bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acamprosate may be safer than baclofen for the treatment of alcohol use disorder in patients with cirrhosis: a first description of use in real-world clinical practice
Authors: Tyson Luke David , Cheng Alexandra , Kelleher Charles , Strathie Kirstin , Lovendoski James , Habtemariam Zebib , Lewis Heather 
Published: November 2021

Objectives
Patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and liver cirrhosis benefit from stopping alcohol intake. Baclofen has been trialled for AUD in cirrhosis and appears to be effective. However, in patients without cirrhosis acamprosate is safer and more efficacious. Acamprosate is rarely used in cirrhosis due to safety concerns: the only published report was for 24 h in a controlled setting. Our centre uses both medications off-label in cirrhotic patients. We performed an audit to pragmatically compare the safety of acamprosate to baclofen in these patients.

Methods
The electronic records of patients prescribed acamprosate or baclofen between 01/04/17 and 31/03/20 were retrospectively reviewed. Adverse events and abstinence at last follow-up were compared by Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U or chi-square test. Confounding variables were evaluated by logistic regression.

Results
In total 48 cirrhotic patients taking acamprosate (median 84 days, range 2–524); 44 baclofen (247 days, 8–910) met inclusion criteria. At baseline, 41% had Childs-Pugh B or C cirrhosis. More patients taking baclofen had an unplanned hospital admission or attendance (23 vs 13; P = 0.013) and the mean number per patient was higher (1.6 vs 0.6; P = 0.032). Sub-group analysis revealed increased admissions in actively drinking patients prescribed baclofen to achieve abstinence (mean 2.4 vs 0.6; P = 0.020); acamprosate use was associated with a reduced chance of admission or attendance (OR, 0.284; 0.095–0.854; P = 0.025) independent of treatment length. No difference in efficacy was observed.

Conclusions
In patients with cirrhosis, acamprosate was associated with fewer unplanned admissions than baclofen, hence may be safer despite historical concerns.
Vulvoperineal Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management of Deformities
Authors: Ogunleye Adeyemi A. , Ndem Idorenyin E. , Bui Helen , Sayed Christopher J. 
Published: November 2021

Importance
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory disorder affecting skin of intertriginous areas that is often encountered and treated by nondermatologic specialists.

Objective
The purpose of this literature review is to provide a comprehensive, clinical source of information on HS as it relates to incidence of disease, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and overall management of this condition.

Evidence Acquisition
Sources were obtained through a comprehensive literature search using PubMed and PMC. Various terms were used to query the database, including “hidradenitis suppurativa,” “pathogenesis,” “prevalence,” “management,” “surgery,” “perineal,” and “vulva.”

Results
Underreported prevalence and unknown pathogenesis have subsequently led to variable approaches in clinical management, often employing a combination of medical and surgical management.

Conclusion
Early diagnosis and treatment of HS may lead to better disease control and minimize patients' associated morbidity related to disease.

Relevance
Knowledge of vulvoperineal hidradenitis is necessary for gynecologists and primary care physicians to ensure early diagnosis, management, and referral for optimal patient outcomes.

Target Audience
Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians.

Learning Objectives
After completing this activity, the learner should be better able to describe the presentation and staging of hidradenitis suppurativa; explain possible medical and surgical treatments; and identify options for correction of vulvar deformities.
Elective Fetal Reduction in Dichorionic Diamniotic Twin Pregnancies on Parental Request: A Single-Centre Experience
Authors: Kaul Anita , Prasad Smriti , Anand Keerthana , Arora Saloni , Sharma Akshatha 
Published: November 2021

(Abstracted from Fetal Diagn Ther 2021;48:272–278)
The incidence of multiple gestations is increasing because of increases in both maternal age and infertility treatments. Multifetal pregnancy reduction (MFPR) is a safe procedure that has not been associated with a substantial risk of miscarriage and has been associated with better pregnancy outcomes in terms of prematurity and neonatal birth weight.
Problems With Using Polygenic Scores to Select Embryos
Authors: Turley Patrick , Meyer Michelle N. , Wang Nancy , Cesarini David , Hammonds Evelynn , Martin Alicia R. , Neale Benjamin M. , Rehm Heidi L. , Wilkins-Haug Louise , Benjamin Daniel J. , Hyman Steven , Laibson David , Visscher Peter M. 
Published: November 2021

(Abstracted from N Engl J Med 2021;385:78–86)
Embryo selection based on polygenic scores (ESPS) is the principle wherein one can select individualized embryos to transfer as part of in vitro fertilization based on predictions of health and other outcomes derived from genome-wide association studies (GWASs). The majority of human traits including physical characteristics and risk for disease are influenced by cumulative differences in genetic variants.
Unanticipated Uterine and Cervical Malignancy in Women Undergoing Hysterectomy for Uterovaginal Prolapse
Authors: Andiman Sarah E. , Bui Anthony H. , Hardart Anne , Xu Xiao 
Published: November 2021

(Abstracted from Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 2021;27:e549–e554)
Safety warnings by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2014 about uterine power morcellation have heightened awareness of the risk of unsuspected uterine cancer at the time of hysterectomy. At the same time, uterine-sparing procedures have grown in use and acceptability.
The Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System for Prevention of Endometrial Cancer in Women With Obesity: A Cost-effectiveness Study
Authors: Bernard L. , Kwon J. S. , Simpson A. N. , Ferguson S. E. , Sinasac S. , Pina A. , Reade C. J. 
Published: November 2021

(Abstracted from Gynecol Oncol 2021;161:367–373)
The incidence and age-standardized mortality rate of endometrial cancer continue to rise in North America, with a concurrent rise in obesity rate postulated to be the driving factor. Interventions such as weight loss in the postmenopausal period and bariatric surgery have shown significant reduction of risk for endometrial cancer, but these methods remain inaccessible, unsustainable, or unacceptable for some women.
An Epidemic of Pediatric HIV From Reuse of Infusion Equipment in Pakistan
Authors: Syed Muhammad Asif , Khan Adnan , Chaudhry Ambreen , Baig Mirza Amir , Memon Naveed Masood , Kumar Santosh , Bhurt Saeed Ahmed , Qadri Munaza , Vighio Anum , Baig Zeeshan Iqbal , Rabold Elizabeth M. , Ali Hammad , Blanton Curtis , Asghar Rana Jawad , Ikram Aamer , Rahim Musa , Solangi Masood , Mahipala Palitha , Fontaine Robert E. 
Published: November 2021

Background:
From April to June 2019, a total of 909 new HIV infections were identified in Larkana, Pakistan; 86% was children younger than 15 years. To identify the possible transmission links in this outbreak, a case–control study was conducted in June 2019.

Methods:
For cases, we selected a systematic random sample of 100 HIV-positive children from the screening list. We chose 2 age-matched and sex-matched controls from the neighborhood of each HIV-positive case. All selected children were tested using the World Health Organization–approved rapid diagnosis test algorithm. We interviewed the parents of each selected child about previous exposures to parenteral treatment and compared exposures of case and control children using conditional logistic regression.

Results:
The ages of the selected children ranged from 1 month to 10 years. More than 90% of both HIV+ and HIV− children had received outpatient health care from MBBS-qualified private physicians. Eighty-three percent of HIV+ children versus 46% of HIV− children had received health care from one private physician [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 29, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 10 to 79]. Intravenous infusions during the last outpatient visit were reported by 29% of case versus 7% of controls (aOR 57, 95% CI: 2.9 to >1000), whereas no case children and 17% of control children had received only intramuscular injections (aOR 0, 95% CI: 0 to 41). Among cases, 94% had been given infusions through a drip set compared with 85% of control children (aOR = 7.7, 95% CI: 2.3 to 26). Infusions had been administered with reused IV drip sets in 70% of cases compared with 8% of controls (aOR = 197, 95% CI: 16 to 2400).

Discussion:
Private physicians reusing intravenous drip sets to treat outpatients seen in private practice were responsible for this HIV epidemic. Mapping and regulation of private practitioners were suggested.
Postoperative Changes in the Upper Airway Following Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis in Pediatric Hemifacial Microsomia
Authors: Barrero Carlos , Vu Giap , Kosyk Mychajlo , Humphries Laura , Jeon Hyeran Helen , Boucher Normand , Taylor Jesse , Nah Hyun-Duck 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Patients with hemifacial microsomia (HFM) may undergo unilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) before skeletal maturity in an effort to improve facial symmetry. Mandibular distraction osteogenesis's effect on airway volumes have been studied in the past, though to our knowledge, none have accounted for the effect of head and neck posture on airway morphology. This study aimed to tackle this shortcoming, using imaging to analyze the upper airway of patients with HFM before and after surgical intervention with MDO.

Methods/Description:
The authors retrospectively reviewed patients with a diagnosis of unilateral HFM whom underwent unilateral MDO with an oblique vector at age 4 to 14 years at a single institution from 2004 to 2019. Patients with pre- and post-MDO three-dimensional computed tomography scans of the upper airway within 12 months of distractor placement and removal, respectively, were included. Head and neck postures were determined by craniocervical, pitch, roll, and yaw angles. Pre- and post-operative pharyngeal airway volumes, pharyngeal surface area, minimum retropalatal cross-sectional areas (RP CSA) and retroglossal (RG) CSA and associated anteroposterior distances were measured using Mimics 22.0 (Materialise; Leuven, Belgium). Comparison was done using Kruskal-Wallis tests and linear mixed-effects models controlling for head and neck postures.

Results:
Ten patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age at pre-distractor placement computed tomography scan was 99 ± 35 months, and mean duration between pre- and post-surgery scans was 220 ± 90 days. Head and neck posture were found to be significant predictors of all airway dimensions. After controlling for significant factors with fixed effects linear modeling, surface area was found to be significantly smaller in patients after MDO by 189.48 mm2 (F[10.8] = −3.47, P = 0.0053), compared to their preoperative measurements. Surgery was not a significant predictor of changes in airway volume (F[11.6] = 0.52, P = 0.61), minimum RP CSA (F[12.2] =  −0.64, P = 0.53), minimum RG CSA (F[12.6] =  −1.64, P = 0.13), RP anteroposterior distance (F[14.0] = 0.30, P = 0.77), or RG anteroposterior distance (F[20.0] =  −0.04, P = 0.97).

Conclusions:
Oblique vector MDO in patients with HFM is associated only with statistically significant changes in the surface area of the upper airway, and is not associated with statistically significant changes in dimensions like volume, CSA, or anteroposterior dimension. This is an important finding, as it may guide discussions surrounding risk/benefit ratio for MDO in childhood.
Emotional authenticity modulates affective and social trait inferences from voices
Authors: Pinheiro Ana P. , Anikin Andrey , Conde Tatiana , Sarzedas João , Chen Sinead , Scott Sophie K. , Lima César F. 
Published: November 2021

The human voice is a primary tool for verbal and nonverbal communication. Studies on laughter emphasize a distinction between spontaneous laughter, which reflects a genuinely felt emotion, and volitional laughter, associated with more intentional communicative acts. Listeners can reliably differentiate the two. It remains unclear, however, if they can detect authenticity in other vocalizations, and whether authenticity determines the affective and social impressions that we form about others. Here, 137 participants listened to laughs and cries that could be spontaneous or volitional and rated them on authenticity, valence, arousal, trustworthiness and dominance. Bayesian mixed models indicated that listeners detect authenticity similarly well in laughter and crying. Speakers were also perceived to be more trustworthy, and in a higher arousal state, when their laughs and cries were spontaneous. Moreover, spontaneous laughs were evaluated as more positive than volitional ones, and we found that the same acoustic features predicted perceived authenticity and trustworthiness in laughter: high pitch, spectral variability and less voicing. For crying, associations between acoustic features and ratings were less reliable. These findings indicate that emotional authenticity shapes affective and social trait inferences from voices, and that the ability to detect authenticity in vocalizations is not limited to laughter.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Voice modulation: from origin and mechanism to social impact (Part I)’.
The colonial legacy of herbaria
Authors: Park Daniel S. , Feng Xiao , Akiyama Shinobu , Ardiyani Marlina , Avendaño Neida , Barina Zoltan , Bärtschi Blandine , Belgrano Manuel , Betancur Julio , Bijmoer Roxali , Bogaerts Ann , Cano Asunción , Danihelka Jirí , Garg Arti , Giblin David E. , Gogoi Rajib , Guggisberg Alessia , Hyvärinen Marko , James Shelley A. , Sebola Ramagwai J. , Katagiri Tomoyuki , Kennedy Jonathan A. , Komil Tojibaev Sh. , Lee Byoungyoon , Lee Serena M.L. , Magri Donatella , Marcucci Rossella , Masinde Siro , Melnikov Denis , Mráz Patrik , Mulenko Wieslaw , Musili Paul , Mwachala Geoffrey , Nelson Burrell E. , Niezgoda Christine , Sepúlveda Carla Novoa , Orli Sylvia , Paton Alan , Payette Serge , Perkins Kent D. , Ponce Maria Jimena , Rainer Heimo , Rasingam L. , Rustiami Himmah , Shiyan Natalia M. , Bjorå Charlotte S. , Solomon James , Stauffer Fred , Sumadijaya Alex , Thiébaut Mélanie , Thiers Barbara M. , Tsubota Hiromi , Vaughan Alison , Virtanen Risto , Whitfeld Timothy J. S. , Zhang Dianxiang , Zuloaga Fernando O. , Davis Charles C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHerbarium collections shape our understanding of the world’s flora and are crucial for addressing global change and biodiversity conservation. The formation of such natural history collections, however, are not free from sociopolitical issues of immediate relevance. Despite increasing efforts addressing issues of representation and colonialism in natural history collections, herbaria have received comparatively less attention. While it has been noted that the majority of plant specimens are housed in the global North, the extent of this disparity has not been rigorously quantified to date. Here, by analyzing over 85 million specimen records and surveying herbaria across the globe, we assess the colonial legacy of botanical collections and how we may move towards a more inclusive future. We demonstrate that colonial exploitation has contributed to an inverse relationship between where plant biodiversity exists in nature and where it is housed in herbaria. Such disparities persist in herbaria across physical and digital realms despite overt colonialism having ended over half a century ago, suggesting ongoing digitization and decolonization efforts have yet to alleviate colonial-era discrepancies. We emphasize the need for acknowledging the inconvenient history of herbarium collections and the implementation of a more equitable, global paradigm for their collection, curation, and use.
Leveraging eDNA metabarcoding to characterize nearshore fish communities in Southeast Alaska: Do habitat and tide matter?
Authors: Larson Wes , Barry Patrick , Dokai Willie , Maselko Jacek , Olson John , Baetscher Diana 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNearshore marine habitats are critical for a variety of commercially important fish species, but assessing fish communities in these habitats is costly and time-intensive. Here, we leverage eDNA metabarcoding to characterize nearshore fish communities near Juneau, Alaska, USA, a high-latitude environment with large tidal swings, strong currents, and significant freshwater input. We investigated whether species richness and community composition differed across three habitat types (sand beaches, eelgrass beds, and rocky shorelines) and between high and low tides. Additionally, we tested whether replication of field samples and PCR reactions influenced either species richness or composition. We amplified a 12S mitochondrial locus in our samples and identified 188 fish amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), corresponding to 21 unique taxa, with approximately half of these resolved to single species. Species richness and composition inferred from eDNA differed substantially among habitats, with rock habitats containing fewer taxa and fewer overall detections than sand and eelgrass habitats. The effect of tide was more subtle and suggested a habitat-tide interaction, with differences in taxa between tides largely isolated to sand habitats. Power analyses indicated that additional field sampling is useful to detect subtle changes in species richness such as those due to tide. PCR replicates typically identified a small number of additional taxa. The most notable result from our study was that shore morphology appeared to substantially influence community structure. Rocky shorelines sloped quickly into deep water, while sand and eelgrass habitats descended much more gradually. We hypothesize that differences in taxa observed among habitats were largely due to lack of mixing between bottom and surface water, providing further evidence that eDNA transport is minimal and that many marine eDNA detections are derived from highly localized sampling locations. We suggest that future studies could explore the extent to which habitat and nearshore physical processes influence eDNA detections.
Comparing single cell datasets using DensityMorph
Authors: Feher Kristen 
Published: November 2021

1AbstractThe proliferation of single cell datasets has brought a wealth of information, but also great challenges in data analysis. Obtaining a cohesive overview of multiple single cell samples is difficult and requires consideration of cell population structure - which may or may not be well defined - along with subtle shifts in expression within cell populations across samples, and changes in population frequency across samples. Ideally, all this would be integrated with the experimental design, e.g. time point, genotype, treatment etc. Data visualisation is the most effective way of communicating analysis but often this takes the form of a plethora of TSNE plots, colour coded according to marker and sample. In this manuscript, I introduce a novel exploratory data analysis and visualisation method that is centred around a novel quasi-distance (DensityMorph) between single cell samples. DensityMorph makes it possible to plot single cell samples in a manner analogous to performing principal component analysis on microarray samples. Biological interpretation is ensured by the introduction of Explanatory Components, which show how marker expression and coexpression drive the differences between samples. This method is a breakthrough in terms of displaying the most pertinent biological changes across single cell samples in a compact plot. Finally, it can be used either as a stand-alone method or to structure other types of analysis such as manual flow cytometry gating or cell population clustering.
Genome-wide association study reveals complex genetic architecture of cadmium and mercury accumulation and tolerance traits in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Paape Tim , Heiniger Benjamin , Domingo Miguel Santo , Clear Michael R. , Lucas M. Mercedes , Pueyo José J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHeavy metals are an increasing problem due to contamination from human sources that and can enter the food chain by being taken up by plants. Understanding the genetic basis of accumulation and tolerance in plants is important for reducing the uptake of toxic metals in crops and crop relatives, as well as for removing heavy metals from soils by means of phytoremediation. Following exposure of Medicago truncatula seedlings to cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg), we conducted a genome-wide association study using relative root growth (RRG) and leaf accumulation measurements. Cd and Hg accumulation and RRG had heritability ranging 0.44 - 0.72 indicating high genetic diversity for these traits. The Cd and Hg trait associations were broadly distributed throughout the genome, indicated the traits are polygenic and involve several quantitative loci. For all traits, candidate genes included several membrane associated ATP-binding cassette transporters, P-type ATPase transporters, several oxidative stress response genes and stress related UDP-glycosyltransferases. The P-type ATPase transporters and ATP-binding cassette protein-families have roles in vacuole transport of heavy metals, and our findings support their wide use in physiological plant responses to heavy metals and abiotic stresses. We also found associations between Cd RRG with the genes CAX3 and PDR3, two linked adjacent genes, and leaf accumulation of Hg associated with the genes NRAMP6 and CAX9. When plant genotypes with the most extreme phenotypes were compared, we found significant divergence in genomic regions using population genomics methods that contained metal transport and stress response gene ontologies. Several of these genomic regions show high linkage disequilibrium (LD) among candidate genes suggesting they have evolved together. Minor allele frequency (MAF) and effect size of the most significant SNPs was negatively correlated with large effect alleles being most rare. This is consistent with purifying selection against alleles that increase toxicity and abiotic stress. Conversely, the alleles with large affect that had higher frequencies that were associated with the exclusion of Cd and Hg. Overall, macroevolutionary conservation of heavy metal and stress response genes is important for improvement of forage crops by harnessing wild genetic variants in gene banks such as the Medicago HapMap collection.