bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Pereboom Derk 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Anger with wrongdoers is often accompanied by the supposition that its target deserves to be the recipient of an expression of this emotion, one that intentionally causes pain or harm, which classify it as a retributive emotion. Chapter 1 introduces the claim that we do not need retribution, whether it be in justifying our responses to wrongdoing, or in the emotions employed in those responses. We have alternatives to retributive anger, and to anger more generally, that are practically and theoretically preferable. One way to motivate this stance is by skepticism about the control in action—the free will—required for retribution to be justified. This chapter summarizes the author’s argument for free will skepticism, which addresses the compatibilist and libertarian alternatives. Also proposed is that there are ethical considerations independent of the concern about control in action that serve to justify the antiretributivist stance.
Forgiveness as Renunciation of Moral Protest
Authors: Pereboom Derk 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 sets out an account of forgiveness consistent with the rejection of the retributive emotions. On the standard view, forgiveness is the renunciation and overcoming of resentment, which is at least typically a retributive emotion. Thus on the standard view forgiveness involves the renunciation of an attitude that for the skeptic about retribution was inappropriate in the first place. If forgiveness is instead understood as renunciation of the stance of moral protest, then for the skeptic forgiveness is in the clear, since that stance need not presuppose desert. Renunciation of moral protest potentially qualifies as a general feature of forgiveness, by contrast with renunciation of resentment. In a range of cases of wrongdoing resentment is initially unfitting for reasons independent of concerns about retribution.
Abusive Judicial Review
Authors: Dixon Rosalind , Landau David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains the concept of abusive judicial review: the use of courts by regimes to achieve anti-democratic constitutional change. Abusive judicial review involves abusive constitutional borrowing in two distinct senses: first, regimes lean on captured or cowed courts as a strategy to legitimate or advance authoritarian goals, and second, those courts often draw upon liberal democratic doctrines in abusive ways. It develops a typology of two different forms of the phenomenon—a weak form where courts uphold authoritarian moves by political actors, and a strong form where they act more directly to remove obstacles to authoritarian programs. Finally, it draws out two main examples: the Venezuelan Supreme Court’s repression of the opposition-held legislature using a doctrine of ‘legislative omission’ and other tools, and the wielding of militant democracy doctrines by the Cambodian and Thai apex courts to ban parties for authoritarian ends.
Legal Syncretism as a Theoretical Framework for African Constitutionalism
Authors: Gebeye Berihun Adugna 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents legal syncretism as a new theoretical framework for African constitutionalism. After providing reasons for needing a new theoretical framework the chapter proceeds to explore the existing theoretical frameworks of law in general—legal centralism and legal pluralism—and examines their relevance to African constitutionalism. After demonstrating both the potential and limits of these frameworks, the chapter then proposes legal syncretism as a new and better theoretical framework with which to capture and explain the transformation of African constitutionalism from precolonial times to the present, as well as all the attendant constitutional designs and practices.
The Executive
Authors: Gebeye Berihun Adugna 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the executive branch in order to explain how legal syncretism influences African constitutional design and practice, using Nigeria, Ethiopia, and South Africa as comparative case studies. The chapter first develops a conceptual framework for the design of the executive and the practice of executive power drawing from liberal constitutional theory. The chapter then explores and examines the design of the executive and the practice of executive power in Nigeria, Ethiopia, and South Africa. The aim is to demonstrate how legal syncretism shapes the executive branches in these countries and how different configurations of legal syncretism have produced imperial executives in Nigeria and Ethiopia, but not in South Africa. By disentangling the discursive practices that bring about and sustain the imperial executives, and by showing the pathologies of constitutional design and practice related to the executive, the chapter defends the idea of a limited executive if constitutionalism is to prosper in Africa.
Articulation in Ruins
Authors: Morrison Benedict 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter challenges the critical tradition that has interpreted the formal disjunctures of Roberto Rossellini’s Germania anno zero (1948) as representative of its young protagonist Edmund. The film’s complicated formal experiments—including in cinematography, editing, and sound design—have been read as expressions of the child’s distress as he struggles to survive in post-war Berlin. This criticism, however, cannot account fully for the film’s disjunctive transitions between documentary realism and expressionism. This chapter argues that year zero is a space in which all stabilizing definitions are thrown into disorientating contingency, and the clash between styles marks this unsettledness. In such a historical moment, Edmund is unable to articulate himself, and the film’s formal ruptures do not speak clearly for him. The form cannot be explained through reference to a character who is outside explanation. The film records an eccentric moment in Germany’s history, in which meaning is out of reach.
The Ever Conscious View and the Contingency of Moral Status
Authors: Harman Elizabeth 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
It is common to think that if something has moral status, then, necessarily, it has moral status. This chapter argues for a view of moral status, the Ever Conscious View, which holds that a living being has moral status throughout its life just in case it is ever conscious, at any point in its life. Moral status is contingent: some beings that have moral status might have lacked moral status, and some beings that lack moral status might have had moral status. The author explains and addresses the Objection to Contingency; it can be answered by recognition of the Good Method of finding our harm-based and benefit-based moral reasons. We should embrace the Good Method for reasons wholly independent of the Ever Conscious View; so, a defense of the Ever Conscious View using the Good Method is a principled defense. She also defends the Good Method in the face of an objection from “The Asymmetry,” according to which we have reasons not to create miserable people, but we have no reasons to create happy people; she responds that we do have reasons to create happy people, but there is nothing at all wrong with failing to do so.
Moral Status and Moral Significance
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relations between moral status (or standing) and what the author calls moral significance. Something has moral significance just in case it morally counts for its own sake, or is something that must be taken into consideration in itself when moral judgments about what ought or ought not to be done are made. The chapter argues that the moral status of something is dependent on what is morally significant about it. Nothing can have moral status if there is not anything morally significant about it. On the other hand, something can be morally significant, even though it does not have moral status. The notion of moral significance is then the more fundamental notion and the notion of moral status could be dispensed with. In fact, it would simplify and clarify matters if it were dispensed with.
Revisiting Inexorable Moral Confusion About the Moral Status of Human–Nonhuman Chimeras
Authors: Robert Jason Scott , Baylis Françoise 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In “Crossing Species Boundaries” (Robert and Baylis 2003), the authors explored the history, ethics, and prospective future of stem cell research involving chimeras made in part from human cells. They dismissed the various then-extant ethical objections to the creation of such chimeras, finding them all inadequate. In their stead, they sketched (but did not elaborate or defend) an alternative response—namely, that their creation would create a kind of inexorable moral confusion. Since then, a variety of alternative objections to—as well as justifications for—this research have emerged, alongside advances in the technologies for introducing genetic and cellular material across putative species boundaries. In this chapter, the authors revisit the notion of inexorable moral confusion, further specifying and elaborating the original concept in light of recent scientific and technical developments and ethical insights.
Sharing the World with Digital Minds
Authors: Shulman Carl , Bostrom Nick 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The minds of biological creatures occupy a small corner of a much larger space of possible minds that could be created once we master the technology of artificial intelligence. Yet many of our moral intuitions and practices are based on assumptions about human nature that need not hold for digital minds. This points to the need for moral reflection as we approach the era of advanced machine intelligence. This chapter focuses on one set of issues, which arise from the prospect of digital minds with superhumanly strong claims to resources and influence. These could arise from the vast collective benefits that mass-produced digital minds could derive from relatively small amounts of resources. Alternatively, they could arise from individual digital minds with superhuman moral status or ability to benefit from resources. Such beings could contribute immense value to the world, and failing to respect their interests could produce a moral catastrophe, while a naive way of respecting them could be disastrous for humanity. A sensible approach requires reforms of our moral norms and institutions along with advance planning regarding what kinds of digital minds we bring into existence.
Introduction
Authors: MacArthur-Seal Daniel-Joseph 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter introduces readers to the geographic and chronological extent of British military expansion in the eastern Mediterranean that is assessed in the book. It further explores changing definitions of the Levant and Levantine and explains why they are an appropriate appellation for this imperial project. It critiques predominant explanations of British military expansion and contraction in the region and sets forth an alternative model for how the geographical imagination of soldiers and statesmen informed policy making. It then outlines the sources that research for the book is centred on—namely the letters, diaries, and memoirs of British servicemen, alongside official state documents—and explores how these been read and utilized in literature on the First World War. Finally, it provides an overview of the structure of the book.
Port to Port Sea Voyaging and the Logistics of Empire
Authors: MacArthur-Seal Daniel-Joseph 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter shows how the onset of the First World war rerouted the material and human circuits that traversed the eastern Mediterranean. The outcome of this process, though not without its challenges, was the establishment of a British maritime logistical network that linked Alexandria and Salonica, numerous islands between them, and, briefly, the Gallipoli peninsula. The chapter documents the extent of the movements of soldiers, labourers, and refugees set in course by the war and its aftermath and the interactions between them. In addition, it shows how these sea voyages contributed to the establishment of the geographic imaginary of the Levant and how the disciplinary regimes governing the transport ship provided a point of contrast to the city that would be encountered on arrival.
City and Camp Reordering the Levantine City
Authors: MacArthur-Seal Daniel-Joseph 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter investigates how the incorporation of Alexandria, Thessaloniki, and Istanbul into the Allies’ military logistical network posed a set of challenges whose answer seemed to be the militarization of urban space. It explores how soldiers contrasted the rapid development of the military camps to which they were dispatch on arrival with the supposed stagnation of the cities they orbited. Military authorities responded to this dichotomy by attempting to both segregate the camp, through restricting the interaction of soldiers and local civilians, and to harmonize the city with military standards, introducing new rules and regulations managing urban space and circulation. The chapter concludes by examining the military antecedents to the town plans created for Alexandria and Thessaloniki that followed wartime occupation.
1916–1918
Authors: MacArthur-Seal Daniel-Joseph 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The sub-chapter outlines the development of the First World War in the eastern Mediterranean from the evacuation of the Gallipoli peninsula to the signing of the Armistice of Moudros that took the Ottoman Empire out of the war. It examines how the growing Allied presence at Salonica instigated an uprising in the city that later took power at the Greek capital with British and French support. It assesses the impact of the Russian revolution on the Caucasus front, which led the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and local groups into a scramble for control of key towns and infrastructure. It then summarises how progress on the Palestine front, in conjunction with support for an uprising in the Hejaz, and a breakthrough in Macedonia forced the Ottoman Empire to sue for peace.
1920–1922
Authors: MacArthur-Seal Daniel-Joseph 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The sub-chapter summarises military and political developments in the eastern Mediterranean in 1920–1922, beginning with the decision to formally occupy Istanbul, which expanded Allied responsibilities while leading to the emergence of a rival Turkish national assembly in Ankara. It assesses Greece’s successive offensives into Anatolia, which ended in defeat and the loss of Izmir to Turkish national forces in September 1922. It further examines the impact of the Bolshevik victory in the Russian civil war on Britain’s position in the Caucasus and Istanbul, and the changing relationship between the Allies and Greece following the Royalist victory there. The chapter shows how Britain took unilateral action to redefine its position in Egypt after failed negotiations with nationalist representatives. Finally, it shows how confrontation with Greece and nationalist Turkey in the vicinity of Istanbul forced the British government to accept a revision of the peace treaty they had forced on the region.
Introduction
Authors: Rybak Jan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
During the First World War and its aftermath, the Zionist movement in many regions managed to evolve from relatively small groups, primarily of bourgeois intellectuals, to become a mass movement that in many cases came to dominate Jewish political and social life. This meteoric rise can be attributed to the hard, everyday work of Zionist activists in the communities of East-Central Europe. The introduction identifies the key questions at the heart of this development and anticipates the main problems and themes of the book. In order to situate the events of 1914–20 in a wider regional and historical context, central aspects of Jewish life in East-Central Europe before the outbreak of the First World War are explained. The different legal, economic, and cultural conditions under which the actors of the book lived produced conflicting responses to many of the main challenges posed by modernity—nationalism, antisemitism, economic transformation, and mass migration. One of these responses was Zionism, which from Lithuania to Austria presented itself in many different forms. The introduction discusses the various trends in the Zionist movement, the role of Palestine in activists’ thinking, and their engagement in their local communities––questions that would be central in the years of war and revolution.
Violence, Antisemitism, and Self-Defence
Authors: Rybak Jan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter takes Galicia as a case study for how the changing dynamics of the war also transformed allegiances, loyalties, and relations to the imperial state. It focuses particularly on Zionists’ security strategies during the war and its aftermath. With the state increasingly incapable of protecting its citizens, escalating anti-Jewish violence became a pressing problem for the Jewish population, which grew increasingly disillusioned with the imperial authorities. This case study questions the traditional understanding that Habsburg Jews clung to the empire until its very end. As the old state failed the Jews, activists shifted security strategies from their traditional orientation towards the central state, to local agreements with nationalist forces on the ground, to self-organized armed defence, and to appeals to the new nation states. In the minds of Zionists, questions of loyalty and security were intimately connected to the struggle to gain autonomy for the Jewish nation. The chapter shows how Zionists responded to the worsening security situation, highlighting local cases of armed Jewish self-defence, to demonstrate how these measures were essential for establishing Zionists as leaders of their communities. At the heart of the struggle for security was a struggle for agency and self-assertion. Zionists believed that the Jews would only be able to protect themselves and live securely if they constituted and organized themselves as a nation. This dialectical interrelation between security and (national) agency was at the core of Zionist thinking and political practice.
Conclusion
Authors: Rybak Jan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Conclusion revisits some of the communities in which Zionists had worked during the war, showing how they were transformed in those years. The numerical growth of the Zionist movement and electoral victories in many places throughout the region speak to the transformation of the Jewish social and political landscape, and to the mass appeal of the Zionist movement and its ideas. Furthermore, Zionist nation-building meant the establishment of a vast national infrastructure, ranging from newspapers to schools, kindergartens, social centres, and so on, that came to be key features of Jewish society. These ‘outcomes’ show that it was concrete activism rather than ‘big ideas’ that made the Zionist movement attractive to the Jewish population, but also that this activism could assume very different forms, depending on local context. Looking at the diverse forms Zionist nation-building took in communities throughout the region highlights the necessity to rethink the ‘big story’ of Zionism in this period. Rather than a single process connected to wider events, it involved many different small, everyday struggles that activists and communities fought throughout the region. Not one but many Zionist ideas flourished in these years. This was the way in which Zionism experienced its great breakthrough, becoming a leading force in Jewish social and political life in the decades to come.
Armed with Madness
Authors: Rasula Jed 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Increased attention to psychology in the modern novel afforded expanded thematic access to aberrant states of consciousness. In a way, this returned the novel to its prototype in Don Quixote, and rejuvenated awareness of depicted mania in realist novels. Eight novels are profiled here (by Fowles, Fitzgerald, Lowry, Dostoyevsky, Canetti, Mann, Conrad, and Woolf) in order to examine narrative strategies for exploring madness, and implicating the reader’s consciousness as a participatory component of mental aberration. This approach counters Georg Lukács’s contention that depictions of mental aberration violated the novel’s obligation to depict normality. Modernism, he claimed, privileged distortion, but the novelists examined here suggest that the historical pressures of modernity provided distortions exceeding any particular imaginative license. These pressures are acutely rendered in portraits of domesticity in The Secret Agent by Conrad and Mrs Dalloway by Woolf, two among many such reckonings with geo-political trauma casting a shadow over private life.
The Role of the Common Heritage Concept in Deep Seabed Mining
Authors: Dingwall Joanna 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 evaluates the vital role of the common heritage in the deep seabed mining context. It does so by considering the historical application of the common heritage concept to deep seabed mining, together with the broader role of the concept within international law, including in relation to outer space and other global commons. Chapter 3 addresses the UNCLOS III negotiations, and the emergence of the common heritage approach to deep seabed mining as part of the movement for a New International Economic Order (NIEO), as well as the modifications achieved by the Agreement on the Implementation of Part XI of UNCLOS. This chapter distils the common heritage into its modern-day components in the deep seabed mining context, namely: common management, prohibition of unilateral mining activities, benefit sharing, marine environmental protection and the achievement of a balance between communitarian and capitalist concerns. It also sets out the study’s framework of analysis.
Introduction
Authors: Heber Caroline 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe first chapter introduces the reader to the enhanced cooperation mechanism through an overview of the cornerstones of the law-making procedure, the aim and purpose of the procedure, and via a thorough differentiation between the political and the legal dimension of enhanced cooperation law-making. A clear differentiation between legal and political dimensions of enhanced cooperation law-making is particularly important for the success of differentiated law-making within the European Union. If the political intention expressed by Art 20 of the TEU were understood as a strict legal requirement, the entire mechanism of enhanced cooperation would be unstable, unclear, and ineffective.