bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study on Computation of Cumulative Distribution Function in Predicting Time of Failure of Engineering Systems
Authors: Sierra Paez Gina Katherine , Daigle Matthew , Goebel Kai 
Published: February 2021

Estimating accurate Time-of-Failure (ToF) of a system is key in making the decisions that impact operational safety and optimize cost. In this context, it is interesting to note that different approaches have been explored to tackle the problem of estimating ToF. The difference is in part characterized by different definitions of the hazard zones. The conventional definition for the cumulative distribution function (CDF) calculation is assumed to have well-defined hazard zones, that is, hazard zones defined as a function of the system state trajectory. An alternate method suggests the use of hazard zones defined as a function of the system state at time , instead of hazard zones defined as a function of system state up to and including time k (Acuña and Orchard 2018, 2017). This paper explores these differences and their impact on ToF estimation. Results for the conventional CDF definition indicated that, (i) the cumulative distribution function is always an increasing function of time, even when realizations of the degradation process are not monotonic, (ii) the sum of all probabilities is always 1 and does not need to be normalized, and (iii) all probabilities are positive and less than or equal to 1. Similar results are not observed for CDF calculation with hazard zones defined as a function only of the system state at time k. Results for ToF estimation using Acuña's definition differ, suggesting that there is an underlying assumption of independence in the hazard zone definition. Therefore, we present an alternate definition of hazard zone which guarantees the properties of a well-defined CDF with a more straightforward ToF definition.
Automating Visual Inspection with Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Das Sreerupa , Hollander Christopher D , Suliman Suraiya 
Published: February 2021

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have become the recent tool of choice for many visual detection tasks, including object classification, localization, detection, and segmentation. CNNs are specialized neural networks composed of many layers and specifically designed to analyze grid-like data, e.g. images. One of the key features of a CNN is its ability to automatically detect important features within an image (e.g. edges, patterns, shapes); prior to CNNs, these features had to be manually engineered by subject matter experts.
Inspired by the significant achievements and success that CNNs have experienced in the domain of computer vision, we examine a specific convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture, U-Net, suited for the task of visual defect detection. We identify and discuss situations for the use of this architecture in the specific context of external defect detection on aircraft and experimentally discuss its performance across a dataset of common visual defects.
One requirement of training Convolution Networks on an image analysis task is the need for a large image (training) data set. We address this problem by using synthetically generated images from computer models of jets with varying angles and perspectives with and without induced faults in the generated images. This paper presents the initial results of using CNNs, specifically U-Net, to detect aerial vehicle surface defects of three categories. We further demonstrate that CNNs trained on synthetic images can then be used to detect faults in real images of jets with visual damages. The results obtained in this research, indicate that our approach has been quite effective in detecting surface anomalies in our tests.
Acoustic emission based condition monitoring study of piston rod seals by varying speed and pressure parameters
Authors: Shanbhag Vignesh Vishnudas , Meyer Thomas , Caspers Leo , Schlanbusch Rune 
Published: February 2021

Hydraulic cylinders are used in a wide range of applications such as oil drilling equipment, construction vehicles and manufacturing machines. Seal failure is one of the primitive causes of failure in hydraulic cylinders, possibly leading to fluid spill, unscheduled maintenance, reduced availability and thus leading to lower productivity. Regular visual inspection of seals without affecting the productivity is difficult as the seals are placed internally in the hydraulic cylinder requiring disassembly of the piston. Therefore, condition monitoring is required to assess the current health of the seals. There have been successful attempts made in literature for the assessment of seal quality using acoustic emission-based condition monitoring. However, there have been very few studies performed to diagnose the seal failure under varying speed and pressure parameters. Therefore, this study aims at increasing the understanding of seal failure under varying speed and pressure conditions through correlation with the acoustic emission signal. Experiments were performed on a hydraulic test rig using unworn, semi-worn and worn piston rod seals. For each seal wear condition, experiments were performed for five strokes at pressure conditions of 10, 20, 30 and 40 bar and speeds of 50 mm/s and 100 mm/s. Continuous acoustic emission data were acquired during all the tests. The acoustic emission signal of each piston rod stroke was analyzed using different acoustic emission features such as power spectral density, root mean square, peak, mean frequency, median frequency and band power. From the acoustic emission analysis, by using power spectral density, mean frequency and median frequency feature it is possible to identify and segregate unworn seal, leakage due to semi-worn seal and leakage due to worn seal in the test rig. The acoustic emission-based condition monitoring methodology developed in this study lays a strong foundation for further research to develop real-time monitoring of the piston rod seal in hydraulic cylinders that are used in the offshore industry.
Similarity-based anomaly score for fleet-based condition monitoring
Authors: Hendrickx Kilian , Meert Wannes , Cornelis Bram , Gryllias Konstantinos , Davis Jesse 
Published: February 2021

An increased number of industrial assets are monitored during their daily use, producing large amounts of data. This data allows us to better monitor the health status of these asset, enabling predictive maintenance to reduce risks and costs caused by unexpected machine failure. Many condition monitoring approaches focus on assessing a machine's health status individually. Often, these approaches require historical data sets or handcrafted fault indicators. However, multiple industrial applications involve monitoring multiple similar operating machines, a fleet. By assuming the healthy behavior for the majority of the machine, deviating signatures can indicate a machine fault.
In this work, we extend our previous proposed framework for fleet-based condition monitoring (Hendrickx et al.). This framework uses interpretable machine learning techniques to automatically evaluate assets within a fleet while incorporating domain knowledge if available. It is designed with four building blocks. In the first block, the user defines a similarity measure to compare machines. This measure can be both data-driven as based on domain knowledge. The second block clusters the machines based on this similarity measure. The third block assesses the health status of a machine by assigning an anomaly score where higher scores represent more deviating behavior. Finally, each of these blocks is visualized in the fourth block to guide a domain expert to set up and gain trust in the framework.
The anomaly score proposed in our previous work has two shortcomings. First, its value can change very abruptly; a slight deviation can cause a machine's anomaly score to change from very low to very high. Second, the score does not accurately represent the anomalousness of a machine. A machine with the highest anomaly score is not necessarily the most deviating. Finally, the anomaly score is assigned to a group of machines. It is thus hard to assess the health status of an individual machine. As a consequence, this anomaly score offers little insights into a machine's performance.
The contribution of this paper is a new implementation of the anomaly score block. Instead of basing our anomaly score on the clustering, we make use of the machine's similarities within the fleet. This solves the shortcomings of the previous anomaly score and defines an individualized, continuous scoring mechanism that represents the anomalousness of a machine.

Hendrickx, Kilian, et al. “A General Anomaly Detection Framework for Fleet-Based Condition Monitoring of Machines.” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 139, Elsevier Ltd, 2019, p. 106585, doi:10.1016/j.ymssp.2019.106585.
Por um olhar interseccional na universidade durante e pós-pandemia: entrevista com a Dra Joana Angélica Guimarães da Luz
Authors: Bessa Ferreira de Oliveira Carolina 
Published: February 2021

A partir do isolamento social imposto pela pandemia do novo coronavírus (COVID-19), que emerge no Brasil em março de 2020, muito se tem discutido sobre a utilização de tecnologias nas atividades laborais no espaço doméstico de pesquisadoras e professoras mães e/ou cuidadoras. Sendo a professora Dra. Joana Angélia Guimarães da Luz a primeira mulher negra eleita reitora em uma universidade federal no Brasil, além de mãe/avó, convidamos as/os leitoras/es para conhecer importantes aspectos de sua trajetória e suas percepções sobre a utilização das tecnologias nas atividades da mulher/mãe/pesquisadora/professora frente ao isolamento social. Esta entrevista foi concedida entre os meses de junho e julho de 2020, por e-mail, durante a pandemia. A interação oportunizada pela reitora demonstram sua disponibilidade em compartilhar sua experiência pessoal e profissional, que muito nos ensina em relação ao necessário olhar interseccional na universidade, evocando representatividade e cenários possíveis no âmbito da educação. Boa leitura!
EFFICACY OF SELECTIVE ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS (TAMSULOSIN) IN FACILITATING THE PASSAGE OF RENAL STONES AFTER EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY
Authors: Dr. Nauman Khalid  , Aijaz Hussain Memon  , Wasim Sarwar Bhatti  , Hanan Noor  , Muhammad Waqas Iqbal  , Muhammad Sohail  
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Urinary system stone disease is a common entity. Small renal stones are preferably treated using Extracarporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) technique. Passage of stone fragments result in pain, hematuria and urinary tract obstruction. This can be avoided by the use selective α-1 receptor antagonists like Tamsulosin. However, their efficacy remains a matter of debate. In this study the role of selective α-1 blocker was evaluated in facilitating spontaneous expulsion of renal stone fragments after ESWL. The objective of our study was to find out the Efficacy of Tamsulosin (Selective α-1 blocker) in facilitating the transit of stone fragments (4-7mm) after ESWL. Follow up X-ray KUB was used to confirm the stone clearance. Efficacy was measured in terms of stone expulsion rate.
METHODOLOGY: It was randomized controlled trial including 150 patients coming to outpatient department of Urology Lahore General Hospital, Lahore from January 25, 2010­ to July 25, 2010. Total 150 patients with renal stones broken down into fragments (4-7mm) after ESWL were enrolled using non-probability purposive sampling technique. Patients were categorized into group A and B. Patients of group A received cap. Tamsulosin 0.4mg along with Tab. Diclofenac sodium 50mg. Whereas, patients belonging to group B received only diclofenac sodium 50 mg twice daily. Patients underwent ESWL every three weeks, in case of non-fragmentation, to the maximum of 4 sessions. All the patients were followed with X Ray KUB for stone clearance. The data of all patients was incorporated into pre designed Performa. Statistical evaluation of clinical variables done in terms of efficacy i.e. stone clearance.
RESULTS: Stone clearance rate of patients in group A was 86.6% as compared to only 76% in group B. Usage of selective α-1 blockers in group A enhanced the stone clearance rate as compared to group B. However this difference was statistically insignificant (p-value-0.094).
CONCLUSION: There was increased stone clearance in alpha one blocker group but not statistically significant. Further studies with larger sample size are required to evaluate the role of Selective α-1 blockers (Tamsulosin) after ESWL.
DIFFERENCES AMONG THE PERCEPTIONS OF ORTHODONTISTS, PROSTHODONTISTS AND CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY SPECIALISTS REGARDING BUCCAL CORRIDOR WIDTHS
Authors: Muhammad Azeem  , Ali Raza  , Rashid Mahmood  , Erum Behroz  
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: To find out the optimal ranges of smile attractiveness on basis of different amounts of buccal corridor widths, as judged by Pakistani orthodontists, prosthodontists and conservative dentistry specialists (CDS).
METHODOLOGY: Present cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2016 to June 2017. The anterior smiling image of a female model was edited to be converted to 10 images displaying different amounts of buccal corridor width. After informed consent from the subject, different buccal corridors widths images were created at following widths: 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, and 18%. This was followed by measurement of smile attractiveness of these 10 images on a visual analogue scale by 30 evaluators in three groups. Group 1 consisted of 10 CDS, group 2 consisted of 10 prosthodontists and group 3 consisted of 10 orthodontists. The data was collected and scores of smile attractiveness were presented in form of mean and standard deviation for each group. The differences in the three groups regarding perception of smile attractiveness were found out using ANOVA test and Turkey’s post-hoc test was used for multiple comparisons.
RESULTS: For group 1, the highest scoring was obtained by image showing 10% buccal corridor width. In group 2, the highest score was by image showing 14% buccal corridor width, whereas in group 3, the highest scoring was showing 12% buccal corridor width. The differences found were statistically insignificant.
CONCLUSION: Dental specialty does not affect perception of smile attractiveness. Buccal corridor width greater than 14% should be avoided.
OPTIMAL CHOICE OF STONE DISEASE’ SURGICAL TREATMENT IN PATIENTS SUFFERED PROSTATE CANCER: RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Sorokin N. I. , Pshikhachev A. M. , Zhumataev M. B. , Mikheev K. V. , Akopyan G. N. , Shpot E. V. , Kadrev A. V. , Dzitiev V. K. , Kamalov D. M. , Chalyy M. E. , Kamalov A. A. 
Published: February 2021

There are patients suffered prostate cancer and diagnosed with stone disease in urological centres. These cases represent non-standard issue of choosing the optimal surgical treatment. Currently clinical recommendations haven’t described the particular answer for this answer yet. There is also lack of information published in literature foсused on the issue.Aim of the study was to determine the optimal choice of surgical treatment for patients diagnosed with stone disease and prostate cancer.Materials and methods: Retrospective study of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and stone disease for the period from 2006 to 2019 was performed. Among 2047 in-patient cases of prostate cancer 71 patients with stone disease were included.Results: 49 of 71 (69%) patients diagnosed with stone disease had indications for surgical treatment at the moment of hospitalisation. Stages of prostate cancer in this group were T1-T2 (91,7%) and T3(8,3%). 25 patients (51%) had kidney stone disease, 23 patients (47%) – ureter stone disease and only 1 patient – kidney and ureter stone disease. 37 patients (75%) presented complains related to stone disease, other cases (25%) were asymptomatic. Surgical treatment of stone disease primarily was performed in the majority of cases (72,2%). Surgical treatment of prostate cancer subsequently included radical prostatectomy in most cases 7 (86,1%). Simultaneous surgical treatment of both diseases haven’t performed in this study.Conclusion: The main factors influencing the decision making of optimal surgical treatment for this group of patients were clinical presentation and group of prostate cancer risk.
REAL CLINICAL PRACTICE OF POSTPARTUM ANAL INCONTINENCE TREATMENT IN RUSSI
Authors: Garmanova T. N. , Markaryan D. R. , Kazachenko E. A. , Agapov M. A. , Kakotkin V. V. , Lukyanov A. M. 
Published: February 2021

Aim: To evaluate the medical care quality provided to patients with fecal incontinence in practice; to investigate the patient care effectiveness; to identify the problems the patient and the doctor are faced during the postpartum anal incontinence (AI) treatment.Methods: A questionnaire for surgeons was created using Google forms. It includes 22 questions about medical characteristics of patients with AI, used diagnostic methods, and treatment results. The answers were analyzed and presented as histograms.Results: Totally 134 (17.4%) questionnaires were completed from September to November 2020. Labor was the most common AI cause (74.4%). The median age was 20-40 years, 37% of patients was >40 years, 8% – >60 years. The most common complaints were incontinence (70%) and decreased life quality (72%). Rectovaginal fistulas were diagnosed in 28% of cases. The sphincter complex lesion size, age and anorectal manometry results determined the treatment strategy. Only 8.8% of surgeons suggested sacral neurostimulation in case of the other methods inefficiency. Up to 16.7% of patients were offered to create stoma as the final treatment method.Discussion: Our study is the first major survey for proctologists and surgeons in Russia, assessing the medical care of patients with postpartum AI. The results indicate insufficient attention to this problem; it requires educational and organizational solutions. Regional or federal centers where obstetrician and surgeons can work cooperatively could be extremely helpful to provide appropriate medical care to these patients and to improve the treatment quality for women with postpartum AI.
Modeling of the ALMA HL Tau Polarization by Mixture of Grain Alignment and Self-scattering
Authors: Mori Tomohiro , Kataoka Akimasa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Dust polarization at (sub)millimeter wavelengths has been observed for many protoplanetary disks. Theoretically, multiple origins potentially contribute to the polarized emission but it is still uncertain what mechanism is dominant in disk millimeter polarization. To quantitatively address the origin, we perform radiative transfer calculations of the mixture of alignment and self-scattering-induced polarization to reproduce the 3.1 mm polarization of the HL Tau disk, which shows azimuthal pattern in polarization vectors. We find that a mixture of the grain alignment and self-scattering is essential to reproduce the HL Tau 3.1 mm polarization properties. Our model shows that the polarization of the HL Tau at 3.1 mm can be decomposed to be the combination of the self-scattering parallel to the minor axis and the alignment-induced polarization parallel to the major axis, with the orders of ∼ 0.5% fraction for each component. This slightly eases the tight constraints on the grain size of ∼ 70 μm to be ∼ 130 μm in the previous studies but further modeling is needed. In addition, the grain alignment model requires effectively prolate grains but the physics to reproduce it in protoplanetary disks is still a mystery.
Modeling Type Ic Supernovae with tardis: Hidden Helium in SN 1994I?
Authors: Williamson Marc , Kerzendorf Wolfgang , Modjaz Maryam 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Supernovae (SNe) with photospheric spectra devoid of hydrogen and helium features are generally classified as SNe Ic. However, there is ongoing debate as to whether helium can be hidden in the ejecta of SNe Ic (that is, helium is present in the ejecta, but produces no obvious features in the spectra). We present the first application of the fast, 1D radiative transfer code tardis to an SN Ic, and we investigate the question of how much helium can be hidden in the outer layers of the SN Ic ejecta. We generate tardis models for the nearby, well-observed, and extensively modeled SN Ic 1994I, and we perform a code comparison to a different, well-established Monte Carlo based radiation transfer code. The code comparison shows that tardis produces consistent synthetic spectra for identical ejecta models of SN 1994I. In addition, we perform a systematic experiment of adding outer He shells of varying masses to our SN 1994I models. We find that an outer He shell of only 0.05M
⊙ produces strong optical and near-infrared (NIR) He spectral features for SN 1994I which are not present in observations, thus indicating that the SN 1994I ejecta is almost fully He deficient compared to the He masses of typical He-rich SN progenitors. Finally we show that the He i
λ20851 line pseudo-equivalent width of our modeled spectra for SN 1994I could be used to infer the outer He shell mass which suggests that NIR spectral follow-up of SNe Ic will be critical for addressing the hidden helium question for a statistical sample of SNe Ic.
The Complex Nature of Magnetic Element Transport in the Quiet Sun: The Multiscaling Character
Authors: Giannattasio Fabio , Consolini Giuseppe 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In recent studies the dynamic properties of small-scale magnetic fields (magnetic elements [MEs]) in the quiet Sun were used to investigate peculiar features of turbulent convection and get insights on the characteristic spatial and temporal scales of evolution of magnetic fields, from granular to supergranular. The aim of this work is to extend previous studies and show that the displacement of MEs is compatible with a multiscaling behavior consistent with a Lévy motion. We tracked over 120,000 MEs in an unprecedented and uninterrupted set of high-resolution magnetograms acquired by the Hinode mission and targeted at quiet-Sun regions in the disk center, and we applied the multifractal diffusion entropy analysis to investigate the multiscaling character of ME transport in the quiet Sun. We found that the displacement of MEs in the quiet Sun exhibits a complex multiscaling behavior that cannot be described by a unique scaling law, as scaling exponents change with the scale considered. This result adds important physical constraints on turbulent convection and diffusion of MEs in the quiet Sun that future models need to account for.
Heavy Elements Unveil the Non-primordial Origin of the Giant H I Ring in Leo
Authors: Corbelli Edvige , Cresci Giovanni , Mannucci Filippo , Thilker David , Venturi Giacomo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The origin and fate of the most extended extragalactic neutral cloud known in the local universe, the Leo ring, is still debated 38 yr after its discovery. Its existence is alternatively attributed to leftover primordial gas with some low level of metal pollution versus enriched gas stripped during a galaxy−galaxy encounter. Taking advantage of Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer operating at the Very Large Telescope, we performed optical integral field spectroscopy of three H I clumps in the Leo ring where ultraviolet continuum emission has been found. We detected, for the first time, ionized hydrogen in the ring and identify four nebular regions powered by massive stars. These nebulae show several metal lines ([O III], [N II], [S II]) that allowed reliable measures of metallicities, found to be close to or above the solar value (0.8 ≤ Z/Z
⊙ ≤ 1.4). Given the faintness of the diffuse stellar counterparts, less than 3% of the observed heavy elements could have been produced locally in the main body of the ring and not much more than 15% in the H I clump toward M96. This inference, and the chemical homogeneity among the regions, convincingly demonstrates that the gas in the ring is not primordial, but has been pre-enriched in a galaxy disk, then later removed and shaped by tidal forces and it is forming a sparse population of stars.