bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sinonasal Symptom Outcomes following Endoscopic Anterior Cranial Base Surgery in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Carle Taylor R. , Wung Vivian , Heaney Anthony P. , Chiu Harvey K. , Suh Jeffrey D. , Bergsneider Marvin , Wang Marilene B. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objective This study aimed to evaluate the impact of endoscopic anterior cranial base (ACB) surgery on sinonasal symptoms in the pediatric population utilizing the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT)-22 questionnaire.
Design This is a retrospective review.
Setting The study was conducted at a tertiary academic medical center.
Participants Thirty-four consecutive patients, age 6 to 17 years, M:F 14:20, who underwent endoscopic ACB surgery from July 2008 to August 2019. Ten patients had baseline and a minimum of two subsequent postoperative SNOT-22 questionnaires available for analysis.
Main Outcome Measures Baseline and postoperative SNOT-22 scores were compared. The mean change from baseline sinonasal symptom scores in the pediatric and historical adult cohorts was compared.
Results The mean baseline SNOT-22 score for our 10 patient cohort was 0.46 out of 5 for each of the first 10 sinonasal-specific questions. This worsened to 1.69 at 1 month and returned to near baseline, 0.7, at 3 months postoperatively. The mean quality-of-life score improved to 0.91 at 1 month and 0.6 at 3 months postoperatively. The mean change from baseline for the following items: need to blow nose, runny nose, postnasal discharge, thick nasal discharge, wake up at night, reduced concentration, and frustrated/restless/irritable were similar to those in our historical adult cohort at 3 months postoperatively.
Conclusion Endoscopic ACB surgery in the pediatric population results in increased sinonasal symptom morbidity in the early postoperative period; however, symptoms return to near baseline by ∼3 months, and quality-of-life scores progressively improve in the postoperative period. These trends were similar to those seen in our historic adult cohort.
Surface thermodynamics at the nanoscale
Authors: Elliott Janet A. W. 
Published: May 2021

Fluid interfaces with nanoscale radii of curvature are generating great interest, both for their applications and as tools to probe our fundamental understanding. One important question is what is the smallest radius of curvature at which the three main thermodynamic combined equilibrium equations are valid: the Kelvin equation for the effect of curvature on vapor pressure, the Gibbs–Thomson equation for the curvature-induced freezing point depression, and the Ostwald–Freundlich equation for the curvature-induced increase in solubility. The objective of this Perspective is to provide conceptual, molecular modeling, and experimental support for the validity of these thermodynamic combined equilibrium equations down to the smallest interfacial radii of curvature. Important concepts underpinning thermodynamics, including ensemble averaging and Gibbs’s treatment of bulk phase heterogeneities in the region of an interface, give reason to believe that these equations might be valid to smaller scales than was previously thought. There is significant molecular modeling and experimental support for all three of the Kelvin equation, the Gibbs–Thomson equation, and the Ostwald–Freundlich equation for interfacial radii of curvature from 1 to 4 nm. There is even evidence of sub-nanometer quantitative accuracy for the Kelvin equation and the Gibbs–Thomson equation.
Sorption methods in marine radiochemistry
Authors: Dovhyi Illarion I. , Bezhin Nikolay A. , Tananaev Ivan G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe review presents the general methodology of using sorption methods to solve problems of marine radiochemistry, including sampling, preconcentration and radiochemical preparation and methods for measuring the activity of radionuclides. The possible methodological errors at various stages of sampling and sample concentration are discussed. The most widely used artificial (90Sr,134Cs,137Cs,239Pu,240Pu), natural (210Pb,210Po; radium quartet:223Ra,224Ra,226Ra,228Ra; thorium isotopes, mainly234Th) and cosmogenic (7Be,32P,33P) radiotracers are considered. The sorption of uranium from seawater is not addressed, since its concentration in seawater is usually calculated from the known dependence of uranium concentration on seawater salinity.The bibliography includes 200 references.
Pharmacological inhibition of PI5P4Kα/β disrupts cell energy metabolism and selectively kills p53-null tumor cells
Authors: Chen Song , Chandra Tjin Caroline , Gao Xiang , Xue Yi , Jiao Haoyan , Zhang Ruilin , Wu Mengnan , He Zunyu , Ellman Jonathan , Ha Ya 
Published: May 2021

Significance
Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinases PI5P4Kα and PI5P4Kβ are essential for the development of late-onset tumors in mice with germline p53 deletion. The mechanism underlying their synthetic lethality was previously undefined. Here, we leverage structural insights of the lipid kinase to develop a highly potent and selective noncovalent inhibitor for PI5P4Kα/β. We show that pharmacological inhibition of PI5P4Kα/β disrupts cell energy homeostasis, causing AMPK activation and mTORC1 inhibition. Feedback through the S6K/insulin receptor substrate (IRS) loop contributes to insulin hypersensitivity and enhanced PI3K signaling. Most significantly, the energy stress induced by PI5P4Kα/β inhibition is selectively toxic toward p53-null tumor cells. The chemical probe may lead to a novel class of diabetes and cancer drugs.
G-quadruplex structural variations in human genome associated with single-nucleotide variations and their impact on gene activity
Authors: Gong Jia-yuan , Wen Cui-jiao , Tang Ming-liang , Duan Rui-fang , Chen Juan-nan , Zhang Jia-yu , Zheng Ke-wei , He Yi-de , Hao Yu-hua , Yu Qun , Ren Su-ping , Tan Zheng 
Published: May 2021

Significance
Our work reveals the genome-wide prevalence of G4 structural variations (G4Vs) associated with single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) in the human genome and how such G4Vs interact with gene-regulatory elements and subsequently affect the activities of genes accommodating the G4Vs. The G4Vs are enriched in genes around transcription start sites, implying their potential involvement in gene expression. Because G4 structures participate in essential physiological and pathological processes, the G4Vs should make crucial contributions to the genotype and phenotype connection and serve as potential therapeutic targets for personalized remedies and medicine.
Moving beyond the constraints of chemistry via crystal structure discovery with isotropic multiwell pair potentials
Authors: Dshemuchadse Julia , Damasceno Pablo F. , Phillips Carolyn L. , Engel Michael , Glotzer Sharon C. 
Published: May 2021

Significance
Which crystal structures are possible if the restrictions of the quantum realm are lifted? Our knowledge of ordered particle geometries was previously restricted to the kinds of structures observable in hard condensed matter—on the atomic scale. Here, we use freely tunable computational models to represent particles with variable properties, and we determine the crystal structures into which they self-assemble. The resulting arrangements often correspond to structures known from atomic-scale materials; however, we discover a comparable number of previously unknown crystal structures with different local coordination motifs, incompatible with the limitations of the chemical bond. Our results can be used to engineer soft condensed matter with unprecedented, ordered geometries, paving the way toward materials with potentially novel properties.
Thermal resistance effect on anomalous diffusion of molecules under confinement
Authors: Yuan Jiamin , Liu Zhiqiang , Wu Yimo , Han Jingfeng , Tang Xiaomin , Li Chengbin , Chen Wei , Yi Xianfeng , Zhou Jian , Krishna Rajamani , Sastre German , Zheng Anmin 
Published: May 2021

Significance
Diffusion is the primary process in practical multidisciplinary areas such as separation and catalysis. Transportation is usually positively correlated with temperature due to thermal motion. We show here an anomalous phenomenon wherein a higher temperature effectively slows diffusion for linear-chain hydrocarbon molecules under confinement. Such an obstruction in diffusion results from the novel mechanism of “thermal resistance effect,” in which the configuration of a guest molecule is significantly deformed with temperature effect and then strongly restrains the process of transportation in nanoscale channels at high temperature. This work will enrich our understanding of an anomalous mechanism of the diffusion phenomenon and could shed light on a fundamental understanding of the diffusion process.
Much work remains to reach consensus on musculoskeletal injury risk in military service members: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Rhon Daniel I. , Molloy Joseph M. , Monnier Andreas , Hando Ben R. , Newman Phillip M. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTMusculoskeletal injuries are the most common reason military service members cannot perform their military duties. Not only are they costly and associated with long‐term disability, often long after completion of military service, but injuries also adversely affect the military readiness of a nation. This can be seen as a threat to national security and part of the impetus behind many efforts to better understand, predict, and mitigate injury risk in the military. A systematic review of the literature published between 1995 and October 31, 2020 was conducted to identify significant risk factors of musculoskeletal injury in military populations across the world. 74 out of 170 eligible studies addressed comprehensive injuries, providing 994 unique risk factors. 46 of these studies provided data that could be included in a meta‐analysis, which was possible for 15 predictor variables. Seven predictors were significant in meta‐analysis: female sex(RR=1.46;95CI 1.30,1.64), high body mass index(RR=1.36;95CI 1.21,1.53), functional movement screen pain (RR=1.70;95CI 1.55,1.87) or scores ≤ 14(RR=1.42 95CI 1.29,1.56), prior injury(RR=1.54;95CI 1.32,1.80), slower running performance(RR=1.33;95CI 1.18,1.51), and poorer push‐up performance(RR=1.15;95CI 1.04,1.27). Low BMI, height, weight, smoking, physical activity scores, and sit‐up and jump performance were not significant risk factors in the meta‐analysis. Most studies had a high risk of bias. Lack of raw data and large heterogeneity in definitions of predictors and injury outcomes limited comparison across many studies.Highlights
Female sex, high body mass index, pain with functional movement screen or a score of ≤ 14, prior injury, slower running performance and poorer push‐up performance were all significant predictors of musculoskeletal injury.
Low body mass index, height, weight, smoking, physical activity scores, and sit‐up and jump performance were not significant predictors of musculoskeletal injury.
Many other predictors were present only in single studies, but large heterogeneity in definitions of both outcomes and predictors limited comparison across studies.
Overall, studies assessing risk factors to predict musculoskeletal injuries in the military were at high risk for bias, especially in regards to statistical approaches.
Poincare–Einstein approach to Penrose’s conformal cyclic cosmology
*
Authors: Nurowski Paweł 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We consider two consecutive eons in Penrose’s conformal cyclic cosmology and study how the matter content of the past eon determines the matter content of the present eon by means of the reciprocity hypothesis of Roger Penrose. We assume that the only matter content in the final stages of the past eon is a spherical wave described by Einstein’s equations with a pure radiation energy momentum tensor and with a cosmological constant. Using the Poincare-Einstein type of expansion to determine the metric in the past eon, applying the reciprocity hypothesis to get the metric in the present eon, and using the Einstein equations in the present eon to interpret its matter content, we show that the single spherical wave from the previous eon in the new eon splits into three portions of radiation: the two spherical waves, one which is a damped continuation from the previous eon, the other is focusing in the new eon as it encountered a mirror at the Big Bang surface, and in addition a lump of scattered radiation described by the statistical physics.
A Bayesian approach to tissue-fraction estimation for oncological PET segmentation
Authors: Liu Ziping , Mhlanga Joyce C , Laforest Richard , Derenoncourt Paul-Robert , Siegel Barry A , Jha Abhinav K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Tumor segmentation in oncological PET is challenging, a major reason being the partial-volume effects (PVEs) that arise due to low system resolution and finite voxel size. The latter results in tissue-fraction effects (TFEs), i.e. voxels contain a mixture of tissue classes. Conventional segmentation methods are typically designed to assign each image voxel as belonging to a certain tissue class. Thus, these methods are inherently limited in modeling TFEs. To address the challenge of accounting for PVEs, and in particular, TFEs, we propose a Bayesian approach to tissue-fraction estimation for oncological PET segmentation. Specifically, this Bayesian approach estimates the posterior mean of the fractional volume that the tumor occupies within each image voxel. The proposed method, implemented using a deep-learning-based technique, was first evaluated using clinically realistic 2D simulation studies with known ground truth, in the context of segmenting the primary tumor in PET images of patients with lung cancer. The evaluation studies demonstrated that the method accurately estimated the tumor-fraction areas and significantly outperformed widely used conventional PET segmentation methods, including a U-net-based method, on the task of segmenting the tumor. In addition, the proposed method was relatively insensitive to PVEs and yielded reliable tumor segmentation for different clinical-scanner configurations. The method was then evaluated using clinical images of patients with stage IIB/III non-small cell lung cancer from ACRIN 6668/RTOG 0235 multi-center clinical trial. Here, the results showed that the proposed method significantly outperformed all other considered methods and yielded accurate tumor segmentation on patient images with Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.86). In particular, the method accurately segmented relatively small tumors, yielding a high DSC of 0.77 for the smallest segmented cross-section of 1.30 cm2. Overall, this study demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed method to accurately segment tumors in PET images.
Effective fermion mass in relativistic and non-relativistic systems
Authors: Caldas Heron 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Electrons interact strongly with their environment. The result of these interactions is, most of the time, encoded in an effective mass. In non-relativistic systems, as in condensed matter, the electrons plus interactions form a quasiparticle with an effective mass. From the side of relativistic systems, the fermions also acquire an effective mass due to the interactions with the surrounding medium. We employ a non-perturbative method to calculate the effective mass of relativistic and non-relativistic fermions, in various situations. We find the effective masses up to second order of the iteration method. The results can be of interest in current studies on fermion systems.
Cosmological trans-Planckian conjectures are not effective
Authors: Burgess C.P. , de Alwis S.P. , Quevedo F. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
It is remarkable that the primordial fluctuations as revealed by the CMB coincide with what quantum fluctuations would look like if they were stretched across the sky by accelerated cosmic expansion. It has been observed that this same stretching also brings very small — even trans-Planckian — length scales up to observable sizes if extrapolated far enough into the past. This potentially jeopardizes later descriptions of late-time cosmology by introducing uncontrolled trans-Planckian theoretical errors into all calculations. Recent speculations, such as the Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture (TCC), have been developed to avoid this problem. We revisit old arguments why the consistency of (and control over) the Effective Field Theory (EFT) governing late-time cosmology is not necessarily threatened by the descent of modes due to universal expansion, even if EFT methods may break down at much earlier times. Failure of EFT methods only poses a problem if late-time predictions rely on non-adiabatic behaviour at these early times (such as is often true for bouncing cosmologies, for example). We illustrate our arguments using simple non-gravitational examples such as slowly rolling scalar fields and the spacing between Landau levels for charged particles in slowly varying magnetic fields, for which similar issues arise and are easier to understand. We comment on issues associated with UV completions. Our arguments need not invalidate speculative ideas like the TCC but suggest they are not required by the present evidence.
Exploration of electron vortices in the photoionization of diatomic molecules in intense laser fields
Authors: Guo Jing , Zhang Si-Qi , Zhang Jun , Zhou Sheng-Peng , Guan Peng-Fei 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Based on the approach within the single-electron approximation (SEA) frame, we numerically solve the two-dimensional (2D) time-dependent Schr

o

¨

dinger equation of N2 molecules under co-rotating and counter-rotating circularly polarized attosecond pulses. The vortex structure appears in counter-rotating circularly laser fields rather than the co-rotating case. The calculated vortex structures corresponding to the photoionization are found to be sensitive to the time delays T

d
of the two pulses, laser ellipticities and carrier envelope phases (CEPs). As the ellipticity increases to 1, the momentum distribution rotates and a vortex structure appears, and the interference is proved to play an important role in momentum distribution. The vortex structures also rotate clockwisely as the relative CEPs increase. The arms of the vortex structure become longer and thinner with the increasing T

d
. All these phenomena can be well understood by the attosecond perturbation ionization theory and the interference effect. Our findings clarify the applicability of the SEA model of diatomic molecules in attosecond extreme-ultraviolet fields.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy chips based on two-dimensional materials beyond graphene
Authors: Zhang Enqing , Xing Zhengkun , Wan Dian , Gao Haoran , Han Yingdong , Gao Yisheng , Hu Haofeng , Cheng Zhenzhou , Liu Tiegen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based on two-dimensional (2D) materials has attracted great attention over the past decade. Compared with metallic materials, which enhance Raman signals via the surface plasmon effect, 2D materials integrated on silicon substrates are ideal for use in the fabrication of plasmon-free SERS chips, with the advantages of outstanding fluorescence quenching capability, excellent biomolecular compatibility, tunable Fermi levels, and potentially low-cost material preparation. Moreover, recent studies have shown that the limits of detection of 2D-material-based SERS may be comparable with those of metallic substrates, which has aroused significant research interest. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the advances in SERS chips based on 2D materials. As several excellent reviews of graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy have been published in the past decade, here, we focus only on 2D materials beyond graphene, i.e., transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, hexagonal boron nitride, 2D titanium carbide or nitride, and their heterostructures. We hope that this paper can serve as a useful reference for researchers specializing in 2D materials, spectroscopy, and diverse applications related to chemical and biological sensing.
Compact SPAD pixels with fast and accurate photon counting in the analog domain
Authors: Ma Zhiqiang , Wu Zhong , Xu Yue 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A compact pixel for single-photon detection in the analog domain is presented. The pixel integrates a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), a passive quenching & active recharging circuit (PQARC), and an analog counter for fast and accurate sensing and counting of photons. Fabricated in a standard 0.18 µm CMOS technology, the simulated and experimental results reveal that the dead time of the PQARC is about 8 ns and the maximum photon-counting rate can reach 125 Mcps (counting per second). The analog counter can achieve an 8-bit counting range with a voltage step of 6.9 mV. The differential nonlinearity (DNL) and integral nonlinearity (INL) of the analog counter are within the ± 0.6 and ± 1.2 LSB, respectively, indicating high linearity of photon counting. Due to its simple circuit structure and compact layout configuration, the total area occupation of the presented pixel is about 1500 μm2, leading to a high fill factor of 9.2%. The presented in-pixel front-end circuit is very suitable for the high-density array integration of SPAD sensors.
Yet another artefact rejection study: an exploration of cleaning methods for biological and neuromodulatory noise
Authors: Barban Federico , Chiappalone Michela , Bonassi Gaia , Mantini Dante , Semprini Marianna 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objective. Electroencephalography (EEG) cleaning has been a longstanding issue in the research community. In recent times, huge leaps have been made in the field, resulting in very promising techniques to address the issue. The most widespread ones rely on a family of mathematical methods known as blind source separation (BSS), ideally capable of separating artefactual signals from the brain originated ones. However, corruption of EEG data still remains a problem, especially in real life scenario where a mixture of artefact components affects the signal and thus correctly choosing the correct cleaning procedure can be non trivial. Our aim is here to evaluate and score the plethora of available BSS-based cleaning methods, providing an overview of their advantages and downsides and of their best field of application. Approach. To address this, we here first characterized and modeled different types of artefact, i.e. arising from muscular or blinking activity as well as from transcranial alternate current stimulation. We then tested and scored several BSS-based cleaning procedures on semi-synthetic datasets corrupted by the previously modeled noise sources. Finally, we built a lifelike dataset affected by many artefactual components. We tested an iterative multistep approach combining different BSS steps, aimed at sequentially removing each specific artefactual component. Main results. We did not find an overall best method, as different scenarios require different approaches. We therefore provided an overview of the performance in terms of both reconstruction accuracy and computational burden of each method in different use cases. Significance. Our work provides insightful guidelines for signal cleaning procedures in the EEG related field.
α-boson gas model based on α-additive entropy
Authors: Chung Won Sang , Hassanabadi Hassan , Lütfüoğlu Bekir Can 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we consider the grand partition function for an α-boson gas. First, we revisit the thermodynamic laws and functions in this formalism. Then, we explore α-boson gas condensation and show that the critical temperature at which α-boson condensation begins depends on the shape of the container. In particular, we compute the critical temperature for a cubic container. Finally, we discuss the α-deformed virial expansion for α-boson gas.