bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Science, opportunisme, politique
Authors: A. Bruneau William 
Published: July 2021

Since 1968, the history of education in France h as been largeiy and successfully re-conceptualised to account for the reiationship between educational experience and subsequent and previous social status. Beyond this, recent historicai studies have carefuiiy investigated differences of educational provision in the various regions of the country, and re-examined the political history of State education.
So far, however, history of French higher education has come in for rather little of this attention. Louis Liard (1846-1917) is generally considered to have been responsible more than any other for the late XIXth century renaissance of universities in France. The présent paper tries to assess the motives of his activity as reformer during a particuiariy criticat and fruitfui period of institution-building, it suggests that his work was not wholly motivated by social-economic class ambition ; in view of the fact that Liard was similar in so many respects to thousands of persons who could be characterised in this exact way, this hypothesis is a risky one.
Roughly speaking, the paper argues that Liard’s extraordinarily powerful grasp of the logic of inquiry, combined with a healthy dose of opportunism when the occasion warranted, led him to take the actions he did between 1884-1896. Using the examples of his push towards reform of medical studies (essentially to require a year of pre-medicat general science work), and his support of applied science institutes, it is possible to make the case that a merely social or economic explanation of his career will not suffice.
Les Frères des Écoles chrétiennes à l’époque de Jules Ferry
Authors: Poutet Yves 
Published: July 2021

The Brothers of the Christian Schools, founded by St. John Baptist De La Salle in the XVIIth century, see it as their mission to instruct children in the « art of living » and, sensitive to the needs of the poor, maintain free schools – an idea adopted by Jules Ferry in the XIXth century. In 1874 two thousand members of the order were responsible for the education of 130,000 students outside France and the paper reviews the situation in various countries as a result of new legislation – in Austria, Prussia, Switzerland, Italy, England, in the U.S.A. and Ecuador, and in A sia where the Brothers’ schools were characterised by the peaceful co-existence of Protestants, Moslems, Buddhists and, in lesser numbers, Catholics, and, thanks to free education, were a melting-pot of social classes.

As for the situation in France, it was a question of patience, forbearance, submission to the law, even if this seemed anticlerical so long as it did not impose acts considered evil in themselves. The Brothers refrained from association with clerical movements which expounded arguments in the press. While Jules Ferry sought a neutral ideology, to render education pohtically laïque (secular) and « Republican » and to foster a collective French conscience by abolishing religions activity, the Lasallians refused to exile God, creator of all, from the daily curriculum. In the Brothers’ schools in non-Catholic countries there was openness to all forms of religious expression, allowing for the right to abstain from adherence to a faith and the right to express convictions and translate them into action. This is precisely the idea which led Jules Ferry, as Minister for Foreign Affairs and promoter of French colonisation, to subsidise several Lasallian schools beyond the frontiers of France. Yet, paradoxically, similar assistance was denied to schools within the country.
L’obligation scolaire, un quart de siècle après Jules Ferry : le législateur face aux réalités
Authors: Gavoille Jacques 
Published: July 2021

The advent of compulsory education makes possible a clear assessment of the social and economic influence of legislation. The Act passed on 28 March 1882 appeared sufficient for many years until, around 1905, numerous bills were introduced aiming to secure improved schooling.
The reasons for concern were of a political, economic and social nature. i) Some Catholic parents, organising resistance to the use of certain school-books, partly transgressed the Act enforcing compulsory education, ii) The number of illiterates in France was high, compared with several neighbouring countries, which could be accounted for by premature leaving or irregular attendance. iii) There was criticism, in 1910 by F. Buisson, of an educational System which, by distinguishing an elite from the mass of pupils, reproduced social division into two classes.
The various bills introduced :
i) Aimed first at better enforcement of the 1882 Act through more efficient assessment of the number of children aged 6 to 13, their attendance record, the employment of 12 and 13-year-olds in industry, and the level of attainment of recruits to the army on enrolment.
ii) Proposed improvement of material and moral assistance to parents by replacing the School Commission of 1882, comprising members too dependent on parents, by a School Council representing teachers, parents, school supporters
Quand l’école de Jules Ferry est-elle morte ?
Authors: Prost Antoine 
Published: July 2021

To ask this question is a way of defining the school itself. This paper presents evidence of three kinds suggesting that the primary school founded by Jules Ferry ended only during the 1960’s and which permits us to particularise some of its characteristics. First, it was the only school available to children from the popular classes ; since the educational reforms of 1959 and 1963 children pass from the elementary school to another school – a form of comprehensive school – and not to factories and offices. Second, the organisational structure of the primary school was entirely reframed between 1962 and 1970 ; whereas boys and girls were segregated they are now together but there is a more rigid distinction than before in terms of age, only those from 6 to 11 being accepted in primary schools to-day and all leaving at 12. Third, from a pedagogical point of view the French primary school was little changed between 1880 and 1960, neither programmes nor methods were reoriented. But during the 1960’s some major reforms supervened : the suppression of exercises outside the school, at home ; the tiers-temps (third of time), a new schedule of school time ; new programmes for French and mathematics ; new approaches to history and the natural sciences (’disciplines d’éveil)
These reforms profoundly altered the pattern of the Jules Ferry primary school so that it is possible to speak of its end. But the institutional structure, the inspectorate, remained untouched.
“Puddles on the Road”
Authors: Rohilla Latika , Kumar Rakesh , Walia Priyanka , Yadav Jaivinder , Dayal Devi 
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
This study was conducted to investigate the pathway from first symptoms to initiation of insulin regimen in children with new-onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and explore the reasons behind diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) at onset among children with T1DM.

Materials and Methods:
An exploratory study was conducted using a pretested questionnaire, among parents of children diagnosed with T1DM within preceding 3 months.

Results:
Out of the total 105 children, 56.1% were males. The median age was 7 years. The commonest reported symptoms were polydipsia (97.8%), polyuria (75.2%), and nocturia (75.2%). The mean time taken by parents from onset of symptoms to decide to visit the physician (appraisal gap) was 7.85 ± 7.95 days. The help-seeking gap (from decision-making to visiting a physician) was 3.01 ± 8.31 days, diagnostic gap (from first visit to diagnosis) was 4.19 ± 6.72 days, and the treatment gap (from diagnosis to the start of insulin) was 2.12 ± 6.87 days. The DKA at onset (was present in 39 out of 105 children 37.1%) and was higher among children with lower per-capita income (P-0.017), lack of previous experience among parents (P-0.017), longer appraisal (P-0.023), and treatment gap (P-0.009).

Conclusion:
Increasing awareness about the diabetes among children among the public and primary healthcare workers can help prevent DKA at onset.
Clinical, Etiological and Laboratory Profile of Children with Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD)-Experience from a Tertiary Pediatric Endocrine Unit in Western India
Authors: Jahagirdar Rahul , Khadilkar Vaman , Deshpande Ruma , Lohiya Nikhil 
Published: July 2021

Objectives:
To present the clinical profile, diagnostic work-up, and management of children with Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD).

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective study from a tertiary pediatric endocrine unit of western India. We included 39 patients who presented over a period of 9 years from June 2009 to June 2018.

Results:
Nineteen patients (48.7%) were diagnosed with 46 XY DSD, 16 (41%) with 46 XX DSD, and 4 (10.3%) with sex chromosomal DSD. Out of 46 XY DSD, androgen insensitivity was observed in 8 (42.1%) patients, 5 alpha-reductase deficiency in 5 (26.3%), gonadal dysgenesis in 3 (15.8%), ovotesticular DSD in 2 (10.5%) and 17 beta-hydroxylase (17γ-HSD3) deficiency in 1 (5.3%). Congenital adrenal hyperplasia was the most common cause in 46 XX DSD observed in 11 (68.75%) out of 16 patients, ovotesticular DSD was seen in 4 (25%) patients and testicular DSD in 1 (6.25%) patient. In sex chromosomal DSD 3 (75%) patients had mixed gonadal dysgenesis and 1 (25%) had ovotesticular DSD out of a total of 4 patients. At presentation gender of rearing was assigned as male in 16 (41%) patients, female in 20 (51.3%) patients, and no gender was assigned in 3 (7.7%). The gender of rearing was changed after diagnosis in 6 (16.7%) children.

Conclusion:
CAH was the most common etiology of 46 XX DSD whereas androgen insensitivity among 46 XY DSD. Assigning the sex of rearing should not be hurried and should be done only after diagnosis and parental counseling. A multidisciplinary and systematic approach is required for children with DSD.
Lactic Acidosis in Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: Bhat Javaid Ahmad , Masoodi Shariq Rashid , Bhat Moomin Hussain , Bhat Hilal , Ahmad Peerzada Ovais , Sood Mona 
Published: July 2021

Purpose:
The lactate level is being increasingly used as a marker of severity of illness and prognosis in multitude of critical conditions. However, its role in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is not well defined.

Aim:
To determine the prevalence and clinical importance along with the underlying role of metformin in lactic acidosis (LA) in patients admitted with DKA.

Methods:
A 2-year prospective and observational study involving 62 consenting in hospital DKA patients. Plasma lactate level on arrival, its clinical significance and relationship with morbidity and mortality in patients with DKA was evaluated.

Results:
The prevalence of LA (lactate ≥2.5 mmol/l) among the study cohort was found to be 55% with significant LA (≥5 mmol/l) documented in 16%. The median lactate level was 2.55 mmol/l (interquartile range, 1.70–3.20). No significant difference in the severity of LA was seen with metformin use. Lactate correlated positively with initial plasma glucose (IPG) (P = 0.001) and APACHE-II Score (P = 0.002); correlated negatively with systolic blood pressure (P = 0.003), pH (P = 0.002) and severity of DKA (P = 0.001). After controlling for AKI, APACHE II score and blood pressure, lactate continued to correlate positively with IPG (P = 0.002). No mortality or significant morbidity was documented in the entire cohort.

Conclusions:
LA has a significant presence in patients with DKA; however, it is not associated with mortality or significant morbidity. Moreover, there was no significant difference in severity of LA with metformin use. Elevated lactate levels may be an adaptation to provide alternate substrate for metabolism in the presence of hypoinsulinemic state. The study results provide rationale for large well-designed studies evaluating in-depth clinical relationship of lactate in DKA.
An Analysis of Length of Hospital Stay of COVID-19 Patients Admitted in a Dedicated COVID-19 Hospital
Authors: Khajuria Aayush , Bobdey Saurabh , Kumar Surinder , Sahu Rajesh , Vashisht Rohit , Bhaskar Vijay , Faujdar DS , Yadav Arun Kumar , Kaushik S. K. , Bhatia S. S. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has placed an unprecedented strain on Indian healthcare systems, with rapidly increasing demand for life-saving equipment and intensive care unit beds. The present study presents an analysis of average length of stay (LOS) as per different demographic and clinical factors in a dedicated COVID hospital. As the pandemic escalates, average LOS in COVID hospital will form the basis of determining the optimum requirement for healthcare resources (beds, staff, and equipment), which is a key priority for bolstering a strong public health response against COVID-19.

Materials and Methods:
Using the medical records at a dedicated COVID-19 hospital, the demographic details and select clinical characteristics of 342 admitted patients (from July 13, 2020, to August 30, 2020) were abstracted. Hospital LOS, calculated from the actual admission and discharge dates, was compared within the categories of demographic and clinical characteristics using Student's test and analysis of variance. SPSS version 20 was used for descriptive as well as inferential statistics.

Results:
The mean LOS was 9.93 ± 4.45 days with a range of 3–37 days. LOS increased with increasing age, with maximum being for >61 years (12.69 ± 7.14) and minimum for the younger age category of <40 years (8.88 ± 1.95) (P = 0.001). As COVID-19 severity increased, LOS increased, with longest being for severe patients (25.59 ± 7.30) and shortest being for Mild patients (8.74 ± 1.80) (P = 0.001). LOS was also longer for patients having multiple comorbidities (13.00 ± 7.96) and shortest for those with no comorbidities (9.33 ± 2.96) (P = 0.001).

Conclusion:
LOS is significantly affected by age, severity, and comorbidities. The actual duration and factors influencing LOS are crucial for health administrators and policymakers to better allocate the already scarce health resources.
Automatic Generation of Structured Radiology Reports for Volumetric Computed Tomography Images Using Question-Specific Deep Feature Extraction and Learning
Authors: Loveymi Samira , Dezfoulian Mir Hossein , Mansoorizadeh Muharram 
Published: July 2021

Background:
In today's modern medicine, the use of radiological imaging devices has spread at medical centers. Therefore, the need for accurate, reliable, and portable medical image analysis and understanding systems has been increasing constantly. Accompanying images with the required clinical information, in the form of structured reports, is very important, because images play a pivotal role in detect, planning, and diagnosis of different diseases. Report-writing can be exposure to error, tedious and labor-intensive for physicians and radiologists; to address these issues, there is a need for systems that generate medical image reports automatically and efficiently. Thus, automatic report generation systems are among the most desired applications.

Methods:
This research proposes an automatic structured-radiology report generation system that is based on deep learning methods. Extracting useful and descriptive image features to model the conceptual contents of the images is one of the main challenges in this regard. Considering the ability of deep neural networks (DNNs) in soliciting informative and effective features as well as lower resource requirements, tailored convolutional neural networks and MobileNets are employed as the main building blocks of the proposed system. To cope with challenges such as multi-slice medical images and diversity of questions asked in a radiology report, our system develops volume-level and question-specific deep features using DNNs.

Results:
We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system on ImageCLEF2015 Liver computed tomography (CT) annotation task, for filling in a structured radiology report about liver CT. The results confirm the efficiency of the proposed approach, as compared to classic annotation methods.

Conclusion:
We have proposed a question-specific DNNbased system for filling in structured radiology reports about medical images.
A Fast Approximate Method for Predicting the Behavior of Auditory Nerve Fibers and the Evoked Compound Action Potential (ECAP) Signal
Authors: Ghanaei Azam , Firoozabadi S. Mohammad P. , Sadjedi Hamed 
Published: July 2021

Background:
The goal of the current research is to develop a model based on computer simulations which describes both the behavior of the auditory nerve fibers and the cochlear implant system as a rehabilitation device.

Methods:
The approximate method was proposed as a low error and fast tool for predicting the behavior of auditory nerve fibers as well as the evoked compound action potential (ECAP) signal. In accurate methods every fiber is simulated; whereas, in approximate method information related to the response of every fiber and its characteristics such as the activation threshold of cochlear fibers are saved and interpolated to predict the behavior of a set of nerve fibers.

Results:
The approximate model can predict and analyze different stimulation techniques. Although precision is reduced to <1.66% of the accurate method, the required execution time for simulation is reduced by more than 98%.

Conclusion:
The amplitudes of the ECAP signal and the growth function were investigated by changing the parameters of the approximate model including geometrical parameters, electrical, and temporal parameters. In practice, an audiologist can tune the stimulation parameters to reach an effective restoration of the acoustic signal.
The amyloid–melanin connection
Authors: Bhargava Puneet , Nijhawan Shivi , Singdia Heena , Garg Rohit , Chepa Neha , Mathur Deepak K. 
Published: July 2021

Context:
Amyloidosis is group of rare diseases that are characterized by extracellular deposition of abnormal amyloid proteins either involving multiple organ systems (systemic amyloidosis) or restricted to a single-tissue site, such as skin (localized amyloidosis). In primary cutaneous amyloidosis, there is deposition of amyloid in apparently normal skin. The hyperpigmentation in all the lesions of primary cutaneous macular amyloidosis gives us an insight of a possibility of a connection between amyloid fibrils and melanogenesis.

Aims:
To compare the melanin content from the lesional skin of upper back and surrounding non-lesional skin of macular amyloidosis.

Settings and Design:
A hospital based, cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 6 months.

Methods and Materials:
Forty-two patients (30 females and 12 males) clinically and histopathologically diagnosed as macular amyloidosis were enrolled in the study. A Mexameter MX18 was used to measure the melanin index of the lesions of Macular amyloidosis over upper back and non-affected similar areas (control).

Results:
The melanin index of the lesional skin of female patients ranged from 552 to 823 (mean = 705.1). The melanin index of the lesional skin of male patients ranged from 621 to 792 (mean = 697.41). In the non-affected surrounding skin of females, the mean melanin index was 357.66, whereas in males, the melanin index of the surrounding normal skin was 296.75. The P value came out to be significant, that is, <0.05 in both males and females. Conclusions: There is a possible connection between amyloid fibrils and melanin synthesis. Amyloid protein in primary macular cutaneous amyloidosis may act as the precursors for melanogenesis.
Study of contact sensitivity to cosmetic allergens in melasma
Authors: Verma Sonali , Sarkar Rashmi , Sahoo Bijaylaxmi 
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Melasma is a relatively common hypermelanotic disorder characterized by symmetrical light to gray-brown macules and patches involving photoexposed areas. Multiple factors have been implicated in the etiopathogenesis, including genetic factors, UV radiation, pregnancy, oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), thyroid dysfunction, and cosmetics. However, the role of cosmetics has not been well studied in melasma patients. The present study was designed to study the contact sensitivity to cosmetic allergens in patients with melasma.

Material and Methods:
Thirty patients with and thirty without melasma who visited Dermatology OPD between October 2015 and March 2017 were recruited according to selection criteria and were sequentially patch and photopatched with Indian cosmetic and fragrance series.

Results:
The mean age of melasma patients was 32.10 ± 6.62 years with female to male ratio of 1.72:1. Sixteen (53%) patients were found to show positive reactions on patch and photopatch testing with Indian cosmetic and fragrance series. Among 32 allergens tested, 15 allergens were found eliciting positive reaction. Thiomersol was the most common contact sensitizer eliciting positive reaction in six (38%) patients, followed by cetrimide, hexamine, and sorbitan each in three patients (19%). In the control group, only one (3.3%) subject showed positive contact allergy pattern. The results were significant (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
A possible consideration of the pigmented cosmetic dermatitis and cosmetic contact sensitivity is recommended in the etiologic factors of melasma especially, in nonpregnancy/lactation induced melasma or when it is not associated with hormone therapy. Contact sensitizers might also have a role in melasma that is recalcitrant to all standard therapies.