bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Equivalent Ratio on Thermal Energy and Exhaust Gas Properties from Gasification of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch using Household Gasifier
Authors: Suksuwan Wasu , Hayee-asae Ni-alameen , Hemma Issamaae , Batcha Mohd Faizal Mohideen , Palamanit Arkom , Wae-hayee Makatar 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study investigated the effect of equivalent ratio on thermal energy and exhaust gas properties obtained from gasification of oil palm empty fruit bunch by using a household gasifier. The fixed bed household gasifier was designed, fabricated and tested. The chopped oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was used as feedstock and its feeding rate was fixed at 11 kg/hr. The studied equivalent ratios (ERs) of air were 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1, respectively. Then, the flame temperature of syngas firing and flue gases properties were determined. The results obtained from study showed that the gasification process was obtained if the ERs were 0.3 and 0.5. When the gasifier was operated at ERs of 0.7 and 1, the process was changed to be combustion. At ER of 0.5, it was the suitable condition for fixed bed gasifier due to this condition provided low ash content, low carbon monoxide, and moderate thermal energy.
Non-destructive leaf area estimation of Fig (Ficus carica L.) cv. Iraqi grown in different root zone spatial limitation and controlled porosity level under greenhouse condition
Authors: Isa M M , Kasim K F , Muttalib M F A , Jaafar M N 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Leaf area (LA) is associated with many agronomic and physiological processes including growth, photosynthesis, transpiration, photon interception, energy balance and yield potential of the plant. Accurate, rapid and non-destructive leaf area estimation is a useful subject of study for the fields of applied plant science especially with potted plants. However, till date there is lack of information available on Fig (Ficus carica L.) cv. Iraqi grown in containers under different root zone spatial limitation and controlled porosity level. Thus, this study aims to determine the effect of both factors on leaf area of the crop. Determining the individual LA of F. carica cv. Iraqi involves measurements of leaf parameters such as length (L) and width (W), or some combinations of these parameters. The widest part of the foliage was taken as leaf width (W) and leaf length (L) was defined as the distance between the two furthest points (from lamina tip to the point of petiole intersection along the midrib) of the foliage. The length (L) and width (W) of each leaf will be measured by using a leaf area meter having a sensor and read-out unit which calibrated to 0.01 cm 2. There is significant interaction was observed for each treatment. It can be concluded that application of the right root zone and porosity level gave positive effect on leaf area of F. carica cv. Iraqi grown under greenhouse condition.
Compost Bed Size Influences the Co-Composting of Cow Dung and Spent Mushroom at Mesophilic Stage
Authors: Zailani Siti Nazrah , Shaheen Azizi Anas Firdaus , Noor Ainee Zainol 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Composting is an approach to convert typically organic waste into soil amendment for nutrient enhancement and plant growth. The composting of cow dung and spent mushroom for 13 days to study the potential of degradation of organic matter at different size of laboratory scale. The compost bed size is crucial to study because larger amount of raw materials will reduce the O 2 concentration inside the compost bed. In this study, the aerobic compost bed size of 2, 4 and 6 kg were prepared at 60 % of initial moisture content, 20 mm particle size and 28:1 of initial C/N ratio. Temperature, moisture content, porosity, pH, C/N ratio and total organic carbon were analysed to evaluate the degradation process. All compost beds recorded the mesophilic phase (>30°C) upon composting of initial total organic carbon of 35 to 37 %. Moisture content reduced to lower than 43.9 %, total organic carbon reduced to less than 25 % and compost beds were nearly neutral (pH 7) at the end of composting. The findings show that, all the compost beds follow the first-order kinetic reaction as R 2 larger than 0.880. The degradation rate constant of 2 kg compost bed showed the largest value, 0.0503 day -1 indicates the best composting process and results the smaller compost bed is preferable for mesophilic phase composting.
Comparison the Using of Polypropylene and Low-Density Polyethyelene Plastic Waste as a Matrix in Making Biodegradable Plastics and Starch from Empty Fruit Bunch of Palm Oil as a Filler
Authors: Tengku Hidayani Rachmi , Harmileni  , Mirnandaulia Meutia , Yuniarti Trisna , Silvany Rika 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The using of plastic waste from various types of plastics such as polypropylene and LDPE is carried out to see the properties of each biodegradable plastic produced, so that it can be used according to their respective needs. The addition of starch from empty fruit bunch of palm oil is expected to produce biodegradable plastic that breaks down naturally so that it can overcome the problem of plastic build up. The composition used in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics is the ratio of plastic waste and starch of empty fruit bunch of palm oil is 60:40. The method of molding biodegradable plastics is the hot press method. Biodegradable plastic from LDPE type plastic waste has a tensile strength price of 6.9410 N/m 2 and a elongation value of 3.1875%, a melting point temperature of 103°C and a decomposition temperature of 384°C, the gravimetric thermal test obtained a residue of 12.6%, and analysis of morphological properties shows spread the starch from empty fruit bunch palm oil evenly. Biodegradable plastic from polypropylene type plastic waste has a tensile strength value of 9.81 N/m 2 and elongation of 0.5625%, a melting point at a temperature of 163.68°C and decomposes at a temperature of 445.62°C the gravimetric thermal test obtained a residue of 11.5%. From the resulting characteristics, it can be concluded that biodegradable plastic made from LDPE material has lower strength but higher elasticity, and biodegradable plastic made from Polypropylene has better strength but low elasticity.
Design and Analysis of Exhaust Manifold for a Single-cylinder Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
Authors: Aziz NA , Rahman MTA , Amin NAM , Majid MSA , Rojan A , Nasir NFM , Rahman YMN 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An efficient exhaust system is vital to maximising the performance of an internal combustion engine (ICE), hence improving overall vehicle performance. To have an efficient exhaust system, the amount of exhaust backpressure is to be minimised. To decrease the backpressure effects in the exhaust system, the exhaust has to be redesigned according to the certain bending radius, length of straight pipe and bending angle and pipe diameter. This paper presents design and analysis of the exhaust system used in Shell Eco-Marathon 2019 competition. In this project, the exhaust manifold was redesigned according to the specification of the chassis, the exhaust outlet in the engine and the rules and regulations of the competition. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis was employed to identify the optimum exhaust system design with minimum pressure loss. Among the tested models, the exhaust manifold with 100 mm length, 30° bending angle, 34 mm diameter, and 40 mm bending radius was the optimised design that resulted in the lowest pressure loss of 12.24 kPa. This study shows that a small bending angle with a short straight pipe has led to a smoother exhaust flow and even exhaust velocity across the model.
Extraction of nanocrystalline cellulose from Kapok fiber as potential water-resistant composite
Authors: Vasu Sarindran , Bakar Ayu Haslija Abu , Teh Khai Chyi , Chew Irene Mei Leng 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study focused on synthesizing of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from kapok fiber with the combination of chemical and mechanical methods. The as-synthesized NCC is used to produce nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) paper. It was determined that the optimum condition to synthesis nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from kapok fiber using acid hydrolysis process treatment was at 45°C, 2 hours and 50% concentration of H 2SO 4. The particle size of the synthesized nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was 262.9 - 455.6 nm. The disappearance of peaks 1731.89, 1594.68, 1505.51 & 1240 cm -1 in the (FTIR) spectroscopy was related to the removal of non-cellulose component such as lignin and hemicellulose. Based on the contact angle, the value gained for that contact angle of the filter paper was increased from 29.650° to 40.261° and 32.002° due to presence of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) in the filter paper. It was determined that the modified filter paper with the nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) had the highest water-resistances property and was considered the most hydrophobic of all the other papers.
Effect of Thermal Pre-Treatments Method on Sludge Degradation Process Prior Usage in Membrane-Less Microbial Fuel Cell for Electricity Generation
Authors: Shamsuddin Nurul Atiqah , Mohd Sabri Muhammad Najib Ikmal , Tajarudin Husnul Azan , Shoparwe Noor Fazliani , Makhtar Muaz Mohd Zaini 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMicrobial Fuel Cell (MFC) is gaining high interest by researcher around the globe as this is a promising renewable technology that has capability in producing electrical energy. In this study, the effect of the thermal pretreatment method (60, 80, 100, 120 and 140°C) on dewatered sludge (DS) as substrate for electrogenic bacteria (EB) in ML-MFC was optimized using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method. The treated sludge then was used in ML-MFC by exposing them to the constant incubation temperature (35°C) with constant parameter of pH (6), initial moisture content (30 % vol/wt) and electrodes distance (3 cm) for 7 days incubation period. The performance of ML-MFC was relied on generation of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), power generation and EB biomass. Results shows the thermal pretreatment at 80°C was the optimum condition as the DS degradation rate (increment 78 %) when DS was treated for 4 h time treatment prior used in the ML-MFC. The degradation of DS was further degraded in ML-MFC via bio-catalysis process (51 % of SCOD produced compared initial DS inserted in MFCs ∼ 66 % SCOD removal). It was important to have a high DS degradation as the EB in ML-MFC would obtain more ‘food’ to growth thus increased the voltage (239 mV) and power density (98.34 mW/m2) generation. In comparison, the control ML-MFC recorded low performance of DS degradation rate (21 %), voltage (24 mV) and power density 0.88 mW/m2. Thus, by combining the pretreatment method of dewatered sludge prior used in ML-MFC it could improve the performance and expanding the application of ML-MFC as future renewable technology for sustainability of power sources. The EB strains wasBacillus subtilis sp.
Cyclic voltammetry studies of bioanode microbial fuel fells from batch culture of Geobacter sulfurreducens
Authors: Shoparwe N F , Makhtar M M Z , Sata S A , Kew W S , Mohamad M , Shukor H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the performance of batch culture of Geobacter sulfurreducens (G. sulfurreducens) for electrical current generation via cyclic voltammetry (CV) method. The CV study was performed with an applied voltage in the range of -0.1 to 0.1 V against the standard calomel electrode (SCE) during the cell growth and attachment of G. sulfurreducens on graphite felt and initial acetate concentration of 20 mM. The kinetics of electrode reaction was investigated by conducting CV experiments at different scanning rates of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 mVs -1. The diffusion coefficients (D) and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k o) of both anodic and cathodic process were 1.04×10 -5 cm 2·s -1, 1.73×10 -6 cm 2.s -1, 0.0004 cm.s -1 and 0.0011 cm.s -1, respectively. The obtained results showed that the anode exhibits high bioeletrocatalytic activity due to the attachment of G. sulfurreducens on the anode surface.
Corn starch processing wastewater treated by a full-scale expanded granular sludge bed reactor and comprehensive analysis of microbial community at low and high organic loading rate
Authors: Yan H H , Han L , Yin Q , Guo X Y , Nian Y G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this study, a full-scale expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor treating corn starch processing wastewater (CSPW) was monitored. The efficacy and microbial diversity of sludge granules were thoroughly investigated. The results demonstrated that 90.7% of the average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was observed to be in the range of an organic load rate (OLR) of 1.3 to 18.7 g COD/L·d. The Illumina MiSeq sequencing revealed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Euryarchaeota were the dominant phyla. Acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens were shown to play functions in methane production and the maintenance of the granular sludge under high and low OLR operation conditions, respectively. Syntrophorhabdus, Syntrophus and Candidatus Cloacimonas had the correlation with the transformation of the proteinaceous subtances into VFAs. The results will guide development of microbial management methods to improve the process stability of EGSB treating CSPW.
Water conservation in beverage production: examining corporate water stewardship programs
Authors: Yu H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the current water conservation methods of beverage companies and provides suggestions for beverage companies on bet water stewardship strategies. In this paper, I answer two research questions: what are beverage companies’ water conservation strategies? What are the results, and how are the results measured? Four case studies on leading beverage companies are presented. The strategies are categorized by their contributions to different phases of production: the pre-production process, the production process, and the post-production process. Methods in the pre-production process concentrate on sustainable agriculture because agriculture consumes the most amounts of water resources. Strategies in the production process are operation management and plant redesign because they can effectively reduce water consumption in manufacture. The most popular approach in the post-production process is partnering with an environmental organization because it can influence the most amount of people. The four companies’ empirical experiences provide other beverage companies with lessons on sustainable water consumption and reveal practical directions for future academic researches.
Acoustic performance of an additive manufactured lattice structure
Authors: Auriemma Fabio , Liu Le 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a new type of fibreless, bulk, sound absorber is studied. The acoustic material is an additive manufactured lattice structure constituted by a mesh of pins generated by uniform spatial translation of a regular hexagonal prismatic open cell. The material presents remarkable advantages of metal foams: it is “green”, since no deteriorating, air polluting fibres are used; it is thermally and mechanically resistant, thus fire retardant, self-supporting and impact resistant. Compared to fibrous acoustic materials, it has low moisture absorption although the weight is higher. In addition to these properties, this additive manufactured material is provided with regular open cells whose geometry can be precisely controlled according to the desired performance. Moreover, the acoustical behaviour can be well modelled by simulating the air-solid thermo-viscous interaction within one single cell. The high, broad band sound absorption is a major result of the large viscous losses occurring in the flow which oscillates within the small hexagonal apertures. This lattice, referred to as honeycomb skeleton absorber (HAS), is a multifunctional material which can be used in a variety of structural applications where the sound levels must be controlled and/or a certain thermal resistance/insulation is required (for instance car floors).
Isothermal Oxidation of SLM fabricated Mo(Si1-xAlx)2-based composite
Authors: Minasyan Tatevik , Liu Le , Toyserkani Ehsan , Hussainova Irina 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Near full dense C40 hexagonal structured Mo(Si1-xAlx)2-based composite coupons with 7 mm diameter by 7 mm height were prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) of MoSi2-30 wt.% AlSi10Mg powder mixture and subjected to isothermal oxidation. As a reference, MoSi2 bulk sample was prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The quantitative oxidation tests were conducted in dry air atmosphere at 500 °C for 72 and 120 hours with three specimens for each dwell time. The estimated weight change after 120 h oxidation accompanied with the SEM analysis revealed the slow oxidation of the SPS prepared MoSi2 bulk sample without evidence of pesting, however, the formed oxide layer was not protective and contained large cracks and multiple microcracks. The SLM produced sample showed remarkably slower oxidation rate as well as the formation of only a nanoscale oxide layer, highlighting the significant influence on Al additive to enhance MoSi2 oxidation resistance, thus making the developed material promising to be used as heating element.
Reduction of annotation efforts for multiclass object detection by using a domain awareness data combination strategy
Authors: Briese C. , Hummel B. , Hoang V. , Schlüter M. , Krüger J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
To train convolutional neural networks (CNN) it is common practise to collect a huge amount of data. This is cost intensive and often not applicable. Up to date several studies have investigated the concept of few shoot learning, e.g. 1-3 samples per class. Suboptimal is still the over fitting resulting from the gap between training data and representative test data in the application. Since this is still a field of intensive research, an alternative and common approach is transfer learning with data- and image augmented pictures. However, collecting and labelling data for fine-tuning can still take an enormous amount of time, when it comes to multiclass pictures in industrial applications like assembly kit verification. The kits often contain stock lists with a small interclass and a high intraclass-distance. A specific characteristic of stock lists is that parts are easily adaptable and exchangeable. To bring object detection closer to the industry, we successfully show a dataset driven approach that combines a single class collection of pictures, which we call single class (SC) dataset and adapt with a few samples the specific multiclass use case. In result, we use a model trained on a huge SC dataset that can easily and fast be adapted to specific industrial use cases.
Generic Architecture for the Automatic Parametrization of Production Machine Assembly Programs
Authors: Stephan Philipp , Fisch Jessica , Can Alperen , Heimann Oliver , Thiele Gregor , Krüger Jörg 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In a high-mix low volume production environment, time to market is a key factor. However, one bottleneck lies in the often times manual parametrization of machines for new or modified designs. A truly flexible manufacturing environment therefore requires a continuous data flow from the design stages to the shop floor. This paper presents a concept for the automated parameterization of machines at a large automotive plant. Therefore, this paper initially discusses the results of a stakeholder analysis. The stakeholders comprise of different departments related to the product design and manufacturing processes. The requirements resulting from the interviews conducted with the stakeholders are grouped and ordered by priority. Secondly a general architecture for the control interface is presented. It includes multiple submodules, which model the continuous data flow between the departments and the production systems. The first main step of the data flow is the transformation of the information which is presented in various styles depending on the source departments to structured and standardized data. Thereafter machine parameters are generated automatically by a submodule using the structured input data and inference rules. Finally, the architecture supports the automatic transfer of the machine readable output data to the assembly line. To test the architecture a prototype comprising of more than 100 robots in a live production environment is implemented. It allows for a continuous data flow from the design and productions planning department to the robots. This enables a flexible process control, which up to today has supported the fast roll out of more than 100 new product variants. In contrast to the conventional manual setup of the machines for operation, the prototype was able to show that the monetary and time expenditure could be reduced by 95 percent.
Performance of Al2O3-CBN materials and perspective of using hyperspectral imaging during cutting tests
Authors: Antonov M , Zahavi A , Kumar R , Tamre M , Klimczyk P 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The performance of cutting tool materials (CTMs) influences the quality and lifetime of parts produced with their help. Unexpected fracturing or other failures of the tools lead to defects of parts that exaggerate materials fatigue and fracture processes. For the purpose of Industry 4 and future generations of factories it is important to enable in-situ monitoring of cutting processes while hyperspectral imaging can serve as a powerful tool. Cubic boron nitride (cBN) has extreme hardness and can provide improved wear resistance if mixed with other CTMs. Besides, such materials can be used without cooling liquids that helps to mitigate workplace health risks. The aim of the current work was to understand how well current hyperspectral imaging technologies can track the changes in performance of CTMs with addition of cBN. The paper presents the results of multiple in-situ (obtained during cutting with real lathe) and static (before or after cutting) tests performed with hyperspectral camera. The wear rate of CTMs and roughness of workpieces were measured with the help of scanning electron microscope and 3D optical profiler respectively. The effect of cBN content and effect of TiN or ZrO2 additives on performance of alumina-based CTMs produced by spark plasma sintering technique is presented.
Basic material and technology investigations for material bonded hybrids by continuous hybrid profile fabrication
Authors: Schubert K , Gedan-Smolka M , Marschner A , Rietzschel T , Uhlig K , Löpitz D , Wagner D , Knobloch M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The development of multi-material hybrids by injection molding has been studied very intensively at the IPF in the past. For that, a material bonding between the different substrates was achieved by using a newly developed two-step curing powder coating material as latent reactive adhesive. The aim of the project “Hybrid Pultrusion” was to perform a novel approach for the fabrication of material bonded metal-plastic joints (profiles) in a modified pultrusion process. Therefore, powder pre-coated steel coil is combined with a glass-fiber reinforced epoxy resin matrix. For initial basic studies, the impregnated fiber material has been applied on the pre-coated steel sheets using the Resin Transfer Molding process (RTM-process). It was proved via lap shear tests, that this procedure resulted in very high adhesive strengths up to 35 MPa resulting from the formation of a covalent matrix-steel bonding as well. In addition, the failure mechanism was subsequently studied. Furthermore, by adapting the successful material combination to the pultrusion process it was demonstrated that material bonded hybrids can be achieved even under these continuous processing conditions.