bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SphinxPC: An Implementation of Four Position Synthesis for Planar and Spherical 4R Linkages
Authors: Ruth D. Alan , McCarthy J. Michael 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the basic theory and algorithmic structure of a design system that implements four position synthesis for both planar and spherical four bar linkages. The formalism uses complex numbers to define the equation of a planar triangle and quaternions to define the equation of a spherical triangle. These equations form the basis of a parallel implementation of these design theories. The theory and major functional components of SphinxPC are described and examples are presented.
Xlinkage: A Web-Based Analysis and Simulation Tool for Planar Mechanical Systems
Authors: Van Katwyk Kirk , Cheng Harry H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Web-based network computing is fundamentally different from domain-based computing. Web-based network computing is accomplished through execution of a collection of small programs across different computer platforms on a network. Most tools currently used for analysis and simulation of mechanical systems, such as ADAMS and I-DEAS, are developed for domain specific applications. These programs are very large with significant initialization overhead and a complicated user interface. They are, therefore, not suitable for analysis of mechanical systems through the World Wide Web. In this paper, a new Web-based paradigm for analysis and simulation of mechanical systems will be presented. Web-based analysis of mechanical systems is not optimally achieved through large programs. Instead, it is accomplished through a collection of small utilities executed on different computers across a network. These small utilities are developed using the CH language environment, a superset of C for network computing. Using a Web browser, small programs can be generated by a Web server on the fly and downloaded through the network, and executed on a local client machine. The details about the implementation of the Xlinkage program for Web-based analysis and simulation of planar mechanical systems as well as its integration with analysis utilities and the WWW will be described in this paper. Because of its modular nature, our Web-based system is simple to use and maintain. It is especially suitable for distance learning. The system has been used as a teaching and learning tool at the University of California, Davis. Mechanism design utilities and the Xlinkage program are available for downloading on the WWW at the URL address http://iel.ucdavis.edu/design/.
Placement of a Robotic Manipulator for Traversing a Path in Minimum Time
Authors: Kathari Murali , Trabia Mohamed B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Productivity of a robotic manipulator depends to a large extent on the time it takes to traverse a path. The path traversal time is in turn a dependent, among several other factors, on the manipulator location within the workcell. This paper defines the robot base locus boundaries when the end-effector path is prescribed. Effects of joint limits and obstacle presence on the robot base locus are also considered. The proposed algorithm searches the robot base locus to determine the robot base location that yields the minimum path traversal time, location subject to the robot joint torque constraints, using nonlinear programming techniques.
Kinematic Analysis of a Three-DOF Parallel Mechanism for Telescope Applications
Authors: Carretero J. A. , Nahon M. , Buckham B. , Gosselin C. M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a kinematic analysis of a three-degree-of-freedom parallel mechanism intended for use as a telescope mirror focussing device. The construction of the mechanism is first described and its forward and inverse kinematics solutions are derived. Because the mechanism has only three degrees of freedom, constraint equations must be generated to describe the inter-relationship between the six Cartesian coordinates which describe the position and orientation of the moving platform. Once these constraints are incorporated into the kinematics model, a constrained Jacobian matrix is obtained. The stiffness and dexterity properties of the mechanism are then determined based on this Jacobian matrix. The mechanism is shown to exhibit desirable properties in the region of its workspace of interest in the telescope focussing application.
Formation of Geometric Tolerance Zones for Polyhedral Objects
Authors: Roy Utpal , Li Bing 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a scheme for establishing geometric tolerance zones for polyhedral objects in solid modelers. The proposed scheme is based on a surface-based variational model. Variations are applied to a part model by varying each surface’s model variables. Those model variables are constrained by some algebraic relations derived from the specified geometric tolerances. For size tolerance, two types of tolerance zones are considered in order to reflect two different types of size tolerances. For any other geometric tolerance (form, orientation or positional), the resultant tolerance zone is defined by the combination of size tolerance and that particular geometric tolerance specifications. Appropriate algebraic constraints (on the model variables) are finally used to establish the tolerance zone boundaries in the surface-based variational model.
Shared Information Structures for Product Design and Process Simulation in Design for the Life-Cycle
Authors: Hooks Keith , Bras Bert , Rosen David W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In modern design, life cycle concerns such as recycling and service are receiving increased attention. One of our goals, as researchers, is to develop the tools, methods, and techniques to facilitate design for the life cycle. In this paper, we develop a plan for helping the designer learn more about the life cycle processes that a product may undergo through the integration of process simulation into the product design environment. The architecture of our design system and our proposed extensions through the integration of process simulation are explained. In addition, we use the example of a disassembly process to gain an understanding of the information requirements for two types of process simulations. Secondly, using the knowledge acquired from the motivating example, we develop a shared information structure that will facilitate the integration of process simulation within the product design environment. Finally, we present the case-study of a single-use camera to outline the implementation of the shared information model and to highlight the results and benefits of doing so.
Explicit Algorithm for Robot Manipulator Dual Dynamics
Authors: Brodsky Vladimir , Shoham Moshe 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Kinematicians have used dual numbers to obtain rigid body kinematics in a compact three-dimensional form by substituting dual for real numbers in the equation of rotational motion. No such simple relation, known as ‘principle of transference’, existed however, for dynamics. The commonly used inertia binor by which dual momentum is calculated, raises the dual dynamic equations to six dimensions. In fact, the inertia binor does not act on the dual vector as a whole, but rather on its real and dual parts as two distinct real vectors.
The recently introduced dual mass operator can serve as the missing link between the dual kinematic and the dual dynamic equations. It gives the mass a dual property which has a complementary sense of Clifford’s dual unit, namely, it reduces a motor to a rotor proportional to the vector part of the motor. With this definition of mass, the same equation of momentum and its time derivative, which holds for a linear motion, holds for both linear and angular motion of a rigid body if dual force, dual velocity, and dual inertia replace their real counterparts.
Application of the dual inertia operator and motor transformation rule permits derivation of an explicit dynamic algorithm of a serial manipulator which has several advantages over the more conventional Newton-Euler and Lagrange formulations. Firstly, all the expressions of this algorithm are explicit parts of the dual transformation matrices and the constant link-attached inertia parameters. Secondly, this algorithm is an explicit, not a recursive one and does not require derivative of any one of its terms. It rather gives all coefficients of the dynamic equations in a simple and compact form of determinants and vector scalar product.
Intelligent Process Planning Implemented As an Integrated Module of CIM
Authors: Sormaz Dusan N. , Khoshnevis Behrokh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper we describe an architecture of a new integrative process planning system as a part of computer integrated manufacturing research system. The process planning procedure is comprised of three phases: feature completion, process selection and process sequencing. We applied a knowledge-based approach to feature completion and process selection, and the space search algorithm for process sequencing. Description of these phases is provided and underlying knowledge representation explained. Integration between the process planning, on the one side, and CAD and scheduling, on the other, is discussed. System implementation has been described and several examples of the system execution are shown.
An Integrated DFM System for Milling
Authors: Krishnan Subramanian , Magrab Edward B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An integrated design for manufacture system for milling is developed by introducing a fundamental manufacturing entity for milling (FMEM), which represents a volume to be machined. A part is created by subtracting a user created set of FMEMs from a rectangular prismatic stock. Manufacturability evaluation is done in two stages: (1) after creating each FMEM; and (2) after placing and subtracting the volume from the stock. It is shown that the commonly used 2½ -D features used to mill a part such as slots, pockets and holes are a subset of the FMEM. Furthermore, all specific shapes of the general FMEM are represented by one compact data structure. It is demonstrated that using process specific entities greatly simplifies manufacturability evaluation, which makes it possible to base the geometric reasoning algorithms on the entity’s most general profile rather than on only a set of specific shapes. A new approach using the FMEMs is presented for generating an integrated process and fixture plan with a minimum number of setup and tool changes. The advantages of using the process specific entities approach for design and manufacturability analysis over the feature recognition approach and feature based approach are enumerated.
Parting Direction and Parting Planes for the CAD/CAM of Plastic Injection Molds
Authors: Urabe Kiyoshi , Wright Paul K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We describe a plastic injection mold making agent that is part of a domain unified computer-aided design environment. This environment enables concurrent design of the “to-be-molded” part, by facilitating communication between electrical and mechanical engineering CAD tools. Once the design is completed and certain constraints are satisfied, the design is passed to the mold making agent. After the designer inputs some mold parameters, the mold agent automatically determines the parting direction and parting plane, and generates the mold halves. This is achieved by applying a set of heuristic rules on the part geometry. These rules, design constraints, and methods used to generate the mold are discussed. Resulting mold halves have been fabricated on a 3 axis milling machine using CAD / CAPP / CAM tools described in this paper. Examples of aluminum molds and sample output from the mold making agent are presented.
A Modular Method for Representing Product Life-Cycles
Authors: Jackson Paul , Wallace David R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes an approach for modeling product life-cycles to create time-dependent inventories for use in environmental impact assessment. A general process module is defined relating resource inputs and outflows, based upon an embedded mathematical model. Then, a parametric model to represent the average performance of manufacturing processes is proposed and used within modules. Different parameter values may be used to represent a variety of life-cycle processes. Individual modules are combined to form product life-cycle networks. Designers may specify the required system output (product demand) as a function of time and the integrated network calculates the necessary time-dependent resource flows throughout the network.
Robust Design for Recyclability Using Demanufacturing Complexity Metrics
Authors: Lee Burton H. , Rhee Seung , Ishii Kosuke 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a design chart incorporating demanufacturing complexity metrics in robust design for recyclability. The proposed recyclability map relates sort complexity and material recovery efficiency for major subassemblies. The map helps designers to reduce product retirement costs and scrap through the appropriate selection of design modularity, material selection and disassembly strategy. Our method focuses on the dismantling process associated with multiple product families and generations and incorporates changes in recycling process technology capabilities. The recyclability map allows designers to understand the effects of uncertainties in product recycling and helps them to reach a strategy that is insensitive to these changes. The paper uses recycling of an inkjet printer as a validation example.
Comparison of US and European Bolt Load Calculation Methods vs. Bolt Load Predictions From a Finite Element Model
Authors: Grote Karl-H. , Westberg Hans E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The bolted joint is by far the most used connector and joint in mechanical design applications. The authors have years of experience in the calculation of these joints in Europe and the United States. This paper compares the results from currently used bolt load calculation methods in Germany ([1,2,3,], VDI-2230) and methods used in the USA and Canada to the results obtained from a finite element model of a bolted joint.
For detailed information see [4].
Design for Variety: Development of Complexity Indices and Design Charts
Authors: Martin Mark V. , Ishii Kosuke 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes methods to help project leaders and engineers manage the costs of providing variety to the market. As companies look for ways to stay competitive in the global marketplace, the concept of mass customization has appeared as a potential advantage. Armed with new manufacturing and information technologies, companies are trying to determine the amount of variety that they should offer to optimize profits. Our Design for Variety (DFV) research focuses on methodologies which will help companies quantify the costs of providing variety and will qualitatively guide designers in developing products that incur minimum variety costs. The proposed tools incorporate quantitative indices and qualitative design charts. Examples from electronics and automotive industries illustrate the utility of the tools.
Haptic Interfacing for Virtual Prototyping of Mechanical CAD Designs
Authors: Hollerbach John M. , Cohen Elaine , Thompson William , Freier Rodney , Johnson David , Nahvi Ali , Nelson Don , Thompson Thomas V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A network-based real-time control architecture has been developed which integrates a haptic interface (the Sarcos Dextrous Arm Master) with an advanced CAD modeling system (Utah’s Alpha_1). New algorithms have been developed and tested for surface proximity testing, fast updates to local closest point on a surface, and smooth transitions between surfaces. The combination of these new algorithms with the haptic interface and CAD modeling system permits a user to actively touch and manipulate virtual parts as well as passively view them on a CRT screen.
Networked Haptic Interfaces for Distant Redesign and Review of Free-Form Surfaces
Authors: Kanai Satoshi , Takahashi Hidetomo , Kishinami Takeshi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The review and redesign of a freeform surface model, a process known as approval, is the final and indispensable stage in advancing a model from style designer to die manufacturer. This paper proposes a collaborative system for the review, redesign, and exchange of data on freeform surface models over a network, with the goal of improving the efficiency of the approval process among distant sites. First we analyze the work-flow of the long-distance approval. Then, in order to eliminate the physical model, we present a 3DOF haptic interface (force display) that accurately renders the feel of the freeform surface in great detail. Finally, we describe the architecture of the intra-network software that manages each step of the approval while maintaining consistency between the numerous versions of the surface models. The experimental results of a 3DOF communication between Tokyo and Sapporo and the subsequent review and redesign of the system are also shown.
A Framework for Designing Component Shapes in a Virtual Reality Environment
Authors: Dani Tushar H. , Gadh Rajit 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Despite advances in Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and the evolution of the graphical user interfaces, rapid creation, editing and visualization of three-dimensional (3D) shapes remains a tedious task. Though the availability of Virtual Reality (VR)-based systems allows enhanced three-dimensional interaction and visualization, the use of VR for ab initio shape design, as opposed to ‘importing’ models from existing CAD systems, is a relatively new area of research. Of interest are computer-human interaction issues and the design and geometric tools for shape modeling in a Virtual Environment (VE). The focus of this paper is on the latter i.e. in defining the geometric tools required for a VR-CAD system and in describing a framework that meets those requirements. This framework, the Virtual Design Software Framework (VDSF) consists of the interaction and design tools, and an underlying geometric engine that provides the representation and algorithms required by these tools. The geometric engine called the Virtual Modeler uses a graph-based representation (Shape-Graph) for modeling the shapes created by the user. The Shape-Graph facilitates interactive editing by localizing the effect of editing operations and in addition provides constraint-based design and editing mechanisms that are useful in a 3D interactive virtual environment. The paper concludes with a description of the prototype system, called the Virtual Design Studio (VDS), that is currently being implemented.1.
An Activity-Based Life-Cycle Assessment Method
Authors: Emblemsvåg Jan , Bras Bert 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a new activity-based method for the concurrent assessment and tracing of costs, energy consumption and waste generation for usage in Life-Cycle Design is presented. The method is based on Activity-Based Costing (ABC). By utilizing ABC we are able to assess and trace accurately overhead — and direct costs, energy and waste generation. The inherent uncertainty is modeled in terms of fuzzy numbers, but solved numerically using the Monte Carlo simulation technique, which allows us to perform a sensitivity analysis. This enables us to not only estimate the costs, energy consumption and waste generation, but also trace the largest contributors. The capability to trace the contributors is perhaps the most significant feature — especially when the method is employed for design. To illustrate the usage of this method, a simple case study is provided in which we explore the life-span costs, energy consumption and waste generation of a oil/gas exploration platofrm supply vessel operating in the North Sea.
The N-Dim Approach to Creating Design Support Systems
Authors: Subrahmanian Eswaran , Reich Yoram , Konda Suresh L. , Dutoit Allen , Cunningham Douglas , Patrick Robert , Thomas Mark , Westerberg Arthur W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Creating practical design support systems is a complex design endeavor. We approach it with an evolutionary process, one that studies the design information flow then builds and tests information management support systems. Through our experience with industrial partners we have evolved this process into a set of methods and tools that support these methods. We have evolved an infrastructure called n-dim, that is composed of a small number of building blocks that can be composed in ways that match the complexity of design contexts and work. We have developed this infrastructure to be highly flexible so as to allow us to conduct this evolutionary process in a practical project setting.
Modelling the Information Flows in Engineering Design: A New Paradigm
Authors: Boston Oliver P. , Culley Stephen J. , McMahon Christopher A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The work presented within this paper represents a step towards providing the understanding necessary to improve support for engineering designers undertaking their day-to-day activities. In particular, it presents an evolving technique for both modelling and managing the information flows between the design functions of customers and suppliers engaged in product development. The technique, termed the Multifunctional Information Model (MIM), provides an easy to read, continually updateable record of bilateral information exchanges, mapped onto the design process phases. It was derived from observations of engineering designers in practice, and has subsequently been applied to a number of case-studies.
The paper first considers the required characteristics of such a model, and evaluates a number of the formal modelling techniques against these. It then presents a ‘walk-through’ of the development of MIM, followed by an overview of its implementation in a software application.
Collaborative, Sequential, and Isolated Decisions in Design
Authors: Lewis Kemper , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Commission on Industrial Productivity, in their report Made in America, found that six recurring weaknesses were hampering American manufacturing industries. The two weaknesses most relevant to product development were 1) technological weakness in development and production, and 2) failures in cooperation. The remedies to these weaknesses are considered the essential twin pillars of CE: 1) improved development process, and 2) closer cooperation. In the MIT report, it is recognized that total cooperation among teams in a CE environment is rare in American industry, while the majority of the design research in mathematically modeling CE has assumed total cooperation. In this paper, we present mathematical constructs, based on game theoretic principles, to model degrees of collaboration characterized by approximate cooperation, sequential decision making and isolation. The design of a pressure vessel and a passenger aircraft are included as illustrative examples.
The Applicability of the Axiomatic and Decision-Based Design Equations in Variant Design
Authors: Marston Matthew , Bras Bert , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For sometime Nam Suh’s axiomatic design has been a view of design science; a view in which design science is seen as a process subject to a set of rules or governing, rational axioms. The two principal limitations of axiomatic design as espoused by Suh are 1) its inability to be used at every stage in a design process, and 2) the lack of supporting tools for designing with the axioms. It is our contention that in order to improve the existing axiomatic approach to design, a new model for designing is needed. In this paper we offer a fundamental algebraic model for design, the Decision-Based Design equations, that encompasses Suh’s axiomatic design and is applicable at any stage in a design process.