bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limb positioning and initiation: An evolutionary context of pattern and formation
Authors: Royle Samantha R. , Tabin Clifford J. , Young John J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBefore limbs or fins, can be patterned and grow they must be initiated. Initiation of the limb first involves designating a portion of lateral plate mesoderm along the flank as the site of the future limb. Following specification, a myriad of cellular and molecular events interact to generate a bud that will grow and form the limb. The past three decades has provided a wealth of understanding on how those events generate the limb bud and how variations in them result in different limb forms. Comparatively, much less attention has been given to the earliest steps of limb formation and what impacts altering the position and initiation of the limb have had on evolution. Here, we first review the processes and pathways involved in these two phases of limb initiation, as determined from amniote model systems. We then broaden our scope to examine how variation in the limb initiation module has contributed to biological diversity in amniotes. Finally, we review what is known about limb initiation in fish and amphibians, and consider what mechanisms are conserved across vertebrates.
Anthropogenically modified habitats favor bigger and bolder lizards
Authors: Pettit Lachlan , Brown Gregory P. , Ward‐Fear Georgia , Shine Richard 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAnthropogenic activities often create distinctive but discontinuously distributed habitat patches with abundant food but high risk of predation. Such sites can be most effectively utilized by individuals with specific behaviors and morphologies. Thus, a widespread species that contains a diversity of sizes and behavioral types may be pre‐adapted to exploiting such hotspots. In eastern Australia, the giant (to >2 m) lizard Varanus varius (lace monitor) utilizes both disturbed (campground) and undisturbed (bushland) habitats. Our surveys of 27 sites show that lizards found in campgrounds tended to be larger and bolder than those in adjacent bushland. This divergence became even more marked after the arrival of a toxic invasive species (the cane toad, Rhinella marina) caused high mortality in larger and bolder lizards. Some of the behavioral divergences between campground and bushland lizards may be secondary consequences of differences in body size, but other habitat‐associated divergences in behavior are due to habituation and/or nonrandom mortality.
Mortality risk prediction in elderly patients with cardiogenic shock: results from the CardShock study
Authors: Hongisto Mari , Lassus Johan , Tarvasmäki Tuukka , Sionis Alessandro , Sans‐Rosello Jordi , Tolppanen Heli , Kataja Anu , Jäntti Toni , Sabell Tuija , Lindholm Matias Greve , Banaszewski Marek , Silva Cardoso Jose , Parissis John , Di Somma Salvatore , Carubelli Valentina , Jurkko Raija , Masip Josep , Harjola Veli‐Pekka ,   for the CardShock Study Investigators and the GREAT Network
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimsThis study aimed to assess the utility of contemporary clinical risk scores and explore the ability of two biomarkers [growth differentiation factor‐15 (GDF‐15) and soluble ST2 (sST2)] to improve risk prediction in elderly patients with cardiogenic shock.Methods and resultsPatients (n = 219) from the multicentre CardShock study were grouped according to age (elderly ≥75 years and younger). Characteristics, management, and outcome between the groups were compared. The ability of the CardShock risk score and the IABP‐SHOCK II score to predict in‐hospital mortality and the additional value of GDF‐15 and sST2 to improve risk prediction in the elderly was evaluated. The elderly constituted 26% of the patients (n = 56), with a higher proportion of women (41% vs. 21%, P < 0.05) and more co‐morbidities compared with the younger. The primary aetiology of shock in the elderly was acute coronary syndrome (84%), with high rates of percutaneous coronary intervention (87%). Compared with the younger, the elderly had higher in‐hospital mortality (46% vs. 33%; P = 0.08), but 1 year post‐discharge survival was excellent in both age groups (90% in the elderly vs. 88% in the younger). In the elderly, the risk prediction models demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.75 for the CardShock risk score and 0.71 for the IABP‐SHOCK II score. Incorporating GDF‐15 and sST2 improved discrimination for both risk scores with areas under the curve ranging from 0.78 to 0.84.ConclusionsElderly patients with cardiogenic shock have higher in‐hospital mortality compared with the younger, but post‐discharge outcomes are similar. Contemporary risk scores proved useful for early mortality risk prediction also in the elderly, and risk stratification could be further improved with biomarkers such as GDF‐15 or sST2.
MHC Class I on murine hematopoietic APC selects Type A IEL precursors in the thymus
Authors: Lee S. Thera , Georgiev Hristo , Breed Elise R. , Ruscher Roland , Hogquist Kristin A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTCRαβ+ CD8α+CD8β–intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8αα IEL) are gut T cells that maintain barrier surface homeostasis. Most CD8αα IEL are derived from thymic precursors (IELp) through a mechanism referred to as clonal diversion. In this model, self‐reactive thymocytes undergo deletion in the presence of CD28 costimulation, but in its absence undergo diversion to the IEL fate. While previous reports showed that IELp were largely β2m dependent, the APC that drive the development of these cells are poorly defined. We found that both CD80 and CD86 restrain IELp development, and conventional DCs play a prominent role. We sought to define a CD80/86 negative, MHCI positive APC that supports the development to the IEL lineage. Chimera studies showed that MHCI needs to be expressed on hematopoietic APC for selection. As thymic hematopoietic APC are heterogeneous in their expression of MHCI and costimulatory molecules, we identified four thymic APC types that were CD80/86neg/low and MHCI+. However, selective depletion of β2m in individual APC suggested functional redundancy. Thus, while hematopoietic APC play a critical role in clonal diversion, no single APC subset is specialized to promote the CD8αα IEL fate.
Concurrent flame spread over vertically oriented paper sheet: The effect of sample thickness
Authors: Zhu Xianli , Jiang Yong , Zhu Ning 
Published: February 2021

SummaryPacking or printing paper made out of cellulose is widely produced and used in daily life. The thickness of thin material affects the burning process significantly. Concurrent flame spread is an effective approach when analyzing and evaluating the fire hazard for combustible materials. Conducting this work will provide further understanding of the flame spread mechanism and reduce fire hazard. It will also enable investigation of the effect of sample thickness on concurrent flame spreading over the thin paper sheets experimentally. Numerically examining concurrent flame spread over thin paper sheet with varied thicknesses is also performed using Direct Numerical Simulation, which can provide more details on flame spread process. Qualitatively, the model predictions agree reasonably with the experiment in terms of the flame contour, burn duration, and flame spread rate. The moving rates of the flame base and pyrolysis front decrease with sample thickness both experimentally and numerically. The relationship between net heat flux, flame standoff distance, and solid burning rate is analyzed, with the burning rate exhibiting a similar trend to that of the net heat flux. A correlation of the flame net heat flux with the normalized distance in the pyrolysis region is also established where the flame heat flux displays a decay trend with the normalized space.
Cointegration, information transmission, and the lead‐lag effect between industry portfolios and the stock market
Authors: Troster Victor , Penalva José , Taamouti Abderrahim , Wied Dominik 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper shows that lagged information transmission between industry portfolio and market prices entails cointegration. We analyze monthly industry portfolios in the US market for the period 1963–2015. We find cointegration between six industry portfolio and market prices. We show that the equilibrium error, the long‐term common factor between industry portfolio and market cumulative returns, has strong predictive power for excess industry portfolio returns. In line with gradual information diffusion across connected industries, the equilibrium error proxies for changes in the investment opportunity set that lead to industry return predictability by informed investors. Forecasting models including the equilibrium error have superior forecasting performance relative to models without it, illustrating the importance of cointegration between the industry portfolio and market prices. Overall, our findings have important implications for investment and risk‐management decisions, since the out‐of‐sample explanatory power of the equilibrium error is economically meaningful for making optimal portfolio allocations.
Outcomes of combined use of topical and intravenous tranexamic acid on surgical field quality during functional endoscopic sinus surgery: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: El‐Ozairy Hala Salah El‐Din , Mady Ossama Mustafa , Tawfik Gehad Mohamed , Elhennawy Ahmed Mohamed , Teaima Ahmed Abdelmoneim , Ebied Amr , Huy Nguyen Tien 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundIntraoperative bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) poses a challenge to both surgeon and anesthetist. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of local, intravenous and combined use of tranexamic acid (TA) in improving the surgical field quality during FESS.MethodsWe conducted a randomized controlled double‐blinded prospective trial on 120 patients scheduled for elective FESS. After induction of general anesthesia, patients were randomly and evenly assigned to one of four groups; IV TA, local TA, both IV and local TA, and placebo. Surgical field was assessed using five‐point Boezaart scale. Total fentanyl and esmolol consumption, operative time, recovery time, and postoperative complications were recorded.ResultsSurgical field quality score was the best in IV and local TA group compared to others (p < 0.001). Mean operative time was found significantly shorter in IV and local TA group than placebo one. Total fentanyl consumption was significantly lower in IV and local TA group comparing to others (p = 0.025). Mean recovery time was significantly shorter for IV and local TA group compared to others. Total fentanyl consumption was significantly lower in IV and local TA group comparing to others. No significant differences were found of mean arterial pressure and heart rate decline in four groups. None of the patients in four groups required esmolol administration. No statistically significant differences were found in change of hemoglobin, hematocrit, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time over time in all groups.ConclusionThe combined use of topical and intravenous TA provided the best surgical field in FESS, less fentanyl consumption, and less recovery time without causing significant side effects.
Modulated gravity effects on nonlinear convection in viscoelastic ferromagnetic fluids between two horizontal parallel plates
Authors: Jayalatha Gopal , Muchikel Nivya 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this study, the analysis of nonlinear stability with viscoelastic ferromagnetic fluids as working media is performed by finite‐amplitude perturbations. The solution of the resulting nonautonomous system of the Lorenz model (generalized Khayat–Lorenz model of four modes) is obtained numerically to measure the amount of heat transport. The effects of elastic parameters, Prandtl number, modulation parameters, buoyancy magnetic parameter, and nonbuoyancy magnetic parameter on heat transport are studied. Heat transport is quantified through the average Nusselt number, which is determined by solving the scaled Lorenz model. As limiting cases of the study, the results of Newtonian, Maxwell, Rivlin–Ericksen fluids are determined. The results obtained have been presented graphically.
Impact of intellectual capital efficiency on financial stability in banks: Insights from an emerging economy
Authors: Ullah Atta , Pinglu Chen , Ullah Saif , Qian Ningyu , Zaman Mubasher 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe paper aims to address the long‐term and short‐term effects of intellectual capital efficiency (ICE) on Pakistan's bank stability together with the banking system's inherent factors. The ICE is measured through the VAIC™ model and consists of human, rational, and structural capitals. The auto‐regressive distributed lag estimation technique results underwrite that an increase in ICE leads to better bank stability and endorses the resource‐based theory. Apart from that, findings show the long‐term role of ICE in bank stability, although statistics depict no short‐term role in this regard. The efficiency ratios, risk‐based capital, leverage, and bank size shows a positive impact in the short run. In the long run, the risk‐based capital and leverage show a decisively positive influence, while the bank size and efficiency ratio show a negative effect. Findings can be used to increase intangible investments to build a sustainable competitive advantage based on the resource‐based approach. The upcoming review is expected to consider the Fintech effect.
Cinnamaldehyde and hesperetin attenuate TNBS‐induced ulcerative colitis in rats through modulation of the JAk2/STAT3/SOCS3 pathway
Authors: Elhennawy Mayada G. , Abdelaleem Eglal A. , Zaki Amal A. , Mohamed Wafaa R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUlcerative colitis is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder with a negative impact on the life quality of patients. Cinnamaldehyde and hesperetin were chosen due to their antioxidants and anti‐inflammatory effects. This study explored the protective effects of cinnamaldehyde (40 and 90 mg/kg, po) and hesperetin (50 and 100 mg/kg, po) on 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)‐induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Cinnamaldehyde and hesperetin significantly improved macroscopic and histopathological examinations with a significant reduction in myeloperoxidase and intracellular adhesion molecule‐1 expression. They significantly reduced colon oxidative stress by a significant elevation in both reduced glutathione content and superoxide dismutase activity with a significant reduction of NO content. Furthermore, cinnamaldehyde and hesperetin alleviated the inflammatory injury by a significant reduction in interleukin‐6 along with suppression of nuclear factor‐κB, receptor for advanced glycation end products, and tumor necrosis factor‐α expression. Moreover, cinnamaldehyde and hesperetin significantly decreased p‐JAK2 and p‐STAT3 while significantly increased suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) protein expression. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde and hesperetin counteracted TNBS‐induced ulcerative colitis through antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory properties as well as modulation of the JAk2/STAT3/SOCS3 pathway.
Pharmacological evaluation of MRAP proteins on Xenopus neural melanocortin signaling
Authors: Tai Xiaolu , Xue Song , Zhang Cong , Liu Yu , Chen Jie , Han Yu , Lin Gufa , Zhang Chao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMelanocortin‐3 receptor (MC3R) and melanocortin‐4 receptor (MC4R), two neural G protein‐coupled receptors are known to be functionally critical for energy balance in vertebrates. As allosteric regulators of melanocortin receptors, melanocortin accessory proteins (MRAPs) are also involved in energy homeostasis. The interaction of MRAPs and melanocortin signaling was previously shown in mammals and zebrafish, but nothing had been reported in amphibians. As the basal class of tetrapods, amphibians occupy a phylogenetic transition between teleosts and terrestrial animals. Here we examined the evolutionary conservation of MC3R, MC4R, and MRAPs between diploid Xenopus tropicalis (xt‐) and other chordates and investigated the pharmacological regulatory properties of MRAPs on the neural MC3R and MC4R signaling. Our results showed that xtMRAP and xtMRAP2 both exerted robust potentiation effect on agonist (α‐MSH and adrenocorticotropin [ACTH]) induced activation and modulated the basal activity and cell surface translocation of xtMC3R and xtMC4R. In addition, the presence of two accessory proteins could convert xtMC3R and xtMC4R into ACTH‐preferred receptors. These findings suggest that the presence of MRAPs exhibits fine control over the pharmacological activities of the neuronal MC3R and MC4R signaling in the Xenopus tropicalis, which is physiologically relevant with the complicated transition of feeding behaviors during their life history.
Overcoming challenges of improving legacy biopharmaceutical processes
Authors: Gao Ying , Gervais David 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContinuous process improvement of biopharmaceutical processes is an expectation of the current regulatory environment (e.g. ICH Q8 and Q10), and extends to older products as well as new licences. Particularly in the case of older products, process changes are also often simply required to improve process efficiency, to facilitate easier manufacture and to update materials such as chromatography resins and filters that may become unavailable due to age. These older processes, or legacy processes, present unique challenges for process improvement. This paper discusses the challenges and strategies of implementing changes and new technologies for improving legacy manufacturing processes, and outlines the issues to be addressed during process redevelopment and validation, including product and process characterisation and particular regulatory constraints to ensure product profile and quality are maintained when making process changes. Case studies are presented, with a focus on adaptation of single‐use technologies for commercial biopharmaceutical processes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Morphogenesis of the New Zealand white rabbit tongue (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Haddad Seham , S. Abdel‐Megeid Nazema , Abumandour Mohamed M. A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe current study was designed to describe the prenatal developmental stages of the rabbit tongue. Thirty‐five embryos of prenatal ages (E16, E19, E23, E25, E28, and Postnatal) were obtained from New Zealand white (NZW) rabbit. The primordia of the tongue were observed on the foundation as early as day 16 prenatal age (E16). The first primordia of lingual papillae were observed that including the primordia of circumvallate papillae at day 19 prenatal (E19). Thickenings of lingual epithelium developed at 19 day prenatal of embryo. At day 23–25 pc, the presence of primordia of foliate papillae was shown in addition to primordia of the fungiform and filiform papillae were found. The development of the final shape of the tongue is a longstanding process that occurs during the prenatal and postnatal life. The first primordia of gustatory papillae appear, and only later primordia of mechanical papillae are formed. In conclusion, the morphogenesis of the tongue and its lingual papillae discussed its herbivorous nature of feeding.
Green synthesis and anticancer activity of tetrahydrodipyrazolo[3,4‐b:4′,3′‐e]pyridines catalyzed by phospho sulfonic acid
Authors: Chinthaparthi Radha Rani , Chittiboena Vijaya Lakshmi , Jorepalli Sumalatha , Gangireddy Chandra Sekhar Reddy 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBiologically portent/significant tetrahydrodipyrazolo[3,4‐b:4′,3′‐e]pyridines are synthesized by an efficient green synthesis of various aldehydes with 3‐methyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐5(4H)‐one in ammonium acetate using phospho sulfonic acid as a solid catalyst under microwave‐assisted interaction under solvent‐free conditions at 70°C. This methodology is easy to handle and get good to excellent yields. Later the potential in vitro antiproliferation of the titled compounds is evaluated. Among all the titled compounds, 4s and 4t showed the most potent anticancer potentiality on the used cancer cell lines of SK‐BR‐3 and HeLa (IC50 = 10.70 ± 0.27 and 12.58 ± 0.38, and 19.38 ± 0.32 and 21.55 ± 0.41 μg/mL for SK‐BR‐3 cells lines and HeLa cells lines, respectively), which were comparable to the positive control.
Wave activities characteristics during a sudden sharp drought–flood turn event in 2011 in East China
Authors: Wang Chenghai , Li Kechen , Santisirisomboon Jerasorn 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe sudden turn from drought to flood (STDF) is an extreme climate event that frequently occurs over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin (MLYR) in China. This study investigates the role of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in a STDF event in 2011 over the MLYR and analyses its dynamic characteristics. A wavelet analysis of the rainfall evolution shows that there are two ISO modes (10–20 days and 30–60 days) during the STDF event. When rainfall turns from drought to flood, both ISO modes of rainfall simultaneously convert from the negative phase to the positive phase. Further investigation on the two intraseasonal time scales illustrates that a meridionally‐propagated Rossby wave train (RWT) propagates northward along the eastern China, and meets a zonally‐propagated RWT from the North Atlantic to the North Pacific over the MLYR. The interaction of the two RWTs above is the key factor that causes the STDF event in 2011 over the MLYR.
Asymmetric impact of the boreal spring Pacific Meridional Mode on the following winter El Niño‐Southern Oscillation
Authors: Zheng Yuqiong , Chen Wen , Chen Shangfeng , Yao Shuailei , Cheng Conglan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA number of previous studies have indicated that boreal spring Pacific Meridional Mode (SPMM) can exert notable impacts on the occurrence of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event during the subsequent winter. Here, we reveal that the impact of the SPMM on the following winter ENSO is asymmetric. During positive SPMM (+SPMM) years, strong westerly wind anomalies are induced over the tropical western Pacific via wind‐evaporation‐SST (WES) feedback. These westerly wind anomalies lead to pronounced sea surface temperature warming in the tropical central and eastern Pacific, which further develop to an El Niño‐like pattern via positive atmosphere–ocean interaction. However, easterly wind anomalies over the tropical western Pacific during negative SPMM (−SPMM) years are much weaker. The weak easterly wind anomalies cannot lead to a clear La Niña‐like pattern in the following winter. We suggest that the asymmetric strength of the westerly and easterly wind anomalies over the tropical western Pacific is due to the asymmetric intensity of the WES feedback over the tropical north Pacific, with stronger intensity in the +SPMM years. The asymmetric trade wind charging process also partly contributes to the asymmetric SPMM–ENSO relation. Atmospheric general circulation model simulations confirm that the intensity of the +SPMM‐generated westerly wind anomalies over the tropical western Pacific is stronger than that of the easterly wind anomalies related to the −SPMM. The present study indicates that it is necessary to consider the phases of the SPMM when predicting winter ENSO events based on the preceding SPMM.