bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature dependence of a Raman CO2 densimeter from 23°C to 200°C and 7.2 to 248.7 MPa: Evaluation of density underestimation by laser heating
Authors: Hagiwara Yuuki , Kawano Tetsuma , Takahata Kohei , Torimoto Junji , Yamamoto Junji 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUnintended local temperature enhancement by excitation laser might change Raman spectral features and potentially lead to misinterpretation of the data. To evaluate robustness of Raman CO2 densimeters in the presence of laser heating, we investigate the relation between temperature (T, °C), density (ρ, g/cm3), and Fermi diad split (Δ, cm−1) using a high‐pressure optical cell at 23°C to 200°C and 7.2–248.7 MPa. Results indicate that Δ decreases concomitantly with increasing temperature for a constant density in all density regions investigated. This result suggests that the density estimated based on Δ might be underestimated if the fluid is heated locally by the laser. Combining results of earlier studies with those of the present study indicates that the temperature dependence of Δ (|(∂Δ/∂T)ρ|) has a maximum value around 0.6–0.7 g/cm3. Consequently, at very high densities such as 1.1–1.2 g/cm3, |(∂Δ/∂T)ρ| is small. Thus, Δ at such densities is less affected by laser heating. However, at densities below approximately 0.7 g/cm3, although |(∂Δ/∂T)ρ| becomes smaller at lower densities, the relative density decrease becomes larger even for a small density decrease because the density itself becomes smaller. Therefore, at such densities, a density decrease of more than 10% was observed for some fluid inclusions, even at typical laser powers for inclusion analysis. Finally, to accurately estimate the density even in the presence of laser heating, we show that it is effective to estimate the intercept Δ from the correlation between Δ and laser power and substitute it into Δ–ρ relations.
New insights into metabolomics profile generation in fermented tea: the relevance of bacteria and metabolites in Fuzhuan brick tea
Authors: Xia Fei , Hu Song , Zheng Xue , Wang Meng‐Wen , Zhang Chu‐Chu , Wu Zi‐Ning , Sun Yu‐Jiao 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe contribution of bacteria to fermented tea is not clear and the associated research is relatively limited. To reveal the role of microorganisms in fermented tea processing, the microbial community and metabolites of Fuzhuan brick tea (FBT), a Chinese traditional fermented tea, were revealed via high‐throughput sequencing and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS).RESULTSIn FBT, bacterial communities had a higher abundance and diversity, Lactococcus and Bacillus were the main bacteria, and Eurotium was the predominant fungus. The predictive metabolic function indicated the pathways of cellular growth, environmental information, genetics and material metabolism of bacterial communities were abundant, whereas the fungal community predictive metabolic function was almost saprotroph. Using LC‐MS, 1143 and 536 metabolites were defined in positive and negative ion mode, respectively. There were essential correlations between bacterial populations and metabolites, such that Bacillus was correlated significantly with 44 metabolites (P < 0.05) and Enterococcus was significantly associated with 15 metabolites (P < 0.05). Some of the main active components were significantly correlated with the bacteria, such as Enterococcus, Lactococcus and Carnobacterium.CONCLUSIONNot only Eurotium, but also the bacteria were involved in the changes of metabolomics profile in fermented FBT. The present study assists in providing new insights into metabolomics profile generation in fermented tea. The present research lays a foundation for controlling the FBT fermentation by artificial inoculation to improve quality. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Exploration of water–nitrogen coupling effects in paddy field based on ORYZA (v3) model
Authors: Tan Junwei , Liu Fangping , Xu Tao , Tan Xiao 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDNitrogen and water are two major factors in rice production. Due to the lack of ample evidence and much uncertainty in field experiments, the coupling effects of water and nitrogen in paddy fields have remained debatable over recent years.RESULTSA fine‐calibrated ORYZA (v3) model was applied to simulate rice growth and development under different nitrogen (N) rates and irrigation regimes for a double rice‐cropping system in South China. We designed a numerical experiment of 504 treatments, consisting of seven nitrogen rates (0–300 kg ha−1), eight irrigation thresholds (30–100%, presented as the percentage of saturated soil water content) and nine irrigation quotas (20–100 mm), and each treatment was simulated for 30 years. Yield varied greatly with different water–nitrogen conditions, particularly in the scenario of frequently alternate wetting and drying irrigation and low‐N rates. The coupling effects had a negligible influence on water input and water loss, which were found to be sensitive only to the irrigation regime and rainfall distribution. Based on the results, the N fertilizer for early rice growing in the wet season is suggested as 150–200 kg ha−1, and 200–250 kg ha−1 for late rice growing in the dry season. The irrigating threshold and irrigation quota for early rice are suggested as lower than 70% and 30–40 mm, respectively, and, for late rice, 70–80% and 40–60 mm.CONCLUSIONRemarkable water–nitrogen coupling effects were found in the paddy field, and integrative water–nitrogen management strategies were suggested for both early rice and late rice in South China. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effect of bentonite and calcium chloride on apple wine
Authors: Han Yingying , Du Jinhua , Wang Yan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDApple wine is a popular alcoholic beverage for its nutrition and fresh taste. However, the methanol existing in apple wine restricts its quality. Unfortunately, there are no methods to reduce the methanol content in fruit wine. To this end, bentonite (B), calcium chloride (CC) and their combination (B&CC) were added into apple juice in this study. The treated juice (0) and supernatant obtained by standing the juice at 25 °C for 24 h were fermented at 25 °C and 10 °C, respectively.RESULTSBentonite was an excellent methanol interrupter, a pectin retainer and a wine quality defender both at 25 and 10 °C. The lowest methanol content of 1.41 mg L−1 and higher pectin content of 84.74 mg L−1 were reached in the finished wine by B0 at 10 °C. Calcium chloride decreased pectin content, elevated methanol content and changed the profile of individual organic acids. In fact, the wine by B&CC0 at 25 °C showed dramatic changes in individual organic acids. The content of l‐malic acid and succinic acid was only 2.22% and 6.29% of the control, respectively, while the lactic acid content was 17.72 times that of the control.CONCLUSIONSIt is suggested that B0 and fermented at 10 °C was the most effective way to decrease methanol content, retain pectin content and defend wine quality. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Reversible changes in galactolipid saturation level and head group composition are associated with tolerance to postharvest chilling in tomato fruit
Authors: Sossi María L , Valle Estela M , Boggio Silvana B 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDChilling injury (CI) is a physiological disorder that results in a limitation for cold storage (CS) of many fruits and vegetables. The low temperature‐induced changes in the properties and composition of cell membranes are involved in the response to chilling temperature and in the mechanism of CI and tolerance.RESULTSWe compared the changes in the lipid composition by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry before, immediately after CS, as well as during a 3‐day subsequent period, of tomato fruits with different chilling‐sensitivity: Micro‐Tom (tolerant) and Minitomato (susceptible). The changes in linolenic acid content, double bond index and digalactosyldiacylglycerol/monogalactosyldiacylglycerol ratio (DGDG/MGDG) showed membrane fluidity adjustment, depending on the temperature. By a database search, we identified 18 membrane‐bound fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes and five DGDG synthases (DGD) genes that phylogenetically clustered into four and two subfamilies, respectively. The FAD and DGD genes were differentially expressed in response to CS, as determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis.CONCLUSIONThe data strongly suggest that reversion of CS‐induced changes during the recovery period is important for the proper function of the membrane and tolerance to postharvest CI in tomato fruit. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
The History of Pediatric and Adult Hearing Screening
Authors: Ruben Robert J. 
Published: June 2021

Objectives/HypothesisTo document the history of hearing seeing in children and adults.Study DesignA literature search in all languages was carried out with the terms of hearing screening from the following sources: Pub Med, Science Direct, World Catalog, Index Medicus, Google scholar, Google Books, National Library of Medicine, Welcome historical library and The Library of Congress.MethodsThe primary sources consisting of books, scientific reports, public documents, governmental reports, and other written material were analyzed to document the history of hearing screening.ResultsThe concept of screening for medical conditions that, when found, could influence some form of the outcome of the malady came about during the end of 19th century. The first applications of screening were to circumscribe populations, schoolchildren, military personnel, and railroad employees. During the first half of the 20th century, screening programs were extended to similar populations and were able to be expanded on the basis of the improved technology of hearing testing. The concept of universal screening was first applied to the inborn errors of metabolism of newborn infants and particularly the assessment of phenylketonuria in 1963 by Guthrie and Susi. A limited use of this technique has been the detection of genes resulting in hearing loss. The use of a form of hearing testing either observational or physiological as a screen for all newborns was first articulated by Larry Fisch in 1957 and by the end of the 20th century newborn infant screening for hearing loss became the standard almost every nation worldwide.ConclusionsHearing screening for newborn infants is utilized worldwide, schoolchildren less so and for adults many industrial workers and military service undergo hearing screening, but this is not a general practice for screening the elderly.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 131:S1–S25, 2021
Prevalence of Tympanostomy Tube Placement in Relation to Cleft Width and Type
Authors: Schwarz Steffen Jochen , Brandenburg Leonard Simon , Weingart Julia Vera , Schupp Wiebke , Füssinger Marc Anton , Pantke Chiara‐Fabienne , Beck Rainer Linus , Metzger Marc Christian 
Published: June 2021

Objectives/HypothesisThe prevalence of tympanostomy tube surgery (TTS) in patients with a cleft deformity was investigated, in relation to cleft width and cleft type.Study DesignRetrospective review of medical health records.MethodsRetrospective review of medical health records. Seventy‐eight patients with non‐syndromic cleft deformity of the palate and/or alveolus and lip between 2003 and 2017 were investigated. All available medical documents were analyzed. The study group was divided into subgroups: 1) patients with isolated cleft palate (CP) and patients with a cleft palate with cleft lip and alveolus (CLP). 2) According to Veau's classification (I–IV), further subgroups were defined. Cleft width was measured using plaster cast models.ResultsTTS was performed in 55% of the patients (n = 43). Considering Veau's classification, TTS was conducted as follows: Veau I 65.2% (n = 15/23), Veau II 55.0% (n = 11/20), Veau III 47.6% (n = 10/21), and Veau IV 50.0% (n = 7/14). Cleft classifications, maxillary arch width, and absolute/relative cleft width had no statistical impact on TTS occurrence. Although no significant correlation could be found, patients in our study group with CP (Veau I and II) underwent TTS more often (60.5%, n = 26/43) than patients with CPL (Veau III and IV; 48.6%, n = 17/35) during a three‐year follow‐up.ConclusionNone of the cleft characteristics examined had a significant impact on the proportion of patients who received TTS. Nevertheless, patients with lower Veau classification and CP received tympanostomy tubes more often. Therefore, otolaryngologists and pediatricians treating children with cleft palate should maintain a high level of suspicion for chronic middle ear effusion, even in patients with small clefts.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 131:E2764–E2769, 2021
Analysis of coastal storm damage resistance in successional mangrove species
Authors: van Hespen Rosanna , Hu Zhan , Peng Yisheng , Borsje Bas W. , Kleinhans Maarten , Ysebaert Tom , Bouma Tjeerd J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUse of mangrove ecosystems for coastal flood protection requires reliable predictions of mangrove wave attenuation, especially if this capacity lessens due to storm‐induced forest damage. Quantifying and understanding the variation in drag forces and mechanical properties of mangrove vegetation can improve assessment of mangrove protective capacity. We studied five mangrove species common in the subtropical Pearl River Delta, south China. The studied species range from typically landward‐occurring to more seaward‐occurring pioneer species. We sampled across seven sites in the delta to study the impact of salinity on mechanical properties. We quantified strength and flexibility of branches (branch strength and flexibility related to branch diameter, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity), leaf strength (leaf attachment strength related to leaf size, and leaf mass per area) and drag properties (drag force related to surface area and drag coefficient). For all tested species, larger branch diameters resulted in higher mechanical strength. Larger leaf size resulted in larger peak pulling forces and larger branch surface area resulted in stronger drag forces. Notably, species that generally occur lower in the intertidal zone, where exposure to wind and waves is higher, had relatively stronger branches but more easily detachable leaves. This may be regarded as a damage‐avoiding strategy. Across the seven field sites, we found no clear effect of salinity on mangrove mechanical properties. This study provides a mechanistic insight in the storm damage process for individual mangrove trees and a solid base for modeling storm (surge) damage at the forest scale.
Decreased calcium concentration interferes with life history defense strategies of Ceriodaphnia cornuta in response to fish kairomone
Authors: Huang Jing , Xu Xiaoqing , Li Da , Sun Yunfei , Gu Lei , Zhang Lu , Lyu Kai , Yang Zhou 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDeclining calcium in freshwater lakes has become a serious threat to aquatic organisms, which may affect the anti‐fish defense of cladocerans with high calcium demand. To evaluate the effects of low calcium on life history strategies of cladocerans for defending against fish predation, we exposed Ceriodaphnia cornuta to eight concentrations of calcium ranging from 0.5 to 50.0 mg L−1 in the absence and presence of fish kairomone, and observed the changes in body surface, recorded the key life‐history traits, and calculated the degree of its induced defense response. Results showed that, on average, low calcium (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg L−1) significantly reduced survival, maternal body size at maturation, and total offspring per female by 66.7%, 8.0%, and 48.8%, respectively, compared with those exposed to normal calcium level (10.0 mg L−1). At the normal calcium level, fish kairomone shortened the time to maturation, reduced maternal body size at maturation, and increased total offspring by 15.7%, 11.0%, and 29.6%, respectively, compared with those not exposed to fish kairomone. In the presence of fish kairomone, the reproduction of C. cornuta was affected by a narrower range of calcium concentrations. Calcium concentrations and fish kairomone showed a significant interaction on maternal body size at maturation, total offspring, and body size of neonates, i.e., low calcium impaired the life history defenses involved in maternal development, but enhanced the defense traits involved in reproductive performance, which indicated the diversified interference effects of decreased calcium on the life history defense strategies of C. cornuta against fish predators.
Metalens‐Assisted System for Underwater Imaging
Authors: Zhao Feng , Lu Rusi , Chen Xiangning , Jin Chunqi , Chen Sai , Shen Zicheng , Zhang Cheng , Yang Yuanmu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe ability to image under water is highly desirable for a variety of applications including biological monitoring and seafloor survey, yet the image quality is usually hampered by the presence of scattering medium in water. Polarization imaging has proven to be an effective method for image enhancement; however, conventional systems require mechanically rotating polarizers which compromises the system's footprint or a set of polarization filters which limits the system's efficiency. Here, a compact polarization imaging apparatus that leverages a multifunctional planar dielectric metalens to simultaneously capture two orthogonally polarized images of an underwater scene is presented. Using a metalens to image target objects through milky water in a single shot, large enhancement of image contrast and depth estimation of target objects in real‐time are demonstrated. This work shows the effectiveness of metalens for tackling challenging imaging tasks in complex environments.
UNPRECEDENTED TIMES CALL FOR GENDER‐BALANCED LEADERSHIP
Authors: Shambaugh Rebecca 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe author calls for greater awareness and action on gender‐balanced leadership, “which harnesses the leadership talent of women as well as men, and allows organizations to double their potential leadership brain power and expertise.” The reasons are clear‐cut, according to the author, in that “the organization of the future will need to tap into a wide and diverse range of voices to address the unprecedented levels of change and disruption we’re collectively facing as a society.” She outlines steps to cultivate this new type of leadership, which in her words are (1) link to the business imperative—think holistic, (2) create accountability and measurements, (3) don’t assume—assess, (4) develop a learning strategy for leadership on gender balance and equity, (5) get past the blind spots—unpacking bias, and (6) engage men in caring about gender equity. Questions are outlined for an organization's priorities and current capacity for gender balance within the areas of leadership, human resources/HR systems, women's talent development, and engaging men. The author concludes that “these steps are a simple starting point, but together, if we all take the next right action, we will gradually create companies that are better places for everyone to thrive.”
LEADERSHIP FOR A NEW DAY
Authors: Bryant John Hope 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe author begins by noting the importance of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's “New Deal” in lifting the United States out of the depression in the mid‐1930s. He characterizes it as “a leadership model for a new day, a reset for a country's morale and collective conscience hampered by depression, and a cornerstone on which they would build a new American society.” Bryant emphasizes the need for a fresh start after the “avalanche” of 2020. He discusses the crucial nature of mentorship and having role models and outlines the leadership attributes of SurveyMonkey chief executive officer Zander Lurie. He also remarks on the expectations of the younger Generation Z and millennial workforce, which are different from that of their predecessors. “Millennials”, he writes, “don’t necessarily desire a monetary increase but a spiritual and inspirational one in a world that continually keeps them motivated to bring their best selves to work every single day.” Regarding the need for leaders to be role models, he “wrote a New Marshall Plan, published by the Milken Institute, which outlines how this hands‐on, visible leadership can be practically adapted and applied by organizations of any size and level, including local municipalities and the federal government.”
STUDENT GOVERNMENT AS A VEHICLE FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE
Authors: Nolen LaShyra 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe author relates her leadership experiences centered around student government, beginning as a class president at the age of 10, in elementary school. These experiences defined her mission for the rest of her life, “a commitment to equity, community, and social justice,” and as a vehicle for change. She was later elected student body president at Loyola Marymount University and then made history at Harvard Medical School as the first Black woman elected student council president. At Loyola Marymount University, she was the first African American student body president elected in 30 years. At Harvard Medical School, she is a first‐generation medical student, who was raised by a single mother and the first in her family to obtain a bachelor of science degree. She discusses leading a successful effort to rename an academic society in honor of Dr. William Augustus Hinton, “a renowned public health expert and the first Black full professor at both Harvard College and Harvard Medical School.” In 2020, she was named a “Young Futurist” by The Root magazine. Her hope is that the next generation of these futurists “take each leadership opportunity as their own fresh canvas, and paint boldly, always in the name of justice.”
In Situ Self‐Organizing Materials for Local Stress‐Responsive Reconstruction of Skin Interstitium
Authors: Han Xinxiao , Hua Wenda , Liu Yuqi , Ao Zhuo , Han Dong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRemodeling of the fibrous network in the skin interstitium is a crucial step in the process of skin wound healing. In the present study, a hierarchically structured xanthan gum‐chitosan (XG‐CS) composite hydrogel is developed as a skin wound healing material that responds to stress at wound sites by in situ self‐organizing and self‐repairing the interstitial fibrous network. The composite gel adheres tightly to the injured fibers forming an intact interstitial pathway, and thereby promotes the physiological function of fibroblasts. A software‐based quantitative assessment is performed to evaluate the stress state at wound sites, which confirms that the composite gel adapted in vivo to wound stress and ultimately promotes fast wound healing. The results highlight the importance of interstitial reconstruction in tissue recovery, and will inspire novel strategies in regenerative medicine.
Application of Thermoresponsive Intrinsically Disordered Protein Polymers in Nanostructured and Microstructured Materials
Authors: Wang Bin , Patkar Sai S. , Kiick Kristi L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractModulation of inter‐ and intramolecular interactions between bioinspired designer molecules can be harnessed for developing functional structures that mimic the complex hierarchical organization of multicomponent assemblies observed in nature. Furthermore, such multistimuli‐responsive molecules offer orthogonal tunability for generating versatile multifunctional platforms via independent biochemical and biophysical cues. In this review, the remarkable physicochemical and mechanical properties of genetically engineered protein polymers derived from intrinsically disordered proteins, specifically elastin and resilin, are discussed. This review highlights emerging technologies which use them as building blocks in the fabrication of highly programmable structured biomaterials for applications in delivery of biotherapeutic cargo and regenerative medicine.