bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and fluorescence properties of Dy‐doped alkaline‐earth borophosphate glasses
Authors: Griebenow Kristin , Muñoz Francisco , Tagiara Nagia S. , Klement Róbert , Prnová Anna , Wolfrum Bruno , Kamitsos Efstratios I. , Duran Alicia , Galusek Dušan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDysprosium‐doped borophosphate glasses, containing the divalent cations Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and Zn2+, are prepared by the melt‐quenching technique. The structure of the glasses is investigated by Raman, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies and the fluorescence properties are determined. The Dy3+ emission lifetime increases with an increasing ionic field strength and its maximum is observed in the Mg2+ and Zn2+ containing glasses. This result can be explained by the stronger M‐O bonding which causes a rearrangement of the borophosphate network and creates a local Dy3+ environment of comparably low symmetry. This is in agreement with the Raman spectra and the evolution of the molar volume. The effect of the B/P variation on the emission properties of Dy3+ is investigated in a second series of glasses where the emission lifetime is found to be maximum at 10 mol% B2O3.
Orientation response in low‐fat foods: Differences based on product category and gender
Authors: Küster Inés , Vila Natalia , Abad‐Tortosa Diana 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBecause most consistent findings from previous studies have found the inconsistency between consumers' statements and their behaviour, this paper analyses diverse young consumers' responses that can affect their low‐fat food purchase intentions. The main objective is to evaluate the differences in the orientation response (OR) between two product categories (‘juice 0%’ and ‘sweet 0%’) also considering the gender of the participant. To this end, responses from men and women towards two kind of product presentation (juice 0% vs. sweet 0%) were collected through heart rate variability (HRV) and electromyography (EMG) measures. We hypothesise that men would obtain different OR regarding women, and we explore possible different OR regarding product category. With a sample of young consumers (46 men and 51 women), our results show product category differences but not gender differences.
Validation of CP‐GEP (Merlin Assay) for predicting sentinel lymph node metastasis in primary cutaneous melanoma patients: A U.S. cohort study
Authors: Yousaf Ahmed , Tjien‐Fooh Félicia J. , Rentroia‐Pacheco Barbara , Quattrocchi Enrica , Kobic Ajdin , Tempel Dennie , Kolodney Michael , Meves Alexander 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundApproximately 85% of melanoma patients who undergo a sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) are node‐negative. Melanoma incidence is highest in patients ≥65 years, but their SLNB positivity rate is lower than in younger patients. CP‐GEP, a model combining clinicopathologic and gene expression variables, identifies primary cutaneous melanoma (CM) patients who may safely forgo SLNB due to their low risk for nodal metastasis. Here, we validate CP‐GEP in a U.S. melanoma patient cohort.MethodsA cohort of 208 adult patients with primary CM from the Mayo Clinic and West Virginia University was used. Patients were stratified according to their risk for nodal metastasis: CP‐GEP High Risk and CP‐GEP Low Risk. The main performance measures were SLNB reduction rate (RR) and negative predictive value (NPV).ResultsSLNB positivity rate for the entire cohort was 21%. Most patients had a T1b (34%) or T2a (31%) melanoma. In the T1‐T2 group (153 patients), CP‐GEP achieved an SLNB RR of 41.8% (95% CI: 33.9‐50.1) at an NPV of 93.8% (95% CI: 84.8‐98.3). Subgroup analysis showed similar performance in T1‐T2 patients ≥65 years of age (51 patients; SLNB positivity rate, 9.8%): SLNB RR of 43.1% (95% CI: 29.3‐57.8) at an NPV of 95.5% (95% CI: 77.2‐99.9).ConclusionWe confirmed the potential of CP‐GEP to reduce negative SLNB in all relevant age groups. Our findings are especially relevant to patients ≥65 years, where surgery is often elective. CP‐GEP may guide SLNB decision‐making in clinical practice.
Comparing an expected value with a multistage stochastic optimization approach for the case of wine grape harvesting operations with quality degradation
Authors: Avanzini Elbio L. , Mac Cawley Alejandro F. , Vera Jorge R. , Maturana Sergio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOperations planning is an important step in any activity as it aligns resources to achieve economic production value. In agriculture operations where uncertainty is present, planners must deal with biological and environmental factors, among others, which add variability and complexity to the production planning process. In this work, we consider operations planning to harvest grapes for wine production where uncertainty in weather conditions will affect the quality of grapes and, consequently, the economic value of the product. In this setting, planners make decisions on labor allocation and harvesting schedules, considering uncertainty of future rain. Weather uncertainty is modeled following a Markov Chain approach, in which rain affects the quality of grapes and labor productivity. We compare an expected value with a multi‐stage stochastic optimization approach using standard metrics such as Value of Stochastic Solution and Expected Value of Perfect Information. We analyze the impact of grape quality over time, if they are not harvested on the optimal ripeness day, and also consider differences in ability between workers, which accounts for the impact of rain in their productivity. Results are presented for a small grape harvest instance and we compare the performance of both models under different scenarios of uncertainty, manpower ability, and product qualities. Results indicate that the multi‐stage approach produces better results than the expected value approach, especially under high uncertainty and high grape quality scenarios. Worker ability is also a mechanism for dealing with uncertainty, and both models take advantage of this variable.
Robocasting and surface functionalization with highly bioactive glass of ZrO2 scaffolds for load bearing applications
Authors: Gaddam Anuraag , Brazete Daniela S. , Neto Ana S. , Nan Bo , Fernandes Hugo R. , Ferreira José M. F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis work is a proof of concept for making load bearing implants with osseointegration and bone bonding ability. Yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) scaffolds with a percentage of macro porosity of about 70% were fabricated by robocasting. Although a maximum solids volume fraction of 50 vol.% could be achieved, the 3D‐printing process revealed to be more reliable when using inks with 48 vol.% solids. The sintered porous structures exhibited an average compressive strength of ~236 MPa. After some preliminary coating experiments, an ethanol slurry of fine bioactive glass (BG) particles (10 wt.%) stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone was used to deposit a uniform surface coating onto the filaments, followed by glazing at 850°C. The functionalized scaffolds showed a relatively uniform surface coverage by the bioactive glass. The results of in vitro testing by immersing the scaffolds in simulated body fluid (SBF) showed remarkable morphological surface changes and an extensive deposition of hydroxyapatite layer. The overall results demonstrate the viability of producing porous YSZ scaffolds with excellent bioactivity, which are promising for bone tissue engineering under load bearing applications.
Defect engineering of magnetic ground state in EuTiO3 epitaxial thin films
Authors: Shin Dongwon , Kim Inseo , Song Sehwan , Seo Yu‐Seong , Hwang Jungseek , Park Sungkyun , Choi Minseok , Choi Woo Seok 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAtomistic defect engineering through the pulsed laser epitaxy of perovskite transition metal oxides offers facile control of their emergent opto‐electromagnetic and energy properties. Among the various perovskite oxides, EuTiO3 exhibits a strong coupling between the lattice, electronic, and magnetic degrees of freedom, which is highly susceptible to atomistic defects. In this study, we investigated the magnetic phase of EuTiO3 epitaxial thin films via systematic defect engineering. A magnetic phase transition from an antiferromagnet to a ferromagnet was observed when the unit cell volume of EuTiO3 expanded due to the introduction of Eu–O vacancies. Optical spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations show that the change in the electronic structure as the ferromagnetic phase emerges can be attributed to the weakened Eu–Ti–Eu super‐exchange interaction and the introduction of the ferromagnetic Eu–O–Eu interaction. Facile defect engineering in EuTiO3 thin films facilitates understanding and tailoring of their magnetic ground state.
Impact of magnesium on the structure of aluminoborosilicate glasses: A solid‐state NMR and Raman spectroscopy study
Authors: Bisbrouck Nicolas , Bertani Marco , Angeli Frédéric , Charpentier Thibault , de Ligny Dominique , Delaye Jean‐Marc , Gin Stéphane , Micoulaut Matthieu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSeven magnesium‐containing aluminoborosilicate glasses, with three to five oxides, have been studied through comprehensive multinuclear solid‐state NMR (11B, 27Al, 29Si, 23Na, 17O, and 25Mg) and Raman spectroscopy. The progressive addition of cations and the substitution of sodium and calcium by magnesium illuminate the impact of magnesium on the glass structure. The proportion of tri‐coordinated boron drastically increased with magnesium addition, demonstrating the poor charge‐compensating capabilities of magnesium in tetrahedral boron units. Oxygen‐17 NMR showed the formation of mixing sites containing both Na and Mg near nonbridging oxygen sites. Furthermore, a high magnesium content appears to result in the formation of two subnetworks (boron and silicon rich) with different polymerization degrees as well as to promote the formation of high‐coordination aluminum sites (Al[V] and Al[VI]). Finally, magnesium coordination ranging from 4 to 6, with a mean value shifting from 5 to 6 along the series, suggests that magnesium might endorse an intermediate role in these glasses.
Strategic Financial Management: Lessons from Seasoned Equity Offerings
Authors: Fu Fangjian , Smith Clifford W. 
Published: April 2021

Each of today's three dominant academic theories of capital structure has trouble explaining the financing behavior of companies that have seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). In conflict with the tradeoff theory, the authors’ recent studies of some 7,000 SEOs by U.S. industrial companies over the period 1970‐2017 notes that the vast majority of them—on the order of 80%—had the effect of moving the companies away from, rather than toward, their target leverage ratios. Inconsistent with the pecking‐order theory, SEO issuers have tended to be financially healthy companies with low leverage and considerable unused debt capacity. And at odds with the market‐timing theory, SEOs appear to be driven more by the capital requirements associated with large investment projects than by favorable market conditions. The authors’ findings also show that, in the years following their stock offerings, the SEO companies tend to issue one or more debt offerings, which have the effect of raising their leverage back toward their targets.Whereas each of the three theories assumes some degree of shortsightedness among financial managers, the authors’ findings suggest that long‐run‐value‐maximizing CFOs manage their capital structures strategically as opposed to opportunistically. They consider the company's current leverage in relation to its longer‐run target, its investment opportunities and long‐term capital requirements, and the costs and benefits of alternative sequences of financing transactions. This framework, which the authors call strategic financial management, aims to provide if not a unifying, then a more integrated, explanation—one that draws on each of the three main theories to provide a more convincing account of the financing and leverage decisions of SEO issuers.
American Enterprise Institute Roundtable: Was Milton Friedman Right about Shareholder Capitalism?*
Authors: Asness Clifford , Hubbard Glenn , Lipton Martin , Strain Michael R. 
Published: April 2021

In this look back at Milton Friedman's famous essay in The New York Times 50 years ago organized by the American Enterprise Institute, three well‐known panelists discussed whether executives should continue to be guided by Friedman's oft‐cited statement that the “social responsibility of business is to increase its own profits.”One pretext or prompt for this discussion is the Business Roundtable's recent rethinking of the corporate mission, with its emphasis on all corporate stakeholders, employees and local communities as well as shareholders. Among the panelists, Marty Lipton takes the most enthusiastic view of this alternative to shareholder primacy. Now often identified as “stakeholder capitalism,” this alternative is embraced by Lipton as part of a “New Paradigm” in which large, universal owners act more or less in concert to pressure private companies to play a greater role in protecting the environment and lifting people out of poverty.By contrast, fund manager Cliff Asness and former Bush advisor and Columbia Business School dean Glenn Hubbard find considerable relevance and resilience in the old shareholder paradigm. Hubbard, for example, emphasizes the impossibility of maximizing long‐run value in highly competitive product and labor markets without taking care of all important stakeholders. And while sympathetic to the intent of the Business Roundtable—and the value of ensuring enough investment in corporate stakeholders—both Hubbard and Asness are troubled by the prospect of a corporate governance system trying to hold corporate managers accountable in a stakeholder‐centric world.
Value‐Added Per Share (VAPS): A Value‐Relevant Corporate Performance Metric
Authors: Rajgopal Shivaram , Rappaport Alfred 
Published: April 2021

The authors introduce Value Added Per Share (VAPS) as a value‐relevant metric that is intended to complement earnings per share (EPS) in helping corporate managers and analysts understand and overcome the limitations of GAAP‐based reporting. VAPS discounts a firm's past and projected cash flows at its “cost of capital,” allowing companies to avoid the subjective accounting accrual process and other practices that often make EPS misleading.A company's VAPS is calculated in three main steps: (1) estimate the change in the capitalized value of after‐tax operating cash flow by taking the net change (plus or minus) of the firm's operating cash flow after taxes and dividing that number by the firm's cost of capital; (2) subtract total investment expenditures; and (3) divide by the number of shares outstanding. By capitalizing the change in after‐tax operating cash flow, one finds the net change in a firm's current operations value. By subtracting investment expenditures from that change in current operations value, the analyst gets a clearer picture of the benefit to shareholders net of the funds used to create that benefit. Consistent with basic theory, VAPS is positive when a company earns a return at least equal to its cost of capital and negative otherwise.Because of their fundamental differences, EPS and VAPS are likely to send different signals, and VAPS is expected to provide greater insight into stock price changes. The authors provide the findings of statistical tests showing the superior explanatory power of VAPS and recommend that companies publish statements of VAPS along with standard GAAP results, especially since the former can be readily calculated using the available income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement data.
The Pragmatic Theory of the Firm
Authors: Madden Bartley J. 
Published: April 2021

Four key ideas provide the foundation for the pragmatic theory of the firm, which is expecially useful for managements and boards in developing an understanding of how companies create long‐term value for the benefit of all stakeholders.First, and a necessary point of departure, is clarity about the purpose of the firm. Maximizing shareholder value is viewed not as the social purpose of the firm, but as a consequence of a company's effectiveness in carrying out a purpose that recognizes the benefits of success to all key corporate stakeholders.Second, a company's knowledge‐building proficiency, in relation to that of its competitors, is viewed as the primary determinant of its long‐term performance. Nurturing and sustaining a knowledge‐building culture facilitates the discovery of obsolete assumptions and early adaptation to a changing environment.Third, the theory avoids “compartmentalizing” a company's activities into silos by treating the firm as a holistic system. A key component of the theory that quantifies corporate performance is the life‐cycle framework in which economic returns exhibit “competitive fade” over the long term. This holistic way of thinking provides insights about intangible assets and other sources of excess shareholder returns.Fourth, managing corporate risk should focus on identifying and removing all major obstacles to achieving the firm's purpose. Such obstacles can lead to value destruction through, for example, unethical behavior and all forms of shortsighted failure to recognize and make the most of opportunities to increase long‐run productivity and value.This theory of the firm is pragmatic in the sense that it aims to produce insights about a company's (or business unit's) performance that can improve management's decisions, especially in allocating capital and other corporate resources. The author uses John Deere's life‐cycle track record over the past 60 years to illustrate a successful application of the theory.
Global knowledge gaps in species interaction networks data
Authors: Poisot Timothée , Bergeron Gabriel , Cazelles Kevin , Dallas Tad , Gravel Dominique , MacDonald Andrew , Mercier Benjamin , Violet Clément , Vissault Steve 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEcological networks are increasingly studied at large spatial scales, expanding their focus from a conceptual tool for community ecology into one that also addresses questions in biogeography and macroecology. This effort is supported by increased access to standardized information on ecological networks, in the form of openly accessible databases. Yet, there has been no systematic evaluation of the fitness for purpose of these data to explore synthesis questions at very large spatial scales. In particular, because the sampling of ecological networks is a difficult task, they are likely to not have a good representation of the diversity of Earth's bioclimatic conditions, likely to be spatially aggregated, and therefore unlikely to achieve broad representativeness. In this paper, we analyse over 1300 ecological networks in the mangal.io database, and discuss their coverage of climates, and the geographic areas in which there is a deficit of data on ecological networks. Taken together, our results suggest that while some information about the global structure of ecological networks is available, it remains fragmented over space, with further differences by types of ecological interactions. This causes great concerns both for our ability to transfer knowledge from one region to the next, but also to forecast the structural change in networks under climate change.
Insights into the Morphology of Haplozoan Parasites (Dinoflagellata) using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
Authors: Angel Phil , Herranz Maria , Leander Brian S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe describe new insights into the morphology and life history of the bizarre parasite Haplozoon axiothellae (Dinoflagellata) using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Trophonts were isolated from the intestines of host maldanid polychaetes, Axiothella rubrocincta, collected from San Juan Island, Washington, USA. LM and SEM confirmed features previously observed, such as amphiesmal projections, mature and immature junctions between the nucleated compartments of the vermiform syncytium and visible polygonal alveoli. CLSM of adult trophonts fluorescently stained for DNA, tubulin, centrin, and plasma membrane demonstrated several new ultrastructural traits: (1) an extensive basket of parallel microtubules within the trophomere used for host attachment, (2) two physically separated MTOCs (i.e. putative pairs of basal bodies) beneath pores on the ventral side of each compartment, (3) robust mitotic and/or meiotic spindles associated with one to four nuclei in each compartment, (4) spindles with polar bodies that are disconnected from the MTOCs, (5) a centrin‐stained fibril within the trophomeres that potentially functions to retract the motile stylet, and (6) cytokinesis in the posterior‐most compartments. This study renames haplozoan compartments using the suffix “‐mere” rather than “‐cyte” (i.e. trophomere, gonomere, sporomere) to reflect their status within a single syncytium.
Bleeding after endoscopic resection between direct oral anticoagulants or warfarin: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhu He , Li Fudong , Tao Ke , Liu Mingqing , Xu Hong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and AimOral anticoagulants are risk factors for post‐endoscopic resection bleeding. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis for the risks of post‐procedural bleeding (PPB) for direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and warfarin following endoscopic resection.MethodsTwo independent reviewers searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale score was used to assess the quality of the studies, the pooled odds ratio (OR) to present PPB results, and the funnel plots to assess publication bias. The Higgins I2 statistic was employed to determine the variation across studies due to heterogeneity.ResultsWe reviewed 30 articles. PPB occurred in 586 patients on DOACs and 1782 on warfarin. The patients on DOACs had a significantly lower overall risk of PPB compared with those on warfarin (OR, 0.867, 95% confidence interval, 0.771–0.975; P = 0.017, I2 = 1.6%). Cumulative meta‐analysis showed that the PPB rate of DOACs has the trend to be lower than that of warfarin with publication year and sample size. For the subgroup of endoscopic submucosal dissection, the PPB of DOACs was significantly lower than that of warfarin (OR, 0.786; 95% confidence interval, 0.633–0.976; P = 0.029, I2 = 0%). No significant difference was observed between DOACs and warfarin for anticoagulant strategies, endoscopic procedures, and lesion location.ConclusionsCompared with warfarin, DOACs have the possibility to significantly decrease the risk of PPB following endoscopic resection, especially for endoscopic submucosal dissection.