bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of foundation assets to another foundation or trust—powers of the trustees and claims based on unjust enrichment
Authors: Schurr Francesco A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The article deals with fundamental questions regarding the distribution carried out by a Liechtenstein foundation to another foundation and/or trust instead of a direct distribution to the beneficiaries. In principle, this phenomenon partly falls under the concept that is labelled as ‘decanting’ within the private client law community. One of the key advantages of foundations as compared to other instruments is the high level of stability combined with very limited instruments to change the purpose as well as the beneficial interest. As with trusts, the ‘decanting’ in the field of the private foundation practice seems to be a method to adjust the set-up of the vehicle, leaving old provisions behind that might no longer be compatible with the changed circumstances of the founder’s/settlor’s family. The article deals with the different legal issues involved, such as the ultra-vires-doctrine as well as the relevant issues of unjust enrichment. Finally, the author gives guidelines for practitioners by discussing the recent developments in Liechtenstein case law.
Development of integrated model of communication for implementing media strategy to prevent hypertension in a northern state of India
Authors: Goel Sonu , Jaswal Nidhi , Sharma Surbhi , Gill Sandeep S. , Gupta Rakesh , Bera Om P. , Ghosh Lopa 
Published: June 2021

Objective:
Media plays a major role in inculcating positive changes or averting negative changes in health-related behaviors across populations. Although various mass media interventions have proven their effectiveness in changing individuals’ behavior for various diseases and risk factors, current literature is limited regarding a conceptual framework/model for the prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. The present study describes the process of development and implementation of a comprehensive and need-based media strategy with an aim to generate politico-administrative support for strengthening hypertension services in the state of Punjab, India.

Methods:
The preparation of theoretical framework underwent two stages, that is, item generation and item reduction. The item generation involved extensive literature search, development of consensus among experts using Delphi technique and its validation. The item reduction involved the selection of models among existing communication and health promotion models, placement of items in the selected models and development of final conceptual framework model.

Results:
Based upon the review and expert's consensus, we zeroed in on three models of communication – communication campaign model, paid earned social owned model, and staircase model – in order to come up with the framework requisite for a systematic media strategy. The model focused upon context-specific messages involving both traditional and modern means and tools of communication. This model (conceptual framework) was the product of intense literature review followed by opinion of the experts from various disciplines such as medical professionals, public health specialists, communication experts, social scientists, politicians, bureaucrats, state-level representatives, media journalists and hypertensive patients.

Conclusion:
The present model can effectively be used by the program implementers, educators and policy makers in similar settings.
Discussion on Ultrasound Diagnosis of Prenatal Cleft Lip: How does Its Accuracy Affects the Family? Prenatal Counseling for Clefts: The University of Illinois at Chicago, Craniofacial Center's Protocols and Experience
Authors: Cohen Mimis , Rosenberg Janine , Patel Pravin K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPrenatal diagnosis of cleft lip and palate as well as other craniofacial differences is now possible with a significant level of accuracy due to sonographic and other evaluations. Thus, prospective parents have the opportunity to be informed ahead of time about these conditions making them better prepared to deal with their child after birth. The role of the plastic surgeon and other craniofacial team members in prenatal consultations is becoming increasingly important and well accepted. Therefore, any additional publication reviewing the topic from different angles and specifically from the parents’ perspective is a welcome addition to our understanding of the parents’ points of view and enables the team to most effectively assist them as they cope with the new diagnosis.This review describes details about our Craniofacial Center's efforts over 24 years. Our focus has always been on providing support through face-to-face multidisciplinary consultations with prospective parents as well as offering education to the public and referring sources, such as obstetricians and sonographers through direct communications, newsletters, and our website for timely referrals. As an additional service, the authors have organized a group of volunteer parents of children who are patients of the Center to share their short long-term experiences.
Epidemiological profile and clinical conditions of women with or without precursorlesion for cervical cancer
Authors: de França Lyvia Mirelle Carneiro , Galvão Caroline Ramalho , Galvão Lorena Ramalho , Cirqueira Silva Maria Emília , Silva Dantas Bruna Matos , de Assis Sampaio Lorena Moura , das Mercês Magno Conceição , Conceição Sarah dos Santos , Silva Roberta Borges , Freitas Coelho Julita Maria 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionCervical Cancer (CC) in Brazil is the fourth cause of death for malignant neoplasms in female population, being expected to 16,370 new cases for the biennium 2018-2019.ObjectiveTo identify factors associated with the presence of cytopathological changes of the cervix, HIV and/or syphilis in women who performed the Pap Smear (PS) at Family Health Unit (FHU) San Martin, in Salvador-BA, 09 March 2015 to 2018.Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional study consisted of 150 participants. After application of a questionnaire, there was conducted clinical examination of the breast and gynecological and rapid tests for diagnosis of syphilis and HIV types 1 and 2. The bivariate analysis was made by associating each one of the independent variables with the outcome, through contingency tables (Chi-square test and when necessary, the Fisher’s exact test). The estimates were obtained with Prevalence Ratio (PR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI 95%) and p values. Mean differences were estimated through Student’s t-test. The goodness of the test was estimated by ratio of maximum likelihood (p ≤ 0.05).ResultsThere were 11.33% of women with injury and 88.67% without injury. The group with injury (n = 17) presented the worst values in relation to the use of the cigarette (17.65% vs 3.76%) and clinical examination in breast change issues (17.65% vs 4.51%) and unloading (11.76% vs papillary 1.50%), in comparison to the group without precursor lesion pro CC, statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). 5 cases were positive for syphilis (3.33%), and no case of HIV types 1 and 2.DiscussionThe study confirmed risk factors for injury precursors of CC, such as smoking and mammary changes, as well as how much research related to diverged condom use and reducing the risk of injury and the likely Association with Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI).ConclusionThere was detected a low percentage of women with precursor lesions for the CC (11.33%), that were not associated with syphilis and HIV types 1 and 2, but were correlated the expected factors like mammary changes and smoking. The reorganization of actions of active search of women with risk factors for CC for the EP can culminate in the reduction of this cancer.DescriptorsPap Smear; Precursor Lesion; Cervical Cancer.
Secondary metabolism drives ecological breadth in the Xylariaceae
Authors: Franco Mario E.E. , Wisecaver Jennifer H. , Arnold A. Elizabeth , Ju Yu-Ming , Slot Jason C. , Ahrendt Steven , Moore Lillian P. , Eastman Katharine E. , Scott Kelsey , Konkel Zachary , Mondo Stephen J. , Kuo Alan , Hayes Richard , Haridas Sajeet , Andreopoulos Bill , Riley Robert , LaButti Kurt , Pangilinan Jasmyn , Lipzen Anna , Amirebrahimi Mojgan , Yan Juying , Adam Catherine , Keymanesh Keykhosrow , Ng Vivian , Louie Katherine , Northen Trent , Drula Elodie , Henrissat Bernard , Hsieh Huei-Mei , Youens-Clark Ken , Lutzoni François , Miadlikowska Jolanta , Eastwood Daniel C. , Hamelin Richard C. , Grigoriev Igor V. , U’Ren Jana M. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTGlobal, large-scale surveys of phylogenetically diverse plant and lichen hosts have revealed an extremely high richness of endophytes in the Xylariales, one of the largest clades of filamentous fungi and a significant source of novel secondary metabolites (SMs). Endophytes may produce host protective antimicrobial or insecticidal SMs, as well as compounds that facilitate symbiotic establishment through suppression or degradation of host immune response, but the ecological roles of most SMs are unknown. Here we characterized metabolic gene clusters in 96 genomes of endophytes and closely related saprotrophs and pathogens in two clades of Xylariales (Xylariaceae s.l. and Hypoxylaceae). Hundreds of genes appear horizontally transferred to xylarialean fungi from distantly related fungi and bacteria, including numerous genes in secondary metabolite gene clusters (SMGCs). Although all xylarialean genomes contain hyperabundant SMGCs, we show that increased gene duplications, horizontal gene transfers (HGTs), and SMGC content in Xylariaceae s.l. taxa are linked to greater phylogenetic host breadth, larger biogeographic distributions, and increased capacity for lignocellulose decomposition compared to Hypoxylaceae taxa. Overall, our results suggest that xylarialean endophytes capable of dual ecological modes (symbiotic and saprotrophic) experience greater selection to diversify SMGCs to both increase competitiveness within microbial communities and facilitate diverse symbiotic interactions.
Species-specific effects of cation channel TRPM4 small-molecule inhibitors
Authors: Arullampalam Prakash , Preti Barbara , Ross-Kaschitza Daniela , Lochner Martin , Rougier Jean-Sébastien , Abriel Hugues 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin member 4 (TRPM4) gene encodes a calcium-activated non-selective cation channel expressed in several tissues. Mutations in TRPM4 have been reported in patients with different types of cardiac conduction defects. It is also linked to immune response and cancers, but the associated molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Thus far, 9-phenanthrol is the most common pharmacological compound used to investigate TRPM4 function. We recently identified two promising aryloxyacyl-anthranilic acid compounds (abbreviated CBA and NBA) inhibiting TRPM4. However, all afore-mentioned compounds were screened using assays expressing human TRPM4, whereas the efficacy on mouse TRPM4 has not been assessed. Mouse models are essential to investigate ion channel physiology and chemical compound efficacy.AimIn this study, we performed comparative electro-physiology experiments to assess the effect of these TRPM4 inhibitors on human and mouse TRPM4 channels heterologously expressed in TsA-201 cells.Methods and ResultsWe identified striking species-dependent differences in TRPM4 responses. NBA inhibited both human and mouse TRPM4 currents when applied intracellularly and extracellularly using excised membrane patches. CBA inhibited human TRPM4, both intracellularly and extracellularly. Unexpectedly, the application of CBA had no inhibiting effect on mouse TRPM4 current when perfused on the extracellular side. Instead, it increased mouse TRPM4 current at negative holding potentials. In addition, CBA on the intracellular side altered the outward rectification component of the mouse TRPM4 current. Application of 9-phenanthrol, both intracellularly and extracellularly, inhibited human TRPM4. For mouse TRPM4, 9-phenanthrol perfusion led to opposite effects depending on the site of application. With intracellular 9-phenanthrol, we observed a tendency towards potentiation of mouse TRPM4 outward current at positive holding potentials.ConclusionAltogether, these results suggest that pharmacological compounds screened using “humanised assays” should be extensively characterised before application in in vivo mouse models.
Birth Order Differences in Education Originate in Post-Natal Environments
Authors: Isungset Martin Arstad , Freese Jeremy , Andreassen Ole A. , Lyngstad Torkild Hovde 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSiblings share many environments and much of their genetics. Yet, siblings turn out different. Intelligence and education are influenced by birth order, with earlier-born siblings outperforming later-borns. We investigate whether birth order differences in education are caused by biological differences present at birth, that is, genetic differences or in-utero differences. Using family data that spans two generations, combining registry, survey, and genotype information, this study is based on the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). We show that there are no genetic differences by birth order as captured by polygenic scores (PGSs) for educational attainment. Furthermore, we show that earlier-born have lower birth weight than later-born, indicating worse uterine environments. Educational outcomes are still higher for earlier-born children when we adjust for PGSs and in utero variables, indicating that birth order differences arise post-natally. Finally, we consider potential environmental influences, such as differences according to maternal age, parental educational attainment, and sibling genetic nurture. We show that birth order differences are not biological in origin, but pinning down their specific causes remains elusive.
A functionally divergent intrinsically disordered region underlying the conservation of stochastic signaling
Authors: Hsu Ian S , Strome Bob , Lash Emma , Robbins Nicole , Cowen Leah E , Moses Alan M 
Published: June 2021

AbstractStochastic signaling dynamics expand living cells’ information processing capabilities. An increasing number of studies report that regulators encode information in their pulsatile dynamics. The evolutionary mechanisms that lead to complex signaling dynamics remain uncharacterized, perhaps because key interactions of signaling proteins are encoded in intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), whose evolution is difficult to analyze. Here we focused on the stochastic pulsing dynamics of Crz1, a transcription factor in fungi downstream of the widely conserved calcium signaling pathway. We find that Crz1 IDRs from anciently diverged fungi can all respond transiently to calcium stress; however, only Crz1 IDRs from the Saccharomyces clade support pulsatility, encode extra information, and rescue fitness, while the Crz1 IDRs from distantly related fungi do none of the three. On the other hand, we find that Crz1 pulsing is conserved in the distantly related fungi, consistent with the evolutionary model of stabilizing selection. Further, we show that a calcineurin docking site in a specific part of the IDRs appears to be sufficient for pulsing and show evidence for a beneficial increase in the relative calcineurin affinity of this docking site. We propose that evolutionary flexibility of functionally divergent IDRs underlies the conservation of stochastic signaling by stabilizing selection.
Interference at Influenza Hemagglutinin Antigenic-Sites Determines Antibody Levels and Specificities after Repeat Vaccination
Authors: Anderson Christopher S. , Topham David J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundIt is recommended that children receive a dose of the influenza vaccine at 6 months of age and a second dose the following season. In some years, the second dose will be the same vaccine formulation, in others years it with be re-formulated to include HA proteins derived from antigenically drifted or shifted circulating influenza strains. In addition, natural exposure to influenza can create permanent changes to the memory B cell repertoire and specificities. The effect that the specificity of pre-existing humoral immunity has on antibody levels and specificity after repeat vaccination is an ongoing research area.MethodsWe used a computational framework (ssMod.v1) to simulate scenarios that occurred during the 2009 influenza pandemic: children receiving a second dose who have previously exposed to the 2009 influenza HA antigen, children previously exposed to an HA antigen antigenically similar to the 2009 influenza HA antigen, and children previously exposed to an antigenically dissimilar strain. To assess the contribution of pre-existing immunity, two experimental permutations in the sMod.v1 were made: elimination of antibody-mediated antibody clearance of vaccine (HA) antigen by pre-existing antibodies and elimination of the ability of memory B cells to form germinal centers. In the simulation, 30 days after repeat vaccination antibody specificities were examined against 12 antigenically historical vaccine/HA variant influenza strains for each of the five canonical antigenic-sites and the subdominant, conserved, stalk antigenic-site.ResultsWe found that elimination of antibody-mediated antigen clearance significantly increased antibody levels while elimination of the ability of memory B cells to form germinal center reactions significantly decreased the total antibody levels, but this was dependent on the antigenic relationship between the original vaccine and repeat vaccine and the particular antigenic-site. Moreover, highly-cross-reactive antibody was highest when the antigenic distance between original vaccine HA antigen and repeat vaccine HA antigen was larger and antibody-mediated antigen clearance was eliminated.
SARS-CoV-2 Spreads through Cell-to-Cell Transmission
Authors: Zeng Cong , Evans John P. , King Tiffany , Zheng Yi-Min , Oltz Eugene M. , Whelan Sean P. J. , Saif Linda , Peeples Mark E. , Liu Shan-Lu 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible coronavirus responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic. Herein we provide evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spreads through cell-cell contact in cultures, mediated by the spike glycoprotein. SARS-CoV-2 spike is more efficient in facilitating cell-to-cell transmission than SARS-CoV spike, which reflects, in part, their differential cell-cell fusion activity. Interestingly, treatment of cocultured cells with endosomal entry inhibitors impairs cell-to-cell transmission, implicating endosomal membrane fusion as an underlying mechanism. Compared with cell-free infection, cell-to-cell transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is refractory to inhibition by neutralizing antibody or convalescent sera of COVID-19 patients. While ACE2 enhances cell-to-cell transmission, we find that it is not absolutely required. Notably, despite differences in cell-free infectivity, the variants of concern (VOC) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 have similar cell-to-cell transmission capability. Moreover, B.1.351 is more resistant to neutralization by vaccinee sera in cell-free infection, whereas B.1.1.7 is more resistant to inhibition by vaccine sera in cell-to-cell transmission. Overall, our study reveals critical features of SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated cell-to-cell transmission, with important implications for a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 spread and pathogenesis.
Mitochondrial Contact Site and Cristae Organizing System (MICOS) Machinery Supports Heme Biosynthesis by Enabling Optimal Performance of Ferrochelatase
Authors: Dietz Jonathan V. , Willoughby Mathilda M. , Piel Robert B. , Ross Teresa A. , Bohovych Iryna , Addis Hannah G. , Fox Jennifer L. , Lanzilotta William N. , Dailey Harry A. , Wohlschlegel James A. , Reddi Amit R. , Medlock Amy E. , Khalimonchuk Oleh 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTHeme is an essential cofactor required for a plethora of cellular processes in eukaryotes. In metazoans the heme biosynthetic pathway is typically partitioned between the cytosol and mitochondria, with the first and final steps taking place in the mitochondrion. The pathway has been extensively studied, and all the biosynthetic enzymes have been structurally characterized to varying extents. Nevertheless, our understanding of the regulation of heme synthesis and factors that influence this process in metazoans remains incomplete. Herein we investigate the molecular organization as well as the catalytic and structural features of the terminal pathway enzyme, ferrochelatase (Hem15), in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemical and genetic analyses reveal dynamic association of Hem15 with Mic60, a core component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS). Loss of MICOS negatively impacts Hem15 activity and results in accumulation of highly reactive and potentially toxic tetrapyrrole precursors that may result in oxidative damage. Restoring intermembrane connectivity in MICOS-deficient cells mitigates these cytotoxic effects. Our data provide new insights into how heme biosynthetic machinery is organized and regulated, linking mitochondrial architecture-organizing factors to heme homeostasis.
Intracerebral mechanisms explaining the impact of incidental feedback on mood state and risky choice
Authors: Cecchi Romane , Vinckier Fabien , Hammer Jiri , Marusic Petr , Nica Anca , Rheims Sylvain , Trebuchon Agnès , Barbeau Emmanuel , Denuelle Marie , Maillard Louis , Minotti Lorella , Kahane Philippe , Pessiglione Mathias , Bastin Julien 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIdentifying factors whose fluctuations are associated with choice inconsistency is a major issue for rational decision theory. Here, we investigated the neuro-computational mechanisms through which mood fluctuations may bias human choice behavior. Intracerebral EEG data were collected in a large group of participants (n = 30), while they were performing interleaved quiz and choice tasks. Neural baseline activity preceding choice onset was confronted first to mood level, estimated by a computational model integrating the feedbacks received in the quiz task, and then to the weighting of option attributes, in a computational model predicting risk attitude in the choice task. Results showed that 1) elevated broadband gamma activity (BGA) in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsal anterior insula (daIns) was respectively signaling periods of high and low mood, 2) increased vmPFC and daIns BGA respectively promoted and tempered risk taking by overweighting gain versus loss prospects. Thus, incidental feedbacks induce brain states that correspond to different moods and bias the comparison of safe and risky options. More generally, these findings might explain why people experiencing positive (or negative) outcome in some part of their life tend to expect success (or failure) in any other.