe and well‐tolerated in ALS. There was no significant improvement in the primary endpoint. The trial provides class I evidence for safety and lack of efficacy of dimethyl fumarate in ALS.
On the Origin of Sinter‐Resistance and Catalyst Accessibility in Raspberry‐Colloid‐Templated Catalyst Design
Authors: van der Hoeven Jessi E. S. , Krämer Stephan , Dussi Simone , Shirman Tanya , Park Kyoo‐Chul K. , Rycroft Chris H. , Bell David C. , Friend Cynthia M. , Aizenberg Joanna 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNanoparticle (NP) sintering is a major cause of the deactivation of supported catalysts. Raspberry‐colloid‐templated (RCT) catalysts are an emerging class of materials that show an unprecedented level of sinter‐resistance and exhibit high catalytic activity. Here a comprehensive study of the origin of NP stability and accessibility in RCT catalysts using theoretical modeling, 3D electron microscopy, and epitaxial overgrowth is reported. The approach is showcased for silica‐based RCT catalysts containing dilute Pd‐in‐Au NPs previously used in hydrogenation and oxidation catalysis. Modeling of the contact line of the silica precursor infiltrating into the assembled raspberry colloids suggests that a large part of the particles must be embedded into silica, which is confirmed by quantitative visualization of >200 individual NPs by dual‐axis electron tomography. The RCT catalysts have a unique structure in which all NPs reside at the pore wall but have >50% of their surface embedded in the matrix, giving rise to the strongly enhanced thermal and mechanical stability. Importantly, epitaxial overgrowth of Ag on the supported NPs reveals that not only the NP surface exposed to the pore but the embedded interface as well remained chemically accessible. This mechanistic understanding provides valuable guidance in the design of stable catalytic materials.
A “Bridge‐Building” Glycan Scaffold Mimicking Microbial Invasion for In Situ Endothelialization
Authors: Mu Ruoyu , Zhang Yuhan , Yan Lingli , Liao Zhencheng , Yang Yushun , Su Huanxing , Dong Lei , Wang Chunming 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe globally high prevalence of peripheral artery diseases poses a pressing need for biomaterials grafts to rebuild vasculature. When implanted, they should promote endothelial cells (ECs) adhesion both profoundly and selectively—but the latter expectation remains unfulfilled. Here, this work is inspired by fungi that invade blood vessels via the “bridge” of galectins that, secreted by ECs, can simultaneously bind carbohydrates on fungal surface and integrin receptors on ECs. A glucomannan decanoate (GMDE) substrate mimicking fungal carbohydrates that highly and preferentially supports ECs adhesion while rejecting several other cell types is designed. Electrospun GMDE scaffolds efficiently sequester endogenous galectin‐1—which bridges ECs to the scaffolds as it functions in fungal invasions—and promote blood perfusion in a murine limb ischemic model. Meanwhile, the application of GMDE requires no exogenous pro‐angiogenic agents and causes no organ toxicity or adverse inflammation in mice, highlighting its high safety of potential translation. This glycan material, uniquely mimicking a microbial action and harnessing a secreted protein as a “bridge,” represents an effective, safe, and different strategy for ischemic vascular therapy.
Fully Bottom‐Up Waste‐Free Growth of Ultrathin Silicon Wafer via Self‐Releasing Seed Layer
Authors: Hong Ji‐Eun , Lee Yonghwan , Mo Sung‐In , Jeong Hye‐Seong , An Jeong‐Ho , Song Hee‐eun , Oh Jihun , Bang Junhyeok , Oh Joon‐Ho , Kim Ka‐Hyun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe fabrication of ultrathin silicon wafers at low cost is crucial for advancing silicon electronics toward stretchability and flexibility. However, conventional fabrication techniques are inefficient because they sacrifice a large amount of substrate material. Thus, advanced silicon electronics that have been realized in laboratories cannot move forward to commercialization. Here, a fully bottom‐up technique for producing a self‐releasing ultrathin silicon wafer without sacrificing any of the substrate is presented. The key to this approach is a self‐organized nanogap on the substrate fabricated by plasma‐assisted epitaxial growth (plasma‐epi) and subsequent hydrogen annealing. The wafer thickness can be independently controlled during the bulk growth after the formation of plasma‐epi seed layer. In addition, semiconductor devices are realized using the ultrathin silicon wafer. Given the high scalability of plasma‐epi and its compatibility with conventional semiconductor process, the proposed bottom‐up wafer fabrication process will open a new route to developing advanced silicon electronics.
A Highly Robust Ionotronic Fiber with Unprecedented Mechanomodulation of Ionic Conduction
Authors: Yao Mingyue , Wu Baohu , Feng Xunda , Sun Shengtong , Wu Peiyi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractStretchable ionic conductors are appealing for tissue‐like soft electronics, yet suffer from a tardy mechanoelectric response due to their poor modulation of ionic conduction arising from intrinsic homogeneous soft chain network. Here, a highly robust ionotronic fiber is designed by synergizing ionic liquid and liquid crystal elastomer with alternate rigid mesogen units and soft chain spacers, which shows an unprecedented strain‐induced ionic conductivity boost (≈103 times enhanced as stretched to 2000% strain). Such a surprisingly high enhancement is attributed to the formation of microphase‐separated low‐tortuosity ion‐conducting nanochannels guided by strain‐induced emergence of aligned smectic mesophases, thus allowing for ultrafast ion transport that resembles the role of “swimming lanes.” Intriguingly, the boosting conductivity even reverses Pouillet's Law‐dictated resistance increase at certain strains, leading to unique waveform‐discernible strain sensing. Moreover, the fiber retains thermal actuation properties with a maximum of 70% strain changes upon heating, and enables integrated self‐perception and actuation. The findings offer a promising molecular engineering route to mechanically modulate the ion transport behavior of ionic conductors toward advanced ionotronic applications.
Secondary Bonding Channel Design Induces Intercalation Pseudocapacitance toward Ultrahigh‐Capacity and High‐Rate Organic Electrodes
Authors: Hu Zhongli , Zhao Xiaolin , Li Zhenzhu , Li Sha , Sun Pengfei , Wang Gulian , Zhang Qiaobao , Liu Jianjun , Zhang Li 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOrganic electrode materials have shown extraordinary promise for green and sustainable electrochemical energy storage devices, but usually suffer from low specific capacity and poor rate capability, which is largely caused by inactive components and diffusion‐controlled Li+ intercalation. Herein, high‐rate Li+ intercalation pseudocapacitance in organic molecular crystals is achieved through introducing weak secondary bonding channels, far exceeding their theoretical capacity based on redox chemistry at functional groups. The authors’ combined experimentally electrochemical characterization with first‐principles calculations show that the heterocyclic organic molecule 2,2′‐bipyridine‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid (BPDCA) crystal permits a four‐electron redox reaction at conventional CO and CN groups and a six‐electron intercalation pseudocapacitance along conjugated alkene hydrogen bonding channels (H2NC5H⋯OC(OH)) and heterocyclic aromatic stacking channels (C5H3N⋯NH3C5). The BPDCA electrode delivers an ultrahigh reversible capacity of 1206 mAh g‐1 at 0.5 A g‐1 and an exceptional rate capability. A 4.8 V high‐energy/power‐density BPDCA anode‐based hybrid Li‐ion capacitor is thus realized. This work opens a new avenue for developing organic intercalation pseudocapacitive materials via secondary bonding structure design.
Nanosecond‐Pulsed Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes at High Current Density
Authors: Zhao Lianfeng , Roh Kwangdong , Kacmoli Sara , Al Kurdi Khaled , Liu Xiao , Barlow Stephen , Marder Seth R. , Gmachl Claire , Rand Barry P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhile metal‐halide perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) hold the potential for a new generation of display and lighting technology, their slow operation speed and response time limit their application scope. Here, high‐speed PeLEDs driven by nanosecond electrical pulses with a rise time of 1.2 ns are reported with a maximum radiance of approximately 480 kW sr−1 m−2 at 8.3 kA cm−2, and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 1% at approximately 10 kA cm−2, through improved device configuration designs and material considerations. Enabled by the fast operation of PeLEDs, the temporal response provides access to transient charge carrier dynamics under electrical excitation, revealing several new electroluminescence quenching pathways. Finally, integrated distributed feedback (DFB) gratings are explored, which facilitate more directional light emission with a maximum radiance of approximately 1200 kW sr−1 m−2 at 8.5 kA cm−2, a more than two‐fold enhancement to forward radiation output.
Brain Cell Laser Powered by Deep‐Learning‐Enhanced Laser Modes
Authors: Qiao Zhen , Sun Wen , Zhang Na , Ang Randall , Wang Wenjie , Chew Sing Yian , Chen Yu‐Cheng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSingle cellular lasers have recently attracted tremendous research due to their outstanding lasing characteristics for cell sensing and tracking. Thanks to enhanced light−cell interactions in Fabry–Pérot microcavities, transverse laser modes from cellular lasers are highly correlated to the spatial biophysical properties of cells. However, the huge complexity and randomness of laser modes set a critical challenge towards practical applications in cell analysis. In this study, deep learning is applied to unravel the complex laser modes generated from single‐cell lasers by establishing the correlation between laser modes and cellular physical properties. Primary cells extracted from rat brains and cell‐like droplets are investigated and trained through a convolutional neuron network based on laser mode images. Detailed simulations and experiments are conducted to study the effect of cell size on laser modes. Predictions of cell diameters with a sub‐micron accuracy are achieved with deep learning. Finally, the potential application of using deep‐learning‐enhanced laser modes for cell classification is demonstrated. Neuron and glial cells extracted from rat brains are classified through hyperspectral images of laser modes. The results demonstrate that deep learning has the potential to enable laser modes with biological significance and functions, offering new possibilities for biophotonic applications.
Umpolung Strategy for Arene C−H Etherification Leading to Functionalized Chromanes Enabled by I(III) N‐Ligated Hypervalent Iodine Reagents
Authors: Mikhael Myriam , Guo Wentao , Tantillo Dean J. , Wengryniuk Sarah E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe direct formation of aryl C−O bonds via the intramolecular dehydrogenative coupling of a C−H bond and a pendant alcohol represents a powerful synthetic transformation. Herein, we report a method for intramolecular arene C−H etherification via an umpoled alcohol cyclization mediated by an I(III) N‐HVI reagent. This approach provides access to functionalized chromane scaffolds from primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols via a cascade cyclization‐iodonium salt formation, the latter providing a versatile functional handle for downstream derivatization. Computational studies support initial formation of an umpoled O‐intermediate via I(III) ligand exchange, followed by competitive direct and spirocyclization/1,2‐shift pathways.magnified image
A Synthesis of Spirooxindole‐Isoindolinones Through Ugi Reaction Followed by Copper‐Catalyzed Tandem C−N/C−C Coupling Process
Authors: Zhong Xianqiang , Luo Jianghao , Zhou Wei , Cai Qian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA synthesis of spiroindolinone‐isoindolinone skeletons is presented. The protocol is through a Ugi four‐component reaction followed by highly efficient and mild copper‐catalyzed intramolecular tandem C−N/C−C coupling process. Control experiments demonstrated that the formation of C−C bond is a copper catalyzed coupling process rather than base promoted nucleophilic aromatic substitution pathway which proposed in Prof. Van der Eycken's palladium catalyst system previously.magnified image
Total Hilar Exposure Maneuver for Repair of Complex Bile Duct Injury
Authors: Wiboonkhwan Nan‐ak , Pitakteerabundit Thakerng , Thongkan Tortrakoon 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe reconstruction of high‐level bile duct injury is challenging because exposure of the hilar area is limited and sometimes inaccessible by the Hepp–Couinaud approach. We describe a maneuver for total hilar exposure to perform complex bile duct injury reconstruction. After adhesions surrounding the liver are divided, intraoperative ultrasonography is used to delineate the hilar and intrahepatic biliary anatomy. Surgical exposure of the biliary system is achieved by our maneuver, which consists of four steps: (1) identification of landmark structures, such as the base of the umbilical fissure, the inferior edge of segment 4b, the cystic‐hilar plate junction, and the right anterior portal pedicle; (2) lowering of the hilar plate; (3) hepatotomy along the right anterior pedicle; and (4) connection of the hepatotomy to the base of segment 4b. This maneuver allows the liver to be flipped upward, which facilitates clear exposure of the hilar duct and preserves the liver parenchyma. The anterior parts of the right and left hepatic duct are then opened, a wide‐hepaticojejunostomy anastomosis is achieved for biliary reconstruction, and a jejunal subcutaneous limb is created. We used this maneuver for treating complex bile duct injury in six cases; none of the patients has died, and two had Clavien–Dindo grade III complications, including surgical site infection and intra‐abdominal collection. The total hilar exposure maneuver is thus feasible and safe. It provides excellent exposure of both hepatic ducts and is a good surgical alternative to the Hepp–Couinaud approach in cases of high‐level injury.
Floral morphogenesis of Celtis species: implications for breeding system and reduced floral structure
Authors: Leme Flávia M. , Staedler Yannick M. , Schönenberger Jürg , Teixeira Simone P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPremiseCeltis is the most species‐rich genus of Cannabaceae, an economically important family. Celtis species have been described as wind‐pollinated and andromonoecious. However, the andromonoecy of Celtis has been debated because there are reports of monoclinous flowers with non‐opening anthers on short filaments. Our objective was to study the floral morphogenesis of Celtis to establish the breeding system and to better understand the developmental patterns that lead to the formation of reduced flowers in the genus.MethodsFlowers and floral buds of Celtis species were studied using scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution x‐ray computed tomography, and light microscopy.ResultsAll flowers initiate stamens and carpels during early floral development, but either stamens or carpels abort during later stages. Thus, at anthesis, flowers are either functionally pistillate or functionally staminate. In pistillate flowers, stamens abort late and become staminodes with normal‐looking anthers. These anthers have no functional endothecium and, in most of the species studied, produce no viable pollen grains. The gynoecium is pseudomonomerous, and its vascularization is similar in the sampled species. In staminate flowers, the gynoecium aborts early resulting in small pistillodes. No vestiges of petals were found.ConclusionsThe species studied are monoecious and not andromonoecious as described earlier. The absence of petals, the carpel and stamen abortion, and the pseudomonomerous gynoecium result in the reduced flowers of Celtis species. The use of high‐resolution x‐ray computed tomography was essential for a more accurate interpretation of ovary vascularization, confirming the pseudomonomerous structure of the gynoecium.
Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Divergent C2‐carboxymethylation of Indoles and C7‐formylmethylation of Indolines with Vinylene Carbonate
Authors: Hu Weinan , Wang Xu , Yu Xiaoni , Zhu Xinju , Hao Xin‐Qi , Song Mao‐Ping 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA Rh‐catalyzed divergent alkylation of indole derivatives with vinyl carbonate was described. Depending on the substrate and solvent, indoles reacted with vinyl carbonate and alcohols to give C2 carboxymethylated adducts via a sequential three‐component reaction, while indolines reacted with vinyl carbonate in toluene to provide C7 formylmethylated products. The structures of carboxymethylated product 3 a and formylmethylated product 5 a were further confirmed by X‐ray analysis. The current protocol featured broad substrate scope, tunable reaction conditions, divergent functionalization, and good regioselectivity.
Cyclische Dipnictadialane
Authors: Nees Samuel , Fantuzzi Felipe , Wellnitz Tim , Fischer Malte , Siewert Jan‐Erik , Goettel James T. , Hofmann Alexander , Härterich Marcel , Braunschweig Holger , Hering‐Junghans Christian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBei Umsetzungen der AlI‐Verbindung Cp3tAl mit Triphosphiranen (PAr)3 (Ar=Mes, Dip, Tip) ist es gelungen, Lewis‐basenfreie cyclische Diphosphadialane herzustellen, bei denen sowohl das Al‐ als auch das P‐Atom drei Substituenten tragen. Mit den sterisch anspruchsvolleren Dip‐ und Tip‐Substituenten wurden die ersten 1,2‐Diphospha‐3,4‐dialuminacyclobutane erhalten, während mit Mes‐Substituenten [Cp3tAl(μ‐PMes)]2 gebildet wird. Diese abweichende Reaktivität wurde durch DFT‐Studien bestätigt, die auf eine thermodynamische Präferenz für die 1,2‐Diphospha‐3,4‐dialuminacyclobutane für sterisch anspruchsvollere Gruppen am Phosphor hinwiesen. Mithilfe von Cp*Al konnten wir dieses Konzept auf die entsprechenden cyclischen Diarsadialane [Cp*Al(μ‐AsAr)]2 (Ar=Dip, Tip) ausdehnen und zusätzlich die Phosphorvarianten [Cp*Al(μ‐PAr)]2 (P=Mes, Dip, Tip) synthetisieren. Die Reaktivität von [Cp3tAl(μ‐PPh)]2 gegenüber NHCs wurde untersucht und führte zu doppelt NHC‐stabilisiertem [Cp3t(IiPr2)Al(μ‐PPh)]2.
Pore‐Bound Water at the Key Residue Histidine 37 in Influenza A M2
Authors: Movellan Kumar Tekwani , Dervişoğlu Rıza , Becker Stefan , Andreas Loren B. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAtomic details of structured water molecules are indispensable to understand the thermodynamics of important biological processes including the proton conduction mechanism of the M2 protein. Despite the expectation of structured water molecules based on crystal structures of Influenza A M2, only two water populations have been observed by NMR in reconstituted lipid bilayer samples. These are the bulk‐ and lipid‐associated water populations typically seen in membrane samples. Here, we detect a bound water molecule at a chemical shift of 11 ppm, located near the functional histidine 37 residue in the M2 conductance domain, which comprises residues 18 to 60. Combining 100 kHz magic‐angle spinning NMR, dynamic nuclear polarization and density functional theory calculations, we show that the bound water forms a hydrogen bond to the δ1 nitrogen of histidine 37.
Cyclo‐Dipnictadialanes
Authors: Nees Samuel , Fantuzzi Felipe , Wellnitz Tim , Fischer Malte , Siewert Jan‐Erik , Goettel James T. , Hofmann Alexander , Härterich Marcel , Braunschweig Holger , Hering‐Junghans Christian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUsing the AlI precursor Cp3tAl in conjunction with triphosphiranes (PAr)3 (Ar=Mes, Dip, Tip) we have succeeded in preparing Lewis base‐free cyclic diphosphadialanes with both the Al and P atoms bearing three substituents. Using the sterically more demanding Dip and Tip substituents the first 1,2‐diphospha‐3,4‐dialuminacyclobutanes were obtained, whereas with Mes substituents [Cp3tAl(μ‐PMes)]2 is formed. This divergent reactivity was corroborated by DFT studies, which indicated the thermodynamic preference for the 1,2‐diphospha‐3,4‐dialuminacyclobutane form for sterically more demanding groups on phosphorus. Using Cp*Al we could extend this concept to the corresponding cyclic diarsadialanes [Cp*Al(μ‐AsAr)]2 (Ar=Dip, Tip) and additionally add the phosphorus variants [Cp*Al(μ‐PAr)]2 (P=Mes, Dip, Tip). The reactivity of one variant [Cp3tAl(μ‐PPh)]2 towards NHCs was tested and resulted in double NHC‐stabilised [Cp3t(IiPr2)Al(μ‐PPh)]2.