bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Heterogeneity Shapes Patterns of Spiral Ganglion Activity
Authors: Parra-Munevar Jeffrey , Morse Charles E. , Plummer Mark R. , Davis Robin L. 
Published: September 2021

Neural response properties that typify primary sensory afferents are critical to fully appreciate because they establish and, ultimately represent, the fundamental coding design used for higher-level processing. Studies illuminating the center-surround receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells, for example, were ground-breaking because they determined the foundation of visual form detection. For the auditory system, a basic organizing principle of the spiral ganglion afferents is their extensive electrophysiological heterogeneity establishing diverse intrinsic firing properties in neurons throughout the spiral ganglion. Moreover, these neurons display an impressively large array of neurotransmitter receptor types that are responsive to efferent feedback. Thus, electrophysiological diversity and its neuromodulation are a fundamental encoding mechanism contributed by the primary afferents in the auditory system. To place these features into context, we evaluated the effects of hyperpolarization and cAMP on threshold level as indicators of overall afferent responsiveness in CBA/CaJ mice of either sex. Hyperpolarization modified threshold gradients such that distinct voltage protocols could shift the relationship between sensitivity and stimulus input to reshape resolution. This resulted in an “accordion effect” that appeared to stretch, compress, or maintain responsivity across the gradient of afferent thresholds. cAMP targeted threshold and kinetic shifts to rapidly adapting neurons, thus revealing multiple cochleotopic properties that could potentially be independently regulated. These examples of dynamic heterogeneity in primary auditory afferents not only have the capacity to shift the range, sensitivity, and resolution, but to do so in a coordinated manner that appears to orchestrate changes with a seemingly unlimited repertoire.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHow do we discriminate the more nuanced qualities of the sound around us? Beyond the basics of pitch and loudness, aspects, such as pattern, distance, velocity, and location, are all attributes that must be used to encode acoustic sensations effectively. While higher-level processing is required for perception, it would not be unexpected if the primary auditory afferents optimized receptor input to expedite neural encoding. The findings reported herein are consistent with this design. Neuromodulation compressed, expanded, shifted, or realigned intrinsic electrophysiological heterogeneity to alter neuronal responses selectively and dynamically. This suggests that diverse spiral ganglion phenotypes provide a rich substrate to support an almost limitless array of coding strategies within the first neural element of the auditory pathway.
Turbulent heat transfer enhancement in tubular heat exchangers with different twisted tape inserts
Authors: LABIB SADMAN HASSAN , Himel M. R. A. , Ali J.I. , Mim A.R. , Hossain M.J. , Ghosh A.K. , Goswami A. 
Published: September 2021

Experimental and numerical analyses are carried out to investigate the influence of twisted tape inserts on the heat transfer and the flow behavior in double tube heat exchangers. First, all the performance factors, namely the Nusselt number, friction factor, and thermal performance factor, were studied for a basic heat exchanger (BHE). Afterwards, twisted tapes with three different twist ratios (7.5, 6, and 4.5) were inserted inside the inner tube of the BHE, which resulted in three different modified heat exchangers (MHEs). For the numerical study, a 3D numerical model is developed with the k-ε RNG turbulent model to visualize the flow and the heat transfer behavior inside the heat exchangers. In both studies, turbulent flow field is maintained, ranging Reynolds number from 15000 to 50000. From the experimental result, an enhanced heat transfer, characterized by the performance factors, is found for all the MHEs compared to the BHE. The most enhanced thermal performance factor is achieved for the MHE with the lowest twist ratio. Finally, a good agreement between obtained numerical and experimental results reveals that the present numerical model can reliably predict the flow and heat transfer behavior in double tube heat exchangers.
The Legal Concept of Limited Liability Company Based on Social-Justice Through Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Is Muhamad Sadi , Saputra Jemmi Angga 
Published: September 2021

The presence of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies is expected to ensure the welfare of the community around the company through the Corporate Social Responsibility program. This study uses a qualitative research method with a literature approach and legislation approach. The results of the study state that in reality, there are still many limited companies that do not implement Corporate Social Responsibility programs because there are no firm sanctions, both criminal, civil and administrative sanctions against limited companies that do not implement the Corporate Social Responsibility program so that social justice for the surrounding community limited liability company is not reached.Keywords: Limited Liability Company; Social Justice; Corporate Social Responsibility Konsep Hukum Perseroan Terbatas Berbasis Keadilan Sosial Melalui Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan AbstrakHadirnya Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas diharapkan dapat menjamin kesejahteraan masyarakat di sekitar perusahaan melalui program Coporate Social Responsibility. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian Kualitatif dengan pendekatan literatur dan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa dalam realitanya, masih banyak perseroan terbatas yang tidak melaksanakan program Corporate Social Responsibility karena disebabkan belum adanya sanksi yang tegas baik sanksi pidana, perdata dan sanksi administrasi terhadap perseroan terbatas yang tidak melaksanakan program Coporate Social Responsibility sehingga keadilan sosial bagi masyarakat di sekitar perseroan terbatas tidak tercapai.Kata Kunci: Perseroan Terbatas; Keadilan Sosial; CSR Правовая концепция общества с ограниченной ответственностью, основанного на социальной справедливости через корпоративную социальную ответственность АннотацияОжидается, что наличие Закона № 40 от 2007 года об обществах с ограниченной ответственностью обеспечит благополучие общества вокруг компании посредством программы корпоративной социальной ответственности. В этом исследовании используется качественный метод исследования с использованием литературного подхода и законодательного подхода. Результаты исследования показывают, что на самом деле существует множество компаний с ограниченной ответственностью, которые не реализуют программы корпоративной социальной ответственности, поскольку отсутствуют жесткие санкции, как уголовные, так и гражданские и административные, в отношении компаний с ограниченной ответственностью, которые не реализуют программу корпоративной социальной ответственности, так что социальная справедливость для общества вокруг общества с ограниченной ответственностью не достигается.Ключевые Слова: Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью; Социальная Справедливость; Корпоративная Социальная Ответственность
Compensation for Damage Caused by a Crime in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Russian Federation
Authors: Tien Nguyen Van , Pushkarev Viktor Victorovich , Tokareva Ekaterina Viktorovna , Makeev Alexey Vasilyevich , Shepeleva Olga Rinatovna 
Published: September 2021

In criminal proceedings of Vietnam, in contrast to the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, it is advisable to separate physical, material and moral damage that may be caused by the crime or socially dangerous act prohibited by the criminal law, the rights and legitimate interests of natural or legal persons. The article is devoted to solving the problem of compensation for damage caused by a crime in pre-trial proceedings in criminal cases, based on the study of Russian and Vietnamese criminal procedure legislation, practice, and results of its application. The conclusions are subject to study and implementation in the law.Keywords: Compensation for harm; Investigation; Rights and legitimate interests of participants in criminal proceedings Kompensasi untuk Kerusakan yang Disebabkan oleh Kejahatan di Republik Sosialis Vietnam dan Federasi Rusia Abstrak:Berbeda dengan Kode Acara Pidana Federasi Rusia, lebih baik dalam proses pidana Vietnam untuk memisahkan kerugian fisik, material, dan moral yang disebabkan oleh kejahatan atau tindakan berbahaya secara sosial yang dilarang oleh hukum pidana dari hak dan kepentingan sah orang atau badan hukum. Berdasarkan kajian undang-undang prosedur pidana Rusia dan Vietnam, praktik, dan hasil penerapannya, artikel ini dikhususkan untuk memecahkan masalah kompensasi atas kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh kejahatan dalam proses pra-persidangan dalam kasus pidana. Kesimpulan sedang dipelajari dan akan dimasukkan ke dalam undang-undang.Kata Kunci: Kompensasi untuk kerugian; Penyelidikan; Hak dan kepentingan sah peserta dalam proses pidana Возмещение вреда причиненного преступлением в социалистической республике Вьетнам и Российской Федерации АннотацияСтатья посвящена разрешению проблемы возмещения вреда, причиненного преступлением, в досудебном производстве по уголовным делам, на основе исследования российского и вьетнамского уголовно-процессуального законодательства, практики и результатов его применения. Выводы подлежат изучению и внедрению в законКлючевые Слова: возмещение вреда, расследование, права и законные интересы участников уголовного процесса, следователь, дознаватель
Peran Kerajaan Aceh Melawan Penjajahan dan Menyebarkan Islam di Nusantara pada Abad 16-18 M
Authors: Rahman Arif 
Published: September 2021

The Kingdom of Aceh is one of the Islamic kingdoms that stood at the end of the 15th century or early 16th century AD. This kingdom stood for a long time, about 4 more centuries. This study wants to present the results of a literature search about the establishment of the Aceh Kingdom, the progress and traces of the civilization of the Kingdom of Aceh, the resistance of the Kingdom of Aceh to Portuguese colonialism, and the role of the Kingdom of Aceh in spreading Islam in Nusantara. The research method used is the historical research method with the following steps: heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. In this study, it was found that the Aceh kingdom had high civilizational progress in the fields of government politics, military, economics and religious science. The Kingdom of Aceh continued to fight against the Portuguese, especially in the northern Sumatra region and also the Malacca strait. The Kingdom of Aceh also has a big role in spreading Islam in Nusantara.Keywords: The Kingdoms of Aceh; Against Colonialism; Spreading Islam AbstrakKerajaan Aceh merupakan salah satu kerajaan Islam yang berdiri di penghujung abad ke-15 atau awal abad ke 16 M. Kerajaan ini berdiri dalam waktu yang lama, sekitar 4 abad lebih. Penelitian ini ingin menyajikan hasil penelusuran pustaka tentang berdirinya Kerajaan Aceh, kemajuan dan jejak-jejak peradaban Kerajaan Aceh, perlawanan Kerajaan Aceh terhadap penjajahan Portugis, dan peran Kerajaan Aceh dalam menyebarkan Islam di Nusantara. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah metode penelitian sejarah dengan langkah-langkah: heuristik, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa kerajaan Aceh memiliki kemajuan peradaban yang tinggi di bidang politik pemerintahan, militer, ekonomi dan ilmu pengetahuan agama. Kerajaan Aceh terus melakukan perlawanan terhadap Portugis, khususnya di wilayah Sumatera bagian utara dan juga selat Malaka. Kerajaan Aceh juga memiliki peran yang besar dalam menyebarkan Islam di Nusantara.Keywords: Kerajaan Aceh; Melawan Penjajahan; Menyebarkan Islam
Reading Proficiency Trends Following Newborn Hearing Screening Implementation
Authors: Yoshinaga-Itano Christine , Mason Craig A. , Wiggin Mallene , Grosse Scott D. , Gaffney Marcus , Gilley Phillip M. 
Published: September 2021

OBJECTIVES
To investigate trends in population-level school-aged reading scores among students with hearing loss in an urban Colorado school district after implementation of universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) and Early Hearing Detection and Intervention.

METHODS
The final sample included 1422 assessments conducted during the 2000–2001 through 2013–2014 school years for 321 children with hearing loss in grades 3 through 10. Longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling analyses were used to examine reading proficiency (controlling for birth year, grade in school, free and reduced lunch status, additional disability services, and English not spoken in the home). The Colorado Student Assessment Program was administered to students in third through 10th grades throughout the state. The test years chosen included children born before and after implementation of UNHS.

RESULTS
After implementation of UNHS, significant longitudinal reading proficiency improvements were observed by birth year and grade overall and for all subgroups. However, gains in reading proficiency were substantially less for children eligible for free and reduced lunch and those with moderate-severe to profound hearing loss. With each succeeding birth cohort and grade, increased numbers of children participated in testing because of improved language skills, with higher proportions identified as proficient or advanced readers.

CONCLUSIONS
Notable improvements in reading proficiency after Early Hearing Detection and Intervention implementation were demonstrated, as all groups of children with hearing loss became more likely to achieve proficient and advanced reading levels. On the other hand, some disparities increased, with greater improvements in reading proficiency for children in economically advantaged families.
Propiedades químicas del aceite de cinco genotipos de Jatropha curcas L., en Colombia
Authors: Campuzano-Duque Luis Fernando , Cardeño-López Fernando 
Published: September 2021

Introducción. Jatropha curcas L. (JC), es una especie multipropósito con aplicaciones biológicas, farmacológicas e industriales. Su aceite es reconocido por la composición dominante de los ácidos grasos oleico-linoleico que lo hacen apto como biodiésel en motores de combustión interna, sin hacer cambios importantes al diseño del motor. Objetivo. Identificar en el aceite de cinco genotipos de JC en Colombia los índices de cetano, peróxido, yodo, el valor de acidez, el poder calorífico y verificar si cumplen con las normas para producción de biodiésel. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un experimento en Espinal, Colombia, en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cinco tratamientos y tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos estuvieron constituidos por cinco genotipos de JC. Se utilizó el fruto de la quinta cosecha en el año 2015. Del aceite se determinaron cinco ácidos grasos (oleico, linoleico, linolénico, palmítico y esteárico) y cinco factores químicos (índices de cetano, peróxido y yodo, acidez y poder calorífico). Resultados. El aceite de los cinco genotipos de JC evaluados en Colombia presentaron un perfil lipídico con predominancia de los ácidos grasos monoinsaturados (oleico C18:1) y poliinsaturados (linoleico C18:2). Los genotipos de JC evaluados en Colombia presentaron bajos índices de cetano, peróxido y yodo, baja acidez y alto poder calorífico. Conclusiones. Las propiedades de índices de cetano, peróxido y yodo, acidez y poder calorífico en los genotipos evaluados, cumplieron con las especificaciones de la Sociedad Americana de Ensayos y Materiales (ASTM) y de la europea (ENA14214), por lo que se catalogan como materia prima apropiada para la producción de biodiésel.
Effect of Low-Dose Methotrexate on eGFR and Kidney Adverse Events: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Sparks Jeffrey A. , Vanni Kathleen M. M. , Sparks Matthew A. , Xu Chang , Santacroce Leah M. , Glynn Robert J. , Ridker Paul M. , Solomon Daniel H. 
Published: September 2021

Significance Statement
Methotrexate can lead to kidney injury at high doses for cancer and is contraindicated in advanced CKD. The effect of low-dose methotrexate (LD-MTX, ≤25 mg weekly) on eGFR and kidney adverse events (AEs) with normal kidney function or mild-to-moderate CKD is unclear. In this clinical trial that included 4786 adults with cardiovascular disease and no systemic rheumatic condition, participants randomized to LD-MTX had less decline in eGFR over 23-month median follow-up compared with placebo. Those randomized to LD-MTX had a 27% reduced rate of kidney AEs on safety laboratory monitoring compared with placebo. These results demonstrate the kidney safety of LD-MTX among patients with normal kidney function or mild-to-moderate CKD.

Background
Low-dose methotrexate (LD-MTX) is contraindicated in advanced CKD, but kidney safety in normal kidney function or mild-to-moderate CKD is less clear.

Methods
We performed a secondary analysis for eGFR and kidney AEs using the randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial. Adults with cardiovascular disease and diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome were randomly allocated to oral LD-MTX (target dose 15–20 mg/week) or placebo. All participants took folic acid 1 mg 6 days/week. Exclusion criteria included systemic rheumatic disease and creatinine clearance <40 ml/min. The least-squares mean ΔeGFR from baseline was calculated at each study visit; the difference in eGFR between LD-MTX and placebo was compared. We used Cox proportional hazard models to compare rates of kidney AEs for LD-MTX versus placebo.

Results
A total of 2391 participants were randomized to LD-MTX and 2395 to placebo. At baseline, the mean age was 66 years, 19% were female, and mean eGFR was 80.0 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (54% had Stage 2 CKD and 18% had Stage 3 CKD). Median follow-up was 23 months. The LD-MTX group had less decline in eGFR than placebo (difference in least-squares mean ΔeGFR from baseline to on-treatment visits: 0.93 ml/min per 1.73 m2, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.45 to 1.40, P<0.001). There were 138 (incidence rate [IR], 2.97 per 100 person-years) kidney AEs in the LD-MTX group and 184 (IR, 3.99 per 100 person-years) among placebo (hazard ratio [HR] 0.73, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.59 to 0.91) during safety laboratory monitoring.

Conclusions
These results demonstrate the kidney safety of LD-MTX among patients with normal kidney function or mild-to-moderate CKD at baseline.
Presentación editorial
Authors: García Duque Carlos Emilio 
Published: September 2021

Nos complace presentar a nuestros lectores, seguidores y amigos un nuevo número e la revista Discusiones Filosóficas. En este año en el cual se cumplen seis décadas de actividades ininterrumpidas del programa de pregrado en Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Caldas (nuestra institución editora) y en el cual la madurez de la unidad académica que lo alberga se hace evidente por la importante influencia que ha tenido sobre los estudios filosóficos en el país y por el hecho de que ya se apresta a ofrecer su propio programa de doctorado, entregamos a la comunidad académica nacional e internacional ocho artículos de investigadores nacionales y extranjeros sobre diversos problemas de su interés. Aprovechamos esta feliz ocasión para anunciar a todos los interesados que el programa de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Caldas planea celebrar esta efemerides con un festival internacional de filosofía que, esperamos, congregue a estudiantes y estudiosos de nuestra disciplina.
Lenguaje, fantasía y literatura en Invitación a la melancolía de Andrés Martínez Oria
Authors: Rodríguez Rodríguez Samuel 
Published: September 2021

Andrés Martínez Oria (Salamanca, 1950) ha mostrado gran interés por la utilización de la novela como exploración metafísica, en ocasiones con aspiraciones enciclopédicas. Invitación a la melancolía (2014) representa un magnífico ejemplo de novela filosófica, en donde la breve trama es el punto de partida de un largo viaje en torno a la melancolía.
En este artículo nos centraremos en varios aspectos abordados en el texto. Primeramente, la relación entre lenguaje y melancolía; en segundo lugar, la fantasía (melancólica) y su expresión estetizada a través de la literatura y, finalmente, las hipotéticas posibilidades de la literatura como sistema de (auto)conocimiento de una realidad oculta, pero palpada tras la mirada lúcida del melancólico. La principal herramienta de análisis será la filosofía, además de la psiquiatría, el psicoanálisis y los estudios literarios.
THE PRACTICE OF “UKUTHWALWA”, THE CONSTITUTION AND THE CRIMINAL LAW (SEXUAL OFFENCES AND RELATED MATTERS) AMENDMENT ACT
Authors: David McQuoid-Mason  
Published: September 2021

The practice of “ukuthwalwa” has been described as a “mock abduction” or an “irregular proposal” aimed at achieving a customary law marriage. It has been said that ukuthwalwa may be used for a number of purposes, such as: (a) to force the father to give his consent; (b) to avoid the expense of a wedding; (c) to hasten matters if the woman is pregnant; (d) to persuade the woman of the seriousness of the suitor’s intent; and (e) to avoid payment of lobolo. At common law the courts have stated that ukuthwalwa should not be used “as a cloak for forcing unwelcome attentions on a patently unwilling girl”, and have held that abduction by way of ukuthwalwa is unlawful. However, it has been suggested that if there is a belief by the abductor that the custom of ukuthwalwa was lawful the abduction would lack fault, and that if the parents or guardians consented to the taking it would not be abduction, because abduction is a crime against parental authority. Where the parents or guardians consent to the abduction the crime may amount to assault or rape. Some of these potential lacunae in the law seem to have been addressed by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007. There has recently been public outrage about the practice of ukuthwalwa in the Eastern Cape in which girls between the ages of 12 and 15 years of age were being abducted and forced into marriages against their consent. This aspect of ukuthwalwa is a breach of the common law and the repealed section of the Sexual Offences Act (s 9 of the SexualOffences Act 23 of 1957. It is also completely contrary to the Bill of Rights (Chapter 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, 1996) and the Sexual Offences Amendment Act (Chapters 2 and 3 of the Sexual Offences Amendment Act). Part of the problem may be that some rural communities think that cultural practices trump constitutional rights, whereas according to the law the reverse applies.