bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LMR‐101, a novel derivative of propofol, exhibits potent anticonvulsant effects and possibly interacts with a novel target on γ‐aminobutyric acid type A receptors
Authors: Zhao Yi , An Long , Guo Shupan , Huang Xiaoxing , Tian Huajie , Liu Li , Chen Tao , Sun Xun , Mei Qibing , Wang Rutao 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveLMR‐101 is a bisphenol derivative of propofol, a short‐acting general anesthetic, which is also used to manage status epilepticus (SE). We evaluated the sedative and anticonvulsant effects of LMR‐101 to discover its potential to manage epilepsy and SE in the clinic.MethodsComparative studies between LMR‐101 and propofol were performed in mice to elucidate an appropriate dose range for LMR‐101 that produced anticonvulsant effects without significant sedation. Then, the anticonvulsive efficacy for LMR‐101 was evaluated using seizure models induced by pentylenetetrazol and (+)‐bicuculline. The ability of LMR‐101 to inhibit SE was assessed using a rat model of SE induced by pilocarpine. Radioligand binding assay profiles for LMR‐101 were performed to evaluate the potential mechanisms of action underlying its anticonvulsant properties.ResultsIn the mouse study, LMR‐101 exhibited greater anticonvulsant and lesser sedative effect compared with propofol. LMR‐101 completely inhibited pentylenetetrazol‐induced seizures at a dose of 50 mg/kg and exhibited heavy sedation at 300 mg/kg. Propofol anesthetized all mice and only decreased the seizure rate at 25 mg/kg. LMR‐101 also suppressed seizure behaviors evoked by (+)‐bicuculline in mice in a dose‐dependent manner. In the pilocarpine‐induced SE model, LMR‐101 significantly decreased the maximum seizure score and seizure duration in a dose‐dependent manner. The median effective dose for LMR‐101 was 14.30 mg/kg and 121.87 mg/kg to prevent and inhibit sustained SE, respectively. In binding assays, LMR‐101 primarily inhibited tert‐[35S] butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding to γ‐aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors (half‐maximal inhibitory concentration = 2.06 μmol·L–1), but it did not affect [3H] flunitrazepam or [3H] muscimol binding.SignificanceIt is anticipated that LMR‐101 might play an essential role in the clinical management of epilepsy and SE. LMR‐101 also might bind to a novel target site on the GABAA receptor that is different from existing antiepileptic drugs. Further study of the mechanisms of action of LMR‐101 would be of considerable value in the search for new active drug sites on GABAA receptors.
Prehospital lactate levels in blood as a seizure biomarker: A multi‐center observational study
Authors: Magnusson Carl , Herlitz Johan , Höglind Robert , Wennberg Pär , Edelvik Tranberg Anna , Axelsson Christer , Zelano Johan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the value of prehospital measurement of lactate level in blood for diagnosis of seizures in cases of transient loss of consciousness.MethodsBetween March 2018 and September 2019, prehospital lactate was measured with a point‐of‐care device by the emergency medical services in an area serving a population of 900 000. A total of 383 cases of transient loss of consciousness were identified and categorized as tonic‐clonic seizure (TCS), other seizure, syncope, or other cause, according to the final diagnosis in the electronic medical records system. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to identify the optimal lactate cut‐off.ResultsA total of 383 cases were included (135 TCS, 42 other seizure, 163 syncope, and 43 other causes). The median lactate level in TCS was 7.0 mmol/L, compared to a median of 2.0 mmol/L in all other cases (P < .001). The area under the curve (AUC) of TCS vs nonepileptic causes was 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83‐0.91). The optimal cut‐off (Youden index, 67.8%) was 4.75 mmol/L, with 79% sensitivity (95% CI 71‐85) and 89% specificity (95% CI 85‐93) for TCS.SignificancePrehospital lactate can be a valuable tool for identifying seizures in transient loss of consciousness. For acceptable specificity, a higher cut‐off than that previously demonstrated for hospital‐based measurements must be used when values obtained close to the time of the event are interpreted.
Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes patients with renal function impairment slow the annual renal function decline, in a real clinical practice
Authors: Hirai Taro , Kitada Munehiro , Monno Itaru , Oda Erina , Hayashi Yoshihiro , Shimada Keiji , Takagaki Yuta , Ogura Yoshio , Fujii Mizue , Konishi Kazunori , Sakurai Masaru , Nakagawa Atsushi , Koya Daisuke 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe aim of this study was to elucidate whether sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) treatment has any renoprotective effect for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 in clinical practice.Materials and MethodsWe evaluated the annual eGFR slope in 85 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with renal impairment, treated with SGLT2is ≥2 years. Each patient's eGFR was <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at the start of SGLT2is therapy. The calculation of the annual change in eGFR for each patient was obtained by acquired eGFR data before and after 2 years of the initial SGLT2is administration, followed by analysis of the changes in the mean eGFR slope.ResultsThe participants' mean age was 72.0 ± 9.4 years, and the mean eGFR was 47.1 ± 9.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 at the start of additional treatment with SGLT2is. The mean annual eGFR slope after SGLT2is administration (−0.11 ± 0.20 mL/min/1.73 m2/year) was significantly slower than before SGLT2is administration (−2.93 ± 0.59 mL/min/1.73 m2/year; P < 0.0001). Additionally, SGLT2is treatment slowed the annual decline of eGFR, independent of the levels of both the initial eGFR and albuminuria levels before SGLT2is therapy was started. In the patient groups who showed an annual eGFR decline of ≥3 and 1–3 mL/min/1.73 m2, there was a significant slowing of the decline after SGLT2is therapy, compared with before the treatment (P < 0.001, respectively).ConclusionsSGLT2is administration slows the decline observed in the annual renal function in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with eGFR of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 in clinical practice.
Five‐Year Lower Extremity Function is Associated with White Matter Abnormality in Older Adults
Authors: He Lingxiao , de Souto Barreto Philipe , Giudici Kelly Virecoulon , Gabelle Audrey , Perus Lisa , Mangin Jean‐François , Rolland Yves , Vellas Bruno ,   Other Individuals in the MAPT/DSA Group
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveTo explore associations between changes of lower extremity function (LEF) parameters over a 5‐year period and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters of white matter tracts among community‐dwelling older adults.DesignA secondary analysis on image and physical function data collected from the Multidomain Alzheimer's Preventive Trial (MAPT).Participants208 older adults (aged 75 ± 4 years, with spontaneous memory complaint or limited instrumental daily living activity or slow gait speed, 60% female) of the MAPT‐magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ancillary study. The time interval between a participant's enrolment and MRI scan was on average 110 ± 97 days.MeasurementsForty‐eight white matter tracts (WMTs) were measured. LEF parameters (measured after the MRI scan) were assessed as the short physical performance battery (SPPB) score, gait speed, and chair stands time over a 5‐year period. Mixed‐effects models were performed to explore the associations between baseline DTI values and the progression of LEF parameters. Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparison correction.ResultsThe progression of LEF was associated with 35 baseline DTI parameters from 24 WMTs. Higher baseline DTI parameter values were related to more decreases in SPPB score and gait speed, and greater increases in chair stands time. Bilateral uncinate fasciculus was associated with all LEF parameters. Other WMTs in cingulum, cerebral and cerebellar peduncle, internal capsule, and corpus callosum also showed close connections with LEF changes.ConclusionsOur findings show that DTI parameters of some WMTs are associated with the 5‐year decline in LEF, suggesting that alterations in WMT integrity (evaluated by DTI parameters) might be used to explore potential causes of impaired mobility in older adults when no clear explanations can be found.
What is the abdomen? Rationalising clinical and anatomical perspectives using formal semantics
Authors: Brown Philip J. B. , Gao Yongsheng , Clunie David 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe meaning of the term ‘abdomen’ has become increasingly ambiguous, as it has to satisfy the contemporary requirements of natural language discourse, literature, gross and radiological anatomy and its role in ontologies supporting electronic records and data modelling. It is critical that there is an agreed understanding of the semantics of the abdominopelvic cavity, its component volumes including the abdomen proper, true and false pelvic cavities, and its boundaries and regional contents. The expression of part–whole (meronymic) relationships is essential for inferences to be drawn by computer algorithms, but unless these are rigorously reviewed and tested incorrect assumptions are drawn. The SNOMED CT terminology descriptions and hierarchy of anatomical concepts relating to the trunk were scrutinised for ambiguity and sub‐optimal relationships using a panel of reference sources. Any identified errors were corrected and the impact of any changes reviewed iteratively by evaluating their effect on dependant hierarchies (modelled with the associated anatomical concepts). Anatomical concepts are generally structured according to a traditional gross standpoint, but in clinical practice covert complex regional notions are frequently used and during the evaluation process a new viewpoint relating to projectional (transmissive) or emissive radiological perspective was identified. The subtle but important differences in the boundaries, volumes and contents of these distinctive perspectives of the ‘abdomen’ are presented. Three significant complex variants have been identified which relate to the most common uses of the word ‘abdomen’. The merits and disadvantages of using ‘abdomen’ as common synonym to more than one concept (polysemy) are briefly discussed and the solution adopted by SNOMED International described. The review of existing ontologies and academic literature confirmed the frequent varied use of the word ‘abdomen’, which raises concerns when derived data are increasingly being used remotely from the point of clinical contact, potentially leading to incorrect inferences. The documented regional truncal volumes from an anatomical regional, segmental and cross‐sectional perspective have been integrated into a logical and comprehensive model suitable for computer processing. The robust modelling of meronymic hierarchies has to be rigorous to avoid systematic errors and it is thus timely that a proposed standard description of these subtly related volumes and structures is made available for discussion and comment.
Improving Recruitment Procedures for School‐Based Surveys: Through the Lens of the Illinois Youth Survey*
Authors: Clary Kelly Lynn , Reinhart Crystal A. , Kim Hyun Jung , Smith Douglas Cary 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDEpidemiological surveys are designed to collect representative trend data. School‐based surveys are important to utilize so systems can effectively create prevention and intervention programs to alter youths' perceptions and behaviors related to substance use. However, there are many barriers when implementing a school‐based survey.METHODSThis mixed methods study sought to uncover 30 school personnel's challenges when making the decision to implement the Illinois Youth Survey (IYS). Through a descriptive and interpretive approach, participants' thoughts to improve future recruitment procedures and reduce barriers for implementation were analyzed.RESULTSResults found challenges included: (1) time; (2) parent‐opt out consent letter; (3) wording of the survey responses; (4) honesty of the students' responses; (5) importance and use of the data. Moreover, the most common suggestions to improve recruitment included: (1) sharing knowledge about trend data; (2) year‐round communication with school personnel; (3) targeting school personnel groups; and (4) providing examples of data use.CONCLUSIONSFindings can be used to improve recruitment procedures for others who have similar challenges. If schools, counties, and states have representative data they can more precisely tailor their programming to meet the needs of their population.
Internationalisation of emerging market currencies and original sin: Empirical evidence
Authors: Lahet Delphine , Prat Stéphanie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article investigates the impact of the internationalisation of emerging market currencies on original sin, which is the inability of emerging countries to borrow abroad in local currency. The objective is to assess the role of measures of internationalisation on the currency structure of debt for a set of emerging market countries. We show the favourable impact of the internationalisation process on original sin for the period 2005–2018 using two different measures with a dynamic panel data empirical analysis. The main determinants are the foreign exchange (FX) turnover of the currencies, the economic size of the issuing country, and the Volatility Index (VIX). In this way, we highlight network effects between the functions of a currency. The tests also highlight the existence of inertia in the use of a currency for financial transactions. Finally, the results provide evidence on the role of derivative instruments in supporting the use of emerging market currencies in bond markets.
Informal sector and mobile financial services in emerging and developing countries: Does financial innovation matter?
Authors: Jacolin Luc , Keneck Massil Joseph , Noah Alphonse 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the impact of mobile financial services (MFS) (mobile money, and mobile credit and savings) on the informal sector using a sample of 101 emerging and developing countries over the period 2000–15. Using both fixed‐effects estimator and propensity score‐matching methods, we show that the adoption of MFS significantly decreases the size of the informal sector. The magnitude of these effects is large, the reduction in the informal sector reaching 1–4 points, depending on the estimator. This effect is likely to increase as the services benefit wider segments of the population. These formalisation effects may stem from different possible transmission channels: improvement in credit access, increase in the productivity/profitability of informal firms attenuating subsistence constraints typical of entrepreneurship in the informal sector and possible induced growth of firms already in the formal sector. Our results were confirmed by robustness checks, using alternative measure of informal sector and MFS, sets of control variables and estimation approaches. These findings lay the groundwork for the scarce literature on the macroeconomic impact of mobile financial services, a major dimension of the growing drive towards economic digitalisation.
Consequences of groundwater overexploitation on land subsidence in Fars Province of Iran and its mitigation management programme
Authors: Golian Mohsen , Saffarzadeh Ali , Katibeh Homayoon , Mahdad Masoud , Saadat Habib , Khazaei Mahdi , Sametzadeh Ershad , Ahmadi Aboozar , Sharifi Teshnizi Ebrahim , Samadi Darafshani Mahsa , Dashti Barmaki Majid 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLand subsidence induced by rapid groundwater depletion in Fars Province (Iran) has led to serious problems for agricultural lands, structures and infrastructures, also its destructive effects on the Achaemenid Empire monuments has raised national concerns. Over the past three decades, mainly due to the increasing reliance of the economy on agriculture, the number of water wells has grown rapidly (7100 new wells with the annual withdrawal of 1.1 billion m3) and therefore the groundwater storage has decreased 10 billion m3 and groundwater level has declined averagely 11 m. To cease groundwater depletion and land subsidence, Iran's sustainable groundwater management programme that is currently being implemented to sustain aquifers is considered as the main remedy solution. To analyse the efficiency of the programme implementation in sustaining the aquifers of the province so far, the status of aquifers levels before the programme implementation (before 2015) is compared to its current status (after 2015). The results indicate that by implementing the programme, 22 out of 100 aquifers, mostly located in the southern half of the province, have been sustained. Although, mainly due to inappropriate management and limited financial support, 25 aquifers are still in critical condition, some of which are the most important aquifers in the province. However, implementing sustainable groundwater management in basins facing land subsidence due to groundwater overexploitation is important since it can minimize or stop land subsidence by sustaining aquifers and preventing groundwater drawdown.
Experimental Investigation Into the Heat Transfer Mechanism of Oscillating Heat Pipes Using Temperature Sensitive Paint
Authors: Francom Matthew , Kim Jungho 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Oscillating heat pipes (OHPs) represent a promising passive mechanism for the removal or spreading of heat. While simple to construct, the fluid and thermodynamics of these devices are still poorly understood. There is debate over whether the primary heat transfer mechanism is due to sensible heating of the liquid phase or due to latent heat transfer through phase change. To answer this question, an experimental apparatus was constructed to provide time- and space-resolved temperature and heat transfer data across the face of an operating OHP with HFE-7000 as the working fluid. This experiment utilized temperature sensitive paint (TSP) alongside visual recording of the fluid motion in order to determine the relative latent and sensible contribution to the overall heat transfer. The OHP was tested with input powers ranging from 2.6 W to 10.1 W. It found that latent heat transfer was the dominant heat transfer mechanism, accounting for between 65% and 83% of the total heat transferred in all cases.
Human Thoracolumbar Spine Tolerance to Injury and Mechanisms From Caudo-Cephalad Loading: A Parametric Modeling Study
Authors: Yoganandan Narayan , Khandelwal Prashant , Porwal Vaibhav , Humm John , Banerjee Anjishnu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The aims of this investigation were to delineate the internal biomechanics of the spine under vertical impact vector and assess the probability of injury. Male and female whole-body human finite element models were used. The restrained occupants were positioned on the seat, and caudo-cephalad impacts were applied to the base. Different acceleration-time profiles (50–200 ms pulse durations, 11–46 g peak accelerations) were used as inputs in both models. The resulting stress–strain profiles in the cortical and cancellous bones were evaluated at different vertebral levels. Using the peak transmitted forces at the thoracolumbar disc level as the response variable, the probability of injury for the male spine was obtained from experimental risk curves for the various pulses. Results showed that the shorter pulse durations and rise times impart greater loading on the thoracolumbar spine. The analysis of von Mises stress and strain distributions showed that the compression-related fractures are multifaceted with contributions from both the cortical and cancellous bony components of the body. Profiles are provided in the paper. The intervertebral disc may be involved in the fracture mechanism, because it acts as a medium of load transfer between adjacent vertebrae. Injury risks for the shortest pulse was 63%, and for the widest pulse it was close to zero, and injury probabilities for other pulses are given. The present modeling study provides insights into the mechanisms of internal load transfer and describes injury risk levels from caudal to cephalad impacts.
Track-Following Controller Design Using an Active Magnetic Bearing for Measurement of the Rotor Dynamics Coefficient of the Annular Seal
Authors: Yabui Shota , Inoue Hideyuki , Inoue Tsuyoshi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study introduces a track-following controller design to measure the rotor dynamics (RD) coefficient of the annular seal using active magnetic bearings. The annular seal is implemented contiguously to prevent leakage of fluid between the rotating shaft and stationary area of a rotating machine. The force caused by the seal at the contact point can cause vibrations, which should be identified for designing rotating machinery. The RD force is coupled with mechanical and fluid dynamics. Moreover, the dynamics depend on the operating conditions of the rotating machine, namely, the rotating speed and orbit of the rotating shaft. This study proposes a control system for the active magnetic bearing to measure the RD force directly at the arbitrary operating condition. The main controller is designed to satisfy a criterion of the frequency characteristics of the rotating system. In addition, the control system employs adaptive feed-forward cancellation (AFC). This can estimate and compensate for the RD force in the control system simultaneously. The experimental results indicate that the control system can achieve an arbitrary operating condition and measure the RD coefficient of the annular seal in real-time. As a result, the RD coefficient is identified based on the equation of motion.
Set-Membership Filtering-Based Leader–Follower Synchronization of Discrete-Time Linear Multi-Agent Systems
Authors: Bhattacharjee Diganta , Subbarao Kamesh 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a set-membership filtering-based leader–follower synchronization protocol for discrete-time linear multi-agent systems is proposed, wherein the aim is to make the agents synchronize with a leader. The agents, governed by identical high-order discrete-time linear dynamics, are subject to unknown-but-bounded input disturbances. In terms of its own state information, each agent only has access to measured outputs that are corrupted with unknown-but-bounded output disturbances. Also, the initial states of the agents are unknown. To deal with all these unknowns (or uncertainties), a set-membership filter (or state estimator), having the “correction-prediction” form of a standard Kalman filter, is formulated. We consider each agent to be equipped with this filter that estimates the state of the agent and consider the agents to be able to share the state estimate information with the neighbors locally. The corrected state estimates of the agents are utilized in the local control law design for synchronization. Under appropriate conditions, the global disagreement error between the agents and the leader is shown to be bounded. An upper bound on the norm of the global disagreement error is calculated and shown to be monotonically decreasing. Finally, a simulation example is included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed leader–follower synchronization protocol.