bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Violence and the Christian Life in the Light of Martyrdom
Authors: Lundberg Matthew D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This final chapter applies the notion developed early in the book of martyrdom as a “spotlight” that illuminates the contours of discipleship. Through a final sharpening of the criteria of martyrdom, it contends that the only violence that Christians should sanction as “justified” is violence congruent with martyrdom’s implicit argument about the faithful Christian life. This requires significant constraints on the “realism” and conceptions of military “necessity” that Christians can affirm, and thus points to a just war ethic with significant restraints (both ad bellum and in bello) that reflect the sacrificial texture of the following of Jesus. While the chapter focuses on Christian martyrdom in relation to the dilemmas of war, it also analyzes what a martyrdom-shaped sense of Christian responsibility looks like in other arenas of sword-bearing, especially policing.
Introduction
Authors: Koganzon Rita 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The introduction sets out the central concern of this book: in a liberal regime, what is required to bring children from dependence to freedom? Children are not immediately capable of freedom or even of consent to government, so liberalism must always find some way to account for the authority that must be exercised over them until they are. The dominant contemporary approach has been one of “congruence”: modeling the family and school on the authority structure of the liberal state to allow children to practice liberty and equality in these protected settings to prepare them for their civic roles as adults. However, congruence was originally the aim of absolutists like Bodin, Hobbes, and Filmer, while early liberals like Locke and Rousseau rejected it as tyrannical. What was the reason for their rejection? Understanding where contemporary liberalism falls short requires returning to this early modern debate over education and authority.
Rousseau’s Authoritarian Education
Authors: Koganzon Rita 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Rousseau’s account of authority over children in Emile brings to light his quarrel but also his agreement with Locke on the question of private authority. The education of Emile is a direct objection to Locke’s characterization of the will and the nature of adolescence. However, while Emile has mainly been read by scholars as a rejoinder to Locke’s Education, this chapter uncovers the extent to which Rousseau’s account of Sophie’s education is actually Lockean, and it demonstrates that even Emile’s education culminates in Lockean conclusions about the use of the private, inward-oriented family as an antidote to the predations of fashion and opinion. It explores why Rousseau presents both anti- and pro-Lockean arguments about the role of authority in education and concludes by emphasizing the previously unnoticed agreement between Rousseau and Locke on these questions in the context of modern, liberal societies.
Rethinking Market Regulation
Authors: Drobak John N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Rethinking Market Regulation: Helping Labor by Overcoming Economic Myths tackles the plight of workers who lose their jobs from mergers and outsourcing by examining two economic “principles,” or narratives that have shaped the perception of the economic system in the United States today: (1) the notion that the U.S. economy is competitive, making government market regulation unnecessary, and (2) the claim that corporations exist for the benefit of their shareholders but not for other stakeholders. Contrary to popular belief, this book demonstrates that many markets are not competitive but rather are oligopolistic. This conclusion undercuts the common refrain that government market regulation is unnecessary because competition already provides sufficient constraints on business. Part of the lack of competition has resulted from the large mergers over the past few years, many of which have resulted in massive layoffs. The second narrative has justified the outsourcing of millions of jobs of U.S. workers this century, made possible by globalization. The book argues that this narrative is not an economic principle but rather a normative position. In effect, both narratives are myths, although they are accepted as truisms by many people. The book ties together a concern for the problems of using economic principles as a justification for the lack of government intervention with the harm that has been caused to workers. The book’s recommendations for a new regulatory regime are a prescription for helping labor by limiting job losses from mergers and outsourcing.
The activation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Argentina
Authors: de Búrca Gráinne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the activation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in Argentina, and in particular the ways in which local and national disability rights organizations and movements have mobilized domestically and engaged repeatedly over time with international human rights bodies and national institutions to promote reform on a range of disability rights issues. Although the chapter focuses mainly on disability rights advocacy and particularly on the issue of inclusive education, drawing on the Emiliano Naranjo and Alan Rodríguez cases, the experimentalist approach to human rights is also used as a lens through which to view other aspects of human rights advocacy in Argentina including in the area of child rights. With an active civil society involved in aspects of both advocacy and policymaking, Argentina’s ratification and incorporation of international human rights treaties since the dictatorship has in different ways catalysed and enhanced domestic mobilization for change on a range of fronts.
Cloud Computing, Standards, and the Law
Authors: Gleeson Niamh , Walden Ian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on EU initiatives on cloud standards, particularly the work of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), the European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA), and the working groups set up by the European Commission; while acknowledging that cloud standardisation is obviously also a global issue. It addresses three questions. First, it considers why standards play a role in cloud computing and examines the standards most cited as important for cloud computing: data protection, data security, interoperability, data portability, reversibility, and Service Level Agreements (SLAs). Second, it assesses whether there is a problem with cloud standards and, in particular, the debate around the proliferation of cloud computing standards. Finally, the chapter studies how the adoption of cloud standards can be granted, or acquire, legal and regulatory effects under both public and private law regimes, which impact on both providers and users of cloud services. While technical standards for cloud appear to be developing as expected, informational and evaluative standards will inevitably take longer to emerge and may require greater stability within the legal frameworks in which they are intended to operate.
The economy
Authors: Epstein Stephan R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The economic history of the late Middle Ages is substantially better documented than that of earlier ages, thanks to thirteenth-century improvements in administration and commercial organization, and to the growth in urban literacy and numeracy. It is also substantially more complex, in that it includes no fewer than three distinct sub-periods: the tail of a secular wave of demographic and urban growth, economic expansion, and growing international trade associated with the late twelfth and thirteenth-century ‘commercial revolution’, that came to an end in the early 1300s; a century or more of demographic, economic, and social ‘crisis’, ‘involution’, ‘depression’, and ‘structural change’ ending in the mid- to late 1400s; and the first stages of a new, more dynamic, market-oriented, early capitalist upswing that lasted to the early 1600s. Consequently, interpretations of such a complex era have been intensely controversial. The chapter deals with the discussion and revision of the main issues related to such complexity.
Nerve and Brain
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the basic unit of the human brain: the nerve cell, or neuron. These cells are also the main units of the peripheral nervous system, which sends messages from the brain to the other tissues and organs that make up our bodies. Neurons are the most well-known cells in the brain but they are not the only type of cell in this organ. The other main types are the glial cells, also known as neuroglia. Recent studies of the role of glial cells in the brain are revealing potentially important differences between humans and other species in the functions of these cells. The chapter then turns to the large-scale structure of the brain. The most dramatic changes in brain size and structure occurred in the final phase of human evolutionary change. Indeed, Neanderthals had brains similar in size to those of modern humans. An important feature of the human brain is that a larger fraction of its growth occurs outside the womb. Although humans reach adult brain size in childhood, brain development continues for decades afterwards.
Emotion and Reason
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the relationship between emotion and rational thought. Emotions have been found to be linked to chemical changes that can affect both mind and body. The brain is connected with the rest of the body through direct nerve connections to the organs, but also by brain regions like the hypothalamus, and glands linked to it such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones into the blood. As such, some scientists now argue that even human consciousness cannot be thought of as a product solely of the brain, but also of the body. A chemical that plays dual roles in the brain and the rest of the body is dopamine, which is vital for our control of movement and it also regulates many higher mental functions in humans, such as learning, concentration, planning ahead, and pleasure-seeking behaviour. The chapter then looks at the implications of Lev Vygotsky’s view of the interaction between rational thought and emotional responses for education. One important concept in this regard is what Vygotsky termed the 'zone of proximal development.
Music and Rhythm
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates how music has been an important part of human culture for a very long time. One explanation for the centrality of music in human society is that it plays a key role in coordinating activity. Rhythmic sound ‘not only coordinates the behaviour of people in a group, it also coordinates their thinking—the mental processes of individuals in the group become synchronized’. This may explain how drums unite tribes in ceremony, why armies used to march into battle accompanied by bugle and drum, religious ceremonies are infused by song, and speech is punctuated by rhythmic emphasis on particular syllables and words. The chapter then assesses what modern neuroscience can reveal about how music affects the brain, and considers the role that music plays in the creation of meaning. It illustrates these general arguments with reference to music ranging from the classical music of Mozart and Beethoven, to mid-twentieth century jazz, through to modern pop music. The chapter also looks at how music can help us cope with some of the alienation that many people feel in modern society, and ways in which music has addressed the issue of mental illness.
The Call, the Concept, and the Metaphysics of Love
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The chapter explains that the book does not seek to define love but to explore the conditions for how it shows itself in Christian life. It considers the post-Heideggerian critique of metaphysics before introducing Dante’s vision of the love that moves the sun and other stars. This commits a Christian account of love to seeking integration with cosmic life. However, we no longer inhabit Dante’s pre-Copernican and pre-Darwinian universe and a new model of integrating love and cosmic life is therefore needed. Vladimir Solovyov’s doctrine of love is used to sketch a preliminary approach to love that acknowledges the new cosmology, though it too requires revision in the light of subsequent developments. Dante’s vision also assumes the identity of love, being, and God in ways that have become problematic and the chapter therefore also addresses the relative priority of love and being.
Love and Time
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Although both philosophical and theological traditions have taken a negative view of time, time is understood here as a condition of love that is able to endure. This is again especially clear in Kierkegaard, who understands God’s eternity as God’s power to give time. This makes love essentially hopeful. The chapter shows how ‘kairological’ time-experience is involved in the beginning of love, in its power of ‘abiding’, and in the gift of temporally extended attention that is given in love, attention that is human life’s closest analogy to divine creation. Kierkegaard’s emphasis on the moment is fleshed out with help from Franz Rosenzweig, who highlights the importance of the hour, day, week, and year as forging the communal relationship between divine and human. Edwin Muir is used to further develop these insights and to show the role of eschatology in love.
Moral Man, Immoral Society
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Love is typically seen as a characteristic of intimate relationships, not of larger social units such as the state. But if Christianity aims at a Kingdom of Love, what social forms might enable such a kingdom to be formed? Christian teaching suggests two primary forms, the family and the Church. The family is approached in a dialogue between Hegel and recent magisterial Catholic teaching. Where Hegel subordinates the family to the state, Catholic teaching proposes that the state is subsidiary to the family. The family is also seen in Catholic teaching as modelling the life of the Church. However, social changes make Dostoevsky’s model of the ‘accidental family’ more appropriate than that of the conventional nuclear family, while Rosenzweig warns against extending the model of the family to the territorial nation-state. The chapter also develops the idea of human solidarity.
In the End, Love
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Christian faith in love characteristically believes that love is not conquered by death. Yet modern philosophy (e.g. Heidegger) proposes death as a limit to human existence. Noting the proximity of love and death in human experience, the chapter explores how the idea of an afterlife has been replaced by that of an eternal now in modern thought, as in Hegel and Schleiermacher, but also in modern atheism. The challenge of developing an authentically modern view is sharpened by a discussion of the relationship between death and love in Heidegger. This leads back to further reflection on human solidarity, with reference to the doctrine of the community of saints and intercessory prayer. Under the conditions of historical existence this remains a messianic possibility that can best be spoken of in the mode of the poetic, bringing about hope in a return to ontological rootedness.
‘Crittickize uppon the smallest word’
Authors: Scott-Baumann Elizabeth 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEven as the last half century has seen a growing canon of early modern women poets, prose writers, and playwrights, we still have no acknowledged tradition of early women critics. This essay argues that women did write critically, in varied places including manuscript miscellanies, paratexts, poems, and letters. Lady Anne Southwell’s two diverse manuscript collections include a defence of poetry and many profoundly critical poems which reveal the range and depth of early modern women’s engagement with traditions of criticism and with questions of theory, style, and gender.
The Villainies of a Facetious Jurist
Authors: Patterson Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Breton nobleman Noël Du Fail (c.1520–91) had an eventful career during which he distinguished himself in law and literature. This chapter focuses primarily on his three literary works written in a villainous style that is overtly facetious. His early writings parody rural community conflicts: peasant disputes which resemble vilains cas but which are not resolved through the local courts. Du Fail’s later contes reflect a somewhat pessimistic outlook on the direction in which his legal profession—and France’s social orders more generally—were headed. Du Fail’s fictious world, like Nenna’s (cf. Chapter 2), is one in which noble and vile merge together, but the dialogues and exchanges are altogether coarser than those of Nenna’s interlocutors.
Master Villon and Master Pathelin
Authors: Patterson Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 considers the emergence of knavish villain characters in legally-inflected poetry, specifically in relation to basoche (judiciary) farce and faux-legal testament. The chapter begins by considering villonnies (a variant spelling of vilenies) within a poetics of advocacy in the fifteenth century, and moves on to consider the impact of legal-literary habits that propelled two personae—Master François Villon and his double, Master Pierre Pathelin—to legendary status by the early sixteenth century. Chapter 4 is the first of three chapters examining how various vilain traits were woven into new kinds of poetry that made an art of vilification; an adversarial discourse broader than the legal sense of slander with self-conscious fashioning and refashioning of its villain figures.
Profanity and Polemic
Authors: Patterson Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This is the first of three chapters exploring François Rabelais’s villainous style. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, one read Rabelais against a constant stream of dire warnings not to. This chapter surveys hostile responses to Rabelais—the ‘prophane villaine’—on account of his allegedly irreligious and scurrilous works. During his lifetime (c.1494–1553), Rabelais was vilified by Calvinists and conservative Catholics. After his death, Rabelais’s name and works were ‘remembered’ unfavourably, although his villainous style was popular among a number of imitators (‘rabelizers’) in various polemical contexts. In their zeal to associate Rabelais with heresy and atheism, most rabelizers overlooked what was arguably his main focus on villainy: devilish trickery and cunning, oriented towards problems of justice and misogyny.
Taking on the Law
Authors: Patterson Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In Rabelais’s later books villainy undergoes significant changes. By the time we get to the Quart Livre, Panurge no longer targets women with his violent tricks. The first half of this chapter gives a legal-literary reading of the Chiquanous episode (Quart Livre chs. 12–16), replete with litigation and ‘tragic farce’: here, Panurge’s violent, imaginative villainy is given full rein. The second half of the chapter concentrates on the courtroom drama of Panurge versus the Chats-fourrez (Cinquiesme Livre chs. 11–15). This has echoes of the courtroom scenes of La Farce de Pathelin, but it is no rehash of the latter. The case ends with Panurge resorting not to villainous tricks but to the protocol of venality (espices, legal emoluments offered to magistrates) in order to be acquitted of the charge of illicit vagabondage.
Old Panurgos and Beaten Foxes
Authors: Patterson Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates how Rabelaisian villainy flowed from France into English literature at the turn of the seventeenth century. Villainy à la Panurge was popular with university ‘men of wit’; it resurfaces in John Marston’s The Scourge of Villanie (1598) and especially in various works by Ben Jonson (c.1572–1637). Legal-literary readings of Jonson’s The Case is Altered (c.1597–8) and Volpone (1607) attest to the author’s idiosyncratic villainous style. Volpone’s enduring popularity (academic criticism notwithstanding) suggests not only Jonson’s ‘recurrent lapses from respectability’, but also his interest in revisiting and revising themes of panourgia through and beyond the Rabelaisian canon.
Responding to the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Authors: Patterson Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This is the first of four chapters scrutinizing villainy in the French Wars of Religion (1562–98). Chapter 11 considers the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in August 1572, a mass killing that began with the murder of the Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny. Partisan responses to Coligny’s murder soon followed; of particular interest is La Tragedie de feu Gaspard de Colligny (1575) by François de Chantelouve. The latter, a militant Catholic, makes a vindictive mockery of the erstwhile admiral in the course of his tragedy. For Chantelouve, Coligny was a villainous traitor and a threat to France’s monarchy; Charles IX was thus justified in sanctioning Coligny’s death. Yet Chantelouve does not straightforwardly echo the official legal justification for the Massacre that had been commissioned by the Crown in 1573 from the leading jurist Guy du Faur de Pibrac.
Forensic Tragedy
Authors: Patterson Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Charles IX was succeeded by his brother Henri III, pejoratively dubbed ‘Vilain Herodes’ (‘Henri de Valois’) by his opponents. The most virulent opposition came from the ultra-conservative Catholic League. Leaguers vilified Henri for breaking his oath to uphold the League’s mission to eradicate ‘heretics’; moreover, they blamed him for the ‘massacre’ of their champion, Henri de Guise, in 1588. Guise’s murder inspired a precocious young Leaguer, Pierre Matthieu, to compose a tragedy in his honour: La Guisiade (1589). This neo-classical tragedy has an overtly forensic aspect. Each act is accompanied by ‘arguments’ that present the circumstances of Guise’s death as a causa admirabilis—a case that will abnormally shock the audience’s sense of justice. The main action conjectures that the king’s perfidy and Guise’s assassination must have been the work of demonic villains acting ‘behind the scenes’.
The Drama of Regicide
Authors: Patterson Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the transcultural response to the first regicide on French soil since Merovingian times: Jacques Clément’s assassination of Henri III on 1 August 1589. The historical details (such as they can be recovered) read as a drama of deception and confusion, culminating in the trial of Clément’s corpse; the procès au cadavre hastily enacted to ensure that the dead villain still underwent legalized torture. The symbolic significance of Clément’s supreme villainy was conveyed to the French and European public via numerous estampes that depicted the scene of the assassination. In England, the regicide constitutes the grim dénouement of Christopher Marlowe’s The Massacre at Paris: a crowd-pleaser on London’s stage of the 1590s that dramatized twenty years of violence, tyranny, succession, and religious fanaticism in France.