bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary Graft Dysfunction
Authors: Natalini Jake G. , Diamond Joshua M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPrimary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a form of acute lung injury after transplantation characterized by hypoxemia and the development of alveolar infiltrates on chest radiograph that occurs within 72 hours of reperfusion. PGD is among the most common early complications following lung transplantation and significantly contributes to increased short-term morbidity and mortality. In addition, severe PGD has been associated with higher 90-day and 1-year mortality rates compared with absent or less severe PGD and is a significant risk factor for the subsequent development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation released updated consensus guidelines in 2017, defining grade 3 PGD, the most severe form, by the presence of alveolar infiltrates and a ratio of PaO2:FiO2 less than 200. Multiple donor-related, recipient-related, and perioperative risk factors for PGD have been identified, many of which are potentially modifiable. Consistently identified risk factors include donor tobacco and alcohol use; increased recipient body mass index; recipient history of pulmonary hypertension, sarcoidosis, or pulmonary fibrosis; single lung transplantation; and use of cardiopulmonary bypass, among others. Several cellular pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PGD, thus presenting several possible therapeutic targets for preventing and treating PGD. Notably, use of ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has become more widespread and offers a potential platform to safely investigate novel PGD treatments while expanding the lung donor pool. Even in the presence of significantly prolonged ischemic times, EVLP has not been associated with an increased risk for PGD.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation as a Bridge to Lung Transplant
Authors: Stokes John W. , Gannon Whitney D. , Bacchetta Matthew 
Published: May 2021

AbstractExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a cardiopulmonary technology capable of supporting cardiac and respiratory function in the presence of end-stage lung disease. Initial experiences using ECMO as a bridge to lung transplant (ECMO-BTLT) were characterized by high rates of ECMO-associated complications and poor posttransplant outcomes. More recently, ECMO-BTLT has garnered success in preserving patients' physiologic condition and candidacy prior to lung transplant due to technological advances and improved management. Despite recent growth, clinical practice surrounding use of ECMO-BTLT remains variable, with little data to inform optimal patient selection and management. Although many questions remain, the use of ECMO-BTLT has shown promising outcomes suggesting that ECMO-BTLT can be an effective strategy to ensure that complex and rapidly decompensating patients with end-stage lung disease can be safely transplanted with good outcomes. Further studies are needed to refine and inform practice patterns, management, and lung allocation in this high-risk and fragile patient population.
Community-Acquired Respiratory Viruses Post–Lung Transplant
Authors: Sweet Stuart C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSurvival in lung transplant recipients (LTRs) lags behind heart, liver, and kidney transplant, in part due to the direct and indirect effects of infection. LTRs have increased susceptibility to infection due to the combination of a graft continually exposed to the outside world, multiple mechanisms for impaired mucus clearance, and immunosuppression. Community-acquired respiratory viral infections (CARVs) are common in LTRs. Picornaviruses have roughly 40% cumulative incidence followed by respiratory syncytial virus and coronaviruses. Although single-center retrospective and prospective series implicate CARV in rejection and mortality, conclusive evidence for and well-defined mechanistic links to long-term outcome are lacking. Treatment of viral infections can be challenging except for influenza. Future studies are needed to develop better treatments and clarify the links between CARV and long-term outcomes.
Design and optimization of an advanced time-of-flight neutron spectrometer for deuterium plasmas of the large helical device
Authors: Zhang Yimo , Ge Lijian , Hu Zhimeng , Sun Jiaqi , Li Xiangqing , Ogawa Kunihiro , Isobe Mitsutaka , Sangaroon Siriyaporn , Liao Longyong , Yang Danke , Gorini Giuseppe , Nocente Massimo , Tardocchi Marco , Fan Tieshuan 
Published: May 2021

A time-of-flight neutron spectrometer based on the Time-Of-Flight Enhanced Diagnostic (TOFED) concept has been designed and is under development for the Large Helical Device (LHD). It will be the first advanced neutron spectrometer to measure the 2.45 MeV D–D neutrons (DDNs) from helical/stellarator plasmas. The main mission of the new TOFED is to study the supra-thermal deuterons generated from the auxiliary heating systems in helical plasmas by measuring the time-of-flight spectra of DDN. It will also measure the triton burnup neutrons (TBNs) from the d+t reactions, unlike the original TOFED in the EAST tokamak. Its capability of diagnosing the TBN ratios is evaluated in this work. This new TOFED is expected to be installed in the basement under the LHD hall and shares the collimator with one channel of the vertical neutron camera to define its line of sight. The distance from its primary scintillators to the equatorial plane of LHD plasmas is about 15.5 m. Based on Monte Carlo simulation by a GEANT4 model, the resolution of the DDN energy spectra is 6.6%. When projected onto the neutron rates that are typically obtained in LHD deuterium plasmas (an order of 1015 n/s with neutral beam injection), we expect to obtain the DDN and TBN counting rates of about 2.5 · 105 counts/s and 250 counts/s, respectively. This will allow us to analyze the DDN time-of-flight spectra on time scales of 0.1 s and diagnose the TBN emission rates in several seconds with one instrument, for the first time in helical/stellarator plasmas.
Metal-catalyzed reactions for the C(sp2)–N bond formation: achievements of recent years
Authors: Beletskaya Irina P. , Averin Alexei D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe review deals with the main catalytic methods for the C(sp2)–N bond formation, including Buchwald–Hartwig palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl and heteroaryl halides, renaissance of the Ullmann chemistry,i.e., the application of catalysis by copper complexes to form the carbon–nitrogen bond, and Chan–Lam reactions of (hetero)arylboronic acids with amines. Also, oxidative amination with C–H activation, which has been booming during the last decade, is addressed. Particular attention is paid to achievements in the application of heterogenized catalysts.The bibliography includes 350 references.
Paysandisia archon (South American palm borer).
Authors: Riolo P. , Nardi Sandro 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

P. archon is a Neotropical castniid species. It is not considered a pest in most of its native range, probably because it lives mainly on wild palm trees and not on crops; however, Houlbert (1918) and Bourquin (1933) reported that it had the potential to become a serious pest of palms. It was accidentally introduced to Europe from Argentina, as larvae hidden in imported palm trees, mostly Butia yatay and Trithrinax campestris. In Europe, where it is spreading rapidly, P. archon was first found in 2001 in Spain (Aguilar et al., 2001), France (Drescher and Dufay, 2001; Sarto i Monteys and Aguilar, 2001) and Italy (Espinosa et al., 2003; Riolo et al., 2004) and is considered an invasive species in these countries. It is already an invasive pest in France, Italy and Spain, where serious damage and plant mortality has been reported (1000 palm trees have been destroyed) and has become a pest in Buenos Aires, where it was introduced from north-east Argentina (Sarto i Monteys and Aguilar, 2005). The moth is currently listed in the EPPO A2 List (n. 338) of 'Pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests' (OEPP/EPPO, 2008) and in European Phytosanitary Legislation in AnnexII/Part A/Section II (COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2009/7/EC of 10 February 2009 amending Annexes I, II, IV and V to Council Directive 2000/29/EC on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community).
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (bacterial canker of kiwifruit).
Authors: Loreti Stefania , Berry Jocelyn A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Bacterial canker of kiwifruit, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), is a serious threat to kiwifruit production worldwide. At least four related but genetically distinct lineages of Psa are currently known, and more are likely to exist. In 2008, a particularly virulent strain emerged in Italy and spread rapidly to all main global kiwifruit production areas. This strain is variously referred to as the pandemic strain, PsaV or Biovar 3. Different Actinidia species and cultivars show varying susceptibility to Psa, and breeding resistant or tolerant kiwifruit varieties is highly important to the industry. Like all pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae, Psa is present in infected plant material. Transfer of nursery material is a major source of long distance spread, while agronomic techniques such as pruning can contribute to spread within and between orchards. The pathogen can be dispersed in aerosols and can be carried between trees and adjacent orchards in wind-driven rain. Psa is listed on the EPPO Alert List.
High-fidelity modeling of breakdown in helium: initiation processes and secondary electron emission
Authors: Lietz Amanda M , Barnat Edward V , Nail George R , Roberds Nicholas A , Fierro Andrew S , Yee Benjamin T , Moore Chris H , Clem Paul G , Hopkins Matthew M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Understanding the role of physical processes contributing to breakdown is critical for many applications in which breakdown is undesirable, such as capacitors, and applications in which controlled breakdown is intended, such as plasma medicine, lightning protection, and materials processing. The electron emission from the cathode is a critical source of electrons which then undergo impact ionization to produce electrical breakdown. In this study, the role of secondary electron yields due to photons (γ
ph) and ions (γ
i) in direct current breakdown is investigated using a particle-in-cell direct simulation Monte Carlo model. The plasma studied is a one-dimensional discharge in 50 Torr of pure helium with a platinum cathode, gap size of 1.15 cm, and voltages of 1.2–1.8 kV. The current traces are compared with experimental measurements. Larger values of γ
ph generally result in a faster breakdown, while larger values of γ
i result in a larger maximum current. The 58.4 nm photons emitted from He(21P) are the primary source of electrons at the cathode before the cathode fall is developed. Of the values of γ
ph and γ
i investigated, those which provide the best agreement with the experimental current measurements are γ
ph = 0.005 and γ
i = 0.01. These values are significantly lower than those in the literature for pristine platinum or for a graphitic carbon film which we speculate may cover the platinum. This difference is in part due to the limitations of a one-dimensional model but may also indicate surface conditions and exposure to a plasma can have a significant effect on the secondary electron yields. The effects of applied voltage and the current produced by a UV diode which was used to initiate the discharge, are also discussed.
Collisional electron momentum loss in low temperature plasmas: on the validity of the classical approximation
Authors: Vass Máté , Wilczek Sebastian , Lafleur Trevor , Brinkmann Ralf Peter , Donkó Zoltán , Schulze Julian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The electron momentum loss obtained from kinetic simulations, as well as the classical approximation based on the electron–neutral collision frequency, are calculated and compared in low pressure capacitively coupled plasmas in argon, helium and oxygen gases. The classical approximation (which is commonly used in theoretical or numerical fluid models) exaggerates the role of low-energy electrons and can lead to a significantly lower momentum loss compared to the exact momentum loss depending on the gas used, even if the exact electron distribution function is known. This leads to an underestimation of the Ohmic power absorption and a change in the harmonic content of the momentum loss as revealed by Fourier analysis. For argon, the classical approximation is found to be particularly poor and is partially related to the presence of a Ramsauer–Townsend minimum in the momentum transfer cross-section at low electron energies: a fact confirmed by using a ‘fake’ argon gas where the Ramsauer–Townsend minimum is artificially removed. The results are of broad general relevance to low-temperature plasmas, and can be useful for assessing errors in plasma fluid models.
Direct evidence of gradient drift instability being the origin of a rotating spoke in a crossed field plasma
Authors: Xu Liang , Eremin Denis , Brinkmann Ralf Peter 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A plasma rotating spoke in a crossed field discharge is studied using 2D radial-azimuthal fully kinetic particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision simulations. The kinetic model reveals the whole perturbation spectrum of the gradient drift instability in the linear stage: Simon–Hoh, lower hybrid, and ion sound modes, providing direct evidence of the spoke of gradient drift instability nature. The two-fluid dispersion relation of gradient drift instability was utilized to analyze the linear development of instabilities in the simulations. The charge separation effect was incorporated in the fluid linear theory and a super-resolution signal processing method (multiple signal classification) was applied to obtain the numerical frequency spectrum. The simulated spectrum and growth rate show excellent agreement with the theoretical dispersion relation (real frequency and imaginary frequency) in the investigated cases. The most linearly unstable mode was found to be the lower hybrid instability and the mode transition into the m = 1 macroscopic rotating structure after saturation of the linear phase is accompanied by an inverse energy cascade. In the nonlinear stage, pronounced spoke phenomena can occur when the heating of E

θ
× B electron flow channeled in the spoke front passage suffices to provide enhanced ionization.
Loophole-free plug-and-play quantum key distribution
Authors: Qi Ruoyang , Zhang Haoran , Gao Jiancun , Yin Liuguo , Long Gui-Lu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Robust, simple, and flexible quantum key distribution (QKD) is vital for realizing practical applications of this technique. Contrary to typical phase-coded QKD schemes, the plug-and-play QKD design requires only one arm-length-insensitive interferometer without active feedback, in which the noise is automatically compensated by the two-way structure. However, there are certain possible loopholes in the typical plug-and-play designs, which require consideration and strict monitoring. This study proposes a new design of theoretically loophole-free plug-and-play QKD scheme with two-way protocol and presents an experimental demonstration of said scheme. The security is analyzed under a collective attack scenario assisted by the decoy state method. The scheme was implemented in a 50.4 km commercial fibre without active feedback. The system showed highly robust performance with an ultra-low error rate and maintained an ultra-high visibility of 0.9947 ± 0.0002 through significant environmental changes over 24 hours.
Comparison of a direct measure of barrier crossing times with indirect measures such as the Larmor time
Authors: Rivlin Tom , Pollak Eli , Dumont Randall S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Different approaches for considering barrier crossing times are analyzed, with special emphasis on recent experiments which attempt to measure what is commonly referred to as the Larmor tunneling time. We show that that these experiments cannot reveal the Larmor time, due to the finite energy width of the incident particles. The Larmor time, which measures changes in spin polarization, is classified together with other measurements such as the Buttiker–Landauer oscillating barrier time as indirect measurements of interaction times of scattered particles. In contrast, we present a direct quantum mechanical measure of a barrier crossing time taken to be the difference between the mean flight time for a particle transmitted through a potential barrier incident on a screen and the time it would take to reach the same screen without the barrier. These metrics are asymptotic, in the sense that they infer a time from a measurement after the scattering event is over, whereas other measures like the dwell time are local. Some time measures are well-defined only for incident states which are monochromatic in energy, others are well-defined also for incident wavepackets whose incident energy width is finite. In this paper we compare the different approaches to conclude that only the flight time can be used to answer the provocative (but ultimately ill-posed) question: how much time does it take to tunnel through a barrier?
Entanglement and avoided crossing dynamics in the disordered Majumdar-Ghosh model
Authors: Barkataki Pranay , Ramkarthik M S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We study the ground and first excited state of the finite one dimensional Majumdar-Ghosh model with quenched disorder about the avoided crossings. We find a relation between the shift of the first avoided crossing and average value of random numbers. For low disorder regime, the two-qubit, odd and even partition entanglement gets exchanged at avoided crossings for low spin, and former two for any value of spin. This effect has a deep relation with the dimerization nature of these states. We develop an expression sans entanglement measures to detect and study these crossings.
Examination of the impact of tank material on ultrasonic measurements
Authors: Rymarczyk T , Gołąbek M , Rymarczyk P , Adamkiewicz P , Niderla K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The article presents the research of the tank material effect on the propagation of the ultrasonic signal. Measurements ware made using a prototype measuring card for an ultrasonic tomograph. The device has independent four channels with ultrasonic pulsers, ADC converters, filters, amplifiers, and envelope converters.
Assessment of the importance of branches considering new energy access
Authors: Zhang D L , Yang S , Huang W X , Wu J , Zhang Y Y , Tian X , Guo Z H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Under the background of increasing penetration rate of new energy, the risk level of power system is getting higher and higher. Identifying the key branches of the system quickly and accurately is of great significance for improving the stability of power grid operation and preventing the occurrence of blackouts. This paper models the uncertain factors after the new energy is connected and establishes a grid risk assessment system. Based on the probabilistic power flow calculation, the comprehensive system risk index under the decommissioning of each branch is obtained as the branch importance through five indicators like power flow fluctuation risk and line active power over-limit risk The improved IEEE-39 node system is used as an example for simulation calculation. The results verify the effectiveness of this method, which can distinguish the importance of branches, and provide references for safety early warning and differentiated planning.
Construction of the core backbone grid based on the maximum profit-to-risk ratio
Authors: Zhang D L , Yang S , Huang W X , Wu J , Zhang Y Y , Tian X , Guo Z H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The construction of the core backbone grid affects the ability of the power system to resist disasters and failures. However, traditional construction methods favor stable water and thermal power sources, which are no longer in line with the development trend of modern power systems. After new energy is connected to the core backbone grid, how to balance the system risk and the economic benefits it brings needs to be solved urgently. This paper takes the maximum profit-to-risk ratio as the objective function, and constructs the core backbone grid by a step-by-step method. The results of the improved IEEE 188 node calculation example show that the method proposed in this paper can effectively distinguish the key branch and nodes of the system. The core backbone grid structure constructed can ensure the stability of the system and improve the economy of the disaster-resistant system through the access of new energy units.
1kW Bidirectional 48V-12V DCDC Converter Design Based on Full Bridge CLLC Topology and FDP Controlling Method for Electric Vehicles Application
Authors: Liu Hai , He Lenian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Present electric vehicles market calls for 1kW bidirectional 48V-12V DCDC converters with high performances. The requirements that isolation and soft switching determine the power stage topology choosing range. Based on previous research results and actual requirements of this application, full-bridge CLLC topology is chosen for further analyses and designs. By properly choosing resonant devices, operating frequency (F), phase shift (P) between power side and load side, and duty (D) of power side, the power system achieves high efficiency with soft switching. Soft switching comes from a small extra time per period with no power transfer. The FPD has respective influences on the performances of the power system. For each one of FDP, there is a balance and two important performances that are conversion efficiency and output voltage accuracy which are listed for illustrating influences of F P D and choosing a best FPD for the whole system. The whole system includes power stage design on PCB and controlling stage design on integrated circuits. FPD can be designed self-adapting respectively and a simple control loop is proposed with adjustable D and settled F P. A proper FPD can achieve over 98.9% efficiency and control loop can be verified workable for load variation.
Optimal penetration of distributed generation system in radial distribution network using adaptive scheme
Authors: Gill A , Singh P 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this paper, an adaptive scheme based on biogeography based optimization and particle swarm optimization method for optimal penetration and sizing of distributed generation system in the existing radial distribution network at the optimal bus is suggested. Power losses and voltage profile maintenance are the biggest restrictions of the existing power system. These power losses will be calculated by load flow analysis and the adaptive scheme has been applied for power loss reduction and enhancing voltage profile. The testing of the adaptive scheme for optimal penetration and sizing of distributed generation system will be done at the IEEE 69 bus radial distribution network. This adaptive scheme and IEEE 69 bus radial distribution network are modelled with the help of Matlab software.
Analysis of Drug Classification using Mechanism of Action
Authors: Puneeth G R , Mahesh S R , Adithya H , Bhargava Sharma J , Kumari H A Chaya , Gururaj H L , Hong Lin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Mechanism of action (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect. A mechanism of action usually includes mention of the specific molecular targets to which the drug binds, such as an enzyme or receptor. Receptor sites have specific affinities for drugs based on the chemical structure of the drug, as well as the specific action that occurs there. Drugs usually work by binding to a receptor and up-regulating (agonist) or down-regulating (antagonist) the production of some downstream cellular activity. If it is known that a disease affects some particular receptor or downstream set of cell activity, then scientists can develop drugs faster if they can predict how cells and genes affect various receptor sites. This paper contains a detailed review on Mechanism of Action.