bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)
Authors: El-Dib Mohamed 
Published: January 2025

AbstractNear-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive technique that can measure tissue oxygen saturation in organs such as the brain, kidney, and intestine. By monitoring changes in the attenuation of near-infrared light passing through the brain, NIRS can provide cerebral regional oxygen saturation measurements (CrSO2). NIRS has been used in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) for various indications, including monitoring extremely premature infants and neonates with encephalopathy, congenital heart disease (CHD), anemia, respiratory support, and CNS injuries. Factors such as device type, sensor position, head position, and care procedures can affect NIRS measurements. NIRS has demonstrated potential in reducing cerebral hypoxia and predicting outcomes in neonatal encephalopathy and CHD. It is also being used in anesthesia and surgery settings. Proper training and monitoring are necessary to minimize complications associated with NIRS monitoring. NIRS provides valuable insights into cerebral perfusion and oxygenation, aiding in personalized care and neuroprotection in newborns.
Sub-Ependymal Pseudocysts and Lenticulostriate Vasculopathy
Authors: Cowan Frances M. , Leijser Lara M. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractSmall sub-ependymal pseudocysts, usually located around or in the walls of the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles or in the caudo-thalamic notches, and linear echodensities, usually located in the basal ganglia (lenticulostriate vasculopathy [LSV]), are common findings on cranial ultrasound scans in newborn infants. The findings can give rise to considerable alarm, especially to parents. However, they are usually benign and very rarely cause problems. This is particularly so when they are isolated and found on screening ultrasound scans in infants without neurological symptoms, though testing for cytomegalovirus should be considered. But sub-ependymal pseudocysts, especially if more extensive and with LSV, can, however, be clues to underlying and serious diagnoses, especially in symptomatic infants. Awareness of the conditions in which these findings may occur can lead to early focused investigation as they are usually present on the admission scan. It is also important not to mistake the cysts for other pathology such as cystic white matter injury, porencephalic cysts, or intraparenchymal hemorrhage. This chapter is a guide to the appearance and known associations of sub-ependymal pseudocysts and LSV.
Cerebellar Hemorrhage
Authors: Meijler Gerda , Steggerda Sylke J. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractCerebellar hemorrhage is a frequent complication after preterm birth; the risk increases with decreasing gestational age. Risk factors are similar to risk factors of supratentorial germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage. Diagnosis is made with ultrasound and/or MRI. Prevention is based on maintaining respiratory and circulatory stability. There is no treatment for cerebellar hemorrhage, but early intervention may contribute to better outcome. The prognosis depends on the size and location of the hemorrhage(s).
White Matter Injury
Authors: Meijler Gerda , Leijser Lara M. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe brain white matter consist of white matter tracts that connect spatially distinct areas of the brain. The tracts comprise of the fiber extensions of nerve cells that get covered with myelin. The myelin sheath protects the nerve fibers and increases the speed of conduction of electrical impulses over the fibers.In babies born prematurely, the white matter is still rapidly developing and therewith very vulnerable to injury. Injury to the white matter, such as due to immaturity itself, pregnancy- and birth-related complications, or interventions after birth, may cause abnormal brain growth and development. Depending on the location and extent of the injury, this may lead to a range of disabilities. Both ultrasound and MRI of the brain can detect white matter injury; the former detects cystic lesions, volume loss, and impaired brain growth, while the latter can additionally detect small and subtle lesions.Timely detection of white matter injury through serial ultrasound examinations allows for early intervention, which is important for prevention of (severe) disabilities.
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in Preterm Infants
Authors: Martinez-Biarge Miriam , Cowan Frances M. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractHypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in preterm infants is uncommon, though the true incidence is not known for certain. This condition may not be easy to identify, especially in the most immature infants, as clinical signs overlap those of prematurity. Hypothermia is currently not approved for infants born at <35 weeks gestation (GA), and a large clinical trial of therapeutic hypothermia in preterm infants recently completed has not shown benefit. As in term-born infants, MRI in the neonatal period shows the site and severity of hypoxic-ischemic injury well and is one of the best tools for predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Focal Arterial Infarction and Lobar Hemorrhage in Term Infants
Authors: Martinez-Biarge Miriam , Cowan Frances M. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPerinatal arterial ischemic stroke is a relatively common and serious neurological disorder. It can carry significant long-term disabilities. Here we describe the current understanding of its etiology, pathophysiology, and classification, its different presentations, and optimal early management. We discuss the role of brain imaging in defining the extent of lesions and the impact this has on the prediction of outcomes. An overview is given of the range of possible outcomes and optimal approaches to follow-up and support for the child and their family.Large focal lobar hemorrhage occurs less often than perinatal arterial ischemic stroke and does not follow arterial territories. The presentation can be very similar. The hemorrhage is usually well seen on initial cranial ultrasound scan, unlike stroke, and the sites are often frontal or temporal. Brain imaging is diagnostic and prognostic of outcomes.
A Climate Change Outlook on the 2023 OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct: Which Contribution from the Practice of the NCPs?
Authors: Mussi F. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe present contribution discusses the most relevant amendments to the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises in respect of climate change, as included in the 2023 OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct. Starting from the fact that, even though the 2011 edition of the OECD Guidelines did not specifically address climate change, NCPs have however often confronted with climate issues related to this phenomenon, the analysis is undertaken considering the climate change-related NCP complaints brought to date and the NCPs’ determinations. The ultimate goal is to verify whether and, if so, to what extent the practice of the NCPs has influenced and is reflected in the relevant 2023 OECD Guidelines. To do so, after analysing the recommendations about climate change included in the recently updated version of the OECD Guidelines, the present contribution will undertake a thorough analysis of the relevant complaints, paying particular attention to those which best reflect the trend to use the 2011 OECD Guidelines also with regard to climate change-related issues.
Analysing Heightened Corporate Human Rights Responsibilities in the Context of OECD Case Law
Authors: Buriakovska Kateryna , Davaanyam Otgontuya 
Published: January 2025

AbstractOperating in conflict-affected and high-risk areas poses complex challenges for multinational enterprises (MNEs) concerning human rights abuses and modern slavery within global supply chains. The presence of MNEs in such environments often worsens human rights violations, necessitating a shift from neutrality to proactive engagement. This shift entails increased responsibility for MNEs operating in conflict-affected, high-risk zones, including the implementation of rigorous human rights due diligence and the adoption of a conflict-sensitive approach in decision-making processes. While the international framework offers guidance on responsible conduct in such challenging situations, the practical implementation of heightened human rights due diligence and responsible disengagement processes presents significant obstacles for MNEs, underscoring the need for clearer guidance and best practices.This chapter explores over 15 cases from OECD National Contact Points (NCPs) involving corporate activities in conflict zones like Myanmar, the Occupied Palestinian Territory, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. By analysing these cases, the chapter aims to illuminate how companies can fulfil their human rights responsibilities in conflict environments. It underscores the expanded role of companies in upholding human rights through enhanced due diligence, stakeholder engagement, and responsible exit strategies. The critical analysis of case law provides insights into effectively meeting human rights obligations amidst the complexities of conflict situations.
Articulating Responsibility for Human Rights and the Environment in the Financial Sector: Outlook on the Concrete Cases of the OECD National Contact Points
Authors: Davaanyam Otgontuya 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe chapter explores the responsibility of financial institutions (FIs) within the international business and human rights framework, specifically examining their role in addressing adverse human rights and environmental impacts stemming from their investments and their corresponding responsibility to mitigate and rectify such harm. FIs acting as pivotal facilitators and intermediaries, play a critical role in allocating funds that contribute to societal well-being. Despite the growing global emphasis on sustainability, there remains a notable absence of consistent international legal standards that hold FIs answerable for their impacts on human rights and the environment. This chapter advocates for FIs to take proactive measures to address both direct and indirect negative effects on human rights and the environment throughout their investment processes. By scrutinising OECD cases managed by National Contact Points (NCPs), the chapter seeks to explore how FIs can fulfill their obligations towards sustainability, human rights, and environmental preservation. Through an in-depth analysis of these cases, the chapter aims to illuminate the evolving landscape of corporate responsibility, potential regulatory advancements, and industry-wide norms that will shape the future of ethical business practices within the financial sector.
The Future of Supervision Mechanisms Under the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct
Authors: Letnar Černič Jernej 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises for Responsible Business Conduct are a quasi-legal document imposing obligations on the state to regulate the activities of multinational enterprises when doing business at home and outside the Member States of the OECD. This chapter discusses the current state of the OECD Guidelines for Responsible Business Conduct and their added value for rights holders concerning corporate adverse human rights conduct. It first describes the origins and background of adopting the document and then moves to analyse the supervision mechanisms of the OECD Guidelines. As such, it concentrates on the added value of the specific instance procedures before the National Contact Points (NCPs). In this regard, it also analyses the role of the OECD Investment Committee and its peer review mechanism of the NCPs. As a result, it argues that the OECD Governing body should strengthen enforcement mechanisms under the OECD Guidelines.
Degrees of Remedy: Understanding Remedy Outcomes at the OECD National Contact Points
Authors: Otteburn Kari 
Published: January 2025

AbstractNonjudicial mechanisms such as the National Contact Points (NCPs) for the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct play a prominent role in access to remedy for victims of extraterritorial human rights abuses resulting from business activities. Yet, a body of research has cast doubt on their effectiveness, highlighting numerous challenges of procedure and design. Considerably less attention, however, has been paid to remedy outcomes through nonjudicial mechanisms. In particular, the appropriateness of outcomes has not been evaluated vis-à-vis the alleged violations. This chapter presents and analyzes a new dataset of remedy outcomes for transnational business-related human rights abuses at the NCPs. The findings demonstrate that NCPs are fairly effective at providing access to minor forms of remedy but are unable to provide appropriate remedy for severe violations. As the remedial landscape evolves alongside new mandatory rules for corporate conduct, these findings may help better situate nonjudicial mechanisms within the remedial architecture.
Business and Human Rights Dispute Settlement: The OECD NCPs as Grievance Mechanism
Authors: Meshel Tamar 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis chapter presents a qualitative and quantitative study of 225 specific instances concluded by OECD National Contact Points (NCPs) between 2001 and 2022. The grievances in these cases were accepted and the relevant NCPs offered to the parties one or more of the following dispute resolution services: good office, mediation, and conciliation. The study first provides aggregated statistical data on variables such as the processes used by NCPs in these cases, the participation of the parties, and the outcome. The study then delves more deeply into some of these statistics, for instance examining which NCPs saw the most agreements reached and which mechanisms were offered by each NCP. Logistic regression analysis follows, to see if any meaningful cross-observation relationships can be found. In addition, the study undertakes a comparative qualitative analysis of the dispute resolution mechanisms used by different NCPs and the manner in which they are used. The goals of this study are to uncover trends as well as inconsistencies in the dispute resolution practices of different NCPs and to identify those mechanisms, or combinations of mechanisms, that have proven effective in the resolution of grievances.
Is Namma Metro Age-Inclusive? Everyday Experiences of Transportation Inequalities for Older Adults
Authors: Nagesh Prajwal , Bailey Ajay , George Sobin , Subaiya Lekha 
Published: January 2025

AbstractMetro rail is envisioned as a core strategy in major Indian cities to address urban mobility issues such as congestion, air pollution, and lack of accessibility. Bengaluru, with its metro rail project, Namma Metro (“Our Metro” in English), begun in 2011, was one of the earliest adopters of this urban transport system in South India. Twenty-five other Indian cities will adopt the metro rail by 2025, with a total investment of $54 billion (IIR, 2020). The focus of the discussion on Namma Metro has largely been on the state-of-art technology used, the aesthetics of the train and the stations, and the efficiency of the system. There is scant attention paid to the everyday experiences, struggles, adjustments and adaptions made by heterogeneous urban dwellers while using the metro system, and even less to that of older adults with limited digital literacy. Using an intersectional approach, we examine how interlocking categories of age, gender, caste, class and metro infrastructure interact and shape the ‘splintering urban’ experiences for older adults in Bengaluru’s metro. Based on sixty qualitative in-depth telephonic interviews with older adults, we explore interpretatively what Namma Metro means to their everyday mobilities and how they negotiate this ‘modern infrastructural ideal.’ We find that older adults’ unfamiliarity with ticketing systems, technology-driven navigation processes and the new infrastructure environment of metro rail evoked an ‘out of place’ feeling, leading to anxious journeys. Further, a poor grievance redressal system and lack of trust in the government contributed to normalising barriers as a by-product of age. Lack of agency made older commuters circumvent such barriers by avoiding the metro system. Such exclusionary experiences have shaped older adult’s perception of Namma Metro as designed for ‘youngsters’ and ‘officials’ and deprived them of the primary public transport network to access the city.
Temporary Solutions and Inclusions Through Informalities: Examining Children’s Agency in an Urban Informal Settlement Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Andal Aireen Grace 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis chapter examines how urban inclusion can start with child-led informalities, albeit temporarily. In view of the “rights to the city” paradigm, socio-spatial inclusion is “earned by living out the routines of everyday life in the spaces of the city”.
The Effects of Mega-Transportation Infrastructure Projects in the Jakarta–Bandung Corridor, Indonesia: Unraveling Displacement in Space and Time
Authors: Suprayoga Gede B. , Wargyawati N. M. Gilang 
Published: January 2025

AbstractDuring the Jokowi administration (2014–present), Indonesia has embarked on an unprecedented number of megaprojects compared to previous presidents. In 2015, President Jokowi unveiled his plans to liberalize foreign investment regulations and foster the development of modern and expansive transportation infrastructure networks through the implementation of mega-transportation infrastructure projects (MTIPs). The reason for these stems from the recognition that inadequate asset management and under-investment have led to a substantial deficit in transportation infrastructure, which hampers the country’s economic growth.
A novel test of economic convergence in time series
Authors: Hualde Javier , Olmo Jose 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel test for the hypothesis of economic convergence. We extend the standard definition of convergence based on the parity condition and say that two economies converge if the time series of economic output are positively cointegrated and cotrended. With this definition in place, our main contribution is to propose a test of positive cointegration that does not require estimation of the cointegrating relationship, but is able to differentiate between positive and negative cointegration. Once the possibility of positive cointegration is established in a first stage, we test for cotrending in a second stage. Our sequential proposal enjoys an excellent performance in small samples due to the fast convergence of our novel test statistic under positive cointegration. This is illustrated in a simulation exercise where we report clear evidence showing the outperformance of our proposed method compared to existing methods in the related literature that test for economic convergence using cointegration methods. The results are particularly strong for sample sizes between 25 and 50 observations. The empirical application testing for economic convergence between the G7 group of countries over the period 1990–2022 confirms these findings.
Tertiary lymphoid structures in high-grade serous tubo-ovarian carcinoma: anatomical site matters
Authors: Westbom-Fremer Sofia , Tran Lena , Ebbesson Anna , Martin de la Fuente Laura , Jönsson Jenny-Maria , Kannisto Päivi , Veerla Srinivas , Hedenfalk Ingrid 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in the tumor microenvironment are prognostically beneficial in many solid cancer types. Reports on TLS in high-grade serous tubo-ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) are few, and the prognostic impact is unclear. We investigated mature TLS (mTLS), immature TLS (iTLS) and lymphoid aggregates (LA) in primary adnexal tumors (PTs) and synchronous omental/peritoneal metastases (pMets) of HGSC. Whole H&E slides were scrutinized for mTLS and LA in a population-based cohort of 130 cases with stage III-IV HGSC. The immune cell tumor infiltration was evaluated with single chromogenic immunohistochemistry (IHC) on a tissue microarray (TMA) from the same cases. Selected whole slides (PT n = 11, pMet n = 10) of the cases most abundant in mTLS and LA were further investigated with multiplex IHC and immunofluorescence using digital image analysis (QuPath), to confirm TLS status and map the T and B lymphocyte subtypes. The results showed that mTLS were more common in pMets than in PTs but did not have an independent prognostic impact on overall or progression-free survival. The presence of mTLS correlated with intratumoral infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, FOXP3+ regulatory T cells and PD-1+ lymphocytes in pMets only. Although overall mTLS cell composition was similar between PTs and pMets, the outer zones of mTLS in PTs were more immune cell-rich. In conclusion, our results indicate differences in TLS presence and cellular elements between primary adnexal tumors and synchronous peritoneal metastases, which are important to consider when conducting studies of the immune environment in HGSC.
ESR Essentials: imaging of lymphoma—practice recommendations by the European Society of Oncologic Imaging
Authors: Leithner Doris , Neri Emanuele , D’Anastasi Melvin , Schlemmer Heinz-Peter , Winkelmann Michael , Kunz Wolfgang G. , Cyran Clemens C. , Cioni Dania , Sala Evis , Mayerhoefer Marius E. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Imaging is used for lymphoma detection, Ann Arbor/Lugano staging, and treatment response assessment. [18F]FDG PET/CT should be used for most lymphomas, including Hodgkin lymphoma, aggressive/high-grade Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and many indolent/low-grade NHLs such as follicular lymphoma. Apart from these routinely FDG-avid lymphomas, some indolent NHLs, such as marginal zone lymphoma, are variably FDG-avid; here, [18F]FDG PET/CT is an alternative to contrast-enhanced CT at baseline and may be used for treatment response assessment if the lymphoma was FDG-avid at baseline. Only small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia (SLL/CLL) should exclusively undergo CT at baseline and follow-up unless transformation to high-grade lymphoma is suspected. While [18F]FDG PET/CT is sufficient to rule out bone marrow involvement in Hodgkin lymphoma, biopsy may be needed in other lymphomas. The 5-point (Deauville) score for [18F]FDG PET that uses the liver and blood pool uptake as references should be used to assess treatment response in all FDG-avid lymphomas; post-treatment FDG uptake ≤ liver uptake is considered complete response. In all other lymphomas, CT should be used to determine changes in lesion size; for complete response, resolution of all extranodal manifestations, and for lymph nodes, long-axis decrease to ≤ 1.5 cm are required.

Key Points

[18F]FDG-PET/CT and contrast-enhanced CT are used to stage lymphoma depending on type.

Imaging is required for staging, and biopsies may be required to rule out bone marrow involvement.

For treatment response assessment, the 5-PS (Deauville) score should be used; in a few indolent types, CT is used to determine changes in lesion size.