bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NIH Tobacco Research and the Emergence of Tobacco Regulatory Science
Authors: Meissner Helen I , Sharma Kriti , Mandal Rachel J , Garcia-Cazarin Mary , Wanke Kay L , Moyer Jonathan , Liggins Charlene 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Introduction
This study explores how the emergence of FDA-funded Tobacco Regulatory Science (TRS) research complements and perhaps influenced the direction of tobacco research supported by NIH.

Aims and Methods
New NIH- and FDA-funded tobacco projects awarded in fiscal years (FY) 2011–2020 were identified using internal NIH databases of awarded grants. Project abstracts and research aims were coded by the authors to characterize research domains and tobacco products studied.

Results
Between FY 2011 and 2020, NIH funded 1032 and FDA funded 322 new tobacco projects. For the years and grant activity codes studied, the number of new NIH tobacco projects declined while FDA’s increased; combined the number of new projects held steady. Much of NIH research included smoking combustibles (43.7%). The most common products in FDA research were cigarettes (74.8%) and e-cigarettes/ENDS (48.1%). Most NIH (58.6%) and FDA (67.7%) projects included research on the determinants of tobacco use. Another area of apparent overlap was health effects (29.5% NIH and 30.1% FDA). Projects unique to NIH included treatment interventions (33.3%), disease pathology/progression (17.8%) and neurobiology (18.9%). A minority of both NIH and FDA projects included populations particularly vulnerable to tobacco product use.

Conclusions
In total, support for new tobacco research supported by NIH and FDA combined remained steady for the time period covered, though there was a concomitant decline in NIH tobacco projects with the increase in FDA-funded TRS projects for the activity codes studied. Despite the apparent overlap in some areas, both NIH and FDA support research that is unique to their respective missions.

Implications
NIH continues to support tobacco research that falls within and outside of FDA’s regulatory authorities. This research still is needed not only to bolster the evidence base for regulatory decisions at the national and state levels, but also to advance a comprehensive scientific agenda that can inform multiple levels of influence on tobacco control, use and addiction. It will be important to continue monitoring FDA-funded TRS and NIH-funded tobacco research portfolios to ensure that the level of support for and focus of the research is sufficient to address the burden of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality.
Urinary Nicotine Metabolites and Self-Reported Tobacco Use Among Adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, 2013–2014
Authors: Feng June , Sosnoff Connie S , Bernert John T , Blount Benjamin C , Li Yao , Del Valle-Pinero Arseima Y , Kimmel Heather L , van Bemmel Dana M , Rutt Sharyn M , Crespo-Barreto Juan , Borek Nicolette , Edwards Kathryn C , Alexander Ricky , Arnstein Stephen , Lawrence Charles , Hyland Andrew , Goniewicz Maciej L , Rehmani Imran , Pine Brittany , Pagnotti Vincent , Wade Erin , Sandlin James , Luo Zuzheng , Piyankarage Sujeewa , Hatsukami Dorothy K , Hecht Stephen S , Conway Kevin P , Wang Lanqing 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Introduction
The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study is a longitudinal cohort study on tobacco use behavior, attitudes and beliefs, and tobacco-related health outcomes, including biomarkers of tobacco exposure in the U.S. population. In this report we provide a summary of urinary nicotine metabolite measurements among adult users and non-users of tobacco from Wave 1 (2013–2014) of the PATH Study.

Methods
Total nicotine and its metabolites including cotinine, trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (HCTT), and other minor metabolites were measured in more than 11 500 adult participants by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods. Weighted geometric means (GM) and least square means from statistical modeling were calculated for non-users and users of various tobacco products.

Results
Among daily users, the highest GM concentrations of nicotine, cotinine and HCTT were found in exclusive smokeless tobacco users, and the lowest in exclusive e-cigarette users. Exclusive combustible product users had intermediate concentrations, similar to those found in users of multiple products (polyusers). Concentrations increased with age within the categories of tobacco users, and differences associated with gender, race/ethnicity and educational attainment were also noted among user categories. Recent (past 12 months) former users had GM cotinine concentrations that were more than threefold greater than never users.

Conclusions
These urinary nicotine metabolite data provide quantification of nicotine exposure representative of the entire US adult population during 2013–2014 and may serve as a reference for similar analyses in future measurements within this study.

Implications
Nicotine and its metabolites in urine provide perhaps the most fundamental biomarkers of recent nicotine exposure. This report, based on Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, provides the first nationally representative data describing urinary nicotine biomarker concentrations in both non-users, and users of a variety of tobacco products including combustible, e-cigarette and smokeless products. These data provide a urinary biomarker concentration snapshot in time for the entire US population during 2013–2014, and will provide a basis for comparison with future results from continuing, periodic evaluations in the PATH Study.
The effect of phytoplankton properties on the ingestion of marine snow by Calanus pacificus
Authors: Cawley Grace F , Décima Moira , Mast Andrea , Prairie Jennifer C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Marine snow, formed through the aggregation of phytoplankton and other organic matter, can be consumed by various types of zooplankton, affecting both planktonic trophic dynamics and the export of carbon to depth. This study focuses on how two factors—phytoplankton growth phase and species—affect copepod feeding on marine snow. To do this, we conducted a series of grazing experiments using gut pigment and stable isotope methods to quantify the ingestion of the copepod, Calanus pacificus, on both marine snow aggregates and individual phytoplankton. Results demonstrate that marine snow can represent a substantial food source for copepods, comparable to rates on individual phytoplankton. Moreover, we found that both the overall ingestion and the relative ingestion of aggregates vs. individual phytoplankton depended on phytoplankton growth phase for experiments conducted with the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Although copepods consumed aggregates composed of Skeletonema marinoi at similar rates as those composed of T. weissflogii, no effect of growth phase was observed for S. marinoi. These findings suggest that marine snow can be an important source of nutrition for copepods, but that its role in planktonic food webs may differ depending on the phytoplankton community composition and the stage of phytoplankton blooms.
Inclusion body myositis: correlation of clinical outcomes with histopathology, electromyography and laboratory findings
Authors: Pinto Marcus V , Laughlin Ruple S , Klein Christopher J , Mandrekar Jay , Naddaf Elie 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether histopathological, electromyographic and laboratory markers correlate with clinical measures in inclusion body myositis (IBM).

Methods
We reviewed our electronic medical records to identify patients with IBM according to European Neuromuscular Center (ENMC) 2011 criteria, seen between 2015 and 2020. We only included patients who had a muscle biopsy and needle electromyography (EMG) performed on the same muscle (opposite or same side). We used a detailed grading system [0 (normal) to 4 (severe)] to score histopathological and EMG findings. Clinical severity was assessed by the modified Rankin scale (mRS), muscle strength sum score (SSS), quadriceps strength and severity of dysphagia on swallow evaluation. Serum markers of interest were creatine kinase level and cN-1A antibodies.

Results
We included 50 IBM patients, with a median age of 69 years; 64% were males. Median disease duration at diagnosis was 51 months. On muscle biopsy, endomysial inflammation mainly correlated with dysphagia, and inversely correlated with mRS. Vacuoles and congophilic inclusions did not correlate with any of the clinical measures. On EMG, the shortness of motor un it potential (MUP) duration correlated with all clinical measures. Myotonic discharges, and not fibrillation potentials, correlated with the severity of inflammation. Serum markers did not have a statistically significant correlation with any of the clinical measures.

Conclusions
Dysphagia was the main clinical feature of IBM correlating with endomysial inflammation. Otherwise, inclusion body myositis clinical measures had limited correlation with histopathological features in this study. The shortness of MUP duration correlated with all clinical measures.
O031 Nocturnal melatonin secretion in post-treatment breast cancer patients: a preliminary study
Authors: Subramanian H , Fuchsova V , Man H , Trivedi R , Elder E , Cain S , Amis T , Kairaitis K 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Purpose
Breast-cancer patients frequently report of poor sleep-quality. Although the pathophysiology is unclear, circadian-sleep misalignment is a plausible mechanism. We compared nocturnal melatonin-secretion, a circadian rhythm marker, in post-menopausal, post-treatment (≥12-months) female breast-cancer patients (BCG), with post-menopausal female controls with no history of cancer (CG)

Methods
We recruited 6 BCG and 10 CG from Westmead Hospital breast-cancer outpatient clinic or hospital-staff community, respectively. Participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; &gt;5 PSQI-score=poor sleep-quality) and ~7 days of home-actigraphy (Philips Actiwatch-2, Philips Respironics, USA) to ascertain habitual bed-time (HBT). Later, participants completed an overnight, in-laboratory study, with saliva sampled (n=13) at regular intervals under strict dim-light conditions (&lt;1 lux). Salivary-melatonin concentrations were quantified via radioimmunoassay (University of Adelaide). We measured 1) clock-time when salivary-melatonin concentrations reached 4pg/mL (melatonin onset-[DLMO-4pg/ml]) and 2) time-interval between HBT and DLMO-4pg/ml (indicates circadian-sleep misalignment-[PAR-DLMO]). Data were expressed as median [interquartile range], and compared using 2-sided Mann Whitney U-tests. p&lt;0.05 was considered significant.

Results
BCG and CG had similar ages (62.5 [59.5–67.3] vs. 58.5 [54.0–66.3] yrs, respectively; p=0.23). Compared with CG, BCG had higher PSQI-scores (8.50 [5.25–10.75] vs. 4.00 [3.75–5.50] a.u.; p=0.07), but similar HBT (22:49 [21:46-23:38] vs. 22:17 [21:59-22:21] h:min; p=0.26). BCG had later DLMO-4pg/ml (20:46 [20:01-22:03] vs. 18:23 [17:55-20:07] h:min; p=0.03) and shorter PAR-DLMO (1.43 [0.96–2.38] vs. 3.63 [2.18–3.90] hrs; p=0.09), than CG.

Conclusion
Preliminary data indicate BCG had poorer sleep-quality, delayed melatonin onset, and altered circadian-sleep alignment; compared with CG. We speculate disrupted nocturnal melatonin-secretion potentially influences poor sleep-quality reported by breast-cancer patients.
O032 The influence of travel and recovery inequality on game outcome in the National Basketball Association
Authors: Leota J , Hoffman D , Mascaro L , Facer-Childs E 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Elite athletes are often required to travel for National and International competitions. However, the direction (westwards or eastwards), time zones crossed, and recovery days relative to their opponents may influence team success. The aim of this study was to determine whether differences in jetlag-induced circadian misalignment and number of recovery days between National Basketball Association (NBA) teams influenced the subsequent game result.

Methods
A total of 11,598 games from the 2011/2012 to the 2020/2021 seasons were analysed using mixed models with two fixed effects (travel, recovery) and three random effects (team, opponent, game time). Mediation modelling was also performed to determine if any influence of the fixed effects were mediated by another variable. The data is presented from the home team’s perspective.

Results
Teams with more recovery days between games, won by larger margins (F = 5.0, p &lt; 0.001). Compared to one fewer recovery day (1.45 ± 13.92), one more recovery day (3.53 ± 13.51) advantaged the home team by 2.08 points (d = 0.15). The effect of travel on greater home team margins was completely mediated via recovery day differences (95% CI -0.11 to -0.03, p = 0.002).

Discussion
Using 10 seasons of data, our findings show that regardless of travel, recovery days between games significantly impact game margins. An advantage in recovery days should be considered for teams who travel more time zones westwards relative to their opponent. This suggests inequalities of the NBA schedule may be minimised for future seasons.
O033 Predicting subjective sleep quality using multi-day actigraphy data: A machine learning approach
Authors: Kao C , D’Rozario A , Lovato N , Bartlett D , Postnova S , Grunstein R , Gordon C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Insomnia is diagnosed using clinical interview but actigraphy is often used as a consecutive multi-day measurement of activity-rest cycles to quantify sleep-wake periods. However, discrepancies between subjective complaints of insomnia and objective actigraphy measurement exist. The aims of the current study were to (i) predict subjective sleep quality using actigraphic data and, (ii) identify features of actigraphy that are associated with poor subjective sleep quality.

Methods
Actigraphy data were collected for 14-consecutive days with corresponding subjective sleep quality ratings from participants with Insomnia Disorder and healthy controls. We fitted multiple machine learning algorithms to determine the best performing method with the highest accuracy of predicting subjective quality rating using actigraphic data.

Results
We analysed a total of 1278 days of actigraphy and corresponding subjective sleep quality ratings from 86 insomnia disorder patients and 20 healthy controls. The k-neighbors classifier provided the best performance in predicting subjective sleep quality with an overall accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of 83%, 74% and 87% respectively, and an average AUC-ROC of 0.88. We also found that activity recorded in the early morning (04:00-08:00) and overnight periods (00:00-04:00) had the greatest influence on sleep quality scores, with poor sleep quality related to these periods..

Conclusions
A machine learning model based on actigraphy time-series data successfully predicted self-reported sleep quality. This approach could facilitate clinician’s diagnostic capabilities and provide an objective marker of subjective sleep disturbance.
O035 Automated vs. expert manual analysis of the Multiple Sleep Latency Test
Authors: Miseski S , Tolson J , Ruehland W , Worsnop C , Toman P , Churchward T 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Purpose
To compare Compumedics Profusion PSG™ automated sleep analysis of Multiple Sleep Latency Tests (MSLTs) with expert consensus manual analysis.

Methods
Consecutive PSG with MSLTs were analysed using automated software (Compumedics Ltd (Abbottsford, Victoria, Australia) Profusion PSG™ V4.5 Build 531) (‘Auto’) and by two of nine experienced scientists. Discrepancies between scientists were discussed to establish expert consensus (‘Final’).

Results
Fifty consecutive patients referred for investigation of Narcolepsy were included. Two were excluded due to poor signal quality (1) and early test termination (1). The remaining 48 (37 M, 10 F, 1) had a median (range) age of 37 (17–63) years, BMI 28.0 (19.9–66.1) kg/m2, and mean sleep latency (MSL) 14.0 (1.5–20.0) minutes. Of five MSLTs with MSL &lt;=8 min, Auto-MSL was also &lt;=8 min. Of 43 MSLTs with MSL &gt;=8 min, Auto-MSL was &lt;=8 min in 12. MSL sensitivity was 100% and specificity 72%. For the one MSLT with &gt;=2 SOREMs, Auto identified 1 SOREM. Nap-wise, Auto-SOREM sensitivity was 17% and specificity 98%; one of six REM-positive naps was detected by auto-analysis and there were seven false positive and five false negative SOREM results.

Conclusions
(1) Automated analysis poorly detected short MSL and SOREM occurrence but was able to rule out all true-negative MSLT results, in this MSLT dataset. (2) This comparison methodology and dataset facilitates robust prospective testing of other current and future algorithms.
P005 The effect of alcohol on the motor control of the genioglossus muscle
Authors: Avraam J , Dawson A , Nicholas C , Kay A , O’Donoghue F , Trinder J , Jordan A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Rationale
Alcohol is recognised to worsen snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This effect is thought to be due to alcohol’s depressant effect on upper airway dilator muscles such as the genioglossus, but how alcohol reduces genioglossus activity is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate alcohol’s effect on genioglossus single motor units (SMUs).

Methods
Healthy individuals visited the lab on two days (Alcohol: breath alcohol concentration ~0.08% or Placebo). They were instrumented with a nasal mask, 4 intramuscular genioglossus SMU EMG wires and an ear oximeter. They were exposed to 8–12 hypoxia trials (45-60s of 10%O2 followed by one breath of 100%O2) while awake. The SMUs were sorted according to their firing patterns with respect to respiration and were quantified during baseline, hypoxia, hyperoxia and recovery.

Results
The total number of SMUs recorded at baseline (68 and 67 respectively) and their distribution (ET: 29 vs 22, IP: 5 vs 10, IT: 8 vs 20 and TT: 26 vs 15 respectively) was similar between conditions. The discharge frequency did not differ between conditions (21Hz vs 22.4Hz, p&gt;0.08). There was no difference between placebo and alcohol in the number (101 vs 88 respectively) and distribution (ET: 35 vs 32, IP: 22 vs 16, IT: 14 vs 22 and TT: 30 vs 17 respectively, p&lt;0.05) of SMUs during hypoxia. Afterdischarge following hypoxia was also not different between conditions.

Conclusion
Alcohol has little effect on genioglossus SMUs and afterdischarge. OSA following alcohol may be related to increased upper airway resistance/nasal congestion.
P009 Australian consultant pharmacists’ potential roles in sleep health care - Exploring a new avenue for improving the management of insomnia
Authors: Basheti M , Tran M , Wong K , Gordon C , Grunstein R , Saini B 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Insomnia is a highly prevalent sleep disorder and the first-line recommended treatment is cognitive behavioural therapy. However, there is persistent use of pharmacotherapy, mainly, sedative-hypnotics. Consultant pharmacists can provide medication review services for patients on polypharmacy, and are therefore well placed to educate patients and provide sleep health/insomnia care with regards to pharmacotherapy and behavioural therapy use.

Objectives
To explore consultant pharmacists’ current sleep health-related practice and what their perspectives are around developing/implementing a consultant pharmacist-led behavioural service for insomnia.

Methods
Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with a convenience-based sample of consultant pharmacists. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed.

Results
Twenty-four consultant pharmacists were interviewed. Three themes were gauged: 1) Trivializing insomnia and sleep health, 2) Patients – an integral piece of the treatment puzzle, 3) Making it work. Participants commonly dealt with older patients and frequently encountered patients with sleep complaints/consuming sleep aids. Generally, it was believed that sleep health was considered a ‘non-priority’, with other comorbidities taking precedence in health provisions. While interested in expanding their sleep health/insomnia practice, participants expressed the need for appropriate education/training, funding and collaborative treatment configurations. Further, patients’ attitudes towards treatment approaches were regarded critical to future service developments.

Conclusion
Insomnia/sleep health concerns are growing. Primary health professionals need to scale up their sleep health care provisions to accommodate for this health demand. Consultant pharmacists are interested/willing to expand their sleep-related practice and provide evidence-based insomnia therapies, however factors such as education/training, service configuration support and patient attitudes should be addressed.
P012 Maternal and infant stress during a bedtime separation: a pilot RCT
Authors: Blunden S , Osborne J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Behavioural sleep interventions to improve infant sleep disturbance commonly include extinction where an unwanted behaviour (night time crying) is periodically ignored. There have been conflicting findings regarding the impact of extinction methods on infant stress levels as measured with cortisol and as perceived by mothers and only one that measured cortisol at the time of the separation. This study aimed to compare a responsive method to extinction (controlled crying) and a control group evaluating subjective and objective stress for mother/infant dyads at the time of bedtime separation.

Methods
Mother/infant dyads were randomly allocated to behavioural sleep interventions (Responsive - n= 7, Controlled Crying - n=6 or Controls - n=4). Cortisol (two oral swabs on two nights at T2), maternal self-reported stress (Subjective Units of Distress - SUDS), and perceived infant distress (PIS) were compared over eight weeks. Correlations tested relationships between PIS, SUDS and infant cortisol levels. Mixed models analysis were used for cortisol analyses.

Results
There were no significant differences in cortisol levels between groups across time points but significant inter and intra-individual variability. Maternal stress was positively correlated with infant cortisol and PIS (p&lt;0.05) and mothers in the Responsive group were significantly less stressed (p=0.02).

Conclusion
In this small sample, infant cortisol during bedtime separation was variable, elevated in all sleep interventions and not significantly different. Mothers were less stressed in the Responsive group. Findings indicate responsive methods are comparable to extinction and less stressful for mothers offering a possible gentler choice at bedtime separation.