bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experience in Low Viscosity Guar-Free Fracturing Fluid Under Samotlor Field Conditions
Authors: Koplik Alexander Sergeevich , Kudrya Semen Sergeevich , Zolnikov Denis Alekseevich , Koltsov Rustam Albertovich , Kovalevskiy Alexey Vasilievich 
Published: October 2021

Executive Summary
The recently developed Samotlor 2020 campaign includes a requirement to shift the Frac design to synthetic gelling agent (gellant) which would increase production, keep the reservoir clean and also reduce both capital and operational costs for each stage Frac stage (no need to heat up the water, an option to use the well water, no requirement to miniFrac performance, etc.). The key difference between guar-based gels and synthetic gels is a lower viscosity rating that results in a significant increase in the fracture length and an improved ability to transport high concentration of proppant due to its thixotropic properties (the ability of a substance to lower its viscosity as a result of a mechanical impact and grow its viscosity when still). When gel is destroyed throughout the fracture after the Frac is completed the synthetic option allows for a cleaner fracture and helps remove all residual matter from the fracture. Another important consideration is that guar shipments from India make Russian oil vulnerable to price, foreign exchange and availability fluctuations. If guar crops experience a bad year or Indian farmers determine that the market should be refocused on cotton or other areas (i.e. not guar), the guar prices in Russian would likely skyrocket.
The authors worked as a team to come up with a list of clear recommendations to develop both new and existing wells for Lower Cretaceous collectors of the Vartovsk and Megion suites such as AV1 (1-2) and BV8(0) to increase production and reduce capital costs. We have determined that Frac fluids based on synthetic modified polyacrylamide start to come to the front and hold a leading position in the area of production stimulation as previously happened to other effective methods such as polymer water flooding, drilling and cementing applications.
The combined effect of sowing methods, and nitrogen application rates on photosynthetic characteristics, and soil water consumption of wheat
Authors: NOOR HAFEEZ , Sun Min , Lin Wen , Gao Zhiq-iang 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Sustainability of winter wheat yield under dryland conditions depends on Improvements in crop photosynthetic characteristics and, crop yield. Study the effects of sowing method and N-nitrogen rates on yield, selected sowing, and soil water storage, nitrogen translocation. Experiment comprised of three sowing methods: wide-space sowing (WSS), furrow sowing (FS), and drill sowing (DS) and seven nitrogen treatments: 0 kg ha− 1, 90 kg ha− 1, 180 kg ha− 1, 210 kg ha− 1, 240 kg ha− 1, 270 kg ha− 1 and 300 kg ha− 1.The results indicated that the sowing methods significantly affected the yield, and grain. The increase in grain yield was 25%, respectively. The photosynthetic traits, and leaf area index were highest under WS followed by FS. The plant height was highest under DS. I (WSS), and (II) (DS). Sowing method WSS with N level N240 significantly enhanced the Photosynthesis Rate, intercellular CO2, and transpiration rate .Our results indicated that implication of a proper sowing method coupled with enhanced nitrogen doses resulted in an increase in yield. WSS 240 kg ha− 1 enhances photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves, and promotes to achieve high yield. The plants were improved, which ware beneficial to the improvement of sugar content.
Genome-Wide Association Study Identified Novel Genomic Loci Controlling Internode Lengths and Plant Height in Common Wheat under Different Nitrogen Treatments
Authors: Xing Piyi , Zhang Xia , Li Dandan , Wang Honggang , Bao Yinguang , Li Xingfeng 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Nitrogen is an important nutrient for crop growth and development. Plant height-related traits can be affected by nitrogen supplementation. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on plant height, spike length, length of different internodes, and lodging resistance strength at the grain-filling stage based on a natural wheat population subjected to low nitrogen and normal (CK) treatments. GWAS analysis showed that a total of 86 quantitative trait locus (QTLs) were detected, including 13 QTLs for plant height, 10 QTLs for spike length, 19 QTLs for the length of the first internode from the top of the plant, 6 QTLs for the second internode length, 11 QTLs for the third internode length, 13 QTLs for the fourth internode length, and 14 QTLs for the fifth internode length. Compared to the CK treatment, the plant height, spike length, and fourth and fifth internode lengths were significantly affected by the low nitrogen treatment. A total of 18 QTLs responding to low nitrogen stress were detected, including three QTLs for the fourth internode length detected on 3A, 6A, and 6D chromosomes, eleven QTLs for the fifth internode length on 1A, 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4A, 5B and 7B chromosomes, one QTL for spike length on 3A chromosome, and one QTL for plant height on 5B chromosome. These QTLs will enhance our understanding of the genetic basis of plant height responses to nitrogen deficiency and will benefit genetic reactions to nitrogen fertilization.
SARS-CoV-2 infection induces inflammatory bone loss in golden Syrian hamsters
Authors: Yeung Kelvin , Qiao Wei , Lau Hui En , Xie Hui Zhi , Poon Vincent , Chan Chris , Chu Hin , Yuan Shuofeng , Yuen Terrence , Chik Kenn Ka Heng , Tsang Jessica , Chan Chris Chun-Yiu , Cai Jian-Piao , Luo Cuiting , Yuen Kwok-Yung , Cheung Kenneth , Chan Jasper Fuk-Woo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Extrapulmonary complications of different organ systems have been increasingly recognized in patients with severe or chronic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, limited information on the skeletal complications of COVID-19 is known, even though inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract have been known to perturb bone metabolism and cause pathological bone loss. In this study, we characterized the effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on bone metabolism in an established golden Syrian hamster model for COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 causes significant multifocal loss of bone trabeculae in the long bones and lumbar vertebrae of all infected hamsters. The bone loss progressively worsens from the acute phase to the post-recovery phase. Mechanistically, the bone loss was associated with SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine dysregulation which upregulates osteoclastic differentiation of monocyte-macrophage lineage. The pro-inflammatory cytokines further trigger a second wave of cytokine storm in the skeletal tissues to augment their pro-osteoclastogenesis effect. Our findings in this established hamster model suggest that pathological bone loss may be a neglected complication which warrants more extensive investigations during the long-term follow-up of COVID-19 patients. The benefits of potential prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against pathological bone loss should be further evaluated.
Differential Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteomic Responses To Acute Prenatal Endotoxin Exposure
Authors: Muk Tik , Stensballe Allan , Dmytriyeva Oksana , Brunse Anders , Jiang Ping-Ping , Thymann Thomas , Sangild Per Torp , Pankratova Stanislava 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Chorioamnionitis (CA) is a risk factor for preterm birth and is associated with neurodevelopmental delay and cognitive disorders. Prenatal inflammation-induced brain injury may resolve during the immediate postnatal period, which is a time of rapid metabolic and brain remodeling. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected at birth may be a critical source of predictive biomarkers. Using pigs as a model of preterm infants exposed to CA, we hypothesized that prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure induces proteome changes in the CSF and brain both at birth and later.
Methods
Fetal piglets (103 days gestation of the full-term 117 days) were administered intra-amniotic (IA) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 3 days before preterm delivery by caesarian section. CSF and brain tissue were collected on postnatal Days 1 and 5 (P1 and P5). CSF and hippocampal proteins were profiled by LC–MS-based quantitative proteomics. Neuroinflammatory responses in the cerebral cortex, periventricular white matter and hippocampus were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and gene expression was evaluated by qPCR.
Results
Pigs exposed to LPS in utero showed changes in CSF protein levels at birth but not at P5. Complement protein C3, hemopexin, vasointestinal peptide, carboxypeptidase N subunit 2, ITIH1 and plasminogen expression was upregulated in the CSF, while the expression of proteins associated with axon growth and synaptic functions (FGFR1, BASP1, HSPD1, UBER2N, and RCN2), adhesion (Talin1), and neuronal survival (Atox1) was downregulated. Microglia, but not astrocytes, were activated by LPS at P5 in the hippocampus but not in other brain regions. At this time, marginal increases in complement protein C3, LBP, Hif1a, Basp1, Minpp1 and FGFR1 transcription indicated hippocampal proinflammatory responses.
Conclusion
A brief period of prenatal endotoxin exposure induces proteome changes in the CSF and brain at birth, but most changes resolve a few days later. The developing hippocampus has high neuronal plasticity in response to perinatal inflammation. Changes in CSF protein expression at birth may help to predict later structural brain damage in preterm infants exposed to variable types and durations of CA-related inflammation in utero.
On the dynamics and feasibility of transferred inference for diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma: A perspective
Authors: GM Harshvardhan , Sahu Aanchal , Gourisaria Mahendra Kumar , Singh Vijander , Balabantaray Bunil Kumar , Rodrigues Joel J.P.C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
It is generally noticed that increasing the number of convolutional layers in generic image classification procedures proves to be detrimental to model performance in terms of validation accuracy and loss. Apart from vanilla CNNs, we have state-of-the-art (SOTA) architectures such as ResNet50 (and its variants) which show that through the use of skip-connections, higher performance metrics are attainable through deeper architectures. However, most evaluative metrics converge on a log scale as we go deeper with diminishing gradient of the metrics' curves. Given these two contrasting speculations, in this paper, we implement various vanilla and SOTA CNNs for the diagnosis of one of the most common forms of breast cancer - invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) - to examine and understand the feasibility of implementation of SOTA CNNs through transferred weights when juxtaposed with vanilla CNNs (and LeNet-5) of varying configurations in terms of their performance metrics and other parameters. In this paper, we solve the dual-objective of studying behavioural aspects of avant-garde CNN models (more specifically, VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, ResNet50V2, MobileNetV2, and DenseNet121) and proper diagnosis of IDC through intermediate neural activations to critically evaluate and theorize the performance of different models. We notice that among all the models, only VGG16, VGG19, LeNet-5 and a selected vanilla CNN through an optimization procedure were the ones to attain the best metrics, shared amongst them.
A Qualitative Study: Early Detection of Breast Cancer in Indonesia (After Universal Health Coverage Implementation)
Authors: Icanervilia Ajeng Viska , Choridah Lina , Asselt Antoinette D.I. , Vervoort Johanna P.M , Postma Maarten J. , Rengganis Anggraeni Ayu , Kardinah Kardinah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
ObjectivesEarly detection is of vital importance in breast cancer management. BPJS Kesehatan, as Indonesia’s national health insurance, is expected to provide an adequate health service for breast cancer patients. This study aimed to obtain insight into the current conditions of health care services in Indonesia, related to early detection of breast cancer, particularly after BPJS Kesehatan implementation. MethodsThe study was conducted in 2017 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia with a wide range of socio-demographic backgrounds. Subjects comprised breast cancer patients and their relatives, health care professionals (HCPs), and healthy women from the general population who had no history of breast cancer and no family members with breast cancer. The subjects’ experiences and knowledge of health care services regarding early detection of breast cancer, were investigated through in-depth interviews. The thematic analysis guided the result synthesis from semi-structured in-depth interviews with 25 participants.ResultsDespite more patients with earlier stages presenting in high level of care after the implementation of universal coverage, this study identified the lack of both screening as well as diagnostic procedures as a prominent obstacle in breast cancer management. Study results indicated a lack of knowledge and misperception among the community about breast cancer screening. Also, problems in implementing early diagnosis were revealed such as the lack of urgency and access for patients to get a proper diagnostic procedure. Furthermore, varying adherence to the guidelines in all levels of care were found. ConclusionsThis study identified several issues that cause delay in the detection of breast cancer in Indonesia. All these factors lead to suboptimal breast cancer management. BPJS Kesehatan (the national health insurance) must focus its attention on the improvement of enabling factors in all levels of care for early detection (i.e. increasing awareness, access, referral system and facilities).
Tenecteplase in Pulmonary Embolism Patients: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review
Authors: Zhang Zhu , Xi Linfeng , Zhang Shuai , Zhang Yunxia , Fan Guohui , Tao Xincao , Gao Qian , Xie Wanmu , Yang Peiran , Zhai Zhenguo , Wang Chen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of tenecteplase in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE). METHODS: We completed the literature search on May 31, 2021 using PubMed, EMBASE and the Web of Science. Analyses were conducted according to PE risk stratification, study design and duration of follow-up. The pooled risk ratios (RRs) and its 95% confident intervals (CIs) for death and major bleeding were calculated using a random-effect model.RESULTS: A total of six studies, with four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and two cohort studies, were included in this study out of the 160 studies retrieved. For patients with high-risk PE, tenecteplase increased 30-day survival rate (16% vs 6%; P=0.005) and did not increase the incidence of bleeding (6% vs 5%; P=0.73). For patients with intermediate-risk PE, four RCTs suggested that tenecteplase reduced right ventricular insufficiency at 24h early in the onset and the incidence of hemodynamic failure without affecting mortality in a short/long-term [<30 days RR=0.83, 95% CI (0.47, 1.46);≥30 days RR=1.04, 95% CI (0.88, 1.22)]. However, tenecteplase was associated with high bleeding risk [<30 days RR=1.79, 95% CI (1.61, 2.00); ≥30 days RR=1.28, 95% CI (0.62, 2.64)].CONCLUSIONS: Tenecteplase may represent a promising candidate for patients with intermediate/high risk PE. Furthermore, tenecteplase may be preferable in the COVID-19 pandemic due to its all-at-once administration.
Maclaurin's series expansions of real powers of inverse (hyperbolic) cosine and sine functions with applications
Authors: Qi Feng 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the paper, by means of the Faa di Bruno formula, with the help of explicit formulas for special values of the Bell polynomials of the second kind with respect to a specific sequence, and by virtue of two combinatorial identities containing the Stirling numbers of the first kind, the author establishes Maclaurin's series expansions for real powers of the inverse cosine (sine) function and the inverse hyperbolic cosine (sine) function. By applying different series expansions for the square of the inverse cosine function, the author not only finds infinite series representations of the circular constant Pi and its square, but also derives two combinatorial identities involving central binomial coefficients.
Effects of Vertical Nonlinearity on the Superconducting Gravimeter CT #036 at Ishigakijima, Japan
Authors: Imanishi Yuichi , Nawa Kazunari , Tamura Yoshiaki , Ikeda Hiroshi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
One of the characteristic features of the gravity recordings produced by the superconducting gravimeter CT #036 at Ishigakijima, Japan, is that it indicates gravity increase when a typhoon (hurricane) approaches the island. Since we are trying to detect small gravity signals associated with the long-term slow slip events in this region, it is very important in the interpretation of the observed data whether such gravity changes are of natural or instrumental origin. In this paper, we investigate whether or not nonlinearity in the sensor of the superconducting gravimeter is responsible for this phenomenon. Here we take the same theoretical approach as taken by Imanishi et al. (2018) which investigated the effect of coupling between horizontal and vertical components of the gravity sensor in order to understand the noise caused by the movements of a nearby VLBI antenna. From theoretical and experimental approaches, we prove that the gravity increase observed by CT #036 at the times of high background noise level can not be explained by instrumental effects such as the nonlinearity in the vertical component or the coupling between horizontal and vertical components of the gravity sensor. This implies that the observed gravity increases are real gravity signals of natural origin.
An assessment of exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene in a group of South African petroleum refinery workers.
Authors: Matatiele Puleng , Dabula Boitumelo , Kgarebe Boitumelo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Biomonitoring of exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) was conducted in a group of 29 petroleum refinery workers in South Africa. Post shift urine samples from 21 males and 8 females over a period of four years (2010 to 2013 inclusive) were received from one petroleum refinery. The samples were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and liquid-liquid extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for phenol, o-cresol and methylhippuric acid which are biomarkers of exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene, respectively. Benzene and xylene results were well within the recommended exposure levels with the exception of one worker in 2013 with an elevated phenol exposure level. A few workers (< 40%) were found to be randomly overexposed to toluene, with 17% of the workers exhibiting higher than the biological exposure index. No difference was observed in exposure with regard to age and gender (p>0.05), except in 2012 where females were more exposed to benzene than their male counterparts (p=0.003). Differences in exposure were found among the three exposure categories (low, medium and high exposure), for both xylene and benzene exposure in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Friedman’s ANOVA showed that over the four years of monitoring, the workers were exposed to variable levels of BTX (p < 0.05). Random individual overexposure to toluene and an anomaly for benzene were noted. Biomonitoring of petroleum workers and proper assessment of the health risks and planning for adequate health protection are highly recommended for this group of workers.
Characteristics of coarse woody debris in the «Vepssky Forest» reserve, a reference of primeval middle boreal forests
Authors: Шорохова М.А. , Березин Г.В. , Капица Е.А. , Шорохова Е.В. 
Published: October 2021

Для разработки стратегии управления крупными древесными остатками с целью восстановления биологического разнообразия и экосистемных функций интенсивно эксплуатируемых лесов необходимо знать эталонные характеристики крупных древесных остатков, т. е. их характеристики в лесах, не затронутых хозяйственной деятельностью в течение продолжительного времени. В коренных лесах естественные нарушения (пожары, ветровалы и вспышки размножения насекомых) приводят к образованию значительных объемов крупных древесных остатков. Исследования осуществляли в 2020 г. в лесном массиве резервата «Вепсский лес», расположенного на Вепсовской возвышенности, в восточной части Ленинградской области. Учет крупных древесных остатков проводили на 74 круговых пробных площадях по 0,1 га, заложенных регулярно и представляющих собой разнообразие возрастных и динамических состояний древостоев резервата. Оценены запасы крупных древесных остатков (КДО) в массиве коренных среднетаежных лесов резервата «Вепсский лес». Общий запас крупных древесных остатков на всех круговых пробных площадях (7,4 га) составил 14456 м3, варьируя от 30 м3га-1 до 532 м3га-1, составляя в среднем 195 м3га-1. Наибольший запас КДО, в среднем 231 м3га-1, отмечен в ельниках черничных на дренированных суглинках. Преобладающую часть составляли КДО ели (Picea abies) 2-го и 3-го классов разложения. Ветровальная динамика древостоев массива резервата «Вепсский лес» обусловила структуру пула КДО, который представлен, в основном, валежом и зависшими деревьями. Значительные запасы КДО, их разнообразие по древесным породам, категориям (положению субстрата) и степени разложения позволяет предположить наличие редких ксилофильных видов и высокое разнообразие ксилофильных сообществ в лесном массиве «Вепсский лес».
Developing sustainable forest management strategy targeted to preserve biodiversity and forest ecosystem functions in managed forests requires knowledge of the characteristics of coarse woody debris in primeval (reference) forests. Natural disturbances such as fires, windthrows, and insect outbreaks cause significant tree stand mortality and consequently lead to the high input of coarse woody debris (CWD) [in primeval forests]. The study was carried out in 2020 in the «Vepssky Forest» reserve, which is situated in the eastern part of Leningrad region, Russia. The data were collected from 74 permanent circular sample plots (0.1 ha each). The tree stands were variable in terms of tree age structure, species composition, site type, and stage of successional dynamics. The stocks and diversity of CWD were evaluated in primeval forest ecosystems of the «Vepssky Forest» reserve. The volume of CWD varied from 30 to 532 m3ha-1, and averaged 195 m3ha-1. The highest amounts of CWD were found in the forest stands of Myrtillosum type (mean 231 m3ha-1). Norway spruce (Picea abies) CWD in the second and third decay classes had the highest share of all CWD volume.