bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roles of the Default Mode and Multiple-Demand Networks in Naturalistic versus Symbolic Decisions
Authors: Smith Verity , Duncan John , Mitchell Daniel J. 
Published: January 2021

The default mode network (DMN) is often associated with representing semantic, social, and situational content of contexts and episodes. The DMN may therefore be important for contextual decision-making, through representing situational constraints and simulating common courses of events. Most decision-making paradigms, however, use symbolic stimuli and instead implicate cognitive control regions, such as the multiple demand (MD) system. This fMRI study aimed to contrast the brain mechanisms underlying decision-making based on rich naturalistic contexts or symbolic cues. While performing an ongoing task, 40 human participants (25 female) responded to different sounds. For one sound, the stimulus-response mapping was fixed; responses for the other sounds depended on the visual context: either lifelike scenes or letter symbols, varying across participants. Despite minimal behavioral differences between the groups, posterior DMN regions showed increased activity during context-dependent decision-making using the naturalistic scenes only, compared with symbolic cues. More anterior temporal and frontal DMN regions showed a different pattern, with sensitivity to the need for contextual control, but not to the type of context. Furthermore, in the scenes group, widespread DMN regions showed stronger representation of not just the context but also the sound whose significance it modulated. In comparison, the MD system showed strong univariate activity for every decision, but, intriguingly, somewhat reduced activity in the case of a scene-based but demanding context-dependent decision. Depending on context, we suggest, either DMN or MD regions may play a prominent role in selection and control of appropriate behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTContextual knowledge is widely believed to be important for guiding real-world goal-directed behavior. Much remains to be understood, however, regarding the underlying brain mechanisms. Using a novel paradigm to contrast decisions based on richly meaningful naturalistic scenes with decisions based on symbolic cues, we find that both multiple demand regions and default mode regions may contribute to the cognitive control of behavior. Rich semantic context enhances representation not just of the context itself, but also of the contents of the decision that it controls. Dependence of a decision on naturalistic context can also reverse the common pattern of multiple demand regions responding more, and default mode regions responding less, to more difficult decisions.
Kv4.3 Channel Dysfunction Contributes to Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain Manifested with Orofacial Cold Hypersensitivity in Rats
Authors: Kanda Hirosato , Ling Jennifer , Chang Ya-Ting , Erol Ferhat , Viatchenko-Karpinski Viacheslav , Yamada Akihiro , Noguchi Koichi , Gu Jianguo G. 
Published: January 2021

Trigeminal neuropathic pain is the most debilitating pain disorder but current treatments including opiates are not effective. A common symptom of trigeminal neuropathic pain is cold allodynia/hyperalgesia or cold hypersensitivity in orofacial area, a region where exposure to cooling temperatures are inevitable in daily life. Mechanisms underlying trigeminal neuropathic pain manifested with cold hypersensitivity are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated trigeminal neuropathic pain in male rats following infraorbital nerve chronic constrictive injury (ION-CCI). Assessed by the orofacial operant behavioral test, ION-CCI animals displayed orofacial cold hypersensitivity. The cold hypersensitivity was associated with the hyperexcitability of small-sized trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons that innervated orofacial regions. Furthermore, ION-CCI resulted in a reduction of A-type voltage-gated K+currents (IA currents) in these TG neurons. We further showed that these small-sized TG neurons expressed Kv4.3 voltage-gated K+channels, and Kv4.3 expression in these cells was significantly downregulated following ION-CCI. Pharmacological inhibition of Kv4.3 channels with phrixotoxin-2 inhibited IA-currents in these TG neurons and induced orofacial cold hypersensitivity. On the other hand, pharmacological potentiation of Kv4.3 channels amplified IA currents in these TG neurons and alleviated orofacial cold hypersensitivity in ION-CCI rats. Collectively, Kv4.3 downregulation in nociceptive trigeminal afferent fibers may contribute to peripheral cold hypersensitivity following trigeminal nerve injury, and Kv4.3 activators may be clinically useful to alleviate trigeminal neuropathic pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTrigeminal neuropathic pain, the most debilitating pain disorder, is often triggered and exacerbated by cooling temperatures. Here, we created infraorbital nerve chronic constrictive injury (ION-CCI) in rats, an animal model of trigeminal neuropathic pain to show that dysfunction of Kv4.3 voltage-gated K+channels in nociceptive-like trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons underlies the trigeminal neuropathic pain manifested with cold hypersensitivity in orofacial regions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pharmacological potentiation of Kv4.3 channels can alleviate orofacial cold hypersensitivity in ION-CCI rats. Our results may have clinical implications in trigeminal neuropathic pain in human patients, and Kv4.3 channels may be an effective therapeutic target for this devastating pain disorder.
Upaya Hukum Peninjauan Kembali Terhadap Putusan Bebas
Authors: Suhandi Hapit 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis legal research aims to determine the reasons for the convicted perpetrators of criminal acts in filing legal remedies for judicial review in an acquittal. The rules regarding the reasons for filing a judicial review are contained in Article 263 of the Criminal Procedure Code. The main requirement for filing legal remedies for judicial review is in Article 263 paragraph (1), namely that the court's decision must be legally binding. Then Article 263 paragraph (2) explains the material reasons for filing a legal reconsideration effort. The reason the convicted person filed a judicial review is in accordance with the provisions of Article 263 paragraph (2) letter c, the Cassation decision clearly shows a judge's mistake or an obvious mistake. The review is carried out by the prosecutor / public prosecutor as a legal breakthrough in an effort to obtain justice and truth due to new circumstances (novum), or mistakes or mistakes of judges and / or decisions that contradict one another. The Attorney General / Public Prosecutor does not use the cassation for the sake of the law which is his right and prefers to file a review. The Indonesian State Government System, as contained in the explanation of the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia is a state based on law (Rechtsstaat), not based on mere power (Machtsstaa). In this study using qualitative research methods, with a normative juridical approach. The results of this study, the study used normative legal research in which data collection was carried out through literature study and interviews with several sources, which were then analyzed qualitatively. The results of this study conclude that the prosecutor / public prosecutor filed a review on the legal basis of the provisions of Article 263 paragraph (3) of the Criminal Procedure Code, the provisions of Article 68 paragraph (1) of Law Number 3 of 2009 and the provisions of Article 24 paragraph (1) of Law No. 48 of 2009. Keywords: Reconsideration, Free Decision, Legal Remedies
Change in the state of an exploited fish population: From individual indicators to integral assessment
Authors: Boznak E. I. , Tereshchenko V. G. , Zakharov A. B. 
Published: January 2021

We adapted the approach used for the integral assessment of the status of ecosystems in order to assess population status. Classic theoretical concepts of fish population dynamics are the basis of this approach. The convolution of information about changes in several structural and functional characteristics into one integral index was performed using the analytical function of desirability. The index varied 0 to 1 and quantitatively characterizes the state of the population. This approach was tested on the example of the European grayling Thymallus thymallus (Linnaeus, 1758), inhabiting the Vym River (basin of the Northern Dvina River, North of the European part of Russia). The materials were collected during the environmental monitoring carried out by the Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IB FRC Komi SC UB RAS) in 2002, 2005–2019. The population parameters used in the calculations (relative abundance; average and maximum age of fish; the proportion of matured individuals in the 4+ age group; average specific growth rate of fish at the age of 6+; body weight of fish in the age group 6+) were characterized on the basis of the control net catches. Compared with the period 2005–2006, the value of the integral index in 2015–2018 decreased by almost two times. This indicates deterioration in the condition of the grayling group in the study area. There were no serious disturbances in the fish habitat in this area. The main hydrochemical and hydrobiological indicators have not changed significantly. The main reason for the observed changes is likely the significant increase in the impact of recreational anglers. The proposed integral index may be useful both for assessing the state of fish populations and for developing measures for the rational management of fish stocks.
Konstruksi Nalar Teologi Politik Fundamentalisme Islam dalam Perspektif Epistemologi Bayani Muhammad Abid Al-Jabiri
Authors: Izad Rohmatul 
Published: January 2021

The political theology of Islamic fundamentalism is a religious-political movement that wants the total application of Islamic teachings in the political system and at the same time rejects all modern political ideologies. Meanwhile, bayani epistemology is one of the epistemological concepts found by al-Jabiri in expressing Arabic-Islamic reasoning based on holy texts, as well as being the basis for criticism of the tendency of textual epistemology in the tradition of Islamic historical literature. Therefore, research on the logical construction of Islamic fundamentalism political theology from the perspective of Muhammad Abid al-Jabiri's bayani epistemology is very relevant. The method used in this research is the literature review method of al-Jabiri's thinking with critical analysis. The results of this study: first, the method of thinking of Islamic fundamentalism political theology is based on text (nash) or literalism-takfirism. They make holy texts (al-Qur'an and Sunnah) as the only basis for knowledge to arrive at the truth. Their way of thinking revolves around the problem of the concept of text, namely the relationship between lafadz and meaning, Uṣūl and furu ', as well as the position of the text between substance and accident. Second, the bayani dimension really colors the political theology of Islamic fundamentalism, which is textualistic and rejects all other epistemologies such as irfani and burhani. Based on textual reasoning, the theological reasoning of Islamic fundamentalism rests on three elements; (1) The dichotomous-dialectical paradigm, which sees everything in two opposing poles, such as black-and-white, right-wrong, and good-bad. (2) Islamic reasoning, which is politically-theocentric, namely a thought that understands that Islam and the state are integral and Islamic law must be applied in the divine political order. (3) Political jihad as Jihād fī Sabīlillāh, the jihad referred to here is war, both mental and physical. Jihad must be carried out to fight for an Islamic state as well as to fight against the enemies of Islam, both from within and from outside. This jihad is political in nature, but because it is based on religion, this jihad is considered as Jihād fī Sabīlillāh, which is a form of struggle in the path of Allah.
Effects Of Age, Body Mass Index, Complete Blood Count Parameters, and Biochemical Parameters on Stable COPD Patients
Authors: EMİN Muhammed , BALCI Aydın 
Published: January 2021

Aim: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is worldwide and mainly affects the elderly. It is often impossible to define COPD with specific lines, and it has no complete cure procedure, mostly established by guidelines. The GOLD guideline uses a sectional COPD evaluation approach to group patients by symptoms and former history of exacerbations. The concurrent detection of various biomarkers reflecting different pathobiological pathways might help recognize patients with an increased risk of death. Studies showed that obesity is related to decreased lung function in the general population due to respiratory mechanics, muscular discomfort, and breath control.Material and Method: Ninety patients with COPD, whose mean age was 62, and 74% were male, were divided into four groups as A, B, C, and D according to the GOLD classification, were included in our study. Analyses were conducted to investigate the association between biochemical parameters, BMI, age, gender, and disease severity, according to GOLD subgroups.Results: It has been demonstrated that COPD patients are generally over the age of 40 and age correlates with the severity of the disease consistent with previous studies. Our study has shown that COPD usually occurs over the age of 40, and there is a relationship between advanced age and the severity of COPD.Conclusion: Our results are consistent with previous studies where COPD patients are usually over 40 years old, and age is linked to disease severity. While the BMI values of the patients in group B were higher than those of group A, it was compatible with studies showing the relationship between obesity and severity of COPD; being higher than C and D groups was consistent with the studies revealing the obesity paradox. Crp, Procalcitonin, Sedimentation, Calcium, Magnesium levels, and other complete blood count values showed no significant difference between GOLD groups.
EVALUATION OF SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC, LABORATORY, AND PROGNOSIS OF EXTRAPULMONARY AND PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS AMONG CHILDREN IN SULAIMANI CITY FROM 2014 TO 2019
Authors: Salih Khalid 
Published: January 2021

Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in both developing and developed countries. Children with Tuberculosis is also achieve epidemiological indicators in terms of forming the future Tuberculosis pool. The diagnosis of Tuberculosis is difficult in children because there is no standard clinical and radiological description.
Objectives
We aimed to evaluate and compare the sociodemographic, medical history, laboratory, and radiologic findings of childhood pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB.
Patients and Methods
The medical records of childhood TB patients aged from 1st month of life to 15 years old for six years between the 1st January 2014 and the 31st December 2019 were reviewed. All patients with pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB were included. A predesigned questionnaire was used to document information of patient’s record which included; demographic data, medical history, radiological, laboratory finding, and prognosis.
Results
Sixty medical records files of children with tuberculosis were recorded in this study. 47 (78.3%) of them had extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) and 13 (21.7%) had pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). female patients were more in both; PTB 8 (61.5%) and EPTB 25 (53.2%0, totally 33(55.0%) compared to the male with PTB which were 5 (38.5%) ,and 22 (46.8%) EPTB with no significant difference statistically (p=0.59), TB was more common in children less than 5 which account 31 (51.7%) especially EPTB were 29 (61.7%) then 2nd most common age were 11-15 year and were 21 (35.0). Least involved were between 5-10 and they were 8 (13.3). There was a significant difference statistically between the incidence of PTB and the incidence of EPTB in deferent groups, regarding the age (P value 0.01).
Conclusion
Age, living in a rural area, and contact history were significant variables in our study and all three parameters were more common in EPTB. laboratory finding. (TB skin test, GeneXpert test, ESR and chest x-ray)are an important tool for diagnosis and differentiation of PTTB from EPTB.
BURR-HOLE DRAINAGE WITH DRAIN VERSUS BURR-HOLE DRAINAGE WITH DRAIN AND IRRIGATION IN TREATING CHRONIC SUBDURAL HEMATOMA: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY
Authors: Salih Ari , Nadhim Ari 
Published: January 2021

Background
Chronic subdural hematoma is a common neurosurgical condition. Its prevalence is increasing worldwide due to the increasingly aged population. Craniotomy, twist-drill craniostomy, and burr-hole drainage and drain with or without irrigation are among the very first lines of its management.
Objectives
We used burr-hole drainage with drain versus burr-hole drainage with drain and irrigation to find out which method is better regarding the outcome of chronic subdural hematoma treatment.
Patients and Methods
a case-control study design was used to inspect retrospectively both techniques in 47 patients. Twenty-one patients were treated with burr-hole drainage with drain only, and 26 were treated with burr-hole drainage with drain and irrigation.
Results
We found no statistically different association between the two types of operations and their outcomes (P value= 0.083 and Pearson’s R Correlation= 0.029).
Conclusion
As long as there is no differences between the two techniques, irrigation is not necessary after burr-hole drainage of chronic subdural hematoma. It requires more time, more exposure of the patient to anesthetic agents, and increases the risk of both infection and pneumocephalus.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PRE-TRIGGER SERUM PROGESTERONE LEVEL AND CONCEPTION RATE AFTER A FRESH EMBRYO TRANSFER IN IVF-ICSI CYCLES
Authors: Abdullah Zhiyan 
Published: January 2021

Background
High progesterone (P4) level in the late follicular phase during in vitro fertilization (IVF) - intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles had been claimed to have associations with decreased pregnancy rate; however, the evidence is still not clear.
Objectives
The aim was to determine the effect of serum P4 on pregnancy outcomes among IVF-ICSI cycles.
Patients and Methods
The prospective observational study was conducted on 997 patients who underwent IVF-ICSI cycles in the International Private IVF Center in Sulaimani from January 1st, 2017 to January 1st, 2019. Blood samples were collected for serum P4 on the day of the ovulation trigger. Ovum pickup was done 36 hours later, and serum P4 was correlated with IVF-ICSI outcome in terms of positive conception rate. The patients were subdivided into four subgroups depending on different age groups, conception rates and serum P4 were studied in each age group.
Results
The average serum P4 for positive and negative pregnancy groups among patients was 0.766 ng/ml and 0.803 ng/ml, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P-value=0.035). Also, P4 for positive and negative groups was 0.852 ng/ml and 0.804 ng/ml, respectively, for the age group of 35-39 years (P-value=0.014).
Conclusion
Pregnancy may still occur with high P4, and the need to identify the subgroup of cycles with elevated P4 does not signify implantation failure or reduction, is still in question. Therefore, more studies are needed before making decisions like freezing all embryo or cycle cancelation based on the level of serum P4 alone.
THE VALIDITY OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC QTC INTERVAL IN PREDICTING LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS
Authors: Kareem Hemn , Al-Hamdi Amar 
Published: January 2021

Background
The QT interval extends from the onset of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave. Thus, it includes the total duration of ventricular activation and recovery and, in a general sense, reflects the duration of the ventricular action potential. The QT interval on electrocardiography is temporally aligned with diastolic dysfunction.
Objectives
To determine the significance of corrected QT (QTc) interval prolongation in predicting left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive patients.
Patients and Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted in the echocardiography department of SHAR teaching hospital from December 2018 to May 2019, on subjects diagnosed as hypertension; twelve lead electrocardiography was done to obtain QTc using Bazett formula. Echocardiography was performed using M mode, two-dimensional image, pulse wave, and tissue Doppler to calculate left ventricular diastolic dysfunction according to the published guideline.
Results
In this study, 64 patients who have met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled, 45.3 %( n=29) were male and 54.7 %( n=35) were female. 25 subjects (39.1%) met the criteria of diastolic dysfunction, and 39 subjects (60.9%) had a normal diastolic function. The mean QTc value of the diastolic dysfunction group was 459.2 ± 14.7 ms, while the mean QTc of normal diastolic function group was 402.8 ± 26.4 ms (P-value <0.001). The diagnostic value of the prolonged QTc interval (QTc >450 ms in male and > 460 ms in female) in determining diastolic dysfunction is 68 % sensitivity, 97.4% specificity, 94.4% positive predictive value, 82% negative predictive value and 85.9% accuracy. Among all variables; only ejection fraction (EF)%, echocardiographic LVH, tricuspid regurgitation (TR) velocity, E/e’ and left atrial volume index (LAVI) had statistically significant relation to QTc.
Conclusion
Electrocardiographic QTc interval is a simple but useful and accurate measurement for predicting diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive patients providing its high sensitivity and specificity.
VALUE OF TRANS-ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND-GUIDED PERCUTANEOUS LIVER BIOPSY IN PATIENTS WITH FOCAL OR DIFFUSE LIVER LESIONS IN KURDISTAN CENTRE FOR GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY IN SULAIMANI CITY
Authors: Gharib Dana , Mohammed Mohammed , Al-Karboly Taha , Faraj Heero , Mahmood Kawa , Qazi Nasr , Salih Karok , Azeez Omar 
Published: January 2021

Background
Percutaneous Liver Biopsy (PLB) is commonly used for assessing the histopathological status of the liver and thus deciding on diagnosis, prognosis, and management plan of patients.
Objectives
To assess the value of Percutaneous Liver Biopsy in decision making in patients referred to Kurdistan Centre for Gastroenterology and Hepatology (KCGH), and searching the common causes of liver enzyme abnormalities especially in patients with the unknown clue of diagnosis.
Patients and Methods
This study was performed in Kurdistan Center for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, between April 2018 and January 2019; Sixty-three patients have been included in this study, which was referred for PLB with different intentions; after appropriate pre-procedural preparation PLB was performed with the aid of a radiologist, and post-procedural follow up of patients was done for 6 hours in the ward.
Results
The reason of referral for PLB was diagnostic, prognostic, and management in 79.8%, 14.3%, and 6.3% respectively. Common diagnoses in a diffuse parenchymal liver lesion with or without elevated liver enzymes were AIH in 15.8%, DILI in 14.3%, and NASH 14.2%. Percutaneous liver biopsy changed the preliminary diagnosis in 52.3%, and management plan in 34.9% of cases. As PLB is an invasive procedure, 31.7% of patients developed complications, which is in decreasing order including right upper quadrant pain 15.9%, right shoulder pain 5.9%, combined right upper quadrant pain, and right shoulder pain in 3.2%, and vasovagal reaction in 3.2 %.
Conclusion
Percutaneous liver biopsy is a valuable investigation in deciding on diagnosis, the prognosis of liver lesions, and it will help the management plan. The three most common diseases which should be excluded in every patient with diffuse parenchymal liver lesions or elevated liver enzymes are AIH, DILI, and NASH.