bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Short Walk through Gravity Studies at CSIR-NGRI, India
Authors: Singh A. P. , Kumar Niraj , Rao B. Nageswara , Tiwari V. M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Earth’s gravity field measurements and their applications for resource exploration and geodynamic studies form an important part of geophysical studies initiated at the CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR-NGRI) since its inception. Finite Element analysis for regional-residual separation, scaling attributes of the source distribution, together with the mathematical formulation to density distribution in sedimentary basins have transformed the interpretation of gravity data. Collection, collation, and standardization of terrestrial gravity data have led to the compilation of the Gravity Map Series of India. Analyses of these data with contemporary computational technologies help in deciphering better-resolved density models under different parts of the Indian plate. These studies have provided well-constrained models of active and ancient continental collision zones, magmatic underplating beneath large igneous provinces, an integrated lithospheric density structure of Dharwar and Singhbhum cratons, the evolution of passive continental margins of India, and estimation of the effective strength of the Indian lithosphere. The studies on temporal gravity changes from terrestrial and satellite observations are also carried out to infer the redistribution of mass in the earthquake-prone regions and water storage variabilities over India. Recently, moving-platform gravity gradiometry has been introduced by the Institute in India. The gravity studies have continued to be a vital component of an integrated geophysical approach adopted by CSIR-NGRI for shallow and deep earth explorations.
CSIR-NGRI’s Quest for Understanding Earth Surface Processes and Liquefaction Based Paleoseismology in the Himalaya and Adjoining Region
Authors: Pandey Anand K. , Kumar Devender 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
CSIR-NGRI has developed pioneering facilty of the 14C and expertises to pursue paleoseismic and neotectonic studies aimed at building earthquake chronology from earthquake-prone regions in India. We present some academic accomplishments and a glimpse of some ongoing programs on the subject at CSIR-NGRI. The quest resulted in developing the paleo-earthquake catalog based on coseismic liquefaction studies from the Shillong region, which experienced the largest intra-plate (1897) earthquake in the Indian subcontinent. The exploration in other earthquake-affected areas brought comprehension to distinguish coseismic deformation features and processes in saturated sedimentary records to the aseismic structures. The paucity of datable samples for estimating the past earthquakes chronology led to improvising other techniques like paleomagnetic dating, the Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating protocol for poorly bleached samples, and constraint from the archaeology have been incorporated. The effect of recurrent primary rupture in shaping the landscape and defining deformation partitioning using tectonic-geomorphology and earth surface process modeling are other evolving disciplines being pursued at CSIR-NGRI.
A Review of the CSIR-NGRI Seismicity Studies during the Last Sixty Years
Authors: Srinagesh D. , Kumar V. Pavan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Earthquakes during the last sixty years both moderate and large magnitudes have caused considerable damage to the built in environment and loss of life in India. CSIR-NGRI has been systematically studying both the inter and intra plate earthquakes during this period and the contributions are seminal in nature. During the sixty years journey, with a single WWSSN station at CSIR-NGRI, Hyderabad campus, presently are operating more than 200 seismological stations across the country. In this manuscript we shall be presenting the various studies undertaken by CSIR-NGRI in characterizing the seismicity and its relation to various tectonic features.
Structure of the Seismically Active Kachchh Region
Authors: Mandal Prantik 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A 3-D structural model for the Kachchh rift zone has been constructed based on the results from our earlier studies using S-to-P converted phase, and joint inversion of P-receiver functions and surface wave dispersion data, which reveals a a seismogenic crustal volume (~ 50x50x45 km3) with large sediment thickness and marked crustal as well as asthenospheric thinning below the Kachchh rift zone (KRZ). A local earthquake velocity tomography using 24019 P- as well as 23825 S-wave arrival times of 3750 relocated events from 41 three- component seismographs has been performed. Vp and Vs tomograms detect a distinct very high velocity lower crustal anomaly (Vp: 6.8-7.8 km/s; Vs: 3.9-4.3 km/s; Vp/Vs:1.7-1.8) at deeper depths (= 20 km) below the central KRZ. Three high velocity anomalies at 5-30 km depths have also been mapped below the Wagad uplift, Kachchh rift and Banni regions. These high velocity anomalies are interpreted as mafic plutons, within the mapped crustal volume, which might have resulted from the 65 Ma Deccan plume episode. Relocations of most of M=5 events (including 2001 Bhuj mainshock) fall either near the contacts between high and low velocity zones or in the high-velocity zones while some earthquakes (including the 1956 Anjar earthquake) also occurred in the low-velocity zones (8-18% drop in Vs, indicating the presence of fluids). We propose that mapping of such a scenario of crustal and lithospheric structure where resultant tectonic forces encourage seismicity is crucial for the assessment of the intraplate seismic hazard.
Imaging Mesozoic Sediments in Deccan Volcanic Province of India: Inferences from Seismic and Gravity Studies
Authors: Behera Laxmidhar , Kolluru Renuka , Singh Bijendra 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Imaging sub-basalt Mesozoic sediments in the Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) of India is a major challenge for hydrocarbon exploration. However, long-offset coincident seismic reflection (CDP) and refraction/wide-angle seismic reflection techniques may be applied for imaging sub-trappean Mesozoic sediments with proven success. The CSIR-NGRI executed several such deep seismic profiles with maximum offsets less than 100 km along with other geophysical methods like magneto-telluric, deep-resistivity-sounding and gravity surveys in the DVP covering Kutch, Saurashtra and Deccan Syneclise regions of India during the last three decades with an aim of integrated geophysical modeling. This has been sponsored and supported by the ONGC and OIDB. We used some of the selected deep seismic profile data in the DVP to image low-velocity-layer (LVL) like Mesozoic sediments, hidden below the high-velocity-layer (HVL) corresponding to basalts/traps. We applied ray-trace inversion of travel time data, robust tomographic inversion and advanced seismic imaging techniques to obtain seismic sections and velocity models. The derived velocity models delineate thick sub-basalt Mesozoic sediments in the south of Kutch, north-western part of Saurashtra and western segment of Deccan Syneclise along with extension of trap and basement configuration with details shown through fence diagrams. They are further constrained and corroborated by the corresponding density models obtained from inversion of residual Bouguer gravity anomaly data. The results provide an insight of the presence of hydrocarbon bearing sub-trappean Mesozoic sediments hidden in the DVP.
Geophysical Exploration of Unconventional Hydrocarbons
Authors: Satyavani N. , Uma V. , Kishore P. Pavan , Srinivas K.N.S.S.S. , Mysaiah D. , Dhanam K. , Srinivas G.S. , Satyanarayana H.V.S. , Vedanti Nimisha 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
India is not an exception among the countries intensely probing for alternate unconventional hydrocarbon resources in the present day scenario of increasing demand for energy and faster depletion of conventional fossil fuel. It is estimated that in India, the prospects for unconventional hydrocarbons are more than the conventional ones; yet, due to lack of proper studies, non-availability of in-house technologies, and several other socio-economic factors, these deposits were not seriously considered for commercial production. In India’s latest energy policy and the ‘Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan,’ various incentives are given to enhance the domestic production of hydrocarbons; thus, many new initiatives are taken to boost the unconventional resources exploration program.
CSIR-NGRI initiated its exploration program in 1970 with deep seismic studies. Since then, seismic exploration studies were carried out in various lignite and coal fields, i.e., in Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, and the Odisha state of India. In the last two decades, CSIR-NGRI made remarkable progress in unconventional resource exploration. Various prospective basins were explored using seismic reflection data to map unconventional resources like Gas hydrates, Coal Bed Methane, and Shale gas. This article presents a brief overview of seismic exploration studies being carried out at CSIR-NGRI to map unconventional hydrocarbons in the sedimentary basins of India.
A Brief Overview of Groundwater Studies at CSIR-NGRI During Six Decades
Authors: Tiwari V. M. , Mondal N.C. , Chandra S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The groundwater research was one amongst a few programmes started in the early days of CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR-NGRI). The researchers have worked on a wide range of scientific issues that include development of new instruments and exploration techniques, aquifer mapping and source findings, groundwater modelling and management. This article briefly summarizes the selected contributions of CSIR-NGRI in the field of groundwater research.
Review of Scaling Approach to Estimate Depths from Gravity and Magnetic Data
Authors: Dimri V. P. , Bansal Abhey Ram 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The gravity and magnetic methods are the cheapest and oldest geophysical explorations methods used as a reconnaissance survey for hydrocarbon and mineral exploration. A reliable estimation of the fractures, depth, density/susceptibility distribution within the crust is possible with some assumptions, and one such assumption is white noise distribution. The distribution of sources from the borehole follows a scaling noise distribution. The introduction of scaling noise resulted in a better estimate of the depth from gravity and magnetic data. The method is applied to the field data from India, Iran, Germany, Australia, the USA, and many other parts of the globe, to estimate the depth values. Large window sizes of 5 to 10 times the expected depths are required for its estimation. The scaling exponents are not constant but vary with the lithology and crustal heterogeneities of the region.
Improving Outcomes for Elderly Patients Following Emergency Surgery: a Cutting-edge Review
Authors: Halle-Smith James M. , Naumann David N. , Powell Susan L. , Naumann Laura K. , Griffiths Ewen A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
The aim of this review is to explore the consequence of emergency general surgery in the elderly, and to summarise recent developments in the pre-, peri- and postoperative management of these patients, in order to improve outcomes.

Recent Findings
Preoperatively, accurate risk assessment is vital to ensure the right patients undergo emergency surgery. Perioperatively, there are multiple interventions specific to elderly patients that have been shown to improve outcomes. Postoperatively, elderly patients must be cared more in an appropriate setting in order to avoid failure to rescue and promote return to function.

Summary
This review of contemporary evidence identifies multiple pre-, peri- and postoperative interventions that can improve outcomes for elderly patients after emergency general surgery. These evidence-based recommendations should help direct care of elderly patients undergoing emergency surgery and foster further quality improvement measures and research investigations.
Do risk factors at the time of hospital admission differ by sex for in-hospital mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
Authors: Sharma Mamta , Bhargava Ashish , Szpunar Susanna M. , Johnson Leonard B. , Saravolatz Louis D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background:
Sex-disaggregated data for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reported higher hospitalized fatality rates among men than women.

Objective:
To determine whether the risk factors for in-hospital mortality from COVID-19, present at the time of hospital admission, differed by patient sex.

Design and setting:
Single-center, retrospective cohort study at a tertiary-care urban academic center.

Methods:
We reviewed the electronic medical records of patients positive for COVID-19 via qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, admitted between March 8 and June 14, 2020. Patients were stratified by sex to assess the association of variables present on admission with in-hospital mortality.

Results:
The overall inpatient case fatality rate (CFR) was 30.4% (172 of 565). The CFR among male patients was higher than among female patients: 99 (33.7%) versus 73 (26.9%), respectively (P = .08). Among males, comorbid conditions associated with in-hospital mortality were chronic pulmonary disease (P = .02) and connective tissue disease (P = .03). Among females, these comorbid conditions were congestive heart failure (P = .03), diabetes with complication (P = .05), and hemiplegia (P = .02). Variables that remained independently associated with death in males included age >70 years, public insurance, incremental increase in quick sepsis-related organ failure assessment (qSOFA) and C-reactive protein (CRP), lymphocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Among females, variables that remained independently associated with mortality included public insurance, incremental increase in Charlson weighted index of comorbidity (CWIC) score, qSOFA, and CRP.

Conclusions:
Risk factors for in-hospital mortality by sex included public insurance type, incremental increase in qSOFA and CRP in both sexes. For male patients, older age, lymphocytopenia and thrombocytopenia were also associated with mortality, whereas a higher Charlson score was associated with in-hospital mortality in female patients.
Options to design more ethical and still successful default nudges: a review and recommendations
Authors: Lemken Dominic 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOn the one hand, default nudges are proven to strongly influence behavior. On the other hand, a number of consumer autonomy and welfare concerns have been raised that hinder public policy applications. Both nudge success and ethical concerns depend heavily on the design of defaults. We identify six taxonomic characteristics that matter to the ethical and the nudge success dimension. We review the default nudge literature (N = 61) and review ethical studies to assess both dimensions concerning the taxonomy. When designing a default, a choice architect inevitably makes a decision concerning the characteristics. Among others, the results show three main findings. (1) The initial choice architecture regularly imposes welfare losses and impedes consumer autonomy. Forced active choosing can mitigate both issues. (2) Empirical evidence suggests that transparent defaults are similarly effective as the non-transparent counterparts. (3) The framing of the choice in combination with a choice structuring default leads to greater nudge success and tends to involve the reflective decision-making patterns. Choice architects can trade-off nudge success for legitimacy but a design change may also benefit one without harming the other. We discuss further options of choice architects to legitimize a default.
Another Vision of the Situation of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico During 2020
Authors: De La Cruz-Hernández Sergio Isaac 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths registered in Mexico during 2020 could be underestimated, due to the sentinel surveillance adopted in this country. Some consequences of following this type of epidemiological surveillance were the high case fatality rate and the high positivity rate for COVID-19 shown in Mexico in 2020. During this year, the Mexican Ministry of Health only considered cases from the public health system, which followed this sentinel surveillance, but did not consider those cases from the private health system. To better understand this pandemic, it is important to include all the results obtained by all the institutions capable of testing for COVID-19; thus, the Mexican Government could then make good decisions to protect the population from this disease.
Desecuritisation, deradicalisation, and national identity in Afghanistan: Higher education and desecuritisation processes
Authors: Sahar Arif , Kaunert Christian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article assesses the processes and trends of desecuritisation through the deradicalisation of identity politics within the higher education sector in Afghanistan. It examines the desecuritisation of radicalisation through efforts directed at deradicalisation in the context of a securitised conflict environment. The article draws on the data generated through interviews and discussions with actors engaged with higher education. Higher education, while manipulated by numerous actors for ideo-political purposes, can function as a ‘desecuritisation’ and ‘deradicalisation’ mechanism by supplementing the statebuilding efforts, and more subtly, by providing a venue for critical teaching and learning processes. This article highlights that while the sector is typically a very low reconstruction priority, if addressed strategically, it has the potential to contribute to the desecuritisation of ethnic politics through the deradicalisation of ethnic grievances and hence function as a catalyst for effective and sustainable postwar recovery.
Chronicles of Bailundo: a fragmentary account in Umbundu of life before and after Portuguese colonial rule
Authors: Dulley Iracema 
Published: November 2021

Abstract‘Chronicles of Bailundo’ is a fragmentary account of life in Bailundo, Central Angola. The manuscript, whose authorship and exact date are unknown, is available at the archives of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) at Houghton Library, Harvard University. It was written in Umbundu, the vernacular spoken in Bailundo, by North American Congregational missionaries between 1903 and the 1930s. Although the source mentions no dates, it refers roughly to the period between the seventeenth century and the gradual establishment of Portuguese colonial rule and Christian missions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It gives access to both the Umbundu then spoken in Bailundo and the perspective of Umbundu-speaking subjects on what it was like to live in this polity. The source addresses socio-cultural, political and economic aspects of life in Bailundo as well as significant historical events, such as the Bailundo War (1902–03). The text in Umbundu, published as supplementary material with this article, has been transcribed, translated into Portuguese and English, and annotated. The version published following the main introduction of the article presents an annotated sample of the source in English. The full version, published as supplementary material, comprises the complete original in Umbundu, its complete annotated translation into English, and a complete annotated translation into Portuguese. The article addresses the authorship, contents, form and context of production of the source.
Oka Day as an institution of power: kingship, chieftaincy and the community day in contemporary Yorubaland
Authors: Xiao Allen Hai , Ogunode Sunday Abraham 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article provides a case study of a Nigerian community day celebration as a constellation of power dynamics in which kingship, chieftaincy and local politics are intertwined. Complementing the interpretations of the community day as a festival and a community development initiative, this research approaches Oka Day as an institution ofpowersthat is invoked by the king but also incorporates chiefs, social groups, invited guests from beyond Oka and local audiences. Indebted to geographies of powers, we take nuanced power practices seriously, illustrated as twisted spatialities of powers embodied in architecture, rituals and oral history narratives. The new framing of powers makes two contributions to the existing interpretations of chieftaincy in Africa: it sheds light on chiefs’ subtle and strategic practices in response to the ‘powers of reach’ exercised by the king and through the organizational institution of Oka Day; and it also demonstrates how actors beyond the locality, including politicians, social clubs and diasporic groups, are drawn into the institution of Oka Day while mediating the powers of reach. Drawing from an analysis of spatialities of powers, we suggest that a spatial thinking facilitates our understandings of the ‘microphysics’ of kingship and chieftaincy in contemporary Yorubaland.
Marrying in a single moment: Zimbabwean Baptist ethics and the management of kin relations
Authors: Williams Green Leanne 
Published: November 2021

AbstractScholarship about Southern Africa registers a persistent tension between the prospect of relations created in a processual manner over time and the role of discrete ritual or lifecycle events. Marriage is one of the sites where this tension becomes particularly evident, not only in bridewealth transactions but also in an increasing prominence given to European-style ‘white weddings’. For Baptist Christians living in urban Zimbabwe, the tension raises a host of ethical considerations. This group of Christians seeks to establish and maintain social relations that they value for cultural and for religious reasons, while also facing the ethical task of moderating the degree of obligation that these relations can exert over them. They do so in order to maintain the moral autonomy necessary to live ethical Baptist lives, and attempt to achieve this goal by creating marriages according to a model of immediate transformation, rather than one of gradual unfolding. I suggest that drawing from recent discussions in the anthropological study of ethics offers a way to discuss choice and evaluation in marriage practice in ways not reducible to class interest or social and material expediency alone.
Outcomes following tympanoplasty surgery using porcine-derived small intestinal submucosa
Authors: Pollaers K , Bumbak P , Kuthubutheen J 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the outcomes of tympanoplasty surgery using porcine-derived small intestinal submucosa.MethodA retrospective audit was conducted in a hospital setting. Thirty-five adult and paediatric patients who received a small intestinal submucosa graft as part of tympanoplasty surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Patients underwent either simple tympanoplasty (n = 26) or complex tympanoplasty as part of a concurrent otological procedure such as atticotomy and mastoidectomy. The main outcome measures were rate of tympanic membrane closure and change in four-frequency mean air–bone gap.ResultsThirty-one patients had a follow-up period of longer than two months. Closure was obtained in 22 patients (71 per cent). The mean air–bone gap improved from 20.7 to 12.3 dB HL in the simple tympanoplasty group and from 22.3 to 12 dB HL in the complex tympanoplasty group.ConclusionTympanoplasty surgery with small intestinal submucosa is a viable option for patients where autologous graft is not available or in order to minimise donor site morbidity.