bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repeating, counting, and touching to prevent harm
Authors: Viani Ivana 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning. Obsessions are recurrent and persistent intrusive, unwanted thoughts, urges, or images that cause marked anxiety or distress. Examples of obsessions include worrying about germs, the feeling things need to be “just right,” worrying about bad things happening, and disturbing thoughts or images about hurting others. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels compelled to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. Examples of compulsions include washing, checking, tapping, ordering, and repeating. Young children may not be able to articulate the aims of these repetitive behaviors or mental acts. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first-line class of medications used to treat OCD in children and adolescents. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy is the gold standard psychotherapy treatment for OCD.
A child whose parent insists on recurrent medical admissions
Authors: Deaver Lauren N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA) occurs when a caregiver deliberately falsifies illness in a child despite the absence of obvious external rewards. The caregiver receives the diagnosis of FDIA and the child is a victim of medical child abuse. Factitious disorder imposed on another is associated with a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Warning signs that raise concern for FDIA include atypical presentations, multiple illnesses, seeking care from multiple providers, resisting reassurances that the child is healthy, and testing/observations that are inconsistent with the caregiver’s report. The assessment should include a detailed review of reported signs/symptoms as well as objective findings in the patient’s medical record. All physicians involved in the child’s care should come to a consensus regarding ongoing management, and it may be helpful to consult with a pediatrician with specialty training in child abuse. Treatment includes ensuring the child’s safety, discontinuing unnecessary medical care, and providing psychotherapy.
An adolescent with binge drinking
Authors: Ellen Kim Eun Kyung , Beckmann David L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) occurs in approximately 5% of adolescents. The diagnosis of AUD requires the presence of at least two signs or symptoms of problematic alcohol use. Adolescent AUD differs from adult AUD in several ways. Adolescents are more likely to engage in binge drinking rather than daily drinking. They are also less likely to experience tolerance or withdrawal and are more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors related to substance use. All adolescents should be screened for alcohol and other substance use. A motivational interviewing approach should be used. Treatment includes individual and family therapy; parent involvement is an essential component of treatment. Medication options include naltrexone, acamprosate, and disulfiram.
Prevalence and distribution of pain in children
Authors: Stevens Bonnie J. , Zempsky William T. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Historically, only a few studies addressed the prevalence of acute and chronic pain in infants, older children, and adolescents across multiple settings. Typically, there was a preponderance of single-site studies that reported local pain prevalence and distribution in children. The generalizability of these results was questionable given small sample sizes; thus, results from local studies garnered only a general estimate at best. However, recent systematic reviews that synthesize evidence and critically appraise the quality of the studies provide a much clearer idea of the prevalence of acute and chronic pain in children. Studies of pain prevalence vary as to the pain and prevalence definitions used, the reporting period (i.e., point prevalence, period prevalence), and stratification by duration of involvement, which makes comparison of findings challenging. In this chapter, we will clarify definitions of prevalence and acute and chronic pain and use these definitions to explore the prevalence and distribution of pain across the broader system that delivers health care to children (e.g., hospitals and in community healthcare settings). Perspectives on clinical practice, knowledge translation, and future research will be shared via a case study and perspective box.
The effect of sex and gender on child and adolescent pain
Authors: Boerner Katelynn E. , Keogh Edmund 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Male–female differences in pain perception and experience have been consistently observed in adult populations. Such differences are theorized to be related to differences in biological (e.g., sex hormones, endogenous pain modulation, and genetics), psychological (e.g., differences in coping), and social (e.g., gender role socialization) factors. In comparison to the adult literature, male–female differences in pediatric pain are less consistently observed, and differences in the prevalence rates of chronic pain conditions appear to emerge around the time of puberty. This chapter explores the evidence for sex and gender differences in pain within pediatric groups. We argue that it is critical to take a development biopsychosocial perspective to fully understand the similarities and differences between boys and girls in pain.
Pediatric cancer pain
Authors: Weisman Steven J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Cancer pain management in children is reviewed in this chapter. It remains a central component of modern, compassionate cancer care. Cancer pain in children is predominantly from treatment and procedures. Even though many patients may present with an initial pain complaint, treatment will rapidly bring these presenting pain complaints under control. Pain then becomes postoperative, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or complication related, rather than disease related. Intensive treatment modalities and repetitive painful procedures will dominate as etiologies of pain. Many options for pain management are available and reviewed in this chapter.
Inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, and gut dysmotility disorders
Authors: Batra Akshay , Beattie R. Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Pain is a common complaint in children with gastrointestinal tract pathology. It has significant consequences for patients’ quality of life. A thorough evaluation should be performed to determine the cause and severity of pain. It is important to differentiate between organic and functional pain. Understanding the pathophysiology of pain in various conditions is useful in its management. This chapter outlines the causes and general principles in management of pain in gastrointestinal disorders. The specific management of common gastrointestinal conditions associated with pain, for example inflammatory bowel disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, pancreatitis and gut dysmotility disorders, is discussed.
Effective management of children’s pain and anxiety in the Emergency Department
Authors: (Bo) Kennedy Robert M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Effective management of children’s pain and anxiety during Emergency Department (ED) visits facilitates medically necessary care and procedures, and increases patient, family, and healthcare provider satisfaction. This chapter will review and update the chapter from the first edition that described evidence-based techniques for achieving this goal. A significant focus is on nonpharmacological strategies to relieve children’s anxiety, because high levels of anxiety exacerbate sensitivity to pain and disrupt the coping mechanisms of the child and parent. In addition, advances in techniques for pain relief for specific procedures will be detailed. Aspects of procedural sedation and analgesia that are especially pertinent to the ED will also be reviewed, along with two recommended regimens for moderate and deep sedation.
Self-report
Authors: von Baeyer Carl L. , Connelly Mark A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Self-report is the primary source of information for assessment of pain and measurement of its intensity in most children aged 4 years and older. This chapter provides an overview of the variables addressed in assessment, specific tools used to obtain self-reports, and interpretation of self-reports in relation to observation, parent report, and clinical context. Challenges include establishing whether children are able to understand and use self-report scales and interpreting self-reported pain scores, especially when they conflict with clinicians’ observations and with the clinical context. Recent developments in assessing pain in children by self-report are introduced, including newly established strong psychometric support for numerical rating scales, development of electronic apps, and investigation of self-report scales for preschool-age children.
Developmental pharmacology of opioids
Authors: Hathway Gareth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Recognition of the need for alternative analgesic regimens for managing neonatal and childhood pain has led to a rich literature concerning the ways in which early life pain differs from that at older ages. As in adults, opiates are often considered the gold-standard analgesic class of drugs, of which morphine is the prototypical agent. There is a wealth of data detailing clinical observations, measurements, and interventions with regard to the use of opioids in treating pain in children. Studies in the early part of this century have highlighted that, in humans, age is an important factor that influences the morphine requirement of neonates following surgery, and dose requirements are influenced by both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors. Laboratory studies have extended our understanding of changes within the peripheral and central nervous systems that underlie alterations in nociception in early life. This chapter will review what is currently known about the actions of opioids upon nociceptive and nociresponsive elements of the nervous system in early life, how they differ from adult responses, and ask whether manipulating endogenous opioid systems in early life may have consequences on neurodevelopment.
Topical anesthetics and analgesics
Authors: Zempsky William T. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Topical administration of anesthetics and analgesics can allow for the efficient, painless delivery of medications that may reduce systemic side effects associated with the medication, whilst providing clinical advantages over injected or oral administration for the same clinical situation. Topical anesthetics have become widely used prior to a variety of painful procedures in children, including venous access, laceration repair, and injections. Topical administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, lidocaine, capsaicin, and other agents also are useful for a range of conditions, including acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain, and neuropathic pain.
Drugs for neuropathic pain
Authors: Rastogi Sachin , Campbell Fiona 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Neuropathic pain is defined as “pain arising as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system.” It is often contrasted with nociceptive pain, which is associated with tissue injury or inflammation. Neuropathic pain conditions in children are qualitatively different from those common in adults and include complex regional pain syndrome, postoperative neuropathic pain, and autoimmune and degenerative neuropathies. Few randomized controlled trials in pediatrics means that evidence from adult studies is extrapolated to guide pharmacological management in children, which is problematic as the etiologies and mechanisms are different. An algorithm for drug therapy is proposed based on the best-available evidence, clinical experience, and the safety of these drugs in pediatric practice. A step-wise approach should be tried methodically according to effectiveness and side effects. Neuropathic pain in children, if identified and treated in a timely manner as part of an interprofessional framework, can be managed effectively.
Knowledge translation strategies for mobilizing organizations to implement pain evidence to practice
Authors: Stevens Bonnie J. , Friedrichsdorf Stefan J. , Twycross Alison 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Understanding how to prevent, treat, or minimize pain in children is critical for their future healthy development. The focus of research has been to generate new knowledge on pain in the developing nervous system and to determine effective prevention and treatment modalities. However, evidence generated from research is often not effectively implemented by professional and lay care providers, policymakers, and others. To enhance our collective efforts to protect children from the immediate and long-term consequences of pain, we need to determine effective knowledge translation (KT) strategies targeted at the individual, organization, or society. Inconsistent use of terminology is common. Therefore, we will use the term KT to refer to the more general iterative process for shaping and tailoring of evidence for the targeted knowledge user, whilst implementation is the process used to integrate (promote the uptake of new knowledge) and communicate new knowledge with the goal of changing behavior, and dissemination refers to the spread and mobilization of knowledge. KT that involves organizations and systems is the focus of this chapter.
Ethics of pain management in infants and older children
Authors: Craig Kenneth D. , Shriver Adam 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Moderate-to-severe pain arising from injuries, diseases, and medical procedures is inevitable during infancy and childhood, yet pain is often unrecognized, ignored, poorly assessed, underestimated, untreated, or poorly treated. Ineffective care for clinically significant acute and chronic pain typically reflects a lack of scientific understanding, inadequate treatments, and insufficient education of healthcare professionals in evidence-based care. Infants and older children warrant special care. Despite a moral responsibility to prevent and ameliorate pain and suffering in children, there is substantial evidence of systemic and individual failures to prevent and control their pain, despite known, evidence-supported, and cost-effective interventions in both the developing and developed world. Instructive perspectives from the philosophy of ethics focus on the consequences of pain, delineating intrinsically bad and destructive features, the intentions of parties responsible for inflicting and relieving pain, specific imperatives addressing human rights concerning inflicting and relieving pain, and characteristics of virtuous people committed to ethical caring. We address ethical implications of the inadequacies of our understanding and control of pediatric pain, as well as barriers preventing important research in the field. Problematic issues concern dominance of biomedical care, rather than care based on a biopsychosocial model of pain, and the human capacity for cognitive biases in interactions with other people. Ethical obligations of healthcare professionals are addressed. Attention is directed to an online training resource for ethical practice in caring for children’s pain. Specific issues are also addressed, including clinician competence, free and informed consent and assent confidentiality, and assessment and treatment choice.
Whole-Genome Duplication Facilitated the Evolution of C4 Photosynthesis in Gynandropsis gynandra
Authors: Huang Chi-Fa , Liu Wen-Yu , Lu Mei-Yeh Jade , Chen Yi-Hua , Ku Maurice S B , Li Wen-Hsiung 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In higher plants, whole-genome duplication (WGD) is thought to facilitate the evolution of C4 photosynthesis from C3 photosynthesis. To understand this issue, we used new and existing leaf-development transcriptomes to construct two coding sequence databases for C4Gynandropsis gynandra and C3Tarenaya hassleriana, which shared a WGD before their divergence. We compared duplicated genes in the two species and found that the WGD contributed to four aspects of the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in G. gynandra. First, G. gynandra has retained the duplicates of ALAAT (alanine aminotransferase) and GOGAT (glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase) for nitrogen recycling to establish a photorespiratory CO2 pump in bundle sheath (BS) cells for increasing photosynthesis efficiency, suggesting that G. gynandra experienced a C3–C4 intermediate stage during the C4 evolution. Second, G. gynandra has retained almost all known vein-development-related paralogous genes derived from the WGD event, likely contributing to the high vein complexity of G. gynandra. Third, the WGD facilitated the evolution of C4 enzyme genes and their recruitment into the C4 pathway. Fourth, several genes encoding photosystem I proteins were derived from the WGD and are upregulated in G. gynandra, likely enabling the NADH dehydrogenase-like complex to produce extra ATPs for the C4 CO2 concentration mechanism. Thus, the WGD apparently played an enabler role in the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in G. gynandra. Importantly, an ALAAT duplicate became highly expressed in BS cells in G. gynandra, facilitating nitrogen recycling and transition to the C4 cycle. This study revealed how WDG may facilitate C4 photosynthesis evolution.
Direct Molecular Evidence for an Ancient, Conserved Developmental Toolkit Controlling Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation in Land Plants
Authors: Jia Haiyan , Aadland Kelsey , Kolaczkowski Oralia , Kolaczkowski Bryan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn plants, miRNA production is orchestrated by a suite of proteins that control transcription of the pri-miRNA gene, post-transcriptional processing and nuclear export of the mature miRNA. Post-transcriptional processing of miRNAs is controlled by a pair of physically interacting proteins, hyponastic leaves 1 (HYL1) and Dicer-like 1 (DCL1). However, the evolutionary history and structural basis of the HYL1–DCL1 interaction is unknown. Here we use ancestral sequence reconstruction and functional characterization of ancestral HYL1 in vitro and in Arabidopsis thaliana to better understand the origin and evolution of the HYL1–DCL1 interaction and its impact on miRNA production and plant development. We found the ancestral plant HYL1 evolved high affinity for both double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and its DCL1 partner before the divergence of mosses from seed plants (∼500 Ma), and these high-affinity interactions remained largely conserved throughout plant evolutionary history. Structural modeling and molecular binding experiments suggest that the second of two dsRNA-binding motifs (DSRMs) in HYL1 may interact tightly with the first of two C-terminal DCL1 DSRMs to mediate the HYL1–DCL1 physical interaction necessary for efficient miRNA production. Transgenic expression of the nearly 200 Ma-old ancestral flowering-plant HYL1 in A. thaliana was sufficient to rescue many key aspects of plant development disrupted by HYL1− knockout and restored near-native miRNA production, suggesting that the functional partnership of HYL1–DCL1 originated very early in and was strongly conserved throughout the evolutionary history of terrestrial plants. Overall, our results are consistent with a model in which miRNA-based gene regulation evolved as part of a conserved plant “developmental toolkit.”
Whole-Genome Data from Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens Strains Associated with Tan Spot of Mungbean and Soybean Reveal Diverse Plasmid Profiles
Authors: Vaghefi Niloofar , Adorada Dante L. , Huth Lauren , Kelly Lisa A. , Poudel Barsha , Young Anthony , Sparks Adam H. 
Published: June 2021

Despite the substantial economic impact of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens on legume production worldwide, the genetic basis of its pathogenicity and potential host association is poorly understood. The production of high-quality reference genome assemblies of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens strains associated with different hosts sheds light on the genetic basis of its pathogenic variability and host association. Moreover, the study of recent outbreaks of bacterial wilt and microevolution of the pathogen in Australia requires access to high-quality reference genomes that are sufficiently closely related to the population being studied within Australia. We provide the first genome assemblies of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens strains associated with mungbean and soybean, which revealed high variability in their plasmid composition. The analysis of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens genomes revealed an extensive suite of carbohydrate-active enzymes potentially associated with pathogenicity, including four carbohydrate esterases, 50 glycoside hydrolases, 23 glycosyl transferases, and a polysaccharide lyase. We also identified 11 serine peptidases, three of which were located within a linear plasmid, pCff119. These high-quality assemblies and annotations will provide a foundation for population genomics studies of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens in Australia and for answering fundamental questions regarding pathogenicity factors and adaptation of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens to various hosts worldwide and, at a broader scale, contribute to unraveling genomic features of gram-positive, xylem-inhabiting bacterial pathogens. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
PROMIS Neuropathic and Nociceptive Pain Quality in Musculoskeletal Pain Presentations
Authors: Vaughan Brett , Chase Briony , Hickey John , Tassoulas Mary , Weston Harrison , Fitzgerald Kylie , Fleischmann Michael , Mulcahy Jane , Austin Philip 
Published: June 2021

Objective:
Musculoskeletal pain is a significant contributor to the global disease burden. Management of musculoskeletal pain where a neuropathic component is present can be challenging. This study evaluated the internal structure of the Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Information System (PROMIS) pain quality scales, explored the prevalence of neuropathic and nociceptive pain, and identified health demographics and behaviors related to musculoskeletal pain presentations.

Methods:
Patients presenting to the Victoria University Osteopathy Clinic (Melbourne, Vic., Australia) were invited to complete a health demographics and behaviors questionnaire, and the PROMIS Neuropathic (NeuroPQ) and Nociceptive (NociPQ) pain quality scales, before their initial consultation. Descriptive, inferential, and correlation statistics were used to evaluate the PROMIS scales, health demographics, and behaviors. Mokken scale analysis was used to evaluate the internal structure and dimensionality of the NeuroPQ and NociPQ scales.

Results:
Three hundred eighty-three (N=383) patients completed the measures. Mokken scaling suggested the PROMIS scales demonstrated acceptable internal structure and were unidimensional. Over 22% of patients demonstrated cutoff scores above 50, suggesting a substantive neuropathic pain component to their musculoskeletal presentation. Patients who reported cigarette smoking, not being born in Australia or not speaking English at home, demonstrated higher NeuroPQ scores. Females demonstrated significantly higher NociPQ scores than males. Pain intensity demonstrated small to medium correlations with NeuroPQ and NociPQ scores.

Discussion:
This study provides support for the use of the NeuroPQ and NociPQ scales in musculoskeletal pain patients. Associations with health demographics and behaviors were identified, and patients typically experienced a combination of neuropathic and nociceptive pain.