bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whole-genome assembly of Culex tarsalis
Authors: Main Bradley J , Marcantonio Matteo , Johnston J Spencer , Rasgon Jason L , Brown C Titus , Barker Christopher M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The mosquito, Culex tarsalis, is a key vector in the western United States due to its role in transmission of zoonotic arboviruses that affect human health. Extensive research has been conducted on Cx. tarsalis ecology, feeding behavior, vector competence, autogeny, diapause, genetics, and insecticide resistance. Population genetic analyses in the western U.S. have identified at least three genetic clusters that are geographically distinct. However, in-depth genetic studies have been hindered by the lack of a reference genome. In this study, we present the first whole-genome assembly of this mosquito species (CtarK1) based on PacBio HiFi reads from high-molecular-weight DNA extracted from a single male. The CtarK1 assembly is 790 Mb with an N50 of 58 kb, which is 27% larger than Culex quinquefasciatus (578 Mb). This difference appears to be mostly composed of transposable elements. To annotate CtarK1, we used a previously assembled Cx. tarsalis transcriptome and approximately 17,456 protein genes from Cx. quinquefasciatus (N = 17,456). Genome completeness was assessed using the Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) tool, which identified 84.8% of the 2799 Dipteran BUSCO genes. Using a Bayesian phylogeny based on mitochondrial genomes, we place Cx. tarsalis in the context of other mosquito species and estimate the divergence between Cx. tarsalis and Cx. quinquefasciatus to be between 15.8 and 22.2 million years ago (MYA). Important next steps from this work include characterizing the genetic basis of diapause and sex determination in Culex mosquitoes.
Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Tofacitinib in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Authors: Taxonera Carlos , Olivares David , Alba Cristina 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Knowledge of the real-world effectiveness and safety of tofacitinib for ulcerative colitis (UC) is relevant to confirm the benefit observed in clinical trials.

Methods
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the real-world effectiveness of tofacitinib for moderate to severely active UC. The primary outcome was clinical remission evaluated at week 8, weeks 12 to 16, and month 6. Secondary outcomes were response, corticosteroid-free remission, mucosal healing, colectomy, and safety.

Results
Seventeen studies with a total of 1162 patients with UC were included. Remission (11 studies) was achieved in 34.7% of patients at week 8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.4%-45.1%), 47% at weeks 12 to 16 (95% CI, 40.3%-53.6%), and 38.3% at month 6 (95% CI, 29.2%-47.5%) at month 6 duplicated. Response was achieved in 62.1%, 64.2%, 50.8%, and 41.8% of patients at week 8, weeks 12 to 16, month 6, and month 12, respectively. Corticosteroid-free remission (5 studies) was achieved in 38.4%, 44.3%, 33.6%, and 31% of patients at week 8, weeks 12 to 16, month 6, and month 12, respectively. Mucosal healing was achieved in 48.3% and 45.3% of patients at week 8 and weeks 12 to 16, respectively. Patients who were biologic-naïve (11.6%) had a significantly higher rate of response at week 8 (1.38; 95% CI, 1.03-1.84). The incidence rates of serious adverse events and herpes zoster was 8.9 and 6.9 per 100 patient-years, respectively.

Conclusions
This meta-analysis of real-world studies confirms the effectiveness of tofacitinib in a highly refractory population of patients with moderate to severely active UC. Tofacitinib showed an acceptable safety profile. These findings were consistent with clinical trials and further support the use of tofacitinib in UC.
Left Demazure–Lusztig Operators on Equivariant (Quantum) Cohomology and K-Theory
Authors: Mihalcea Leonardo C , Naruse Hiroshi , Su Changjian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We study the Demazure–Lusztig operators induced by the left multiplication on partial flag manifolds $G/P$. We prove that they generate the Chern–Schwartz–MacPherson classes of Schubert cells (in equivariant cohomology), respectively their motivic Chern classes (in equivariant K-theory), in any partial flag manifold. Along the way, we advertise many properties of the left and right divided difference operators in cohomology and K-theory and their actions on Schubert classes. We apply this to construct left divided difference operators in equivariant quantum cohomology, and equivariant quantum K-theory, generating Schubert classes and satisfying a Leibniz rule compatible with the quantum product.
Predictive Modeling to Study the Treatment-Shortening Potential of Novel Tuberculosis Drug Regimens, Toward Bundling of Preclinical Data
Authors: Mudde Saskia E , Ayoun Alsoud Rami , van der Meijden Aart , Upton Anna M , Lotlikar Manisha U , Simonsson Ulrika S H , Bax Hannelore I , de Steenwinkel Jurriaan E M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Given the persistently high global burden of tuberculosis, effective and shorter treatment options are needed. We explored the relationship between relapse and treatment length as well as interregimen differences for 2 novel antituberculosis drug regimens using a mouse model of tuberculosis infection and mathematical modeling.

Methods
Mycobacterium tuberculosis–infected mice were treated for up to 13 weeks with bedaquiline and pretomanid combined with moxifloxacin and pyrazinamide (BPaMZ) or linezolid (BPaL). Cure rates were evaluated 12 weeks after treatment completion. The standard regimen of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol (HRZE) was evaluated as a comparator.

Results
Six weeks of BPaMZ was sufficient to achieve cure in all mice. In contrast, 13 weeks of BPaL and 24 weeks of HRZE did not achieve 100% cure rates. Based on mathematical model predictions, 95% probability of cure was predicted to occur at 1.6, 4.3, and 7.9 months for BPaMZ, BPaL, and HRZE, respectively.

Conclusion
This study provides additional evidence for the treatment-shortening capacity of BPaMZ over BPaL and HRZE. To optimally use preclinical data for predicting clinical outcomes, and to overcome the limitations that hamper such extrapolation, we advocate bundling of available published preclinical data into mathematical models.
Quality Improvement in Critical Value Delivery at a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Hopkins Mark R , Butcher Monica R , Martin Kevin M , Small Lona R , Sokoll Lori J 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrompt notification of critical laboratory values to providers is essential for effective patient care. To improve the delivery of these critical values, a quality improvement project was initiated to determine the obstacles to prompt notification and to identify possible interventions to improve this process.MethodsCritical value call logs were retrieved, and delivery time, patient location, test name, and call time were abstracted and analyzed. All critical values with delivery times greater than 60 min were reviewed by 2 authors for 1 representative month in both the pre- and postintervention period.ResultsBased on the results of the data review, a modification to the laboratory information system call center color-coded alerts was introduced to address delays attributable to the laboratory. The overall rate of calls greater than 60 min decreased from 3.4% ± 0.8% in the preintervention study period to 1.3 ± 0.3%, postintervention. The average number of values not delivered within 60 min decreased by 64% across all locations, following with an 82% decrease for values originating from inpatient locations, and a 39% decrease for outpatient values.ConclusionsLow complexity interventions to critical value callback protocols can significantly increase the efficacy of communication between the laboratory and providers.
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ and Progression to Invasive Cancer: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Heller Samantha L , Plaunova Anastasia , Gao Yiming 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDuctal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), breast cancer confined to the milk ducts, is a heterogeneous entity. The question of how and when a case of DCIS will extend beyond the ducts to become invasive breast cancer has implications for both patient prognosis and optimal treatment approaches. The natural history of DCIS has been explored through a variety of methods, from mouse models to biopsy specimen reviews to population-based screening data to modeling studies. This article will review the available evidence regarding progression pathways and will also summarize current trials designed to assess DCIS progression.
Detection of Two Biotypes ofLiriomyza chinensis(Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Japan
Authors: Tokumaru Susumu , Uesugi Ryuji , Urairi Chihiro , Toyoshima Shingo , Aoki Yumi , Iwasaki Akeo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe larva of stone leek leafminer, Liriomyza chinensis (Kato), is known to infest alternately just below the epidermis and inner surface of hollow cylindrical leaves of allium crops, resulting in the formation of discontinuous linear mines (mine form: discontinuous). However, after the fall of 2016, a novel mine form of the same species (mine form: continuous) was detected in Welsh onion fields of Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. We hypothesized that these mine forms were associated with flies having different genetic backgrounds; hence, we compared the mine forms and the partial mtCOI gene of flies collected from Welsh onion fields from 2018 to 2019. The results demonstrated that the flies that emerged from different mine forms could be classified into two haplogroups, i.e., flies displaying a discontinuous mine form were of haplogroup A, whereas those that displayed continuous mines were of haplotype B. Additionally, using populations of these flies reared in the laboratory, we confirmed that the mine form of the larvae of haplotype A on Welsh onions was discontinuous, whereas that of haplotype B was continuous. We named the population that exhibited a discontinuous mine form as biotype A and the population displaying a continuous mine form as biotype B.
Clinical Interpretation Challenges of Germline-Shared Somatic Variants in Cancer
Authors: Park Kyoung-Jin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the interpretation differences of germline-shared somatic variants.

Methods
A total of 123,302 COSMIC variants associated with hematologic malignant neoplasms were used. The pathogenicity and actionability of shared variants were analyzed based on the standardized guidelines.

Results
The overall frequency of variants shared in ClinVar/HGMD and COSMIC was 10%. The pathogenicity of 54 shared variants was pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP; n = 30), variants of unknown significance (n = 3), and benign/likely benign (n = 21). In total, 30 P/LP variants were reclassified to tier I/tier II (83%) and tier III (17%) variants.

Conclusions
This is the first study about different clinical interpretations of shared variants based on the current standard guidelines. This study takes a meaningful step in bridging the interpretation gap between the somatic and germline variants.
Biological relevance and therapeutic potential of G-quadruplex structures in the human noncoding transcriptome
Authors: Tassinari Martina , Richter Sara N , Gandellini Paolo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Noncoding RNAs are functional transcripts that are not translated into proteins. They represent the largest portion of the human transcriptome and have been shown to regulate gene expression networks in both physiological and pathological cell conditions. Research in this field has made remarkable progress in the comprehension of how aberrations in noncoding RNA drive relevant disease-associated phenotypes; however, the biological role and mechanism of action of several noncoding RNAs still need full understanding. Besides fulfilling its function through sequence-based mechanisms, RNA can form complex secondary and tertiary structures which allow non-canonical interactions with proteins and/or other nucleic acids. In this context, the presence of G-quadruplexes in microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs is increasingly being reported. This evidence suggests a role for RNA G-quadruplexes in controlling microRNA biogenesis and mediating noncoding RNA interaction with biological partners, thus ultimately regulating gene expression. Here, we review the state of the art of G-quadruplexes in the noncoding transcriptome, with their structural and functional characterization. In light of the existence and further possible development of G-quadruplex binders that modulate G-quadruplex conformation and protein interactions, we also discuss the therapeutic potential of G-quadruplexes as targets to interfere with disease-associated noncoding RNAs.
Slow real wage growth during the Industrial Revolution: productivity paradox or pro-rich growth?
Authors: Crafts Nicholas 
Published: February 2021

abstractI examine the implications of technological change for productivity, real wages and factor shares during the industrial revolution using recently available data. This shows that real GDP per worker grew faster than real consumption earnings but labour’s share of national income changed little as real product wages grew at a similar rate to labour productivity in the medium term. The period saw modest total factor productivity growth which limited the growth both of real wages and of labour productivity. Economists looking for an historical example of rapid labour-saving technological progress having a seriously adverse impact on labour’s share must look elsewhere.
Chloroplast proteotoxic stress-induced autophagy is involved in the degradation of chloroplast proteins in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Li Nan , Nakamura Sakuya , Ramundo Silvia , Nishimura Yoshiki , Hagihara Shinya , Izumi Masanori 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Intraorganellar proteases and cytoplasmic proteolytic systems such as autophagy orchestrate the degradation of organellar proteins to ensure organelle homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an ideal unicellular model organism for elucidating the mechanisms maintaining proteostasis in chloroplasts. However, the autophagic pathways targeting the photosynthetic organelles of these algae have not been clearly elucidated. Here, we explored the role of autophagy in chloroplast protein degradation in Chlamydomonas cells. We labeled the chloroplast protein Rubisco small subunit (RBCS) with the yellow fluorescent protein Venus in a Chlamydomonas strain in which expression of the chloroplast gene clpP1, encoding a major catalytic subunit of the chloroplast Clp protease, can be conditionally repressed to selectively perturb chloroplast protein homeostasis. We observed transport of both nucleus-encoded RBCS-Venus fusion protein and chloroplast-encoded Rubisco large subunit (rbcL) from the chloroplast to the vacuoles in response to chloroplast proteotoxic stress induced by clpP1 inhibition. This process was retarded by the addition of autophagy inhibitors. Biochemical detection of lytic cleavage of RBCS-Venus supported the notion that Rubisco is degraded in the vacuoles via autophagy. Electron microscopy revealed vacuolar accumulation of autophagic vesicles and exposed their ultrastructure during repression of clpP1 expression. Treatment with an autophagy activator also induced chloroplast autophagy. These results indicate that autophagy contributes to chloroplast protein degradation in Chlamydomonas cells.
Public Policy Reform and Police Prevention Practice: A Journey Upstream?
Authors: Bland Nick , Calder Amy , Fyfe Nicholas R , Anderson Simon , Mitchell James , Reid Susan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article contributes to a growing body of research on the police reforms in Scotland. It examines the particular place given to prevention in public policy and its impact on police practice. We show how public policy reconfigured the place and purpose of prevention for the police, with a focus on safety, wellbeing, and the prevention of harm. The research draws on qualitative data collected in four areas as part of a 4-year evaluation of the police reforms. We refine a public health typology of prevention and operationalize it empirically for the first time to analyse cases of innovative practice. We distinguish a pattern of prevention practice heavily weighted towards secondary prevention, focused predominantly on issues of crime and disorder. In fewer cases, the police applied primary and tertiary prevention, with a focus on vulnerability and harm. Looking in detail at two cases, we illustrate the importance of collaboration for the police, which created opportunities and brought additional resources and expertise to support new prevention approaches which had a significant impact on effectiveness. The police realized collaborative advantage through common aims, trust-building, and leadership. We do not suggest this demonstrates a transformation in police prevention; it illustrates successful police innovation, and identifies the potential to go further. The implications for policy and practice are to recognize the value to the police of investing in new partnerships. They create opportunities for the police to collaborate, innovate, and focus more sharply on the prevention of harm.
Current algebra, a U(1) gauge theory and the Wess–Zumino–Witten model
Authors: Wadia Spenta R 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this note we realise current algebra with anomalous terms in terms of a $U(1)$ gauge theory, in the space of maps $M$ from $S^1$ into a compact Lie group corresponding to the current algebra. The Wilson loop around a closed curve in $M$ is shown to be the Wess–Zumino–Witten term. This discussion enables a simple understanding of the non-Abelian anomaly in the Schrödinger picture.
Individual differences and changes in lifestyle behaviours predict decreased subjective well-being during COVID-19 restrictions in an Australian sample
Authors: Brindal Emily , Ryan Jillian C , Kakoschke Naomi , Golley Sinead , Zajac Ian T , Wiggins Bonnie 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, social distancing practices were introduced to curb infection rates in many countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of these restrictions on behaviours and well-being and whether individual differences predict changes in well-being.

Methods
Australian adults participated in a cross-sectional, online survey during May 2020. The survey captured demographic information; health behaviours; personality traits; life satisfaction and COVID-19-related attitudes, financial concerns, perceived risks and impacts.

Results
In total, 3745 (86.8% of 4313) participants completed all items. Participants were mostly female (85.7%) and 56.4 years (standard deviation [SD] = 12.6) on average. Over 95.0% of the sample indicated they had been social distancing or isolating. Health behaviours and well-being had generally worsened, with social connections being the most negatively affected. Life satisfaction was significantly lower since restrictions. For changes in life satisfaction, extroversion was a risk factor and openness to experience was a protective factor.

Conclusions
Overall, well-being was negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and associated social distancing particularly in this sample containing mainly older women. In future, it will be crucial to understand why and who may be differentially affected, to encourage behaviours that are protective of well-being.
Betel quid chewing and its prevalence and determinants: data from Myanmar Demographic Health and Survey of 2015–2016
Authors: Aye Yin Min , Hong S A , Thepthien B , Tiraphat S 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough betel quid chewing with tobacco use is one of the major behavioral risk factors for chronic diseases, the prevalence is rather on the increase in Myanmar. This study determined prevalence of betel quid chewing at the national and subnational levels and its associations with tobacco and sociodemographic factors.MethodsThis study is a secondary data analysis of Myanmar demographic health survey 2015–2016 with a total of 11 773 women and 4251 men aged 18–49 years. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression tests were performed.ResultsPrevalence of betel quid chewing was 61.8% in men and 19.5% in women and by regions it ranged from 34 to 82.2% and from 5–8 to 52.9%, respectively. The prevalence of the concurrent use with tobacco was 25.8 and 2.3%, respectively. Women with older age, low education and low wealth and occupation and living with spouse were associated with betel quid chewing, while low education, living with spouse and Myanmar speaker were associated with men. Tobacco use was inversely and positively associated with betel quid chewing in men and women, respectively (P-interaction &lt;0.0001).ConclusionImplementation of culturally sensitive intervention and policies including effective community awareness campaigns for anti-betel quid chewing is strongly recommended in Myanmar.
Combining jobs and motherhood: is it worse when raising children alone?
Authors: Roxo L , Porto G , Perelman J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Paid employment has been shown to benefit childless women’s health, while employed mothers experience poorer health, and more pronounced fatigue. This study measures the association between job characteristics and the health and well-being of employed mothers and the differential susceptibility to job characteristics between coupled and single-parent mothers.

Methods
We used data from the 5th Portuguese National Health Survey from 1649 employed women (aged 25–54) living with a child under 16. We modelled depression (assessed by the Personal Health Questionnaire-8) and self-reported health as a function of job characteristics, adding interaction terms to compare coupled and single-parent mothers, using logistic regressions.

Results
Working part-time was associated with depression (odds ratio (OR) = 3.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.31–3.48) and less-than-good health (OR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.26–1.31), compared to working full time. Compared to high-skill jobs, the likelihood for depression among low-skill occupations was lower among coupled mothers (OR = 0.25, 95%CI = 0.24–0.26), and higher among single-parent mothers (OR = 1.75, 95%CI = 1.54–1.99). Unstable jobs were associated with depression among coupled mothers.

Conclusions
Part-time jobs are detrimental for mothers’ mental health, but high-skilled jobs are protective for single-parent mothers. Part-time and unstable jobs are linked to poorer self-reported health among coupled mothers. Results question the gendered arrangements that may face employed coupled mothers.
Mindfulness as key in easing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy
Authors: Capulong Harvey Gain M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The public’s trust in the COVID-19 vaccination program is still a problem, especially in the Philippines. Many have suggested that the government and even healthcare workers should exhaust all their efforts to educate the public about the nature of the vaccines. However, rebuilding public trust is not only a governmental concern, but should also be taken as a personal responsibility. Thus, this paper argues that mindfulness through critical thinking is a necessary key in boosting the vaccination program.
Leadership: towards equitable COVID-19 vaccination
Authors: del Castillo Fides A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Transformational leaders can lead the society towards equitable access to COVID-19 vaccination. They prioritize most the public health’s well-being, including the poor and the most vulnerable. Thus, authentic leaders can work through a public health crisis’s maelstrom. Through service and inspiration, the community can help out, collaborate and find solutions to mitigate the ill-effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.