bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sciatic Nerve Anatomical Relationship with the Piriformis Muscle and its Point of Division
Authors: Alimohammadi Majid , Mortazavi Dana , Doroudi Majid 
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study is to examine the course of the Sciatic Nerve (SN) and identify anatomical variations 1) between SN and the piriformis muscle (PM), and 2) in SN's point of division into the common peroneal and tibial nerves. The anatomical relationship between SN and PM was classified based on Beaton and Anson's six types of classification, finding 96.3% of the 82 lower limbs followed a typical anatomical relationship (type I), and 3.7% of the lower limbs showed one branch of SN piercing through the PM with the other branch running posterior to PM (type II). No incidence of the other types was found. As for SN's point of division, the mean division distance is expressed ± confidence intervals for all lower limbs (10.54±1.47cm), right (11.52±2.44cm), left (9.57±1.60cm), male (10.27±2.17cm), and female lower limbs (10.89±3.86cm). The median division distance is calculated with an interquartile range (lower limit, upper limit) as 8.30cm (6.15,13.10) for all lower limbs, 8.55cm (6.30,15.17) for right and 8.20cm (6.10,10.91) for left lower limbs, 9.10cm (6.56,13.10) for male and 7.60cm (5.75,12.42) for female lower limbs. A significant difference was not found in SN's mean division distance between right vs. left lower limbs (p‐value = 0.19) and male vs. female (p‐value = 0.68).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Variation in Anatomic Textbook Illustrations of the Rami Communicantes and the Reality Upon Dissection
Authors: Titunick Michelle B. , Pagano Anthony S. , Metzger Keith A. 
Published: June 2021

There is some variation among anatomy textbooks regarding the placement of the rami communicantes. While most authors (Morton, Foreman, and Albertine 2011; Moore, Agur, and Dalley 2018; Detton and Tank 2017; Standring 2016) describe the rami communicantes as connections between the ventral ramus and the sympathetic trunk, accompanying diagrams often do not illustrate this description. Review of textbook illustration and dissection of cadaveric specimens was conducted to determine the precise connections of the rami communicantes. Locations and connections of the rami communicantes, dorsal and ventral rami, and mixed spinal nerve were dissected and documented in eight cadavers. Photographs were taken using a Nikon COOLPIX L820 camera. In all eight cadavers dissected, both rami communicantes were connected to the ventral ramus.These anatomical findings are consistent with what has been presented in many illustrations (Agur and Dalley 2017; Standring 2016; Drake, Vogl, and Mitchell 2015; Drake 2015; Moore, Agur, and Dalley 2018; Schünke et al. 2016). While the anatomical findings generally agree with textbook illustrations, some textbooks depict the gray rami communicantes connecting to the junction at which the ventral and dorsal rami branch (Netter et al. 2019; Agur and Dalley 2017; Drake 2015; Sobotta et al. 2013), depict variation within a textbook (Agur and Dalley 2017; Drake 2015), or variation within different parts of the same image (Drake 2015). This review suggests that textbook illustrations need to be more consistent and may need to be changed to better represent the reality of anatomical relationships.Support or Funding InformationNo external funding source.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Mandibular Nerve and Maxillary Artery Anatomical Variations: Implications for Dentistry, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery
Authors: Petrone Ashley Brooke , Shaffer Harry G , Zdilla Matthew J 
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUNDThe posterior division mandibular nerve (V3) gives rise to several branches in the infratemporal region, including the auriculotemporal (ATN), lingual (LN), and inferior alveolar (IAN) nerve. The IAN block is the most commonly performed local anesthetic technique used in dentistry, and atypical morphology of the IAN could lead to block failure or complications. Further, all of the V3 branches are located in close proximity to the maxillary artery, the main blood supply to the maxillofacial region, thus need to be considered and avoided during surgery.OBJECTIVEHere we present a case series derived from examination of n=12 cadavers as part of routine dissection in a gross anatomy course. We examined the infratemporal fossa of each cadaver for V3 and maxillary artery anatomical variations.RESULTSVariations in either V3 or the maxillary artery were clearly visible in 3 out of 12 cadavers. The potential clinical significance of two selected variations is summarized here:

Variant 1: Just inferior to the origin of the IAN and LN from V3, we observed IAN fenestration around the second part of the maxillary artery. This variant is clinically relevant from multiple standpoints, as the position of the artery is unexpected, and therefore may be unintentionally compromised.
Variant 2: Just inferior to the origin of the IAN and LN from V3, we observed an anomalous communicating branch between the IAN and LN. While we cannot ascertain the functional significance or origin of this branch, this coalescence of nerve fibers may limit the ability to “target” the nerves individually. For example, IAN block may also affect LN fibers, leading to alterations in taste and tongue sensation.
CONCLUSIONVariations in the branching of V3 or maxillary artery were clearly visible in 3/12 cadavers. As such, variations were found in 25 percent of specimens; however, several of the specimens were damaged during dissection, thus the true incidence of variations could likely be higher. Further, these variations may be more common in patients than expected and need to be carefully considered in surgical procedures. Lastly, several variations described here have been previously described in the literature, thus the incidence of these specific variants may be much higher than expected.Support or Funding InformationN/AThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Anatomic variant of the gracilis muscle: a case report
Authors: Kirera Francis , Wallace Doyle , Chalk‐Wilayto Janine 
Published: June 2021

Gracilis is a medial thigh muscle that typically exhibits little anatomic variation. The muscle attaches proximally to the inferior pubic ramus. Unlike other adductors of the thigh, it inserts distally at the anteromedial aspect of the proximal tibia. The muscle and tendon are commonly used for reconstructive surgical procedures because of its ease of access as well as its consistent and abundant blood supply. Here we report a case of a unique unilateral anatomical variation in the gracilis muscle from an 84‐year‐old male cadaver. Variation in the distal attachment of the gracilis muscle was observed on the right side during routine dissection of the medial and posterior thigh compartments. Subsequent dissection determined innervation and muscular attachments. The skin and fascia lata were dissected to expose the medial thigh muscles, including the gracilis muscle. The following aspects were evaluated: (a) the origin and insertion of the muscle, (b) the measurements for the lengths and weights for the gracilis, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus muscles from both limbs, and c) the distance of the arterial pedicles from origin at the ischiopubic ramus for the gracilis muscles. Results showed the variant gracilis muscle inserted into the distal aspect of the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscle bellies. As a result, the pes anserinus only contained tendons from the semitendinosus and sartorius muscles. The variant muscle was shorter and weighed less than the contralateral gracilis muscle. Two arterial pedicles inserted into the variant gracilis muscle belly as opposed to four on the contralateral side, suggesting reduced blood supply to the variant muscle. This report describes the details of the variation and its clinical significance in reconstructive surgery.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Relationships between the Cross‐sectional area of the Quadriceps Musculature and the Cross‐sectional area of the Femoral Diaphysis in Post‐menopausal Females: Balanced Muscle with Unbalanced Bone
Authors: Bolon Dalton S , French Evan D , Zdilla Matthew J 
Published: June 2021

The structural integrity of the femur is of particular importance for post‐menopausal women and therefore warrants study. A history of force transmitted through the femur from, for example, weight bearing activity is associated with increased femoral bone mass. However, little study has assessed the relationships between the musculature of the thigh and the structure of the bone. Therefore, this study assessed the bilateral cross‐sectional areas of quadriceps muscles, the mid‐diaphyseal marrow cavity, and the mid‐diaphyseal cortical bone via axial MRI in post‐menopausal women (Mean age = 63 years). Paired t‐test revealed no significant difference in vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and rectus femoris cross‐sectional areas between thighs (p=0.06; p=0.62; p=0.12; p=0.06, respectively). Also, a paired t‐test did not reveal significance between the cross sectional area of the medullary cavity between sides (p=0.91). However, the outer diameter of the diaphysis was significantly different between sides (p=0.02). Accordingly, there was significant different in the cross‐sectional area of the cortical bone between sides (p=0.02). The right‐sided cortical bone cross‐sectional area was 393.2±87.9mm2 (Mean±SD) whereas the left‐sided cortical bone cross‐sectional area was 374.4±83.4mm2. The results of this study suggest that factors outside of musculature play an important role in cortical bone mass. Cortical bone, but not the marrow cavity, differs between femurs. Though speculative, the difference in bone mass is likely due to uneven loads between legs, suggesting a general favoring of load to the right side.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Distance Discrepancies of Vater, Santorini and Pylorus Relationships
Authors: Bee Mary Tracy , Fouad Michael , Zakhary Paul , Skinner Alexandra 
Published: June 2021

Surgical exploration of the duodenum requires injection into the major duodenal papilla or observation of nearby anatomical structures. As a result, a solid understanding of the distances of the major duodenal papilla of Vater to both the pylorus and the minor duodenal papilla, or exit of the duct of Santorini, is essential when examining in this region. In six‐year study of 55 cadavers, distances between these landmarks were quantified. The expected 8 cm distance from the pylorus to the major duodenal papilla was in agreement of our multi‐year observations. However, the 2 cm distance from the major to the minor duodenal papilla was significantly shorter than what has been previously recorded in most textbooks and journals (p<0.05). This study provides insight into the accurate distances of the duodenal structures.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Bilateral Multiple Renal Vessels Associated with Pyelo‐ureteral Position Anomalies. Case Report
Authors: Daescu Ecaterina , Enache Alexandra , Sztika Dorina , Zahoi Delia Elena 
Published: June 2021

During the routine dissection of a 67‐year‐old male within our university's Department of Anatomy, we identified multiple renal vascular and ductal anomalies.The left kidney was irrigated by three arteries, two with a hilar penetration and one inferior polar artery. All three of these arteries originated from the aorta – two on the anterior side, at the L1 and L3 levels respectively, and the inferior one on the posterior face of the aorta, at the same level as the median sacral artery (L5). All three arteries had accompanying veins. The upper‐most artery was accompanied by the main renal vein, the middle artery – by one of the renal vein's tributaries, and the inferior one by two veins, which joined and opened into the left common iliac vein.The right kidney had two renal arteries, both of aortic origin – the superior one at the L1 level, 0.5cm below the superior mesenteric artery, and the inferior one on the anterior side of the aorta, at the L5 level and at the point where the aorta split into the two common iliac arteries. The superior artery entered the kidney through the sinus and was accompanied by the right renal artery. The inferior artery entered the kidney through the inferior pole, accompanied by a renal vein that drained into the left common iliac vein together with the left inferior polar renal vein.In both kidneys, the renal pelvis was anterior of the vessels, with the ureters having a descending path on the anterior side of the kidneys.Familiarity with such variations in renal vascular and ductal elements is critical for surgical interventions such as for total or partial nephrectomies, aortic aneurysms or renal artery reconstruction for stenosis.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Variations of the Inferior Vena Cava and Renal Veins
Authors: Klinkhachorn Penprapa , Umstot Samuel , Ritz Brianna , Zdilla Matthew 
Published: June 2021

Inferior vena cava (IVC) variations signify predisposition to deep vein thrombosis and may complicate retroperitoneal surgeries including abdominal aortic surgery and nephrectomy. Failure to recognize such variations may predispose the patient to life‐threatening complications. Despite their clinical significance, few studies have detailed variations from direct observation. This study assessed 36 cadavers for variations of the IVC and left renal vein. Prevalence was determined for the following variations: double IVC, isolated left IVC, retroaortic left renal vein, and circumaortic renal vein. Two of the 36 cadavers (5.6%) were variant. The variations included a double IVC (1:36; 2.8%) and a retroaortic left renal vein (1:35; 2.9%). There were no occurrences of an isolated left IVC or a circumaortic renal vein (0:36; 0% and 0:35; 0%, respectively). Further, the double IVC and the retroaortic left renal vein were accompanied by regional pathologies—both having kidney pathology and one with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The results of this study suggest that, IVC variations are rare and, when an IVC variation is discovered, there is typically an attending urinary system pathology.Support or Funding InformationWest Virginia University, West Liberty University, NASA West Virginia Space Grant Consortium and West Virginia Research Challenge FundThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Implementation of a CRISPR/Cas9 course‐based undergraduate research experience (CURE) in the biochemistry curriculum at a small private college
Authors: Maki Jennifer A. , Via Zachary W. , Cavallin Jenna E. , Ankley Gerald T. , Villeneuve Daniel L. 
Published: June 2021

In this course‐based undergraduate research experience (CURE), thirty students enroll in biochemistry per year and participate in a novel CRISPR/Cas9 project in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) research labs in Duluth, MN. Genes of interest in fathead minnows and zebrafish are mutated to assess the validity of adverse outcome pathways based on the existing toxicological data. This work provides all biochemistry and biology majors at the College of Saint Scholastica (CSS) with an opportunity for project ownership and the consequent growth of scientific identity.During the first semester biochemistry course, Biochemistry I, the focus is on enhancing students' understanding of the relationship between protein structure and function. Through a series of assignments, they gain experience using uniprot.org, Clustal Omega, BLAST, and PubMed. Students propose a region of their assigned fathead gene for CRISPR/Cas9 targeting and supply evidence supporting their choice. After discussing their proposals in small groups with others assigned to the same target, they prepare individual reports summarizing their findings and plan for mutation.In Biochemistry II, students apply the data collected during the first semester to design CRISPR/Cas9 guide strands. Online bioinformatic tools are used for this purpose, and in fathead minnows, guide strands are vetted against the zebrafish genome to verify a lack of off‐target hits since the fathead genome assembly is incomplete. Students also tour the EPA research labs, meeting the scientists on the collaborative research team and learning about their work. Fish samples from previous CRISPR/Cas9 experiments are brought back to campus and students screen for mutants by extracting DNA, amplifying via PCR, and submitting the samples for sequencing. The class analyzes the sequence data using TIDE: Tracking of Indels by Decomposition (tide.nki.nl), an algorithm that delivers mutation information by position and percentage. Results from the yearlong CURE are summarized in a formal lab report and poster presentation, affording an opportunity to synthesize and reflect on the data generated throughout the yearlong experience. Implementation of this program at CSS has allowed for a significant increase in research participation by biochemistry and biology majors.Support or Funding InformationU.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Mid‐Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN The College of St. Scholastica, Faculty Development Committee Research Grant.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Mutagenesis of de novo genes via CRISPR‐Cas9 in Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Nicosia Julia , Reinhardt Josephine 
Published: June 2021

The origin of new genes helps explain how organisms have evolved to become increasingly complex over time. New genes can arise in several ways including duplication, gene fusion, horizontal gene transfer, and de novo. De novo genes arose from previously non‐coding DNA, meaning the gene began coding for a protein only recently in evolutionary history. Many de novo genes in Drosophila are expressed mainly in the testis, and surprisingly, previous work using RNA interference showed these genes may be essential to both male fertility and viability. However, we do not know whether these genes function as proteins, like most genes, or as functional RNAs. We are using CRISPR‐Cas9, a gene modification tool, to create null mutations in Drosophila melanogaster's de novo genes to answer this question. We designed CRISPR‐Cas9 targets to induce a small frame‐shifting deletion and also to delete a large section of the gene. The frame‐shifting mutation will presumably impact the protein function, but not the functional RNA. Meanwhile, the deletion will affect the function of the RNA and protein. We have created CRISPR‐Cas9 targeting constructs for multiple de novo genes, and are in the process of injecting these into Cas‐9 transgenic stocks and genotyping to detect expected mutations.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
The maintenance of HM silencing is regulated by arginine residues of histone H4 tail in S. cerevisiae
Authors: Yeom Soojin , Lee Jung‐Shin 
Published: June 2021

Transcriptional gene repression is one of the significant concepts for the epigenetic gene expression. Histone modifications are critical factors for the maintenance of gene silencing in eukaryotic systems. However, none of the histone modifications as epigenetic silencing markers is conserved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To identify global epigenetic silencing marker from yeast to human, we developed a screening method using the system for the maintenance of yeast mating type. We used the yeast histone point mutant library, which is a collection of strains containing alanine‐substituted histone residue, and yeast single‐gene knockout library. From this screening, we found histone arginine residue is required for the maintenance of HM silencing in S. cerevisiae. Among these histone residues, two basic residues of histone H4 tail including H4R17 and H4R19, are important for the HM silencing. These basic amino acids are also known to control the telomeric silencing by recruiting Dot1, which is a specific methyltransferase for histone H3 lysine 79. We found that these two amino acids can maintain HM silencing with their positive charge, but their regulation for the HM silencing is not mediated by Dot1.Support or Funding InformationThis research is supported by NRF‐2015R1D1A1A02061743 and NRF‐2015R1A4A1041105.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.