bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les enjeux stratégiques de la France aux frontières orientales de l’Europe
Authors: Pattier Loïc 
Published: September 2021

L’attitude à adopter face à la Russie et à la Turquie divise profondément les États européens et illustre leur absence assumée de vision stratégique autonome. Or, la compétition sino-américaine devrait conduire les États-Unis à transférer aux alliés européens le fardeau sécuritaire de leur voisinage africain et moyen-oriental. D’ici vingt ans, les nations européennes seront-elles en mesure de monter simultanément la garde à l’Est tout en agissant seules dans leur voisinage méridional ? La « nouvelle guerre froide » avec la Russie va-t-elle dégénérer ? La politique étrangère turque sera-t-elle un facteur chronique d’instabilité ? Comment adapter les stratégies militaires pour répondre aux défis que ces puissances poseront ?
Regards sur cent ans de comparatisme
Authors: Pageaux Daniel-Henri 
Published: September 2021

On a souhaité donner d’abord, de façon tout à la fois précise et synthétique, un historique de la RLC , en insistant sur les orientations intellectuelles, voire philosophiques qui ont présidé à sa fondation, puis en donnant un panorama aussi détaillé que possible des questions et des thèmes abordés, en particulier à partir des numéros dits « spéciaux ». En un siècle, la RLC a su tenir, tant au plan national qu’international, un rôle et une fonction de tribune, de lieu permanent d’échanges, de propositions et de réflexions.
Fernand Baldensperger et les premières définitions de la littérature comparée
Authors: Franco Bernard 
Published: September 2021

Dans le tout premier article de la Revue de Littérature Comparée publié peu de temps après la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, Fernand Baldensperger propose une définition de la littérature comparée imprégnée d’un idéal humaniste qui a traversé l’histoire de la discipline. Il la rapproche de la méthode de l’histoire littéraire prônée par Lanson et de l’« histoire comparée des littératures » évoquée par Joseph Texte, dans une relation ambivalente d’opposition avec la méthode des parallèles. Une telle conception est proche des origines romantiques de la discipline, qu’il s’agisse des premières définitions de la littérature comparée chez Ampère ou du relativisme esthétique propre à la critique romantique en général. Mais dans sa volonté d’embrasser les sciences humaines, Baldensperger défend également une conception de la discipline bien plus moderne qu’on ne l’a souvent dit.
Paul Hazard, l’amour d’une vie pour les littératures du Nord
Authors: Crosnier Étienne 
Published: September 2021

Né à Noordpeene, près de Dunkerque, Paul Hazard (1878-1944), ancien élève de l’ENS et agrégé de Lettres classiques, est considéré aujourd’hui comme le grand spécialiste de la littérature italienne du XVIII e siècle. Sa thèse de doctorat, La Révolution française et les lettres italiennes (1789-1815) , en est la pierre angulaire. Mais Paul Hazard ne s’est jamais détourné de ses premières amours, les littératures nordiques. Il met ainsi en lumière, dans « L’invasion des littératures du Nord dans l’Italie du XVIII e siècle » ( RLC , 1921), l’influence et la modernité des œuvres d’Ossian, Shakespeare et Goethe. Avant de nous surprendre avec un essai, Le Charme d’Andersen (1930), qui révèle, au-delà de son attachement aux littératures enfantines, l’humanisme profond de l’enseignant et du chercheur qu’il n’a jamais cessé de manifester dans ses écrits.
Vingt-cinq ans après : le recommencement
Authors: Chevrel Yves 
Published: September 2021

Durant l’occupation de la France par les nazis, de 1940 à 1945, la direction de la RLC a décidé de ne pas publier la revue. L’année suivante en Grande-Bretagne parait, à Cardiff, une revue qui en assure l’intérim : Comparative Literature Studies . F. Baldensperger y publie, en 1945, un article où il revient sur les débuts de la RLC , en rappelant les espoirs soulevés par la fin de la « Grande Guerre » et en les confrontant aux réalités qui ont suivi. De son côté, J.-M. Carré titre « Recommencement » l’article de tête de la première livraison de la RLC à reparaître en 1946. Les deux articles, de tonalités différentes, manifestent l’un et l’autre la volonté de concevoir la littérature comparée comme une discipline au service d’un humanisme moderne.
Distal Lck Promoter–Driven Cre Shows Cell Type–Specific Function in Innate-like T Cells
Authors: Figueroa Maday G , Parker Loretta M , Krol Kamila , Zhao Meng 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Innate-like T cells, including invariant NKT cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and γ δ T (γδT) cells, are groups of unconventional T lymphocytes. They play important roles in the immune system. Because of the lack of Cre recombinase lines that are specific for innate-like T cells, pan–T cell Cre lines are often used to study innate-like T cells. In this study, we found that distal Lck promoter–driven Cre (dLckCre) in which the distal Lck gene promoter drives Cre expression in the late stage of thymocyte development has limited function in the innate-like T cells using ROSA26floxed-Stop-tdTomato reporter. Innate-like T cells differentiate into mature functional subsets comparable to the CD4+ Th subsets under homeostatic conditions. We further showed that dLckCre-expressing γδT cells are strongly biased toward γδT1 phenotype. Interestingly, the γδT cells residing in the epidermis and comprising the vast majority of dendritic epidermal T cells nearly all express dLckCre, indicating dLckCre is a useful tool for studying dendritic epidermal T cells. Taken together, these data suggest that Lck distal promoter has different activity in the conventional and unconventional T cells. The use of dLCKcre transgenic mice in the innate-like T cells needs to be guided by a reporter for the dLckCre function.
To Compare the Effect of GnRH Agonist versus Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) Trigger on Clinical Pregnancy Rate in Intrauterine Insemination Cycle
Authors: Sharma Rashmi , Meena Imlesh 
Published: September 2021

Context:
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist trigger mimics the natural surge more closely with both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone surge. The present study attempts to find whether this apparent physiological advantage translates into the better pregnancy rate.

Aims:
To compare the effect of GnRH agonist versus human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) trigger on the clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) in infertile women undergoing intrauterine insemination (IUI) with oral ovulogens.

Settings and Design:
Retrospective analysis at a tertiary care in vitro fertilization center.

Materials and Methods:
The records of 280 infertile women, who underwent IUI with oral ovulogens were analyzed. Women who received 0.2 mg triptorelin (GnRH agonist (GnRHa)) as trigger were categorised in Group A (n = 129) and those who received 10,000 IU urinary hCG in Group B (n = 151). The outcome in terms of CPR was studied.

Statistical Analysis Used:
The quantitative variables were compared using the independent t-test/Mann–Whitney test. The qualitative variables were compared using the Chi-square test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
There was a trend toward better CPR in Group A (21/129 – 16.28%) than in Group B (16/151 – 10.60%), although the difference was not found to be statistically significant (P – 0.162).

Conclusions:
There was a trend toward better CPR with the use of GnRH agonist trigger in IUI cycles with oral ovulogens in comparison to hCG trigger, although the difference was not found to be statistically significant. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.
Short Ejaculatory Abstinence in Normozoospermic Men is Associated with Higher Clinical Pregnancy Rates in Sub-fertile Couples Undergoing Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection in Assisted Reproductive Technology
Authors: Gupta Sweta , Singh Vikram J , Fauzdar Ashish , Prasad Kamta , Srivastava Ajay , Sharma Kamlesh 
Published: September 2021

Background:
The current WHO abstinence recommendations are ideal only for clinical diagnosis, as in recent years a negative correlation of abstinence duration with good embryo development and clinical pregnancy rate has been seen.

Aim:
The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of variation in abstinence period on fertilization, embryo development potential, pregnancy, and miscarriage rate in sub-fertile couples undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment.

Setting and Design:
A prospective analysis was conducted at a tertiary (level 3) infertility care clinic.

Materials and Methods:
The study included analysis of 1691 cycles for the patient undergoing ART procedures between September 2017 and August 2019. The influence of ejaculatory abstinence (EA) was investigated based on variation in abstinence length with four groups: Group I – 1 day; Group II – 2–5 days; Group III – 6–7 days; and Group IV – EA length of ≥8 days.

Statistical Analysis:
Analysis of variance and Chi-square test were used to calculate P value.

Results:
In our primary outcome, we have seen a strong positive correlation of abstinence duration with semen volume, total sperm count, total motile count, and difference between each group was significant. Secondary outcomes showed a significantly higher implantation rate, biochemical pregnancy rate was observed in Group I (1 day) per embryo transfer as compared to longer abstinence groups. This resulted in significantly higher clinical pregnancy rates in Group I 30.0% vs. 25.4% in comparison to longer abstinence groups.

Conclusions:
Our study has shown duration of abstinence is negatively correlated with positive β-human chorionic gonadotropin rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and implantation rate. Lower miscarriage rate was also observed with shorter abstinence duration.
Scaffolding of Wikipedia translation for technology-enhanced language learning
Authors: Hautemo Aletta Mweneni , Van der Merwe Michele 
Published: September 2021

This paper reports on the fi ndings from training on language learning of pre service language student teachers on the translation of English Wikipedia articles into Oshikwanyama and Oshindonga. The interpretative framework of scaffolding was used to conduct the training. The study involved a group of 24 pre-service language student and teachers from a university in Namibia. Data was generated through the observation of the Wikipedia translation intervention referred to above. An openended questionnaire that served as a tool for refl ection on the translation was also used. The participants made use of several mediating technological tools (computers, internet, the Wikipedia website, and online dictionaries) as well as language books and dictionaries to translate articles on the Wikipedia website from English, the students’ second language, into Oshikwanyama/Oshindonga, their home languages. The fi ndings suggest that Wikipedia is a good resource for helping student teachers integrate the use of technology into their language learning in the fi rst-language classroom. It also offers student teachers a chance to develop strategies that scaffold learning in a structured way, using both technological and language mediating tools that are accessible and convenient to use.
Pre-service teachers’ attitudes and ethnocentrism regarding language-in-education issues
Authors: West Joyce 
Published: September 2021

Different attitudes towards the use of English as the MoI within a multilingual environment exist. These attitudes can affect pre-service teachers’ future classroom practices and learners’ performance. In this regard, ethnocentrism, an attitudinal indicator, should be considered when investigating pre-service teachers’ attitudes towards language-in-education issues. Ethnocentrism, the tendency of an individual to identify strongly with their own ethnicity and reject others', draws on the social identity theory, owing to its focus on in-group-out-group distinctions, racism and stereotyping. This article’s primary purpose was to determine if preservice teachers’ attitudes toward language-ineducation issues are related to their degree of ethnocentrism. An embedded mixed- methods research design and a post-positivist paradigm was used. The research site was a private higher education institution with a mono-ethnic student population. A questionnaire using the Language Attitudes of Teachers Scale and the Generalised Ethnocentrism Scale served as the data collection instrument to measure 1 164 pre-service teachers' attitudes towards language-in-education issues and their degree of ethnocentrism. The data showed a statistically significant relationship between the pre-service teachers' attitudes and their degree of ethnocentrism and revealed potential indicators of lower and higher degrees of ethnocentrism. This study recommends that teacher education programmes create awareness of the relationship between attitudes and ethnocentrism to prepare pre-service teachers for multilingual and multicultural classrooms.
Creating Community Based Environmental Awareness with Social Media: A Kenyan perspective
Authors: Waititu Paul 
Published: September 2021

One of the roles of community education is keeping citizens more informed on the need to conserve their environment. However, for this to be effective in the digital era, the use of modern communication tools is required to keep pace with current technological developments. One of these tools is social media, which is enormously popular and is used by both individuals and organisations for online communication. This paper analyses the role of social media in community-based organisations (CBOs) in creating environmental awareness through community education in Kenya. A non-probability sample comprising nine CBOs in Nakuru City was used to explore activities focused on environmental issues. Data were collected and analysed from a total of 98 respondents who participated in an online survey. It was concluded that the use of social media for environmental awareness in CBOs was minimal, but there is potential in its use as a social learning environment for creating environmental awareness. The study recommends capacity building and open online communication as a means of promoting the use of social media in creating environmental awareness through community education programmes.
Keywords: environmental management, environmental awareness, community based organisation (CBO), community education, social media
Expert guidance for COVID-19 vaccine deployment in Switzerland: a Delphi process
Authors: Selby Kevin , Bornet Marc-Antoine , Sancosme Yann , Von Elm Erik , D’Acremont Valérie , De Valliere Serge , Cornuz Jacques , Genton Blaise 
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Vaccines providing protection against COVID-19 are a core tool for ending the pandemic. Though international organisations created guidance in 2020 for vaccine deployment, this had to be adapted for each country’s situation and values. We aimed to assist public health decision makers by identifying areas of consensus among Swiss experts for the deployment of one or more novel COVID-19 vaccines.
METHODS: An electronic, modified Delphi process between September and November 2020. We recruited a convenience sample of experts working in Switzerland from a variety of specialities, who completed two anonymous questionnaires. They voted on clarification questions and guidance statements from 0 (complete disagreement) to 10 (complete agreement). Responses for guidance statements with a median ≥8 and a lower inter-quartile range bound ≥7 were considered as reaching consensus.
RESULTS: Sixty-five experts accepted (66% response rate), with 47 completing the first questionnaire (72%), and 48 the second (74%). Statements reaching consensus included: in the first phase we should vaccinate front-line healthcare professionals and people ≥65 years with risk factors; widespread vaccination of children and adolescents should not be an early priority; and vaccines should be provided free of charge in the setting of national or cantonal vaccination campaigns. Statements not reaching consensus included: early vaccination of people living with someone with risk factors who are not themselves at risk; vaccination of people with previous confirmed or suspected COVID-19; and whether vaccination should be mandatory for individuals with certain activities, such as front-line healthcare professionals.
CONCLUSIONS: Experts reached consensus on several statements that were available for decision-makers when making key decisions for COVID-19 vaccine deployment in Switzerland. Statements without consensus highlighted areas requiring expert and public dialogue. The modified Delphi process allowed us to rapidly synthesise views from a broad panel of experts on sensitive topics, and could be considered for a broad range of issues during public health crises.
academic virtues in public discussion: Adam Schaff and the campaign against the Lvov-Warsaw School in post-war Poland
Authors: Lokhmatov Aleksei 
Published: September 2021

Adam Schaff was at the front of the ideological campaign organized in post-war Poland during the wave of Stalinization. By attempting to adapt the Soviet “model” of public discussion to Polish academia, Schaff wanted to teach the representatives of the Lvov-Warsaw School of logic how to lead a scholarly debate. Schaff ’s group consisted of young scholars from the Instytut Kształcenia Kadr Naukowych [Institute for Education of Scientific Staff] and with critical reviews on the works of Polish logicians they tried to force their opponents to change the basic principles of their academic practice under the new circumstances. Nevertheless, Schaff ’s project failed since, unlike Soviet scholars, the participants in the discussion referred to different academic virtues that made the adaptation of the Soviet model of public discussion impossible.
INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF PEER FFEDBACK AND TEACHER FEEDBACK USING GOOGLE DOCS ON EFL STUDENTS’ WRITING PERFORMANCE
Authors: Hoa Nguyen Thi Nien , Lap Trinh Quoc 
Published: September 2021

<p>Online written corrective feedback via Google Docs, in recent years, has been used and brought about positive outcomes in different teaching contexts. In this light, this study was conducted to examine the different effects between teacher feedback using Google Docs and the combined peer feedback and teacher feedback using Google Docs on EFL high school students’ performance in writing paragraphs. The study also attempted to gain insights into students’ attitudes towards the effect of peer feedback and teacher feedback using Google Docs on their paragraph writing. In this study, a mixed research method was employed; both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Twenty two grade 11 students in a high school in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam were selected as participants. They were assigned to two groups of treatment: the experimental group, receiving both peer feedback and teacher feedback using Google Docs and the control group who only received teacher feedback using Google Docs. Participants completed two writing tasks; each of them included first draft, second draft and final draft. Prior to the study, students from the experimental group received a face-to-face training on giving peer feedback. Data were collected from six drafts of two writing tasks, three drafts for one task, and interviews at the end of the study. Results indicated that participants who received teacher feedback in the control group performed their paragraph writing better than those receiving both peer feedback and teacher feedback using Google Docs in the experimental group after the study. Also, participants in both groups improved their writing performance in their revised drafts. From the interviews, results showed participants’ positive attitudes towards the impact of peer feedback and teacher feedback using Google Docs on their paragraph writing. </p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0893/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOTOR SKILLS AND SOCIAL SKILLS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Ecevit Rabia Gamze , Şahin Mehmet 
Published: September 2021

<p>This study aimed to examine the relationship between motor skills and social skills of preschool children regarding to age, gender, and body mass indexes. A total of 160 typically developing preschool children from the 5 – 6 age groups participated in the study. The families of the children gave consent forms to participate in the study. The Test of Gross Motor Development, 3rd Edition tool (TGMD-III), and Preschool Social Skills Assessment Tool (PSSAT) were used in the study. We performed frequency and percentage analysis for descriptive statistics on the demographic characteristics of the participants. The researchers estimated the minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation values of the scales used in the study and the sub-dimensions of these scales. Skewness and kurtosis values for normality and applied Shapiro-Wilk (Normal Fit Test) were examined. We also calculated Cronbach's alpha values for the validity-reliability analysis of the Preschool Social Skills Assessment Tool. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-tests for gender and age comparisons, and Kruskal-Wallis analyses were employed to examine body mass indexes. We performed Pearson Correlation analysis to determine the relationship between motor skills and social skills. The result of the research showed that the motor skills of preschool children showed a significant difference according to the gender of the children (p&lt;0.05). Preschool children were exposed to a significant difference according to children's ages in terms of locomotor skills and total motor skills (p&lt;0.01). The social skills of these children revealed a statistically significant difference in line with their gender (p&lt;0.01). On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference according to the age of the children (p&gt;0.05). The body mass index of preschool children's ground motor and social skills did not show a statistically significant difference according to their Body Mass Index (BMI) levels (p&gt;0.05). Our study could not identify a meaningful relationship between motor skills and the children's social skills (p&gt;0.05).</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0862/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>
ENGLISH-MAJORED STUDENTS’ LISTENING DIFFICULTIES AND USE OF STRATEGIES AT MIEN DONG UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, VIETNAM
Authors: Huong Tran Thi Ai , Nhu Ha Nguyen Dinh , Tuyen Tran , Trang Le Thi Thuy 
Published: September 2021

<p>Through the years, difficulties in English listening and listening strategies have been conducted by many researchers. Most of studies have pointed out the common difficulties and strategies which students often have. Focusing on the same subject with a new perspective, this research aimed at understanding English majors’ difficulties in listening and use of listening strategies. A total of ninety eight freshmen English-majored students at Mien Dong University took part in answering the questionnaire and five students answered the semi-structure interview questions. The data gained from the questionnaire were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0 in terms of descriptive statistic. The findings revealed that English-majored students had many difficulties in listening such as the difficulties related to the listener, the content of the dialogue, the speaker, the physical setting and the linguistic factors. In terms of listening strategies, the finding showed that the cognitive listening strategies were used more frequently than metacognitive and socio-affective strategies. Based on the findings, some implications were made to contribute to the administrations, teachers and students at Mien Dong University of Technology.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0891/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>