bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple Visuotopically Organized Subdivisions of the Lateral Pulvinar/Central Lateral Inferior Pulvinar Project into Thin and Thick Stripe Compartments of V2 in Macaques
Authors: Liu Ye , Hu Jiaming , Yao Songping , Zhou Qiuying , Li Hangqi , Takahata Toru 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The lateral and central lateral inferior pulvinar (PL/PIcl) of primates has been implicated in playing an important role in visual processing, but its physiological and anatomical characteristics remain to be elucidated. It has been suggested that there are two complete visuotopic maps in the PL/PIcl, each of which sends afferents into V2 and V4 in primates. Given that functionally distinct thin and thick stripes of V2 both receive inputs from the PL/PIcl, this raises the possibility of a presence of parallel segregated pathways within the PL/PIcl. To address this question, we selectively injected three types of retrograde tracers (CTB-488, CTB-555, and BDA) into thin or thick stripes in V2 and examined labeling in the PL/PIcl in macaques. As a result, we found that every cluster of retrograde labeling in the PL/PIcl included all three types of signals next to each other, suggesting that thin stripe– and thick stripe–projecting compartments are not segregated into domains. Unexpectedly, we found at least five topographically organized retrograde labeling clusters in the PL/PIcl, indicating the presence of more than two V2-projecting maps. Our results suggest that the PL/PIcl exhibits greater compartmentalization than previously thought. They may be functionally similar but participate in multiple cortico-pulvinar-cortical loops.
Relative Effectiveness of Adjuvanted Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Versus Egg-derived Quadrivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccines and High-dose Trivalent Influenza Vaccine in Preventing Influenza-related Medical Encounters in US Adults ≥ 65 Years During the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 Influenza Seasons
Authors: Boikos Constantina , Fischer Lauren , O’Brien Dan , Vasey Joe , Sylvester Gregg C , Mansi James A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
The effectiveness of standard, egg-derived quadrivalent influenza vaccines (IIV4) may be reduced in adults ≥65 years of age, largely because of immunosenescence. An MF59-adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine (aIIV3) and a high-dose trivalent influenza vaccine (HD-IIV3) offer older adults enhanced protection versus standard vaccines. This study compared the relative effectiveness of aIIV3 with IIV4 and HD-IIV3 in preventing influenza-related medical encounters over 2 US influenza seasons.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study included US patients ≥65 years vaccinated with aIIV3, IIV4, or HD-IIV3. The outcome of interest was the occurrence of influenza-related medical encounters. Data were derived from a large dataset comprising primary and specialty care electronic medical records linked with pharmacy and medical claims. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were derived from an inverse probability of treatment-weighted sample adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, geographic region, vaccination week, and health status. Relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) was determined using the formula (% VE = 1 – ORadjusted) × 100.

Results
In 2017–2018, cohorts included: aIIV3, n = 524 223; IIV4, n = 917 609; and HD-IIV3, n = 3 377 860. After adjustment, 2017–2018 rVE of aIIV3 versus IIV4 was 18.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.8–20.5); aIIV3 vs. HD-IIV3 was 7.7 (95% CI, 2.3–12.8). In 2018–2019, cohorts included: aIIV3, n = 1 031 145; IIV4, n = 915 380; HD-IIV3, n = 3 809 601, with adjusted rVEs of aIIV3 versus IIV4 of 27.8 (95% CI, 25.7–29.9) and vs. HD-IIV3 of 6.9 (95% CI, 3.1–10.6).

Conclusion
In the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 influenza seasons in the United States, aIIV3 demonstrated greater reduction in influenza-related medical encounters than IIV4 and HD-IIV3 in adults ≥65 years.
Multilateral Contracting with Manipulation
Authors: Antler Yair 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We study multi-lateral risk sharing when the state of nature is unverifiable, so that contracts are conditioned on a state-dependent signal (e.g., net earnings in a financial report). A subset of the agents can manipulate the signal’s realisation at some cost and, as a result, Pareto-optimal reallocation of risk is precluded. The agents can write additional side contracts that can be used to incentivise one of the parties to manipulate the signal. Using a novel stability notion that takes into account agents’ beliefs about contemporaneous deviations initiated by their counterparties, we explore the limits of risk sharing and risk bearing.
Rickettsia increases its infection and spread in whitefly populations by manipulating the defense patterns of the host plant
Authors: Shi Pei-Qiong , Chen Xin-Yi , Chen Xiao-Sheng , Lv Ning , Liu Yuan , Qiu Bao-Li 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a destructive agricultural pest that frequently harbors various species of secondary symbionts including Rickettsia. Previous studies have revealed that the infection of Rickettsia can improve whitefly performance on food plants; however, to date, no evidence has shown, if, and how, Rickettsia manipulates the plant-insect interactions. In the current study, the effects of Rickettsia persistence on the induced plant defenses and the consequent performance of whitefly B. tabaci were investigated. Results revealed that Rickettsia can be transmitted into plants via whitefly feeding and remain alive within the cotton plants for at least 2 weeks. The different expression genes of cotton plants were mostly concentrated in the phytohormone signaling pathways, the marker genes of jasmonic-acid signaling pathway (AOC, AOS, LOX, MYC2) were significantly downregulated, while the marker genes of the salicylic-acid signaling pathway (WRKY70, PR-1) were upregulated. Biological experiments revealed that the fecundity of Rickettsia negative B. tabaci significantly increased when they fed on Rickettsia-persistent cotton plants. Taken together, we provide experimental evidence that the persistence of Rickettsia and its induced defense responses in cotton plants can increase the fitness of whitefly and, by this, Rickettsia may increase its infection and spread within its whitefly host.
Novel risk factors for craniofacial microsomia and assessment of their utility in clinic diagnosis
Authors: Xu Xiaopeng , Wang Bingqing , Jiang Zhuoyuan , Chen Qi , Mao Ke , Shi Xiaofeng , Yan Chun , Hu Jintian , Zha Yan , Ma Chao , Zhang Jiao , Guo Rui , Wang Liguo , Zhao Shouqin , Liu Huisheng , Zhang Qingguo , Zhang Yong-Biao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCraniofacial microsomia (CFM, OMIM%164 210) is one of the most common congenital facial abnormalities worldwide, but it’s genetic risk factors and environmental threats are poorly investigated, as well as their interaction, making the diagnosis and prenatal screening of CFM impossible. We perform a comprehensive association study on the largest CFM cohort of 6074 samples. We identify 15 significant (P &lt; 5 × 10−8) associated genomic loci (including eight previously reported) and decipher 107 candidates based on multi-omics data. Gene Ontology term enrichment found that these candidates are mainly enriched in neural crest cell (NCC) development and hypoxic environment. Single-cell RNA-seq data of mouse embryo demonstrate that nine of them show dramatic expression change during early cranial NCC development whose dysplasia is involved in pathogeny of CFM. Furthermore, we construct a well-performed CFM risk-predicting model based on polygenic risk score (PRS) method and estimate seven environmental risk factors that interacting with PRS. Single-nucleotide polymorphism-based PRS is significantly associated with CFM [P = 7.22 × 10−58, odds ratio = 3.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.74–3.63], and the top fifth percentile has a 6.8-fold CFM risk comparing with the 10th percentile. Father’s smoking increases CFM risk as evidenced by interaction parameter of −0.324 (95% CI −0.578 to −0.070, P = 0.011) with PRS. In conclusion, the newly identified risk loci will significantly improve our understandings of genetics contribution to CFM. The risk prediction model is promising for CFM prediction, and father’s smoking is a key environmental risk factor for CFM through interacting with genetic factors.
Aggregating multiple expression prediction models improves the power of transcriptome-wide association studies
Authors: Zeng Ping , Dai Jing , Jin Siyi , Zhou Xiang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTranscriptome-wide association study (TWAS) is an important integrative method for identifying genes that are causally associated with phenotypes. A key step of TWAS involves the construction of expression prediction models for every gene in turn using its cis-SNPs as predictors. Different TWAS methods rely on different models for gene expression prediction, and each such model makes a distinct modeling assumption that is often suitable for a particular genetic architecture underlying expression. However, the genetic architectures underlying gene expression vary across genes throughout the transcriptome. Consequently, different TWAS methods may be beneficial in detecting genes with distinct genetic architectures. Here, we develop a new method, HMAT, which aggregates TWAS association evidence obtained across multiple gene expression prediction models by leveraging the harmonic mean P-value combination strategy. Because each expression prediction model is suited to capture a particular genetic architecture, aggregating TWAS associations across prediction models as in HMAT improves accurate expression prediction and enables subsequent powerful TWAS analysis across the transcriptome. A key feature of HMAT is its ability to accommodate the correlations among different TWAS test statistics and produce calibrated P-values after aggregation. Through numerical simulations, we illustrated the advantage of HMAT over commonly used TWAS methods as well as ad hoc P-value combination rules such as Fisher’s method. We also applied HMAT to analyze summary statistics of nine common diseases. In the real data applications, HMAT was on average 30.6% more powerful compared to the next best method, detecting many new disease-associated genes that were otherwise not identified by existing TWAS approaches. In conclusion, HMAT represents a flexible and powerful TWAS method that enjoys robust performance across a range of genetic architectures underlying gene expression.
A reassessment of strong line metallicity conversions in the machine learning era
Authors: Teimoorinia Hossen , Jalilkhany Mansoureh , Scudder Jillian M , Jensen Jaclyn , Ellison Sara L 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Strong line metallicity calibrations are widely used to determine the gas phase metallicities of individual H ii regions and entire galaxies. Over a decade ago, based on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 4, Kewley & Ellison published the coefficients of third-order polynomials that can be used to convert between different strong line metallicity calibrations for global galaxy spectra. Here, we update the work of Kewley & Ellison in three ways. First, by using a newer data release, we approximately double the number of galaxies used in polynomial fits, providing statistically improved polynomial coefficients. Second, we include in the calibration suite five additional metallicity diagnostics that have been proposed in the last decade and were not included by Kewley & Ellison. Finally, we develop a new machine learning approach for converting between metallicity calibrations. The random forest (RF) algorithm is non-parametric and therefore more flexible than polynomial conversions, due to its ability to capture non-linear behaviour in the data. The RF method yields the same accuracy as the (updated) polynomial conversions, but has the significant advantage that a single model can be applied over a wide range of metallicities, without the need to distinguish upper and lower branches in R23 calibrations. The trained RF is made publicly available for use in the community.
Diffusion of large-scale magnetic fields by reconnection in MHD turbulence
Authors: Santos-Lima R , Guerrero G , de Gouveia Dal Pino E M , Lazarian A 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
The rate of magnetic field diffusion plays an essential role in several astrophysical plasma processes. It has been demonstrated that the omnipresent turbulence in astrophysical media induces fast magnetic reconnection, which consequently leads to large-scale magnetic flux diffusion at a rate independent of the plasma microphysics. This process is called 'reconnection diffusion' (RD) and allows for the diffusion of fields, which are dynamically important. The current theory describing RD is based on incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. In this work, we have tested quantitatively the predictions of the RD theory when magnetic forces are dominant in the turbulence dynamics (Alfvénic Mach number MA &lt; 1). We employed the Pencil Code to perform numerical simulations of forced MHD turbulence, extracting the values of the diffusion coefficient ηRD using the test-field method. Our results are consistent with the RD theory ($\eta _{\rm RD} \sim M_{\rm A}^{3}$ for MA &lt; 1) when turbulence approaches the incompressible limit (sonic Mach number MS ≲ 0.02), while for larger MS the diffusion is faster ($\eta _{\rm RD} \sim M_{\rm A}^{2}$). This work shows for the first time simulations of compressible MHD turbulence with the suppression of the cascade in the direction parallel to the mean magnetic field, which is consistent with incompressible weak turbulence theory. We also verified that in our simulations the energy cascading time does not follow the scaling with MA predicted for the weak regime, in contradiction with the RD theory assumption. Our results generally support and expand the RD theory predictions.
Measuring the tidal response of structure formation: anisotropic separate universe simulations using treepm
Authors: Stücker Jens , Schmidt Andreas S , White Simon D M , Schmidt Fabian , Hahn Oliver 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We present anisotropic ‘separate universe’ simulations that modify the N-body code gadget4 in order to represent a large-scale tidal field through an anisotropic expansion factor. These simulations are used to measure the linear, quasi-linear, and non-linear response of the matter power spectrum to a spatially uniform trace-free tidal field up to wavenumber $k = {7\, h\, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}}$. Together with the response to a large-scale overdensity measured in previous work, this completely describes the non-linear matter bispectrum in the squeezed limit. We find that the response amplitude does not approach zero on small scales in physical coordinates, but rather a constant value at z = 0, RK ≈ 0.5 for $k \ge 3\, h\, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$ up to the scale where we consider our simulations reliable, $k \le 7\, h\, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$. This shows that even the inner regions of haloes are affected by the large-scale tidal field. We also measure directly the alignment of halo shapes with the tidal field, finding a clear signal that increases with halo mass.
Fast infrared variability from the black hole candidate MAXI J1535−571 and tight constraints on the modelling
Authors: Vincentelli F M , Casella P , Russell D M , Baglio M C , Veledina A , Maccarone T , Malzac J , Fender R , O’Brien K , Uttley P 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the results regarding the analysis of the fast X-ray/infrared (IR) variability of the black hole transient MAXI J1535−571. The data studied in this work consist of two strictly simultaneous observations performed with XMM–Newton (X-rays: 0.7–10 keV), VLT/HAWK-I (Ks band, 2.2 μm) and VLT/VISIR (M and PAH2_2 bands, 4.85 and 11.88 μm, respectively). The cross-correlation function between the X-ray and near-IR light curves shows a strong asymmetric anticorrelation dip at positive lags. We detect a near-IR QPO (2.5σ) at 2.07 ± 0.09 Hz simultaneously with an X-ray QPO at approximately the same frequency (f0 = 2.25 ± 0.05). From the cross-spectral analysis, a lag consistent with zero was measured between the two oscillations. We also measure a significant correlation between the average near-IR and mid-IR fluxes during the second night, but find no correlation on short time-scales. We discuss these results in terms of the two main scenarios for fast IR variability (hot inflow and jet powered by internal shocks). In both cases, our preliminary modelling suggests the presence of a misalignment between the disc and jet.
Black hole shadows in Verlinde’s emergent gravity
Authors: Jusufi Kimet , Saurabh  
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We study the effect of baryonic matter and apparent dark matter on black hole (BH) shadow in Verlinde’s emergent gravity. To do so, we consider different baryonic mass profiles and an optically-thin disc region described by a gas in a radial free fall around the BH. Assuming that most of the baryonic matter in the galaxy is located near the Galactic Centre surrounding a supermassive BH, we use two models of power law mass profile for the baryonic matter to study the effect of apparent dark matter on the shadow and the corresponding intensity. We find that the effect of the surrounding matter on the shadow size using observational values is small; however, it becomes significant when the surrounding baryonic matter increases. To this end, we show that the effect of simple power law function in the limit of constant baryonic mass in Verlinde’s theory implies an apparent dark matter effect that is similar to the standard gravity having an isothermal dark matter profile. We also find the intensity of the electromagnetic flux radiation depending on the surrounding mass.
Amantadine withdrawal syndrome masquerading as COVID-19 encephalopathy: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Murray John P , Kerins Angela 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Amantadine withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a rare but recognized cause of severe and persistent altered mental status sometimes with co-occurring extrapyramidal symptoms. First described in a case series from 1987, its clinical manifestations have been characterized along a spectrum ranging from profound hypoactive delirium to hyperactive delirium with hallucinations. Risk factors for withdrawal include abrupt medication discontinuation, prolonged use, older age and underlying dementia.
Herein we describe a case of a 52-year-old woman who presented with confusion, hallucinations, and coronavirus disease-2019 infection. She subsequently developed a prolonged hypoactive delirium after her amantadine was tapered and held. Her hypoactive delirium entirely resolved with resumption of amantadine confirming the diagnosis of AWS. This case illustrates the importance of slowly tapering dopaminergic medications and being aware of rare pharmacologic side effects.
Migrant Magnets: How Movers Change the Politics of Their New Homes and the Places They Leave: The Case of Whites
Authors: Morris Irwin L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Southern movers have both a direct and an indirect impact on the growth of Democratic attachment and support and the increase in geographic polarization within the region. Relatively young, well educated, and progressive, they have a straightforward direct political impact on the places to which they are moving and the places they have left. However, movers also influence the partisan and political orientations of their new neighbors and the neighbors they left behind. Based on “contact hypothesis” dynamics associated with their increased interaction with these progressive newcomers, long-term white residents (stayers) in high-growth areas become more progressive. Conversely, whites in the areas vacated by the young movers respond to the threat facing their declining communities with greater conservatism and an increased attachment to the Republican Party. These migratory effects—both direct and indirect (at least among whites)—undergird the political sea change occurring in present-day southern politics.
The Special Case of Retirees
Authors: Morris Irwin L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Retirees are a distinctive group within the set of southern movers. Significantly, they tend to be older and more conservative than other movers. Mobile retirees tend to congregate in certain areas, and so they may dampen the progressive effects normally associated with population growth. Data presented in Chapter 7 demonstrates that movers of retirement age are distinctive; they are more likely identify as Democrats, and they are more liberal than retirees who age in place. Given the partisan and political leanings of mobile retirees, it is unlikely that they have a significant dampening effect on the liberalizing impact of population growth more generally.
Grand Transitions
Authors: Smil Vaclav 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe modern world was created through the combination and complex interactions of five grand transitions. First, the demographic transition changed the total numbers, dynamics, structure, and residential pattern of populations. The agricultural and dietary transition led to the emergence of highly productive cropping and animal husbandry (subsidized by fossil energies and electricity), a change that eliminated famines, reduced malnutrition, and improved the health of populations but also resulted in enormous food waste and had many environmental consequences. The energy transition brought the world from traditional biomass fuels and human and animal labor to fossil fuel, ever more efficient electricity, lights, and motors, all of which transformed both agricultural and industrial production and enabled mass-scale mobility and instant communication. Economic transition has been marked by relatively high growth rates of total national and global product, by fundamental structural transformation (from farming to industries to services), and by an increasing share of humanity living in affluent societies, enjoying unprecedented quality of life. These transitions have made many intensifying demands on the environment, resulting in ecosystemic degradation, loss of biodiversity, pollution, and eventually change on the planetary level, with global warming being the most worrisome development. This book traces the genesis of these transitions, their interactions and complicated progress as well as their outcomes and impacts, explaining how the modern world was made—and then offers a forward-thinking examination of some key unfolding transitions and appraising their challenges and possible results.
Environment
Authors: Smil Vaclav 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLarge-scale, anthropogenic impact on the biosphere is not a new phenomenon, but the past two centuries have seen an unprecedented extent and intensity of land-use changes, ecosystemic degradation, and pollution driven by population growth, rising food production, energy use, and economic activity. Some two-thirds of terrestrial surfaces have been affected by human action, every biome lost some of its biodiversity, and some forms of environmental pollution (including photochemical smog, coastal dead zones, and plastics in the ocean) are now encountered in many places around the world. The most worrisome impact is the one that affects the entire biosphere: global climate change caused by emissions of greenhouse gases from the combustion of fossil fuels and from agriculture and land-use changes. Managing this challenge will be exceedingly difficult.