bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy deposition and melt deformation on the ITER first wall due to disruptions and vertical displacement events
Authors: Coburn J. , Lehnen M. , Pitts R.A. , Simic G. , Artola F.J. , Thorén E. , Ratynskaia S. , Ibano K. , Brank M. , Kos L. , Khayrutdinov R. , Lukash V.E. , Stein-Lubrano B. , Matveeva E. , Pautasso G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An analysis workflow has been developed to assess energy deposition and material damage for ITER vertical displacement events (VDEs) and major disruptions (MD). This paper describes the use of this workflow to assess the melt damage to be expected during unmitigated current quench (CQ) phases of VDEs and MDs at different points in the ITER research plan. The plasma scenarios are modeled using the DINA code with variations in plasma current I
p, disruption direction (upwards or downwards), Be impurity density n
Be, and diffusion coefficient χ. Magnetic field line tracing using SMITER calculates time-dependent, 3D maps of surface power density q
⊥ on the Be-armored first wall panels (FWPs) throughout the CQ. MEMOS-U determines the temperature response, macroscopic melt motion, and final surface topology of each FWP. Effects of Be vapor shielding are included. Scenarios at the baseline combination of I
p and toroidal field (15 MA/5.3 T) show the most extreme melt damage, with the assumed n
Be having a strong impact on the disruption duration, peak q
⊥ and total energy deposition to the first wall. The worst-cases are upward 15 MA VDEs and MDs at lower values of n
Be, with q
⊥,max = 307 MW m−2 and maximum erosion losses of ∼2 mm after timespans of ∼400–500 ms. All scenarios at 5 MA avoided melt damage, and only one 7.5 MA scenario yields a notable erosion depth of 0.25 mm. These results imply that disruptions during 5 MA, and some 7.5 MA, operating scenarios will be acceptable during the pre-fusion power operation phases of ITER. Preliminary analysis shows that localized melt damage for the worst-case disruption should have a limited impact on subsequent stationary power handling capability.
A new and improved IceCube point source analysis
Authors: Bellenghi C. , Glauch T. , Haack C. , Kontrimas T. , Niederhausen H. , Reimann R. , Wolf M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, a cubic kilometer scale Cherenkov detector deployed in the deep ice at the geographic South Pole, investigates extreme astrophysical phenomena by studying the corresponding high-energy neutrino signal. Its discovery of a diffuse flux of astrophysical neutrinos with energies up to the PeV scale in 2013 has triggered a vast effort to identify the mostly unknown sources of these high energy neutrinos. Here, we present a new IceCube point-source search that improves the accuracy of the statistical analysis, especially at energies of a few TeV and below. The new approach is based on multidimensional kernel density estimation for the probability density functions and new estimators for the observables, namely the reconstructed energy and the estimated angular uncertainty on the reconstructed arrival direction. The more accurate analysis provides an improvement in discovery potential up to ∼30% over previous works for hard spectrum sources.
Four-electrode probe for plasma studies in the GOL-NB multiple-mirror trap
Authors: Sidorov E.N. , Batkin V.I. , Burdakov A.V. , Ivanov I.A. , Kuklin K.N. , Mekler K.I. , Nikishin A.V. , Postupaev V.V. , Rovenskikh A.F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A system of four-electrode Langmuir probes developed for the GOL-NB multiple-mirror trap is discussed. The system is used for studies of a low-temperature start plasma (1019–1020 m-3, 5 eV) that fills the device during the initial phase of the experiment. The probe allows simultaneous measurements of plasma density, electron temperature and radial electric field. The accuracy of the probe measurements is also discussed.
Decreasing methane emissions from China’s coal mining with rebounded coal production
Authors: Gao Junlian , Guan Chenghe , Zhang Bo , Li Ke 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
China is the world’s largest anthropogenic methane (CH4) emitter, with coal mine methane (CMM) as one of the main contributors. However, previous studies have not reach consensus on the magnitude and trend of China’s CMM emissions since 2010. Through distribution fitting and Monte Carlo methods, dynamic emission factors (EFs) of CMM at the province-level were derived with high confidence; along with the updated data on surface mining, abandoned coal mines, and methane utilization, we revealed that China’s annual CMM emissions were estimated at 20.11 Tg between 2010 and 2019 with a decline of 0.93 Tg yr−1. Although coal production was revived in 2017, we found that the growing trend of China’s CMM emissions since 2012 were curbed by the previously-overlooked factors including the growth of CMM utilization and coal production from surface mining, and decrease of EFs driven by the closure of high CH4-content coal mines and a regional production shift to lower-emission areas.
On steady motions of an ideal fibre-reinforced fluid in a curved stratum. Geometry and integrability
Authors: Demskoi Dmitry K , Schief Wolfgang K 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
It is shown that the kinematic equations governing steady motions of an ideal fibre-reinforced fluid in a curved stratum may be expressed entirely in terms of the intrinsic Gauss equation, which assumes the form of a partial differential equation of third order, for the surface representing the stratum. In particular, the approach adopted here leads to natural non-classical orthogonal coordinate systems on surfaces of constant Gaussian curvature with one family of coordinate lines representing the fibres. Integrable cases are isolated by requiring that the Gauss equation be compatible with another third-order hyperbolic differential equation. In particular, a variant of the integrable Tzitzéica equation is derived which encodes orthogonal coordinate systems on pseudospherical surfaces. This third-order equation is related to the Tzitzéica equation by an analogue of the Miura transformation for the (modified) Korteweg–de Vries equation. Finally, the formalism developed in this paper is illustrated by focussing on the simplest ‘fluid sheets’ of constant Gaussian curvature, namely the plane, sphere and pseudosphere.
A transport equation approach for deep neural networks with quenched random weights
Authors: Agliari E , Albanese L , Alemanno F , Fachechi A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We consider a multi-layer Sherrington–Kirkpatrick spin-glass as a model for deep restricted Boltzmann machines with quenched random weights and solve for its free energy in the thermodynamic limit by means of Guerra’s interpolating techniques under the RS and 1RSB ansatz. In particular, we recover the expression already known for the replica-symmetric case. Further, we drop the restriction constraint by introducing intra-layer connections among spins and we show that the resulting system can be mapped into a modular Hopfield network, which is also addressed via the same techniques up to the first step of replica symmetry breaking.
A multi-channeled vortex beam switch with moiré metasurfaces
Authors: Cui Cheng , Liu Zheng , Hu Bin , Jiang Yurong , Liu Juan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Tunable metasurface devices are considered to be an important link for metasurfaces to practical applications due to their functional diversity and high adaptability to application scenarios. Metasurfaces have unique value in the generation of vortex beams because they can realize light wavefronts of any shape. In recent years, several vortex beam generators using metasurfaces have been proposed. However, topological charge generally lacks tunability, which reduces the scope of their applications. Here, we propose an active tunable multi-channeled vortex beam switch based on a moiré structure composed of two cascaded dielectric metasurfaces. The simulation results show that when linearly polarized light with a wavelength of 810 nm is incident, the topological charge from −6 to +6 can be continuously generated by relatively rotating the two metasurfaces. Meanwhile, different topological charges are deflected to different spatial channels, realizing the function of multi-channeled signal transmission. We also study the efficiency and broadband performance of the structure. The proposed multi-channel separation method involving vortex beams that can actively tune topological charges paves the way for the compactness and functional diversity of devices in the fields of optical communications, biomedicine, and optoelectronics.
Efficiency of the novel TP/LLDPE nanocomposite in killing multi-drug resistant pathogens
Authors: Mohamad Faudzi Ku Nur Izzati Ku , Sreekantan Srimala , Mydin Rabiatul Basria S M N , Basiron Norfatehah , Hassan Mohd , Nabi Arshid 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A series of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) polymer nanocomposites with g-C3N4-ZnO/TiO2 ternary photocatalyst (TP) at 1 wt%, 5 wt%,7 wt%, and 10 wt% was synthesised by melt blending method. The structural properties, chemical properties, photocatalytic and antibacterial activities were evaluated in this study. The addition of TP reduces the degree of crystallisation of the LLDPE nanocomposite. The OH functional group on TP increases the polarity, thus improving the LB broth’s wettability for bacterial adhesion, which enhances the inactivation effect. A minimum of 0.3 mg l−1 of Zn2+ together with ·OH and ·

O

2

−

are required to inactivate the MDR pathogens. More than 99% inactivation in 6 h can be achieved against MDR pathogens for 5 wt% TP loading while 12 h for 1 wt% TP loading in LLDPE nanocomposites. The photocatalytic performance of the zinc oxide and titanium oxide for the degradation of methylene blue has exhibited good photocatalytic properties. The obtained results have confirmed the photocatalytic activity for the bactericidal effect of TP/LLDPE composites was dominant by ·OH and ·

O

2

−

while slightly by holes. The purpose of this work is to obtain the optimum amount of ternary photocatalyst incorporated with LLDPE and incubation time required to kill a broad spectrum of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens like E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, S. flexneri, B. cereus, and K. pneumoniae. The LLDPE nanocomposite with 1 wt% showed >99% inactivation against the MDR pathogens within 12 h while with 5 wt%, it takes 6 h. The synergic action of structural properties such as crystallinity, wettability, chemical structure on the reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Zn ion release for inactivation against the MDR pathogens is deliberated.
Quantum dot-like plasmonic modes in twisted bilayer graphene supercells
Authors: Westerhout Tom , Katsnelson Mikhail I , Rösner Malte 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We derive a material-realistic real-space many-body Hamiltonian for twisted bilayer graphene from first principles, including both single-particle hopping terms for p

z
electrons and their long-range Coulomb interaction. By disentangling low- and high-energy subspaces of the electronic dispersion, we are able to utilize state-of-the-art constrained random phase approximation calculations to reliably describe the non-local background screening from the high-energy s, p

x
, and p

y
electron states which we find to be independent of the bilayer stacking and thus of the twisting angle. The twist-dependent low-energy screening from p

z
states is subsequently added to obtain a full screening model. We use this modeling scheme to study plasmons in electron-doped twisted bilayer graphene supercells. We find that the finite system size yields discretized plasmonic levels, which are controlled by the system size, doping level, and twisting angle. This tunability together with atomic-like charge distributions of some of the excitations renders these plasmonic excitations remarkably similar to the electronic states in electronic quantum dots. To emphasize this analogy in the following we refer to these supercells as plasmonic quantum dots. Based on a careful comparison to pristine AB-stacked bilayer graphene plasmons, we show that two kinds of plasmonic excitations arise, which differ in their layer polarization. Depending on this layer polarization the resulting plasmonic quantum dot states are either significantly or barely dependent on the twisting angle. Due to their tunability and their coupling to light, these plasmonic quantum dots form a versatile and promising platform for tailored light-matter interactions.
A novel antibacterial and biocompatible wound cover made of gelatin/chitosan with silver nanoparticles of green synthesis
Authors: Dotto Dayane , Scatolini Márcio , Pugini Silvana , Vercik Luci , Melo Mariza , Vercik Andrés , Rigo Eliana 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A dressing material based on the combination of gelatine, chitosan and silver nanoparticles with a suitable proportion has been developed and can be successfully applied in biomedical fields. The new gelatin/chitosan membranes were prepared using the chitosan suspension mixed with gelatin and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), resulting in a biocompatible and antibacterial product. AgNPs were obtained by the reduction of silver nitrate with chitosan solution and added to chitosan/gelatin (GCs) blend solutions to obtain membranes by the casting method. Thus, membranes with three different AgNPs concentrations were produced: 30 mM, 20 mM and 10 mM AgNPs. To evaluate the characteristics of the membranes, physicochemical and morphological tests were carried out, such as infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission (TEM), and in vitro cytotoxicity and bacterial assays. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by Visible Ultraviolet to Ultraviolet to Visible (UV–vis) and TEM, where the nanoparticles were observed by the formation of the peak spectrum at a wavelength at 560 nm. According to the TEM images, polymorphic nanoparticles with an average size of 30 nm were obtained. Furthermore, the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) indicated the presence of silver evenly distributed within the membranes. The results obtained by (FTIR) showed spectral peaks characteristic of the membrane materials, that is, typical spectra of gelatin, chitosan and silver. These results could be explained by addition of free −OH, −NH2 and −NHOCOCH3 groups of the amorphous chitosan in the blends and a network structure through electrostatic interactions between the ammonium ions (−NH3+) of the chitosan and the carboxylate ions (−COO−) of the gelatin. The concentrations of AgNPs 30 mM and 20 mM in the membranes attributed to them a high hydration rate and high water vapor permeability (WVP). Membranes with 30 mM AgNPs showed bacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, concentrations of 20 mM AgNPs and 10 mM AgNPs, bacteriostatic effect against Staphylococcus aureus and bacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the results of the in vitro assays, 10 mM AgNPs membranes were not cytotoxic. With the results obtained, GC membranes with up to 10 mM AgNPs are candidates for use in the fields of biomaterials and biomedicine.
Numerical simulation of low-current vacuum arc jet considering anode evaporation in different axial magnetic fields
Authors: ZHANG Zhefeng , WANG Lijun , YANG Ze , LUO Ming , LI Jiagang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
As the main source of the vacuum arc plasma, cathode spots (CSs) play an important role on the behaviors of the vacuum arc. Their characteristics are affected by many factors, especially by the magnetic field. In this paper, the characteristics of the plasma jet from a single CS in vacuum arc under external axial magnetic field (AMF) are studied. A multi-species magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD) model is established to describe the vacuum arc. The anode temperature is calculated by the anode activity model based on the energy flux obtained from the MHD model. The simulation results indicate that the external AMF has a significant effect on the characteristic of the plasma jet. When the external AMF is high enough, a bright spot appears on the anode surface. This is because with a higher AMF, the contraction of the diffused arc becomes more obvious, leading to a higher energy flux to the anode and thus a higher anode temperature. Then more secondary plasma can be generated near the anode, and the brightness of the ‘anode spot’ increases. During this process, the arc appearance gradually changes from a cone to a dumbbell shape. In this condition, the arc is in the diffuse mode. The appearance of the plasma jet calculated in the model is consistent with the experimental results.
Modulation of the thermal transport of micro-structured materials from 3D printing
Authors: Sun Qiangsheng , Xue Zhixiang , Chen Yang , Xia Ruding , Wang Jianmei , Xu Shen , Zhang Jun , Yue Yanan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
It is desirable to fabricate materials with adjustable physical properties that can be used in different industrial applications. Since the property of a material is highly dependent on its inner structure, the understanding of structure–property correlation is critical to the design of engineering materials. 3D printing appears as a mature method to effectively produce micro-structured materials. In this work, we created different stainless-steel microstructures by adjusting the speed of 3D printing and studied the relationship between thermal property and printing speed. Our microstructure study demonstrates that highly porous structures appear at higher speeds, and there is a nearly linear relationship between porosity and printing speed. The thermal conductivity of samples fabricated by different printing speeds is characterized. Then, the correlation between porosity, thermal conductivity, and scanning speed is established. Based on this correlation, the thermal conductivity of a sample can be predicted from its printing speed. We fabricated a new sample at a different speed, and the thermal conductivity measurement agrees well with the value predicted from the correlation. To explore thermal transport physics, the effects of pore structure and temperature on the thermal performance of the printed block are also studied. Our work demonstrates that the combination of the 3D printing technique and the printing speed control can regulate the thermophysical properties of materials.
Causal Knowledge as a Prerequisite for Interrogating Bias: Reflections on Hernán et al. 20 Years Later
Authors: Levy Natalie S , Keyes Katherine M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In their seminal 2002 paper, “Causal Knowledge as a Prerequisite for Confounding Evaluation: An Application to Birth Defects Epidemiology,” Hernán et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(2):176–184) emphasized the importance of using theory rather than data to guide confounding control, focusing on colliders as variables that share characteristics with confounders but whose control may actually introduce bias into analyses. In this commentary, we propose that the importance of this paper stems from the connection the authors made between nonexchangeability as the ultimate source of bias and structural representations of bias using directed acyclic graphs. This provided both a unified approach to conceptualizing bias and a means of distinguishing between different sources of bias, particularly confounding and selection bias. Drawing on examples from the paper, we also highlight unresolved questions about the relationship between collider bias, selection bias, and generalizability and argue that causal knowledge is a prerequisite not only for identifying confounders but also for developing any hypothesis about potential sources of bias.
Risk of Cancer in Paediatric onset Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Nation-wide Study From the epi-IIRN
Authors: Atia Ohad , Harel Sasha , Ledderman Natan , Greenfeld Shira , Kariv Revital , Dotan Iris , Balicer Ran , Silverman Barbara , Matz Eran , Levi Zohar , Waterman Matti , Fried Iris , Rowe Jacob M , Turner Dan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
Paediatric onset IBD [PIBD] is characterised by a more extensive phenotype than adult-onset IBD and a higher utilisation of immunosuppressive medications; both may be associated with malignancy. We aimed to assess the risk of cancer in a nationwide cohort of PIBD and to explore the risks associated with medical treatments.

Methods
PIBD patients [&lt;18 years old] were included from the epi-IIRN cohort, covering 98% of the Israeli population from 2005, linked to the national cancer registry. We matched PIBD children to non-IBD children for calculating the cumulative incidence of cancer.

Results
In all, 3944 PIBD cases were included (2642 [67%] Crohn’s disease, 1302 [33%] ulcerative colitis) translating into 23 635 person-years of follow-up, individually matched to 13 005 non-IBD children. By 30 years of age, 14 IBD patients [0.35%, 5.9/10 000 patient-years] were diagnosed with cancer and one [0.03%] with haemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis [HLH], compared with 14 [0.11%, 1.9/10 000 patient-years] cases of cancer {relative risk (RR) 2.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-6.2); p = 0.04} and no HLH in the comparison-group. There were no cases of hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, or cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer risk was 15.6 cases/10 000 person-years in those treated with thiopurines alone (RR compared with IBD patients never exposed to either thiopurines or anti-tumuor necrosis factor [TNF] 1.8 [95% CI 0.6-6.1]; p = 0.2), 11.1/10 000 in those treated with anti-TNF alone (RR 1.3 [95% CI 0.3-6.6]; p = 0.5), and 23.1/10 000 treated with combination therapy of anti-TNF and thiopurines (RR 2.8 [95% CI 0.6-13.8]; p = 0.2).

Conclusions
PIBD confers an increased risk for malignancy compared with non-IBD in children. However, the absolute risk is very low and no differences in risk with specific therapies were apparent in our data.
The resistance of the wheat microbial community to water stress is more influenced by plant compartment than reduced water availability
Authors: Agoussar Asmaâ , Azarbad Hamed , Tremblay Julien , Yergeau Étienne 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Drought is a serious menace to agriculture across the world. However, it is still not clear how this will affect crop-associated microbial communities. Here, we experimentally manipulated precipitation in the field for two years and compared the bacterial communities associated with leaves, roots, and rhizosphere soils of two different wheat genotypes. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced, while 542 microorganisms were isolated and screened for their tolerance to osmotic stress. The bacterial community was not significantly affected by the precipitation manipulation treatments but differed drastically from one plant compartment to the other. Forty-four isolates, mostly bacteria, showed high levels of resistance to osmotic stress by growing in liquid medium supplemented with 30% polyethylene glycol. The Actinobacteria were overrepresented among these isolates, and in contrast to our expectation, precipitation treatments did not influence the odds of isolating osmotic stress-resistant bacteria. However, the odds were significantly higher in the leaves as compared to the roots, the rhizosphere, or the seeds. Our results suggest that isolation efforts for wheat-compatible water stress resistant bacteria should be targeted at the leaf endosphere and that short-term experimental manipulation of precipitation does not result in a more resistant community.