bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rare Occurrences of Non‐cascading Foreshock Activity in Southern California
Authors: Moutote L. , Marsan D. , Lengliné O. , Duputel Z. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEarthquakes preceding large events are commonly referred to as foreshocks. They are often considered as precursory phenomena reflecting the nucleation process of the main rupture. Such foreshock sequences may also be explained by cascades of triggered events. Recent advances in earthquake detection motivates a reevaluation of seismicity variations prior to mainshocks. Based on a highly complete earthquake catalog, previous studies suggested that mainshocks in Southern California are often preceded by anomalously elevated seismicity. In this study, we test the same catalog against the Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence model that accounts for temporal clustering due to earthquake interactions. We find that 10/53 mainshocks are preceded by a significantly elevated seismic activity compared with our model. This shows that anomalous foreshock activity is relatively uncommon when tested against a model of earthquake interactions. Accounting for the recurrence of anomalies over time, only 3/10 mainshocks present a mainshock‐specific anomaly with a high predictive power.
Large‐Scale Reductions in Terrestrial Carbon Uptake Following Central Pacific El Niño
Authors: Dannenberg Matthew P. , Smith William K. , Zhang Yulong , Song Conghe , Huntzinger Deborah N. , Moore David J. P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects global climate and ecosystems, but a recent shift toward more frequent central Pacific (CP) El Niño events could alter these relationships. Here, we show strong responses of the terrestrial carbon cycle to CP ENSO, exceeding even those to canonical eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO. Annual GPP of both global tropical forests and semiarid ecosystems were reduced by ∼0.3–0.5 Pg C yr−1 K−1 increase in CP sea surface temperatures (SSTs), which also reduced net ecosystem production of key tropical and semiarid regions like the Amazon and Australia, but with smaller (and generally not significant) responses to EP SSTs. Given these large negative responses of ecosystem production to CP SSTs, our results suggest that a recent shift toward CP‐dominated ENSO events could further alter Earth's terrestrial carbon cycle, especially when coupled with possible increases in ENSO amplitude with continued warming.
Association of Ionospheric Signatures to Various Tectonic Parameters During Moderate to Large Magnitude Earthquakes: Case Study
Authors: Sunil A. S. , Bagiya Mala S. , Bletery Quentin , Ramesh D. S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe sudden ground movement associated with Mw > 6.5 earthquakes is considered a potential source of ionospheric electron density perturbations over the fault region. Coseismic ground displacement is a function of various seismic source parameters such as moment magnitude, focal depth, and focal mechanism etc. We study here the distinct effects of vertical ground displacement, moment magnitude and focal depth on coseismic ionospheric perturbation (CIP) amplitudes during moderate‐to‐large earthquakes. We analyze GPS‐total electron content variations during 59 dip‐slip earthquakes that occurred in the last 20 years. Our study reveals that though CIP amplitudes are primarily controlled by moment magnitude, they are also sensitive to the earthquake focal depth. To understand the influence of focal depth on the displacement field and therefore on CIP amplitudes, we present a simple synthetic test, for a depth range of 0–200 km, highlighting that the maximum vertical ground displacement decreases logarithmically with increasing focal depth while the volume (i.e., integrated vertical ground displacement) of uplifted/subsided material varies very marginally. We conclude that CIP is sensitive to the wavelength of co‐seismic vertical displacement field and that seismic energy propagation to the overlying atmosphere during deep earthquakes is not adequate to generate detectable CIP.
Permanent Co‐Seismic Deformation of the 2013 Mw7.7 Baluchistan, Pakistan Earthquake From High‐Resolution Surface Strain Analysis
Authors: Cheng Guo , Barnhart William D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRepeated earthquake cycles produce topography, fault damage zones, and other geologic structures along faults. These geomorphic and structural features indicate the presence of co‐seismic permanent (inelastic) surface deformation, yet a long‐standing question in earthquake research is how much of the co‐seismic deformation field is elastic versus inelastic. These questions arise in part because it is unclear what measurable co‐seismic characteristics, such as off‐fault or distributed surface deformation and cracking, represent true unrecoverable deformation. One emerging descriptor of permanent co‐seismic deformation is surface strain magnitudes inferred from imaging geodesy observations. In this study, we present the surface strain field of the 2013 Mw7.7 Baluchistan strike‐slip earthquake in southern Pakistan. We invert co‐seismic displacement fields generated from pixel‐tracking of SPOT‐5 and WorldView optical imagery for co‐seismic surface horizontal strain tensors. We observe that co‐seismic strain field is dominated by negative dilatation strains, indicating that the co‐seismic fault zone contracted during the earthquake. We show that co‐seismic inelastic failure exhibits a relatively consistent width along the rupture that is localized to a zone 100–200 m wide on the hanging wall side. The width of co‐seismic permanent deformation does not correlate with variations in off‐fault deformation or surface geology. Based on comparisons to other recent earthquakes, we posit that the permanent surface strains reflect inelastic deformation of the faults inner damage zone, and that the width of this zone reflects fault maturity.
A Thermal Pulse Induced by a Permian Mantle Plume in the Tarim Basin, Northwest China: Constraints From Clumped Isotope Thermometry and In Situ Calcite U‐Pb Dating
Authors: Cong Fuyun , Tian Jinqiang , Hao Fang , Licht Alexis , Liu Yuchen , Cao Zicheng , Eiler John M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHigh burial temperature and a lack of material for traditional thermal proxies significantly impede the understanding of the thermal history of carbonate stratigraphic sequences in deep time. Carbonate clumped isotope thermometry interpreted through models of solid‐state isotopic reordering and in situ U‐Pb dating provides a new methodology for reconstructing thermal histories of such successions. Calcite fabrics (micrite cements and veins) from deeply buried (5,000–8,000 m) Ordovician carbonate intervals in the Tarim Basin were analyzed for their carbonate clumped isotope compositions and U‐Pb ages, and the results were used to estimate maximum peak burial temperatures. Reconstructed burial temperatures reveal a previously ignored thermal pulse in the range of 160°C–190°C during the Permian period. Maximum geothermal gradients at the time of peak burial temperature varied from 26.8°C/km to 69.3°C/km, with higher values in the northern Tarim Basin. We show that the spatial patterns of peak burial temperature and geothermal gradients closely correspond to the distribution of the Tarim Large Igneous Province, which emplaced during the Permian following the emplacement of a mantle plume beneath the Tarim Basin. We thus propose that the thermal pulse recorded in Tarim Ordovician limestones resulted from Permian mantle plume activity. The reconstructed thermal history has important implications for our understanding of source‐rock hydrocarbon generating history, hydrocarbon accumulation, and fluid flow history in the Tarim Basin. This study also demonstrates the potential of the integration of Δ47, U‐Pb dating of carbonates and solid‐state reordering models as an integrated thermochronological method for reconstructing thermal histories of deeply buried carbonate intervals.
Averaged Boltzmann’s Kinetics for Colloidal Transport in Porous Media
Authors: Russell T. , Dinariev O. Yu , Pessoa Rego L. A. , Bedrikovetsky P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDue to the stochastic nature of pore space geometry, particle velocities in a colloidal‐suspension flux are also stochastically distributed. This phenomenon is captured by Boltzmann's kinetic equation. We formulate a BGK‐form of Boltzmann's equation for particulate flow with a particle capture rate proportional to the particle speed and derive an exact method for the model's averaging. The averaged equation is of the form of a reaction‐advection‐diffusion equation with the average particle speed lower than the carrier fluid velocity. This delay, reported in numerous laboratory studies, is explained by preferential capture of fast particles. The large‐scale model coefficients of delay, dispersion, and filtration are explicitly expressed via the microscale mixing length, equilibrium velocity distribution, and filtration coefficient. The properties of the averaged coefficients are discussed, and emerging dependencies between them are presented. The derived large‐scale equation resolves two paradoxes of the traditional model for suspension‐colloidal transport in porous media. The large‐scale equation closely matches the laboratory breakthrough curves.
Frontotemporal coordination predicts working memory performance and its local neural signatures
Authors: Rezayat Ehsan , Dehaqani Mohammad-Reza A. , Clark Kelsey , Bahmani Zahra , Moore Tirin , Noudoost Behrad 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNeurons in some sensory areas reflect the content of working memory (WM) in their spiking activity. However, this spiking activity is seldom related to behavioral performance. We studied the responses of inferotemporal (IT) neurons, which exhibit object-selective activity, along with Frontal Eye Field (FEF) neurons, which exhibit spatially selective activity, during the delay period of an object WM task. Unlike the spiking activity and local field potentials (LFPs) within these areas, which were poor predictors of behavioral performance, the phase-locking of IT spikes and LFPs with the beta band of FEF LFPs robustly predicted successful WM maintenance. In addition, IT neurons exhibited greater object-selective persistent activity when their spikes were locked to the phase of FEF LFPs. These results reveal that the coordination between prefrontal and temporal cortex predicts the successful maintenance of visual information during WM.
Emulating spin transport with nonlinear optics, from high-order skyrmions to the topological Hall effect
Authors: Karnieli Aviv , Tsesses Shai , Bartal Guy , Arie Ady 
Published: February 2021

AbstractExploring material magnetization led to countless fundamental discoveries and applications, culminating in the field of spintronics. Recently, research effort in this field focused on magnetic skyrmions – topologically robust chiral magnetization textures, capable of storing information and routing spin currents via the topological Hall effect. In this article, we propose an optical system emulating any 2D spin transport phenomena with unprecedented controllability, by employing three-wave mixing in 3D nonlinear photonic crystals. Precise photonic crystal engineering, as well as active all-optical control, enable the realization of effective magnetization textures beyond the limits of thermodynamic stability in current materials. As a proof-of-concept, we theoretically design skyrmionic nonlinear photonic crystals with arbitrary topologies and propose an optical system exhibiting the topological Hall effect. Our work paves the way towards quantum spintronics simulations and novel optoelectronic applications inspired by spintronics, for both classical and quantum optical information processing.
Real-time feedback control of the impurity emission front in tokamak divertor plasmas
Authors: Ravensbergen T. , van Berkel M. , Perek A. , Galperti C. , Duval B. P. , Février O. , van Kampen R. J. R. , Felici F. , Lammers J. T. , Theiler C. , Schoukens J. , Linehan B. , Komm M. , Henderson S. , Brida D. , de Baar M. R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn magnetic confinement thermonuclear fusion the exhaust of heat and particles from the core remains a major challenge. Heat and particles leaving the core are transported via open magnetic field lines to a region of the reactor wall, called the divertor. Unabated, the heat and particle fluxes may become intolerable and damage the divertor. Controlled ‘plasma detachment’, a regime characterized by both a large reduction in plasma pressure and temperature at the divertor target, is required to reduce fluxes onto the divertor. Here we report a systematic approach towards achieving this critical need through feedback control of impurity emission front locations and its experimental demonstration. Our approach comprises a combination of real-time plasma diagnostic utilization, dynamic characterization of the plasma in proximity to the divertor, and efficient, reliable offline feedback controller design.
A tetravalent live attenuated dengue virus vaccine stimulates balanced immunity to multiple serotypes in humans
Authors: Nivarthi Usha K. , Swanstrom Jesica , Delacruz Matthew J. , Patel Bhumi , Durbin Anna P. , Whitehead Steve S. , Kirkpatrick Beth D. , Pierce Kristen K. , Diehl Sean A. , Katzelnick Leah , Baric Ralph S. , de Silva Aravinda M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe four-dengue virus (DENV) serotypes infect several hundred million people annually. For the greatest safety and efficacy, tetravalent DENV vaccines are designed to stimulate balanced protective immunity to all four serotypes. However, this has been difficult to achieve. Clinical trials with a leading vaccine demonstrated that unbalanced replication and immunodominance of one vaccine component over others can lead to low efficacy and vaccine enhanced severe disease. The Laboratory of Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health has developed a live attenuated tetravalent DENV vaccine (TV003), which is currently being tested in phase 3 clinical trials. Here we report, our study to determine if TV003 stimulate balanced and serotype-specific (TS) neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses to each serotype. Serum samples from twenty-one dengue-naive individuals participated under study protocol CIR287 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02021968) are analyzed 6 months after vaccination. Most subjects (76%) develop TS nAbs to 3 or 4 DENV serotypes, indicating immunity is induced by each vaccine component. Vaccine-induced TS nAbs map to epitopes known to be targets of nAbs in people infected with wild type DENVs. Following challenge with a partially attenuated strain of DENV2, all 21 subjects are protected from the efficacy endpoints. However, some vaccinated individuals develop post challenge nAb boost, while others mount post-challenge antibody responses that are consistent with sterilizing immunity. TV003 vaccine induced DENV2 TS nAbs are associated with sterilizing immunity. Our results indicate that nAbs to TS epitopes on each serotype may be a better correlate than total levels of nAbs currently used for guiding DENV vaccine development.
Application of response surface methodology on the nanofluid flow over a rotating disk with autocatalytic chemical reaction and entropy generation optimization
Authors: Mehmood Tahir , Ramzan Muhammad , Howari Fares , Kadry Seifedine , Chu Yu-Ming 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe role of nanofluids is of fundamental significance in the cooling process of small electronic devices including microchips and other associated gadgets in microfluidics. With such astounding applications of nanofluids in mind, it is intended to examine the flow of magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid comprising a novel combination of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and engine oil over a stretched rotating disk. The concentration equation is modified by considering the autocatalytic chemical reaction. The succor of the bvp4c numerical technique amalgamated with the response surface methodology is secured for the solution of a highly nonlinear system of equations. The sensitivity analysis is performed using a response surface methodology. The significant impacts of the prominent arising parameters versus involved fields are investigated through graphical illustrations. It is observed that the skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are positively sensitive to nanoparticle volume fraction while it is positively sensitive to the suction parameter. It is negatively sensitive to the Magnetic parameter. The skin friction coefficient is negatively sensitive to all input parameters.
HIV induces airway basal progenitor cells to adopt an inflammatory phenotype
Authors: Chung Nancy P. Y. , Khan K. M. Faisal , Kaner Robert J. , O’Beirne Sarah L. , Crystal Ronald G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDespite the introduction of anti-retroviral therapy, chronic HIV infection is associated with an increased incidence of other comorbidities such as COPD. Based on the knowledge that binding of HIV to human airway basal stem/progenitor cells (BC) induces a destructive phenotype by increased MMP-9 expression through MAPK signaling pathways, we hypothesized that HIV induces the BC to express inflammatory mediators that contribute to the pathogenesis of emphysema. Our data demonstrate that airway BC isolated from HAART-treated HIV+nonsmokers spontaneously release inflammatory mediators IL-8, IL-1β, ICAM-1 and GM-CSF. Similarly, exposure of normal BC to HIV in vitro up-regulates expression of the same inflammatory mediators. These HIV-BC derived mediators induce migration of alveolar macrophages (AM) and neutrophils and stimulate AM proliferation. This HIV-induced inflammatory phenotype likely contributes to lung inflammation in HIV+individuals and provides explanation for the increased incidence of COPD in HIV+individuals.
Differences in inhibitory control and motor fitness in children practicing open and closed skill sports
Authors: Formenti Damiano , Trecroci Athos , Duca Marco , Cavaggioni Luca , D’Angelo Fabio , Passi Alberto , Longo Stefano , Alberti Giampietro 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the differences between types of sport (i.e., closed vs. open skills sport) on inhibitory control and motor fitness in children. Forty-nine children were allocated into three groups based on their sports participation, which comprised an open skill sport group, a closed skill sport group, and a sedentary group. Participants were tested on cognitive performance (inhibitory control by the Flanker task) and motor fitness (reaction time, speed, agility, power, balance). Open skill sport group appeared to display higher inhibitory control (response time and accuracy of incongruent condition of the Flanker task) and motor fitness performance (reaction time, speed, agility, power) than sedentary group, whereas its superiority over closed skill sport group was found only in speed and agility. Moreover, closed skill sport group had only a better reaction time than sedentary group. Our data supports the framework according to which cognitive demands in complex motor actions may contribute to explain the beneficial effects of exercise on inhibitory control. This might suggest that the complexity of the environment (typical in open skill sports) in which sport training is performed plays a key role for both cognitive and motor development in children.
Contribution of the slow motion mechanism to global motion revealed by an MAE technique
Authors: Shioiri Satoshi , Matsumiya Kazumichi , Tseng Chia-huei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTwo different motion mechanisms have been identified with motion aftereffect (MAE). (1) A slow motion mechanism, accessed by a static MAE, is sensitive to high-spatial and low-temporal frequency; (2) a fast motion mechanism, accessed by a flicker MAE, is sensitive to low-spatial and high-temporal frequency. We examined their respective responses to global motion after adapting to a global motion pattern constructed of multiple compound Gabor patches arranged circularly. Each compound Gabor patch contained two gratings at different spatial frequencies (0.53 and 2.13 cpd) drifting in opposite directions. The participants reported the direction and duration of the MAE for a variety of global motion patterns. We discovered that static MAE durations depended on the global motion patterns, e.g., longer MAE duration to patches arranged to see rotation than to random motion (Exp 1), and increase with global motion strength (patch number in Exp 2). In contrast, flicker MAEs durations are similar across different patterns and adaptation strength. Further, the global integration occurred at the adaptation stage, rather than at the test stage (Exp 3). These results suggest that slow motion mechanism, assessed by static MAE, integrate motion signals over space while fast motion mechanisms do not, at least under the conditions used.
Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein regulates vascular adventitial progenitor and fibroblast differentiation through myocardin related transcription factor A
Authors: Wang Dahai , Rabhi Nabil , Yet Shaw-Fang , Farmer Stephen R. , Layne Matthew D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe vascular adventitia contains numerous cell types including fibroblasts, adipocytes, inflammatory cells, and progenitors embedded within a complex extracellular matrix (ECM) network. In response to vascular injury, adventitial progenitors and fibroblasts become activated and exhibit increased proliferative capacity and differentiate into contractile cells that remodel the ECM. These processes can lead to vascular fibrosis and disease progression. Our previous work established that the ECM protein aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) promotes fibrotic remodeling in the lung and is activated by vascular injury. It is currently unknown what controls vascular adventitial cell differentiation and if ACLP has a role in this process. Using purified mouse aortic adventitia Sca1+ progenitors, ACLP repressed stem cell markers (CD34, KLF4) and upregulated smooth muscle actin (SMA) and collagen I expression. ACLP enhanced myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTFA) activity in adventitial cells by promoting MRTFA nuclear translocation. Sca1 cells from MRTFA-null mice exhibited reduced SMA and collagen expression induced by ACLP, indicating Sca1 cell differentiation is regulated in part by the ACLP-MRTFA axis. We determined that ACLP induced vessel contraction and increased adventitial collagen in an explant model. Collectively these studies identified ACLP as a mediator of adventitial cellular differentiation, which may result in pathological vessel remodeling.