bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of dynamical features between the fast H-L and the H-I-L transition for EAST RF-heated plasmas
Authors: Chen Liang , Xu Guosheng , Shao Lingming , Gao Wei , Wang Yifeng , Duan Yanmin , Wang Shouxin , Ti Ang , Mao Songtao , Li Miaohui , Zhang Xinjun , Chen Ran , Hu Guanghai , Liu Jianbin , Xu Jichan , Yan Ning , Wu Xingquan , Nielsen Anders Henry , Rasmussen Jens Juul , Wang Liang , Gong Xianzu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a comparison of dynamical features between the fast H-L and the H-I-L transition, which can be identified by the intermediate phase, or ‘I-phase’, has been made for radio-frequency (RF) heated deuterium plasmas in EAST. The fast H-L transition is characterized by a rapid release of stored energy during the transition transient, while the H-I-L transition exhibits a ‘soft’ H-mode termination. One important distinction between the transitions has been observed by dedicated probe measurements slightly inside the separatrix, with respect to the radial gradient of the floating potential, which corresponds to the E × B flow and/or the electron temperature gradient. The potential gradient inside the separatrix oscillates and persists during the stationary I-phase, and shows a larger amplitude than that before the fast H-L transition. The reduction of the gradient leads to the final transition to the L-mode for both the fast H-L and the H-I-L transition. These findings indicate that the mean E × B flow shear and/or edge electron temperature gradient play a critical role underlying the H-L transition physics. In addition, the back transition in EAST is found to be sensitive to magnetic configuration, where the vertical configuration, i.e., inner strike-point located at vertical target, favours access to the H-I-L transition, while the horizontal shape facilitates achievement of the fast H-L transition. The divertor recycling level normalized to electron density is higher before the fast H-L transition, as compared to that before the I-phase, which strongly suggest that the density of the recycled neutrals is an important ingredient in determining the back transition behaviour.
Confirmation and variability of the Allee effect in Dictyostelium discoideum cell populations, possible role of chemical signaling within cell clusters
Authors: Segota Igor , Edwards Matthew M , Campello Arthur , Rappazzo Brendan H , Wang Xiaoning , Strandburg-Peshkin Ariana , Zhou Xiao-Qiao , Rachakonda Archana , Daie Kayvon , Lussenhop Alexander , Lee Sungsu , Tharratt Kevin , Deshmukh Amrish , Sebesta Elisabeth M , Zhang Myron , Lau Sharon , Bennedsen Sarah , Ginsberg Jared , Campbell Timothy , Wang Chenzheng , Franck Carl 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In studies of the unicellular eukaryote Dictyostelium discoideum, many have anecdotally observed that cell dilution below a certain ‘threshold density’ causes cells to undergo a period of slow growth (lag). However, little is documented about the slow growth phase and the reason for different growth dynamics below and above this threshold density. In this paper, we extend and correct our earlier work to report an extensive set of experiments, including the use of new cell counting technology, that set this slow-to-fast growth transition on a much firmer biological basis. We show that dilution below a certain density (around 104 cells ml−1) causes cells to grow slower on average and exhibit a large degree of variability: sometimes a sample does not lag at all, while sometimes it takes many moderate density cell cycle times to recover back to fast growth. We perform conditioned media experiments to demonstrate that a chemical signal mediates this endogenous phenomenon. Finally, we argue that while simple models involving fluid transport of signal molecules or cluster-based signaling explain typical behavior, they do not capture the high degree of variability between samples but nevertheless favor an intra-cluster mechanism.
Gradient biomimetic platforms for neurogenesis studies
Authors: Havins Laurissa , Capel Andrew , Christie Steve , Lewis Mark , Roach P 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
There is a need for the development of new cellular therapies for the treatment of many diseases, with the central nervous system (CNS) currently an area of specific focus. Due to the complexity and delicacy of its biology, there is currently a limited understanding of neurogenesis and consequently a lack of reliable test platforms, resulting in several CNS based diseases having no cure. The ability to differentiate pluripotent stem cells into specific neuronal sub-types may enable scalable manufacture for clinical therapies, with a focus also on the purity and quality of the cell population. This focus is targeted towards an urgent need for the diseases that currently have no cure, e.g. Parkinson’s disease. Differentiation studies carried out using traditional 2D cell culture techniques are designed using biological signals and morphogens known to be important for neurogenesis in vivo. However, such studies are limited by their simplistic nature, including a general poor efficiency and reproducibility, high reagent costs and an inability to scale-up the process to a manufacture-wide design for clinical use. Biomimetic approaches to recapitulate a more in vivo-like environment are progressing rapidly within this field, with application of bio(chemical) gradients presented both as 2D surfaces and within a 3D volume. This review focusses on the development and application of these advanced extracellular environments particularly for the neural niche. We emphasise the progress that has been made specifically in the area of stem cell derived neuronal differentiation. Increasing developments in biomaterial approaches to manufacture stem cells will enable the improvement of differentiation protocols, enhancing the efficiency and repeatability of the process with a move towards up-scaling. Progress in this area brings these techniques closer to enabling the development of therapies for the clinic.
Single-stage gradient-based stellarator coil design: stochastic optimization
Authors: Wechsung Florian , Giuliani Andrew , Landreman Matt , Cerfon Antoine , Stadler Georg 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We extend the single-stage stellarator coil design approach for quasi-symmetry on axis from (Giuliani et al 2020) to additionally take into account coil manufacturing errors. By modeling coil errors independently from the coil discretization, we have the flexibility to consider realistic forms of coil errors. The corresponding stochastic optimization problems are formulated using a risk-neutral approach and risk-averse approaches. We present an efficient, gradient-based descent algorithm which relies on analytical derivatives to solve these problems. In a comprehensive numerical study, we compare the coil designs resulting from deterministic and risk-neutral stochastic optimization and find that the risk-neutral formulation results in more robust configurations and reduces the number of local minima of the optimization problem. We also compare deterministic and risk-neutral approaches in terms of quasi-symmetry on and away from the magnetic axis, and in terms of the confinement of particles released close to the axis. Finally, we show that for the optimization problems we consider, a risk-averse objective using the conditional value-at-risk leads to results which are similar to the risk-neutral objective.
Discontinuous yielding transition of amorphous materials with low bulk modulus
Authors: Jagla E A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The yielding transition of amorphous materials is studied with a two-dimensional Hamiltonian model that allows both shear and volume deformations. The model is investigated as a function of the relative value of the bulk modulus B with respect to the shear modulus μ. When the ratio B/μ is small enough, the yielding transition becomes discontinuous, yet reversible. If the system is driven at constant strain rate in the coexistence region, a spatially localized shear band is observed while the rest of the system remains blocked. The crucial role of volume fluctuations in the origin of this behavior is clarified in a mean field version of the model.
A new measure between sets of probability distributions with applications to erratic financial behavior
Authors: James Nick , Menzies Max 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper introduces a new framework to quantify distance between finite sets with uncertainty present, where probability distributions determine the locations of individual elements. Combining this with a Bayesian change point detection algorithm, we produce a new measure of similarity between time series with respect to their structural breaks. First, we demonstrate the algorithm’s effectiveness on a collection of piecewise autoregressive processes. Next, we apply this to financial data to study the erratic behavior profiles of 19 countries and 11 sectors over the past 20 years. Our measure provides quantitative evidence that there is greater collective similarity among sectors’ erratic behavior profiles than those of countries, which we observe upon individual inspection of these time series. Our measure could be used as a new framework or complementary tool for investors seeking to make asset allocation decisions for financial portfolios.
How to avoid the faster-is-slower effect in competitive evacuation?
Authors: Qiu Hongpeng , Yang Xinyu , Chen Xingchao , Xiong Yuanyuan , Ma Jian , Lin Peng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The faster-is-slower (FIS) effect is an interesting phenomenon in crowd dynamics. However, the validity of FIS was not universally accepted without objection. A series of experiments was conducted by using a group of young students in a room evacuating through a narrow exit at two locations, i.e. a center exit and a corner exit. The mean time intervals of two consecutive persons passing through a center exit were 1.14 ± 0.09, 1.31 ± 0.43 and 1.42 ± 0.93 s at low, medium and high competitiveness, respectively, i.e. which was the FIS effect. However, the mean time intervals of two consecutive persons passing through a corner exit were 1.04 ± 0.07 and 0.85 ± 0.17 s at low and high competitiveness, respectively, which was contrary to the FIS effect. Furthermore, two series of circulation movement at high competiveness were studied in which all students were required to re-enter the room from another opening after getting out of the room and this process continued until the end of a test. The mean time interval of consecutive persons passing through the exits was around 2.39 ± 4.29 and 0.77 ± 0.25 s for the center exit and corner exit respectively, and the flow rate of the corner exit was around 3 times that of the center exit. The complementary cumulative probability distribution of the time intervals between consecutive students Δt was studied and it followed a power law, i.e.

P

Δ
t

∼
Δ

t

−
a
l
p
h
a

. However, the study showed that alpha alone cannot well represent the efficiency of an evacuation. The experiment demonstrated that the FIS effect can be avoided by relocating the exit to the corner and the flow rate can be greatly improved, particularly in high competiveness conditions.
Survival probability of random walks leaping over traps
Authors: Pozzoli Gaia , De Bruyne Benjamin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We consider one-dimensional discrete-time random walks (RWs) in the presence of finite size traps of length ℓ over which the RWs can jump. We study the survival probability of such RWs when the traps are periodically distributed and separated by a distance L. We obtain exact results for the mean first-passage time and the survival probability in the special case of a double-sided exponential jump distribution. While such RWs typically survive longer than if they could not leap over traps, their survival probability still decreases exponentially with the number of steps. The decay rate of the survival probability depends in a non-trivial way on the trap length ℓ and exhibits an interesting regime when ℓ → 0 as it tends to the ratio ℓ/L, which is reminiscent of strongly chaotic deterministic systems. We generalize our model to continuous-time RWs, where we introduce a power-law distributed waiting time before each jump. In this case, we find that the survival probability decays algebraically with an exponent that is independent of the trap length. Finally, we derive the diffusive limit of our model and show that, depending on the chosen scaling, we obtain either diffusion with uniform absorption, or diffusion with periodically distributed point absorbers.
Inhomogeneous asymmetric exclusion processes between two reservoirs: large deviations for the local empirical observables in the mean-field approximation
Authors: Monthus Cécile 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
For a given inhomogeneous exclusion processes on N sites between two reservoirs, the trajectories probabilities allow to identify the relevant local empirical observables and to obtain the corresponding rate function at level 2.5. In order to close the hierarchy of the empirical dynamics that appear in the stationarity constraints, we consider the simplest approximation, namely the mean-field approximation for the empirical density of two consecutive sites, in direct correspondence with the previously studied mean-field approximation for the steady state. For a given inhomogeneous totally asymmetric model, this mean-field approximation yields the large deviations for the joint distribution of the empirical density profile and of the empirical current around the mean-field steady state; the further explicit contraction over the current allows to obtain the large deviations of the empirical density profile alone. For a given inhomogeneous asymmetric model, the local empirical observables also involve the empirical activities of the links and of the reservoirs; the further explicit contraction over these activities yields the large deviations for the joint distribution of the empirical density profile and of the empirical current. The consequences for the large deviations properties of time-additive space-local observables are also discussed in both cases.
New module for channeling radiation simulation in Geant4
Authors: Savchenko A.A. , Wagner W. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We present a new C++ module for simulation of channeling
radiation to be implemented in Geant4 as a discrete physical
process. The module allows simulation of channeling radiation from
relativistic electrons and positrons with energies above 100 MeV
for various types of single crystals. In this paper, we simulate
planar channeling radiation applying the classical approach in the
dipole approximation as a first attempt not yet considering other
contributory processes. Simulation results are proved to be in a
rather good agreement with experimental data.
Forest governance and development effects on tropical charcoal production and deforestation
Authors: van 't Veen Hanneke , Vyamana Vincent G. , Santos Maria Joao 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Severe loss and degradation of tropical forests affects ecosystem services and livelihoods. Charcoal, an important energy and income source for millions of people, causes 7% of tropical deforestation and forest degradation. Forest governance aims at managing forest-related issues. On the one hand, development allows for financial investments in forest governance, e.g., in monitoring and enforcement, which the aim to control deforestation. On the other hand, deforestation often continues with increased human wellbeing. Here, we aim to (i) globally examine effects of forest governance on charcoal production and deforestation, and (ii) understand its association with development. We developed a typology of tropical forest governance systems based on a literature review of 54 USAID Country Profiles and combined it with global data on charcoal production, deforestation, governance quality and development. Our results suggest that countries’ development status affects charcoal production rather than governance quality; we observe a negative relationship between development status and charcoal production per capita (HDI: F(1,50) = 4.85, p = 0.032; GNI: F(1,50) = 4.64, p = 0.036). The limited influence of governance quality and rights on charcoal production per capita and deforestation suggests mismatches between formal and informal governance and exposes challenges in top-down percolation of governance goals. Our results highlight potential importance of tenure rights and potential opportunities for regional governing bodies to bridge local formal and informal actors to improve forest governance. Positive effects of regional tenure are driven by mixed effects of high development and governance quality related to decentralization in Asia and South America, highlighting transitions from charcoal as livelihood energy source to global commodity. Variability in results for FAO and UN charcoal production data advocates for better monitoring programs. Yet, for the first time, we explore global interactive patterns in charcoal production, development and governance – a starting point to differentiate good governance.
Characterization of orientation correlation kinetics: chiral-mesophase domains in suspensions charged DNA-rods
Authors: Kang Kyongok 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Bacteriophage DNA fd-rods are long and stiff rod-like particles which are known to exhibit a rich equilibrium phase behavior. Due to their helical molecular structure, they form the stable chiral nematic (N*) mesophases. Very little is known about the kinetics of forming various phases with orientations. The present study addresses the kinetics of chiral-mesophases and N*-phase, by using a novel image-time correlation technique. Instead of correlating time-lapsed real-space microscopy images, the corresponding Fourier images are shown for time-correlated averaged orientations. This allows to unambiguously distinguish to detect the temporal evolution of orientations on different length scales, such as domain sizes (depending on their relative orientations), and the chiral pitch within the domains. Kinetic features are qualitatively interpreted in terms of replica symmetry breaking of elastic deformations in the orthogonal directional axes of chiral-mesophase domains, as well by the average twist angle and the order parameter. This work can be interesting for characterizing other types of charged rods, mimicking super-cooled liquids and orientation glasses.
Decreasing drug waste, reducing drug costs, and improving workflow efficiency through the implementation of automated chemotherapy dose rounding rules in the electronic health record system
Authors: Shah Vishal , Spence Alexis , Bartels Trace , Betcher Jeffrey , Soefje Scott 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Purpose
To decrease drug waste and cost by implementing automated chemotherapy dose rounding rules in the electronic health record (EHR). Dose rounding of chemotherapy is a recognized method for reducing drug waste, and professional organizations have published guidelines recommending dose rounding when possible.

Summary
On the basis of current literature and guideline recommendations, Mayo Clinic developed system-wide consensus to allow dose rounding for biologic and chemotherapy agents to the nearest vial size if rounding resulted in the dose being within 10% of the originally calculated dose or to a convenient measurable volume, based on concentration of the drug, if rounding to the nearest vial size resulted in the dose being outside the 10% range. Oncology pharmacists reviewed and analyzed all drugs listed in the EHR used in injectable form for the treatment of cancer and developed dose rounding rules. The rules were implemented and applied at the dose calculation stage before provider signature. From January to June 2019, approximately 40,000 cancer treatment doses were administered. The rounding rules saved a total of 9,814 vials of drug, of which 5,329 were for biologic agents and 4,485 were for oncolytic drugs. This resulted in a total 6-month cost savings of $7,284,796 (in 2019 dollars; biologics, $5,727,402; oncolytics, $1,557,394).

Conclusion
Systematic implementation of dose rounding rules utilizing the EHR can result in significant reduction of drug waste and realization of savings.
Prevalence of and incentives for board certification among hospital pharmacy departments in California
Authors: Yeung Samantha L , Vu Christina A , Wang Mengxi , Lou Mimi , Ng Tien M H 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPurposeBoard of Pharmacy Specialties (BPS) certification is endorsed to distinguish pharmacists for advanced practice areas, yet perceived value to stakeholders remains poorly described. This study characterized how board certification is integrated in hospital pharmacy departments across California.MethodsA prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in which a survey was administered to all hospital pharmacy directors in California between November 2019 and March 2020. Licensed institutions and corresponding pharmacy directors were identified from the California State Board of Pharmacy. The survey queried for institution and pharmacy director characteristics and if/how board certification was integrated. Multivariable logistic models identified predictors of institutions with at least 25% full-time board certified pharmacists and those that reward board certification.ResultsSurveys were completed by 29% of institutions. Most of these institutions were urban (81%) and nonteaching (57%), with fewer than 325 hospital beds (71%), and with fewer than 50 full-time pharmacist positions (86%). The majority reported that less than 25% of their pharmacists were board certified. Currently, 47% consider board certification during hiring and 38% reward board certified employees. Predictors of institutions with 25% or more board certified pharmacists included being a teaching institution (odds ratio [OR], 2.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-7.06), having 325 or more beds (OR, 7.17; 95% CI, 2.86-17.97), and having a pharmacy director who was previously or currently board certified (OR, 3.69; 95% CI, 1.46-9.35). Hospitals with 100 or more pharmacist positions predicted institutions that reward board certification (OR, 16.69; 95% CI, 1.78-156.86).ConclusionBoard certification was an employment preference for almost half of the hospital survey respondents in California. Institutions more likely to reward board certified pharmacists are larger, urban, and teaching hospitals and have pharmacy directors who have been board certified.