bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasability of osseous landmarks for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament ő comparison experts and beginners (914.7)
Authors: Hirtler Lena , Rieschl Domink , Lübbers Anke , Weninger Patrick 
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND: During knee joint arthroscopy an easy orientation is important to achieve an anatomical correct reconstruction. The lateral intercondylar ridge (LIR) as well as the lateral bifurcate ridge (LBR) were described in literature as possible landmarks to find the location for the femoral tunnel placement.The objective of this trial was, to show the feasibility of the LIR and the LBR as landmarks of the femoral attachment of the ACL in all levels of specialization.METHODS: 36 formalin‐phenol‐fixed lower extremities from donations to the anatomical institute were required for this study. All soft tissue, apart from the knee ligament, was removed. The two bundles of the ACL were identified and marked. Afterwards, also the ACL was removed and the origin of the two bundles was marked and photographed. The bone of the intercondylar fossa was exposed and again photographs were taken. All photographs were made in a standardized setting. Using these photographs a trauma surgeon, an anatomist and a medical student had to identify and mark the ridges if discernible.RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the markings of the medical student on the one side and the trauma surgeon resp. the anatomist on the other side.CONCLUSIONS: This trial shows the feasibility of the LBR and LIR as osseous landmarks during arthroscopic surgery of the knee. As these ridges are not easily discernible, the surgeon has to know the anatomy of the intercondylar notch perfectly to stand even a small chance in correctly placing the drill hole in ACL reconstruction. For beginners in arthroscopic surgery, easier identifiably landmarks have to be introduced.
Anatomic study of the volar surface of the distal radius (915.3)
Authors: Barros Mirna , Costa Antonio , Barros Marcos Felipe , Chakkour Ivan 
Published: June 2021

Purpose: Analyze the anatomy of the the volar surface of the distal radius.Methods: We have studied 54 radiuses with Contour Gauge (General®, nº 337, USA) the volar surface of the radius in three planes: a)longitudinal, medium point of the volar surface of the distal radius; b)transversal, medial surface, perpendicular to the radius’ long axis and c)parallel to the joint, distant 5 mm from it. We have measured the inclination of distal radius on the volar and lateral planes,the morphology of the volar surface through the angle between the diaphysis and the watershed line(a);distance between the beginning of the protuberance and the watershed line(A);distance between the watershed line and the joint(B);distance from the protuberance beginning to the joint(C) and the height of volar portion(D). We have classified the contours into four types: Type I‐plain, with sudden inclination in the radial half; Type II ‐concave; Type III‐convex and Type IV‐plain.Results: The inclination angle (a) varied from 12o to 26o, average 19.81o ± 3.40º. The A value varied from 11.53mm to 33.12mm, average 19.54mm ± 4.98mm; the B value varied from 3.02mm to 7.40mm, average 4.74mm ± 0.85mm; the C value varied from 16.29mm to 39.19mm, average 24.29mm ± 5.13mm; and the D value varied from 4.42mm to 9.21mm, average 6.75mm ± 1.05mm. The contours classification in the long radius axis perpendicular plane were: 11 Type I, 17 Type II, 14 Type III and 12 Type IV. Parallel to the joint, 19 were Type I, 12 Type II, 11 Type III and 12 Type IV.Conclusion: The morphology of the radius volar surface was variable, and the study helped in the comprehension of the anatomy.
Case report of a giant hepatic cyst observed during routine dissection in gross anatomy lab (916.3)
Authors: Siu Maggie , Khey Beldman Heather , Chang He , Garach Mehul , Moldovan Nataliya , Yu Bobby , Farias Anna 
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Most hepatic cysts are asymptomatic and found incidentally. Giant cysts (>= 6cm across) are likely to be symptomatic and lead to complications such as hemorrhage, rupture, infection, and biliary tree obstruction. Liver cysts are found in 1% of autopsies, but there are currently no cited reports of giant hepatic cysts in cadavers.Case report: The hepatic cyst was found during routine abdominal dissection for an undergraduate medical class. The donor was an 83 year old Caucasian female with failure of respiratory, renal, and cardiac systems. On inspection, the liver was markedly enlarged with the inferior border of the right lobe surpassing the costal margin. The consistency of the left lobe was spongy, while the right lobe was unremarkable. Removal of the liver resulted in rupture of the cyst and release of its viscous, purulent, and malodorous contents.Measurements: On gross examination, the liver was measured to be about 20cm at the mid‐clavicular line (normal averages 7cm), while the cyst is approximately 13cm in diameter. We will present a reconstruction of the cyst.Conclusion: It can be hypothesized that the cyst was previously detected but treatment was withheld due to the patient’s various comorbidities.
Interspecific comparison of ontegenetic change in temporal bone pneumatization (918.22)
Authors: Hill Cheryl 
Published: June 2021

Comparative studies of temporal bone pneumatization in adult chimpanzees and modern humans have shown that human temporal bones have reduced pneumatization compared to chimpanzee temporal bones, following the general trend towards reduction in pneumatization over the course of hominid evolution. Although the adult pattern of pneumatization in chimpanzees is well studied, extensive quantitative comparisons of the ontogenetic change in pneumatization of the temporal bone in chimpanzees and modern humans have not been completed. The purpose of this study is to compare patterns of ontogenetic change in temporal bone pneumatization in humans and chimpanzees.High resolution computed tomography scans were acquired from cross‐sectional ontogenetic series of human (n=29) and chimpanzee (n =30) temporal bones. The sample included individuals ranging in age from neonate to adult for both species. Surface areas and volumes of the temporal bone air cell tracts were calculated using Amira for both species.Results indicate that, from an early age, chimpanzees show larger surface areas and volumes of the temporal bone air cell tracts compared to modern humans. Although there are some differences in timing of pneumatization in the two species, these differences in size may result from the progression of the air cells from both the mastoid and squamous antrums in chimpanzees. This study highlights the early establishment of adult size differences in pneumatization.
The ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the skull of the springbok antelope (Antidorcas marsupialis) (918.7)
Authors: Brakora Katherine 
Published: June 2021

Antelope (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) provide many classic examples of sexual dimorphism, but the ontogenetic pathway to adult sexual dimorphism has not been systematically studied. Moreover, it is unknown whether the development of obvious sexual differences in horn size correlate with the development of sexual differences in other horn traits, skull size, or skull shape. To better understand springbok skull development in general, and the development of sexual dimorphism in particular, I compared skulls from more than 50 springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), which had been harvested, sexed and age‐estimated from a wild population in northern Namibia from 1992‐1994, and ranged from 7 months to >5 years old. Seven traits were examined: horn length, circumference, and number of horn rings, and skull size and shape in ventral and lateral views. Skulls were photographed in ventral and lateral views, landmarks were digitized, and 2D geometric morphometric analysis was performed using standard software and procedures. For each trait, male and female values were compared in yearlings and in adults to test the hypothesis that springbok sexual dimorphism increases after one year of age. By one year of age, males were significantly larger than females in horn length, horn circumference, and the sexes differed significantly in lateral skull shape. After one year of age, sexual differences increase in horn circumference and lateral skull size, and decrease and then reverse in the number of horn rings. Sexual differences were observed in nearly all trait studied. However, sexual differences arose at various times for the different traits. Whether these differences increased, were maintained, or reversed with age also depended on the trait. The developmental timing of sexual differences in size and shape indicates that sex‐specific changes in skull shape, and not allometry through male growth, are the primary mechanism for achieving sexual differences in skull shape.Grant Funding Source: Supported by an NSF‐GRF pre‐doctoral fellowship.
Effects of the propylthiouracil on tooth development in newts (921.3)
Authors: Miwa Yoko , Sunohara Masataka , Shimada Kazuyuki , Sato Iwao 
Published: June 2021

Objective: Propylthiouracil (PTU) is originally a thiouracil‐derived drug used to treat hyperthyroidism by blocking the effect of thyroid hormone. Recently, PTU is using as a marker of pollutant as a potential thyroid hormone disruptor in aquatic environments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to PTU on the development of the teeth and the regeneration of alveolar bone following amputation.Method: Japanese newts (Cynops pyrrhogaster) were maintained in aqueous solutions with or without 100 ug/ml PTU for one month and tracked the sequential development of the tooth cap, the tooth bud, and ultimately the maturation of the sequential tooth germ. Fifty days after the amputation procedure of the right mandible alveolar bone, the newts were observed the effect of PTU by the expression levels of mRNA of thyroid hormone receptor detected in‐situ hybridization. A microscope and digital camera interfaced with Image Analysis & Measurement Software WinROOF (Mitani Corp., Japan) were used to measure the areas of regenerated alveolar bone.Result: The amputated mandible sites were observed microscopically. The regenerated area of alveolar bone in amputation with PTU treatment was significantly smaller than that in the amputation without PTU treatment (Student’s t‐test, p<0.001). There were no differences in the bone histology and tooth germ generation with or without PTU.Conclusion: These data indicate that PTU may affect the tooth germ development and the regeneration of alveolar bone in newts.
Developmental origins of the stomodeum links brain and jaw size evolution (921.8)
Authors: Fish Jennifer , Schneider Richard 
Published: June 2021

The evolutionary relationship between brain size and jaw size has been explored in many Vertebrate clades, and is particularly relevant to studies of human evolution. In hominins, an increase in brain size is associated with smaller jaws, but the degree to which these evolutionary changes are independent is largely unknown. We have used quail and duck, two embryos with remarkably different jaw size, to investigate the early developmental relationship between brain and jaw size. Species‐specific jaw size in quail and duck is associated with corresponding differences in early developmental head patterning, including differences in brain regionalization and the size of the stomodeum, or primary mouth. At HH13, the stomodeum in duck is long and narrow, whereas the stomodeum in quail is shorter and rounder. Neural crest migration in quck embryos indicates that stomodeum morphology affects the number of neural crest migrating into the region around the stomodeum, which subsequently determines the initial size of the jaw primordia. To investigate the molecular origins of the distinct head morphology in duck and quail embryos, we investigated the expression of early neural plate and brain regionalization genes, including Pitx2, Pax6, Otx2, Fgf8, Shh, and Krox20. We find that duck embryos exhibit an anterior shift in head patterning at neural plate stages, which increases the length between the midbrain and the primitive foregut in duck relative to quail. Our data suggest that species‐specific differences in jaw size are mediated, in part, by very early developmental mechanisms establishing brain regionalization.Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH NIDCR R01 DE016402 and F32 DE021929
Effectiveness of diode laser 904nm in the regeneration of bone defects in diabetic rats (922.17)
Authors: Silva Jairo , Fazan Valéria Paula , Pardini Luís , Thomazini José 
Published: June 2021

The acceleration of bone formation in the repair of large bone defects is a major challenge in health science. Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic syndrome that causes decreased blood flow and consequently interferes negatively on the consolidation time of bone defects. Therapy with low intensity laser has shown efficiency in cellular regeneration and can influence immune and inflammatory responses that play an important role on bone tissue the regeneration. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of 904nm laser diode in the regeneration of bone tissue to repair a bone defect in diabetic rats. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: Group 1, control, not diabetic and without laser treatment; Group 2, diabetic animals, induced by a single venous injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (40mg/Kg) without laser treatment; Group 3, diabetic animals treated with laser dose 60w 4J/cm for 17s every other day, for 14 days; Group 4, diabetic animals treated with laser dose 120w 4J/cm for 17s every other day, for 14 days. Bone defect was induced with a 2 mm drill on the left tibia and different groups were evaluated by X‐ray and bone densitometry. Our results show that the laser diode 904nm is enhancing bone repair in diabetic rats. Further histopathological evaluations will confirm these findings.Grant Funding Source: FAPESP, CNPq and FAEPA
V‐ATPase‐mediated secretion and activation of cathepsins in breast cancer cells: investigating the role of vacuolar H+‐ATPases subunit A isoforms in breast cancer metastasis (934.4)
Authors: Hinton Ayana 
Published: June 2021

V‐ATPases are multi‐subunit H+ pumps that acidify intracellular compartments and are essential for bone degradation synaptic signaling, etc. They are at the cell surface of the highly metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA‐MB231, and may contribute to its metastatic phenotype. We hypothesize that V‐ATPases create a low pH environment that promotes tumor cell invasion by activating secreted cathepsins. Cathepsins cleave extracellular matrix proteins and activate other proteases, facilitating local tumor invasion. We are studying the role of subunit a isoforms in secretion and activation of cathepsin B and L. The 4 subunit a isoforms are responsible for cellular localization of V‐ATPases. Treatment with concanamycin A (a general V‐ATPase inhibitor) affects the activity of intracellular and secreted cathepsins B and L. Concanamycin A treamtment also affects the secretion of cathepsins B and L. siRNAs were used to reduce mRNA expression of each subunit a isoform. We have previously shown that knockdown of the a4 isoform decreased the level of processed cathepsin L in conditioned media, but not the unprocessed form. Our previous findings also indicate a4 targets V‐ATPases to the cell surface, thus we hypothesize that the a4 isoform will have the largest effect on secretion and activation of cathepsin B and/or L. Following isoform‐specific knockdown, immunoblotting and cathepsin activity assays are being used to analyze cathepsin B and L expression and activity in conditioned media and cell lysates of MB231 cells. This study increases our understanding of the role V‐ATPases are playing in the activation of secreted cathepsins in the tumor microenvironment of MB231 cells.Grant Funding Source: Funded by Denison University Anderson Fellowship
Epigenetic deregulation of Bcl‐2 leads to apoptosis resistance in melanoma (942.2)
Authors: Sengupta Deepanwita , Avaritt Nathan , Tackett Alan 
Published: June 2021

Aberrant activity of the histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) has been reported to be associated with different types of cancer. One of the major characteristics of cancer is unregulated cellular proliferation and evasion of apoptosis. Over the years, independent studies by different laboratories have reported the involvement of EZH2 in cell proliferation and apoptosis resistance in different types of cancer. Yet a detailed mechanism of EZH2‐mediated resistance to apoptosis in cancer is still lacking. One of the goals of our laboratory is to determine the contribution of EZH2 to evasion of apoptosis in advanced stages of melanoma. We have performed proliferation assays and annexin V/propidium iodide staining, which indicate increased proliferation and reduced apoptosis in late melanoma. Our studies also indicate presence of increased mRNA and protein levels of the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐2 in metastatic melanoma. Chromatin immunoprecipitation performed with antibodies specific to EZH2 and trimethylated lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3) followed by quantitative PCR have shown higher EZH2 and H3K27me3 (silencing mark) enrichment in BCL‐2 promoter in melanoma cell line WM115 (isolated from a primary tumor) compared to matched melanoma cell line WM266‐4 (isolated from subsequent metastasis in the same patient). All these results suggest that reduced binding of EZH2 to BCL‐2 promoter in metastatic melanoma results in reduced silencing of Bcl‐2 that ultimately contributes to apoptosis resistance in advanced stages of the disease.Grant Funding Source: NIH/NCI R33CA173264 (Tackett, PI), and NIH/NIGMS R01GM106024 (Tackett, PI)
Isolation and characterization of a novel class of potent anti‐HIV proteins from an Australian soft coral (975.6)
Authors: Ramessar Koreen , Xiong Chang , Krumpe Lauren , Buckheit Robert , Wilson Jennifer , McMahon James , O'Keefe Barry 
Published: June 2021

An estimated 34 million people are living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide. Increasing resistance to antiretrovirals (ARVs) challenges current therapies and it is critical to identify novel non‐ARV anti‐HIV agents to prevent infection. Here we report the isolation of a novel class of proteins, called Cnidarins, from the soft coral Synthecium sp. (phylum Cnidaria). The proteins were purified by sequential ethanol and ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purified proteins, CNID‐1, CNID‐2 and CNID‐3, were monomers of ~170 amino acids with molecular weights of ~18 kDa. CNID‐1 and CNID‐3 (fully sequenced) showed no significant homology (>25%) to any known protein. All three cnidarins showed picomolar to low‐nanomolar activity against laboratory strains and primary isolates of HIV‐1. They inhibited viral fusion in a concentration‐dependant manner but not viral attachment, indicating the proteins’ antiviral effects occur after initial virus‐to‐cell attachment but prior to viral entry. CNID‐1 was the most potent (EC50 of 85 pM) and bound to viral glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 equally in a concentration‐dependant manner, but not to other glycoproteins or soluble CD4. Pre‐treatment with CNID‐1 did not block sCD4 binding to gp120 and vice versa and its gp120 binding was independent of glycosylation. Pre‐treatment with other potent antiviral proteins, cyanovirin and scytovirin, did not affect CNID‐1 binding to gp120 and gp41, and seemed to promote slightly better binding of CNID‐1, while griffithsin pre‐treatment reduced CNID‐1 binding but not completely. Recombinant production in E.coli resulted in C‐terminal truncated forms of CNID‐1 (14‐16kDa, EC50 of 45‐150nM). Ongoing work includes optimizing expression conditions to produce fully active rCNID‐1. Cnidarins represent a novel class of proteins that target viral fusion and inhibit HIV infection in a manner different from any currently identified anti‐HIV agent.Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Intramural Research Program, National Cancer Institute
A Model Interaction for Structural Biology and Health Research: Implications of the Antibody D25 bound to the RSV Pre‐Fusion Glycoprotein (LB100)
Authors: Cheranov Maksim , Eaton Muriel , Hattemer Mark , McClain Amy , Rajendiran Pranav , Rana Riya , Saripalli Nithin , Singh Jai , Yang Louise , Kessler Eric , Tuel Kelley , Whalen Joseph , Graham Barney , McLellan Jason 
Published: June 2021

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a paramyxovirus that infects all infants by age 3 and causes extensive morbidity, hospitalization, and global mortality in young infants. RSV F is a type I fusion glycoprotein essential for viral entry into cells, and exists as a trimer of heterodimers. Furin cleavage produces F1 and F2 subunits and exposes the hydrophobic fusion peptide which is buried at the base of the cavity formed by the prefusion trimer. An unknown triggering event causes a major conformational rearrangement producing a 10 Å heptad repeat (HR) with fusion peptide exposed on the distal end positioned to pierce the target cell membrane. The C‐terminus HR anchored in the viral membrane then swings around to approximate the N‐terminus HR resulting in an anti‐parallel 6‐helix bundle pulling the virus and cell membranes together to mediate fusion and allow viral entry. The Blue Valley CAPS SMART (Students Modeling a Research Topic) Team modeled RSV F in complex with the human antibody D25 using JMol and 3D printing technology. D25 binds antigenic site Ø locking the protein in its prefusion state. The stabilized prefusion trimer has been shown to elicit antibodies to antigenic site Ø with potent neutralizing activity. Thus, solving the atomic structure of the prefusion RSV F facilitated development of a candidate vaccine now being produced for evaluation in clinical trials.Grant Funding Source: Supported by grants from the NIH‐SEPA and NIH‐CTSA.
Development of new tools for detection and quantification of the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in a zebrafish model of infection (LB146)
Authors: Gonzalez‐Montalban Nuria , Mancini Justin , Feng Chiguang , Ravindran Chinnarajan , Keys Robin , Vasta Gerardo 
Published: June 2021

Galectins are a conserved family of carbohydrate‐binding proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as cell‐cell interactions, tumor proliferation and metastasis, regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, and recognition of microbial pathogens. Based on distinctive structural features, galectins are classified into the “proto”, “chimera” and “tandem‐repeat” types. Our prior studies have shown that all three categories are expressed in zebrafish (Danio rerio), and suggested that DrGal1, DrGal3 and DrGal9 play a key role during experimental infection of zebrafish cell lines with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). IHNV, an economically important pathogen of both wild and farmed salmonids, is a negative‐sense single‐stranded virus belonging to the genus Novirhabdovirus. The lack of standardized tools for the rigorous detection and quantification of IHNV viral particles in vitro, and commercial antibodies for use in standard immunoassays has seriously hindered progress toward the resolution of this problem. Thus, the development of tools and techniques that will enable the optimization of the IHNV‐zebrafish infection model for the mechanistic study of the IHNV infection process and the subsequent host immune response is of great interest. In this study, we designed a protocol for production and purification of the viral G (glycoprotein) protein of IHNV in recombinant bacteria, and initiated the production of polyclonal antibodies, that will enable us to visualize potential interactions between galectins and IHNV particles.Grant Funding Source: Supported by grant 5R01GM070589‐06 from the National Institutes of Health to GRV, and the Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India, to CR; NGM is supported by grant 5T32AI095190‐02; RK is supported by the ExPERT Program from the NSF