bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting interleukin‐1 for reversing fat browning and muscle wasting in infantile nephropathic cystinosis
Authors: Cheung Wai W. , Hao Sheng , Zheng Ronghao , Wang Zhen , Gonzalez Alex , Zhou Ping , Hoffman Hal M. , Mak Robert H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundCtns−/− mice, a mouse model of infantile nephropathic cystinosis, exhibit hypermetabolism with adipose tissue browning and profound muscle wasting. Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐1 trigger inflammatory cascades and may be an important cause for cachexia. We employed genetic and pharmacological approaches to investigate the effects of IL‐1 blockade in Ctns−/− mice.MethodsWe generated Ctns−/− Il1β−/− mice, and we treated Ctns−/− and wild‐type control mice with IL‐1 receptor antagonist, anakinra (2.5 mg/kg/day, IP) or saline as vehicle for 6 weeks. In each of these mouse lines, we characterized the cachexia phenotype consisting of anorexia, loss of weight, fat mass and lean mass, elevation of metabolic rate, and reduced in vivo muscle function (rotarod activity and grip strength). We quantitated energy homeostasis by measuring the protein content of uncoupling proteins (UCPs) and adenosine triphosphate in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. We measured skeletal muscle fiber area and intramuscular fatty infiltration. We also studied expression of molecules regulating adipose tissue browning and muscle mass metabolism. Finally, we evaluated the impact of anakinra on the muscle transcriptome in Ctns−/− mice.ResultsSkeletal muscle expression of IL‐1β was significantly elevated in Ctns−/− mice relative to wild‐type control mice. Cachexia was completely normalized in Ctns−/− Il1β−/− mice relative to Ctns−/− mice. We showed that anakinra attenuated the cachexia phenotype in Ctns−/− mice. Anakinra normalized UCPs and adenosine triphosphate content of adipose tissue and muscle in Ctns−/− mice. Anakinra attenuated aberrant expression of beige adipose cell biomarkers (UCP‐1, CD137, Tmem26, and Tbx1) and molecules implicated in adipocyte tissue browning (Cox2/Pgf2α, Tlr2, Myd88, and Traf6) in inguinal white adipose tissue in Ctns−/− mice. Moreover, anakinra normalized gastrocnemius weight and fiber size and attenuated muscle fat infiltration in Ctns−/− mice. This was accompanied by correction of the increased muscle wasting signalling pathways (increased protein content of ERK1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK, and nuclear factor‐κB p65 and mRNA expression of Atrogin‐1 and Myostatin) and the decreased myogenesis process (decreased mRNA expression of MyoD and Myogenin) in the gastrocnemius muscle of Ctns−/− mice. Previously, we identified the top 20 differentially expressed skeletal muscle genes in Ctns−/− mice by RNAseq. Aberrant expression of these 20 genes have been implicated in muscle wasting, increased energy expenditure, and lipolysis. We showed that anakinra attenuated 12 of those top 20 differentially expressed muscle genes in Ctns−/− mice.ConclusionsAnakinra may provide a targeted novel therapy for patients with infantile nephropathic cystinosis.
Overview of the epidemiological conditions of HIV among key populations in Africa
Authors: Jin Harry , Restar Arjee , Beyrer Chris 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionDespite extraordinary progress in HIV treatment coverage and expanding access to HIV prevention services and that multiple African countries are on track in their efforts to reach 90‐90‐90 goals, the epidemic continues to persist, with prevalence and incidence rates too high in some parts of the continent to achieve epidemic control. While data sources are improving, and research studies on key populations in specific contexts have improved, work on understanding the HIV burdens and barriers to services for these populations remains sparse, uneven and absent altogether in multiple settings. More data have become available in the last several years, and data published in 2010 or more recently are reviewed here for each key population. This scoping review assesses the current epidemiology of HIV among key populations in Africa and the social and political environments that contribute to the epidemic, both of which suggest that without significant policy reform, these epidemics will likely continue.Results and discussionAcross Africa, the HIV epidemic is most severe among key populations including women and men who sell or trade sex, men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, transgender women who have sex with men and prisoners and detainees. These groups account for the majority of new infections in West and Central Africa, and an estimated 25% of new infections in East and Southern Africa, despite representing relatively small proportions of those populations. The HIV literature in Africa emphasizes that despite significant health needs, key populations experience barriers to accessing services within the healthcare and legal justice systems. Current shortcomings of surveillance systems in enumerating key populations impact the way funding mechanisms and resources are allocated and distributed. Adapting more equitable and epidemiologically sound frameworks will be necessary for current and future HIV programming investments.ConclusionsThrough this review, the available literature on HIV epidemiology among key populations in Africa brings to light a number of surveillance, programmatic and research gaps. For many communities, interventions targeting the health and security conditions continue to be minimal. Compelling evidence suggests that sweeping policy and programmatic changes are needed to effectively tackle the persistent HIV epidemic in Africa.
Current allocations and target apportionment for HIV testing and treatment services for marginalized populations: characterizing PEPFAR investment and strategy
Authors: Jones Austin , Honermann Brian , Lankiewicz Elise , Sherwood Jennifer , Millett Greg 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is a large bilateral funder of the global HIV response whose policy decisions on key populations (KPs) programming determine the shape of the key populations’ response in many countries. Understanding the size and relative share of PEPFAR funds going to KPs and the connection between PEPFAR’s targets and resulting programming is crucial for successfully serving key populations.MethodsPublicly available PEPFAR budgets for key populations’ services were assessed by country and geographical region for all 52 countries with budget data in fiscal year (FY) 2020. For the 23 countries which completed a full planning process in FY 2018 and 2019, PEPFAR targets for HIV testing and treatment initiation for key populations were assessed. Expenditures for KP programming were calculated to determine whether shifts in targets translated into programming. Implementing partners were characterized by the level of specialization using the share of assigned targets made up by KPs. The average target per year and implementing partner was calculated for each KP group and indicator.ResultsPEPFAR country KP budgets ranged from US$35,000 to $15.2 million, and the proportion of funding to key populations varied by region, with Eastern and Southern African countries having the lowest proportion. Between FY 2018 and 2019, the KP targets for HIV testing and treatment among KPs increased, whereas expenditures on key populations decreased from US$115.4 to $111.0 million. Of the 11 countries with an increase in HIV testing targets, seven had a decrease in KP expenditures. Of the nine countries with an increase in treatment initiation targets, five had a decrease in KP expenditures. The proportion of targets assigned to partners which do not specialize in key populations increased from FY 2018 to 2019.ConclusionsCurrent key population policies have not resulted in a tight connection between targets and expenditures. This includes assigning a large proportion of key populations programming to partners who do not specialize in key populations, which may weaken the performance management role of the targets. These results signal that a new approach to key populations programming is needed.
Relationships between tibial articular cartilage, in vivo external joint moments and static alignment in end‐stage knee osteoarthritis: A micro‐CT study
Authors: Rapagna Sophie , Roberts Bryant C. , Solomon Lucian B. , Reynolds Karen J. , Thewlis Dominic , Perilli Egon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBiomechanical factors (e.g., joint loading) have a significant role in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, some relationships between in vivo joint loading indices and tibial cartilage thickness are conflicting. This study investigated relationships between pre‐operative in vivo external knee joint moments, joint alignment and regional tibial cartilage thickness using micro‐CT in subjects with end‐stage knee OA. Tibial plateaus from 25 patients that underwent knee replacement for OA were micro‐CT scanned (17 µm/voxel). Prior to surgery, subjects underwent gait analysis to calculate external knee moments. The mechanical axis deviation (MAD) was obtained from pre‐operative radiographs. Cartilage thickness (Cart.Th) was analyzed from micro‐CT images, in anteromedial, anterolateral, posteromedial and posterolateral subregions of interest. Medial‐to‐lateral Cart.Th ratios were also explored. Relationships between Cart.Th and joint loading indices were examined using Pearson's correlations. Significant correlations were found between Cart.Th and joint loading indices, positive anteromedially with the first peak knee adduction moment (r = 0.55, p < 0.01) and external rotation moment (ERM; r = 0.52, p < 0.01), and negative with MAD (r = −0.76, p < 0.001). In the lateral regions, these correlations had opposite signs. The medial‐to‐lateral Cart.Th ratio correlated strongly with ERM (r = 0.63, p = 0.001) and MAD (r = −0.75, p < 0.001). Joint loading indices correlated with regional cartilage thickness values and their medial‐to‐lateral ratios in end‐stage knee OA subjects, with higher regional loads corresponding to thinner cartilage. These relationships have the opposite sign compared to the subchondral bone microarchitecture found in our previous study on the same specimens, which may suggest a complementary bone–cartilage interplay in response to loading.
Raman imaging in corrosion science: High‐temperature oxidation of the zirconium alloys used in the nuclear industry as an example
Authors: Mermoux Michel , Duriez Christian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSuccessive technological improvements have made Raman imaging systems very efficient. Raman imaging applications now cover a wide range of scientific fields, including high‐temperature materials corrosion, also known as dry corrosion. The analysis of the phenomena occurring during corrosion requires knowledge in metallurgy, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, solid‐state chemistry, and physics. Part of this information (crystallographic phases, stress state, oxygen transport, etc.) can be obtained, at least qualitatively, from the analysis of Raman images of the oxidation layer. Throughout this paper, we consider as a prototypal example the oxidation of a particular zirconium alloy, Zircaloy‐4, used in the nuclear industry as cladding materials in light‐water reactors. Through some examples, the aim of the present paper is to describe what kind of information this method can bring, to review its merits and weaknesses. The analysis protocols methods described herein are not exhaustive, but most probably represent a simple way to read and understand the Raman images. These few examples show that rather subtle details that concern phase distribution, strain, and oxygen transport can effectively be captured by this method. Most probably, Raman imaging may be applied to other alloys or systems as well.
Sociodemographic Disparities in Pediatric Cochlear Implantation Access and Use: A Systematic Review
Authors: Omar Mahmoud , Qatanani Anas , Kaleem Syed Z. , McKinnon Brian J. 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesPediatric cochlear implantation (CI) is a multistep process, which exposes a healthcare system's potential weaknesses in ability to deliver timely care to deaf children. The current systematic review aims to determine the sociodemographic disparities that predict pediatric CI access and use among CI candidates and recipients across the world. We hypothesize that sociodemographic factors independently influence CI access and use within a given country.Study DesignSystematic review.MethodsA qualitative systematic review of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases was conducted for studies investigating the association of sociodemographic factors such as race, income, or insurance status with measures of pediatric CI access, such as age at CI or CI rate.ResultsOut of 807 unique abstracts initially retrieved, 39 papers were included in the final qualitative systematic review. Twenty‐seven thousand seven hundred and fifty‐one CI‐candidate children (6,623 CI recipients) were studied in 14 countries, with 21 studies conducted in the United States of America, published within the years of 1993 to 2020.ConclusionSome measures of CI access, such as age at CI and rates of CI, are consistently reported in the CI disparities literature while others such as access to rehabilitation services, willingness to undergo CI, and daily CI use are rarely measured. There are persistently reported disparities in a few key measures of CI access in a few populations, while there are some populations with a paucity of data. Future studies should delineate the nuances in the mechanisms of disparities by conducting multivariable analysis of representative sample data. Laryngoscope, 132:670–686, 2022
Sinonasal Issues After Maxillectomy With Free Flap Reconstruction: Incidence and Clinical Approach
Authors: Lerner David K. , Filimonov Andrey , Filip Peter , Liu Katherine , Russell Stephen , Shah Janki , Spock Todd , Schaberg Madeleine , Del Signore Anthony , Colley Patrick , Govindaraj Satish , Khan Mohemmed Nazir , Iloreta Alfred Marc 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveTo characterize the clinical features associated with sinonasal complaints after maxillectomy with free flap reconstruction as well as propose a screening and treatment algorithm.MethodsRetrospective review of patients who underwent maxillectomy and free flap reconstruction at a tertiary care center.ResultsFifty‐eight patients were included, 25 (43.1%) of them had documented sinonasal complaints postoperatively. Eleven patients subsequently underwent revision surgery for sinonasal complaints. Among the 25 patients with sinonasal complaints, 22 patients (88.0%) had nasal crusting, 17 (68.0%) had nasal obstruction, 12 (48.0%) had rhinorrhea, 9 (36.0%) had facial pain or pressure, and 7 (28.0%) had foul odor. Twenty‐two patients (88.0%) had multiple sinonasal complaints. There was a higher incidence of both sinonasal complaints and surgical intervention in patients who underwent adjuvant radiation, but this was not statistically significant (47.7% vs 28.6%, P = .235; 29.4% vs 7.1%, P = .265).ConclusionsSinonasal complaints are common following free flap reconstruction for a maxillectomy defect and should be screened for at postoperative visits, with early referral to a rhinologist for consideration of endoscopic sinus surgery. Nonsurgical treatment strategies include large‐volume nasal saline irrigations, xylitol irrigations for persistent inflammatory symptoms, and culture‐directed antibiotic irrigations for persistent infectious symptoms.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 132:67–72, 2022
Open‐Path Dual‐Comb Spectroscopy for Multispecies Trace Gas Detection in the 4.5–5 µm Spectral Region
Authors: Giorgetta Fabrizio R. , Peischl Jeff , Herman Daniel I. , Ycas Gabriel , Coddington Ian , Newbury Nathan R. , Cossel Kevin C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOpen‐path dual‐comb spectroscopy provides multispecies atmospheric gas concentration measurements with high precision. Here, open‐path dual‐comb spectroscopy is extended to the mid‐infrared 5 µm atmospheric window, enabling atmospheric concentration retrievals of the primary greenhouse gases, N2O, CO2, and H2O, as well as the criteria air pollutants O3 and CO across 600 m and 2 km round‐trip paths. Measurements are demonstrated over a five‐day period at 2 min temporal resolution with 80% uptime. The achieved precision is sufficient to resolve the atmospheric concentration variations of the multiple gas species; retrieved dry mixing ratios of CO and N2O are in good agreement with a colocated point sensor. In addition, the retrieved ratio of excess CO versus CO2 agrees with similar urban studies but disagrees with the US National Emission Inventory by a factor of 3. The retrieved ratio of excess N2O versus CO2 exhibits a plume‐dependent value, indicating the variability of sources of the greenhouse gas N2O.
Reliability of DNMSQuest as a Screening Tool for Mood Disorders in Cervical Dystonia
Authors: Rafee Shameer , Ndukwe Ihedinachi , O'Riordan Sean , Hutchinson Michael 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe high prevalence of mood disorders in cervical dystonia, often unaddressed in botulinum toxin clinics, is a major factor in impaired quality of life. There is a clear need for a brief screening method for identifying these disorders; the Dystonia non‐motor symptoms questionnaire (DNMSQuest) has been proposed as such.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the practical utility of the DNMSQuest and compare it with validated rating scales for anxiety, depression and quality of life.MethodsIn 88 patients with cervical dystonia, we compared results from the DNMSQuest with mood rating scales [Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Index (BDI‐II) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)], quality of life measures [European Quality of Life (EQOL) and European Quality of Life Visual Analogue Scale (EQOLVAS)] and with assessments of dystonia severity [Cervical Dystonia Impact Profile‐58 (CDIP58) and Toronto Western Rating Scale for Spasmodic Torticollis (TWSTRS)].ResultsUsing a cut off score on the DNMSQuest of 5, we noted that DNMSQuest had a sensitivity of 85% for detecting anxiety and depression using the BAI and BDI‐II, and 76% and 78% for anxiety and depression respectively using the HADS. The DNMSQuest correlated strongly with BAI (ρ = 0.715), BDI‐II (ρ = 0.658), HADS‐Anxiety (ρ = 0.616), HADS‐Depression (ρ = 0.706), EQOL (ρ = 0.653) and CDIP‐58 (ρ = 0.665).ConclusionThe DNMSQuest is a brief, sensitive and non‐specific instrument for identifying patients that warrant further review for anxiety and depression and can easily be implemented in a neurologist‐run botulinum toxin clinic.
A case study on the assessment of RF switch and splitter options for coupling of transceiver modules to bidirectional antennas employed in linear wireless sensor networks
Authors: Dalveren Yaser , Durukan Ahmet Mert , Kara Ali 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecently, a concept of linear wireless sensor networks (LWSNs) has attracted much attention. For such networks, one of the key challenges in sensor node design is to couple transceiver modules with bidirectional antennas placed back‐to‐back for opposite radiation. As is known, simply, this can be achieved by using well‐known coupling options like radio frequency (RF) switch or splitter. However, it is important to decide between two seemingly equally good options according to the system requirements such as RF performance, power consumption, and cost. Therefore, this study aims to comparatively assess these options from the system level point of view to find out what advantages or disadvantages either provides as per the other from widespread use of them in a LWSN‐based cathodic protection monitoring of oil and natural gas pipelines in extreme environments. Preliminary field tests are also conducted to validate the efficiency of coupling options for LWSN links. Results show that RF splitter offers low power consumption and cost whereas RF switch has advantages of low loss. Thus, it is believed that this study may provide useful insights to design bidirectional sensor links for LWSNs.
Comparison of continuous sampling with active noise cancelation and sparse sampling for cortical and subcortical auditory functional MRI
Authors: Dewey Rebecca S. , Hall Deborah A. , Plack Christopher J. , Francis Susan T. 
Published: July 2021

PurposeDetecting sound‐related activity using functional MRI requires the auditory stimulus to be more salient than the intense background scanner acoustic noise. Various strategies can reduce the impact of scanner acoustic noise, including “sparse” temporal sampling with single/clustered acquisitions providing intervals without any background scanner acoustic noise, or active noise cancelation (ANC) during “continuous” temporal sampling, which generates an acoustic signal that adds destructively to the scanner acoustic noise, substantially reducing the acoustic energy at the participant’s eardrum. Furthermore, multiband functional MRI allows multiple slices to be collected simultaneously, thereby reducing scanner acoustic noise in a given sampling period.MethodsIsotropic multiband functional MRI (1.5 mm) with sparse sampling (effective TR = 9000 ms, acquisition duration = 1962 ms) and continuous sampling (TR = 2000 ms) with ANC were compared in 15 normally hearing participants. A sustained broadband noise stimulus was presented to drive activation of both sustained and transient auditory responses within subcortical and cortical auditory regions.ResultsRobust broadband noise‐related activity was detected throughout the auditory pathways. Continuous sampling with ANC was found to give a statistically significant advantage over sparse sampling for the detection of the transient (onset) stimulus responses, particularly in the auditory cortex (P < .001) and inferior colliculus (P < .001), whereas gains provided by sparse over continuous ANC for detecting offset and sustained responses were marginal (p ~ 0.05 in superior olivary complex, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, and auditory cortex).ConclusionsSparse and continuous ANC multiband functional MRI protocols provide differing advantages for observing the transient (onset and offset) and sustained stimulus responses.
„Mona Lisa der Reaktionskinetik“
Authors: Reschetilowski Wladimir 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVor 150 Jahren wurde Max Bodenstein geboren, der Begründer der klassischen Reaktionskinetik. Bei seinen kinetischen und thermodynamischen Untersuchungen der Chlorknallgasreaktion prägte er den Begriff „Kettenreaktion“. Ein wichtiger Förderer seiner Arbeiten war die Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften, in die er im Jahr 1925 schließlich aufgenommen wurde.
Digitalisierung: In der Cloud planen
Authors: Deakins Scott 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDamit Unternehmen in Krisen widerstandsfähig bleiben, müssen sie kritische Prozesspunkte und mögliche Ausfälle früh erkennen, Lieferengpässe schnell ausmachen und die Kapazitäten anpassen. Spezielle Software hilft dabei.