bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taste compounds, affecting factors, and methods used to evaluate chicken soup: A review
Authors: Zhang Lili , Hao Zhilin , Zhao Chao , Zhang Yuyu , Li Jian , Sun Baoguo , Tang Yizhuang , Yao Meixiang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe taste of chicken soup is dependent upon various taste substances and human senses. More than 300 nonvolatile compounds reportedly exist in chicken/chicken soup. The primary purpose of this review was to elaborate on the prominent taste substances, the taste evaluation methods, and the factors affecting the taste of chicken soup. Most taste‐active compounds with taste descriptions and thresholds in chicken soup were summarized. The application of sensory evaluation, liquid chromatography, electronic tongue, and other evaluation methods in chicken soup taste analysis were elaborated. The effects of genetic constitution, preslaughter, processing, and storage on chicken soup taste had been discussed. Nucleotides (especially inosine 5′‐monophosphate), amino acids and their derivatives, organic acids, sugars, and peptides play a vital role in the taste attributes of chicken soup. Combining of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry enables qualitative and quantitative analysis of taste‐active compounds in chicken soup, aiding the exploration of key taste‐active compounds. The electronic tongue application helps the overall taste perception of the soluble taste‐active compounds present in chicken soup samples. Postmortem aging and stewing for a prolonged duration are effective techniques for improving the taste quality of chicken soup. The washing of preprocessing, the cooking temperature of processing, and the storage conditions also exert a significant impact on the taste of chicken soup.
Shikonin protects against lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation and apoptosis in human nucleus pulposus cells through the nuclear factor‐kappa B pathway
Authors: Liu Yuanbin , Zheng Jiazhuang , Chen Yu , Wang Fandong , Ye He , Wang Miao , Zhang Zhi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the protective effect and mechanism of shikonin on human intervertebral disk degeneration.MethodsHuman primary nucleus pulposus (NP) cells cultured in vitro were used for the experiments. The effects of different concentrations of shikonin (1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 µM) on the activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced NP cells were determined using the CCK‐8 assay, and the appropriate drug concentration was determined. The experiment was divided into the control, LPS, and LPS + shikonin groups. ELISA and Western blot were used to detect the expression of the inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐1β. NP cell apoptosis was measured using Western blot and caspase 3 activity. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays were used to detect the protein expression of p‐P65 and P65 and the nuclear translocation of P65.ResultsThe CCK‐8 assay showed that shikonin had no cytotoxic effect on NP cells and increased the activity of LPS‐induced NP cells, especially at a concentration of 4 μM. Shikonin reversed the expression of the inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and IL‐1β and apoptosis‐related molecules Bax, Bcl‐2, and cleaved caspase 3 in LPS‐induced NP cells. In addition, shikonin significantly decreased apoptosis and caspase‐3 activity in LPS‐induced NP cells. Furthermore, shikonin treatment significantly inhibited the expression of p‐P65 and nuclear translocation of P65, and nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) pathway inhibitor Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate ammonium (PDTC) significantly enhanced the anti‐inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of shikonin in LPS‐induced NP cells.ConclusionShikonin significantly inhibited the inflammatory response and apoptosis of human primary NP cells, possibly through the NF‐κB pathway.
Thermal application of composites of iron and magnesium in thermosyphon solar water heating system
Authors: Sahu Akash Kumar , Brahma Gouri Sankhar , Aravind Rudrarapu , Swain Trilochan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA novel and low‐cost mixture of iron and magnesium have been synthesized and used as selective coatings for flat plate absorber in solar water heating system. The commercial black paint is fabricated with the mixture of composition Fe3(PO4)2·0.1Mg2P2O7·1.9 MgSO4(FPM3A). The composition of the coating mixture has been characterized by various analytical techniques. Thermal studies of these mixtures were accomplished using differential scanning calorimetry and thermo‐gravimetric analysis. From the thermal analysis, it has been observed that the mixtures can be used as thermal heat storage materials. The FPM3A‐modified black paint has been tested in a thermosyphon solar water heater prototype. The average water temperature and efficiency of the flat plate absorber with FPM3A‐modified black paint have increased by an average of 7.5° and around 12%, respectively, in comparison with that with commercial unprocessed black paint.
Suspended solids induce increasing microbial ammonium recycling along the river‐estuary continuum of the Yangtze River
Authors: Xue Jingya , Zhao Zhonghua , Yao Xiaolong , Liu Weiting , Zhang Lu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMany large rivers worldwide are enriched with high levels of suspended solids (SS), which are known to be hotspots of many nitrogen (N) transformation processes (e.g., denitrification, nitrification). However, the influence of SS on microbial ammonium (NH4+) recycling remains unclear. Water column NH4+ regeneration rates (REGs) and potential uptake rates (Upots) as well as community biological NH4+ demand (CBAD) was measured in the river‐estuary continuum of the third longest river in the world—Yangtze River, which has dramatic SS gradients. We found that REGs, Upots, and CBAD all increased downriver, with higher REGs, Upots, and CBAD in the estuary than in the river sections. The regeneration and uptake of NH4+ were nearly balanced in the river sections, while the positive CBAD in the estuary indicated obvious NH4+ demand of microbes. Concentrations of SS, which also control the content of chemical oxygen demand and particulate N, were the main factor influencing NH4+ recycling rates and CBAD. SS‐induced regenerated NH4+ in the river‐estuary continuum of Yangtze River was estimated to be 11.02 × 108 kg N yr−1 and accounted for about 14% of total N inputs, suggesting that regenerated NH4+ is an important N source for microbes and may influence nutrient dynamics in lower coasts. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report NH4+ recycling in Yangtze River with an emphasis on its influencing factors and contribution to N budgets.
Effects of growth‐stage‐based deficit irrigation management on physiological and biochemical characteristics and yield of winter wheat in Northwest China*
Authors: Cao Yuxin , Cai Huanjie , Zhao Long 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGrowth‐stage‐based deficit irrigation is an appropriate method when irrigation water is scarce. However, the effects of continuous deficit irrigation during the winter wheat growth period on crop physiological and biochemical processes need to be further evaluated. Five growth‐stage‐based deficit irrigation strategies were established and tested in winter wheat in the present study. The results showed that water stress resulted in a decrease in net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate, but led to an increase in catalase and peroxidase activities and an increase in malondialdehyde and proline contents. A high Pn could be sustained when the relative water content of the soil was maintained within the range of 60%–75%. Pn was negatively correlated with antioxidant enzyme activity. Based on the averaged data from 2017 to 2019, all water stress treatment groups showed varying degrees of yield reduction compared to the control (CK). Though the T1 treatment (i.e., irrigation from jointing stage to filling stage with 240 mm of water) had the highest water productivity (2.19 kg m−3), its grain yield was only 7.01% lower than the CK treatment. The present results suggest that the T1 treatment is the better irrigation model for saving water and achieving high grain yield in winter wheat in this region.
A Multi‐sequence MRI Study in Parkinson's Disease: Association Between Rigidity and Myelin
Authors: Cai Jiayue , Kim Jowon L. , Baumeister Tobias R. , Zhu Maria , Wang Yuheng , Liu Aiping , Lee Soojin , McKeown Martin J. 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundThe pathophysiology of rigidity in Parkinson's disease (PD) is poorly understood. Multi‐sequence functional and structural brain MRI may further clarify the origin of this clinical characteristic.PurposeTo examine both joint and unique relationships of MRI‐based functional and structural imaging modalities to rigidity and other clinical features of PD.Study TypeRetrospective cross‐sectional study.Population31 PD subjects (aged 68.0 ± 5.9 years, 21 males) with average disease duration 9.3 ± 5.4 years.Field Strength/SequenceMulti‐echo GRASE, diffusion‐weighted echo planar imaging (EPI), and blood oxygen level dependent contrast EPI T2*‐weighted sequences on a 3T scanner.AssessmentMyelin water fraction (MWF) and fractional anisotropy (FA) of 20 white‐matter regions of interest (ROIs), and functional connectivity derived from resting‐state fMRI among 56 ROIs were assessed. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale—Part III, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Beck Depression Index, and Apathy Rating Scales were used to assess motor and non‐motor symptoms.Statistical TestsMultiset canonical correlation analysis (MCCA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) were utilized to examine the joint and unique relationships of multiple imaging measures with clinical symptoms of PD. A permutation test was used to determine statistical significance (P < 0.05).ResultsMCCA revealed a single significant component jointly linking MWF, FA, and functional connectivity to age, bradykinesia, and leg agility, non‐motor symptoms of cognition, depression, and apathy, but not rigidity (P = 0.77), tremor (P = 0.50 and 0.67 on the left and right side), or sex (P = 0.54). After controlling for this joint component, CCA found a unique significant association between MWF and rigidity, but no other associations were detected, including with FA (P = 0.87).Data ConclusionMWF, FA, and functional connectivity can serve as multi‐sequence imaging markers to characterize many PD symptoms. However, rigidity in PD is additionally associated with widespread myelin changes.Evidence Level4Technical EfficacyStage 3
Convolutional Neural Networks for Automated Classification of Prostate Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Based on Image Quality
Authors: Cipollari Stefano , Guarrasi Valerio , Pecoraro Martina , Bicchetti Marco , Messina Emanuele , Farina Lorenzo , Paci Paola , Catalano Carlo , Panebianco Valeria 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundProstate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is technically demanding, requiring high image quality to reach its full diagnostic potential. An automated method to identify diagnostically inadequate images could help optimize image quality.PurposeTo develop a convolutional neural networks (CNNs) based analysis pipeline for the classification of prostate MRI image quality.Study TypeRetrospective.SubjectsThree hundred sixteen prostate mpMRI scans and 312 men (median age 67).Field Strength/SequenceA 3 T; fast spin echo T2WI, echo planar imaging DWI, ADC, gradient‐echo dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE).AssessmentMRI scans were reviewed by three genitourinary radiologists (V.P., M.D.M., S.C.) with 21, 12, and 5 years of experience, respectively. Sequences were labeled as high quality (Q1) or low quality (Q0) and used as the reference standard for all analyses.Statistical TestsSequences were split into training, validation, and testing sets (869, 250, and 120 sequences, respectively). Inter‐reader agreement was assessed with the Fleiss kappa. Following preprocessing and data augmentation, 28 CNNs were trained on MRI slices for each sequence. Model performance was assessed on both a per‐slice and a per‐sequence basis. A pairwise t‐test was performed to compare performances of the classifiers.ResultsThe number of sequences labeled as Q0 or Q1 was 38 vs. 278 for T2WI, 43 vs. 273 for DWI, 41 vs. 275 for ADC, and 38 vs. 253 for DCE. Inter‐reader agreement was almost perfect for T2WI and DCE and substantial for DWI and ADC. On the per‐slice analysis, accuracy was 89.95% ± 0.02% for T2WI, 79.83% ± 0.04% for DWI, 76.64% ± 0.04% for ADC, 96.62% ± 0.01% for DCE. On the per‐sequence analysis, accuracy was 100% ± 0.00% for T2WI, DWI, and DCE, and 92.31% ± 0.00% for ADC. The three best algorithms performed significantly better than the remaining ones on every sequence (P‐value < 0.05).Data ConclusionCNNs achieved high accuracy in classifying prostate MRI image quality on an individual‐slice basis and almost perfect accuracy when classifying the entire sequences.Evidence Level4Technical EfficacyStage 1
First characterization of a newly emerging phytopathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing white mold in pea
Authors: Islam Md. Rabiul , Akanda Abdul M. , Hossain Md. Mofazzal , Hossain Md. Motaher 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPea (Pisum sativum L.) is of global importance as a food crop for its edible pod and seed. A new disease causing the tan to light brown blighted stems and pods has occurred in pea (P. sativum L.) plants in Chapainawabganj district, Bangladesh. A fungus with white‐appressed mycelia and large sclerotia was consistently isolated from symptomatic tissues. The fungus formed funnel‐shaped apothecia with sac‐like ascus and endogenously formed ascospores. Healthy pea plants inoculated with the fungus produced typical white mold symptoms. The internal transcribed spacer sequences of the fungus were 100% similar to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, considering the fungus to be the causative agent of white mold disease in pea, which was the first record in Bangladesh. Mycelial growth and sclerotial development of S. sclerotiorum were favored at 20°C and pH 5.0. Glucose was the best carbon source to support hyphal growth and sclerotia formation. Bavistin and Amistar Top inhibited the radial growth of the fungus completely at the lowest concentration. In planta, foliar application of Amistar Top showed the considerable potential to control the disease at 1.0% concentration until 7 days after spraying, while Bavistin prevented infection significantly until 15 days after spraying. A large majority (70.93%) of genotypes, including tested released pea cultivars, were susceptible, while six genotypes (6.98%) appeared resistant to the disease. These results on identification, characterization, host resistance, and fungicidal control of white mold could be valuable to achieve improved management of a new disease problem for pea cultivation.
A novel preoperative risk score to guide patient selection for resection of soft tissue sarcoma lung metastases: An analysis from the United States Sarcoma Collaborative
Authors: Lee Rachel M. , Ethun Cecilia G. , Gamboa Adriana C. , Turgeon Michael K. , Tran Thuy , Poultsides George , Grignol Valerie , Bedi Meena , Mogal Harveshp , Clarke Callisia N. , Tseng Jennifer , Roggin Kevin K. , Chouliaras Konstantinos , Votanopoulos Konstantinos , Krasnick Bradley A. , Fields Ryan C. , Oskouei Shervin V. , Monson David K. , Reimer Nickolas B. , Maithel Shishir K. , Pickens Allan , Cardona Kenneth 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundSurgical resection for sarcoma lung metastases has been associated with improved overall survival (OS).MethodsPatients who underwent curative‐intent resection of sarcoma lung metastases (2000–2016) were identified from the US Sarcoma Collaborative. Patients with extrapulmonary metastatic disease or R2 resections of primary tumor or metastases were excluded. Primary endpoint was OS.ResultsThree hundred and fifty‐two patients met inclusion criteria. Location of primary tumor was truncal/extremity in 85% (n = 270) and retroperitoneal in 15% (n = 49). Forty‐nine percent (n = 171) of patients had solitary and 51% (n = 180) had multiple lung metastasis. Median OS was 49 months; 5‐year OS 42%. Age ≥55 (HR 1.77), retroperitoneal primary (HR 1.67), R1 resection of primary (HR 1.72), and multiple (≥2) lung metastases (HR 1.77) were associated with decreased OS(all p < 0.05). Assigning one point for each factor, we developed a risk score from 0 to 4. Patients were then divided into two risk groups: low (0–1 factor) and high (2–4 factors). The low‐risk group (n = 159) had significantly better 5‐year OS compared to the high‐risk group (n = 108) (51% vs. 16%, p < 0.001).ConclusionWe identified four characteristics that in aggregate portend a worse OS and created a novel prognostic risk score for patients with sarcoma lung metastases. Given that patients in the high‐risk group have a projected OS of <20% at 5 years, this risk score, after external validation, will be an important tool to aid in preoperative counseling and consideration for multimodal therapy.
Potentially Traumatic Events and the Association Between Gender Minority Stress and Suicide Risk in a Gender‐Diverse Sample
Authors: Cogan Chelsea M. , Scholl James A. , Lee Jenny Y. , Davis Joanne L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTransgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals are at an elevated risk of trauma exposure and other negative mental and physical health outcomes. The present study examined the interaction between minority stressors, reported potentially traumatic events (PTEs), and suicide risk (i.e., ideation and behavior) in a TGD sample. A convenience sample of 155 self‐identified TGD individuals completed questionnaires assessing distal (e.g., gender‐related discrimination) and proximal (e.g., internalized transphobia) gender identity–related stressors, lifetime PTE history, and suicide risk. The results of a mediation analysis demonstrated that proximal stressors partially mediated the association between distal stressors and suicide risk, B = 1.12, t(152) = 3.72, p < .01, 95% CI [0.53, 1.72], and the results of a moderated mediation analysis showed that the interaction term was not significant, and that the number of PTEs did not moderate the mediation model that examined proximal stressors as a mediator of the association between distal stressors and suicide risk, F(3, 151) = 18.74, MSE = 0.75, R2 = 0.27, B = 0.07, t(151) = 0.89, p = .371, 95% CI [‐0.08, 0.21]. These findings suggest that minority stressors may contribute to suicide risk in a TGD population above and beyond the impact of trauma exposure. Risk reduction efforts for suicide risk may be enhanced by attending to minority stressors in addition to PTEs.
Estimates of Abundance and Harvest Rates of Female Black Bears Across a Large Spatial Extent
Authors: Humm Jacob , Clark Joseph D. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTAmerican black bears (Ursus americanus) are an iconic wildlife species in the southern Appalachian highlands of the eastern United States and have increased in number and range since the early 1980s. Given an increasing number of human‐bear conflicts in the region, many management agencies have liberalized harvest regulations to reduce bear populations to socially acceptable levels. Wildlife managers need reliable population data for assessing the effects of management actions for this high‐profile species. Our goal was to use DNA extracted from hair collected at barbed‐wire enclosures (i.e., hair traps) to identify individual bears and then use spatially explicit capture‐recapture methods to estimate female black bear density, abundance, and harvest rate. We established 888 hair traps across 66,678 km2 of the southern Appalachian highlands in Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee, USA, in 2017 and 2018, arranged in 174 clusters of 2–9 traps/cluster. We collected 9,113 hair samples from those sites over 6 weeks of sampling, of which 1,954 were successfully genotyped to 462 individual female bears. Our spatially explicit estimator included a percent forest covariate to explain inhomogeneous bear density across the region. Densities ranged up to 0.410 female bears/km2 and regional abundance was 5,950 (95% CI = 4,988–7,098) female bears. Based on hunter kill data from 2016 to 2018, mean annual harvest rates for females were 12.7% in Georgia, 17.6% in North Carolina, 17.6% in South Carolina, and 22.8% in Tennessee. Our estimated harvest rates for most states approached or exceeded theoretical maximum sustainable levels, and population trend data (i.e., bait‐station indices) indicated decreasing growth rates since about 2009. These data suggest that the increased harvest goals and poor hard mast production over a series of prior years reduced bear population abundance in many states. We were able to obtain reasonable population abundance and density estimates because of spatially explicit capture‐recapture methods, cluster sampling, and a large spatial extent. Continued monitoring of bear populations (e.g., annual bait‐station surveys and periodic population estimation using spatially explicit methods) by state jurisdictions would help to ensure that population trajectories are consistent with management goals. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
From Collar to Coccyx: Truncal Movement Disorders: A Clinical Review
Authors: Colucci Fabiana , Carvalho Vanessa , Gonzalez‐Robles Cristina , Bhatia Kailash P. , Mulroy Eoin 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundMovement disorders affecting the trunk remain a diagnostic challenge even for experienced clinicians. However, despite being common and debilitating, truncal movement disorders are rarely discussed and poorly reviewed in the medical literature.ObjectivesTo review common movement disorders affecting the trunk and provide an approach for clinicians based on the truncal region involved (shoulder, chest, diaphragm, abdomen, pelvis, and axial disorders). For each disorder, clinical presentation, etiologic differential diagnosis, and “clinical clues” are discussed.ConclusionThis review provides a clinically focused, practical approach to truncal movement disorders, which will be helpful for physicians in everyday practice.
Multiparametric mapping in the brain from conventional contrast‐weighted images using deep learning
Authors: Qiu Shihan , Chen Yuhua , Ma Sen , Fan Zhaoyang , Moser Franklin G. , Maya Marcel M. , Christodoulou Anthony G. , Xie Yibin , Li Debiao 
Published: August 2021

PurposeTo develop a deep‐learning–based method to quantify multiple parameters in the brain from conventional contrast‐weighted images.MethodsEighteen subjects were imaged using an MR Multitasking sequence to generate reference T1 and T2 maps in the brain. Conventional contrast‐weighted images consisting of T1 MPRAGE, T1 GRE, and T2 FLAIR were acquired as input images. A U‐Net–based neural network was trained to estimate T1 and T2 maps simultaneously from the contrast‐weighted images. Six‐fold cross‐validation was performed to compare the network outputs with the MR Multitasking references.ResultsThe deep‐learning T1/T2 maps were comparable with the references, and brain tissue structures and image contrasts were well preserved. A peak signal‐to‐noise ratio >32 dB and a structural similarity index >0.97 were achieved for both parameter maps. Calculated on brain parenchyma (excluding CSF), the mean absolute errors (and mean percentage errors) for T1 and T2 maps were 52.7 ms (5.1%) and 5.4 ms (7.1%), respectively. ROI measurements on four tissue compartments (cortical gray matter, white matter, putamen, and thalamus) showed that T1 and T2 values provided by the network outputs were in agreement with the MR Multitasking reference maps. The mean differences were smaller than 1%, and limits of agreement were within 5% for T1 and within 10% for T2 after taking the mean differences into account.ConclusionA deep‐learning–based technique was developed to estimate T1 and T2 maps from conventional contrast‐weighted images in the brain, enabling simultaneous qualitative and quantitative MRI without modifying clinical protocols.