bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Air Pollution, housing and respiratory tract Infections in Children: NatIonal birth Cohort study (PICNIC): study protocol
Authors: Favarato Graziella , Clemens Tom , Cunningham Steven , Dibben Chris , Macfarlane Alison , Milojevic Ai , Taylor Jonathon , Wijlaars Linda Petronella Martina Maria , Wood Rachael , Hardelid Pia 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionRespiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the most common reason for hospital admission among children <5 years in the UK. The relative contribution of ambient air pollution exposure and adverse housing conditions to RTI admissions in young children is unclear and has not been assessed in a UK context.Methods and analysisThe aim of the PICNIC study (Air Pollution, housing and respiratory tract Infections in Children: NatIonal birth Cohort Study) is to quantify the extent to which in-utero, infant and childhood exposures to ambient air pollution and adverse housing conditions are associated with risk of RTI admissions in children <5 years old. We will use national administrative data birth cohorts, including data from all children born in England in 2005–2014 and in Scotland in 1997–2020, created via linkage between civil registration, maternity and hospital admission data sets. We will further enhance these cohorts via linkage to census data on housing conditions and socioeconomic position and small area-level data on ambient air pollution and building characteristics. We will use time-to-event analyses to examine the association between air pollution, housing characteristics and the risk of RTI admissions in children, calculate population attributable fractions for ambient air pollution and housing characteristics, and use causal mediation analyses to explore the mechanisms through which housing and air pollution influence the risk of infant RTI admission.Ethics, expected impact and disseminationTo date, we have obtained approval from six ethics and information governance committees in England and two in Scotland. Our results will inform parents, national and local governments, the National Health Service and voluntary sector organisations of the relative contribution of adverse housing conditions and air pollution to RTI admissions in young children. We will publish our results in open-access journals and present our results to the public via parent groups and social media and on the PICNIC website. Code and metadata will be published on GitHub.
Early vocational rehabilitation for people with spinal cord injury: a research protocol using realist synthesis and interviews to understand how and why it works
Authors: Dunn Jennifer , Martin Rachelle A , Hackney Jonathan J , Nunnerley Joanne L , Snell Deborah , Bourke John A , Hall Andrew , Derrett Sarah 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionReturn to work after spinal cord injury (SCI) is linked to well-being and better physical and mental health outcomes. In New Zealand, work rates after SCI are lower than the general population. Vocational rehabilitation is one method of supporting return to work. Although the best model has not been determined, there is evidence supporting early intervention. However, most vocational rehabilitation research focuses on return to work outcomes without considering why vocational rehabilitation works, for whom and under what circumstances. Given this knowledge gap, we detail a realist synthesis protocol aiming to explain how contextual factors trigger relevant mechanisms to facilitate return to work after SCI.Methods and analysisThis study will use a realist synthesis approach, following Realist And MEta-narrative Evidence Synthesis: Evolving Standards (RAMESES) guidelines. First, we will undertake a realist review of existing published and grey literature. Second, to assist with theoretical conceptualisation, we will interview people with SCI who have received vocational rehabilitation. Finally, we will survey people with SCI who received early vocational rehabilitation for theoretical testing and refinement.Ethics and disseminationUniversity of Otago Ethics Committee (Reference H19/170) has been obtained. A knowledge translation event will address issues relevant to wider implementation of the intervention and study findings. Findings will be also be disseminated through peer reviewed journals, conference presentations and formal reports.
Surgical training fit for the future: the need for a change
Authors: Elnikety Sherif , Badr Eman , Abdelaal Ahmed 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPostgraduate training in surgical specialties is one of the longest training programmes in the medical field. Most of the surgical training programmes require 5–6 years of postgraduate training to become qualified. This is usually followed by 1–2 years of fellowship training in a subspecialised interest. This has been the case for the last 20–30 years with no significant change. The surgical practice is transforming quickly due to the advances in medical technology. This transformation is not matched in the postgraduate training, there is minimal exposure to the new technological advances in early years of postgraduate training. The current postgraduate training in surgical specialties is not fit for the future. Early exposure to robotic and artificial intelligence technologies is required. To achieve this, a significant transformation of surgical training is necessary, which requires a new vision and involves significant investment. We discuss the need for this transformation in the postgraduate surgical specialties training and analyse the threats and opportunities in relation to this transformation.
Predicting partially observed processes on temporal networks by Dynamics-Aware Node Embeddings (DyANE)
Authors: Sato Koya , Oka Mizuki , Barrat Alain , Cattuto Ciro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLow-dimensional vector representations of network nodes have proven successful to feed graph data to machine learning algorithms and to improve performance across diverse tasks. Most of the embedding techniques, however, have been developed with the goal of achieving dense, low-dimensional encoding of network structure and patterns. Here, we present a node embedding technique aimed at providing low-dimensional feature vectors that are informative of dynamical processes occurring over temporal networks – rather than of the network structure itself – with the goal of enabling prediction tasks related to the evolution and outcome of these processes. We achieve this by using a lossless modified supra-adjacency representation of temporal networks and building on standard embedding techniques for static graphs based on random walks. We show that the resulting embedding vectors are useful for prediction tasks related to paradigmatic dynamical processes, namely epidemic spreading over empirical temporal networks. In particular, we illustrate the performance of our approach for the prediction of nodes’ epidemic states in single instances of a spreading process. We show how framing this task as a supervised multi-label classification task on the embedding vectors allows us to estimate the temporal evolution of the entire system from a partial sampling of nodes at random times, with potential impact for nowcasting infectious disease dynamics.
Divergent part of the stress-energy tensor for Maxwell’s theory in curved space-time: a systematic derivation
Authors: Niardi Roberto , Esposito Giampiero , Tramontano Francesco 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper the Feynman Green function for Maxwell’s theory in curved space-time is studied by using the Fock–Schwinger–DeWitt asymptotic expansion; the point-splitting method is then applied, since it is a valuable tool for regularizing divergent observables. Among these, the stress-energy tensor is expressed in terms of second covariant derivatives of the Hadamard Green function, which is also closely linked to the effective action; therefore one obtains a series expansion for the stress-energy tensor. Its divergent part can be isolated, and a concise formula is here obtained: by dimensional analysis and combinatorics, there are two kinds of terms: quadratic in curvature tensors (Riemann, Ricci tensors and scalar curvature) and linear in their second covariant derivatives. This formula holds for every space-time metric; it is made even more explicit in the physically relevant particular cases of Ricci-flat and maximally symmetric spaces, and fully evaluated for some examples of physical interest: Kerr and Schwarzschild metrics and de Sitter space-time.
The Great Plains Irrigation Experiment (GRAINEX)
Authors: Rappin Eric , Mahmood Rezaul , Nair Udaysankar , Pielke Roger A. , Brown William , Oncley Steve , Wurman Joshua , Kosiba Karen , Kaulfus Aaron , Phillips Chris , Lachenmeier Emilee , Santanello Joseph , Kim Edward , Lawston-Parker Patricia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractExtensive expansion in irrigated agriculture has taken place over the last half century. Due to increased irrigation and resultant land-use–land-cover change, the central United States has seen a decrease in temperature and changes in precipitation during the second half of the twentieth century. To investigate the impacts of widespread commencement of irrigation at the beginning of the growing season and continued irrigation throughout the summer on local and regional weather, the Great Plains Irrigation Experiment (GRAINEX) was conducted in the spring and summer of 2018 in southeastern Nebraska. GRAINEX consisted of two 15-day intensive observation periods. Observational platforms from multiple agencies and universities were deployed to investigate the role of irrigation in surface moisture content, heat fluxes, diurnal boundary layer evolution, and local precipitation. This article provides an overview of the data collected and an analysis of the role of irrigation in land–atmosphere interactions on time scales from the seasonal to the diurnal. The analysis shows that a clear irrigation signal was apparent during the peak growing season in mid-July. This paper shows the strong impact of irrigation on surface fluxes, near-surface temperature and humidity, and boundary layer growth and decay.
Enhanced Relationship between Central Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperature and Eurasian Surface Air Temperature during Boreal Summers
Authors: Ming Jing , Sun Jianqi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between the central tropical Pacific (CTP) sea surface temperature (SST) and the surface air temperature (SAT) variability un-related to canonical El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) over mid-to-high latitude Eurasia during boreal summers over the past half-century. The results show that their relationship experienced a decadal shift around the early 1980s. Before the early 1980s, the Eurasian SAT-CTP SST connection was weak; after that time, the relationship became stronger, and the SAT anomalies exhibited a significant wave-like pattern over Eurasia. Such a decadal change in the Eurasian SAT-CTP SST relationship could be attributed to decadal changes in the mean state and variability of CTP SST. The warmer mean state and enhanced SST variability after the early 1980s reinforced the convective activities over the tropical Pacific, leading to significantly anomalous divergence/convergence and Rossby wave sources over the North Pacific. This outcome further excited the wave train propagating along the Northern Hemisphere zonal jet stream to northern Eurasia and then affected the surface heat fluxes and atmospheric circulations over the region, resulting in wave-like SATs over Eurasia. However, during the period before the early 1980s, the CTP SST had a weak impact on the North Pacific atmospheric circulation and was consequently not able to excite the wave train pattern to impact the Eurasian atmospheric circulation and SATs. The physical processes linking the CTP SST and Eurasian SAT are further confirmed by numerical simulations. The results of this study are valuable to understanding the variability of summer Eurasian SATs.
Distinct Histopathologic Features of Complicated Sinusitis
Authors: Brown Hannah J. , Ganti Ashwin , Gattuso Paolo , Papagiannopoulos Peter , Tajudeen Bobby A. 
Published: May 2021

Background: Sinusitis complicated by intracranial or orbital extension can be life-threatening and require emergent intervention. Histologic features of complicated sinusitis have yet to be determined and may have significant implications for understanding pathophysiology. Methods: A structured histopathology report was utilized to analyze sinus tissue extracted during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). A total of 13 histopathology variables were compared between patients with complicated sinusitis (CS), CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Results: About 24 CS, 149 uncomplicated CRSsNP, and 191 uncomplicated CRSwNP patients were analyzed. Nasal tissue from CS and CRSwNP patients demonstrated similar levels of overall inflammation (66.7% vs. 69.6% with moderate/severe inflammation, P  =  .466). Relative to CRSsNP, CS patients showed significantly greater overall inflammation (66.7% vs. 41.6%, P  =  .019). CS patients demonstrated significantly fewer eosinophils per high power field (eos/HPF) and eosinophil aggregates compared to CRSwNP patients (20.8% vs. 70.7% with 5+eos/HPF, P  <  .0001; 4.2% vs. 33.5%, P  <  .0001). Relative to CRSsNP patients, CS patients demonstrated enhanced neutrophil infiltration (45.8% vs. 28.0%, P  =  .011). About 91.7% of CS patients demonstrated a lymphoplasmacytic predominant inflammatory infiltrate, compared to 69.8% of CRSsNP and 62.8% of CRSwNP patients ( P  <  .0001). Conclusion: Significant histopathological differences were evident in patients with CS, CRSsNP, and CRSwNP. CS patients did not perfectly fit either a CRSsNP or CRSwNP profile, underscoring the importance of delineating the histopathological features of CS. This study offers insight into the histologic aspects of CS, providing initial evidence that it is an aggressive neutrophilic inflammatory process.
How Perceptions of Caller Honesty Vary During Vishing Attacks That Include Highly Sensitive or Seemingly Innocuous Requests
Authors: Armstrong Miriam E. , Jones Keith S. , Namin Akbar Siami 
Published: May 2021

Objective To understand how aspects of vishing calls (phishing phone calls) influence perceived visher honesty. Background Little is understood about how targeted individuals behave during vishing attacks. According to truth-default theory, people assume others are being honest until something triggers their suspicion. We investigated whether that was true during vishing attacks. Methods Twenty-four participants read written descriptions of eight real-world vishing calls. Half included highly sensitive requests; the remainder included seemingly innocuous requests. Participants rated visher honesty at multiple points during conversations. Results Participants initially perceived vishers to be honest. Honesty ratings decreased before requests occurred. Honesty ratings decreased further in response to highly sensitive requests, but not seemingly innocuous requests. Honesty ratings recovered somewhat, but only after highly sensitive requests. Conclusions The present results revealed five important insights: (1) people begin vishing conversations in the truth-default state, (2) certain aspects of vishing conversations serve as triggers, (3) other aspects of vishing conversations do not serve as triggers, (4) in certain situations, people’s perceptions of visher honesty improve, and, more generally, (5) truth-default theory may be a useful tool for understanding how targeted individuals behave during vishing attacks. Application Those developing systems that help users deal with suspected vishing attacks or penetration testing plans should consider (1) targeted individuals’ truth-bias, (2) the influence of visher demeanor on the likelihood of deception detection, (3) the influence of fabricated situations surrounding vishing requests on the likelihood of deception detection, and (4) targeted individuals’ lack of concern about seemingly innocuous requests.
Political Upheavals, Tourism Flight, and Spillovers: The Case of the Arab Spring
Authors: Groizard José L. , Ismael Mohanad , Santana-Gallego María 
Published: May 2021

This article exploits the Arab Spring, which occurred in 2011, as a natural experiment to study the effect of political upheavals on international travel. We find that foreign tourists’ demand to travel to countries experiencing Arab Spring episodes was sharply reduced and persisted after two years. We also find evidence of two different spillover effects: a tourism diversion to rest of the world, and a regional contagion to geographically nearby countries (other Arab countries that did not experience Arab Spring episodes and the Mediterranean region, although with heterogenous effects across individual countries). To disentangle how spillovers are channeled, we test whether geographical and cultural (Islamic) affinity play any role. We find that diversion is explained by the attitudes of Western tourists but not of those whose origin is Arabic. Furthermore, we find that the contagion caused by the Arab Spring is stronger for the nearest Muslim countries. JEL codes: F14, F51, H12, O11
Effect of medication on risk of traumatic brain injury in patients with bipolar disorder: A nationwide population-based cohort study
Authors: Liao Yin-To , Ku Yu-Hui , Chen Hong-Ming , Lu Mong-Liang , Chen Ko-Jung , Yang Yao-Hsu , Weng Jun-Cheng , Chen Vincent Chin-Hung 
Published: May 2021

Background: Increased traumatic brain injury (TBI) risk was found in patients with bipolar disorder (BPD). Whether the medications for BPD and dosage moderate the risk of TBI is not clear. Aim: This study aimed to determine whether an association exists between BPD and TBI and whether the prescription of psychotropics moderates TBI risk. Methods: A total of 5606 individuals who had received diagnoses of BPD between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2013 and 56,060 matched controls without BPD were identified from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. Cases and controls were followed until the date of TBI diagnosis. Results: BPD was associated with a high risk of TBI (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.85; 95% CI: 1.62–2.11). Patients with BPD, with or without a history of psychiatric hospitalization, had increased risks of TBI (aHR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.57–2.4 and aHR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.55–2.1, respectively). The prescription of typical antipsychotics (0 < defined daily dose (DDD) < 28: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.19–1.94; ⩾28 DDD: HR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.15–2.06) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (0 < DDD < 28: HR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.26–2.39; ⩾28 DDD: HR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.02–2.25) was associated with higher TBI risk. Patients receiving higher doses of benzodiazepines (BZDs) (cumulative dose ⩾28 DDD) had a higher TBI risk (HR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.13–2.06). Conclusion: Patients with BPD have a higher risk of TBI. The use of typical antipsychotics, TCAs, or high-dose BZDs increases the risk of TBI in BPD.
Paroxysmal localized Hyperhidrosis, a case-report: When excessive sweating occurs in combination with severe headaches
Authors: van Coevorden Marleen H , Schoofs Mariëtte WCJ , Venhovens Jeroen 
Published: May 2021

Background Paroxysmal localized hyperhidrosis is a rare disorder of the central autonomic nervous system. No association between paroxysmal hyperhidrosis and severe headache has been previously described in literature. Case description: A 65-year-old woman with idiopathic paroxysmal localized hyperhidrosis combined with severe holocranial headache attacks is described in this case report. Extensive diagnostic testing by means of laboratory examinations, 24-hour urinalyses, chest X-ray, abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography scans, and brain and spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging could not identify an underlying disorder. A diagnosis of idiopathic paroxysmal localized hyperhidrosis was made, and the patient was successfully treated with clonidine 0.075 mg three times a day, without any side effects. Conclusion Paroxysmal localized hyperhidrosis is a rare central autonomic nervous system disorder that can occur in combination with severe headache. Both the headache and paroxysmal hyperhidrosis complaints were treated effectively with clonidine in the patient described in this case-report.
Response to Moseley
Authors: Hahnel Robin Eric 
Published: May 2021

In “A Marxian reply to Hahnel: The relative explanatory power of Marx’s theory and Sraffa’s theory,” Moseley begins by arguing that I misrepresent Marx. For any like myself, who believe that because we now have linear algebra, and the theorems of Frobenius and Perron to take advantage of, we are able to elaborate a better formal framework for understanding prices and income distribution in capitalism than was available during Marx’s time, the past fifty years has become a game of whack-a-mole: whenever anyone rebuts one particular defense of using a labor theory of value framework, a different variation rises in its place. JEL Classification: B24, B51
Quality of written informed consent forms for electroconvulsive therapy in Australia: a comparative analysis
Authors: Jagadheesan Karuppiah , Walker Frances , Lakra Vinay 
Published: May 2021

Objectives: We compared the quality of the written informed consent forms for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in Australian jurisdictions. Method: For this comparative audit-type study, a checklist was developed to compare informed consent forms from different jurisdictions. The main information sources for consent forms were government health department websites and Google. The directors of clinical services were contacted if a consent form was not available through a web source. Results: Majority of the informed consent forms covered information about ECT, general anaesthesia and alternative treatments, supports available for decision making, and a reference to the right to withdraw consent. Missing information affected information areas such as likely outcome if no ECT, lack of guaranteed response and cultural and linguistic supports. Conclusions: A standardised consent form that can be used across all jurisdictions can help improve the ECT practice.
A single inferior rectus muscle surgery for treatment of congenital superior oblique palsy with small deviation in primary position
Authors: Huang Lijuan , Wu Yuyu , Li Ningdong 
Published: May 2021

Purpose: To evaluate outcomes of one muscle surgery for treatment of congenital superior oblique palsy (SOP) with Knapp Class V. Methods: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for the patients with the congenital SOP type V who underwent surgical treatment through one muscle surgery between July 2015 and September 2020. The surgical procedure was resection-recession on the contralateral inferior rectus muscle of the hypertrophic or paretic eye. Vertical alignment at nine cardinal gaze positions, and resolution of the abnormal head posture were evaluated pre- and postoperatively. The follow-up was scheduled regularly at postoperative day 1, 1 week, 1 month, and followed by 2-month intervals until 18 months. Results: Twelve patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 6.4 years (range from 3 to 10 years). The mean follow-up period was 10.5 months after surgery (range from 6 to 18 months). The average vertical deviation at primary position was 6.33△ ± 2.93△ preoperatively and 0.75△ ± 1.14△ postoperatively ( p < 0.05). The average vertical deviation at downgaze was 23.33△ ± 4.75△ preoperatively and 1.92△ ± 1.62△ postoperatively ( p < 0.05). All patients had an abnormal head position preoperatively. Postoperative results indicated that the patients’ abnormal head position had been improved significantly. Conclusions: The surgical procedure of resection-recession on a single inferior rectus muscle is a successful intervention for the correction of superior oblique palsy (SOP) with Knapp Class V.