bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpreting the New Testament as a Sacred Text
Authors: Senior Donald 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
While a convincing case can be made about the sacredness of the New Testament through its proclamation of Jesus Christ and its guidance on the nature of Christian life, this does not mean that over time, or at any particular time, all Christians understand the message of the Scriptures in the same way. This brings us to the question of “interpretation” of the New Testament. How do we accurately understand the message of a particular New Testament book? How would we describe the meaning of the New Testament for Christian life today? How do we understand, from a doctrinal point of view, the identity of Jesus portrayed in the ensemble of the New Testament writings? What do we understand to be the defining characteristics and structures of the Christian community derived from the diverse books of the New Testament? Additionally, who has the authority to determine what is an authentic or valid answer to such questions? And what are the proper methods of extracting contemporary meaning from these ancient texts? This chapter traces in broad strokes the diverse ways the Christian community has approached the meaning of the New Testament over the centuries, with particular attention to the impact of modern methods of interpreting the biblical text.
Is the Universe on Our Side?
Authors: Ledewitz Bruce 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
America cannot go on this way without risking the end of constitutional democracy. We have already entered post-liberalism. But there is something to be done. We can launch a new story, and thus begin to recover normal public life, by asking the ultimate question bequeathed to us by Bernard Lonergan: Is the universe on our side? Asking an ultimate question restores faith in questioning itself. That kind of questioning ends the Age of Evasion. We ask Lonergan’s question through a loose cultural entity he called “cosmopolis.” As long as we agree to live by our answer to this question, even a no can contribute to the healing of American public life.
The Ethics of Religious Studies
Authors: Miller Richard B. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the study of religion lacks an “ethics of religious studies,” by which the author means a theoretical justification of the guild. Focusing on a 1971 report by Claude Welch, Graduate Education in Religion: A Critical Study, it targets Welch’s refusal to provide such a justification and explains its silence by referencing the long shadow cast by Protestant thinking about the dangers of self-justification. It is argued that Welch’s argument erects a firewall between the study of religion and the justification of that study, one that reinforces the commitment to value-neutrality that is described in chapter 1. To explain the field’s preoccupation with methodology, the chapter turns to Stephen Toulmin’s discussion of scientific disciplines and the importance of having a goal as a condition for organizing mature research. It concludes by sketching the outlines of scholarship in religious studies and the distinction between routine work and metadisciplinary work.
The Failure of Party Formation in Bolivia
Authors: Ackerman Edwin F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of persistent traditional agrarian structures on party organization. Land privatization was considerably less extensive in Bolivia when compared to Mexico. Through agrarian census materials and archival evidence of attempted electoral mobilization and peasant union construction, the chapter show how the regions in the country with relatively higher levels of communal land tenure and strong traditional authority structures were places where it was essentially impossible for the MNR to establish sustainable links to a mass base. In regions with less communal property holding, the MNR developed close links to existing and emerging peasant unions. Ultimately, these regions were not large enough as in the Mexican case to sustain stable party formation.
The Publishers and Their Books
Authors: Wellman Kathleen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the three publishers of the textbooks this book treats: Bob Jones University, Abeka Books, and Accelerated Christian Education. It addresses when and why they began to publish and the controversies and legal challenges they subsequently generated. It explores the history of their sponsoring educational institutions and their stated missions. It places them in the context of Christian opposition to public education as it developed in response to the teaching of evolution, the Supreme Court decisions of the 1960s prohibiting prayer and Bible reading in public schools, and, most importantly, desegregation. These three publishers have offered an alternative “Christian” education since the early 1970s.
The Beginning of History
Authors: Wellman Kathleen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
These Christian curricula herald the Bible as the authoritative text for interpreting the earliest history of the world. On the basis of their insistence on biblical inerrancy, they present fundamental positions that underlie their historical analysis, as follows. The Bible establishes Young Earth creationism, divides human beings into races, and stipulates that God established government as limited. The Tower of Babel indicts humanism and efforts to unify governments or societies. The Creation Mandate, taken from the Book of Genesis, endorses both human control of the earth and Christian hegemony. Mosaic Law defines the legitimate basis for law and morality. The ancient Israelites set the standard against which other ancient civilizations are judged for their failure to believe in the one God. The modern state of Israel points to the fulfillment of biblical prophecies of end times. These central claims developed within evangelicalism.
Lived Religion in Latin America
Authors: Morello Gustavo S.J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This book is about religion and modernity, how religion interacts with modern culture, and how modernity influences religion. “Modernity” signifies not only technological developments, but also the dynamics of capitalism, the differentiation of social functions, specialization of spheres of knowledge, and expansion of human rights. By religion is meant the cultural practices people use to connect with a suprahuman power that they experience as influencing their lives. The thesis presented is that in Latin America there is an interaction between modernity and religion, but the result has not been religion’s diminishment (secularization), but its transformation. Exploring religion as ordinary Latin Americans practice it, the research presented in this book discovered that there is more religion than secularists expect, but of a different kind than religious leaders would wish. The difficulty in assessing religiosity as it exists in Latin America is due in part to the continuing use of categories that were not designed for religious cultures outside the North Atlantic world. Those categories point us toward a different kind of dynamics, which in fact obscure Latin American religious dynamics. If we look at religion from the perspective of Latin America and of the people who practice it there, we will find a different definition and different conceptual tools for understanding the religious experience of Latin American people, and these new tools help us to look at religion in a different way.
Living Skillfully
Authors: Wright Dale S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This book attempts to articulate a contemporary philosophy of life drawing upon Buddhist resources from the Vimalakīrti Sūtra. Among the major themes in this Mahayana Buddhist scripture is the “skillful means” required to live a healthy and undeluded life. The book adopts that theme as a means of developing a practical approach to contemporary Buddhist life. Following many of the brilliant stories in the sutra, this book attempts to provide clear explanations for the primary Buddhist teachings and the relationships that bind them all together into an inspiring way of living. Among the questions addressed are: Who is the Buddha? How is a worldview of change and contingency applicable to current life? What does it mean to claim that there is no permanent self? What are the primary characteristics of an admirable Buddhist life? How is freedom conceived in Buddhism? And how do all of these themes help us address contemporary issues such as global warming, gender identities, political dichotomies, the global economy, and more? Although historical questions do arise in the book, its primary purpose is contemporary and practical, an effort to say clearly how this text helps us stake out a way of living for contemporary global citizens.
The Bodhisattva Ideal
Authors: Wright Dale S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an in-depth look at the central character of the Vimalakīrti Sūtra by analyzing the manner in which the bodhisattva ideal is presented. It examines several aspects of this ideal: the bodhisattva vow, the difference between monastic and lay Buddhism, and the way that Buddhist enlightenment is envisioned. The image of Vimalakirti as a character in the text emphasizes his “skillful means” of teaching the Buddhist dharma and of living his life, his inclusive outreach to all living beings, and the extent to which he overcomes the dichotomy between pure and impure aspects of human life.
Introduction
Authors: Ellis Katharine 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A folk-music competition of 1895 sets the scene for an exploration of the problem of French music historiography in relation to the provinces between the 1830s and World War II. Key terms (“decentralization,” “deconcentration,” “regionalism”) are defined and explained in relation to Republican concepts of cultural unity that long discouraged regional difference in music and reinforced the soft and hard power of the capital as the nation’s cultural boiler house: power relations turned the provinces into an “internal exotic,” but the “colonies” of mainland France had their own often distinctive local dynamics relating to professional and amateur music-making. The narrative arc of the book is sketched out: from the dynamics of provincial musical life to the challenges of musical regionalism as it manifests in new composition. Finally, methodological reflections are offered on the project’s archival source-base, on the problematic ephemerality of musical life as a subject of diachronic musicological study, on music as an object of local memorialization, and on the geographical patterns of both decentralist and regionalist French musical life as showing particular density at the edges at the expense of the center.
Folk Music, Class, and Nation
Authors: Ellis Katharine 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The identitarian nature of French folk music (both in itself and within art music) is introduced as presenting a challenge to long-standing official French policies of national unity—whether expressed as traditional unity in uniformity or via a newer Third-Republic formulation of unity in diversity. This challenge explains why official French art-musical culture never joined in with the celebratory ethnic-national folk-music practices of other European nations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Instead, French folk music’s relation to the state is characterized by wide-ranging attempts to control and neutralize difference, resulting in invented traditions presented to schoolchildren as their unified patrimoine and composed into an emerging strand of neoclassical dance-form composition that brought together the modal and the folk-like. At the same time, folk music was usefully harnessed as an internal exotic within world’s fairs and as an element of modern tourism, while within opera, the particularism of regionalist composers was censored (sometimes self-censored), and often replaced by vague indicators of childlike Frenchness.
The Politics of Care and the Idea of Healing Justice
Authors: Woodly Deva R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the third chapter, the author builds out an analysis of the one of the key elements of radical Black feminist pragmatism (RBFP), the politics of care, which holds that the activity of governance in a society that hopes to be just must be oriented toward the responsibility to exercise and provide care for those most impacted by oppression and domination. The politics of care practiced in the Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) is characterized by an acknowledgement of trauma and a commitment to healing, an understanding of interdependence, unapologetic Blackness, a defense of Black joy, an insistence on accountability, and an abolitionist perspective favoring restorative justice practices that deal with harm by focusing on accountability and reparation rather than punishment.
Buddhist Nominalism
Authors: Siderits Mark 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the Buddhist rejection of universals. Nominalism is the default position for Buddhist philosophers because real universals would be permanent, and Buddhists claim all existents are momentary. The difficulty they encountered was to explain why conceptualization should prove efficacious if concepts fail to capture real resemblances among things in the world. Dignāga and Dharmakīrti responded with the theory of apoha or exclusion, according to which the extension of the concept blue is all those things that are not in the exclusion class non-blue. Since not being non-blue is an absence, and as such something with no claim to being ultimately real, it was thought to follow that this was a safe way to secure a truly radical nominalism. Various difficulties with this program are discussed, and a possible work-around for the most challenging is explored.
Art and Suicide
Authors: Schultz William Todd 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 looks at specific ways in which art can sometimes be crazy-making, with a detailed examination of three artist suicides. Research on artists and suicide, specifically, is sparse. We know as little about any artist’s reasons as we do about anyone else’s, but a few studies are have been done. And at least actuarially, in relation to level of overall risk, the good studies provide some helpful grounding. To get at a range of possible dynamics, none universal, in this chapter the author inspects the particular cases of Diane Arbus, Kurt Cobain, and Sylvia Plath. Specifically, the author examines how suicide sometimes comes at the end of a process of artistic redefinition. The artist tries something new, in terms of form or content, apparatus or theme, and the product, so unlike anything he or she has attempted before, seems at first outrageously right and satisfying. Sometimes that feeling lasts, sometimes it doesn’t. But either way, the new development occasions a risky and not necessarily valid reassessment of all prior artistic activity.
Challenging Criminalization in Los Angeles
Authors: Warren Mark R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 documents the ways organizing groups have confronted a vast school district and militarized system of police control in Los Angeles. It features the role of Black and Brown parents in CADRE as key leaders. These parents won the first district-wide breakthrough against zero tolerance discipline approaches in the country when they got the LA Unified School District to adopt schoolwide positive behavioral supports in 2006. The movement “nationalized” this local victory, inspiring groups across the country to launch campaigns against zero tolerance. The chapter also highlights the youth-organizing work of the Labor Community Strategy Center to end police ticketing of students, one of the pioneering efforts to address policing in the school-to-prison pipeline movement. It examines the Youth Justice Coalition and its Free LA High School that supports young people returning from the juvenile justice system and attempts to create a model for police-free schools based upon transformative justice.
United States newspaper coverage of Muslims
Authors: Bleich Erik , van der Veen Maurits 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter finds that stories set in foreign locations, those that touch on conflict or extremism, and those published in tabloids are most strongly associated with negative coverage in American newspapers. By contrast, articles containing references to religiosity or presumed value clashes and those published in right-leaning newspapers are not substantially more negative. Importantly, however, articles that are not related to any of these negative factors are still negative. The chapter also demonstrates that Muslim articles are strongly negative compared to stories related to other world religions and domestic outgroups. Muslim articles are substantially more negative than those mentioning Catholics, Jews, Hindus, African Americans, Latinos, Mormons, or atheists. There is something distinctly negative about coverage of Muslims that cannot be explained simply by demographic, geographic, cultural, or ethno-racial differences.
Introduction
Authors: Lele Uma 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This book critically examines the roles played by developing countries, in partnership with major multilateral agencies and their bilateral counterparts, in addressing agricultural and rural development as a way to achieve economic transformation and food for all. The book explores the questions of what member nations of the United Nations, working with international organizations, have been able to achieve thus far in food and agriculture and in economic transformation; how they have responded to the rapidly changing external environment and factors internal to the organizations; and how well equipped they are to address future challenges of poverty, food security and nutrition, inequality, climate change, degradation of natural resources, and conflict, in the face of rapidly deteriorating natural resources and advancing science. Discovering the answers to these questions makes this discussion all the more urgent. Most importantly, we explore the roles of the traditional international organizations established in the post-Second World War period vis-à-vis new actors, philanthropists, and the private sector in contributing to growth and development. The COVID-19 pandemic has laid bare the structural weaknesses among the mightiest economies of income inequalities, lack of universal access to health, and lack of trust in government. Smaller Asian Tigers—Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea—in addition to China, where the pandemic originated—had smarter responses, demonstrating their superior state capacity. What are the lessons of history for national, regional, and global governance?
Changing Global Governance Context for Food Security and Nutrition
Authors: Lele Uma , Baldwin Brian C. , Goswami Sambuddha 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Through collective action, global governance helps identify, understand, and address problems that spill over national boundaries. Those problems include maintaining peace and security; developing and implementing rules with regard to trade in commodities and services, capital flows, and migration; containing transboundary pests and diseases; slowing global warming; and providing aid for needy countries and peoples. Specific international organizations (five discussed in Chapter 6) address these issues). The difference between global and national governance is that there is no global government. Global governance, through various international bodies and institutions, complements regional, national, and local governance in an important way and is the sum total of the informal and formal ideas, values, rules, norms, procedures, practices, policies, and institutions that govern all actors—states, intergovernmental organizations, civil society, nongovernmental organizations, transnational corporations, and the general public. The number of actors on the global governance scene has proliferated, as has the sheer number of international initiatives that have been started to mobilize incremental international funding in support of food security and nutrition since the 2007 food crisis. Many of the initiatives are reviewed in this chapter, showing that the amount of incremental funding in support of food security and nutrition, beyond traditional sources raised, was insignificant compared to the number of international consultations held. The Global Agriculture and Food Security Program was a notable exception, as well as the Agricultural Market Information System. This situation appears to have changed for the better since the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter examines the relationship between global, regional, national, and local governance.
CGIAR
Authors: Lele Uma , Goswami Sambuddha 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
CGIAR, by far the most complex organization reviewed in this book, has had an extraordinary track record of impacts on productivity growth. CGIAR’s mission has grown over time, beginning with germplasm research and becoming more complex. Donor expectations are high, while funding has stagnated, particularly since 2014. CGIAR’s latest reorganization, known as “One CGIAR,” is a major restructuring, against the background of a history of reforms. The System Board, newly named after “unified governance” became effective on October 1, 2020, is a self-governing mechanism of the System and Centers, intended to work better under the troika of managing directors that report to the unified System Board. In addition, inter-Center research collaborations have been occurring through Center-driven efforts, with benefits of lower operational costs and better ability to improve the quality of research through skill mixes. Partnerships with advanced country institutions have strengthened, as well as those with developed countries. Partnerships with developing countries were the foundation of CGIAR’s success during the Green Revolution, but over time, they have weakened, in part due to a shortage of resources and a growing research agenda. Stronger partnerships are also needed with the private sector.
The World Food Programme
Authors: Lele Uma , Goswami Sambuddha 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The World Food Programme (WFP) has emerged as the world’s largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and promoting food security. The chapter explores how the need for emergency assistance has increased to meet growing humanitarian needs, and particularly its relationship to conflicts. We explore the evolution of WFP’s objectives from internationalizing US food aid, as a pilot program in FAO, into a full-fledged, multilateral organization, delivering emergency assistance while addressing the disincentive effects of food aid on domestic food production, with substantial evolution from aid in-kind to cash transfers, and from emergency aid to building capacity of developing countries to address their own emergencies. WFP has filled a void that would have existed had it not responded rapidly and innovatively to meet the growing needs of emergency assistance, now serving the largest displaced and refugee population in the world. The chapter also demonstrates the differences between development aid and emergency assistance. For its achievements, WFP was awarded the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize. The Nobel Prize has also highlighted the need to address the underlying issues of peace and security, without which, the need for emergency aid will continue to grow. The chapter shows how cooperation across international and bilateral organizations has evolved and where it needs to go in the future.