bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonoperative management of enlarging syringomyelia in clinically stable patients after decompression of Chiari malformation type I
Authors: Szuflita Nicholas S. , Phan Tiffany N. , Boulter Jason H. , Keating Robert F. , Myseros John S. 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE
The authors aimed to describe the natural history and optimal management of persistent syringomyelia after suboccipital craniectomy for Chiari malformation type I (CM-I).

METHODS
A cohort of all patients who presented to a tertiary pediatric hospital with newly diagnosed CM-I between 2009 and 2017 was identified. Patients with persistent or worsened syringomyelia were identified on the basis of a retrospective review of medical records and imaging studies. The management of these patients and their clinical courses were then described.

RESULTS
A total of 153 children with CM-I and syringomyelia were evaluated between 2009 and 2017. Of these, 115 (68.8%) patients underwent surgical intervention: 40 patients underwent posterior fossa decompression (PFD) alone, 43 underwent PFD with duraplasty, and 32 underwent PFD with duraplasty and fourth ventricle stent placement. Eleven (7.19%) patients had increased syringomyelia on subsequent postoperative imaging. Three of these patients underwent revision surgery because of worsening scoliosis or pain, 2 of whom were lost to follow-up, and 4 were managed nonoperatively with close surveillance and serial MRI evaluations. The syringes decreased in size in 3 patients and resolved completely in 1 patient.

CONCLUSIONS
Persistent or worsened syringomyelia after CM-I decompression is uncommon. In the absence of symptoms, nonoperative management with close observation is safe for patients with persistent syrinx.
Endovascular catheter manometry reliability: a benchtop validation study
Authors: Heiferman Daniel M. , Le Linh N. , Klinger David , Serrone Joseph C. 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE
Catheter manometry is used frequently in neuroendovascular surgery for assessing cerebrovascular pathology. The accuracy of pressure data with different catheter setups requires further validation.

METHODS
In a silicone human vascular model with a pulsatile pump, pressure measurements were taken through multiple arrangements of 2 guide catheters and 6 microcatheters. The systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean pressure, pulse pressure, and area under the curve of the waveform were recorded through catheters with controls at arterial blood pressure ranges. Linear regression modeling was performed, correlating transduction area and relative pulse pressure. Thresholds for acceptable accuracy were ≥ 90%.

RESULTS
Mean pressure demonstrated < 4% variation between all 24 catheter setups and respective controls. A strong linear correlation (r2 = 0.843, p < 0.0005) between microcatheter transduction area and relative pulse pressure with a threshold of 0.50 mm2 was seen (i.e., 0.031-inch inner diameter [ID]). For guide catheters with indwelling microcatheters, there was also a strong linear correlation (r2 = 0.840, p < 0.0005) of transduction area to pulse pressure. The guide catheters with obstructing microcatheters required a transduction area over fourfold higher compared with unobstructed microcatheters (2.21 mm2 vs 0.50 mm2).

CONCLUSIONS
Mean pressure measurements are accurate through microcatheters as small as 0.013-inch ID. Pulse pressure and waveform morphology may require a microcatheter ≥ 0.031-inch ID to achieve 90% accuracy, although the 0.027-inch ID microcatheter reached 85% accuracy. A 0.070-inch guide catheter with a microcatheter ≤ 0.042-inch outer diameter (e.g., Marksman 0.027-inch ID or smaller) allows accurate transduction of pulse pressure. Further validation of these benchtop findings is necessary before application in a clinical setting.
Upregulation of IL-1 Receptor Antagonist by Aspirin in Glial Cells via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Alpha
Authors: Chakrabarti Sudipta , Prorok Tim , Roy Avik , Patel Dhruv , Dasarathi Sridevi , Pahan Kalipada 
Published: August 2021

Background: Neuroinflammation is a recognized aspect of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurological illnesses. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is an anti-inflammatory molecule, which inhibits inflammatory molecules in different cells including brain cells. However, mechanisms for upregulating IL-1Ra in brain cells are poorly understood. Objective: Since aspirin is a widely available pain reliever that shows promise beyond its known pain-relieving capacity, we examined whether aspirin could upregulate the IL-1Ra in the brain. Methods: We employed PCR, real-time PCR, western blot, immunostaining, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and lentiviral transduction in glial cells. 5xFAD mice, an animal model of AD, were treated with aspirin orally via gavage. Results: Aspirin increased the expression of IL-1Ra mRNA and protein in primary mouse astrocytes and mouse BV-2 microglial cells. While investigating the mechanism, we found that the IL-1Ra gene promoter harbors peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) and that aspirin upregulated IL-1Ra in astrocytes isolated from peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta knockout (PPARβ–/–), but not PPARα–/–, mice. Moreover, we observed that aspirin bound to tyrosine 314 residue of PPARα to stimulate IL-1Ra and that aspirin treatment also increased the recruitment of PPARα to the IL-1Ra promoter. Accordingly, aspirin increased IL-1Ra in vivo in the brain of wild type and PPARβ–/–, but not in PPARα–/– mice. Similarly, aspirin treatment also increased astroglial and microglial IL-1Ra in the cortex of 5xFAD, but not 5xFAD/PPARα–/– mice. Conclusion: Aspirin may reduce the severity of different neurological conditions by upregulating IL-1Ra and reducing the inflammation.
Subdural Hematoma as a Serious Complication of Huntington’s Disease: An Observational Study
Authors: Davis Marie , Wheelock Vicki , Talman Lauren , Latimer Caitlin , Vicars Brenda , Lin Anny , Jayadev Suman , Bird Thomas 
Published: August 2021

Background: Persons with Huntington’s disease (HD) are at increased risk for subdural hematomas (SDH) because of underlying brain atrophy and increased frequency of falls and head trauma. SDH can cause serious disability, but there is little information about the association of SDH with HD in the medical literature. Objective: To review the occurrence and characteristics of SDH seen in clinics specializing in HD. Methods: A retrospective review identifying the occurrence and manifestations of SDH in HD patients attending three HDSA Centers of Excellence. Results: Twenty-five HD patients (16F/9M) were identified with SDH. Twelve (44%) SDH were bilateral, 16 (60%) required surgical intervention, and 2 resulted in death. Mean age at the time of SDH was 60 years, mean duration of HD symptoms prior to event was 8 years, mean CAG repeat expansion size was 43 and mean UHDRS motor score obtained closest to time of SDH was 51 (16 patients). Most SDH occurred in the context of ground level falls or using stairs although 5 patients had no history of head trauma. Additional brain injury may occur along with the SDH. The most common symptoms were altered mental status, hemiparesis and loss of consciousness. The over-representation of females in this study requires replication and further investigation. Conclusion: Patients with HD are at increased risk for SDH. An increased suspicion for SDH in HD patients should be considered, as this phenomenon may be initially unrecognized, may require extensive utilization of medical resources and is a potential cause of death.
CURRENT PROBLEMS OF FORENSIC INNOVATIONS RESEARCH: CONCEPT, ATTRIBUTES AND SIGNIFICANT FEATURES
Authors: Shevchyuk V. 
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to relevant problems of the reaserch on forensic innovations concept, its significant features, attributes, theoretical problems of development and their implementation into law enforcement activity. The analysis of scientific approaches to forensic innovations understanding is carried out, its definition is offered, significant features and attributes are singled out, its relation to the concept of innovative forensic product is analyzed. The main features of forensic innovations are considered: innovativeness (novelty), objectivism, subjectivism, purposefulness, demand, practical applicability, efficiency. It is substantiated that innovation should be understood as developed, implemented and applied in practice the latest technical-, tactical-, methodicalforensic means that are the result of research or development activities, embodied in the form of a new product (production), technology, service, solutions, used by special qualified entities in practice and aimed at effectively solving forensic tasks and ensuring optimization, improving the quality and effectiveness of law enforcement practice.
It’s noted that in modern realities an important course for improving the conceptual apparatus of forensic innovation is the clarification and unification of terms. The main categories of the studied theory are the concepts of “innovative forensic product” and “forensic innovation”. The analysis of the essence of these concepts gives grounds to assert that the innovative forensic product and forensic innovation are separate types of means of forensic innovation. The methodological basis for the development and implementation of forensic innovations into law enforcement are activity-based, system-structural and technological approaches, the use of which is promising for the formation of a separate forensic theory − forensic innovation. It’s substantiated that the complex approach in the development and formation of forensic innovation basic concepts is a methodological foundation for further research on this issue. It’s noted that in current realities criminalistics and each of its sections face important problems intending to study and take into consideration modern innovative achievements of science and technology, which can be effectively used while combating crime and successfully ensure urgent needs with forensic innovations in practice. New scientific approaches and proposals for solving the researched discussion problems are justified, perspective directions of research in this field of knowledge are defined.
RESEARCH ON MODERN FORENSIC METHODS OF DETECTION, RECORD, SEIZURE OF SHOEPRINTS AND THEIR FURTHER ACCOUNTING FOR CRIME DETECTION
Authors: Pertsev R. 
Published: August 2021

Shoe prints that have been traced by crime scene investigators at the crime scene can provide information relating to a criminal or a group of criminals that have committed it, and serve as evidence while pre-trial investigation. Furthermore, shoe prints provide information on the possible participation of the same person in different types of crimes (to integrate crimes).
At present, the number of crimes related to stealing civilian properties, including robbery, has significantly increased as a result of economic crisis in many countries around the world.
As the studies and the practical experience while investigating crime scenes by police in many countries show, footwear evidence as much as physical evidence have not been given due attention.
In order to improve the quality of crime scene examination when seizing traces of shoes, the quality of removed traces of shoes, and, as a consequence, increase the efficiency of crime detection using traces of shoes, there is a necessity in:

Introduction of modern forensic tools and methods for detecting, seizing traces of shoes, and further comparative research.
Establishment of the Unified National Automated System at the legislative level for accounting and identification of shoeprints seized from unsolved crime sites.
Creating professional forums to share experiences with leading international forensic experts.
Establishing the terms for traces and shoeprints storage and use registered (for example, not more than two years from the date of registration) at the legislative level.

In addition, implementation and development of automatic database systems with the ability to conduct identification between shoeprints evidence seized from different crime scenes can provide the investigator with significant information on the possible involvement of the same person in commission of different crimes (to combine crimes), conduct so-called forensic intelligence.
A shoeprint as a single piece of evidence may not be weighty enough but combined with additional evidence it is vital for detecting and investigating a crime.
In conclusion, it should be noted that this area has great prospects for development and, undoubtedly, should be addressed by forensic experts in this field.
INFORMATION SUPPORT OF FORENSIC EXPERT ACTIVITY
Authors: Pyrih I. 
Published: August 2021

Based on the analysis of scientists’ opinions, it was agreed to consider information support in a broad and narrow sense. In broad terms, it is possible to take into account supporting of all types of forensic units activities (managerial, organizational, scientific and methodological, etc.) with necessary information, including their main type of activity – the collection and investigation of forensic objects during investigation. In a narrow sense, information support is considered as a process of information systematization, accumulation and processing, which is the basis for the development of criminal records.

The problems of information support of forensic activity are investigated, which is a system of actions aimed at obtaining information when analyzing the situation at the scene, examination of objects and traces seized during other investigative (search) actions; accumulation, systematization of the information received and its placing in criminal records; use of information for forensic examination. The problematic issues that arise in the activities of investigators, investigators and forensic experts at each stage of obtaining information and its use while forensic records development and in the preparation and conduct of forensic examinations are considered.
The main problems that exist in the practice of pre-trial investigation bodies are highlighted. When collecting forensic information in the practice of investigating criminal proceedings, problems arise while reducing the quantity and quality of physical evidence seized during inspection of crime scenes, due to insufficient training of forensic investigators and logistics support of investigation units. Another problem is insufficient interaction of forensic experts from state expert institutions with police investigators, which manifests itself in inconsistency of the subject under study, improper design of materials offered for examination, insufficient number of samples for forensic identification. Problematic issues of forensic registration is the automation of existing types of forensic records and the introduction of the new, based on the registration of a person biometric parameters.
THE PLACE OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL NORMS IN THE LEGAL REGULATION OF FORENSIC INSTITUTIONS STAFFING
Authors: Hasparian S. 
Published: August 2021

The article emphasizes that the administrative and legal aspect of forensic activities regulation is intended to ensure improvement of the entire system of forensic science and the redistribution of powers between individual bodies operating in this area. That is why the effectiveness of forensic examination depends on the correct selection and placement of personnel. The purpose of the article is to highlight the results of a general comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon under study, to develop common approaches for its further improvement and to determine the place of administrative and legal norms in the legal regulation of forensic institutions staffing.
Legal regulation of forensic institutions staffing is carried out in accordance with the rules of international and European law, the Constitution of Ukraine, codes of Ukraine, laws and bylaws of regulatory legal acts. It is noted that state specialized institutions and forensic services play the key role in the process of conducting forensic examinations, which are entrusted with the implementation of forensic activities by law, the leading place in this activity is occupied by a forensic expert.
The characteristic of the legal norms that determine the requirements for a person who may be a forensic expert, and those norms that deprive them of such an opportunity, describe the rights and responsibilities of a forensic expert, are given. The ways of training forensic experts and normative legal acts regulating this process are revealed. The legal regulation of forensic experts training in the system of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine for the creation of appropriate staff of top qualified professionals is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the legal regulation of training and internships of persons who intend to obtain or confirm the qualification of a forensic expert, as well as the peculiarities of legal regulation of forensic experts’ certification are summarized.
The effect of regulatory legal acts that establish the general procedure for financial support of forensic institutions employees and regulate their social welfare is considered. It is established that the analyzed regulatory legal acts, which comprehensively regulate staffing in Ukrainian forensic institutions, can be divided according to the scope of action into general and special.
CURRENT METHODS OF SIGNATURES’ TECHNICAL FORGING WITH THE USE OF TECHNICAL MEANS
Authors: Kutskir H. 
Published: August 2021

Taking into account a significant scientific and technological progress, use of modern monochrome or multicolor photocopiers in the office administration, and the increase in this regard in the number of signatures received for examination by forensic expert units, relevance for continuing to study signatures as one of the essential requisites of many types of documents and methods of their technical forgery becomes obvious.
The purpose of the article is to highlight certain issues of current methods of signatures technical forgery.
Research methods: general (formal-logical methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, generalization, analogy), general scientific (observation, measurement, description, comparison), special (visual, microscopic, photographic).
Since the fact of handwritten signature execution possesses legal value, it often becomes the object of forgery. For this purpose, a variety of techniques is used. Criminals often resort to the so-called technical forgery of signatures on documents (performing signatures on behalf of another person using various techniques and technical means which helps to achieve the greatest similarity with the original) along with the usual graphic forgery. The essence of signatures technical forgery usually lies in mechanical copying, instead of imitating features of writing-motor skills and the signature-original. By such a signature, you can not measure the level of writing-motor skills of the performer.
Each of the methods of signature technical forgery leaves in the signature the signs inherent only to this method. Studying such methods and their features collectively will allow to diagnose the fact of handwritten or technical execution of a signature with a sufficiently high degree of probability.
INVESTIGATION OF EXTERNAL (VISUAL) SIGNS OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS DETECTED AT THE SCENE OF FIRE
Authors: Matiuk A. , Ryabinin I. , Huseinov R. , Shebalkov I. 
Published: August 2021

The article purpose is to systematize the external (visual) signs of the use of flammable and combustible liquids as a combustion intensifier at the scene of fire and the methodology of the analysis of these signs to provide reasonable, reliable conclusions when conducting forensic examination in the forensic specialty 10.8. Research on the circumstances of fire occurrence and spread and compliance with fire safety requirements.
A particular relevance of using a set of special knowledge while investiga- tion of crimes related to fires is explained by the fact that almost only conclu- sions of forensic examinations make it possible to establish the very fact of the commission of such a crime as arson. The analysis of forensic practice showed that a significant part of crimes related to fires occurs when flammable and com- bustible liquids are used. At the same time, a reliable establishment of the fact of flammable liquids and combustible liquids use as intensifiers (initiators and ac- celerators) of burning is a crucial, key factor that must be defined for the inves- tigation completeness. The fact of determining unpredicted release of flammable and combustible liquids in the area of fire is a direct indication of committing a crime, yet this sign is quite often the only proof of the criminal nature of fire. However, the establishment of the fact of the use of flammable and combusti- ble liquids usually occurs during the analysis of quite specific visible signs left at the fire scene. In the suggested paper, the authors systematized the external (visual) signs of the use of flammable and combustible liquids as an intensifier of combustion at the fire scene and a methodology for the analysis of all these signs to provide reasonable and reliable conclusions when conducting forensic examinations in the forensic specialty 10.8 Research on the circumstances of fire occurrence and spread and compliance with fire safety requirements.
THE SUBJECT OF TACTICAL DECISION IN CRIMINALISTICS
Authors: Bululukov O. 
Published: August 2021

Questions under discussion as to the presence of decisions subject (in particular, of tactical decisions in criminalistics) are considered. An opinion was expressed regarding the subject of tactical decisions in criminalistics. Attention is drawn to the fact that study of the subject of a tactical decision is conditioned by the need to determine its place in the structure of a decision. The appropriate choice of the subject of a tactical decision contributes to the effectiveness of tactical influence and is important for achieving the goal of decision.
The Article purpose is to substantiate the presence of subject in a tactical decision and to define it as forms of specific forensic tools and techniques used while crimes investigation.
Research methods: formal logical methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, generalization, analogy).
To accomplish the task at hand, the etymology of the term “subject” is considered. Publications of the ancient philosopher Aristotle were the basis of motivation on the presence of the subject in a tactical decision. According to the scientist, “means to achieve the goal” are the subject of a decision. For a detailed study of this issue, some aspects of decision theory are outlined. Emphasis in the study was placed on the fact that in the structure of a decision there is always a goal, for the sake of which decision is taken, and means that contribute to the achievement of this goal. These elements manifest themselves differently in a decision. The goal (as a certain intellectual factor) manifests itself in a decision in the form of what someone “wants to achieve” and that directs actions of a decision-maker. The goal and its achievement are in direct proportion to means chosen to achieve the goal. The mentioned means are “materialized” elements of a decision, which allows them to be attributed to the subject of a decision. The following arguments are outlined in favor of means for achieving the goal of decision as its subject: a) thoughts of a decision-maker are directed at determining the type and quality of means for achieving goal; b) the expression of the will of a person making the decision is aimed at determining the optimal option for the use of certain means; c) implementation of a decision is an action on the application of certain means.
To validate his findings, the author analyzed the definitions of a tactical decision available in the scientific literature and isolated the means of achieving the decision goal from their content. In the article conclusion, forensic tools and techniques are listed, which may be the subject of a tactical decision.