bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bed Linen
Authors: Young Alasdair R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter takes up the largely neglected case of the EU’s anti-dumping duties on bed linen imports from India. This was the first EU trade defense decision successfully challenged before the WTO. It overturned a methodology that the EU (and others) had thought was permitted under WTO rules: “zeroing.” The EU had to adopt a new procedure to enable it to revisit trade defense decisions in the light of adverse rulings, which complicated the story. Nonetheless, the EU changed its policy swiftly and those changes were upheld as adequate by a compliance panel. Moreover, the EU extended the implications of the WTO rulings to countries that had not been party to the complaint. There was no sign of exporter mobilization or other participant expansion. Rather, trade policy officials, motivated by a desire to not encourage reciprocal abrogation and ultimately to challenge the anti-dumping practices of others, moved swiftly to change the EU’s policy.
Demonic Bodies
Authors: Wiebe Gregory D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter further investigates the question of demons and bodies, beginning with the traditional belief that demons have bodies of air which Augustine inherited from both Christians and philosophers. In Augustine’s philosophically rigorous reflections upon the nature of visions, he adopts a scripturally prescribed reticence to speculate about the causal origins of visions that makes it impossible to say that the demon’s aerial body is the means by which it appears to humans. In this way Augustine maintains a crucial ontological distinction between the demonic nature itself and the various miracles, possessions, and other phenomena by which it appears. An aerial body is not, strictly speaking, a historical body per se, and is instead a way of speaking about the unknowable methods by which demons do, in fact, appear among humans.
Geopolitical Fractures
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Today’s world is in the midst of sorting out the difference between its national fervour and its international character. It continues to struggle with its sovereign borders and a workforce that has no borders. Nations scamper to maintain their self-sufficiency while their populations’ demand for consumer goods is beyond their capacity to supply. Societies and countries wrestle with basic inequities baked into their culture and political systems that benefit few and alienate many. Geopolitical practitioners grasp for a handle on the tsunami of technology in which they are drowning while their citizens with access to that very wave are increasingly disenchanted with the status quo. This chapter examines the power of ideologies to enthrone and alienate, empower and marginalize. It looks at the importance of words and how their rhetorical use can stimulate, propagate, manipulate, and potentially subjugate. It observes the alienation, mistrust, and inequity that expose violence and unrest.
Trust in a Splintered World
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the current environment, the wealthy are becoming wealthier while other people are experiencing declining wealth and lifestyles. There are issues of inequalities, terrorism, and climate change. There is a decline in trust in corporate and political leaders that impacts organizational power. In this constantly changing environment, the issue of leadership becomes the primary focus. In this fractured world leaders must be able to make trusted choices and understand the value of trust. Trust affects the way relationships work, the way organizations operate, the way that governments work, and the way the world operates. How countries, corporations, and individuals actually trust each other has a lot to do with how everything works. Trust makes the world go round.
Justice and Home Affairs
Authors: Garner Oliver 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the security chapter of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA). It explains that the TCA endeavoured to replicate several of the most effective instruments of the Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice (AFSJ). It also details how the TCA is adapted to the reality of the UK, now a third country outside the Schengen zone, refusing the jurisdiction of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The chapter analyses the framework for cooperation in internal security and law enforcement that is based on coordination and subject to unilateral termination if one of the parties fails to respect commitments in human rights or good governance. It assesses the new EU-UK justice and home affairs cooperation and focuses on the substance of the specific areas of legal cooperation foreseen in the TCA.
Introduction
Authors: Jacob W. M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This sets the scene for the study by identifying a narrative propounded by London church leaders and commentators from the 1830s onwards of decline in religious allegiance, defined in terms of attendance at places of worship, in the context of urbanization and industrialization. This was taken up and developed by most historians of religion for much of the twentieth century. However, following suggestive later-twentieth-century local studies of churches in London, and drawing on the resources and evidence of material culture, oral history, and social and economic history this study claims that when the evidence base for religiosity is broadened the narrative of decline in religiosity needs to be reappraised.
Women and Religion in Victorian London
Authors: Jacob W. M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
New opportunities emerged in churches for women as volunteer district visitors, Sunday school teachers, and for poor women to be trained and employed as Bible and parish women, Bible-nurses, and elementary school teachers which broadened the sphere of women’s activities beyond their homes to their parishes. Some women also formed religious communities, initially relieving poverty, provide nursing care and education for poor children. Growing awareness of wider social issues, particularly in relation to poverty, led some middle- and upper-class women, motivated by faith, to begin to develop activities in a wider sphere, including improving conditions in workhouses and hospitals, and establishing ‘settlements’ and pioneering systematic ‘social work’ methods. Some women also began to undertake public ministries, notably in the Salvation Army, but also leading informal congregations. Women were also generous contributors to religious-based projects. Building on these experiences, religiously motivated women stood for election to public office as London School Board members, guardians of the poor and London County Councillors. Succeeding chapters show that women also played a significant part in faith-motivated philanthropic and educational initiatives.
Person and Brain: Against Cerebrocentrism
Authors: Fuchs Thomas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDo we find what makes up a person in the brain? And, if one could transplant a brain, would that also transfer the person into a new organism? Advances in neuroscience have promoted an identification of person and brain that is incompatible with the reality of the human person. Persons are necessarily embodied, i.e., they show themselves, they act and express themselves through their bodies. We are persons to each other not as abstract minds, but as living, visible, and palpable beings. This view of the person also corresponds to the biological reality of the organism: the brain is not the locus of consciousness, but an organ of mediation for the relations of the conscious organism to the environment. As such, it is only the necessary, but by no means the sufficient condition for personal experience and behavior. It is not the brain, but the living person who feels, thinks, and acts.
The New Kid on the Block
Authors: Rohling Eelco J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses the need for removal of excess greenhouse gases to meet the bounds to atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations as framed by the Paris Agreement in terms of a maximum of 2°C global warming and a recommended limit of 1.5°C. Effective measures for greenhouse gas removal, termed negative emissions, must include both removal of the gases from the atmosphere and their long-term to permanent storage. As the chapter explains, the challenge is so great that all reasonable ideas, concepts, and small-scale trials must be considered and scaled up rapidly and massively to demonstrate real-life potential, economic and environmental feasibility, and social acceptability. At the same time, any associated drawbacks need to be considered and dealt with. The required amount of carbon removal is so large that we will eventually need to end up with a broad portfolio of methods working in parallel.
The Behavioral Renaissance
Authors: Rohling Eelco J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at what will be required to rebalance the radiative balance of climate at a societally acceptable level, around 1.5°C to at most 2°C warming according to the Paris Climate Agreement. The chapter outlines the complex portfolio of measures needed to achieve this: emissions reduction, new emissions avoidance, greenhouse gas removal, and potential solar radiation management. It also shows how the relative proportions of these four different classes of measures will need to be flexible through time, in response to different needs, such as a high need for emissions reduction today that may decline with time as emissions approach zero. Flexibility will also be needed in response to the emergence of new breakthroughs, challenges, cost limits, and economic and societal constraints. The chapter considers key parameters with respect to societal change and the roles of government, corporations, and consumers, and discusses routes for channeling discontent and litigation.
Value-Based Protest Slogans
Authors: Cherry Myisha 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
When bringing philosophical attention to bear on social movement slogans in general, philosophers have often focused on their communicative nature—particularly the hermeneutical failures that arise in discourse. Some of the most popular of these failures are illustrated in “All lives matter” retorts to “Black lives matter” pronouncements. Although highlighting and criticizing these failures provide much needed insight into social movement slogans as a communicative practice, in doing so, philosophers and slogan users risk placing too much importance on outgroup understandings. This emphasis is misguided because gaining such uptake is not required of particular slogans to perform their functions; indeed, it is an inherent risk of them. I show how such an emphasis can also be distracting to users. Since social movement slogans that express values are first and foremost for users, I argue for a shift in focus in what these slogans (such as “Black is beautiful” and the more recent “Black lives matter”) do for users, as well as what they demand from users and enable them to express. When slogans have done these things, regardless of uptake, we can say they have performed one of their key functions.
The Movement for Black Lives and the Language of Liberation
Authors: Olasov Ian 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the content and strategy of the Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) by describing the speech that sustains and promotes the movement. It explicates the content of the movement through the protest chants and other communicative tools M4BL has borrowed from past black liberatory movements. After a brief discussion of some of the challenges facing the movement, it describes four more novel communicative tools associated with M4BL—the hashtag and slogan #BlackLivesMatter, videos of police violence, naming the dead, and stereotype engineering. Each of these tools helps address some challenge, and also bears on some questions of independent philosophical interest—how to remedy testimonial injustice, what it means to engineer a concept, what makes a mental state a moral attitude. It concludes with a brief discussion of the limitations of some of these tools.
Stereotyping and Effort Mobilization in Older Age
Authors: Czarnek Gabriela , Kossowska Małgorzata , Richter Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a framework that aims at explaining stereotyping in older age. Previous studies have shown that older adults are more prone to exhibiting stereotyping and prejudice toward many social groups, compared to young adults. However, the model in this chapter suggests that these age-related increases in stereotyping might be compensated for through self-involvement and the associated effort mobilization. In particular, the chapter posits that the effortful, piecemeal analysis of incoming information that results from self-involvement leads to decreased stereotyping among older adults. The chapter provides a literature review and presents empirical studies that support the model’s hypotheses as well as discuss ideas for further research on the topic.
Motivational Reserve
Authors: Forstmeier Simon , Verena Thoma Myriam , Maercker Andreas 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Brain reserve (i.e., the ability of the brain to tolerate age- and disease-related changes in a way that cognitive function is still maintained) is assumed to be based on the lifelong training of various abilities. Motivational reserve (MR) is a form of brain reserve and can be defined as a set of motivational abilities that provide the individual with resilience to neuropathological damage. The first part of the chapter explains the term motivational processes and the model of MR and describes the measurement concept. The second part summarizes the results of several studies on the model of MR. For example, motivational abilities have been shown to be associated with a reduced risk of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease (AD) in apolipoprotein E ɛ4 carriers, but not in noncarriers. Revealing the mechanisms underlying the association of motivational abilities and cognitive decline may lead to novel strategies for delaying the onset of AD symptoms.
Why Do Some Older Adults Avoid Memory Retrieval When Acquiring a New Skill?
Authors: Hertzog Christopher , Touron Dayna R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Older adults are slower to acquire new cognitive skills requiring a shift from controlled (algorithmic) processing to automatic responding based on retrieving newly unitized information from memory. Research demonstrates that older adults’ delayed retrieval shift is a strategic avoidance of relying on memory when doing so would be successful, not just a function of age-related slowing in rates of associative learning. Older adults’ retrieval avoidance can be reduced by financial incentives to respond rapidly, recognition probes that demonstrate the accessibility of correct information, and other experimental manipulations. Item-level strategy reports show an exponential rise in retrieval strategy use with practice but not for all participants. A proportion of the older samples are retrieval strategy avoidant across the entire course of skill acquisition task practice. The chapter comments on the motivational nature of retrieval strategy avoidance and the possible practical consequences of a retrieval avoidance mode for older adults.
Adapting Algorithms on the Web to Deal With Cognitive Aging
Authors: Nielek Radoslaw , Pawlowska Justyna , Rydzewska Klara , Wierzbicki Adam 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Until very recently, any age-related design adaptations were limited to the audiovisual layer of the application. The Internet relies vastly on algorithms, such as recommendation or trust management systems, that shape online experiences, but they have usually been designed to meet the needs of younger adults. Development teams composed mostly of young developers and fine-tuning based on behavioral data from systems (overwhelmingly used by younger adults) create substantial bias that harm the online experiences of older adults. This chapter shows consequences of cognitive aging for the design requirements of recommendation algorithms. Possible solutions utilizing heuristics developed by older adults to compensate for cognitive limitations are presented. Moreover, a method will be proposed to overcome scarcity of behavioral data coming from older adults for fine-tuning existing information and communications technology systems. The chapter will be summed up with a discussion of overlap between psychology of aging and computer science.
Oil and Security
Authors: Colgan Jeff D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 describes the second of the two main subsystems in modern oil politics, centered on military security and sovereignty. In the first half of the twentieth century, as oil became the preeminent military and economic commodity, powerful states sought control over global oil production. The identity of the principal external protector in the Middle East gradually changed from the United Kingdom to the United States as imperialism receded through decolonization. The US-Saudi oil-for-security deal served as a model for newly independent states like Kuwait. Some of those deals later ruptured, but many still exist and continue to shape dynamics in the Persian Gulf. Recognizing the stability of this second subsystem, in contrast to the major changes in the oil production subsystem, helps us better understand international order.
The Limits of Conversation
Authors: Srinivasan Amia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This commentary raises a series of questions for Philip Kitcher’s theory of moral progress. First, does the history of moral progress really challenge metaethical realism, as Kitcher claims—or the liberal fantasy that we are all equally equipped to get onto the moral truth? Second, is Kitcher’s theory really, as he claims, morally neutral—or does his notion of “ideal” deliberation smuggle in substantive normative claims? Both questions point toward a different way of reading Kitcher’s proposal: not as a metaethical theory of moral truth, but as a substantive, first-order procedure for achieving moral progress. But Kitcher’s proposal falsely presupposes that the history of moral progress has been a history of conversation, when in fact it has, in large part, been a history of power: the wielding of power by the dominant against the oppressed, and the eventual seizing of that power by the dominated.
Civil Rights and Catholic Mobilization
Authors: Chinnici Joseph P. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The renewal movements detailed in Chapter 2 converged with Catholic participation in the civil rights movement to precondition both the work of the bishops at the Council and the immediate reception of the Council’s teaching after 1965. The minutes and publications of the National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice and its numerous affiliates indicate the impact of the civil rights activists in Greensboro, North Carolina, the Freedom Riders, and methods adopted from CORE. Participation by priests, nuns, and laity in direct action and protests supported racial justice and social change. A decisive and more universal turn occurred with participation in the National Conference on Religion and Race with its charter document, “An Appeal to Conscience.” Numerous follow-up conferences indicate a Catholic pilgrimage toward a new articulation in theology, structures, and social outreach for the local Church.
The Word in the World, 1964–1965
Authors: Chinnici Joseph P. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The centrality of scripture and the Church’s mission to identify with the world’s “joys . . . and griefs” furthered the teaching of Lumen Gentium and the “bridge” documents. The laity’s participation in the prophetic teaching of Christ joined the people of God with the social changes occurring in American society. Participants argued for the dignity of the person and a commitment to the alleviation of world poverty. A deductive methodology of doctrine clashed repeatedly with an inductive methodology focused on the “signs of the times.” Even as the Cold War inheritance shaped a cautious American approach to the condemnation of nuclear war, the leadership of Archbishop Dearden worked toward a new vision of marriage and the family. These distinct approaches and the convergence between conciliar language and social practice created tense relationships between the bishops and the laity’s reception of their teaching. Similar difficulties would run through the post-conciliar world.
History Matters
Authors: Zorina Khan B. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Debates about the “great divergence” within Europe fail to explain the more persistent divergence that resulted in US leadership in industry and technological innovations. Similarly, selective case studies of the post–World War II economy have given rise to claims that dirigiste linkages between the state, universities, and industry, or national innovation systems, are required for technological progress. Empirical analyses of extensive panel data and long-run patterns of innovation across countries suggest otherwise. France and England exhibited an institutional bias toward administered innovation systems, where key economic decisions were made by elites, the state, and other privileged groups. Such policies encouraged rent-seeking and the misallocation of resources and ultimately failed to engender sustained technological progress. By contrast, the US experience highlights the central role of its market-oriented patent system, in concert with flexible open-access adjacent institutions, in promoting economic growth and social welfare.
Invariance
Authors: Woodward James 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the notion of invariance, which is of central normative importance in causal reasoning and is also central to its descriptive characterization, as shown in subsequent chapters. The invariance of a causal relationship has to do with the extent that it continues to be operative across various sorts of changes—in background conditions, changes in the distribution of initial conditions, and different micro-realizations of a cause, to describe just a few of the possibilities that are considered. Invariance is distinguished from exceptionlessness and needs to be understood against the background of our epistemic and calculational limitations.
Introduction
Authors: Grove Kevin G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The introduction begins with how memory for Augustine gives expression to any coherent understanding of the self in time as well as how the self might encounter God. Though scholars have examined memory extensively in his treatises, particularly Confessions and the Trinity, these studies neglect that the greatest volume of memory language and musing in Augustine occurs in his preaching. The introduction sets out the book’s argument for how memory that is limitedly interiorizing is transformed in Augustine’s preaching into a communal work of the whole Christ. This new approach to memory intends to provide a renewed memory for Augustinian studies and a renewed Augustine for memory studies. For Augustinian studies, this includes debates about selfhood, interiority and exteriority, Augustine’s preaching, and the centrality of Christology to Augustine’s work. For memory studies broadly, the introduction explains how the book relates to phenomenologies of self in relation to God, theories of collectivity and political theology, ethics of remembering, forgetting, and forgiveness, and places Klee’s painting Angelus Novus in relation to Augustine’s Idithun the leaper as contrasting icons of memory. The introduction concludes with a brief outline of the chapters.