bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What does the public want police to do during pandemics? A national experiment
Authors: Nix Justin , Ivanov Stefan , Pickett Justin T. 
Published: January 2021

Research SummaryWe administered a survey experiment to a national sample of 1068 U.S. adults in April 2020 to determine the factors that shape support for various policing tactics in the midst of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Respondents were sharply divided in their views about pandemic policing tactics and were least supportive of policies that might limit public access to officers or reduce crime deterrence. Information about the health risks to officers, but not to inmates, significantly increased support for “precautionary” policing, but not for “social distance” policing. The information effect was modest, but may be larger if the information came from official sources and/or was communicated on multiple occasions. Other factors that are associated with attitudes toward pandemic policing include perceptions of procedural justice, altruistic fear, racial resentment, and authoritarianism.Policy ImplicationsWhen considered together with other evidence, one clear takeaway from our study is that the public values police patrols and wants officers on call, even during pandemics. Another is that people who believe the police are procedurally just are more willing to trust officers in times of crisis and to empower them to enforce new laws, such as social distancing ordinances. Our results thus support continued procedural justice training for officers. A third takeaway is that agencies must proactively communicate with the public about the risks their officers face when responding to public health crises or natural disasters, in addition to how they propose to mitigate those risks. They must also be amenable to adjusting in response to community feedback.
Characterization of intestinal microbiota and fecal cortisol, T3, and IgA in forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) from birth to weaning
Authors: LI Yimeng , ZHANG Tianxiang , SHI Minghui , ZHANG Baofeng , HU Xin , XU Shanghua , DING Jianhong , LIU Shuqiang , HU Defu , RUBENSTEIN Daniel 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAnalysis of the intestinal microbiota and physiological parameters in mammalian infancy can reveal health status. In this study, we used a combination of molecular and immunochemical approaches to assess fecal microbiota as well as Cortisol (Cor), Triiodothyronine (T3), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels of young forest musk deer (FMD), from birth to one month after weaning (7 days of age–110 days of age). During development as the diet of FMD changes from consuming milk to eating plants, the richness and diversity of intestinal microbiota of young FMD increased significantly. Cor levels remained unchanged throughout early development while significantly increased after weaning, T3 and IgA initially were derived from milk during lactation, significantly decreased after weaning. Correlation network analysis showed that the community of food‐oriented microbes were highly structured and that many genera were correlated. Overall, this study provides scientific insights into effective management strategies for the protection of FMD population.
Octopus vulgaris ink extracts exhibit antioxidant, antimutagenic, cytoprotective, antiproliferative, and proapoptotic effects in selected human cancer cell lines
Authors: Hernández‐Zazueta Martin Samuel , García‐Romo Joel Said , Noguera‐Artiaga Luis , Luzardo‐Ocampo Iván , Carbonell‐Barrachina Ángel Antonio , Taboada‐Antelo Pablo , Campos‐Vega Rocio , Rosas‐Burgos Ema Carina , Burboa‐Zazueta María Guadalupe , Ezquerra‐Brauer Josafat Marina , Martínez‐Soto Juan Manuel , Santacruz‐Ortega Hisila del Carmen , Burgos‐Hernández Armando 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCancer is a noncommunicable disease of rising worldwide concern. Marine food products such as Octopus vulgaris ink (OI) could be sources of compounds addressing these concerns. This study aimed to evaluate the antimutagenic, cytoprotective, antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and antioxidant capacity of OI extracts on human cancer cell lines (22Rv1, HeLa, A549). The ARPE‐19 cell line was used as a reference human cell line to evaluate the ink's cytotoxicity. The water extract exhibited the highest antimutagenic and cytoprotective effect, but the dichloromethane extract (DM) showed the lowest half lethal concentration against 22Rv1 cells. Structural elucidation of purified DM fractions (F1, F2, F3) identified an unreported compound, N‐(2‐ozoazepan‐3‐yl)‐pyrrolidine‐2‐carboxamide (OPC). DM‐F2 showed high antiproliferative effect (LC50 = 27.6 µg/mL), reactive species modulation, early‐apoptosis induction (42.9%), and nuclei disruption in 22Rv1 cells. In silico analysis predicted high OPC affinity with Cyclin D1 (−6.70 kcal/mol), suggesting its potential impact on cell cycle arrest. These results highlight the antimutagenic, cytoprotective, and antiproliferative potential health benefits derived from underutilized marine food products such as OI. Further investigations at in vitro or in vivo levels are required to elucidate mechanisms and health benefits from OI.Practical ApplicationO. vulgaris ink is an underutilized marine natural product that could be a source of biological compounds with potential health benefits such as antioxidant activity and cancer prevention.
Predicting sample success for large‐scale ancient DNA studies on marine mammals
Authors: Keighley Xénia , Bro‐Jørgensen Maiken Hemme , Ahlgren Hans , Szpak Paul , Ciucani Marta Maria , Sánchez Barreiro Fátima , Howse Lesley , Gotfredsen Anne Birgitte , Glykou Aikaterini , Jordan Peter , Lidén Kerstin , Olsen Morten Tange 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn recent years, nonhuman ancient DNA studies have begun to focus on larger sample sizes and whole genomes, offering the potential to reveal exciting and hitherto unknown answers to ongoing biological and archaeological questions. However, one major limitation to such studies is the substantial financial and time investments still required during sample screening, due to uncertainty regarding successful sample selection. This study investigates the effect of a wide range of sample properties including latitude, sample age, skeletal element, collagen preservation, and context on endogenous content and DNA damage profiles for 317 ancient and historic pinniped samples collected from across the North Atlantic and surrounding regions. Using generalised linear and mixed‐effect models, we found that a range of factors affected DNA preservation within each of the species under consideration. The most important findings were that endogenous content varied significantly within species according to context, the type of skeletal element, the collagen content and collection year. There also appears to be an effect of the sample's geographic origin, with samples from the Arctic generally showing higher endogenous content and lower damage rates. Both latitude and sample age were found to have significant relationships with damage levels, but only for walrus samples. Sex, ontogenetic age and extraction material preparation were not found to have any significant relationship with DNA preservation. Overall, skeletal element and sample context were found to be the most influential factors and should therefore be considered when selecting samples for large‐scale ancient genome studies.
Non‐GAAP Earnings: A Consistency and Comparability Crisis?*
Authors: Black Dirk E. , Christensen Theodore E. , Ciesielski Jack T. , Whipple Benjamin C. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTWe use a novel data set to examine the across‐time consistency and across‐firm comparability of firms' non‐GAAP earnings disclosures. Given widespread concern about non‐GAAP reporting among regulators, standard setters, the investor community, and academics, our investigation provides timely evidence on how managers' deviations from their own non‐GAAP disclosure history, or the reporting of industry peers, affects how well earnings inform on firm performance. We begin by identifying firms that change their non‐GAAP earnings definition from one year to the next. These deviations are uncommon, but when managers change the items they exclude in calculating non‐GAAP earnings, the changes generally enhance the information in earnings about firms' core performance. We also examine whether non‐GAAP earnings are more comparable than GAAP earnings and find that firms' non‐GAAP adjustments result in greater earnings comparability. Finally, we examine instances in which firms deviate from common sector‐wide definitions of non‐GAAP earnings. We find that these deviations also result in earnings metrics that better represent firms' core operations. Overall, our results suggest that when managers vary their non‐GAAP calculations, either across time or across firms, the resulting non‐GAAP metrics generally enhance the information in earnings about firms' ongoing performance. Thus, our analysis helps mitigate concerns about why managers might vary their non‐GAAP reporting calculations.
Knowledge, experiences and attitudes of dental health professionals towards reporting child abuse in Western Australia
Authors: Kugananthan S , Nguyen T , Patel J , Anthonappa R 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundUp to 50% of child abuse (CA) victims exhibit evidence of traumatic facial or intraoral injuries. Dental health professionals (DHPs) are therefore well‐positioned to detect and report incidences of CA. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of Western Australian DHPs towards identifying and reporting CA.MethodsGeneral dentists, specialists, hygienists and oral health therapists completed an online questionnaire which assessed their knowledge and experience in identifying and reporting CA.ResultsA total of 228 participants completed the questionnaire (representing 7% of DHPs, 60% of paediatric dentists and 11% of all dental hygienists and therapists in Western Australia). The majority of participants (66.2%, P < 0.05) felt that they were unlikely to recognize a patient with physical abuse, or detect signs of sexual abuse (90.8%, P < 0.001). Uncertainty around diagnosing abuse was a barrier towards reporting cases (86.4%, P < 0.05) and most participants (78.0%, P < 0.05) felt that they did not have adequate safeguarding training to report CA.ConclusionsSelf‐reported confidence in identifying and reporting CA cases was low; with the majority of the dental professionals participating in this study unlikely to recognize signs of CA. Inadequate training and knowledge around correct reporting protocols were identified as barriers, which warrants an appropriate change to improve child safeguarding.
Validity evidence and measurement equivalence for the Dutch translation of the conditional reasoning test for aggression
Authors: LeBreton James M. , Reichin Sydney L. , te Nijenhuis Jan , Cremers Myckel , van der Heijden‐Lek Kitty 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression (CRT‐A) indirectly measures the implicit motive to aggress by engaging respondents in inductive reasoning tasks. Most research involving the CRT‐A has been based on the original English version of the test with most data being collected in the United States. The purpose of the current paper is to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Dutch translation of this test and to examine if it could be used to predict measures of integrity. In the first of two studies, we evaluated the psychometric properties and measurement equivalence of the CRT‐A across US and Dutch samples. In the second study, we examined validity evidence for the Dutch version of the CRT‐A. Results from Study 1 indicated that the test was mostly equivalent across cultures (i.e. limited differential item functioning was detected). Results from Study 2 demonstrated that the Dutch version of the CRT‐A was correlated with measures of behavioral integrity and provided incremental prediction of integrity over and above traditional self‐report measures of explicit personality traits. We discuss the implications for using CRTs across different cultures and languages.
Randomised clinical trial: exclusive enteral nutrition versus standard of care for acute severe ulcerative colitis
Authors: Sahu Pabitra , Kedia Saurabh , Vuyyuru Sudheer K. , Bajaj Aditya , Markandey Manasvini , Singh Namrata , Singh Mukesh , Kante Bhaskar , Kumar Peeyush , Ranjan Mukesh , Sahni Peush , Panwar Rajesh , Sharma Raju , Das Prasenjit , Makharia Govind , Travis Simon P. L. , Ahuja Vineet 
Published: January 2021

SummaryBackgroundIntravenous corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy for acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC), but 30%‐40% of patients fail to respond.AimTo investigate the effectiveness of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) as adjunctive therapy to intravenous corticosteroids in patients with ASUC.MethodsThis was an open‐label randomised controlled trial, in which patients who were admitted with ASUC between August 2018 and May 2020 were randomised 1:1 to EEN or standard of care (SOC). Patients on EEN received a semi‐elemental formula for 7 days along with SOC. The primary outcome was corticosteroid failure, defined by the need for salvage medical therapy or colectomy. Faecal microbial analysis was performed on day 1 and day 7 by 16s ribosomal RNA sequencing in some patients.ResultsOf 62 patients (mean age 35.3 ± 12.1 years, 40% male), 32 were randomised to EEN and 30 to SOC. Corticosteroid failure was lower on EEN compared to SOC (intention‐to‐treat analysis 25% vs 43%, P = 0.051; per protocol analysis 19% vs 43%, P = 0.04), without any difference in colectomy rate (9% vs 13%; P = 0.41). Patients on EEN had a shorter hospital stay [median (range) 10 (8‐17) vs 13 (8‐24) days; P = 0.04], higher day 7 albumin level (34 ± 4 vs 29 ± 3 g/L, P < 0.01), greater reduction in serum C‐reactive protein and faecal calprotectin levels (both P = 0.04) and a lower composite outcome of colectomy/hospitalisation at 6 months (16% vs 39%; P = 0.045) compared to SOC. Patients on EEN showed increased abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae on day 7, with reduced Bifidobacterium and Veillonellaceae compared to SOC.ConclusionsEEN for 7 days may augment corticosteroid responsiveness in patients with ASUC. (REF/2018/05/019844; CTRI/2020/06/025989).
ONO‐7684 a novel oral FXIa inhibitor: Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in a first‐in‐human study
Authors: Beale Dominic , Dennison Jeremy , Boyce Malcolm , Mazzo Francesca , Honda Naoki , Smith Paul , Bruce Mark 
Published: January 2021

AimsThe objectives of this study were to investigate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single and multiple oral doses of ONO‐7684, a novel activated factor XI (FXIa) inhibitor, in healthy subjects.MethodsThis was a first‐in‐human (FIH), randomised, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, single and multiple dose study in healthy subjects under fed and fasted conditions. This study consisted of two parts: single ascending dose (Part A; 1, 5, 20, 80, 150 or 300 mg ONO‐7684 or placebo) and multiple ascending doses (Part B; 80, 150 or 250 mg ONO‐7684 or placebo daily for 14 days). In both parts, subjects were randomised in a 3:1 ratio to receive ONO‐7684 or placebo.ResultsONO‐7684 was well tolerated at all dose levels tested following both single and repeated doses, with a low overall incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events. There was no evidence to suggest a bleeding risk. Dose proportionality in exposure was observed for the range of 1–300 mg ONO‐7684 in Part A. In Part A, the half‐life of ONO‐7684 administered in the fasted state ranged from 16.0 to 19.8 hours. In Part B, the half‐life of ONO‐7684 administered in the fed state ranged from 22.1 to 27.9 hours, supporting once daily oral dosing. ONO‐7684 strongly inhibited factor XI coagulation activity (FXI:C) and increased activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), with a mean maximum on treatment percentage inhibition versus baseline of 92% and a mean maximum on treatment ratio‐to‐baseline of 2.78, respectively, at 250 mg ONO‐7684 daily.ConclusionsThe data generated in this FIH study demonstrate the promising potential of oral FXIa inhibition and ONO‐7684 for indications requiring anticoagulation.
Vascular hitch for paediatric pelvi‐ureteric junction obstruction with crossing vessels: institutional analysis and systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Kim Jin K. , Keefe Daniel T. , Rickard Mandy , Milford Karen , Lorenzo Armando J. , Chua Michael E. 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveTo compare the outcomes for laparoscopic vascular hitch (VH) and dismembered pyeloplasty in patients with pelvi‐ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) secondary to crossing vessels (CV).Patients and MethodsPatients who underwent laparoscopic management of CV at our institution were identified between 2008 and 2020. Baseline characteristics and outcome measures were compared between those who underwent VH and those who underwent dismembered pyeloplasty. Those who underwent VH were selected intraoperatively by identifying CV in the absence of intrinsic obstruction by assessing resolution of hydronephrosis after cranially displacing the CV away from the PUJ, followed by intraoperative fluid bolus and diuretic test. In addition, a systematic search and meta‐analysis were performed in June 2020 (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews [PROSPERO] ID CRD42020195833).ResultsA total of 20 patients underwent VH and 74 dismembered pyeloplasty. On multivariate analysis, VH was associated with: shorter operative time (P = 0.001; odds ratio [OR] 0.455, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.294–0.705) and length of stay (P = 0.012; OR 0.383, 95% CI 0.183–0.803), lower use of stents (P < 0.001; OR 0.024, 95% CI 0.004–0.141) and opioid administration (P = 0.005; OR 0.157, 95% CI 0.044–0.567). From our literature search, 194 records were identified and 18 records were included (three comparative and 16 non‐comparative). Meta‐analysis of the comparative studies and our institutional data showed similar success rates (relative risk [RR] 1.77, 95% CI 0.33–9.52) and complication rates (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.20–2.82). VH was associated with shorter operative time (standardised mean difference [SMD] −1.65, 95% CI −2.58 to −0.72 h) and hospital stay (SMD −1.41, 95% CI −2.36 to –0.47 days). The VH success rates ranged from 87.5% to 100% in the identified studies. Failure of VH was associated with unrecognised concomitant intrinsic obstruction in addition to CV.ConclusionsA VH, for well‐selected patients with CV without concomitant intrinsic obstruction, offers a high success rate with shorter operative times.
From widespread faulting to localised rifting: Evidence from K‐Ar fault gouge dates from the Norwegian North Sea rift shoulder
Authors: Fossen Haakon , Ksienzyk Anna K. , Rotevatn Atle , Bauck Marit S. , Wemmer Klaus 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlthough seismic and stratigraphic well information put tight constraints on rift basin evolution, eroded rift shoulders commonly expose polydeformed prerift basement whose deformation history may be difficult to constrain. In this work, we apply K‐Ar dating of fault gouge samples from 18 faults to explore the brittle deformation of the well‐exposed eastern rift margin to the northern North Sea rift. We find evidence of clay gouge formation since the Late Devonian, with distinct Permian and Jurassic fault activity peaks that closely match early stages of the two well‐established North Sea rift phases. A marked decay in fault density away from the rift margin confirms a close relationship between rifting and onshore faulting. The results show that initial rift‐related extension affected a much wider area than the resulting offshore rift. Hence our data support a rift model where strain is initially distributed over a several 100 km wide region, as a prelude to the development of the ~150–200 km wide Permo‐Triassic northern North Sea rift as defined by large marginal faults. Towards the end of the second rift phase, strain localises even more strongly to the 25–50 km wide Viking Graben. Interestingly, a period of early widespread extension is seen for both phases of North Sea rifting and may be a general characteristic of continental rifting. The documented prerift faulting and fracturing of the basement since the Devonian weakened the basement and probably facilitated the widespread initial extension that subsequently localised to form the northern North Sea rift, with further localisation to its relatively narrow central part (Viking Graben).
Thin Cloud Removal for Single RGB Aerial Image
Authors: Song Chengfang , Xiao Chunxia , Zhang Yeting , Sui Haigang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAcquired above variable clouds, aerial images contain the components of ground reflection and cloud effect. Due to the non‐uniformity, clouds in aerial images are even harder to remove than haze in terrestrial images. This paper proposes a divide‐and‐conquer scheme to remove the thin translucent clouds in a single RGB aerial image. Based on colour attenuation prior, we design a kind of veiling metric that indicates the local concentration of clouds effectively. By this metric, an aerial image containing thickness‐varied clouds is segmented into multiple regions. Each region is veiled by clouds of nearly‐equal concentration, and hence subject to common assumptions, such as boundary constraint on transmission. The atmospheric light in each region is estimated by the modified local colour‐line model and composed into a spatially‐varying airlight map for the entire image. Then scene transmission is estimated and further refined by a weighted ‐norm based contextual regularization. Finally, we recover ground reflection via the atmospheric scattering model. We verify our cloud removal method on a number of aerial images containing thin clouds and compare our results with classical single‐image dehazing methods and the state‐of‐the‐art learning‐based declouding method, respectively.
Outcome of peri‐implant maintenance care in patients with an implant‐supported lower denture—A 3.5‐year retrospective analysis
Authors: van der Moolen Pieter Leo , Post Ben Jeroen , Slot Dagmar Else , van der Weijden Fridus August 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundImplant‐supported overdentures represent a successful treatment for edentulous patients. As early diagnosis, detection and supportive care are considered key factors for the prevention of peri‐implant diseases, consistent maintenance of these implants is becoming increasingly relevant.PurposeThis retrospective analysis evaluated a cohort of edentulous patients with a mandibular implant‐supported overdenture over a period of 3.5 years during which the peri‐implant tissues were assessed.Materials and MethodsA total of 108 patients that had consistently adhered to the annual maintenance appointments was selected. The clinical peri‐implant pocket probing depth (PiPPD) and peri‐implant bleeding on probing score (PiBOP) were investigated. Data from the 3.5‐year follow‐up were compared to data from the baseline assessment.ResultsA 100% implant survival was reported after 3.5 years. The mean PiBOP showed a significant decrease over time (P = .028). The mean PiPPD was found significantly deeper for male patients both at baseline (P = .004) and 3.5‐year follow‐up (P < .001). Besides, the PiPPD for locator anchorages was found significantly deeper compared to ball anchorages at the 3.5‐year follow‐up (P = .026).ConclusionIn those patients that adhered to the annual maintenance visits during the 3.5 years after implant surgery a stable peri‐implant condition was observed. As future consideration, the comparison of the clinical outcomes of patients participating in the maintenance program with those that did not would make this observation even more meaningful.