bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical Full-Recursive Sensitivity Analysis for Multibody Dynamic Systems
Authors: Anderson Kurt S. , Hsu Yuhung 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Computing of first-order sensitivity information is crucial for many gradient-base optimization strategies where the algorithms employed plays a key role on determining the computational efficiency of an optimization process. This paper presents an algorithm which is able to determine the state derivatives in a fully recursive manner so to significantly reduce the cost of determining analytic first-order sensitivity information for large scale tree-type dynamic systems. Qualitative and quantitative validation on the operational requirement of the present method are made through analytical means and empirical studies.
Heat Treatment Process and Parameter Design in Manufacturing
Authors: Grandhi Ramana V. , Li Zhichao 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The heat treatment operation which is carried out post manufacturing is optimized. Simulation of the carburizing and quenching processes with parameter optimization are combined to attain the desired surface hardness with controlled distortion of final products. Parameters of interest for optimization include, the carbon content of gas, carburizing dwell time, material temperature before quenching, quenchant temperature and the heat transfer coefficient. The response surface method is used to obtain closed-form models of the objective (surface hardness) and the two constraints (hardness variance and physical distortion) in terms of the design variables. A finite element simulation tool is used to predict the material response (volume fraction of different phases, temperature and stress/strain) during the carburizing and quenching processes. This paper summarizes the methodology that is used to optimize the carburizing and quenching processes of an axisymmetric disk.
Real Asymmetric Matrix Eigenvalue Analysis for Dynamic Instability Problems
Authors: Lee Heewook , Kikuchi Noboru 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Complex eigenvalue analysis is widely used when the dynamic instability of the structure is in doubt due to friction forces, aerodynamic forces, control systems, or other effects. MSC/NASTRAN upper Hessenberg method and MATLAB eigenvalue solver produce fictitious nonzero real parts for real asymmetric matrix eigenvalue problems. For dynamic instability problems, since nonzero real parts of complex eigenvalues determine the unstable eigenvalues, the accuracy of real parts becomes crucial. The appropriate double shift QR or the QZ algorithms are applied to eliminate fictitious nonzero real parts and produce only authentic complex eigenvalues for real asymmetric matrix eigenvalue problems. Numerical examples are solved using the double shift QR and the QZ algorithms, and the results are compared with the results of MSC/NASTRAN upper Hessenberg method and MATLAB solvers.
Simulation of Respiratory System for Identifying Airway Occlusion
Authors: Al-Jumaily A. M. , Mithraratne P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A theoretical model is developed to study the dynamic response of the respiratory system using Weibel symmetric model based on the acoustic wave approach. Both rigid and compliant walls with rigid and compliant termination are investigated separately. For each case the response (normalised input impedance against prorogation frequency) is examined for occlusion at each generation from alveolar sacs up to the distal end of the trachea systematically.
Path Design of Large Flexible Material Handing
Authors: Lin Kuo-Chi , Wu Annie S. , Qu Zhihua , Joshi Tanmoy 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
When moving a partially constrained large and flexible material, vibration is always a concern, especially if the material is brittle. This paper suggests an approach that uses a genetic algorithm (GA) to search for the optimal path for moving a flexible structure within a given time constraint. A simple cantilever beam with a moving foundation is used as the implementation example. The results show that a GA can provide a set of “good” solutions within a small number of generations of evolution. This approach can be very efficient if the mathematical optimum is not absolutely necessary.
Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena During Ultrafast Laser Interaction With Tissue
Authors: Wang Xinwei , Xu Xianfan , Xu Lisa X. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Ultrafast (or ultrashort) pulsed laser ablation of biological tissue has drawn much attention due to the minimal collateral damage caused by laser irradiation. Many clinical applications of ultrafast laser ablation have been proposed, including ophthalmology, dentistry, and neurosurgery (Kim et al., 1998). During ultrafast laser interaction with biological tissues, which are dielectric materials, multiphonon absorption occurs which enhances the absorption of the laser beam in tissue. The tissue can then be heated rapidly to a high temperature, causing evaporation and tissue removal.
Measurement and Modeling of Latent Heat Release During Freezing of Aqueous Solutions in a Small Container
Authors: Devireddy Ramachandra V. , Bischof John C. , Leo Perry H. , Lowengrub John S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The latent heat of fusion, ΔHf of a cryobiological medium (a solute laden aqueous solution) is a crucial parameter in the cryopreservation process. The latent heat has often been approximated by that of pure water (∼ 335 mJ/mg). However, recent calorimetric (DSC - Pyris 1) measurements suggest that the actual magnitude of latent heat of fusion during freezing of solute laden aqueous systems is far less. Fourteen different pre-nucleated solute laden aqueous systems (NaCl-H2O, Phosphate Buffered Saline or PBS, serum free RPMI, cell culture medium, glycerol and Anti Freeze Protein solutions) were found to have significantly lower ΔHf than that of pure water (Devireddy and Bischof, 1998). In the present study additional calorimetric experiments are performed at 1, 5 and 20 °C/min in five representative cryobiological media (isotonic or 1× NaCl-H2O, 10× NaCl-H2O, 1× PBS, 5× PBS and 10× PBS) to determine the kinetics of ice crystallization. The temperature (T) and time (t) dependence of the latent heat release is measured. The experimental data shows that at a fixed temperature, the fraction of heat released at higher cooling rates (5 and 20 °C/min) is lower than at 1 °C/min for all the solutions studied. We then sought a simple model that could predict the experimentally measured behavior and examined the full set of heat and mass transport equations during the freezing process in a DSC sample pan. The model neglects the interaction between the growing ice crystals and is most appropriate during the early stages of the freezing process. An examination of the coefficients in the heat and mass transport equations shows that heat transport occurs much more rapidly than solute transport. Hence, the full model reduces to one in which the temperature profile is constant in space while the solute concentration profile obeys the full time and space dependent diffusion equation. The model reveals the important physical parameters controlling the mass transport at the freezing interface and further elucidates the experimental results, i.e. the temperature and time dependence of the latent heat release.
Hyperthermia Induced 3D Temperature Distribution in a Human Sarcoma With Tumor Perfusion Reconstructed Using Fractal Interpolation Functions
Authors: Craciunescu Oana I. , Das Shiva K. , McCauley Robert L. , Samulski Thaddeus V. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Essential to the success of optimized thermal treatment during hyperthermia is accurate modeling. Advection of energy due to blood perfusion significantly perturbs the temperature and without accurate estimates of the magnitude of the local tissue blood perfusion it is unlikely that accurate estimates of the temperature distribution can be made. It is shown here that the blood mass flow rate per unit volume of tissue in the Pennes’ bio-heat equation can be modeled using a relative perfusion index (RPI) determined with dynamic-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DE-MRI). The existing technology limits the DE-MRI perfusion data to be acquired in a limited number of slices. Consequently, the tumor perfusion data is interpolated using fractal interpolation functions (FIFs), as it has been shown that the RPI data is fractal, and that fractal interpolation is superior to linear interpolation when a 3D fractal-like scaling exists. For illustration, a patient treated with hyperthermia at Duke University Medical Center for a high-grade leg tissue sarcoma is modeled. For control, the resultant temperatures are compared to non-invasively measured temperatures using the MR thermometry technique. Strong correlation is found between the DE-MRI perfusion images, the MR chemical shift images during heating, and the numerical simulation of the temperature field, emphasizing the relation between the DE-MRI measured values and advective heat loss in tissue. The fractal interpolation of DE-MRI data to obtain the 3D perfusion gives a more accurate temperature distribution compared to linear interpolation. For even a better temperature reconstruction, further models need to include large vessels.
Investigation of Corneal/Scleral Burning During Cataract Surgery
Authors: Bhowmick Sankha , Pedersen John , Bischof John C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The use of ultrasound (US) probes in the emulsification and removal of cataracts has the side effect of corneal and scleral burning. In order to quantify the effects of burning on these tissues, experiments were conducted using bovine corneas to determine the activation energy (E) and frequency factor (A) from an Arrhenius damage model. Bovine corneas were heated on a constant temperature copper stage set at the desired temperature (ranging between 40–70°C). The damage criterion set was the loss of transparency of the tissue and the time required to reach the opacity was used to construct an Arrhenius injury model. Results yielded an activation energy of 98.56 kJ/mole and a frequency factor of 2.9×1013s−1. After determining the parameters for the Arrhenius damage integral, a numerical model was developed to simulate the damage based on variations of the temperature at the ultrasound probe tip with time. Results indicate that as much as 39% of the cornea (in area) can be damaged irreversibly (Ω&gt;1) for temperatures reaching 65°C for a time period of 3 minutes. An intermittent procedure which does not allow temperatures to reach beyond 60°C for more than a minute was found to be optimal for treatment purposes. These results show that the sensitivity of the corneal tissue during US heating can be quantitatively measured and predicted. It is therefore important to optimize the treatment procedure to minimize thermal injury during the procedure.
Development of a Cooling Garment With Encapsulated PCM
Authors: Colvin David P. , Colvin Virginia S. , Bryant Yvonne G. , Hayes Linda G. , Spieker Michael A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Under SBIR (Small Business Innovation Research) programs from the U.S. Marine Corps, investigators at Triangle Research and Development Corporation (TRDC) have conducted research toward the development of a unique passive cooling garment to provide significant microclimate cooling to Marines dressed in NBC (Nuclear/Biological/Chemical) protective clothing. The patented PECS (Protective Environmental Control System) garment utilizes 3–4 mm diameter macroencapsulated phase change material (macroPCM) particles distributed throughout a lightweight and highly breathable vest garment to provide 1–3 hours of cooling in high heat stress environments. With polymer walls encapsulating the paraffin PCM, the macroPCMs provide a wearable, packed bed heat exchanger that is flexible, highly breathable, and undergoes its solid/liquid phase change from 25–28°C, where its high latent heat storage can reach 60 calories/gram. This cooling range is at elevated and more comfortable temperatures than gel media used in other passive microclimate garments, which store their cold near 0°C and can cause shivering and discomfort. Although other microclimate garments require refrigeration or freezers to thermally recharge the cooling media, the passive 5-lb PECS cooling garment can be thermally recharged in the field at room temperatures (15–20°C) without refrigeration. Although earlier publications described the principles for such a cooling garment, this publication is the first to describe the garment’s construction, development and testing. Extensive laboratory testing has included Marine volunteers on a treadmill in a heated environmental chamber while dressed in Level IV MOPP and Level A protective clothing and a gas mask. PECS has also been used by costumed characters at Walt Disney World to provide extended cooling within an extended heat stress environment. Besides military uses, passive macroPCM garments should find other applications; including: protective clothing for firefighters, industrial workers, costumed characters and persons with heat stress disabilities.
Cryo, Hyper or Both? Investigating Combination Cryo/Hyperthermia in the Dorsal Skin Flap Chamber
Authors: Hoffmann Nathan E. , Chao Bo H. , Bischof John C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Combination therapies have been investigated as a mean to increase efficacy of disease treatment. For example, combinations such as radiation and chemotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy, and two different chemotherapies have become standard treatment for most cancers. Current theories suggest that vascular-mediated injury is an important mechanism of cryosurgical (reviewed in Gage and Baust (1998)) and hyperthermic destruction (Badylak et al., 1985; Dudar and Jain, 1984) in the treatment of solid tumors. These techniques appear complementary. Freezing creates vascular damage and promotes stasis within the vessels (Rabb et al., 1974), whereas hyperthermia creates cell and vascular destruction more effectively with a compromised vasculature (Shakil et al., 1999). Thus, in this study, we investigated the effect of combining these therapies on the vascular and tissue injury from the two therapies. We chose the dorsal skin flap chamber (DSFC) implanted in the Copenhagen rat as the cryosurgical model for this study. This in vivo freezing model allowed us to monitor thermal history and investigate both vascular and tissue injury in response to the combination therapy.
Thermal Cycling Guidelines for Automotive, Computer, Portable, and Implantable Medical Device Applications
Authors: Raghunathan Rajiv , Pucha Raghuram V. , Sitaraman Suresh K. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The objective of this work is to develop qualification guidelines for Flip-Chip on Board (FCOB) and Flip Chip Chip-Scale Packages (FCCSP) used in implantable medical devices, automotive applications, computer applications and portables, taking into consideration the thermal history associated with the field conditions. The accumulated equivalent inelastic strain per cycle and the maximum strain energy density have been used as damage parameters to correlate solder fatigue damage during field use and thermal cycling. The component assembly process mechanics, the time and temperature-dependent material behavior, and the critical geometric features of the assembly have been taken into consideration for developing the comprehensive virtual qualification methodology.
Effect of Moisture on Durability of Flip-Chip-on-Board (FCOB) Interconnects
Authors: Okura J. H. , Dasgupta A. , Caers J. F. J. M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The effect of constant temperature and humidity environments on the durability of interconnects in underfilled Flip-Chip-on-Board (FCOB) assemblies is investigated in this study. Polymeric underfills, used to enhance thermomechanical durability of the interconnects, are found to create new failure modes due to hygromechanical swelling. Based on experimental observations, the failure mechanism is hypothesized to be cracking of intermetallics, which have weakened due to thermal aging. Pseudo 3-D finite element analyses are conducted to quantify the moisture absorption and diffusion through the polymeric underfill, and the resulting hygromechanical viscoplastic stress history. The simulations are combined with accelerated aging tests to assess in-service durability in hot, humid environments. Model predictions are compared with results of accelerated life tests available in the literature.
Durability Properties Characterization of Sn62Pb36Ag2 Solder Alloy
Authors: Haswell Peter , Dasgupta Abhijit 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The cyclic durability properties of a near-eutectic Sn62Pb36Ag2 solder alloy are explored using a piezoelectric-actuated Thermo-Mechanical-Microstructural (TMM) test apparatus. The miniature test specimens are an Iosipescu-type shear configuration with a typical joint thickness of 180μm, so that significant length-scale effects are captured. Cyclic, total displacement-controlled tests are executed at room temperature and at various strain rates and amplitudes. A variety of failure models are employed to quantify the durability of this alloy, compared to the baseline Sn-Pb eutectic solder.
Power-law relationships between the number of cycles to failure and three damage metrics (total strain, inelastic strain and hysteresis energy) are established for the Sn62Pb36Ag2 solder alloy. There is good agreement between the results presented here and other data in the literature for the inelastic strain and hysteresis energy models. The parameters of the total strain-based damage model do not agree well with other published data. A discussion of these results is included, along with details of recent developments in the test method used here, as well as other future work.
Length Scale and Aging Effect on the Mechanical Properties of a 63Sn-37Pb Solder Alloy
Authors: Lim T. Jesse , Lu Wei-Yang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this work, uniaxial tensile testing of a 63Sn-37Pb alloy with different specimen sizes and aging conditions had been carried out. Although the stress-strain responses of different specimen sizes and aging conditions differs, the ultimate strength of the specimens with 16 hours, 100°C aging are similar for the sizes tested. The specimens with 25 days, 100°C aging have different stress-strain response with different sizes, and have a lower ultimate strength and higher failure strain compared to 16 hours, 100°C aging specimens.
Design and Evaluation of Artifact-Resistant Finger-Ring Plethysmographic Sensors
Authors: Rhee Sokwoo , Yang Boo-Ho , Asada Haruhiko H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A miniaturized, telemetric, photoplethysmograph sensor for long-term, continuous monitoring is presented in this paper. The sensor, called a “ring sensor”, is attached to a finger base for monitoring beat-to-beat pulsation, and the data is sent to a host computer via a RF transmitter. An efficient double ring design is developed to lower the influence of external force, acceleration, and ambient light, and to hold the sensor gently and securely on the skin, so that the circulation at the finger may not be obstructed. A prototype ring sensor is designed and built based on the artifact-resistive attachment method. It is verified through experiments that the ring sensor is resistant to interfering forces and acceleration acting on the ring body. Benchmarking tests with FDA-approved photoplethysmograph and EKG reveal that the ring sensor is comparable to those devices in detecting beat-to-beat pulsation despite disturbances.
Banding Reduction in Electrophotographic Process Using Closed-Loop Controlled Piezoelectric Laser Beam Deflection Device
Authors: Ewe Michael T. S. , Chiu George T.-C. , Allebach Jan P. , Chan C. S. , Foote Wayne 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Banding is an image artifact that appears as peroidic light and dark bands across a page. This paper presents an experimental study on the application of a piezoelectric laser beam deflection device to reduce banding in the electrophotographic process. An empirical model was obtained using system identification techniques by measuring the laser beam position on-line using an optical sensor. A closed loop control strategy is then proposed and implemented. Experiments conducted without actually printing showed significant improvements in reducing the scan line positioning errors using the proposed method.
Application of Simulated Annealing to Dexterous Object Manipulation With Multiple Agents
Authors: Vass Gabor , Payandeh Shahram , Lantos Bela 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The manipulation task (called object re-configuration problem) is stated as the following: given an initial grasp of the object find the motion’s trajectories of the agents to move the object to the desired configuration. In general collision free paths for all agents must be found toward the contact points on the object (pre-grasp configuration) and the grasping and manipulation forces should then be exerted on the object by the agents. These forces are determined first to ensure a stable grasp, then to manipulate the object. We present a model based motion planner algorithm for manipulating agents for object re-configuration using simulated annealing (SA) algorithm for generating the relative motion between the object and agents. The motion of the agents relative to the object can be pure sliding, pure rolling, breaking contact and agent relocation is allowed. The motion sequence is represented by a relative velocity matrix. The algorithm can be used for example to move a known shaped object to a different position and orientation with a robotic hand. Simulation results are presented.
A Control-Oriented Engine Benchmark Model
Authors: Sivashankar N. , Boskovic D. , Friedman J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A benchmark model is required to evaluate the performance of simulation acceleration technology and Hardware-in-the-Loop system implementations. This paper describes a six-cylinder engine model that serves this purpose. The engine model includes modeling constructs and behavior that are important for control system design and analysis. Individual cylinder torque dynamics is the core element of this model and this is described in detail. Metrics to evaluate simulation performance are also discussed.
Nonlinear Control of a Turbocharged Diesel Engine for Powertrain Control Applications
Authors: Fredriksson Jonas , Egardt Bo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper concerns the problem of controlling a diesel engine with a variable geometry turbine (VGT). The idea presented is to use the variable geometry of the turbine for controlling the amount of inlet air and the objective is to combine air-to-fuel ratio control with engine speed or engine torque control. The nonlinear controller is designed using so called backstepping. The control strategy seems to have a great potential, since the combustion efficiency can be kept high while reducing the turbo-lag and the emission level. The control algorithms can be extended to handle powertrain control applications. The application studied here is control of driveline oscillations.