Mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19
Authors:   COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative,   COVID-19 Host Genetics InitiativeLeadership, Niemi Mari E. K. , Karjalainen Juha , Liao Rachel G. , Neale Benjamin M. , Daly Mark , Ganna Andrea ,   Writing group,   Writing group leaders, Pathak Gita A. , Andrews Shea J. , Kanai Masahiro ,   Writing group members, Veerapen Kumar , Fernandez-Cadenas Israel , Schulte Eva C. , Striano Pasquale , Marttila Minttu , Minica Camelia , Marouli Eirini , Karim Mohd Anisul , Wendt Frank R. , Savage Jeanne , Sloofman Laura , Butler-Laporte Guillaume , Kim Han-Na , Kanoni Stavroula , Okada Yukinori , Byun Jinyoung , Han Younghun , Uddin Mohammed Jashim , Smith George Davey , Willer Cristen J. , Buxbaum Joseph D. ,   Analysis group,   Manuscript analyses team leader,   Manuscript analyses team member: meta-analysis, Mehtonen Juha ,   Manuscript analyses team member: heritability, methods and supplements,   Manuscript analyses team member: PHEWAS,   Manuscript analyses team member: Mendelian randomization,   Manuscript analyses team member: PC projection and gene prioritization,   Manuscript analyses team member: gene prioritization, Finucane Hilary ,   Manuscript analyses team member: sensitivity analysis, Cordioli Mattia ,   Manuscript analyses team members: PC projection, Martin Alicia R. , Zhou Wei ,   In silico analysis team members, Pasaniuc Bogdan , Julienne Hanna , Aschard Hugues , Shi Huwenbo , Yengo Loic , Polimanti Renato , Ghoussaini Maya , Schwartzentruber Jeremy , Dunham Ian ,   Project management group,   Project management leader,   Project management support, Chwialkowska Karolina , Francescatto Margherita , Trankiem Amy , Balaconis Mary K. ,   Phenotype steering group, Davis Lea , Lee Sulggi , Priest James , Renieri Alessandra , Sankaran Vijay G. , van Heel David , Deelen Patrick , Richards J. Brent , Nakanishi Tomoko , Biesecker Les , Kerchberger V. Eric , Baillie J. Kenneth ,   Data dictionary, Mari Francesca , Bernasconi Anna , Baillie Stefano Ceri , Canakoglu Arif ,   Scientific communication group,   Scientific communication leaders, Wolford Brooke ,   Scientific communication members, Faucon Annika , Dutta Atanu Kumar , Schurmann Claudia , Harry Emi , Birney Ewan , Nguyen Huy , Nasir Jamal , Kaunisto Mari , Solomonson Matthew , Dueker Nicole , Vadgama Nirmal , Limou Sophie ,   Translators, Rahmouni Souad , Mbarek Hamdi , Darwish Dima , Uddin Md Mesbah , Albertos Raquel , Pérez-Tur Jordi , Li Ruolin , Folkersen Lasse , Moltke Ida , Koelling Nils , Teumer Alexander , Kousathanas Athanasios , Utrilla Alicia , Verdugo Ricardo A. , Zárate Ruth , Medina-Gómez Carolina , Gómez-Cabrero David , Carnero-Montoro Elena , Cadilla Carmen L. , Moreno-Estrada Andrés , Garmendia Adriana , Moya Leire , Sedaghati-Khayat Bahar , Boua Palwendé Romuald , Favé Marie-Julie , Francioli Laurent , Lemaçon Audrey , Migeotte Isabelle , Patel Sanjay , Varnai Reka , Szentpeteri Jozsef L. , Sipeky Csilla , Colombo Francesca , von Hohenstaufen Kathrin , Lio Pietro , Vallerga Costanza , Wang Qingbo , Tanigawa Yosuke , Im Hogune , Han Chulho , Song Han , Lim Jiwoo , Lee Younhe , Kim Sugyeong , Im Sangyoon , Atanasovska Biljana , Ahmad Hajar Fauzan , Boer Cindy , Jansen Philip , Franke Lude , Kaja Elżbieta , Pasko Dorota , Kennis-Szilagyi Ingrid , Kornilov Sergey A. , Prijatelj Vid , Prokić Ivana , Sivanadhan Ilangkumaran , Perumal Sarala , Esmaeeli Sahar , Pearson Nathaniel M. ,   Website Development,   Website development leaders,   23andMe,   Analysis team leader, Auton Adam ,   Data collection leaders,   23andMe COVID-19 Team*, Shelton Janie F. , Shastri Anjali J. ,   Analysis team members, Filshtein-Sonmez Teresa , Coker Daniella , Symons Antony , Esparza-Gordillo Jorge , Aslibekyan Stella , O’Connell Jared ,   Data collection members, Ye Chelsea , Weldon Catherine H. ,   23andMe COVID-19 Team,   ACCOuNT,   Analysis team leader, Perera Minoli ,   Data collection leaders, O’Leary Kevin , Tuck Matthew , O’Brien Travis , Meltzer David , O’Donnell Peter , Nutescu Edith ,   Analysis team members, Yang Guang ,   Data collection members, Alarcon Cristina , Herrmann Stefanie , Mazurek Sophia , Banagan Jeff , Hamidi Zacharia , Barbour April , Raffat Noora , Moreno Diana ,   Admin team member, Friedman Paula ,   Amsterdam UMC COVID Study Group,   Analysis team leader, Ferwerda Bart ,   Data collection leaders, van de Beek Diederik , Brouwer Matthijs C. , Vlaar Alexander P. J. , Wiersinga W. Joost ,   Analysis team members, Posthuma Danielle , Tissink Elleke , Koos Zwinderman A. H. , Uffelmann Emil ,   Data collection members, van Agtmael Michiel , Algera Anne Geke , van Baarle Frank , Bax Diane , Beudel Martijn , Jan Bogaard Harm , Bomers Marije , Bonta Peter I. , Bos Lieuwe , Botta Michela , de Brabander Justin , de Bree Godelieve , de Bruin Sanne , Bugiani Marianna , Bulle Esther , Chouchane Osoul , Cloherty Alex , Dongelmans Dave , Elbers Paul , Fleuren Lucas , Geerlings Suzanne , Geerts Bart , Geijtenbeek Theo , Girbes Armand , Goorhuis Bram , Grobusch Martin P. , Hafkamp Florianne , Hagens Laura , Hamann Jorg , Harris Vanessa , Hemke Robert , Hermans Sabine M. , Heunks Leo , Hollmann Markus , Horn Janneke , Hovius Joppe W. , de Jong Menno D. , Koning Rutger , van Mourik Niels , Nellen Jeannine , Nossent Esther J. , Paulus Frederique , Peters Edgar , van der Poll Tom , Preckel Bennedikt , Prins Jan M. , Raasveld Jorinde , Reijnders Tom , Schinkel Michiel , Schultz Marcus J. , Schuurman Alex , Sigaloff Kim , Smit Marry , Stijnis Cornelis S. , Stilma Willemke , Teunissen Charlotte , Thoral Patrick , Tsonas Anissa , van der Valk Marc , Veelo Denise , de Vries Heder , van Vugt Michèle , Wouters Dorien , Minnaar René P. , Kromhout Adrie , van Uffelen Kees W. J. , Wolterman Ruud A. ,   AncestryDNA COVID-19 Research Study,   Analysis team leader, Roberts Genevieve ,   Data collection leader, Park Danny ,   Admin team leader, Ball Catherine A. ,   Analysis team members, Coignet Marie , McCurdy Shannon , Knight Spencer , Partha Raghavendran , Rhead Brooke ,   Data collection members, Zhang Miao , Berkowitz Nathan , Gaddis Michael , Noto Keith , Ruiz Luong , Pavlovic Milos ,   Admin team members, Hong Eurie L. , Rand Kristin , Girshick Ahna , Guturu Harendra , Baltzell Asher Haug ,   BelCovid,   Analysis team leader,   Data collection leaders, Rahmouni Souad , Guntz Julien ,   Admin team leader, Beguin Yves ,   Analysis team members, Pigazzini Sara , Nkambule Lindokuhle ,   Data collection members, Bouysran Youssef , Busson Adeline , Peyrassol Xavier , Wilkin Françoise , Pichon Bruno , Smits Guillaume , Vandernoot Isabelle , Goffard Jean-Christophe , Georges Michel , Moutschen Michel , Misset Benoit , Darcis Gilles , Guiot Julien , Jadot Laurent , Azarzar Samira , Dellot Patricia , Gofflot Stéphanie , Claassen Sabine , Bertrand Axelle , Parzibut Gilles , Clarinval Mathilde , Moermans Catherine , Malaise Olivier , El Kandoussi Kamilia , Thonon Raphaël , Huynen Pascale , Mesdagh Alyssia , Melo Sofia , Jacques Nicolas , Di Valentin Emmanuel , Giroule François , Collignon Alice , Radermecker Coraline , Lebrun Marielle , Perée Hélène , Latour Samuel , Barada Olivia , Sanchez Judit , Josse Claire , Boujemla Bouchra , Meunier Margot , Mariavelle Emeline , Anania Sandy , Gazon Hélène , Juszczak Danusia , Fadeur Marjorie , Camby Séverine , Meuris Christelle , Thys Marie , Jacques Jessica , Henket Monique , Léonard Philippe , Frippiat Frederic , Giot Jean-Baptiste , Sauvage Anne-Sophie , Von Frenckell Christian , Mni Myriam , Wéry Marie , Staderoli Alicia , Belhaj Yasmine , Lambermont Bernard ,   Biobanque Quebec COVID-19,   Analysis team leader,   Data collection leader, Morrison David R. ,   Admin team leaders, Mooser Vincent ,   Analysis team members, Forgetta Vincenzo , Li Rui ,   Data collection members, Ghosh Biswarup , Laurent Laetitia , Belisle Alexandre , Henry Danielle , Abdullah Tala , Adeleye Olumide , Mamlouk Noor , Kimchi Nofar , Afrasiabi Zaman , Rezk Nardin , Vulesevic Branka , Bouab Meriem , Guzman Charlotte , Petitjean Louis , Tselios Chris , Xue Xiaoqing , Afilalo Jonathan , Afilalo Marc , Oliveira Maureen , Brenner Bluma , Brassard Nathalie , Durand Madeleine ,   Admin team members, Schurr Erwin , Lepage Pierre , Ragoussis Jiannis , Auld Daniel , Chassé Michaël , Kaufmann Daniel E. , Lathrop G. Mark , Adra Darin ,   BioVU,   Analysis team leaders, Davis Lea K. , Cox Nancy J. , Below Jennifer E. ,   Analysis team members, Sealock Julia M. , Faucon Annika B. , Shuey Megan M. , Polikowsky Hannah G. , Petty Lauren E. , Shaw Douglas M. , Chen Hung-Hsin , Zhu Wanying ,   Bonn Study of COVID-19 Genetics,   Data collection leader, Ludwig Kerstin U. ,   Analysis team members, Schröder Julia , Maj Carlo ,   Data collection members, Rolker Selina , Nöthen Markus M. , Fazaal Julia , Keitel Verena , Jensen Björn-Erik Ole , Feldt Torsten , Kurth Ingo , Marx Nikolaus , Dreher Michael , Pink Isabell , Cornberg Markus , Illig Thomas , Lehmann Clara , Schommers Philipp , Augustin Max , Rybniker Jan , Knopp Lisa , Eggermann Thomas , Volland Sonja , Altmüller Janine , Berger Marc M. , Brenner Thorsten , Hinney Anke , Witzke Oliver , Bals Robert , Herr Christian , Ludwig Nicole , Walter Jörn ,   CHRIS,   Analysis team leader, Fuchsberger Christian ,   Data collection leaders, Pattaro Cristian , De Grandi Alessandro ,   Admin team leader, Pramstaller Peter ,   Analysis team members, Emmert David , Melotti Roberto , Foco Luisa ,   Admin team members, Mascalzoni Deborah , Gögele Martin , Domingues Francisco , Hicks Andrew ,   Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine (CCPM),   Analysis team leader, Gignoux Christopher R. ,   Data collection leaders, Wicks Stephen J. , Crooks Kristy ,   Admin team leader, Barnes Kathleen C. ,   Analysis team members, Daya Michelle , Shortt Jonathan , Rafaels Nicholas , Chavan Sameer ,   Columbia University COVID-19 Biobank,   Analysis team leaders, Goldstein David B. , Kiryluk Krzysztof ,   Data collection leaders, Sengupta Soumitra , Chung Wendy , Reilly Muredach P. ,   Analysis team members, Khan Atlas , Wang Chen , Povysil Gundula , Bhardwaj Nitin , Gharavi Ali G. , Ionita-Laza Iuliana ,   Data collection members, Shang Ning , O’Byrne Sheila M. , Nandakumar Renu , Menon Amritha , So Yat S. , Hod Eldad ,   Admin team member, Pendrick Danielle ,   Corea (Genetics of COVID-19-related Manifestation),   Analysis team leader, Kim Han-Na ,   Data collection leaders, Park Soo-Kyung , Kim Hyung-Lae , Kang Chang Kyung , Lee Hyo-Jung , Song Kyoung-Ho ,   Admin team leaders, Jae Yoon Kyung , Paik Nam-Jong ,   Analysis team members, Seok Woojin , Yoon Heejun ,   Data collection members, Joo Eun-Jeong , Chang Yoosoo , Ryu Seungho , Park Wan Beom , Su Park Jeong , Un Park Kyoung , Ham Sin Young , Jung Jongtak , Kim Eu Suk , Kim Hong Bin ,   COVID-19-Hostage,   Analysis team leaders, Ellinghaus David , Degenhardt Frauke , Cáceres Mario , Juzenas Simonas , Lenz Tobias L. ,   Data collection leaders, Albillos Agustín , Julià Antonio , Heidecker Bettina , Garcia Federico , Kurth Florian , Tran Florian , Hanses Frank , Zoller Heinz , Holter Jan C. , Fernández Javier , Sander Leif Erik , Rosenstiel Philip , Koehler Philipp , de Cid Rafael , Asselta Rosanna , Schreiber Stefan , Hehr Ute , Prati Daniele , Baselli Guido , Valenti Luca , Bujanda Luis , Banales Jesus M. , Duga Stefano , D’Amato Mauro , Romero-Gómez Manuel , Buti Maria , Invernizzi Pietro ,   Admin team leaders, Franke Andre , Hov Johannes R. , Karlsen Tom H. , Folseraas Trine , Maya-Miles Douglas ,   Analysis team members, Teles Ana , Azuure Clinton , Wacker Eike Matthias , Uellendahl-Werth Florian , ElAbd Hesham , Arora Jatin , Lerga-Jaso Jon , Wienbrandt Lars , Rühlemann Malte Christoph , Wendorff Mareike , Vadla May Sissel , Lenning Ole Bernt , Özer Onur , Myhre Ronny , Raychaudhuri Soumya , Tanck Anja , Gassner Christoph , Hemmrich-Stanisak Georg , Kässens Jan , Figuera Basso Maria E. , Schulzky Martin , Wittig Michael , Braun Nicole , Wesse Tanja , Albrecht Wolfgang , Yi Xiaoli ,   Data collection members, Ortiz Aaron Blandino , Chercoles Adolfo Garrido , Ruiz Agustín , Mantovani Alberto , Holten Aleksander Rygh , Mayer Alena , Cherubini Alessandro , Protti Alessandro , Aghemo Alessio , Gerussi Alessio , Ramirez Alfredo , Braun Alice , Barreira Ana , Lleo Ana , Kildal Anders Benjamin , Glück Andreas , Nolla Anna Carreras , Latiano Anna , Dyrhol-Riise Anne Ma , Muscatello Antonio , Voza Antonio , Rando-Segura Ariadna , Solier Aurora , Karina Banasik , Cortes Beatriz , Mateos Beatriz , Nafria-Jimenez Beatriz , Schaefer Benedikt , Bellinghausen Carla , Ferrando Carlos , Quereda Carmen , Skurk Carsten , Thibeault Charlotte , Spinner Christoph D. , Lange Christoph , Hu Cinzia , Cappadona Claudio , Bianco Cristiana , Sancho Cristina , Lihaug Hoff Dag Arne , Galimberti Daniela , Jiménez David , Pestaña David , Toapanta David , Azzolini Elena , Scarpini Elio , Helbig Elisa T. , Urrechaga Eloisa , Paraboschi Elvezia Maria , Pontali Emanuele , Reverter Enric , Navas Enrique , Arana Eunate , Sánchez Félix García , Ceriotti Ferruccio , Malvestiti Francesco , Mesonero Francisco , Pezzoli Gianni , Lamorte Giuseppe , Neb Holger , My Ilaria , Hernández Isabel , de Rojas Itziar , Galván-Femenia Iván , Heyckendorf Jan , Rybniker Jan , Badia Joan Ramon , Schneider Jochen , Goikoetxea Josune , Kraft Julia , Müller Karl Erik , Gaede Karoline I. , Garcia-Etxebarria Koldo , Tonby Kristian , Heggelund Lars , Izquierdo-Sanchez Laura , Sumoy Lauro , Lippert Lena J. , Terranova Leonardo , Garbarino Lucia , Téllez Luis , Roade Luisa , Ostadreza Mahnoosh , Intxausti Maider , Kogevinas Manolis , Gutiérrez-Stampa María A. , Vehreschild Maria J. G. T. , Marquié Marta , Castoldi Massimo , Cecconi Maurizio , Boada Mercè , Seilmaier Michael J. , Mazzocco Michela , Rodríguez-Gandía Miguel , Ayo Natale Imaz , Blay Natalia , Martínez Nilda ,   Norwegian SARS-CoV-2 Study Group*, Cornely Oliver A. , Palmieri Orazio , Tentorio Paolo , Rodrigues Pedro M. , España Pedro P. , Hoffmann Per , Bacher Petra , Suwalski Phillip , de Pablo Raúl , Nieto Rosa , Badalamenti Salvatore , Ciesek Sandra , Bombace Sara , Wilfling Sibylle , Brunak Søren , Heilmann-Heimbach Stefanie ,   The Humanitas COVID-19 Task Force*,   The Humanitas Gavazzeni COVID-19 Task Force*, Ripke Stephan , Bahmer Thomas , Landmesser Ulf , Protzer Ulrike , Rimoldi Valeria , Skogen Vegard , Andrade Victor , Moreno Victor , Poller Wolfgang , Farre Xavier , Wang Xiaomin , Khodamoradi Yascha , Karadeniz Zehra , de Salazar Adolfo , Palom Adriana , Garcia-Fernandez Alba-Estela , Blanco-Grau Albert , Zanella Alberto , Bandera Alessandra , Nebel Almut , Biondi Andrea , Caballero-Garralda Andrea , Gori Andrea , Lind Andreas , Fracanzani Anna Ludovica , Peschuck Anna , Pesenti Antonio , de la Horra Carmen , Milani Chiara , Paccapelo Cinzia , Angelini Claudio , Cea Cristina , Muñiz-Diaz Eduardo , Sandoval Elena , Calderón Enrique J. , Solligård Erik , Aziz Fátima , Martinelli-Boneschi Filippo , Peyvandi Flora , Blasi Francesco , Medrano Francisco J. , Rodriguez-Frias Francisco , Müller Fredrik , Grasselli Giacomo , Costantino Giorgio , Cardamone Giulia , Foti Giuseppe , Matullo Giuseppe , Kurihara Hayato , Afset Jan Egil , Damås Jan Kristian , Ampuero Javier , Martín Javier , Erdmann Jeanette , Bergan Jonas , Goerg Siegfried , Ferrusquía-Acosta Jose , Quero Jose Hernández , Delgado Juan , Guerrero Juan M. , Risnes Kari , Bettini Laura Rachele , Moreira Leticia , Gustad Lise Tuset , Santoro Luigi , Scudeller Luigia , Riveiro-Barciela Mar , Schaefer Marco , Carrabba Maria , Valsecchi Maria G. , Hernandez-Tejero María , Acosta-Herrera Marialbert , D’Angiò Mariella , Baldini Marina , Cazzaniga Marina , Ciccarelli Michele , Bocciolone Monica , Miozzo Monica , Chueca Natalia , Montano Nicola , Faverio Paola , Preatoni Paoletta , Bonfanti Paolo , Omodei Paolo , Castro Pedro , Ferrer Ricard , Gualtierotti Roberta , Gallego-Durán Rocío , Morilla Rubén , Haider Sammra , Marsal Sara , Aneli Serena , Pelusi Serena , Bosari Silvano , Aliberti Stefano , Dudman Susanne , Zheng Tenghao , Pumarola Tomas , Cejudo Trinidad Gonzalez , Monzani Valter , Friaza Vicente , Peter Wolfgang , Dopazo Ximo ,   Norwegian SARS-CoV-2 Study Group,   Humanitas COVID-19 Task Force, Duga Stefano ,   The Humanitas Gavazzeni COVID-19 Task Force,   Admin team members, May Sandra , Grimsrud Marit M. ,   deCODE,   Analysis team leader, Gudbjartsson Daniel F. ,   Data collection leader, Stefansson Kari ,   Analysis team members, Sulem Patrick , Sveinbjornsson Gardar , Melsted Pall , Norddahl Gudmundur , Swerford Moore Kristjan Helgi ,   Data collection members, Thorsteinsdottir Unnur , Holm Hilma ,   Determining the Molecular Pathways & Genetic Predisposition of the Acute Inflammatory Process Caused by SARS-CoV-2,   Analysis team leader, Alarcón-Riquelme Marta E. ,   Data collection leader, Bernardo David ,   Analysis team member, Martínez-Bueno Manuel ,   Data collection member, Rello Silvia Rojo ,   Estonian Biobank,   Analysis team leader, Magi Reedik ,   Data collection leader, Milani Lili ,   Admin team leader, Metspalu Andres ,   Analysis team members, Laisk Triin , Läll Kristi , Lepamets Maarja ,   Data collection members, Esko Tõnu , Reimann Ene , Naaber Paul , Laane Edward , Pesukova Jaana , Peterson Pärt , Kisand Kai , Tabri Jekaterina , Allos Raili , Hensen Kati , Starkopf Joel , Ringmets Inge , Tamm Anu , Kallaste Anne ,   Admin team members, Alavere Helene , Metsalu Kristjan , Puusepp Mairo ,   FinnGen,   Data collection members, Kristiansson Kati , Koskelainen Sami , Perola Markus , Donner Kati , Kivinen Katja , Palotie Aarno ,   Admin team member,   FinnGen Admin team leader, Palotie Aarno ,   Functional Host Genomics in Infectious Diseases (FHoGID),   Analysis team leader, Rivolta Carlo ,   Data collection leaders, Bochud Pierre-Yves , Bibert Stéphanie , Boillat Noémie , Nussle Semira Gonseth , Albrich Werner ,   Analysis team members, Quinodoz Mathieu , Kamdar Dhryata ,   Data collection members, Suh Noémie , Neofytos Dionysios , Erard Véronique , Voide Cathy ,   FHoGID*,   RegCOVID*,   P-PredictUs*,   SeroCOVID*,   CRiPSI*,   FHoGID, Bochud P. Y. , Rivolta C. , Bibert S. , Quinodoz M. , Kamdar D. , Neofytos D. , Erard V. , Voide C. , Friolet R. , Vollenweider P. , Pagani J. L. , Oddo M. , zu Bentrup F. Meyer , Conen A. , Clerc O. , Marchetti O. , Guillet A. , Guyat-Jacques C. , Foucras S. , Rime M. , Chassot J. , Jaquet M. , Viollet R. Merlet , Lannepoudenx Y. , Portopena L. ,   RegCOVID, Desgranges F. , Filippidis P. , Guéry B. , Haefliger D. , Kampouri E. E. , Manuel O. , Munting A. , Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M. , Regina J. , Rochat-Stettler L. , Suttels V. , Tadini E. , Tschopp J. , Van Singer M. , Viala B. ,   P-PredictUs, Boillat-Blanco N. , Brahier T. , Hügli O. , Meuwly J. Y. , Pantet O. ,   SérocoViD, Nussle S. Gonseth , Bochud M. , D’Acremont V. , Younes S. Estoppey ,   CRiPSI, Albrich W. C. , Suh N. , Cerny A. , O’Mahony L. , von Mering C. , Bochud P. Y. , Frischknecht M. , Kleger G.-R. , Filipovic M. , Kahlert C. R. , Wozniak H. , Negro T. Rochat , Pugin J. , Bouras K. , Knapp C. , Egger T. , Perret A. , Montillier P. , di Bartolomeo C. , Barda B. ,   GCAT Genomes For Life,   Analysis team leader, de Cid Rafael ,   Data collection leaders, Carreras Anna , Moreno Victor ,   Analysis team members, Galván-Femenía Iván , Blay Natalia , Farré Xavier , Sumoy Lauro ,   Data collection members, Cortés Beatriz , Mercader Josep Maria , Guindo-Martinez Marta , Torrents David , Garcia-Aymerich Judith , Castaño-Vinyals Gemma , Dobaño Carlota ,   GEN-COVID Multicenter Study,   Analysis team leaders, Gori Marco ,   Data collection leaders, Renieri Alessandra , Mondelli Mario Umberto , Castelli Francesco , Vaghi Massimo , Rusconi Stefano , Montagnani Francesca , Bargagli Elena , Franchi Federico , Mazzei Maria Antonietta , Cantarini Luca , Tacconi Danilo , Feri Marco , Scala Raffaele , Spargi Genni , Nencioni Cesira , Bandini Maria , Caldarelli Gian Piero , Spagnesi Maurizio , Canaccini Anna , Ognibene Agostino , D’Arminio Monforte Antonella , Girardis Massimo , Antinori Andrea , Francisci Daniela , Schiaroli Elisabetta , Scotton Pier Giorgio , Panese Sandro , Scaggiante Renzo , Monica Matteo Della , Capasso Mario , Fiorentino Giuseppe , Castori Marco , Aucella Filippo , Di Biagio Antonio , Masucci Luca , Valente Serafina , Mandalà Marco , Zucchi Patrizia , Giannattasio Ferdinando , Coviello Domenico A. , Mussini Cristina , Bosio Giancarlo , Tavecchia Luisa , Crotti Lia , Rizzi Marco , La Rovere Maria Teresa , Sarzi-Braga Simona , Bussotti Maurizio , Ravaglia Sabrina , Artuso Rosangela , Perrella Antonio , Romani Davide , Bergomi Paola , Catena Emanuele , Vincenti Antonella , Ferri Claudio , Grassi Davide , Pessina Gloria , Tumbarello Mario , Di Pietro Massimo , Sabrina Ravaglia , Luchi Sauro , Barbieri Chiara , Acquilini Donatella , Andreucci Elena , Paciosi Francesco , Segala Francesco Vladimiro , Tiseo Giusy , Falcone Marco , Lista Mirjam , Poscente Monica , De Vivo Oreste , Petrocelli Paola , Guarnaccia Alessandra , Baroni Silvia , Perticaroli Valentina ,   Admin team leaders, Furini Simone , Dei Simona ,   Analysis team members, Benetti Elisa , Picchiotti Nicola , Sanarico Maurizio , Ceri Stefano , Pinoli Pietro , Raimondi Francesco , Biscarini Filippo , Stella Alessandra , Bergomi Mattia , Zguro Kristina , Capitani Katia , Tanfoni Marco ,   Data collection members, Fallerini Chiara , Daga Sergio , Baldassarri Margherita , Fava Francesca , Frullanti Elisa , Valentino Floriana , Doddato Gabriella , Giliberti Annarita , Tita Rossella , Amitrano Sara , Bruttini Mirella , Croci Susanna , Meloni Ilaria , Mencarelli Maria Antonietta , Lo Rizzo Caterina , Pinto Anna Maria , Beligni Giada , Tommasi Andrea , Di Sarno Laura , Palmieri Maria , Carriero Miriam Lucia , Alaverdian Diana , Iuso Nicola , Inchingolo Gabriele , Busani Stefano , Bruno Raffaele , Vecchia Marco , Belli Mary Ann , Mantovani Stefania , Ludovisi Serena , Quiros-Roldan Eugenia , Antoni Melania Degli , Zanella Isabella , Siano Matteo , Emiliozzi Arianna , Fabbiani Massimiliano , Rossetti Barbara , Zanelli Giacomo , Bergantini Laura , D’Alessandro Miriana , Cameli Paolo , Bennet David , Anedda Federico , Marcantonio Simona , Scolletta Sabino , Guerrini Susanna , Conticini Edoardo , Frediani Bruno , Spertilli Chiara , Donati Alice , Guidelli Luca , Corridi Marta , Croci Leonardo , Piacentini Paolo , Desanctis Elena , Cappelli Silvia , Verzuri Agnese , Anemoli Valentina , Pancrazi Alessandro , Lorubbio Maria , Merlini Esther , Miraglia Federica Gaia , Venturelli Sophie , Cossarizza Andrea , Vergori Alessandra , Gabrieli Arianna , Riva Agostino , Paciosi Francesco , Andretta Francesca , Gatti Francesca , Parisi Saverio Giuseppe , Baratti Stefano , Piscopo Carmelo , Russo Roberta , Andolfo Immacolata , Iolascon Achille , Carella Massimo , Merla Giuseppe , Squeo Gabriella Maria , Raggi Pamela , Marciano Carmen , Perna Rita , Bassetti Matteo , Sanguinetti Maurizio , Giorli Alessia , Salerni Lorenzo , Parravicini Pierpaolo , Menatti Elisabetta , Trotta Tullio , Coiro Gabriella , Lena Fabio , Martinelli Enrico , Mancarella Sandro , Gabbi Chiara , Maggiolo Franco , Ripamonti Diego , Bachetti Tiziana , Suardi Claudia , Parati Gianfranco , Bottà Giordano , Di Domenico Paolo , Rancan Ilaria , Bianchi Francesco , Colombo Riccardo ,   Genes & Health,   Analysis team leader, van Heel David A. ,   Data collection leader, Hunt Karen A. ,   Admin team leader, Trembath Richard C. ,   Analysis team members, Huang Qin Qin , Martin Hilary C. ,   Data collection members, Mason Dan , Trivedi Bhavi , Wright John ,   Admin team members, Finer Sarah ,   Genes & Health Research Team*, Griffiths Christopher J. ,   Genes & Health Research Team, Akhtar Shaheen , Anwar Mohammad , Arciero Elena , Ashraf Samina , Breen Gerome , Chung Raymond , Curtis Charles J. , Chowdhury Maharun , Colligan Grainne , Deloukas Panos , Durham Ceri , Finer Sarah , Griffiths Chris , Huang Qin Qin , Hurles Matt , Hunt Karen A. , Hussain Shapna , Islam Kamrul , Khan Ahsan , Khan Amara , Lavery Cath , Lee Sang Hyuck , Lerner Robin , MacArthur Daniel , MacLaughlin Bev , Martin Hilary , Mason Dan , Miah Shefa , Newman Bill , Safa Nishat , Tahmasebi Farah , Trembath Richard C. , Trivedi Bhavi , van Heel David A. , Wright John ,   Genes for Good,   Analysis team leader, Smith Albert V. ,   Data collection members, Boughton Andrew P. , Li Kevin W. , LeFaive Jonathon , Annis Aubrey ,   Genetic determinants of COVID-19 complications in the Brazilian population,   Analysis team leader,   Data collection leader, Jannes Cinthia E. ,   Admin team leaders, Krieger Jose E. , Pereira Alexandre C. ,   Analysis team members, Velho Mariliza , Marques Emanuelle ,   Data collection members, Lima Isabella Ramos , Tada Mauricio Teruo , Valino Karina ,   Genetic influences on severity of COVID-19 illness in Korea,   Analysis team leaders, McCarthy Mark , Rosenberger Carrie ,   Data collection leader, Lee Jong Eun ,   Analysis team members, Chang Diana , Hammer Christian , Hunkapiller Julie , Mahajan Anubha , Pendergrass Sarah , Sucheston-Campbell Lara , Yaspan Brian ,   Data collection members, Lee Hyun Soo , Shin Eunsoon , Jang Hye Yoon , Kim Sunmie , Kym Sungmin , Kim Yeon-Sook , Jeong Hyeongseok , Kwon Ki Tae , Kim Shin-Woo , Kim Jin Yong , Jang Young Rock , Kim Hyun ah , Lee Ji Yeon , Lee Jeong Eun , Lee Shinwon , Choe Kang-Won , Kang Yu Min , Jee Sun Ha , Jung Keum Ji ,   Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2host genetics in coronavirus disease 2019,   Data collection leaders, Parikh Victoria , Ashley Euan , Wheeler Matthew , Rivas Manuel , Bustamante Carlos , Pinksy Benjamin , Febbo Phillip , Farh Kyle , Schroth Gary P. , deSouza Francis ,   Admin team leaders, Dalton Karen , Christle Jeff ,   Analysis team members, Deboever Christopher , Szalma Sándor , Tanigawa Yosuke , Rubinacci Simone , Delaneau Olivier ,   Data collection members, Gorzynski John , de Jong Hannah , Sutton Shirley , Youlton Nathan , Joshi Ruchi , Jimenez-Morales David , Hughes Christopher , Amar David , Ioannidis Alex , Hershman Steve , Kirillova Anna , Seo Kinya , Huang Yong , Shoura Massa , Hammond Nathan , Watson Nathaniel , Raja Archana , Huang ChunHong , Sahoo Malaya , Wang Hannah ,   Admin team member, Zhen Jimmy ,   Genotek COVID-19 study,   Analysis team leader, Rakitko Alexander ,   Admin team leader, Ilinsky Valery ,   Analysis team members, Yermakovich Danat , Popov Iaroslav , Chernitsov Alexander , Kovalenko Elena , Krasnenko Anna , Plotnikov Nikolay , Stetsenko Ivan , Kim Anna ,   Helix & Healthy Nevada Project Exome+ COVID-19 Phenotypes,   Analysis team leader, Cirulli Elizabeth T. ,   Analysis team members, Schiabor Barrett Kelly M. , Bolze Alexandre , White Simon , Washington Nicole L. , Lu James T. ,   Data collection members, Riffle Stephen , Tanudjaja Francisco , Wang Xueqing , Ramirez Jimmy M. , Leonetti Nicole , Sandoval Efren , Neveux Iva , Dabe Shaun , Grzymski Joseph J. ,   24Genetics & IdiPaz Genomic Variants associated to COVID-19 infection outcome,   Analysis team leader, Esteban Miñano Juan Ignacio ,   Data collection leader, Aguirre Luis A. ,   Admin team leader, López-Collazo Eduardo ,   Analysis team members, de la Mata Pazos Manuel , Cerrato Luciano , Folkersen Lasse ,   Data collection members, Lozano-Rodríguez Roberto , Avendaño-Ortiz José , Arcos Verónica Terrón , Montalbán-Hernández Karla Marina , Quiroga Jaime Valentín , Pascual-Iglesias Alejandro ,   Admin team members, Maroun-Eid Charbel , Martín-Quirós Alejandro ,   Japan Coronavirus Taskforce,   Analysis team leaders, Namkoong Ho , Okada Yukinori , Imoto Seiya ,   Data collection leaders, Katayama Kazuhiko , Fukunaga Koichi , Kitagawa Yuko , Sato Toshiro , Hasegawa Naoki , Kumanogoh Atsushi , Kimura Akinori , Ai Masumi , Tokunaga Katsushi ,   Admin team leaders, Kanai Takanori , Miyano Satoru , Ogawa Seishi ,   Analysis team members, Edahiro Ryuya , Sonehara Kyuto , Shirai Yuya , Kanai Masahiro ,   Data collection members, Ishii Makoto , Kabata Hiroki , Masaki Katsunori , Kamata Hirofumi , Ikemura Shinnosuke , Chubachi Shotaro , Okamori Satoshi , Terai Hideki , Tanaka Hiromu , Morita Atsuho , Lee Ho , Asakura Takanori , Sasaki Junichi , Morisaki Hiroshi , Uwamino Yoshifumi , Nanki Kosaku , Mikami Yohei , Tomono Kazunori , Kato Kazuto , Matsuda Fumihiko , Takahashi Meiko , Hizawa Nobuyuki , Takeda Yoshito , Hirata Haruhiko , Shiroyama Takayuki , Miyawaki Satoru , Suzuki Ken , Maeda Yuichi , Nii Takuro , Noda Yoshimi , Niitsu Takayuki , Adachi Yuichi , Enomoto Takatoshi , Amiya Saori , Hara Reina , Takahashi Kunihiko , Anzai Tatsuhiko , Hasegawa Takanori , Ito Satoshi , Koike Ryuji , Endo Akifumi , Uchimura Yuji , Miyazaki Yasunari , Honda Takayuki , Tateishi Tomoya , Tohda Shuji , Ichimura Naoya , Sonobe Kazunari , Sassa Chihiro , Nakajima Jun , Nannya Yasuhito , Omae Yosuke , Takahashi Kazuhisa , Harada Norihiro , Hiki Makoto , Takagi Haruhi , Nakamura Ai , Tagaya Etsuko , Kawana Masatoshi , Arimura Ken , Ishiguro Takashi , Takayanagi Noboru , Isono Taisuke , Takaku Yotaro , Takano Kenji , Anan Ryusuke , Nakajima Yukiko , Nakano Yasushi , Nishio Kazumi , Ueda Soichiro , Hayashi Reina , Tateno Hiroki , Hase Isano , Yoshida Shuichi , Suzuki Shoji , Mitamura Keiko , Saito Fumitake , Ueda Tetsuya , Azuma Masanori , Nagasaki Tadao , Yasui Yoshinori , Hasegawa Yoshinori , Mutoh Yoshikazu , Yoshiyama Takashi , Shoko Tomohisa , Kojima Mitsuaki , Adachi Tomohiro , Ishikawa Motonao , Takahashi Kenichiro , Watanabe Kazuyoshi , Manabe Tadashi , Ito Fumimaro , Fukui Takahiro , Funatsu Yohei , Koh Hidefumi , Hirai Yoshihiro , Kawashima Hidetoshi , Narita Atsuya , Niwa Kazuki , Sekikawa Yoshiyuki , Saito Fukuki , Yoshiya Kazuhisa , Yoshihara Tomoyuki , Suzuki Yusuke , Nakayama Sohei , Masuzawa Keita , Nishi Koichi , Nishitsuji Masaru , Tani Maiko , Inoue Takashi , Hirano Toshiyuki , Kobayashi Keigo , Miyazawa Naoki , Kimura Yasuhiro , Sado Reiko , Ogura Takashi , Kitamura Hideya , Murohashi Kota , Nakachi Ichiro , Baba Rie , Arai Daisuke , Fuke Satoshi , Saito Hiroshi , Kuwahara Naota , Fujiwara Akiko , Okada Takenori , Baba Tomoya , Noda Junya , Mashimo Shuko , Yagi Kazuma , Shiomi Tetsuya , Hashiguchi Mizuha , Odani Toshio , Mochimaru Takao , Oyamada Yoshitaka , Mori Nobuaki , Izumi Namiki , Nagata Kaoru , Taki Reiko , Murakami Koji , Yamada Mitsuhiro , Sugiura Hisatoshi , Hayashi Kentaro , Shimizu Tetsuo , Gon Yasuhiro , Fujitani Shigeki , Tsuchida Tomoya , Yoshida Toru , Kagaya Takashi , Kita Toshiyuki , Sakagami Satoru , Kimizuka Yoshifumi , Kawana Akihiko , Nakamura Yoshihiko , Ishikura Hiroyasu , Takata Tohru , Kikuchi Takahide , Taniyama Daisuke , Nakamura Morio , Kodama Nobuhiro , Kaneyama Yasunari , Maeda Shunsuke , Nagasaki Yoji , Okamoto Masaki , Ishihara Sayoko , Ito Akihiro , Chihara Yusuke , Takeuchi Mayumi , Onoi Keisuke , Hashimoto Naozumi , Wakahara Keiko , Ando Akira , Masuda Makoto , Wakabayashi Aya , Watanabe Hiroki , Sageshima Hisako , Nakada Taka-Aki , Abe Ryuzo , Shimada Tadanaga , Kawamura Kodai , Ichikado Kazuya , Nishiyama Kenta , Yamasaki Masaki , Hashimoto Satoru , Kusaka Yu , Ohba Takehiko , Isogai Susumu , Takada Minoru , Kanda Hidenori , Komase Yuko , Sano Fumiaki , Asano Koichiro , Oguma Tsuyoshi , Harada Masahiro , Takahashi Takeshi , Shibusawa Takayuki , Abe Shinji , Kono Yuta , Togashi Yuki , Izumo Takehiro , Inomata Minoru , Awano Nobuyasu , Ogawa Shinichi , Ogata Tomouki , Ishihara Shoichiro , Kanehiro Arihiko , Ozaki Shinji , Fuchimoto Yasuko , Kitagawa Yuichiro , Yoshida Shozo , Ogura Shinji , Nishiyama Kei , Yoshida Kousuke , Beppu Satoru , Fukuyama Satoru , Eriguchi Yoshihiro , Yonekawa Akiko , Inoue Yoshiaki , Yamagata Kunihiro , Chiba Shigeru , Narumoto Osamu , Nagai Hideaki , Ooshima Nobuharu , Motegi Mitsuru , Sagara Hironori , Tanaka Akihiko , Ohta Shin , Shibata Yoko , Tanino Yoshinori , Sato Yuki , Yamada Yuichiro , Hashino Takuya , Shinoki Masato , Iwagoe Hajime , Imamura Tomonori , Umeda Akira , Shimada Hisato , Endo Mayu , Hayashi Shinichi , Takahashi Mai , Nakano Shigefumi , Yatomi Masakiyo , Maeno Toshitaka , Ishii Tomoo , Utsugi Mitsuyoshi , Ono Akihiro , Kanaoka Kensuke , Ihara Shoichi , Komuta Kiyoshi ,   Lifelines,   Analysis team leader, Franke Lude ,   Data collection leader, Boezen Marike ,   Analysis team members, Claringbould Annique , Lopera Esteban , Warmerdam Robert , Vonk Judith. M. , van Blokland Irene ,   Data collection members, Lanting Pauline , Ori Anil P. S. ,   Lung eQTL Consortium,   Data collection members, Obeidat Ma’en , Hernández Cordero Ana I. , Sin Don D. , Bossé Yohan , Joubert Philippe , Hao Ke , Nickle David , Timens Wim , van den Berge Maarten ,   Mass General Brigham-Host Vulnerability to COVID-19,   Analysis team leaders, Feng Yen-Chen Anne , Mercader Josep ,   Data collection leaders, Weiss Scott T. , Karlson Elizabeth W. , Smoller Jordan W. , Murphy Shawn N. , Meigs James B. , Woolley Ann E. ,   Admin team leader, Green Robert C. ,   Data collection member, Perez Emma F. ,   Michigan Genomics Initiative (MGI),   Analysis team leader, Wolford Brooke ,   Admin team leader, Zöllner Sebastian ,   Analysis team members, Wang Jiongming , Beck Andrew ,   Mount Sinai Health System COVID-19 Genomics Initiative,   Analysis team leader, Sloofman Laura G. ,   Data collection leaders, Ascolillo Steven , Sebra Robert P. , Collins Brett L. , Levy Tess ,   Admin team leaders, Sealfon Stuart C. ,   Analysis team members, Jordan Daniel M. , Thompson Ryan C. , Gettler Kyle , Chaudhary Kumardeep , Belbin Gillian M. , Preuss Michael , Hoggart Clive , Choi Sam , Underwood Slayton J. ,   Data collection members, Salib Irene , Britvan Bari , Keller Katherine , Tang Lara , Peruggia Michael , Hiester Liam L. , Niblo Kristi , Aksentijevich Alexandra , Labkowsky Alexander , Karp Avrohom , Zlatopolsky Menachem , Zyndorf Marissa ,   Admin team members, Charney Alexander W. , Beckmann Noam D. , Schadt Eric E. , Abul-Husn Noura S. , Cho Judy H. , Itan Yuval , Kenny Eimear E. , Loos Ruth J. F. , Nadkarni Girish N. , Do Ron , O’Reilly Paul , Huckins Laura M. ,   MyCode Health Initiative,   Analysis team leaders, Ferreira Manuel A. R. , Abecasis Goncalo R. ,   Data collection leaders, Leader Joseph B. , Cantor Michael N. ,   Admin team leaders, Justice Anne E. , Carey Dave J. ,   Analysis team members, Chittoor Geetha , Josyula Navya Shilpa , Kosmicki Jack A. , Horowitz Julie E. , Baras Aris ,   Data collection members, Gass Matthew C. , Yadav Ashish ,   Admin team member, Mirshahi Tooraj ,   Netherlands Twin Register,   Analysis team leader, Jan Hottenga Jouke ,   Data collection leader, Bartels Meike ,   Admin team leader, de Geus Eco J. C. ,   Analysis team member, Nivard Michel G. ,   Penn Medicine Biobank,   Analysis team leaders, Verma Anurag , Ritchie Marylyn D. ,   Admin team leader, Rader Daniel ,   Analysis team members, Li Binglan , Verma Shefali S. , Lucas Anastasia , Bradford Yuki ,   Population controls,   Analysis team leader, Zara Federico ,   Analysis team members, Salpietro Vincenzo , Scala Marcello , Iacomino Michele , Scudieri Paolo , Bocciardi Renata ,   Data collection members, Minetti Carlo , Riva Antonella , Vari Maria Stella , Rahier Jean-François , Giorgio Elisa , Carli Diana ,   Data collection leaders, Louis Edouad , Bulik Cynthia M. , Landén Mikael , Brusco Alfredo , Ferrero Giovanni Battista ,   Admin team leaders, Madia Francesca , Fundín Bengt ,   Qatar Genome Program,   Analysis team leader,   Data collection leader, Ismail Said I. ,   Analysis team members, Saad Chadi , Al-Sarraj Yaser ,   Data collection members, Badji Radja Messai , Al-Muftah Wadha , Al Thani Asma , Afifi Nahla ,   Study of the COVID-19 host genetics in the population of Latvia,   Analysis team leader, Klovins Janis ,   Data collection leader, Rovite Vita ,   Analysis team members, Rescenko Raimonds , Peculis Raitis ,   Data collection member, Ustinova Monta ,   The genetic predisposition to severe COVID-19,   Analysis team leader,   Data collection leader, Zeberg Hugo ,   Analysis team members,   Data collection members, Frithiof Robert , Hultström Michael , Lipcsey Miklos ,   UCLA Precision Health COVID-19 Host Genomics Biobank,   Analysis team leader, Johnson Ruth ,   Data collection leader,   UCLA Health ATLAS & Data Mart Working Group*,   UCLA Health ATLAS & Data Mart Working Group, Geschwind Daniel H. ,   Admin team leaders, Freimer Nelson , Butte Manish J. , Geschwind Daniel H. , Pasaniuc Bogdan ,   Analysis team members, Ding Yi , Chiu Alec , Chang Timothy S. , Boutros Paul ,   UK 100,000 Genomes Project (Genomics England),   Analysis team leader, Moutsianas Loukas ,   Data collection leaders, Caulfield Mark J. , Scott Richard H. ,   Analysis team members, Walker Susan , Stuckey Alex , Odhams Christopher A. , Rhodes Daniel ,   Data collection members, Fowler Tom , Rendon Augusto , Chan Georgia , Arumugam Prabhu ,   UK Biobank,   Analysis team leaders, Karczewski Konrad J. , Wilson Daniel J. , Spencer Chris A. ,   Data collection leaders, Crook Derrick W. , Wyllie David H. , O’Connell Anne Marie ,   Admin team leader,   Analysis team members, Atkinson Elizabeth G. , Kanai Masahiro , Tsuo Kristin , Baya Nikolas , Turley Patrick , Gupta Rahul , Walters Raymond K. , Palmer Duncan S. , Sarma Gopal , Solomonson Matthew , Cheng Nathan , Lu Wenhan , Churchhouse Claire , Goldstein Jacqueline I. , King Daniel , Seed Cotton , Daly Mark J. , Neale Benjamin M. , Bryant Sam , Satterstrom F. Kyle , Band Gavin , Earle Sarah G. , Lin Shang-Kuan , Arning Nicolas ,   Data collection members, Armstrong Jacob , Rudkin Justine K. ,   Admin team members, Callier Shawneequa , Bryant Sam , Cusick Caroline ,   UK Blood Donors Cohort,   Analysis team leaders, Soranzo Nicole , Zhao Jing Hua ,   Data collection leaders, Danesh John , Di Angelantonio Emanuele ,   Analysis team member, Butterworth Adam S. ,   VA Million Veteran Program (MVP),   Analysis team leaders, Sun Yan V. , Huffman Jennifer E. ,   Data collection leader, Cho Kelly ,   Admin team leaders, O’Donnell Christopher J. , Tsao Phil , Gaziano J. Michael ,   Analysis team member, Peloso Gina ,   Data collection member, Ho Yuk-Lam ,   Val Gardena,   Analysis team leader,   Data collection leader, Mian Michael ,   Data collection member, Scaggiante Federica ,   Admin team members,   CHOP_CAG, Chang Xiao , Glessner Joseph R. , Hakonarson Hakon ,   GenOMICC/ISARIC4C,   Data collection leaders, McGuigan Peter J. , Prockter Moore Luke Stephen , Vizcaychipi Marcela Paola , Hall Kathryn , Campbell Andy , Nichol Ailstair , Ward Geraldine , Page Valerie Joan , Semple Malcolm G. , Adeniji Kayode , Agranoff Daniel , Agwuh Ken , Ail Dhiraj , Aldera Erin L. , Alegria Ana , Angus Brian , Ashish Abdul , Atkinson Dougal , Bari Shahedal , Barlow Gavin , Barnass Stella , Barrett Nicholas , Bassford Christopher , Basude Sneha , Baxter David , Beadsworth Michael , Bernatoniene Jolanta , Berridge John , Best Nicola , Bothma Pieter , Chadwick David , Brittain-Long Robin , Bulteel Naomi , Burden Tom , Burtenshaw Andrew , Caruth Vikki , Chambler Duncan , Chee Nigel , Child Jenny , Chukkambotla Srikanth , Clark Tom , Collini Paul , Cosgrove Catherine , Cupitt Jason , Cutino-Moguel Maria-Teresa , Dark Paul , Dawson Chris , Dervisevic Samir , Donnison Phil , Douthwaite Sam , Drummond Andrew , DuRand Ingrid , Dushianthan Ahilanadan , Dyer Tristan , Evans Cariad , Eziefula Chi , Fegan Christopher , Finn Adam , Fullerton Duncan , Garg Sanjeev , Garg Atul , Gkrania-Klotsas Effrossyni , Godden Jo , Goldsmith Arthur , Graham Clive , Hardy Elaine , Hartshorn Stuart , Harvey Daniel , Havalda Peter , Hawcutt Daniel B. , Hobrok Maria , Hodgson Luke , Hormis Anil , Jacobs Michael , Jain Susan , Jennings Paul , Kaliappan Agilan , Kasipandian Vidya , Kegg Stephen , Kelsey Michael , Kendall Jason , Kerrison Caroline , Kerslake Ian , Koch Oliver , Koduri Gouri , Koshy George , Laha Shondipon , Laird Steven , Larkin Susan , Leiner Tamas , Lillie Patrick , Limb James , Linnett Vanessa , Little Jeff , Lyttle Mark , MacMahon Michael , MacNaughton Emily , Mankregod Ravish , Masson Huw , Matovu Elijah , McCullough Katherine , McEwen Ruth , Meda Manjula , Mills Gary H. , Minton Jane , Ward Karl , Mirfenderesky Mariyam , Mohandas Kavya , Mok Quen , Moon James , Moore Elinoor , Morgan Patrick , Morris Craig , Mortimore Katherine , Moses Samuel , Mpenge Mbiye , Mulla Rohinton , Murphy Michael , Nagel Megan , Nagarajan Thapas , Nelson Mark , O’Shea Matthew K. , Otahal Igor , Ostermann Marlies , Pais Mark , Panchatsharam Selva , Papakonstantinou Danai , Paraiso Hassan , Patel Brij , Pattison Natalie , Pepperell Justin , Peters Mark , Phull Mandeep , Pintus Stefania , Pooni Jagtur Singh , Post Frank , Price David , Prout Rachel , Rae Nikolas , Reschreiter Henrik , Reynolds Tim , Richardson Neil , Roberts Mark , Roberts Devender , Rose Alistair , Rousseau Guy , Ryan Brendan , Saluja Taranprit , Shah Aarti , Shanmuga Prad , Sharma Anil , Shawcross Anna , Sizer Jeremy , Shankar-Hari Manu , Smith Richard , Snelson Catherine , Spittle Nick , Staines Nikki , Stambach Tom , Stewart Richard , Subudhi Pradeep , Szakmany Tamas , Tatham Kate , Thomas Jo , Thompson Chris , Thompson Robert , Tridente Ascanio , Tupper-Carey Darell , Twagira Mary , Ustianowski Andrew , Vallotton Nick , Vincent-Smith Lisa , Visuvanathan Shico , Vuylsteke Alan , Waddy Sam , Wake Rachel , Walden Andrew , Welters Ingeborg , Whitehouse Tony , Whittaker Paul , Whittington Ashley , Papineni Padmasayee , Wijesinghe Meme , Williams Martin , Wilson Lawrence , Cole Sarah , Winchester Stephen , Wiselka Martin , Wolverson Adam , Wooton Daniel G. , Workman Andrew , Yates Bryan , Young Peter ,   Analysis team members, Beale Rupert , Bretherick Andrew D. , Clohisey Sara , Fourman Max Head , Furniss James , Gountouna Elvina , Grimes Graeme , Haley Chris , Harrison David , Hayward Caroline , Keating Sean , Klaric Lucija , Klenerman Paul , Law Andy , Meynert Alison M. , Millar Jonathan , Pairo-Castineira Erola , Parkinson Nicholas , Ponting Chris P. , Porteous David J. , Rawlik Konrad , Richmond Anne , Rowan Kathy , Russell Clark D. , Scott Richard H. , Shen Xia , Shih Barbara , Tenesa Albert , Vitart Veronique , Wang Bo , Wilson James F. , Wu Yang , Yang Jian , Yang Zhijian , Zechner Marie , Zhai Ranran , Zheng Chenqing , Norman Lisa , Pius Riinu , Drake Thomas M. , Fairfield Cameron J. , Knight Stephen R. , Mclean Kenneth A. , Murphy Derek , Shaw Catherine A. , Dalton Jo , Girvan Michelle , Saviciute Egle , Roberts Stephanie , Harrison Janet , Marsh Laura , Connor Marie , Halpin Sophie , Jackson Clare , Gamble Carrol , Leeming Gary , Law Andrew , Wham Murray , Hendry Ross , Scott-Brown James ,   Data collection members, Begg Colin , Hinds Charles , Wai Ho Antonia Ying , Horby Peter W. , Knight Julian , Ling Lowell , Maslove David , McAuley Danny , Montgomery Hugh , Nichol Alistair , Openshaw Peter J. M. , Semple Malcolm G. , Shankar-Hari Manu , Summers Charlotte , Walsh Timothy , Armstrong Lisa , Bates Hayley , Dooks Emma , Farquhar Fiona , Hairsine Brigid , McParland C. , Packham Sophie , Alldis Zoe , Astin-Chamberlain Raine , Bibi Fatima , Biddle Jack , Blow Sarah , Bolton Matthew , Borra Catherine , Bowles Ruth , Burton Maudrian , Choudhury Yasmin , Collier David , Cox Amber , Easthope Amy , Ebano Patrizia , Fotiadis Stavros , Gurasashvili Jana , Halls Rosslyn , Hartridge Pippa , Kallon Delordson , Kassam Jamila , Lancoma-Malcolm Ivone , Matharu Maninderpal , May Peter , Mitchelmore Oliver , Newman Tabitha , Patel Mital , Pheby Jane , Pinzuti Irene , Prime Zoe , Prysyazhna Oleksandra , Shiel Julian , Taylor Melanie , Tierney Carey , Wood Suzanne , Zak Anne , Zongo Olivier , Forsey Miranda , Kaliappan Agilan , Nicholson Anne , Riches Joanne , Vertue Mark , Wasson Christopher , Finn Stephanie , Green Jackie , Collins Erin , King Bernadette , Grauslyte Lina , Hussain Musarat , Phull Mandeep , Pogreban Tatiana , Rosaroso Lace , Salciute Erika , Franke George , Wong Joanna , George Aparna , Akeroyd Louise , Bano Shereen , Bromley Matt , Gurr Lucy , Lawton Tom , Morgan James , Sellick Kirsten , Warren Deborah , Wilkinson Brian , McGowan Janet , Ledgard Camilla , Stacey Amelia , Pye Kate , Bellwood Ruth , Bentley Michael , Hobrok Maria , Loosley Ronda , McGuinness Heather , Tench Helen , Wolf-Roberts Rebecca , Gibson Sian , Lyle Amanda , McNeela Fiona , Radhakrishnan Jayachandran , Hughes Alistair , Ali Asifa , Brady Megan , Dale Sam , Dance Annalisa , Gledhill Lisa , Greig Jill , Hanson Kathryn , Holdroyd Kelly , Home Marie , Kelly Diane , Kitson Ross , Matapure Lear , Melia Deborah , Mellor Samantha , Nortcliffe Tonicha , Pinnell Jez , Robinson Matthew , Shaw Lisa , Shaw Ryan , Thomis Lesley , Wilson Alison , Wood Tracy , Bayo Lee-Ann , Merwaha Ekta , Ishaq Tahira , Hanley Sarah , Antcliffe David , Banach Dorota , Brett Stephen , Coghlan Phoebe , Fernandez Ziortza , Gordon Anthony , Rojo Roceld , Arias Sonia Sousa , Templeton Maie , Jha Rajeev , Krishnamurthy Vinodh , Lim Lai , Bi Rehana , Scholefield Barney , Ashton Lydia , Williams Alison , Cheyne Claire , Saunderson Anne , Allan Angela , Anderson Felicity , Kaye Callum , Liew Jade , Medhora Jasmine , Scott Teresa , Trumper Erin , Botello Adriana , Polgarova Petra , Stroud Katerina , Meaney Eoghan , Jones Megan , Ng Anthony , Agrawal Shruti , Pathan Nazima , White Deborah , Daubney Esther , Elston Kay , Parker Robert , Reddy Amie , Turner-Bone Ian , Wilding Laura , Harding Peter , Jacob Reni , Jones Cathy , Denmade Craig , Croft Maria , White Ian , Lim Li , Griffin Denise , Muchenje Nycola , Mupudzi Mcdonald , Partridge Richard , Conyngham Jo-Anna , Thomas Rachel , Wright Mary , Corral Maria Alvarez , Bastion Victoria , Clarke Daphene , David Beena , Kent Harriet , Lorusso Rachel , Lubimbi Gamu , Murdoch Sophie , Penacerrada Melchizedek , Thomas Alastair , Valentine Jennifer , Vochin Ana , Wulandari Retno , Djeugam Brice , Dawson Joy , Garrioch Sweyn , Tolson Melanie , Aldridge Jonathan , de Almeida Martins Laura Gomes , Carungcong Jaime , Beavis Sarah , Dale Katie , Gascoyne Rachel , Hawes Joanne , Pritchard Kelly , Stevenson Lesley , Whileman Amanda , Cowley Anne , Highgate Judith , Crawley Rikki , Crew Abigail , Cunningham Mishell , Daniels Allison , Harrison Laura , Hope Susan , Inweregbu Ken , Jones Sian , Lancaster Nicola , Matthews Jamie , Nicholson Alice , Wray Gemma , Benham Leonie , Bradshaw Zena , Brown Joanna , Caswell Melanie , Cupitt Jason , Melling Sarah , Preston Stephen , Slawson Nicola , Stoddard Emma , Warden Scott , Combes Edward , Joefield Teishel , Monnery Sonja , Beech Valerie , Trotman Sallyanne , Hopkins Bridget , Scriven James , Thrasyvoulou Laura , Willis Heather , Anderson Susan , Birch Janine , Collins Emma , Hammerton Kate , O’Leary Ryan , Abernathy Caroline , Foster Louise , Gratrix Andrew , Martinson Vicky , Parkinson Priyai , Stones Elizabeth , Carbral-Ortega Llucia , Kapoor Ritoo , Loader David , Castle Karen , Brandwood Craig , Smith Lara , Clark Richard , Birchall Katie , Kolakaluri Laurel , Baines Deborah , Sukumaran Anila , Mapfunde Isheunesu , Meredith Megan , Morris Lucy , Ryan Lucy , Clark Amy , Sampson Julia , Peters Cecilia , Dent Martin , Langley Margaret , Ashraf Saima , Wei Shuying , Andrew Angela , Chablani Manish , Kirkby Amy , Netherton Kimberley , Bates Michelle , Dasgin Jo , Gill Jaspret , Nilsson Annette , Scriven James , Apetri Elena , Basikolo Cathrine , Blackledge Bethan , Catlow Laura , Charles Bethan , Dark Paul , Doonan Reece , Harris Jade , Harvey Alice , Horner Daniel , Knowles Karen , Lee Stephanie , Lomas Diane , Lyons Chloe , Marsden Tracy , McLaughlan Danielle , McMorrow Liam , Pendlebury Jessica , Perez Jane , Poulaka Maria , Proudfoot Nicola , Slaughter Melanie , Slevin Kathryn , Taylor Melanie , Thomas Vicky , Walker Danielle , Michael Angiy , Collis Matthew , Clark Martyn , Coulding Martina , Jude Edward , McCormick Jacqueline , Mercer Oliver , Potla Darsh , Rehman Hafiz , Savill Heather , Turner Victoria , Davey Miriam , Golden David , Seaman Rebecca , Hunt Jodie , Dearden Joy , Dobson Emma , Mulcahy Michelle , Munt Sheila , O’Connor Grainne , Philbin Jennifer , Rishton Chloe , Tully Redmond , Winnard Sarah , Cagova Lenka , Fofano Adama , Garner Lucie , Holcombe Helen , Mepham Sue , Mitchell Alice Michael , Mwaura Lucy , Praman K. , Vuylsteke Alain , Zamikula Julie , Bercades Georgia , Brealey David , Hass Ingrid , MacCallum Niall , Martir Gladys , Raith Eamon , Reyes Anna , Smyth Deborah , Taylor Abigail , Hughes Rachel Anne , Thomas Helen , Rees Alun , Duskova Michaela , Phipps Janet , Brooks Suzanne , Edwards Michelle , Alexander Peter , Allen Schvearn , Bradley-Potts Joanne , Brantwood Craig , Egan Jasmine , Felton Timothy , Padden Grace , Ward Luke , Moss Stuart , Glasgow Susannah , Beesley Kate , Board Sarah , Kubisz-Pudelko Agnieszka , Lewis Alison , Perry Jess , Pippard Lucy , Wood Di , Buckley Clare , Brown Alison , Gregory Jane , O’Connell Susan , Smith Tim , Belagodu Zakaula , Fuller Bridget , Gherman Anca , Olufuwa Olumide , Paramsothy Remi , Stuart Carmel , Oakley Naomi , Kamundi Charlotte , Tyl David , Collins Katy , Silva Pedro , Taylor June , King Laura , Coates Charlotte , Crowley Maria , Wakefield Phillipa , Beadle Jane , Johnson Laura , Sargeant Janet , Anderson Madeleine , Jardine Catherine , Williams Dewi , Parris Victoria , Quaid Sheena , Watson Ekaterina , Melville Julie , Naisbitt Jay , Joseph Rosane , Lazo Maria , Walton Olivia , Neal Alan , Hill Michaela , Kannan Thogulava , Wild Laura , Allan Elizabeth , Darlington Kate , Davies Ffyon , Easton Jack , Kumar Sumit , Lean Richard , Menzies Daniel , Pugh Richard , Qiu Xinyi , Davies Llinos , Williams Hannah , Scanlon Jeremy , Davies Gwyneth , Mackay Callum , Lewis Joannne , Rees Stephanie , Coetzee Samantha , Gales Alistair , Otahal Igor , Raj Meena , Sell Craig , Langton Helen , Prout Rachel , Watters Malcolm , Novis Catherine , Arbane Gill , Bociek Aneta , Campos Sara , Grau Neus , Jones Tim Owen , Lim Rosario , Marotti Martina , Ostermann Marlies , Shankar-Hari Manu , Whitton Christopher , Barron Anthony , Collins Ciara , Kaul Sundeep , Passmore Heather , Prendergast Claire , Reed Anna , Rogers Paula , Shokkar Rajvinder , Woodruff Meriel , Middleton Hayley , Polgar Oliver , Nolan Claire , Thwaites Vicky , Mahay Kanta , Sri-Chandana Chunda , Scherewode Joslan , Stephenson Lorraine , Marsh Sarah , Bancroft Hollie , Bellamy Mary , Carmody Margaret , Daglish Jacqueline , Moore Faye , Rhodes Joanne , Sangombe Mirriam , Kadiri Salma , Scriven James , Ayers Amanda , Harrison Wendy , North Julie , Cavazza Anna , Cockrell Maeve , Corcoran Eleanor , Depante Maria , Finney Clare , Jerome Ellen , McPhail Mark , Nayak Monalisa , Noble Harriet , O’Reilly Kevin , Pappa Evita , Saha Rohit , Saha Sian , Smith John , Knighton Abigail , Gill Mandy , Paul Paul , Ratnam Valli , Shelton Sarah , Wynter Inez , Baptista David , Crowe Rebecca , Fernandes Rita , Herdman-Grant Rosaleen , Joseph Anna , Loveridge Adam , McKenley India , Morino Eriko , Naranjo Andres , Simms Richard , Sollesta Kathryn , Swain Andrew , Venkatesh Harish , Khera Jacyntha , Fox Jonathan , Barber Russell , Hewitt Claire , Hilldrith Annette , Jackson-Lawrence Karen , Shepardson Sarah , Wills Maryanne , Butler Susan , Tavares Silvia , Cunningham Amy , Hindale Julia , Arif Sarwat , George Linsha , Twiss Sophie , Wright David , Holland Maureen , Keenan Natalie , Lyons Marc , Wassall Helen , Marsh Chris , Mahenthran Mervin , Carter Emma , Kong Thomas , Adanini Oluronke , Bhatia Nikhil , Msiska Maines , Mew Louise , Mwaura Esther , Stewart Richard , Williams Felicity , Wren Lynn , Sutherland Sara-Beth , Battle Ceri , Brinkworth Elaine , Harford Rachel , Murphy Carl , Newey Luke , Rees Tabitha , Williams Marie , Arnold Sophie , Brealey David , Hardy John , Houlden Henry , Moncur Eleanor , Raith Eamon , Tariq Ambreen , Tucci Arianna , Convery Karen , Fottrell-Gould Deirdre , Hudig Lisa , Keshet-Price Jocelyn , Randell Georgina , Stammers Katie , Abdelrazik Marwa , Bakthavatsalam Dhanalakshmi , Elhassan Munzir , Ganesan Arunkumar , Haldeos Anne , Moreno-Cuesta Jeronimo , Purohit Dharam , Vincent Rachel , Xavier Kugan , Rohit Kumar , Alasdair Frater , Saleem Malik , David Carter , Jenkins Samuel , Lamond Zoe , Wall Alanna , Yates Bryan , Reynolds Jessica , Campbell Helen , Thompsom Maria , Dodds Steve , Duffy Stacey , Butcher Deborah , O’Sullivan Susie , Butterworth-Cowin Nicola , Deacon Bethan , Hibbert Meg , Pothecary Carla , Tetla Dariusz , Woodford Christopher , Durga Latha , Kennard-Holden Gareth , de Gordoa Laura Ortiz-Ruiz , Peasgood Emily , Phillips Claire , Skinner Denise , Gaylard Jane , Mullan Dee , Newman Julie , Davies Ellie , Roche Lisa , Sathe Sonia , Brimfield Lutece , Daly Zoe , Pogson David , Rose Steve , Collins Amy , Khaliq Waqas , Gude Estefania Treus , Allen Louise , Beranova Eva , Crisp Nikki , Deery Joanne , Hazelton Tracy , Knight Alicia , Price Carly , Tilbey Sorrell , Turki Salah , Turney Sharon , Giles Julian , Booth Simon , Bell Gillian , English Katy , Katary Amro , Wilcox Louise , Campbell Rachael , Clarke Noreen , Whiteside Jonathan , Mascarenhas Mairi , Donaldson Avril , Matheson Joanna , Barrett Fiona , O’Hara Marianne , O’Keefe Laura , Bradley Clare , Collier Dawn , Hormis Anil , Walker Rachel , Maynard Victoria , Patel Tahera , Smith Matthew , Chukkambotla Srikanth , Kazi Aayesha , Hartley Janice , Dykes Joseph , Hijazi Muhammad , Keith Sarah , Khan Meherunnisa , Ryan-Smith Janet , Springle Philippa , Thomas Jacqueline , Truman Nick , Saad Samuel , Coleman Dabheoc , Fine Christopher , Matt Roseanna , Gay Bethan , Dalziel Jack , Ali Syamlan , Goodchild Drew , Harling Rhiannan , Bhatterjee Ravi , Goddard Wendy , Davison Chloe , Duberly Stephen , Hargreaves Jeanette , Bolton Rachel , Laha Shondipon , Verlander Mark , Williams Alexandra , Blackman Helen , Creagh-Brown Ben , Donlon Sinead , Michalak-Glinska Natalia , Mtuwa Sheila , Pristopan Veronika , Salberg Armorel , Smith Eleanor , Stone Sarah , Piercy Charles , Verula Jerik , Burda Dorota , Montaser Rugia , Harden Lesley , Mayangao Irving , Marriott Cheryl , Bradley Paul , Harris Celia , Cooper Joshua , Finch Cheryl , Liderth Sarah , Quinn Alison , Waddington Natalia , Fidler Katy , Tagliavini Emma , Donnelly Kevin , Abel Lynn , Brett Michael , Digby Brian , Gemmell Lisa , Hornsby James , MacGoey Patrick , O’Neil Pauline , Price Richard , Rodden Natalie , Rooney Kevin , Sundaram Radha , Thomson Nicola , Flanagan Rebecca , Hughes Gareth , Latham Scott , McKenna Emma , Anderson Jennifer , Hull Robert , Rhead Kat , Branney Debbie , Frankham Jordan , Pitts Sally , White Nigel , Cristiano Daniele , Dormand Natalie , Farzad Zohreh , Gummadi Mahitha , Liyanage Kamal , Patel Brijesh V. , Salmi Sara , Sloane Geraldine , Thwaites Vicky , Varghese Mathew , Zborowski Anelise C. , Bean Sarah , Burt Karen , Spivey Michael , Eastgate-Jackson Christine , Filipe Helder , Martin Daniel , Maharajh Amitaa , Garcia Sara Mingo , De Neef Mark , Deacon Bethan , Lynch Ceri , Pothecary Carla , Roche Lisa , Howe Gwenllian Sera , Singh Jayaprakash , Turner Keri , Ellis Hannah , Stroud Natalie , Cherian Shiney , Cutler Sean , Heron Anne Emma , Roynon-Reed Anna , Szakmany Tamas , Williams Gemma , Richards Owen , Cheema Yusuf , Ahmad Norfaizan , Barker Joann , Bauchmuller Kris , Bird Sarah , Cawthron Kay , Harrington Kate , Jackson Yvonne , Kibutu Faith , Lenagh Becky , Masuko Shamiso , Mills Gary H. , Raithatha Ajay , Wiles Matthew , Willson Jayne , Newell Helen , Lye Alison , Nwafor Lorenza , Jarman Claire , Rowland-Jones Sarah , Foote David , Cole Joby , Thompson Roger , Watson James , Hesseldon Lisa , Macharia Irene , Chetam Luke , Smith Jacqui , Ford Amber , Anderson Samantha , Birchall Kathryn , Housley Kay , Walker Sara , Milner Leanne , Hanratty Helena , Trower Helen , Phillips Patrick , Oxspring Simon , Donne Ben , Bevan Emily , Martin Jane , Trodd Dawn , Watson Geoff , Brown Caroline Wrey , Bunni Lara , Jennings Claire , Latif Monica , Marshall Rebecca , Subramanian Gayathri , Bandla Nageswar , Gellamucho Minnie , Davies Michelle , Thompson Christopher , Trim Fiona , Eapen Beena , Ahmed Cecilia , Baines Balvinder , Clamp Sarah , Colley Julie , Haq Risna , Hayes Anne , Hulme Jonathan , Hussain Samia , Joseph Sibet , Kumar Rita , Maqsood Zahira , Purewal Manjit , Chandler Ben , Elliott Kerry , Mallinson Janine , Turnbull Alison , Dent Kathy , Horsley Elizabeth , Akhtar Muhmmad Nauman , Pearson Sandra , Potoczna Dorota , Spencer Sue , Blakemore Hayley , Borislavova Borislava , Faulkner Beverley , Gendall Emma , Goff Elizabeth , Hayes Kati , Thomas Matt , Worner Ruth , Smith Kerry , Stephens Deanna , Delgado Carlos Castro , Dawson Deborah , Ding Lijun , Durrant Georgia , Ezeobu Obiageri , Farnell-Ward Sarah , Harrison Abiola , Kanu Rebecca , Leaver Susannah , Maccacari Elena , Manna Soumendu , Saluzzio Romina Pepermans , Queiroz Joana , Samakomva Tinashe , Sicat Christine , Texeira Joana , Da Gloria Edna Fernandes , Lisboa Ana , Rawlins John , Mathew Jisha , Kinch Ashley , Hurt William James , Shah Nirav , Clark Victoria , Thanasi Maria , Yun Nikki , Patel Kamal , Crickmore Vikki , Debreceni Gabor , Wilkins Joy , Nicol Liz , Burn Iona , Hambrook Geraldine , Manso Katarina , Penn Ruth , Shanmugasundaram Pradeep , Tebbutt Julie , Thornton Danielle , Rostron Anthony , Roy Alistair , Woods Lindsey , Cornell Sarah , Wakinshaw Fiona , Rogerson Kimberley , Jarmain Jordan , Anderson Peter , Archer Katie , Austin Karen , Davis Caroline , Durie Alison , Kelsall Olivia , Thrush Jessica , Vigurs Charlie , Wild Laura , Wood Hannah-Louise , Tranter Helen , Harrison Alison , Cowley Nicholas , McAlindon Michael , Burtenshaw Andrew , Digby Stephen , Low Emma , Morgan Aled , Cother Naiara , Rankin Tobias , Clayton Sarah , McCurdy Alex , Allibone Suzanne , Mary-Genetu Roman , Kasipandian Vidya , Patel Amit , Mac Ainhi , Murphy Anthony , Mahjoob Parisa , Nazari Roonak , Worsley Lucy , Fagan Andrew , Mohamed Ali Inthakab Ali , Beaumont Karen , Blunt Mark , Coton Zoe , Curgenven Hollie , Elsaadany Mohamed , Fernandes Kay , Ally Sameena Mohamed , Rangarajan Harini , Sarathy Varun , Selvanayagam Sivarupan , Vedage Dave , White Matthew , Fernandez-Roman Jaime , Hamilton David O. , Johnson Emily , Johnston Brian , Martinez Maria Lopez , Mulla Suleman , Shaw David , Waite Alicia A. C. , Waugh Victoria , Welters Ingeborg D. , Williams Karen , Bemand Thomas , Black Ethel , Rosa Arnold Dela , Howle Ryan , Jhanji Shaman , Baikady Ravishankar Rao , Tatham Kate Colette , Thomas Benjamin , Halkes Matthew , Mercer Pauline , Thornton Lorraine , West Joe , Baird Tracy , Ruddy Jim , Reece-Anthony Rosie , Birt Mark , Cowton Amanda , Kay Andrea , Kent Melanie , Potts Kathryn , Wilkinson Ami , Naylor Suzanne , Brown Ellen , Clark Michele , Purvis Sarah , Cole Jade , Davies Michelle , Davies Rhys , Duffin Donna , Hill Helen , Player Ben , Thomas Emma , Williams Angharad , Beith Claire Marie , Black Karen , Clements Suzanne , Morrison Alan , Strachan Dominic , Taylor Margaret , Clarkson Michelle , D’Sylva Stuart , Norman Kathryn , Coventry Tina , Fowler Susan , MacMahon Michael , McGregor Amanda , Brady Ailbhe , Chan Rebekah , Little Jeff , McIvor Shane , Prady Helena , Whittle Helen , Mathew Bijoy , Clapham Melanie , Harper Rosemary , Poultney Una , Rice Polly , Smith Tim , Mutch Rachel , Baird Yolanda , Butler Aaron , Chadbourn Indra , Folkes Linda , Fox Heather , Gardner Amy , Gomez Raquel , Hobden Gillian , Hodgson Luke , King Kirsten , Margarson Michael , Martindale Tim , Meadows Emma , Raynard Dana , Thirlwall Yvette , Helm David , Margalef Jordi , Greer Sandra , Shuker Karen , Tridente Ascanio , Smuts Sara , Duffield Joseph , Smith Oliver , Mallon Lewis , Claire Watkins , Birkinshaw Isobel , Carter Joseph , Howard Kate , Ingham Joanne , Joy Rosie , Pearson Harriet , Roche Samantha , Scott Zoe , Knights Ellen , Price Alicia , Thomas Alice , Thorpe Chris , Abraheem Azmerelda , Bamford Peter , Cawley Kathryn , Dunmore Charlie , Faulkner Maria , Girach Rumanah , Jeffrey Helen , Jones Rhianna , London Emily , Nagra Imrun , Nasir Farah , Sainsbury Hannah , Smedley Clare , Khade Reena , Sundar Ashok , Tsinaslanidis George , Behan Teresa , Burnett Caroline , Hatton Jonathan , Heeney Elaine , Mitra Atideb , Newton Maria , Pollard Rachel , Stead Rachael , Birch Jenny , Bough Laura , Goodsell Josie , Tutton Rebecca , Williams Patricia , Williams Sarah , Winter-Goodwin Barbara , Auld Fiona , Donnachie Joanne , Edmond Ian , Prentice Lynn , Runciman Nikole , Salutous Dario , Symon Lesley , Todd Anne , Turner Patricia , Short Abigail , Sweeney Laura , Murdoch Euan , Senaratne Dhaneesha , Burns Karen , Higham Andrew , Anderson Taya , Hawcutt Dan , O’Malley Laura , Rad Laura , Rogers Naomi , Saunderson Paula , Allison Kathryn Sian , Afolabi Deborah , Whitbread Jennifer , Jones Dawn , Dore Rachael , Lankester Liana , Nikitas Nikitas , Wells Colin , Stowe Bethan , Spencer Kayleigh , Cathcart Susanne , Duffy Katharine , Puxty Alex , Puxty Kathryn , Turner Lynne , Ireland Jane , Semple Gary , Barry Peter , Hilltout Paula , Evitts Jayne , Tyler Amanda , Waldron Joanne , Irvine Val , Shelley Benjamin , Akinkugbe Olugbenga , Bamford Alasdair , Beech Emily , Belfield Holly , Bell Michael , Davies Charlene , Jones Gareth A. L. , McHugh Tara , Meghari Hamza , O’Neill Lauran , Peters Mark J. , Ray Samiran , Tomas Ana Luisa , Easthope Amy , Gorman Claire , Gupta Abhinav , Timlick Elizabeth , Brady Rebecca , Bonner Stephen , Hugill Keith , Jones Jessica , Liggett Steven , Bashyal Archana , Davidson Neil , Hutton Paula , McKechnie Stuart , Wilson Jean , Flint Neil , Rekha Patel , Hales Dawn , Cruz Carina , Pattison Natalie , Gopal Shameer , Harris Nichola , Lake Victoria , Metherell Stella , Radford Elizabeth , Clement Ian , Patel Bijal , Gulati A. , Hays Carole , Webster K. , Hudson Anne , Webster Andrea , Stephenson Elaine , McCormack Louise , Slater Victoria , Nixon Rachel , Hanson Helen , Fearby Maggie , Kelly Sinead , Bridgett Victoria , Robinson Philip , Almaden-Boyle Christine , Austin Pauline , Cabrelli Louise , Cole Stephen , Casey Matt , Chapman Susan , Whyte Clare , Brayne Adam , Fisher Emma , Hunt Jane , Jackson Peter , Kaye Duncan , Love Nicholas , Parkin Juliet , Tuckey Victoria , van Koutrik Lynne , Carter Sasha , Andrew Benedict , Findlay Louise , Adams Katie , Bruce Michelle , Connolly Karen , Duncan Tracy , T.-Michael Helen , Lindergard Gabriella , Hey Samuel , Fox Claire , Alfonso Jordan , Durrans Laura Jayne , Guerin Jacinta , Blackledge Bethan , Harris Jade , Hruska Martin , Eltayeb Ayaa , Lamb Thomas , Hodgkiss Tracey , Cooper Lisa , Rothwell Joanne , Dennis Catherine , McGregor Alastair , Parris Victoria , Srikaran Sinduya , Sukha Anisha , Davies Kim , O’Brien Linda , Omar Zohra , Otahal Igor , Perkins Emma , Lewis Tracy , Sutherland Isobel , Brooke Hollie , Buckley Sarah , Suarez Jose Cebrian , Charlesworth Ruth , Hansson Karen , Norris John , Poole Alice , Rose Alastair , Sandhu Rajdeep , Sloan Brendan , Smithson Elizabeth , Thirumaran Muthu , Wagstaff Veronica , Metcalfe Alexandra , Camsooksai Julie , Humphrey Charlotte , Jenkins Sarah , Reschreiter Henrik , Wadams Beverley , DeAth Yasmin , Adams Colene , Agasou Anita , Arden Tracie , Bowes Amy , Boyle Pauline , Beekes Mandy , Button Heather , Capps Nigel , Carnahan Mandy , Carter Anne , Childs Danielle , Donaldson Denise , Hard Kelly , Hurford Fran , Hussain Yasmin , Javaid Ayesha , Jones James , Jose Sanal , Leigh Michael , Martin Terry , Millward Helen , Motherwell Nichola , Rikunenko Rachel , Stickley Jo , Summers Julie , Ting Louise , Tivenan Helen , Tonks Louise , Wilcox Rebecca , Bokhari Maria , Linnett Vanessa , Lucas Rachael , McCormick Wendy , Ritzema Jenny , Sanderson Amanda , Wild Helen , Baxter Nicola , Henderson Steven , Kennedy-Hay Sophie , McParland Christopher , Rooney Laura , Sim Malcolm , McCreath Gordan , Brunton Mark , Caterson Jess , Coles Holly , Frise Matthew , Rai Sabi Gurung , Jacques Nicola , Keating Liza , Tilney Emma , Bartley Shauna , Bhuie Parminder , Downes Charlotte , Holding Kathleen , Riches Katie , Hilton Mary , Hayman Mel , Subramanian Deepak , Daniel Priya , Zitter Letizia , Benyon Sarah , Marriott Suzie , Park Linda , Keenan Samantha , Gordon Elizabeth , Quinn Helen , Baines Kizzy , Andrew Gillian , Baillie J. Kenneth , Barclay Lucy , Callaghan Marie , Campbell Rachael , Clark Sarah , Hope Dave , Marshall Lucy , McCulloch Corrienne , Briton Kate , Singleton Jo , Birch Sophie , Higham Andrew , Simpson Kerry , Craig Jayne , Demetriou Carrie , Eckbad Charlotte , Hierons Sarah , Howie Lucy , Mitchard Sarah , Ramos Lidia , Serrano-Ruiz Alfredo , White Katie , Kelly Fiona , Amin Vishal , Anastasescu Elena , Anumakonda Vikram , Karthik Komala , Kausar Rizwana , Reid Karen , Smith Jacqueline , Imeson-Wood Janet , Bellini Arianna , Bryant Jade , Mayer Anton , Pickard Amy , Roe Nicholas , Sowter Jason , Howlett Alex , Criste Kristine , Cusack Rebecca , Golder Kim , Golding Hannah , Jones Oliver , Leggett Samantha , Male Michelle , Marani Martyna , Prager Kirsty , Williams Toran , Roberts Belinda , Salmon Karen , Gondo Prisca , Hadebe B. , Kayani Abdul , Masunda Bridgett , Ahmed Ashar , Morris Anna , Jakkula Srinivas , Long Kate , Whiteley Simon , Wilby Elizabeth , Ogg Bethan , Moultrie Sam , Odam M. , Bewley Jeremy , Garland Zoe , Grimmer Lisa , Gumbrill Bethany , Johnson Rebekah , Sweet Katie , Webster Denise , Efford Georgia , Bennett Sara , Goodwin Emma , Jackson Matthew , Kent Alissa , Tibke Clare , Woodyatt Wiesia , Zaki Ahmed , Daniel Amelia , Finn Joanne , Saha Rajnish , Staines Nikki , Easthope Amy , Bremmer Pamela , Allan J. , Geary T. , Houston Gordon , Meikle A. , O’Brien P. , Bell Dina , Boyle Rosalind , Douglas Katie , Glass Lynn , Lee Emma , Lennon Liz , Rattray Austin , Charnock Rob , McFarland Denise , Cosgrove Denise , Attwood Ben , Parsons Penny , Carmody Siobhain , Oblak Metod , Popescu Monica , Thankachen Mini , Baruah Rosie , Morris Sheila , Ferguson Susie , Shepherd Amy , Altabaibeh Abdelhakim , Alvaro Ana , Gilbert Kayleigh , Ma Louise , Mostoles Loreta , Parmar Chetan , Simpson Kathryn , Jetha Champa , Booker Lauren , Pratley Anezka , Cosier Tracey , Millen Gemma , Richardson Neil , Schumacher Natasha , Weston Heather , Rand James , Alex Beatrice , Bach Benjamin , Barclay Wendy S. , Bogaert Debby , Chand Meera , Cooke Graham S. , Docherty Annemarie B. , Dunning Jake , da Silva Filipe Ana , Fletcher Tom , Green Christoper A. , Harrison Ewen M. , Hiscox Julian A. , Ijaz Samreen , Khoo Saye , Klenerman Paul , Lim Wei Shen , Mentzer Alexander J. , Merson Laura , Noursadeghi Mahdad , Moore Shona C. , Palmarini Massimo , Paxton William A. , Pollakis Georgios , Price Nicholas , Rambaut Andrew , Robertson David L. , Russell Clark D. , Sancho-Shimizu Vanessa , Scott Janet T. , de Silva Thushan , Sigfrid Louise , Solomon Tom , Sriskandan Shiranee , Stuart David , Tedder Richard S. , Thomson Emma C. , Roger Thompson A. A. , Thwaites Ryan S. , Turtle Lance C. W. , Gupta Rishi K. , Palmieri Carlo , Swann Olivia V. , Zambon Maria , Dumas Marc-Emmanuel , Griffin Julian L. , Takats Zoltan , Chechi Kanta , Andrikopoulos Petros , Osagie Anthonia , Olanipekun Michael , Liggi Sonia , Lewis Matthew R. , Correia Gonçalo dos Santos , Sands Caroline J. , Takis Panteleimon , Maslen Lynn , Greenhalf William , Shaw Victoria , McDonald Sarah E. , Keating Seán , Ahmed Katie A. , Armstrong Jane A. , Ashworth Milton , Asiimwe Innocent G. , Bakshi Siddharth , Barlow Samantha L. , Booth Laura , Brennan Benjamin , Bullock Katie , Catterall Benjamin W. A. , Clark Jordan J. , Clarke Emily A. , Cooper Louise , Cox Helen , Davis Christopher , Dincarslan Oslem , Dunn Chris , Dyer Philip , Elliott Angela , Evans Anthony , Finch Lorna , Fisher Lewis W. S. , Foster Terry , Garcia-Dorival Isabel , Greenhalf William , Gunning Philip , Hartley Catherine , Jensen Rebecca L. , Jones Christopher B. , Jones Trevor R. , Khandaker Shadia , King Katharine , Kiy Robyn T. , Koukorava Chrysa , Lake Annette , Lant Suzannah , Latawiec Diane , Lavelle-Langham Lara , Lefteri Daniella , Lett Lauren , Livoti Lucia A. , Mancini Maria , McDonald Sarah , McEvoy Laurence , McLauchlan John , Metelmann Soeren , Miah Nahida S. , Middleton Joanna , Mitchell Joyce , Moore Shona C. , Murphy Ellen G. , Penrice-Randal Rebekah , Pilgrim Jack , Prince Tessa , Reynolds Will , Ridley P. Matthew , Sales Debby , Shaw Victoria E. , Shears Rebecca K. , Small Benjamin , Subramaniam Krishanthi S. , Szemiel Agnieska , Taggart Aislynn , Tanianis-Hughes Jolanta , Thomas Jordan , Trochu Erwan , van Tonder Libby , Wilcock Eve , Zhang J. Eunice , Flaherty Lisa , Maziere Nicole , Cass Emily , Carracedo Alejandra Doce , Carlucci Nicola , Holmes Anthony , Massey Hannah , Murphy Lee , Wrobel Nicola , McCafferty Sarah , Morrice Kirstie , MacLean Alan ,   Admin team members, Armstrong Ruth , Boz Ceilia , Brown Adam , Clark Richard , Coutts Audrey , Cullum Louise , Day Nicky , Donnelly Lorna , Duncan Esther , Fawkes Angie , Finernan Paul , Gilchrist Tammy , Golightly Ailsa , Hafezi Katarzyna , Law Dawn , Law Rachel , Law Sarah , Macgillivray Louise , Maclean Alan , Mal Hanning , McCafferty Sarah , Mcmaster Ellie , Meikle Jen , Moore Shona C. , Morrice Kirstie , Murphy Lee , Oosthuyzen Wilna , Paterson Trevor , Stenhouse Andrew , Swets Maaike , Szoor-McElhinney Helen , Taneski Filip , Wackett Tony , Ward Mairi , Weaver Jane , Wrobel Nicola , Coyle Judy , Gallagher Bernadette , Lidstone-Scott Rebecca , Hamilton Debbie , Schon Katherine , Furlong Anita , Biggs Heather , Griffiths Fiona , Andrews Eleanor , Brickell Kathy , Smyth Michelle , Murphy Lorna , Carson Gail , Hardwick Hayley , Donohue Chloe ,   COVID-19 HGI corresponding authors
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe genetic make-up of an individual contributes to the susceptibility and response to viral infection. Although environmental, clinical and social factors have a role in the chance of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and the severity of COVID-191,2, host genetics may also be important. Identifying host-specific genetic factors may reveal biological mechanisms of therapeutic relevance and clarify causal relationships of modifiable environmental risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcomes. We formed a global network of researchers to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity. Here we describe the results of three genome-wide association meta-analyses that consist of up to 49,562 patients with COVID-19 from 46 studies across 19 countries. We report 13 genome-wide significant loci that are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe manifestations of COVID-19. Several of these loci correspond to previously documented associations to lung or autoimmune and inflammatory diseases3–7. They also represent potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection. Mendelian randomization analyses support a causal role for smoking and body-mass index for severe COVID-19 although not for type II diabetes. The identification of novel host genetic factors associated with COVID-19 was made possible by the community of human genetics researchers coming together to prioritize the sharing of data, results, resources and analytical frameworks. This working model of international collaboration underscores what is possible for future genetic discoveries in emerging pandemics, or indeed for any complex human disease.