bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of a Hybrid IMRT/VMAT technique with non-coplanar VMAT and non-coplanar IMRT for unresectable olfactory neuroblastoma using the RayStation treatment planning system—EUD, NTCP and planning study
Authors: Raturi Vijay P , Motegi Atsushi , Zenda Sadamoto , Nakamura Naoki , Hojo Hidehiro , Kageyama Shin-Ichiro , Okumura Masayuki , Rachi Toshiya , Ohyoshi Hajime , Tachibana Hidenobu , Motegi Kana , Ariji Takaki , Nakamura Masaki , Hirano Yasuhiro , Hirata Hidenari , Akimoto Tetsuo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare hybrid intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (Hybrid IMRT/VMAT), with non-coplanar (nc) IMRT and nc-VMAT treatment plans for unresectable olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB). Hybrid IMRT/VMAT, nc-IMRT and nc-VMAT plans were optimized for 12 patients with modified Kadish C stage ONB. Dose prescription was 65 Gy in 26 fractions. Dose–volume histogram parameters, conformation number (CN), homogeneity index (HI), integral dose and monitor units (MUs) delivered per fraction were assessed. Equivalent uniform dose (EUD) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) based on the EUD model (NTCPLogit) and the Lyman–Kutcher–Burman model (NTCPLKB) were also evaluated. We found that the Hybrid IMRT/VMAT plan significantly improved the CN for clinical target volume (CTV) and planning treatment volume (PTV) compared with the nc-VMAT plan. In general, sparing of organs at risk (OARs) is similar with the three techniques, although the Hybrid IMRT/VMAT plan resulted in a significantly reduced Dmax to contralateral (C/L) optic nerve compared with the nc-IMRT plan. The Hybrid IMRT/VMAT plan significantly reduce EUD to the ipsilateral (I/L) and C/L optic nerve in comparison with the nc-IMRT plan and nc-VMAT plan, but the difference in NTCP between the three technique was &lt;1%. We concluded that the Hybrid IMRT/VMAT technique can offer improvement in terms of target conformity and EUD for optic nerves, while achieving equal or better OAR sparing compared with nc-IMRT and nc-VMAT, and can be a viable radiation technique for treating unresectable ONB. However, the clinical benefit of these small differences in dosimetric data, EUD and NTCP of optic nerves may be minimal.
Caecal volvulus and jejunostomy: challenging diagnostic
Authors: Morera-Grau A , Membrilla-Fernández E , González-Castillo A M , Pelegrina-Manzano A , Guerrero-Ortiz M A , Téllez-Marquès C , Pons-Fraguero M J , Guzmán-Ahumada J , Pera-Román M , Sancho-Insenser J J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Caecal volvulus represent the 20–40% of colonic volvulus, being the second most frequent localization. It causes intestinal occlusion symptomatology (nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension). We present a case of 45-year-old women with feeding jejunostomy tube due to connatal anoxia. She arrives at A&E after 12 h of vomits and abdominal pain. The CT scan shows a small intestine dilation that suggested a small intestine volvulus. A laparotomy is performed showing a caecal volvulus, so ileo-cequectomy with primary anastomosis is performed. After several complications, she was discharged after 60 days of hospital stay. Caecal volvulus can be challenging to diagnose by clinic, because it can be hardly differenced from other intestinal occlusion causes. CT scan can be useful to reach the diagnostic and see signs of tissue suffering. In contrast with sigma volvulus, endoscopic treatment has not shown any benefit to solve it.
Chloride nutrition improves drought resistance by enhancing water deficit avoidance and tolerance mechanisms
Authors: Franco-Navarro Juan D , Díaz-Rueda Pablo , Rivero-Núñez Carlos M , Brumós Javier , Rubio-Casal Alfredo E , de Cires Alfonso , Colmenero-Flores José M , Rosales Miguel A 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChloride (Cl−), traditionally considered harmful for agriculture, has recently been defined as a beneficial macronutrient with specific roles that result in more efficient use of water (WUE), nitrogen (NUE), and CO2 in well-watered plants. When supplied in a beneficial range of 1–5 mM, Cl− increases leaf cell size, improves leaf osmoregulation, and reduces water consumption without impairing photosynthetic efficiency, resulting in overall higher WUE. Thus, adequate management of Cl− nutrition arises as a potential strategy to increase the ability of plants to withstand water deficit. To study the relationship between Cl− nutrition and drought resistance, tobacco plants treated with 0.5–5 mM Cl− salts were subjected to sustained water deficit (WD; 60% field capacity) and water deprivation/rehydration treatments, in comparison with plants treated with equivalent concentrations of nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate salts. The results showed that Cl− application reduced stress symptoms and improved plant growth during water deficit. Drought resistance promoted by Cl− nutrition resulted from the simultaneous occurrence of water deficit avoidance and tolerance mechanisms, which improved leaf turgor, water balance, photosynthesis performance, and WUE. Thus, it is proposed that beneficial Cl− levels increase the ability of crops to withstand drought, promoting a more sustainable and resilient agriculture.
Probability distribution function of the aperture mass field with large deviation theory
Authors: Barthelemy Alexandre , Codis Sandrine , Bernardeau Francis 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
In the context of tomographic cosmic shear surveys, a theoretical model for the one-point statistics of the aperture mass (Map) is developed. This formalism is based on the application of the large deviation principle to the projected matter density field and more specifically to the angular aperture masses. The latter holds the advantage of being an observable that can be directly extracted from the observed shear field and to be, by construction, independent from the long wave modes. Furthermore, we show that, with the help of a nulling procedure based on the so-called BNT transform, it is possible to build observables that depend only on a finite range of redshifts making them also independent from the small-scale modes. This procedure makes predictions for the shape of the one-point probability distribution function of such an observable very accurate, comparable to what had been previously obtained for 3D observables. Comparisons with specific simulations reveal however inconsistent results showing that synthetic lensing maps were not accurate enough for such refined observables. It points to the need for more precise dedicated numerical developments whose performances could be benchmarked with such observables. We furthermore review the possible systematics that could affect such a formalism in future weak-lensing surveys like Euclid, notably the impact of shape noise as well as leading corrections coming from lend–lens couplings, geodesic deviation, reduced shear and magnification bias.
The surface magnetic activity of the weak-line T Tauri stars TWA 7 and TWA 25
Authors: Nicholson B A , Hussain G , Donati J-F , Wright D , Folsom C P , Wittenmyer R , Okumura J , Carter B D 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We present an analysis of spectropolarimetric observations of the low-mass weak-line T Tauri stars TWA 25 and TWA 7. The large-scale surface magnetic fields have been reconstructed for both stars using the technique of Zeeman Doppler imaging. Our surface maps reveal predominantly toroidal and non-axisymmetric fields for both stars. These maps reinforce the wide range of surface magnetic fields that have been recovered, particularly in pre-main sequence stars that have stopped accreting from the (now depleted) central regions of their discs. We reconstruct the large scale surface brightness distributions for both stars, and use these reconstructions to filter out the activity-induced radial velocity jitter, reducing the RMS of the radial velocity variations from 495 to 32 m s −1 for TWA 25, and from 127 to 36 m s −1 for TWA 7, ruling out the presence of close-in giant planets for both stars. The TWA 7 radial velocities provide an example of a case where the activity-induced radial velocity variations mimic a Keplerian signal that is uncorrelated with the spectral activity indices. This shows the usefulness of longitudinal magnetic field measurements in identifying activity-induced radial velocity variations.
Troubled cosmic flows: turbulence, enstrophy, and helicity from the assembly history of the intracluster medium
Authors: Vallés-Pérez David , Planelles Susana , Quilis Vicent 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Both simulations and observations have shown that turbulence is a pervasive phenomenon in cosmic scenarios, yet it is particularly difficult to model numerically due to its intrinsically multiscale character which demands high resolutions. Additionally, turbulence is tightly connected to the dynamical state and the formation history of galaxies and galaxy clusters, producing a diverse phenomenology which requires large samples of such structures to attain robust conclusions. In this work, we use an adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmological simulation to explore the generation and dissipation of turbulence in galaxy clusters, in connection to its assembly history. We find that major mergers, and more generally accretion of gas, is the main process driving turbulence in the intracluster medium. We have especially focused on solenoidal turbulence, which can be quantified through enstrophy. Our results seem to confirm a scenario for its generation which involves baroclinicity and compression at the external (accretion) and internal (merger) shocks, followed by vortex stretching downstream of them. We have also looked at the infall of mass to the cluster beyond its virial boundary, finding that gas follows trajectories with some degree of helicity, as it has already developed some vorticity in the external shocks.
Unveiling short-period binaries in the inner VVV bulge
Authors: Botan E , Saito R K , Minniti D , Kanaan A , Contreras Ramos R , Ferreira T S , Gramajo L V , Navarro M G 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTMost of our knowledge of the structure of the Milky Way has come from the study of variable stars. Among these variables, mimicking the periodic variation of pulsating stars, are eclipsing binaries. These stars are important in astrophysics because they allow us to directly measure the radii and masses of the components, as well as the distance to the system, thus being useful in studies of Galactic structure alongside pulsating RR Lyrae and Cepheids. Using the distinguishing features of their light curves, one can identify them using a semi-automated process. In this work, we present a strategy to search for eclipsing variables in the inner VVV bulge across an area of 13.4 deg2 within 1.68° &lt; l &lt; 7.53° and −3.73° &lt; b &lt; −1.44°, corresponding to the VVV tiles b293–b296 and b307–b310. We accurately classify 212 previously unknown eclipsing binaries, including six very reddened sources. A preliminary analysis suggests that these eclipsing binaries are located in the most obscured regions of the foreground disc and bulge of the Galaxy. This search is therefore complementary to other variable-star searches carried out at optical wavelengths.
Astrocladistics of the Jovian Trojan Swarms
Authors: Holt Timothy R , Horner Jonathan , Nesvorný David , King Rachel , Popescu Marcel , Carter Brad D , Tylor Christopher C E 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThe Jovian Trojans are two swarms of small objects that share Jupiter’s orbit, clustered around the leading and trailing Lagrange points, L4 and L5. In this work, we investigate the Jovian Trojan population using the technique of astrocladistics, an adaptation of the ‘tree of life’ approach used in biology. We combine colour data from WISE, SDSS, Gaia DR2, and MOVIS surveys with knowledge of the physical and orbital characteristics of the Trojans, to generate a classification tree composed of clans with distinctive characteristics. We identify 48 clans, indicating groups of objects that possibly share a common origin. Amongst these are several that contain members of the known collisional families, though our work identifies subtleties in that classification that bear future investigation. Our clans are often broken into subclans, and most can be grouped into 10 superclans, reflecting the hierarchical nature of the population. Outcomes from this project include the identification of several high priority objects for additional observations and as well as providing context for the objects to be visited by the forthcoming Lucy mission. Our results demonstrate the ability of astrocladistics to classify multiple large and heterogeneous composite survey data sets into groupings useful for studies of the origins and evolution of our Solar system.
Terrestrial exoplanet simulator: an error optimal planetary system integrator that permits close encounters
Authors: Bartram Peter , Wittig Alexander 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We present Terrestrial Exoplanet Simulator (tes), a new n-body integration code for the accurate and rapid propagation of planetary systems in the presence of close encounters. tes builds upon the classic Encke method and integrates only the perturbations to Keplerian trajectories to reduce both the error and runtime of simulations. Variable step size is used throughout to enable close encounters to be precisely handled. A suite of numerical improvements is presented that together make tes optimal in terms of energy error. Lower runtimes are found in the majority of test problems considered when compared to direct integration using ias15. tes is freely available.
TXS 1206 + 549: a new γ-ray-detected narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy at redshift 1.34?
Authors: Rakshit Suvendu , Schramm Malte , Stalin C S , Tanaka I , Paliya Vaidehi S , Pal Indrani , Kotilainen Jari , Shin Jaejin 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Radio and γ-ray loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) are unique objects to study the formation and evolution of relativistic jets, as they are believed to have high accretion rates and powered by low mass black holes contrary to that known for blazars. However, only about a dozen γ-ray-detected NLS1s (γ-NLS1s) are known to date and all of them are at $z$ ≤ 1. Here, we report the identification of a new γ-ray-emitting NLS1 TXS 1206 + 549 at $z$ = 1.344. A near-infrared spectrum taken with the SubaruTelescope showed H β emission line with FWHM of 1194 ± 77 km s−1 and weak [O iii] emission line but no optical Fe ii lines, due to the limited wavelength coverage and poor signal-to-noise ratio. However, UV Fe ii lines are present in the SDSS optical spectrum. The source is very radio-loud, unresolved, and has a flat radio spectrum. The broad-band spectral energy distribution of the source has the typical two hump structure shown by blazars and other γ-NLS1s. The source exhibits strong variability at all wavelengths such as the optical, infrared, and γ-ray bands. All these observed characteristics show that TXS 1206 + 549 is the most distant γ-NLS1 known to date.
Targeting the ALS/FTD-associated A-DNA kink with anthracene-based metal complex causes DNA backbone straightening and groove contraction
Authors: Jhan Cyong-Ru , Satange Roshan , Wang Shun-Ching , Zeng Jing-Yi , Horng Yih-Chern , Jin Peng , Neidle Stephen , Hou Ming-Hon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The use of a small molecule compound to reduce toxic repeat RNA transcripts or their translated aberrant proteins to target repeat-expanded RNA/DNA with a G4C2 motif is a promising strategy to treat C9orf72-linked disorders. In this study, the crystal structures of DNA and RNA–DNA hybrid duplexes with the -GGGCCG- region as a G4C2 repeat motif were solved. Unusual groove widening and sharper bending of the G4C2 DNA duplex A-DNA conformation with B-form characteristics inside was observed. The G4C2 RNA–DNA hybrid duplex adopts a more typical rigid A form structure. Detailed structural analysis revealed that the G4C2 repeat motif of the DNA duplex exhibits a hydration shell and greater flexibility and serves as a ‘hot-spot’ for binding of the anthracene-based nickel complex, NiII(Chro)2 (Chro = Chromomycin A3). In addition to the original GGCC recognition site, NiII(Chro)2 has extended specificity and binds the flanked G:C base pairs of the GGCC core, resulting in minor groove contraction and straightening of the DNA backbone. We have also shown that Chro-metal complexes inhibit neuronal toxicity and suppresses locomotor deficits in a Drosophila model of C9orf72-associated ALS. The approach represents a new direction for drug discovery against ALS and FTD diseases by targeting G4C2 repeat motif DNA.
Enhanced Fiber Tractography Using Edema Correction: Application and Evaluation in High-Grade Gliomas
Authors: Henderson Jr Fraser , Parker Drew , Vijayakumari Anupa A , Elliott Mark , Lucas Timothy , McGarvey Michael L , Karpf Lauren , Desiderio Lisa , Harsch Jessica , Levy Scott , Maloney-Wilensky Eileen , Wolf Ronald L , Hodges Wesley B , Brem Steven , Verma Ragini 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
A limitation of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based tractography is peritumoral edema that confounds traditional diffusion-based magnetic resonance metrics.

OBJECTIVE
To augment fiber-tracking through peritumoral regions by performing novel edema correction on clinically feasible DTI acquisitions and assess the accuracy of the fiber-tracks using intraoperative stimulation mapping (ISM), task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation maps, and postoperative follow-up as reference standards.

METHODS
Edema correction, using our bi-compartment free water modeling algorithm (FERNET), was performed on clinically acquired DTI data from a cohort of 10 patients presenting with suspected high-grade glioma and peritumoral edema in proximity to and/or infiltrating language or motor pathways. Deterministic fiber-tracking was then performed on the corrected and uncorrected DTI to identify tracts pertaining to the eloquent region involved (language or motor). Tracking results were compared visually and quantitatively using mean fiber count, voxel count, and mean fiber length. The tracts through the edematous region were verified based on overlay with the corresponding motor or language task-based fMRI activation maps and intraoperative ISM points, as well as at time points after surgery when peritumoral edema had subsided.

RESULTS
Volume and number of fibers increased with application of edema correction; concordantly, mean fractional anisotropy decreased. Overlay with functional activation maps and ISM-verified eloquence of the increased fibers. Comparison with postsurgical follow-up scans with lower edema further confirmed the accuracy of the tracts.

CONCLUSION
This method of edema correction can be applied to standard clinical DTI to improve visualization of motor and language tracts in patients with glioma-associated peritumoral edema.
Remedies
Authors: Stone David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Remedies under the Directive are entirely a matter for national law, subject to the harmonization of the Enforcement Directive. They are therefore not discussed here, as they will vary from member state to member state. Under the Regulation, certain provisions are made for remedies, although most procedure and practice is still left to national law, again, subject to the Enforcement Directive. This chapter therefore briefly examines the Enforcement Directive, before turning to the remedies provided under the Regulation. These remedies will apply in relation to infringement and other actions with respect to Community designs, both registered and unregistered.
Confidentiality and Privacy
Authors: Riordan Jaani 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the liability of internet intermediaries for breaches of confidence and invasions of privacy. The scope and content of these duties embody delicate compromises between, on the one hand, the rights to data protection and respect for private life and, on the other, the freedoms to express and receive information. The enforcement of that balance against service providers requires further choices about how far to extend responsibility for infringements of those rights by others, and who should be required to police them. The importance of these rights and policy choices continues to grow in light of recent technological and social changes.
Injunctions
Authors: Riordan Jaani 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers several limitations upon the availability, nature, and scope of injunctive remedies available against internet intermediaries. These limitations derive from four main sources: general principles of injunctive relief, European Union law, human rights law, and specific doctrinal rules. Some are of universal application; others apply in more limited fields, such as the grant of interim injunctions, the enforcement of intellectual property rights, or to particular classes of defendants. With some exceptions, they are not specific to the internet, or even to intermediaries, and so apply in other domains and to other parties as well. This chapter divides these rules into general limitations and those specific to intellectual property. Safe harbours are addressed separately in chapter 12.
De-Indexing and Freezing Orders
Authors: Riordan Jaani 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the availability of two new forms of injunctive relief against internet intermediaries. The first is a mandatory injunction, likely to be directed at a search engine operator or other aggregator of information, to remove a reference to tortious or unlawful material. Similar relief is already available for the purpose of erasing or blocking access to personal data in the circumstances considered in chapter 10. Equivalent relief may also be available to remove links to copyright infringing material in the form of service provider injunctions under section 97A. In addition to these statutory remedies, wider de-indexing orders are theoretically within the courts’ jurisdiction for at least the purposes of giving effect to fundamental rights or preventing infringements of intellectual property.
Macdonald on the Law of Freedom of Information
Authors: Peacock Ian , Simpson Edwin , Pay Adrian , Adamyk Simon , Ford Charlotte , Littler Anna , McNicholas Gabriella 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Ten years after the Freedom of Information Act 2000 came into force in the UK, the implementation and case law related to the Act remains contentious. This new edition of the standard practitioners' text provides a complete, authoritative, and accessible guide to this challenging and rapidly evolving area of law. The core of the book is a full and lucid exploration of the statutory scheme: the Act itself, as well as the Environmental Regulations 2004 and the Data Protections Act 1998. It provides historical perspectives, aids to construction, and in-depth analysis of all provisions, with discussion expanded to include the problems exposed by the mass of information about individuals now available on the internet, and the best way to protect citizens from those who commit crimes and torts online. Further chapters address how the Act relates to other legal issues, including human rights, confidentiality, data protection, and official secrets. Finally, it offers an account of the different ways the disclosure of information is treated in the European Union and the devolved parts of the UK, and a comparative survey of information rights in other parts of the world.