bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leontief Meets Markov: Sectoral Vulnerabilities Through Circular Connectivity
Authors: Wirkierman Ariel L. , Bianchi Monica , Torriero Anna 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEconomists have been aware of the mapping between an Input-Output (I-O, hereinafter) table and the adjacency matrix of a weighted digraph for several decades (Solow, Econometrica 20(1):29–46, 1952). An I-O table may be interpreted as a network in which edges measure money flows to purchase inputs that go into production, whilst vertices represent economic industries. However, only recently the language and concepts of complex networks (Newman 2010) have been more intensively applied to the study of interindustry relations (McNerney et al. Physica A Stat Mech Appl, 392(24):6427–6441, 2013). The aim of this paper is to study sectoral vulnerabilities in I-O networks, by connecting the formal structure of a closed I-O model (Leontief, Rev Econ Stat, 19(3):109–132, 1937) to the constituent elements of an ergodic, regular Markov chain (Kemeny and Snell 1976) and its chance process specification as a random walk on a graph. We provide an economic interpretation to a local, sector-specific vulnerability index based on mean first passage times, computed by means of the Moore-Penrose inverse of the asymmetric graph Laplacian (Boley et al. Linear Algebra Appl, 435(2):224–242, 2011). Traversing from the most central to the most peripheral sector of the economy in 60 countries between 2005 and 2015, we uncover cross-country salient roles for certain industries, pervasive features of structural change and (dis)similarities between national economies, in terms of their sectoral vulnerabilities.
Operators in pre-Riesz spaces: moduli and homomorphisms
Authors: Kalauch Anke , Stennder Janko , van Gaans Onno 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe focus on two topics that are related to moduli of elements in partially ordered vector spaces. First, we relate operators that preserve moduli to generalized notions of lattice homomorphisms, such as Riesz homomorphisms, Riesz* homomorphisms, and positive disjointness preserving operators. We also consider complete Riesz homomorphisms, which generalize order continuous lattice homomorphisms. Second, we characterize elements with a modulus by means of disjoint elements and apply this result to obtain moduli of functionals and operators in various settings. On spaces of continuous functions, we identify those differences of Riesz* homomorphisms that have a modulus. Many of our results for pre-Riesz spaces of continuous functions lead to results on order unit spaces, where the functional representation is used.
Measuring Regional Performance in the Italian NHS: Are Disparities Decreasing?
Authors: Bruzzi Silvia , Ivaldi Enrico , Santagata Marta 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGiven the regional disparities that historically characterize the Italian context, in this paper we propose a framework to evaluate the regional health care systems’ performance in order to contribute to the debate on the relationship between decentralisation of health care and equity. To investigate the regional health systems performance, we refer to the OECD Health Care Quality Indicators project to construct of a set of five composite indexes. The composite indexes are built on the basis of the non-compensatory Adjusted Mazziotta-Pareto Index, that allows comparability of the data across units and over time. We propose three indexes of health system performance, namely Quality Index, Accessibility Index and Cost-Expenditure Index, along with a Health Status Index and a Lifestyles Index. Our framework highlights that regional disparities still persist. Consistently with the evidence at the institutional level, there are regions, particularly in Southern Italy, which record lower levels of performance with high levels of expenditure. Continuous research is needed to provide policy makers with appropriate data and tools to build a cohesive health care system for the benefit of the whole population. Even if future research is needed to integrate our framework with new indicators for the calculation of the indexes and with the identification of new indexes, the study shows that a scientific reflection on decentralisation of health systems is necessary in order to reduce inequalities.
Stressors and vulnerability during upper secondary school: subjective experiences of classroom climate and coping beliefs as predicting factors of school stress in Norway
Authors: Haugan Jan Arvid , Frostad Per , Mjaavatn Per-Egil 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe present longitudinal study was designed to scrutinize how adolescents perceive their life in upper secondary schools in general, and how central aspects of their perceived classroom climate predicted their coping beliefs and experience of school stress in particular. The participants were 1215 students in upper secondary schools (grades 2 and 3) from one county in Norway. The data were analysed by means of structural equation modelling, and the findings reveal gender differences that need further investigation in future research. Our study indicates that a performance-oriented goal structure and social support from peers and teachers seem to be a potential risk factor and/or protective factor when it comes to adolescents’ development of coping beliefs and experiences of school stress, especially among girls.
Can imagination be unconscious?
Authors: Kind Amy 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOur ordinary conception of imagination takes it to be essentially a conscious phenomenon, and traditionally that’s how it had been treated in the philosophical literature. In fact, this claim had often been taken to be so obvious as not to need any argumentative support. But lately in the philosophical literature on imagination we see increasing support for the view that imagining need not occur consciously. In this paper, I examine the case for unconscious imagination. I’ll consider four different arguments that we can find in the recent literature—three of which are based on cases and one that is based on considerations relating to action guidance. To my mind, none of these arguments is successful. I conclude that the case for postulating unconscious imagining has not yet been well motivated.
What are empirical consequences? On dispensability and composite objects
Authors: LeBrun Alex 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPhilosophers sometimes give arguments that presuppose the following principle: two theories can fail to be empirically equivalent on the sole basis that they present different “thick” metaphysical pictures of the world. Recently, a version of this principle has been invoked to respond to the argument that composite objects are dispensable to our best scientific theories. This response claims that our empirical evidence distinguishes between ordinary and composite-free theories, and it empirically favors the ordinary ones (Hofweber 2016, 2018). In this paper, I ask whether this response to the dispensability argument is tenable. I claim that it is not. This is because it presupposes an indefensible thesis about when two empirical consequences are distinct or the same. My argument provides some insight into what our empirical consequences are, and I conclude that empirical evidence is radically metaphysically neutral. This gives us some insight into the significant content of our scientific theories—the content that a scientific realist is committed to—and I show how this insight relates to questions about theoretical equivalence more broadly.
Neither Cronbach’s Alpha nor McDonald’s Omega: A Commentary on Sijtsma and Pfadt
Authors: Cho Eunseong 
Published: August 2021

Sijtsma and Pfadt (2021) published a thought-provoking article on coefficient alpha. I make the following arguments against their work. 1) Kuder and Richardson (1937) deserve more credit for coefficient alpha than Cronbach (1951). 2) We should distinguish between the definition of reliability and its meaning. 3) We should be wary of overfitting in the use of FA reliability. 4) Our primary concern is to obtain accurate reliability estimates rather than conservative estimates. 5) Several reliability estimators, such as λ2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu _{2}$$\end{document}, congeneric reliability and the Gilmer-Feldt coefficient are more accurate than coefficient alpha. 6) The name omega should not be used to refer to a specific reliability estimator.
Emergency medical admissions and COVID-19: impact on 30-day mortality and hospital length of stay
Authors: Conway Richard P. , Byrne Declan G. , O’Riordan Deirdre M. R. , Kent Brian D. , Kennedy Barry M. J. , Cheallaigh Clíona M. Ní , O’Connell Brian P. , Akasheh Nadim B. , Browne Joseph G. , Silke Bernard M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has put considerable strain on healthcare systems.

Aim
To investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on 30-day in-hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS) and resource utilization in acute medical care.

Methods
We compared emergency medical admissions to a single secondary care centre during 2020 to the preceding 18 years (2002–2019). We investigated 30-day in-hospital mortality with a multiple variable logistic regression model. Utilization of procedures/services was related to LOS with zero truncated Poisson regression.

Results
There were 132,715 admissions in 67,185 patients over the 19-year study. There was a linear reduction in 30-day in-hospital mortality over time; over the most recent 5 years (2016–2020), there was a relative risk reduction of 36%, from 7.9 to 4.3% with a number needed to treat of 27.7. Emergency medical admissions increased 18.8% to 10,452 in 2020 with COVID-19 admissions representing 3.5%. 18.6% of COVID-19 cases required ICU admission with a median stay of 10.1 days (IQR 3.8, 16.0). COVID-19 was a significant univariate predictor of 30-day in-hospital mortality, 18.5% (95%CI: 13.9, 23.1) vs. 3.0% (95%CI: 2.7, 3.4)—OR 7.3 (95%CI: 5.3, 10.1). ICU admission was the dominant outcome predictor—OR 12.4 (95%CI: 7.7, 20.1). COVID-19 mortality in the last third of 2020 improved—OR 0.64 (95%CI: 0.47, 0.86). Hospital LOS and resource utilization were increased.

Conclusion
A diagnosis of COVID-19 was associated with significantly increased mortality and LOS but represented only 3.5% of admissions and did not attenuate the established temporal decline in overall in-hospital mortality.
Smart Grids and Machine Learning in Chinese and Western Intellectual Property Law
Authors: Papastefanou Stefan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHaving huge power grids successfully integrate sustainable energy sources requires a smart and flexible power grid management system. Such smart systems have to adapt fast and accurately to a great amount of data input – a task which is made easier by applying modern machine learning technology. Solutions crafted by dynamic and powerful computing algorithms have the potential to surpass human cognitive capabilities. The question arises whether and how intellectual property law can be used to set the right incentives. This paper initially describes the basic functions of smart grids and the corresponding necessity of machine learning. Subsequently, it will analyze the current approaches of the most relevant patent offices in dealing with the challenges of AI-related smart grid inventions. Ultimately, it will be demonstrated that the contemporary discussions fail to focus on practical considerations of market entry possibilities that might be more promising than the approach of creating new exclusionary intellectual property rights.
Impact of hypogonadism on bone mineral density and vertebral fractures in HIV-infected men
Authors: Pezzaioli L. C. , Porcelli T. , Delbarba A. , Maffezzoni F. , Focà E. , Castelli F. , Cappelli C. , Ferlin A. , Quiros-Roldan M. E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Hypogonadism and osteoporosis are frequently reported in HIV-infected men and, besides multifactorial pathogenesis, they might be directly linked because of testicular involvement in bone health. We evaluated the prevalence of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures (VFs) in HIV-infected men, and assessed their relationship with gonadal function.

Methods
We enrolled 168 HIV-infected men (median age 53). Osteoporosis and osteopenia were defined with T-score ≤  – 2.5SD and T-score between  – 1 and  – 2.5SD, respectively. VFs were assessed by quantitative morphometric analysis. Total testosterone (TT), calculated free testosterone (cFT), Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) were obtained; overt hypogonadism was defined on symptoms and low TT or cFT, and classified into primary and secondary according to gonadotropins; compensated hypogonadism was defined as normal TT and cFT with high LH levels.

Results
Overall, osteoporosis and osteopenia were found in 87.5% of patients, and VFs were detected in 25% of them; hypogonadism was identified in 26.2% of cases. Osteoporotic patients had higher SHBG vs those with normal bone mineral density (BMD). Fractured patients were more frequently hypogonadal and with higher SHBG. SHBG showed negative correlation with both spine and femoral BMD, and positive correlation with VFs. In multivariate models, FSH showed negative impact only on femoral BMD, whereas older age and higher SHBG predicted VFs.

Conclusion
We found a high burden of bone disease and hypogonadism in HIV-infected men, and we showed that the impact of gonadal function on bone health is more evident on VFs than on BMD.
Physiological and biochemical responses to water deficit and recovery of two olive cultivars (Olea europaea L., Arbequina and Empeltre cvs.) under Mediterranean conditions
Authors: Melaouhi Amira , Baraza Elena , Escalona José M. , El-AouOuad Hanan , Mahjoub Imen , Bchir Amani , Braham Mohamed , Bota Josefina 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe main objective of the present study was to evaluate the responses to water deficit stress and recovery capacity of young potted trees from two olive cultivars, Empeltre cv. and the widely planted Arbequina cv. The experiment was carried out under semiarid environmental conditions at the experimental field of the University of Balearic Islands in Mallorca, Spain. Two-year-old plants in 22 L pots were exposed to three water availability regimes (full capacity [FC]; 50% FC; 30% FC). Growth, gas exchange, intrinsic water use efficiency, C13 discrimination and biochemical parameters (total soluble sugars, proline, starch, total soluble protein, pigments and phenolic fraction) were evaluated. Plants were rewetted and assessed again after the re-watering period. Drought stress reduced photosynthesis, mainly by regulating stomatal conductance (gs). Arbequina cv. exhibited a more conservative water use strategy than Empeltre, with greater reductions in gs, accompanied by significant reductions in vegetative growth. Non-significant differences in intrinsic water use efficiency were observed between cultivars and treatments. However, C13 discrimination analysis showed better water use efficiency in Empeltre than Arbequina in all treatments. Water deficit stress caused an increase of proline and total soluble solids and a reduction of starch, total soluble protein and chlorophylls concentrations of both cultivars. Empeltre showed a higher total phenol concentration than Arbequina during non-water deficit stress conditions. Cultivar-specific differences in the mechanisms to deal with drought were observed. Empeltre cv. exhibits a higher capacity to tolerate drought and it continues growing under water stress and recovery.
Globalized Cross-Border Insolvency Law: The Roles Played by China
Authors: Zhang Zinian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study empirically investigates China’s participation in the globalized cross-border insolvency collaboration system. It is the first time for the development of China’s cross-border insolvency law to be examined against the background of private international law on foreign judgment recognition and enforcement. The findings of this article reveal that foreign bankruptcy representatives face considerable difficulties in satisfying the treaty and reciprocity requirements when seeking judicial assistance from China, and that local protectionism in favour of China’s state-owned and state-linked companies undermines foreign bankruptcy representatives’ confidence in approaching China’s courts for support. Although there are several court recognitions of foreign bankruptcy judgments in China, this article finds that they are only used to acknowledge the legal status of foreign bankruptcy representatives to meet the demands of government authorities; Chinese courts have not taken a substantial step in recognizing a foreign bankruptcy judgment so as to bar individual creditors’ action in the interest of a foreign bankruptcy proceeding. On the contrary, for Chinese bankruptcy representatives seeking assistance abroad, they could take advantage of the liberal judicial infrastructure, especially of some advanced jurisdictions, to obtain recognition and relief.
Wer also erzählt Nietzsches Zarathustra?
Authors: Zittel Claus 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungDass Also sprach Zarathustra einen Erzähler hat, wird meist übersehen. Der Beitrag arbeitet die unterschiedlichen Rollen und Funktionen des Erzählers in Nietzsches Hauptwerk heraus, diskutiert die damit verbundene Gattungsproblematik und fragt nach den Formen und Folgen eines Erzählens nach dem Tode Gottes. Es werden die unterschiedlichen Störungen in der Erzählordnung vorgeführt und diese im Licht einer chaotisch und kontingent gewordenen Moderne interpretiert.
Combined operation for coronary artery bypass grafting and mitral valve replacement; risk and outcome
Authors: Ahmed Okba F. , Kakamad Fahmi H. , Almudhaffar Saif S. , Hachim Rafid Hameed , Najar Kayhan A. , Salih Abdulwahid M. , Hussen Dahat A. , Mohammed Shvan H. , Mustafa Mohammed Q. , Mohammed Karukh K. , Omar Diyar A. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
The combination of mitral valve replacement (MVR) with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is generally thought to have a greater early and late mortality than either procedure alone. The aim of this study is to review single center experience for the concomitant MVR and CABG.

Patients and methods:
This is a single center, retrospective, single cohort study, composes of consecutive cases. It included all the cases of combined operation of MVR and CABG. The patients were followed up for a median duration of two years (six months to four years). The data were collected from hospital records and registers of hospital statistics. The followings were obtained; socio-demographic data, information regarding clinical courses, intraoperative findings, and post-operative follow up data.

Result:
The study included 72 cases, the mean age was 56 years, 38 of them (53%) were males and 34 (47%) were female. The most common comorbidity was hypertension which was found in 24 patients (33%). The mean preoperative ejection fraction was 59%. Twenty-two patients (30.6%) had single graft, 21 patients (29.2%) underwent 3-vessel grafting, 16 patients (22.2%) had 2-vessel grafting, and 13 cases (18.1%) underwent 4-vessel grafting. The CPB duration ranged from 108 to 280 min with a mean of 182 min and cross-clamp time ranged from 80 to 186 min with a mean of 122 min. The most common complication was plural effusion which occurred in 8 cases (11.1%) and managed by aspiration. Overall mortality was 8.3% (4 patients).

Conclusion:
CABG and chordal-sparing and posterior leaflet replacement has favorable outcome, as well as minimizes the need of redo surgery as in repair.one of the best options for CAD and sever MR.

Highlights
Isoscape Models of the Southern Ocean: Predicting Spatial and Temporal Variability in Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Compositions of Particulate Organic Matter
Authors: St John Glew Katie , Espinasse Boris , Hunt Brian P. V. , Pakhomov Evgeny A. , Bury Sarah J. , Pinkerton Matt , Nodder Scott D. , Gutiérrez‐Rodríguez Andres , Safi Karl , Brown Julie C. S. , Graham Laura , Dunbar Robert B. , Mucciarone David A. , Magozzi Sarah , Somes Chris , Trueman Clive N. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPolar marine ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Warming temperatures, freshening seawater, and disruption to sea‐ice formation potentially all have cascading effects on food webs. New approaches are needed to better understand spatiotemporal interactions among biogeochemical processes at the base of Southern Ocean food webs. In marine systems, isoscapes (models of the spatial variation in the stable isotopic composition) of carbon and nitrogen have proven useful in identifying spatial variation in a range of biogeochemical processes, such as nutrient utilization by phytoplankton. Isoscapes provide a baseline for interpreting stable isotope compositions of higher trophic level animals in movement, migration, and diet research. Here, we produce carbon and nitrogen isoscapes across the entire Southern Ocean (>40°S) using surface particulate organic matter isotope data, collected over the past 50 years. We use Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation‐based approaches to predict mean annual isoscapes and four seasonal isoscapes using a suite of environmental data as predictor variables. Clear spatial gradients in δ13C and δ15N values were predicted across the Southern Ocean, consistent with previous statistical and mechanistic views of isotopic variability in this region. We identify strong seasonal variability in both carbon and nitrogen isoscapes, with key implications for the use of static or annual average isoscape baselines in animal studies attempting to document seasonal migratory or foraging behaviors.
A Physical Interpretation of Recent Tropical Cyclone Post‐Landfall Decay
Authors: Phillipson L. M. , Toumi R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe decay of landfalling tropical cyclones is important to the damage caused. We examine a simple physically based decay model of maximum surface winds driven by frictional turbulent drag and a modification accounting for partial to complete land roughness. The model fits an algebraic decay with a parameter determined by the ratio of the surface drag coefficient to the effective vortex depth. This parameter has been decreasing from 1980 to 2018. There is also a global mean increase of wind speed 24 h after landfall of +1.13 m/s per decade. We cannot exclude the possibility that this trend is driven by the initial wind speed increase, but it is most likely due to a slowing of the decay. This weaker decay amounts to an additional 7 h of gale force winds for a typical Category 1 at landfall.