bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflux characteristics triggering post‐reflux swallow‐induced peristaltic wave (PSPW) in patients with GERD symptoms
Authors: Ribolsi Mentore , Frazzoni Marzio , De Bortoli Nicola , Tolone Salvatore , Arsiè Elena , Mariani Lucia , De Carlo Giovanni , Maniero Daria , Penagini Roberto , Cicala Michele , Savarino Edoardo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundEsophageal chemical clearance has been evaluated with the post‐reflux swallow‐induced peristaltic wave (PSPW) index. The factors triggering PSPW in Gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (GERD) have not yet been investigated. This multicenter study was aimed at evaluating the characteristics of reflux episodes associated with PSPW occurrence in patients with typical GERD symptoms.MethodsImpedance‐pH tracings from patients with typical reflux symptoms were analyzed. Sixteen healthy subjects were included for comparison. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine predictors of PSPW events.Key resultsImpedance‐pH tracings from 60 patients and 16 healthy subjects were evaluated. A total of 3454 refluxes were recorded. In patients, comparing reflux episodes followed with those not followed by a PSPW, significantly higher proportions of acid (79% vs. 74%,p: 0.02), mixed (47% vs. 32%,p: 0.0001) and proximal refluxes (34% vs. 20%,p: 0.0001) were observed. A multivariate analysis, acid (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.05–1.6), mixed (OR: 2, 95% CI: 1.6–2.3), and proximal (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.7–2.5) refluxes were independently associated with PSPWs. Reflux episodes followed by a PSPW were characterized by a significantly higher bolus clearing time [(mean ± SD) 41 s ± 6 s vs. 30 s ± 5 s,p < 0.05] whereas nadir pH value of reflux events preceding PSPWs was tangentially but not significantly lower [(mean ± SD) 2.61 ± 1.22 vs. 2.74 ± 1.26,p: 0.057].Conclusions and inferencesAcid, mixed and proximal refluxes, and their duration are key factors in eliciting PSPWs. PSPW represents a response to reflux directly related to the potential harmfulness of reflux contents.
HSP90 affects root growth in Arabidopsis by regulating the polar distribution of PIN1
Authors: Samakovli Despina , Roka Loukia , Dimopoulou Anastasia , Plitsi Panagiota Konstantinia , Žukauskaitė Asta , Georgopoulou Paraskevi , Novák Ondřej , Milioni Dimitra , Hatzopoulos Polydefkis 
Published: June 2021

Summary

Auxin homeostasis and signaling affect a broad range of developmental processes in plants. The interplay between HSP90 and auxin signaling is channeled through the chaperoning capacity of the HSP90 on the TIR1 auxin receptor. The sophisticated buffering capacity of the HSP90 system through the interaction with diverse signaling protein components drastically shapes genetic circuitries regulating various developmental aspects. However, the elegant networking capacity of HSP90 in the global regulation of auxin response and homeostasis has not been appreciated.

Arabidopsis hsp90 mutants were screened for gravity response. Phenotypic analysis of root meristems and cotyledon veins was performed. PIN1 localization in hsp90 mutants was determined.

Our results showed that HSP90 affected the asymmetrical distribution of PIN1 in plasma membranes and influenced its expression in prompt cell niches. Depletion of HSP90 distorted polar distribution of auxin, as the acropetal auxin transport was highly affected, leading to impaired root gravitropism and lateral root formation. The essential role of the HSP90 in auxin homeostasis was profoundly evident from early development, as HSP90 depletion affected embryo development and the pattern formation of veins in cotyledons.

Our data suggest that the HSP90‐mediated distribution of PIN1 modulates auxin distribution and thereby auxin signaling to properly promote plant development.
The Effects of Question, Respondent and Interviewer Characteristics on Two Types of Item Nonresponse
Authors: Silber Henning , Roßmann Joss , Gummer Tobias , Zins Stefan , Weyandt Kai Willem 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this article, we examine two types of item nonresponse in a face-to-face population survey: ‘don’t know’ (DK) and ‘item refusal’ (REF). Based on the cognitive model of survey response, the theory of survey satisficing and previous research, we derive explanatory variables on three levels: question, respondent and interviewer characteristics. The results of our cross-classified model show that while the two levels question and respondents’ characteristics affected both types of item nonresponse, interviewer characteristics affected only DK answers. Our results also confirm that DK and REF are substantially different item nonresponse types resulting from distinguishable disruptions of the cognitive response process. Since most results are in line with prior theoretical predictions, they suggest that survey practitioners are well-advised by continuing to follow the large body of practical guidance derived from the theories tested here.
Thwarted belongingness predicts greater neural reactivity to a novel social exclusion image set: Evidence from the late positive potential
Authors: Albanese Brian J. , Capron Daniel W. , Macatee Richard J. , Bauer Brian W. , Schmidt Norman B. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionThwarted belongingness (TB) is among the most well‐researched risk factors for suicidal ideation (SI). Yet, there is little research examining neural mechanisms underlying this construct. The present study used a novel social exclusion image set in concert with the late positive potential (LPP) to test the role of neural reactivity social exclusion in TB and SI.MethodsParticipants (n = 243) were recruited based on elevated suicide risk and completed an emotional picture viewing task. The LPP was used to index neural reactivity to a novel set of social exclusion images and international affective picture system (IAPS) neutral, positive, and negative images.ResultsGreater TB predicted a larger social exclusion ΔLPP (social exclusion LPP relative to neutral LPP) and social exclusion LPP even when accounting for SI, biological sex, age, negative affect, and perceived burdensomeness. Moreover, the social exclusion LPP was uniquely related to TB beyond the LPP to other images. Last, a larger social exclusion LPP predicted greater SI via elevations in TB.ConclusionReactivity to social exclusion stimuli may play an important role in SI via elevated TB, but not perceived burdensomeness. Future research should further explore the neural mechanisms underlying other IPT constructs.
A comparison of the effect of X and gamma irradiation on red cell storage quality
Authors: Meli Athinoula , Balanant Marie Anne , New Helen V. , Ray Michelle , Allen Elisa , Cardigan Rebecca , Wiltshire Michael 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIrradiation of red cell components is indicated for recipients at risk of transfusion‐associated graft vs. host disease. Current technologies available comprise of a gamma (γ) or an x source of radiation. The benefits of x vs. γ include non‐radioactivity and hence no decay of the source. We aimed to compare the effect of the two technologies on red cell component storage quality post‐irradiation.Materials and MethodsPaired units of red cell concentrates (RCC), neonatal red cell splits (RCS), red cells for intra‐uterine transfusion (IUT) or neonatal exchange transfusion (ExTx) were either γ‐ or x‐irradiated. Units were sampled and tested for five storage parameters until the end of shelf life. Equivalence analysis of storage quality parameters was performed for pairs of the same components (RCC, RCS, IUT or ExTx) that were either γ‐ or x‐irradiated.ResultsNearly all component comparisons studied showed equivalence between γ and x irradiation for haemolysis, ATP, 2,3‐DPG, potassium release and lactate production. The exceptions found that were deemed non‐equivalent were higher haemolysis with x irradiation for ExTx, lower 2,3‐DPG with x irradiation for RCS irradiated early and higher ATP with x irradiation for IUT. However, these differences were considered not clinically significant.ConclusionThis study has demonstrated that a range of red cell components for use in different age groups are of acceptable quality following x irradiation, with only small differences deemed clinically insignificant in a few of the measured parameters.
Passive immune basophil activation test for the identification of allergic episodes from various adverse events elicited by haematopoietic cell transplantation: A pilot study
Authors: Yasui Kazuta , Enami Terukazu , Okamura‐Shiki Ikue , Ueda Tomoaki , Fukushima Kentaro , Matsuyama Nobuki , Kimura Takafumi , Takanashi Minoko , Hosen Naoki , Ikeda Takashi , Takihara Yoshihiro , Hirayama Fumiya 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesHaematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) therapy tends to be associated with various complications including engraftment failure, regimen‐related toxicities, and infectious diseases. In addition, HC infusion itself occasionally elicits adverse events (AEs), one of the most common AEs is an allergic reaction. As appropriate laboratory tests have not yet been established to distinguish allergy‐mediated AEs from other complications, clinical responses for HCT‐related AEs can only be nonspecific. In this pilot study, using passive immune basophil activation test (pi‐BAT), we attempted to distinguish an HC infusion‐induced allergic reaction from various HCT‐related AEs.Materials and MethodsUsing pi‐BAT, we examined 34 patients who underwent HCT, that is, 11 with AEs and 23 without AEs as controls.ResultsTwo of the eleven AE cases were pi‐BAT positive and, the rest of nine AE cases were negative, while all non‐AE cases were negative. Both of the two positive cases showed erythema, tachycardia, plus cough. Because erythema is one of the representative symptom of allergy, those cases could be classified as allergic reaction cases or anaphylaxis cases if tachycardia and cough were concomitant symptoms of erythema. Among the nine AEs with pi‐BAT negative result, four cases showed urticaria, four showed vomiting plus diarrhoea, and one showed cough. Urticaria case was strongly suspected of allergy, however, the AE cases were pi‐BAT negative.ConclusionThe pi‐BAT may be useful as an auxiliary diagnostic tool to confirm the possible involvement of HC infusion in HCT‐related AEs and identify an immunologic mechanism for HCT‐related hypersensitivity reactions.
Some Problems of Orthotropic Plane Stress
Authors: Conway H. D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Many plane-stress problems in isotropic elasticity are solved conveniently by considering the Airy stress functions in the form of Fourier series (periodic loading) or Fourier integrals (nonperiodic loading) of harmonic and biharmonic functions. The object of this paper is to show how many of these solutions can be extended to the case where the material is orthotropic. For illustrative purposes, the following seven problems are solved: (a) Half plane subjected to normal loading; (b) wedge subjected to axial loading; (c) half plane subjected to a normal force applied through a rigid punch; (d) half plane subjected to tangential loading; (e) wedge subjected to transverse loading; (f) force applied at a point in an infinite plane; and (g) analysis of deep beams.
The Torsion of Spiral Rods
Authors: Ōkubo H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The equations of equilibrium with those of compatibility are derived in two-dimensional forms for the present problem. They are simplified in two extreme cases where (1) The angle between the helix and the axis of helix is small, and (2) The angle between the helix and the plane perpendicular to the axis of helix is small. Using them, expressions for stresses are derived in the forms, which contain two arbitrary functions satisfying the Laplace or a similar equation, and the Airy equation, respectively. As an illustration of the procedure, a detailed solution for a coiled helical spring with a circular section is obtained by means of successive approximations.
Reinforced Circular Holes in Bending With Shear
Authors: Heller S. R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The object of this paper is the determination of the effect of the reinforcement of circular holes on the stress distribution in the webs of beams subjected to bending with shear. A theoretical solution for a bead-type reinforcement, i.e., small radial thickness, is developed. The stress distribution in the web for arbitrary shape reinforcement is based on the work of Reissner and Morduchow (1). The theory developed is valid provided the diameter of the hole does not exceed one fourth of the depth of the beam.
An Improved Electrical Analogy for the Analysis of Beams in Bending
Authors: Russell W. T. , MacNeal R. H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A practical electrical beam analogy which employs ideal transformers is derived from the equations of a segment of nonuniform beam which is loaded by vertical shears and moments applied at its ends. This analogy is suitable for the solution of static-load problems, vibration problems, and transient-load problems. The superiority of this analogy over an analogy derived by replacing differential operators by difference operators is demonstrated by means of error calculations for uniform cantilever and simply supported beams.
Effect of Range of Stress on Fatigue of 76S-T61 Aluminum Alloy Under Combined Stresses Which Produce Yielding
Authors: Findley W. N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Fatigue test data under bending, torsion, and combined bending and torsion are presented for mean stresses from zero to values which cause substantial yielding. The mean nominal stresses in the bending and the torsion tests were corrected for the effect of the nonlinear distribution of stress resulting from yielding. Static tests in tension, compression, bending, and torsion also are described. The applicability of several theories of failure are compared with these test data. The role of anisotropy of the material, mechanism of crack formation, mean stress, and maximum stress are discussed.
The Vibration of Rotating, Tapered-Twisted Beams
Authors: Jarrett G. W. , Warner P. C. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an extension of Myklestad’s adaptation of the Holzer method of calculating natural frequencies and mode shapes of systems to the case of a tapered-twisted beam with certain elastic constraints. The details of the solution are so arranged that the bulk of the numerical calculations can be carried out by a technician with only a high-school mathematical background. This extension makes possible the evaluation of the effect of rotation of a beam on a radial line, of certain elastic constraints such as the lashing wires and shrouding used on turbine blades, and of coupling between the torsional and flexural vibrations. In this paper, however, the effects of coupling between the torsional and flexural vibrations will not be considered. The basic differential equation will be solved by the tabular method due to Holzer.
Transverse Impact on Beams and Plates
Authors: Eringen A. C. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Flexural deflections of several plates and beams under an unknown transverse, concentrated, time-dependent force are solved for various edge conditions. The consideration of displacements and the use of Hertz’s law of impact at the point of contact lead to a nonlinear integral equation for the contact force in all cases of transverse impact. Two methods are introduced to treat this equation: (a) Generalized Galerkin method; (b) collocation method. Method (a) is the generalization of the well-known Galerkin method which is suitable for the problems in which part of the boundary is unknown in advance, while certain conditions are given there. The method is applicable to a very large class of differential and integral equations. The collocation method leads to a quick, reasonable, approximate solution. Various auxiliary curves in both cases reduce the solution to a routine. Examples are worked out and plotted for various beams and plates. Deflections are plotted.
Dynamic Load Characteristics in Plastic Bending of Beams
Authors: Symonds P. S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper continues work previously reported on the analysis of large plastic deformations of beams subjected to transverse dynamic loads. Here we discuss the numerical analysis for central concentrated force pulses of arbitrary shape, using a somewhat different formulation of the equations than in the previous paper. Results are then collected for three types of force pulse: A rectangular pulse, a half-sine wave, and a triangular pulse. These show that the central angle of permanent deformation for all three cases can be computed from the empirical formula θ0 = CI2Pm2/3, where I is the impulse, Pm is the maximum load value, and C depends on the dimensions and properties of the beam, with a numerical factor that varies by about ±15 per cent from the value for the half-sine wave pulse to those for the other two pulse types.
Solutions of Heat-Conduction Problem With the Aid of the Inverse Method
Authors: Weinig F. S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Using a known solution of the potential equation for heat conduction it is possible to determine boundaries which fulfill the boundary conditions. This idea was applied to the heat flow with parallel streamlines, from a line source and from a point source. From the parallel flow, fins have been derived on a plane surface having circular arc flanks. From the line source, fins axially and radially on a cylindrical surface and from a point source fins on a sphere are obtained. The improvement of the heat transfer has been found in these examples to depend only on the surface direction at the base of the fins.
Toroidal-Shell Expansion Joints
Authors: Dahl N. C. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The problem considered in this paper is shown in Fig. 1; a thin toroidal shell of center-line radius a and torus mid-surface radius b is slit at its inner edge and welded to relatively stiff cylindrical pipe sections to form an expansion joint. Stresses and axial deformation under the axial load P are desired.
Analysis of a Nonlinear Dynamic Vibration Absorber
Authors: Pipes L. A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a mathematical analysis of the action of a dynamic vibration absorber. The system analyzed consists of a main mass attached to a rigid foundation by a linear spring coupled to the absorber mass by a spring of nonlinear characteristics. The forced oscillations of the system produced by a harmonic disturbing force acting on the main mass are studied analytically. It is assumed that the coupling absorber spring has nonlinear force-displacement characteristics of the hyperbolic sine type. Expressions for the amplitudes of the vibrations of the two masses as functions of the frequency of the disturbing force are obtained.
Dynamic Stress-Strain Relations for Annealed 2S Aluminum Under Compression Impact
Authors: Johnson J. E. , Wood D. S. , Clark D. S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the stress-strain relation of annealed 2S aluminum when subjected to compression impact. Two methods of securing a dynamic stress-strain curve are considered, namely, from the measurement of impact stress as a function of maximum plastic strain, and impact stress as a function of the impact velocity. The dynamic stress-strain curves obtained by these methods lie considerably above the static curve. The elevation in stress of the dynamic relations above the static relation increases progressively from zero at the elastic limit to about 20 per cent at a strain of 4.5 per cent. However, the two dynamic relations are not coincident which indicates that the behavior of the material cannot be described by a single stress-strain curve for all impact velocities. A family of stress-strain curves which differ slightly from each other and which depend upon the final strain is postulated in order to correlate both sets of data adequately.
The Rate of Growth of Vapor Bubbles in Superheated Water
Authors: Dergarabedian Paul 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Calculations are presented for the dynamic stability of vapor and air bubbles in superheated water. These calculations indicate that the values of the bubble radii for which the equilibrium is unstable are restricted to a finite range of radii whose values are governed by the temperature of the water and the initial air content in the bubble. Two theoretical solutions for the rate of growth of these unstable bubbles are considered: (a) Solution of the equation of motion of the bubble radius with the assumption that there is no heat diffusion across the bubble wall; (b) solution which includes the effect of heat diffusion. The two solutions differ appreciably. These two solutions are then compared with the experimental data on the growth of the vapor bubbles in superheated water. This comparison shows agreement with the solution with the effect of heat diffusion included.
Stress Concentration Due to Elliptical Holes in Orthotropic Plates
Authors: Conway H. D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Two plane stress problems of elliptical holes in infinite orthotropic sheets are treated: (a) Hole loaded by a pair of concentrated forces acting at the ends of the major or minor axis, and (b) hole in plate which is subjected to uniform tension. The solutions are obtained in a simple manner by transformation from corresponding problems in which the holes are circular. Closed-form expressions are obtained for the stress-concentration factors.
Analysis of Plastic Deformation in a Steel Cylinder Striking a Rigid Target
Authors: Lee E. H. , Tupper S. J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The G. I. Taylor dynamic compression test consists of firing a cylinder of the material to be tested at a target of hardened armor plate, and deducing the dynamic yield stress from the resulting deformation. In the interpretation of the results, interest is concentrated on the wave front of initial plastic straining. The present paper attempts the theoretical determination of the entire strain distribution in such a test cylinder of nickel-chrome steel, this material being chosen since the dynamic influence on the stress-strain relation is likely to be small, thus permitting the static relation to be used in the theory. Strain distributions deduced by two theoretical approaches compare satisfactorily with the distribution of strain obtained in such a dynamic compression test, thus justifying the assumption for this material at the speed considered. The treatment of this problem requires a theory of the propagation of plastic waves, which is developed in this paper, for the particular type of stress-strain curve pertaining to the high-strength alloy steel tested.
The Elasticity of an Isotropic Aggregate of Anisotropic Cubic Crystals
Authors: Hershey A. V. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The elasticity of a polycrystalline aggregate is expressed in terms of the elasticity of the individual grains. The stress within each grain is estimated with the aid of an analysis of the stress distribution around a spherical cavity in an isotropic medium. The strain within each grain is expressed in terms of the average stress in the polycrystal as a whole by pseudoelastic constants which are related to the actual elastic constants. The calculated elasticities for physical tests and for x-ray diffraction measurements in polycrystals are given for a few cubic metals.