bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment and novel application ofN‐mixture models for aerial surveys of wildlife
Authors: Christensen Sonja A. , Farr Matthew T. , Williams David M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAerial surveys are a critical tool for inference of wildlife populations, yet are limited by current available methods to account for imperfect detection without marking animals.N‐mixture models use count data from replicate surveys for estimation of wildlife abundance while accounting for imperfect detection. This statistical framework was recently developed but is rarely applied to aerial surveys of terrestrial wildlife. We applied anN‐mixture model incorporating temporary emigration to a novel aerial survey design to estimate the availability, detection probability, and abundance of an unmarked population of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Michigan, USA, using surveys in 2014 and 2016. We assessed the selection of the sample unit size for theN‐mixture model in a post hoc sensitivity analysis and compared all estimates to a hierarchical distance sampling (HDS) approach. Hierarchical distance sampling is an expansion of conventional distance sampling (CDS), a standard method applied to aerial survey designs for wildlife, where HDS allows for modeling spatial variation in abundance and detection probability using environmental covariates and can account for changing population demographics. We foundN‐mixture models produced similar parameter estimates to HDS with both models inferring a population increase between years, which was consistent with independently available estimates for this population (2014N‐mixture = 402 [CI: 303.8–515.27], and HDS = 391 [CI: 297.67–504.63]; 2016N‐mixture = 732 [CI: 572.89–924.22], and HDS = 708 [CI: 552.45–893.89]). Estimates from both models were sensitive to the sample unit size selected in an open population framework. We recommend using ecological (e.g., home range size) and statistical (e.g., sample size) considerations when selecting a sample unit size that reflects the movement ecology of a species and evaluating the sensitivity of parameters to sample unit size. In our study,N‐mixture models and HDS models afforded a practical field approach and analytical methodology that resulted in precise estimation in a population of unmarked deer over time. When used with aerial surveys in terrestrial systems where distance sampling methods may be difficult to implement,N‐mixture models can address observer error and estimate populations for conservation and management goals without marking individual animals.
DNA metabarcoding marker choice skews perception of marine eukaryotic biodiversity
Authors: Casey Jordan M. , Ransome Emma , Collins Allen G. , Mahardini Angka , Kurniasih Eka M. , Sembiring Andrianus , Schiettekatte Nina M. D. , Cahyani Ni Kadek Dita , Wahyu Anggoro Aji , Moore Mikaela , Uehling Abby , Belcaid Mahdi , Barber Paul H. , Geller Jonathan B. , Meyer Christopher P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDNA metabarcoding is an increasingly popular technique to investigate biodiversity; however, many methodological unknowns remain, especially concerning the biases resulting from marker choice. Regions of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 18S rDNA (18S) genes are commonly employed “universal” markers for eukaryotes, but the extent of taxonomic biases introduced by these markers and how such biases may impact metabarcoding performance is not well quantified. Here, focusing on macroeukaryotes, we use standardized sampling from autonomous reef monitoring structures (ARMS) deployed in the world's most biodiverse marine ecosystem, the Coral Triangle, to compare the performance of COI and 18S markers. We then compared metabarcoding data to image‐based annotations of ARMS plates. Although both markers provided similar estimates of taxonomic richness and total sequence reads, marker choice skewed estimates of eukaryotic diversity. The COI marker recovered relative abundances of the dominant sessile phyla consistent with image annotations. Both COI and the image annotations provided higher relative abundance estimates of Bryozoa and Porifera and lower estimates of Chordata as compared to 18S, but 18S recovered 25% more phyla than COI. Thus, while COI more reliably reflects the occurrence of dominant sessile phyla, 18S provides a more holistic representation of overall taxonomic diversity. Ideal marker choice is, therefore, contingent on study system and research question, especially in relation to desired taxonomic resolution, and a multimarker approach provides the greatest application across a broad range of research objectives. As metabarcoding becomes an essential tool to monitor biodiversity in our changing world, it is critical to evaluate biases associated with marker choice.
A Metal‐Organic Framework with Allyloxy Functionalization for Aqueous‐Phase Fluorescence Recognition of Pd(II) Ion
Authors: Ghosh Subhrajyoti , Steinke Felix , Rana Abhijeet , Alam Masud , Biswas Shyam 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA new MOF named Al‐CAU‐10‐OC3H5 is presented (MOF=metal‐organic framework, CAU=Christian‐Albrechts‐University). The material (1) was prepared by incorporating an allyloxy functionalized 5‐(allyloxy)isophthalic acid (H2AIA) as a linker via a traditional solvothermal procedure. Various analytical tools such as FT‐IR, PXRD, thermogravimetric and N2 physisorption analyses were utilized to characterize the material. Material 1 is stable up to 350 °C in argon environment. It also showed good stability of its framework in acetic acid, 1 (M) HCl, water, methanol, ethanol and acetone. The activated form of material 1 (named 1′) displayed sensitive recognition of Pd(II) ion having great specificity in water through “turn‐off” fluorescence signal. When the potentially competitive analytes were present, the probe can also recognize Pd2+ ion selectively. The values of Stern‐Volmer constant (1.05×105 M−1) and detection limit (26.24 ppb) prove the remarkable sensing ability of this probe. Furthermore, from the PXRD study after Pd2+ sensing, it was observed that the peak position and crystallinity of the MOF were very similar with the activated MOF which suggest the maintenance of structural integrity during the sensing experiment. Hence, the probe is highly effective for the sensing of Pd2+. In addition, the sensing mechanism has been investigated comprehensively.
Synthesis of 2,2’‐Bipyridines through Catalytic C−C Bond Formations from C−H Bonds
Authors: Hagui Wided , Periasamy Kiruthika , Soulé Jean‐François 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe present review describes the homogenous catalytic methodologies for the synthesis of 2,2’‐bipyridines involving C−C bond formation from C−H bond. There are three main approaches to build well‐decorated 2,2’‐bipyridines from C−H bond cleavage: i) the formation of C2−C2′ bond by the dimerization of (activated) pyridines, ii) the C−H bond heteroarylation of activated pyridine, or iii) the late‐stage functionalization of (activated) 2,2’‐bipyridines including photoredox processes. Besides the scope and limitation of each methodologies, the relevant mechanisms of reaction are also discussed.
Hybrid Nanocomposite Based Graphene Sensor for Ultrasensitive Clomipramine HCl Detection
Authors: Elashery Sally E. A. , Attia Nour F. , Mohamed Gehad G. , Omar M. M. , Tayea Hager M. I. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA potentiometric sensor modified with a nanocomposite of montmorillonite sheets decorated with polyaniline nanofibers (MT‐PANI‐NFs) as an efficient electroactive material and tricresyl phosphate (TCP) as a solvent mediator has been developed for the estimation of clomipramine HCl (CLP.HCl). The optimum potentiometric performance of the sensor was achieved by mixing of MT‐PANI‐NFs : TCP : graphene with a ratio of 2.69 :  30.11 : 67.20 (% wt/wt). The sensor exhibited a Nernstian slope of 59.0±0.1 mV decade−1 over the concentration range of 1.0×10−5−1.0×10−2 mol L−1 with a theoretically calculated detection limit of 5.0×10−6 mol L−1. The sensor performance was scrutinized in terms of several factors including thermal stability, pH effect, response time and selectivity. As, it displayed a high thermal stability at various temperature degrees (10–60 °C) with pH independency in the range of 3.5–8.5. Additionally, the developed sensor exhibited a very rapid performance for CLP.HCl detection with a fast response time of 4 s and reflecting a superior selectivity towards CLP.HCl over the other interfering species. SEM (scanning electron microscope) was used as a characteristic tool for the investigation of the proposed graphene sensor surface. Furthermore, the graphene sensor has been efficiently used for CLP.HCl estimation in its pharmaceutical formulations.
Viral proteins recognized by different TLRs
Authors: Zhou Rui , Liu Li , Wang Yu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractVirus invasion activates the host's innate immune response, inducing the production of numerous cytokines and interferons to eliminate pathogens. Except for viral DNA/RNA, viral proteins are also targets of pattern recognition receptors. Membrane‐bound receptors such as Toll‐like receptor (TLR)1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, and TLR10 relate to the recognition of viral proteins. Distinct TLRs perform both protective and detrimental roles for a specific virus. Here, we review viral proteins serving as pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and their corresponding TLRs. These viruses are all enveloped, including respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis C virus, measles virus, herpesvirus human immunodeficiency virus, and coronavirus, and can encode proteins to activate innate immunity in a TLR‐dependent way. The TLR‐viral protein relationship plays an important role in innate immunity activation. A detailed understanding of their pathways contributes to a novel direction for vaccine development.
Daily deep acting toward coworkers: An examination of day‐specific antecedents and consequences
Authors: Nesher Shoshan Hadar , Venz Laura 
Published: August 2021

SummaryEmotional labor in coworker interactions is a prevalent phenomenon in everyday work. Yet, it is largely unknown whether it is also a relevant phenomenon, that is, whether emotional labor toward coworkers matters for employee daily work life. Addressing this question, we investigate day‐specific antecedents and consequences of coworker‐directed emotional labor, especially deep acting. We hypothesized that deep acting toward coworkers will be rewarded by coworkers providing emotional and task support and that this coworker support, in turn, will predict enhanced positive affect at the end of work. Further, we suggest that high morning positive affect enables employees to deep act toward their coworkers in the first place. During a 10‐workday diary study, 102 employees answered surveys on 618 days. Multilevel path analysis showed that morning positive affect predicted daily deep acting toward coworkers, which was positively related to emotional (but not task) support from coworkers. Emotional (but not task) support predicted higher end‐of‐work positive affect and mediated the relationship between deep acting and end‐of‐work positive affect. Findings highlight the importance of studying deep acting toward coworkers as part of a positive dynamic process that employees can experience at work. Our results bring along vital theoretical and practical implications.
Dissipation and dietary risk assessment of carbendazim and epoxiconazole in citrus fruits in China
Authors: Zhang Ying , Zhou Yong , Duan Tingting , Kaium Abdul , Li Xiaogang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDCarbendazim and epoxiconazole are widely applied to control anthracnose and sand bark fungal diseases in citrus. The residues of these two fungicides in citrus and their potential risk to consumers have generated much public concern. We therefore sought to investigate the dissipation, residue, and dietary risk assessment of carbendazim and epoxiconazole in citrus.RESULTSThe dissipation kinetics and residue levels of carbendazim and epoxiconazole in citrus under field conditions were measured using dispersive solid‐phase extraction and ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The citrus samples were extracted with acetonitrile and purified by primary secondary amine sorbent. The mean recoveries of carbendazim and epoxiconazole ranged from 86.2 to 105.6% and relative standard deviations were ≤9.8%. The half‐lives of carbendazim and epoxiconazole in whole citrus ranged from 2.0 to 18.0 days. Hazard quotient (HQ) and risk quotient (RQ) models were applied to whole citrus for dietary exposure risk assessment based on the terminal residue test. Hazard quotients ranged from 0.066 to 0.134% and RQs from 18.48 to 82.12%.CONCLUSIONCarbendazim and epoxiconazole in citrus degraded rapidly following first‐order kinetics models. The dietary risk of exposure to both carbendazim and epoxiconazole through citrus, based on HQ and RQ, was acceptable for human consumption. This study indicates scientifically validated maximum residue limits in citrus, which are currently lacking for epoxiconazole in China. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
A Multi‐Step Model of Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis
Authors: Le Heron Campbell , MacAskill Michael , Mason Deborah , Dalrymple‐Alford John , Anderson Tim , Pitcher Toni , Myall Daniel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundParkinson's disease (PD) may result from the combined effect of multiple etiological factors. The relationship between disease incidence and age, as demonstrated in the cancer literature, can be used to model a multistep pathogenic process, potentially affording unique insights into disease development.ObjectivesWe tested whether the observed incidence of PD is consistent with a multistep process, estimated the number of steps required and whether this varies with age, and examined drivers of sex differences in PD incidence.MethodsOur validated probabilistic modeling process, based on medication prescribing, generated nationwide age‐ and sex‐adjusted PD incidence data spanning 2006–2017. Models of log(incidence) versus log(age) were compared using Bayes factors, to estimate (1) if a linear relationship was present (indicative of a multistep process); (2) the relationship's slope (one less than number of steps); (3) whether slope was lower at younger ages; and (4) whether slope or y‐intercept varied with sex.ResultsAcross >15,000 incident cases of PD, there was a clear linear relationship between log(age) and log(incidence). Evidence was strongest for a model with an initial slope of 5.2 [3.8, 6.4], an inflexion point at age 45, and beyond this a slope of 6.8 [6.4, 7.2]. There was evidence for the intercept varying by sex, but no evidence for slope being sex‐dependent.ConclusionsThe age‐specific incidence of PD is consistent with a process that develops in multiple, discrete steps – on average six before age 45 and eight after. The model supports theories emphasizing the primacy of environmental factors in driving sex differences in PD incidence. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A scheme for verifying the spatial structure of extremes in numerical weather prediction: Exemplified for precipitation
Authors: Sass Bent H. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper describes a novel scheme for assessing the ability of a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model to forecast the horizontal spatial structure of local extremes, for example, when comparing accumulated precipitation to a corresponding observed field. Both local maxima and minima are considered. The quality is measured by a score function between 0 and 1, which could potentially be adjusted for specific applications of NWP. The effect of neighbourhood size is included in order to consider the impact of resolvable scales. The scheme complements existing spatial verification schemes with added value and has a potential to be used both in operational verification and as a tool for revealing model deficiencies linked to individual forecast cases. The properties of the scheme are illustrated from various idealized cases. Verification results are presented for a real convective precipitation case and for a frontal precipitation case over several days. The scheme is discussed in the context of operational conditions, using synthetic fields of forecasts and analyses based on statistics of an operational NWP model at the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) and related observed data from a 5‐year period. Different future options are outlined, including the potential application of the scheme for ensemble prediction systems.
A pattern reconfigurable design based on a slotted patch antenna with two feed ports
Authors: Cheng Hao‐Yuan , Row Jeen‐Sheen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA design of pattern reconfigurable antennas is presented. The antenna has a single radiating patch, and it is excited with two feeds. When the two input ports are respectively excited, the antenna can generate broadside and dipole‐like radiation patterns. Moreover, the antenna can also offer a pair of tilted beams as the two input ports are simultaneously excited with the same amplitude and difference phases. The tilted beams are pointed to θ = ±60°, and both of them have a side lobe level of around 20 dB. An antenna prototype operating at 2.4 GHz is constructed, and its experimental results have good agreements with simulated data. Details of the antenna designs are shown.
A technique for the reduction of RF‐induced heating of active implantable medical devices during MRI
Authors: Wang Yu , Zheng Jianfeng , Guo Ran , Wang Qingyan , Kainz Wolfgang , Long Stuart , Chen Ji 
Published: August 2021

PurposeThe paper presents a novel method to reduce the RF‐induced heating of active implantable medical devices during MRI.MethodsWith the addition of an energy decoying and dissipating structure, RF energy can be redirected toward the dissipating rings through the decoying conductor. Three lead groups (45 cm‐50 cm) and 4 (50 cm‐100 cm) were studied in 1.5 Tesla MR systems by simulation and measurement, respectively. In vivo modeling was performed using human models to estimate the RF‐induced heating of an active implantable medical device for spinal cord treatment.ResultIn the simulation study, it was shown that the peak 1g‐averaged specific absorption rate near the lead‐tips can be reduced by 70% to 80% compared to those from the control leads. In the experimental measurements during a 2‐min exposure test in a 1.5 Telsa MR system, the temperature rises dropped from the original 18.3℃, 25.8℃, 8.1℃, and 16.1℃ (control leads 1‐4) to 5.4℃, 6.9℃, 1.6℃, and 3.3℃ (leads 1‐4 with the energy decoying and dissipation structure). The in vivo calculation results show that the maximum induced temperature rise among all cases can be substantially reduced (up to 80%) when the energy decoying and dissipating structures were used.ConclusionOur studies confirm the effectiveness of the novel technique for a variety of scanning scenarios. The results also indicate that the decoying conductor length, number of rings, and ring area must be carefully chosen and validated.
Relaxation‐corrected macromolecular model enables determination of 1H longitudinal T1‐relaxation times and concentrations of human brain metabolites at 9.4T
Authors: Wright Andrew Martin , Murali‐Manohar Saipavitra , Borbath Tamas , Avdievich Nikolai I. , Henning Anke 
Published: August 2021

PurposeUltrahigh field MRS has improved characterization of the neurochemical profile. To compare results obtained at 9.4T to those from lower field strengths, it is of interest to quantify the concentrations of metabolites measured. Thus, measuring T1‐relaxation times is necessary to correct for T1‐weighting that occurs in acquisitions for single‐voxel spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging. A macromolecule (MM) simulation model was developed to fit MM contributions to the short TE inversion series used to measure T1‐relaxation times.MethodsAn inversion series with seven time points was acquired with metabolite‐cycled STEAM to estimate T1‐relaxation times of metabolites. A short TE was employed in this study to retain signals from metabolites with short T2‐relaxation times and J‐couplings. The underlying macromolecule spectrum was corrected by developing a sequence‐specific, relaxation‐corrected simulated MM model. Quantification of metabolite peaks was performed using internal water referencing and relaxation corrections.ResultsT1‐relaxation times for metabolites range from approximately 750 to approximately 2000 ms and approximately 1000 to approximately 2400 ms in gray matter (GM)‐ and white matter (WM)‐ rich voxels, respectively. Quantification of metabolites was compared between GM and WM voxels, as well as between results that used a simulated MM spectrum against those that used an experimentally acquired MM spectrum. Metabolite concentrations are reported in mmol/kg quantities.ConclusionT1‐relaxation times are reported for nonsinglet resonances for the first time at 9.4T by use of a MM simulation model to account for contributions from the MM spectrum. In addition to T1‐relaxation times, quantification results of metabolites from GM‐ and WM‐rich voxels are reported.
Effects of different rehabilitation provision systems on functional recovery in patients with subacute stroke
Authors: Kimura Yosuke , Suzuki Mizue , Ichikawa Takeo , Otobe Yuhei , Koyama Shingo , Tanaka Shu , Hamanaka Koji , Tanaka Naoki , Yamada Minoru 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe extent of rehabilitation is a key element in promoting functional recovery in patients with stroke. However, the type of rehabilitation therapy that should be provided to improve functional outcomes remains unclear.ObjectiveTo compare the effects of three different rehabilitation provision systems, namely conventional rehabilitation therapy, conventional rehabilitation therapy plus physical therapy (PT) on weekends, and conventional rehabilitation therapy plus PT and occupational therapy (OT) on weekends, on functional recovery in patients with subacute stroke.DesignRetrospective observational cohort study.SettingConvalescence rehabilitation hospital.PatientsThree hundred one patients with subacute stroke (mean age, 69.7 ± 12.8 years).InterventionsPatients were classified into three groups according to rehabilitation therapy they received: a conventional group (only weekdays PT and OT; n = 70), an additional PT group (additional PT on weekends; n = 119), and an additional PT + OT group (additional PT and OT on weekends; n = 112).Main Outcome MeasureFunctional Independence Measure (FIM) effectiveness was calculated as (discharge FIM ‐ admission FIM/maximum FIM − admission FIM) × 100. A multivariate general linear model was used to assess the difference in FIM effectiveness among the groups.ResultsThe mean FIM effectiveness in the conventional, additional PT, and additional PT + OT groups were 39.3 ± 30.1, 43.4 ± 33.2, and 54.3 ± 29.1, respectively. The multivariate analysis revealed a significant difference in FIM effectiveness among the three groups (p = .036), and the ηp2 was 0.02, indicating a small effect. The additional PT + OT group showed significantly greater improvements in FIM effectiveness than the conventional group (mean difference = 8.78, SE = 3.58, 95% confidence interval: 0.17–17.39).ConclusionsThis study showed that the additional PT + OT group had better functional recovery than did the conventional group. This indicates that increasing the amount of both PT and OT can promote poststroke functional recovery.