bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parasite immune evasion and manipulation of host phenotype
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAll parasites manipulate their hosts by interference with immune defences and host behaviour. Passive evasion, for example, is by molecular mimicry or by changing surfaces. Active interference involves production of molecules that block or modify host immune defence regulation or affect metabolism and neuronal systems. All steps of the immune defence cascades are attacked by parasites, including the microbiota. Manipulation can increase the duration of infection or transmission success. The latter is particularly prominent in intermediate hosts that need to be consumed by a final host. Host fecundity reduction and gigantism provide extra resources for the parasite. Theory can predict what manipulation should be best; conflicts arise among co-infecting parasites.
Host–parasite genetics
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGenetics affects host–parasite interactions in various ways, e.g. by additive genetic variance and epistasis. Various models, such as gene-for-gene or matching alleles, describe the interactions. Heterozygous individuals and genetically more variable populations often have lower parasite loads, but specific gene variants are critical. Variation in gene expression adds plasticity to host defences and parasite characteristics. Horizontally transferred pathogenicity islands are important for bacterial virulence: in viruses, genomic organization matters. Host and parasite characteristics are heritable and evolve; genetics is also important for the microbiota. In populations, signs of selection point to directional or balancing selection in different parts of the immune defences, or in parasites due to medical interventions. Parasite population genetic structure, furthermore, is affected by genetic exchange during co-infections. Modern genomic tools allow studying genotypes and entire genomes at a massive scale. This is also used for genome-wide association studies.
The Shepherd
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
For Plato, the model of the leader as shepherd suggests protectiveness and care. But he also realizes that it could be used to make the opposite point: the leader only appears to protect the flock; his ulterior motive is to exploit them for profit. As a result, the model divides into two: the good shepherd, who cares only for the flock, and the bad one, who seeks to exploit them, like a tyrant. Another problem is that the model elevates the leader to the level of a higher species, who merely shouts commands, quite unlike the teacher model described in the previous two chapters. Consequently, Plato later abandons the shepherd in the Statesman. The second part considers an example of the ‘bad’ shepherd, Travis Kalanick, CEO of Uber Taxis, whose attitude to his drivers shows similarities with the shepherd who professes to care for his flock, but merely seeks to exploit them.
Teachers and Sowers
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by considering the relation between the models of the teacher and the sower, which might seem very similar to each other. In Plato’s Phaedrus, the thought leader sows ideas by teaching; and teachers leave behind students capable of teaching others, so extending the original teacher’s legacy. The models are nonetheless distinct, even if they often converge: the teacher model focuses on the relationship between the leader and their immediate followers, stressing the need for rational communication; the sower looks beyond the relationship between the leader and their immediate followers towards subsequent generations, and to the perpetuation of ideas. Most of the chapter is then taken up with two case studies that show the two models working hand in hand: Florence Nightingale, who revolutionized nursing, and Margaret Mead, the US anthropologist, who helped transform attitudes to the family and sex in twentieth-century America.
Context for the Disc Embedding Theorem
Authors: Behrens Stefan , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘Context for the Disc Embedding Theorem’ explains why the theorem is the central result in the study of topological 4-manifolds. After recalling surgery theory and the proof of the s-cobordism theorem for high-dimensional manifolds, the chapter explains what goes wrong when trying to apply the same techniques in four dimensions and how to start overcoming these problems. The complete statement of the disc embedding theorem is provided. Finally the most important consequences to manifold theory are listed, including a proof of why Alexander polynomial one knots are topologically slice and the existence of exotic smooth structures on 4-dimensional Euclidean space.
Decomposition Space Theory and the Bing Shrinking Criterion
Authors: Davis Christopher W. , Kalmár Boldizsár , Kim Min Hoon , Rüping Henrik 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘Decomposition Space Theory and the Bing Shrinking Criterion’ gives a proof of the central Bing shrinking criterion and then provides an introduction to the key notions of the field of decomposition space theory. The chapter begins by proving the Bing shrinking criterion, which characterizes when a given map between compact metric spaces is approximable by homeomorphisms. Next, it develops the elements of the theory of decomposition spaces. A key fact is that a decomposition space associated with an upper semi-continuous decomposition of a compact metric space is again a compact metric space. Decomposition spaces are key in the proof of the disc embedding theorem.
The Alexander Gored Ball and the Bing Decomposition
Authors: Behrens Stefan , Kim Min Hoon 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘The Alexander Gored Ball and the Bing Decomposition’ provides a concrete and nontrivial application of the tools of decomposition space theory introduced in the previous chapter. The complement of the Alexander horned ball in the 3-sphere is called the Alexander gored ball. This space is described in three distinct ways: as an intersection of 3-balls; as a 3-dimensional grope; and as a decomposition space. Bing’s theorem that the double of the Alexander gored ball is homeomorphic to the 3-sphere is presented. This gives the first example of a truly nontrivial shrink and, moreover, an example of an exotic involution of the 3-sphere.
Shrinking Starlike Sets
Authors: Meier Jeffrey , Orson Patrick , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘Shrinking Starlike Sets’ presents a proof that null decompositions with recursively starlike-equivalent elements shrink. Unlike in previous chapters, the shrink is produced abstractly rather than explicitly. The chapter proceeds in steps, first establishing the shrinking of null decompositions with starlike elements, then of those with starlike-equivalent elements, and then finally of those with recursively starlike-equivalent elements. In the eventual proof of the disc embedding theorem, a decomposition of the 4-ball consisting of recursively starlike-equivalent elements will be produced. These consist of the ‘holes’, along with certain ‘red blood cell discs’. The result from this chapter will be used to show that the decomposition shrinks; this is called the α-shrink.
Tower Height Raising and Embedding
Authors: Miller Allison N. , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘Tower Height Raising and Embedding’ shows how to raise the height of towers, as well as how to detect embedded towers within a given tower. Raising the number of storeys of a capped tower by one is a construction similar in spirit to grope height raising, but more sophisticated. The new aspect, which receives careful treatment, is the geometric control needed to make the top storey arbitrarily small. An n-storey capped tower contains a capped tower with (n + 1) storeys and the same attaching region, and this can be realized by an embedding that places connected components of the top storey into balls of arbitrarily chosen small diameter. Consequently, endpoint compactifications of infinite towers may be embedded as well.
The Development of Topological 4-manifold Theory
Authors: Powell Mark , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The development of topological 4-manifold theory is described in the form of a flowchart showing the interdependence among many key statements in the theory. In particular, the flowchart demonstrates how the theory crucially relies on the constructions in this book, what goes into the work of Quinn on smoothing, normal bundles, and transversality, and what is needed to deduce the famous consequences, such as the classification of closed, simply connected, topological 4-manifolds, the category preserving Poincaré conjecture, and the existence of exotic smooth structures on 4-dimensional Euclidean space. Precise statements of the results, brief indications of some proofs, and extensive references are provided.
Open Problems
Authors: Kim Min Hoon , Orson Patrick , Park JungHwan , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Open problems in the study of topological 4-manifolds are explained in detail. An important open problem is to determine whether the disc embedding theorem and its antecedents hold for all groups; in other words, whether all groups are good. The disc embedding conjecture and the surgery conjecture are stated. The relationships between these conjectures and their various reformulations are explained. Of particular interest are the reformulations in terms of freely slicing certain infinite families of links. In particular, the surgery conjecture is true if and only if all good boundary links are freely slice. Good boundary links are the many-component analogues of Alexander polynomial one knots.
The Collar Adding Lemma
Authors: Kasprowski Daniel , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The collar adding lemma is a key ingredient in the proof of the disc embedding theorem. Specifically, it proves that a skyscraper with an added collar is homeomorphic to the standard 4-dimensional 2-handle. The proof is similar to the proof in a previous chapter that the Alexander gored ball with an added collar is homeomorphic to the standard 3-ball. Roughly speaking, a skyscraper is seen as the quotient space of the 4-ball corresponding to a certain decomposition. The added collar allows the decomposition to be modified so that the resulting decomposition shrinks; that is, the corresponding quotient space, which is identified with the skyscraper with an added collar, is homeomorphic to the original 4-ball.
Returning the Sense of Security
Authors: Ozavci Ozan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Sixty-two years after Napoleon Bonaparte’s campaign to Egypt, in August 1860 the port town of Toulon was once again busy for a French expedition to the Levant. This time the target destination was Syria. Unlike 1798, the French army in 1860 was accompanied by an international commission that consisted of the delegates of each major European Great Power and the Ottoman Empire. With the arrival of the French troops and international commissioners in Syria, the diplomatic struggle that started in the metropoles continued through incessant tensions over the limits of French military action and the European commissioners’ right to interfere with Ottoman authorities’ endeavours to suppress the violence. A new tussle at once began over how to return the sense of security in Syria. The commissioners received an influx of instructions from their capitals which repeatedly placed imperial objectives, suspicions, and their conflicting threat perceptions on the agenda while addressing the security problems in Syria. The men on the ground were thus torn between local realities and the expectations of their superiors. The retribution, indemnities, and administrative reorganization processes were consequently politicized, and bolted the fate of security in Syria onto the reconciliation of imperial interests. This chapter details the workings of the international commission on Syria in 1860–62, and describes how order and tranquillity was restored in the country.
Authoritarian Liberalism and the Transformation of Modern Europe
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
&lt;Online Only&gt;This book recounts the transformation of Europe from the interwar era until the euro crisis, using the tools of constitutional analysis and critical theory. The central claim is twofold: post-war Europe is reconstituted in a manner combining political authoritarianism and economic liberalism, producing an order which is now in a critical condition. The book begins in the interwar era, when liberalism, unable to deal with mass democracy and the social question, turns to authoritarianism in an attempt to suppress democracy, with disastrous consequences in Weimar and elsewhere. After the Second World War, partly on the basis of a very different diagnosis of interwar collapse, and initially through a passive authoritarianism, inter-state sovereignty is reconfigured, state-society relations are depoliticized, and social relations transformed. Integration is substituted for internationalism, technocracy for democracy, and economic liberty for political freedom and class struggle. This transformation takes time to unfold, and it presents continuities as well as discontinuities. It is deepened by the neo-liberalism of the Maastricht era and the creation of Economic and Monetary Union, and yet countermovements then also emerge: geopolitically, in the return of the German question; and domestically, in the challenges presented by constitutional courts and anti-systemic movements. Struggles over sovereignty, democracy, and political freedom resurface, but are then more actively repressed through the authoritarian liberalism of the euro crisis phase. This leads now to an impasse. Anti-systemic politics return but remain uneasily within the EU, suggesting that the post-war order of authoritarian liberalism is reaching its limits. As yet, however, there has been no definitive rupture.&lt;/Online Only&gt;
Restraining State Sovereignty or the Return of the German Question?
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
&lt;Online Only&gt;This chapter examines how the geopolitical constitution of Europe developed after Maastricht, in ways both continuous and discontinuous with the founding era. It discusses the continuities in inter-state constraints on the exercise of sovereign powers, now structured, however, through a ‘new intergovernmentalism’ rather than traditional forms of supranationalism. In conjunction with the move towards differentiated integration, this signalled the end of the ‘federal dream’ of European unification. The chapter concludes by discussing the return of the ‘German question’. It analyses how the reunification of Germany, and its increasing influence through the Eastern enlargement of the Union, raised the spectre of stark asymmetries, and even the prospect of semi-hegemony.&lt;/Online Only&gt;
Authoritarian Liberalism Writ Large: the Spectre of a ‘German Europe’
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
&lt;Online Only&gt;This chapter explores how inter-state relations after Lisbon represented a fudge; the Lisbon Treaty maintaining much of the substance of the failed constitutional project, but without the constitutional symbolism. It traces how, through the euro crisis, this fudge became unsustainable: the issue of sovereignty could no longer be held in suspension, increasingly exercised outside the EU legal framework, as new informal formations took centre stage, notably the ‘Troika’ and the Eurogroup, which exercised both de facto power and de jure authority. They did so in such a way as to avoid the formal constraints of the Maastricht Treaty, but maintain its ordoliberal spirit. The chapter goes on to consider how sovereignty, in practice, was increasingly drained of any content, its loss appearing as the quid pro quo for accepting financial assistance. The chapter concludes by examining how all of this put the issue of German hegemony back on the agenda, suggesting a regional authoritarian liberalism writ large, more coercive and less consensual than in the foundational era, but ultimately underpinned by an ideological Europeanism.&lt;/Online Only&gt;
The Logic of Law
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Like other early Christian writers, Nemesius condemns any theory which denies that humans are by nature free. Though he believes that the human body is an instrument, he passionately rejects the idea that ‘humankind is a mere instrument’. He cannot tolerate any reduction of humans to the status of a tool, whether by ‘pagans’ (in theories of fate), or by Christians (in theories of providence). In this chapter, we reconstruct Nemesius’ theories of human freedom and divine providence. The bishop believes that human laws—and, hence, crime and punishment—are inconceivable in the absence of human choice. Since all cities have laws, he reasons, humans must have a natural power of choice. From this cosmopolitan line of reasoning (which has roots in Greek antiquity), Nemesius derives a subtle theory of divine world-governance in the final pages of his (unfinished) treatise.
Identical particles and the helium atom
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Identical particles and the helium atom” introduces bosons and fermions. Fermion states are expressed in terms of Slater determinants and the Pauli Principle. Helium is presented in such a way as to show what properties are and are not due to electron identity. Quantum states are described according as the space wave function is symmetric or antisymmetric under interchange of labels attached to the electrons. These in turn form singlet and triplet spin states when the electrons’ fermion identity is taken into account. Helium is an example of LS coupling, but a rather stunted example.
Terms inLScoupling
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Terms in LS coupling” shows how quantum numbers L, S can be assigned for a given configuration of electrons. Certain values of L, S are excluded when the electrons are “equivalent”. It is shown how wave functions can be calculated for the permitted states. Those wave functions explain what went wrong with accounts discredited in Chapter 16. The correct energy-order of the states makes sense when put alongside the wave functions.
The Zeeman effect
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Zeeman effect is described, including the relative intensities of the spectral components. There are three intensity patterns: “shaded in”, “shaded out”, and a more symmetrical possibility. These patterns are helpful for diagnosis: the assignment of quantum numbers to the states involved in a transition. An example is worked in detail. In simple cases, intensity sum rules give an alternative to working out matrix elements.
Energy of a magnetic body: −m⋅δB or +B⋅δm?
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Energy of a magnetic body: -m dB or +B dm?” addresses a fraught question: what is the free-energy change when a B-field applied to a magnetic body (magnetic moment m) is changed? We define what is meant by an “applied field”. We show that the free-energy change is -m dB. The electric analogue -p dE is also described. A balls-and-spring model helps to understand an electric dipole, and by extension a magnetic dipole. In the magnetic case, we prepare the field using a reversible current generator driving a coil. The energy change is obtained by inserting the sample and (also, alternatively) by changing the field. There is much that is new in this chapter.
Origin, Objectives, and Content of the Directive
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the overall EU copyright harmonization project and explains the history of the 2019 EU Directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market (Directive 2019/790) and the place that it has within the broader EU copyright architecture. It recounts the copyright reform in Europe, which has been based on the harmonization at the EU level and modernization at the EU national level. It also stresses that EU harmonization has been prompted by internal market concerns and concerns regarding the overall competitiveness and appropriateness of the EU copyright regime. The chapter describes the field of copyright, wherein the process of Europeanization of national laws has resulted in their settlement to and convergence with EU law. It mentions the 1988 Green Paper by the Commission of the European Communities, which signaled the start of a more concrete discourse around copyright harmonization.
Article 1—Subject Matter and Scope
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains that Directive 2019/790 lays down rules harmonise the Union law applicable to copyright and related rights in the framework of the internal market, particularly digital and cross-border uses of protected content. It analyses the Directive's rules on exceptions and limitations to copyright and related rights and the facilitation of licences. It also looks at rules that aim to ensure a well-functioning marketplace for the exploitation of works and other subject matter. The chapter reviews directives that have been adopted in the area of copyright and related rights that contribute to the functioning of the internal market, provide a high level of protection for rightholders, facilitate the clearance of rights, and create a framework in which the exploitation of works and other protected subject matter can take place. It points out how a harmonised legal framework contributes to the proper functioning of the internal market, and stimulates innovation, creativity, investment and production of new content.
Article 17—Use of Protected Content by Online Content-sharing Service Providers
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes Article 17 of Directive 2019/790, a copyright order in the Digital Single Market, which talks about the use of protected content by online content-sharing service providers. It talks about an online content-sharing service provider that can perform an act of communication to the public or an act of making available to the public when it gives the public access to copyright-protected works or other protected subject matter uploaded by its users. It also outlines how an online content-sharing service provider can obtain an authorisation from the rightholders by concluding a licensing agreement. The chapter analyzes the performance of an online content-sharing service provider of an act of communication to the public or an act of making available to the public under the conditions laid down in Directive 2019/790. It highlights how online content-sharing service providers will be liable for unauthorised acts of communication to the public if no authorisation is granted.
Article 19—Transparency Obligation
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces Article 19 of Directive 2019/790, which includes the European order on copyright in relation to the transparency obligation. It provides assurance for authors and performers to receive on a regular basis all revenues generated and remuneration for the exploitation of their works and performances from the parties to whom they have licensed or transferred their rights. It also looks at the privilege of authors and performers or their representatives to request and receive additional information from sub-licensees in the event that their first contractual counterpart does not hold all the information. The chapter emphasizes that any request to sub-licensees must be made directly or indirectly through the contractual counterpart of the author or the performer. It talks about the option of Member States to declare that the obligation agreed upon will not apply when the contribution of the author or performer is not significant to the overall work or performance.