bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The irony of the magnet system for Kibble balances—a review
Authors: Li Shisong , Schlamminger Stephan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The magnet system is an essential component of the Kibble balance, a device that is used to realize the unit of mass. It is the source of the magnetic flux, and its importance is captured in the geometric factor Bl. Ironically, the Bl factor cancels out and does not appear in the final Kibble equation. Nevertheless, care must be taken to design and build the magnet system because the cancellation is perfect only if the Bl is the same in both modes: the weighing and velocity mode. This review provides the knowledge necessary to build a magnetic circuit for the Kibble balance. In addition, this article discusses the design considerations, parameter optimizations, practical adjustments to the finished product, and an assessment of systematic uncertainties associated with the magnet system.
Work fluctuations in the active Ornstein–Uhlenbeck particle model
Authors: Semeraro Massimiliano , Suma Antonio , Petrelli Isabella , Cagnetta Francesco , Gonnella Giuseppe 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We study the large deviations of the power injected by the active force for an active Ornstein–Uhlenbeck particle (AOUP), free or in a confining potential. For the free-particle case, we compute the rate function analytically in d-dimensions from a saddle-point expansion, and numerically in two dimensions by (a) direct sampling of the active work in numerical solutions of the AOUP equations and (b) Legendre–Fenchel transform of the scaled cumulant generating function obtained via a cloning algorithm. The rate function presents asymptotically linear branches on both sides and it is independent of the system’s dimensionality, apart from a multiplicative factor. For the confining potential case, we focus on two-dimensional systems and obtain the rate function numerically using both methods (a) and (b). We find a different scenario for harmonic and anharmonic potentials: in the former case, the phenomenology of fluctuations is analogous to that of a free particle, but the rate function might be non-analytic; in the latter case the rate functions are analytic, but fluctuations are realised by entirely different means, which rely strongly on the particle-potential interaction. Finally, we check the validity of a fluctuation relation for the active work distribution. In the free-particle case, the relation is satisfied with a slope proportional to the bath temperature. The same slope is found for the harmonic potential, regardless of activity, and for an anharmonic potential with low activity. In the anharmonic case with high activity, instead, we find a different slope which is equal to an effective temperature obtained from the fluctuation–dissipation theorem.
Performance verification test of coaxial centrifugal clutch for motorcycle transmission system
Authors: Dai Zih-Chun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
With the popularization of motorcycles, the demand for motorcycles is getting higher and higher. Therefore, the improvement of power output, the reduction of pollutants discharged, the replacement of waste, the improvement of efficiency and the reduction of fuel use, are also relatively important. Stop-and-go on urban driving will keep the clutch in a state of being engaged and not engaged. The clutch cannot be engaged and is constantly worn. The output efficiency of the CVT belt-type continuously variable transmission system clutch used in the transmission is only about 70~80%. Transmission efficiency. Furthermore, since the traditional CVT belt-type system clutch mainly relies on the action of the centrifugal roller to change the reduction ratio, when encountering different driving conditions and need to accelerate and decelerate, this will make the working area of the internal combustion engine in an unstable state. The matching structure between the automatic clutch weight and the telescopic spring in the reciprocating separation state and the fitted state is replaced, which effectively reduces the problem of uneven contact surfaces of the plates in the past, and prevents the elastic aging from affecting the uniform transmission of power, resulting in the entire dry clutch The life span of the engine is improved and the efficiency of power transmission is maintained, thereby reducing fuel consumption and producing more complete engine power. Therefore, the “Design Performance Verification of Coaxial Contact Centrifugal Ball Clutch” is proposed mainly to verify that the coaxial contact centrifugal ball clutch has better performance than the CVT belt-type clutch.
Cobalt-doped Ti surface promotes immunomodulation
Authors: Yang Xiaoming , Zhang Chi , Zhang Tao , Xiao Jin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Here, cobalt-doped plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings with different cobalt contents were prepared on Ti implants. The cobalt ions in the PEO coating exhibited a slow and sustainable release and thus showed excellent biocompatibility and enhanced cell adhesion. In vitro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays demonstrated that the cobalt-loaded Ti showed immunomodulatory functions to macrophages and upregulated the expression of anti-inflammatory (M1 type) genes and downregulated expression levels of pro-inflammatory (M2 type) genes compared with that of pure Ti sample. High cobalt content induced increased macrophage polarization into the M2 type. Furthermore, the findings from the in vivo air pouch model suggested that cobalt-loaded Ti could mitigate inflammatory reactions. The present work provides a novel strategy to exploit the immunomodulatory functions of implant materials.
Unconventional relaxation of hydrodynamic modes in anharmonic chains under strong pressure fluctuations
Authors: Ke Da , Zhong Wei , Dmitriev Sergey V , Xiong Daxing 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We develop an effective numerical scheme to capture hydrodynamic (HD) modes in general classical anharmonic chains. This scheme is based on the HD theory suggested by Ernst–Hauge–van Leeuwen, which takes full role of pressure fluctuations into account. With this scheme we show that the traditional pictures given by the current nonlinear fluctuating HD theory are valid only when the system’s pressure is zero and the pressure fluctuations are weak. For nonvanishing pressure, the HD modes can, however, respond to small and large pressure fluctuations and relax in some distinct manners. Our results shed new light on understanding thermal transport from the perspective of HD theory.
Indole as a new tentative marker in exhaled breath for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring of diabetic subjects
Authors: Fink Herbert , Maihöfer Tim , Bender Jeffrey , Schulat Jochen 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Blood glucose monitoring (BGM) is the most important part of diabetes management. In classical BGM, glucose measurement by test strips involves invasive finger pricking. We present results of a clinical study that focused on a non-invasive approach based on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath. Main objective was the discovery of markers for prediction of blood glucose levels (BGL) in diabetic patients. Exhaled breath was measured repeatedly in 60 diabetic patients (30 type 1, 30 type 2) in fasting state and after a standardized meal. Proton Transfer Reaction Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) was used to sample breath every 15 minutes for a total of six hours. BGLs were tested in parallel via BGM test strips. VOC signals were plotted against glucose trends for each subject to identify correlations. Exhaled indole (a bacterial metabolite of tryptophan) showed significant mean correlation to BGL (with negative trend) and significant individual correlation in 36 patients. The type of diabetes did not affect this result. Additional experiments of one healthy male subject by ingestion of lactulose and 13C-labeled glucose (n=3) revealed that exhaled indole does not directly originate from food digestion by intestinal microbiota. As indole has been linked to human glucose metabolism, it might be a tentative marker in breath for non-invasive BGM. Clinical studies with greater diversity are required for confirmation of such results and further investigation of metabolic pathways.
A multimodal 3D neuro-microphysiological system with neurite-trapping microelectrodes
Authors: Molina-Martínez Beatriz , Jentsch Laura-Victoria , Ersoy Fulya , van der Moolen Matthijs , Donato Stella , Ness Torbjørn V , Heutink Peter , Jones Peter D , Cesare Paolo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Three-dimensional cell technologies as pre-clinical models are emerging tools for mimicking the structural and functional complexity of the nervous system. The accurate exploration of phenotypes in engineered 3D neuronal cultures, however, demands morphological, molecular and especially functional measurements. Particularly crucial is measurement of electrical activity of individual neurons with millisecond resolution. Current techniques rely on customized electrophysiological recording set-ups, characterized by limited throughput and poor integration with other readout modalities. Here we describe a novel approach, using multiwell glass microfluidic microelectrode arrays, allowing non-invasive electrical recording from engineered 3D neuronal cultures. We demonstrate parallelized studies with reference compounds, calcium imaging and optogenetic stimulation. Additionally, we show how microplate compatibility allows automated handling and high-content analysis of human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived neurons. This microphysiological platform opens up new avenues for high-throughput studies on the functional, morphological and molecular details of neurological diseases and their potential treatment by therapeutic compounds.
Molecular substructure tree generative model for de novo drug design
Authors: Wang Shuang , Song Tao , Zhang Shugang , Jiang Mingjian , Wei Zhiqiang , Li Zhen 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Deep learning shortens the cycle of the drug discovery for its success in extracting features of molecules and proteins. Generating new molecules with deep learning methods could enlarge the molecule space and obtain molecules with specific properties. However, it is also a challenging task considering that the connections between atoms are constrained by chemical rules. Aiming at generating and optimizing new valid molecules, this article proposed Molecular Substructure Tree Generative Model, in which the molecule is generated by adding substructure gradually. The proposed model is based on the Variational Auto-Encoder architecture, which uses the encoder to map molecules to the latent vector space, and then builds an autoregressive generative model as a decoder to generate new molecules from Gaussian distribution. At the same time, for the molecular optimization task, a molecular optimization model based on CycleGAN was constructed. Experiments showed that the model could generate valid and novel molecules, and the optimized model effectively improves the molecular properties.
Outcomes of normothermic machine perfusion of liver grafts in repeat liver transplantation (NAPLES initiative)
Authors: Hann A. , Lembach H. , Nutu A. , Dassanayake B. , Tillakaratne S. , McKay S. C. , Boteon A. P. C. S. , Boteon Y. L. , Mergental H. , Murphy N. , Bangash M. N. , Neil D. A. H. , Issac J. L. , Javed N. , Faulkner T. , Bennet D. , Moore R. , Vasanth S. , Subash G. , Cuell J. , Rao R. , Cilliers H. , Russel S. , Haydon G. , Mutimer D. , Roberts K. J. , Mirza D. F. , Ferguson J. , Bartlett D. , Isaac J. R. , Rajoriya N. , Armstrong M. J. , Hartog H. , Perera M. T. P. R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Retransplantation candidates are disadvantaged owing to lack of good-quality liver grafts. Strategies that can facilitate transplantation of suboptimal grafts into retransplant candidates require investigation. The aim was to determine whether late liver retransplantation can be performed safely with suboptimal grafts, following normothermic machine perfusion.

Methods
A prospectively enrolled group of patients who required liver retransplantation received a suboptimal graft preserved via normothermic machine perfusion. This group was compared with both historical and contemporaneous cohorts of patient who received grafts preserved by cold storage. The primary outcome was 6-month graft and patient survival.

Results
The normothermic machine perfusion group comprised 26 patients. The historical (cold storage 1) and contemporaneous (cold storage 2) groups comprised 31 and 25 patients respectively. The 6-month graft survival rate did not differ between groups (cold storage 1, 27 of 31, cold storage 2, 22 of 25; normothermic machine perfusion, 22 of 26; P = 0.934). This was despite the normothermic machine perfusion group having significantly more steatotic grafts (8 of 31, 7 of 25, and 14 of 26 respectively; P = 0.006) and grafts previously declined by at least one other transplant centre (5 of 31, 9 of 25, and 21 of 26; P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
In liver retransplantation, normothermic machine perfusion can safely expand graft options without compromising short-term outcomes.
APOE4 derived from astrocytes leads to blood–brain barrier impairment
Authors: Jackson Rosemary J , Meltzer Jonah C , Nguyen Huong , Commins Caitlin , Bennett Rachel E , Hudry Eloise , Hyman Bradley T 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifaceted secreted molecule synthesized in the CNS by astrocytes and microglia, and in the periphery largely by the liver. ApoE has been shown to impact the integrity of the blood–brain barrier, and, in humans, the APOE4 allele of the gene is reported to lead to a leaky blood–brain barrier. We used allele specific knock-in mice expressing each of the common (human) ApoE alleles, and longitudinal multiphoton intravital microscopy, to directly monitor the impact of various ApoE isoforms on blood–brain barrier integrity.
We found that humanized APOE4, but not APOE2 or APOE3, mice show a leaky blood–brain barrier, increased MMP9, impaired tight junctions, and reduced astrocyte end-foot coverage of blood vessels. Removal of astrocyte-produced ApoE4 led to the amelioration of all phenotypes while the removal of astrocyte-produced ApoE3 had no effect on blood–brain barrier integrity.
This work shows a cell specific gain of function effect of ApoE4 in the dysfunction of the BBB and implicates astrocyte production of ApoE4, possibly as a function of astrocytic end foot interactions with vessels, as a key regulator of the integrity of the blood–brain barrier.
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection with delayed-onset myocarditis: case report
Authors: Shen Miles , Milner Aidan , Foppiano Palacios Carlo , Ahmad Tariq 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
During the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, reports have emerged of a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A). Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults can affect various organ systems, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurologic systems without significant respiratory involvement.

Case summary
A previously healthy 43-year-old man presented with fevers and abdominal pain then rapidly deteriorated into cardiogenic shock. His constellation of symptoms along with elevated inflammatory markers in the setting of a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection was consistent with the diagnosis of MIS-A. He also had a comprehensive infectious workup that was unremarkable, ruling out other potential infectious aetiologies for his presentation. He subsequently improved through supportive measures and after administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). He later demonstrated recovery of cardiac function and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed signs consistent with myocarditis.

Discussion
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to be an ongoing issue, it is important to recognize MIS-A, a rare and potentially deadly clinical syndrome that can lead to profound cardiovascular complications. Non-invasive imaging modalities such as cardiac MRI can play a role in the identification of myocarditis. In addition to supportive management, adjunctive therapies such as IVIG may be efficacious in MIS-A and should be further investigated.
Shutdown corner, a large deletion mutant isolated from a haploid mutagenesis screen in zebrafish
Authors: Casey Macaulie A , Hill Jonathon T , Hoshijima Kazuyuki , Bryan Chase D , Gribble Suzanna L , Brown J Thomas , Chien Chi-Bin , Yost H Joseph , Kwan Kristen M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Morphogenesis, the formation of three-dimensional organ structures, requires precise coupling of genetic regulation and complex cell behaviors. The genetic networks governing many morphogenetic systems, including that of the embryonic eye, are poorly understood. In zebrafish, several forward genetic screens have sought to identify factors regulating eye development. These screens often look for eye defects at stages after the optic cup is formed and when retinal neurogenesis is under way. This approach can make it difficult to identify mutants specific for morphogenesis, as opposed to neurogenesis. To this end, we carried out a forward genetic, small-scale haploid mutagenesis screen in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to identify factors that govern optic cup morphogenesis. We screened ∼100 genomes and isolated shutdown corner (sco), a mutant that exhibits multiple tissue defects and harbors a ∼10-Mb deletion that encompasses 89 annotated genes. Using a combination of live imaging and antibody staining, we found cell proliferation, cell death, and tissue patterning defects in the sco optic cup. We also observed other phenotypes, including paralysis, neuromuscular defects, and ocular vasculature defects. To date, the largest deletion mutants reported in zebrafish are engineered using CRISPR-Cas9 and are less than 300 kb. Because of the number of genes within the deletion interval, shutdown corner [Df(Chr05:sco)z207] could be a useful resource to the zebrafish community, as it may be helpful for gene mapping, understanding genetic interactions, or studying many genes lost in the mutant.
Fission stories: using PomBase to understand Schizosaccharomyces pombe biology
Authors: Harris Midori A , Rutherford Kim M , Hayles Jacqueline , Lock Antonia , Bähler Jürg , Oliver Stephen G , Mata Juan , Wood Valerie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
PomBase (www.pombase.org), the model organism database (MOD) for the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, supports research within and beyond the S. pombe community by integrating and presenting genetic, molecular, and cell biological knowledge into intuitive displays and comprehensive data collections. With new content, novel query capabilities, and biologist-friendly data summaries and visualization, PomBase also drives innovation in the MOD community.
JaponicusDB: rapid deployment of a model organism database for an emerging model species
Authors: Rutherford Kim M , Harris Midori A , Oliferenko Snezhana , Wood Valerie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus has recently emerged as a powerful system for studying the evolution of essential cellular processes, drawing on similarities as well as key differences between S. japonicus and the related, well-established model Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We have deployed the open-source, modular code and tools originally developed for PomBase, the S. pombe model organism database (MOD), to create JaponicusDB (www.japonicusdb.org), a new MOD dedicated to S. japonicus. By providing a central resource with ready access to a growing body of experimental data, ontology-based curation, seamless browsing and querying, and the ability to integrate new data with existing knowledge, JaponicusDB supports fission yeast biologists to a far greater extent than any other source of S. japonicus data. JaponicusDB thus enables S. japonicus researchers to realize the full potential of studying a newly emerging model species and illustrates the widely applicable power and utility of harnessing reusable PomBase code to build a comprehensive, community-maintainable repository of species-relevant knowledge.
Lack of Association of Elder Mistreatment With Mortality
Authors: Pillemer Karl , Burnes David , Hancock David , Eckenrode John , Rosen Tony , MacNeil Andie , Lachs Mark S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Prior research is limited and inconsistent on the degree to which elder mistreatment (EM) is associated with mortality. This study uses data from a 10-year, prospective, population-based study of EM to determine the adjusted effects of EM on older adult mortality, after controlling for other health and socioeconomic covariates.

Methods
The New York State Elder Mistreatment Prevalence Study conducted a random-sample telephone survey of older adults (n = 4 156) in 2009 (Wave 1). The current study employs EM and covariate data from Wave 1 and data on mortality status through Wave 2 (2019). EM was operationalized both as experiencing EM and as severity of EM. The survey measured overall EM and separate subtypes (emotional, physical, and financial abuse, and neglect).

Results
The hypothesis was not supported that abused and neglected older people would have higher rates of death over the study. Individuals who were victims of EM were no more likely to die over the following 10 years, compared with those who were not mistreated, after controlling for covariates. Furthermore, the severity of EM, as measured by the frequency of mistreatment behaviors, also was not associated with mortality risk.

Conclusions
The finding that self-reported EM did not raise the risk of earlier death in this sample is encouraging. Future research should work to identify factors that may moderate the relationship between EM and mortality, such as social support/isolation, quality of family relationships, or involvement with formal support service systems.