bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tort Law and Human Rights
Authors: Wagner Gerhard 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe article explores the relationship between tort law and human rights. It explains the potential inherent in holding corporations liable in tort for human rights violations along the supply chain, such as the 2013 Rana Plaza collapse in Bangladesh. On a theoretical level, it devises a legal framework of tort liability that is optimal from the standpoint of social welfare. Such an optimal liability system would make manufacturers internalise the full cost of production, including harm caused to workers, third parties and the environment. In contrast, the present global liability situation is characterised by legal fragmentation and enforcement deficits. These factors provide the explanation for the large-scale externalisation of production risks we witness today, leading to an inflated global demand. In principle, tort law is well suited to offer a remedy, as the interests protected by human rights and national tort law broadly overlap. Furthermore, the duty of care which is the core requirement for shifting losses to others via tort law is a flexible concept that may even be stretched to accommodate cross-border human rights policies. The new French “devoir de vigilance,” or human rights due diligence, as well the UK Supreme Court’s recent jurisprudence, aim to tap this potential. On the other hand, the article raises doubt in relation to the adverse economic incentives and market shifts if such duties are imposed selectively, i.e. only in some jurisdictions, but not in others. After all, private international law often stands in the way of a global application of national tort law. Finally, alternative mechanisms of enforcement are assessed and examined with a view to their comparative effectiveness. This analysis casts doubt on the usefulness of tort law as a means to further the human rights cause.
After the Ali Enterprises Fire: Occupational Safety and Health and Workers’ Organising—A Conversation with Zehra Khan About Current and Future Struggles
Authors: Shahab Palvasha 
Published: June 2021

AbstractZehra Khan is a prominent labour activist and journalist who has been working in Karachi, Pakistan, for more than a decade. She is the founder and General Secretary of the Home Based Women Workers Federation of Pakistan (HBWWF). She also works closely with the National Trade Union Federation (NTUF). In this interview, she speaks to Palvasha Shahab about current and future struggles in regards to working conditions in Pakistan.
The Land of Mourning: A Conversation with Adeela Suleman
Authors: Shahab Palvasha 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAdeela Suleman is a globally celebrated artist and sculptor. She was front and centre of the artists’ response to the Ali Enterprises Factory Fire of 2012. Under her leadership, the Vasl Artists’ Association sent out a call for submissions to artists across Pakistan and the overwhelming response was curated in the form of the exhibition titled: ‘Awaaz Baldia Factory Inferno: Artists Respond’ which was hosted by the Arts Council of Pakistan in February 2013. Her monument dedicated to those who lost their lives in the fire was also part of the one year anniversary of the fire has been placed at the Pakistan Institute of Labour Education and Research (PILER). She also facilitated several international collaborations and artists intending to engage with the fire. Palvasha Shahab sat down with her to explore her thoughts about the role that art and artists play in the face of calamities and social injustices, her relationship to Karachi and her own response to the fire.
Composing effective prediction at five points
Authors: Carrasco John Joseph M. , Rodina Laurentiu , Zekioğlu Suna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Color-kinematics duality in the adjoint has proven key to the relationship between gauge and gravity theory scattering amplitude predictions. In recent work, we demonstrated that at four-point tree-level, a small number of color-dual EFT building blocks could encode all higher-derivative single-trace massless corrections to gauge and gravity theories compatible with adjoint double-copy. One critical aspect was the trivialization of building higher-derivative color-weights — indeed, it is the mixing of kinematics with non-adjoint-type color-weights (like the permutation-invariant d4) which permits description via adjoint double-copy. Here we find that such ideas clarify the predictions of local five-point higher-dimensional operators as well. We demonstrate how a single scalar building block can be combined with color structures to build higher-derivative color factors that generate, through double copy, the amplitudes associated with higher-derivative gauge-theory operators. These may then be suitably mapped, through another double-copy, to higher-derivative corrections in gravity.
Non-Riemannian gravity actions from double field theory
Authors: Gallegos A. D. , Gürsoy U. , Verma S. , Zinnato N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Non-Riemannian gravitational theories suggest alternative avenues to understand properties of quantum gravity and provide a concrete setting to study condensed matter systems with non-relativistic symmetry. Derivation of an action principle for these theories generally proved challenging for various reasons. In this technical note, we employ the formulation of double field theory to construct actions for a variety of such theories. This formulation helps removing ambiguities in the corresponding equations of motion. In particular, we embed Torsional Newton-Cartan gravity, Carrollian gravity and String Newton-Cartan gravity in double field theory, derive their actions and compare with the previously obtained results in literature.
Hydrodynamic dispersion relations at finite coupling
Authors: Grozdanov Sašo , Starinets Andrei O. , Tadić Petar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
By using holographic methods, the radii of convergence of the hydrodynamic shear and sound dispersion relations were previously computed in the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory at infinite ’t Hooft coupling and infinite number of colours. Here, we extend this analysis to the domain of large but finite ’t Hooft coupling. To leading order in the perturbative expansion, we find that the radii grow with increasing inverse coupling, contrary to naive expectations. However, when the equations of motion are solved using a qualitative non-perturbative resummation, the dependence on the coupling becomes piecewise continuous and the initial growth is followed by a decrease. The piecewise nature of the dependence is related to the dynamics of branch point singularities of the energy-momentum tensor finite-temperature two-point functions in the complex plane of spatial momentum squared. We repeat the study using the Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity as a model where the equations can be solved fully non-perturbatively, and find the expected decrease of the radii of convergence with the effective inverse coupling which is also piecewise continuous. Finally, we provide arguments in favour of the non-perturbative approach and show that the presence of non-perturbative modes in the quasinormal spectrum can be indirectly inferred from the analysis of perturbative critical points.
Translabial ultrasound: a non-invasive technique for assessing “technical errors” after TOT failure
Authors: Illiano Ester , Trama Francesco , Li Marzi Vincenzo , Mancini Vito , Carrieri Giuseppe , Ruvolo Claudia Collà , Califano Gianluigi , Fabi Consuelo , Brancorsini Stefano , Costantini Elisabetta 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Introduction and hypothesis
The aims of this study were to evaluate by transperineal ultrasound if there were ultrasound-detectable changes over time in the dynamic behavior of the sling in patients who underwent transobturator tape (TOT), and to evaluate if dynamic translabial ultrasonography recognized factors that may be associated with failed surgery.

Methods
This was a single-center prospective study. We included women who underwent “out-in” TOT for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). A dynamic translabial ultrasound was performed 6 months post-surgery and again at the last visit. The objective cure for SUI was defined as the absence of urine leakage during the stress test. We evaluated the bladder neck mobility at rest and during Valsalva; the position of the mesh along the urethra; the concordance of urethral movement with the sling during Valsalva; the symmetry of the lateral arms of the sling during straining; and the presence or absence of bladder neck funneling.

Results
From December 2012 to February 2016, 80 consecutive patients were included. Six months after surgery, incontinent women compared with continent women had the sling in a proximal or distal position, that moved discordantly with the urethra (p < 0.0001), with asymmetry arm and bladder neck funneling (p < 0.0001). Continent patients had a significant improvement of urethrocele grade both at rest (p = 0.036) and during Valsalva (p = 0.045).

Conclusions
Technical and positioning errors can lead to the failure of anti-incontinence surgical treatment. Translabial ultrasound allows the correct positioning of the sling to be evaluated and any errors that need to be analyzed in order to then solve the failure.
Optimal Homogenization Rates in Stochastic Homogenization of Nonlinear Uniformly Elliptic Equations and Systems
Authors: Fischer Julian , Neukamm Stefan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe derive optimal-order homogenization rates for random nonlinear elliptic PDEs with monotone nonlinearity in the uniformly elliptic case. More precisely, for a random monotone operator on$$\mathbb {R}^d$$Rdwith stationary law (that is spatially homogeneous statistics) and fast decay of correlations on scales larger than the microscale$$\varepsilon >0$$ε>0, we establish homogenization error estimates of the order$$\varepsilon $$εin case$$d\geqq 3$$d≧3, and of the order$$\varepsilon |\log \varepsilon |^{1/2}$$ε|logε|1/2in case$$d=2$$d=2. Previous results in nonlinear stochastic homogenization have been limited to a small algebraic rate of convergence$$\varepsilon ^\delta $$εδ. We also establish error estimates for the approximation of the homogenized operator by the method of representative volumes of the order$$(L/\varepsilon )^{-d/2}$$(L/ε)-d/2for a representative volume of sizeL. Our results also hold in the case of systems for which a (small-scale)$$C^{1,\alpha }$$C1,αregularity theory is available.
Development of a method for assessing the accumulation and metabolization of antidepressant drugs in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleutheroembryos
Authors: Molina-Fernández Noemí , Rainieri Sandra , Muñoz-Olivas Riansares , de Oro-Carretero Paloma , Sanz-Landaluze Jon 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAntidepressant drugs are widely used for the treatment of common mental or other psychiatric disorders such as depression, which affect about 121 million people worldwide. This widespread use has contributed to the input of these pharmaceuticals and their metabolites into the environment. The aim of this work was to develop an analytical method to quantify the most widely used antidepressant drugs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), and their main metabolites in the environment. For this, a new and reliable miniaturized extraction method based on dispersive SPE cleanup procedure for extraction of SSRI followed by derivatization with n-heptafluorobutyrylimidazole, and detection by GC-MS was developed. The methodology, including a first-order one-compartment model, was then applied to a bioconcentration study in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleutheroembryos. The results showed low bioaccumulation of these compounds; however, a biotransformation evidence of the parent compounds into their metabolites was observed after 6 h of exposure. These results indicate the need to integrate metabolic transformation rates to fully model and understand the bioaccumulation patterns of SSRI and their metabolites.
Ability to detect potentially inappropriate prescribing in older patients: comparative analysis between PIM-Check and STOPP/STARTv2
Authors: Farhat Akram , Panchaud Alice , Al-Hajje Amal , Lang Pierre-Olivier , Csajka Chantal 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) is a source of preventable adverse drug events. The objective of this study was a comparative analysis (quantitative and qualitative) between two tools used to detect PIP, PIM-Check and STOPP/START.

Methods
First, a qualitative analysis (QAC) was conducted to evaluate the concordance between the criteria, which constitute PIM-Check and the gold standard STOPP/START. Second, a retrospective comparative and observational study was performed on the list of treatment at the admission of 50 older patients hospitalized in an acute geriatric ward of a university hospital in Switzerland in 2016 using both tools.

Results
The QAC has shown that 50% (57 criteria) of STOPP/START criteria are fully or partially concordant with those of PIM-Check. The retrospective study was performed on 50 patients aged 87 years, suffering from 5 co-morbidities (min–max 1–11) and treated by of 8 drugs (min–max 2–16), as medians. The prevalence of the detected PIP was 80% by PIM-Check and 90% by STOPP/START. Medication review shows that 4.2 PIP per patient were detected by PIM-Check and 3.5 PIP by STOPP/START among which 1.9 PIP was commonly detected by both tools, as means. PIM-Check detected more PIP related to cardiology, angiology, nephrology, and endocrinology in older patients but missed the PIP related to geriatric syndromes (e.g., fall, dementia, Alzheimer) detected by STOPP/START.

Conclusions
By using PIM-Check in geriatric settings, some PIP will not be detected. It is considered as a limitation for this tool in this frail population but brings a certain complementarity in other areas of therapy not covered by STOPP/START.
Risk factors for adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Suazo-Zepeda E. , Bokern M. , Vinke P. C. , Hiltermann T. J. N. , de Bock G. H. , Sidorenkov G. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can cause serious immune-related adverse events (irAEs). This study aimed to identify risk factors for all types of irAEs induced by ICIs in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), by systematic review and meta-analyses.

Methods
A systematic search was performed in Pubmed, Embase and Web of Science by two independent reviewers. Studies were selected that included patients with NSCLC and evaluated characteristics of patients with and without irAEs induced by ICIs. Quality and risk of bias of the selected studies were assessed. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate pooled odds ratios (ORs) for risk factors of developing all type of irAEs, and separately for pneumonitis, interstitial lung disease and severe irAEs. With the objective of exploring sources of heterogeneity, stratified analyses were performed by quality and region.

Results
25 studies met the inclusion criteria. In total, the data of 6696 patients were pooled. 33 different risk factors for irAEs were reported. irAEs of interest were reported for 1653 (25%) of the patients. Risk factors related to the development of irAEs were: C-reactive protein, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), use of PD-1 inhibitor, high PD-L1 expression, an active or former smoking status, ground glass attenuation, and a better treatment response.

Conclusion
The identified risk factors for the development of these irAEs are mostly related to the alteration of the immune system, proinflammatory states and loss of immunological self-tolerance. Patients identified as having a higher risk for irAEs should be monitored more closely.
Intraoperative Neural Monitoring for Early Vocal Cord Function Assessment After Thyroid Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Kim Do Hyun , Kim Sung Won , Hwang Se Hwan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjective This study evaluated the diagnostic accuracies of various forms of intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) in terms of predicting vocal cord palsy after thyroidectomy. Methods Two authors independently reviewed the six databases (PubMed, the Cochrane database, Embase, the Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar) from their dates of inception to March 2021. Intraoperative electromyographic neuromonitoring (IONM) was compared with laryngoscopic detection (the reference method). True‐positive, true‐negative, false‐positive, and false‐negative data were extracted from each study. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies ver. 2 tool. Results Twenty‐seven prospective or retrospective studies were included. The diagnostic odds ratio for IONM was 152.9623 ([95% confidence interval [75.4249; 310.2085]. The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.966. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value were 0.8219 ([0.6862; 0.9069]), 0.9783 ([0.9659; 0.9863]), 0.9943 ([0.9880; 0.9973]), and 0.5523 ([0.4458; 0.6542]), respectively. The correlation between sensitivity and false‐positive rate was 0.200, indicating the absence of heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis showed that the diagnostic accuracies of the continuous IONM was higher than those of intermittent IONM, and recent publications (> 2011) was higher than early publication (< 2010). Conclusions As the technology and knowledge of IONM have been accumulated and progressed over the past decades, the predictive value of IONM in postoperative vocal cord palsy has also improved. Moreover, the advances of continuous IONM technology could make a breakthrough in vocal cord evaluation after thyroid surgery.
Robust and Resource-Efficient Identification of Two Hidden Layer Neural Networks
Authors: Fornasier Massimo , Klock Timo , Rauchensteiner Michael 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe address the structure identification and the uniform approximation of two fully nonlinear layer neural networks of the type$$f(x)=1^T h(B^T g(A^T x))$$f(x)=1Th(BTg(ATx))on$$\mathbb R^d$$Rd, where$$g=(g_1,\dots , g_{m_0})$$g=(g1,⋯,gm0),$$h=(h_1,\dots , h_{m_1})$$h=(h1,⋯,hm1),$$A=(a_1|\dots |a_{m_0}) \in \mathbb R^{d \times m_0}$$A=(a1|⋯|am0)∈Rd×m0and$$B=(b_1|\dots |b_{m_1}) \in \mathbb R^{m_0 \times m_1}$$B=(b1|⋯|bm1)∈Rm0×m1, from a small number of query samples. The solution of the case of two hidden layers presented in this paper is crucial as it can be further generalized to deeper neural networks. We approach the problem by sampling actively finite difference approximations to Hessians of the network. Gathering several approximate Hessians allows reliably to approximate the matrix subspace$$\mathcal W$$Wspanned by symmetric tensors$$a_1 \otimes a_1,\dots ,a_{m_0}\otimes a_{m_0}$$a1⊗a1,⋯,am0⊗am0formed by weights of the first layer together with the entangled symmetric tensors$$v_1 \otimes v_1 ,\dots ,v_{m_1}\otimes v_{m_1}$$v1⊗v1,⋯,vm1⊗vm1, formed by suitable combinations of the weights of the first and second layer as$$v_\ell =A G_0 b_\ell /\Vert A G_0 b_\ell \Vert _2$$vℓ=AG0bℓ/‖AG0bℓ‖2,$$\ell \in [m_1]$$ℓ∈[m1], for a diagonal matrix$$G_0$$G0depending on the activation functions of the first layer. The identification of the 1-rank symmetric tensors within$$\mathcal W$$Wis then performed by the solution of a robust nonlinear program, maximizing the spectral norm of the competitors constrained over the unit Frobenius sphere. We provide guarantees of stable recovery under a posteriori verifiable conditions. Once the 1-rank symmetric tensors$$\{a_i \otimes a_i, i\in [m_0]\}\cup \{v_\ell \otimes v_\ell , \ell \in [m_1] \}$${ai⊗ai,i∈[m0]}∪{vℓ⊗vℓ,ℓ∈[m1]}are computed, we address their correct attribution to the first or second layer ($$a_i$$ai’s are attributed to the first layer). The attribution to the layers is currently based on a semi-heuristic reasoning, but it shows clear potential of reliable execution. Having the correct attribution of the$$a_i,v_\ell $$ai,vℓto the respective layers and the consequent de-parametrization of the network, by using a suitably adapted gradient descent iteration, it is possible to estimate, up to intrinsic symmetries, the shifts of the activations functions of the first layer and compute exactly the matrix$$G_0$$G0. Eventually, from the vectors$$v_\ell =A G_0 b_\ell /\Vert A G_0 b_\ell \Vert _2$$vℓ=AG0bℓ/‖AG0bℓ‖2’s and$$a_i$$ai’s one can disentangle the weights$$b_\ell $$bℓ’s, by simple algebraic manipulations. Our method of identification of the weights of the network is fully constructive, with quantifiable sample complexity and therefore contributes to dwindle the black box nature of the network training phase. We corroborate our theoretical results by extensive numerical experiments, which confirm the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed algorithmic pipeline.
Do patients’ resilience and subjective illness representation predict the outcome of a routine inpatient treatment program of major depressive disorder?
Authors: Marschollek Laura , Bonnet Udo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAdopting a personalized medicine approach beyond genetic/epigenetic profiling within psychiatric diagnostic and treatment is challenging. For the first time, we studied the influence of two patient resources (resilience and illness representation) on the success of an inpatient treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Using a 5-week observational real-world-study, the treatment- success was measured by the difference between the subjective depression- severity (according to the German short form of Beck’s Depression-Inventory) at baseline (i.e., days four to six post-admission) and study- endpoint. In the intention-to-treat sample (n = 60, 47.3 ± 12.8 years old; 58% females), the patients’ illness representation [measured by the “Krankheitskonzeptskala” (KK)] did not predict their treatment- success. The KK-dimension ‘trust-in-doctors’ was associated with resilience but not with the treatment-success. Albeit, the patients’ resilience (determined by Resilience- Scale, 11-item-version (RS-11)) negatively predicted their positive treatment- success (b = − 0.09, p = 0.017, f2 = 0.11). This influence of resilience on treatment- success was completely mediated by the baseline-depression- severity. This means, patients with low resilience reported high baseline-depression- levels which predicted a significant positive treatment- success. And, patients with high resilience reported low baseline-depression-levels which predicted no relevant or even negative inpatient treatment-success. The latter “high-resilience”- group (n = 27) was especially interesting. Remarkably, these patients appeared to have experienced within the first four-to-six inpatient treatment-days an “early sudden gain” against their considerable MDD- burden that initially had led to their admission. Thus, a stronger resilience might serve as a proxy of the development of an early MDD-relief as well as of lower baseline-depression- levels. Further studies are warranted to support the value of a patient’s resilience to predict his treatment response and inpatient treatment duration.