bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water quality assessment of the Tano Basin in Ghana: a multivariate statistical approach
Authors: Obiri Samuel , Addico Gloria , Mohammed Saada , Anku Wilson William , Darko Humphry , Collins Okrah 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMultivariate statistical techniques including principal component and factor analyses were applied in this study to assess the quality of surface water from Tano basin in Ghana. The water samples were obtained from three monitoring stations from January to October 2016. The obtained data set was analysed using multivariate statistical methods. The results obtained from Rho Spearman's correlation revealed that at P < 0.05 two-tailed, a positive correlation between pH and total dissolved solids, pH and alkalinity, pH and electrical conductivity, pH and major anions and cations such as SO4, F, Ca, K, Na and Mg was established. However, negative correlation existed between pH-colour, pH-turbidity and total suspended solids. The results of the principal component analysis show that the five principal components explain more than 91.57% of the total variance and hence can be relied upon for identification of the main sources of variation in the physicochemical properties of the water samples. Principal component 1 embodies about 54.26% of the variance and possesses a high loading for electrical conductivity, Na, Ca, K, Mg. Principal component 2, which also explains 33.94% of the total variance, holds high loadings for pH, SO4, HCO3, and total alkalinity. Component 3 also shows high loadings for TDS, TSS and conductivity, which account for 3.378% of the variation in the hydrochemistry. Components 4 and 5 show a joint influence of anthropogenic activities and partial ecological recovery system of the river and its basin which influence the overall water quality within the basin.
Evidence-based uncertainty: do implant-related properties of titanium reduce the susceptibility to perioperative infections in clinical fracture management? A systematic review
Authors: Tanner Michael C. , Fischer Christian , Schmidmaier Gerhard , Haubruck Patrick 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Implant-associated infections (IAI) remain a challenging complication in osteosynthesis. There is no consensus or clear evidence whether titanium offers a relevant clinical benefit over stainless steel.

Purpose
In this systematic review, we sought to determine whether the implant properties of titanium reduce the susceptibility to IAI compared to stainless steel in fracture management.

Methods
A systematic literature search in German and English was performed using specific search terms and limits. Studies published between 1995 and 1st June 2020 in the Cochrane library, MEDLINE and Web of Science databases were included. Only clinical studies comparing titanium and stainless steel implants regarding the susceptibility to infections were selected for detailed review.

Results
Five studies out of 384 papers were identified and reviewed. From the studies meeting inclusion criteria one study was a systematic review, two studies were randomized controlled studies (RCT) and two studies were of retrospective comparative nature of level IV evidence.

Conclusion
Our results show that currently, no proven advantage for titanium implants in respect to IAI can be seen in contemporary literature. Implants preserving periosteal blood-flow and minimising soft-tissue trauma show statistically significant benefits in reducing the incidence of IAI. Clinical studies providing reliable evidence regarding the influence of titanium implants on IAI and investigating the susceptibility of titanium to infection are necessary
Challenged in Geneva: WTO Litigation Experience and the Design of Preferential Trade Agreements
Authors: Wüthrich Simon , Elsig Manfred 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhat explains the design of international institutions? Existing research has largely neglected how experience in cooperation in one set of international institutions impacts on design choices made by states in other globally-oriented institutions. We contribute to this evolving debate by analyzing spillovers in experience in international trade. We argue that countries' track record of interaction in multilateral trade disputes affects the design of their preferential trade agreements (PTAs). If a country participates in a complaint against a prospective PTA partner at the World Trade Organization (WTO), the challenge in Geneva alerts the defendant's import-competing industries with respect to potential challenges under the planned PTA. As a result, these industries exert pressure on their government to preserve leeway under the future treaty, leading to increased flexibility and a lower level of enforcement in the PTA. We find support for our hypotheses in an empirical analysis of 347 PTAs concluded post 1990.
More than amnesia: prospective cohort study of an integrated novel assessment of the cognitive and behavioural features of PTA
Authors: Hennessy Maria J. , Delle Baite Lorryn , Marshman Laurence A. G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground and Objective:Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is an early significant stage of recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). Current prospective PTA scales do not assess the full range of PTA symptomatology. This study conducted a novel integrated assessment of cognition and behaviour during PTA.Method:Twenty-four moderate-to-severe TBI participants in PTA and 23 TBI controls emerged from PTA were matched for age, gender, and years of education. All completed PTA measures (Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test: GOAT, Westmead Post-traumatic Amnesia Scale: WPTAS), a cognitive battery; and behaviour ratings scored by 2 independent raters (informant and staff).Results:Significantly poorer performance was found during PTA for attention, processing speed, delayed verbal free recall and recognition, and visual learning. A large effect size was found for category fluency only. Behaviour ratings were significantly higher during PTA. Five behaviours were rated as high frequency (>50%) by both raters: Inattention, Impulsivity, Sleep Disturbance, Daytime Arousal, and Self-Monitoring. Prospective PTA measures produced significantly different duration estimates from 2 days (GOAT vs. WPTAS 1st day) to 9 days (WPTAS 1st day vs. 3-day). The WPTAS correlated most highly with processing speed and language tasks; whilst the GOAT correlated most highly with language and executive control of verbal memory.Conclusion:New prospective measures are needed that integrate core cognitive and behavioural features are brief, easy to administer, and capable of measuring emergence. The term PTA is a misnomer that requires revision to better accommodate the clinical syndrome.
Energy and protein intake in the Colombian population: results of the 2015 ENSIN population survey
Authors: Herrán Oscar F. , Gamboa-Delgado Edna M. , Zea María Del Pilar 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe present study was aimed at (1) the differences between current weightv.ideal weight, (2) total energy intake and comparing it with required energy (Rkeer), (3) absolute protein intake in g/kg per d and g/1000 calories, (4) how energy and protein intake relate to the nutritional status of the subjects in terms of overall overweight (OEW) [overweight + obesity] and conservative overweight (CEW) [obesity] and (5) the contribution (%) of protein to total energy intake based on the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR). A dietary study was carried out in Colombia with 29 259 subjects between 1 and 64 years of age, based on cross-sectional data collected in 2015 by a 24-h dietary recall (24HR) administered as part of the National Nutrition Survey. Energy and protein intake did not differ by nutritional status. In the general population, energy intake was 2117 kcal/d (95 % CI 1969, 2264). The total protein intake was 64⋅3 g/d (95 % CI 61⋅4, 67⋅3). Adequate energy intake ranged from 90 to 100 %, except for the 1–4-year-old group, which ranged from 144 to 155 %. Protein intake was 1⋅64 g/kg per d (95 % CI 1⋅53, 1⋅75). The mean AMDR for protein to total energy intake was 13⋅3 % (95 % CI 12⋅9, 13⋅7). Excess weight began during the first 4 years of age. In conclusion, it is worth reviewing and updating energy and protein intake recommendations and dietary guidelines for the Colombian population and designing and modifying public policy.
Vitamin and mineral supplement exposures: cases reported to Australia’s largest Poisons Information Centre, 2014–2015 to 2018–2019
Authors: Luckock Usha , Harnett Joanna , Cairns Rose 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVitamin and mineral supplements (VMS) are widely available and commonly used. Little is known about patterns of poisoning exposures to VMS in the Australian population. We performed a retrospective study of calls to the New South Wales Poisons Information Centre (NSWPIC), July 2014–June 2019. NSWPIC is Australia’s largest PIC, taking approximately 100 000 calls/year (50 % of Australian poisoning calls) from healthcare professionals and members of the public. We conducted additional analyses on Fe exposures due to their high risk of acute toxicity. There were 10 944 VMS exposures reported to NSWPIC during the study period, increasing 9·6 % per annum over a 5-year period (95 % CI, 7·2, 12·1 %). Toddlers (1–4 years) accounted for 41·5 % (4546) of cases. Agents most commonly involved were multivitamins (n 3610), vitamin D (n 2080), Fe (n 1533) and Mg (n 804). In 17·7 % (1934) of cases, the call originated from hospital or the patient was referred to hospital by NSWPIC. Fe exposures increased by 14·0 % per year (95 % CI, 9·5, 18·5 %), and most were associated with high-strength products (> 45 mg elemental Fe per unit dose, n 1036). Fe exposures were hospitalised in 38 % of cases (n 583). We conclude that VMS exposures are increasing in Australia. Although most exposures can be managed at home, many required hospitalisation. Fe exposures are increasing and had higher rates of hospitalisation than other agents. VMS are often considered safe and without the potential for adverse effects, highlighting the importance of public education into the potential risks of misuse of these products.
Out of an Abundance of Caution: COVID-19 and Health Risk Frames in Canadian News Media
Authors: Wallace Rebecca , Lawlor Andrea , Tolley Erin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlthough Canada's first documented case of COVID-19 appeared in mid-January 2020, it was not until March that messaging about the need to contain the virus heightened. In this research note, we document the use of the media's construction of risk through framing in the early stages of the pandemic. We analyze three dimensions of the health risk narratives related to COVID-19 that dominated Canadians’ concerns about the virus. To capture these narratives, we examine print and online news coverage from two nationally distributed media sources. We assess these frames alongside epidemiological data and find there is a clear link between media coverage, epidemiological data and risk frames in the early stages of the pandemic. It appears that the media relied on health expertise and political sources to guide their coverage and was responsive to the public health data presented to Canadians.
FROM COLONIALISM TO REGIONALISM: THE YAOUNDÉ CONVENTIONS (1963–1974)
Authors: Lima Sakr Rafael 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHow was ‘international trade’ between former European empires and their former colonies in Africa governed after decolonisation? In the 1960s, the vast majority of African countries became independent, and so a new arrangement was necessary to govern their economic relations with Europe. The Yaoundé Conventions were then concluded between the European Community (EC) and the bloc of postcolonial African countries. Specialised literature provides comprehensive accounts of the Yaoundé Conventions. However, little is known about the role of law and lawyers in their making and governance. Part of this story concerns political and intellectual struggles in the legal profession about which projects, ideas, and norms would be applicable. Another part concerns the work of lawyers to organise those policies, theories and visions into an emerging conception and to employ it to influence the production and management of the Yaoundé Conventions. This article combines historical and socio-legal approaches to show that a distinct legal conception of regional trade agreements—called here the ‘development framework’—was pivotal to the design and application of the Yaoundé Conventions. This conception was primarily advanced and persuasively used by European and African lawyers. This contrasts with the conventional view that trade agreements are variations on a single legal concept. It is concluded that EC–Africa regionalism was a singular experiment, due significantly to the unique features of this legal conception.
What is the Point of Being Your True Self? A Genealogy of Essentialist Authenticity
Authors: Leuenberger Muriel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a functional genealogy of essentialist authenticity. The essentialist account maintains that authenticity is the result of discovering and realizing one's ‘true self’. The genealogy shows that essentialist authenticity can serve the function of supporting continuity in one's individual characteristics. A genealogy of essentialist authenticity is not only methodologically interesting as the first functional genealogy of a contingent concept. It can also deepen the functional understanding of authenticity used in neuroethics, provide a possible explanation for the prevalence of the idea of an essentialist true self and justify the use of the ideal of authenticity. First, essentialist authenticity is defined and explained through the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Second, a general need to have steady characteristics is derived from basic human practices. Third, circumstances that make it more challenging to steady oneself are identified and shown to have become more prevalent in the age of modernity when the ideal of authenticity emerged. Finally, it is shown how essentialist authenticity helps to steady the self.
From washing hands to washing consciences and polishing reputations
Authors: Légeret Matthieu , Hoffrage Ulrich 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhile Lee and Schwarz propose grounded procedures of separation as an explanation for physical cleansing in various domains (e.g., washing one's hands), we suggest that separation can also account for behavioral cleansing aimed at washing consciences and polishing reputations. We discuss this extension in terms of degrees of behavioral cleansing, motivations, and intentions behind cleansing, and social settings.
The impact of grounded procedures can vary as a function of perceived thought validity, meaning, and timing
Authors: Briñol Pablo , Petty Richard E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Cleansing (separation) inductions reduce the impact of negative and positive reactions, whereas connection manipulations magnify them. We suggest that grounded procedures can produce these effects by affecting the perceived validity of thoughts. In accord with the self-validation theory, we also note the importance of considering how moderators, such as the meaning of the action and the timing of inductions, affect outcomes.
Psychology of cleansing through the prism of intersecting object histories
Authors: Ekves Zachary , Prystauka Yanina , Davis Charles P. , Yee Eiling , Altmann Gerry T. M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We link cleansing effects to contemporary cognitive theories via an account of event representation (intersecting object histories) that provides an explicit, neurally plausible mechanism for encoding objects (e.g., the self) and their associations (with other entities) across time. It explains separation as resulting from weakening associations between the self in the present and the self in the past.
Grounded separation: can the sensorimotor be grounded in the symbolic?
Authors: Gilead Michael , Trope Yaacov , Liberman Nira 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
According to Lee and Schwarz, the sensorimotor experience of cleansing involves separating one physical entity from another and grounds mental separation of one psychological entity from another. We propose that cleansing effects may result from symbolic cognition. Instead of viewing abstract meanings as emerging from concrete physical acts of cleansing, this physical act may be appended with pre-existing, symbolic meaning.
Divergence and quasi-isometry classes of random Gromov’s monsters
Authors: GRUBER DOMINIK , SISTO ALESSANDRO 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe show that Gromov’s monsters arising from i.i.d. random labellings of expanders (that we call random Gromov’s monsters) have linear divergence along a subsequence, so that in particular they do not contain Morse quasigeodesics, and they are not quasi-isometric to Gromov’s monsters arising from graphical small cancellation labellings of expanders.Moreover, by further studying the divergence function, we show that there are uncountably many quasi-isometry classes of random Gromov’s monsters.
A rare case of congenital heart disease: anomalous origin of coronary artery from innominate artery with coronary fistula and truncus arteriosus
Authors: Li Wenlei , Li Jianbin , Chen Xinxin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAnomalous origin of a single coronary artery arising from the innominate artery associated with coronary artery fistula and truncus arteriosus is extremely rare. We found this anomaly in a 16-month-old infant-girl who received Rastelli procedure during the operation. The three defects described above are rarely found together; indeed, such a case as ours may be the first reported in the literature.
Day case angioplasty in a secondary care setting – initial experience
Authors: Rodway Alexander , Stafford Michelle , Wilding Sophie , Ntagiantas Nikolaos , Patsiogiannis Vasileios , Allan Charlotte , Field Ben , Clark James , Casal Felipe Pazos , Pankhania Ajay , Loosemore Thomas , Heiss Christian 
Published: February 2021

Summary: Background: Peripheral artery disease presents an increasing healthcare burden worldwide. Day-case angioplasty in a secondary care setting can be a safe and effective means of meeting the growing demand for lower limb revascularisation. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of a day-case-based angioplasty service in a UK district general hospital. Patients and methods: Consecutive patients undergoing endovascular revascularisation between August 2018–February 2020 were analysed retrospectively. All patients were discussed at a multi-disciplinary (diabetic foot) team meeting following a day case algorithm. Patient and procedural characteristics, technical success, peri-procedural complications, and 30-day outcome of day-case angioplasties were compared with those requiring overnight stay or were hospitalized. Results: Fifty-seven percent of 138 patients were diabetic, mean age 75 ± 12 years, 95% had critical limb ischaemia (Fontaine III 12%, IV 83%), and baseline ankle brachial pressure index [ABPI] 0.40 ± 0.30. Sixty-three patients (45%) were treated as planned day cases, 21 (15%) required overnight admission for social indications. Fifteen (11%) were planned admissions with the need for sequential debridement procedures, and 39 (28%) were already hospitalised at the time of referral to the vascular service. The overall technical success was 92% and not successful procedures mainly occurred in patients > 80 years. The ABPI increased at the initial follow-up to 0.84 ± 0.18. Fifty-three percent required treatment of > 1 level, 80% included recanalisations of chronic total occlusions, and average total lesion length was 133 ± 90 mm. Closure devices were employed in all cases. There were no major peri-procedural complications. A single minor access-site related bleeding episode (0.8%) occurred, requiring 24 h observation in hospital. While significantly more wounds had closed in out-patients, the mortality, major amputation and target lesion revascularization did not differ between groups. Conclusions: Safe and effective day-case-based angioplasty can be provided in a secondary care setting for patients with critical limb ischaemia needing complex multi-level procedures.
Testing the Influence of Changing Seawater Ca Concentration on Elements/Ca Ratios in Planktic Foraminifera: A Culture Experiment
Authors: Le Houedec Sandrine , Erez Jonathan , Rosenthal Yair 
Published: February 2021

AbstractElement/Ca ratios in foraminifera shells are used to assess oceanic physical‐chemical properties (e.g., paleo‐temperature, paleo‐pH…). On geological time scales, these proxies may also depend on changes in the chemical composition of seawater. Here we investigate the effect of changing seawater calcium concentration on the Li/Ca, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, B/Ca, and Na/Ca ratios in low‐Mg calcite shells of the planktic foraminifer Globigerinella siphonifera. Specifically, we evaluate the possibility that Na/Ca in planktic foraminifera shells may serve as a proxy for Ca concentrations in the past ocean. Since Ca concentration in today's open ocean is largely conservative with relation to salinity, field calibrations are not possible. Therefore, we cultured the planktic foraminifer (G. siphonifera) collected from the Gulf of Eilat (Red Sea) in variable Casw (10.5–29 mmol/kg), at constant temperature (25°C) and under two salinities (37 and 40.6). When changing the Casw of the growth medium, the relationships between Mg/Ca and Na/Ca in the shells and their corresponding ratios in the seawater are best described by power functions implying a variable distribution coefficient function. For Sr/Ca and Li/Ca, the relations between the shells and the seawater are described by linear functions intersecting the origin implying their distribution coefficients are insensitive to changes in Casw. The results also confirm that foraminiferal B/Ca is not influenced by seawater Casw. We conclude that Na/Ca ratios in planktic foraminifera may serve as reliable proxy for Cenozoic ocean Ca, and that other El/Ca ratios may be used to determine their past concentrations relative to Ca.
Bookshelf Kinematics and the Effect of Dilatation on Fault Zone Inelastic Deformation: Examples From Optical Image Correlation Measurements of the 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence
Authors: Milliner Christopher , Donnellan Andrea , Aati Saif , Avouac Jean‐Philippe , Zinke Robert , Dolan James F. , Wang Kang , Bürgmann Roland 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence initiated on July 4th with a series of foreshocks, including an Mw 6.4 event, that culminated a day later with the Mw 7.1 mainshock and resulted in rupture of a set of cross‐faults. In this study, we use subpixel correlation of optical satellite imagery to measure the displacement, finite strain, and rotation of the near‐field coseismic deformation to understand the kinematics of strain release along the surface ruptures. We find the average off‐fault deformation along the mainshock rupture is 34% and is significantly higher along the foreshock rupture (56%), suggesting it is a less structurally developed fault system. Measurements of the 2D dilatational strain along the mainshock rupture show a dependency of the width of inelastic strain with the degree of fault extension and contraction, indicating wider fault zones under extension than under shear. Measurements of the vorticity along the main, dextral rupture show that conjugate sinistral faults are embedded within zones of large clockwise rotations caused by the transition of strain beyond the tips of dextral faults leading to bookshelf kinematics. These rotations and bookshelf slip can explain why faults of different shear senses do not intersect one another and the occurrence of pervasive and mechanically unfavorable cross‐faulting in this region. Understanding the causes for the variation of fault zone widths along surface ruptures has importance for reducing the epistemic uncertainty of probabilistic models of distributed rupture that will, in turn, provide more precise estimates of the hazard distributed rupture poses to nearby infrastructure.