Geomechanical Model as the Key Step to Proppant Fracturing Success in Shallow Carbonate Reservoir of Bahrain
Authors: AlJanahi Ahmed , Altawash Feras , AlMannai Hassan , Abdelredy Sayed , Ghadhban Hamed Al , Ali Eyad , Bandyopadhyay Atanu , Karpfinger Florian , Stashevskiy Vladimir , Yudin Alexey , Pincay Vanessa 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Geomechanics play an important role in stimulation design, especially in complex tight reservoirs with very low matrix permeability. Robust modelling of stresses along with rock mechanical properties helps to identify the stress barriers which are crucial for optimum stimulation design and proppant allocation. Complex modeling and calibration workflow showcased the value of geomechanical analysis in a large stimulation project in the Ostracod-Magwa reservoir, a complicated shallow carbonate reservoir in the Bahrain Field.
For the initial model, regional average rock properties and minimum stress values from earlier frack campaigns were considered. During campaign progression, advanced cross dipole sonic measurements of the new wells were incorporated in the geomechanical modeling which provided rock properties and stresses with improved confidence. The outputs from wireline-conveyed microfrac tests and the fracturing treatments were also considered for calibration of the minimum horizontal stress and breakdown pressure. The porepressure variability was established with the measured formation pressure data. The geomechanically derived horizontal stresses were used as input for the frack-design. Independent fracture geometry measurements were run to validate the model.
The poro-elastic horizontal strain approach was taken to model the horizontal stresses, which shows better variability of the stress profile depending on the elastic rock properties. The study shows variable depletion in porepressure across the field as well as within different reservoir layers. The Ostracod reservoir is more depleted than Magwa, with porepressure values lower than hydrostatic (∼7 ppg). The B3 shale layer in between the Magwa and Ostracod reservoirs is a competent barrier with 1200-1500psi closure pressure. The closure pressures in the Ostracod and Magwa vary from 1000-1500psi and 1100-1600psi, respectively. There is a gradual increasing trend observed in closure pressure in Magwa with depth, but no such trend is apparent in the shallower Ostracod formation. High resolution stress profiles help to identify the barriers within each reservoir to place horizontal wells and quantify the magnitude of hydraulic fracture stress barriers along horizontal wells. The geomechanical model served as a key part of the fracturing optimization workflow, resulting in more than double increase in wells productivity compared to previous stimulation campaigns. The study also helped to optimize the selection of the clusters depth of hydraulic fracturing stages in horizontal wells.
The poroelastic horizontal strain approach to constrain horizontal stresses from cross dipole sonic provides better variability in the stress profile to ultimately yield high resolution. This model, calibrated with actual frac data, is crucial for stimulation design in complex reservoirs with very low matrix permeability. The geomechanical model serves as one of the few for shallow carbonates rock in the Middle East region and can be of significant importance to many other shallow projects in the region.