bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beginning
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Through personal narrative, this chapter details the author’s experience of first becoming aware that something was not right with his body. This experience leads to visiting his primary care doctor who tells him that she is concerned about the possibility of his having Parkinson’s disease and then refers the author to a neurologist who is a movement disorder specialist. He is examined by this neurologist, who says, “What worries me is that I think you are in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease,” but who wants the author to have a brain scan that will confirm the clinical diagnosis given his young age and subtle symptoms. The author leaves his office, drives home, and informs his wife that this doctor thinks he have Parkinson’s disease. Here begins his new life as a person with Parkinson’s (PwP).
Friends, Secrets, and Lies
Authors: Wellman Henry M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines children’s theory of mind and how it can affect children’s, and adults’, lives. A key window on all of this is children’s understanding, achieved in the preschool years, that people can be ignorant and mistaken. Voluminous “false-belief” studies in countries worldwide illuminate this. Moreover, children’s achievement of these theory-of-mind milestones impacts their friendships or friendlessness. And being friendless can have disastrous consequences for a child’s social and academic life that can continue into adulthood. As well as acquiring friends and avoiding friendlessness, theory-of-mind advances impact a child’s ability to keep secrets, to inform and deceive others, and to persuade and argue—all skills vital to a person’s social well-being. Ultimately, young children who best understand false beliefs are not only better liars, secret keepers, and persuaders but also better accepted by their peers.
Putting the Theory in Theory of Mind
Authors: Wellman Henry M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the development of a theory of mind. Compared to computers, humans are poor at data mining. Instead, humans are terrific at creating an overarching theory to explain the facts and then using that theory to make sense of new details that arise. This way of thinking, called everyday theoretical thinking, goes far beyond data mining. People’s basic theory building proceeds from the theory-of-mind skills they learn as babies and young children. If theorizing explains how children accumulate their ideas, then children’s theory-of-mind developments should show three signature features of scientific theory development: Developing theories of mind should unfold in a progression of steps; the changes should grow from evidence, so different experiences can yield different sequences of understanding; and prior knowledge should not only constrain but also facilitate later learning.
The Baby Boom
Authors: Wellman Henry M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
When and how do theory-of-mind understandings begin? This chapter assesses infants’ social understanding. Babies are not the mindless beings scientists and philosophers once thought them. Even in the first year of infancy, they have remarkable knowledge about their social worlds. This is not something babies gain innately. Instead, among their innate abilities is an extraordinary predisposition to learn, especially about their social worlds. Before age two, the end of infancy, children have a foundation for all the social development that is to come, setting the stage for the massive growth in social understanding seen in preschoolers. Like their preschool siblings, infants learn by careful observation and by putting pieces together.
Chimps, Dogs, and Us
Authors: Wellman Henry M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses how animal studies are a crucial way to discover what makes people, and our theories of mind, uniquely human. Chimpanzee social understanding falls far short of human children’s. Nevertheless, people’s human theory of mind reflects beginnings owed to nonhuman ancestors. At the same time, human theory of mind is distinctive. It is broad, impacting almost all of human cognition and social interaction. It is fundamentally developmental, requiring more and more advanced mind-reading insights over an entire human life. It is also helpful and communicative. Even infants deploy their social–cognitive insights to help, communicate with, and learn about others. As such, while people sprang from animal ancestors, it is their advanced, rapidly developing social understanding that makes them uniquely human.
Hi, Robot
Authors: Wellman Henry M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on children’s perception of and interaction with robots. In this way, it follows from Chapter 8 and its focus on understanding of extraordinary minds. Every year, robots become a larger part of adults’ and children’s lives. They are designed to play games, answer questions, read stories, and even watch children unsupervised. Current research suggests that robots might be effective in these roles for young children but less so with older ones. Because robots play an expanding role in children’s lives, we need an expanding research program to understand child–robot interactions for children in a wide range of ages. The chapter overviews emerging research beginning to study this. It also outlines future studies needed to examine children’s learning from robots, along with the complex relationship between children’s perceptions of robots, experiences with robots, how they treat them, and how those interactions impact children’s social development and their interactions with others.
Stories, Theories, Minds
Authors: Wellman Henry M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter sums up theory of mind by focusing on our human love of stories. All stories involve narratives, and all narratives involve situations and actions linked together by minds. Characters in fiction chart complicated paths and spin myriad thoughts. Yet people understand and identify with them easily. Theory of mind allows this to happen. Without the underpinning of mind, authors could not write fiction and readers could not understand it. Authors create credible fictional characters by fabricating for them wants, thoughts, feelings, plans, hopes, preferences, and actions that satisfy or thwart their intentions—all characteristics within the framework of ordinary theory of mind. This is why stories cannot be completely fictional. They must be based on an everyday psychology that a reader can understand or else there is nothing they can relate to.
Preliminaries
Authors: Stoltz Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter lays the foundation for the remainder of the book. It provides a brief historical overview of the most central figures in the Buddhist epistemological tradition and emphasizes the importance of two figures in particular, Dignāga and Dharmakīrti. The chapter additionally provides an overview of several of the most important terms and concepts that are employed within Buddhist epistemological treatises. In particular, an extensive discussion is provided of the notion of a pramāṇa, which is the most important concept in all of Buddhist epistemology. Multiple different understandings of the term pramāṇa are elucidated, including those of a pramāṇa as an “instrument of knowledge” and as an “episode of knowledge.”
The Beatles and Their Fans
Authors: Frontani Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Beatles’ transition from an English sensation to an international phenomenon during the fall and winter of 1963–1964, with particular attention to British and American media’s construction of the Beatles’ image and their evolving fan base during that period. On its surface, due to Capitol Records’ and the American media’s initial dependence on British sources, the Beatles’ image appeared to have been exported to the United States with little change. Yet in American media, the band’s image was stripped of much of the class-based resonance so important in the British context, and because of the Beatles’ teen-idol status, Capitol and the American press extricated their image from the intimations of sex, drugs, and violence found in Liverpool’s “rave” culture.. What was left was an ebullient ideal, a celebration of youth that carried the Beatles through the touring years and beyond.
Female Athletes in the Late Hellenistic and Roman Greek World
Authors: Tsouvala Georgia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a synthesis and analysis of the epigraphic, literary, and artistic evidence of women’s participation in athletic events and venues following the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 bce and during the early Roman Empire. In conjunction with the literary sources, the epigraphic and artistic record makes clear that women participated in athletics, although it appears that their competitions did not always receive the attention that their male counterparts did. Some of them participated in multiple festivals over a period of years in footraces and mousike contests, while others engaged in the more “masculine” competitions of the pyrrhic dance, hunting, and wrestling. These were women whom we should not expect to transition from doing the chores at the mother’s house to winning at Panhellenic games without some kind of regular training, and who regularly attended and became members of the gymnasium and the palaestra.
Cybertime
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Adversaries are advantaged in many ways when conducting cyberattacks. These advantages are often the result of the posture of the digital health defenders, in particular, the ability, or lack of the ability, of defenders to meet attacks in the time frame in which they evolve. In this chapter, the components of a cyberattack are explored, as are organizational approaches to reduce the response time to attacks through risk management. Defensive and resilience strategies that negate threat speed and optimize time are described. Organizations are directed toward engaging in organizational risk management; in part, they are directed to prioritize protection of critical data. Additionally, IT best practices and workforce development are promoted as part of the health clinic of the future.
Case Studies
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The last decade has seen the emergence of cyberthreat and cybercrime against health care. Notable attacks have been driven by activists, cyber criminals and those seeking to sow chaos and fear. In this chapter the WannaCry cyberattack, the attack on Boston Children’s Hospital in 2014, and the recent wave of ransomware attacks against health care are detailed as case studies and opportunities for learning. Despite these and similar events, health care has yet to fully recognize and properly address cyberthreat; therefore, patients and providers remain at risk. Cybersecurity must come out of the basement information technology (IT) offices and into the boardroom as an essential organizational priority if health care wishes to continue to digitize its offerings.
Human Flourishing
Authors: Messer Neil G. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines one Christian theological account of human flourishing, with its roots in the Reformed Protestant tradition, but also drawing on other Christian traditions and disciplinary perspectives. Human flourishing is understood as the fulfillment of God’s good purposes for human creatures and (following the Reformed theologian Karl Barth) includes the dimensions of relationship with God, relationships with others, living a physically embodied and integrated life, and living out a particular vocation in a particular place and time. This theological account of flourishing is brought into dialogue with current social-scientific models of well-being, particularly hedonic and eudaimonic models, and points of agreement and critique are identified. Finally, the chapter suggests a few ways in which this theological account might have practical implications for the measurement and promotion of well-being or human flourishing.
The Comprehensive Measure of Meaning
Authors: Hanson Jeffrey A , VanderWeele Tyler J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Psychological researchers have advanced several instruments to measure meaning. Philosophers have debated the objective versus subjective status of meaning in life and on the global versus individual or personal aspects of meaning. In this chapter, the authors make use of an emerging consensus in the psychology literature concerning a tripartite structure of meaning as cognitive coherence, affective significance, and motivational direction. They enrich this understanding with important philosophical distinctions to distinguish subdomains within this tripartite understanding. The authors use relevant philosophical distinctions to classify existing measurement items into a seven-fold structure intended to more comprehensively assess an individual’s sense of meaning. The proposed measure, with three items in each subdomain drawn from previous scales, constitutes what is put forward as the Comprehensive Measure of Meaning to hopefully enrich the empirical research on the assessment of, and on the causes and effects of, having a sense of meaning.
Advancing the Science of Well-Being
Authors: Ryff Carol D. , Boylan Jennifer Morozink , Kirsch Julie A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We question use of the term “well-being” to encompass notably distinct phenomena (objective indicators of socioeconomic status and health, subjective indicators of psychological experience) and dispute characterization of the field of well-being as relatively new. We also call for greater interplay between government surveys and multiuse cohort studies, both of which increasingly focus on well-being. The MIDUS study is presented as an example of how to negotiate distinct disciplinary priorities in broad-based studies of well-being and health, including those that take context seriously. We conclude with explanations for why we do not endorse any of the measurement recommendations (single-item measures, 4- to 6-item measures, multi-item assessments) put forth in the preceding chapter, arguing that the ultra-short assessments ignore extensive prior science documenting the complex, multifaceted nature of well-being, while the proposed longer assessment (Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving) suffers from multiple problems including a questionable conceptual foundation, inadequate evidence of validity and reliability, and highly redundant items.
The Next Adaptation?
Authors: Fitzduff Mari 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the research that shows that totally selfish behavior is the exception, not the rule. It examines the innate human tendencies and capacities that exist for cooperation between people, in contrast to the competitiveness that previous evolutionary psychology has suggested is the norm. However, the research is ambivalent about the future of such cooperation. It suggests that although socially and biologically humans have evolved for cooperation, so far it appears to be mainly with the people they perceive as their “own” group, and only gradually with other groups. The chapter looks at the question of whether we are asking too much of our biosocial histories that we should willingly expand our circles of concern to include the increasing refugee and migration movements that are changing the diverse nature of our societies. If we need to do this, how can it be done?
Reviving the Heartland
Authors: Strasburg James D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter documents the mission of American ecumenist Stewart Winfield Herman, Jr., in occupied Germany and surveys the American ecumenical effort to spiritually remake the defeated nation in America’s image. It argues that Herman and other leading American ecumenists sought to reform the German churches along American and ecumenical lines in order to establish a new Christian order across the Atlantic. It also shows that the occupation ultimately yielded a spiritual quagmire within the German Protestant church and the transatlantic ecumenical movement, one shaped by fierce historical divisions and animosities. A deep-seated suspicion toward American spiritual activism and imperialism likewise inspired fierce German opposition to American spiritual reforms. Nonetheless, American Protestants still drew inspiration from the occupation to launch much broader spiritual interventions across the entire European continent.
Sonic Mapping and Critical Citizenship
Authors: Dillane Aileen , Langlois Tony 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores the methodological and ideological challenges and opportunities faced in an urban soundscapes project based in the small, multicultural, and post-industrial city of Limerick, Ireland, which is currently undergoing a process of urban “regeneration” following decades of challenges (high unemployment rates, rapid demographic shifts brought about by global migration, social disenfranchisement in marginalized neighborhoods, gangland criminality, and considerable stigmatization by the national media). Facilitated by an interdisciplinary team involving ethnomusicologists, urban sociologists, and information technology specialists, the project combines ethnographic approaches from urban ethnomusicology (Hemetek & Reyes 2007, Jurková 2012) with mapping practices from soundscape studies (Murray-Schafer 1977), through an evocation of “critical citizenship” (Nell et al. 2012), in order to generate a soundscapes model that has the individual as a networked, social being and creative critical citizen at its core. LimerickSoundscapes invites participants from a wide range of backgrounds, sourced through pre-existing routes and pathways (Finnegan 1989—including clubs, charities, educational organizations, and societies—to engage in basic sound recording training on small, handheld devices. These sonic flaneurs or “citizen collectors” make short recordings of the sounds of their city, which are shared on an interactive website. For the ethnomusicologists on the research team two tensions emerge. The first is around the research model, which makes collectors critical collaborators that has implications for the open, creative, and participatory process by having an underpinning social activist agenda. The second relates to stepping outside the bounds of musicking (Small 1998) and how that changes the more traditional role of the ethnomusicologist. The chapter teases out these challenges and performs a preliminary evaluation on the efficacy of the project.
Sincerely Outspoken
Authors: McDonald David A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOver the last twenty years, ethnomusicologists have developed insightful approaches to the study of conflict, violence, and the unprecedented movement of people across the globe. And yet, despite this high level of interest in understanding the material and performative manifestations of forced migration and displacement, ethnomusicologists have yet to fully strategize ways in which their research may be used as a form of cultural critique and activism. In this chapter I explore challenges encountered in my pursuit of policy change, the creation of emancipatory knowledge, and social justice in my work with Palestinian musicians. In so doing I will address the following questions: What does it mean to critique structures of injustice? How might we better understand and address positionality, difference, and dialogue? What are the ethics of intervention? And how might a rigorous critical ethnomusicology serve the immediate political, material, and cultural needs of our interlocutors? Drawing from Marxist, feminist, queer, and performance theory, I will then chart out how a collaborative critical ethnomusicology may provide a vital link between local stakeholders, community collaborators, researchers, and policymakers.
Engaged Activist Research
Authors: Beng Tan Sooi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMainstream academia assumes a dichotomy between active political research for problem solving and theoretically driven research on the problem. In many music academies, the researcher is trained to be a detached neutral observer in the field who is expected to be objective in the analysis of the data collected. However, socio-cultural problems such as poverty, conflict, ethnic and class inequalities, or rights to cultural representation, which affect musical cultures, do not exist in a political void. If our goal is for the research to have a practical and social impact, we need to question the conventional neutral methods of research in music studies. Drawing on the praxis of arts activists in Asia, Freire’s ideas about education and social change, and Appadurai’s concept of “research from below,” this chapter argues for a type of activist research that is both politically engaged and scholarly. In a case study on a theater tradition that was on the brink of disappearance, it emphasizes collaboration at all levels of research with members of the community whose problems are being studied, and extension of the right to research to nonacademics. Collaborative research engaging the communities themselves can be seen as an intervention whereby communities are empowered to question and voice their opinions about their socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural development and transformation. This study is located within the wider agenda of bridging the gaps between academia and practitioner, and decolonizing collaborative research where paradigms of knowledge flow across regions rather than from North to South.
Sandbows and Black Lights
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This volume is a collection of essays on unusual topics in optics, with a humorous bent and references to pop culture. We examine why flames are yellow, why Newton said there were seven colors (including indigo), how to produce a miniature image of a mermaid on a shoestring budget, why ultraviolet light kills vampires, and other topics.
Fringe Science
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Colmascope and the Polariscope are devices consisting of polarizers oriented with their polarization axes normal to each other andwith a gap between them that allows one to place objects in the gap in order to observe birefringence. It is useful for detecting stresses in glass and plastic, for identifying and orienting crystals, and for determining uniformity of transparent materials. The modern device uses two sheets of flat polarizing material. But the device predates George Eastman’s invention of Polaroid sheet. How did they use crossed polarizers before that time, and how did that differ from the current device? And what are Landolt fringes?
Preppy Physics
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Many interference phenomena that are seen in the natural world are characterized by alternating bands of pinkish-purple and aqua colors. These can be seen in oil films, soap bubbles, interference from scratches, supernumerary rainbows, glories, and other places where multiple orders of interference are present and the light source is broad band white light. It was such a clear manifestation of a common optical effect that it was very early on incorporated into computer simulation software. The effect also shows up in many basic optics experiments, such as on the edges of single-slit interference patterns. Why does white light multiple-order interference tend to produce aqua and pink colors?