bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘They eat it like sweets’: A mixed methods study of antibiotic perceptions and their use among patients, prescribers and pharmacists in a district hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan
Authors: Burtscher Doris , Van den Bergh Rafael , Nasim Masood , Mahama Gbane , Au Sokhieng , Williams Anita , Sattar Abdul , Penfold Suzanne , Van Overloop Catherine , Bajis Sahar 
Published: November 2021

Background
Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health threat. In Afghanistan, high levels of indiscriminate antibiotic use exist, and healthcare programmes are not informed by understanding of local attitudes towards rational antibiotic use. Médecins Sans Frontières is an international non-governmental organization providing healthcare services to the Ahmad Shah Baba (ASB) District Hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan, since 2009. This mixed-methods study aimed to explore the perceptions and attitudes toward antibiotics among patients, prescribers, and pharmacists in the ASB District hospital outpatient department.

Methods and findings
Knowledge of antibiotics including their purpose and function, how and why they are used, and drivers for choice of antibiotic was examined at patient, prescriber, and provider-level. The first phase of the study, an exploratory qualitative component using an interpretative approach, was used to inform the second phase, a structured survey. Thirty-six interviews were conducted with 39 participants (21 patients or caretakers and 18 hospital health workers). Three hundred and fifty-one (351) patients and caretakers completed the second phase, the structured survey. This study found that poor knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance is a driving factor for inappropriate use of antibiotics. Participant perceptions of living in a polluted environment drove the high demand and perceived ‘need’ for antibiotics: patients, doctors and pharmacists alike consider dirty and dusty living conditions as causes of ‘disease’ in the body, requiring antibiotics to ‘clean’ and ‘strengthen’ it.

Conclusions
Findings highlight the need for strategies to improve awareness and knowledge of the general public, improve practice of doctors and pharmacists, regulate antibiotic dispensing in private pharmacies, and implement antibiotic stewardship in hospitals.
Influenza vaccination coverage among emergency department personnel is associated with perception of vaccination and side effects, vaccination availability on site and the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Stöckeler Anna-Maria , Schuster Philipp , Zimmermann Markus , Hanses Frank 
Published: November 2021

IntroductionInfluenza is a major concern in hospitals, including the emergency department (ED), mainly because of a high risk for ED personnel to acquire and transmit the disease. Although influenza vaccination is recommended for health care workers, vaccination coverage is low.MethodsThis survey was conducted in the 2016/2017 and 2020/2021 influenza seasons. Questionnaires were sent to ED personnel in 12 hospitals in Bavaria, South-Eastern Germany. The response rates were 62% and 38% in 2016/2017 and 2020/2021, respectively. Data were compared between the two seasons as well as between vaccinated and not vaccinated respondents in 2020/2021.ResultsSignificantly more ED personnel reported having been vaccinated in the 2020/2021 season. Factors associated with vaccination coverage (or the intention to get vaccinated) were profession (physician / medical student), having been vaccinated at least twice, the availability of an influenza vaccination on site (in the ED) as well as the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, significant differences in the assessment and evaluation of influenza, its vaccination side effects and ethical aspects were found between vaccinated and not vaccinated ED personnel in 2020/2021. Unvaccinated respondents estimated higher frequencies of almost all potential vaccination side effects, were less likely to accept lay-offs if employees would not come to work during an influenza pandemic and more likely to agree that work attendance should be an employee´s decision. Vaccinated participants instead, rather agreed that vaccination should be mandatory and were less likely to consider job changes in case of a mandatory vaccination policy.ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic might have contributed to a higher influenza vaccination rate among ED workers. Vaccination on site and interventions targeting the perception of influenza vaccination and its side effects may be most promising to increase the vaccination coverage among ED personnel.
Young People and the Struggle for Participation: Contested Practices, Power and Pedagogies in Public Spaces, Andreas Walther, Janet Batsleer, Patricia Loncle and Axel Pohl (eds) (2020)
Authors: Suppers Janina 
Published: November 2021

Review of: Young People and the Struggle for Participation: Contested Practices, Power and Pedagogies in Public Spaces, Andreas Walther, Janet Batsleer, Patricia Loncle and Axel Pohl (eds) (2020)
Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 221 pp.,
ISBN 978-0-42943-209-5, eBook, £36.99 GBP
Adult Education and the Formation of Citizens: A Critical Interrogation, Andreas Fejes, Magnus Dahlstedt, Maria Olson and Fredrik Sandberg (2018)
Authors: Estellés Marta 
Published: November 2021

Review of: Adult Education and the Formation of Citizens: A Critical Interrogation, Andreas Fejes, Magnus Dahlstedt, Maria Olson and Fredrik Sandberg (2018)
New York: Routledge, 150 pp.,
ISBN 978-0-81536-280-7, $199.35 USD
Responsiveness of a Histologic Scoring System Compared With Peak Eosinophil Count in Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Authors: Ma Christopher , Jairath Vipul , Feagan Brian G. , Guizzetti Leonardo , Zou Guangyong , McFarlane Stefanie C. , Shackelton Lisa M. , Collins Margaret H. , Hirano Ikuo , de Rooij Willemijn E. , Schaeffer David F. , Pai Rish K. , Bredenoord Albert J. , Dellon Evan S. 
Published: November 2021

INTRODUCTION:
The optimal instrument for assessing histologic disease activity in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is unclear. We assessed the responsiveness of the EoE Histologic Scoring System (EoE-HSS) when compared with that of the peak eosinophil count (PEC).

METHODS:
Histopathology slides were obtained from patients with EoE at baseline and after 8 weeks of treatment with swallowed topical budesonide or elimination diet. Two blinded gastrointestinal pathologists scored biopsies on the EoE-HSS, PEC, and 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) of overall histologic severity. Change was defined as an improvement by ≥0.5 SD in baseline VAS. Responsiveness was quantified using the standardized effect size (SES) and the probability that the index distinguishes a patient with improvement from a patient without improvement, which is the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Longitudinal validity was assessed using Pearson correlations between changes in EoE-HSS and both PEC and VAS.

RESULTS:
The EoE-HSS grade (SES 2.18 [95% confidence interval, CI: 1.46–2.88]; AUC 0.73 [95% CI: 0.57–0.84]) and stage (SES 2.07 [95% CI: 1.37–2.77]; AUC 0.73 [95% CI: 0.58–0.84]) were highly responsive, similar to PEC (SES 1.44 [95% CI: 0.80–2.07]; AUC 0.73 [95% CI: 0.58–0.84]). The EoE-HSS grade and stage were more highly correlated with changes in VAS (grade 0.92 [95% CI: 0.86–0.95]; stage 0.89 [95% CI: 0.81–0.94]) than with changes in PEC (grade 0.74 [95% CI: 0.58–0.85]; stage 0.66 [95% CI: 0.47–0.80]).

DISCUSSION:
The EoE-HSS is highly responsive, performs similarly to PEC, and is better correlated with changes in overall histologic activity in patients with EoE.
Symptomatic Pneumoperitoneum After Gastrostomy Tube Placement Managed by Pneumocentesis
Authors: Brotherton Tim , Chhaparia Anuj , Presti Michael , Sayuk Gregory , Elwing Jill 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Pneumoperitoneum is a known complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement that typically resolves spontaneously with conservative management. We describe the case of a 72-year-old man who developed abdominal pain and distention after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement who was subsequently found to have a moderate-sized pneumoperitoneum. Despite supportive care, his abdominal pain failed to improve. We report paracentesis with air aspiration as an intervention for benign pneumoperitoneum resulting in rapid and durable resolution of abdominal complaints.
Matching Cost Against Revenue at Royalty Expenses
Authors: Santoso Muhammad Rifky 
Published: November 2021

The recording of royalty expenses must not only be consistent but also complied with the principle of matching costs against revenue, especially in calculating taxable income. If all accounting principles are not met in recording the royalty expense, the tax authority will correct it Â so that the royalty expenses cannot be deducted from taxable income. By using a case in a tax court in Indonesia, there is a taxpayer who does not meet the matching cost against revenue principle when recording royalty expenses. The taxpayer deducts these royalty expenses for the previous year in the current year because the amounts of these royalty expenses are known exactly in the current year. Even though the taxpayer's financial statements were audited and had an unqualified opinion, the Directorate General of Taxes (DGT) as the tax authority in Indonesia negated the royalty expenses as a deduction from taxable income. This paper finds that a net sales-based royalty fee scheme can be estimated at the end of the year and deducted from gross income without waiting for a certainty on the amount of royalty expense on invoices received in the coming year. The accounting records of the taxpayer are not proper so that some data or documents cannot be proven in the tax court. The method of recording in the financial statements with an unqualified opinion does not guarantee that the recording follows tax regulations, especially following Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).
Thermosensitive hydrogel for in situ-controlled methotrexate delivery
Authors: Carrillo-Castillo Teresa Darlen , Luna-Velasco Antonia , Zaragoza-Contreras Erasto Armando , Castro-Carmona Javier Servando 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is widely used for the treatment of various types of cancer; however, it has drawbacks such as low solubility, lack of selectivity, premature degradation, and side effects. To solve these weaknesses, a hydrogel with the ability to contain and release MTX under physiological conditions without burst release was synthesized. The hydrogel was fabricated with a poly(ɛ-caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL–PEG–PCL) triblock copolymer, synthesized by ring-opening polymerization. The characterizations by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry confirmed the copolymer assembly, whereas the molecular weight analysis validated the PCL2000–PEG1000–PCL2000 structure. The copolymer aqueous solution exhibited sol–gel phase transition at 37°C and injection capacity. The hydrogel supported a load of 1,000 μg MTX·mL−1, showing a gradual and sustained release profile of the drug for 14 days, with a delivery up to 92% at pH 6.7. The cytotoxicity of the MTX-loaded hydrogel was performed by the methyl thiazole tetrazolium assay, showing a mean inhibitory concentration of 50% of MCF-7 cells (IC50) at 43 µg MTX·mL−1.
A macro-level analysis of language learning and migration
Authors: Uebelmesser Silke , Sommerfeld Ann-Marie , Weingarten Severin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article investigates the macro-level drivers of adult-age language learning with a focus on migration based on a new dataset on German language learning in 77 countries (including Germany) for 1992–2006. Fixed-effects regressions show that language learning abroad is strongly associated with immigration from countries of the European Union and the Schengen Area whose citizens enjoy free access to Germany, while language learning in Germany is strongly associated with immigration from countries with restricted access. The different degrees of uncertainty about access to Germany seem to be of importance for preparatory language learning. To shed light on country heterogeneities, we substitute the location fixed effects with a vector of country characteristics, which include several distance measures among others, and we estimate a random-effects model. Last, we provide some tentative arguments in favour of a causal interpretation. The main results related to the role of uncertainty are mostly unaffected. The Skilled Immigration Act from 2020 removes part of this uncertainty with potential positive effects on preparatory language learning and economic and social integration.
Analysis of optical Kerr effect on effective core area and index of refraction in single-mode dispersion shifted and dispersion flattened fibers
Authors: Aich Jayanta , Majumdar Angshuman , Gangopadhyay Sankar 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A new technique is presented for computing very useful propagation parameters like effective core area and effective index of refraction of mono-mode dispersion shifted and dispersion flattened fibers both in the presence and in the absence of Kerr nonlinearity. The technique involves application of accurate but simple expressions for modal fields developed by Chebyshev formalism. The study of the influence of Kerr nonlinearity on the aforementioned parameters, however, requires the application of the method of iteration. For the purpose of such investigation, in linear as well as nonlinear region, we take some typically used dispersion shifted and dispersion flattened fibers and we show that the results found by our simple formalism are in excellent agreement with those obtained by using complex finite element method. Further, the necessary evaluation by our simple method needs very less computations. Thus, our formalism generates ample opportunity for applications in many areas in the field of nonlinear optics.
Maghnite: an innovative inorganic reinforcement utilized in the synthesis of polyamide 12 nanocomposites with optimized thermal and mechanical properties
Authors: Mrah Lahouari , Marref Mohamed , Megherbi Radja 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study will contribute to the identification and understanding of the reinforcement mechanisms of thermoplastic matrices by nanofillers. This aspect is addressed through the investigation of the thermal and mechanical properties of nanocomposites consisting of a polyamide 12 (PA12) matrix crammed with organically modified clay nanoparticles. An efficient approach to the synthesis of polyamide 12 (PA12) nanocomposites was investigated; Maghnite may be a processed Algerian mineral clay which will act both as a catalyst and as an inorganic reinforcement. Two sorts of organic substances were used, labeled CTA-Mag (1CEC) and CTA-Mag (2CEC), modified by cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA) ions. However, PA12/CTA-Mag nanocomposites are characterized by various physico-chemical techniques, XRD, FTIR, TGA, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Measurements of tensile modulus, yield strength, lastingness, elongation at break and toughness were done to assess the behavior of the mechanical properties. Furthermore, we have analyzed the consequences of the mass fraction of the fillers on the structural, thermal and mechanical properties of those nanocomposites. Specific attention has been paid to the study of relationships between the macroscopic properties and therefore the structure of nanocomposites. Thermomechanical tests showed a big improvement within the properties of the nanocomposites compared to neat PA12.
A morphosyntactic analysis of nominal expressive suffixes in Russian and Greek
Authors: Steriopolo Olga , Markopoulos Giorgos , Spyropoulos Vassilios 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis work investigates and compares nominal expressive suffixes in Russian and Greek within the framework ofDistributed Morphology. It shows that, although the suffixes under investigation share the same expressive meaning, they differ significantly in their syntactic structure, namely in the manner and place of attachment in the syntactic tree. More specifically, in both languages expressive suffixes can attach either as heads or as modifiers and, furthermore, they may occupy various syntactic positions. This illustrates that, despite their uniformity at semantic level, expressive suffixes exhibit variation with respect to their syntactic structuring both within and across languages.
Hidden Champions and their integration in rural regional innovation systems: Insights from Germany
Authors: Rietmann Carsten 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article studies the integration of Hidden Champions – little-known highly innovative global market leaders – in rural regional innovation systems (RIS) in Germany. These firms are analyzed in relation to their integration into a RIS framework, which differentiates two subsystems: knowledge generation and diffusion, and knowledge application and exploitation. The relevance of firm-internal and firm-external regional influencing factors on rural RIS integration is examined. The article proposes that Hidden Champions are weakly integrated in RIS due to their international sales focus and high technological specialization. To test this premise, 57 expert interviews with Hidden Champions and regional actors were conducted. It was found that key influences for RIS integration of this firm type are ownership structure, firm size, organizational status, location economies, and urbanization economies. Family businesses are on average more integrated than other firm types, but vary significantly in their integration.
Centrifuge Modeling Methodology for Energy Pile Pullout from Saturated Soft Clay
Authors: Ghaaowd Ismaail , McCartney John S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a test setup and methodology for centrifuge modeling of energy pile pullout from saturated soft clay, with the goal of understanding how pile heating improves the interface shear strength through thermal consolidation. A kaolinite clay layer was first consolidated outside the centrifuge within a cylindrical container with an inner diameter of 551 mm using a hydraulic piston to reach a thickness of 220–240 mm then permitted to equilibrate in the centrifuge under 50 g. An aluminum energy pile having a model-scale diameter of 25 mm and length of 255 m was then installed at a constant displacement rate through the clay layer and embedded into an underlying sand layer. An electrical resistance heater within the pile was used to heat the soil-pile interface to a target temperature, and thermocouples and pore water pressure transducers in the clay layer were used to track the coupled heat transfer and water flow processes. Detailed results are reported from a baseline test on an unheated pile and from a test on a pile where pullout was performed after heating the pile from 20°C to 65°C and cooling back to 20°C with no head restraint. The pullout capacity of the heated energy pile was 1.43 times greater than that of the unheated energy pile. Insights into the increase in capacity were gained from undrained shear-strength profiles in the clay layers measured using push-pull T-bar penetration tests performed after pullout.
Distinct Representations of Tonotopy and Pitch in Human Auditory Cortex
Authors: Allen Emily J. , Mesik Juraj , Kay Kendrick N. , Oxenham Andrew J. 
Published: November 2021

Frequency-to-place mapping, or tonotopy, is a fundamental organizing principle throughout the auditory system, from the earliest stages of auditory processing in the cochlea to subcortical and cortical regions. Although cortical maps are referred to as tonotopic, it is unclear whether they simply reflect a mapping of physical frequency inherited from the cochlea, a computation of pitch based on the fundamental frequency, or a mixture of these two features. We used high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure BOLD responses as male and female human participants listened to pure tones that varied in frequency or complex tones that varied in either spectral content (brightness) or fundamental frequency (pitch). Our results reveal evidence for pitch tuning in bilateral regions that partially overlap with the traditional tonotopic maps of spectral content. In general, primary regions within Heschl's gyri (HGs) exhibited more tuning to spectral content, whereas areas surrounding HGs exhibited more tuning to pitch.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTonotopy, an orderly mapping of frequency, is observed throughout the auditory system. However, it is not known whether the tonotopy observed in the cortex simply reflects the frequency spectrum (as in the ear) or instead represents the higher-level feature of fundamental frequency, or pitch. Using carefully controlled stimuli and high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we separated these features to study their cortical representations. Our results suggest that tonotopy in primary cortical regions is driven predominantly by frequency, but also reveal evidence for tuning to pitch in regions that partially overlap with the tonotopic gradients but extend into nonprimary cortical areas. In addition to resolving ambiguities surrounding cortical tonotopy, our findings provide evidence that selectivity for pitch is distributed bilaterally throughout auditory cortex.
Predictive Representations in Hippocampal and Prefrontal Hierarchies
Authors: Brunec Iva K. , Momennejad Ida 
Published: November 2021

As we navigate the world, we use learned representations of relational structures to explore and to reach goals. Studies of how relational knowledge enables inference and planning are typically conducted in controlled small-scale settings. It remains unclear, however, how people use stored knowledge in continuously unfolding navigation (e.g., walking long distances in a city). We hypothesized that multiscale predictive representations guide naturalistic navigation in humans, and these scales are organized along posterior-anterior prefrontal and hippocampal hierarchies. We conducted model-based representational similarity analyses of neuroimaging data collected while male and female participants navigated realistically long paths in virtual reality. We tested the pattern similarity of each point, along each path, to a weighted sum of its successor points within predictive horizons of different scales. We found that anterior PFC showed the largest predictive horizons, posterior hippocampus the smallest, with the anterior hippocampus and orbitofrontal regions in between. Our findings offer novel insights into how cognitive maps support hierarchical planning at multiple scales.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhenever we navigate the world, we represent our journey at multiple horizons: from our immediate surroundings to our distal goal. How are such cognitive maps at different horizons simultaneously represented in the brain? Here, we applied a reinforcement learning-based analysis to neuroimaging data acquired while participants virtually navigated their hometown. We investigated neural patterns in the hippocampus and PFC, key cognitive map regions. We uncovered predictive representations with multiscale horizons in prefrontal and hippocampal gradients, with the longest predictive horizons in anterior PFC and the shortest in posterior hippocampus. These findings provide empirical support for the computational hypothesis that multiscale neural representations guide goal-directed navigation. This advances our understanding of hierarchical planning in everyday navigation of realistic distances.