bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is point-of-care testing feasible and safe in care homes in England? An exploratory usability and accuracy evaluation of a point-of-care polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Micocci Massimo , Gordon Adam L , Seo Mikyung Kelly , Allen A Joy , Davies Kerrie , Lasserson Dan , Thompson Carl , Spilsbury Karen , Akrill Cyd , Heath Ros , Astle Anita , Sharpe Claire , Perera Rafael , Hayward Gail , Buckle Peter 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Reliable rapid testing for COVID-19 is needed in care homes to reduce the risk of outbreaks and enable timely care. This study aimed to examine the usability and test performance of a point of care polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for detection of SARS-CoV-2 (POCKITTM Central) in care homes.

Methods
POCKITTM Central was evaluated in a purposeful sample of four UK care homes. Test agreement with laboratory real-time PCR and usability and used errors were assessed.

Results
No significant usability-related hazards emerged, and the sources of error identified were found to be amendable with minor changes in training or test workflow. POCKITTM Central has acceptable sensitivity and specificity based on RT-PCR as the reference standard, especially for symptomatic cases.
Asymptomatic specimens showed 83.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 35.9–99.6%) positive agreement and 98.7% negative agreement (95% CI: 96.2–99.7%), with overall prevalence and bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) of 0.965 (95% CI: 0.932– 0.999). Symptomatic specimens showed 100% (95% CI: 2.5–100%) positive agreement and 100% negative agreement (95% CI: 85.8–100%), with overall PABAK of 1.
Recommendations are provided to mitigate the frequency of occurrence of the residual use errors observed. Integration pathways were discussed to identify opportunities and limitations of adopting POCKIT™ Central for screening and diagnostic testing purposes.

Conclusions
Point-of-care PCR testing in care homes can be considered with appropriate preparatory steps and safeguards. Further diagnostic accuracy evaluations and in-service evaluation studies should be conducted, if the test is to be implemented more widely, to build greater certainty on this initial exploratory analysis.
Body mass dynamics of migratory nightjars are explained by individual turnover and fueling
Authors: Hidalgo-Rodríguez Paula , Sáez-Gómez Pedro , Blas Julio , Hedenström Anders , Camacho Carlos 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBody mass is a commonly used indicator of the energy stores of migratory animals and there is considerable evidence that it is a critical determinant of migration decisions and outcomes. Mean population mass often increases during the post-breeding period in most migratory species. Usually, this increase is interpreted as the result of fuel accumulation for migration based on the assumption that mean population mass mirrors mean individual mass. However, an empirical test of this assumption is lacking, and it is unknown whether the general increase in mean population mass is entirely the result of within-individual mass gain, or if it rather reflects a change in the nature of individuals in the population (mass-dependent turnover). We investigated changes in body mass during the post-fledging period of a migratory bird, the Red-necked Nightjar (Caprimulgus ruficollis), and combined longitudinal and cross-sectional data collected over 9 years to disentangle the relative contribution of individual-level (mass gain) and population-level (selective appearance and disappearance) processes. We found that the average body mass of fully-developed juveniles increased as the season progressed and that both individual mass gain and the selective disappearance of lighter individuals contributed to this increase. Contrary to the general expectations for migrants, the turnover of individuals contributed 3.5 times more to the seasonal increase in average body mass than individual mass gain. On a practical note, this differential contribution implied a discrepancy of over 40% between the time-average rates of mass gain (fuel deposition rates) estimated from population-level and individual-level data. Our study calls for caution in the use of population-level changes in body mass to make inferences about individual fuel deposition rates and, more generally, indicates that longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches need to be combined to uncover phenotype-time correlations in natural populations.
Point-of-care testing technologies for the home in chronic kidney disease: a narrative review
Authors: Bodington Richard , Kassianides Xenophon , Bhandari Sunil 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT) performed by the patient at home, paired with eHealth technologies, offers a wealth of opportunities to develop individualized, empowering clinical pathways. The non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD) patient who is at risk of or may already be suffering from a number of the associated complications of CKD represents an ideal patient group for the development of such initiatives. The current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and drive towards shielding vulnerable individuals have further highlighted the need for home testing pathways. In this narrative review we outline the evidence supporting remote patient management and the various technologies in use in the POCT setting. We then review the devices currently available for use in the home by patients in five key areas of renal medicine: anaemia, biochemical, blood pressure (BP), anticoagulation and diabetes monitoring. Currently there are few devices and little evidence to support the use of home POCT in CKD. While home testing in BP, anticoagulation and diabetes monitoring is relatively well developed, the fields of anaemia and biochemical POCT are still in their infancy. However, patients’ attitudes towards eHealth and home POCT are consistently positive and physicians also find this care highly acceptable. The regulatory and translational challenges involved in the development of new home-based care pathways are significant. Pragmatic and adaptable trials of a hybrid effectiveness–implementation design, as well as continued technological POCT device advancement, are required to deliver these innovative new pathways that our patients desire and deserve.
Exploring efficient linear mixed models to detect quantitative trait locus-by-environment interactions
Authors: Yamamoto Eiji , Matsunaga Hiroshi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGenotype-by-environment (G × E) interactions are important for understanding genotype–phenotype relationships. To date, various statistical models have been proposed to account for G × E effects, especially in genomic selection (GS) studies. Generally, GS does not focus on the detection of each quantitative trait locus (QTL), while the genome-wide association study (GWAS) was designed for QTL detection. G × E modeling methods in GS can be included as covariates in GWAS using unified linear mixed models (LMMs). However, the efficacy of G × E modeling methods in GS studies has not been evaluated for GWAS. In this study, we performed a comprehensive comparison of LMMs that integrate the G × E modeling methods to detect both QTL and QTL-by-environment (Q × E) interaction effects. Model efficacy was evaluated using simulation experiments. For the fixed effect terms representing Q × E effects, simultaneous scoring of specific and nonspecific environmental effects was recommended because of the higher recall and improved genomic inflation factor value. For random effects, it was necessary to account for both G × E and genotype-by-trial (G × T) effects to control genomic inflation factor value. Thus, the recommended LMM includes fixed QTL effect terms that simultaneously score specific and nonspecific environmental effects and random effects accounting for both G × E and G × T. The LMM was applied to real tomato phenotype data obtained from two different cropping seasons. We detected not only QTLs with persistent effects across the cropping seasons but also QTLs with Q × E effects. The optimal LMM identified in this study successfully detected more QTLs with Q × E effects.
Population scale nucleic acid delivery toCaenorhabditis elegansvia electroporation
Authors: Khodakova Anastasia S , Vilchis Daniela Vidal , Blackburn Dana , Amanor Ferdinand , Samuel Buck S 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans remains one of the most robust and flexible genetic systems for interrogating the complexities of animal biology. Targeted genetic manipulations, such as RNA interference (RNAi), CRISPR/Cas9- or array-based transgenesis, all depend on initial delivery of nucleic acids. Delivery of dsRNA by feeding can be effective, but the expression in Escherichia coli is not conducive to experiments intended to remain sterile or with defined microbial communities. Soaking-based delivery requires prolonged exposure of animals to high-material concentrations without a food source and is of limited throughput. Last, microinjection of individual animals can precisely deliver materials to animals’ germlines, but is limited by the need to target and inject each animal one-by-one. Thus, we sought to address some of these challenges in nucleic acid delivery by developing a population-scale delivery method. We demonstrate efficient electroporation-mediated delivery of dsRNA throughout the worm and effective RNAi-based silencing, including in the germline. Finally, we show that guide RNA delivered by electroporation can be utilized by transgenic Cas9 expressing worms for population-scale genetic targeting. Together, these methods expand the scale and scope of genetic methodologies that can be applied to the C. elegans system.
Comparing the Effects of Two Cardiovascular Health Factors on Working Memory Capacity in Healthy Aging: Separate and Combined Effects of Arterial Elasticity and Physical Fitness
Authors: Qin Shuo , Basak Chandramallika 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesArterial elasticity and physical fitness are 2 important cardiovascular health factors that influence cognition in older adults. Working memory capacity (WMC), a core component underlying cognitive aging across many cognitive domains, may be affected by individual differences in cardiovascular health in older adults. This study aims to identify in older adults: (a) separate and combined effects of these 2 cardiovascular health factors on WMC and (b) which of the 2 factors is more critical in influencing WMC.MethodsWMC in 89 healthy older adults was assessed by 2 complex span tasks. Arterial elasticity was assessed by pulse pressure (PsP). Physical fitness was measured by an established proxy of VO2 max (MET). Effects of PsP and MET on WMC were evaluated via step-wise regressions.ResultsAfter controlling for age, sex, and education, PsP and MET were separately predictive of WMC in older adults. Together, the combined effect of PsP and MET was more predictive of WMC than fitness alone, but not more than PsP alone. Mediation analysis indicates that the relationship between MET and WMC was completely mediated by PsP.DiscussionThis study innovatively demonstrates that though arterial elasticity and physical fitness separately predict WMC, the former completely mediates the relationship between fitness and WMC. This suggests that biologically based cardiovascular health factors like arterial elasticity are crucial individual difference variables that should be measured and monitored in cognitive aging studies as well as in physical interventions that are designed to improve cognition in healthy aging.
Childhood Respiratory Outpatient Visits Correlate With Socioeconomic Status and Drive Geographic Patterns in Antibiotic Prescribing
Authors: Kissler Stephen M , Klevens R Monina , Barnett Michael L , Grad Yonatan H 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Reducing geographic disparities in antibiotic prescribing is a central public health priority to combat antibiotic resistance, but drivers of this variation have been unclear.

Methods
We measured how variation in outpatient visit rates (observed disease) and antibiotic prescribing rates per visit (prescribing practices) contributed to geographic variation in per capita antibiotic prescribing in Massachusetts residents younger than 65 years between 2011 and 2015.

Results
Of the difference in per capita antibiotic prescribing between high- and low-prescribing census tracts in Massachusetts, 45.2% was attributable to variation in outpatient visit rates, while 25.8% was explained by prescribing practices. Outpatient visits for sinusitis, pharyngitis, and suppurative otitis media accounted for 30.3% of the gap in prescribing, with most of the variation in visit rates concentrated in children younger than 10 years. Outpatient visits for these conditions were less frequent in census tracts with high social deprivation index.

Conclusions
Interventions aimed at reducing geographic disparities in antibiotic prescribing should target the drivers of outpatient visits for respiratory illness and should account for possible underutilization of health services in areas with the lowest antibiotic consumption. Our findings challenge the conventional wisdom that prescribing practices are the main driver of geographic disparities in antibiotic use.
Development of a Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Application Ontology for the Accrual to Clinical Trials (ACT) network
Authors: Visweswaran Shyam , Samayamuthu Malarkodi J , Morris Michele , Weber Griffin M , MacFadden Douglas , Trevvett Philip , Klann Jeffrey G , Gainer Vivian S , Benoit Barbara , Murphy Shawn N , Patel Lav , Mirkovic Nebojsa , Borovskiy Yuliya , Johnson Robert D , Wyatt Matthew C , Wang Amy Y , Follett Robert W , Chau Ngan , Zhu Wenhong , Abajian Mark , Chuang Amy , Bahroos Neil , Reeder Phillip , Xie Donglu , Cai Jennifer , Sendro Elaina R , Toto Robert D , Firestein Gary S , Nadler Lee M , Reis Steven E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Clinical data networks that leverage large volumes of data in electronic health records (EHRs) are significant resources for research on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Data harmonization is a key challenge in seamless use of multisite EHRs for COVID-19 research. We developed a COVID-19 application ontology in the national Accrual to Clinical Trials (ACT) network that enables harmonization of data elements that are critical to COVID-19 research. The ontology contains over 50 000 concepts in the domains of diagnosis, procedures, medications, and laboratory tests. In particular, it has computational phenotypes to characterize the course of illness and outcomes, derived terms, and harmonized value sets for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 laboratory tests. The ontology was deployed and validated on the ACT COVID-19 network that consists of 9 academic health centers with data on 14.5M patients. This ontology, which is freely available to the entire research community on GitHub at https://github.com/shyamvis/ACT-COVID-Ontology, will be useful for harmonizing EHRs for COVID-19 research beyond the ACT network.
Development and Validation of a Stability-Indicating Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Assay of Doramectin and Estimation of its Related Substances in Commercial Batches of Doramectin Drug Substance
Authors: Wang Lin , Wimalasinghe Rasangi , Padivitage Nilusha , Rustum Abu M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Doramectin is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug used in veterinary medicine. It belongs to the family of avermectins, which possess a macrocyclic lactone structure, and is widely used for the treatment of parasites.

Objective
This study aimed to develop a stability-indicating reversed-phase (RP) HPLC method for the assay and identification of doramectin including identification and estimation of its related substances in commercial batches of doramectin drug substance.

Method
Methanol was used to dissolve and prepare doramectin samples. Doramectin and its related substances were separated on a HALO C8 (100 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 2.7 µm particle size) column maintained at 40 °C using an isocratic HPLC method with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile–water (70 + 30, v/v). Analytes were detected with UV detection at 245 nm and quantitated against a single point external reference standard of doramectin. The LOQ of the method is 0.1% of the target concentration as described in the method.

Results
The HPLC method can separate all analytes of interest by an isocratic elution within 10 min. The method was validated according to the guidelines described in the International Conference on Harmonization Q2(R1).

Conclusions
The HPLC method for assay of doramectin and estimation of its related substances was successfully developed, validated, and demonstrated to be accurate, robust, specific, and stability-indicating.

Highlights
This is the first known paper to report an HPLC method for assay of doramectin and estimation of its related substances in commercial batches of doramectin drug substance.
Stories Collectively Engage Listeners’ Brains: Enhanced Intersubject Correlations during Reception of Personal Narratives
Authors: Grall Clare , Tamborini Ron , Weber René , Schmälzle Ralf 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAudiences’ engagement with mediated messages lies at the center of media effects research. However, the neurocognitive components underlying audience engagement remain unclear. A neuroimaging study was conducted to determine whether personal narratives engage the brains of audience members more than non-narrative messages and to investigate the brain regions that facilitate this effect. Intersubject correlations of brain activity during message exposure showed that listening to personal narratives elicited strong audience engagement as evidenced by robust correlations across participants’ frontal and parietal lobes compared to a nonpersonal control text and a reversed language control stimulus. Thus, personal narratives were received and processed more consistently and reliably within specific brain regions. The findings contribute toward a biologically informed explanation for how personal narratives engage audiences to convey information.
Chronotopic Cartography: Mapping Literary Time-Space
Authors: Bushell Sally , Butler James , Hay Duncan , Hutcheon Rebecca , Butterworth Alex 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This short methods paper emerges out of the AHRC-funded ‘Chronotopic Cartographies’ project for the digital mapping of place and space as represented in works of literature. The primary aim of that project was to find a way of mapping and visualizing represented literary worlds for which there is no corresponding real ‘ground’. A solution was found in the form of topological graphs which allow for relative rather than absolute mapping (but also permit a relative imaginary map to be lain on top of a pre-existing cartesian form). Using a spatial schema to chunk out the text in terms of chronotopic (time-space) zones enables the generation of a series of visualizations that show different kinds of spatio-temporal constructions in texts. The visualizations are centred upon nodes that consist of chronotopes (e.g. ‘the road’) as well as locations (e.g. ‘road to Geneva’); connections between them of different kinds and toporefs within them (references to other places from this one). The paper will articulate core methods from the project, outlining the stages involved in the process, from marking up the text, using a custom-made schema, through graph generation and into the implications for analysis. This will be illustrated in relation to two Victorian texts: the realist space of Dickens’s Oliver Twist; and the abstract poetic space of Browning’s ‘Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came’.
Semantic tagging and the Nordic tradition of everyman’s rights
Authors: Kettunen Kimmo , La Mela Matti 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article uses semantic tagging to analyse the Nordic concept of everyman’s rights (a right of public access to nature) in protocols of the Finnish parliament. In the analysis, we use a novel tool, a lexical semantic tagger for Finnish (Finnish-language Semantic Tagger), which is used to tag key discussions about everyman’s rights in the Finnish parliament. The article has two contributions as follows: first, it presents a method that combines semantic tagging and similarity analysis of corpora (keyness) for studying the formation of political concepts in large textual data. Secondly, it sheds light on the Nordic access rights and the underlying customary everyman’s rights. Despite its central role in public debate, the history of the concept has not been well researched. Our analysis shows that the legislative context could be clearly detected with our approach, and that the method allowed us to describe shifts in the meaning of everyman’s rights in the legislative discussion.
A study of cool core resiliency and entropy mixing in simulations of galaxy cluster mergers
Authors: Valdarnini R , Sarazin C L 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We present results from a suite of binary merging cluster simulations. The hydrodynamical cluster simulations are performed employing a smoothed particle hydrodynamics formulation in which gradient errors are strongly reduced by means of an integral approach. We consider adiabatic as well as radiative simulations, in which we include gas cooling, star formation, and energy feedback from supernovae. We explore the effects of merging on the thermodynamic structure of the intracluster gas of the final merger remnant. In particular, we study how core entropy is generated during the merging and the stability properties of the initial cool-core profile against disruption. To this end, we consider a range of initial mass ratio and impact parameters. Final entropy profiles of our adiabatic merging simulations are in good accord with previous findings, with cool-cores being disrupted for all of the initial merging setups. For equal-mass off-axis mergers, we find that a significant contribution to the final primary core entropy is due to hydrodynamic instabilities generated by rotational motions, which are induced by tidal torques during the first pericentre passage. In radiative simulations, cool-cores are more resilient against heating processes; none the less, they are able to maintain their integrity only in the case of off-axis mergers with very unequal masses. We suggest that these results are robust against changes in the gas physical modelling, in particular to the inclusion of AGN thermal feedback.
Our findings support the view that the observed core cluster morphology emerges naturally in a merging cluster context, and conclude that the merging angular momentum is a key parameter in shaping the thermodynamical properties of the final merger remnant.