bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technology Entrepreneurship, Technology Strategy, and Uncertainty
Authors: Furr Nathan R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Technology entrepreneurship—and, by extension, technology strategy—is the study of how firms use technology to create and capture value. While this area draws on multiple domains, including literatures describing the evolution of technology, firms, and industries, few dedicated efforts have been made to integrate these domains to describe technology strategy, even though many of the most powerful firms today are not those with industry or resource positions but those with technology positions. This chapter unpacks the theoretical and empirical foundations of technology entrepreneurship as it relates to strategy, summarizes current research, and highlights important unanswered questions, foremost of which is the role of uncertainty in theories of strategy. This chapter also asks two important questions: Given the growing centrality of technology in almost every area of economic life, is a technology strategy view needed? Also, given the rise of uncertainty, is a theory of uncertainty also necessary?
Social Networks of Meaning and Communication
Authors: Fuhse Jan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Social structures can be fruitfully studied as networks of social relationships. These should not be conceptualized, and examined, as stable, acultural patterns of ties. Building on relational sociology around Harrison White, the book examines the interplay of social networks and meaning. Social relationships consist of dynamic bundles of expectations about the behavior between particular actors. These expectations come out of the process of communication, and they make for the regularity and predictability of communication, reducing its inherent uncertainty. Like all social structures, relationships and networks are made of expectations that guide social processes, but that continuously change as the result of these processes. Building on Niklas Luhmann, the events in networks can fruitfully be conceptualized as communication, the processing of meaning between actors (rather than emanating from them). Communication draws on a variety of cultural forms to define and negotiate the relationships between actors: relationship frames like “love” and “friendship” prescribe the kinds of interaction appropriate for types of tie; social categories like ethnicity and gender guide the interaction within and between categories of actors; and collective and corporate actors form on the basis of cultural models like “company,” “bureaucracy,” “street gang,” or “social movement.” Such cultural models are diffused in systems of education and in the mass media, but they also institutionalize in communication, with existing patterns of interaction and relationships serving as models for others. Social groups are semi-institutionalized social patterns, with a strong social boundary separating their members from the social environment.
“The Blood-Bought Freedom of Our Venerable Sires”
Authors: Grossman Lewis A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the wholesale abandonment of medical licensing in the antebellum years due to the collective efforts of practitioners and supporters of Thomsonianism, an extremely popular school of botanical medicine. The Thomsonians waged their triumphant struggle to preserve freedom of therapeutic choice in explicitly constitutional terms, even though they conducted it entirely outside of court. Their campaign thus offers one of the most striking examples of a successful popular constitutional movement in American history. This chapter analyzes the rhetoric the Thomsonians used in their successful battle against medical licensing, demonstrating that the antebellum American commitment to freedom of therapeutic choice was based on notions of not only bodily freedom, but also economic freedom, freedom of conscience, and freedom of inquiry.
Life, Liberty, [and the Pursuit of Happiness]
Authors: Grossman Lewis A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter relates the story of the medical marijuana movement from the 1970s to present. The fact that marijuana has a popular, though controversial, nontherapeutic use (delivery of a recreational high) makes this movement different in various ways from other the campaigns for therapeutic freedom described in this book. After examining the parallel prior example of regulation of medical use of alcoholic beverages, this chapter relates the long history of the medicinal use of marijuana. It then explores the ever-widening scope of legal medical marijuana use in the United States since the 1970s, due to state-level action in the courts and, especially, at the ballot box. The chapter highlights some leading activists in this arena, including Robert Randall and Dennis Peron. It considers federal recalcitrance in the face of state legalization. Finally, it discusses the tension between proponents of medical marijuana legalization and advocates for broader legalization.
Sentimental Educations
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter establishes H.D.’s difficulty at Bryn Mawr, her brief engagement to Ezra Pound and her wilting affection for him, beside her stronger attraction to impoverished Frances Josepha Gregg, who lived with her mother, once an active lesbian. H.D. and Frances thought themselves “witches,” reading each other’s minds. They traveled with Gregg’s mother on a European tour. At this same time, Bryher was isolated, with only her father’s library as refuge. She met Elizabethan cross-dressers like Bellario through her imagination. After her parents had a “Scotch marriage” in 1909, just when her mother gave birth to a male heir, John Jr., she learned they had been unmarried when she was born. Bryher rejected her gender assignment. From World War I on, she kept rat poison by her side, fearful of being locked up for her nonconformity. Bryher was sent to Queenswood as a day student.
Inconvenient Marriages & Wanderlust
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the formation of Contact Press, McAlmon publishing his own work as well as other avant-garde writers in Paris. Bryher quickly became bored with McAlmon’s café and drug life in Berlin, and he resented writing Lady Ellerman about their whereabouts. Meeting Sylvia Beach and Gertrude Stein redeemed the inconvenient marriage for Bryher. Bryher established H.D., her mother and aunt, and Perdita at Riant Chateau in Switzerland. The couple fell in love with film through Joyless Street. H.D.’s mother, H.D., and Bryher traveled to Egypt just after Tutankhamun’s tomb was opened. Working on Palimpsest, a poetic and historical novel, layering several time periods, H.D. worried Aldington plotted divorce. After her divorce, Gregg returned to the scene. Spurned by a young illustrator, Kenneth Macpherson, she sent him to H.D. Bryher divorced McAlmon, marrying Macpherson to adopt Perdita, easing H.D.’s terror of a paternity claim.
Abdication, Aggression, Anschluss
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This tense period held the pair together almost solely through letters. Bryher was in full-tilt rescue work, passing from New York to London, Paris, and Switzerland annually. In New York, Bryher met Nella Larsen and visited Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Sylvia Beach and Adrienne Monnier introduced Bryher to Walter Benjamin, who exchanged his Berlin around 1900 for her Paris 1900. Bryher sent funds and encouragement while he was interned as an enemy alien. H.D. underwent her personal terror, facing the courts when Aldington resurfaced for a divorce. Bryher coached her in preparation. After the Anschluss, Bryher carried rat poison when traveling (as she had in World War I) and leaked her fears to the Austrian psychoanalyst Walter Schmideberg and to the couple’s new scholar friend at Yale, Norman Pearson, who would soon join the Office of Strategic Services, precursor to the CIA. He shared Bryher’s anxieties and a desire to foster H.D.’s hypersensitive creative intelligence.
The Writing on the Wall
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
H.D. wrote Tribute to Freud believing he outlasted his mortality, and showed her prior credentials as seer to Dowding. She also swiftly finished Flowering of the Rod, full of hope for rebirth and the Aquarian age. When V-E Day came, the couple went to Stratford for Shakespeare. Before V-J Day occurred, H.D. ventured alone to Stratford, there learning of the nuclear attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. She wrote the poem “Claribel,” about a half-dead woman, while Bryher began writing The Fourteenth of October. H.D started going solo at the Morris table, finding herself in contact with Dowding’s airmen, pilots who contacted her. With Pearson’s help, she planned to would at Bryn Mawr in 1946.
Tidying Up Modernism
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter portrays the couple’s reconnection. Pearson motivated them to gather all their letters and works for Yale University. H.D. polished Sword Went Out to Sea, her novel about Dowding, that included “Summerdream,” displaying her recovery. It describes séances, and the soldiers who wrote “letters from the dead.” Deviating from Dowding’s saccharine version of the afterlife, she wanted “rebirth” on earth, “resurrection-reality.” She moved between Lausanne and Lugano, picked by Bryher for warmth and quaintness, proximate to Hermann Hesse’s house. Violet Hunt’s Wife of Rossetti, which H.D. gave her the title for, catalyzed her to retell Elizabeth Siddal’s story and suicide, resulting not solely from an abusive lover (Rossetti), who she likened to Pound, but also from war terror, and imported Morris as co-creator with Siddal. In Florence with Pearson, Bryher worked on The Fourteenth of October, comparing the Norman Conquest to World War II.
Cold War Romances
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Bryher and Pearson increasingly became terrorized during the Cold War, fearing the Soviets and atomic war. Perdita married John Schaffner, and Bryher visited New York to help settle the couple and to outfit Perdita for her first child. They told H.D. a different date for the pregnancy so she would not have sympathetic pains. Bryher now knew Schmideberg was an alcoholic, manipulating her with his neediness. She fled to the Scillies, to New York, to see H.D. in Lausanne and Lugano. Feeling the “old H.D. vibration,” H.D. began Helen in Egypt. From Lugano, she sent Bryher and Pearson typed pages, wanting each to note in the margins any qualms. In fact, Bryher became so interactive with H.D., the latter begged off more inspiration. After returning to Lausanne, and Bryher away with the “Schaffs,” While studying trends in parapsychology, H.D. suffered abdominal cramping, needing immediate surgery to disentangle her intestines. They decided Kusnacht would serve for recuperation.
The Medical Malpractice Litigation System
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
“The Medical Malpractice Litigation System” provides a description of the conventional legal response to negligent adverse events. First, it discusses the origins, nature, and purposes (usually given as compensation and deterrence) of the tort system; explains the economic analysis of tort law (including the concept of negligence), and describes some of the specialized rules that apply only to medical malpractice torts. Most of the chapter is a data-based walk-through of the stages of the malpractice litigation process, including the proportion of cases that enter and proceed through each stage: initiation of claims (including attorney screening), pretrial disposition, trials, verdicts, compensation awards, and adjustments following verdicts. The evidence shows that the great majority of negligently caused injuries never enter the system, trials are rare, and negotiation plays so great a part that the system is best characterized as one of “litigotiation.”
Death in Bacteria, Fungi, and Protista
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Microorganisms are ubiquitous but easy to ignore. They live in a hostile world. Bacteria are subject to attack by viruses called bacteriophages, and environmental conditions can easily change to be better or worse for their existence. One might wonder how a single-celled organism might leverage death to its advantage. In fact, these organisms communicate with each other in a process called quorum sensing, leading some cells to secrete an extracellular death factor. They also use this process when they develop biofilms. Some fungi are single-celled and others are multicellular. Forms of programmed cell death are used by the multicellular fungi too. Other examples of quorum sensing are seen in the protista.
Death on a Grand Scale
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Dinosaurs dominated the Earth for about 130 million years. About 66 million years ago, they became extinct along with nearly 75 percent of all plant and animal species on Earth. The leading suspect in the death of the dinosaurs is a meteor strike, but it also could have been massive volcanic eruptions at the Deccan Traps or extreme climate change. Four more mass extinction events have occurred on Earth. In extinction events, the loss of dominant species clears the way for other groups; in this case, the death of the dinosaurs allowed mammals to rise. Frighteningly, we could even have another of these events. Even now, we might be in a sort of “slow-motion” mass extinction, caused by overwhelming human development, consumption of natural resources, and global warming, in which many species are being killed off every year. Is that the sixth mass extinction?
Contemporary Spirituality in Israel
Authors: Persico Tomer 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Contemporary spirituality has been bourgeoning in Israel since the 1990s, with a growing presence of Jewish characteristics. This chapter focuses on the sociological reasons underlying the growth of alternative Jewish religious and spiritual identities. Taking the collapse of the Secular Zionist meta-narrative as a point of departure, this growth in spirituality will be explained as a response to a need for alternative meaning, in this case Jewish identity, one shaped by the post-collectivist, individualistic ethos. The author explains why this search for identity and meaning does not regularly end in becoming observant Orthodox Jews, and how this process fits in with different trends of secularization.
Judaism Is the New Orient
Authors: Shapiro Marianna Ruah-Midbar 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The spiritual journeys that Israeli-Jews make to the Far East do not merely provide them with experiences and revelations, but also help them reclaim meaning, answer life’s questions, and shape their identity and lifestyle. Surprisingly, some journeys end in embracing Jewish tradition. Why—and how—do secular Israelis, who have never shown any interest in the spiritual matters and aspects of their native tradition, find, following their journey, that Jewish spirituality is relevant to their quest for meaning? This chapter conducts a critical discussion on the Easternization thesis (which claims the West is undergoing a profound paradigmatic transformation), culminating in the conclusion that the East is not Westerners’ and Israelis’ true object of desire, but rather an object on which they project their Western/Israeli discomfort, passions, and images. Judaism, which has been going through an exoticization process within the framework of local New Age ideas—much like the Far East in global spirituality—has been adapting itself to this coveted imagined model.
Our Lady of the Rosary La Naval in the Making of the Spanish Pacific
Authors: Lee Christina H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the history of Our Lady of the Rosary La Naval from her foundational miracles in Japan, Ternate, and Mindoro to her divine intervention in the Dutch war of 1646, the event that gave her the name of “La Naval.” It shows that Manila was “the gate” through which one entered the other provinces and kingdoms of Asia, and Our Lady of the Rosary became the saint who stood loyally by her Spanish soldiers, regardless of their ranks or criminal histories. More specifically, it reveals that Spanish devotees embraced her cult because her miracles reinforced what they believed to be Spain’s predestined role in the Pacific as the cross-bearer against all heathens and heretics.
Our Lady of Antipolo, Our Lady of the Tree
Authors: Lee Christina H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The chapter investigates the native devotion to Our Lady of Antipolo, as presented in Jesuit accounts, histories, and letters. It reveals that the Tagalogs and Aetas of Antipolo and surrounding areas rejected the Spanish cult to the Virgin as protectress of the trans-Pacific galleons. Instead, they embraced a parallel devotion that conceptualized her as the divine figure of an approachable mother who was always forgiving and benevolent, and who protected them against the destructive forces that the galleons represented. Most importantly, she was the symbol of the mother tree which epitomized the natural world that defined the identity of Antipolo and surrounding areas.
The Creation of the United States and the Broadway Stage
Authors: Laird Paul R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Hamilton is not the first musical to deal with the American Revolution or early years of the American Republic. The most famous such previous show is 1776 (1969) by Sherman Edwards and Peter Stone, but there was also a comic opera called Daughter of the Revolution (1895). The first book musical by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart, with book by Herbert Fields, was Dearest Enemy (1925), a romantic comedy on the Revolution that included depictions of George Washington and Aaron Burr. An earlier portrayal of Benjamin Franklin, wherein he convinced King Louis XVI to recognize America, appeared five years before 1776 in Ben Franklin in Paris (1964), by Mark Sandrich, Jr. and Sidney Michaels. An unsuccessful show that involved the early years of the American Republic was 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (1976) by Leonard Bernstein and Alan Jay Lerner. This essay explores how Hamilton and these other earlier shows use history, sometimes in fanciful forms, as well as how they offer differing depictions of famous historical figures.
Hamilton’s Gendered Entanglements
Authors: Wolf Stacy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the contradictory, liminal representations of gender and sexuality in the musical Hamilton. The musical is primarily concerned with men and politics, but it also stars three charismatic women who sing some of the show’s most memorable numbers. Moreover, because Eliza Hamilton ends the musical, the audience is left feeling that her character matters, both as Hamilton’s wife and as author of the narrative just presented. In terms of sexuality, the musical presents Hamilton as a heterosexual charmer, but though Alexander is straight, his most intense relationship is with Aaron Burr, his eventual killer. Hamilton’s architecture intertwines an aesthetically revolutionary, ensemble-based political story with a conventional musical theater romance between two men. In the end, the portrayal of Hamilton’s women in reductive and conventional ways leaves space for the men’s relationships, particularly the one between Hamilton and Burr, to be the most complex in the show.
Hamilton, History, Historiography
Authors: Herrmann Rachel B. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Lin-Manuel Miranda’s approach to history. Miranda aimed to explore how the Founders created legacies by leaving behind records for future historians, but he had little interest in the histories of people who left behind fewer written documents. Miranda’s method created Hamilton’s historiographical blind spots. In the musical, Alexander Hamilton refers to the “promised land” of the post-Revolutionary early American republic without acknowledging how his father-in-law, Philip Schuyler, managed to acquire so much territory from Native Americans. This chapter explores the combination of scorched earth warfare, diplomacy, and eventually treaties from the 1750s to the 1800s that allowed the Founders to redraw the nation’s terrestrial and riverine borders to make Native territory into U.S. territory. It calls attention to this history while establishing the musical’s liminal position between historical scholarship on the American Revolution, public interest in this history, and Miranda’s version of it.
Words Flooding the Senses
Authors: Sallinger Elizabeth 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton capitalizes on hip-hop and rap vocal styles to help tell its story, focusing on pitched, rhythmicized speech. Employing non-traditional casting, modern parlance, and straightforward addressing of political and personal scandals, Hamilton is revolutionary for the progress of musical theater. However, “rapping” in theatrical productions is not new; metrical, rhythmic speech predates modern musical theater altogether. It has, for instance, been heard as a narrative device in opera and operetta for several centuries. While shows prior to Hamilton and Lin-Manuel Miranda’s earlier success In the Heights (2005) have not been primarily performed through rapping, previous notable productions laid the theatrical groundwork for this approach, creating an existing precedent, albeit one narrow in scope. Through a consideration of the predecessors of rap in the theater and musicals that have employed pitched, rhythmicized speech to enhance their storytelling, the style’s impact on theatrical productions, culminating with Hamilton, will be addressed.
Global Health
Authors: Weiss Charles 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Politics and economics largely determine how scientific knowledge is applied to human health worldwide. Scientific and technological advances in wealthy countries made possible medical triumphs like smallpox eradication. The history of global health from colonial times raises important issues: who decides whether to treat health as a human right or as an investment in economic productivity, whether to organize national health services as “vertical” interventions against specific diseases or as “horizontal” services for all health needs, and whether member governments or financial backers are to determine World Health Organization priorities. The COVID-19 pandemic elicited enthusiastic international scientific collaboration but raised issues of vaccine nationalism. It illustrated the tension between national politics and global health, how health issues become entangled with big-power politics, and the difficulties in making policy, informing the public, and controlling misinformation while scientific understanding is unfolding. An annex answers scientific questions related to global health.
Jobs, Competitiveness, and Inequality
Authors: Weiss Charles 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The revolution underway in advanced manufacturing technology will create extraordinary new products and production processes but will also pose worldwide challenges to competitiveness and employment. Every country is trying to improve its competitiveness and to create well-paying jobs in the face of technology that requires fewer workers and higher levels of technical and digital skills. Technologically advanced countries are investing in research, development, and education, seeking to restore lost manufacturing jobs and create new ones. Middle-income countries must advance from managing well-established technology to developing and launching new products and processes. China dominates export-oriented, labor-intensive manufactures, the traditional jumping-off point for low-income countries, and also hopes to dominate high-tech manufacturing. Low-income countries need to invest in infrastructure and connectivity and to strengthen their educational systems, lest new technology worsen the youth unemployment crisis, create social unrest, and stimulate increased out-migration.