bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why did Ghana’s national health insurance capitation payment model fall off the policy agenda? A regional level policy analysis
Authors: Abiiro Gilbert Abotisem , Alatinga Kennedy A , Yamey Gavin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Provider payment reforms, such as capitation, are very contentious. Such reforms can drop off the policy agenda due to political and contextual resistance. Using the Shiffman and Smith (Generation of political priority for global health initiatives: a framework and case study of maternal mortality. Lancet 2007; 370 1370–9) framework, this study explains why Ghana’s National Health Insurance capitation payment policy that rose onto the policy agenda in 2012, dropped off the agenda in 2017 during its pilot implementation in the Ashanti region. We conducted a retrospective qualitative policy analysis by collecting field data in December 2019 in the Ashanti region through 18 interviews with regional and district level policy actors and four focus group discussions with community-level policy beneficiaries. The thematically analysed field data were triangulated with media reports on the policy. We discovered that technically framing capitation as a cost-containment strategy with less attention on portraying its health benefits resulted in a politically negative reframing of the policy as a strategy to punish fraudulent providers and opposition party electorates. At the level of policy actors, pilot implementation was constrained by a regional level anti-policy community, weak civil society mobilization and low trust in the then political leadership. Anti-policy campaigners drew on highly contentious and poorly implemented characteristics of the policy to demand cancellation of the policy. A change in government in 2017 created the needed political window for the suspension of the policy. While it was technically justified to pilot the policy in the stronghold of the main opposition party, this decision carried political risks. Other low- and middle-income countries considering capitation reforms should note that piloting potentially controversial policies such as capitation within a politically sensitive location can attract unanticipated partisan political interest in the policy. Such partisan interest can potentially lead to a decline in political attention for the policy in the event of a change in government.
Communicating COVID-19 information on TikTok: a content analysis of TikTok videos from official accounts featured in the COVID-19 information hub
Authors: Li Yachao , Guan Mengfei , Hammond Paige , Berrey Lane E 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAmid the COVID-19 pandemic, TikTok, an emerging social media platform, has created an information hub to provide users with engaging and authoritative COVID-19 information. This study investigates the video format, type and content of the COVID-19 TikTok videos, and how those video attributes are related to quantitative indicators of user engagement, including numbers of views, likes, comments and shares. A content analysis examined 331 videos from official accounts featured in the COVID-19 information hub. As of 5 May 2020, the videos received 907 930 000 views, 29 640 000 likes, 168 880 comments and 781 862 shares. About one in three videos had subtitles, which were positively related to the number of shares. Almost every video included a hashtag, and a higher number of hashtags was related to more likes. Video types included acting, animated infographic, documentary, news, oral speech, pictorial slideshow and TikTok dance. Dance videos had the most shares. Video themes included anti-stigma/anti-rumor, disease knowledge, encouragement, personal precautions, recognition, societal crisis management and work report. Videos conveying alarm/concern emotions, COVID-19 susceptibility and severity, precaution response efficacy had higher user engagement. Public health agencies should be aware of the opportunity of TikTok in health communication and create audience-centered risk communication to engage and inform community members.
A Burgeoning Community of Justice? The European Union as a Promoter of Transitional Justice
Authors: Verovšek Peter J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Emerging as it does from Europe’s age of total war, the European Union (EU) has a long-standing interest in promoting transitional justice. However, since this desire to become a community of justice has remained implicit, it has been overlooked by much of the existing literature. Despite internal tensions between East and West, over the last 20 years the EU has sought to actively promote justice both ‘down’ onto its member states and ‘out’ into world politics. Based on an analysis of legal texts and regulations, as well as demonstrative case studies, I argue that the EU’s record in this area is mixed. Although it has been able to use membership to force changes as part of the accession process, existing member states and states outside of Europe have resisted these efforts. Despite its desire to incorporate transitional justice into its legal regime, I show that the EU’s efforts in promoting transitional justice remain largely political.
Brazilian Aedes aegypti as a Competent Vector for Multiple Complex Arboviral Coinfections
Authors: Rodrigues Nilton Barnabé , Godoy Raquel Soares Maia , Orfano Alessandra Silva , Chaves Barbara Aparecida , Campolina Thais Bonifácio , Costa Breno dos Anjos , Félix Luíza dos Santos , Silva Breno Melo , Norris Douglas Eric , Pimenta Paulo Filemon Paolucci , Secundino Nagila Francinete Costa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Aedes aegypti is a highly competent vector in the transmission of arboviruses, such as chikungunya, dengue, Zika, and yellow fever viruses, and causes single and coinfections in the populations of tropical countries.

Methods
The infection rate, viral abundance (VA), vector competence (VC), disseminated infection, and survival rate were recorded after single and multiple infections of the vector with 15 combinations of chikungunya, dengue, Zika, and yellow fever arboviruses.

Results
Infection rates were 100% in all single and multiple infection experiments, except in 1 triple coinfection that presented a rate of 50%. The VC and disseminated infection rate varied from 100% (in single and quadruple infections) to 40% (in dual and triple infections). The dual and triple coinfections altered the VC and/or VA of ≥1 arbovirus. The highest viral VAs were detected for a single infection with chikungunya. The VAs in quadruple infections were similar when compared with each respective single infection. A decrease in survival rates was observed in a few combinations.

Conclusions
A. aegypti was able to host all single and multiple arboviral coinfections. The interference of the chikungunya virus suggests that distinct arbovirus families may have a significant role in complex coinfections.
Nature or Nurture: Can Prey-Based Diets Influence Species-Specific Physiological Performance Traits of Epidermal Lipid Content and Cutaneous Water Loss?
Authors: Weidler J M , Lutterschmidt William I 
Published: February 2021

SynopsisEpidermal lipids serve as the primary barrier to cutaneous water loss (CWL) and play a significant role in water conservation and homeostasis. Previous studies have shown the correlation between increased aridity of habitats and the amount of epidermal lipids among species. Generally, increased amounts of epidermal lipids lower skin permeability. Species-specific differences in CWL and prey preferences between two sympatric snake species, the Northern Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus) and the Eastern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix), motivated us to question if prey-base can result in these observed species-specific differences in CWL. We experimentally controlled the diets for a captive colony of Northern Cottonmouths (A. piscivorus) by feeding either fish (Notemigonus crysoleucas) or mice (Mus musculus) to investigate if diet can affect the quantity and quality of epidermal lipids and the rates of CWL. Snakes fed mice gained consistently more mass, but diet treatments did not affect growth rate. We found no significant differences in quantitative lipid content or rates of CWL between diet treatments. An analysis for qualitative lipid content using infrared spectrophotometry also showed no diet effect, thus suggesting that lipid content and CWL are strong species-specific physiological performance traits not influenced by recent dietary history. While there is some evidence that epidermal permeability may be variable under certain environmental conditions (e.g., humidity), our findings show that diet has no effect and that a shift in prey preference may not influence or enhance physiological performance for decreasing CWL.
What If Jane Austen Had Been a Geek?
Authors: Hogan Jacqui 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
‘It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good computer, must be in want of an app.’ Jacqui Hogan CITP MBCS takes a playful but thought-provoking tour through Jane Austen's life and work and asks how the writer might have woven today's technology into her fiction.
The Awe: From the Extraordinary to the Everyday
Authors: Hamilton Johanna 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE) was founded in 1952 to make the UK's warheads for the nation's strategic nuclear deterrent. Talking to Tony Mather, Chief Information Officer and Executive Director for Security at AWE, Johanna Hamilton AMBCS discovers more about their work, recruitment and ethics.
Activity of imipenem/relebactam against a Spanish nationwide collection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales
Authors: Vázquez-Ucha Juan Carlos , Seoane-Estévez Alejandro , Rodiño-Janeiro Bruno Kotska , González-Bardanca Mónica , Conde-Pérez Kelly , Martínez-Guitián Marta , Alvarez-Fraga Laura , Arca-Suárez Jorge , Lasarte-Monterrubio Cristina , Gut Marta , Gut Ivo , Álvarez-Tejado Miguel , Oviaño Marina , Beceiro Alejandro , Bou Germán ,   the GEMARA-SEIMC/REIPI Enterobacterales Study Group, Merino Irene , Cercenado Emilia , Gómez Rosa , Soler Tamara , Gracia-Ahufinger Irene , Martín Lina , Galán Fátima , Tormo Nuria , Carlos Rodríguez Juan , Capilla Silvia , Marco Francesc , Dolores Quesada María , Padilla Emma , Tubau Fe , González Juanjo , Isabel López-Calleja Ana , Luis del Pozo José , Inmaculada García María , Martinez Mariela , Calvo Jorge , Mulet Xavier , Peña Fernanda , Rodríguez Ana Isabel , José Gude María , Fernández Ana , Fernández Javier 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Imipenem/relebactam is a novel carbapenem/β-lactamase inhibitor combination, developed to act against carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE).

Objectives
To assess the in vitro activity of imipenem/relebactam against a Spanish nationwide collection of CPE by testing the susceptibility of these isolates to 16 widely used antimicrobials and to determine the underlying β-lactam resistance mechanisms involved and the molecular epidemiology of carbapenemases in Spain.

Materials and methods
Clinical CPE isolates (n = 401) collected for 2 months from 24 hospitals in Spain were tested. MIC50, MIC90 and susceptibility/resistance rates were interpreted in accordance with the EUCAST guidelines. β-Lactam resistance mechanisms and molecular epidemiology were characterized by WGS.

Results
For all isolates, high rates of susceptibility to colistin (86.5%; MIC50/90 = 0.12/8 mg/L), imipenem/relebactam (85.8%; MIC50/90 = 0.5/4 mg/L) and ceftazidime/avibactam (83.8%, MIC50/90 = 1/≥256 mg/L) were observed. The subgroups of isolates producing OXA-48-like (n = 305, 75.1%) and KPC-like enzymes (n = 44, 10.8%) were highly susceptible to ceftazidime/avibactam (97.7%, MIC50/90 = 1/2 mg/L) and imipenem/relebactam (100.0%, MIC50/90 = ≤0.25/1 mg/L), respectively.
The most widely disseminated high-risk clones of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae across Spain were found to be ST11, ST147, ST392 and ST15 (mostly associated with OXA-48) and ST258/512 (in all cases producing KPC).

Conclusions
Imipenem/relebactam, colistin and ceftazidime/avibactam were the most active antimicrobials against all CPEs. Imipenem/relebactam is a valuable addition to the antimicrobial arsenal used in the fight against CPE, particularly against KPC-producing isolates, which in all cases were susceptible to this combination.
An interview study with medical scribes on how their work may alleviate clinician burnout through delegated health IT tasks
Authors: Tran Brian D , Rosenbaum Kathryn , Zheng Kai 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To understand how medical scribes’ work may contribute to alleviating clinician burnout attributable directly or indirectly to the use of health IT.

Materials and Methods
Qualitative analysis of semistructured interviews with 32 participants who had scribing experience in a variety of clinical settings.

Results
We identified 7 categories of clinical tasks that clinicians commonly choose to offload to medical scribes, many of which involve delegated use of health IT. These range from notes-taking and computerized data entry to foraging, assembling, and tracking information scattered across multiple clinical information systems. Some common characteristics shared among these tasks include: (1) time-consuming to perform; (2) difficult to remember or keep track of; (3) disruptive to clinical workflow, clinicians’ cognitive processes, or patient–provider interactions; (4) perceived to be low-skill “clerical” work; and (5) deemed as adding no value to direct patient care.

Discussion
The fact that clinicians opt to “outsource” certain clinical tasks to medical scribes is a strong indication that performing these tasks is not perceived to be the best use of their time. Given that a vast majority of healthcare practices in the US do not have the luxury of affording medical scribes, the burden would inevitably fall onto clinicians’ shoulders, which could be a major source for clinician burnout.

Conclusions
Medical scribes help to offload a substantial amount of burden from clinicians—particularly with tasks that involve onerous interactions with health IT. Developing a better understanding of medical scribes’ work provides useful insights into the sources of clinician burnout and potential solutions to it.
The safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of niraparib in Japanese patients with solid tumours: results of a phase I dose-escalation study
Authors: Yonemori Kan , Shimizu Toshio , Kondo Shunsuke , Iwasa Satoru , Koyama Takafumi , Kitano Shigehisa , Sato Jun , Shimomura Akihiko , Shibaki Ryota , Suri Ajit , Kase Yoichi , Sumino Shuuji , Tamura Kenji , Yamamoto Noboru 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Niraparib is the only poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) inhibitor available as oral monotherapy for maintenance, regardless of BRCA mutational status.

Methods
This phase I, open-label, non-randomized, dose-escalation study was conducted in Japan using a 3 + 3 design. Adults (≥20 years) with metastatic or locally advanced solid tumours were enrolled. Niraparib 200 mg (cohort 1) or 300 mg (cohort 2) was administered once daily in 21-day cycles (no drug holiday between cycles) until progressive disease (PD) or unacceptable toxicity. The primary objective was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of niraparib in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours. The number of patients with dose-limiting toxicities in cycle 1 and number with treatment-emergent adverse events were primary endpoints. Secondary endpoints were pharmacokinetics and tumour response.

Results
There were three patients in cohort 1 and six patients in cohort 2. Only one patient, in cohort 2, developed a dose-limiting toxicity (grade 4 platelet count decreased). All patients in both cohorts developed treatment-emergent adverse events. The most common treatment-related treatment-emergent adverse events were decreased appetite (n = 2) in cohort 1, and platelet count decreased as well as aspartate aminotransferase increased (both n = 5) in cohort 2. Mean Cmax and AUC0–24 of niraparib increased dose-proportionally after multiple doses (accumulation ratio of between 1.64 and 3.65); median tmax was 3–4 h. Two patients, both in cohort 2, had a partial response to treatment.

Conclusions
Niraparib (200 or 300 mg/day) was tolerable and had a favourable pharmacokinetic profile in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours.
Prognostic impact of prior local therapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Koura Mikifumi , Shiota Masaki , Ueda Shohei , Matsumoto Takashi , Kobayashi Satoshi , Monji Keisuke , Kashiwagi Eiji , Takeuchi Ario , Inokuchi Junichi , Shiga Ken-ichiro , Yokomizo Akira , Eto Masatoshi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective
This study aimed to reveal the prognostic values of prior local therapy in first-line therapy using androgen receptor-axis targeting agents (abiraterone or enzalutamide) or docetaxel for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).

Methods
The study included 303 patients treated with first-line therapy for non-metastatic and metastatic CRPC. The association between prior local therapy and therapeutic outcome including progression-free survival and overall survival was investigated by univariate and multivariate analyses as well as propensity score-matched analysis.

Results
In univariate analysis, local prior therapy was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 0.56, 95% confidence interval, 0.40–0.79; P = 0.0009). Overall survival, but not progression-free survival, was better among patients with prior local therapy compared with patients without prior local therapy even after multivariate analysis and propensity score-matched analysis.

Conclusions
This study robustly indicated that prior local treatment was prognostic for overall survival among patients with CRPC. This finding is useful to predict patient prognosis in CRPC.
Relation of Quantitative Histologic and Radiologic Breast Tissue Composition Metrics With Invasive Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Abubakar Mustapha , Fan Shaoqi , Bowles Erin Aiello , Widemann Lea , Duggan Máire A , Pfeiffer Ruth M , Falk Roni T , Lawrence Scott , Richert-Boe Kathryn , Glass Andrew G , Kimes Teresa M , Figueroa Jonine D , Rohan Thomas E , Gierach Gretchen L 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Benign breast disease (BBD) is a strong breast cancer risk factor, but identifying patients that might develop invasive breast cancer remains a challenge.

Methods
By applying machine-learning to digitized hematoxylin and eosin–stained biopsies and computer-assisted thresholding to mammograms obtained circa BBD diagnosis, we generated quantitative tissue composition metrics and determined their association with future invasive breast cancer diagnosis. Archival breast biopsies and mammograms were obtained for women (18-86 years of age) in a case-control study, nested within a cohort of 15 395 BBD patients from Kaiser Permanente Northwest (1970-2012), followed through mid-2015. Patients who developed incident invasive breast cancer (ie, cases; n = 514) and those who did not (ie, controls; n = 514) were matched on BBD diagnosis age and plan membership duration. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results
Increasing epithelial area on the BBD biopsy was associated with increasing breast cancer risk (odds ratio [OR]Q4 vs Q1 = 1.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13 to 3.04; Ptrend = .02). Conversely, increasing stroma was associated with decreased risk in nonproliferative, but not proliferative, BBD (Pheterogeneity = .002). Increasing epithelium-to-stroma proportion (ORQ4 vs Q1 = 2.06, 95% CI =1.28 to 3.33; Ptrend = .002) and percent mammographic density (MBD) (ORQ4 vs Q1 = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.20 to 4.03; Ptrend = .01) were independently and strongly predictive of increased breast cancer risk. In combination, women with high epithelium-to-stroma proportion and high MBD had substantially higher risk than those with low epithelium-to-stroma proportion and low MBD (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.27 to 4.06; Ptrend = .005), particularly among women with nonproliferative (Ptrend = .01) vs proliferative (Ptrend = .33) BBD.

Conclusion
Among BBD patients, increasing epithelium-to-stroma proportion on BBD biopsies and percent MBD at BBD diagnosis were independently and jointly associated with increasing breast cancer risk. These findings were particularly striking for women with nonproliferative disease (comprising approximately 70% of all BBD patients), for whom relevant predictive biomarkers are lacking.
Psychological Distress Among Bhutanese Refugees Living in the Northeast Region of the United States
Authors: Gautam Ramraj , Rydberg Jason , Ho Ivy , Siwakoti Bhola , Chadbourne William , Mawn Barbara E 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine predictors of psychological distress among adult Bhutanese refugees living in the United States. We recruited 376 adult Bhutanese refugees living in the northeast US region, the majority of whom were employed, married men in their 40 s who were US citizens. Using Bayesian Negative Binomial Regression modelling, we examined the impact of sociodemographic measures, health status and refugee integration measures on psychological distress outcomes. The most common predictors of depression, stress and anxiety were social connection deficits and self-reported health conditions. Other associated factors included: health access deficits, number of years living in the US, paid employment, citizenship and living in more than one US city. The findings of our study revealed that mental health outcomes in this subset of the population of Bhutanese refugees are impacted by a variety of social and health related factors. Public policy makers and practitioners need to recognize the complex issues affecting mental health of Bhutanese refugees. Advocacy for expanded culturally congruent policies and evidence based mental health services are recommended. Future research needs to examine culturally relevant concepts and measures related to mental health and integration in this population.
A case of acute abdomen caused by spontaneous rupture of a splenic abscess secondary to cancer of the splenic flexure
Authors: Pavlidis Efstathios T , Martzivanou Eirini K , Symeonidis Nikolaos G , Psarras Kyriakos K , Marneri Alexandra G , Stavrati Kalliopi E , Pavlidis Theodoros E 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Splenic abscesses are rare, difficult to diagnose, difficult to treat and usually appear in immunosuppressed patients. We present the case of a 64-year-old patient with left pleuritic chest pain, anorexia and fever with rigors diagnosed with splenic abscess due to splenic flexure colon cancer. The abscess spontaneously ruptured and the patient was operated on for acute abdomen. Splenectomy and Hartmann’s hemicolectomy were performed. The patient was discharged from the hospital and referred to the oncologic department. Continuous spread of infection and especially initiating from a cancer lesion is a usual mechanism of splenic abscess formation. Although computed tomography-guided percutaneous drainage is the treatment of choice, an exploratory laparotomy was necessary in this case because of the rupture of the abscess. It is important for the clinicians to include splenic abscesses and their complications in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen.