bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of dexmedetomidine on the function of distal organs and oxidative stress after lower limb ischaemia–reperfusion in elderly patients undergoing unilateral knee arthroplasty
Authors: Lu Sunshan , Chen Xingtong , Chen Qian , Cahilog Zhen , Hu Lili , Chen Yan , Cao Jian , Ning Jiaolin , Yi Bin , Lu Kaizhi , Gu Jianteng 
Published: March 2021

AimsThis study aims to evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine on organ function, inflammation response, and oxidative stress in elderly patients following iatrogenic lower limb ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) during unilateral total knee arthroplasty.MethodsFollowing unilateral total knee arthroplasty, 54 elderly patients were randomized to receive either intraoperative intravenous injection of dexmedetomidine (n = 27) or equivalent volume of 0.9% saline (n = 27). Blood samples were harvested at 5 minutes before lower limb tourniquet release (baseline); and 1, 6 and 24 hours after tourniquet release. Surrogate markers of cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic and renal function, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, along with parasympathetic and sympathetic activity were recorded and analysed.ResultsThe levels of blood xanthine oxidase, creatine kinase, lactic acid and respiratory index increased in patients following tourniquet‐induced lower limb IR injury. Dexmedetomidine administration decreased the respiratory index (P = .014, P = .01, and P = .043) and the norepinephrine level (P < .001) at 1, 6 and 24 hours; and decreased the xanthine oxidase level (P = .049, P < .001) at 6 and 24 hours after tourniquet release compared with the Control group. Other measurements, including creatine kinase isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, urea nitrogen, glutamic–oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic–pyruvic transaminase, malondialdehyde, interleukin‐1, interleukin‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐α, were not statistically significantly different between the 2 groups.ConclusionsIntraoperative dexmedetomidine administration in elderly patients dampens the deterioration in respiratory function and suppresses the oxidative stress response in elderly patients following iatrogenic lower limb IR injury.
Individuals with schizophrenia display behaviour inconsistent with learned social impressions during a gambling task
Authors: Lokey Savannah B. , Iwanski Colin M. , Demos Alexander P. , Herbener Ellen S. 
Published: March 2021

Many studies of social perception and judgement have required individuals to make evaluations of social parameters based on static presentations of social stimuli. In the current study, we assessed whether individuals with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder and community controls differed in their judgements of others based on a series of computerized encounters designed to simulate impression formation over time. Twenty‐eight community controls and 29 individuals with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder completed 25 gambling interactions with three different computer partners. After interacting with each partner, subjects rated how much they liked, trusted, and would like to play again with each partner. Results indicated that while individuals with schizophrenia rated the three partners differently (evaluating partners who returned more money higher than partners who returned less money), they did not adjust their gambling strategies with the different partners. Community controls adjusted the amount of money they gambled with the different partners, gambling more with partners that returned more money and gambling less with partners who returned less money, despite not rating the neutral and positive partners significantly differently from one another. These results suggest differences in behavioural strategies and social evaluation practices between community controls and individuals with schizophrenia.Practitioner Points

Schizophrenia (SZ) and community control (CC) participants evaluate virtual partners on a gambling task in accordance with their behaviour (e.g., positive > neutral > negative in terms of trustworthiness, how much they liked them, and the likelihood that they would play with that individual again).

Individuals with schizophrenia gambled equally with neutral, negative, and positive partner.

Individuals with schizophrenia demonstrate an intact ability to form social impressions based on others’ behaviour.

However, subsequent behaviour does not parallel the formed impression (i.e., changing their gambling amount so that they are betting less money with a virtual partner they know is untrustworthy).
What makes a physical education teacher? Personal characteristics for physical education development
Authors: Schnitzius Melina , Kirch Alina , Spengler Sarah , Blaschke Simon , Mess Filip 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundThe physical education (PE) teacher is a decisive factor for PE development and teaching. Reflecting on and making the best possible use of the PE teachers’ personal resources positively influence teacher effectiveness and student achievement. This requires a comprehensive analysis of PE teachers’ personal characteristics.AimsConsequently, this study aimed to describe PE teachers by using an aggregated examination of PE teachers’ synergistic personal characteristics and analysing gender, age, and school type differences.Sample1,163 German PE teachers (61.9% female; M = 43.16 ± 10.8 years) from six different school types participated in the study.MethodsParticipants completed self‐report questionnaires assessing PE teachers’ General Personality Traits, General Interests, and Motivational Characteristics (Teacher Self‐Efficacy, Enthusiasm, and Interests). Descriptive analyses, between subjects MANOVAs, and univariate ANOVAs with pairwise multiple comparison tests were applied.ResultsMultivariate gender differences occurred for General Personality Traits (η2 = .04), General Interests (η2 = .07), and Motivational Characteristics (η2 = .03); age differences for General Personality Traits (η2 = .03); school type differences for General Personality Traits (η2 = .05); and Motivational Characteristics (η2 = .11). Considering individual dimensions, gender revealed most univariate differences, especially in General Personality Traits and General Interests. School types revealed most univariate differences in Motivational Characteristics.ConclusionThe educational personnel can (1) make use of the PE teachers’ general stable factors by aligning teaching accordingly, for example considering teachers’ gender and (2) specifically foster PE teacher personal development regarding Motivational Characteristics by, for example adapting teacher education or professional training to the particular school type.
Progression of phosphorylated α‐synuclein in Macaca fuscata
Authors: Kawakami Ito , Motoda Atsuko , Hashimoto Masashi , Shimozawa Aki , Masuda‐Suzukake Masami , Ohtani Reiko , Takase Mina , Kumashiro Mari , Samejima Kazuyuki , Hasegawa Masato 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPrion‐like spreading of abnormal proteins is proposed to occur in neurodegenerative diseases, and the progression of α‐synuclein (α‐syn) deposits has been reported in the brains of animal models injected with synthetic α‐syn fibrils or pathological α‐syn prepared from patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). However, α‐syn transmission in nonhuman primates, which are more similar to humans, has not been fully clarified. Here, we injected synthetic human α‐syn fibrils into the left striatum of a macaque monkey (Macaca fuscata). At 3 months after the injection, we examined neurodegeneration and α‐syn pathology in the brain using α‐syn epitope‐specific antibodies, antiphosphorylated α‐syn antibodies (pSyn#64 and pSer129), anti‐ubiquitin antibodies, and anti‐p62 antibodies. Immunohistochemical examination with pSyn#64, pSer129, and α‐syn epitope‐specific antibodies revealed Lewy bodies, massive α‐syn‐positive neuronal intracytoplasmic inclusions (NCIs), and neurites in the left putamen. These inclusions were also positive for ubiquitin and p62. LB509, a human‐specific α‐syn antibody targeting amino acid residues 115–122, showed limited immunoreactivity around the injection site. The left substantia nigra (SN) and the bilateral frontal cortex also contained some NCIs and neurites. The left hemisphere, including parietal/temporal cortex presented sparse α‐syn pathology, and no immunoreactivity was seen in olfactory nerves, amygdala, hippocampus, or right parietal/temporal cortex. Neuronal loss and gliosis in regions with α‐syn pathology were mild, except for the left striatum and SN. Our results indicate that abnormal α‐syn fibrils propagate throughout the brain of M. fuscata via projection, association, and commissural fibers, though the progression of α‐syn pathology is limited.
Changing our view of the Schistosoma granuloma to an ecological standpoint
Authors: Malta Kássia K. , Silva Thiago P. , Palazzi Cinthia , Neves Vitor H. , Carmo Lívia A. S. , Cardoso Simone J. , Melo Rossana C. N. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTSchistosomiasis, a neglected parasitic tropical disease that has plagued humans for centuries, remains a major public health burden. A primary challenge to understanding schistosomiasis is deciphering the most remarkable pathological feature of this disease, the granuloma – a highly dynamic and self‐organized structure formed by both host and parasite components. Granulomas are considered a remarkable example of how parasites evolved with their hosts to establish complex and intimate associations. However, much remains unclear regarding life within the granuloma, and strategies to restrain its development are still lacking. Here we explore current information on the hepatic Schistosoma mansoni granuloma in the light of Ecology and propose that this intricate structure acts as a real ecosystem. The schistosomal granuloma is formed by cells (biotic component), protein scaffolds, fibres, and chemical compounds (abiotic components) with inputs/outputs of energy and matter, as complex as in classical ecosystems. We review the distinct cell populations (‘species’) within the granuloma and examine how they integrate with each other and interact with their microenvironment to form a multifaceted cell community in different space–time frames. The colonization of the hepatic tissue to form granulomas is explained from the point of view of an ecological succession whereby a community is able to modify its physical environment, creating conditions and resources for ecosystem construction. Remarkably, the granuloma represents a dynamic evolutionary system that undergoes progressive changes in the ‘species’ that compose its community over time. In line with ecological concepts, we examine the granuloma not only as a place where a community of cells is settled (spatial niche or habitat) but also as a site in which the functional activities of these combined populations occur in an orchestrated way in response to microenvironmental gradients such as cytokines and egg antigens. Finally, we assert how the levels of organization of cellular components in a granuloma as conventionally defined by Cell Biology can fit perfectly into a hierarchical structure of biological systems as defined by Ecology. By rethinking the granuloma as an integrating and evolving ecosystem, we draw attention to the inner workings of this structure that are central to the understanding of schistosomiasis and could guide its future treatment.
Emergency department use for nontraumatic dental conditions among children and adolescents: NEDS 2014‐2015
Authors: Claiborne Denise M. , Kelekar Uma , Shepherd Jewel Goodman , Naavaal Shillpa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesDespite great efforts to improve paediatric dental care access in the last two decades, the use of emergency departments (ED) for dental conditions among children that are more appropriately addressed in dental offices remains a public health concern in the United States. We examined factors associated with ED visits for nontraumatic dental conditions or NTDCs and ED visits for any other reason among children and adolescents.MethodsA retrospective secondary data analysis of ED visits was conducted using the 2014‐2015 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) data. NTDCs were further categorized as diseases of hard tissue (eg dental caries), pulp/periapical (eg root canal infections), gingival/periodontal (eg conditions that affect the supporting tissues) and other. We included patient/socioeconomic characteristics, disposition, time of visit, and the Grouped Charlson Comorbidity Index (GRPCI) in our analysis. Bivariate associations were tested using chi‐squared test (α = 0.05).ResultsThere were 70 616 194 ED visits in 2014‐15, with 465 353 (0.7%) visits for NTDCs. Statistically significant differences were observed for all patient characteristics tested, except for gender when comparing children visiting the ED for NTDCs and children visiting for any other reason. Medicaid was the expected payer for nearly 60% of all ED visits, and the uninsured shared a larger proportion of NTDC visits (19.4%) than other visits (8.8%). Late adolescents (aged 18‐21) accounted for over 50% of NTDC visits but only one‐fifth of all other types of ED visits. Late adolescents (18‐21 years old) who were uninsured had a significantly higher proportion of NTDC visits. Of all NTDC visits, 19.1% were related to hard tissue disease, 25.3% pulp/periapical, 7.9% periodontal disease, and the remaining were grouped as other dental diseases.ConclusionsThe ED use for NTDCs is more common among late adolescents, Medicaid and uninsured groups. Examining and implementing new approaches that improve access to routine dental care for these groups may help in reducing inefficient ED use related to NTDCs.
Determinants of hypercalciuria and renal calcifications in chronic hypoparathyroidism: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ridder Lukas Ochsner , Harsløf Torben , Sikjær Tanja , Underbjerg Line , Rejnmark Lars 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveHypercalciuria, impaired kidney function and renal calcifications are common in chronic hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT). We aimed to study associations between indices of known importance to the kidney in HypoPT by hypothesizing adverse effects of hypercalciuria on renal outcomes.DesignWe used cross‐sectional design.PatientsWe identified all patients followed for chronic HypoPT at our department and who had been examined by a 24‐h urine collection for measurement of renal calcium excretion (24 h U‐Ca).MeasurementsBy chart review, we identified additional biochemistry measured in close connection with the collection of urine, as well as demographic, treatments and anthropometrics.ResultsThe 166 included patients (79.5% females) had a high prevalence of hypercalciuria (65.7%). In multiple adjusted analyses, hypercalciuria was in an independent manner inversely associated with (residual) levels of plasma PTH and positively associated with levels of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D and ionized calcium as well as 24 h U‐phosphate, gender, and etiology (surgical vs. non‐surgical). Overall, this model explained 54% (p < .001) of the variation in the presence of hypercalciuria. Chronic kidney disease stage three or above was present in 18.3% of the patients, and 42.6% of the 54 patients examined by renal imaging had renal calcifications. However, neither renal function nor renal calcifications were associated with 24 h U‐Ca.ConclusionsHypercalciuria, impaired renal function and renal calcifications are common in hypoparathyroidism. Hypercalciuria is to a large extent explained by indices of known physiological importance to 24 h U‐Ca. However, in the present study, a high renal calcium excretion did not explain renal impairment or kidney calcifications.
At which bone level are implants explanted?
Authors: Wentorp Fionn , Jablonowski Lukasz , Pink Christiane , Holtfreter Birte , Kocher Thomas 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesClear guidelines when to remove an implant are missing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of peri‐implant bone loss at explantation by specialists.Material and MethodsImplantology specialists were asked to provide implants explanted due to peri‐implantitis with related clinical information. Early failures (survival time <12 months) were analyzed separately. Questionnaires inquired age, sex, smoking, implant location, usage of bone substitutes, and implant brand. Explants were measured and bone loss was assessed using radiographs. Covariate‐adjusted mixed‐effects models were evaluated for bone loss and survival time.ResultsTwelve dental offices provided 192 explants from 161 patients with 99 related radiographs. Thirty‐three (17.2%) explants were early failures. Excluding early failures, average survival time was 9.5 ± 5.8 years with absolute and relative bone loss of 7.0 ± 2.7 mm and 66.2 ± 23.7%, respectively. Late failures were removed at mean bone loss of 57.7% in the maxilla and 73.7% in the mandible irrespective of survival time. In fully adjusted mixed‐effects models, only age at implantation (B = −0.19; 95% CI: −0.27, −0.10) remained a significant factor for survival time. Implants exhibited significantly more relative bone loss if they were positioned in the mandible (B = 17.3; 95% CI: 3.91, 30.72) or if they were shorter (B = −2.79; 95% CI: −5.50, −0.08).ConclusionsThough the mean bone loss (66.2%) at which implants were explanted was in accordance with the literature, its wide variation and differentiation between jaws showed that the profession has no universally accepted threshold beyond which an implant cannot be preserved.
A systematic review of the correlation between serum asymmetric dimethylarginine, carotid atherosclerosis and ischaemic stroke
Authors: Qin Zhen , Tang Lisha , Huang Qianyi , Chen Yan , Zhong Wei , Tang Xiangqi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between serum asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and the risk of ischaemic stroke and carotid atherosclerosis in adults.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and other databases for relevant studies on serum ADMA and ischaemic stroke or carotid atherosclerosis, which were published from December 1980 to December 2019. The quality of the included studies was evaluated according to the Cochrane system evaluation standard. The difference in serum ADMA level between ischaemic stroke and control group was selected as the effect size (standardized mean difference, SMD). The pooled analysis was performed using Review Manager (V.5.3).ResultsAccording to the selection criteria, thirteen studies were included in the meta‐analysis after screening. Nine studies compared ADMA levels between the ischaemic stroke group and healthy control group, involving a total of 1315 and 880 subjects in the two groups, respectively. Pooled effect sizes were calculated using the random‐effects model due to the high heterogeneity (I2 = 93%, P < .00001). The level of serum ADMA in patients with ischaemic stroke was significantly higher than that in healthy people (SDM = 0.69, 95% CI [0.32, 1.06], P = .0002). Seven of the thirteen articles compared ADMA levels between the carotid arteriosclerosis group and the healthy control group, with 559 and 330 subjects in the two groups, respectively. The random‐effects model was applied due to the high heterogeneity (I2 = 91%, P < .00001). The level of serum ADMA in patients with carotid arteriosclerosis was significantly higher than that in healthy people (SDM = 1.03, 95% CI [0.49, 1.57], P = .0002).ConclusionThe serum ADMA may be related to ischaemic stroke, and it is a risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis.
Medication strategies in first episode psychosis patients: A survey among psychiatrists
Authors: Kikkert Martijn J. , Veling Wim , de Haan Lieuwe , Begemann Marieke J. H. , de Koning Mariken ,   HAMLETT and OPHELIA Consortium, Sommer Iris E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimThere is an ongoing debate regarding the optimal timing of discontinuation of antipsychotic drugs for patients with first episode psychosis. Although most guidelines recommend maintenance therapy for at least 1 or 2 years after reaching remission, study results indicate that early discontinuation may be beneficial for at least a subsample of patients. To date, little is known about which medication strategies are applied in patients recovering from a first psychotic episode. In this study, we examined the beliefs and practices of clinicians on medication discontinuation.MethodsWe performed a survey among 50 experienced Dutch psychiatrists to assess how often specific treatment strategies have been applied in the past 12 months, as well as their knowledge and expectations with respect to medication discontinuation.ResultsPsychiatrists estimated that, after remission, they continued medication at the same dose for at least 12 months in 51.2% of cases, continued in a reduced dose in 33.8% of cases and discontinued medication in 9.1% of cases after 4.4 months of remission on average. Although the medication is discontinued in only a relatively small proportion of patients, almost half of all clinicians (45.9%) used this strategy at least once in the past 12 months.ConclusionsThere is substantial practice variation in antipsychotic medication strategies after remission from a first psychotic episode. Future research on long‐term effects of early medication discontinuation can guide clinicians in making evidence‐based decisions when treating first‐episode patients.
Experimental evidence that local interactions select against selfish behaviour
Authors: Boots Mike , Childs Dylan , Crossmore Jessica , Tidbury Hannah , Rudolf Volker 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHow social behaviours evolve remains one of the most debated questions in evolutionary biology. An important theoretical prediction is that when organisms interact locally due to limited dispersal or strong social ties, the population structure that emerges may favour cooperation over antagonism. We carry out an experimental test of this theory by directly manipulating population spatial structure in an insect laboratory model system and measuring the impact on the evolution of the extreme selfish behaviour of cannibalism. We show that, as predicted by the theory, Indian meal moth larvae that evolved in environments with more limited dispersal are selected for lower rates of cannibalism. This is important because it demonstrates that local interactions select against selfish behaviour. Therefore, the ubiquitous variation in population structure that we see in nature is a simple mechanism that can help to explain the variation in selfish and cooperative behaviours that we see in nature.