bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
All That Coughs Is Not COVID-19: A Delayed Diagnosis of Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis Following Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection
Authors: Chen Joshua C , Wong Darren , Rabi Sina , Worswick Scott , DeClerck Brittney , Gibb Jean 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Coccidioides immitis (and Coccidioides posadasii) are endemic fungi of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Uncomplicated, symptomatic Coccidioides infection most commonly causes a self-limited pneumonia; however, immunocompromised patients can manifest severe pneumonia with an additional risk of dissemination to bone, joints, soft tissues, and in the most severe cases, the central nervous system. In 2020, clinicians were challenged with a previously unseen volume of acute respiratory complaints as a result of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. We present a patient with respiratory failure secondary to SARS-CoV-2 who experienced prolonged hypoxia and neurologic deterioration, eventually leading to a diagnosis of occult disseminated coccidiomycosis involving meningitis, miliary-pattern pneumonia, and cutaneous lesions.
Yield of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Lower Respiratory Tract Testing After a Negative Nasopharyngeal Test Among Hospitalized Persons Under Investigation for Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Egbuonu Kenechukwu , Hyle Emily P , Hurtado Rocio M , Alba George A , Zachary Kimon C , Branda John A , Hibbert Kathryn A , Hooper David C , Shenoy Erica S , Turbett Sarah E , Dugdale Caitlin M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Among hospitalized persons under investigation for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), more repeated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) after a negative NAAT were positive from lower than from upper respiratory tract specimens (1.9% vs 1.0%, P = .033). Lower respiratory testing should be prioritized among patients displaying respiratory symptoms with moderate-to-high suspicion for COVID-19 after 1 negative upper respiratory NAAT.
Disseminated Cryptococcal Disease in A Patient With Chronic Chylothorax and a Pleurovenous Catheter, a Case Report With Autopsy Findings
Authors: Mundo William , Berning Amber , Koullias Yiannis , Chastain Daniel B , Stone Neil , Franco-Paredes Carlos , Henao-Martínez Andrés F , Vargas Barahona Lilian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Cryptococcus species are ubiquitous in the environment with a global distribution. While causing disease predominantly in immunocompromised hosts such as those with advanced HIV, HIV-uninfected patients are increasingly recognized as being affected. The most common forms of infection are cryptococcal pneumonia and meningitis. HIV-uninfected patients and extrapulmonary infections have worse outcomes, likely due to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Cryptococcus infections involving chylothorax or chyloabdomen have rarely been reported in humans. We describe a case of fulminant disseminated cryptococcosis with fungemia, peritonitis, and empyema in a patient with chronic chylothorax treated with an indwelling pleurovenous shunt. Key autopsy findings included cryptococcal organisms identified on calcified lymphadenopathy, pleural adhesions, and pericardium. We discuss the importance of identifying patients with nontraditional risks factors for cryptococcal disease, such as lymphopenia and hypogammaglobulinemia, and the potential implications of pleurovenous catheters in Cryptococcus dissemination.
Introduction
Authors: Feldstein Steven 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the main arguments and framework for the book. It explains how regimes apply a range of digital repression strategies to advance their political objectives. While authoritarian leaders rely far more on digital repression techniques than their democratic counterparts, democracies are also prone to exploiting these tools. In certain countries, digital technology is having a transformative effect on repression. This impact, however, is highly dependent on an array of factors: state capacity, technological sophistication, security force capabilities, and regime type. The chapter describes principal stakeholders in the digital ecosystem and motivations for why leaders pursue repression strategies.
Responding to Digital Repression
Authors: Feldstein Steven 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses strategies civil society groups can use to raise the costs of repression associated with the dictator’s digital dilemma. It examines specific approaches activists can pursue to counter state repression, such as using reputational, economic, political, and supply-side pressure to reverse regime advantages. Turning to the private sector, it describes companies’ roles and responsibilities in relation to digital repression. It contends that democracies should consider advancing a stronger normative framework that will set clearer guidelines about responsible corporate behavior related to digital technology. Such steps will help companies push back on political demands from nondemocratic states. Finally, it proposes strategies that democracies and civil society can adopt to counter the proliferation of digital repression equipment and services provided by authoritarian states like China and Russia, and it discusses policy implications of the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to digital technology.
The Logic of Filtering
Authors: Kromhout Melle Jan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This book traces the profound impact of technical media on the sound of music, asking: How do media technologies shape sound? How does this affect music? And how did it change what we listen for in music? Based on the information theoretical proposition that all transmission channels introduce noise and distortion, the argument accounts for the fact that technologically reproduced music is inherently shaped by the technologies that enable its reproduction. The media archaeological assessment of this noise of sound media developed in the book draws from a wide range of sources, both theoretical and historical, conceptual and technical. Together, they show that noise should not be understood as unwanted by-effect but instead plays a foundational role in shaping the sonic contours of technologically reproduced music. Over the course of five chapters, the book sketches a broad history of the problem of noise in sound recording, looks at specific analog and digital noise-related technologies, traces the ideal of sonic purity back to key developments in nineteenth-century acoustics, and develops an analysis of the close interrelation between noise and the temporality of sound. This relation, it argues, is central to the way in which recorded sound and music resonate with listeners. Ultimately, this media-specific analysis of the noise of sound media thereby greatly enriches our understanding of the way in which they changed and continue to change the sonorous qualities of music, thus offering a new perspective on the interaction between music, media, and listeners.
Cinematic TV
Authors: Richards Rashna Wadia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the last two decades, media scholars have often suggested that television has become cinematic. Once considered “a mere instrument of transmission,” as Rudolf Arnheim put it, or derided as a vast wasteland, TV is now praised for its visual density and complexity. Serial dramas, in particular, are acclaimed for their imitations of cinema’s stylistically innovative and narratively challenging conventions. But what exactly does “cinematic TV” mean? Cinematic TV takes up this question comprehensively, arguing that TV dramas quote, copy, and appropriate (primarily) American cinema in multiple ways and toward multiple ends. Putting together an innovative framework by combining intertextuality and memory studies, Cinematic TV focuses on four modalities of intermedial borrowings: homage, evocation, genre, and parody. Through close readings of such exemplary shows as Stranger Things, Mad Men, Damages, and Dear White People, the book demonstrates how serial dramas reproduce and rework, undermine and idolize, and, in some cases, compete with and outdo cinema. Ultimately, Cinematic TV argues that serial dramas function archivally in relation to cinema, for cinematic moments, motifs, and contours hover around the televisual frame, constantly breaking through. How serial dramas handle such cinematic hauntings is the story that this book tells.
“How about . . . We Watch a Scary Movie Together”
Authors: Richards Rashna Wadia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores serial drama’s affectionate relationship with cinema through the concept of homage. Homage has historically been thought of as a gesture of unconditional love; in cinema studies, it is meant to visualize one auteur’s affection for another. But this chapter turns to more recent treatments of homage, which tend to balance admiration with critique. Chapter 1 reads Stranger Things (Netflix, 2016–present) as an act of homage to the 1980s. Unlike the nostalgia-driven interpretations of homage, however, here it is read as an act of critical reflection. What this implies is that the series devours its cinematic love objects, thus demonstrating how televisual homage might manifest itself as a desire to embody and replace cinema.
“You See Everything”
Authors: Richards Rashna Wadia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 concentrates on implicit cinematic references in serial television, ones that seem to flash up suddenly and perhaps even inadvertently. References are usually seen as synonymous with invocations, which entail the active summoning of sources, whereas this chapter relies on evocative references, which seem more random or unmotivated and often non-canonical. Using Mad Men’s (AMC, 2007–15) myriad evocations—ones that exceed the usual references to Billy Wilder’s The Apartment (1960) or Jacques Demy’s Model Shop (1969)—this chapter demonstrates how a series engages with cinema to talk about a particular era. It concludes with this paradox: the more authored a series, the wider its set of unintended intertextual connections might be.
In the Street
Authors: Çidam Çiğdem 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The 2010s were a decade of protests, and if the initial few months of 2020 are any indication, various forms of street politics, including spontaneous protests, demonstrations, acts of civil disobedience, and occupations are here to stay. Yet, contemporary discussions on the democratic significance of such events remain limited to questions of success and failure and the relative virtues of spontaneity and organization. In the Street: Democratic Action, Theatricality, and Political Friendship moves beyond these limited and limiting debates by breaking the hold of a deeply engrained way of thinking of democratic action that falsely equates spontaneity with immediacy. The book traces this problematic equation back to Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s account of popular sovereignty and demonstrates that insofar as commentators characterize democratic moments as the unmediated expressions of people’s will and/or instantaneous popular eruptions, they lose sight of the rich, creative, and varied practices of political actors who create those events against all odds. In the Street counters this Rousseauian influence by appropriating Aristotle’s notion of “political friendship” and developing an alternative conceptual framework that emphasizes the theatricality of democratic action through a critical engagement with the works of Antonio Negri, Jürgen Habermas, and Jacques Rancière. The outcome is a new conceptual lens that brings to light what is erased from contemporary discussions of democratic events, namely the crystallization of political actors’ hopes in the novel ways of being that they staged and the alternative forms of social relations that they created in and through the intermediating practices of political friendship.
Democratic Action, Spontaneity, and the Intermediating Practices of Political Friendship
Authors: Çidam Çiğdem 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter accomplishes two goals. First, it critically engages with the contemporary debates on the last decade’s democratic uprisings to demonstrate the ongoing influence of Rousseau’s emphasis on immediacy in democratic theory. By casting organization as that which precedes politics and moments of spontaneous action as sudden explosions, contemporary accounts reduce spontaneity to immediacy. Thus, they both erase on-the-ground practices of the political actors, and, taking an antidemocratic Rousseauian turn, construe the transience and unpredictability of democratic events as problems to be resolved under the guidance of the theorist. Second, the chapter appropriates Aristotle’s notion of political friendship, laying the groundwork for the conception of democratic action developed in the book, and arguing that democratic events are created in and through “intermediating practices,” including deliberation, judging, negotiation, artistic production, and common use. Through intermediating practices, people establish relations with strangers, constitute a common amid disagreements, and stage their equality as political friends.
Antonio Negri
Authors: Çidam Çiğdem 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Antonio Negri’s turn to democratic theory in the wake of Italy’s “Long ’68.” As an activist thinker involved in the political struggles of his time, starting in the early 1970s, Negri challenged the Marxist orthodoxy’s exclusive focus on factory workers through a series of conceptual innovations, such as the “multitude,” highlighting the emancipatory potential of diverse political actors and their innovative resistance practices. Despite this crucial contribution, the chapter contends, Negri’s account, too, is haunted by the Rousseauian dream of immediacy: for Negri, insurgencies are moments of democracy because they are the immediate expressions of the multitude. And while Negri refuses to characterize such short-lived moments as failures, he still, like Rousseau, considers their transience a problem, which he tries to resolve through the cultivation of “adequate” revolutionary consciousness—a problematic move, the chapter concludes, which reproduces the antidemocratic Rousseauian tendency to turn political theory into a theory of education in Negri’s work.
The Common Law Legal Tradition: First Things First
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains briefly the origins and development of the common law tradition in order to better understand the rise of judicial review in the seven common law countries discussed in this volume. The common law legal tradition is characterized historically, in public law, by limited, constitutional government and by forms of judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation. In private law, the common law tradition is characterized by judge-made case law, which is the primary source of the law, instead of a massive code being the primary source of the law. The common law tradition is also characterized by reliance on the institution of trial by jury. Judges, rather than scholars, are the key figures who are revered in the common law legal tradition, and this is one of the key things that distinguishes the common law legal tradition from the civil law legal tradition. The common law legal tradition emphasizes judicial power, which explains why it has led to judicial review in the countries studied in this volume. It is the prevailing legal tradition in the four countries with the oldest systems of judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation: the United States, Canada, Australia, and India. Thus, judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation in these four countries is very much shaped by common law attitudes about the roles of judges.
The United States: Creation, Reconstruction, the Progressives, and the Modern Era
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the origins and growth of judicial review of the constitutionality of federal and state legislation in the United States. American judicial review emerged from the vertical federalism umpiring of the King-in-Council, which reined in errant colonies; and from the open political space created by bicameralism, the separation of powers, and federalism, which gave the federal courts the political leeway to engage in judicial review of the constitutionality of federal and state laws. American judicial review took its present form of allowing horizontal separation of powers and enumerated powers vertical judicial review during the critical years between 1776 and 1803 when the faith of the American people shifted away from state legislatures and state governments and toward stronger executives and courts and a much stronger national government. This theory is set forth correctly by Professor Gordon S. Wood in both articles he has shared with me and in conversation. The addition of the three Reconstruction Amendments, and the enormous statutory expansions of federal court jurisdiction and of the number of lower federal court judges after the Civil War, occurred for rights from wrongs reasons. They led, after the incorporation of the Bill of Rights against the states between 1940 and 1970, to a situation where the Supreme Court now reins in errant state legislatures in much the same way the King-in-Council used to rein in errant colonial legislatures.
The Commonwealth of Australia
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of judicial review in Australia, which was modeled on the U.S. system of judicial review. Australian judicial review evolved out of a need for an umpiring body in federalism and separation of powers cases. Indeed, the original purpose of the Australian High Court under the Australian Constitution was to umpire federalism disputes between the Commonwealth and the six Australian states, which predated the federal government of Australia; and to ensure that the traditionally guaranteed rights and freedoms of British subjects under the common law and responsible parliamentary government were respected regarding Australia’s citizens. The Australian Constitution does not have a Bill of Rights or an enumerated Judicial Review clause, but it does limit and enumerate the broad powers of the Australian federal government. The Framers of the Australian Constitution, like the Framers of the U.S. Constitution, assumed that the courts would have the power of judicial review. As a result, there is, in Australia, judicial review in federalism and separation of powers umpiring cases but not in Bill of Rights cases since there is essentially no Australian Bill of Rights.
The Republic of South Africa
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the origins and growth of judicial review in South Africa. Judicial review originated in South Africa in 1994 for rights from wrongs reasons. The great moral wrongs of racist Afrikaner and British imperial rule could only be overcome with a new Democratic Constitution, accepted by blacks and whites, with a very generous Bill of Rights that is enforced by a very powerful Constitutional Court. The African National Congress (ANC) party, led by Nelson Mandela, had called for a Bill of Rights and judicial review ever since the 1950s. In the 1990’s, the ANC got its wish. South African judicial review also result, in part, from borrowing. South Africans borrowed heavily from the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms of 1982 and from the German Basic Law of 1949. South Africa particularly borrowed from Germany the idea of creating one very powerful Constitutional Court, which alone has the power of judicial review in South Africa.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the origins and growth of judicial review in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Judicial review in the United Kingdom under the Human Rights Act is best explained by borrowing from the United States, Canada, Germany, and the European Court of Human Rights. The emergence of judicial review in the United Kingdom also coincided with the devolution of power to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, thus creating a need for a federalism umpire. This was vividly illustrated by a recent U.K. Supreme Court separation of powers umpiring opinion; and by a 2019 umpiring ruling, which upheld Scotland’s highest court, while overturning an English and Welsh court on the justiciability and breadth of The Queen’s power to prorogue Parliament. The adoption by the United Kingdom of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), as a judicially enforced Bill of Rights, was done, in part, out of embarrassment that the United Kingdom kept losing so many human rights cases when they were heard by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). There is, accordingly, a mild rights from wrongs story that explains the adoption of the Human Rights Act of 1998, although a desire to borrow that which was fashionable and in style provides the major explanation for the adoption of this act.
Basic research, snake venoms, and ACE inhibitors: Ondetti, Cushman, and Patchett
Authors: Cordes Eugene H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are highly important drugs for control of blood pressure, chronic heart failure, and kidney protection. The discovery of ACE inhibitors derived from several basic research sources. The peptide angiotensin-II was demonstrated to contract the smooth muscle layer lining the vasculature and to cause retention of water in the body. Both conditions tend to raise blood pressure. It follows that an inhibitor of the enzyme that promotes the synthesis of angiotensin-II, ACE, would relax the vasculature, decrease water retention, and lower blood pressure. The questions were to confirm this hypothesis and discover ACE inhibitors. The chemistry of snake venoms helped with both. A peptide isolated from a venomous snake proved to be an ACE inhibitor and, while not suitable to be a drug, lowered blood pressure in clinical trials, confirming the hypothesis. In addition, the structure of the venom peptide provided an important clue to the structure of ACE inhibitors. The final key was provided by the discovery of a novel inhibitor design concept in an academic laboratory. Pulling this information together led to the discovery of the following ACE inhibitors suitable for clinical use: Capoten, Vasotec, Zestril, and others.
HIV protease inhibitors: weapons in the war against HIV/AIDS
Authors: Cordes Eugene H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The discovery of drugs for AIDS has converted these infections from a death sentence into a chronic infectious disease. The research of Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo established that HIV is the cause of AIDS, subsequently known as HIV/AIDS, the most deadly infective disease known. Basic research into the life cycle of HIV revealed a number of potential molecular targets for treatment of the infection. Among these are HIV protease and reverse transcriptase, enzymes required for the propagation of the virus in human T cells. AZT (azidothymidine), a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, was the first drug approved for treatment of HIV/AIDS. It was followed by three HIV protease inhibitors: saquinavir, ritonavir, and indinavir (Incivek). The last of these was discovered through a structure-based drug design strategy and proved to be a turning point in therapy for HIV/AIDS. This drug discovery effort was conducted in an atmosphere of prejudice, ignorance, snake oil medicine, and intense activism by Act Up and others. The net result is a miracle of modern medicine.