bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sewage treatment efficiencies estimation for urban areas located in the River Pardo’s watershed by associating nonlinear programming and water quality modeling
Authors: Rocha Lucas Gonçalves , Almeida Karinnie Nascimento de , Reis José Antonio Tosta dos , Mendonça Antonio Sergio Ferreira , Silva Fernando das Graças Braga da 
Published: February 2021

Estimating efficiencies required for sewage treatment plants within a river watershed, where there are usually multiple sewage discharges and water withdrawals points in watercourses, presenting different quality conditions and sewage assimilation capacities, is a complex task. In this context, combined optimization techniques and water quality modeling can be important tools to support sewage treatment efficiencies appropriation processes. In the present paper, QUAL-UFMG water quality model and Nonlinear Programming (NLP) are jointly applied to sewage treatment levels selection for the river Pardo’s (watercourse located in Espírito Santo State, Southern region, Brazil) watershed different urban areas. Four different optimization models were tested for estimating the minimum organic matter removal efficiencies. The results indicate strong dependence between the estimated minimum organic matter removal efficiencies within the watershed and equity measures incorporated in the optimization models.
An Observationally and Psychoanalytically Informed Parent-Toddler Intervention for Young Children at Risk of ASD: An Audited Case Series and Convergences with Organicist Approaches
Authors: Rhode Maria , Grayson Kate 
Published: February 2021

In this paper we describe, with illustrative vignettes, an observationally and psychoanalytically informed parent-toddler intervention for young children at risk of ASD. The intervention was offered to children between 18 and 24 months who fell in the High Risk category of the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT), which carries an 83% chance of a diagnosis at the age of 3 ½. In the absence of pathways for children under 2, this preliminary case series comprised 8 children from a heterogeneous clinical population. A significantly lower proportion of treated children were later diagnosed than the CHAT would predict (p = 0.03, Fisher’s Exact Test), suggesting that this intervention merits further investigation with larger numbers of children and additional instruments. Scores on two routine outcome monitoring measures (the Goal Based Measure and the PIR-GAS) improved both in children who were later diagnosed and in those who were not. We consider these findings in relation to recent non-psychoanalytic research papers (including an RCT on a parent-mediated intervention) that demonstrate the prime importance of parent-toddler interactions, and we suggest that supporting parental confidence is essential to improvement. We discuss emerging convergences between psychoanalytic and organicist approaches, and the possible place of this intervention in conjunction with others.
A Liquid Concept—Do Classic Preparations of Body Cavity Fluid Perform Differently Than ThinPrep Cases?: Observations From the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Nongynecologic Cytology
Authors: Moriarty Ann T. , Schwartz Mary R. , Ducatman Barbara S. , Booth Christine N. , Haja Jennifer , Chakraborty Subhendu , Williamson Beth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Newer liquid-based preparations differ morphologically from classic preparations (smears, filters, and cytocentrifuged preparations). Is adenocarcinoma more readily detected in liquid-based preparations? We reviewed responses from 16 750 fluid challenges of adenocarcinoma distributed in 2005 in the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Nongynecologic Cytology (CAP NGC).
Objective.—To compare the performance of body cavity fluid liquid-based preparations with adenocarcinoma to that in classic preparations in the CAP NGC.
Design.—Responses for ThinPrep challenges were compared with classic preparations for exact match diagnoses of adenocarcinoma from pelvic washes, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, and peritoneal fluids in the 2005 CAP NGC.
Results.—A total of 13 690 pathologists, 8345 cytotechnologists, and 5958 laboratories submitted responses to fluid challenges in 2005. Adenocarcinoma comprised 16 750 of the fluid challenges; 88% were classic preparations, and 12% were ThinPrep challenges. The exact match to the reference diagnosis of adenocarcinoma was seen in 77% of conventional preparations and 81% of ThinPrep challenges when a general category of “positive for malignancy” was assigned. When “suspicious for malignancy,” an exact match diagnosis of adenocarcinoma was made in 5% and 4% of classic and ThinPrep challenges, respectively.
Conclusions.—ThinPrep challenges performed slightly better overall, but only pelvic washings and peritoneal fluids demonstrated statistically significant improved performance with ThinPrep challenges. Use of liquid-based preparation is widespread for nongynecologic preparations and performs as well, and sometimes better than, classic preparations in an interlaboratory comparison program.
AQUA Analysis of Thymidylate Synthase Reveals Localization to be a Key Prognostic Biomarker in 2 Large Cohorts of Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Gustavson Mark D. , Molinaro Annette M. , Tedeschi Greg , Camp Robert L. , Rimm David L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContext.—Increased thymidylate synthase expression is a marker for decreased survival in colorectal cancer.Objective.—Thymidylate synthase localizes to both the nucleus and cytoplasm, but how the relationship of these expression levels affects colon cancer outcome has yet to be determined.Design.—Using AQUA, we assessed prognosis of thymidylate synthase expression as a function of subcellular localization in 2 retrospective cohorts of colorectal carcinoma. We used the first cohort (n = 599) as a training set, subsequently validating optimal expression cut points in the second cohort (n = 447).Results.—A significant association between decreased 5-year disease-specific survival and increased nuclear expression (16% decreased survival [72% to 56%] for the top 60% of nuclear-expressing tumors [P &lt; .001]) and cytoplasmic expression (12% decreased survival [70% to 58%] for the top 54% of cytoplasmic-expressing tumors [P = .02]) was observed for the training set. A higher nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio also correlated significantly with decreased survival (15% decreased survival [66% to 51%] for the top 25% of tumors [P &lt; .001]). Applying these findings to the validation set, as a function of time to recurrence, only the ratio (P = .03 [expression ratio]; P = .18 [nuclear]; P = .71 [cytoplasmic]) showed a significant association with decreased time to recurrence. Additionally, the expression ratio significantly added to the prognostic value given by the primary tumor pathologic classification and nodal status.Conclusions.—These data suggest the relationship of nuclear to cytoplasmic thymidylate synthase expression, given as a ratio of continuous AQUA scores, to be a strong predictor of colon cancer survival.
Stability of Tumor Necrosis Factor α, Interleukin 6, and Interleukin 8 in Blood Samples of Patients With Systemic Immune Activation
Authors: Friebe Astrid , Volk Hans-Dieter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8 serum/plasma levels are frequently used for the monitoring of patients with systemic immune activation/ sepsis. This requires comparability of test results over time. However, cytokines are usually not considered to be very stable after blood collection, which might artificially interfere with test results.
Objective.—To obtain better knowledge about stability of these cytokines in blood samples for interpretation of test results.
Design.—Blood of patients with systemic immune activation was collected in EDTA, lithium heparin, ammonium heparin, and serum tubes. Aliquots were analyzed after storage at room temperature for 2 to 8 hours. Additionally, storage conditions for separated serum/plasma for 24 hours and the reproducibility of repeated cytokine measurements by an automated DPC Immulite analyzer were tested.
Results.—Tumor necrosis factor α level was stable in EDTA plasma for 8 hours, while slightly increasing in heparin plasma and serum. Interleukin 6 concentrations were stable for 8 hours in all blood types, whereas interleukin 8 concentrations were stable only in EDTA plasma and were strongly increasing in heparin plasma and serum. Cytokine concentrations in separated serum/plasma were stable during 24 hours if stored at 4°C or frozen at −20 or −70°C. Reproducibility of repeated cytokine measurements revealed no significant differences for all blood types.
Conclusions.—Cytokine levels were most critically influenced by the period between blood collection and plasma separation, but its impact was strongly dependent on cytokine and anticoagulant. However, under appropriate conditions cytokine levels were surprisingly stable for up to 8 hours.
Mammary Myofibroblastoma: A Tumor With a Wide Morphologic Spectrum
Authors: Magro Gaetano 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContext.—Myofibroblastoma (MFB) of the breast is an unusual benign tumor that belongs to the family of the “benign spindle cell tumors of the mammary stroma.” The name MFB reflects its cellular composition, comprising mainly stromal cells with fibromyofibroblastic and, less frequently, myoid differentiation. Since the original description, the morphologic spectrum of MFB has been expanded by the recognition of several unusual morphologic variants, such as the cellular, infiltrative, epithelioid, deciduoid-like, lipomatous, collagenized/fibrous, and myxoid variants.Objective.—To review the literature on mammary MFB, discussing the main clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features helpful for diagnosis. Since MFB may show alarming morphologic features, which can lead to a misdiagnosis of malignancy, histologic figures of this tumor, including its more unusual variants, are provided to offer pathologists a practical approach to a correct diagnosis. Histogenesis and pathogenesis of this tumor are also proposed.Data Sources.—Clinicopathologic data on MFB were extracted from all identified articles through PUB Medline– based research. Histologic figures have been taken from the personal archive of the author.Conclusions.—The incidence of MFB diagnosis has increased in recent years, likely due to the mammographic screening. Accordingly, this unusual benign tumor may represent a potential diagnostic pitfall, especially when interpreting fine-needle aspiration and/or needle core biopsy. Pathologists should be aware of the wide morphologic spectrum exhibited by MFB to avoid a misdiagnosis of malignancy.
Combined Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma and Papillary Serous Carcinoma of the Endometrium With Pagetoid Spread
Authors: Posligua Lorena , Malpica Anais , Liu Jinsong , Brown Jubilee , Deavers Michael T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the endometrium are rare tumors that can be pure, combined with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, or a component of malignant mixed müllerian tumor. Recently, a case of combined small cell carcinoma and papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium was described for the first time. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of combined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium, with an unusual pagetoid spread of the neuroendocrine component into normal endometrial and endocervical glands. The endometrial carcinoma had a small serous component, but most of the tumor was characterized by solid sheets of medium to large cells with abundant mitotic figures, numerous apoptotic bodies, and foci of necrosis. This component was diffusely positive for neuroendocrine markers. Following surgery, the patient was treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. She was without evidence of progression at 5 months of follow-up.
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
Authors: Bhagavathi Sharathkumar , Wilson Jon D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an uncommon extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Its incidence has increased during the last 3 decades and has been reported in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Immunocompromised patients are affected at a younger age compared with immunocompetent patients. It presents with raised intracranial pressure and focal neurologic and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The lesions are typically solitary. The majority of the lesions are located in the periventricular area, whereas in a few cases they are located in the supratentorial area. Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas constitute most PCNSLs, whereas T-cell, low-grade, anaplastic, and Hodgkin lymphomas are rarely encountered. The morphology of PCNSL shows a characteristic angiocentric pattern and is positive for B-cell markers by immunohistochemistry. The differential diagnosis of PCNSL includes central nervous system gliomas, metastatic tumors, demyelinating disorders, subacute infarcts, and space-occupying lesions due to an infectious etiology. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of PCNSL and the identification of molecular biomarkers have lagged behind that of systemic nodal lymphomas. Primary central nervous system lymphomas are treated with combined radiotherapies and chemotherapies. The prognosis for PCNSL is worse than for other extranodal lymphomas.
Micropapillary Variant of Urothelial Carcinoma in the Upper Urinary Tract: A Clinicopathologic Study of 11 Cases
Authors: Guo Charles C. , Tamboli Pheroze , Czerniak Bogdan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma (MPUC) is a rare variant of urothelial carcinoma. Most studies of MPUC have focused on the urinary bladder, but MPUC of the upper urinary tract remains to be investigated.
Objective.—To investigate the pathologic features and clinical significance of MPUC in the upper urinary tract.
Design.—We searched the pathology files at our institution and identified 11 cases of MPUC of the upper urinary tract. The histology slides were reviewed, and the clinical information was obtained by review of medical charts.
Results.—The average age of the patients was 64.2 years (range, 22–76 years). The tumors were located in the renal pelvis (n = 5), ureter (n = 4), and ureteropelvic junction (n = 2). In all cases, MPUC accounted for an average of 45% (range, 10%–80%) of the tumor and was associated with conventional urothelial carcinoma. Lymphovascular invasion was present in all cases, and metastasis to lymph node was present in 4 of 5 patients whose lymph nodes were dissected. Two patients presented with pT2 disease, and both were alive without evidence of disease at 85 and 119 months after surgery. The other 9 patients presented with pT3 or pT4 disease: 4 of them died of disease at an average of 18 months; 4 surviving patients developed distant metastases; and 1 surviving patient with limited follow-up (6 months) showed no evidence of disease.
Conclusions.—Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract often presents at an advanced stage with lymphovascular invasion and distant metastasis. The presence of MPUC, even focal, indicates a poor clinical course.
Guidelines for the Reporting of Nongynecologic Cytopathology Specimens
Authors: Crothers Barbara A. , Tench William D. , Schwartz Mary R. , Bentz Joel S. , Moriarty Ann T. , Clayton Amy C. , Fatheree Lisa A. , Chmara Beth Anne , Wilbur David C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Gynecologic cytology terminology and report formatting have been nationally standardized since the implementation of The Bethesda System of 1988, but standard reporting for nongynecologic cytology has never been formally addressed on the same scale.
Objectives.—To promote patient safety through uniform reporting in nongynecologic cytology (including fine-needle aspiration cytology) and to improve communication between laboratories and health care providers.
Data Sources.—Sources include the College of American Pathologists Cytopathology Resource Committee; the College of American Pathologists Council on Scientific Affairs Ad Hoc Committee on Pathology Report Standardization; the College of American Pathologists Laboratory Accreditation Program inspection checklists; the Joint Commission for Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations; and the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988.
Conclusions.—We describe the major elements of quality nongynecologic cytology reporting and discuss areas of controversy in cytology reporting. Standardized nongynecologic specimen reporting will expand the concept of common report elements already widely implemented in gynecologic cytology reporting. The intent is to improve communication with the health care team while remaining in compliance with federal mandates and accreditation guidelines.
Common Diagnostic Challenges in the Pathology of Nonneoplastic Lung Diseases: A Case-Based Review
Authors: Lagstein Amir , Myers Jeffrey L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We use a case-based format to review 4 relatively common, diagnostic challenges in surgical pathology of nonneoplastic lung diseases. All cases are linked to virtual slides so that the reader can participate in a manner that simulates the breakout session held at the 2008 New Frontiers in Pathology course at the University of Michigan, from which, this material was excerpted. Brief clinical histories and a summary of radiologic findings are followed by a description of the pertinent histologic findings and a concise topic review, intended to focus on practical diagnostic considerations. Our goal is that readers gain a greater understanding of those features most helpful in recognizing usual interstitial pneumonia, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, aspiration pneumonia, and Wegener granulomatosis.
Primary Intraosseous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Jaws
Authors: Huang Jing-Wei , Luo Hai-Yan , Li Qiong , Li Tie-Jun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma is a rare form of squamous cell carcinoma, arising within the jaws.
Objective.—To clarify the clinicopathologic and behavioral spectrum of primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma.
Design.—The clinical and pathologic findings, treatment, and follow-up data of 39 cases of primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma were collected and analyzed.
Results.—Of the 39 patients, 26 (67%) were men and 13 (33%) were women. The age at diagnosis ranged from 24 to 82 years (mean, 54 years). The tumors occurred predominantly (84.6%) in the posterior mandible. Microscopically, all tumors demonstrated general features of a squamous cell carcinoma; 19 of which (49%) also showed features suggestive of an odontogenic origin. The overall survival rates were 69.8% at 2 years and 36.3% at 5 years. Univariate analysis showed that tumors with or without odontogenic features, tumor grading, lymph node metastasis, and treatment modalities were significant prognostic factors for survival, but multivariate analysis showed that only histologic grading (relative risk, 4.43; P = .03) remained a significant prognostic factor. The cumulative probabilities of recurrence were 55.7% at 2 years and 75.9% at 5 years. Univariate analysis showed that lymph node metastasis and treatment modalities were significant prognostic factors for recurrence. On multivariate analysis, however, only lymph node metastasis remained a significant prognostic factor (relative risk, 2.54; P = .05).
Conclusions.—Primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma is a high-grade malignancy with frequent, regional lymph node metastasis and high rates of recurrence and mortality. The tumor grading and regional lymph node metastasis may serve as useful indicators for prognosis.
p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Hematologic Malignancies
Authors: Feng Yongdong , Wen Jianguo , Chang Chung-Che(Jeff) 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling has been implicated in responses ranging from apoptosis to cell cycle, induction of expression of cytokine genes, and differentiation. This plethora of activators conveys the complexity of the p38 pathway. This complexity is further complicated by the observation that the downstream effects of p38 MAPK activation may be different depending on types of stimuli, cell types, and various p38 MAPK isoforms involved.
Objective.—This review focuses on the recent advancement of the p38 MAPK isoforms as well as the roles of p38 MAPK in hematologic malignancies.
Data Sources.—Review of pertinent published literature and work in our laboratory.
Conclusions.—In some hematologic malignancies, activation of p38 plays a key role in promoting or inhibiting proliferation and also in increasing resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. The importance of different p38 isoforms in various cellular functions has been acknowledged recently. Further understanding of these isoforms will allow the design of more specific inhibitors to target particular isoforms to maximize the treatment effect and minimize the side effects for treating hematopoietic malignancies.
Sarcomatoid Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma With Heterologous Sarcomatoid Elements
Authors: Quiroga-Garza Gabriela , Khurana Hema , Shen Steven , Ayala Alberto G. , Ro Jae Y. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (CRCC) is a distinct subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) that is well known for its relatively good prognosis. Sarcomatoid transformation in this tumor, although rare, has been well documented in the literature and, as in other types of RCC, carries an ominous prognosis for the patient. The finding of heterologous elements in the sarcomatoid component of CRCC is an extraordinary event, which has been reported in only 2 previous cases. Here, we present the third such case, occurring in the left kidney of a previously healthy 63-year-old woman. The nephrectomy specimen showed CRCC with extensive sarcomatoid changes displaying heterologous elements in the form of chondrosarcomatous and osteosarcomatous differentiation. As in other sarcomatoid RCCs, this tumor behaves aggressively, with frequent distant metastases. It is important to recognize the sarcomatoid component in these tumors because of its consequential adverse prognosis for the patient.
Crystal-Storing Histiocytosis as a Cause of Symptomatic Cardiac Mass
Authors: Sailey Charles J. , Alexiev Borislav A. , Gammie James S. , Pinell-Salles Paula , Stafford J. Lawrence , Burke Allen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Crystal-storing histiocytosis is a rare disorder that is typically associated with low-grade B-cell lymphomas and monoclonal gammopathy. We present a 64-year-old man with a prior history of weakness and weight loss and hematologic evaluation that had revealed immunoglobulin G κ monoclonal light chains in the serum and negative bone marrow biopsy. He presented with supraventricular tachyarrhythmia and a right atrial mass seen on echocardiogram and excised surgically. Histologically, the tumor was composed of sheets of macrophages infiltrating the atrial myocardium. The histiocytes were filled with multiple needle-shaped, periodic acid-Schiff–negative crystals. These cells and associated plasma cells failed to show clonal light chain restriction by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry, and there was no area of lymphoma in the tumor. Ultrastructural examination showed numerous sticklike, trapezoidal, or polygonal dense crystals in the cytoplasm of histiocytes corroborating the diagnosis of crystal-storing histiocytosis. Although rare, crystal-storing histiocytosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of heart masses in patients with hematologic conditions associated with monoclonal gammopathy.