bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic movements facilitate extreme gap crossing in flying snakes
Authors: Graham Mal , Socha John J. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
In arboreal habitats, direct routes between two locations can be impeded by gaps in the vegetation. Arboreal animals typically use dynamic movements, such as jumping, to navigate these gaps if the distance between supports exceeds their reaching ability. In contrast, most snakes only use the cantilever crawl to cross gaps. This behavior imposes large torques on the animal, inhibiting their gap-crossing capabilities. Flying snakes (Chrysopelea), however, are known to use dynamic behaviors in a different arboreal context: they use a high-acceleration jump to initiate glides. We hypothesized that flying snakes also use jumping take-off behaviors to cross gaps, allowing them to cross larger distances. To test this hypothesis, we used a six-camera motion-capture system to investigate the effect of gap size on crossing behavior in Chrysopelea paradisi, and analyzed the associated kinematics and torque requirements. We found that C. paradisi typically uses cantilevering for small gaps (&lt;47.5% snout–vent length, SVL). Above this distance, C. paradisi were more likely to use dynamic movements than cantilevers, either arching upward or employing a below-branch loop of the body. These dynamic movements extended the range of horizontal crossing to ∼120% SVL. The behaviors used for the largest gaps were kinematically similar to the J-loop jumps used in gliding, and involved smaller torques than the cantilevers. These data suggest that the ability to jump allows flying snakes to access greater resources in the arboreal environment, and supports the broader hypothesis that arboreal animals jump across gaps only when reaching is not mechanically possible.
Bone conduction pathways confer directional cues to salamanders
Authors: Capshaw G. , Christensen-Dalsgaard J. , Soares D. , Carr C. E. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Sound and vibration are generated by mechanical disturbances within the environment, and the ability to detect and localize these acoustic cues is generally important for survival, as suggested by the early emergence of inherently directional otolithic ears in vertebrate evolutionary history. However, fossil evidence indicates that the water-adapted ear of early terrestrial tetrapods lacked specialized peripheral structures to transduce sound pressure (e.g. tympana). Therefore, early terrestrial hearing should have required nontympanic (or extratympanic) mechanisms for sound detection and localization. Here, we used atympanate salamanders to investigate the efficacy of extratympanic pathways to support directional hearing in air. We assessed peripheral encoding of directional acoustic information using directionally masked auditory brainstem response recordings. We used laser Doppler vibrometry to measure the velocity of sound pressure-induced head vibrations as a key extratympanic mechanism for aerial sound reception in atympanate species. We found that sound generates head vibrations that vary with the angle of the incident sound. This extratympanic pathway for hearing supports a figure-eight pattern of directional auditory sensitivity to airborne sound in the absence of a pressure-transducing tympanic ear.
‘Let there be Light,’ and there was Light, but was it Enough? A Review of Modern Dental Light Curing
Authors: Bonsor Stephen J , Palin William M 
Published: September 2021

Light curing, or photopolymerization, is a very common method of effecting the set of resin-containing dental materials. This review summarizes key aspects that influence optimal photopolymerization, and how both a basic knowledge of chemistry and properties of the light-curing device are essential to achieve optimal clinical performance of the material. Tips are offered with respect to both the light-curing units and those materials which are cured by them to ensure best practice when working clinically. CPD/Clinical Relevance: A thorough knowledge and understanding of photopolymerization is critical to clinicians given that many dental materials in contemporary use are cured by this means.
An update on indirect prosthodontic materials and their manufacturing techniques
Authors: Gray David , Barraclough Olivia , Ali Zaid , Nattress Brian 
Published: September 2021

Innovations in the fabrication of removable partial dentures depend not only on the development of new materials, but also on the availability of manufacturing techniques that can be applied to a dental environment. Many of these new materials have limited clinical evaluations, hence it can be difficult for the general dental practitioner to confidently determine which materials to use. The introduction of any new material into clinical practice often requires practitioners to go through a learning curve to make the most of the material and employ it most appropriately. This article provides an update on the materials available for removable partial dentures and discusses the advantages and disadvantages to enable the GDP to make an evidence-based decision. CPD/Clinical Relevance: It is important that clinicians are aware of the alternative materials to conventional acrylic and cobalt chrome.
Medical Interactive Recovery Assistant: a useful clinical tool in paediatric shoulder rehabilitation?
Authors: Hashim Sophia SR , Sau Nasreen , Trickett Toni , Jaggi Anju , Eastwood Deborah M 
Published: September 2021

Background/aims Outpatient physical therapy is the mainstay of treatment in shoulder instability, but lack of motivation and intermittent monitoring of progress is associated with poor compliance. ‘Exergames’ (a combination of videogames and physical exercise) may provide an additional or alternative motivational factor. The aim of this study was to determine the applicability of the Medical Interactive Recovery Assistant Xbox Kinect gaming software in the management of adolescent atraumatic shoulder instability. Methods Patients completed six 30-minute sessions playing games using the Medical Interactive Recovery Assistant while participating in a therapy programme. Pain and fatigue questionnaires, functional assessments and a framework analysis of free-text comments were used. Results A total of 20 female patients (15 unilateral, five bilateral pathology, mean age 14.1 years) completed the sessions. An average session length was 10.8 mins (range 0–24 mins). After each session using the Medical Interactive Recovery Assistant, 80% were neither in pain, nor overly tired. At 2 weeks, the Stanmore Percentage of Normal Shoulder Assessment scores had improved by a mean 17.9% and 10 (50%) patients showed improvements in Oxford Shoulder Instability Scores. Overall, 15 participants (75%) liked the technology; however six (32%) preferred standard physiotherapy, because of software limitations and lack of personal interaction. Conclusions Medical Interactive Recovery Assistant gamification is applicable for this patient cohort and could be integrated into adolescent atraumatic shoulder instability rehabilitation programmes; however, results emphasise the importance of personal contact.
Management of persistent sinus tachycardia during post-acute rehabilitation in a critical patient with COVID-19: a single-case study
Authors: Tay Matthew Rong Jie , Thio Jocelyn Mei Lin , Low Yee Hong , Lau Simon Wing Tai , Chan Wai Lim William 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundSinus tachycardia is a common arrhythmia in patients with COVID-19, and may pose challenges during rehabilitation.Case descriptionThis is a case report of a 39-year-old critically ill patient with COVID-19 with no premorbid conditions, who presented with intensive care unit-acquired weakness and persistent sinus tachycardia after their stay in an intensive care unit. The sinus tachycardia and exertional symptoms contributed to a severely limited exercise capacity (assessed through the 6-Minute Walk Test and 2-Minute Step Test), which impaired the progress of inpatient rehabilitation. This was addressed through the use of bisoprolol for heart rate control and a rehabilitation programme based on cardiac rehabilitation principles.ResultsThe patient's intensive care unit-acquired weakness improved with exercise-based rehabilitation, and the Functional Independence Measure motor subscore improved from 54/91 to 91/91 on discharge after 6 weeks of inpatient rehabilitation. After bisoprolol was started for sinus tachycardia, the patient's resting heart rate improved from 106 beats per minute to less than 90 beats per minute during this period of inpatient rehabilitation. During the same period, the patient exhibited concurrent improvement in exercise capacity on weekly 6-Minute Walk Test measurements. Improvements in the 2-Minute Step Test were also documented.ConclusionsPatient assessment using submaximal exercise testing with serial 6-Minute Walk Tests and 2-Minute Step Tests, along with using beta-blockers and cardiac rehabilitation principles, can be useful in the post-acute rehabilitation of patients recovering from COVID-19 with persistent sinus tachycardia.
Damage characteristics of a triple-junction GaAs cell with a subwavelength structured antireflective film
Authors: Qi Lei , Liu Yali , Jing Hao , Yang Xiaomin , Zhang Rongzhu 
Published: September 2021

A theoretical model of temperature and stress damage of a triple-junction GaAs solar cell with a conical subwavelength structure antireflection film is proposed to analyze the influence of subwavelength structure on damage characteristics. The distribution of temperature and stress under different cone structure parameters are calculated. Results show that the subwavelength structure will significantly modulate the light field, temperature field, and stress field inside the solar cell. Under the simultaneous influence of reflectivity and conical structure modulation, the melting damage and stress damage thresholds reach the minimum values of

2.485

×

10

7

and

0.49

×

10

7

W

/

c
m

2

when the cone height and bottom diameter are 500 and 750 nm, respectively.
Reaching fiber-laser coherence in integrated photonics
Authors: Li Bohan , Jin Warren , Wu Lue , Chang Lin , Wang Heming , Shen Boqiang , Yuan Zhiquan , Feshali Avi , Paniccia Mario , Vahala Kerry J. , Bowers John E. 
Published: September 2021

We self-injection-lock a diode laser to a 1.41 m long, ultra-high

Q

integrated resonator. The hybrid integrated laser reaches a frequency noise floor of

0.006

H

z

2

/

H
z

at 4 MHz offset, corresponding to a Lorentzian linewidth below 40 mHz—a record among semiconductor lasers. It also exhibits exceptional stability at low-offset frequencies, with frequency noise of

200

H

z

2

/

H
z

at 100 Hz offset. Such performance, realized in a system comprised entirely of integrated photonic chips, marks a milestone in the development of integrated photonics; and, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, exceeds the frequency noise performance of commercially available, high-performance fiber lasers.
Electromagnetic phase coherence gratings for atmospheric applications
Authors: Ata Yalçin , Korotkova Olga 
Published: September 2021

We propose using electromagnetic phase coherence gratings (EMPCGs) for fine spatial segregation in polarimetric components of stationary beams on their propagation in atmospheric turbulence. Unlike for other beams, e.g., non-uniformly correlated EM beams, the off-axis shifts occurring in polarimetric components of EMPCGs are shown to be invariant with respect to the local turbulence strength. This effect may lead to implementation of novel techniques for direct energy, imaging, and wireless optical communication systems operating in the presence of turbulent air.
Kreativitätsförderung in der virtuellen Gruppenarbeit
Authors: Gebbing Pia , Yang Xingyue , Michalke Simon , Lattemann Christoph 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungLaut OECD ist Kreativität eine der gefragtesten Soft Skills auf dem zukünftigen Arbeitsmarkt, was eine besondere Förderung in der Aus- und Weiterbildung notwendig macht. Problematisch ist, dass die zunehmende digitale Gestaltung von Lern- und Bildungsangeboten die Entwicklung von Kreativität im Lernprozess erschweren kann. Um zu untersuchen, welche Faktoren die Kreativität in der virtuellen Zusammenarbeit beeinflussen, wurde eine explorative Studie mit Studierenden eines fünftägigen online Design Thinking Workshops durchgeführt. Ziel ist es, aus Sicht der Lernenden die Faktoren zu identifizieren, die in der digitalen Lehre beachtet werden müssen, um kreative Gruppenarbeit zu ermöglichen. Die qualitative und quantitative Analyse der Bedürfnisse der Lernenden ergab drei Gruppen von Schlüsselfaktoren, die besonders bei der Gestaltung von Lehr- und Lernarrangements im digitalen Raum zu berücksichtigt sind: (1) Funktionalität und Eigenschaften der verwendeten technischen Tools, (2) psychologische Werte der Zusammenarbeit und Organisationskultur, (3) Motivation und Engagement.
Implications of armed conflict for maternal and child health: A regression analysis of data from 181 countries for 2000–2019
Authors: Jawad Mohammed , Hone Thomas , Vamos Eszter P. , Cetorelli Valeria , Millett Christopher 
Published: September 2021

Background
Armed conflicts have major indirect health impacts in addition to the direct harms from violence. They create enduring political instability, destabilise health systems, and foster negative socioeconomic and environmental conditions—all of which constrain efforts to reduce maternal and child mortality. The detrimental impacts of conflict on global maternal and child health are not robustly quantified. This study assesses the association between conflict and maternal and child health globally.

Methods and findings
Data for 181 countries (2000–2019) from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program and World Bank were analysed using panel regression models. Primary outcomes were maternal, under-5, infant, and neonatal mortality rates. Secondary outcomes were delivery by a skilled birth attendant and diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT) and measles vaccination coverage. Models were adjusted for 10 confounders, country and year fixed effects, and conflict lagged by 1 year. Further lagged associations up to 10 years post-conflict were tested. The number of excess deaths due to conflict was estimated. Out of 3,718 country–year observations, 522 (14.0%) had minor conflicts and 148 (4.0%) had wars. In adjusted models, conflicts classified as wars were associated with an increase in maternal mortality of 36.9 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (95% CI 1.9–72.0; 0.3 million excess deaths [95% CI 0.2 million–0.4 million] over the study period), an increase in infant mortality of 2.8 per 1,000 live births (95% CI 0.1–5.5; 2.0 million excess deaths [95% CI 1.6 million–2.5 million]), a decrease in DPT vaccination coverage of 4.9% (95% CI 1.5%–8.3%), and a decrease in measles vaccination coverage of 7.3% (95% CI 2.7%–11.8%). The long-term impacts of war were demonstrated by associated increases in maternal mortality observed for up to 7 years, in under-5 mortality for 3–5 years, in infant mortality for up to 8 years, in DPT vaccination coverage for up to 3 years, and in measles vaccination coverage for up to 2 years. No evidence of association between armed conflict and neonatal mortality or delivery by a skilled birth attendant was found. Study limitations include the ecological study design, which may mask sub-national variation in conflict intensity, and the quality of the underlying data.

Conclusions
Our analysis indicates that armed conflict is associated with substantial and persistent excess maternal and child deaths globally, and with reductions in key measures that indicate reduced availability of organised healthcare. These findings highlight the importance of protecting women and children from the indirect harms of conflict, including those relating to health system deterioration and worsening socioeconomic conditions.
Management of veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia in small animals: A survey of English-speaking practitioners in Canada
Authors: Lalonde Sophie , Truchetti Geoffrey , Otis Colombe , Beauchamp Guy , Troncy Eric 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveTo describe how small animal anaesthesia and analgesia is performed in English-speaking Canada, document any variation among practices especially in relation to practice type and veterinarian’s experience and compare results to published guidelines.DesignObservational study, electronic survey.Sample126 respondents.ProcedureA questionnaire was designed to assess current small animal anaesthesia and analgesia practices in English-speaking Canadian provinces, mainly in Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia. The questionnaire was available through SurveyMonkey®and included four parts: demographic information about the veterinarians surveyed, evaluation and management of anaesthetic risk, anaesthesia procedure, monitoring and safety. Year of graduation and type of practice were evaluated as potential risk factors. Exact chi-square tests were used to study the association between risk factors and the association between risk factors and survey responses. For ordinal data, the Mantel-Haenszel test was used instead.ResultsResponse rate over a period of 3 months was 12.4% (126 respondents out of 1 016 invitations). Current anaesthesia and analgesia management failed to meet international guidelines for a sizable number of participants, notably regarding patient evaluation and preparation, safety and monitoring. Nearly one third of the participants still consider analgesia as optional for routine surgeries. Referral centres tend to follow guidelines more accurately and are better equipped than general practices.Conclusions and clinical relevanceA proportion of surveyed Canadian English-speaking general practitioners do not follow current small animal anaesthesia and analgesia guidelines, but practitioners working in referral centres are closer to meet these recommendations.
A novel approach: Simulating multiple simultaneous encounters to assess multitasking ability in emergency medicine
Authors: Huang Wen-Cheng , Hsu Shih-Chang , Yang Chih-Hao , Lin Che-Wei , Suk Fat-Moon , Hu Kai-Chun , Wu Yun-Yu , Chen Hao-Yu , Hsu Chin-Wang 
Published: September 2021

Study objective
The purpose of this feasibility study is to develop and validate a new assessment tool and scoring system for multitasking competency for physicians in-training in a timed simulated setting. The multitasking competency includes ability to appropriately prioritize and implement tasks for different patients who present simultaneously.

Methods
We designed three single task stations with different levels of difficulty and priority. These skill stations were then combined to create a multitasking simulation scenario. Skill checklists and the global rating scale were utilized to assess the participants’ performance. A multitasking score, multitasking index, and priority score were developed to measure the multitasking ability of participants.

Results
Thirty-three first-year postgraduate physicians were recruited for this prospective study. The total performance scores were significantly higher for the single-tasking stations than for the multitasking scenario. In terms of the time needed to complete the tasks, the participants spent more time on the multitasking scenario than on the single-tasking scenario. There were significant correlations between the global rating scale and the multitasking score (rho = 0.693, p < 0.001) and between the global rating scale and the multitasking index (rho = 0.515, p < 0.001). The multitasking score, multitasking index, and priority score did not have any significant correlations with the total single-tasking score.

Conclusion
We demonstrated that the use of a simulated multitasking scenario could be an effective method of assessing multitasking ability and allow assessors to offer better quality feedback.
Prevención de la violencia y el acoso en la red en adolescentes: estrategias familiares de crecimiento personal
Authors: Millan Ghisleri Elda , Caro Samada Carmen 
Published: September 2021

En los últimos años se han desarrollado y puesto en marcha estudios y protocolos de detección e intervención de fenómenos de agresividad virtual en adolescentes -ciberodio y ciberacoso, entre otros-. Este artículo va a abordar especialmente el segundo de los fenómenos, dada su relevancia en los últimos años. Existe un claro vacío en las estrategias de prevención del fenómeno del ciberacoso en la literatura científica, lo que podría explicar que muchas de las medidas llevadas a cabo no prevengan la violencia ni las consecuencias de esta. Con el objeto de dar respuesta a esta necesidad, en este trabajo se proponen y analizan críticamente algunas estrategias de desarrollo personal en adolescentes para hacer frente a estos fenómenos de agresividad virtual. La agresividad en la red es una realidad que surge por la interacción tanto de factores individuales como ambientales. Entre estos últimos está el contexto familiar, ámbito en el que el adolescente adquiere las habilidades necesarias para su socialización y madurez personal. Así, el clima familiar, el apoyo parental y el tipo de comunicación que se establezca entre padres e hijos se constituyen en algunos de los factores protectores para la agresión y la victimización en el ciberacoso. Por otra parte, el desarrollo de una personalidad madura se constituye en uno de los ejes fundamentales para la prevención de conductas violentas. Se propone el fortalecimiento del papel socializador de la familia, el cultivo de virtudes para la formación del carácter y habilidades de crecimiento personal, basadas fundamentalmente en el perdón, como las principales estrategias educativas para la prevención de la violencia entre iguales en la red.
Subjectification and Existentialism in Contemporary Educational Theory
Authors: Oliverio Stefano 
Published: September 2021

In the present paper, I will investigate contemporary neo-existentialism in educational theory, by exploring the reasons which have recommended the rediscovery of an existentialist stance in our age, the significance of these endeavours for contemporary undertakings and also the manner in which the existentialist thrust has been spelled out. In particular, after situating present-day neo-existentialism against the backdrop of the mid-20th century educational existentialism and after specifying its topicality as a response to neoliberal stranglehold on education, I will focus on two models – “subjectification” and “existential learning” – and show that they ultimately represent two alternative pedagogical options. However, it will be argued, this difference does not exclude the possibility that both models can (and perhaps must) be deployed in contemporary scenarios to counter the human capital invasion of education, by operating in different dimensions of education and in response to different educational tasks. Indeed, together they may allow us to re(dis)cover education as an adventure.