bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Phosphate Starvation Response System: Its Role in the Regulation of Plant–Microbe Interactions
Authors: Isidra-Arellano Mariel C , Delaux Pierre-Marc , Valdés-López Oswaldo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Phosphate (Pi) deficiency is a major factor limiting plant productivity worldwide. Land plants have evolved different strategies to cope with Pi deficiency. For instance, plants activate the so-called Pi starvation response (PSR) system, which is regulated by the transcription factor Phosphate Starvation Response1 (PHR1), to adjust plant growth and metabolic activity accordingly. Additionally, land plants can also establish mutualistic associations with soil microbes able to solubilize Pi from plant-inaccessible soil complexes and to transfer it to the host plant. A growing body of evidence indicates that PHR1 and the PSR system not only regulate the plant responses to Pi deficiency in an abiotic context, but they are also crucial for plants to properly interact with beneficial soil microbes able to provide them with soluble Pi. Recent evidence indicates that PHR1 and the PSR system contribute to shaping the plant-associated microbiota through the modulation of the plant immune system. The PSR and immune system outputs are tightly integrated by PHR1. Here, we review how plant host Pi status influences the establishment of the mutualistic association with soil microbes. We also highlight the role of PHR1 and the PSR system in shaping both the root microbiome and plant responses to Pi deficiency.
Medicaid and Mortality: New Evidence From Linked Survey and Administrative Data
Authors: Miller Sarah , Johnson Norman , Wherry Laura R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We use large-scale federal survey data linked to administrative death records to investigate the relationship between Medicaid enrollment and mortality. Our analysis compares changes in mortality for near-elderly adults in states with and without Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansions. We identify adults most likely to benefit using survey information on socioeconomic status, citizenship status, and public program participation. We find that prior to the ACA expansions, mortality rates across expansion and nonexpansion states trended similarly, but beginning in the first year of the policy, there were significant reductions in mortality in states that opted to expand relative to nonexpanders. Individuals in expansion states experienced a 0.132 percentage point decline in annual mortality, a 9.4% reduction over the sample mean, as a result of the Medicaid expansions. The effect is driven by a reduction in disease-related deaths and grows over time. A variety of alternative specifications, methods of inference, placebo tests, and sample definitions confirm our main result.
Does government support of a few leading universities have a broader impact on the higher education system? Evaluation of the Russian University Excellence Initiative
Authors: Lovakov Andrey , Panova Anna , Sterligov Ivan , Yudkevich Maria 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMany governments attempt to improve national higher education through the competitive support of universities. These policy approaches raise questions about the impact on the entire system—both in research and educational—of targeted support for a small number of universities. Addressing challenges in the measurement of university excellence initiatives are among the most vital topics in research evaluation due to the central roles they often play in national research and university policy efforts. Using data from the Russian University Excellence Initiative (RUEI), we measure the spillover effects of such focused support and demonstrate that a broader impact does exist. In particular, we examine the performance of higher education institutions that were not part of RUEI and were not directly supported by it. We compare the university performance in regions both with and without RUEI universities. In doing so, we measure the indirect impact of RUEI on the higher education sector at the regional level. We show a positive effect on the level of publication activity that has recently become apparent. However, there has been no effect on the share of young faculty, international collaboration in publications, or the quality of enrollment. Judging from the broader research policy\research evaluation perspective, our study sheds light on the systemic effects of excellence initiatives, which are often neglected. Besides, excellence initiatives could trigger a change in the approach to evaluating research. So government should develop measure properly, taking into account various consequences, some of which are considered in our article.
Comparison of treatments and outcomes of children with juvenile dermatomyositis followed at two European tertiary care referral centers
Authors: Varnier Giulia Camilla , Consolaro Alessandro , Maillard Susan , Pilkington Clarissa , Ravelli Angelo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To compare the treatment approaches and disease outcomes of children with JDM followed in two European tertiary care peadiatric rheumatology centres.

Methods
The medical notes of patients with JDM seen at Istituto Giannina Gaslini (IGG) of Genoa, Italy or Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) of London, UK between January 2000 and December 2015 within 6 months after disease onset and followed for at least 6 months were reviewed. Demographic, clinical and therapeutic data were collected. At each visit, the caring physician was asked to rate the disease state subjectively.

Results
A total of 127 patients were included, 88 at GOSH and 39 at IGG. At 24 months, the median values of muscle strength and disease activity were at the normal end of the scale and around three quarters of patients were said to have inactive disease. Also, at 2 years, 38.6% and 36% of British and Italian patients, respectively, had damage. Cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, infliximab, rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil were used more frequently by UK physicians, whereas ciclosporin, intravenous immunoglobulin and hydroxychloroquine were prescribed by Italian physicians.

Conclusion
This study shows a significant difference in the choice of medications between pediatric rheumatologists practising in the two centres. Despite this, a high proportion of patients had inactive disease at 2 years and there was a low frequency of damage: modern treatments have improved outcomes.
Names of Phytopathogenic Fungi: A Practical Guide
Authors: Crous Pedro W. , Rossman Amy Y. , Aime M. Catherine , Allen W. Cavan , Burgess Treena , Groenewald Johannes Z. , Castlebury Lisa A. 
Published: January 2021

Using the correct name for phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes is essential for communicating knowledge about species and their biology, control, and quarantine as well as for trade and research purposes. However, many plant pathogenic fungi are pleomorphic, meaning they produce different asexual (anamorph) and sexual (teleomorph) morphs in their life cycles. Therefore, more than one name has been applied to different morphs of the same species, which has confused users. The onset of DNA technologies makes it possible to connect different morphs of the same species, resulting in a move to a more natural classification system for fungi in which a single name for a genus and species can now be used. This move to a single nomenclature, coupled with the advent of molecular systematics and the introduction of polythetic taxonomic approaches, has been the main driving force for a reclassification of fungi, including pathogens. Nonetheless, finding the correct name for species remains challenging. In this article we outline a series of steps or considerations to greatly simplify this process and provide links to various online databases and resources to aid in determining the correct name. Additionally, a list of accurate names is provided for the most common genera and species of phytopathogenic fungi. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Establishing a Virtual Clinic for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: A Prospective Study
Authors: Murphy Evelyn P. , Fenelon Christopher , Kennedy Jim F. , O’Sullivan Michael D. , Noel Jacques , Kelly Paula M. , Moore David P. , O’Toole Patrick J. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
The aim was to describe the introduction and operation of a virtual developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) clinic. Our secondary objectives were to provide an overview of DDH referral reasons, treatment outcomes, and adverse events associated with it.

Methods:
A prospective observational study involving all patients referred to the virtual DDH clinic was conducted. The clinic consultant delivered with 2 DDH clinical nurse specialists (CNS). The outcomes following virtual review include further virtual review, CNS review, consultant review or discharge. Treatment options include surveillance, brace therapy, or surgery. Efficiency and cost analysis were assessed.

Results:
Over the 3.5-year study period, 1002 patients were reviewed, of which 743 (74.2%) were female. The median age at time of referral was 7 months, (interquartile range of 5 to 11) with a median time to treatment decision of 9 days. Median waiting times from referral to treatment decision was reduced by over 70%. There were 639 virtual reviews, 186 CNS reviews, and 144 consultant reviews. The direct discharge rate was 24%. One hundred one patients (10%) had dislocated or subluxed hips at initial visit while 26.3% had radiographically normal hips. Over the study period 704 face to face (F2F) visits were avoided. Cost reductions of €170 were achieved per patient, with €588,804 achieved in total. Eighteen parents (1.8%) opted for F2F instead of virtual review. There were no unscheduled rereferrals or recorded adverse events.

Conclusion:
We report the outcomes of the first prospective virtual DDH clinic. This clinic has demonstrated efficiency and cost-effectiveness, without reported adverse outcomes to date. It is an option to provide consultant delivered DDH care, while reducing F2F consults.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Ultrasound-guided anterior iliopsoas muscle space block versus posterior lumbar plexus block in hip surgery in the elderly
Authors: Dong Jing , Zhang Yu , Chen Xiaoxiao , Ni Wenzong , Yan Hai , Liu Yupu , Shi Haibo , Jiang Wei , Zhao Daqiang , Xu Tao 
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND
Ultrasound-guided posterior lumbar plexus block is widely used for hip fracture surgery but it requires a change of position, which may be painful.

OBJECTIVES
Our primary objective was to describe a new technique, the anterior iliopsoas muscle space block, which can be performed in the supine position, and to test the hypothesis that its analgesia for hip surgery was similar to that of the traditional posterior lumbar plexus block.

DESIGN
Randomised, double-blind study.

SETTING
Shanghai 6th People's Hospital, China, from February to August 2019.

PATIENTS
Forty-eight patients scheduled for unilateral hip fracture surgery were included in the study. The exclusion criteria were infection at the puncture site, history of hip surgery, pre-existing neurological deficits of the lower extremity, contraindications for regional anaesthesia, allergy to local anaesthetics, coagulopathy, abuse of medicine or alcohol, or daily consumption of analgesics.

INTERVENTIONS
Patients were randomised to receive a lateral sacral plexus block with either an anterior iliopsoas muscle space block or a posterior lumbar plexus block, using 0.33% ropivacaine (30 ml each).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The main outcome was verbal numerical scale (VNS) pain intensity 1 h after surgery in the postanesthesia care unit, and the secondary outcome was the dose of intra-operative fentanyl. The differences in VNS scores and fentanyl use between the groups were analysed.

RESULTS
Based on previous work, we considered a difference (confidence interval [CI]) of 1.6 on the VNS to be significant. The median [IQR] pain scores in postanesthesia care unit were similar in the anterior 0 [0 to 3] and posterior groups 1.5 [0 to 3]. The median scores for intra-operative fentanyl use were similar in the anterior 20 [10 to 42.5] μg and posterior groups 15 [0 to 50] μg (P = 0.34). The difference in the median pain score at-rest was NS: anterior group 0.5 [0 to 5], posterior group 0 [0 to 2], median difference −0.5 (95% CI −2 to 0). The median post to preblock difference in VNS was higher in the anterior −0.5 [−2 to 0] than in the posterior group 0 [−1.25 to 0], median difference 0.5 (95% CI 0 to 1). The median block onset time was longer in the anterior 11 [6 to 14.25] min than in the posterior group 6 [4.75 to 8] min (P = 0.002), median difference −5 (95% CI −7 to −1).

CONCLUSION
The anterior iliopsoas muscle space block had the same effect as the posterior lumbar plexus block on peri-operative analgesia for hip surgery, but with a longer onset time. Therefore, anterior iliopsoas muscle space block can be recommended as a routine technique for hip and lower limb procedures.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

http://www.chictr.org.cn identifier: ChiCTR1900021214.
Classification algorithm for the International Classification of Diseases-11 chronic pain classification: development and results from a preliminary pilot evaluation
Authors: Korwisi Beatrice , Hay Ginea , Attal Nadine , Aziz Qasim , Bennett Michael I. , Benoliel Rafael , Cohen Milton , Evers Stefan , Giamberardino Maria Adele , Kaasa Stein , Kosek Eva , Lavand'homme Patricia , Nicholas Michael , Perrot Serge , Schug Stephan , Smith Blair H. , Svensson Peter , Vlaeyen Johan W.S. , Wang Shuu-Jiun , Treede Rolf-Detlef , Rief Winfried , Barke Antonia 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The International Classification of Diseases-11 (ICD-11) chronic pain classification includes about 100 chronic pain diagnoses on different diagnostic levels. Each of these diagnoses requires specific operationalized diagnostic criteria to be present. The classification comprises more than 200 diagnostic criteria. The aim of the Classification Algorithm for Chronic Pain in ICD-11 (CAL-CP) is to facilitate the use of the classification by guiding users through these diagnostic criteria. The diagnostic criteria were ordered hierarchically and visualized in accordance with the standards defined by the Society for Medical Decision Making Committee on Standardization of Clinical Algorithms. The resulting linear decision tree underwent several rounds of iterative checks and feedback by its developers, as well as other pain experts. A preliminary pilot evaluation was conducted in the context of an ecological implementation field study of the classification itself. The resulting algorithm consists of a linear decision tree, an introduction form, and an appendix. The initial decision trunk can be used as a standalone algorithm in primary care. Each diagnostic criterion is represented in a decision box. The user needs to decide for each criterion whether it is present or not, and then follow the respective yes or no arrows to arrive at the corresponding ICD-11 diagnosis. The results of the pilot evaluation showed good clinical utility of the algorithm. The CAL-CP can contribute to reliable diagnoses by structuring a way through the classification and by increasing adherence to the criteria. Future studies need to evaluate its utility further and analyze its impact on the accuracy of the assigned diagnoses.
Aerobic fitness influences cardiac autonomic modulation in police officers regardless of specific duties
Authors: da Silva Santos Patrícia Marina , Novelli Fabiula Isoton , Araújo Jaqueline Alves , Tamanho Susane , Cambri Lucieli Teresa 
Published: January 2021

Purpose
This study assesses whether the specific duties of a police officer or aerobic fitness influences blood pressure (BP) and cardiac autonomic modulation.

Method
Police officers (n = 161) were divided into administrative and operational (34.72 ± 5.98 vs. 33.95 ± 5.61 years old) groups, and subsequently divided into lower and higher aerobic fitness (35.49 ± 4.32 vs. 45.39 ± 13.10 mL·kg−1·min−1).

Results
Higher SBP (125 ± 10 vs. 121 ± 10 mmHg; P = 0.02) and aerobic fitness (42.10 ± 5.57 vs. 38.51 ± 6.67 mL·kg−1·min−1; P < 0.01) were observed in the operational group. On the other hand, lower obesity indicators and higher heart rate variability (HRV) indices (SD1: 26.67 ± 14.19 vs. 20.98 ± 9.12; SD2: 54.04 ± 19.81 vs. 47.32 ± 18.85; RMSSD: 36.50 ± 18.78 vs. 29.90 ± 12.51; SDNN: 42.80 ± 16.05 vs. 36.85 ± 14.23 ms; pNN50: 17.32 ± 17.54 vs. 10.60 ± 10.77 %) were observed in the higher aerobic fitness group (P ≤ 0.05).

Conclusion
In summary, although the operational occupation had shown a negative influence on SBP, the HRV was not impaired in police officers. Additionally, aerobic fitness was related to differences in obesity indicators and HRV regardless of police duties. Our findings encourage the inclusion of BP and HRV measurements in routine health checks to screen for early hypertension and autonomic dysfunction.
Gut dysfunction in the ICU: diagnosis and management
Authors: Chapple Lee-anne S. , Plummer Mark P. , Chapman Marianne J. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
Progress has been made in our understanding of gut dysfunction in critical illness. This review will outline new findings and give perspectives based on previous knowledge and concurrent advances in nutrition.

Recent findings
The relationship between gut dysfunction and poor outcomes in critical illness has received considerable interest. It remains uncertain whether gut dysfunction is merely a marker of illness severity or if it is directly responsible for prolonged critical illness and increased mortality. This relationship is difficult to ascertain given there is no agreed method for identification and quantification; biomarkers such as intestinal fatty acid binding protein and citrulline show promise but require further study. Recent studies have investigated strategies to deliver enteral nutrition targets with impacts on gut function, including high calorie or protein formulae, intermittent regimes and novel prokinetics.

Summary
Gut dysfunction is associated with poor outcomes, but it remains uncertain whether strategies to improve gut function will influence survival and recovery.
Risk of Serious Bacterial Infections in Young Febrile Infants With COVID-19
Authors: Payson Alison , Etinger Veronica , Napky Pablo , Montarroyos Stephanie , Ruiz-Castaneda Ana , Mestre Marcos 
Published: January 2021

Objectives
The purposes of this study were to describe the clinical characteristics of febrile infants younger than 90 days with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, to investigate the prevalence of serious bacterial infections (SBIs) in these infants, and to compare the risk of SBI in SARS-CoV-2–positive febrile infants with sex- and age-matched SARS-CoV- 2–negative febrile infants.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study conducted from March to November 2020 in a tertiary children's hospital. Patients were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes and included if age was younger than 90 days, a SARS-CoV-2 test was performed, and at least 1 bacterial culture was collected. Positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 were age- and sex-matched to negative controls for analysis. Serious bacterial infection was defined as a urinary tract infection, bacterial enteritis, bacteremia, and/or bacterial meningitis.

Results
Fifty-three SARS-CoV-2–positive infants were identified with a higher rate of respiratory symptoms and lower white blood cell and C-reactive protein values than their SARS-CoV-2 matched controls. The rate of SBI in the SARS-CoV-2–positive infants was 8% compared with 34% in the controls; the most common infections were urinary tract infections (6% vs 23%). There were no cases of bacteremia or bacterial meningitis in the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) infants and 2 (4%) cases of bacteremia in the controls. The relative risk of any SBI between the 2 groups was 0.22 (95% confidence interval, 0.1–0.6; P ≤ 0.001).

Conclusions
These results suggest that febrile infants younger than 90 days with COVID-19 have lower rates of SBI than their matched SARS-CoV-2–negative controls. These data are consistent with previous studies describing lower risks of SBI in febrile infants with concomitant viral respiratory tract infections.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Incident Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies
Authors: Chen Yuqing , Gao Yanxiao , Zhou Yaqin , Li Xianhong , Wang Honghong , Polonsky Tamar S. , Vermund Sten H. , Qian Han-Zhu , Qian Frank 
Published: January 2021

Objectives:
To systematically analyze available prospective evidence on the association between HIV infection and incident heart failure (HF).

Methods:
A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and manual search of relevant articles through June 1st, 2020, was conducted. Two authors independently performed full-text assessments and data extraction. The pooled relative risk with 95% confidence interval was estimated using DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models, with inverse-variance fixed-effects meta-analysis used as a sensitivity analysis. Heterogeneity was explored using subgroup analyses and meta-regressions.

Results:
We included 8 reports among 8,848,569 participants with 101,335 incident cases of HF [1941 among 131,632 people living with HIV (PLWH) and 99,394 among 8,716,937 control participants]. In the overall analysis using a random-effect model, HIV infection was positively associated with incident HF [relative risk, 1.80 (95% confidence interval: 1.51 to 2.15)], although with significant heterogeneity. A similar association was observed with a fixed-effects model, 1.59 (1.50 to 1.68). In subgroup analyses, associations between HIV infection and HF were nominally stronger in younger adults (age < 50 years), women, and individuals with low CD4 count (<200 cells/mm3). Publication bias was suggested from visual examination of funnel plots, correcting for this did not abolish the association, 1.52 (1.25 to 1.85).

Conclusions:
Our meta-analysis provides additional evidence that HIV is associated with an increased risk of HF, particularly among younger adults, women, and individuals with low CD4 count.
Applying the lessons learned from coronavirus disease 2019 to improve pneumonia management
Authors: Waterer Grant W. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has produced an extraordinary amount of literature in a short time period. This review focuses on what the new literature has provided in terms of more general information about the management of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Recent findings
Measures taken to reduce the spread of COVID-19 have caused a significant drop in influenza worldwide. Improvements in imaging, especially ultrasound, and especially in the application of rapid molecular diagnosis are likely to have significant impact on the management of CAP. Therapeutic advances are so far limited.

Summary
COVID-19 has taught us that we can do far more to prevent seasonal influenza and its associated mortality, morbidity and economic cost. Improvements in imaging and pathogen diagnosis are welcome, as is the potential for secondary benefits of anti-COVID-19 therapies that may have reach effect on respiratory viruses other than severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. As community-transmission is likely to persist for many years, recognition and treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 will need to be incorporated into CAP guidelines moving forward.