bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reframing Landscape
Authors: Mitchell W. J. T. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
“Reframing Landscape” explores three distinct landscapes that have been decisively impacted by conquest and colonization, reframed by three artistic interventions: painting, photography, and sculpture. August Earle shows us the de-forested landscape of 19th century New Zealand, still guarded by a Maori totem; Miki Kratsman photographs a wall mural in occupied Palestine that erases the presence of indigeneous people; and Antony Gormley anticipates the clearing of Manhattan by a pandemic in whirlwind of metal. Real spaces and places are converted into landscapes of attention into what has been lost and what is to come.
Cross-Context News Corpus for Protest Event-Related Knowledge Base
Construction
Authors: Hürriyetoğlu Ali , Yörük Erdem , Mutlu Osman , Duruşan Fırat , Yoltar Çağrı , Yüret Deniz , Gürel Burak 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We describe a gold standard corpus of protest events that comprise various local and international English language sources from various countries. The corpus contains document-, sentence-, and token-level annotations. This corpus facilitates creating machine learning models that automatically classify news articles and extract protest event-related information, constructing knowledge bases that enable comparative social and political science studies. For each news source, the annotation starts with random samples of news articles and continues with samples drawn using active learning. Each batch of samples is annotated by two social and political scientists, adjudicated by an annotation supervisor, and improved by identifying annotation errors semi-automatically. We found that the corpus possesses the variety and quality that are necessary to develop and benchmark text classification and event extraction systems in a cross-context setting, contributing to the generalizability and robustness of automated text processing systems. This corpus and the reported results will establish a common foundation in automated protest event collection studies, which is currently lacking in the literature.
The Effect of Bonuses on Teacher Retention and Student Learning in
Rural Schools: A Story of Spillovers
Authors: Castro Juan F. , Esposito Bruno 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We estimate the direct and indirect effects of recruitment bonuses paid to teachers working in rural schools in Peru on their retention and student learning. This is the first study to estimate the indirect effects of a bonus aimed at attracting teachers to disadvantaged schools. This is important for assessing whether the incentive has improved the distribution of teaching resources and for estimating the direct effect without bias. We exploit the exogenous variation produced in the size of the bonus by the rule used to classify rural schools, and allow ineligible schools to be affected if they have an eligible school nearby. We find the bonus produces positive direct effects on teacher retention but also a negative spillover on the probability of filling teacher vacancies in neighboring schools. This spillover indicates that the bonus is redistributing resources between equally disadvantaged schools. We also find that the bonus has no direct effects on student learning and produces a positive spillover on the scores of students in neighboring schools. We argue these results are due to the poor pedagogical skills of the teachers being mobilized by the scheme. A reasonable policy alternative is a scheme that targets talented teachers with larger bonuses.
The Effects of Campus Shootings on School Finance and Student Composition
Authors: Yang Lang (Kate) , Gopalan Maithreyi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBetween 1999 and 2018, 210 shootings have occurred on public school campuses in the United States. The increased need for security and student support may crowd out instructional resources post-shooting. Shootings may also cause students, especially those from socioeconomically advantaged backgrounds, to move away, leading to declines in enrollment. Both changes in the budget allocation and the student composition could exert a negative impact on achievement. First, we examine the effects of campus shootings on public school districts’ revenue, expenditure, debt, and staffing using a long panel of district-year data. Results from event study and difference-in-differences analyses indicate that shootings increase per-pupil spending by $248, which is funded primarily through increased federal transfers. Most spending increases occur in noninstructional functions, such as pupil support services, and capital projects, but they do not crowd out instructional spending. Using school-level data, we show that shootings are followed by a decline in enrollment, driven almost exclusively by reductions in students who do not receive free or reduced-price lunch. Private schools in the area also experience enrollment drop. In sum, despite the increased intergovernmental transfers, campus shootings reduce the desirability of the community and lead to the exit of relatively well-off families.
<strong><em>Coulteria lewisiae</em> (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) a new species for Infiernillo region, Mexico</strong>
Authors: SOTUYO SOLANGE , CONTRERAS-JIMÉNEZ JOSÉ LUIS 
Published: April 2021

A new Coulteria species from the seasonally dry forest of Infiernillo region, México is described and illustrated. Coulteria lewisiae, has young leaves sericeous that changes to adpresse tomentose when mature, flowers of 2 cm length (notable in the genus), and a glabrous fruit.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Cervical Cancer and Screening Among Women in India: A Review
Authors: Taneja Neha , Chawla Bhavika , Awasthi Aanchal Anant , Shrivastav Kumar Dron , Jaggi Vinita Kumar , Janardhanan Rajiv 
Published: April 2021

Background: Cervical Cancer is the second most common cancer among women in the world leading to 90% deaths in low and middle income countries. About 96,922 new Cervical Cancer cases are diagnosed annually in India. Objective: To study the knowledge, attitude and practice on Cervical Cancer and screening among women in India. Materials and Methods: Health sciences electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for studies published between 2012 to March 2020. Keywords used for the search were (“Cervical Cancer screening”), (“knowledge”),(“attitude”), (“practice”) AND (“India”). 19 articles were included in the review based on the eligibility criteria. Statistical software SPSS-V.23 was used for the statistical application. Results: 7688 women were included in the study. Age of study participants ranged from 12-65 years. Overall knowledge on Cervical Cancer among women was 40.22%. Knowledge of risk factors and signs and symptoms was fairly adequate among the women. 32.68% of women knew that early age of marriage was a risk factor for Cervical Cancer followed by 23.01% women who mentioned that early age of initiation of sexual activity was a common risk factor for Cervical Cancer. Inter menstrual bleeding and foul smelling discharge was the most common sign and symptom reported in 30.75% and 28.86% women respectively. Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding Cervical Cancer screening was seen in 20.31%, 43.64% and 13.22% of women respectively. Conclusion: Effective information, education and communication strategies are required to improve the level of awareness of women on Cervical Cancer.
Factors Explaining Socio-Economic Inequalities in Cancer Survival: A Systematic Review
Authors: Afshar Nina , English Dallas R. , Milne Roger L. 
Published: April 2021

Background: There is strong and well-documented evidence that socio-economic inequality in cancer survival exists within and between countries, but the underlying causes of these differences are not well understood. Methods: We systematically searched the Ovid Medline, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases up to 31 May 2020. Observational studies exploring pathways by which socio-economic position (SEP) might causally influence cancer survival were included. Results: We found 74 eligible articles published between 2005 and 2020. Cancer stage, other tumor characteristics, health-related lifestyle behaviors, co-morbidities and treatment were reported as key contributing factors, although the potential mediating effect of these factors varied across cancer sites. For common cancers such as breast and prostate cancer, stage of disease was generally cited as the primary explanatory factor, while co-morbid conditions and treatment were also reported to contribute to lower survival for more disadvantaged cases. In contrast, for colorectal cancer, most studies found that stage did not explain the observed differences in survival by SEP. For lung cancer, inequalities in survival appear to be partly explained by receipt of treatment and co-morbidities. Conclusions: Most studies compared regression models with and without adjusting for potential mediators; this method has several limitations in the presence of multiple mediators that could result in biased estimates of mediating effects and invalid conclusions. It is therefore essential that future studies apply modern methods of causal mediation analysis to accurately estimate the contribution of potential explanatory factors for these inequalities, which may translate into effective interventions to improve survival for disadvantaged cancer patients.
Health Science Students’ Use of Social Media for Educational Purposes: A Sample from a Medical University in Hanoi, Vietnam
Authors: Bich Diep Pham , Minh Phuong Vu , Van Chinh Nguyen , Thi Hong Diem Nguyen , Bao Giang Kim 
Published: April 2021

Background: Using social media (SM) for educational purposes might improve academic performance. Aim: This paper aims to describe health science students’ use of SM for educational purposes and its association with their academic performance. Methods: Two hundred ninety-seven undergraduate health science students completed a self-administered questionnaire comprising 4 sections related to social media. Results: Almost all students (99.7%) reported using SM for learning, most (90.9%) of them daily. The most preferred type of SM learning was Facebook. Most students thought that using SM for learning is convenient and useful. They suggested there should be 1 Facebook account for each subject, that every classmate could access to obtain knowledge from lecturers and to interact between students and lecturers. The logistic regression model showed that the more time students practiced following the advice on posted information, the more likely they were to achieve a GPA at distinction level or above (OR = 4.2; OR = 5.4, and OR = 9.4, respectively with times of practicing). Conversely, the students who used SM for learning less than once a month were less likely to obtain a GPA at distinction level (OR = 0.5). Conclusions: Almost all health science students used SM to support learning and use of SM for learning was associated with higher academic performance.
A pilot study of oral treprostinil pharmacogenomics and treatment persistence in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Coons James C. , Crisamore Karryn , Adams Solomon , Modany Ashley , Simon Marc A. , Zhao Wenchen , Shaik Imam H. , Venkataramanan Raman , Empey Philip E. 
Published: April 2021

Background and aims: Treprostinil is a prostacyclin analog used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension. Dosing is empiric and based on tolerability. Adverse effects are common and can affect treatment persistence. Pharmacogenomic variants that may affect treprostinil metabolism and transport have not been well-characterized. We aimed to investigate the pharmacogenomic sources of variability in treatment persistence and dosing. Methods: Patients were prospectively recruited from an IRB approved biobank registry at a single pulmonary hypertension center. A cohort of patients who received oral treprostinil were screened for participation. Pharmacogenomic analysis was for variants in CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and ABCC4. A retrospective review was conducted for demographics, clinical status, dosing, and response. Fisher’s exact test was used for categorical data and Kruskal–Wallis test or Wilcoxon rank sum were used for continuous data. Results: A total of 15 patients received oral treprostinil and were consented. Their median age was 53 years, 73% were female, and 93% were White. The median total daily dose was 22.5 mg (13.5, 41) at last clinical observation. 40% of patients discontinued treatment with a majority due to adverse effects. Approximately 27% of patients had a loss-of-function variant in CYP2C8 (*1/*3 or *1/*4), whereas 47% of patients had a loss-of-function variant in CYP2C9 (*1/*2, *1/*3, or *2/*2). Minor allele frequencies for ABCC4 (rs1751034 and rs3742106) were 0.17 and 0.43, respectively. Survival analysis showed that increased CYP2C9 activity score was associated with decreased risk for treatment discontinuation [hazard ratio (HR): 0.13; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.02, 0.91; p = 0.04]. Genetic variants were not significantly associated with dosing. Conclusion: Genetic variants responsible for the metabolism and transport of oral treprostinil were common. Increased CYP2C9 activity score was associated with decreased risk for treatment discontinuation. However, dosing was not associated with genetic variants in metabolizing enzymes for treprostinil. Our findings suggest significant variability in treatment persistence to oral treprostinil, with pharmacogenomics being a potentially important contributor. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
Aislamiento comunitario como estrategia para la mitigación de un brote de COVID-19: el caso de Villa Azul
Authors: Esposito Melina , Bustos Soledad , Cardonetti Leandro , Pueyo Alvarado Maria Jose , Latorre Berenice , Parrilla Luis , Garcia Enio , Kreplak Nicolás , Konfino Jonatan 
Published: April 2021

Introducción: frente a la identificación de la ocurrencia de un brote de COVID-19 en el barrio Villa Azul (Buenos Aires, Argentina) y dadas las características de vulnerabilidad del barrio que dificultarían cumplir con el aislamiento domiciliario y las medidas de prevención, se implementó una estrategia de aislamiento comunitario como respuesta sanitaria al brote. Objetivo: describir la estrategia de aislamiento comunitario utilizada en el barrio Villa Azul para contener y mitigar un brote de COVID-19. Métodos: se identificaron los límites del barrio y se procedió al cierre del mismo con fuerzas de seguridad. Quedó permitida la circulación interna asumiendo que todos los habitantes eran casos sospechosos de COVID-19 o bien eran contactos estrechos de algún caso. En los días subsiguientes se continuó con la búsqueda activa de casos sospechosos, se realizaron los hisopados en el barrio y se obtuvieron los resultados a las 24 horas. Todos los días, luego de la recepción de los casos se les informaba el resultado a los casos negativos y se iba a las casas de los casos positivos para notificarlos del resultado y sugerirles el aislamiento fuera del barrio para cortar la cadena de contagios. Resultados: en el barrio Villa Azul entre el 22 de mayo y el 20 de junio, se registraron 731 casos sospechosos de los cuales 379 fueron casos confirmados de COVID-19 (tasa de positividad acumulada del 52.1%). La primera semana hubo entre 20 y 40 casos confirmados diarios con un índice de positividad entre el 66 y el 81% pero con el correr del tiempo como consecuencia de la estrategia descrita fueron bajando el número de casos por día y también la positividad. Se trasladaron 193 pacientes confirmados para aislarlos afuera del barrio. Fallecieron 3 personas (tasa de letalidad 0.8%). Discusión: la estrategia de aislamiento comunitario resultó efectiva para contener el brote de COVID-19 en el barrio Villa Azul.
Pterygovaginal artery as a target of embolization before endoscopic skull base surgery
Authors: Yoshida Keisuke , Akiyama Takenori , Raz Eytan , Kamamoto Dai , Ozawa Hiroyuki , Toda Masahiro 
Published: April 2021

Background The pterygovaginal artery (PtVA), a recurrent branch of the internal maxillary artery (IMA), can be a feeder of skull base tumors. Preoperative embolization can help endoscopic resection of hypervascular lesions, which is performed under a narrow surgical space with restricted instrumental maneuverability. Methods We performed preoperative embolization in five cases with hypervascular skull base lesions supplied by the PtVA, four of which were resected via endoscopic endonasal approach. In two cases, selective PtVA embolization through the distal IMA was successfully conducted. Results In all the cases, intraoperative bleeding during endoscopic resection was easily controlled. The medial and lateral origins of the PtVA from the IMA were demonstrated by cone-beam CT images reconstructed from three-dimensional rotational angiography, and anastomoses around the eustachian tube and soft palate were visualized by superselective angiography. Conclusions The PtVA embolization can be an effective strategy before endoscopic skull base tumor resection. When embolizing through the PtVA, clinicians should be aware of its anatomical variations and dangerous anastomoses. Understanding the surrounding angioarchitecture by angiographic techniques helps ensure safe embolization.
Expert opinion on the UK standard of care for haemophilia patients with inhibitors: a modified Delphi consensus study
Authors: Khair Kate , Chalmers Elizabeth , Flannery Thuvia , Griffiths Annabel , Rowley Felicity , Tobaruela Guillermo , Chowdary Pratima 
Published: April 2021

Background and Aims: Despite advances in haemophilia care, inhibitor development remains a significant complication. Although viable treatment options exist, there is some divergence of opinion in the appropriate standard approach to care and goals of treatment. The aim of this study was to assess consensus on United Kingdom (UK) standard of care for child and adult haemophilia patients with inhibitors. Methods: A modified Delphi study was conducted using a two-round online survey. A haemophilia expert steering committee and published literature informed the Round 1 questionnaire. Invited participants included haematologists, haemophilia nurses and physiotherapists who had treated at least one haemophilia patient with inhibitors in the past 5 years. Consensus for 6-point Likert scale questions was pre-defined as ⩾70% participants selecting 1–2 (disagreement) or 5–6 (agreement). Results: In all, 46.7% and 35.9% questions achieved consensus in Rounds 1 ( n = 41) and 2 ( n = 34), respectively. Consensus was reached on the importance of improving quality of life (QoL) and reaching clinical goals such as bleed prevention, eradication of inhibitors and pain management. There was agreement on criteria constituting adequate/inadequate responses to immune tolerance induction (ITI) and the appropriate factor VIII dose to address suboptimal ITI response. Opinions varied on treatment aims for adults and children/adolescents, when to offer prophylaxis with bypassing agents and expectations of prophylaxis. Consensus was also lacking on appropriate treatment for mild/moderate patients with inhibitors. Conclusion: UK healthcare professionals appear to be aligned on the clinical goals and role of ITI when managing haemophilia patients with inhibitors, although novel treatment developments may require reassessment of these goals. Lack of consensus on prophylaxis with bypassing agents and management of mild/moderate cases identifies a need for further research to establish more comprehensive, evidence-based treatment guidance, particularly for those patients who are unable/prefer not to receive non-factor therapies.
Assessment of thrombotic risk during long-term treatment of immune thrombocytopenia with fostamatinib
Authors: Cooper Nichola , Altomare Ivy , Thomas Mark R. , Nicolson Phillip L. R. , Watson Steve P. , Markovtsov Vadim , Todd Leslie K. , Masuda Esteban , Bussel James B. 
Published: April 2021

Background: Patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) are at risk of bleeding and, paradoxically, thromboembolic events (TEEs), irrespective of thrombocytopenia. The risk of thrombosis is increased by advanced age, obesity, and prothrombotic comorbidities: cancer, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and chronic kidney disease, among others. Certain ITP treatments further increase the risk of TEE, especially splenectomy and thrombopoietin receptor agonists. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a key signaling molecule common to thromboembolic and hemostatic (in addition to inflammatory) pathways. Fostamatinib is an orally administered SYK inhibitor approved in the USA and Europe for treatment of chronic ITP in adults. Methods: The phase III and extension studies included heavily pretreated patients with long-standing ITP, many of whom had risk factors for thrombosis prior to initiating fostamatinib. This report describes long-term safety and efficacy of fostamatinib in 146 patients with up to 5 years of treatment, a total of 229 patient-years, and assesses the incidence of thromboembolic events (by standardized MedDRA query). Results: Platelet counts ⩾50,000/µL were achieved in 54% of patients and the safety profile was as described in the phase III clinical studies with no new toxicities observed over the 5 years of follow-up. The only TEE occurred in one patient (0.7%, or 0.44/100 patient-years), who experienced a mild transient ischemic attack. This is a much lower rate than might be expected in ITP patients. Conclusion: This report demonstrates durable efficacy and a very low incidence of TEE in patients receiving long-term treatment of ITP with the SYK inhibitor fostamatinib. identifiers: NCT02076399, NCT02076412, and NCT02077192.
Drug–drug interaction database for safe prescribing of systemic antifungal agents
Authors: Niazi-Ali Saarah , Atherton Graham T. , Walczak Marcin , Denning David W. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: A drug–drug interaction (DDI) describes the influence of one drug upon another or the change in a drug’s effect on the body when the drug is taken together with a second drug. A DDI can delay, decrease or enhance absorption or metabolism of either drug. Several antifungal agents have a large number of potentially deleterious DDIs. Methods: The antifungal drug interactions database https://antifungalinteractions.org/was first launched in 2012 and is updated regularly. It is available as web and app versions to allow information on potential drug interactions with antifungals with a version for patients and another for health professionals. A new and updated database and interface with apps was created in 2019. This allows clinicians and patients to rapidly check for DDIs. The database is fully referenced to allow the user to access further information if needed. Currently DDIs for fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole, terbinafine, amphotericin B, caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin are cross-referenced against 2398 other licensed drugs, a total of nearly 17,000 potential DDIs. Results: The database records 541 potentially severe DDIs, 1129 moderate and 1015 mild DDIs, a total of 2685 (15.9%). Conclusion: As the online database and apps are free to use, we hope that widespread acceptance and usage will reduce medical misadventure and iatrogenic harm from unconsidered DDIs.