bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Edible dormouse (Glis glis) population study in south‐western Poland provides evidence of multiple paternity and communal nesting
Authors: Moska M. , Mucha A. , Wierzbicki H. , Nowak B. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe mating system of small populations, isolated as a result of habitat fragmentation, is a key factor in their survival. As such populations are at risk of losing their genetic variation, reduction of their evolutionary potential is a distinct possibility. A flexible mating system may therefore provide a means of maintaining genetic variation. The mating system of the edible dormouse (Glis glis), a small arboreal rodent endangered by the fragmentation of its habitats, is not well understood. To date, only one study has provided evidence of multiple paternity in dormice. We present the results of a four‐year study of eight isolated dormouse populations. Using 138 individuals and 10 polymorphic autosomal microsatellite loci, we examined the prevalence of multiple paternity in these populations. In addition, we investigated the frequency of communal nesting and the genetic relationships between the females and juveniles occupying a single nest box. We found a high prevalence of multiple paternity (70% of the litters were multiple‐sired), a weak genetic relationship between the juveniles and the accompanying females (in 81% of cases the female residing with juveniles in a nest box was not their biological mother) and a 10.5% frequency of communal nesting in all nests. Given the low genetic variability of dormice, the multiple paternity and promiscuity observed in this species can help to maintain its genetic diversity.
How the Canadian sentencing system impacts policy reform: An examination of the Harper era
Authors: Puddister Kate 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDuring the Harper era (2006–2015), the Canadian government actively pursued criminal justice policy reform. Many of its efforts focused on reforming the Canadian sentencing regime by increasing the severity of penalties, including expanding mandatory minimums. Yet, Canada's rate of incarceration remains stable. The inconsistency between the considerable focus on sentencing policy by the Harper government and the lack of significant change in incarceration rates merits further scrutiny. This contrast between policy effort and policy impact also presents an opportunity to examine how the context of criminal justice policy in Canada influences the nature of policy reform. Taking up this focus, this article articulates the context of Canadian criminal justice policy and considers how this context shapes the policymaking process and policy reform.
An overview of the NP versus DP debate
Authors: Köylü Yılmaz 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article provides an overview of what is known as the noun phrase (NP) versus determiner phrase (DP) debate. I first revisit the arguments by which a language would be assigned an NP or rather a DP structure, followed by the proper characterisation, function and features of determiners. I then summarise the typological endeavour of Bošković, surveying some of the syntactic and semantic correlates of the NP versus DP parameter and applying four of the diagnostics Bošković developed to Turkish as well as providing examples from other languages such as Korean, Vietnamese and Lithuanian. For each diagnostic, I provide some counterarguments that cast doubt on the validity of those diagnostics. I conclude, in line with Kornfilt (2017, 2018) that proposing correlations between an NP or a DP status of the nominal domain and a certain clustering of syntactic or semantic properties should be abandoned.
Building mental models from multiple texts: How readers construct coherence from inconsistent sources
Authors: Saux Gaston , Britt Mary Anne , Vibert Nicolas , Rouet Jean‐François 
Published: March 2021

AbstractText comprehension theories propose that readers try to achieve a coherent representation of the situation depicted in a text. When reading multiple texts on the same topic, however, achieving a coherent representation of a situation poses additional challenges. Different sources may offer inconsistent descriptions or interpretations of the situation, or even contradict one another. Thus, additional assumptions are needed to explain how readers build a coherent representation of a situation when reading multiple individual texts on the same subject. This paper reviews research contributions from the psychology of text comprehension on how readers integrate inconsistent information from multiple sources. We concentrate on two key processes: The construction of an interconnected representation of sources and text contents, and the evaluation of the acquired information. We begin by briefly discussing the standard approach of single‐text comprehension theories to representational coherence. Then, we examine the Documents Model Framework and other, associated proposals that claim that readers can achieve coherence of divergent text contents by constructing a representation of the texts which integrates information about the sources of the contents. We also consider the role of source evaluation as a reader strategy for constructing a single, coherent solution. Finally, we discuss theoretical and practical implications and we make suggestions for further readings.
Nursing care and prevalence of adverse events in prone position: Characteristics of mechanically ventilated patients with severe SARS‐CoV‐2 pulmonary infection
Authors: Rodríguez‐Huerta María Dolores , Díez‐Fernández Ana , Rodríguez‐Alonso María Jesús , Robles‐González María , Martín‐Rodríguez María , González‐García Alberto 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundBecause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, the use of prone positioning has dramatically increased in the intensive care unit (ICU). Because this manoeuvre is related to several complications, it must be performed in a protocolized manner by the appropriate personnel.AimTo determine the prevalence of adverse events (AEs) in patients admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of COVID‐19‐related acute respiratory distress syndrome (C‐ARDS) undergoing mechanical ventilation in prone position (PP).DesignDescriptive ambispective study of patients admitted to the ICU diagnosed with C‐ARDS undergoing mechanical ventilation who were in the PP at least once.The number of PP manoeuvres and the time spent in the PP were recorded for each subject. AEs proportions and frequencies were calculated, and analysis of variance was used to assess mean differences in the number of manoeuvres and total hours in PP stratified by the number of facial pressure ulcers. IBM SPSS Statistics v.25.0. and EPIDAT 4.1 software were used.ResultsForty‐four patients were analysed, and 130 PP manoeuvres were performed. The most frequently observed AEs were facial oedema in 26 patients (80.3%) and facial pressure ulcers in 20 (60.6%). There was a significant positive association between the time spent in PP and the development of facial pressure ulcers (P < .001). Enteral nutrition was well tolerated, and no serious AEs or sentinel events were noted.ConclusionDespite the stressful, demanding situation during the peak of the pandemic, the large number of PP manoeuvres, and long duration spent in this position, no serious AEs occurred. This study highlights the need to implement preventive measures to avoid the development of pressure ulcers secondary to prone positioning.Relevance to practiceProne positioning requires a nursing protocol to prevent the occurrence of AEs that may reduce the quality of nursing care.
The relationship between self‐esteem and psychological distress in critical care nurses
Authors: Duran Sedef , Önel Çisem , Güloğlu Pelin , Ümit Sibel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundSelf‐esteem can be described as negative or positive beliefs people have about themselves. It is an important personal source to combat stress and protect health, and related to job satisfaction.Aims and objectivesThe aim of this study was to examine the relationship between self‐esteem and psychological distress in critical care nurses.DesignA cross‐sectional study.MethodsThe research population of study consisted of 121 critical care nurses working at a university hospital in Edirne, Turkey between January and April 2017. A questionnaire consisting of 26 questions was used to obtain the personal and demographic information. The Symptom Check List‐90‐R test was used to determine the emotional status and the self‐esteem scale was used to determine the self‐esteem status of the participants. Participants were divided into two groups according to the self‐esteem scale median score (Group 1: below 60, and Group 2: 60 and above).ResultsThe general severity index of the nurses was 1.11 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00‐1.21). The general severity index of those with a self‐esteem scale score below 60 was 1.47 (95% CI 1.37‐1.57), while for those who with a self‐esteem score of 60 and above, it was 0.73 (95% CI 0.59‐0.87). The general severity index of the nurses in Group 1 was statistically significantly higher than that for those in Group 2. The number of nurses with a high symptom level in Group 1 was statistically significantly higher than those in Group 2.ConclusionsThe study showed that the general severity index and poor symptom level ratios associated with mental well‐being are high in critical care nurses. However, critical care nurses with high self‐esteem had fewer psychological problems than those with lower self‐esteem.Relevance to clinical practiceCritical care nurses with low self‐esteem should be given assertiveness, resilience, and interpersonal communication skills training, even outside of health care.
Underappreciated plant vulnerabilities to heat waves
Authors: Breshears David D. , Fontaine Joseph B. , Ruthrof Katinka X. , Field Jason P. , Feng Xiao , Burger Joseph R. , Law Darin J. , Kala Jatin , Hardy Giles E. St. J. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryWith climate change, heat waves are becoming increasingly frequent, intense and broader in spatial extent. However, while the lethal effects of heat waves on humans are well documented, the impacts on flora are less well understood, perhaps except for crops. We summarize recent findings related to heat wave impacts including: sublethal and lethal effects at leaf and plant scales, secondary ecosystem effects, and more complex impacts such as increased heat wave frequency across all seasons, and interactions with other disturbances. We propose generalizable practical trials to quantify the critical bounding conditions of vulnerability to heat waves. Collectively, plant vulnerabilities to heat waves appear to be underappreciated and understudied, particularly with respect to understanding heat wave driven plant die‐off and ecosystem tipping points.
The Pathways of Policy Feedback: How Health Reform Influences Political Efficacy and Participation
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. , Mettler Suzanne , Zhu Ling 
Published: March 2021

How do policy feedback effects occur? A growing number of rigorous empirical studies provide evidence that new policies can, indeed, stimulate new politics, such as increased political participation among citizens, but greater understanding is needed of the underlying mechanisms and long‐term policy feedback effects. This paper puts forth a dynamic theory of the mechanisms through which policy experiences may influence political participation, focusing particularly on political efficacy. We use five waves of panel data collected over 8 years to investigate the impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), controlling for pre‐existing ideology and socio‐economic and demographic factors. We analyze the impact of resource and interpretive effects and disentangle direct and indirect effects. We find that the ACA has elevated Americans’ political efficacy and political participation with large and enduring effects, and we show the pathways through which this has occurred.
Economic openness, government efficiency, and urbanization
Authors: Chen Zuocheng , Paudel Krishna P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe develop a theoretical model of the impact of economic openness and government efficiency on urbanization. The theoretical model is supplemented with the Malmquist–Luenberger index of Super‐slack‐based measure with undesirable outputs and dynamic panel data model. The empirical models use data collected from 30 provinces in China from 2004 to 2017. Results indicate that improvement in the level of trade openness in an urban area can increase the urban population. The improvement in government efficiency in an urban area can also increase the urban population. Regional trade openness can effectively promote regional migration. Trade openness has a mediation effect between government efficiency and migration. We also find that trade openness favors female rather than male migration to urban areas.
Timescale dependent sedimentary record during the past 130 kyr from a tropical mixed siliciclastic–carbonate shelf edge and slope: Ashmore Trough (southern Gulf of Papua)
Authors: Mallarino Gianni , Francis Jason M. , Jorry Stephan J. , Daniell James J. , Droxler AndrÉ W. , Dickens Gerald R. , Beaufort Luc , Bentley Samuel J. , Opdyke Bradley N. , Peterson Larry C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn tropical and sub‐tropical mixed siliciclastic–carbonate depositional systems, fluvial input and in situ neritic carbonate interact over space and time. Despite being the subject of many studies, controls on partitioning of mixed sediments remains controversial. Mixed sedimentary records, from Ashmore Trough shelf edge and slopes (southern Gulf of Papua), are coupled with global sea‐level curves and anchored to Marine Isotope Stage stratigraphy to constrain models of sediment accumulation at two different timescales for the past 130 kyr: (i) 100 kyr scale for last glacial cycle; and (ii) millennial scale for last deglaciation. During the last glacial cycle, carbonate production and accumulation were primarily controlled by sea‐level fluctuations. Export of neritic carbonate to the slopes was initiated during re‐flooding of previously exposed reefs and continued during Marine Isotope Stage 5e and 1 interglacial sea‐level highs. Siliciclastic fluxes to the slope were controlled by interplay of sea level, shelf physiography and oceanic currents. Heterogeneous accumulation of siliciclastic mud on the slope, took place during Marine Isotope Stage 5d to Marine Isotope Stage 3 sea‐level fall. Siliciclastics reached adjacent depocentres during Marine Isotope Stage 2. Coralgal reef and oolitic–skeletal sand resumed at the shelf edge during the subsequent stepwise sea‐level rise of the last deglaciation. Contemporaneous, abrupt siliciclastic input from increased precipitation and fluvial discharge illustrates that climate controlled deglacial sedimentation. Siliciclastic input persisted until ca 8.5 ka. Carbonate accumulation waned at the shelf edge after ca 14 ka, whereas it increased on the slopes since ca 11.5 ka, when previously exposed reef and bank tops were re‐flooded. When comparing the last sea‐level cycle sedimentation patterns of the southern Gulf of Papua with other coeval mixed systems, sea level and shelf physiography emerge as primary controls on deposition at the 100 kyr scale. At the millennial scale, siliciclastic input was also controlled by climate change during the unstable atmospheric and oceanic conditions of the last deglaciation.
Public and private pension systems and macroeconomic volatility in OECD countries
Authors: Holzner Mario , Jestl Stefan , Pichler David 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper analyses the impact of public pension expenditures and pension funds' assets as well as its paid‐out benefits on macroeconomic volatility. We use panel data for 35 OECD countries for the period 1980–2018 and apply a set of state‐of‐the‐art econometric estimators. Our results suggest a smoothing effect of public pension expenditures on per capita consumption growth volatility and overall macroeconomic volatility. We however do not find such effects coming from pension funds' paid‐out benefits. In contrast, the effect of pension funds' assets depends crucially on the level of economic development: there is a dampening effect on per capita investment growth volatility in less developed countries; while a volatility‐boosting effect in most developed countries.
Infant motor development and physical activity and sedentary time at midlife
Authors: Karppanen Anna‐Kaisa , Hurtig Tuula , Miettunen Jouko , Niemelä Maisa , Tammelin Tuija , Korpelainen Raija 
Published: March 2021

This study investigated whether the timing of infant motor development is associated with self‐reported and accelerometer‐measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) in midlife. This population‐based study consisted of 4098 people born in 1966 in Northern Finland (NFBC 1966). Data on nine infant motor developmental milestones included making sounds, holding up the head, grabbing objects, turning from back to tummy, sitting without support, standing with support, walking with support, standing without support, and walking without support. At the age of 46, PA at leisure time and sitting time was self‐reported. PA and ST were also measured with a wrist‐worn Polar Active accelerometer that was instructed to be worn on the non‐dominant hand 24 h/d for 14 days. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the association between infant motor development and PA and ST in midlife. Later infant motor development was weakly associated with higher accelerometer‐measured light PA, but not with moderate‐to‐vigorous PA. Later infant locomotor development was associated with lower accelerometer‐measured ST (β −0.07,p = 0.012) and lower self‐reported sitting time at work (β −0.06,p = 0.004) in women. In conclusion, later infant motor development was associated with higher light PA and lower sedentary time at middle age. PA is a multifactorial behavior influenced by various factors from early childhood to midlife. Further research is required before more general conclusions can be drawn.
Diversification of myrmecophilous Clavigeritae beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) and their radiation in New Caledonia
Authors: Hlavá  č Peter , Parker Joseph , Maruyama Munetoshi , Fiká č ek Martin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractClavigeritae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) comprise a supertribe of specialized myrmecophile rove beetles that display numerous behavioural, chemical and anatomical modifications associated with a socially parasitic lifestyle. Due to the extreme morphological diversity of clavigerites, their systematic relationships, patterns of character evolution and host ant use have been challenging to infer. Here, we resolve deep divergences within Clavigeritae by assembling a molecular dataset encompassing the breadth of tribal diversity. We classify Clavigeritae into six tribes: extinct Protoclavigerini, and recent Tiracerini, Mastigerini sensu nov., Clavigerini sensu nov., Lunillini sensu nov. and Disarthricerini stat. nov. The previously recognized subtribes Clavigerodina, Apoderigerina, Dimerometopina, Hoplitoxenina, Miroclavigerina, Theocerina and Thysdarina are demonstrated as polyphyletic or highly derived internal clades of Clavigerini and are hereby synonymized with the latter. Colilodion – a highly enigmatic taxon proposed to be the earliest‐branching lineage of recent Clavigeritae – is revealed to be unrelated to Clavigeritae and is transferred to Pselaphitae. We provide a systematic treatment of newly‐discovered endemic genera from New Caledonia and infer their phylogenetic affinity to the Australian tribe Tiracerini. The zoogeographic distribution of early‐branching Clavigeritae lineages in India and the Australian region indicates a possible Gondwanan origin of the supertribe. Extant clades diversified from the Eocene onwards, correlated with the rise of modern ants. We present evidence for island radiations of Clavigeritae in both Madagascar and New Caledonia during the Oligocene‐Miocene. Using a newly‐created morphological dataset, we analyse patterns of character evolution and demonstrate widespread convergence in morphology that extends to virtually all traits. Counterintuitively, however, characters postulated to be involved in beetle‐ant communication are amongst the most invariant, and least convergent. The host ant spectrum of many Clavigeritae genera and species is broad, contradicting co‐cladogenesis with hosts and instead implying widespread host switching. We speculate whether morphological variability in Clavigeritae is truly adaptive, as opposed to the product of ‘morphological drift’ of body parts under weak selection inside ant colonies, in species with potentially very small effective population sizes.
Magma dehydration controls the energy of recent eruptions at Mt. Etna volcano
Authors: Zuccarello Francesco , Schiavi Federica , Viccaro Marco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOlivine‐hosted melt inclusions (MIs) from tephra of the recent 2013–2018 activity at Mt. Etna were investigated for assessing the chemical evolution of magmas and quantifying their pre‐eruptive volatile budget. Microanalyses revealed two types of MIs present in all investigated eruptions; the inclusions, particularly the less evolved ones, appear to have experienced water loss coupled with SiO2 depletion. Restoration of the original SiO2‐H2O concentrations provides consistency with the thermodynamic modelling of magma evolution. The two types of MIs developed during crystallization of olivine plus clinopyroxene between 200 and 100 MPa, where magmas also experienced CO2 flushing. Degassing processes at these levels are responsible for water depletion in the melt and diffusive water loss from inclusions. Our data suggest that initial water budget is unchanged all over the last 20 years, reflecting therefore a potential in triggering highly explosive eruptions depending on degassing dynamics under open versus closed system conditions at shallow levels.
Plant genome editing: ever more precise and wide reaching
Authors: Sukegawa Satoru , Saika Hiroaki , Toki Seiichi 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYGenome‐editing technologies consisting of targeted mutagenesis and gene targeting enable us to modify genes of interest rapidly and precisely. The discovery in 2012 of CRISPR/Cas9 systems and their development as sequence‐specific nucleases has brought about a paradigm shift in biology. Initially, CRISPR/Cas9 was applied in targeted mutagenesis to knock out a target gene. Thereafter, advances in genome‐editing technologies using CRISPR/Cas9 developed rapidly, with base editing systems for transition substitution using a combination of Cas9 nickase and either cytidine or adenosine deaminase being reported in 2016 and 2017, respectively, and later in 2021 bringing reports of transversion substitution using Cas9 nickase, cytidine deaminase and uracil DNA glycosylase. Moreover, technologies for gene targeting and prime editing systems using DNA or RNA as donors have also been developed in recent years. Besides these precise genome‐editing strategies, reports of successful chromosome engineering using CRISPR/Cas9 have been published recently. The application of genome editing to crop breeding has advanced in parallel with the development of these technologies. Genome‐editing enzymes can be introduced into plant cells, and there are now many examples of crop breeding using genome‐editing technologies. At present, it is no exaggeration to say that we are now in a position to be able to modify a gene precisely and rearrange genomes and chromosomes in a predicted way. In this review, we introduce and discuss recent highlights in the field of precise gene editing, chromosome engineering and genome engineering technology in plants.