bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wheat with greatly reduced accumulation of free asparagine in the grain, produced by CRISPR/Cas9 editing of asparagine synthetase gene TaASN2
Authors: Raffan Sarah , Sparks Caroline , Huttly Alison , Hyde Lucy , Martignago Damiano , Mead Andrew , Hanley Steven J. , Wilkinson Paul A. , Barker Gary , Edwards Keith J. , Curtis Tanya Y. , Usher Sarah , Kosik Ondrej , Halford Nigel G. 
Published: February 2021

SummaryFree asparagine is the precursor for acrylamide, which forms during the baking, toasting and high‐temperature processing of foods made from wheat. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to knock out the asparagine synthetase gene, TaASN2, of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Cadenza. A 4‐gRNA polycistronic gene was introduced into wheat embryos by particle bombardment and plants were regenerated. T1 plants derived from 11 of 14 T0 plants were shown to carry edits. Most edits were deletions (up to 173 base pairs), but there were also some single base pair insertions and substitutions. Editing continued beyond the T1 generation. Free asparagine concentrations in the grain of plants carrying edits in all six TaASN2 alleles (both alleles in each genome) were substantially reduced compared with wildtype, with one plant showing a more than 90 % reduction in the T2 seeds. A plant containing edits only in the A genome alleles showed a smaller reduction in free asparagine concentration in the grain, but the concentration was still lower than in wildtype. Free asparagine concentration in the edited plants was also reduced as a proportion of the free amino acid pool. Free asparagine concentration in the T3 seeds remained substantially lower in the edited lines than wildtype, although it was higher than in the T2 seeds, possibly due to stress. In contrast, the concentrations of free glutamine, glutamate and aspartate were all higher in the edited lines than wildtype. Low asparagine seeds showed poor germination but this could be overcome by exogenous application of asparagine.
Principles of ethical consideration required for clinical research involving children
Authors: Matsui Kenji , Ibuki Tomohide , Tashiro Shimon , Nakamura Hidefumi ,   Study Group on Regulatory Science for Early Clinical Application of Pediatric Pharmaceuticals
Published: February 2021

AbstractEthical considerations are more stringent in pediatric clinical research than in research targeting adults. However, in Japan, clear guidelines have yet to be presented on the necessary ethical considerations for clinical research involving children. The “Principles of Ethical Consideration Required for Clinical Research Involving Children” provide guiding principles for ethical considerations and the essential ways of thinking that all involved in clinical research on children need to understand in advance.
Treatment outcomes for infantile spasms in Japanese children with Down syndrome
Authors: Nishimoto Satomi , Shimakawa Shuichi , Fukui Miho , Ogino Motoko , Tsuda‐Kitahara Hikaru , Toshikawa Hiromitsu , Nomura Shohei , Kunisada Kayo , Kashiwagi Mitsuru , Miyamoto Ryohei , Tamai Hiroshi , Ashida Akira 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the treatment response to conventional antiepileptic drugs and low‐dose adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy for infantile spasms in children with Down syndrome.MethodsWe retrospectively investigated the response and relapse rates, electroencephalography findings, patient characteristics during drug withdrawal, and developmental outcome in 10 children with Down syndrome treated for infantile spasms in our hospital.ResultsAll patients showed cessation of infantile spasms and achieved electroencephalographic normalization. Spasm relapse occurred in one of 10 patients (10%). Antiepileptic drugs have been withdrawn for seven of 10 patients (70%), none of whom have experienced seizure relapse since drug withdrawal. The median developmental quotient (n = 8) was 20.5, which shows that the developmental outcome was unfavorable. Low‐dose adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy achieved a low seizure remission rate of 28.6%.ConclusionsElucidation of the optimal treatment for infantile spasms in children with Down syndrome is needed to reduce the duration of infantile spasms and improve the developmental outcome.
Reduced bladder capacity without daytime voiding symptoms with nocturnal enuresis
Authors: Chae Chongsok , Moon Kyung Hyun , Kwon Taekmin , Park Sejun , Kim Seong Cheol , Park Sungchan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of monosymotomatic nocturnal enuresis (MSNE) with reduced bladder capacity in children with primary nocturnal enuresis (NE) and to suggest treatment outcomes.MethodsThis study retrospectively evaluated 54 children (30 males, 24 females; median age: 8; range: 5–14) who were newly diagnosed with primary NE from November 2017 to October 2019. Reduced bladder capacity in MSNE was defined when a patient’s maximal voided volume (MVV) from his or her voiding diary was 75% or less than estimated functional bladder capacity ([age + 1] x 30 mL) for his or her age and there were no daytime lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) as assessed using history taking and questionnaires.ResultsNineteen (35.2%) of 54 children with newly diagnosed primary NE did not report daytime LUTS. Fifteen children (27.8%) had a reduced bladder capacity and were prescribed anticholinergic or beta‐3 agonist. After three months of medication, MVV significantly increased from 117.5 mL to 183.3 mL (P = 0.010), but frequency showed no significant change from 5.7 to 4.9 times a day. Improvement in enuresis occurred completely and partially in 41.7% and 25% of participants, respectively.ConclusionsThe prevalence of reduced bladder capacity without daytime voiding symptoms was relatively high as 27.8% in children newly diagnosed with primary NE. In primary MSNE, reduced bladder capacity should be investigated using a frequency‐volume chart in addition to thorough history taking or questionnaires. Anticholinergics or beta‐3 agonists for MSNE with reduced bladder capacity are effective at increasing the bladder capacity of these patients.
The Law: The Influence of the President in the Adoption and Enforcement of Private Rights of Action
Authors: Gardner Paul J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLitigation by private parties is authorized by dozens of federal statutes, resulting in thousands of lawsuits every year. Recent scholarship has suggested that Congress authorizes litigation by private parties to enforce federal law in order to limit the ability of the president to influence enforcement. I argue, however, that the apparent influence of presidential partisanship on adoption of private enforcement regimes is spurious, resulting from the increased use of this enforcement mechanism beginning in the 1960s. Further, I show that presidents meaningfully influence the rate of private litigation. Specifically, for statutes with liberal policy goals, litigation rates are substantially higher when a Democratic president is in office and when agencies are more politicized. Therefore, if Congress desires to insulate policy from the president, private enforcement regimes are unlikely to be a useful policy tool.
Response of large benthic foraminifera to climate and local changes: Implications for future carbonate production
Authors: Narayan Gita R. , Reymond Claire E. , Stuhr Marleen , Doo Steve , Schmidt Christiane , Mann Thomas , Westphal Hildegard 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLarge benthic foraminifera are major carbonate components in tropical carbonate platforms, important carbonate producers, stratigraphic tools and powerful bioindicators (proxies) of environmental change. The application of large benthic foraminifera in tropical coral reef environments has gained considerable momentum in recent years. These modern ecological assessments are often carried out by micropalaeontologists or ecologists with expertise in the identification of foraminifera. However, large benthic foraminifera have been under‐represented in favour of macro reef‐builders, for example, corals and calcareous algae. Large benthic foraminifera contribute about 5% to modern reef‐scale carbonate sediment production. Their substantial size and abundance are reflected by their symbiotic association with the living algae inside their tests. When the foraminiferal holobiont (the combination between the large benthic foraminifera host and the microalgal photosymbiont) dies, the remaining calcareous test renourishes sediment supply, which maintains and stabilizes shorelines and low‐lying islands. Geological records reveal episodes (i.e. late Palaeocene and early Eocene epochs) of prolific carbonate production in warmer oceans than today, and in the absence of corals. This begs for deeper consideration of how large benthic foraminifera will respond under future climatic scenarios of higher atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2) and to warmer oceans. In addition, studies highlighting the complex evolutionary associations between large benthic foraminifera hosts and their algal photosymbionts, as well as to associated habitats, suggest the potential for increased tolerance to a wide range of conditions. However, the full range of environments where large benthic foraminifera currently dwell is not well‐understood in terms of present and future carbonate production, and impact of stressors. The evidence for acclimatization, at least by a few species of well‐studied large benthic foraminifera, under intensifying climate change and within degrading reef ecosystems, is a prelude to future host–symbiont resilience under different climatic regimes and habitats than today. This review also highlights knowledge gaps in current understanding of large benthic foraminifera as prolific calcium carbonate producers across shallow carbonate shelf and slope environments under changing ocean conditions.
Social Disadvantages and Peer Victimization: Exploring Potential Pathways
Authors: Hong Jun Sung , Kim Jinwon , Albdour Maha , Peguero Anthony A. , Smith‐Darden Joanne P. , Johns Shantalea , Voisin Dexter R. 
Published: February 2021

The present study tests a conceptual framework guided by the social disorganization theory, which examined whether neighborhood deterioration was correlated with perceived hopelessness, and coping strategies (i.e., defending behavior and a display of a tough demeanor). We also examined whether, within the context of social disadvantage, some coping strategies were correlated with aggressive behavior, which might be associated with peer victimization. The study sample consisted of 502 African American youths in low‐resource communities in Chicago’s Southside. Results indicated that neighborhood deterioration was positively associated with hopelessness (B = .138, p = .006), tough demeanor (B = .137, p = .042), and peer victimization (B = .158, p = .011). Also, hopelessness was positively associated with peer victimization (B = .109, p = .025). Defending behavior was positively associated with physical aggression (B = .110, p = .009) and verbal aggression (B = .047, p = .019). Moreover, tough demeanor was also positively associated with physical aggression (B = .217, p < .001) and verbal aggression (B = .169, p < .001). Furthermore, verbal aggression was found to be positively associated with peer victimization (B = .766, p = .019). Overall, findings point to a more nuanced and complex relationship between neighborhood conditions and peer victimization among urban African American youth. An understanding of the coping strategies of urban adolescents in dealing with peer victimization encounters can shed light on the complexities of adolescent peer dynamics in urban areas.
When policy entrepreneurs fail: Explaining the failure of long‐term care reforms in Poland
Authors: Safuta Anna 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article explains the failure of two long‐term care (LTC) reforms attempted between 2005 and 2019 in Poland, and driven by policy entrepreneurs—individuals with a personal understanding of the challenges faced by LTC and determined to initiate policy change in the domain. The article inductively identifies the ‘outsider policy entrepreneur’ mechanism of policy reform. LTC in Poland is a negative case (or breakdown) of this mechanism, which occurs when a policy entrepreneur has enough political influence to initiate a formal reform proposal, but not enough to convince decision‐makers to adopt it. The article combines an examination of the role of policy entrepreneurs in social policy change with an analysis of their interactions with domestic and foreign epistemic communities. Through showing how ‘foreign’ policy models are used by policy entrepreneurs to pursue domestic reform, the study contributes to the literature on transnational policy diffusion/transfer. The analysis is based on document analysis and 16 semi‐directed expert interviews, which were used to process trace the explained outcome (failed reforms). The article concludes that the mechanism failures were due to the fact that involved policy entrepreneurs did not convince decision‐makers of the need to reform LTC. Specifically, the contribution identifies two features of the political context in illiberal post‐transition polities that interrupt the persuasion efforts of outsider policy entrepreneurs—the impossibility of inter‐partisan cooperation and continuity, and the declining role of Western policy models as catalysts for change.
Dysfunction of CYC2g is responsible for the evolutionary shift from radiate to disciform flowerheads in the Chrysanthemum group (Asteraceae: Anthemideae)
Authors: Shen Chu‐Ze , Chen Jie , Zhang Chu‐Jie , Rao Guang‐Yuan , Guo Yan‐Ping 
Published: February 2021

SummaryEvolutionary shifts among radiate, disciform and discoid flowerheads have occurred repeatedly in a number of major lineages across the Asteraceae phylogeny; such transitions may also appear within evolutionarily young groups. Although several studies have demonstrated that CYC2 genes partake in regulating floral morphogenesis in Asteraceae, the evolution of capitulum forms within a recently diverging lineage has remained poorly understood. Here, we study the molecular regulation of the shift from a radiate to a disciform capitulum within the Chrysanthemum group. This is a recently radiating group mainly comprising two genera, Chrysanthemum and Ajania, that are phylogenetically intermingled but distinct in flowerhead morphology: Chrysanthemum spp. with radiate capitula and Ajania spp. with disciform capitula. We found that the morphogenesis of zygomorphy in the marginal floret in Ajania was disrupted soon after floral primordium emergence; CYC2g, one of the CYC2 copies that was expressed prominently in the ray floret of Chrysanthemum was not expressed in flowerheads of Ajania. Weakening the expression of ClCYC2g in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium led to the gradual transition of a ray flower toward the disc‐like form. Molecular evolutionary analyses indicated that the disciform capitulum might have evolved only once, approximately 8 Mya, arising from dysfunction of the CYC2g orthologs. A 20‐nt deletion, including a putative TATA‐box of the Ajania‐type CYC2g promoter, appeared to inhibit the expression of the gene. Considering the divergent habitats of Chrysanthemum and Ajania, we propose that the shift from radiate to disciform capitulum must have been related to changes in pollination strategies under selective pressure.
Evaluation of the effect of disposable tonometer cover brand on performance of Tono‐Pen Vet in canine eyes
Authors: Yang Vanessa Y. , Seth Eaton J. , Hetzel Scott J. , Miller Paul E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPrimary ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of latex tip cover manufacturer on accuracy and repeatability of Tono‐Pen Vet™ in canine eyes.Animal StudiedTwelve enucleated globes from six dogs.ProceduresThe anterior chamber was cannulated and connected to a calibrated manometer. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were obtained using the Tono‐Pen Vet and TONOVET Plus at manometric IOP ranging from 5 to 80 mmHg. At each IOP, the Tono‐Pen Vet was used with a new Ocu‐Film™ latex tip cover (the only manufacturer‐approved brand of cover) followed by a new Softips™ latex tip cover. For comparison, the TONOVET Plus was also used at each IOP with a new disposable rebound probe. Measured IOP values were analyzed by linear regression and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsTono‐Pen Vet accuracy was unaffected by tip cover manufacturer or by frequent change in cover. Using ICC analysis, repeatability of measurements using either tonometer was good to excellent at physiologic IOP levels but variably decreased with both devices at supraphysiologic IOP.ConclusionsNeither tip cover manufacturer nor frequent changes in tip cover adversely affect Tono‐Pen Vet accuracy. Measurement repeatability with Tono‐Pen Vet and TONOVET Plus is widely variable at supraphysiologic IOP. Therefore, minor changes in IOP >25 mmHg should not be used to make clinical decisions without considering this variability.
Development of a Multiphase Flamelet Generated Manifold for Spray Combustion Simulations
Authors: Zhang Xu , Yi Ran , Chen C. P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this study, a model flame of quasi-one-dimensional (1D) counterflow spray flame has been developed. The two-dimensional (2D) multiphase convection-diffusion-reaction equations have been simplified to one dimension using similarity reduction under the Eulerian framework. This model flame is able to directly account for nonadiabatic heat loss, preferential evaporation, as well as multiple combustion regimes present in realistic spray combustion processes. A spray flamelet library was generated based on the model flame. To retrieve data from the spray flamelet library, the enthalpy was used as an additional controlling variable to represent the interphase heat transfer, while the mixing and chemical reaction processes were mapped to the mixture fraction and the progress variable. The spray flamelet generated manifolds (SFGM) approach was validated against the results from the direct integration of finite rate chemistry as a benchmark. The SFGM approach was found to give a better performance in terms of predictions of temperature and species mass fractions.
Sliding Dynamics of a Water Droplet on Silicon Oil Film Surface
Authors: Yilbas Bekir Sami , Mohammed Anwaruddin Siddiqui , Abubakar Abba Abdulhamid , Bahatab Saeed , Al-Qahtani Hussain , Al-Sharafi Abdullah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A sliding droplet over the silicon oil film is examined and the dynamics of droplet motion are explored. The solution crystallized wafer surfaces are silicon oil impregnated and the uniform thickness oil film is realized. A recording facility operating at high-speed and the tracker program are used to monitor and evaluate the droplet dynamics during droplet sliding. The sliding behavior and flow generated in the droplet fluid are predicted by adopting the experimental terms. Findings revealed that the crystallized surface possesses the texture composing of spherules and fibrils, which give rise to 132 ± 4 deg contact angle and 38 ± 4 deg hysteresis. Oil impregnation on the crystalized surface improves the optical transmittance by three times for 250–500 nm wavelength range and almost 1.5 times after 500–850 nm wavelengths of the optical spectrum. The oil rim and ridges are developed in sliding water droplet vicinity while influencing droplet motion; however, this influence is estimated as almost 12% of droplet gravitational energy change during sliding. A circulatory flow is developed inside the droplet fluid and the maximum velocity in the droplet fluid changes as the droplet location changes on the oil surface during its sliding.
A Qualitative Approach to Understanding the Impact of Partner Play in Doubles Racquet Sports
Authors: Deck Sarah , DeSantis Brianna , Kouali Despina , Hall Craig 
Published: February 2021

In team sports, it has been found that team mistakes were reported as a stressor by both males and females, and at every playing level (e.g., club, university, national). The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of partners’ play on performance, emotions, and coping of doubles racquet sport athletes. Seventeen one-on-one semistructured interviews were conducted over the course of 6 months. Inductive and deductive analysis produced the main themes of overall impact on performance (i.e., positive, negative, or no impact), negative emotions (i.e., anger), positive emotions (i.e., excitement), emotion-focused coping (i.e., acceptance), and problem-focused coping (i.e., team strategy). These athletes acknowledge that how their partner plays significantly affects not only their emotions but also their own play and their choice of coping strategies. Future research should try to understand which forms of coping reduce the impact of partners’ play.
Cross-national differences in the prevalence of mental illness symptoms: Evidence against the vulnerability paradox
Authors: Jorm Anthony F , Mulder Roger T 
Published: February 2021

Objectives: The vulnerability paradox refers to the observation that greater vulnerability is associated with higher prevalence of mental disorder at the individual level, but lower prevalence at the country level. The paradox is supported by studies estimating prevalence using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and by suicide mortality data. However, cross-national studies using single-item measures of subjective well-being find no evidence of a paradox, with vulnerability being associated with lower well-being at both the individual and country levels. These findings suggest the potential usefulness of simple indicators for studying cross-national differences. In this study, we investigated the vulnerability paradox using cross-national data on the prevalence of three symptoms that indicate depression or anxiety: unhappiness, sadness and worry. Methods: The data on prevalence of unhappiness were taken from 77 countries in the World Values Survey 2017–2020 and data on prevalence of sadness and worry from 142 countries in the Gallup World Poll in 2018. Country vulnerability was measured by the Vulnerability Index and gross domestic product per capita. The data were analyzed using random-effects meta-analysis, with vulnerability measures as moderator variables. Results: For all three symptoms, prevalence was associated with higher Vulnerability Index and lower gross domestic product per capita. When both moderators were entered in meta-regressions, there were significant associations for the Vulnerability Index, but not for gross domestic product per capita. Conclusion: These findings are inconsistent with the vulnerability paradox. They underscore that reducing mental disorders should be a priority in poorer nations and that further economic and social development may be an important contributor to achieving this.