bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Catalytic Confinement Effect within Micro/Meso‐Porous Crystalline Materials
Authors: Dai Jingjing , Zhang Hongbo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMicro/meso‐porous crystalline materials with a well‐defined pore structure, such as zeolites, carbon nanotubes, and metal–organic frameworks, are of great significance in the development of catalytic systems for scientific and industrial demands. The confinement effect aroused by pore features of porous crystalline materials has triggered great interest in heterogeneous catalysis. Catalytic reactions in confined spaces exhibit unique behaviors compared to those observed on bulk materials. More interestingly, chemical reactivity can be modulated in different ways by the confinement effect, despite the fact that the mechanism on how the confinement effect changes the reaction remains unclear. In this review, a systematic discussion and fundamental understanding is provided concerning the concept of confinement effect, highlighting the impact of confinement effects on diffusion, adsorption/desorption, and catalytic reaction in typical micro/meso‐porous crystalline materials, including zeolites, carbon nanotubes, and metal–organic frameworks. Relevant studies demonstrate that confinement effect affords not only shape selectivity against reactants/products, but also modulates surface electron distribution of active species confined within porous environments, thereby successively affecting the catalytic reactivity, selectivity, and stability. This review provides a useful guide for researchers attempting to design excellent porous crystalline catalysts based on the concept of confinement effect in heterogeneous catalysis.
Recent Advances in Perovskite Photodetectors for Image Sensing
Authors: Li Ludong , Ye Shuai , Qu Junle , Zhou Feifan , Song Jun , Shen Guozhen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn recent years, metal halide perovskites have been widely investigated to fabricate photodetectors for image sensing due to the excellent photoelectric performance, tunable bandgap, and low‐cost solution preparation process. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in perovskite photodetectors for image sensing is provided. First, the key performance parameters and the basic device types of photodetectors are briefly introduced. Then, the recent developments of image sensors on the basis of different dimensional perovskite materials, including 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D perovskite materials, are highlighted. Besides the device structures and photoelectric properties of perovskite image sensors, the preparation methods of perovskite photodetector arrays are also analyzed. Subsequently, the single‐pixel imaging of perovskite photodetectors and the strategies to fabricate narrowband perovskite photodetectors for color discrimination are discussed. Finally, the potential challenges and possible solutions for the future development of perovskite image sensors are presented.
Dilation‐Responsive Microshape Programing Prevents Vascular Graft Stenosis
Authors: Yi Se Won , Shin Young Min , Lee Jung Bok , Park Ju Young , Kim Dae‐Hyun , Baek Wooyeol , Yoon Jeong‐Kee , Kim Deok Gie , Shin In Sik , Kim Chang‐Soo , Kang Mi‐Lan , Yang Jae Won , Sung Hak‐Joon 
Published: March 2021

AbstractShape memory materials have been successfully applied to minimally invasive implantation of medical devices. However, organ‐movement‐specific shape programing at a microscale level has never been demonstrated despite significant unmet needs. As vein‐to‐artery grafting induces vein dilation and stenosis, a polymeric self‐enclosable external support (SES) is designed to wrap the vascular out‐wall. Its micropores are programmed to increase sizes and interconnections upon dilation. Vessel dilation promotes venous maturation, but overdilation induces stenosis by disturbed blood flow. Therefore, the unique elastic shape‐fixity of SES provides a foundation to enable a stable microscale shape transition by maintaining the vein dilation. The shape transition of micropore architecture upon dilation induces beneficial inflammation, thereby regenerating vasa vasorum and directing smooth muscle cell migration toward adventitia with the consequent muscle reinforcement of veins. This game‐changer approach prevents the stenosis of vein‐to‐artery grafting by rescuing ischemic disorders and promoting arterial properties of veins.
Safe and secure cyber‐physical systems
Authors: Biró Miklós , Mashkoor Atif , Sametinger Johannes 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCyber‐Physical Systems (CPSs) differ from traditional Information Technology (IT) systems in such a way that they interact with the physical environment, i.e., they can monitor and manipulate real objects and processes. For this special issue, the authors of the best papers of IWCFS 2019 were invited to submit extended versions of their workshop papers. Additionally, we received eight submissions from around the globe as a result of an open call. After thorough and stringent reviews, we selected six articles that provide relevant contributions to the field of safety and security for CPSs.
Balancing between Right to Be Forgotten and Right to Freedom of Expression in Spent Criminal Convictions
Authors: Faisal Kamrul 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBeing two distinct fundamental rights, the coexisting state of the right to be forgotten and freedom of expression has already been confirmed by the competent authorities through balancing in situations when they collide. The paper focuses the balancing apprehensions concerning spent criminal conviction data while considering Google Spain ruling and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) primarily for analysis. From the Google Spain ruling till the development of the GDPR, the balancing apprehension has already seen another generation resolving conflicting issues derived both from statutes and case laws. Though lawful authorities stepped into easing the tension between different elements of the two rights, it has been seen that the outcome of balancing intellection depends on the application of diverse norms and principles. The contemporary principles in balancing the rights of spent criminal conviction datum have been identified in this paper which needs to be enhanced carefully in the future towards a more privacy‐friendly atmosphere to envisage the need of data‐driven Europe and to upheld the right to be forgotten of spent criminal convicts.
Changing Practice in University English Language Teaching: The Influence of the Chronotope on Teachers’ Action
Authors: Liddicoat Anthony J. , Murray Neil , Zhen Fengchao , Mosavian Penny 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study aims to investigate how time is coordinated with the professional space of the universities in western China. It examines how the situatedness of English language teachers in institutional spaces influences their understandings of and the value attributed to time and how these impact on how they make changes to their practice following participation in a professional development workshop. Using a combination of observations and interviews, this study identified a preference for adopting teaching techniques that were implemented in less integrated ways and teachers’ discussion of change frequently invoked time pressures as a limiting factor in developing their teaching. The study draws on Bakhtin’s idea of the chronotope to examine how time is constructed within the space of the university and the ways that such constructions give value to time and how it works as a constraint on teachers changing their practice. It argues that culturally constructed understandings of the status of time in academic work limit what teachers feel able to do in changing their practice and constrain possibilities for change.
Association of CSF Alzheimer's disease biomarkers with postoperative delirium in older adults
Authors: Fong Tamara G. , Vasunilashorn Sarinnapha M. , Gou Yun , Libermann Towia A. , Dillon Simon , Schmitt Eva , Arnold Steven E. , Kivisäkk Pia , Carlyle Becky , Oh Esther S. , Vlassakov Kamen , Kunze Lisa , Hshieh Tammy , Jones Richard N. , Marcantonio Edward R. , Inouye Sharon K. ,   For the RISE Study Group
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe interaction between delirium and dementia is complex. We examined if Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers in patients without clinical dementia are associated with increased risk of postoperative delirium, and whether AD biomarkers demonstrate a graded association with delirium severity.MethodsParticipants (n = 59) were free of clinical dementia, age 70 years, and scheduled for elective total knee or hip arthroplasties. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected at the time of induction for spinal anesthesia. CSF AD biomarkers were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (ADX/Euroimmun); cut points for amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration (ATN) biomarker status were A = amyloid beta (Aβ)42 <175 pg/mL or Aβ42/40 ratio <0.07; T = p‐tau >80 pg/mL; and N = t‐tau >700 pg/mL. Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) and CAM‐Severity (CAM‐S) were rated daily post‐operatively for delirium and delirium severity, respectively.ResultsAβ42, tau, and p‐tau mean pg/mL (SD) were 361.5 (326.1), 618.3 (237.1), and 97.1 (66.1), respectively, for those with delirium, and 550.4 (291.6), 518.3 (213.5), and 54.6 (34.5), respectively, for those without delirium. Thirteen participants (22%) were ATN positive. Delirium severity by peak CAM‐S [mean difference (95% confidence interval)] was 1.48 points higher (0.29‐2.67), P = 0.02 among the ATN positive. Delirium in the ATN‐positive group trended toward but did not reach statistical significance (23% vs. 7%, p = 0.10). Peak CAM‐S [mean (SD)] in the delirium group was 7 (2.8) compared to no delirium group 2.5 (1.3), but when groups were further classified by ATN status, an incremental effect on delirium severity was observed, such that patients who were both ATN and delirium negative had the lowest mean (SD) peak CAM‐S scores of 2.5 (1.3) points, whereas those who were ATN and delirium positive had CAM‐S scores of 8.7 (2.3) points; other groups (either ATN or delirium positive) had intermediate CAM‐S scores.DiscussionThe presence of AD biomarkers adds important information in predicting delirium severity. Future studies are needed to confirm this relationship and to better understand the role of AD biomarkers, even in pre‐clinical phase, in delirium.
The Slippery Slope Syndrome
Authors: Vermeer Eric 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFor more than 20 years I have practiced nursing, first in oncology services, then in palliative care. As a teacher and psychotherapist for the past 10 years, I have had the opportunity to continue working with nursing students in palliative care and psychiatric services, as well as to supervise nursing teams. An ethicist by training, I belong to an ethics committee in a neuropsychiatric hospital. Wearing these different hats gives me the great privilege of encountering patients at the end of life or who suffer from mental illnesses as well as nurses and students who face difficult situations, and to review in the ethics committee clinical situations involving great suffering.The question of euthanasia comes up very regularly and occasions numerous discussions that are both emotional and engaging.
Surrendering to or Inducing Death: Artificial Feeding as Paradigm
Authors: Frings Marie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe subject of tube feeding may seem highly specific and a selective study; it actually reveals itself as a paradigm of all “end-of-life” ethical questions: therapeutic obstinacy, (i.e. unreasonable and coercive therapies), euthanasia, assisted suicide, abandonment of the sick, informed consent, difficulties with the loss of autonomy, advanced directives, and/or designation of a legal proxy (living wills), quality of life concepts, chemical or physical restraining methods, the subtlety of the act leading to double effect, with unintended consequences.The very question at the core of this debate is: what is the cause of death? Did we want to induce it or did we surrender to it as ineluctable? How can we distinguish between “surrendering to death,” i.e., accepting it as part of our human condition with its limits, and “inducing the dying process.”
Resisting
Authors: Blanchard Julie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTrained in France, I have been practising in Belgium since 2015. As general practitioner, I also hold a diploma in palliative care, a degree requiring 2 years of training and placements. Before coming to Belgium, I practised in France in a mobile hospital and community palliative care team, and in a palliative care unit.Early significant dealings with practises in Belgium happened during my studies when a physician in a Belgian community palliative care team came to give a lecture in Lille, where he told us about his practise of euthanasia. We were confounded by this ‘medical capacity to take away a life’!
Behind the Scenes of Euthanasia
Authors: Trufin François 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEuthanasia is on everybody’s lips, the media, politicians, public services, and various organisations…. However, the debate is often biased or ill-informed, and it is my wish to contribute to this volume by describing the (harsh) reality surrounding the practise of euthanasia as accurately as possible.Life in our hospitals no longer runs smoothly and gently; it is exceedingly busy and often near breaking point. As a member of the healthcare staff, I notice how difficult it can be for us nurses, doctors, psychologists, and social workers, to keep our heads above water when it comes to ‘ethics’.
Tourism, Immigrants and Lifestyle Entrepreneurship: The (In)coming of People as a Key Factor for Sustainability of Low-Density Territories—A Case Study in Portugal
Authors: Dinis Anabela 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUsing the lens of the new patterns of mobility and lifestyle entrepreneurship in the context of counterurbanization movements, this chapter explores the relationship between tourism and immigration, beyond the traditional approach of immigrants as tourism entrepreneurs. The study focusses on a Portuguese rural county, Penamacor, which, for several decades, has suffered a continuous exodus of population and the consequent aging of the remaining population but where, recently, there was a spontaneous phenomenon of foreign people arriving and settling in the area. Thus, through the case of Penamacor, this study aims to answer the following questions: Who are these migrants, and what are their motivations for mobility and to settle in the territory? Are they all the same? How do they make a living in Penamacor? In particular, it seeks to understand whether entrepreneurship (in tourism or other sectors) is a possibility of income generation for these immigrants. Furthermore, it intends to understand what the impact of these immigrants in the territory is, concerning the creation of wealth and well-being in the community. Do they act as community entrepreneurs? Does their presence in the territory generate other mobility flows, through the attraction of other (family and friends) tourists or immigrants?
Introduction
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe introductory chapter describes the motivation behind this book and provides a brief outline of the main argument. The book offers a novel categorisation of artificial intelligence that lends itself to a classification of ethical and human rights issues raised by AI technologies. It offers an ethical approach based on the concept of human flourishing. Following a review of currently discussed ways of addressing and mitigating ethical issues, the book analyses the metaphor of AI ecosystems. Taking the ecosystems metaphor seriously allows the identification of requirements that mitigation measures need to fulfil. On the basis of these requirements the book offers a set of recommendations that allow AI ecosystems to be shaped in ways that promote human flourishing.
Ethical Issues of AI
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses the ethical issues that are raised by the development, deployment and use of AI. It starts with a review of the (ethical) benefits of AI and then presents the findings of the SHERPA project, which used case studies and a Delphi study to identify what people perceived to be ethical issues. These are discussed using the categorisation of AI technologies introduced earlier. Detailed accounts are given of ethical issues arising from machine learning, from artificial general intelligence and from broader socio-technical systems that incorporate AI.
Topological defects as relics of spontaneous symmetry breaking from black hole physics
Authors: Zeng Hua-Bi , Xia Chuan-Yin , Zhang Hai-Qing 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFormation and evolution of topological defects in course of non-equilibrium symmetry breaking phase transitions is of wide interest in many areas of physics, from cosmology through condensed matter to low temperature physics. Its study in strongly coupled systems, in absence of quasiparticles, is especially challenging. We investigate breaking of U(1) symmetry and the resulting spontaneous formation of vortices in a (2 + 1)-dimensional holographic superconductor employing gauge/gravity duality, a ‘first-principles’ approach to study strongly coupled systems. Magnetic fluxons with quantized fluxes are seen emerging in the post-transition superconducting phase. As expected in type II superconductors, they are trapped in the cores of the order parameter vortices. The dependence of the density of these topological defects on the quench time, the dispersion of the typical winding numbers, and the vortex-vortex correlations are consistent with predictions of the Kibble-Zurek mechanism.
Arithmetic of decay walls through continued fractions: a new exact dyon counting solution in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 CHL models
Authors: Cardoso Gabriel Lopes , Nampuri Suresh , Rosselló Martí 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We use continued fractions to perform a systematic and explicit characterization of the decays of two-centred dyonic black holes in 4D$$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 heterotic ℤN CHL models. Thereby we give a new exact solution for the problem of counting decadent dyons in these models.
Gravitational Constraints on a Lightlike Boundary
Authors: Canepa G. , Cattaneo A. S. , Tecchiolli M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe analyse the boundary structure of general relativity in the coframe formalism in the case of a lightlike boundary, i.e. when the restriction of the induced Lorentzian metric to the boundary is degenerate. We describe the associated reduced phase space in terms of constraints on the symplectic space of boundary fields. We explicitly compute the Poisson brackets of the constraints and identify the first- and second-class ones. In particular, in the 3+1-dimensional case, we show that the reduced phase space has two local degrees of freedom, instead of the usual four in the non-degenerate case.
Superoscillations and Analytic Extension in Schur Analysis
Authors: Alpay Daniel , Colombo Fabrizio , Sabadini Irene 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe give applications of the theory of superoscillations to various questions, namely extension of positive definite functions, interpolation of polynomials and also of R-functions; we also discuss possible applications to signal theory and prediction theory of stationary stochastic processes. In all cases, we give a constructive procedure, by way of a limiting process, to get the required results.
Untersuchung von SARS-CoV-2-Ausbrüchen in Deutschland durch Feldteams des Robert Koch-Instituts, Februar–Oktober 2020
Authors:   RKI Feldteam, Alpers Katharina , Haller Sebastian , Buchholz Udo 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) bietet den Gesundheitsämtern in Deutschland bei Ausbrüchen von Infektionserkrankungen Beratung und praktische Unterstützung vor Ort an. Die Feldeinsätze werden von speziell geschultem Personal durchgeführt. Auch im Rahmen der COVID-19-Pandemie leistet das RKI regelmäßig diese Form der Amtshilfe in unterschiedlichen Settings. Dabei handelt es sich beispielsweise um Ausbrüche in Wohngebäuden, Arztpraxen, Alten- und Pflegeheimen, Kliniken, Erstaufnahmeeinrichtungen für Asylsuchende, aber auch in einem Nachtclub oder auf einem Kreuzfahrtschiff.Der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet exemplarisch von Feldeinsätzen, die im Zeitraum Februar bis Oktober 2020 im Rahmen der COVID-19-Pandemie stattgefunden haben. Die daraus gewonnenen Erkenntnisse tragen dazu bei, das Wissen zu SARS-CoV‑2 zu erweitern, z. B. zur Übertragung und Ausbreitung des Erregers, RKI-Empfehlungen zu formulieren oder zu untermauern und das Management komplexer Situationen zu unterstützen. Die Praxisbeispiele zeigen, wie vielfältig die RKI-Teams nicht nur vor Ort unterstützen, sondern auch die epidemiologische Evidenzbasis bereichern.Im September 2020 wurde im RKI die „Kontaktstelle für den öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst (ÖGD)“ eingerichtet, die unter anderem die Amtshilfe durch Feldeinsätze koordiniert und erweiterte Beratungsmöglichkeiten bietet. Damit der ÖGD langfristig noch besser auf Ausbrüche von Infektionserregern reagieren kann, soll das interdisziplinäre Trainingsangebot intensiviert werden.
Mathematical model of the energy consumption calculation during the pine sawn wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) drying process
Authors: Konopka Aleksandra , Barański Jacek , Orłowski Kazimierz A. , Mikielewicz Dariusz , Dzurenda Ladislav 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe article presents a modification of the existing mathematical model to calculate energy consumption during conventional drying process. Apart from energy consumption, the model permits to estimate the time of high-temperature drying process. The drying medium is air and superheated steam mixture. The obtained calculation results were compared with conducted experimental tests of drying square-edged sawn sapwood timber (Pinus sylvestrisL.). The pine sawn wood samples were dried according to three different drying modes, namely mild, normal and intense. The experiments were performed in a semi-industrial scale drying chamber. On the basis of the experimental research available, existing mathematical models of drying wood have been improved. The developed model included the following changes: a different drying time for each mode and type of drying medium (moisturized air or air and superheated steam mixture). The use of an intensive drying mode significantly reduced the drying process time. The developed mathematical model revealed that the energy consumption of the drying process increases with the intensity of the mode used.