bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations noise and stability of geodetic variable slip fault models
Authors: Leivadas-Stathakopoulos Ioannis , Biliani Irene , Stiros Stathis C 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARY
Variable slip models of seismic faults represent ill-posed (or underdetermined) problems with infinity of solutions; a single solution is typically obtained using constraints imposed by the L-curve theory, through an experimentally derived coefficient which optimizes the trade-off between fault roughness (smoothness, mean slip gradient) and mean misfit of observations to the fault model. However, in some cases, diverse variable slip fault models (VSFM) have been presented, even using the same data sets. In this paper, we investigate the problem of stability (sensitivity) of VSFM to input geodetic (GNSS/GPS, INSAR) ground slip measurements, based on statistics of synthetic data: statistically similar sets of synthetic ground displacements were the only degree of freedom in an analysis leading to comparable VSFM, regarded as images of slip amplitude and of rake. Differences of synthetic models from the reference fault model for different levels of noise, both for filtered and for PCA-filtered were examined, and results were summarized in images depicting the differences and the variability (standard deviation) of each fault slip patch, both for slip and rake. From this ‘truth’-based approach, it was found that an increase in observations noise is reflected in increase of variability (instability) of fault models, especially away from the fault centre, higher for slip than in rake. Analysis with a different virtual observations system indicates that stations above the fault tend to show spurious stress concentration areas on the fault surface, in agreement with previous studies. Analysis with synthetic data appears as a promising strategy to validate a VSFM based on geodetic data.
Conflict and cooperation in the age of COVID-19: the Israeli–Palestinian case
Authors: Lehrs Lior 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
How do disasters influence conflict and diplomacy in conflict areas? The scholarship shows that while they can provide opportunities for cooperation and ‘disaster diplomacy’ between parties to a conflict, they can also intensify tension and hostility. This article uses the Israeli–Palestinian conflict during the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study, exploring the impact of the crisis on relations between the rival parties and examining the conditions under which an ongoing pandemic might lead to either conflict or cooperation in a conflict area. The research is based on within-case analysis, comparing three conflict arenas: Israel–Palestinian Authority relations in the West Bank; relations between Israel and the Palestinian community in East Jerusalem; and Israel–Hamas government relations in the Gaza strip. The article outlines the possibilities and limitations of ‘disaster diplomacy’ in intractable conflicts and contributes to the literature by identifying how different contexts, relations and actors in each conflict arena affect the development of patterns of conflict and cooperation with regard to the pandemic. The study analyses the factors that shape how the pandemic affects the conflict, and the COVID-19-related diplomacy, in each sub-case, with attention to three main variables: the structure of the conflict arena, domestic politics and the developments in the pandemic. The analysis addresses the unique conditions of an ongoing global pandemic, as opposed to an isolated disaster event, and traces the changing impact of the pandemic on the conflict and on disaster-related cooperation at various stages.
A new sign of the slipping rib syndrome?
Authors: Romano Rosalia , Gavezzoli Diego , Gallazzi Maria Sole , Benvenuti Mauro Roberto 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The slipping rib syndrome is characterized by burning pain in the lower thorax and upper abdomen, often disabling, caused by hypermobility of the costal cartilage with entrapment of the intercostal nerve. The syndrome is often underdiagnosed. The diagnosis is clinical and the definitive treatment is surgical, with an excellent result for pain relief. Based on the observation of 4 cases undergoing rib resection for SRS, we noticed a new possible sign of the disease. Our patients showed less thickness of the ipsilateral rectus abdominis muscle on ultrasound of the abdomen. The aim of this study is to demonstrate this sign in the diagnosis of SRS, to make this disease more recognizable and treatable.
Salmonella Typhi Stool Shedding by Patients With Enteric Fever and Asymptomatic Chronic Carriers in an Endemic Urban Setting
Authors: Khanam Farhana , Darton Thomas C , Meiring James E , Kumer Sarker Protup , Kumar Biswas Prasanta , Bhuiyan Md Amirul Islam , Hasan Rajib Nazmul , Tonks Susan , Pollard Andrew J , Clemens John D , Qadri Firdausi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The burden of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi) shedding in stool and its contribution to transmission in endemic settings is unknown. During passive surveillance S. Typhi shedding was seen during convalescence in 332 bacteremic patient with typhoid, although none persisted at 1-year follow-up. Anti–virulence capsule (Vi)–immunoglobulin (Ig) G titers were measured in age-stratified cohort of serosurveillance participants. Systematic stool sampling of 303 participants with high anti–Vi-IgG titers identified 1 asymptomatic carrier with shedding. These findings suggest that ongoing S. Typhi transmission in this setting is more likely to occur from acute convalescent cases, although better approaches are needed to identify true chronic carriers in the community to enable typhoid elimination.
Nasopharyngeal Codetection of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae Shapes Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Outcomes in Children
Authors: Diaz-Diaz Alejandro , Bunsow Eleonora , Garcia-Maurino Cristina , Moore-Clingenpeel Melissa , Naples Jeffrey , Juergensen Alexis , Mertz Sara , Wang Huanyu , Leber Amy L , Gern James , Hall Mark W , Cohen Daniel M , Ramilo Octavio , Mejias Asuncion 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
The role of nasopharyngeal bacteria in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease has been underestimated. We measured the frequency and burden of respiratory bacteria in the upper respiratory tract of infants with RSV infection over 7 respiratory seasons, and their impact on clinical outcomes.

Methods
Children &lt;2 years old with mild (outpatients, n=115) or severe (inpatients, n=566) RSV infection, and matched healthy controls (n=161) were enrolled. Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained for RSV, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae detection and quantitation by PCR. Multivariable models were constructed to identify variables predictive of severe disease.

Results
S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis, but not S. aureus, were detected more frequently in RSV-infected children (84%) than healthy controls (46%; P&lt;.001). Detection of S. pneumoniae and/or H. influenzae was associated with fever, more frequent antibiotic treatment, worse radiologic findings, and higher neutrophil counts (P&lt;.01). In adjusted analyses, S. pneumoniae/H. influenzae codetection was independentlyassociated with greater odds of hospitalization, higher disease severity scores, need for supplemental oxygen, and longer hospitalization.

Conclusions
Nasopharyngeal codetection of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae in infants with RSV infection is associated with increased disease severity.
Telavancin pharmacokinetics in patients with chronic kidney disease receiving haemodialysis
Authors: Gharibian Katherine N , Lewis Susan J , Heung Michael , Segal Jonathan H , Salama Noha N , Mueller Bruce A 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundTelavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic with limited pharmacokinetic data to guide drug dosing in patients receiving haemodialysis.ObjectivesThis study characterized telavancin pharmacokinetics in patients receiving haemodialysis.Patients and methodsThis was a Phase IV, prospective, open-label, single-centre, crossover pharmacokinetic study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02392208). Eight subjects with end-stage kidney disease requiring maintenance haemodialysis (mean ± SD: 47 ± 20 years, 69.5 ± 17.1 kg) received 5 mg/kg telavancin IV 3 h before starting a 3.5 hour haemodialysis treatment with a high-permeability haemodialyser (haemodialysis period). After a 14 day washout period, a second 5 mg/kg dose was administered post-haemodialysis (control period). Telavancin plasma concentrations were measured over a 2 day period after each dose and non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were performed.ResultsThe geometric mean (GM) of telavancin overall clearance was 11.2 mL/h/kg (intrinsic clearance and dialytic clearance) in the haemodialysis period and 5.9 mL/h/kg (off-haemodialysis clearance) in the control period [GM ratio (GMR) = 1.89; 90% CI: 1.70–2.10; P &lt; 0.01]. The GM t½ was 13.1 h when haemodialysis occurred 3 h post-dosing in the haemodialysis period but extended to 20.9 h with post-haemodialysis dosing in the control period (GMR = 0.63; 90% CI: 0.54–0.73; P &lt; 0.01). The GM of telavancin plasma concentrations removed by haemodialysis was 27.7%. The GMR of peak plasma concentration and volume of distribution of the haemodialysis period and the control period were 0.88 (90% CI: 0.79–0.98; P = 0.08) and 1.17 (90% CI: 1.05–1.30; P = 0.048), respectively.ConclusionsHaemodialysis with high-permeability haemodialysers removes telavancin considerably (∼⅓ of body load). Telavancin 5 mg/kg every 48 h post-haemodialysis dosing is recommended, but dose adjustments may be warranted if haemodialysis starts within 3 h of telavancin administration.
Facultative Parthenogenesis in California Condors
Authors: Ryder Oliver A , Thomas Steven , Judson Jessica Martin , Romanov Michael N , Dandekar Sugandha , Papp Jeanette C , Sidak-Loftis Lindsay C , Walker Kelli , Stalis Ilse H , Mace Michael , Steiner Cynthia C , Chemnick Leona G 
Published: September 2021

AbstractParthenogenesis is a relatively rare event in birds, documented in unfertilized eggs from columbid, galliform, and passerine females with no access to males. In the critically endangered California condor, parentage analysis conducted utilizing polymorphic microsatellite loci has identified two instances of parthenogenetic development from the eggs of two females in the captive breeding program, each continuously housed with a reproductively capable male with whom they had produced offspring. Paternal genetic contribution to the two chicks was excluded. Both parthenotes possessed the expected male ZZ sex chromosomes and were homozygous for all evaluated markers inherited from their dams. These findings represent the first molecular marker-based identification of facultative parthenogenesis in an avian species, notably of females in regular contact with fertile males, and add to the phylogenetic breadth of vertebrate taxa documented to have reproduced via asexual reproduction.
Increased precipitation magnifies the effects of N addition on performance of invasive plants in subtropical native communities
Authors: Li Xiang-Qin , Tang Sai-Chun , Pan Yu-Mei , Wei Chun-Qiang , Lü Shi-Hong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNitrogen (N) deposition, precipitation and their interaction affect plant invasions in temperate ecosystems with limiting N and water resources, but whether and how they affect plant invasions in subtropical native communities with abundant N and precipitation remains unclear.We constructed in situ artificial communities with 12 common native plant species in a subtropical system and introduced four common invasive plant species and their native counterparts to these communities. We compared plant growth and establishment of introduced invasive species and native counterparts in communities exposed to ambient (CK), N addition (N+), increased precipitation (P+) and N addition plus increased precipitation (P+N+). We also investigated the density and aboveground biomass of communities under such conditions.P+ alone did not enhance the performance of invasive species or native counterparts. N+ enhanced only the aboveground biomass and relative density of invasive species. P+N+ enhanced the growth and establishment performance of both invasive species and native counterparts. Most growth and establishment parameters of invasive species were greater than those of native counterparts under N+, P+ and P+N+ conditions. The density and aboveground biomass of native communities established by invasive species were significantly lower than those of native communities established by native counterparts under P+N+ conditions. These results suggest that P+ may magnify the effects of N+ on performance of invasive species in subtropical native communities where N and water are often abundant, which may help to understand the effect of global change on plant invasion in subtropical ecosystems.
Self-calibrating the look-elsewhere effect: fast evaluation of the statistical significance using peak heights
Authors: Bayer Adrian E , Seljak Uroš , Robnik Jakob 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
In experiments where one searches a large parameter space for an anomaly, one often finds many spurious noise-induced peaks in the likelihood. This is known as the look-elsewhere effect, and must be corrected for when performing statistical analysis. This paper introduces a method to calibrate the false alarm probability (FAP), or p-value, for a given dataset by considering the heights of the highest peaks in the likelihood. Specifically, we derive an equation relating the global p-value to the rank and height of local maxima. In the simplest form of self-calibration, the look-elsewhere-corrected $\chi^2$ of a physical peak is approximated by the $\chi^2$ of the peak minus the $\chi^2$ of the highest noise-induced peak, with accuracy improved by considering lower peaks. In contrast to alternative methods, this approach has negligible computational cost as peaks in the likelihood are a byproduct of every peak-search analysis. We apply to examples from astronomy, including planet detection, periodograms, and cosmology.
Regular and chaotic orbits in axisymmetric stellar systems
Authors: Pascale Raffaele , Nipoti Carlo , Ciotti Luca 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTThe gravitational potentials of realistic galaxy models are in general non-integrable, in the sense that they admit orbits that do not have three independent isolating integrals of motion and are therefore chaotic. However, if chaotic orbits are a small minority in a stellar system, it is expected that they have negligible impact on the main dynamical properties of the system. In this paper, we address the question of quantifying the importance of chaotic orbits in a stellar system, focusing, for simplicity, on axisymmetric systems. Chaotic orbits have been found in essentially all (non-Stäckel) axisymmetric gravitational potentials in which they have been looked for. Based on the analysis of the surfaces of section, we add new examples to those in the literature, finding chaotic orbits, as well as resonantly trapped orbits among regular orbits, in Miyamoto-Nagai, flattened logarithmic and shifted Plummer axisymmetric potentials. We define the fractional contributions in mass of chaotic (ξc) and resonantly trapped (ξt) orbits to a stellar system of given distribution function (DF), which are very useful quantities, for instance in the study of the dispersal of stellar streams of galaxy satellites. As a case study, we measure ξc and ξt in two axisymmetric stellar systems obtained by populating flattened logarithmic potentials with the Evans ergodic DF, finding ξc ∼ 10−4 − 10−3 and ξt ∼ 10−2 − 10−1.
Plasma screening of nuclear fusion reactions in liquid layers of compact degenerate stars: a first-principle study
Authors: Baiko D A 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
A reliable description of nuclear fusion reactions in inner layers of white dwarfs and envelopes of neutron stars is important for realistic modelling of a wide range of observable astrophysical phenomena from accreting neutron stars to Type Ia supernovae. We study the problem of screening of the Coulomb barrier impeding the reactions by a plasma surrounding the fusing nuclei. Numerical calculations of the screening factor are performed from the first principles with the aid of quantum-mechanical path integrals in the model of a one-component plasma of atomic nuclei for temperatures and densities typical for dense liquid layers of compact degenerate stars. We do not rely on various quasi-classic approximations widely used in the literature, such as factoring out the tunnelling process, tunnelling in an average spherically symmetric mean-force potential, usage of classic free energies and pair correlation functions, linear mixing rule, and so on. In general, a good agreement with earlier results from the thermonuclear limit to Γ ∼ 100 is found. For a very strongly coupled liquid 100 ≲ Γ ≤ 175, a deviation from currently used parametrizations of the reaction rates is discovered and approximated by a simple analytic expression. The developed method of nuclear reaction rate calculations with account of plasma screening can be extended to ion mixtures and crystallized phases of stellar matter.
A general framework to test gravity using galaxy clusters – V. A self-consistent pipeline for unbiased constraints of f(R) gravity
Authors: Mitchell Myles A , Arnold Christian , Li Baojiu 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a Markov chain Monte Carlo pipeline that can be used for robust and unbiased constraints of f(R) gravity using galaxy cluster number counts. This pipeline makes use of a detailed modelling of the halo mass function in f(R) gravity, which is based on the spherical collapse model and calibrated by simulations, and fully accounts for the effects of the fifth force on the dynamical mass, the halo concentration, and the observable–mass scaling relations. Using a set of mock cluster catalogues observed through the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect, we demonstrate that this pipeline, which constrains the present-day background scalar field fR0, performs very well for both Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) and f(R) fiducial cosmologies. We find that using an incomplete treatment of the scaling relation, which could deviate from the usual power-law behaviour in f(R) gravity, can lead to imprecise and biased constraints. We also find that various degeneracies between the modified gravity, cosmological, and scaling relation parameters can significantly affect the constraints, and show how this can be rectified by using tighter priors and better knowledge of the cosmological and scaling relation parameters. Our pipeline can be easily extended to other modified gravity models, to test gravity on large scales using galaxy cluster catalogues from ongoing and upcoming surveys.
In vitro and integrated in vivo strategies to reduce animal use in genotoxicity testing
Authors: Groff Katherine , Evans Stephen J , Doak Shareen H , Pfuhler Stefan , Corvi Raffaella , Saunders Samantha , Stoddart Gilly 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Abstract
Scientific, financial, and ethical drivers have led to unprecedented interest in implementing human-relevant, mechanistic in vitro and in silico testing approaches. Further, as non-animal approaches are being developed and validated, researchers are interested in strategies that can immediately reduce the use of animals in toxicology testing. Here, we aim to outline a testing strategy for assessing genotoxicity beginning with standard in vitro methods, such as the bacterial reverse mutation test and the in vitro micronucleus test, followed by a second tier of in vitro assays including those using advanced 3D tissue models. Where regulatory agencies require in vivo testing, one demonstrated strategy is to combine genotoxicity studies traditionally conducted separately into a single test or to integrate genotoxicity studies into other toxicity studies. Standard setting organisations and regulatory agencies have encouraged such strategies, and examples of their use can be found in the scientific literature. Employing approaches outlined here will reduce animal use as well as study time and costs.
Coupling high-throughput mapping with proteomics analysis delineates cis-regulatory elements at high resolution
Authors: Wu Ting , Jiang Danli , Zou Meijuan , Sun Wei , Wu Di , Cui Jing , Huntress Ian , Peng Xinxia , Li Gang 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that functional cis-regulatory elements (cis-REs) not only exist in epigenetically marked but also in unmarked sites of the human genome. While it is already difficult to identify cis-REs in the epigenetically marked sites, interrogating cis-REs residing within the unmarked sites is even more challenging. Here, we report adapting Reel-seq, an in vitro high-throughput (HTP) technique, to fine-map cis-REs at high resolution over a large region of the human genome in a systematic and continuous manner. Using Reel-seq, as a proof-of-principle, we identified 408 candidate cis-REs by mapping a 58 kb core region on the aging-related CDKN2A/B locus that harbors p16INK4a. By coupling Reel-seq with FREP-MS, a proteomics analysis technique, we characterized two cis-REs, one in an epigenetically marked site and the other in an epigenetically unmarked site. These elements are shown to regulate the p16INK4a expression over an ∼100 kb distance by recruiting the poly(A) binding protein PABPC1 and the transcription factor FOXC2. Downregulation of either PABPC1 or FOXC2 in human endothelial cells (ECs) can induce the p16INK4a-dependent cellular senescence. Thus, we confirmed the utility of Reel-seq and FREP-MS analyses for the systematic identification of cis-REs at high resolution over a large region of the human genome.
ELTD1 as a multi-focal target for malignant gliomas: preclinical studies
Authors: Zalles Michelle , Smith Nataliya , Saunders Debra , Guzman Mayra , Lerner Megan , Fung Kar-Ming , Babu Anish , Battiste James , Chung Junho , Hwang Kyusang , Jin Junyeong , Towner Rheal A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in adults. These high-grade gliomas undergo unregulated vascular angiogenesis, migration and cell proliferation allowing the tumor cells to evade cell-cycle checkpoints and apoptotic pathways. The Epidermal growth factor, latrophilin, and seven transmembrane domain-containing 1 on chromosome 1 (ELTD1) is an angiogenic biomarker that is highly expressed in malignant gliomas. Novel treatments targeting ELTD1 with monovalent monoclonal (mmAb) and single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies were effective in increasing animal survival, decreasing tumor volume and normalizing the vasculature. Due to the success of our antibody treatments on angiogenesis, this study sought to determine if our anti-ELTD1 treatments affected other aspects of tumorigenesis (cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis) in a G55 glioma xenograft preclinical mouse model.

Methods
Tumor tissue from untreated, mmAb and scFv anti-ELTD1 treated animals was used to quantify the positivity levels of human mitochondrial antibody, c-MET and Ki-67 for cellular proliferation, migratory markers CD44v6, TRPM8, and BMP2, and cleaved caspase 3 to assess apoptotic activity.

Results
This approach demonstrated that our anti-ELTD1 treatments directly affected and decreased the human tumor cells within the tumor region. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in both cellular proliferation and migration due to anti-ETLD1 therapy. Lastly, anti-ELTD1 treatments successfully increased apoptotic activity within the tumor region.

Conclusion
Our data suggest that anti-ELTD1 therapies would be effective against malignant gliomas by having a multi-focal effect and targeting all four aspects of tumorigenesis.