bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting their past: Machine language learning can discriminate the brains of chimpanzees with different early‐life social rearing experiences
Authors: Bennett Allyson J. , Pierre Peter J. , Wesley Michael J. , Latzman Robert , Schapiro Steven J. , Mareno Mary Catherine , Bradley Brenda J. , Sherwood Chet C. , Mullholland Michele M. , Hopkins William D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEarly life experiences, including separation from caregivers, can result in substantial, persistent effects on neural, behavioral, and physiological systems as is evidenced in a long‐standing literature and consistent findings across species, populations, and experimental models. In humans and other animals, differential rearing conditions can affect brain structure and function. We tested for whole brain patterns of morphological difference between 108 chimpanzees reared typically with their mothers (MR; N = 54) and those reared decades ago in a nursery with peers, human caregivers, and environmental enrichment (NR; N = 54). We applied support vector machine (SVM) learning to archival MRI images of chimpanzee brains to test whether we could, with any degree of significant probability, retrospectively classify subjects as MR and NR based on variation in gray matter within the entire brain. We could accurately discriminate MR and NR chimpanzee brains with nearly 70% accuracy. The combined brain regions discriminating the two rearing groups were widespread throughout the cortex. We believe this is the first report using machine language learning as an analytic method for discriminating nonhuman primate brains based on early rearing experiences. In this sense, the approach and findings are novel, and we hope they stimulate application of the technique to studies on neural outcomes associated with early experiences. The findings underscore the potential for infant separation from caregivers to leave a long‐term mark on the developing brain.
The role of extracellular matrix alterations in mediating astrocyte damage and pericyte dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review
Authors: Anwar Mai M. , Özkan Esra , Gürsoy‐Özdemir Yasemin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe brain is a highly vascularized tissue protected by the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a complex structure allowing only necessary substances to pass through into the brain while limiting the entrance of harmful toxins. The BBB comprises several components, and the most prominent features are tight junctions between endothelial cells (ECs), which are further wrapped in a layer of pericytes. Pericytes are multitasked cells embedded in a thick basement membrane (BM) that consists of a fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) and are surrounded by astrocytic endfeet. The primary function of astrocytes and pericytes is to provide essential blood supply and vital nutrients to the brain. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), long‐term neuroinflammatory cascades associated with infiltration of harmful neurotoxic proteins may lead to BBB dysfunction and altered ECM components resulting in brain homeostatic imbalance, synaptic damage, and declined cognitive functions. Moreover, BBB structure and functional integrity may be lost due to induced ECM alterations, astrocyte damage, and pericytes dysfunction, leading to amyloid‐beta (Aβ) hallmarks deposition in different brain regions. Herein, we highlight how BBB, ECM, astrocytes, and pericytes dysfunction can play a leading role in AD's pathogenesis and discuss their impact on brain functions.
Impact of dialysate sodium concentration on vascular refilling
Authors: Álvarez‐Nadal Marta , Martín‐Capón Irene , Viera‐Ramírez Elizabeth Romelia , Fernández‐Lucas Milagros 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough relationship between dialysate sodium concentration and hemodynamic stability has been well studied over the years, outcomes of absolute blood volume (ABV) maintenance and vascular refilling volume (Vref) modifications were not included, as its analysis has not been easily accessible to direct investigation. However, recent studies report a simple and feasible methodology to assess ABV and Vref during hemodialysis (HD) treatments. It is the aim of this study to analyze whether sodium concentration in dialysate modifies ABV drop and Vref.MethodsThe study was performed in 19 patients under HD. During three different sessions, sodium concentration in dialysate was randomized to three different profiles: low sodium concentration (LNa, 138 mEq/L), neutral sodium concentration (NNa, 140 mEq/L), and high sodium concentration (HNa, 143 mEq/L). ABV and Vref were calculated using Kron et al methodology.ResultsPredialysis values of the measured parameters showed similar results for the three profiles. Sodium concentration showed an effect on ABV drop, Vref, and vascular refilling fraction (Fref). Pair‐wise comparison revealed mean ABV decreased 0.21 L less when using HNa profile versus LNa profile (p = 0.027), a mean Vref increase of 0.39 L (p = 0.038), and a mean Fref increase of 9.94% (p = 0.048).ConclusionsThis study shows that the use of HNa profiles increases Vref and Fref and reduces ABV drop during dialysis treatments when compared to LNa profiles.
Clinico‐epidemiological profile of lichen scrofulosorum: a 22‐year, single‐center, retrospective study
Authors: Singal Archana , Kaur Ishmeet , Pandhi Deepika , Gandhi Vijay , Jakhar Deepak , Grover Chander 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundLichen scrofulosorum (LS) represents immunologic reaction to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen and presents with subtle, asymptomatic, grouped follicular papules over the trunk and shows good therapeutic response to antitubercular drugs.ObjectiveTo study the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients diagnosed with LS.Materials and MethodsA single‐center retrospective review of patients diagnosed with LS from 1997 to 2018 was conducted. The data pertained to clinico‐epidemiological profile, BCG vaccination, Mantoux positivity, laboratory investigations, coexistent focus of tuberculosis, and response to antitubercular treatment (ATT).ResultsLS cases constituted 15.2% (221/1458) of all the patients diagnosed with cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB). Of these, 156 (70.5%) were pediatric patients. All patients presented with multiple follicular and perifollicular grouped papules. The trunk was the most common site involved (98.6%), followed by lower limb (25.33%), upper limb (15.83%), face (5%), and external genitalia (3.6%). Evidence of BCG vaccination and Mantoux test positivity was observed in 52.03 and 83.2%, respectively. Coexistent TB focus was detected in 134 (60.6%) patients in lymph nodes, lungs, abdomen, and unusual sites such as intracranial, endometrium, and eye. Twenty‐eight patients (12.66%) had coexistent other clinical forms of CTB. Clinical diagnosis of LS was confirmed on histology that revealed chiefly periappendageal epithelioid cell granuloma. Response to ATT was good with complete resolution of lesion in 8–12 weeks.ConclusionLS appears to be an underdiagnosed entity. Subtle and asymptomatic lesions of LS are often missed, thereby necessitating a high index of suspicion and appropriate evaluation of the underlying TB focus.
The relationship between ethnic background and the use of restrictive practices to manage incidents of violence or aggression in psychiatric inpatient settings
Authors: Payne‐Gill James , Whitfield Corin , Beck Alison 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRestrictive practices raise considerable concern in mental health inpatient care. Previous studies suggest there are disparities in the use of restrictive practices to manage service users of different ethnic groups. The present study analyses the relationship between ethnicity and the use of restrictive practices to manage incidents of violence or aggression in inpatient settings across an NHS Mental Health Trust. Three years’ worth of routinely collected incident data were analysed using multilevel multiple logistic regression to assess the relationship between ethnic group and four types of restrictive practices: physical restraint (without prone), physical restraint (with prone), seclusion, and rapid tranquilization. We controlled for a range of demographic variables and the type and severity of the incident. Adjusted analyses showed that service users with a Black African [Odds Ratio = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.36–2.83, P < 0.001], Black Caribbean [Odds Ratio = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.08–2.85, P = 0.022], Black Other [Odds Ratio = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.27–2.44, P = 0.001], and Mixed [Odds Ratio = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.11–3.18, P = 0.019] ethnic background were more likely to be secluded, and Black Caribbean [Odds Ratio = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.02–2.07, P = 0.040] service users were more likely to be restrained in prone position. We did not detect differences in the use of physical restraints without prone or in the use of rapid tranquilization. Our findings illustrate the need to focus on outcomes for different ethnic groups when implementing restraint reduction programmes.
Structural characteristics of complex supply chain networks
Authors: Wiedmer Robert , Griffis Stanley E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFirms source goods and services in complex, global supply chains. The network structures of these far‐reaching supply chains are believed to influence both firm‐level and supply chain‐level behavior. However, researchers and managers are challenged to manage extended supply chain networks because firms typically do not actively oversee their entire supply chain network. The extant research on the underlying network topologies is limited and relies on untested structural assumptions. This study addresses the latter issue by examining structural topologies in supply chain networks. We draw from the network and supply chain literature and empirically investigate the presence of topologies found in complex networks. In particular, we look for: small‐world, scale‐free, community, and hierarchical network structures. We study 21 extended (five‐tier) supply chain networks of firms representing various industries. Our analysis provides evidence for community, scale‐free, and hierarchical structures within the observed supply chain networks. The identification of network topologies is relevant to understand how to study supply chain networks and provide insights into network behavior and performance.
The lncRNA HOTAIR regulates autophagy and affects lipopolysaccharide‐induced acute lung injury through the miR‐17‐5p/ATG2/ATG7/ATG16 axis
Authors: Li Yujun , Liang Zhike , He Hua , Huang Xiaomei , Mo Zexun , Tan Jinwen , Guo Weihong , Zhao Ziwen , Wei Shuquan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLong non‐coding ribonucleic acids (lncRNAs) play critical roles in acute lung injury (ALI). We aimed to explore the involvement of lncRNA HOX transcript antisense intergenic ribonucleic acid (HOTAIR) in regulating autophagy in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced ALI. We obtained 1289 differentially expressed lncRNAs or messenger RNAs (mRNAs) via microarray analysis. HOTAIR was significantly upregulated in the LPS stimulation experimental group. HOTAIR knockdown (si‐HOTAIR) promoted cell proliferation in LPS‐stimulated A549 and BEAS‐2B cells, suppressing the protein expression of autophagy marker light chain 3B and Beclin‐1. Inhibition of HOTAIR suppressed LPS‐induced cell autophagy, apoptosis and arrested cells in the G0/G1 phase prior to S phase entry. Further, si‐HOTAIR alleviated LPS‐induced lung injury in vivo. We predicted the micro‐ribonucleic acid miR‐17‐5p to target HOTAIR and confirmed this via RNA pull‐down and dual luciferase reporter assays. miR‐17‐5p inhibitor treatment reversed the HOTAIR‐mediated effects on autophagy, apoptosis, cell proliferation and cell cycle. Finally, we predicted autophagy‐related genes (ATGs) ATG2, ATG7 and ATG16 as targets of miR‐17‐5p, which reversed their HOTAIR‐mediated protein upregulation in LPS‐stimulated A549 and BEAS‐2B cells. Taken together, our results indicate that HOTAIR regulated apoptosis, the cell cycle, proliferation and autophagy through the miR‐17‐5p/ATG2/ATG7/ATG16 axis, thus driving LPS‐induced ALI.
The use of an unoccupied aerial vehicle to survey shark species over sand and rocky‐reef habitats in a marine protected area
Authors: Ayres Kathryn A. , Ketchum James T. , González‐Armas Rogelio , Galván‐Magaña Felipe , Hearn Alex , Elorriaga‐Verplancken Fernando R. , Hoyos‐Padilla Edgar M. , Kajiura Stephen M. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTCabo Pulmo National Park was established in 1995 and has since seen a large increase in fish biomass. An unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) was used to survey shallow coastal habitat in which lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris), bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) and Pacific nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma unami) were recorded. Sharks were more common in the afternoon, potentially using warmer shallow areas to behaviourally thermoregulate. This study highlights UAV surveying to be a viable tool for species identification, a limitation of previous terrestrial surveys conducted in the area.
Postnatal cranial ontogeny and growth strategies in the black‐tailed gullLarus crassirostrisbreeding on Kabu Island, Aomori, Japan
Authors: Hanai T. , Iwami Y. , Tomita N. , Tsuihiji T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlthough cranial morphology of modern birds has been an important subject of evolutionary studies, detailed information on postnatal ontogeny of the avian skull remains very scarce. Herein, a wild population of the black‐tailed gull (Larus crassirostris) breeding on Kabu Island was examined to explore relationships between their growth strategies and ontogenetic changes in the cranial shape. By examining growth series covering a major part of the postnatal ontogenetic period, it was clarified that the typical form of the adult larid skull was produced through dynamic proportional changes among cranial structures after hatching. Cranial structures related to the oral capacity and deglutition (e.g., some elements of hyoid bones) attained the adult sizes before fledging, whereas other structures apparently reached the adult sizes well after leaving the nest. The palatal width exhibited positively allometric growth against the skull volume in chicks in the early nestling stage, followed by a period of negative allometry in the later growth stage. A nestling gull has to acquire swallowing ability by the time of fledging at the latest because this ability is apparently essential for a food intake without parental aid. In addition, because nestlings mainly feed on foodstuffs supplied by their parents, previous studies suggested the possibility that siblings within a nest compete for food resources. Under this scenario, early acquisition of swallowing abilities, as indicated by the allometric patterns of relevant cranial structures, may be an adaptive trait that enhances survival of nestlings.
Shadow banking and financial intermediation
Authors: Özgür Gökçer 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article investigates the nature of shadow banking and its effects on bank lending and funding conditions in the U.S. financial markets. It, first, reviews the main instruments of this credit intermediation and the procyclical patterns in it. Second, it estimates two indicators of shadow banking activities and uses these indicators in Markov‐switching (MS) and vector autoregressive models. The MS models detect two regimes for bank lending, and these regimes reflect the expansion and contraction phases of bank lending cycles. Shadow banking is positively (negatively) associated with bank lending in the expansion (contraction) phases. Another model that uses impulse‐response analysis shows that shadow banking has a positive effect on the risk premium and a negative effect on term spread.
Known and potential molecules associated with altered B cell development leading to predominantly antibody deficiencies
Authors: Amirifar Parisa , Yazdani Reza , Azizi Gholamreza , Ranjouri Mohammad Reza , Durandy Anne , Plebani Alessandro , Lougaris Vassilios , Hammarstrom Lennart , Aghamohammadi Asghar , Abolhassani Hassan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPredominantly antibody deficiencies (PADs) encompass a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by low immunoglobulin serum levels in the presence or absence of peripheral B cells. Clinical presentation of affected patients may include recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, invasive infections, autoimmune manifestations, allergic reactions, lymphoproliferation, and increased susceptibility to malignant transformation. In the last decades, several genetic alterations affecting B‐cell development/maturation have been identified as causative of several forms of PADs, adding important information on the genetic background of PADs, which in turn should lead to a better understanding of these disorders and precise clinical management of affected patients. This review aimed to present a comprehensive overview of the known and potentially involved molecules in the etiology of PADs to elucidate the pathogenesis of these disorders and eventually offer a better prognosis for affected patients.
Multiple Cypridina Luciferase Genes in the Genome of Individual Ostracods, Vargula hilgendorfii (Cypridina hilgendorfii)
Authors: Inouye Satoshi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe genomic structure of the Cypridina luciferase gene in Vargula hilgendorfii (formerly Cypridina hilgendorfii) was determined with three λ phage clones (λ34, λ45, and λ61). The luciferase genes in clones λ34 and λ61 consisted of 13 exons and 12 introns, and clone λ45 only contained exons 1–5. The splicing sites of the luciferase genes in λ34 and λ61 were conserved completely with the consensus sequence. The translated luciferases had 555 amino acid residues, which were over 98.6% identical to those of cDNA clones as previously reported. In contrast, each intron in clones λ34, λ45, and λ61 varied significantly in length. To explain the variation of intron length among the three V. hilgendorfii luciferase genes, genomic DNA was isolated from a single V. hilgendorfii specimen, and the regions from exon 1–3 of the luciferase gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR products with various lengths were detected and were confirmed as the luciferase gene fragments by Southern blot analysis. Furthermore, DNA sequence analysis indicated that at least seven luciferase gene groups might be present in the genome of a single specimen. Thus, multiple Cypridina luciferase genes exist in the genome of a single V. hilgendorfii specimen.
Evolutionary trade‐offs at the Arabidopsis WRR4A resistance locus underpin alternate Albugo candida race recognition specificities
Authors: Castel Baptiste , Fairhead Sebastian , Furzer Oliver J. , Redkar Amey , Wang Shanshan , Cevik Volkan , Holub Eric B. , Jones Jonathan D. G. 
Published: June 2021

SUMMARYThe oomycete Albugo candida causes white rust of Brassicaceae, including vegetable and oilseed crops, and wild relatives such as Arabidopsis thaliana. Novel White Rust Resistance (WRR) genes from Arabidopsis enable new insights into plant/parasite co‐evolution. WRR4A from Arabidopsis accession Columbia (Col‐0) provides resistance to many but not all white rust races, and encodes a nucleotide‐binding, leucine‐rich repeat immune receptor. Col‐0 WRR4A resistance is broken by AcEx1, an isolate of A. candida. We identified an allele of WRR4A in Arabidopsis accession Øystese‐0 (Oy‐0) and other accessions that confers full resistance to AcEx1. WRR4AOy‐0 carries a C‐terminal extension required for recognition of AcEx1, but reduces recognition of several effectors recognized by the WRR4ACol‐0 allele. WRR4AOy‐0 confers full resistance to AcEx1 when expressed in the oilseed crop Camelina sativa.
Limitations of current practices in detection of bacterially contaminated blood products associated with suspected septic transfusion reactions
Authors: Martin Isabella W. , Cohn Claudia S. , Delaney Meghan , Fontaine Magali J. , Shih Andrew W. , Dunbar Nancy M. ,   the SCARED Study Investigators on behalf of the Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion (BEST) Collaborative
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn the setting of suspected septic transfusion reactions, bacterial culture of both the transfused patient and the residual blood component is recommended. Primary bacterial contamination can occur at the time of component collection. Clinically insignificant “secondary contamination” can occur during post‐transfusion component discard, retrieval for culture, or manipulation of the bag at the time of culture sampling.Study design and methodsThis retrospective, multi‐center study analyzes positive residual component culture results and companion patient blood cultures from 15 hospitals, 1 blood center, and all cultured transfusion reactions within the province of Quebec, Canada, over a 5‐year period. Imputability was assigned as “definite” (concordant growth), “possible” (discordant growth or lack of growth in patient culture), or “unable to assess” (patient not cultured).ResultsThere were 373 positive component cultures from 360 unique transfusion reactions, with 276 (76.7%) companion patient blood cultures performed, of which 10 (2.8%) yielded the pathogen detected in the positive component. Of these 10 definite pathogens, 7 (2 Staphylococcus aureus, 3 other staphylococci, and 1 Streptococcus pyogenes and 1 Bacillus sp.) were associated with platelet and 3 (Aeromonas veronii, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Enterococcus faecalis) with RBC transfusions. RBC and plasma components comprised 70% of positive component cultures.DiscussionThe process of performing residual component culture is vulnerable to secondary contamination. The significance of microorganisms recovered from component culture cannot be interpreted in isolation. In the context of low prevalence of primary contamination of blood components, the positive predictive value of a positive component culture result is very low.
A clinical retrospective study of Caparinia tripilis (Psoroptidae) mite dermatitis in pet African pygmy hedgehogs (Ateletrix albiventris) in southern Italy
Authors: d’Ovidio Dario , Santoro Mario , Santoro Domenico 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundCaparinia tripilis is a common ectoparasitic mite affecting African pygmy hedgehogs, and is associated with pruritus and self‐trauma. There have been no published surveys on the prevalence of such mites in pet African pygmy hedgehogs in Italy.ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence and clinical signs of C. tripilis infestation in African pygmy hedgehogs.AnimalsClinical records of hedgehogs examined between December 2017 and December 2020 were searched retrospectively.Methods and materialsThe prevalence of C. tripilis infestation was evaluated and exposure variables were assessed using stepwise conditional logistic regression and odds ratios (OR) were calculated.ResultsThe overall prevalence of C. tripilis was 39.5% (81 of 205) in client‐owned and 81.5% (66 of 81) in pet shop‐housed affected hedgehogs. Fifty‐two hedgehogs (64.2%) showed clinical signs of pruritus, scales, erythema, spine loss, crusting, alopecia and lichenification, while 29 infested hedgehogs (35.8%) were asymptomatic. The head was the most frequently affected area in 30 of 81 (37%) animals. In a multivariable analysis, affected hedgehogs were significantly younger [OR 0.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1–0.73; P = 0.0097] and more likely to be from a pet shop (OR 2.1, 95%CI 1–4.4; P = 0.04) than unaffected hedgehogs.Conclusions and clinical importanceThe results of this study indicate a prevalence rate of C. tripilis infestation that is consistent with trends observed in other studies. African pygmy hedgehogs, especially younger animals and those originating from a pet shop, should always be evaluated for C. tripilis.