bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluorometer optical path interference via zooplankton phototaxis: Implications for high‐frequency data collection
Authors: Moriarty Vincent W. , Lucius Mark A. , Johnston Kenneth E. , Borrelli Jonathan J. , Mattes Brian M. , Pezzuoli Alexander R. , Watson Campbell D. , Eichler Lawrence W. , Relyea Rick A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTo measure chlorophylla(Chla) fluorescence (Fchl), fluorometers use an excitation wavelength that is within the visible spectrum of most zooplankton, and as a result has the potential to cause a phototactic response in zooplankton. The transparent bodies of herbivorous zooplankton may allow viable chlorophyllawithin an individual's digestive tract to fluoresce in response to sensor excitation light, resulting in measurement bias. To test for this bias, a fully factorial (± zooplankton and ± light) experiment was conducted in an oligotrophic lake. Excitation light from fluorometers triggered a positive phototactic response during nighttime hours, resulting in swarms of zooplankton congregating beneath the sensor. The maximum hourly meanFchlfrom nighttime/open treatments was higher and more variable than nighttime/zooplankton exclusion treatments, with the greatest single hour difference of 7.34 relative fluorescence units (RFU) vs. 0.26 RFU. In open treatments, sustained periods ofFchlexceeded 31x the values of exclusion treatments. A second series of experiments pulsed excitation lights in alternating periods in order to characterize zooplankton response times. Sensor bias was detected in as little as 20 s after initial illumination. Collectively, these results suggest that swarms of phototactic zooplankton can cause substantial bias inFchlmeasurements at night. To correct for this bias, post‐processing methods using time series decomposition were demonstrated to remove the majority ofFchlbias.
Risk factors for developing post‐thymectomy myasthenia gravis in patients with thymoma
Authors: Kim Ahwon , Choi Seok‐Jin , Kang Chang Hyun , Lee Seonkyung , Son Hyoshin , Kim Jin‐Ah , Shin Je‐Young , Kim Sung‐Min , Hong Yoon‐Ho , Sung Jung‐Joon 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThymectomy is required for the treatment of thymoma‐associated myasthenia gravis (MG). However, MG may develop only after thymectomy, a condition known as post‐thymectomy MG. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for post‐thymectomy MG in patients with thymoma.MethodsWe retrospectively identified 235 patients with thymoma who underwent thymectomy at a single hospital from January 2008 to December 2017: 44 with preoperatively diagnosed MG were excluded, leaving 191 patients in the final analysis. Univariable survival analyses using Cox proportional hazards regression model and Kaplan‐Meier estimate were conducted to identify risk factors for post‐thymectomy MG.ResultsPost‐thymectomy MG developed in 4.2% (8/191) of the patients with thymoma between 18 days and 108 mo after surgery. Hazard ratios (HRs) of pre‐ and postoperative anti‐acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR‐Ab) titers were 2.267 (P = .002) and 1.506 (P < .001), respectively. Patients with extended thymectomy had a low chance of post‐thymectomy MG (HR 0.035, P = .007). Larger thymoma (HR, 1.359; P = .005) and type A or AB thymoma according to World Health Organization histological classification (HR, 11.92; P = .021) were associated with higher chances of post‐thymectomy MG. Within the subgroup of preoperatively AChR‐Ab seropositive patients, post‐thymectomy MG developed in 22.2% (6/27).ConclusionsPre‐ and postoperative AChR‐Ab levels should be measured in patients with thymoma. A large thymoma and partial thymectomy appear to be associated with a higher probability of post‐thymectomy MG.
A cross‐sectional study on nurses' attitudes towards physical restraints use in nursing homes in Portugal
Authors: Ferrão Sónia Alexandra da Silva , Bleijlevens Michel H. C. , Nogueira Paulo Jorge , Henriques Maria Adriana Pereira 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimTo explore nurses' opinions regarding restraint measures and attitudes towards physical restraints use in nursing homes.DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsNursing staff of 33 Portuguese nursing homes was asked to complete the Portuguese version of the Maastricht Attitude Questionnaire (MAQ), an instrument on attitudes regarding physical restraints (reasons, consequences and appropriateness of restraint use) and opinions about restraint measures (restrictiveness and discomfort). Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were performed.ResultsData from 186 nurses were included in the analysis. Overall, nurses expressed neutral to moderately positive attitudes towards physical restraints usage. Nurses with longer professional experience reported a more positive attitude regarding the appropriateness of restraint use in their clinical practice. Wrist and ankle restraints were the measures that nurses reported feeling most uncomfortable using, and the most restrictive. Bilateral bedrails were globally assessed as a slightly restrictive measure and nurses reported not feeling uncomfortable using them.
Interpretation on water seepage and degree of weathering in a landslide based on pre‐ and post‐monsoon electrical resistivity tomography
Authors: Falae Philips Omowumi , Dash Rajesh Kumar , Kanungo D.P. , Chauhan P.K.S. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTThe influence of rainfall on the Pakhi landslide has been examined using a pre‐ and post‐monsoon timelapse electrical resistivity imaging technique. The results obtained have been used to characterize the subsurface based on the depth and degree of water seepage and degree of weathering. The combined interpretation of pre‐ and post‐monsoon electrical resistivity tomography is not very common in landslide characterization. This study focuses on post‐monsoon electrical resistivity tomography investigation and its interpretation in conjunction with earlier research on pre‐monsoon investigations. The advancing water seepage across depth was reflected in the sharp decrease in the post‐monsoon resistivity value of the top (near‐surface) colluvial layer, mostly at the crown and toe portions of the investigated slope, as compared to that of weathered dolomites and fresh dolomites. Hence, the water‐saturated colluvium deposits could easily be delineated using a timelapse pre‐ and post‐monsoon electrical resistivity tomography technique. On the basis of degree of saturation, the materials were classified into four zones, namely: a highly saturated zone with resistivity values <600 Ωm; a fairly saturated zone with resistivity values 600–2500 Ωm; a low saturated zone with resistivity values 2500–4500 Ωm; and an unsaturated zone with resistivity values >4500 Ωm. Further, a twofold classification of dolomites based on the degree of weathering, namely highly weathered dolomites with resistivity values 1000–2500 Ωm and low weathered dolomites with resistivity values 2500–4500 Ωm, is presented. This type of information will add value to the design of landslide‐monitoring programmes and also for landslide stability analysis. Therefore, the method can be highly recommended as a cost‐ and time‐effective as well as an efficient way for characterization of potential landslide slopes.
Multifunctional carbon fiber reinforced multilayered metastructure with broadband microwave absorption and effective mechanical resistance
Authors: Huang Yixing , Chen Jin , Fan Qunfu , Chen Mingji , Fang Daining 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMetastructure is an innovative structure form to improve broadband microwave absorption. However, without reliable mechanical properties, it is difficult to apply metastructure absorbers in realistic application scenarios. Herein, a multifunctional carbon fiber reinforced multilayered metastructure (CFRMM) is proposed and fabricated through the principles of multiscale design, gradient structure design, and metastructure design. The multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/carbonyl iron (CI)/epoxy resin(EP) nano lossy composite was integrated with the patterned resistive films (PRF) to form a gradient metastructure. Carbon fiber (CF) cloth was incorporated into the structure to enhance mechanical resistance. The CFRMM achieves −10 dB absorption bandwidth in frequency bands of 2‐4.3 GHz and 7.02‐18 GHz with maximum absorption of −17.4 dB. The −9 dB absorption bandwidth was covered in the full band 2‐18 GHz. The CFRMM exhibits excellent mechanical properties with equivalent tensile strength and flexural strength of 75.77 and 408.43 MPa, respectively. The large tensile fracture strain of 24% reveals the good toughness of the metastructure. Broadband microwave absorption and effective load bearing integrated in one structure make the CFRMM more promising for applications in the future.
Impact of prolonged environmental exposure on stress transfer efficiency in poly(p‐phenylene terephthalamide)/epoxy composites
Authors: Anagnostopoulos George , Koukaras Emmanuel N. , Parthenios John , Galiotis Costas 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe mechanical performance of fiber‐reinforced composites is seriously affected by their exposure to the environment. The combined action of elevated temperatures, humidity, and UV radiation (aging) on aramid fibers/epoxy resin composites is examined by employing Raman spectroscopy in tandem with mechanical loading. The imposed conditions drastically affect the interface of the composites altering the performance of the material under tensile loads. Although the maximum values of interfacial shear strength for the aged material are similar to that of the pristine material; however, they appear at lower strain levels, which is attributed to the significant decrease of the shear modulus of the epoxy matrix combined with the failure of aramid fibers to sustain the external loading due to the aging process. At high strains, the interface fails at lower strain levels (compared to the pristine sample) due to significant increase of micro‐cracking and micro‐voids on the surface of the aged composites. The formation of such flaws is the primary reason for the reduced mechanical performance and early failure of the composite material.
Facile modification on the oxygen‐inhibited layer of photopolymerized acrylates via aza‐Michael addition
Authors: Zhou Junyi , Allonas Xavier , Liu Xiaoxuan , Wu Shanghua 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn free radical UV curing, the inhibition of the photopolymerization reaction by oxygen leaves in most cases a considerable amount of acryl groups on the surface of cured materials. In the work reported, advantage was taken of the residual acryl CC double bonds as reactive sites for aza‐Michael addition in order to proceed to surface modification. A formulation composed of bisphenol A acrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate was cured under UV‐LED (λ = 405 nm) and the oxygen‐inhibited surface was modified by aza‐Michael addition using several amino compounds such as tris(hydroxymethyl)methylaminomethane, amino‐polydimethylsiloxane and amino acids. The conversion of acryl CC double bonds and the content of functional groups on the surface were measured using Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies and confocal Raman microscopy. After modification, the surfaces of samples exhibited diverse hydrophilicity and affinity to aqueous acid/alkali. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Experimental coupling process efficiency and benefits of back surface reflectors in photovoltaic multi‐junction photonic power converters
Authors: Lopez Esther , Höhn Oliver , Schauerte Meike , Lackner David , Schachtner Michael , Reichmuth S. Kasimir , Helmers Henning 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCurrent matching is crucial to maximize the efficiency of two‐terminal multi‐junction photovoltaic devices. However, even in perfectly designed devices, deviation from the target operating temperature and consequent changes in the subcell absorptances causes current mismatch between the subcell currents even at constant spectral conditions. Fortunately, luminescence coupling from current‐overproducing subcells to current limiting subcells mitigates this effect. In this work, the coupling process efficiency in three‐junction photonic power converters based on GaAs/AlGaAs rear hetero‐junction subcells is experimentally quantified. A coupling process efficiency of 32% ± 9% from top and middle subcells to the limiting bottom subcell is found. Under constant monochromatic illumination, the observed coupling reduces the current mismatch, induced by raising the temperature from current matched conditions at 25°C to 70°C, from 4.4% to 1.6%. Furthermore, in this work, three‐junction photonic power converters with back surface reflectors are implemented. Those reflectors improve the device response at elevated temperatures by increasing the optical path length in the limiting subcell. It is shown experimentally how a back reflector effectively redirects photons that are emitted by the bottom subcell towards the upper subcells to reinforce luminescence coupling.
Feasibility of ecological momentary assessment to study depressive symptoms among cancer caregivers
Authors: Shaffer Kelly M. , Chow Philip I. , Glazer Jillian V. , Le Tri , Reilley Matthew J. , Jameson Mark J. , Ritterband Lee M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveEcological momentary assessment (EMA) may help with the development of more targeted interventions for caregivers' depression, yet the use of this method has been limited among cancer caregivers. This study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of EMA among cancer caregivers and the use of EMA data to understand affective correlates of caregiver depressive symptoms.MethodsCaregivers (N = 25) completed a depressive symptom assessment (Patient Health Questionnaire‐8) and then received eight EMA survey prompts per day for 7 days. EMA surveys assessed affect on the orthogonal dimensions of valence and arousal. Participants completed feedback surveys regarding the EMA protocol at the conclusion of the week‐long study.ResultsOf 32 caregivers approached, 25 enrolled and participated (78%), which exceeded the a priori feasibility cutoff of 55%. The prompt completion rate (59%, or 762 of 1,286 issued) did not exceed the a priori cutoff of 65%, although completion was not related to caregivers' age, employment status, physical health quality of life, caregiving stress, or depressive symptoms or the patients' care needs (ps > 0.22). Caregivers' feedback about their study experience was generally positive. Mixed‐effects location scale modeling showed caregivers' higher depressive symptoms were related to overall higher reported negative affect and lower positive affect, but not to affective variability.ConclusionsFindings from this feasibility study refute potential concerns that an EMA design is too burdensome for distressed caregivers. Clinically, findings suggest the potential importance of not only strategies to reduce overall levels of negative affect, but also to increase opportunities for positive affect.
Correlation Between Molecular Charge Properties and Impact Sensitivity of Explosives: Nitrobenzene Derivatives
Authors: Siqueira Soldaini Oliveira Roberta , Borges Itamar 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNitrobenzenic explosives can have high energy density and low impact sensitivity. In this work, the density functional theory (DFT) charge density of 50 nitrobenzenic molecules was analyzed using the Distributed Multipole Analysis (DMA) method to investigate the impact sensitivity of their explosives. The DMA monopole, dipole and quadrupole electric multipoles localized on the atoms of a molecule provide a very detailed picture of the molecular charge density and have a clear chemical interpretation. The DMA multipoles of each molecule were used to develop models correlating molecular charge properties and impact sensitivity of nitrobenzenic explosives, which is quantified by the quantity h50. Three models previously applied to 17 nitroaromatic molecules (J. Phys. Chem. A 115, 9055, 2011) are now examined for a larger dataset of 50 molecules. Model 1 used the nitro group charge as a single parameter for h50 prediction, Model 2 additionally included the quadrupole values of the benzene ring atoms (a measure of charge delocalization) and Model 3 included the dipole moment (indicator of site polarization) of the nitro groups of each molecule, as well as the average C−NO2 bond distance, which quantifies bond strength. Two additional new models that include the quadrupole values of the nitro group were also proposed. The original three models (Models 1–3), as well as the new models (4‐5), applied to the set of 50 nitrobenzenic molecules, displayed good results even when compared with the previous work. Among the computed DMA electrical multipole values, two proved to be essential for developing a good model, as found before for the smaller set: the DMA quadrupole values of the ring atoms that quantify the degree of electronic delocalization in the ring and the total DMA charge (monopole) values of the explosophore nitro group.
Nicorandil inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improves cardiac function by suppressing the HtrA2/XIAP/PARP signaling after coronary microembolization in rats
Authors: Zheng Jing , Long Manyun , Qin Zhenbai , Wang Fen , Chen Zhiqing , Li Lang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCardiomyocyte apoptosis is a key factor in the deterioration of cardiac function after coronary microembolization (CME). Nicorandil (NIC) affects myocardial injury, which may be related to the inhibition of apoptosis. However, the specific mechanism of cardioprotection has not been elucidated. Therefore, we analyzed the impact of NIC on cardiac function in rats subjected to CME and its effect on the high‐temperature requirement peptidase 2/X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein/poly ADP‐ribose polymerase (HtrA2/XIAP/PARP) pathway. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: Sham, CME, CME + NIC, and CME + UCF. Echocardiography was performed 9 hours after CME. Myocardial injury markers were evaluated in blood samples, and the heart tissue was collected for hematoxylin‐eosin staining, hematoxylin basic fuchsin picric acid staining staining, TdT‐mediated DUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, Western blot analysis of the HtrA2/XIAP/PARP pathway, and transmission electron microscopy. NIC ameliorated cardiac dysfunctioncaused by CME and reduced serum levels of CK‐MB and LDH. In addition, NIC decreased myocardial microinfarct size and apoptotic index. NIC reduced the Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio, levels of cleaved caspase 3/9, cytoplasmic HtrA2, and cleaved PARP, and increased the level of XIAP. The effects of NIC were similar to those of the HtrA2 inhibitor, UCF101. This study demonstrated that NIC reduces CME‐induced myocardial injury, reduces mitochondrial damage, and improves myocardial function. The reduction in cardiomyocyte apoptosis by NIC may be mediated by the HtrA2/XIAP/PARP signaling pathway.
Pretomanid dose selection for pulmonary tuberculosis: An application of multi‐objective optimization to dosage regimen design
Authors: Lyons Michael A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractClinical development of combination chemotherapies for tuberculosis (TB) is complicated by partial or restricted phase II dose‐finding. Barriers include a propensity for drug resistance with monotherapy, practical limits on numbers of treatment arms for component dose combinations, and limited application of current dose selection methods to multidrug regimens. A multi‐objective optimization approach to dose selection was developed as a conceptual and computational framework for currently evolving approaches to clinical testing of novel TB regimens. Pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic (PK‐PD) modeling was combined with an evolutionary algorithm to identify dosage regimens that yield optimal trade‐offs between multiple conflicting therapeutic objectives. The phase IIa studies for pretomanid, a newly approved nitroimidazole for specific cases of highly drug‐resistant pulmonary TB, were used to demonstrate the approach with Pareto optimized dosing that best minimized sputum bacillary load and the probability of drug‐related adverse events. Results include a population‐typical characterization of the recommended 200 mg once daily dosage, the optimality of time‐dependent dosing, examples of individualized therapy, and the determination of optimal loading doses. The approach generalizes conventional PK‐PD target attainment to a design problem that scales to drug combinations, and provides a benefit‐risk context for clinical testing of complex drug regimens.
Contributions of suspended load from Missouri River tributaries, southeast South Dakota, and northeast Nebraska: Building a sediment budget
Authors: Jurotich Marcella , Cardona Nathan , Vázquez Bethany , Wetzel Ruthie , Cowman Tim , Sweeney Mark 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSuspended sediment plays a critical role in riverine ecosystem health and river processes and is respondent to human alterations such as dams and increased land use. Gavins Point Dam, located on the Missouri River near Yankton, South Dakota, restricts upstream suspended load; yet, suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) increase when the river reaches Sioux City, Iowa. We determined the suspended load concentrations of seven tributaries of the Missouri River entering downstream of the dam. These data were collected from 2012 to 2019 during the summer months of May–July using a depth‐integrated sampler. Sediment rating curves were created based on discharge and SSC. We constructed a simple sediment budget, which indicated that the tributaries located in South Dakota contribute the bulk of the Missouri River's suspended load at ~80%, while the Nebraska tributaries contribute <5%. The remaining sediment is likely supplied by bank and bed erosion. Temporal changes were examined by comparing our recent measurements with historical data from USGS gaging stations on the James River and the Big Sioux River. Suspended sediment and discharge have increased by nearly an order of magnitude, potentially due to increases in precipitation and land use. Sediment budgets are useful resources for informing river management plans on a basin‐wide scale. Given the drastic, long‐term impacts of disruptions to sediment and flow regimes from dams and climate change, this research provides necessary groundwork for remediation efforts and river management.
Work–family conflict and dangerous driving behaviours: The mediating role of affect
Authors: Shukri Madihah , Jones Fiona , Conner Mark 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study examined the under‐studied relationship between work–family conflict and dangerous driving behaviours in a sample of employees, and job‐related affect as a mediator of this relationship. The sample consisted of 476 Malaysian drivers (44.7% male; 55.3% female) aged 19–60 years. The participants completed scales measuring bidirectional work family conflict (work interference with family[ WIF]; family interference with work [FIW]), job‐related negative affect, dangerous driving behaviours and socio‐demographics. The data were analysed using structural equation modelling. Our findings indicate that dangerous driving was predicted by FIW, but not WIF. As predicted, job‐related negative affect fully mediated the relationship between WIF and dangerous driving. Furthermore, the effect of FIW on dangerous driving behaviours was partially due to negative affect at work. Mediation path was conditional upon gender, suggesting the indirect effects of the relationship between FIW and dangerous driving behaviours via job affect occurs in males but not females. The findings of this study may be useful as a starting point for both applied and theoretical investigations of the role of the psychological effects of juggling work and family responsibilities and affect in traffic safety.