bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital Infections of the Nervous System
Authors: Patel Payal 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article provides an overview of congenital infections affecting the central nervous system (CNS), discussing the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic tools, and preventive and treatment measures for a variety of pathogens with the potential to infect the developing fetal brain.

RECENT FINDINGS
Contrary to popular belief, many congenital CNS infections are preventable and treatable. Treatment options exist for congenital cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus, toxoplasmosis, and syphilis, although the efficacy of these treatments and the populations that may benefit from treatment are variable. Zika virus has recently emerged as a pathogen affecting the fetal brain, and new data suggest that the pathogenesis of Zika virus involves direct infection of neuronal progenitor cells leading to destruction of CNS tissue. The incidence of congenital syphilis has been increasing in the United States over the past decade as a direct result of new syphilis cases among adults and poor access to adequate maternal health care.

SUMMARY
Congenital CNS infections often result in significant neurologic morbidity in pediatric patients. Therefore, early identification of maternal illness and implementation of preventive measures are important in improving developmental outcomes and quality of life.
Neurologic Complications of Tuberculosis
Authors: Saylor Deanna 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article describes the current epidemiology, common clinical characteristics, and up-to-date evidence-based approaches to the diagnosis and management of the most common neurologic complications of tuberculosis (TB): tuberculous meningitis, intracranial tuberculoma, and spinal TB.

RECENT FINDINGS
Central nervous system (CNS) TB remains common and associated with significant mortality and neurologic sequelae worldwide. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection is strongly associated with both the development of and mortality due to CNS TB. Strongyloides co-infection is associated with reduced CNS inflammation and improved outcomes in the setting of tuberculous meningitis. Stroke remains a common complication of tuberculous meningitis, and emerging evidence suggests aspirin may be used in this context. Although a recent nucleic acid amplification test has demonstrated suboptimal sensitivity in the diagnosis of CNS TB, emerging diagnostic techniques include cell-free DNA, peripheral blood microRNA, metagenomic next-generation sequencing, and advanced imaging techniques, but these are not yet well validated. CNS TB is associated with high mortality even with current treatment regimens, although novel, promising strategies for treatment are under investigation, including a combination of IV isoniazid and ethambutol and high-dose rifampicin.

SUMMARY
TB can affect the nervous system in various ways and is associated with high mortality. Diagnosis remains challenging in endemic settings, with empiric treatment often initiated without a definitive diagnosis. Furthermore, optimal treatment regimens remain uncertain because current treatment for all forms of CNS TB is extrapolated from trials of tuberculous meningitis whereas the role of steroids in people with HIV and tuberculous meningitis remains controversial.
Infections of the Spine and Spinal Cord
Authors: Bhattacharyya Shamik , Bradshaw Michael J. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Infections of the spine and spinal cord are associated with a high risk of morbidity and mortality and, therefore, require prompt clinical recognition, efficient diagnostic evaluation, and interdisciplinary treatment. This article reviews the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of infections of the spine and spinal cord to help practicing clinicians recognize, evaluate, and manage patients with such infections.

RECENT FINDINGS
Aging of the population, increasing use of immunosuppressive medications, and other factors have contributed to increasing rates of spinal infections. Although the most common agents responsible for spinal infections remain bacteria and viruses, fungal infections occur in individuals who are immunocompromised, and parasitic infections are common in endemic regions, but patterns are in evolution with migration and climate change. Recent outbreaks of acute flaccid myelitis in children have been associated with enteroviruses A71 and D68.

SUMMARY
Infections of the spine and spinal cord can be challenging to diagnose, requiring a thorough history and neurologic examination, laboratory studies of serum and CSF, neuroimaging (particularly MRI), and, in some instances, biopsy, to establish a diagnosis and treatment regimen. Interdisciplinary management including collaboration with experts in internal medicine, infectious disease, and neurosurgery is important to improve clinical outcomes.
Between Scylla and Charybdis?
Authors: Ferradou Mathieu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn 1792 foreigners flocked to France to participate in the new republican regime, redefining the nation as the conduct of popular sovereignty. A number of American, British, and Irish foreigners formed a club in Paris, the Society of the Friends of the Rights of Man (Société des Amis des Droits de l'Homme), among whom Irish republicans were a key component. Eager to “revolutionize” Britain and Ireland, they contributed to the rise in tensions and, ultimately, to the outbreak of war between France and Britain. The author argues that these Irish, because of their colonial experience, were a crucial factor in the redefinition of and opposition between British imperial and French republican models of nation and citizenship. Their defense of a cosmopolitan citizenship ideal was violently rejected in Britain and was severely tested by the “Terror” in France.En 1792, de nombreux étrangers vinrent en France pour participer à l’élaboration du nouveau régime républicain, redéfinissant la nation comme le vecteur de la souveraineté populaire. Plusieurs Américains, Anglais, Irlandais et Ecossais formèrent un club à Paris, la Société des amis des droits de l'homme (SADH), parmi lesquels les Irlandais furent une composante clé. Désireux de « révolutionner » la Grande-Bretagne et l'Irlande, ils contribuèrent à la montée des tensions et à l’éclatement du conflit entre la France et la Grande-Bretagne. Cet article cherche à démontrer que ces Irlandais, du fait de leur expérience coloniale, jouèrent un rôle central dans la redéfinition et l'opposition entre le modèle impérial britannique et le modèle français républicain de la nation et de la citoyenneté. Leur défense d'un idéal cosmopolite de citoyenneté suscita un violent rejet en Grande-Bretagne et fut mise à rude épreuve pendant la « Terreur » en France.
Barriers and facilitators to health insurance enrolment among people working in the informal sector in Morogoro, Tanzania
Authors: Abraham Elisante , Gray Cindy , Fagbamigbe Adeniyi F. , Tediosi Fabrizio , Otesinky Brianna , Haafkens Joke , Mhalu Grace , Mtenga Sally 
Published: September 2021

Background: Health insurance is a crucial pathway towards the achievement of universal health coverage. In Tanzania, health-financing reforms are underway to speed up universal health coverage in the informal sector. Despite improved Community Health Fund (iCHF) rollout, iCHF enrolment remains a challenge in the informal sector. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of local women food vendors (LWFV) and Bodaboda (motorcycle taxi) drivers on factors that challenge and facilitate their enrolment in iCHF. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in Morogoro Municipality through in-depth interviews with LWFV (n=24) and Bodaboda drivers (n=26), and two focus group discussions with LWFV (n=8) and Bodaboda drivers (n=8). Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) constructs (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived control) provided a framework for the study and informed a thematic analysis focusing on the barriers and facilitators of iCHF enrolment. Results: The views of LWFV and Bodaboda drivers on factors that influence iCHF enrolment converged. Three main barriers emerged: lack of knowledge about the iCHF (attitude); negative views from friends and families (subjective norms); and inability to overcome challenges, such as the quality and range of health services available to iCHF members and iCHF not being accepted at non-government facilities (perceived control). A number of facilitators were identified, including opinions that enrolling to iCHF made good financial sense (attitude), encouragement from already-enrolled friends and relatives (subjective norms) and the belief that enrolment payment is affordable (perceived control). Conclusions: Results suggest that positive attitudes supported by perceived control and encouragement from significant others could potentially motivate LWFV and Bodaboda drivers to enroll in iCHF. However, more targeted information about the scheme is needed for individuals in the informal sector. There is also a need to ensure that quality health services are available, including coverage for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and that non-government facilities accept iCHF.
Alteration in surface roughness of reciprocating endodontic instruments
Authors: Pham Khoa Van 
Published: September 2021

Background: Surface roughness is one of the most important characteristics of endodontic instruments, correlating to instrument fracture. The purpose of this study was to measure the surface roughness values of these instruments before and after resin root canal preparation without previous glide path preparation, with the new method. Data was obtained from field emission scanning electron microscopes (FE-SEM) combined with independent ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). Methods: A total of 20 simulated J-shape resin blocks with a radius of 4.5 mm, length of 16 mm, and angle of inflection of 600 were chosen and distributed into two equal groups. Each group was prepared by the WaveOne Gold Primary (Dentsply Sirona, Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) or the Reciproc Blue R25 (VDW, Munich, Germany) instruments, without glide path preparation. Special molds were used to confirm the same areas on the cutting blade at 3 mm and the instruments’ tips were scanned by FE-SEM, at different observed times. The parameters of Ra, Rq, and Rz in each sample were collected using the ImageJ software for analyses. The data was processed using the paired t-test with a significance level of 0.05. Results: Right after the first resin canal instrumentation, the surface roughness parameters of the two reciprocating investigated instruments were decreased. Conclusions: The FE-SEM images processed using the ImageJ software offered a trustworthy and suitable method for assessment of the NiTi endodontic file surface roughness.
АДАПТАЦИОННЫЙ ПРОЦЕСС НОВЫХ СОТРУДНИКОВ В ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯХ
Authors: Kozlova Maria A. , Kozlov Aleksey V. 
Published: September 2021

В статье затрагивается вопрос об адаптационном процессе новых сотрудников в образовательных учреждениях. Акцентируется внимание на необходимости в представлении коллективу нового сотрудника, его правильном курировании (наставничестве) в первые месяцы работы и проведении совместных мероприятий, направленных на увеличение командного духа, сплоченность и психологическую разгрузку. Выявляется взаимосвязь между длительностью адаптационного процесса от построения грамотного внедрения нового сотрудника в уже сложившийся коллектив. При помощи опросника проведено исследование по вопросу адаптационного процесса новых сотрудников. В исследовании принимали участие 25 респондентов- сотрудники государственных образовательных учреждений. Результаты исследования показали, что современным менеджерам необходимо уделять должное внимание адаптационным процессам новых сотрудников, т. к. бесконтрольное внедрение зачастую приводит к постоянной смене кадров, что негативно отражается на результативности работы любого коллектива.
Цель – выявить недостатки в адаптационном процессе образовательных учреждений и определить способы их минимизации.
Метод или методология проведения работы: в соответствии с намеченной целью и изученной научной литературой нами был определен и использован метод опроса и анкетирования.
Результаты: в результате исследования сформированы конкретные рекомендации по улучшению адаптационного процесса новых сотрудников в образовательных учреждениях.
Область применения результатов: полученные результаты могут быть применены в образовательных учреждениях любого уровня для улучшения адаптационного процесса.
Multi-item inventory policy with time-dependent pricing and rework cost
Authors: Nafisah Laila , Maharani Nabilla Clara Devi , Astanti Yuli Dwi , Khannan Muhammad Shodiq Abdul 
Published: September 2021

The price of broiler chickens at the consumer level varies daily. The price can be very low or otherwise. The price has resulted from the imbalance between the availability of chicken from suppliers and the market demand. As a result, demand will also fluctuate because it is influenced by consumer purchasing power. When the price of live chickens is low, the carcass company will usually buy in large quantities and expect to sell them at a higher price. The problem arises when the chicken overstock company will risk product damage due to product buildup in the refrigerated warehouse, so rework is necessary. In this paper, we will be developed a multi-item inventory model that considers material prices that vary to time, probabilistic demand, and rework costs. The aim is to determine the right policy for controlling frozen chicken products' inventory to minimize losses and total inventory costs. This model can evaluate the best time to order broiler chickens, how much to order, how long the interval between orders, and the optimal number of orders, resulting in minimum total inventory cost per period. The model solution is carried out with an optimization approach based on the parameters that affect the model. A numerical example is given at the end of this paper for model validation and illustrates the model solving algorithm.
The ability to kneel before and after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Scott Chloe E. H. , Holland George , Gillespie Matthew , Keenan Oisin J. , Gherman Anda , MacDonald Deborah J. , Simpson A. Hamish R. W. , Clement Nicholas D. 
Published: September 2021

Aims The aims of this study were to investigate the ability to kneel after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) without patellar resurfacing, and its effect on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Secondary aims included identifying which kneeling positions were most important to patients, and the influence of radiological parameters on the ability to kneel before and after TKA. Methods This prospective longitudinal study involved 209 patients who underwent single radius cruciate-retaining TKA without patellar resurfacing. Preoperative EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D), Oxford Knee Score (OKS), and the ability to achieve four kneeling positions were assessed including a single leg kneel, a double leg kneel, a high-flexion kneel, and a praying position. The severity of radiological osteoarthritis (OA) was graded and the pattern of OA was recorded intraoperatively. The flexion of the femoral component, posterior condylar offset, and anterior femoral offset were measured radiologically. At two to four years postoperatively, 151 patients with a mean age of 70.0 years (SD 9.44) were included. Their mean BMI was 30.4 kg/m2 (SD 5.36) and 60 were male (40%). They completed EQ-5D, OKS, and Kujala scores, assessments of the ability to kneel, and a visual analogue scale for anterior knee pain and satisfaction. Results The ability to kneel in the four positions improved in between 29 (19%) and 53 patients (35%) after TKA, but declined in between 35 (23%) and 46 patients (30%). Single-leg kneeling was most important to patients. After TKA, 62 patients (41%) were unable to achieve a single-leg kneel, 76 (50%) were unable to achieve a double-leg kneel, 102 (68%) were unable to achieve a high-flexion kneel and 61 (40%) were unable to achieve a praying position. Posterolateral cartilage loss significantly affected preoperative deep flexion kneeling (p = 0.019). A postoperative inability to kneel was significantly associated with worse OKS, Kujala scores, and satisfaction (p < 0.05). Multivariable regression analysis identified significant independent associations with the ability to kneel after TKA (p < 0.05): better preoperative EQ-5D and flexion of the femoral component for single-leg kneeling; the ability to achieve it preoperatively and flexion of the femoral component for double-leg kneeling; male sex for high-flexion kneeling; and the ability to achieve it preoperatively, anterior femoral offset, and patellar cartilage loss for the praying position. Conclusion The ability to kneel was important to patients and significantly influenced knee-specific PROMs, but was poorly restored by TKA with equal chances of improvement or decline. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(9):1514–1525.
Is there increased value in robotic arm-assisted total hip arthroplasty?
Authors: Emara Ahmed K. , Zhou Guangjin , Klika Alison K. , Koroukian Siran M. , Schiltz Nicholas K. , Higuera-Rueda Carlos A. , Molloy Robert M. , Piuzzi Nicolas S. 
Published: September 2021

Aims The current study aimed to compare robotic arm-assisted (RA-THA), computer-assisted (CA-THA), and manual (M-THA) total hip arthroplasty regarding in-hospital metrics including length of stay (LOS), discharge disposition, in-hospital complications, and cost of RA-THA versus M-THA and CA-THA versus M-THA, as well as trends in use and uptake over a ten-year period, and future projections of uptake and use of RA-THA and CA-THA. Methods The National Inpatient Sample was queried for primary THAs (2008 to 2017) which were categorized into RA-THA, CA-THA, and M-THA. Past and projected use, demographic characteristics distribution, income, type of insurance, location, and healthcare setting were compared among the three cohorts. In-hospital complications, LOS, discharge disposition, and in-hospital costs were compared between propensity score-matched cohorts of M-THA versus RA-THA and M-THA versus CA-THA to adjust for baseline characteristics and comorbidities. Results RA-THA and CA-THA did not exhibit any clinically meaningful reduction in mean LOS (RA-THA 2.2 days (SD 1.4) vs 2.3 days (SD 1.8); p < 0.001, and CA-THA 2.5 days (SD 1.9) vs 2.7 days (SD 2.3); p < 0.001, respectively) compared to their respective propensity score-matched M-THA cohorts. RA-THA, but not CA-THA, had similar non-home discharge rates to M-THA (RA-THA 17.4% vs 18.5%; p = 0.205, and 18.7% vs 24.9%; p < 0.001, respectively). Implant-related mechanical complications were lower in RA-THA (RA-THA 0.5% vs M-THA 3.1%; p < 0.001, and CA-THA 1.2% vs M-THA 2.2%; p < 0.001), which was associated with a significantly lower in-hospital dislocation (RA-THA 0.1% vs M-THA 0.8%; p < 0.001). Both RA-THA and CA-THA demonstrated higher mean higher index in-hospital costs (RA-THA $18,416 (SD $8,048) vs M-THA $17,266 (SD $8,396); p < 0.001, and CA-THA $20,295 (SD $8,975) vs M-THA $18,624 (SD $9,226); p < 0.001, respectively). Projections indicate that 23.9% and 3.2% of all THAs conducted in 2025 will be robotic arm- and computer-assisted, respectively. Projections indicated that RA-THA use may overtake M-THA by 2028 (48.3%) and reach 65.8% of all THAs by 2030. Conclusion Technology-assisted THA, particularly RA-THA, may provide value by lowering in-hospital early dislocation rates and and other in-hospital metrics compared to M-THA. Higher index-procedure and hospital costs warrant further comprehensive cost analyses to determine the true added value of RA-THA in the episode of care, particularly since we project that one in four THAs in 2025 and two in three THA by 2030 will use RA-THA technology. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(9):1488–1496.
Regional variation in the survival of patients with a soft-tissue sarcoma of the extremity and trunk wall under a centralized care system
Authors: Fujiwara Tomohiro , Evans Scott , Stevenson Jonathan , Tsuda Yusuke , Gregory Jonathan , Grimer Robert J. , Abudu Seggy 
Published: September 2021

Aims While a centralized system for the care of patients with a sarcoma has been advocated for decades, regional variations in survival remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate regional variations in survival and the impact of national policies in patients with a soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) in the UK. Methods The study included 1,775 patients with a STS who were referred to a tertiary sarcoma centre. The geographical variations in survival were evaluated according to the periods before and after the issue of guidance by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in 2006 and the relevant evolution of regional management. Results There had been a significant difference in survival between patients referred from the North East, North West, East Midlands, West Midlands, South West, and Wales in the pre-NICE era (five-year disease-specific survival (DSS); South West, 74% vs North East, 47% (p = 0.045) or West Midlands, 54% (p = 0.049)), which was most evident for patients with a high-grade STS. However, this variation disappeared in the post-NICE era, in which the overall DSS for high-grade STS improved from 47% to 68% at five years (p < 0.001). Variation in the size of the tumour closely correlated with the variation in DSS, and the overall size of the tumour and incidence of metastasis at the time of diagnosis also decreased after the national policies were issued. Conclusion The survival of patients with a STS improved and regional variation corrected after the introduction of national policies, as a result of a decreasing size of tumour and incidence of metastasis at the time of diagnosis, particularly in patients with a high-grade STS. This highlights the positive impact of national guidelines on regional variation in the presentation, management, and outcome in patients with a STS. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(9):1541–1549.