bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Axion Dark Matter Experiment: Detailed design and operations
Authors: Khatiwada R. , Bowring D. , Chou A. S. , Sonnenschein A. , Wester W. , Mitchell D. V. , Braine T. , Bartram C. , Cervantes R. , Crisosto N. , Du N. , Rosenberg L. J. , Rybka G. , Yang J. , Will D. , Kimes S. , Carosi G. , Woollett N. , Durham S. , Duffy L. D. , Bradley R. , Boutan C. , Jones M. , LaRoque B. H. , Oblath N. S. , Taubman M. S. , Tedeschi J. , Clarke John , Dove A. , Hashim A. , Siddiqi I. , Stevenson N. , Eddins A. , O’Kelley S. R. , Nawaz S. , Agrawal A. , Dixit A. V. , Gleason J. R. , Jois S. , Sikivie P. , Sullivan N. S. , Tanner D. B. , Solomon J. A. , Lentz E. , Daw E. J. , Perry M. G. , Buckley J. H. , Harrington P. M. , Henriksen E. A. , Murch K. W. , Hilton G. C. 
Published: December 2021

Axion dark matter experiment ultra-low noise haloscope technology has enabled the successful completion of two science runs (1A and 1B) that looked for dark matter axions in the 2.66–3.1 μeV mass range with Dine–Fischler–Srednicki–Zhitnisky sensitivity [Du et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 151301 (2018) and Braine et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 101303 (2020)]. Therefore, it is the most sensitive axion search experiment to date in this mass range. We discuss the technological advances made in the last several years to achieve this sensitivity, which includes the implementation of components, such as the state-of-the-art quantum-noise-limited amplifiers and a dilution refrigerator. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of a frequency tunable microstrip superconducting quantum interference device amplifier in run 1A, and a Josephson parametric amplifier in run 1B, along with novel analysis tools that characterize the system noise temperature.
The physical meaning of the magnetic scalar potential and its use in the design of hermetic electromagnetic coils
Authors: Crawford C. B. 
Published: December 2021

The magnetic scalar potential U(r⃗) has an intuitive physical interpretation, representing the electric current I = ΔU, which must be directed between any pair of isocontours along the boundary of a region, differing in potential by ΔU, in order to generate the corresponding magnetic intensity H⃗=−∇⃗U inside the region with no tangential component outside the boundary. This physical significance is exploited to invert the design process of hermetic (fringeless) electromagnetic coils from standard iterative techniques (calculating the magnetic field of refined current distributions) to a procedure for calculating the exact surface currents required to generate a given field configuration. A practical construction algorithm is given to produce the prescribed field in a “Target” region (constrained only by Maxwell’s equations) while confining the fringe field to a specified hermetic “Return” region. Example coils are analyzed along with a discussion of the limits of precision of the constructed field.
The impact of analogical effects and social factors on the spelling of partially homophonous verb forms in informal social media writing
Authors: Surkyn Hanne , Vandekerckhove Reinhild , Sandra Dominiek 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The present study examines unintentional spelling errors on past participles produced by Flemish teenagers in private online writing. Previous psycholinguistic research on verb spelling errors in Dutch mainly focused on identical homophones (Bosman 2005; Frisson & Sandra 2002; Sandra et al. 1999). The present study, however, deals with past participles that are only partially homophonous with other forms in the inflectional paradigm and investigates whether the spelling of these verbs is affected by whole-word frequency, paradigmatic and bigram support for the correct spelling and the token frequency of the past participles’ morphological family. The error rates reflect the effect of both paradigmatic and bigram support. Moreover, the unique database makes it possible to analyze the impact of three social factors (Gender, Educational track and Age). Our results reveal an effect on the error rates of all social variables. Finally, these social factors do not interact with paradigmatic and bigram support.
Plane-wave propagation in media with electromagnetic anisotropy
Authors: Romero-Abad David , Reyes-Portales José-Pedro , Suárez-Córdova Roberto 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The propagation of electromagnetic waves in a medium with electrical and magnetic anisotropy is a subject that is not usually handled in conventional optics and electromagnetism books. During this work, we try to give a pedagogical approach to the subject, using tools that are accessible to an average physics student. In this article, we obtain the Fresnel relation in a media with electromagnetic anisotropy, which corresponds to a quartic equation in the refraction index, assuming only that the principal axes of the electric and magnetic tensors coincide. Additionally, we find the geometric location related to the different situations the discriminant of the quartic equation provides. In order to illustrate our findings, we determine the refractive index together with the plane wave equations for certain values of the parameters that meet the established conditions. The target readers of the paper are students pursuing physics at the intermediate undergraduate level.
Quantum mechanical investigation of N + N2 collision: state-to-state non-reaction and exchange reaction probabilities and rate constants
Authors: Li Na , Zhang Hong , Cheng Xin-Lu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We present a state-to-state dynamical calculation on the exchange reaction N + N2 → N2 + N and the non-reaction N + N2 → N + N2 based on the potential energy surface published by Mankodi et al. The calculation is performed using the time-independent quantum reaction scattering program. The reactivity of both reaction processes is discussed by reaction properties of vibrational quantum numbers v = 0–3 and rotational quantum numbers j = 0–32 (such as cumulative reaction probability, state-to-state reaction probabilities, and cross sections of N exchange, state-to-state rate constants for both reactions). The threshold energy of the exchange reaction can decrease with the decrease of vibrational excitation or the increase of rotational excitation. By using the J-shifting approximation, rate constants are reported for both reactions. The comparison of the presented total rate constant of the N + N2 exchange reaction with the previous results shows that the quantum effect is not negligible at low temperatures. For the exchange reaction, the rate constant at 500 K decreases by about 10 orders of magnitude when the vibrational level of N2 increases from 0 to 7, indicating that the rate constants are sensitive to the initial vibrational level of N2 at low temperatures. For non-reactive collision, the rate constants have little effect on the initial ro-vibrational levels of N2 at low temperatures.
Influence of Rashba spin–orbit and Rabi couplings on the spin-mixing and ground state phases of binary Bose–Einstein condensates
Authors: Ravisankar R , Sriraman T , Kumar R Kishor , Muruganandam P , Mishra P K 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We study the miscibility properties and ground state phases of two-component spin–orbit (SO) coupled Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) in a harmonic trap with strong axial confinement. By numerically solving the coupled Gross–Pitaevskii equations in the two-dimensional setting, we analyze the SO-coupled BECs for two possible permutations of the intra- and interspecies interactions, namely (i) weak intra- and weak interspecies interactions (W–W) and (ii) weak intra- and strong interspecies interactions (W–S). Considering the density overlap integral as a miscibility order parameter, we investigate the miscible–immiscible transition by varying the coupling parameters. We obtain various ground state phases, including plane wave, half quantum vortex, elongated plane wave, and different stripe wave patterns for W–W interactions. For finite Rabi coupling, an increase in SO coupling strength leads to the transition from the fully miscible to the partially miscible state. We also characterize different ground states in the coupling parameter space using the root mean square sizes of the condensate. The spin density vector for the ground state phases exhibits density, quadrupole and dipole like spin polarizations. For the W–S interaction, in addition to that observed in the W–W case, we witness semi vortex, mixed mode, and shell-like immiscible phases. We notice a wide variety of spin polarizations, such as density, dipole, quadrupole, symbiotic, necklace, and stripe-like patterns for the W–S case. A detailed investigation in the coupling parameter space indicates immiscible to miscible state phase transition upon varying the Rabi coupling for a fixed Rashba SO coupling. The critical Rabi coupling for the immiscible–miscible phase transition decreases upon increasing the SO coupling strength.
Recent progress in zinc-based redox flow batteries: a review
Authors: Wang Guixiang , Zou Haitao , Zhu Xiaobo , Ding Mei , Jia Chuankun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Zinc-based redox flow batteries (ZRFBs) have been considered as ones of the most promising large-scale energy storage technologies owing to their low cost, high safety, and environmental friendliness. However, their commercial application is still hindered by a few key problems. First, the hydrogen evolution and zinc dendrite formation cause poor cycling life, of which needs to ameliorated or overcome by finding suitable anolytes. Second, the stability and energy density of catholytes are unsatisfactory due to oxidation, corrosion, and low electrolyte concentration. Meanwhile, highly catalytic electrode materials remain to be explored and the ion selectivity and cost efficiency of membrane materials demands further improvement. In this review, we summarize different types of ZRFBs according to their electrolyte environments including ZRFBs using neutral, acidic, and alkaline electrolytes, then highlight the advances of key materials including electrode and membrane materials for ZRFBs, and finally discuss the challenges and perspectives for the future development of high-performance ZRFBs.
Depth detection of spar cap defects in large-scale wind turbine blades based on a 3D heat conduction model using step heating infrared thermography
Authors: Zhang X Y , Zhou B , Li H , Xin W 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The defects dispersed in a spar cap often lead to the failure of large-scale wind turbine blades. To predict the residual service life of the blade and make the repair, it is necessary to detect the depth of spar cap defects. Step-heating thermography (SHT) is a common infrared technique in this domain. However, the existing methods of SHT on defect depth detection are generally based on 1D models, which are unable to accurately detect the depth of spar cap defects due to ignoring material anisotropy and in-plane heat flow. To improve the depth detection accuracy of spar cap defects, a 3D model based on the theory of heat transfer is established by using the equivalent source method (ESM), and a defect depth criterion is proposed based on the analytical solution of the heat conduction equation. The modeling process is as follows. The heat conduction model of SHT was established by ESM. Then, coordinate transformation, variables separation, and Laplace transformation were utilized to solve the 3D heat conduction equation. A defect depth criterion was proposed based on emerging contrast Cr. A glass fiber reinforced plastic composite plate containing 12 square flat-bottom holes with different sizes and depths was manufactured to represent a spar cap with large thermal resistance defects, such as delamination and cracks. The experimental results demonstrate the validity of the 3D model. Then, the model was applied to an on-site SHT test of a 1.5 MW wind turbine blade. The test results prove that the depth detection accuracy of spar cap defects can be significantly improved by using the 3D model. In addition, by using an improved principle component analysis (PCA) method containing a contrast enhancement factor, artifacts can be reduced and the recognition time of defects can be shortened. The 3D model provides a tool for detecting the depth of deep-lying defects in a thick composite structure, and the SHT technology is optimized by improved PCA.
Monte Carlo-Discrete Dislocation Dynamics: a technique for studying the formation and evolution of dislocation structures
Authors: Deka Nipal , Sills Ryan B 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A novel Monte Carlo (MC) based solver for discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) has been developed, by which dislocation lines are inserted to the system in succession subject to a user-defined acceptance criterion. Utilizing this solver, dislocation structure evolution can be examined in a controlled fashion that is not possible using conventional DDD methods. The outcomes of the MC-DDD simulations establish for the first time that dislocation wall structures can adopt a characteristic width that naturally arises from elastic interactions within the network. This characteristic width does not alter as additional dislocation lines are inserted and the density in the wall increases, meaning it is independent of the mean dislocation spacing. However, the wall width is influenced by the acceptance criterion used during MC steps; the wall gets thinner as the interactions within the wall become more attractive. Finally, we demonstrate that algorithmic aspects of MC-DDD simulations can provide insights into structure evolution. Overall, this new MC-DDD technique will allow systematic studies of dislocation structures, providing unprecedented insight into the underlying mechanics.
Progressive evaluation in spectroscopic sensors for non-invasive blood haemoglobin analysis—a review
Authors: Kumar Yogesh , Dogra Ayush , Kaushik Ajeet , Kumar Sanjeev 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective. Frequent monitoring of haemoglobin concentration is highly recommended by physicians to diagnose anaemia and polycythemia vera. Moreover, other conditions that also demand assessment of haemoglobin are blood loss, before blood donation, during pregnancy, and preoperative, perioperative and postoperative conditions. The cyanmethemoglobin/haemiglobincyanide method, portable haemoglobinometers and haematology analyzers are some of the standard methods used to diagnose the aforementioned ailments. However, discomfort, delay and risk of infection are typical limitations of traditional measuring solutions. These limitations create the necessity to develop a non-invasive haemoglobin monitoring technique for a better lifestyle. Approach. Various methods and products have already been developed and are popular due to their non-invasiveness; however, invasive solutions are still considered as the reference standard method. Therefore, this review summarizes the attributes of existing non-invasive solutions. These attributes are finalized as brief details, accuracy, optimal benefits and research challenges for exploring potential gaps, advancements and possibilities to consider as futuristic alternative methodologies. Main results. Non-invasive total haemoglobin assessment techniques are mainly based on optical spectroscopy (reflectance/transmittance) or digital photography, or spectroscopic imaging in spot-check/continuous monitoring mode. In all these techniques, we have noticed that there is a need to consider different light conditions, motion artefacts, melanocytes, other blood constituents, smoking and precise fixing of the sensor from the sensing spot for exact formulation. Significance. Moreover, based on careful and critical analysis of outcomes, none of these techniques or products are used independently or intended to replace invasive laboratory testing. Therefore, there is a requirement for a more accurate technique that can eliminate the requirement for blood samples and likely end up as a reference standard method.
Controlling the breakdown delay time in pulsed gas discharge
Authors: Schweigert I V , Hopkins M M , Barnat E , Keidar M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In experiment and 2D3V PIC MCC simulations, the breakdown development in a pulsed discharge in helium is studied for U = 3.2 kV and 10 kV and P = 100 Torr. The breakdown process is found to have a stochastic nature, and the electron avalanche develops in different experimental and simulation runs with time delays ranging from 0.3 to 8 μs. Nevertheless our experiments demonstrate that the breakdown delay time distribution can be controlled with a change of the pulse discharge frequency. The simulation results show that the breakdown process can be distinguished in three stages with (a) the ionization by seed electrons, (b) the ions drift to the cathode and (c) the enhanced ionization within the cathode sheath by the electrons emitted from the cathode. The effects of variation of seed electron concentrations, voltage rise times, voltage amplitudes and ion–electron emission coefficients on the breakdown development in the pulsed gas discharge are reported.
STDP implementation using multi-state spin−orbit torque synapse
Authors: Ghanatian Hamdam , Ronchini Margherita , Farkhani Hooman , Moradi Farshad 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The abundance of data to be processed calls for new computing paradigms, which could accommodate, and directly map artificial neural network architectures at the hardware level. Neuromorphic computing has emerged as a potential solution, proposing the implementation of artificial neurons and synapses on physical substrates. Conventionally, neuromorphic platforms are deployed in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. However, such implementations still cannot compete with the highly energy-efficient performance of the brain. This calls for novel ultra-low-power nano-scale devices with the possibility of upscaling for the implementation of complex networks. In this paper, a multi-state spin−orbit torque (SOT) synapse based on the three-terminal perpendicular anisotropy magnetic tunnel junction (P-MTJ) is proposed. In this implementation, P-MTJs use common heavy metals but with different cross-section areas, thereby creating multiple states that can be harnessed to implement synapses. The proposed multi-state SOT synapse can solve the state-limited issue of spin-based synapses. Moreover, it is shown that the proposed multi-state SOT synapse can be programmed to reproduce the spike-timing-dependent plasticity learning algorithm.
Utilising angle-dependent critical current data in the electromagnetic modelling of HTS coils
Authors: Wimbush Stuart C , Strickland Nicholas M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A detailed methodology is presented for modelling the electromagnetic characteristics of HTS coils using angle-dependent critical current data obtained from experimental measurements of real wire samples. The results of such an analysis are contrasted with those obtained using more prevalent approaches such as a global minimum critical current method or an elliptical field magnitude-dependent functional approximation. Several interesting design consequences of significance to real-world devices that emerge only when the full anisotropy of real wires is taken into account are outlined and discussed. These include the beneficial impact on various performance metrics of the adoption of mixed conductor windings, the importance of coil orientation in optimising device performance, and the potential opportunity to derive a specific design benefit from the targeted use of conductors possessing inclined planarity.
Comparative study of the highly sensitive plasmonic sensor based on a D-Shaped photonic crystal fiber with silver or gold layers
Authors: Meshginqalam Bahar , Barvestani Jamal 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A highly sensitive D-shaped photonic crystal fiber sensor with circular lattice is proposed for external plasmonic sensing. The proposed design of plasmonic material in a D-shaped form effectively facilitates the excitation of surface plasmons and enhances the sensor performance. As a comparative study, two different plasmonic materials, gold and silver, are applied D-shapely on the fiber and the proposed sensor performance is numerically investigated and evaluated. Moreover, the optimized structural parameters such as air-hole diameters and the thickness of silver and gold layers are selected via simulation results which cause the highest sensitivity of 40000 nm/RIU for the gold coated fiber using the wavelength interrogation method. Furthermore, the maximum figure of merit can reach 621.50

RIU

−
1

.

Analytes with the refractive indices ranging from 1.34 to 1.39 can be detected by double-loss peak that is a more reliable method of simultaneous detection and verification of sensing characteristics. Due to its promising results, the proposed sensor can be widely useful in the area of chemical and biological sensing.
An analysis of axisymmetric Sezawa waves in elastic solids
Authors: Bian Chunlei , Wang Ji , Bin Huang  , Xie Longtao , Yi Lijun , Yuan Lili , Li Honglang , Tian Yahui 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The wave propagation in elastic solids covered by a thin layer has received significant attention due to the existence of Sezawa waves in many applications such as medical imaging. With a Helmholtz decomposition in cylindrical coordinates and subsequent solutions with Bessel functions, it is found that the velocity of such Sezawa waves is the same as the one in Cartesian coordinates, but the displacement will be decaying along the radius with eventual conversion to plane waves. The decaying with radius exhibits a strong contrast to the uniform displacement in the Cartesian formulation, and the asymptotic approximation is accurate in the range about one wavelength away from the origin. The displacement components in the vicinity of origin are naturally given in Bessel functions which can be singular, making it more suitable to analyze waves excited by a point source with solutions from cylindrical coordinates. This is particularly important in extracting vital wave properties and reconstructing the waveform in the vicinity of source of excitation with measurement data from the outer region.
Investigation of defect levels in Bi12SiO20 single crystals by thermally stimulated current measurements
Authors: Isik M , Delice S , Gasanly N M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Bi12SiO20 (BSO) single crystal belongs to the sillenite semiconducting family known as defective compounds. The present paper investigates the defect centers in BSO grown by Czochralski method by means of thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements performed in the 10–260 K range. The TSC glow curve obtained at heating rate of β = 0.1 K s−1 presented several peaks associated with intrinsic defect centers. The activation energies of defect centers were revealed as 0.09, 0.15, 0.18, 0.22, 0.34, 0.70 and 0.82 eV accomplishing the curve fit analyses method. The peak maximum temperatures and orders of kinetics of each deconvoluted peak were also determined as an outcome of fitting process. TSC experiments were expanded by making the measurements at various heating rates between 0.1 and 0.3 K s−1 to get information about the heating rate dependent peak parameters.
Halo current rotation scaling in post-disruption plasmas
Authors: Saperstein A.R. , Levesque J.P. , Mauel M.E. , Navratil G.A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Halo current (HC) rotation during disruptions can be potentially dangerous if resonant with the structures surrounding a tokamak plasma. We propose a drift-frequency-based scaling law for the rotation frequency of the asymmetric component of the HC as a function of toroidal field strength and plasma minor radius (f
rot ∝ 1/B
T
a
2). This scaling law is consistent with results reported for many tokamaks and is motivated by the faster HC rotation observed in the HBT-EP tokamak. Projection of the rotation frequency to ITER and SPARC parameters suggest the asymmetric HC rotation will be on the order of 10 Hz and 60 Hz, respectively.