bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenomic analysis ofTibouchina s.s.(Melastomataceae) highlights the evolutionary complexity of Neotropical savannas
Authors: Jantzen Johanna R , Guimarães Paulo J F , Pederneiras Leandro C , Oliveira Ana L F , Soltis Douglas E , Soltis Pamela S 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe origin of the high biodiversity in the Neotropics remains an unresolved but critical question, especially for the species-rich but understudied savannas of Brazil, such as the campos rupestres and Cerrado. To address this knowledge gap, we leveraged Tibouchina s.s., a clade of flowering plants in Melastomataceae found in the Cerrado and campos rupestres, to uncover the processes that generated the hyper-diverse flora of Neotropical savannas. We used a phylogenomic approach combined with ecological niche modelling and biogeographic analysis to infer the evolutionary processes that have influenced the diversification of Tibouchina s.s. We identified the importance of multiple interacting evolutionary forces, including geographical and ecological divergence, polyploidy and hybridization, and found that Tibouchina s.s. harbours greater diversity than once thought due to polyphyletic species, polyploid species and previously undocumented species. Taken together, these findings support a complex evolutionary history for Tibouchina and underscore the need for continued efforts to generate thoroughly sampled, robust phylogenetic trees for additional plant clades of these threatened Neotropical savannas and for intensive collecting and taxonomic work in these highly diverse but neglected regions.
Development of calciphylaxis in kidney transplant recipients with a functioning graft
Authors: Guillén-Olmos Elena , Torregrosa Jose Vicente , Garcia-Herrera Adriana , Ganau Sergi , Diekmann Fritz , Cucchiari David 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
Calciphylaxis is not uniquely observed in uraemic patients, as some cases have also been reported in patients with normal renal function or moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD), in association with severe vasculopathy or systemic inflammation. A particular subset worthy of studying is represented by those patients who develop calciphylaxis after kidney transplantation (KT).

Methods
Analysis of the local series of calciphylaxis after KT (n = 14) along with all the other cases reported in the literature from 1969 to 2019 (n = 31), for a total population of 45 patients, is presented. Demographic data, CKD history, risk factors, immunosuppression, clinical presentation and management have been analysed both as a whole and according to the time period (before or after the year 2000).

Results
Calciphylaxis developed during the first year after KT in 43.2% of patients and median (interquartile range) creatinine at diagnosis was 2.4 (1.25–4.64) mg/dL. The most frequent presentation included distal purpura or ulcers in one-third of cases and 39.1% of patients were receiving vitamin K antagonists. PTH values were above 500 pg/mL and below 100 pg/mL in 50.0% and 25.0% of cases, respectively. Whole population mortality was 55.6%. As expected, clinical presentation, immunosuppression and management varied depending on the time period. Patients diagnosed after 2000 were older, with longer dialysis vintage, and treatment was usually multimodal; on the contrary, in patients diagnosed before 2000, parathyroidectomy was the treatment of choice in 61.9% of cases.

Conclusions
Calciphylaxis can still occur after KT, in many cases during the first year and in patients with a good renal function. Risk factors and management varied according to the time period studied.
Prognostic significance of plaque location in non-obstructive coronary artery disease: from the CONFIRM registry
Authors: Han Donghee , Chen Billy , Gransar Heidi , Achenbach Stephan , Al-Mallah Mouaz H , Budoff Matthew J , Cademartiri Filippo , Maffei Erica , Callister Tracy Q , Chinnaiyan Kavitha , Chow Benjamin J W , DeLago Augustin , Hadamitzky Martin , Hausleiter Joerg , Kaufmann Philipp A , Villines Todd C , Kim Yong Jin , Leipsic Jonathon , Feuchtner Gudrun , Cury Ricardo C , Pontone Gianluca , Andreini Daniele , Marques Hugo , Rubinshtein Ronen , Chang Hyuk Jae , Lin Fay Y , Shaw Leslee J , Min James K , Berman Daniel S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aim
Obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in proximal coronary segments is associated with a poor prognosis. However, the relative importance of plaque location regarding the risk for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with non-obstructive CAD has not been well defined.

Methods and results
From the Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter (CONFIRM) registry, 4644 patients without obstructive CAD were included in this study. The degree of stenosis was classified as 0 (no) and 1–49% (non-obstructive). Proximal involvement was defined as any plaque present in the left main or the proximal segment of the left anterior descending artery, left circumflex artery, and right coronary artery. Extensive CAD was defined as segment involvement score of &gt;4. During a median follow-up of 5.2 years (interquartile range 4.1–6.0), 340 (7.3%) MACE occurred. Within the non-obstructive CAD group (n = 2065), proximal involvement was observed in 1767 (85.6%) cases. When compared to non-obstructive CAD patients without proximal involvement, those with proximal involvement had an increased MACE risk (log-rank P = 0.033). Multivariate Cox analysis showed when compared to patients with no CAD, proximal non-obstructive CAD was associated with increased MACE risk [hazard ratio (HR) 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47–2.45, P &lt; 0.001] after adjusting for extensive CAD and conventional cardiovascular risk factors; however, non-proximal non-obstructive CAD did not increase MACE risk (HR 1.26, 95% CI 0.79–2.01, P = 0.339).

Conclusions
Independent of plaque extent, proximal coronary involvement was associated with increased MACE risk in patients with non-obstructive CAD. The plaque location information by coronary computed tomography angiography may provide additional risk prediction over CAD extent in patients with non-obstructive CAD.
Anti-inflammatory therapy in ischaemic heart disease: from canakinumab to colchicine
Authors: Andreotti Felicita , Maggioni Aldo Pietro , Campeggi Alice , Iervolino Adelaide , Scambia Giovanni , Massetti Massimo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Four large trials have recently evaluated the effects of anti-inflammatory drugs in the secondary prevention of major cardiovascular events (MACE) in over 25 000 patients followed for 1.9–3.7 years. CANTOS tested subcutaneous canakinumab [an anti-interleukin (IL) 1β antibody] 300 mg every 3 months against placebo in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) &gt;2 mg/L, demonstrating efficacy in preventing MACE but increased rates of fatal infections. COLCOT (in patients with recent MI) and LoDoCo2 (in patients with chronic coronary syndromes) tested oral colchicine (an NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor) 0.5 mg daily vs. placebo, demonstrating prevention of MACE with a slightly increased risk of pneumonia in COLCOT (0.9 vs. 0.4%) but not in LoDoCo2. CIRT tested oral methotrexate (an anti-rheumatic anti-nuclear factor-kB) 15–20 mg per week against placebo in ischaemic heart disease patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome, without significant reduction in MACE rates or in circulating IL6 or CRP levels, and with increased risk of skin cancers. In summary, canakinumab and colchicine have shown efficacy in preventing MACE in ischaemic heart disease patients, but only colchicine has acceptable safety (and cost) for use in secondary cardiovascular prevention. Clinical results are expected with the anti-IL6 ziltivekimab.
Back to the future: DCB use instead of DES for the treatment of complex, native coronary artery disease
Authors: Cortese Bernardo , Sanchez-Jimenez Erick 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The increasing complexity of coronary artery lesions in patients with significant co-morbidities and the need for revascularization, but with the ineligibility for surgical approach, has turned the percutaneous coronary intervention a challenging task, especially in a setting in which short- and long-term complications after drug-eluting stent implantation are high. Drug-coated balloons (DCBs) have become an important tool to replace stent placement in specific situations such as small coronary artery disease and in-stent restenosis. Although preliminary data of DCB use in complex lesions is promising, the available data are still limited. Therefore, in this article, we review the most recent and relevant literature about the use of DCB in native vessel disease and in complex anatomies/patients, and pretend to justify the necessity to develop well design trials about the use of this therapy in such settings, also thinking at DCBs as a complementary tool to drug-eluting stents.
Ventricular fibrillation ablation in cardiomyopathies and arrhythmic storm
Authors: Pappone Carlo , Negro Gabriele , Ciconte Giuseppe 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a relevant contributor to cardiovascular mortality, often occurring as a dramatic event. It can be the consequence of a ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF), a common and life-threatening arrhythmia. The underlying mechanisms of this catastrophic arrhythmia are poorly known. In fact, it can occur in the presence of a structural heart condition which itself generates the suitable substrate for this arrhythmia. Nevertheless, a VF may cause SCD also in young and otherwise healthy individuals, without overt structural abnormalities, generating difficulties in the screening and prevention of these patients. The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator represents the only therapy to contrast SCD by treating a VT/VF; however, it cannot prevent the occurrence of such arrhythmias. Catheter ablation is emerging as an essential therapeutic tool in the management of patients experiencing ventricular arrhythmias.
Present and future of coronary risk assessment
Authors: Prati Francesco , Biccirè Flavio Giuseppe , Budassi Simone 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe search for subclinical atherosclerosis is carried out in several arterial districts using ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT). Coronary calcium assessed by computerized tomography (calcium score) is a well-validated marker of atherosclerosis and able to correlate with the extent of coronary artery disease and the risk of cardiovascular events. The evaluation of carotid atherosclerosis by ultrasonography is a technically simple and low-cost solution. However, the literature does not provide a sufficient number of evidence to clarify the clinical impact of carotid atherosclerosis and in particular the risk of developing cardiac events. According to the researchers of the Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis (PESA) study, subclinical atherosclerosis research should preferably be carried out in the femoral district, which is more easily affected by atherosclerosis. Pending the data from the PESA study, which will better clarify the role of ultrasound applied in non-coronary districts, the coronary calcifications seems to be a reasonable solution. It is possible that in the future imaging techniques (CT-PET) capable of studying the extent and functional status of coronary atherosclerosis will further improve the identification of the risk of cardiovascular events.
Clinical research methodology process: what is changing with COVID-19?
Authors: Tavazzi Luigi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The repercussions of the pandemic in progress on clinical research have been the systematic interruption of ongoing research and the explosion of fragmented, uncoordinated, often technically insufficient anti-COVID-19 research. Networks of expert centres have emerged setting up well-structured research, adopting much more efficient and aggressive designs than traditional ones. Adaptive designs, characterized by flexibility and mouldability even in the course of studies, which is essential in an epidemic with thousands of simultaneous studies aimed at the same objectives. Some studies are structured with networks of hospitals around guidance centres, such as RECOVERY (Oxford University, UK) and SOLIDARITY (WHO, 30 countries); others with networks of expert centres mostly organized in a combined model: some expert centres test new molecules in Phase 2 in a limited number of patients, and orient promising ones towards connected networks for Phase 3. Cortisones and tentatively cytokines are acquired in the official recommendation. Another emerging model is the pragmatic trial, also called, more expressively, ‘remote’ or ‘virtual’. So it is in fact: the web replaces the direct link between patients and doctors/research operators (CROs included), behind which there will be omnipresent big-techs.
Is physical activity always good for you? The physical activity paradox
Authors: Temporelli Pier Luigi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Regular physical activity is a known protective factor for the prevention of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, breast, and colon cancer. Physical activity also has benefits for mental health, delays the onset of dementia, contributes to the maintenance of an adequate body weight and to general well-being. Research on physical activity has mainly focused on leisure and total time, and less on the activity in the workplace. The current guidelines actually recommend physical activity in any form and do not distinguish between the different areas, e.g. physical activity carried out during leisure time, at home or at work. However, new evidence suggests a contrast between the health effects of physical activity in leisure time vs. that in the workplace. In particular, while physical activity, even of high intensity in leisure time, has been associated with positive health outcomes, adverse consequences have been documented for physical activity in the workplace, both in terms of cardiovascular diseases, work absences due to illness and mortality from all causes. These contrasting effects of physical activity in leisure time compared to that in the workplace constitute the so-called ‘physical activity paradox’.
“It's like being involved in a car crash”: teen pregnancy narratives of adolescents and young adults in Jos, Nigeria
Authors: Olorunsaiye Comfort Z , Degge Hannah M , Ubanyi Tina O , Achema Timothy A , Yaya Sanni 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Adolescent pregnancy has serious public health implications, with far-reaching outcomes extending past the mother and child and affecting society. The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experience of adolescent pregnancy in Jos, Nigeria.

Methods
We conducted in-depth interviews with 17 adolescents and young women ages 16–24 y in Jos, Nigeria who had experienced at least one teenage pregnancy. Participants were purposively recruited; each provided written informed consent before interviewing. We identified codes and themes using an inductive analytic approach.

Results
Among the 17 participants, 14 had never been married and 10 had completed senior secondary school. Participants commonly associated adolescent pregnancy with inappropriate behaviour, immaturity and premarital childbearing. The main risk factors for adolescent pregnancy were lack of sexual and reproductive health education and parental communication. Pregnancy evoked feelings of fear, shame, anxiety and depression. Most pregnancies resulted in live births, while some participants had stillbirths or induced abortion. Some participants successfully completed their education post-pregnancy.

Conclusions
Adolescents in this study lacked adequate sexual and reproductive health education that could empower them to make informed decisions and take action regarding their sexual and reproductive health. Multifaceted actions to address reproductive health education gaps can contribute to reducing adolescent pregnancy in Nigeria.
Expression of Brown and Southern Black Widow Spider (Araneae: Theridiidae) Latrotoxins Is Tissue- and Life Stage-Specific for α-Latroinsectotoxins and δ-Latroinsectotoxins and Is Ubiquitous for α-Latrotoxins
Authors: Torres Sebastian L , Landeros Abraham , Penhallegon Eleanor J , Salazar Kaleth , Porter Lindsay M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Widow spiders are widely known for their potent venom toxins that make them among the few spiders of medical concern. The latrotoxins are the most well-studied widow toxins and include both the vertebrate-specific latrotoxins and the insect-specific latroinsectotoxins (LITs). Previous studies have shown that toxins are not limited to expression in the venom glands of adult spiders; however, gaps exist in latrotoxin screening across all life stages for brown widows, Latrodectus geometricus and southern black widows, Latrodectus mactans. In this study, we screened male and female venom gland, cephalothorax, and abdomen tissues, spiderling cephalothorax and abdomen tissues, and eggs of both L. geometricus and L. mactans, for the presence of three latrotoxins: α-latrotoxin (α-LTX), and α- and δ-latroinsectotoxins (α/δ-LITs). Widows were locally collected. Extracted RNA was used to prepare cDNA that was analyzed by PCR for the presence or absence of latrotoxin expression. Results show that expression profiles between the two species are very similar but not identical. Expression of α-LTX was found in all life stages in all tissues examined for both species. For both species, no LIT expression was detected in eggs and variable patterns of α-LIT expression were detected in spiderlings and adults. Notably, δ-LIT could only be detected in females for both species. Our results show that latrotoxin expression profiles differ within and between widow species. Data on their expression distribution provide further insight into the specific latrotoxins that contribute to toxicity profiles for each life stage in each species and their specific role in widow biology.
The Utility of Dynamic Movement Orthoses in the Management of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome—A Case Series
Authors: Powell Jordan E , Boehm Jamie O , Bicher Jessica H , Reece Christopher L , Davis Shelton A , Pasquina Paul F 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a relatively rare, but debilitating condition that may occur after limb or peripheral nerve trauma. Typical symptoms of CRPS include swelling, allodynia, hyperalgesia, and skin temperature changes. Although a variety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches are commonly used in caring for individuals with CRPS, they are frequently ineffective and often associated with side effects and/or additional risks. Previously, elastomeric orthotic garments have been shown to decrease neuropathic pain, reduce edema, and increase proprioception, but no previous reports have described their use in treating CRPS. Accordingly, this case series describes our experiences using a Lycra-based, custom-fabricated Dynamic Movement Orthosis (DMO) as a novel treatment to reduce the symptoms of CRPS and promote function. Four patients were included in this case series, all of whom had very different causes for their CRPS, including a combat-related gunshot injury resulting in multiple foot fractures with a partial nerve injury, a post-metatarsophalangeal fusion, an L5 radiculopathy, and a case of post-lower leg fasciotomies. These four patients all reported subjective improvement in their pain, function, and exercise tolerance in association with their DMO use. All patients demonstrated reduced use of analgesic medications. The pre- and post-DMO lower extremity functional scale showed clinically significant improvement in the two patients for which it was obtained.
Pre-supernova feedback mechanisms drive the destruction of molecular clouds in nearby star-forming disc galaxies
Authors: Chevance Mélanie , Kruijssen J M Diederik , Krumholz Mark R , Groves Brent , Keller Benjamin W , Hughes Annie , Glover Simon C O , Henshaw Jonathan D , Herrera Cinthya N , Kim Jaeyeon , Leroy Adam K , Pety Jérôme , Razza Alessandro , Rosolowsky Erik , Schinnerer Eva , Schruba Andreas , Barnes Ashley T , Bigiel Frank , Blanc Guillermo A , Dale Daniel A , Emsellem Eric , Faesi Christopher M , Grasha Kathryn , Klessen Ralf S , Kreckel Kathryn , Liu Daizhong , Longmore Steven N , Meidt Sharon E , Querejeta Miguel , Saito Toshiki , Sun Jiayi , Usero Antonio 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
It is a major open question which physical processes stop gas accretion on to giant molecular clouds (GMCs) and limit the efficiency at which gas is converted into stars. While feedback from supernova explosions has been the popular feedback mechanism included in simulations of galaxy formation and evolution, ‘early’ feedback mechanisms such as stellar winds, photoionization, and radiation pressure are expected to play an important role in dispersing the gas after the onset of star formation. These feedback processes typically take place on small scales (∼10–100 pc) and their effects have therefore been difficult to constrain in environments other than the Milky Way. We apply a novel statistical method to ∼1 arcsec resolution maps of CO and H α across a sample of nine nearby galaxies, to measure the time over which GMCs are dispersed by feedback from young, high-mass stars, as a function of the galactic environment. We find that GMCs are typically dispersed within ∼3 Myr on average after the emergence of unembedded high-mass stars, with variations within galaxies associated with morphological features rather than radial trends. Comparison with analytical predictions demonstrates that, independently of the environment, early feedback mechanisms (particularly photoionization and stellar winds) play a crucial role in dispersing GMCs and limiting their star formation efficiency in nearby galaxies. Finally, we show that the efficiency at which the energy injected by these early feedback mechanisms couples with the parent GMC is relatively low (a few tens of per cent), such that the vast majority of momentum and energy emitted by the young stellar populations escapes the parent GMC.
Investigating the spectra and physical nature of galaxy scale jets
Authors: Webster B , Croston J H , Harwood J J , Baldi R D , Hardcastle M J , Mingo B , Röttgering H J A 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Previous studies have shown that physically small, low-luminosity radio galaxies, which we refer to as galaxy scale jets (GSJ), could potentially have a significant effect upon the host galaxy’s evolution. Using 6-arcsec resolution images taken from the first release of the LOFAR Two Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS DR1), we identified a representative sample of nine potential GSJ for which we obtained high-resolution, 2–4 GHz data using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA). Using these data, we aim to verify the GSJ nature of these sources as well as investigating the potential role of feedback. Our VLA images reveal a diversity of structures, confirm the hosts for four of the sources and find that a fifth is the first known example of a galaxy-scale remnant showing that some radio galaxies never grow beyond the GSJ stage. We also derive spectral ages and the first estimates of the lobe expansion speeds of GSJ. We find our GSJ have maximum spectral ages of 60 Myr with most between about 5 and 20 Myr, consistent with being located along an evolutionary path joining compact sources and larger radio galaxies. We find lobe advance speeds a few times the local sound speed, with most GSJ predicted to be driving strong shocks into their environment and having a significant impact upon the host’s evolution. Our discovery of a remnant GSJ, which will eventually transfer all of its energy directly into the local environment, represents an important and previously hidden aspect of AGN life cycles.