bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly‐Dispersed Submicrometer Single‐Crystal Nickel‐Rich Layered Cathode: Spray Synthesis and Accelerated Lithium‐Ion Transport
Authors: Leng Jin , Wang Jiapei , Peng Wenjie , Tang Zilong , Xu Shengming , Liu Yong , Wang Jiexi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFor conventional polycrystalline Ni‐rich cathode material consisting of numerous primary particles in disordered orientation, the crystal anisotropy in charge/discharge process results in the poor rate capability and rapid capacity degradation. In this work, highly‐dispersed submicron single‐crystal LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (SC‐NCA) cathode is efficiently prepared by spray pyrolysis (SP) technique followed by a simple solid‐state lithiation reaction. Porous Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05Ox precursor prepared via SP exhibits high chemical activity for lithiation reaction, enabling the fabrication of single‐crystal cathode at a relatively low temperature. In this way, the contradiction between high crystallinity and cation disordering is well balanced. The resulted optimized SC‐NCA shows polyhedral single‐crystal morphology with moderate grain size (≈1 μm), which are beneficial to shortening the Li+ diffusion path and improving the structural stability. As cathode for lithium ion batteries, SC‐NCA delivers a high discharge capacity of 202 and 140 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 10 C, respectively, and maintains superior capacity retention of 161 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 1C. No micro‐crack is observed in the cycled SC‐NCA particles, indicating such single‐crystal morphology can greatly relieve the anisotropic micro‐strain. This effective, continuous and adaptable strategy for preparing single‐crystal Ni‐rich cathode without any additive may accelerate their practical application.
Nonspherical Metal‐Based Nanoarchitectures: Synthesis and Impact of Size, Shape, and Composition on Their Biological Activity
Authors: Zare Ehsan Nazarzadeh , Zheng Xuanqi , Makvandi Pooyan , Gheybi Homa , Sartorius Rossella , Yiu Cynthia K. Y. , Adeli Mohsen , Wu Aimin , Zarrabi Ali , Varma Rajender S. , Tay Franklin R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMetal‐based nanoentities, apart from being indispensable research tools, have found extensive use in the industrial and biomedical arena. Because their biological impacts are governed by factors such as size, shape, and composition, such issues must be taken into account when these materials are incorporated into multi‐component ensembles for clinical applications. The size and shape (rods, wires, sheets, tubes, and cages) of metallic nanostructures influence cell viability by virtue of their varied geometry and physicochemical interactions with mammalian cell membranes. The anisotropic properties of nonspherical metal‐based nanoarchitectures render them exciting candidates for biomedical applications. Here, the size‐, shape‐, and composition‐dependent properties of nonspherical metal‐based nanoarchitectures are reviewed in the context of their potential applications in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics, as well as, in regenerative medicine. Strategies for the synthesis of nonspherical metal‐based nanoarchitectures and their cytotoxicity and immunological profiles are also comprehensively appraised.
Effect of pre‐coating lightweight aggregates on the self‐compacting concrete
Authors: Vahabi Mir Yashar , Tahmouresi Behzad , Mosavi Hossein , Fakhretaha Aval Siavash 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe porous lightweight aggregates adversely affect fresh properties of concrete, including slump and disruption of pumping concrete. Besides, this type of concrete is very susceptible to shrinkage cracking. In this study, two types of lightweight aggregates were used with a combination of two types of coating, including hydrophobic polymers ‐polyvinyl acetate and styrene‐butadiene rubber coatings. The coatings were applied in single and double layers. For the fresh concrete, the fresh properties of concrete, including slump flow, T50, flow time, and L‐Box were evaluated and for the hardened concrete, compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, water absorption and shrinkage was studied. It was seen that the slump flow of coated lightweight aggregates increased by 10%, and also coating process reduced the water absorption of the aggregates up to 82%. The compressive strength increased by up to 21% for the coated aggregates. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to investigate the microstructure of the mortar‐aggregate interface. Microstructural images showed a uniform and dense interfacial zone of cementitious matrix‐aggregate for coated lightweight aggregates. Moreover, an improvement of 50–150 μm in the interfacial zone's thickness was seen for coated aggregates compared to uncoated aggregates.
Local Nets of Von Neumann Algebras in the Sine–Gordon Model
Authors: Bahns Dorothea , Fredenhagen Klaus , Rejzner Kasia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Haag–Kastler net of local von Neumann algebras is constructed in the ultraviolet finite regime of the Sine–Gordon model, and its equivalence with the massive Thirring model is proved. In contrast to other authors, we do not add an auxiliary mass term, and we work completely in Lorentzian signature. The construction is based on the functional formalism for perturbative Algebraic Quantum Field Theory together with estimates originally derived within Constructive Quantum Field Theory and adapted to Lorentzian signature. The paper extends previous work by two of us.
The mineralosphere—interactive zone of microbial colonization and carbon use in grassland soils
Authors: Boeddinghaus Runa S. , Marhan Sven , Gebala Aurelia , Haslwimmer Heike , Vieira Selma , Sikorski Johannes , Overmann Jörg , Soares Margarida , Rousk Johannes , Rennert Thilo , Kandeler Ellen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo improve our understanding of early microbial colonization of pristine minerals and their group-specific C utilization, we exposed minerals (illite/goethite/quartz) amended with artificial root exudates (ARE, glucose, and citric acid) in grassland soils for a period of 24 weeks. FTIR spectra indicated that mineral-associated ARE were used within the first 2 weeks of exposure and were replaced by other carbohydrates derived from living or dead cells as well as soil-borne C sources transported into the mineralosphere after heavy rain events. Fungi and Gram-positive bacteria incorporated ARE-derived C more rapidly than Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria presumably profited indirectly from the ARE by cross-feeding on mineral-associated necromass of fungi and Gram-positive bacteria. The Gram-negative bacterial phyla Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Armatimonadetes, and Chloroflexi showed a positive correlation with Gram-negative PLFA abundances. After 24 weeks of exposure in the grassland soils, abundances of soil microorganisms in the mineralosphere reached only 3.1% of the population density in soil. In conclusion, both bacteria and fungi slowly colonize new surfaces such as pristine minerals, but quickly assimilate artificial root exudates, creating an active microbial community in the mineralosphere.
Sex differences in workload-indexed blood pressure response and vascular function among professional athletes and their utility for clinical exercise testing
Authors: Bauer Pascal , Kraushaar Lutz , Dörr Oliver , Nef Holger , Hamm Christian W. , Most Astrid 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Sex differences in blood pressure (BP) regulation at rest have been attributed to differences in vascular function. Further, arterial stiffness predicts an exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise (BPR) in healthy young adults. However, the relationship of vascular function to the workload-indexed BPR and potential sex differences in athletes are unknown.

Methods
We examined 47 male (21.6 ± 1.7 years) and 25 female (21.1 ± 2 years) athletes in this single-center pilot study. We assessed vascular function at rest, including systolic blood pressure (SBP). Further, we determined the SBP/W slope, the SBP/MET slope, and the SBP/W ratio at peak exercise during cycling ergometry.

Results
Male athletes had a lower central diastolic blood pressure (57 ± 9.5 vs. 67 ± 9.5 mmHg, p < 0.001) but a higher central pulse pressure (37 ± 6.5 vs. 29 ± 4.7 mmHg, p < 0.001), maximum SBP (202 ± 20 vs. 177 ± 15 mmHg, p < 0.001), and ΔSBP (78 ± 19 vs. 58 ± 14 mmHg, p < 0.001) than females. Total vascular resistance (1293 ± 318 vs. 1218 ± 341 dyn*s/cm5, p = 0.369), pulse wave velocity (6.2 ± 0.85 vs. 5.9 ± 0.58 m/s, p = 0.079), BP at rest (125 ± 10/76 ± 7 vs. 120 ± 11/73.5 ± 8 mmHg, p > 0.05), and the SBP/MET slope (5.7 ± 1.8 vs. 5.1 ± 1.6 mmHg/MET, p = 0.158) were not different. The SBP/W slope (0.34 ± 0.12 vs. 0.53 ± 0.19 mmHg/W) and the peak SBP/W ratio (0.61 ± 0.12 vs. 0.95 ± 0.17 mmHg/W) were markedly lower in males than in females (p < 0.001).

Conclusion
Male athletes displayed a lower SBP/W slope and peak SBP/W ratio than females, whereas the SBP/MET slope was not different between the sexes. Vascular functional parameters were not able to predict the workload-indexed BPR in males and females.
Preclinical experience with a novel single-port platform for transoral surgery
Authors: Funk Emily K. , Weissbrod Philip , Horgan Santiago , Orosco Ryan K. , Califano Joseph A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe investigated a novel minimally invasive surgical platform for use in the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx for single-port transoral surgery used in concert with standard transoral laryngeal and pharyngeal instrumentation.MethodsThe preclinical investigational device by Fortimedix Surgical B.V. (Netherlands) features two channels for manually controlled flexible articulating surgical instruments. A third central channel accepts both rigid and flexible endoscopes. The system is coupled to a standard laryngoscope for transoral access. In three cadaver models, we evaluated the surgical capabilities using wristed grasping instruments, microlaryngeal scissors, monopolar cautery, and a laser fiber sheath. Procedures were performed within the oropharynx, supraglottis, glottis, subglottis, and hypopharynx.ResultsWithin the oropharynx, we found adequate strength, range of motion, and dexterity to perform lateral oropharyngectomy and tongue base resection. Within the larynx, visualization was achieved with a variety of instruments including a flexible, 0° and 30° rigid endoscope. The glottis, supraglottis, pyriform sinuses, post-cricoid space, and esophageal inlet were readily accessible. Visualization and manipulation of grasping, laser, and monopolar cautery instruments were also possible within the subglottis. Instrument reach and accuracy facilitated completion of a delicate micro-flap on the true vocal fold. Other procedures included vocal fold resection, cricopharyngeal myotomy, and resection of subglottic mucosa.ConclusionsFrom this initial proof of concept experience with this novel platform, we found a wide range of procedures within the oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx to be feasible. Further work is needed to evaluate its applicability to the clinical setting. The ability of this platform to be used with conventional instrumentation may provide an opportunity for complex transoral surgery to be performed in a facile manner at greatly reduced cost.
Artificial Intelligence, 3D Documentation, and Rock Art—Approaching and Reflecting on the Automation of Identification and Classification of Rock Art Images
Authors: Horn Christian , Ivarsson Oscar , Lindhé Cecilia , Potter Rich , Green Ashely , Ling Johan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRock art carvings, which are best described as petroglyphs, were produced by removing parts of the rock surface to create a negative relief. This tradition was particularly strong during the Nordic Bronze Age (1700–550 BC) in southern Scandinavia with over 20,000 boats and thousands of humans, animals, wagons, etc. This vivid and highly engaging material provides quantitative data of high potential to understand Bronze Age social structures and ideologies. The ability to provide the technically best possible documentation and to automate identification and classification of images would help to take full advantage of the research potential of petroglyphs in southern Scandinavia and elsewhere. We, therefore, attempted to train a model that locates and classifies image objects using faster region-based convolutional neural network (Faster-RCNN) based on data produced by a novel method to improve visualizing the content of 3D documentations. A newly created layer of 3D rock art documentation provides the best data currently available and has reduced inscribed bias compared to older methods. Several models were trained based on input images annotated with bounding boxes produced with different parameters to find the best solution. The data included 4305 individual images in 408 scans of rock art sites. To enhance the models and enrich the training data, we used data augmentation and transfer learning. The successful models perform exceptionally well on boats and circles, as well as with human figures and wheels. This work was an interdisciplinary undertaking which led to important reflections about archaeology, digital humanities, and artificial intelligence. The reflections and the success represented by the trained models open novel avenues for future research on rock art.
Effect of cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a low-carbon low-alloyed steel
Authors: Wang Hongcai , Cao Lijie , Li Yujiao , Schneider Mike , Detemple Eric , Eggeler Gunther 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHeavy plate steels with bainitic microstructures are widely used in industry due to their good combination of strength and toughness. However, obtaining optimal mechanical properties is often challenging due to the complex bainitic microstructures and multiple phase constitutions caused by different cooling rates through the plate thickness. Here, both conventional and advanced microstructural characterization techniques which bridge the meso- and atomic-scales were applied to investigate how microstructure/mechanical property-relationships of a low-carbon low-alloyed steel are affected by phase transformations during continuous cooling. Mechanical tests show that the yield strength increases monotonically when cooling rates increase up to 90 K/s. The present study shows that this is associated with a decrease in the volume fraction of polygonal ferrite (PF) and a refinement of the substructure of degenerated upper bainite (DUB). The fine DUB substructures feature C-rich retained austenite/martensite-austenite (RA/M-A) constitutes which decorate the elongated micrograin boundaries in ferrite. A further increase in strength is observed when needle-shaped cementite precipitates form during water quenching within elongated micrograins. Pure martensite islands on the elongated micrograin boundaries lead to a decreased ductility. The implications for thick section plate processing are discussed based on the findings of the present work.
The aging effect in evolving scientific citation networks
Authors: Hu Feng , Ma Lin , Zhan Xiu-Xiu , Zhou Yinzuo , Liu Chuang , Zhao Haixing , Zhang Zi-Ke 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe study of citation networks is of interest to the scientific community. However, the underlying mechanism driving individual citation behavior remains imperfectly understood, despite the recent proliferation of quantitative research methods. Traditional network models normally use graph theory to consider articles as nodes and citations as pairwise relationships between them. In this paper, we propose an alternative evolutionary model based on hypergraph theory in which one hyperedge can have an arbitrary number of nodes, combined with an aging effect to reflect the temporal dynamics of scientific citation behavior. Both theoretical approximate solution and simulation analysis of the model are developed and validated using two benchmark datasets from different disciplines, i.e. publications of the American Physical Society (APS) and the Digital Bibliography & Library Project (DBLP). Further analysis indicates that the attraction of early publications will decay exponentially. Moreover, the experimental results show that the aging effect indeed has a significant influence on the description of collective citation patterns. Shedding light on the complex dynamics driving these mechanisms facilitates the understanding of the laws governing scientific evolution and the quantitative evaluation of scientific outputs.
How Billionaires Explain Their Philanthropy: A Mixed-Method Analysis of the Giving Pledge Letters
Authors: Schmitz Hans Peter , Mitchell George E. , McCollim Elena M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study investigates a discourse about billionaire philanthropy established in letters submitted by 187 of 209 signatories of the Giving Pledge. The philanthropy of the wealthy is gaining increasing public attention and is subject to growing criticism, which demands additional study of how the wealthy collectively explain their generosity. The mixed-method analysis finds a strong emphasis on education and health causes and identifies two distinct and coherent rationales for being generous. The majority of letters express a social–normative rationale, consisting of two prevailing explanations: an expressed gratitude and desire to “give back” (1) and references to family upbringing as a socializing force (2). A minority of letters articulate a personal–consequentialist rationale, highlighting three separate explanations: a large inheritance may harm offspring (1), giving as personal gratification (2), and an acknowledgment of excess wealth with no better use (3). An expressed desire to have impact and make a difference appears in both rationales. The overall dominance of a social–normative rationale projects a discourse emphasizing benevolence as well as a narrative in which billionaires are an exceptionally productive and grateful subset of society. While previous studies have primarily focused on identifying individual psychological motives, this study shows how the Giving Pledge letters reflect a philanthropic discourse among the wealthy going back to Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth.
Meanings of democracy: mapping lay perceptions on scholarly norms
Authors: Welzel Christian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractI am grateful for the honor to write this comment because it gave me the opportunity to read this truly exquisite compilation of works collected under the editorship of Osterberg-Kaufmann, Stark and Mohamad-Klotzbach. The focus of the special section is on new frontiers in the empirical investigation of citizens’ subjective understandings of democracy. It is a methodologically and phenomenologically diverse, and yet thematically cohesive, assemblage of studies that comes at due time and in which the various pieces indeed speak to each other. The compendium covers a significant portion of the innovations going on in the field of measuring lay perceptions of democracy across cultures.To me, the key point is how lay perceptions of democracy map on scholarly norms and where and why mismatches between lay perceptions and scholarly norms exist and what the implications of such mismatches are in terms of global regime-culture coevolution. My comments to the individual articles in the special issue are framed within this broader question. I am phrasing my reflections in a more brainstorming manner, rather than systematically going through each contribution in a point-by-point style. For this reason, my discussion will not address each contribution equally but rather in terms of what I feel should loom large on our research agenda. In a nutshell, I am advocating a decidedlyculturaltheory of autocracy-vs-democracy—cultural in the sense that we need to triangulate people’s support for and their notions of democracy in the context of encultured values.
Downgrade of cardiac defibrillator devices to pacemakers in elderly heart failure patients: clinical considerations and the importance of shared decision-making
Authors: Groenveld H. F. , Coster J. E. , van Veldhuisen D. J. , Rienstra M. , Blaauw Y. , Maass A. H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractImplantable cardioverter defibrillators are implanted on a large scale in patients with heart failure (HF) for the prevention of sudden cardiac death. There are different scenarios in which defibrillator therapy is no longer desired or indicated, and this is occurring increasingly in elderly patients. Usually device therapy is continued until the device has reached battery depletion. At that time, the decision needs to be made to either replace it or to downgrade to a pacing-only device. This decision is dependent on many factors, including the vitality of the patient and his/her preferences, but may also be influenced by changes in recommendations in guidelines. In the last few years, there has been an increased awareness that discussions around these decisions are important and useful. Advanced care planning and shared decision-making have become important and are increasingly recognised as such. In this short review we describe six elderly patients with HF, in whose cases we discussed these issues, and we aim to provide some scientific and ethical rationale for clinical decision-making in this context. Current guidelines advocate the discussion of end-of-life options at the time of device implantation, and physicians should realise that their choices influence patients’ options in this critical phase of their illness.
Contact stiffness and damping of spiral bevel gears under transient mixed lubrication conditions
Authors: Wang Zongzheng , Pu Wei , Pei Xin , Cao Wei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractExisting studies primarily focus on stiffness and damping under full-film lubrication or dry contact conditions. However, most lubricated transmission components operate in the mixed lubrication region, indicating that both the asperity contact and film lubrication exist on the rubbing surfaces. Herein, a novel method is proposed to evaluate the time-varying contact stiffness and damping of spiral bevel gears under transient mixed lubrication conditions. This method is sufficiently robust for addressing any mixed lubrication state regardless of the severity of the asperity contact. Based on this method, the transient mixed contact stiffness and damping of spiral bevel gears are investigated systematically. The results show a significant difference between the transient mixed contact stiffness and damping and the results from Hertz (dry) contact. In addition, the roughness significantly changes the contact stiffness and damping, indicating the importance of film lubrication and asperity contact. The transient mixed contact stiffness and damping change significantly along the meshing path from an engaging-in to an engaging-out point, and both of them are affected by the applied torque and rotational speed. In addition, the middle contact path is recommended because of its comprehensive high stiffness and damping, which maintained the stability of spiral bevel gear transmission.
The Epistemic Value of Understanding-why
Authors: Hu Xingming 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSome philosophers (e.g., Pritchard, Grimm, and Hills) recently have objected that veritism cannot explain the epistemic value of understanding-why. And they have proposed two anti-veritist accounts. In this paper, I first introduce their objection and argue that it fails. Next, I consider a strengthened version of their objection and argue that it also fails. After that, I suggest a new veritist account: Understanding-why entails believing the truth that what is grasped is accurate (or accurate enough), and it is this true belief, along with many other true beliefs understanding-why entails, that makes understanding-why finally epistemically valuable. Then, I explain why the two anti-veritist accounts are both false. Finally, I briefly discuss the idea that understanding involves a kind of know-how and show how veritism can explain the epistemic value of know-how in general.