bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tom, Dick and Harry as well as Fido and Puss in boots are
translators
Authors: Marais Kobus 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
As a field, translation studies arose from the
practice of interlingual, mostly written translation. Though not an
invalid point of departure, this assumption, which had not really
been investigated critically despite lip service to Jakobson’s
categories of intralinguistic, interlinguistic and intersemiotic
translation, has meant that translation studies has limited its
field of interest to, mainly, written, literary, professional
translation as instantiated by Western practices. This linguistic
bias has an anthropocentric bias as its logical implication. The
limited conceptualization of translation has become untenable for a
number of reasons, not least of which is the growth in multimodal
communication made possible by information-technology developments
as well as the growth in posthumanist thinking. Lastly, semiotic
conceptualizations of translation clearly pose theoretical
challenges to a translation studies that is conceptualized on the
basis of interlinguistic translation only or that is based on a
linguicentric and thus anthropocentric bias.
This chapter investigates the Peircean definition
of meaning as “the translation of a sign into another system of
signs” (Peirce
1931–1966: 4.127), in particular the ways in which this kind
of thinking has evolved in the modern field of biosemiotics. If all
meaning creation is, per definition, translation, it means that
every living organism is a translator. It further means that one
needs to consider translational actions by animals and plants at
both intraspecific and interspecific levels. The chapter addresses
the asymmetry both in the relationships between human and non-human
animals and in the attention that translation studies pays to this
power dynamic.
Child language brokering in Swedish welfare institutions
Authors: Gustafsson Kristina 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the asymmetries
associated to child language brokering in Swedish welfare
institutions. Group interviews with (a) people who have experiences
of language brokering as children and (b) public service
professionals who have used children as brokers in encounters with
non-Swedish speaking service users are analyzed. Results show that
both groups consider that resorting to child language brokering is
wrong but at the same time they reproduce this social practice and
see benefits in it. This ambiguity leads interviewees to lay
responsibility on several levels: the parents who place unreasonable
demands on their children; the public service professionals who
allow children to take on responsibility in precarious situations,
and society at large that may be accomplice to structural
discrimination of non-Swedish speaking service users. The
responsibilities identified by interviewees in their narratives are
critically discussed in relation to the concept of
“structural complicity” showing how power
relations and social structures create situations where individuals
act with complicity even when they do something that they consider
to be a good solution for an imperative problem and for which they
do not see any alternatives.
Translating values
Authors: Monzó-Nebot Esther 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In June 2018, the Aquarius, a search and rescue
vessel operating in the Mediterranean Sea, rescued 630 migrants at
sea and asked to dock at the nearest port. First Italy and then
Malta refused and the dramatic situation of those on board made the
news and highlighted the increasingly restrictive nature of European
migration policies. Progressive parties in the Valencian regional
and Spanish central governments provided the conditions to offer a
safe berth and to implement the regional government’s plan to assist
refugees in a crisis situation. This chapter will offer an overview
of the plan, focusing on its linguistic component, and analyze how
translation and interpreting were approached by the policymakers
responsible for its inception and development. A distance between
the values protected by translation and interpreting professional
codes of practice and those that policymakers desire to advance in
crisis situations will be evinced as revolving around the role of
translation and interpreting in mediating asymmetries.
Against the asymmetry of the post-Francoist canon
Authors: Godayol Pilar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The emergence of women’s social and cultural
movements in Spain after the death of Francisco Franco led to the
appearance of remarkable feminist publication series and publishing
houses in a search for foreign ideological mothers. In Barcelona,
three such feminist projects were founded in 1977: Colección
Feminismo (1977–1979), of Ediciones de Feminismo, La Educación
Sentimental (1977–1984), of Anagrama, and the hybrid and
multipurpose cultural and political café-bar LaSal, the embryo of
LaSal, Edicions de les Dones (1978–1990), the first feminist press
in Spain. In this chapter three feminist imprints of the Transition
period will be presented. All of them fought to combat the chronic
lack of ideological mothers that the Francoist regime had imposed.
Aimed at restoring the historical memory of women and creating an
identity debate, the importation of foreign feminist literature was
crucial for the social transformations of the time. Translation
became one of the elements of social change, a political act in
trying to achieve canonical equality.
(Re)locating translation within asymmetrical power
dynamics
Authors: Martín Ruano M. Rosario 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article proposes a critical approach to any
instance of translation which (1) contributes to the (re)thinking of
translation beyond the idea of bridge-building; (2) is based on a
conceptualisation of culture(s) and identity(ies) in terms of
translation and in inevitably political terms; and (3) may be useful
for exploring alternative, resistant translation policies and
practices inspired by an ideal of social conviviality. It will be
argued that this is especially necessary in our superdiverse
societies and in the contemporary era, where the potentialities of
translation, both as a metaphor and as a practice, for social
cohesion can be rethought and exploited. Translation perceived and
practised as a dialogic and empowering tool will be posited as a
powerful antidote to the perverse effects of the model of
globalisation which is accepted as dominant in the current digital
paradigm.
Phylogenetic Systematics of the Millipede Family Xystodesmidae
Authors: Means Jackson C , Hennen Derek A , Tanabe Tsutomu , Marek Paul E 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe millipede family Xystodesmidae includes 486 species distributed primarily in temperate deciduous forests in North America and East Asia. Species diversity of the family is greatest in the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States, with 188 species. Although the group includes notable taxa such as those that are bioluminescent and others that display Müllerian mimicry, producing up to 600 mg of cyanide, basic alpha-taxonomy of the group is woefully incomplete and more than 50 species remain undescribed in the Appalachian Mountains alone. In order to establish a robust phylogenetic foundation for addressing compelling evolutionary questions and describing species diversity, we assembled the largest species phylogeny (in terms of species sampling) to date in the Diplopoda. We sampled 49 genera (out of 57) and 247 of the species in the family Xystodesmidae, recollecting fresh material from historical type localities and discovering new species in unexplored regions. Here, we present a phylogeny of the family using six genes (four mitochondrial and two nuclear) and include pivotal taxa omitted from previous studies including Nannaria, Erdelyia, taxa from East Asia, and 10 new species. We show that 6 of the 11 tribes are monophyletic, and that the family is paraphyletic with respect to the Euryuridae and Eurymerodesmidae. Prior supraspecific classification is in part inconsistent with the phylogeny and convergent evolution has caused artificial genera to be proposed. Subspecific classification is likewise incongruent with phylogeny and subspecies are consistently not sister to conspecifics. The phylogeny is used as a basis to update the classification of the family, diagnose monophyletic groups, and to inform species hypotheses.
Evaluating the utility of synthetic COVID-19 case data
Authors: El Emam Khaled , Mosquera Lucy , Jonker Elizabeth , Sood Harpreet 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Concerns about patient privacy have limited access to COVID-19 datasets. Data synthesis is one approach for making such data broadly available to the research community in a privacy protective manner.

Objectives
Evaluate the utility of synthetic data by comparing analysis results between real and synthetic data.

Methods
A gradient boosted classification tree was built to predict death using Ontario’s 90 514 COVID-19 case records linked with community comorbidity, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics. Model accuracy and relationships were evaluated, as well as privacy risks. The same model was developed on a synthesized dataset and compared to one from the original data.

Results
The AUROC and AUPRC for the real data model were 0.945 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.941–0.948] and 0.34 (95% CI, 0.313–0.368), respectively. The synthetic data model had AUROC and AUPRC of 0.94 (95% CI, 0.936–0.944) and 0.313 (95% CI, 0.286–0.342) with confidence interval overlap of 45.05% and 52.02% when compared with the real data. The most important predictors of death for the real and synthetic models were in descending order: age, days since January 1, 2020, type of exposure, and gender. The functional relationships were similar between the two data sets. Attribute disclosure risks were 0.0585, and membership disclosure risk was low.

Conclusions
This synthetic dataset could be used as a proxy for the real dataset.
Animals selected for postweaning weight gain rate have similar maintenance energy requirements regardless of their residual feed intake classification
Authors: Batalha Camila Delveaux Araujo , Tedeschi Luís Orlindo , de Araújo Fabiana Lana , Branco Renata Helena , Cyrillo Joslaine Noely dos Santos Gonçalves , Bonilha Sarah Figueiredo Martins 
Published: March 2021

AbstractData of comparative slaughter were used to determine Nellore bulls’ net energy requirements classified as efficient or inefficient according to residual feed intake (RFI) and selection lines (SL). Sixty-seven Nellore bulls from the selected (SE) and control (CO) lines of the selection program for postweaning weight gain were used. The animals underwent digestibility trials before being submitted to the finishing trial. Sixteen bulls were slaughtered at the beginning of the finishing trial, and their body composition was used as the baseline for the remaining animals. For body composition determinations, whole empty body components were weighed, ground, and subsampled for chemical analyses. Initial body composition was determined with equations developed from the baseline group using shrunk body weight, fat, and protein. The low RFI (LRFI) and CO animals had a lower dry matter (DMI) and nutrient intake (P &lt; 0.05) than high RFI (HRFI) and SE animals, without alterations in digestibility coefficients (P &gt; 0.05). During the finishing trial, DMI remained lower for LRFI and CO animals. Growth performance was similar between RFI classes, except for empty body weight gain that tended to be higher for LRFI than HRFI (P = 0.091). The SE animals had less fat content on the empty body (P = 0.005) than CO. Carcasses tended to be leaner for LRFI than HRFI (P = 0.080) and for SE than CO (P = 0.066) animals. LRFI animals retained more energy (P = 0.049) and had lower heat production (HP; P = 0.033) than the HRFI ones. Retained energy was not influenced by SL (P = 0.165), but HP tended to be higher for SE when compared to CO (P = 0.075) animals. Net energy requirement for maintenance (NEm) was lower for LRFI than HRFI (P = 0.009), and higher for SE than CO (P = 0.046) animals. There was an interaction tendency between RFI and SL (P = 0.063), suggesting that NEm was lower for LRFI+CO than HRFI+CO (P = 0.006), with no differences for SE (P = 0.527) animals. The efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance (km) of LRFI and HRFI animals were 62.6% and 58.4%, respectively, and for SE and CO were 59.0% and 62.1%, respectively. The breeding program for postweaning weight has not improved feed efficiency over the years, with RFI classification not being a promising selection tool for SE animals. Classification based on RFI seems to be useful in animals that have not undergone the breeding program, with LRFI animals having lower energy requirements than the HRFI ones.
Alteration in the Stylet Probing Behavior and Host Preference of the VectorMatsumuratettix hiroglyphicus(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) After Infection with Sugarcane White Leaf Phytoplasma
Authors: Roddee Jariya , Backus Elaine A , Wangkeeree Juremart , Hanboonsong Yupa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe leafhopper (Matsumuratettix hiroglyphicus (Matsumura) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)) is a crucial insect vector of the phytoplasma associated with sugarcane white leaf (SCWL) disease. The aim of this study was to compare the stylet probing behaviors of M. hiroglyphicus on healthy sugarcane plants, asymptomatic, and symptomatic SCWL-infected sugarcane plants, using DC electropenetrography. We also used host-selection preference (free-choice) assays to identify the preferred types of host plants, and scanning electron microscopy to observe stylet puncture holes and salivary flanges after leafhopper probing. According to a quantitative analysis of M. hiroglyphicus stylet probing, mean durations per insect of both phloem ingestion (waveform D; the phytoplasma-acquisition behavior) and phloem salivation (waveform C; the phytoplasma-inoculation behavior) were significantly longer on both types of infected sugarcane than on healthy plants. These longer overall durations were mainly because the same number of significantly longer-duration C and D events was performed on infected sugarcane compared with healthy plants. On free-choice tested plants, M. hiroglyphicus displayed a significantly greater preference to settle on the infected plants (both types) than the healthy sugarcane. These results provide the first empirical evidence that acquiring the SCWL phytoplasma alters the host selection and stylet probing behaviors of its main vector (M. hiroglyphicus). Our study thus contributes to a better understanding of the interactions between the insect vector and SCWL phytoplasma-infected plants, and will aid in developing novel disease management tactics for sugarcane.
Boots on the Ground: Means, Ends, and the American Military Commitment to Europe
Authors: Schmidt Sebastian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the security commitment it entails are cornerstones of the current international order. Despite this centrality, international relations scholarship is ill equipped to explain the origin of the American commitment to Europe in the form of a long-term, peacetime military presence. At the time, this disposition of military forces represented a historically novel practice. The rational and norm-oriented logics of action that characterize much international relations theory explain cooperation as proceeding from a foundation of given interests. This perspective constrains the ability of analysts to make sense of the dynamic nature and potential creativity of cooperative endeavors. Building on a pragmatist understanding of action, this paper conceptualizes cooperation as a contingent process, characterized by the reciprocal relationship of means and ends, through which actors’ initially ambiguous interests become more concrete. The ends of cooperation emerge endogenously, and the potential for creativity is inherent in the process. This dynamic resulted in the specific form of the American commitment to Europe. A pragmatist account foregrounds agency and in doing so draws attention to important developments that traditional analyses may overlook or assume in the effort to reconstruct a pre-existing structure of interests as the basis for cooperation. By underlining the processual cast of action, this paper also helps recontextualize institutionalization as one step within a broader cooperative dynamic.
Short loop functional commonality identified in leukaemia proteome highlights crucial protein sub-networks
Authors: Chung Sun Sook , Ng Joseph C F , Laddach Anna , Thomas N Shaun B , Fraternali Franca 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDirect drug targeting of mutated proteins in cancer is not always possible and efficacy can be nullified by compensating protein–protein interactions (PPIs). Here, we establish an in silico pipeline to identify specific PPI sub-networks containing mutated proteins as potential targets, which we apply to mutation data of four different leukaemias. Our method is based on extracting cyclic interactions of a small number of proteins topologically and functionally linked in the Protein–Protein Interaction Network (PPIN), which we call short loop network motifs (SLM). We uncover a new property of PPINs named ‘short loop commonality’ to measure indirect PPIs occurring via common SLM interactions. This detects ‘modules’ of PPI networks enriched with annotated biological functions of proteins containing mutation hotspots, exemplified by FLT3 and other receptor tyrosine kinase proteins. We further identify functional dependency or mutual exclusivity of short loop commonality pairs in large-scale cellular CRISPR–Cas9 knockout screening data. Our pipeline provides a new strategy for identifying new therapeutic targets for drug discovery.
Smartphone Inclinometry Is a Valid and Reliable Tool for Measuring Frontal Plane Tibial Alignment in Healthy and Osteoarthritic Knees
Authors: Tse Calvin T F , Charlton Jesse M , Lam Jennifer , Ho Joanne , Bears Jessica , Serek Amanda , Hunt Michael A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
Frontal plane knee alignment plays an integral role in tibiofemoral knee osteoarthritis development and progression. Accessible methods for obtaining direct or indirect measures of knee alignment may help inform clinical decision making when specialized equipment is unavailable. The present study evaluated the concurrent validity, as well as intersession (within-rater) and interrater (within-session) reliability of smartphone inclinometry for measuring static frontal plane tibial alignment—a known proxy of frontal plane knee alignment.

Methods
Twenty healthy individuals and 38 patients with knee osteoarthritis were measured for frontal plane tibial alignment by a pair of raters using smartphone inclinometry, manual inclinometry, and 3-dimensional motion capture simultaneously. Healthy participants were measured on 2 separate days. Bland-Altman analysis, supplemented with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)(2,k), was used to assess concurrent validity. ICC(2,k), SEM, and minimum detectable change with 95% confidence limits (MDC95) were used to assess measurement reliability.

Results
Compared against motion capture, smartphone inclinometry measured frontal plane tibial alignment with a mean difference of 0.7 and 1.1 degrees (biased toward varus) for healthy participants and participants with knee osteoarthritis, respectively (ICC[2,k] ≥ 0.87). Smartphone inclinometry measurements demonstrated adequate intersession (within-rater) relative (ICC[2,k] = 0.91) and absolute (SEM = 0.7 degrees; MDC95 = 1.8 degrees) reliability, which outperformed manual inclinometry (ICC[2,k] = 0.85; SEM = 1.0 degrees; MDC95 = 2.6 degrees). Interrater (within-session) reliability of smartphone inclinometry was acceptable in both cohorts (ICC[2,k] = 0.93; SEM = 0.4 degrees to 1.2 degrees; MDC95 = 1.2 degrees to 3.2 degrees).

Conclusion
Smartphone inclinometry is sufficiently valid and reliable for measuring frontal plane tibial alignment in healthy individuals and patients with medial tibiofemoral knee osteoarthritis.

Impact
Smartphones are readily accessible by clinicians and researchers. Our assessment of measurement validity and reliability supports the use of smartphone inclinometry as a clinically available tool to measure frontal plane tibial alignment without medical imaging or specialized equipment.
Brain function in children with obstructive sleep apnea: a resting-state fMRI study
Authors: Ji Tingting , Li Xiaodan , Chen Jun , Ren Xuemin , Mei Lin , Qiu Yue , Zhang Jie , Wang Shengcai , Xu Zhifei , Li Hongbin , Zheng Li , Peng Yun , Liu Yue , Ni Xin , Tai Jun , Liu Jiangang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the neural difference between children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and healthy controls, together with the relation between this difference and cognitive dysfunction of children with OSA.MethodsTwenty children with OSA (7.2 ± 3.1 years, apnea hypopnea index (AHI): 16.5 ± 16.6 events/h) and 29 healthy controls (7.7 ± 2.8 years, AHI: 1.7 ± 1.2 events/h) were recruited and matched with age, gender, and handedness. All children underwent resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) and T1-wighted imaging. Some children were sedated for MRI scanning. We compared amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) of children with OSA with those of healthy controls. During resting-state, the former reflects the intensity of the spontaneous neural activities, whereas the latter reflects temporal similarity of the spontaneous neural activities within a local brain region. Pearson correlation analysis was performed between these features of rs-fMRI and cognitive scores among children with OSA.ResultsCompared with controls, children with OSA showed decreased ALFF in the left angular gyrus but increased ALFF in the right insula, and decreased ReHo in the left medial superior frontal gyrus, right lingual gyrus, and left precuneus. Additionally, among children with OSA, the ReHo value in the right lingual gyrus was negatively correlated with FIQ and VIQ, whereas that in the left medial superior frontal gyrus was positively correlated with VIQ.ConclusionsChildren with OSA presented abnormal neural activities in some brain regions and impaired cognitive functions with the former possibly being the neural mechanism of the latter.