bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grading Practices and the Social Gradient in GPA: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Sweden
Authors: Hjorth-Trolle Anders , Rosenqvist Erik , Hed Anders 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe analyse the causal effect of grading practices on socioeconomic differences in GPA. While earlier studies have documented the significant role of non-academic student traits such as self-discipline or cultural capital in producing social gradients in GPA, this study is the first to analyse the effect of grading practices on the socioeconomic gradient in grades. We exploit a Swedish educational reform, which changed the compulsory school’s grading system from a relative scale to an absolute scale between 1997 and 1998. Under reasonable and largely testable assumptions, the changes between these two years in the association between various socioeconomic background variables and student GPA has a causal interpretation as an effect of the change in grading practice. Results show that changing the grading practice can significantly alter the social gradients in GPA, in this case widening the gap between students of low and high educated parents, while also narrowing the achievement gap between girls and boys. We attribute the increase in social gradient to an interplay between school segregation and frog-pond effects.
Myocardial viability testing: all STICHed up, or about to be REVIVED?
Authors: Ryan Matthew , Morgan Holly , Chiribiri Amedeo , Nagel Eike , Cleland John , Perera Divaka 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Patients with ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction frequently undergo myocardial viability testing. The historical model presumes that those who have extensive areas of dysfunctional-yet-viable myocardium derive particular benefit from revascularization, whilst those without extensive viability do not. These suppositions rely on the theory of hibernation and are based on data of low quality: taking a dogmatic approach may therefore lead to patients being refused appropriate, prognostically important treatment. Recent data from a sub-study of the randomized STICH trial challenges these historical concepts, as the volume of viable myocardium failed to predict the effectiveness of coronary artery bypass grafting. Should the Heart Team now abandon viability testing, or are new paradigms needed in the way we interpret viability? This state-of-the-art review critically examines the evidence base for viability testing, focusing in particular on the presumed interactions between viability, functional recovery, revascularization and prognosis which underly the traditional model. We consider whether viability should relate solely to dysfunctional myocardium or be considered more broadly and explore wider uses of viability testingoutside of revascularization decision-making. Finally, we look forward to ongoing and future randomized trials, which will shape evidence-based clinical practice in the future.
Finding very high lipoprotein(a): the need for routine assessment
Authors: Nurmohamed Nick S , Kaiser Yannick , Schuitema Pauline C E , Ibrahim Shirin , Nierman Melchior , Fischer Johan C , Chamuleau Steven A J , Knaapen Paul , Stroes Erik S G 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimsTo validate the reported increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk associated with very high lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and to investigate the impact of routine Lp(a) assessment on risk reclassification.Methods and resultsWe performed a cross-sectional case-control study in the Amsterdam UMC, a tertiary hospital in The Netherlands. All patients in whom a lipid blood test was ordered between October 2018 and October 2019 were included. Individuals with Lp(a) &gt;99th percentile were age and sex matched to individuals with Lp(a) ≤20th percentile. We computed odds ratios (ORs) for myocardial infarction (MI) and ASCVD using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, and systolic blood pressure. Furthermore, we assessed the additive value of Lp(a) to established ASCVD risk algorithms. Lipoprotein(a) levels were determined in 12 437 individuals, out of whom 119 cases [Lp(a) &gt;99th percentile; &gt;387.8 nmol/L] and 119 matched controls [Lp(a) ≤20th percentile; ≤7 nmol/L] were included. Mean age was 58 ± 15 years, 56.7% were female, and 30.7% had a history of ASCVD. Individuals with Lp(a) levels &gt;99th percentile had an OR of 2.64 for ASCVD [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45–4.89] and 3.39 for MI (95% CI 1.56–7.94). Addition of Lp(a) to ASCVD risk algorithms led to 31% and 63% being reclassified into a higher risk category for Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) and Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease (SMART), respectively.ConclusionThe prevalence of ASCVD is nearly three-fold higher in adults with Lp(a) &gt;99th percentile compared with matched subjects with Lp(a) ≤20th percentile. In individuals with very high Lp(a), addition of Lp(a) resulted in one-third of patients being reclassified in primary prevention, and over half being reclassified in secondary prevention.
Radial strain imaging-guided lead placement for improving response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy: the Raise CRT trial
Authors: Glikson Michael , Beinart Roy , Golovchiner Gregory , Sheshet Alon Bar , Swissa Moshe , Bolous Munther , Rosso Raphael , Medina Aharon , Haim Moti , Friedman Paul , Khalamaizer Vladimir , Benzvi Shlomit , Ito Saki , Goldenberg Ilan , Klempfner Robert , Vaturi Ori , Oh Jae K 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Aims
To evaluate the benefit of speckle tracking radial strain imaging (STRSI)-guided left ventricular (LV) lead (LVL) positioning in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients (pts) with ischaemic cardiomyopathy with CRT indication.

Methods and results
We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial. Patients were enrolled in nine centres with 2:1 randomization into two groups (guided vs. control). Patients underwent STRSI to identify the optimal LV position from six LV segments at midventricular level. Implantation via STRSI was attempted for recommended segment in the guided group only. Follow-up included echocardiography (6 months) and clinical evaluation (6 and 12 months). The primary endpoint was comparison % reduction in LV end-systolic volume at 6 months with baseline. Secondary endpoints included hospitalizations for heart failure and death, and improvement in additional echocardiographic measurements and quality of life score. A total of 172 patients (115 guided vs. 57 control) were enrolled. In the guided group, 60% of the implanted LV leads were adjudicated to be successfully located at the recommended segment, whereas in the control group 44% reached the best STRSI determined segment. There was no difference between the groups in any of the primary or secondary endpoints at 6 and 12 months.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that echo-guided implantation of an LV lead using STRSI does not improve the clinical or echocardiographic response compared with conventional implantation.
Atrial fibrillation progression and the importance of early treatment for improving clinical outcomes
Authors: Gunawardene Melanie A , Willems Stephan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Over time, atrial fibrillation (AF) naturally progresses from initially paroxysmal to persistent/permanent AF caused by structural and electrical remodelling with a complex underlying pathogenesis. It has been demonstrated that this progression of AF itself is linked to negative cardiovascular outcomes (stroke, systemic embolism, and hospitalization due to heart failure). Consequently, there is a profound rationale for early treatment of AF as a cornerstone of AF management. Recent randomized trials produced evidence that early rhythm control is effective in maintaining sinus rhythm, lower the risk of cardiovascular outcomes, and that catheter ablation of AF is effective to delay AF progression. This review will illuminate current evidence regarding the hypothesis of early AF treatment to prevent AF progression and improve clinical outcomes.
Underweight among adolescents in Denmark: prevalence, trends (1998–2018), and association of underweight with socioeconomic status
Authors: Holstein Bjørn E , Andersen Anette , Damsgaard Mogens Trab , Madsen Katrine Rich , Pedersen Trine Pagh 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Underweight among adolescents is an important clinical and public health issue. It is associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life-span and may reflect food poverty, unhealthy eating habits, or some underlying health conditions.

Objective
To study prevalence and trends in underweight among adolescents 1998–2018, to examine social inequality in underweight, and whether social inequality changed over time.

Methods
Data were derived from 6 cross-sectional school surveys from The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study in Denmark. The study included 11-, 13-, and 15-year-old schoolchildren in random samples of schools in 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2018 (n = 22,177). Underweight was determined by body mass index-for-age thinness grade 2–3 (the Cole and Lobstein method). Socioeconomic status was determined using occupational social class (the Danish OSC Measurement).

Results
The overall prevalence of underweight was 3.1% among boys and 5.3% among girls (P &lt; 0.0001) and decreased by age (P &lt; 0.0001) among both boys and girls. The prevalence of underweight was almost stable from 1998 to 2018. There was no observed absolute or relative social inequality in the prevalence of underweight among boys or girls.

Conclusion
The prevalence of underweight in 11- to 15-year-olds was significantly higher among girls than boys. The prevalence remained stable from 1998 to 2018. There was no significant association between SES and prevalence of underweight. It is important to elucidate the underlying causes of underweight such as malnutrition, eating disorders, eating problems, loss of appetite, chronic diseases, insufficient knowledge of nutrients effects on bodily functions, and persistent pain.
The flavin transferase ApbE flavinylates the ferredoxin:NAD+-oxidoreductase Rnf required for N2 fixation in Azotobacter vinelandii
Authors: Bertsova Yulia V , Serebryakova Marina V , Baykov Alexander A , Bogachev Alexander V 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Azotobacter vinelandii, the model microbe in nitrogen fixation studies, uses the ferredoxin:NAD+-oxidoreductase Rnf to regenerate ferredoxin (flavodoxin), acting as an electron donor for nitrogenase. However, the relative contribution of Rnf to nitrogenase functioning is unknown because this bacterium contains another ferredoxin reductase, FixABCX. Furthermore, Rnf is flavinylated in the cell, but the importance and pathway of this modification reaction also remain largely unknown. We constructed A. vinelandii cells with impaired activities of FixABCX and/or putative flavin transferase ApbE. The ApbE-deficient mutant could not produce covalently flavinylated membrane proteins and demonstrated markedly decreased flavodoxin:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity and significant growth defects under diazotrophic conditions. The double ΔFix/ΔApbE mutation abolished the flavodoxin:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity and the ability of A. vinelandii to grow in the absence of a fixed nitrogen source. ApbE flavinylated a truncated RnfG subunit of Rnf1 by forming a phosphoester bond between flavin mononucleotide and a threonine residue. These findings indicate that Rnf (presumably its Rnf1 form) is the major ferredoxin-reducing enzyme in the nitrogen fixation system and that the activity of Rnf depends on its covalent flavinylation by the flavin transferase ApbE.
Non-conventional yeasts for food and additives production in a circular economy perspective
Authors: Binati Renato L , Salvetti Elisa , Bzducha-Wróbel Anna , Bašinskienė Loreta , Čižeikienė Dalia , Bolzonella David , Felis Giovanna E 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Yeast species have been spontaneously participating in food production for millennia, but the scope of applications was greatly expanded since their key role in beer and wine fermentations was clearly acknowledged. The workhorse for industry and scientific research has always been Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It occupies the largest share of the dynamic yeast market, that could further increase thanks to the better exploitation of other yeast species.
Food-related ‘non-conventional’ yeasts (NCY) represent a treasure trove for bioprospecting, with their huge untapped potential related to a great diversity of metabolic capabilities linked to niche adaptations. They are at the crossroad of bioprocesses and biorefineries, characterized by low biosafety risk and produce food and additives, being also able to contribute to production of building blocks and energy recovered from the generated waste and by-products.
Considering that the usual pattern for bioprocess development focuses on single strains or species, in this review we suggest that bioprospecting at the genus level could be very promising. Candida, Starmerella, Kluyveromyces and Lachancea were briefly reviewed as case studies, showing that a taxonomy- and genome-based rationale could open multiple possibilities to unlock the biotechnological potential of NCY bioresources.
First Annotated Genome of a Mandibulate Moth, Neomicropteryx cornuta, Generated Using PacBio HiFi Sequencing
Authors: Li Xuankun , Ellis Emily , Plotkin David , Imada Yume , Yago Masaya , Heckenhauer Jacqueline , Cleland Timothy P , Dikow Rebecca B , Dikow Torsten , Storer Caroline G , Kawahara Akito Y , Frandsen Paul B 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We provide a new, annotated genome assembly of Neomicropteryx cornuta, a species of the so-called mandibulate archaic moths (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae). These moths belong to a lineage that is thought to have split from all other Lepidoptera more than 300 Ma and are consequently vital to understanding the early evolution of superorder Amphiesmenoptera, which contains the order Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) and its sister order Trichoptera (caddisflies). Using PacBio HiFi sequencing reads, we assembled a highly contiguous genome with a contig N50 of nearly 17 Mb. The assembled genome length of 541,115,538 bp is about half the length of the largest published Amphiesmenoptera genome (Limnephilus lunatus, Trichoptera) and double the length of the smallest (Papilio polytes, Lepidoptera). We find high recovery of universal single copy orthologs with 98.1% of BUSCO genes present and provide a genome annotation of 15,643 genes aided by resolved isoforms from PacBio IsoSeq data. This high-quality genome assembly provides an important resource for studying ecological and evolutionary transitions in the early evolution of Amphiesmenoptera.
‘Leaders, not Lords’: Führertum, Democracy and Nazism in the Weimar Republic
Authors: Unger-Alvi Simon 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article examines the use of the concept of Führertum (leadership) in Weimar Germany. From a historical perspective, scholars tend to analyse the discourse on leadership through the lens of Nazi dictatorship. Yet the picture changes if we take the end of the old monarchy as the starting point. In particular, this article analyses how democrats and liberals developed their own ideas on Führertum. It argues that this concept was in vogue in Weimar because it signified a deviation from the hierarchical order of the traditional Obrigkeit and the established societal authorities of monarchical institutions. A leader had no subjects, only voluntary supporters. In this sense, ‘leadership’ seemed to correspond to popular sovereignty and had populist, even democratic, connotations.
This article draws on publications of both well-known political theorists and amateur authors such as high school teachers and civil servants. In Weimar, the term Führertum was used by a variety of political groups and led in multiple ideological directions. Simultaneously, this political contingency facilitated political communication between Nazis and democrats. I argue that seemingly participatory and ‘democratic’ definitions of leadership eventually invited democrats to take part in the ‘national community’ of Nazi Germany. Specifically, this article shows how authors of interwar media believed they were rediscovering democratic ideas in the Nazi Party and how their understanding of democracy influenced their reactions to constitutional changes such as the Enabling Act of 1933. Paradoxical as it may be, discourse on leadership allowed many democrats to identify with Nazi ideology.
Travelling Heroes—A Transcultural Re-evaluation of Kurt R. Grossmann’s Unbesungene Helden (1957), an Early Compilation of Rescue Stories
Authors: Herrmann Manja 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article concentrates on the first German-language compilation of ‘rescue stories’, narratives of Jews who survived the Holocaust with the help of non-Jews. While Kurt R. Grossmann’s 1957 book Die unbesungene Helden: Menschen in Deutschlands dunklen Tagen (The Unsung Heroes: Humans in Germany’s Dark Days) has received some scholarly attention, its original sources have not yet been examined. Previous research on the remembrance of the ‘rescue of Jews’ in Germany has tended to read Grossmann’s anthology within a single national—that is, German—context. This article provides a short introduction to Grossmann’s biography and the development history of The Unsung Heroes. It then traces the editorial history of four chapters in the anthology dealing with German cases: ‘Mieze’, ‘The Block Warden and the Eastern-Jewish Tailor’, ‘The Yellow Badge—A Symbol of Protest’ and ‘The Case of Schindler’. The article proposes that in light of its collection of material, its various sources and its production context of formerly German Jews in the United States, the text serves as a superb example of ‘transcultural’ remembrance or ‘travelling memory’.
Societal, Organizational, Relational, and Individual Perceptions of Sexual Violence Against Older Adults and Its Prevention: A Systematic Scoping Review
Authors: Hand Michelle D , Lee Mo Yee , Dabelko-Schoeny Holly , Kaiser Michelle , Mengo Cecilia 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesOlder adults are not regarded as sexual and are widely excluded from sexual violence (SV) research, policies, and practice; little is known about SV against older adults and its prevention.Research Design and MethodsAn 8-database scoping review explored perceptions of SV against older adults, barriers to prevention, and solutions for prevention. Included were peer-reviewed and gray sources published since 2010, supported by primary research, on perceptions of SV in later life and prevention. A thematic analysis was conducted to explore key themes.ResultsOf 148 potentially relevant sources returned, 95 were fully read after screening titles and abstracts; 19 were critically appraised and 18 were assessed for analysis. Seven overarching themes emerged, surrounding (a) knowledge and awareness, (b) research, (c) policy changes and development, (d) intersectional prejudice, (e) SV being taboo, (f) sociocultural differences, and (g) confusion regarding the definition and nature of SV.Discussion and ImplicationsThese findings offer relevant considerations for practice, policy, and research, which will be further discussed.
Caregiving Burden Among Caregivers of People With Dementia Through the Lens of Intersectionality
Authors: Liu Ruotong , Chi Iris , Wu Shinyi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Caregivers may be at different risks of various types of burdens by virtue of their gender and racial/ethnic status. This article explores the differences in caregiving burdens across the intersectionality of race and gender.

Research Design and Methods
Using Round 5 (conducted in 2015) and Round 7 (conducted in 2017) of National Study of Caregiving and National Health and Aging Trends Study data, the study examined differences in caregiver burdens across and within different gender and racial/ethnic groups, within the realms of financial, emotional, and physical burdens. The sample consisted of 1,206 caregivers who provided services to Medicare beneficiaries. Logistic regressions were performed to assess the 3 types of burdens each subgroup was experiencing.

Results
Results indicated that within the intersectionality framework, compared to White female caregivers, Black male caregivers were 3.3 times (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.77–6.22) more likely to experience financial burden, and Black female caregivers were 54% less likely to experience physical burden. Surprisingly, compared to White female caregivers, all the other groups were 37% (95% CI 0.41–0.95) to 71% (95% CI 0.15–0.56) less likely to have emotional burden.

Discussion and Implications
The findings highlighted that Black male caregivers are experiencing financial burden and White female caregivers are experiencing emotional burden disproportionately. To develop effective interventions and programs for dementia caregivers, a special focus should be put on monitoring the differences in the types of burdens that the above-mentioned population subgroups experience.
Promoting Caregiver Mastery in Black American Dementia Caregivers
Authors: Bonds Johnson Kalisha , Brewster Glenna S , Cicero Ethan , Hepburn Kenneth , Clevenger Carolyn K , Daniel Gaea , Pak Victoria , Paul Sudeshna , Epps Fayron 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOver 6 million older Americans live with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias; Black American older adults’ prevalence is more than twice that of non-Hispanic White older adults. The Black American dementia caregiving experience can be encapsulated within the Black Family Socioecological Context Model, which provides a conceptual basis for examining social determinants of health at individual, family, community, and societal levels with careful consideration for how the intersection of race, gender, and class of Black American dementia caregivers influences the multiple dimensions of their caregiving experiences. Family dynamics, community setting, and health care systems have a potentially bidirectional influence on these caregivers, which is shaped by historical and ongoing systemic and institutional racism and general disenfranchisement. This Forum article outlines how the Social Cognitive Theory offers ways for Black American dementia caregivers to achieve a sense of mastery within the complicated and fraught ecology within which their caregiving occurs. We propose a research agenda to create programs and interventions for enhancing a sense of mastery among Black American dementia caregivers. Two concepts in particular, “constraints” and “efficacy expectations,” provide ways to create a systematic approach to developing successful coping strategies for the constraints perceived by individuals as they undertake and function in the caregiving role. The recognition of the complexity of the caregiving ecosystem and intersectionality of caregivers’ experience and identity emphasize the importance of individualization: Each caregiver’s experience of this ecosystem—and therefore each Black American dementia caregiver’s way to mastery within it—will be uniquely shaped and experienced.