bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous‐surface geographic assignment of migratory animals using strontium isotopes: A case study with monarch butterflies
Authors: Reich Megan S. , Flockhart D. T. Tyler , Norris D. Ryan , Hu Lihai , Bataille Clément P. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Strontium isotope ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) have shown promise for tracing the geographic origin of animal tissues because they have high‐resolution and show discrete spatial patterns independent and complementary to those of light isotopes. In this study, we provide a complete quantitative framework to apply ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr for tracking migratory animals using the eastern North American population of monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus as a case study.

To enable continuous‐surface geographic assignment using ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, we recommend following five key steps: (a) assessing feasibility, (b) sample collection, (c) laboratory analysis, (d) modelling the isoscape and (e) geographic assignment. We provide a detailed outline of these steps and then focus on steps 3–5 for the case study. For monarchs, using an extensive plant ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr dataset (n = 400), geospatial data and a machine learning approach, we first calibrate a regional, high‐resolution ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isoscape (i.e. a baseline for ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr assignment) over their eastern North American summer breeding range. We then use the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isoscape to estimate the posterior probability surface of natal origin for 100 monarchs of unknown origin.

Our results demonstrate that ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr can greatly improve the precision of isotope‐based geographic assignment. Furthermore, combining δ2H and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr into a dual assignment provides the most constrained area of natal origin.

We provide a framework for ecologists and palaeoecologists to apply ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr‐based geographic assignments for animal movement studies using contemporary or archived samples. The addition of the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr assignment tool will enhance our ability to study migration and dispersal in a wide variety of animals.
Frequency, indications and success of out‐of‐hospital intubations in Finnish children
Authors: Elonheimo Lauri , Ljungqvist Harry , Harve‐Rytsälä Heini , Jäntti Helena , Nurmi Jouni 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundEarlier studies have shown variable results regarding the success of paediatric emergency endotracheal intubation between different settings and operators. We aimed to describe the paediatric population intubated by physician‐staffed helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) and evaluate the factors associated with overall and first‐pass success (FPS).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective observational cohort study in Finland including all children less than 16 years old who required endotracheal intubation by a HEMS physician from January 2014 to August 2019. Utilising a national HEMS database, we analysed the incidence, indications, overall and first‐pass success rates of endotracheal intubation.ResultsA total of 2731 children were encountered by HEMS, and intubation was attempted in 245 (9%); of these, 22 were younger than 1 year, 103 were aged 1–5 years and 120 were aged 6–15 years. The most common indications for airway management were cardiac arrest for the youngest age group, neurological reasons (e.g., seizures) for those aged 1–5 years and trauma for those aged 6–15. The HEMS physicians had an overall success rate of 100% (95% CI: 98–100) and an FPS rate of 86% (95% CI: 82–90). The FPS rate was lower in the youngest age group (p = .002) and for patients in cardiac arrest (p < .001).ConclusionsEmergency endotracheal intubation of children is successfully performed by a physician staffed HEMS unit even though these procedures are rare. To improve the care, emphasis should be on airway management of infants and patients in cardiac arrest.
Tranexamic acid for prevention of bleeding in cesarean delivery: An overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Hurskainen Tomi , Deng Mimi X. , Etherington Cole , Burns Joseph K. , Martin Calderon Leonardo , Moher David , Edwards Wesley , Boet Sylvain 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundBleeding is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the world. Tranexamic acid reduces bleeding in trauma and surgery. Several systematic reviews of randomized trials have investigated tranexamic acid in the prevention of bleeding in cesarean delivery. However, the conclusions from systematic reviews are conflicting. This overview aims to summarize the evidence and explore the reasons for conflicting conclusions across the systematic reviews.MethodsA comprehensive literature search of Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was conducted from inception to April 2021. Screening, data extraction, and quality assessments were performed by two independent reviewers. A Measurement Tool to Assess Reviews 2 and the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Systematic Reviews were used for study appraisal. A qualitative synthesis of evidence is presented.ResultsIn all, 14 systematic reviews were included in our analysis. Across these reviews, there were 32 relevant randomized trials. A modest reduction in blood transfusions and bleeding outcomes was found by most systematic reviews. Overall confidence in results varied from low to critically low. All of the included systematic reviews were at high risk of bias. Quality of evidence from randomized trials was uncertain.ConclusionsSystematic reviews investigating prophylactic tranexamic acid in cesarean delivery are heterogeneous in terms of methodological and reporting quality. Tranexamic acid may reduce blood transfusion and bleeding outcomes, but rigorous well‐designed research is needed due to the limitations of the included studies. Data on safety and adverse effects are insufficient to draw conclusions.
Sensitivity of diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging in transient global amnesia as a function of time from symptom onset
Authors: Wong Matthew L. , e Silva Lucas Oliveira J. , Gerberi Danielle J. , Edlow Jonathan A. , Dubosh Nicole M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe objective was to systematically evaluate the sensitivity of diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW‐MRI) for transient global amnesia (TGA) across various time frames compared to the reference‐standard clinical criteria.MethodsAll indexed publications related to TGA and MRI through June 2020 were retrieved by a medical librarian. Two independent reviewers identified original research studies of adults with a clinical diagnosis of TGA using Caplan and Hodges and Warlow criteria (reference standard) who were evaluated with DW‐MRI. Pooled estimates and its 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the proportion of acute TGA patients with positive DW‐MRI (i.e., sensitivity) were obtained using random‐effects meta‐analysis for various time frames. Quality assessment was performed using the revised Quality of Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS‐2) tool.ResultsAfter screening 665 reports, we identified 81 potentially relevant studies. Twenty‐three studies representing 1688 patients met eligibility criteria, but not all studies had data available for meta‐analysis. The pooled sensitivity (also described as positivity rate) of DW‐MRI was 15.6% (95% CI = 2.6%–35.0%) between 0 and 12 h from symptom onset, 23.1% (95% CI = 6.1%–45.7%) at 0–24 h, 72.8% (95% CI = 40.8%–96.3) at 12–24 h, 68.8% (95% CI = 44.8%–88.8%) at 24–36 h, 72.4% (95% CI = 59.8%–83.5%) at 36–48 h, 82.8% (95% CI = 54.7%–99.6%) at 48–60 h, 66.9% (95% CI = 47.5%–83.9%) at 60–72 h, and 72.0% (95% CI = 30.1%–100.0%) at 72–96 h. There was significant concern for risk of bias in the QUADAS‐2 domains of patient selection and index test, yielding a low level of certainty in the pooled estimates.ConclusionDW‐MRI lesions are uncommon in patients with TGA early after symptom onset, but the sensitivity (i.e., positivity rate) of DW‐MRI increases with time. Despite the limited quality of existing evidence, obtaining an early DW‐MRI in patients with clinical diagnosis of TGA in the acute setting is likely a low‐yield test.
Share‐loan pledging and relaxation of share‐repurchase restrictions in China
Authors: Guo Qi , Kryzanowski Lawrence , Li Mingyang , Zhang Jie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe examine a period in which the in‐principle prohibition of share repurchases was relaxed in 2018 to allow for the repurchase of shares whose prices dropped materially or were below book value. We find that share‐loan pledges by controlling shareholders are significantly and positively associated with share repurchases for a sample of 3,531 Chinese firms. This finding is robust using entropy and propensity score matched samples, 2SLS IV regressions, regression discontinuity design (RDD), and two exogenous shocks (the China–US trade war in 2018 and the COVID‐19 pandemic in 2020). The association remains robust but becomes less strong with state ownership and with above industry average firm agency problems, leverage ratios and financial constraints/distress (i.e., other share repurchase motives). Our findings highlight the importance of financial market regulations on share‐loan pledging and share repurchases in emerging markets during periods of heightened firm‐specific and systemic margin call risk and impending liquidation of share‐loan pledges.
Reducing craving and consumption in individuals with drug addiction, obesity or overeating through neuromodulation intervention: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of its follow‐up effects
Authors: Song Sensen , Zilverstand Anna , Gui Wenjun , Pan Xuefei , Zhou Xiaolin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground and aimsNon‐invasive brain stimulation has shown potential in clinical applications aiming at reducing craving and consumption levels in individuals with drug addiction or overeating behaviour. However, it is unclear whether these intervention effects are maintained over time. This study aimed to measure the immediate, short‐ and long‐term effects of excitatory transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and high‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting at dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) in people with drug addiction or overeating.MethodsA systematic review and random effects meta‐analysis. We included 20 articles (total of 22 studies using randomized controlled trials: 3 alcohol dependence, 3 drug dependence, 12 smoking, 4 overeating; total: 720 participants) from January 2000 to June 2020, which reported at least one follow‐up assessment of craving, consumption or abstinence levels after the intervention. We compared effects of active versus sham stimulation immediately after the intervention and at the last follow‐up assessment, as compared with baseline.ResultsExcitatory neuromodulation of dlPFC activity reduced craving and consumption immediately after the intervention (craving: g = 0.734, CI = 0.447–1.021, P < 0.001; consumption: g = 0.527, CI = 0.309–0.745; P < 0.001), as well as during short‐, mid‐ and long‐term abstinence (craving: g = 0.677, CI = 0.440–0.914, P < 0.001; consumption: g = 0.445, CI = 0.245–0.645, P < 0.001; abstinence levels: g = 0.698, CI = 0.433–0.963, P < 0.001; average time of follow‐up: 84 ± 83 days after last stimulation). Additional analysis demonstrated that the intervention effects were sustained in all populations studied (food, nicotine, alcohol or drug abuse) and with both stimulation techniques used (rTMS, tDCS). Interventions targeting at the left (vs right) hemisphere may be more effective.ConclusionsExcitatory neuromodulation targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex appears to lead to a sustained reduction of craving and consumption in individuals with addiction or overeating behaviour.
Oncostatin M stimulates immature Leydig cell proliferation but inhibits its maturation and function in rats through JAK1/STAT3 signaling and induction of oxidative stress in vitro
Authors: Tian Lili , Li Xueyun , Wang Yiyan , Chen Quanxu , Li Xiaoheng , Ge Ren‐Shan , Li Xingwang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground: Oncostatin M (OSM) is a member of the interleukin‐6 group of cytokines, which can regulate cell proliferation, growth, and function. Immature Leydig cells have the ability to proliferate and differentiate, and adult Leydig cells have the function of testosterone synthesis. However, the role and underlying mechanisms of OSM on the proliferation and function of Leydig cells remain unclear.Methods: The effects of OSM on the proliferation, apoptosis, and function of immature Leydig cells isolated from 35‐day‐old rats and the function of adult Leydig cells isolated from 63‐day‐old rats in vitro.Results: OSM stimulated immature Leydig cell proliferation after up‐regulating the expression of Ccnd1 and Cdk4 to drive the transition of G1 phase to M2 phase in the cell cycle at 10 and 100 ng/ml. OSM did not affect the apoptosis of immature Leydig cells up to 100 ng/ml. OSM inhibited testosterone production in immature and adult Leydig cells by down‐regulating the expression of Lhcgr, Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, and Cyp17a1 at 1–100 ng/ml. OSM induced reactive oxygen species and down‐regulated the expression of antioxidant genes and lowered mitochondrial membrane potential at 10 and 100 ng/ml in both Leydig cells. Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) antagonist filgotinib and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) antagonist S3I‐201 reversed the effect of OSM, indicating that it acts on JAK1/STAT3 signaling.Conclusion: Oncostatin M stimulates immature Leydig cell proliferation while inhibiting the function of immature and adult Leydig cells.
Neurodevelopmental problems and quality of life in 6‐year‐olds with a history of developmental language disorder
Authors: Ottosson Simon , Schachinger Lorentzon Ulrika , Kadesjö Björn , Gillberg Christopher , Miniscalco Carmela 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimTo explore family‐reported neurodevelopmental functioning and quality of life in 6‐year‐olds who had screened positive for developmental language disorder at age 2.5 years.MethodsParents of 85 6‐year‐old children completed questionnaires about child neurodevelopmental difficulties and quality of life. The children were interviewed regarding quality of life, and their language was assessed by speech and language pathologists. Test results at 6 years identified three subgroups: children with developmental language disorder (n = 68) or speech sound disorder (n = 6) and children with no current language disorder (n = 11).ResultsOut of the 68 children with developmental language disorder, 33 (48%) had significant parent‐rated problems with language, executive functions 17 (25%), perception 15 (22%) and/or motor skills 15 (22%). Four (67%) of the children with speech sound disorder had significant problems with language. Significant problems were reported with language in five (45%) and with perception in four (36%) children with no current language disorder. The parents reported no impaired quality of life, whereas the children themselves reported impairment mainly with school functioning.ConclusionsOverlap between language difficulties and other neurodevelopmental problems was higher in 6‐year‐olds who had screened positive for developmental language disorder about 3 years earlier, than in the general population. The parent and child reports of quality of life were not consistent.
Hispano‐American Brain Bank on Neurodevelopmental Disorders: An initiative to promote brain banking, research, education, and outreach in the field of neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Dufour Brett D. , Albores‐Gallo Lilia , Luna‐Muñoz Jose , Hagerman Randi , Miquelajauregui Amaya , Buriticá Efrain , Saldarriaga Wilmar , Pacheco‐Herrero Mar , Yris Silvestre‐Sosa Ana , Mazefsky Carla , Gastgeb Holly , Kofler Julia , Casanova Manuel , Hof Patrick R. , London Eric , Hagerman Paul , Martínez‐Cerdeño Verónica 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNeurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are conditions that present with brain dysfunction due to alterations in the processes of brain development. They present with neuropsychiatric, cognitive, and motor symptoms. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Fragile X syndrome (FXS) are two of the most common NDDs. Human brain tissue is a scarce resource that is obtained from postmortem donations. In the case of NDDs, specifically autism, the reduced donation rate of brains prevents researchers to investigate its pathology and fine anatomy. The Hispano‐American Brain Bank of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (Banco Hispanoamericano de CErebros de trastornos del NEurodesarrollo) or CENE is a large‐scale brain bank for neurodevelopmental disorders in Hispano‐America and the US. CENE's objectives are to collect and distribute brains of patients with NDDS, with a focus on ASD and FXS, to perform research, promote education of future scientists, and enhance public awareness about the importance of human tissue availability for scientific research on brain function and disease. CENE has thus far established a bilingual system of nodes and teams in several American countries including California‐US, Pennsylvania‐US, México, Puerto Rico, Colombia, and Dominican Republic. CENE ensures that postmortem NDD samples used in research better match the world's genetic and ethnic diversity. CENE enables and expands NDD brain research worldwide, particularly with respect to ASD and FXS.
Active exercise after polypectomy reduces the risk of metachronous advanced colorectal neoplasm
Authors: Chang Wei‐Yuan , Lin Hsuan‐Ho , Chang Li‐Chun , Hsu Wen‐Feng , Wu Ming‐Shiang , Chiu Han‐Mo 
Published: September 2021

Background and study aimsExercise is associated with a lower risk of colorectal neoplasm but its association with metachronous advanced colorectal neoplasm development after polypectomy remains unclear. We aimed to investigate associations between subjects’ exercise habits and the risk of metachronous advanced colorectal neoplasm.Patients and methodsThis study analyzed subjects older than 40 years who received screening colonoscopy with polypectomy and surveillance colonoscopy between January 2009 and December 2016. All participants completed a standard questionnaire containing exercise habits before surveillance colonoscopy. Subjects’ exercise habits were quantified as weekly exercise amounts (metabolic equivalents of task‐day/week) and dichotomized (active/sedentary exercise habit) using averages as the cut‐off point. The associations between incidence of metachronous advanced colorectal neoplasm and exercise habits were evaluated using Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox regression models.ResultsA total of 1820 subjects comprised the study cohort and 86 (4.73%) of them developed metachronous advanced colorectal neoplasm during the surveillance period. An active exercise habit after polypectomy was associated with a lower risk of metachronous advanced colorectal neoplasm (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35–0.91). Furthermore, this protective effect from exercise was specific for subjects having advanced neoplasm at screening colonoscopy (aHR 0.32, 95% CI 0.11–0.94).ConclusionsAn active exercise habit after polypectomy, a surrogate for a more active lifestyle, is associated with a lower risk for developing metachronous advanced colorectal neoplasm. A positive lifestyle modification, such as maintaining/establishing an active exercise habit, should be advised after polypectomy, especially for those with advanced colorectal neoplasm during screening.
Prevalence and clinical outcomes of myocarditis and pericarditis in 718,365 COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Buckley Benjamin J.R. , Harrison Stephanie L. , Fazio‐Eynullayeva Elnara , Underhill Paula , Lane Deirdre A. , Lip Gregory Y.H. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundCOVID‐19 has a wide spectrum of cardiovascular sequelae including myocarditis and pericarditis; however, the prevalence and clinical impact are unclear. We investigated the prevalence of new‐onset myocarditis/pericarditis and associated adverse cardiovascular events in patients with COVID‐19.Methods and resultsA retrospective cohort study was conducted using electronic medical records from a global federated health research network. Patients were included based on a diagnosis of COVID‐19 and new‐onset myocarditis or pericarditis. Patients with COVID‐19 and myocarditis/pericarditis were 1:1 propensity score matched for age, sex, race and comorbidities to patients with COVID‐19 but without myocarditis/pericarditis. The outcomes of interest were 6‐month all‐cause mortality, hospitalisation, cardiac arrest, incident heart failure, incident atrial fibrillation and acute myocardial infarction, comparing patients with and without myocarditis/pericarditis.Of 718,365 patients with COVID‐19, 35,820 (5.0%) developed new‐onset myocarditis and 10,706 (1.5%) developed new‐onset pericarditis. Six‐month all‐cause mortality was 3.9% (n = 702) in patients with myocarditis and 2.9% (n = 523) in matched controls (p < .0001), odds ratio 1.36 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21–1.53). Six‐month all‐cause mortality was 15.5% (n = 816) for pericarditis and 6.7% (n = 356) in matched controls (p < .0001), odds ratio 2.55 (95% CI: 2.24–2.91). Receiving critical care was associated with significantly higher odds of mortality for patients with myocarditis and pericarditis. Patients with pericarditis seemed to associate with more new‐onset cardiovascular sequelae than those with myocarditis. This finding was consistent when looking at pre‐COVID‐19 data with pneumonia patients.ConclusionsPatients with COVID‐19 who present with myocarditis/pericarditis associate with increased odds of major adverse events and new‐onset cardiovascular sequelae.
Assessing the levels of intraspecific admixture and interspecific hybridization in Iberian wild goats (Capra pyrenaica)
Authors: Cardoso Tainã Figueiredo , Luigi‐Sierra María Gracia , Castelló Anna , Cabrera Betlem , Noce Antonia , Mármol‐Sánchez Emilio , García‐González Ricardo , Fernández‐Arias Alberto , Alabart José Luis , López‐Olvera Jorge Ramón , Mentaberre Gregorio , Granados‐Torres José Enrique , Cardells‐Peris Jesús , Molina Antonio , Sànchez Armand , Clop Alex , Amills Marcel 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIberian wild goats (Capra pyrenaica, also known as Iberian ibex, Spanish ibex, and Spanish wild goat) underwent strong genetic bottlenecks during the 19th and 20th centuries due to overhunting and habitat destruction. From the 1970s to 1990s, augmentation translocations were frequently carried out to restock Iberian wild goat populations (very often with hunting purposes), but they were not systematically planned or recorded. On the other hand, recent data suggest the occurrence of hybridization events between Iberian wild goats and domestic goats (Capra hircus). Augmentation translocations and interspecific hybridization might have contributed to increase the diversity of Iberian wild goats. With the aim of investigating this issue, we have genotyped 118 Iberian wild goats from Tortosa‐Beceite, Sierra Nevada, Muela de Cortes, Gredos, Batuecas, and Ordesa and Monte Perdido by using the Goat SNP50 BeadChip (Illumina). The analysis of genotypic data indicated that Iberian wild goat populations are strongly differentiated and display low diversity. Only three Iberian wild goats out from 118 show genomic signatures of mixed ancestry, a result consistent with a scenario in which past augmentation translocations have had a limited impact on the diversity of Iberian wild goats. Besides, we have detected eight Iberian wild goats from Tortosa‐Beceite with signs of domestic goat introgression. Although rare, hybridization with domestic goats could become a potential threat to the genetic integrity of Iberian wild goats; hence, measures should be taken to avoid the presence of uncontrolled herds of domestic or feral goats in mountainous areas inhabited by this iconic wild ungulate.