bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Least-Square Biarc Curve Fitting for CNC Machining
Authors: Kao Ju-Hsien , Loh Han Tong , Prinz Fritz B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For CNC cutter path generation of nonlinear curves or surfaces, curve fitting using circular arc segments can be more efficient than linear segments. This paper presents a new algorithm for approximating large sets of points using a spline of biarcs, each of which consists of two circular arcs connected in tangent-continuous manner. The approach proposed in this paper differs from the previous work in that it does not require to pre-determine the number of arc segments, and yet all the family of biarcs between two points can be used, not only the ones which minimize the curvature difference or radii ratio. Combining the merits of least-square algorithms and binary search methods, this approach is capable of producing the minimum, or near minimum number of biarcs needed to approximate points within specified accuracy.
Active Catalog: Searching and Using Catalog Information in Internet-Based Design
Authors: Ling S. Ringo , Kim Jihie , Will Peter , Luo Ping 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The exponential growth of the Internet and the increasing communication and computational power have created many opportunities for advancing engineering, manufacturing and business activities. Active Catalog brings a conceptually new idea to design and electronic commerce by providing new forms of catalog information about engineering parts and physical objects. Active Catalog is designed for finding and using information in building design applications in the context of heterogeneous, Internet-based distributed computing environments. The information provided by Active Catalog is active, dynamic, composable, multi-dimensional, share-able, semantically accessible, interoperable and executable in distributed environments.
Active Catalog allows engineers and designers to search for information about catalog parts syntactically and semantically, use that information to construct simulation programs rapidly, and test out their designs on the Internet before committing to actual fabrication of physical systems. It supports a new “Try Before You Buy” paradigm in the Internet-based design and electronic commerce.
This paper presents a number of research issues and our approach in building an Internet-based catalog information resource. The paper describes an initial prototype toward realizing the “Try Before You Buy” paradigm, in the context of the electromechanical design of pump and motor systems. The prototype contains a pump ontology and a search engine for finding semantically equivalent parts. The paper also describes a distributed simulation, which runs on various machines, and exchanges dynamic information using commercial data exchange mechanisms.
Special Panel Session for Feature Recognition
Authors: Han JungHyun , Regli William C. , Rosen David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Feature recognition is a discipline focusing on the design and implementation of algorithms for detecting manufacturing information such as holes, slots, etc. in a solid model. Automated feature recognition has been an active research area in solid modeling for many years, and is considered to be a critical component for CAD/CAM integration. This paper gives foundations for understanding the state of the art in feature recognition research. It also establishes the context for a special panel session at the 17th ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference. Four papers from different research groups participated in a benchmarking exercise on feature recognition; each wrote a paper on the results of executing their feature recognition systems on a collected set of parts. This panel session should serve as a catalyst for the feature recognition community to collaborate in establishing standard test parts and performance measures and in identifying and resolving research issues.
Evolution, Dispersion and Ignition of Flammable Fuel Release
Authors: Lilley David G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The release into the atmosphere of toxic, flammable and explosive materials is extremely dangerous. If an ignition source is found, the resulting fire can often be devastating. Pertinent information and calculations are given related to the evolution (source release models), dispersion (contaminant dispersion models), and possible ignition of released material.
The Development of a Profile-Milling Program for Teaching Computer-Aided-Manufacturing and CNC Programming
Authors: Hotchkiss Anthony 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
At SUNY College at Buffalo, a new course, TEC302, CAD/CAM, computer-aided-design and computer-aided-manufacturing was added to the Industrial Technology (IT) undergraduate curriculum in the fall of 1994. At that time, the technology department had been using the AutoCAD system for design/drafting, and SmartCAM for demonstrating computer-aided-manufacturing.
SmartCAM is a sophisticated product that takes a great deal of training to use, does not work directly in AutoCAD, and with only four licenses, was not available to all the students.
For these reasons, the author developed a CAM program, VAL-CAM, that works inside AutoCAD, and has most of the aspects of a more sophisticated CAM program, yet is simpler to use, is available to all students, and automatically generates CNC (computer-numerical-control) code suitable for driving the departments’ vertical milling machining center.
This paper discusses the development of VAL-CAM, which is written in the AutoLISP language for compatibility with AutoCAD. The dialogue control language (DCL) of AutoCAD was also used for part of the user interface for VALCAM. The algorithms, flow diagrams, pseudo code and actual LISP code for some of the more interesting parts of the program are presented. VAL-CAM is under continuous development, and later sections of the program will be discussed in future papers.
Crash/Crush Analysis of Vehicle Structures Utilizing Thin-Walled Beam Elements
Authors: Tang Xiaodong , Cheng James C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Using beam element in finite element analysis of automotive structures in the event of crash may significantly reduces the number of elements required to model the structures. It may significantly reduces the computing time for nonlinear integration. More significantly, it takes less time to establish, post-process and modify the models and is therefore, suitable for upfront engineering and concept analysis at early design stages. Considerable studies on beam elements (1–4) have been conducted and many commercial and academic finite element codes (5–7) incorporated it in their libraries. These beam elements are mostly based on the traditional theory that considers the deformation due to yielding and large displacement. However, the buckling phenomenon in the thin-walled components is not reflected in the formulation and therefore, the element are not suitable for thin-walled beams which are quite common in vehicle structures.
In this study, a thin-walled beam element is developed to incorporate both the deformation due to material yielding and the deformation due to the buckling of the thin wall plates. The buckling characteristics of the plates is approximately and equivalently converted into the behavior of crush hinge. Like the conventional plastic hinges, the crush hinges are formulated into the finite beam element. The element buckling effect is reflected into the structural response.
The beam element is coded into a computer program. The major formulations of beam element, numerical integration schemes of dynamic analysis and contact loading are illustrated in the follow sections. The computer program is used to analyze vehicle structures and the examples are shown in this paper. It should be pointed out that due to the limitations of beam element it is not possible to consider local design features such as small holes and notches. In those cases approximation must be adopted in finite element modeling.
Group Decision Making in Product Design and Manufacturing
Authors: Yoshimura Masataka , Kondo Hideyuki 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Reconciling the different desires and requirements of individuals within decision making groups is becoming increasingly important, as corporate structures tend to embody flat relationships more than hierarchical ones, and as computer networks gain ever more utility. In this paper, a computer aided decision making support system is proposed, that such groups of decision makers can rely on, in order to arrive at the best possible cooperative decisions. First, weighting coefficients for the factors to be evaluated are determined by pair comparisons based on the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method. The preference structures of the decision makers for these factors are expressed by single-attribute satisfaction functions. Next, these satisfaction functions are classified into two groups having opposite tendencies (positive, and negative) so that when graphed, the intersection of the two curves can be defined as a solution point where the decision makers can compromise. Then, improvement procedures are conducted based on compromise processes, so that the satisfaction levels at the solution point becomes as high as possible. Finally, these decision making procedures are demonstrated by analyzing the decision making problems encountered when designing an industrial robot.
Shape Optimal Design of Elastic Planar Frames With Elastic and Skew-Sliding Supports
Authors: Oblak M. M. , Kegl M. , Dinevski D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes an approach to shape optimal design of elastic, statically loaded, planar frames with kinematically non-linear response where special attention is focused on consideration of elastic and skew-sliding supports. A frame structure is treated as to be assembled from several design elements each of them being defined as a Bézier curve. The design variables may influence the position and the shape of each design element, the cross-sectional properties of beam elements, the elastic properties of the supports as well as the angles of inclination of sliding supports. Highly accurate, locking-free and initially curved beam elements are employed to ensure accurate and reliable results. The optimal design problem is defined in a general form and its solution, by employing gradient based methods of mathematical programming, is discussed briefly. The theory is illustrated with a numerical example.
Kinematic and Kinetic Derivatives in Multibody System Analysis
Authors: Serban Radu , Haug Edward J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Methods and identities for computation of kinematic and kinetic derivatives required for a broad spectrum of multibody system analyses are presented. Analyses such as implicit numerical integration of the differential–algebraic equations of multibody dynamics, dynamic sensitivity analysis, and workspace analysis are shown to require computation of three derivatives of algebraic constraint functions and first derivatives of inertia and force expressions. Computationally efficient derivative calculation methods and associated identities are presented for Cartesian generalized coordinates, with Euler parameters for orientation. Results presented enable practical and efficient computation of all derivatives required in multibody mechanical system analysis.
Utilizing the Effort/Motion Approach in the Simulation of Interconnected Rigid Body Systems
Authors: Perreira N. Duke 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The effort/motion approach has been developed for use in designing, simulating and controlling multibody systems. Some aspects of each of these topics are discussed here. In the effort/motion formulation two sets of equations based on the orthogonal projections of a dimensional gauge invariant form of Newton’s Second Law occur. The projections are onto the normal and tangent directions of a dimensional gauge invariant constraint surface. The paper shows how these equations are obtained for a particular linkage with redundant effort and motion actuation. Two alternative Runga-Kutta based approaches for numerical simulation of the effort/motion equations are developed and applied in simulating the motion and determining the effort generated in the example linkage under various conditions. Oscillation about equilibrium positions, solutions with constant motion and with constant effort are given as examples of the approach.
Inverse Kinematics for Planar Parallel Manipulators
Authors: Williams Robert L. , Shelley Brett H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents algebraic inverse position and velocity kinematics solutions for a broad class of three degree-of-freedom planar in-parallel-actuated manipulators. Given an end-effector pose and rate, all active and passive joint values and rates are calculated independently for each serial chain connecting the ground link to the end-effector link. The solutions are independent of joint actuation. Seven serial chains consisting of revolute and prismatic joints are identified and their inverse solutions presented. To reduce computations, inverse Jacobian matrices for overall manipulators are derived to give only actuated joint rates. This matrix yields conditions for invalid actuation schemes. Simulation examples are given.
Designing for Maintainability in Preliminary Aircraft Engine Design
Authors: Nottingham Carrie R. , Ortega Roberto A. , Rangarajan Bharadwaj , Koch Patrick N. , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
With the high performance demands of turbine engines, particularly during aircraft take-off and landing, the necessity of scheduled and unscheduled maintenance makes designing these engines for maintainability extremely important. Maintenance issues, however, are normally not addressed in the preliminary stages of design. Thus, we are interested in determining top level engine design specifications which include maintainability issues. For this study we use the High Speed Civil Transport aircraft engine cycle as our example. We identify critical maintenance actions and levels for the HSCT and map these maintenance issues into the conceptual design phase. To facilitate a thorough concept exploration process for top level design specifications including maintainability issues, we implement the Robust Concept Exploration Method (RCEM). Our focus in this paper is to demonstrate a method of abstracting maintainability issues to the preliminary stages of design, rather than the results per se.
Curve Skinning Using Dual Kriging
Authors: Limaiem Anis , ElMaraghy Hoda A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new method for curve skinning based on dual Kriging interpolation. Curves that have arbitrary parametric forms are used to generate the surfaces. The surface generated is invariant under affine transformations and translations if the generator curves are also invariant under these transformations and the surface is as smooth as the Kriging profile. A general Kriging profile is used for the interpolation. Derivatives data and linear constraints may be specified along the cross direction at each generator curve, hence, allowing the construction of blending surfaces with continuity specifications. Curve sweeping may also be treated using the same methodology. This method has potential applications in surface design and reverse engineering.
Robust Design for Dynamic Performance: Optical Pick-up Example
Authors: Seki Kenichi , Ishii Kosuke , Esterman Marcos 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
To achieve high quality and reliability in mechatronics products, thorough consideration of dynamic performance in structural design is essential. Typical examples include the design of optical pick-ups for disk related products, such as Compact Disc (CD) drives, and Magneto-optical Disc (MO) drives. Many researchers have developed design methodologies to optimize the nominal dynamic characteristics. Recently, robustness of dynamic performance has become an important issue in addition to optimizing nominal performance. Engineers seek to improve the quality of products by minimizing the effects of numerous variations that arise during the product’s manufacturing and life-cycle operation. This paper reports on the application of the robust design concept to the dynamic design of an optical pick-up actuator focusing on shape synthesis using computer models and design of experiments. By comparing this approach to analytical sensitivity solution, the authors provide a rationale for using the relatively simple statistical approach with orthogonal arrays.
Computationally Simple Xerographic Subsystem Models for System Model Synthesis Using MARS
Authors: Rai Sudhendu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the application of the MARS (Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines) (Friedman [1]) algorithm as an approach for developing computationally simple input-output models of subsystems. The algorithm will be used to construct models from experimental data as well as to develop simpler approximate models from computationally expensive finite element models over a range of design variables of interest. It will be demonstrated that these simplified models can then be used to construct more elaborate system models that consist of a large number of interacting subsystems. The system model can be used for performing a large number of what-if studies and studying the interactions between the subsystems. The examples presented in this paper will be from the xerographic design domain although this approach to modeling can be applied to other engineering domains as well. Specific advantages of this approach will be highlighted including its ability to handle moderately large data-sets in a semi-automated manner.
Deposition Strategies and Resulting Part Stiffnesses in Layered Manufacturing
Authors: Kulkarni Prashant , Dutta Debasish 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In most Layered Manufacturing (LM) processes, the choice of deposition strategy plays an important role. In this paper, the effects of different deposition paths on a specific deposition based LM process are investigated. Some variations on the current deposition strategies are also proposed. The stiffness of parts manufactured by the different strategies is experimentally determined. It is then compared with an analytical model developed by using laminate analysis. A good conformance of the laminate model to the experimental results suggests that the laminate model can be used as a design aide to help the designer to tailor the deposition strategy to the stiffness requirements.
Development of an AutoCAD-Based Geometric Tolerancing System
Authors: Tsai Jhy-Cherng , Chang Jing-Sheng 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Geometric tolerancing is an important factor affecting the functional performance and manufacturing cost of a product. Tolerancing specifications have to be assigned with care at design time to reduce the gap between design and manufacturing. This paper describes a system that simplifies tolerancing assignment and uses dimensioning and tolerancing data for related applications. The system consists of five modules for feature type classification, tolerance assignment, tolerance network construction, frame transformation, and tolerance analysis interface. It provides an interactive interface for tolerance assignment based on geometric features that a designer can select from decomposed isometric drawing. The system also recognizes the type of a feature so that only appropriate tolerancing specifications can be assigned. Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing data are used to construct a network for representing the tolerancing and mating relationship among features. The network is then converted for tolerance analysis via a tolerance analysis interface.
Thermal Issues in the Design of an SLS Rapid Prototyping Machine
Authors: Norrell Jeffery L. , Crawford Richard H. , Wood Kristin L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), one of several powder-based Rapid Prototyping (RP) methods, thermal transfer plays an important role in machine design. Thermal control of the processing area or “space” is crucial for accurate, repeatable part formation. In a typical SLS powder bed, significant thermal transfer occurs through mixed convection and conduction. In this paper, a polymeric powder bed subjected to in-bed convection is investigated with the goal of quantitatively determining transient thermal behavior. A numerical model describing heat transfer within a powder is presented. Convection and conduction are both numerically shown to play important roles in steady state temperature profiles. The design and construction of an experimental apparatus to measure the temperature profiles within a powder subjected to forced convection are also described. Full factorial experiments are used to calibrate and validate the numerical model, as well as to examine transient behavior. Using information gained from numerical and experimental work, suggestions are made for machine design to better control part precision and reproducibility. For example, it is shown that actively controlling the temperature of air convected through the powder bed gives fine, rapid control over the feed side cylinder thermal state.
New Matrix-Theory-Based Definitions for Manipulator Dexterity
Authors: Soper R. Randall , Canfield Stephen L. , Reinholtz Charles F. , Mook Dean T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Historically, the evaluation of the “dexterity” of a given manipulator has been presented as a difficult qualitative and context-dependent task. The nature of this task has given rise to numerous definitions for quantitative properties associated with a manipulator, all referred to as dexterity. By divorcing the kernel of the idea of dexterity from the qualitative evaluation, a novel, unified, and simple definition for manipulator dexterity has been developed. The new definition of dexterity retains the spirit of all previous definitions. Simplicity is retained by recognizing that all velocity analyses and hence all measures of dexterity are governed by linear systems of algebraic equations. The derivations presented are general and may be universally applied to both redundant architectures and non-spanning substructures.
Using Symmetry to Reduce Planning Complexity: A Case Study in Sheet-Metal Production
Authors: Wang Cheng-Hua , Bourne David A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we present an approach to recognize symmetries of bent sheet-metal parts at different manufacturing stages. This approach is based on Waltzman’s (Waltzman, 1987) 2D symmetry detection algorithm. 3D symmetry is recognized by considering its 2D symmetry and the associated bending transformations. We show, by recognizing that the part is symmetrical, that the planning complexity for processes in sheet-metal production can be greatly reduced. This paper is motivated by the fact that a significant percentage of sheet-metal parts are symmetrical. We have studied over 200 industrial parts and over 40% of them are symmetrical. Examples from sheet-metal nesting (layout planning), bending, stacking, product decomposition and assembly planning are discussed.