bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annual mowing mitigates the negative legacy effects of N enrichment on grassland nutrient use efficiency
Authors: Hu Yan-Yu , Zhang Zhi-Wei , Hou Shuang-Li , Yang Jun-Jie , Lü Xiao-Tao 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Aims Plant nutrient use efficiency, an important factor driving primary production, is sensitive to nitrogen (N) deposition. Because of strengthened regulations of N emissions, atmospheric N deposition is decreasing in many countries. It remains unknown whether historical N enrichment would alter plant nutrient use efficiency and whether such impacts would be mitigated by ecosystem management strategy.
Methods We assessed the effects of historical N addition and mowing on plant N and phosphorus use efficiency (NUE and PUE) at both functional group and community levels in a temperate steppe after the cessation of 6-year N addition.
Important Findings Historical N addition had negative legacy effects on plant NUE but not on PUE at the functional group level. There were negative legacy effects of N addition on community-level NUE and PUE, but only in the unmown plots. Mowing mitigated the negative legacy effects of N enrichment on community-level NUE and PUE by reducing the dominance of tall rhizomatous grass but enhancing that of tall bunchgrass. Our results highlight the importance of community composition variations caused by mowing in driving the legacy effects of N enrichment on community-level nutrient use efficiency. Given the slow recovery of community composition following cessation of N deposition, our findings suggest that the lower nutrient efficiency of plant community would be long-lasting.
Can Appended Auxiliary Data be Used to Tailor the Offered Response Mode in Cross-Sectional Studies? Evidence from An Address-Based Sample
Authors: Jackson Michael T , Medway Rebecca L , Megra Mahi W 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn theory, offering each sample member the mode sequence that maximizes their response propensity should increase the response rate and/or reduce the amount of nonresponse follow-up relative to a design that offers all sample members the same mode sequence. However, for this sort of tailoring to be feasible in a cross-sectional survey, it must be possible to use data available prior to data collection (e.g., on the sampling frame) to predict sample members’ “mode-sensitivity”—the effect of the offered mode sequence on response propensity. Using data from randomized experiments incorporated into the 2016 and 2019 cycles of the National Household Education Survey, we evaluate whether data appended to an address-based sampling (ABS) frame can accurately predict the sensitivity of household-level response behavior to the initial offer of a paper questionnaire instead of a web instrument and whether a modeled-mode design that tailors the offered mode sequence (web-push vs. paper-only) based on the resulting predictions improves household-level data collection outcomes relative to a uniform web-push design. We find that several characteristics available on the ABS frame show statistically significant interactions with the offered mode sequence in determining the probability of response to initial survey mailings. Consequently, relative to a uniform web-push design, the modeled-mode design increased the response rate to early mailings and reduced the number of mailings required per response. However, the modeled-mode design did not meaningfully increase the final response rate, nor did it lead to a substantial reduction in indicators of nonresponse bias.
Multilateral Trading Facilities (MTFs) and Organized Trading Facilities (OTFs)
Authors: Penn Bob , Pascal Nadia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the recent growth in the volume and variety of market infrastructure provision. It sets out the legal and regulatory framework governing the operation of multilateral trading facilities (MTFs) and organised trading venues (OTFs) in Europe and the UK. It chapter highlights how information technology has fundamentally changed the way in which trading in financial instruments occurs in the UK. This chapter points out that almost all exchanges, clearers, and other providers of market infrastructure services have moved to an electronic basis for their activities since the introduction of electronic trading by the London Stock Exchange in 1986. It highlights the opportunities that have arisen for the commercial provision of niche infrastructure services to support trading as technology changed the way in which markets are organised and participants execute trades.
London Stock Exchange: Regulation of the Main Market and Alternative Investment Market (AIM)
Authors: Schneider Sean M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the London Stock Exchange (LSE), which took its origins from the early days of trading in London's coffee houses. It talks about John Castaing, who began issuing a list of stock and commodity prices called “The Course of the Exchange and other things” in 1698 at Jonathan's Coffee House. It also mentions that trading occurred on an informal and unregulated basis until the aftermath of the South Sea Bubble, in which afterwards a new “Stock Exchange” was established in 1773. This chapter talks about the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA) that includes the bulk of the UK's current regulatory framework, the statutory basis for the regulation of the LSE. It points out the exemption of investment exchanges, such as the LSE, from the “General Prohibition” on the undertaking of financial services activities when they are subject to a recognition order by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA).
International Settlement
Authors: Yates Madeleine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of “settlement” as the transfer of ownership or other interest in securities following the agreement to make such transfer in exchange for payment. It discusses settlement through a settlement system, which can only take place if the parties to the trade are members of the relevant settlement system or have arrangements with a system member that can procure settlement on their behalf. It also emphasizes the use of a settlement system that is generally regarded as giving the benefits of speed, efficiency, security, and finality advantages. This chapter talks about international central securities depositories (ICSD), which hold securities issued in a variety of different jurisdictions. It also highlights Clearstream and Euroclear as well—known examples of ICSDs.
The Provenance of the Hague Principles
Authors: Pertegás Marta 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the institutional provenance of the Hague Principles from mandate to adoption, which can be traced back to 2006. At a meeting of the Council on General Affairs and Policy of the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH) that year, the Secretariat of the HCCH was tasked with preparing a feasibility study on the development of an instrument concerning choice of law in international contracts. However, this was not the first time that the HCCH included the topic of international (commercial) contracts on its agenda. Earlier work carried out by the HCCH in this legal domain share similar objectives with the Hague Principles, that is, the consolidation of party autonomy in the private international law of contracts. In sketching the recent and more remote origins of the Principles, the chapter describes the most salient phases in the development of the Hague Principles between 2006 and 2015. It then places this instrument in the broader context of the HCCH’s contribution to party autonomy in international contracts.
Mauritius
Authors: Cupido Robin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses Mauritian perspectives on the Hague Principles. The Code Civile Mauricien (Mauritian Civil Code) governs most private and commercial law matters and is thus one of the main sources of Mauritian law. Another main source is the Constitution of Mauritius 1968. It is important to note that there is no constitutional imperative for courts to consider international law when interpreting legislation, which could be a contributing factor to the lack of development of a cohesive private international law regime in Mauritius. The Law Reform Commission of Mauritius has thus been reviewing the status of private international law in Mauritius over the past five years and has issued several reports and studies on the matter. The chapter then investigates the extent to which Mauritian private international law already reflects the content of the Hague Principles and how this set of principles could influence the future development of the conflict of laws in Mauritius.
Kuwait
Authors: Dawwas Amin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Kuwaiti perspectives on the Hague Principles. Kuwait has a specific code on conflict of laws rules, ie Law No 5/1961 on Regulation of the Legal Relationships with Foreign Element (Kuwaiti Law No 5/1961). This law includes conflicts rules that can be applied by both national courts and arbitral tribunals. Although the Law No 5/1961 allows in principle the parties to select the law applicable to their contract and determines which law is applicable to contracts with a foreign element in general, it leaves many other details concerning the chosen law to doctrine and case law. The chapter then shows to which extent the Hague Principles could be used to interpret, supplement, and develop the Kuwaiti rules in light of relevant Kuwaiti case law and doctrine.
Lebanon
Authors: Kobeh Marie-Claude Najm 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates Lebanese perspectives on the Hague Principles. In Lebanon, private international law rules in respect of international commercial contracts are not codified. There are statutory rules governing certain areas of private international law, some of which might be relevant in cases where international commercial contracts are litigated. This is the case for rules on international jurisdiction (Articles 74–80 Code of Civil Procedure, hereafter CCP), recognition and enforcement of foreign decisions (Articles 1009–1024 CCP), international arbitration (Articles 809–821 CCP) and the application of foreign law (Articles 139–142 CCP). Given the rarity of private international law statutory rules, and specifically the absence of statutory choice of law rules for international commercial contracts, it was up to the courts to shape conflict of law rules for these contracts.. In this respect, Lebanese courts do not have the authority to refer to the Hague Principles as persuasive applicable rules, ie to use them to interpret and supplement the applicable rules and principles of private international law. Nevertheless, it should be noted that Article 4 CCP invites the courts, in the absence of statutory law, to rely on ‘general principles, custom and equity’.
Malaysia
Authors: Othman Effendy , Teck Fung Victor Wong , Rahmat Ahmad Zhaffir 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at Malaysian perspectives on the Hague Principles. Malaysia does not have any specific legislation or code for Private International Law. However, there are at least two specific acts which provide statutory guidelines for the recognition and enforcement of foreign decisions or awards in parties’ commercial relationships: the Malaysian Arbitration Act 2005 and the Reciprocal Enforcement of Judgment Act 1958. Additionally, Malaysia is a Member State of the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH), albeit not a contracting State to any of the HCCH Conventions. The Malaysian Attorney General’s Office is presently studying several HCCH Conventions to determine whether Malaysia can become a party to any of them. For the most part, and in line with Malaysia being a part of the Commonwealth, the principles of private international law have developed through judicial decisions of the Malaysian courts in determining issues ranging from the jurisdiction of the courts, recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, to parties’ choice of law in contracts. To this end, contracts governed by foreign laws are generally considered as valid in Malaysia, unless they fall under any of the categories of void contracts set out in section 24 of the Contracts Act 1950.
Palestine
Authors: Dawwas Amin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses Palestinian perspectives on the Hague Principles. In Palestine, the Mejella (ie the Ottoman Civil Code), is still applicable to the West Bank; it does not include rules on conflict of laws. In 2003, the Palestinian Authority published a draft civil law (PDCL), accompanied by a memorandum. In 2012, this draft was enacted as law in the Gaza Strip (GCL). Both PDCL and GCL include an identical rule on conflict of laws that clearly allows the parties to choose the law applicable to international commercial contracts. Likewise, the 2000 Palestinian Arbitration Law, applicable in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, recognizes the party autonomy principle. Currently, there is no indication on the enactment of the PDCL in the West Bank. Once this moment comes, the Hague Principles would play a role in revising the conflict of laws rules as they reflect the recent developments in the field. Besides, Article 35 of the PDCL/GCL orders the application of the principles of private international law in the absence of a relevant provision in this law concerning the conflict of laws. Thus, the Hague Principles could be used to supplement the Palestinian rules on the law applicable to contracts.
Iceland
Authors: Þorláksson Eiríkur Elís 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Icelandic perspectives on the Hague Principles. The constitution of the Republic of Iceland does not contain any provisions on the principles of private international law. Moreover, there is no general act on private international law in force in Iceland. However, legislation on specific aspects of private international law, such as conflicts of the laws of contract and recognition and enforcement of foreign decisions, can be found in Icelandic law. Moreover, individual provisions on recognition and enforcement, jurisdiction, and choice of law can be found throughout Icelandic legislation. The legislative act which applies to contractual obligations in the field of private international law in Iceland is Act No 43/2000 on the law applicable to contractual obligations. There are no other acts that explicitly aim to address choice of law issues other than Act No 43/2000, but individual provisions can be found indicating the choice of law in specific areas of law; otherwise, Icelandic courts will apply general principles to the case at hand. There is currently no revision of Act No 43/2000 under discussion in Iceland.
Liechtenstein
Authors: Heiss Helmut 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at Liechtenstein perspectives on the Hague Principles. Rules on choice of law, including international commercial contract law, have been codified by virtue of the Act on Private International Law 1996 (Liechtenstein PILA). The Liechtenstein PILA does not expressly state that conventions will take precedence over national laws. However, it has been held by the Liechtenstein Constitutional Court that international treaties are of at least equal status to regular national laws and that national law must be interpreted in line with public international law. Moreover, an international convention will often be considered to be a lex specialis and be given precedence over national rules on that ground. Liechtenstein courts will refer first of all to (old) Austrian case law and legal literature when dealing with matters pertaining to the parties’ choice of law. Whenever these sources leave ambiguity to a specific question, Liechtenstein courts may and most likely will consider other persuasive authorities. The Hague Principles may constitute such persuasive authority.
Turkey
Authors: Ekşi Nuray 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Turkish perspectives on the Hague Principles. The content of Turkish Private International Law is highly comprehensive. In addition to choice of law and international procedural law, it also covers nationality law, as well as the law on foreign nationals. Private international law rules and issues regarding international procedural law are codified in Law No 5718 on Private International Law and Procedural Law (PILA), which has been in force since 2007. Besides the PILA, the Turkish Commercial Code contains conflict of laws rules regarding bills of exchange, checks, and promissory notes. According to Article 1(2) PILA, the application of international treaties ratified by Turkey takes priority over the application of PIL rules. Consequently, in each case, the court, before taking into account PILA’s Articles, has to determine whether any international treaty exists regarding international commercial contracts. If an international treaty exists, then it takes priority unless otherwise expressed in the treaty itself. For the time being, the Turkish Parliament has no intention to revise the PILA and supplement it with the Hague Principles.
Colombia
Authors: Salame Antonio Aljure 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at Colombian perspectives on the Hague Principles. In Colombia, civil and commercial regulations are contained in two separate codes: the Colombian Civil Code and the Commercial Code. Despite their separation, commercial law draws from civil law and regulates several areas not covered by the latter. As a result, civil and commercial law in Colombia should be understood as complementary in that they both regulate international contracts and share similar foundations and principles. There is currently no modern law that comprehensively deals with private international law in Colombia. However, the Bogotá Chamber of Commerce is in the process of drafting legislation with the objective of clarifying the interpretive approach to norms underlying international contracts. Although there is no express reference to the Hague Principles as a guiding or interpretative source of law for judges, it has been recognized in case law that international instruments such as the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC) may govern a legal relationship if they do not contravene an express rule. This gap-filling role facilitates the transition of law to modernity by virtue of the requirements of relevance, coherence, and justice.
Guatemala
Authors: Montano Pedro Mendoza , Guzman Enrique Martinez 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes Guatemalan perspectives on the Hague Principles. In Guatemala, the sources of Private International Law for international commercial contracts are: (i) international treaties, comprised of: the Convention on Private International Law (Bustamante Code) and the Inter-American Convention on General Rules of Private International Law (Second Inter-American Specialized Conference on Private International Law); and (ii) national laws. In general terms, the Guatemalan private international law regime applicable to international commercial contracts recognizes the ability of parties to a contract to choose the applicable law. Notwithstanding, important differences deriving from such regime may apply, and will ultimately depend on the type of dispute resolution mechanism the parties are using: litigation or arbitration. Currently, there are no on-going revisions or proposed revisions of the Guatemalan national laws or international treaties that provide rules of private international law for international commercial contracts. In the event that the rules of private international law would be revised, the Hague Principles could play a role, as they facilitate the legislative body’s task of creating a new statute and put forward the most advanced developments in the matter. For this to happen, however, the Hague Principles should be disseminated and made available and known to all relevant parties.
Tissue- and stage-specific landscape of the mouse translatome
Authors: Wang Hongwei , Wang Yan , Yang Jiaqi , Zhao Qian , Tang Nan , Chen Congying , Li Huihui , Cheng Chichi , Xie Mingzhe , Yang Yang , Xie Zhi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The current understanding of how overall principles of translational control govern the embryo-to-adult transition in mammals is still far from comprehensive. Herein we profiled the translatomes and transcriptomes of six tissues from the mice at embryonic and adult stages and presented the first report of tissue- and stage-specific translational landscape in mice. We quantified the extent of gene expression divergence among different expression layers, tissues and stages, detected significant changes in gene composition and function underlying these divergences and revealed the changing architecture of translational regulation. We further showed that dynamic translational regulation can be largely achieved via modulation of translational efficiency. Translational efficiency could be altered by alternative splicing (AS), upstream and downstream open reading frames (uORFs and dORFs). We revealed AS-mediated translational repression that was exerted in an event type-dependent manner. uORFs and dORFs exhibited mutually exclusive usage and the opposing effects of translational regulation. Furthermore, we discovered many novel microproteins encoded by long noncoding RNAs and demonstrated their regulatory potential and functional relevance. Our data and analyses will facilitate a better understanding of the complexity of translation and translational regulation across tissue and stage spectra and provide an important resource to the translatome research community.
Machine-Learning Approach to Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Zhang Michael , Tong Elizabeth , Hamrick Forrest , Lee Edward H , Tam Lydia T , Pendleton Courtney , Smith Brandon W , Hug Nicholas F , Biswal Sandip , Seekins Jayne , Mattonen Sarah A , Napel Sandy , Campen Cynthia J , Spinner Robert J , Yeom Kristen W , Wilson Thomas J , Mahan Mark A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Clinicoradiologic differentiation between benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) has important management implications.

OBJECTIVE
To develop and evaluate machine-learning approaches to differentiate benign from malignant PNSTs.

METHODS
We identified PNSTs treated at 3 institutions and extracted high-dimensional radiomics features from gadolinium-enhanced, T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences. Training and test sets were selected randomly in a 70:30 ratio. A total of 900 image features were automatically extracted using the PyRadiomics package from Quantitative Imaging Feature Pipeline. Clinical data including age, sex, neurogenetic syndrome presence, spontaneous pain, and motor deficit were also incorporated. Features were selected using sparse regression analysis and retained features were further refined by gradient boost modeling to optimize the area under the curve (AUC) for diagnosis. We evaluated the performance of radiomics-based classifiers with and without clinical features and compared performance against human readers.

RESULTS
A total of 95 malignant and 171 benign PNSTs were included. The final classifier model included 21 imaging and clinical features. Sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of 0.676, 0.882, and 0.845, respectively, were achieved on the test set. Using imaging and clinical features, human experts collectively achieved sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of 0.786, 0.431, and 0.624, respectively. The AUC of the classifier was statistically better than expert humans (P = .002). Expert humans were not statistically better than the no-information rate, whereas the classifier was (P = .001).

CONCLUSION
Radiomics-based machine learning using routine MRI sequences and clinical features can aid in evaluation of PNSTs. Further improvement may be achieved by incorporating additional imaging sequences and clinical variables into future models.