bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trust and The Acquisition and Use of Public Health Information
Authors: Holland Stephen , Cawthra Jamie , Schloemer Tamara , Schröder-Bäck Peter 
Published: November 2021

AbstractInformation is clearly vital to public health, but the acquisition and use of public health data elicit serious privacy concerns. One strategy for navigating this dilemma is to build 'trust' in institutions responsible for health information, thereby reducing privacy concerns and increasing willingness to contribute personal data. This strategy, as currently presented in public health literature, has serious shortcomings. But it can be augmented by appealing to the philosophical analysis of the concept of trust. Philosophers distinguish trust and trustworthiness from cognate attitudes, such as confident reliance. Central to this is value congruence: trust is grounded in the perception of shared values. So, the way to build trust in institutions responsible for health data is for those institutions to develop and display values shared by the public. We defend this approach from objections, such as that trust is an interpersonal attitude inappropriate to the way people relate to organisations. The paper then moves on to the practical application of our strategy. Trust and trustworthiness can reduce privacy concerns and increase willingness to share health data, notably, in the context of internal and external threats to data privacy. We end by appealing for the sort of empirical work our proposal requires.
Distal Humeral Morphology Indicates Locomotory Divergence in Extinct Giant Kangaroos
Authors: Jones Billie , Martín-Serra Alberto , Rayfield Emily J. , Janis Christine M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPrevious studies of the morphology of the humerus in kangaroos showed that the shape of the proximal humerus could distinguish between arboreal and terrestrial taxa among living mammals, and that the extinct “giant” kangaroos (members of the extinct subfamily Sthenurinae and the extinct macropodine genus Protemnodon) had divergent humeral anatomies from extant kangaroos. Here, we use 2D geometric morphometrics to capture the shape of the distal humerus in a range of extant and extinct marsupials and obtain similar results: sthenurines have humeral morphologies more similar to arboreal mammals, while large Protemnodon species (P. brehus and P. anak) have humeral morphologies more similar to terrestrial quadrupedal mammals. Our results provide further evidence for prior hypotheses: that sthenurines did not employ a locomotor mode that involved loading the forelimbs (likely employing bipedal striding as an alternative to quadrupedal or pentapedal locomotion at slow gaits), and that large Protemnodon species were more reliant on quadrupedal locomotion than their extant relatives. This greater diversity of locomotor modes among large Pleistocene kangaroos echoes studies that show a greater diversity in other aspects of ecology, such as diet and habitat occupancy.
Advances in nonparametric item response theory for scale construction in quality-of-life research
Authors: Sijtsma Klaas , van der Ark L. Andries 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe introduce the special section on nonparametric item response theory (IRT) in Quality of Life Research. Starting from the well-known Rasch model, we provide a brief overview of nonparametric IRT models and discuss the assumptions, the properties, and the investigation of goodness of fit. We provide references to more detailed texts to help readers getting acquainted with nonparametric IRT models. In addition, we show how the rather diverse papers in the special section fit into the nonparametric IRT framework. Finally, we illustrate the application of nonparametric IRT models using data from a questionnaire measuring activity limitations in walking. The real-data example shows the quality of the scale and its constituent items with respect to dimensionality, local independence, monotonicity, and invariant item ordering.
Upscaling Mixing-Controlled Reactions in Unsaturated Porous Media
Authors: Perez Lazaro J. , Puyguiraud Alexandre , Hidalgo Juan J. , Jiménez-Martínez Joaquín , Parashar Rishi , Dentz Marco 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe study mixing-controlled chemical reactions in unsaturated porous media from a pore-scale perspective. The spatial heterogeneity induced by the presence of two immiscible phases, here water and air, in the pore space generates complex flow patterns that dominate reactive mixing across scales. To assess the impact of different macroscopic saturation states (the fraction of pore volume occupied by water) on mixing-controlled chemical reactions, we consider a fast irreversible reaction between two initially segregated dissolved species that mix as one solution displaces the other in the heterogeneous flow field of the water phase. We use the pore-scale geometry and water distributions from the laboratory experiments reported by Jiménez-Martínez et al. (Geophys. Res. Lett. 42: 5316–5324, 2015). We analyze reactive mixing in three complementary ways. Firstly, we post-process experimentally observed spatially distributed concentration data; secondly, we perform numerical simulations of flow and reactive transport in the heterogeneous water phase, and thirdly, we use an upscaled mixing model. The first approach relies on an exact algebraic map between conservative and reactive species for an instantaneous irreversible bimolecular reaction that allows to estimate reactive mixing based on experimental conservative transport data. The second approach is based on reactive random walk particle tracking simulations in the numerically determined flow field in the water phase. The third approach uses a dispersive lamella approach that accounts for the impact of flow heterogeneity on mixing in terms of effective dispersion coefficients, which are estimated from both experimental data and numerical random walk particle tracking simulations. We observe a significant increase in reactive mixing for decreasing saturation, which is caused by the stronger heterogeneity of the water phase and thus of the flow field. This is consistently observed in the experimental data and the direct numerical simulations. The dispersive lamella model, parameterized by the effective interface width, provides robust estimates of the evolution of the product mass obtained from the experimental and numerical data.
Voxel-Based Analysis of the Relation of 3′-Deoxy-3′-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) PET and Diffusion-Weighted (DW) MR Signals in Subcutaneous Tumor Xenografts Does Not Reveal a Direct Spatial Relation of These Two Parameters
Authors: Schelhaas Sonja , Frohwein Lynn Johann , Wachsmuth Lydia , Hermann Sven , Faber Cornelius , Schäfers Klaus P. , Jacobs Andreas H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Multimodal molecular imaging allows a direct coregistration of different images, facilitating analysis of the spatial relation of various imaging parameters. Here, we further explored the relation of proliferation, as measured by [18F]FLT PET, and water diffusion, as an indicator of cellular density and cell death, as measured by diffusion-weighted (DW) MRI, in preclinical tumor models. We expected these parameters to be negatively related, as highly proliferative tissue should have a higher density of cells, hampering free water diffusion.

Procedures
Nude mice subcutaneously inoculated with either lung cancer cells (n = 11 A549 tumors, n = 20 H1975 tumors) or colorectal cancer cells (n = 13 Colo205 tumors) were imaged with [18F]FLT PET and DW-MRI using a multimodal bed, which was transferred from one instrument to the other within the same imaging session. Fiducial markers allowed coregistration of the images. An automatic post-processing was developed in MATLAB handling the spatial registration of DW-MRI (measured as apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC) and [18F]FLT image data and subsequent voxel-wise analysis of regions of interest (ROIs) in the tumor.

Results
Analyses were conducted on a total of 76 datasets, comprising a median of 2890 data points (ranging from 81 to 13,597). Scatterplots showing [18F]FLT vs. ADC values displayed various grades of relations (Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) varied from − 0.58 to 0.49, median: -0.07). When relating PCC to tumor volume (median: 46 mm3, range: 3 mm3 to 584 mm3), lung tumors tended to have a more pronounced negative spatial relation of [18F]FLT and ADC with increasing tumor size. However, due to the low number of large tumors (> ~ 200 mm3), this conclusion has to be treated with caution.

Conclusions
A spatial relation of water diffusion, as measured by DW-MRI, and cellular proliferation, as measured by [18F]FLT PET, cannot be detected in the experimental datasets investigated in this study.
Colchicine Is Safe Though Ineffective in the Treatment of Severe COVID-19: a Randomized Clinical Trial (COLCHIVID)
Authors: Absalón-Aguilar Abdiel , Rull-Gabayet Marina , Pérez-Fragoso Alfredo , Mejía-Domínguez Nancy R. , Núñez-Álvarez Carlos , Kershenobich-Stalnikowitz David , Sifuentes-Osornio José , Ponce-de-León Alfredo , González-Lara Fernanda , Martín-Nares Eduardo , Montesinos-Ramírez Sharon , Ramírez-Alemón Martha , Ramírez-Rangel Pamela , Márquez Manlio F. , Plata-Corona Juan Carlos , Juárez-Vega Guillermo , Gómez-Martín Diana , Torres-Ruiz Jiram 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Colchicine is an available, safe, and effective anti-inflammatory drug and has been suggested as a COVID-19 treatment, but its usefulness in hospitalized severe COVID-19 patients has not been thoroughly demonstrated.

Objective
To address the safety and efficacy of colchicine in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19.

Design
We conducted a triple-blind parallel non-stratified placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Participants
We recruited 116 hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 in Mexico.

Interventions
Patients were randomized to receive 1.5 mg of colchicine or placebo at the time of the recruitment in the study (baseline) and 0.5 mg BID PO to complete 10 days of treatment.

Main Measures
The primary composite outcome was the progression to critical disease or death. Besides, we evaluated immunological features at baseline and after recovery or disease progression in 20 patients.

Key Results
Fifty-six patients were allocated to colchicine and 60 patients received placebo. The study was suspended after the second interim analysis demonstrated colchicine had no effect on the primary outcome (OR 0.83, 95%CI 0.35–1.93, P = 0.67), nor in the days of ICU and hospital stays. Adverse events were similar between groups (OR 1.63, 95% CI 0.66–3.88, P = 0.37). After colchicine treatment, patients had higher BUN and lower serum levels of IL-8, IL-12p70, and IL-17A.

Conclusions
Colchicine is safe but not effective in the treatment of severe COVID-19.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04367168.
Basal stress controls ice-flow variability during a surge cycle of Hagen Bræ, Greenland
Authors: Winton Øyvind A. , Simonsen Sebastian B. , Solgaard Anne M. , McNabb Robert , Karlsson Nanna B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBasal conditions play an essential role in the dynamics of outlet glaciers, but direct observations at the bed of glaciers are challenging to obtain. Instead, inverse methods can be used to infer basal parameters from surface observations. Here, we use a simple ice-flow model as a forward model in an inversion scheme to retrieve the spatio-temporally variable basal stress parameter for Hagen Bræ, North Greenland, from 1990 to 2020. Hagen Bræ is a surge-type glacier with up to an order of magnitude variability of winter velocities near the grounding line. We find that downstream changes in the basal stress parameter can explain most of the variation of flow velocity, and we further identify a region of high resistance ~20–40 km from the grounding line. We hypothesise that this region of high resistance plays an important role in controlling glacier discharge.
A “Sideways” Supply Response in California Winegrapes
Authors: Consoli Sarah , Fraysse Elizabeth A. , Slipchenko Natalya , Wang Yi , Amirebrahimi Jahon , Qin Zhiran , Yazma Neil , Lybbert Travis J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper explores growers’ supply response to the 2005 “Sideways effect” demand shock (Cuellar, Karnowsky, and Acosta, 2009) triggered by the 2004 release of the movie Sideways. We use a modified difference-in-difference approach to evaluate the supply response in California and regional supply response differences within California. We use U.S. Department of Agriculture data for the period 1999–2012 and find evidence of a supply response in the post-release period that is consistent with the “Sideways effect” on wine demand. The positive supply response for Pinot Noir is stronger than the negative response for Merlot and concentrated in lower value Central Valley vineyards. (JEL Classifications: D25, Q12)
Shell shape, morphometrics and relative growth of four sympatric limpet species from the Algarve coast (southern Portugal)
Authors: Vasconcelos Paulo , Janeiro Flávio , Pereira Fábio , Moura Paula , Carvalho André N. , Gaspar Miguel B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study analysed and compared the shell shape, morphometrics and relative growth of four sympatric limpet species (Patella depressa,Patella ulyssiponensis,Patella vulgataandSiphonaria pectinata) collected at Praia da Luz in Lagos (Algarve coast – southern Portugal). Morphometric relationships were established through regression analysis between linear (shell length, width and height), ponderal (total weight), area (shell base and surface areas) and volume variables (shell internal and total volumes). Relative growth (isometryvsallometry) was analysed to assess variation in the growth rate of morphometric variables throughout the species ontogeny. In addition, morphometric indices (ellipticity, conicity, density, surface area and volumetry) were calculated to further characterize shell shape. Overall, 1482 individuals with broad size and weight ranges were analysed (P. depressa= 354;P. ulyssiponensis= 306;P. vulgata= 408;S. pectinata= 414). All regressions were highly significant (P< 0.001) and the morphometric variables were strongly correlated (r= 0.761 to 0.994). Among 28 morphometric relationships, there were 14 isometries, 13 positive allometries and only one negative allometry. The morphometric indices revealed clear morphological differences between species and were mostly size-dependent, reflecting gradual changes in shell shape during growth. The main results are compared with a compilation of analogous data reported for these limpet species throughout their distributional range. Overall, the general trends in relative growth are discussed in terms of the species life habits, main traits and functional morphology.
Protecting an icon: Javan rhinoceros frontline management and conservation
Authors: Wilson Steven Graham , Biggs Duan , Kark Salit 
Published: November 2021

AbstractManagers of threatened species in remote protected areas play a pivotal role in shaping the outcomes of management and conservation programmes. The island of Java supports the last remaining population of the Javan rhinoceros Rhinoceros sondaicus, a Critically Endangered megaherbivore with only 72 individuals persisting in the wild, in Ujung Kulon National Park. Substantial resources are being invested to manage the Javan rhinoceros and it is difficult to monitor it in the rainforest to assess whether management actions have been successful. Insights from frontline staff into the outcomes of past conservation actions and the future actions required may be key to enhancing the outcomes of conservation actions for threatened species. To study the perceptions of frontline staff towards the conservation of the Javan rhinoceros, management actions and their outcomes, we surveyed all 36-frontline staff in Ujung Kulon National Park. Although staff perceptions of conservation outcomes were generally positive, they noted key anthropogenic threats and challenges to rhinoceros protection inherent to the survival of the last Javan rhinoceros population. Staff identified increased threat of disease transfer from domestic stock to the rhinoceros, in spite of protective fencing, and the combined effects of illegal firewood collection and agricultural encroachment on rhinoceros habitat. Systematically recording and incorporating the perceptions of frontline staff in remote and often inaccessible protected areas can help identify important areas for future conservation and threat mitigation that can facilitate better protection for the Javan rhinoceros and other iconic species.
Narratives Behind Livestock Methane Mitigation Studies Matter
Authors: Rigolot Cyrille 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA recent study in AGU Advances highlights the key role of production efficiency changes in livestock methane emission mitigation, which outperforms demand‐side efforts (Chang et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV000391). While acknowledging the high value of Chang et al.’s analysis, this commentary argues that the way its results are emphasized and discussed matters. As it is, the proposed narrative might even inadvertently (not intentionally) contribute to a “climate delay discourse,” that is, a discourse that fully accepts climate change but justifies inadequate efforts. From a climate emergency perspective, one important result of the study is that total emissions have increased substantially in the last two decades, at odds with climate change mitigation targets. A more transformative narrative would highlight the need to cultivate synergies between production and more ambitious demand‐side efforts, rather than the differences between their respective mitigation potentials.
Multi‐Century Changes in the Ocean Carbon Cycle Controlled by the Tropical Oceans and the Southern Ocean
Authors: Chikamoto Megumi O. , DiNezio Pedro 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe oceanic absorption of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) is expected to continue in the following centuries, but the processes driving these changes remain uncertain. We studied these processes in a simulation of future changes in global climate and the carbon cycle following the RCP8.5 high emission scenario. The simulation shows increasing oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 peaking towards the year 2080 and then slowing down but remaining significant in the period up to the year 2300. These multi‐century changes in uptake are dominated by changes in sea‐air CO2 fluxes in the tropical and southern oceans. In the tropics, reductions in upwelling and vertical gradients of dissolved carbon will reduce the vertical advection of carbon‐rich thermocline waters, suppressing natural outgassing of CO2. In the Southern Ocean, the upwelling of waters with relatively low dissolved carbon keeps the surface carbon relatively low, enhancing the uptake of CO2 in the next centuries. The slowdown in CO2 uptake in the subsequent centuries is caused by the decrease in CO2 solubility and storage capacity in the ocean due to ocean warming and changes in carbon chemistry. A collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) predicted for the next century causes a substantial reduction in the uptake of anthropogenic CO2. In sum, predicting multi‐century changes in the global carbon cycle depends on future changes in carbon chemistry along with changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulations in the Southern and tropical oceans, together with a potential collapse of the AMOC.
Using Traffic Density and Foliar Chemistry Variables to Understand Interactions Between Air Pollution and Household Income
Authors: Cobley L. A. E. , Pataki D. E. , Adler F. R. , Hinners S. J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe utilize traffic density and Convolvulus arvensis leaf chemistry to understand spatial patterns linking atmospheric pollution and household income in the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, USA. We hypothesize that traffic density will explain variation in atmospheric NOx and O3 concentrations. In addition, we expect foliar %N and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) to be elevated and carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) to be depleted on high traffic density roads. These hypotheses were supported: we found the highest NOx and lowest O3 concentrations on high‐traffic density roads. Also, NOx concentrations were higher in low‐income neighborhoods. Low‐income neighborhoods contained a greater density of high‐traffic roads than high‐income neighborhoods. Foliar %N was highest in low‐income neighborhoods and was correlated with NOx and O3, while δ15N was more depleted with increasing O3. These findings indicate that the distribution of high‐traffic density roads plays a significant role in inequities in pollution exposure between high‐ and low‐income neighborhoods, which is reflected in leaf chemistry.
The Influence of Sediment Transport on Stationary and Mobile Knickpoints in River Profiles
Authors: Hergarten Stefan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe analysis of stationary and mobile knickpoints has been one of the most powerful concepts in tectonic geomorphology for decades. While several models combining bedrock incision and sediment transport are available, the existing theory of knickpoints focuses on detachment‐limited erosion without consideration of sediment transport. On the other hand, fully transport‐limited systems do not maintain distinct knickpoints. This study addresses the existence and the properties of slope‐break knickpoints in fluvial systems between the two extremes with the help of the shared stream‐power model, which allows for a continuous shift between detachment‐limited and transport‐limited erosion. The most important result is that both stationary and mobile knickpoints remain sharp and are not smeared by sediment transport. The system responds to tectonic signals in two phases where the first phase is similar to the detachment‐limited model. Comparing rivers with the same equilibrium profile at a given uplift rate, the velocity of knickpoint migration increases toward transport‐limited conditions. The second phase of the response is dominated by changes in sediment flux and affects the entire river segment downstream of the mobile knickpoint including the fault where the tectonic signal was initiated. During this phase, the mobile knickpoint is flattened in the sense that the difference in steepness index across a slope‐break knickpoint decreases through time. It is also shown that large parts of the theory for the nonlinear model, in particular knickpoint sharpening and stretching, remain valid, but the effect of nonlinearity decreases with increasing contribution of sediment transport.