bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Achlya ambisexualis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Willoughby L. G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Achlya ambisexualis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: perch, a coarse fish, often in association with other aquatic fungi such as
Leptomitus lacteus
(Roth) Agardh. Also occurs, alone, on cultivated goldfish. DISEASE: Animals: freshwater external parasite GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: UK, USA. TRANSMISSION: Unknown.
Peronospora sparsa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora sparsa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cultivated roses and the following species,
Rosa californica, R. centifolia, R. canina, R. chinensis, R. rubiginosa
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of rose. Bright red to purple or, less frequently, brown spots develop on the leaves which fall very readily especially if the bushes are shaken gently. A non-parasitic defoliation of unknown origin termed a 'false mildew' has been reported from France (Tramier, 1962). The necrotic spots formed on the leaves are similar at a certain stage to those caused by
P. sparsa
. Conidiophores and conidia develop on the under surface of the downy mildew spots in high relative humidity. In Europe their production is sparse but in California it is reported as copious (Baker, 1953). In heavy infections stems and flowers (both calyx and petals) become diseased and badly infected and young stems often die back. Flowers and flower buds can be retarded and malformed by the pathogen without visible damage to the leaves (53, 3523). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt, Morocco, S. Africa, Zimbabwe); Asia (Brunei, Iran, Israel, Japan, Mauritius, Philippines); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Britain (incl. Jersey), Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, USSR); N. America (Canada, USA); S. America (Argentina, Brazil). TRANSMISSION: As dormant mycelium in cuttings and plants. It is reported that mycelium can overwinter within infected stems both from warmer countries such as Australia (57, 2154) and Brazil (19, 98) and also from Northern Europe (53, 3523). The role of oospores in disease transmission is less certain. They have been found in leaves and stems (Baker, 1953; Fraymouth, 1956) and flowers (Cuboni, 1888) but their occurrence seems to be sporadic and they do not appear to be of great importance in carrying over the pathogen. The possibility that the disease may be seed borne was suggested by a worker in Poland (7, 325). In 1926 downy mildew was discovered in a commercial nursery near Lublin on one-year-old seedlings of
Rosa canina
. The seedlings had been raised from seed imported from Vienna and the inference was that the disease came with the seed especially as all seedlings of local origin were healthy.
Peronospora sparsa
is not listed as a seed pathogen by Neergaard (1977).
Cochliobolus sativus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus sativus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On grasses including cereals (barley, oats, rye, wheat) and other plants. DISEASE: Spot blotch or foot and root rot of temperate cereals. On barley dark brown, lenticular spots of variable size form on the young leaf sheaths; post emergence death may occur. Surviving infected plants can be dwarfed, dark green, erect and tiller excessively. Conidia spread infection; blackish spotting occurs on the nodes, glumes and grain (black point). In foot rot, especially on wheat, the stem bases have rust brown streaks and blotches. Roots show brown spotting or a more general necrosis; their development is reduced and they may break off at the crown. Tillers are killed, survivors become stunted; the spike only partly emerges and grain is shrivelled. In the field foot rot results in patches of stunted plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 322, ed 3, 1974). TRANSMISSION: The fungus occurs on seed (49, 2834; 50, 637; 53, 2978, 3454; 56, 2458; 57, 500, 1142, 4422; 58, 220; 59, 5098). It is also soil-borne (see below) and spreads from volunteer plants and other hosts, and by air dispersed conidia(58, 1213).
Mycosphaerella fragariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella fragariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Fragaria
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot or white spot of strawberry. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Very widespread (CMI Map 110, ed. 3, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Presumably both spore forms are splash-borne and possibly wind-borne but no specific studies appear to have been reported. The fungus readily survives on leaves which remain green over the cooler months, and in leaf debris as sclerotial like bodies or on volunteer plants.
Taphrina wiesneri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Taphrina wiesneri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: cherry, apricot. DISEASE: Witches' broom and leaf curl of cherry and apricot (58, 1402). Also known as buckwood or bull-bough. The reddish to reddish-purple colour of the infected leaves together with the witches' broom type of growth are characteristic of the disease. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Japan, Asia, Europe (including Russia; 58, 1402). North America, South America (CMI map 199, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: By blastosporic conidia or ascospores from infected tissue. Over-wintering on bud scales and in infected wood.
Urocystis agropyri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Urocystis agropyri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Aegilops, Andropogon, Agropyron, Agrostis, Arrhenatherum, Bromus, Dactylis, Deschampsia, Elymus, Elytrigia, Festuca, Hierochloe, Hordeum, Koeleria, Lolium, Phleum, Poa, Triticum
. DISEASE: Causes flag smut of wheat, barley and grasses, characterized by linear black erumpent sori between veins on leaves and sheaths. The disease causes stunting, excessive tillering, twisting and shredding of leaves and may prevent emergence of the seed head. Sori may also occur on glumes and have been observed on rhizomes (47, 2184). Symptoms are similar to those caused by
Ustilago striiformis
on grasses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia, North America, Chile, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, China (CMI Map 80, ed. 4, 1973). TRANSMISSION: By spore balls which contaminate both seed and soil. Inoculum can remain viable on seed for 4 years and in soil for up to 3 years. Teliospores germinate to produce sporidia which infect young coleoptiles of hosts. Systemic mycelium may overwinter in young seedlings or perennate in crowns, rhizomes, etc.
Cercospora capsici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora capsici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Capsicum annuum
and
C. frutescens
. DISEASE: Causing circular, whitish, grey or brown, often brown or reddish brown bordered leaf spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ghana, Malawi, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe), Asia (Bangladesh, India, Malaya, Nepal), East Indies (Brunei, Indonesia, Sarawak), South America (Venezuela), West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Ascochyta avenae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ascochyta avenae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Avena byzantina
(Red or Algerian oat),
A. fatua
(Spring wild oat),
A. sativa
(common oat),
A. mortoniana, Hordeum vulgare
(barley),
Loliumperenne
(perennial ryegrass) and
Triticum
(wheat). DISEASE: Leaf spot or blotch of oats. At first lesions start as small purplish or chocolate-brown spots with a distinct margin. With time they enlarge, become elongated, grey brown and finally straw coloured. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia & Oceania (New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, UK); North America (Canada, USA, Colorado, Oregon, Washington). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported. Presumably spread by air-borne conidia and those carried over in crop residues.
Didymosphaeria arachidicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Didymosphaeria arachidicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Arachis hypogaea
. DISEASE: Net blotch (55, 3822), web-blotch (Pettit, Taber & Harrison, 1973) or leaf blotch of peanut (54, 3573). At first lesions are small, diffuse specks or streaks merging in an irregular pattern covering large areas of the leaflet. Initially lesions are superficial and confined to the adaxial surface but later spreading to the lower surface. As the disease progresses the net appearance is lost and a large reddish-brown blotch results. Often several such lesions coalesce covering the entire leaflet. Severe infection leads to defoliation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Zimbabwe, formerly Rhodesia, South Africa, Mauritius); Australasia (Australia, Queensland); Europe/Asia (USSR, Caucasus, Republic of Georgia); North America (USA); South America (Argentina,? Brazil). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia and ascospores dispersed by rain splash during wet weather or heavy dews. It is also possible that conidia and ascospores could be carried over on crop residues and debris in soil.
Tilletia controversa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Tilletia controversa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Aegilops, Agropyron, Alopecurus, Arrhenatherum, Beckmannia, Bromus, Dactylis, Elymus, Festuca, Holcus, Hordeum, Koehleria, Lolium, Poa, Secale, Triticum, Trisetum
. DISEASE: Causes dwarf bunt of winter wheat, and occurs sporadically on many grasses. Occasionally infects winter barley. Infected plants develop chlorotic flecks at an early stage, are markedly stunted, and produce rather fat, persistently green ears with protuberant spikes caused by the bunt balls which fill the grain. As with
T. caries
(CMI Descriptions No. 719) and
T. foetida
(CMI Descriptions No. 720) the contents of the grain are converted to a mass of teliospores which constitute the bunt ball. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (except Spain and UK); N. Africa, W. Asia, N. America, Argentina and Uruguay (CMI Map 297, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Teliospores are released when the grain is harvested and contaminate soil and seed. Soil-borne spores are the major source of inoculum for infecting crops which occurs between December and April in NW USA (43, 1295). Teliospores in bunt balls can remain viable in the soil for several years.
Ustilago hordei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ustilago hordei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Agropyron, Avena, Bromus, Elymus, Hordeum, Secale, Sitanion, Triticum
. DISEASE: Covered smut of barley; also occurs sporadically on some other
Gramineae
. The smut sorus replaces the grains in infected ears, but is covered by a membrane which does not rupture and release the teliospores until harvest. Contamination of healthy grain can cause spoilage. Smutted heads emerge later than healthy ones or may be trapped in the 'boot'. Ears may be partially smutted and sori occasionally develop as elongated stripes on the flag leaf (58, 4349). Stem galls may also occur (57, 5451). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide wherever the cereal host is widely grown (CMI Map 460, ed. 1, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Teliospores contaminate grain and soil and germinate to infect the coleoptile when the seed germinates.
Physoderma alfalfae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Physoderma alfalfae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Medicago saliva
(Lucerne, alfalfa) and
Medicago
spp. DISEASE: Crownwart of alfalfa. The disease is first noticeable in spring when the base of plant stems become slightly thickened. This thickening continues until large white warts or galls appear. Most galls reach full development in the summer, then decay rapidly with only a few surviving until the following spring (Jones & Drechsler, 1920; 58, 2281). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, Australasia and Oceania, Europe, North America and South America (CMI Map 130, ed. 3, 1973). TRANSMISSION: By dissemination of resting sporangia. Local dispersal by spores swimming in water films may also occur.
Peronosclerospora sorghi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. , Williams R. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronosclerospora sorghi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Panicum trypheron; Sorghum
×
almum, S. arundinaceum, S. bicolor, S
. ×
drummondii, S. halepense, S. nitidum, S. verticilliflorum (= S. arundinaceum); Zea diploperrenis, Z. mays, Z. mexicana
. DISEASE: Sorghum Downy Mildew (SDM); a biotrophic plant pathogen. The disease is systemic. The pathogen invades and colonizes the growing points of young graminiaceous plants. Symptoms are first seen at the base of the leaves which appear yellowish. Later symptoms are the very characteristic streaks of chlorotic tissue alternating with green which run the length of the leaf. Leaves developing later will be totally chlorotic. Conidiophores and conidia form on the undersurface of the green areas when conditions are suitable. Conidiophores do not usually form on the undersurface of chlorotic areas. Oospores form in great abundance in the chlorotic tissues which become dry and brittle. These leaf tissues eventually disintegrate and split. The oospores are released and the leaves assume the characteristic shredded appearance of this disease on sorghum but not on maize. Local lesions can be produced on otherwise non-diseased leaves of susceptible cultivars forming yellowish rectangular diseased lesions varying in size from small flecks to a spot
ca
. 20 × 5 mm. Asexual spores may be formed on the undersurface of local lesions but oospores have never been found in these lesions. On sorghum diseased panicles are brown and shrivelled and form no grain. Occasionally panicles occur with only the lower portion diseased. In maize the diseased tassles are severely malformed and distorted. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map 179, ed. 3, 1977. Add - Africa (Zimbabwe, as 'Rhodesia'); Asia (Iran (50, 5475), Yemen Arab Republic (60, 196); Australia (Queensland (58, 1220)); N. America (I11. (58, 2774), Neb. (59, 179); C. America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras; Malaguti, 1980); S. America (Bolivia, Uruguay; Malaguti, 1980) TRANSMISSION: Initial infections can occur from oospores in the soil and also from conidial showers from infected leaves. In certain regions, i.e., Venezuela, the perennial wild grasses, Johnson grass,
Sorghum halepense
and
S. arundinaceum
, are reservoirs of infection and provide primary sources of inoculum. Oospores have not been found in Thailand in the tissues of maize plants infected by the Thai maize pathotype.
Wojnowicia hirta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Wojnowicia hirta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cereals and grasses (
Agropyron, Avena, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Calamovilfa, Dacrylis, Distichlis, Elymus, Festuca, Hordeum, Koeleria, Phleum, Poa, Secale, Sorghastrum, Sorghum, Spartina, Stipa, Triticum
). DISEASE: Secondary foot rot or root rot of cereals and grasses. Also referred to as rot of mature straw. Rot of cereals and grasses is very common (5, 223; 6, 272; 7, 370; 11, 503; 12, 685; 16, 242; 48, 120; 1602) and considered to be of definite economic importance (Sprague, 1950). In France infected wheat plants have been reported to become etiolated and progressively shrivelled without producing lesions (4, 662). As the disease progresses, cells at the base of the culms were claimed to collapse resulting in the breaking of the stems and general lodging of plants in infected areas (5, 223; 12, 685). Subsequently pycnidia were reported appearing on lower leaf-sheaths above and below the soil line (1, 288). Sometimes affected wheat plants have been found to show discolouration of culm bases and roots (5, 223), or dark brown to black spots and streaks on the stem which are partly superficial (7, 370, Sprague, 1935). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia); Asia (Turkey); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia); Europe (Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Germany, Irish Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Rumania, Spain, Switzerland, UK, USSR); North America (Canada, Alberta, Saskatchewan; USA, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Dakota, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming). TRANSMISSION: Infected soil has been found to be the chief mode of transmission where stubble has been ploughed under (3, 191). It has also been reported that
W. hirta
occurs on culms overwintered in the field usually at the 2nd node (9, 639-641).
Lophodermium kumaunicum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermium kumaunicum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus kesiya, P. roxburghii
. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines. Little is known about the ecology of this species, but it seems likely that it fruits only after the needles have entered the litter. It is important to distinguish this species from other pine needle inhabitating species of
Lophodermium
, some of which are well documented as being strongly pathogenic (
CMI Descriptions
563, 564, 568). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India: Assam, Uttar Pradesh; Philippines). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.
Lophodermium juniperinum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermium juniperinum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Reported from many species of
Juniperus
, especially
J
.
communis
. Also reported from
Chamaecyparis
spp. and
Libocedrus decurrens
[Calocedrus decurrens]
. DISEASE: The pathogenicity of
L. juniperinum
has not been clearly established. Various authors (e.g. Peace (42, 155), Lanier (58, 2948), Parmelee (62, 4192)) have included it in lists of parasites of
Juniperus
, but none presented any firm evidence of pathogenicity. However, Darker (12, 254) could find no reason to suspect that
L. juniperinum
was other than a saprophyte. At least in Scotland, the ascomata develop on needles still attached to the tree, and mature between May and July. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Very widely distributed in temperate regions. Recorded from Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Roumania, Sweden, Switzerland, UK and USA. TRANSMISSION: Unknown. Similar fungi have air-dispersed spores directly infecting host leaves.
Entyloma fuscum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Entyloma fuscum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Papaver argemone, P. commutatum, P. dubium, P. orientale, P. rhoeas, P. somniferum
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Papaver
species including opium poppy. Infection also occurs occasionally on the tnflorescence. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed throughout Europe (including Denmark and Sweden); USSR (Lithuania); Turkey; Cyprus; South Africa; Mauritius; India; Japan; Canada and USA; Bermuda. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies reported.
Tilletia lolii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Tilletia lolii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lolium perenne, L. perenne
subsp.
multiflorum, L. remotum, L. temulentum
; rarely on
Agropyron villosum, Hordeum marinum
. DISEASE: Covered smut on ryegrass. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe: Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, UK, USSR, Yugoslavia, Turkey; New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: No detailed information available, though infection is known to occur at the seedling stage (Sampson & Western, 1941).
UFrocystis occulta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Urocystis occulta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Secale cereale
; occasionally recorded on other
Gramineae
including
Agropyron caninum, A. inerme, Elymus canadensis, E. triticoides, Hordeum distichon, Lolium rigidum
. DISEASE: Stripe or flag smut of rye. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (except the Iberian peninsula), USSR, Turkey; Canada and USA; Australia. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne. Rarely, soil-borne, but does not normally survive more than a few months in soil (34, 145; 30, 563; 16, 92; 15, 644).