bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Segmentation of elongated structures processed on breast MRI for the detection of vessels
Authors: Gierlinger Marco , Brandner Dinah M. , Zagar Bernhard G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe multi-seed region growing (MSRG) algorithm from previous work is extended to extract elongated segments from breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) stacks. A model is created to adjust the MSRG parameters such that the elongated segments may reveal vessels that can support clinicians in their diagnosis of diseases or provide them with useful information before surgery during e. g. a neoadjuvant therapy. The model is a pipeline of tasks and contains user-defined parameters that influence the segmentation result. A crucial task of the model relies on a skeletonization-like algorithm that collects useful information about the segments’ thickness, length, etc. Length, thickness, and gradient information of the pixel intensity along the segment helps to determine whether the extracted segments have a tubular structure, which is assumed to be the case for vessels. In this work, we show how the results are derived and that the MSRG algorithm is capable of extracting vessel-like segments even from noisy MR images.
Altered vascular permeability but not angiogenesis may play a role in the epileptogenesis of human hippocampal sclerosis
Authors: Mhatre Radhika , Anita Mahadevan , Phillip Mariamma , Saini Jitender , Arimappamagan Arivazhagan , Bharath Rose Dawn , Chowdary Ravindranadh M. , Kenchaiah Raghavendra , Ajay Asranna , Jamuna Rajan , Sadashiva Nishanth , Malla Bhaskara Rao , Sinha Sanjib 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjective. We investigated the role of angiogenesis and vascular permeability in the pathogenesis of human drug‐resistant epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis.Methods. Resected hippocampi from 30 histologically confirmed cases of hippocampal sclerosis and 30 age‐matched post‐mortem controls were examined by immunohistochemical quantitation of vascular endothelial markers, CD31 and CD105 (markers of newly formed vessels), and data were analysed relative to MR volumetry. The blood‐brain barrier was evaluated based on immunohistochemistry for IgG, albumin, VEGF and AQP4.Results. Mean vascular density in the hippocampus was 8.71/mm2 in hippocampal sclerosis samples compared to 7.94/mm2 in age‐matched controls. No statistically significant increase in vascular density was found in hippocampal sclerosis samples. Although no neoangiogenesis was found in hippocampal sclerosis samples based on CD105, breakdown of the blood‐brain barrier, enhanced neuronal expression of VEGF, and perivascular seepage of IgG and albumin with uptake within neurons and astrocytes were found. Redistribution of the water channel protein, AQP4, reflected by change from normal punctate labelling to intense diffuse staining in hippocampal sclerosis samples, indicated an altered glia‐vascular interface, disrupting blood‐brain barrier permeability.Significance. Our data show no objective histological evidence of angiogenesis in hippocampal sclerosis samples. When controlled for the confounding variable of hippocampal area, there was no difference in vascular density between cases and controls. A leaky blood‐brain barrier and redistribution of AQP4 were identified which may contribute to epileptogenesis. This constitutes the largest study in the published literature evaluating a role of vascular permeability and angiogenesis in human hippocampal sclerosis.
A new dynamic model of thermal degradation of polymer binary mixes submitted through pyrolysis
Authors: Bellón-Hernández Oscar Alexander 
Published: July 2021

This paper shows the validation process of a dynamic model proposed to represent the one-step thermal degradation reaction of individual components in polymer mixtures. It is complicated to model the process of thermal degradation of polymer mixtures inside pyrolysis reactors. Inside the MPW reactor, the distribution of polymeric components in the mixture is shuffled. It occurs high-temperature gradients, and it is difficult to achieve a uniform heat transfer. All these factors make it complicated to predict at all times in the process and each point of the material inside reactor the degradation reactions and the specific presence of hydrocarbon of interest. It is made a comparison between real data provided by TGA of binary mixes of plastic and the result of simulated thermal degradation obtained using a differential equation of the model for thermal degradation of the same plastics. The polymer used in this study were Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and Low-Density Polyethylene (HDPE). The results of the simulation using the dynamic model proposed were compared to the thermograms of the five samples submitted to TGA tests. The simulation results showed a reasonable degree of approximation with a mean square error of less than 5%. Those results well approximate the loss of mass of the real samples submitted to TGA tests in all the temperature range of the process. Consequently, it is not necessary to segment the process into sub-ranges to look for parameters in each one of them.
Śmiech w komediach środowiska Skamandra. Funkcje i rodzaje
Authors: Warońska Joanna 
Published: July 2021

Na podstawie trzech sztuk powstałych w środowisku skamandryckim, Złodzieja idealnego Jarosława Iwaszkiewicza (napisanego w latach 1923–1924), Powrotu mamy (1935) oraz Baby-Dziwo (1938) Marii Pawlikowskiej-Jasnorzewskiej zostały pokazane różnorodne rodzaje i funkcje śmiechu.
W świecie przedstawionym odnalezione zostały przejawy śmiechu somatycznego, wyrażającego radość życia albo szaleństwo, oraz zaangażowanego, posiadającego moc zmiany rzeczywistości i rozbijania zastanych form. Bohaterowie używają śmiechu również jako maski, przykrywając zaskoczenie, strach czy zażenowanie. W ten sposób przemieniają kontrowersję w konwersację. Postacie sięgają również po społeczną rolę śmiechu, by tworzyć wspólnotę, określić jej granice, ustalić stan osobowy grupy albo uzgodnić postawy i zachowania.
Literackie obrazy osób śmiejących się stały się jednocześnie przykładami śmiechu kulturowego, dlatego komediowa twórczość środowiska skamandrytów pokazana została na tle praktyk Młodej Polski oraz Dwudziestolecia. Jednocześnie odrzucone zostało sprowadzanie skamandryckiego „gestu śmiechu” wyłącznie do radosnej samoakceptacji.
„Współodczuwanie”. Drogi recepcji twórczości Czesława Miłosza w Chinach
Authors: Zhao Weiting 
Published: July 2021

Twórczość Czesława Miłosza od blisko 40 lat tłumaczona jest na język chiński. Cezurę tę wyznaczył rok 1980, w którym poeta otrzymał literacką Nagrodę Nobla. Celem artykułu jest analiza recepcji twórczości Miłosza przez chińskich czytelników i poznanie związanych z tym kontekstów. Do tej pory w Chinach ukazało się 5 tomów jego poezji. Ponadto przetłumaczono pięć zbiorów esejów i jeden wybór jego esejów angielskich. W historii recepcji utworów polskiego noblisty dają się wyróżnić cztery etapy odzwierciedlające chińskie postrzeganie jego twórczości. Na obecność i sposób jego odbioru w kulturze chińskiej duży wpływ ma recepcja całej literatury wschodnioeuropejskiej w Chinach. Poza chińskimi badaczami literatury polskiej i obcej, twórczością Miłosza interesowali się w latach 90. chińscy poeci szukający w jego poezji inspiracji dla uwspółcześnienia poezji własnej.
Słowa kluczowe: recepcja literatury polskiej zagranicą, recepcja twórczości Czesława Miłosza w Chinach.
The Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of August 17, 1959, MST
Authors: Tocher Don 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The main shock at 11:37 p.m. MST was felt by persons in nine western states and three Canadian provinces. Area of perceptibility (600,000 square miles), maximum intensity (X, Modified Mercalli scale), and Richter magnitude (7.1) all were greater for the 1959 shock than for any earlier Montana earthquake on record. The high intensity rating near the epicenter is justified not by the building damage, but rather by the extensive topographic changes which accompanied the earthquake: spectacular vertical fault scarps, severe warping of the ground surface around Hebgen Lake, and landsliding of various types. None of the 28 fatalities resulted from failure of works of man-two were killed by a rolling boulder, the other 26 were buried by a 43 million cubic yard rockslide in the Madison River gorge six miles below Hebgen Dam.
The aftershock record, although limited by the scarcity of seismographic stations in the Rocky Mountain region, indicates that the aftershocks are decreasing in frequency and severity in the irregular fashion usual for an event of this magnitude.
Geologic features of the earthquake at Hebgen Lake, Montana, August 17, 1959
Authors: Witkind Irving J. , Myers W. Bradley , Hadley Jarvis B. , Hamilton Warren , Fraser George D. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
In the epicentral region of the Hebgen Lake earthquake, Montana, late Cenozoic structures marked by tension are superimposed on Laramide structures marked by compression. During the earthquake, several large normal faults northeast of Hebgen Lake, and many small faults and monoclines south of it, were reactivated, and a very large area was abruptly dropped and warped.
New fault scarps are as high as 20 feet. They are mostly in unconsolidated or weakly coherent material but certainly reflect displacements of the underlying bedrock. Offsets produced by refraction of faults, which are steeper in surficial material than in bedrock, and by various types of slumping, generally result in surficial scarps higher than true fault displacements.
Subsidence amounted to as much as 22 feet in the lake basin, as proved by releveling of bench marks by the Coast and Geodetic Survey and by shoreline measurements around Hebgen Lake. Parts of the basin subsided differentially, warping the lake bed and creating a gigantic long-lived seiche. Depth-sounding traverses of the lake recorded warping but gave no indication of major faulting of the lake bottom.
A part of the Madison Valley, west of Hebgen Lake, also subsided, though not as much, and a segment of the Madison Range fault was reactivated. At least part of the highway through Madison River Canyon, which cuts directly across the Madison Range between Hebgen Lake and Madison Valley, subsided also; one group of geologists regards this subsidence as tectonic, and considers the entire range, for which there are otherwise no positive data, to have subsided between Hebgen Lake and Madison Valley. In this view, an eastward trending syncline has been propagated across the northwest-trending Madison Range. Another group considers the subsidence in Madison River Canyon to be due in part to compaction and slumping, and the Madison Range to have changed little in altitude. The pattern of deformation appears to them as the uneven subsidence of two northwest-trending basins, one on either side of the Madison Range.
The earthquake caused widespread slumping and sliding of the surficial mantle; the huge Madison Slide killed 26 people. An old earthflow was reactivated and moved 100 feet or more in the month following the earthquake.
Mode superposition in multi-degree of freedom systems using earthquake response spectrum data
Authors: Merchant H. C. , Hudson D. E. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Dynamic responses of a series of typical three-degree of freedom structures to strong-motion earthquake excitation were calculated by analog computer techniques and were compared with approximate responses obtained by a superposition of individual modes derived from response spectrum curves. The results indicate that a suitably weighted average of the sum of the absolute values of the individual modes and the square root of the sum of the squares of the modes will give a practical design criterion for the base shear forces in multi-story buildings. For critical designs, this weighted average reduces to the absolute sum of the modes, which is found to be close to the true value for a significantly high proportion of typical earthquake-structure combinations.
Technical photography of surface motion
Authors: Carder B. , Hefferman J. , Barnes D. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
Photographic measurements of the earth-surface displacement were made on the gnome event, an underground nuclear detonation near Carlsbad, New Mexico, November 1961. One long range and three short range photo stations were used to provide complementary coverage. Motionless inertia weights were measured against graduated targets rigidly anchored to the surface. The experiment is described in detail including target/weight arrangement, camera specifications, and photo station locations in relation to Surface Zero. Analysis of results from 6 films from close-in stations and one film from the long range station are reported. The peak displacement measured was slightly greater than six feet at a location 106 feet from surface zero.
Oregon earthquakes, 1841 through 1958
Authors: Berg Joseph W. , Baker Charles D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEarthquakes occurring in Oregon in the years 1841 through 1958 have been tabulated. A literature search included scientific publications, state newspapers, and a historical journal. During this period, approximately 167 earthquakes have been reported in the state of Oregon and approximately 73 at sea off the Oregon coast. The historical account of earthquakes between 1841 and 1900 is apparently incomplete, as evidence was found for only 30 earthquakes during that time. Earthquake reporting in the State was largely in terms of felt reports and was somewhat restricted to the more populated zones. For this reason, the actual number of small earthquakes that occurred in the State may be greater than that found by this search. It is estimated that this study includes at least 90 per cent of the earthquakes occurring in Oregon for which there is written record.
Seaquakes in the Flores Sea
Authors: Northrop J. , Raitt R. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Continuous monitoring of low-frequency acoustic energy was accomplished in the Flores Sea using three hydrophones strung out astern of the listening ship during seismic refraction profile operations. In addition to energy from the TNT shots, unusual bursts of noise due to “seaquakes” were noted on some of the records. Analysis of these arrivals shows that most of the energy is in the less than 10 cps range, the events last from 0.2 to 4 minutes, occur up to four times per hour, and generally overload the recording system; i.e., the energy was greater than that from the shots that were being recorded. Because the hydrophones were in line, an indication of the direction of propagation of the energy is apparent from the arrival time on individual units. Analysis of the data shows that the majority of the events came from the West, had either emergent or impetus onset, a bimodal distribution in time, and were often followed by a secondary buildup of energy. If the onset is taken as a P arrival and the later phase as T, the T — P interval gives an epicentral distance of 50-400 km, or mostly within the western arm of the Flores Sea. Of the 27 seaquakes monitored, only one is noted on the USC & GS cards. The rest may have come from local disturbances or Krakatoa.
Differentiation of earthquakes and underground nuclear explosions on the basis of amplitude characteristics
Authors: Willis David E. , DeNoyer John , Wilson James T. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The particle velocity ratios of the maximum shear-surface waves to maximum compressional waves were determined for a large number of earthquakes recorded over a wide geographic range. These results are compared with similar types of data for underground nuclear detonations recorded in the United States. It was found that this technique could be used as a diagnostic aid in distinguishing between these two types of sources at distances less than 1000 km.
Maine seismic experiment: Frequency spectra of refraction arrivals and the nature of the Mohorovičić discontinuity
Authors: Nakamura Yosio , Howell Benjamin F. 
Published: July 2021

abstractWave forms of first arrivals at various distances from explosions in the Gulf of Maine, 1961, were analyzed by Fourier integral analysis. Frequency spectra of the wave forms in the frequency range 2.6 to 25 cps were obtained. The frequency spectra of the refraction arrivals were compared with those of the direct arrivals. Statistical tests show that there is no clear dependence of the frequency content of the arrivals upon distance for either the direct or the refraction arrival, and that the two groups of arrivals definitely belong to two separate groups. Comparison with the results of a model experiment enables an estimate of the minimum possible velocity gradient at the Mohorovičić discontinuity to be made. On the assumption of a linear velocity transition at the boundary, the minimum possible velocity gradient is found to be 4 (km/sec)/km, or the maximum possible thickness of the transition layer to be 12 kilometers.
Two seismic refraction measurements: North Pacific Ocean Basin and Dixon Entrance
Authors: Milne A. R. 
Published: July 2021

abstractThe data from two reversed seismic refraction profiles in the Northeast Pacific are presented as two separate structure sections. One profile was located at the southern limit of the Alaskan Abyssal Plain near 48°N and 136°W. At this location the crustal thickness was abnormally thin, 5.0 kilometers. A second profile was located on the Continental Shelf at the west end of Dixon Entrance, northwest of the Queen Charlotte Islands. This profile indicated the absence of oceanic layering and the presence of a layer with a velocity of 6.16 km/sec, typical of continental granites.
Propagation of PL waves across the United States
Authors: Oliver Jack 
Published: July 2021

abstract
The two large Mexican earthquakes of May 1962 excited PL waves which were unusually well recorded by long period seismographs at a number of U. S. stations of the standardized network of the USC&GS. These data were used to make the first direct determinations of attenuation and of phase velocity dispersion of PL waves in the crust-mantle wave guide. When the effects of dispersion and geometrical spreading are removed, the Q for PL waves in the period range of 35 to 50 seconds is about 10, in contrast to a Q of about 150 for Rayleigh waves of the same wave length. There is a clear dependence of PL dispersion on crustal structure, with data for western profiles indicating crustal thicknesses greater than those for eastern profiles. Such information is complementary to information on dispersion of other types of surface waves and to seismic refraction and reflection data and can provide additional constraint on models of the crust-mantle system.
Model study of explosion-generated Rayleigh waves in a half space
Authors: Gupta I. N. , Kisslinger C. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The Rayleigh waves generated by an explosion on or in the interior of a two-dimensional model show that the source acts as a downward impulse when the shot is on or just below the surface, and as a buried source of compression for deeper shots. The seismograms are in agreement with established theory for the line source on or in a half-space.
The source depth corresponding to the reversal of polarity of the Rayleigh wave is small, and appears to be equal to the radius of the zone of inelastic failure around the shot. The polarity reversal is a true indication of a change in the mechanism of Rayleigh wave generation, and is not related to the change from retrograde motion at the free surface to prograde motion in the interior associated with the change in sign of the radial component at depth.
Time-varying spectra through optical diffraction scanning
Authors: Jackson Philip L. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
An optical scanning method has been developed to present frequency content as it occurs and changes throughout a variable-density seismogram. Energy distributions are shown in both frequency and time. A two-dimensional pattern is presented which can be visually evaluated, and is suitable for numerical measurement. Seismic wave dispersions can be revealed and measured through a similar scanning method.
Study of Love and Rayleigh waves from earthquakes with fault plane solutions or with known faulting Part 2. Application of the phase difference method
Authors: Aki Keiiti 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The method described in Part 1 of this paper was applied to about 30 earthquakes in various parts of the world. The modified single couple hypothesis proposed in Part 1 appears to explain the observations generally better than the double couple hypothesis. Surprisingly consistent pictures of tectonics were obtained in the Mediterranean region and in Japan on the basis of the modified single couple hypothesis.
Response spectra of earthquakes on very soft clay
Authors: Bustamante J. I. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The response spectra of two strong and two mild earthquakes recorded on the thick lacustrine formation of Mexico City in 1961 and 1962 are presented. The velocity spectra of the two strong ones are compared with studies made independently by Jennings. Discrepancies there-with are explained in terms of wave reflections. A criterion to simplify data reduction and spectrum computations is supported by these comparisons. Velocity and pseudovelocity spectra are practically alike. The period corresponding to the maximum peak and the general shape of these curves agree closely with those predicted applying the one-dimensional theory of multiple wave reflections to the formations in question.
On the velocity of P in the upper mantle
Authors: Lehmann I. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The travel times of P in the upper mantle are considered. Usually the phases are more clearly recorded at epicentral distances beyond 15° and here the time-distance curves have appreciable curvature. At smaller distances the time-curves are nearly straight lines, that sometimes are cut off at distances less than 15°.
Travel times have been calculated on various velocity assumptions so as to agree with the empirically determined travel times.
For the uppermost mantle the velocity has been taken either to be constant or slightly increasing down to a depth sufficiently great for the phases to be recorded, though with small amplitudes, at least to distances of 15°, or a low velocity layer has been inserted that cuts off the time-curve at smaller distances.
The bending branch of the time-curve from about 15° onwards can be produced by a slow, gradual increase of velocity downwards from about 100 km depth, or by a somewhat faster increase causing a reversal of the time-curve and a cusp at about 15°, or else by an abrupt increase of velocity and velocity gradient at a depth somewhat greater than 200 km. In this last case reflections and refractions emerge at distances smaller than 15°.
Rayleigh waves in short-period seismic noise
Authors: Douze E. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Operation of short-period vertical seismometers at depths down to 3000 m in abandoned oil wells provides a new method of studying seismic surface waves. Power spectral density functions and the cross-products of simultaneous noise samples at the surface and at depth are used to obtain the change in amplitude and phase with depth. The vertical component of the noise is shown to be caused mainly by fundamental and higher mode Rayleigh waves. The fundamental, first, and third Rayleigh modes are identified in the noise. Each higher mode can be identified by its unique variation in displacement with depth and the 180-deg phase shifts that occur at the nodal points. The experimentally determined displacement of the different Rayleigh modes with depth is in good agreement with the theoretical displacement.