bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Colorado State Constitution
Authors: Collins Richard , Oesterle Dale 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Colorado State Constitution (2020) is the second edition of the state’s contribution to The Oxford Commentaries on the State Constitutions of the United States. The book opens with a detailed history of the constitution that focuses on events and amendments that transformed the state. As expected in the West, it features some lively adventure stories. Since the first edition in 2002, the state’s population has grown by more than a third. The book explains the many new challenges its legal system has faced. The main section analyzes in detail every provision of the constitutional text. All relevant judicial interpretations are examined. A comprehensive index and a table of cases guide researchers. Interaction with the federal Constitution is carefully explained. Background and interpretations of Colorado’s complex and unique tax revolt, known as TABOR, are carefully analyzed. The state’s extensive provisions for direct democracy, the initiative, veto referendum, and recall of elected officials, are studied in detail. The Colorado Bill of Rights is fully reviewed. The state’s strong system for constitutional home rule for cities, counties, and towns is examined from its adoption into today’s governing system. The state’s strong system for all levels of public education is explained. Its leadership in the marijuana legalization movement is another subject well covered.
Executive Department
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at Article IV of the Colorado Constitution, which defines the executive department. By providing for the separate election of the secretary of state, treasurer, and attorney general, Section 1 seems to divide executive branch authority. In practice, this tension has mattered only when the attorney general and governor belonged to different political parties, and the attorney general asserted a legal position opposed by the governor. Section 1 imposes term limits on the state’s elective executives. Section 11 gives the governor the usual veto power followed by Section 12, giving the special power of the line-item veto over appropriations bills. Section 13 has complex provisions for succession if the governor’s office becomes vacant during a term.
Revenue
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights Article X of the Colorado Constitution, dealing with revenue. It is one of the constitution’s most distinctive sections Detailed provisions lay out the state’s tax structure. Sections 3, 3.5, and 15 are extensive rules for property taxes and their equalization across the state. Sections 4 and 5 exempt public, religious, and charitable property. Sections 17 and 19 authorize and define the state income tax. Section 20, the Taxpayers Bill of Rights or TABOR requires prior voter consent to new or increased taxes and public debt and for public revenue above specified formulas. It also forbids specified taxes. The chapter explains in detail the many legal disputes about interpretation of this section.
Public Utilities
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses Article XXV of the Colorado Constitution, which governs public utilities. Added in 1954, the article grants the general assembly authority, which it had lacked, to regulate privately owned public utilities operating in home rule cities. It also affirms the general assembly’s power over privately owned utilities located elsewhere in the state and its authority over the Public Utilities Commission (PUC). A bit unusual is the article’s delegation to the PUC of full legislative discretion until the general assembly provides otherwise. This gave the PUC rather open-ended powers for a short time. The general assembly has now preempted the field with specific legislation. Meanwhile, Article XXV’s last phrase states that it does not “apply to municipally owned utilities.” This preserves immunity from legislative, and thus PUC, control.
The Beatles: Today . . . and Tomorrow
Authors: Campbell Kenneth L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Beatles played an important role in the lives of many young people in the second decade of the 21st century. Whether exposed to the Beatles through parents, grandparents, or popular culture, they had not experienced the Fab Four as part of some distant past but as part of their own childhood and growing up. Many colleges and universities now expose students to the Beatles through academic study, making the group an important part of these students’ experience. This chapter illustrates the ways these students have connected with the music of the Beatles and discovered how it can help them cope with and better understand their own lives. As they continue to pass along their love and knowledge of the group, the Beatles’ relevance and popularity will not decline anytime soon. Evidence from online listening and music subscription services reinforce the idea that the Beatles and their music will continue to live on.
The First basilissa
Authors: Carney Elizabeth D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the life and career of Phila (c. 350–294 bce), daughter of Antipater and first of the many wives of Demetrius Poliorcetes, the first woman to whom the title of basilissa (a coinage of uncertain meaning formed by putting a feminine ending on the Greek word for “king,” basileus) was applied. It considers why she served as the prototype for so many other aspects of the role of royal women in Hellenistic monarchy. It argues that the critical role her husband and father-in-law Antigonus played in the formation of Hellenistic kingship, the ways in which Phila’s actions and titles mirrored theirs, as well as Phila’s function as a legitimator of her husband’s rule of Macedonia (because she was the daughter of Philip II’s and Alexander’s general Antipater) are the primary reasons she became an exemplar of the role of women in Hellenistic monarchy.
The Murder of Apronia
Authors: Levick Barbara 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the possibility that the murder of Apronia by her husband M. Plautius Silvanus, recounted by Tacitus in 24 CE, was part of the break-up of a political faction built up by the grande dame Urgulania in the aftermath of the death of Tiberius’ heir Drusus Caesar. Apronia’s father was a new man who rose through military talent and jocular relations with Tiberius. He joined those who rose with the fortunes of Tiberius as Augustus’ daughter and granddaughter and granddaughter, the elder and younger Julia, were disgraced along with their candidate for power Agrippa Postumus. Apronius’ position in this nexus is traced by his marriage connection and it seems to have been created by Urgulania; the power she wielded over the emperor’s mother Livia (Julia Augusta) as well as Tiberius himself is shown elsewhere in Tacitus’ Annals. Public opinion attributed to the empress power which was effectively being wielded by Urgulania. The handling of Apronia’s death is contrasted with the powerlessness of women in (e.g.) Indian society. It was she who tried to save her clique by ordering her grandson’s death; it was only speculation that the order came from Julia Augusta or Tiberius. In her time, she was the female equivalent of the leading statesmen who played dominant roles in Roman politics.
Cosmetics in Daily Life of the Ancient Mediterranean
Authors: Hanson Ann Ellis 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter probes papyri and other relevant sources for evidence about the cosmetics salutiferously employed by men and women of the Roman province of Egypt in order to preserve the natural attractiveness of their faces and bodies with all their parts intact. We hear about shopping lists from Nemesion, collector of money taxes for Julio-Claudian emperors at Philadelpheia (Fayum), for top-grade Italian rose oil and cubes of silphium, as well as warnings from both Xenophon and Galen about the deceptiveness of makeup, hair dyes, and artificial enhancements to the person, as opposed to salubrious exercises and restorative, cosmetic preparations.
The Perpetrators
Authors: Heath Deana 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter turns from the facilitation of torture to its perpetration. It endeavours to explicate the agency of the torturers, especially why they chose to do what they did, through analysing the key factors that transformed Indian police officers into perpetrators of torture, who the police tortured, and how they did so. Focusing on why sexual violence, in particular, became a key component of Indian policing, the chapter draws upon what Ervin Straub terms the ‘three levels’ of torture in order to elucidate the motivations and psychological processes that drove subaltern Indian men to become torturers, the particular group dynamics and institutional structures that led to the production of a culture of torture in the Indian police, and the historical processes and cultural characteristics that provided fertile ground for the emergence of torture and other forms of extreme harm doing. Since torturers are made, not born, the chapter suggests, in addition, that police torturers in colonial India be viewed not only as perpetrators of colonial violence but as victims of it.
Negotiation
Authors: Ó Dochartaigh Niall 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The first high-level attempt to negotiate an end to the conflict took place in July 1972 when a team of six IRA leaders was flown to London to negotiate with Secretary of State William Whitelaw. Existing accounts argue that those talks failed because the IRA made impossible demands driven by ideological extremism. Chapter Two provides an alternative analysis that re-examines the IRA’s ideological positions in the context of its negotiating relationship with the British government. It highlights the political flexibility that underlay the IRA’s often harsh and uncompromising rhetoric. It draws on negotiation theory to explain the failure of this first engagement, arguing that internal struggles and lack of centralized control are more important than ideological rigidity in explaining the breakdown.
Back To the Back-channel
Authors: Ó Dochartaigh Niall 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the use of the back-channel between the British government and the IRA from 1991 through 1993 and on the distinctive role of secrecy in the development of a sense of common purpose between the parties. It highlights the contribution of key British officials who advocated the reopening of the channel and an inclusive peace settlement. It also examines the importance of back-channel links between the Irish government and the SDLP on one hand, and Sinn Féin on the other, in creating pressure for progress. From 1989 onwards, the British government and the IRA made conciliatory public statements and gestures. Then, in April 1991, the British government reopened the back-channel to the IRA, sending an emissary to ask Brendan Duddy to act once again as intermediary. The particular back-channel involving Duddy established a joint project of secrecy, creating a shared task that built trust and mutual understanding. Close interpersonal relationships, continuity of personnel with previous phases of conflict, and the exclusion of internal opponents contributed to distinctively strong cooperative dynamics that helped to sustain cooperation and generate substantial progress.
Voting as a Subversive Activity
Authors: Crook Malcolm 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the second round of the presidential elections of 2017, some four million French citizens went to the polls and spoiled their ballot papers, either by casting a blank vote, or adding comments which incur invalidation. This was an unprecedented example of a largely hidden, but entrenched aspect of voting in France which is now becoming more visible, not only on account of its increasing scale, but also because images of the practice are appearing on social media. It has been referred to as ‘civic abstention’, in so far as the voter visits the polling station, only to record negative verdict, since neither blank nor annotated ballots count towards the result. This behaviour has a long history, which indicates disaffection and represents a form of protest, not simply aimed at specific candidates, or the alternatives on offer in a referendum, but questioning the electoral process itself. The French have learned to subvert as well as support their culture of elections in order to express an opinion, or make an objection, which the system of representative democracy denies them.
Genetic Privacy and Other Interests in Biobanking
Authors: Hallinan Dara 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the concept of genetic privacy and its relationship with biobanking. Genetic privacy is simply a sub-concept of privacy referring to states of separation and exclusivity arising in relation to the processing of genetic data. Genetic privacy rights, then, are simply a subset of privacy rights relating to the processing of genetic data. The chapter then proceeds to map the range of genetic privacy rights engaged by the biobanking process along two axes: the transactional axis—genetic privacy rights held by research subjects; and the relational axis—genetic privacy right held by genetic relatives and genetic groups. Subsequently, it moves to map other types of interests engaged by biobanking, including interests related to the research process and third-party non-research interests in accessing biobank substances. Finally, the chapter offers a rough schematic of the relationships, including conflicts and confluences, between identified rights and interests.
A Critical Analysis of the Efficacy of the GDPR as a Framework for the Protection of Genetic Privacy in Biobanking
Authors: Hallinan Dara 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a critical analysis of the efficacy of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as a framework for the protection of genetic privacy in biobanking. In this regard, it outlines twenty-three problems concerning the standard of protection offered by the GDPR, assessing the degree to which each problem casts doubt on the efficacy of the GDPR. The chapter considers whether there are factors evident which are likely to mitigate the severity of the impact of each problem, as well as whether each problem is subject to resolution——either through the GDPR's internal interpretation and adaptation mechanisms or through external legislation operating in tandem with the GDPR. The analysis demonstrates that the great majority of problems are not as severe as they initially seem and, as a result, do not call into question the efficacy of the GDPR as a framework for the protection of genetic privacy in biobanking. It also shows that all problems which either require a solution, or would benefit from a solution, can be resolved via the GDPR's internal mechanisms or via external law operating in parallel with the GDPR, or both.
Quantifying Cyberthreat for Patients, Providers, and Institutions
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Cybercrime has become a ubiquitous part of modern life, almost to the point of becoming background noise. Statistically, almost every American adult has been the victim of cybercrime or is associated with someone who has. Beyond identity theft and the corresponding financial circumstances, we have seen massive cyberattacks target and disable huge portions of health systems. The largest systems have been differentially prepared but many of the small systems have not recovered. In this chapter the prevalence of cybercrime against health care is quantified in hopes that health systems and digital health innovators will understand and address the risks and potential harms that patients face when interacting with them.
Virtual Health Assistants
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
There is no doubt that virtual assistants, such as Alexa and Siri, have changed the human-computer interface forever. These capabilities bring convenience, relatability, and, at times, safety to our daily lives. It must also be noted, however, that these “assistants” have surveillance capabilities at their core. The average user really does not know what the devices are recording, transmitting, or measuring. The privacy, cybersecurity, and physical security hazards of these technologies are becoming well known and understood, and the application of these devices to healthcare use cases must be approached with care and skepticism that are at least equal to the optimism with which they are currently being hyped and marketed.
Battleground Europe
Authors: Strasburg James D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the transformation of postwar Europe into a spiritual battleground between ecumenists and evangelicals, Protestants and Catholics, and American democrats and Soviet communists. As the occupation of Germany matured, both ecumenical and evangelical Protestants sought to win over Germany as a new anti-communist partner in the heart of Europe. They likewise sought to establish their competing spiritual orders across the continent through ecumenical tours of reconciliation and evangelical revivals. The postwar activism of American Protestants extended far beyond just seeking to revive Europe’s soul. Both ecumenical and evangelical Protestants mobilized to create a Protestant bulwark against Soviet communism across the continent, as well as to counteract a postwar resurgence of the Vatican and Roman Catholicism. Under their watch, the struggle for the soul of Europe began.
Witnessing
Authors: Wong Deborah 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFrom the Michael Brown killing in Ferguson, Missouri, and beyond, spectacular moments of witnessing have dominated the US news since August 2014. Whether focused on the ordinary or the extraordinary, I argue that intentionally deploying the intent to witness is profoundly different from the kind of sustained ethnographic work marking ethnomusicology as a discipline. Yet it also draws on the same skills, from a willingness to attend deeply to the moment, to inviting a shift in subjectivity. This chapter offers a genealogy of witnessing and then focuses on acts of auditory attention that radically disrupt the ethnographic impulse toward collecting, taking, owning, and having, and thus offers a way to decolonize ethnography and ethnomusicology.
Acoustic Mirrors
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
For centuries Great Britain could rely upon its position as an island nation to keep a barrier between them and any invaders from continental Europe. They cultivated a large and powerful navy to maintain control of the waterways, and this and good fortune enabled them to withstand or discourage attacks from Spain, France, and Germany. But with the development of aircraft at the beginning of the 20th century, potential invaders had a way to project force to the islands without having to go by sea, and a method of detecting any such attacks had to be found so that they could be targeted. Before radar had been developed, one method was to use huge hemispherical cavities to concentrate faint noises onto a microphone placed near the focus. Many of these were constructed, carved out of stone, or cast in concrete, and, being large and robust, most of them still exist.
The Great 19th-Century Green Spectacle Craze
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Long before mirrored sunglasses were adopted as a fashion in the 20th century, spectacles with dark green glass lenses were a popular fad in the 19th. We look at several examples, cited in the writings of famous authors of the period. Dark Green lenses were not only viewed as providing relief for bright light, were held to project a certain sophistication of appearance, and they had novelty value that made them popular. But why did dark glasses become such an affectation in the 19th century, and not earlier? What did it suggest?
The Long (Futile?) Fight for a Federal Shield Law
Authors: Miller Judith 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Pentagon Papers case leaves open the question of whether journalists can be compelled to disclose the identities of those who reveal classified information to them. This essay considers some of the most enduring arguments for and against a federal shield law. Those who argue against such a law note definitional problems and contend that we must punish leaks given their impact on national security. They argue that institutionalizing the press actually harms the press and that the shield law is unnecessary given current use of technology to identify sources of leaks. Those in favor counter that definitional questions should not be a problem because almost all states have been able to resolve the questions in their laws. Moreover, most leaks do not compromise national security; government secrecy, deceit, and incompetence cause more damage to national security than the press’s reporting of secret information; and without a federal shield law, sources will not provide important information about government misconduct.
Outlawing Leaks
Authors: Strauss David A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Disclosures of sensitive national security information can be damaging to the nation, but they can also be indispensable to democracy—sometimes both at once. The Pentagon Papers case established an equilibrium, in which the government could prevent leaks but could not prevent the publication of leaked information. Recent developments have undermined that equilibrium, so new measures are needed to protect the vitally important interests on both sides. This essay explores drafting a new statute that determines when leaking or publishing leaked information should be a crime. What information should be protected? How much does intent matter? How should the law distinguish between individuals to whom the government has entrusted sensitive information and individuals or entities with no connection to the government but that have come into possession of information, without authorization, which they then publicize? The essay proposes reform options reform and identifies strengths and problems with various approaches.
Epilogue
Authors: Scacco Joshua M. , Coe Kevin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter updates several of the key themes addressed in the book by considering the events of 2020, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the Black Lives Matter movement, and the presidential election. We discuss how the three contexts central to the ubiquitous presidency—accessibility, personalization, and pluralism—shaped responses to these events. Accessibility was present in President Trump’s frantic communication efforts during the pandemic, as well as in the efforts of other public figures. Personalization was present in the messaging and lifestyle changes necessitated by the pandemic. Pluralism was present in responses to systemic racism and police violence called out by the Black Lives Matter movement.
Forgetting the Bad Dreams of the Past
Authors: Hamblin Jacob Darwin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Eisenhower’s initiative provided rhetorical tools to others who pursued political or even personal goals in their own countries. The first major efforts to take “Atoms for Peace” seriously were in East Asia, particularly post-occupation Japan and also South Korea, freshly emerging from the Korean War. In both cases the United States would be confronted with its own empty promises, because these countries explicitly asked for American help to build nuclear reactors to power their economic resurgence. Instead, US officials stalled for time and wavered, unsure how—or if—they should genuinely encourage a peaceful nuclear industry outside the United States and Europe.