bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fungi Associated with Postharvest Diseases of Sweet Potato Storage Roots and In Vitro Antagonistic Assay of Trichoderma harzianum against the Diseases
Authors: Paul Narayan Chandra , Park Soyoon , Liu Haifeng , Lee Ju Gyeong , Han Gui Hwan , Kim Hyunsook , Sang Hyunkyu 
Published: November 2021

Sweet potato is the 11th most important food crop in the world and an excellent source of nutrition. Postharvest diseases were monitored in sweet potato storage roots collected from the local markets in Korea during 2021. Several diseases including Fusarium surface and root rot, charcoal rot, dry rot, and soft rot were observed in the postharvest sweet potatoes. A total of 68 fungal isolates were obtained from the diseased samples, and the isolates were grouped into 8 different fungal colony types. Based on multilocus phylogeny and morphological analysis of 17 representative isolates, the isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum, F. ipomoeae, F. solani, Penicillium citrinum, P. rotoruae, Aspergillus wentii, Mucor variicolumellatus (Mu. circinelloides species complex), and Macrophomina phaseolina. F. oxysporum was the predominant pathogen as this is the most common pathogen of sweet potato storage roots causing the surface rot disease, and M. phaseolina caused the most severe disease among the pathogens. Dual culture antagonistic assays were evaluated using Trichoderma harzianum strains CMML20–26 and CMML20–27. The results revealed that the two strains showed strong antifungal activity in different ranges against all tested pathogens. This study provides an understanding of diverse postharvest diseases in sweet potatoes and suggests potential biocontrol agents to manage the diseases. In addition, this is the first report of sweet potato storage root rot diseases caused by A. wentii, and P. rotoruae worldwide.
Effect of atomic hydrogen exposure on hydrogenated amorphous carbon thin films
Authors: Haruyama Yuichi , Morimoto Daiki , Heya Akira , Sumitomo Koji , Ito Seigo , Yokota Kumiko , Tagawa Masahito 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The effect of atomic hydrogen exposure on hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). From the dependence of the wide-scan XPS spectra of an a-C:H film on atomic hydrogen exposure, it was shown that the film was etched with an etching rate of 0.2 nm min−1. In addition, by analyzing the C 1s XPS spectra, the coordination of C atoms in the a-C:H film was investigated as a function of the atomic hydrogen exposure and photoelectron emission angle. This indicated that the coordination of C atoms at the surface of the a-C:H film was not influenced by atomic hydrogen exposure. Therefore, we propose that the depth profile of a-C:H films can be measured with no damage using atomic hydrogen etching.
ANÁLISE DOS FATORES E ESTILOS DE APRENDIZAGEM DOS ALUNOS DA 9ª CLASSE
Authors: Furede Zito Abílio , Gomundanhe Almeida Meque 
Published: November 2021

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar alguns fatores e estilos de aprendizagem que influenciam na aprendizagem da disciplina de Química da 9ª classe. Metodologicamente, recorreu-se ao método quantitaivo. O processo de recolha de dados foi feita através de questionário aplicado a 45 alunos que frequentam a 9ª classe, na Escola Secundária Geral Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane, na cidade de Lichinga. Para a análise e discussão dos resultados, optou-se pela análise de conteúdo caracterizada pela categorização de dados. Os resultados revelam que os alunos aprendem melhor a disciplina de Química em silêncio e em grupo, mas estes fatores estão combinados com a explicação dos conteúdos de Química pelo professor. Outro resultado indica que os alunos aprendem melhor resolvendo exercícios. De uma forma geral, os alunos aprendem melhor a disciplina de Química num ambiente desprovido de ruído e com apoio do professor e dos colegas.
L2 Motivations For Learning English as Foreign Language of Sudanese Students
Authors: Bashir Omer 
Published: November 2021

Motivation is essential in learning a foreign language. Understanding how learners learn and what motivates and demotivate them will help the teachers, policy makers and curriculum planners .The study investigated the various reasons/motivations of the Sudanese Learners of English language based on Dorney soci-educational model& Garder’s of Second Language(L2) Self System. The main question the paper tried to answer was what types of motivations of Sudanese L2 learners have? . A sample of 35 students were asked their opinions on what motives them in studying English by means of a questionnaire. The result of the study showed that the majority of the participants (95%) had an extrinsic motivations i.e external factors for studying language, namely instrumentally-promotion and parental encourage and family influence .Also, Ideal L2 had significant role in Sudanese learners, as 85% of the learners responded to the questionnaire items that assessed this factor. The study also showed that the ought L2 self has the lowest impact on the students learners, only 55% of learners .The other factors /motivations that were tested in the study showed less influence on Sudanese learners but yet they are important to consider by teachers.
Antitumor Activities of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles using Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Leaves Extract
Authors: Al-Musawi Zainab F. H. , Al-Saadi Narjis H. M. 
Published: November 2021

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from plant extracts is considered one of the green chemistry methods, as this method is characterized by ease, fast and low cost to manipulate. Interestingly, AgNPs have an important role, especially in nano-medicine. Using AgNPs for cancer therapy are an affordable way to control tumor growth and constitute a choice strategy to fight cancer cells. First type of conventional cancer treatment is surgical treatment then radiation and chemotherapy. However, these treatments may work for some cancer subtypes, and have various side effects, in most cases, with high doses. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using Dodonaea viscosa leaves extract. The formation of these particles was confirmed through the color change, UV-Visible Spectrophotometer displaying at 463nm.While the particles characterization was done by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) band and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy which revealed the effective functional groups that have ability to bio-reduction silver ion Ag+. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) determined the crystal structure of silver nanoparticles, as shown by the peaks at 2θ values of 38.1874, 46.2491, 57.5409 and76. 8313ο.The atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis showed the size and the surface properties of biosynthesized nanoparticles, and the silver nanoparticles had an average size of 60.22 nm. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed spherical shape of AgNPs and having different average diameter D1 (21.10), D2 (21.39) and D3 (11.86) nm. In vitro, the synthesized AgNPs exhibited potential anti-tumor activities against human lung cancer (A549) and ovarian cancer (SK-OV-3) carcinoma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 of 1.73 and 2.23µg.ml-1, respectively. Our results showed the promising use of AgNPs as an alternative treatment for cancer cells directly and selectively on A549 cell line at concentrations (2.000, 1.699, 1.398 and 1.301 μg /mL).
New species of plume moths (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) from Ecuador
Authors: Ustjuzhanin Petr , Kovtunovich Vasily , Streltzov Alexander 
Published: November 2021

The article describes five new species of plume moths from Ecuador which are new to science: Amblyptilia kara Ustjuzhanin & Kovtunovich sp.nov., Hellinsia diana Ustjuzhanin & Kovtunovich sp.nov., Hellinsia elena Ustjuzhanin & Kovtunovich sp.nov., Hellinsia gielisi Ustjuzhanin & Kovtunovich sp.nov., and Hellinsia wojtusiaki Ustjuzhanin & Kovtunovich sp.nov.
The Young Stellar Population, Distance, and Cloud–Cloud Collision Induced Star Formation Scenario of the Trifid Nebula
Authors: Kalari Venu M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Trifid Nebula is a young, nearby star-forming region where star formation is proposed to have been triggered by cloud–cloud collision (CCC), based on observations of molecular clouds. It offers a unique opportunity to test whether the CCC hypothesis is supported by the spatial distribution and star formation chronology of young stars. We present the first study of the optically visible pre-main sequence (PMS) population of the region using riHα imaging and Gaia astrometry. Combined with an analysis of young stellar objects (YSOs) using infrared imaging, we capture the spatial distribution and star formation chronology of the young stellar population. From the analysis, 15 Flat/Class I YSOs, 46 Class II YSOs, and 41 accreting PMS stars are identified (diskless/non-accreting sources are not included in the analysis). The distance based on Gaia parallaxes is ∼1250 pc, significantly closer than previously reported. The Class II YSOs and PMS stars (∼1.5 Myr old) are spread toward the edge of the molecular clouds. They are slightly younger than the estimated crossing time of ∼2.7 Myr and closer to the estimated dynamical age ∼0.85 Myr. Younger Class I YSOs are more concentrated spatially. There exists a cavity devoid of young stars where the two clouds overlap. This evidence suggests that the current generation of stars formed after the collision of two clouds ∼1 Myr ago, and this result can be corroborated using future spectroscopic studies.
Differential Source Count for Gamma-Ray Bursts
Authors: Banerjee Shreya , Eichler David , Guetta Dafne 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Different forms of long gamma-ray burst (GRB) luminosity functions are considered on the basis of an explicit physical model. The inferred flux distributions are compared with the observed ones from two samples of GRBs, Swift and Fermi GBM. The best-fit parameters of the luminosity functions are found, and the physical interpretations are discussed. The results are consistent with the observation of a comparable number of flat-phase afterglows and monotonically decreasing ones.
The Astrophysical Variance in Gaia–Radial Velocity Spectrometer Spectra
Authors: Rampalli Rayna , Ness Melissa , Wylie Shola 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Large surveys are providing a diversity of spectroscopic observations with Gaia alone set to deliver millions of Ca-triplet-region spectra across the Galaxy. We aim to understand the dimensionality of the chemical abundance information in the Gaia–Radial Velocity Spectrometer (RVS) data to inform galactic archeology pursuits. We fit a quadratic model of four primary sources of variability, described by labels of T
eff,

log
g

, [Fe/H], and [α/Fe], to the normalized flux of 10,802 red-clump stars from the Gaia-RVS-like Abundances and Radial velocity Galactic Origins Survey (ARGOS). We examine the residuals between ARGOS spectra and the models and find that the models capture the flux variability across 85% of the wavelength region. The remaining residual variance is concentrated to the Ca-triplet features, at an amplitude up to 12% of the normalized flux. We use principal component analysis on the residuals and find orthogonal correlations in the Ca-triplet core and wings. This variability, not captured by our model, presumably marks departures from the completeness of the 1D LTE label description. To test the indication of low-dimensionality, we turn to abundance-space to infer how well we can predict measured [Si/H], [O/H], [Ca/H], [Ni/H], and [Al/H] abundances from the Gaia-RVS-like Radial Velocity Experiment survey with models of T
eff,

log
g

, [Fe/H], and [Mg/Fe]. We find that we can nearly entirely predict these abundances. Using high-precision Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment abundances, we determine that a measurement uncertainty of <0.03 dex is required to capture additional information from these elements. This indicates that a four-label model sufficiently describes chemical abundance variance for an approximate signal-to-noise ratio <200 per pixel, in Gaia-RVS spectra.
The Impact of Black Hole Formation on Population-averaged Supernova Yields
Authors: Griffith Emily J. , Sukhbold Tuguldur , Weinberg David H. , Johnson Jennifer A. , Johnson James W. , Vincenzo Fiorenzo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The landscape of black hole (BH) formation—in which massive stars explode as core-collapse supernovae (CCSN) and which implode into BHs—profoundly affects the initial-mass-function (IMF)-averaged nucleosynthetic yields of a stellar population. Building on the work of Sukhbold et al., we compute IMF-averaged yields at solar metallicity for a wide range of assumptions, including neutrino-driven engine models with extensive BH formation, models with a simple mass threshold for BH formation, and a model in which all stars from 8 to 120 M
⊙ explode. For plausible choices, the overall yields of α-elements span a factor of 3, but changes in relative yields are more subtle, typically 0.05–0.2 dex. To constrain the overall level of BH formation, ratios of C and N to O or Mg are promising diagnostics. To distinguish complex, theoretically motivated landscapes from simple mass thresholds, abundance ratios involving Mn or Ni are promising because of their sensitivity to the core structure of the CCSN progenitors. We confirm previous findings of a substantial (factor 2.5–4) discrepancy between predicted O/Mg yield ratios and observationally inferred values, implying that models either overproduce O or underproduce Mg. No landscape choice achieves across-the-board agreement with observed abundance ratios; the discrepancies offer empirical clues to aspects of massive star evolution or explosion physics still missing from the models. We find qualitatively similar results using the massive star yields of Limongi & Chieffi. We provide tables of IMF-integrated yields for several landscape scenarios, and more flexible user-designed models can be implemented through the publicly available Versatile Integrator for Chemical Evolution (VICE; https://pypi.org/project/vice/).
The Magnetic Origin of Solar Campfires
Authors: Panesar Navdeep K. , Tiwari Sanjiv K. , Berghmans David , Cheung Mark C. M. , Müller Daniel , Auchere Frederic , Zhukov Andrei 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Solar campfires are fine-scale heating events, recently observed by Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) on board Solar Orbiter. Here we use EUI 174 Å images, together with EUV images from Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA), and line-of-sight magnetograms from SDO/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) to investigate the magnetic origin of 52 randomly selected campfires in the quiet solar corona. We find that (i) the campfires are rooted at the edges of photospheric magnetic network lanes; (ii) most of the campfires reside above the neutral line between majority-polarity magnetic flux patch and a merging minority-polarity flux patch, with a flux cancelation rate of ∼1018 Mx hr−1; (iii) some of the campfires occur repeatedly from the same neutral line; (iv) in the large majority of instances, campfires are preceded by a cool-plasma structure, analogous to minifilaments in coronal jets; and (v) although many campfires have “complex” structure, most campfires resemble small-scale jets, dots, or loops. Thus, “campfire” is a general term that includes different types of small-scale solar dynamic features. They contain sufficient magnetic energy (∼1026–1027 erg) to heat the solar atmosphere locally to 0.5–2.5 MK. Their lifetimes range from about 1 minute to over 1 hr, with most of the campfires having a lifetime of <10 minutes. The average lengths and widths of the campfires are 5400 ± 2500 km and 1600 ± 640 km, respectively. Our observations suggest that (a) the presence of magnetic flux ropes may be ubiquitous in the solar atmosphere and not limited to coronal jets and larger-scale eruptions that make CMEs, and (b) magnetic flux cancelation is the fundamental process for the formation and triggering of most campfires.
The Determination of the Rotational State and Interior Structure of Venus with VERITAS
Authors: Cascioli G. , Hensley S. , De Marchi F. , Breuer D. , Durante D. , Racioppa P. , Iess L. , Mazarico E. , Smrekar S. E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Understanding the processes that led Venus to its current state and will drive its future evolution is a major objective of the next generation of orbiters. In this work we analyze the retrieval of the spin vector, the tidal response, and the moment of inertia of Venus with VERITAS, a NASA Discovery-class mission. By simulating a systematic joint analysis of Doppler tracking data and tie points provided by the onboard synthetic aperture radar, we show that VERITAS will provide accuracies (3σ) in the estimates of the tidal Love number k
2 to 4.6 × 10−4, its tidal phase lag to 0.°05, and the moment of inertia factor to 9.8 × 10−4 (0.3% of the expected value). Applying these results to recent models of the Venus interior, we show that VERITAS will provide much-improved constraints on the interior structure of the planet.
Ḥimāya Revisited
Authors: Paul Jürgen 
Published: November 2021

In 1956, Claude Cahen’s study “Notes pour l’histoire de la ḥimāya was published in the Mélanges Louis Massignon. Cahen assumed that protection (ḥimāya) was first sought and granted for land holdings (against fiscal claims), and that the institution then evolved to a personal relationship which no longer necessarily involved land holdings. This subject, of eminent importance for understanding protection, protectors and protégés in early (and later) Islamic history, has not gained the attention it certainly deserves.The article takes another look at Cahen’s sources; it tries to extend the source basis. The article shows various uses of the term, in particular the ways ḥimāya appointments were used in the Buyid period to integrate leaders on the nomad periphery into government structures. The article also takes the investigation beyond Cahen’s time frame, into the 12th century: Cahen thought that the term and the institution did not play a great role in that period any longer, but in eastern Iran especially, it was later used for illegal and undesired practices. In a concluding part, I’ll have a look at the use of the term and the institution in the Mongol period.
Le cercle des poètes disparus et comment y entrer. Une lecture de la notice d’Ibrāhīm al‑Ṣūlī dans le Wafayāt al‑aʿyān d’Ibn Ḫallikān
Authors: Hoorelbeke Mathias 
Published: November 2021

Les auteurs d’ouvrages biographiques se trouvent fréquemment confrontés à des personnages aux talents multiples. Ces derniers posent des problèmes de classification qui ne sont pas toujours anodins et peuvent influer sur la structuration de la notice. C’est ce phénomène qui est à l’œuvre dans notice d’Ibrāhīm b. al‑ʿAbbās al‑Ṣūlī dans le Wafayāt al‑aʿyān. En choisissant de faire de ce personnage un poète avant tout, Ibn Ḫallikān se démarque de la tradition antérieure. Il s’emploie donc à étayer son choix au moyen de divers procédés littéraires qui entrent en contradiction avec le strict principe de concision qu’il s’est fixé dans son introduction. Cette discrète argumentation offre au lecteur averti un second degré de lecture, qui redouble l’agrément de ce texte.
Le voyage en Occident de Muḥammad Nāǧī (1888-1956). Esquisse d’un nationalisme
Authors: Segone Brenda 
Published: November 2021

L’article examine le rôle du voyage en Occident sur l’évolution artistique de Muḥammad Nāǧī (1888‑1956), pionnier de la peinture moderne égyptienne, à travers les quatre périodes temporelles qui ont marqué sa réflexion plastique : l’Antiquité gréco‑romaine, l’Égypte ancienne, l’Europe moderne, et enfin, l’Égypte moderne. L’Alexandrin, francophone, est témoin du processus d’indépendance de son pays. Son exemple nous livre un aperçu des problématiques auxquelles ont été confrontés les artistes au temps de la nahḍa. Il puise, dans le dialogue constant qu’il établit entre l’Égypte et l’Europe, entre le présent et le passé, les racines d’un langage pictural nouveau. Ses déplacements lui permettent de réaliser dans son pays un projet de renaissance artistique de grande envergure. Le voyage en Occident devient paradoxalement dans ce cas l’atelier d’un nationalisme.
TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞ TABAN İLE SAĞ SİYASET ARASINDA KURULAN İLİŞKİ BİÇİMLERİ
Authors: KAYGUSUZ İbrahim 
Published: November 2021

Fransız ihtilalinin karşıt ideolojisi olarak ortaya çıktıktan sonra Avrupa’da kapsamlı bir siyasî doktrin haline gelen muhafazakârlık, zaman içinde dünyaya yayılarak bütün toplumları etkilemiştir. Muhafazakârlık, özünde İslam’la ilişkili olmadığı halde Türkiye’de mütedeyyin taban ve sağ siyasetle birlikte anılmaya başlanmıştır.
Osmanlı devletinde, merkezi yönetimle yerel seçkinler arasında yaşanan “yetki çatışması” ve “merkez-çevre karşıtlığı” Cumhuriyet döneminde devam etmiştir. Türkiye’de ordu ve bürokrasi ittifakı, sol tabanın temsil ettiği geleneksel bir merkez ortaya çıkarmış, İslamȋ ve yerleşik kurumsal değerlere sahip çıkan geniş halk kesimleri ise sağ tabana dayalı geleneksel çevreyi temsil etmiştir.
Türk sağının toplumsal tabanını oluşturan etnik, dinî ve ekonomik gruplar her dönem, siyaset kurumu ile doğrudan ilişki içinde olmuştur. Hem tabanın ihtiyaçları hem de siyasî otoritenin sürdürülebilirliği ve meşruiyeti açısından önemli olan bu ilişkiler, çift yönlü etkileşimler ortaya çıkarmıştır. Özellikle sağ toplumsal tabanın önemli bileşenlerinden olan sermaye grupları ve dini gruplar, Türkiye sağının siyaset yapma biçimlerini ve tercihlerini önemli düzeyde etkilemiştir.
Service Delivery in the Lesotho Tourist Attraction Sector: Are Tourists Satisfied with the Service Provision?
Authors: Rasethuntsa Boitumelo Caroline 
Published: November 2021

Tourism has emerged into an economic giant and an engine utilised by African countries to gain economic benefits. Because tourism is a diverse industry comprising of many subsectors, tourist attractions are regarded as a strategic area of the industry. This study aims to determine the features that attract tourists to Lesotho and establish whether the tourists are satisfied with the service quality provided at local tourist attractions. The study utilised qualitative research approach, and interviews were conducted to gain the insight information regarding the topic under investigation. The findings revealed that the Lesotho landscape and culture are features stimulating destination visitation. Also, the empirical results highlighted that tourist are dissatisfied with the local tourist attractions services including underutilisation of online services, unprofessionalism and lack of skills, under marketing of tourist attractions, and environmental sustainability mismanagement among others. Strategies for improvement are provided based on the findings to enable enhanced management of tourist attractions.