bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wheat, rye, barley,
Agropyrons repens, Cynodon dactylon, Elymus glaucus
. DISEASES: Causes yellow leaf spot of cereals and grasses; oval to lanceolate. yellow to grey brown lesions often with a yellow halo. The lesions can be distinguished from those caused by
Cochliobolus sativus
because of their lighter colour. The disease results in premature death of leaves. It can also cause a seedling blight and root rot. Common and widespread on
Agropyron repens
[Elymus repens]
and wheat, occasionally on barley and rye and recorded on many other grasses. Sometimes causes severe leaf wilt and spotting especially on durum wheat. Leaves of
Agropyron repens
[Elymus repens]
when attacked gradually lose their colour and wither from the tips backwards; they become at first pale yellow, later grey. On wheat fusiform, oval or lanceolate spots, 0.5-2 cm long, 2-4 mm wide are formed. These are at first yellow but later turn brown or greyish brown often with a yellow halo. The leaves die prematurely from the tip backwards. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia; Asia (Japan, India, Nepal); Africa (Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia); Europe (Britain, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Sweden, Cyprus); S. America (Bolivia); and N. America (Canada, USA). TRANSMISSION: Air-borne spores (51, 1045p), seed-borne by both external contamination and internal infection (34, 24), secondary grass weed hosts (11, 695), carryover on stubble and other crop debris (43, 1225f; 52, 685).
Pleiochaeta setosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pleiochaeta setosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Parasitic on
Crotalaria, Cytisus, Lupinus, Ornithopus
and
Phaseolus
. DISEASE: Causes leaf, stem and pod lesions on
Cytisus
and
Lupinus
spp. ; also recorded on
Crotalaria
and
Phaseolus vulgaris
. On pods and leaves the lesions are circular to very irregular, varying considerably in size, up to 1 cm or more diameter. They are characteristically zonate and result in dieback and wilt. The seeds are attacked and there is a brown discoloration of the seed coat. On branches and leading shoots the lesions are elongate-oval, up to 2 cm long, with sharply alternating light brown and black zones (13, 166; 16, 636; 17, 185, 686; 19, 99; 28, 457; 29, 29; 37, 724; 50, 1863). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe; also Africa (South Africa); Asia (Israel, Japan, W. Malaysia, Sri Lanka); Australia (NSW, Qd, W. Australia); America (south-east USA, Brazil) (CMI Map 243, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne (17, 824; 19, 99; 40, 111).
Phialophora cinerescens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phialophora cinerescens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pathogenic to species of
Dianthus, Saponaria, Petrocoptis, Gypsophila, Vaccaria, Viscaria, Silene
and
Helianthus
(52, 148; 49, 2500; 43, 760). Economically important on
Dianthus
. DISEASE: Carnation wilt. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Poland, Italy, France); N. America (USA); New Zealand; Asia (USSR). TRANSMISSION: Through the soil, by splash-dispersed conidia, persistence of infected plant debris in the soil or mycelial growth.
Phialophora asteris
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phialophora asteris
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Aster novi-belgii
cultivars (michaelmas daisy) and, more rarely,
A. tradescantii
. Cultivars of
Callistephus chinensis
are also very susceptible with
A. amellus, A. linosyris
and
Bellis perennis
moderately so;
A. acris
and
A. novae-angliae
appear to be resistant (Burge & Isaac, 1974). DISEASE: Vascular wilt of michaelmas daisies, aster wilt. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Netherlands, Denmark); New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by splash dispersed conidia and by infected plant debris in the soil.
Mycosphaerella citri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella citri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Citrus
spp. DISEASE: Greasy spot of
Citrus
(black melanose or greasy melanose); greasy spot rind blotch has been proposed to cover all the symptoms on fruits (52, 1145). The leaves bear small blister like areas, mostly hypophyllous; these spots are at first a translucent, light yellow orange, becoming necrotic. In the field they resemble irregular flecks of dirty grease on both leaf surfaces. Most of the leaf may be affected and infected leaves fall. Very small black spots are caused on the fruits, forming an unsightly blemish; they are accentuated by delayed colouring of the rind due to retention of chlorophyll in the adjacent living cells (50, 2280; 52, 1145). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (Florida.). The disease was known for many years in USA before its aetiology was determined (50, 1231); and had been erroneously attributed to
Cercospora citri-grisea
Fisher (40, 752). A similar (or identical) disease in Japan (48, 155) had been attributed to
Mycosphaerella horii
Hara (see Tanaka
et al.
; Yamada). In Florida
M. citri
was considered to differ from
M. horii
(50, 1231; 51, 3364); the former has smaller ascospores which are not constricted at the septa. TRANSMISSION: Air-borne ascospores from fallen leaves are thought to be the most important inoculum source (50, 1231).
Absidia corymbifera
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Absidia corymbifera
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A common saprophyte found in air, soil, compost and vegetable debris; pathogenic for man and other warmblooded animals. DISEASE: This is the most commonly reported cause of phycomycosis in man and other warm-blooded animals (causing mycoses). It has been recorded from infections of most organs of the body, including the alimentary tract, brain, kidneys, lungs, lymph nodes, orbit, sinus, subcutaneous tissues of various hosts. The host range includes man, cattle (RMVM 9, 986), dog (RMVM 7, 215, 216), flamingo (RMVM 6, 1575), fowl, guineapig (RMVM 2, 1721), mink (Ainsworth & Austwick, 1973), okapi (RMVM 6, 575), penguin, pig (RMVM 11, 407), rabbit, reindeer and roedeer. It also causes mycotic abortion and mastitis in cattle. It has been used in studies on experimental phycomycosis in mice (RMVM 11, 954, 1560) and rabbits (RMVM 7, 2628). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.
Rhizopus sexualis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rhizopus sexualis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On soft fruit and cherries. DISEASE: Causes a soft rot of soft fruit particularly strawberries (54, 4573; 55, 1873). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan, UK. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.
Lophodermium conigenum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermium conigenum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Mainly Diploxylon (two-three needle) pines, including
Pinus brutia, P. densiflora, P. montana, P. mugo, P. nigra
,
P. resinosa, P. sylvestris, P. tabuliformis, P. contorta, P. halepensis, P. pinea
and
P. radiata
. Has also been recorded from Haploxylon (five needle) pines. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines.
Lophodermium conigenum
inhabits green needles on the tree, producing no symptoms. When a branch bearing such needles is killed by an agent other than the fungus,
L. conigenum
fruits seprophytically on the needles. It causes no significant damage to the tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe, a couple of records from the USA (east coast and Michigan) where it is apparently not common, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet weather/humid conditions.
Fusarium semitectum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium semitectum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: avocado, banana, coffee, cotton, flax, maize, marrow,
Phaseolus
, soyabean, rice, water melon, wheat. DISEASE: Its major economic importance is as a storage rot of tropical crops. However, there are many references to its occurrence as a parasite or wound parasite: avocado (46, 2289), banana (50, 1898; 54, 22c; 4051), coffee (52, 410), cotton (54, 1754), flax (47, 3457; 48, 1198), maize (55, 3133), marrow (50, 3353),
Phaseolus
(52, 1325), soyabean (52, 1330), water melon (51, 980), wheat (46, 2132) and rice (55, 218). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Extremely widespread and common in the tropics and subtropics but also found in Mediterranean and occasionally in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne and seed-borne (46, 456), and by harvesting knives.
Dothiora ribesia
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Dothiora ribesia
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ribes
spp. ; common on redcurrant, less frequent on blackcurrant and occasionally on gooseberry. DISEASE: Black pustule of currant. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe, also in Canada, Morocco, New Zealand and USA (New England states, N.W. Alaska); CMI Map 180, ed. 2, 1971. TRANSMISSION: Ascospores wind dispersed.
Nectria aurantiicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Nectria aurantiicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: scale insects (on
Aleurites, Citrus, Coffea, Pyrus
) and on the insect, e.g.
Adelgespiceae on Abies balsaminea
(51, 1088). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Malawi, New Zealand, Sabah, Tanzania, West Indies, Zambia, Australia (56, 3828), Quebec (Canada). TRANSMISSION: Not recorded, but slime spored
Fusarium
conidia must require moisture whereas the ascospores can be ejected directly into the atmosphere.
Tilletia caries
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Tilletia caries
[Tilletia tritici]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Aegilops, Agropyron, Bromus, Elymus, Hordeum, Poa, Secale, Sitanion, Triticum, Triticale
. DISEASE: Causes common bunt (stinking or covered smut) of wheat.
Tilletia foetida
(CMI Descriptions 720) causes a virtually identical disease known by the same name. The grain tissues inside the pericarp are converted to a mass of black teliospores producing a 'bunt ball' as the head matures. Diseased plants may be slightly stunted, infected ears ripen slower and the glumes project more than in healthy ears. Losses are caused both by direct loss of grain and by spoilage of grain and flour by contamination with the bunt spores which are released when the crop is harvested. Bunt spores release trimethylamine which has an odour of decaying fish. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, occurs in most countries where wheat is arown (CMI Map 294, ed. 3, 1978). TRANSMISSION: Spores are released when the grain is harvested and are dispersed by air to contaminate healthy grain and soil. Spores germinate in moist soil to produce a basidium and acicular basidiospores (primary sporidia). These fuse to produce a dikaryotic mycelium which may directly infect host seedling coleoptiles or produce further secondary sporidia.
Cochliobolus cymbopogonis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus cymbopogonis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Andropogoneae
. DISEASE: Seed and seedling blights; leaf spots of citronella (
Cymbopogon nardus
) and lemon grass (
C. citratus
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. TRANSMISSION: Splash dispersal of ascospores (60, 2421); through seed.
Coniothyrium minitans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Coniothyrium minitans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. trifoliorum
and, under laboratory conditions, can attack sclerotia of
Botrytis cinerea, B
.
fabae, B. narcissicola, Sclerotinia minor
and
Sclerotium cepivorum
. DISEASE: Hyperparasite of sclerotia of phytopathogenic fungi such as
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
and S.
trifoliorum
(55, 4614, 4972). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Britain, Finland, East Germany, Hungary, Poland); North America (Canada, USA). TRANSMISSION: By conidia and mycelia dispersed in the soil from disintegrating infected sclerotia which are covered with numerous pycnidia releasing abundant conidia. It has also been suggested that disintegrating infected sclerotia could be dispersed with the mycoparasite by fungus gnats (
Mycetophilidiae
) (Turner & Tribe, 1976).
Didymella applanata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Didymella applanata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rubus idaeus
(raspberry),
R. fruticosus
(blackberry) and
R. ursinus
var.
loganobaccus
(loganberry). Also on
R
.
australis
. DISEASE: Spur blight (in USA) and sometimes referred to as cane blight (in Europe). Early symptoms are purplish blotches mainly on the epidermis at the nodes round the base of leaves and sometimes between the nodes on the lower portions of the stems. As the disease progresses the blotches increase in size extending upward and downward along the cane and sometimes the lesions coalesce to form a discoloured cane.
Didymella applanata
has been reported to cause dieback (2, 457; 32, 572; 41, 353) and witches' brooms (2, 457). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia & Oceania, Europe and North America (CMI Map 72, ed. 3, 1977). New records not mapped are: Europe (Czechoslovakia). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores and conidia released during wet or extremely moist conditions (10, 530; 55, 1875; Wormald, 1939; Converse, 1966). In the UK small numbers of ascospores have been trapped in raspberry plantations throughout the summer and early autumn when RH exceeded 70% and temperatures above 12°C prevailed for at least 12 h (37, 201). It invades both unwounded and wounded tissues (9, 117-118; 10, 531). Entry into canes is also achieved through wounds created by
Diplosis
(gall fly) in Germany (11, 381) and by
Thomasiniana theebaldi
(midge) (28, 340; 32, 86; 34, 728; 39, 120; 43, 519). As a rule the fungus invades all regions of the cortex except the cork which acts as a barrier (9, 117-118; 10, 531; 11, 381) but it has been known to cause deeper lesions on midge larval feeding areas and frequently penetrates the stem to the pith and kills the cane (32, 86).
Gnomonia comari
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gnomonia comari
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Fragaria vesca, F. chilonensis
var.
ananassa and Fragaria
cvs. Also on
Agrimonia, Alchemilla, Comarum
,
Epilobium, Geum, Potentilla
and
Sanguisorba
. DISEASE: Leaf blotch, dry necrosis of sepal tips, fruit rot and dying of strawberry plants. Also rotting of strawberry runners in cold storage (50, 189). Although the disease is economically unimportant in Switzerland, Bolay (1972) claims in Germany, UK and North America yield losses can reach 70%. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Zimbabwe); Asia (Israel); Australasia & Oceania (New Zealand); Europe (Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Netherlands, Poland, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, British Columbia, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec; USA, California, Maine, Michigan, New Hampshire). TRANSMISSION: By conidia and ascospores disseminated by water splash during humid conditions (Bolton, 1954). The fungus overwinters on leaves left in the field and in nature perithecia occur on overwintered leaves in early spring. Infection starts early in the season (Bolton, 1954; 51, 2693) by the entry of the fungus through stomata and wounds (33, 737; Bolay, 1972). Once the fungus has entered the leaf it penetrates the parenchyma cells and progessses towards the vascular bundles and enters the vessels producing profuse mycelium and subsequently numerous pycnidia (Bolton, 1954). In Western Spain under laboratory conditions pycnidia have been produced on infected plants in 4-5 days and perithecia in 8-10 days (52, 3776). In Canada pycnidia were observed in the cortex of petioles 4 weeks after inoculation and leaves with pycnidia kept in a moist chamber were found to develop perithecia in 4-6 days (Bolton, 1954). Perithecia developed in this way took 10-12 days to mature.
Septoria cucurbitacearum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria cucurbitacearum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cucumis melo, C. sativus, Cucurbita ficifolia
(=
C. melanosperma
),
C. maxima, C. moschata, C. pepo
and
Bryonia dioica
(=
B. cretica
). DISEASE: Leaf spot of cantaloupe, cucumber, melon, pumpkin, squash and vegetable marrow. The visible symptoms are circular, olive brown lesions, prominent on the upper surface of the leaves. With the progress of the disease the spots enlarge, usually reaching 3-5 mm diam., occasionally 8 mm wide and soon dry up. Older lesions tend to turn white revealing several pycnidia embedded within the tissue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Zambia); Australasia & Oceania (Australia); Europe (Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Rumania, USSR); North America (USA, Delaware, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia disseminated by water splash in wet weather or heavy dews.
Tilletia holci
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Tilletia holci
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Holcus
spp. and
Anthoxanthum odoratum
. DISEASE: Covered smut on
Holcus
and
Anthexanthum
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Chile and Falkland Isles. TRANSMISSION: There are no records of significant work on this aspect. Presumably by seed- and soil-borne teliospores as with other
Tilletia
spp.
Synchytrium macrosporum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Synchytrium macrosporum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Karling (1964) lists the following hosts:
Amaranthus berlandia, Ambrosia aptera, A. psilostachya, A. trifida, Ammi majus, Croton monanthogynus, Erigeron canadensis, Helenium tenuifolium, Iva ciliata, Modiola caroliniana, Nandina dornestica, Oenothera laciniata, Parthenium hysterophorus, Phyla incisa, Ratibida pinata, Riccinus communis, Rubus trivialis, Solanum elaegnifolium, Specularia perfoliata, Torilis japonica, Vicia faba, Vigna sinensis, Xanthium strumarium
. However, experimentally infected hosts total over 1483 species in more than 933 genera of 185 families (57, 2425). DISEASE: Lavender-red galls develop on the leaves and stems of hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Texas). TRANSMISSION: No reports, but presumably by dissemination of resting spores, with local dispersal by zoospores swimming in water films.
Peronospora hariotii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora hariotii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Buddleja davidii
cv. White Profusion,
B. globosa
and cultivars, especially cv. Lemon Ball. DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Buddleja
. This is a disease of nursery stock and there are no reports of the fungus infecting mature plants. Young plants 1-2 ft. high bear conspicuous brown lesions on their leaves. These begin as a yellow area on the upper surface which soon turns brown and brittle. Leaves affected in this way usually drop off. The leading shoot and terminal bud may also die. The down, which develops on the lower surface of infected leaves, is pale to medium brown depending on age and weather conditions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Britain, France). TRANSMISSION: Not known.
Stagonospora sacchari
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Stagonospora sacchari
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Saccharum officinarum, S. spontaneum, Miscanthus japonicus
and
M. sinensis
. By inoculation on
S. barberi
and
S. sinense
(44, 828). DISEASE: Leaf scorch of sugarcane. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Japan, Panama, Philippines, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. TRANSMISSION: By water borne conidia.