bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Malformation of the Brain, Skull, and Spine
Authors: Wong-Kisiel Lily C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Abnormal development of the central nervous system is a common cause of developmental delay and epilepsy. An understanding of central nervous system malformation begins with an overview of normal embryology. Genetic advances in embryogenesis have unfolded a complex orchestration of gene expressions in place of the traditional developmental epochs (induction, neurulation, proliferation, migration, organization, synaptogenesis, and myelination). Causes of malformation of the central nervous system are multifactorial. Genetic causes, vitamin excess or deficiency, infections, or teratogens any time during pregnancy may disturb the preprogrammed mechanisms.
Neurometabolic Disorders Associated With Disturbances of Small Molecule Metabolism
Authors: Renaud Deborah L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism affect approximately 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 3,000 live births. Most of these inherited conditions are autosomal recessive, although a few are autosomal dominant or X-linked. Mitochondrial DNA disorders may be maternally inherited. The clinical symptoms associated with inborn errors of metabolism reflect the disruption of normal biochemical processes required for synthesis, breakdown, or transport of metabolites. This impairment leads to accumulation of metabolites that cause toxic effects, inadequate levels of metabolites required for normal cellular activity, or secondary disruption of essential metabolic pathways. Small molecule disorders involve the metabolism of amino acids, organic acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and other biochemical pathways. These disorders may present with acute exacerbations superimposed on long-term neurologic symptoms.
Inherited Leukoencephalopathies
Authors: Renaud Deborah L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Leukoencephalopathies are disorders that selectively involve the white matter of the brain. Acquired causes of leukoencephalopathy include inflammatory, infectious, vascular, neoplastic, and toxic disorders. Hereditary leukoencephalopathies encompass conditions characterized by progressive destruction or loss of previously acquired central myelin (leukodystrophies) and conditions associated with impaired formation of myelin (dysmyelination or hypomyelination). The study of clinical features, neuroimaging patterns, and biochemical and neuropathologic features of leukoencephalopathies has led to the discovery of the genetic defects responsible for many of these conditions. Variations in phenotype-genotype correlation can make prediction of the underlying condition challenging. Despite recent advances in molecular studies, approximately 50% of patients with hereditary leukoencephalopathies remain without a diagnosis. A systematic approach to guide investigations is important for a diagnosis.
Electrolyte Disturbances and Acid-Base Imbalance
Authors: Hocker Sara E. , Daneshmand Ali 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Electrolyte disorders are among the most common clinical problems encountered in critically ill patients. Disorders such as severe burns, trauma, sepsis, acute brain injury, and heart failure lead to disturbances in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis through complex mechanisms involving deregulation or activation of hormonal systems and ischemic or nephrotoxic kidney injury. Inappropriate fluid management should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of electrolyte disturbances in patients in intensive care units. Electrolyte imbalances produce both central and peripheral neurologic dysfunction because electrochemical membrane potentials in brain, nerve, and muscle tissues are particularly sensitive to chemical, ionic, and osmolar shifts.
Neurologic Manifestations of Endocrine Diseases
Authors: Kumar Shivram , Flemming Kelly D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The endocrine system is involved in creating and distributing hormones that have wide-ranging organ effects and a potential for neurologic complications. Neurologic manifestations related to dysfunction of the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands are discussed in the present chapter. The pituitary gland is subdivided into anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior pituitary (the adenohypophysis) synthesizes follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (which are important in the male and female hypothalamic-gonadal axes); growth hormone; corticotropin (also known as adrenocorticotropic hormone, which stimulates cortisol secretion from the adrenal glands); thyrotropin (also known as thyroid-stimulating hormone, which stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland); and prolactin.
Toxins and Environmental Neurologic Injury
Authors: Hocker Sara E. , Daneshmand Ali 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Toxins and environmental exposures may result in central or peripheral nerve dysfunction. Toxins may be purposely ingested (eg, substance misuse), or exposure may be accidental (eg, occupational exposure or terrorism). Certain environmental exposures (eg, lightning or high altitude) may also result in neurologic injury. This chapter reviews neurologic clinical syndromes associated with toxins and the physical effects of certain environmental conditions.
Polysomnography and Other Sleep Testing
Authors: Castillo Pablo R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Multiple methods are available for evaluating sleep concerns: clinical screening instruments, sleep diaries, polysomnography with multiple sleep latency test and maintenance of wakefulness test, and actigraphy. This chapter reviews the tools used to assess patients with sleep concerns. Screening tools such as questionnaires are used to stratify patients on the basis of their clinical characteristics and risk factors for sleep difficulties. Patients at high risk may need urgent polysomnography or further treatment.
Circadian Disorders, Insomnia, and Parasomnias
Authors: Dredla Brynn K. , Arunthari Vichaya 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Circadian rhythm disorders have misalignment between the desired sleep schedule and the circadian (24-hour) sleep-wake rhythm. Many persons experience this misalignment with jet lag. Other common circadian rhythm disorders include delayed sleep-phase disorder, advanced sleep-phase disorder, and shift-work sleep disorder. Insomnia is one of the most common medical concerns, and its prevalence increases with age. Patients may have difficulty initiating sleep or maintaining sleep and generally have a poor quality of sleep. Causes of insomnia are multifactorial.
Nurses’ impact on care, role, training, and career pathway
Authors: Holloway Debra 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines the key roles of nurses in primary care and the community in the context of women’s health. This includes practice nurses, sexual and reproductive health nurses, and school nurses, alongside healthcare assistants and associates. Hospital nurses (both clinic and ward) and specialist nurses have their roles defined, and aspects of relevant training and accreditation are covered. The chapter also discusses the evolution of specialist role in the context of prescribing. Finally, mentorship, supervision, and career development is covered.
Hormone and endocrine disorders
Authors: Kubba Ali , Gupta Sunanda , Noble Nikki 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers various hormonal and endocrine disorders that can occur in women. It starts with the definition, assessment, diagnosis, causes and treatment for both primary and secondary amenorrhoea. It then covers polycystic ovarian syndrome, including diagnosis, treatment, and long-term complications. Then it moves onto hirsutism, from a general overview, to investigations, treatment, and medication that may be prescribed in secondary care. Finally, premature ovarian syndrome (POF) is defined, and causes and treatments are suggested.
Menopause
Authors: Holloway Debra 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation, caused by ovarian failure. It can only be diagnosed a year after the last menstrual period, and is therefore a retrospective event. This chapter covers the signs, investigations, and treatments available for menopause, including Hormone Replacement Therapy, alternatives, modes of delivery, and non-hormonal alternative options. Abnormal bleeding and sexual dysfunction at the menopause are also explained. It also covers premature ovarian insufficiency, and causes and treatments for this disorder.
Contraception
Authors: Raine Shelley 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with the principles of contraception (choice, access, measures of effectiveness) and a risk/benefit analysis and eligibility of different types. It explains emergency contraception. The chapter goes on to discuss different formulations, preparations, methods of use (or administration and insertion). This includes the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCOP), the transdermal patch, intra vaginal rings, progestogen-only pills, the subdermal implant, injectables, intra-uterine devices and systems, barrier methods for both male and female use, and spermicides. Finally it covers fertility awareness, and the sterilization of women and men.
Reproductive endocrinology
Authors: Dhillo Waljit , Davies Melanie , Jayasena Channa , Seal Leighton 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers multiple aspects of reproductive endocrinology in both male and female patients. Gender dysphoria is also included. It begins with reproductive physiology, then goes on to regulation of gonadal function. Hirsuitism, PCOS, and CAH in adults are all discussed with reference to evaluation, investigation, and treatment. Menstrual function disorders are described, as is menopause and hormone replacement therapy regimens. Contraception and emergency contraception are discussed. Male hypogonadism, androgen replacement therapy, gynaecomastia, and testicular tumours are all evaluated, alongside erectile dysfunction. The investigation and management of male and female infertility are both described, alongside fertility preservation and the induction of ovulation.
Calcium and bone metabolism
Authors: Gittoes Neil , Eastell Richard 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers calcium and bone metabolism. It starts with the physiology of bone, investigation of the bones, imaging, mass measurements, and biopsy, then goes on to investigation of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium. Urine excretion and calcium-regulating hormones are explained. It goes on to hypercalcaemia, primary hyperparathyroidism and its treatment, vitamin D intoxication, sarcoidosis, and hypocalcaemia. Vitamin D deficiency, Paget’s disease, and inherited disorders of bone are all included. The pathology, epidemiology, presentation, investigation, and treatment of osteoporosis are covered in detail.
Paediatric endocrinology
Authors: Ong Ken , Hendriks Emile 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers paediatric endocrinology. It starts with normal growth, then goes on to short stature, and constitutional delay of growth and puberty. Primary and secondary growth hormone deficiency are then explained, and treatment is outlined alongside GH resistance. It goes on to hypothyroidism, coeliac disease, skeletal dysplasias, and Turner syndrome. Small gestational age, and tall stature and rapid growth are all covered, alongside normal puberty, precocious puberty, and delayed or absent puberty. Normal sexual differentiation and disorders of sexual development and the assessment of ambiguous genitalia are included.
Diabetes
Authors: Thanabalasingham Gaya , Lumb Alistair , Murphy Helen , Scanlon Peter , Buckingham Jodie , Tesfaye Solomon , Pokrajac Ana , Choudhary Pratik , Divilly Patrick , Dhatariya Ketan , Ajjan Ramzi , Besser Rachel , Owen Katharine 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides a comprehensive overview of diabetes care and management. It starts with a classification and diagnosis of diabetes, followed by sections on expert management of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Living with diabetes is then explored, from sports and exercise, travel, alcohol and recreational drug use, and special considerations such as Ramadan. Hospital inpatient management and diabetes-related emergencies are covered in detail. Diabetes and pregnancy, and paediatric and transition diabetes both have sections explaining common and rare presentations. Finally there are sections on discrete diabetic conditions, such as diabetic eye disease, nephropathy and chronic kidney disease, neuropathy, the diabetic foot, and macrovascular disease.
Lipids and hyperlipidaemia
Authors: Karpe Fredrik 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with lipids and coronary heart disease, and the assessment of CVD risk in the patient. It describes primary hyperlipidaemias, polygenic and familial hypercholesterolaemia, familial hypertriglyceridaemia, and rare genetic hypertriglyceridaemias. Elevation of Lp(a), rare familial mixed dyslipidaemias, secondary hyperlipidaemias, and drug therapy are all covered.
The detection of radio emission from known X-ray flaring star EXO 040830−7134.7
Authors: Driessen L N , Williams D R A , McDonald I , Stappers B W , Buckley D A H , Fender R P , Woudt P A 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
We report the detection of radio emission from the known X-ray flaring star EXO 040830−7134.7 during Karoo Array Telescope (MeerKAT) observations of the nearby cataclysmic variable VW Hydri. We have three epochs of MeerKAT observations, where the star is not detected in the first epoch, is detected in the second epoch, and is marginally detected in the third epoch. We cannot distinguish whether the detection is quiescent emission or a transient radio burst. If we assume that the radio detection is quiescent emission, the source lies somewhat to the right of the Güdel–Benz relation; however, if we assume that the upper limit on the radio non-detection is indicative of the quiescent emission, then the source lies directly on the relation. Both cases are broadly consistent with the relation. We use archival spectral energy distribution data and new Southern African Large Telescope high-resolution spectroscopy to confirm that EXO 040830−7134.7 is a chromospherically active M-dwarf with a temperature of 4000 ± 200 K of spectral type M0V. We use All-Sky Automated Survey (ASAS), All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN), and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) optical photometry to derive an improved rotational period of 5.18 ± 0.04 d. This is the first radio detection of the source, and the first MeerKAT detection of an M-dwarf.
Morpho-kinematics of the wind of asymptotic giant branch star L2 Pup
Authors: Hoai D T , Nhung P T , Darriulat P , Diep P N , Ngoc N B , Thai T T , Tuan-Anh P 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Single-dish observations of asymptotic giant branch star L2 Pup have revealed exceptionally low mass-loss rate and expansion velocity, challenging interpretations in terms of standard wind models. Recent VLT and ALMA observations have drawn a detailed picture of the circumstellar envelope within ∼20 au from the centre of the star: a nearly edge-on rotating disc of gas and dust, probably hosting a planetary companion near the star. However, these observations provide no direct information on the wind escaping the gravity of the star. This article uses ALMA observations of the 12, 13CO(3-2), 29SiO(8-7), 12CO(2-1), and 28SiO(5-4) line emissions to shed new light on this issue. It shows the apparent normality of L2 Pup in terms of the formation of the nascent wind, with important line broadening within 4 au from the centre of the star, but no evidence for a wind flowing along the disc axis. At larger distances, up to some 200 au from the centre of the star, the wind morpho-kinematics is dominated by a disc, or equatorial enhancement, expanding isotropically and radially with a velocity not exceeding some 5 km s−1, inclined in the north-west/south-east direction with respect to the plane of the sky. In addition, outflows of lower density are observed on both sides of the disc, covering large solid angles about the disc axis, contributing about half the flux of the disc. Such morphology is at strong variance with the expectation of a pair of back-to-back outflows collimated by the central gas-and-dust disc.
Rate coefficients of the aluminium monoxide formation by radiative association
Authors: Bai Tianrui , Qin Zhi , Liu Linhua 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Radiative association may be a key pathway for the formation of aluminium monoxide (AlO) in diffuse interstellar clouds, especially for the oxygen-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. In this work, we investigated the radiative association of AlO by the collision of the aluminium and oxygen atoms in their electronic ground states, which is thought to be the most probable radiative association process. First, the potential energy curves for 12 electronic states and the dipole moments between these states were calculated by the state-of-the-art ab initio methodology. Then, the cross-sections and rate coefficients for the radiative association of AlO were computed for the temperatures in the range of 10–10 000 K. The total rate coefficients are of the order of 2.73 × 10−19–1.14 × 10−16 cm3 s−1, and the A2Π → X2Σ+, 12Δ → A2Π, 12Π → X2Σ+, and 22Σ− → A2Π transitions play a key role. The calculated results can be used to investigate the chemical evolution of dust formation in the photospheres of the oxygen-rich AGB stars.
Tobacco Retailers’ Support for Point-of-Sale Tobacco Control Policies in England: Association Study of Retailers’ Perceived Importance of Tobacco Sales, Contact with the Tobacco Industry, and the Perceived Impact of the Policy
Authors: van Deelen Tessa R D , Arnott Deborah , Hitchman Sara , van den Putte Bas , Kunst Anton E , Kuipers Mirte A G 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionPolitical acceptability and successful implementation of tobacco control policies at the point of sale may depend on, among other factors, tobacco retailers’ level of support for these policies. This study quantified the level of support among small tobacco retailers for four point-of-sale tobacco control policies and its association with three predictors.MethodsWe used cross-sectional telephone survey data (August 2019) of 508 small tobacco retailers in England. Weighted logistic regression analyses examined associations between support for the product display ban, price display ban, minimum pack size, and standardized packaging, and self-reported importance of tobacco sales for a business, contact with the tobacco industry, and the perceived impact of the policy on their overall business.ResultsA majority of retailers support minimum pack size (66%), product display ban (65%), price display ban (54%), and standardized packaging (55%). The importance of tobacco sales was not associated with support for the policies. More frequent contact with the tobacco industry was associated with higher odds of support for minimum pack size (OR: 2.01, 95%CI:1.25–3.21), but not with the other three policies. The negative perceived impact of the policies, compared with neutral, was associated with 1.5 to three times lower odds of support for all four policies.ConclusionIn England, small retailers’ support for the four point-of-sale tobacco control policies varied between 54% and 66%. Support seems unrelated to the perceived importance of tobacco sales, and contact with the tobacco industry, but seems strongly related to the perceived impact of tobacco control policies on their business.ImplicationsThis study shows that small independent retailers’ support for point-of-sale (PoS) tobacco control policies is fairly high and that the lack of support voiced by retail trade organizations is not representative of the views of retailers in England. Support rates may be further improved by addressing retailers’ perceptions of the impact of policies on their business. Support was not related to retailers’ perceived importance of tobacco sales for their business and their contact with the tobacco industry. The industry rhetoric is not supported by our findings, as the majority of small independent retailers in England support tobacco control regulations.
Introduction
Authors: Schwartz Ellen C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The introduction to this handbook explains the scope and purpose of Byzantine art, architecture and visual culture from 330 to 1453, across the Eastern Mediterranean world, including Italy and the Balkans, Russia, and the Middle East. It begins with an overview of the role of the arts in religious and secular life, and explains the periodicization of the field into Early, Middle and Late phases as a useful way to consider these artistic productions. It presents the development in scholarly approaches that flow from the beginning phase of Byzantine art history when modern scholars were first discovering the wealth of Byzantine materials, to the later analysis and interpretation of the arts in their historical roles, and finally to the contemporary use of newer (including scientific) techniques and interdisciplinary approaches often incorporating methods from other fields. Consideration of the arts after 1453 that continue to show Byzantine influence is included. Dissemination of information including publications, digital opportunities and display in collections and exhibitions is discussed. The section presents information about the authors, the use of the handbook, and offers thoughts for future exploration in the field of Byzantine art.
Magic and Byzantine Art
Authors: Tuerk-Stonberg Jacquelyn 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The term magic has been long understood as problematic. Studies of Byzantine magic have rapidly developed over the past several decades, and have come to suggest various ways of understanding the term. Two Early Byzantine amulets, serving as case studies, display conventional linguistic structures, including persuasive analogy, speech-acts, and show-acts. These linguistic structures and ways of organizing information operate equally in religious, medical, and philosophical examples. Accordingly, art and texts of ritual power exemplify intersecting communities of thought and are useful for interpreting various types of social practices. Magic studies are interdisciplinary, and as such they open new directions for the history of Byzantine art, Byzantine religion, Byzantine mentalities, Byzantine women, Byzantine Jews, and even a history of the Byzantine “individual.”
Secular Art
Authors: Parani Maria G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The definition of Byzantine secular art remains problematic because of the interpenetration of the sacred and secular in all imperial domains, including the city, the home, and the church. Monumental and portable works of art regarded as secular due to their non-religious content or function were produced throughout the Byzantine era and served multiple roles. These included entertainment and indulgence in intellectual or other pleasurable pursuits; self-representation and the expression of ideological messages; protection against evil; and following current fashions. Innovation, invention, subjectivity, erudition, subversiveness, and humor, often associated with nudity and sexual innuendo, are all qualities thought to distinguish Byzantine secular art. The modes of its engagement with Greco-Roman art and with contemporary non-Byzantine artistic traditions need further study.