bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Random Telegraph Noise in Metal‐Oxide Memristors for True Random Number Generators: A Materials Study
Authors: Li Xuehua , Zanotti Tommaso , Wang Tao , Zhu Kaichen , Puglisi Francesco Maria , Lanza Mario 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSome memristors with metal/insulator/metal (MIM) structure have exhibited random telegraph noise (RTN) current signals, which makes them ideal to build true random number generators (TRNG) for advanced data encryption. However, there is still no clear guide on how essential manufacturing parameters like materials selection, thicknesses, deposition methods, and device lateral size can influence the quality of the RTN signal. In this paper, an exhaustive statistical analysis on the quality of the RTN signals produced by different MIM‐like memristors is reported, and straightforward guidelines for the fabrication of memristors with enhanced RTN performance are presented, which are: i) Ni and Ti electrodes show better RTN than Au electrodes, ii) the 50 μm × 50 μm devices show better RTN than the 5 μm × 5 μm ones, iii) TiO2 shows better RTN than HfO2 and Al2O3, iv) sputtered‐oxides show better RTN than ALD‐oxides, and v) 10 nm thick oxides show better RTN than 5 nm thick oxides. The RTN signals recorded have been used as entropy sources in high‐throughput TRNG circuits, which have passed the randomness tests of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The work can serve as a useful guide for materials scientists and electronic engineers when fabricating MIM‐like memristors for RTN applications.
Microswimmer Combing: Controlling Interfacial Dynamics for Open‐Surface Multifunctional Screening of Small Animals
Authors: Sun Gongchen , Manning Cassidy‐Arielle , Lee Ga Hyun , Majeed Maryam , Lu Hang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractImage‐based screening of multicellular model organisms is critical for both investigating fundamental biology and drug development. Current microfluidic techniques for high‐throughput manipulation of small model organisms, although useful, are generally complicated to operate, which impedes their widespread adoption by biology laboratories. To address this challenge, this paper presents an ultrasimple and yet effective approach, “microswimmer combing,” to rapidly isolate live small animals on an open‐surface array. This approach exploits a dynamic contact line‐combing mechanism designed to handle highly active microswimmers. The isolation method is robust, and the device operation is simple for users without a priori experience. The versatile open‐surface device enables multiple screening applications, including high‐resolution imaging of multicellular organisms, on‐demand mutant selection, and multiplexed chemical screening. The simplicity and versatility of this method provide broad access to high‐throughput experimentation for biologists and open up new opportunities to study active microswimmers by different scientific communities.
Bioactive Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Derived from 3D Stem Cell Spheroids under Macromolecular Crowding Serves as a Scaffold for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Chiang Cheng‐En , Fang Yi‐Qiao , Ho Chao‐Ting , Assunção Marisa , Lin Sheng‐Ju , Wang Yu‐Chieh , Blocki Anna , Huang Chieh‐Cheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractScaffolds for tissue engineering aim to mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM) that provides physical support and biochemical signals to modulate multiple cell behaviors. However, the majority of currently used biomaterials are oversimplified and therefore fail to provide a niche required for the stimulation of tissue regeneration. In the present study, 3D decellularized ECM (dECM) scaffolds derived from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) spheroids and with intricate matrix composition are developed. Specifically, application of macromolecular crowding (MMC) to MSC spheroid cultures facilitate ECM assembly in a 3D configuration, resulting in the accumulation of ECM and associated bioactive components. Decellularized 3D dECM constructs produced under MMC are able to adequately preserve the microarchitecture of structural ECM components and are characterized by higher retention of growth factors. This results in a stronger proangiogenic bioactivity as compared to constructs produced under uncrowded conditions. These dECM scaffolds can be homogenously populated by endothelial cells, which direct the macroassembly of the structures into larger cell‐carrying constructs. Application of empty scaffolds enhances intrinsic revascularization in vivo, indicating that the 3D dECM scaffolds represent optimal proangiogenic bioactive blocks for the construction of larger engineered tissue constructs.
Antioxidant Activity and Toxicity Study of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Stabilized with Innovative Functional Copolymers
Authors: Goujon Geoffroy , Baldim Victor , Roques Caroline , Bia Nicolas , Seguin Johanne , Palmier Bruno , Graillot Alain , Loubat Cédric , Mignet Nathalie , Margaill Isabelle , Berret Jean‐François , Beray‐Berthat Virginie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOxidative stress, which is one of the main harmful mechanisms of pathologies including ischemic stroke, contributes to both neurons and endothelial cell damages, leading to vascular lesions. Although many antioxidants are tested in preclinical studies, no treatment is currently available for stroke patients. Since cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) exhibit remarkable antioxidant capacities, the objective is to develop an innovative coating to enhance CNPs biocompatibility without disrupting their antioxidant capacities or enhance their toxicity. This study reports the synthesis and characterization of functional polymers and their impact on the enzyme‐like catalytic activity of CNPs. To study the toxicity and the antioxidant properties of CNPs for stroke and particularly endothelial damages, in vitro studies are conducted on a cerebral endothelial cell line (bEnd.3). Despite their internalization in bEnd.3 cells, coated CNPs are devoid of cytotoxicity. Microscopy studies report an intracellular localization of CNPs, more precisely in endosomes. All CNPs reduces glutamate‐induced intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in endothelial cells but one CNP significantly reduces both the production of mitochondrial superoxide anion and DNA oxidation. In vivo studies report a lack of toxicity in mice. This study therefore describes and identifies biocompatible CNPs with interesting antioxidant properties for ischemic stroke and related pathologies.
A Decade of Advances in Single‐Cell Nanocoating for Mammalian Cells
Authors: Lee Hojae , Kim Nayoung , Rheem Hyeong Bin , Kim Beom Jin , Park Ji Hun , Choi Insung S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStrategic advances in the single‐cell nanocoating of mammalian cells have noticeably been made during the last decade, and many potential applications have been demonstrated. Various cell‐coating strategies have been proposed via adaptation of reported methods in the surface sciences and/or materials identification that ensure the sustainability of labile mammalian cells during chemical manipulation. Here an overview of the methodological development and potential applications to the healthcare sector in the nanocoating of mammalian cells made during the last decade is provided. The materials used for the nanocoating are categorized into polymers, hydrogels, polyphenolic compounds, nanoparticles, and minerals, and the corresponding strategies are described under the given set of materials. It also suggests, as a future direction, the creation of the cytospace system that is hierarchically composed of the physically separated but mutually interacting cellular hybrids.
Observation of Yu–Shiba–Rusinov States in Superconducting Graphene
Authors: Cortés‐del Río Eva , Lado Jose Luis , Cherkez Vladimir , Mallet Pierre , Veuillen Jean‐Yves , Cuevas Juan Carlos , Gómez‐Rodríguez José María , Fernández‐Rossier Joaquín , Brihuega Iván 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhen magnetic atoms are inserted inside a superconductor, the superconducting order is locally depleted as a result of the antagonistic nature of magnetism and superconductivity. Thereby, distinctive spectral features, known as Yu–Shiba–Rusinov states, appear inside the superconducting gap. The search for Yu–Shiba–Rusinov states in different materials is intense, as they can be used as building blocks to promote Majorana modes suitable for topological quantum computing. Here, the first observation of Yu–Shiba–Rusinov states in graphene, a non‐superconducting 2D material, and without the participation of magnetic atoms, is reported. Superconductivity in graphene is induced by proximity effect brought by adsorbing nanometer‐scale superconducting Pb islands. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy the superconducting proximity gap is measured in graphene, and Yu–Shiba–Rusinov states are visualized in graphene grain boundaries. The results reveal the very special nature of those Yu–Shiba–Rusinov states, which extends more than 20 nm away from the grain boundaries. These observations provide the long‐sought experimental confirmation that graphene grain boundaries host local magnetic moments and constitute the first observation of Yu–Shiba–Rusinov states in a chemically pure system.
A Non‐Encapsulated Polymorphous U‐Shaped Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Multiform Hydropower Harvesting
Authors: Zhang Xuemei , Hu Jie , Zeng Qixuan , Yang Huake , He Wencong , Li Qianying , Li Xiaochuan , Yang Hongmei , Hu Chenguo , Xi Yi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractVarious structures for triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been designed to generate clean, low‐frequency hydropower, and provide solutions for next‐generation sustainable power supplies, including the solid–liquid contact electrification mode and full‐packaged solid–solid contact electrification mode. However, most of them can only adapt to a single form of hydropower. Moreover, electrostatic shielding in water and corrosion of the triboelectric material in the solid–liquid mode are inevitable. In addition, the devices in the fully enclosed mode have the disadvantages of complexity, low cost‐effectiveness, and complex disassembly, which hinder its development and practicality. Herein, a non‐encapsulated polymorphous U‐shaped TENG for multiform hydropower harvesting with effective robustness is designed, which contains two joinable parts: one U‐shaped multilayered TENG unit, and three trigger ends chosen according to actual requirements. The joinable design can directly reduce the waterproof treatment of U‐shaped multilayer section, performance degradation caused by humidity, and effectively avoids electrostatic shielding caused by water and corrosion of triboelectric materials. Furthermore, different forms of hydropower collection, such as the energy of surface water wave, underwater wave/flow, and water droplet can be achieved using the corresponding trigger end. This study provides a feasible scheme for efficient and economical multiform hydropower collection based on triboelectric technology.
Haze‐Suppressed Transparent Electrodes Using IZO/Ag/IZO Nanomesh for Highly Flexible and Efficient Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lee Ho Jin , Kim Bo‐Hyun , Takaloo Ashkan Vakilipour , Son Kyung Rock , Dongale Tukaram D. , Lim Kyoung Moon , Kim Tae Geun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNano‐mesh (NM) structures have been employed as flexible and stretchable electrodes for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, high optical haze induced by NM structures should be diminished while enhancing the transparency and lowering the sheet resistance simultaneously for their practical use. Herein, a highly flexible transparent electrode is demonstrated using indium zinc oxide (IZO)/Ag/IZO NM structure to satisfy all these requirements without complex designs in NM structures. The proposed NM electrode shows remarkably low haze (<10%), high optical transparency (>90%), and low sheet resistance (≈9.4 Ω sq–1), together with superior flexibility. Moreover, the smart NM‐based blue OLED shows characteristics of a Lambertian light source, with high external quantum efficiency (≈18.8%) and unprecedentedly outstanding bending properties. The experimental and theoretical analyses ascribe these improvements to the enhanced charge injection via conductive IZO with high work function as well as reduced surface reflection and diffraction of emitted light via anti‐reflective NM structure.
η6‐Arene CH−O Interaction Directed Dynamic Kinetic Resolution – Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation (DKR‐ATH) of α‐Keto/enol‐Lactams
Authors: Luo Zhonghua , Sun Guodong , Wu Shuming , Chen Yong , Lin Yicao , Zhang Lei , Wang Zhongqing 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA dynamic kinetic resolution – asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (DKR‐ATH) methodology of α‐keto/enol‐lactams was developed. We also propose a possible catalytic mechanism evolving a transition state stabilized by η6‐arene CH−O interaction. The efficient approach can be applied to a wide range of substrates including non‐aryl ones which would be difficult to prepare by other asymmetric reduction methods.magnified image
Secondary osteon variants and remodeling in human bone
Authors: Cooke Karen M. , Mahoney Patrick , Miszkiewicz Justyna J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHistomorphometric analysis of human cortical bone has documented the occurrence of secondary osteon variants. These include drifting osteons which form tails as they move erratically through the cortex and Type II osteons which show partial resorption and redeposition within the cement line of the osteon. Little is known about the biological significance of these variants. Prior studies suggested correlations with age, biomechanics, diet, and mineral homeostasis. No study has yet tested for osteon variant associations with static measures of bone remodeling. In this study, thin sections (n = 112) of the posterior femur representing a late English Medieval adult human osteological collection, subdivided by age, sex, and socio‐economic status, were examined to determine whether remodeling indicators reconstructed from osteon parameters (area, diameter, area ratios) and densities differed between categories of presence or absence of Type II and drifting osteon variants. Of the 112 sections, 33 presented with Type II osteons, and 38 had drifting osteons. Sporadic statistically significant results were identified. Haversian canal:osteon area ratio differed (p =  0.017) with Type II osteon presence, Type II osteons were more prevalent in males than females (p =  0.048), and drifting osteons were associated with smaller osteon (p =  0.049) and Haversian canal area (p =  0.05). These results may be explained through some biological (sex) and social (status) processes such as a period of physiological recovery (e.g., following lactation, malnutrition). However, the general lack of consistent relationships between osteon variants and remodeling indicators suggests they occur as a result of natural variation.
Toad venom: A comprehensive review of chemical constituents, anticancer activities, and mechanisms
Authors: Li Fang‐Jie , Hu Jing‐Hong , Ren Xin , Zhou Cheng‐Mei , Liu Qian , Zhang Yong‐Qing 
Published: April 2021

AbstractToad venom, a traditional natural medicine, has been used for hundreds of years in China for treating different diseases. Many studies have been performed to elucidate the cardiotonic and analgesic activities of toad venom. Until the last decade, an increasing number of studies have documented that toad venom is a source of lead compound(s) for the development of potential cancer treatment drugs. Research has shown that toad venom contains 96 types of bufadienolide monomers and 23 types of indole alkaloids, such as bufalin, cinobufagin, arenobufagin, and resibufogenin, which exhibit a wide range of anticancer activities in vitro and, in particular, in vivo for a range of cancers. The main antitumor mechanisms are likely to be apoptosis or/and autophagy induction, cell cycle arrest, cell metastasis suppression, reversal of drug resistance, or growth inhibition of cancer cells. This review summarizes the chemical constituents of toad venom, analyzing their anticancer activities and molecular mechanisms for cancer treatments. We also outline the importance of further studies regarding the material basis and anticancer mechanisms of toad venom.
Identification of Crocin as a New hIAPP Amyloid Inhibitor via a Simple Yet Highly Biospecific Screening System
Authors: Lu Jingxuan , Lu Zhongxia , Liu Luxin , Li Xinyu , Yu Wengong , Lu Xinzhi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAmylin (hIAPP) amyloid formation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D), which makes it a promising therapeutic target for T2D. In this study, we established a screening tool for identifying chemicals affecting hIAPP amyloid formation based on a reported genetic tool, which constantly tracks protein aggregates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In order to obtain the hIAPP with better aggregation ability, the gene of hIAPP was tandemly ligated to create 1×, 2×, 4× or 6×‐hIAPP expressing strains. By measuring the cell density and fluorescence intensity of green fluorescent protein (GFP) regulated by the aggregation status of hIAPP, it was found that four intramolecular ligated hIAPP (4×hIAPP) could form obvious amyloids with mild toxicity. The validity and reliability of the screening tool were verified by testing six reported hIAPP inhibitors, including curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate and so on. Combined with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and the screening tool, which could be a screening system for hIAPP inhibitors, we found that crocin specifically binds to hIAPP and acts inhibit amyloid formation of hIAPP. The effect of crocin was further confirmed by Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Thus, a screening system for hIAPP amyloid inhibitors and a new mechanism of crocin on anti‐T2D were obtained as a result of this study.
Synthetic Phosphoethanolamine Cellobiose Promotes Escherichia coli Biofilm Formation and Congo Red Binding
Authors: Nguyen Johny M. , Moore Rebecca E. , Spicer Sabrina K. , Gaddy Jennifer A. , Townsend Steven D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by bacteria growing in complex, multicellular enclosed aggregates known as biofilms. Recently, a zwitterionic cellulose derivative produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli) was determined to play an important role in the formation and assembly of biofilms. In order to produce a minimal, yet structurally defined tool compound to probe the biology of the naturally occurring polymer, we have synthesized a zwitterionic phosphoethanolamine cellobiose (pEtN cellobiose) and evaluated its biofilm activity in the Gram‐negative bacterium E. coli, a pathogen implicated in the pathogenesis of UTIs. The impact of synthetic pEtN cellobiose on biofilm formation was examined via colorimetric assays which revealed an increase in cellular adhesion to an abiotic substrate compared to untreated samples. Additionally, Congo red binding assays indicate that culturing E. coli in the presence of pEtN cellobiose enhances Congo Red binding to bacterial cells. These results reveal new opportunities to study the impact glycopolymers have on cellular adhesion in Gram‐negative pathogens.
Synthesis of Spirocycles via Ni‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Coupling of Thioesters and Olefins
Authors: Liu Wenfei , Xu Wenhua , Wang Juanjuan , Lu Hong , Xu Peng‐Fei , Wei Hao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA nickel‐catalyzed intramolecular coupling of thioesters and olefins has been developed for the efficient synthesis of spirocycles, a privileged scaffold commonly found in natural products. This transformation is characterized by the simultaneous transfer of both acyl and thiol moieties to the alkene, with the suppression of decarbonylation and β‐hydrogen elimination. Initial mechanistic investigations are consistent with an oxidative addition/olefin insertion/reductive elimination mechanism. The incorporated methylene sulfide substituent can undergo a variety of further reactions to increase molecular diversity and complexity. These results demonstrate that thioester derivatives can be used as powerful building blocks for the assembly of complex scaffolds.
Broad Scope and High‐Yield Access to Unsymmetrical Acyclic [11C]Ureas for Biomedical Imaging from [11C]Carbonyl Difluoride
Authors: Jakobsson Jimmy E. , Telu Sanjay , Lu Shuiyu , Jana Susovan , Pike Victor W. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEffective methods are needed for labelling acyclic ureas with carbon‐11 (t1/2=20.4 min) as potential radiotracers for biomedical imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). Herein, we describe the rapid and high‐yield syntheses of unsymmetrical acyclic [11C]ureas under mild conditions (room temperature and within 7 min) using no‐carrier‐added [11C]carbonyl difluoride with aliphatic and aryl amines. This methodology is compatible with diverse functionality (e. g., hydroxy, carboxyl, amino, amido, or pyridyl) in the substrate amines. The labelling process proceeds through putative [11C]carbamoyl fluorides and for primary amines through isolable [11C]isocyanate intermediates. Unsymmetrical [11C]ureas are produced with negligible amounts of unwanted symmetrical [11C]urea byproducts. Moreover, the overall labelling method tolerates trace water and the generally moderate to excellent yields show good reproducibility. [11C]Carbonyl difluoride shows exceptional promise for application to the synthesis of acyclic [11C]ureas as new radiotracers for biomedical imaging with PET.
Impact of insurance status on the survival of younger patients diagnosed with acute promyelocytic leukemia in the United States
Authors: Jamy Omer H. , Godby Richard , Dhir Aditi , Costa Luciano J. , Xavier Ana C. 
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUNDSurvival among patients diagnosed with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has significantly improved with the use of all‐trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide. However, the need for immediate diagnosis and access to specialized care and the cost associated with APL management can potentially act as barriers for disadvantaged patients. The influence of sociodemographic factors on the outcomes of patients with APL remains unclear.METHODSThe authors used the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program to characterize the impact of sociodemographic factors on survival in patients younger than 65 years with APL.RESULTSThe authors identified 1787 cases: 816 who were younger than 40 years and 971 who were 40 years old or older. Insured patients who were younger than 40 years had an improved 5‐year overall survival (OS) rate in comparison with patients without insurance. Among patients who were 40 years or older, having insurance (other than Medicaid) was associated with better survival than being a Medicaid beneficiary or being uninsured, whereas patients with Medicaid had improved 5‐year OS in comparison with uninsured patients. In a multivariate analysis of patients younger than 40 years, a higher risk of death was associated with being male, being diagnosed in earlier years, and being uninsured. For patients who were 40 years old or older, mortality increased with increasing age and for both Medicaid and uninsured patients in comparison with insured patients.CONCLUSIONSDespite the high cure rate experienced by patients with APL, patients younger than 65 years without insurance and those 40 years old or older with Medicaid are at a significant disadvantage in comparison with patients with insurance. These findings point to an opportunity to improve survival in APL by addressing access to care.