bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two evolutionarily duplicated domains individually and post‐transcriptionally control SWEET expression for phloem transport
Authors: Zhang Chen , Li Ye , Wang Jiang , Xue Xueyi , Beuchat Gabriel , Chen Li‐Qing 
Published: August 2021

Summary

Cell type‐specific gene expression is critical for the specialized functions within multicellular organisms. In Arabidopsis, SWEET11 and SWEET12 sugar transporters are specifically expressed in phloem parenchyma (PP) cells and are responsible for sucrose efflux from the PP, the first step of a two‐step apoplasmic phloem‐loading strategy that initiates the long‐distance transport of sugar from leaves to nonphotosynthetic sink tissues. However, we know nothing about what determines the PP cell‐specific expression of these SWEETs.

Sequence deletions, histochemical β‐glucuronidase (GUS) analysis, cross‐sectioning, live‐cell imaging, and evolutionary analysis were used to elucidate domains responsible for PP specificity, while a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensor‐based transport assay was used to determine whether substrate specificity coevolved with PP specificity.

We identified two domains in the Arabidopsis SWEET11 coding sequence that, along with its promoter (including 5′ UTR), regulate PP‐specific expression at the post‐transcriptional level, probably involving RNA‐binding proteins. This mechanism is conserved among vascular plants but independent of transport substrate specificity.

We conclude that two evolutionarily duplicated coding sequence domains are essential and individually sufficient for PP‐specific expression of SWEET11. We also provide a crucial experimental tool to study PP physiology and development.
Eye movement patterns and reading ability in children
Authors: Hindmarsh Gregory P , Black Alex A , White Sonia LJ , Hopkins Shelley , Wood Joanne M 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeEye movements are integral to the reading process. This study characterised the eye movement patterns of children differentiated by their reading ability, while completing a saccadic eye movement test with irregular target spacing (Development Eye Movement (DEM) test) using a novel eye movement classification algorithm.MethodsParticipants included 196 Grade 2 Australian schoolchildren (mean age: 7.9 ± 0.3 years) who completed a computerised version of the DEM test, while their eye movements were recorded (Tobii TX300 eye‐tracker). Children also completed a standardised reading comprehension test, which categorised them into below average and average or above reading ability groups. A novel eye movement classification algorithm was developed that considered the vertical and horizontal eye movements of each child.ResultsCompared to children with average or above reading ability, the below average reading group displayed poor vertical eye movement control, demonstrated by a significantly greater proportion of interline eye movements (vertical eye movements away from the current line) (p < 0.001). Differences in horizontal eye movements were also observed, with below average readers demonstrating a smaller proportion of expected forward saccades (p < 0.001) (within‐line forward saccades with horizontal amplitude between the minimum and maximum horizontal spacing between digits), while this group also displayed longer fixation durations (p = 0.001). The below average reading group demonstrated significantly poorer results on all standard DEM metrics than the average or above reading ability group: horizontal subtest time (p < 0.001), vertical subtest time (p = 0.004) and ratio (p = 0.004).ConclusionsChildren exhibiting below average reading ability were poorer at maintaining control of vertical (interline), as well as horizontal, eye movements compared to children with average or above reading ability. Future studies should explore the mechanisms underlying these differences, particularly in vertical eye movements, given that reading paragraphs (involving multiple lines of text) requires accurate eye movements in both the vertical and horizontal direction.
Systematic analysis of exceptionally preserved fossils: correlated patterns of decay and preservation
Authors: Gabbott Sarah E. , Sansom Robert S. , Purnell Mark A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe fossil record of non‐biomineralized animals and tissues provides important insight into deep‐time evolutionary events. Interpretation of these highly variable remains requires an understanding of how both decay and preservation lead to fossilization. Here we establish a quantitative approach that unites data from decay experiments of extant taxa with preservation mode of fossils, allowing evaluation of both information loss and information retention, and their interaction, in non‐biomineralized fossils. We illustrate our approach using fossil data from two Lagerstätten with distinct taphonomic regimes, one characterized by phosphatization, and the other by pyritization of non‐biomineralized tissues. This demonstrates that frequency of occurrence of characters in fossil taxa is significantly correlated with sequences of character decay observed in extant comparator organisms, and that decay prone and decay resistant characters have distinct preservation modes; the former are mineralized and the latter are organically preserved. The methods and principles applied here to non‐biomineralized vertebrates are applicable to other exceptionally‐preserved fossils and allow for identification of systematic biases in fossil specimen completeness, character retention and the mode of their preservation. Furthermore, our analyses validates experimental decay in supporting the interpretation of anatomy in non‐biomineralized fossils.
Interactions in the Brassica napus–Pyrenopeziza brassicae pathosystem and sources of resistance to P. brassicae (light leaf spot)
Authors: Karandeni Dewage Chinthani S. , Qi Aiming , Stotz Henrik U. , Huang Yong‐Ju , Fitt Bruce D. L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPyrenopeziza brassicae, cause of light leaf spot (LLS), is an important pathogen of oilseed rape and vegetable brassicas and has a wide geographic distribution. Exploitation of host resistance remains the most sustainable and economically viable solution for disease management. This study evaluated 18 oilseed rape cultivars or breeding lines for host resistance against P. brassicae in glasshouse experiments. Selected cultivars/lines were inoculated with eight single‐spore isolates of the pathogen obtained from three different regions in England. Analysis of P. brassicae infection‐related changes on host plants identified leaf deformation as a characteristic feature associated with P. brassicae infection, this showed poor correlation to LLS severity measured as the amount of pathogen sporulation on infected plants. Resistant host phenotypes were identified by limitation of P. brassicae sporulation, with or without the presence of a necrotic response (black flecking phenotype). Investigation of this pathosystem revealed significant differences between cultivars/lines, between isolates, and significant cultivar/line‐by‐isolate interactions. In total, 37 resistant and 16 moderately resistant interactions were identified from 144 cultivar/line‐by‐isolate interactions using statistical methods. Most of the resistant/moderately resistant interactions identified in this study appeared to be nonspecific towards the isolates tested. Our results suggested the presence of isolate‐specific resistant interactions for some cultivars. Several sources of resistance have been identified that are valuable for oilseed rape breeding programmes.
History, dissemination, and field control strategies of cocoa witches’ broom
Authors: Sousa Filho Hélio R. , de Jesus Raildo M. , Bezerra Marcos A. , Santana Gregório M. , de Santana Romário O. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe world demand for cocoa beans has increased, but the spread of fungal diseases of the cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao) has become an obstacle. Witches’ broom is one such disease, caused by Moniliophthora perniciosa, a pest that devastates cocoa production. Thus, this review aims to address the historical description and verify the spread and field control strategies of witches’ broom in cocoa trees. Studies reveal that in various countries the disease has led to crises in cocoa production. The history of the disease shows a long fungal parasite–plant relationship and the first scientific studies indicate the Amazon Rainforest as the epicentre. In the field, attempts to control witches’ broom involve different strategies, such as genetic control, culture management, and chemical and biological control, which together form integrated management, an approach with good disease control results and perspectives for increased production. Nevertheless, there are economic and technical difficulties to be overcome. Records of occurrence indicate that witches’ broom is restricted to Central and South America, distributed across 14 countries. However, it is necessary to adopt measures that prevent the disease from spreading to other parts of the world, which could trigger a global crisis in cocoa production.
Initial respiratory support modality and outcome in preterm infants with less than 32 weeks of gestation in China: A multicentre retrospective cohort study
Authors: Wang Li , Li Jia‐hui , Yu Yong‐hui , Huang Lei , Huang Xiao‐yang , Fan Xiu‐fang , Zhang Xiao‐hui , Zhang Chun‐lei , Liu Qiang , Sun Ai‐rong , Zhang Yong‐feng , Cao Yang‐yang , Xu Ping , Liu Xiu‐xiang , Wu Jing‐cai , Yang Zhen‐ying , Sun Rong‐rong , Ren Xue‐yun , Li Jing , Wan Xiao‐li , Qiu Bing‐ping , Niu Shi‐ping , Zhu Ren‐xia , Wang Xiao‐kang , Zhang Yi‐hui , Gao Yan‐ling , Deng Li‐ping , Shi Jing , Bi Mei‐rong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundFor initial respiratory management, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is increasingly used for preterm infants, especially for gestational age less than 32 weeks. However, neonatologists are concerned about the potential risks of CPAP support failure.ObjectivesTo examine the association between different initial respiratory support modalities and the outcomes of preterm infants at <32 weeks of gestation across multiple neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in China.MethodsThis study was carried out over a period of 12 months in 2018. Unadjusted relative risks (RR) for demographic and clinical characteristics were calculated for CPAP failure and CPAP success in the total cohort using log‐linear model based on generalised estimating equations for clustered observations.ResultsAmong 1560 preterm infants delivered at <32 weeks, the incidence of CPAP failure was 10.3%. After adjustment for demographic and clinical factors, the relative risk of mortality (RR 7.54, 95% CI 5.56, 10.44), pneumothorax (RR 9.85, 95% CI 2.89, 61.53), pulmonary haemorrhage (RR 7.78, 95% CI 4.51, 14.64) and BPD (RR 3.65, 95% CI 3.65, 4.51) were considerably higher for infants in the CPAP failure group than those in the CPAP‐S group. However, the risk of poor outcomes in CPAP failure infants was similar to that of those in the initial mechanical ventilation (MV) group.ConclusionsContinuous positive airway pressure failure was associated with an increased risk of mortality and major morbidities, including BPD, pulmonary haemorrhage and pneumothorax, and was comparable to the risk associated with initial MV.
High‐resolution facies analysis of a coastal sabkha in the eastern Gulf of Salwa (Qatar): A spatio‐temporal reconstruction
Authors: Engel Max , Strohmenger Christian J. , Peis Kim T. , Pint Anna , Brill Dominik , Brückner Helmut 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSabkhas are key landforms along the southern coast of the Arabian Gulf and represent modern analogues for depositional and diagenetic processes controlling properties and quality of ancient hydrocarbon‐bearing carbonates. While previous investigations of coastal sabkhas in Qatar have mainly focused on dolomitization processes, presented here is one of the first studies reconstructing facies changes and coastal formation in great detail. In the sabkha of Al‐Kharayej (Gulf of Salwa), fifteen different facies types were distinguished based on twelve sediment cores, two trenches, as well as grain‐size distribution, X‐ray powder diffraction, thin section and microfossil analyses. Age estimates were based on seventy‐eight 14C‐AMS and optically stimulated luminescence data. The sabkha parasequence comprises pre‐transgressive dune sands, a thin, transgressive layer of reworked dune material, a mid‐energy open‐coast to open‐lagoon facies, a low‐energy lagoon facies, saline lake facies (salina: swallow‐tail gypsum and gypsum mush) and the supratidal sabkha characterized by diagenetic overprinting (buckled gypsum crusts and halite crust). Transgressive marine flooding created open‐coast to open‐lagoon sedimentation after ca 7000 cal yr bp, followed by initial spit formation at the northern sabkha end at the beginning of the relative sea‐level highstand (6000 cal yr bp). This main outer spit prograded southward and a more narrow, low‐energy spit, diverted landward, closing a small lagoon in the northern sabkha 4500 to 4000 cal yr bp. The falling relative sea‐level and longshore drift intensified the southward extension and widening of the main spit, and the main lagoon became more shallow. At 2000 to 1500 cal yr bp, the outer spit had almost closed the main lagoon, leading to salina and, finally, sabkha conditions. It is shown how specific local conditions (coastline orientation; wind, wave, tidal energy, longshore drift; depositional relief; sediment sources) created a spit‐controlled sabkha that is genetically distinct from the classical model of shore‐perpendicular accumulation of coarser sediment during high tides or storms.
Technical regulation and trade: Export quality matters
Authors: Hyun Hea‐Jung , Jang Yong Joon 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study develops an approach for quantifying the importance of exporter product quality in the effects of the technical regulations of an importing country on bilateral trade flows. In this framework, the dual effects of technical regulation as the demand‐enhancing effect through reduced information asymmetry and the trade‐impeding effect from adaptation to different standards are identified. Using bilateral nontariff data for 74 countries at product levels from 1996 to 2014, we find that technical regulation can reduce exports, particularly in markets that have imposed technical regulations more frequently than exporting countries, but increase exports of high‐quality products. This result is confirmed across different income groups and technology, highlighting the importance of the trade‐promoting effect of technical regulation through increases in perceived quality.
A novel canine nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy‐based metabolomics platform: Validation and sample handling
Authors: Ottka Claudia , Vapalahti Katariina , Puurunen Jenni , Vahtera Laura , Lohi Hannes 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundMetabolomics has been proven to be an invaluable research tool by providing comprehensive insight into systemic metabolism. However, the lack of scalable and quantitative methods with known reference intervals (RIs) and documented reproducibility has prevented the use of metabolomics in the clinical setting.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to validate the developed quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy‐based metabolomics platform for canine serum and plasma samples and determine optimal sample handling conditions for its use.MethodsAltogether, 8247 canine samples were analyzed using a Bruker's 500 MHz NMR spectrometer. Using statistical approaches derived from international guidelines, we studied method precision, measurand stability in various long‐ and short‐term storage conditions, as well as the effect of prolonged contact with red blood cells (RBCs), and differences among blood collection tubes. We also screened interferences with lipemia, hemolysis, and bilirubinemia. The results were compared against routine clinical chemistry methods, and RIs were defined for all measurands.ResultsWe determined RIs for 123 measurands, most of which were previously unpublished. The reproducibility of the results of the NMR platform appeared generally outstanding, and the integrity of the results can be ensured by following standard blood drawing and processing guidelines.ConclusionsOwing to the advantages of quantitative results, high reproducibility, and scalability, this canine metabolomics platform holds great potential for numerous clinical and research applications to improve canine health and well‐being.
Thoracoscopic treatment of persistent right aortic arch in dogs with and without one lung ventilation
Authors: Marvel Sarah J. , Hafez Ahmed , Monnet Eric 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate thoracoscopic treatment of persistent right aortic arch (PRAA) in dogs with and without the use of one lung ventilation (OLV).Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.AnimalsTwenty‐two (client‐owned and shelter) dogs diagnosed with PRAA.MethodsMedical records were reviewed retrospectively and intraoperative and immediate postoperative data were compared between dogs that underwent thoracoscopic treatment of PRAA with (OLV+) and without (OLV‐) OLV.ResultsTen of the 12 dogs in the OLV+ group and 7/10 dogs in the OLV− group had their left ligamentum arteriosum successfully ligated during thoracoscopy. Median surgical time, surgery complications, anesthesia complications, and rate of conversion to an open thoracotomy due to limited visualization or surgical complications were similar between the two groups.ConclusionThoracoscopic treatment of PRAA can be performed with or without OLV. Surgical time, intraoperative complications, and conversion rates were similar between dogs that underwent thoracoscopic treatment of PRAA with and without OLV. OLV may not have contributed to improved visualization in this group of dogs.Clinical Significance (or Impact)The use of OLV is safe during thoracoscopic treatment of PRAA. OLV did not appear to provide significant benefits in this case series and thoracoscopic treatment of PRAA in dogs may be performed successfully with or without the use of OLV.
Comprehensive Thermodynamic Analysis of Steam Storage in a Steam Cycle in a Different Regime of Work: A Zero-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Approach
Authors: Ziółkowski Paweł , Szewczuk-Krypa Natalia , Butterweck Anna , Stajnke Michał , Głuch Stanisław , Drosińska-Komor Marta , Milewska Anna , Głuch Jerzy 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Due to the current trends aiming to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by increasing the use of renewable energy sources, changes are required in the operation of coal-fired steam units. The unstable nature of renewable energy sources, depending on weather conditions, means that the amount of energy produced varies and is not always in line with peak demand. To ensure the security and stability of energy supplies in the energy system, renewable sources should cooperate with units independent of environmental conditions. With conventional steam systems, the main issue of such energy storage applied to steam turbine units is presented in this article, which, in the event of a need for a sudden reduction of the system load, prevents overloading of the boiler and turbines, improving the safety of the system. This article presents a thermodynamic model of this energy storage. A zero-dimensional (0D) model was implemented, including the operating parameters of the unit. This model directly relates to the thermodynamic parameters defined at specific points of the thermodynamic cycle. Based on the 0D model, it was shown that the process of loading the energy storage with steam leads to a load reduction of up to 4%. Conversely, when discharging the stored energy, the net power of the steam block may increase by 0.4%. For more detailed analysis, a three-dimensional (3D) nonequilibrium with including cross effects approach was applied. This approach is based on flow models, with phase transitions that determine temperature fields, densities, and phase transition in relevant space, and is used for more accurate analysis. Here, we investigate the relationship between the 0D and 3D approaches in the context of steam storage. The combination of these two approaches is the fundamental novelty of this article.
Comparison of Flowability and Sinterability Among Different Binder Jetting Feedstock Powders: Nanopowder, Micropowder, and Granulated Powder
Authors: Du Wenchao , Miao Guanxiong , Pei Zhijian , Ma Chao 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Feedstock powders used in binder jetting additive manufacturing include nanopowder, micropowder, and granulated powder. Two important characteristics of the feedstock powders are flowability and sinterability. This paper aims to compare the flowability and sinterability of different feedstock powders. Three powders were compared: nanopowder (with a particle size of ∼100 nm), micropowder (with a particle size of 70 μm), and granulated powder (with a granule size of ∼70 μm) made from the nanopowder by spray freeze drying. Flowability metrics employed included apparent density (AD), tap density (TD), volumetric flow rate (VFR), mass flow rate (MFR), Hausner ratio (HR), Carr index (CI), and repose angle (RA). Sinterability metrics employed included sintered bulk density (SBD), volumetric shrinkage (VS), and densification ratio (DR). Results show that the granulated powder has a higher flowability than the nanopowder and a higher sinterability than the micropowder. Moreover, different flowability metric values of the granulated powder are close to those of the micropowder, indicating that these two powers have a comparably high flowability. Similarly, different sinterability metric values of the granulated powder are close to those of the nanopowder, indicating that these two powders have a comparably high sinterability.
Predictivity of International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form for 5-Year Incident Disability Among Japanese Older Adults
Authors: Kurita Satoshi , Doi Takehiko , Tsutsumimoto Kota , Nakakubo Sho , Ishii Hideaki , Kiuchi Yuto , Shimada Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2021

Background: This study aimed to examine whether physical activity measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF) can predict incident disability in Japanese older adults. Methods: Community-dwelling older adults participated in a prospective cohort survey. The time spent in moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity was assessed at the survey baseline using the IPAQ-SF. The participants were categorized into those who spent ≥150 minutes per week (physically active) or <150 minutes per week (physically inactive) in moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity. Incident disability was monitored through Long-Term Care Insurance certification during a follow-up lasting 5 years. Results: Among the 4387 analyzable participants (mean age = 75.8 y, 53.5% female), the IPAQ-SF grouped 1577 (35.9%) and 2810 (64.1%) participants as those who were physically active and inactive, respectively. A log-rank test showed a significantly higher incidence of disability among the inactive group of participants (P < .001). The Cox proportional hazards model showed that physically inactive participants had a higher risk of incident disability than the physically active ones did, even after adjusting for covariates (hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.07–1.45, P < .001). Conclusions: Older adults identified as physically inactive using the IPAQ-SF had a greater risk of developing disabilities than those identified as physically active. The IPAQ-SF seems to be appropriate to estimate the incidence risk of disability.