bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tooth and root size as determined from 0.25- and 0.30-mm voxel size cone-beam CT imaging when contrasted to micro-CT scans (0.06 mm): An ex vivo study
Authors: Coutsiers Morell Gaston F , Berlin-Broner Yuli , Flores-Mir Carlos , Heo Giseon 
Published: December 2021

Objective: To quantify tooth volume differences from extracted teeth when using three different three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT)-based imaging modalities. Design: Ex vivo study. Setting: Laboratory and clinics of the University of Alberta. Methods: Cone-beam CT (CBCT) of 12 extracted teeth were scanned using 0.25- and 0.30-mm voxel size from CBCT and a 0.06-mm voxel size from micro-CT (reference standard). 3D reconstructions for each tooth from each imaging modality were made through the software ITK-SNAP®. The mean volume differences between each pair of scanning modalities were calculated and then compared and analysed through a repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The average overestimations of the teeth volume were 15.2% for the high-resolution CBCT and 28.1% for the low-resolution CBCT compared to micro-CT measurements. The differences in absolute volume were 81.6 mm3 and 152.8 mm3, respectively. All differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.05). Conclusions: Orthodontists and researchers who assess root resorption through CBCT imaging should be aware that the depicted volumes may likely be overestimating tooth volume and camouflaging real root volumetric treatment changes.
Treatment of a type Ia endoleak following EVAR using a custom-made inner branch device.
Authors: Gemayel GG Gino , Montessuit MM Michel , Gemayel GA Anouche 
Published: December 2021

Objectives We represent two cases of late proximal type I endoleak following EVAR with aneurysm expansion that were treated with a custom-made graft with inner branches. Methods Two patients of 87 and 82 years old were operated by EVAR 6 and 8 years ago for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Both had proximal type I endoleak with aneurysm sac expansion. Open surgery had a high risk, and a proximal aortic extension with a simple aortic cuff was not possible neither because previous EVAR grafts were already at the level of the renal arteries. A custom-made endograft with inner branches was planned as a fenestrated graft was not technically possible. Results We successfully treated both patients using a custom-made graft with four inner branches from Jotec (Cryolife, Kennesaw, GA). Three months’ follow-up CT scan did not show any endoleaks. All target vessels were patent with good conformability of the bridging stents. Conclusion The treatment of proximal type I endoleak using inner branches’ endografts is feasible. This novel technology might broaden the indications for complex aortic repair in a group of patients where fenestrated endografts are not possible.
Associations between sexual violence, domestic violence, neglect, and alcohol consumption among Lahu hill tribe families in northern Thailand
Authors: Seeprasert Prapamon , Tamornpark Ratipark , Apidechkul Tawatchai , Panjaphothiwat Nicharuch , Singkhorn Onnalin , Upala Panupong , Sunsern Rachanee 
Published: December 2021

Background: Domestic violence is one of the largest silent problems in the world. Women, children, and elderly individuals often fall victims to family members who use alcohol. However, there is lack of scientific evidence on alcohol consumption and domestic violence among Lahu hill tribe families. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of family violence, violence against women, and alcohol-related harm to children and elderly individuals and to determine the correlations between alcohol consumption and family violence among Lahu tribe families in northern Thailand. Method: A cross-sectional study was applied to collect data from participants living in 10 randomly selected villages from the list of Lahu villages in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. A validated questionnaire and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test were used to collect information from the participants in private and confidential rooms at a community hall between March and August 2019. Data were described and tested for correlation at the significance levels of α = 0.05 and 0.01. Findings: A total of 350 of 719 recruited Lahu families participated in the study (response rate = 48.7%). Among female participants, 22.3% reported history of sexual harassment and 4.1% had been forced to have sex. Children and elderly individuals reported several experiences with people who had used alcohol in the past year; 6.4% had been left to live alone, 5.0% experienced financial neglect, and 1.8% had been neglected while sick. In a correlation analysis, it was found that age (r = –0.02, p value < 0.009), education (r = 0.15, p value < 0.047), marital status (r = 0.25, p value < 0.001), and religion (r = 0.20, p value < 0.008) were significantly correlated with verbal arguments among family members. Experience of sexual harassment was correlated with the presence of a drinker in the family (r = 0.22, p value < 0.001). Conclusion: Government and relevant agencies should cooperate to reduce the consumption of alcohol among Lahu men. Moreover, a specific training program to personally improve one’s skill in responding to domestic violence among children, women, and elderly individuals should also be developed and implemented in Lahu communities.
Stressful life events and postpartum depressive symptoms among women with disabilities
Authors: Booth Edward J , Kitsantas Panagiota , Min Hua , Pollack Anna Z 
Published: December 2021

Purpose: Although research evidence indicates positive associations between stressful life events and postpartum depression, limited research assessed these associations in women with disabilities. This study examined the effects of stressful life events on postpartum depressive symptoms in women with disabilities. Methods: Data from the 2012–2017 Massachusetts Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System ( n = 8453) were used in this study. Women were asked if they experienced any life stressors (e.g. financial, traumatic, relational, and emotional) during the 12 months prior to giving birth. Disability was measured based on reports of emotional and physical functioning. Descriptive statistics, bivariate, and binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the effect of stressful life events on postpartum depressive symptoms among women with and without disabilities. Results: Findings show that 37.4% of women with disabilities had postpartum depressive symptoms, which was significantly higher than 8.79% of women without disabilities. Stressful life events were reported in 86.6% of women with disabilities, compared to 66.6% for women without disabilities. Prevalence of three or more stressful life events and postpartum depressive symptoms was greater among women with disabilities (50.8% and 62.9%, respectively) than women without disabilities (22.6% and 37.0%, respectively). Women with disabilities experiencing six or more stressful life events were more likely (odds ratio = 3.78, 95% confidence interval = [1.57–9.10]) to report postpartum depressive symptoms, compared to those with no stressful life events. Women with disabilities who experienced relational (odds ratio = 2.36, 95% confidence interval = [1.44–3.87]) and traumatic (odds ratio = 1.75, 95% confidence interval = [1.02–3.00]) life stressors had higher odds for postpartum depressive symptoms relative to those reporting no such life stressors. Conclusion: Women with disabilities are at an amplified risk for stressful life events and postpartum depressive symptoms. Relational and traumatic stressful life events particularly increase the odds for postpartum depressive symptoms among this group of mothers. Early prenatal and postnatal screening for life stressors and depressive symptoms, coupled with timely referral for appropriate prenatal and postnatal care, are vital to mitigate the harmful effects of depression among mothers with disabilities and the health of their children.
The impact of levothyroxine exposure on delivery outcome in hypothyroid pregnant women (PETAL study): A five-year retrospective cohort study
Authors: Oprea Diana , Sauvé Nadine , Pasquier Jean-Charles 
Published: December 2021

Background Hypothyroidism affects 3% of pregnant women, and to date, no studies have addressed the impact levothyroxine-treated hypothyroidism on delivery outcome. Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted among 750 women with a singleton pregnancy who gave birth between 2015 and 2019. Delivery modes were compared between 250 hypothyroid women exposed to levothyroxine and 500 euthyroid control women. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of levothyroxine exposure on delivery outcome. Results Multiple logistic regression showed no significant association between exposure to levothyroxine and the overall rate of caesarean delivery (aOR 1.1; 95% CI 0.8 to 1.6). Mean TSH concentrations were significantly higher throughout the pregnancy in hypothyroid women despite levothyroxine treatment. Maternal and neonatal outcomes in both groups were not different. Conclusion Hypothyroidism treated with levothyroxine during pregnancy according to local guidelines is not a significant risk factor for caesarean delivery.
ACL Reconstruction Rehabilitation: Clinical Data, Biologic Healing, and Criterion-Based Milestones to Inform a Return-to-Sport Guideline
Authors: Brinlee Alexander W. , Dickenson Scott B. , Hunter-Giordano Airelle , Snyder-Mackler Lynn 
Published: December 2021

Context: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) and postoperative rehabilitation continues to be a multidisciplinary focus in both research and clinical environments. Recent research on ACLR warrants a reexamination of clinicians’ current rehabilitation practices to optimize the strikingly variable clinical outcomes after ACLR and return to sport. The purpose of the article and updated guidelines is to use contemporary evidence to systematically revisit our practice guidelines and validate our clinical milestones with data from our university-based practice. Evidence Acquisition: Using the PubMed search engine, articles that reported on ACLR rehabilitation and protocols, guidelines, graft type, healing and strain, return to sport, psychological considerations, and secondary injury prevention published from 1979 to 2020 were identified using the search terms ACLR protocols, guidelines, ACLR rehabilitation, ACL graft, ACL open kinetic chain (OKC) exercise and closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercise, ACLR return to sport, ACLR psychological factors, and ACL injury prevention. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Results: Clinical milestones after ACLR were validated using clinical data collected from 2013 to 2017 at a university-based practice. Variables including knee joint range of motion, effusion, Knee Outcome Survey–Activities of Daily Living Scale, and quadriceps strength index were tracked throughout rehabilitation and analyzed to help inform an updated ACLR rehabilitation guideline. Conclusion: Incorporating the latest research, combined with direct clinical data, provides a current, realistic, and clinically benchmarked strategy for ACLR rehabilitation. Commonly held clinical beliefs regarding rehabilitation after ACL injury must be challenged by the latest research to improve patient outcomes and decrease the risk of reinjury. Key updates to the practice guidelines include the use of frequent and accurate quadriceps strength testing, delayed return-to-sport timeline, immediate use of open kinetic chain exercise, criterion-based progressions for running, sprinting, plyometrics, agility, cutting/pivoting, return to competition, and the inclusion of a secondary prevention program after return to sport. Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT): B.
Early Symptoms of Patients With COVID-19 in Family Medicine Centers in South India: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Rahman Sajitha M. F. , Pricilla Ruby Angeline , Biswas Arnab , Dharmasivam Vinodhini , Abraham Sunil , Sankarapandian Venkatesan 
Published: December 2021

Introduction: A recent Cochrane review on the diagnostic accuracy of initial signs and symptoms of COVID-19 reported on the lack of evidence from studies conducted in community-based health-care settings. Since a broad spectrum of patients present to primary health-care services, testing for patients with noninfluenza-like illness and atypical presentations is debatable. Hence, there is an urgent need for documenting the early presenting symptoms of COVID-19 among patients seeking medical care in primary health-care settings. Aim: In this study, we aim to document the early symptoms of patients with COVID-19 and the proportion of asymptomatic infection in family medicine centers in South India. Design: This is a retrospective study of the early symptoms of patients who tested positive between June and December 2020. The data and clinical notes of patients were retrieved from the hospital information system. Setting: This study was undertaken by the Department of Family Medicine (DFM) in a private not-for-profit academic institution in South India. The DFM provides primary and secondary health-care services to nearly 1,50,000 patients from the local urban communities. Results: A total of 330 patients were tested for COVID-19 and the study included 94 patients who tested positive. Around 37% participants were asymptomatic. The commonest symptom was fever (58.6%), followed by tiredness/myalgia (48.3%), loss of taste or smell or appetite (43.1%), and cough or cold (37.9%). Most participants (78.2%) were hospitalized and the rest (21.8%) were home-quarantined. Only 5 (5.7%) of them died due to COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: The results of the study reiterates the role of social distancing, self-isolation, proper masking, and greater vaccination coverage as significant public health interventions.
Investigational curative gene therapy approaches to sickle cell disease
Authors: Williams David A. , Esrick Erica 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited blood condition resulting from abnormal hemoglobin production. It is one of the most common genetic diseases in the world. The clinical manifestations are variable and range from recurrent acute and debilitating painful crises to life-threatening pulmonary, cardiovascular, renal, and neurologic complications. The only curative treatment of SCD at this time is bone marrow transplantation (also called hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) using healthy blood stem cells from an unaffected brother or sister or from an unrelated donor if one can be identified who is a match in tissue typing. Unfortunately, only a minority of patients with sickle cell has such a donor available. The use of autologous hematopoietic stem cells and alternative types of genetic modifications is currently under study in clinical research trials for this disease. The approaches include the use of viral vectors to express globin genes that are modified to prevent sickle hemoglobin polymerization or to express interfering RNAs to “flip the switch” in adult red cells from adult β-sickle hemoglobin to fetal hemoglobin using a physiologic switch, and several gene editing approaches with the goal of inducing fetal hemoglobin or correcting/modifying the actual sickle mutation. In this audio review, we will discuss these different approaches and review the current progress of curative therapy for SCD using gene therapy.
Sheet Bulk Forming of Thin-Walled Components with External Gearing through Upsetting Using Controllable Deformation Zone Method
Authors: Zhuang Xincun , Liang Meile , Zhu Shengfa , Zhu Yin , Zhao Zhen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSheet-bulk metal forming (SBMF) is a promising process for manufacturing complex sheet components with functional elements. In this study, the entire forming process for a typical thin-walled component with external gearing is investigated, including sheet forming and bulk forming processes. Deep drawn cups are prepared during sheet forming; subsequently, upsetting is performed on the sidewall to form external gearing. The upsetting method performed is known as upsetting with a controllable deformation zone (U-CDZ). Compared with the conventional upsetting method, a floating counter punch with a counter force is used in the U-CDZ method such that the forming mechanism is changed into the accumulation of the deformation zone instead of deformation throughout the entire sidewall. The effects of the counter force and material flow are investigated to understand the mechanism. The forming quality, i.e., the formfilling and effective strain distribution, improved, whereas a high forming load is avoided. In addition, a punch with a lock bead is used to prevent folding at the inner corner during the experiment.
Computational modelling of chromosomally clustering protein domains in bacteria
Authors: Cotroneo Chiara E. , Gormley Isobel Claire , Shields Denis C. , Salter-Townshend Michael 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
In bacteria, genes with related functions—such as those involved in the metabolism of the same compound or in infection processes—are often physically close on the genome and form groups called clusters. The enrichment of such clusters over various distantly related bacteria can be used to predict the roles of genes of unknown function that cluster with characterised genes. There is no obvious rule to define a cluster, given their variability in size and intergenic distances, and the definition of what comprises a “gene”, since genes can gain and lose domains over time. Protein domains can cluster within a gene, or in adjacent genes of related function, and in both cases these are chromosomally clustered. Here, we model the distances between pairs of protein domain coding regions across a wide range of bacteria and archaea via a probabilistic two component mixture model, without imposing arbitrary thresholds in terms of gene numbers or distances.

Results
We trained our model using matched gene ontology terms to label functionally related pairs and assess the stability of the parameters of the model across 14,178 archaeal and bacterial strains. We found that the parameters of our mixture model are remarkably stable across bacteria and archaea, except for endosymbionts and obligate intracellular pathogens. Obligate pathogens have smaller genomes, and although they vary, on average do not show noticeably different clustering distances; the main difference in the parameter estimates is that a far greater proportion of the genes sharing ontology terms are clustered. This may reflect that these genomes are enriched for complexes encoded by clustered core housekeeping genes, as a proportion of the total genes. Given the overall stability of the parameter estimates, we then used the mean parameter estimates across the entire dataset to investigate which gene ontology terms are most frequently associated with clustered genes.

Conclusions
Given the stability of the mixture model across species, it may be used to predict bacterial gene clusters that are shared across multiple species, in addition to giving insights into the evolutionary pressures on the chromosomal locations of genes in different species.
Choline intake and associations with egg and dairy consumption among pregnant women attending a high-risk antenatal clinic in South Africa: the NuEMI study
Authors: Robb Liska , Joubert Gina , Jordaan Elizabeth Margaretha , Ngounda Jennifer , Walsh Corinna May 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
The importance of adequate choline intake during pregnancy has been well documented, but low intake is common. Total choline intake, main food sources of choline, as well as associations between choline intake and egg and dairy consumption were determined in a sample of pregnant women attending the high-risk antenatal clinic at a regional hospital in Bloemfontein, South Africa.

Methods
A cross-sectional study design was used. Trained fieldworkers collected dietary intake data using a validated quantified food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ), after which all food items were matched to foods in the USDA Database for the Choline Content of Common Foods (Release 2) to quantify choline intake. Logistic regression with backward selection (p < 0.05) was used to determine whether egg and dairy consumption were independently associated with a choline intake below the adequate intake (AI) level.

Results
The median daily intake of choline was 275 mg (interquartile range 185 mg – 387 mg) (N = 681). Most participants (84.7%) consumed less than the AI of 450 mg/day for choline. Meat and meat products, cereals, eggs and dairy contributed mostly to choline intake. Food items that contributed most to choline intake included full-cream milk, maize porridge, brown bread, deep-fried potatoes and deep-fried dough (vetkoek). A choline intake below the AI was significantly associated with lower egg and dairy intakes (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0002 respectively).

Conclusion
Most pregnant women in the current study had choline intakes below the AI. It is recommended that public health messaging targeted at pregnant women promote the consumption of foods that can significantly contribute to choline intake, such as eggs and dairy.
A critique of the English national policy from a social determinants of health perspective using a realist and problem representation approach: the ‘Childhood Obesity: a plan for action’ (2016, 2018, 2019)
Authors: Griffin Naomi , Phillips Sophie M. , Hillier-Brown Frances , Wistow Jonathan , Fairbrother Hannah , Holding Eleanor , Powell Katie , Summerbell Carolyn 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
The UK government released Chapter 1 of the ‘Childhood Obesity: a plan for action’ (2016), followed by Chapter 2 (2018) and preliminary Chapter 3 was published for consultation in 2019 (hereon collectively ‘The Policy’). The stated policy aims were to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity in England, addressing disparities in health by reducing the gap (approximately two-fold) in childhood obesity between those from the most and least deprived areas.

Methods
Combining a realist approach with an analysis of policy discourses, we analysed the policies using a social determinants of health (SDH) perspective (focusing on socio-economic inequalities). This novel approach reveals how the framing of policy ‘problems’ leads to particular approaches and interventions.

Results
While recognising a social gradient in relation to obesity measures, we critique obesity problem narratives. The Policy included some upstream, structural approaches (e.g. restrictions in food advertising and the soft-drinks industry levy). However, the focus on downstream individual-level behavioural approaches to reduce calorie intake and increase physical activity does not account for the SDH and the complexity and contestedness of ‘obesity’ and pays insufficient attention to how proposals will help to reduce inequalities. Our findings illustrate that individualising of responsibility to respond to what wider evidence shows is structural inequalities, can perpetuate damaging narratives and lead to ineffective interventions, providing caution to academics, practitioners and policy makers (local and national), of the power of problem representation. Our findings also show that the problem framing in The Policy risks reducing important public health aims to encourage healthy diets and increase opportunities for physical activity (and the physical and mental health benefits of both) for children to weight management with a focus on particular children.

Conclusions
We propose an alternative conceptualisation of the policy ‘problem’, that obesity rates are illustrative of inequality, arguing there needs to be policy focus on the structural and factors that maintain health inequalities, including poverty and food insecurity. We hope that our findings can be used to challenge and strengthen future policy development, leading to more effective action against health inequalities and intervention-generated inequalities in health.