bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing early postnatal care utilisation among women: Evidence from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Appiah Francis , Salihu Tarif , Fenteng Justice Ofosu Darko , Darteh Andrews Ohene , Djan Esther Twewa , Takyi Matthew , Ayerakwah Patience Ansomah , Ameyaw Edward Kwabena 
Published: April 2021

Introduction
Early postnatal care (EPNC) utilisation is crucial for averting maternal deaths as recommended by the World Health Organisation. About 30% of women do not obtain EPNC in Ghana and no national level study have investigated the determinants of EPNC. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing factors associated with EPNC uptake among women aged 15–49 in Ghana.

Materials and methods
The study utilised data from the women’s file of the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) and sampled 1,678 women aged 15–49 who had complete data on EPNC. Descriptive computation of EPNC was done. Since EPNC (which is the main outcome variable for the study) was dichotomous, the binary logistic regression was used to determine factors influencing utilisation of EPNC at 95% two-tailed confidence interval. The results were presented as adjusted odds ratio (AOR). Stata version 14.0 was used for all the analyses.

Results
Descriptively, the results indicated that 31% of women aged 15–49 sought EPNC. At the inferential level, women aged 40–44 were more likely to seek EPNC compared to those aged 15–19 [AOR = 3.66, CI = 1.25–10.67]. Islam women had higher odds of EPNC as compared with Christians [AOR = 1.70, CI = 1.23–2.35]. Comparatively, women of Mande ethnic group had higher propensity to seek EPNC than the Akan [AOR = 3.22, CI = 1.20–8.69]. Residents of the Greater Accra region were over 11 times probable to utilise EPNC compared with the residents of Western region.

Conclusion
The key determinants of EPNC were age, religion, ethnicity, marital status and region. Therefore, the Health Promotion and Education Unit and Reproductive and Child Health Department of the Ghana Health Service need to scale up EPNC sensitisation programmes and should target women aged 15–19, Christians and other category of women with less likelihood of EPNC in order to offset the disparities.
Paediatric Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT): An e-survey of the experiences of parents and clinicians
Authors: Carter Bernie , Fisher-Smith Debra , Porter David , Lane Steven , Peak Matthew , Taylor-Robinson David , Bracken Louise , Carrol Enitan D. 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundLittle evidence exists about parental satisfaction and their influence on referral to paediatric Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT).AimThis study aimed to examine the experiences of parents, children and clinicians of OPAT at a large tertiary children’s hospital.MethodA prospective e-survey, using closed and open questions, of parents (n = 33) of 33 children who had received OPAT (3 children completed a survey), and clinicians (n = 31) involved in OPAT at a tertiary hospital. Data were collected September 2016 to July 2018.ResultsData were analysed using simple descriptive statistics. The results show that OPAT offered benefits (less stress, re-establishment of family life) compared to hospital-based treatment for parents and children, although some were anxious. Clinicians’ referral judgements were based on child, home, and clinical factors. Some clinicians found the process of referral complex.ConclusionMost parents and children were satisfied with the OPAT service and preferred the option of home-based treatment as it promoted the child’s comfort and recovery and supported family routines.
De-stereotyping informal sector gendered division of work: a case of Magaba Home Industry, Harare, Zimbabwe
Authors: Tanyanyiwa Shadreck , Mutukwa Maxwell Tawanda 
Published: April 2021

The informal sector is gradually becoming the sole source of income for millions of people around the world. Yet, there exists grossly asymmetric relationships between men and women in accessing functional prerequisites to operate and survive in the industry. Cultural and socially constructed consciousness within the industry, has created gendered division of work. Therefore, this study explored how to de-stereotype gendered division of work in the informal sector, focusing on Magaba Home Industries in Harare, Zimbabwe.
This qualitative study concludes that human capital development accompanied with social and financial capital is significant in improving capacities of both women and men in productive informal work. The study recommends an ideological shift from perceived oriented line of work based on gender to mainstreaming equality of achievement based on mobile societies that foster upward social mobility thus bridging the gendered skills gap.
The Repair Shop as a Sign of the Cultural Resurgence of Craft and Manual Work
Authors: Hyland Terry 
Published: April 2021

Given the low standing of vocational studies in English education and other systems around the world at the present time, it is refreshing to note the resurgence of interest in craft and manual work. The currently popular BBC programme, The Repair Shop, is a celebration of this renewed interest and offers an especially graphic representation of the virtues and values of craft and handwork. It is suggested that such example of cultural practice can help towards the enhancement of vocational education and training in schools and colleges, and assist in bridging of the divisions between academic and vocational studies at all levels of education systems.
Influence of the Bar Position on Joint-Level Biomechanics During Isometric Pulling Exercises
Authors: Ahn Nayun , Kim Hoon , Krzyszkowski John , Roche Stuart , Kipp Kristof 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Ahn, N, Kim, H, Krzyszkowski, J, Roche, S, and Kipp, K. Influence of the bar position on joint-level biomechanics during isometric pulling exercises. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1484–1490, 2021—The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the bar position on ankle, knee, and hip net joint moments (NJMs), relative muscular effort (RME), and vertical ground reaction forces (GRFs) during isometric pulling exercises, such as the isometric midthigh pull. Eight female lacrosse athletes performed maximal effort isometric pulls at 3 different bar positions (low: above patella, mid: midthigh, and high: crease of hip) while motion capture and GRF data were recorded. Net joint moments were calculated with inverse dynamics. Relative muscle effort was defined as the ratio between the inverse dynamics NJMs and the maximum theoretical NJMs, which were estimated with regression-based maximum moment-angle models. Peak NJM and RME were compared with 2-way analyses of variance (ANOVA), whereas GRFS were compared with a 1-way ANOVA. Peak vertical GRF were significantly greater in the mid bar position than the high bar position but did not differ between the low and mid bar position. Bar position significantly influenced peak hip and knee NJM and RME. Hip NJM and RME were greatest in the low bar position, whereas knee NJM and RME were greater in the mid bar position. Because hip and knee extensor NJM and RME differed between the low and mid bar positions, but the GRFS did not, the joint-specific contributions to peak isometric pulling forces likely reflected a trade-off between hip dominance and knee dominance in the low and mid bar position, respectively. This information should be considered in the interpretation isometric pulling data and their use in assessing and monitoring maximal force-producing capacity of the lower body.
Positive and Negative Affective Processes Associated With Firearm Acquisition and Ownership
Authors: Bryan Craig J. , Bryan Annabelle O. , Anestis Michael A. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: To examine positive and negative affective processes associated with firearm acquisition and firearm ownership. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey assessing firearm ownership, reasons for firearm ownership, intentions to acquire a firearm in the next 12 months, and positive and negative affective states was administered to 6,200 U.S. adults (49.0% male, 51.0% female). Results: Mean negative and positive affect were significantly elevated among protective firearm owners (i.e., those who kept firearms for the primary purpose of self-protection) and participants intending to acquire a firearm. Protective firearm owners intending to acquire another firearm reported significantly higher negative affect than all other subgroups. Within this subgroup, negative affect and positive affect were positively correlated. Among all other subgroups, negative and positive affect were either negatively correlated or uncorrelated. Discussion: The intention to acquire firearms and protective firearm ownership are associated with both positive and negative affectivity. Typical cognitive-affective processes may be disrupted among protective firearm owners intending to acquire another firearm.
Utilizing Psychodynamic Principles to Teach Professionalism to Medical Students Through an Innovative Curriculum
Authors: Rothe Eugenio M. , Bonnin Rodolfo 
Published: April 2021

Professionalism is a fundamental expectation of practicing medicine and a core competency in medical education, yet the methods of how to teach and evaluate it are still experimental. Professionalism involves self-reflection, a psychodynamic understanding of the patient's and the doctor's predicament, and conflict resolution, so psychiatrists are uniquely qualified to teach it. This article describes an innovative course that utilizes psychodynamic principles to teach professionalism to medical students. The authors present a novel 2-year curriculum for teaching professionalism to first- and second-year medical students utilizing psychodynamic principles to help develop awareness of others’ feelings and motivations, self-reflection, compassion, empathy, and skills in ethical conflict resolution by means of written and oral narrative exercises. Outcomes are evaluated by the student ratings about the course and the faculty, and by using the test for emotional intelligence (EI), administered as a baseline and then at the end of each year. Each subsequent year the students demonstrated a statistically significant increase in EI scores, student evaluations of the course ranked among the highest in the medical school, clerkship supervisors and residency training directors noted the high degree of professionalism of the students, and the number of student applicants to psychiatry residency were consistently higher than the national average. In addition, this course was awarded the 2018 Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society's Edward B. Harris Medical Professionalism Award for the best professionalism course of U.S. medical schools. Psychodynamic principles are fundamental for teaching medical professionalism at a medical-student level. Professionalism also serves as a way to introduce students to psychiatry early in the curriculum, and psychiatrists and other mental health professionals are uniquely qualified to teach medical professionalism.
Beginning of earthquakes modeled with the Griffith's fracture criterion
Authors: Sato Tamao , Kanamori Hiroo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe present a source model for the beginning of earthquakes based on the Griffith's fracture criterion. The initial state is a critical state of pre-existing circular fault, which is on the verge of instability. After the onset of instability, the fault grows with a progressively increasing rupture speed, satisfying the condition of fracture energy balance at the crack tip. We investigate the difference in rupture growth patterns in two classes of models that are considered to represent end-member cases. In the first model (Spontaneous model), we assume that the surface energy varies smoothly as a function of position in the crust. In this model, faults with small initial dimensions grow in regions with small surface energy, and those with large initial dimensions, in large surface energy. The rupture velocity increases progressively until it reaches its limiting value. The synthetic velocity seismogram at far field shows a weak initial phase during the transitional stage to limiting velocity. The time taken to reach the limiting velocity is proportional to the initial length of pre-existing fault. Therefore, the duration of the weak initial phase scales with the initial length of fault. In the second model (Trigger model), we envisage that there are many pre-existing faults in the crust with various lengths. These faults are stable because they encounter some obstacle at their ends (e.g., fault segmentation, strong asperity, etc.). This situation is modeled with a local increase of surface energy near the ends of fault. An earthquake is triggered when the obstacle is suddenly removed (i.e., sudden weakening) or the stress is suddenly increased locally to overcome the obstacle. Once an earthquake is triggered, the fault growth is governed by the ambient surface energy. In this model, the rupture speed attains its limiting velocity almost instantly. The synthetic velocity seismogram at far field shows an abrupt, linear increase in amplitude without the weak initial phase that appears in the Spontaneous model. Both models can be unified using a trigger factor defined as a fractional perturbation of the surface energy at the ends of fault relative to the ambient surface energy. The Spontaneous model is characterized by a small trigger factor, and the Trigger model, by a large trigger factor. Thus, the seismic initiation phase with and without the slow initial phase can both occur depending on the trigger factor. The variability in the observed seismic initiation phase may represent a variation surface energy (strength) distribution surrounding the pre-existing cracks. A theoretical consideration of rupture arrest by barriers using the Griffith's fracture criterion does not support the scaling relation between the nucleation moment and the eventual size of earthquake.
Wide-aperture beamforming of depth phases by timescale contraction
Authors: Woodgold Catherine R. D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTeleseismic depth phase signals can be combined with constructive interference from stations spaced as much as 1000 km apart. Each trace is first deconvolved using an operator based on the P phase of that trace, then its timescale is stretched or contracted to eliminate the moveout of pP-P time with distance. Traces can then be added with constructive interference of depth phases out to 10° or more angular distance between the stations on the focal sphere.Depth phases (pP or sP) representing hypocentral depths ranging from 6 to 204 km were found using Canadian National Seismograph Network (CNSN) data for 45 events, recorded at ranges of 2000 to 10,800 km, which had been reported in the Reviewed Event Bulletins (REB) of the Prototype International Data Center (PIDC), including 23 events for which the REB reported no depth phases. For 28 events for which a catalog depth (REB; or PDE from USGS) was available for comparison, 18 had depths agreeing either within 6 km or within 15%, 7 can be explained by assuming an sP phase was misassociated as pP, 1 is just outside the error bar of the free depth reported in the REB, and only 2 disagree significantly.Thus, using only Canadian data, depth phases were found by beamforming for many events for which no depth phases had been found by the PIDC using worldwide data including arrays. The depth phase beamforming method has the potential of substantially increasing the number of earthquakes for which teleseismic depth phases can be detected.
Microtremor measurements used to map thickness of soft sediments
Authors: Ibs-von Seht Malte , Wohlenberg Jürgen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe observations about the behavior of microtremor spectra presented here show that noise measurements can be used as a powerful tool to determine the thickness of soft cover layers. The most suitable method for this determination is Nakamura's technique, which is the ratio of the horizontal-component noise spectrum and that of the vertical component (H/V spectrum). The frequency of the main peak in these spectral ratios correlates well with the sediment thickness at the site. Using an extensive database of microtremor measurements carried out in the western Lower Rhine Embayment (Germany), it was possible to show that this correlation is clearly valid for a wide range of thickness, namely, from tens of meters to more than 1000 m. A simple formula was derived that, for the sediments to be found in the area investigated, directly calculates the cover thickness from the frequency of the main peak in the H/V spectrum. A comparison with calculated resonant frequencies suggests the relation derived from the noise measurements depending on the velocity depth function of the shear wave. Classical spectral ratios are shown to be strongly influenced by the noise level and are therefore less reliable in determining the resonant frequency of the subsoil. The practical relevance of the investigation is illustrated by means of cross sections, constructed from results of the microtremor analyses, which provide a convincing image of the surficial structure of the areas investigated.
Analysis of earthquake recordings obtained from the Seafloor Earthquake Measurement System (SEMS) instruments deployed off the coast of southern California
Authors: Boore David M. , Smith Charles E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFor more than 20 years, a program has been underway to obtain records of earthquake shaking on the seafloor at sites offshore of southern California, near oil platforms. The primary goal of the program is to obtain data that can help determine if ground motions at offshore sites are significantly different than those at onshore sites; if so, caution may be necessary in using onshore motions as the basis for the seismic design of oil platforms. We analyze data from eight earthquakes recorded at six offshore sites; these are the most important data recorded on these stations to date. Seven of the earthquakes were recorded at only one offshore station; the eighth event was recorded at two sites. The earthquakes range in magnitude from 4.7 to 6.1. Because of the scarcity of multiple recordings from any one event, most of the analysis is based on the ratio of spectra from vertical and horizontal components of motion. The results clearly show that the offshore motions have very low vertical motions compared to those from an average onshore site, particularly at short periods. Theoretical calculations find that the water layer has little effect on the horizontal components of motion but that it produces a strong spectral null on the vertical component at the resonant frequency of P waves in the water layer. The vertical-to-horizontal ratios for a few selected onshore sites underlain by relatively low shear-wave velocities are similar to the ratios from offshore sites for frequencies less than about one-half the water layer P-wave resonant frequency, suggesting that the shear-wave velocities beneath a site are more important than the water layer in determining the character of the ground motions at lower frequencies.
Lateral variation ofPnandLgattenuation at theCDSNstationLSA
Authors: Reese C. C. , Rapine R. R. , Ni J. F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe propagation efficiencies of the regional phases Lg and Pn are indicative of how active and recent tectonics influence crust and uppermost mantle properties, respectively. In this study, regional scale lateral heterogeneity of Lg and Pn attenuation for the region in and around the southern Tibetan Plateau is investigated. The data set is comprised of seismograms recorded at the Chinese Digital Seismogram Network (CDSN) station LSA from regional events with epicentral distances within 11°. Attenuation of Lg and Pn is calculated using spectral methods and assuming constant QLg and QPn models for the frequency bands 0.3 to 3.0 Hz and 0.5 to 4.0 Hz, respectively. Lateral variation in attenuation is estimated by analyzing data on an event-by-event basis. Significant lateral variation is observed with QLg decreasing from about 520 for events south of LSA to about 340 for events north of LSA and QPn ∼ 670 for southern backazimuths, while QPn ∼ 240 for northern events. For Pn, this north-south variation is consistent with other observations, indicating partially melted upper mantle beneath north central Tibet. For Lg, the azimuthal variation in attenuation indicates that Lg propagation as observed at LSA is efficient for paths crossing the southern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau relative to paths within the plateau itself.
Análise de diferentes processos de cura para o concreto de fundações
Authors: Guimarães Gustavo Vaz de Mello , Silva Lucas Marques Pires da 
Published: April 2021

A última revisão da NBR 6118 (ABNT, 2014) alterou a resistência característica a compressão (fck) mínima do concreto de 15 MPa para 20 MPa. Mesmo assim, na prática de projetos de fundações, ainda é comum que se utilize valores de fck inferiores ao mínimo exigido em norma (e.g: 18 MPa). Nesse contexto foram moldados corpos de prova de concreto submetidos a cinco diferentes processos de cura: tanque com água (referência), ao ar e enterrados em solos com diferentes permeabilidades. Os valores encontrados para o fck dos CP’s curados ao ar foram os menores encontrados, enquanto os CP’s curados no tanque com água obtiveram os maiores valores de fck. Para os demais ambientes de cura os valores do fck variaram de acordo com a permeabilidade do solo, sendo maiores para os solos com menor permeabilidade.
Characterization of Lactation Curve Patterns using Non-linear Models in Crossbred Dairy Cattle
Authors: Ali Tassew Mohammed , Narang Raman , Dubey P.P. , Kaur Simarjeet 
Published: April 2021

Background: Lactation curve patterns are currently integrated in dairy cow’s management software. Lactation curve modeling is useful for monitoring individual yields for diet planning, determining optimum strategies for insemination and genetic evaluation. It also helps for predicting expected missing values on field records and gives concise summary of biological efficiency and persistency of dairy cows. Methods: The study was aimed to characterize the lactation curve pattern for crossbred dairy cattle using different non-linear models. During the period 1991 to 2018, daily milk yield (DMY) consisted of 281698 records of 750 crossbred dairy cows maintained at Livestock Farms. GADVASU, Ludhiana, were collected for the study. Different non-linear models viz. exponential decline function (EDF), parabolic exponential model (PEM), inverse polynomial model (IPM), gamma-type function (GTF), mixed log function (MLF) and Ali and Schaeffer model (ASF) were used for the analysis. The model(s) that best fit and describe the curve characteristics was selected on the basis of coefficient of determination (R2), coefficient of variation (CV), Akaike information criterion (AIC) and mean square error (MSE). Result: The study clearly revealed that the PRM gave highest fit to DMY data with R2, MSE, AIC and CV values of 98.10%, 0.087, -743.31 and 2.37%, respectively. The IPM had also best fitted the observed DMY data with highest R2 (98.05%), lower MSE (0.089), low AIC (-735.8972) and lower CV (2.40%) values. The fitting of observed DMY data with predicted DMY were also found to be higher in the MLF (R2= 96.46%, MSE= 0.159, AIC= -558.16 and CV= 3.21%) and GTF (R2= 95.85%, MSE= 0.190, AIC= -505.24 and CV= 3.50%), whilst the EDF and PEM Models depicted relatively low fit to the DMY data when compared with the other non-linear models. However, IPM and GTF models can be used for accurate prediction of daily milk yield in the crossbred cattle population because they were typical standard lactation curves.