bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the hemostatic capacity of methylene blue‐treated liquid (not frozen) plasma stored up 14 days at 2° to 6°C
Authors: Rapaille André , Lotens Anaïs , de Valensart Nicolas , Najdovski Tome , Green Laura 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundEarly plasma transfusion for management of bleeding, particularly trauma, is associated with better outcomes. Improving the availability/safety of plasma transfusion for patients is essential for transfusion services. The aim of this study is to evaluate the hemostatic capacity of methylene‐blue (MB) liquid (not frozen) plasma over time.Materials and methodsTwenty whole blood‐derived plasma units collected from male donors were separated and processed within 18 h of collection. Individual plasmas were treated with MB and stored in liquid status at 2–6°C for 14 days. A range of coagulation assays, including thrombin generation, rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), and Thrombodynamics were tested at different time‐points, together with bacterial growth.ResultsApart from Factor (F)XII, other coagulation factors (fibrinogen, FV, FVIII, FXI) reduced significantly after MB treatment, with levels remaining stable except for FVIII afterward. By day 14, most clotting factors were >0.7 IU/ml, apart from FVIII. There was a disproportionate decrease in Protein S (PS) activity compared to free PS antigen and by day 14 its value was ~50%. There was no significant difference in maximum clot formation (ROTEM) and clot‐density (Thrombodynamics) over time. Endogenous thrombin potential (Thrombin‐Generation), clot‐size, and velocity index (Thrombodynamics) decreased significantly over time consistent with clotting factor reduction. There was no bacterial growth.ConclusionsMB‐treated liquid plasma stored at 2‐6°C can be used for up to 14 days: the long shelf‐life, the liquid status, and the MB treatment will improve its availability for management of bleeding as well as providing a safe component from pathogens.
Reconstruction of the cranial cruciate ligament using a semitendinosus autograft in a lapine model
Authors: Wei Feng , Haut Donahue Tammy , Haut Roger C. , Porcel Sanchez Maria Dolores , Dejardin Loic M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo clarify and improve a cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) deficient stifle stabilization technique using a semitendinosus tendon (ST) autograft fixed with an interference fit screw (IFS) in a closed‐joint trauma lapine osteoarthritis (OA) model.Study DesignExperimental OA model.AnimalsForty‐one Flemish Giant rabbits.MethodsFollowing arthrotomy of traumatized lapine stifles, the ST insertion on the tibial plateau was exposed and the ST was transected near its origin. The graft was passed through tibial and femoral tunnels, manually tensioned and then secured in place with a custom IFS and periosteal sutures. Drawer was manually assessed during and immediately after surgery intraoperatively. Upon euthanasia, joint laxity was measured at 2, 10, or 22 weeks postoperatively and compared to that of the contralateral, intact stifles and stifles with a surgically transected CrCL.ResultsMinimal postoperative drawer was present in 34% of the rabbits and potentially correlated with meniscal injury and subsequent meniscectomy. CrCL reconstruction significantly reduced joint laxity to a level (3.6 ± 1.6 mm) similar to that (2.7 ± 0.8 mm) in contralateral intact stifles.ConclusionSurgical replacement of a traumatically injured CrCL using a ST autograft fixed with an IFS replicated a common human surgical technique and effectively restored joint stability in the short, medium, and long terms of the study.Clinical SignificanceThe study provides researchers a useful, clinically relevant, post‐traumatic CrCL deficient rabbit model for the study of OA and investigations of interventions to mitigate or prevent long‐term joint degeneration.
Optimization With Discrete Variables via Recursive Quadratic Programming: Part II — Algorithm and Results
Authors: Cha J. C. , Wayne R. W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A discrete recursive quadratic programming algorithm is developed for mixed discrete constrained nonlinear progrmming (MDCNP) problems. The symmetric rank one (SR1) Hessian update formula is used to generate second order information. Also, strategies, such as the watchdog technique (WT), the monotonicity analysis technique (MA), the contour analysis technique (CA) and the restoration strategy of feasibility have been considered. Heuristic aspects of handling discrete variables are treated via the concepts and convergence discussions of Part I. This paper summarizes the details of the algorithm and its implementation. Test results for 25 different problems are presented to allow evaluation of this approach and provide a basis for performance comparison. The results show that the suggested method is a promising one, efficient and robust for the MDCNP problem.
Development of a Versatile Multiple Prehension, Compliance Controlled Robotic End-Effector
Authors: Tsach U. , Melamed R. , Garrison T. J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The development of a versatile, multiple prehension, compliance control robotic end-effector is discussed. The mechanical hand utilizes three rubber fingers which bend when their internal pressure is elevated. The hand has a reduced number of degrees of freedom which simplifies its controller. The controller has been implemented on a personal computer. The maneuverability and kinematic capabilities of the developed hand are very promising.
Computer-Aided Design of the RSSR Function Generating Spatial Mechanism Using the Selective Precision Synthesis Method
Authors: Dhall S. R. , Kramer S. N. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Planar function generating mechanisms may be synthesized for a limited number of precision points by carrying out a kinematic inversion about the output link. However, this becomes quite difficult for spatial mechanisms. In this paper the general RSSR spatial function generating mechanism is synthesized using the Selective Precision Synthesis technique. In this computer-aided design method, nonlinear constraint equations relating the generated and desired rotations of the output crank are formulated. These constraints which define accuracy neighborhoods around each of the “n” prescribed output crank rotations, are then solved using the Generalized Reduced Gradient Method of optimization. The mathematical formulation, the general procedure of synthesis and numerical examples are presented in this paper.
Detection of Isomorphism Between Planar Kinematic Chains
Authors: Patel L. K. , Rao A. C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Structural analysis and synthesis of linkages is a very important aspect. Detection of isomorphism (equivalent structural topology) is essential to determine structurally distinct chains. Some methods to detect distinct chains and mechanisms have already been developed. These methods besides being falliable, require enormous computational effort and as such necessitate development of an easy and efficient method. This paper presents a new method based on graph theory, for detection of isomorphism among kinematic chains. A probability scheme is attached with the chains and relative loop positions are determined for the chains having identical probability schemes. Isomorphism is detected between planar kinematic chains having single degree of freedom.
Synthesis of 4-Bar Straight-Line Mechanisms by Moving Direction
Authors: Peifang Wu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
An analytical formula is deduced concering the direction of movement of coupler point versus the fixed link and moving point on the poleray versus poletangent using infinitesmal Burmester theory. Thus, a new method of synthesis for 4-bar straight-line mechanisms is advanced out of practical necessity. Through this design method, the author finds shortcomings with classioal Chehyshev mechanisms; and a new proportion of dimensions for 4-bar straight-line meohanisms is put forwards.
On the Displacement Analysis of Open-Loop Systems by the Direction Cosine Matrix Method
Authors: Youm Y. , Yih T. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, displacement analysis of a general spatial open-loop system and a computer algorithm for the workspace of the system are developed by applying the direction cosine matrix method. In using this method, one global coordinate system and two joint local coordinate systems must be predefined in order to formulate the direction cosine transformation matrices of the unit vectors of each joint axis and link vector. The 3 × 3 direction cosine transformation matrices for each joint axis and link vector are established based on the known geometric configurations, the preceding unit vectors, and the cofactor property of the direction cosine matrix. The use of cofactor property will provide a unique solution for the transformation matrix. A computer algorithm is developed to illustrate the workspace of spatial n-R open-loop systems projected onto the coordinate X-Y, Y-Z, and X-Z planes. Numerical examples are demonstrated for an industrial robot, an application to human upper extremity, and a hypothetical 9-link open-loop system.
Dynamic Modeling of a Multi-Legged Robotic Vehicle: Part 2 — Dynamic Analysis
Authors: Hart R. A. , Ebrahimi N. D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In Part 1 of this report, we described the overall objective of the investigation; that is, the formulation of a dynamic model for determining the time response of a multi-legged robotic vehicle traveling on a variable-topographic terrain. Specifically, we developed expressions for the joint variables, and their rates, which are essential for describing the system’s links orientations, velocities, and accelerations. This procedure enabled us to determine the kinematic quantities associated with the entire vehicular system in accordance with the Newton-Euler method. In the present paper, we formulate the kinetic equations for the multi-degree-of-freedom leg assemblies, the rigid wheels, and the platform of the vehicle to achieve the prescribed motion and corresponding configuration of the system.
System Independent Product Models in Computer Aided Elastomeric Compact Seal Design
Authors: Johannesson H. L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this work the problem of designing a CAD-system independent product model data base, to be used in computer aided elastomeric seal design, is treated. It is shown how a general purpose turn-key CAD-system can be used together with an external product model data base and external calculation programs. The importance of storing product information in a CAD-system independent data base instead of on drawings in one particular CAD-system is pointed out. This is of special interest from long time storage point of view, as product related information is expected to live longer in a manufacturing company than one particular CAD-system.
In order to be able to transmit data between the CAD-system and the external product model data base, and between the data base and the external calculation programs, special interfaces must be designed. Here it is demonstrated how such interface programs can be designed using FORTRAN 77 and a particular graphic application program language available in the CAD-system CDM 300. For the creation of the data base and for the data storage and data retrieval, the data base management system TORNADO is used.
Finally the simultaneous use of the CAD-system, the external data base and the calculation program, when designing an elastomeric seal cross section, is demonstrated with a test example.
Nonlinear Integer and Discrete Programming in Mechanical Design
Authors: Sandgren E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A general purpose algorithm for the solution of nonlinear mathematical programming problems containing integer, discrete, zero-one and continuous design variables is described. The algorithm implements a branch and bound procedure in conjunction with both an exterior penalty function and a quadratic programming method. Variable bounds are handled independently from the design constraints which removes the necessity to reformulate the problem at each branching node. Examples are presented to demonstrate the utility of the algorithm for solving design problems. The use of zero-one variables to represent design decisions in order to allow conceptual level design to be performed is demonstrated.
A RQP Based Method for Estimating Parameter Sensitivity Derivatives
Authors: Beltracchi T. J. , Gabriele G. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Parameter sensitivity analysis is defined as the estimation of changes in the modeling functions and design point due to small changes in the fixed parameters of the formulation. There are currently several methods for estimating parameter sensitivities which either require difficult to obtain second order information, or do not return reliable estimates for the derivatives. This paper presents a new method, based on the use of the recursive quadratic programming method in conjunction with differencing formulas to estimate the parameter sensitivities without the need to calculate second order information. The method is compared to existing methods and is shown to be very competitive in terms of the number of function evaluations required. In terms of accuracy, the method is shown to be equivalent to a modified version of the Kuhn-Tucker method, where the Hessian of the Lagrangian is estimated using the BFS method employed by the RQP algorithm. Initial testing on a test set of known characteristics demonstrates that the method can accurately calculate parameter sensitivities.
Observations on Extrapolations Using Parameter Sensitivity Derivatives
Authors: Beltracchi T. J. , Gabriele G. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Parameter sensitivity analysis refers to the estimation of changes in the modeling functions and current design point due to small changes in the fixed parameters of the formulation. Several methods exist for estimating these derivatives without performing a reoptimization at the desired values of the parameters. These methods generally assume that the current active set of constraints do not change. When this is not the case, then significant errors in any extrapolations based on the derivatives can occur near the values of the parameters that produce the change in the active set.
This paper will discuss how extrapolations based on sensitivity derivatives are effected by changes in the active set. We identify four different cases of active set changes : a constraint leaving the active set, a constraint entering the active set, an active set change that results in a linear dependency in the constraint gradients, and a change that eliminates the feasible region. We will discuss each of these cases separately, and show that the sources of error in the extrapolations are due primarily to discontinuties in the sensitivity derivatives. We present some examples showing these discontinuities, and describe an algorithm to deal with the first three cases of active set changes.
Optimization Modelling and Optimal Layouts of Heterogeneous, Thick-Walled Chilled Cast-Iron Rollers
Authors: Eschenauer H. A. , Bremicker M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The design and material selection of chilled-cast-iron rollers depend on their field of application. In special applications, they are subjected to permanent changes of temperature with certain temperature distributions. Whereas unalloyed roller materials are relatively temperature resistant, this characteristic does not follow for highly alloyed, wear resistant roller materials. In the case of temperature loadings it must be attempted to reduce the thermal stresses at the critical points of the roller.
This paper gives a survey of the optimization modelling whose goal it is to minimize weight and stresses simultaneously as well as to fulfil the numerous constraints. Some of the optimal layouts will be presented as results of the solution of a multicriterion design optimization problem.
A Method for Comparative Performance Evaluation of Structural Optimization Codes: Part I — Theory
Authors: Subbarayan G. , Bartel D. L. , Taylor D. L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a systematic procedure for the comparative performance evaluation of nonlinear programming codes intended for applications in structural optimization. Part I discusses the issues in the evaluation of nonlinear programming codes and proposes a performance evaluation scheme for structural optimization codes. Aspects of performance evaluation such as the choice of test problems and appropriate set of performance criteria for structural optimization codes are described. A procedure to analyze codes based on their observed geometric behavior for test problems is also presented. The proposed method is contrasted with studies conducted in the past for comparative performance evaluation of nonlinear programming codes. Part II presents an application of the theory described in part I to evaluate two design optimization codes.
Building an Expert System for Power Plant Design
Authors: Akagi S. , Fujita L. , Kubonishi H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
An expert CAD system for power plant design is developed with expert system for design built by the authors. The design of power plants is characterized by selecting the candidates for the various machineries and equipments which compose the plants based on the expertise. In the system, design knowledge is described in the form of an object-oriented knowledge representation which can support design process flexibly, and in a user-friendly way. The system also provides the hybrid functions with numerical computations and graphics, as well as AI techniques. Its effectiveness as a design tool is ascertained through the applications to a marine power plant.
Development of a Knowledge Based System Implementing Taguchi Class Methods for Engineering Design
Authors: Phelps T. A. , Karra C. , Ragsdell K. M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A major problem in industry today is inefficient and poor quality design. A general tool to aid in the improvement of this common problem is presented. The proposed tool is comprised of a computer-aided design program embodying Taguchi methods and using knowledge-based system techniques. The primary purpose of such a program is to encourage design improvements early in the design process, thereby making the process more efficient and resulting in a better design. The tool is intended to aid designers unfamiliar with the “Design for Latitude” concept and other parts of the Taguchi methods how to set up and solve problems for solution. The overall result of using this kind of tool should be better design through catching problems and weaknesses very early in the process, before most commitments to manufacturing processes and tooling have been made.
An Integrated Approach to the Optimal Sequencing of Robot Operations in a Workcell
Authors: Sarin S. C. , Desai C. J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper we develop an integrated approach to optimally sequence robot operation in a workcell. The workcell represents a flowshop containing multiple robots with known inverse kinematic solution that are used to transport jobs among machines. The objeotive is to determine the sequence of robot operations so as to minimize the total time needed to complete all jobs (known as makespan). The integrated approach consists of determining optimal robot task sequences using a branch and bound procedure, and a graphical simulation procedure to display robot motion during the performance of transport operations. The graphical simulation is used to detect interference among robots which is hard to be incorporated in the branch and bound procedure. Infeasible robot sequences are discarded and other solutions from the branch and bound procedure are displayed using the graphical simulation procedure to determine a near optimal and feasible sequence. The integrated approach is implemented on a prototype system.
Power-Based Simplification of Dynamic System Models
Authors: Rosenberg R. C. , Zhou T. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Simplification of system models is done in a variety of ways. A new approach based on measures of power interaction within a system graph model is presented in this paper. The method can detect the existence and location of weak coupling in both linear and nonlinear systems. Weak coupling may be exploited by partitioning the system into subsystems or by eliminating unimportant effects. Both types of simplification typically lead to reduced computational loads and greater model insight.
A Dynamic Simulation Approach to Machine Component Life Prediction
Authors: Liu T. S. , Haug E. J. , Dopker B. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A system simulation approach is presented for dynamic stress analysis and life prediction of components of machines that undergo nonsteady gross motion and elastic deformation. The method employs finite element structural analysis, coupled gross motion-elastic deformation dynamics, and computer-based fatigue analysis, A computer aided engineering methodology is developed for life prediction by linking together software from dynamics, structures, and fatigue life estimation; to compliment conventional fatigue experiments. Dynamic stress analysis is carried out using either an uncoupled gross motion-elastic deformation method or a more accurate approach that takes into account the coupling between large displacements and elastic deformation. With the aid of vehicle operational scenarios, stress/strain histories at critical regions in vehicle components during a projected service life are simulated. A local strain approach is used to calculate cumulative fatigue damage at notches, which is used in assessing fatigue life of components during the design phase; i.e., prior to availability of experimental data A vehicle example is presented, using a simplified dynamic-stress analysis method. The more general and accurate fully coupled dynamic-stress analysis method will be illustrated in a subsequent paper.
Which psychosocial interventions improve sex worker well-being? A systematic review of evidence from resource-rich countries
Authors: Turner Kevin , Meyrick Jane , Miller Danny , Stopgate Laura 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTo establish the state of the evidence base around psychosocial interventions that support well-being in sex workers in order to inform policy and practice within a resource-rich geographical context.MethodsPublished and unpublished studies were identified through electronic databases (PsychINFO, CINHAL Plus, MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library and Open Grey), hand searching and contacting relevant organisations and experts in the field. Studies were included if they were conducted in high-income settings with sex workers or people engaging in exchange or transactional sex, and evaluated the effect of a psychosocial intervention with validated psychological or well-being measures or through qualitative evaluation.ResultsA total of 19 202 studies were identified of which 10 studies met the eligibility criteria. The heterogeneity found dictated a narrative synthesis across studies. Overall, there was very little evidence of good quality to make clear evidence-based recommendations. Despite methodological limitations, the evidence as it stands suggests that peer health initiatives improve well-being in female street-based sex workers. Use of ecological momentary assessment (EMA), a diary-based method of collecting real-life behavioural data through the use of twice-daily questionnaires via a smartphone, increased self-esteem and behaviour change intentions.ConclusionsWork with sex workers should be based on an evidence-based approach. Limitations to the existing evidence and the constraints of this work with vulnerable groups are recognised and discussed.