bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Logic of Noise Reduction
Authors: Kromhout Melle Jan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the conceptual implications of the myth of perfect fidelity by further analyzing the two case studies introduced in chapter 1. While analog noise reduction and the addition of “dither”-noise in the digital domain at first seem diametrically opposed (reducing and adding noise, respectively), closer analysis shows that they both serve to conceal the physical influence of the medium on the reproduced sound. Following a conceptual logic of noise reduction, they strive to achieve the most accurate copy of the “original” sound. Information theory has shown, however, that this influence of media technological transmission channels on the output signal is inevitable, because the physical limitations of the medium cannot be fully overcome. The chapter therefore suggests replacing the myth of perfect fidelity with the competing concept of a noise resonance of sound media, to account for the fact that noise, distortion, and randomness unavoidably shape all reproduced sound.
Time and Transience
Authors: Kromhout Melle Jan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 develops a detailed conceptual analysis of the interrelation between noise and time, to better grasp what it would mean to replace the myth of perfect fidelity with the idea of a noise resonance of sound media. It does so on the basis of a more philosophical reading of the contrast between ideal filters, exemplified by the timeless figure of the sine wave, and the inherently temporal nature of all technological filters. The chapter thereby shows that, contrary to the timeless clarity and purity assumed by the myth of perfect fidelity, the noise resonance of sound media acknowledges the inherently temporal nature of technological operations and the inevitable introduction of noise. As it shapes all recorded sound and music, noise thereby defines the listener’s experience of the multilayered temporality of technologically reproduced sound, emphasizing both its inherent pastness and its continuous flow through the present.
“This Isn’t Some TV Show, Okay?”
Authors: Richards Rashna Wadia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 seems like an ostensible contradiction of all that has come before it, as it zooms in on parody. In common parlance, parody is regarded narrowly as a sendup or a spoof. But this chapter repurposes the concept as a displacement paradigm, rethinking parody as a deceptive double that furtively displaces the authority of the original. Playing on eminent existing terrain and interrogating cinematic tradition make parody particularly effective for an analysis of Dear White People (Netflix, 2017–present), a web series that demonstrates how parody works to undermine the cultural authority and assumed whiteness of mainstream American as well as European art cinema.
Introduction
Authors: Graybill Rhiannon 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Hebrew Bible contains many accounts of rape and sexual violence. Feminist approaches to these stories remain dominated by Phyllis Trible’s 1984 book Texts of Terror. This chapter and book offer a new approach, drawing on feminist, queer, and affect theory and offering new readings of biblical rape stories, including Dinah (Gen 34), Tamar (2 Sam 13), Lot’s daughters (Gen 19), Bathsheba (2 Sam 11), Hagar (Gen 16 and 21), Daughter Zion (Lam 1 and 2), and the Levite’s concubine (Judg 19). In place of “texts of terror,” this chapter opens the possibility of reading after terror. The approach offered here also engages contemporary activism against sexual violence and rape culture, bringing them to bear on biblical studies.
Building Democracy in Late Archaic Athens
Authors: Paga Jessica 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn 508/7 B.C.E., after years of stasis and uncertainty, the city of Athens was rocked by a momentous occurrence: the passage of a series of reforms that resulted in the creation of what has come to be known as the world’s first democracy. Exactly how the Athenians did this is still a fundamental question 2,500 years later. This book provides a novel answer to these questions by considering the built environment broadly and monumental architecture specifically. The reforms transformed the very nature of what it meant to be Athenian and their far-reaching effects would come to leave their mark on nearly every aspect of society, including the structures at which they prayed and in which they debated legislation. This book investigates the built environment of ancient Athens precisely during this time, the Late Archaic period (ca. 514/13–480/79 B.C.E.). It was in these decades, filled with transition and disorder, that the Athenians transformed their political system from a tyranny to a democracy. Amidst concurrent sociopolitical changes, they altered the physical landscape and undertook the monumental articulation of the city and countryside. Interpreting the nature of the fledgling democracy from a material standpoint, this book approaches the questions and problems of the early political system through the lens of buildings. It draws attention to a pivotal period in Athenian political history through the built environment, thereby exposing the richness of the material record and illustrating how it participated in the creation of a new demotic Athenian identity.
The Akropolis
Authors: Paga Jessica 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the buildings of the Athenian Akropolis. A brief survey of earlier building activity is provided in order to consider how the Akropolis looked at the time of the Kleisthenic reforms and to highlight some of the problems and controversies in the architectural material. The issue of the “H-Architecture” (the Bluebeard Temple or Hekatompedon) is fully considered, including the ongoing controversy regarding its appearance and location. An account of the Akropolis at the end of the sixth and beginning of the fifth centuries then follows. The chapter closes with two sections that place these buildings within their broader topographical and historical context, including a calculation of the financial cost of the Old Athena Temple and a suggestion for how it might have been funded.
TheAstuof Athens
Authors: Paga Jessica 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter evaluates buildings in the astu (city center) of Athens, excluding the Akropolis and Agora. Buildings and monuments within distinct areas are treated together in order to consider the broader impact of discrete sectors of the city. The chapter concludes with an examination of the sight lines and viewing axes that crisscross the city, connected to and independent of the roadways and paths. These sight lines, axes, and roads link various parts of the city together via the built environment, thereby underscoring relationships in both architectural form and function. The chapter emphasizes how the changes to the built environment in the late sixth and early fifth centuries also transformed the ritual landscape and lived experience of the astu.
The Rise of Philo-Semitic Attitudes and Zionist Discourses in Christianity
Authors: Carpenedo Manoela 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the rise of philo-Semitic attitudes and Zionist discourses in World Christianity. By comparing the similarities and the differences between different Christian Philo-Semitic attitudes, it provides a categorization of Messianic Judaism, Christian Zionism, and Judaizing Evangelicalism. An overview of the Brazilian religious field is also offered, where particular focus is given to the growth of Charismatic Evangelicalism in the country. The chapter also investigates background information including the social structuration and the origins of “Judaizing Evangelical revival” within the community under study. The chapter concludes by situating the Judaizing Evangelical community within the emerging philo-Semitic attitudes and Zionist tendencies in World Christianities.
A Preliminary Case for Wave Function Realism
Authors: Ney Alyssa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter explains the use of wave functions in quantum mechanics in order to develop a preliminary argument for wave function realism, one that is commonly found in the physics and philosophy of physics literature. It distinguishes ontological questions about the status of the wave function from the more discussed measurement problem for quantum mechanics, and explains how wave function realism is an approach to ontology that is compatible with several rival solutions to the measurement problem. The chapter then presents an initial, but not ultimately decisive, argument for wave function realism based on the ubiquity of wave function representations in quantum physics.
Wave Function Realism in a Relativistic Setting
Authors: Ney Alyssa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter considers and responds to criticism that wave function realism is only plausible as an approach to the interpretation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics and not relativistic quantum theories and quantum field theories. This critique gains traction as wave function realism has until now been formulated and defended solely within the context of idealized, nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. The chapter considers five such arguments and responds to each. An important lesson is that wave function realists should only adopt the wave-function-in-configuration-space picture as part of an interpretation of an idealized nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. More generally, the space the wave function inhabits will vary as the quantum theory the wave function realist is developing an interpretation of varies. The chapter develops a sketch of what wave function realism looks like in one relativistic context. It then discusses the issue of the interpretation of quantum theories in the limit of physical theorizing.
The Causal Role of Macroscopic Objects
Authors: Ney Alyssa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter considers and critiques some strategies for solving the macro-object problem for wave function realism. This is the problem of how a wave function understood as a field on a high-dimensional space may come to make up or constitute the low-dimensional, macroscopic objects of our experience. It is first noted that simply invoking correspondences between particle configurations and states of the wave function will not suffice to solve the macro-object problem, following issues noted previously by Maudlin and Monton. More sophisticated strategies are considered that appeal to functionalism. It is argued that these functionalist strategies for recovering low-dimensional macroscopic objects from the wave function also do not succeed.
Finding the Macroworld
Authors: Ney Alyssa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter proposes a solution to the macro-object problem for wave function realism. This is the problem of how a wave function in a high-dimensional space may come to constitute the low-dimensional, macroscopic objects of our experience. The solution takes place in several stages. First, it is argued that how the wave function’s being invariant under certain transformations may give us reason to regard three-dimensional configurations corresponding symmetries with ontological seriousness. Second it is shown how the wave function may decompose into low-dimensional microscopic parts. Interestingly, this reveals mereological relationships in which parts and wholes inhabit distinct spatial frameworks. Third, it is shown how these parts may come to compose macroscopic objects.
Environmental Conservation and Environmental Change
Authors: Perrings Charles 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the content and structure of the book. It identifies the main characteristics of the Hotelling approach to conservation, and the nature of the conservation problems it can address. It summarizes the evidence for large-scale, systematic changes in biodiversity and ecological functioning across biomes. It identifies what elements of the biophysical system have and have not been conserved, how this differs from one society to the next, and what has been gained or lost in the process. Finally, the chapter also discusses the different ways in which the conservation problem has been analyzed by natural and social scientists.
Conservation in Protected Areas
Authors: Perrings Charles 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChapter 11 focuses on protected areas. It considers how the principles developed in earlier chapters inform protected area design—especially their size, shape, and expected duration—and management. It covers the ecological principles involved (threat, distinctness, and representativeness), and their connection to the theory of island biogeography. It then discusses how these are modified by economic principles requiring that the benefits of protection need to offset the opportunities forgone by committing resources to the acquisition of the necessary rights, the additional cost of conservation effort, and the net costs to those impacted by the change in rights. It is shown how evaluation of the trade-offs involved makes it possible to identify the optimal size of individual protected areas, or the optimal structure of a network of protected areas.
Conservation Beyond Protected Areas
Authors: Perrings Charles 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChapter 12 considers the conservation problem outside of protected areas, and how it reflects the principles described earlier. Topics addressed include the conservation of endangered wild species in unprotected areas and especially in agricultural areas; the in situ protection of the genetic diversity of livestock strains, crops, and crop wild relatives; and the ex situ protection of germ-plasm in zoos, arboreta, and seed banks. Protection of wild species on private lands covers the maintenance of habitat remnants important to the survival of endangered species, and the establishment and maintenance of biocorridors between habitats important to the survival of endangered species. Protection of domesticated species on agricultural and forestland covers the genetic erosion and genetic vulnerability of cultivated species that has followed the widespread adoption of high-yielding varieties.
Conservation at the National Level
Authors: Perrings Charles 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Since the 1993 Convention on Biological Diversity, nation-states have asserted sovereign rights over all biological resources within their boundaries. Chapter 13 reviews the policies and instruments applied by governments to the conservation of natural capital in areas of national jurisdiction. Measures addressed include the assignment of property rights in biological resources; protective legislation; environmental offsets; incentive systems including taxes, subsidies, and payments for ecosystem services; and penalties. Particular attention is paid to common pool resource management regimes, legal restrictions on land use such as the US Endangered Species Act, biodiversity offsets, and payment systems such as the EU and US agri-environment schemes.
Sosipatra as a Theurgist and Oracle
Authors: Marx Heidi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Sosipatra’s story is punctuated by a number of marvelous events, in particular, prophetic moments where she relates either knowledge at a distance or of future happenings. This chapter situates these moments in the larger frame of late ancient theurgy and “magic.” To explain Sosipatra’s identity as a divine woman and the relationship of her status to various kinds of religious activity or ritual in addition to philosophical expertise and aptitude, this chapter discusses the variety of ritual expertise represented among holy men and women in antiquity in general and among various figures in Eunapius’s narrative in particular. This will illuminate the relationship between theurgy and philosophy for Eunapius. Ritual activities and practices, divination being the most important of these, were not considered irrational or at odds with philosophical forms of reasoning. Rather they were understood in the Iamblichean milieu to be by their very nature complementary to reason, and the culmination and transcendence of rationality.
Introduction
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the major themes of the book. The topic of poverty has many myths, stereotypes, and misperceptions surrounding it. The purpose of this book is to confront and address these myths with facts and evidence. The book is divided into six sections. Section I looks at the characteristics of those experiencing poverty. Section II explores why poverty exists. The costs of poverty are addressed in Section III. Section IV examines the issue of welfare and the social safety net. Section V turns to the wider context of inequality. And finally, Section VI pulls together the arguments made throughout the book in order to provide a pathway for moving forward in the future.
The Poor Tend to Live Outside of Impoverished Inner-City Neighborhoods
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 confronts the myth that most of the poor live in impoverished inner-city neighborhoods. In reality, only approximately 10 to 15 percent of America’s poor people reside in high-poverty neighborhoods. Furthermore, the numbers of poor people in suburban areas now outnumber those in central-city areas. Finally, high levels of poverty can be found in rural America, including Appalachia, the Mississippi delta, the Texas–Mexico border, the Southwest and Northern Plains, and the central corridor of California. Thus, the myth that poverty is confined to a particular group of Americans, in very specific locations, is corrosive because it encourages the belief that poverty is an issue of “them” rather than “us.” Poverty strikes a wide swath of the population, and it touches Americans in cities, suburbs, and rural communities.
The Economic Cost of Poverty Is Enormous
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 11 analyzes the overall economic cost of poverty to the United States. Childhood poverty is estimated to cost the United States approximately $1 trillion a year. This is the result of a loss of economic productivity, higher health expenses, and increased criminal justice costs. It is also estimated that for every dollar spent in reducing poverty, the nation would save up to $12 in reduced expenses. The argument of equality versus efficiency is discussed, and shown to be lacking in strength. High rates of poverty are viewed as leading to greater inequality as well as reducing economic efficiency.
Inequality Matters
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 18 begins by examining how much economic inequality exists in the United States. With respect to both income and wealth inequality, the United States has the highest levels of inequality compared with other OECD countries. With respect to intergenerational economic mobility, the United States has less mobility than most other industrialized countries, with such mobility declining in recent decades. Greater levels of inequality are also associated with lower levels of mobility. Finally, high levels of inequality are correlated with increased violence, crime, and incarceration. The United States has been an outlier with respect to its failure to adequately address a wide variety of social policy issues, from child care, to criminal justice, to health care. Poverty is prime example of this failure and the predictable result of extremely high numbers of poor people.
Joseph Smith for President
Authors: McBride Spencer W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In 1844, Joseph Smith, the controversial founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, had amassed a national following of some 25,000 believers—and a militia of some 2,500 men. In this year, his priority was protecting the lives and civil rights of his people. Having failed to win the support of any of the presidential contenders for these efforts, Smith launched his own renegade campaign for the White House, one that would end with his assassination at the hands of an angry mob. Smith ran on a platform that called for the total abolition of slavery, the closure of the country’s penitentiaries, the re-establishment of a national bank to stabilize the economy, and most importantly, an expansion of protections for religious minorities. Spencer W. McBride tells the story of Smith’s quixotic but consequential run for the White House and shows how his calls for religious freedom helped to shape the American political system we know today.
Mobocracy
Authors: McBride Spencer W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the difficulties Joseph Smith and the Mormons experienced in 1843, difficulties that ultimately led to Smith’s decision to run for president. These difficulties included another attempt by Missouri to extradite Smith, this time through a failed kidnapping attempt in Illinois. In addition, the Mormons’ practice of bloc voting alienated them from Illinois Whigs and some of the state’s Democrats. Many of these anti-Mormon partisans resolved to drive Smith and his followers from the state, just as Missouri had done five years earlier. Smith and other Mormon leaders sought to shore up their legal and civic protections and passed several extreme Nauvoo city ordinances for this purpose, ordinances that only fueled the outcry against them.
Presidential Hopefuls
Authors: McBride Spencer W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers Joseph Smith’s attempts to get the men believed to be the likeliest candidates for president to commit to helping the Latter-day Saints gain their long-sought redress for their lost property in Missouri and to protect their civil rights to prevent a repeat of the Missouri conflict in Illinois. Accordingly, Smith writes to five potential candidates: John C. Calhoun, Lewis Cass, Henry Clay, Richard Mentor Johnson, and Martin Van Buren. Only Calhoun, Cass, and Clay respond. None of the three men commit to help the Mormons. Smith is frustrated by these responses and determines that there is no candidate for the presidency who will ensure the protection of the Mormons’ rights as American citizens. Accordingly, church leaders determine that they should support Smith as an independent candidate for president.
A Political Tract
Authors: McBride Spencer W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this chapter Joseph Smith and his scribe William W. Phelps draft a political pamphlet that will serve as the platform for Smith’s campaign. This chapter looks at the national relevance of each plank of that platform, as well as the personal relevance of each to Smith. His policy positions include the end of slavery through the federal purchase of slaves from their enslavers, the re-establishment of a national bank to stabilize the economy, and criminal justice reform through the closing of the country’s penitentiaries. Smith also addresses the pressing issues of national expansion, particularly where debates over the annexation of Texas and the disputed claims of the Oregon Country are concerned. But most prominently, Smith calls for the empowerment of the federal government to ensure the protection of religious minorities in individual states.
The Political Kingdom of God
Authors: McBride Spencer W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the formation of the Council of Fifty, a secretive organization in Nauvoo created by Smith. Smith and the Council of Fifty consider solutions to the problems facing the Latter-day Saints. The council manages Smith’s presidential campaign and helps formulate plans to petition the federal government for redress or for a liberal tract of land in the west where the Mormons could resettle. The council also directs negotiations with the Republic of Texas for the Mormons to move there and occupy the contested Nueces Strip. It is also in the Council of Fifty that Smith and others discuss the eventual replacement of the United States government with a theodemocracy ahead of the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.