bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foliar anatomy of ten genotypes of the plant Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Colorado Jaime Alberto Marín , Rincón Edgar , Montoya Lerma James 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Introduction: Cassava Manihot esculenta (Crantz) is a perennial shrub native to South America that is an essential source of carbohydrates for more than 600 million people in tropical countries. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe and compare the leaf blade anatomy of ten genotypes of cassava. Methods: The methodology for anatomical descriptions was processed and 30 leaves of each of the varieties were included and sectioned according to paraffin impregnation protocols. Results: The results showed that the leaf blade anatomical structure of all the varieties in general terms show differences. All varieties had monostratified epidermis, leaf mesophyll consisted of a palisade parenchyma in a single layer and multiple layers of spongy parenchyma. Polyphenolic idioblasts were observed immersed in the palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma. Between 3-7 xylem ribs with their respective phloem were found in the midrib in almost all varieties. Trichomes were only found in two varieties (NAT31-ECU72) and leaves were all hipostomatic. Conclusions: The results reveal that NAT31 is the material with the most anatomically marked differences (i.e. presence of trichomes, papillary cell, and, on the adaxial face, special provision in the arrangement of stomata and epicuticle wax patterns), characteristics that might be related to pest resistance.
Morfología del polen de Heliconia spp. (Heliconiaceae) de México y su relación interespecífica e intraespecífica
Authors: Ortiz Curiel Simitrio , López Guillén Guillermo , Avendaño Arrazate Carlos Hugo , Martínez Bolaños Misael 
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN
Introducción: El conocimiento que se tiene sobre palinología en el género Heliconia, es básicamente sobre especies de Centroamérica y Sudamérica, mientras que en especies del Neotrópico mexicano los estudios son limitados. Objetivo: contribuir al conocimiento palinológico y conocer la interrelación morfológica del polen entre especies y dentro de especies de género Heliconia originarias de México, como parte de los estudios de biología reproductiva que puedan contribuir en futuros trabajos de mejoramiento genético. Métodos: El estudio se realizó en nueve especies (12 accesiones) de Heliconia nativas de México y que se encuentran en el Banco de Germoplasma del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP). Se colectó polen de flores en antesis y se conservó durante 24 h en glutaraldehído al 2% y etanol al 50%, en seguida se lavó en etanol al 50% y deshidrató en alcohol al 70%, 90% y 100% por 30 min c/u. Las muestras se secaron al punto crítico del CO2, se montaron en cilindros de aluminio cubiertas con cinta de carbón conductivo doble adhesiva y, se analizaron con una capa de aproximadamente 20 nm de oro-paladio. Las muestras se observaron en MEB modelo TOPCON, SM-510. Resultados: El polen mide de 50.22 µm a 70.56 µm, es heteropolar y es de forma euoblato, suboblato u oblato-esferoidal. Las caras distal y proximal presentan diferentes grados de convexidad; ambas con ornamentación microespinulosa o microverrugosa. Las características morfológicas, forma del polen, forma de las caras proximal y distal, así como la ornamentación, muestran cierta homogeneidad; sin embargo, mediante el análisis de agrupamiento jerárquico (R2=0.05) se formaron cinco grupos. El grupo I presenta microperforaciones en el tectum, alta densidad de microespinas y alta convexidad de la cara proximal; el grupo II, contrario al grupo I, tienen la cara distal convexa y la cara proximal es plana a subconvexa. El grupo III lo representa H. latispatha y el grupo IV H. librata, ambos grupos son de polen pequeño; sin embargo, H. latispatha tiene la cara proximal plana y poro germinativo distinto-protudente, mientras que H. librata tiene cara proximal convexa y ambas caras verrugosas. En el grupo V se agrupa H. collinsiana, la cual tiene poro germinativo distinto-protudente y una forma de anillo en la cara proximal. Las dos variedades de H. collinsiana se diferencian únicamente por su tamaño (10 mm). Conclusiones: Se observó heterogeneidad, pero también homogeneidad en algunos caracteres del polen; sin embargo, el análisis mediante agrupamientos permitió conocer la interrelación que existe entre y dentro de especies. La morfología de las especies de Heliconia de México se ajusta a los caracteres previamente descritos; sin embargo, resaltan características adicionales como la presencia de microporos y la forma de anillo en la cara proximal.
Improvement of administrative approaches to subsoil state management in the Republic of Kazakhstan
Authors: Baimishev R. N. 
Published: January 2021

Mineral resource base of the Republic of Kazakhstan, being as the basis of its economy, plays a special role not only in sustainable development of the country, but also in the formation of successful international relations. The paper substantiates the direction of the mining and metallurgical complex development in the Republic of Kazakhstan towards solving the problem of increasing the country's long-term competitiveness. It was demonstrated that achieving these goals will allow building the potential for consistent and secure participation of the national economy in market interaction with leading global partners on mutually beneficial terms. At the same time, despite forecasted promising geological data, significant excess of the scope of mining work over that of exploration is observed in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is also shown that the share of investments in geological exploration in the total investments in the mining sector is insignificant. The major part of the funds is invested in mineral extraction activities. In this connection, the paper proposes ways to improve administrative approaches to subsoil management in the Republic of Kazakhstan when granting subsoil use rights, in order to eliminate barriers for investors. The proposed improvements for the state subsoil management can have positive effect: investment growth due to improving the administrative approaches in the Republic’s state subsoil management, ensuring transparency of information, supporting new standards, a simplified procedure for obtaining subsoil use rights (licensing); reducing corruption in the field of geology and subsoil use and reducing labor costs for the implementation of state functions through the creation of a modern geological infrastructure and the use of innovative opportunities in the implementation of supervisory functions by the competent authorities; ensuring fair returns for the government from taxes, as well as obtaining fair returns by investors.
Epidemiological study of hanging deaths in Imphal
Authors: Keisham Supriya , Pradipkumar Khangembam , Deepen Chettri , DW Sungoh James , Lynda B Zohlupuii 
Published: January 2021

Hanging deaths is common in the day to day practice of Forensic expert. According to National Crime Bureau Report of 2016, in India, death due to hanging constitutes 46.2% of suicide.A retrospective study of 205 cases of autopsies done for hanging cases in the mortuary of Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), a Tertiary Care Hospital in Imphal, Manipur were studied from the period between January 2008 to December 2019.This present study throws some light on the emerging trends that hanging is increasingly being adopted by a relatively younger age group between 21-30 years and males constituted 60% while females constituted 40%. Most of the victims were married 60.49% and were settled in urban areas. The place of occurrence was mostly indoors both for males (40.49%) as well as for females (32.68%). Soft ligature was the most commonly ligature material used by hanging victims.Findings of this study will help in highlighting the present scenario of hanging deaths and thus will help in solving many crimes by the law enforcing agencies.
Knowledge and practice of breast self-examination among nursing staff in Bangalore
Authors: Nandimath Priya T , Rao N S N , Ansari Subi 
Published: January 2021

Breast cancer has emerged as a major public health problem and early detection helps in bringing down the burden. Even thoughMammography is the best choice for screening, it is expensive and requires skilled personnel. Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is important in early detection and for mass awareness especially in resource poor countries. Nurses and midwives constitute major contributors in delivering health care and education and if these are empowered and trained they can convince women to perform BSE. Various studies conducted on nurses BSE practice show that the nurses are generally ineffective practitioners of BSE and that their frequency of BSE teaching is low.To assess the knowledge and practice of effective BSE among female nurses. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among 90 female nurses working in a tertiary care hospital. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and practice of BSE. Written consent was taken from the participants. Data was collected on the socio demographic information, knowledge and practice of BSE. Data was analysed using SPSS version 16.: 55.6% of the nurses said that BSE should be performed once in 6 months, 18.9% felt that it should be performed monthly. 42.2% of the nurses said that BSE has no relation to menstrual cycle. 86.7% of nurses said that BSE should be performed in standing up position and the first source of information was BSE awareness programmes. 75.6% nurses practiced BSE but only 33.3% were effectively practicing BSE. 50% of the nurses said that they were confident in performing BSE. The major reasons for practicing were, early detection has a great value and fear of Breast cancer. Themajor reasons for not practicing BSE were, afraid I will find something 54.5%.The study indicates that nurses had inadequate knowledge about BSE. Practice of BSE was high but very few practiced it effectively.
Research on the Clinical Effect of Rehabilitation Nursing for Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: Yan Fengjiao , Zhao Ming , Wang Shuang , Lin Chunxi , Liang Huiling , Wang Chao , Yang Zhongyi , Zhang Xiaoqin 
Published: January 2021

<p><strong>Objective:</strong> To analyze the clinical effect of rehabilitation nursing for patients with heart failure. <strong>Methods:</strong> 200 cases were selected from patients with heart failure admitted to the hospital from March to December, 2019. They were divided into two groups by digital list. The control group was given traditional nursing, while the experimental group was given rehabilitation nursing. The nursing quality of the two groups was compared. <strong>Results:</strong> In terms of average hospitalization days and discharge satisfaction, the results of the experimental group were better than those of the control group, and the data difference was statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> In the nursing process of patients with heart failure, the application of rehabilitation nursing can effectively enhance the therapeutic index of patients, which is of positive significance to the improvement of patients’ satisfaction rate on nursing and is worth popularizing in clinical practice.</p>
Effects of Exchange Rate Volatility on Economic Growth: Evidence from West African Monetary Zone
Authors: Fofanah Pabai 
Published: January 2021

Abstract: This study examined the effects of exchange rate volatility on economic growth in four WAMZ countries. The study uses the pooled ordinary least squares, fixed effects and random effects models, and obtains a robust standard error estimate of the model by applying xtreg, cluster()fe. The empirical analysis shows that the effects of exchange rate volatility on economic growth is insignificant. The results also show a positive correlation between exports and economic growth. This implies that policies aimed at increasing exports through an appropriate exchange rate may be beneficial countries. In addition, the analysis also shows a positive and significant link between imports and economic growth rates. Therefore, this confirms that the countries actually benefit from imports resulting from the competitive pressure generated by the import of consumer goods and professional knowledge, and also from the transfer of technology embodied in the import of goods by producers. Hence, the policy of removing import barriers will benefit the countries. In addition, the results show that there is a positive correlation between the nominal exchange rate and economic growth rate. Therefore, it shows that the nominal exchange rate depreciation policy can play an important role in improving the economic growth of the countries. However, the research results show that there is an inverse relationship between the real exchange rate and economic growth. Considering the importance of the real exchange rate, this study suggests the introduction of a common currency in the WAMZ to reduce the negative effects of the real exchange rate on economic growth.
Estimating restricted mean survival time and expected life-years lost in the presence of competing risks within flexible parametric survival models
Authors: Mozumder Sarwar Islam , Rutherford Mark , Lambert Paul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background Royston-Parmar flexible parametric survival models (FPMs) can be fitted on either the cause-specific hazards or cumulative incidence scale in the presence of competing risks. An advantage of modelling within this framework for competing risks data is the ease at which alternative predictions to the (cause-specific or subdistribution) hazard ratio can be obtained. Restricted mean survival time (RMST) is one such measure. This has an attractive interpretation, especially when the proportionality assumption is violated. Compared to similar measures, fewer assumptions are required and it does not require extrapolation. Furthermore, one can easily obtain the expected number of life-years lost, or gained, due to a particular cause of death, which is a further useful prognostic measure as introduced by Andersen. Methods We present various measures, including the expected life-years lost due to a cause of death, which can be predicted for a specific covariate pattern to facilitate interpretation in observational studies. Summaries are also provided at the population-level using standardisation to obtain marginal measures. RMST is obtained in the presence of competing risks using Royston-Parmar FPMs. Predictions are illustrated using English colorectal data and are obtained using the Stata post-estimation command, standsurv. Results Reporting such measures facilitate interpretation of a competing risks analysis, particularly when the proportional hazards assumption is not appropriate. Standardisation provides a useful way to obtain marginal estimates to make absolute comparisons between two covariate groups. Predictions can be made at various time-points and presented visually for each cause of death to better understand the overall impact of different covariate groups. Conclusions We describe estimation of RMST and expected life-years lost, both partitioned by each competing cause of death after fitting a single FPM on either the log-cumulative subdistribution, or cause-specific hazards scale. These can be used to facilitate interpretation of a competing risks analysis when the proportionality assumption is in doubt.
Health information systems in developing countries: Case of African countries
Authors: Koumamba Aimé Patrice , Bisvigou Ulrick Jolhy , Ngoungou Edgard Brice , Diallo Gayo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: In developing countries, health information system (HIS) is experiencing more and more difficulties to produce quality data. The lack of reliable health related information makes it difficult to develop effective health policies. In order to understand the organization of HIS in African countries, we undertook a literature review.Methods: Our study was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus bibliographic search engines. Our inclusion criteria were: (i) all articles published between 2005 and 2019, (ii) articles including in their titles the keywords "health", "information", "systems", "system", "africa", "developing countries", "santé", "pays en développement", "Afrique", (iii) articles that are written in English or French, (iv) which deals with organizational and technical issues about HIS in African countries.Results: Fourteen retrieved articles out of 2492 were included in the study, of which 13 (92.9%) were qualitative. All of them dealt with issues related to HIS in 12 African countries. All 12 countries (100.0%) had opted for a data warehouse approach to improve their HIS. This approach, supported by the DHIS2 application, has enabled providing reliable data. However, 11 of the 12 countries (92.0%) were aligned with donors’ strategies and lacked any national strategy. Conclusion: The current study suggests that the lack of a national health information management strategy will always be a threat to HIS performance in African countries. Ideally, rigorous upstream thinking to strengthen HIS governance should be undertaken by defining and proposing a coherent conceptual framework to analyze and guide the development and integration of digital applications into HIS over the long term.
“…we were like tourists in the theatre, the interns assisted almost all procedures…” Challenges facing the Assistant Medical Officers training for the performance of Caesarean section delivery in Tanzania
Authors: Sirili Nathanael , Anaeli Amani , Mselle Lilian , Nyongole Obadia Venance , Massawe Siriel 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Training of mid-level providers is a task-sharing strategy that has gained popularity in the recent past for addressing the critical shortage of the health workforce. In Tanzania, training of mid-level providers has existed for over five decades; however, concerns exist regarding the quality of mid-level cadres amidst the growing number of medical universities. This study sought to explore the challenges facing the Assistant Medical Officers training for the performance of Caesarean section delivery in Tanzania. Methods: An exploratory qualitative case study was carried out in four regions to include one rural district in each of the selected regions and two AMO training colleges in Tanzania. A semi-structured interview guide was used to interview 29 key informants from the district hospitals, district management, regional management, AMO training college, and one retired AMO. Also, four focus group discussions were conducted with 35 AMO trainees.Results: Training of AMOs in Tanzania faces many challenges. The challenges include: use of outdated and static curriculum, inadequate tutors (lack of teaching skills and experience of teaching adults), inadequate teaching infrastructure in the existence of many other trainees, including interns, and limited or lack of scholarships and sponsorship for the AMO trainees. Conclusions: The findings of this study underscore that the challenges facing AMO training for the performance of Caesarean section delivery have the potential to negatively impact the quality of Caesarean sections performed by this cadre. A holistic approach is needed in addressing these challenges. The solutions should focus on reviewing the curriculum, deploying qualified tutors, and improving the competencies of the available tutors through continuing medical education programmes. Furthermore, the government in collaboration with other stakeholders should work together to address the challenges in teaching infrastructure and providing financial support to this cadre that has continued to be the backbone of primary healthcare in Tanzania. Long-term solutions should consider deploying medical officers at the primary facilities and phasing out the performance of Caesarean section by AMOs.
Volcanoes and ENSO: a re-appraisal with the Last Millennium Reanalysis
Authors: Zhu Feng , Emile-Geay Julien , Anchukaitis Kevin , Hakim Gregory , Wittenberg Andrew , Morales Mariano , King Jonathan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The potential for explosive volcanism to affect the state of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been debated since the1980s. Several observational studies, largely based on tree rings, have since found support for a positive ENSO phase in the year following large eruptions. Models of different complexities also simulate such a response, detectable above the backdrop of internal variability – though they disagree on the underlying mechanisms. In contrast, recent coral data from the heart of the tropical Pacific suggest no uniform ENSO response to all eruptions over the last millennium. Here we leverage paleoclimate data assimilation to integrate the latest paleoclimate evidence into a consistent dynamical framework and re-appraise this relationship. Our analysis finds only a weak statistical association between volcanism and ENSO, suggestive of either no causal association, or of an insufficient number of large volcanic events over the past millennium to obtain reliable statistics. While currently available observations do not support the model-based inference that tropical eruptions promote an ENSO response, there are hints of a response to hemispherically asymmetric forcing, consistent with the "ITCZ shift" mechanism. We discuss the difficulties of conclusively establishing a volcanic influence on ENSO given the many degrees of freedom affecting the response, including eruption season, spatial characteristics of the forcing, and ENSO phase preconditioning.