bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen Gas Refueling Infrastructure for Heavy-Duty Trucks: A Feasibility Analysis
Authors: Yaïci Wahiba , Longo Michela 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In view of serious environmental problems occurring around the world and in particular climate change caused significantly by dangerous CO2 emissions into the biosphere in the developmental process, it has become imperative to identify alternative and cleaner sources of energy. Compressed hydrogen is being considered as a potential fuel for heavy-duty applications because it will substantially reduce toxic greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutant emissions. The cost of hydrogen will be the main element in the acceptance of compressed hydrogen internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in the marketplace because of its effect on the levelized cost of driving. This paper investigates the feasibility of developing a nationwide network of hydrogen refueling infrastructure with the aim to assist in a conversion of long-haul, heavy-duty (LHHD) truck fleet from diesel fuel to hydrogen. This initiative is taken in order to reduce vehicle emissions and support commitments to the climate plans reinforcing active transportation infrastructure together with new transit infrastructure and zero-emission vehicles. Two methods based on constant and variable traffics, using data about hydrogen infrastructure and ICE vehicles, were created to estimate fueling conditions for LHHD truck fleet. Furthermore, a thorough economic study was carried out on several test cases to evaluate how diverse variables affect the final selling price of hydrogen. This gave an understanding of what elements go into the pricing of hydrogen and if it can compete with diesel in the trucking market. Results revealed that the cost to purchase green hydrogen is the utmost part in the pump price of hydrogen. Due to the variety in hydrogen production, there is no defined cost, which renders estimates difficult. Moreover, it was found that the pump price of green hydrogen is on average 239% more expensive than diesel fuel. The methodology proposed and models created in this feasibility study may serve as a valuable tool for future techno-economics of hydrogen refueling stations for other types of ICE fleets or fuel cell vehicles.
Comparing the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polylactic Acid/Organosolv Lignin Biocomposites Made of Different Biomass for 3D Printing Applications
Authors: Obielodan J. O. , Delwiche M. , Clark D. , Downing C. , Huntoon D. , Wu T. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis work investigates the differences in mechanical and thermal properties of polylactic acid (PLA)/lignin biocomposites made of four different unmodified organosolv lignin materials, three of which were extracted from different woody biomass (maple, oak, and pine) in-house, and one sourced commercially. Filaments made from blends of 30 wt% and 40 wt% of the in-house lignin and the commercially sourced lignin as fillers in PLA were used to 3D-print experimental test samples using fused filament fabrication (FFF) process. Statistically significant differences were observed in the mechanical properties based on tension testing and Izod impact testing, while differences in thermal properties based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were less significant. Test samples with 30 wt% lignin had tensile strengths that were higher than those of 40 wt% lignin. Among the three in-house extracted lignin from the woody biomass resources, maple-based composites consistently yielded the highest tensile strengths while oak-based materials yielded the highest stiffness in tension testing and the most stability in impact resistance. The pine-based materials showed the most decline in strengths between 30 wt% and 40 wt% lignin loadings. The commercially obtained lignin at 30 wt% and pine-based lignin at 40 wt% yielded much higher percent elongations at failure than all other materials. This study demonstrates the influence of lignin biomass resources and their concentrations on the properties and performances of 3D printed specimens.
Effect of Carbon Particle Feeding as Radiant Absorbent for Enhanced Heat Transfer
Authors: Abedini Hamed , Ozalp Nesrin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Carbon particles can be used as catalyst in solar reactors where they serve as radiant absorbent and nucleation sites for the heterogeneous decomposition reaction. Unlike commonly used metal catalysts, carbon catalyst does not have durability problem and high cost. However, in order to achieve sustainable catalytic decomposition of feedstock over carbon catalysts at elevated temperatures, the surface area of the carbon particles must be maintained. A subsequent treatment of deactivated carbon samples with CO2 at about 1000 °C would increase the surface and would recover the original activity as catalyst. In a windowed solar reactor, carbon particles are directly exposed to the high flux irradiation providing efficient radiation heat transfer directly to the reaction site. Therefore, one of the key parameters to achieve higher conversion efficiencies in a solar reactor is the presence and transport of carbon particles. In this paper, a transient one-dimensional model is presented to describe the effect of carbon particle feeding on energy transport and temperature profile of a cavity-type solar receiver. The model was developed by dividing the receiver into several control volumes and formulating energy balance equations for gas phase, particles, and cavity walls within each control volume. Monte Carlo ray tracing method was used to determine the solar heat absorbed by particles and cavity walls, as well as the radiative exchange between particles and cavity walls. Model accuracy was verified by experimental work using a solar receiver where carbon particles were injected uniformly. Comparison of simulation results with the experimentally measured temperatures at three different locations on cavity receiver wall showed an average deviation of 3.81%. The model was then used to study the effect of carbon particle size and feeding rate on the heat transfer, temperature profile, and energy absorption of the solar receiver. Based on the simulation results, it was found that injection of carbon particles with a size bigger than 500 µm has no significant influence on heat transfer of the system. However, by reducing the particle size lower than 500 µm, temperature uniformity and energy absorption can be enhanced.
Characterization of Bond Quality for Polymeric Medical Tubing
Authors: Harms Kent D. , Yang Baozhong , Suh C. Steve 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A non-contact, laser-optic based technique referred to as the Thermo-Acousto-Photonic Nondestructive Evaluation (TAP-NDE) was utilized to investigate bond integrity and localized stiffening due to an attached wire mesh on small diameter polymeric medical tubing. Interrogating ultrasonic waves were generated in the tubing by use of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Detection was achieved by use of a Fiber-Tip Interferometer (FTI) in conjunction with a continuous wave HeNe laser. The time-frequency analysis of the generated dispersive waves was performed combining the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) with the Hilbert Transform (HT) that effectively decomposed the digitized waveguide mode enabling identification of defect characteristic frequency tendencies. Three different bond defects were evaluated: tensile pull, needle puncture, and crease. These induced flaws represent possible manufacturing defects such as de-bond, potential leak sources, and geometry irregularities. The frequency tendencies were found to uniquely identify each bond defect. Frequency tendencies were also found to uniquely identify localized stiffening due to an attached wire mesh proving that this technique can unambiguously identify propagation modes from among non-propagation modes or vibrations. These findings demonstrate the utility of TAP-NDE and the EMD for characterization of small diameter polymeric medical tubing.
Vibration Delocalization of Nearly Periodic Structures Using Coupled Piezoelectric Networks
Authors: Tang J. , Wang K. W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
It is known that, when the mechanical coupling between the substructures is weak, small imperfections in a periodic structure can induce vibration localization. This will cause drastic and harmful changes in structure dynamic property. In this study, it is shown that the proposed coupled piezoelectric circuits can greatly relieve or even eliminate such vibration localization problems. Part of the structural vibration energy will be transferred into electrical energy by the piezoelectric materials, and the newly created electro-mechanical wave/energy channel due to the strong capacitive coupling between the piezoelectric circuits applied to the substructures will sustain the energy propagation throughout the structure. The effectiveness of the coupled piezoelectric circuits on reducing vibration localization is demonstrated, and qualitative analyses and design criteria are given.
Mechanical Work and Electromechanical Coupling in Ionic Polymer Bender Actuators
Authors: Newbury Kenneth , Leo Donald J. , Parrot Orion 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a coupled, electromechanical model of a Nafion-based ionic polymer transducer used in the cantilevered bender configuration. A comparison of simulated and experimental responses for a 0.2mm × 5.0mm × 17mm actuator validates both the form of the model and the empirically determined model parameters. In one of the experiments used for parameter identification, the short circuit current is found to be proportional to the induced actuator velocity, with the constant of proportionality equal to 7.5E−04 A m / s . This model differs from those presented by other researchers in that it is simple, dynamic, and is able to represent the transducer as either a sensor or as an actuator. Also presented is an assessment of the polymer actuators’ ability to perform mechanical work. The results of a series of force versus deflection experiments are outlined, and energy densities are calculated to facilitate comparison with other actuator technologies. The maximum blocked force with a 1.25V step input was 1.6mN (with a 17mm actuator), and the maximum free deflection with a 1.25V step input was 1.8mm (with a 22mm actuator). The energy densities ranged from 1.1 to 12.8 mJ/kg and 3.4E−06 to 4.0E−05 mJ/mm3 with an input range of 0.75V to 1.25V.
Vibration Testing and Analysis of Inflatable Structures Using Smart Materials
Authors: Park Gyuhae , Ruggiero Eric , Sausse Marion , Inman Daniel J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents experimental investigations of vibration testing of an inflated, thin-film torus using smart materials. Lightweight, inflatable structures are very attractive in satelite applications. However, the lightweight, flexible, and highly-damped nature of inflated structures poses difficulties in ground vibration testing.
In this study, we show that PVDF patches and recently developed Macro-Fiber Composite actuators may be used as sensors and actuators in identifying modal parameters. Both smart materials can be integrated unobtrusively into the skin of a torus or space device forming an attractive testing arrangement. The addition of actuators and the PVDF sensors to the torus does not significantly interfere with the suspension modes of a free-free boundary condition, and both the actuators and PVDF sensors can be considered an integral part of the inflated structure. The results indicate the potential of using smart materials to measure and control the dynamic response of inflated structures.
Deployable Structural Element Based on Bennett Linkages
Authors: Chen Y. , You Z. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Bennett linkage is a 3D over-constrained linkage consisting of four pieces with the axes of rotation neither parallel nor concurrent. In this paper, we present the result of our investigation of whether the Bennett linkage can achieve the highest expansion/packaging ratio for the purpose of using it as basic units of large foldable structures. Based on the conditions of compact folding and maximum expansion we have proved that special forms of the Bennett linkage exist which enables the mechanism to be folded to a bundle. Under certain circumstance, the said forms also allow the mechanism to be flattened (expanded) to a rhombus. Hence, effective deployable element can be created from the Bennett linkages. This work has paved the way for using such a 3-d mechanism as basic construction unit for large deployable structures.
Transient Simulation of Adaptive Structures
Authors: Herold Sven , Mayer Dirk , Hanselka Holger 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An approach is utilised to design an adaptronic system by means of Rapid-Prototyping on the basis of a simulation. The modelling of the vibration behaviour of mechanical systems with actuators and sensors and additionally an adaptive controller in time domain is presented. The method includes the calculation of the dynamic behaviour of the mechanical structure with the help of FEM. The FE-model of the mechanical structure is transformed into modal space, then reduced and embedded as state-space-model in the MATLAB/Simulink-environment. A comparison of an analytical solution with the solution of reduced FE-model shows good agreement (a simple mechanical structure is used). Actuators and sensors are appliqued to the mechanical structure. Based on the resulting dynamical behaviour of the mechanical structure an adaptive control algorithm for the reduction of structural vibrations is developed. Experimental tests are performed to confirm and to update the simulations. The hardware-in-the-loop-simulations are realized with a Dspace-system. Some aspects (e.g. speed-up, precision) of this simulation method in comparison with other methods are indicated. This procedure allows the development and the evaluation of more complex adaptive mechanical structures.
Adaptive Identification of Nonlinear Hysteretic Structural Systems
Authors: Smyth Andrew W. , Kosmatopoulos Elias B. , Masri Sami F. , Chassiakos Anastassios G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Adaptive modeling approaches have recently gained significant attention by the applied mechanics research community to perform real-time identification of nonlinear hysteretic structural systems under arbitrary dynamic excitations. Adaptive identification is critical for robust adaptive structural control and for tracking time-varying structural dynamic properties such as accumulating damage. This paper presents an overview of some of the authors’ previous work in this area, and also discusses some of the new issues being tackled with regard to this class of problems. The trade-offs between parametric based modeling and nonparametric modeling of nonlinear hysteretic dynamic system behavior are discussed. A new neural network based adaptive identification procedure is introduced. Both simulation and experimental results of the performance of the parametric and non-parametric methods are presented. A brief discussion of future directions and remaining technical challenges is presented.
An Aspect on the Definition of Smart Structures
Authors: Egawa Koichi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
By illustrating tiny YAMAHA helicopters, which are automatic, non-man drive and sold more than 1100, as an example, the author tries to show the difference of the ways of research and development in US and in Japan. With other three examples, he gives a suggestion for modification of the definition of smart structures, which were given by C.A. Rogers and B.K. Wada[1–2], for fitting them to these examples. In the modification he would like to call even a machine which has only one of the functions stated in the definitions as smart machine. By this modification he expects that the concept of smart structures will spread more widely and this movement will promote the intellectualization of wide variety of machines.
A New Class of Distributed Photostrictive Orthogonal Actuators in Smart Curved Structures
Authors: Shih Hui-Ru , Tzou H. S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this study, active vibration control of a flexible smart structure using distributed opto-electromechanical photostrictive actuators is analytically investigated. This new class of distributed actuators is based on the photovoltaic, converse piezoelectric, and pyroelectric effects, and activated by high-energy light. A simply supported curved beam structure with a pair of surface bonded opto-electromechanical actuators is proposed. In order to prevent control spillover, the distributed actuators are spatially shaped to be orthogonal to the undesirable mode. The governing equations of motion are formulated. The mathematical model for estimating the actuator-induced force and moment, and actuation factor are presented. The effectiveness of active controls is evaluated with respect to different actuator thicknesses and curvature angles. The results obtained suggest that the potential of this new class of actuators as a viable means for controlling motion that related to structural deformation.
Fuzzy Logic Control Applications for Second Order Problems With Low Damping
Authors: Cohen Kelly , Weller Tanchum , Ben-Asher Joseph 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A general methodology has been developed for the design of a robust control law for a family of lightly damped second order problems. In this research effort, the passivity approach has been extended to systems having non-collocated input/output pairs by introducing an observer that incorporates the nominal dynamical model of the plant. The developed passive observer-based control law emulates numerous dynamic vibration absorbers which are tuned to a targeted frequency using classical methods and the tuning ratios are time-invariant. However, the uniqueness of this approach is that the damping parameters of the emulated absorbers are continuously varied by means of a fuzzy logic control algorithm to provide near minimum-time suppression of vibration. The developed approach is applied to both several benchmarks in the field of structural dynamics as well as experiments using piezo-ceramic sensors and actuators. Results show that this methodology provides stability and performance robustness on the one hand as well as requiring relatively low amount of actuation authority for desired nominal plant close-loop behavior.
Vibration Reduction of Flexible Structures Using Extended Input Shaper and Smart Materials
Authors: Song G. , Kotejoshyer B. , Fei J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new approach of integrating the method of command input shaping and the technique of active vibration suppression for vibration reduction of flexible structures during slew operations. The control object is a flexible composite beam driven by a high torque DC motor with the presence of nonlinearities such as backlash and stick-slip type of friction. Two piezoelectric patches are bonded on the surface of the flexible beam near its cantilevered end and are used as the smart actuator and the smart sensor respectively. In this new approach, the method of command input shaping is used to modify the existing command so that less vibration will be caused by the command itself. To overcome the nonlinearities associated with the DC motor, an extended shaper is designed. The technique of active vibration suppression using smart materials is used to actively control the vibration during and after the slew. With this pair of smart actuator and smart sensor, a strain rate feedback (SRF) controller is designed for active vibration suppression. With the extended Zero Vibration Derivative (ZVD) shaper and the SRF controller, the proposed new approach can effectively reduce the vibration of the flexible beam during slew operations.
Neural Network Tracking Control of a Shape Memory Alloy Wire Actuator Without a Position Sensor
Authors: Song G. , Chaudhry V. , Batur C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Tracking control of shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators is essential in many applications such as vibration controls. Due to the hysteresis, an inherent nonlinear phenomenon associated with SMAs, open-loop control design has proven inadequate for tracking control of these actuators. Aimed at to eliminate the position sensor to reduce cost of an SMA actuator system, in this paper, a neural network open loop controller is proposed for tracking control of an SMA actuator. A test stand, including a titanium-nickel (TiNi, or Nitinol) SMA wire actuator, a position sensor, bias springs, and a programmable current amplifier, is used to generate training data and to verify the neural networks open loop controller. A digital data acquisition and real-time control system was used to record experimental data and to implement the control strategy. Based on the training data obtained from the test stand, two neural networks are used to respectively model the forward and inverse hysteresis relations between the applied voltage and the displacement of the SMA wire actuator. To control the SMA actuator without using a position sensor, the neural network inverse model is used as a feedforward controller. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the neural network open loop controller for tracking control of the SMA wire actuator.
Precision Position Control of a Shape Memory Alloy Wire Actuator With Forced Cooling
Authors: Barr T. A. , Penney N. , Song G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to study active position control of a shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuator with forced cooling, particularly, in water. The TiNi, or Nitinol type shape memory alloy wire is selected as the actuating element for position control because of its high recovery stress (&gt; 500 Mpa) and its high strain tolerance (up to 5%). However, SMAs exhibit hysteresis, a type of non-linearity, which causes adverse effects in the precision control of the actuator. To compensate for the non-linearity associated with the shape memory alloy, a control approach employing a robust compensator is used to actively regulate the position of the SMA wire actuator. To study methods to improve a SMA actuator’s response, water is used as the forced cooling liquid in this research. Experimental results show that the SMA actuator in water can be precisely controlled using the proposed control approach with a much faster response. Experimental data also show that the total energy consumption for the SMA actuator to perform back-and-forth tasks in water is similar to that in the air though holding a deformed shape in water consumes much more energy than that in the air for the SMA wire actuator.