bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BiGONLight: light propagation with bilocal operators in numerical relativity
Authors: Grasso Michele , Villa Eleonora 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

BiGONLight, Bilocal Geodesic Operators framework for Numerical Light propagation, is a new tool for light propagation in numerical relativity. The package implements the bilocal geodesic operators formalism, a new framework for light propagation in general relativity. With BiGONLight it is possible to extract observables such as angular diameter distance, luminosity distance, magnification as well as new real-time observables like parallax and redshift drift within the same computation. As a test-bed for our code we consider two exact cosmological models, the ΛCDM and the inhomogeneous Szekeres model, and a simulated dust Universe. All our tests show an excellent agreement with known results.
Scalar gravitational wave signals from core collapse in massive scalar–tensor gravity with triple-scalar interactions
Authors: Huang Da , Geng Chao-Qiang , Kuan Hao-Jui 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The spontaneous scalarization during the stellar core collapse in the massive scalar–tensor theories of gravity introduces extra polarizations (on top of the plus and cross modes) in gravitational waves, whose amplitudes are determined by several model parameters. Observations of such scalarization-induced gravitational waveforms therefore offer valuable probes into these theories of gravity. Considering a triple-scalar interactions in such theories, we find that the self-coupling effects suppress the magnitude of the scalarization and thus reduce the amplitude of the associated gravitational wave signals. In addition, the self-interacting effects in the gravitational waveform are shown to be negligible due to the dispersion throughout the astrophysically distant propagation. As a consequence, the gravitational waves observed on the Earth feature the characteristic inverse-chirp pattern. Although not with the on-going ground-based detectors, we illustrate that the scalarization-induced gravitational waves may be detectable at a signal-to-noise ratio level of

O

(

100

)

with future detectors, such as Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer.
Computer-aided design of graphene and 2D materials synthesis via magnetic inductive heating of 11 transition metals
Authors: Dhaouadi Elyes , Hinkov Ivaylo , Pashova Katya , Challab Nabil , Roussigné Yves , Abderrabba Manef , Farhat Samir 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We performed numerical simulations to determine the effect of the most influential operating parameters on the performance of a radio frequency (RF) induction-heating system in which RF magnetic fields inductively heat metal foils to grow graphene. The thermal efficiency of the system depends on the geometry as well as on the materials’ electrical conductivity and skin depth. The process is simulated under specific graphene and two-dimensional (2D) materials growth conditions using finite elements software in order to predict the transient temperature and magnetic field distribution during standard graphene and 2D materials growth conditions. The proposed model considers different coil Helmholtz-like geometries and 11 metal foils, including Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ir, Mo, and W. In each case, an optimal window of process variables ensuring a temperature range of 1035 °C–1084 °C or 700 °C–750 °C suitable for graphene and MoS2 growth, respectively, was found. Temperature gradients calculated from the simulated profiles between the edge and the center of the substrate showed a thermal uniformity of less than ∼2% for coinage metals like Au, Ag, and Cu and up to 7% for Pd. Model validation was performed for graphene growth on copper. Due to its limited heat conductivity, good heating uniformity was obtained. As a consequence, full coverage of monolayer graphene on copper with few defects and a grain domain size of ∼2 µm was obtained. The substrate temperature reached ∼1035 °C from ambient after only ∼90 s, in excellent agreement with model predictions. This allows for improved process efficiency in terms of fast, localized, homogeneous, and precise heating with energy saving. Due to these advantages, inductive heating has great potential for large-scale and rapid manufacturing of graphene and 2D materials.
Toward nanotechnology-enabled face masks against SARS-CoV-2 and pandemic respiratory diseases
Authors: El-Atab Nazek , Mishra Rishabh B. , Hussain Muhammad M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Wearing a face mask has become a necessity following the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) disease, where its effectiveness in containing the pandemic has been confirmed. Nevertheless, the pandemic has revealed major deficiencies in the ability to manufacture and ramp up worldwide production of efficient surgical-grade face masks. As a result, many researchers have focused their efforts on the development of low cost, smart and effective face covers. In this article, following a short introduction concerning face mask requirements, the different nanotechnology-enabled techniques for achieving better protection against the SARS-CoV-2 virus are reviewed, including the development of nanoporous and nanofibrous membranes in addition to triboelectric nanogenerators based masks, which can filter the virus using various mechanisms such as straining, electrostatic attraction and electrocution. The development of nanomaterials-based mask coatings to achieve virus repellent and sterilizing capabilities, including antiviral, hydrophobic and photothermal features are also discussed. Finally, the usability of nanotechnology-enabled face masks is discussed and compared with that of current commercial-grade N95 masks. To conclude, we highlight the challenges associated with the quick transfer of nanomaterials-enabled face masks and provide an overall outlook of the importance of nanotechnology in counteracting the COVID-19 and future pandemics.
Hexagonal arrays of plasmonic gold nanopyramids on flexible substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Simo P Christian , Laible Florian , Horneber Anke , Burkhardt Claus J , Fleischer Monika 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with pyramidal gold nanostructures increases the signal of Raman active analytes, since hotspots form at the edges and tip of a nanopyramid under illumination. 2D hexagonal arrays of pyramidal nanostructures with a quadratic base are fabricated through cost-effective nanosphere lithography and transferred onto elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane. By making use of the {111} crystal plane of a silicon (100) wafer, an inverted pyramidal array is etched, which serves as the complementary negative for the gold nanostructures. Either a continuous gold thin-film with protruding pyramids or separate isolated nanopyramids are produced. Three basic fabrication strategies are presented. The SERS enhancement is verified by Raman mapping of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) molecules. Fabrication on a flexible substrate paves the way for future applications on curved surfaces or in situ tunable resonances.
Smart arginine-equipped polycationic nanoparticles for p/CRISPR delivery into cells
Authors: Moradi Pardis , Hasanzadeh Akbar , Radmanesh Fatemeh , Rajai Daryasarei Saideh , Hosseini Elaheh Sadat , Kiani Jafar , Shahbazi Ali , Nourizadeh Helena , Eslami Maryam , Dorgalaleh Akbar , Sahlolbei Maryam , Hamblin Michael R , Karimi Mahdi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An efficient and safe delivery system for the transfection of CRISPR plasmid (p/CRISPR) into target cells can open new avenues for the treatment of various diseases. Herein, we design a novel nonvehicle by integrating an arginine-disulfide linker with low-molecular-weight PEI (PEI1.8k) for the delivery of p/CRISPR. These PEI1.8k-Arg nanoparticles facilitate the plasmid release and improve both membrane permeability and nuclear localization, thereby exhibiting higher transfection efficiency compared to native PEI1.8k in the delivery of nanocomplexes composed of PEI1.8k-Arg and p/CRISPR into conventional cells (HEK 293T). This nanovehicle is also able to transfect p/CRISPR in a wide variety of cells, including hard-to-transfect primary cells (HUVECs), cancer cells (HeLa), and neuronal cells (PC-12) with nearly 5–10 times higher efficiency compared to the polymeric gold standard transfection agent. Furthermore, the PEI1.8k-Arg nanoparticles can edit the GFP gene in the HEK 293T-GFP reporter cell line by delivering all possible forms of CRISPR/Cas9 system (e.g. plasmid encoding Cas9 and sgRNA targeting GFP, and Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) as well as Cas9 expression plasmid and in vitro-prepared sgRNA) into HEK 293T-GFP cells. The successful delivery of p/CRISPR into local brain tissue is also another remarkable capability of these nanoparticles. In view of all the exceptional benefits of this safe nanocarrier, it is expected to break new ground in the field of gene editing, particularly for therapeutic purposes.
Photo-exfoliation of MoS2 quantum dots from nanosheets: an in situ transmission electron microscopy study
Authors: Burns Kory , Bischoff Benjamin , Barr Christopher M , Hattar Khalid , Aitkaliyeva Assel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Fabrication of transition metal dichalcogenide quantum dots (QDs) is complex and requires submerging powders in binary solvents and constant tuning of wavelength and pulsed frequency of light to achieve a desired reaction. Instead of liquid state photoexfoliation, we utilize infrared laser irradiation of free-standing MoS2 flakes in transmission electron microscope (TEM) to achieve solid-state multi-level photoexfoliation of QDs. By investigating the steps involved in photochemical reaction between the surface of MoS2 and the laser beam, we gain insight into each step of the photoexfoliation mechanism and observe high yield production of QDs, led by an inhomogeneous crystalline size distribution. Additionally, by using a laser with a lower energy than the indirect optical transition of bulk MoS2, we conclude that the underlying phenomena behind the photoexfoliation is from multi-photon absorption achieved at high optical outputs from the laser source. These findings provide an environmentally friendly synthesis method to fabricate QDs for potential applications in biomedicine, optoelectronics, and fluorescence sensing.
Nonlinear evolution of Kinetic Alfvén Wave and the associated turbulence spectra in laser produced plasmas and laboratory simulation of astrophysical phenomena
Authors: Dewan Himani , Uma R , Sharma R P 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This investigation presents the nonlinear interplay between pump wave (Kinetic Alfvén Wave (KAW)) and low-frequency ion acoustic wave (IAW) in the magnetized plasma. The model is developed by taking into account the ponderomotive nonlinearity associated due to the pump KAW. The coupled dimensionless equations (pump and IAW) are solved by adopting numerical simulation technique. The deduced results give the localization and filamentary structures of KAW, which eventually become chaotic with the evolution of time. The fundamental physics governing the dynamics of these two waves is influenced by the plasma beta (

β

) parameter; thereby affecting the nature of nonlinearity, dispersive properties and magnetic field amplification. The saturated spectra are analogous to that observed for many astrophysical scenarios for low (Chatterjee et al 2017 Nat. Commun.
8 15970) and high beta (White et al 2019 Nat. Commun.
10 1758; Tzeferacos et al 2017 Phys. Plasmas
24 041404) plasma. This theoretical model outlining the nonlinear interaction can be imperative in understanding the dynamics of magnetic field amplification in various astrophysical scenarios.
A speed measurement method for underwater robots using an artificial lateral line sensor
Authors: Zhang Zhuoliang , Zhou Chao , Cao Zhiqiang , Tan Min , Cheng Long , Deng Sai , Fan Junfeng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Underwater robot technology has made considerable progress in recent years. However, due to the harsh environment and noise in the flow field near the underwater robots, it is difficult to measure some basic parameters, including swimming speed. The traditional speed measurement methods for underwater robots have the disadvantages of being limited by the environment and bulky. In order to overcome these shortcomings, an artificial lateral line (ALL) sensor based on cantilever structure was developed in this paper. According to the deformation of cantilever beam under water impact, the swimming speed of underwater robots can be measured. In addition, an ‘end-to-end’ calibration algorithm was proposed to calibrate the ALL sensor in the noisy environment, avoiding the complicated noise modeling and filter design process. To reduce the risk of overfitting, a hybrid loss function based on physical model was adopted. Compared with the classical calibration method, our method can reduce the error by 47.8%. Our sensor achieved an average absolute error of 0.07897 m s−1, and can measure water speed up to 3 m s−1.
Linear gyrokinetic stability of a high
β
non-inductive spherical tokamak
Authors: Patel B.S. , Dickinson D. , Roach C.M. , Wilson H.R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Spherical tokamaks (STs) have been shown to possess properties desirable for a fusion power plant such as achieving high plasma β and having increased vertical stability. To understand the confinement properties that might be expected in the conceptual design for a high β ST fusion reactor, a 1 GW ST plasma equilibrium was analysed using local linear gyrokinetics to determine the type of micro-instabilities that arise. Kinetic ballooning modes and micro-tearing modes are found to be the dominant instabilities. The parametric dependence of these linear modes was determined and, from the insights gained, the equilibrium was tuned to find a regime marginally stable to all micro-instabilities at θ
0 = 0.0. This work identifies the most important micro-instabilities expected to generate turbulent transport in high β STs. The impact of such modes must be faithfully captured in first-principles-based reduced models of anomalous transport that are needed for predictive simulations.
Building a turbulence-transport workflow incorporating uncertainty quantification for predicting core profiles in a tokamak plasma
Authors: Coster D.P. , Fischer R. , Hoenen O. , Lakhlili J. , Luk O.O. , Preuss R. , Scott B.D. , von Toussaint U. , the ASDEX Upgrade Team  
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The impact of micro-scale turbulence on the macro-scale plasma profiles in a tokamak is a multi-scale problem (both in space and time) that is treated in this paper by the coupling of turbulence simulations of multiple flux-tubes to a core transport code, together with an equilibrium code. Work on quantifying the uncertainty in the predicted profiles, together with a comparison to experiment is also presented.
Lithium wall conditioning techniques in ADITYA-U tokamak for impurity and fuel control
Authors: Jadeja K.A. , Ghosh J. , Yadava Nandini , Patel K.M. , Patel Kiran , Tanna R.L. , Manchanda R. , Chowdhuri M.B. , Raval J.V. , Nagora U.C. , Arambhadiya B.G. , Macwan Tanmay , Singh K. , Dolui S. , Shah Minsha , Patel Sharvil , Ramaiya N. , Shah Kajal , Shukla B.K. , Aich Suman , Kumar Rohit , Panchal V.K. , Kumar Manoj , Atrey P.K. , Pathak S.K. , Rajpal Rachana , Assudani Kumudni , Gopalakrishna M.V. , Kumawat Devilal , Makwana M.N. , Shah K.S. , Gupta Shivam , Gupta C.N. , Balakrishnan V. , Chattopadhyay P.K. , Kataria B.R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In fusion devices, various techniques are employed for coating the plasma facing components (PFCs) including the vessel wall with low-Z material like lithium, boron, and silicon in order to enhance the plasma parameters and control. In ADITYA-Upgrade tokamak, different techniques of lithium wall conditioning are developed and implemented to obtain uniform and sustainable coating of Li on PFCs and the vessel wall. In this paper, two techniques used to generate Li from the source are reported. In one of the technique, a heated (fixed temperature of ∼120 °C) Li-rod is placed inside the hydrogen glow discharge cleaning (H-GDC) plasma and the sputtered Li by hydrogen (H) ions and atoms coats the wall and periphery. In the second technique, the Li is vapourized using a high-temperature Li-evaporator and released into the H-GDC plasma for uniform coating of Li on the PFCs and vessel. Significantly enhanced plasma parameters are obtained after Li coating by both techniques, with the evaporated Li performed better than the Li rod case. With the Li coating obtained with evaporated Li at 600 °C (550 mg Li) with H-GDC, the Li wall conditioning has been observed to be sustaining for in a larger number of plasma discharges in comparison to non-H-GDC assisted Li deposition. As the melting temperature of lithium hydride (LiH) is much higher (688.7 °C) than that of lithium (180.5 °C), this enhance the longer Li-coating lifetime relatively due to the formation of Li–H molecules on the vessel wall and PFCs. In ADITYA-U the carbon impurity and hydrogen recycling, due to relatively high surface area of graphite PFCs as well as their proximity to the plasma, limits the plasma performance and effective controls. Hence, H-GDC, H-GDC with Li-rod sputtering or Li evaporation, helium-GDC, argon–hydrogen mixtures-GDC in particular sequence are carried out to obtain better plasma discharges. The Li coating techniques and their effect on tokamak plasma discharges of ADITYA-U are discussed in this paper.
Combining GEDI and Sentinel-2 for wall-to-wall mapping of tall and short crops
Authors: Di Tommaso Stefania , Wang Sherrie , Lobell David B 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
High resolution crop type maps are an important tool for improving food security, and remote sensing is increasingly used to create such maps in regions that possess ground truth labels for model training. However, these labels are absent in many regions, and models trained on optical satellite features often exhibit low performance when transferred across geographies. Here we explore the use of NASA’s global ecosystem dynamics investigation (GEDI) spaceborne lidar instrument, combined with Sentinel-2 optical data, for crop type mapping. Using data from three major cropped regions (in China, France, and the United States) we first demonstrate that GEDI energy profiles can reliably distinguish maize, a crop typically above 2 m in height, from crops like rice and soybean that are shorter. We further show that these GEDI profiles provide much more invariant features across geographies compared to spectral and phenological features detected by passive optical sensors. GEDI is able to distinguish maize from other crops within each region with accuracies higher than 84%, and able to transfer across regions with accuracies higher than 82%, compared to 64% for transfer of optical features. Finally, we show that GEDI profiles can be used to generate training labels for models based on optical imagery from Sentinel-2, thereby enabling the creation of 10 m wall-to-wall maps of tall versus short crops in label-scarce regions. As maize is the second most widely-grown crop in the world and often the only tall crop grown within a landscape, we conclude that GEDI offers great promise for improving global crop type maps.
Applying Geospatial Technology in Estimating Agricultural Wastes Carrying Capacity in Grobogan Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Prasetyo A. , Heryanto B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to estimate using geospatial the feed carrying capacity of agricultural wastes, especially in Grobogan Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The method that has been used in this study is the descriptive analysis which is sourced from secondary data from Grobogan Regency. Analysis of agricultural waste production includes rice straw, corn and soybeans converted into dry matter feed. Geospatial analysis using ArcGis 10.3 software to extract feed carrying capacity data in the form of maps. The result showed that dry matter agricultural wastes 405528.81 (tons/year), The capacity of beef cattle was 924606 (animal units) and the ability to add beef cattle was 791036 (animal units). The conclusion of the study that Grobogan Regency has to carrying capacity indexes were at safe levels.
Mapping Urban-Rural Linkage in Promoting Sustainable Regional Development to Support Rural Creative Economy Entrepreneurs
Authors: Azmi H. N. H. , Wijaya B. , Wijaya M. I. H. , Novandaya Z. , Kurniawati H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Strong rural-urban linkages are one of the supports for sustainable regional development. With the potential of the creative economy in the rural area owned by Temanggung Regency, the creative economy sector can be a driving force for rural-urban linkages. One of the actors that can drive the strengthening of rural-urban linkages is creative economy entrepreneurs, who have the potential to eliminate the boundaries of rural-urban linkages through good capacity in accessing various advantages that exist in the city such as knowledge and market share while optimizing the advantages of rural locations. This study aims to examine the role of rural creative economy actors in Temanggung Regency in encouraging the strengthening of existing rural-urban linkages based on the flow of people/labor, production, commodities, capital and information. The research method used in this study is descriptive qualitative with the support of data obtained through interviews and FGDs of creative economy actors in Temanggung Regency. The result of this research is that rural creative economy actors in Temanggung Regency have the potential to strengthen rural-urban relations, especially in the aspects of capital, information, and commodities.
Implementation of Klassen Typology in Mapping of Superior Commodities of Food Crops in The Malolo Agropolitan Area
Authors: Siradjuddin H. , Anshar M. , Asman A. I. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Malolo agropolitan area is a strategic food crop production center in Takalar. The implementation of klassen tipology is used to identify superior commodities with export value from food plants cultivated by farmers in the area. This study aims to determine the superior commodities of food crops using klassen typology and to map these superior commodities in the Malolo Agropolitan Area. The analytical methods used were klassen typology and Ar-GIS mapping. The results showed that the implementation of klassen typology on food commodities in the Agropolitan Malolo area resulted in maize as the only superior commodity out of 4 other food commodities. Maize is a leading commodity in 4 areas, that is Massamaturu, Timbuseng, Barugaya, and Towata. Mapping results show that 4 areas are superior commodity development, 11 areas for mainstay commodity development, 37 areas for prospective commodity development, and 38 areas for slow commodity development. The number of areas for slow commodity development shows that the production of food commodities in the Malolo agropolitan area is less able to compete with food commodity production in other areas in a larger area.