bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IrGO: Iranian traditional medicine General Ontology and knowledge base
Authors: Naghizadeh Ayeh , Salamat Mahdi , Hamzeian Donya , Akbari Shaghayegh , Rezaeizadeh Hossein , Vaghasloo Mahdi Alizadeh , Karbalaei Reza , Mirzaie Mehdi , Karimi Mehrdad , Jafari Mohieddin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Iranian traditional medicine, also known as Persian Medicine, is a holistic school of medicine with a long prolific history. It describes numerous concepts and the relationships between them. However, no unified language system has been proposed for the concepts of this medicine up to the present time. Considering the extensive terminology in the numerous textbooks written by the scholars over centuries, comprehending the totality of concepts is obviously a very challenging task. To resolve this issue, overcome the obstacles, and code the concepts in a reusable manner, constructing an ontology of the concepts of Iranian traditional medicine seems a necessity.

Construction and content
Makhzan al-Advieh, an encyclopedia of materia medica compiled by Mohammad Hossein Aghili Khorasani, was selected as the resource to create an ontology of the concepts used to describe medicinal substances. The steps followed to accomplish this task included (1) compiling the list of classes via examination of textbooks, and text mining the resource followed by manual review to ensure comprehensiveness of extracted terms; (2) arranging the classes in a taxonomy; (3) determining object and data properties; (4) specifying annotation properties including ID, labels (English and Persian), alternative terms, and definitions (English and Persian); (5) ontology evaluation. The ontology was created using Protégé with adherence to the principles of ontology development provided by the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontology (OBO) foundry.

Utility and discussion
The ontology was finalized with inclusion of 3521 classes, 15 properties, and 20,903 axioms in the Iranian traditional medicine General Ontology (IrGO) database, freely available at http://ir-go.net/. An indented list and an interactive graph view using WebVOWL were used to visualize the ontology. All classes were linked to their instances in UNaProd database to create a knowledge base of ITM materia medica.

Conclusion
We constructed an ontology-based knowledge base of ITM concepts in the domain of materia medica to help offer a shared and common understanding of this concept, enable reuse of the knowledge, and make the assumptions explicit. This ontology will aid Persian medicine practitioners in clinical decision-making to select drugs. Extending IrGO will bridge the gap between traditional and conventional schools of medicine, helping guide future research in the process of drug discovery.
Environmental filtering and spatial processes equally contributed to macroinvertebrate metacommunity dynamics in the highly urbanized river networks in Shenzhen, South China
Authors: Liu Zhenyuan , Zhou Tingting , Cui Yongde , Li Zhengfei , Wang Weimin , Chen Yushun , Xie Zhicai 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Disentangling the relative roles of environmental filtering and spatial processes in structuring ecological communities is a central topic in metacommunity ecology. Metacommunity ecology in the temperate river ecosystems has been well developed, while less attention has been paid to subtropical urban river networks. Here, we examined the ecological factors and seasonal difference in structuring macroinvertebrates metacommunity assembly in the subtropical urban river networks in Shenzhen, South China.

Results
Our results revealed that there was no significant distinction of macroinvertebrate community composition among seasons, with only the relative abundance of Mollusca and Odonata significantly differed in both wet and dry seasons. One possible explanation was that most macroinvertebrates are generally pollution-tolerant taxa characterized with nonseasonal life cycle. In addition, distance-based redundancy analysis and variation partitioning approach revealed that metacommunity was determined equally by the environmental and dispersal-related factors. Further, our results showed that, although a slight temporal variation of relative contribution, the identity and explanation power of ecological factors were different among seasons. Specifically, stronger environmental filtering structuring community dynamics was observed in the dry than wet seasons, which might be owing to higher environmental heterogeneity under a low water-flow condition. Moreover, we detected that the influence of spatial processes was stronger in the wet than dry seasons, indicating an obvious dispersal processes due to high connectivity among sites.

Conclusion
Overall, our results revealed that environmental and spatial factors equally explained variations of macroinvertebrate metacommunity, implying the necessity of considering dispersal-related processes structuring ecological communities in river bioassessment programs. Moreover, degraded habitat conditions and water quality were the predominant factors that affected macroinvertebrate communities, indicating the significance and feasibility of improving local abiotic conditions to sustain local biodiversity. Further, our findings revealed the importance of seasonal dynamics of these urban river networks in structuring macroinvertebrate metacommunity. Thereby, our study improves the understanding of ecological processes governing macroinvertebrate metacommunity and underlines the idea that community ecology studies should go beyond the single snapshot survey in river networks.
Determination of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds for basic standardization of Turkish propolis
Authors: Özkök Aslı , Keskin Merve , Tanuğur Samancı Aslı Elif , Yorulmaz Önder Elif , Takma Çiğdem 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the standard amount of antioxidant content and compounds of the propolis for the standardization of propolis. For this purpose, the total flavonoids, total phenolic, CUPRAC antioxidant capacity content and the diversity of phenolic and flavonoid components of these propolis samples were found by HPLC determined at the 23 propolis samples which were collected different regions of Turkey. Beside that, the similarities and differences of these 23 provinces to each other according to their antioxidant capacities were investigated by multidimensional scaling analysis. The total flavonoid content in the propolis samples were determined between 21.28 and 152.56 mg CE/g. The total phenolic content in the propolis samples was found between 34.53 mg and 259.4 mg GAE/g. CUPRAC antioxidant capacity of the propolis samples and antioxidant range was found from 95.35 to 710.43 mg TE/g. Also, 4 flavonoid [Quercetin (min.1.12–max.4.14 mg/g), Galangin (min.0.72–max.40.79 mg/g), Apigenin (min.1.07–max.17.35 mg/g), Pinocembrin (min.1.32–max.39.92 mg/g] and 6 phenolic acid [Caffeic acid (min.1.20–max.7.6 mg/g), p-Coumaric acid (min.1.26–max.4.47 mg/g), trans-Ferulic acid (min.1.28–max.4.92 mg/g), Protocatechuic acid (1.78 mg/g), trans-Cinnamic acid (min.1.05–max.3.83 mg/g), Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) (min.1.41–max.30.15 mg/g)] components were detected as mg/g, in different ratios in propolis samples collected from different regions. The feature of this study, so far, is to have the maximum number of samples representing the Turkish propolis, and so is thought to help to national and international propolis standard workings.
Dietary inclusion of a partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larva meal in low fishmeal-based diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Caimi Christian , Biasato Ilaria , Chemello Giulia , Oddon Sara Bellezza , Lussiana Carola , Malfatto Vanda Maria , Capucchio Maria Teresa , Colombino Elena , Schiavone Achille , Gai Francesco , Trocino Angela , Brugiapaglia Alberto , Renna Manuela , Gasco Laura 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Recent investigations highlighted that Hermetia illucens (BSF) larva meal can be a valuable alternative protein source for aquafeed production. In this study, in substitution of fishmeal, we used increasing inclusion levels of a partially defatted BSF larva meal in low fishmeal-based diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) and we evaluated the related implications in terms of growth performance, physical characteristics, proximate and fatty acid (FA) compositions of the fillets, gut and liver histology, and diet digestibility. In a 131-day trial, 576 fish (100.1 ± 9.29 g) were randomly allotted to 24 tanks (24 fish/tank, 4 replicates/treatment). Six experimental diets were produced to have partial replacement of fishmeal (0, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) by increasing levels of BSF meal (0% [BSF0], 3% [BSF3], 6% [BSF6], 9% [BSF9], 12% [BSF12] and 15% [BSF15] on as fed basis, respectively).

Results
No differences were observed among the treatments for all the considered growth performance parameters. The viscero and hepato-somatic indexes showed significant differences among the treatments, with the highest values observed in the BSF15 group. No differences were recorded in terms of fillet’s physical characteristics, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) contents. Total saturated and monounsaturated FA increased, while polyunsaturated FA (particularly n-3 FA) decreased while increasing the HI meal inclusion in the diet. Histopathology of liver and gut was not affected, whereas, in posterior gut, villi were higher in BSF6 and BSF9 compared to BSF3 fish. The apparent digestibility of DM, CP, EE and gross energy did not vary among the treatments.

Conclusions
These results suggest that a partially defatted BSF meal could be included up to 15% in low fishmeal-based diets for rainbow trout with no adverse effects on growth performance, fillet’s physical characteristics, gut and liver health, and diet digestibility. On the contrary, the fillet FA composition worsened while increasing the level of BSF meal in the diet.
A novel mouse model of heatstroke accounting for ambient temperature and relative humidity
Authors: Miyamoto Kazuyuki , Suzuki Keisuke , Ohtaki Hirokazu , Nakamura Motoyasu , Yamaga Hiroki , Yagi Masaharu , Honda Kazuho , Hayashi Munetaka , Dohi Kenji 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundHeatstroke is associated with exposure to high ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH), and an increased risk of organ damage or death. Previously proposed animal models of heatstroke disregard the impact of RH. Therefore, we aimed to establish and validate an animal model of heatstroke considering RH. To validate our model, we also examined the effect of hydration and investigated gene expression of cotransporter proteins in the intestinal membranes after heat exposure.MethodsMildly dehydrated adult male C57/BL6J mice were subjected to three AT conditions (37 °C, 41 °C, or 43 °C) at RH > 99% and monitored with WetBulb globe temperature (WBGT) for 1 h. The survival rate, body weight, core body temperature, blood parameters, and histologically confirmed tissue damage were evaluated to establish a mouse heatstroke model. Then, the mice received no treatment, water, or oral rehydration solution (ORS) before and after heat exposure; subsequent organ damage was compared using our model. Thereafter, we investigated cotransporter protein gene expressions in the intestinal membranes of mice that received no treatment, water, or ORS.ResultsThe survival rates of mice exposed to ATs of 37 °C, 41 °C, and 43 °C were 100%, 83.3%, and 0%, respectively. From this result, we excluded AT43. Mice in the AT 41 °C group appeared to be more dehydrated than those in the AT 37 °C group. WBGT in the AT 41 °C group was > 44 °C; core body temperature in this group reached 41.3 ± 0.08 °C during heat exposure and decreased to 34.0 ± 0.18 °C, returning to baseline after 8 h which showed a biphasic thermal dysregulation response. The AT 41 °C group presented with greater hepatic, renal, and musculoskeletal damage than did the other groups. The impact of ORS on recovery was greater than that of water or no treatment. The administration of ORS with heat exposure increased cotransporter gene expression in the intestines and reduced heatstroke-related damage.ConclusionsWe developed a novel mouse heatstroke model that considered AT and RH. We found that ORS administration improved inadequate circulation and reduced tissue injury by increasing cotransporter gene expression in the intestines.
Population-level mortality burden from novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in Europe and North America
Authors: Soneji Samir , Beltrán-Sánchez Hiram , Yang Jae Won , Mann Caroline 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs of 31 January 2021, 63.9 million cases and 1.4 million deaths had been reported in Europe and North America, which accounted for 62.5% and 62.4% of the global total, respectively. Comparing the level of mortality across countries has proven difficult because of inherent limitations in the most commonly cited measures (e.g., case-fatality rates). We collected the cumulative number of confirmed deaths from COVID-19 by age in 2020 from the L’Institut National d’études Démographiques (INED) database and Statistics Canada for 15 European and North American countries. We calculated age-specific death rates and age-standardized death rates (ASDR) for each country over a 1-year period from 6 February 2020 (date of first COVID-19 death in Europe and North America) to 5 February 2021 using established demographic methods. We estimated that COVID-19 was the second leading cause of death behind cancer in England and Wales and France and the third leading cause of death behind cancer and heart disease in nine countries including the US. Countries with higher all-cause mortality prior to the COVID-19 experienced higher COVID-19 mortality than countries with lower all-cause mortality prior to the pandemic. The COVID-19 ASDR varied substantially within country (e.g., a 5-fold difference among the highest and lowest mortality states in Germany). Consistently strong public health measures may have lessened the level of mortality for some European and North American countries. In contrast, many of the largest countries and economies in these regions may continue to experience a high mortality level because of poor implementation and adherence to such measures.
Molecular identification of three entomopathogenic fungi infecting the brown plant hopper pest in Indonesia
Authors: Minarni Endang Warih , Soesanto Loekas , Suyanto Agus , Rostaman  
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundBrown plant hopper(Nilaparvata lugensStal.) a very damaging pest to rice crops. One of the efforts to control it is the use of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF). Three fungal local isolates found in Indonesia were effective in controlling the brown plant hopper pest. This study aimed to molecularly identify the 3 fungal isolates. Molecular identification is very important to get the exact identity of these fungi. The accuracy of EPF identification will greatly determine the success of control. Molecular identification is based on a partial genetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) locus of ribosomal fungal DNA.ResultMorphology of the local isolates named J22 and J60 were identified asPaecilomycessp., while the isolate J34 was identified asBeauveriasp. The results of molecular identification of the isolates J22 and J60 were identified as the fungiLecanicillium saksenaeandSimplicilliumsp., while isolate J34 was identified asMyrotheciumsp. The results of literature search showed that the 3 fungi have never been previously reported to infect the brown plant hopper.ConclusionIn Indonesia, 3 types of EPF, namelyL. saksenae,Simplicilliumsp., andMyrotheciumsp., were found having the potential to control the brown plant hopper pest.
Microbial community structure and composition is associated with host species and sex in Sigmodon cotton rats
Authors: Strickland Britton A. , Patel Mira C. , Shilts Meghan H. , Boone Helen H. , Kamali Arash , Zhang Wei , Stylos Daniel , Boukhvalova Marina S. , Rosas-Salazar Christian , Yooseph Shibu , Rajagopala Seesandra V. , Blanco Jorge C. G. , Das Suman R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The cotton rat (genus Sigmodon) is an essential small animal model for the study of human infectious disease and viral therapeutic development. However, the impact of the host microbiome on infection outcomes has not been explored in this model, partly due to the lack of a comprehensive characterization of microbial communities across different cotton rat species. Understanding the dynamics of their microbiome could significantly help to better understand its role when modeling viral infections in this animal model.

Results
We examined the bacterial communities of the gut and three external sites (skin, ear, and nose) of two inbred species of cotton rats commonly used in research (S. hispidus and S. fulviventer) by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, constituting the first comprehensive characterization of the cotton rat microbiome. We showed that S. fulviventer maintained higher alpha diversity and richness than S. hispidus at external sites (skin, ear, nose), but there were no differentially abundant genera. However, S. fulviventer and S. hispidus had distinct fecal microbiomes composed of several significantly differentially abundant genera. Whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing of fecal samples identified species-level differences between S. hispidus and S. fulviventer, as well as different metabolic pathway functions as a result of differential host microbiome contributions. Furthermore, the microbiome composition of the external sites showed significant sex-based differences while fecal communities were not largely different.

Conclusions
Our study shows that host genetic background potentially exerts homeostatic pressures, resulting in distinct microbiomes for two different inbred cotton rat species. Because of the numerous studies that have uncovered strong relationships between host microbiome, viral infection outcomes, and immune responses, our findings represent a strong contribution for understanding the impact of different microbial communities on viral pathogenesis. Furthermore, we provide novel cotton rat microbiome data as a springboard to uncover the full therapeutic potential of the microbiome against viral infections.
Essais de cultures in vitro d’organes embryonnaires en milieux synthétiques
Authors: Wolff Etienne , Haffen Katy , Kieny Madeleine , Wolff Emilienne 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Many embryonic organs have been cultivated in the ‘standard’ medium of E. Wolff and K. Haffen which contains glucose and embryo extract as nutrients. The researches reported in this paper give the first results of experiments designed to find out whether it is possible to replace this extract by definite mixtures of amino-acids and thus to realize the culture of organs in synthetic media. Several mixtures, containing a greater or lesser number of amino-acids (solutions B, C, and C1, see pp. 58-59), were added to a substrate consisting of agar, saline, and glucose. Vitamins and one stimulating substance (novocaine) were added to the media in some cases. The results of these experiments were compared with those in which the standard medium was used and with those in which organs were explanted on the basic substrate. Three kinds of organ were explanted: gonad, syrinx, and tibia from chick embryos of from 6 to 10 days’ incubation. The efficiency of the synthetic media was tested by three criteria: survival, differentiation, and growth of the explant. Gonads explanted in synthetic media either before or after the stage of sex differentiation begin or continue their differentiation. Morphogenesis and histogenesis are similar to those observed in the standard medium. Clear-cut evidence of growth is given by mitoses and by an increase in total N, estimated by an ultra-micro-Kjeldahl method, which indicates an assimilation of amino-acids by the explanted organs. Syrinxes were explanted both before and after the formation of the first pre-cartilaginous nodules of the tracheo-bronchial arches. They begin, or if already begun they complete, this first differentiation. Four to five pairs of arches are formed in latero-median succession. Growth of the organs was demon-strated by the presence of mitoses and by the increase in total N. Tibias explanted at the 8th day of incubation as cartilaginous rods continue to differentiate morphologically and histologically in synthetic media to which novocaine had been added as a stimulatory substance. Considerable growth in length and weight occurred, but no increase in total N was associated with it. Nevertheless in the presence of novocaine the catabolism of N is partly compensated for by the assimilation of amino-acids. Different organs, cultured in synthetic media, do not have the same needs for amino-acids, for vitamins, or for growth-promoting substances. Growth and differentiation are not necessarily correlated. One or the other of these phenomena may be favoured by certain changes in the medium. From the results reported in this paper it may be concluded that organs isolated in vitro are able to assimilate amino-acids from a synthetic medium for a limited period of growth and development.
Development and Structure of the Saccus Vasculosus of Scylliorhinus caniculus (L.)
Authors: Kamer J. C. Van de , Schuurmans A. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In Scylliorhinus caniculus the saccus vasculosus develops as an infundibular évagination. From an early stage of development there is a close contact between the tissue of Rathke’s pouch and the most caudal part of the infundibular evagination. During development the region of close contact shifts laterally to either side of the midline. The ventral wall of the évagination develops into neurohypophyseal tissue, the dorsal into saccus vasculosus epithelium. It is suggested that a process of continuing induction is responsible for the progressive transformation of the ventral wall into neurohypophyseal tissue; the dorsal wall on the contrary is free to follow its own tendency to develop into saccus epithelium. On the basis of developmental criteria, the homology of the saccus vasculosus with the processus infundibuli of mammals is suggested. It is suggested that in Teleosts the broad infundibular wall is homologous with the saccus évagination of Selachii and the processus infundibuli of mammals; and that it depends on the size of the region of contact between orohypophysis and infundibulum whether a large or a small saccus, or none at all, develops.