bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reimagining Voluntary Repatriation
Authors: Zieck Marjoleine 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Statute of UNHCR charges the High Commissioner for Refugees with the task of pursuing durable solutions to the problem of refugees: voluntary repatriation, local integration, and resettlement. Voluntary repatriation is generally considered to be the preferred one. UNHCR takes it, in accordance with this assignment, to mean the return of refugees rather than former refugees, that is, those who lost their refugee status because the circumstances in connection with which they had been recognized as refugees have ceased to exist. In short, UNHCR’s point of departure is promoting and encouraging the return of those who are by definition unrepatriable with the argument that this timing allows it to extend protection and assistance to the refugees before they formally cease to be refugees. In practice – both that of UNHCR and States – this point of departure appears prone to compromising the rights of refugees. It is therefore questioned by means of taking recourse to the repatriation practice of UNHCR’s immediate predecessors. On the basis of past practice, an alternative understanding of voluntary repatriation is offered that does not involve the return of those who are entitled to protection in exile, safeguards their rights, and is nonetheless in accordance with the Statute of UNHCR and the obligations of States under the relevant instruments.
The Accountability of International Organizations in Refugee and Migration Law
Authors: Klabbers Jan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights the accountability of international organizations in refugee and migration law. It sets out the general responsibility regime as it applies to international organizations with special reference to refugee protection. Several international organizations are pertinent: most prominently UNHCR and the International Organization for Migration (IOM), but also the EU through Frontex, its European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders, and the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Refugee protection also involves several different settings, from the running of refugee camps and the guarding of borders to the handling of individual asylum applications. In general, the chapter demonstrates that responsibility is highly elusive.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Back Injury Among U.S. Army Personnel
Authors: Gun Baris K , Banaag Amanda , Khan Munziba , Koehlmoos Tracey Perez 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Physical and medical readiness have emerged as a top priority in the army over the last decade. With this emphasis on deployment readiness, it is important to understand key risk factors attributed to common medical problems that arise in our soldiers, including low back pain. The purpose of this study is to elucidate demographic and lifestyle risk factors which would result in seeking medical care for musculoskeletal low back pain among active duty army personnel.

Materials and Methods
A cross-sectional retrospective study investigating all active duty soldiers between October 1, 2016 and September 30, 2018 was performed using the existing Military Health System Data Repository to retrospectively review administrative claims data. Our study queried 39 unique International Classification of Disease codes, 10th Revision codes for low back pain to determine a positive case. We compared those with and without back pain across all variables using a chi-square analysis in SAS. Multivariate logistic analysis was performed to adjust for confounding within any single proposed risk factor and the six other proposed risk factors.

Results
Six hundred fifty seven thousand and six thirty soldiers met inclusion criteria; 228,184 of whom had a medical encounter for low back pain (34.7%). All of the proposed risk factors included statistically significant unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with age conferring the greatest risk in soldiers aged 50–59 with an OR of 2.89 (2.73–3.05) compared to those aged 20–29. Obesity-adjusted OR was 1.77 (1.74–1.80) compared to those who were normal weight. Senior Enlisted status–adjusted OR was 1.34 (1.32–1.36). Females were 66% more likely to have low back pain compared to males with an OR of 1.66 (1.63–1.68).

Conclusion
Disease burden for low back pain tends to be high in the U.S. Army with 34.7% of service members experiencing low back pain. Older age, obesity, and being an enlisted, female service member are risk factors for these musculoskeletal injuries, which is in agreement with previously reported literature on the topic. To mitigate the burden of low back pain, policies and incentives to encourage healthy body mass index and lifestyle are needed. The results of this work inform future studies aimed at further delineating the risk factors found in this study.
Raw bovine milk as a reservoir of yeast with virulence factors and decreased susceptibility to antifungal agents
Authors: Moravkova Monika , Huvarova Veronika , Vlkova Hana , Kostovova Iveta , Bacova Romana 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

In recent years, increased rates of yeast infections in humans and animals have been recognized worldwide. Since animals may represent a source of yeast infections for humans, knowing the antifungal susceptibility profile of yeast isolates from milk and evaluating their pathogenic potential would be of great medical importance. Therefore, the aim of this survey was to study yeast diversity in milk samples, analyze the hemolytic and phospholipase activities of isolates and determine minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) for fluconazole, voriconazole and flucytosine. Out of 66 yeast isolates obtained from 910 individual raw milk samples from subclinically infected cows, 26 different yeast species were determined based on sequencing of the D1/D2 and ITS regions. Among them, Pichia kudriavzevii (formerly known as Candida krusei), Kluyveromyces marxianus (formerly known as Candida kefyr) and Debaryomyces hansenii (formerly known as Candida famata) were the most commonly identified. Hemolysin and/or phospholipase activity was observed in 66.7% of isolates. The elevated MIC for fluconazole was determined in 16 isolates from 11 species. The findings of this study demonstrate that yeast isolates from raw milk have the potential to express virulence attributes such as hemolysin and phospholipase, and additionally, some of these strains showed elevated MIC to fluconazole or to flucytosine.

Lay summary
We identified 66 yeast isolates, including 26 different yeast species from 910 individual milk samples. Our results indicate that individual milk samples may serve as a source of yeasts with the potential to trigger infection and may have reduced sensitivity to tested antifungal agents.
New giant planet beyond the snow line for an extended MOA exoplanet microlens sample
Authors: Ranc Clément , Bennett David P , Barry Richard K , Koshimoto Naoki , Skowron Jan , Hirao Yuki , Bond Ian A , Sumi Takahiro , Bathe-Peters Lars , Abe Fumio , Bhattacharya Aparna , Donachie Martin , Fujii Hirosane , Fukui Akihiko , Ishitani Silva Stela , Itow Yoshitaka , Kirikawa Rintaro , Kondo Iona , Alex Li Man Cheung , Matsubara Yutaka , Muraki Yasushi , Miyazaki Shota , Olmschenk Greg , Rattenbury Nicholas J , Satoh Yuki , Shoji Hikaru , Suzuki Daisuke , Tanaka Yuzuru , Tristram Paul J , Yamawaki Tsubasa , Yonehara Atsunori 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Characterizing a planet detected by microlensing is hard if the planetary signal is weak or the lens-source relative trajectory is far from caustics. However, statistical analyses of planet demography must include those planets to accurately determine occurrence rates. As part of a systematic modelling effort in the context of a &gt;10-yr retrospective analysis of MOA’s survey observations to build an extended MOA statistical sample, we analyse the light curve of the planetary microlensing event MOA-2014-BLG-472. This event provides weak constraints on the physical parameters of the lens, as a result of a planetary anomaly occurring at low magnification in the light curve. We use a Bayesian analysis to estimate the properties of the planet, based on a refined Galactic model and the assumption that all Milky Way’s stars have an equal planet-hosting probability. We find that a lens consisting of a $1.9^{+2.2}_{-1.2}\, \mathrm{M}_\mathrm{J}$ giant planet orbiting a $0.31^{+0.36}_{-0.19}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ host at a projected separation of $0.75\pm 0.24\, \mathrm{au}$ is consistent with the observations and is most likely, based on the Galactic priors. The lens most probably lies in the Galactic bulge, at $7.2^{+0.6}_{-1.7}\,\mathrm{kpc}$ from Earth. The accurate measurement of the measured planet-to-host star mass ratio will be included in the next statistical analysis of cold planet demography detected by microlensing.
Exotic image formation in strong gravitational lensing by clusters of galaxies – II. Uncertainties
Authors: Meena Ashish Kumar , Ghosh Agniva , Bagla Jasjeet S , Williams Liliya L R 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Due to the finite amount of observational data, the best-fitting parameters corresponding to the reconstructed cluster mass have uncertainties. In turn, these uncertainties affect the inferences made from these mass models. Following our earlier work, we have studied the effect of such uncertainties on the singularity maps in simulated and actual galaxy clusters. The mass models for both simulated and real clusters have been constructed using grale. The final best-fitting mass models created using grale give the simplest singularity maps and a lower limit on the number of point singularities that a lens has to offer. The simple nature of these singularity maps also puts a lower limit on the number of three image (tangential and radial) arcs that a cluster lens has. Hence, we estimate the number of galaxy sources giving rise to the three image arcs, which can be observed with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We find that we expect to observe at least 20–30 tangential and 5–10 radial three-image arcs in the Hubble Frontier Fields cluster lenses with the JWST.
An Analysis of Methylome Evolution in Primates
Authors: Sahm Arne , Koch Philipp , Horvath Steve , Hoffmann Steve 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Although the investigation of the epigenome becomes increasingly important, still little is known about the long-term evolution of epigenetic marks and systematic investigation strategies are still lacking. Here, we systematically demonstrate the transfer of classic phylogenetic methods such as maximum likelihood based on substitution models, parsimony, and distance-based to interval-scaled epigenetic data. Using a great apes blood data set, we demonstrate that DNA methylation is evolutionarily conserved at the level of individual CpGs in promotors, enhancers, and genic regions. Our analysis also reveals that this epigenomic conservation is significantly correlated with its transcription factor binding density. Binding sites for transcription factors involved in neuron differentiation and components of AP-1 evolve at a significantly higher rate at methylation than at the nucleotide level. Moreover, our models suggest an accelerated epigenomic evolution at binding sites of BRCA1, chromobox homolog protein 2, and factors of the polycomb repressor 2 complex in humans. For most genomic regions, the methylation-based reconstruction of phylogenetic trees is at par with sequence-based reconstruction. Most strikingly, phylogenetic reconstruction using methylation rates in enhancer regions was ineffective independently of the chosen model. We identify a set of phylogenetically uninformative CpG sites enriched in enhancers controlling immune-related genes.
Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal cyclin C as synthetic survival target of BRCA2
Authors: Tang Mengfan , Pei Guangsheng , Su Dan , Wang Chao , Feng Xu , Srivastava Mrinal , Chen Zhen , Zhao Zhongming , Chen Junjie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPoly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi)-based therapies initially reduce tumor burden but eventually lead to acquired resistance in cancer patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. To understand the potential PARPi resistance mechanisms, we performed whole-genome CRISPR screens to discover genetic alterations that change the gene essentiality in cells with inducible depletion of BRCA2. We identified that several RNA Polymerase II transcription Mediator complex components, especially Cyclin C (CCNC) as synthetic survival targets upon BRCA2 loss. Total mRNA sequencing demonstrated that loss of CCNC could activate the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling pathway and extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction pathway, however the inhibition of these pathways could not reverse cell survival in BRCA2 depleted CCNC-knockout cells, indicating that the activation of these pathways is not required for the resistance. Moreover, we showed that the improved survival is not due to restoration of homologous recombination repair although decreased DNA damage signaling was observed. Interestingly, loss of CCNC could restore replication fork stability in BRCA2 deficient cells, which may contribute to PARPi resistance. Taken together, our data reveal CCNC as a critical genetic determinant upon BRCA2 loss of function, which may help the development of novel therapeutic strategies that overcome PARPi resistance.
Coupling of the engineered DNA “mutator” to a biosensor as a new paradigm for activation of silent biosynthetic gene clusters in Streptomyces
Authors: Sekurova Olga N , Sun Yi-Qian , Zehl Martin , Rückert Christian , Stich Anna , Busche Tobias , Kalinowski Jörn , Zotchev Sergey B 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
DNA replication fidelity in Streptomyces bacteria, prolific producers of many medically important secondary metabolites, is understudied, while in Escherichia coli it is controlled by DnaQ, the ϵ subunit of DNA polymerase III (DNA PolIII). Manipulation of dnaQ paralogues in Streptomyces lividans TK24, did not lead to increased spontaneous mutagenesis in this bacterium suggesting that S. lividans DNA PolIII uses an alternative exonuclease activity for proofreading. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, such activity is attributed to the DnaE protein representing α subunit of DNA PolIII. Eight DnaE mutants designed based on the literature data were overexpressed in S. lividans, and recombinant strains overexpressing two of these mutants displayed markedly increased frequency of spontaneous mutagenesis (up to 1000-fold higher compared to the control). One of these ‘mutators’ was combined in S. lividans with a biosensor specific for antibiotic coelimycin, which biosynthetic gene cluster is present but not expressed in this strain. Colonies giving a positive biosensor signal appeared at a frequency of ca 10–5, and all of them were found to produce coelimycin congeners. This result confirmed that our approach can be applied for chemical- and radiation-free mutagenesis in Streptomyces leading to activation of orphan biosynthetic gene clusters and discovery of novel bioactive secondary metabolites.
Mobilizing or Chasing Voters on Facebook? Analysing Echo-Chamber Effects at the UK Parliamentary General Election 2019
Authors: Power Sam , Mason Ben 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Alongside the growth of online campaigning has been an increased anxiety around its effects on democratic institutions and processes. Many have suggested that in a (new) media environment that privileges choice, citizens will increasingly segment themselves into echo chambers, tuning out dissenting voices. But the debate on the existence of echo chambers is mixed, and the extent to which political parties campaign to easily persuadable (and pre-disposed) electorates is unclear. In this article, we present a case study of the Facebook campaign activity of the Conservatives, Labour and the Liberal Democrats at the UK’s parliamentary general election in 2019. Utilising an analysis of the Facebook Ad Archive’s Graph Application Programming Interface (API), we find that political parties do not consistently campaign to their easily persuadable electorates—often chasing votes as much as they mobilise supporters. The evidence that parties campaign to specific echo chambers online is therefore, at best, mixed.
Use of Virtual Reality Distraction to Reduce Child Pain and Fear during Painful Medical Procedures in Children with Physical Disabilities in Uganda: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Bannink Mbazzi Femke , Nimusiima Claire , Akellot Daniella , Kawesa Elizabeth , Abaasa Andrew , Hodges Sarah , Seeley Janet , Vervoort Tine 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective
This study explored the acceptability and feasibility of the use of low-cost virtual reality (VR) glasses, and the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale and Children’s Fear Scale scales, for pain and fear reduction in children admitted at the septic ward of CoRSU Rehabilitation Hospital in Uganda.

Methods
In total, 79 children aged 4–17 years of age were offered to watch cartoons using VR glasses while undergoing painful dressing procedures. Before and after the procedure, children were asked to index current pain; children and their caregivers were asked to rate anticipated fear. Focus group discussions with 13 children, 10 caregivers and 9 nurses explored acceptability and feasibility. Quantitative data were analyzed using STATA15, NVIVO12 was used for qualitative data analysis.

Results
The VR glasses were accepted by 76 (96%) of the children. Children, caregivers, and nurses mentioned the glasses were helpful in distracting children from the medical procedure and felt the use of the glasses helped reduce child fear and pain. Nurses felt it made their work easier. The Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale was an acceptable and feasible method to measure pain, while the Children’s Fear Scale was more difficult to interpret for our study population as they felt the faces on the scale were hard to read and identify with.

Conclusions
The use of VR glasses may offer an acceptable and effective pain and fear reduction method in resource-constrained settings and should be further explored in a randomized controlled trial.
Optimization of multi-site nicking mutagenesis for generation of large, user-defined combinatorial libraries
Authors: Kirby Monica B , Medina-Cucurella Angélica V , Baumer Zachary T , Whitehead Timothy A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Generating combinatorial libraries of specific sets of mutations are essential for addressing protein engineering questions involving contingency in molecular evolution, epistatic relationships between mutations, as well as functional antibody and enzyme engineering. Here we present optimization of a combinatorial mutagenesis method involving template-based nicking mutagenesis, which allows for the generation of libraries with &gt;99% coverage for tens of thousands of user-defined variants. The non-optimized method resulted in low library coverage, which could be rationalized by a model of oligonucleotide annealing bias resulting from the nucleotide mismatch free-energy difference between mutagenic oligo and template. The optimized method mitigated this thermodynamic bias using longer primer sets and faster annealing conditions. Our updated method, applied to two antibody fragments, delivered between 99.0% (32451/32768 library members) to &gt;99.9% coverage (32757/32768) for our desired libraries in 2 days and at an approximate 140-fold sequencing depth of coverage.
The role of the UA(1) breaking term in dynamical chiral symmetry breaking of chiral effective theories
Authors: Kono Shinnosuke , Jido Daisuke , Kuroda Yoshiki , Harada Masayasu 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry is examined by chiral effective theories, such as the linear $\sigma$ model and the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model. We discuss the properties of the sigma meson regarded as the quantum fluctuation of the chiral condensate when the chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken, mainly by the U$_{A}$(1) anomaly. We derive a mass relation among the SU(3) flavor singlet mesons, $\eta_{0}$ and $\sigma_{0}$, in the linear $\sigma$ model to be satisfied for the anomaly-driven symmetry breaking in the chiral limit, and find that it is also supported in the NJL model. With the explicit breaking of chiral symmetry, we show that both of the chiral effective models reproducing the observed physical quantities suggest that the $\sigma_{0}$ meson should have a mass smaller than $\sim$800 MeV when anomaly-driven symmetry breaking takes place.
Varieties of capitalism and growth regimes: the role of income distribution
Authors: Behringer Jan , van Treeck Till 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article proposes a comparative political economy framework for analyzing the links between varieties of capitalism (VoC) and growth models, with a focus on the role of income distribution in the international trade imbalances leading up to the global financial crisis of 2008. For a panel of 18 countries over the period 1981–2007, we find that strongly rising top income shares contributed to debt-led growth and current account deficits in major liberal market economies (LMEs), whereas pronounced falls in the wage share contributed to export-led growth and current account surpluses in coordinated market economies (CMEs). We discuss how, against a global trend of liberalization and de-unionization, the institutional features originally thought to establish prosperous (and stable) VoC were linked to the emergence of distinct but similarly inequitable (and unstable) growth models in LMEs and CMEs.