bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinct Ocean Responses to Greenland's Liquid Runoff and Iceberg Melt
Authors: Marson Juliana M. , Gillard Laura C. , Myers Paul G. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWhile Greenland discharge has been increasing in the last decades, its impact on the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) is not clearly established. Because of that, the accuracy of this discharge representation in ocean models has not been a priority in large‐scale circulation studies. Many models prescribe Greenland discharge solely as liquid runoff from the coast—even though around half of this mass loss is attributed to solid discharge. In this study, we use sensitivity experiments carried out with the Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean general circulation model to show the most relevant impacts that different Greenland solid discharge parameterizations (transforming it to liquid runoff or explicitly representing it through an iceberg model) have on the western subpolar Atlantic. We find that icebergs act as freshwater reservoirs that affect how much, when, and where freshwater is delivered to the ocean. They carry large amounts of freshwater away from boundary currents, releasing it in the interior of the subpolar gyre. Moreover, the amount and variability of freshwater delivered to the ocean depend not only on the characteristics of Greenland discharge itself but also on the environmental conditions icebergs are subjected to. We also find a large difference in subsurface temperatures in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, which suggests that different Greenland discharge parameterizations might have far reaching implications beyond the MOC. Although differences in ocean fields between the simulations are usually small and within their interannual variability, they might be relevant as Greenland calving rates increase with global warming.
Carbon Emissions From the Edge of the Greenland Ice Sheet Reveal Subglacial Processes of Methane and Carbon Dioxide Turnover
Authors: Christiansen Jesper R. , Röckmann Thomas , Popa Maria E. , Sapart Celia J. , Jørgensen Christian J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDirect gaseous emissions of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the subglacial environment under Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) were only recently discovered and it is yet to be determined how important it is for the panarctic carbon budget. We measured in situ net gaseous emissions of subglacial CH4 and CO2, dissolved concentrations and isotopic composition of gases (13C and 2H) at the onset, near maximum, and at the end of the melt season in 2018 and 2019. We found a tight relation between gaseous and dissolved CH4 and CO2, respectively, indicating that degassing from the subglacial meltwater is the main source of these gases in the subglacial air. The diurnal variability of in situ mole fractions of CH4 and CO2 in subglacial air was related to meltwater runoff showing that the net emission magnitude is directly related to glacial hydrology. We observed that maximum in situ mole fractions of CH4 and CO2 appeared at the onset of the melt season and decreased over the melt season. The isotopic signature of CH4 in the subglacial air indicated that it likely originated from microbial methanogenesis which remained constant during the season. Isotopic signatures of subglacial CO2 indicate mixed sources from microbial oxidation of CH4, remineralization of sedimentary organic carbon, and possibly influenced by removal of CO2 by weathering. Our study indicate large emissions of both CO2 and CH4, but continuous studies over entire melt seasons are needed to determine the origin and emission magnitudes and their relation to the glacial dynamics.
Delaying carbon dioxide removal in the European Union puts climate targets at risk
Authors: Galán-Martín Ángel , Vázquez Daniel , Cobo Selene , Mac Dowell Niall , Caballero José Antonio , Guillén-Gosálbez Gonzalo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCarbon dioxide removal (CDR) will be essential to meet the climate targets, so enabling its deployment at the right time will be decisive. Here, we investigate the still poorly understood implications of delaying CDR actions, focusing on integrating direct air capture and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (DACCS and BECCS) into the European Union power mix. Under an indicative target of −50 Gt of net CO2 by 2100, delayed CDR would cost an extra of 0.12−0.19 trillion EUR per year of inaction. Moreover, postponing CDR beyond mid-century would substantially reduce the removal potential to almost half (−35.60 Gt CO2) due to the underused biomass and land resources and the maximum technology diffusion speed. The effective design of BECCS and DACCS systems calls for long-term planning starting from now and aligned with the evolving power systems. Our quantitative analysis of the consequences of inaction on CDR﻿—with climate targets at risk and fair CDR contributions at stake—should help to break the current impasse and incentivize early actions worldwide.
A very likely weakening of Pacific Walker Circulation in constrained near-future projections
Authors: Wu Mingna , Zhou Tianjun , Li Chao , Li Hongmei , Chen Xiaolong , Wu Bo , Zhang Wenxia , Zhang Lixia 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe observational records have shown a strengthening of the Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) since 1979. However, whether the observed change is forced by external forcing or internal variability remains inconclusive, a solid answer to more societal relevantly question of how the PWC will change in the near future is still a challenge. Here we perform a quantitative estimation on the contributions of external forcing and internal variability to the recent observed PWC strengthening using large ensemble simulations from six state-of-the-art Earth system models. We find the phase transition of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), which is an internal variability mode related to the Pacific, accounts for approximately 63% (~51–72%) of the observed PWC strengthening. Models with sufficient ensemble members can reasonably capture the observed PWC and IPO changes. We further constrain the projection of PWC change by using climate models’ credit in reproducing the historical phase of IPO. The result shows a high probability of a weakened PWC in the near future.
Periaqueductal gray neurons encode the sequential motor program in hunting behavior of mice
Authors: Yu Hong , Xiang Xinkuan , Chen Zongming , Wang Xu , Dai Jiaqi , Wang Xinxin , Huang Pengcheng , Zhao Zheng-dong , Shen Wei L. , Li Haohong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSequential encoding of motor programs is essential for behavior generation. However, whether it is critical for instinctive behavior is still largely unknown. Mouse hunting behavior typically contains a sequential motor program, including the prey search, chase, attack, and consumption. Here, we reveal that the neuronal activity in the lateral periaqueductal gray (LPAG) follows a sequential pattern and is time-locked to different hunting actions. Optrode recordings and photoinhibition demonstrate that LPAGVgat neurons are required for the prey detection, chase and attack, while LPAGVglut2 neurons are selectively required for the attack. Ablation of inputs that could trigger hunting, including the central amygdala, the lateral hypothalamus, and the zona incerta, interrupts the activity sequence pattern and substantially impairs hunting actions. Therefore, our findings reveal that periaqueductal gray neuronal ensembles encode the sequential hunting motor program, which might provide a framework for decoding complex instinctive behaviors.
Cluster magnetic octupole induced out-of-plane spin polarization in antiperovskite antiferromagnet
Authors: You Yunfeng , Bai Hua , Feng Xiaoyu , Fan Xiaolong , Han Lei , Zhou Xiaofeng , Zhou Yongjian , Zhang Ruiqi , Chen Tongjin , Pan Feng , Song Cheng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOut-of-plane spin polarization σz has attracted increasing interests of researchers recently, due to its potential in high-density and low-power spintronic devices. Noncollinear antiferromagnet (AFM), which has unique 120° triangular spin configuration, has been discovered to possess σz. However, the physical origin of σz in noncollinear AFM is still not clear, and the external magnetic field-free switching of perpendicular magnetic layer using the corresponding σz has not been reported yet. Here, we use the cluster magnetic octupole in antiperovskite AFM Mn3SnN to demonstrate the generation of σz. σz is induced by the precession of carrier spins when currents flow through the cluster magnetic octupole, which also relies on the direction of the cluster magnetic octupole in conjunction with the applied current. With the aid of σz, current induced spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching of adjacent perpendicular ferromagnet is realized without external magnetic field. Our findings present a new perspective to the generation of out-of-plane spin polarizations via noncollinear AFM spin structure, and provide a potential path to realize ultrafast high-density applications.
Towards inferring nanopore sequencing ionic currents from nucleotide chemical structures
Authors: Ding Hongxu , Anastopoulos Ioannis , Bailey Andrew D. , Stuart Joshua , Paten Benedict 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe characteristic ionic currents of nucleotide kmers are commonly used in analyzing nanopore sequencing readouts. We present a graph convolutional network-based deep learning framework for predicting kmer characteristic ionic currents from corresponding chemical structures. We show such a framework can generalize the chemical information of the 5-methyl group from thymine to cytosine by correctly predicting 5-methylcytosine-containing DNA 6mers, thus shedding light on the de novo detection of nucleotide modifications.
Biallelic truncation variants in ATP9A are associated with a novel autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder
Authors: Mattioli Francesca , Darvish Hossein , Paracha Sohail Aziz , Tafakhori Abbas , Firouzabadi Saghar Ghasemi , Chapi Marjan , Baig Hafiz Muhammad Azhar , Reymond Alexandre , Antonarakis Stylianos E. , Ansar Muhammad 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntellectual disability (ID) is a highly heterogeneous disorder with hundreds of associated genes. Despite progress in the identification of the genetic causes of ID following the introduction of high-throughput sequencing, about half of affected individuals still remain without a molecular diagnosis. Consanguineous families with affected individuals provide a unique opportunity to identify novel recessive causative genes. In this report, we describe a novel autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder. We identified two consanguineous families with homozygous variants predicted to alter the splicing of ATP9A which encodes a transmembrane lipid flippase of the class II P4-ATPases. The three individuals homozygous for these putatively truncating variants presented with severe ID, motor and speech impairment, and behavioral anomalies. Consistent with a causative role of ATP9A in these patients, a previously described Atp9a−/− mouse model showed behavioral changes.
A novel principle to localize the sensitivity of waveform tomography using wave interferences at the observation boundary
Authors: Minato Shohei , Ghose Ranajit 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWhen using waveform tomography to perform high-resolution imaging of a medium, it is vital to calculate the sensitivity in order to describe how well a model fits a given set of data and how the sensitivity changes with the spatial distribution of the heterogeneities. The traditional principle behind calculating the sensitivity—for detecting small changes—suffers from an inherent limitation in case other structures, not of interest, are present along the wave propagation path. We propose a novel principle that leads to enhanced localization of the sensitivity of the waveform tomography, without having to know the intermediate structures. This new principle emerges from a boundary integral representation which utilizes wave interferences observed at multiple points. When tested on geophysical acoustic wave data, this new principle leads to much better sensitivity localization and detection of small changes in seismic velocities, which were otherwise impossible. Overcoming the insensitivity to a target area, it offers new possibilities for imaging and monitoring small changes in properties, which is critical in a wide range of disciplines and scales.
A meta-analysis of the effects of glucagon-like-peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP1-RA) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with type 2 diabetes (T2D)
Authors: Ghosal Samit , Datta Debasis , Sinha Binayak 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTreatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), two conditions which coexist, are limited though weight loss is an important strategy to improve outcomes in either disease. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP1-RA) present a novel option to treat this dual disease by their salutary effects on glycaemic control and weight reduction. Eight randomized controlled trials on T2D and NAFLD from the Cochrane Library, Embase, and PubMed were included in this meta-analysis. The Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software version 3 was used to calculate the effect size. In a pooled population of 615 patients—297 on GLP1-RA and 318 in the control arm, GLP1-RA produced a significant improvement in alanine aminotransferase [standardised mean difference (SDM), − 0.56, 95% CI − 0.88 to − 0.25, P < 0.01], aspartate aminotransferase (SDM, − 0.44, SE, 95% CI − 0.64 to − 0.24, P < 0.01), gamma glutaryl transaminase (SDM, − 0.60, 95% CI − 0.86 to − 0.34, P < 0.01) and reduction in liver fat content (LFC) (SDM, − 0.43, 95% CI − 0.74 to − 0.12, P < 0.01), as well as glycosylated haemoglobin (SDM, − 0.40, 95% CI, − 0.61 to − 0.19, P < 0.01) and weight (SDM, − 0.66, 95% CI, − 0.88 to − 0.44, P < 0.01), in comparison to standard of care or placebo. Significant improvement in biopsy resolution was also seen in the GLP1-RA arm (Rate Ratio, 6.60, 95% CI 2.67 to 16.29, P < 0.01). This is possibly the first meta-analysis conducted exclusively in patients with T2D and NAFLD which presents a strong signal that GLP1-RA, improve liver function and histology by improving glycaemia, reducing body weight and hepatic fat, which in turn reduces hepatic inflammation.Trial Registration: PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021228824).
The quest for a unified theory on biomechanical palm risk assessment through theoretical analysis and observation
Authors: Sterken Peter 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSeveral methodologies related to the biomechanical risk assessment and the uprooting and breaking potential of palms are reviewed and evaluated in this study. Also a simple mathematical model was designed, to simulate the results of critical wind speed predictions for a tall coconut palm by using classic beam theory and Brazier buckling. First, the review presents arguments that assess the applicability of some influential claims and tree and palm risk assessment methods that have been amply marketed in the last 20 years. Then, the analysis goes beyond the classical procedures and theories that have influenced the arboricultural industry and related press so far. And afterwards, rationale behind several postulated ideas are presented, that are hoped to be fruitful in the path towards a new biomechanical theory for the biomechanical risk assessment of palms. The postulated model envisages the palm stem as a viscoelastic and hollow cylinder that is not only prone to buckling, ovalization and kinking, but also fatigue, shear, splitting and crack propagation. This envisaging was also the main reason why simple Brazier buckling formulation was experimentally applied to simulate the breaking risk of a cocostem. This study also enables a better understanding of the wide range of factors that may influence the mechanical behaviour of trees and palms under (wind) loading.
PET/CT background noise and its effect on speech recognition
Authors: Speck Iva , Rottmayer Valentin , Wiebe Konstantin , Aschendorff Antje , Thurow Johannes , Frings Lars , Meyer Philipp T. , Wesarg Thomas , Arndt Susan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPositron emission tomography (PET) has been successfully used to investigate central nervous processes, including the central auditory pathway. Unlike early water-cooled PET-scanners, novel PET/CT scanners employ air cooling and include a CT system, both of which result in higher background noise levels. In the present study, we describe the background noise generated by two state-of-the-art air-cooled PET/CT scanners. We measured speech recognition in background noise: recorded PET noise and a speech-shaped noise applied in clinical routine to subjects with normal hearing. Background noise produced by air-cooled PET/CT is considerable: 75.1 dB SPL (64.5 dB(A)) for the Philips Gemini TF64 and 76.9 dB SPL (68.4 dB(A)) for the Philips Vereos PET/CT (Philips Healthcare, The Netherlands). Subjects with normal hearing exhibited better speech recognition in recorded PET background noise compared with clinically applied speech-shaped noise. Speech recognition in both background noises correlated significantly. Background noise generated by PET/CT scanners should be considered when PET is used for the investigation of the central auditory pathway. Speech in PET noise is better than in speech-shaped noise because of the minor masking effect of the background noise of the PET/CT.
Association between low density lipoprotein cholesterol and all-cause mortality: results from the NHANES 1999–2014
Authors: Liu Ya , Liu Fubin , Zhang Liwen , Li Junxian , Kang Wenjuan , Cao Mingli , Song Fangfang , Song Fengju 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe association between low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and all-cause mortality has been examined in many studies. However, inconsistent results and limitations still exist. We used the 1999–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data with 19,034 people to assess the association between LDL-C level and all-cause mortality. All participants were followed up until 2015 except those younger than 18 years old, after excluding those who died within three years of follow-up, a total of 1619 deaths among 19,034 people were included in the analysis. In the age-adjusted model (model 1), it was found that the lowest LDL-C group had a higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.708 [1.432–2.037]) than LDL-C 100–129 mg/dL as a reference group. The crude-adjusted model (model 2) suggests that people with the lowest level of LDL-C had 1.600 (95% CI [1.325–1.932]) times the odds compared with the reference group, after adjusting for age, sex, race, marital status, education level, smoking status, body mass index (BMI). In the fully-adjusted model (model 3), people with the lowest level of LDL-C had 1.373 (95% CI [1.130–1.668]) times the odds compared with the reference group, after additionally adjusting for hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer based on model 2. The results from restricted cubic spine (RCS) curve showed that when the LDL-C concentration (130 mg/dL) was used as the reference, there is a U-shaped relationship between LDL-C level and all-cause mortality. In conclusion, we found that low level of LDL-C is associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality. The observed association persisted after adjusting for potential confounders. Further studies are warranted to determine the causal relationship between LDL-C level and all-cause mortality.
A rapid simple point-of-care assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Kongsuphol Patthara , Jia Huan , Cheng Hoi Lok , Gu Yue , Shunmuganathan Bhuvaneshwari D/O , Chen Ming Wei , Lim Sing Mei , Ng Say Yong , Tambyah Paul Ananth , Nasir Haziq , Gao Xiaohong , Tay Dousabel , Kim Seunghyeon , Gupta Rashi , Qian Xinlei , Kozma Mary M. , Purushotorman Kiren , McBee Megan E. , MacAry Paul A. , Sikes Hadley D. , Preiser Peter R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) prevent pathogens from infecting host cells. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 NAbs is critical to evaluate herd immunity and monitor vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. All currently available NAb tests are lab-based and time-intensive.

Method
We develop a 10 min cellulose pull-down test to detect NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 from human plasma. The test evaluates the ability of antibodies to disrupt ACE2 receptor—RBD complex formation. The simple, portable, and rapid testing process relies on two key technologies: (i) the vertical-flow paper-based assay format and (ii) the rapid interaction of cellulose binding domain to cellulose paper.

Results
Here we show the construction of a cellulose-based vertical-flow test. The developed test gives above 80% sensitivity and specificity and up to 93% accuracy as compared to two current lab-based methods using COVID-19 convalescent plasma.

Conclusions
A rapid 10 min cellulose based test has been developed for detection of NAb against SARS-CoV-2. The test demonstrates comparable performance to the lab-based tests and can be used at Point-of-Care. Importantly, the approach used for this test can be easily extended to test RBD variants or to evaluate NAbs against other pathogens.
Effects of Age and Uncertainty on the Visual Speech Benefit in Noise
Authors: Beadle Julie , Kim Jeesun , Davis Chris 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
Listeners understand significantly more speech in noise when the talker's face can be seen (visual speech) in comparison to an auditory-only baseline (a visual speech benefit). This study investigated whether the visual speech benefit is reduced when the correspondence between auditory and visual speech is uncertain and whether any reduction is affected by listener age (older vs. younger) and how severe the auditory signal is masked.

Method:
Older and younger adults completed a speech recognition in noise task that included an auditory-only condition and four auditory–visual (AV) conditions in which one, two, four, or six silent talking face videos were presented. One face always matched the auditory signal; the other face(s) did not. Auditory speech was presented in noise at −6 and −1 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

Results:
When the SNR was −6 dB, for both age groups, the standard-sized visual speech benefit reduced as more talking faces were presented. When the SNR was −1 dB, younger adults received the standard-sized visual speech benefit even when two talking faces were presented, whereas older adults did not.

Conclusions:
The size of the visual speech benefit obtained by older adults was always smaller when AV correspondence was uncertain; this was not the case for younger adults. Difficulty establishing AV correspondence may be a factor that limits older adults' speech recognition in noisy AV environments.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16879549