bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of genetic algorithms to constrain near-source velocity structure for the 1989 Sichuan earthquakes
Authors: Zhou Ran , Tajima Fumiko , Stoffa Paul L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhen a complex earthquake source process is studied using broadband body waveforms, a common problem is finding an adequate layered velocity model for the near-source structure. Tests with several existing crustal models are not sufficient or objective, but an enumerative search scheme to search through a whole possible model space is not practical. We study the feasibility of applying genetic algorithms (GA) to rapidly and effectively explore the model space to find an optimal model for the near-source structure. Our data set consists of multi-station broadband body waveforms of a simple event recorded at teleseismic distances. The near-source velocity structure is approximated by a layered model, and the model parameters include the layer thicknesses and velocities as well as the source depth forming a multi-parameter search space. Test results with synthetic data indicate that optimal models can be found using GA depending on the noise level. When the noise level is low, optimal models are well recovered with small uncertainty. Results with the data of the 1989 earthquakes of Sichuan Province, China, indicate that a three-layer velocity model obtained with GA is in agreement with regional models and better explains the observed waveforms.
An efficient method for computing Green's functions for a layered half-space with sources and receivers at close depths (part 2)
Authors: Hisada Yoshiaki 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this study, we improve Hisada's (1994) method to efficiently compute Green's functions for viscoelastic layered half-spaces with sources and receivers located at equal or nearly equal depths. Compared with Hisada (1994), we can significantly reduce the range of wavenumber integration especially for the case that sources and receivers are close to the free surface or to boundaries of the source layer. This can be done by deriving analytical asymptotic solutions for both the direct wave and the reflected/transmitted waves from the boundaries, which are neglected in Hisada (1994). We demonstrate the validity and efficiency of our new method for several cases. The FORTRAN codes for this method for both point and dipole sources are open to academic use through anonymous FTP.
The probability of very large earthquakes in Sumatra
Authors: Sun Jichun , Pan Tso-Chien 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article presents the results of a preliminary investigation into the risk of very large earthquakes in Sumatra. Data for the study were taken from the Earthquake Data Base System of the National Earthquake Information Center, U.S. Geological Survey. In determining the recurrence interval of large earthquakes, the method of Dong et al. (1984) based on the maximum entropy principle was used. If the maximum magnitude of possible earthquakes in Sumatra is assumed to be 8.75, 9.0, or unlimited, the recurrence interval of a magnitude 8.5 earthquake is found to be 430, 283, or 204 yr, respectively. For the three cases, the magnitude of an earthquake with a 10% probability of exceedance in 50 yr is determined to be 8.52, 8.64, and 8.85, respectively, on the assumption of Poisson's distribution for earthquake occurrence. The results imply that the risk of a very large earthquake is high in Sumatra, and its consequences on the distant metropolitan areas on the Malay Peninsula should be investigated in further research.
Characteristics of Rg waves recorded from quarry blasts in central Texas
Authors: Goforth Tom T. , Bonner Jessie L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chemical blasts from quarrying operations in central Texas are routinely recorded by the W. M. Keck Foundation Seismological Observatory near China Spring, Texas. The Keck Observatory consists of a single, broadband, three-component, borehole seismograph system. Five quarries, located at distances ranging from 16 to 101 km from the observatory, each detonate from 1 to 6 tons of ammonium nitrate/fuel oil explosive on the average of twice per week. For every quarry for which the orientation of the working face could be determined, dispersed Rg waves are recorded at the Keck Observatory from those quarries at which the working face is directed away from the observatory, but are not observed or are severely attenuated from those quarries at which the working face is directed toward the observatory. Seismograms containing the dispersed Rg are easily recognized as quarry blasts, but those in which the dispersed Rg is absent look like small earthquakes.
Preliminary work on an early warning and rapid response program for moderate earthquakes
Authors: Scrivner Craig W. , Helmberger Donald V. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWarning of imminent ground shaking due to a large earthquake would be useful to a variety of agencies. This kind of ground-motion prediction is possible in southern California for events with magnitude less than 6, where path effects dominate. The 28 June 1991 Sierra Madre earthquake is presented as a test case for this concept. A single-station inversion of the record from the Pasadena station 20 km SW of the epicenter produces reasonable source parameters for the event. With these source parameters and a library of Green's functions calculated for an average southern California crustal model, ground motions can be predicted throughout the region. In particular, since the peak displacement for the Sierra Madre event occurs at Pasadena before ground motion begins at a station near the San Andreas Fault in San Bernardino, ground motions near the San Andreas Fault can be calculated before the seismic energy has propagated into the area. Considering this scenario in the reverse direction, records from a station near an earthquake on the San Andreas Fault could be used to predict ground motions in the metropolitan Los Angeles area. Broadband, high-dynamic-range seismic instruments produce high-quality records for events over a wide magnitude range. Thus, the development of a warning system can be approached in stages, starting with small events. With path effects determined by modeling moderate-size events, work can begin on developing distributed fault models to predict ground motions of great earthquakes.
Large accelerations and tectonic setting of the May 1993 Shumagin Islands earthquake sequence
Authors: Abers Geoffrey A. , Beavan John , Horton Steven , Jaumé Steven , Triep Enrique 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Variability of earthquake rupture can lead to large disparities between expected and observed ground motion. To better understand the range of ground motions generated by subduction zone earthquakes, we examine teleseismic and nearsource strong-motion records from an interplate thrust earthquake sequence that occurred near the Shumagin Islands, Alaska Peninsula, in May 1993. The two largest events show source depths of 36 km (May 13) and 42 km (May 25) from inversion of teleseismic waveforms, which place them in the deepest part of the interplate thrust zone. This inference is verified by single-station epicenter estimates, derived from P-wave polarization and S-P times, and by the focal mechanisms. The 13 May 1993 mainshock (MS 6.9) shows peak accelerations of 0.7 to 1.4 m · sec−2 within 75 km of the epicenter, consistent with scaling relations observed elsewhere. The largest aftershock, 25 May (MW 6.1), shows peak acceleration near 8 m · sec−2 at a station 25 km away. The 8 m · sec−2 acceleration is far larger than expected for an earthquake of this size and depth and is perhaps the largest recorded in Alaska. Simple explanations such as site effects and rupture directivity cannot fully account for the anomalous accelerations. The short rupture time of the 25 May event (∼2.8 sec) contributes to high accelerations but cannot explain the factor of 12 variability observed in peak acceleration near the epicenter. Unusual focusing effects and rupture patterns are suspected but cannot be confirmed. Whatever the cause, the unusually high accelerations demonstrate that deep and moderate-sized earthquakes can occasionally produce significant ground motions in subduction zones.
Formation of primary school children self esteem on the basis of criteria-based assessment
Authors: Syzdykbayeva A. D. , Izmagambetova R. K. , Amirova A. S. , Bainazarova T. B. , Sadykova M. K. 
Published: September 2021

Introduction. The ongoing socio-economic transformations in society and science education actualise the modern educational policy in the field of personality formation of students who are capable of self-development and self-realisation. In these conditions, the primary school provides an integral system of knowledge, skills, and experience of independent activity and personal responsibility of students. The article deals with the problem of development of self-esteem in primary school children.Aim. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and academic performance among primary school children.Methodology and research methods. The present research is based on systemic, personal, axiological, and activity methodological approaches. The article includes the study of the types of self-esteem of primary school children, and the level of aspirations. 107 school pupils participated in the research. At the ascertaining stage, diagnostics of the level of formation of self-esteem of younger schoolchildren was carried out. A number of pedagogical conditions to improve the cognitive, evaluative, and behavioural components were implemented at the training stage of the research.Results. The authors define the following concepts: self-assessment, types of self-assessment, self-assessment of primary school children, the level of claims, and criteria assessment. The programme of diagnostics of the level of formation of self-esteem of primary school children is presented. The indicators (cognitive, evaluative, and behavioural) and levels of formation of self-esteem of the primary school children (low, adequate, overestimated) are defined. The article presents the results of experimental work on the implementation of pedagogical conditions (including primary school children in the process of self-knowledge; gradual involvement of primary school children in self-assessment and reflexive activities; participation of primary school children in the formation of criteria-based assessment) to increase the level of self-esteem of primary school children.Scientific novelty. The pedagogical conditions, which contribute to the self-esteem of primary school children, are presented for the first time.Practical significance. The materials of the article are of practical value for teachers engaged in the development of lectures, seminars, assignments for independent work.
INTERVENÇÃO URBANA E TEATRO PERFORMATIVO: UMA CARTOGRAFIA DESDE O SUL
Authors: Braga Cleber 
Published: September 2021

Este artigo reflete sobre o emprego do termo intervenção urbana para qualificar teatralidades emergentes no espaço público. Dando ênfase aos sentidos atribuídos pelos coletivos artísticos aqui descritos – Elenco de Ouro, da cidade de Curitiba, e Etcétera, de Buenos Aires -, reconhece liminaridades no âmbito da performatividade, do teatro, do ativismo político e da urbanidade. O método da pesquisa foi a cartografia, que possibilitou construir elementos sobre a incorporação do termo por coletivos para qualificar práticas de teatro performativo em espaços públicos, numa insurgência ao entendimento mais tradicional sobre o teatro de rua na America Latina.
PULSAÇÕES: PROCESSO ENTRE CORPO, IMAGEM E SENSAÇÃO
Authors: Oliveira Erico José Souza de 
Published: September 2021

Este artigo socializa questões concernentes a elementos do processo de criação do espetáculo Pulsações, realizado em âmbito artístico-pedagógico do curso de interpretação teatral da Escola de Teatro da UFBA. A partir das noções de corpo, advindas das teorias de Georges Stobbaerts, Sônia Machado de Azevedo, Lenora Lobo e Cássia Navas, imagem e sensação, através das pesquisas de Denize Dall Bello, Adieliton Tavares Cézar, Helena Pinheiro Jucá-Vasconcelos e Júnia César Pedroso, tal trabalho artístico abordou uma metodologia de preparação corporal aplicada aos ensaios do espetáculo, gerando possibilidades de encaminhamentos atorais e encenatórios que revelaram a potência do trabalho com imagens e sensações, desde o processo de montagem até a realização do espetáculo.
OS PROFESSORES DE ARTES E O ENSINO DA MUSICALIDADE NOS ANOS INICIAIS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL
Authors: Morantt Anna Alice , Gumbowsky Argos 
Published: September 2021

Este estudo é resultante de uma pesquisa que aborda o ensino da musicalização nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental das redes públicas municipal e estadual de Canoinhas, Santa Catarina, no ano letivo de 2020. O objetivo foi investigar as práticas pedagógicas dos professores de artes que atuam na rede escolar do município, bem como compreender as dificuldades que os docentes enfrentam na adoção do ensino musical como facilitador da aprendizagem dos alunos. A importância dessa pesquisa se constitui pelo diagnóstico dos problemas enfrentados nas escolas da rede municipal e estadual do município de Canoinhas com relação à introdução da musicalização em sala de aula. A metodologia adotada engloba a pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, bibliográfica, documental, de campo e quali-quantitativa. A população se constitui por 20 professores de Artes atuantes nos Anos Iniciais de Ensino Fundamental das escolas municipais e estaduais de Canoinhas. Como instrumento de pesquisa, utilizou-se um questionário composto por questões abertas e fechadas por meio da ferramenta online google forms. Foi possível constatar que os professores se sentem despreparados para o ensino da musicalidade, isso porque suas formações são em Artes Visuais (o que não contempla a formação musical); o espaço físico não é adequado; a carga horária muito baixa; há a insuficiência de material e instrumentos; há a falta de oferta de cursos de capacitação aos docentes. Não obstante, é possível compreender que é preciso que se invista em formações pedagógicas aos professores com vistas a promover a melhoria do ensino musical, bem como o desenvolvimento da fruição dos alunos com relação a esse componente curricular obrigatório.
Intestinal Microbiota Shapes Gut Physiology and Regulates Enteric Neurons and Glia
Authors: Vicentini Fernando A. , Keenan Catherine M. , Wallace Laurie , Woods Crystal , Cavin Jean-Baptiste , Flockton Amanda , Macklin Wendy , Belkind-Gerson Jaime , Hirota Simon , Sharkey Keith A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) physiology in part through interactions with the enteric nervous system (ENS). Alterations in the gut microbiome frequently occur together with disturbances in enteric neural control in pathophysiological conditions. However, the mechanisms by which the microbiota regulates GI function and the structure of the ENS are incompletely understood. Using a mouse model of antibiotic (Abx)-induced bacterial depletion, we sought to determine the molecular mechanisms of microbial regulation of intestinal function and the integrity of the ENS. Spontaneous reconstitution of the Abx-depleted microbiota was used to assess the plasticity of structure and function of the GI tract and ENS. Microbiota-dependent molecular mechanisms of ENS neuronal survival and neurogenesis were also assessed. Results: Adult male and female Abx-treated mice exhibited alterations in GI structure and function, including a longer small intestine, slower transit time, increased carbachol-stimulated ion secretion and increased intestinal permeability. These alterations were accompanied by the loss of enteric neurons in the ileum and proximal colon in both submucosal and myenteric plexuses. A reduction in the number of enteric glia were only observed in the ileal myenteric plexus. Recovery of the microbiota restored intestinal function and stimulated enteric neurogenesis leading to increases in the number of enteric glia and neurons. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) supplementation enhanced neuronal survival alongside bacterial depletion, but had no effect on neuronal recovery once the Abx-induced neuronal loss was established. In contrast, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were able to restore neuronal numbers after Abx-induced neuronal loss, demonstrating that SCFA stimulate enteric neurogenesis in vivo.Conclusions: Our results demonstrate a role for the gut microbiota in regulating the structure and function of the GI tract in a sex-independent manner. Moreover, the microbiota is essential for the maintenance of ENS integrity, by regulating enteric neuronal survival and promoting neurogenesis. Molecular determinants of the microbiota, LPS and SCFA, regulate enteric neuronal survival, while SCFA also stimulates neurogenesis. Our data reveal new insights into the role of the gut microbiota that could lead to therapeutic developments for the treatment of enteric neuropathies.
Studying of Land Cover And Use Maps of South Asia Regions From 2001 To 2015 With AVHRR And MODIS Data
Authors: Ali Shahzad , Qi Huang An , Henchiri Malak , Sha Zhang , Khan Fahim Ullah , Sajid Muhammad , Ali Sajid , Yao Fengmei , Zhang Jiahua 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In South Asia, annual land cover and land use (LCLU) is a severe issue in the field of earth science because it affects regional climate, global warming, and human activities. Therefore, it is vital essential to obtain correct information on the LCLU in the South Asia regions. LULC annual map covering the entire period is the primary dataset for climatological research. Although the LULC annual global map was produced from the MODIS dataset in 2001, this limited the perspective of the climatological analysis. This study used AVHRR GIMMS NDVI3g data from 2001 to 2015 to randomly forests classify and produced a time series of the annual LCLU map of the South Asia. The MODIS land cover products (MCD12Q1) are used as data from reference for trained classifiers. The results were verified using of the annual map of LCLU time series, and the space-time dynamics of the LCLU map were shown in the last 15 years, from 2001 to 2015. The overall precision of our 15-year land cover map simplifies 16 classes, which is 1.23% and 86.70% significantly maximum as compared to the precision of the MODIS data map. Findings of the past 15 years shows the changing detection that forest land, savanna, farmland, urban and established land, arid land, and cultivated land have increased; by contrast, woody prairie, open shrub-lands, permanent ice and snow, mixed forests, grasslands, evergreen broadleaf forests, permanent wetlands, and water bodies have been significantly reduced over South Asia regions.
COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptability: A Cross-Sectional Mixed Methods Study in Sierra Leone
Authors: Sheku Mahmud , Clemens Ralf , Clemens Sue Ann Costa , Kangbai Jia Bainga , Kargbo Iynnah , Jusu Morison Oliver , Swaray Ibrahim Bob 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: Global immunization is critical to combat the COVID-19 pandemic and the public's willingness to be vaccinated will determine the success of elimination efforts. We measured the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine and views in Sierra Leone.Method: We used a multi-method study including an online cross-sectional survey and semi-structured interviews to assess the acceptance of and perceptions about COVID-19 vaccination among 2146 Sierra Leoneans aged 18 years and above. Results: Most survey respondents (80.1%, n = 1719) would accept COVID-19 vaccination for themselves and close family,but 19.9% (n = 427) would reject vaccination. If vaccination was mandatory the acceptance rate would increase to 85.0%, (n = 1,823), while 15.0% (n = 318) of responders would still reject. COVID-19 vaccine awareness was high among respondents (yes: 75.2% n = 1613, no: 24.8%, n = 533).Safety, immunity, and trust in vaccines were the main reasons for vaccine acceptance. Distrust, uncertainties about vaccine safety and effectivenessand lack of belief in the COVID-19 pandemic triggered through media reports were the mainreasons for rejecting the COVID-19 vaccination. With respect to vaccine,a small majority would prefer a less reactogenic vaccine even at the cost of a lower efficacy over a more effective but more reactogenic vaccine (55.7%, n = 1195 vs 41.5%, n = 890) while2.8% (n = 61) of respondents said they would reject any vaccine.Country of origin had an important role in vaccine acceptance: 32.4% (n = 1121) would accept a vaccine from any country if licensed locally, but15.1%(n = 511) would rejectvaccines even if licensed from China,12.6% (n = 437), India11.4% (n = 393), USA 8.0% (n = 276), Germany7.8% (n = 271), Russia 7.7% (n = 267), UKand 5.0% (n = 173)from Belgium.Conclusion: Sensitizing the public about the COVID-19 infection risk, vaccine development processesand ensuring vaccine safety through continuous communication and community engagement, with community leaders leading by example as well as the independent role of regulatory authorities in safety and efficacy evaluation, would improve COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.
Rationale And Design of The Learning Implementation of Guideline-Based Decision Support System For Hypertension Treatment (LIGHT) Trial And LIGHT-ACD Trial
Authors: Song Jiali , Wang Xiu-Ling , Wang Bin , Gao Yan , Liu Jia-Min , Zhang Hai-Bo , Li Xi , Li Jing , Wang Ji-Guang , Cai Jun , Herrin Jeph , Armitage Jane , Krumholz Harlan M. , Zheng Xin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: Computerized clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are low-cost, scalable tools with the potential to improve guideline-based antihypertensive treatment in primary care, but their effectiveness needs testing in pragmatic trials. Methods: The Learning Implementation of Guideline-based decision support system for Hypertension Treatment (LIGHT) trial is a pragmatic, four-stage, cluster-randomized trial conducted in 94 primary care practices in China. For each city-based stage, practices are randomly assigned to either implementation of the CDSS for hypertension management (which guides physicians treatment recommendations based on measured blood pressure and patient characteristics), or usual care. Patients are enrolled during the first 3 months after site randomization and followed for 9 months. The primary outcome is the proportion of hypertension management visits at which guideline-based treatment is provided. In a separate sub-study conducted within the CDSS, with the patient as the unit of randomization, the LIGHT-ACD trial, patients are randomized to receive different initial mono- or dual- antihypertensive therapy. The primary outcome of the LIGHT-ACD trial is the change in blood pressure from the first visit after site randomization to 9 months.Discussion: The LIGHT trial will provide evidence on the effectiveness of a CDSS for improving guideline adherence for hypertension management in primary care in China. The sub-study, LIGHT-ACD trial, will provide data on the effect of different initial antihypertensive regimens for blood pressure management in this setting.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: LIGHT (NCT03636334) and LIGHT-ACD (NCT03587103). Registered on 3 July 2018.