bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Optimized Process for the Preparation of Aqueous Ferric Carboxymaltose: Synthesis and Structural Characterization
Authors: Tabasi Ozra , Razlighi Mahdi Roohi , Darbandi Mohammad Ali 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) formulation consists of iron-carbohydrate
nanoparticles where iron-oxyhydroxide as a core is covered by a carbohydrate shell. The present
work provides an improved synthesis process of FCM as an intravenous iron, active pharmaceutical
ingredient.

Methods:
Water-soluble FCM complex was prepared from the reaction of ferric hydroxide precipitation
with an aqueous solution of oxidized maltodextrin (MD) at optimum temperature and pH
conditions. A systematic approach was followed to obtain the optimal weight ratio of the maltodextrin/
ferric chloride for FCM synthesis process with suitable-sized nanoparticles. Physical characterization
of newly synthesized ferric carboxymaltose (FCM-NP) was performed to establish its equivalency
with the reference product (Ferinject).

Results:
The size distribution of the whole nanoparticles determined by dynamic light scattering
(DLS) was in the range of 15-40 nm with an average particle size of 26 ± 6.6 and 25.8 ± 4.9 for
FCM-NP and Ferinject, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of FCM-NP and Ferinject indicated
the Akaganeite structure of iron-oxyhydroxide. The iron content of particles (cores) measured
by Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was almost equal for the two formulations. The
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of Ferinject and FCM-NP were approximately similar.

Conclusion:
Various analytical methods, including FTIR spectroscopy, XRD analysis, DLS technique,
TEM, and AAS were employed. It was observed that the specifications of FCM-NP obtained
by these analyses were almost identical to those of Ferinject. Accordingly, the two formulations
were considered comparable.
PEMANFAATAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN UNTUK MENCIPTAKAN LINGKUNGAN KELAS SD (Alternatif Penciptaan Laboratorium SD yang Efektif )
Authors: Zubaidah Enny 
Published: January 2021

Lingkungan kelas yang bernuansa ke-SD-an saat ini dibutuhkan oleh guru-guru SD, mahasiswa S-1 Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar (PGSD), mahasiswa S-2 Pendidikan Dasar (Dikdas), dan para pengambil kebijakan di bidang ke-SD-an. Itu semua dalam rangka untuk menyesuaikan antara ilmu yang dipelajari dengan dunia yang ada di lingkungan SD. Lingkungan kelas SD idealnya tersedia berbagai sarana sebagai media pembelajaran di SD. Sarana yang berupa media pembelajaran ke-SD-an itu, ditata secara proporsional melalui sudut-sudut mata pelajaran sebagaimana yang ada di SD dan jika mungkin ditambah sudut lain yang menunjang pelaksanaan pembelajaran di SD. Diharapkan melalui lingkungan tersebut, memungkinkan siswa dan guru dapat melaksanakan pembelajaran tentang banyak hal. Hal itu karena di lingkungan kelas tersebut menyediakan berbagai sarana penunjang dan pendukung untuk mempelajari semua mata pelajaran yang ada di kelas SD.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________UTILISING THE LEARNING MEDIA TO BUILD THE CLASS ENVIRONMENT(Alternative Approach in Developing Effective Elementary School Laboratory)ABSTRACTTo synchronise the theoretical knowledge taught in college with practical situation existed in elementary schools, all stakeholders of elementary schooling, such as teachers, students, and policy makers, require an environment that closely represents an elementary school-like atmosphere. In this sort of setting, we can find several facilities, as learning media, that are situated proportionally to align with the subjects taught in elementary schools or other perspectives that might be beneficial for supporting the learning process. Having this atmosphere enables students and teachers to gain more lessons during the learning process due to adequate supporting facilities.Keywords: learning media, elementary schooling course, elementary school-like environment
Pelatihan Penyusunan Instrumen Tes dan Analisisnya Secara Modern Bagi Guru-Guru IPA SMP
Authors: Istiyono Edi , Setiawan Risky , Harun Harun 
Published: January 2021

Kegiatan Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat (PPM) ini berupa pelatihan penyusunan instrumen tes bagi guru SMP mata pelajaran IPA terpilih yang bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman dan pengalaman kepada guru tentang: 1) penyusunan soal berbasis High Order Thinking Skills, 2) penyusunan rancangan penilaian untuk kurikulum 2013, 3) penyusunan instrumen soal, dan 4) penganalisisan butir soal secara modern (Item Response Theory). Kegiatan PPM ini dilaksanakan dengan metode pelatihan, dilanjutkan dengan penugasan, dan pendampingan di sekolah. Kegiatan yang dilakukan terdiri atas pelatihan penyusunan rancangan penilaian dan kisi-kisi soal berbasis HOTS, pelatihan penyusunan penilaian K-13, praktik penyusunan soal, dan pelatihan analisis butir soal dengan menggunakan software ITEMAN dan Bilog MG. Khalayak sasaran dalam kegiatan ini adalah guru Sekolah Menegah Pertama (SMP) di Kabupaten Sleman Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta yang berjumlah 30 orang. Hasil dari kegiatan PPM ini yakni: 1) memberikan pemahaman kepada guru IPA tentang prinsip-prinsip penyusunan instrumen tes yang baik, 2) memberikan pemahaman dan pengalaman kepada guru IPA dalam menyusun konstruk instrumen tes yang baik, 3) memberikan pemahaman dan pengalaman kepada guru dalam melakukan analisis butir soal secara IRT, dan 4) memberikan pemahaman dan pengalaman kepada guru dalam menganalisis kemampuan peserta tes dengan pendekatan IRT. Kata Kunci: pelatihan, pendampingan, penyusunan soal, guru SMP
ECOBRICK Sebagai Pemanfaatan Sampah Plastik di Laboratorium Biologi dan Foodcourt Universtias Negeri Yogyakarta
Authors: Sunandar Aditia Pramudia , Chahyani Rizki Qonitati Chandra , Farhana Fiki Zida 
Published: January 2021

Produksi sampah plastik saat ini sudah tidak terbendung lagi. Masyarakat semakin sulit terlepas dari penggunaan plastik. Hal tersebut tentu saja berdampak pada tercemarnya lingkungan karena limbah plastik yang menumpuk dan memerlukan waktu yang cukup lama untuk terurai secara alami. Terlebih lagi karena penggunaan plastik hampir tidak bisa dikendalikan. Plastik juga menjadikan suhu udara menjadi lebih panas dari ke hari, karena sifat polimernya yang tidak berpori. Pada saat ini, sebagian besar produk yang diproduksi tanpa memikirkan ke mana mereka akan pergi ketika dikonsumsi. .Di lingkungan Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta sampah plastik sangat mudah ditemukan di lingkungan Foodcourt dan Laboratorium Biologi. Dalam upaya mengurangi limbah plastik peneliti berinisiatif untuk membuat ecobrick sebagai pemanfaatan dan daur ulang limbah plastik. Ecobrick adalah salah satu usaha kreatif bagi penanganan sampah plastik. Fungsinya bukan untuk menghancurkan sampah plastik, melainkan untuk memperpanjang usia plastik-plastik tersebut dan mengolahnya menjadi sesuatu yang berguna, yang bisa dipergunakan bagi kepentingan manusia pada umumnya..Dengan cara mengolah kembali limbah botol plastik menjadi barang yang bisa digunakan kembali seperti tempat sampah, kursi, dan meja serta mendukung penyadaran terhadap mahasiswa biologi untuk membuang sampah pada tempatnya sesuai arahan. Hasil penelitian ditunjukkan dengan selalu penuhnya tiga kardus sampah yang disediakan di laboratorium Biologi setiap seminggu dan mencapai angka 60%. Pemanfaata ecobrick membutuhkan bahan dasar yang cukup banyak dan peranan setiap pihak karena masih menggunakan tenaga manual namun memiliki hasil yang positif dalam mengurangi sampah plastik dilingkungan masyarakat. Kata kunci: Ecobrick, Sampah Plastik, Daur Ulang.
Evaluation of the Liver Disease Information in Baidu Encyclopedia and Wikipedia: Longitudinal Study
Authors: Sun Fei , Yang Fuchun , Zheng Shusen 
Published: January 2021

Background
The internet has changed the way of people acquiring health information. Previous studies have shown that Wikipedia is a reasonably reliable medical resource, and it has been ranked higher than other general websites in various search engines. Baidu Encyclopedia is one of the most popular encyclopedia websites in China. However, no studies have shown the quality of the content provided in the Baidu Encyclopedia.

Objective
This study aimed to evaluate the quality of liver disease information provided by Wikipedia (in English) and Baidu Encyclopedia (in Chinese) and to perform a comparison of the quality and timeliness of the articles published in these two encyclopedias. Moreover, a 3-year follow-up study was conducted to compare if the information in both these websites was updated regularly over this period.

Methods
We searched for information on liver diseases by using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision Version 2016 codes on Wikipedia (in English) and Baidu Encyclopedia (in Chinese). The quality of the articles was assessed using the DISCERN instrument, which consists of 3 sections. We recorded the latest editing date of the webpages and calculated the date interval to evaluate the update timeliness of these websites.

Results
We found 22 entries on liver diseases in Baidu Encyclopedia and 15 articles in Wikipedia between September 15, 2016, and September 30, 2016, and we found 25 entries in Baidu Encyclopedia and 16 articles in Wikipedia between September 15, 2019, and September 30, 2019. In section 1 of the DISCERN instrument, the mean (SE) scores of Baidu Encyclopedia entries were significantly lower than those of Wikipedia articles. In section 2 and section 3 of the DISCERN instrument, the DISCERN scores of Baidu Encyclopedia entries were lower than those of Wikipedia articles, but the differences were not statistically significant. The total DISCERN scores of Baidu Encyclopedia entries were significantly lower than those of Wikipedia articles. The update interval of the entries in Baidu Encyclopedia was found to be significantly longer than that of the articles in Wikipedia.

Conclusions
This study shows that the quality of articles and the reliability of the research content on liver diseases in Wikipedia are better than those of the entries in Baidu Encyclopedia. However, the quality of the treatment choices provided in both Wikipedia and Baidu Encyclopedia is not satisfactory. Wikipedia is updated more frequently than Baidu Encyclopedia, thereby ensuring that the information presented has the most recent research findings. The findings of our study suggest that in order to find accurate health information, it is important to seek the help of medical professionals instead of looking for a prescription amid the confusing information provided on the internet.
Дальневосточная республика как «колыбель» Монгольской революции (к 100-летию ДВР и Монгольской революции 1921 г.)
Authors:   Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the RAS (6, Sakhyanova St., Ulan-Ude 670047, Russian Federation), Kuras Leonid V. , Tsybenov Bazar D. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The Far Eastern Republic that emerged in the spring of 1920 suited all political players — Moscow, Tokyo, Washington, Irkutsk Political Center, and other peripheral political forces of the Far East. The ‘buffer’ state also played an important role in the transnational history of the Mongolian world. Mongolian revolutionaries stayed in the territory of the Far Eastern Republic in the summer and autumn of 1920. At that time, they were deeply imbued with the ideas of the Bolsheviks. Goals. The study seeks to examine the organizational role of the Far Eastern Republic as an outpost of the Mongolian Revolution of 1921. The objectives be tackled are as follows: investigation of the Russian-Mongolian revolutionary interaction in 1918-1920; analysis of activities of O. Maksteneck, an authorized representative of the RSFSR People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs to Mongolia; exploration of the route and work of three groups of Mongolian delegates in the territory of the Far Eastern Republic and Soviet Russia in 1920; insight into activities of the first congress of the Mongolian People’s Party in Troitskosavsk in March 1920. Materials. The paper analyzes archival documents dealing with the history of Russian-Mongolian military cooperation in the early-to-mid 20th century, considers works by domestic and Mongolian authors dedicated to the creation of the Far Eastern Republic and the Mongolian Revolution of 1921. Conclusions. The leadership of the Far Eastern Republic headed by B. Shumyatsky and the authorized representative of the RSFSR People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs O. Maksteneck played a crucial role in organizing the activities of the Mongolian revolutionary delegates. They convinced the Mongolian revolutionaries of the need to rely on Soviet power and its armed forces in the struggle for Mongolian independence.
A review on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical aspects of remdesivir and favipiravir for the treatment of coronavirus disease
Authors: Kumar Inder 
Published: January 2021

The coronavirus disease has spread all over the world. Till now no medicine, vaccine, and any other monoclonal antibodies have been approved for the diagnosis or prevention of COVID-19. In many countries, doctors are considering “repurposing” different approved drugs like interferon-ɑ, lopinavir/ ritonavir, ribavirin, and chloroquine phosphate, etc. to treat COVID-19. Remedesivir (GS-5734) is a prodrug of monophosphoramidate of adenosine analogue. Remedesivir block the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerease (RdRp). Favipiravir (T-705) is also a prodrug and was revealed during evaluating the antiviral activity of chemical agents concerning the influenza virus. This review summarizes the status, mechanisms, preclinical research, and clinical trial progress of remedesivir and favipiravir for the treatment of COVID-19.
Keywords: coronavirus disease, favipiravir, remdesivir, clinical trials, pharmacodynamics
Microsponge as an Emerging Technique in Novel Drug Delivery System
Authors: Borawake Payal D , Kauslya Arumugam , Shinde Jitendra V , Chavan Rajashree S 
Published: January 2021

Numbers of developments are implemented in drug delivery system to achieve the goals of optimized efficacy, cost effectiveness of therapy. One of the latest, novel and highly evolving technologies is microsponge drug delivery system which gives controlled release and site specific delivery of active ingredients. They are highly cross linked, porous and polymeric microspheres with size range of 5-300µm. This system is emerging as valuable option for topical delivery of drugs due to characteristics like decreased side effects, improved stability, better formulation flexibility, superior product performance. It is having number of applications in oral, topical, ocular and biopharmaceuticals delivery. The current review describes microsponge technology and details of the formulation methods, evaluation, programmable release mechanisms and applications.
Keywords: Microsponges; Controlled release; Quasi emulsion solvent diffusion; Programmable drug release; Oral administration; Topical drug delivery.
Formulation and Evaluation of Orodispersible Tablet of Fluvastatin Sodium
Authors: Kanathe Pooja , Jain Ruchi , Jain Nilesh , Jain Surendra Kumar 
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this research work is to formulate and evaluate the Orodispersible tablet of Fluvastatin Sodium to enhance the bioavailability and effectiveness of the drug. The objectives of the drug work were to formulate and evaluate Orodispersible tablets of Fluvastatin Sodium, having adequate mechanical strength, rapid disintegration, and fast action. Precompression parameters like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index & post-compression parameters like wetting time, water absorption ratio, in-vitro disintegration, and in-vitro dispersion time were studied. The hardness, friability, and drug content of all the formulations were found to be within the limits. The best formulation PK09 has shown good disintegration time, dissolution time, and dispersion time. The optimized formulation of batch PK9 gave the best in-vitro release of 99.60% in 3min in phosphate buffer pH 6.8. The release of the drug followed the matrix diffusion mechanism as compared to the commercial formulation. Formulation PK9 gives quick disintegration and better drug release. Hence it can be concluded that the formulation of PK9 is stable and effective for quick action and it is an alternative to the conventional tablets.
Keywords: Orodispersible Tablets, Fluvastatin Sodium, Fast dissolving/disintegrating tablets, GIT, bioavailability, first-pass metabolism, superdisintegrants
A Review on Microsphere
Authors: Gavhane Prafull , Deshmukh Madhuri , Khopade Abhijit N. , Kunjir Vaibhavi V. , Shete Rajkumar V. 
Published: January 2021

The microsphere is having free-flowing powder properties that are incorporate proteins and synthetic or natural polymer. This polymer is biodegradable in nature and particle size having less than 200 µm. Advanced drug delivery system has various advantages over the mainstream multi dose therapy. The microsphere's drug delivery systems are acceptable for attained delay or sustained release formulation with minimum risk of dose repeatability and small gastric habitation time. The present review provides a complete discussion of therapeutic aspects of the microsphere drug delivery system into deliberation of the required area for microparticulate, types of polymers used, method of preparation, type of microspheres in detail, parameters & targeting of microspheres & practical aspects of microspheres.
Keywords: Microspheres, bioavailability, types, classification, ideal properties, evaluation, etc.
TNF-α: A Benificial or Harmful Pathogenic Cytokine in Cardiovascular System
Authors: Dhiman Sunny , Kumar Inder , Palia Priyankul , Jamwal Shalini , Kumar Pankaj 
Published: January 2021

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF- alpha) plays important role in pathophysiology of cardiovascular system and had been comprehensively studied over the last 20 years. These studies demonstrate both Detrimental and potentially conflicting roles of TNF-α in pathophysiology of heart. Beneficial effects of TNF-α includes cardioprotective action against ischemia, myocarditis, pressure overload and preventive action against potential adverse effects including development of atherosclerosis, reperfusion injury, hypertrophy, and heart failure. However, TNF-α is still controversial for its beneficial or harmful effects for cardiovascular system. This review includes evaluation of possible role of TNF-α in cardiovascular system specifically in pathophysiology and morphology of cardiomyocytes. Further this article mainly emphases on the claimed role of TNF-α pathways with concerning essential cardiac cellular processes which may have unswerving adaptive effects in the heart with respect to future research directions.
Keywords: Tumor Necrosis Factor, Hypertrophy, Pathophysiology, Cytokine, Pathology, Cardiovascular System.
Metabolic Syndrome Risk Associated with Atypical Antipsychotic Medication: A Case Report
Authors: Julaeha Julaeha , Athiyah Umi , Ayuningtyas Josephine P , Yuliana Verra , Hermansyah Andi 
Published: January 2021

People with schizophrenia are vulnerable group suffer from metabolic syndrome events. Atypical antipsychotics associated with weight gain, insulin resistance, and profile lipid abnormalities. The present case was 32-year-old man schizophrenia outpatient had experienced metabolic syndrome side effects. Metabolic syndrome characterized by central obesity, hyperglicemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, and several months feel an increase in appetite. Metabolic syndrome events might be associated with long-term atypical antipsychotics consuming and tobacco use. As pharmacists, We advised the patient to referral primary healthcare service for managing metabolic syndrome side effects. Pharmacists intervention through education and metabolic syndrome screening program have positive impacts on lifestyle modification such as decreasing number of cigarette consumption and caffeine intake, also increasing physical activity.
Keywords: Antipsychotics, Atypical antipsychotic, Metabolic syndrome, Pharmacist, Schizophrenia.
Infections due to Clostridium Difficile
Authors: Goldberg Marcia B , Paras Molly , Coffey K.C 
Published: January 2021

Clostridium difficile is one of the most common causes of healthcare associated infection in the United States. Despite significant attention and resources, national rates increased dramatically between 2000-2011 and have only started to decline in the last five years.. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) updated their clinical practice guidelines on the diagnosis and management of C. difficile disease in 2017. The recommended changes in therapeutic guidelines, recommendations for pediatric patient populations, and overview of available diagnostics are described herein. Additionally, this review discusses the changing epidemiology, examines the pathophysiology of the disease process, and outlines current infection control and prevention strategies.
This review has 6 figures and 9 tables.
Key Words: Clostridium difficile, diarrhea, colitis, antibiotics, spores, nosocomial, hospital
The effect of social media on patient acceptance of temporary anchorage devices:
Authors: Sampson Ariane , Figueiredo Daniel S. F. , Jeremiah Huw G. , Oliveira Dauro D. , Freitas Laize R. P. , Chahoud Michele , Soares Rodrigo V. , Cobourne Martyn T. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives
To investigate the relationship between the use of social networking sites (SNSs) on patient perceptions, acceptance, and expectations of treatment using temporary anchorage devices (TADs) and to compare differences between patients from the United Kingdom and Brazil.

Materials and Methods
Cross-sectional questionnaires were administered to 39 participants at orthodontic practices in the United Kingdom and Brazil about patients' use of SNSs, exposure to TADs on SNSs, and thoughts on extractions, jaw surgery, or TADs as treatment options.

Results
UK patients prefer for clinicians to have SNS profiles (P = .022). Most UK and Brazilian patients want to see their clinician's work online (76.7%) and use SNSs to get information about treatment options (76.6%). There was a statistically significant difference in Brazilian patients' acceptance of TADs as a treatment option compared with UK patients, particularly if it meant avoiding extractions (P = .002), avoiding jaw surgery (P = .004), or reducing treatment time (P = .010). Knowledge of TADs was greater in Brazilian patients (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Patients use SNSs to obtain information about treatments and prefer clinicians to have social media accounts. Patients exposed to TADs on SNSs are more likely to accept them as an orthodontic treatment option. UK patients have less knowledge of TADs and are therefore less sure to consider TADs as an option. Brazilian patients are more confident in considering the use of TADs. Clinicians should consider increasing their social media presence to accommodate patients' expectations and acceptance of TADs.