bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study on Commerce Students Attitude towards Online Classes during Lockdown Period (With Special Reference to Madurai City)
Authors: Parimala M , Gayathri V 
Published: April 2021

The COVID -19, lockdown period teaches many things to each one of us; all “WH” questions are answered to realize our self like Who we are? How is our life need to be? Which is necessary for life and What are all not important that much. To find the answer to any “WH” questions, critical thinking and knowledge are much important. This lockdown help to unlock our wisdom at the global level. Many of us got a chance to expose talents and skills which is hidden inside of them. Enrolled in online courses, attended webinars which keep each of the active and enthuse to gain more and more knowledge. Arts students get a chance to study basic computer language online courses. Teaching through virtual mode has become the requisite part of educational institutions around the world due to the pandemic crisis of COVID-19. The present study aims to determine the student’s attitude towards e-learning, primary data and secondary data were used, primary data has been collected from II and III Year Commerce Students of Lady Doak College and Ambika College of Madurai. By using Convenient Sampling techniques, 120 respondents’ datas’ are collected with the help of a structured questionnaire. Through e-mail ID, a Google form link was shared to collect the datas’. Tools like Chi-Square, ANOVA, Correlation, t-test and Likert Scaling methods are used to analyze the attitude of the students towards online classes. Even though advantages of e-learning, it would not be meaningful if learners don’t adapt to it.
INTERPRETASI SYAIKH AL-SHAWI TERHADAP AYAT-AYAT AL-HIDAYAH (STUDI SEMANTIK AYAT-AYAT AL-HIDAYAH)
Authors: Hidayatullah Muh Gufron , Huda Syamsul 
Published: April 2021

Trem Al-Hidayah memiliki multi interpretasi yang berhubungan dengan jalan kehidupan (Sabil al-Hayat). Setiap insan diseru untuk menjalankan kehidupannya setakar dengan tolok ukur aturan Allah SWT (hududullah). Ia juga di haruskan untuk selalu mengikuti aturan individu, berkeluarga dan bermasyarakat (ijtimaiyyah). Bertolak dari itu semua, memahami petunjuk tuhan (al-Hidayah mina Allah) merupakan kebutuhan manusia yang subtansial. Agar didalam menjalankan kehidupannya baik yang sifatnya horizontal (hamblum minannas) atau vertikal (hamblum minallah) sesuai dengan Iradtullah. Eksplorasi ini bermaksud untuk memahami bagaimana syaikh al-Shawi dalam menafsirkan ayat-ayat al-Hidayah dalam kitabnya Tasfsir Hasiyah Shawi. Penelitian ini memakai metode kualitatif dengan model penelitian (al-Dirasah al-Maudluiyyah) yang tekanannya pada pendalaman pemahaman topic ayat-ayat al-Hidayah, kemudian mengunakan tehnik Content Analisys yaitu menganalisis hasil makna ayat-ayat al-Hidayah hasil tafsiran Syaikh al-Shawi dan analisis historis atau teori asbab al-Nuzul yaitu uaraian sejarah sebab-sebab turunnya ayat al-Qur’an. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa al-Hidayah bukanlah keberhasilan seseorang dalam menjalankan kehidupan, sebagaimana anggapan banyak orang akan tetapi al-Hidayah adalah petunjuk tuhan baik berupa al-Qur’an atau Sunnah beserta interpretasinya meskipun orang tersebut belum mengikuti petunjuk-Nya.
The tram of Al-Hidayah is subject to multiple interpretations that intertwine with the pathway of life (Sabil al-Hayat). Every soul is commanded to conduct their life adhering to the etiquette arranged by Allah SWT (hududullah). One is also obligated to always follow the etiquette whether as an individual, in a family, and in a society (ijtimaiyyah). Following that, understanding the messages from God (al-Hidayah mina Allah) has then become a crucial necessity for one. In order to live a good life, be it in accordance to the Earth and everything within (hamblum minannas), or in accordance to God (hamblum minallah) entwined with Iradtullah. This exploration is meant to gain understanding on how Syaikh al-Shawi interpreted the passages of al-Hidayah in his book, Tasfsir Hasiyah Shawi. This research used the qualitative method with a research model (al-Dirasah al-Maudluiyyah) that emphasizes on deepening the understanding of the topics in al-Hidayah passages. Content analysis was then used to analyze the meaning of al-Hidayah passages according to Syaikh al-Shawi’s interpretation, and a historical analysis or the theory of asbab al-Nuzul, which is the chronological backstory to every passage of Al-Qur’an that has been passed down to the humankind. The result of this research showed that al-Hidayah is not about someone’s success in living their life as many have assumed, instead al-Hidayah is a direction from God in the form of both al-Qur’an and as-Sunnah along with its interpretations, even if one might have not yet followed His guidance.
Polycrystalline diamond growth on β-Ga2O3 for thermal management
Authors: Malakoutian Mohamadali , Song Yiwen , Yuan Chao , Ren Chenhao , Lundh James Spencer , Lavelle Robert M. , Brown Joseph E. , Snyder David W. , Graham Samuel , Choi Sukwon , Chowdhury Srabanti 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We report polycrystalline diamond epitaxial growth on β-Ga2O3 for device-level thermal management. We focused on establishing diamond growth conditions on β-Ga2O3 accompanying the study of various nucleation strategies. A growth window was identified, yielding uniform-coalesced films while maintaining interface smoothness. In this first demonstration of diamond growth on β-Ga2O3, a diamond thermal conductivity of 110 ± 33 W m−1 K−1 and a diamond/β-Ga2O3 thermal boundary resistance of 30.2 ± 1.8 m2K G−1 W−1 were measured. The film stress was managed by growth optimization techniques preventing delamination of the diamond film. This work marks the first significant step towards device-level thermal management of β-Ga2O3 electronic devices.
Isochronal annealing study of Mg-implanted p-type GaN activated by ultra-high-pressure annealing
Authors: Hirukawa Kazufumi , Sumida Kensuke , Sakurai Hideki , Fujikura Hajime , Horita Masahiro , Otoki Yohei , Sierakowski Kacper , Bockowski Michal , Kachi Tetsu , Suda Jun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Isochronal annealing was performed on Mg-ion-implanted GaN under 1 GPa N2 ambient pressure for 5 min at temperatures of 1573–1753 K. Secondary ion mass spectrometry showed diffusion of Mg atoms and introduction of H atoms during annealing. Deeper diffusion was observed with increasing temperature. From Hall-effect measurements, p-type conductivity was found even for the sample with the lowest annealing temperature of 1573 K. For this sample, the acceptor activation ratio was 23% and the compensation ratio was 93%. The acceptor activation ratio increased to almost 100% and the compensation ratio decreased to 12% with increasing annealing temperature.
At-Taqwim wa Manhajuhu fi Qiyasi Tahqiqi al-Ahdaf at-Tarbawiyah
Authors: Abd. Qadir Ach. Mahfudz 
Published: April 2021

The educational evaluation is a systematic process in collecting data, analyzing, interpreting information or data obtained by the holder in the framework of answering questions that arise for the progress and improvement of education. Evaluation as an action or process at least has three main functions namely Measuring progress, Supporting the preparation of plans, Improving or refining the process. The aim of this study is finding the relevant methods to find out the quality of students being able to find material that is in accordance with their abilities in order to create acceleration of the achievement of educational goals.
The method used is a literature review method by collecting data needed from primary and secondary sources so as to create good and useful study. From the results of this study, the author found an effective and efficient way of measuring students' competencies and found techniques to detect weaknesses and strengths in their knowledge.
Potential Processing of Biogas Products for the Needs of Villagers in Jimbaran Village, Puspo District, Pasuruan Regency
Authors: Farrah Amala Ikbar , Gunawan Prayitno  , Alfisyah Beta Dwiyanti , Arizkha Yulia Faizatul , Nur Zahara Azizah 
Published: April 2021

The rise follows the increase in population in energy consumption that causes a decrease in the supply of non-renewable energy in the world. With its wealth in natural resources, Indonesia is even predicted to experience a decline in oil supply as renewable energy within 15 years. Therefore, energy transformation needs to be done slowly. This research emphasizes renewable energy utilization projects with high potential that have not been optimized, one of which is through cow manure processing into biogas products. The purpose of the research in Jimbaran Village, Puspo Subdistrict, Pasuruan Regency is to further explore the plan of processing cow manure into Jimbaran Village's biogas products. The method used in research activities is the descriptive research method. Data collection is done online through virtual calls between researchers and the Jimbaran village apparatus, the Village Secretariat. The data obtained were analyzed with PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) and RRA (Rapid Rural Appraisal) data analysis techniques. Based on the survey results and data analysis, a biodigester procurement project plan was obtained as a form of a program developed in the study area to utilize cow manure as input for renewable energy processing. Through the biodigester procurement plan, it is expected that biogas products can provide fuel to rural communities with their farms' potential
Beyond Likert ratings: Improving the robustness of developmental research measurement using best–worst scaling
Authors: Burton Nichola , Burton Michael , Fisher Carmen , Peña Patricia González , Rhodes Gillian , Ewing Louise 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSome of the ‘best practice’ approaches to ensuring reproducibility of research can be difficult to implement in the developmental and clinical domains, where sample sizes and session lengths are constrained by the practicalities of recruitment and testing. For this reason, an important area of improvement to target is the reliability of measurement. Here we demonstrate that best–worst scaling (BWS) provides a superior alternative to Likert ratings for measuring children’s subjective impressions. Seventy-three children aged 5–6 years rated the trustworthiness of faces using either Likert ratings or BWS over two sessions. Individual children’s ratings in the BWS condition were significantly more consistent from session 1 to session 2 than those in the Likert condition, a finding we also replicate with a large adult sample (N = 72). BWS also produced more reliable ratings at the group level than Likert ratings in the child sample. These findings indicate that BWS is a developmentally appropriate response format that can deliver substantial improvements in reliability of measurement, which can increase our confidence in the robustness of findings with children.
Cytokine Storm Syndrome, a potential cause of death in COVID-19 patients
Authors: Raza Imran Mansoor , Zubia Zaman  , Yamna Waseem  
Published: April 2021

COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than two million people worldwide accounting for more than 130,000 mortalities. [1] Its mortality rate of 3.4% is driven by lower respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia, septic shock, multiorgan failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the latter being the leading cause of mortality. [2] With constantly evolving research regarding the virus’s pathophysiology, possible treatment regimens and trials for potential vaccines having been undergone, the field of medicine is subjected to new data concerning the cause and cure of the current global crisis.

Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) is a hyperinflammatory state characterized by a fulminant and fatal hypercytokinemia with multiorgan failure. CSS occurs due to the virus’s ability to activate an uncontrolled immune response leading to local and systemic crisis. [3] Hyper-inflammation in COVID-19 illustrates elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-?, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). [5] Similar, fulminant cytokine production by lung macrophages and pneumocytes was observed in previous SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV epidemics. [4] Clinical features of CSS include unremitting fever, hyperferritinemia and elevated cytokine levels as well as pulmonary involvement (including ARDS). Data from a retrospective, multicenter study from China indicated hyperferritinemia and hypercytokinemia in COVID-19 patients suggestive of mortalities due to virus related hyperinflammation. [4]

Proportionally increased cytokine levels with the severity of COVID-19 sheds light through a different perspective on the management and treatment of the disease. A multicentre, randomized controlled trial of tocilizumab (IL-6 receptor blocker, used for CSS), has been approved in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and elevated IL-6 in China (ChiCTR2000029765), reporting significantly reduced fever and improved respiratory function. [5] Moreover, surge in cytokines is in turn mediated by catecholamines. The latter enhances IL-6 production through alpha-1 adrenergic receptor (?1-AR) signaling. It was concluded that ARDS patients with prior use of ?1-AR antagonists like prazosin in the year before their diagnosis were about less likely to need to be placed on a ventilator after their diagnosis.[4] This encourages its use as a prophylactic inhibitor for COVID-19.

We believe that critically ill patients of COVID-19 should be tested for hyperinflammation using laboratory trends (hyperferritinemia, low platelet count, low erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and the HScore (used to diagnose CSS) to distinguish the subgroup of patients for whom immunosuppressive drug therapy could help improve mortality. [5]
Social Media; its role in the infodemic of COVID-19
Authors: Akbar Mohammad Ali , Zubia Zaman  , Muhammad Ahsan Abbasi  , Imran Mansoor Raza  , Muneeza Ali  , Yusra Najam  
Published: April 2021

Introduction: A pandemic is defined as an outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the global population.Objective: This study aims to observe the discrepancies that social media provides users in terms of information regarding COVID-19 and how that information can affect practices for prevention against the virus.Methods: A cross-sectional study, with a non-probability convenience sampling technique, was conducted during April 2020. An online survey was created on Google Forms in the English language, and participants were invited to complete and submit the form. A total of 402 responses were received in one month. Citizens of age 18-60 partook in the study, and respondents tested positive for Covid-19 were excluded from the study as it could lead to bias.Results: A total of 375 responses were selected out of the 402 responses received. Six responses were excluded who tested positive for Covid-19, and 21 responses were rejected as they were filled incompletely. The mean age of respondents was 27.53 years (S.D 8.188), and there were more females, 52.53% (n=197) than male, 46.67%(175) participants. A Pearson correlation (r) of 0.383 between knowledge and practices of people who use social media as their primary source of information suggests a moderate linear correlation. People who did not use social media as their primary source of information had a stronger linear correlation (r=0.640) between knowledge and practices.Conclusion: According to the study, social media provided people with correct knowledge as well as encouraged efficient practices while also contributing to the spread of false news and malpractices.
The ‘Real’ Wolf of Wall Street- COVID-19’s Impact on Healthcare Systems and Global Economies
Authors: Sajid Mir Ibrahim , Alizah Pervaiz Hashmi  , Dania Khan  , Mir Rafe Sajid  , Rizwan Sohail  , Sameen Siddiqi  
Published: April 2021

Background: Globally, over 7.8 million people have contracted COVID-19 and > 430,000 have died. The outbreak has strangled the world economy and has tested the resilience of all health systems —robust or fragile.
Main Text: A thorough literature review of published articles in Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar, renowned business analysis blogs, and indexed economic journals using keywords: novel coronavirus, economy, and healthcare systems was carried out with particular emphasis on United States (U.S.) healthcare systems, National Health Service (NHS) in United Kingdome (U.K.), China, Singapore and Pakistan. While all categories of the economy have been affected, pandemic has directly affected people and possession processing services the most. For all countries analyzed, an average economic impact of -4.5% of GDP is expected. Despite its success, the China model cannot be the go-to paradigm everywhere as level of compliance to local authorities, harsh lockdown measures, and ability to quickly complete labor-intensive projects may not be replicable in other countries.
Conclusions: COVID-19 pandemic has exposed multiple fault lines in health systems in term of accessibility, adaptability, and preparedness. It has also become clear that a global economy centered on the principle of capital accumulation and not societal uplift is not sustainable through times of crises.
Acne Vulgaris in University Students: Prevalence, Knowledge and Lifestyle Association
Authors: Abbas Hamna , Awan Javeria , Maryam Ishfaq  
Published: April 2021

Objectives:
To assess the prevalence, level of knowledge and lifestyle association of acne vulgaris among undergraduate medical students of a public sector institute of Pakistan and to evaluate the level of knowledge and different lifestyle factors with gender and all the years of study. We aim to find most common factor associated with acne in our young generation, their understanding and misconception so that the clinical perception of future health professionals and therefore of the community regarding acne vulagris can be improved.
Methodology
In this cross-sectional study carried out among undergraduate medical students, the data was collected using stratified random sampling technique. A paper-based self-made English questionnaire was distributed to the participants by the researchers. Chi square test was used to compare differences of different categorical variables across gender and academic years.
Results:
A total of 170 medical students were recruited for the study according to the calculated sample size. More than half of the students (n:110; 64.7%) had acne vulgaris out of which 75 (68%) were females. Years of study were significantly related to knowledge. Gender was significantly related to lifestyle where females had acne lesions appearing more at the time of stress. However, females had less disturbed sleep as compared to males.
Conclusions:
Acne is a prevalent problem in the medical community with females being most affected. Help seeking attitude was lacking and knowledge was adequate with some misconceptions. Hormones and stress were the most perceived causal factors. However, stress was the only significantly associated lifestyle factor.
Quantifying Feedback from Narrow Line Region Outflows in Nearby Active Galaxies. III. Results for the Seyfert 2 Galaxies Markarian 3, Markarian 78, and NGC 1068*
†
Authors: Revalski Mitchell , Meena Beena , Martinez Francisco , Polack Garrett E. , Crenshaw D. Michael , Kraemer Steven B. , Collins Nicholas R. , Fischer Travis C. , Schmitt Henrique R. , Schmidt Judy , Maksym W. Peter , Rafelski Marc 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Outflows of ionized gas driven by active galactic nuclei (AGN) may significantly impact the evolution of their host galaxies. However, determining the energetics of these outflows is difficult with spatially unresolved observations that are subject to strong global selection effects. We present part of an ongoing study using Hubble Space Telescope and Apache Point Observatory spectroscopy and imaging to derive spatially resolved mass outflow rates and energetics for narrow-line region outflows in nearby AGN that are based on multi-component photoionization models to account for spatial variations in gas ionization, density, abundances, and dust content. This expanded analysis adds Mrk 3, Mrk 78, and NGC 1068, doubling our earlier sample. We find that the outflows contain total ionized gas masses of M ≈ 105.5–107.5
M
⊙ and reach peak velocities of v ≈ 800–2000 km s−1. The outflows reach maximum mass outflow rates of

yr−1 and encompass total kinetic energies of E ≈ 1054–1056 erg. The outflows extend to radial distances of r ≈ 0.1–3 kpc from the nucleus, with the gas masses, outflow energetics, and radial extents positively correlated with AGN luminosity. The outflow rates are consistent with in situ ionization and acceleration where gas is radiatively driven at multiple radii. These radial variations indicate that spatially resolved observations are essential for localizing AGN feedback and determining the most accurate outflow parameters.
ASASSN-14ko is a Periodic Nuclear Transient in ESO 253-G003
Authors: Payne Anna V. , Shappee Benjamin J. , Hinkle Jason T. , Vallely Patrick J. , Kochanek Christopher S. , Holoien Thomas W.-S. , Auchettl Katie , Stanek K. Z. , Thompson Todd A. , Neustadt Jack M. M. , Tucker Michael A. , Armstrong James D. , Brimacombe Joseph , Cacella Paulo , Cornect Robert , Denneau Larry , Fausnaugh Michael M. , Flewelling Heather , Grupe Dirk , Heinze A. N. , Lopez Laura A. , Monard Berto , Prieto Jose L. , Schneider Adam C. , Sheppard Scott S. , Tonry John L. , Weiland Henry 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We present the discovery that ASASSN-14ko is a periodically flaring active galactic nucleus at the center of the galaxy ESO 253-G003. At the time of its discovery by the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN), it was classified as a supernova close to the nucleus. The subsequent 6 yr of V- and g-band ASAS-SN observations revealed that ASASSN-14ko has nuclear flares occurring at regular intervals. The 17 observed outbursts show evidence of a decreasing period over time, with a mean period of P
0 = 114.2 ± 0.4 days and a period derivative of

. The most recent outburst in 2020 May, which took place as predicted, exhibited spectroscopic changes during the rise and had a UV bright, blackbody spectral energy distribution similar to tidal disruption events (TDEs). The X-ray flux decreased by a factor of 4 at the beginning of the outburst and then returned to its quiescent flux after ∼8 days. The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite observed an outburst during Sectors 4–6, revealing a rise time of 5.60 ± 0.05 days in the optical and a decline that is best fit with an exponential model. We discuss several possible scenarios to explain ASASSN-14ko’s periodic outbursts, but currently favor a repeated partial TDE. The next outbursts should peak in the optical on UT 2020 September 7.4±1.1 and UT 2020 December 26.5±1.4.