bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Racism without racists’: A clarification and refutation of the hypothesis
Authors: Urquidez Alberto G 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Sally Haslanger's notion of ‘pure structural oppression’ is the idea of an institution or structure that is unjust independent of any and all agential wrongdoing, and for which no agent is liable. Haslanger argues that pure structural oppression is possible, but she does not defend it as a viable phenomenon in the actual world. The rough equivalent of ‘pure structural oppression’ in the racial domain is the ‘racism without racists hypothesis’. This is the claim that institutional racism without racist agents is not just logically possible but probable under some set of viable circumstances. My aim in this paper is to clarify and assess two arguments for the racism without racists hypothesis. These are Haslanger's and Joshua Glasgow's arguments. I explain the limitations of their arguments as well as the general limitations of the hypothesis for a theory of racism.
The Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Psychotic Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Cheng Nicholas , Bryce Shayden , Takagi Michael , Pert Allie , Rattray Audrey , Fisher Evangeline , Lai Marcus , Geljic Mia , Youn Sarah , Wood Stephen J , Allott Kelly 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background
Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is known to be common in psychotic disorders, reported prevalence rates vary widely, with limited understanding of how different factors (eg, assessment methods, geographical region) may be associated with this variation. The aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of ADHD in psychotic disorders and factors associated with the variability in reported rates.

Study Design
Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Scopus in May 2023. Studies were eligible if the frequency of ADHD was reported in psychotic disorder samples. Pooled prevalence meta-analyses were performed. Subgroup analyses and meta-regressions explored whether demographic and study characteristics were associated with reported rates.

Study Results
Thirty-six studies were included, involving 30 726 individuals. The pooled lifetime prevalence of ADHD in psychotic disorders was 18.49% (95% CI 11.78%, 27.83%). The between-study heterogeneity was high (I2 = 98.4% [95% CI 98.2%, 98.6%]). Subgroup analyses revealed higher prevalence rates when using ADHD DSM-IV criteria compared to International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10. Rates in childhood-onset psychotic disorders were higher than adolescent- and adult-onset psychotic disorder samples. Rates were higher in North America compared to other regions. Meta-regressions indicated a decrease in prevalence rates with publication year.

Conclusions
The prevalence of ADHD in psychotic disorders appears higher than in the general population, highlighting the need for clinical attention and further research into this comorbidity. Reported rates, however, vary significantly. Reasons may include diagnostic criteria, age of psychosis onset, region, study design, and publication year. Future research should investigate these factors using rigorous ADHD assessment protocols.
Is there a mid-career crisis? An investigation of the relationship between age and job satisfaction across occupations based on four large UK datasets
Authors: Zhou Ying , Zou Min , Williams Mark 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Previous research has yielded mixed evidence on the relationship between age and job satisfaction. While there is broad consensus that job satisfaction tends to increase from midlife into older age, considerable debate persists regarding whether it rises or falls during the early stages of a career. This study examines this relationship in depth by analysing four nationally representative datasets, which include both cross-sectional and longitudinal data from 108 401 workers in the UK covering all industries, occupations and geographical areas. Our findings reveal a distinct U-shaped trajectory of job satisfaction among workers in managerial, professional and associate professional occupations. However, this pattern is not evident among workers in intermediate or lower occupational classes. These results remain consistent even after adjusting for period effects, cohort effects and fixed individual characteristics. The results of this study suggest that commonly cited reasons for the mid-career crisis, such as increased work–family conflicts, are unlikely to fully explain the pattern. Instead, the answer is likely to lie in work-related factors that disproportionately affect highly skilled workers. By highlighting the role of occupational context in shaping how individuals experience their work as they age, this study contributes to resolving a long-standing debate in the job satisfaction literature and lays the groundwork for theoretical advancements in this field.
‘We All of Us Make Mistakes’: Medical Negligence in Interwar General Practice
Authors: Hanley Anne 
Published: December 2024

Summary
In August 1920, Dr Lysander Maybury began a course of weekly injections into the longitudinal sinus of newborn Leslie Shewry. Although Maybury told Leslie’s parents that he would be giving their son injections, he did not tell them that he had diagnosed congenital syphilis. The precise nature of Leslie’s treatment was also unknown to his parents until many years later when they brought a case for damages against Maybury. They alleged that he had wrongly diagnosed and unnecessarily and improperly treated their son, leaving him permanently disabled. Furthermore, they alleged that he lacked the necessary skills and training to perform such delicate injections and that he was negligent in persisting with treatment when he knew that Leslie suffered convulsions after each injection. Shewry v. Maybury is a microhistory in which the intimate disruptions wrought by one man reveal a great deal about the nature and consequences of medical negligence in interwar Britain.
National Beef Quality Audit-2022: Harvest-floor assessments of hide defects, carcass defects, and offal condemnations that affect value of carcasses and by-products from market cows and bulls
Authors: Borders Sydni E , Schwartz Trent E , Mayer Thachary R , Gehring Kerri B , Griffin Davey B , Kerth Christopher R , Belk Keith E , Edwards-Callaway Lily , Scanga John A , Nair Mahesh N , Morgan J Brad , Douglas Jarrett B , Pfeiffer Morgan M , Mafi Gretchen G , Harr Keayla M , Lawrence Ty E , Tennant Travis C , Lucherk Loni W , O’Quinn Travis G , Beyer Erin S , Bass Phil D , Garcia Lyda G , Bohrer Benjamin M , Pempek Jessica A , Garmyn Andrea J , Maddock Robert J , Carr C Chad , Pringle T Dean , Scheffler Tracy L , Scheffler Jason M , Stelzleni Alexander M , Gonzalez John M , Underwood Keith R , Harsh Bailey N , Waters Crystal M , Savell Jeffrey W 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The National Beef Quality Audit (NBQA)-2022 serves as a benchmark of the current market cow and bull sectors of the U.S. beef industry and allows comparison to previous audits as a method of monitoring industry progress. From September 2021 through May 2022, post-slaughter hide-on animals (n = 6,674), carcasses (n = 5,746), and offal items (heads and tongues: n = 7,282; lungs and hearts: n = 6,708; viscera, kidneys, and livers: n = 6,358) were surveyed at 20 commercial beef processing facilities across the United States. There were 37.8% of cattle with no visible mud contamination. Native (unbranded) hides were observed in 88.3% of cattle. Carcass bruising was observed on 66.7% of cow carcasses and 46.4% of bull carcasses, similar to percentages observed in the 2007 and 2016 audits. Nearly all cattle were free of knots (98.2%) or injection-site lesions (97.1%). Harvest-floor assessments found that 45.0% of livers, 22.2% of viscera, 19.3% of kidneys, 46.6% of lungs, 19.9% of hearts, 11.2% of heads, and 6.4% of tongues were condemned. The leading cause of condemnation for these offal items was contamination, aside from livers with the majority resulting in condemnation from the presence of an abscess. Of the cows surveyed, 25.4% carried a fetus, an 8% increase compared to those observed in 2016, and a 14.8% increase compared to cows surveyed in 2007. Findings from the NBQA-2022 identified areas of improvement and areas that required continued research and producer education to improve market cow and bull welfare, by-product quality, and offal value.
Downregulation of circTLK1 improves the impairments in learning and memory induced by anesthetics via regulating miR-374b-5p expression and reducing neuroinflammation
Authors: Zhu Xiaoli 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Background: Sevoflurane (Sev) is a common anesthetic used during surgery, but research on its induction of neurotoxicity and learning memory impairment is insufficient. This study aimed to explore the role of Circular RNA tousled like kinase 1 (circTLK1) and its target microRNA (miR)-374b-5p in Sev-induced neurotoxicity and learning memory impairment. Methods: Mouse hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells and SD rats were treated with Sev. Levels of circTLK1 and miR-374b-5p were detected using RT-qPCR. The concentration of inflammatory factors was determined using ELISA. Cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed using CCK-8 and flow cytometry. Targeting relationship between circTLK1 and miR-374b-5p was validated using dual-luciferase reporter assays and RIP experiments. The Morris water maze test was used to assess the learning and spatial memory abilities of rats. Results: The results indicated that Sev treatment stimulated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress while increasing circTLK1 levels and decreasing miR-374b-5p levels in both rats and HT22 cells. Silencing circTLK1 alleviated the decrease in cell viability, increased apoptosis rates, and raised concentrations of inflammatory factors caused by Sev treatment. In in vivo experiments, silencing circTLK1 was also found to counteract the oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and learning and memory impairment induced by Sev treatment in rats. Additionally, circTLK1 was shown to interact with miR-374b-5p, and inhibiting miR-374b-5p could counteract the neuroprotective effects of si-circTLK1. Conclusion: This research suggested that silencing circTLK1 can mitigate Sev-induced neurotoxicity and learning memory impairment by modulating miR-374b-5p.
O‐GlcNAc transferase promotes vascular smooth muscle calcification through modulating Wnt/β‐catenin signaling
Authors: Xu Lin , Liu Boao , Ma Honghui , Qi Enbo , Ma Jie , Chang Tingmin , Zhang Jinghong , Zhang Wencheng , Chen Weiqian , Cao Xuan , Xiong Xiwen 
Published: December 2024

AbstractVascular calcification (VC), associated with high cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), involves osteogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). O‐GlcNAcylation, a dynamic post‐translational modification, is closely linked to cardiovascular diseases, including VC. However, the exact role and molecular mechanism of O‐GlcNAc signaling in abnormal mineral metabolism‐induced VC remain unclear. In the current study, we found that the levels of O‐GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and global protein O‐GlcNAcylation were significantly upregulated in the artery tissues of mouse calcification models and CKD patients with VC. To further delineate the in vivo role of OGT in VC, we generated Ogt smooth muscle cell‐specific knockout mice and challenged them with 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 Nx) or high‐dose vitamin D3 to induce VC. Deletion of Ogt in VSMCs led to alleviated VC in response to 5/6 Nx or VD3. Moreover, elevated O‐GlcNAcylation, induced by Thiamet‐G, facilitated osteogenic transdifferentiation in VSMCs in response to phosphate, whereas OSMI‐1, which reduces O‐GlcNAcylation, exhibited an opposite phenotypic effect. Mechanistically, O‐GlcNAc signaling enhanced the osteogenic conversion of VSMCs through regulation of canonical Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. Indeed, β‐catenin was O‐GlcNAcylated by OGT and further increased its transcriptional activity in VSMCs. Furthermore, pharmacological activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling largely reversed the diminished aortic calcification caused by Ogt ablation. Our findings demonstrate that smooth muscle O‐GlcNAc signaling plays an important role in regulating hyperphosphatemia‐induced VC and reveal that O‐GlcNAcylation of β‐catenin protein modulates its content and activity in VSMCs.
Program and Institutional Coordinator Well-Being: Results From a National Survey
Authors: Slavin Stuart , Yaghmour Nicholas , Baez-Martinez Aurea , O’Donovan Cormac , Panda Mukta , Carpenter Pamela , Burt Coranita , McLeod Kandice Kaylor 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Purpose
This study explores the mental health and well-being, overall job satisfaction, likelihood to leave position, and perceptions of job satisfiers and stressors and dissatisfiers in a national sample of program and institutional coordinators in graduate medical education (GME).

Method
Between August and September 2022, 11,887 program and institutional coordinators and managers with email addresses listed in the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education database were emailed a survey link. The survey queried mental health using the Patient Health Questionnaire 8 depression scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7, and a 2-item burnout scale derived from the Maslach Burnout Inventory; overall satisfaction with work; likelihood to leave work; and drivers of satisfaction and dissatisfaction.

Results
A total of 6,372 coordinators and managers responded to the survey, with 1,367 (23.9%) reporting moderate to severe depression symptoms on the Patient Health Questionnaire 8 and 1,767 (30.4%) reporting moderate to severe anxiety symptoms on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7. A total of 2,069 respondents (36.3%) reported feeling burned out at least once per week, 1,288 (20.4%) reported being dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with work, and 1,510 (27.9%) reported being likely or very likely to leave their job in the next year. Positive interactions with administrative staff, residents, fellows, faculty, and program leadership were the highest ranked drivers of job satisfaction. Tracking down residents, fellows, and faculty to complete required tasks, low pay, overall workload, level of detail to manage, time pressure, lack of appreciation by faculty, and sense of entitlement of residents were leading job dissatisfaction drivers.

Conclusions
Coordinators are vitally important members of the GME community who play critical roles in supporting the GME enterprise. This study aims to raise awareness of the challenges and struggles faced by coordinators to lead to improvements in their job satisfaction, mental health, and well-being.
The effect of stand-alone and additional preoperative video education on patients’ knowledge of anaesthesia
Authors: van den Heuvel Sander F. , Jonker Philip , Hoeks Sanne E. , Ismail Sohal Y. , Stolker Robert Jan , Korstanje Jan-Wiebe H. 
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND
Fully digital preoperative information could save valuable time and resources. However, compared with face to face consultations, equivalent levels of safety, patient satisfaction and participation need to be maintained when using other methods to inform patients. This trial compared knowledge retention between preoperative stand-alone video education and face-to-face education by an anaesthesiologist.

OBJECTIVES
To assess if video education, alone or combined with face-to-face education, leads to better knowledge retention more than conventional face-to-face education.

DESIGN
A randomised controlled trial with four arms: Video, Anaesthesiologist, Video & Anaesthesiologist, and Reference for baseline measurements and exploration of a test-enhanced learning effect.

SETTING
A Dutch tertiary care centre from February 2022 to February 2023.

PATIENTS
A total of 767 adult patients undergoing preoperative consultation for elective non-cardiothoracic surgery, with 677 included in the complete case analysis.

INTERVENTION(S)
Stand-alone preoperative video education and video education in combination with face-to-face education in the preoperative outpatient clinic.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Primary outcome, measured by the Rotterdam Anaesthesia Knowledge Questionnaire, was knowledge retention on day 0. Secondary outcomes included knowledge retention at 14 and 42 days, preoperative anxiety, and the need for additional information using the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale. Other outcomes were satisfaction, self-assessed knowledge, and test-enhanced learning effect.

RESULTS
Stand-alone video education led to higher Rotterdam Anaesthesia Knowledge Questionnaire scores than face-to-face education on day 0: median [IQR], 87.5 [81.3 to 93.8] vs. 81.3 [68.8 to 87.5], P < 0.001. Combined education in the “Video & Anaesthesiologist” group led to better knowledge retention compared with both the “Anaesthesiologist” group and the Video group: 93.8 [87.5 to 93.8] vs. 81.3 [68.8 to 87.5], P < 0.001; 93.8 [87.5 to 93.8] vs. 87.5 [81.3 to 93.8], P = 0.01, respectively. No differences in the patients’ preoperative anxiety and satisfaction levels were found.

CONCLUSION
Compared with face-to-face education by an anaesthesiologist, stand-alone video and combined video education improve short-term knowledge retention, without increasing patient anxiety.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05188547 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05188547).
Lipotransfer Under Ultrasound-guided Helium Pneumodissection With Closed Lipotransfer Equipment
Authors: Núñez Villar Percy Jesús , Monroy Marbella J. 
Published: December 2024

Background:
Gluteal hypoplasia and ptosis reduction are common concerns among patients seeking optimal body contouring in Peru and other countries. Although silicone implants are a traditional solution, they are not suitable for all patients. Fat grafting has emerged as an alternative, with various techniques aimed at enhancing fat graft viability and patient safety.

Methods:
We conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ultrasound-guided helium pneumodissection for gluteal-hip contouring. Between January 2021 and December 2022, 220 patients with varying degrees of gluteal hypoplasia were treated using ultrasound-assisted helium pneumodissection.

Results:
The amount of fat grafted ranged from 200 to 1500 mL per buttock, with most patients receiving 701–800 mL. The integration of color Doppler ultrasound allowed for precise visualization throughout the procedure and safe placement of fat grafts. Helium pneumodissection facilitated efficient fat graft injection with reduced resistance at the recipient site. Mild complications included temporary hyperthermia in 4.5% of patients and one instance of retraction in the lower quadrant of the right buttock.

Conclusions:
Ultrasound-guided helium pneumodissection for gluteal-hip contouring demonstrates significant advantages in patient safety, fat graft viability, and overall satisfaction. This advanced technique allows for efficient fat injection with reduced resistance in the subcutaneous plane, minimizing the risk of deep plane injections into the muscle. Although occasional mild complications were observed, they were manageable and did not compromise the overall safety of the technique.
Skin Stretching Techniques: A Review of Clinical Application in Wound Repair
Authors: Yang Tian , Tan Zhixiang , Chen Xuejie , Wang Fang , Tao Rui , Tong Yilan , Wang Xiaoli , Fan Huajun , Yu Mosheng , Zhu Zhanyong 
Published: December 2024

Background:
The repair of skin defect wounds is a long-term goal of clinical pursuit. Currently, free or pedicled skin flap transplantation is commonly used to repair skin defects. However, these methods may lead to complications such as flap necrosis, thrombosis, scarring, diminished sensation, and pigmentation in both the donor and recipient areas. Since its introduction in 1976, skin stretching techniques were widely used for minor skin and soft-tissue defects in the surgical field.

Methods:
A narrative review was conducted to identify relevant articles about the skin stretching techniques for promoting wound healing. We searched the Web of Science and PubMed databases for all articles containing different combinations of “skin stretch techniques” and “wound repair,” “skin defects,” and “tissue expansion.”

Results:
Through the screening of 500 articles, 84 representative and persuasive articles were selected in this review. These studies collectively demonstrate the technique’s effectiveness in reducing wound size, facilitating primary closure, and improving cosmetic outcomes. Reported complications were generally minor, including transient erythema and mild discomfort, with rare instances of skin necrosis.

Conclusions:
Skin stretch techniques emerge as a promising approach for managing large-area wounds, offering the advantage of achieving primary healing without compromising surrounding healthy tissue. However, to optimize its clinical application, further research is warranted, particularly in addressing challenges related to precise stretching and infection management.
Limb Salvage via Surgical Soft-tissue Reconstruction With Ovine Forestomach Matrix Grafts: A Prospective Study
Authors: Lawlor John , Bosque Brandon A. , Frampton Christopher , Young D. Adam , Martyka Patrick 
Published: December 2024

Background:
Complex and chronic lower extremity defects present a surgical challenge and can progress to eventual amputation if closure is not achieved. In addition to morbidity and mortality, these defects have a significant impact on patient quality of life and represent a substantial cost burden to the healthcare system. Ovine forestomach matrix (OFM) grafts are an advanced tissue scaffold option to supplement the surgical reconstruction ladder and may augment limb preservation in cases of complex lower extremity defects.

Methods:
A prospective observational study enrolled 130 complex lower extremity reconstructions that received OFM as part of surgical management. Granulation tissue formation, defect closure, and postoperative complications were assessed up to 1 year postoperatively to evaluate the outcome of OFM grafts for limb salvage via surgical reconstruction.

Results:
Participant demographics and defect characteristics were reflective of a real-world inpatient population with complex and chronic defects. Despite complexity of the defects, no postoperative infections or major amputations were reported. The median time to complete granulation tissue coverage and fill was 30.0 days (95% confidence interval, 26.9–33.1) and the median time to complete defect closure was 127.0 days (95% confidence interval, 110.5–143.5). At 180 days, a 62% incidence of healing was achieved with a median product application of 1.0 (interquartile range, 1.0–1.0).

Conclusions:
OFM-based grafts supported successful coverage of lower extremity defects in a real-world cohort with known risk-factors for amputation. Achieving successful closure with minimal complications, and often in a single application, suggests utility of OFM as a cost-effective adjunct in lower extremity reconstruction.