bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterizing Heat Transfer Enhancement in Ferrofluid 2-D Channel Flows Using Mixing Numbers
Authors: Anand Nadish , Gould Richard 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Ferrofluid channel flows have been used for many non-invasive flow manipulation applications, including drug-delivery, heat transfer enhancement, mixing enhancement, etc. Heat transfer enhancement is one of the most coveted outcomes from novel cooling systems employed for electronic cooling. While using Ferrofluids for heat transfer enhancement, the external magnetic field usually induces Kelvin Body Force, which causes the ferrofluid to swirl or ‘mix’. This mixing process causes extra convection over what is induced through fluid inertia and is responsible for heat transfer enhancement. In order to understand the phenomenon of heat transfer enhancement, it would be logical to view it from the perspective of mixing enhancement. Moreover, channel flows are most common in liquid cooling of electronics equipment, and hence such a fundamental understanding of synergies between mixing and heat transfer enhancement can help pose design rules for advanced cooling configuration for electronics cooling. In this work, a Ferrofluid channel flow is analyzed in the presence of an external magnetic field. A 2-D 90° bend channel ferrofluid flow is considered, with a significant length scale of 0.01 m, where two external current-carrying wires provide an external magnetic field. An external inward heat flux of 1000 W/m2 is applied on the walls of the channel. The channel flow is studied numerically by varying different parameters relating to the external magnetic field and flow conditions. The ferrofluid used is considered magnetite based on water as the carrier fluid, and the properties of which are modeled using appropriate mixture models for nanofluids. The mixing induced in the flow is characterized by using two different mixing numbers based on the flow velocity. This type of characterization is analogous to characterizing flow turbulence. The heat transfer enhancement is characterized using Nusselt numbers. These non-dimensional numbers (mixing) are studied in congruence with the Nusselt number to understand the relationship between the mixing and heat transfer and draw comparative inferences with flow conditions without heat transfer enhancement. Finally, conclusions are drawn between the mixing & heat transfer intensification at local and global levels and choosing the apposite mixing numbers to characterize heat transfer enhancement.
Dynamic Behavior of a Streamwise Oscillating Heated Cylinder
Authors: Ali Ussama , Islam MD , Janajreh Isam 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The influence of oscillation and heat transfer on the lift and drag coefficients over a circular cylinder is numerically studied in this work. Temperature difference of 300, 600 and 900 K is used between the cylinder wall and the incoming fluid flow for Reynolds number of 100. Air is used as the fluid and the temperature dependent properties of air are used for the analysis as a significant change in the properties of air incurred. Numerical simulation is done on Ansys/fluent with O-type mesh and the vibration in the circular cylinder is induced using user defined function. The vibration of the cylinder in streamwise direction is induced at a frequency ratio of 0.5, 1, and 2, with the natural frequency of the cylinder being 2.5 Hz marking its Strouhal number. It is observed that for all the induced frequencies, the forcing function interacts with the natural frequency of the system, and the beating phenomenon spectrum is observed, where two distinct frequencies appear which correspond to the sum and difference between the natural and the forcing frequency. At the frequency ratio of 0.5 (1.25 Hz), the spectrum of lift coefficient is characterized with three peaks centered at 2.5 Hz (natural frequency), 3.75 Hz (sum) and 1.25 Hz (difference). Oscillating the isothermal cylinder at a frequency ratio of 0.5 caused a negligible increase in the rms value of the lift coefficient by 2.13%, drag coefficient by 0.17%, and had no effect on the natural frequency of the system, however at a frequency ratio of 2, a drastic increase in the rms value of lift coefficient by 137.4% and drag coefficient by 13.9% occurred, indicating the lock-on regime. As compared to the stationary isothermal cylinder, heating the cylinder 300K above the incoming flow, decreased the rms value of the lift coefficient by 62.7% and the natural frequency by 16%, while increased the drag coefficient by 7.3%. The results show that heating of cylinder in cross-flow is equivalent to running the flow at a reduced Reynolds number and in the laminar region, this is associated with lower Strouhal number and lower amplitude of lift but a higher drag.
CFD Analysis of Transient Heat Conduction in the Electronic Control Circuitry of Steering Wheel Column Adjustment System
Authors: Tiwari Ankit , Davey Trevor , Willis Matthew 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Automotive grade 3 electronic components are expected to meet their functional, performance and thermal safety requirements within the ambient temperature range from −40-degree C to +85-degree C. In this study, CFD and thermal analysis of electronic control circuitry of a power steering wheel column adjustment system is performed. It consists of 6 MOSFETs (Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor Field Effect Transistor) packaged in 3 Dual package MOSFET casings (Q6, Q7 and Q8) that are arranged in two H-bridge configurations for dependent control of the two motors. Two of these MOSFETs cause thermal power dissipation during the normal operation of the system. There are also other thermally significant devices such as a reverse polarity protection MOSFET (Q1), two inductors used in a low pass filter and one current sense resistor. Because of cost and packaging limitations, there are no external heat sinks to enhance heat transfer. The components will rely on the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) and plated-through-holes/thermal vias for heat transfer to maintain operation within the thermal safety limits. The inherent transient nature of operation of the power steering wheel column adjustment system causes the circuit to draw high current for a short duration of time. This necessitates temperature dependent heat source formulation. In this study, an initial CFD study was performed to assess the thermal safety of all the electronic components in the control circuitry. It was found that the electronic components such as MOSFETs and inductors were below the maximum operating junction temperature under the hot limit condition (+85degree C) for the entire duration of operation. However, under the cold limit condition (−40-degree C), both the MOSFETs and the inductors were significantly hotter than the maximum junction temperature. Based on CFD results, the sizing and placement of thermal vias may be optimized. Further, a comparative analysis was performed to assess the different levels of fidelity offered by lumped PCB model, multi-layer PCB model and explicit modeling of thermal vias in PCB.
Retrofiting Existing Optical Fiber Infrastructure to Mitigate Geohazard Risk: The TGP Case
Authors: Ravet Fabien , Melo Alberto , Oliveros Francisco , Rochat Etienne 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Optical fiber cables (OFC) are well known for their use in communications. They offer long distance and fast transmission rate capabilities. OFC are the perfect companion of hydrocarbon and water transport system as part of the physical layer of the communication services and SCADA of the operating companies. As an example, the TGP system has more than 1400 km of cables laid in its Right-of-Way (ROW) which are in use since the beginning of its operation in 2004.
More recently OFC started to be used as sensors. In such applications, a communication cable (CC) can be turned into a continuous temperature sensor allowing for leak and erosion detection. A strain monitoring cable (SMC) can also be spliced to the CC for landslide and subsidence detection in selected areas. In the case of very large soil displacement, it is common to observe the strain induced on the CC. From what precedes, existing OFC infrastructures can be taken advantage of to retrofit pipelines with monitoring instrumentation.
The current work describes how an existing CC is retrofitted to provide information about the TGP transport system’s integrity. When accurate monitoring of a landslide is required, a dedicated sensing cable is installed locally and connected to the CC. Elsewhere the CC is being measured to detect and locate events as erosion or landslide in position where the geohazard risk present lower probability. Such approach not only improves geohazard risk management, but it also indicates early sign of stress on the cable that can lead to its rupture, mitigating service interruption probability.
Challenges Related to Pipeline Free Spans in Watercourse Crossings
Authors: Caruso Mario , Ferris Gerry , Heggen Hans Olav , Delanty Burke 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Free span assessment in watercourse crossings for the on-shore pipeline industry has become a more and more important part of pipeline integrity practice. One reason is that it has become increasingly well known that the dominant cause of pipeline failures in watercourse crossings is fatigue failure due to vortex induced vibrations at pipeline free spans. Recognition of this is now being identified in industry recommended practices and owners are incorporating this type of assessment into their pipeline integrity management practice.
On shore pipelines are not designed with an allowable free span as is the practice with off-shore pipelines, but are buried. Design codes specify minimum depths of cover when constructed and indicate that pipelines should be maintained so that no excessive loads occur. In the past the no excessive loads requirement has been interpreted that the pipeline must remained buried. As experience from the off-shore environment and increasingly from experience on-shore has shown that most exposed and/or free spans do not fail.
Due to various river erosion mechanisms; scour, bank erosion or avulsion, previously buried pipelines do develop free spans. Some of the free spans fail and release products directly into the watercourse. Failures, particularly for liquid products, are very expensive due to the economic loss, repair costs and environment clean-up of the watercourse and its banks. Similarly, costs associated with pipeline replacement for free spanning pipelines or repair of pipelines that might develop free spans are relatively high. It is important to develop an understanding of the probability of the pipeline failing due to a free span, or put another way, determine which free span is a threat to integrity.
This paper discusses some of the challenges with assessing free spans in watercourse crossings as part of integrity programs and highlights experiences in assessing this threat to integrity. The objective of this paper is to discuss some of the key uncertainties related to the management of the threat due to free spans. These uncertainties are due to the reliability of information about the free span, water velocity and condition of the pipelines.
Characteristics and effects of integrated nutrition and stimulation interventions to improve the nutritional status and development of children under 5 years of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Dulal Sophiya , Prost Audrey , Karki Surendra , Saville Naomi , Merom Dafna 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionAround 250 million children in low-income and middle-income countries are at risk of not fulfilling their developmental potential. There is a need to update syntheses investigating the effects of combined nutrition and stimulation interventions on children’s growth and development and identify intervention characteristics associated with positive effects.MethodsWe did a systematic review to: (1) understand the effects of integrated nutrition and stimulation interventions versus (i) usual care and (ii) standalone nutrition or stimulation interventions, on the growth and development of children under five; (2) explore intervention characteristics (delivery strategies, behaviour change techniques, intensity and personnel) associated with positive effects. We searched eight databases for studies published from inception to 16 November 2020. Eligible studies were randomised and non-randomised controlled trials of integrated nutrition and stimulation interventions examining growth and developmental outcomes. We performed meta-analyses for length-for-age/height-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-length/weight-for-height Z scores and cognitive, motor and language development scores, and subgroup analyses by intervention characteristics. We conducted random-effects metaregression to assess potential subgroup differences in outcomes by intervention characteristics.ResultsTwenty trials were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled effect sizes showed significant benefits of integrated interventions on developmental outcomes compared with usual care and standalone nutrition interventions (I2>75%) but not on growth outcomes. Moreover, integrated interventions have non-significant effects on developmental outcomes compared with standalone stimulation interventions. Integrated interventions showed greater effects on cognitive (p=0.039) and language (p=0.040) outcomes for undernourished children compared with adequately nourished children. The effects of integrated interventions on developmental outcomes did not differ by intervention characteristics.ConclusionIntegrated interventions have greater benefits for children’s development than usual care or standalone nutrition interventions, especially in settings with high levels of undernutrition. Future studies should use standardised reporting of implementation processes to identify intervention characteristics linked to positive effects.
Delineating the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of HECW2-related neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Acharya Anushree , Kavus Haluk , Dunn Patrick , Nasir Abdul , Folk Leandra , Withrow Kara , Wentzensen Ingrid M. , Ruzhnikov Maura R. Z. , Fallot Camille , Smol Thomas , Rama Mélanie , Brown Kathleen , Whalen Sandra , Ziegler Alban , Barth Magali , Chassevent Anna , Smith-Hicks Constance , Afenjar Alexandra , Courtin Thomas , Heide Solveig , Font-Montgomery Esperanza , Heid Caleb , Hamm J. Austin , Love Donald R. , Thabet Farouq , Misra Vinod K. , Cunningham Mitch , Leal Suzanne M. , Jarvela Irma , Normand Elizabeth A. , Zou Fanggeng , Helal Mayada , Keren Boris , Torti Erin , Chung Wendy K. , Schrauwen Isabelle 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundVariants in HECW2 have recently been reported to cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia, seizures and impaired language; however, only six variants have been reported and the clinical characteristics have only broadly been defined.MethodsMolecular and clinical data were collected from clinical and research cohorts. Massive parallel sequencing was performed and identified individuals with a HECW2-related neurodevelopmental disorder.ResultsWe identified 13 novel missense variants in HECW2 in 22 unpublished cases, of which 18 were confirmed to have a de novo variant. In addition, we reviewed the genotypes and phenotypes of previously reported and new cases with HECW2 variants (n=35 cases). All variants identified are missense, and the majority of likely pathogenic and pathogenic variants are located in or near the C-terminal HECT domain (88.2%). We identified several clustered variants and four recurrent variants (p.(Arg1191Gln);p.(Asn1199Lys);p.(Phe1327Ser);p.(Arg1330Trp)). Two variants, (p.(Arg1191Gln);p.(Arg1330Trp)), accounted for 22.9% and 20% of cases, respectively. Clinical characterisation suggests complete penetrance for hypotonia with or without spasticity (100%), developmental delay/intellectual disability (100%) and developmental language disorder (100%). Other common features are behavioural problems (88.9%), vision problems (83.9%), motor coordination/movement (75%) and gastrointestinal issues (70%). Seizures were present in 61.3% of individuals. Genotype-phenotype analysis shows that HECT domain variants are more frequently associated with cortical visual impairment and gastrointestinal issues. Seizures were only observed in individuals with variants in or near the HECT domain.ConclusionWe provide a comprehensive review and expansion of the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of HECW2 disorders, aiding future molecular and clinical diagnosis and management.
Diagnostic yield of chromosomal microarray and trio whole exome sequencing in cryptogenic cerebral palsy
Authors: Yechieli Michal , Gulsuner Suleyman , Ben-Pazi Hilla , Fattal Aviva , Aran Adi , Kuzminsky Alla , Sagi Liora , Guttman Dafna , Schneebaum Sender Nira , Gross-Tsur Varda , Klopstock Tehila , Walsh Tom , Renbaum Paul , Zeligson Sharon , Shemer Meiri Lilach , Lev Dorit , Shmueli Dorit , Blumkin Luba , Lahad Amnon , King Mary-Claire , Levy Ephrat Lahad , Segel Reeval 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveTo determine the yield of genetic diagnoses using chromosomal microarray (CMA) and trio whole exome sequencing (WES), separately and combined, among patients with cryptogenic cerebral palsy (CP).MethodsTrio WES of patients with prior CMA analysis for cryptogenic CP, defined as disabling, non-progressive motor symptoms beginning before the age of 3 years without known cause.ResultsGiven both CMA analysis and trio WES, clinically significant genetic findings were identified for 58% of patients (26 of 45). Diagnoses were eight large CNVs detected by CMA and 18 point mutations detected by trio WES. None had more than one severe mutation. Approximately half of events (14 of 26) were de novo. Yield was significantly higher in patients with CP with comorbidities (69%, 22 of 32) than in those with pure motor CP (31%, 4 of 13; p=0.02). Among patients with genetic diagnoses, CNVs were more frequent than point mutations among patients with congenital anomalies (OR 7.8, 95% CI 1.2 to 52.4) or major dysmorphic features (OR 10.5, 95% CI 1.4 to 73.7). Clinically significant mutations were identified in 18 different genes: 14 with known involvement in CP-related disorders and 4 responsible for other neurodevelopmental conditions. Three possible new candidate genes for CP were ARGEF10, RTF1 and TAOK3.ConclusionsCryptogenic CP is genetically highly heterogeneous. Genomic analysis has a high yield and is warranted in all these patients. Trio WES has higher yield than CMA, except in patients with congenital anomalies or major dysmorphic features, but these methods are complementary. Patients with negative results with one approach should also be tested by the other.
Cardiovascular responses to physical activity during work and leisure
Authors: Quinn Tyler David , Kline Christopher E , Nagle Elizabeth , Radonovich Lewis J , Alansare Abdullah , Barone Gibbs Bethany 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesRecent evidence suggests that occupational physical activity (OPA) is associated with adverse cardiovascular health, whereas leisure time physical activity is protective. This study explored explanatory physiological mechanisms.MethodsNineteen males (68% white, age=46.6±7.9 years, body mass index=27.9±5.1 kg/m2) with high self-reported OPA wore activity (ActiGraph and activPAL) and heart rate (HR) monitors for 7 days and an ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitor on one workday and one non-workday. Mixed effects models compared cardiovascular variables (24-hour, nocturnal, waking and non-work time HR and BP) and nocturnal HR variability (HRV) on workdays versus non-workdays. Additional models examined associations of daily activity (steps, light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)) with cardiovascular variables. Workday by daily activity interactions were examined.Results24-hour and waking HR and diastolic BP as well as non-work diastolic BP were significantly higher on workdays versus non-workdays (p<0.05 for all). However, no difference in systolic BP or nocturnal HR or BP was observed between work and non-workdays (p>0.05 for all). Low-frequency and high-frequency power indices of nocturnal HRV were lower on workdays (p<0.05 for both). Daily steps and LPA were positively associated with 24-hour and waking HR on work and non-workdays. Significant interactions suggested MVPA increases HR and lowers nocturnal HRV during workdays, with the opposite effect on non-workdays.ConclusionsCardiovascular load was higher on workdays versus non-workdays with no compensatory hypotensive response following workdays. Daily MVPA may differentially affect ambulatory cardiovascular load and nocturnal HRV on workdays versus non-workdays, supporting the physical activity health paradox hypothesis.
White matter hyperintensities associate with cognitive slowing in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and neuropsychiatric symptoms
Authors: Monahan Rory Caitlin , Inglese Francesca , Middelkoop Huub , van Buchem Mark , Huizinga Tom WJ , Kloppenburg Margreet , Ronen Itamar , Steup-Beekman Gerda M , de Bresser Jeroen 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveTo compare cognitive function between patients with different phenotypes of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) and assess its association with brain and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes.MethodsPatients attending the Leiden University Medical Centre NPSLE clinic between 2007 and 2015 without large brain infarcts were included (n=151; 42±13 years, 91% women). In a multidisciplinary consensus meeting, neuropsychiatric symptoms were attributed to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (NPSLE, inflammatory (n=24) or ischaemic (n=12)) or to minor/non-NPSLE (n=115). Multiple regression analyses were performed to compare cognitive function between NPSLE phenotypes and to assess associations between brain and WMH volumes and cognitive function cross-sectionally.ResultsGlobal cognitive function was impaired in 5%, learning and memory (LM) in 46%, executive function and complex attention (EFCA) in 39% and psychomotor speed (PS) in 46% of all patients. Patients with inflammatory NPSLE showed the most cognitive impairment in all domains (p≤0.05).Higher WMH volume associated with lower PS in the total group (B: −0.14 (95% CI −0.32 to −0.02)); especially in inflammatory NPSLE (B: −0.36 (95% CI −0.60 to −0.12). In the total group, lower total brain volume and grey matter volume associated with lower cognitive functioning in all domains (all: 0.00/0.01 (0.00;0.01)) and lower white matter volume associated with lower LM, EFCA and PS (all: 0.00/0.01 (0.00;0.01)).ConclusionWe demonstrated that an association between brain and WMH volumes and cognitive function is present in patients with SLE, but differs between (NP)SLE phenotypes. WMHs associated with PS especially in inflammatory NPSLE, which suggests a different, potentially more severe underlying pathophysiological mechanism of cognitive impairment in this phenotype.