bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preference and performance of the rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, in relation to rice developmental stage
Authors: Liu Huan , Han Yongqiang , Zhong Yuqi , Ali Asad , Hou Maolin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe relationship between oviposition preference and offspring performance is critical to an understanding of the interaction between herbivores and host plants. Although the topic has been addressed widely in plant species‐herbivore systems, it has rarely been investigated in plant stage‐herbivore systems. In this study, we evaluated oviposition preference and offspring performance of the rice leaf folder (RLF), Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), on rice plants at the seedling (SS), tillering (TS), and booting (BS) stages. In preference assays, females deposited more eggs on TS and BS than on SS plants in cage tests, and preferred TS and BS odors over SS odors in Y‐tube olfactometer tests. Offspring performance was affected by plant stage. The RLF offspring performed well when the larvae fed on BS leaves, as indicated by the highest larval survival and pupation rate and the greatest adult longevity. RLF offspring performed also well when the larvae fed on TS leaves, where fecundity was the highest. The high RLF offspring performance on TS and BS plants coincided with high larval consumption of TS and BS leaf mass relative to SS leaf mass. Our findings confirm the prediction of the preference–performance hypothesis. The results explain the pest damage patterns in mixed croppings of one‐ and two‐season rice and are of significance for management of the pest through synchronization of rice planting.
Issues in world language teacher preparation: ACTFL/CAEP standards and oral proficiency
Authors: Huhn Christina , Bell Teresa R. , Chambless Krista 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to provide a review of current research on two of the original ACTFL (American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages) research priorities areas, model teacher preparation programs and teacher oral proficiency, as well as a look at future directions for research in these areas. Driven by the call for continued research in the original articles, this article lays the foundation for future research on effective world language (WL) teacher preparation programs. Despite the premise from the original articles and the growth of teacher preparation programs built around the ACTFL/CAEP Standards, further research is necessary to fully realize the effects of teacher's proficiency levels on teacher effectiveness and student outcomes.
Gender equality without democracy? Higher education expansion and authoritarian values
Authors: Wang Suen 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHow does social policy affect authoritarian values? Leveraging exogenous variation, I evaluate how higher education expansion as a social policy program in China has influenced authoritarian support and traditional gender attitudes. I use an instrumental variable approach and regression analyses with marginal effects to assess multiple waves of Chinese national representative surveys coupled with regional statistics. The study differentiates between two types of authoritarian support: specific support (authoritarian support based on evaluation of recent policies) and diffuse support (long‐term authoritarian traits independent of recent policies). I find that education expansion has significantly decreased specific authoritarian support; however, it has not influenced diffuse authoritarian support. Moreover, a decrease in traditional gender attitudes is driven by a cohort effect rather than an education expansion effect. The findings have broader implications for understanding the effects of social policy on attitudinal change in an authoritarian context.
The efficacy and safety of acid suppressants for gastrointestinal bleeding prophylaxis in cardiac care unit patients
Authors: Chen Chen , Liu Hui , Duan Ruqiao , Wang Fangfang , Duan Liping 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground and AimConcerns regarding adverse events associated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine‐2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) for gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) prophylaxis in the intensive care unit have increased in recent years. Few studies have focused on acid suppressant use in the cardiac care unit (CCU) setting exclusively. We performed a cohort study to determine the efficacy and safety of acid suppressants for GIB prophylaxis in CCU patients.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included adults who were admitted directly to the CCU for more than 2 days from January 1, 2014, to April 30, 2019. The Crusade score was calculated to evaluate the risk of GIB. The primary outcomes were clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding (CIGIB), hospital‐acquired pneumonia (HAP), and in‐hospital mortality.ResultsOf the 3318 patients enrolled, 2284 (68.8%) patients received PPIs, 515 (15.5%) received H2RAs, and 519 (15.7%) received no acid suppressants. After adjusting for potential confounders, utilization of PPIs (2.69, 95% confidence interval [0.62–11.73]) and H2RAs (1.41, 95% confidence interval [0.19–10.36]) were not associated with a lower risk of CIGIB than the control. Sensitivity analyses revealed that PPI use was an independent risk factor for in‐hospital mortality in patients over 75 years old, with an adjusted odds ratio of 4.08 (1.14–14.63). PPIs increased the risk of HAP in patients over 75 years old and in those with heart failure, with adjusted odds ratios of 2.38 (1.06–5.34) and 2.88 (1.34–7.28), respectively.ConclusionsProton pump inhibitors and H2RAs for GIB prophylaxis in CCU patients were not associated with a lower risk of CIGIB than the controls. PPI therapy is associated with increased risks of HAP and in‐hospital mortality in patients over 75 years old. PPIs may increase the risk of HAP in patients with heart failure.
The Phytophthora effector Avh241 interacts with host NDR1‐like proteins to manipulate plant immunity
Authors: Yang Bo , Yang Sen , Guo Baodian , Wang Yuyin , Zheng Wenyue , Tian Mengjun , Dai Kaixin , Liu Zehan , Wang Haonan , Ma Zhenchuan , Wang Yan , Ye Wenwu , Dong Suomeng , Wang Yuanchao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPlant pathogens rely on effector proteins to suppress host innate immune responses and facilitate colonization. Although the Phytophthora sojae RxLR effector Avh241 promotes Phytophthora infection, the molecular basis of Avh241 virulence remains poorly understood. Here we identified non‐race specific disease resistance 1 (NDR1)‐like proteins, the critical components in plant effector‐triggered immunity (ETI) responses, as host targets of Avh241. Avh241 interacts with NDR1 in the plasma membrane and suppresses NDR1‐participated ETI responses. Silencing of GmNDR1s increases the susceptibility of soybean to P. sojae infection, and overexpression of GmNDR1s reduces infection, which supports its positive role in plant immunity against P. sojae. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GmNDR1 interacts with itself, and Avh241 probably disrupts the self‐association of GmNDR1. These data highlight an effective counter‐defense mechanism by which a Phytophthora effector suppresses plant immune responses, likely by disturbing the function of NDR1 during infection.
Understanding perceptions of health, lifestyle risks and chronic disease in middle age
Authors: Halcomb Elizabeth , Ashley Christine , Middleton Rebekkah , Lucas Elizabeth , Robinson Karin , Harvey Sue , Charlton Karen , McInnes Susan 
Published: February 2021

AimThe aim of this paper is to explore the perceptions, attitudes and beliefs of middle‐aged Australians around their health, lifestyle risks and chronic disease.BackgroundHealth promotion and risk reduction are important to stem the rising prevalence of chronic disease. While there has been much emphasis on supporting these strategies in older Australians, there has been less attention on those in middle age. However, as this group age, their health will inevitably be impacted by lifestyle risk.DesignA qualitative descriptive study using semi‐structured interviews. Reporting was guided by the COREQ checklist.MethodsThirty‐four participants aged 40–65 years were recruited across South Eastern New South Wales, Australia, using convenience sampling. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted by four registered nurses with qualitative research experience. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsSixteen women and 18 men participated in the interviews. Four themes emerged, namely: adopting healthy lifestyles; denial; an impetus for change; and sustaining change. Perceptions about what constituted good health varied, with male participants being more ambivalent about their health. Impetus for change was mostly influenced by family history, awareness of health risks and identification of risks by health professionals. Participants found sustaining change challenging, particularly with regard to smoking cessation and dietary modifications.ConclusionsUnderstanding the perceptions of health of middle‐aged people is important and enables health professionals to engage in early behavioural change conversations that consider perceived barriers to lifestyle modification. Findings from this study emphasise the importance of discussions about lifestyle risk to reduce the future burden of chronic disease.Relevance to Clinical PracticeThese findings illustrate the importance of understanding perceptions of health to guide primary health care nurses to develop person‐centred health promotion and chronic disease prevention strategies in this age group.
Telomere heritability and parental age at conception effects in a wild avian population
Authors: Sparks Alexandra M. , Spurgin Lewis G. , van der Velde Marco , Fairfield Eleanor A. , Komdeur Jan , Burke Terry , Richardson David S. , Dugdale Hannah L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIndividual variation in telomere length is predictive of health and mortality risk across a range of species. However, the relative influence of environmental and genetic variation on individual telomere length in wild populations remains poorly understood. Heritability of telomere length has primarily been calculated using parent–offspring regression which can be confounded by shared environments. To control for confounding variables, quantitative genetic “animal models” can be used, but few studies have applied animal models in wild populations. Furthermore, parental age at conception may also influence offspring telomere length, but most studies have been cross‐sectional. We investigated within‐ and between‐parental age at conception effects and heritability of telomere length in the Seychelles warbler using measures from birds caught over 20 years and a multigenerational pedigree. We found a weak negative within‐paternal age at conception effect (as fathers aged, their offspring had shorter telomeres) and a weak positive between‐maternal age at conception effect (females that survived to older ages had offspring with longer telomeres). Animal models provided evidence that heritability and evolvability of telomere length were low in this population, and that variation in telomere length was not driven by early‐life effects of hatch period or parental identities. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction plate had a large influence on telomere length variation and not accounting for it in the models would have underestimated heritability. Our study illustrates the need to include and account for technical variation in order to accurately estimate heritability, as well as other environmental effects, on telomere length in natural populations.
Fine‐root functional trait responses to experimental warming: a global meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Jinsong , Defrenne Camille , McCormack M. Luke , Yang Lu , Tian Dashuan , Luo Yiqi , Hou Enqing , Yan Tao , Li Zhaolei , Bu Wensheng , Chen Ye , Niu Shuli 
Published: February 2021

Summary

Whether and how warming alters functional traits of absorptive plant roots remains to be answered across the globe. Tackling this question is crucial to better understanding terrestrial responses to climate change as fine‐root traits drive many ecosystem processes.

We carried out a detailed synthesis of fine‐root trait responses to experimental warming by performing a meta‐analysis of 964 paired observations from 177 publications.

Warming increased fine‐root biomass, production, respiration and nitrogen concentration as well as decreased root carbon : nitrogen ratio and nonstructural carbohydrates. Warming effects on fine‐root biomass decreased with greater warming magnitude, especially in short‐term experiments. Furthermore, the positive effect of warming on fine‐root biomass was strongest in deeper soil horizons and in colder and drier regions. Total fine‐root length, morphology, mortality, life span and turnover were unresponsive to warming.

Our results highlight the significant changes in fine‐root traits in response to warming as well as the importance of warming magnitude and duration in understanding fine‐root responses. These changes have strong implications for global soil carbon stocks in a warmer world associated with increased root‐derived carbon inputs into deeper soil horizons and increases in fine‐root respiration.
Safety and efficacy of transvenous lead extraction in octogenarians using powered extraction sheaths
Authors: Burger Heiko , Hakmi Samer , Petersen Johannes , Yildirim Yalin , Choi Yeong‐Hoon , Willems Stephan , Reichenspurner Hermann , Ziegelhoeffer Tibor , Pecha Simon 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn the aging population equipped with cardiac implantable electronic devices, an increasing number of octogenarians require lead extractions. This patient population is often considered as a high‐risk group for surgical procedures. We, therefore, investigated the safety and efficacy of transvenous lead extraction in octogenarians using powered extraction sheaths.MethodsBetween January 2013 and March 2017, 403 patients underwent lead extraction at two high‐volume lead extraction centers. A total of 71 octogenarians were treated with laser lead extraction and were included in this analysis. Primary extraction method was laser lead extraction, with additional use of mechanical rotational sheaths or femoral snares, if necessary. Patient‐based and procedural data were collected and analyzed retrospectively.ResultsMean age was 83.5 ± 3.3 years, 64.7% were males. A total of 152 leads were extracted. The mean lead dwell time of treated leads was 10.2 ± 5.2 years. Complete procedural success rate was 92.9%, while clinical success was achieved in 98.6%. Failure of extraction occurred in one patient (1.4%). In six (7.7%) patients, additional mechanical rotational sheaths or femoral snares were used. Overall complication rate was 4.2%, including one (1.4%) major (RA perforation) and two (2.8%) minor complications. No procedure‐related mortality was observed in any of the patients.ConclusionTransvenous lead extraction in octogenarians with old leads is safe and effective when performed in experienced centers. Patient's age should therefore not be considered as contraindication for lead extraction using powered extraction sheaths.
Asymptotics of Selective Inference
Authors: Tian Xiaoying , Taylor Jonathan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we seek to establish asymptotic results for selective inference procedures removing the assumption of Gaussianity. The class of selection procedures we consider are determined by affine inequalities, which we refer to as affine selection procedures. Examples of affine selection procedures include selective inference along the solution path of the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), as well as selective inference after fitting the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator at a fixed value of the regularization parameter. We also consider some tests in penalized generalized linear models. Our result proves asymptotic convergence in the high‐dimensional setting where n<p, and n can be of a logarithmic factor of the dimension p for some procedures.
Investigations of the Turbulent Mixing Regions Formed by Jets
Authors: Kuethe Arnold M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The turbulent mixing of two jets of fluid of the same density is investigated theoretically by means of Prandtl’s theory of turbulence and the results compared with experiment.
A solution obtained by Tollmien for the mixing region of a plane jet, in which he considers the fluid bounding the jet at rest, is extended to the general case of the mixing of two parallel streams of different velocities. Distributions of the tangential and normal velocities in the mixing region are given. The solution is worked out for two different conditions imposed on the normal velocity at the boundary of the mixing region.
Next, the turbulent mixing region surrounding an axially symmetrical jet issuing into fluid at rest is considered. The problem is solved, as far as the core of potential flow extends, by the application of a new method of approximation. The velocity field, as determined by a second approximation to the velocity profiles, is given. An extension of the method of solution, applicable to problems in which the velocity profiles differ widely, is mentioned.
In the theory applied in this paper, the mixing length is assumed proportional to the breadth of the mixing region. The proportionality factor which is the only empirical quantity in the theory was experimentally evaluated. Velocity profiles in the mixing region of an axially symmetrical jet were measured by means of a pitot tube and good agreement is found between theory and experiment.
Measurements of velocity fluctuations in the core of potential flow near the jet mouth and in the mixing region at a distance of 9.3 diameters were made by means of the hot-wire anemometer.
Effect of Surface Rolling on the Fatigue Strength of Steel
Authors: Horger O. J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The investigation discussed in this paper was made to determine the effect of cold-working on the endurance limit and other related physical properties of steel. This cold-working was of a surface nature resulting in an almost negligible reduction in area. The preliminary work conducted in this field, for the most part, has been a laboratory development in so far as the technical and mechanical details of the surface-rolling process is concerned, but it has been sufficient to show the advantageous effect of this process on the endurance limit of steel, thereby justifying further study. Therefore, the investigation discussed in this paper was inaugurated to determine the various factors involved in the immediate application of this surface-rolling process in practice. As a result this paper is in the nature of a progress report covering principally tests made on 0.3-in, and 1-in. diameter cold-worked specimens without stress concentration. Further fatigue tests are being conducted on 1-in. and 2-in. diameter surface-rolled specimens with and without stress concentration and on 0.080-in. diameter fatigue specimens machined from various layers of 2-in. diameter surface-rolled specimens.
Flow Physics During Surge and Recovery of a Multi-Stage High-Speed Compressor
Authors: Zhao Fanzhou , Dodds John , Vahdati Mehdi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Stall followed by surge in a high-speed compressor can lead to violent disruption of the flow, damage to the blade structures and eventually engine shutdown. Knowledge of unsteady blade loading during surge is crucial for compressor design such as axial gap optimization. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of using three-dimensional full assembly unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) CFD for modeling surge cycles of an eight-stage high-speed compressor rig. Results from this work show stalling of the mid-stages is the surge trigger. During the flow reversal, a strong acoustic reflection occurs when the convected entropy perturbations reach the intake opening, which increase the blade loading significantly. During recovery, a hysteresis loop was recorded due to hot air re-ingestion, which led to a strong shear at mid-span of the inlet guide vane (IGV)/R1 domain and the formation of rotating helical flow structures. The final phase of recovery was accompanied by a four-cell multi-row tip rotating stall, which was cleared as the compressor recovered to the forward flow characteristic. It was also shown that the single passage model, despite its limitations and shortcomings in modeling recovery, can predict reasonably accurate transient flow features during surge and thus provide considerable insight to the flow behavior, which can be used to obtain a first approximation of casing and blade loading.
Analysis of Liner Deformation Behaviour in Transtibial Prosthesis
Authors: Regalla Srinivasa Prakash , Prashant Kirange Piyush , Dhake Harshal Vinayak , Shrivastava Prakash Narayan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The problems associated with the prostheses for transtibial amputees are related mainly to the fit and comfort. There has been a steady effort to improve the wearability, stability, and durability of the below-knee prosthesis. The liner in the below-knee prosthesis plays a crucial role in ensuring these quality characteristics. Isotropic liner material either acts hard and hence result in discomfort or deforms too much and results in eventual loosening of the prosthetic socket. The material hyper-elastic behavior and thickness are both critical in the design of the liner with optimum comfort. A generalized deformation model taking into account the interaction of the socket, liner, muscle, and tissue becomes cumbersome. In the literature, numerous hyper-elastic models have been applied. Studies on suitability and application of hyper-elastic materials for liner material has not been sufficiently carried out. In this paper, the suitability of liner materials in terms of their ability to allow sufficient elastic deformation in the normal direction for the cushioning effect while undergoing limited shear deformation has been investigated. The hyper-elastic liner and rigid socket pair have been idealized as adhesively bonded flat layers of suitable thicknesses subjected to various combinations of normal and shear loads. The deformations for a normal load and varied range of shear loads have been compared to conclude on the best-suited material model. The low shear deformation observed for all three liner materials implies that the shear loading will not affect the adhesive bond between the liner and socket and hence will not cause loosening with prolonged usage of the prosthetics. The deformation observed was maximum with Ogden 3-parameter hyper-elastic model, whereas it was least in the case when Mooney Rivlin 3-parameter hyper-elastic model. The results obtained for the Mooney-Rivlin 3-parameter model and Neo-Hookean model are very close to each other.