bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where and when are portion sizes larger in young children? An analysis of eating occasion size among 1·5–5-year-olds in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2017)
Authors: Porter Alice , Toumpakari Zoi , Kipping Ruth , Summerbell Carolyn , Johnson Laura 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjective:To identify eating occasion-level and individual-level factors associated with the consumption of larger portions in young children and estimate their relative importance.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:Data from parent-reported 4-d food diaries in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2017) were analysed. Multilevel models explored variation in eating occasion size (kJ) within (n 48 419 occasions) and between children (n 1962) for all eating occasions. Eating contexts: location, eating companion, watching TV, and sitting at a table and individual characteristics: age, gender, ethnicity and parental socio-economic status were explored as potential correlates of eating occasion size.Participants:Children aged 1·5–5 years.Results:Median eating occasion size was 657 kJ (IQR 356, 1117). Eating occasion size variation was primarily attributed (90 %) to differences between eating occasions. Most (73 %) eating occasions were consumed at home. In adjusted models, eating occasions in eateries were 377 kJ larger than at home. Eating occasions sitting at a table, v. not, were 197 kJ larger. Eating in childcare, with additional family members and friends, and whilst watching TV were other eating contexts associated with slightly larger eating occasion sizes.Conclusions:Eating contexts that vary from one eating occasion to another are more important than demographic characteristics that vary between children in explaining variation in consumed portion sizes in young children. Strategies to promote consumption of age-appropriate portion sizes in young children should be developed, especially in the home environment, in eating contexts such as sitting at the table, eating with others and watching TV.
Electoral campaign contributions: an obstacle to sugary drink industry regulation in Brazil?
Authors: Mariath Aline Brandão , Baraldi Larissa Galastri , Martins Ana Paula Bortoletto 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjective:To assess corporate electoral campaign contributions from industries related to sugary drinks production and the characteristics of the elected officials financed by the sector.Design:Cross-sectional analysis of electoral campaign contributions from corporations related to sugary drinks production (sugary drink industries and sugary drink input industries) to candidates to the Chamber of Deputies, Brazil.Setting:Elections to the 55th Congress (2015–2019), held in October 2014.Participants:Candidates to the Chamber of Deputies, Brazil.Results:Forty-nine companies or corporate groups that produce sugary drinks and fifty-two corporations that produce inputs for sugary drinks manufacturing contributed to electoral campaigns of candidates in the 2014 Election. Contributions from this industry sector represented 7·3 % of all corporate contributions and helped finance 11·7 % of the candidates and 46·2 % of the elected officials. The transnationals Ambev and Coca-Cola were the first and second biggest donors, respectively. Revenues mediated by political parties, from sugary drink industries and from corporate members of some industry associations (Abir, Unica and CitrusBR), were more prevalent. Among elected officials, a significant association was found between being financed by the sector and representing the south-east region, having higher education level and referring themselves as being professional politicians. In the multivariate model, financed candidates were 27 % more likely to be elected.Conclusions:Corporations related to sugary drinks production have contributed to the electoral campaigns of almost half of the Federal Deputies in Brazil in 2014. This possibly facilitates access to decision-makers and could help buy influence on legislative proposals, including health-related food policies.
The association between an energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index and inflammation in rural and urban Black South Africans
Authors: Ferreira Maylene , Cronjé H Toinét , van Zyl Tertia , Bondonno Nicola , Pieters Marlien 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjective:To quantify the inflammatory potential of the diet of rural and urban Black South Africans using an adapted energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (AE-DII) and to investigate its relationship with inflammatory and cardio-metabolic disease risk markers. Dietary inflammatory potential has not been investigated in African populations.Design:Cross-sectional investigation.Setting:Rural and urban sites in the North West province of South Africa.Participants:1885 randomly selected, apparently healthy Black South Africans older than 30 years.Results:AE-DII scores ranged from –3·71 to +5·08 with a mean of +0·37. AE-DII scores were significantly higher in men (0·47 ± 1·19) than in women (0·32 ± 1·29), and in rural (0·55 ± 1·29) than urban participants (0·21 ± 1·19). Apart from its dietary constituents, AE-DII scores are primarily associated with age, rural–urban status and education. Contrary to the literature, alcohol consumption was positively associated with AE-DII scores. Of the four tested inflammatory and thirteen cardio-metabolic biomarkers, the AE-DII was only significantly negatively associated with albumin and HDL cholesterol, and positively with waist circumference and fasting glucose, upon full adjustment.Conclusion:Rural men consumed the most pro-inflammatory diet, and urban women the least pro-inflammatory diet. The diet of the participants was not overtly pro- or anti-inflammatory and was not associated with measured inflammatory markers. The inflammatory potential of alcohol at different levels of intake requires further research. Understanding dietary inflammatory potential in the context of food insecurity, unhealthy lifestyle practices and lack of dietary variety remains limited.
Naldemedine-induced opioid withdrawal syndrome with severe psychiatric symptoms in an advanced cervical cancer patient without brain metastasis
Authors: Ishida Mayumi , Hiraoka Mie , Yaguchi Ayako , Sugano Koji , Adachi Nasako , Itoga Tomoko , Ishiguro Tomohito , Onishi Hideki 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveNaldemedine, an oral peripheral μ-opioid receptor antagonist, was developed for the treatment of constipation, a side effect of opioid use. Naldemedine is not generally recognized as causing opioid withdrawal in which associated symptoms affecting the central nervous system.MethodFrom the series of cancer patients undergoing symptom management, we report a case treated with naldemedine for constipation in relation to the use of opioids for cancer pain and who displayed severe psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal immediately after the use of naldemedine.ResultsThe patient was a 36-year-old woman diagnosed with cervical cancer Stage IIB, PS3. When the patient, who was using oxycodone hydrochloride hydrate (80 mg/day) for ileal pain, was started on naldemedine for constipation, she complained of sweating after just 5 min and hallucinations after 1 h. The patient also displayed physical/behavioral abnormalities such as diarrhea and hyperactivity, and psychological abnormalities such as aggression toward staff.Despite the psychiatric symptoms worsening over time, there were no abnormalities in terms of blood biochemical data, and no brain metastasis was observed on MRI. Based on the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale, these symptoms were judged to indicate opioid withdrawal. Naldemedine was discontinued due to naldemedine-related opioid withdrawal syndrome and, thereafter, the psychiatric symptoms diminished, with no recurrence of similar symptoms observed to date.Significance of resultsIf mental and behavioral abnormalities occur in patients receiving naldemedine, it is necessary to consider the possibility of opioid withdrawal syndrome as a differential diagnosis.
Influence of posttreatment irrigation timings and herbicide placement on bermudagrass and goosegrass (Eleusine indica) response to low-dose topramezone and metribuzin programs
Authors: Brewer John R. , Craft Jordan C. , Askew Shawn D. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractImmediate posttreatment irrigation has been proposed as a method to reduce hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy] phytotoxicity from topramezone. Immediate irrigation is impractical, because it would take a turfgrass sprayer 10 to 15 min to cover an average golf course fairway or athletic field. There is also insufficient evidence regarding how posttreatment irrigation, immediate or otherwise, influences mature goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] control from topramezone or low-dose topramezone plus metribuzin programs. We sought to investigate bermudagrass and E. indica response to immediate, 15-min, and 30-min posttreatment irrigation compared with no irrigation following topramezone at 12.3 g ae ha−1, the lowest labeled rate, or topramezone at 6.1 g ha−1 plus metribuzin at 210 g ai ha−1. We also evaluated placement of each herbicide and their combination on soil, foliage, and soil plus foliage to help elucidate the mechanisms involved in differential responses between species and herbicide mixtures. Responses were largely dependent on trial due to bermudagrass injury from high-dose topramezone being nearly eliminated by immediate irrigation in one trial and only slightly affected in another. When posttreatment irrigation was postponed for 15 or 30 min, topramezone alone injured bermudagrass unacceptably in both trials. Bermudagrass was injured less by low-dose topramezone plus metribuzin than by high-dose topramezone. All posttreatment irrigation timings reduced E. indica control compared with no posttreatment irrigation. The herbicide placement study suggested that topramezone control of E. indica is highly dependent on foliar uptake and that phytotoxicity of both bermudagrass and E. indica is greater from topramezone than metribuzin. Thus, posttreatment irrigation likely reduces topramezone rate load with a concomitant effect on plant phytotoxicity of both species. Metribuzin reduced 21-d cumulative clipping weight and tiller production of plants, and this may be a mechanism by which it reduces foliar white discoloration from topramezone.
Hydro‐Morphodynamics of an Open‐Channel Confluence With Bed Discordance at Dynamic Equilibrium
Authors: Canelas Olga B. , Ferreira Rui M. L. , Cardoso António H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study examines the hydrodynamics and morphodynamics of open‐channel confluences characterized by subcritical flow, low flow discharge ratio, a 90° junction angle and dominant sediment supply coming from the tributary. The analysis is based on a novel data set comprised of the three‐dimensional time‐averaged velocity field, turbulence, bed morphology, and water surface levels acquired under controlled conditions in a laboratory setup. Confluence morphology at equilibrium stage was characterized by moderate bed discordance and pronounced bed erosion at the junction. This study suggests an updated conceptual model of flow hydrodynamics in realistic morphologically stable confluences. The near‐bed flow from the main channel proceeds underneath the tributary inflow into the tributary where it engages in the rotational motion of a strong secondary circulation observed within and downstream of the junction. The high‐speed near‐bed flow intensifies the stretching of the secondary cell past the downstream junction corner where it expands and aligns with slope of the bank‐attached bar. It is argued that the post‐confluence secondary cell is a result of flow separation at the tributary‐mouth bar and of the curvature of the shear layer, configuring a Prandtl’s first kind of helical flow.
Investigating Soil Desiccation Cracking Using an Infrared Thermal Imaging Technique
Authors: Zeng Hao , Tang Chao‐Sheng , Zhu Cheng , Cheng Qing , Lin Zong‐ze , Shi Bin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSoil desiccation cracking is of great concern in many fields such as hydrology, geology and agriculture, whereas its multi‐physical governing mechanism remains unclear up to now. As evaporation is a key influencing factor to soil cracking, capturing the evaporation‐induced soil temperature will significantly contribute to the improved understanding of soil cracking behaviors. Infrared thermal imaging enables the surface temperature measurement through converting infrared radiation into visible images, and has not been applied for soil cracking characterizations in the past. In this study, the fundamental mechanisms of soil desiccation cracking are investigated through the combined usage of three noninvasive techniques including infrared thermal imaging, particle image velocimetry, and digital image processing. Experimental results reveal the correlation between the evaporation‐related temperature of soil and its hydro‐mechanical behaviors. The evaporation rate is proportional to the soil‐atmosphere temperature difference. The soil body with a higher water content corresponds to a larger temperature difference, with the more apparent correlation observed in the unsaturated state of soil. Furthermore, as indicated in a nonuniform soil temperature field, the pore water migrates from the soil body with high temperature into the body with low temperature, similar to the soil particle motion under drying. Hence, the soil body with low temperature attracts additional water to maintain a high water content, resulting in a fast evaporation rate and a low temperature field for a long time. The evolution of the desiccation crack network is also related to the temperature distribution. Soil desiccation cracks tend to form in a lower temperature area, whereas the soil body with a higher temperature presents a more remarkable volume shrinkage. Primary cracks (defined as those first to develop and cause the breaking up of the intact material into separate clods) propagate along the isotherm, while the propagation path of secondary cracks (defined as those sub‐cracks initiated from primary cracks and subdivide soil to smaller clods) is first orthogonal to the isotherm and then rotates to gradually overlap with the isotherm. This study highlights the potential application of the infrared thermal imaging technique to investigate the underlying mechanisms of soil‐atmosphere interaction and perform soil desiccation cracking prediction.
A selective CuII complex with 4-fluorophenoxyacetic acid hydrazide and phenanthroline displays DNA-cleaving and pro-apoptotic properties in cancer cells
Authors: Machado Pedro Henrique Alves , Paixão Drielly Aparecida , Lino Ricardo Campos , de Souza Tiago Rodrigues , de Souza Bontempo Nayara Júnia , Sousa Luana Munique , Van Petten de Vasconcelos Azevedo Fernanda , Orsolin Priscila Capelari , Lima Paula Marynella Alves Pereira , Martins Isabella Castro , da Costa Guerra Joyce Ferreira , Teixeira Samuel Cota , Araújo Thaise Gonçalves , Goulart Luiz Ricardo , Morelli Sandra , Guerra Wendell , de Oliveira Júnior Robson José 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe thin line between efficacy and toxicity has challenged cancer therapy. As copper is an essential micronutrient and is important to tumor biology, CuII complexes emerged as an alternative to chemotherapy; however, its biological properties need to be better understood. Thus, we report in vitro the antitumor effects of two CuII complexes named [Cu(4-fh)(phen)(ClO4)2] (complex 1) and [Cu(4-nh)(phen)(ClO4)2]·H2O (complex 2), in which 4-fh = 4-fluorophenoxyacetic acid hydrazide; 4-nh = 4-nitrobenzoic hydrazide and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline. Both complexes presented cytotoxic activity against tumor cells, but only complex 1 showed significant selectivity. Complex 1 also induced DNA-damage, led to G0/G1 arrest and triggered apoptosis, which was initiated by an autophagy dysfunction. The significant in vitro selectivity and the action mechanism of complex 1 are noteworthy and reveal this prodrug as promising for anticancer therapy.
Active syndromic surveillance of COVID-19 in Israel
Authors: Yom-Tov Elad 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSyndromic surveillance systems monitor disease indicators to detect emergence of diseases and track their progression. Here, we report on a rapidly deployed active syndromic surveillance system for tracking COVID-19 in Israel. The system was a novel combination of active and passive components: Ads were shown to people searching for COVID-19 symptoms on the Google search engine. Those who clicked on the ads were referred to a chat bot which helped them decide whether they needed urgent medical care. Through its conversion optimization mechanism, the ad system was guided to focus on those people who required such care. Over 6 months, the ads were shown approximately 214,000 times and clicked on 12,000 times, and 722 people were informed they needed urgent care. Click rates on ads and the fraction of people deemed to require urgent care were correlated with the hospitalization rate ($$R^2=0.54$$

R
2

=
0.54

and $$R^2=0.50$$

R
2

=
0.50

, respectively) with a lead time of 9 days. Males and younger people were more likely to use the system, and younger people were more likely to be determined to require urgent care (slope: $$- \,0.009$$

-

0.009

, $$P=0.01$$

P
=
0.01

). Thus, the system can assist in predicting case numbers and hospital load at a significant lead time and, simultaneously, help people determine if they need medical care.
Regio- and stereo-selective olefinic C–H functionalization of aryl alkenes in ethanol
Authors: Shen Cong , Zhu Yuhang , Jin Shuqi , Xu Kejie , Luo Shuxin , Xu Lixia , Zhong Guofu , Zhong Liangjun , Zhang Jian 
Published: December 2021

We report on α- and β-olefinic C–H alkenylation of 2-alkenyl benzylamine/benzoic acid derivatives in ethanol to afford aryl dienes/trienes with excellent selectivities, proceeding through 6-/7-membered exo-/endo-cyclometallation.
Online Simulation Education for Audiometry Training
Authors: Calandruccio Lauren , Weidman Daniel 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
The purpose of this clinical focus article was to describe a new online simulation program for pure-tone audiometry.

Method:
Fictional but realistic patient profiles and testing environments were created to teach students about hearing screening protocols and pure-tone audiology. The diversity of the demographics of the United States is represented throughout the program. The web app was created using HTML/JS/CSS with a Flask server backend and MySQL database.

Results:
The program allows students to learn the process of conducting a hearing screening and measuring audiometric thresholds using a web-based virtual clinical audiometer. The virtual audiometer includes standard audiometer features and allows for instruction based on standard guidelines. The diversity of the patients within the simulation program allows for discussions of diversity to be woven throughout the curriculum.

Conclusions:
The new simulation program is designed for use as a clinical training tool enabling undergraduate and graduate students to actively participate in hearing screening testing and pure-tone audiometry using any web browser. The program is also designed with the intent to improve pedagogical outcomes at the undergraduate and graduate level for communication sciences and disorders education for pure-tone audiometry by providing instructors with content that focuses on the diversity that is represented in the demographics of the United States.
Radio-γ-ray response in blazars as a signature of adiabatic blob expansion
Authors: Tramacere A. , Sliusar V. , Walter R. , Jurysek J. , Balbo M. 
Published: December 2021

Context. Multi-wavelength light curves in long-term campaigns show that, for several blazars, the radio emission occurs with a significant delay with respect to the γ-ray band, with timescales ranging from weeks to years. Such observational evidence has long been a matter of debate, and is usually interpreted as a signature of the γ-ray emission originating upstream in the jet, with the emitting region becoming radio transparent at larger scales.
Aims. In this paper, we show, by means of self-consistent numerical modelling, that the adiabatic expansion of a relativistic blob can explain these delays, reproducing lags compatible with the observed timescales.
Methods. We use the JetSeT framework to reproduce the numerical modelling of the radiative and accelerative processes, reproducing the temporal evolution of a single blob, from the initial flaring activity and the subsequent expansion. We follow the spectral evolution and the corresponding light curves, investigating the relations among the observed parameters, rise time, delay, and decay time, and we identify the link with physical parameters.
Results. We find that, when adiabatic expansion is active, lags due to the shift of the synchrotron frequency occur. The corresponding time lags have an offset equal to the distance in time between the flaring onset and the beginning of the expansion, whilst the rising and decaying timescales depend on the velocity of the expansion and on the time required for the source to exhibit a synchrotron self-absorption frequency below the relevant radio spectral window. We derive an inter-band response function, embedding the aforementioned parameters, and we investigate the effects of the competitions between radiative and adiabatic cooling timescales on the response. We apply the response function to long-term radio and γ-ray light curves of Mrk 421, Mrk 501, and 3C 273, finding satisfactory agreement on the log-term behaviour, and we use a Monte Carlo Markov chain approach to estimate some relevant physical parameters. We discuss applications of the presented analysis to polarization measurements and to jet collimation profile kinematics. The collimation profiles observed in radio images are in agreement with the prediction from our model.
Application of Photoacoustic Imaging for Lymphedema Treatment
Authors: Suzuki Yushi , Kajita Hiroki , Watanabe Shiho , Okabe Keisuke , Sakuma Hisashi , Imanishi Nobuaki , Aiso Sadakazu , Kishi Kazuo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground Lymphatic vessels are difficult to identify using existing modalities as because of their small diameter and the transparency of the lymph fluid flowing through them.Methods Here, we introduce photoacoustic lymphangiography (PAL), a new modality widely used for lymphedema treatment, to observe limb lymphatic vessels. The photoacoustic imaging system used in this study can simultaneously visualize lymphatic vessels and veins with a high resolution (0.2 mm) and can also observe their three-dimensional relationship with each other.Results High-resolution images of the lymphatic vessels, detailed structure of the dermal back flow, and the three-dimensional positional relationship between the lymphatic vessels and veins were observed by PAL.Conclusion The clear image provided by PAL could have a major application in pre- and postoperative use during lymphaticovenular anastomosis for lymphedema treatment.