bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSV-B-23 Metabolomic biomarker assessment of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentate in exercise-stressed Labrador retrievers
Authors: Eghbalnia Hamid R , Rosevear Paul , Varney Jessica L , Coon Craig N , Norton Sharon A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Plasma metabolomic markers were evaluated in a population of 36 Labrador Retrievers (BW 31.32 ± 0.85 kg) studying the effects of a dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) at baseline and before and after two distance-defined exercise regimens (DDER; 6.4 km and 16.1 km). Canine subjects were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to one of two treatments: a control group receiving no supplement (CON) or a group receiving a single, daily oral dose of 250 mg SCFP. Each treatment group was comprised of 9 males and 9 females. During each DDER subjects were guided by an all-terrain vehicle and blood samples were collected at baseline and before and after each DDER. All metabolomic studies were performed blinded to treatment and DDER regimen. Metabolic signals were identified using untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. A total of 31 differentially relevant metabolites reflecting host metabolism were selected from a large array of signals along with an additional 24 metabolites associated with microbial or microbial-host co-metabolism. Predictive classification was performed using statistical causal inference to derive weights for probability-weighted principal components analysis, and statistical significance was subsequently calculated by using subsampling. Metabolomics data stratified by sex yielded a trend for a highly accurate predictive classification (P &lt; 0.10) and between treatments for subjects born before 2012 (P &lt; 0.05). However, differential metabolomics data without adjustment for age did not reveal differences in metabolic profiles. This study provides preliminary evidence that SCFP may elicit differential plasma metabolites with known relationships with various immune cell and gut microbiome derived functions that appear to be age dependent. Further study is needed to provide direct evidence that SCFP exerts immunomodulatory effects consistent with decreasing chronic inflammation while balancing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses.
PSV-B-25 Performance of sunflower protein meal and dried yeast as secondary protein sources in canine diets
Authors: Brewer Lauren , Panasevich Matthew , Frantz Nolan , Daristotle Leighann 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess graded inclusions of sunflower protein meal (SPM; crude protein: 54%, crude fat: 11%, crude fiber: 4%) and dried yeast (DY; crude protein: 50%, crude fat: 3%, crude fiber: 2%) on nutrient digestibility, stool quality, and palatability in adult dogs. Both SPM and DY were included at 5% and 10% in replacement of pea protein in a high-protein, chicken-based canine diet to maintain equal macronutrient concentrations across all test diets (formulated to 35% crude protein, 15% crude fat, 3% crude fiber). The study was approved and followed by the facility’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. A standard 2-bowl palatability test over a 2-day period was executed with adult dogs (n = 30 each) to determine intake ratios (IR) between test diets (5% and 10% SPM or 5% and 10% DY), and test diets vs. control. Total tract nutrient digestibility was evaluated (n = 8 per diet) with 5 days of diet acclimation followed by 5 days of total fecal collection. Stool quality was evaluated on a 1–5 scale, where 1 = hard/formed and 5 = non-formed/diarrhea. All data were analyzed by ANOVA (SAS v9.4) and T-tests post-hoc (Minitab 18). With P &lt; 0.05 considered statistically significant, no differences were observed between diets for protein digestibility (all &gt;84% avg) or stool scores (all averages between 2.25–2.50). For DY-containing diets, no significant differences in IR were noted vs. control (IRs = 35:65, 5% DY vs control; 40:60, 10% DY vs. control). However, palatability of control was preferred vs. SPM-containing diets (P&lt; 0.05; IRs = 19:81, 5% SPM vs. control; 29:71, 10% SPM vs. control). Overall, detriments in protein digestibility and stool quality were not evident with DY and SPM, suggesting their viability as alternative protein sources in dog diets.
PSXI-19 Impact of toxic-infected tall fescue renovation strategies on second-year hay yield, botanical composition, and nutritive value
Authors: Talbott Charlotte L , Harmon Deidre D , Poore Matt H , Franluebbers Alan J , Young Carolyn A , Griffith Emily H 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Renovating toxic-infected tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) (TF) pastures to novel endophyte tall fescue (NE) is a solution to mitigate the negative associated effects of toxic fescue in beef cattle. However, beef cattle producers are uncertain of the payback period for costs associated with renovation techniques in terms of farm profitability and agronomic performance. In 2018, three renovation strategies were implemented in a randomized complete block design in Bahama, NC. Strategies included: 1) control (C), 2) renovation to NE after one season of a single specie cover crop (1-SM), 3) renovation to NE after three seasons of a single specie cover crop (3-SM), and 4) renovation to NE after three seasons of a multi-specie cover crop (3-CM). Each treatment plot (0.81 ha) was evaluated for botanical composition and hay was harvested in May and August of 2020. Round bales from each treatment were weighed to determine yield and core sampled to determine nutritive value. Data were analyzed using proc GLIMMIX of SAS v9.4. Combined forage yield was greater (P = 0.0226) for 3-CM (8,816 kg/ha) compared to 3-SM (7,191 kg/ha) and C (6,920 kg/ha), but did not differ from 1-SM (7,775 kg/ha). Crude protein concentration was greater (P = 0.035) for C (10.2%) in comparison to 3-SM (9.35%) in harvest 1, but was not different (P = 0.93) in harvest 2. Percentage of fescue in the sward was greatest (P = 0.0002) for 3-SM and least for C (84.9 and 62%, respectively). Similarly, presence of undesirable plants was greater (P &lt; 0.0001) for C (37.5%) than 1-SM, 3-CM and 3-SM (23.7, 15.2 and 12.7%, respectively). Percentage of bare ground did not differ among treatments (P = 0.31). Data suggest agronomic performance for 3-CM and 3-SM was improved compared to C in years following pasture renovation.
PSXI-20 Satellite analysis and monitoring of rangelands of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Authors: Kabzhanova Gulnara , Kurmasheva Aysulu , Bissembayev Anuarbek T 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Kazakhstan ranks 5th in the world in terms of pasture area, with 30% of land used as pasture. Evaluating pasture resources is relevant for improving the pasture lands regulation system. Since 2018, National Space Agency has carried out the Ministry of Agriculture space pastures monitoring program. The main task is a seasonal satellite evaluation of the degradation productivity degree pasture vegetation. Thematic analysis remote sensing data from KazEOSat-1, 2 satellites and territory geoinformation made it possible to determine, with a high accuracy: land boundaries and areas, seasonal state and average vegetation type pastures productivity evaluation, integration with land cadastre data identified unaccounted pastures, and animal identification system made it possible to assess pastures load. Seasonal state pastures evaluation done by satellite parameter choice. The main factor influencing vegetation spectral properties is biomass increase. Spectral reflectance decreases in spectrum’s red part and near-IR range increases, vegetation index value changes. The vegetation index was used to create correct linear weighing system: vegetation parameters values (the green plant biomass volume projective leaf cover of the soil). To calculate seasonal productivity, GNDVI vegetation index used to more chlorophyll concentration than NDVI index. GNDVI showed best correlation calculating productivity, concidering exposed soil atmosphere influence. Satellite evaluation showed digital maps (pasture.gharysh.kz). The area was counted according to condition degradation and productivity. In Karaganda region’s Zhanaarkinsky district brown soils are widespread, with little humus, natural and man-made desertification is observed. The minimum productivity of pastures was 0–3 c / ha, average - 7.7 c / ha, maximum - 12–15 c / ha. In 2020, 73% (4,364.0 thousand hectares) pastures were poor assessed, 18.4% (1,104.3 thousand hectares) - very poor. The reason is the location in the desert and semi-desert zones, the annual rainfall is 150 mm. Degraded pastures in 2020 amounted to 449.1 thousand hectares (93.8% degradation of a low degree, 5.8% of a medium degree, 0.4% of a strong degree).
PSXI-23 Study of cadmium cumulation in agricultural products taking its geochemical distribution into account
Authors: Pelikh Valeriya , Salnikova Elena , Sizentsov Alexey , Osipova Elena , Ponomareva Polina 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
One of the criteria for agricultural production is its biological safety for human health. The purpose of our study was to reveal a territorial relationship between the cadmium content in non-living objects and agricultural products. Water and soil samples, wheat, and biosubstrates of farm animals from various administrative zones of Orenburg region were used as objects of the study. A total of 525 samples were analyzed. The content of cadmium in the samples was determined by the methods of Inductively Coupled argon Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Mass Spectrometry (ICP-AES, ICP-MS). The systemic analysis of cadmium distribution in non-living objects (water and soil) indicates a pronounced relationship between the content of the xenobiotics in geochemical zones with its increased level (maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) are within 0.75) in water 0.001–0.002 mg/kg and soil - 0.104–0.12 mg/kg. The researched zone belongs to areas with developed agriculture in particular plant science with the cultivation of durum wheat. In areas with the cadmium MAC less than 0.5, the concentration of this element in wheat is on average 0.007–0.008 mg/kg. The increase in the cadmium content to 0.75 directly proportionally increases its concentration up to 0.029-0.011 mg/kg. The maximum level of cadmium accumulation is observed in parenchymatous organs: the distribution of elements was 0.25–0.51 mg/kg in the kidneys, 0.25–0.41 mg/kg in the liver and 0.05–0.06 mg/kg in the heart. The content of the studied element in the muscle tissue has relatively low values ranging from 0.005 mg/kg to 0.01 mg/kg. The studies found a direct correlation between the distribution of the studied element in the food chain, and that a long contact between animals and cadmium leads to its accumulation, increasing the risk of chronic intoxication associated with the lesion of parenchymatous organs.
PSXIII-14 Feedlot performance of Nellore cattle consuming diets containing high-moisture corn, calcium salts of fatty acids and organic minerals
Authors: Silvestre Antonio M M , Squizatti Mariana M , Demartini Breno L , Felizari Luana D , Silva Thaiano I S , Pinto Ana Carolina J J , Cappellozza Bruno I , Sousa Osvaldo , Silva Leandro A F F , Schleifer Werner F F , Casali Daniel M M , Miranda Lidiane S S , Souza Katia L R R , Gasparini Vanessa G L L , Millen Danilo D 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study, conducted at São Paulo University feedlot, Dracena, Brazil, was designed to evaluate the effect of adding either high-moisture corn, calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA), or organic Zn+Cr on feedlot performance and carcass traits of Nellore cattle fed for 112 days. One-hundred fifty 18-mo-old Nellore bulls (404±24kg) were used and initially ranked, according to sires’ information, into groups of high and low EPD. Secondly, cattle were blocked by weight and randomly allocated to 30 pens (n = 5/pen), which were randomly assigned to the following 2x2 + 1 arrangement of treatments: Finely-ground corn, High-moisture corn, Finely-ground + CSFA, High-moisture corn + CSFA, and High-moisture corn + CSFA + Zn (90 ppm) and Cr (0.45 ppm). All diets contained 25 ppm of monensin. On day 0, one animal per pen was randomly selected to be slaughtered for baseline purposes. The replacement of finely-ground by high-moisture corn increased (P &lt; 0.05) final BW (585 vs. 573 kg), ADG, HCW (321 kg vs. 315 kg) and decreased (P &lt; 0.01) DMI (9.7 vs. 10.1 kg). Likewise, the addition of CSFA increased final BW, ADG (1.62 vs. 1.50 kg), and HCW (321 vs. 314 kg). The addition of Cr+Zn led to increased (P = 0.02) dressing percentage. No treatment effect was observed on final marbling (P &gt; 0.55). It was observed interactions between treatments and EPD for G:F (P = 0.02) and final 12thrib-fat thickness (P = 0.03), where cattle from low-EPD groups needed high-moisture corn, CSFA and organic Zn+Cr to improve G:F and increase fat deposition; however, animals from high-EPD groups required only high-moisture corn. The adding of either high-moisture corn, CSFA, or organic Zn+Cr improved feedlot performance of Nellore cattle, and its effects seemed to be more effective in animals from low-EPD groups.
PSXVI-22 The influence of Propionibacteria on in vivo rumen fermentation characteristics and in vitro lactic acid clearance rate in fistulated steers fed moderately high concentrate diets
Authors: Gifford Ryan J , Engle Terry E , Thorndyke Meghan P , Goodall Rick , Hallmark Harrison , Thomas Tyler A , Crane Sara , Guimaraes Octavio , Wagner John J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Six steers fitted with ruminal cannulae were used in a crossover design to examine the impact of direct fed microbial (DFM) supplementation on in vivo rumen fermentation characteristics and in vitro lactic acid clearance. Steers were fed a moderately high concentrate -1∙day-1 of 4.45x 1010 CFU/g of Propionibacteria acidipropionici). Treatments were administered daily, directly into the rumen via the cannula as a single bolus dose at the time of feeding. Rumen contents were sampled two h post-feeding daily and analyzed for short chain fatty acids (SCFA). On d 7 and 14, rumen fluid was collected from all steers and subjected to an in vitro lactic acid clearance challenge. Lactic acid and SCFA concentrations were determined at 3, 6 and 9 h post incubation. After d 14, all cattle received the basal diet for 21 d. On d 22, treatment crossover was implemented and the experiment repeated. Animal was considered the experimental unit and data were analyzed as a crossover design using Proc Mixed in SAS. In vivo propionic acid concentrations were greater (P &lt; 0.05) and total SCFA tended (P &lt; 0.06) to be greater in rumen fluid from steers receiving DFM. D- and total lactic acid concentrations were lesser (P &lt; 0.05) at 3 h post in vitro incubation for steers receiving DFM. D-, L+, and total lactic acid concentrations were similar between treatments at all other timepoints. In vitro propionic acid and total SCFA concentrations were greater (P &lt; 0.05) and acetic acid concentrations lesser (P &lt; 0.05) in steers receiving DFM. These data indicate that the DFM Propionibacteria acidipropionici, alters in vivo and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics.
PSXI-25 Antioxidant system characteristics in Saanen goats depending on age
Authors: Mudruk Semen S , Bakhta Alesya A , Karpenko Larisa Y , Kozitcyna Anna I , Balykina Anna B , Polistovskaia Polina A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Goat husbandry is a relevant and significant research topic. The goat age is possible to reach 15–18 years and it is important to study not only performance processes, but also to evaluate age-related changes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate antioxidant system characteristics in Saanen goats depending on age. The experiment was conducted in the north-western region of Russian Federation, the Leningrad Region. The five experimental groups included 30 Saanen goats each, selected using matched pairs method. 1st group included 1 year old goats, 2nd group included 2-year-old goats, 3rd group included 3-year-old goats, 4th group included 4-year-old goats and 5th group included 5-year-old animals. The blood samples were taken once –during the summer season. The blood levels of lipid peroxygenation markers (malondialdehyde, dienketone and conjugated dienes) and superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were assessed by standard methods. Results presented as mean±standard error of the mean. Student’s t-test was used after proving normal distribution. Level of significance is labeled as P &lt; 0.05. The results are displayed in table 1 and 2. After analyzing the received data of antioxidant system characteristics there were revealed high intensity of free-radical oxidation in aged 4–5-year-old goats. This is explained by oxidative stress development. Noticeably that anti-oxidizing enzymes activity was reduced by the age of 5 years – the possible reason for lacking compensation of developed oxidative stress. By the age of 4 activity of anti-oxidizing enzymes was elevated marking the compensation stage of oxidative stress, this elevation is statistically significant. Consequently, these data allow taking into consideration exogenous anti-oxidizing agents administration in 5 years and older goats in order to reduce oxidative stress.
Thermal Degradants Identified from the Vaping of Vitamin E Acetate
Authors: Kovach Alexander L , Carter Randi R , Thornburg Jonathan W , Wiethe Robert , Fennell Timothy R , Wiley Jenny L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Studies have suggested that vitamin E acetate (VEA), when used in an electronic vaping device, undergoes thermal degradation and is considered one of the main contributors in e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). Using a Borgwaldt 5.1 linear smoker, a SVS250 Electronic Vaporizer and two types of tank systems, VEA was analyzed for degradation products produced via the Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco method 81 when the filter containing vaporized VEA was extracted using acetonitrile. Two of the major products identified were 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-1-pentadecene, which were confirmed using analytical standards and gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC–HRMS). Additional synthesis of 4-acetoxy-2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-2,4-cyclohexadienone and subsequent characterization using nuclear magnetic resonance and GC–HRMS suggested that this is not one of the products produced. Identification of these degradants will allow future studies to quantify and examine the degradants in vivo and in vitro as biomarkers for exposure and toxicity assessment.
Doctor Ex Machina: A Critical Assessment of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care
Authors: Svensson Annika M , Jotterand Fabrice 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article examines the potential implications of the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care for both its delivery and the medical profession. To this end, the first section explores the basic features of AI and the yet theoretical concept of autonomous AI followed by an overview of current and developing AI applications. Against this background, the second section discusses the transforming roles of physicians and changes in the patient–physician relationship that could be a consequence of gradual expansion of AI in health care. Subsequently, an examination of the responsibilities physicians should assume in this process is explored. The third section describes conceivable practical and ethical challenges that implementation of a single all-encompassing AI healthcare system would pose. The fourth section presents arguments for regulation of AI in health care to ensure that these applications do not violate basic ethical principles and that human control of AI will be preserved in the future. In the final section, fundamental components of a moral framework from which such regulation may be derived are brought forward, and some possible strategies for building a moral framework are discussed.
Hydrogen peroxide signalling mediates fertilization and post-fertilization development in the red alga Bostrychia moritziana
Authors: Shim Eunyoung , Lee Ji Woong , Park Hana , Zuccarello Giuseppe C , Kim Gwang Hoon 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) signalling has a multitude of roles in cellular processes throughout biology. We hypothesized that red algal fertilization may offer an interesting model to study ROS-mediated signalling, as the stages of fertilization are complex and unique. We detected the localization of ROS production microscopically and monitored the expression of three homologues of NADPH oxidase in reproductive cells during fertilization. ROS were instantaneously produced by spermatia (sperm) when they attached to female trichogynes, diffused across the cell membrane in the form of H2O2, and triggered ROS generation in the carpogonium (egg) as well as carpogonial branch cells which are not in direct contact with spermatia. The expression of NADPH oxidase homologues, RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGUES (BmRBOHs), began to be up-regulated in the female plant upon gamete binding, peaking during the fertilization process and descending back to their original level after fertilization. Pre-treatment with diphenylene iodonium or caffeine blocked gene expression as well as H2O2 production. Post-fertilization development was also inhibited when the redox state of the plants was perturbed with H2O2 at any time before or after the fertilization. Our results suggest that H2O2 acts as an auto-propagating signalling molecule, possibly through Ca2+ channel activation, and regulates gene expression in fertilization as well as post-fertilization development in red algae.
Wheat respiratory O2 consumption falls with night warming alongside greater respiratory CO2 loss and reduced biomass
Authors: Posch Bradley C , Zhai Deping , Coast Onoriode , Scafaro Andrew P , Bramley Helen , Reich PeterB , Ruan Yong-Ling , Trethowan Richard , Way Danielle A , Atkin OwenK 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Warming nights are correlated with declining wheat growth and yield. As a key determinant of plant biomass, respiration consumes O2 as it produces ATP and releases CO2 and is typically reduced under warming to maintain metabolic efficiency. We compared the response of respiratory O2 and CO2 flux to multiple night and day warming treatments in wheat leaves and roots, using one commercial (Mace) and one breeding cultivar grown in controlled environments. We also examined the effect of night warming and a day heatwave on the capacity of the ATP-uncoupled alternative oxidase (AOX) pathway. Under warm nights, plant biomass fell, respiratory CO2 release measured at a common temperature was unchanged (indicating higher rates of CO2 release at prevailing growth temperature), respiratory O2 consumption at a common temperature declined, and AOX pathway capacity increased. The uncoupling of CO2 and O2 exchange and enhanced AOX pathway capacity suggest a reduction in plant energy demand under warm nights (lower O2 consumption), alongside higher rates of CO2 release under prevailing growth temperature (due to a lack of down-regulation of respiratory CO2 release). Less efficient ATP synthesis, teamed with sustained CO2 flux, could thus be driving observed biomass declines under warm nights.
Commission on Human RightsSub-Commission on the Prevention of
Discrimination and the Protection of MinoritiesFirst Session(24
November - 6 December 1947)Report Submitted to the Commission on
Human Rights
Authors: Clooney Amal , Webb Philippa , Nelson Matthew 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This section presents the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities (CHR) Report, 6 December 1947.