bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A preliminary study in to the viability of sponges as a proxy for sus scrofa (domesticus) lungs for ballistic evaluations
Authors: Pullen A E , Kieser D C , Hooper G , Plummer T C H 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
While tissue simulants are considered best practice for ballistic evaluations, there is an ongoing debate about the use of tissue simulant and their relevance and there are calls to improve models by making them more anatomically relevant by the introduction of bony structures and organs. Therefore; the aim of this study was to try and determine if sponges and/or ballistic gelatin may be a suitable proxy to porcine lungs using 5.56x45mm (MK262-MOD1). Four sample groups consisting of 10% ballistic gelatin blocks, lungs embedded in gelatin, kitchen sponges and car sponge in gelatin were evaluated. Analysis included determining the onset of yaw, time from impact to the onset of yaw, temporary and permanent cavity characteristics and energy deposition. The results indicated that the kitchen sponge and car sponge may be a suitable proxy to porcine lungs, however there were significant differences between the lung model and plain gelatin blocks and additional work should be carried out to investigate the suitability of sponges as a proxy to porcine lungs further.
Research on mechanical properties of different coating structures reactive fragments
Authors: Chen Peng , Yuan Bao-Hui , Qu Ke-Peng , Quan Jia-Lin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In order to study the dynamic compressive properties of reactive material which coating different shell thicknesses at various strain rates, Split Hopkinson Bar (SHPB) has bee used. The stress-strain curves at different strain rates were obtained under uniaxial stress loading condition. The results show that reactive materials and reactive fragments of coated structure have obvious strain rate effect. The yield strength of the 20# steel coating is 10 times higher than internal reactive material. The mechanical properties of coated reactive fragments are greatly affected by the thickness of the coating. The yield strength of the reactive fragments of the shell thickness of 1mm and 2mm cladding is 300MPa and 520MPa, respectively.
Design and locomotion analysis of a novel cube mechanism with probabilistic rolling
Authors: Guan Y H , Yao Y A , Liu C 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a novel cube mechanism that is capable of probabilistic rolling locomotion. The mechanism composes of 8 vertex modules and 12 links. A kinematic model is presented, then the deformation and locomotion characters of the mechanism are demonstrated by kinematics analysis. So, we know that there are two probable orientations in the rolling locomotion. This stochastic process accords with Bernoulli experiment in ideal condition. The stability and the tumbling condition are discussed by the rolling locomotion analysis. The dynamics model is built and the locomotion simulation is done. The results show that the rolling locomotion can be realized with alternate two types of gaits which are advancing gait and turning gait. In both of advancing gait and turning gait, the orientations are probabilistic. A prototype is manufactured, the advancing and turning function is verified through the tests.
Force-free control of low drag resistance for humanoid robot joint
Authors: Yu Han , Huang Gao , Liu Yaliang , Meng Libo , Chen Xuechao , Yu Zhangguo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A method for the force-free control of humanoid robot joints is presented that meets human–machine cooperation functions of a humanoid robot. To ensure accurate torque control, the current loop of the permanent magnet synchronous motor was initially optimised and its dynamic response improved with a compensating back electromotive force. The motor speed is then estimated by sampling the voltage and current, the values of which are used in the calculation of the joint angle and the gravitational-force compensation. Finally, a method to evaluate the dynamic force compensation is applied that then yields the motor output offset, the total gravitational load, the partial inertia force, and the partial friction moment. Experimental results show that this method reduces the drag torque to less than 1 Nm. This method can be widely applied to a variety of robotic joints.
Indonesia’s cyber diplomacy strategy as a deterrence means to face the threat in the indo-pacific region
Authors: Fathan Taufik A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses Indonesia’s cyber diplomacy strategy as a deterrence means to deal with the threat of cyberspace security in the Indo-Pacific region. Advances in information and communication technology in each country have driven new threats in cyberspace. Indonesia as one of the highest internet user countries in the world is inseparable from the threat of attacks in the cyberspace. The literature method is used to interpret the problem and to present more details in the cyber diplomacy efforts. This literature method approach is used to find perceptions and definitions from various references in relevant contexts and to carry out a process of identifying the defense forces possessed by cyber institutions in Indonesia and the challenges faced in the Indo-Pacific region. Following the circumstances, risk mitigation can be carried out as the basis for developing cyber diplomacy strategies and policies in Indonesia. However, this defense diplomacy strategy may not be effective if it is only carried out in dichotomic by one or two agencies only.
Design of individual soldier situation generation software based on AR
Authors: Ma W X , Pei K K , Zhang M , Fan X D 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
According to the requirements of the individual combat command system for real-time emergency command and battlefield situation, the software design based on the AREngine platform for the individual battlefield collaborative situation generation is studied. Using the domestic smart phone to carry out the augmented reality situation of the traditional sandbox, and make full use of the powerful AR function of the smart phone with the core processing equipment of the individual soldier system equipped by the infantry commander and the combat personnel, providing the infantry with infantry command, combat deduction, The realistic deployment of power deployment and battlefield situation can be used for wartime preparation of troops and strategic deployment during simulation training, which has practical significance.
An efficient enhanced automatic target recognition approach
Authors: Bahy Ramy M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new efficient enhanced automatic target recognition approach based on hybrid feature and intensity based methods. The proposed approach is based on comparison and matching between the acquired target image and the stored database images through edge detection, morphological operation, image transformation, image histogram matching and mutual information for both target and stored database images. Sobel operator is used to detect edges in both acquired target image and the stored database images. Hough transform is used as an image transformation which groups the extracted edge points in edged images to an appropriate set of lines which helps in features extraction and matching processes in both of target and stored database images. This gives an initial indication about realization and recognition between target image and its corresponding database image. Comparisons of image histogram and mutual information for both target and database images are finally used to emphasize the recognition of the target image and its verification with its corresponding database image. The proposed recognition approach passed through four stages which are: edge detection by Sobel edge detector, thinning as a morphological operation, Hough transformation, matching process using median deviation and finally histogram matching and measuring the mutual information between target and the available database images. The experimental results proved that the proposed hybrid target recognition approach gives a more accurate and successful recognition rate than other techniques which depend on using feature based methods or intensity based methods.
Autofocus microscope system based on blur measurement approach
Authors: Bahy Ramy M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Blurred (out-of-focus) images hinder the process of accurate cell counting in medical images. Cell counting is considered an important method to quantify cells for disease diagnosis and medical research. The hemocytometer is used to count cells as it is a cheaper and simple method. The specimen which contains cells is loaded into the hemocytometer and placed on a microscope. In this paper, a new autofocus technique is proposed to automatically adjust the microscope knobs by controlling the movement of adjusting knobs. This method is based on measuring and evaluation of the amount of blur annoyance in cell images. Whereas, adjusting knobs of microscope is a time consuming especially for beginners. Also, the automatic adjustment avoids losing the knob gear if it is used for several times or used in a wrong way. A CCD camera is attached to the microscope to capture images of specimen under test. An efficient blur metric is used to evaluate the amount of blur in captured images. The microscope knob is attached to a stepper motor to control its movement. The movement is stopped when the well-focused image is obtained. The proposed method has proved that it is an efficient method to automatically adjust the microscope knobs and get a well-focused image. The proposed method is compared with another recent approach that is based on an evaluation of a contrast measurement in images to automatically control the microscope knobs. The results proved that the output in-focus images by using the proposed approach for auto-focusing the microscope system have low blur values and much closer to the quality of the original reference images. Moreover, the proposed method which is based on blur measurement gives a higher image quality than one of the most recent approaches that depends on contrast measurement.
Improvement of flow condition in channelized river due to stacked boulders
Authors: Yasuda Y 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Recently, a channelized river was constructed in natural rivers from the point of flood control, and the river fell into drainage channel. During flood stages, it might be impossible for aquatic animals to stay at channelized river. Also, degradation and disappearance of gravel bed might be formed easily, because flood flow was concentrated into the same route for normal stage. The improvement of flow condition in channelized river must be required as soon as possible. As a short-terms of construction for the improvement, the installation of stacked boulders might be helpful for both habitat and refuge of aquatic animals. The installation of stacked boulders with about 1 m size was conducted at channelized portion with 20 m wide and 1/200 slope in Kando River, Shimane Prefecture, and a surface jet flow with three dimensional could be formed in both normal and flood stages. After the installation, several kinds of aquatic animals could be observed around stacked boulders, and movable gravels with 3 mm to 100 mm diameters were deposited below stacked boulders. The stability of stacked boulders during flood stages was investigated experimentally by using 1/15 scale model. Further, the possibility of refuge space in stacked boulders was investigated in proto scale by using 25 eels.
The price of resource consumption using the Ecopoint concept under consideration of regional differences
Authors: Grause G 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Ecopoint concept was developed to control the worldwide resource consumption. Resource shares are distributed to the world’s population and freely traded among individuals. The number of shares limit the amount of resources that can be used. In this work, the question is investigated how plastic production is affected by such a system under special consideration of local difference in the energy generation and way of goods transportation. The polymerization of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was modelled using a combination of the databases Ecoinvent 3.4 and Exiobase 2.2 for different feedstocks: fossil fuel in Brazil, the USA, and Germany; sugar cane in Brazil and India; maize in the USA; and grass in Switzerland. As a result, regional conditions have a strong impact on the resource consumption and the Ecopoint price. Using mainly fossil fuels for energy production increases the Ecopoint price by 30%. The combination of renewable energy and biomass as feedstock can significantly reduce the resource consumption. The resource consumption of the combination of fossil fuel for energy production and biomass as feedstock for HDPE is comparable to the use of renewable energy and fossil fuel as a feedstock. An Ecopoint price of 0.07 to 0.12 US$ would make HDPE from biomass competitive to such from fossil fuel.
Calculation of surrounding rock pressure of large section underground excavation metro station based on the construction process
Authors: Zhang Y T , Jin X G , Dai Y J , Li H L , Yang W G 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The traditional calculation method of the surrounding strata pressure of the tunnel does not consider the tunnel construction process. The excavation of the large-section tunnel mostly adopts the section excavation method, which is to excavate and support at the same time. The stress state of the pressure of surrounding strata changes gradually during the excavation process. The traditional calculation results of tunnel surrounding strata pressure are generally large. In this paper, the large-section tunnel is simplified into three parts, and the degree of influence (η1, η2, η3) of the excavation height h and width b of the advance pilot hole and the distance d between the advance and rear pilot tunnels on the surrounding rock pressure calculation are analyzed. The regression equation for calculating the influencing factors (tunnel depth H, tunnel span B, internal friction angle ϕ, and rock weight γ) of surrounding rock pressure (p) is established. Through the numerical analysis, the influence coefficient η is obtained, the weight coefficient is introduced, and the computing formula of the pressure of surrounding strata of the large-section tunnel excavation is derived. The formula is used to the computing of the pressure of surrounding strata with a large-section subway station and the correct conclusion is obtained.
Scheme comparison and key construction technology for swivel rider cap of some super major bridge
Authors: Zhang D S 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In order to solve the technical problem of spherical coupling construction for bottom swivel, improve the construction quality of bearing platform and accumulate the experience of spherical coupling construction, the construction scheme and key technology were studied by taking the construction of rotary rider cap across existing Changshen Highway in the new Tongliao-Xinmin north passenger dedicated line as an example. “Two-step method” construction process of spherical coupling and the sealing method of fast and effective were proposed, and the spherical coupling compactness and construction quality were guaranteed. The results of engineering practice show that spherical coupling construction scheme about “C60 self-compacting concrete +spherical coupling ‘two-step’ construction + grouting filling” is feasible, and the application effect is good.
Influencing factors of the drying rate of sludge for solar drying chamber
Authors: Li J , Yan J G , Wang Y F , Yang K , Shao Y Y , Shao Y Q , Wang Q C , Zhu Y 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In view of the problems of low solar energy utilization efficiency, drying efficiency to be improved and sludge adhesion in the process of solar drying sludge, the research was carried out on the heat collection effect of solar collectors, sludge drying characteristics and sludge drying process, as well as the influence of sludge drying process parameters on the sludge drying rate such as hot air temperature, solar radiation intensity and air substitution,. on the self-built industrial simulation test bench. The results show that: the maximum temperature difference between the inside and the outdoor environment of the solar collectors is 36°C, when the outdoor environment temperature of the developed solar collectors is 13-26°C; the optimum process parameters of sludge drying rate under the experimental conditions that the moisture content of wet sludge is 82.7%, are as follows: the temperature of hot air is 43°C, the maximum solar radiation intensity (about 12:00), the optimal flow rate of air is controlled at 1.2m/s, the thickness of the material layer is 3cm, the large contact between air and materials improves the problem of sludge adhesion. All which provide a theoretical basis for the implementation on the industrialization of solar drying sludge.
Study on transfer characteristics of pressure fluctuation in a prototype pump-turbine
Authors: Li J W , Liu X R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Considering unit 3 in Zhanghewan pumped storage power station as the research object, transfer characteristics of pressure fluctuation at the vaneless area were studied from the dominant frequencies, the fractional amplitude and the fractional phase at four different measuring points. It was revealed that the variation trends of pressure fractional amplitude (50Hz and 100Hz) versus output agreed well at the four points, and the phase difference between the four points varied very small with increasing of output under different water heads. This research could provide instructive inspiration for solving the vibration problems in pumped storage power station, and provide useful thinking for optimizing hydraulic design of the pump-turbine.
Comparison of acoustic-structure based one-way FSI and two-way FSI
Authors: Xia X , Zhou L J , Wang W , Zhang H R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the numerical simulation of flow-induced vibration using two-way fluid-structure interaction (TW-FSI) method, it is usually limited by mesh deformation, and consumes a lot of computing resources. These problems can be avoided by adopting acoustic-structure based one-way FSI (ASOW-FSI) approach. The purpose of this work is to explore the applicability of ASOW-FSI, and to analyze the similarities and differences between the two dynamic response analysis methods. A series of numerical calculations are carried out for the elastically mounted rigid cylinder at low Reynolds number. By systematically comparing the results calculated by these two methods, we found that ASOW-FSI can accurately predict the response in the range of partial reduced velocity, even closer to the experimental results than TW-FSI method. The main reason for the difference between the two methods in the whole reduced velocity range is that the ASOW-FSI method can not predict the “lock-in”. Finally, the mechanism of “lock-in” in vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is analyzed by forced oscillation. The results show that the structural vibration has the ability to dominate the vortex shedding under certain conditions. If the natural mode of the structure is excited at this time, “lock-in” will occur.
Numerical simulation and stability analysis of pumping transients in the pumped-storage power plant
Authors: Zheng Yang , Chen Qijuan , Liu Wanying , Yan Donglin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The pumped-storage unit (PSU) are of great significance in modern power system for its reversible operating mechanism in both power generation and water pumping directions. Aiming at the precise numerical simulation of pumping transient processes in PSU, this paper establishes a nonlinear and characteristic method-based mathematical model of the governing system of PSU in which the hydraulic behaviours of conduit pipes, surge tanks and the pump turbine as well as the mechanical-electrical characteristics of the generator-motor are taken into consideration. In this model, local hydraulic losses in model boundaries are specifically introduced to compensate for the unmodeled errors. To verify the modelling accuracy, simulation curves under both pump failure and pump shutdown conditions are compared with the practical data. Furthermore, the hydraulic oscillations in the two transient processes have been discussed specifically.
Numerical Analysis of Sand Erosion for a Pelton Turbine injector at High Concentration
Authors: Guo B , Li Y H , Xiao Y X , Ahn S H , Wu X , Zeng C J , Wang Z W 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Hydro-abrasive erosion due to sediment flow often leads to the efficiency loss, seriously vibration, and sometimes even failure for Pelton turbines. This kind of erosion can be greatly intensified when the concentration of sand increases. It is of paramount importance to study the erosion mechanism for such machines, especially in Asia, where the sand concentration in many rivers is relatively higher due to some geologically young mountains like the Himalayas. In this study, the erosion patterns of the injector have been predicted at high sand concentration. The simulated scenario was based on continuous measurement of sediment flow during the flood season in an power plant. Firstly, the three-dimensional modeling for the whole flow domain of the injector with jet has been carried out by ANSYS Fluent. The free air-water flow from the injector has been simulated with the SST k-ω turbulence model, where the VOF (volume of fluid) model was implemented to capture the air-water interface. Then after tracking the particle movement in the air-water flow by the Lagrangian method, the Mansouri model was adopted to predict the erosion patterns. The erosion mechanism was explained by detailed analysis of particle impact properties like the average hits, the impact velocity, and the impact angle. The results show that the “velocity deficit region” will reduce erosion on the needle tip. In addition, abrupt geometry change can be designed at low-velocity regions to reduce erosion. This paper can provide a better understanding of the erosion mechanism, which can help to reduce wear in future designs.
Research on the Influence of Microplastics on Marine Life
Authors: Li You , Sun Yixin , Li Jinzhen , Tang Ruikai , Miu Yifa , Ma Xiaoyi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Plastics have been produced and used by humans in large quantities since they were invented, and the resulting environmental pollution problems have become more and more serious. In recent years, researchers have found that many plastic products are not completely decomposed after being discarded, a lot of plastics form microplastics in the ocean, which poses a threat to the survival of marine life. This paper analyzes the source, types and distribution of marine microplastics, and explores the influence of microplastics on marine life.