bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of metabolic resistance to pymetrozine in Nilaparvata lugens: over‐expression of cytochrome P450 CYP6CS1 confers pymetrozine resistance
Authors: Wang Li‐Xiang , Tao Sha , Zhang Yan , Jia Ya‐Long , Wu Shun‐Fan , Gao Cong‐Fen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDPymetrozine is commonly used for the control of Nilaparvata lugens, and resistance to pymetrozine has been frequently reported in the field populations in recent years. However, the mechanism of brown planthopper resistance to pymetrozine is still unknown.RESULTSIn this study, a pymetrozine‐resistant strain (PMR) was established, and the potential biochemical resistance mechanism of N. lugens to pymetrozine was investigated. Pymetrozine was synergized by the inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) in the PMR with 2.83‐fold relative synergistic ratios compared with the susceptible strain (Sus). Compared with the Sus, the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity of PMR was increased by 1.7 times, and two P450 genes (NlCYP6CS1 and NlCYP301B1) were found to be significantly overexpressed more than 6.0‐fold in the PMR. Pymetrozine exposure induced upregulation of NlCYP6CS1 expression in the Sus, but the expression of NlCYP301B1 did not change significantly. In addition, RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated suppression of NlCYP6CS1 gene expression dramatically increased the toxicity of pymetrozine against N. lugens. Moreover, transgenic lines of Drosophila melanogaster expressing NlCYP6CS1 were less susceptible to pymetrozine, and had a stronger ability to metabolize pymetrozine.CONCLUSIONSTaken together, our findings indicate that the overexpression of NlCYP6CS1 is one of the key factors contributing to pymetrozine resistance in N. lugens. And this result is helpful in proposing a management strategy for pymetrozine resistance.
Investigation of nonadiabatic coupling and diabatic electronic population dynamics on F2O+ cation within multi reference configuration interaction calculations
Authors: Mirzaie‐Khalilabadi Elahe , Dehestani Maryam 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn F2O+ cation the first (2B2) and second excited (2A1) electronic states can be coupled with each other by anti‐symmetric stretching mode and thus conical intersection and non‐adiabatic dynamics play an important role in characterizing molecular properties. In this work, we tried to find a suitable computational method for determining equilibrium structures and harmonic vibrational frequencies of the three lowest electronic states of F2O+. To understand non‐adiabatic dynamics at conical intersections, we calculated the probability of electronic population on 2B2 and 2A1 excited electronic states using linear vibronic coupling Hamiltonian mode including all three vibrational modes (bending (ω1), symmetric stretching (ω2) and anti‐symmetric stretching (ω3)).The amount of vibronic coupling constant between these states is obtained 0.08 eV at multi reference configuration interaction/Aug‐cc‐pVQZ level of theory.
Noncyclic Geometric Quantum Gates with Smooth Paths via Invariant‐Based Shortcuts
Authors: Ji Li‐Na , Ding Cheng‐Yun , Chen Tao , Xue Zheng‐Yuan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNonadiabatic geometric quantum computation is dedicated to the realization of high‐fidelity and robust quantum gates, which are necessary for fault‐tolerant quantum computation. However, it is limited by cyclic and mutative evolution path, which usually requires longer gate‐time and abrupt pulse control, weakening the gate performance. Here, a scheme to realize geometric quantum gates with noncyclic and nonadiabatic evolution via invariant‐based shortcuts is proposed, where universal quantum gates can be induced in one step without path mutation and the gate time is also effectively shortened. Our numerical simulations show that, comparing with the conventional dynamical gates, the constructed geometric gates have stronger resistance not only to systematic errors, induced by both qubit‐frequency drift and the deviation of the amplitude of the driving fields, but also to environment‐induced decoherence effect. In addition, this scheme can also be implemented on a superconducting circuit platform, with the fidelities of single‐qubit and two‐qubit gates higher than 99.97% and 99.84%, respectively. Therefore, this scheme provides a promising way to realize high‐fidelity fault‐tolerant quantum gates for scalable quantum computation.
Abbruch einer Spannbetonbrücke am Autobahndreieck A 8 Saarlouis
Authors: Moldenhauer Florian , Schneider Christian , Vilas‐Román Cecilia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIm Zuge des Ersatzneubaus der Saarbrücke im Verlauf der A 8 am Autobahndreieck Saarlouis war auch ein anspruchsvoller Rückbau der alten Spannbetonbrücke erforderlich. Vor allem die Entwicklung und Umsetzung eines intelligenten Abbruchkonzepts für den die Saar überspannenden und aus zwei Spannbetonhohlkästen bestehenden Brückenquerschnitt stellte die Ingenieure vor besondere Herausforderungen. Durch geschickte Kooperation aller Projektbeteiligten konnte der Ausschreibungsentwurf in vielerlei Hinsicht perfektioniert werden. Hierdurch konnte ein optimales Zusammenwirken der jeweiligen Vorteile mehrerer Spezialgewerke genutzt und vor allem auch für die Umsetzung sichergestellt werden. Neben dem konventionellen Abbruch wurden die bei dieser Aufgabe erforderlichen Spezialoperationen durch entsprechend erfahrene Fachunternehmen ergänzt. So konnten funktionierende Konzepte aus Neubaugewerken zur letztendlich optimalen Lösung dieser komplexen Rückbauaufgabe in großem Umfang beitragen.
Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities In Vitro of a Neutral Polysaccharide from Ginger (Zingiber Officinale)
Authors: Mingda Hou , Jun Gao , Ziqi Liu , Yu Shan , Shuyong Liu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this study, crude polysaccharides from ginger are obtained by ultrasonic‐assisted enzymatic extraction. After deproteinization using Sevag method, dialysis, and isolation on a DEAE52‐cellulose column and a Sephadex G‐100 column, a neutral heteropolysaccharide purified ginger polysaccharide (pGP) with the molecular weight of 62 500 Da is obtained. Four sugar residues are confirmed in pGP, including →3)‐α‐L‐Araf‐(1→, →2)‐α‐L‐Rhap, →3)‐β‐D‐Galp‐(1→, →6)‐α‐D‐Glcp‐(1→. Antioxidant activities analysis confirms that pGP possess good scavenging effects on DPPH, 2,2‐azino‐bis‐3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid, and hydroxyl radicals. In addition, pGP significantly stimulates the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells and has strong protection effect against H2O2‐induced damage. These results show that pGP can be used as a potential antioxidant agent in medicine or functional food.
Estimates of Food Consumption Rates for Invasive Blue Catfish
Authors: Schmitt Joseph D. , Hilling Corbin D. , Orth Donald J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs a prolific invasive species, Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus threaten native organisms in numerous estuarine and tidal freshwaters along the Atlantic coast of the United States. However, no published estimates of consumption rates are available for Blue Catfish in the scientific literature. This information is critical for development of bioenergetics models or estimation of population‐level impacts on native species. Using a combination of field and laboratory studies, we provide the first estimates of daily ration, maximum daily ration, and consumption to biomass ratios for Blue Catfish populations. Ad libitum feeding trials conducted in our laboratory reveal that maximum daily ration in Blue Catfish varies by prey type, temperature, and fish size, with maximal feeding occurring in medium‐sized Blue Catfish (500–600 mm total length) and at temperatures ≥15°C. Furthermore, estimates of daily ration were higher for fish prey (Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum) than for crustacean prey (blue crab Callinectes sapidus). Diel feeding chronologies based on field‐collected diet samples from 1,226 Blue Catfish demonstrated river‐specific variability in daily ration and maximum daily ration. Blue Catfish daily ration ranged between 2.27% and 5.22% bodyweight per 24 h, while maximum daily ration ranges between 8.56% and 9.37% bodyweight per 24 h. Estimates of consumption to biomass ratios varied by river and Blue Catfish size groupings but range between 2.42 and 3.39, which is similar to other benthic omnivores. This research will inform the assessment of predatory impacts of invasive Blue Catfish in the Chesapeake Bay and beyond as it will enable researchers to estimate predatory impacts through the coupling of population models, food habit information, and consumption rate information (current study).
Vanadium oxides modify the expression levels of the p21, p53, and Cdc25C proteins in human lymphocytes treated in vitro
Authors: Mateos‐Nava Rodrigo Aníbal , Rodríguez‐Mercado Juan José , Álvarez‐Barrera Lucila , García‐Rodríguez María del Carmen , Altamirano‐Lozano Mario Agustín 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn vitro assays have demonstrated that vanadium compounds interact with biological molecules similar to protein kinases and phosphatases and have also shown that vanadium oxides decrease the proliferation of cells, including human lymphocytes; however, the mechanism, the phase in which the cell cycle is delayed and the proteins involved in this process are unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of vanadium oxides (V2O3, V2O4 and V2O5) in human lymphocyte cultures (concentrations of 2, 4, 8, or 16 μg/ml) on cellular proliferation and the levels of the p53, p21 and Cdc25C proteins. After 24 h of treatment with the different concentrations of vanadium oxides, the cell cycle phases were determined by evaluating the DNA content using flow cytometry, and the levels of the p21, p53 and Cdc25C proteins were assessed by Western blot analysis. The results revealed that the DNA content remained unchanged in every phase of the cell cycle; however, only at high concentrations did protein levels increase. Although, according to previous reports, vanadium oxides induce a delay in proliferation, DNA analysis did not show this occurring in a specific cell cycle phase. Nevertheless, the increases in p53 protein levels may cause this delay.
An Introduction to Ecomodernism
Authors: Boersma Hidde 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLand use change has detrimental impacts on the planet. It is not only a major cause of biodiversity loss, through habitat destruction and fragmentation, but also an important driver for climate change, through deforestation and peat oxidation. Land use change is mainly driven by food production, of which meat production comprises the major share. Ecomodernists therefore feel reduction of the impact of meat production is paramount for a sustainable future. To achieve this, ecomodernists focus on intensification of the production process to produce more on less land, both through the closing of global yield gaps and through the development of integrated indoor systems like agroparks. On the demand side, ecomodernists feel a diverse strategy is needed, from the development of meat substitutes and lab meat, to the persuasion of consumers to move from beef to monogastrics like pork or chicken.
Place-Making by Cows in an Intensive Dairy Farm: A Sociolinguistic Approach to Nonhuman Animal Agency
Authors: Cornips Leonie , van den Hengel Louis 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBased on recent ethnographic fieldwork at an intensive dairy farm, this chapter examines the usefulness of posthuman critical theory for developing a new sociolinguistic approach to nonhuman animal agency. We explore how dairy cows, as encaged sentient beings whose mobility is profoundly restricted by bars and fences, negotiate their environment as a material-semiotic resource in linguistic acts of place-making. Drawing on the fields of critical posthumanism, new materialism and sociolinguistics, we explain how dairy cows imbue their physical space with meaning through materiality, the body and language. By developing a non-anthropocentric approach to language as a practice of more-than-human sociality, we argue for establishing egalitarian research perspectives beyond the assumptions of human exceptionalism and species hierarchy. The chapter thus aims to contribute towards a new understanding of nonhuman agency and interspecies relationships in the Anthropocene.
Reimagining Human Responsibility Towards Animals for Disaster Management in the Anthropocene
Authors: De Paula Vieira Andreia , Anthony Raymond 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAnimals, like human beings, are prone to suffering harms, such as disease, injury and death, as a result of anthropogenic and natural disasters. Animals are disproportionately prone to risk and adversely affected by disasters, and thus require humane and respectful care when disasters strike, due to socially situated vulnerabilities based on how human communities assess and value their moral standing and function. The inability to integrate animals into disaster risk and management practices and processes can sometimes be associated with a lack of understanding about what animal ethics and animal health and welfare require when designing disaster management programs. This chapter seeks to reimagine human responsibility towards animals for disaster management. The pervasiveness of disasters and their impacts on animals, human-animal and animal-environment relationships underscore the importance of effective animal disaster management supported by sound ethical decision-making processes. To this end, we delineate six ethically responsible animal caretaking aims for consideration when developing disaster management plans and policies. These aims, which address central vulnerabilities experienced by domesticated animals during disasters, are meant to be action-guiding within the disaster management context. They include: (1) Save lives and mitigate harm; (2) Protect animal welfare and respect animals’ experiences; (3) Observe, recognize and promote distributive justice; (4) Advance public involvement; (5) Empower caregivers, guardians, owners and community members; (6) Bolster public health and veterinary community professionalism, including engagement in multidisciplinary teams and applied scientific developments. To bring about these aims, we offer a set of practical and straightforward action steps for animal caregivers and disaster management teams to ensure that animals’ interests are systematically promoted in disaster management. They include: (1) Respect and humane treatment; (2) Collaboration and effective disaster communication; (3) Strengthening systems of information sharing, surveillance, scientific research, management and training; (4) Community outreach and proactive contact; (5) Cultural sensitivity and attitudes check, and (6) Reflection, review and reform.
Comment: Animals in ‘Non-Ideal Ethics’ and ‘No-Deal Ethics’
Authors: Eskens Erno 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWithin the animal movement there is a tension between those who favor a ‘humane treatment’ of animals and those who think we need to abolish the (ab)use of animals all together and grant animals legal personhood. For an number of reasons philophers and other reseachers often try not to take a stance in this strategy debate. They however fail in doing so. As they make recommendations on how to treat animals they cannot avoid taking an implicit of explicit stance in the debate. This paper argues that we need a ‘directionists approach’ in this matter. We, as philosophers or reseachers, may for all sorts of reasons advice farmers, organisations or governments to take small steps towards more animal welfare, but only if we make clear on the outset that this will not be the end of the journey. We, as a society and as philosophers and researchers, are heading in a direction and one can either take the long and exhausting road of incremental change or take a shortcut.
“Eek! A Rat!”
Authors: Nieuwland Joachim , Meijboom Franck L. B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRats are often despised. In what way does such aversion affect moral deliberation, and if so, how should we accommodate any distorting effects on our normative judgements? These questions are explored in this chapter with regard to recent proposals in (1) the ethics of pest management and (2) animal political theory. While ethical frameworks and tools used in the context of animal research can improve moral deliberation with regard to pest management, we argue based on psychological factors regarding the perception of rats that before implementing these methods in either animal research or pest management, one needs to ascertain that rats are owed genuine moral consideration. With regard to animal political theory, we identify three issues: truth-aptness, perception, and moral motivation. To complement as well as address some of the issues found in both animal research ethics and animal political theory, we explore compassion. Starting from compassion, we develop a pragmatist and interspecies understanding of morality, including a shift from an anthropocentric to a multispecies epistemology, and a distributed rather than an individual notion of moral agency. We need to engage with the experience of others, including rats and those who perceive these animals as pests, as well as pay attention to the specific way individual agents are embedded in particular socio-ecological settings so as to promote compassionate action.
Coexisting with Wolves in Cultural Landscapes: Fences as Communicative Devices
Authors: Drenthen Martin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper argues that many conflicts regarding the return of the wolf to the thoroughly humanized and densely populated cultural landscapes of Western Europe rest on the dualistic idea that culture and nature are two strictly separated realms of reality, and on the assumption that wild animals are primarily passive beings without proper agency. Once we acknowledge wolves as beings with agency with whom we share the landscape, we come to see that the challenge of coexistence with wild animals such as wolves is not primarily a matter of finding a compromise between human interests and the interests of wild animals. Rather, we have to learn and negotiate that the landscape is a space that is interpreted and inhabited by many different beings, with whom we are always already communicating, even if we are not always aware of it.
Comment: Sharing Our World with Wild Animals
Authors: Swart J. A. A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWild animals are falling increasingly under threat as their habitats are being disrupted by human activities and global warming. At the same time, we see wild animals such as wolves actually settling in human landscapes. This forces us to rethink how we can live together with other living beings, with whom we share one earth. The contributions in this book section can be seen as attempts to do just that. However, these developments also challenge the traditional ethical approach towards wild animals, concisely worded as “Let them be”. That falls short in the current era, in which semi-wild, contact zone, and liminal animals are recognized. Animals, whether living in natural or human landscapes, all make opportunistic use of all sorts of resources – including human ones. If circumstances change, either due to natural or human-made causes, they will enter into new interactions with their environment to survive. They are nodes in a dynamic, heterogeneous network of dependency relationships that increasingly includes humans. In this chapter a framework is proposed to indicate the presence of wild animals in the human landscape based on the species’ adaptability and their degree of dependence on humans. The framework shows that species strongly differ in their vulnerability and that a diversity of measures is required in a world in which human and animal domains increasingly merge. Recognizing that we do not have exclusive rights to the earth implies an impersonal care perspective for wild animals as fellow-earthlings. It requires the reconsideration of our ethics, philosophies, culture and politics.
De-extinction and Gene Drives: The Engineering of Anthropocene Organisms
Authors: Preston Christopher J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAdvances in gene reading, gene synthesis, and genome editing are making possible a number of radical new practices for transforming animal futures in the Anthropocene. De-extinction may make it possible to bring back lost species. Gene drives may enable the sending of desirable traits through wild populations of organisms. The hype accompanying these promises can make each of them look ethically irresistible. This chapter investigates the ‘speculative ethics’ that has arisen around these technologies, asking questions about both their viability and the approach to animals they contain. Reductive and non-relational thinking is identified as one potential problem with the thinking behind these techniques. The neglect of non-human agency is identified as another. After indicating some of the problems these two ways of conceptualizing an animal and its genome can create, a brief suggestion is made about how to better conceptualize animal futures in the Anthropocene.
How to Save Cultured Meat from Ecomodernism? Selective Attention and the Art of Dealing with Ambivalence
Authors: van der Weele Cor 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs a highly technological innovation, cultured meat is the subject of techno-optimistic as well as techno-sceptical evaluations. The chapter discusses this opposition and connects it with arguments about seeing the world in the right way. Both sides not only call upon us to see the world in a very particular light, but also point to mechanisms of selective attention in order to explain how others can be so biased. I will argue that attention mechanisms are indeed relevant for dealing with the Anthropocene, but that dualism has paralysing effects. In a dualistic framework, cultured meat is associated with ecomodernist optimism, bold technological control over nature and alienation from animals. But interested citizens and farmers in focus groups rather envisioned the future of cultured meat through small scale production on farms combined with intensive relations with animals. Such scenarios, involving elements from both sides of the dualistic gap, depend on constructive ways of dealing with dualisms and ambivalence.
Turning to Animal Agency in the Anthropocene
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAgency is central to humans’ individual rights and their organization as a community. Human agency is recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights through guaranteed rights, such as the right to life, basic education, freedom of expression, and the freedom to form personal relationships, which all protect humans from tyranny and oppression. Though studies of animal agency consistently suggest that we grossly underestimate the capacity of animals to make decisions, determine and take action, and to organize themselves individually and as groups, few have concerned themselves with whether and how animal agency is relevant for the law and vice versa. Currently, most laws offer no guarantee that animals’ agency will be respected, and fail to respond when animals resist the human systems that govern them. This failure emerges from profound prejudices and deep-seated anthropocentric biases that shape the law, including law-making processes. Law and law-making operating exclusively as self-judging systems is widely decried and denounced—except in animal law. This chapter identifies standpoint acknowledgement as a means to dismantle these tendencies, and provides instructions on how to ask the right questions. It concludes by calling for an “animal agency turn” across disciplines, to challenge our assumptions about how we ought to organize human-animal relationships politically and personally, and to increase our civic competence and courage, empathy, participation, common engagement, and respect for animal alterity.