bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipids as potential contributors to the beneficial effects of Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB)
Authors: Kaufman Sharon , Krieger Jean‐Philippe , Langhans Wolfgang , Arnold Myrtha 
Published: June 2021

RYGB is still the most effective treatment of obesity and its comorbidities, but the signaling molecules and mechanisms that mediate the beneficial effects of RYGB are largely unknown. One of the classes of molecules that could be involved are gut‐derived endogenous lipids. We therefore investigated profiles of potential lipid mediators locally in the gut. We non‐occlusively cannulated the mesenteric lymph duct of diet‐induced obese (DIO), insulin‐resistant RYGB or sham‐operated rats and collected lymph samples in relation to spontaneous meals for subsequent mass spectrometry analysis of the intestinal lymphatic lipidome from all animals prior to and 5, 10 and 21 days after the surgery. A multivariate analysis revealed two separate clusters for the lipidomes of the animals of the two surgical groups. Unlike sham‐surgery, RYGB surgery changed the levels of >150 lipids compared to pre‐surgical levels. TG were mostly decreased after RYGB, presumably reflecting the reduced food intake. Some lipids, however, were increased in intestinal lymph after RYGB. Especially those reported to be decreased in obesity (e.g., lysophosphatidylcholine [LPC] 20:1 or phosphatidylcholine [PC] 32:0) were upregulated about two‐fold 21 days after the RYGB surgery. This might be related to the decreased body weight rather than being a direct surgery effect. Some lipids, however, (e.g., PC 40:7, phosphatidylethanolamines [PE] 40:6, sphingomyelins [SM] 18:0) were upregulated in the RYGB group already 5 days after surgery, long before their body weight was significantly decreased compared to sham‐operated controls. Notably, there was a strong positive correlation between RYGB surgery and longer chain length in particular for TG, diacylglycerols [DG], PE, and SM. Moreover, TG, DG and phosphatidylinositols showed a positive correlation between RYGB surgery and an increased frequency of double bonds. Whether these changes are cause or consequence of an improvement of enterocyte structure and function, and whether they contribute to the reported improvement of the various comorbidities requires further investigation.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Exposure to a Western‐Style Diet during Early Development Reduces Skeletal Muscle Lipid Metabolism and CI‐dependent Oxidative Capacity in Juvenile Non‐Human Primate Offspring
Authors: Greyslak Keenan T , Hetrick Byron , Takahashi Diana A , Dean Tyler , Kievit Paul , Sullivan Elinor L , McCurdy Carrie E 
Published: June 2021

Maternal obesity and diabetes during pregnancy is linked to an increased and earlier risk for offspring to develop insulin resistance and metabolic diseases. We have previously found in a non‐human primate model that maternal western‐style diet (WSD) alone or in combination with obesity reduces oxidative capacity in fetal muscle concomitant with increased oxidative damage and lipid metabolism. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fetal adaptations to maternal WSD alone independent of maternal obesity leads to persistent reductions in skeletal muscle metabolism in juvenile offspring prior to the development of obesity.Experimental DesignLean adult female Japanese macaques were maintained on a control diet (CTR) or WSD prior to and during pregnancy and lactation. Male and female offspring were than weaned to independent housing at 7 mo and fed a WSD or CTR resulting in four groups (CTR/CTR, CTR/WSD, WSD/CTR and WSD/WSD). Insulin sensitivity was measured by i.v. GTT and body composition by DEXA at 36 mo. Muscle biopsies were taken at 40 mo to measure oxidative metabolism by high resolution respirometry and electron transport system complex (C) activities by spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed by a 2‐way ANOVA (maternal diet X offspring diet)ResultsThere were no differences in body weight, % fat or insulin sensitivity across groups. Total oxidative capacity and CI‐dependent oxidative capacity were decreased by ~30% (P=0.001) in the presence of lipid substrates in gastrocnemius (gastroc) and soleus of offspring exposed to a maternal WSD independent of offspring diet. CI‐specific activity was reduced by 50% (P<0.0001) in the gastroc. Citrate synthase activity was not different suggesting that reduced oxidative metabolism is not caused by diminished mitochondrial abundance.ConclusionsMaternal WSD during pregnancy and lactation results in a persistent reduction in skeletal muscle lipid metabolism in offspring prior to offspring obesity. Switching offspring to a heathy diet did not ameliorate the effects of developmental exposure to maternal WSD. Impaired muscle lipid metabolism is linked to insulin resistance in adults and likely contributes to the increased risk of metabolic disease in exposed offspring.Support or Funding InformationR24 DK090964R01 MH107508R01 (ES)This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Effect of Ginger Powder Extracts on Actin Assembly In Vitro
Authors: Sugimoto Naotoshi , Katakura Masanori , Matsuzaki Kentaro , Miyamoto Mayumi , Sumiyoshi Eri , Yachie Akihiro , Shido Osamu 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveThe components of ginger root (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) have been widely used for various medicinal purposes in Asia. Several bioactive compounds have been identified in ginger, including 6‐ and 8‐gingerols and 6‐shogaol, which are agonists of the capsaicin receptor TRPV1[1, 2]. Recently, we demonstrated that ginger powder might affect human metabolism in vivo[3]. However, the effects of the bioactive compounds of ginger on live cells have not been completely elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether ginger powder extracts (GPE) induced signal transduction, especially actin assembly, in vitro.MethodThe active components of GPE were characterized by high‐performance liquid chromatography. NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator. These cells were treated with GPE (10 ng/mL) for 10 min, followed by analysis of the activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK and p38 MAPK, and actin assembly.ResultsThe levels of phosphorylated ERK and p38 MAPK increased significantly after a 10‐ min stimulation with GPE. In addition, lamellipodia formation, which is known to facilitate cell migration[4], occurred at cell edges after GPE stimulation.ConclusionsGPE activated MAPKs and increased lamellipodia formation in mouse fibroblasts. These results suggest that GPE modifies signal transduction, including actin assembly, in vitro.Support or Funding InformationKAKENHI, JapanThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
H2S‐Induced Structural Changes of Insulin Protein in Early Lag Phase: Key to Detaining Amyloid Formation
Authors: Colon‐Rios Daniel Andres , Aldarondo‐Torres Alani , Rosario‐Alomar Manuel F. , Lopez‐Garriga Juan 
Published: June 2021

Amyloid fibrils are formed by soluble proteins that assemble into insoluble fibers associated to many types of diseases such as Diabetes Type 2, and Alzheimer's Disease. Amyloid formation can be divided into three phases: the lag phase, where native protein unfolds and begins to self‐aggregate; the elongation phase, in which these aggregates grow into fibrils, and the steady phase, where saturation of mature fibrils occurs. Hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) amyloid fibrils are inhibited in the presence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (Rosario, 2014). To further explain the means by which H2S inhibits amyloid fibrillation, insulin from bovine pancreas (IBP), was tested upon experimentation with increasing concentrations of H2S. ThT Fluorescence analysis revealed a decrease in peak intensity as the concentration of H2S increased in each sample, proving H2S to be an inhibitor of insulin amyloids. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) of the control sample showed an array of fibrillary structures. However, as the concentration of H2S increased, samples went from having a combination of fibrillary structures and small conglomerated spherules to the sole appearance of small spherules. Far UV‐Circular Dichroism spectra of the native protein and the protein interacting with H2S were very similar. However, non‐resonance Raman spectra revealed the presence of newly formed trisulfide bridges in the interaction between insulin and the H2S species as opposed to the disulfide bridges found in native and fibrillated insulin protein. The data suggest H2S‐protein interactions favor a structural change in the process of protein denaturing. The H2S species intervenes with amyloid formation early on during the lag phase inhibiting the formation of protofibrils and potential mature fibrils.Support or Funding InformationResearch reported in this publication was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103475. It was also supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number T34GM008419. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Protective effects of Enterococcus faecium strain R30 on transformation of slow to fast fiber under inactive condition
Authors: Ikeji Takuya , Hirayama Yusuke , Matsumoto Tomohiro , Ono Kohei , Takuwa Miho , Hirabayashi Takumi , Tategaki Airo , Kondo Hiroyo , Fujino Hidemi 
Published: June 2021

Inactivity results in the transformation of slow to fast fiber and mitochondria dysfunction in skeletal muscle. PGC‐1α, a transcriptional factor, can prevent transformation of slow to fast fiber and the reduced oxidative enzyme activity in skeletal muscle. We have confirmed that Enterococcus faecium strain R30 (R30) activated muscle sympathetic nerve and increased blood flow in muscle capillary in our previous study. Several studies report that the increased blood flow induces nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression via shear stress, and eNOS expression regulates PGC‐1α protein expression. Also, the activated sympathetic nerve activity increased PGC‐1α protein expression via activation of adrenergic receptor. Therefore, we examined the hypothesis that R30 might prevent the transformation of slow to fast fiber and the reduced oxidative enzyme activity via PGC‐1α protein expression in skeletal muscle under inactive condition. Fifteen male Sprague‐Dawley rats aged 11 weeks old were divided into three groups, that is, 1) control (CON; n = 5), 2) 2 weeks hindlimb unloading (HU; n = 5), and 3) HU+R30 (HU+R30; n = 5). In the experimental periods, we administered orally to R30 (500 mg/kg/day) in the HU+R30 group, and the same amount of physiological saline in the CON and HU groups. After 2 weeks hindlimb unloading, type I fiber composition ratio, citrate synthase (CS) activity, eNOS and PGC‐1α protein expression level were measured. Type I fiber composition ratio and CS activity were significantly higher in the HU+R30 than in the HU group. The expression levels of eNOS and PGC‐1α protein in the HU+R30 group were significantly higher than in the HU group. These results indicate that R30 supplementation could increase the levels of eNOS and PGC‐1α expression in soleus muscle, and prevent the transformation of slow to fast fiber and the reduced oxidative enzyme activity under inactive condition.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Growth Arrest Specific 6 in Regeneration after Skeletal Muscle Injury
Authors: Tsukamoto Jacob J , Matsumura Marc S , Olsen Zachary E , Wilson Esther K , Chow Joshua L , Arroyo Juan A , Thomson David M 
Published: June 2021

Growth arrest‐specific 6 (Gas6) belongs to the family of vitamin K‐dependent proteins. Its functions in the cardiovascular, pulmonary and immune systems have been reported on in depth, but very little is known about its role in skeletal muscle. Because of its roles in the regulation of inflammation and cell proliferation in other tissues, our objective was to determine whether Gas6 plays an important role in skeletal muscle repair and/or regeneration after injury.Therefore, we unilaterally injured the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of young adult (YA; 5 mo.) and old (O; 30 mo.) Fisher Brown‐Norway rats with barium chloride (n=5–8/group). At the time of injury we also implanted a subcutaneous osmotic pump that continuously infused Gas6 (4 mg/ml) or saline onto the TA muscle through silicone tubing. The contralateral muscles served as controls. One week after injury, blood and the TA muscles were collected and the rats were euthanized. Muscle sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Muscle were homogenized and Gas6 concentration was measured by ELISA in both plasma and muscle homogenates.We found that muscle injury greatly increased Gas6 concentration in muscle, but not plasma. [Gas6] was greater in O vs. YA plasma, but age had no effect on Gas6 levels in skeletal muscle. Gas6 infusion increased regenerating muscle fiber size in YA rats, but not in O rats (n=3), despite a similar increase in Gas6 concentration with injury.These results suggest that Gas6 is likely an important player in the regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury, and that the impaired recovery of old skeletal muscle after injury may be due in part to Gas6 resistance.Support or Funding InformationResearch Support: BYU Gerontology Program GrantThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Exercise, but Not Metformin Prevents Muscle Function Loss due to Doxorubicin in Mice Using an In‐Situ Model
Authors: Mackay Amy D , Hancock Chad R 
Published: June 2021

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a clinically relevant chemotherapeutic known to cause severe side effects in heart and skeletal muscle. The deleterious effects DOX elicits on skeletal muscle are concerning due to the high rates of severe fatigue experienced by chemotherapy patients. Identifying treatments that prevent this skeletal muscle dysfunction is critically important. Exercise (EX) and metformin (MET) have both been suggested as treatments to reduce the toxic effects of DOX. However, their effects on muscle function in the gastrocnemius‐plantaris‐soleus (GPS) complex are unknown. Additionally, the mechanism by which DOX decreases muscle function are still under investigation. DOX can cause mitochondrial disruption, but the direct effects of mitochondrial function on muscle function have not been studied in this model. The purpose of this study is three fold: (1) to determine if DOX decreased muscle function of the GPS complex using an in‐situ muscle fatigue protocol, (2) determine if EX or MET treatment can prevent muscle function loss due to DOX, and (3) determine if muscle function loss is due to a decrease in mitochondrial respiratory function. C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups: CON, DOX, DOX+EX, or DOX+MET. DOX was administered as a single intraperitoneal injection at 15 mg/kg body weight 3 days before sacrifice. Moderate EX treatment was done by treadmill running for 60 minutes for 5 days at 70% max prior to DOX injection. MET treatment was administered via oral gavage at 500 mg/kg body weight for 5 days beginning 2 days before DOX injection. GPS complex muscle function was measured in‐situ using tetanic contractions elicited by direct stimulation in a 6 minute fatigue protocol. Real time mitochondrial respiratory function was measured in gastrocnemius muscle. We report that DOX treatment caused ~20% body weight loss at 3 days, an effect that was partially prevented in DOX+EX (p<0.05) or DOX+MET (p=0.06). A small decrease in total force production was observed with DOX, which trended towards significance (0.08≥p≤0.04). DOX+EX treatment restored force production back to CON levels, but DOX+MET did not. The half relaxation rate was impaired by an average of 18% with DOX treatment (p<0.05). DOX+EX prevented this impairment of the half relaxation rate (p<0.05). DOX+MET did not restore impaired half relaxation rate caused by DOX. Mitochondrial respiration was not different between the groups, suggesting that the changes in muscle function occur independent of mitochondrial function. In conclusion, DOX treatment decreased muscle function in the GPS complex by impairing half relaxation rates. EX but not MET treatment prevented impaired half relaxation rate. These changes occurred independent of mitochondrial respiration.Support or Funding InformationMentoring Environment Grant, Brigham Young UniversityThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
An anatomical study to determine the safest posterior arthroscopic approach to the human hip
Authors: Curcio Daniella F , Gomes Berliet Assad , Ramos Max Rogerio Freitas , de Almeida Camila Rodrigues , Fiorelli Stenio Carlos Alvim , Fiorelli Rossano Kepler Alvim , Laitman Jeffrey T. 
Published: June 2021

The human hip (acetabulofemoral joint) is amongst the most complex joints for arthroscopic surgery. This is due to the many inviolable structures that are in direct contact, proximity, or surround the hip joint, notably: the femoral neurovascular bundle, anteriorly; the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh, in the anterolateral aspect; and gluteal vessels and the sciatic nerve (SN) in the posterior region. Arthroscopic access of the hip joint involves the opening of cutaneous entry portals. We here discuss the posterior portal (PP), placed at 1cm proximal and 1cm posterior to the palpable apex of the great trochanter, where its anterior and posterior edges merge superiorly, in neutral position or slight interior rotation of the hip (Aprato et al. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal. 2016). The PP offers a good view of the posterior aspect of the articular capsule of hip, but involves risk of injury to the SN and anatomical variations should be considered. This study evaluates the types of anatomic variations of the SN and assesses the risk of nerve injury by measuring the distance between the nerve and the PP in 40 cadaveric hip joints (17 males and 3 females). We used a millimeter caliper to obtained the measurements and the standard Beaton's and Anson's criteria (Anat Rec. 1937) as a reference to classify the anatomic variations. From our sample, 35 specimens presented with variation type I: SN emerging below the piriformis muscle (PM) in a single bundle; and 5 specimens presented with variation type II, common peroneal nerve running through the PM and the tibial nerve emerging below the PM. The average distance from the sciatic nerve to the PP was 3.06cm for type I variation group, 2.46cm for the type II variation group (p<0.05, Wilcoxon and t test). In the cases presenting with type II variation, the SN is closer to the region of access via PP and the risk of injury is higher. We recommend a careful analysis of the MRI, prior to the surgery, with attention to the anatomical variations of the SN, and a maximum distance of 2.0cm from the cutaneous PP in order to increase the surgical safety of posterior arthroscopic approaches of the human hip joint.Support or Funding InformationIn conjunction with the Building Bridges initiativesThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Morphological Variations of The Ovine Heart Interatrial Septum
Authors: Holda Mateusz Krystian , Holda Jakub , Tyrak Kamil , Klimek‐Piotrowska Wieslawa 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundAtrial septal pouch (SP) is defined as a blind ended, kangaroo‐like diverticulum that may be located on the left or/and right side of the interatrial septum of the heart. A left‐sided SP may trigger atrial fibrillation and be a source of thrombosis, which increases the risk of ischemic stroke. Recent discoveries on the clinical significance of left‐sided SP may encourage the creation of new strategies and devices for the management of SPs. However, these strategies may first need to be tested in the ovine model before implementation in humans. Unfortunately, little is known about the presence of SPs in this species. Thus, we evaluated the morphology of the interatrial septum in ovine hearts and compared them with that of human and swine.MethodsIn this study a total of 60 ovine (Ovis aries) hearts were examined. The interatrial septum morphology was assessed as well as the patent foramen ovale (PFO) channel and SPs were measured. This study has been conducted in conformance with the FASEB Statement of Principles for the use of Animals in Research and Education and the Basic Principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and their expansion.ResultsThe most commonly occurring variant were PFO channels (25.0%) with channel lengths of 5.4 ± 2.3 mm. Smooth septums were observed in 18.3% of hearts. In the remaining cases, septums had a left septal ridge (15.0%), left SP (11.7%), left septal bridge (10.0%), right SP (10.0%), or had both a right SP and left septal ridge (10.0%). No double SPs were observed. The mean right SP depth was 3.4 ± 1.2 mm, and its mean ostium width and height were 7.9 ± 1.8 mm and 2.8 ± 1.0, respectively. For the left SP, the mean depth was 6.0 ± 1.7 mm, the ostium width was 7.9 ± 2.4 mm, and the ostium height was 4.1 ± 1.6 mm (range: 2.3 to 6.4 mm). The left SPs were significantly deeper than right SPs (p=0.001) and had larger ostium height (p=0.04). There were no differences between the dimensions of the right SPs when the left septal ridge was present or absent (p >0.05). There were no correlations between any measured SPs dimensions and heart weight (p >0.05).ConclusionsIn conclusion the interatrial septum of ovine hearts exhibit morphologies that are more similar to humans than they are to swine. The presence of a left SP in sheep hearts make ovine models a promising alternative to the human heart for developing left‐sided SP management devices and techniques.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.