bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
تقييم أداء أنظمة الحماية الكاثودية (الانودات المضحية والتيار المسلط ) في ظروف العراق البيئية المختلفة.
Authors: احمد عمر اكرم , نعمان رياض محمد , عفن كريم بهلول , حسن هاشم قاسم , قاسم مثنى محمود , أسعد خالد وليد 
Published: May 2021

الحماية الكاثودية هي وسيلة لحماية السطوح الخارجية للمعادن من التآكل أينما وجدت هذه المعادن مغمورة في المياه أو مدفونة تحت الأرض والهدف الرئيسي للبحث هو القيام بدراسة متكاملة عن أداء عدد من منظومات الحماية الكاثودية وطبيعة الوسط الذي تعمل به في مناطق مختلفة من العراق (مقاومية التربة , كمية الأملاح TDS, مقاومية الترسبات الطينية التي تتكون حول ركائز أرصفة الموانئ) وهذه الدراسة تصلح أن تكون قاعدة بيانات أولية للاستفادة منها في دعم الدراسات الموسعة في هذا المجال مستقبلاً.
ولانجاز خطة البحث لتقييم منظومات الحماية الكاثودية بنوعيها (الانودات المضحية والتيار المسلط) والظروف البيئية المختلفة المحيطة بالهياكل الحديدية المحمية جرى العمل على النحو التالي:-

قام فريق البحث بزيارات متكررة إلى شركة مصافي الشمال والى ميناء خور الزبير وأجرى تقييم لأداء عدد من منظومات الحماية الكاثودية العاملة هناك (نوع الانودات المضحية)وتم توثيق المعلومات التي تتعلق بأداء هذه المنظومات والوسط المحيط بالهياكل الحديدية المطلوب حمايتها وهي:-
الجهد الكهربائي الذي تجهزه المنظومات إلى الهياكل الحديدية المحمية.
مقاوميه التربة (الترسبات الطينية المحيطة بركائز أرصفة الموانئ ).
كمية الأملاح (TDS) لمياه خور الزبير ومن ثم حساب ألمقاوميه لها.
صممت ونفذت منظومات حماية كاثودية بنوعيها (الانودات المضحية والتيار المسلط) لحماية أنبوب من الفولاذ الكاربوني غير مغلف بطول5) متر وقطر4 أنج) في موقع مركز البحوث الكيمياوية والبتروكيمياوية في مجمع الجادرية وتم تقييم عمل هذه المنظومات ومراقبتها عن قرب يومياً وتوثيق المعلومات وكمايلي:
قياس جهد الأنبوب قبل وبعد تشغيل منظومات الحماية الكاثودية.
قياس مقاومية ورطوبة التربة المحيطة بالأنبوب المحمي على أعماق مختلفة.

تم استخدام جهاز قياس الفولتية بمقاومة داخلية عالية وأقطاب فحص للتقييم والمعايرة.
معالجة العناصر الملوثة في التربة في مصفى الدورة
Authors: جمعة سندس هادي , جاسم احمد صبيح 
Published: May 2021

في هذا البحث تم دراسة امكانية ازالة بعض العناصر الثقيلة من التربة الملوثة بها مثل الرصاص، الفناديوم، النحاس، الزرنيخ والقصدير بعد غسل التربة الملوثة بالماء لمدة ثلاثة ايام، حيث كانت نسبة ازالة العناصر مقاربة الى 30% ومن ثم استخدام طريقة استخلاص هذه العناصر بأضافة المحلول المائي لملح بتراكيز مختلفة (Na2EDTA)
(0.01, 0.014, 0.02, 0.024, 0.03)
حيث وجد ان اعلى نسبة ازالة كانت لعنصر القصدير 89% والرصاص 82%، النحاس 92% ، الزرنيخ 84%، والفناديوم 94% خلال فترة 11 يوم من المعالجة وعند دالة حامضية مستقرة على التعادل عند تركيز (0.03M(
من المحلول المائي لملح (Na2EDTA)
والتي وصل عندها تركيز العناصر الى مستوى اقل من الحد المسموح به في التربة حسب المحددات البيئية.
Utilizing OF Thermal Energy OF Gas Turbines Exhaust Gases Working IN Petroleum Sector
Authors: Amori Dr. Karima E. , Hussain Dr. Mohammad N. , Abdulwahab Zainab T. , Ali Wafa O. 
Published: May 2021

The gas turbine stations are used in petroleum sector for different application, such as compressing of gas, pumping of crude oil or water, and power generation. The main parts of these stations are compressor, combustion chamber, and gas turbine. The compressor provides a compressed air for combustion process, and for cooling process of different parts of the station. The fuel (liquid or gas fuel) is injected into the combustion chamber to perform the combustion process. The resulted hot flue gases are passed to the gas turbine to convert its' thermal energy into rotational mechanical energy to operate the air and gas compressors, crude oil or water pumps, and to generate electricity.This work concerns with the applicability of utilizing the thermal energy content in flue gases exit from the gas turbine by adopting a field data received from one of the operating stations in north Oil Company in Iraq. The flue gases mass flow rate, and its' available energy have been calculated. Different operational conditions have been selected to produce superheated steam such as operating pressure range of (0.36-1.4 MPa), with a range of superheated temperature differs than the corresponding saturation temperature by (10-60 oC) for each selected pressure. This work is also concerned with the possibility of producing of hot water for a pressure range of (0.36-1.4 MPa) with a temperature lower than the corresponding saturation temperature by (5 oC). The results show that the power produced reaches (1.4-3.3 MW). Also the hot water produced reaches 90000 kg/hr at operating pressure of 0.36MPa.
The obtained results in this work are interesting since an elimination of thermal pollution by exhaust gases is accomplished. The available energy in these gases has been utilized to produce either superheated steam or hot water without consuming a conventional fuel.ntroductionI -
تحديد الفوالق الرئيسة على قبة كثكة (تركيب باي حسن) باستخدام تقنيات التحسس النائي
Authors: المفتي TORHAN MUDHER , قنبر AQEEL WAHBI 
Published: May 2021

يعتبر تركيب باي حسن من التراكيب النفطية الرئيسة لشركة نفط الشمال والمنطقة الشمالية، ويتكون هذا التركيب من قبتين (كثكه، داود) ركزت الدراسة الحالية على قبة كثكه كونها ظاهرة على السطح وتحوي العديد من الفوالق. ولغرض تحديد الفوالق الرئيسة تم الاستعانة ببرنامج ERMAPPER V.7 مع بيانات فضائية رقمية من منظومة (Landsat7-ETM) وعلى هذا الاساس تم تحديد الفوالق الرئيسة (عشرة مجاميع) وتحديد مدى تأثير بعض منها تحت السطح وخاصة تغير مستويات G.O.C لابار129 BH- و BH-7.
Determination of sulfide production by Reducing Bacteria isolated in the injection water of an Iraqi oil field
Authors: Mahdi Najwa H. , Al-Tamimi Wijdan H. , Al-Jawad Mohammed S. 
Published: May 2021

Several oilfields undergo to reservoir souring, typically during water injection for secondary recovery, resulted in increasing concentrations of produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The main reason for this is the mechanism of generating hydrogen sulfide are the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). These bacteria use sulfate (So4) in the injection water as an electron acceptor and use organic acids which exist in formation water as a source of energy and carbon to generate H2S. In addition to that, the issues of health and safety, the existence of H2S decreases the worth of the produced hydrocarbon. The present study includes isolation and enumeration of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) from the injection and produced water of Ahdeb oilfield in Iraq by using Most Probable Number (MPN) technique. The Laboratory experimental work for production of sulfide with mix cultures of these bacteria was performed also with sodium lactate as an energy source. The experiments were carried out to determine the concentration of sulfide versus consumption of lactate in vitro. The concentration of sulfide is determined by using spectrophotometer method, whereas; the concentration of sodium lactate is calculated by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. The experimental results demonstrates that the most numbers of bacteria in injection water are higher than the number in produced water samples. Whilst, the production of sulfide by SRB presents that inversely correlated to the concentration of sodium lactate. The growth experiments shows that the SRB concentration is increased in areas where the energy source and sulfate have high concentrations. Also, there is a direct relationship between SRB concentration and sulfide production. Therefore, the water injection from these bacteria must be treated before the injection to the reservoir to provide all the condition of SRB growth.
Estimation of Porosity and Permeability by using Conventional Logs and NMR Log in Mishrif Formation/Buzurgan Oil Field
Authors: Al-Janaee Hiba M. , Al-shahwan Muwafaq F. 
Published: May 2021

Permeability and porosity values regarded as important fundamentals in the petroleum studies and researches especially for the interests in the reservoir topics, many methods and tools were founded for this purpose from time to time. The modern log technology one of this tools but consumes more time and financial possibilities in addition to the experts, such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Tools which considered one of the unconventional logs, so that, for this it was necessary to find a method to get the permeability and porosity values for the NMR log by using the conventional logs, note that it has been confirmed the modern studies the high accuracy and reliability for the NMR permeability and NMR porosity. Because the importance of this values , this study deals with the possibility of get these values from the conventional logs with these from NMR log, because of ease dealing with conventional logs and ease of getting it. After making the data analyses and processing this study results that led to putting many transformation formulas which give high correlations to high accuracy applying for this values in the researching and applying aspects and relating with reservoir prediction and modeling which connecting with drilling and producing works. The carbonate Mishrif Fm. In the Buzurgan oil field was selected to achieve this study by chose four oil production wells(Bu-40, Bu-51, Bu-52) in the south and north domes, in the future facilitate the prediction ways for any well has been logged by the open hole logs.
Lithofacies Characterization of the Early – Middle Miocene Succession, Case-Study, South Iraq
Authors: Saleh Dr. Afrah Hassan , Awadeesian Awadees M. R. 
Published: May 2021

The Early – Middle Miocene Ghar and Lower Fars sedimentary succession at the representative oil-well Nu-18 of the Nahr Umr oil field south Iraq; is taken by this study to investigate the sedimentological to reservoir rock facies buildups and related reservoir zonation; as first rock-typing attempt for the both formations.
The sedimentological characterization of the Early Miocene Ghar formation is mainly comprised by successive buildups of sands-gravels and sandstones, whereas; the Middle Miocene Lower Fars formation is started by limestone, limestone-marly/marl anhydritic, upgraded into interbedded-series of marl and anhydrite facies, with less-common occurrences of thin-sandstone interlayers, terminated by marl-sandy-section at the upper part of the Formation.
A successive depositional succession has established of 2 litho-units for Ghar Formation & 4 members for Lower Fars Formation, with related sedimentary intervals. The composite micro-to-mega pores/multi-fractures system of the carbonate – anhydrite lithofacies buildups, of the Lower Fars Formation reflects a good pore – reservoir characterization framework. Accordingly; the Lower Fars Formation members and the Ghar Formation litho-units has passed into reservoir-layering-scheme, and a reservoir layering system has submitted of: 7 and 2 reservoir-units for Lower Fars and Ghar formations respectively, and symbolized as: LF-B1, LF-B21, LF-B22, LF-B23, LF-C1, LF-D1, LF-D2, and GH-A, GH-B.
Levels of Mercury in oil companies and relation of them with the other elements for avoid side effect on the extraction and refining operation and environment
Authors: Ali Najwa Saleem , Mohsen Hassan Noori , Abd Khalid Rasheed 
Published: May 2021

For the first time in Iraq, the estimation of the mercury amount in all the establishments of oil mininstry, is stuided in this wrok.
It was found that the presence of mercury in the crude oil, theassociated gas, and the associated water as well as in most flare gases. Also, it was observed that the concentration of mercury on the surface of the soil near the flame is increased its concentration in winds of the flame, where most of the days of the year the wind is coming from the north West towards the south-east.
The test of mercury has become a global provision to determine its quantity in crude oil and natural gas, which is required the effective ways, led by the Technical Department of the Ministry of Oil to request the petroleum research and development center to determine the amount of mercury in a number of oil companies.
This work is proposed by the analytical department of the petroleum research and development center where the cold testing device was imported for the determination of the tiny amount of mercury in gases, liquids and soil and the detection limit in Nano grams. It is the first device operating in the oil sector using for the determination of mercury amount.
However, the search results and quantification of mercury, important relationships were identified in terms of the presence of mercury and other crude oil components or tests on crude oil. It was found that there is a correlation between the concentration of mercury and the sulfur content in oil.
Mercury is a volatile substance either vapor, dust, or sulfuric. Therefore, the oil gas contains a percentage of mercury, over time, formed by the burning of the gas and the pollution of air and the soil surrounding the flame, which constitutes an environmental hazard that must be avoided in the future. In addition, the accompanying water has a significant content of mercury.
The Evaluation of Reservoir Quality of Mishrif Formation in South and North Domes of Buzurgan Oil Field
Authors: Jaafar Ali Duair , Nasser Dr. Medhat E. 
Published: May 2021

Buzurgan field in the most cases regards important Iraqi oilfield, and Mishrif Formation is the main producing reservoir in this field, the necessary of so modern geophysical studies is necessity for description and interpret the petrophysical properties in this field.
Formation evaluation has been carried out for Mishrif Formation of the Buzurgan oilfield depending on logs data. The available logs data were digitized by using Neuralog software.
A computer processed interpretation (CPI) was done for each one of the studied wells from south and north domes using Techlog software V2015.3 in which the porosity, water saturation, and shale content were calculated. And they show that MB21 reservoir unit has the highest thickness, which ranges between (69) m in north dome to (83) m in south dome, and the highest porosity, between (0.06 - 0.16) in the north dome to (0.05 -0.21) in the south dome. The water saturation of this unit ranges between (25% -60%) in MB21 of north dome. It also appeared that the water saturation in the unit MB21 of south dome has the low value, which is between (16% - 25%).
From correlation, the thickness of reservoir unit MB21 increases towards the south dome, while the thickness of the uppermost barrier of Mishrif Formation increases towards the north dome. The reservoir unit MB21 was divided into 9 layers due to its large thickness and its important petrophysical characterization. The distribution of petro physical properties (porosity and water saturation) has shown that MB 21 has good reservoir properties.
Headmaster’s Strategy in Developing Environmental Care Character at SMA Negeri 9 Rejang Lebong
Authors: Sanjaya Ronald 
Published: May 2021

This study aims to describe the headmaster’s strategy in developing students’ environmental care character. This study is descriptive qualitative. Subject of the study was SMA Negeri 9 Rejang Lebong’s headmaster. The research data were obtained by observation, interview and documentation. The data validity examination was used credibility test with triangulation. The data was analyzed by using data reduction, data display and drawing conclusion. Based on research result it can be explained that SMA Negeri 9 Rejang Lebong use strategies in developing students’ environmental care character, those are: teaching-learning process, school culture, extracurricular and parents reinforcement. Moreover, environmental care behavior is reflection of understanding and ability to apply it in daily life. Students’ behavior as the researcher explained such as garbage disposing in the appropriate place, daily picket activities and paying attention to social care for school elements and the environment
Comportamiento vegetativo del culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.) empleando tres sustratos a nivel de vivero
Authors: Reyes Flores Francisco Giovanni , Alemán Gutiérrez Carolina 
Published: May 2021

La especie Eryngium foetidum L, ha sido tradicionalmente utilizada con fines culinarios y medicinales, se ha cultivado en huertos caseros utilizando como sustrato el suelo existente sin ningún tipo de fertilización. En este estudio el principal objetivo es determinar el comportamiento del desarrollo vegetativo de la especie de culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.) utilizando diferentes sustratos a nivel de vivero, ubicado en la Facultad de Recursos Naturales y el Ambiente de la Universidad Nacional Agraria en Managua Nicaragua. Se utilizó un diseño de bloque al azar con tres tratamientos que consistieron en tres sustratos: 1) suelo vegetal (100 %), 2) combinación (suelo vegetal + arena + bokashi) y 3) bokashi (100 %). Las variables evaluadas fueron prendimiento, longitud del tallo floral, longitud y ancho de hojas, las que fueron medidas a los 14, 28 y 60 días después de sembrados los tallos de culantro. EL mayor prendimiento de tallos obtenido se presentó en el sustrato suelo con el 90 %. Se muestran que los mayores valores tanto en longitud como el ancho y numero de hojas por planta lo presentó el tratamiento suelo. Se determinó el contenido de humedad a nivel de laboratorio obteniendo que el sustrato bokashi presenta el mayor valor con 75 %. En relación con la biomasa verde de la parte aérea y radicular de la planta el mejor resultado lo presenta el sustrato suelo vegetal con 36.7 g y en peso seco con 13.9 g. La mayor longitud de raíces se registró con el sustrato combinación.
On the genus Hamma Buckton, 1905 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) in Equatorial Africa, with descriptions of three new species
Authors: Durante Antonio , Bayendi Loudit Sandrine Mariella , Susini Antonio 
Published: May 2021

As part of the classification of Membracidae from Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, a new species group of the genus Hamma Buckton, 1905 is proposed, and three new species are described: Hamma nigrum sp. nov., Hamma spinellii sp. nov. and Hamma caneparii sp. nov. An updated checklist and key to the genus Hamma are provided.
El cisne 'negro' ambiental: enseñanzas que nos deja la pandemia (desde el punto de vista ambiental)
Authors: Cafferatta Nestor 
Published: May 2021

Para entender el presente y el futuro del derecho ambiental, no puede prescindirse de la consideración de la crisis de la teoría filosófica cartesiana donde se modeló y se sustentó el derecho positivo moderno, caracterizada por un marcado acento antropocéntrico, y del avance actual hacia una visión cada día más ecocéntrica, que plantea una nueva interpretación de la relación del Hombre con la Naturaleza, rompiendo la hegemonía de la idea del dualismo ontológico, para comprender al ser humano como parte de la naturaleza que interactúa en un modo sistémico de interrelación permanente y dinámico con los demás seres vivos, conformando una cosmogénesis que comparte no solo su origen sino también su destino.
To understand the present and the future of environmental law, one cannot do without considering the crisis of Cartesian philosophical theory where modern positive law was modeled and sustained, characterized by a strong anthropocentric accent, and the current advance towards a vision Every day more ECOCENTRIC, which proposes a new interpretation of the relationship of Man with Nature, breaking the hegemony of the idea of ontological dualism, to understand the human being as part of nature that interacts in a systemic way of permanent and dynamic interrelation with other living beings, forming a cosmogenesis that shares not only its origin but also its destiny
Reflexiones sobre la Guía bioética para asignación de recursos limitados de medicina crítica en situación de emergencia en México
Authors: Espinosa de los Monteros Rodríguez Adolfo , López Guiarte José , Ramírez Robles Edna 
Published: May 2021

El presente artículo es una reflexión sobre las propuestas de la Guía bioética para asignación de recursos limitados de medicina crítica en situación de emergencia, emitidas en México. Se expone el tratamiento de acceso a la salud de los adultos mayores en tiempos de COVID-19, en el que se proponen elementos para la construcción de un andamiaje normativo que privilegie la autonomía, la dignidad y el respeto a los derechos humanos de las personas, frente a otras consideraciones instrumentales.
This article is a reflection on the bioethical guide proposals for the allocation of limited resources for critical medicine in emergency situations issued in Mexico. It presents the access to health treatment of the elderly COVID-19 times. Additionally, it proposes elements to build a normative scaffolding that privileges autonomy, dignity and respect of human rights.
First complete mitogenomes of Diamesinae, Orthocladiinae, Prodiamesinae, Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) and their implication in phylogenetics
Authors: Zheng Chen-Guang , Zhu Xiu-Xiu , Yan Li-Ping , Yao Yuan , Bu Wen-Jun , Wang Xin-Hua , Lin Xiao-Long 
Published: May 2021

Background
The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has been extensively used for phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis in Diptera, but the study of mitogenome is still scarce in the family Chironomidae.

Methods
Here, the first complete mitochondrial genomes of four Chironomid species representing Diamesinae, Orthocladiinae, Prodiamesinae and Tanypodinae are presented. Coupled with published mitogenomes of two, a comparative mitochondrial genomic analysis between six subfamilies of Chironomidae was carried out.

Results
Mitogenomes of Chironomidae are conserved in structure, each contains 37 typical genes and a control region, and all genes arrange the same gene order as the ancestral insect mitogenome. Nucleotide composition is highly biased, the control region displayed the highest A + T content. All protein coding genes are under purifying selection, and the ATP8 evolves at the fastest rate. In addition, the phylogenetic analysis covering six subfamilies within Chironomidae was conducted. The monophyly of Chironomidae is strongly supported. However, the topology of six subfamilies based on mitogenomes in this study is inconsistent with previous morphological and molecular studies. This may be due to the high mutation rate of the mitochondrial genetic markers within Chironomidae. Our results indicate that mitogenomes showed poor signals in phylogenetic reconstructions at the subfamily level of Chironomidae.
The Effect of Revenue from Taxation on Gross Domestic Product and Human Development Index in Nigeria
Authors: Isaac Odogu Laime , Anderson Obalakumo Pereowei , Dan Odoko , Maxwell Dadowei Opritari 
Published: May 2021

Aims: This study investigates the effect of revenue from taxation on gross domestic product and human development index in Nigeria. Secondary data is used from the Central Bank of Nigeria, the World Bank, and Federal Inland Revenue Service for this study.
Study Design: The Ex-post facto research design was used for the study.
Methodology: The study used secondary data and was conducted via the relevant econometric tests.
Result: The study reveals that revenues from taxation have effects on gross domestic product and human development index. Based on the result, the study concluded that taxation is an essential component of fiscal policy that the Nigerian government can use to stimulate economic development. Based on the conclusion, the study made the following recommendations amongst others that, government need to improve on the personal income tax collection process to enable more individuals disclose their income for tax assessment. This is because most self employed (skilled workers such as carpenters, bricklayers, welders, etc) Nigerians don’t pay income tax voluntarily. There should be an improvement in the value added tax administration in Nigeria to reduce the lack of accountability of VAT by the agents. The tax officials and other agents of the relevant tax authorities need to reduce their fraudulent activities with tax payers to increase the amount of tax collected for the economic growth of Nigeria.