bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protest and Performativity
Authors: Cadena-Roa Jorge , Puga Cristina 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Protests are contentious actions that pose claims to other parties. Protesters seek attention and voice or demand that a third party act (or stop acting) in a way that prompts grievances or causes suffering to the protesters or others. Protestors raise claims for a range of reasons, material, legal (such as rights and protections), and symbolic. Often all the claimants want is to call the authorities’ attention to certain issues because their efforts to be listened to through regular means have been ignored. Protests have been part and parcel of Mexican politics since postrevolutionary times. These protests routinely incorporate performative innovations into their repertoire in order to gain public support and have their demands met. This chapter analyzes the components of performance in protest and discusses a range of contrasting case studies from Mexico, highlighting features such as empathy and identity through performance.
Interruption and Interpellation
Authors: Bala Sruti 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the significance of interruption in performance. Under which conditions might interruption be deemed political? And what precisely accords such interruptive gestures an interpellative quality, the capacity to usher a sense of political subjecthood into being? The chapter dwells on three scenes of interruption: in Walter Benjamin’s writings on Bertolt Brecht, in Louis Althusser’s ideology theory, and a scene from a 2018 public lecture-performance in Amsterdam by the scholar-artist Chokri Ben Chikha., In the artist’s gesture toward self-immolation, the protocols of theatrical performance are interrupted in order to reflect on the political efficacy of performance. By way of a complementary reading of Benjamin’s elaboration of the Brechtian ‘gestus’ and Louis Althusser’s conception of ideological interpellation, the chapter suggests that performance and politics are related by the ways in which they interrupt and interpellate each other.
The Body Politic and JFK’s Bad Back
Authors: Peetz Julia 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In politics, embodiment, figured as a literal connection between a national leader’s body and the nation as a whole, implies that the fates of leader and nation are linked; a decline in the leader’s body signals a corresponding decline in the national body politic. This concrete, physical idea of embodiment emerged from a context of absolutist monarchical power and has been most influentially described in Ernst Kantorowicz’s The King’s Two Bodies as both theological and premodern. Nevertheless the temptation persists to describe the power and influence populists hold over their followers in the contemporary moment in just this way. Focusing on the specific context of US presidential politics, this chapter questions whether ideas of literal embodiment can usefully explain how populist politics operates through performance. With regard to the ways in which we interpret the significance of politicians’ bodies in twenty-first-century US politics, the chapter explores the process through which premodern political embodiment was supplanted by more abstractly conceived political representation. It is argued that, rather than postulating a radical break between mainstream politics and the mode of representation that is enacted by populists, explorations of embodiment need to take into account historical continuities as politicians’ embodied performances engage with the collective memory of political audiences and thereby complicate processes of political representation. As such, embodiment must be understood as one of the central repertoires of affective, metalingual engagement through which performances in contemporary politics act upon political audiences.
Performance and Populism
Authors: Lotina Goran Petrović 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Seeking return of democracy into the realm of politics and popular sovereignty into state institutions, populist movements and political parties arose across the world in the early years of the twenty-first century on both sides of the political spectrum. Whether conceived as a way of doing politics, ideology, style, figure, discourse, political logic, or strategy, populism in all these views implies a moment of division between the people and the elite. This is why the debate about populism is a political debate about constructing the people, that is, new forms of subjectivity, community, or collectivity. To envisage alternative ways of living together, some political philosophers from the left found inspiration in the horizontal, leaderless civic movements, such as Occupy, and the notion of the self-organized multitude. Others found inspiration in the vertical civic movements with leadership, such as Podemos, and the notion of constructed people. The segmentation of civic and political structures that emanates from such a dualism prevents the left from displacing neoliberalism, arresting the increasing institutionalization of right-wing populism and invigorating democracy. To find a way out of this deadlock and empower the left, this chapter envisages the relationship between these disparate views in co-constitutive terms. What I will be calling the choreography of articulation is the performative practice that transforms horizontality into verticality, embodying the multitude of democratic identities in a popular form of collectivity. The performance 100% City by the German-based ‘collective’ Rimini Protokoll offers a view on articulation as a choreographing practice of embodying imagined forms of collectivity.
Class, Race, and Marginality
Authors: Beswick Katie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers how class and race are navigated through informal performances by marginalized subjects in New York City and London. Taking litefeet dance and grime music as objects of analysis (both performance forms developed and pioneered by working-class men of color), it argues that we can think of informal and ostensibly frivolous practices as importantly political, structuring our understanding of cities and contributing to social and cultural change compelled by injustices in the political system of late capitalism. The chapter posits space as a means of understanding the politics of global cities and the connections between different geographical locations. Drawing on ethnographic and observation work undertaken by the author between 2014 and 2020, it uses hip-hop practices taking place in different contexts as a way of exploring how those who are relegated to the city’s edges find ways to survive and to push back against the dominant order. The argument here acknowledges the impossibility for marginalized performance forms to bring about total structural change but delineates ways that informal practices might nonetheless participate in a politics (understood as a struggle over power) and contribute to processes of change, which may not be inherently radical but are nonetheless resistant.
The Community, the Nation, and Obligations to Future Generations
Authors: de Shalit Avner 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Prima facie one’s obligations to the nation and to future generations might clash because of the tension between the particular, the concrete, and the contemporary versus the universal, the abstract, and the future-oriented. However, the nation is and should be regarded as an intergenerational community; this mode of thinking, called here “thinking like a nation,” yields concrete obligations to the not yet born, based in current persons and their strong belief that the nation constitutes their self, a self that transcends into the future. According to the transgenerational theory which is based on the nation, depleting resources or creating severe climate change harms contemporaries who regard the transgenerational community of the nation as what constitutes their self. However, some reasons why one should be cautious about thinking like a nation, especially when this becomes a chauvinistic attitude, are noted.
Intergenerational Cooperation and the Social Contract
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
John Rawls made the enormously influential suggestion that society can be conceived of as a “cooperative venture for mutual advantage,” governed by a “theory of justice,” which is a set of principles that specify an acceptable division of the “benefits and burdens of cooperation.” It follows, however, that if there are no opportunities for mutually advantageous cooperation in a particular domain of social interaction, then these interactions cannot be governed by principles of justice. Certain commentators have argued that this analysis precludes the application of Rawlsian-style contract theory to questions of intergenerational justice, on the grounds that there can be no reciprocity between non-contemporaneous generations, and thus no possibility of intergenerational cooperation. Yet despite having become influential in the literature, this claim is incorrect, being based upon an overly narrow, direct conception of reciprocity. Many systems of cooperation, both in nature and in human society, are based on indirect reciprocity, where the individual from whom a benefit is received need not be the same as the individual to whom a benefit is provided. Once the possibility of indirect reciprocity is taken into account, one can see that there is no obstacle to the development of systems of intergenerational cooperation. The analysis of such systems provides the foundation for a contractual approach to questions of intergenerational justice.
Yin-Yang (Yijing) and the Bible
Authors: Collani Claudia von 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chinese religions, philosophy, and especially Confucianism constituted a great challenge for the Catholic mission since its beginnings in China in early modern times. This essay looks at the way the missionaries, especially the Jesuits, made several attempts to solve the problem. Niccolò Longobardo s.j., for example, refused to use Chinese terms for the Christian God, dismissing them as insufficient or atheistic. Most Jesuits, however, advocated for terms such as Tian, Shangdi, Tianzhu, and Taiji for God in China. The Mandate of the Vicar Apostolic Charles Maigrot m.e.p., prohibiting the use of the Yijing and Taiji as the Chinese name for God, became a great challenge for Joachim Bouvet s.j. in developing his Figurism. With this system, he found complements for Christianity in China and created a new theology combining Eastern and Western ideas. These efforts were stopped by the prohibition of the Chinese rites and by the historical-critical method for reading the old Chinese books.
Confucian Classics and the Bible
Authors: Huang Paulos , Yeo K. K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
After a brief survey of the encounter between the Confucian and Christian canons, the essay discusses the issues that arose when the Bible was translated into Chinese as Shengjing (the Holy Canon). To find out how Chinese Christians (missionaries and Chinese) treat Confucian classics and the way they translate and read the Bible in light of the Confucian language/classics, the essay explores the following issues: (1) the distinction between the Bible being interpreted as the Holy Canon and Confucian classics being considered as humanistic Canons; (2) the kind of authority that can raise a jingdian (classic) into a jing (canon) in the Chinese context; and (3) the fact that, because Confucians understand canons in the light of humanistic criteria, they treat the Bible as a humanistic classic rather than a divinely revealed canon. The essay ends by introducing a Christian-Chinese intertextual reading of the Bible and the Analects and a proposal of “Sino-Christian academic biblical studies.”
The Bible and Daoist Writings
Authors: Lee Archie C. C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Bible has taken various journeys all over the world and has come into engagement with religious writings outside of Christianity. In the process of translation of the Bible into other languages, religious notions from indigenous writings have been employed to express biblical conceptions, giving rise to cultural fertilization and religious enrichment on the Bible and the target languages into which the Bible has not only taken on a new form, but also some sort of transformation. This essay explores first the historical encounters of Christianity with Chinese culture in the tradition of Jingjiao (mistakenly labelled as Chinese Nestorianism). Second, an attempt is made to analyze the Daoist terminology of hundun in Daodejing and Zhuangzi adopted for the articulation of the “void” (“Chaos”) in the creation narrative of Genesis. Finally, the Daoist quest for immortality is read cross-textually with the Wisdom book of Qoheleth (Ecclesiastes).
Chinese Protestant Bible Versions and the Chinese Language
Authors: Mak George Kam Wah 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This essay discusses the relationship between Chinese Protestant Bible versions and the Chinese language. It first introduces the varieties of the Chinese language adopted and linguistic techniques used in these Bible versions produced in the late Qing and Republican era, so as to illustrate how Protestant Bible translators’ understanding of the Chinese language informed their choices. It then explains how Protestant Bible translation was relevant to the evolution of the Chinese language with the example of the Mandarin Bible, which contributed to the development of Mandarin from a lingua franca into the national language of China. This essay concludes with a discussion of the value of Protestant Bible versions as materials for the historical study of the Chinese language.
Adoption of Christian Anthropology by Chinese Intellectuals
Authors: Jian Cao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In their search for justification in a scriptural text, both Christian and non-Christian Chinese intellectuals in the modern era found the Old Testament a rich and promising source at times of cultural and national crises. In this paper, three major topics will be taken up. First, it will explore the ways in which the Chinese Old Testament and its idea of God were anthropologically interpreted by Chinese intellectuals in light of modern scientism, European and American philosophy, and Chinese traditional culture. Second, it will analyze how the idea of one God was utilized by Chinese intellectuals in their efforts to explain human nature and to promote individual morality. Finally, it will discuss how universal love, which was of special importance in the context of monotheism, was interpreted by Chinese intellectuals. These three topics lead to a common interest or agenda of the time: building up a society of human perfection.
Christian Poetry from Tang to Republican Era
Authors: Bao Zhaohui 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This essay surveys Christian poetry in the Tang dynasty to the Republic of China era. It discusses two basic criteria for defining the constitution and requirements of Christian poetry. It also looks at poetic elements of Christian motifs and biblical genres as they were used in Christian poetry composed by foreign missionaries, non-Christians, and Chinese Christians. This essay also describes how Chinese Christian poets used the styles of Chinese poetry to express the themes of Christianity in different historical periods. According to this period, Xu Guangqi, Wang Zheng, Wu Li, Zhao Zichen, and Bing Xin are the important Christian poets. Wu Jingxiong, Zhu Weizhi, John Chalmers, and Frederick William Baller are excellent translators who translated Hebrew poems into Chinese poetic style. The essay discusses the contributions of Chinese Christian poetry to Chinese writing and the limitations of their writing based on context.
Study of the Bible in Chinese Academia
Authors: Huilin Yang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Since Christianity came to China, the Bible has been translated, preached, and studied, and church-based universities have been instrumental in the Bible being taught and studied in Chinese institutions of higher learning. For the mainland Chinese academic system, however, the history of studying and teaching the Bible is relatively short, getting traction only in the past four decades by this period surveyed in this essay. This essay observes that, since there is no clear distinction between “religious or non-religious” classics in the Chinese tradition, and because of Confucius’ emphasis on “inspiration from the Poems, steady with the ritual, and fulfillment in music,” both factors give literary reading a crucial role in the study of religious texts. Although the studying and teaching of the Bible in China’s academia also can be found in the fields of philosophy, ethics, history, and art, the “Bible as literature” is the most obvious feature, thus becoming the focus of this paper.
A History of the Chinese Bible
Authors: Choi Daniel Kam-to 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Bible in China, including the different versions of the Chinese Bible that circulate in China and in the Chinese diaspora, is the result of a long historical preparation. The Christian presence in China has a long but broken history; so does the history of Bible translation in China. This essay is a review of Chinese Bible translation history from the seventh century and focuses on the Chinese Bible after the early nineteenth century until the present. It presents a historical review of the Bible editions translated by Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox translators who worked on translating the whole or parts of the Bible into the common language and dialects of Chinese language.
The Bible and Popular Christianity in Modern China
Authors: Lee Joseph Tse-Hei , Chow Christie Chui-Shan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This essay investigates the influential role that the Bible played in the sphere of Chinese popular Christianity. It explores the widespread use of the Bible among the lay populace who were traditionally excluded from the concerns and pursuits of Chinese Christian elites in cosmopolitan cities. Beginning with an overview of the cultural influence of the Bible in the mid-nineteenth century, this study argues that the liberating power of the Word was leveraged by peasant converts looking for new cosmologies and norms to change society. The twentieth century witnessed multiple levels of direct engagement with biblical texts, unmediated by foreign missionaries, among Chinese evangelists and congregants. Some drew on new biblical inspirations to found independent churches and sectarian groups, and some relied on the practice of bibliomancy to seek guidance in times of chaos. These examples offer complex view of the symbiosis between Bible reading and conversion in Chinese popular Christianity.
Classical Languages in Chinese Biblical Studies
Authors: Leeb Leopold 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Following the arrival of Christian missionaries in China, classical European languages also entered China. Whereas Chinese Catholic candidates for priesthood received Latin theological education since the seventeenth century, systematic teaching and learning of the biblical languages Greek and Hebrew only started in the early twentieth century. This essay gives an outline of the spread of classical languages in China, related missionary efforts, educational institutions, Chinese Bible translations, and early Chinese Latinists, some of them trained overseas. The last section considers developments of the twentieth century and the present state of the study of biblical languages in China.
The Bible and Chinese Minority Cultures
Authors: Hengtan Shi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Ethnic minorities mainly live in border areas, especially in the southwest of China. These ethnic minorities do not have “advanced” cultures and do not adhere to their cultural values strictly. When they encounter Christian belief, they regard it as strength and an opportunity to achieve their national rebirth and liberation. Their ancient myths and legends are quickly replaced and renewed by the Christian faith. This essay looks at the complex relationship between the biblical message and the cultures of ethnic minority, such as ethics, music, song, and dance, literature and education, festival, and marriage and family.
The Bible and Chinese Church Music
Authors: Chenhui Sun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Christianity came to China four times since the Tang dynasty, bringing with it the gospel of Jesus Christ with various biblical texts, interpretations, hymns, and songs. This essay surveys Chinese church music and shows the multi-cultural richness of worship life in the Chinese church. It will show that cultural differences do not hinder people of God in foreign cultural settings from understanding the Bible and seeking new ways of expressing their love and devotion to God. Yet, it also will show that, at the same time, Chinese believers seek to imitate and preserve the dominant musical style of Euro-American traditions.
Contextualizing Hymns and Songs for the Chinese Context
Authors: Hsieh Fang-Lan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This essay discusses the development of Chinese Christian hymns and songs from the early twentieth century to modern times. Some hymns and songs composed by early Chinese hymn writers are analyzed, such as the works of Hsi Sheng-mo, Dora Yu, Jia Yu-ming, Wang Zai, Wang Ming Wang-dao, John Sung, Watchman Nee, and John E. Su. In order to effectively bring the gospel and teach biblical truths to the people, they used words and expressions that resonated with and were understood easily by Chinese. In the 1930s, T. C. Chao began to promote the idea of contextualizing Christianity and hymnody to meet the needs of Chinese society. He wrote hymns for Hymns for the People (1931), which were paired with Chinese tunes arranged by missionary Bliss Wiant. Significant hymnals compiled for Chinese churches, as well as hymns and songs composed by contemporary hymn writers and Christian music groups, also are examined.
Chinese Contemporary Christian Arts and the Bible
Authors: Zhou Clover Xuesong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This essay explores the burgeoning intersection of Chinese culture, contemporary art, and Christianity through a brief historiography and by introducing three paradigmatic Chinese contemporary Christian artists. Historically, there have been tensions in all three dimensions. The advent of modernity brought with it enmity between Christian traditions and a newly liberated art world. Similarly, contemporary artists in China found themselves at odds with the government beginning in the 1980s. All the while, Christianity has had a torrid relationship with Chinese government and culture. The artists whose lives and art practices are unifying these sundry orientations are thus quintessential trailblazers. Pastor Feng Chun Lan’s award-winning photography series is an outlet for evangelism and worship, video artist Li Ran exhibits and instigates cultural dialogue about church experience and modern Chinese political history, and Gao Lei’s installations evoke subtle but potent biblical themes often with an eye to Chinese or global issues of justice.
De Poirot’s Chinese Bible and Its Influence
Authors: Haijuan Zheng 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Louis de Poirot’s Chinese translation of the Bible is the first attempt among Catholic missionaries to translate the Bible systematically into vernacular Chinese. Based upon a circumstantial introduction to de Poirot’s version, this essay explores the motivation behind the translator’s idiosyncratic choice of vernacular Chinese in translation, at a time when classical Chinese was still the dominant written language in China. Also, influences of de Poirot’s version upon later translated versions of the Bible in China, including Morrison’s version and the Studium Biblicum version, are investigated and discussed in detail.