bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Казахстаны тусгаар тогтсоны дараах үеийн шинжлэх ухаан, техникийн хөгжил
Authors: М Хурметхан 
Published: August 2021

Казахстан тусгаар тогтнолоо олсон нь шинжлэх ухаан, техникийн хөгжилд чухал нөхцөл болов. Тус орны шинжлэх ухааны байгууллагууд нь материал-техникийн бааз, боловсон хүчин судалгааны далайцаар дэлхийн шинжлэх ухааны тэргүүлэх орнуудын түвшинд тун ойрхон очсон байлаа. Гэтэл 1990-ээд онд тохиолдсон эдийн засгийн өөрчлөлтөд шинжлэх ухаан, шинжлэх ухааны байгууллагууд хүчтэй нэрвэгдэв. Иймд, шинжлэх ухааны салбарт өөрчлөлт шинэчлэлт хийх нь зайлшгүй амин чухал асуудал болон гарч ирэв. Казахстаны тусгаар тогтнолын жилүүдэд шинжлэх ухааны салбарт хийсэн өөрчлөлт шинэчлэлийн явцыг уг өгүүлэлд дэлгэрэнгүй өгүүлэв. Шинжлэх ухааны хөгжлийн чанарын шинэ шатанд гарахад томоохон зарчмын алхмууд хийснээр тус орны шинжлэх ухааны хөгжил дэлхийн түвшин рүү тэмүүлж буйг тусган өгүүлжээ.

Science and Technology Development after Kazakhstan’s Independent
Independence of Kazakhstan is an important factor for science and technology development. The scientific organizations of this country by the range of material and technical face, personnel and research, closely reaches the level of leading scientific countries. But the economic change occurred in early 1990 ies badly in fluenced on scientific institutions and science itself. Therefore, reform of science sector was definitely vital issue. This article tells about a detailed information of reform process made in scientific sector during the period of Kazakhstan’s independence. By making development quality, thus, scientific development of this country approaches the world level.
Defining Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Placentitis
Authors: Watkins Jaclyn C. , Torous Vanda F. , Roberts Drucilla J. 
Published: August 2021

Context.—
Case reports and rare case series have demonstrated variable placental pathology in the setting of maternal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In rare small studies demonstrating infection of the placental parenchyma, histologic manifestations have included variable degrees of histiocytic intervillositis, perivillous fibrin deposition, and syncytiotrophoblast necrosis.

Objective.—
To characterize the placental pathologic features of SARS-CoV-2–infected placentas, irrespective of fetal-maternal transmission, and to examine the frequency of C4d activation in such cases.

Design.—
A retrospective study of 7 placentas from mothers with active SARS-CoV-2 infection and placental infection as demonstrated by RNA in situ hybridization was conducted.

Results.—
There were 6 placentas from live-born neonates (5 singletons, 1 nonfused diamniotic-dichorionic twin placenta), and 1 was from a stillbirth. A total of 5 of the 8 neonates (including the stillbirth) tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, and all were negative for neonatal infection. The remaining 3 neonates were well at time of discharge. All placentas were positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection by RNA in situ hybridization and demonstrated variable degrees of histiocytic intervillositis, perivillous fibrin deposition, and trophoblast necrosis. Three cases demonstrated features of fetal vascular malperfusion. CD68 highlighted intervillous histiocytes. C4d expression was present along the villous borders in 6 of 7 cases.

Conclusions.—
SARS-CoV-2 placentitis is defined by the triad of histiocytic intervillositis, perivillous fibrin deposition, and trophoblast necrosis. The features may occur in cases without confirmed transplacental transmission. The damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 placentitis is likely mediated by complement activation.
Femoral intraosseous rhabdomyosarcoma: a case report and literature review
Authors: Viola Dan Carai Maia , Oliveira Nathalia Sundin Palmeira de , Garcia Jairo Greco , Petrilli Marcelo de Toledo , Macedo Carla Renata Pacheco Donato , Alves Maria Teresa Seixas , JesusGarcia Reynaldo 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in childhood. However, primary bone rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare entity with some few cases reported. Case Report: We present a case of a 19-year-old female patient referred from another service with three months history of a bone tumor on the femur. The first anatomopathological study was consistent with high-grade osteogenic sarcoma. After revision exams and analysis of surgically resected tumor, the primary osseous rhabdomyosarcoma was confirmed. The patient had undergone tumor resection and reconstruction with mega prosthesis. After surgery, she received chemotherapy following rhabdomyosarcoma protocol. Conclusion: Primary osseous rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare but important differential diagnosis to be thought on atypical presentation of primary bone sarcomas.
Les caractéristiques comportementales jouent-elles un rôle modérateur sur les interactions en classe perçues par les élèves et leur sentiment d’efficacité personnelle ?
Authors: Beaudoin Manon , Nadeau Marie-France , Lessard Anne 
Published: August 2021

Fondée sur la théorie sociale cognitive (Bandura, 1986), cette étude a examiné les liens entre les interactions en classe perçues par les élèves et leur sentiment d’efficacité personnelle à l’égard du travail scolaire en considérant le rôle modérateur de leurs caractéristiques comportementales. Les données ont été recueillies auprès de 574 élèves du primaire, en classe ordinaire, au Québec. Des analyses de comparaison de moyenne indiquent que le sentiment d’efficacité personnelle est plus faible chez les élèves manifestant des difficultés comportementales extériorisées comparativement aux élèves tout venant. Selon une régression linéaire multiple, l’organisation de la classe et le soutien à l’apprentissage expliquent une partie de la variance du sentiment d’efficacité personnelle des élèves. Les caractéristiques comportementales jouent un rôle modérateur sur les relations entre les domaines des interactions en classe (soutien émotionnel, organisation de la classe, soutien à l’apprentissage) et sur le sentiment d’efficacité personnelle des élèves. Les interactions en classe n’influencent donc pas le sentiment d’efficacité personnelle de la même manière pour tou·te·s les élèves.
Identification and expression profile of the soil moisture and Ralstonia solanacearum response CYPome in ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Authors: Huang Mengjun , Xing Haitao , Li Zhexin , Li Honglei , Wu Lin , Jiang Yusong 
Published: August 2021

Background
Cytochrome P450s play crucial roles in various biosynthetic reactions. Ginger (Zingiber officinale), which is often threatened by Ralstonia solanacearum, is the most economically important crop in the family Zingiberaceae. Whether the cytochrome P450 complement (CYPome) significantly responds to this pathogen has remained unclear.

Methods
Transcriptomic responses to R. solanacearum and soil moisture were analyzed in ginger, and expression profiles of the CYPome were determined based on transcriptome data.

Results
A total of 821 P450 unigenes with ORFs ≥ 300 bp were identified. Forty percent soil moisture suppressed several key P450 unigenes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, gingerols, and jasmonates, including unigenes encoding flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase, flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase, steroid 22-alpha-hydroxylase, cytochrome P450 family 724 subfamily B polypeptide 1, and allene oxide synthase. Conversely, the expression of P450 unigenes involved in gibberellin biosynthesis and abscisic acid catabolism, encoding ent-kaurene oxidase and abscisic acid 8′-hydroxylase, respectively, were promoted by 40% soil moisture. Under R. solanacearum infection, the expression of P450 unigenes involved in the biosynthesis of the above secondary metabolites were changed, but divergent expression patterns were observed under different soil moisture treatments. High moisture repressed expression of genes involved in flavonoid, brassinosteroid, gingerol, and jasmonate biosynthesis, but promoted expression of genes involved in GA anabolism and ABA catabolism. These results suggest possible mechanisms for how high moisture causes elevated susceptibility to R. solanacearum infection.
Comparative Study between Ultrasound-Guided Fascia Iliaca Block Versus Adductor Canal Block for Postoperative Analgesia in Patients undergoing Knee Surgeries
Authors: Naser Soliman Ramadan , Refaat Sameh Mohammed , Shmaa Nagat Sayed El , Amin Sabry Mohammed 
Published: August 2021

Background: Peripheral nerve block may provide effective unilateral postoperative analgesia following knee and hip surgeries with a lower incidence of opioid-related and autonomic side-effects, less motor block. Fascia iliaca block (FIB) and adductor canal block (ACB) have been shown to be a successful technique for postoperative pain relief after knee surgeries. The aim of our study was to compare the effect of ultrasound guided FIB versus ultrasound guided ACB for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing knee surgeries.
Methods: Our randomized controlled trial was conducted over 105 patients aged between 18 and 65 years, (ASA) class I and II undergoing knee surgeries. Patients divided into three groups: Group I control (C): Patients received spinal anesthesia alone. Group II (FIB): Patients received spinal anesthesia with postoperative ultrasound guided FIB. Group III (ACB): Patients received spinal anesthesia with postoperative ultrasound guided ACB.
Results: Both FIB and ACB provided better pain control compared to control group. The need for first dose of supplemental analgesic was earlier in the control group than FIB and ACB groups postoperatively. Additionally, the total 24-h pethidine consumption was highest in the control group compared to fascia FIB and ACB groups. FIB was shown to reduce the strength of the quadriceps muscle, which resulted in delayed early postoperative mobilization and influencing patient satisfaction. There was statistically significant increase in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure in group I as compared to group II and group III at 6hrs and 12hrs postoperatively.
Conclusions: Both FIB and ACB provide excellent postoperative analgesia after knee surgeries, however the ACB is superior to FIB because it has no prolonged muscle weakness and FIB did.
Relationship between Sonographic Umbilical cord Diameter and Gestational Age in Third Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors: ALdabouly Sara Essam , El Namori Mohamed Mohsen , Omar Mona Khaled , AboZeid Essmat Hamdy 
Published: August 2021

Background: Throughout the fourth week of embryonic development the umbilical cord (UC) is formed, which corresponds to the fifth to the twelfth weeks of gestation. Fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have leaner UCs than fetuses of appropriate gestational age do, and the caliber of the umbilical vein decreases significantly, resulting in a worsening of the Doppler parameters of the umbilical artery in the mother. The goal of this study was to evaluate the significance of sonographic UC diameter in determining gestational age in third trimester in pregnant women.
Methods: We conducted a comparative cross-sectional research on 300 pregnant women aged range between (20-35) years, singleton gestation, gestational age (3rd) trimester estimated from antenatal mothers last menstrual period (LMP), viable fetus, presenting to obstetrics and gynecology department at Tanta university hospital.
Results: Highly statistically significant positive correlation between UC diameter and gestational age, BPD, FL, AC, AFI, and estimated fetal weight was found. The increase in UC diameter was positively and significantly correlated with the increase in gestational age and estimated fetal weight, indicating that those who have prolonged gestational age and estimated fetal weight are more likely to have wider UC diameter.
Conclusions: The UC diameter (UCD) has the potential to be a valuable indicator of fetal growth, well-being, and perinatal outcome.
Sonographic measurement of UC diameter could be an efficient method of measuring fetal growth and predicting gestational age (GA), particularly between 28-40 weeks GA. It is possible that abnormal UC diameter can be a strong indicator to identify antenatal mothers at risk for IUFD and poor fetal outcomes.
Designing Shape Morphing Behavior through Local Programming of Mechanical Metamaterials
Authors: Wenz Franziska , Schmidt Ingo , Leichner Alexander , Lichti Tobias , Baumann Sascha , Andrae Heiko , Eberl Christoph 
Published: August 2021

AbstractShape morphing implicates that a specific condition leads to a morphing reaction. The material thus transforms from one shape to another in a predefined manner. In this paper, not only the target shape but rather the evolution of the material's shape as a function of the applied strain is programmed. To rationalize the design process, concepts from informatics (processing functions, for example, Poisson's ratio (PR) as function of strain: ν = f(ε) and if‐then‐else conditions) will be introduced. Three types of shape morphing behavior will be presented: (1) achieving a target shape by linearly increasing the amplitude of the shape, (2) filling up a target shape in linear steps, and (3) shifting a bulge through the material to a target position. In the first case, the shape is controlled by a geometric gradient within the material. The filling kind of behavior was implemented by logical operations. Moreover, programming moving hillocks (3) requires to implement a sinusoidal function εy = sin (εx) and an if‐then‐else statement into the unit cells combined with a global stiffness gradient. The three cases will be used to show how the combination of mechanical mechanisms as well as the related parameter distribution enable a programmable shape morphing behavior in an inverse design process.
Strain‐Induced Modulation of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance in Ultrathin Hexagonal Gold Nanoplates
Authors: Park Gyeong‐Su , Min Kyung Suk , Kwon Hyuksang , Yoon Sangwoon , Park Sangwon , Kwon Ji‐Hwan , Lee Sangmin , Jo Jaeyeon , Kim Miyoung , Kim Seong Keun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAnisotropic gold nanoplates (NPLs) have raised the interesting possibility that their reduced geometrical symmetry allows fine tuning of their optical properties associated with the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). Recent developments have greatly improved LSPR tunability by utilizing the spatial distribution of LSPR modes. However, the nanoscale interplay between defect‐induced mechanical strain and the spatial variation of LSPR modes remains poorly understood. In this work, the combination of high spatial‐ and spectral‐resolution mapping of LSPR modes and nanoscale strain mapping using aberration‐corrected transmission electron microscopy are applied to investigate the nanoscale distribution of LSPR modes in an ultrathin single hexagonal gold NPL and the effect of defect‐induced strains on its LSPR properties. The electron energy‐loss spectral maps reveal four distinct LSPR components and intensity distributions of all LSPR modes in a hexagonal gold NPL. Furthermore, the strain maps provide experimental evidence that the tensile strain field induced by a Z‐shaped faulted dipole is responsible for the asymmetric distribution of LSPR intensity in a hexagonal gold NPL.
Liquid Crystal Structure of Supercooled Liquid Gallium and Eutectic Gallium–Indium
Authors: Yunusa Muhammad , Adaka Alex , Aghakhani Amirreza , Shahsavan Hamed , Guo Yubing , Alapan Yunus , Jákli Antal , Sitti Metin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the origin of structural ordering in supercooled liquid gallium (Ga) has been a great scientific quest in the past decades. Here, reflective polarized optical microscopy on Ga sandwiched between glasses treated with rubbed polymers reveals the onset of an anisotropic reflection at 120 °C that increases on cooling and persists down to room temperature or below. The polymer rubbing usually aligns the director of thermotropic liquid crystals (LCs) parallel to the rubbing direction. On the other hand, when Ga is sandwiched between substrates that align conventional LC molecules normal to the surface, the reflection is isotropic, but mechanical shear force induces anisotropic reflection that relaxes in seconds. Such alignment effects and shear‐induced realignment are typical to conventional thermotropic LCs and indicate a LC structure of liquid Ga. Specifically, Ga textures obtained by atomic force and scanning electron microscopy reveal the existence of a lamellar structure corresponding to a smectic LC phase, while the nanometer‐thin lamellar structure is transparent under transmission polarized optical microscopy. Such spatial molecular arrangements may be attributed to dimer molecular entities in the supercooled liquid Ga. The LC structure observation of electrically conductive liquid Ga can provide new opportunities in materials science and LC applications.
Designing the Safe Reopening of US Towns Through High‐Resolution Agent‐Based Modeling
Authors: Truszkowska Agnieszka , Thakore Malav , Zino Lorenzo , Butail Sachit , Caroppo Emanuele , Jiang Zhong‐Ping , Rizzo Alessandro , Porfiri Maurizio 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs COVID‐19 vaccine is being rolled out in the US, public health authorities are gradually reopening the economy. To date, there is no consensus on a common approach among local authorities. Here, a high‐resolution agent‐based model is proposed to examine the interplay between the increased immunity afforded by the vaccine roll‐out and the transmission risks associated with reopening efforts. The model faithfully reproduces the demographics, spatial layout, and mobility patterns of the town of New Rochelle, NY — representative of the urban fabric of the US. Model predictions warrant caution in the reopening under the current rate at which people are being vaccinated, whereby increasing access to social gatherings in leisure locations and households at a 1% daily rate can lead to a 28% increase in the fatality rate within the next three months. The vaccine roll‐out plays a crucial role on the safety of reopening: doubling the current vaccination rate is predicted to be sufficient for safe, rapid reopening.
A Multi‐Scale Structural Engineering Strategy for High‐Performance MXene Hydrogel Supercapacitor Electrode
Authors: Huang Xianwu , Huang Jiahui , Yang Dong , Wu Peiyi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMXenes as an emerging two‐dimensional (2D) material have attracted tremendous interest in electrochemical energy‐storage systems such as supercapacitors. Nevertheless, 2D MXene flakes intrinsically tend to lie flat on the substrate when self‐assembling as electrodes, leading to the highly tortuous ion pathways orthogonal to the current collector and hindering ion accessibility. Herein, a facile strategy toward multi‐scale structural engineering is proposed to fabricate high‐performance MXene hydrogel supercapacitor electrodes. By unidirectional freezing of the MXene slurry followed by a designed thawing process in the sulfuric acid electrolyte, the hydrogel electrode is endowed with a three‐dimensional (3D) open macrostructure impregnated with sufficient electrolyte and H+‐intercalated microstructure, which provide abundant active sites for ion storage. Meanwhile, the ordered channels bring through‐electrode ion and electron transportation pathways that facilitate electrolyte infiltration and mass exchange between electrolyte and electrode. Furthermore, this strategy can also be extended to the fabrication of a 3D‐printed all‐MXene micro‐supercapacitor (MSC), delivering an ultrahigh areal capacitance of 2.0 F cm–2 at 1.2 mA cm–2 and retaining 1.2 F cm–2 at 60 mA cm–2 together with record‐high energy density (0.1 mWh cm–2 at 0.38 mW cm–2).
Charge Carrier Mobility in Organic Mixed Ionic–Electronic Conductors by the Electrolyte‐Gated van der Pauw Method
Authors: Bonafè Filippo , Decataldo Francesco , Fraboni Beatrice , Cramer Tobias 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOrganic mixed ionic–electronic conductors (OMIECs) combine electronic semiconductor functionality with ionic conductivity, biocompatibility, and electrochemical stability in water and are currently investigated as the active material in devices for bioelectronics, neuromorphic computing, as well as energy conversion and storage. Operation speed of such devices depends on fast electronic transport in OMIECs. However, due to contact resistance problems, reliable measurements of electronic mobility are difficult to achieve in this class of materials. To address the problem, the electrolyte‐gated van der Pauw (EgVDP) method is introduced for the simple and accurate determination of the electrical characteristics of OMIEC thin films, independent of contact effects. The technique is applied to the most widespread OMIEC blend, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS). By comparing with organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) measurements, it is found that gate voltage dependent contact resistance effects lead to systematic errors in OECT based transport characterization. These observations confirm that a contact‐independent technique is crucial for the proper characterization of OMIECs, and the EgVDP method reveals to be a simple, elegant, but effective technique for this scope.
Directed Growth of Dendritic Polymer Networks for Organic Electrochemical Transistors and Artificial Synapses
Authors: Cucchi Matteo , Kleemann Hans , Tseng Hsin , Ciccone Giuseppe , Lee Alexander , Pohl Darius , Leo Karl 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOrganic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are an emerging class of devices which operate in electrolytic solution and show controllable memory effects. For these reasons, OECT hold great potential for applications in bioelectronics and neuromorphic computing. Among the methods proposed to fabricate OECT channels, electropolymerization stands out because it allows to produce electrical connections on the substrates on‐demand and further modify them to adjust their electrical properties to meet circuit requirements. However, the practical application of this method is hampered by the difficulty in controlling the growth direction as well as the morphology of the film, resulting in a large device‐to‐device variability and limiting the down‐scaling of the devices. In this study, AC‐electropolymerization is proposed to produce directionally controlled channels. The method allows to adjust physical properties such as resistance and capacitance by varying the polymerization parameters, such as voltage, frequency, and salt concentration. The growth mechanism, material morphology, and network topology is investigated, and the advantages of this approach by showing tunable neuromorphic features and the possibility to scale down the channels to the micrometer scale is demonstrated.
Layer‐by‐layered organic solar cells: Morphology optimizing strategies and processing techniques
Authors: Yu Runnan , Wei Xueqi , Wu Guangzheng , Tan Zhan'ao 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe last decades have witnessed the rapid development and the gradually improved efficiencies of organic solar cells (OSCs), which show great potentials in the fabrication of eco‐friendly and flexible photovoltaic panels. Layer‐by‐layered (LBL) structure via sequential processing of the donor and acceptor layers becomes an advisable option to construct pseudo‐bilayer configurations in OSC active layer. Favorable vertical phase separation and sufficient exciton dissociation interfaces can be simultaneously realized in such aggregation morphology via different processing technologies and strategies. High efficiencies of over 18% in ternary LBL device and 11.9% in LBL‐processed module (11.52 cm2) have been successfully achieved in recent works. Moreover, the unique merits of LBL structure in individual layer processing enable it a promising candidate for large‐scale printing and further industrialization of OSCs. This perspective provides the recent advance of LBL OSCs with the focus on fabrication technologies and strategies for morphology control and also proposes the current thinking and perspective on LBL structures for future development.