bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opening up a new chapter of law‐making in international law: The Global Compacts on Migration and for Refugees of 2018
Authors: Hilpold Peter 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe endorsement/affirmation of the Global Compact on Migration and the Global Compact for Refugees in December 2018 has been accompanied by an intense discussion about the need to introduce new norms in these fields and about the actual legal force of the respective provisions. There was and there persists an open contrast between the openly declared non‐bindingness of these Compacts and the widespread fear that they would either severely constrain national sovereignty in highly delicate areas or dilute arduously achieved standards (especially with regard to refugee law). Eventually, this whole discussion leads to the question about the meaning and the status of soft law in international law. With regard to the European Union, the transformative impact of the Global Compacts will depend on whether the EU further proceeds on its path of “emancipation” from international law while internally finding no consensus on the values here at issue.
Genetic population structure of a top predatory fish (northern pike, Esox lucius) covaries with anthropogenic alteration of freshwater ecosystems
Authors: Eschbach Erik , Nolte Arne Wolfram , Kohlmann Klaus , Alós Josep , Schöning Sandro , Arlinghaus Robert 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Esox lucius L. (northern pike) inhabits river, lake, and brackish water ecosystems of the temperate region in North America and Eurasia. In many areas of its native range, the species is confronted with human‐induced disturbances that can affect local and regional genetic diversity. Conservation of genetic diversity constitutes an important policy objective. Therefore, we investigated how the genetic population structure and patterns suggestive of hybridisation among subpopulations from different catchments vary with the type of ecosystem (river vs. lake) and the integrity of the ecosystem assessed using ecological status assessments of the European Water Framework Directive and indices of the wetland quality (in rivers) and trophic state (in lakes).

In total, 1,384 pike samples from the North, Baltic, and Black Sea drainages in Germany were analysed. We differentiated between metapopulations from each hydrogeographic region using genotypes from 15 microsatellites and mitochondrial cyt b sequences.

Individual populations showed signs of genetic admixture ranging from almost zero to complete replacement by foreign genotypes originating from different catchments. Hierarchical general linear modelling revealed a significantly positive association of the degree of genetic hybridisation with decreasing ecological status. An eroded population substructure indicative of hybridisation was also significantly elevated in rivers relative to lakes and in heavily modified water bodies. Results were consistent when using ecological status assessments by the Water Framework Directive and an alternative environmental quality index based on the health of wetlands in rivers and trophic state in lakes.

We speculate that macrophyte loss through loss of wetlands or in response to eutrophication fostered genetic mixing among different subpopulations, which were brought into secondary contact either due to stocking or due to natural dispersal from foreign catchments. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic alteration of freshwater ecosystems may influence the genetic structures present in a freshwater top piscivore at both local and regional scales.
Microplastic evacuation in fish is particle size‐dependent
Authors: Roch Samuel , Ros Albert F. H. , Friedrich Christian , Brinker Alexander 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

The pollution of aquatic systems with microplastics (MPs) affects marine and freshwater fish species worldwide. However, little is known about the size‐dependent retention time of these inert particles. To approach this question, the retention time of MP particles was examined in two freshwater fish species with distinct differences in gastrointestinal morphology: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with a true stomach, and stomachless common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

A special diet was developed that contained environmentally relevant concentrations of MPs with sizes ranging from 20 to 1,000 µm. The two species were exposed to three different concentrations and numbers of retained particle were determined up to 72 hr after administration.

The results revealed significant differences in retention time between large and small MP particles in rainbow trout, in which the T50 value (time for 50% of particles to be evacuated) ranged from 12.1 hr for 42.7 µm particles to 4.0 hr for 1,086 µm particles. In contrast, the differences observed between sizes in common carp were considerably smaller, with T50 ranging from 7.3 hr for 42.7 µm particles to 4.6 hr for 1,086 µm particles.

It is therefore concluded that large particles in rainbow trout must be actively transported out of the stomach, as the evacuation times are significantly shorter than those for food. Small particles, however, are passively excreted with the chyme. In common carp, the evacuation rates of all particle sizes were in the range of that for food, suggesting a passive excretion.

The results are particularly relevant in the contexts of particle transfer through the food chain, the release of toxic chemicals, and the translocation into tissues and organs. For this reason, it is essential that the particle size is given more consideration in future studies of microplastics in aquatic environments.
Full inversion tillage during pasture renewal to increase soil carbon storage: New Zealand as a case study
Authors: Lawrence‐Smith Erin J. , Curtin Denis , Beare Mike H. , McNally Sam R. , Kelliher Frank M. , Calvelo Pereira Roberto , Hedley Mike J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAs soils under permanent pasture and grasslands have large topsoil carbon (C) stocks, the scope to sequester additional C may be limited. However, because C in pasture/grassland soils declines with depth, there may be potential to sequester additional C in the subsoil. Data from 247 continuous pasture sites in New Zealand (representing five major soil Orders and ~80% of the grassland area) showed that, on average, the 0.15–0.30 m layer contained 25–34 t ha−1 less C than the top 0.15 m. High‐production grazed pastures require periodic renewal (re‐seeding) every 7–14 years to maintain productivity. Our objective was to assess whether a one‐time pasture renewal, involving full inversion tillage (FIT) to a depth of 0.30 m, has potential to increase C storage by burying C‐rich topsoil and bringing low‐C subsoil to the surface where C inputs from pasture production are greatest. Data from the 247 pasture sites were used to model changes in C stocks following FIT pasture renewal by predicting (1) the C accumulation in the new 0–0.15 m layer and (2) the decomposition of buried‐C in the new 0.15–0.30 m layer. In the 20 years following FIT pasture renewal, soil C was predicted to increase by an average of 7.3–10.3 (Sedimentary soils) and 9.6–12.7 t C ha−1 (Allophanic soils), depending on the assumptions applied. Adoption of FIT for pasture renewal across all suitable soils (2.0–2.6 M ha) in New Zealand was predicted to sequester ~20–36 Mt C, sufficient to offset 9.6–17.5% of the country's cumulative greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture over 20 years at the current rate of emissions. Given that grasslands account for ~70% of global agricultural land, FIT renewal of pastures or grassland could offer a significant opportunity to sequester soil C and offset greenhouse gas emissions.
Exurban growth inside the urban growth boundary? An examination of development in Oregon cities
Authors: Lewis Rebecca , Parker Robert 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOregon has relied on urban growth boundaries (UGBs) to contain growth in incorporated cities since it established a statewide planning program in 1973. Oregon state law requires that UGBs have enough land to accommodate 20 years of population and employment growth. Land inside the UGB is not immediately available for urban development until it is annexed and urban level infrastructure is available. This study focuses on policies and development patterns in the “urbanizable area”––land within the unincorporated areas inside the UGB that is reserved for future urban use. We examined planning documents, conducted GIS analysis, and administered a survey in 29 cities in five case study counties in Oregon. Our threefold analysis examined: (a) the agreements for managing growth in the urbanizable area; (b) trends in development and density in the urbanizable area, and (c) perceptions of managing growth from planning directors. Results show that development at low densities (around 1.5 dwelling units per acre) is occurring within the urbanizable area. These results have important implications for future development patterns and UGB expansions affecting rural areas. Low‐density development inside the UGB may constrain available land supply, cause more frequent UGB expansions, and lead to noncontiguous, leapfrog development.
Hydroxychloroquine‐induced acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis: a series of seven patients and review of the literature
Authors: Chaabouni Rim , Bahloul Emna , Ennouri Mariam , Atheymen Rim , Sellami Khadija , Marrakchi Slaheddine , Charfi Slim , Boudaya Sonia , Amouri Meriem , Bougacha Noura , Turki Hamida 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundHydroxychloroquine (HCQ)‐induced acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is poorly described in the literature. The aim of our study was to characterize the clinical, laboratory, allergological, and genetic features of HCQ‐induced AGEP.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of patients with HCQ‐induced AGEP diagnosed between 2011 and 2019. We performed molecular analysis to identify variations in the IL36RN gene. We also reviewed similar cases reported between 1991 and March 2020.ResultsSeven female patients were included. The mean age was 47 years old, and the average time from HCQ start to onset of symptoms was 40 days. All patients received topical steroids with a full resolution of the rash within an average of 39 days after HCQ withdrawal. Patch tests were performed for three patients with positive results in one case. Genetic analyses were performed for three patients, and no mutation in the IL36RN gene was identified.ConclusionThe latent period and the duration for resolution of HCQ‐induced AGEP may be longer than with other drugs due to the metabolic characteristics of HCQ. Mutations in the IL36RN gene were not identified in our patients.
Protein changes in shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis) frozen stored at different temperatures and the relation to water‐holding capacity
Authors: Ji Wenna , Bao Yulong , Wang Keyu , Yin Liang , Zhou Peng 
Published: February 2021

SummaryTo study the effects of freezing temperature on muscle proteins, shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis) were frozen stored at either −18 or −60 °C up to 90 and 210 days. Shrimp frozen at −18 °C had higher thawing and compression loss and poor myofibril water‐holding capacity compared with those frozen at −60 °C. In terms of protein characteristics, shrimp frozen at −18 °C had higher levels of carbonyls and reduced sulphhydryls. Moreover, the shrimp frozen at −18 °C had higher surface hydrophobicity and reduced Ca2+‐ATPase activity, indicating increased protein denaturation. Proteomics revealed that seventy‐five proteins were classified as differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) following freezing. There were sixty‐four DAPs in the F18‐CON comparison group (shrimp frozen at −18 °C vs. control) and thirty‐two DAPs in the F60‐CON comparison group (shrimp frozen at −60 °C vs. control), suggesting that freezing at −18 °C results in more DAPs than freezing at −60 °C. A comparison between F18 and F60 revealed that ribosomal proteins (L44, L7a) and heat shock protein 21 were downregulated in F18. These results increase our understanding of the variable quality associated with shrimp frozen at different temperatures.
The effect of pedometer‐supported walking and telemonitoring after disc hernia surgery on pain and disability levels and quality of life
Authors: Aldemir Kadriye , Gürkan Aysel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of pedometer‐supported walking and telemonitoring after lumbar disc hernia surgery on pain and disability levels and quality of life.MethodsThis was a randomized controlled trial with two randomly selected groups conducted between March 2018 and January 2019. Sixty‐seven participants (33 in the intervention group and 34 in the control group) who had undergone lumbar microdiscectomy were allocated to receive and not to receive walking exercise. Pain and disability levels and quality of life of groups were tested with the McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Oswestry Disability Index and the 36‐Item Short Form Survey. Measurements were taken 3 weeks after surgery and following completion of the first, second and third months.ResultsCompared with the control group, pain level at the first and second months and disability level at the second and third months in the intervention group were significantly lower (p < 0.05), and in the third month, subdimension scores of quality of life (the physical role difficulty, energy and vitality, mental health, social functionality and pain) were higher (p < 0.05).ConclusionsWalking after herniated disc surgery decreased pain and disability levels and increased the quality of life; nurses can encourage adherence to walking as an effective intervention.
Age‐adjusted reference values for prostate‐specific antigen in a multi‐ethnic population
Authors: Matti Bashar , Zargar‐Shoshtari Kamran 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveTo establish age‐adjusted reference values for prostate‐specific antigen in an ethnically diverse population.MethodsBetween 2009 and 2017, data were collected from all men aged 40–79 years, who had a prostate‐specific antigen test in the northern region of New Zealand, where the prostate‐specific antigen testing service is provided by a single community laboratory and using the same assay analyzer. Men known to have prostate cancer, who developed prostate cancer during the study period, who were treated with finasteride, or who had prostate‐specific antigen levels above 20 ng/mL were excluded. Age‐adjusted prostate‐specific antigen reference values were calculated for each of the main ethnic groups in the country including: Māori (indigenous), Pacific, Asian and European. For every 5‐year age interval, the 95th percentile of the log prostate‐specific antigen distribution was used to define the upper limit of normal.ResultsThe study cohort included 215 132 apparently healthy men, with a median age and prostate‐specific antigen concentration of 59 years and 0.9 ng/mL, respectively. Prostate‐specific antigen levels for the entire cohort increased with age (Pearson correlation = 0.362, P < 0.001). This relationship was most prominent in Pacific men. Similarly, the upper reference limit for the entire cohort increased with age, from 1.60 ng/mL for men aged 40–44 years to 7.61 ng/mL for those aged 75–79 years. Significant ethnic differences were present within each interval, which was most apparent in the older age groups.ConclusionEthnic differences in age‐adjusted prostate‐specific antigen reference values are present in New Zealand. These need to be considered when prostate‐specific antigen results are being interpreted in clinical practice.
Effect of intracorporeal urinary diversion on the incidence of benign ureteroenteric stricture after cystectomy
Authors: Faraj Kassem S , Rose Kyle M , Navaratnam Anojan K , Abdul‐Muhsin Haidar M , Eversman Sarah , Singh Vijay , Tyson Mark D 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesTo compare ureteroenteric stricture rates after radical cystectomy in patients who undergo an intracorporeal urinary diversion versus other surgical approaches.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed health records of all patients who underwent cystectomy with urinary diversion at Mayo Clinic Hospital (Phoenix, AZ, USA) from 1 January 2007 through 1 January 2018. Ureteroenteric stricture was identified by surveillance imaging. Patients were stratified by surgical approach: open radical cystectomy, robot‐assisted radical cystectomy with extracorporeal urinary diversion and robot‐assisted radical cystectomy‐intracorporeal urinary diversion. A Cox proportional hazards model was fitted that included independent predictors of stricture development.ResultsOf the 573 cystectomies assessed, 236 (41.2%) were carried out robotically. In the robot‐assisted radical cystectomy cohort, 39 patients (16.5%) underwent intracorporeal urinary diversion. The median follow‐up period was 55, 70 and 71 months for the open radical cystectomy, robot‐assisted radical cystectomy‐extracorporeal urinary diversion and robot‐assisted radical cystectomy‐intracorporeal urinary diversion groups, respectively. Subgroup stricture rates were as follows: open radical cystectomy, 8.0%; robot‐assisted radical cystectomy‐extracorporeal urinary diversion, 9.6%; and robot‐assisted radical cystectomy‐intracorporeal urinary diversion, 2.6% (P = 0.33). The median time to stricture was 5 months (interquartile range 3.3–11.5 months). In the bivariable analysis, factors that were associated with the development of ureteroenteric stricture were postoperative urinary leak (hazard ratio 3.177, 95% confidence interval 1.129–8.935; P = 0.03) and body mass index (hazard ratio 1.078, 95% confidence interval 1.027–1.132; P = 0.002). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, intracorporeal urinary diversion approach was not associated with the development of ureteroenteric stricture (hazard ratio 0.272, 95% confidence interval 0.036–2.066; P = 0.21).ConclusionsUreteroenteric stricture is a complication that typically occurs within the first postoperative year. Although our results did not support major differences in outcomes between intracorporeal urinary diversion and extracorporeal urinary diversion, the small sample size did not exclude the possibility of a type 2 statistical error.
Action learning sets for supporting postgraduate mental health nurses’ transition to professional practice: A qualitative study
Authors: Hopkins Julia F. , Hamilton Bridget E. , Prematunga Roshani K. , Ennis Gary , Fairest Katherine , Houghton James 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper reports on a qualitative case study of postgraduate mental health nurses participating in a monthly facilitated action learning set (ALS) in order to support them while they transition from PGMHN to independent professional practice. The aim of the study was to determine what the impact of participating in an ALS would have on how they perceived clinical practice issues. The ALS comprised a small group of PGMHN supported by a facilitator in order to explore issues from clinical practice by using Socratic questions to challenge their thinking. Data were collected via a single focus group and a 20‐item survey. Focus group textual data were coded line by line, and codes were synthesized thematically. The major theme to emerge from the qualitative results was as follows: ‘Learning from doing an action learning set’. Three subthemes were identified: Think outside the box: Developing Socratic questions; there’s rarely one right way: Applying action learning to practice; and Not easy to implement: Action plans in action. A 20‐item evaluative survey indicated that ALS increased participant’s confidence as a mental health nurse. Using critical questions increased participants’ confidence to explore different perspectives when engaged in problem‐solving.
COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy and attitudes in Qatar: A national cross‐sectional survey of a migrant‐majority population
Authors: Alabdulla Majid , Reagu Shuja Mohd , Al‐Khal Abdullatif , Elzain Marwa , Jones Roland M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundVaccine hesitancy is a global threat undermining control of preventable infections. Emerging evidence suggests that hesitancy to COVID‐19 vaccination varies globally. Qatar has a unique population with around 90% of the population being economic migrants, and the degree and determinants of hesitancy are not known.MethodsThis study was carried out to evaluate the degree of vaccine hesitancy and its socio‐demographic and attitudinal determinants across a representative sample. A national cross‐sectional study using validated hesitancy measurement tool was carried out from October 15, 2020, to November 15, 2020. A total of 7821 adults completed the survey. Relevant socio‐demographic data along with attitudes and beliefs around COVID‐19 vaccination were collected from the respondents.Results20.2% of the respondents stated they would not take the vaccine and 19.8% reported being unsure about taking the prospective COVID‐19 vaccine. Citizens and females were more likely to be vaccine hesitators than immigrants and males, respectively. Concerns around the safety of COVID‐19 vaccine and its longer‐term side effects were the main concerns cited. Personal research around COVID‐19 and vaccine were by far the most preferred methods that would increase confidence in accepting the vaccine across all demographic groups.ConclusionsThis study reports an overall vaccine hesitancy of 20% toward the COVID‐19 vaccine and the influence of social media on attitudes toward vaccination which is in keeping with emerging evidence. This finding comes at a time that is close to the start of mass immunization and reports from a migrant‐majority population highlighting important socio‐demographic determinants around vaccine hesitancy.
"A right to lead": The role of leader legitimacy on group reactions to transgressive leadership
Authors: Marques André G. , Pinto Isabel R. , Leite Ana C. , de Moura Georgina Randsley , van Prooijen Jan‐Willem , Marques José M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractResearch on the transgression credit shows that groups may sometimes turn a blind eye to ingroup leaders who transgress moral norms. Although there is substantial research investigating the underlying criteria of what makes a “good” leader, research often neglects to investigate the role of followers in leader‐group dynamics. In this paper, we offer a novel approach to transgressive leadership by proposing that leader legitimacy is a key factor that determines whether followers’ reactions to transgressive leaders are positive or negative. Across two experiments, participants ascribed transgression credit only to transgressive ingroup leaders perceived as legitimate (Studies 1–2, totaln = 308). Transgressive illegitimate leaders were viewed as more threatening to the group, were targeted for formal punishment, received less validation for their behavior, triggered negative emotions (anger and shame), and raised higher consensus for their removal from the leadership position than did legitimate leaders. This effect also occurred irrespective of the absence of formal social control measures implemented toward the transgressive leader (Study 2). Mediation analysis showed that leader illegitimacy triggered stronger feelings of group threat and stronger negative emotions which, consequently, fuelled agreement with collective protest against the transgressive leader. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.