bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing extended supply chains
Authors: Choi Thomas Y. , Narayanan Sriram , Novak David , Olhager Jan , Sheu Jiuh‐Biing , Wiengarten Frank 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe address how to manage extended supply chains that lie beyond the first‐tier suppliers. The first‐tier suppliers have their suppliers who provide them with goods or services. While lower‐tier suppliers are often not an explicit concern of the focal firm, the firm's performance not only depends on the performance of its first‐tier suppliers, but also on the performance of their suppliers and beyond. These lower‐tier suppliers are much less visible and may not even be known to the focal firm. Our intention is to bring awareness to the importance of these lower‐tier suppliers and capture possible strategies that buying companies may pursue to manage them. Extended supply chains are complex and involve evolving relationships between various buyers and suppliers that are located along different tiers of the chain and across different parts of the globe. We address several topic areas and suggest emerging research focuses that should be considered in coming years.
Elevated CO2‐mediated plant VOCs change aggravates invasive thrips occurrence by altering their host‐selection behaviour
Authors: Qian Lei , Huang Zujin , Liu Hui , Liu Xiaowei , Jin Yixuan , Pokharel Sabin Saurav , Chen Fajun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGlobally rising atmosphere CO2 has been predicted to affect the emission of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the interaction with insect herbivores. CO2‐mediated plant VOCs change might contribute to develop effective management strategies for insect pests by using VOCs related biological control methods. In this study, we analysed the effect of elevated CO2 on the host‐selection behaviour of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and studied how they were affected by the release of VOCs from kidney bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris). A four‐chamber olfactometer was used to quantify the host‐selection of F. occidentalis for P. vulgaris. Elevated CO2 increased F. occidentalis' selection for P. vulgaris wounded by mechanical damage (MD) and thrips infestation (TI) that might via regulating the gene expression of CSP1, CSP1‐q, OBP1 and OBP1‐q in F. occidentalis. Besides, we cultivated kidney beans at ambient CO2 (400 ppm) and elevated CO2 (800 ppm), and quantified the emission of plant VOCs by using GC‐MS. Thirty VOCs belonging to ten chemical groups were identified from P. vulgaris, including aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers, alkanes, cycloalkanes, alcohols, alkenes, aromatic derivatives, phenols, ketones and esters. Furthermore, six VOCs from P. vulgaris were significantly affected by CO2 level, wounding way and the interaction between them, including ethyl benzene, 1,3‐dimethyl benzene, 1,3‐dimethyl‐4‐ethyl benzene, (E,E,E,E)‐squalene, 2,6‐ditert‐butyl‐4‐methyl phenol and dioctyl phthalate. Our study indicates that elevated CO2 might increase the host‐selection of F. occidentalis for wounded P. vulgaris due to the changed plant VOCs.
First evidence of fish nocardiosis in Mexico caused by Nocardia seriolae in farmed red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus, Linnaeus)
Authors: del Rio‐Rodriguez Rodolfo Enrique , Ramirez‐Paredes Jose Gustavo , Soto‐Rodriguez Sonia Araceli , Shapira Yechiam , Huchin‐Cortes Mariana del Jesus , Ruiz‐Hernandez Judith , Gomez‐Solano Monica Isela , Haydon David J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBetween August and December 2013, the offshore cages of a commercial marine farm culturing red drum Sciaenops ocellatus in Campeche Bay Mexico were affected by an outbreak of an ulcerative granulomatous disease with up to 70% cumulative mortality. Thirty‐one adults displaying open ulcers on the skin were submitted for diagnosis. At necropsy, multiple white‐yellowish nodules (0.1–0.5 cm in diameter) were present in all internal organs, where the kidney and the spleen were the most severely affected. Histopathology evinced typical systemic granulomatous formations. Gram and Ziehl–Neelsen stains on tissue imprints, bacterial swabs and tissue sections revealed Gram‐positive, acid‐fast, branching beaded long rod filamentous bacteria. Tissue samples resulted positive for nocardiosis with a Nocardia genus‐specific nested PCR. Definite identification at the species level and taxonomic positioning of the fastidious pathogen were achieved through a specific Nocardia seriolae PCR and by sequencing the gyrB gene of pure isolates. After administration of antibiotics during fry production, a posterior follow‐up monitoring (from 2014 to 2017) detected mild but recurrent outbreaks of the bacteria with no seasonality pattern. To the extent of our knowledge, this is the first report of piscine nocardiosis in Mexico and the first time this disease is detected in red drum.
Metamorphic P–T–t–d evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Pur‐Banera supracrustal belt, Aravalli Craton, northwestern India: Insights from phase equilibria modelling and zircon–monazite geochronology of metapelites
Authors: D’Souza Joseph , Prabhakar N. , Sheth Hetu , Xu Yigang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Pur‐Banera belt of metasedimentary rocks, in the Bhilwara region of the Aravalli Craton, northwestern India, constitutes a Mesoproterozoic rift‐related supracrustal sequence. The Pur‐Banera belt, while containing psammitic, calcareous, and ferruginous metasediments, is dominated by garnet–staurolite–kyanite‐bearing metapelites. Here we integrate data on outcrop‐ and microscopic‐scale deformation structures with pseudosection modelling and zircon–monazite geochronology to decipher the P–T–t–d evolution of these metapelites. The metapelites record three distinct deformation events. The first two (D1–D2) produced a composite S1//S2 foliation, and a younger event of dextral shearing (D3) produced crenulations superimposed on the foliation. Textural and compositional data indicate two stages of growth of garnet, whose core compositions were significantly altered during peak metamorphism. The textures combined with pseudosection modelling and conventional thermobarometry reveal that the garnet cores continued to grow up to staurolite‐grade prograde metamorphism, followed by a second stage of garnet growth (syn‐D2; 7.3–7.9 kbar and 665–690°C) during kyanite‐grade peak metamorphism. Fibrolite grew in the matrix during post‐peak readjustments due to uplift and decompression, whereas fluid‐induced retrograde metamorphism (480–540°C) resulted in the formation of euhedral staurolite prisms and narrow rims around garnet porphyroblasts. Detrital zircons of magmatic origin yield a weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 1,827 ± 7 Ma (95% confidence) indicating a Palaeoproterozoic igneous source rock for the sediments, consistent with a Mesoproterozoic (1.6–1.3 Ga) age of deposition as inferred in previous work on the Pur‐Banera quartzofeldspathic gneisses. Monazite U–Th–(total) Pb ages indicate the timing of commencement of prograde metamorphism at c. 1.3 Ga, peak metamorphism at c. 1.2–1.1 Ga, and fluid‐induced retrograde metamorphism at c. 0.85–0.75 Ga. Our combined results indicate that the metapelites experienced two deformation events (D1 and D2) during the closure of the Pur‐Banera basin and the consequent burial of the sediments to lower crustal depths. These were followed by post‐collisional uplift and exhumation, and fluid‐induced retrograde metamorphism during D3 shearing. Southwestward tilting of the rocks during the D3 event, and subsequent erosion, have exposed rock units in the western, central, and southeastern parts of the belt which were buried deeper than those in the southwestern parts. This explains the observed northeastward increase in the metamorphic field gradient along the NE–SW strike of the belt. These new insights into the Meso‐ to Neoproterozoic tectonometamorphic evolution of the Pur‐Banera belt help relate it to the amalgamation and fragmentation of the supercontinent Rodinia.
What are the most common restraint techniques taught by expert practitioners?
Authors: Hollins Lee , Seagrave Luke , Stubbs Brendon 
Published: April 2021

Accessible SummaryWhat is known on the subject?

Physical restraint is used across the NHS in Mental Health, Learning disability and other specialist settings.

Physical restraint should be used as a last resort, with least amount of force for the minimum amount of time.

There is no national set of skills from which trainers or practitioners choose what might be appropriate for them and the population they care for.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

A national online survey gathered insights from representatives of public and private training services in relation to 20 selected techniques and their perceived risks.

The most frequently taught techniques are identified and evident trends were seen among respondents according to their perceived suitability for different population groups.

The need to be able to compare and contrast techniques is discussed, and the utility of developing an evaluative framework is outlined.

What are the implications for practice?

In England the restraint training is now being regulated.

This survey reveals the variation in the techniques used across groups or settings.

The ability to compare techniques and make informed decisions around which techniques to commission, specify or use, could support the aims of the RRN Training Standards (RRN, 2020a) and Towards Safer Services (RRN, 2020b) and in so doing support the goals of safer, less restrictive person‐centred practice.

Individuals are encouraged to reflect on their practice and think critically about what is a good restraint technique.

AbstractIntroductionDespite widespread use of restraint techniques, it is unclear what techniques are taught.AimTo identify the types of techniques commonly taught.MethodA national online survey was developed through iteration and stakeholder involvement. Ethical approval was obtained and it was disseminated through the Positive and Safe network, and the Restraint Reduction Network Community of Practice where expert practitioners answered questions relating to 20 randomly selected used physical ‘Holds’.ResultsOne hundred seventy‐two people completed the survey. The most commonly taught techniques were a Guiding Posture (71%), a Guiding Hold (44%), a Two‐Handed Forearm Hold (36%), a Finger, Thumb & Wrist Hold (27%) and a Cupped/Capped Fist Hold (26%). The Guiding Posture (71%), and Guiding Hold were used most commonly across populations. Despite the potential to induce pain, the Finger, Thumb and Wrist Hold was deemed suitable for Adult populations, but not Older Adults, Young Persons and Children. Wrap‐Type Holds were seen as unsuitable for all populations.DiscussionThere is currently high variation in which techniques are taught across different settings. An evaluation framework could be beneficial.Implications for practiceAn evaluation framework could aid training commissioners, providers and practitioner reflect on what constitutes a good restraint technique.
Hemostatic rebalance in neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis with citrin deficiency
Authors: Aoki Hirosato , Ogiwara Kenichi , Hasegawa Mari , Nogami Keiji 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundNeonatal intrahepatic cholestasis with citrin deficiency (NICCD) results in coagulopathy due to decreased levels of vitamin (V)K‐dependent clotting factors, similar to biliary atresia (BA). However, the involvement of VK‐independent coagulant and anticoagulant factor(s) remains unknown. We examined relationships between coagulant and anticoagulant potential before and after nutritional treatment in NICCD.MethodsThree cases (aged 12, 21, and 45 days) with NICCD‐associated coagulopathy were evaluated with standard coagulation/anticoagulation tests and comprehensive coagulation assays, rotational thromboelastometry, and protein C/protein S (PC/PS) pathway function assay (ThromboPath®), before and after nutritional treatment.ResultsIn all cases, activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time were significantly prolonged, which is associated with very low levels of VK‐independent fibrinogen and antithrombin. The initiation of nutritional treatment of medium‐chain triglycerides oil improved these levels within the normal range, although low levels of other clotting factors were modestly increased. Whole blood‐ rotational thromboelastometry analysis revealed near‐normal coagulation potential, even before treatment, comparable to healthy adults, and supportive of their non‐bleeding symptoms. The introduction of nutritional treatment had further improved comprehensive coagulation potential. The global PC/PS‐pathway function assay demonstrated the absence of the features of this function associated with the pathogenesis of NICCD. Compared to BA, the plasma levels of fibrinogen and antithrombin in all cases were markedly low, whilst those after treatment improved, especially to similar level of BA.ConclusionsNeonatal intrahepatic cholestasis with citrin deficiency has the characteristic of rebalancing hemostatic mechanisms associated with coagulant and anticoagulant potential involving low levels of fibrinogen and antithrombin, suggesting a pathophysiological coagulopathy distinct from BA.
Private authority and public policy interactions in global context: Governance spheres for problem solving
Authors: Cashore Benjamin , Knudsen Jette Steen , Moon Jeremy , van der Ven Hamish 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPrivate organizations play a growing role in governing global issues alongside traditional public actors such as states, international organizations, and subnational governments. What do we know about how private authority and public policy interact? What are the implications of answering this question for understanding support for, and effects of, policy development generally? The purpose of this article is to reflect on these questions by introducing, and reviewing, a special issue that challenges explicit claims, and implicit methodologies, that treat private and public governance realms as distinct and/or static. We do so by advancing a theoretical and conceptual framework with which to explore how the contributions to this special issue enhance an understanding about governance interactions across a range of empirical, sectoral, and regional domains. We specifically introduce the concept of governance spheres to capture the proliferation of issue domains denoted by highly fluid interactions across public and private governance boundaries.
Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of long‐acting reversible contraceptive methods among healthcare workers in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Rouncivell Laura , Takuva Simbarashe , Ledibane Neo , Musekiwa Alfred , Leong Trudy D 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions (KAP) of long‐acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods among healthcare workers (HCWs) in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA).MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted following the PRISMA method. Two authors independently searched three electronic databases for studies published between 2000 and January 2020 reporting on the KAP of LARC methods among HCWs in SSA. Titles and abstracts were screened against eligibility criteria, data were extracted and the included studies were assessed for risk of bias. A meta‐analysis of proportions for 11 pre‐determined questions relating to LARC KAP was performed. Heterogeneity was explored using the I2‐statistic and publication bias investigated using funnel plots and Egger's tests.ResultsTwenty‐two studies comprising 11,272 HCWs from 11 SSA countries were included. 50% (95% CI: 34%, 67%) of HCWs had received intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) insertion training while 63% (95% CI: 44%, 81%) expressed a desire for training. Only 27% (95% CI: 18%, 36%) deemed IUCD appropriate for HIV‐infected women. Restrictions for IUCD and injectables based on a minimum age were imposed by 56% (95% CI: 33%, 78%) and 60% (95% CI: 36%, 84%), respectively. Minimum parity restrictions were observed among 29% (95% CI: 9%, 50%) of HCWs for IUCDs and 36% (95% CI: 16%, 56%) for injectable contraceptives. Heterogeneity was high and publication bias was present in two of the 11 questions.ConclusionThe systematic review and meta‐analysis indicate that unnecessary provider‐imposed restrictions may hinder the uptake of LARC methods by women in SSA.
Barriers and enablers to the development and implementation of early mobility programs for children in the pediatric intensive care unit: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Thompson Shanna , Cassidy Christine , McKibbon Shelley , Sangster Michael , Foster Jennifer 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this scoping review is to gather and map the current literature associated with barriers and enablers related to the development and implementation of an early mobility program in pediatric intensive care units.

Introduction:
As care for critically ill patients has evolved, strategies to optimize patient outcomes and reduce the side effects of treatment have become a rising priority for clinicians, patients, and their families. Early mobilization of patients with critical illness is the only evidence-based intervention that decreases intensive care unit–acquired weakness; it may also minimize intensive care unit–acquired delirium. Early mobility in the pediatric setting has many obstacles, and routine uptake of early mobility practice has lagged.

Inclusion criteria:
This review will consider literature related to the barriers and enablers to the development and/or implementation of early mobility programs in pediatric intensive care units. The review will target programs designed for children and youth from birth to 18 years who have been admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit.

Methods:
This scoping review will search six databases and several sources of unpublished/gray literature. Studies published in English and French will be included. The search will be restricted to publications after 1980. Data will be extracted using a tool developed by the reviewers. The data extracted will be presented in a tabular manner and highlight the key findings related to the objectives of this review.
Diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen tests for COVID-19 compared to the viral genetic test in adults: a systematic review protocol
Authors: DeArmond Megan , Feliciano Shelby , Hirabayashi Ellyn , Duus Karen M. , Else Terry A. , Stone Amy E.L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this diagnostic accuracy review is to evaluate the effectiveness of rapid antigen tests versus viral genetic PCR-based tests on COVID-19 diagnostic accuracy in adults 18 years and over.

Introduction:
Due to the rapidly changing nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative that clinicians have access to the most relevant and effective tools and information required to combat this disease. Testing strategies are being developed continuously and need to be evaluated to ensure their appropriate implementation into clinical practice.

Inclusion criteria:
This systematic review will include publications that are in the English language (originally or translated) and any gray literature pertaining to the tests of interest. All races, ages over 18, and geographic locations will be considered.

Methods:
MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Elsevier), Scopus (Elsevier), Qinsight (Quertle), and WHO COVID-19 database (World Health Organization) will be searched. Scopus, Qinsight, and WHO COVID-19 include gray literature. Studies in English published from November 2019 to the present will be considered. Animal studies and studies including pregnant women will be excluded. Retrieval of full-text studies, data extraction, and assessment of methodological quality will be performed independently by two reviewers. A custom data extraction table will be used. Findings will be graphically represented with two forest plots, one for sensitivity and the other for specificity. The strategy for meta-analysis includes producing a summary receiver operating characteristic curve and estimating the summary sensitivity/specificity for each threshold provided in the articles.

Systematic review registration number:
PROSPERO CRD42020224250
Nonlinear Approximation for Natural Convection Flow Near a Vertical Plate With Thermal Radiation Effect
Authors: Jha Basant K. , Samaila Gabriel 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A nonlinear approximation for natural convection boundary layer flow near a vertical wall under the influence of thermal radiation is analyzed. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations via the similarity transformation. The final dimensionless equations are solved numerically using the Runge Kutta Ferlberg fourth-fifth order (RKF45) method. The effects of the embedded parameters affecting the flow formation, temperature distribution, Nusselt number, and skin friction are thoroughly examined. It is found out that the temperature gradient is directly proportional to the thermal radiation parameter near the vertical plate whereas it is inversely proportional to the temperature gradient far away from the vertical plate. It is also found that the flow formation near the vertical wall could be enhanced with the increase in thermal radiation parameter. However, this increase remains unaffected in the freestream region. Furthermore, results also show that the rate of heat transfer could be enhanced with the increase in thermal radiation whereas decreases with the increase in other embedded flow parameters.
Method for Determining the Change in Gas Turbine Firing Temperature
Authors: Wang Bo , Rosner Fabian , Rao Ashok , Zhao Lifeng , Samuelsen Scott 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The maximum firing temperature of a gas turbine (GT) is limited by material constraints. Critical for the operation of the GT is the blade metal temperature, which is impacted by the heat transfer from the combustor outlet gas to the blade surface. In this study, performance characteristics for an H-class-type GT have been established and two correlations for the change in the maximum permissible firing temperature as function of combustor outlet gas composition or flue gas composition and pressure ratio have been derived: (I) for detailed GT modeling with cooling flows and (II) for simplified GT modeling without specifying cooling flows.
The Effect of the Design of Surgical Electrodes on the Formation of Sparking Enhanced Burns
Authors: Radmilović-Radjenović Marija , Radjenović Dimitrije , Radjenović Branislav 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Electrocautery is a safe and effective method of hemostasis during cutaneous surgery. Despite the unquestionable benefits, electrocautery sparks in the surgical field represent a significant fire risk that can be eliminated by clarifying the causation and conditions of their development. Apart from the experimental methods, computer modeling is proven to be an effective approach to improve the performance of electrocautery. This paper is dealing with the design of electrodes to prevent burns during standard procedures. Simulations were carried out by using the comsol simulation package for various electrode configurations (cylinder-cylinder, sphere-sphere, sphere-cylinder, and cylinder-sphere) representing shapes of surgical electrodes. The primary goal was to determine the location where sparking starts. The obtained simulation results agree well with the experimental data taken from the literature supporting that the sparking formation is strongly affected by the electrode configuration. It was found that sparking occurs most easily when both electrodes are cylindrical. Also, the sparking mechanism depends on electrical asymmetry that results in undesirable direct current burns. Results presented here can be used to establish practices for the safe use of the electrocautery devices and to prevent injury to patients and staff.