bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supermultipliers, ‘endogenous autonomous demand’ and functional finance
Authors: Skott Peter , Santos Júlio Fernando Costa , da Costa Oreiro José Luís 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRecent supermultiplier models view autonomous demand as the driver of long‐run growth and as the key stabilizer of Harrodian instability. Attempts to endogenize autonomous demand effectively undermine the existence of a supermultiplier, however, and models with ‘endogenous autonomous demand’ show strong similarities with an earlier literature on feedback effects from the labor markets to aggregate demand. Government consumption could in principle be a source of exogenous autonomous demand in the long run. But an active fiscal policy guided by principles of functional finance can produce more powerful stabilization, avoid overheating and excessive utilization rates, and secure faster adjustments of the growth rate toward its target level.
An anatomical study of the subpulpal wall of abnormal multirooted teeth in the narrow‐ridged finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)
Authors: Kodera Ryo , Uekusa Yasuhiro , Ito Kai , Kuroda Noriyuki , Kodera Haruto , Endo Hideki 
Published: October 2021

AbstractStudies have shown that there are two mineralization patterns of roots in multirooted teeth: one forms dentin islands (subpulpal lobes) independent of the crown, and the other does not form any subpulpal lobes. In this study, we found abnormal multirooted teeth in porpoise specimens and focused on the developmental process of its root furcation. To examine the features of the tooth in detail, we used scanning electron microscopy for the morphology of the surface and micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) for the structure of the pulp cavity. The micro‐CT scanning showed that a triple‐rooted tooth had only one pulp chamber and one horn. In addition, we observed the intermediate bifurcational ridge‐like structure and dentinal bulges on the subpulpal wall, both of which suggest the formation of the subpulpal lobes. To our knowledge, this study is the first report about teeth with supernumerary roots in Phocoenidae and also the first study to focus on the process of furcation of tooth roots in modern cetaceans. We concluded that the cause of the triple‐rooted tooth was not secondary adhesion of several teeth but rather the furcation of the root at the developmental stage. Additionally, the tooth could have formed lobes during the root furcation.
COVID‐19–associated mucormycosis, diabetes and steroid therapy: Experience in a single centre in Western Mexico
Authors: Guzmán‐Castro Salvador , Chora‐Hernandez Luis David , Trujillo‐Alonso Gersain , Calvo‐Villalobos Ivan , Sanchez‐Rangel Antonio , Ferrer‐Alpuin Edgar , Ruiz‐Jimenez Miguel , Corzo‐Leon Dora E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundCOVID‐19–associated mucormycosis (CAM) has emerged as a challenging complication as the current pandemic has increased the population requiring treatment with corticosteroids. CAM has caused a massive outbreak in India, reported to be causing cases in Iran, Egypt and The Netherlands.ObjectivesTo describe CAM cases occurring in a single centre in Western Mexico.MethodsOur group carried out a retrospective study from May 2020 to May 2021 to identify CAM cases in patients with previous COVID‐19 diagnosis.ResultsSix CAM cases occurred in a single centre in Western Mexico during the study period, most of them with diabetes (n = 5/6) and all received corticosteroid therapy even when only three had severe COVID‐19. After analysing local COVID‐19 burden, it was estimated that in this region, CAM was 300 times more frequent among COVID individuals than the estimates for general population.ConclusionSimilar to large reports in India and other countries, CAM cases reported in this study were diagnosed in individuals with diabetes, hyperglycaemic status and with history of previous use of corticosteroids. Identifying these individuals at risk can help the early identification of CAM. In addition, strict glycaemic control and avoidance of unnecessary corticosteroid in non‐severe COVID‐19 cases could help in preventing this complicated fungal infection.
A New Three‐Dimensional Classification of Proximal Tibiofibular Fractures: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Wu Li‐ping , Mayr Hermann O , Cai Qin , Huan Yuan‐qiao , Zhu Xiao‐hua , Chen Yuan‐zhuang , Tang Yi‐ping , Huang Xin‐yu 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesTo propose an updated definition of proximal tibia and fibula fracture (PTFF) and establish a three‐dimensional (3D) structure‐based classification of PTFF.MethodsIn total, 1358 adult patients (837 males and 521 females; 43.61 ± 15.13 years， 1364 affected knees) who were diagnosed with PTFF at the departments of orthopaedic surgery of four hospitals from January 2010 to December 2019 were enrolled. The new classification of PTFF, termed Wu classification, included three parts: classification of columns in the horizontal plane, regions in the frontal plane, and segments in the sagittal plane. All PTFFs were classified according to Schatzker, Luo, and Wu classification systems. Additionally, the incidence and characteristics of PTFFs were analyzed.ResultsThe major internal structural fractures of PTFF were tibial plateau fracture (TPF) only (725, 53.15%), TPF and proximal fibular fracture (274, 20.09%), and isolated avulsion fracture of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) (189, 13.86%). Approximately a quarter of PTFF cases could not be classified using Schatzker or Luo classifications, but all PTFF cases could be classified using Wu classification. The most frequent PTFFs included all four columns in region IV, segment 2 (235, 17.23%); the posterolateral and posteromedial columns in region II, segment 2 (191, 14.00%); and the lateral and posterolateral columns in region IV, segment 2 (136, 9.97%). Isolated avulsion fracture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) was categorized as three injury types, most of which involved the lateral and medial columns in region II, segment 1 (40/63, 64%). More than 97% of cases of isolated fractures of the PCL involved the posterolateral and posteromedial columns in region II, segment 2. The most frequent combined avulsion fracture of the ACL and PCL included all four columns in region II, segment 2 (18/24, 75%). All of the isolated avulsion fractures of the ACL were located in segment 1, and all those of the PCL in segment 2. The most common type of isolated proximal fibular fracture involved the posterolateral column in region III, segment 2 (23/26, 88%). The most frequent combined TPF and proximal fibular fracture involved all four columns in region IV, segment 2 (107/274, 39.05%).ConclusionsAll cases of PTFF could be classified by the new 3D Wu classification which should be beneficial for clinical diagnosis, guidance of treatment, statistical analysis, academic communication, and prognosis, and the most frequent PTFF involved all four columns in region IV, segment 2.
Review article: Emerging issues in pediatric skin of color, part 1
Authors: Mitchell Krystal N. , Tay Yong Kwang , Heath Candrice R. , Trachtman Rebecca , Silverberg Nanette B. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDermatology for the pediatric skin of color population is the application of dermatology to the genetically diverse and distinctive segment of the pediatric population that includes children of non‐White racial and ethnic groups with increased pigmentation including individuals of Asian, LatinX, African, Native American, Pacific Island descent, Indigenous Peoples, among others, with overlap in particular individuals, and mixtures thereof. Treating children of color is a unique skill set within the field of pediatric dermatology, requiring knowledge and sensitivity. The discipline of pediatric skin of color can be challenging. Difficulty in diagnosis of common conditions stems from underlying pigmentation, variations in common hairstyling practices, and differences in demographics of cutaneous disease, whereas some conditions are more common in children of color, other conditions have nuances in clinical appearance and/or therapeutics with regard to skin color. This article is the first in a series of two articles looking at recently published skin‐related issues of high concern in children of color. Conditions reviewed in Part 1 include (1) hairstyling hair‐related concerns (traction alopecia, central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, endocrine disruption), (2) autoimmune concerns (cutaneous lupus, vitiligo), and (3) infections (tinea capitis, progressive macular hypomelanosis).
Tobacco use and mental health disparities in LGB youth
Authors: Goodin Amie , Fallin‐Bennett Keisa , Anderson‐Hoagland Elizabeth , Fallin‐Bennett Amanda 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveIn 2019, the Youth Risk Behavioral Survey (YRBS) collected sexual orientation data for the first time in Kentucky. Tobacco use behaviors and mental health status among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual (LGB) youth is infrequently documented in southern states such as Kentucky. This study aimed to analyze self‐reported tobacco use and mental health in youth by sexual orientation.DesignCross‐sectional survey.SampleAll participants, aged 12–19, of the 2019 Kentucky YRBS that indicated a sexual orientation.MeasurementsDifferences in response distributions for tobacco use and mental health measures were analyzed via chi square by sexual orientation, with additional stratification by sex.ResultsA total of n = 1996 respondents were 12.8% LGB‐identified and 82.1% heterosexual‐identified. No disparities between LGB and heterosexual youth were observed in tobacco‐related behaviors for male students, but disparities were persistent for female students (p = .005 for "tried tobacco before age 13"; p = .007 for "current smoking", p = .012 for "ever smoked"). Mental health disparities between LGB and heterosexual youth were significant for males and females (p < .05, all mental health measures).ConclusionsFindings suggest that tobacco disparities in this most recent data are narrower than in previous years; however, mental health disparities persist between LGB and heterosexual youth in Kentucky.
What can a dentist learn from an astrophysicist? A photographic evaluation of the long‐term impact of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on the orofacial sphere, using the example of Stephen Hawking: A historical case report
Authors: Vaudroz Vincent , Kiliaridis Stavros , Antonarakis Gregory S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimsThe present historical case report aims to characterize the long‐term orofacial repercussions of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a rare neurodegenerative disease with poor prognosis and relatively short life expectancy following initial diagnosis.MethodsHere we focus on the long‐term orofacial evolution seen in the example of Stephen Hawking, one of the greatest personalities in the scientific world, using publicly‐available photographic documentation. The fact that Stephen Hawking lived several decades following his diagnosis of ALS presents one with a unique opportunity to characterize and follow‐up the evolution of the ALS on the orofacial sphere. Through this article, we want to show him and his family, and all those living with this disease, our deepest respect, without intending in any way to intrude or misuse the privacy of the late universally‐respected astrophysicist.ResultsPhotographic documentation analyzed longitudinally shows changes towards the development of a Class III malocclusion, lower incisor protrusion, and a concave profile. Moreover, tooth wear has occurred, accompanied by posterior tooth loss and aberrant tongue and lip posture.ConclusionThe causes of such changes remain speculative but could be due to changes in the soft tissue equilibrium, changes in head and tongue posture, loss of oral function, respiratory needs, and a general deterioration of dental health. Our sincere thanks to the Hawking family who took the time to read the article and approve its publication for scientific and educational purposes. We are also deeply grateful to them for providing us with some photographs from their family collection.
Exploring the politics of strain: Crime and welfare in remote Indigenous Australia
Authors: Staines Zoe , Zahnow Renee 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe international criminology and social policy literature have long explored possible connections between social welfare and crime. However, existing studies tend towards high‐level comparisons of crime versus total aggregate welfare spend, overlooking sub‐national contextual differences between and within countries. There are also few studies that deeply explore this link in the Antipodes, including in Australia: a settler colony and (neo)liberal welfare state with a recent strong coupling of punitive social and penal policies that disproportionately impact Indigenous populations. This paper attends to these gaps by examining the welfare‐crime link in remote Indigenous Queensland (Australia). We use crime‐report data and an interrupted time series design to explore the effects of dynamic social welfare policies during 2020–2021: a period that saw a temporary shift away from a strict neoliberal welfare model (i.e., heavy conditionality, low benefit rates) to more supportive and decommodifying social welfare in response to the COVID‐19 induced economic recession. Our findings align with previous studies that suggest more supportive and decommodifying policies are associated with lower crime. We also bring greater nuance to how the crime‐welfare link is understood within the ‘structural complexity of [Australian] settler colonialism’ (Wolfe. Journal of Genocide Research. 2006;8:392), by illuminating how a politics of race animates social policies that can either produce or reduce criminogenic strains and, thus, socially construct crime in the image of the Indigenous ‘Other’.
Correlation of cytology to histology in a case of canine granulomatous colitis in a Boxer dog
Authors: Sims Cory S. , Nagle Jonathan , Tolbert M. Katherine , Anderson Katie , Linder Keith , Neel Jennifer 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA 2‐year‐old castrated male mixed breed dog presented to the North Carolina State Veterinary Teaching Hospital for chronic diarrhea with hematochezia and weight loss. Cytology performed on a rectal scraping revealed macrophages containing magenta, light pink, and variably blue granular inclusions, and phagocytosed material concerning for infectious organisms. Histopathology was consistent with granulomatous colitis and identified intra‐histiocytic bacterial organisms, confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)—tissue culture‐confirmed Escherichia coli. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of granulomatous colitis was made. The patient was successfully treated with oral enrofloxacin, and near‐complete remission of signs was achieved within 6 weeks. This report describes a case of granulomatous colitis in a mixed breed dog, and is the first published description of the cytologic features of this uncommon disease, offering a valuable cytologic‐histologic correlation. In this case, the cytology was helpful in identifying features consistent with granulomatous colitis and prioritizing the differential diagnoses and diagnostic plan.
An SMA-Based Multifunctional Implant for Improved Bone Fracture Healing
Authors: Zimmer Lukas , Britz Rouven , Goergen Yannik , Rizzello Gianluca , Pohlemann Tim , Orth Marcel , Ganse Bergita , Seelecke Stefan , Motzki Paul 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a shape memory alloy (SMA) based, multifunctional smart implant for improved bone fracture healing is presented. In contrast to conventionally used medical implants such as intramedullary nails or bone plates supporting a fractured bone in a passive way, the developed smart implant has on the one hand the ability to work as a common stabilizing implant. On the other hand, the smart implant has the property to stimulate the fracture to improve the bone healing process by controlled contracting micro movements. The smart implant consists of one mechanism to change the stiffness of the implant and one mechanism for the active stimulation purpose. Both actuator mechanisms are realized with the help of Nitinol SMA actuator wires, that are suitable for medical applications because of their biocompatibility. In addition to their actuator property the smart “self-sensing” ability of the SMA wires is used to control the actuator movements.
This work focuses mainly on the development and the design of the smart implant prototype and the parts are produced via 3D rapid prototyping.
Investigations Regarding the Longterm Behaviour of Electrically Heated SMA Wires Using Alternating Current
Authors: Theren Benedict , Schmelter Tobias , Chromik Philipp , Kuhlenkötter Bernd 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) exist in several forms, such as wires, tubes, springs and several more. Most commonly available SMA forms are wires, contracting when heated. There are several ways to activate the effect in wires, but mostly they are electrically heated (Joule Heating) using direct current (DC). There are examples of using alternating current (AC) for the activation of SMA wires, but rather for a highspeed activation that can be considered loss-free, since the wire is heated rapidly. This work investigates the long term behavior of SMA wires activated using AC.
An experimental setup according to Design of Experiment (DoE) was proposed to investigate the different influence of the long term behavior between an activation using AC and DC. 15 different levels of the activation parameters voltage, activation time and stress — each for the AC and the DC — were chosen. The value of the DC voltage was the same as the effective voltage for the AC. For each set of parameters, according to the experimental design, two specimens were investigated.
The different activation techniques differ in one important aspect: the source generating a DC is controlled, whereby the output voltage is independently kept constant from the change in electrical resistance induced by the phase transformation of the SMA wires when heated. The AC power does not offer such a function. Therefor the applied value of the effective Voltage is only an initial value at the beginning of the activation. During the activation the values of the voltage and the current change due to the phase transformation.
For further comparison, the activation energy for both activation methods was calculated. During activation the current and the voltage were measured at 600 Hz for the AC and at 50 Hz for the DC. The energy per activation is calculateto increase comparability between AC and DC.
Investigation of Fluid-Dynamic Forces on an Artificial Cownose Ray Fin
Authors: Bianchi Giovanni , Claudio Ivan , Cinquemani Simone 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The study of fish swimming is of great interest for engineers and researchers because the investigation of novel propulsion mechanisms is functional to the development of autonomous underwater vehicles. Among the different locomotion strategies adopted by fish species, the one characterizing the cownose ray is known to be very efficient. These fishes move their large pectoral fins and create a wave travelling in a direction opposite to the swimming direction. Thus, thanks to momentum conservation, the fish receives a propulsive thrust. This mechanism has been reproduced in a bioinspired robot mimicking a cownose ray, which has been designed and built. Before testing the robot underwater, some preliminary experiments in a small wind tunnel have been performed on a single fin. These tests are aimed at assessing the fluid dynamics of the fin shape and at verifying the effectiveness of this propulsive strategy. The fluid dynamic forces acting on the profile are measured with the fin still; the velocity of the incoming air is such that the Reynolds number is the same as for the fish swimming in water. Then, the propulsive strategy is tested with the fin in motion; the velocity of the incoming air is the same as the relative velocity of water for the fish during forward swimming, and several experiments were carried out with different frequencies and wavelengths of fin motion. Finally, having the fluids different densities, the measured forces and moments are scaled. These tests have confirmed that the cownose ray swimming strategy is effective and a relation between the measured forces with frequency and wavelength of fin motion has been found.
Functionalized Thermoplastic Polyurethane for FDM Printing of Piezoresistive Sensors
Authors: Maynard Cole , Hernandez Julio , Gonzalez David , Viz Monica , O’Brien Corey , Tallman Tyler N. , Garcia Jose , Newell Brittany 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Recent developments in materials and processes for additive manufacturing (AM) have moved 3D printing beyond just prototyping of manufactured parts and into exciting new applications. For example, various researchers and industries have successfully demonstrated the use of conductive filler modification in materials for use with fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3D printers. Due to the piezoresistive effect, these conductive filler-modified materials can be used to print highly customizable sensors on-demand. This is notable because combined with the versatility of FDM printing, it allows for a completely new interpretation of what a sensor is and what a sensor should look like. The accuracy and reliability of these sensors is still under investigation, and common AM materials such as polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) have been the subject of most investigations. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), a commercially available flexible filament, has been less studied for conductive filler modification and printed sensors. This is an important gap in the state of the art because flexible sensors are becoming increasingly important in applications involving large deformations such as soft robotics. Therefore, this work presents the results of an initial study on the development of a carbon nanofiber (CNF)-modified TPU for the development of flexible piezoresistive-based printed sensors. Specifically, this work considers the effect of different manufacturing parameters on CNF/TPU conductivity and printability using a commercially available FDM printer. Ultimately, this project seeks to utilize the proposed functionalized TPU material for the production of embedded sensors in rigid or flexible 3D printed parts.
Optimization and Experimental Validation of a Vacuum Suction Cup Operated by Shape Memory Actuators
Authors: Daut Claudia , Kirsch Susanne-Marie , Welsch Felix , Seelecke Stefan , Motzki Paul 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Pneumatic Systems, especially those working with compressed air, come with several drawbacks like poor energy efficiency, high level of emission and limited digitalization amongst others. Therefore, there are efforts in industry to replace pneumatics with purely electrical systems. A promising approach in gripping and handling technology is the shape memory alloy (SMA)-based vacuum suction cup, which was first presented at the 2018 SMASIS conference [1].
The working principle relies on an antagonistic SMA-based actuator system in combination with a bistable spring and a silicone membrane. This paper presents the structure and further development of the vacuum suction cup, whose vacuum generation is independent of a temporary or stable airflow. The focus lies on the improvement of the existing mechanics to a more maintenance-friendly design on route to a commercial product. For the implementation new SMA-bundles are created and the wire guides are adjusted accordingly. Besides, several experiments and analyses are carried out to validate the behavior of the mechanics with the new setup using the self-sensing effect. These investigations focus on the effects of varying bundle lengths, lever arms, and damaged bundles on performance. It is shown that the new design approach offers easier handling and robustness in the event of an actuator break.