bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Organizations and the Global Social Governance of Pensions
Authors: Heneghan Martin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe chapter on international organizations (IOs) and the global social governance of pensions analyzes the way in which IOs have competed to shape the pensions discourse. It shows how the organizational field has been shaped by the dominant economic paradigm, which has created space for IOs to operate in the policy area. A paradigmatic change creates the environmental conditions for new IOs to enter the field and compete or cooperate with the existing IOs to shape the discourse. The intrinsic features of each IO operating in the pension reform arena will be shown to determine their approach to influencing the pensions discourse and how they respond to rivals entering the field.
Governing Children’s Rights in Global Social Policy—International Organizations and the Thin Line Between Child Protection and Empowerment
Authors: Holzscheiter Anna 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter locates children’s rights in the context of global social governance. Social policy literature has hitherto neglected the centrality of child protection and children’s rights to many key areas of social governance such as education and healthcare. The chapter traces the history of children’s rights as a distinct sphere in international law from the first recognition of the special status of children, to the adoption of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), to the growth of the contemporary complex International Organization (IO) landscape. Children’s rights enjoy growing visibility and relevance and continue to be a cross-cutting issue in international organizations of all kinds, making them a central dimension of global social governance. Nonetheless, the chapter highlights that the growth of the children’s rights agenda has not been without conflict. International norms and measures surrounding children’s rights continue to be challenged and questioned by scholars and practitioners alike. Furthermore, the analysis of children’s rights provides opportunities to reconsider traditional approaches to global social policy.
Urban Governance
Authors: Singleton Alex D. , Spielman Seth E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, we discuss how the availability of new urban data has the potential to transform the governance of cities. Such effects are realized in several ways: by increasing transparency; creating greater scope to appropriately set and measure municipal policy outcomes; and by design of well-planned and managed digital infrastructure, better empower citizens to hold decision-makers to account. However, such potential is not without risks, and without critical reflection, the proliferation of new data and their integration into software delivering algorithmic insight or automation may reproduce or develop new inequalities. We conclude that for digital urban governance to make a future that we want, it is important that we reflect upon how and where these technologies are implemented to ensure these are optimized in favor of the public good.
Urban Pollution
Authors: Nichol Janet E. , Bilal Muhammad , Nazeer Majid , Wong Man Sing 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter depicts the state of the art in remote sensing for urban pollution monitoring, including urban heat islands, urban air quality, and water quality around urban coastlines. Recent developments in spatial and temporal resolutions of modern sensors, and in retrieval methodologies and gap-filling routines, have increased the applicability of remote sensing for urban areas. However, capturing the spatial heterogeneity of urban areas is still challenging, given the spatial resolution limitations of aerosol retrieval algorithms for air-quality monitoring, and of modern thermal sensors for urban heat island analysis. For urban coastal applications, water-quality parameters can now be retrieved with adequate spatial and temporal detail even for localized phenomena such as algal blooms, pollution plumes, and point pollution sources. The chapter reviews the main sensors used, and developments in retrieval algorithms. For urban air quality the MODIS Dark Target (DT), Deep Blue (DB), and the merged DT/DB algorithms are evaluated. For urban heat island and urban climatic analysis using coarse- and medium- resolution thermal sensors, MODIS, Landsat, and ASTER are evaluated. For water-quality monitoring, medium spatial resolution sensors including Landsat, HJ1A/B, and Sentinel 2, are evaluated as potential replacements for expensive routine ship-borne monitoring.
Introduction to Urban Sensing
Authors: Shi Wenzhong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter overviews the urban sensing technologies for unban informatics to be introduced in the subsequent chapters under Part III of this book. To be covered is a wide range of technologies for urban sensing from the space, the air, the ground, the underground, and on individuals, including optical remote sensing, interferometric synthetic aperture radar, light detection and ranging, photogrammetry, underground sensing, mobile mapping, indoor positioning, ambient sensing, and the use of user-generated content.
Introduction to Urban Science
Authors: Batty Michael 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis introduction outlines a portfolio of theory and methods in the chapters that develop a basic urban science for urban informatics. Inductive and deductive methods for generating data, analytics, and urban simulation, form the focus. In this first Part of the book, the emphasis is on mobility, space-time theory, energy and infrastructure, the spatial economy, and the role of modelling in understanding and planning the smart city.
Optical Remote Sensing
Authors: Wong Man Sing , Zhu Xiaolin , Abbas Sawaid , Kwok Coco Yin Tung , Wang Meilian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractApplications of Earth-observational remote sensing are rapidly increasing over urban areas. The latest regime shift from conventional urban development to smart-city development has triggered a rise in smart innovative technologies to complement spatial and temporal information in new urban design models. Remote sensing-based Earth-observations provide critical information to close the gaps between real and virtual models of urban developments. Remote sensing, itself, has rapidly evolved since the launch of the first Earth-observation satellite, Landsat, in 1972. Technological advancements over the years have gradually improved the ground resolution of satellite images, from 80 m in the 1970s to 0.3 m in the 2020s. Apart from the ground resolution, improvements have been made in many other aspects of satellite remote sensing. Also, the method and techniques of information extraction have advanced. However, to understand the latest developments and scope of information extraction, it is important to understand background information and major techniques of image processing. This chapter briefly describes the history of optical remote sensing, the basic operation of satellite image processing, advanced methods of object extraction for modern urban designs, various applications of remote sensing in urban or peri-urban settings, and future satellite missions and directions of urban remote sensing.
Introduction to Urban Big Data Infrastructure
Authors: Goodchild Michael F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides a brief introduction to Part IV of the book and its focus on urban big data infrastructure. Eight chapters (Chaps. 31 to 38) explore the various dimensions of the topic, ranging from massive archives of 3D data and the Internet of Things to spatial search and the social issues of privacy that are raised by big geospatial data.
Geoprivacy, Convenience, and the Pursuit of Anonymity in Digital Cities
Authors: Dobson Jerome E. , Herbert Willam A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCities demand spatial efficiencies that can be achieved only through sharing of information. Current technologies support collection, processing, and dissemination of unprecedented quantities of personal, public, and corporate information. Inherent in this milieu is an inevitable contest among societal efficiency, corporate profits, consumer convenience, personal privacy, and even freedom. The authors examine current trends in technology, data collection, legislation, and public acceptance. They find that without broad specific regulations limiting location data collection and use—including a universal protected right for individuals to pursue anonymity—governments, commercial enterprises, employers, and individuals increasingly will exploit tracking technologies at the expense of geoprivacy.
CityEngine: An Introduction to Rule-Based Modeling
Authors: Kelly Tom 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCityEngine is a rule-based urban modeling software package. It offers a flexible pipeline to transform 2D data into 3D urban models. Typical applications include processing 2D urban cartographic geographic information system (GIS) data to create a detailed 3D city model, creating a detailed visualization of a proposed development, or exploring the design space of a potential project. The rule-based core of Esri’s CityEngine has some unique advantages: Huge cities can be created as easily as small ones, while the quality of the models is consistent throughout. Additionally, this rule-based approach means that large design spaces can be explored quickly, interactively, and analytically compared. Such advantages must be carefully balanced against the increased time to create and parameterize the rules and the sometimes stylistic or approximate models created; coming from more traditional workflows, CityEngine’s pipeline can be initially overwhelming. We introduce the principal workflows and the flexibility they afford, sketch the procedural programming language used, and discuss the export pathways available.
Integrating CyberGIS and Urban Sensing for Reproducible Streaming Analytics
Authors: Wang Shaowen , Lyu Fangzheng , Wang Shaohua , Catlett Charles E. , Padmanabhan Anand , Soltani Kiumars 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIncreasingly pervasive location-aware sensors interconnected with rapidly advancing wireless network services are motivating the development of near-real-time urban analytics. This development has revealed both tremendous challenges and opportunities for scientific innovation and discovery. However, state-of-the-art urban discovery and innovation are not well equipped to resolve the challenges of such analytics, which in turn limits new research questions from being asked and answered. Specifically, commonly used urban analytics capabilities are typically designed to handle, process, and analyze static datasets that can be treated as map layers and are consequently ill-equipped in (a) resolving the volume and velocity of urban big data; (b) meeting the computing requirements for processing, analyzing, and visualizing these datasets; and (c) providing concurrent online access to such analytics. To tackle these challenges, we have developed a novel cyberGIS framework that includes computationally reproducible approaches to streaming urban analytics. This framework is based on CyberGIS-Jupyter, through integration of cyberGIS and real-time urban sensing, for achieving capabilities that have previously been unavailable toward helping cities solve challenging urban informatics problems.
Microsimulation
Authors: Birkin Mark 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFrom origins in economics and financial analysis, microsimulation has become an important technique for spatial analysis. The method relies on conversion of aggregate census tables, sometimes complemented by sample data at the individual level, to synthetic lists of people and households. The individual records generated by the microsimulation can be aggregated flexibly to small areas, linked to create new attributes, and projected forward in time under stable conditions, or in the context of ‘what-if’ policy scenarios. The chapter outlines the basic building blocks of microsimulation and shows how these are combined within a representative practical application. It is argued that further progress can be expected through advances in computation, assimilation of data into models, and greater capacity to handle uncertainty and dynamics. We also expect the creation of more sophisticated architectures to reflect the interdependence between population structures at the micro-scale, and the supply-side infrastructures and urban environments in which they evolve.
Agent-Based Modeling and the City: A Gallery of Applications
Authors: Crooks Andrew , Heppenstall Alison , Malleson Nick , Manley Ed 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAgent-based modeling is a powerful simulation technique that allows one to build artificial worlds and populate these worlds with individual agents. Each agent or actor has unique behaviors and rules which govern their interactions with each other and their environment. It is through these interactions that more macro-phenomena emerge: for example, how individual pedestrians lead to the emergence of crowds. Over the past two decades, with the growth of computational power and data, agent-based models have evolved into one of the main paradigms for urban modeling and for understanding the various processes which shape our cities. Agent-based models have been developed to explore a vast range of urban phenomena from that of micro-movement of pedestrians over seconds to that of urban growth over decades and many other issues in between. In this chapter, we introduce readers to agent-based modeling from simple abstract applications to those representing space utilizing geographical data not only for the creation of the artificial worlds but also for the validation and calibration of such models through a series of example applications. We will then discuss how big data, data mining, and machine learning techniques are advancing the field of agent-based modeling and demonstrate how such data and techniques can be leveraged into these models, giving us a new way to explore cities.
Searching for GeV-scale Majorana Dark Matter: inter spem et metum
Authors: Jueid Adil , Nasri Salah , Soualah Rachik 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We suggest a minimal model for GeV-scale Majorana Dark Matter (DM) coupled to the standard model lepton sector via a charged scalar singlet. We show that there is an anti-correlation between the spin-independent DM-Nucleus scattering cross section (σSI) and the DM relic density for parameters values allowed by various theoretical and experimental constraints. Moreover, we find that even when DM couplings are of order unity, σSI is below the current experimental bound but above the neutrino floor. Furthermore, we show that the considered model can be probed at high energy lepton colliders using e.g. the mono-Higgs production and same-sign charged Higgs pair production.
Probing electroweak phase transition with multi-TeV muon colliders and gravitational waves
Authors: Liu Wei , Xie Ke-Pan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study the complementarity of the proposed multi-TeV muon colliders and the near-future gravitational wave (GW) detectors to the first order electroweak phase transition (FOEWPT), taking the real scalar extended Standard Model as the representative model. A detailed collider simulation shows the FOEWPT parameter space can be greatly probed via the vector boson fusion production of the singlet, and its subsequent decay to the di-Higgs or di-boson channels. Especially, almost all the parameter space yielding detectable GW signals can be probed by the muon colliders. Therefore, if we could detect stochastic GWs in the future, a muon collider could provide a hopeful crosscheck to identify their origin. On the other hand, there is considerable parameter space that escapes GW detections but is within the reach of the muon colliders. The precision measurements of Higgs couplings could also probe the FOEWPT parameter space efficiently.
Atomki anomaly in gauged U(1)R symmetric model
Authors: Seto Osamu , Shimomura Takashi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Atomki collaboration has reported that unexpected excesses have been observed in the rare decays of Beryllium nucleus. It is claimed that such excesses can suggest the existence of a new boson, called X, with the mass of about 17 MeV. To solve the Atomki anomaly, we consider a model with gauged U(1)R symmetry and identify the new gauge boson with the X boson. We also introduce two SU(2) doublet Higgs bosons and one singlet Higgs boson, and discuss a very stringent constraint from neutrino-electron scattering. It is found that the U(1)R charges of the doublet scalars are determined to evade the constraint. In the end, we find the parameter region in which the Atomki signal and all experimental constraints can be simultaneously satisfied.
AdS3 gravity and random CFT
Authors: Cotler Jordan , Jensen Kristan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe compute the path integral of three-dimensional gravity with negative cosmological constant on spaces which are topologically a torus times an interval. These are Euclidean wormholes, which smoothly interpolate between two asymptotically Euclidean AdS3regions with torus boundary. From our results we obtain the spectral correlations between BTZ black hole microstates near threshold, as well as extract the spectral form factor at fixed momentum, which has linear growth in time with small fluctuations around it. The low-energy limit of these correlations is precisely that of a double-scaled random matrix ensemble with Virasoro symmetry. Our findings suggest that if pure three-dimensional gravity has a holographic dual, then the dual is an ensemble which generalizes random matrix theory.
Crisis on infinite earths: short-lived de Sitter vacua in the string theory landscape
Authors: Bernardo Heliudson , Brahma Suddhasattwa , Dasgupta Keshav , Tatar Radu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We construct purely non-perturbative anti-de Sitter vacua in string theory which, on uplifting to a de Sitter (dS) one, have a decay time many orders of magnitude smaller than those of standard constructions, such as the KKLT and LVS scenarios. By virtue of being constructed purely from non-perturbative terms, these vacua avoids certain obstructions plaguing other constructions of dS in string theory. This results in a new class of phenomenological dS vacua in string theory with novel distinctive characteristics such as having two maxima. After examining whether these uplifted dS vacua obey the TCC, we revisit some old problems of realization of dS space as a vacuum. We find that not only is it phenomenologically hard to construct TCC-compatible vacua, but also inherent temporal dependences of the degrees of freedom generically arise in such constructions, amongst other issues. This reinforces the idea that dS, if it exists in string theory, should be a Glauber-Sudarshan state and not a vacuum.
$$ \mathcal{N} $$ = (0, 2) AdS3 solutions of type IIB and F-theory with generic fluxes
Authors: Couzens Christopher 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We consider the most general AdS3 solutions of type IIB supergravity admitting a dynamical SU(3) structure and preserving $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= (0, 2) supersymmetry. The analysis is broken into three distinct classes depending on whether the dynamical SU(3) structure degenerates to a strict SU(3) structure. The first class we consider allows for a holomorphically varying axio-dilaton consistent with the presence of (p, q) 7-branes in addition to D3-branes and (p, q) 5-branes. In the remaining two classes the axio-dilaton may vary but does not do so holomorphically. The second class of solution allows for 5-branes and 1-branes but no D3-branes, whilst in the final class all branes can be present. We illustrate our results with examples of such solutions including a new infinite family with all fluxes but the axion turned on.
Precise predictions for photon pair production matched to parton showers in GENEVA
Authors: Alioli Simone , Broggio Alessandro , Gavardi Alessandro , Kallweit Stefan , Lim Matthew A. , Nagar Riccardo , Napoletano Davide , Rottoli Luca 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We present a new calculation for the production of isolated photon pairs at the LHC with $$ {\mathrm{NNLL}}_{{\mathcal{T}}_0}^{\prime } $$

NNLL

T
0

′

+NNLO accuracy. This is the first implementation within the Geneva Monte Carlo framework of a process with a nontrivial Born-level definition which suffers from QED singularities. Throughout the computation we use a smooth-cone isolation algorithm to remove such divergences. The higher-order resummation of the 0-jettiness resolution variable $$ {\mathcal{T}}_0 $$

T
0

is based on a factorisation formula derived within Soft-Collinear Effective Theory which predicts all of the singular, virtual and real NNLO corrections. Starting from this precise parton-level prediction and by employing the Geneva method, we provide fully showered and hadronised events using Pythia8, while retaining the NNLO QCD accuracy for observables which are inclusive over the additional radiation. We compare our final predictions to LHC data at 7 TeV and find good agreement.
PERIODIC AUTOMORPHISMS, COMPATIBLE POISSON BRACKETS, AND GAUDIN SUBALGEBRAS
Authors: PANYUSHEV DMITRI I. , YAKIMOVA OKSANA S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLet 𝔮 be a finite-dimensional Lie algebra. The symmetric algebra (𝔮) is equipped with the standard Lie–Poisson bracket. In this paper, we elaborate on a surprising observation that one naturally associates the second compatible Poisson bracket on (𝔮) to any finite order automorphism ϑ of 𝔮. We study related Poisson-commutative subalgebras (𝔮; ϑ) of 𝒮(𝔮) and associated Lie algebra contractions of 𝔮. To obtain substantial results, we have to assume that 𝔮 = 𝔤 is semisimple. Then we can use Vinberg’s theory of ϑ-groups and the machinery of Invariant Theory.If 𝔤 = 𝔥⊕⋯⊕𝔥 (sum of k copies), where 𝔥 is simple, and ϑ is the cyclic permutation, then we prove that the corresponding Poisson-commutative subalgebra (𝔮; ϑ) is polynomial and maximal. Furthermore, we quantise this (𝔤; ϑ) using a Gaudin subalgebra in the enveloping algebra 𝒰(𝔤).
Molekulare Laryngologie
Authors: Gugatschka M. , Grossmann T. , Hortobagyi D. 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Trotz erheblicher Fortschritte in der laryngologischen Forschung gibt es eine Reihe von (benignen) Stimmlippenerkrankungen, die kausal nicht therapierbar sind. Das liegt an der eingeschränkten Zugänglichkeit sowie der sensiblen Mikroarchitektur der Stimmlippen, die nicht auf zellulärer Ebene erforscht werden können. Das pathophysiologische Verständnis endet dadurch häufig in der makroskopischen Ebene, die Folgen von Interventionen werden großteils endoskopisch oder mit indirekten Methoden evaluiert.

Fragestellung
Im nachfolgenden Beitrag stellen die Autor(inn)en biotechnologische State-of-the-Art-Methoden vor, die in der laryngologischen Forschung Anwendung finden, verbunden mit praktischen Beispielen.

Ergebnisse
Tierversuche und Zellkulturexperimente haben in den letzten Jahren zu einer signifikanten Wissenserweiterung beigetragen, dies insbesondere in den Bereichen Stimmlippeninflammation und -narbenbildung. Dem Stimmlippenfibroblasten, als wichtigstem zellulärem Bestandteil der Lamina propria, kommt dabei eine zentrale Rolle zu.

Schlussfolgerungen
Mittlerweile besteht bei einigen Krankheitsbildern ein tieferes Verständnis von Makroanatomie und Makropathophysiologie als je zuvor. In-vitro-Versuche zeigten beispielsweise, dass Stimmlippenfibroblasten in einem inflammatorischen Setting weniger profibrotische und proinflammatorische Zytokine sezernierten, wenn sie Vibrationen ausgesetzt sind. Umgesetzt auf die Klinik könnte das bedeuten, dass eine frühe Stimmaktivierung nach operativen Eingriffen an den Stimmlippen zu besserer Heilung und besseren stimmlichen Ergebnissen führt. Unsere Vision lautet, dass die molekulare Laryngologie ein gesichertes Fundament an Wissen bereitstellen soll, auf das in weiterer Folge klinische Studien aufgebaut werden können.