bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chitosan and chitooligosaccharides attenuate soyabean meal-induced intestinal inflammation of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus): possible involvement of NF-кB, activator protein-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways
Authors: Gu Min , Pan Shihui , Li Qing , Qi Zezheng , Deng Wanzhen , Bai Nan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAn 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate and confront the putative functions of chitosan (CTS) and chitooligosaccharide (COS) in the growth and homoeostasis of distal intestine in juvenile turbots fed diets containing soyabean meal (SBM). Three isolipidic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated by supplemented basal diet (based on a 400 g/kg SBM) with 7·5 g/kg CTS or with 2·0 g/kg COS. Our results indicated that both CTS and COS supplementation could significantly improve (i) the growth performance and feed efficiency ratio; (ii) antioxidant activity driven by metabolic enzymes (i.e. catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase); (iii) glutathione levels; (iv) acid phosphatase and lysozyme activity and (v) IgM content. As a result, these two particular prebiotics were able to significantly attenuate the histological alterations due to local inflammation as well as to decrease the transcriptional levels of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α) and major pathway effectors (i.e. activator protein-1 (AP-1), NF-кB, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular regulated kinase). High-throughput sequencing data indicated that dietary CTS and COS could significantly decrease the diversity of intestinal bacteria but elevate the relative abundances of Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas genera. Altogether, these findings suggest that CTS and COS can improve growth of turbot, enhance intestinal immune and anti-oxidant systems and promote the balance of intestinal microbiota. The protective effects, elicited by these two prebiotics, against SBM-induced inflammation could be attributed to their roles in alleviating the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines by possibly down-regulating NF-кB, AP-1 and/or mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways.
Population structure and reproductive performance in the sea anemone associated shrimp Ancylocaris brevicarpalis (Caridea: Palaemonidae)
Authors: Prakash Sanjeevi , Muthu Ampuli , Kumar Amit 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe peacock-tail shrimp Ancylocaris brevicarpalis Schenkel, 1902, is an obligate symbiont of sea anemones and well known for its remarkable colouration. Yet, very little information is available about its population structure and life-history traits, including reproductive parameters (fecundity, embryo volume and reproductive output). A total of 574 individuals were collected from the Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu, India between February 2017 and July 2018, out of which 214 were males (37.28%), 355 were females (61.84%), and 5 (0.87%) juveniles. The highest percentage of individuals were observed in the post-monsoon season (38.10%) followed by monsoon (34.85%), pre-monsoon (15.02%), and summer seasons (12.01%). The overall sex ratio was skewed towards female individuals (0.55 male: 1 female). Fecundity was higher in females carrying early-stage embryos and embryo volume did increase, but not statistically significantly from early to late stages. The reproductive output was negatively allometric to the mean female body weight. The present study provides first-of-its-kind information on the population as well as individual-level reproductive characteristics of A. brevicarpalis.
Genetic architecture of schizophrenia: a review of major advancements
Authors: Legge Sophie E. , Santoro Marcos L. , Periyasamy Sathish , Okewole Adeniran , Arsalan Arsalan , Kowalec Kaarina 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSchizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with high heritability. Consortia efforts and technological advancements have led to a substantial increase in knowledge of the genetic architecture of schizophrenia over the past decade. In this article, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the genetics of schizophrenia, outline remaining challenges, and summarise future directions of research. World-wide collaborations have resulted in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in over 56 000 schizophrenia cases and 78 000 controls, which identified 176 distinct genetic loci. The latest GWAS from the Psychiatric Genetics Consortium, available as a pre-print, indicates that 270 distinct common genetic loci have now been associated with schizophrenia. Polygenic risk scores can currently explain around 7.7% of the variance in schizophrenia case-control status. Rare variant studies have implicated eight rare copy-number variants, and an increased burden of loss-of-function variants in SETD1A, as increasing the risk of schizophrenia. The latest exome sequencing study, available as a pre-print, implicates a burden of rare coding variants in a further nine genes. Gene-set analyses have demonstrated significant enrichment of both common and rare genetic variants associated with schizophrenia in synaptic pathways. To address current challenges, future genetic studies of schizophrenia need increased sample sizes from more diverse populations. Continued expansion of international collaboration will likely identify new genetic regions, improve fine-mapping to identify causal variants, and increase our understanding of the biology and mechanisms of schizophrenia.
‘I'm so ditching school to babysit.’
Authors: Stange Ulrike 
Published: February 2021

This paper focuses on the use of preverbalsoin present-day English. While its use as an intensifier (meaning ‘so much’ or ‘very much’) has been attested already in Early Modern English (OED online, s.v.so, adv. and conj., sense 15), it has only recently acquired emphatic meaning (‘truly’ or ‘definitely’, seeOED online, s.v.so, adv. and conj., 2005 Draft Additions). Compare:(1)I do so love weddings. They're such joy. (SOAP YR2005)(2)I'm so ditching school to babysit. (SOAP AMC2007)In (1),socan be paraphrased with ‘very much’ or ‘so much’ (I do love weddings very/so much), because it modifies scalarlove, indicating degree (viz. you can love weddings above anything else/ a lot/ a little/ not at all, etc.). This paraphrase does not work for (2), however: in this case,somodifies non-scalarditch, meaning that a degree reading is not accessible (either you ditch school at a given time or not).Soin Example (2) does not convey intensity but expresses the speaker's certainty that they are going to ditch school in order to babysit:I'm so ditching school to babysit –‘I am definitely ditching school to babysit’.
Clinical Comparison of Two Confrontation Naming Measures in Spanish-Speaking People with Epilepsy
Authors: Vo Willa P. , Bailey K. Chase , Zuverza-Chavarria Virginia , Nagele Marielle , Smith Jason A. D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjective:Research on the lateralizing value of neuropsychological tests is limited among Latino people with epilepsy (PWE). This study aims to evaluate the utility of two confrontation naming measures in laterality determination.Method:Data were collected from 71 Latino PWE who completed the Vocabulario Sobre Dibujos (VSD) and the Pontón-Satz Modified Boston Naming Test (MBNT). Raw and standardized scores were examined to determine diagnostic accuracy for predicting left hemisphere (LH) epilepsy for the full sample and using a sample-specific median split of educational attainment.Results:The MBNT demonstrated adequate classification accuracy (65.7%, 77.1%) as did the VSD (54.3%, 74.3%) for predicting LH seizure laterality using raw and standardized scores, respectively. For participants with ≥ 9 years of education (HEdu), receiver operator characteristic curve analyses showed a raw/percentile cutoff of ≤ 26/≤ 5th on the VSD, yielding 53%–58% sensitivity/87%–83% specificity. A raw score cutoff of ≤ 17 on MBNT produced 47% sensitivity/78% specificity for HEdu participants.Conclusions:The VSD was found to have greater flexibility in determining cutoff scores using either raw or standardized scores for predicting seizure laterality. This study provides interpretation guidance, emphasizing education as a pertinent variable, to optimize lateralization accuracy for Latino PWE.
Does Relationship Conflict Predicts Psychological Distress or Vice Versa? A Cross-Lagged Panel Model
Authors: Özdemir Yalçın , Sağkal Ali Serdar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The present study examines the directionality of links between romantic relationship conflict and psychological distress in premarital relationships of emerging adults. A total of 182 participants (Mage = 21.23; SDage = 1.62; 85.16% female) provided data at both Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2). Participants responded to a battery of questions related to romantic relationship conflict and psychological distress. The data for the present study were collected at two time points during spring semester of 2018: First week (Time 1) and the last week of the semester, Week 14 (Time 2). A two-wave two variable cross-lagged autoregressive panel model was conducted to examine the links between relationship conflict and psychological distress over time in emerging adults. Using a latent cross-lagged panel model, we found that romantic relationship conflict at T1 significantly predicted psychological distress at T2, but psychological distress at T1 was not associated with subsequent romantic relationship conflict at T2, after controlling for autoregressive effects. The results highlighted the key role of romantic relationship conflict in predicting later psychological distress. Limitations and implications are discussed and future directions are suggested.
Extremely Collimated Electron Beams in the High Latitude Magnetosphere Observed by Arase
Authors: Kazama Y. , Kojima H. , Miyoshi Y. , Kasahara Y. , Kasahara S. , Usui H. , Wang B.‐J. , Wang S.‐Y. , Tam S. W. Y. , Chang T.‐F. , Asamura K. , Kasaba Y. , Matsuda S. , Shoji M. , Matsuoka A. , Teramoto M. , Takashima T. , Shinohara I. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis report describes electron beams observed at high latitudes in the magnetosphere by the Arase satellite. According to fine angular channel measurements, beam electrons are mainly flowing away from the Earth, and are well collimated to within a few degrees. A statistical study indicates that the beams are seen when Arase is located at Lm > ∼5, and more frequently as the magnetosphere becomes active. The field lines of the beam events are traced back to the typical auroral ovals. The statistical properties of the beams are consistent with the interpretation that ionospheric electrons are accelerated by a parallel electric field of an auroral potential structure and are streaming upward to the high latitude magnetosphere.
Tangent Directions of the Cusp Boundary Derived From the Simulated Soft X‐Ray Image
Authors: Sun Tianran , Wang Xue , Wang Chi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe magnetospheric cusp plays an essential role in mass and energy transportation from the solar wind to the geo‐space environment. Recent development of the X‐ray imaging technique makes it possible to study the large scale properties of the cusp region from a global view. As the detected X‐ray signals will be integrated along the line‐of‐sight (LOS), it is a challenging task to derive the information about the 3D cusp region from a 2D X‐ray image. Based on global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code, this paper simulated and analyzed the X‐ray image of cusp. An approach was developed to present the following aspects related to the morphology of cusp from the X‐ray image: (1) The tangent direction of the cusp boundary is the direction with appreciable increase of local standard deviation in X‐ray intensity, and (2) the direction running through the cusp center is the direction with peak X‐ray intensity. Lack of knowledge on radial distribution of X‐ray signal along the line‐of‐sight, exact position of cusp cannot be further derived without assumptions. Nevertheless, under special solar wind conditions such as zero Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) By, it is reasonable to assume that the cusp center is in the noon‐midnight meridian plane. Therefore, position of the cusp center can be reconstructed. Based on MHD simulations, the above conclusions have been validated with different viewing geometries and solar wind conditions. With reasonable assumptions, the large‐scale cusp features in response to the solar wind variations can be clearly revealed by analyzing X‐ray images.
Anomalous Electron Temperature Increases in the Evening Equatorial Ionosphere
Authors: Fejer B. G. , Hysell D. L. , Navarro L. A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe use novel radar observations at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory to study the first observations of highly enhanced plasma temperatures in the evening equatorial ionosphere. These short‐lived solstice evening events occurred following large upward plasma drifts and sharply reduced plasma densities. The electron temperatures increase during the August 5 and 6, 2011 moderate solar event reached peak values of about 1,000 K near 350 km. Smaller electron temperature increases were observed to altitudes up to about 500 km. There were also smaller concurrent ion temperature enhancements. During the very low solar flux January 20 and 21, 2020 event, a peak electron temperature increase of about 700 K occurred at an altitude of about 270 km. We also show that SAMI2‐PE simulations using the measured vertical plasma drifts reproduce the main characteristics of the measured plasma densities and temperatures up to 300 km, but not at higher altitudes. These simulations indicate that the evening anomalous plasma heating below about 300 km is due to the decrease in the electron‐ion cooling rate resulting from upward plasma drift driven decrease in the plasma density. Plasma transport and reduced cooling rate is a potential source of higher altitude heating.
Bottom Boundary Layer Oxygen Fluxes During Winter on the Oregon Shelf
Authors: Reimers Clare E. , Fogaren Kristen E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this study, lander‐based eddy covariance measurements made 30 cm above a sandy seafloor are combined with ocean‐observing and ship‐based measurements to evaluate magnitudes of oxygen fluxes within the bottom boundary layer (BBL) during winter on the Oregon shelf. The total oxygen fluxes observed at a mid‐shelf station were −12.3 ± 7.6 and −18.6 ± 16.9 mmol m−2d−1 during February 2018 and January 2019 deployments, respectively, and −51.8 ± 34.9 mmol m−2d−1 during a deployment on the inner shelf in January 2019. These mean (±SD) flux derivations are greater than fluxes determined previously at nearly the same locations during the summer upwelling season, which points to the activation of benthic respiration by winter wave‐dominated BBL dynamics. To determine the direct flux contributions (or potential bias) at wave frequencies, a phase‐based method of spectral decomposition was applied to separate wave‐induced and turbulence‐induced components of velocity and dissolved oxygen time‐series. This approach identified 25.4, 18.6, and 23.3% of the average total EC oxygen fluxes from the three deployments as carried by waves or possibly turbulence stretched by waves. Additionally, we observed evidence of large waves regularly resuspending sediments and transporting entrained particles past the EC sensors. We apply this evidence to infer that wave frequencies must also contribute significantly to the real spectral domain of benthic oxygen fluxes and that the total fluxes of this study reflect elevated oxygen consumption rates without artifacts. This assessment may not be true for all data sets and may be dependent on wave properties and the quality and treatment of the measurements.
The Southern Annular Mode in 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Models
Authors: Morgenstern O. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractI analyze trends in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) in CMIP6 simulations. For the period 1957–2014, simulated linear trends are generally consistent with two observational references but seasonally in disagreement with two other representations of the SAM. Using a regression analysis applied to model simulations with interactive ozone chemistry, a strengthening of the SAM in summer is attributed nearly completely to ozone depletion because a further strengthening influence due to long‐lived greenhouse gases is almost fully counterbalanced by a weakening influence due to stratospheric ozone increases associated with these greenhouse gas increases. Ignoring such ozone feedbacks would yield comparable contributions from these two influences, an incorrect result. In winter, trends are smaller but an influence of greenhouse gas‐mediated ozone feedbacks is also identified. The regression analysis furthermore yields significant differences in the attribution of SAM changes to the two influences between models with and without interactive ozone chemistry, with ozone depletion and GHG increases playing seasonally a stronger and weaker, respectively, role in the chemistry models versus the no‐chemistry ones.
Hydrogeochemical Constraints Shape Hot Spring Microbial Community Compositions: Evidence From Acidic, Moderate‐Temperature Springs and Alkaline, High‐Temperature Springs, Southwestern Yunnan Geothermal Areas, China
Authors: Guo Liang , Wang Guangcai , Sheng Yizhi , Shi Zheming 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEnvironmental factors (e.g., temperature and pH) shaping the distribution of microbial communities in hot springs have been extensively studied, whereas how hydrochemical formation mechanisms and hydrological circulation processes affect microbial community composition is not comprehensively elucidated. In the present study, hydrochemical, isotopic, and high‐throughput sequencing methods were employed to investigate hydrochemical characteristics and evolution of springwater as well as their underlying roles in shaping the microbial community in multiple acidic and alkaline hot springs in southwestern Yunnan, China. Distinct hydrochemical (e.g., pH, temperature, sulfate, SiO2, and trace metals) and isotopic (δ2H and δ18O) characteristics revealed the recharge sources and circulation processes of springwater were different in alkaline, high‐temperature and acidic, moderate‐temperature hot springs. Two acidic, moderate‐temperature springs (43°C–55°C), characterized by high sulfate, showed shallow circulation depths and were potentially heated by upwelling hot, high H2S abundance gases, and sulfur oxidation might be one of the main underlying hydrochemical processes. Seven alkaline, high‐temperature springs (>70°C), in contrast, which originated from a different recharge source as indicated by the lighter isotopic compositions (δ2H and δ18O), showed characteristics of deeper circulation. Hydrogenobacter sp. is the most abundant microorganism in alkaline, high‐temperature springs, whereas acidic, moderate‐temperature springs are mainly composed of Chlorobiaceae, Thiomonas sp., Halothiobacillus sp., Sulfurihydrogenibium sp., and Hydrogenobaculum sp. which have been reported to possess the potentials to cycle sulfur. The hydrochemical constraints on shaping microbial communities may help us better understand biogeochemical cycles across a range of temperatures in acidic and alkaline springs.
A Peculiar ICME Event in August 2018 Observed With the Global Muon Detector Network
Authors: Kihara W. , Munakata K. , Kato C. , Kataoka R. , Kadokura A. , Miyake S. , Kozai M. , Kuwabara T. , Tokumaru M. , Mendonça R. R. S. , Echer E. , Lago A. Dal , Rockenbach M. , Schuch N. J. , Bageston J. V. , Braga C. R. , Al Jassar H. K. , Sharma M. M. , Duldig M. L. , Humble J. E. , Evenson P. , Sabbah I. , Kóta J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe demonstrate that global observations of high‐energy cosmic rays contribute to understanding unique characteristics of a large‐scale magnetic flux rope causing a magnetic storm in August 2018. Following a weak interplanetary shock on August 25, 2018, a magnetic flux rope caused an unexpectedly large geomagnetic storm. It is likely that this event became geoeffective because the flux rope was accompanied by a corotating interaction region and compressed by high‐speed solar wind following the flux rope. In fact, a Forbush decrease was observed in cosmic‐ray data inside the flux rope as expected, and a significant cosmic‐ray density increase exceeding the unmodulated level before the shock was also observed near the trailing edge of the flux rope. The cosmic‐ray density increase can be interpreted in terms of the adiabatic heating of cosmic rays near the trailing edge of the flux rope, as the corotating interaction region prevents free expansion of the flux rope and results in the compression near the trailing edge. A northeast‐directed spatial gradient in the cosmic‐ray density was also derived during the cosmic‐ray density increase, suggesting that the center of the heating near the trailing edge is located northeast of Earth. This is one of the best examples demonstrating that the observation of high‐energy cosmic rays provides us with information that can only be derived from the cosmic ray measurements to observationally constrain the three‐dimensional macroscopic picture of the interaction between coronal mass ejections and the ambient solar wind, which is essential for prediction of large magnetic storms.
Orexin receptor antagonists reverse aberrant dopamine neuron activity and related behaviors in a rodent model of stress-induced psychosis
Authors: Elam Hannah B. , Perez Stephanie M. , Donegan Jennifer J. , Lodge Daniel J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent condition affecting approximately 8% of the United States population and 20% of United States combat veterans. In addition to core symptoms of the disorder, up to 64% of individuals diagnosed with PTSD experience comorbid psychosis. Previous research has demonstrated a positive correlation between symptoms of psychosis and increases in dopamine transmission. We have recently demonstrated projections from the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) can regulate dopamine neuron activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Specifically, inactivation of the PVT leads to a reversal of aberrant dopamine system function and psychosis-like behavior. The PVT receives dense innervation from orexin containing neurons, therefore, targeting orexin receptors may be a novel approach to restore dopamine neuron activity and alleviate PTSD-associated psychosis. In this study, we induced stress-related pathophysiology in male Sprague Dawley rats using an inescapable foot-shock procedure. We observed a significant increase in VTA dopamine neuron population activity, deficits in sensorimotor gating, and hyperresponsivity to psychomotor stimulants. Administration of selective orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) and orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) antagonists (SB334867 and EMPA, respectively) or the FDA-approved, dual-orexin receptor antagonist, Suvorexant, were found to reverse stress-induced increases in dopamine neuron population activity. However, only Suvorexant and SB334867 were able to reverse deficits in behavioral corelates of psychosis. These results suggest that the orexin system may be a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of comorbid psychosis related to PTSD.