bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of dementia on voice recordings using deep learning: a Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Xue Chonghua , Karjadi Cody , Paschalidis Ioannis Ch. , Au Rhoda , Kolachalama Vijaya B. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Identification of reliable, affordable, and easy-to-use strategies for detection of dementia is sorely needed. Digital technologies, such as individual voice recordings, offer an attractive modality to assess cognition but methods that could automatically analyze such data are not readily available.

Methods and findings
We used 1264 voice recordings of neuropsychological examinations administered to participants from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), a community-based longitudinal observational study. The recordings were 73 min in duration, on average, and contained at least two speakers (participant and examiner). Of the total voice recordings, 483 were of participants with normal cognition (NC), 451 recordings were of participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 330 were of participants with dementia (DE). We developed two deep learning models (a two-level long short-term memory (LSTM) network and a convolutional neural network (CNN)), which used the audio recordings to classify if the recording included a participant with only NC or only DE and to differentiate between recordings corresponding to those that had DE from those who did not have DE (i.e., NDE (NC+MCI)). Based on 5-fold cross-validation, the LSTM model achieved a mean (±std) area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.740 ± 0.017, mean balanced accuracy of 0.647 ± 0.027, and mean weighted F1 score of 0.596 ± 0.047 in classifying cases with DE from those with NC. The CNN model achieved a mean AUC of 0.805 ± 0.027, mean balanced accuracy of 0.743 ± 0.015, and mean weighted F1 score of 0.742 ± 0.033 in classifying cases with DE from those with NC. For the task related to the classification of participants with DE from NDE, the LSTM model achieved a mean AUC of 0.734 ± 0.014, mean balanced accuracy of 0.675 ± 0.013, and mean weighted F1 score of 0.671 ± 0.015. The CNN model achieved a mean AUC of 0.746 ± 0.021, mean balanced accuracy of 0.652 ± 0.020, and mean weighted F1 score of 0.635 ± 0.031 in classifying cases with DE from those who were NDE.

Conclusion
This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that automated deep learning-driven processing of audio recordings of neuropsychological testing performed on individuals recruited within a community cohort setting can facilitate dementia screening.
Aggrandizement of fermented cucumber through the action of autochthonous probiotic cum starter strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus
Authors: Ahmed Sadia , Ashraf Fatima , Tariq Muhammad , Zaidi Arsalan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Cucumber fermentation is traditionally done using lactic acid bacteria. The involvement of probiotic cultures in food fermentation guarantees enhanced organoleptic properties and protects food from spoilage.

Methods
Autochthonous lactic acid bacteria were isolated from spontaneously fermented cucumber and identified to species level. Only strains adjudged as safe for human consumption were examined for their technological and functional characteristics. Strain efficiency was based on maintaining high numbers of viable cells during simulated GIT conditions and fermentation, significant antioxidant activity, EPS production, nitrite degradation, and antimicrobial ability against Gram-positive and Gram-negative foodborne pathogens.

Result
Two strains, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NPL 1258 and Pediococcus pentosaceus NPL 1264, showing a suite of promising functional and technological attributes, were selected as a mixed-species starter for carrying out a controlled lactic acid fermentations of a native cucumber variety. This consortium showed a faster lactic acid-based acidification with more viable cells, at 4% NaCl and 0.2% inulin (w/v) relative to its constituent strains when tested individually. Sensory evaluation rated the lactofermented cucumber acceptable based on texture, taste, aroma, and aftertaste.

Conclusion
The results suggest that the autochthonous LAB starter cultures can shorten the fermentation cycle and reduce pathogenic organism’ population, thus improving the shelf life and quality of fermented cucumber. The development of these new industrial starters would increase the competitiveness of production and open the country’s frontiers in the fermented vegetable market.
Biodegradation of p-nitrophenol by engineered strain
Authors: Xu Jing , Wang Bo , Zhang Wen-hui , Zhang Fu-Jian , Deng Yong-dong , Wang Yu , Gao Jian-Jie , Tian Yong-Sheng , Peng Ri-He , Yao Quan-Hong 
Published: August 2021

Abstractp-Nitrophenol (PNP) is an important environmental pollutant and can causes significant environmental and health risks. Compared with the traditional methods, biodegradation is a useful one to completely remove the harmful pollutants from the environment. Here, an engineered strain was first constructed by introducing PNP biodegradation pathway via the hydroquinone (HQ) pathway into Escherichia coli. In the engineered strain BL-PNP, PNP was completely degraded to β-ketoadipate and subsequently enter the metabolites of multiple anabolic pathways. The high tolerance and rapid degradation ability to PNP enable the engineered strain to have the potential to degrade toxic substances. The engineered strain created in this study can be used as a functional strain for bioremediation of PNP and potential toxic intermediates, and the method of assembling aromatic hydrocarbons metabolic pathway can be used to eradicate nitroaromatic pollutants in the environment.
Mathematical model of survival of fractional calculus, critics and their impact: How singular is our world?
Authors: Atangana Abdon 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFractional calculus as was predicted by Leibniz to be a paradox, has nowadays evolved to become a centre of interest for many researchers from various backgrounds. As a result, multiple innovative ideas had emerged, which caused significant divisions regarding fractional calculus in the past three years. Therefore, this work is aimed at developing a mathematical model that could be used to depict the survival of fractional calculus. Six classes are herein considered to construct a mathematical model with six ordinary differential equations. All elementary analysis have been performed. Additionally, a new analysis including strength number that accounts for the accelerative information of nonlinear and linear parts of a given epidemiological model is introduced. An analysis of the second derivative of the Lyapunov function as well as an analysis of the second derivative of each class is applied to assess how a wave could be detected. It is strongly believed that this new analysis will particularly open new doors within the field of epidemiological modelling, which will aid researchers to better understand the spread of infectious diseases. The stochastic version of the suggested model was also investigated, and numerical simulations were performed. The obtained reproductive number, strength number, extinction of criticism together with numerical simulation, revealed that the field of fractional calculus will be stable will therefore have no significant effect soon.
Predictability of polygenic risk score for progression to dementia and its interaction with APOE ε4 in mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Pyun Jung-Min , Park Young Ho , Lee Keon-Joo , Kim SangYun , Saykin Andrew J. , Nho Kwangsik ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
The combinatorial effect of multiple genetic factors calculated as a polygenic risk score (PRS) has been studied to predict disease progression to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) from mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Previous studies have investigated the performance of PRS in the prediction of disease progression to AD by including and excluding single nucleotide polymorphisms within the region surrounding the APOE gene. These studies may have missed the APOE genotype-specific predictability of PRS for disease progression to AD.

Methods
We analyzed 732 MCI from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort, including those who progressed to AD within 5 years post-baseline (n = 270) and remained stable as MCI (n = 462). The predictability of PRS including and excluding the APOE region (PRS+APOE and PRS−APOE) on the conversion to AD and its interaction with the APOE ε4 carrier status were assessed using Cox regression analyses.

Results
PRS+APOE (hazard ratio [HR] 1.468, 95% CI 1.335–1.615) and PRS−APOE (HR 1.293, 95% CI 1.157–1.445) were both associated with a significantly increased risk of MCI progression to dementia. The interaction between PRS+APOE and APOE ε4 carrier status was significant with a P-value of 0.0378. The association of PRSs with the progression risk was stronger in APOE ε4 non-carriers (PRS+APOE: HR 1.710, 95% CI 1.244–2.351; PRS−APOE: HR 1.429, 95% CI 1.182–1.728) than in APOE ε4 carriers (PRS+APOE: HR 1.167, 95% CI 1.005–1.355; PRS−APOE: HR 1.172, 95% CI 1.020–1.346).

Conclusions
PRS could predict the conversion of MCI to dementia with a stronger association in APOE ε4 non-carriers than APOE ε4 carriers. This indicates PRS as a potential genetic predictor particularly for MCI with no APOE ε4 alleles.
Signs of a new geomagnetic jerk between 2019 and 2020 from Swarm and observatory data
Authors: Pavón-Carrasco F. Javier , Marsal Santiago , Campuzano Saioa A. , Torta J. Miquel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFollowing the observed pattern of a new geomagnetic jerk every 3–4 years, certain predictions suggested that a new event should occur around 2020 after the one observed around 2017.5. In this work, we explore this scenario by analysing the secular variation of the East geomagnetic field component in both ground and satellite geomagnetic data. At ground, we use the available data from 2015 to 2021 in 10 observatories worldwide distributed. This analysis shows the occurrence of the mentioned jerk in mid-2017 at observatories located in the Pacific region, but also reveals a new jerk between mid-2019 and early 2020 with a clear global character. Swarm satellite data also corroborate these findings by means of the secular variation estimated using virtual observatories at 440 km altitude. In addition, a general view using the most recent CHAOS geomagnetic model confirms the global character of the 2020-jerk with V-shaped secular variation changes in meridional sectors covering the Eastern Pacific, America, Asia and the Indian Ocean; and Λ-shapes in Europe, Africa and Western Pacific. The radial geomagnetic field at the core–mantle boundary is investigated as the origin of the new jerk. Results show that the global-average secular acceleration of the radial field exhibits a new pulse at mid-2018, establishing the starting epoch of the 2020-jerk.
Investigations on the occurrence of a muscular disorder in Austrian slaughter pigs
Authors: Schwarz Lukas , Schöner Carolin , Brunthaler Rene , Weissenböck Herbert , Bernreiter-Hofer Tanja , Wallner Barbara , Ladinig Andrea 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
In slaughterhouse, veterinarians responsible for meat inspection are often confronted with abnormalities in carcasses, not only in pigs but in all livestock species. In 2017, a veterinarian responsible for meat inspection in a slaughterhouse in Styria, Austria, observed gluteal muscles infiltrated by fat and muscle tissue obviously being replaced by fat in two different slaughter pigs. These muscles were sent for further diagnostics to the University Clinic for Swine.

Results
The two muscle samples were investigated histopathologically and diagnosed with fatty muscular dystrophy. The results of routine histopathology were confirmed by dystrophin-specific immunohistochemistry. Sex of the two affected animals was determined retrospectively using a PCR-based protocol and resulted in one male and one female pig. A survey to determine the prevalence of fatty muscular disorders of pork revealed that this phenomenon gets frequently observed in Styria, but also occurs in Upper Austria and Lower Austria. Mostly gluteal and lumbal muscles were affected and approximately 20–40% of the affected muscles were replaced by fat.

Conclusions
Fatty muscular dystrophy or muscular steatosis, as it was sometimes called in early literature, seems not to be an uncommon and rare event and is known to have several different causes. As it was detected in both sexes, our observations are different to the described case in Japan, where only one male individual was affected. To avoid further increase of such cases (fatty muscular dystrophy), it would be useful to clarify the cause. First, whether the cause is environmental or genetic, and in case it is genetic it would be key to disentangle the underlying genomic architecture. Having causal variants described—one could think about integrating this information (depending on the mode of inheritance and the number of loci involved) in the breeding program of pigs. Furthermore, the proportion of non-Austrian pig genetics used for commercial pig production in Austria should be reviewed in order to be able to make reliable statements about the spread of the disease not only in Austrian pig breeds, but also in pig breeds worldwide.
Contrast-enhanced mammography in comparison with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI: which modality is appropriate for whom?
Authors: Kamal Rasha , Mansour Sahar , Farouk Amr , Hanafy Mennatallah , Elhatw Ahmed , Goma Mohammed Mohammed 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundDynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) is a revolution regarding screening and diagnosis of breast cancer. Yet, sometimes it is not the appropriate choice of imaging since the examination needs to be scheduled and may take place in another department. Contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) is contrast-based digital mammogram, and consequently, it has emerged as a potential and promising replacer to DCE-MRI.Main body of the abstractThere is a frequently asked question during the multidisciplinary breast cancer tumor boards is: which modality is more appropriate to be used in each clinical scenario? This article provided a detailed understanding of these two modalities in order to achieve a successful implementation of them into the clinical practice. Which modality to start with, in the context of thedetection(screening) followed by characterization ordiagnosisof the identified lesions? What is the appropriate application of both modalities inlocal stagingandfollow-up? All of these issues would be discussed in this article.Short conclusionMRI is a safe tool for breast imaging and has a superior diagnostic performance compared to CEM. However, CEM is getting close: this lies in its accessibility, short-time procedure, requirement of less training and feasibility to standardize.
Hyperspectral fluorescence imaging: Robust detection of petroleum in porous sedimentary rock formations
Authors: Gadea Otto Charles Anthony , Khan Shuhab Danishwar 
Published: August 2021

Examining hand samples can be a necessary step for geologic studies, and effective mapping of such samples can be achieved through the high spectral and spatial resolutions of ground-based hyperspectral imaging (HSI) at the millimeter to centimeter scale. We have developed a simple approach to crude oil identification and characterization — feasible in 16 h — based on hyperspectral data collected under ultraviolet (UV) lighting and normalized with respect to the fluorescence patterns of the Spectralon diffuse reflectance material. The samples under consideration were extracted from a core acquired from an Early Cretaceous bituminous sandstone formation in the Athabasca Basin located near Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada. This basin contains the largest natural bitumen deposit in the world, where surface mining operations currently are viable only for approximately 20% of the estimated 164 billion barrels of total recoverable oil reserves. This deposit is unique in that its tar sands are water-wet, which facilitates the separation of bitumen from the sandstone via water-based gravity separation. However, large amounts of water are still required for oil recovery; therefore, a fast and reliable way to mark portions of the deposit where ample petroleum has accumulated and assess its extractability based on its physical characteristics prior to mining can be helpful for optimizing resource usage. For this reason, we test and visually develop the ability of three classification methods — the spectral angle mapper, support vector machine, and supervised neural network — to distinguish among bitumen, Spectralon, and a nonfluorescent slate background based on the emission of visible light in response to absorbing UV light of different wavelengths. We also adopt spectral indices useful for indicating concentrated bitumen in tar sands. Errors inherent to the methodology are discussed along with ways to mitigate them. After accounting for these, HSI can be a valuable asset alongside other techniques used for production economics evaluation.
Regional suicide prevention planning: a dynamic simulation modelling analysis
Authors: Skinner Adam , Occhipinti Jo-An , Song Yun Ju Christine , Hickie Ian B. 
Published: August 2021

Background
Regional planning may help to ensure that the specific measures implemented as part of a national suicide prevention strategy are aligned with the varying needs of local services and communities; however, there are concerns that the reliability of local programme development may be limited in practice.

Aims
The potential impacts of independent regional planning on the effectiveness of suicide prevention programmes in the Australian state of New South Wales were quantified using a system dynamics model of mental health services provision and suicidal behaviour in each of the state's ten Primary Health Network (PHN) catchments.

Method
Reductions in projected suicide mortality over the period 2021–2031 were calculated for scenarios in which combinations of four and five suicide prevention and mental health services interventions (selected from 13 possible interventions) are implemented separately in each PHN catchment. State-level impacts were estimated by summing reductions in projected suicide mortality for each intervention combination across PHN catchments.

Results
The most effective state-level combinations of four and five interventions prevent, respectively, 20.3% and 22.9% of 10 312 suicides projected under a business-as-usual scenario (i.e. no new policies or programmes, constant services capacity growth). Projected numbers of suicides under the optimal intervention scenarios for each PHN are up to 6% lower than corresponding numbers of suicides projected for the optimal state-level intervention combinations.

Conclusions
Regional suicide prevention planning may contribute to significant reductions in suicide mortality where local health authorities are provided with the necessary resources and tools to support reliable, evidence-based decision-making.
Prediction of Neutropenic Events in Chemotherapy Patients: A Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Wiberg Holly , Yu Peter , Montanaro Pat , Mather Jeff , Birz Suzi , Schneider Michelle , Bertsimas Dimitris 
Published: August 2021

PURPOSE Severe and febrile neutropenia present serious hazards to patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy. We seek to develop a machine learning–based neutropenia prediction model that can be used to assess risk at the initiation of a chemotherapy cycle. MATERIALS AND METHODS We leverage rich electronic medical records (EMRs) data from a large health care system and apply machine learning methods to predict severe and febrile neutropenic events. We outline the data curation process and challenges posed by EMRs data. We explore a range of algorithms with an emphasis on model interpretability and ease of use in a clinical setting. RESULTS Our final proposed model demonstrates an out-of-sample area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.865 (95% CI, 0.830 to 0.891) in the prediction of neutropenic events on the basis of only 20 clinical features. The model validates known risk factors and offers insight into potential novel clinical indicators and treatment characteristics that elevate risk. It relies on factors that are directly extractable from EMRs, provided a tool can be easily integrated into existing workflows. A cost-based analysis provides insight into optimal risk thresholds and offers a framework for tailoring algorithms to individual hospital needs. CONCLUSION A better understanding of neutropenic risk on an individual level enables a more informed approach to patient monitoring and treatment decisions.
Tolerability and Efficacy of Long-Term Medical Therapy in Primary Aldosteronism
Authors: Tang Fengjie , Loh Lih M , Foo Roger S , Loh Wann J , Lim Dawn S T , Zhang Meifen , Tan Pei T , Swee Du S , Khoo Joan , Tay Donovan , Lee Lynette , Tan Sarah Y , Zhu Ling , Soh Shui B , Tan Eberta , Kek Peng C , Puar Troy H 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) have increased cardiovascular risk, and there are concerns about the efficacy of medical therapy.

Objective
We aimed to assess long-term tolerability and efficacy of medical therapy in PA patients.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective study on 201 PA patients treated with medical therapy (spironolactone, eplerenone, or amiloride) from 2000 to 2020 at 2 tertiary centers. Clinical and biochemical control and side effects were assessed.

Results
Among 155 patients on long-term medications, 57.4% achieved blood pressure (BP) &lt;140/90 mmHg, 90.1% achieved normokalemia (48.0% potassium ≥4.3 mmol/L), and 63.2% achieved renin &gt;1 ng/mL/h. Concordance of biochemical control using potassium and renin levels was 49.1%. Side effects were experienced by 52.3% of patients, with 10.3% switching, 22.6% decreasing dose, and 11.0% stopping medications. Risk factors for side effects were spironolactone use, dose ≥ 50 mg, treatment duration ≥1 year, male gender, and unilateral PA. Patients with unilateral PA used higher spironolactone doses vs bilateral (57 vs 50 mg, P &lt; 0.001) and had more side effects (63.2% vs 41.8%, P = 0.008). Forty-six unilateral PA patients who underwent surgery after initial medical therapy experienced improved BP (systolic from 141 to 135 mmHg, P = 0.045; diastolic from 85 to 79 mmHg, P = 0.002).

Conclusion
Dose-dependent side effects limit efficacy of medical therapy in PA. Future prospective studies should assess the best monitoring strategy for biochemical control during long-term medical therapy. For unilateral PA, surgery remains preferable, yielding better control with less long-term side effects.
Whole-body clonal mapping identifies giant dominant clones in zebrafish skin epidermis
Authors: Roan Hsiao-Yuh , Tseng Tzu-Lun , Chen Chen-Hui 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Skin expansion during development is predominantly driven by growth of basal epithelial cell (BEC)-derived clonal populations, which often display varied sizes and shapes. However, little is known about the causes of clonal heterogeneity and the maximum size to which a single clone can grow. Here, we created a zebrafish model, basebow, for capturing clonal growth behavior in the BEC population on a whole-body, centimeter scale. By tracking 222 BECs over the course of a 28-fold expansion of body surface area, we determined that most BECs survive and grow clonal populations with an average size of 0.013 mm2. An extensive survey of 742 sparsely labeled BECs further revealed that giant dominant clones occasionally arise on specific body regions, covering up to 0.6% of the surface area. Additionally, a growth-induced extracellular matrix component, Lamb1a, mediates clonal growth in a cell-autonomous manner. Altogether, our findings demonstrate how clonal heterogeneity and clonal dominance may emerge to enable post-embryonic growth of a vertebrate organ, highlighting key cellular mechanisms that may only become evident when visualizing single cell behavior at the whole-animal level.