bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Evaluation of Spinosad as a Potential Larvicide against Immature Forms of Aedes aegypti
Authors: Sisodiya Nikhil , Tilak Rina , Sharma Anmol , Sarin Arti 
Published: May 2021

Background and Objectives:

Aedes mosquito has been recognized as a global emerging threat with its potential to transmit fatal diseases of international public health importance such as dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever. Prior attempts to manage the vector with various synthetic larvicides have resulted in emergence of resistance, thus necessitating search for a safer and effective alternative. The study was an experimental laboratory-based study to screen the recent World Health Organization (WHO)-approved insecticide spinosad for larvicidal activity and compare the efficacy of the same with other currently used larvicides, namely temephos and Bacillus
thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti).

Methodology:
An experimental setup was done as per the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme to assess the larvicidal activity of the spinosad at varying concentrations along with a positive and negative control. A preliminary screening to assess the larvicidal property of the spinosad was undertaken with 0.5 ppm concentration as recommended by the WHO. The mortality was checked after 24 h and results were statistically analyzed and LC50 and LC90 values were calculated.

Results:
Spinosad brought about 100% larval mortality at the recommended dosage (0.5 ppm) as well as at a lower dosage of 0.1 ppm. The comparison with the other two commonly used larvicides, namely temephos and Bti, reveals 100% and 90% mortality, respectively, in wild Aedes larvae.

Conclusion:
The study concludes that spinosad is a promising larvicide that can be used in rotation with temephos against Aedes
aegypti in potable water and may be used at a lower dosage of 0.1 ppm. However, large-scale field trials are required to ascertain the effectiveness of the larvicide in field conditions.
Study of Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Parameters, and Radiological Patterns in Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Cases Occurring at High Altitude
Authors: Naik A. K. , Prasad Jai Prasad , Singh Vani , Singh S. K. , Chakrabarty Barun Kumar , Sharma Jitender , Yadav S. , Singh A. K. , Jha Vishal 
Published: May 2021

Context:
The risk of cerebral venous thrombosis at particular locations and its association with high altitude is yet to be established completely. The relation between high altitude and venous thromboembolic events has been debated for many years. Cerebral venous thrombosis presenting with nonspecific symptoms like headache can be a tough challenge for primary care physicians deployed at high altitudes.

Materials and Methods:
Combatants going to wide areas of mountainous territories at varying altitudes presenting with persistent severe headache associated with nausea and vomiting were subjected into the study after evaluation at zonal and tertiary care hospital.

Results:
Over a period of 18 months from October 2018 to March 2020, 75 cases of headache were screened and evaluated. Eighteen of these patients were diagnosed to have cerebral venous thrombosis.

Conclusion:
The occurrence of chronic venous thrombosis in combatants who enter and remain at high altitude for the prolonged duration is very common and the gold standard for diagnosis is a clinical evaluation with radio imaging.
Pharmacological Profile of Prescriptions Containing Antidepressants
Authors: Mohan Prafull , Singh Harpreet , Sinha Sharmila , Prabhakaran K 
Published: May 2021

Background:
The prescription of antidepressants is increasing due to the increasing incidence of depression and the use of antidepressants in other indications. There is a need to monitor their prescription practices not only to ensure evidence-based clinical use but also to align classroom teaching with the current clinical trends.

Materials and Methods:
This observational study was conducted in the department of psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital in western Maharashtra on anonymized prescriptions received within the study period.

Results:
A total of 214 prescriptions were analyzed with 268 instances of antidepressant prescription. 59.05% of prescriptions were of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 18.11% of atypical antidepressants, 16.92% of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and 5.90% of serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors. 46% percent of prescriptions were as per defined daily doses (DDDs), 26% more than DDD and 28% less than DDD. Escitalopram and mirtazapine were the most commonly prescribed drugs. Both did not find mention in the National List of Essential Medicines and World Health Organization–Essential Medicines List (EML). Out of 214 prescriptions, 209 prescriptions were for psychiatric indications and the rest 5 were for nonpsychiatric indications. TCAs were prescribed more for psychiatric indications other than depression, while SSRIs were prescribed equally for depression and other psychiatric indications.

Conclusion:
Prescription trend in this study is in consonance with other contemporary studies. Extensive use of mirtazapine is a peculiar finding requiring further exploration. As in other studies, SSRIs have been used in doses more than their defined daily dose. Off-label use of antidepressants is widespread, but it should be backed by drug-specific robust evidence. EMLs and clinical usage derive from each other and need to be in mutual sync.
Automated Immunostaining Platform in Cytology
Authors: Sharma Shelly , Dey Pranab 
Published: May 2021

Background:
In the modern era, immunocytochemistry (ICC) is an essential part of investigations. There is now an increasing workload of ICC in laboratories. Automated immunostaining platform may help the laboratories to deal with such a rising burden of ICC.

Summary:
In this brief review article, we have described the various aspects of automated ICC, particularly the benefits, limitations, types of the system, working manner, and comparison of different commercially available systems.
Effectuation of International Academy of Cytology Yokahama Reporting System of Breast Cytology to Assess Malignancy Risk and Accuracy
Authors: Tejeswini Vaddatti , Chaitra B. , Renuka I. V. , Laxmi Kasula , Ramya Potti , Sowjanya K. K. S. 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
Recently the International Academy of Cytology (IAC) proposed a new Yokahama reporting system for breast fine-needle aspiration cytology (2019) in order to standardize reporting pattern and to link cytology reporting to management algorithms.

Aims and Objectives:
To categorize the samples according to the newly proposed IAC Yokahama reporting system of breast cytology and to assess diagnostic accuracy and corresponding risk of malignancy (ROM) for each category.

Materials and Methods:
This is a retrospective study of breast cytology cases done at Department of Pathology. The slides are retrieved from pathology archives and classified using a recently proposed IAC, Yokahama reporting system of breast cytology into five categories. The risk of malignancy, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy were estimated on the basis of the final histopathological diagnosis.

Results:
Of the 386 cases of breast FNAC, 226 (55.55%) had the corresponding histological diagnosis. The respective ROM for each category was 22.22% for category 1 (insufficient material), 5.32% for category 2 (benign), 26.31% for category 3 (atypical), 100% for category 4 (suspicious for malignancy), and 100 % category 5 (malignant). Malignant cases were considered only when positive tests, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy were 89.66%, 100%, 100%, 90.2%, and 94.69%, respectively.

Conclusions:
The present study showed statistically significant sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy, especially with malignant cases. Hence, using the IAC Yokahama reporting system of breast cytology is effective to standardize the reporting in various institutes and provide clear guidelines to clinician for further management.
Prognostic Role of Intragastric Cytopathology and Microbiota in Surgical Patients with Stomach Cancer
Authors: Virgilio Edoardo , Giarnieri Enrico , Carico Elisabetta , Montagnini Monica , Villani Sandra , Fiorenti Michele , Cavallini Marco , Montali Filippo , Costi Renato 
Published: May 2021

Background:
In the last decade, analysis of malignant cells and flora in gastric lavage (GL) has provided interesting data on pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC). For this study, combining such two aspects into one cyto-microbiologic category, we tested the prognostic role of the presence/absence of cancer cells (GL1/GL0) and bacterial microbiota (MB1/MB0) in our GC population.

Material and Methods:
Between April 2012 and August 2019, 79 surgical patients with GC were prospectively investigated with the determination of GL MB.

Results:
Compared with GL1 MB0, GL1 MB1 strongly correlated with advanced GC, portended poorer overall survival (OS) (45.8 months vs 20.5 months, P = 0.049), and resulted a significant (P = 0.008) and an independent (P = 0.013) prognostic factor unfavorable for OS.

Conclusion:
In the light of our results, the cyto-microbiologic parameter of GL MB should be used to gain a better prognosis of GC patients. Administration of antimicrobial treatment for MB1 subjects should be entertained because it could reduce the risk of oncogenesis.
Characteristics of Gastrointestinal Metastasis in Lung Cancer
Authors: Patil Chaitanya , Atreya Shrikant 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers associated with a poor prognosis. Gastrointestinal (GI) metastasis among lung cancer patients is often misdiagnosed or missed as a diagnosis. With a paucity of literature on this theme, we conducted a study to understand the clinicopathological characteristics of GI metastasis in lung cancer patients.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective review of 793 primary lung cancer patients registered from January 2018 to December 2018 was done at a tertiary cancer hospital. The present study focused on lung cancer patients with an objective to find out the cases of GI metastasis. GI metastasis was confirmed on radiological imaging in the records and positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or computed tomography scans. Quantitative variables were either expressed in terms of mean and standard deviation or categorized and expressed in percentages. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to find the correlation between different symptom clusters in patients with GI metastasis in lung cancer.

Results:
Of the 793 lung cancer patients, 31 (3.9%) patients had metastasis to the GI tract, with as high as 70.97% (22/31) patients presenting with peritoneal/omental deposits. Of the 31 patients with GI metastasis, five (16.13%) patients were symptomatic, four patients had intestinal obstruction, and one had intestinal perforation. Due to advanced metastatic cancer and poor performance status, patients were provided palliative care and symptom management as they were deemed unfit for surgical intervention.

Conclusion:
With the advent of targeted and immunological therapies, patients with metastatic lung cancers are surviving longer. Palliative care specialists must work in close collaboration with oncologists to identify an impending GI complication at an early stage to direct specific interventions to avert the complication.
Developing Global Health Diplomacy-related Skills Using a COVID-19-like Epidemic Simulation as a Learning Strategy
Authors: Reina Ortiz Miguel , Sharma Vinita , Casanova Jesse , Corvin Jaime , Hoare Ismael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract.Public health and global health practitioners need to develop global health diplomacy (GHD) skills to efficiently work within complex global health scenarios, such as the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Problem-based learning was used as a framework to create a scenario-based activity designed to develop GHD-related skills. The application and effectiveness of this scenario-based activity to develop GHD-related skills were assessed. A mixed-methods approach involving a self-administered survey and one focus group discussion was used. The survey collected baseline participant characteristics as well as understanding and improvements in GHD-related skills using a 5-point Likert scale. The focus group was audio-recorded and thematically analyzed using both inductive and deductive codes. Data integration was achieved by connecting and weaving. Method and investigator triangulation techniques were used. Participants self-reported significantly better postscenario-based activity responses when asked about their understanding of diplomacy, negotiation, communication, and how to address public health emergencies (P < 0.01, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Most participants either agreed or strongly agreed that their GHD-related skills improved with participation in the scenario-based activity (diplomacy = 55.6%; negotiation = 66.5%; communication = 72.2%; addressing public health emergencies = 72.1%). Overall, qualitative data were consistent with results obtained using quantitative methods. The scenario-based activity was effective for improving the self-reported understanding of GHD-related skills. The scenario-based activity was also effective for developing the selected GHD-related skills (as self-reported). This scenario-based activity is likely to reduce cognitive load and avoid participant overload, thereby facilitating learning. Further research is required to elucidate its long-term impact on skills development.
SALLE combined with LD-DLLME for pesticides analysis in sugar and soil samples
Authors: Tolcha T. , Gomoro K. , Megersa N. 
Published: May 2021

In this study, a modified salting-out-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) combined with low density dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (LD-DLLME) has been developed for quantitative determination of multiclass pesticide residues (atrazine, diazinon, ametryn, terbutryn, chlorpyrifos, dimethametryn, 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (4,4'-DDE), 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (4,4'-DDD) and 4,4'-dichloro- diphenyltrichloroethane (4,4'-DDT)) levels in sugar and soil samples coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection. The extract was enriched after combining SALLE to LD-DLLME and enrichment factor obtained ranged 30-121. Under the optimum conditions, the linearity of the method was in the range of 6.25–100 ng g-1 for atrazine, ametryn, terbutryn, dimethametryn and 4,4'-DDT, and in the range of 2.5–100 ng g-1 for diazinon, chlorpyrifos and 4,4'-DDD, and in the range of 1–100 for 4,4'-DDE with correlation coefficient of 0.992 or better. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.01–0.25 ng g-1. The precisions as %RSD, were below 10% for both matrices. The recoveries obtained from spiked sugar and soil samples at 5 and 50 ng g-1 ranged from 79 to 111%. The method was subsequently applied to real sugar and soil samples. All the pesticides investigated were not detected in the sugar sample. The soil sample was contaminated by atrazine and ametryn at concentration level of 0.3 and 0.2 ng g-1, respectively.

KEY WORDS: SALLE, LD-DLLME, Extraction, Pesticide residues, Sugar, Soil

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2021, 35(1), 1-16.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i1.1
Green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract for antibacterial activity
Authors: Fatiqin A. , Amrulloh H. , Simanjuntak W. 
Published: May 2021

Nanoparticle fabrication using plant extracts is an important alternative method because it is non-toxic, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly. In this study, green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf water extracts was conducted by mixing the extract and a solution of magnesium chloride. The product was characterized using different techniques, i.e. UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The UV-Vis spectrum of MgO nanoparticles shows an absorption at 280 nm. The size of the synthesized MgO nanoparticles ranges from 20-50 nm. The antibacterial activity of MgO nanoparticles was seen from the zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (6.3 mm) and against Escherichia coli (6 mm). MgO nanoparticles have been successfully fabricated using Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extracts, providing an alternative method for synthesizing MgO nanoparticles.

KEY WORDS: Antibacterial activity, Escherchia coli, MgO nanoparticles, Moringa oleifera, Staphylococcus aureus

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2021, 35(1), 161-170.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i1.14
NMR characterization and free radical scavenging activity of pheophytin ‘A’ from the leaves of Dissotis rotundifolia
Authors: Friday C. , UchennaIgwe O. , C. Akwada U. 
Published: May 2021

Dissotis rotundifolia is used traditionally in various parts of Africa for the treatment of various ailments. The air dried and pulverized leaves of Dissotis rotundifolia was extracted with distilled n-hexane and ethylacetate, using Soxhlet apparatus. Isolation and purification were carried out using column and thin layer chromatographic techniques. Fraction B14 gave a single spot on thin layer chromatography with a retention factor (Rf) value of 0.57. Characterization of B14 was doneusing 1H-NMR, 13C-DEPT, COSY, HSQC, HMBC and by direct comparison with literature values and pheophytin A was proposed as the structure of the compound. Pheophytin A exhibited a free radical scavenging activity of 10.10±0.05 and 19.51±0.02% at minimum and maximum concentrations of 1.00 and 4.00 mg/mL, respectively. The acclaimed ethnomedicinal uses of D. rotundifolia by the African natives could be linked to the presence of pheophytin A and other phytoconstituents in the plant. This is the first report of the isolation of pheophytin A from D. rotundifolia.

KEY WORDS: Dissotis rotundifolia, Pheophytin A, Chromatographic techniques, Free radicals, NMR

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2021, 35(1), 207-215.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i1.18
Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of copper(II) Schiff base adducts of some p-substituted aniline Schiff bases
Authors: O. Sobola A. , M. Watkins G. , O. Shaibu R. , Adewuyi S. , A. Amolegbe S. 
Published: May 2021

The synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of Cu(II) complexes of some p-substituted aniline Schiff base ligands have been carried out. The Schiff bases were obtained from salicylaldehyde and o-vanillin. The Cu(II) complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity measurement, infrared and electronic spectral data. The complexes were obtained either as metal chelates [Cu(L)2] or Schiff base adducts (CuCl2.2LH).xH2O. The metal chelates were non-electrolytes while the Schiff base adducts exhibited 1:1 or 2:1 electrolytes in methanol. The Cu(II) complexes exhibited slight antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC® 8739™*, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus ATCC® 6538™*, Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC® 6633™* and Candida albicans ATCC® 2091™*. The complexes exhibited significant antifungal activity.

KEY WORDS: Metal Chelates, Schiff bases, Adducts, Cu(II) complexes, Salicylaldimines

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2021, 35(1), 33-42.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i1.3
Solid-state synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of modified smectites using natural clays from Burkina Faso
Authors: Garikoé I. , Sorgho B. , Guel B. , Persson I. 
Published: May 2021

Solid-state intercalation was applied to prepare organo-smectites using cationic surfactants and natural clays containing smectite at various surfactant/smectite ratios. The surfactants enter the interlayers of smectites causing a swelling of the clays. The used clays were collected in Siétougou and Diabari villages located in the eastern part of Burkina Faso. The solid-state intercalation was successful for all four surfactants applied, n-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, (n-C12H25(CH3)3NBr), n-tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, (n-C14H29(CH3)3NBr), n-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (n-C16H33(CH3)3NBr) and di-n-dodecyldimethyl­ammonium bromide ((n-C12H25)2(CH3)2NBr) at different levels of the cation exchange capacity (CEC). The synthesized organo-smectites were characterized regarding relative density, structural and textural properties. XRPD data showed a systematic increase of the basal spacing of the unit cell of the smectite up to >38 Å at 2.0-CEC loading of the surfactant. This increase indicates that the surfactants penetrated into the smectite interlayers with the surfactants being arranged parallel to the layers at low concentrations and almost perpendicular at high ones. FTIR spectra of the organo-smectites showed a decrease in the intensities of the water bands at around 1630 cm-1 and 3400 cm-1, and new specific bands close to 2920 cm-1 and 2850 cm-1 were assigned to the asymmetric and symmetric stretching of CH2 groups of the surfactants, respectively.

KEY WORDS: Smectite, Organo-smectite, Surfactant, Intercalation

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2021, 35(1), 43-59.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i1.4
Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial screening of metal(II) mixed diclofenac and acetaminophen complexes
Authors: A. Obaleye J. , A. Aliyu A. , O. Rajee A. , E. Bello K. 
Published: May 2021

Mixed ligand complexes derived from diclofenac potassium salt (Kdc) and acetaminophen (ace) has been synthesized and proposed to have a general formula [MB] where M = Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+and B = (ace)(dc)(H2O)2 except for Mn2+ complex which exists as [Mn(ace)(dc)OH2]. The complexes were characterized by solubility, melting point, conductivity, elemental analyses, UV-Vis, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) study and magnetic susceptibility measurement. Electronic absorption spectra data are characteristic of octahedral structures for [MB]. The IR spectra revealed a bidentate coordination mode. In acetaminophen, the nitrogen and carbonyl-O atoms of the amide group were involved while the carboxylate oxygen atoms of potassium diclofenac were used; typical of a carboxylic acid derivative. The compounds were screened for in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of albumin denaturation assay and antimicrobial activity against bacteria strains: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthrax, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and a fungus Aspergillus niger. Some of the tested compounds showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity when compared to the standard drug diclofenac potassium salt. The in-vitro antimicrobial screening revealed an increased activity of the complexes against the bacteria isolates compared to the free ligands.

KEY WORDS: Metal(II) ion, NSAIDs, Anti-inflammatory activity, Diclofenac potassium salt, XRPD, Antimicrobial activity

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2021, 35(1), 77-86.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i1.6