bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Approach for Simultaneous Estimation of Entrainment and Detrainment Rates in Non‐Precipitating Shallow Cumulus
Authors: Zhu Lei , Lu Chunsong , Yan Shuqi , Liu Yangang , Zhang Guang J. , Mei Fan , Zhu Bin , Fast Jerome D. , Matthews Alyssa , Pekour Mikhail S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA new approach is developed for estimating entrainment and detrainment rates in cumulus clouds based on aircraft observations. Equations relating entrainment and detrainment rates to gross entrainment and detrainment are derived. This approach is applied to the Holistic Interactions of Shallow Clouds, Aerosols, and Land‐Ecosystems field campaign, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program. The results show that both entrainment and detrainment rates decrease with increasing height. Sensitivity tests with different detrained air assumptions yield similar results. The entrainment and detrainment rates can reproduce the cloud thermodynamic variables. Partial correlation analysis indicates that entrainment rate is positively correlated with environmental relative humidity (RH), and detrainment rate is negatively correlated with environmental RH and positively correlated with entrainment rate. This new approach can be applied to other cloud observations to obtain a data set of entrainment and detrainment rates in cumulus clouds.
Development of Multiple Injection Channels During a Sawtooth Substorm Event
Authors: Sun Weiqin , Sadeghzadeh Sina , Yang Jian , Wang Wenrui , Cui Jun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSubstorm injection boundary was proposed to explain the dispersion characteristics of particles during the substorm expansion phase. Sawtooth event, a peculiar quasi‐periodic type of substorms, is believed to have a very wide injection boundary around the geosynchronous orbit. In this study, we combine the numerical simulation of the Rice Convection Model with the IMAGE, LANL, and GOES data to investigate how the injection develops and couples with the ionosphere during a sawtooth substorm. We find the wide injection breaks up into multiple injection boundaries/channels with the local time separation of about 1–2 h. Using backward tracing of energetic particles in the self‐consistently computed electromagnetic field, we can infer the MLT locations of the channels, which are found to be nearly one‐to‐one co‐located with multiple finger‐like auroral structures. Our study provides strong evidence that the interchange instability plays a central role in the development of multiple injection channels.
Effects of Ocean Optical Properties and Solar Attenuation on the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean Heat Content and Hurricane Intensity
Authors: Liu Yangyang , He Ruoying , Lee Zhongping 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study investigated how ocean optical properties and solar attenuation may affect the upper ocean temperature structure and ocean heat content (OHC). We employed a realistic three‐dimensional ocean circulation model for the northwestern Atlantic to simulate ocean states during the active Atlantic hurricane season of 2017. Sensitivity experiments were performed by coupling the ocean circulation prediction with either a conventional water type‐based solar attenuation model or an inherent optical properties (IOP)‐based model. Validations against in‐situ ocean temperature observations and remote sensing‐derived OHC showed that ocean simulations using the IOP‐based model outperformed simulations using the conventional water type‐based model in predicting sea surface temperature, upper ocean thermal structure, and OHC. An OHC‐hurricane intensity relationship derived for five major hurricanes in 2017 suggests that the ocean optical properties and the application of an appropriate solar attenuation model are important for the forecast of hurricane intensity.
Local Acceleration of Protons to 100 keV in a Quasi‐Parallel Bow Shock
Authors: Stasiewicz Krzysztof , Eliasson Bengt , Cohen Ian J. , Turner Drew L. , Ergun Robert E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRecent observations in the quasi‐parallel bow shock by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft show rapid heating and acceleration of ions up to an energy of about 100 keV. It is demonstrated that a prominent acceleration mechanism is the nonlinear interaction with a spectrum of waves produced by gradient‐driven instabilities, including the lower hybrid drift (LHD) instability, modified two‐stream (MTS) instability, and electron cyclotron drift (ECD) instability. Test‐particle simulations show that the observed spectrum of waves can rapidly accelerate protons up to a few hundreds of keV by the ExB mechanism. The ExB wave mechanism is related to the surfatron mechanism at shocks, but through the coupling with the stochastic heating condition, it produces significant acceleration on much shorter temporal and spatial scales by the interaction with bursts of waves within a cyclotron period. The results of this study are built on the heritage of four‐point measurement techniques developed for the Cluster mission and imply that the concepts of Fermi acceleration, diffusive shock acceleration, and shock drift acceleration are not needed to explain proton acceleration to hundreds of keV at the Earth’s bow shock.
The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission River Database (SWORD): A Global River Network for Satellite Data Products
Authors: Altenau Elizabeth H. , Pavelsky Tamlin M. , Durand Michael T. , Yang Xiao , Frasson Renato Prata de Moraes , Bendezu Liam 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission, planned to launch in 2022, is the first mission to focus on measuring hydrological processes in Earth's surface water. As such, SWOT will vastly expand observations of global rivers ≥100 m wide. SWOT will provide a variety of data products, including a global vector river product containing water surface elevation (WSE), width, slope, and estimated discharge. Practical application and consistency of the SWOT vector products requires a prior global river network database divided into reaches. Here, we introduce the SWOT River Database (SWORD). SWORD will serve as the framework for the SWOT river vector products consisting of river reaches (∼10 km long) and nodes (∼200 m spacing). We generate SWORD by combining several global river‐ and satellite‐related data sets into one congruent product. When defining river reaches, we incorporate natural and human‐created river obstructions, basin boundaries, tributary junctions, and SWOT orbit track information. SWORD contains a total of 213,485 reaches and 10.7 million nodes. Globally, 77.3% of river reach lengths are between 10 and 20 km with a median reach length of 10.5 km. 95% of river reaches ≥10 km will have sufficient SWOT observations to provide discharge estimates at least once per orbit cycle. SWORD also contains many useful hydrologic and morphological attributes and is designed to be expandable in the future. Even before the launch of SWOT, it can serve as a framework for global hydrologic analyses using models, in situ measurements, and additional satellite observations.
An integrative transcriptome study reveals Ddit4/Redd1 as a key regulator of cancer cachexia in rodent models
Authors: Niu Mengyuan , Li Li , Su Zhonglan , Wei Lulu , Pu Wenyuan , Zhao Chen , Ding Yibing , Wazir Junaid , Cao Wangsen , Song Shiyu , Gao Qian , Wang Hongwei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCancer cachexia is a multifactorial metabolic syndrome that causes up to 20% of cancer-related deaths. Muscle atrophy, the hallmark of cancer cachexia, strongly impairs the quality of life of cancer patients; however, the underlying pathological process is still poorly understood. Investigation of the disease pathogenesis largely relies on cachectic mouse models. In our study, the transcriptome of the cachectic gastrocnemius muscle in the C26 xenograft model was integrated and compared with that of 5 more different datasets. The bioinformatic analysis revealed pivotal gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of the disease, and the key genes were validated. Construction of the protein-protein interaction network and the comparison of pathways enriched in cancer cachexia with 5 other muscle atrophy models revealed Ddit4 (DNA damage-inducible transcript 4), as a key protein in cancer cachexia. The higher expression of Ddit4 in cachectic muscle was further validated in animal models and cachectic cancer patients. Further study revealed that p38 induced the expression of Ddit4, which in turn inhibited the mTOR pathway in atrophic cells.
Backstepping boundary control design for a cascaded viscous Hamilton–Jacobi PDE–ODE system
Authors: Nikdel Parisa , Sheikholeslam Farid , Zekri Maryam , Ghadiri‐Modarres Mohammadali 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper develops state‐feedback and output‐feedback control design methodologies for boundary stabilization of a class of systems that involves cascade connection of a non‐linear viscous Hamilton–Jacobi partial differential equation (PDE) and a possibly unstable linear ordinary differential equation (ODE). First, an explicit state‐feedback controller is designed based on the infinite‐dimensional backstepping method and by utilizing a locally invertible feedback linearizing transformation whose role is to convert the non‐linear viscous Hamilton–Jacobi PDE to a linear heat equation. Next, an output‐feedback controller is proposed which makes the closed‐loop system exponentially stable through the measured output of the system. The main feature of the proposed output‐feedback scheme is that the distributed integral terms are avoided in the feedback law. This is achieved by exploiting the derived state‐feedback controller and introducing a virtual ODE–PDE system, whose ODE state determines the stabilizing feedback law. Then, an observer is proposed that generates state estimates of the virtual system. In both schemes, local exponential stability is shown via Lyapunov analysis and an estimate of the region of attraction is provided. Finally, simulation examples for an unstable ODE are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed results.
Dual‐view 3D human pose estimation without camera parameters for action recognition
Authors: Liu Long , Yang Le , Chen Wanjun , Gao Xin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe purpose of 3D human pose estimation is to estimate the 3D coordinates of key points of the human body directly from images. Although multi‐view based methods have better performance and higher precision of coordinate estimation than a single‐view based, they need to know the camera parameters. In order to effectively avoid the restriction of this constraint and improve the generalizability of the model, a dual‐view single‐person 3D pose estimation method without camera parameters is proposed. This method first uses the 2D pose estimation network HR‐net to estimate the 2D joint point coordinates from two images with different views, and then inputs them into the 3D regression network to generate the final 3D joint point coordinates. In order to make the 3D regression network fully learn the spatial structure relationship of the human body and the transformation projection relationship between different views, a self‐supervised training method is designed based on a 3D human pose orthogonal projection model to generate the virtual views. In the pose estimation experiments on the Human3.6 dataset, this method achieves a significantly improved estimation error of 34.5 mm. Furthermore, an action recognition based on the human poses extracted by the proposed method is conducted, and an accuracy of 83.19% is obtained.
Broadband pattern‐reconfigurable water loop antenna, pattern‐reconfigurable water loop antenna
Authors: Ren Zhen , Qi Shi‐Shan , Wu Wen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA novel loop antenna is proposed here. This antenna uses an annular arm made of pure water to take the place of the metallic loop of a typical loop antenna. The water arm is enclosed by a resin loop tube. The arm has circular cross section to excite a travelling wave of the axially symmetric mode and propagates along the loop. To change the volumes of water in the tube, the proposed antenna may work in different states. When the tube is fully filled, the proposed water antenna works as a loop antenna. When the tube is partly filled, it looks like and also works as a water dipole antenna, which indicates pattern reconfigurability. Measured results show that the proposed water loop antenna achieves a broadband. The impedance bandwidth (|S11| < −10 dB) of the antenna is from 0.9 to 2.3 GHz (87.5%) for the loop state and from 0.8 to 2.1 GHz (89.7%) for the dipole state. Maximum gain of 4.7 dBi for the loop mode and 1.7 dBi for the dipole mode are obtained. The proposed water loop antenna shows the advantages of pattern reconfigurability, good radiation performances, high transparency and low cost, which may be used in maritime communication.
A robust model for scheduling power productions of multiple offshore wind farms using one‐to‐many maintenance services
Authors: Zhang Bingying , Zhang Zijun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper studies the power production optimization problem of multiple offshore wind farms (OWFs) considering different maintenance demands and requirements under the wind power uncertainty. A decentralized robust operation optimization model is developed, in which OWFs and a maintenance service provider (MSP) are treated as individual stakeholders with different interests but coupled by maintenance resources. Based on the analytical target cascading (ATC) algorithm, the model is decoupled into independent models for MSP and each OWF. The operation and objectives of individual entities can be autonomously optimized only considering their own conditions. For each OWF, the power production planning coupled with maintenance scheduling is formulated as a two‐stage robust optimization model and solved by a column‐and‐constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm to tackle the wind power uncertainty. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and the applicability of the integrated solution method to the studied problem. Results illustrate that the developed model shows a better guarantee for individual interests of OWFs, lower communication burden, and better information privacy than the centralized optimization model, especially in large‐scale systems. The integrated solution framework can guarantee a quick convergence and optimality. Moreover, it reduces impacts of uncertain factors on power productions and maintenance schemes.
Papanicolaou-Stained Cytosmear Preparations in the Evaluation of Leucocytospermia: A Tertiary Centre Experience and Assessment of Utility
Authors: Puri Vandana , Gaur Kavita , Hooda Sunaina , Shukla Shailaja , Sharma Sunita 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectives Leucocytospermia is a rare cause of infertility with a variable incidence in infertile men. In many andrology laboratories, semen analysis is primarily centered on analyzing basic parameters (sperm count, motility, and viability). We examined the role of cytomorphological analysis on Papanicolaou (PAP)-stained smears in the work up of male infertility, with special reference to leukocytospermia and assessed the morphological features of sperms in these cases.Materials and Methods All cases signed out as “leukocytospermia” between November 2017 and January 2018 were evaluated. Cases showing pus cells (≥ 1/5hpf) on cytosmear evaluation were also analyzed. Parameters obtained on modified Neubauer’s chamber, wet mount preparations, and autoanalyzer SQA-IIC-P (Medical Electronic Systems, Israel) were tabulated. PAP-stained smears were examined to assess morphological defects and other findings, if any.Results Out of 348 semen samples, 6 (1.72%) were diagnosed as leukocytospermia, all displaying pus cells on cytomorphological evaluation. Five cases having white blood cells < 1 × 10 9/L were analyzed, which displayed the presence of pus cells (≥ 1/5 hpf) on cytosmear preparations (1.43%). Nine cases (81.8%) showed reduced motile sperm concentration, functional sperm concentration, and sperm motility index. Morphological evaluation of the PAP-stained smears showed mid-piece defects in 18.1% cases.Conclusion Diligent cytomorphological evaluation of semen is essential to diagnose leukocytospermia, assess morphological defects, and serve as a quality control measure.
Thromboses and Hemostasis Disorders Associated with COVID-19: The Possible Causal Role of Cross-Reactivity and Immunological Imprinting
Authors: Kanduc Darja 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBy examining the issue of the thromboses and hemostasis disorders associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) through the lens of cross-reactivity, it was found that 60 pentapeptides are shared by SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (gp) and human proteins that— when altered, mutated, deficient or, however, improperly functioning— cause vascular diseases, thromboembolic complications, venous thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathies, and bleeding, inter alia. The peptide commonality has a relevant immunological potential as almost all of the shared sequences are present in experimentally validated SARS-CoV-2 spike gp-derived epitopes, thus supporting the possibility of cross-reactions between the viral gp and the thromboses-related human proteins. Moreover, many of the shared peptide sequences are also present in pathogens to which individuals have previously been exposed following natural infection or vaccinal routes, and of which the immune system has stored imprint. Such an immunological memory might rapidly trigger anamnestic secondary cross-reactive responses of extreme affinity and avidity, in this way explaining the thromboembolic adverse events that can associate with SARS-CoV-2 infection or active immunization.
Clinical Implications of S100A12 and Resolvin D1 Serum Levels, and Related Genes in Children with Familial Mediterranean Fever
Authors: Abdallah Zeinab Y. , Ibrahim Mona , Thomas Manal M. , Megahed Hisham , Eldeen Ghada Nour , Hamed Khaled , Fares Mohamed , ElHefnawi Mahmoud , El-Bassyouni Hala T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe aim of this article was to study the role of S100A12 and resolvin D1-related genes and serum levels in the diagnosis and detection of subclinical inflammation in children with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) during the quiescent stage of the disease. Seventy-eight children with FMF during the silent state and 60 healthy control were studied. Serum S100A12 and resolvin D1 were quantitatively measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the levels of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and hemoglobin were determined. The clinical severity was evaluated. The link between the Mediterranean fever (MEFV) gene and the genes related to the two studied biomarkers was also assessed. Correlation between S100A12 and resolvin D1 and the clinical severity was assessed. The mean serum levels of S100A12 and resolvin D1 were 847.4 and 793.3, respectively, which were highly significantly increased (p = 0.001) compared with the controls (324.3 and 235.1, respectively). The receiver operating characteristic curve test showed that S100A12 had a sensitivity of 97.4% and specificity of 80% with cutoff value of 529.5, while resolvin D1 showed a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 50% with cutoff value of 231.2. A correlation was detected between the clinical severity and S100A12 and resolvin D1. This study delineated that S100A12 and resolvin D1 are sensitive biomarkers to detect the degree of inflammation in children with FMF during the silent period. Consequently, we recommend adjusting the colchicine dose to ameliorate the disease's symptoms and to improve the quality of life in these patients.
Primary Disseminated Hydatid Disease Involving Multiple Organs in a Pediatric Patient: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Gupta Nishu , Jindal Gunjan , Singla Hanish , Garg Deepak 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHydatid disease is a parasitic infestation by Echinococcus genus of tapeworm, resulting from ingestion of tapeworm eggs and leading to formation of cysts predominantly in the liver and lungs. Multiorgan involvement in children is unusual. We present a case of a 12-year-old female with multiple organ involvement. Patient had history of abdominal pain, breathlessness, irritability and vomiting. Plain radiograph showed a large ovoid calcific lesion projected over the liver. Abdominal sonography demonstrated multiple hydatid cysts in the liver, spleen and left kidney. Ultrasound findings were further confirmed by contrast-enhanced computed tomography that showed additional hydatid cysts in bilateral lungs. All accessible cysts were excised on laparotomy. Cystic hydatid disease should be suspected in all pediatric patients with multiple cystic lesions, especially in endemic areas.
Serial Thyroid Function Test in Very Low Birth Weight Neonates
Authors: Pradhan Birendra , Panda Santosh Kumar , Pradhan Deepti Damayanty , Nayak Manas Kumar , Rath Soumini , Sahoo Sonali 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThyroid dysfunction is more common in preterm and low birth weight infants, and may be missed if thyroid function test (TFT) is not repeated. Thus, we attempted to study the pattern of thyroid function among very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with birth weight less than 1,500 g by serial TFTs. Serum free thyroxine (FT4) and thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) levels of VLBW infants were tested on fifth to seventh days of life and repeated after 4 weeks of age. Based on serial FT4 and TSH results, abnormal TFT was classified into four groups—transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity (THOP), transient hyperthyrotropinemia (THT), delayed TSH rise, and overt congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Stata 15.1 (Stata Corp, Texas, United States) was used for analysis. Ninety-six VLBW infants were enrolled with mean gestational age of 30.5 ± 2.7 weeks and median (interquartile range) birth weight of 1,200 (317) g. Out of 96 cases, 30 (31.2%) infants had abnormal TFT. Ten (10.4%) infants had THOP, 7 (7.3%) infants had THT, 11 (11.5%) infants had delayed TSH rise, and 2 (2.1%) infants had overt CH. There were no significant differences in demographic profile and clinical characteristics between neonates with normal and abnormal TFTs. Five infants required levothyroxine supplementation (two infants with overt CH and three infants with delayed TSH rise). VLBW neonates have higher incidence of CH and delayed rise of TSH in this study. In resource-limited settings, repeating TFTs at least once after 4 weeks of age may be suggested to identify delayed rise of TSH which may need intervention.