bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the reliability of citizen science observational data using item response models
Authors: Santos‐Fernandez Edgar , Mengersen Kerrie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Citizen science projects have become increasingly popular in many fields, including ecology. However, the quality of this information is frequently debated within the scientific community. Modern citizen science implementations therefore require measures of the users' proficiency.

We introduce a new methodological framework of item response that quantifies a citizen scientist's ability, taking into account the difficulty of the task. We focus on citizen science programs involving the classification of images. Our approach accommodates spatial autocorrelation within the item difficulties, and provides deeper insights and relevant ecological measures of species and site‐related difficulties, discriminatory power and guessing behaviour. The identification of very capable versus less skilled participants can facilitate selective use of data in analyses and more targeted training programs for citizen scientists. This paper also addresses challenges in fitting such models to very large datasets.

We found that the suggested methods outperform the traditional item response models in terms of RMSE, accuracy and WAIC, based on leave‐one‐out cross‐validation on simulated and empirical data.

We present a comprehensive implementation using a case study of species identification in the Serengeti, Tanzania. The R and Stan codes are provided for full reproducibility. Multiple statistical illustrations and visualizations are given, which allow extrapolation to a wide range of citizen science ecological problems.
Craniofacial microsomia: Reflections on diagnosis and severity assessment based on a series of cases
Authors: Bergamini Luna Lira , Spineli‐Silva Samira , Félix Têmis Maria , Gil‐da‐Silva‐Lopes Vera L. , Vieira Tarsis P. , Ribeiro Erlane Marques , Xavier Ana Carolina , Lustosa‐Mendes Elaine , Fontes Marshall Ítalo Barros , Monlleó Isabella L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study aims to discuss diagnostic criteria and severity assessment for craniofacial microsomia (CFM). A series of 61 patients with diverse CFM phenotypes had their clinical data collected by experienced dysmorphologists using a single protocol. Genetic abnormalities were searched through karyotype and chromosomal microarray analysis. Sex ratio, prenatal risk factors, and recurrence rate corroborated the literature. Despite the wide variability of clinical findings, ear disruption was universal. Eight patients were assigned as syndromic, four of whom had demonstrable genetic alterations. The majority of patients (67.2%) fulfilled four known diagnostic criteria, while 9.8% fulfilled one of them. Data strengthened disruptions of the ear and deafness as a semiotically valuable sign in CFM. Facial impairment should consider asymmetry as a mild expression of microsomia. Spinal and cardiac anomalies, microcephaly, and developmental delay were prevalent among extra craniofacial features and should be screened before planning treatment and follow up. The severity index was able to recognize the less and the most affected patients. However, it was not useful to support therapeutic decisions and prognosis in the clinical scenario due to syndromic and non‐syndromic phenotypes overlapping. These issues make contemporary the debate on diagnostic methods and disease severity assessment for CFM. They also impact care and etiopathogenetic studies.
Long‐term surgical outcomes after resection of presacral tumours and risk factors associated with recurrence
Authors: Zhang Di , Sun Yizhou , Lian Lei , Hu Bang , Zhang Heng , Zou Qi , Huang Dandan , Ren Donglin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimThe incidence of presacral tumours is low and pertinent data on the management and outcomes after surgery are sparse. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for recurrence in patients with presacral tumours undergoing surgery at our institution.MethodPatients undergoing resection of a presacral tumour between 2009 and 2019 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Demographics, clinicopathological features, preoperative imaging, operative details, morbidity, mortality, recurrence and survival were investigated.ResultsA total of 122 patients were identified. There were 95 women (77.9%) and the median age was 34 years. The most common presenting symptoms included pelvic pain (n = 60, 49.2%) and recurrent abscesses or fistulas (n = 40, 32.8%). The accuracy of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in distinguishing malignant from benign tumours was 93.9%. Six patients underwent three‐dimensional computed tomography angiography (3D‐CTA) and preoperative interventional embolization. Procedures were performed using transabdominal (n = 9), posterior (n = 99) and combined abdominal and posterior (n = 14) approaches. There were 21 (17.2%) malignant and 101 (82.8%) benign tumours. The local recurrence rate was 33.3% for malignant tumours and 9.9% for benign tumours. Multivariate analysis revealed that recurrence of malignant tumours was associated with R1 resection while recurrence of benign tumours was associated with secondary resections and intraoperative lesion rupture.ConclusionPresacral tumours continue to be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. A multidisciplinary team, informed by modern imaging modalities, is essential for the management of presacral tumours.
Using environmental nudges to reduce academic cheating in young children
Authors: Zhao Li , Zheng Yi , Mao Haiying , Zheng Jiaxin , Compton Brian J. , Fu Genyue , Heyman Gail D. , Lee Kang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPrevious research on nudges conducted with adults suggests that the accessibility of behavioral options can influence people's decisions. The present study examined whether accessibility can be used to reduce academic cheating among young children. We gave children a challenging math test in the presence of an answer key they were instructed not to peek at, and manipulated the accessibility of the answer key by placing various familiar objects on top of it. In Study 1, we used an opaque sheet of paper as a two‐dimensional occluder, and found that it significantly reduced cheating compared to a transparent plastic sheet. In Study 2, we used a three‐dimensional occluder in the form of a tissue box to make the answer key appear even less accessible, and found it was significantly more effective in reducing cheating than the opaque paper. In Study 3, we used two symbolic representations of the tissue box: a realistic color photo and a line drawing. Both representations were effective in reducing cheating, but the realistic photo was more effective than the drawing. These findings demonstrate that manipulating accessibility can be an effective strategy to nudge children away from cheating in an academic context. They further suggest that different types of everyday objects and their symbolic representations can differentially impact children's moral behavior.
The rise and fall of government support for small‐scale voluntary development organizations—and their remarkable resilience
Authors: Kinsbergen Sara , Molthof Mieke 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMotivationThe aid architecture for international development has undergone significant change in recent years, but it remains unclear how the established order has responded to the emergence of new actors in this field.PurposeThe article closely analyses the entry of small‐scale, voluntary development organizations to gain a better understanding of the changing aid architecture.Methods and approachThrough extensive policy tracing over a 15‐year period, combined with analysis of primary, longitudinal data, we study how private development initiatives (PDIs) have been received by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and established development organizations in the Netherlands. We focus on the type of support provided to PDIs and the (changing) rationale underlying this support.FindingsAfter many years of generous support, PDIs are no longer part of the Dutch policy agenda as a result of vanishing attention to the rationale of public support. The professionalization agenda underlying both the financial and non‐financial support provided to PDIs also prompted these organizations to move away from the traditional order. PDIs successfully sought alternative allies, surviving as actors in their own right. These two developments have resulted in mutual disengagement between the established order and PDIs, with increasingly less co‐operation and interaction.Policy implicationsPDIs have not been genuinely included in the traditional development order in the Netherlands, making it questionable whether their emergence contributed to a more plural community as envisaged by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the turn of the century. To make use of the value of actively involved citizens, policy‐makers will have to set up appropriate frameworks that recognize and preserve the distinctive nature of these organizations and, in so doing, capitalize on the comparative advantages of PDIs.
High‐mobility group AT‐hook 2 promotes growth and metastasis and is regulated by miR‐204‐5p in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Hongdian , Wu Xianxian , Sui Zhilin , Ma Zhao , Gong Lei , Meng Bin , Tang Peng , Yu Zhentao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo investigate the expression of high‐mobility group AT‐hook 2 (HMGA2) and miR‐204‐5p in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and their biological roles in ESCC development and progression.MethodsHMGA2 and miR‐204‐5p expression levels in ESCC tissues and cell lines were detected by qRT‐PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. ESCC cell lines were transfected with a small interfering RNA for HMGA2 and miR‐204‐5p mimic to downregulate and upregulate the expression levels of HMGA2 and miR‐204‐5p, respectively. The growth, migration and invasion abilities of ESCC cells were assessed by MTT, colony formation, wound‐healing and Transwell assays, respectively. A luciferase reporter gene assay was used to determine whether the 3′‐untranslated coding regions of HMGA2 could be directly bound by miR‐204‐5p.ResultsHMGA2 expression was markedly upregulated (P < .001), while miR‐204‐5p expression was markedly downregulated (P = .003) in ESCC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. HMGA2 expression was correlated with tumour size, invasion depth, lymph node metastasis and tumour‐node‐metastasis stage (all P < .05) and was identified as an independent prognostic factor for ESCC patients. The expression levels of HMGA2 and miR‐204‐5p were negatively correlated (r2 = 0.609, P < .001). HMGA2 knockdown or miR‐204‐5p overexpression markedly inhibited ESCC cell growth, migration and invasion (P < .05). In addition, restoration of HMGA2 expression partly reversed the inhibitory effects of miR‐204‐5p overexpression on migration and invasion (P < .05). The luciferase reporter gene assay suggested that HMGA2 is a direct downstream target of miR‐204‐5p.ConclusionHMGA2 functions as an oncogene in the growth and metastasis of ESCC and is negatively regulated by miR‐204‐5p.
UnderstandingBactrocera dorsalistrapping to calibrate area‐wide management
Authors: Chailleux Anaïs , Thiao Dado Sene , Diop Samba , Bouvery Frédéric , Ahmad Sohel , Caceres‐Barrios Carlos , Faye Emile , Brévault Thierry , Diatta Paterne 
Published: April 2021

AbstractKnowing the dispersal of released insects and estimating the size of field populations are keys to the successful implementation of area‐wide management (AWM) programmes based on the sterile insect technique (SIT), as they determine the release strategy of sterile males. Mark–release–recapture (MRR) is a common method used to estimate field populations and spatiotemporal dynamics. However, the extent to which the pest is attracted to lures is often difficult to identify, thereby biasing extrapolation to movement patterns and population size. We performed MRR experiments on the Oriental fruit fly,Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), in a fruit‐growing area in Senegal. Methyl eugenol and protein baits were used to trap males and females, respectively. After studying the suitability of markingB. dorsaliswith fluorescent pigments at the laboratory, two releases of marked sterile flies were organized in the centre of an organic mango orchard, first in the late mango fruiting stage and second in the fruit setting stage. Traps were placed symmetrically along a 250 and 500 m radius from the release point. A very small fraction of the released individuals was recaptured: 0.45% in the first release and 3.08% in the second. Trapping of both sterile and wild flies was completely anisotropic. Sterile flies were mostly trapped at a relatively short distance (250 m) from the release point, in the first two days. Male trapping using methyl eugenol was highly effective, whereas the response of females to food bait traps was low. The direction of the wind was the main driver of recapture, with flies heading upwind. The results underline the importance of taking the odour plume around the traps into account when estimating populations, and the heterogeneous spread of the wild population in the landscape for the set‐up of the release strategy of sterile insects for SIT‐based AWM.
Human immunodeficiency virus‐1/simian immunodeficiency virus infection induces opening of pannexin‐1 channels resulting in neuronal synaptic compromise: A novel therapeutic opportunity to prevent NeuroHIV
Authors: Gorska Anna Maria , Donoso Maribel , Valdebenito Silvana , Prideaux Brendan , Queen Suzanne , Scemes Eliana , Clements Janice , Eugenin Eliseo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn healthy conditions, pannexin‐1 (Panx‐1) channels are in a close state, but in several pathological conditions, including human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV) and NeuroHIV, the channel becomes open. However, the mechanism or contribution of Panx‐1 channels to the HIV pathogenesis and NeuroHIV is unknown. To determine the contribution of Panx‐1 channels to the pathogenesis of NeuroHIV, we used a well‐established model of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in macaques (Macaca mulatta) in the presence of and absence of a Panx‐1 blocker to later examine the synaptic/axonal compromise induced for the virus. Using Golgi's staining, we demonstrated that SIV infection compromised synaptic and axonal structures, especially in the white matter. Blocking Panx‐1 channels after SIV infection prevented the synaptic and axonal compromise induced by the virus, especially by maintaining the more complex synapses. Our data demonstrated that targeting Panx‐1 channels can prevent and maybe revert brain synaptic compromise induced by SIV infection.
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A Novel Digital Implant Planning Workflow in Patients with Preexisting Metal Restorations: A Technical Report
Authors: Ballo Ahmed M. , Sim Jae Won 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA prosthetically‐driven virtual implant plan is considered a challenging procedure depending on accurate registration of the three‐dimensional optical surface scan and 3D volumetric rendering reconstructed from cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. However, the presence of preexisting metal restorations may significantly negatively influence the registration process. This technical report describes a novel digital workflow to optimize the implant planning outcome for the partially edentulous patient with preexisting metal restorations by accurately aligning the standard triangle language data of the intraoral scanner with the CBCT rendering using a dual‐scan technique and an appliance with radiographic markers.
Legal socialization: Understanding the obligation to obey the law
Authors: Fine Adam D. , van Rooij Benjamin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDuring the emergence of the legal socialization field, the obligation to obey the law was central in theoretical and empirical approaches. Scholars in the last 50 years often noted that the obligation to obey the law (OOL) is vital for compliance, yet studies rarely empirically examined factors that promote the OOL. This study used data from 1000 adults stratified sampled to be nationally representative of the United States to examine how personal characteristics (i.e., impulsivity and morality), perceptions of the nonlegal social context (i.e., social bonds, teacher legitimacy, and parent legitimacy), and perceptions of the legal system context (i.e., deterrence and police procedural justice, distributive justice, bias, and legitimacy) are associated with the OOL. The results indicated that impulsivity, teacher legitimacy, deterrence, and perceptions of police legitimacy and bias were associated with the OOL. Implications for the next 50 years of legal socialization research are discussed.
Survey of clinical staff knowledge on the long‐term outcomes of very preterm infants delivered in a tertiary referral hospital
Authors: Abdul Aziz Safiyyah , Athalye‐Jape Gayatri , Agrawal Sachin , Sharp Mary 
Published: April 2021

AimTo assess knowledge of our neonatal intensive care unit clinical staff regarding preterm neurodevelopmental outcomes using the 33‐item Preterm Birth Knowledge Scale (PB‐KS).MethodsAn anonymous convenience sampling survey of clinical staff in the Neonatal Directorate was conducted between July and December 2019. PB‐KS, demographic information and prior staff education on long‐term outcomes in very preterm infants were collected.ResultsThere were 56 responses (five neonatologists, eight paediatric trainees, 41 neonatal nurses and two allied health staff). Responses were scored as correct or incorrect. The mean score on the PB‐KS was 19.5 (range: 4–29 out of 40) with 50% correct answers. Accuracy was highest (96%) for rates of cerebral palsy and lowest (11%) for estimation of quality of life among preterm survivors. Staff reported training in long‐term outcomes of preterm infants through attending a conference/seminar (20%) or a combination of formal training and seminars (41.1%). Over half of our clinical staff reported a lack of formal training. Formally trained clinical staff scored significantly better in this survey. Didactic seminars were indicated as preferred choice for staff education.ConclusionsResults of our survey will assist in developing a customised educational programme to address identified gaps in the knowledge of clinical staff as our survey also showed significantly better scores among staff who were formally trained about long‐term outcomes in very preterm infants. Staff responses indicated that knowledge on long‐term outcomes was variable but more accurate with regard to more severe disabilities and shorter‐term developmental outcomes.
Identification of autophagy‐related gene and lncRNA signatures in the prognosis of HNSCC
Authors: Li Qilin , Wang Jing , Meng Xinyao , Chen Weimin , Feng Jiexiong , Mao Jing 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify prognostic autophagy‐related genes and lncRNAs to predict clinical outcomes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).Subjects and methodsDifferentially expressed autophagy‐related genes and autophagy‐related lncRNAs were identified by comparing pare‐carcinoma and carcinoma samples of HNSCC. And then, we constructed an ARG and an AR‐lncRNA signature risk score. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed to assess the prognostic prediction capacity. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation were used to analysis the functions of ARGs and AR‐lncRNAs.ResultsSix ARGs and thirteen AR‐lncRNAs were identified in the ARG and AR‐lncRNA signatures, and overall survival (OS) in the high‐risk group was significantly shorter than the low‐risk group. ROC analysis showed the ARG and AR‐lncRNA signatures have excellent ability of predicting the total OS of patients with HNSCC. What's more, GSEA and GO functional annotation proved that autophagy‐related pathways are mainly enriched in the high‐risk group.ConclusionsThese findings indicated that our ARG signature and AR‐lncRNA signature could be considered to predict the prognosis of patients with HNSCC and provide a deep understanding of the biological mechanisms of autophagy in HNSCC.
Epistemic Gradualism Versus Epistemic Absolutism
Authors: Lai Changsheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEpistemic absolutism holds that knowledge‐that is ungradable, while epistemic gradualism argues the opposite. This paper purports to remodel the gradualism/absolutism debate. The current model initiated by Stephen Hetherington fails to capture the genuine divergence between the two views, which makes the debate equivocal, and the gradualist side lacks appeal. I propose that the remodeled debate should focus on whether knowledge‐that is a ‘threshold concept’ or a ‘spectrum concept’. That is, whether there is a threshold distinguishing knowledge from non‐knowledge. The reconstructed model enjoys significant advantages as it enables the debate to be more balanced and philosophically interesting.
Clinical impact of multiple DNA virus infections in nondepleted haploidentical and unrelated allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Kerbauy Mariana N. , Ribeiro Andreza A. F. , Arcuri Leonardo J. , Kerbauy Lucila N. , da Silva Cinthya C. , Camargo Luis Fernando A. , Machado Clarisse M. , Hamerschlak Nelson 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFew studies have compared the clinical impact of multiple DNA‐virus infections in haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo‐HSCT) with posttransplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) and unrelated donor allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (UD‐HSCT) with thymoglobulin, so we retrospectively analyzed viral infections in the first 6 mo posttransplant in these scenarios. Fifty‐nine patients underwent to haplo‐HSCT, and 68 to UD‐HSCT. The most frequent infection was cytomegalovirus (CMV) (76.3% in haplo‐HSCT and 69.1% in UD‐HSCT) (P = .878) and in the group of patients with CMV reactivation, maximal CMV viral load over 2500 UI/ml correlated with worse overall survival‐hazard ratio (HR) 1.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04‐3.59) P = .03. The cumulative incidence of multiple DNA virus within 180 d of posttransplant was 78.7% for one virus and 28.4% for two or more viruses with no difference regarding the type of transplant. Viral infections, age, and acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) grades II–IV were risk factors for worse overall survival in multivariate analyses: one virus HR 2.53 (95% CI 1.03‐6.17) P = .04, two or more viruses HR 3.51 (95% CI 1.37‐9) P < .01, age HR 1.03 (95% CI 1.02‐1.05) P < .01 and acute GVHD II–IV HR 1.97 (95% CI 1.13‐3.43) P = .01. Also, age over 50 y HR 4.25 (95% CI 2.01‐8.97) P < .001, second CMV reactivation or having both CMV and BK polyomavirus (BKV) HR 2.65 (95% CI 1.26‐5.56) P = .01 and acute GVHD grades II–IV HR 2.23 (95% CI 1.12‐4.43) P = .022 were risk factors for nonrelapse mortality in the multivariate analyses. In conclusion, multiple DNA‐virus infections are frequent in both haplo‐HSCT and UD‐HSCT and a risk factor for worse overall survival.