bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy-dependent Boundaries of Earth's Radiation Belt Electron Slot Region
Authors: Mei Yang , Ge Yasong , Du Aimin , Gu Xudong , Summers Danny , Li Xinlin , Fu Song , Xiang Zheng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The variations in radiation belt boundaries reflect competition between acceleration and loss physical processes of energetic electrons, which is an important issue for radiation belts of planets with an internal magnetic field (e.g., Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn). Based on high-quality measurements from Van Allen Probes spanning the years 2014–2018, we develop an empirical model of the energy-dependent boundaries of Earth's electron radiation belt slot region, showing that the lower boundary follows a logarithmic function of the electron energy while the upper boundary is controlled by two competing energy-dependent processes, namely compression and recovery. The compression process relates linearly to a 15 hr averaged Kp index, while the recovery process is found to be approximately proportional to time. Detailed data-model comparisons demonstrate that our model, using only the Kp index and time epoch as inputs, reconstructs the slot region boundaries in real time for 200 keV to 2 MeV electrons under varying geomagnetic conditions. Such a data-driven empirical model is prerequisite to understanding the dynamic changes of the slot region in response to both solar and geomagnetic activities. The model can be readily incorporated into future global simulations of radiation belt electron dynamics in Earth's inner magnetosphere and provide new insights into the study of Saturn's and Jupiter's radiation belt variability.
Phases of Mass Transfer from Hot Subdwarfs to White Dwarf Companions and Their Photometric Properties
Authors: Bauer Evan B. , Kupfer Thomas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Binary systems of a hot subdwarf B (sdB) star + a white dwarf (WD) with orbital periods less than 2–3 hr can come into contact due to gravitational waves and transfer mass from the sdB star to the WD before the sdB star ceases nuclear burning and contracts to become a WD. Motivated by the growing class of observed systems in this category, we study the phases of mass transfer in these systems. We find that because the residual outer hydrogen envelope accounts for a large fraction of an sdB star’s radius, sdB stars can spend a significant amount of time (∼tens of megayears) transferring this small amount of material at low rates (∼10−10–10−9
M
⊙ yr−1) before transitioning to a phase where the bulk of their He transfers at much faster rates ( ≳10−8
M
⊙ yr−1). These systems therefore spend a surprising amount of time with Roche-filling sdB donors at orbital periods longer than the range associated with He star models without an envelope. We predict that the envelope transfer phase should be detectable by searching for ellipsoidal modulation of Roche-filling objects with P
orb = 30–100 minutes and T
eff = 20,000–30,000 K, and that many (≥10) such systems may be found in the Galactic plane after accounting for reddening. We also argue that many of these systems may go through a phase of He transfer that matches the signatures of AM CVn systems, and that some AM CVn systems associated with young stellar populations likely descend from this channel.
Convection behind the Humidification of Titan’s Stratosphere
Authors: Rannou P. , Coutelier M. , Rivière E. , Lebonnois S. , Rey M. , Maltagliati L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
On Titan, methane is responsible for the complex prebiotic chemistry, the global haze, most of the cloud cover, and the rainfall that models the landscape. Its sources are located in liquid reservoirs at and below the surface, and its sink is the photodissociation at high altitude. Titan’s present and past climates strongly depend on the connection between the surface sources and the atmosphere upper layers. Despite its importance, very little information is available on this topic. In this work, we reanalyze two solar occultations made by Cassini before the northern spring equinox. We find a layer rich in methane at 165 km and at 70°S (mixing ratio 1.62% ± 0.1%) and a dryer background stratosphere (1.1%–1.2%). In the absence of local production, this reveals an intrusion of methane transported into the stratosphere by convective circulation. On the other hand, methane transport through the tropopause at a global scale appears quite inhibited. Leaking through the tropopause is an important bottleneck of Titan’s methane cycle at all timescales. As such, it affects the long-term evolution of Titan’s atmosphere and the exchange fluxes with the surface and subsurface reservoirs in a complex way. Global climate models accounting for cloud physics, thermodynamical feedbacks, and convection are needed to understand the methane cycle, and specifically the humidification of the stratosphere, at the present time, and its evolution under changing conditions at a geological timescale.
Discovery of a Protocluster Core Associated with an Enormous Lya Nebula at z = 2.3
Authors: Li Qiong , Wang Ran , Dannerbauer Helmut , Cai Zheng , Emonts Bjorn , Prochaska Jason Xavier , Battaia Fabrizio Arrigoni , Neri Roberto , Zhang Chengpeng , Fan Xiaohui , Jin Shuowen , Yoon Ilsang , Bechtel Shane 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The MAMMOTH-1 nebula at z = 2.317 is an enormous Lyα nebula (ELAN) extending to a ∼440 kpc scale at the center of the extreme galaxy overdensity BOSS 1441. In this paper, we present observations of the CO(3 − 2) and 250 GHz dust-continuum emission from MAMMOTH-1 using the IRAM NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array. Our observations show that CO(3 − 2) emission in this ELAN has not extended widespread emission into the circum- and inter-galactic media. We also find a remarkable concentration of six massive galaxies in CO(3 − 2) emission in the central ∼100 kpc region of the ELAN. Their velocity dispersions suggest a total halo mass of M
200c
∼ 1013.1
M
⊙, marking a possible protocluster core associated with the ELAN. The peak position of the CO(3 − 2) line emission from the obscured AGN is consistent with the location of the intensity peak of MAMMOTH-1 in the rest-frame UV band. Its luminosity line ratio between the CO(3 − 2) and CO(1 − 0)r
3,1 is 0.61 ± 0.17. The other five galaxies have CO(3 − 2) luminosities in the range of (2.1–7.1) × 109 K km s−1 pc2, with the star-formation rates derived from the 250 GHz continuum of (<36)–224 M
⊙ yr−1. Follow-up spectroscopic observations will further confirm more member galaxies and improve the accuracy of the halo mass estimation.
Effects of the Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure on the Martian Topside Ion Distribution: Implications on the Variability of Bulk Ion Outflow
Authors: Niu Dandan , Gu Hao , Cui Jun , Wu Xiaoshu , Wu Mingyu , Zhang Tielong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
With the aid of the ion densities measured by the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer and the solar wind dynamic pressures measured by the Solar Wind Ion Analyzer on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN, we investigate the modulation of a sequence of ion species in the Martian topside ionosphere by the upstream solar wind condition. Almost all ion species, except for

CO

2

+

and OCOH+, are very sensitive to the variation of the solar wind condition, and their densities decrease with increasing solar wind dynamic pressure. The response of the topside ion distribution to the variation of the solar wind condition is also found to be remarkably related to the magnetic field orientation, in that the solar wind modulation occurs mainly over regions with near-horizontal field lines. These observations imply substantially enhanced outflow velocities for all ion species under high solar wind dynamic pressures when the ambient magnetic fields are near-horizontal.
Constraining Soft and Hard X-Ray Irradiation in Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources
Authors: Qiu Yanli , Feng Hua 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Most ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are argued to be powered by supercritical accretion onto compact objects. One of the key questions regarding these objects is whether or not the hard X-rays are geometrically beamed toward the symmetric axis. We propose testing the scenario using disk irradiation to see how much the outer accretion disk sees the central hard X-rays. We collect a sample of 11 bright ULXs with an identification of a unique optical counterpart, and model their optical fluxes considering two irradiating sources: soft X-rays from the photosphere of the optically thick wind driven by supercritical accretion, and if needed in addition, hard X-rays from the Comptonization component. Our results indicate that the soft X-ray irradiation can account for the optical emission in the majority of ULXs, and the fraction of hard X-rays reprocessed on the outer disk is constrained to be no more than ∼10−2 in general. Such an upper limit is well consistent with the irradiation fraction expected in the case of no beaming. Therefore, no stringent constraint on the beaming effect can be placed according to the current data quality.
The Remarkable Spin-down and Ultrafast Outflows of the Highly Pulsed Supersoft Source of Nova Herculis 2021
Authors: Drake Jeremy J. , Ness Jan-Uwe , Page Kim L. , Luna G. J. M. , Beardmore Andrew P. , Orio Marina , Osborne Julian P. , Mróz Przemek , Starrfield Sumner , Banerjee Dipankar P. K. , Balman Solen , Darnley M. J. , Bhargava Y. , Dewangan G. C. , Singh K. P. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Nova Her 2021 (V1674 Her), which erupted on 2021 June 12, reached naked-eye brightness and has been detected from radio to γ-rays. An extremely fast optical decline of 2 magnitudes in 1.2 days and strong Ne lines imply a high-mass white dwarf. The optical pre-outburst detection of a 501.42 s oscillation suggests a magnetic white dwarf. This is the first time that an oscillation of this magnitude has been detected in a classical nova prior to outburst. We report X-ray outburst observations from Swift and Chandra that uniquely show (1) a very strong modulation of supersoft X-rays at a different period from reported optical periods, (2) strong pulse profile variations and the possible presence of period variations of the order of 0.1–0.3 s, and (3) rich grating spectra that vary with modulation phase and show P Cygni–type emission lines with two dominant blueshifted absorption components at ∼3000 and 9000 km s−1 indicating expansion velocities up to 11,000 km s−1. X-ray oscillations most likely arise from inhomogeneous photospheric emission related to the magnetic field. Period differences between reported pre- and post-outburst optical observations, if not due to other period drift mechanisms, suggest a large ejected mass for such a fast nova, in the range 2 × 10−5–2 × 10−4
M
⊙. A difference between the period found in the Chandra data and a reported contemporaneous post-outburst optical period, as well as the presence of period drifts, could be due to weakly nonrigid photospheric rotation.
Outbursts of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Authors: Sharma Kritti , Kelley Michael S. P. , Joharle Simran , Kumar Harsh , Swain Vishwajeet , Bhalerao Varun , Anupama G. C. , Barway Sudhanshu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We monitored the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko close to its perihelion in November 2021 with the GROWTH-India Telescope. We observed two outbursts of this comet on 2021 October 29.940 and November 17.864 UTC, −3.12 days and +15.81 days respectively from the perihelion date. The brightening in the first outburst appears as a compact source, with a radial extent up to 8.″5. The comet brightened by 0.26 ± 0.03 mag in the outburst, with a 27% increase in the effective geometric cross-section and total outburst dust mass of ∼5.3 × 105 kg. The second outburst caused a brightening of 0.49 ± 0.08 mag with effective geometric cross-section and total outburst dust mass 2.5 times larger than the first event. These outbursts are up to an order of magnitude larger than the strongest outburst event observed in situ by the Rosetta spacecraft in 2015.
Macrophyte diversity in rivers and streams of the Vologda Region and several other regions of Russia
Authors: Philippov Dmitriy , Komarova Aleksandra 
Published: December 2021

The data paper contains the authors’ materials on the diversity of macrophytes, macroscopic plants regardless of their taxonomic position, in rivers and streams of East European Russia and Western Siberia. These data, collected on 247 rivers and 32 streams in 13 administrative regions of the Russian Federation, were provided as an occurrence dataset presented in the form of GBIF-mediated data. The main portion of the data was obtained in water objects of the Vologda Region (5201 occurrences). In addition, occurrences from the Arkhangelsk Region (347 occurrences), Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (159), Yaroslavl Region (132), Novgorod Region (97), Kostroma Region (41), Republic of Karelia (31), Sverdlovsk Region (29), Komi Republic (28), Orenburg Region (26), Chelyabinsk Region (22), Voronezh Region (22) and Tyumen Region (18) were given. The studies were carried out mainly in the southern and middle taiga and, to a lesser extent, in the northern taiga and the forest-steppe. The analysed watercourses belong to five drainage basins: the Azov Sea, the Baltic Sea, the White Sea, the Caspian Sea and the Kara Sea. The dataset contains materials on the diversity of Plantae (6094 occurrences) and Chromista (59 occurrences). This paper, in a standardised form, summarises mostly unpublished materials on the biodiversity of lotic ecosystems.
The paper summarises the data obtained in long-term studies of phytodiversity in a range of rivers and streams of East European Russia and, fragmentarily, Western Siberia. A total of 6153 occurrences were included in the dataset. According to the GBIF taxonomic backbone, the dataset comprises 292 taxa, including 280 lower-rank taxa (species, subspecies, varieties) and 12 taxa identified to the genus level. All the occurrences are published openly through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) for the first time. Most of the data were stored in field diaries and, thus, by adding the data in GBIF, we believe that other researchers could benefit from it.
Les Églises réformées et la tenue des dossiers : un registre brouillon du consistoire de Castres au XVII e siècle
Authors: Mentzer Raymond A. 
Published: December 2021

Les registres des consistoires des Églises réformées de France sont une source exceptionnelle autant qu’essentielle pour étudier les transformations religieuses associées à la Réforme. Il se trouve que, après avoir passé presque vingt ans à parcourir la France pour identifier et examiner ces registres, j’en suis venu à apprécier la manière dont leur forme physique et les détails de leur composition peuvent, autant sinon plus que les mots écrits sur les feuilles, transmettre des informations sur le fonctionnement des Églises réformées. Ce qui me conduit à faire une comparaison d’un brouillon du registre du consistoire de Castres du xviie siècle – le seul registre brouillon de consistoire ayant survécu à la violence destructrice de la Révocation – avec sa rédaction définitive. Inévitablement, certaines questions et matières notées dans le brouillon sont laissées à l’écart de la version finale. Inversement, des discussions et documents qui ne se trouvent pas dans le brouillon sont inclus dans la copie permanente. Une analyse comparative, approfondie et affinée, des deux registres du consistoire de Castres devrait également permettre de mieux évaluer ce que représentent les registres survivants d’autres consistoires, tous étant des textes définitifs.
Les réformes de santé dans le monde
Authors: Okma Kieke G. H. , Tenbensel Tim 
Published: December 2021

Cette contribution présente les principaux résultats d'un projet de recherche inhabituel sur les réformes de santé de douze petites et moyennes nations (généralement exclues des études comparatives internationales), qui a débuté au début du xxi e siècle. Les dix-neuf co-auteurs ont tous vécu et travaillé dans un ou plusieurs de ces pays. Situés sur différents continents, les pays varient en termes de taille, de population, de géographie, de niveau de revenus ainsi que de contextes culturels et politiques. Néanmoins ils partagent des objectifs politiques visant à garantir l'accès de leur population aux soins de santé, à améliorer la santé de la population et à protéger les revenus des familles contre les coûts élevés des soins médicaux – des politiques adoptées depuis longtemps par la plupart des nations industrialisées. Ils ont tous cherché à modifier certains des éléments fondamentaux de leurs systèmes de santé : la combinaison des sources de financement, la propriété, l'administration ou les modes de paiement des services de santé. Chaque nation a mis en œuvre des réformes dans les limites de sa culture nationale, des héritages institutionnels et des positions des parties prenantes. Il en est résulté des résultats divergents, et non une convergence vers une direction ou un modèle unique. Ce qui fonctionne dans une nation peut ne pas fonctionner ailleurs. Notre étude a montré, en effet, une variété remarquable d'activités de réforme, allant des efforts partiellement réussis pour développer une couverture universelle au Ghana et en Tanzanie, aux régimes d'assurance plus fragmentés du Chili et de l'Équateur, à la nouvelle procédure d'évaluation des droits de l'assurance sociale d'Israël, aux changements rapides de la Nouvelle-Zélande dans la gouvernance régionale des soins de santé combinés à un financement stable remarquable basé sur l'impôt, à l'assurance santé de la population de Taïwan, aux mandats d'assurance quasi privée de la Suisse et des Pays-Bas et à un mélange complexe de régimes d'assurance et de subventions publiques étendues à Singapour. Classification JEL : I10, I11, I14, I18.
La numérisation à la Bibliothèque nationale suisse : la presse à l’honneur
Authors: Regamey Liliane 
Published: December 2021

La Bibliothèque nationale suisse possède une remarquable collection de journaux. Pour faciliter leur consultation tout en protégeant ces objets fragiles, elle a lancé avec les bibliothèques patrimoniales suisses une vaste politique de numérisation en 2009. Après avoir mis au point un modèle de convention avec ses partenaires publics et privés, elle a développé une plateforme mutualisée, ambitieuse et performante : e-newspaperarchives.ch ( e-npa.ch ).
Slow Recovery of Headwater-Stream Fishes Following a Catastrophic Poisoning Event
Authors: Freeman Mary , Elkins Duncan , Maholland Peter , Butler Zachary , Kleinhans Maxwell , Skaggs Jonathon , Stowe Edward , Straight Carrie , Wenger Seth 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Accidental spills of chemicals and other pollutants can decimate populations of stream-dwelling species. Recovery from such accidents can be relatively fast and complete when the affected stream reaches can be recolonized from upstream and downstream sources. However, faunal recoveries from accidental spills that extirpate populations from entire headwater streams have not been extensively documented, and understanding resilience of headwater-stream biota is relevant for assessing threats to at-risk species. We assessed recovery of fish populations in a 5.7-km-long headwater stream in the southeastern United States following a complete, or nearly complete, fish-kill caused by a chemical spill near the source of the stream. We sampled for fishes at five stream locations, two downstream and three upstream from a perched, culverted road-crossing located 2.4 km upstream from the stream mouth, over a period of 18.5 mo following the poisoning event. We observed 11 fish species, representing ≤65% of the fish species expected based on occurrences in nearby tributary streams. In postpoisoning sampling, only three of these taxa were observed upstream of the culvert; all 11 species, including the federally threatened Cherokee Darter Etheostoma scotti, were found downstream of the culvert but were mostly represented by a few, large individuals. In contrast, dead individuals of at least eight taxa including the Cherokee Darter were observed upstream of the culvert at the time of the fish-kill. These observations provide evidence of slow recovery of a headwater fish fauna, and especially upstream of a barrier to fish movement, where the recolonization sources are primarily downstream. Additional case studies may reveal whether this result applies generally to headwater streams. Slow recovery could make species that primarily inhabit or maintain greatest abundances in headwaters, including multiple at-risk fishes, particularly vulnerable to the threat of accidental spills that result in local population extirpation.
Ex-voto et têtes de mort
Authors: Leone Anna 
Published: December 2021

À Naples, deux sites dédiés au culte des âmes du purgatoire et à l’ancien rite d’adoption des têtes de mort, l’église Purgatorio ad Arco et le cimetière des Fontanelle, sont devenus des attractions touristiques. Des associations muséales promeuvent la connaissance de ces « lieux cultuels » en tant que « biens culturels ». En parallèle, avec les visites touristiques, les objets autour des ossements s’accumulent : ex-voto, chapelets, bracelets, pièces, pinces pour les cheveux, jouets, photographies des morts, images pieuses, lettres, billets de bus ou de musée. Les anciennes traces du culte des âmes du purgatoire se mélangent aux nouvelles et à celles laissées par les touristes. La patrimonialisation de ces sites, au lieu de marquer la fin du culte des morts, semble montrer sa vitalité, voire lui donner une nouvelle vie. Pourquoi des voyageurs provenant de toute l’Italie, de l’Europe et d’ailleurs participent-ils à un culte qui semblait désormais disparu dans notre monde « occidental » ? Comment la patrimonialisation d’un site s’est-elle accompagnée du renouveau d’un ancien rite ? Quelques histoires singulières de visiteurs et dévots contemporains, recueillies lors d’une enquête ethnographique et photographique menée à l’église Purgatorio ad Arco, nous renseignent sur la façon dont le culte des têtes de mort est vécu aujourd’hui. En même temps, ces histoires nous parlent de la place de la mort et des morts dans notre société et de notre façon de vivre le patrimoine.
À quoi pensent les enseignants quand on leur parle de rituels ?
Authors: Vannier Marie-Paule , Merri Maryvonne 
Published: December 2021

Cet article rend compte d’une enquête menée auprès d’enseignants appartenant à différentes institutions scolaires allant de la maternelle au lycée, en comptant les structures propres à l’enseignement spécialisé, à qui nous avons posé la question des rituels en termes de pratiques mises en œuvre par eux dans les classes et d’objectifs assignés à ces pratiques. Cette enquête conçue et réalisée par le groupe de recherche collaborative, Rituels722, contribue à une meilleure connaissance des rituels scolaires. Dans la perspective initiée par Lafont (1978), le « rituel » est considéré ici comme un praxème ou « unité phonologique à produire du sens » selon les expériences matérielles et sociales personnelles. L’enquête met en évidence la prégnance de l’appartenance à une institution donnée dans les réponses apportées par les enseignants. Dans le même temps, cette étude questionne la quasi-absence de rituels dans certaines institutions.
Les fonctions du rituel scolaire selon différentes sciences humaines et sociales
Authors: Bertrand Myriam , Merri Maryvonne 
Published: December 2021

Cet article propose une revue de littérature pluridisciplinaire sur les fonctions des rituels scolaires. Dans un premier temps, trois catégories de fonctions sont distinguées et analysées : les fonctions sociales, les fonctions d’apprentissage et les fonctions langagières. Aux références sociologiques et anthropologiques sur les rituels sont articulées les approches proposées par la psychologie culturelle d’inspiration vygotskienne et par la didactique. Cette recherche révèle la richesse fonctionnelle potentielle des rituels scolaires. Dans un second temps, afin d’analyser cette multifonctionnalité et sa mise en oeuvre, nous proposons, à la suite de Garcion-Vautor, de mobiliser l’approche structurale développée par Rivière.