bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic and thermal simulation of water droplets in icing wind tunnels
Authors: Fallast A. , Rapf A. R. , Tramposch A. , Hassler W. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWithin the certification process of aircraft, tests under specific icing conditions are required. For such safety relevant tests—which are performed under defined and repeatable test conditions—specially equipped Icing Wind Tunnels (IWT) are required. In such IWTs, supercooled water droplets are created with the aid of a spray system injecting pre-tempered water droplets of specific diameters into the free stream air flow. Especially tests with a droplet size up to 2mm (Supercooled Large Droplets - SLDs) are of great importance. SLDs are difficult to generate under laboratory conditions in IWT since usually the available droplet flight time from the injection location to the impact position on the test object is insufficient to reliably cool down a droplet at least to freezing temperature. To investigate the limitations associated with the application of SLD, the current work provides a method to allow detailed insight into the behavior of droplets on the path from the injection spray nozzle to the test section. In this work a state space model of a single droplet is derived that combines the kinetic aspects, thermal properties as well as the governing differential equations for motion, convective heat transfer at the droplet surface and heat conduction inside the droplet. Beside the states for the droplet’s position and velocity in space, the state space vector comprises various fluid and thermodynamic parameters. The droplet-internal temperature distribution is modelled by a discrete one-dimensional spherical shell model that also incorporates the aggregate phase (freezing mass fraction) at each shell node. This approach allows, therefore, the simulation of potential droplet phase change processes (freezing/melting) as well. With the model at hand, the influence of various boundary conditions (initial droplet temperature, flow field, ambient air temperature, etc.) can be determined and evaluated. As a result, concrete measures to achieve a desired operating condition (e.g. droplet temperature at the test object) for various model assumptions can be derived. In addition, the simulation model facilitates the prediction of the droplet diameter threshold for ensuring a supercooled state upon the impact on the test object. The governing theoretical influences are described, and various simulation results for representative test conditions that occur at the Rail-Tec-Arsenal (RTA) in Vienna are presented.
Interest of researchers in ultrasound systems for risk stratification of thyroid nodules (TIRADS): a systematic review
Authors: Trimboli Pierpaolo , Ferrarazzo Giulia , Deandrea Maurilio , Camponovo Chiara , Romanelli Francesco , Piccardo Arnoldo , Durante Cosimo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
A number of ultrasound risk stratification systems (RSSs) of thyroid nodule, often labeled as TIRADS (Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System), have been proposed. As a consequence, an increasing number of studies have been published on this topic. This systematic review was undertaken to answer specific questions in this field: how many articles and what type of studies have been published, which TIRADSs/RSSs have preferably been discussed, and what is the geographic distribution of the publications.

Methods
The study was conducted according to PRISMA. A specific search algorithm was used. Defined selection criteria were applied.

Results
502 studies were finally included. The number of publications about TIRADSs/RSSs has increased over the time, being the Horvath TIRADS the most evaluated one. The first author of the article was from China in one fourth of cases.

Conclusions
The number of scientific articles focused on TIRADSs/RSSs is high and it has been importantly increased over the time.
Contraceptive use among women with kidney transplants in the United States
Authors: Shah Silvi , Christianson Annette L. , Bumb Shalini , Verma Prasoon 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Kidney transplant improves reproductive function in women with end-stage kidney disease. Little is known about contraceptive use in women with history of kidney transplants.

Methods
Using data from the United States Renal Data System, we evaluated for each calendar year women with kidney transplantation between 1/1/2005 and 12/31/2013 who were aged 15–44 years with Medicare as the primary payer and linked data from the United Network for Organ Sharing, for up to three entire years after the date of transplantation. We determined rates of contraceptive use and used multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with contraceptive use.

Results
The study cohort included 13,150 women and represented 26,624 person-years. The rate of contraceptive use was 9.5%. Compared to women aged 15–24 years, contraceptive use was lower in women aged 30–34 years (OR 0.67; CI 0.58–0.78), 35–39 years (OR 0.36; CI 0.31–0.43), and 40–44 years (OR 0.23; CI 0.19–0.28). Compared to white women, contraceptive use was higher both in black women (OR 1.26; CI 1.10–1.43) and Native American women (OR 1.52; CI 1.02–2.26). Women had lower rates of contraceptive use in the second-year post-transplant (OR 0.87; CI 0.79–0.94) and the third-year post-transplant (OR0.69; CI 0.62–0.76) than in the first-year post-transplant. Women with a history of diabetes had a lower likelihood of contraceptive use (OR 0.80; CI 0.65–0.99).

Conclusion
Among women with kidney transplants, contraceptive use remains low at 9.5%. Factors associated with a higher likelihood of contraceptive use include younger age and black and Native American race/ethnicity; and second- and third-year post-transplant. The history of diabetes is associated with a lower likelihood of contraceptive use. The study highlights the need of increasing awareness for safe and effective contraceptive use in women with kidney transplants.
Optimal keyframe selection-based lossless video-watermarking technique using IGSA in LWT domain for copyright protection
Authors: Singh Roop , Mittal Himanshu , Pal Raju 
Published: November 2021

AbstractVideo piracy is a challenging issue in the modern world. Approximately $$90\%$$

90
%

of newly released films were illegally distributed around the world via the Internet. To overcome this issue, video watermarking is an effective process that integrates a logo in video frames as a watermark. Therefore, this paper presents an efficient lossless video-watermarking scheme based on optimal keyframe selection using an intelligent gravitational search algorithm in linear wavelet transform. This technique obtains color motion and motionless frames from the cover video by the histogram difference method. One-level linear wavelet transform is performed on the chrominance channel of motion frames and a low-frequency sub-band LL opts for watermark embedding. The performance of the proposed technique has been evaluated against 12 video processing attacks in terms of imperceptibility and robustness. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed technique outperforms five state-of-the-art schemes on the considered attacks.
A multi-modal and multi-scale emotion-enhanced inference model based on fuzzy recognition
Authors: Yu Yan , Qiu Dong , Yan Ruiteng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOnly the label corresponding to the maximum value of the fully connected layer is used as the output category when a neural network performs classification tasks. When the maximum value of the fully connected layer is close to the sub-maximum value, the classification obtained by considering only the maximum value and ignoring the sub-maximum value is not completely accurate. To reduce the noise and improve classification accuracy, combining the principles of fuzzy reasoning, this paper integrates all the output results of the fully connected layer with the emotional tendency of the text based on the dictionary to establish a multi-modal fuzzy recognition emotion enhancement model. The provided model considers the enhancement effect of negative words, degree adverbs, exclamation marks, and question marks based on the smallest subtree on the emotion of emotional words, and defines the global emotional membership function of emojis based on the corpus. Through comparing the results of CNN, LSTM, BiLSTM and GRU on Weibo and Douyin, it is shown that the provided model can effectively improve the text emotion recognition when the neural network output result is not clear, especially for long texts.
Face masks increase compliance with physical distancing recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Seres Gyula , Balleyer Anna Helen , Cerutti Nicola , Danilov Anastasia , Friedrichsen Jana , Liu Yiming , Süer Müge 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGovernments across the world have implemented restrictive policies to slow the spread of COVID-19. Recommended face mask use has been a controversially discussed policy, among others, due to potential adverse effects on physical distancing. Using a randomized field experiment (N = 300), we show that individuals kept a significantly larger distance from someone wearing a face mask than from an unmasked person during the early days of the pandemic. According to an additional survey experiment (N = 456) conducted at the time, masked individuals were not perceived as being more infectious than unmasked ones, but they were believed to prefer more distancing. This result suggests that wearing a mask served as a social signal that led others to increase the distance they kept. Our findings provide evidence against the claim that mask use creates a false sense of security that would negatively affect physical distancing. Furthermore, our results suggest that behavior has informational content that may be affected by policies.
The Role of Chronic Physical Activity in Alleviating the Detrimental Relationship of Childhood Obesity on Brain and Cognition
Authors: Hsieh Shu-Shih , Raine Lauren B. , Ortega Francisco B. , Hillman Charles H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Childhood obesity and its negative relation with children’s brain health has become a growing health concern. Over the last decade, literature has indicated that physical activity attenuates cognitive impairment associated with obesity and excess adiposity in children. However, there is no comprehensive review that considers the extent to which these factors affect different domains of cognition. This narrative review comprehensively summarizes behavioral, neuroimaging, and neuroelectric findings associated with chronic physical activity and fitness on brain and cognition in childhood obesity. Based on the literature reviewed, increased adiposity has a demonstrated relationship with neurocognitive health via mechanisms triggered by central inflammation and insulin resistance, with the most pronounced decrements observed for cognitive domains that are prefrontal- and hippocampal-dependent. Fortunately, physical activity, especially interventions enhancing aerobic fitness and motor coordination, have demonstrated efficacy for attenuating the negative effects of obesity across different subdomains of structural and functional brain imaging, cognition, and multiple academic outcomes in children with overweight or obesity. Such mitigating effects may be accounted for by attenuated central inflammation, improved insulin sensitivity, and increased expression of neurotrophic factors. Lastly, individual differences appear to play a role in this relationship, as the manipulation of physical activity characteristics, the employment of a wide array of cognitive and academic measures, the inclusion of different adiposity measures that are sensitive to neurocognitive function, and the utilization of an inter-disciplinary approach have been found to influence the relationship between physical activity and excess adiposity on brain and cognition.
Power system analysis and integration of the proposed Nigerian 750-kV power line to the grid reliability
Authors: Abdulkareem Ademola , Somefun T. E. , Awosope C. O. A. , Olabenjo O. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe present situation of power generation in Nigeria obviously represents a challenge to our ability for rethinking the delivery of energy at maximum efficiency. Previous research on the existing Nigerian 330-kV network grid, recommended that the network be transformed from radial to ring because of high losses inherent in it and the voltage insecurity. In this study, the existing 330-kV network was reconfigured based on the identified regions mapped out for upgrade to form a ringed 750-kV super grid. The bus voltages of some of the buses in the existing 330-kV were upgraded to 750-kV and new transmission lines added to create an integrated super grid with a ring structure as compared to the radial nature of the existing 330-kV grid. These proposed buses have been selected for upgrade based on the fact that they are positioned in critical areas within the topology of the grid that transforms the existing radial structure to a ring one. The method is also cheaper than making the entire network a 750-kV system. Load-flow analysis was carried out on the existing 330-kV Nigerian Grid and the proposed Nigerian 750-kV integrated into the existing grid using Newton–Raphson algorithm. The results analysis of the new network revealed a significant reduction of 30.2% power loss. This was validated using the code-based MATLAB and Power World Simulation model-based software. Contingency analysis was also carried out on both grids using the Power World Simulator. The study revealed that the 750-kV super grid was able to mitigate the losses experienced on the existing grid significantly with better voltage profiles in all the buses. It also revealed that the new network (330-kV and 750-kV integrated) performed better to the single line contingency analysis with less violations occurring and no unsolvable cases.
Sub-ns-pulsed laser cleaning of an archaeological bone from the Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain: a case study
Authors: Rahman Md. Ashiqur , de la Fuente German F. , Carretero José Miguel , Maingi Evan Maina , Alonso Abad Mª Pilar , Alonso Alcalde Rodrigo , Chapoulie Rémy , Schiavon Nick , Angurel Luis A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractControlled laser irradiation parameters using recently developed sub-nanosecond pulsed laser technology with emission wavelength in the near Infrared regime (1064 nm) have been assessed on a Pleistocene bone from the archaeological site of Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain. Burst pulse mode was employed to explore contaminant removal efficiency, while at the same time, assessing the degree of damage produced to the underlying original substrate surface. The surface morphology and composition of the deteriorated bone have been characterized, along with the effects of laser irradiation at 1064 nm, using Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy–with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM–EDS), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The most effective laser cleaning parameters in burst mode have been identified in order to optimize the emission parameters of the laser, thus localizing its interaction within the outermost layers of contaminants and degradation products, avoiding damage to the underlying original bone surface. Hence, threshold cleaning and substrate damage values have been determined for this new sub-ns laser, paving the way to safer laser cleaning procedures that may be useful for the effective conservation of bone archaeological artifacts.
Suicidal behaviors among Latina adolescents: An ecodevelopmental approach and narrative review
Authors: Querdasi Francesca R. , Bacio Guadalupe A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionFor the past several decades, Latina adolescents have consistently shown high rates of suicidal behaviors (i.e., suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts), higher than Latino adolescents and adolescents of most other ethnic groups. Yet, progress toward establishing evidence‐based intervention efforts to address this urgent public health issue has been slow. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize empirical findings on etiological factors associated with Latina adolescent suicidal behaviors using an ecodevelopmental, gender‐specific framework that contextualizes Latina adolescent development.MethodsTo be included, peer reviewed empirical manuscripts had to focus on suicidal behaviors (i.e., suicide attempts, suicide plan, and/or suicidal ideation) of adolescents (ages 11–19 or in grades 7–12) who self‐identified as either Latina or Hispanic and a girl in the United States.ResultsA total of 19 studies met review criteria and focused on microsystemic and intrapersonal predictors. Microsystemic predictors included family (i.e., family‐adolescent discrepancies in acculturation, family functioning, family‐daughter interactions), peer (i.e., victimization, friendships), and school (i.e., functioning, achievement) factors, while intrapersonal predictors were emotional vulnerability, psychosocial functioning, and substance use.ConclusionsFamily‐related phenomena were the most widely studied. Research on school and peer microsystems was comparatively sparse, and several promising intrapersonal development factors have been underexplored. A notable limitation of existing studies is that samples consisted primarily of U.S.‐born adolescents living in urban areas. Additional research is needed to characterize factors on other ecodevelopmental levels, identify resilience processes, and examine within‐group diversity among Latina adolescents. Implications for intervention and future directions are discussed.
Surface Warming Trend Analysis Based on MODIS/Terra Land Surface Temperature Product at Gongga Mountain in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhao Wei , Yang Mengjiao , Chang Ruiying , Zhan Qiqi , Li Zhao‐Liang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs the highest mountain in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, Gongga Mountain is highly sensitive to climate change which is hardly assessed with limited meteorological stations in this region. To analyze the warming trend of Gongga Mountain, the mean annual surface temperature (MAT) was extracted based on an annual temperature cycle model with the MODIS/Terra daily land surface temperature (LST) product and used to identify the MAT trends from 2000 to 2018 using the Mann‐Kendall trend test. The results indicate that almost all the pixels passing a significance test with the confidence level of 95% show an increasing trend, and the daytime MAT exhibited a stronger warming trend with the mean rate of 0.11 K/yr than the nighttime MAT (0.07 K/yr). However, more pixels (30.2%) exhibited significant warming trends at night than during the daytime (21.6%). Additionally, the significant warming pixels were mainly distributed above 3,200 m, and the number of pixels increased with elevation. Most importantly, the statistics of the daytime and nighttime changing rates at different elevation ranges support elevation‐dependent warming (EDW). These warming patterns are connected to changes in snow and cloud cover and the rate shows good correlations with the changes in clear‐sky days and vegetation cover conditions. In general, this study verifies that remotely sensed LST can be used to analyze the warming trends in mountain areas and identifies the presence of EDW at Gongga Mountain. This trend could result in a strong influence on the local mountain ecosystem functions, water resources, and glacial changes.
Middle to Late Eocene Changes of the Ocean Carbonate Cycle
Authors: Borrelli C. , Katz M. E. , Toggweiler J. R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSedimentary records show that calcium carbonate (CaCO3) preservation fluctuated during the Eocene. These fluctuations are well documented for the equatorial Pacific. However, data from other basins are sparse. In this study, we report new middle and late Eocene bulk calcium carbonate percentages and accumulation rates from the northwestern Pacific (Ocean Drilling Program—ODP—Site 884) and the Atlantic (ODP Sites 1053, 1090, and 1263) Oceans; in addition, we calculate CaCO3 accumulation rates for sites with published percentage bulk CaCO3 to expand geographic and paleobathymetric coverage. Using these data, we investigate the response of the carbonate cycle to environmental changes (e.g., temperatures, primary productivity, weathering, and ocean circulation) at the beginning of the greenhouse‐icehouse transition (∼43–34 Ma). Our results show that in the middle to late Eocene CaCO3 accumulation rates were highly variable at different paleodepths and ocean basins suggesting that the evolution of carbonate accumulation rates over the Eocene was influenced by different processes in different locations. In particular, our data emphasize the role of surface CaCO3 production and ocean ventilation in driving changes in CaCO3 preservation and burial at the seafloor. Our study also highlights the need for a better understanding of the processes regulating CaCO3 surface production today in order to correctly interpret geological records.
Performance of the NGX High‐Resolution Multiple Collector Noble Gas Mass Spectrometer
Authors: Li Yan , Tootell Damian , Holland Greg , Zhou Zheng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper describes the design, setup, and performance of a new analytical system installed at Lancaster University, UK, to determine noble gas isotopes in gas samples using an NGX high‐resolution multiple collector noble gas mass spectrometer. The fixed position Faraday cups are configured to simultaneously measure all nine Xe isotopes whilst permitting all other noble gases, such as He, to be analyzed in peak jumping mode. The stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility of the measurements using this new noble gas analytical system were examined by repeating runs of atmospheric air. Reproducibility of the measurements obtained from 90 and 73 air standard runs are 4.2% and 0.4% for 3He/4He and 21Ne/20Ne, respectively. There is no significant difference in the 40Ar/36Ar ratio measurements with various 40Ar abundances, suggesting good sensitivity and pressure linearity of the NGX instrument. The standard errors for 124Xe/130Xe, 126Xe/130Xe, 128Xe/130Xe, 129Xe/130Xe, 131Xe/130Xe, 132Xe/130Xe, 134Xe/130Xe and 136Xe/130Xe in 46 air measurements are 0.782%, 0.804%, 0.053%, 0.029%, 0.029%, 0.029%, 0.030%, and 0.031%, respectively. In contrast, the corresponding reference values from Basford et al. (1973) are 0.342%, 0.505%, 0.148%, 0.139%, 0.153%, 0.076%, 0.156%, and 0.138%, respectively. This suggests that multicollection measurements of Xe isotopes on Faraday cups using the NGX have higher precision than the previous results except for 124Xe and 126Xe, where low abundances affect the measurement precision. Compared to traditional peak jumping single‐collector mass spectrometers, the NGX has significantly decreased analytical time in Xe analysis by allowing simultaneous measurements of all isotopes. As a consequence, high analytical precision can be achieved.