bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Withdrawal Notice: Anticancer Activity-Structure Relationship of Quinolinone- Based Compounds: An Overview
Authors: Beker Hüseyin K. , Yıldırım Işıl 
Published: January 2021

The article has been withdrawn on the recommendation of the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry because of the lack of clarity and obscurity in the content regarding language.

Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may have caused.

The Bentham Editorial Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found https://benthamscience.com/editorial-policies-main.php

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It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Furthermore, any data, illustration, structure or table that has been published elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submitting the article for publication the authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered. By submitting a manuscript, the authors agree that the copyright of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication.
The Synergistic Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effect of Resveratrol and Naringenin on Y79 Retinoblastoma Cell Line
Authors: Rakhshan Rasul , Atashi Hesam A. , Hoseinian Mohammad , Jafari Aryan , Haghighi Amirparsa , Ziyadloo Fatemeh , Razizadeh Nasim , Ghasemian Haniyeh , Nia Mohammad M.K. , Sefidi Anita B. , Arani Hamid Z. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Resveratrol is a phenolic natural product, which is found in red grapes and in Japanese
knotweed root (Polygonum cuspidatum). Naringenin is one of the flavonoid compounds found in landing grape
and other citrus fruits. Both agents exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Objective:
In this study, the effect of Resveratrol and Naringenin in an in vitro model of retinoblastoma of the
eye has been investigated.

Methods:
XTT and trypan blue assays were used to evaluate the anti-proliferative/cytotixic effect of resveratrol
and naringenin in Y79 cells. With the aid of AnnexinV/PI flow cytometry, the kind of cell death was investigated.
To assess important gene expression levels at mRNA level involved in apoptosis, Real-time PCR was utilized.

Results:
Naringenin and resveratrol significantly decreased proliferation and stimulated cell death (mostly apoptosis)
in Y79 cells at 50 and 100 (μg/ml) after 24 and 48 hours. Additional cytotoxic effect was observed after
48 hours. Furthermore expression level of Bax and Bcl2 mRNAs altered significantly in all samples treated
with 50 (μg/ml) of naringenin, resveratrol, or simultaneously with both. P21 mRNAs expression altered in all
mentioned samples except those treated with 50 (μg/ml) of resveratrol.

Conclusion:
Based on the results, it can be concluded that resveratrol and naringenin can decrease cell viability
in retinoblastoma cells in an in vitro dose/time-dependent manner. Albeit more studies are needed to shed the
light on the mechanism of action, our data reveal a potential synergistic cytotoxic effect of naringenin and
resveratrol on Y79 cells in 48 hours.
Patients’ Perspectives About Factors Affecting Their Use of Electronic Personal Health Records in England: Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Abd-Alrazaq Alaa , Safi Zeineb , Bewick Bridgette M , Househ Mowafa , Gardner Peter H 
Published: January 2021

Background
General practices (GPs) in England have recently introduced a nationwide electronic personal health record (ePHR) system called Patient Online or GP online services, which allows patients to view parts of their medical records, book appointments, and request prescription refills. Although this system is free of charge, its adoption rates are low. To improve patients’ adoption and implementation success of the system, it is important to understand the factors affecting their use of the system.

Objective
The aim of this study is to explore patients’ perspectives of factors affecting their use of ePHRs in England.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey was carried out between August 21 and September 26, 2017. A questionnaire was used in this survey to collect mainly quantitative data through closed-ended questions in addition to qualitative data through an open-ended question. A convenience sample was recruited in 4 GPs in West Yorkshire, England. Given that the quantitative data were analyzed in a previous study, we analyzed the qualitative data using thematic analysis.

Results
Of the 800 eligible patients invited to participate in the survey, 624 (78.0%) returned a fully completed questionnaire. Of those returned questionnaires, the open-ended question was answered by 136/624 (21.8%) participants. A total of 2 meta-themes emerged from participants’ responses. The first meta-theme comprises 5 themes about why patients do not use Patient Online: concerns about using Patient Online, lack of awareness of Patient Online, challenges regarding internet and computers, perceived characteristics of nonusers, and preference for personal contact. The second meta-theme contains 1 theme about why patients use Patient Online: encouraging features of Patient Online.

Conclusions
The challenges and concerns that impede the use of Patient Online seem to be of greater importance than the facilitators that encourage its use. There are practical considerations that, if incorporated into the system, are likely to improve its adoption rate: Patient Online should be useful, easy to use, secure, and easy to access. Different channels should be used to increase the awareness of the system, and GPs should ease registration with the system and provide manuals, training sessions, and technical support. More research is needed to assess the effect of the new factors found in this study (eg, lack of trust, difficulty registering with Patient Online) and factors affecting the continuing use of the system.
Step and Distance Measurement From a Low-Cost Consumer-Based Hip and Wrist Activity Monitor: Protocol for a Validity and Reliability Assessment
Authors: Carlin Thomas , Vuillerme Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

Background
Self-tracking via wearable and mobile technologies is becoming an essential part of personal health management. At this point, however, little information is available to substantiate the validity and reliability of low-cost consumer-based hip and wrist activity monitors, with regard more specifically to the measurements of step counts and distance traveled while walking.

Objective
The aim of our study is to assess the validity and reliability of step and distance measurement from a low-cost consumer-based hip and wrist activity monitor specific in various walking conditions that are commonly encountered in daily life. Specifically, this study is designed to evaluate whether and to what extent validity and reliability could depend on the sensor placement on the human body and the walking task being performed.

Methods
Thirty healthy participants will be instructed to wear four PBN 2433 (Nakosite) activity monitors simultaneously, with one placed on each hip and each wrist. Participants will attend two experimental sessions separated by 1 week. During each experimental session, two separate studies will be performed. In study 1, participants will be instructed to complete a 2-minute walk test along a 30-meter indoor corridor under 3 walking speeds: very slow, slow, and usual speed. In study 2, participants will be required to complete the following 3 conditions performed at usual walking speed: walking on flat ground, upstairs, and downstairs. Activity monitor measured step count and distance values will be computed along with the actual step count (determined from video recordings) and distance (measured using a measuring tape) to determine validity and reliability for each activity monitor placement and each walking condition.

Results
Participant recruitment and data collection began in January 2020. As of June 2020, we enrolled 8 participants. Dissemination of study results in peer-reviewed journals is expected in spring 2021.

Conclusions
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that examines the validity and reliability of step and distance measurement during walking using the PBN 2433 (Nakosite) activity monitor. Results of this study will provide beneficial information on the effects of activity monitor placement, walking speed, and walking tasks on the validity and reliability of step and distance measurement. We believe such information is of utmost importance to general consumers, clinicians, and researchers.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
DERR1-10.2196/21262
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Dagogo-Jack Samuel 
Published: January 2021

The long-term complications of diabetes mellitus include those attributable to hyperglycemia-mediated small vessel (microvascular)and neuropathic complications and syndromes resulting from multifactorial large vessel disease (macrovascular complications). Diabetic patients with evidence of chronic complications are best managed in consultation with appropriate specialists. The microvascular and neuropathic complications, which are specifically related to hyperglycemia, include retinopathy, nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy.

This review contains 8 figures, 9 tables, and 83 references.
Key Words: Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, macrovascular, microvascular, neuropathic
Lung Cancer - Part I
Authors: Crawford Jeffrey , Strickler John 
Published: January 2021

In the United States, lung cancer is the second most common cancer, surpassed only by prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women. But lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths, accounting for 29% and 26% of all cancer-related deaths in men and women, respectively. The four major pathologic cell types of lung cancer are small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Because they have overlapping clinical behaviors and responses to treatment, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma are generally grouped together in the category of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This review discusses both NSCLC and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), including lung cancer in those who have never smoked, prevention of lung cancer, with sections on diagnosis, biomarkers, treatment, and supportive care.
This review contains 7 figures, 10 tables, and 81 references.
Keywords: lung cancer, mediastinoscopy, chemoradiotherapy, TNM staging system, pulmonary parenchyma, segmentectomy
Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Vokes Everett E , Wood Kevin C. 
Published: January 2021

The most common histology of non-thyroid head and neck cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. Common risk factors for head and neck malignancies include tobacco and alcohol abuse and viruses, including Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Early stage disease is often treated with surgery or radiation therapy alone, while more advanced disease often requires a multi-modality approach including systemic chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical resection. In the curative setting, current clinical trials are evaluating the de-escalation of therapy in HPV-releated head and neck cancer. In the metastatic setting, clinical trials have focused on using immunotherapy agents to improve outcomes. This review chapter will discuss the etiology and common presentations of head and neck cancer, and also analyze recent advancements in the treatment of the disease.

Key words: chemoradiation, head and neck cancer, human papillomavirus, immunotherapy, oropharynx, squamous cell carcinoma, treatment deescalation
Seronegative Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Maksymowych Walter P 
Published: January 2021

The term spondyloarthritis encompasses a family of clinically, epidemiologically, and genetically related inflammatory diseases that primarily affect spinal and peripheral joints. The prototypic disease known as ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by progressive ankylosis in the joints of the axial skeleton that is readily evident on radiography and culminates in a permanently stooped spinal posture. Disease may not progress to ankylosis and may initially affect the peripheral joints and entheses, so the term spondyloarthritis is now considered the more appropriate term for this group of arthritides. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the classification, epidemiology, pathogenesis (including genetic factors, effector cytokines, bacteria and intestinal inflammation, and the link between inflammation and spinal ankylosis), pathology, diagnosis, management (including patient education, physical modalities, symptom-modifying antirheumatic drugs, second-line agents, biologic therapies, antibiotics, and surgery), and prognosis of spondyloarthritis. Graphs, algorithms, illustrations, and radiographic images are provided. Tables outline the modified New York criteria for ankylosing spondylitis, disease associations with genes outside the HLA locus in ankylosing spondylitis and overlap with Crohn disease and psoriasis, Assessments in SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS)/European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis, 2010 recommendations for the use of anti–tumor necrosis factor agents in patients with axial spondyloarthritis, and the ASAS core set for clinical record keeping.
This review contains 15 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 176 references.
Infections due to Gram-Positive Cocci
Authors: Stevens Dennis L. 
Published: January 2021

The gram-positive cocci that produce infection include pneumococci, group A streptococci, non?group A streptococci (including groups B, C, D, G, and nongroupable streptococci), anaerobic streptococci, enterococci, and staphylococci. This chapter discusses the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of infections associated with each of these gram-positive cocci, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The clinical infections caused by each of these organisms are reviewed. Tables describe the incidence of pneumococcal disease according to age and underlying disease, factors associated with adverse outcomes in pneumococcal pneumonia; medically important streptococci and enterococci; antibiotic treatment for penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, enterococcal infections, and staphylococcal infections; laboratory tests for streptococcal pharyngitis; clinical manifestations and antibiotic treatment for staphylococcal toxic-shock syndrome (TSS); revised Jones criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever, and drug treatment of acute rheumatic fever.
This review contains 105 references.
Infections due to Rickettsia and Related Organisms
Authors: Blanton Lucas S 
Published: January 2021

Infections caused by organisms of the genus Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Coxiella occur throughout the world and are important, yet often overlooked, causes of febrile illness. They are transmitted by ticks, lice, mites, fleas, and, in the case of Coxiella, infected aerosols. Some are considered emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, as exemplified by the emergence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the American Southwest and Mexico; the reemergence of murine typhus in parts of Texas; and the discovery of new pathogens, such as Ehrlichia muris–like agent. Manifestations are usually of an acute undifferentiated febrile illness, with associated headache, malaise, myalgias, and varying frequency of rash. Since confirmation of diagnosis is often retrospective, requiring the dynamic change in antibody titers from acute and convalescent phase sera, clinical recognition for empirical treatment is imperative. Indeed, timely treatment is effective at abating symptoms and preventing complications. This review discusses important aspects of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment of infections caused by Rickettsia and related organisms.
This review contains 5 figures, 9 tables, and 50 references.
Key words: anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, scrub typhus, spotted fever group rickettsioses, typhus group rickettsioses
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
Authors: Roos Karen L. 
Published: January 2021

Acute bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening infection. By definition, meningitis is an infection of the meninges and the subarachnoid space. Bacterial meningitis is associated with an inflammatory response that involves the meninges, the subarachnoid space, the brain parenchyma, and the cerebral arteries and veins. As such, bacterial meningoencephalitis is the more accurate descriptive term. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of the disease. The discussion of diagnosis covers clinical manifestations, physical examination findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The discussion of treatment covers empirical therapy, specific antimicrobial therapy, and dexamethasone therapy. Graphs compare causative organisms and clinical manifestations of community-acquired meningitis. Illustrations depict proper patient positioning for detecting nuchal rigidity, Kernig sign, Brudzinski sign, and lumbar puncture, as well as a sagittal view of a lumbar puncture needle as it is advanced into the subarachnoid space. An algorithm delineates the approach to the patient with symptoms and signs of bacterial meningitis. Tables outline bacterial pathogens based on predisposing and associated conditions, cerebrospinal fluid diagnostic studies for meningitis, the appearance of the organism on a Gram stain, empirical antimicrobial therapy based on predisposing and associated conditions, recommendations for specific antibiotic therapy in bacterial meningitis, and recommended doses for antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of bacterial meningitis.

This review contains 8 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 75 references.
Radiculopathies and Neuropathies
Authors: Chuang Kathy , David William S 
Published: January 2021

“Radiculopathies” are disorders of nerve roots, whereas “neuropathies” are disorders of the peripheral nerve. These disorders may involve single roots or nerves, multiple roots or nerves, and even other aspects of the nervous system. This chapter reviews the anatomy and pathophysiology of the peripheral nervous system; the general approach to radiculopathies and neuropathies, including clinical manifestations and localization, diagnostic studies, and treatment; radiculopathies, including anatomy, cervical radiculopathy, lumbosacral radiculopathy, thoracic radiculopathy, and cauda equina syndrome; and neuropathies, including mononeuropathies and polyneuropathies. Tables describe the innervation of select nerve roots and peripheral nerves, differences between root and nerve lesions, commonly used neuropathic pain medications, distinctive patterns of neuropathy with limited differential diagnoses, differential diagnosis of demyelinating polyneuropathy, drugs that may cause polyneuropathy, and neuropathies associated with diabetes mellitus. Figures show the anatomy of a spinal segment, nerve fascicles, ultrasound images of the median nerve, magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbosacral spine, the Spurling maneuver, and physical examination maneuvers for lumbosacral radiculopathies.
This chapter contains 6 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, 77 references, and 5 MCQs.
The role of the ‘centre’ in public service reform
Authors: MacCarthaigh Muiris 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Amongst his many interests in public administration, the practical and challenging task of implementing and evaluating public service reform has been a consistent feature of the oeuvre of research over Richard Boyle’s career (cf. Boyle, 2004, 2016; Boyle & Joyce, 1988; Boyle & Lemaire, 1999; Boyle & MacCarthaigh, 2011). In this article, the focus is on the role played by the ‘centre’ in public service reform both conceptually and in practice. The article first considers what is meant by the centre in Irish political– administrative life, before reflecting on how we might understand different forms of public sector reform governance and then applying them to the Irish case. The centre-led reforms that occurred between the 1960s up to the late 2000s are reviewed, before more recent efforts from 2011 up to the present are presented. A final section summarises the contribution.
Reflections on continuity and change in public service reform in Ireland
Authors: McCarthy Dermot 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This article reviews the elements of continuity in the approach to public service reform in Ireland and of change in expectations of public service performance in Ireland over recent decades. It concludes that supporting democratic governance is the primary goal of public service and that trust in its capacity to meet society’s needs is the most appropriate criterion to assess reform programmes. It also suggests some priorities for future reform effort.
Reforming local government: Past, present and future
Authors: Callanan Mark 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Reform of local government in Ireland has tended to involve both reform initiatives that mirror broader trends in public service reform nationally, as well as reform initiatives that are distinctive to the local government sector. Amongst the former we can include managerial reforms, digitisation and efforts to make local government more open and accountable. Other initiatives have included changes to the service portfolio of local government, pointing to an enhanced role in some fields and a reduced role in others. Some reforms can be characterised as enduring – in that they have been recurring themes in successive reform programmes. Other reform themes have been somewhat more occasional or sporadic and arguably brought about by the specific circumstances in which they were implemented. Looking to the future, we might speculate that upcoming challenges may include how public services generally can cope with diversity in addressing challenges that are likely to vary in different parts of Ireland, for example, based on distinctions between urban, suburban and rural areas. The article appeals for a more evidence-based approach to reform in the local government sector – this should be aided by existing research contributions and the enhanced evaluation capacity that exists in the Irish public service.