bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A lake sediment–based paleoecological reconstruction of late Holocene fire history and vegetation change in Great Basin National Park, Nevada, USA
Authors: Cooper Christopher S. , Porinchu David F. , Reinemann Scott A. , Mark Bryan G. , DeGrand James Q. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAnalyses of macroscopic charcoal, sediment geochemistry (%C, %N, C/N, δ13C, δ15N), and fossil pollen were conducted on a sediment core recovered from Stella Lake, Nevada, establishing a 2000 year record of fire history and vegetation change for the Great Basin. Charcoal accumulation rates (CHAR) indicate that fire activity, which was minimal from the beginning of the first millennium to AD 750, increased slightly at the onset of the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA). Observed changes in catchment vegetation were driven by hydroclimate variability during the early MCA. Two notable increases in CHAR, which occurred during the Little Ice Age (LIA), were identified as major fire events within the catchment. Increased C/N, enriched δ15N, and depleted δ13C values correspond with these events, providing additional evidence for the occurrence of catchment-scale fire events during the late fifteenth and late sixteenth centuries. Shifts in the vegetation community composition and structure accompanied these fires, withPinusandPiceadecreasing in relative abundance and Poaceae increasing in relative abundance following the fire events. During the LIA, the vegetation change and lacustrine geochemical response was most directly influenced by the occurrence of catchment-scale fires, not regional hydroclimate.
THE PERCEPTION OF ARABIC VOWEL DURATION BY L1 HEBREW SPEAKERS
Authors: Zaltz Yael , Segal Osnat 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe acquisition of a second language (L2) may be challenging in adulthood, as the phonological system of the native language (L1) can sometimes limit the perception of phonological contrasts in L2. The present study aimed to (a) examine the influence of an L1 (Hebrew) that lacks a phonemic contrast for vowel length on the ability to discriminate between short and long vowels in L2 (Arabic); and (b) assess the effect of a short training on the participants’ discrimination performance. A total of 60 participants, 20 native Arabic speakers and 40 native Hebrew speakers, were tested using the ABX procedure in two sessions that were 10 days apart. A single training session was provided for half of the Hebrew speakers (n = 20) approximately 2–3 days after the first (pretraining) testing session. The results indicated that the trained Hebrew participants’ discrimination levels (measured by accuracy and reaction times) were above chance level but were nevertheless lower in comparison to the Arabic speakers. However, a short training session was sufficient to yield a nativelike performance that generalized to untrained nonwords. These findings support the theoretical models that predict a reserved ability to acquire new phonetic/phonological cues in L2 and have important practical implications for the process of learning a new phonological system in adulthood.
Comparing Glacial‐Geological Evidence and Model Simulations of Ice Sheet Change since the Last Glacial Period in the Amundsen Sea Sector of Antarctica
Authors: Johnson Joanne S. , Pollard David , Whitehouse Pippa L. , Roberts Stephen J. , Rood Dylan H. , Schaefer Joerg M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSince the Last Glacial Maximum ∼20,000 years ago, the Antarctic Ice Sheet has undergone extensive changes, resulting in a much smaller present‐day configuration. Improving our understanding of basic physical processes that played important roles during that retreat is critical to providing more robust model projections of future retreat and sea‐level rise. Here, a limited‐area nested ice sheet model was applied to the last deglacial retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE), at 5 km resolution. The ice sheet response to climate and sea‐level forcing was examined at two sites along the flowlines of Pine Island Glacier and Pope Glacier, close to the Hudson Mountains and Mount Murphy respectively, and the simulated responses compared with ice sheet thinning histories derived from glacial‐geological data. The sensitivity of results to selected model parameters was also assessed. The model simulations predict a broadly similar response to ocean forcing in both the central and eastern ASE, with an initial rapid phase of thinning followed by a slower phase to the modern configuration. Although there is a mismatch of up to 5,000 years between the timing of simulated and observed thinning, the modeling suggests that the upstream geological records of ice surface elevation change reflect a response to retreat near the grounding line. The model‐data mismatch could potentially be improved by accounting for regional variations in mantle viscosity, sea‐surface heights and basal sliding properties across the continental shelf.
Deep Learned Process Parameterizations Provide Better Representations of Turbulent Heat Fluxes in Hydrologic Models
Authors: Bennett Andrew , Nijssen Bart 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDeep learning (DL) methods have shown great promise for accurately predicting hydrologic processes but have not yet reached the complexity of traditional process‐based hydrologic models (PBHM) in terms of representing the entire hydrologic cycle. The ability of PBHMs to simulate the hydrologic cycle makes them useful for a wide range of modeling and simulation tasks, for which DL methods have not yet been adapted. We argue that we can take advantage of each of these approaches by embedding DL methods into PBHMs to represent individual processes. We demonstrate that this is viable by developing DL‐based representations of turbulent heat fluxes and coupling them into the Structure for Unifying Multiple Modeling Alternatives (SUMMA), a modular PBHM modeling framework. We developed two DL parameterizations and integrated them into SUMMA, resulting in a one‐way coupled implementation which relies only on model inputs and a two‐way coupled implementation, which also incorporates SUMMA‐derived model states. Our results demonstrate that the DL parameterizations are able to outperform calibrated standalone SUMMA benchmark simulations. Further we demonstrate that the two‐way coupling can simulate the long‐term latent heat flux better than the standalone benchmark and one‐way coupled configuration. This shows that DL methods can benefit from PBHM information, and the synergy between these modeling approaches is superior to either approach individually.
Affective empathy predicts self-isolation behaviour acceptance during coronavirus risk exposure
Authors: Petrocchi Serena , Bernardi Sheila , Malacrida Roberto , Traber Rafael , Gabutti Luca , Grignoli Nicola 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHealth risk exposure during the global COVID-19 pandemic has required people to adopt self-isolation. Public authorities have therefore had the difficult task of sustaining such protective but stressful behaviour. Evidence shows that besides egoistic drives, the motivation for self-isolation behaviour could be altruistic. However, the type and role of prosocial motivation in the current pandemic is underestimated and its interaction with risk exposure and psychological distress is largely unknown. Here we show that affective empathy for the most vulnerable predicts acceptance of lockdown measures. In two retrospective studies, one with a general population and one with COVID-19 positive patients, we found that (1) along with health risk exposure, affective empathy is a predictor of acceptance of lockdown measures (2) social covariates and psychological distress have no significant impact. Our results support the need to focus on altruistic behaviours while informing the public instead of on fear-inducing messages.
Predictive role of circulatory HMGB1 in postoperative acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease in lung cancer patients
Authors: Yamaguchi Kakuhiro , Nakao Satoshi , Iwamoto Hiroshi , Kagimoto Atsushi , Handa Yoshinori , Sakamoto Shinjiro , Horimasu Yasushi , Masuda Takeshi , Mimae Takahiro , Miyamoto Shintaro , Nakashima Taku , Tsutani Yasuhiro , Fujitaka Kazunori , Miyata Yoshihiro , Hamada Hironobu , Okada Morihito , Hattori Noboru 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPostoperative acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease (AE-ILD) can be fatal in patients with lung cancer concomitant with ILD. We aimed to elucidate the predictive potential of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which is associated with the development and severity of lung injury, for evaluating the risk of this complication. We included 152 patients with lung cancer and ILD who underwent radical surgery between January 2011 and August 2019. We evaluated the preoperative levels of serum HMGB1 and its predictive potential for postoperative AE-ILD. Postoperative AE-ILD developed in 17 patients. Serum levels of HMGB1 were significantly higher in patients with postoperative AE-ILD than in those without (median [interquartile range]: 5.39 [3.29–11.70] ng/mL vs. 3.55 [2.07–5.62] ng/mL). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that higher HMGB1 levels were significantly associated with the development of postoperative AE-ILD in entire studied patients (n = 152). In the subgroup analysis, higher HMGB1 levels were associated with a significantly increased risk of this complication in patients who underwent lobectomy (n = 77) than in those who underwent sublobar resection (n = 75). Serum HMGB1 could be a promising marker for evaluating the risk of postoperative AE-ILD, specifically in patients who underwent lobectomy.
Adventitial recruitment of Lyve-1− macrophages drives aortic aneurysm in an angiotensin-2-based murine model
Authors: Ulndreaj Antigona , Li Angela , Chen Yonghong , Besla Rickvinder , Pacheco Shaun , Althagafi Marwan G. , Cybulsky Myron I. , Lindsay Thomas , Robbins Clinton S. , Byrne John S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objective: Aortic macrophage accumulation is characteristic of the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) but the mechanisms of macrophage accumulation and their phenotype are poorly understood. Lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor-1 (Lyve-1+) resident aortic macrophages independently self-renew and are functionally distinct from monocyte-derived macrophages recruited during inflammation. We hypothesized that Lyve-1+ and Lyve-1− macrophages differentially contribute to aortic aneurysm.
Approach and results: Angiotensin-2 and β-aminopropionitrile (AT2/BAPN) were administered to induce AAA in C57BL/6J mice. Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), we demonstrated primarily adventitial accumulation of aortic macrophages, and in association with areas of elastin fragmentation and aortic dissection. Compared with controls, AAA was associated with a relative percent depletion of Lyve-1+ resident aortic macrophages and accumulation of Lyve-1− macrophages. Using CD45.1/CD45.2 parabiosis, we demonstrated aortic macrophage recruitment in AAA. Depletion of aortic macrophages in CCR2−/− mice was associated with reduced aortic dilatation indicating the functional role of recruitment from the bone marrow. Depletion of aortic macrophages using anti-macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (MCSF1R)-neutralizing antibody (Ab) reduced the incidence of AAA. Conditional depletion of Lyve-1+ aortic macrophages was achieved by generating Lyve-1wt/cre Csf1rfl/fl mice. Selective depletion of Lyve-1+ aortic macrophages had no protective effects following AT2/BAPN administration and resulted in increased aortic dilatation in the suprarenal aorta.
Conclusions: Aortic macrophage accumulation in AAA derives from adventitial recruitment of Lyve-1− macrophages, with relative percent depletion of Lyve-1+ macrophages. Selective targeting of macrophage subtypes represents a potential novel therapeutic avenue for the medical treatment of AAA.
Biomechanical Comparison of Three Stabilization Methods for Tibial Tuberosity Fractures in Dogs: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Verpaalen Valentine D. , Lewis Daniel D. , Billings Gary A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of a hybrid external skeletal fixator (HESF) construct to the placement of paired interfragmentary Kirschner wires alone, and pin and tension band wire (PTBW) fixation for the stabilization of simulated tibial tuberosity fractures in dogs.
Study Design Tibias were harvested from 12 skeletally mature dog cadavers weighing 20 to 30 kg. An osteotomy was made through the base of the tibial tuberosity, which was subsequently repaired with either paired Kirschner wires, PTBW fixation or a HESF. A tensile load was applied to the tibial tuberosity until failure occurred. Mode of failure was described and biomechanical parameters obtained were compared between fixation groups.
Results The PTBW fixation and HESF construct afforded greater stiffness and load at 3 mm of axial displacement compared with fixation with Kirschner wires alone. There was no significant difference in stiffness and load at 3 mm displacement between PTBW and HESF fixation. Failure occurred by bending and pullout of the Kirschner wires for all fixation groups, preceded by untwisting of the knot in PTBW specimens.
Conclusion The HESF may provide a favourable alternative to PTBW fixation for tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture stabilization in dogs with substantial remaining growth potential.
Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed).
Authors: Weyl Philip , Vélez-Gavilán Jeanine , Shabbir Asad , Parker Chris 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Parthenium hysterophorus is an annual herb that aggressively colonizes disturbed sites. It is considered as one of the '100 most invasive species in the world' by the IUCN (GISD, 2018). Native to the New World, it has been accidentally introduced into several countries and has become a serious agricultural and rangeland weed in parts of Australia, Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands. It is reported as a major weed in field crops in more than 45 countries (Bajwa et al., 2016; Shabbir et al., 2019), with yield losses estimated in millions of dollars in Australia (Kaur et al., 2014). It grows on any type of soil and in a wide range of habitats. It affects the production of crops, animals, human and animal health, and biodiversity. Several characteristics, such as wide adaptability, photo- and thermo-insensitivity, lack of natural enemies in non-native regions, drought tolerance, strong competition and allelopathy, high seed production ability, longevity of seeds in soil seed banks, and small and light seeds that are capable of long distance travel via wind, water, birds, vehicles, farm machinery and other animal traffic, contribute to its rapid introduction world-wide, cutting across national boundaries and climate barriers (Kaur et al., 2014; Bajwa et al., 2016). The genetic diversity found among different populations and biotypes are also strongly contributing to its invasion success (Bajwa et al., 2018). The species is reported as invasive in various countries in Asia, Africa, and Oceania (Gnanavel, 2013; EPPO, 2018; GISD, 2018; PIER, 2018). In the Americas, it is reported as invasive in Cuba, and in Trinidad and Tobago. In Cuba it is considered as one of the most noxious species (Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012). Although listed as introduced by various sources it is also listed as native by others (USDA-ARS, 2018). In Trinidad and Tobago it is a predominant weed of industrial areas, crops, orchards, ornamentals and greenhouses (Bridgemohan et al., 2015).
Classification in sport: A question of fairness
Authors: Loland Sigmund 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTCompetitor classification schemes have been a part of sport since its origins. Eligibility criteria have developed towards inclusion and increasing diversity. The pool of competitors has expanded from the ancient Olympic Games, eligible only to free Greek men, via nineteenth‐century English sport favouring primarily the upper class of so‐called gentlemen amateurs, to the current global and diverse pool of men, women, children, and able‐bodied as well as disabled persons. Hence, the challenge of sound classification schemes has increased. This article examines the principles of fair classification of athletes. With the help of normative theory as well as practical examples, a fair equality of opportunity principle for sport (FEOPs) is formulated. It is demonstrated how sound classification schemes combine the normative backing from FEOPs with relevant scientific insights. Current classification challenges and possibilities for change are discussed. It is suggested that in several sports, biological sex classes can be abandoned, and that in some sports, sex classes can be replaced by body size classes. It is argued, too, that sports in which body height exerts a significant and systematic impact on performance should classify accordingly. In the final part, classification is discussed in light of new techno‐scientific possibilities, among them the possibility of innovative performance‐enhancing prosthetics.
Partial range of motion training elicits favorable improvements in muscular adaptations when carried out at long muscle lengths
Authors: Pedrosa Gustavo F. , Lima Fernando V. , Schoenfeld Brad J. , Lacerda Lucas T. , Simões Marina G. , Pereira Mariano R. , Diniz Rodrigo C.R. , Chagas Mauro H. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTThe study compared changes in strength and regional muscle hypertrophy between different ranges of motion (ROM) in the knee extension exercise. Forty‐five untrained women were randomized to either a control group or to perform the exercise in one of the following 4 groups (0°=extended knee): Full ROM (FULLROM: 100°−30° of knee flexion); Initial Partial ROM (INITIALROM: 100°−65°); Final Partial ROM (FINALROM: 65°−30°); Varied ROM (VARROM: daily alternation between the ROM of INITIALROM and FINALROM). Pre‐ and post‐training assessments included one repetition maximum (1RM) testing in the ROM corresponding to the initial, final and full ROM, and measurement of cross‐sectional areas of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis muscles at 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% of femur length in regard to regional muscle hypertrophy. Results showed that the INITIALROM group presented a greater relative increase than all groups at 70%, and at 50% and 60% the increases were greater than FINALROM, FULLROM, and non‐training control (CON) groups. Moreover, FINALROM group presented similar changes compared to the CON group at 60% and 70%. In regard to 1RM, FINALROM and INITIALROM groups presented greater relative increases at the ROM trained, and no group showed greater increases than VARROM or INITIALROM, regardless the ROM tested. In conclusion, partial ROM training in the initial phase of the knee extension exercise promoted greater relative hypertrophy in certain muscle regions than training in other ROM configurations, and no group promoted a greater 1RM increase than VARROM group, which showed similar 1RM increases in the different ROMs tested.
Validation of a novel technique with radioactive implanted ions for material recession rate estimate
Authors: Rapagnani D , De Cesare M , Buompane R , Del Vecchio A , Di Leva A , D’Onofrio A , Porzio G , Gialanella L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Durability tests of thermal protection system (TPS) materials for space vehicles is of paramount importance in developing TPS materials. The limits of the presently used techniques and the need for higher accuracy and precision demand new reliable and more sensitive measurement methods. In this paper we present the validation of a new on-line and non intrusive technique to estimate the TPS material recession rate which exploits the surface layer implantation of radioactive 7Be ions and the measurement of its characteristic γ-rays during the recession test.
In situ XPS studies of MoS2-based CO2 hydrogenation catalysts
Authors: Pacholik Gernot , Enzlberger Ludwig , Benzer Anna , Rameshan Raffael , Latschka Markus , Rameshan Christoph , Föttinger Karin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Various formulations of Co, Ni and K modified MoS2-based catalysts were synthesized hydrothermally and compared in their catalytic performance in CO2 hydrogenation at 21 bar and 220 °C–330 °C. The products were CO, CH4 and methanol. The addition of K reduced the selectivity to CH4 and moved the maximum of the methanol formation rate to a higher temperature. The materials were characterized by N2 physisorption, temperature programmed oxidation, temperature programmed reduction, and x-ray diffraction spectra (XRD). Under reducing conditions the catalysts were stable until 700 °C and under oxidizing conditions until 300 °C. XRD had shown mainly a MoS2 phase, as well as metal sulfide in the cobalt and nickel promoted catalysts. Different species of Mo and O were observed under reaction conditions by in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). When switching from H2 to CO2 + H2 an increase in the amount of oxygen, both lattice oxygen and surface adsorbates, was observed as a consequence of CO2 addition and H2O formation in the reaction. The amount of lattice oxygen correlates with the minor amount of Mo(VI) detected. Increasing reaction temperature and thus conversion led to an increase of the O 1s signals at 533 eV assigned to surface OH, formate and adsorbed H2O. XPS measurements in CO2 + H2 feed showed an effect of K addition on the adsorbate-related O 1s peak, which appeared at lower binding energy (532 eV) and was assigned to carbonates. This may indicate a different reaction mechanism in the presence of the promoter.
Characterization of a kHz sinusoidal Argon plasma jet impinging on water using Thomson scattering and fast imaging
Authors: Slikboer Elmar , L Walsh James 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The electron dynamics in a stable and non-filamentary Argon plasma jet, generated using AC excitation at kHz frequencies and interacting with a liquid surface either at floating potential or electrically grounded were examined using laser Thomson scattering. In the case of a floating liquid, two discharge events were observed during each half-cycle of the applied sinusoidal voltage. In the grounded liquid case only one discharge event was observed, which occurred during the positive half period. Through spatio-temporal imaging of the discharge, its repetitive breakdown behavior was analyzed and divided into pre-, main-, and post-breakdown phases. The dynamics and presence of the various phases differed depending upon the grounding of the liquid. Thomson scattering measurements revealed maximum electron densities and temperatures of 6.0–6.3 × 1014 cm−3 and 3.1–3.3 eV for the floating liquid case and 1.1 × 1015 cm−3 and 4.3 eV in the grounded liquid case. Electron-driven reactions are the primary source of reactive chemical species in a plasma jet. Therefore, the electrical characteristics of the liquid sample can impact the fundamental physicochemical processes at play in the discharge, ultimately influencing its chemical composition.