bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing adversarial defense for medical image analysis systems with pruning and attention mechanism
Authors: Chen Lun , Zhao Lu , Chen Calvin Yu‐Chian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeDeep learning has achieved impressive performance across a variety of tasks, including medical image processing. However, recent research has shown that deep neural networks (DNNs) are susceptible to small adversarial perturbations in the image, which raise safety concerns about the deployment of these systems in clinical settings.MethodsTo improve the defense of the medical imaging system against adversarial examples, we propose a new model‐based defense framework for medical image DNNs model equipped with pruning and attention mechanism module based on the analysis of the reason why existing medical image DNNs models are vulnerable to attacks from adversarial examples is that complex biological texture of medical imaging and overparameterized medical image DNNs model.ResultsThree benchmark medical image datasets have verified the effectiveness of our method in improving the robustness of medical image DNNs models. In the chest X‐ray datasets, our defending method can even achieve up 77.18% defense rate for projected gradient descent attack and 69.49% defense rate for DeepFool attack. And through ablation experiments on the pruning module and the attention mechanism module, it is verified that the use of pruning and attention mechanism can effectively improve the robustness of the medical image DNNs model.ConclusionsCompared with the existing model‐based defense methods proposed for natural images, our defense method is more suitable for medical images. Our method can be a general strategy to approach the design of more explainable and secure medical deep learning systems, and can be widely used in various medical image tasks to improve the robustness of medical models.
Dielectric polymer nanocomposites: Past advances and future prospects in electrical insulation perspective
Authors: Pandey Jeewan Chandra , Singh Manohar 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPolymeric materials enjoy widespread acceptance among electrical insulation design engineers due to their multi‐functional attributes (e.g., excellent dielectric properties, high strength to weight ratio, and ease of molding). However, charge accumulation at the high DC field, poor discharge resistance, low thermal conductivity, limited‐service temperature range, and inadequate stiffness have proven to be severe obstructions to far‐reaching utilization of these materials. To ensure the reliability of today's electrical power systems, novel dielectric materials with enhanced functionalities are essential. An idea that originated under the name of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) is supposed to provide a viable solution to the challenges mentioned earlier. PNCs are made by mixing a small quantity of nanometer‐sized fillers into a polymer matrix and dispersing them uniformly. To effectively use PNCs in electrical insulation for power apparatus, extensive research into the physical and chemical phenomena associated with these new materials is required. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of previous research on dielectric PNCs, including synthesis, electrical and nonelectrical characterization, and attendant issues from an electrical insulation standpoint.
Molecular design strategies for high‐performance organic electrochemical transistors
Authors: Li Peiyun , Lei Ting 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOrganic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) utilize ion flow from the electrolyte to modulate the electrical conductivity of the whole bulk organic semiconductor channel. With the characteristic of mixed ionic‐electronic conducting in the entire volume, OECTs exhibit high transconductance and act as good transducers, particularly in bioelectronics. To gain high‐performance OECTs, developing novel high‐performance polymeric semiconductors is important. In this article, operation principles, performance evaluations, and polymerization methods are first discussed. We then analyze the molecular design strategies for high‐performance OECT materials and highlight the characteristics and effects of backbone design and side chain engineering. Finally, we discuss some neglected and unsolved issues and provide an outlook for the OECTs research and development.
Chest X‐ray lung imaging features in pediatric COVID‐19 and comparison with viral lower respiratory infections in young children
Authors: Nino Gustavo , Molto Jose , Aguilar Hector , Zember Jonathan , Sanchez‐Jacob Ramon , Diez Carlos T. , Tabrizi Pooneh R. , Mohammed Bilal , Weinstock Jered , Xuchen Xilei , Kahanowitch Ryan , Arroyo Maria , Linguraru Marius G. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRationaleChest radiography (CXR) is a noninvasive imaging approach commonly used to evaluate lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in children. However, the specific imaging patterns of pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) on CXR, their relationship to clinical outcomes, and the possible differences from LRTIs caused by other viruses in children remain to be defined.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional study of patients seen at a pediatric hospital with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) (n = 95). Patients were subdivided in infants (0–2 years, n = 27), children (3–10 years, n = 27), and adolescents (11–19 years, n = 41). A sample of young children (0–2 years, n = 68) with other viral lower respiratory infections (LRTI) was included to compare their CXR features with the subset of infants (0–2 years) with COVID‐19.ResultsForty‐five percent of pediatric patients with COVID‐19 were hospitalized and 20% required admission to intensive care unit (ICU). The most common abnormalities identified were ground‐glass opacifications (GGO)/consolidations (35%) and increased peribronchial markings/cuffing (33%). GGO/consolidations were more common in older individuals and perihilar markings were more common in younger subjects. Subjects requiring hospitalization or ICU admission had significantly more GGO/consolidations in CXR (p < .05). Typical CXR features of pediatric viral LRTI (e.g., hyperinflation) were more common in non‐COVID‐19 viral LRTI cases than in COVID‐19 cases (p < .05).ConclusionsCXR may be a complemental exam in the evaluation of moderate or severe pediatric COVID‐19 cases. The severity of GGO/consolidations seen in CXR is predictive of clinically relevant outcomes. Hyperinflation could potentially aid clinical assessment in distinguishing COVID‐19 from other types of viral LRTI in young children.
The first reported use of autologous blood pleurodesis for treatment of prolonged air leak in COVID‐19‐related spontaneous pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax: A case report
Authors: S. Rashid Ali Muhammad Redzwan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSpontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) and pneumothorax (PTX) have been described as rare complications of COVID‐19 pneumonia. We present a case of COVID‐19 pneumonia which was complicated by SPM on Day 13 of admission with progression to spontaneous PTX 2 days later which necessitated intercostal chest drainage. It was complicated by prolonged air leak (PAL) for the next 9 days despite being on continued low‐dose suction and another additional larger bore intercostal drain inserted. Surgical pleurodesis was not an option in view of anaesthesia and operative risk expected in COVID‐19. In view of this, autologous blood pleurodesis (ABP) to address the alveolar pleural leak was opted. ABP has been previously used for PAL in cases of non‐COVID‐19‐related intractable spontaneous PTX. The air leak ceased with subsequent lung re‐expansion, with good clinical and radiological improvement. He was discharged well after resolution of PTX which required intercostal drain for a total of 15 days.
Sustainable development of carbon sinks? Lessons from three types of peatland partnerships in Indonesia
Authors: Miller Michelle Ann , Tonoto Prayoto , Taylor David 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPeatland conversion for agriculture is the leading cause of Indonesia's terrestrial carbon emissions that contribute substantially to global warming. Indonesia's peatlands contain 55–57 billion tonnes of carbon, the equivalent of almost 2 years of global carbon emissions at existing rates. This paper examines initiatives to retain soil‐based carbon in Indonesia's province of Riau, where over half the surface area is composed of agriculturally productive peatlands. We qualitatively evaluate three types of partnership programmes (bilateral, co‐governed and internationally funded local initiatives) in Riau aimed at the sustainable development of peatlands. The article finds that carbon loss is likely to persist in all case studies. Public, private and civil society actors in each partnership have exploited funding and political opportunities to advance agendas not directly related to the environment. The administrative category of the peatland hydrological unit as an ecologically meaningful scale of peatland governance is also under‐utilised by the partnerships studied.
O‐Galactosylation of Diphenolic Compounds Using Boc Activation: A Convenient Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Rajendran Divya , Bhagavathsingh Jebasingh 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHerein we report the convenient synthesis of O‐galactosylation of diphenolic systems such as Dopamine, L‐DOPA, and Fluorescein by the reaction of Boc‐activated diphenols with α‐bromoacetogalactose in the presence of AgOTf as a promoter and MS 3 Å as an acid scavenger. The Boc protected amine and diphenolic hydroxyl group using t‐butyl dicarbonate facilitates the formation of galactosylated products in the two steps such as Boc‐activation and followed by galactosylation. The protection of C‐terminal carboxylic acid is essential to isolate the β‐ isomer of L‐DOPA glycoside under the same condition. The Boc‐activation of the hydroxyl group in diphenols enhances the nucleophilicity of glycosyl acceptor and the corresponding yields of 72–84 % as β‐isomer through the formation of oxocarbenium intermediate.
High‐Rate Aqueous Aluminum‐Ion Batteries Enabled by Confined Iodine Conversion Chemistry
Authors: Yang Shuo , Li Chuan , Lv Haiming , Guo Xun , Wang Yanbo , Han Cuiping , Zhi Chunyi , Li Hongfei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMost reported cathode materials for rechargeable aqueous Al metal batteries are based on an intercalative‐type chemistry mechanism. Herein, iodine embedded in MOF‐derived N‐doped microporous carbon polyhedrons (I2@ZIF‐8‐C) is proposed to be a conversion‐type cathode material for aqueous aluminum‐ion batteries based on “water‐in‐salt” electrolytes. Compared with the conventional Al–I2 battery using ionic liquid electrolyte, the proposed aqueous Al–I2 battery delivers much enhanced electrochemical performance in terms of specific capacity and voltage plateaus. Benefitting from the confined liquid–solid conversion of iodine in hierarchical N‐doped microporous carbon polyhedrons and enhanced reaction kinetics of aqueous electrolytes, the I2@ZIF‐8‐C electrode delivers high reversibility, superior specific capacity (≈219.8 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1), and high rate performance (≈102.6 mAh g−1 at 8 A g−1). The reversible reaction between I2 and I−, with I3− and I5− as intermediates, is confirmed via ex situ Raman spectra and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, solid‐state hydrogel electrolyte is employed to fabricate a flexible Al–I2 battery, which shows performance comparable to batteries using liquid electrolyte and can be integrated to power wearable devices as a reliable energy supply.
Maintenance of Neural Stem-Progenitor Cells by the Lysosomal Biosynthesis Regulators TFEB and TFE3 in the Embryonic Mouse Telencephalon
Authors: Yuizumi Naoya , Harada Yujin , Kuniya Takaaki , Sunabori Takehiko , Koike Masato , Wakabayashi Masaki , Ishihama Yasushi , Suzuki Yutaka , Kawaguchi Daichi , Gotoh Yukiko 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLysosomes have recently been implicated in regulation of quiescence in adult neural stem cells (NSCs). Whether lysosomes regulate the differentiation of neural stem-progenitor cells (NPCs) in the embryonic brain has remained unknown, however. We here show that lysosomes are more abundant in rapidly dividing NPCs than in differentiating neurons in the embryonic mouse neocortex and ganglionic eminence. The genes for TFEB and TFE3, master regulators of lysosomal biosynthesis, as well as other lysosome-related genes were also expressed at higher levels in NPCs than in differentiating neurons. Anatomic analysis revealed accumulation of lysosomes at the apical and basal endfeet of NPCs. Knockdown of TFEB and TFE3, or that of the lysosomal transporter Slc15a4, resulted in premature differentiation of neocortical NPCs. Conversely, forced expression of an active form of TFEB (TFEB-AA) suppressed neuronal differentiation of NPCs in association with upregulation of NPC-related genes. These results together point to a previously unappreciated role for TFEB and TFE3, and possibly for lysosomes, in maintenance of the undifferentiated state of embryonic NPCs. We further found that lysosomes are even more abundant in an NPC subpopulation that rarely divides and includes the embryonic origin of adult NSCs than in the majority of NPCs that divide frequently for construction of the embryonic brain, and that overexpression of TFEB-AA also suppressed the cell cycle of neocortical NPCs. Our results thus also implicate lysosomes in establishment of the slowly dividing, embryonic origin of adult NSCs.
Sars-Cov-2 Infects an Upper Airway Model Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Djidrovski Ivo , Georgiou Maria , Hughes Grant L. , Patterson Edward I. , Casas-Sanchez Aitor , Pennington Shaun H. , Biagini Giancarlo A. , Moya-Molina Marina , Bor Jelle , Smit Martine J. , Chung Git , Lako Majlinda , Armstrong Lyle 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAs one of the primary points of entry of xenobiotic substances and infectious agents into the body, the lungs are subject to a range of dysfunctions and diseases that together account for a significant number of patient deaths. In view of this, there is an outstanding need for in vitro systems in which to assess the impact of both infectious agents and xenobiotic substances of the lungs. To address this issue, we have developed a protocol to generate airway epithelial basal-like cells from induced pluripotent stem cells, which simplifies the manufacture of cellular models of the human upper airways. Basal-like cells generated in this study were cultured on transwell inserts to allow formation of a confluent monolayer and then exposed to an air-liquid interface to induce differentiation into a pseudostratified epithelial construct with a marked similarity to the upper airway epithelium in vivo. These constructs contain the component cell types required of an epithelial model system, produce mucus and functional cilia, and can support SARS-CoV-2 infection/replication and the secretion of cytokines in a manner similar to that of in vivo airways. This method offers a readily accessible and highly scalable protocol for the manufacture of upper airway models that could find applications in development of therapies for respiratory viral infections and the assessment of drug toxicity on the human lungs.
Academics' perception of systems engineering and applied research projects
Authors: Honoré‐Livermore Evelyn , Fossum Knut Robert , Veitch Erik 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThere is an increased complexity in applied research projects that demand more researcher skills, especially in managing the research project and interdisciplinary work. Researchers receive little training in how to manage such projects, yet most manage to deliver project results. There is a tradition of project management and systems engineering which benefits complex development projects in industrial settings. Despite the apparent benefits, we found limited application of either project management or systems engineering practices in academia. Furthermore, we found barriers to applying these practices in the first place, such as a lack of clear guidance or tools for their execution. A case study based on 18 semi‐structured interviews provides a perspective on academic research projects, and how the application of project management and systems engineering in an academic setting shows promise to improve the realization of concept design.
Long‐term ketamine administration induces bladder damage and upregulates autophagy‐associated proteins in bladder smooth muscle tissue
Authors: Li Yanning , Dong Zhibin , Wen Gehua , Ren Xinghua , Ren Weishu , Yan Lei , Wang Xiaolong , Yu Hao , Wu Xue , Xia Xi , Lu Yan , Wu Xu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLong‐term ketamine abuse can cause significant lower urinary tract symptoms in humans, termed ketamine‐associated cystitis (KC). Here, we established a model of long‐term (6 months) ketamine administration in wild‐type (C57BL/6) mice. We elucidated the pathological effects of ketamine in the bladder and investigated changes in autophagy‐associated protein expression (i.e., LC3, Beclin‐1, and P62) and inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL‐6 and IL‐1β) in the bladder smooth muscle tissue. Long‐term ketamine administration reduced the number of layers in the bladder mucosal epithelial cells (4–5 layers in the saline group vs. 2–3 layers in the ketamine groups), but increased the number of mast cells and collagen fibers. LC3‐II/LC3‐I, Beclin‐1, IL‐6, and IL‐1β protein expression in the bladder smooth muscle tissues of ketamine‐treated mice was significantly increased. The mRNA and protein levels of P62 in the Ket‐60 mg/kg group were also significantly increased, but not the Ket‐30 mg/kg group. Our results reveal that long‐term ketamine administration can cause cystitis‐like pathological changes in mice, and the disordered autophagy in the bladder tissue may be involved in the persistent bladder damage following long‐term administration of ketamine at 60 mg/kg.
Building Bridges: Curating Text Sets to Connect to Learners’ Lives
Authors: Opatz Margaret Osgood , Nelson Elizabeth Thackeray 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe authors demonstrate how teachers can scaffold instruction that invites students into the learning process by presenting engaging, relevant material. Employing five steps, the authors describe how to curate and sequence text sets: access learners’ funds of knowledge, begin with the end in mind, consult the curriculum to determine areas that require additional resources, gather texts, and build a bridge. The authors provide an example text set based on Next Generation Science Standards to illustrate how the process of curating text sets builds bridges to help students develop background knowledge and foster meaningful connections to increase reading engagement.
Assessing leadership: Historical roots and contemporary considerations
Authors: Gigliotti Ralph A. , Shankman Marcy Levy 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLeadership inventories and assessments have emerged and evolved to meet the needs of unique historical moments. The article raises questions for how assessments and instruments may be used for the different purposes of leadership training, education, and development. The article concludes with a summary of the broad categories of leadership assessments, inventories, and tools presented in this volume.
Co‐curricular leadership tools: The use of inventories outside of the college classroom
Authors: Maia Ana C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMany college leadership educators use inventories as part of co‐curricular programs, outside the traditional classroom. This article will describe and critique the use of four instruments (Myers–Briggs Type Indicator, CliftonStrengths, Emotionally Intelligent Leadership Inventory, and EarthquakeTM Simulation) to support student development within the context of leadership as a relational, community‐oriented process. By using these tools intentionally, through a culturally relevant design and in line with students’ developmental readiness, co‐curricular educators can help foster leadership within each unique individual.
Utilizing leadership assessment tools in graduate education
Authors: Pierre Darren E. , Okstad Jonathan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWith the growing need to provide leadership development opportunities for graduate and professional students, this article discusses how to integrate leadership assessment and inventories within graduate and professional education. The DiSC personality test, insights discovery assessment, Myers–Briggs type indicator, and CliftonStrengths will be reviewed and described as tools to foster leadership identity development. Additionally, this article will discuss the need to connect these tools with existing theoretical frameworks.
Preparing young adults to become public sector leaders
Authors: James Nancy F. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article highlights the need for leader development for young professionals as early as possible in the college experience, particularly for those who will work in the public sector. The public sector has typically not provided the level of leadership training, education, and development often afforded new leaders in the private sector. This article provides insight into four assessments (Benchmarks for Managers, Workplace Big 5, Six Domains Leadership Survey, and Skillscope) that are suited for assessing leadership in the public sector and implications for preparing young adults to take on leadership roles in this sector.
Hypochlorous Acid Activating MB‐O to Release Methylene Blue for Photodegrading of Aβ Aggregates
Authors: Bao Xinlu , Yao Yusi , Xu Yunze , Shen Yang , Lv Guanglei , Zhao Dian , Li Chunxia 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAmyloid‐β (Aβ) aggregates are one of biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is well known that Aβ aggregates display neurotoxicty or cytotoxicity to neurons. Thus, degrading Aβ aggregates is crucial for exploring the treatment of AD. Moreover, the excessive production of HOCl in the AD brain is an important feature of the disease. Herein, a novel compound MB‐O based on methylene blue (MB) skeleton was designed and synthesized. The probe MB‐O can specifically react with HOCl, releasing the fluorophore MB with strong fluorescence intensity increase. More importantly, the released MB is capable of degrading Aβ aggregates under red light irradiation.