bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Carrying and Evolution Matrices in Epidemic Models
Authors: Sen Manuel De la , Ibeas Asier , Alonso-Quesada Santiago , Nistal Raul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study presents a technical characterization of classical epidemic models of compartments by decomposing the state into an infectious sub-state (or infective compartment) and a non-infective sub-state (or non-infective compartment). Then, the linearized infective part of the model is discussed through a positivity/stability viewpoint from linear algebraic tools. Some relevant properties of the transition and transmission matrices are described in a general context. The main advantage of the given formalism is that the linearized behavior about the equilibrium steady-state is general in the sense that it is independent of the particular epidemic model due to the compartmental structure performed analysis. The performed study is made in the absence and in the presence of delayed dynamics.
Simulation Analysis of Iron Roughneck’s Stretching Device based on MATLAB and Adams
Authors: Li Quan , Sha Yongbai , Zhao Xiaoying , Piao Chong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this paper the composition and working principle of stretching device for arm iron roughneck are introduced, and the kinematic model of the mechanism is established. The kinematic parameter curves of each necessary component are got by using complex vector method and solving the model with MATLAB. The kinematics simulation analysis of the virtual prototype of the iron roughneck’s stretching device is carried out by Adams, and then the kinematic parameter curves of each component are obtained, and compared with the curve obtained by MATLAB. The results show that the performance of iron roughneck stretching device is good. Most of the parameter curves calculated by MATLAB are consistent with the results of Adams simulation, and the influencing factors of the curve inconsistency are analyzed.
Relationship Between Resting Heart Rate and Carotid–Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity in the Elderly With Prehypertension
Authors: Zhang Ling-yu , Luo Li , Shen Yi-hua , Xu Guo-yan , Xie Liang-di 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
To investigate the relationship between resting heart rate and carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) in patients with prehypertension.

Methods
A total of 288 outpatients with prehypertension and 326 normotensive outpatients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University were enrolled between March 2017 and March 2019. Body weight, resting heart rate, and blood pressure of all patients were recorded. Blood biochemical indexes and cfPWV were determined.

Results
Compared with the normotensive controls, cfPWV in the prehypertension group was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.01). There was an increase in cfPWV with advancing age in both prehypertension and control groups, and cfPWV in males was higher than females. In the prehypertension group, after stratified with age and gender, partial correlation analysis showed that resting heart rate was positively correlated with cfPWV (r = 0.230, P &lt; 0.01). After adjusted for other cardiovascular risk factors, multivariable stepwise regression analysis indicated that resting heart rate, age, and gender were independently associated with cfPWV in the prehypertension group (all P &lt; 0.01). Moreover, resting heart rate was independently associated with cfPWV in the patients with prehypertension aged ≥60 years in both males and females (all P &lt; 0.01). However, in patients with prehypertension aged &lt;60 years, no significant correlation was observed between resting heart rate and cfPWV.

Conclusions
In the elderly with prehypertension, resting heart rate is independently associated with cfPWV.
DisentanglingAntirhea(Rubiaceae): resurrection ofGuettardellaand description of the new genusAchilleanthus
Authors: Chavez Jayson G , Meve Ulrich , Nürk Nicolai M , Liede-Schumann Sigrid 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Palaeotropical genus Antirhea (Guettardeae, Rubiaceae) currently comprises 37 dioecious species classified into three subgenera, Antirhea, Mesocarpa and Guettardella. It has a complex taxonomic history with varying generic delineation and variable application of species names. Recent phylogenetic studies have indicated the non-monophyly of Antirhea, but the limited sampling does not allow resolution of its circumscription or nomenclatural changes to be proposed. Here, we reconcile the generic boundaries of Antirhea based on phylogenetic analyses of two nuclear (ETS, ITS) and three plastid loci (atpB-rbcL, rps16, trnT-F) using Bayesian, maximum likelihood and parsimony methods. Our results show that Antirhea in its current circumscription is highly polyphyletic, whereas its three subgenera are retrieved as well-supported independent clades. A new generic framework is proposed based on phylogenetic results and supported by morphological evidence. We intend to restrict Antirhea to species native to the Mascarene Islands and Madagascar, to reinstate the genus Guettardella with emended diagnostic features and to describe the new genus Achilleanthus to accommodate the species of subgenus Mesocarpa plus Guettarda glabrescens, G. hypoplasia and G. ngoyensis. As a consequence, seven new combinations in Achilleanthus and 17 new combinations in Guettardella are made.
Chandelier Cartridge Density Is Reduced in the Prefrontal Cortex in Autism
Authors: Amina Sarwat , Falcone Carmen , Hong Tiffany , Wolf-Ochoa Marisol Wendy , Vakilzadeh Gelareh , Allen Erik , Perez-Castro Rosalia , Kargar Maryam , Noctor Stephen , Martínez-Cerdeño Verónica 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
An alteration in the balance of excitation-inhibition has been proposed as a common characteristic of the cerebral cortex in autism, which may be due to an alteration in the number and/or function of the excitatory and/or inhibitory cells that form the cortical circuitry. We previously found a decreased number of the parvalbumin (PV)+ interneuron known as Chandelier (Ch) cell in the prefrontal cortex in autism. This decrease could result from a decreased number of Ch cells, but also from decreased PV protein expression by Ch cells. To further determine if Ch cell number is altered in autism, we quantified the number of Ch cells following a different approach and different patient cohort than in our previous studies. We quantified the number of Ch cell cartridges—rather than Ch cell somata—that expressed GAT1—rather than PV. Specifically, we quantified GAT1+ cartridges in prefrontal areas BA9, BA46, and BA47 of 11 cases with autism and 11 control cases. We found that the density of GAT1+ cartridges was decreased in autism in all areas and layers. Whether this alteration is cause or effect remains unclear but could result from alterations that take place during cortical prenatal and/or postnatal development.
Accelerated Aging of the Amygdala in Alcohol Use Disorders: Relevance to the Dark Side of Addiction
Authors: Tomasi Dardo , Wiers Corinde E , Manza Peter , Shokri-Kojori Ehsan , Michele-Vera Yonga , Zhang Rui , Kroll Danielle , Feldman Dana , McPherson Katherine , Biesecker Catherine , Schwandt Melanie , Diazgranados Nancy , Koob George F , Wang Gene-Jack , Volkow Nora D 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Here we assessed changes in subcortical volumes in alcohol use disorder (AUD). A simple morphometry-based classifier (MC) was developed to identify subcortical volumes that distinguished 32 healthy controls (HCs) from 33 AUD patients, who were scanned twice, during early and later withdrawal, to assess the effect of abstinence on MC-features (Discovery cohort). We validated the novel classifier in an independent Validation cohort (19 AUD patients and 20 HCs). MC-accuracy reached 80% (Discovery) and 72% (Validation). MC features included the hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum, putamen, corpus callosum, and brain stem, which were smaller and showed stronger age-related decreases in AUD than HCs, and the ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid, which were larger in AUD and older participants. The volume of the amygdala showed a positive association with anxiety and negative urgency in AUD. Repeated imaging during the third week of detoxification revealed slightly larger subcortical volumes in AUD patients, consistent with partial recovery during abstinence. The steeper age-associated volumetric reductions in stress- and reward-related subcortical regions in AUD are consistent with accelerated aging, whereas the amygdalar associations with negative urgency and anxiety in AUD patients support its involvement in the “dark side of addiction”.
Analysis of Choline, Carnitine, Acetylcarnitine and Acetylcholine in Animal Feeds, Blood and Urine Using Ion Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Decheng Suo , Xia Fan , Shulin Wei , Yang Li 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A simple and sensitive method was proposed for choline, carnitine, acetylcarnitine (ACa) and acetylcholine (ACh) separation in feed, blood and urine of animals by using ion chromatography (IC) and detection by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Analytes were extracted using a mixture of acetonitrile and water, purified by C18 solid-phase extraction columns, separated via IC with an IonPac SCS-1 column and detected by an MS/MS detector by using isotopic internal standards for quantification. The effects of different chromatographic parameters on the separation were also investigated. Under optimal conditions, the recovery was &gt;90%, with the relative standard deviations of &lt;15%. The proposed method was highly reliable for the simultaneous determination of choline, carnitine, ACa and ACh in feed, blood and urine.
Microclimate drives intraspecific thermal specialization: conservation perspectives in freshwater habitats
Authors: Bartolini Fabrizio , Giomi Folco 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Endemic and relict species are often confined to ecological refugia or over fragmented distributions, representing priority conservation subjects. Within these sites, the individual population may realize distinct niches to a varying degree of specialization. An emblematic example is provided by freshwater species segregated in thermal-mineral springs, where individuals may face highly diverse microclimates in limited geographic areas. Downscaling the characterization of physiological traits to microclimatic niches becomes pivotal to adopt effective conservation measures in these heterogeneous habitats. Melanopsis etrusca (Brot, 1862) is an endangered relict snail endemic to a small number of thermal-mineral streams in central Italy. Here we describe the thermal tolerance of two populations of M. etrusca inhabiting streams with distinctly different thermal regimes, investigating the extent of physiological and behavioural specialization to such diverse microclimatic niches. The comparison of oxygen consumption rates of a population dwelling in temperate streams, characterized by seasonal temperature fluctuations (12–27°C), with a population experiencing constantly hot water (35–38°C) revealed the absence of any seasonal or geographic effect on metabolic compensation. Conversely, mobility performances were maximized in the population inhabiting the hot stream. Interestingly, here, the snails exhibited emersion behaviour outside the water, triggered by temperatures above 37°C. In the field, individuals of this population are observed inactive on stream banks, conceivably to minimize the metabolic cost that otherwise would be induced by remaining in the hot water. Only a few individuals from the temperate stream exhibited the same behaviour when exposed to elevated temperatures, suggesting the exaptation of a pre-existing trait during the evolutionary process of adaptation to hot waters. The present results provide elements for the best practice in future programmes aimed at reintroducing stocks of threatened species across heterogeneous habitats. Our study further underlines the relevance of downscaling data collection for endangered species conservation in order to recognize microclimatic specializations.
Predicting pathological lymph node status in clinical stage IA peripheral lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Aokage Keiju , Suzuki Kenji , Wakabayashi Masashi , Mizutani Tomonori , Hattori Aritoshi , Fukuda Haruhiko , Watanabe Shun-Ichi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Even with current diagnostic technology, it is difficult to accurately predict pathological lymph node status (PLNS). This study aimed to develop a prediction model of PLNS in peripheral adenocarcinoma with a dominant solid component, based on clinical and radiological factors on thin-section computed tomography, to identify patients to whom wedge resection or other local therapies could be applied.

METHODS
Of 811 patients enrolled in a prospective multi-institutional study (JCOG0201), 420 patients with clinical stage IA peripheral lung adenocarcinoma having a dominant solid component were included. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to develop a model based on clinical and centrally reviewed radiological factors. Leave-one-out cross-validation and external validation analyses were performed, using independent data from 221 patients. Sensitivity, specificity and concordance statistics were calculated to evaluate diagnostic performance.

RESULTS
The formula for calculating the probability of pathological lymph node metastasis included the following variables: tumour diameter (including ground-glass opacity), consolidation-to-tumour ratio and density of solid component. The concordance statistic was 0.8041. When the cut-off value associated with the risk of incorrectly predicting negative pathological lymph node metastasis (pN−) was 4.9%, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in predicting PLNS were 95.7% and 46.0%, respectively. The concordance statistic for the external validation set was 0.7972, and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in predicting PLNS were 95.4% and 40.5%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
The proposed model is clinically useful and successfully predicts pN− in patients with clinical stage IA peripheral lung adenocarcinoma with a dominant solid component.
One health disparities and COVID-19
Authors: Solis Alma , Nunn Charles L 
Published: January 2021

Abstract The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected some communities and populations more than others. We propose that an interdisciplinary framework of ‘One Health Disparities’ advances understanding of the social and systemic issues that drive COVID-19 in vulnerable populations. One Health Disparities integrates the social environment with One Health perspectives on the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. To apply this framework, we consider One Health Disparities that emerge in three key components of disease transmission: exposure, susceptibility, and disease expression. Exposure disparities arise through variation in contact with COVID-19’s causative agent, SARS-CoV-2. Disparities in susceptibility and disease expression also exist; these are driven by biological and social factors, such as diabetes and obesity, and through variation in access to healthcare. We close by considering how One Health Disparities informs understanding of spillback into new animal reservoirs, and what this might mean for further human health disparities.Lay summaryOne Health focuses on interconnections between human, animal, and environmental health. We propose that social environments are also important to One Health and help illuminate disparities in the coronavirus pandemic, including its origins, transmission and susceptibility among humans, and spillback to other species. We call this framework One Health Disparities.
Novel multi-virus rapid respiratory microbiological point-of-care testing in primary care: a mixed-methods feasibility evaluation
Authors: Khalid Tanzeela Y , Duncan Lorna J , Thornton Hannah V , Lasseter Gemma , Muir Peter , Toney Zara Abigail , Hay Alastair D 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Rapid multi-viral respiratory microbiological point-of-care tests (POCTs) have not been evaluated in UK primary care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a multi-viral microbiological POCT for suspected respiratory tract infections (RTIs).

Methods
In this observational, mixed-methods feasibility study practices were provided with a POCT machine for any patient aged ≥3 months with suspected RTI. Dual throat/nose swabs tested for 17 respiratory viruses and three atypical bacteria, 65 minutes per sample.

Results
Twenty clinicians recruited 93 patients (estimated 1:3 of all RTI cases). Patient’s median age was 29, 57% female, and 44% with co-morbidities. Pre-test diagnoses: upper RTI (48%); lower RTI (30%); viral/influenza-like illness (18%); other (4%). Median set-up time was 2.72 minutes, with 72% swabs processed &lt;4 hours, 90% &lt;24 hours. Tests detected ≥1 virus in 58%, no pathogen 37% and atypical bacteria 2% (3% inconclusive). Antibiotics were prescribed pre-test to 35% of patients with no pathogen detected and 25% with a virus. Post-test diagnoses changed in 20%, and diagnostic certainty increased (P = 0.02), more so when the test was positive rather than negative (P &lt; 0.001). Clinicians predicted decreased antibiotic benefit post-test (P = 0.02). Interviews revealed the POCT has clear potential, was easy to use and well-liked, but limited by time-to-result and the absence of testing for typical respiratory bacteria.

Conclusions
This POCT was acceptable and appeared to influence clinical reasoning. Clinicians wanted faster time-to-results and more information about bacteria. Randomized trials are needed to understand the safety, efficacy and patient perceptions of these POCTs.
Microbiology's next top model: Galleria in the molecular age
Authors: Dinh Hue , Semenec Lucie , Kumar Sheemal S , Short Francesca L , Cain Amy K 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Galleria mellonella has risen to fame as an invertebrate model organism given its ethical advantages, low maintenance costs, rapid reproduction time, short life cycle, high number of progeny, tolerance for human body temperatures, innate immune system and similarities to mammalian host models. It is increasingly being utilised to evaluate in vivo toxicity and efficacy of chemical compounds and antimicrobials, modelling microbial (bacterial, fungal, viral) pathogenicity and assessing host-pathogen interaction during infection. During this molecular age of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and genetic manipulation approaches, our understanding of microbial pathogenicity and host-pathogen interactions has deepened from high-throughput molecular studies performed in G. mellonella. In this review, we describe the use of G. mellonella in a broad range of studies involving omics, drug resistance, functional analysis and host-microbial community relationships. The future of G. mellonella in the molecular age is bright, with a multitude of new approaches and uses for this model from clinical to biotechnological on the horizon.
Convolutional neural networks with SegNet architecture applied to three-dimensional tomography of subsurface electrical resistivity: CNN-3D-ERT
Authors: Vu M T , Jardani A 
Published: January 2021

SUMMARY
In general, the inverse problem of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is treated using a deterministic algorithm to find a model of subsurface resistivity that can numerically match the apparent resistivity data acquired at the ground surface and has a smooth distribution that has been introduced as prior information. In this paper, we propose a new deep learning algorithm for processing the 3-D reconstruction of ERT. This approach relies on the approximation of the inverse operator considered as a nonlinear function linking the section of apparent resistivity as input and the underground distribution of electrical resistivity as output. This approximation is performed with a large amount of known data to obtain an accurate generalization of the inverse operator by identifying during the learning process a set of parameters assigned to the neural networks. To train the network, the subsurface resistivity models are theoretically generated by a geostatistical anisotropic Gaussian generator, and their corresponding apparent resistivity by solving numerically 3-D Poisson's equation. These data are formed in a way to have the same size and trained on the convolutional neural networks with SegNet architecture containing a three-level encoder and decoder network ending with a regression layer. The encoders including the convolutional, max-pooling and nonlinear activation operations are sequentially performed to extract the main features of input data in lower resolution maps. On the other side, the decoders are dedicated to upsampling operations in concatenating with feature maps transferred from encoders to compensate the loss of resolution. The tool has been successfully validated on different synthetic cases and with particular attention to how data quality in terms of resolution and noise affects the effectiveness of the approach.
Multiple geophysical investigations to characterize massive slope failure deposits: application to the Balta rockslide, Carpathians
Authors: Mreyen A-S , Cauchie L , Micu M , Onaca A , Havenith H-B 
Published: January 2021

SUMMARYOrigins of ancient rockslides in seismic regions can be controversial and must not necessarily be seismic. Certain slope morphologies hint at a possible coseismic development, though further analyses are required to better comprehend their failure history, such as modelling the slope in its pre-failure state and failure development in static and dynamic conditions. To this effect, a geophysical characterization of the landslide body is crucial to estimate the possible failure history of the slope. The Balta rockslide analysed in this paper is located in the seismic region of Vrancea-Buzau, Romanian Carpathian Mountains and presents a deep detachment scarp as well as a massive body of landslide deposits. We applied several geophysical techniques on the landslide body, as well as on the mountain crest above the detachment scarp, in order to characterize the fractured rock material as well as the dimension of failure. Electrical resistivity measurements revealed a possible trend of increasing fragmentation of rockslide material towards the valley bottom, accompanied by increasing soil moisture. Several seismic refraction surveys were performed on the deposits and analysed in form of P-wave refraction tomographies as well as surface waves, allowing to quantify elastic parameters of rock. In addition, a seismic array was installed close to the detachment scarp to analyse the surface wave dispersion properties from seismic ambient noise; the latter was analysed together with a colocated active surface wave analysis survey. Single-station ambient noise measurements completed all over the slope and deposits were used to further reveal impedance contrasts of the fragmented material over in situ rock, representing an important parameter to estimate the depth of the shearing horizon at several locations of the study area. The combined methods allowed the detection of a profound contrast of 70–90 m, supposedly associated with the maximum landslide material thickness. The entirety of geophysical results was used as basis to build up a geomodel of the rockslide, allowing to estimate the geometry and volume of the failed mass, that is, approximately 28.5–33.5 million m3.