bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract 192: Mechano-growth Factor (MGF) and Cerebral Vasospasm (CV) Post Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (aSAH)
Authors: Przybycien-Szymanska Magdalena M , Rackohn Todd M , Yang Yuchen , Ashley William W 
Published: July 2021

Cerebral vasospasm (CV) and related ischemic injury is a major contributor to death and disability after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Our overall goal is to understand molecular mechanisms of action of endogenous mechano-growth factor (MGF), a splice variant of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), in the brain. MGF was found to be neuroprotective after stroke in a gerbil model of ischemic injury and may serve as a potential therapeutic target to prevent CV-induced brain damage. In our studies, we characterized hypoxia induced changes in MGF expression in different brain regions, commonly affected by CV, at different time points (from 2 hours to 7 days) post 4h hypoxia treatments (6, 8,10 or 12% oxygen). The brain regions analyzed were motor cortex, hippocampus, striatum and hypothalamus. In addition, we characterized changes in MGF expression in microparticle (MP) fractions isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) extracted from CV patients. Microparticle fractions were isolated from CSF samples using serial ultracentrifugation. We used real time RT-PCR, western blots, and enzyme immunosorbent assay to quantify changes in gene expression and protein levels.
In the animal model, our results showed that there were time, dose and brain region specific changes in MGF expression that correlated with changes in the expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and biliverdin reductase A, which are molecules involved in neuroprotection, and caspases, apoptotic markers. These results suggest that changes in endogenous MGF due to hypoxia may activate neuroprotective pathways in the brain. In CSF MPs isolated from CV patients, we observed an increase in MGF expression that correlated with the CV onset window and with an increase in HO-1, suggesting that similar pathways are activated post-CV in humans and post-hypoxia in animals. These data indicate that endogenous MGF may play a role in CV onset and may be a neuroprotective target in CV papteins. However, further studies are required to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of MGF and its exact role in CV development and patient outcome.
Abstract TP373: Tracts Enfolded by Small Hematomas Remain Intact in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: McCourt Rebecca , Guinand Taurian , Gioia Laura , Kate Mahesh , Treit Sarah , Beaulieu Christian , Butcher Ken 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Mortality can be predicted by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) volume, but motor recovery in survivors is variable. Motor impairment is likely related to the spatial relationship between the hematoma and corticospinal tract (CST). Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) tractography can be used to visualize white matter tracts in three dimensions. We hypothesized that the interaction between the hematoma and CST would predict motor impairment in ICH patients.

Methods:
ICH patients with small-moderate hematomas were prospectively imaged with CT and DTI within 14 days of onset. Hematoma volume was assessed on CT using planimetric techniques. Three-dimensional recreations of the ipsilateral CST and the hematoma were made for each patient. The CST was categorized by interaction with the ICH as CST: Unaffected, Displaced, Partially Severed, Completely Severed, and Splitting the ICH. Motor function was classified as 'good' (NIHSS motor subscale 0-2) or 'poor' (3-8).

Results:
Thirty patients (mean age 68±13) underwent CT at a median (IQR) of 2.3 (3.5)h and DTI at 2.0 (3.6, range 0.6-13) days. Median hematoma volume was 8.2 (23) ml.

Lesion distribution was: lobar 11 (37%), basal ganglia 18 (60%), brainstem 1 (3%). CSTs were primarily Displaced (n=9) or Unaffected (8), with the remainder being Partially Severed (4), Completely Severed (5), and Splitting the ICH (4). The latter 4 (13%) patients had small (<6ml, median 2.5 [3.0] ml) basal ganglia bleeds which enfolded the intact CST.
Motor score at Day 7 was good in 50% of patients. Good outcome was seen in 8 (100%) Unaffected, 4 (44%) Displaced, 1 (25%) Partially Severed, 0 (0%) Severed and 2 (50%) Splitting the ICH patients. Logistic regression indicated that good motor score was predicted by CST category (r=2.3, p=0.016).

Conclusion:
CST integrity can be maintained when enfolded by small basal ganglia bleeds. Diffusion tractography patterns may be useful for predicting motor scores in small to moderate-sized hematomas.
“A Winged but Grounded Bird”: Morrison’s Mixed Treatment of Animality in The Bluest Eye
Authors: Warner Rachel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This literary analysis of Toni Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye (1970), answers the call issued by scholars in the growing interdisciplinary field of animal studies to privilege nonhuman animal others as its central analytical focus. It thus examines the productive and harmful overlaps between Black subjects and animality and determines how Morrison speaks to both a history of racist dehumanization as well as manners of ameliorating such oppression. In prioritizing the intersection of human subjectivity and nonhuman others, the article explores new models for human-animal relationships, including animals as sensual partners and animals as looking subjects. Ultimately, this article looks to Morrison’s canonical novel portraying the scapegoating practices that can destroy Black girlhood to unearth the profound significance of nonhuman others to language, history, and communities.
Use of landmarks for nest site choice and small-scale navigation to the nest in birds
Authors: Slagsvold Tore , Wiebe Karen L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Nest sites of animals are often concealed to keep vulnerable offspring from being detected by predators. Parents may use landmarks near the nest to relocate it quickly. We allowed blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) to choose between two nest boxes fixed on the same tree with either none, the same, or different white painted markings. Surprisingly, the female brought material to both boxes and sometimes laid eggs in both. In a second experiment, we let pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) and great tits (Parus major) become familiar with a marking on the initial nest box and then let them choose between two new nest boxes erected on different, nearby trees. Neither species preferred the box with the matching mark. In nature, the birds may locate the correct entrance of a cavity using other landmarks near the nest opening, like branches and the height of the cavity opening above the ground.
The development of the Imperfect in Ancient Greek from simple past to imperfective as a blocking phenomenon
Authors: Hollenbaugh Ian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article seeks to combine the viewpoints of formal semantics and pragmatics, typology, historical linguistics, and philology, in order to give a diachronic overview of the semantic and pragmatic changes observable for the Imperfect indicative within the recorded history Greek. Since its development does not adhere to typologically expected stages of semantic change, I provide a pragmatic account by taking into consideration not only the Imperfect but also the rest of the past-tense system of Greek, namely the Aorist and Perfect. With this holistic approach, I am able to motivate a development that is otherwise typologically anomalous.
Exceptional Papers for Exceptional Needs: Travel Patents, Identification, and Mobility in the Early Modern Mediterranean
Authors: Hathaway Ian F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This essay explores a collection of over two thousand “travel patents” issued during the sixteenth century by the chanceries of the Republic of Venice and the Order of St. John of Rhodes and Malta. Far from being the equivalent of modern passports, these papers were ad hoc concessions of exceptional travel rights. The article’s systematic comparative approach shows that magistrates in Venice and Malta used travel patents to promote the circulation of valuable people and goods in response to both exceptional and recurring mobility needs. However, these letters were not only an expression of princely desire to “control the legitimate means of movement,” but also tokens of a convergence of administrative and individual interests that worked together, from above and from below, to address contingent mobility challenges.
Culpa Levissima and the Eclipse of Strict Liability
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In Roman law, as interpreted by the medieval jurists, in a gratuitous loan (commodatum), the borrower was liable for culpa levissima, failure to use be as diligent as “most diligent” (diligentissimus). It would seem, then, that a person could be liable for conduct that he could not help. That consequence troubled the medieval canonists a person would then be liable who had not sinned. It troubled the late scholastics because a person would then be liable for an accident, which was not a violation of commutative justice. Some concluded that liability for culpa levissima was a creature of positive law, based on pragmatic considerations but with no grounding in principle. There was another explanation glimpsed by the late scholastics and by Hugo Grotius: commutative justice requires that one who borrows gratuitously indemnify the lender against any loss. Unfortunately, in the following centuries, that explanation was lost from sight.
Grotius’s Position on Implied Servitudes by Means of Destinatione Patris Familias
Authors: van Hoof Vincent 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
According to Grotius in his Inleiding (2.36.6), the actual use of two houses by the same owner could lead to the implied grant of a servitude if he transferred one of the houses to someone else, ‘without any mention either the one way or the other’. Various interpretations of this text exist, but the consensus is lacking. In this article, the author investigates the meaning and influence of Grotius’s position on implied servitudes in both his time and the following centuries. This research shows how Grotius’s opinion progressed from Bartolus’s approach to implied servitudes and sheds new light on the creation of servitudes by means of destinatione patris familias in the Netherlands.
Replacing Sharīʿa, Ṭarīqa and Ḥaqīqa with Fiqh, Akhlāq and Tawḥīd
Authors: Asghari Seyed Amir Hossein 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Shaykh Muḥammad Bahārī (1265/1849–1325/1907), aside from being a Shīʿite cleric (mujtahid), was a scholar and follower of Sufism. He was a disciple of Mullā Ḥusayn-Qulī Hamadānī (1239/1824–1311/1894) in ʿirfān (gnosis) in the Shīʿī seminary. In his treatise on spiritual wayfaring, Tadhkirat al-muttaqīn, Bahārī represents a triad of jurisprudence (fiqh), ethics (akhlāq) and monotheism (tawhīd). In his terms, fiqh is an introduction to ʿamal (practice), practice is an introduction to the refinement of character (tahdhīb akhlāq), and akhlāq is an initial step to tawḥīd (the assertion of God’s unity). This paper examines the intersection of Shīʿī and Sufi spiritual movements within the Shīʿī seminary. It demonstrates that Bahārī sought to reframe mystical thought to present it as more acceptable to the Shīʿī seminary, which was characterized by rigid interpretations of Islamic law. This paper also studies the development of the Ẕahabiyya esoteric school within the Shīʿī seminary by tracing the Sufi chain of Bahārī and his masters.
Walāya between Lettrism and Astrology
Authors: Mansouri Mohammad Amin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article examines Sayyid Ḥaydar Āmulī’s occult narratives of sainthood (al-walāya) with a focus on his Naṣṣ al-nuṣūṣ fī sharḥ al-fuṣūṣ, a voluminous commentary on Ibn al-ʿArabī’s (d. 638/1240) Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam. I argue that Āmulī uses lettrism, astrology, and alchemy to construct occult narratives that advocate for the supremacy of sainthood over prophecy (al-nubuwwa). I first examine the relation between Āmulī’s lettrism and Shiʿism by concentrating on Shiʿi narratives about the mysterious occult books, Jafr and Jāmiʿa, that are transformed into the macrocosmic and microcosmic books in Āmulī’s work. The focus then shifts to Āmulī’s analysis of the complex relation between alif, bāʾ, and the dot written under bāʾ as the first three components of the basmala formula. As will be seen, Āmulī uses astrology in a similar fashion to illustrate the supremacy of sainthood by associating the heavenly planets with prophecy and the zodiacal signs with sainthood. He also draws on alchemy, or what he identifies as “spiritual alchemy (al-kīmiyāʾ al-maʿnawī),” to argue for the supremacy of sainthood.
The Trade-Off Between Mandatory and Voluntary Disclosure: Evidence From Oil Companies’ Risk Reporting
Authors: Arena Claudia , Bozzolan Saverio , Imperatore Claudia 
Published: July 2021

Theoretical propositions suggest that mandatory and voluntary disclosures are related. Empirical studies focusing on this relationship provide mixed evidence as they found that mandatory and voluntary disclosures are either complements or substitutes. Relying on a proprietary, hand-collected database about the risk disclosure of oil companies, we find that voluntary risk disclosure increases with the level of mandatory risk disclosure up to a threshold above which companies reduce their voluntary disclosures. We also find that this relationship depends on the firm-level uncertainty, and it is sharpened in the presence of high exposure to liquidity risk. Overall, our results contribute to the debate on whether and on which level disclosure should be regulated. JEL Classification: M41, G14
Search and Communication About Origins in Internationally Adopted Young Adults in Spain: A Phenomenological Perspective
Authors: Martín Nerea , Corral Susana 
Published: July 2021

Adoption is considered a lifelong process for those involved in it. In this vein, adoptees’ lives seem to be impacted by their origins and every experience that occurred before their adoption. The aim of this study is to explore adult adoptees’ experience with respect to their adoptive condition, communication about origins, and search for their origins. In this study, 11 adult adoptees took part, 10 women and one man aged between 18 and 26 years. Interviews were conducted to examine participants’ experiences, which were subsequently analyzed following interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results showed that most of the participants experience an open communication about origins and adoption with their parents and their environment. However, participants pointed to the existence of some limits in such communication. Participants noted a similar experience with respect to search. Based on the results, future studies should focus on the study of adoption in different stages of adulthood.
Navigated single-capture 3D and cross-sectional wide-field OCT of the mid and peripheral retina and vitreoretinal interface
Authors: Stanga Paulo Eduardo , Pastor-Idoate Salvador , Reinstein Ursula , Vatas Pooja , Patel Umangi , Dubovy Sander , Reinstein Dan Z , Zahavi Ori 
Published: July 2021

Purpose: Assess the mid and peripheral neuroretina and vitreoretinal interface using a novel Navigated Single-Capture 3D and Cross-Sectional Wide-Field Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography (WF SS-OCT) technology with correlation to Multi-Wavelength Ultra-Widefield Imaging (MW UWFI) and Histopathology reference. Methods: Retrospective observational study. A total of 74 patients (148 eyes) were imaged using WF SS-OCT and Navigated Single-Capture twelve 23 mm cross-sectional radial scan pattern at 15° intervals. Image diagnosis included: congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, choroidal nevus, ora serrata pearls, retinal tuft, lattice, snail track, cobblestone degeneration, retinal hole, retinal tear, degenerative retinoschisis, peripheral laser retinopexy, white without pressure, vitreous floaters, subclinical peripheral rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD), and tractional RD in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. WF SS-OCT images were correlated with MW UWFI and histopathological references where available. Results: WF SS-OCT successfully imaged structural features in all diagnoses with significant improvement in diagnostic capability and increased the diagnosis of specific features such as vitreoretinal attachment, full thickness hole or tear and subretinal fluid. Histopathological correlation was available for five (5) different peripheral retinal pathologies imaged by both WF SS-OCT and MW UWFI and good anatomical correlation was observed in all diagnosis. Conclusions: Navigated Single-Capture 3D and Cross-Sectional WF SS-OCT provides detailed anatomic information of the mid and peripheral neuroretina and vitreoretinal interface, allowing early recognition of vision-threatening features that may influence clinical management, particularly in an era of telemedicine or when there is limited or no access to Indirect Ophthalmoscopy with 360° Scleral Indentation.
Evaluation of choroidal thickness in light-coloured eyes
Authors: Vural Esra , Hazar Leyla , Çağlayan Mehtap , Çelebi Ali Rıza Cenk 
Published: July 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether iris colour is related to the choroidal thickness of healthy individuals. Methods: Healthy participants were divided into two groups. Group 1 had light-coloured eyes (blue and green), and group 2 had dark-coloured eyes (brown). The main outcome measures were iris thickness, subfoveal choroidal thickness and nasal and temporal choroidal thicknesses 500 µm away from the fovea. Results: Group 1 comprised 31 subjects with light-coloured eyes, and group 2 had 31 subjects with dark eyes. The mean ages of groups 1 and 2 were 26.7 ± 7.5 years and 24.1 ± 5.8 years, respectively ( p = 0.14). The choroidal thicknesses of the subfoveal, nasal and temporal regions were 336.3 ± 52.1 µm, 321.9 ± 43.6 µm and 318.4 ± 49.2 µm, respectively, in group 1 and 396.5 ± 76.9 µm, 372 ± 79.3 µm and 379.6 ± 82.4 µm, respectively, in group 2. All the values in group 1 were statistically lower than those in group 2 ( p = 0.001, p = 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively). The iris thickness in group 1 (493.73 ± 95.44 µm) was thinner than in group 2 (524.61 ± 69.74 µm) but not statistically significant ( p = 0.141). Conclusion: The results showed that a thinner choroid can be seen in disease-free light-coloured eyes. The iris colour should be considered among the factors affecting the choroidal thickness, such as age, sex, race and refractive error.
Exercise Behaviors and Beliefs Among Pregnant Women in Rural Communities
Authors: Stickford Abigail S. L. , Taylor Emma K. , Rodriguez Danna V. , Stroup Sarah , Nunnery Danielle L. 
Published: July 2021

Exercise during pregnancy is safe and beneficial; however, most pregnant women do not meet evidence-based exercise recommendations. Further, data on pregnant women’s physical activity are largely limited to women living in urban environments. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to examine beliefs and behaviors regarding exercise during pregnancy in pregnant and postpartum women living in rural communities. Methods. Surveys were distributed in healthcare settings and via social media to pregnant and postpartum (< 3 months) women living in rural communities. Results. Seventy-five women (28.1 ± 5.4 year) participated. Nearly all believed light (96%) and moderate (89%) intensity exercise are safe to perform during pregnancy, while fewer agreed vigorous intensity (52%) or resistance (40%) exercise is safe. Most (88%) believed women can continue their exercise regimen, and 73% believed that previously inactive women can begin training while pregnant. Only one-third of women met recommendations for cardiorespiratory exercise. The majority (66%) never engaged in vigorous exercise, and most (73%) did not participate in resistance exercise. Conclusion. Pregnant women in rural communities participate in light intensity exercise, but are largely not meeting guidelines for aerobic or resistance training. Knowledge related to safe exercises, particularly resistance training, during pregnancy is limited. Targeted education and programmatic planning are needed in this population regarding exercise guidelines.
“I’m Gonna Hang on to These As Long As I Can”: Examining the Perspectives and Knowledge of Oral Health Issues of Older Adults Living Independently
Authors: Hardgraves Virginia M. , Henry Leah J. , Patton Susan K. 
Published: July 2021

Purpose: Advantages of fluoridated water, dental insurance, and greater awareness of preventive oral healthcare allow many adults in today’s aging cohort to maintain their teeth into their advanced years. The purpose of this study was to describe attitudes, expectations, knowledge, and intentions related to oral health issues from the experiences of older adults living independently in a largely rural south central state. Methods: A qualitative analysis guided by behavioral constructs of the Reasoned Action Approach was utilized to conduct semi-structured interviews of a purposeful sample of adults age 65 years and older living independently. Results: Participant data (N = 26) revealed 5 themes: difficulties accessing dental care; active coping; taking care of your mouth as part of overall health; interactions affecting oral health–related quality of life; and supporting roles. Overall, the intention to attain dental care was affected by the perceived need to prioritize many health issues over oral care. An overarching expectation to have affordable basic services available pervaded. Conclusion: The perceptions of participants reflect socioeconomic determinants that could be influenced through improved health literacy education focused on establishing a greater understanding of the oral systemic link especially as it relates to diabetes.
Platelet distribution width in young patients with chronic venous insufficiency
Authors: Aldemir Mustafa , Yuksel Ahmet , Inanir Mehmet , Metin Salih , Velioglu Yusuf , Deser Serkan Burc , Emren Sadık Volkan 
Published: July 2021

Objective Platelet distribution width (PDW) has been reported in a wide range of pathological settings. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between PDW and lower extremity chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) by comparing the levels of PDW and other parameters derived from complete blood count (CBC) tests in young individuals with or without lower extremity CVI. Methods This prospective clinical study was conducted between January 2020 and December 2020. A total of 108 patients, 72 patients with lower extremity CVI (study group) and 36 healthy volunteers (control group) were enrolled from the Bursa Yuksek Ihtısas Educatıon Research Hospıtal and the Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Training and Research Hospital. The age range of the participants was between 18 and 50 years old. Participants’ baseline clinical features and CBC parameters including PDW, white blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, red cell distribution width, neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet count, mean platelet volume, plateletcrit, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio were compared between the two groups. Results The groups were statistically similar in terms of baseline clinical features. The median PDW value was significantly higher for the CVI patients relative to the control group (17.6 vs 16.8; p < 0.001). In terms of other CBC parameters, there were no significant differences between the groups. According to ROC analysis, area under the curve of PDW was 0.749 (95% confidence interval: 0.653–0.846 and p < 0.001). If the value of PDW was accepted as 17, it could predict CVI with 76% sensitivity and 59% specificity, whereas a PDW value of 17.5 could predict CVI with 51% sensitivity and 81% specificity. Conclusion Platelet distribution width might be a useful marker to determine an increased inflammatory response and thrombotic status in young patients with CVI.