bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal and spatial propagule deposition patterns of the emerging fungal pathogen of chestnut Gnomoniopsis castaneae in orchards of north‐western Italy
Authors: Lione Guglielmo , Giordano Luana , Sillo Fabiano , Brescia Francesca , Gonthier Paolo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTwo chestnut (Castanea sativa) orchards of north‐western Italy were sampled with passive spore traps 35 times over 24 months. Samples were analysed through a newly developed quantitative PCR assay to quantify propagule loads of the emerging fungal pathogen Gnomoniopsis castaneae. Average propagule deposition patterns were assessed along with temporal and climatic variables, including sampling month and season, temperatures, relative humidity, precipitations, and wind. Machine learning algorithms combining information theory, fractal analysis, unbiased recursive partitioning, ordinary least squares and logistic regressions, were used to model propagule deposition patterns. The trained models were validated on independent data gathered from 24 samplings conducted in a third chestnut orchard during the same timeframe. Results showed that propagule deposition rate (DR) was variable within and among sites, with a site average ranging from 173 to 765 spores ⋅m−2 ⋅h−1. Propagule deposition was observed across all seasons, although the DR dropped substantially during wintertime (p < 0.05). Mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures, the growing degree days at 0 and 5℃ thresholds, and wind gust were all positively correlated (p < 0.05) with DR of G. castaneae. The trained models were all significant (p < 0.05), as well as their validation (p < 0.05). Fluctuations of propagule deposition throughout the year were consistent among sites and proved to be driven by temperatures. Wind gust was associated with the overall amount of propagules deposited at site level. In future, the increase in temperatures and strong winds as a result of climate change may boost the spread of G. castaneae.
Preformed aerenchyma determines the differential tolerance response under partial submergence imposed by fresh and saline water flooding in rice
Authors: Chakraborty Koushik , Ray Soham , Vijayan Joshitha , Molla Kutubuddin A. , Nagar Ramawatar , Jena Priyanka , Mondal Subhankar , Panda Binay B. , Shaw Birendra Prasad , Swain Padmini , Chattopadhyay Krishnendu , Sarkar Ramani K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPlant's response to fresh‐ and saline‐water flooding and the resulting partial submergence, seems different due to the added complexities of element toxicity of salinity. We identified a few rice genotypes which can tolerate combined stresses of partial submergence and salinity during saline water flooding. To gain mechanistic insights, we compared two rice genotypes: Varshadhan (freshwater‐flooding tolerant) and Rashpanjor (both fresh‐ and saline‐water flooding tolerant). We found greater ethylene production and increased “respiratory burst oxidase homolog” (RBOH)‐mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production led to well‐developed constitutive aerenchyma formation in Rashpanjor, which makes it preadapted to withstand fresh‐ and saline‐water flooding. On the contrary, an induced aerenchyma formation‐dependent tolerance mechanism of Varshadhan worked well for freshwater flooding but failed to provide tolerance to saline‐water flooding. Additional salt stress was found to significantly inhibit the induced aerenchyma formation process due to the dampening of ROS signaling by the action of metallothionein in Varshadhan. Besides, inconspicuous changes in ionic regulation processes in these two genotypes under saline‐water flooding suggest preadapted constitutive aerenchyma formation plays a more significant role than elemental toxicity per se in tolerating combined stresses encountered during saline water flooding in rice. Overall, our study indicated that well‐developed constitutive aerenchyma provide an adaptive advantage during partial submergence due to saline water flooding in rice as the key process of induced aerenchyma formation is hampered in the presence of salinity stress coupled with partial submergence.
The effect of lexical status on prosodic processing in infants learning a fixed stress language
Authors: Ragó Anett , Varga Zsuzsanna , Garami Linda , Honbolygó Ferenc , Csépe Valéria 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn speech processing, in the first year of life, prosody and phoneme‐relevant aspects serve different functions. Recent studies have assumed that the two aspects become integrated at around 9 months of age. The present study investigates the effect of lexical status on stress processing in a fixed stress language. We hypothesize that lexicality modulates stress processing, and where the stress cue is in conflict with the lexical status (legal deviant condition), we will observe differences in age indicating the stage of integration. We tested 69 6 and 10 month‐old infants in an acoustic oddball event‐related potential paradigm. A frequent word stimulus (baba) and a pseudoword (bebe) were used with legal versus illegal stress. We systematically swapped the standard and deviant roles of the different stress variants in two conditions. In the illegal deviant condition in the case of the word stimulus, the response pattern typical for the pseudoword (an MMR to the absence of the stress cue) was missing. This implies the suppression effect of lexicality. In the legal deviant condition, negative MMR (N‐MMR) in the second time window indicated a facilitation effect of lexicality in both age groups. As only the 6‐month‐olds produced an N‐MMR in the first time window, we concluded that in a fixed stress language, integration starts at 6 months but is only completed by the age of 10 months. Our results show that lexical status modulates stress processing at word level in a highly regularly stressed language in which stable, long‐term language‐specific stress representation exists from early infancy.
Does the quality of institutions matter for foreign investment concentration in Africa? Understanding the controversial role of international aid
Authors: Feulefack Kemmanang Ludovic , Dongmo Zamké Jonas Juleo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article investigates how the quality of institutions shapes foreign direct investment (FDI) concentration and assesses the impact on African attractiveness, controlling the effect of bilateral aid. Based on data from 37 African countries over the period 2009–2018 and using the generalized method of moments, the paper finds that FDI concentration crowds out FDI inflows from countries other than the former colonizer, causing Africa to lose nearly three‐quarters of its potential. In contrast, investors from the old metropolis exhibit an accommodation effect on their former colonies' characteristics. Our study also finds that there is an inverse relationship between the quality of institutions and FDI concentration. Besides, bilateral aid from countries other than the former metropolis reduces FDI concentration, while bilateral aid from the former colonizer strengthens FDI concentration. Finally, the study shows that bilateral aid modulates the impact of the quality of institutions, such as aid from the former colonizer reduces the impact of the quality of institutions, while aid from other countries reinforces its marginal effect. Therefore, African countries should consider undertaking reforms to build institutions strong enough to improve their attractiveness and divest from the grip of international aid.
On being moved: Black joy and mobilities in (extra)ordinary times
Authors: Hirsch Lioba 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis piece reflects on the twofold iteration of being moved both emotionally and geographically while Black in inner‐city London. Based on the description of a brief autoethnographic moment taken during the first government‐mandated COVID‐19 lockdown in the UK, the contribution explores the intimate and embodied meaning of restrictions on Black movement and their impact on the experience of Black joy.
Evaluation of a new multiple regression model based on biochemical parameters for the distinction of canine exudates and transudates
Authors: Alonso Flavio H. , Mattoso Claudio R. S. , Leme Fabiola O. P. , Paes Paulo R. O. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe classification of effusions in human medicine currently uses biochemical parameters of verified analytical accuracy, while veterinary medicine is traditionally guided by protein content (TP) and total nucleated cell count (TNCC) in the effusion, without solid scientific support.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the accuracy of the current veterinary classification system to distinguish transudates from exudates and create new tools involving biochemical parameters that better classify canine cavitary effusions.MethodsClinical, laboratory, and imaging data from 250 canine pleural and peritoneal effusions were retrospectively and prospectively collected, organized, and statistically evaluated. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using biochemical and cellular parameters.ResultsFor identifying exudates, the accuracy (87.7%, n = 204) of the best traditional classification system (TNCC > 3000 cells/μL) was similar to that of the individual biochemical cutoff values with the greatest accuracy in the abdominal cavity (eg, cholesterol, CHO‐E > 40.1 mg/dL, 87.3%, n = 55). The accuracy of albumin (ALB‐E > 0.8 g/dL) in the pleural cavity was nonetheless higher (100%, n = 23). The best multiple predictive models for any cavity used the percentage of neutrophils and CHO‐E (n = 72), presenting an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for the diagnosis of exudate of 88%, 96%, and 67%, respectively.ConclusionsBiochemical classification of pleural effusions has a higher accuracy than the traditional system (based on TP and TNCC). Utility and cutoff of analytes are different for each cavity. Implementing a multiple regression model or establishing ratios or gradients with concurrent serum values adds no significant improvement in the diagnostic potential of distinguishing transudate and exudates in dogs.
Assessment of the impact of age and of blood‐derived inflammatory markers in horses with colitis
Authors: Sage Sophie E. , Bedenice Daniela , McKinney Caroline A. , Long Alicia E. , Pacheco Ana , Wagner Bettina , Mazan Melissa R. , Paradis Mary Rose 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the impact of age on survival in horses with colitis and to elucidate whether a lower type‐1/type‐2 cytokine ratio or an exaggerated inflammatory state contribute to reduced survival in aged horses.DesignPart 1: Retrospective cohort analysis. Part 2: Analytic observational study.AnimalsPart 1: One hundred twenty‐four adult horses with colitis. Part 2: Twenty‐nine adult horses with new diarrhea onset while hospitalized.Measurements and main resultsPart 1: Patient signalment, select clinicopathological data, diagnoses, treatment, hospitalization length, and invoice were compared between survivors (n = 101) and nonsurvivors (n = 23). Only age and plasma transfusion retained statistical significance in the final multivariate outcome model, with 8.5 times lower odds of survival in transfused horses (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6‐27.2%). Additionally, the likelihood of nonsurvival increased by 11.8% (95% CI, 4‐20.2%) for every year the horse aged (P = 0.002). Similarly, geriatric horses (≥20 years) were 15.2 times more likely to die than young‐adults (2‐12 years,P = 0.03), independent of financial investment, documented comorbidities, and duration of hospitalization. Part 2: Select cytokine analyses were performed on serum collected from hospitalized horses within 1 hour of diarrhea onset (T0) and 6 hours later. At T0, all recorded clinicopathological variables were comparable between geriatric and young‐adult horses, suggesting a similar degree of systemic illness. The median concentration of type‐2 cytokines interleukin‐4 and interleukin‐10, and type‐1 cytokine interferon‐γ did not differ between age groups. Inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α were significantly higher in geriatric compared to young‐adult horses at both sampling time points.ConclusionsOutcome of colitis was less favorable in aging horses and patients receiving a plasma transfusion. Although an exaggerated inflammatory state, based on increased interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α concentrations, in geriatric horses may contribute to reduced survival, a lower type‐1/type‐2 cytokines ratio was not identified in our geriatric population.
The prognostic value of admission point‐of‐care testing and modified Glasgow Coma Scale score in dogs and cats with traumatic brain injuries (2007–2010): 212 cases
Authors: Cameron Starr , Weltman Joel G. , Fletcher Daniel J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the association between admission point‐of‐care parameters and survival to discharge in dogs and cats with traumatic brain injury (TBI).DesignRetrospective study 2007–2010.SettingA rural university teaching hospital and an urban private practice teaching hospital.AnimalsOne hundred thirty‐one dogs and 81 cats admitted to the emergency service with evidence of head injury based on history from the owner or physical exam.Measurements and Main ResultsIn dogs, nonsurvivors had significantly higher glucose concentrations at admission than survivors (median = 8.49 mmol/L [153 mg/dl] vs 6.83 mmol/L [123 mg/dl], p = 0.039). In cats, there was no significant difference in admission glucose between survivors and nonsurvivors (median = 10.21 mmol/L [184 mg/dl] vs 10.93 mmol/L [197 mg/dl], p = 0.17). Modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MGCS) score was available for 105 of the 131 dogs (80%) and was significantly higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors (median = 16 vs 11, p < 0.0001). MGCS was available for 45 of the 81 cats (56%) and was significantly higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors (median = 17 vs 14, p = 0.0005). The relative prognostic value of the admission point‐of‐care testing parameters and MGCS were assessed using a stepwise linear regression model, which included admission glucose, pH, base excess, sodium, and MGCS. In dogs, only admission glucose was an independent predictor of survival (odds ratio = 1.027, 95% confidence interval, 1.0042–1.05, p = 0.019).ConclusionsThese results suggest that, as in people with TBI, increased blood glucose concentrations may have prognostic significance in dogs with TBI but not in cats. In addition, MGCS score may be predictive of survival in both dogs and cats with TBI.
Implementation of a postarrest debriefing tool in a veterinary university hospital
Authors: Timothy Clare L. , Brown Andrew J. , Thomas Emily K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the use of a postarrest debriefing tool (DBT) within a university teaching hospital and to evaluate user perceptions of the tool.DesignObservational study over a 1‐year period and associated hospital clinical personnel survey.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.InterventionsQualitative data surrounding the use and utility of the DBT were analyzed, as well as survey results.Measurements and Main ResultsForty‐four arrests occurred during the study period. Debriefing was performed after 26 of 44 (59%) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) events, of which 22 of 26 (85%) were recorded using the DBT and four without the DBT. Return of spontaneous circulation did not significantly affect the use of the DBT (p = 0.753). Most events in which debriefing was not performed occurred outside of business hours (13/18; 72%). The most frequent positive debriefing comments related to cooperation/coordination within the team (22/167; 13%). The most frequent negative debriefing comments concerned equipment issues (36/167; 22%). Of the action points generated, 57% (34/60) were directed at equipment use/availability. Teams reported that emergency drugs were appropriately administered in 21 of 22 (95%) cases. In contrast, closed loop communication was reportedly only used during 6 of 22 (27%) events.The hospital survey response rate was 56 of 338 (17%) clinical staff, of whom 37 of 56 (66%) agreed or strongly agreed that debriefing had improved team performance during CPR. Overall, 33 of 56 (60%) staff felt that the DBT had improved the debriefing process at the hospital. However, 3 of 56 (5%) staff members felt that they were unable to state their opinions in a blame‐free environment during debriefing.ConclusionsImplementation of a DBT enabled formal identification of strengths and training needs of resuscitation teams, and its implementation was viewed positively by the majority of hospital staff. However, further refinement of the tool and prospective studies evaluating its efficacy in improving outcome are warranted.
Induction of emesis with apomorphine using a novel gingival administration method in dogs
Authors: Eurell Terri E. , Peacock Rachel E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a novel method of inducing emesis in the dog using gingival administration of apomorphine, compare the efficacy of inducing emesis with gingival apomorphine to conjunctival apomorphine, and describe adverse effects associated with the gingival route.DesignRetrospective study from January 2017 to September 2018.SettingIndependent all‐hours primary and secondary emergency and critical care referral center.AnimalsFive hundred fifty‐eight client‐owned dogs.Measurements and Main ResultsThe medical records of dogs presenting for induction of emesis were searched. Dogs receiving either gingival or conjunctival apomorphine were included in the study. A short online survey was sent to clients whose dogs received gingival apomorphine. Apomorphine was administered conjunctivally in 430 (77.1%) dogs and gingivally in 128 (22.9%) dogs. There was no difference between route of administration and success of emesis (p = 0.29). A total of 14 clients responded to the survey, and diarrhea, lethargy, hyperactivity, and sedation were reported as adverse effects of gingival apomorphine administration. No clients sought veterinary attention for any of the adverse effects reported.ConclusionsGingival administration of apomorphine is easy, appears to be safe, and is an effective method of inducing emesis in the dog. Gingival administration of apomorphine may be considered in cases where parenteral administration is not feasible and could replace conjunctival administration in compliant dogs.
THE NATURE OF TIME AS A PUZZLE FOR NATURALISM
Authors: Saulson Peter 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTime can only be understood within physics as a special dimension of a four‐dimensional reality given “all at once” in its totality. There seems to be no way that a special moment (“now”) can be distinguished. Within human experience, however, the feel of time is vivid: now is intensely present, and time flows from one now to another. This dramatic difference, between the realm of personal experience and the realm of material existence, raises doubt about the unity of the concept of nature and thus about the attraction of naturalism. Following the thought of Abraham Joshua Heschel, I explore whether a solely physical universe can serve as an appropriate whole of an existence that also includes persons. Heschel argues that the whole of existence needs to have a personal character as well, in other words God.
Design and Fabrication of Leadless Package Structure for Pressure Sensors
Authors: Tian Junwang , Jin Zhong , Tang Xin , Peng Wenxian , Liu Junfu , Liu Yunpeng , Chen Taotao , Xiao Jinqing , Li Junhui 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Silicon piezoresistive pressure sensors can only operate below 125 °C due to the leakage current of the PN junction. However, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) high-temperature pressure sensors use SiO2 for total dielectric isolation to solve this problem. At present, SOI high-temperature pressure sensors mostly use lead bonding package structure, with gold wire to lead the electrical signal and silicone oil as the protection medium, but the working temperature of silicone oil is limited to about 150 °C. In this paper, the leadless package structure is designed using pressure conduction on the backside of the chip and replacing the gold wire with sintered silver paste. The materials and dimensions of the leadless package structure are determined and then obtained a complete package structure through manufacturing. The reliability of the leadless package structure after silver paste sintering was verified by finite element analysis, and the results showed that the thermal stress caused by high and low-temperature cycles in the leadless package is minimal and does not affect the sensitivity of the pressure-sensitive chip. The size of the leadless package structure was optimized by Taguchi orthogonal method, and the maximum thermal stress was effectively reduced. Also, the key factors affecting the thermal stress of the leadless package in the package structure were identified by the variance number analysis method. The optimized leadless package structure size was remanufactured, and the sintered package structure was tested. The data show that the sensitivity of the pressure sensor is 30.82 mV/MPa with a nonlinearity of less than 0.4% full-scale (FS).
An Experimental Investigation of In Situ Combustion in High Permeability Contrast Systems
Authors: Deniz-Paker Melek , Cinar Murat 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A significant portion of world oil reserves reside in naturally fractured reservoirs and a considerable amount of these resources includes heavy oil and bitumen. Thermal enhanced oil recovery methods (EOR) are mostly applied in heavy oil reservoirs to improve oil recovery. In situ combustion (ISC) is one of the thermal EOR methods that could be applicable in a variety of reservoirs. Unlike steam, heat is generated in situ due to the injection of air or oxygen enriched air into a reservoir. Energy is provided by multi-step reactions between oxygen and the fuel at particular temperatures underground. This method upgrades the oil in situ while the heaviest fraction of the oil is burned during the process. The application of ISC in fractured reservoirs is challenging since the injected air would flow through the fracture and a small portion of oil in the/near fracture would react with the injected air. Only a few researchers have studied ISC in fractured or high permeability contrast systems experimentally. For in situ combustion to be applied in fractured systems in an efficient way, the underlying mechanism needs to be understood. In this study, the major focus is permeability variation that is the most prominent feature of fractured systems. The effect of orientation and width of the region with higher permeability on the sustainability of front propagation are studied. The contrast in permeability was experimentally simulated with sand of different particle size. These higher permeability regions are analogous to fractures within a naturally fractured rock. Several ISC tests with sand-pack were carried out to obtain a better understanding of the effect of horizontal, vertical, and combined (both vertical and horizontal) orientation of the high permeability region with respect to air flow to investigate the conditions that are required for a self-sustained front propagation and to understand the fundamental behavior. Within the experimental conditions of the study, the test results showed that combustion front propagated faster in the higher permeability region. In addition, horizontal orientation almost had no effect on the sustainability of the front; however, it affected oxygen consumption, temperature, and velocity of the front. On the contrary, the vertical orientation of the higher permeability region had a profound effect on the sustainability of the combustion front. The combustion behavior was poorer for the tests with vertical orientation, yet the produced oil API gravity was higher. Based on the experimental results, a mechanism has been proposed to explain the behavior of combustion front in systems with high permeability contrast.