bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TRENDS IN HEALTH LEGISLATION AND ADMINISTRATION
Authors: WALL JOSEPH S. 
Published: December 2021

THE 81st Congress continues to receive an increasing number and variety of health bills. Among this growing list, we wish at this time to draw attention to the following:
National Child Research Bill
In February we published in this column a preliminary draft of "The National Child Research Bill." This bill, with few but significant changes, was introduced into the Senate by Senator Douglas on February 10 as S.904. In preliminary draft form this bill provided for a National Child Research Institute to be established in the Children's Bureau. Thus it was intended that there should be created within the Children's Bureau a separate institute comparable to the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Public Health Service. In S.904 there is no mention of a separate institute; it is proposed that the Children's Bureau itself be "authorized to establish and carry out a program of research in child life and development" with such additional quarters as may be necessary to enable the Bureau to discharge its functions provided for in this bill. In other respects S.904 is identical to the draft bill previously published.
The School Health Services Bill
This bill, preliminary draft of which was also published in this column in February, became entangled in legislative strategy from which it has not emerged as of present date (February 23, 1949). In late January there arose within the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare a proposal to add school health services to S.246, a bill calling for $300,000,000 a year in Federal aid to elementary and secondary schools. An additional annual appropriation of $25,000,000 to be used for school health services was suggested as an amendment to S.246 with a formula to be worked out for the distribution of the funds through the state education agencies. (The School Health Services Bill proposed by Senator Saltonstall in the 80th Congress, S.1290, called for an appropriation of $10,000,000 for the first year and $15,000,000 for the second year.)
SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT OF SIX PATIENTS WITH HEMOPHILIA PRIOR TO AND DURING PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT
Authors: COHEN ETHEL , HERRMANN ROSALIND L. 
Published: December 2021

A study has been made of six patients treated for hemophilia by repeated frequent infusions of plasma.
Prior to beginning treatment these patients were semi-invalids, hospitalized frequently for periods of weeks and months and handicapped in their adjustment to normal social life. Since treatment they and their families have gained a feeling of confidence, without fear of hemorrhage "hanging over their heads." They know that if a hemorrhage occurs, it probably will not incapacitate them, but that even if it does, the period of incapacitation will be comparatively short. Our observations indicate great improvement in the lives of the patients studied, Whatever the future may hold for these patients, they have acquired a new outlook on life and many positive experiences. Also, from this study some insight has been gained into the social component of this disease and of the problems both solved and created by effective treatment.
INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF VITAMIN A FROM OILY AND AQUEOUS MEDIA IN PATIENTS WITH THE CELIAC SYNDROME
Authors: DANIELSON WAYNE H. , BINKLEY EDWARD L. , PALMER HAROLD D. 
Published: December 2021

The absorption of vitamin A from oily and aqueous media has been studied in infants and children with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and idiopathic celiac disease.
Patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas can absorb vitamin A acetate and vitamin A alcohol when it is given to them in an aqueous dispersion. The vitamin A acetate curves rose above the vitamin A alcohol curves in three of four patients on whom absorption curves were obtained.
Vitamin A is absorbed by patients with idiopathic celiac disease only slightly better from an aqueous dispersion of the alcohol than from an oily concentrate of the naturally occurring esters. The poor absorption from an aqueous media by these patients supports the suggestion that the defect in absorption in this disease lies within the intestinal mucosa.
The use of the differences in response to oily and aqueous concentrates in the differential diagnosis of the entities of the celiac syndrome is suggested.
THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC
Authors: HARPER PAUL 
Published: December 2021

The keynote of a good school health program is cooperation. Effective working relationships among parents, school staff, and health personnel are essential. Continuous education on the growth and development problems of children and active participation on the part of all concerned with the health of children are basic.
A good school health program is a dynamic program. It is bent on determining the changing needs of many individuals and on meeting these needs in the most effective way possible with all the variety of physical facilities and human resources to be found in the school and community.
The pediatrician has a unique contribution to make in meeting the objectives of the school health program and in interpreting them to the community.
OVARIAN TUMORS IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: DARGEON HAROLD W. 
Published: December 2021

Data on 14 cases of ovarian tumors occurring in children have been discussed in this presentation.
Ovarian neoplasm is uncommon during childhood. It should be considered however in the differential diagnosis of several conditions observed not infrequently by the clinician in girls from infancy through adolescence. These conditions are: lower abdominal pain of acute, subacute or chronic nature; abdominal or pelvic masses; precocious puberty and vaginal bleeding.
The treatment is surgical.
The prognosis in the malignant varieties is usually serious, but there are exceptions to this generalization. The prognosis in the benign types is good.
BRAIN TUMORS IN CHILDREN
Authors: KEITH HADDOW M. , CRAIG WINCHELL MCK. , KERNOHAN JAMES W. 
Published: December 2021

Twenty-four per cent of brain tumors of children aged less than 15 years were found to be astrocytomas, 20% were medulloblastomas and 11% were ependymomas. If the astroblastomas (3%) and ependymoblastomas (3%) are added to these, these groups of tumors comprise 61% of all brain tumors of children. Gliomas constituted 84% of all the tumors in children.
Six tumors were found in infants 1 year of age or less. The youngest infants were 2 months old.
Astrocytomas were slightly more common in children aged 5 years or less than in the older group. Medulloblastomas and ependymomas were distinctly more common in the younger group than in the older group.
Seventy-one per cent of tumors in the age group from birth through 5 years of age were infratentorial; 28% were supratentorial; 1 tumor (1%) was both infratentorial and supratentorial. In the group 6 through 14 years of age, 64% were infratentorial and 36% were supratentorial. Thirty per cent of infratentorial tumors were astrocytomas and 30% were medulloblastomas. Sixteen per cent of supratentorial tumors were craniopharyngiomas, 12% were astrocytomas and 12% were glioblastoma multiforme.
Under present conditions at the Mayo Clinic, 54% of all children who undergo operation for tumor of the brain survive for six months or more. Of 256 patients observed for five years or more after operation, 13.3% survive for at least five years. The longest survival period was 20 years after operation. This patient had had an astrocytoma removed in 1926.
Digoxin Dosage in Newborn Animals and Infants
Authors: MARINI ANTONIO , SERENI FABIO , BOTTINO DOMENICO 
Published: December 2021

Please do not think that, after our recent letter in Pediatrics (29:500, 1962), we wish to monopolize the column of Letters to the Editor. However, the paper by Levine and Blumenthal on "Digoxin Dosage in Premature Infants" (29:18, 1962) touched us so heartily that we must write of our experiences.
For reasons similar to those of Levine and Blumenthal, we devised in 1961 a series of experiments to test whether the responses of newborns to digitalis and ouabain differ from those of adults.
Modern Problems in Pediatrics, The Growth of the Normal Child during the First Three Years of Life
Authors: ILLINGWORTH R. S. 
Published: December 2021

This volume is devoted to the proceedings of an international seminar in Zurich organized by the International Children's Centre, and attended by about 112 experts from 26 countries. The seminar was devoted to the growth of the normal child in his first three years.
The subjects discussed include the assessment of physical growth, including the growth of fat, body density, muscle, and bone; the assessment of skeletal maturation; the chemistry of growth and development; the early diagnosis of mental deficiency, and the value of developmental tests; and psychological development.
It is almost invidious to pick out a few contributions as being of especial value; they would include the papers on "the influence of environment on growth" by Marcel Graffar of Belgium, "nutritional growth" by Dean of Kampala, "the accurate prediction of growth and adult height" by Nancy Bavley of Bethesda, "the growth of fat tissue" by Harold Stuart and co-workers, and "the biochemistry of the child during the first three years" by Tanner of London.
NASAL POLYPOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: Shwachman Harry , Kulczycki Lucas L. , Mueller Harry L. , Flake Carlyle G. 
Published: December 2021

Among 742 patients with cystic fibrosis studied during the past 4 years, 50 (or 6.7%) were found to have nasal polyposis. Polyps were noted in patients of all ages, the youngest being 2½ years of age. Roentgenograms of the sinuses showed evidence of paranasal sinusitis in each case studied. An allergic investigation was conducted in each of the 50 patients with nasal polyposis. Twenty-four patients presented no evidence of allergy. The clinical severity of the basic disease (cystic fibrosis) was the same in both the allergic and nonallergic group.
A brief description of the clinical course of the patient with nasal polyps is presented. The polyps are often multiple, may cause complete nasal obstruction, and tend to regrow. Their course is beneficially influenced by the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics or systemic steroids. However, polyps did appear in many patients while on constant broad spectrum antibiotic therapy. Conservative management is suggested. Simple polypectomy is carried out when nasal obstruction is complete. In a small number of patients, repeated polypectomies have been necessary over a number of years. The severity of the pulmonary lesion is not reflected by the degree of alteration of the mucosal linings of the paranasal sinuses. Patients with nasal polyposis, regardless of the presence or absence of allergy, should be examined for evidence of cystic fibrosis, including family history, pulmonary evaluation, and appropriate laboratory tests.
Breast Feeding
Authors: BATES GEORGE 
Published: December 2021

Without any intention of imposing upon these columns with a prolonged and inconclusive discussion of breast feeding, I should like to reply to the communication of Dr. Nicholas Demy (Pediatrics, 29:1030, 1962). It might also be of interest to hear current opinions of other practicing pediatricians on this subject.
My previous communication (Pediatrics, 29:332, 1962) meant to express the thought that there is no superiority attributable to breast feeding that can be clinically observed in breast fed infants as compared with infants nourished by proper artificial feeding regimens.
Genetics
Authors: CONNEALLY PATRICK M. , STEINBERG ARTHUR G. 
Published: December 2021

The interest in genetics among medical men has increased greatly in the last decade, as is evident from the fact that genetics has become a required course in many medical school curricula. A major requirement to keep pace with this development is an adequate genetics textbook.
Dr. King presents a well-written textbook, and the illustrations are excellent, especially those on mitosis and meiosis. It is written, however, mainly from a classical viewpoint; some areas, especially cytology, are discussed in considerable detail, while others, notably human genetics and some of the more recent advances in genetics, are given scant coverage.
EXTERNAL CARDIAC COMPRESSION
Authors: Thaler Manning Michael 
Published: December 2021

External cardiac compression is now the accepted method of treating sudden cardiac arrest. The technique is described, with particular emphasis on the steps which can cause serious trauma, if not properly performed. Ventilation of the lungs is of paramount importance.
The incidence of cardiac arrest seems to be increasing and appears to be higher in infants, perhaps because of the large proportion of cardiac surgical procedures in this age group. Survivals depend on several factors, the most important of which are the time elapsed before treatment is begun, the location of the patient at the time of cardiac arrest, and the primary disease of the patient. Use of external cardiac compression diminishes delay, makes the location of the patient less important, and produces less trauma in a critically ill patient. Blood pressures achieved by the external method are comparable to levels reached by direct massage of the heart. The myocardium is not traumatized by the external method, which is also less fatiguing to the operator.
The complications of external cardiac compression are traceable to excessive pressures and to pressure over wrong areas of the chest, and are therefore avoidable. Pressure should be applied to the sternum in the mid-line only, just above the xyphoid process. Two cases of ruptured liver in children are mentioned, and reports of other injuries are discussed in connection with specific errors in technique.
Human Milk—Protein—Prematurity
Authors: OMANS WALTER B. , BARNESS LEWIS A. , ROSE CATHERINE S. , GYÖRGY PAUL 
Published: December 2021

Sometimes, in order to make an article brief, authors quote others, but the interpretations of the new authors may not reflect the context of the original observers. This has occurred in the quotation of several of our papers in a recent article by Pincus et al.
First we are quoted as agreeing "that small infants where fed isocaloric diets gain weight more rapidly on a diet having a higher protein content" (author references 12 and 16). In reference 12,2 we state that infants fed 3.0 to 8.0 gm of protein per kilogram gained equally well. Only when the protein intake was below 2.0 gm/kg did the weight curve not rise as well. Indeed, in this paper, we noted a few babies taking more than 8 gm/kg protein who gained very poorly.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC AND ETIOLOGIC FINDINGS IN MENTAL RETARDATION
Authors: LaVeck Gerald D. , de la Cruz Felix 
Published: December 2021

A series of 578 institutionalized mentally retarded patients was evaluated by a multi-discipline approach in order to establish a presumptive etiologic diagnosis. Abnormal electroencephalographic findings were found to be related to the age of the patient, the severity of retardation, and the presence of seizures or motor dysfunction.
In this series 65.9% had abnormal tracings, and the most frequent abnormality was a focal change in 18.7%. However, focal abnormalities correlated with seizures and motor dysfunction so that no specific electroencephalographic aberration was characteristic of mental subnormality. Abnormal tracings were most frequent in nonseizure patients when subnormality was caused by intoxication, new growths, metabolic disorders, infectious processes, trauma, and encephalopathy of unknown cause in decreasing order of frequency. Abnormalities were seen in 36.4% of "cultural-familial" defectives and those whose intellectual defect was presumably due to psychologic factors.
It is believed that electroencephalography is a valuable diagnostic aid in the evaluation of mentally retarded children.
PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE
Authors: Webb Clarence H. 
Published: December 2021

THE PREVIOUS Message (Pediatrics, January, 1963) presented the role of the pediatrician as a clinical specialist; the other side of this professional coin is his role as family counsellor. For the child is not complete without his family, and the family—man's oldest institution—is unfulfilled without the child.
The background of this series was outlined in the first article as the concept of the author, enhanced by the shared thoughts and experiences of 20 pediatricians of his approximate vintage who practice in various parts of this country and in cities and towns of diverse size.
Some questions which have been posed or may arise should be answered. First, this series is a positive approach, and no attempt shall be made to catalog the disadvantages or occupational discomforts; they have been discussed by others. The challenge of pediatrics and the love of children make possible a full, satisfying life for the every-growing number of pediatricians.
Secondly, the emphasis herein on pediatric practice rather than total pediatrics reflects no lack of respect or affection for pediatric teachers, researchers, and other kinds of pediatricians. I have known many and worked with a number; they are imbued with the same ideals and purposes about which I write. A great strength of pediatrics and of the American Academy of Pediatrics is the cohesive force of service to children, which enables academicians and practitioners to work together exceptionally well. But I would feel awkward in attempting to describe those pediatric fields which are outside of my major experience; I must write of those things which I have known.
Cold Formulas and Adaptability
Authors: MCCLELLAN MARVIN 
Published: December 2021

On October 22, 1962, an article appeared in the Medical Tribune entitled "Warming formula seen unnecessary in baby feeding." Subsequently, in another article on October 29, 1962, in the same publication, there was another article entitled "Cold-bottle school likely to prevail, experts feel."
Both of these articles are comments about the feeding of cold formulas instead of those traditionally heated to body temperatures. The first work done in this direction was by Dr. John P. Gibson of Abilene, Texas. In the winter of 1958-9, Dr. L. Emmet Holt, Jr., Professor of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, and Dr. Saul Krugman, Director of Pediatrics at the Bellevue Hospital, conducted a study, comparing the feeding of warm and cold formulas.
COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN,   SUBCOMMITTEE ON BILIRUBIN STANDARDS
Published: December 2021

FOR THE past several years exchange transfusion has been generally accepted as the best preventive measure available against the hazard of kernicterus in hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn. During this period the Committee on Fetus and Newborn has repeatedly discussed the advisability of making a recommendation concerning the concentration of bilirubin in the serum above which an exchange transfusion would be indicated in the immediate neonatal period of life.
The Committee to date has not felt that sufficient evidence existed to justify a specific recommendation of this sort, because the ultimate clinical decision rests on the relative risks of kernicterus and serious complications of death associated with the exchange transfusion procedure. While knowledge and experience are accumulating which improve the effectiveness of, and confidence in, exchange transfusion, the Committee recognized that several areas existed where greater application could be made of existing knowledge with obvious benefit.
In 1961 the Committee attempted to stimulate Academy State Chapters to initiate or conduct educational programs on the subject of neonatal jaundice at the state and local level. At the same time, the Committee established a Subcommittee under the chairmanship of Dr. David Hsia to work with other interested groups and experts to draw up recommendations on a uniform bilirubin standard. Surveys using unknown standard bilirubin solution had emphasized what was widely suspected, that laboratories determining bilirubin were using standards prepared in several different ways, and different analytic methods, which resulted in a considerable range of answers on any single specimen.
Biliary Atresia: Possibility of a Prosthesis
Authors: HAYS DANIEL M. 
Published: December 2021

A significant advance in the treatment of biliary atresia would command the immediate attention of all pediatricians and pediatric surgeons.
In a recent report (Sterling, J. A., and Lowenburg, H.: Observation of Infants with Hepatic Duct Atresia and Use of Artificial Duct Prosthesis. Pediat. Clin. N. Amer., 9:485, 1962.) an operative procedure employing multiple metal tubes connecting the hepatic parenchyma with the gastrointestinal tract is described. Analysis of the results of therapy using these prosthetic devices includes the following statements or inferences: (a) the usual survival in untreated biliary atresia is less than 8 months and (b) the length of survival following the surgical procedure described may be significantly increased.
Sweat Electrolytes in Glycogen Storage Disease, Type I
Authors: HARRIS RUTH C. , COHEN HERBERT I. 
Published: December 2021

The cause of high concentration of electrolytes in sweat in a small group of patients with glycogen storage disease has interested us. Sodium and chloride concentration in sweat of three boys with glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency has been found in a range comparable to that seen in patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. These children seem to have a preference for salty food and also have frequent periods of hypoglycemia. While such factors have been known to influence the sweat test, heretofore such association in patients with glycogen storage has not been recorded.
Table I presents data on five children with glycogen storage disease type I. Significantly high electrolyte concentrations in sweat were found in one male, moderately high concentrations in two males, and normal concentrations in the two females. Two males with phosphorylase defect had normal electrolyte concentrations.
Sweat tests by pilocarpine iontophoresis were done by the method of Gibson and Cooke on 484 children between the ages of 4 weeks and 5 years. Collections were made on the left forearm, usually for less than 60 minutes. As shown in Table II, 73 of the tests were on children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and eight on children with glycogen storage disease. The remaining 403 tests included 84 on CF siblings and other relatives of children with CF. Since no difference was discernible between results of tests on these relatives and other normal individuals, they were grouped together as controls. Among normal individuals, sodium, and chloride values in sweat were below 30 meq/1 in 96%. A few patients with cystic fibrosis or glycogen storage disease had values in the borderline range of 40-49 meq/l. All the males with glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency had values above 50 meq/l.