bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Umsatzsteuerrechtliche Fragen bei Cannabis-Anbauvereinigungen
Authors: Widmann Werner 
Published: December 2024

Zusammenfassung
Durch die §§ 11 ff. des Gesetzes zum Umgang mit Konsumcannabis (Konsumcannabisgesetz (KCanG), das als Art. 1 des Gesetzes zum kontrollierten Umgang mit Cannabis und zur Änderung weiterer Vorschriften (Cannabisgesetz - CanG) vom 27.3.2024 (BGBl. 2024 I Nr. 109), am 1.7.2024 in Kraft getreten ist, wird Anbauvereinigungen in der Rechtsform des Vereins oder der Genossenschaft unter zahlreichen Voraussetzungen von der „zuständigen Behörde“ erlaubt, gemeinschaftlich Cannabis anzubauen und zum Eigenkonsum an ihre Mitglieder weiterzugeben. In einem Eckpunktepapier der Bundesregierung vom 20.10.2022 war dazu in Tz. 39 unter dem Stichwort „Besteuerung“ folgendes zu lesen: „Bei einer Legalisierung werden Umsätze aus Verkäufen von Cannabis/cannabishaltigen Waren automatisch der Umsatzsteuer unterliegen.“ Das regt zu Überlegungen an, wie die Umsatzbesteuerung dieser Anbauvereinigungen praktisch zu bewerkstelligen ist. „Automatisch“ im Wortsinne wird sie nämlich bestimmt nicht stattfinden.
Dosimetric impact of edema on inguinal lymph node boost in locally advanced vulvar cancer
Authors: Mohamed Sandy , Fokdal Lars , Assenholt Marianne S. , Kallehauge Jesper , Lindegaard Jacob C. , Tanderup Kari 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe aimed to evaluate the extent of groin edema and its dosimetric effect in boosted inguinal lymph nodes (LN) for vulvar cancer patients. The level of edema was determined in 10 patients treated with radical radiotherapy. A dosimetric evaluation of six LNs in the patient with the maximum level of edema was performed. The accumulated dose across CBCT fractions was acceptable for all six LNs (>94% of prescribed dose) even with the development of up to 13 mm of edema. The major contributor to fractional dose degradation was geographical displacement of the nodes. We suggest evaluation of edema on daily CBCT.
Performance of Cytokine Storm Syndrome Scoring Systems in Pediatric COVID‐19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children
Authors: Reiff Daniel D. , Cron Randy Q. 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to evaluate pediatric patients using existing macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) scoring systems to determine how these systems identify patients with cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) in the setting of a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C) and active coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection.MethodsHospitalized pediatric patients with MIS‐C and active COVID‐19 infection at a single institution were identified. Infectious data, clinical findings, and laboratory values were collected, and patients were stratified by disease severity. Eight historically used scoring systems for MAS, HLH, and CSS were examined in the cohort of patients with MIS‐C and pediatric COVID‐19.ResultsThe HLH‐2004 criteria and HScore did not identify any patients as having CSS on admission, with only one patient with COVID‐19 meeting criteria at peak disease severity. The 2016 systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA)/MAS criteria, ferritin/erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) ratio, and COVID‐19 CSS Quick Score most frequently identified CSS in this population and distinguished between COVID‐19 and MIS‐C hyperinflammation. The 2019 MAS/sJIA (MS) score and the COVID‐19–associated hyperinflammatory syndrome (cHIS) criteria were less likely to identify CSS, as the MS score overestimated CSS and the cHIS resulted in similar scores regardless of severity or disease type. The Caricchio COVID‐Cytokine Storm (COVID‐CS) criteria identified patients with COVID‐19 frequently but was less useful in MIS‐C because of its COVID‐19‐specific criteria.ConclusionMIS‐C and pediatric COVID‐19 result in relatively unique CSSs and patterns of inflammation. Existing scoring systems for CSSs likely do not capture the full breadth of this disease process in MIS‐C and pediatric COVID‐19.
Finite excitation based robust adaptive observer for MIMO LTI systems
Authors: Katiyar Atul , Basu Roy Sayan , Bhasin Shubhendu 
Published: August 2021

SummaryThe article addresses the problem of a robust adaptive observer design for multi‐input multi‐output linear time‐invariant plants subjected to bounded disturbances in the system dynamics and the output relation. An adaptive observer design is proposed based on the finite excitation leading to a switched estimation strategy thus relaxing persistence of excitation (PE) condition. The novel finite persistence excitation (f‐PE) condition introduced in this work is significantly milder than the PE condition in terms of excitation requirement and online verifiability. The switched estimator uses the finite excitation via input signal and ensures uniformly ultimately bounded stability of the estimation error dynamics. A multiple switching strategy, which continuously tracks the information richness (about the unknown parameters), is utilized to reduce the intermediate bounds and is proved to be instrumental in improving the result.
Ionically Mediated Mechanical Deformation Associated with Memristive Switching
Authors: Sriboriboon Panithan , Qiao Huimin , Kang Seunghun , Sun Changhyo , Kim Yunseok 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIonically mediated phenomena underpin the functioning of various devices, including batteries, solid oxide fuel cells, memristors, and neuromorphic devices. The ionic behavior corresponding to ionically mediated phenomena causes not only variations in the electrical properties but also mechanical deformation, which is crucial for device reliability. However, the interrelation between ionically mediated electrical properties and mechanical deformation has not been elucidated yet. This study investigates ionically mediated mechanical deformation accompanied by memristive switching in a TiO2 single crystal through simultaneous conductive atomic force microscopy and electrochemical strain microscopy. A comprehensive analysis indicates the existence of a relationship between mechanical deformation and memristive switching based on the ionic behavior. Furthermore, an ionic state variable is used to simplify the interrelation between the electrochemical strain hysteresis and memristive switching associated with applied voltage. This study provides insights on the ionic behavior and can be extended to other systems for the general analysis of the relationship between mechanical deformation and electrical properties.
Engineering Natural Pollen Grains as Multifunctional 3D Printing Materials
Authors: Chen Shengyang , Shi Qian , Jang Taesik , Ibrahim Mohammed Shahrudin Bin , Deng Jingyu , Ferracci Gaia , Tan Wen See , Cho Nam‐Joon , Song Juha 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe development of multifunctional 3D printing materials from sustainable natural resources is a high priority in additive manufacturing. Using an eco‐friendly method to transform hard pollen grains into stimulus‐responsive microgel particles, we engineered a pollen‐derived microgel suspension that can serve as a functional reinforcement for composite hydrogel inks and as a supporting matrix for versatile freeform 3D printing systems. The pollen microgel particles enabled the printing of composite inks and improved the mechanical and physiological stabilities of alginate and hyaluronic acid hydrogel scaffolds for 3D cell culture applications. Moreover, the particles endowed the inks with stimulus‐responsive controlled release properties. The suitability of the pollen microgel suspension as a supporting matrix for freeform 3D printing of alginate and silicone rubber inks was demonstrated and optimized by tuning the rheological properties of the microgel. Compared with other classes of natural materials, pollen grains have several compelling features, including natural abundance, renewability, affordability, processing ease, monodispersity, and tunable rheological features, which make them attractive candidates to engineer advanced materials for 3D printing applications.
Remarkable Suppression of Vibrational Relaxation in Organic Semiconducting Polymers by Introducing a Weak Electron Donor for Improved NIR‐II Phototheranostics
Authors: Yin Chao , Zhang Hua , Sun Bo , Chen Shangyu , Jiang Xinyue , Miao Xiaofei , Sun Pengfei , Hu Wenbo , Fan Quli , Huang Wei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractExploration of high‐efficiency agents for near‐infrared‐II fluorescence imaging (NIR‐II FI) promotes the development of NIR‐II FI in life science. Despite the extensive use of organic semiconducting nanomaterials for NIR‐II FI, the fluorescence efficiency is barely satisfying, and the molecular guideline to improve the imaging quality has not been clarified yet. This contribution designs self‐brightened organic semiconducting polymers (OSPs) for improved NIR‐II phototheranostics of cancer. The amplification of NIR‐II brightness is realized by incorporating a weak electron‐donating unit (5,5′‐dibromo‐4,4′‐didodecyl‐2,2′‐bithiophene, DDB) into the semiconducting backbone with strong electron donor–acceptor alternated structure, which exhibits 6.3‐fold and 25‐fold fluorescence enhancement compared with the counterpart OSP at the same optical concentration and mass concentration, respectively. The broadband femtosecond transient absorption spectra experimentally elucidate the DDB doping‐induced suppression of vibrational relaxation as the underlying reason for the NIR‐II fluorescence amplification. Biocompatible nanoparticles fabricated from the optimal OSP12 exhibit excellent NIR‐II phototheranostic performance both in vitro and in vivo. Our research not only reveals the mechanistic insights for fluorescence enhancement of the designed OSPs from the essential view but also highlights an effective molecular methodology to guide the rational design of imaging agents with enhanced NIR‐II brightness for improved phototheranostics in living subjects.
Pangolin‐Inspired Stretchable, Microwave‐Invisible Metascale
Authors: Wang Changxian , Lv Zhisheng , Mohan Manoj Prabhakar , Cui Zequn , Liu Zhihua , Jiang Ying , Li Jiaofu , Wang Cong , Pan Shaowu , Karim Muhammad Faeyz , Liu Ai Qun , Chen Xiaodong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMicrowave‐invisible devices are emerging as a valuable technology in various applications, including soft robotics, shape‐morphing structures, and textural camouflages, especially in electronic countermeasures. Unfortunately, conventional microwave‐absorbing metastructures and bulk absorbers are stretching confined, limiting their application in deformable or special‐shaped targets. To overcome such limitations, a conceptually novel soft–rigid‐connection strategy, inspired by the pangolin, is proposed. Pangolin‐inspired metascale (PIMS), which is a kind of stretchable metamaterial consisting of an electromagnetic dissipative scale (EMD‐scale) and elastomer, is rationally designed. Such a device exhibits robust microwave‐absorbing capacity under the interference of 50% stretching. Besides, profiting from the covering effect and size‐confined effect of EMD‐scale, the out‐of‐plane indentation failure force of PIMS is at least 5 times larger than conventional device. As a proof of concept, the proposed device is conformally pasted on nondevelopable surfaces. For a spherical dome surface, the maximum radar cross‐section (RCS) reduction of PIMS is 6.3 dB larger than that of a conventional device, while for a saddle surface, the bandwidth of 10 dB RCS reduction exhibits an increase of 83%. In short, this work provides a conceptually novel platform to develop stretchable, nondevelopable surface conformable functional devices.
Amphiphilic Copolymers for Versatile, Facile, and In Situ Tunable Surface Biofunctionalization
Authors: Ruland André , Schenker Saskia , Schirmer Lucas , Friedrichs Jens , Meinhardt Andrea , Schwartz Véronique B. , Kaiser Nadine , Konradi Rupert , MacDonald William , Helmecke Tina , Sikosana Melissa K. L. N. , Valtin Juliane , Hahn Dominik , Renner Lars D. , Werner Carsten , Freudenberg Uwe 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPrecision surface engineering is key to advanced biomaterials. A new platform of PEGylated styrene–maleic acid copolymers for adsorptive surface biofunctionalization is reported. Balanced amphiphilicity renders the copolymers water‐soluble but strongly affine for surfaces. Fine‐tuning of their molecular architecture provides control over adsorptive anchorage onto specific materials—which is why they are referred to as “anchor polymers” (APs)—and over structural characteristics of the adsorbed layers. Conjugatable with an array of bioactives—including cytokine‐complexing glycosaminoglycans, cell‐adhesion‐mediating peptides and antimicrobials—APs can be applied to customize materials for demanding biotechnologies in uniquely versatile, simple, and robust ways. Moreover, homo‐ and heterodisplacement of adsorbed APs provide unprecedented means of in situ alteration and renewal of the functionalized surfaces. The related options are exemplified with proof‐of‐concept experiments of controlled bacterial adhesion, human umbilical vein endothelial cell, and induced pluripotent cell growth on AP‐functionalized surfaces.
Multiscale, Nano‐ to Mesostructural Engineering of Silk Biopolymer‐Interlayer Biosensors for Continuous Comonitoring of Nutrients in Food
Authors: Dautta Manik , Dia Kazi Khurshidi Haque , Hajiaghajani Amirhossein , Escobar Alberto Ranier , Alshetaiwi Muhannad , Tseng Peter 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNutrition measurement has broad applications in science, ranging from dietary assessment, to food monitoring, personalized health, and more. Despite its importance, there are currently no tools that offer continuous cotracking of nutrients direct from food. In this study, the multiscale engineering of silk biopolymer‐interlayer sensors is reported for comonitoring of nutrients. By manipulating various nano‐ to mesostructural properties of such biosensors, sensors are obtained with programmable sensitivity and selectivity to salts, sugars, and oils/fats. Notably, this approach requires no specialized nanomaterials or delicate biomolecules. Programmable biosensors are further formatted for wireless readout and characteristics of these passive, wireless nutrient monitors are studied in vitro. As a proof of concept, the discrimination and comonitoring of salt, sugar, and fat content direct from real, complex foods such as milk, meat, soup, and tea drinks are demonstrated. It is anticipated that such sensors can be utilized in emerging dietary tools for applications across food tracking and human health. In addition, such strategies are expected in structural engineering of sensors to be adaptable to existing or emerging selective or partially selective sensors.
Time‐Dependent Diastereodivergent Michael Addition Enabled by Phosphazenes Acting as Catalysts and Reactants
Authors: Tukhtaev Hamidulla B. , Bezzubov Stanislav I. , Tarasenko Elena A. , Melnikov Mikhail Ya. , Ivanov Konstantin L. , Budynina Ekaterina M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA switching of the step order within cascade process enabled design of a diastereodivergent approach to phosphazenopyrrolines with a 1,3‐relationship of stereocenters. The approach is based on a cascade transformation of readily accessible γ‐azidobutyronitriles that includes Staudinger, aza‐Wittig and Michael steps. Stereodivergence is achieved at the Michael step that is self‐catalyzed by phosphazene intermediates and provides construction of quaternary stereocenter. Depending on the type of phosphazene intermediates, generating either via Staudinger reaction or via subsequent intramolecular aza‐Wittig reaction with nitrile and then reacting with a Michael acceptor, either trans‐ or cis‐isomers of the target product can be produced. Thus, diastereoselectivity can be achieved by varying the time of addition for the Michael acceptor. Therefore, three distinct roles were revealed for phosphazenes in this process: catalysts, reactants and stereoselectivity controllers. This stereodivergent strategy was applied for the synthesis of all stereoisomers of the biorelevant tetrahydro‐7‐aza‐indoles.magnified image
A Unified Approach for Divergent Synthesis of Heterocycles via TMSOTf‐Catalyzed Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition of Electron‐Rich Alkynes
Authors: Chen Ping , Cao Wei , Li Xiangqian , Shi Dayong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe present a synthetic protocol for the construction of polysubstituted five‐membered heterocycles via TMSOTf‐catalyzed formal [3+2] cycloaddition of electron‐rich alkynes, which features free from any metal, atom economy and water as the main by‐product. Furthermore, alkenyl ether adduct has been verified as the key intermediate. Notably, by utilizing this approach, we can synthesize a broad range of polysubstituted furans, thiophenes and pyrroles, and extend this transformation to deliver fused‐polyheterocycles. This reaction can be achieved on a gram scale and the corresponding products are intermediates for producing diverse potentially useful scaffolds.magnified image
Structural Analysis and Performance in a Dual‐Mechanism Conductive Filament Memristor
Authors: Tsai Shu‐Chin , Lo Hong‐Yang , Huang Chih‐Yang , Wu Min‐Ci , Tseng Yi‐Tang , Shen Fang‐Chun , Ho An‐Yuan , Chen Jui‐Yuan , Wu Wen‐Wei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe development of a dual‐filament model is vital for achieving better performance in next‐generation resistive random‐access memory (RRAM). In this work, the microstructure evolution and corresponding performance of a Cu/Ta2O5−x/Pt system are investigated at the atomic scale. By inducing intrinsic oxygen vacancies into tantalum oxide and applying copper as the active electrode, the RRAM device can exhibit the electrical properties of a dual‐mechanism filament. The device demonstrates a long retention time (104 s) and a large memory window of 106. By using high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and high‐resolution X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the conductive filament is found to consist of crystalline copper and oxygen vacancies. Moreover, with the growth kinetics of filaments from in situ transmission electron microscopy and curve fitting relevant to the conduction mechanism, the formation of filaments is promoted by field‐coalesced oxygen vacancies induced by the growth of copper filaments. Therefore, this work provides a unique perspective and a novel material engineering approach for tailoring RRAM devices and developing further applications in electronic technology.
Unraveling the Mechanisms of Electrocatalytic Oxygenation and Dehydrogenation of Organic Molecules to Value‐Added Chemicals Over a Ni–Fe Oxide Catalyst
Authors: Mondal Biswajit , Karjule Neeta , Singh Chanderpratap , Shimoni Ran , Volokh Michael , Hod Idan , Shalom Menny 
Published: August 2021

AbstractElectrocatalytic oxidative upgrading of organic molecules is a promising alternative process to water oxidation for clean hydrogen production. Yet, its underlying mechanism is still not fully understood, and suitable low‐cost electrocatalysts with good product selectivity and activity are still sought after. Here, an active NiFeOx‐based catalyst is reported on as a general platform for the electro‐oxidative upgrading of organic molecules through oxygenation and dehydrogenation, with hydrogen coproduction. Detailed mechanistic studies unveil that C–H bond oxidation (with a bond dissociation energy BDEC–H of ≈88–96 kcal mol−1) is involved in the rate‐limiting step, which differs significantly from the oxygen evolution reaction mechanism. These findings show that the oxidation efficacy is linearly correlated with the BDEC–H of the molecule. Thus, the catalyst can be used as a general platform for large‐scale electro‐oxidation of various substrates through oxygenation and dehydrogenation at high current density (25 mA cm−2), with a good Faradaic yield. The platform's generality is further demonstrated by the selective oxidation of 5‐(hydroxymethyl)furfural into 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid with good efficiency.
Dual‐Function Electrolyte Additive for Highly Reversible Zn Anode
Authors: Zhang Shao‐Jian , Hao Junnan , Luo Dan , Zhang Peng‐Fang , Zhang Bingkai , Davey Kenneth , Lin Zhan , Qiao Shi‐Zhang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPractical application of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (AZIBs) is significantly limited by poor reversibility of the Zn anode. This is because of 1) dendrite growth, and 2) water‐induced parasitic reactions including hydrogen evolution, during cycling. Here for the first time an elegantly simple method is reported that introduces ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt (Na4EDTA) to a ZnSO4 electrolyte. This is shown to concomitantly suppress dendritic Zn deposition and H2 evolution. Findings confirm that EDTA anions are adsorbed on the Zn surface and dominate active sites for H2 generation and inhibit water electrolysis. Additionally, adsorbed EDTA promotes desolvation of Zn(H2O)62+ by removing H2O molecules from the solvation sheath of Zn2+. Side reactions and dendrite growth are therefore suppressed by using the additive. A high Zn reversibility with Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.5% and long lifespan of 2500 cycles at 5 mAh cm−2, 2 mAh cm−2 is demonstrated. Additionally, the highly reversible Zn electrode significantly boosts overall performance of VO2//Zn full‐cells. These findings are expected to be of immediate benefit to a range of researchers in using dual‐function additives to suppress Zn dendrite and parasitic reactions for electrochemistry and energy storage applications.
Direct Access to α‐Aminosilanes Enabled by Visible‐Light‐Mediated Multicomponent Radical Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Yu Xiaoye , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Alasmary Fatmah Ali , Studer Armido 
Published: August 2021

Abstractα‐Aminosilanes are an important class of organic compounds that show biological activity. In this communication, a new approach to α‐aminosilanes that utilizes photoredox catalysis to enable three‐component coupling of organo(tristrimethylsilyl)silanes with feedstock alkylamines and aldehydes is presented. A wide range of highly functionalized α‐aminosilanes can be obtained in good yields under mild conditions. Both primary amines and secondary amines are compatible with this transformation. Moreover, optically pure α‐aminosilanes are accessible by using chiral amines. Mechanistic studies indicate that reactions proceed through radical/radical cross‐coupling of silyl radicals with α‐amino alkyl radicals.
Built‐in Electric Field Triggered Interfacial Accumulation Effect for Efficient Nitrate Removal at Ultra‐Low Concentration and Electroreduction to Ammonia
Authors: Sun Wu‐Ji , Ji Hao‐Qing , Li Lan‐Xin , Zhang Hao‐Yu , Wang Zhen‐Kang , He Jing‐Hui , Lu Jian‐Mei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA built‐in electric field in electrocatalyst can significantly accumulate higher concentration of NO3− ions near electrocatalyst surface region, thus facilitating mass transfer for efficient nitrate removal at ultra‐low concentration and electroreduction reaction (NO3RR). A model electrocatalyst is created by stacking CuCl (111) and rutile TiO2 (110) layers together, in which a built‐in electric field induced from the electron transfer from TiO2 to CuCl (CuCl_BEF) is successfully formed . This built‐in electric field effectively triggers interfacial accumulation of NO3− ions around the electrocatalyst. The electric field also raises the energy of key reaction intermediate *NO to lower the energy barrier of the rate determining step. A NH3 product selectivity of 98.6 %, a low NO2− production of <0.6 %, and mass‐specific ammonia production rate of 64.4 h−1 is achieved, which are all the best among studies reported at 100 mg L−1 of nitrate concentration to date.