bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macronutrient balancing in free‐ranging populations of moose
Authors: Felton Annika M. , Wam Hilde K. , Felton Adam , Simpson Stephen J. , Stolter Caroline , Hedwall Per‐Ola , Malmsten Jonas , Eriksson Torsten , Tigabo Mulualem , Raubenheimer David 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAt northern latitudes, large spatial and temporal variation in the nutritional composition of available foods poses challenges to wild herbivores trying to satisfy their nutrient requirements. Studies conducted in mostly captive settings have shown that animals from a variety of taxonomic groups deal with this challenge by adjusting the amounts and proportions of available food combinations to achieve a target nutrient balance. In this study, we used proportions‐based nutritional geometry to analyze the nutritional composition of rumen samples collected in winter from 481 moose (Alces alces) in southern Sweden and examine whether free‐ranging moose show comparable patterns of nutrient balancing. Our main hypothesis was that wild moose actively regulate their rumen nutrient composition to offset ecologically imposed variation in the nutritional composition of available foods. To test this, we assessed the macronutritional composition (protein, carbohydrates, and lipids) of rumen contents and commonly eaten foods, including supplementary feed, across populations with contrasting winter diets, spanning an area of approximately 10,000 km2. Our results suggest that moose balanced the macronutrient composition of their rumen, with the rumen contents having consistently similar proportional relationship between protein and nonstructural carbohydrates, despite differences in available (and eaten) foods. Furthermore, we found that rumen macronutrient balance was tightly related to ingested levels of dietary fiber (cellulose and hemicellulose), such that the greater the fiber content, the less protein was present in the rumen compared with nonstructural carbohydrates. Our results also suggest that moose benefit from access to a greater variety of trees, shrubs, herbs, and grasses, which provides them with a larger nutritional space to maneuver within. Our findings provide novel theoretical insights into a model species for ungulate nutritional ecology, while also generating data of direct relevance to wildlife and forest management, such as silvicultural or supplementary feeding practices.
Flexible High Energy Density Sodium Dual‐ion Battery with Long Cycle life
Authors: Li Yongpeng , Guan Qun , Cheng Jianli , Wang Bin 
Published: July 2021

Flexible fiber‐shaped sodium dual‐ion batteries (FSDIBS) as a proof of concept are fabricated by using the hierarchical ReS2 nanosheets anchored on the carbon nanotube (ReS2@CNT) fiber as anode and graphite on the CNT as cathode. Owing to large interlayer spacing and weak layer coupling force of the ReS2 nanosheets and the anion accommodation of the graphite combined with good flexibility of the CNT fiber, the FSDIBS demonstrate outstanding electrochemical performances with high working voltage and high specific volumetric energy density, durable cycling life, and good flexibility. The FSDIBS show a specific discharge capacity of 97.8 mAh cm−3 at a current density of 630 mA cm−3 and high specific energy density of 25.12 mWh cm−3 (based on the whole volume of the two electrodes) and superb stability with a capacity retention of 91.8% even after bending for 2100 cycles. Moreover, a series of ex situ/in situ characterizations are verified that the reversible shuttles of the Na+ cations and anions between the anode and cathode are simultaneously occurred during the charge/discharge process.
Long‐term safety and tolerability of lacosamide monotherapy in patients with epilepsy: Results from a multicenter, open‐label trial
Authors: Ben‐Menachem Elinor , Dominguez Jacqueline , Szász József , Beller Cynthia , Howerton Charles , Jensen Lori , McClung Carrie , Roebling Robert , Steiniger‐Brach Björn 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe primary objective of this trial (SP1042; NCT02582866) was to assess long‐term safety and tolerability of lacosamide monotherapy (200‐600 mg/day) in adults with focal (partial‐onset) seizures or generalized tonic‐clonic seizures (without clear focal origin). This Phase III, long‐term, open‐label, multicenter, follow‐up trial enrolled patients with epilepsy who were taking lacosamide in, and completed, the previous double‐blind trial (SP0994; NCT01465997). Primary safety outcomes were treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs), discontinuations due to TEAEs, and serious TEAEs. One hundred and six patients were enrolled and received lacosamide: 84 (79.2%) completed the trial and 22 (20.8%) discontinued. The median duration of exposure was 854.0 days, with a median modal dose of 200 mg/day. Ninety‐six (90.6%), 64 (60.4%), and 44 (41.5%) patients had ≥12, ≥24, and ≥36 months of lacosamide exposure, respectively. At least one TEAE was reported by 61 (57.5%) patients. The most common (≥4%) TEAEs were headache (10 [9.4%]), nasopharyngitis (eight [7.5%]), and back pain (five [4.7%]). One (0.9%) patient discontinued due to a TEAE (sudden unexpected death in epilepsy; not considered drug‐related), 14 (13.2%) patients reported serious TEAEs, and seven (6.6%) patients reported TEAEs that were considered drug‐related. Overall, long‐term lacosamide monotherapy was generally well tolerated up to 600 mg/day, with no new safety signals identified.
Seismic fragility and intensity measure investigation for rocking podium structures under synthetic pulse‐like excitations
Authors: Bantilas Kosmas E. , Kavvadias Ioannis E. , Vasiliadis Lazaros K. , Elenas Anaxagoras 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRocking podium structures (RPSs) refer to a wide class of structural systems in which the base storey consisting of freestanding columns that can uplift during seismic excitations. Due to the rocking response, the base storey can be considered as a base isolation system on the condition that a rocking overturn is prevented. In the present study, the seismic response of RPSs is assessed within a probabilistic framework. For this purpose, synthetic pulse‐like acceleration records are generated. The performance of several ground motion intensity measures in predicting the rocking response of RPSs with different superstructure's fundamental period, lateral displacement profiles and rocking column configuration are examined. The effect of these structural parameters on the rocking response is evaluated in terms of seismic fragility. Finally, the seismic behaviour of the rocking storey, as a seismic isolation technique, is evaluated by examining both the rocking stability and the seismic demand reduction of the superstructure simultaneously.
Controls on the development of continuous gullies: A 60 year monitoring study in the Moldavian Plateau of Romania
Authors: Ionita Ion , Niacsu Lilian , Poesen Jean , Fullen Michael A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGully erosion is a major environmental threat on the Moldavian Plateau (MP) of eastern Romania. The permanent gully systems consist of two main gully types. These are: (1) discontinuous gullies, which are mostly located on hillslopes and (2) large continuous gullies in valley bottoms. Very few studies have investigated the evolution of continuous gullies over the medium to longer term. The main objective of this study was to quantitatively analyse the development of continuous gullies over six decades (1961–2020). The article aimed at predicting temporal patterns of gully head erosion based on field data from multiple gullies.Fourteen representative continuous gullies were selected near the town of Barlad, most of them having catchment areas < 500 ha. Linear gully head retreat (LGHR) and areal gully growth (AGG) rates were quantified for six decades. Two main periods were distinguished and compared (i.e., the wet 1961–1980 period and the drier 1981–2020 period). Results indicate that gully erosion rates have significantly decreased since 1981. The mean LGHR of 7.7 m yr−1 over 60 years was accompanied by a mean AGG of 213 m2 yr−1. However, erosion rates between 1961 and 1980 were 4.0 times larger for LGHR and 5.9 times more for AGG compared to those for 1981–2020.Two regression models indicate that annual precipitation depth (P) is the primary controlling factor, explaining 57% of LGHR and 53% of AGG rate. The contributing area (CA) follows, with ~33%. Only 43% of total change in LGHR and 46% of total change in AGG results from rainfall‐induced runoff during the warm season. Accordingly, the cold season (with associated freeze–thaw processes and snowmelt runoff) has more impact on gully development. The runoff pattern, when flow enters the trunk gully head, is largely controlled by the upper approaching discontinuous gully.
Toxicity and Risk Assessment of Zinc and Aluminum Mixtures to Ceriodaphnia silvestrii (Crustacea: Cladocera)
Authors: Castelhano Gebara Renan , de Oliveira Gonçalves Alho Lays , Bruno de Abreu Cínthia , da Silva Mansano Adrislaine , Moreira Raquel Aparecida , Swerts Rocha Giseli , Gama Melão Maria da Graça 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Despite the co-occurrence of metals in aquatic environments, their joint effects are generally not considered during risk assessments. Data on the combined effects of zinc (Zn) and aluminum (Al) on aquatic animals are extremely scarce in the literature, although these metals are commonly used in domestic and industrial activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of mixtures of Zn and Al on the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. We evaluated immobility (at 48 h) and ingestion rates (at 24 h). We also performed chronic toxicity tests for single metals. The environmental risks of these substances for tropical freshwaters were estimated from the risk quotient (measured environmental concentration/predicted no-effect concentration). In immobility tests, our results showed a 48-h median effect concentration (EC50) of 0.22 mg Zn L−1 and 0.52 mg Al L−1, and we observed synergistic effects of Zn and Al, following the independent action model. The ingestion rates of C. silvestrii were inhibited at 0.1, 0.4, and 0.5 mg Al L−1, and they were increased at 0.08 mg Zn L−1; we observed antagonistic effects in all treatments combined with 0.5 mg Al L−1. In terms of chronic toxicity, a 7-d EC50 occurred at 0.11 mg Zn L−1 and 0.37 mg Al L−1. The risk assessment suggests a potential risk of these metals at environmentally relevant concentrations, especially when in a mixture. Therefore, we recommend mixture toxicity tests during risk assessments to ensure that zooplankton are protected. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2912–2922. © 2021 SETAC
An Environmentally Friendly Method for the Identification of Microplastics Using Density Analysis
Authors: Barnett Symiah , Evans Robert , Quintana Belén , Miliou Anastasia , Pietroluongo Guido 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Current methodologies for microplastic polymer identification such as Fourier-transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry are neither cost-efficient nor practical in fieldwork. Density analysis is an inexpensive and readily transportable alternative method. However, current density analysis methods use many different hazardous solutions to carry out separation and identification of plastics. We demonstrate the use of water, sucrose, and ethanol solutions for the density analysis of microplastics. The method developed was able to successfully distinguish between and identify 8 polymers commonly found in microplastic pollution. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3299–3305. © 2021 SETAC
Intraspecific Variation in Mercury, δ15N, and δ13C Among 3 Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Populations in the Northern Antarctic Peninsula Region
Authors: McKenzie Ashley C. , Silvestro Anahí M. , Marti Lucas J. , Emslie Steven D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a pervasive environmental contaminant that accumulates in the organs and tissues of seabirds at concentrations capable of causing acute or long-term adverse health effects. In the present study, Hg concentrations in Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) egg membranes and chick feathers served as a proxy for Hg bioavailability in the marine environment surrounding the northern Antarctic Peninsula. Stable isotopes were measured in conjunction with Hg to infer information regarding feeding habits (δ15N, diet/trophic level; δ13C, foraging habitat). The Hg concentrations were low relative to toxicity benchmark values associated with adverse health effects in birds and ranged between 0.006 and 0.080 µg g–1 dry weight (n = 65) in egg membranes and 0.140 to 1.05 µg g–1 fresh weight (n = 38) in feathers. Egg membrane δ15N signatures suggested that females from different breeding colonies had similar diets consisting of lower and higher trophic prey prior to arrival to breeding grounds. In contrast, δ15N signatures in feathers indicated that chick diet varied by colony. The Hg concentrations demonstrated significant positive relationships with δ15N, providing support for the hypothesis of Hg biomagnification up the food chain. The δ13C signatures in both tissue types provided evidence of foraging habitat segregation among populations. The differences in Hg exposure and foraging ecology suggest that each colony has localized foraging behaviors by breeding adults that warrant additional investigation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2791–2801. © 2021 SETAC
Abstract
Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) chicks being fed by parent at breeding colony at Hope Bay, northern Antarctic Peninsula in the austral summer of 2013/2014.
Country-Specific Environmental Risks of Fragrance Encapsulates Used in Laundry Care Products
Authors: Cai Yaping , Lin Jianming , Gimeno Sylvia , Begnaud Frédéric , Nowack Bernd 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Fragrance encapsulates (FEs) are designed to deliver fragrance components, notably in laundry care products. They are made of thermoset polymeric shells surrounding the fragrance content. These materials enter the environment mainly during laundry washing, but little is known about their distribution in and impact on the environment. The aim of the present study was to estimate the environmental concentrations of FE shells in freshwater, sediment, and soil compartments for 34 selected countries and to compare them with ecotoxicological effects. Probabilistic material flow analysis was used to estimate worst-case predicted environmental concentrations (PECs). The lowest freshwater PEC was predicted for Finland (0.00011 µg/L) and the highest for Belgium (0.13 µg/L). Accumulation of FE shells between 2010 and 2019 was considered for sediments and sludge-treated soils. The PECs in sediments ranged from 3.0 µg/kg (Finland) to 3400 µg/kg (Belgium). For sludge-treated soil, the concentration was estimated to be between 0 (Malta and Switzerland) and 3600 µg/kg (Vietnam). Ecotoxicological tests showed no effects for FE shells at any tested concentration (up to 2700 µg/L freshwater, 5400 µg/kg sediment, and 9100 µg/kg soil), thus not allowing derivation of a predicted-no-effect concentration (PNEC). Therefore, to characterize the environmental risks, the PEC values were compared with highest-observed-no-effect concentrations (HONECs) derived from ecotoxicological tests. The PEC/HONEC ratios were 9.3 × 10–6, 0.13, and 0.04 for surface waters, sediments, and sludge-treated soils, respectively, which are much below 1, suggesting no environmental risk. Because the PEC values constitute an upper boundary (no fate considered) and the HONEC values represent a lower boundary (actual PNEC values based on NOECs will be higher), the current risk estimation can be considered a precautionary worst-case assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:905–916. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Ecosystem service variation and its importance to the wellbeing of smallholder farmers in contrasting agro‐ecological zones of East African Rift
Authors: Ketema Haile , Wei Wu , Legesse Abiyot , Zinabu Wolde , Temesgen Habtamu , Yirsaw Eshetu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSmallholder farmers lead their lives using multiple ecosystem services (ESs). Understanding the contribution of these services to smallholder farmers' wellbeing is essential for addressing ecosystem‐related problems. While the economic valuation of ESs has received major emphasis, smallholder farmer perceptions of ESs, ecosystem disservices (EDs), and the importance of their wellbeing are repeatedly overlooked. We analyzed variations in ES values (ESVs) in response to land use land cover (LULC) change, perceptions of ES/ED and the importance of these ecosystems to wellbeing in contrasting agro‐ecological zones (AEZs). To obtain datasets, we used geospatial technology, focus group discussion, and face‐to‐face cross‐sectional surveys in a highly populated area of the Southeastern escarpment of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. The research was carried out between October 1 and December 30, 2018. The results revealed the following. (1) Total area of 75,246.98 ha (34%) was changed to various LULC classes across AEZs. Woodland decreased at annual rates of 5.28% while agroforestry increased at annual rates of 1.03%, respectively. (2) ESV was estimated to be approximately $164 million and declined by approximately $24 million between 1988 and 2018, owing to the expansion of cultivated land. (3) More than 55% of smallholder farmers consistently identified benefits from food‐cereal and vegetables, food‐meat, and erosion control, problems associated with human disease vectors, as of very high importance for their wellbeing. ESs are the positive benefits while ecosystem functions that are perceived as negative for human wellbeing are termed as EDs. ESs were perceived as positively contributing to wellbeing, while EDs detracted from health and material wellbeing. The assigned values varied significantly with AEZs and socioeconomic groups, highlighting the need for careful consideration of site‐specific ecosystem management strategies that improve smallholder farmers' wellbeing and sustainable development. Moreover, the cost incurred due to ESV loss may not be covered by economic gains resulting from the expansion of cultivated land and thus, implementing appropriate land‐use policies at the local level would recuperate ES values.
Anode‐supported solid oxide fuel cells with multilayer LSC/CGO/LSC cathode
Authors: Solovyev A.A. , Kuterbekov K.A. , Nurkenov S.A. , Nygymanova A.S. , Shipilova A.V. , Smolyanskiy E.A. , Rabotkin S.V. , Ionov I.V. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe multilayer La0.6Sr0.4CoO3/Ce0.9Gd0.1O2/La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 (LSC/CGO/LSC) thin film cathode of the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with the different thickness of the LSC and CGO layers are obtained by magnetron sputtering. Cathodes are deposited onto the NiO/8YSZ anode‐supported 8YSZ/CGO bilayer electrolyte. The influence of the deposited multilayer cathode on the SOFC performance is investigated in the temperature range between 800 and 600°C. It is shown that the thin‐film multilayer cathode allows increasing the SOFC efficiency, and the obtained optimum thickness of the LSC and CGO layers provides the maximum power density for SOFCs. The maximum power density of 2430, 1170, and 290 mW cm–2 is obtained respectively at 800, 700, and 600°C for the SOFCs with the LSC/CGO/LSC layer 50/50/50 nm thick. The polarization resistance measured at 800 and 750°C on the symmetric SOFC with the CGO electrolyte and LSC/CGO/LSC cathode is 0.17 and 0.3 Ω cm2, respectively.
The neural representation of abstract words may arise through grounding word meaning in language itself
Authors: Hultén Annika , van Vliet Marijn , Kivisaari Sasa , Lammi Lotta , Lindh‐Knuutila Tiina , Faisal Ali , Salmelin Riitta 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn order to describe how humans represent meaning in the brain, one must be able to account for not just concrete words but, critically, also abstract words, which lack a physical referent. Hebbian formalism and optimization are basic principles of brain function, and they provide an appealing approach for modeling word meanings based on word co‐occurrences. We provide proof of concept that a statistical model of the semantic space can account for neural representations of both concrete and abstract words, using MEG. Here, we built a statistical model using word embeddings extracted from a text corpus. This statistical model was used to train a machine learning algorithm to successfully decode the MEG signals evoked by written words. In the model, word abstractness emerged from the statistical regularities of the language environment. Representational similarity analysis further showed that this salient property of the model co‐varies, at 280–420 ms after visual word presentation, with activity in regions that have been previously linked with processing of abstract words, namely the left‐hemisphere frontal, anterior temporal and superior parietal cortex. In light of these results, we propose that the neural encoding of word meanings can arise through statistical regularities, that is, through grounding in language itself.
The use of thyroid cartilage needle electrodes in intraoperative neuromonitoring during thyroidectomy: Case–control study
Authors: Türk Yiğit , Kıvratma Göktuğ , Özdemir Murat , İçöz Gökhan , Makay Özer 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe most commonly used recording‐side method in intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) detects the stimulus with the endotracheal tube surface (ETS) electrodes placed in the endotracheal tube during thyroidectomy. The thyroid cartilage needle (TCN) electrode method is an alternative recording‐side system in IONM. This study compared two recording‐side techniques in IONM.MethodsData were retrospectively analyzed from 885 patients who underwent thyroidectomy between January 2012 and December 2020, with 110 ETS and 775 TCN electrodes. Patients' demographics, diagnosis, surgery type, and amplitudes of all stimulation steps were compared. Costs per patient were calculated.ResultsNo significant differences were found in the demographic data between the two groups. All amplitudes were higher in the IONM system where TCN electrodes were used than that with ETS electrodes (all stimulation steps p < 0.001, except left‐V2 p = 0.007). Further, TCN electrodes were 20 times cheaper than the ETS electrodes.ConclusionTCN electrodes are an inexpensive and efficient alternative to ETS electrodes in IONM.