bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent warming reverses forty-year decline in catastrophic lake drainage and hastens gradual lake drainage across northern Alaska
Authors: Lara Mark J , Chen Yaping , Jones Benjamin M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Lakes represent as much as ∼25% of the total land surface area in lowland permafrost regions. Though decreasing lake area has become a widespread phenomenon in permafrost regions, our ability to forecast future patterns of lake drainage spanning gradients of space and time remain limited. Here, we modeled the drivers of gradual (steady declining lake area) and catastrophic (temporally abrupt decrease in lake area) lake drainage using 45 years of Landsat observations (i.e. 1975–2019) across 32 690 lakes spanning climate and environmental gradients across northern Alaska. We mapped lake area using supervised support vector machine classifiers and object based image analyses using five-year Landsat image composites spanning 388 968 km2. Drivers of lake drainage were determined with boosted regression tree models, using both static (e.g. lake morphology, proximity to drainage gradient) and dynamic predictor variables (e.g. temperature, precipitation, wildfire). Over the past 45 years, gradual drainage decreased lake area between 10% and 16%, but rates varied over time as the 1990s recorded the highest rates of gradual lake area losses associated with warm periods. Interestingly, the number of catastrophically drained lakes progressively decreased at a rate of ∼37% decade−1 from 1975–1979 (102–273 lakes draining year−1) to 2010–2014 (3–8 lakes draining year−1). However this 40 year negative trend was reversed during the most recent time-period (2015–2019), with observations of catastrophic drainage among the highest on record (i.e. 100–250 lakes draining year−1), the majority of which occurred in northwestern Alaska. Gradual drainage processes were driven by lake morphology, summer air and lake temperature, snow cover, active layer depth, and the thermokarst lake settlement index (R
2
adj = 0.42, CV = 0.35, p < 0.0001), whereas, catastrophic drainage was driven by the thawing season length, total precipitation, permafrost thickness, and lake temperature (R
2
adj = 0.75, CV = 0.67, p < 0.0001). Models forecast a continued decline in lake area across northern Alaska by 15%–21% by 2050. However these estimates are conservative, as the anticipated amplitude of future climate change were well-beyond historical variability and thus insufficient to forecast abrupt ‘catastrophic’ drainage processes. Results highlight the urgency to understand the potential ecological responses and feedbacks linked with ongoing Arctic landscape reorganization.
High NH3 deposition in the environs of a commercial fattening pig farm in central south China
Authors: Yi Wuying , Shen Jianlin , Liu Guoping , Wang Juan , Yu Lifei , Li Yong , Reis Stefan , Wu Jinshui 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Intensive livestock production has been increasing, and has resulted in the emission of more than seven teragram per year of ammonia (NH3) in China in recent years. However, little is known about the fate of the emitted NH3, especially the dry deposition of NH3 in the environs of intensive animal farms. In this study, the spatial and temporal variations of NH3 deposition in the environs of an intensive fattening pig farm were investigated in the central south of China. NH3 concentrations were measured at sites situated 50, 100, 200, 300, and 500 m in the downwind direction from the farm each month from July 2018 to June 2019. The NH3 deposition was calculated based on a bidirectional NH3 exchange model. The monthly NH3 emissions from the pig farm were estimated based on the breeding stock. The annual average NH3 concentrations ranged from 1200 to 14 μg m−3 at the downwind sites within 500 m of the pig farm, exhibiting exponential decay as distance increased. Strong seasonality in NH3 deposition was observed, with the highest season being in the summer and lowest in the winter, and air temperature was found to be an important factor affecting this seasonal variation. The estimated monthly total dry deposition within 500 m of the pig farm ranged from 92 to 1400 kg NH3–N mo−1, which accounted for 4.1%–14% of the total monthly NH3 emissions from the pig farm. The estimated total NH3 emissions and NH3 deposition from the pig farm were 63 000 kg NH3–N yr−1 and 5400 kg NH3–N yr−1, respectively, with the annual average ratio of NH3 deposition to NH3 emission being 8.6%. This study found NH3 deposition around intensive pig farms is high, and determined it as a significant fate of the NH3 emitted from pig farms.
Obesity and Kidney Function: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Kjaergaard Alisa D , Teumer Alexander , Witte Daniel R , Stanzick Kira-Julia , Winkler Thomas W , Burgess Stephen , Ellervik Christina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are correlated risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods
Using summary data from GIANT (Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits), DIAGRAM (DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis), and CKDGen (CKD Genetics), we examined causality and directionality of the association between obesity and kidney function. Bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) estimated the total causal effects of body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) on kidney function, and vice versa. Effects of adverse obesity and T2D were examined by stratifying BMI variants by their association with WHR and T2D. Multivariable MR estimated the direct causal effects of BMI and WHR on kidney function. The inverse variance weighted random-effects MR for Europeans was the main analysis, accompanied by several sensitivity MR analyses.

Results
One standard deviation (SD ≈ 4.8 kg/m2) genetically higher BMI was associated with decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) [β=−0.032 (95% confidence intervals: −0.036, −0.027) log[eGFR], P = 1 × 10−43], increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) [β = 0.010 (0.005, 0.015) log[BUN], P = 3 × 10−6], increased urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio [β = 0.199 (0.067, 0.332) log[urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)], P = 0.003] in individuals with diabetes, and increased risk of microalbuminuria [odds ratios (OR) = 1.15 [1.04–1.28], P = 0.009] and CKD [1.13 (1.07–1.19), P = 3 × 10−6]. Corresponding estimates for WHR and for trans-ethnic populations were overall similar. The associations were driven by adverse obesity, and for microalbuminuria additionally by T2D. While genetically high BMI, unlike WHR, was directly associated with eGFR, BUN, and CKD, the pathway to albuminuria was likely through T2D. Genetically predicted kidney function was not associated with BMI or WHR.

Conclusions
Genetically high BMI is associated with impaired kidney function, driven by adverse obesity, and for albuminuria additionally by T2D.
High-Sensitivity Single Molecule Array Assays for Pathological Isoforms in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Norman Maia , Gilboa Tal , Walt David R 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
Clinical trials for neurodegenerative diseases are increasingly utilizing measurements of post-translational modifications (PTMs) and pathological isoforms as surrogate markers of target engagement and therapeutic efficacy. These isoforms, however, tend to exist at femtomolar concentrations, well below the detection limit of conventional immunoassays. Therefore, highly sensitive and well-validated assays for these isoforms are needed.

Methods
We developed a novel panel of single molecule array assays for pathological isoforms and PTMs implicated in the development and pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. We validated this panel by measuring these analytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of a cross-sectional cohort of 100 patients with Parkinson’s disease and 100 healthy controls.

Results
When comparing patients with Parkinson’s disease to healthy controls, alpha synuclein, pSer129 alpha synuclein, DJ-1, and C-reactive protein were shown to be reduced in patients with Parkinson’s disease while p396 tau and neurofilament light chain were shown to be increased. A random forest analysis produced an area under the curve of 0.70 for the panel.

Conclusions
Measurement of post-translational modifications and pathological isoforms in patients with Parkinson’s disease improved diagnostic accuracy above that of total protein measurements, demonstrating the potential utility of these assays for monitoring patients in clinical trials.
Utilizing a Critical Race Theory Lens to Reduce Barriers to Social and Emotional Learning: A Call to Action
Authors: McGee Blanca S , Germany Andrea F , Phillips Regina L , Barros-Lane Liza 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Social and emotional learning (SEL) and equity issues have each been complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic for students of color. This brief seeks to call to action school social workers who can identify social and emotional barriers to learning that students of color experience in schools through a critical race theory (CRT) lens. School social workers are well positioned to address equity concerns and systemic racism in schools. They play a key role in addressing SEL, reducing equity barriers, and navigating the CRT opposition. The authors view the role of the school social worker as an integral part of social and emotional teaching and learning. This is a call to mobilize school social workers to advocacy roles for SEL, equity, and racism concerns that have long impacted students of color. The authors’ aim is to provide social workers with actionable strategies in reducing social and emotional barriers to learning for students of color.
Lexical Competition Without Phonology: Masked Orthographic Neighbor Priming With Deaf Readers
Authors: Varga Vera , Tóth Dénes , Csépe Valéria 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSkilled reading is thought to rely on well-specified lexical representations that compete during visual word recognition. The establishment of these lexical representations is assumed to be driven by phonology. To test the role of phonology, we examined the prime lexicality effect (PLE), the index of lexical competition in signing deaf (N = 28) and hearing (N = 28) adult readers of Hungarian matched in age and education. We found no PLE for deaf readers even when reading skills were controlled for. Surprisingly, the hearing controls also showed reduced PLE; however, the effect was modulated by reading skill. More skilled hearing readers showed PLE, while more skilled deaf readers did not. These results suggest that phonology contributes to lexical competition; however, high-quality lexical representations are not necessarily built through phonology in deaf readers.
The 1951 Refugee Convention and Non-Signatory States: Charting a Research Agenda
Authors: Janmyr Maja 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
At the end of 2020, 149 States were party to the 1951 Convention, its 1967 Protocol, or both. Forty-four members of the United Nations, however, were not party to either of these core instruments. What is the influence of the 1951 Refugee Convention in non-signatory States? How do non-signatory States engage with, and help to create, the international refugee regime?
Taking these questions as its starting point, this article aims to chart a new research agenda focusing on the relationship between non-signatory States and the 1951 Convention. It argues that a closer examination of this relationship is necessary to make an informed opinion about the relevance of the 1951 Convention more broadly. By bringing this dimension to the study of international refugee law, it thus seeks to disrupt the emphasis on signatory States in contemporary discussions of the relevance and importance of the 1951 Convention.
More concretely, the article argues that the Convention continues to structure States’ responses to refugees, and plays a central role not only in States that are party to the Convention, but also in key non-signatory States. The article details the many ways in which international refugee law norms are spread and used in non-signatory States, and how, by being present and active in global fora such as the UNHCR Executive Committee, and in negotiating soft law instruments drawing on the Convention, these States also participate in the evolution and interpretation of international refugee law.
A novel amphiphilic motif at the C-terminus of FtsZ1 facilitates chloroplast division
Authors: Liu Xiaomin , An Jinjie , Wang Lulu , Sun Qingqing , An Chuanjing , Wu Bibo , Hong Conghao , Wang Xiaoya , Dong Suwei , Guo Junhua , Feng Yue , Gao Hongbo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In bacteria and chloroplasts, the GTPase filamentous temperature-sensitive Z (FtsZ) is essential for division and polymerizes to form rings that mark the division site. Plants contain two FtsZ subfamilies (FtsZ1 and FtsZ2) with different assembly dynamics. FtsZ1 lacks the C-terminal domain of a typical FtsZ protein. Here, we show that the conserved short motif FtsZ1 Carboxyl-terminus (Z1C) (consisting of the amino acids RRLFF) with weak membrane-binding activity is present at the C-terminus of FtsZ1 in angiosperms. For a polymer-forming protein such as FtsZ, this activity is strong enough for membrane tethering. Arabidopsis thaliana plants with mutated Z1C motifs contained heterogeneously sized chloroplasts and parallel FtsZ rings or long FtsZ filaments, suggesting that the Z1C motif plays an important role in regulating FtsZ ring dynamics. Our findings uncover a type of amphiphilic beta-strand motif with weak membrane-binding activity and point to the importance of this motif for the dynamic regulation of protein complex formation.
Intubation Biomechanics: Clinical Implications of Computational Modeling of Intervertebral Motion and Spinal Cord Strain during Tracheal Intubation in an Intact Cervical Spine
Authors: Gadomski Benjamin C. , Hindman Bradley J. , Page Mitchell I. , Dexter Franklin , Puttlitz Christian M. 
Published: November 2021

Background
In a closed claims study, most patients experiencing cervical spinal cord injury had stable cervical spines. This raises two questions. First, in the presence of an intact (stable) cervical spine, are there tracheal intubation conditions in which cervical intervertebral motions exceed physiologically normal maximum values? Second, with an intact spine, are there tracheal intubation conditions in which potentially injurious cervical cord strains can occur?

Methods
This study utilized a computational model of the cervical spine and cord to predict intervertebral motions (rotation, translation) and cord strains (stretch, compression). Routine (Macintosh) intubation force conditions were defined by a specific application location (mid-C3 vertebral body), magnitude (48.8 N), and direction (70 degrees). A total of 48 intubation conditions were modeled: all combinations of 4 force locations (cephalad and caudad of routine), 4 magnitudes (50 to 200% of routine), and 3 directions (50, 70, and 90 degrees). Modeled maximum intervertebral motions were compared to motions reported in previous clinical studies of the range of voluntary cervical motion. Modeled peak cord strains were compared to potential strain injury thresholds.

Results
Modeled maximum intervertebral motions occurred with maximum force magnitude (97.6 N) and did not differ from physiologically normal maximum motion values. Peak tensile cord strains (stretch) did not exceed the potential injury threshold (0.14) in any of the 48 force conditions. Peak compressive strains exceeded the potential injury threshold (–0.20) in 3 of 48 conditions, all with maximum force magnitude applied in a nonroutine location.

Conclusions
With an intact cervical spine, even with application of twice the routine value of force magnitude, intervertebral motions during intubation did not exceed physiologically normal maximum values. However, under nonroutine high-force conditions, compressive strains exceeded potentially injurious values. In patients whose cords have less than normal tolerance to acute strain, compressive strains occurring with routine intubation forces may reach potentially injurious values.

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What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Preoperative Opioid Utilization Patterns and Postoperative Opioid Utilization: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Rishel Chris A. , Angst Martin S. , Sun Eric C. 
Published: November 2021

Background
Among chronic opioid users, the association between decreasing or increasing preoperative opioid utilization and postoperative outcomes is unknown. The authors hypothesized that decreasing utilization would be associated with improved outcomes and increasing utilization with worsened outcomes.

Methods
Using commercial insurance claims, the authors identified 57,019 chronic opioid users (10 or more prescriptions or 120 or more days supplied during the preoperative year), age 18 to 89 yr, undergoing one of 10 surgeries between 2004 and 2018. Patients with a 20% or greater decrease or increase in opioid utilization between preoperative days 7 to 90 and 91 to 365 were compared to patients with less than 20% change (stable utilization). The primary outcome was opioid utilization during postoperative days 91 to 365. Secondary outcomes included alternative measures of postoperative opioid utilization (filling a minimum number of prescriptions during this period), postoperative adverse events, and healthcare utilization.

Results
The average age was 63 ± 13 yr, with 38,045 (66.7%) female patients. Preoperative opioid utilization was decreasing for 12,347 (21.7%) patients, increasing for 21,330 (37.4%) patients, and stable for 23,342 (40.9%) patients. Patients with decreasing utilization were slightly less likely to fill an opioid prescription during postoperative days 91 to 365 compared to stable patients (89.2% vs. 96.4%; odds ratio, 0.323; 95% CI, 0.296 to 0.352; P < 0.001), though the average daily doses were similar among patients who continued to utilize opioids during this timeframe (46.7 vs. 46.5 morphine milligram equivalents; difference, 0.2; 95% CI, –0.8 to 1.2; P = 0.684). Of patients with increasing utilization, 93.6% filled opioid prescriptions during this period (odds ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.62; P < 0.001), with slightly lower average daily doses (44.3 morphine milligram equivalents; difference, –2.2; 95% CI, –3.1 to –1.3; P < 0.001). Except for alternative measures of persistent postoperative opioid utilization, there were no clinically significant differences for the secondary outcomes.

Conclusions
Changes in preoperative opioid utilization were not associated with clinically significant differences for several postoperative outcomes including postoperative opioid utilization.

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Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery Is Associated with Increased Productivity and Decreased Absenteeism From Work and School
Authors: Durand Wesley M. , Babu Jacob M. , Hamilton David K. , Passias Peter G. , Kim Han Jo , Protopsaltis Themistocles , Lafage Virginie , Lafage Renaud , Smith Justin S. , Shaffrey Christopher , Gupta Munish , Kelly Michael P. , Klineberg Eric O. , Schwab Frank , Gum Jeffrey L. , Mundis Gregory , Eastlack Robert , Kebaish Khaled , Soroceanu Alex , Hostin Richard A. , Burton Doug , Bess Shay , Ames Christopher , Hart Robert A. , Daniels Alan H. ,   International Spine Study Group (ISSG)
Published: November 2021

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort study.

Objective.
We hypothesized that adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery would be associated with improved work- and school-related productivity, as well as decreased rates of absenteeism.

Summary of Background Data.
ASD patients experience markedly decreased health-related quality of life along many dimensions.

Methods.
Only patients eligible for 2-year follow-up were included, and those with a history of previous spinal fusion were excluded. The primary outcome measures in this study were Scoliosis Research Society-22r score (SRS-22r) questions 9 and 17. A repeated measures mixed linear regression was used to analyze responses over time among patients managed operatively (OP) versus nonoperatively (NON-OP).

Results.
In total, 1188 patients were analyzed. 66.6% were managed operatively. At baseline, the mean percentage of activity at work/school was 56.4% (standard deviation [SD] 35.4%), and the mean days off from work/school over the past 90 days was 1.6 (SD 1.8). Patients undergoing ASD surgery exhibited an 18.1% absolute increase in work/school productivity at 2-year follow-up versus baseline (P < 0.0001), while no significant change was observed for the nonoperative cohort (P > 0.5). Similarly, the OP cohort experienced 1.1 fewer absent days over the past 90 days at 2 years versus baseline (P < 0.0001), while the NON-OP cohort showed no such difference (P > 0.3). These differences were largely preserved after stratifying by baseline employment status, age group, sagittal vertical axis (SVA), pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis (PI-LL), and deformity curve type.

Conclusion.
ASD patients managed operatively exhibited an average increase in work/school productivity of 18.1% and decreased absenteeism of 1.1 per 90 days at 2-year follow-up, while patients managed nonoperatively did not exhibit change from baseline. Given the age distribution of patients in this study, these findings should be interpreted as pertaining primarily to obligations at work or within the home. Further study of the direct and indirect economic benefits of ASD surgery to patients is warranted.

Level of Evidence: 3
Investigating the causes of stimulus-evoked changes in cone reflectance using a combined adaptive optics SLO-OCT system
Authors: Azimipour Mehdi , Valente Denise , Werner John S. , Zawadzki Robert J. , Jonnal Ravi S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn vivo functional imaging of human photoreceptors is an emerging field, with compelling potential applications in basic science, translational research, and clinical management of ophthalmic disease. Measurements of light-evoked changes in the photoreceptors has been successfully demonstrated using adaptive optics (AO) coherent flood illumination (CFI), AO scanning light ophthalmoscopy (SLO), AO optical coherence tomography (OCT), and full-field OCT with digital AO (dAO). While the optical principles and data processing of these systems differ greatly, and while these differences manifest in the resulting measurements, we believe that the underlying physiological processes involved in each of those techniques are likely the same. AO-CFI and AO-SLO systems are more widely used than OCT systems. However, those systems produce only two-dimensional images and so, less can be said about the anatomical and physiological origins of the observed signal. OCT signal, on the other hand, provides 3D imaging but at a cost of high volume of data, making it impractical to clinical purposes. In light of this, we employed a combined AO-OCT-SLO system–with point-for-point correspondence between the OCT and SLO images–to measure functional responses simultaneously with both and investigate SLO retinal functional biomarkers based on OCT response. The resulting SLO images reveal reflectance changes in the cones which are consistent with those previously reported using AO-CFI and AO-SLO. The resulting OCT volumes show phase changes in the cone outer segment (OS) consistent with those previously reported by us and others. We recapitulate a model of the cone OS previously proposed to explain AO-CFI reflectance changes, and show how this model can be used to predict the signal in AO-SLO. The limitations of the model is also discussed in this manuscript.