bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family involvement in the intensive care unit in four Nordic countries
Authors: Frivold Gro , Ågård Anne Sophie , Jensen Hanne Irene , Åkerman Eva , Fossum Mariann , Alfheim Hanne Birgit , Rasi Matias , Lind Ranveig 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundRelevance to clinical practice The findings from the study highlighting family involvement, high‐quality communication and flexible visiting policy as central aspects of family care may inspire clinicians to identify aspects of everyday family care in their ICUs calling for further improvement.Aims and objectivesTo describe family involvement, communication practices and visiting policies in adult ICUs.DesignA cross‐sectional survey.MethodA questionnaire consisting of 11 sections was developed, pilot tested and e‐mailed to 196 ICUs. The participants were intensive care nurses in adult ICUs in four Nordic countries.ResultsThe survey was conducted in October to December 2019. The response rate was 81% (158/196) of the invited ICUs. Most of the units had fewer than 11 beds. Family participation in patient care, including involvement in ward rounds and presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, varied between the countries, whereas most families in all countries were involved in decision‐making. Family conferences were generally initiated by staff or family members. Children under 18 did not always receive information directly from the staff, and parents were not advised about how to inform their children. Although most respondents described open visiting, restrictions were also mentioned in free‐text comments.ConclusionsThe level of family care in ICUs in the four Nordic countries is generally based on nurses' discretion. Although most Nordic ICUs report having an open or flexible visiting policy, a wide range of potential restrictions still exists. Children and young relatives are not routinely followed up. Family members are included in communication and decision‐making, whereas family involvement in daily care, ward rounds and family‐witnessed resuscitation seem to be areas with a potential for improvement.
MultiPole pacing in non‐responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy: Results from the QP ExCELs/MPP sub‐study
Authors: Drucker Michael N. , Manyam Harish , Singh Gurjit , Glascock Dennis N. , Gillett Shane , Miller Crystal , Sharmin Kazi , Parks Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundMultisite LV stimulation therapy allows for stimulation of two different left ventricular pacing vectors within a single LV lead and may improve responsiveness to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). This study prospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of the MultiPole Pacing (MPP) feature in CRT non‐responder patients.Methods and ResultsCRT non‐responders with a standard CRT‐D indication were eligible for enrollment into the MPP Sub‐Study. Patient status, NYHA classification, Patient Global Assessment (PGA), and adverse events were collected at follow‐up. A clinical composite score (CCS) was determined at the 6 month follow‐up visit. The primary objective was defined as the proportion of patients with an improved CCS. Safety was evaluated as freedom from MPP system related adverse events requiring additional invasive intervention to resolve. A total of 53 patients were enrolled across 26 U.S. centers. The cumulative follow‐up duration was 24.1 years. CCS was improved in 35.6% of patients (p < .0001 when compared to a performance goal of 3%) after 6 months of MPP therapy. When incorporating patient feedback into a modified CCS, 60.0% of patients showed an improvement. Three patients (5.7%) experienced hospitalization for heart failure, and three patient deaths occurred over the follow‐up period. No MPP system‐related events were reported for an AE‐free rate of 100% (95% CI 93.28% to 100.0%).ConclusionsThe results of this small, non‐randomized study suggest that the MPP feature is safe, and may be effective at converting a percentage of CRT non‐responders to responders. Larger, randomized studies are needed to confirm this result.
Anticoagulation after typical atrial flutter ablation: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Nunes‐Ferreira Afonso , Alves Mariana , Lima da Silva Gustavo , Cortez‐Dias Nuno , de Sousa João , Pinto Fausto J , Caldeira Daniel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundCavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation in typical atrial flutter (AFL) restores sinus rhythm in 95% of patients, which may lead to the discontinuation of oral anticoagulation during follow‐up. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the clinical impact of oral anticoagulation in the incidence of thromboembolic events (TE) after typical AFL ablation.MethodsWe searched for controlled studies evaluating the impact of anticoagulation in the incidence of TE in patients submitted to AFL ablation in MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO database (June/2021). The primary outcome was TE events (ischemic stroke or systemic embolism). A meta‐analysis was performed deriving risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Statistical heterogeneity was measured through I2 metric. The confidence in the evidence was appraised with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework.ResultsEight observational studies with 4870 patients were included. TE events were not significantly reduced (RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.59–2.36; n = 4870; GRADE very low). A meta‐regression showed that for each 10% increase in the prevalence of previous AF in the studied population, anticoagulation reduced TE risk in 32%. There were no significant differences regarding bleeding events (RR 2.16, 95% CI 0.43–10.97, I2 = 0%; GRADE low), but there was a lower all‐cause mortality (RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.17–0.32, GRADE low).ConclusionThe best available evidence lacks robustness and the data did not definitely associate anticoagulation after typical AFL ablation with reduced TE.
The role of ferroptosis in melanoma
Authors: Talty Ronan , Bosenberg Marcus 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMelanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Although treatment with targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors has dramatically improved survival in advanced melanoma, many patients do not benefit from these therapies or relapse after an initial period of response. Thus, future outcomes in these categories of melanoma patients will depend on the identification of novel therapeutic targets and methods to enhance existing targeted therapy and immunotherapy regimens. Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of iron‐dependent regulated cell death that is morphologically, biochemically, and genetically distinct from apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Dysregulation of ferroptosis has been linked to the development of several forms of cancer. This review examines ferroptosis in the context of melanoma. It presents an overview of ferroptosis biology, summarizes and interprets the current literature, and poses several outstanding questions and areas of future direction.
A case series of giant molluscum contagiosum in an immigrant African pediatric population
Authors: Lee Grace L. , Witman Patricia M. , Mosser Joy L. , Fernandez Faith Esteban 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGiant molluscum contagiosum (MC) has a well‐known association with human immunodeficiency virus and other immune deficiency states. Although rare, it can be seen in healthy immunocompetent children. We describe eight cases of giant MC in healthy, immunocompetent African immigrant children in the Columbus, Ohio area. This report describes the clinical characteristics, treatment, and course of giant MC in this patient population.
Mind the Gaps: Examining Youth's Reading, Math and Science Skills Across Northern and Rural Canada*
Authors: Hillier Cathlene , Zarifa David , Hango Darcy 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA new body of sociological research is finding that northern and rural youth, and in particular, low‐SES youth, face difficulties accessing higher levels of postsecondary education and lucrative fields of study such as the STEMs. However, existing research has yet to systematically measure the skills proficiencies of youth in these regions nor have we understood the factors which might account for regional differences. We draw on multiple cycles of Statistics Canada's Youth in Transition Survey, Cohort A linked to the Programme for International Student Assessment scores to investigate how location of residence impacts skills proficiencies at age 15 in math, science, and reading outcomes. Overall, our results point to three key findings. First, southern youth outperform northern youth in mathematics skills. Second, we uncover a southern (both urban and rural) and northern urban advantage in reading proficiencies. Third, in science literacy, southern and northern urban youth experience significant advantages over youth from northern rural locations. While some of the skills differences are attributable to parenting styles, parental socioeconomic status, student academics, and province of residence, they are not completely attenuated by these factors. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for future research and public policy.
Evaluation of nail surface topography using a three‐dimensional in vivo optical skin imaging system
Authors: Han Hye Sung , Kim Jong Hwan , Kwon Tae‐Rin , Lee Sung Eun , Yoo Kwang Ho , Li Kapsok , Park Hyeonji , Bae Joon Ho , Park Su Jeong , Han Jisun , Kim Suyeon , Kim Beom Joon , Jang You Na 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe analysis of nail surface topography is a subject of ever‐increasing interest in dermatology, especially in cosmetic studies. However, there is no accurate and scientifically sound instrumental method that can identify and provide quantitative data on nail surface topography.Materials and MethodsThe right index fingers of 78 healthy individuals were examined. The severity of nail roughness was rated by two independent dermatologists on a scale of 1 to 3. Using the phaseshift rapid in vivo measurement of the skin (PRIMOS) system, three‐dimensional microtopography was performed, and the roughness parameter values were calculated and evaluated. The relationship between clinical nail roughness grade and nail roughness parameter values obtained utilizing PRIMOS was evaluated.ResultsA moderate correlation was found between the roughness parameter values and the clinical roughness grade. Our study showed that an overall relationship exists between the nail roughness parameter values obtained using PRIMOS and clinically observed nail surface changes.ConclusionWith further studies, PRIMOS could be a valuable tool for clinicians and researchers for conducting an accurate and objective patient assessment in daily practice and demonstrating effectiveness of different therapies for nail dystrophy or evaluating cosmetic effects of various topical treatments in future clinical trials.
Changing patterns of Asian‐American partisanship: Accounting for the politicization of the U.S.’s fastest growing minority
Authors: Zhou Kayee , Patterson Dennis 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAsian Americans are the fastest growing and most diverse minority in the United States, but they have become more alike in terms of their partisan preferences and increasing politicization. Evidence for these changes can be found in two National Surveys of Asian Americans, the first of which was completed in 2008 and showed that Asian Americans were mostly nonpartisans but also that those who were partisans tended to support the Democratic Party. The second survey, completed in 2016, however, indicated that there was an increase in the proportion of democratic identifiers and, also, a significant decline in the proportion of nonpartisans with a concomitant rise in the number of purposive Independents. These shifts suggest that there has been a distinct politicization of Asian Americans, and our purpose in this article is to identify and calibrate the factors that account for these partisan shifts.
Factors associated with pyomyositis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ngor Chamnab , Hall Lisa , Dean Judith A. , Gilks Charles F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesPyomyositis, an acute bacterial infection of skeletal muscle usually resulting in abscess formation, is well recognised in tropical regions where it can account for up to 4% of adult surgical admissions. It is increasingly being reported from high‐income temperate countries. Pyomyositis occurs across all ages and in both sexes. Mortality ranges from 1% to 23%. Many risk factors have been suggested. We aimed to identify factors associated with pyomyositis.MethodsWe undertook a systematic review and meta‐analysis, using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and the Cochran Library and hand‐searching published papers. The random‐effects model meta‐analysis was used to calculate pooled estimated odd ratios with the corresponding 95% confidence interval.ResultsAll studies in the systematic review (n = 25) and the meta‐analysis (n = 12) were hospital‐based. Seven only included children. Relatively few studies have been published in the last decade, the majority of which are from high‐income temperate settings. Staphylococcus aureus was the main organism isolated. Males under the age of 20 predominated, and mortality of up to 20% was reported. Factors associated with pyomyositis were HIV infection (OR = 4.82; 95% CI: 1.67–13.92) and fulfilling an AIDS surveillance definition (OR = 6.08; 95% CI: 2.79–13.23).ConclusionsOur meta‐analysis indicated significant associations between pyomyositis infection and HIV/AIDS. Major gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and outcome remain, highlighting the need for further research and more systematic studies. Pyomyositis merits consideration as a neglected tropical disease.
Visualising the ionome in resistant and susceptible plant–pathogen interactions
Authors: Brouwer Sophie M. , Lindqvist‐Reis Patric , Persson Daniel P. , Marttila Salla , Grenville‐Briggs Laura J. , Andreasson Erik 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARYAt the morphological and anatomical levels, the ionome, or the elemental composition of an organism, is an understudied area of plant biology. In particular, the ionomic responses of plant–pathogen interactions are scarcely described, and there are no studies on immune reactions. In this study we explored two X‐ray fluorescence (XRF)‐based ionome visualisation methods (benchtop‐ and synchrotron‐based micro‐XRF [µXRF]), as well as the quantitative inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES) method, to investigate the changes that occur in the ionome of compatible and incompatible plant–pathogen interactions. We utilised the agronomically important and comprehensively studied interaction between potato (Solanum tuberosum) and the late blight oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans as an example. We used one late blight‐susceptible potato cultivar and two resistant transgenic plant lines (only differing from the susceptible cultivar in one or three resistance genes) both in control and P. infestans‐inoculated conditions. In the lesions from the compatible interaction, we observed rearrangements of several elements, including a decrease of the mobile macronutrient potassium (K) and an increase in iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), compared with the tissue outside the lesion. Interestingly, we observed distinctly different distribution patterns of accumulation at the site of inoculation in the resistant lines for calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), Mn and silicon (Si) compared to the susceptible cultivar. The results reveal different ionomes in diseased plants compared to resistant plants. Our results demonstrate a technical advance and pave the way for deeper studies of the plant–pathogen ionome in the future.
Simulation of Unsteady Flow Characteristics of the Reciprocating Pump Check Valve for High Pressure and High Flow Water Medium
Authors: Dong Jie , Liu Yinshui , Ji Hong , Wei Liejiang , Wu Defa 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The distribution efficiency of the check valve directly affects the performance of the reciprocating pump. The flow coefficient is an important evaluation criterion for the flow capacity of the valve port, and it is of great significance to the design of the valve structure and even the control of cavitation. The traditional design uses flow coefficient as a fixed value, however, the flow state and flow coefficient will change during valve movement. In this study, a three-dimensional transient computational fluid dynamic model for high-pressure and large-flow reciprocating pump valve is established. The dynamic grid simulation method of coupling for the valves and plunger is innovatively proposed, and experimental verification was carried out. The flow state and pressure characteristics for the suction valve under high outlet pressure are analyzed, and the change rule of the suction coefficient is found. The research results show that the initial pressure of the plunger cavity prolongs the negative pressure duration of the plunger cavity when the valve is opened and increases the risk of cavitation of the valve. During the process from valve opening to maximum lift, the suction coefficient first increases and then decreases, and finally remains between 0.5 and 0.6. When the valve lift is large, two-stage throttling occurs, and the flow state will change from cylindrical jet on the lower surface of the valve disk to annular jet, which is beneficial to improve the suction coefficient.
Development of an Automated Mass-Customization Pipeline for Knee Replacement Surgery Using Biplanar X-Rays
Authors: Burge Thomas A. , Jeffers Jonathan R. T. , Myant Connor W. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
For standard “off-the-shelf” knee replacement procedures, surgeons use X-ray images to aid implant selection from a limited number of models and sizes. This can lead to complications and the need for implant revision due to poor implant fit. Customized solutions have been shown to improve results but require increased preoperative assessment (Computed Tomography or Magnetic Resonance Imaging), longer lead times, and higher costs which have prevented widespread adoption. To attain the benefits of custom implants, whilst avoiding the limitations of currently available solutions, a fully automated mass-customization pipeline, capable of developing customized implant designs for fabrication via additive manufacturing from calibrated X-rays, is proposed. The proof-of-concept pipeline uses convolutional neural networks to extract information from biplanar X-ray images, point depth, and statistical shape models to reconstruct the anatomy, and application programming interface scripts to generate various customized implant designs. The pipeline was trained using data from the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information. Thirty subjects were used to test the accuracy of the anatomical reconstruction, ten from this data set, and a further 20 independent subjects obtained from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. An average root-mean-squared error of 1.00 mm was found for the femur test cases and 1.07 mm for the tibia. Three-dimensional (3D) distance maps of the output components demonstrated these results corresponded to well-fitting components, verifying automatic customization of knee replacement implants is feasible from 2D medical imaging.
Integration of Design for Additive Manufacturing Constraints With Multimaterial Topology Optimization of Lattice Structures for Optimized Thermal and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Venugopal Vysakh , McConaha Matthew , Anand Sam 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The design of multimaterial lattice structures with optimized elasticity tensor, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and thermal conductivity is the main objective of the research presented in this article. In addition, the additive manufacturability of the lattice structure is addressed using a prismatic density filter to eliminate support structures, and an octant symmetry filter is used to design symmetric lattices. A density-based topology optimization model is formulated with a homogenization method and solved using a sequential linear programming method to obtain the desired unit cell geometry of the lattice structure. The optimized unit cell obtained has high mechanical stiffness, a low CTE, and low thermal conductivity. A finite element analysis is carried out on the optimized lattice structure and an equivalent cube of computed effective properties (with the same loading and boundary conditions) to validate the computed homogenized material properties. The results from the finite element analysis show that the methodology followed to generate the lattice structure is accurate. Such lattice structures with tailored material properties can be used in aerospace parts that are subjected to mechanical and thermal loads. The complex multimaterial geometry produced from the topology optimization routine presented here is intended explicitly for the manufacture of parts using the directed energy deposition process with multiple material deposition nozzles.
Reaction Model Development of Selected Aromatics as Relevant Molecules of a Kerosene Surrogate—The Importance of m-Xylene Within the Combustion of 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
Authors: Ramirez Hernandez Astrid , Kathrotia Trupti , Methling Torsten , Braun-Unkhoff Marina , Riedel Uwe 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The development of advanced reaction models to predict pollutant emissions in aero-engine combustors usually relies on surrogate formulations of a specific jet fuel for mimicking its chemical composition. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene is one of the suitable components to represent aromatics species in those surrogates. However, a comprehensive reaction model for 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene combustion requires a mechanism to describe the m-xylene oxidation. In this work, the development of a chemical kinetic mechanism for describing the m-xylene combustion in a wide parameter range (i.e., temperature, pressure, and fuel equivalence ratios) is presented. The m-xylene reaction submodel was developed based on existing reaction mechanisms of similar species such as toluene and reaction pathways adapted from literature. The submodel was integrated into an existing detailed mechanism that contains the kinetics of a wide range of n-paraffins, isoparaffins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics. Simulation results for m-xylene were validated against experimental data available in literature. Results show that the presented m-xylene mechanism correctly predicts ignition delay times at different pressures and temperatures as well as laminar burning velocities at atmospheric pressure and various fuel equivalence ratios. At high pressure, some deviations of the calculated laminar burning velocity and the measured values are obtained at stoichiometric to rich equivalence ratios. Additionally, the model predicts reasonably well concentration profiles of major and intermediate species at different temperatures and atmospheric pressure.