bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A rich and bountiful harvest: Key discoveries in plant cell biology
Authors: Cheung Alice Y , Cosgrove Daniel J , Hara-Nishimura Ikuko , Jürgens Gerd , Lloyd Clive , Robinson David G , Staehelin L Andrew , Weijers Dolf 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The field of plant cell biology has a rich history of discovery, going back to Robert Hooke’s discovery of cells themselves. The development of microscopes and preparation techniques has allowed for the visualization of subcellular structures, and the use of protein biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology has enabled the identification of proteins and mechanisms that regulate key cellular processes. In this review, seven senior plant cell biologists reflect on the development of this research field in the past decades, including the foundational contributions that their teams have made to our rich, current insights into cell biology. Topics covered include signaling and cell morphogenesis, membrane trafficking, cytokinesis, cytoskeletal regulation, and cell wall biology. In addition, these scientists illustrate the pathways to discovery in this exciting research field.
A Theory of Monetary Union and Financial Integration
Authors: Fornaro Luca 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Since the creation of the euro, capital flows among member countries have been large and volatile. Motivated by this fact, I provide a theory connecting the exchange rate regime to financial integration. The key feature of the model is that monetary policy affects the value of collateral that creditors seize upon default. Under flexible exchange rates, national governments can expropriate foreign creditors by depreciating the exchange rate, which induces investors to impose tight constraints on international borrowing. Creating a monetary union, by eliminating this source of currency risk, increases financial integration among member countries. This process, however, does not necessarily lead to higher welfare. The reason is that a high degree of capital mobility can generate multiple equilibria, with bad equilibria characterized by inefficient capital flights. Capital controls or fiscal transfers can eliminate bad equilibria, but their implementation requires international cooperation.
Harnessing of real-world data and real-world evidence using digital tools: utility and potential models in rheumatology practice
Authors: Kataria Suchitra , Ravindran Vinod 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The diversity of diseases in rheumatology and variability in disease prevalence necessitates greater data parity in disease presentation, treatment responses including adverse events to drugs and various comorbidities. Randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for drug development and performance evaluation. However, when the drug is applied outside the controlled environment, the outcomes may differ in patient populations. In this context, the need to understand the macro and micro changes involved in disease evolution and progression becomes important and so is the need for harvesting and harnessing the real-world data from various resources to use them in generating real-world evidence. Digital tools with potential relevance to rheumatology can potentially be leveraged to obtain greater patient insights, greater information on disease progression and disease micro processes and even in the early diagnosis of diseases. Since the patients spend only a minuscule portion of their time in hospital or in a clinic, using modern digital tools to generate realistic, bias-proof, real-world data in a non-invasive patient-friendly manner becomes critical. In this review we have appraised different digital mediums and mechanisms for collecting real-world data and proposed digital care models for generating real-world evidence in rheumatology.
“It’s Like Giving Birth to This Girl Again”: Social Repair and Motherhood After Conflict-Related Sexual Violence
Authors: Oliveira Camile , Baines Erin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn the strain of remaking the social world after a violent conflict, women who conceive children as the result of sexual violence must often raise them amongst resentful victim communities. Abducted and forced into marriage by the Lord’s Resistance Army in northern Uganda, Acholi women are perceived to have returned with the children of the enemy and are subsequently told they do not belong. Based on ten years of collaborative research with war-affected mothers in northern Uganda, we consider the ways women repair webs of kin relations to secure a future no longer dictated by the circumstances of their children’s birth.
Identification of Species by Combining Molecular and Morphological Data Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Yang Bing , Zhang Zhenxin , Yang Cai-Qing , Wang Ying , Orr Michael C , Wang Hongbin , Zhang Ai-Bing 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntegrative taxonomy is central to modern taxonomy and systematic biology, including behavior, niche preference, distribution, morphological analysis, and DNA barcoding. However, decades of use demonstrate that these methods can face challenges when used in isolation, for instance, potential misidentifications due to phenotypic plasticity for morphological methods, and incorrect identifications because of introgression, incomplete lineage sorting, and horizontal gene transfer for DNA barcoding. Although researchers have advocated the use of integrative taxonomy, few detailed algorithms have been proposed. Here, we develop a convolutional neural network method (morphology-molecule network [MMNet]) that integrates morphological and molecular data for species identification. The newly proposed method (MMNet) worked better than four currently available alternative methods when tested with 10 independent data sets representing varying genetic diversity from different taxa. High accuracies were achieved for all groups, including beetles (98.1% of 123 species), butterflies (98.8% of 24 species), fishes (96.3% of 214 species), and moths (96.4% of 150 total species). Further, MMNet demonstrated a high degree of accuracy ($&gt;$98%) in four data sets including closely related species from the same genus. The average accuracy of two modest subgenomic (single nucleotide polymorphism) data sets, comprising eight putative subspecies respectively, is 90%. Additional tests show that the success rate of species identification under this method most strongly depends on the amount of training data, and is robust to sequence length and image size. Analyses on the contribution of different data types (image vs. gene) indicate that both morphological and genetic data are important to the model, and that genetic data contribute slightly more. The approaches developed here serve as a foundation for the future integration of multimodal information for integrative taxonomy, such as image, audio, video, 3D scanning, and biosensor data, to characterize organisms more comprehensively as a basis for improved investigation, monitoring, and conservation of biodiversity. [Convolutional neural network; deep learning; integrative taxonomy; single nucleotide polymorphism; species identification.]
A review of electrical signal-based train transmission machinery diagnosis technology
Authors: Dai Jisheng , Ding Rongjun , Guan Zhaoyi , Xu Shaolong 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Transmission machinery is widely used in railway vehicles and is an important component in driving the operation of trains. Such transmission components are prone to faults under long exposure to harsh environments and complex working conditions. This affects normal operation and order, and thus it is important to ensure their safe and reliable operation. Electrical signal-based diagnosis technology has advantages of easy signal acquisition, with no need to install additional sensors, nor embedded monitoring of the object components. It has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of rail transportation diagnosis. This paper describes the fault modes of transmission machinery, takes the electrical signal-based diagnosis method as the entry point, collates and compares the existing diagnosis methods and research results in this field. It analyses their advantages and disadvantages, and finally puts forward problems for current and future research and development.
Injury rates and patterns in professional American rugby: a prospective observational study
Authors: Kirven James Caid , Mundy Andrew , Conroy Mark , Vasileff W. Kelton 
Published: September 2021

Background:
As American rugby becomes increasingly popular, an understanding of injury rates and patterns is essential for injury prevention, management, and player safety initiatives. We evaluated the injury characteristics and associated time loss sustained at the professional rugby level in the United States over one season.

Methods:
One professional rugby team was followed, and all injury data were prospectively collected over 13 consecutive weeks, with eight games during this period. Player involvement in games and practices was recorded by a licensed medical professional. For each described injury event, the timing, body area injured, and time lost from the sport caused by the injury were recorded. The Mid-P exact test was utilized to calculate injury rates with 95% confidence intervals as well as an injury rate ratio (IRR) to quantify differences in injury rates.

Results:
A total of 49 injuries over 2,456 athletic exposures (AEs) were included in our 13-week study period of one professional rugby season, with an overall injury rate of 19.95/1000 AEs. IRR between games versus practice was 5.21. Overall, 43% of the injuries occurred in the lower extremities and 18% in upper extremities, and there was a 12% incidence of concussion. Average time lost from sport was increased for game-related injuries (8.2 days) and concussion (7.8 days); however, severe injuries occurred more often in the lower extremity (n=4).

Conclusions:
The overall injury rates in this study correspond with previous amateur and international rugby literature showing a trend toward increased injury risk during gameplay at a professional level.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Assessing Soft Tissue Perfusion Using Laser-Assisted Angiography in Tibial Plateau and Pilon Fractures: A Pilot Study
Authors: Sepehri Aresh , Slobogean Gerard P. , O'Hara Nathan N. , McKegg Phillip , Rudnicki Joshua , Atchison Jared , O'Toole Robert V. , Sciadini Marcus F. , LeBrun Christopher T. , Nascone Jason W. , Johnson Aaron J. , Gitajn Ida Leah , Elliott Jonathan T. , Scolaro John A. , Pensy Raymond A. 
Published: September 2021

Objectives:
To determine whether skin perfusion surrounding tibial plateau and pilon fractures is associated with the Tscherne classification for severity of soft tissue injury. The secondary aim was to determine if soft tissue perfusion improves from the time of injury to the time of definitive fracture fixation in fractures treated using a staged protocol.

Design:
Prospective cohort study.

Setting:
Academic trauma center.

Patients:
Eight pilon fracture patients and 19 tibial plateau fracture patients who underwent open reduction internal fixation.

Main Outcome Measures:
Skin perfusion (fluorescence units) as measured by LA-ICGA.

Results:
Six patients were classified as Tscherne grade 0, 9 as grade 1, 10 as grade 2, and 2 as grade 3. Perfusion decreased by 14 fluorescence units (95% confidence interval, −21 to −6; P < 0.01) with each increase in Tscherne grade. Sixteen patients underwent staged fixation with an external fixator (mean time to definitive fixation 14.1 days). The mean perfusion increased significantly at the time of definitive fixation by a mean of 13.9 fluorescence units (95% confidence interval 4.8–22.9; P = 0.01).

Conclusions:
LA-ICGA perfusion measures are associated with severity of soft tissue injury surrounding orthopaedic trauma fractures and appear to improve over time when fractures are stabilized in an external fixator. Further research is warranted to investigate whether objective perfusion measures are predictive of postoperative wound healing complications and whether this tool can be used to effectively guide timing of safe surgical fixation.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
An Observational Analysis of a Novel Digital Rectoscope
Authors: Lewis James A. , Khan Shabuddin , Tilney Henry S. , Wilson Jonathan M. , Vitone Louis J. , Souvatzi Maria , Singh Baljit , Kinross James M. 
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND:
This is an analysis of the first 50 in-human uses of a novel digital rigid sigmoidoscope. The technology provides digital image capture, telemedicine capabilities, improved ergonomics, and the ability to biopsy under pneumorectum while maintaining the low cost of conventional rigid sigmoidoscopy. The primary outcome was adverse events, and the secondary outcome was diagnostic view.

PRELIMINARY RESULTS:
Fifty patients underwent outpatient (n = 25) and surgical rectal assessment (n = 25), with a mean age of 60 years. This included 31 men and 19 women with 12 different clinical use indications. No adverse events were reported, and no defects were reported with the instrumentation. Satisfactory diagnoses were obtained in 48 (96%) of 50 uses, images were captured in 48 (96%) of 50 uses, and biopsies were successfully taken in 13 uses (26%). No adverse events were recorded. Independent reviewers of recorded videos agreed on the quality and diagnostic value of the images with a κ of 0.225 (95% CI, 0.144–0.305) when assessing whether the target pathology was adequately visualized.

IMPACT OF INNOVATION:
The improved views afforded by digital rectoscopy facilitated a satisfactory clinical diagnosis in 96% of uses. The device was successfully deployed in the operating room and outpatients irrespective of bowel preparation method, where it has the potential to replace flexible sigmoidoscopy for specific use cases. The technology provides a high-quality image and video that can be securely recorded for documentation and medicolegal purposes with agreement between blinded users despite a lack of standardized training and heterogenous pathology. We perceive significant impact of this technology for the assessment of colorectal anastomoses, the office management of colitis, “watch and wait,” and for diagnostic support in rectal cancer diagnosis. The technology has significant potential to facilitate proctoring and training, and it now requires prospective trials to validate its diagnostic accuracy against more costly flexible sigmoidoscopy systems.
Effects of menopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes in middle-aged postmenopausal women: analysis of the Korea National Health Insurance Service Database
Authors: Kim Ji-Eun , Choi Jaesung , Park JooYong , Shin Aesun , Choi Nam-Kyong , Choi Ji-Yeob 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective:
Although menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is the most effective treatment for menopausal symptoms, menopausal women hesitate to start MHT due to concerns about adverse events. Recently, however, it has been recommended to use it for appropriate patients who have been evaluated for baseline diseases, age, and timing of initiation. We aimed to investigate the association of MHT with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes among middle-aged postmenopausal women in Korea.

Methods:
Data were collected from the National Health Insurance Service database in Korea from 2002 to 2016. A total of 58,060 postmenopausal women (including 8,013 [13.8%] MHT users and 50,047 [86.2%] nonusers) were included. The time-dependent Cox regression model with a 1-year latency period was used to evaluate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the associations of MHT with CVDs and type 2 diabetes outcomes. Subgroup analyses by regimen type and cumulative duration were conducted.

Results:
In the multivariate-adjusted model, MHT was not significantly associated with CVDs (HR = 1.085, 95% CI: 0.899-1.310) or type 2 diabetes (HR = 1.104, 95% CI: 0.998-1.221). Differential effects were not observed by regimen type, cumulative duration, and years since menopause subgroups. Sensitivity analyses also did not show adverse events by MHT on CVDs and type 2 diabetes.

Conclusions:
Although protective effects of MHT against CVDs or type 2 diabetes were not observed among postmenopausal women who had screened underlying diseases, our results may contribute to reducing the current concerns about the use of MHT for middle-aged postmenopausal women in Korea.

Video Summary:

http://links.lww.com/MENO/A807.
Posterior left atrial epicardial adipose tissue: scope of the problem and impact of new technology
Authors: Sperling Jason S. , Delurgio David L. , Svinarich John Thomas 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
Patients with persistent forms of atrial fibrillation are seeking treatments based on the promise of better restoration of sinus rhythm with newer therapies. Successful catheter ablation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation in this subgroup is negatively impacted by the presence of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) associated with the posterior left atrium.

Recent findings
EAT is now understood to be hormonally active and promotes adverse atrial remodelling, including fibrosis and myopathy. Despite being dominantly adipose tissue, it is known to be electrically active, comprising ganglia, neural tissue and ectopic atrial myocardium that may contribute to endo-epicardial dissociation and persistent electrical activity and atrial fibrillation despite good endocardial electrical silencing. Hybrid procedures that include direct epicardial ablation of the posterior wall, including the EAT, are associated with superior outcomes in nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation.

Summary
Therapies for persistent atrial fibrillation that also ablate the EAT as part of a well tolerated transmural posterior wall ablation may improve outcomes in this challenging subset of patients.
Cardiac Rehabilitation and Resting Blood Pressure
Authors: Quindry John C. , McNamara Michael , Oser Carrie , Fogle Crystelle 
Published: September 2021

Purpose:
Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is essential for treating cardiovascular disease, and modifying risk factor modification, including hypertension. Because the causes of hypertension and benefits of CR are faceted, we examined the influence of phase II CR on resting blood pressure (BP).

Methods:
Outcomes straddle the release of the updated BP guidelines, and study emphases included CR session number, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance provider, and referring diagnosis.

Results:
Patient files of 31 885 individuals uploaded to the Montana Outcomes Project registry indicated that lowered systolic and diastolic BP were further improved after the release of the revised BP guidelines. The CR session number was proportional to improvements in diastolic BP. Blood pressure improved independent of sex, although female patients exhibited lower diastolic BP before and after CR. Race/ethnicity analyses indicated that Asian and White patients experienced drops in systolic and diastolic BP, while diastolic BP was improved in Hispanic patients. Neither American Indian nor Black patients exhibited statistically altered BP. Medicare, Veterans Administration, and privately insured patients had lowered systolic and diastolic BP, while Medicaid patients had lower diastolic BP, and the uninsured had lower systolic BP. Blood pressure outcomes were generally improved independent of the primary referring diagnosis, while those with peripheral artery disease showed no improvements.

Conclusions:
Findings demonstrate that phase II CR is highly effective in the control of BP, although improvements are not equally distributed to all individuals according to differences in sex, race/ethnicity, and access to insurance-funded health care.
Urine N-acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro measurement as a versatile biomarker to assess adherence to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
Authors: Kably Benjamin , Billaud Eliane M. , Derobertmasure Audrey , Blanchard Anne , Boutouyrie Pierre , Azizi Michel 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Poor adherence to treatment is a major health issue in hypertension. The large number of drugs to be detected limits the implementation of chemical adherence testing by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). AcSDKP, a peptide accumulating in the presence of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) treatment, has been validated as a proven marker of adherence by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our aim was to validate urine measurements of AcSDKP compared with active metabolites of various ACEI, measured simultaneously by LC-MS/MS.

Method:
We first studied the time-dependent relationships between urinary perindoprilat and AcSDKP in a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study in healthy volunteers. We then compared the sensitivity and specificity of urinary AcSDKP vs. three ACEI active metabolites (enalaprilat, perindoprilat, ramiprilat) taken as reference to detect nonadherence in spot urine samples from a prospective cohort of hypertensive outpatients.

Results:
The urinary excretion profiles of AcSDKP and perindoprilat were similar, exhibited a significant correlation, and showed excellent agreement in healthy volunteers. In patients, we found a similar agreement between AcSDKP and the three ACEI metabolites urinary concentrations. The sensitivity and specificity for adherence assessment of urine AcSDKP was 92.2 and 100%, respectively. We observed a difference in the evaluation of good adherence between ACEI metabolites (85.7%) and AcSDKP (79.0%) because of discrepancies in samples where AcSDKP reached undetectability quicker than ACEI metabolites. This characteristic of AcSDKP is of particular interest and could better reflect the true adherence status of patients.

Conclusion:
Overall, spot urine AcSDKP measurement by LC-MS/MS is a reliable marker of the intake of ACEI treatment and could substitute ACEI metabolites detection.
Effect of residual astigmatism and defocus in eyes with trifocal intraocular lenses
Authors: Rementería-Capelo Laureano A. , Contreras Inés , García-Pérez Jorge L. , Blázquez Vanesa , Ruiz-Alcocer Javier 
Published: September 2021

Purpose:
To assess the effect on visual function of different residual astigmatic situations combined with 0.50 diopters (D) negative defocus at different distances in patients with trifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs).

Setting:
Clínica Rementería, Madrid, Spain.

Design:
Prospective case series.

Methods:
The study included patients implanted with AcrySof IQ PanOptix IOL. Visual acuity (VA) was measured at far distance (0.00 D of vergence) and at −1.5 D, −2.5 D, and −3.0 D of vergence. Residual astigmatism was induced by adding 0.50 D and 1.00 D cylindrical lenses placed at 90 degrees (against the rule [ATR]), 45 degrees (oblique), and 180 degrees (with the rule). All measurements were made with distance correction (emmetropia as the reference situation) and with a simulated residual myopia of 0.50 D.

Results:
The study included 61 eyes of 61 patients. Residual astigmatism of 0.50 D and 1.0 D was induced in 28 and 33 eyes, respectively. For both groups, distance and intermediate VAs were better for the reference situation (P < .001 for all cases). With 1.0 D of cylinder (without and with induced defocus), the proportion of patients who lost ≥2 lines was higher for the ATR astigmatism. For near vision, differences were smaller for all simulated situations.

Conclusions:
Residual astigmatism of up to 0.50 D, regardless of its orientation, seems to be tolerated at all distances. For astigmatisms of 1.0 D, distance and intermediate VAs decreased significantly, and ATR orientations showed worse results in a higher proportion of patients. The combination of astigmatism with residual myopia significantly decreased distance VA, whereas this negative shift affected near VA less.