bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the use of direct-coupling analysis with a reduced alphabet of amino acids combined with super-secondary structure motifs for protein fold prediction
Authors: Anton Bernat , Besalú Mireia , Fornes Oriol , Bonet Jaume , Molina Alexis , Molina-Fernandez Ruben , De las Cuevas Gemma , Fernandez-Fuentes Narcis , Oliva Baldo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Direct-coupling analysis (DCA) for studying the coevolution of residues in proteins has been widely used to predict the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its sequence. We present RADI/raDIMod, a variation of the original DCA algorithm that groups chemically equivalent residues combined with super-secondary structure motifs to model protein structures. Interestingly, the simplification produced by grouping amino acids into only two groups (polar and non-polar) is still representative of the physicochemical nature that characterizes the protein structure and it is in line with the role of hydrophobic forces in protein-folding funneling. As a result of a compressed alphabet, the number of sequences required for the multiple sequence alignment is reduced. The number of long-range contacts predicted is limited; therefore, our approach requires the use of neighboring sequence-positions. We use the prediction of secondary structure and motifs of super-secondary structures to predict local contacts. We use RADI and raDIMod, a fragment-based protein structure modelling, achieving near native conformations when the number of super-secondary motifs covers &gt;30–50% of the sequence. Interestingly, although different contacts are predicted with different alphabets, they produce similar structures.
Blockchain-enabled wireless communications: a new paradigm towards 6G
Authors: Wang Jiaheng , Ling Xintong , Le Yuwei , Huang Yongming , You Xiaohu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWith the deployment of fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks worldwide, research on sixth-generation (6G) wireless communications has commenced. It is expected that 6G networks can accommodate numerous heterogeneous devices and infrastructures with enhanced efficiency and security over diverse, e.g. spectrum, computing and storage, resources. However, this goal is impeded by a number of trust-related issues that are often neglected in network designs. Blockchain, as an innovative and revolutionary technology that has arisen in the recent decade, provides a promising solution. Building on its nature of decentralization, transparency, anonymity, immutability, traceability and resiliency, blockchain can establish cooperative trust among separate network entities and facilitate, e.g. efficient resource sharing, trusted data interaction, secure access control, privacy protection, and tracing, certification and supervision functionalities for wireless networks, thus presenting a new paradigm towards 6G. This paper is dedicated to blockchain-enabled wireless communication technologies. We first provide a brief introduction to the fundamentals of blockchain, and then we conduct a comprehensive investigation of the most recent efforts in incorporating blockchain into wireless communications from several aspects. Importantly, we further propose a unified framework of the blockchain radio access network (B-RAN) as a trustworthy and secure paradigm for 6G networking by utilizing blockchain technologies with enhanced efficiency and security. The critical elements of B-RAN, such as consensus mechanisms, smart contract, trustworthy access, mathematical modeling, cross-network sharing, data tracking and auditing and intelligent networking, are elaborated. We also provide the prototype design of B-RAN along with the latest experimental results.
The Lost Leg of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act (1999): Special Measures and Humane Treatment
Authors: Fairclough Samantha 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article examines the purpose behind the provision of special measures—adaptations to courtroom formalities—to vulnerable or intimidated people giving evidence in criminal trials. It shows that fostering the principle of humane treatment and improving evidence quality were the initial motivations underpinning the introduction of special measures. The focus in this article is on the principle of humane treatment, and whether the current provision of special measures successfully fosters it. The article conceptualises the principle of humane treatment so that it can be used as the normative measure against which to evaluate the current provision of special measures to vulnerable witnesses and the accused. It concludes that the solely instrumental legal basis on which special measures are currently available risks insufficiently protecting vulnerable or intimidated participants from the harm and distress that the criminal trial often causes, and that this can amount to inhumane treatment.
Mahjong
Authors: Heinz Annelise 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Mahjong: A Chinese Game and the Making of Modern American Culture illustrates how the spaces between tiles and the moments between games have fostered distinct social cultures in the United States. When this mass-produced game crossed the Pacific it created waves of popularity over the twentieth century. Mahjong narrates the history of this game to show how it has created a variety of meanings, among them American modernity, Chinese American heritage, and Jewish American women’s culture. As it traveled from China to the United States and caught on with Hollywood starlets, high society, middle-class housewives, and immigrants alike, mahjong became a quintessentially American pastime. This book also reveals the ways in which women leveraged a game for a variety of economic and cultural purposes, including entrepreneurship, self-expression, philanthropy, and ethnic community building. One result was the forging of friendships within mahjong groups that lasted decades. This study unfolds in two parts. The first half is focused on mahjong’s history as related to consumerism, with a close examination of its economic and cultural origins. The second half explores how mahjong interwove with the experiences of racial inclusion and exclusion in the evolving definition of what it means to be American. Mahjong players, promoters, entrepreneurs, and critics tell a broad story of American modernity. The apparent contradictions of the game—as both American and foreign, modern and supposedly ancient, domestic and disruptive of domesticity—reveal the tensions that lie at the heart of modern American culture.
The Demands of Liberal Non-Domination
Authors: Schemmel Christian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops the specific demands of liberal non-domination. It argues that they cover protection against dominatory groups as well as against power relations which are not mediated by authority, or otherwise public; demonstrates how different choices, such as those falling under the basic liberties, connected to intimate personal relationships, or at stake in resource-intensive programs and policies to enhance life options, call for different thresholds of intensity of protection; and how protection must itself be appropriately respectful of people’s moral agency. It goes on to show how the resulting requirements give a wide policy mandate to combat domination not only through formal institutions, but also by fostering a societal ethos and informal social norms, and argues that liberals should not be worried by this wide mandate. It concludes by analysing in which ways demands of protection against domination can, and cannot, be understood as distributive demands.
Conclusion
Authors: Schemmel Christian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Conclusion briefly recapitulates the main argument of the book, and discusses different possible avenues for challenging it. It also comments on how relational egalitarianism, and liberal relational egalitarianism in particular, can be fruitfully applied to policy and institutional questions beyond the ones addressed in the book, in collaboration with empirical social science, and identifies the questions and issues which have to be central for an extension of the theory to matters of international, transnational, global, and intergenerational justice.
Handing Down the Faith
Authors: Smith Christian , Adamczyk Amy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The most important influence shaping the religious and spiritual lives of children, youth, and teenagers is parents. Yet little research has studied this link in the intergenerational transmission of religion between generations. This book reports the findings of a new, national study of religious parents in the United States. The findings are based on 215 in-depth, personal interviews with religious parents from many traditions and different parts of the country; and on analyses of two nationally representative surveys of American parents. Unlike many studies that focus only on mainstream Christianity, this book reports on parents from a wide range of traditions: mainline Protestant, Catholic, evangelical, black Protestant, Jewish, Muslim, Mormon, Buddhist, and Hindu. It explores the background beliefs informing how and why religious parents seek to pass on religion to their children; examines how parenting styles interact with parent religiousness to shape religious transmission; shows how the approaches of parents now were influenced by their own experiences as children growing up under their parents; reveals how religious parents view their congregations and what they most seek out in a local church, synagogue, temple, or mosque; explores the experiences and outlooks of immigrant parents; and steps back to consider how the field of American religion has transformed over the last 100 years to explain why parents shoulder such a huge responsibility today in transmitting religious faith and practice to children. The book will interest scholars of religion, family, parenting, and socialization; clergy and religious educators and leaders; and religious parents themselves.
A Century of Women’s History from the Papyri
Authors: Bagnall Roger S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys the study of women based on papyrological evidence, a subject to which Sarah Pomeroy has made major contributions. Beginning with the first articles on women in the papyri a century ago, the historiography is presented first chronologically, down to the growth of feminist scholarship in the 1970s and 1980s, and then by subject for the past third of a century. Ancient legal studies, social history, the study of the economy, the development of Late Antiquity as a field, and the emergence of gender studies have all played important roles. The finds of papyri outside Egypt have broadened the subject beyond its Egyptian focus. Although quantitative investigations, based especially on the census returns from Roman Egypt, have played a central role, it is likely that microhistorical studies will be a more fertile direction in the future.
Social Laws and Social Facts
Authors: Milnor Kristina 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Cassius Dio asserts that the emperor Augustus’ social legislation arose from an imbalance in numbers between men and women among the Roman elite. This chapter considers how this statement has been understood in historical readings of the laws. It also argues that Dio’s assertion should be seen instead as one more instance of the ways that the legislation not only gives us access to knowledge about women’s lives but also attempts to generate more “knowledge” and questions about them. The chapter utilizes feminist epistemology in its discussion of legal and social matters. It is interested in facts as well as the absence of facts in locating women in ancient narratives.
Colonial Terror
Authors: Heath Deana 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Focusing on India between the early nineteenth century and the First World War, Colonial Terror explores the centrality of the torture of Indian bodies to the law-preserving violence of colonial rule—of some of the ways in which, in other words, extraordinary violence was embedded in the ordinary operation of colonial states. Although enacted largely by Indians on Indian bodies, particularly by subaltern members of the police, the book argues that torture was facilitated, systematized, and ultimately sanctioned by first the East India Company and then the Raj because it benefitted the colonial regime, since rendering the police a source of terror played a key role in the construction and maintenance of state sovereignty. Drawing upon the work of both Giorgio Agamben and Michel Foucault, Colonial Terror contends, furthermore, that it is only possible to understand the terrorizing nature of the colonial police in India by viewing colonial India as a ‘regime of exception’ in which two different forms, or levels, of exceptionality were in operation, one wrought through the exclusion of particular groups or segments of the Indian population from the law and the other by ‘petty sovereigns’ in their enactment of illegal violence in the operation of the law. It was in such fertile ground, in which colonial subjects were both included within the domain of colonial law while also being abandoned by it, that torture was able to flourish.
Temporal Security in IR
Authors: Bachleitner Kathrin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The first chapter of this book theoretically conceptualizes collective memory in international relations (IR). The link between the IR discipline and the interdisciplinary collective memory concept is provided through the framework of ontological security. The inquiry begins by extrapolating the nature of ontological security and its most essential component: state identity. It then moves on to theorize collective memory as the underlying carrier of state identity. Collective memory highlights identity’s temporal dimension and manifests it within the collective frameworks of narration. At the end, a new approach, ‘temporal security’, is developed. It combines the ontological security of being with the definition of memory as being-in-time. Security-seeking behaviour for states now implies to be temporally grounded in a consistent narrative that links past, present, and future. The reference point for this as of yet untheorized security need is collective memory. Manifesting itself in the varying forms of political strategy, public identity, state behaviour, and national values, collective memory thus navigates countries through time in IR.
Ethnomusicology and the Meeting of Knowledges in Music
Authors: Carvalho José Jorge de 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUniversities in Latin America (and, to a certain extent, in the entire non-Western world) were created in the colonial and republican periods as replicas of modern European universities, which had stabilized criteria for the classification, organization, and hierarchy of knowledge and for the legitimation of truth following closely the Napoleonic and Humboldtian reforms in the 1800s. Traditional Latin American traditions of knowledge, both scientific and artistic, were discriminated against and totally excluded from the university curricula in the name of an exclusively eurocentric epistemic paradigm. As a consequence of this epistemicide, all the music schools today, both basic and superior, teach primarily the erudite European musical genres, whereas the popular, Indigenous and African-derived musical traditions, which are extremely rich in the entire continent, do not form part of the curriculum available for music students. In order to offer a positive alternative to this monothematic and historically limited musical environment, we have devised the methodology of the Meeting of Knowledges, through which masters of traditional music, most of them people with little or no formal literacy, are hired to teach regular courses in music, dance, theater, and correlated arts, in courses given equal relevance and prestige to those of the Western erudite musical tradition. Started in the University of Brasília in 2010, the Meeting of Knowledges has already expanded substantially. This chapter sums up the theoretical and methodological foundations of the Meeting of Knowledges and explore connections with other epistemic and political interventions in ethnomusicology and music education.
Programming Precision? Requiring Robust Transparency for AWS
Authors: Barela Steven J. , Plaw Avery 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The possibility of allowing a machine agency over killing human beings is a justifiably concerning development, particularly when we consider the challenge of accountability in the case of illegal or unethical employment of lethal force. We have already seen how key information can be hidden or contested by deploying authorities, in the case of lethal drone strikes, for example. Therefore, this chapter argues that any effective response to autonomous weapons systems (AWS) must be underpinned by a comprehensive transparency regime that is fed by robust and reliable reporting mechanisms. This chapter offers a three-part argument in favor of a robust transparency regime. Firstly, there is a preexisting transparency gap in the deployment of core weapon systems that would be automated (such as currently remote-operated UCAVs). Second, while the Pentagon has made initial plans for addressing moral, ethical, and legal issues raised against AWS, there remains a need for effective transparency measures. Third, transparency is vital to ensure that AWS are only used with traceable lines of accountability and within established parameters. Overall this chapter argues that there is an overwhelming interest and duty for actors to ensure robust, comprehensive transparency, and accountability mechanisms. The more aggressively AWS are used, the more rigorous these mechanisms should be.
The Better Instincts of Humanity: Humanitarian Arguments in Defense of International Arms Control
Authors: Jevglevskaja Natalia , Liivoja Rain 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Disagreements about the humanitarian risk-benefit balance of weapons technology are not new. The history of arms control negotiations offers many examples of weaponry that was regarded ‘inhumane’ by some, while hailed by others as a means to reduce injury or suffering in conflict. The debate about autonomous weapons systems reflects this dynamic, yet also stands out in some respects, notably largely hypothetical nature of concerns raised in regard to these systems as well as ostensible disparities in States’ approaches to conceptualizing autonomy. This chapter considers how misconceptions surrounding autonomous weapons technology impede the progress of the deliberations of the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems. An obvious tendency to focus on the perceived risks posed by these systems, much more so than potential operational and humanitarian advantages they offer, is likely to jeopardize the prospect of finding a meaningful resolution to the debate.
Autonomous Weapons and the Future of Armed Conflict
Authors: Leveringhaus Alex 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers how autonomous weapons systems (AWS) impact the armed conflicts of the future. Conceptually, the chapter argues that AWS should not be seen as on a par with precision weaponry, which makes them normatively problematic. Against this background, the chapter considers the relationship between AWS and two narratives, The Humane Warfare Narrative and the Excessive Risk Narrative, which have been used to theorize contemporary armed conflict. AWS, the chapter contends, are unlikely to usher in an era of humane warfare. Rather, they are likely to reinforce existing trends with regard to the imposition of excessive risk on noncombatants in armed conflict. Future conflicts in which AWS are deployed are thus likely to share many characteristics of the risk-transfer wars of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The chapter concludes by putting these abstract considerations to the test in the practical context of military intervention.
Blind Brains and Moral Machines: Neuroscience and Autonomous Weapon Systems
Authors: Evans Nicholas G. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
While the majority of neuroscience research promises novel therapies for treating dementia and post-traumatic stress disorder, among others, a lesser-known branch of neuroscientific research informs the construction of artificial intelligence inspired by human neurophysiology. For those concerned with the normative implications of autonomous weapons systems (AWS), however, a tension arises between the primary attraction of AWS, their theoretic capacity to make better decisions in armed conflict, and the relatively low-hanging fruit of modeling machine intelligence on the very thing that causes humans to make (relatively) bad decisions—the human brain. This chapter examines human cognition as a model for machine intelligence, and some of its implications for AWS development. It first outlines recent neuroscience developments as drivers for advances in artificial intelligence. This chapter then expands on a key distinction for the ethics of AWS: poor normative decisions that are a function of poor judgments given a certain set of inputs, and poor normative decisions that are a function of poor sets of inputs. It argues that given that there are cases in the second category of decisions in which we judge humans to have acted wrongly, we should likewise judge AWS platforms. Further, while an AWS may in principle outperform humans in the former, it is an open question of design whether they can outperform humans in the latter. Finally, this chapter then discusses what this means for the design and control of, and ultimately liability for AWS behavior, and sources of inspiration for the alternate design of AWS platforms.
Normative Epistemology for Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems
Authors: Devitt S. Kate 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The rise of human-information systems, cybernetic systems, and increasingly autonomous systems requires the application of epistemic frameworks to machines and human-machine teams. This chapter discusses higher-order design principles to guide the design, evaluation, deployment, and iteration of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) based on epistemic models. Epistemology is the study of knowledge. Epistemic models consider the role of accuracy, likelihoods, beliefs, competencies, capabilities, context, and luck in the justification of actions and the attribution of knowledge. The aim is not to provide ethical justification for or against LAWS, but to illustrate how epistemological frameworks can be used in conjunction with moral apparatus to guide the design and deployment of future systems. The models discussed in this chapter aim to make Article 36 reviews of LAWS systematic, expedient, and evaluable. A Bayesian virtue epistemology is proposed to enable justified actions under uncertainty that meet the requirements of the Laws of Armed Conflict and International Humanitarian Law. Epistemic concepts can provide some of the apparatus to meet explainability and transparency requirements in the development, evaluation, deployment, and review of ethical AI.
Wetlands
Authors: Husain Faisal H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Ottoman policies to manage the exploitation of wetlands in the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial plain. In the early modern period, ever-more powerful empires engaged in ambitious wetland drainage projects in the name of improvement. This chapter offers a counterexample of an empire that used its bureaucratic and financial capabilities to benefit from the exploitation of wetland resources. The Ottoman administration paid particular attention to the cultivation of rice and the husbandry of water buffalo. Both productive activities became major sources of revenue for the state, and their sustenance depended on the ecological integrity of the Tigris-Euphrates marshes.