bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Transformational Approach to Mechanical Design Using a Bond Graph Grammar
Authors: Finger S. , Rinderle J. R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
During the design process, a designer transforms an abstract functional description for a device into a physical description that satisfies the functional requirements. In this sense, design is a transformation from the functional domain to the physical domain; however, this transformation process is not well characterized nor understood for mechanical systems. The difficulty arises, at least in part, because mechanical designs are often composed of highly-integrated, tightly-coupled components where the interactions among the components are essential to the behavior and economic execution of the design. This assertion runs counter to design methodologies in other engineering fields, such as software design and circuit design, that result in designs in which each component fulfills a single function with minimal interaction. Because of the geometry, weight, and cost of mechanical components, converting a single behavioral requirement into a single component is often both impractical and infeasible. Each component may contribute to several required behaviors, and a single required system behavior may involve many components. In fact, most mechanical components perform not only the desired behavior, but also many additional, unintended behaviors. In good mechanical designs, these additional behaviors often are exploited.
The long term goal of our research is to create a transformational strategy in which the design specifications for a mechanical system can be transformed into a description of a collection of mechanical components. To realize this goal requires formal representations for the behavioral and the physical specifications of mechanical systems as well as formal representations for the behaviors and the physical characteristics of mechanical components. Because the interactions of components are important in our synthesis strategy, the representation of the behaviors of mechanical components must be linked to the representation of their physical characteristics; that is, we are concerned with modeling the relationship between form and function of components. Finally, we need a strategy that enables us to transform an abstract description of the desired behavior of a device into a description that corresponds to a collection of available physical components.
In this paper, we present a graph-based language to describe both the behavioral specifications of a design as well as the behavior of the available physical components. We also briefly discuss a graph-based grammar for the representation of the physical characteristics of the components that enables us to guide the translation from specifications to components [Pinilla 89]. The transformation strategy is discussed in a companion paper [Hoover 89].
Estimating Jacobian and Constraint Matrices in Variational Geometry Systems
Authors: Martino P. M. , Gabriele G. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The use of variational geometry (or parametric programming as it is sometimes referred as) is becoming a growing trend in current computer aided design systems. Currently, its most important application has been in the quick redimensioning of CAD models and the tying of the geometric relationships in the model to engineering relationships used in design. Another important application that has not reached its full potential is in the area of tolerance design. A key operation in variational geometry systems is the estimation of a jacobian matrix, or a closely related linear program constraint matrix. This paper explains what variational geometry is, how it can be used in redimensioning and tolerance design, and the role of Jacobian and constraint matrices in variational geometry. In this paper we address methods for quickly, and accurately, estimating the required Jacobian and constraint matrices in variational geometry systems.
A Part Feature Description Model for Process Planning of Rotational Parts
Authors: Rho H.-M. , Sheen D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study documents the development of the Automated Process And Sequence Selector (APASS) model and associated computer software. APASS can be effectively used to automate the selection of machine tools for rotational parts during the process planning procedure for these parts. The APASS model bases its machine tool decisions on part feature description, such as surface shape, technical information! and part header information. Data on the surface shape are transformed automatically based on conversion tables to output suggested machining processes and machine tools. These processes are further filtered by technical information contained within the master and machine files. The ultimate APASS output is a sequence of machining operations based on both the geometrical and dimensional tolerances of the part surfaces and the machine availability. The program has been written in MS PASCAL and currently run on IBM PC/AT compatible.
A Method to Find Parametric Bicubic Surface Intersections
Authors: Chiang L. E. , Wilde D. J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of finding the intersection between two bicubic parametric patches. This is an important problem in Geometric Modeling since bicubic parametric patches are the most common design element in this field. A brief discussion of the existing approaches such as surface subdivision and curve tracing is given first. Next the algebraic solution to solve the intersection between cubic parametric curves is described in order to lay the foundations for an original algebraic method to solve the analog surface case.
A Knowledge Based Geometric Modeling System for Preliminary Design Using Object-Oriented Approach
Authors: Akagi S. , Fujita K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A knowledge-based geometric modeling system for preliminary design was developed using object-oriented approach. Three types of knowledge for design, i.e. the model representing a design product including the geometric model, the procedures manipulating the design product and the knowledge managing the design process were integrated in the system. The model built up with object-oriented programming provides an effective and flexible design environment. Finally, the system was applied to the preliminary design of a ship’s hull arrangement to ascertain its validity and effectiveness.
A New Geometric Model: Distance Measure Model
Authors: Nonaka U. , Tokumasu S. , Kawashima Y. , Takahashi K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A new geometric model, a Distance Measure Model is presented, wherein the internal description of a shape is defined as a procedure whose function is to derive a set of data which describes the relative positional relation between the shape and a given reference point. Then, the modeller is constructed according to an object oriented scheme. A prototype of the modeller demonstrated its wide capabilities as the next generation’s geometric model.
Five-Axis Swept Volumes for Graphic NC Simulation and Verification
Authors: Sambandan K. , Wang K. K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper explains in detail a simulator that has been developed for graphic verification of five-axis Numerical Control (NC) machining. Exact parametric representations for the surfaces generated by common NC milling cutters during five-axis motions have been derived using the theory of envelopes as the mathematical basis. Parts of these surfaces form the boundary of the total swept volume generated. For each cutting motion, the swept volume of the cutter is determined and then subtracted from the stock. The Boolean subtraction is done in the image space at the pixel level, using a modified depth-buffer algorithm. A shaded image of the “as machined” part at the end of each cutting motion is then displayed for verification.
Position Tolerance Verification Using Simulated Gaging
Authors: Etesami F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
One of the routine manual tasks in dimensional inspection is the assembly verification of circular features by mechanical gaging. With the aid of coordinate measuring machines or vision systems, this task can be performed more efficiently through simulation or soft-gaging. A formulation is presented for interpretation of 2D position tolerance specifications. Simulated gages are constructed from datum features as a set of constraint relationships. The measure of perfect-form position-imperfection is determined as the distance between the measured and the nominal feature positions subject to datum constraint requirements. The derived formulation is applied to an example part with a hole-slot datum-priority-frame. This formulation results in a three-variable optimization problem which is solved by an Augmented Lagrange Multipliers technique. The extension of the formulation to 3D is also discussed, but without reference to a specific representation.
Concurrent Engineering With Suggestion-Making CAD Systems: Results of Initial User Tests
Authors: Jakiela M. J. , Papalambros P. Y. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
CAD systems that make suggestions to designers are investigated as an aid to preliminary design and computational tool for concurrent engineering. A system-user test was performed with such a system configured to provide suggestions in three ways: during preliminary design, after preliminary design, and not at all. Five users were tested with each mode. All were given the same design assignment, and all were allowed to refer to the standard book-form concurrent engineering information. The two user groups that received suggestions produced more good designs than did the unaided group. There was little distinction in quality, however, between the two aided groups. Additionally, users that received suggestions stopped using the book-form information very early in the design process and relied solely on the system’s assistance. These results demonstrate that suggestion-making systems can integrate concurrent engineering information into the preliminary design process.
Parametric Computer Aided Hydraulic Cylinder Design: Piston Component Modeling
Authors: Johannesson H. L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this work a procedure for parametric computer aided design of hydraulic cylinder pistons has been developed. Such a piston is a kind of component that has a geometry that is dependent and determined of surrounding and interacting parts. The piston seal has a very strong influence on the piston geometry, and the kind of piston design rules that can be found in piston seal catalogues have been used in the developed computer programs.
The design procedure is divided in two parts. In the piston family design part, a piston family product model, which is common for a group of pistons with different dimensions but uses the same seal cross section, is created and stored in a piston family product model data base. In the member design part the piston family data is retrieved, dimension determining parameters are given, and one particular piston of a certain size is created and presented.
The software system needed in order to be able to apply the suggested procedure consists of
- a CAD-system, containing a graphic application program language
- a specific CAD-system dependent interface program written in the graphic application program language
- two CAD-system independent interface programs written in a common high level language lite FORTRAN
- CAD-system independent product model data bases
All these programs except the CAD-system have been developed in this work, and the use of the programs is demonstrated with an example.
Structural Synthesis of Sheet Metal Parts: An Analogy to Path Planning Using Manufacturability As a Guide
Authors: Graham P. V. , Ulrich K. T. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The structural synthesis of sheet metal parts can be viewed as a path planning problem. A design is represented by a path that links the start points and goal points while avoiding all obstacles.
Techniques used in robot motion planning have proven capable of generating paths through obstacle filled space. Given a problem description, these techniques make it possible to create a variety of initial design candidates, each of which represents a family of topologically distinct designs. These topologically distinct designs partition the solution space. For each family, gradient search techniques based on manufacturability and functionality can be used to obtain a good design within that family. A good overall design is obtained by comparing the designs selected from each family.
Although this work is still preliminary, we have written a prototype program for solving two-dimensional problems, and have used it to explore the properties of the design space.
Manufacturability Analysis for a Flexible Manufacturing Cell
Authors: Anjanappa M. , Courtright M. J. , Anand D. K. , Kirk J. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The conventional design to manufacture cycle time in producing a part can be reduced by eliminating design errors and difficult to machine features before process planning begins. This paper discusses the identification, development and operation of an approach which uses a data base of flexible manufacturing cell capabilities in order to analyze a design for manufacturability. Designs which the cell protocol is unable to produce are rejected, and ways in which a design may be made more producible are suggested to the user. This paper addresses issues, such as material availability, tool availability and the acheivability of tolerance, as they relate to the flexible manufacturing cell which contains a Matsuura 510V CNC machining center, a robot and simulated AGV and fixturing. An important contribution of this work, which is an integral part of the overall system protocol, is the wide variety of manufacturability constraints covered and the convenience of including it in the overall part design and process planning protocol.
Analysys of Piezoelectric Microactuators Using Finite Element Methods
Authors: Barnett A. R. , Naganathan N. G. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Unlike conventional electromechanical actuators, piezoelectric actuators could be utilized to execute precise motions while exerting significantly high forces. In an attempt to pursue the design of a practical three-dimensional piezoelectric micro-actuator, it has become necessary to obtain a full understanding of how such materials behave under arbitrarily applied external voltages. The solution of the governing equations of piezoelectricity by the use of analytical methodologies for even moderately complex scenarios is effectively impossible, A numerical solution scheme based on the method of finite elements has been developed to analyze the deformations of and potentials within piezoelectric materials subjected to external static voltage loadings, A set of dedicated computer codes has been created to model piezoelectric three-dimensional geometries. The specimens chosen for the purpose of numerical studies are representative of real-world piezoceramic materials. The results are found to be in excellent agreement with published product data.
Some Results in Optimization of Non-Hierarchic Systems
Authors: Pan J. , Diaz A. R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A strategy for the optimization of non-hierarchic systems by decomposition into smaller subproblems is presented. Each subproblem is defined by its own set of design variables and functions. The procedure solves each subproblem in sequence and includes a strategy to move away from points that are optimal for all the subproblems but not optimal for the global problem. The same objective function and constraints are present at all levels and the evaluation of non-local functions is made using convex approximations. Examples are provided for illustration.
Global Optimization Using the Multistart Method
Authors: Jain P. , Agogino A. M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Multistart is a novel stochastic global optimization method for finding the global optimum of highly nonlinear mechanical problems. In this paper we introduce and develop a variant of the multistart method in which a fraction of the sample points in the feasible region with smallest function value are clustered using the Vector Quantization technique. The theories of lattices and sphere packing are used to define optimal lattices. These lattices are optimal with respect to quantization error and are used as code points for vector quantization. The implementation of these ideas has resulted in the VQ-multistart algorithm for finding the global optimum with substantial reductions in both the incore memory requirements and the computation time. We solve several mathematical test problems and a mechanical optimal design problem using the VQ-multistart algorithm.
A Hybrid Expert System–Nonlinear Programming Approach to Optimal Gear Design
Authors: Lin K.-C. , Johnson G. E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
An expert system is developed for optimal spur gear design. Design automation is accomplished by dividing the design variables into different categories, i.e. geometric design variables and non-geometric design variables. The geometric variables are further divided into terms that are related to the gear mathematical model and terms that are determined according to the designer’s experience. By properly developing the mathematical model, numerical optimisation can be used to seek the best solution for a given set of geometric constraints. The process of determining the non-geometric design variables is automated by using symbolic computation.
This gear design expert system is built according to the AGMA standards and a survey of gear design experts. The recommendations of gear designers and the information provided by AGMA standards are integrated into knowledge bases and data bases. By providing fast information retrieval and design guidelines, this expert system greatly streamlines the spur gear design process and makes it possible for a novice designer to achieve a reliable design in a short period of time.
A General Method for Optimum Design of Gear Boxes Through Nonlinear Programming
Authors: Cleghorn W. L. , Fenton R. G. , Fu J.-F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A general method for the optimum design of gear boxes is presented using a nonlinear programming technique. The mathematical model of the gear box is developed using a symbolic mathematical manipulator. Constraints of the feasible design have been included but reduced to be as few as possible. Identical optimum results were obtained through employing two different optimization methods, the flexible tolerance method and the random search method, for solving an example problem.
Integrated Optimal Design of Planar Mechanisms Using Fuzzy Theories
Authors: Dhingra A. K. , Rao S. S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A new integrated approach to the design of high speed planar mechanisms is presented. The resulting nonlinear programming formulation combines both the kinematic and dynamic synthesis aspects of mechanism design. The multiobjective optimization techniques presented in this work facilitate the design of a linkage to meet several kinematic and dynamic design criteria. The method can be used for motion, path, and function generation problems. The nonlinear programming formulation also permits the imposition of constraints to eliminate solutions which possess undesirable kinematic and motion characteristics. To model the vague and imprecise information in the problem formulation, the tools of fuzzy set theory have been used. A method of solving the resulting fuzzy multiobjective problem using mathematical programming techniques is presented. The outlined procedure is expected to be useful in situations where doubt arises about the exactness of permissible values, degree of credibility, and correctness of statements and judgements.
A Network Optimization Approach to Three-Dimensional Collision-Free Robot Path Planning
Authors: Jain P. K. , Manoochehri S. P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a network optimization approach to the generation of tool tip paths in three-dimensional space for robot manipulators working in the presence of obstacles. The developed algorithm relies on a graph structure enumeration of possible path segments between discrete points inside the workspace. An intelligent heuristic scheme is used to select a small searchspace over which the search for the optimal path is carried out. Paths which are optimal with respect to pre-determined objective functions based on robot kinematic and dynamic solutions are synthesized by applying Dijkstra’s minimum cost algorithm. Collision avoidance is checked for the tool tip as well as for the robot body. The methodology is robot independent and can be applied to any robot whose kinematics and dynamics can be solved. A computer program has been developed to implement this approach for three-axis manipulators. Results of the application of this scheme to some robots in this class are also presented.
Shape Optimization of Robotic Manipulators for Maximum Stiffness and Load Carrying Capacity
Authors: Lamancusa S. , Saravanos D. A. , Sommer H. J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Structural optimization can result in robotic arms with significantly improved stiffness and load carrying capacity. The geometrical shape of the manipulator links can be optimized for maximum stiffness-to-weight and strength-to-weight ratios. The problem of stiffening and strengthening a manipulator is solved by optimal redistribution of the available material without increasing the total mass of the manipulator. Since manipulators are programmed to move through a range of postures, thereby creating different loading conditions on the links, a multi-posture design criteria is implemented to provide a more uniform stiffness and strength over the range of possible postures. Finite element based performance criteria are developed which facilitate the simultaneous maximization of specific stiffness and strength. Three application examples on a SCARA class arm illustrate the dramatic potential for simultaneous improvements in specific stiffness and specific strength. The significance of multiple postures on the optimal design, the merits of tapered versus straight link shapes, and the relation of maximum stiffness to maximum strength, are also examined.
Sizing Design Sensitivity Analysis of Dynamic Frequency Response of Vibrating Structures
Authors: Choi K. K. , Lee J. H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Dynamic frequency response of mechanical and structural systems is of interest in design problems that are subjected to harmonically varying external loads caused by the reciprocating power train or other rotating machineries such as motors, fans, compressors, and forging hammers [1]. For example, airplane body and wing structures are subjected to a harmonic load transmitted from the propulsion system. Also, ship vibrations resulting from the propeller and engine excitation can cause noise problem, cracks, fatigue failure of tailshaft, and discomfort to crew. When a machine or any structure oscillates in some form of periodic or random motion, the motion generates alternating pressure waves that propagate from the moving surface at the velocity of sound. For instance, the interior sound pressure in an automobile compartment can occur when the input forces transmitted from road and power train excite the vehicle compartment boundary panels. These motions with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 KHz stimulate the hearing mechanism of human [2].