bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low‐Threshold Amplified Spontaneous Emission in Blue Quantum Dots Enabled by Effectively Suppressing Auger Recombination
Authors: Wang Sheng , Yu Jiahao , Ye Haiqiao , Chi Mingbo , Yang Heng , Wang Haihui , Cao Fan , Li Wenqiang , Kong Lingmei , Wang Lin , Chen Rui , Yang Xuyong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe amplified spontaneous emissions in blue quantum dots (QDs) are still constrained by their high thresholds due to the challenge in engineering alloyed core–shell interface in the QDs with a wide bandgap to suppress Auger recombination. Compared with their red and green counterparts, the larger reactivity difference between the alloyed shell precursors makes it hard to regulate the composition and structure of the shell, and the smaller potential barrier between the core and the alloyed shell in blue QDs renders charge carriers tunneling into surface defects easier. Here, we employ a Lewis soft base ligand, 1‐decanethiol, to balance the mismatched reactivity between Zn and Cd precursors for crafting a thick gradient alloyed shell with gradually increased potential barrier, which can not only restrict the charge carriers tunneling but also smooth the confinement potential. As a result, the resulting blue QDs show a long Auger lifetime of 1.3 ns, and a low threshold of 6.9 µJ cm−2 excited by a femtosecond laser, which is the record value among all reported blue‐emitting nanocrystals and comparable to those of state‐of‐the‐art red and green QDs.
Physiological and Pathological Factors Affecting Drug Delivery to the Brain by Nanoparticles
Authors: Islam Yamir , Leach Andrew G. , Smith Jayden , Pluchino Stefano , Coxon Christopher R. , Sivakumaran Muttuswamy , Downing James , Fatokun Amos A. , Teixidò Meritxell , Ehtezazi Touraj 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe prevalence of neurological/neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease is known to be increasing due to an aging population and is anticipated to further grow in the decades ahead. The treatment of brain diseases is challenging partly due to the inaccessibility of therapeutic agents to the brain. An increasingly important observation is that the physiology of the brain alters during many brain diseases, and aging adds even more to the complexity of the disease. There is a notion that the permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) increases with aging or disease, however, the body has a defense mechanism that still retains the separation of the brain from harmful chemicals in the blood. This makes drug delivery to the diseased brain, even more challenging and complex task. Here, the physiological changes to the diseased brain and aged brain are covered in the context of drug delivery to the brain using nanoparticles. Also, recent and novel approaches are discussed for the delivery of therapeutic agents to the diseased brain using nanoparticle based or magnetic resonance imaging guided systems. Furthermore, the complement activation, toxicity, and immunogenicity of brain targeting nanoparticles as well as novel in vitro BBB models are discussed.
Parallel and Intertwining Threads of Domestication in Allopolyploid Cotton
Authors: Yuan Daojun , Grover Corrinne E. , Hu Guanjing , Pan Mengqiao , Miller Emma R. , Conover Justin L. , Hunt Spencer P. , Udall Joshua A. , Wendel Jonathan F. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe two cultivated allopolyploid cottons, Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense, represent a remarkable example of parallel independent domestication, both involving dramatic morphological transformations under selection from wild perennial plants to annualized row crops. Deep resequencing of 643 newly sampled accessions spanning the wild‐to‐domesticated continuum of both species, and their allopolyploid relatives, are combined with existing data to resolve species relationships and elucidate multiple aspects of their parallel domestication. It is confirmed that wild G. hirsutum and G. barbadense were initially domesticated in the Yucatan Peninsula and NW South America, respectively, and subsequently spread under domestication over 4000–8000 years to encompass most of the American tropics. A robust phylogenomic analysis of infraspecific relationships in each species is presented, quantify genetic diversity in both, and describe genetic bottlenecks associated with domestication and subsequent diffusion. As these species became sympatric over the last several millennia, pervasive genome‐wide bidirectional introgression occurred, often with striking asymmetries involving the two co‐resident genomes of these allopolyploids. Diversity scans revealed genomic regions and genes unknowingly targeted during domestication and additional subgenomic asymmetries. These analyses provide a comprehensive depiction of the origin, divergence, and adaptation of cotton, and serve as a rich resource for cotton improvement.
Pre‐Lithiation Strategies for Next‐Generation Practical Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jin Liming , Shen Chao , Wu Qiang , Shellikeri Annadanesh , Zheng Junsheng , Zhang Cunman , Zheng Jim P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNext‐generation Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) with higher energy density adopt some novel anode materials, which generally have the potential to exhibit higher capacity, superior rate performance as well as better cycling durability than conventional graphite anode, while on the other hand always suffer from larger active lithium loss (ALL) in the first several cycles. During the last two decades, various pre‐lithiation strategies are developed to mitigate the initial ALL by presetting the extra Li sources to effectively improve the first Coulombic efficiency and thus achieve higher energy density as well as better cyclability. In this progress report, the origin of the huge initial ALL of the anode and its effect on the performance of full cells are first illustrated in theory. Then, various pre‐lithiation strategies to resolve these issues are summarized, classified, and compared in detail. Moreover, the research progress of pre‐lithiation strategies for the representative electrochemical systems are carefully reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are particularly analyzed and outlooked. This progress report aims to bring up new insights to reassess the significance of pre‐lithiation strategies and offer a guideline for the research directions tailored for different applications based on the proposed pre‐lithiation strategies summaries and comparisons.
Improved Contact Resistance by a Single Atomic Layer Tunneling Effect in WS2/MoTe2 Heterostructures
Authors: Kim Jihoon , Venkatesan A. , Kim Hanul , Kim Yewon , Whang Dongmok , Kim Gil‐Ho 
Published: March 2021

AbstractManipulation of Ohmic contacts in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides for enhancing the transport properties and enabling its application as a practical device has been a long‐sought goal. In this study, n‐type tungsten disulfide (WS2) single atomic layer to improve the Ohmic contacts of the p‐type molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) material is covered. The Ohmic properties, based on the lowering of Schottky barrier height (SBH) owing to the tunneling barrier effect of the WS2 monolayer, are found to be unexpectedly excellent at room temperature and even at 100 K. The improved SBH and contact resistances are 3 meV and 1 MΩ µm, respectively. The reduction in SBH and contact resistance is confirmed with temperature‐dependent transport measurements. This study further demonstrates the selective carrier transport across the MoTe2 and WS2 layers by modulating the applied gate voltage. This WS2/MoTe2 heterostructure exhibits excellent gate control over the currents of both channels (n‐type and p‐type). The on/off ratios for both the electron and hole channels are calculated as 107 and 106, respectively, indicating good carrier type modulation by the electric field of the gate electrode. The Ohmic contact resistance using the tunneling of the atomic layer can be applied to heterojunction combinations of various materials.
Significant Reduction in Thermal Conductivity and Improved Thermopower of Electron‐Doped Ba1–xLaxTiO3 with Nanostructured Rectangular Pores
Authors: Ahmed Al Jumlat , Cortie David L. , Yun Frank Fei , Rahman Yasir , Nazrul Islam Sheik Md Kazi , Bake Abdulhakim , Konstantinov Konstantin , Hossain Md. Shahriar A. , Alowasheeir Azhar , Yamauchi Yusuke , Wang Xiaolin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractElectron‐doped BaTiO3 is a less studied n‐type metal oxide thermoelectric material. In this work, the electrical conductivity of BaTiO3 samples has been improved by introducing La to yield an n‐type Ba1–xLaxTiO3 semiconducting material. Density functional theory calculations show that the optimal electron‐doping occurs at x = 0.2, and this is also confirmed experimentally. To improve the thermoelectric properties further, nanostructured cuboidal pores are introduced into the bulk Ba1–xLaxTiO3 using F127 surfactant micelles for a chemical templating process, followed by spark plasma sintering. Interestingly, transmission electron microscopy images and X‐ray powder diffraction analysis confirms that our fabricated samples are cubic BaTiO3 perovskite phase with the nanostructured rectangular‐prism pores of >4 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images show that all the samples have similar grain boundaries and uniform La doping, which suggests that the large reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity in the F127‐treated samples arises primarily from the pore distribution, which introduces anisotropic phonon scattering within the unique nanoarchitecture. The sample with 20 at% La doping and nanopores also shows a thermopower that is doubled compared to the related sample without porosity. Together with the lattice thermal conductivity, enables a significant improvement in figure of merit, zT compared to the other samples.
Multi‐State Magnetic Tunnel Junction Programmable by Nanosecond Spin‐Orbit Torque Pulse Sequence
Authors: Lourembam James , Huang Lisen , Chen Bingjin , Qiu Jinjun , Chung Hong Jing , Yap Sherry Lee Koon , Yap Qi Jia , Wong Seng Kai , Lim Sze Ter 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMulti‐state spin‐orbit torque (SOT) switching, particularly in magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) geometry, is promising hardware for artificial intelligence due to its potential to form artificial neurons and to increase storage density per bit. Here, multi‐state switching is demonstrated in Pt/Co40Fe40B20/MgO‐based elliptical MTJ, fabricated on a 200 mm wafer platform, using nanosecond spin‐orbit torque pulses. Multi‐state switching is achieved using MTJs composed of a single ferromagnetic storage layer and without resorting to any domain‐wall pinning step. The genesis of the multi‐states, rather than the expected bistable states in MTJs, come from the formation and stabilization of metastable domains by the voltage pulse. The persistence and the probability of the mid‐states are investigated by two different spin‐orbit torque pulse sequences. Additionally, it is reported that size (>domain‐wall width), exchange constant (<20 × 10−12 J m‐1), current density amplitude (≈threshold values), and pulse sequence are important considerations for realizing multi‐state SOT MTJs. These industry‐grade MTJs can be leveraged to accelerate the development of spintronics‐based neuromorphic devices.
High Sensitivity Polyurethane‐Based Fiber Strain Sensor with Porous Structure via Incorporation of Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers
Authors: Sheng Nan , Ji Peng , Zhang Minghao , Wu Zhuotong , Liang Qianqian , Chen Shiyan , Wang Huaping 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWith the rise of wearable devices, flexible sensors have received extensive attention and research due to their great potential in human health detection and joint motion. Here, a flexible fiber strain sensor is directly obtained by a common wet‐spinning method, which used thermoplastic polyurethane as the elastomer, carbon nanotubes, and graphene as conductive fillers by incorporating 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl oxidized bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCN) as the dispersant and binding agent. The introduction of BCN can effectively improve the interaction between the polymer matrix and the conductive fillers, and bear a part of the tensile stress and the supporting force during the fiber formation, to form the porous structure, which can efficiently carry and transfer the tensile force. Under the synergistic effect of various components, the fiber strain sensor with wide response range (230%), high gauge factor values of 17.8 (0−70%), 326.6 (70−150%), and 1501.0 (150−230%), fast response time, and recovery time (≈100 ms), and long‐term cyclic stability (>10 000 cycles) are prepared. In the fiber sensor, the ideal combination of excellent strain sensing performance and flexible wearable characteristics has been realized which will be of great significance in the field of weaving, lightweight, and foldable electronic devices.
Formation of High‐Performance Multi‐Cation Halide Perovskites Photovoltaics by δ‐CsPbI3/δ‐RbPbI3 Seed‐Assisted Heterogeneous Nucleation
Authors: Alharbi Essa A. , Baumeler Thomas P. , Krishna Anurag , Alyamani Ahmed Y. , Eickemeyer Felix T. , Ouellette Olivier , Pan Linfeng , Alghamdi Fahad S. , Wang Zaiwei , Alotaibi Mohammad Hayal , Yang Bowen , Almalki Masaud , Mensi Mounir D. , Albrithen Hamad , Albadri Abdulrahman , Hagfeldt Anders , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Grätzel Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe performance of perovskite solar cells is highly dependent on the fabrication method; thus, controlling the growth mechanism of perovskite crystals is a promising way towards increasing their efficiency and stability. Herein, a multi‐cation halide composition of perovskite solar cells is engineered via the two‐step sequential deposition method. Strikingly, it is found that adding mixtures of 1D polymorphs of orthorhombic δ‐RbPbI3 and δ‐CsPbI3 to the PbI2 precursor solution induces the formation of porous mesostructured hexagonal films. This porosity greatly facilitates the heterogeneous nucleation and the penetration of FA (formamidinium)/MA (methylammonium) cations within the PbI2 film. Thus, the subsequent conversion of PbI2 into the desired multication cubic α‐structure by exposing it to a solution of formamidinium methylammonium halides is greatly enhanced. During the conversion step, the δ‐CsPbI3 also is fully integrated into the 3D mixed cation perovskite lattice, which exhibits high crystallinity and superior optoelectronic properties. The champion device shows a power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 22%. Furthermore, these devices exhibit enhanced operational stability, with the best device retaining more than 90% of its initial value of PCE under 1 Sun illumination with maximum power point tracking for 400 h.
Plasmon‐Enhanced Charge Separation and Surface Reactions Based on Ag‐Loaded Transition‐Metal Hydroxide for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Ning Xingming , Yin Dan , Fan Yiping , Zhang Qi , Du Peiyao , Zhang Dongxu , Chen Jing , Lu Xiaoquan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCoating photoanodes with transition‐metal hydroxides (TMH) is a promising approach for improving photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation. However, the present system still suffers from high charge recombination and sluggish surface reactions. Herein, effective charge separation is achieved at the same time as boosting the surface catalytic reaction for PEC water splitting through decoration of plasmon metal (Ag) in a semiconductor/TMH coupling system. The kinetic behavior at the semiconductor/TMH and TMH/electrolyte interfaces is systematically evaluated by employing intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy, scanning photoelectrochemical microscopy, and oxygen evolution reaction model. It is found that both charge transfer and surface catalysis dynamics are enhanced through local surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles. The as‐prepared BiVO4/Co(OH)x‐Ag exhibits remarkable activity (≈4.64 times) in PEC water splitting in comparison with pure BiVO4. Notably, this smart approach can be also applied to other TMH (Ni(OH)2), reflecting its universality. This work provides a guiding design method for solar energy conversion with the semiconductor‐TMH system.
A nationwide survey of emergency medicine resident workflow efficiency: Are training programs teaching residents to be efficient?
Authors: Carmelli Guy , Watson Erin E. , Villarroel Nadia A. , Dixon William W. , Clarke Samuel O. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundWorkflow efficiency (WFE) is essential to the practice of emergency medicine (EM), but a standardized approach to measuring and teaching it during residency is lacking. In this study we sought to describe how EM residency programs in the United States currently measure and teach WFE and to assess the relative importance of WFE teaching to EM residency program leaders.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional survey of all accredited EM residency training programs in the United States in Fall 2019. We invited all allopathic EM residency programs to participate in the study by directly emailing program directors and assistant/associate program directors. We conducted the study and performed descriptive statistics using SurveyMonkey software.ResultsWe received a total of 133 responses out of 190 total programs (70%) with proportionate representation from 3‐ and 4‐year programs and all regions of the United States. When asked to what extent teaching efficiency should be a priority compared to other educational goals, 65% of program leaders responded with “significant” or “moderate” priority. Most EM programs collect WFE data on their residents, either by tracking patients per hour (78%) or by written evaluations (59%). Common methods for providing WFE data to residents were: “individual data provided along with deidentified rank” (35%), “data provided only during private feedback meetings” (26%), and “no data or rank provided to residents” (16%). Regarding targeted WFE teaching to residents, 88% reported utilizing general on‐shift teaching, 48% reported teaching WFE during formal didactics, and 45% during dedicated private feedback sessions.ConclusionThis national study of allopathic U.S. EM programs suggests that most EM program leaders do value WFE teaching. However, we found no consistent approach among programs for tracking or distributing resident WFE data, and many programs lack a formalized way to teach efficiency to their residents.
A novel microduplication in INPP5A segregates with schizophrenia spectrum disorder in the family of a patient with both childhood onset schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Fernandez Arnaud , Drozd Małgorzata , Thümmler Susanne , Bardoni Barbara , Askenazy Florence , Capovilla Maria 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChildhood‐Onset Schizophrenia (COS) is a very rare and severe psychiatric disorder defined by adult schizophrenia symptoms occurring before the age of 13. We report a microduplication in the 10q26.3 region including part of the Inositol Polyphosphate‐5‐Phosphatase A (INPP5A) gene that segregates with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSDs) in the family of a female patient affected by both COS and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Phenotyping and genotyping (including CGH‐array) were performed for mother, healthy sister, and affected child according to the GenAuDiss protocol (NCT02565524). The duplication size is 324 kb and is present in a patient with COS and in her mother with SSD, but not in the patient's healthy sister. INPP5A encodes a membrane‐associated 43 kDa type I inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (InsP3) 5‐phosphatase. This protein is found both in mouse and human brains and we found that its Drosophila homologue 5PtaseI is specifically expressed in the central nervous system. Hydrolyzed products from InsP3 5‐phosphatases mobilize intracellular calcium, which is relevant for dendritic spine morphogenesis in neurons and altered in both schizophrenia and ASD. These may constitute arguments in favor of this gene alteration in the pathophysiology of COS.
Genetic and metabolic investigations for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders: A survey of Canadian geneticists' practices
Authors: Carter Melissa T. , Cloutier Mireille , Tsampalieros Anne , Webster Richard 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNeurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are genetically heterogeneous. There are many possible etiological investigations for NDDs, and a lack of clear and current guidelines for such testing. Here we characterize the practices of genetic and metabolic physicians in Canada as it pertains to etiological investigation of patients with NDDs, by means of an online questionnaire. The survey response rate was 30% (n = 46). The most commonly ordered first‐line tests for patients with non‐syndromic NDDs are chromosomal microarray (98%) and Fragile X testing (85%). The most commonly ordered second‐line test for non‐syndromic NDDs is a multi‐gene panel (78%) or exome sequencing (29%). Biochemical screening is ordered as a first line test by 33% of respondents, second line by 31%, and rarely or never by 36% of respondents. Those respondents with metabolics fellowship training were more likely to order biochemical screening than those without. The number of years of clinical experience generally did not affect the types of tests ordered. For patients with NDDs, test‐ordering practice among Canadian clinical geneticists is highly variable, in particular with respect to biochemical screening and use of next‐generation sequencing technologies. Evidence‐based guidelines should be developed to facilitate best practices in Canada.
Ultrasound‐guided procedures in the management of heterotopic caesarean scar pregnancy – A review of case reports and case series
Authors: Authreya Ashwini J , Agrawal Purvi , Makam Adinarayana 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundHeterotopic caesarean scar pregnancy (HCSP) is where one gestational sac implants in the previous caesarean section (CS) scar and another sac implants in the uterine cavity. There is limited evidence on the management of this rare condition. Here, we present a case of HCSP in which US‐guided selective reduction of the CS pregnancy (CSP) was performed using potassium chloride (KCl) to salvage the intrauterine pregnancy. We also conducted a review of published case reports to understand the determinants of outcome.MethodsAfter a MEDLINE search, 23 case reports were found eligible based on quality assessment and were included in the analysis. A composite‐score indicating overall obstetric morbidity was computed, and mixed‐effects linear regression was implemented to identify its predictors.ResultsUS‐guided local treatment was the most common mode of intervention for HCSP. The regression analyses revealed that the poor obstetric outcomes, especially antepartum haemorrhage (APH) and postpartum haemorrhage (PPH), were significantly predicted by advanced gestational age at treatment and a higher number of previous CS, irrespective of the mode of treatment.ConclusionThese results indicate that a high index of suspicion for an early ultrasound diagnosis and treatment is critical. US‐guided techniques are useful in salvaging the intrauterine pregnancy with decreased maternal morbidity. The results are preliminary due to the rarity and a small number of published reports. Every CSP should be recorded in a central international registry to obtain reliable data on the diagnosis and management of women with CSP. Given the rising rates of CS, future systematic studies are warranted.