bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparing to Preach
Authors: Grove Kevin G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 looks at Augustine’s earliest writings and Confessions, where he grapples with memory and anthropological mediation, including his consideration of the concept of recollection (anamnesis). The writings leading up to Confessions show that memory language helps the young Augustine to describe mediation within the human person—specifically the relation of soul and body, wisdom, and time. Then the chapter presents how Augustine places the anthropological mediation of memory and the salvific mediation of Christ into relief in Confessions (books 7, 10, and 11), specifically through the failure of memory to mediate God the creator’s presence to Augustine’s mind in Confessions 10. This new reading of Confessions makes an incipient but nonetheless important argument for the pairing of memory and Christ in time, especially in the language of the Psalms.
The Work of Memory
Authors: Grove Kevin G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6, on the work of memory and the life of grace, shows how remembering and forgetting form a binary construction that images and supplies language for Augustine to hold together any number of oppositions in Christ. Highlighting how Augustine applies remembering and forgetting, imagery, concepts, and language, the chapter revisits four central Augustinian binaries that emerged in chapter 1: lyre and psaltery (Christology from below and above), labor and rest, solitude and communion, and praising and groaning. The work of memory, for Augustine, extends to all created reality and structures the life of grace within the body of Christ.
Transitus and Trinity
Authors: Grove Kevin G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 connects the whole Christ as sojourning through earthly reality to the Trinity. The importance of memory in Trinity, this chapter suggests, is in large part an intellectual consequence of the work of memory in part 2. Idithun the leaper (chapter 3), festivals of abiding traces (chapter 4), and more serve this end. The chapter reveals not only a profound continuity between Augustine’s preaching and Trinity but also how Augustine’s mature contemplation about Christian doctrine organically unfolds from and builds upon the work of memory. The failure of human memory in Trinity can be anticipated. Further, the triad of memory, understanding, and will as well as Augustine’s treatment of scientia and sapientia are both connected to the work of memory.
Ius In Bello I
Authors: Ripstein Arthur 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter characterizes the prohibitive nature of the ius in bello rules in order to explain why they apply to both sides in a conflict. The chapter identifies other familiar cases in which rules governing the conduct of an activity apply even to people who are not entitled to participate in it, such as unlicensed drivers and kidnappers of children. The remainder of the chapter explains the prohibition of perfidy, the paradigmatic violation of which is a false surrender. Kant argues that perfidy is “wrong in the highest degree” because its principle makes rightful relations between nations impossible. Perfidy is a wrong that is specific to war, not a special case of a more general moral prohibition of deceit; as a wrong internal to war, it is wrong in the same way when committed by either side in a conflict.
Ius In Bello IV
Authors: Ripstein Arthur 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Contemporary armed conflict no longer consists of wars with designated armed forces confronting each other to gain or hold political control of territory. This short chapter explains why the Kantian account of the in bello norms still applies, in particular, clarifying the way in which they reflect the distinctive moral problem of war. Misconceived instrumentalist accounts of the normative basis of the in bello rules create the impression that changed circumstances should generate different rules. Three issues are considered: war between enemies that deny each other’s legitimacy; combatants with uniforms; and wars against adversaries who reject the laws and customs of war. In each case, the Kantian account is shown to apply.
Human Resources for Health
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
People are the cornerstone of a health system. For a health system to function well, adequate numbers of well-trained and well-compensated health professionals are essential to effectively deliver care to those who need it. In impoverished countries, decades of under-resourced training programs, low wages, and poor working conditions have led to shortages of health workers. While the WHO recommends 4.45 doctors, nurses and midwives per 1000 people, many impoverished countries have only a few percent of that number. In the absence of trained personnel, programs have relied on volunteers or lower cadres of staff. Yet, the overall lack of well-trained and compensated staff has led to underperformance of the health system the very areas where the burden of disease is the highest. In this chapter, the causes of the human resources crisis are explained and programs that are working to increase the numbers of health professionals are presented.
From the Ashes of the Western Liberal Order
Authors: Fèvre Raphaël 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This first chapter outlines ordoliberals’ implicit philosophy of history, building a causal link between historical liberalism in the nineteenth century and economic planning as developed in the first half of the twentieth century. Ordoliberals based their historical interpretation on an anthropological hypothesis in which the instinct to acquire power is the driving force of mankind. To paraphrase Marx’s famous formula: for ordoliberals, history is the history of the struggles for economic power. Rather than reflecting on the conditions for the development of a competitive market economy, the ordoliberals analyzed what they perceived as the deleterious effects of certain types of economic systems (laissez-faire liberalism for instance) for the whole political and social order.
Knowledge from the Inside
Authors: Kornblith Hilary 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Knowledge may be examined from the third-person perspective, as psychologists and sociologists do, or it may be examined from the first-person perspective, as each of us does when we reflect on what we ought to believe. This chapter examines the first-person perspective. An account is provided of how belief acquisition appears from this perspective. The chapter then moves to a discussion of the psychological literature which investigates what actually happens when we reflect on what to believe. The phenomenon of confabulation is discussed in detail, highlighting the ways in which the first-person perspective may systematically distort our understanding of our own belief acquisition.
Looking the Gift Horse in the Mouth
Authors: Lechterman Theodore M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a case study of a prominent donation by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos. Reactions to this announcement represent a common trend in criticism of philanthropy that overlooks the value of democracy. The chapter offers a formal definition of philanthropy as a social practice constituted by impersonal gratuitous transfers of private property. It reports recent statistics about the practice’s development. It argues that philanthropy raises distinctive political questions. It summarizes recent work on philanthropy in moral and political philosophy, noting its limited appreciation of democratic concerns. The chapter closes with a preview of the subsequent chapters and a disclaimer about the selective treatment of topics.
A Farewell to Alms
Authors: Lechterman Theodore M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Having considered why a democratic polity might have reason to limit philanthropy’s reach, the book moves to consider the conditions under which such a polity might have reason to offer donations affirmative support. Policies that subsidize philanthropic donations are a fixture of the public finance regimes of most democratic societies. Most instantiations of this policy make subsidies available on a neutral basis, with no special priority accorded to specific categories of nonprofit activity. Numerous critics find this policy wanting, contending that public support for philanthropy can only be justified as a way of responding to poverty. The chapter affirms that a society’s least advantaged members have powerful claims on collective resources but notes serious limitations with using philanthropy to satisfy them. Meanwhile, it proposes that public support for citizens’ varied philanthropic commitments is valuable as a way of mediating the limitations of majority rule and securing the organizational foundations of democratic deliberation.
Reforming Competition and Media Law
Authors: Hartmann Sarah , Holznagel Bernd 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines two recent legal proposals from Germany, seeking to adjust competition and media law in relation to digital intermediaries and platforms as gatekeepers. These proposals update the toolkit of competition law to preserve market structures and introduce new behavioural duties of non-discrimination and transparency to safeguard media plurality. As one of the first specific regulatory forays into digital dominance, they can serve as case studies and useful points of reference inside and outside of the EU. The chapter also demonstrates the proposals’ weaknesses, especially concerning positive “must-be-found” obligations for public interest content. It proposes an alternate approach, integrating and merging elements of competition law and media law to redefine the scope and beneficiaries of plurality safeguards.
Obliging Platforms to Accept a Duty of Care
Authors: Woods Lorna , Perrin Will 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the statutory duty of care model of regulation proposed by Carnegie UK Trust and which underpinned the approach of the UK Government’s Online Harms White Paper. Based on the approach found in the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, the proposal is for systems-based regulation which has two aspects. The first that it is the platform that should be regulated not the content, including the design of the platform and the operation of the business. Secondly, the duty of care implies a risk assessment so that reasonably foreseeable harms are avoided where possible or mitigated. Perfection is not required and this regime does not impose liability on the platform for individual items of content. An independent regulator was envisaged, one that had a double role: enforcement and the development of good behaviours through codes of practice.
Determining Our Technological and Democratic Future
Authors: Nemitz Paul , Pfeffer Matthias 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter talks about the concentration of power in the hands of the GAFAM, which became possible because of the Internet and software that remained largely unregulated. It cites the infant industry argument as a classic neo-liberal dispute that any legal regulation would stand in the way of innovation. It also elaborates how the current generation are faced with similar arguments with the new technological leaps and irreversible accumulations of power that will make the corporations even more powerful. The chapter points out that future technologies such as, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Quantum Computing, must be considered in the context of the concentration of economic and technological power. It emphasizes the need for regulating AI that requires an anticipatory understanding of the potential of this new technology and a holistic view of the business models of all digital technologies.
Reconceptualizing Media Freedom
Authors: Tambini Damian 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between theories of freedom of the media and new approaches to regulation of Internet intermediaries. It outlines two approaches to media freedom: an international human rights approach supported by regional human rights courts and the UN which adopts a positive approach to the role of law, the state and media regulation to support fundamental rights, and a US approach which stresses negative rights against the state. It argues that much-needed new interventions to support ethical approaches of new media and the sustainability of existing media are difficult to reconcile with a negative rights approach. The chapter argues that a new, conditional approach to media freedom should be developed in order to create a new social contract for the media and democracy.
The Right of Sovereignty
Authors: Lee Daniel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Sovereignty is the vital organizing principle of modern international law. The Right of Sovereignty examines the origins of that principle in the legal and political thought of its most influential theorist, Jean Bodin (1529/30–1596). As Daniel Lee argues in this study, Bodin’s most lasting theoretical contribution was his thesis that sovereignty must be conceptualized as an indivisible bundle of legal rights constitutive of statehood. While these uniform ‘rights of sovereignty’ licensed all states to exercise numerous exclusive powers, including the ‘absolute power’ to ‘absolve’ and release its citizens from legal duties, they were ultimately derived from, and therefore limited by, the law of nations. The book explores Bodin’s creative synthesis of classical sources in philosophy, history, and the medieval legal science of Roman and canon law in crafting the rules governing state-centric politics. The Right of Sovereignty is the first book in English on Bodin’s legal and political theory to be published in nearly a half-century and surveys themes overlooked in modern Bodin scholarship: empire, war, conquest, slavery, citizenship, commerce, territory, refugees, and treaty obligations. It will interest specialists in political theory and the history of modern political thought, as well as legal history, the philosophy of law, and international law.
Introduction
Authors: Lee Daniel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
What was sovereignty supposed to be, and what purpose might it serve for our common future? This study addresses these questions by examining the legal and political thought of Jean Bodin (1529/30–1596), widely regarded as the preeminent theorist of sovereignty in early modern political thought. This Introduction offers a preview of four principal themes and arguments to be explored in this book: (1) sovereignty as a permissive legal right; (2) Bodin’s concept of positive law as duty-creating command; (3) the negative function of absolute power; (4) the pluralistic structure of the Bodinian sovereign state. Special emphasis will be placed on Bodin’s outsized, though overlooked, influence on the intellectual origins of modern public international law, whose architecture is still anchored fundamentally in the notion of a state’s sovereign right.
Conclusion
Authors: Lee Daniel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The search for a new purpose for sovereignty appropriate for the post-Cold War world has emboldened international lawyers and policy specialists to reconceptualize sovereignty in terms of the state’s fiduciary responsibilities to protect. This shift to a fiduciary theory, stressing the state’s sovereign duties over its sovereign rights, is typically framed as a rejection of a ‘traditional’ or ‘classical’ Westphalian theory of sovereignty, commonly thought to be exemplified by Jean Bodin. This concluding essay, however, argues that Bodin not only belongs to this intellectual tradition of interpreting sovereignty in terms of fiduciary obligations, he deserves to be considered one of its originators. As the principal trustees of humanity, all sovereigns were burdened by duties to preserve and protect the naturally weak bonds that held humanity together. These included duties to honour treaties and pacts, promote commerce, guarantee safe conduct, as well as to intercede on behalf of oppressed peoples. Taken together, sovereignty was understood to be an agent of equity to protect humanity from evil.
Neural Prosthetics
Authors: Glannon Walter 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Neural prosthetics (neuroprostheses, neural prostheses) are devices or systems that influence the input and output of information in the brain. They modulate, bypass, supplement, or replace regions of the brain and its connections to the body that are damaged, dysfunctional, or lost from brain injury, congenital conditions, limb loss, or neurodegenerative disease. Neural prosthetics can generate, improve, or restore sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. Some prosthetics are implanted in the brain. Others are connected to it in brain–computer interfacing. This book describes auditory and visual prosthetics, deep brain and responsive neurostimulation, brain–computer interfaces, brain-to-brain interfaces, optogenetics, and memory prosthetics and discusses some of their neuroscientific and philosophical implications. The neuroscientific discussion focuses on how neural prosthetics can restore brain and bodily functions. The philosophical discussion focuses on how people with these prosthetics can benefit from or be harmed by them. It also focuses on how these devices and systems can lead to a better understanding of or change our attitudes about the brain–mind relation, identity, mental causation, and agency. The book considers the therapeutic, rehabilitative, and restorative potential of neural prosthetics in improving functional independence and quality of life for millions of people with disabling conditions.
Williams on ought
Authors: Broome John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In 2002, Bernard Williams delivered a lecture that revisited the arguments of his article ‘Ought and moral obligation’, published in his Moral Luck. The lecture attributed to the earlier article the thesis that there are no ‘personal’ or (as I put it) ‘owned’ oughts. It also rejected this thesis. I explain the idea of an owned ought, and support Williams’s lecture in asserting that there are owned oughts by providing a further argument. I also examine the question of how accurately Williams’s later lecture interprets his earlier article. An alternative view is that the earlier article is not concerned with ownership, but argues only that ought is a propositional operator. I point out that this is a trivial claim, and not a fit topic for an article.
Houses for Moderate Means
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Debate about housing was continued with books of plans and photographs of houses, beginning with Daily Mail volumes of prize winning houses for workers. These were shown in plans and elevations, a form that evolved into easily read pages with sketches of houses and gardens. Others followed, including Daily Mail designs family houses, in competitions related to the paper’s Ideal Home Exhibitions. Other books, especially those by Randal Phillips, were aimed at individuals thinking of commissioning houses. His The House I Want showed a mock-Georgian house—the period’s dominant style—on its cover, while the book’s title contrasted subtly with Reiss’s volume. Some of his later volumes included Modernist designs. Such books developed a new pastime, of planning an actual house or exploring one in the imagination. The Ideal Home Exhibition extended this with full-size replicas of newly designed houses, allowing visitors to examine them in person.
Taking Bearings
Authors: Hawes Greta 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter turns from the way Pausanias provokes formative experiences to consider his work as an object in its own right. It describes how stories fit within the Periegesis’ textual architecture by introducing the analytical framework of ‘mythographic topography’. This is the idea that form and content are inextricably bound up in each other when each passage of text (topos) is also a place on the map (topos). There are three studies in this chapter: an analysis of the function of cross-references in sorting content hierarchically and establishing authenticity; a survey of the ways Pausanias deals with heroes with more than one tomb; and a reading of the story of Hyrnetho’s death which illustrates the lure of local perspectives in this mythographic archive.
Localisms
Authors: Hawes Greta 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the ways that the different histories of four places shaped the stories that Pausanias attaches to them in the Imperial period. It describes how different relationships to canonical literature, and different experiences of destruction, rebuilding, and decline shaped the epichoric storytelling of Thebes, Corinth, Mycenae, and Messenia. It argues that Thebes’ experience of destruction, rebuilding and depopulation meant that its physical landscape was closely tied to a safely canonical expression of myth. Pausanias’ comments about Roman Corinth’s divergence from the traditional myths of the place points in fact to the creativity of storytelling there. Mycenae presents the most extended description of a ruined city that we have in the Periegesis and yet the hallmarks of ruination still affect the stories told on site. Messenia, finally, offers a case-study in the opportunistic creation of civic myths within existing strictures.
Future Relations Between the Union and the UK
Authors: Dougan Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the main constitutional and empirical factors that will influence the future management of relations between the EU and the UK in fields such as trade and security. As well as explaining the evolution of the two parties’ preferences during the Article 50 TEU withdrawal process, this chapter summarizes the key points contained in the Political Declaration on future relations which was agreed between the EU and the UK in October 2019; then explains how the UK Government, under Prime Minister Boris Johnson, reneged upon key parts of that mutual political understanding in the weeks following Brexit. At the time of writing, negotiations are ongoing, with major points of contention over, e.g. level playing field commitments; access to fishing waters and markets; guarantees for fundamental rights protection; and governance of future EU–UK relations.
Life-History Variation
Authors: Hutchings Jeffrey A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The chapter begins with a brief overview of life-history trait variability among species at a coarse resolution of phylogenetic affinity before drilling down into variability between classes within a single subphylum (vertebrates). The chapter then unfolds with examples of how life histories can be strikingly variable among populations within the same species. Natural selection plays a dominant role in generating life-history variability within and among populations of the same species. But among species and higher-level taxonomic ranks, a considerable amount of life-history variation can be attributed to constraints. These are developmental, structural, physiological, or genetic boundaries that hinder or limit life-history expression. Evidence of one type of constraint emerges when species are unable to express trait values common in other species. A second type of constraint is evident because of the nature of trait covariation and what it can potentially say about constancy; these are termed life-history invariants. The chapter concludes with a consideration of how patterns of life-history trait covariation might evolve. The question here is whether traits covary with one another in ways that are reasonably predictable, empirically defensible, and plausibly adaptive. It is these patterns of covariation that have driven efforts to classify trait combinations in accordance with various continuums of divergence, a well-known one being that which distinguishes r- from K-selection.