bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Networks and Stratagems of Nineteenth-Century Coast Salish Leaders
Authors: Ritchie Morgan , Miller Bruce Granville 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDuring the socially transformative mid-nineteenth century in the Salish Sea region of the Northwest Coast, a number of influential leaders emerged within Indigenous tribal groups. They played a significant role in reshaping the social geography of the region, blending emergent religious, commercial, and military bases for authority with more conventional Coast Salish strategies of patronage and generosity. The authors examine the lives and social connections of three Coast Salish leaders to illustrate how they were able to establish and maintain social networks across the region for their advantage and for the advantage of followers who had gravitated to them from surrounding shattered communities.
Khipu Transcription Typologies: A Corpus-Based Study of theTextos Andinos
Authors: Medrano Manuel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite ongoing efforts to compile both Andean khipus and their written colonial references, initiatives in this domain have emphasized the benefits of aggregation vis-à-vis preservation and diffusion, largely forgoing opportunities to analyze khipu data in aggregate. This article introduces multivariate statistical analysis to colonial khipu texts, enlisting the aid of a heretofore little-studied source: the Textos Andinos, a compilation of sixteenth-century Spanish transcriptions of Indigenous khipu “readings.” The largest syntactically annotated corpus of khipu transcriptions to date is compiled. Textual interpretation informs an exegetical typology of “paper khipus”—a division of the texts into distinguishable categories. The initial typology is expanded using the outcome of its statistical evaluation. Pre- versus postconquest content and the incorporation of currency emerge as the primary distinguishing attributes of khipu transcriptions. The expanded typology in turn enables the assessment of previous hypotheses in the study of paper khipus, responding to criticisms of their generalizability; suggestions of a diminishment in khipu complexity following the Spanish conquest are revisited and corroborated to this effect. A corpus-based study of khipu transcriptions offers a promising inroad to negotiating the highly mediated conditions of their original creation while expanding the study of khipus in the early colonial Andes. The aggregative methodology is proposed to ethnohistorians as an additional strategy for complementing and enriching historical interpretation.
The Impact of Grandparental Death on the Fertility of Adult Children
Authors: Okun Barbara S. , Stecklov Guy 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe increasingly central role of vertical family kinship in Western societies underscores the potential value of intergenerational linkages that tie grandparents to the fertility of their adult children. Recent research has examined the changing demography of grandparenthood and the roles fulfilled by living grandparents, but the complex implications of grandparental death—a key feature of intergenerational linkages over the life course—have drawn less attention. In this article, we explore whether and how childbearing of adult women is affected by the death of grandparents—their own parent(s) or their spouse's parent(s). We develop a novel conceptual framework that presents the pathways of influence and considers the overall impact of grandparental death on childbearing of adult children. We then estimate fixed-effects models to identify causal relationships between grandparental death and childbearing, using linked micro-level census and population register data from Israel for the period 1986–2014. We find that grandparental death leads to a reduction of approximately 5 percentage points in the five-year probability of childbirth. The effects of grandparental death are negative across all parities examined and are broadly similar across grandparent's gender and kinship relation. Additional effects are identified, including how the impact of grandparental death varies with time since the previous birth as well as residential proximity prior to death. We explain how our findings regarding the effect of grandparental death offer insight into the role of living grandparents. Our results suggest that policy-makers concerned with low fertility should explore mechanisms that reinforce potential sources of support from grandparents.
A genomic exploration of the early evolution of extant cats and their sabre-toothed relatives
Authors: Westbury Michael V , Barnett Ross , Sandoval-Velasco Marcela , Gower Graham , Vieira Filipe Garrett , de Manuel Marc , Hansen Anders J , Yamaguchi Nobuyuki , Werdelin Lars , Marques-Bonet Tomas , Gilbert M Thomas P , Lorenzen Eline D 
Published: March 2021

Background: The evolutionary relationships of Felidae during their Early–Middle Miocene radiation is contentious. Although the early common ancestors have been subsumed under the grade-group Pseudaelurus, this group is thought to be paraphyletic, including the early ancestors of both modern cats and extinct sabretooths. Methods: Here, we sequenced a draft nuclear genome of Smilodon populator, dated to 13,182 ± 90 cal BP, making this the oldest palaeogenome from South America to date, a region known to be problematic for ancient DNA preservation. We analysed this genome, together with genomes from other extinct and extant cats to investigate their phylogenetic relationships. Results: We confirm a deep divergence (~20.65 Ma) within sabre-toothed cats. Through the analysis of both simulated and empirical data, we show a lack of gene flow between Smilodon and contemporary Felidae. Conclusions: Given that some species traditionally assigned to Pseudaelurus originated in the Early Miocene ~20 Ma, this indicates that some species of Pseudaelurus may be younger than the lineages they purportedly gave rise to, further supporting the hypothesis that Pseudaelurus was paraphyletic.
The future of public health policymaking after COVID-19: a qualitative systematic review of lessons from Health in All Policies
Authors: Cairney Paul , St Denny Emily , Mitchell Heather 
Published: March 2021

Background: ‘Health in All Policies’ (HIAP) describes the pursuit of health equity. It has five main elements: treat health as a human right; identify evidence of the ‘social determinants’ of health inequalities, recognise that most powers to affect health are not held by health departments, promote intersectoral policymaking and collaboration inside and outside of government, and generate political will. Studies describe its potential but bemoan a major implementation gap. Some HIAP scholars learn from policymaking research how to understand this gap, but the use of policy theories is patchy. In that context, our guiding research question is:How does HIAP research use policy theory to understand policymaking?It allows us to zoom-out to survey the field and zoom-in to identify: the assumed and actual causes of policy change, and transferable lessons to HIAP scholars and advocates.Methods: Our qualitative systematic review (two phases, 2018 and 2020) identified 4972 HIAP articles. Of these, 113 journal articles (research and commentary) provide a non-trivial reference to policymaking (at least one reference to a policymaking concept). We use the 113 articles to produce a general HIAP narrative and explore how the relatively theory-informed articles enhance it.Results: Most articles focus on policy analysis (identifying policy problems and solutions) rather than policy theory (explaining policymaking dynamics). They report a disappointing gap between HIAP expectations and policy outcomes. Theory-informed articles contribute to a HIAP playbook to close that gap or a programme theory to design and evaluate HIAP in new ways. Conclusions: Few HIAP articles use policy theories for their intended purpose. Policy theories provide lessons to aid critical reflection on power, political dilemmas, and policymaking context. HIAP scholars seek more instrumental lessons, potentially at the cost of effective advocacy and research.
Naïve, unenculturated chimpanzees fail to make and use flaked stone tools
Authors: Bandini Elisa , Motes-Rodrigo Alba , Archer William , Minchin Tanya , Axelsen Helene , Hernandez-Aguilar Raquel Adriana , McPherron Shannon P. , Tennie Claudio 
Published: March 2021

Background: Despite substantial research on early hominin lithic technologies, the learning mechanisms underlying flake manufacture and use are contested. To draw phylogenetic inferences on the potential cognitive processes underlying the acquisition of both of these abilities in early hominins, we investigated if and how one of our closest living relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), could learn to make and use flakes.Methods: Across several experimental conditions, we tested unenculturated, naïve chimpanzees from two independent populations (n=11) for their abilities to spontaneously make and use their own flakes as well as to use pre-made flakes made by a human experimenter.Results: Despite the fact that the chimpanzees demonstrated an understanding of the requirements of the task and that subjects were sufficiently motivated and had ample opportunities to develop these behaviours, none of the chimpanzees tested, made or used flakes in any of the experimental conditions.Conclusions: These results differ from all previous ape flaking experiments, which found flake manufacture and use in bonobos and one orangutan. However, these earlier studies tested human-enculturated apes and provided the test subjects with flake making and using demonstrations. The contrast between these earlier positive findings and our negative findings (despite using a much larger sample size) suggests that human enculturation and/or human demonstrations may be necessary for chimpanzees to acquire these abilities. The data obtained in this study are consistent with the hypothesis that flake manufacture and use might have evolved in the hominin lineage after the split betweenHomoandPan7 million years ago, a scenario further supported by the initial lack of flaked stone tools in the archaeological record after this split. We discuss possible evolutionary scenarios for flake manufacture and use in both non-hominin and hominin lineages.
Protocol for ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) mutagenesis application in rice
Authors: Unan Rasim , Deligoz Ilyas , Al-Khatib Kassim , Mennan Husrev 
Published: March 2021

Background: Non-transgenic chemical mutagen application, particularly ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), is an important tool to create mutations and gain a new genetic makeup for plants. It is useful to obtain a sufficient number of mutant plants instead of working with a severe mutation in a few plants. EMS dose and exposure period have been previously studied in several crops; however, EMS used to create point mutations in presoaked rice seeds has not been sufficiently studied and there is no standard protocol for such treatment. The aim of this study is to establish a standard protocol for EMS mutagenesis application in rice. Methods: Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of four durations of rice seed presoaking (0, 6, 12, and 24 hours), four EMS concentration doses (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%), and four EMS exposure periods (6, 12, 24, and 48 hours). Germination rate, plumula and radicle length, seedling survival, shoot length, root length and fresh seedling weight were evaluated. Results: Results showed that a 12-hour presoaking duration, 0.5% EMS dose, and six hours of EMS exposure were the best practices for the optimum number of mutant plants. Conclusions: In light of both this study and the literature, a standard application protocol was established. This application protocol, detailed in this article, contains the following guidelines: (1) Presoaking: 12 hours, (2) EMS application: 0.5% dose EMS and six hours, (3) Final washing: six hours, (4) Drying: 72 hours at 38°C. A user-friendly protocol has been presented for utilization by researchers.
IMPLEMENTATION OF GENERAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS USING DISTANCE LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES IN ADDITIONAL EDUCATION
Authors: Petrova Natalya , Sidorkin Gennady 
Published: March 2021

The article deals with the example of an additional general development program «Chess for all», the possibilities of increasing the availability of additional education for children and adults in modern conditions. In the author's additional general development program, the main emphasis is placed on the formation of meta-subject competencies of students, the development of logical thinking, as well as, we consider this program as a means of psychological relaxation for children and adults in modern conditions associated with social isolation. The purpose of the program is not only to solve educational problems, but also as a means of reducing psychological stress in students in various life situations. The program is implemented in an electronic educational environment using distance learning technologies. The versatility of the program allows you to carry out the learning process, not only in an electronic educational environment, but also in traditional forms.
The purpose of our work: to consider on the example of a specific program the basic positions and foundations of additional education for children and adults, the importance of additional education for ensuring «adaptation to life in society», the impact on the formation of «creative abilities» of students, the ability to adapt in modern conditions. To justify the possibility of integrating different subject areas in achieving metasubject results in the implementation of additional education programs. Development of a program for children and adults with the possibility of implementation in various learning environments.
Subject of research: additional education in the context of the current situation.
The result of the study: a general development program of additional education for various age categories, which promotes the development of logical thinking and the formation of meta-subject results, implemented in an electronic educational environment.
As a result of the work, a program was developed and tested, which can be used by teachers of additional education in various educational organizations using distance learning technologies.
Reduced mortality in COVID-19 patients treated with colchicine: Results from a retrospective, observational study
Authors: Manenti Lucio , Maggiore Umberto , Fiaccadori Enrico , Meschi Tiziana , Antoni Anna Degli , Nouvenne Antonio , Ticinesi Andrea , Cerundolo Nicoletta , Prati Beatrice , Delsante Marco , Gandoflini Ilaria , Donghi Lorenzo , Gentile Micaela , Farina Maria Teresa , Oliva Vincenzo , Zambrano Cristina , Regolisti Giuseppe , Palmisano Alessandra , Caminiti Caterina , Cocchi Enrico , Ferrari Carlo , Riella Leonardo V. , Cravedi Paolo , Peruzzi Licia 
Published: March 2021

Objectives
Effective treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are urgently needed. We hypothesized that colchicine, by counteracting proinflammatory pathways implicated in the uncontrolled inflammatory response of COVID-19 patients, reduces pulmonary complications, and improves survival.

Methods
This retrospective study included 71 consecutive COVID-19 patients (hospitalized with pneumonia on CT scan or outpatients) who received colchicine and compared with 70 control patients who did not receive colchicine in two serial time periods at the same institution. We used inverse probability of treatment propensity-score weighting to examine differences in mortality, clinical improvement (using a 7-point ordinary scale), and inflammatory markers between the two groups.

Results
Amongst the 141 COVID-19 patients (118 [83.7%] hospitalized), 70 (50%) received colchicine. The 21-day crude cumulative mortality was 7.5% in the colchicine group and 28.5% in the control group (P = 0.006; adjusted hazard ratio: 0.24 [95%CI: 0.09 to 0.67]); 21-day clinical improvement occurred in 40.0% of the patients on colchicine and in 26.6% of control patients (adjusted relative improvement rate: 1.80 [95%CI: 1.00 to 3.22]). The strong association between the use of colchicine and reduced mortality was further supported by the diverging linear trends of percent daily change in lymphocyte count (P = 0.018), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (P = 0.003), and in C-reactive protein levels (P = 0.009). Colchicine was stopped because of transient side effects (diarrhea or skin rashes) in 7% of patients.

Conclusion
In this retrospective cohort study colchicine was associated with reduced mortality and accelerated recovery in COVID-19 patients. This support the rationale for current larger randomized controlled trials testing the safety/efficacy profile of colchicine in COVID-19 patients.
Un Problema de Enrutamiento del Vehículo con Enfoque de Ventanas de Tiempo para Mejorar el Proceso de Entregas
Authors: Pineda Zapata Uriel , Carabalí Ararat Hader 
Published: March 2021

Contexto: Este artículo plantea resolver el problema de represamiento de entregas, identificado en 2018, en una empresa dedicada al servicio de entregas de paquetes y mercancías, localizada en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia, a partir de la optimización del proceso logístico que permita reducir los tiempos del proceso de entregas a los clientes y evitar pérdidas para la empresa. Esto significa generar rutas adecuadas, según el problema clásico denominado Problema de Enrutamiento del Vehículo (VRP, por sus siglas en inglés).
Método: Se analiza la información de más de 200 clientes para su realización. Se combinaron herramientas de calidad, tales como el análisis de Pareto y el enfoque de procesos, con técnicas de optimización basadas en el método Clarke-Wright y el uso de ventanas de tiempo por medio del programa VRP Solver 3.0.
Resultados: Con el diseño de las rutas propuesto para atender las entregas de una de las zonas de mayor demanda en la empresa (Zona Centro), los resultados de la simulación arrojaron un aumento en el nivel de servicio del 60%, dado el uso del vehículo para la distribución en una jornada laboral completa y no solo en media jornada. Se evidencia que el aumento en los clientes atendidos, genera ingresos adicionales suficientes para cubrir los costos de usar el vehículo una jornada más, con utilidades para la empresa. Así mismo, la capacidad de entrega, en Tm se aumenta en un 39%. De este modo se elimina la mercancía represada.
Conclusiones: Con el uso de ventanas de tiempo, se propone un método para la programación de rutas mediante la aplicación de la herramienta VRP Solver 3.0, consecuente con la operación del día a día en operadores logísticos como el caso estudiado. Igualmente, este artículo constituye una manera de acercar los conocimientos teóricos de la academia a la gestión eficiente del servicio en las Pymes. Así, empresas, como la del caso presentado, pueden mejorar aún más su nivel de servicio con tecnologías apropiadas para el tratamiento y control de la información de los clientes, con miras a la planificación de las entregas.
Evaluación del Apantallamiento Electromagnético del Concreto a partir de Simulaciones en Alta Frecuencia y la Aplicación del modelo de Jonscher
Authors: Granados Vivas Camilo Alejandro , Cubides Herbert Enrique Rojas , Santamaria Piedrahita Francisco 
Published: March 2021

Contexto: Este artículo analiza la efectividad de apantallamiento electromagnético de varias estructuras de concreto en función de la variación del grosor y el contenido o nivel de humedad (NH) para un rango de frecuencias definido.
Método: El estudio se fundamenta en la implementación de simulaciones en dos dimensiones (2D) usando un software basado en el método de elementos finitos (FEM) y se desarrolló a partir de un conjunto de valores obtenidos de la aplicación de modelos matemáticos para medios dieléctricos. Inicialmente, se caracterizan las propiedades eléctricas complejas de las estructuras (permitividad dieléctrica y conductividad) aplicando el modelo matemático de Jonscher de tres variables. Posteriormente, se evalúan dichas propiedades sobre diferentes estructuras de concreto para un rango de frecuencias determinado.
Resultados: Se observó que el blindaje electromagnético ofrecido por el concreto aumenta cuando se incrementa el NH y el grosor de las estructuras. Adicionalmente, las pruebas evidencian que las pérdidas de energía por absorción son mayores en comparación con los demás tipos de pérdidas analizadas en el estudio.
Conclusiones: Luego de la investigación se puede afirmar que modelo electromagnético de Jonscher ofrece una buena respuesta al ser aplicado a las propiedades eléctricas complejas del concreto en un rango de frecuencia desde 250 MHz hasta 700 MHz. Asimismo, al variar el grosor y el NH en las estructuras analizadas, se evidenció un aumento en la efectividad de apantallamiento electromagnético total. Debido a que el concreto es un medio dieléctrico imperfecto, las pérdidas de energía por reflexión son bajas comparadas con las pérdidas de absorción y de múltiples reflexiones. Aun así, este material estructural puede ser usado como apantallamiento natural contra perturbaciones electromagnéticas radiadas en la banda de UHF.
Agradecimientos: Este trabajo fue posible gracias al soporte y asesoría del Grupo de compatibilidad e interferencia electromagnética (GCEM-UD) de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas.
Entrevista con Eder Pires de Camargo
Authors: Castiblanco Abril Olga Lucía , Pires de Camargo Eder 
Published: March 2021

En el I Encuentro Nacional de Enseñanza de la Ciencia para la Inclusión, organizado por el Semillero de Óptica de Materiales de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas y el Capítulo interdisciplinario de óptica de Risaralda de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, en octubre de 2020, se presento la conferencia titulada “Eder Pires de Camargo: un extranjero entre videntes” ofrecida por la Dra. Olga Castiblanco. En esta oportunidad se tuvo la presencia del Dr. Eder Pires de Camargo, quién respondió las preguntas que hizo el público. Las preguntas fueron respondidas por Eder Pires durante el evento, pero luego fueron sistematizadas y ampliadas por escrito en portugués. Posteriormente, Olga Castiblanco hizo la traducción al español y organizó este documento que se pone a disposición de la comunidad para mayor comprensión del significado de la inclusión de personas con diversidad funcional visual, específicamente en el campo de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la física.
Wittgensteins Kritik am additiven Verständnis des sprachlichen Zeichens
Authors: Conant James 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper argues that Wittgenstein, both early and late, rejects the idea that the logically simpler and more fundamental case is that of “the mere sign” and that what a meaningful symbol is can be explained through the elaboration of an appropriately supplemented conception of the sign: the sign plus something (say, an interpretation or an assignment of meaning). Rather the sign, in the logically fundamental case of its mode of occurrence, is an internal aspect of the symbol. The Tractatus puts this point as follows: “The sign is that in the symbol which is perceptible by the senses.” Conversely, this means that it is essential to a symbol – to what a symbol is – that it have an essentially perceptible aspect. For Wittgenstein there is no privileged direction of explanatory priority between symbol and sign here: without signs there are no symbols (hence without language there is no thought) and without some sort of relation to symbols there are no signs (hence the philosopher’s concept of the supposedly “merely linguistic” presupposes an internal relation to symbols).