bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study using Mind–Body Interventions among Refugees in Sweden
Authors: Cloninger Kevin M. , Granjard Alexandre , Lester Nigel , Lindskär Erik , Rosenberg Patricia , Cloninger C. Robert , Garcia Danilo 
Published: July 2021

Background: Migration is one of the major challenges of the 21st century with many refugees being victims of torture and experiencing war and the collapse of their society. Sweden, for example, received about 169,520 refugees during 2015 and 20–30% of them were estimated to suffer from mental illness. Nevertheless, research shows that about 66.40% of refugees never reveal their traumatic experiences to a doctor and a majority refuse psychiatric help. Hence, we need innovative methods to promote the physical, mental, and social health of refugees.
Objective: We examined the effects of Anthropedia’s Well-Being Coaching (i.e., a biopsychosocial approach to coaching) and Well-Being Spa (i.e., modern version of age-old Spa interventions) on the personality and health of a sample of refugees living in Sweden.
Methodology: Participants were recruited as part of a health and employment project in Blekinge, Sweden. A total of 70 Syrian refugees were randomly assigned to a six-month intervention comprising either Well-Being Coaching, or Well-Being Spa, or both (i.e., Mind–Body). The participants reported personality (temperament and character), well-being (positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, and harmony in life), and ill-being (defeat and entrapment, and anxiety and depression) at the beginning and at the end of the six-month intervention period.
Results: Participants assigned to the Well-Being Coaching intervention showed increases in self-directedness (Cohen’s d = 0.84), cooperativeness (Cohen’s d = 0.36), positive affect (Cohen’s d = 0.43), and life satisfaction (Cohen’s d = 0.56), and decreases in both negative affect (Cohen’s d = 0.38) and defeat (Cohen’s d = 0.89). Participants assigned to the Well-Being Spa intervention showed decreases in harm avoidance (Cohen’s d = 0.55), reward dependence (Cohen’s d = 0.69), negative affect (Cohen’s d = 0.82), anxiety (Cohen’s d = 0.53), defeat (Cohen’s d = 0.34), and external entrapment (Cohen’s d = 0.42). Participants assigned to the Mind–Body intervention showed significant decreases in harm avoidance (Cohen’s d = 0.47), anxiety (Cohen’s d = 0.61), depression (Cohen’s d = 0.34), defeat (Cohen’s d = 0.56), external entrapment (Cohen’s d = 0.44), and internal entrapment (Cohen’s d = 0.79) and increases in persistence (Cohen’s d = 0.27), self-directedness (Cohen’s d = 0.28), cooperativeness (Cohen’s d = 0.43), self-transcendence (Cohen’s d = 0.51), positive affect (Cohen’s d = 0.42), and harmony in life (Cohen’s d = 0.36).
Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that Well-Being Coaching strengthens refugees’ character, while the Well-Being Spa treatments reduced participants’ tendency to worry and anxiety. Finally, the combination of these two interventions seems to promote the development of health-related traits, reduce ill-health, and stress, and increase well-being in a wider biopsychosocial perspective.
WORK TIME AND WORK STYLE REFORM AMONG PHYSICIANS IN JAPAN
Authors: Nakashima Yoshifumi , Yoshikawa Toru , Kido Michiko , Aizawa Yoshiharu , Matsumoto Kichiro 
Published: July 2021

Background: The April 2019 amendment of the Labor Standards Act in Japan led to a current ongoing work style reform. The amendment set the monthly overtime cap at 100 hours, but physicians are exempt for the next five years. The work style reform for physicians aims to ensure both their health and well-being and to provide appropriate community medicine. From April 2024, the maximum overtime permitted for physicians will be 100 hours a month and 960 hours a year. Community medicine hospitals, however, will have a different time limit and their physicians will be allowed to work up to 100 hours a month and 1,860 hours a year overtime. Junior/senior residents can also apply for exemption by registering for accredited training programs. Exempt physicians are required to comply with additional measures to ensure their good health and well-being.
Objectives: This paper proposes promotion strategies for work style reform for physicians in Japan.
Method: The Japan Medical Association Physicians’ Work Style Reform Committee developed proposals using the Delphi methods.
Results: To manage physicians’ work time, an objective understanding of real work conditions, a review of employment agreements, active use of occupational health teams, task shifting, support for female physicians, and KAIZEN (a Japanese business philosophy) activities are important. The roles fulfilled by occupational health physicians, hospital directors, supervisors, physicians, patients, and community medicine systems are summarized from the perspective of comprehensive management.
Conclusions: The Japanese health care system defines the work style of Japanese physicians. However, physicians as highly specialized professionals can more or less choose any workplace. A physician being aware of their characteristics and independently choosing their own work style would give meaning to an appropriate work–life balance. True work style reform should aim for this.
CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS TO WORK–LIFE BALANCE IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES
Authors: Snaedal Jon 
Published: July 2021

Background: The five Nordic countries and three territories have similar social structure that is based on parliamentarian democracy. The societies are characterized by strong well-fare support and national educational and health care systems. Because of this, the rate of taxes is among the highest in the world. Collaboration between the countries is considerable on all levels of societies. A good example of collaboration between NGO’s is the Nordic Council of Medical Associations.
Objective: To study work-life balance of physicians in the Nordic countries.
Methods: The Medical Associations in the Nordic countries were approached and asked for information on work-life balance of their respective members.
Results: Studies on health and well-being of physicians made on behalf of the Nordic Medical Associations are not many but they show some worrying signs such as relatively high rate of burnout symptoms that seem to be on the rise but longitudinal data is scarce. In most of the studies, this is linked to heavy workload leading to emotional exhaustion and challenges in finding good work–life balance. There are also indications that loss of autonomy; conflicts at the work place and lack of resources are important causes of burnout symptoms.
Conclusion: Little has been published on the nature of the workload of physicians in the Nordic countries and whether it is affecting the very fundament of physicians’ work, that is, the relationship with the patient.
WORK–LIFE BALANCE OF GENERAL PRACTITIONERS IN GERMANY CONSIDERING RECENT REGULATIONS
Authors: Weigeldt Ulrich 
Published: July 2021

Background: In the light of demographic changes in the population and among the doctors, the German government has in the last two decades taken several regulatory steps to address work–life balance and related issues.
Objective: This article seeks to identify crucial pieces of legislation that may increase the attractiveness for the GP profession in Germany.
Method: The article summarizes important regulatory steps and their results in terms of increasing the attractiveness of the GP profession.
Results: Some regulations in Germany including the “Vertragsarztrechtsänderungsgesetz” led to more flexibilization in terms of the location and the internal structure of GP practices, while others addressed the further digitalization. A central element for creating attractive working conditions for GPs is the possibility of selective and direct contracting between the insurance companies and the GPs, parallel to the more general collective contracting.
Discussion: While some of these regulations helped to make the GP profession more attractive, they have failed to increase the number of GPs especially in rural socially deprived areas.
Conclusion: The government will need to invest more resources in scientific studies (e.g. international comparison) to identifying regulatory measures that help address the growing gap between the amount of GP care needed by the aging population and the level of care provided with the current human resources.
Hypertension as Three Systematic Dysregulations of Na+ Homeostasis in Terrestrial Mammal, and Salt in Gut Might Cause Brain Inflammation
Authors: Mifune Mizuo , Kanno Yoshihiko 
Published: July 2021

Although Na+ homeostasis in vivo is essential for mammals, it is known that excessive salt (NaCl) intake has played a major role in the development of hypertension. In vivo, there is a hormonal system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), that specializes in regulating Na+ retention, especially the amount of Na+ in plasma. Na+ homeostasis in vivo has been achieved mainly by the RAAS, through regulation of vascular tonus (blood pressure) and Na+ handling in the kidney (Na+ diuresis). Recent studies have revealed a third mechanism of Na+ homeostasis in vivo: regulation of interstitial Na+ levels in tissues, such as subcutaneous tissues, by tissue macrophage immunity. In the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension, Recent research have been revealed that three molecular axes (Ang II - Rho/NOX-eNOS system, Aldosterone-rac1 -ENaC system, and tissue Na+ − TonEBP in macrophage -VEGF-c) are significantly involved in maintaining Na+ homeostasis in salt induced hypertension. Furthermore, the mechanism by which salt causes hypertension via the immune system (intestinal, local mucosal, and tissue immunity) has also been reported. In this article, we would like to propose that three molecular dysfunctions are involved in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension through three immunological mechanisms in the maintenance of Na+ homeostasis. Next, I would like to explain the importance of gut-RAAS and abnormality of intestinal microflora (dysbiosis) in salt-sensitive hypertension. It has been known that the metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acid neural amino) produced by microflora are deeply involved in central (CNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. In addition, we would like to explain of the importance of brain-RAAS and cerebral inflammation in salt-sensitive hypertension. Moreover, recent research have revealed that the detection-mechanism in the brain for Na+ concentration([Na+]) in vivo and in the tongue for [Na+] in diet. These finding suggests that excessive salt intake may cause brain dysfunction, most delicate organ, before the onset of salt sensitive hypertension, and may also destroy brain structure after the onset of salt sensitive hypertension. Thus, we would like to insist that excessive salt intake might not only induce hypertension, but also be toxic especially for brain. Finally, we would like to explain that The DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) is one of the universal diets for adult human, not only by reducing salt, but also by reducing metabolic stress and improving of dysbiosis.
The Physiology of Tear Film
Authors: Kayal Abraham 
Published: July 2021

The precorneal tear film is a thin layer, about 2–5.5 μm thick, which overlays the corneal and conjunctival epithelium. It functions to lubricate and protect the corneal and eyelid interface from environmental and immunological factors as well as provide an optical medium. The tear film is depicted as a three-layered structure: lipid, aqueous, and mucous layers. Within each layer possesses a different composition which dictates its function. In common between the three layers are their homeostatic process of evaporation and drainage. Any dysfunction in either of the layers can result in Dry Eye Syndrome (DES). The composition, regulation, and pathology of tear film will be discussed in this chapter.
Inseticida biológico no controle de lagarta Spodoptera Eridania no cultivo da soja
Authors: Evangelista João Gabriel Véras Nascimento , Andrade Ana Paula dos Santos , Santos Adilson Moraes , Silva Fabiana das Chagas Gomes , Carmo Andreza Sousa , Alves Gustavo Antonio Ruffeil , Freitas Luis de Souza , Borges Luciana da Silva 
Published: July 2021

O controle químico não tem apresentado eficiência em determinadas regiões brasileiras, devido ao hábito de lagartas Spodoptera eridania permanecer na região inferior das folhas, dificultando que a molécula química atinja o alvo. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a eficiência do produto biológico a base de Bacillus thuringiensis no controle da lagarta Spodoptera eridania. O trabalho foi realizado na fazenda Água Boa localizada no município de Paragominas-PA. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com 4 tratamentos e 4 repetições, os tratamentos foram: 1 - Testemunha; 2 - Xentari + Klorpan (biológico); 3 - Dimax + Klorpan; 4 - Prêmio + Brutos. Os parâmetros avaliados foram nível de largatas e controle, desfolha, fitotoxicidade, peso de mil grãos, umidade, custo x benefício e produtividade. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e comparados pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. O Inseticida biológico à base Bacillus thuringiensis, Xentari + Klorpan proporcionou um maior controle de lagartas Spodoptera eridania, melhor produtividade e rendimentoda soja, no município de Paragominas. Destaca-se que esse inseticida biológico proporcionou benefícios tanto para o produtor, no que se refere à produtividade e lucro, como para o meio ambiente.
Toxoplasmose: análise do conhecimento em mulheres na cidade de Guaraí/TO
Authors: Santos Mateus Silva , Correa Isalara Cespedes , Oliveira Jean da Silva 
Published: July 2021

A toxoplasmose é causada pelo protozoário Toxoplasma gondii, e alcança altos índices de infecção no Brasil. O parasita possui formas infectantes que permitem que o homem e outras espécies de animais se contaminem de diversas formas como, a congênita ou transplacentária, por manuseio de fezes de gatos, ingestão de carne crua ou malpassada, entre outras. No entanto, a infecção pode ser combatida através de medidas preventivas, e estas estão intimamente ligadas a higiene e hábitos da população. Dessa forma o estudo teve como objetivo, analisar o conhecimento sobre a toxoplasmose e consequentemente abordar as medidas preventivas em mulheres, em idade reprodutiva (10 a 49 anos), que residem em Guaraí – TO, porem somente mulheres acima dos 18 anos participaram da pesquisa. A escolha da análise ser feita somente com mulheres em idade reprodutiva, foi dado pelo fato de que estas possuem alto risco de infecção por toxoplasmose, considerando que a forma mais grave de contração é a congênita. As mesmas foram submetidas a um questionário composto por 12 questões relacionadas a toxoplasmose. Constatou-se que as pesquisadas em sua maioria desconhecem a doença e que o fator escolaridade influencia de maneira positiva, visto que mulheres com maior nível de escolaridade apresentaram melhores resultados quando questionadas sobre a temática, além de demostrar a falta de orientação médica, pelo fato de muitas desconhecerem os testes laboratoriais de diagnóstico.
Development of the breastfeeding support scale to measure breastfeeding support from lay and professional persons, and its predictive validity in Japan
Authors: Nanishi Keiko , Green Joseph , Hongo Hiroko 
Published: July 2021

Background
International and national organizations recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, but many women stop earlier. Lay and professional persons can support mothers’ efforts to overcome breastfeeding difficulties. Considering breastfeeding support to comprise emotional support, practical help, and information offered to women who desire to breastfeed (by professionals, family members, and others), we developed and tested a scale to measure it in Japan.

Methods
A total of 31 items were generated by literature review and from the authors’ clinical experiences. Those items were tested with 243 mothers who visited public health centers in Tokyo for their infant’s health check-up 3 months after birth. Breastfeeding support and infant feeding status were then assessed 5 months after birth. All the data were collected by using self-administered questionnaires.

Results
On the basis of the results of factor analysis, the number of items was reduced to 11. There were three factors: support from breastfeeding peers and from people in specifically named healthcare professions, practical help, and support from people the mother can rely on to help meet emotional needs and address breastfeeding concerns. Internal-consistency reliability (alpha) of scores on the 11-item scale was 0.83 when measured 3 months postpartum and 0.85 when measured 5 months postpartum. Higher scores on the 11-item scale 3 months postpartum were associated with more breastfeeding exclusivity both at that time (Kruskal–Wallis test, chi-squared = 14.871, df = 3, n = 211, p = 0.002, eta-squared = 0.071) and also 5 months postpartum (Kruskal–Wallis test, chi-squared = 8.556, df = 3, n = 159, p = 0.036, eta-squared = 0.054). Further, the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve was 0.73 (95% CI [0.57–0.88]), which indicates that scores on the 11-item scale 3 months postpartum may be useful to predict which mothers will be less exclusive in breastfeeding 5 months postpartum. In conclusion, scores on this 11-item scale were reasonably reliable and valid for measuring breastfeeding support provided by lay and professional persons to mothers in Japan. Further research is required to evaluate this scale’s applicability in other settings.
Proteomic analysis reveals some common proteins in the kidney stone matrix
Authors: Yang Yuanyuan , Hong Senyuan , Li Cong , Zhang Jiaqiao , Hu Henglong , Chen Xiaolong , Jiang Kehua , Sun Fa , Wang Qing , Wang Shaogang 
Published: July 2021

Background
Proteins are the most abundant component of kidney stone matrices and their presence may reflect the process of the stone’s formation. Many studies have explored the proteomics of urinary stones and crystals. We sought to comprehensively identify the proteins found in kidney stones and to identify new, reliable biomolecules for use in nephrolithiasis research.

Methods
We conducted bioinformatics research in November 2020 on the proteomics of urinary stones and crystals. We used the ClusterProfiler R package to transform proteins into their corresponding genes and Ensembl IDs. In each study we located where proteomic results intersected to determine the 20 most frequently identified stone matrix proteins. We used the Human Protein Atlas to obtain the biological information of the 20 proteins and conducted Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) analysis to explore their biological functions. We also performed immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of the top five stone matrix proteins in renal tissue.

Results
We included 19 relevant studies for analysis. We then identified 1,409 proteins in the stone matrix after the duplicates were removed. The 20 most-commonly identified stone matrix proteins were: S100A8, S100A9, uromodulin, albumin, osteopontin, lactotransferrin, vitamin K-dependent protein Z, prothrombin, hemoglobin subunit beta, myeloperoxidase, mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2, lysozyme C, complement C3, serum amyloid P-component, cathepsin G, vitronectin, apolipoprotein A-1, eosinophil cationic protein, fibrinogen alpha chain, and apolipoprotein D. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that these proteins were typically engaged in inflammation and immune response.Immunohistochemistry of the top five stone matrix proteins in renal tissue showed that the expression of S100A8, S100A9, and osteopontin increased, while uromodulin decreased in kidney stone patients. Albumin was rarely expressed in the kidney with no significant difference between healthy controls and kidney stone patients.

Conclusion
Proteomic analysis revealed some common inflammation-related proteins in the kidney stone matrix. The role of these proteins in stone formation should be explored for their potential use as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for urolithiasis.
Distinct progression patterns across Parkinson disease clinical subtypes
Authors: Myers Peter S. , Jackson Joshua J. , Clover Amber K. , Lessov‐Schlaggar Christina N. , Foster Erin R. , Maiti Baijayanta , Perlmutter Joel S. , Campbell Meghan C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo examine specific symptom progression patterns and possible disease staging in Parkinson disease clinical subtypes.MethodsWe recently identified Parkinson disease clinical subtypes based on comprehensive behavioral evaluations, “Motor Only,” “Psychiatric & Motor,” and “Cognitive & Motor,” which differed in dementia and mortality rates. Parkinson disease participants (“Motor Only”: n = 61, “Psychiatric & Motor”: n = 17, “Cognitive & Motor”: n = 70) and controls (n = 55) completed longitudinal, comprehensive motor, cognitive, and psychiatric evaluations (average follow‐up = 4.6 years). Hierarchical linear modeling examined group differences in symptom progression. A three‐way interaction among time, group, and symptom duration (or baseline age, separately) was incorporated to examine disease stages.ResultsAll three subtypes increased in motor dysfunction compared to controls. The “Motor Only” subtype did not show significant cognitive or psychiatric changes compared to the other two subtypes. The “Cognitive & Motor” subtype’s cognitive dysfunction at baseline further declined compared to the other two subtypes, while also increasing in psychiatric symptoms. The “Psychiatric & Motor” subtype’s elevated psychiatric symptoms at baseline remained steady or improved over time, with mild, steady decline in cognition. The pattern of behavioral changes and analyses for disease staging yielded no evidence for sequential disease stages.InterpretationParkinson disease clinical subtypes progress in clear, temporally distinct patterns from one another, particularly in cognitive and psychiatric features. This highlights the importance of comprehensive clinical examinations as the order of symptom presentation impacts clinical prognosis.
Engineering Synergistic Edge‐N Dipole in Metal‐Free Carbon Nanoflakes toward Intensified Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhang Linjie , Gu Tengteng , Lu KangLong , Zhou Liujiang , Li Dong‐Sheng , Wang Ruihu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNitrogen doping represents an effective way to induce charge/spin polarization in nanocarbons for promoting oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. However, it remains elusive to define the dominant active sites with respect to two critical N‐configurations of pyridinic‐N and graphitic‐N. Herein, a tandem catalytic graphitization and nitrogen modification strategy for the synthesis of metal‐free nitrogen‐doped carbon nanoflakes (NCF) featuring the edge‐suffused and graphite‐analogous structure is presented. NCF exhibits superb Pt‐like ORR activity (0.85 V for half‐wave potential and 5.9 mA cm−2 for diffusion‐limited current density) but much stronger robustness in the alkaline medium. The experimental and theoretical studies suggest the key role of graphitic‐N in ORR. Furthermore, it unveils that the high activity of NCF should be traced to a synergistic polarization of the edge‐type pyridinic‐N/graphitic‐N dipole spaced by one edge peak carbon atom on the armchair edges. This study sheds light on the understanding of ORR active sites in the nitrogen‐doped nanocarbons for ORR.