bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calculating Feeder Fault Current with MATLAB Software Program
Authors: Lin Ming-Jong 
Published: July 2021

The aim of this article describes the program of computerized how to calculate the feeder fault current in a distribution substation. This article adopts Thevenin theory as the basis of calculation, and narrates them in two ways: the artificial and the computerized algorithm. It leaves aside the artificial and delves the computerized algorithm. The latter is divided for two computerized algorithm - separate and all of equipment. In the computerized algorithm, all data inputting, procedure steps, and report form were carefully been designed by MATLAB application software. As for data Inputting refers to the specification parameters of equipment component. The characteristics of this article are described with both text and Fig. to achieve operation simple and understanding easy. References include a representative textbook and several journal articles. Verify with real cases and reveal the pros and cons of artificial and program algorithms. The purpose of this article is to discard waste - an artificial calculation that is time - consuming, cumbersome and prone to clerical errors. The computer programs algorithm can compensates for defects and improves accuracy and timeliness. This method has been proven to be an economical design aid tool that is of great help to maintenance or designers in the field of electrical engineering.
Masked Pituitary Macroadenoma Presenting as Pituitary Apoplexy Triggered by Sepsis in Postpartum Period-A Rare Case Report
Authors: Dound Nicole , Pajai Sandhya , Acharya Neema , Acharya Sourya , Dound Chitra 
Published: July 2021

Apoplexy of the Pituitary gland is rarely seen critical disorder marked by acute throbbing of head / altered mental status / visual disturbances /decreased consciousness, due to sudden haemorrhagic changes of the pituitary or infarction of the same. There are numerous factors which precipitate apoplexy of the pituitary, sepsis being one of the least common cause, as is elaborated in this case study. Inspite of having a distinctive presentation, pituitary apoplexy eludes diagnosis and proper management as it is complicated by related co-morbidities. Its occurrence in a postpartum lady is an even rarer incident. This article shows a rare occurrence of apoplexy of macroadenoma in a postpartum woman which was managed conservatively.
Incidence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Female Pattern Hair Loss (FPHL)
Authors: Siddiqui Erum , Yousuf Shakila , Nisar Sumbul , Memon Faryal Hussain , Sharif Anum , Qazi Anas Ahmed 
Published: July 2021

Background: Female pattern hair loss is also observed in women without increased androgen levels. Vitamin D is a factor that has recently been considered in dealing with these patients. Deficiency of Vitamin D might be correlated with diffuse hair loss.
Objective: To determine the frequency of serum levels of Vitamin D3 in patients with female pattern of hair loss (FPHL) at tertiary care hospital Karachi.
Methodology: This cross-sectional research was conducted upon a sample of 163 female patients (chosen via non-probability – consecutive sampling) presenting to the Dept. of Dermatology, Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi from 29th July 2018 to 28 th January 2019, with a clinical diagnosis of FPHL. Data was recorded onto a structured questionnaire containing inquiries pertaining to basic biodata, sociodemographic details, and inferences obtained from blood tests (CBC, serum ferritin, TSH level and vitamin D level). Serum 25 OH Vitamin D level < 20 was taken as deficient, 21-29 was insufficient and over 30 was sufficient. Data was analyzed using SPSS. v. 21.0.
Results: The mean age was 30.39±6.36 years. Mean FPHL duration was 5.85±2.89 months. Total 63.2% patients were classified as mild, 26.45% patients were classified as moderate and 10.4% patients were classified as severe. Total 73% patients were found as vitamin D deficient, 22.1% as vitamin D insufficient and 4.9% as vitamin D sufficient. Significant association of vitamin D deficiency was observed with education status, vitamin D intake since past 6 months, and socio economic status.
Conclusion: Results showed high vitamin D3 deficiency (73.0%) among patients with female pattern of hair loss (FPHL).
A MoS2 and Graphene Alternately Stacking van der Waals Heterostructure for Li+/Mg2+ Co‐Intercalation
Authors: Yu Xianbo , Zhao Guangyu , Liu Chao , Wu Canlong , Huang Huihuang , He Junjie , Zhang Naiqing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOwing to the low‐cost, dendrite‐free formation, and high volumetric capacity, rechargeable Li+/Mg2+ hybrid‐ion batteries (LMIBs) have attracted great attention and are regarded as promising energy storage devices. However, due to the strong Coulombic interaction of Mg2+ with host materials, the traditional “Daniell Type” LMIBs with only Li+ intercalation usually cannot ensure a satisfactory energy density. Herein, graphene monolayers are arranged intercalating into MoS2 interlamination to construct van der Waals heterostructures (MoS2/G VH). This operation transforms the construction of ion channels from pristine interlamination of two MoS2 monolayers to the interlamination of MoS2 monolayer with graphene monolayer, thereby greatly reducing ion diffusion energy barriers. Compared with pristine MoS2, the MoS2/G VH can obviously reduce the migration energy barriers of Li+ (from 0.67 to 0.09 eV) and Mg2+ (from 1.01 to 0.21 eV). Moreover, it is also demonstrated that MoS2/G VHs realize Li+/Mg2+ co‐intercalation even at a rate current of 1000 mA g−1. As expected, the MoS2/G VH exhibits superior electrochemical performance with a reversible capacity of 145.8 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 after 2200 cycles, suggesting the feasibility of potential applications for high‐performance energy storage devices.
Zr‐MOF‐Enabled Controllable Ion Sieving and Proton Conductivity in Flow Battery Membrane
Authors: Xin Li , Zhang Dezhu , Qu Kai , Lu Yuqin , Wang Yixing , Huang Kang , Wang Zhaohui , Jin Wanqin , Xu Zhi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMembrane with ordered channels is the key to controlling ion sieving and proton conductivity in flow batteries. However, it remains a great challenge for finely controlling the nanochannels of polymeric membranes. Herein, two types of acid‐stable Zr‐metal organic framework (MOF‐801 and MOF‐808) with variable pore structures and channel properties are introduced as fillers into a non‐fluorinated sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK). The membrane incorporated with MOF‐801 of a smaller triangular window (≈3.5 Å) successfully translates the molecular sieving property into the flow battery membrane, resulting in enhanced coulombic efficiency (98.5–99.2%) at 40–120 mA cm−2 compared with the pristine SPEEK membrane (97.1–98.5%). In contrast, more protophilic internal interconnected channels of MOF‐808 yield faster proton highway, leading to a significant increase of voltage efficiency (93.7–84.1%) at 40–120 mA cm−2 compared with the pristine SPEEK membrane (91.7–78.9%). By regulating the ion sieving and proton conductivity, MOF‐801/MOF‐808 binary composite membrane exhibits synchronously improved performance in the vanadium redox flow battery system. The revealed structure–property relationship in the Zr‐MOFs‐based membranes provides a general guideline to design new proton exchange membranes with ordered channels for flow battery application.
Iridium‐Doped N‐Rich Mesoporous Carbon Electrocatalyst with Synthetic Macrocycles as Carbon Source for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Xiao Xin , Zhang Hao , Xiong Ying , Liang Feng , Yang Ying‐Wei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUtilizing supramolecular synthetic macrocycles with distinct porous structures and abundant functional groups as a precursor for metal‐doped carbon electrocatalysts can endow the resulting materials with great potential in electrocatalysis. Herein, iridium‐doped electrocatalysts (CBC‐Ir), using a synthetic macrocycle named cucurbit[6]uril as the carbon source precursor, are designed and prepared. Interestingly, owing to the numerous N‐containing backbone and unique porous structure from cucurbit[6]uril self‐assembly, the newly designed catalysts CBC‐Ir possess abundant N‐doped and mesoporous structures without the need of additional N sources and templates. The catalysts exhibit superior catalytic performance toward the hydrogen evolution reaction with high Faradaic efficiency (91.5% and 92.7%), superior turnover frequency (2.1 and 0.69 H2 s−1) at the 50 mV overpotential, and only 17 and 33 mV overpotentials in acidic and alkaline conditions reaching the current density of 10 mA cm−2, better than the commercial Pt/C (28 and 43 mV). This work not only expands the application of supramolecular macrocycles in the water splitting field but also provides a new approach for preparing robust electrocatalysts.
Emerging Technologies for In Vitro Inhalation Toxicology
Authors: Singh Ajay Vikram , Romeo Anthony , Scott Kassandra , Wagener Sandra , Leibrock Lars , Laux Peter , Luch Andreas , Kerkar Pranali , Balakrishnan Shidin , Dakua Sarada Prasad , Park Byung‐Wook 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRespiratory toxicology remains a major research area in the 21st century since current scenario of airborne viral infection transmission and pollutant inhalation is expected to raise the annual morbidity beyond 2 million. Clinical and epidemiological research connecting human exposure to air contaminants to understand adverse pulmonary health outcomes is, therefore, an immediate subject of human health assessment. Important observations in defining systemic effects of environmental contaminants on inhalation metabolic dysfunction, liver health, and gastrointestinal tract have been well explored with in vivo models. In this review, a framework is provided, a paradigm is established about inhalation toxicity testing in vitro, and a brief overview of breathing Lungs‐on‐Chip (LoC) as design concepts is given. The optimized bioengineering approaches and microfluidics with their fundamental pros, and cons are presented. There are different strategies that researchers apply to inhalation toxicity studies to assess a variety of inhalable substances and relevant LoC approaches. A case study from published literature and frame arguments about reproducibility as well as in vitro/in vivo correlations are discussed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges in soft robotics, systems inhalation toxicology approach integrating bioengineering, machine learning, and artificial intelligence to address a multitude model for future toxicology are discussed.
Facile Production of Phosphorene Nanoribbons towards Application in Lithium Metal Battery
Authors: Yu Wei , Yang Jinlin , Li Jing , Zhang Kun , Xu Haomin , Zhou Xin , Chen Wei , Loh Kian Ping 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLike phosphorene, phosphorene nanoribbon (PNR) promises exotic properties but unzipping phosphorene into edge‐defined PNR is non‐trivial because of uncontrolled cutting of phosphorene along random directions. Here a facile electrochemical strategy to fabricate zigzag‐edged PNRs in high yield (>80%) is reported. The presence of chemically active zigzag edges in PNR allows it to spontaneously react with Li to form a Li+ ion conducting Li3P phase, which can be used as a protective layer on Li metal anode in lithium metal batteries (LMBs). PNR protective layer prevents the parasitic reaction between lithium metal and electrolyte and promotes Li+ ion diffusion kinetics, enabling homogenous Li+ ion flux and long‐time cycling stability up to 1100 h at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. LiFePO4|PNR‐Li full‐cell batteries with an areal capacity of 2 mAh cm−2, a lean electrolyte (20 µl mAh−1) and a negative/positive (N/P) electrodes ratio of 3.5 can be stably cycled over 100 cycles.
Ultra‐Broadband Tunable Bragg–Berry Optical Vortex Generators of a Circularly Symmetric Chiroptic Structure
Authors: Jiang Shun‐An , Lai Chia‐Chun , Zhang Yan‐Song , Lin Jia‐De , Lin Wei‐Chun , Hsieh Xiang‐Lin , Lee Chia‐Rong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNew optical–photonic devices with the capability to manipulate, modify, and even tailor the light characteristics dynamically, such as wave surface, play an increasingly important role in the development of modern and future optics. Optical vortex with spiral wave surfaces is a special type of light with intrinsic orbital angular momentum (OAM). Thus, this vortex can be applied to the development of advanced optics, such as optical tweezers, ultra‐resolution microscope, optical communication, and quantum technology. This study demonstrates an optical device known as Bragg–Berry optical vortex generator (BBOVG) with a circularly symmetric chiral photonic structure using an easy‐to‐implement method by filling a ferroelectric liquid crystal‐doped cholesteric liquid crystal (FLC‐CLC) material into an indium‐tin‐oxide‐coated cell pre‐treated with photoalignment along the azimuthal direction. The BBOVG devices can be operated by dynamically tuning the photonic bandgaps of the opposite‐handed FLC‐CLCs throughout the full‐visible region (400–700 nm) in a low voltage range (≤ 3.0 V) to obtain reflective optical vortices with opposite OAM signs in a full‐visible range near room temperature. The present devices, which can transform geometric phase and have ultra‐wideband manipulability and high operability at room temperature, provide a good example in demonstrating key devices that fit the use in future optical/photonic applications.
Co‐Evaporated Formamidinium Lead Iodide Based Perovskites with 1000 h Constant Stability for Fully Textured Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Roß Marcel , Severin Stefanie , Stutz Marvin Björn , Wagner Philipp , Köbler Hans , Favin‐Lévêque Martin , Al‐Ashouri Amran , Korb Paul , Tockhorn Philipp , Abate Antonio , Stannowski Bernd , Rech Bernd , Albrecht Steve 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFormamidinium iodide (FAI) based perovskite absorbers have been shown to be ideal candidates for highly efficient and operationally stable perovskite solar cells (PSC). A major challenge for formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) is to suppress the phase transition from the photoactive black phase into yellow nonperovskite δ‐phase. Several approaches to stabilize the black phase have been developed for solution‐based perovskites, whereas so far, vacuum‐deposited FAPbI3 has rarely been reported. This study demonstrates the preparation of FAPbI3 by co‐evaporation and discusses the influence of the subjacent hole transporting layer (HTL) on its phase stability. By using FAI excess in the evaporation process in combination with phosphonic acids groups from the HTL, the black perovskite phase is stabilized at room temperature. Further addition of 32–59% methylammonium iodide (MAI) during the co‐evaporation process leads to good absorption properties and high PSC efficiencies of 20.4%. In addition, excellent stability is achieved for optimized MAI to FAI ratios, maintaining 100% of the initial PSC performance after 1000 h under constant operation. This highly stable perovskite composition enables the first monolithic fully textured perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with co‐evaporated perovskite absorbers. Due to the conformally covered pyramid texture, these tandem cells show minimal reflection losses and reach an efficiency of 24.6%.
A leaf area‐based non‐destructive approach to predict rice productivity
Authors: Hirooka Yoshihiro , Homma Koki , Shiraiwa Tatsuhiko 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLeaf canopy dynamicsare associated with crop productivity. Frequent, non‐destructive measurements of the leaf canopy using a plant canopy analyzer, followed by parameterization using a mathematical model, enabled the quantification of leaf area growth characteristics. However, an understanding of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar effect under various field conditions is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to compare leaf area growth parameters with rice productivity and analyze the cultivar differences in these relationships. In a 3‐yr field experiment, six rice cultivars were grown under environments with different nutrient provisions. Two leaf area growth parameters (maximum leaf area index growth rate and maximum interception rate) were determined from the measurements obtained using a plant canopy analyzer. They were compared with five crop growth parameters for rice productivity (yield, total dry weight, crop growth rate, nitrogen uptake rate, and radiation use efficiency). A logarithmic relationship exists between leaf area growth and crop growth parameters, which varied among rice cultivars. In addition, the leaf nitrogen content at the heading stage was associated with the cultivar variations. After considering the cultivar differences, yield prediction accuracy was improved using leaf area growth parameters (from R2 = .428 to R2 = .752). This indicates that these parameters are considered efficient indicators of rice productivity with regard to cultivar differences and leaf nitrogen content. The evaluation method using the parameters calculated with non‐destructive measurements could be a standard for crop monitoring in field experiments and will be useful for estimating crop productivity.
Corn response to row spacing and plant population in the Mid‐South United States
Authors: Williams John J. , Dodds Darrin M. , Buehring Normie W. , Dhillon Jagmandeep S. , Henry W. Brien 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMid‐South corn (Zea mays L.) producers continuously search for ways to increase grain yield. In this region, growers typically plant on 96‐cm beds to facilitate drainage of excess rainfall and irrigation but are concerned about wide row spacing causing intra‐row stress as plant populations steadily increase. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of row spacing and plant population on morphology and grain yield. The experiment assessed two row spacing (48 and 96 cm) and subplots that contained five plant populations (61,775, 86,485, 111,195, 135,905, and 160,615 plants ha–1). This study took place across six site‐years; in 2017, Starkville and Verona, MS, 2018, two in Starkville, MS, and in 2019, Starkville and Tchula, MS. Pooled over site‐years and plant populations, narrow rows increased grain yield by 5% (p < .01), stalk diameter by 4% (p < .01), and kernels per row by 6% (p < .01), compared to wide rows. Pooled over site‐years and row spacing, plant height, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, stalk diameter, kernel rows, kernels per row, and hundred‐kernel weight decreased as plant population increased except for ear height and leaf area index (LAI), which increased. Agronomic optimum plant populations ranged from 104 to 119 thousand ha–1 and were dependent upon site‐year. In conclusion, decreases in inter‐row spacing and increases in intra‐row spacing increased grain yield.
Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) access a nutritionally balanced, high energy, and abundant food, baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit, with extractive foraging and reingestion
Authors: Lindshield Stacy , Rothman Jessica M. , Ortmann Sylvia , Pruetz Jill D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntrinsic to several hypotheses explaining the evolution of foraging behavior complexity, such as proto‐tool use, is the assumption that more complex ingestive behaviors are adaptations allowing individuals to access difficult to procure but nutritionally or energetically rewarding foods. However, nutritional approaches to understanding this complexity have been underutilized. The goal of this study was to evaluate potential nutritional determinants of two unusual foraging behaviors, fruit cracking with anvils and seed reingestion, by adult male western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal during the baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit season. We examined these behaviors in relation to nutrient and energy intake, and compared macronutrient and energy concentrations found in baobab fruits to other plant foods. Adult males ingested at least 31 distinct foods from 23 plant species. Baobab fruit comprised the majority of daily energy intake (68 ± 34%, range: 0%–98%). The energetic concentration of baobab fruit varied by phenophase and part ingested, with ripe and semi‐ripe fruit ranking high in energy return rate. Males preferred ripe and semi‐ripe baobab fruit but unripe fruit intake was higher overall. The seed kernels were high in protein and fat relative to fruit pulp, and these kernels were easier to access during the unripe stage. During the ripe stage, seed kernels were accessible by reingestion, after the seed coat was softened during gut passage. In addition to providing macronutrients and energy, baobab fruit was a relatively abundant food source. We conclude that baobab pulp and seed are high quality foods at Fongoli during the baobab season because they are nutritionally balanced, high in energy, and relatively abundant in the environment. These nutritional and abundance characteristics may explain, in part, why these chimpanzees use anvils and reingestion to access a mechanically challenging food.
COVID‐19 presenting with spontaneous massive pneumomediastinum in a three‐month‐old child
Authors: Sinclair V. , Sharieff I. , Gaskell B. , McKechnie A. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryA three‐month‐old child presented to our district general hospital with acute respiratory distress. He was found to have massive spontaneous pneumomediastinum and extensive surgical emphysema overlying the neck. Tracheal intubation using the GlideScope® was difficult, and the patient’s trachea was ultimately intubated with a direct laryngoscope. Computed tomography revealed bilateral lung consolidation and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction swab was positive for SARS‐CoV‐2. There was no other precipitating factor to explain the presence of pneumomediastinum. The patient was treated with pleural and mediastinal drains, required five days of mechanical ventilation on a paediatric intensive care unit and subsequently made a full recovery. We outline our initial differential diagnosis, airway management plan, and propose a mechanism for the development of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in this case. We suggest that clinicians should consider pneumomediastinum as a potential cause of surgical emphysema, particularly in the context of COVID‐19, even in infants. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of COVID‐19 in this age group with spontaneous pneumomediastinum as the presenting feature.
Facile fabrication of silk fibroin/graphene oxide composite films and real‐time morphological observation in stretching
Authors: Shang Zihan , Yan Yinan , Jiang Jie , Wang Jielin , Yin Xiaoying 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLayer‐structured regenerated silk fibroin (SF)/graphene oxide (GO) composite films were fabricated by a facile solution casting method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and thermal gravity analysis confirmed the successful incorporation and uniform dispersion of graphene oxides in the SF matrix. To visualize GO's effect on the morphological evolution, atomic force microscopic images were recorded in real‐time during the composite elongation to establish a correlation between microscopic structural characters and macroscopic mechanical properties. The result showed that the incorporation of graphene oxide into the SF matrix resulted in chain conformational transition, film surface flattening, and mechanical reinforcement. Surface roughness dramatically decreased from 65 to 10 nm, while tensile modulus increased substantially from 8.61 to 22.37 MPa by adding well‐dispersed graphene oxide up to 1 wt% into the SF matrix. Through the real‐time AFM observation under the horizontal stretching mode, the surface topography of original SF films varied from tori‐spherical aggregations to rod‐like ones resulting from GO's incorporation. In the meantime, SF's hydrophobicity was also increased, as manifested by contact angle increase from 30.81° to 45.09°.