bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tests für automatisierte und autonome Fahrsysteme
Authors: Pretschner Alexander , Hauer Florian , Schmidt Tabea 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Test automatisierter und autonomer Fahrsysteme ist aus verschiedenen Gründen sehr schwierig, u. a. wegen der Abwesenheit klarer Spezifikationen der zu testenden Systeme, wegen Unklarheit über die Auswahlkriterien für „gute“ Testfälle und wegen des Fehlens von Testendekriterien. Ein populärer Ansatz schlägt deswegen vor, aufgezeichnete Fahrten unabhängig vom zu testenden System als Testfälle zu verwenden. Wir zeigen, dass dies im Wesentlichen einem rein zufälligen Test des Systems gleichkommt, dass dieselbe aufgezeichnete Testfahrt dementsprechend einmal einen „guten“ und einmal einen uninteressanten Testfall darstellen kann und dass es notwendig ist, für jedes neue System neue Testfälle abzuleiten. Die simulationsbasierte heuristische Suche nach Testfällen auf Basis sogenannter Szenariotypen, die typische Verkehrssituationen beschreiben, stellt eine Lösung des Problems dar.
Summer temperature response to extreme soil water conditions in the Mediterranean transitional climate regime
Authors: Materia Stefano , Ardilouze Constantin , Prodhomme Chloé , Donat Markus G. , Benassi Marianna , Doblas-Reyes Francisco J. , Peano Daniele , Caron Louis-Philippe , Ruggieri Paolo , Gualdi Silvio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLand surface and atmosphere are interlocked by the hydrological and energy cycles and the effects of soil water-air coupling can modulate near-surface temperatures. In this work, three paired experiments were designed to evaluate impacts of different soil moisture initial and boundary conditions on summer temperatures in the Mediterranean transitional climate regime region. In this area, evapotranspiration is not limited by solar radiation, rather by soil moisture, which therefore controls the boundary layer variability. Extremely dry, extremely wet and averagely humid ground conditions are imposed to two global climate models at the beginning of the warm and dry season. Then, sensitivity experiments, where atmosphere is alternatively interactive with and forced by land surface, are launched. The initial soil state largely affects summer near-surface temperatures: dry soils contribute to warm the lower atmosphere and exacerbate heat extremes, while wet terrains suppress thermal peaks, and both effects last for several months. Land-atmosphere coupling proves to be a fundamental ingredient to modulate the boundary layer state, through the partition between latent and sensible heat fluxes. In the coupled runs, early season heat waves are sustained by interactive dry soils, which respond to hot weather conditions with increased evaporative demand, resulting in longer-lasting extreme temperatures. On the other hand, when wet conditions are prescribed across the season, the occurrence of hot days is suppressed. The land surface prescribed by climatological precipitation forcing causes a temperature drop throughout the months, due to sustained evaporation of surface soil water. Results have implications for seasonal forecasts on both rain-fed and irrigated continental regions in transitional climate zones.
Novel Functionally Gradient Composites Al2O3-Cu-Mo Obtained via Centrifugal Slip Casting
Authors: Zygmuntowicz Justyna , Winkler Hanna , Wachowski Marcin , Piotrkiewicz Paulina , Kaszuwara Waldemar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The investigations applied the original concept of the formation of materials as hybrid gradient composites. Two innovative technologies were used: formation by centrifugal slip casting and sintering with varying proportions of the liquid phase. This allowed us to create a gradient microstructure. This article presents the study of Al2O3-Cu-Mo gradient composites. This work aimed to determine the effect of the metallic phase content on the composite’s microstructure and basic properties. The most critical element of the study will be determining the ability to control the location and flow of the liquid phase during the sintering process. The research demonstrated that adding a third component in the form of Mo reduces the liquid Cu flow onto the surface of the composites during the sintering process. In this research, we achieve results with high cognitive value.

Graphic Abstract
Analyzing the impact of missing values and selection bias on fairness
Authors: Wang Yanchen , Singh Lisa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlgorithmic decision making is becoming more prevalent, increasingly impacting people’s daily lives. Recently, discussions have been emerging about the fairness of decisions made by machines. Researchers have proposed different approaches for improving the fairness of these algorithms. While these approaches can help machines make fairer decisions, they have been developed and validated on fairlycleandata sets. Unfortunately, most real-world data have complexities that make them moredirty. This work considers two of these complexities by analyzing the impact of two real-world data issues on fairness—missing values and selection bias—for categorical data. After formulating this problem and showing its existence, we propose fixing algorithms for data sets containing missing values and/or selection bias that use different forms of reweighting and resampling based upon the missing value generation process. We conduct an extensive empirical evaluation on both real-world and synthetic data using various fairness metrics, and demonstrate how different missing values generated from different mechanisms and selection bias impact prediction fairness, even when prediction accuracy remains fairly constant.
Do illiterates have illusions? A conceptual (non)replication of Luria (1976)
Authors: Arunkumar Mrudula , van Paridon Jeroen , Ostarek Markus , Huettig Falk 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLuria (Luria, Cognitive development: Its cultural and social foundations, Harvard University Press, 1976) famously observed that people who never learnt to read and write do not perceive visual illusions. We conducted a conceptual replication of the Luria study of the effect of literacy on the processing of visual illusions. We designed two carefully controlled experiments with 161 participants with varying literacy levels ranging from complete illiterates to high literates in Chennai, India. Accuracy and reaction time in the identification of visual shape and color illusions and the identification of appropriate control images were measured. Separate statistical analyses of Experiments 1 and 2 as well as pooled analyses of both experiments do not provide any support for the notion that literacy affects the perception of visual illusions. Our large sample, carefully controlled study strongly suggests that literacy does not meaningfully affect the identification of visual illusions and raises some questions about other reports of cultural effects on illusion perception.
Impact of university reform on research performance aggregated and disaggregated across research fields: a case study of the partial privatization of Japanese national universities
Authors: Kikuchi Yuta 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study quantitatively estimates the impacts of the partial privatization of Japanese national universities (as implemented in 2004) on research performance outcomes, which are aggregated and disaggregated across research fields. Japanese private universities can be viewed as counterfactuals not targeted by the reform for the same period, which provides within-country variations in this governance/managerial change. Difference-in-differences estimation strategies using private universities as control groups show that the partial privatization of national universities has resulted in a deterioration in the quality and quantity of national universities’ research output, as constructed using publication records from 1999 to 2009. The study then estimates the effects of partial privatization disaggregated by research field and finds that only medical science is negatively affected by the partial privatization. This study is the first to provide a quantitative assessment of whether the partial privatization of Japanese universities has been favorable for research performance using an identification strategy based on a quasi-experiment. It also reveals the heterogeneous impacts across research fields and departments.
Work–Family Conflict and Job Outcomes Among Prison Officers in Ghana: A Test of Mediation and Moderation Processes
Authors: Akoensi Thomas D. , Annor Francis 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study examines the mediating effect of job stress and the moderating effect of job autonomy on the relationship between work-to-family conflict (WFC) and job satisfaction and organizational commitment. It uses cross-sectional data from 1062 prison officers sampled from 31 prison establishments in Ghana. The results of structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis showed that WFC was negatively associated with job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Job stress significantly mediated the influence of WFC on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The negative influence of WFC on job satisfaction and organizational commitment was less for prison officers with higher levels of job autonomy than for those with lower levels of autonomy. These findings suggest the need for correctional organizations to adopt family-friendly measures that facilitate officers’ ability to integrate their work and family responsibilities.
The Pursuit of Non-Trade Policy Objectives in EU Trade Policy
Authors: Borchert Ingo , Conconi Paola , Di Ubaldo Mattia , Herghelegiu Cristina 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe European Union (EU) often conditions preferential access to its market on compliance with Non-Trade Policy Objectives (NTPOs), including human rights and labor and environmental standards. In this paper, we first systematically document the coverage of NTPOs across the main tools of EU trade policy: its (association and non-association) trade agreements and Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) programs. We then discuss the extent to which the EU can use these tools as a ‘carrot-and-stick’ mechanism to promote NTPOs in trading partners. We argue that, within trade agreements, the EU has limited scope to extend or restrict tariff preferences to ‘reward good behavior’ or ‘punish bad behavior’ on NTPOs, partly because multilateral rules require members to eliminate tariffs on substantially all trade. By contrast, GSP preferences are granted on a unilateral basis, and can thus more easily be extended or limited, depending on compliance with NTPOs. Our analysis also suggests that the commercial interests of the EU inhibit the full pursuit of NTPOs in its trade agreements and GSP programs.
La situation économique du Congo Belge en 1932(1)
Authors: De Sloovere Adolphe 
Published: June 2021

La régression du commerce extérieur du Congo Belge qui, pour l’année 1931 s’était déjà révélée importante par rapport à l’année 1930, s’est encore accentuée dans une mesure notable au cours de 1932.A l’aide de la statistique officielle, il nous sera permis de préciser l’ampleur de ce nouveau recul et de déterminer quels éléments de l’économie coloniale en ont été le plus ou le moins affectés.Pour faire cette démonstration, nous suivrons la marche adoptée dans les chroniques précédentes. Nous utiliserons d’abord les totaux du commerce spécial, qui serviront de base à donner une vue d’ensemble; ensuite, pour une analyse plus approfondie, nous aurons recours aux totaux des groupes principaux de marchandises représentant environ 97 % de l’ensemble tant à l’exportation qu’à l’importation. Les groupes correspondent aux facteurs essentiels de l’activité industrielle et commerciale de la Colonie. Cette étude se bornera en général à la comparaison entre 1931 et 1932.
La sidérurgie belgo-luxembourgeoise en 1933
Authors: Wibail Amé 
Published: June 2021

Avant de passer en revue la situation de l’industrie sidérurgique belge au cours de l’année 1933, il nous paraît intéressant de revoir certains aspects de son évolution générale depuis la guerre et de rattacher en même temps cette période aux quelque dix années qui l’ont précédée. Un graphique qui résume cette évolution servira de base à notre aperçu; il est divisé en quatre parties, l’une relative à la production, l’autre à la consommation de matières premières et enfin, les deux dernières, à la productivité. Dans la première partie les productions belge et luxembourgeoise de fonte et d’acier sont comparées à la production mondiale; les lignes de pourcentage sont dessinées en dessous.Au point de vue du mouvement général de la production, nous remarquons qu’il a fallu attendre les années 1923–1924 avant d’atteindre les niveaux d’avant-guerre. Il y a eu, immédiatement après la guerre, une période de reconstitution, ce qui fait que si l’on envisage la période 1920–1933 seule, le rythme de l’évolution semble avoir été rapide et même exagéré; mais comparée à celle d’avant-guerre et compte tenu des années de réorganisation, l’évolution est au contraire relativement lente. On se rappellera en effet que depuis 1886–1890, le rythme général moyen de la production de fonte est passé pour la Belgique de 2,10 % à 4,60 % par an après 1905, et pour le monde de 3,5 % à 6 % vers 1900, pour redescendre à 3,7 % avant la guerre; pendant la période de dépression de longue durée qui précédait, il s’était maintenu d’une part à environ 2,10 %, d’autre part vers 3,75 %. De 1923 à 1928 le rythme réel d’accroissement de la production mondiale de fonte a été de 5 % par an; or ce sont précisément des années d’essor cyclique, la progression moyenne est donc certainement beaucoup plus faible, mais il n’est pas possible de l’apprécier exactement, la période envisagée étant trop courte pour calculer une ligne de tendance ou une ligne de vitesse moyenne. Il en résulterait cependant que nous sommes actuellement en période de « stagnation » ou de dépression de longue durée. Si on considère d’autre part la production d’acier brut, l’évolution semble plus rapide : la production de 1928 représente 186,6 % de celle de 1911 tandis que 1932 nous ramène au niveau de 1906; pour la fonte 1928 est égal à 141,5 % de 1911 et 1932 à 1901, mais cela s’explique. Un calcul analogue à celui fait ci-dessus nous indique que pendant les cinq années d’essor 1923–1928, le progrès moyen réel fut de 7,2 %; mais pendant l’essor de 1909 à 1913 il avait été de 9 %. D’autre part il faut aussi tenir compte du fait que l’acier continue à se substituer de plus en plus au fer dans ses diverses applications; sa production doit donc se développer plus rapidement que celle de la fonte.
Les finances privées en Belgique durant l’année 1933
Authors: Bonvoisin Pierre 
Published: June 2021

Le marché des valeurs semble s’être installé dans la dépression. L’adaptation ne s’est pas réalisée sans la fermeture de plus d’un bureau de change, sans le licenciement de maint comptable ou délégué qui est venu grossir le nombre des employés chômeurs. Mais dans l’ensemble l’élimination s’est faite d’elle-même sans provoquer l’effondrement d’aucune maison importante. Les affaires se sont contractées, les vides sont devenus plus nombreux parmi les agents qui fréquentent la Bourse, mais sans bruit.Point n’a été besoin cette année, même au plus fort des difficultés américaines et quand le dollar a commencé à fléchir, de recourir à un syndicat de soutien comme lors de la chute de la livre sterling. Les ventes forcées dont la pression déprimait tant le marché au début de la crise, se sont raréfiées.
Le commerce extérieur de la Belgique en 1933
Authors: d’Oppuers le Baron Snoy 
Published: June 2021

En terminant notre chronique de l’an dernier, nous croyions pouvoir envisager l’avenir avec confiance; nous estimons aujourd’hui que malgré les déceptions très réelles que 1933 a apportées surtout dans le domaine de la coordination et de l’harmonie de la vie économique internationale, cette année a justifié la confiance que nous lui faisions. Si son histoire graphique ne présente aucune courbe délibérément ascendante, elle témoigne du moins d’une consolidation de notre résistance aux courants anarchiques de l’activité économique mondiale et d’un raffermissement des positions nouvelles dont nos exportateurs ont pu s’emparer.La tendance générale à l’autarchie, c’est-à-dire à la diversification des activités économiques de chaque pays de manière à y produire le plus grand nombre possible des marchandises dont il a besoin, a eu pour résultat de renforcer dans les échanges internationaux l’importance relative des produits nécessaires à l’industrie (biens de production) au détriment des produits alimentaires et des objets fabriqués (biens de consommation). Cette tendance oblige la Belgique à donner une place plus importante aux matières brutes dans ses exportations et à renoncer à les transformer elle-même en produits finis dans la même mesure qu’antérieurement. Le tableau suivant permet d’en juger :
La conjoncture économique de la Belgique et du Luxembourg
Authors: Dupriez Léon-H. 
Published: June 2021

Les derniers mois n’ont encore apporté aucun élément de redressement dans le déséquilibre monétaire international et n’ont vu aucune atténuation dans le choc des politiques commerciales à base mercantiliste et autarchique qui s’affrontent. La confusion continue à régner sur toutes les tentatives locales de reprise qui parviennent à se dessiner en Europe.Le domaine des prix est, sans nul doute, celui où les politiques divergentes maintiennent le plus directement et le plus efficacement un déséquilibre grave. Nous ne soutiendrons point qu’avant 1931 le rapport des prix entre les divers pays européens et les États-Unis était normal; la différence de niveau des stabilisations monétaires, par rapport au degré d’inflation existant au lendemain de la guerre, avait laissé des empreintes profondes et établi des écarts artificiels entre les rémunérations et les prix intérieurs des divers pays. Ces divergences existaient surtout entre les éléments les plus doués d’inertie; aussi n’y avait-il que des adaptations fort lentes et imparfaites.
The Role of Politics in the Historical Transport Networks of the Iberian Peninsula and the Pyrenees from Roman Times to the Nineteenth Century
Authors: de Soto Pau , Carreras Cèsar 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTransport routes are basic elements that are inextricably linked to diverse political, economic, and social factors. Transport networks may be the cause or result of complex historical conjunctions that reflect to some extent a structural conception of the political systems that govern each territory. It is for this reason that analyzing the evolution of the transport routes layout in a wide territory allows us to recognize the role of the political organization and its economic influence in territorial design. In this article, the evolution of the transport network in the Iberian Peninsula has been studied in a broad chronological framework to observe how the different political systems of each period understood and modified the transport systems. Subsequently, a second analysis of the evolution of transport networks in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula is included in this article. This more detailed and geographically restricted study allows us to visualize in a different way the evolution and impact of changes in transport networks. This article focuses on the calculation of the connectivity to analyze the intermodal transport systems. The use of network science analyses to study historical roads has resulted in a great tool to visualize and understand the connectivity of the territories of each studied period and compare the evolution, changes, and continuities of the transport network.
Molecular basis of heterosis and related breeding strategies reveal its importance in vegetable breeding
Authors: Yu Daoliang , Gu Xingfang , Zhang Shengping , Dong Shaoyun , Miao Han , Gebretsadik Kiros , Bo Kailiang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHeterosis has historically been exploited in plants; however, its underlying genetic mechanisms and molecular basis remain elusive. In recent years, due to advances in molecular biotechnology at the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and epigenome levels, the study of heterosis in vegetables has made significant progress. Here, we present an extensive literature review on the genetic and epigenetic regulation of heterosis in vegetables. We summarize six hypotheses to explain the mechanism by which genes regulate heterosis, improve upon a possible model of heterosis that is triggered by epigenetics, and analyze previous studies on quantitative trait locus effects and gene actions related to heterosis based on analyses of differential gene expression in vegetables. We also discuss the contributions of yield-related traits, including flower, fruit, and plant architecture traits, during heterosis development in vegetables (e.g., cabbage, cucumber, and tomato). More importantly, we propose a comprehensive breeding strategy based on heterosis studies in vegetables and crop plants. The description of the strategy details how to obtain F1hybrids that exhibit heterosis based on heterosis prediction, how to obtain elite lines based on molecular biotechnology, and how to maintain heterosis by diploid seed breeding and the selection of hybrid simulation lines that are suitable for heterosis research and utilization in vegetables. Finally, we briefly provide suggestions and perspectives on the role of heterosis in the future of vegetable breeding.
The SOC1-like gene BoMADS50 is associated with the flowering of Bambusa oldhamii
Authors: Hou Dan , Li Ling , Ma Tengfei , Pei Jialong , Zhao Zhongyu , Lu Mengzhu , Wu Aimin , Lin Xinchun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBamboo is known for its edible shoots and beautiful texture and has considerable economic and ornamental value. Unique among traditional flowering plants, many bamboo plants undergo extensive synchronized flowering followed by large-scale death, seriously affecting the productivity and application of bamboo forests. To date, the molecular mechanism of bamboo flowering characteristics has remained unknown. In this study, a SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1)-like gene, BoMADS50, was identified from Bambusa oldhamii. BoMADS50 was highly expressed in mature leaves and the floral primordium formation period during B. oldhamii flowering and overexpression of BoMADS50 caused early flowering in transgenic rice. Moreover, BoMADS50 could interact with APETALA1/FRUITFULL (AP1/FUL)-like proteins (BoMADS14-1/2, BoMADS15-1/2) in vivo, and the expression of BoMADS50 was significantly promoted by BoMADS14-1, further indicating a synergistic effect between BoMADS50 and BoAP1/FUL-like proteins in regulating B. oldhamii flowering. We also identified four additional transcripts of BoMADS50 (BoMADS50-1/2/3/4) with different nucleotide variations. Although the protein-CDS were polymorphic, they had flowering activation functions similar to those of BoMADS50. Yeast one-hybrid and transient expression assays subsequently showed that both BoMADS50 and BoMADS50-1 bind to the promoter fragment of itself and the SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP)-like gene BoSVP, but only BoMADS50-1 can positively induce their transcription. Therefore, nucleotide variations likely endow BoMADS50-1 with strong regulatory activity. Thus, BoMADS50 and BoMADS50-1/2/3/4 are probably important positive flowering regulators in B. oldhamii. Moreover, the functional conservatism and specificity of BoMADS50 and BoMADS50-1 might be related to the synchronized and sporadic flowering characteristics of B. oldhamii.