bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humpback whale call repertoire on a northeastern Newfoundland foraging ground
Authors: Epp Mikala V. , Fournet Michelle E. H. , Davoren Gail K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHumpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are a highly vocal baleen whale species with a diverse acoustic repertoire. “Song” has been well studied, while discrete “calls” have been described in a limited number of regions. We aimed to quantitatively describe calls from coastal Newfoundland, Canada, where foraging humpback whales aggregate during the summer. Recordings were made in July–August 2015 and 2016. Extracted calls were assigned to call types using aural/visual (AV) characteristics, and then agreement between quantitative acoustic parameters and qualitative call assignments was assessed using a supervised random forest (RF) analysis. The RF classified calls well (96% agreement) into three broad classes (high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), pulsed (P)), but agreement for call types within classes was lower (LF: 63%; P: 85%; HF: 81%). We found support for a repertoire of 13 call types based on either high (≥70%) RF agreement (9 call types) or high (≥70%) AV agreement between two observers (4 call types). Five call types (swops, droplets, teepees, growls and whups) were qualitatively similar to call types from other regions. We propose that the variable classification agreement is reflective of the graded nature of humpback whale calls and present a gradation model to demonstrate the suggested continuum.
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in non‐HIV cryptococcal meningitis: Cross‐talk between pathogen and host
Authors: Zhou Ling‐Hong , Zhao Hua‐Zhen , Wang Xuan , Wang Rui‐Ying , Jiang Ying‐Kui , Huang Li‐Ping , Yip Ching‐Wan , Cheng Jia‐Hui , Que Chun‐Xing , Zhu Li‐Ping 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundCryptococcal meningitis (CM)‐associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is associated with high mortality, the epidemiology and pathophysiology of which is poorly understood, especially in non‐HIV populations.ObjectivesWe aim to explore the incidence, clinical risk factors, immunological profiles and potential influence of leukotriene A4 hydroxylase (LTA4H) on non‐HIV CM IRIS populations.MethodsIn this observational cohort study, 101 previously untreated non‐HIV CM patients were included. We obtained data for clinical variables, 27 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines levels and LTA4H genotype frequencies. Changes of CSF cytokines levels before and at IRIS occurrence were compared.ResultsImmune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome was identified in 11 immunocompetent males, generating an incidence of 10.9% in non‐HIV CM patients. Patients with higher CrAg titres (> 1:160) were more likely to develop IRIS, and titre of 1:1280 is the optimum level to predict IRIS occurrence. Baseline CSF cytokines were significantly higher in IRIS group, which indicated a severe host immune inflammation response. Four LTA4H SNPs (rs17525488, rs6538697, rs17525495 and rs1978331) exhibited significant genetic susceptibility to IRIS in overall non‐HIV CM, while five cytokines were found to be associated with rs1978331, and baseline monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP‐1) became the only cytokine correlated with both IRIS and LTA4H SNPs.ConclusionsOur study suggested that non‐HIV CM patients with high fungal burden and severe immune inflammation response were more likely to developed IRIS. LTA4H polymorphisms may affect the pathogenesis of IRIS by regulating the level of baseline CSF MCP‐1.
CATastrophe: Response to the challenges of zoonotic sporotrichosis in southern Brazil
Authors: Poester Vanice Rodrigues , Stevens David A. , Basso Rossana Patricia , Munhoz Lívia Silveira , Zanchi Mariza , Benelli Jéssica Louise , Klafke Gabriel Baracy , Cardone Shirley , Xavier Melissa Orzechowski 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn Brazil, zoonotic sporotrichosis became a national public health problem, with thousands of cases in the last decade in several regions of the country. In this context, health education activities are critical, especially in promoting early diagnosis and access to proper health care in sporotrichosis hyperendemic areas. Therefore, we report the implementation of a public specialised reference service (SRS) for diagnosis and treatment of sporotrichosis in southern Brazil. We evaluated the impact of the SRS on diagnostic confirmation and speed of diagnosis.MethodsThe SRS was implemented in Rio Grande City. We implemented a public service to promote the correct diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up of human sporotrichosis cases. To study the impact of implementing SRS, the annual number of cases and the period between the appearance of lesions until diagnosis were compared, using prior data and that post‐implementation.ResultsThe implementation of the SRS directly benefited almost 50 patients in only four years, with the collaboration of almost 50% of the local health groups, together with an increase of more than 200% in diagnosis confirmation and speed of diagnosis, showing the reach, impact and importance of the SRS.ConclusionThe impact on the individual and collective health of the local population highlights the value of this public health approach in facing the epidemiological threat of zoonotic sporotrichosis.
Twin‐twin transfusion syndrome complicated by single ventricle physiology: A case report
Authors: Kiss Edgar , Chehab Sarah , Moreno Duarte Ingrid , Khan Umar , Schindel David , Pandya Samir , Ullah Sana , Ochoa Courtney , Zabala Luis M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractClinically significant extrauterine twin‐twin transfusion syndrome in conjoined twins is rare and carries a high risk of perinatal mortality. The ensuing postnatal imbalance in circulation across connecting vessels results in hypovolemia in the donor and hypervolemia in the recipient. Data on management and treatment are sparse especially in the setting of a single ventricle congenital heart defect. We present a case of a pair of omphalopagus conjoined twins, one with a single ventricle physiology (Twin B), who developed twin‐twin transfusion syndrome shortly after birth. The resulting pathophysiology in the setting of a single ventricle congenital heart defect created added layers of complexity to their management and expedited surgical separation. Shunting from Twin B to Twin A—with an anatomically normal heart—resulted in mal‐perfusion and rapid deterioration jeopardizing the health of both twins. In the preoperative course, steps taken to medically optimize the twins prior to surgery and the anesthetic considerations are detailed in this report.
Development of CMV‐specific cytotoxic T cells (CMV‐Tc) in pediatric renal transplant recipients with CMV viremia
Authors: Pizzo Helen , Shin Bongha , Garrison Jon , Huang Edmund , Malekzadeh Mohammad , Jordan Stanley C. , Puliyanda Dechu , Toyoda Mieko 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundViral infections are controlled primarily by viral‐specific T cells, raising concern for adequate T‐cell response to clear CMV infection in transplant recipients receiving lymphocyte‐depleting agents (LDA). We examined the rates of CMV viremia and clearance, seroconversion, and CMV‐specific CD8+ T cell (CMV‐Tc) activity with class of induction agent received.MethodsRetrospective review of 45 pediatric renal transplant recipients who received induction with LDA (n = 31) or non‐LDA (NLDA; n = 14) received valganciclovir prophylaxis for 6 months post‐transplant and CMV‐PCR monitoring. CMV‐Tc was measured by intracellular IFNγ flow cytometry, when possible, at baseline, 1 month after CMV viremia (>5 copies/PCR) and serially until CMV‐Tc was positive (≥0.2%).ResultsViremia rates at 1, 2, and 4 years post‐transplant were higher in LDA vs. NLDA (46.3% vs. 7.2%, 64.2% vs. 7.2%, and 64.2% vs. 7.2%, respectively; p = .002). Viremia rates at these time points in seronegative LDA (50.3%, 71.6%, 71.6%) were significantly or near significantly higher than seronegative NLDA (9.1%, 9.1%, 9.1%; p = .004), seropositive‐LDA (22.3%, 22.3%, 22.3%; p = .07), or seropositive NLDA (0%, 0%, 0%; p = .07). Eleven of 17 (64.7%) viremic subjects required valganciclovir dose reduction during the prophylaxis period for leukopenia. All viremic LDA patients developed CMV‐Tc. One viremic NLDA patient did not develop CMV‐Tc. No patients developed CMV disease.ConclusionCMV seronegative pediatric renal transplant patients receiving LDA are more likely to have valganciclovir prophylaxis dose reduction and develop subclinical CMV viremia; however, all developed CMV‐Tc. Larger prospective studies are needed to further understand the effects of induction agents on CMV‐Tc and CMV‐Tc's role post‐transplant.
Periplaneta americana peptide decreases apoptosis of pig‐ovary granulosa cells induced by H2O2 through FoxO1
Authors: Kong Caihua , Liu Kena , Wang Qin , Fu Rong , Si Huaxin , Sui Shiyan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOxidative stress can induce apoptosis of granulosa cells and lead to follicular atresia, thereby reducing the number of pigs giving birth. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Periplaneta americana peptide (PAP) on the apoptosis of the granulosa cells of pig ovaries (PGCs) induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via FoxO1. PGCs were treated with H2O2 to establish a cell apoptosis model. Cell viability was measured using the cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay, and cell apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level and nitric oxide (NO) content were detected to reflect the oxidative stress. Western blotting, qRT‐PCR and overexpression were undertaken to determine the expression of FoxO1 and caspase‐3, and immunofluorescence was used to detect FoxO1 in the nucleus and cytoplasm. PGCs were treated with 100 μM H2O2 for 6 hr, which resulted in oxidative damage and apoptosis and an apoptosis rate for PGCs of 32.95%. Next, PGCs were treated with 400 μg/ml PAP for 24 hr to repair the apoptosis induced by H2O2. PAP improved cell viability in H2O2‐stimulated PGCs, the increased MDA level and NO content caused by H2O2 stimulation were reversed and the apoptotic rate of PGCs was reduced. The qRT‐PCR and Western blotting results indicated that PAP decreased the H2O2‐induced apoptosis and the expression of FoxO1 and caspase‐3 in PGCs. The effect of PAP was the same following FoxO1 overexpression. FoxO1 was expressed in the nucleus when stimulated by H2O2 or overexpression; however, it migrated to the cytoplasm following PAP treatment. PAP decreased the apoptosis of PGCs induced by H2O2 by regulating FoxO1 expression and nuclear translocation.
Stability of smooth periodic travelling waves in the Camassa–Holm equation
Authors: Geyer Anna , Martins Renan H. , Natali Fábio , Pelinovsky Dmitry E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe solve the open problem of spectral stability of smooth periodic waves in the Camassa–Holm equation. The key to obtaining this result is that the periodic waves of the Camassa–Holm equation can be characterized by an alternative Hamiltonian structure, different from the standard formulation common to the Korteweg‐de Vries equation. The standard formulation has the disadvantage that the period function is not monotone and the quadratic energy form may have two rather than one negative eigenvalues. We prove that the nonstandard formulation has the advantage that the period function is monotone and the quadratic energy form has only one simple negative eigenvalue. We deduce a precise condition for the spectral and orbital stability of the smooth periodic travelling waves and show numerically that this condition is satisfied in the open region where the smooth periodic waves exist.
Assessing the Reliability of the Retrospective Reproductive Calendar: Evidence from Urban Kenya
Authors: Tumlinson Katherine , Curtis Siân L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe reproductive calendar is a data collection tool that collects month‐by‐month retrospective histories of contraceptive use. This survey instrument is implemented in large‐scale demographic surveys, but its reliability is not well‐understood. Our analysis helps to address this research gap, using longitudinal panel data with overlapping calendars from urban Kenya. Our findings indicate calendar data collected in 2014 underestimated 2012 reports of current use by 5 percentage points. And while the overall percentage of women reporting at least one episode of contraceptive use was similar across the two calendars (67 percent vs. 70 percent), there was notable disagreement in contraceptive behavior when comparing the histories of individual women; less than 20 percent of women with any contraceptive use reported the exact same pattern of use in both calendars. Low calendar reliability was especially apparent for younger women and those with complicated contraceptive histories. Individual‐level discordance resulted in a small difference in 12‐month discontinuation rates for the period of calendar overlap; when surveyed in 2014, women reported a 12‐month discontinuation rate of 39 percent, compared to a rate of 34 percent reported in 2012. When using retrospective calendar data, attention must be paid to the potential for individual reporting errors.
Effects of integrating grass‐clover leys with livestock into arable crop rotations on soil carbon stocks and particulate and mineral‐associated soil organic matter fractions in conventional and organic systems
Authors: Zani Caio Fernandes , Lopez‐Capel Elisa , Abbott Geoffrey D. , Taylor James A. , Cooper Julia M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOrganic systems, integrated crop–livestock systems (ICL) and leys are posited as strategies to increase soil carbon (C) stocks. However, previous studies have: (i) only considered one driver of change; (ii) evaluated soil C content instead of stocks; (iii) been limited to the 0.20 m depth; (iv) used short‐term leys; and (v) rarely assessed the distribution of C among soil organic matter (SOM) fractions, which relates to C stabilization. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of conventional vs. organic agricultural systems, grazing regimes (non‐grazed vs. grazed) and different proportions of temporary grass‐clover leys in crop rotations (ley time proportion – LTP) on soil C stocks and C distribution among SOM fractions down to 0.60 m soil depth. SOM fractions assessed were particulate organic matter (POM > 53 μm), heavy fraction (HF > 53 μm) and mineral‐associated silt and clay fraction (SC < 53 μm). There were no differences in soil C stocks between the conventional and the organic system, but the former had higher SC‐C in the 0.15 m depth. Increasing the LTP associated with livestock grazing increased: (a) soil C stocks in the topsoil (0.30 m); and (b) POM‐C and HF‐C in the 0.15 m and POM‐C in the 0.30–0.60 m depth under both agricultural systems. The inclusion of the longer grazed grass‐clover leys was especially important for topsoil POM‐C and HF‐C under the conventional system. These results suggest that ICL systems with increasing LTP in crop rotations can play an important role in achieving a net C benefit.
Quantifying influence of tillage practices on soil aggregate microstructure using synchrotron‐based micro‐computed tomography
Authors: Gao Yan , Liang Aizhen , Fan Ruqin , Guo Yafei , Zhang Yan , McLaughlin Neil , Chen Xuewen , Zheng Haifeng , Wu Donghui 
Published: August 2021

AbstractStudying the internal structure of soil aggregates is an insightful way to improve the understanding of soil aggregation process. However, it is still not clear how the macroaggregate pore structure is influenced by the application of long‐term tillage practices. In this study, we aimed to determine the differences in macroaggregate pore structure among long‐term tillage practices using micro‐computed tomography (SR‐μCT). Soil samples were collected from no tillage (NT) and ridge tillage (RT) plots and surrounding fields under conventional tillage (CT) and uncultivated soils (CK). The results showed that the diameters of most pores were greater than 30 μm, but >100 μm pores had the greatest percentage of total macroaggregate porosities in all four soils, that is NT, RT, CT and CK. The CK soil had a higher aggregate porosity of <30 μm and 30–60 μm, as well as a lower porosity of >100 μm than the NT, RT and CT soils. Total porosities within soil macroaggregates in both CK and CT were significantly lower than those in RT and NT, but the porosities of 30–60 μm and 60–100 μm within soil macroaggregates in both CK and RT were no significance. There were no significant differences in pore parameters between CK and RT. The CK and RT had higher mean weight diameter (MWD) and aggregate‐associated SOC contents than CT. Therefore, the pore structure of RT was similar to CK with good soil structure. Overall, RT was more appropriate tillage system to protect soil aggregate structure in black soils of Northeast China.
Field applications of gypsum reduce pH and improve soil C in highly alkaline soils in southern Australia’s dryland cropping region
Authors: Tavakkoli Ehsan , Uddin Shihab , Rengasamy Pichu , McDonald Glenn K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHighly alkaline soils are widespread throughout south‐eastern Australia. High pH limits the accumulation and retention of organic carbon (C), and thus the availability of nutrients to crops and is also associated with various elemental deficiencies and toxicities that restrict crop productivity. Applying gypsum and increasing legume production reduce pH and improve soil chemical and physical properties in alkaline, sodic soils, but this strategy has not been explored in alkaline soils in the region where many of the topsoils are non‐sodic. Five short‐term rotation experiments were conducted to examine the potential to reduce pH, improve soil organic C and increase crop production. In the first year, three legumes—field peas (Pisum sativum), vetch (Vicia sativa) and a medic pasture (Medicago spp.)—were grown at low or high inputs of seed and fertilizer and with three rates of gypsum (0, 2.5 t/ha and 5.0 t/ha). In the following seasons, wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) were grown. Using high sowing and fertilizer rates to increase legume biomass had little effect on soil properties; however, applying gypsum consistently resulted in a lower soil pH and dissolved organic C and higher organic C compared with the unamended control to a depth of 0.20–0.30 m. The largest difference occurred with 2.5 t gypsum/ha with little further change at 5 t/ha. Gypsum significantly increased biomass and grain yield at sites with low concentrations of calcium carbonate. Low rates of gypsum may be effective in reducing pH, maintaining soil organic C and improving crop production in regions with alkaline soils low in calcium carbonate.
Heterogeneous spatiotemporal copula‐based kriging for air pollution prediction
Authors: Wang Jiaoju , Wang Zhizhong , Deng Min , Zou Hang , Wang Kaifu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAir pollutants have a significant negative impact on human health, especially cardiovascular and respiratory. An efficient and effective spatiotemporal model for air pollution prediction is urgently needed to help strengthen air pollution control and improve air quality. Empirical statistical models have been widely applied for spatiotemporal prediction. However, they are not capable of dealing well with space‐time heterogeneity and dependency, thereby achieving lower accuracy. Here, a hybrid frame named heterogeneous spatiotemporal copula‐based kriging is proposed for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration prediction; it is a multi‐time, multi‐site kriging model based on spatiotemporal clustering. The proposed model is capable of addressing spatiotemporal heterogeneity effectively and accounting for the spatiotemporal dependence by copula‐based covariance functions. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, an experiment on daily PM2.5 data in China in 2016 was carried out. The results (MAE = 6.48, RMSE = 10.68, = 0.919) show that the proposed model can achieve good performance in PM2.5 prediction, which is of great significance in regional air quality management.
Nuclear organization in crucifer genomes: nucleolus‐associated telomere clustering is not a universal interphase configuration in Brassicaceae
Authors: Shan Wenbo , Kubová Michaela , Mandáková Terezie , Lysak Martin A. 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARYArabidopsis thaliana has become a major plant research model, where interphase nuclear organization exhibits unique features, including nucleolus‐associated telomere clustering. The chromocenter (CC)‐loop model, or rosette‐like configuration, describes intranuclear chromatin organization in Arabidopsis as megabase‐long loops anchored in, and emanating from, peripherally positioned CCs, with those containing telomeres associating with the nucleolus. To investigate whether the CC‐loop organization is universal across the mustard family (crucifers), the nuclear distributions of centromeres, telomeres and nucleoli were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization in seven diploid species (2n = 10–16) representing major crucifer clades with an up to 26‐fold variation in genome size (160–4260 Mb). Nucleolus‐associated telomere clustering was confirmed in Arabidopsis (157 Mb) and was newly identified as the major nuclear phenotype in other species with a small genome (215–381 Mb). In large‐genome species (2611–4264 Mb), centromeres and telomeres adopted a Rabl‐like configuration or dispersed distribution in the nuclear interior; telomeres only rarely associated with the nucleolus. In Arabis cypria (381 Mb) and Bunias orientalis (2611 Mb), tissue‐specific patterns deviating from the major nuclear phenotypes were observed in anther and stem tissues, respectively. The rosette‐like configuration, including nucleolus‐associated telomere clustering in small‐genome species from different infrafamiliar clades, suggests that genomic properties rather than phylogenetic position determine the interphase nuclear organization. Our data suggest that nuclear genome size, average chromosome size and degree of longitudinal chromosome compartmentalization affect interphase chromosome organization in crucifer genomes.
Plasmavigilance—Adverse events among US Source plasma donors
Authors: Schreiber George B. , Becker Mark , Fransen Michelle , Hershman Janet , Lenart James , Song Guang , Simon Toby 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundSource plasma (SP) is the primary starting material for 87% of plasma‐derived medicinal products globally. Plasmavigilance is a program designed to collect, analyze, and monitor donor adverse events (AEs) across the SP collection industry. Donor retention depends on donors having a safe and satisfactory experience. This study analyzes AE rates and SP donor characteristics that may be predictors of an AE.Study Design and MethodsDonation data for 1.1 million donors making 12,183,182 SP donations over a 4‐month period were analyzed. This represented approximately 72% of the donations collected by the U.S. plasma industry. The Standard for Recording Donor Adverse Events was used for AE definitions and classifications.ResultsThe overall AE rate was 15.85/104 donations. The two AEs with the highest rates were Hypotensive and Phlebotomy events (8.32 and 5.91/104 donations, respectively). Females had higher overall AE rates than males (25.76 vs. 9.85/104 donations), and first‐time donors had higher overall AE rates than repeat donors (136.66 vs. 12.37/104 donations). Weight, body mass index, age, and pre‐donation estimated blood volume also were predictors of AE.DiscussionSP donors have low AE rates with 90% being events classified as Hypotensive or Phlebotomy. Special attention and mitigation strategies should be directed to donors who are young, lightweight (between 100 and 124 pounds), female, or first‐time donors to further reduce the incidence of AE, continue to ensure the donor has a safe experience, and facilitate donor retention.