bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between women’s empowerment and diarrhoea in children under five years: evidence from the 2017/18 Benin Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Zegeye Betregiorgis , Idriss-Wheeler Dina , Yaya Sanni 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGlobally, diarrhoea is the third leading cause of death for under five-children. Women’s empowerment can significantly reduce under-five mortality due to diarrhoea. This study investigated the association between women’s empowerment and childhood diarrhoea in Benin using data from the 2017/18 Benin Demographic and Health Survey. A total of 7979 currently married women were included in the study. A logistic regression model was used to control for possible confounders. The prevalence of diarrhoea among children under five years of age was 13.6%. About 36.3% of the currently married women decided either alone or together with their husband on their own health, purchase of large household items and visiting family/relatives. Close to 65.4% of currently married women disagreed with all five reasons to justify wife-beating. The children of mothers who had decision-making power were less likely to have diarrhoea (aOR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.57–0.96) than the children of mothers who had no decision-making power. Moreover, the children of mothers who disagreed with all five reasons to justify wife-beating (aOR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.65–0.96) were less likely to have diarrhoea than the children of mothers who accepted wife-beating as a part of life. Women’s age, educational level, wealth index and region were associated with childhood diarrhoea in Benin. The role of women’s empowerment, as determined by decision-making power and wife-beating attitude, was found to be significantly associated with the risk of childhood diarrhoea in Benin, after adjusting for other variables. Therefore, it is essential for policymakers in Benin to reinforce strategies and interventions focusing on women’s empowerment to avert childhood mortality caused by diarrhoea. This includes improving household economic status, women’s education and decision-making power and enhancing awareness of women’s human and democratic rights.
Local anaesthetic techniques in endoscopic sinonasal surgery: a contemporaneous review
Authors: Watts E , Thompson A , Pankhania M , Okonkwo O , Ahmed S 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveEndoscopic endonasal surgery is a minimally invasive technique that has revolutionised the management of complex neurosurgical, otolaryngological, skull-base and craniofacial lesions. Traditionally performed under general anaesthetic, this study explores the growing role of local anaesthetic techniques.MethodA contemporaneous review of modified dental techniques and intraoral anatomy provides a supportive guide for performing endoscopic sinus surgery under local anaesthetic.ResultsThe practical procedures for four midfacial nerve blocks are described with relevance to endoscopic surgery under local anaesthetic. Anatomy, surgical technique and potential complications are discussed for the incisive foramen block, sphenopalatine ganglion block (via endonasal approach), maxillary nerve block (via the greater palatine foramen and the transoral lateral pterygoid plate approach) and transcutaneous approach to the pterygomaxillary fissure.ConclusionUltimately, such techniques may extend the safety and efficacy of endoscopic sinus surgery, limit surgical risk and increase satisfaction for patients, surgeons and healthcare managers alike.
Evaluating the impact of the first 10 years of the Cambridge Masters in Conservation Leadership
Authors: Sandbrook Chris , Nelson Howard P. , Bolderson Shelley , Leader-Williams Nigel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractConservation lacks sufficient well-trained leaders who are empowered to catalyse positive change for the natural world. Addressing this need, the University of Cambridge launched a Masters in Conservation Leadership in 2010. The degree includes several features designed to enhance its impact. Firstly, it recruits international, gender-balanced cohorts of mid-career professionals, building leadership capacity in the Global South and providing a rich environment for peer learning. Secondly, teaching includes applied leadership training in topics such as fundraising, leading people and networking, as well as interdisciplinary academic topics. Thirdly, the degree is delivered through the Cambridge Conservation Initiative, a partnership of international NGOs and networks, facilitating extensive practitioner-led and experiential learning. We present details of programme design and evaluate the impact of the Masters after 10 years, using data from course records, student and alumni perspectives, and interviews with key stakeholders. The course has broadly succeeded in its design and recruitment objectives. Self-assessed leadership capabilities, career responsibilities and the overall impact of alumni increased significantly 5 years after graduation. However, specific impacts of alumni in certain areas, such as on their professional colleagues, have been less clear. We conclude by outlining future plans for the Masters in light of growing demands on conservation leaders and the changing landscape of leadership capacity development. These include reforms to course structure and assessment, long-term support to the alumni network and developing a conservation leadership community of practice.
Congenital transmission of Mexican strains of Trypanosoma cruzi TcIa: interaction between parasite and human placental explants
Authors: Barbosa Cecilia Gomes , Gómez-Hernández César , da Silva Marcos Vinícius , Rezende-Oliveira Karine , Ferreira Paula Tatiana Mutão , de Oliveira Ana Carolina Morais , Desidério Chamberttan Souza , Helmo Fernanda Rodrigues , de Carvalho-Costa Tamires Marielem , Dos Santos Ingrid Ketlen Pereira , Saraiva Lorena Kelly Alves , de Oliveira Carlo José Freire , Machado Juliana Reis , Ferro Eloisa Amália Vieira , Rodrigues Virmondes , Ramirez Luís Eduardo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCongenital transmission of Chagas disease plays an important role in endemic countries because it is not a diagnosis that is encountered frequently in prenatal care. Due to limited information regarding congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in Mexico, the present study aimed to investigate protozoan infectivity and modulation of immune responses in human placental explants infected with T. cruzi Ia Mexican strains. The Inc-5 strain showed increased infectivity and modulated IL-1β, IL-10 and TLR-4, decreasing their expression after 24 h of infection. Both strains (Inc-5 and Ninoa) stimulated the production of TNF-α and decreased IL-6 levels 96 h after infection. An important detachment of the syncytiotrophoblast caused by infection with T. cruzi was observed after 24 h of infection. In this study, ex vivo infection of human placental villi was performed to better understand interactions involving parasitic T. cruzi and human placental tissue. It was concluded that the strains of TcIa present parasitism in placental tissue, modulation of the innate immune system of the placenta, and cause intense detachment of the syncytiotrophoblast, a fact that may be more associated with abortion and premature birth events than the congenital transmission itself, justifying the low rate of this transmission mechanism by this genotype.
Endocrinopathies mimicking gene negative long QT syndrome
Authors: Chakraborty Praloy , Roberts Jason D. , Gollob Michael H. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractVentricular repolarisation can be influenced by hormonal milieu which may mimic long QT syndrome. We describe a series of patients referred for genetic testing for diagnosed long QT syndrome where a detailed clinical workup demonstrated endocrinopathies as the cause of presumed “gene negative” long QT syndrome and QT prolongation.
Determinants of vegetable intake among urban socio-economically disadvantaged adolescents: a systematic review of quantitative studies
Authors: Bel-Serrat Silvia , von der Schulenburg Antje , Mullee Amy , Murrin Celine 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjective:To investigate the determinants of vegetable intake in urban socio-economically disadvantaged adolescents to inform the development of an intervention programme.Design:A narrative systematic review was carried out by searching five electronic databases from 2013 to 2020. The descriptors used for the search strategy were vegetable intake, adolescents, determinants and correlates. Inclusion criteria were including a sample of socio-economically disadvantaged adolescents aged 12–18 years, evaluation of the association between vegetable intake and determinants of intake, and conducted in urban settings of high-income countries. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Identified determinants of vegetable intake were reported according to the five levels of the socio-ecological model of health.Setting:Studies included in the review were conducted in four countries: USA (n 8), Australia (n 3), Ireland (n 1) and New Zealand (n 1).Participants:Adolescents aged 12–18 years from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds living in urban settings.Results:Thirty-nine determinants were identified. Nutrition knowledge was the only determinant consistently investigated in several independent samples which was not associated with vegetable intake in socio-economically disadvantaged adolescents. For the remaining potential determinants, it was not possible to examine the consistency of evidence as there were not enough studies investigating the same determinants. Most of the studies followed a cross-sectional design and were carried out in school settings.Conclusions:There is a need for further studies on the determinants of vegetable intake in this population preferably with longitudinal designs and beyond the school setting in different countries to guide the development of successful interventions.
How counterterrorism throws back wartime medical assistance and care to pre-Solferino times
Authors: Bouchet-Saulnier Françoise 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDomestic counterterrorism (CT) frameworks have been increasingly employed to criminalize impartial medical care to wounded and sick from non-State armed groups labelled as criminal or terrorist in non-international armed conflicts (NIACs). It has also contributed to legitimize attacks and incidental damage on medical facilities in armed conflicts overlooking the international humanitarian law (IHL) protection afforded to the wounded and sick as well as to medical personnel and facilities. This article compares the treatment of the wounded and sick in both international armed conflicts (IACs) and NIACs in the context of the global war on terrorism. It demonstrates the impacts that CT measures have on the IHL protection of the medical mission while demonstrating the increased acceptance that some incidental damages, such as the downgrading of IHL core protections, are tolerated, by some countries in the global fight against terrorism. The article further illustrates how the special criminal status of wounded and sick from non-State armed groups in armed conflicts that are evolving in a CT context can mechanically contaminate the status of impartial humanitarian medical activities, facilities and personnel in such contexts. It also shows how the simultaneous application of CT and IHL in numerous contexts of armed conflict as well as the involvement of State armed forces under those two different bodies of law contributes to blurring the lines between IHL and CT, between protected or “criminal” humanitarian and medical activities. In contexts of complex military operations, this reality creates a mind-set conducive to legal mistakes and security incidents on the medical mission. Although there is a distinction between the protection from attacks and the protection from prosecution under IHL, in practice, numerous military operations to arrest are launched in ways similar to attacks and can end up with some killings. The article concludes that States could easily limit the impact of CT on IHL by adding an exemption in their CT framework for humanitarian and medical assistance that is compatible with IHL. This is the first necessary condition – even if obviously not a sufficient one – to end the legal ambiguity between IHL and State domestic law as to the criminalization or loss of the IHL protected status for the much necessary needed medical assistance and care activities in times of armed conflict that are evolving in a CT context.
FPGA Design for On‐Board Measurement of Intermittency From In‐Situ Satellite Data
Authors: Deak N. , Creț O. , Munteanu C. , Teodorescu E. , Echim M. M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntermittency is a fundamental property of space plasma dynamics, characterizing turbulent dynamical variables as well as passive scalars. Its qualitative and quantitative description from in‐situ data requires an accurate estimation of the probability density functions (PDFs) of fluctuations and their moments, particularly the flatness, a normalized fourth order moment of the PDF. Such a statistical description needs a sufficiently large number of samples for the computation to be meaningful. Due to inherent technological limitations (e.g., limited telemetry bandwidth) not all samples collected on‐board can be sent to the ground for further analysis. Therefore, a technology designed to process on‐board the data and to compute the flatness is useful to fully exploit the capabilities of scientific instruments installed on robotic platforms, including nanosatellites. We designed, built, and tested in laboratory such a technology based on Field Programable Gate Arrays (FPGA). The building principle is the classical estimation of PDFs and their moments, based on normalized histograms of a measure. The technical design uses the FloPoCo (Floating‐Point Cores) framework with customized arithmetic operators; the computation block is a pipelined architecture, which computes a new value of the flatness in each clock cycle. The design and implementation achieve optimization directives of the FPGA resources relevant for operation in space, like area, energy efficiency, and precision. The technology was tested in laboratory using Xilinx SRL16 or SRLC32 macros and provides correct results validated with test time series provided by magnetic field data collected in the solar wind by ULYSSES spacecraft. The characteristics and performance of the laboratory prototype pave the way for a space qualified version of the laboratory design.
Auroral Heating of Plasma Patches Due to High‐Latitude Reconnection
Authors: Díaz Peña Joaquín , Semeter Joshua , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Varney Roger , Reimer Ashton , Hairston Marc , Zettergren Matthew , Hirsch Michael , Verkhoglyadova Olga , Hosokawa Keisuke , Shiokawa Kazuo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study exploits the volumetric sampling capabilities of the Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar (RISR‐N) in collaboration with all‐sky imagery and in situ measurements to examine the interplay between cold plasma transport and auroral precipitation during a high‐latitude lobe reconnection event on the dawn side. Solar wind IMF preceding the event was characterized by an impulsive negative excursion in Bz embedded within a period of Bz > 0 and By < 0. The combined effects of transport and magnetic stress release associated with a high‐latitude reconnection pulse drove a co‐mingling between patches and soft electron precipitation, creating common regions of elevated electron density and temperature. Vertical ionospheric profiles extracted in the rest frame of the drifting patch showed a contemporaneous increase in Te above 200 km and Ne below 250 km while at the same time showing only a small impact in Ne near the F‐region peak. The observations suggest a new mechanism for creating a “hot patch” wherein the density enhancement is not generated by the precipitation but is warmed by it. The physics‐based GEMINI model was used to explore the response to the observed precipitation as a function of altitude and time. Model results suggest that a correlated enhancement in Ne and Te at DMSP altitudes (∼800 km), that is, hot patch, can be produced by auroral heating and upward diffusion, irrespective of lower altitude density structure. The study highlights the need for densely distributed observations in space and time for understanding both mesoscale and small‐scale ionospheric dynamics in regions subject to complex forcing.
Ecological memory preserves phage resistance mechanisms in bacteria
Authors: Skanata Antun , Kussell Edo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBacterial defenses against phage, which include CRISPR-mediated immunity and other mechanisms, can carry substantial growth rate costs and can be rapidly lost when pathogens are eliminated. How bacteria preserve their molecular defenses despite their costs, in the face of variable pathogen levels and inter-strain competition, remains a major unsolved problem in evolutionary biology. Here, we present a multilevel model that incorporates biophysics of molecular binding, host-pathogen population dynamics, and ecological dynamics across a large number of independent territories. Using techniques of game theory and non-linear dynamical systems, we show that by maintaining a non-zero failure rate of defenses, hosts sustain sufficient levels of pathogen within an ecology to select against loss of the defense. This resistance switching strategy is evolutionarily stable, and provides a powerful evolutionary mechanism that maintains host-pathogen interactions, selects against cheater strains that avoid the costs of immunity, and enables co-evolutionary dynamics in a wide range of systems.
Unveiling the key factor for the phase reconstruction and exsolved metallic particle distribution in perovskites
Authors: Kim Hyunmin , Lim Chaesung , Kwon Ohhun , Oh Jinkyung , Curnan Matthew T. , Jeong Hu Young , Choi Sihyuk , Han Jeong Woo , Kim Guntae 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTo significantly increase the amount of exsolved particles, the complete phase reconstruction from simple perovskite to Ruddlesden-Popper (R-P) perovskite is greatly desirable. However, a comprehensive understanding of key parameters affecting the phase reconstruction to R-P perovskite is still unexplored. Herein, we propose the Gibbs free energy for oxygen vacancy formation in Pr0.5(Ba/Sr)0.5TO3-δ (T = Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) as the important factor in determining the type of phase reconstruction. Furthermore, using in-situ temperature & environment-controlled X-ray diffraction measurements, we report the phase diagram and optimum ‘x’ range required for the complete phase reconstruction to R-P perovskite in Pr0.5Ba0.5-xSrxFeO3-δ system. Among the Pr0.5Ba0.5-xSrxFeO3-δ, (Pr0.5Ba0.2Sr0.3)2FeO4+δ – Fe metal demonstrates the smallest size of exsolved Fe metal particles when the phase reconstruction occurs under reducing condition. The exsolved nano-Fe metal particles exhibit high particle density and are well-distributed on the perovskite surface, showing great catalytic activity in fuel cell and syngas production.
Nuclear-capture of endosomes depletes nuclear G-actin to promote SRF/MRTF activation and cancer cell invasion
Authors: Marco Sergi , Neilson Matthew , Moore Madeleine , Perez-Garcia Arantxa , Hall Holly , Mitchell Louise , Lilla Sergio , Blanco Giovani R. , Hedley Ann , Zanivan Sara , Norman Jim C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSignals are relayed from receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) at the cell surface to effector systems in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and coordination of this process is important for the execution of migratory phenotypes, such as cell scattering and invasion. The endosomal system influences how RTK signalling is coded, but the ways in which it transmits these signals to the nucleus to influence gene expression are not yet clear. Here we show that hepatocyte growth factor, an activator of MET (an RTK), promotes Rab17- and clathrin-dependent endocytosis of EphA2, another RTK, followed by centripetal transport of EphA2-positive endosomes. EphA2 then mediates physical capture of endosomes on the outer surface of the nucleus; a process involving interaction between the nuclear import machinery and a nuclear localisation sequence in EphA2’s cytodomain. Nuclear capture of EphA2 promotes RhoG-dependent phosphorylation of the actin-binding protein, cofilin to oppose nuclear import of G-actin. The resulting depletion of nuclear G-actin drives transcription of Myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF)/serum-response factor (SRF)-target genes to implement cell scattering and the invasive behaviour of cancer cells.
Heterozygous missense variant of the proteasome subunit β-type 9 causes neonatal-onset autoinflammation and immunodeficiency
Authors: Kanazawa Nobuo , Hemmi Hiroaki , Kinjo Noriko , Ohnishi Hidenori , Hamazaki Jun , Mishima Hiroyuki , Kinoshita Akira , Mizushima Tsunehiro , Hamada Satoru , Hamada Kazuya , Kawamoto Norio , Kadowaki Saori , Honda Yoshitaka , Izawa Kazushi , Nishikomori Ryuta , Tsumura Miyuki , Yamashita Yusuke , Tamura Shinobu , Orimo Takashi , Ozasa Toshiya , Kato Takashi , Sasaki Izumi , Fukuda-Ohta Yuri , Wakaki-Nishiyama Naoko , Inaba Yutaka , Kunimoto Kayo , Okada Satoshi , Taketani Takeshi , Nakanishi Koichi , Murata Shigeo , Yoshiura Koh-ichiro , Kaisho Tsuneyasu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractImpaired proteasome activity due to genetic variants of certain subunits might lead to proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndromes (PRAAS). Here we report a de novo heterozygous missense variant of the PSMB9 proteasome subunit gene in two unrelated Japanese infants resulting in amino acid substitution of the glycine (G) by aspartic acid (D) at position 156 of the encoded protein β1i. In addition to PRAAS-like manifestations, these individuals suffer from pulmonary hypertension and immunodeficiency, which are distinct from typical PRAAS symptoms. The missense variant results in impaired immunoproteasome maturation and activity, yet ubiquitin accumulation is hardly detectable in the patients. A mouse model of the heterozygous human genetic variant (Psmb9G156D/+) recapitulates the proteasome defects and the immunodeficiency phenotype of patients. Structurally, PSMB9 G156D interferes with the β-ring-βring interaction of the wild type protein that is necessary for 20S proteasome formation. We propose the term, proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndrome with immunodeficiency (PRAAS-ID), to indicate a separate category of autoinflammatory diseases, similar to, but distinct from PRAAS, that describes the patients in this study.