bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intravenous infusion of glucose improved farrowing performance of hyperprolific crossbred sows
Authors: Nielsen Signe E , Feyera Takele , Skovmose Sigrid J W , Krogh Uffe , Eskildsen Maria , Theil Peter K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The sow at parturition is challenged with respect to energy status due to increases in energetic expenses associated with 1) nest building 2) uterine contractions, and 3) colostrum production. A previous study indicated that sows were depleted of glucogenic energy around farrowing. The aim was to investigate whether intravenous infusion of glucose from observed nest-building behavior to 24 h postpartum affected the farrowing kinetics and colostrum production in sows. Ten multiparous sows (DanBred landrace × DanBred Yorkshire) were fitted with a jugular vein catheter on each side (one for infusion and the other one for blood sampling). Sows were infused with either 0.9% saline (CON; n = 5) or 10% glucose (GLU; n = 5) solution at a constant rate of 125 mL/h. From day 108 of gestation, sows were fed once daily with 3.33 kg of a standard lactation diet. During farrowing, sows were monitored to register the onset of farrowing, time of birth, birth status (live or dead), sex, stillbirth rate (SR), and weight of newborn piglets. Farrowing assistance (FA) was provided when the birth interval exceeded 60 min. In late gestation, 1 mL of blood was collected every third hour for blood gas analysis and every sixth hour for harvesting plasma. During farrowing, 1 mL (for blood gas) and 9 mL of blood were collected at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 h in milk (HIM). Colostrum and milk samples were collected at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 HIM and also at 3, 10, 17, and 24 d in milk. Compared with CON sows, GLU infusion decreased the SR (16.1% vs. 7.4%; P = 0.03), FA (21% vs. 9.0%; P = 0.01), and surprisingly also blood glucose at the onset of farrowing (5.53 vs. 5.09 mmol/L; P = 0.03), respectively. A tendency to higher plasma lactate at the onset of farrowing (P = 0.05) but decreased piglet survival from 0 to 24 h (P = 0.06) was also found for GLU sows. No effects of treatment on farrowing duration or mean birth intervals were found. Lactate in whole blood (P = 0.003) and plasma (P = 0.002) was increased for GLU sows as compared with CON sows during the colostrum period. No effect of GLU infusion was seen on colostrum and milk composition and yield. The increase in lactate was most likely due to a shift toward a greater proportion of glucose oxidation and insufficient O2 supply to fuel uterine contractions. In conclusion, infusion of glucose reduced the frequency of SR and FA, and improved energy status of the sow which seems to be crucial to enhance total piglet survival.
Formulation of diets for pigs based on a ratio between digestible calcium and digestible phosphorus results in reduced excretion of calcium in urine without affecting retention of calcium and phosphorus compared with formulation based on values for total calcium
Authors: Lagos L Vanessa , Lee Su A , Bedford Mike R , Stein Hans H 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that formulating diets for pigs based on a ratio between standardized total tract digestible (STTD) Ca and STTD P instead of total Ca and STTD P does not decrease Ca retention, but increases P utilization. Forty barrows (59.4 ± 3.8 kg) were individually housed in metabolism crates and allotted to four corn-soybean meal-based diets in a randomized complete block design with two blocks and five pigs per diet in each block. Diets were formulated using a 2 × 2 factorial design with two diet formulation principles (total Ca or STTD Ca) and two inclusion levels of microbial phytase (0 or 500 units per kg of feed). Phytase was assumed to release 0.11% STTD P and 0.16% total Ca. Diets were formulated based on requirements for total Ca and STTD P or a ratio between STTD Ca and STTD P of 1.25:1. Diets were fed for 11 d and fecal and urine samples were collected from feed provided from day 6 to day 10. Interactions (P &lt; 0.05) between diet formulation principle and phytase level were observed for Ca intake, Ca in feces, Ca absorbed, Ca retained, P digestibility, P absorbed, and P in urine. Phytase increased (P &lt; 0.05) the digestibility of Ca in both total Ca and STTD Ca diets. Without phytase, Ca intake, Ca in feces, and Ca absorbed was greater (P &lt; 0.05) from pigs fed total Ca diets than from pigs fed STTD Ca diets, but P absorbed, P digestibility, and P in urine was greater (P &lt; 0.05) from pigs fed STTD Ca diets than from pigs fed total Ca diets. However, in the presence of phytase, no differences between diet formulation principles were observed in these variables. Regardless of phytase, Ca in urine was lower (P &lt; 0.05) from pigs fed STTD Ca diets than from pigs fed total Ca diets. There were no differences in Ca retention between pigs fed STTD Ca diets and total Ca diets, but pigs fed total Ca diets retained less (P &lt; 0.05) Ca if diets contained phytase. No differences in P retention were observed between diet formulation principles, but pigs fed non-phytase diets retained more (P &lt; 0.05) P than pigs fed diets with phytase. In conclusion, because diets formulated based on STTD Ca contain less Ca than total Ca diets, pigs fed STTD Ca diets excreted less Ca in urine, but retention of Ca was not affected. Formulating non-phytase diets based on STTD Ca instead of total Ca increased P absorption, which confirms the detrimental effect of excess Ca on P digestibility. However, P retention was not improved if pigs were fed STTD Ca diets.
Multitasking as Consumer Compensatory Control
Authors: Han Jerry J , Broniarczyk Susan M 
Published: May 2021

AbstractConsumer multitasking (i.e., working on multiple tasks simultaneously) is a widespread modern phenomenon, yet the literature lacks an understanding of when and why consumers multitask. We experimentally show that consumers engage in multitasking behavior as a way to compensate for feelings of low control. Specifically, across five main studies and seven web appendix studies using two different multitasking paradigms, we find that consumers feeling low (vs. high) control volitionally choose to multitask more on subsequent tasks, rather than do the tasks sequentially (i.e., one task at a time). Mediation and moderation evidence demonstrate that this effect is driven by increased motivations to use time resources efficiently for those feeling low (vs. high) control. We also find that multitasking generally results in suboptimal consumer decision-making and decreased task performance. An intervention that altered consumer lay beliefs regarding multitasking and time efficiency was effective in lowering multitasking behavior for consumers experiencing low control during the COVID-19 pandemic. By investigating a cause of consumer multitasking and the underlying mechanism, our studies contribute to research on consumer multitasking, perceptions of control, and resource allocation with important implications for advertisers and marketing managers.
Making Endemic Goiter an American Disease, 1800-1820
Authors: Naramore Sarah E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In 1800, American physician and naturalist Benjamin Smith Barton (1766-1815) published A Memoir Concerning the Disease of Goitre as it Prevails in Different Parts of North-America. The text documented the nature of the disease in the United States and highlighted how it differed from the ailment’s presentation in European patients. While medical topographies were common during this period, Barton’s goiter research and the steady stream of American goiter research that followed are worth special attention. This body of literature demonstrates how American physicians understood their relationship to transnational medical discussions and the unique perspective they brought to them. Goiter literature was common in European medical and travel writing during this period and intensely focused on the appearance of the disease in the mountains of Switzerland and Northern Italy. American goiter by its very appearance in non-mountainous regions of the United States contradicted nearly all of the received wisdom about the ailment’s cause and potential cure. For two decades, American writers leveraged their own observations and local knowledge to challenge larger narratives in their field.
Chloroplast dismantling in leaf senescence
Authors: Domínguez Fernando , Cejudo Francisco Javier 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In photosynthetic plant cells, chloroplasts act as factories of metabolic intermediates that support plant growth. Chloroplast performance is highly influenced by environmental cues. Thus, these organelles have the additional function of sensing ever changing environmental conditions, thereby playing a key role in harmonizing the growth and development of different organs and in plant acclimation to the environment. Moreover, chloroplasts constitute an excellent source of metabolic intermediates that are remobilized to sink tissues during senescence so that chloroplast dismantling is a tightly regulated process that plays a key role in plant development. Stressful environmental conditions enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by chloroplasts, which may lead to oxidative stress causing damage to the organelle. These environmental conditions trigger mechanisms that allow the rapid dismantling of damaged chloroplasts, which is crucial to avoid deleterious effects of toxic by-products of the degradative process. In this review, we discuss the effect of redox homeostasis and ROS generation in the process of chloroplast dismantling. Furthermore, we summarize the structural and biochemical events, both intra- and extraplastid, that characterize the process of chloroplast dismantling in senescence and in response to environmental stresses.
A Focus on Non-Amputation Combat Extremity Injury: 2001-2018
Authors: Perez Katheryne G , Eskridge Susan L , Clouser Mary C , McCabe Cameron T , Galarneau Michael R 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Extremity injuries have comprised the majority of battlefield injuries in modern U.S. conflicts since World War II. Most reports have focused on serious injuries only and, to date, no reports have described the full extent of combat extremity injuries, from mild to severe, resulting from post-9/11 conflicts. This study aims to identify and characterize the full spectrum of non-amputation combat-related extremity injury and extend the findings of previous reports.

Methods
The Expeditionary Medical Encounter Database was queried for all extremity injured service members (SMs) deployed in support of post-9/11 conflicts through July 2018. Only injuries incurred during combat operations were included in this report. Major amputations were excluded as well as SMs killed in action or who died of wounds. Extremity injuries were categorized by body region, nature of injury, and severity. Demographics and injury event characteristics are also presented.

Results
A total of 17,629 SMs sustained 42,740 extremity injuries during 18,004 separate injury events. The highest number of SMs were injured in 2004 (n = 3,553), 2007 (n = 2,244), and 2011 (n = 2,023). Injured SMs were mostly young (78% under 30 years), male (97%), junior- to mid-level enlisted (89%), in the Army (69%) or Marine Corps (28%), active duty (84%), serving as infantry and gun crew (59%), and injured in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (60%). Blast weaponry was responsible for 75% of extremity injuries. Injuries were similarly distributed between the lower (52%) and upper (48%) extremities. The most common sites of lower extremity injury were the lower leg/ankle complex (40%) and thigh (26%). The most common upper extremities sites were the shoulder and upper arms (37%), and the hand, wrist, and fingers (33%). Nearly half (48%) of all extremity injuries were open wounds (48%), followed by fractures (20%) and contusions/superficial injuries (16%). SMs sustained an average of 2.4 extremity injuries per event and 56% of injuries were considered mild, with a median Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 3.

Conclusion
This study is the first publication to capture, review, and characterize the full range, from mild to severe, of non-amputation combat-related extremity injuries resulting from post-9/11 conflicts. The high prevalence of extremity injury, particularly in such a young population, and associated short- and long-term health outcomes, will impact military health care systems for decades to come.
Population-based identification of H α-excess sources in the Gaia DR2 and IPHAS catalogues
Authors: Fratta M , Scaringi S , Drew J E , Monguió M , Knigge C , Maccarone T J , Court J M C , Iłkiewicz K A , Pala A F , Gandhi P , Gänsicke B 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a catalogue of point-like H α-excess sources in the Northern Galactic Plane. Our catalogue is created using a new technique that leverages astrometric and photomeric information from Gaia to select H α-bright outliers in the INT Photometric H α Survey of the Northern Galactic Plane (IPHAS), across the colour–absolute magnitude diagram. To mitigate the selection biases due to stellar population mixing and to extinction, the investigated objects are first partitioned with respect to their positions in the Gaia colour–absolute magnitude space, and Galactic coordinates space, respectively. The selection is then performed on both partition types independently. Two significance parameters are assigned to each target, one for each partition type. These represent a quantitative degree of confidence that the given source is a reliable H α-excess candidate, with reference to the other objects in the corresponding partition. Our catalogue provides two flags for each source, both indicating the significance level of the H α-excess. By analysing their intensity in the H α narrow band, 28 496 objects out of 7474 835 are identified as H α-excess candidates with a significance higher than 3. The completeness fraction of the H α outliers selection is between 3 and 5 per cent. The suggested 5σ conservative cut yields a purity fraction of 81.9 per cent.
A Disciplined Dissident—Aung San Suu Kyi as Opposition Backbencher (2012–2016)
Authors: Egreteau Renaud 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article investigates the legislative activity of Aung San Suu Kyi, Myanmar's iconic dissident, during her inaugural tenure as opposition MP in the country’s first post-junta parliament (2012–2016). How did such a totemic figure behave in a legislature dominated by an army-backed party and military-appointed MPs? What legislative tools did she use? The study draws evidence from Burmese-language proceedings of Myanmar’s Union legislature and field interviews. The findings point to a largely marginal, yet disciplined, involvement of Aung San Suu Kyi in legislative business. She neither acted as party whip nor openly criticised government record or took disruptive action in the context of Myanmar’s ‘discipline-flourishing democracy’. Yet, she joined policy debates through the occasional motion, used her position as a catalyst for engaging the government and the world, and successfully marshalled her party to win the next two general elections in 2015 and 2020. The findings have implications for understanding how the strategies of such near-mythical figure can explain subsequent electoral or political (mis)fortunes.
Specific Electroencephalographic Signatures for Pain and Descending Pain Inhibitory System in Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Simis Marcel , Pacheco-Barrios Kevin , Uygur-Kucukseymen Elif , Castelo-Branco Luis , Battistella Linamara R , Fregni Felipe 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The pain related to spinal cord injury (SCI) is difficult to treat, and it is associated with significant morbidity. One aspect to improve therapeutics is to explore markers of pain and its correlates in SCI.

Methods
In this cross-sectional neurophysiological analysis of a randomized, double-blind controlled trial, 39 patients with SCI were included. We analyzed conditioned pain modulation (CPM) efficiency as the index of the descending pain inhibitory system, EEG variables, and clinical pain levels as measured by the Visual Analogue Scale. Regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship among EEG variables, pain levels, and CPM.

Results
We included 39 SCI patients, 74% reported SCI-related pain. We found that (1) less alpha and beta power are related to pain presence, (2) less alpha and beta power are associated with higher pain levels among patients with pain, (3) patients with pain have decreased peak alpha-theta frequency compared to no-pain group, (4) more relative theta power are related to the presence of low CPM efficiency, (5) higher relative theta power is associated with lower CPM efficiency.

Conclusions
Our results confirm and provide additional data on the relationship between decreased alpha and beta frequencies and higher pain levels. One important finding, though, was a specific and different EEG signature for the descending inhibitory pain system, as we showed that increased theta EEG power is related to decreased CPM efficiency; suggesting that, although low CPM efficiency plays a major role in pain in these participants, it does seem to be associated with a specific oscillatory brain rhythm different from clinical pain. These findings have significant implications for future research on EEG-based biomarkers of pain in post-SCI and new interventions as neurofeedback to manage pain in this population.
Measuring the Equilibrium Impacts of Credit: Evidence from the Indian Microfinance Crisis
Authors: Breza Emily , Kinnan Cynthia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn October 2010, the state government of Andhra Pradesh, India, issued an emergency ordinance, bringing microfinance activities in the state to a complete halt and causing a nationwide shock to the liquidity of lenders, especially those with loans in the affected state. We use this massive dislocation in the microfinance market to identify the causal impacts of a reduction in credit supply on consumption, earnings, and employment in general equilibrium in rural labor markets. Using a proprietary district-level data set from 25 separate, for-profit microlenders matched with household data from the National Sample Survey, we find that district-level reductions in credit supply are associated with significant decreases in casual daily wages, household wage earnings, and consumption. We find a substantial consumption multiplier from credit that is likely driven by two channels—aggregate demand and business investment. We calibrate a simple two-period, two-sector model of the rural economy that incorporates both channels and show that the magnitude of our wage results is consistent with the model’s predictions.
Financial Constraints and Corporate Environmental Policies
Authors: Xu Qiping , Kim Taehyun 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper documents evidence that financial constraints increase firms’ toxic emissions given that firms actively trade off abatement costs against potential legal liabilities. Exploring three quasi-natural experiments in which firms’ financial resources are likely exogenously affected, we find that relaxing financial constraints reduces U.S. public firms’ toxic releases. The effects of financial constraints on toxic releases are amplified when regulatory enforcement and external monitoring weaken. Overall, our evidence highlights the real effects of financial constraints in the form of environmental pollution, which is a costly negative externality imposed on society and public health.
028 Sleep loss disrupts hippocampal memory consolidation via an acetylcholine- and somatostatin interneuron-mediated inhibitory gate
Authors: Delorme James , Wang Lijing , Kuhn Femke , Kodoth Varna , Ma Jingqun , Jiang Sha , Aton Sara 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep loss profoundly disrupts consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memory. To better characterize effects of learning and sleep loss on the hippocampal circuit, we quantified activity-dependent phosphorylation of ribosomal subunit S6 (pS6) across the dorsal hippocampus of mice.

Methods
We first measured pS6 throughout the hippocampus after learning (single trial contextual fear conditioning; CFC), and after subsequent sleep or sleep deprivation (SD). To characterize cell populations with activity affected by SD, we used translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP)-seq to identify cell type-specific transcripts on pS6 ribosomes after SD vs. sleep. We next used pharmacogenetics to mimic the effects of SD, selectively activating hippocampal Sst+ interneurons or cholinergic inputs to hippocampus from the medial septum (MS) while mice slept in the hours following CFC. We also inhibited these neuronal populations to assess effects on memory consolidation.

Results
We find that pS6 in enhanced in the dentate gyrus (DG) following single-trial CFC, but is reduced throughout the hippocampus after brief SD – a manipulation which disrupts contextual fear memory (CFM) consolidation. Cell type-specific enrichment analysis (CSEA) of these transcripts revealed that hippocampal somatostatin-expressing (Sst+) interneurons, and cholinergic and orexinergic inputs to hippocampus, are selectively activated after SD. We used TRAP targeted to hippocampal Sst+ interneurons to identify cellular mechanisms mediating SD-driven Sst+ interneuron activation. . We find that activation of Sst+ interneurons is sufficient to disrupt CFM consolidation, by gating activity in surrounding pyramidal neurons, while inhibition of Sst+ interneurons enhances memory consolidation. Similarly, pharmacogenetic activation of cholinergic input to hippocampus from the MS disrupted CFM. Inhibition of MS cholinergic neurons promoted CFM consolidation and disinhibited neurons in the DG, increasing pS6 expression among DG granule cells.

Conclusion
Our data suggest that state-dependent gating of DG activity during SD is mediated by cholinergic input. Together these data provide evidence for an inhibitory gate on hippocampal information processing, which is activated by sleep loss.

Support (if any)
R01-NS118440 to SJA from NINDS, DP2-MH104119 to SJA from the NIH Director’s Office, and a Human Frontiers Science Program Young Investigator Award