bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agreement in Risk of Bias Assessment Between RobotReviewer and Human Reviewers: An Evaluation Study on Randomised Controlled Trials in Nursing‐Related Cochrane Reviews
Authors: Hirt Julian , Meichlinger Jasmin , Schumacher Petra , Mueller Gerhard 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeRobotReviewer is a machine learning system for semi‐automated assistance in risk of bias assessment. The tools’s performance in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the field of nursing remains unknown. We aimed therefore to evaluate the agreement in risk of bias assessment between RobotReviewer and human reviewers.DesignEvaluation study using a retrospective diagnostic design.MethodsWe used RobotReviewer as the index test and human reviewers’ risk of bias assessment reported in Cochrane reviews as the reference test. A convenience sample of electronically available English‐language full texts of RCTs included in Cochrane reviews with nurs* in the title were eligible for inclusion. In this context, we assessed random sequence generation, allocation concealment, and blinding (personnel or participants and assessors) corresponding to Cochrane risk of bias version 2011. Two independent research teams performed and double‐checked data extraction and analysis. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the area under the ROC curve, predictive values, observed percentage of agreement, and Cohen’s kappa (including confidence intervals, if applicable).FindingsThe selection process yielded 190 RCTs published between 1958 and 2016 in 23 Cochrane reviews published between 2000 and 2018. Missing assessments of risk of bias domains in Cochrane reviews or RobotReviewer yielded varying sample sizes per risk of bias domain. Sensitivity ranged from 0.44 to 0.88 and specificity from 0.48 to 0.95. Positive predictive value was highest for allocation concealment (0.79) and lowest for blinding assessors (0.25). Cohen’s kappa was moderate for randomization (0.52), allocation concealment (0.60), and for blinding of personnel/patients (0.43). Blinding of outcome assessors had only slight agreement (0.04).ConclusionsThis is the first evaluation of risk of bias assessment by RobotReviewer in RCTs included in nursing‐related Cochrane reviews. It yielded a moderate degree of agreement with human reviewers for randomization and allocation concealment, and an adequate sensitivity for detecting low risk of selection bias.Clinical RelevanceBased on our results, using the RobotReviewer for risk of bias assessment in RCTs can be supportive in some risk of bias domains. However, human reviewers should supervise the semi‐automated assessment process.
Stop making sense?
Authors: Valdesolo Piercarlo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEpistemic emotions, like awe and wonder, involve a recognition that one can neither understand nor exert meaningful control over one's environment. While researchers and writers have emphasized the beneficial consequences of such states, their potentially destructive consequences have been underexamined. The conditions under which these states promote individual well‐being and societal flourishing must be specified.
Absolute blood volume variations and vascular refilling in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Álvarez Nadal Marta , Viera Ramírez Elizabeth Romelia , Martín Capón Irene , Fernández Lucas Milagros 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe imbalance between ultrafiltration volume (UF) and vascular refilling is considered a major cause for intradialytic hypotension. Recent studies report a noninvasive method to estimate vascular refilling (VREF) by determining absolute blood volume (ABV). It was the aim of the study to analyze variations in ABV in a group of hemodialysis (HD) patients and examine VREF. Thirty one stable chronic HD patients were studied, aged 71.07 ± 13.31 years. Dialysis duration and UF requirements were based on physician prescription. VREF was calculated as: VREF = VUF − ΔV where ΔV is ABV variation during dialysis treatment. ABV at the beginning of the dialysis was 6.00 ± 2.39 L (92.82 ± 33.17 ml/kg) and at the end 5.38 ± 2.32 L (82.07 ± 31.41 ml/kg). Prescribed UF was 2.64 ± 0.83 L. Mean VREF was 2.05 ± 0.80 L, with a refilling fraction of 75.75 ± 12.79%. VREF was strongly correlated with UF volume (r2 0.877), and with pre‐dialysis volume overload (r2 0.617). Patients under beta‐blocker treatment showed significantly lower FREF. ABV measurement is an easy and noninvasive method that allows us to study VREF during HD. We found a strong correlation between VREF and UF.
Evaluation of the Perceived Barriers and Facilitators to Timely Extubation of Critically Ill Adults: An Interprofessional Survey
Authors: Balas Michele C. , Tate Judith , Tan Alai , Pinion Brennon , Exline Matthew 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundSpontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) are an evidence‐based way of identifying patients ready for mechanical ventilation (MV) liberation. Despite their effectiveness, global SBT performance rates remain suboptimal, and many patients who demonstrate the ability to breathe on their own remain on MV. The factors that influence clinicians’ decision to discontinue MV following a successful SBT remain unclear.AimsThe aim of this study was to explore the underlying causes of extubation delays in the intensive care unit (ICU) from an interprofessional perspective.MethodsAn exploratory, descriptive, cross‐sectional design was used. An online survey was administered in December 2019 to clinicians practicing in three ICUs at a single medical center in the U.S. Survey questions focused on clinicians’ perceptions of current MV liberation practices and perceived barriers or facilitators to timely extubation after a successful SBT.ResultsOf 425 eligible clinicians, 135 completed the survey (31.7% response rate). The majority of clinicians believed the current SBT and extubation process took too long (n = 108; 80.0%) and that this delay negatively affected patient outcomes. While professional groups differed in their rankings of importance, factors perceived to contribute to extubation delays most commonly included SBT timing, low provider confidence levels in making extubation decisions, and patient‐specific factors. Potential strategies to overcome these barriers included developing an automated extubation protocol, performing SBTs when the provider responsible for final extubation decisions is physically present, and decreasing clinician perception of reprimand or condemnation for failed extubations.Linking Evidence to ActionThe MV liberation process is complex and dependent on the decisions of various ICU professionals. Clinicians perceive a number of potentially modifiable provider‐ and organizational‐level factors that cause extubation delays in everyday practice. Understanding and addressing these barriers is essential for improving ICU quality and patient outcomes. Future research should explore the effect of nurse and respiratory therapist‐driven extubation protocols on MV liberation rates.
Fracture Injury Risk of the Restrained Mandible to Anterior–Posterior Blunt Impacts
Authors: Daniel Ray W. , Weisenbach Charles A. , McGovern Shannon M. , Rooks Tyler F. , Chancey Valeta Carol , Brozoski Frederick T. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study describes the results of anterior–posterior impacts conducted on the mandibles of 22 male postmortem human subjects (PMHSs). The objective of this study was to develop an injury criterion for the mandible based on blunt impact while the jaw was restrained. Previous studies have attempted to characterize the injury risk of blunt impact to the mandible; however, due to the translation of the mandible during impact and a limited number of fractured specimens, previous studies were not able to produce an injury criterion. Blunt impact to a restrained mandible is relevant to a wide array of helmeted individuals, including the military population and sports that require helmets with chinstraps. Therefore, in this study, specimens were positioned with restrained jaws and impacted using a monorail drop tower with a gravity-driven cylindrical impactor. Nineteen of 22 specimens sustained at least one fracture during testing. Injury cases had an average impact energy of 15.0 ± 5.7 J (11.1 ± 4.2 ft-lb) and a fracture force of 2684 ± 726 N (603 ± 163 lbf). Results were used to generate an impactor force based injury criterion through survival analysis. Risk of injury was modeled using a Weibull distribution and a 50% risk of injury was found to occur at approximately 2834 N (637 lbf). The developed injury risk curve can be used to characterize injury to the restrained mandible for future testing and research studies, especially in the development of maxillofacial protective equipment.
Unavoidable shear from quantum fluctuations in contracting cosmologies
Authors: Grain Julien , Vennin Vincent 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContracting cosmologies are known to be flawed with a shear instability, where the contribution from the anisotropic stress to the overall energy density grows as $$a^{-6}$$

a

-
6

, with a the scale factor. Classically, whether or not this contribution becomes important before the bounce depends on its initial value, which can always be sufficiently fine tuned to make it irrelevant. However, vacuum quantum fluctuations inevitably provide a non-vanishing source of anisotropic stress. In this work, we compute the minimum amount of shear that is obtained if one assumes that it vanishes initially, but lets quantum fluctuations build it up. In practice, we consider a massless test scalar field, and describe its quantum fluctuations by means of the stochastic “inflation” (though here applied to a contracting phase) formalism. We find that, if the equation-of-state parameter of the contraction satisfies $$w>-1/9$$

w
>
-
1
/
9

, regardless of when the contracting phase is initiated, the time at which the shear becomes sizeable is always when the Hubble scale approaches the Planck mass (which is also where the bounce is expected to take place). However, if $$w<-1/9$$

w
<
-
1
/
9

, the shear backreaction becomes important much earlier, at a point that depends on the overall amount of contraction.
Mesoproterozoic
40
Ar–
39
Ar ages of some lamproites from the Cuddapah Basin and Eastern Dharwar Craton, southern India: implications for diamond provenance of the Banganapalle Conglomerates, age of the Kurnool Group and Columbia tectonics
Authors: Kumar Alok , Talukdar Debojit , Rao N. V. Chalapathi , Burgess R. , Lehmann B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

We report Mesoproterozoic
40
Ar–
39
Ar (whole-rock) ages of lamproites from (i) the Ramadugu field (R4 dyke : 1434 ± 19 Ma and R5 dyke: 1334 ± 12 Ma) and the Krishna field (Pochampalle dyke: 1439 ± 3 Ma and Tirumalgiri dyke: 1256 ± 12 Ma) from the Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) and (ii) the Garledinne (1433 ± 8 Ma) and the Chelima (1373 ± 6 Ma) dykes from within the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic Cuddapah Basin, southern India. The ages reported for the Ramadugu and Tirumalgiri lamproites constitute their first radiometric dates. Ages of the Pochampalle and the Chelima lamproites from this study are broadly comparable to their previously reported
40
Ar–
39
Ar (phlogopite) ages of
c.
1500 Ma and 1418 ± 8 Ma, respectively. The ages of all these lamproites are much older than those of the (i)
c.
1.1 Ga kimberlites from the Wajrakarur and Narayanpet fields of the EDC and (ii)
c.
1.09 Ga lamproitic dykes at Zangamarajupalle which intrude the Cumbum Formation of the Cuddapah Basin. However, the age of the Tirumalgiri lamproite (
c.
1256 Ma) is similar to that of the Ramannapeta lamproite (
c.
1224 Ma) within the Krishna field. Our study provides evidence for protracted ultrapotassic (lamproitic) magmatism from
c.
1.43 to 1.1 Ga over a widespread area (
c.
2500 km
2
) in and around the Cuddapah Basin and the EDC. Implications of the obtained new ages for the diamond provenance of the Banganapalle Conglomerates, the age of the Kurnool Group and for the timing of break-up of the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent of Columbia/Nuna are explored.
V-ATPase Inhibition Decreases Mutant Androgen Receptor Activity in Castrate-resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Whitton Bradleigh , Okamoto Haruko , Rose-Zerilli Matthew , Packham Graham , Crabb Simon J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Prostate cancer is critically dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Despite initial responsiveness to androgen deprivation, most patients with advanced prostate cancer subsequently progress to a clinically aggressive castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) phenotype, typically associated with expression of splice-variant or mutant AR forms. Although current evidence suggests that the vacuolar-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multiprotein complex that catalyzes proton transport across intracellular and plasma membranes, influences wild-type AR function, the effect of V-ATPase inhibition on variant AR function is unknown.
Inhibition of V-ATPase reduced AR function in wild-type and mutant AR luciferase reporter models. In hormone-sensitive prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, DuCaP) and mutant AR CRPC cell lines (22Rv1, LNCaP-F877L/T878A), V-ATPase inhibition using bafilomycin-A1 and concanamycin-A reduced AR expression, and expression of AR target genes, at mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, combining chemical V-ATPase inhibition with the AR antagonist enzalutamide resulted in a greater reduction in AR downstream target expression than enzalutamide alone in LNCaP cells. To investigate the role of individual subunit isoforms, siRNA and CRISPR-Cas9 were used to target the V1C1 subunit in 22Rv1 cells. Whereas transfection with ATP6V1C1-targeted siRNA significantly reduced AR protein levels and function, CRISPR-Cas9–mediated V1C1 knockout showed no substantial change in AR expression, but a compensatory increase in protein levels of the alternate V1C2 isoform.
Overall, these results indicate that V-ATPase dysregulation is directly linked to both hormone-responsive prostate cancer and CRPC via impact on AR function. In particular, V-ATPase inhibition can reduce AR signaling regardless of mutant AR expression.
Matched Targeted Therapy for Pediatric Patients with Relapsed, Refractory, or High-Risk Leukemias: A Report from the LEAP Consortium
Authors: Pikman Yana , Tasian Sarah K. , Sulis Maria Luisa , Stevenson Kristen , Blonquist Traci M. , Apsel Winger Beth , Cooper Todd M. , Pauly Melinda , Maloney Kelly W. , Burke Michael J. , Brown Patrick A. , Gossai Nathan , McNeer Jennifer L. , Shukla Neerav N. , Cole Peter D. , Kahn Justine M. , Chen Jing , Barth Matthew J. , Magee Jeffrey A. , Gennarini Lisa , Adhav Asmani A. , Clinton Catherine M. , Ocasio-Martinez Nicole , Gotti Giacomo , Li Yuting , Lin Shan , Imamovic Alma , Tognon Cristina E. , Patel Tasleema , Faust Haley L. , Contreras Cristina F. , Cremer Anjali , Cortopassi Wilian A. , Garrido Ruiz Diego , Jacobson Matthew P. , Dharia Neekesh V. , Su Angela , Robichaud Amanda L. , Saur Conway Amy , Tarlock Katherine , Stieglitz Elliot , Place Andrew E. , Puissant Alexandre , Hunger Stephen P. , Kim Annette S. , Lindeman Neal I. , Gore Lia , Janeway Katherine A. , Silverman Lewis B. , Tyner Jeffrey W. , Harris Marian H. , Loh Mignon L. , Stegmaier Kimberly 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Despite a remarkable increase in the genomic profiling of cancer, integration of genomic discoveries into clinical care has lagged behind. We report the feasibility of rapid identification of targetable mutations in 153 pediatric patients with relapsed/refractory or high-risk leukemias enrolled on a prospective clinical trial conducted by the LEAP Consortium. Eighteen percent of patients had a high confidence Tier 1 or 2 recommendation. We describe clinical responses in the 14% of patients with relapsed/refractory leukemia who received the matched targeted therapy. Further, in order to inform future targeted therapy for patients, we validated variants of uncertain significance, performed ex vivo drug-sensitivity testing in patient leukemia samples, and identified new combinations of targeted therapies in cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models. These data and our collaborative approach should inform the design of future precision medicine trials.

Significance:
Patients with relapsed/refractory leukemias face limited treatment options. Systematic integration of precision medicine efforts can inform therapy. We report the feasibility of identifying targetable mutations in children with leukemia and describe correlative biology studies validating therapeutic hypotheses and novel mutations.
See related commentary by Bornhauser and Bourquin, p. 1322.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1307
“It's Not You, It's Me”: Prices, Quality, and Switching in U.S.-China Trade Relationships
Authors: Monarch Ryan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Costs from switching suppliers can affect prices by discouraging buyer movements from high- to low-cost sellers. This paper uses confidential data on U.S. importers and their Chinese exporters to investigate these costs. I find barriers to supplier adjustments: nearly half of importers keep their partner over time. Importers switch less if their supplier offers higher quality or provides lower prices. I propose and structurally estimate a dynamic discrete choice model to compute switching costs. Cost estimates are large, heterogeneous across products, and matter for trade prices: halving switching costs reduces the U.S.-China Import Price Index by 7.6%.
The Ethiopian staple food crop enset (Ensete ventricosum) assessed for the first time for resistance against the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus goodeyi
Authors: Kidane Selamawit A. , Meressa Beira H. , Haukeland Solveig , Hvoslef-Eide Anne Kathrine (Trine) , Coyne Danny L. 
Published: February 2021

Summary
Pratylenchus goodeyi appears to be the most prevalent nematode pest of enset in Ethiopia, where it can occur in extremely high densities. However, the damage to yield or how different enset cultivars react to the nematode has yet to be determined. The current study therefore sought to establish a first assessment of these reactions by enset to P. goodeyi infection. Determining pest-resistant cultivars is an important task in developing management strategies. Our study evaluated nine enset cultivars to establish host response and identify potential sources of resistance. In addition, the pathogenicity of P. goodeyi was assessed on three enset cultivars. After 9 months’ growth, significant differences in final population densities (Pf) and reproduction factor (RF) were observed amongst the nine cultivars, with ‘Gefetanuwa’ the most susceptible (Pf = 25 799 and RF = 12.9), and similarly in a repeat experiment for 4.5 months (Pf = 126 534 and RF = 63.3). ‘Maziya’ and ‘Heila’ were the most resistant in the first experiment (Pf < 455 and RF < 0.2) as well as in the repeat, together with ‘Kellisa’ (Pf < 5255 and RF < 2.6). In the pathogenicity experiment four inoculum densities significantly affected the Pf and RF but not among the three cultivars ‘Maziya’, ‘Arkiya’ and ‘Heila’. This is the first known study to assess genotype reaction to P. goodeyi, which shows that there are significant differences in the reactions of different cultivars and that resistance appears to be present in enset.
Erasmus’ Uncollected Adages
Authors: Regier Willis Goth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Erasmus numbered 4151 adages in his last and largest Adagiorum Chiliades (1536). More adages appear in his Prolegomena (e.g., “light as a feather,” “bright as the sun”) and hundreds more are cited in his commentaries and dedicatory epistles (e.g., “Time shows who truly loves,” “Never think friendly what is said by foe”). All his life Erasmus liberally seasoned his writings with adages, almost all of which were gathered in the final Chiliades. But there are adages in his correspondence and Opera Omnia not in his great collection, and there are adages dropped from one edition to another. A search for uncollected adages and comparison of these with adages later deleted offer evidence of Erasmus’ effort and of his criteria for gathering and selection.
Heresy and Humanity
Authors: Martin Terence J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Something new is afoot in Erasmus’ thinking about heresy and heretics. This essay explores some fundamental shifts in the way Erasmus understands religious life that serve to alter how heresy is conceived and heretics are to be handled—including a change in emphasis from doctrine to ethics for the sake of human flourishing; an embrace of fallibility in lieu of certitude to make way for fruitful conversation between adversaries; a surprisingly strong appreciation of the historicity of everything ecclesial; and too a cautious yet ultimately ironic concession for public authorities to use force in the persecution of heretics. With these underlying moves, Erasmus’ thinking about heresy represents a significant overture to a modern and pluralistic policy toward difference and dissidence framed by a humanistic ethic retrieved from biblical sources. In the end, Erasmus leaves no room for the persecution of those deemed heretics.
High Coronary Wall Shear Stress Worsens Plaque Vulnerability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Bajraktari Artan , Bytyçi Ibadete , Henein Michael Y. 
Published: February 2021

Aim: The aim of this meta-analysis is to assess the impact of wall shear stress (WSS) severity on arterial plaque vulnerability. Methods: We systematically searched electronic databases and selected studies which assessed the relationship between WSS measured by intravascular ultrasound and coronary artery plaque features. In 7 studies, a total of 615 patients with 28 276 arterial segments (median follow-up: 7.71 months) were identified. At follow-up, the pooled analysis showed high WSS to be associated with regression of plaque fibrous area, weighted mean difference (WMD) −0.11 (95% CI: −0.20 to −0.02, P = .02) and fibrofatty area, WMD −0.09 (95% CI: −0.17 to −0.01, P = .02), reduction in plaque total area, WMD −0.09 (95% CI: −0.14 to −0.04, P = .007) and increased necrotic core area, and WMD 0.04 (95% CI: 0.01-0.09, P = .03) compared with low WSS. Dense calcium deposits remained unchanged in high and low WSS (0.01 vs 0.02 mm2; P > .05). High WSS resulted in profound remodeling (40% vs 18%, P < .05) and with more constructive remodeling than low WSS (78% vs 40%, P < .01). Conclusions: High WSS in coronary arteries is associated with worsening plaque vulnerability and more profound arterial wall remodeling compared with low WSS.