bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting Agricultural and Meteorological Drought With Gross Primary Production Recovery Including Spatiotemporal Statistical Analysis in East Africa's Lake Victoria Basin
Authors: Hao Yuefeng , Baik Jongjin , Fred Sseguya , Choi Minha 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Drought imposes severe, long-term effects on global environments and ecosystems. A better understanding of how long it takes a region to recover to pre-drought conditions after drought is essential for addressing future ecology risks. In this study, drought-related variables were obtained using remote sensing and reanalysis products for 2003 to 2016. The meteorological drought index (standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index [SPEI]) and agricultural drought index (vegetation condition index [VCI]) were employed to estimate drought duration time (DDT) and drought recovery time (DRT). To the basin’s west, decreasing rainfall and increasing potential evapotranspiration led to decreasing SPEI. On the east side, decreasing soil moisture from each depth effects vegetation condition, which results in a decreasing gross primary productivity and VCI. Extreme meteorological drought events are likely to occur in the basin’s northeastern and middle western areas, while the southern basin is more likely to suffer from extreme agricultural drought events. The mean SPEI-based DDT (2.45 months) was smaller than the VCI-based DDT (2.97 months); the average SPEI-based DRT (2.02 months) was larger than the VCI-based DRT (1.63 months). Most of the area needs 1 or 2 months to recover from drought except for the basin’s northwestern area, where the DRT is more than 8 months. DDT is the most important parameter in determining DRT. These results provide useful information about regional drought recovery that will help local governments looking to mitigate potential environmental risks and formulate appropriate agricultural policies in Lake Victoria Basin.
Maize Male Reproductive Organs Affected by Different Timings of Water Deficit
Authors: Li Yebei , Wu Chunjiang , Zhang Bingchao , Zhang Ping , Wang Pu , Huang Shoubing 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Compared with female reproductive organs, the development of male reproductive organs was got less attention in maize because of its oversupply in amount even under water deficit. Thus, a rainout shelter experiment was designed to explore the effect of different timings of water deficit on pollen vitality and exterior and interior ultra-structure of pollen grains, starch particles in pollen grains, anther fresh weight, and vascular bundle number and its organizational structure in tassel pedicel. There were five water treatments included in this study, viz. well water treatment (CK), water deficit during 6- to 8- leaf stage (V6 − 8), 9- to 12- leaf stage (V9 − 12), 13-leaf stage to tasseling (V13 − T), and silking to blister (R1 − 2), respectively. Results showed that the percentage of pollen grains with strong vitality decreased remarkably by 27.3–45.9% under water deficits, while that of pollen grains with weak vitality increased by 27.2–34.7%. The percentage of pollen grains with no vitality was significantly increased only when water deficit occurred around silking, which was up to 8.6% for V13 − T and 19.7% for R1 − 2 compared with 1.0% for that of CK. Both shrunken pollen apertures (including annulus and operculum) and less starch particles might partially explain the weakened pollen vitality for water deficits before tasseling. Furthermore, the assimilation flux to male reproductive organs might be restricted by the influenced vascular bundle system under water deficits before tasseling, with manifestation showing in anther fresh weight and starch particle status in pollen grains. Specifically, V9 − 12 and V13 − T water deficits delayed differentiation of vascular bundle but had no influence on vascular bundle number, which might be one reason for their decreased anther fresh weight and less starch particles in pollen grains. Conversely, V6 − 8 water deficit significantly decreased vascular bundle number but had no significant influence on anther fresh weight and starch particles in pollen grains. R1 − 2 water deficit almost had no influences on above indicators except for pollen vitality. Overall, this research highlight that male reproductive organs could be influenced by water deficits in maize, which deserves more attention in further breeding especially under the background of high-quality requirement for pollen vitality of the maize hybrids that have a small tassel size.
Destructive Controlled-Phase Gate using Linear Optics
Authors: Shringarpure S. U. , Franson J. D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Knill, Laflamme, and Milburn showed that linear optics techniques could be used to implement a nonlinear sign gate. They also showed that two of their nonlinear sign gates could be combined to implement a controlled-phase gate, which has a number of practical applications. Here we describe an alternative implementation of a controlled-phase gate that only requires the use of a single nonlinear sign gate. This gives a much higher average probability of success when the required ancilla photons are generated using heralding techniques. This implementation of a controlled-phase gate destroys the control qubit, which is acceptable in a number of applications where the control qubit would have been destroyed in any event, such as in a postselection process.
A type II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody efficiently depletes CNS B cells in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Tacke Sabine , Chunder Rittika , Schropp Verena , Kirchner Philipp , Ekici Arif B. , Urich Eduard , Kuerten Stefanie 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
BackgroundSuccessful therapy with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has reinforced the key role of B cells in the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis. While treatment with currently available anti-CD20 mAbs results in rapid and robust elimination of vascular B cells, B cells residing within compartments of the central nervous system (CNS) are not well targeted. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a novel class of anti-CD20 mAbs on vascular and extravascular CNS-infiltrating B cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. MethodsMale double transgenic hCD20xhIgR3 mice and male wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice were injected with human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)1–125 to induce chronic EAE. On days 19, 22, and 25 after immunization, the hCD20xhIgR3 mice were injected intravenously with an anti-human CD20 mAb (5 mg/kg), either rituximab (a type I anti-CD20 mAb) or obinutuzumab (a type II humanized anti-CD20 mAb). The B6 mice received a dose of the murine anti-mouse CD20 antibody 18B12. Development of EAE was assessed daily. Seven days after the last injection, mice were euthanized, splenic B-cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry, and differential gene expression determined by single-cell RNA sequencing. Total serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G and anti-MOG1–125 IgG titers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reduction in CNS-infiltrated CD19+ and CD3+ cells was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural CNS pathology was studied by transmission electron microscopy. ResultsTreatment with either anti-CD20 mAb had no effect on the clinical course of the disease, animal weight, or serum antibody levels. Obinutuzumab was superior to rituximab in reducing both splenic and CNS-infiltrated B cells. At the single-cell level, obinutuzumab showed pronounced effects on germinal center B cells as well as on CD4+ T cells, which acquired a regulatory-gene signature. In addition, obinutuzumab had beneficial effects on spinal cord myelination. B-cell depletion rates in the 18B12/B6 model were comparable with those observed in obinutuzumab-treated hCD20xhIgR3 mice. ConclusionsOur results demonstrate differential effects of anti-CD20 mAbs on peripheral immune response and CNS pathology, with type II antibodies potentially being superior to type I in the depletion of tissue-infiltrating B cells.
Effective Properties of Semitransparent Radiative Cooling Materials With Spectrally Variable Properties
Authors: Kishore Ravi Anant , Booten Chuck , Wijesuriya Sajith 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Radiation cooling is a promising solid-state, non-vapor-compression technology for passive refrigeration and air conditioning. Although this phenomenon occurs naturally, achieving a significant amount of cooling to make it a technically and economically viable technology requires highly engineered, spectrally selective radiative surfaces. These characteristics make radiation cooling difficult to estimate, particularly when it is integrated with other systems such as photovoltaic panels or building envelopes. The complexity further increases when the substrate also participates in the radiative cooling (along with the radiative coating). Energy estimation is becoming increasingly critical because of the recent focus on the semitransparent radiative coatings that transmit a variety of colors to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the system. Here, we propose a simple iterative method to calculate the effective radiative properties, which provide the same net radiative cooling that would be observed using the spectral properties at both the coating and substrate surfaces. Compared to traditional methods that rely on either computationally expensive full spectral analysis or methods for averaging each radiative surface parameter locally, our proposed method focuses on calculating effective properties that provide the same the net cooling effect as a full spectral analysis by accounting the emissivity, absorptivity, and transmissivity collectively, thereby providing an overall estimation error of less than 0.2%. We believe that this study will be beneficial to the engineering communities that employ complex simulation codes and require lumped solar and thermal radiation related parameters.
Influence of National Essential Public Health Services Policy on Expenditure for Hypertension in China: A Difference-in-Difference Analysis
Authors: Xue Long , Sui Mengyun , He YunZhen , Li Hongzheng , Liu Ziyan , Sheng Huilin , Ying Xiaohua 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: The prevention and control of hypertension should be an effective way to reduce deaths and it has been a high priority in China. The Chinese government issued the National Essential Public Health Services Package (NEPHSP) in 2009; this initiative provides free public health services to meet the challenges posed by hypertension. It includes health education, regular health checkups, and regular follow-ups provided to patients with hypertension aged ≥ 35. This study explored the influence of the NEPHSP on outpatient and inpatient expenditure among patients with hypertension. Methods: Data were mined from the 2011–2015 Harmonized China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The dependent variables were the outpatient and inpatient expenditure of patients with hypertension. The independent variable was defined as whether covered by the NEPHSP in 2013 or 2015. Using propensity score matching (PSM) to match the individual characteristics of hypertension in the NEPHSP-covered group and the NEPHSP-uncovered group, Tobit regression models with difference-in-differences (DID) were used to analyze the outcomes. Results: After PSM, of the 1,956 hypertensive participants, 369 had physical exams covered by the NEPHSP in 2013 and 2015. In 2013 and 2015, the outpatient and inpatient expenses of patients with hypertension increased compared with 2011. A DID estimate for the NEPHSP-covered service was associated with a marginal significant decrease of RMB 319.79 (p = 0.586) and RMB 1072.02 (p = 0.068) in hypertension inpatient expected expenditure in 2013 and 2015, respectively. The DID estimate showed no significant change among outpatient expected expenditure. Conclusions: The NEPHSP may reduce inpatient expenditure among patients with hypertension. Further strengthening of the NEPHSP may reduce their burden.
Clusters Formed by Dumbbell-like One-Patch Particles Confined in Thin Systems
Authors: Sato Masahide 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Performing isothermal-isochoric Monte Carlo simulations, I examine the types of clusters that dumbbell-like one–patch particles form in thin space between two parallel walls, assuming that each particle is synthesized through the merging of two particles, one non-attracting and the other attracting for which, for example, the inter-particle interaction is approximated by the DLVO model. The shape of these dumbbell-like particles is controlled by the ratio of the diameters q of the two spherical particles and by the dimensionless distance l between them. Using a modified Kern–Frenkel potential, I examine the dependence of the cluster shape on l and q. Large island-like clusters are created when q < 1. With increasing q, the clusters become chain-like. When q increases further, elongated clusters and regular polygonal clusters are created. In hte simulations, the cluster shape becomes three-dimensional with increasing l because the thickness of the thin system increases proportionally to l.
Utilization of bitumen modified with pet bottles as an alternative binder for the production of paving blocks
Authors: Awolusi T.F. , Oguntayo D.O , Babalola O.E , Ajamu S.O , Natie F.D , Aladegboye O 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This study considers the utilization of bitumen modified with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles waste as an alternative binder in paving blocks. The optimum bitumen content of asphalt concrete was modified with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of PET waste. The compressive strength test, skid resistance, water absorption, and abrasion test were conducted on the paving block samples. Compressive strength test was conducted to verify the samples' compressive strength performance while water absorption and abrasion test were used to ascertain the durability properties of the samples. Results obtained for PET-modified bitumen concrete paving blocks (PMBCB) show an increase in compressive strength, skid resistance, and a decrease in the water absorption and abrasion loss when compared to unmodified bitumen samples. The maximum compressive strength for the PET-modified bitumen concrete was recorded at 10% PET replacement level. This implies that the utilization of PET-modified bitumen as binders in concrete paving blocks will not only help in waste recycling but also contribute significantly to the protection and preservation of the environment.
Paediatric Cancer Predisposition Documentation Tool – Standardized Reporting Form for Children and Adolescents With Suspected Cancer Predisposition Syndrome
Authors: Brecht Ines B. , Hoyer Juliane , Ripperger Tim , Karow Axel , Borkhardt Arndt , Brozou Triantafyllia , Cazzaniga Gianni , Ebinger Martin , Farah Roula , Obregón Susana García , Hauer Julia , Kamawal Ariana , Kronnie Geertruij te , Kuhlen Michaela , Lazic Jelena , Lohi Olli , Özbek Ugur , Pérez-Martínez Antonio , Rieß Olaf , Schneider Dominik T. , Schrappe Martin , Schroeder Christopher , Zimmermann Stefanie , Thiel Christian T. , Schroeck Evelin , Reis André , Schlegelberger Brigitte , Metzler Markus 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
More comprehensive genetic diagnostics in children with cancer, enabled by modern sequencing techniques have shown that germline variants causing genetic cancer predisposition can be detected in an increasing proportion of patients. Many individuals carrying a predisposing germline variant exhibit distinct characteristics regarding family history, tumor type, age at manifestation and therapy toxicity. However, comprehensive phenotypic characterization and automated electronic documentation in searchable databases are essential to fully integrate genetic and clinical features. Therefore, we have developed a structured Paediatric Cancer Predisposition Tool – PERCEPT to facilitate more accurate documentation of even subtle clinical features of patients with or with suspected germline cancer predisposition or suspected germline cancer predisposition. It improves the comparability in multicentre studies and the automated recognition of phenotypic patterns in international searchable databases.
Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Host Growth Promotion by Endophytic Fungus of Rumex Gmelinii Turcz.
Authors: Ding Changhong , Wang Shouyu , Li Jiabin , Wang Zhenyue 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: Rumex gmelinii Turcz. (RGT) is a medicinal plant of Rumex in Polygonaceae. Our research group isolated an endophytic fungus plectosaphaerella cucumerina (Strain J-G) from RGT, which could promote the growth of the host significantly when was co-cultured with the host. In this study, we mainly used transcriptomic analysis to explore the molecular mechanism of the growth promoting effect.Results: It was found that during the process of co-culture with Strain J-G, metabolism of amino acids, the synthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates in RGT tissue culture seedlings were all promoted, which provided sufficient material and energy basis for the growth of plants. In addition, response to hormones such as auxin and cytokinin in RGT tissue culture seedlings was improved significantly, which promoted the growth and development of plants. The repairing ability of DNA in RGT tissue culture seedlings was enhanced to provide a good guarantee for the growth of plants. Meanwhile, defense system of RGT tissue culture seedlings was also mobilized by the existence of Strain J-G, therefore more secondary metabolites and stress resistant substances were produced to ensure the normal growth and metabolism of plants.Conclusion: During the co-culture of the endophytic fungus J-G and RGT tissue culture seedlings, metabolism of amino acids, synthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates were promoted, which provided sufficient materials and energies for the growth of RGT tissue culture seedlings. The responses to hormones such as auxin and cytokinin were improved, which enhanced the growth and development of RGT tissue culture seedlings. The DNA repair capacities were improved, which provided a good guarantee for the growth of RGT tissue culture seedlings. In addition, the existence of Strain J-G also activated the defense mechanism of RGT tissue culture seedlings, therefore more secondary metabolites and various stress-resistant substances were produced to ensure the growth and metabolism of RGT tissue culture seedlings.
Latest Classification and Such Functions of Human Hormones
Authors: Kabir Ashraful 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Abstract: Based on the classification of human hormones, there is no solid idea in most books. In this view, this article could exemplify a concrete solution, especially for medical and university students. Hormones have many life-saving roles in the human body. With the deficiency of hormones, our body might fall into lots of problems. Data analyses of much information from books, articles, online supplements gave different ideas on total hormones. The result suggested that some hormones were secret from the same glands. Out of 110 hormones (when the same hormone came from different sources), exact different types of hormones were 88. Analyzed hormones consisted of four major groups- amine (4 hormones), eicosanoid (4), steroid (15), and peptide were (65) out of 88 endocrine chemicals. The endocrine and reproductive system (56) jointly secreted most of the hormones, and secondly gastrointestinal tract (26 hormones). Besides the organ system or glands, some are come out from the cell, tissue, tissue system, and placenta. This paper also mentions, phenotypically males and females exhibit many differences, hence hormonal analyses; they are more or less the same. For instance, many sex hormones are also present both in males and females. In the future, it needs to enhance more research on the classification of the hormones in the human body.
New Pacemaker Implantation in Patients undergoing Transcatheter Valve Replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ferreira Hilaryano , Morais Humberto , Ferreira Ana Rita , Madeira Francisco , Morais Carlos 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
BackgroundPermanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation remain a common finding after Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Overall rate of PPM implantation after TAVR varies and is related to various factors and is highly variable. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the incidence of new permanent pacemaker implant at 1 year irrespective of valve brand manufacturer, vascular access used, deployment technique/mechanism. Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality, 30-day, 1-year mortality, and cardiovascular mortality.MethodsWe performed a systematic search for studies that reported the incidence of PPM implantation after TAVR. Data on study, patient, and procedural characteristics were abstracted. Risk ratios (RRs); odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by use of random effects models.Results14 studies were included, totalling 25,967 TAVR patients, mean age 80.15 ± 6.91years, 52.9% being male, 26.3% of which required PPM implantation 1-year after intervention (p = 0.00001; RR 115.16).ConclusionsVarious factors impact the risk for pacemaker implantation after TAVR and one quoter of the patients undergo new permanent pacemaker implant at 1-year post undergoing TAVR.
Endophytic Beauveria bassiana increases galling of ‘Rutgers’ tomato roots with Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Yerukala Shalini , Bernard Ernest C. , Gwinn Kimberly D. , Butler David M. , Grewal Parwinder S. , Ownley Bonnie H. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Beauveria bassiana is endophytic in many plant species and has been shown to protect host plants against insect pests and plant pathogens. However, less is known about its activity against plant-parasitic nematodes. In vitro and plant assays were conducted to determine the effect of B. bassiana 11-98 (Bb) on Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode; RKN). Beauveria bassiana was confirmed as an endophyte in ‘Rutgers’ tomato and colonization patterns of Bb in ‘Rutgers’ (highly susceptible to RKN) were compared with those in ‘Mountain Spring’ (less susceptible to RKN). In greenhouse tests with ‘Rutgers’ at 30 and 60 days after treatment (DAT) with RKN and Bb, there were few differences in plant growth variables among treatments in repeated trials. However, RKN root galling and egg count/root system were enhanced in plants treated with Bb at 60 DAT. In an in vitro assay with egg masses from greenhouse tests, the percentages of hatched eggs, and mobile and immobile nematodes did not differ significantly for RKN and RKN+Bb treatments. The presence of viable Bb from roots was confirmed by collecting egg suspensions from root galls and plating them on selective medium. Colonies of Bb were verified on agar medium, but no parasitism of RKN eggs was observed. Research is needed to investigate factors responsible for increased galling by RKN in the presence of endophytic Bb in ‘Rutgers’ tomato.