bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Political and Military Aspects of Creating Anti-Access/Area-Denial Systems (A2/AD): The Example Of China and Russia
Authors: Dobija Konrad 
Published: December 2021

Over the last two decades, China and Russia have been developing Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2/AD) systems mainly based on long-range Air Defense, ballistic and cruise missiles, supported by Electronic Warfare and cyber-attack capabilities. Initially, these systems were used for defense purposes, but over time. it was recognized they could be also applied for imposing military situation in the specific regions and create effective response to NATO countries and their concept of conducting military operations. The main aim of the article is to asses and present the impact of Chinese and Russian Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2/AD) systems on changes in global political relations and balance of military power. In the course of this study, the author used numerous analyzes, synthesis, comparisons and case studies methods mainly concentrated on presently operating A2/AD systems. This article undertakes the analysis of the Chinese bases located in the South China Sea and Djibouti, Russian A2/AD systems within Russia's borders with particular emphasis on Kaliningrad Oblast, and A2/AD systems in Crimea and Syria created as part of Russian military operations. This research allowed us to conclude that some of the A2/AD systems serve to defend borders, while the rest are created to influence the geopolitical and military situation or to gain an advantage in the area of military operations. It can be also evaluate that the use of these systems allow dominate future conflicts because they enable to establish a full control zones which are completely closed for opponents forces operations.
Modern Missile Defense System As An Indispensable National and NATO's Deterrence Tool
Authors: Marszałek Maciej 
Published: December 2021

The main aim of this article is to prove the significance of the missile defense system for military deterrence at the allied (NATO) and national level (the US, Poland, etc.). To achieve the aim, theoretical research methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization were applied. The results of the conducted research show that the missile defense system of Poland and other alliance members, and the NATO Integrated Air and Missile Defense System should be considered as the crucial elements of the military deterrence, even though such systems are not offensive in nature. Thus, the formulated thesis undermines the up-to-date understanding of the problem, and therefore may contribute to further discussion on the topic of using means of defensive deterrence.
Domain discretizations for numerical solution of fracture problems
Authors: Коршунов В.А. , Мащенко А.В. , Мудрик Р.С. , Пономарев Д.А. , Родионов А.А. 
Published: December 2021

В работе для численного моделирования хрупкого разрушения с целью повышения эффективности громоздких расчетов предлагается использовать двухуровневую процедуру построения сетки дискретизации. На верхнем уровне генерируется сетка фрагментов - локусов задаваемых размеров и произвольной случайной формы, по границам которых может происходить разрушение. На нижнем уровне каждый локус разбивается на сетку конечных элементов. Разрыв связей между конечными элементами по траектории разрушение между локусами реализуется с помощью процедуры сцепляющей среды. Для построения сетки дискретизации верхнего уровня использована диаграмма Воронова. Разработан алгоритм процедуры создания локусов на телах произвольной формы в двумерной и трехмерной постановках. Процедура реализована на языке APDL, для использования в программном комплексе ANSYS. Алгоритм протестирован при различных значениях задаваемых параметров и на объектах разнообразной формы. Численное решение задачи о разрушении цилиндрического образца из хрупкого материала по бразильскому тесту определения прочностных характеристик материала на растяжение продемонстрировало хорошее согласование полученной картины разрушения с реальной.
In this paper, for numerical modeling of brittle fracture in order to increase the efficiency of complex calculations, it is proposed to use a two-level procedure for generating a discretization network. At the upper level, a network of fragments – locus’s, of specified sizes and arbitrary random shape, is generated. At the lower level, each locus is meshed by FE. The breaking of connections between finite elements along the trajectory of destruction between locus is realized using the cohesive zone procedure. The properties of the Voronov diagram are used to generate the upper-level discretization network. The algorithm of the procedure for creating locus on bodies of arbitrary shape in two-dimensional and three-dimensional formulations is developed. The procedure is implemented in the APDL, for use in the ANSYS. The algorithm is tested at various values of the specified parameters and on objects of various shapes. The numerical solution of the problem of the destruction of a cylindrical sample made of brittle material according to the Brazilian test for determining the tensile strength characteristics of the material demonstrated a good agreement of the obtained fracture pattern with the real one.
Technological features of repair cracks in ship plates by comb cutting method
Authors: Москаленко М.А. , Друзь И.Б. , Патенкова Е.П. 
Published: December 2021

Ремонт трещин в судовых пластинах является наиболее ответственной и сложной операцией Задача получения заданных размеров проплава с обратной стороны свариваемого металла резко усложняется в тех случаях, когда доступ к обратной стороне шва затруднен или вообще невозможен, выполнение двухсторонних сварных швов на наружной обшивке корпуса судна, в большинстве случаев для доступа к поврежденным районам, приводит к увеличению числа сопутствующих работ по демонтажу (монтажу) оборудования и влияет на нормативные сроки ремонта судов, в том числе и при стоянке судов в доке. В данной работе излагаются результаты исследования эффективности технологии ремонта трещин, в судовых пластинах, путем ориентации сварочной ванны вдоль плоскости повреждения, за счет гребенчатой разделки поврежденного района с различной геометрией кромок. Представлены результаты аналитического исследования и факторных экспериментов оценки прочности сварных соединений с различной геометрией гребенчатой разделки, при односторонней сварке, с использованием различных сварочных материалов и варьировании режимов сварки. Приведены результаты металлографического исследования (на макрошлифах) полученных сварных соединений. Предложены технологически эффективные, для практического применения в судоремонте, параметры гребенчатой разделки трещин в судовых пластинах.
Repair of cracks in the ship plates is the most responsible and complex operation The task of obtaining the specified dimensions of the melt on the reverse side of the welded metal is sharply complicated in cases where access to the reverse side of the seam is difficult or even impossible, the implementation of double-sided welds on the outer skin of the hull of the vessel, in most cases for access to damaged areas, leads to an increase in the number of related works on the dismantling (installation) of equipment and affects the normative terms of repair of vessels, including when ships are parked in the dock. This paper presents the results of the study of the effectiveness of the technology of repair of cracks in the ship plates, by orienting the welding bath along the damage plane, due to the comb cutting of the damaged area with different geometry of the edges. The results of analytical research and factor experiments assessment of the strength of welded joints with different geometry of comb cutting, with one-sided welding, using different welding materials and varying welding modes. The results of metallographic research (on macro-grinds) of the obtained welded joints are given. Technologically effective parameters of comb cutting of cracks in ship plates are proposed for practical application in ship repair.
Interpretation function of dynamic of an underwater vehicle in non-stationary environment
Authors: Нечаев Ю.И. , Никущенко Д.В. 
Published: December 2021

Рассматривается построение и анализ функций интерпретации моделей нестационарной динамики подводных объектов (ПО) новых поколений на основе функциональных пространств современной теории катастроф (СТК) [1] – [7]. Формальный аппарат концептуальных решений и принципов построения функций интерпретации реализован в нестационарной динамической среде в рамках принципа конкуренции. Процедуры функций интерпретации основаны на использовании различных моделей взаимодействия в зависимости от уровня действующих возмущений. Неопределенность и неполнота исходной информации в динамике взаимодействия ПО в нестационарной среде, определили подход к построению функций интерпретации при построении математического описания задач нестационарной динамики ПО на основе концепции мягких вычислений (Soft Computing) [7] и выявления «скрытых» знаний (Data Mining) [1]. Разработанные модели и алгоритмы интерпретации нестационарной динамики ПО реализованы в функциональном блоке моделирования многофункционального программного комплекса (МПК) динамической визуализации нестационарной динамики ПО в режиме экстренных вычислений (Urgent Computing – UC [6].
The construction and analysis of the interpretation functions of the models of unsteady dynamics of new generation an underwater vehicle (UV) based on the modern theory of disasters (STK) [1] - [7] are considered. The formal apparatus of conceptual solutions and principles of constructing interpretation functions is implemented in a non-stationary dynamic environment within the framework of the principle of competition. The procedures of the interpretation functions are based on the use of various interaction models depending on the level of acting disturbances. The uncertainty and incompleteness of the initial information on the dynamics of the interaction of underwater vehicles in a non-stationary environment determined the approach to constructing interpretation functions when constructing a mathematical description of the problems of non-stationary dynamics of underwater vehicles based on the concept of soft computing (Soft Computing) [7] and the identification of “hidden” knowledge (Data Mining) [1]. The developed models and algorithms for interpreting unsteady dynamics of submarines are implemented in the functional block for modeling a multifunctional software complex (MPC) for dynamic visualization of unsteady dynamics of underwater vehicles in emergency computing mode Urgent Computing [6].
Neuvostourheilun nousu ja tuho
Authors: Itkonen Hannu 
Published: December 2021

Venäjä oli yksi Kansainvälisen Olympiakomitean perustajajäsenistä vuonna 1894. Venäläiset osallistuivat Lontoon olympiakisoihin vuonna 1908 ja Tukholman kisoihin neljää vuotta myöhemmin. Vuoden 1917 sosialistinen vallankumous muutti koko valtion – mukaan luettuna urheilun käytännöt. Vuosina 1918–1921 käydyn verisen sisällissodan ja vuonna 1922 tapahtuneen Neuvostoliiton perustamisen jälkeen valtio pyrki organisoimaan uudelleen koko ruumiinkulttuurin. Neuvostoliittolaisessa ruumiinkulttuurissa ihannoitiin sotilaallista valmiutta, työkuntoisuutta ja urheilullisuutta.
Kilpaurheilun suosio kasvoi huomattavasti 1920-luvulla. Vuonna 1928 venäläiset organisoivat mahtavat urheilukisat, Moskovan spartakiadit. Kyseessä oli lukuisia urheilumuotoja käsittänyt työläistapahtuma vastapainoksi Amsterdamissa samana vuonna järjestetyille ”porvarillisille” olympiakisoille. Neuvostoliiton urheilijat osallistuivat kesäolympiakisoihin ensi kertaa Helsingissä vuonna 1952.
Olympiakisoissa Neuvostoliitto oli menestyksekäs. Vuosina 1952–1988 neuvostourheilijat saavuttivat 1 010 mitalia kesäkisoissa ja vastaavasti 194 mitalia vuosien 1956–1988 talvikisoissa. Neuvostoliiton hajoamisen jälkeen Venäjän urheilijat ovat kilpailleet Kansainvälisen Olympiakomitean lipun alla. Aiemmat neuvostotasavallat ovat osallistuneet kansainvälisiin urheilutapahtumiin itsenäisinä valtioina. Neuvostoliittolainen urheilujärjestelmä on kuitenkin vaikuttanut merkittävästi ei vain Venäjällä vaan myös monissa muissa uusista valtioista. Neuvostoliitossa urheilulla oli merkittävä sija opetusjärjestelmässä ja kansallisen itsetunnon rakentamisessa. Monet neuvostourheilun käytännöt ovat tiiviisti jatkaneet olemassaoloaan myös NL:n hajoamisen jälkeen.
Rural Adaptation to Climate Change: New Findings and Existing Knowledge
Authors:   China Center for Agricultural Policy, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, China, Huang Jikun , Wang Jinxia ,   China Center for Agricultural Policy, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, China, Dang Kim Khoi ,   Institute of Policy and Strategy for Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam, Plunkett Herb ,   Independent Public Policy Professional, Canberra, Australia, Xu Ying ,   Centre for Global Food and Resources, The University of Adelaide, Australia, Findlay Christopher ,   The University of Adelaide, Australia
Published: December 2021

This paper discusses the results of new research at the farm level regarding farmers’ responses to climate change. These results are placed in the context of existing literature. The topics include the benefits of adaptation, the forms of adaptation, and the drivers of adaptation such as land tenure, water allocation systems, the operation of labor markets, and the extent of social capital. Moreover, this paper examines farmers’ responses to market signals as they consider adaptation options and the connections of these options with infrastructure quality. It also reviews policy options that support adaptation.
Luminous Late-time Radio Emission from Supernovae Detected by the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array Sky Survey (VLASS)
Authors: Stroh Michael C. , Terreran Giacomo , Coppejans Deanne L. , Bright Joe S. , Margutti Raffaella , Bietenholz Michael F. , De Colle Fabio , DeMarchi Lindsay , Duran Rodolfo Barniol , Milisavljevic Danny , Murase Kohta , Paterson Kerry , Williams Wendy L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We present a population of 19 radio-luminous supernovae (SNe) with emission reaching L

ν
∼ 1026–1029 erg s−1 Hz−1 in the first epoch of the Very Large Array Sky Survey (VLASS) at 2–4 GHz. Our sample includes one long gamma-ray burst, SN 2017iuk/GRB 171205A, and 18 core-collapse SNe detected at ≈1–60 yr after explosion. No thermonuclear explosion shows evidence for bright radio emission, and hydrogen-poor progenitors dominate the subsample of core-collapse events with spectroscopic classification at the time of explosion (79%). We interpret these findings in the context of the expected radio emission from the forward shock interaction with the circumstellar medium (CSM). We conclude that these observations require a departure from the single wind–like density profile (i.e., ρ
CSM ∝ r
−2) that is expected around massive stars and/or from a spherical Newtonian shock. Viable alternatives include the shock interaction with a detached, dense shell of CSM formed by a large effective progenitor mass-loss rate,

M
̇

∼

10

−
4

–

10

−
1

M

⊙

yr−1 (for an assumed wind velocity of 1000 km s−1); emission from an off-axis relativistic jet entering our line of sight; or the emergence of emission from a newly born pulsar-wind nebula. The relativistic SN 2012ap that is detected 5.7 and 8.5 yr after explosion with L

ν
∼ 1028 erg s−1 Hz−1 might constitute the first detections of an off-axis jet+cocoon system in a massive star. However, none of the VLASS SNe with archival data points are consistent with our model off-axis jet light curves. Future multiwavelength observations will distinguish among these scenarios. Our VLASS source catalogs, which were used to perform the VLASS cross-matching, are publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4895112.
Symmetry Breaking in Dynamical Encounters in the Disks of Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Wang Yi-Han , McKernan Barry , Ford Saavik , Perna Rosalba , Leigh Nathan W. C. , Low Mordecai-Mark Mac 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The disks of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) may be important sites of binary black hole (BBH) mergers. Here we show via numerical experiments with the high-accuracy, high-precision code SpaceHub that broken symmetry in dynamical encounters in AGN disks can lead to asymmetry between prograde and retrograde BBH mergers. The direction of the hardening asymmetry depends on the initial binary semimajor axis. Under the assumption that the spin of the BHs becomes aligned with the angular momentum of the disk on a short timescale compared with the encounter timescale, an asymmetric distribution of mass-weighted projected spin χ
eff is predicted in LIGO–Virgo detections of BBH mergers from AGN disks. In particular, this model predicts that positive χ
eff BBH mergers are most likely for encounters with massive tertiaries in migration traps at radial distances ≳500–600 gravitational radii.
Technology Based Model of a Mobile Knowledge as a Service to Facilitate Education Community
Authors: Badawood Ashraf , AlBadri Hamad 
Published: December 2021

Technological enhancements as well as the demand of students to access learning information on time and quickly has resulted to the development of e-learning across the world. Mobile learning has been adopted by most learning institution as a mobile technology that allows learners to access learning materials and share information among themselves and respective educators easily and quickly. This article discusses the intention of users in learning environment adopting m-learning, their perceptions as well as factors that hinder implementation of m-learning in the gulf region. Effective mobile technology adoption also enhances knowledge management through mobile applications that allow information capture, storage, retrieval and sharing. This study uses systematic literature review to collect information from post 2017 studies previous conducted by other researchers. Articles were searched through highly ranked databases from which 657 journals were identified. After the screening and eligibility assessment, 24 journals were retrieved. The back and forward search retrieved 4 more journals bringing the total to 28 journals that were included in the study. Based on this information, a conceptual model is developed to help assess the m-learning perceptions, adoption intentions and factors influencing its adoption among learning institutions in the gulf region. This model is built based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Based on the developed model, main constructs such as performance expectancy, effort expectancy and social influence are greatly impacted by other factors like learner’s creativity and mobility.
A 24-Month Evaluation of Self-Adhering Flowable Composite Compared to Conventional Flowable Composite in Conservative Simple Occlusal Restorations
Authors: Shaalan Omar Osama , Abou-Auf Eman 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Self-adhering flowable composite (SAFC) simplified restorative procedures, especially when compared to conventional techniques. Self-adhering composite revolutionized restorative dentistry by merging advances of adhesive and restorative materials to generate the so-called “eighth generation.”

Aims:
The objective of this clinical trial was to assess the clinical performance of SAFC compared to conventional flowable composite in minimally invasive occlusal cavities.

Settings and Design:
A total of 18 patients with conservative occlusal cavities received randomly two types of restorations in a split-mouth design.

Materials and Methods:
Vertise™ Flow or Filtek™ Z350XT Flowable was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. All restorations were evaluated at baseline and after 24 months, respectively, by two blinded assessors using modified USPHS criteria.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Chi-square test was used for intragroup comparison between time points and intergroup comparison within each time point. A value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Relative risk was used to determine the clinical significance.

Results:
The results of the current study have revealed no statistically significant difference between both materials for all tested outcomes at baseline and after 24 months.

Conclusions:
SAFC revealed satisfactory clinical performance in restoration of minimally invasive occlusal cavities after 24-month follow-up.
Comparison of Time-kill Assay to Evaluate the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Guava (Psidium guajava) Extracts on Periodontal Pathogens
Authors: Shetty Sunaina , Shetty Raghavendra M. , Rahman Betul , Reddy Manchala Sesha , Shetty Shishir Ram , Vannala Venkataramana , Desai Vijay , Halkai Rahul 
Published: December 2021

Background:
The role of Gram-negative anaerobic periodontal pathogens in periodontal diseases has led to the loss of tooth-supporting structures. These diseases can be prevented by the inhibition of bacterial biofilm on the tooth surfaces. Many treatment modalities have been tried to prevent periodontal diseases. With the rise in resistance to synthetic antimicrobials, there is a requirement to develop natural antimicrobials for the control of periodontitis.

Aim:
The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum) and guava (Psidium guajava) extracts on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using time-kill assay.

Materials and Methods:
Aqueous garlic extract (AGaE), ethanolic garlic extract (EGaE), aqueous guava extract (AGuE), and ethanolic guava extract (EGuE) were prepared. Time-kill assays were performed on P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of guava and garlic were compared to assess the maximum bactericidal potency.

Results:
The comparison of time-kill assay of AGaE and AGuE on P. gingivalis showed a statistically significant difference at 2 h (t = 5.29, P < 0.01), 4 h (t = −4.867, P < 0.01), and 6 h (t = −3.647, P < 0.001). The comparison of time-kill assay of EGaE and EGuE on A. actinomycetemcomitans showed a statistically significant difference at 2 h (t = 4.54, P < 0.01) and highly significant difference at 4 h (t = 6.57, P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
The, judicious use of these phytomedicinal products could be cost-effective and also the adverse effects caused due to the long-term usage of synthetic antimicrobials can be avoided.
Permutation polynomials over Galois fields of characteristic
Authors: Dahiru Z.L. , Lawan A.M. 
Published: December 2021

In this paper, a class of permutation polynomial known as o-polynomial over Galois fields of characteristic 2 was studied. A necessary and sufficients condition for a monomial 𝑥2k to be an o-polynomial over F2t is given and two results obtained by Gupta and Sharma (2016) were deduced.