bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
29 Live Yeast and Yeast Extracts with and Without Pharmacological Levels of Zinc on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Fecal Escherichia coli Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Chance Jenna A , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , Amachawadi Raghavendra G , Ishenhoma Victor , Nagaraja T G , Calderon Hilda I , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Loughmiller Joseph 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A total of 360 barrows (DNA 200×400; initially 5.6 kg) were used to evaluate yeast-based probiotics (Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI) in diets with or without pharmacological levels of Zn on growth and fecal Escherichia coli antimicrobial resistance (AMR). There were 5 pigs/pen and 18 pens/treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of yeast pre- and probiotics (0 vs. 0.10% Actisaf Sc 47 HR+, 0.05% SafMannan, and 0.05% Nucleosaf in phase 1 then concentrations were lowered by 50% in phase 2) and pharmacological levels of Zn (110 vs. 3,000 mg/kg in phase 1 and 2,000 mg/kg in phase 2 provided by zinc oxide). Treatments were fed in two phases from d 0 to 7 and 7 to 21 with a common diet fed from d 21 to 42 post-weaning. There were no probiotics×Zn interactions. From d 0 to 21, pigs fed pharmacological Zn had increased (P &lt; 0.001) ADG and ADFI; however, there were no effects of added pre- and probiotics. Fecal samples were collected on d 4, 21, and 42 from the same three pigs/pen for AMR profiles and fecal dry matter (DM). On d 4, pigs fed pharmacological Zn had greater fecal DM (P = 0.043); however, no differences were observed on d 21 or 42. E. coli was isolated from fecal samples and species confirmation was accomplished by PCR detection of uidA and clpB genes. Microbroth dilution method using SensititreTM CMV3AGNF panel was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibilities of E. coli isolates to 14 different antimicrobials. There was no evidence for differences in AMR of fecal E. coli isolates to antibiotics by added pre- and probiotics or Zn. Results suggest that pharmacological levels of Zn stimulate intake and growth and improve fecal consistency in the nursery with no statistical response from added pre- and probiotics.
26 Extending the Shelf-life of Beef Bone-in Short Rib Steaks Using Acerola Cherry Powder and Rosemary Extract
Authors: Van Buren Jessie B , Buseman Brianna , Weber Tanya , Nasados James , Lancaster Jessica M , Smart Jaxon , Bass Phillip , Colle Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Improving the shelf-life of beef bone-in short rib steaks, which are commonly exported, will increase beef export demand and subsequently producer profits. The objective was to determine the effect of the topical application of acerola cherry powder and rosemary extract from various suppliers on beef bone-in short rib shelf-life. Beef bone-in short ribs (IMPS 123A) (n = 18) from USDA Choice carcasses were aged for 28 days post-fabrication at 0°C. Steaks 1.02 cm-thick were systematically assigned based on location to treatments including: untreated control (C), topically sprayed (~2ml) with an acerola cherry powder solution (0.05%) from one of three suppliers (C1, C2, C3), or topically sprayed (~2ml) with a rosemary extract solution (0.10%) from one of three suppliers (R1, R2, R3). Steaks were assigned to day 0 lipid oxidation or 4 days of retail display followed by day 4 lipid oxidation. Steaks were weighed on day 0 and 4 to determine fluid loss. Throughout retail display, objective and subjective color were measured twice daily on the lean and bone marrow portions of the steaks. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Model procedure of the Statistical Analysis System. Lipid oxidation (P = 0.323) did not differ between treatments. However, treatments differed in fluid loss (P = 0.024), where steaks treated with C1, C2, C3, R2, and R3 had less fluid lost than control steaks. Subjective color evaluation of lean color (P &lt; 0.0001) and uniformity (P &lt; 0.001) differed between treatments. Steaks treated with C1, C2, C3, and R3 were a brighter red than control steaks. Treatments differed when measuring bone marrow L* (P &lt; 0.001), a* (P &lt; 0.001), and b* (P = 0.004), where R3 treated marrow was the darkest, reddest, and yellowest. Natural antioxidants, specifically acerola cherry powder and rosemary extract, improved steak color and water holding capacity of beef bone-in short ribs aged for an extended period.
40 Novel Genomic Regions Associated with Igg Antibody Response to PRRSV Vaccination Revealed by Haplotype-based GWAS
Authors: Sanglard Leticia P , Huang Yijian , Gray Kent A , Linhares Daniel , Dekkers Jack C , niederwerder Megan , Fernando Rohan , Serão Nick V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Previous studies on genomics of antibody response, measured as sample-to-positive (S/P) ratio, to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) have reported a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 7, explaining ~25% of the genetic variance of this trait. S/P ratio following modified live PRRSV vaccination in crossbred commercial gilts has been proposed as genetic indicator for reproductive performance in non-infected purebred sows and PRRSV-vaccinated crossbred sows. This motivated further genomic study for this trait by performing haplotype-based genome-wide association study (GWAS). 906 naïve F1 (Landrace x Large White) had blood samples taken at ~50d after vaccination for measuring PRRSV ELISA S/P ratio and genotyping. Haplotype-based GWAS identified 8 genomic regions on chromosomes 4 (108 Mb), 7 (15, 21, and 24–27 Mb), and 9 (33 Mb) that were associated (q-value &lt; 0.07) with S/P ratio. From those, only the MHC region (chromosome 7; 24 – 26 Mb) had been identified in the SNP based GWAS. The main SNP identified in the SNP based GWAS (H3GA0020505) was not in LD with the haplotype; thus, we added this SNP to the haplotype model. We observed that the haplotype explained more of the genetic variance compared to the H3GA0020505 SNP, indicating that the MHC haplotype is in stronger LD with the QTL than the H3GA0020505 SNP. All the significant regions associated with S/P ratio included immune-related candidate genes, such as SLA-DOB, TAP2, TAPBP, TMIGD3, and ADORA. This study validated the QTL identified on the MHC region, narrowing the search for causal genes in this region, and identified new genomic regions, along with candidate genes associated with S/P ratio. Identifying novel genomic regions provides more resources for marker-assisted selection and genomic prediction of S/P ratio in purebred and commercial pig populations.
38 Evaluation of Sorghum Phenolic Compounds for Their Antimicrobial Activities Against Liver Abscess Causing Pathogens in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Salih Harith M , Amachawadi Raghavendra G , Roubicek Cierra , Sexton-Bowser Sarah , Wang Jinrong , Li Yonghui , Nagaraja T G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Liver abscesses occur in finishing cattle fed high-grain, low-roughage diets. Cattle with abscessed livers seldom show any clinical signs and are detected only at the time of slaughter. Liver abscesses are of significant economic concern to the feedlot industry. Liver abscesses comprise, on average, 67% of all liver abnormalities in cattle slaughtered in the United States with a prevalence of 10–20% and may reduce the value of the beef carcass up to $38 per animal with the most severe abscesses. There are four causative agents of the disease including the two subspecies of Fusobacterium necrophorum, ssp. necrophorum and ssp. funduliforme, Trueperella pyogenes, and Salmonella enterica. Tylosin, supplemented in the feed, is the most commonly used antibiotic in the feedlot industry to prevent liver abscesses. Because of the concerns about antimicrobial resistance, there is a need to find an effective alternative to this antibiotic, and sorghum grain extracts, which are high in phenolic compounds, may have the potential to be used as natural antibiotic alternatives. Our objectives were to investigate the efficacy of phenolic extracts from black, sumac, brown, and burgundy sorghums on liver abscess pathogens. The sorghum phenolics were extracted using 75% aqueous acetone and total phenolic content was determined by spectrophotometrically. Bacterial strains were cultured in Mueller-Hinton broth (Salmonella and Trueperella pyogenes) or anaerobic brain-heart infusion broth (Fusobacterium) with and without sorghum extracts (1 mg/ml) at 12, 24, and 48 hours and bacterial concentrations were determined. If the compound was inhibitory, a micro-broth dilution method was used to quantify the inhibitory activity. Both black and sumac sorghum phenolics inhibited growth of all four bacterial species. Further studies are ongoing to investigate different concentrations and phenolic compounds from varieties of sorghum grains on the liver abscess pathogens.
33 Comparison of Monensin Sodium Sources for Finishing Beef Cattle
Authors: Husz Taylor C , Smith Wyatt , Lockard Caleb , Homolka Megan , Anderson Pete , Gentry Wes , Sugg Joel D , Jennings Jenny , Casey Kenneth 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the digestive characteristics of ruminally cannulated beef steers consuming a steam-flaked corn (SFC) or dry-rolled corn (DRC) based diet containing either Rumensin 90 (R) or Monovet 90 (MV). Six ruminally fistulated steers (657.7 kg ± 72.6) housed individually were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with a factorial treatment arrangement. Each of the 6 periods were 15 d with 14 d for diet adaptation and 1 d of rumen fluid collections. Six 15-d periods consisted of 14 d diet adaptation prior to rumen fluid collections. Dietary treatments were DRC without monensin sodium (DRC-C), SFC without monensin sodium (SFC-C), DRC with Rumensin 90 (DRC-R), DRC with Monovet 90 (DRC-MV), SFC with Rumensin 90 (SFC-R), and SFC with Monovet 90 (SFC-MV). Rumen contents and fluid were collected through the fistula of each animal at 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h on d 15 of each period. Rumen fluid was collected 6 h postfeeding each period for in vitro analyses. Steer was the experimental unit and the model included fixed effects of grain processing, additive, and grain processing × additive. Total gas produced was composited from each in vitro bottle into a gas collection bag for the 48-h determination of methane concentration. No differences were detected for DMI (P = 0.81). Ruminal pH did not differ for the control or additive treatments (P = 0.33). However, ruminal pH was lower (P &lt; 0.01) with SFC relative to DRC There was a significant difference in acetate to propionate ratio for both additive (P = 0.04) and grain type (P ≤ 0.01). Additive inclusion reduced methane proportion of total gas relative to control treatments (P ≤ 0.01). Monensin sodium reduced methane concentration though source had no effect on DMI or ruminal pH.
117 Improved Growth Performance in the F1 Heterozygous Generation of an SSTR2 Knockout Model in Swine
Authors: Schultz R Blythe , Adur Malavika K , Li Yunsheng , Kiefer Zoe E , Gabler Nicholas K , Ross Jason W 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Targeted genetic alteration provides opportunities for rapid genetic improvement in resilience, welfare and production traits. Somatostatin (SST) acts via negative feedback to regulate growth hormone (GH) activity by antagonizing GH releasing hormone via SST receptors (SSTR) located in the anterior pituitary. Our objective was to reduce the negative effect of SST in the anterior pituitary on protein accretion by reducing the number of functional copies of SSTR2 using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We hypothesized that a reduction or elimination of SSTR2 would lead to improved growth performance. To test this hypothesis, three commercial gilts were bred with semen from a founder boar in a compound heterozygous state at the SSTR2 locus with a 1bp deletion in one allele resulting in a premature stop codon and a 3bp deletion in the other allele resulting in the loss of a single amino acid predicted to remain functional after translation. Three litters of F1 offspring were produced (n = 46) and all piglets were confirmed to be heterozygous at the SSTR2 locus with one wild type allele and the other possessing either the 1bp deletion (n = 22) or the 3bp (n = 2 4) deletion. No differences (P &gt; 0.43; n=46) in body weight (1.27±0.03 kg) across comparisons were observed at birth. At weaning (n = 36), males (6.19±0.20 kg) were heavier (P = 0.007) than females (5.41±0.19 kg), and piglets possessing a 1bp deletion (6.00±0.20 kg) were numerically heavier (P = 0.14) than 3bp deletion pigs (5.59±0.18 kg). This observation was more pronounced in males at weaning, where the males with the 1bp deletion were 13% heavier (P = 0.058) than those with the 3bp deletion. These data suggest that altering SSTR2 may be a viable genetic advancement strategy to improve growth performance in pigs. This project was supported by the Lloyd L. Anderson Professorship in Physiology at Iowa State University.
114 What Is the Impact of Dairy Influence Cattle on the Traditional Beef Industry Structure?
Authors: Johnson Bradley J , Fuerniss Luke 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The U.S. cow inventory includes approximately 31 million beef cows and 9 million dairy cows, so flow of cattle from dairies into beef production influences the traditional beef industry structure. Dairy-influenced cattle have historically entered the beef supply chain as cull cows and calf-fed Holstein steers. Culled dairy cows account for approximately half of the cows harvested in the United States annually. Fed steers and heifers of dairy influence are estimated to account for 15% of annual steer and heifer slaughter. Advancements in data availability, genomics, and reproductive technologies have enabled more precise selection of dairy replacement heifers and more pregnancies to be allocated to a terminal sire. Recently, the use of beef semen to breed dairy cows that are not desirable for producing replacement heifers has become more widespread. Beef-on-dairy calves are often moved to calf ranches shortly after birth where they are weaned and grown before transitioning to traditional grow yards or feedlots. In comparison to traditional range beef production, calves of dairy origin are weaned at a younger age, have more restricted mobility early in life, and are fed a delivered ration for a greater number of days. While carcasses of dairy-originated fed cattle excel in subcutaneous leanness and marbling, calves originating from dairies typically experience greater morbidity, poorer feed conversion, and poorer dressed yields compared to native fed cattle. Future opportunities to optimize beef production from the dairy herd include refining sire selection to consistently produce high quality calves, reducing variation in calfhood management, and identifying optimal nutrition and growth technology programs for calves from dairies.
112 How Will the Purebred Association Adapt to a Changing Beef Industry?
Authors: McCully Mark 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The role of the breed association has historically been to keep a registry of a pure breed, aggregate the performance data surrounding that one breed, develop breeding and selection tools, and conduct breed promotion. Larger associations have been able to augment that with operating magazines and other media, running branded beef programs, feeder calf marketing programs, and genetic evaluation for other breeds. The relevance of breed associations is being and will continue to be challenged as genomics and large commercial databases develop and allow for breeding and selection tools to be developed independently by large breeders or private entities. Gene editing and other such technology will also challenge the traditional seedstock models and opens the door for proprietary genetic lines. Breed associations may need to modify their traditional policies to incorporate these innovations. Supply chains will continue to become far more sophisticated and will incorporate more genetic information to guide management decisions and potentially validate brand promises around sustainability. To stay relevant, breed associations of the future will need to do the following:
Balance the needs of diverse membership (show, hobby, lifestyle, etc.) with commercial industry value and significance. Have access to large amounts of data and be leaders in adopting the most current technologies. Deliver tools for breeders that enhance the profitability of commercial producers – identify optimum production levels vs maximum outputs. Work collaboratively with multiple supply chains providing the needed genetic information. Be a significant educational resource to breeders and commercial producers. Be a leader in research on breed improvement and genetic advancement. Have value-added programs that create real and sustained pull-through demand for the end product.
110 The Importance of Recognizing Economic Factors Influencing the Beef Industry
Authors: Rishel Bill 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The speed of development and adaptation of genomics in our industry as a tool for genetic improvement has been unprecedented. While its greatest contribution has been the enhancement of the predictive accuracy of performance traits, even greater opportunities may exist for the application of genomics in the arena of animal health. Interactions between immune system function and the microbiome is mission critical for an industry that may face increased pressure to find new animal health protocols for animal care. Better understanding of the incorporation of dry matter intake and residual average daily gain EPD’s into decision making will provide greater incentives to improve efficiency. Understanding the economic impact of incremental change in a EPD will aid decision making. A predictive blueprint of genomic characteristics of feeder cattle will allow producers and feed yards to merchandise feeder and fed cattle to specific markets. Greater connection of the beef industry across multiple segments will result in better understanding of the whole beef system. Increasing value within one segment can ultimately result in greater value across multiple segments and true price discovery. Understanding the important relationship of cattle to the environment and society will become increasingly important to maintain sustainable beef production. The natural and unique ability the beef cow possesses to utilize grass resources on lands not fit for cultivation and upcycle those resources to a nutrient dense food for human nutrition is unequaled in nature. This process is sustainable, totally regenerative and beneficial to the environment and society. Beef production is a valuable asset to both public and private grasslands and sustainability of our natural resources. Maintaining grazing on federal lands is good resource management for a viable beef industry. Opportunities exist for greater collaborations between producers, academia, breed associations and national organizations to solve problems and provide better educational opportunities.
113 Genetics Industry Infrastructure: How Are Artificial Insemination Organizations Adapting to Changes in the Beef Industry?
Authors: Harstine Bo , Marshall Lorna , DeJarnette Mel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Cattle artificial insemination (AI) organizations are adapting quickly to changes within the beef industry domestically and abroad. Specifically, the increasing utilization of beef bulls, predominately Angus, in dairy herds to create terminal crossbred calves for beef underlies the majority of the changes and challenges. The procurement, management, and collection of beef sires on a commercial scale has become commonplace for AI organizations, and the subsequent optimization of beef sire housing, nutritional requirements, behavior surrounding semen collection, semen production ability, semen quality, and fertility is being examined. At one large AI organization, Angus sires are proving capable of producing as much semen as their dairy counterparts while being collected year-round to meet market demand. However, the percentage of collections that qualify for sale is ≤80% in beef bulls compared to &gt;90% in Holstein bulls based on acceptable semen quality as determined by post-thaw computer-assisted motility analyses, flow cytometric viability assays, and visual sperm morphological assessment (Select Sires, Inc., unpublished). Large numbers of inseminations using beef sires, combined with reliable data recording on dairies, is allowing for precision management tools and sire fertility estimates to be generated. For example, the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB) recently applied the Sire Conception Rate (SCR) evaluation’s statistical model to Angus bulls used to inseminate Holstein cows and reported similar conception rates to Holstein sires used to inseminate Holstein cows (33.8% versus 34.3%, respectively). AI organizations have also begun to implement research, create products, and establish new supply chains to proactively account for dairy farms supplying crossbred or purebred (via embryo transfer) beef animals to calf ranches, feed yards, and packer networks. Examples include purebred commercial beef embryo sales, research on rearing crossbred beef calves, generating novel value-based (grid pricing) markets for crossbred calves, and facilitating traceability programs for packers.
65 Evaluation of Calcium to Phosphorus Ratio in Spot Urine Samples as a Practical Method to Monitor Phosphorus Intake Adequacy in Sows
Authors: Capdeville Mariola Grez , Crenshaw Tom D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The reliability of spot urinary Ca to P ratio (uCa:P) to assess P intake adequacy in sows was evaluated. Thirty-six multiparous sows were fed one of six concentrations of dietary total P (0.40, 0.48, 0.56, 0.64, 0.72, and 0.80%), with a constant Ca to total P ratio (1.25:1), from day 7.5+1 after breeding until the end of lactation (day 26.6+1). Total 24-hour urine samples were collected in mid (day 77.1+2) and late gestation (day 112.4+1), and early (day 4.5+1 and late (day 18.2+1) lactation. In parallel to 24-hour collections, spot urine samples were collected at three times (early morning, late morning, and late afternoon) in late gestation and late lactation. Urine Ca and P concentrations were measured and uCa:P was calculated. Sows were classified as P-adequate or P-deficient according to dietary P intake. Sows fed P-deficient diets had greater uCa:P than sows fed P-adequate diets (P &lt; 0.001). Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine cut-off values for uCa:P to predict P intake adequacy. The area under the ROC for uCa:P was 0.88 (95% CI 0.81–0.95). Best cut-off value of uCa:P was 1.5 (sensitivity 94% and specificity 68%) to identify sows fed P-deficient diets, and 0.5 for P-excessive diets (sensitivity 82% and specificity 82%). A strong relationship between uCa:P in 24-hour and spot urine samples was determined (r = 0.93, P &lt; 0.01), independent of physiological state and collection time of spot samples (adjusted-R2 = 0.86, P &lt; 0.01). The degree of agreement between spot and 24-hour urine for P intake adequacy, assessed by Cohen’s weighted kappa analysis, was substantial (0.78, 95% CI 0.69–0.88). Measurements of uCa:P in spot urine samples provide a reliable prediction of the adequacy of P intake in reproducing sows. Values of uCa:P &gt; 1.5 were associated with P-deficient diets, whereas uCa:P &lt; 0.5 reflected excessive P intake.