bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSX-A-29 Late-Breaking: Use of machine learning algorithms to predict residual feed intake value and classification groups in commercial beef cattle
Authors: Manafiazar Ghader , Riazi Mohammad , Basarab John A , Li Changxi , Stothard Paul , Plastow Graham 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the potential of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to predict residual feed intake (RFI) classification group (high or low RFI) and individual RFI using performance records and genomic information. A total of 4145 animals from research and commercial herds with RFI performance records were included in the study from which 3899 cattle had genomic information (genotyped using Illumina Bovine 50k SNP BeadChip). Different libraries based on R and Python including Lazy Predict, Scikit-learn, PyCaret, and H2O Flow were used to test various ML models. Genomic information was subjected to quality control by removing SNPs with an allele frequency less than 0.05 or with a call rate lower than 0.95. A total of 42,689 SNPs remained for further analysis and accounted for 34% of phenotypic variation (heritability of 0.34±0.07) in RFI. Different numbers of SNPs were selected based on their contribution to phenotypic variation (500 SNPs, 1K, 5K, 10K, and 15K) then were included in the ML models. The GLM Stacked Ensemble model with 15k SNPs performed better than the other models to predict RFI classification group (R2 = 0.54). Regardless of the number of SNPs included in the model, GLM Stacked Ensemble performed better than other models to predict individual RFI. This model’s performance improved with increasing SNPs (MAE=0.39 for 500 SNPs; 0.31 for 15k SNPs). In the test data set, an increasing number of SNPs did not change the performance of the model and had a MAE of 0.39). The results demonstrate the potential for ML to improve predictions for feed efficiency compare to genomic analysis in beef cattle without measuring feed intake.
PSXIII-30 Late-Breaking: The change of immune function markers and spectrotype of cytokine causing subclinical and clinical mastitis in the dairy cows
Authors: Leshchukov Konstantin , Klimov Nikolay , Lobodin Konstantin , Pavlenko Olga , Sleptsov Evgeniy , Plemyashov Kirill 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The study aimed to determine the immune function markers of clinically healthy cows and cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis caused by the coagulase-negative staphylococci. The materials were milk and blood of cows (n = 20; first group) had the clinical mastitis caused by S. aureus and S. haemolyticus, another 20 (second group) had the subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus and S. haemolyticus, another 20 (third group) were clinically health cows. The milk was examinated by a Californian mastitis test. The immune markers of blood were researched by ELISA using Bovine Elisa Kit (Cloud-CloneCorp. HoustonTX, USA) and relevance methods (The guidelines for the assessment and correction of animal immune status, Voronezh, Russia, 2005). It has been found that the blood of cows of the 2d group had a high level of Interleukin- 2 (15.9±0.4 pg/mL), TNF-α (639.2±19.1 pg/mL), CIC (0.128±0.01 g/L), Serum Bactericidal Activity (78.5±1.4 %) compared with 3d group. It was the reducing of Ig level by 19.6% (20.6±0.3g/L) and Lysozyme activity by 28.4% (2.097±0.02 µg/mL) (P &lt; 0,05-0,001). The comparative analysis of immune function markers in the blood of 1st and 3d groups showed the reduction of TNF-α by 23,3%, Ig level by 19,6 %, Lysozyme activity by 32,8%, T- lymphocytes by 27,2%, and the increasing of CIC by 52,3%, Serum Bactericidal Activity by 6,8%, B- lymphocytes by 10,1% (P &lt; 0,05-0,001), Phagocytic activity of leucocytes by 6,4%. Mastitis events caused by the coagulase-negative staphylococci were associated with reducing of cellular and humoral immunity by twice increasing of Interleukin-2 level.
PSXIII-29 Late-Breaking: Relationships between feed efficiency traits, gas emissions, and calculated heat production and respiratory quotients in mature beef cows
Authors: Finlay Lauren , Wood Katharine M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This research evaluated relationships between feed efficiency measurements including residual feed intake (RFI), gain to feed ratio (G:F) and enteric gas production of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen, (O2) along with calculated respiratory quotient (RQ) and heat production (HP) of mature beef cows. Sixty pregnant multiparous Angus beef cows were measured for individual intake for 10 weeks leading up to parturition. Cows were individually fed using the Insentec feeding system to measure individual feed intake. Pens of cows were rotated weekly to the C-Lock Greenfeed trailer (C-Lock Inc.) to measure gas production for a minimum 2 periods per group. Cows were weighed, body condition scored, and ultrasound performed for rib and rump fat depth every 28 days and calf birth weight was recorded. Pearson correlations were conducted to determine relationships between gas exchange measurements and feed efficiency measures. The model for RFI included ADG, pregnancy corrected BW, and ultrasound measures of rib and rump fat (R2= 0.32). Methane emissions were 263±40.3 g CH4/d in dry lot, and daily enteric CH4 emissions per kg of pregnancy corrected body weight ranging from 0.26 to 0.53 g CH4/kg pcBW. Pearson correlations found positive correlations between DMI and CH4 and CO2 (P ≤ 0.001). Pregnancy corrected BW was also positively correlated with total O2 consumption and calculated HP (P ≤ 0.001) and negatively correlated with RQ (P = 0.04). However, RFI and feed conversion ratio were not significantly correlated with gas measurements, or calculated HP or RQ (P ≥ 0.1), although DMI/kg of BW tended (P = 0.098) to be negatively correlated with O2 consumption. In conclusion, accurately identifying feed efficiency in mature beef cows continues to be a challenge. However, the inclusion of gas exchange measures and calorimetry measurements may be able to better assess metabolic efficiency in mature beef cattle.
PSXV-30 Late-Breaking: Oxidative stress biomarkers in blood plasma and pre-rigor tissues of beef cattle induced by hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Dahlgren Chelsie B , Sajeev Dishnu , Dinh Thu , Rivera Daniel , Goodson Hunter 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study examined the oxidative stress biomarkers in blood plasma and pre-rigor tissues of beef heifers induced by hydrogen peroxide. Cattle (365 ± 38 kg; n = 18) were supplemented with ground corn and soybean hulls while grazing cool and warm-season pastures, then shipped and finished at a commercial feedlot in Iowa. Animals were blocked into three groups based on initial clusters of oxidative stress markers. Two treatments of either 20 mg hydrogen peroxide/kg BW (OX, n = 9) or 10 mL of saline (CON, n = 9) were equally and randomly assigned to animals within each group. On the day before slaughter, the OX and CON treatments were administered intravenously through the jugular vein. Blood samples were collected immediately before (T0) and 90 min after (T90) treatment and centrifuged into plasma and pre-rigor muscles were collected at the neck (splenius) during slaughter; both were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80ºC. Blood plasma and muscle tissues were analyzed for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx). Muscle tissues were also analyzed for glutathione (GSH). The data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with repeated measures with treatment, time, and their interaction as fixed effects. Oxidative stress treatment did not affect TAC and TBARS values (P ≥ 0.137). However, T0 plasma had 0.47 mM less (P = 0.009) and 5.84 μM more (P &lt; 0.001) of TAC and TBARS, respectively, than T90 plasma. Although CON had 27.73 nmol/min/mL more GPx at T0 (P = 0.039), such activity did not differ in both groups at T90 (P = 0.542). Treatment did not affect oxidative stress markers in pre-rigor tissues (P ≥ 0.184). Inducing oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide had minimal effects on biomarkers in blood and muscle tissues.
PSXV-27 Late-Breaking: Evaluation of antioxidant capacity in receiving beef calves challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Authors: Barker Samantha N , Jackson Treylr , Richeson John , Carroll Jeff A , Burdick-Sanchez Nicole C , Broadway Paul R , Legako Jerrad F 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate antioxidant capacity in plasma of beef calves challenged with LPS. Following an initial feeding period of 40 d, steers (n = 32; 379 kg ± 30.7) were transported to the Livestock Issues Research Unit’s Bovine Immunology Research and Development Complex and challenged intravenously with LPS (0.25 µg/kg BW) on d 41. Blood samples were collected via jugular catheter at -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 h relative to the LPS challenge at 0 h. Blood samples were processed to isolate plasma for indicators of oxidative stress with a colorimetric assay to determine ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values via concentration of ferrous iron (µM). Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Antioxidant values did vary with time (P &lt; 0.001) being greater (P &lt; 0.05) at -2, 0, 2, 36, and 48 h. Antioxidant capacity was reduced at 6 and 8 h (P &lt; 0.05), with the least FRAP value observed at 8 h post-challenge. Antioxidant capacity increased (P &lt; 0.05) again at 10 h, showing similar (P &gt; 0.05) concentrations to those observed at 4 h. By 24 h post-challenge, plasma FRAP values increased (P &lt; 0.05) similar to initial values at -2, 0, and 2 h. It can be inferred that oxidative stress contributes to reduced antioxidant capacity, ultimately interfering with animal growth and productivity. While these values reflect the oxidative stress response to an acute endotoxin challenge, and a subsequent recovery returning to homeostasis within 24 to 48 h, they may also correlate with other physiological and immunological indicators associated with an acute endotoxin challenge.
PSV-B-28 Late-Breaking: Development and validation of a Total Inflammation Index™ for identifying inflammation in Labrador Retrievers using a pressure walkway
Authors: Varney Jessica L , Coon Craig N 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this trial was to develop an index system to identify inflammation in Labrador Retrievers using a pressure walkway system. Gait analysis data can be difficult to interpret between treatment groups or for identifying low grade inflammation. To calculate the Total Inflammation Index™, the distance away from the ideal score was calculated for four parameters for each dog, including gait lameness score, total pressure index, step/stride ratio, and hind reach. These values were equally weighted and added together to produce the Total Inflammation Index™. For validation, the Total Inflammation Index™ values were compared to biomarker data for inflammation including cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, interleukin-6, creatine kinase, and c-reactive protein. Forty Labrador Retrievers (20 male/20 female) were used in this trial. All dogs were passed over the pressure walkway (Gait4Dogs; CIR Systems, Inc) to obtain gait analysis at baseline, 24h prior to the first 5km run, 24h after the first 5km run, 24h prior to the final 16km run, and 24h after the final 16km run. All biomarkers and the Total Inflammation Index™ were both significantly lower at the pre-exercise timepoints and elevated after post-exercise timepoints (P &lt; 0.01). The Total Inflammation Index™ had significant correlation between timepoints and all biomarkers, including cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (P &lt; 0.01), interleukin-6 (P &lt; 0.05), creatine kinase (P &lt; 0.01), and c-reactive protein (P &lt; 0.05). The Total Inflammation Index™ appears to be a valid assay to evaluate generalized inflammation in Labrador Retrievers, and is in agreement with inflammatory biomarker values.
PSVI-24 Effects of early-life exposure to topsoil on the muscle fiber characteristics and gene expression of weaned piglets
Authors: Wang Yongjie , Tsai Tsung-Cheng Cheng , Zhang Shilei , Zhao Jiangchao , Huang Yan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the influence of early exposure to topsoil on the muscle fiber characteristics and transcription-related myogenesis, intramuscular fat metabolism, muscle fiber types, and mTOR signaling pathway of weaned pigs. A Total of 180 piglets were separately assigned to the No soil, Antibacterial soil, and Normal soil group (each group, n = 60), and were fed ad libitum with common antibiotic-free corn-soybean meal diets until day-31. Ten pigs from each group with similar body weight were selected to be slaughtered, and the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle samples were collected for histological analysis and measurements of genes and protein expression levels. In the present study, the muscle fiber diameter and the area of the Normal soil and Antibacterial soil group were significantly higher than the No soil group (P &lt; 0.05). The Normal soil significantly upregulated the gene expression of MyoG compared to No soil and Antibacterial soil groups (P &lt; 0.05). The gene expression of CD36 and CPT-1 of the Normal soil group was significantly lower than the No soil group (P &lt; 0.05), while HSL expression of the Normal soil group was significantly higher than the Antibacterial and No soil groups (P &lt; 0.05). The MyHC I of the Normal soil group was significantly higher than the No soil group (P &lt; 0.05), but the expression MyHC IIa was lower than the No soil group (P &lt; 0.05). The protein expression expressed a similar result with gene expression. In addition, the Normal soil significantly increased the AMPK and mTOR phosphorylation compared to No soil and Antibacterial soil groups (P &lt; 0.05). These data suggest that early exposure to topsoil regulates muscle fiber growth, modulates the expression pattern related to myogenesis, muscle fiber type, intramuscular fat metabolism, and increases the phosphorylation of mTOR and AMPK pathways.
PSVI-26 Optimized small tissue specific protein isolation trough complexed diafiltration technique
Authors: Elena Kotenkova , Chernukha Irina M , Kovalyov Leonid I 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Physiologically active and pure small tissue specific proteins are in demand in various fundamental and applied areas due to its bioactive properties. It is known that proteins can aggregate, as well as form a highly concentrated layer at the border of the filtration membrane or adhere to it, which significantly interferes with filtration. To eliminate these effects, protein-peptide extracts are recommended to be diluted, as well as using special agents, among them amino acids are more suitable for food industry. The purpose of the study is to develop the isolation and purification of proteins with molecular weight lower 50kDa from porcine hearts and aortas, using different amino acids and its combination. It was previously revealed, that family of fatty acid binding proteins (FABP) is one of the most stable and physiologically active protein in such raw materials. The final technology includes extraction, centrifugation, dilution of extract, diafiltration, lyophilization, dissolving in a small volume of distilled water, dialization and final drying. Concentration of 1.0% glycine and 0.1M proline in both diluted extract and exchange solution was revealed to be most effective to prevent protein aggregation. Dialysates were dried lyophilically and O’Farrell 2DE-electrophoresis with MALDI-TOF MS and MS/MS mass spectrometry identification were used. No proteins of 50kDa and bigger were detected. Proteins of lipid metabolism, peroxiredoxin 2, transgelins etc. with molecular weight lower 50kDa were found. The developed technology allows increasing cardiac and adipocytic isoforms of FABP family content. Cardiac isoform was previously identified in raw material, while adipocytic was newly detected. Adipocytic isoform content is lower than cardiac one; therefore, it was not detected in raw material, but application of complexed diafiltration technique led to increasing its content in dialysate. The developed technology can be used for separation and purification of animal proteins in native and stable forms.
PSIV-B-23 Dietary Forsythia suspensa extract supplementation improves antioxidant capacity and meat quality in 85 to 110 kg finishing pigs
Authors: Long Shenfei , Shang Qinghui , Ma Jiayu , Wang Jian , Liu Sujie , Piao Xiangshu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of Forsythia suspensa extract (FSE) on antioxidant capacity and meat quality in 85 to 110 kg finishing pigs [Founded by Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (6202019) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772612)]. A total of 64 pigs [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire), initial BW of 88.68 kg] were randomly allotted into two treatments with 8 replicate pens per treatment (4 pens were barrows, while 4 pens were sows), 4 pigs per pen. Two treatments were: corn-soybean meal basal diet with or without 100 mg/kg FSE. The trial last for 30 days and ended when the average BW of pigs reached to about 110 kg. One pig in each pen was selected for the collection of serum samples, and barrows in each group were selected to slaughter for sampling to measure the meat quality. Compared with CON, FSE treatment had increased (P &lt; 0.05) glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase contents, as well as reduced (P &lt; 0.05) lightness and n-6 / n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio in longissimus dorsi muscle of finishing pigs. Moreover, pigs fed FSE also had increased (P &lt; 0.05) serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase contents, as well as decreased (P &lt; 0.05) serum tumor nuclear factor-α contents compared with CON. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with FSE could improve meat quality probably via regulating the antioxidant capacity and fat metabolism in 85 to 110 kg finishing pigs.
PSIV-B-20 A fecal arsenic excretion pattern in pigs fed arsenic-containing rice bran
Authors: Liao Shengfa F , Hasan Shamimul , Stevens Andrew W , Yang Zhongyue , Feugang Jean M , Peng Zhaohua 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Rice bran is a common feed/food stuff for animals and humans; however, it usually contains a substantial amount of arsenic that is a class-I, non-threshold carcinogen to humans. This study was to investigate the fecal arsenic excretion pattern from the pigs fed an arsenic-containing rice bran. Twenty growing gilts (26.3 kg) were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments (n = 6 or 7) with Diets I, II, and III containing 0, 36.7, and 73.5% rice bran, and 0, 306, and 612 ppb arsenic, respectively. The feeding trial lasted 6 weeks, and fresh fecal samples were collected on Days 0, 14, 28, and 42 post-treatments. Fecal arsenic concentrations were analyzed using an ICP-MS protocol standardized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Tobit statistical model was employed for data analysis because some censored values were obtained from the laboratory sample analysis. Results (Table 1) showed that there were no differences in fecal arsenic concentrations from Day 0 through 42 post-treatment in pigs fed Diet I (a control diet). Nevertheless, the fecal arsenic concentration was increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) on Days 14 and 28 when compared to Day 0 post-treatment with Diet II (a moderate level of rice bran inclusion), and it was further increased (P &lt; 0.05) on Day 42 post-treatment. The fecal arsenic excretion pattern in pigs fed Diet III (a high level of rice bran inclusion) was the same as that in pigs fed Diet II. The dietary treatment effects on fecal arsenic excretion were already reported previously. In short, the results of this study suggest that the fecal arsenic excretion is increased in the first 4 weeks and then further increased around the 6th week since the start of feeding arsenic-containing rice bran. This further increase may be due to the saturation of arsenic retention in pig body.
PSIV-B-19 Effects of root extract from Achyranthes japonica Nakai on the growth performance, blood profile, fecal microbial community, fecal gas emission, and meat quality of finishing pigs
Authors: Deokho Koo , De Xin Dang , Hoque Raihanul , Bin Lim Chain , Inho Kim 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a root extract from Achyranthes Japonica Nikai (AJN) on the growth performance, blood profile, fecal microbial community, fecal gas emission, and meat quality of finishing pigs. A total of 72 crossbreed pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc], with an initial body weight of 50.28 ± 3.77 kg were used in a 70-day experiment in two phases: phase 1 (days 0–35) and phase 2 (days 36–70). Dietary treatments consisted of feeding pigs; 1) CON, corn-soybean-wheat basal diet; 2) TRT1, CON + 0.1% AJN root extract; and 3) TRT2, CON + 0.2% AJN root extract. There were six replicate pens per treatment and four pigs (two barrows and two gilts) per pen. The replicate pen was used as the experimental unit. Orthogonal contrasts were used to examine the linear and quadratic effects in response to increasing the dietary supplementation of AJN root extract. Average daily gain (ADG) during phase 2 (P = 0.01) increased linearly with the dose of AJN root extract, while drip loss on day 3 (P = 0.04) and ammonia emission during phase 2 (P = 0.01) decreased linearly. However, the blood profile and fecal microbial community did not differ among the diet groups. In conclusion, AJN root extract increased ADG during days 36–70 and reduced drip loss from meat samples. It also reduced fecal ammonia emission, which improve the overall barn environment.
PSIV-B-21 Broilers as an animal model to assess different copper, manganese and zinc mineral sources on absorption
Authors: Boyer Angela R , Roberts Heaven , Nuzback Dennis , Garcia Miriam 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The study objective was to evaluate absorption differences between different sources of Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn) and Zin (Zn) in broiler diets. Cobb500 chicks (n = 130, 0-d old) were housed in colony brooders and offered basal diet and water ad libitum for eight days. Following the transition phase, 96 straight-run chicks were randomly assigned to one of 48 battery cages (2 chicks/cage; 12 cages/treatment) and offered one of three soy-corn based diets for three weeks: Negative Control (NC; Basal diet at 6 mg/kg Cu, 35 mg/kg Mn, and 36 mg/kg Zn); Positive Control (PC; NC + 15 mg/kg Cu, 100 mg/kg Mn, and 100 mg/kg Zn from Sulfate sources); Treatment 1 (T1; NC + 15 mg/kg Cu, 100 mg/kg Mn, and 100 mg/kg Zn from hydroxychloride Product 1); and Treatment 2 (T2; NC + 15 mg/kg Cu, 100 mg/kg Mn, and 100 mg/kg Zn from hydroxychloride sources Product 2). Week three birds were bled and dissected to obtain liver, breast and femur samples for mineral absorption status. Data were analyzed using RV3.6.1 procedures with non-repeated measures. Plasma and breast tissue were not (P ≥ 0.05) impacted by mineral source, however numerical increases were reported in PC, T1 and T2 over NC. Liver Cu and Zn concentrations were non-significant (P ≥ 0.05) for all treatments. However liver Mn concentrations increased (P ≤ 0.05) in Pc and T1. Copper bone concentrations were not (P ≥ 0.05) affected, but an increase (P ≤ 0.05) in Mn and Zn was reported for PC, T1 and T2 versus NC. These results indicate increased absorption occurs when mineral sources are adequately supplemented beyond basal diet levels and that source may impact absorption rate. Additional research is needed to address the absorption ability of different mineral sources to better understand the impact on bird performance.