bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends and variation in antidepressant prescribing in English primary care: a retrospective longitudinal study
Authors: Bogowicz Paul , Curtis Helen J , Walker Alex J , Cowen Philip , Geddes John , Goldacre Ben 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundAntidepressants are commonly prescribed. There are clear national guidelines in relation to treatment sequencing. This study examines trends and variation in antidepressant prescribing across English primary care.AimTo examine trends and variation in antidepressant prescribing in England, with a focus on: monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs); paroxetine; and dosulepin and trimipramine.Design & settingRetrospective longitudinal study using national and practice-level data on antidepressant items prescribed per year (1998–2018) and per month (2010–2019).MethodClass- and drug-specific proportions were calculated at national and practice levels. Descriptive statistics were generated, percentile charts and maps were plotted, and logistic regression analysis was conducted.ResultsAntidepressant prescriptions more than tripled between 1998 and 2018, from 377 items per 1000 population to 1266 per 1000. MAOI prescribing fell substantially, from 0.7% of all antidepressant items in 1998 to 0.1% in 2018. There was marked variation between practices in past year prescribing of paroxetine (median practice proportion [MPP] = 1.7%, interdecile range [IDR] = 2.6%) and dosulepin (MPP = 0.7%, IDR = 1.8%), but less for trimipramine (MPP = 0%, IDR = 0.2%).ConclusionRapid growth and substantial variation in antidepressant prescribing behaviour was found between practices. The causes could be explored using mixed-methods research. Interventions to reduce prescribing of specific antidepressants, such as dosulepin, could include review prompts, alerts at the time of prescribing, and clinician feedback through tools like OpenPrescribing.net.
Crystalline hydroxyapatite coating by hydrolysis using β-tricalcium phosphate target by pulsed-laser deposition
Authors: Yashiro Hidehiko , Kakehata Masayuki , Umebayashi Nobuhiro , Ito Atsuo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Α β-tricalcium phosphate target was employed to decrease the annealing temperature for crystalline hydroxyapatite coating through a hydrolysis process by pulsed-laser deposition. The crystalline hydroxyapatite content of calcium phosphate coating layers was quantitatively evaluated using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, and compared with that of pure polycrystalline powder. Calcium phosphate changes from an amorphous phase to crystalline hydroxyapatite through a crystalline α-tricalcium phosphate phase at around 400 °C under an H2O vapor pressure of 0.1 Torr. The crystalline hydroxyapatite content increases steeply by hydrolysis at 500 °C as the H2O vapor pressure is increased from vacuum to 0.15 Torr, but then decreases somewhat at higher pressure. These results indicate that excessive gas pressure blocks small ablated particles such as atoms, ions, molecules, and clusters that would typically be completely hydrolyzed instantaneously following deposition on the substrate.
Characterization of energy potential in tunable rf-SQUIDs with the classical regime toward precise design of superconducting flux qubit
Authors: Saida Daisuke , Watase Narii , Yamanashi Yuki 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The detailed characteristics of classical states in a radio-frequency superconducting quantum interference device (rf-SQUID) with well-designed energy-potential shape are investigated at 4.2 K. Using Nb/AlO
x
standard process which enables precise circuit-parameter implementation, the rf-SQUID is designed in its energy potential. Directions of persistent current can be distinguished in the rf-SQUID we have fabricated. Analyses in circuit simulations indicate the device design based on enough high critical current provides available parameters to construct the device for 10 mK measurement by circuit-parameter scaling. This knowledge may contribute to the precise design of the rf-SQUID for superconducting qubit through device process with lower critical current density.
Caracterização morfoagronômica de acessos de mamoeiro do banco de germoplasma da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura
Authors: Nobre Vinicius Ferreira , E Silva Sebastião De Oliveira , Da Silva Mauricio Dos Santos 
Published: May 2021

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma caracterização morfoagronômica dos acessos do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma (BAG) de mamoeiro da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, por meio do estudo da diversidade genética e da análise multivariada. A caracterização foi feita em 92 acessos do germoplasma de mamoeiro, com 20 descritores, dos quais 9 eram quantitativos e, 11, qualitativos. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva dos caracteres quantitativos, dos quais se destacaram acessos com 20° Brix de sólidos solúveis e 5,5 kgf cm-2 de firmeza do fruto. A análise multivariada dos 20 descritores resultou na formação de três grupos. Os acessos apresentaram diversidade moderada. Os acessos CMF006, CMF054, CMF056, CMF067, CMF072, CMF082, CMF115, CMF131, CMF188 e CMF204 destacaram-se quanto ao teor de sólidos solúveis, firmeza de fruto, fibrosidade da polpa, altura de planta e altura dos primeiros frutos. Distribuídos equitativamente nos grupos ‘Formosa’ e ‘Solo’, esses acessos são em sua maioria oriundos de cultivares brasileiras. Apesar da estreita base genética do mamoeiro, o estudo indicou a presença de uma diversidade moderada e de importante variabilidade genética em acessos de interesse agronômico. Portanto, o BAG do mamoeiro da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura pode atender às demandas de melhoramento genético e dos produtores rurais.
The Main Asteroid Belt: The Primary Source of Debris on Comet-like Orbits
Authors: Shober P. M. , Sansom E. K. , Bland P. A. , Devillepoix H. A. R. , Towner M. C. , Cupák M. , Howie R. M. , Hartig B. A. D. , Anderson S. L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Jupiter-family comets (JFCs) contribute a significant amount of debris to near-Earth space. However, telescopic observations of these objects seem to suggest that they have short physical lifetimes. If this is true, the material generated will also be short-lived, but fireball observation networks still detect material on cometary orbits. This study examines centimeter-to-meter-scale sporadic meteoroids detected by the Desert Fireball Network from 2014 to 2020 originating from JFC-like orbits. Analyzing each event’s dynamic history and physical characteristics, we confidently determined whether they originated from the main asteroid belt or the trans-Neptunian region. Our results indicate that <4% of sporadic meteoroids on JFC-like orbits are genetically cometary. This observation is statistically significant and shows that cometary material is too friable to survive in near-Earth space. Even when considering shower contributions, meteoroids on JFC-like orbits are primarily from the main belt. Thus, the presence of genuine cometary meteorites in terrestrial collections is highly unlikely.
D’infirmière vers professeur des écoles : reconversion professionnelle et identité personnelle
Authors: Guillot Agnès , Lanoë Soazig 
Published: May 2021

Un quart des infirmières étant touchées par l’épuisement professionnel, départs et reconversions volontaires ne se font pas rares, bien que peu observés dans ce champ professionnel. L’étude monographique et l’analyse de carrière d’une infirmière hospitalière devenue professeure des écoles nous a permis de comprendre sa dynamique de passage d’un métier à l’autre, recomposant son identité professionnelle dans l’appui sur des valeurs éminemment personnelles. La mise à l’épreuve de son sentiment capacitaire l’a décidée à s’engager dans une bifurcation professionnelle volontaire, son estime de soi étant entamée par l’usure professionnelle et la confrontation à la mort de ses patients. Elle a su reconquérir l’un et l’autre et nous révéler des compétences hospitalières réinvesties comme enseignante, métier qu’elle aborde ordinairement et singulièrement, relançant la question de la gestion du bruit dans la classe. Soutenue par son institution d’origine et un « autrui significatif », elle a préparé son projet de reconversion professionnelle et y est entrée en restant fidèle à ses identifications et à elle-même. Cette étude, fondée sur une démarche ascendante d’analyse croisée de corpus, à travers entretiens cliniques et questionnaires d’analyse de carrière, s’est centrée sur l’activité première d’infirmière et ses contraintes, la prise de décision d’une reconversion vers l’enseignement et ses conditions, ainsi que sur les étapes de cette bifurcation volontaire.
Situation d’apprentissage et conceptualisation
Authors: Pastré Pierre 
Published: May 2021

Quand on parle de situation, il est important d’articuler trois concepts : situation, activité, apprentissage. D’une part, toute activité humaine se déploie en situation. D’autre part, on apprend des situations, quand celles-ci comportent un problème, qui requiert de l’apprenant une activité de conceptualisation. Le texte comporte deux parties : la première partie est une réflexion épistémologique ; elle propose un débat entre les tenants de la théorie de l’énaction et les tenants de la conceptualisation dans l’action, théorie à laquelle se rattache l’auteur. La deuxième partie, empirique, montre sur deux exemples comment les apprentissages professionnels combinent conceptualisation et recours à l’expérience.
« Des choses merveilleuses pour ce pays ». Narcos ou la difficile quête du perfectionnisme dans l’action politique
Authors: Collombon Maya , Mathieu Lilian 
Published: May 2021

« Des choses merveilleuses pour ce pays », en l’occurrence la Colombie, c’est ce qu’ambitionne de faire le trafiquant de cocaïne Pablo Escobar alors qu’il cherche à entrer en politique pour y porter la parole des plus pauvres, dont il est issu. Cette ambition se heurtera à l’hostilité de l’oligarchie devant celui qui se pose en « Robin des bois » et qui y répondra par un déchaînement de violence. Elle se heurtera surtout à l’action de ceux pour qui une « meilleure Colombie » passe par l’éradication du narcotrafic et la restauration de l’autorité de l’État. C’est aux dilemmes moraux des protagonistes de Narcos quant à la légitimité des moyens à mettre en œuvre pour y parvenir que s’intéresse principalement cet article. La tentation, exprimée par les agents étasuniens de la DEA comme par certains secteurs de l’État colombien, de combattre le chef du cartel de Medellín par des moyens tout aussi illégitimes, et violents, que les siens s’oppose au respect absolu de la légalité (y compris lorsqu’elle sert les intérêts d’Escobar) incarné par le procureur général de Greiff. Cette tension est mise en scène dans la série au travers des hésitations du président Gaviria, dont les conversations avec son vice-ministre de la Justice appellent une réflexion en termes de perfectionnisme, en exprimant ses doutes quant aux moyens et aux fins du bon gouvernement (une paix octroyée au prix de concessions à Escobar, ou l’élimination du narcotrafiquant s’appuyant sur des paramilitaires et au prix d’une perte de souveraineté) et en exposant les limites du courage politique.
Political Determinants of Voting Behaviour in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Authors: Badshah Lal , Rehman Ashfaq U. , Muhammad Niaz 
Published: May 2021

The aim of this study is to find the political determinants of voting behaviour in the selected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is a quantitative study and aims at knowing the political factors of voting behaviour in the earlier three general elections i.e., 2002, 2008 and 2013. Its major purpose is to see the changing trend of the voters in the above-mentioned elections. It has investigated 292 respondents who had cast vote in any of the target elections. The researchers asked questions through Likert scale designed questionnaire under the purposive sampling technique. The study finds a significant association of political factors such as candidate’s affiliation, political party affiliation, party leadership affiliation and party ideology with the voting behaviour. The results of the data show changing scenario as the importance of numerous factors is replaced by others. The study recommends that local political leadership as well as the Election Commission of Pakistan should come forward to actively launch an awareness movement for women participation in elections. It should focus on the importance of vote towards increasing the ratio of participation in voting process, especially women’s voting.
Gender Inequality in Education: An Analysis of Socio-Cultural Factors and Impacts on the Economic Development of Malakand, Pakistan
Authors: Daraz Umer , Ahmad Akhlaq , Bilal Muhammad 
Published: May 2021

Women’s education is the most effective channel for reducing the inequalities between men and women and ensuring the maximum participation of women in the developmental process. This study is conducted in Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Further this Paper explains the socio-cultural reasons of gender inequality in education, and to investigate that how this inequality affects the economic stability. The data is collected through questionnaire from 165 household using cluster random sampling technique. Chi-square test and correlation technique are utilized for the verification of hypotheses which proves that the gender inequality in education is as an endogenous variable and show that it can be explained to a considerable extent by cultural-religious preference, and regional factors. It is concluded from the study that, gender disparity in education reduces human per capita income. The study suggests that to improve human development in the context of per capita production, women’s education must be improved through the elimination of disparity in the text and by relaxing the socio-cultural factors.
Eurasian Integration and China’s BRI: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Siraj Uzma , Saqib Najam Us , Naazer Manzoor Ahmad 
Published: May 2021

The idea of Eurasian integration has come up as a strategic goal of major powers in recent years. Russia’s Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the European Union’s (EU) Eastern Partnership Program (EPP) with the objective of expanding a sphere of influence and China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to create economic integration through transportation infrastructure and trade are three major strategies for this purpose. This study highlights that China’s growing presence in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is a clear indicator of its growing influence. Therefore, the article aims to appraise China’s rise in Eastern Europe through its BRI and Eurasian integration strategy. Secondly, it presents a comparative analysis of multiple Eurasian integration strategies. Through a prism of “New Regionalism Theory,” this study delves into exploring the factors behind China’s effort to create regional integration in the whole Eurasia. The findings of the study show that the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a unique idea in the sense that it aims at not only the integration of geographically adjacent regions but also creating physical connections in faraway regions. This convergence will not only bring more financial opportunities for the regional states but also manifest a great probability for China’s emergence as the greatest Eurasian power.
Debate
Authors: Ciência Cadernos de História da 
Published: May 2021

Os textos apresentados a seguir são reconstituições sintéticas dos depoimentos verbais proferidos pelos debatedores do evento dedicado à discussão acerca de instituições de pesquisa no estado de São Paulo. Procuramos assegurar, nesse trabalho de edição, o melhor compromisso entre fidelidade ao conteúdo e economia da forma.O registro de tais aepoimentos por gravação, assim como sua transcrição literal encontram-se à disposição dos interessados nos arquivos do LERe.
- Prof. Dr. José da Rocha Carvalheiro - Coordenador dos Institutos de Pesquisa, professor livre-docente da Faculdade de Medicina da USP-Ribeirão Preto.
- Prof. Dr. Shozo Motoyama - Diretor do Centro Interunidade de His~ória da Ciência e professor t:.tu:Gl' da FFLCH da USP.
Ecos y reflejos de la polémica por la Spongia (1617) en las aprobaciones y dedicatorias de Lope de VegaEchoes and Reflections of the Spongia’s (1617) Controversy in Lope de Vega’s Approvals and Dedications
Authors: García Aguilar Ignacio 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The volume of the Expostulatio Spongiae consists of eighteen parts. The best known and most studied of all of them is that one written by Fonseca y Figueroa that entitles the volume, in which Lope is defended and Torres Rámila’s Spongia is fiercely criticized. The remaining seventeen parts of the printed book are paratexts of a very different nature, which serve the same purpose and act as or more effectively than the Expostulatio Spongiae text itself. This paper analyzes the function and meaning of these paratexts in the defense of Lope and in the attack on Torres Rámila.
Apuntes para una historia de la polémica gongorina en SevillaSome Notes for a History of the Gongoristic Controversy in Seville
Authors: García José Manuel Rico 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This work studies the impact of the Gongoristic polemics in the city of Seville. In order to do that, a group of writers who commented and praised Góngora during the XVII century is firstly examined. Secondly, the few testimonies of the slow acceptance of Góngora’s poetics within the humanistic circles of the city are compiled and interpreted, and some proofs of the resistance and opposition to this new poetry are provided. Finally, the article analyzes the relation with Seville of three manuscripts very significant for the transmission of the Gongoristic controversy.
Ferromanganese Nodules of the Deep Sea
Authors: Heath G. Ross 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Pelagic ferromanganese nodules are abundant at the sea floor in areas where oxidized sediments are accumulating at rates of less than about 7 m per million years. Foraging benthic organisms are believed to keep nodules at the sea floor for periods of hundreds of thousands to millions of years. Such benthic activity has yet to be observed, however.
Economically attractive concentrations of Cu and Ni are found only on the fringes of the Pacific equatorial zone of high surface biological productivity. Existing data suggest that the surface biota extract transition metals from seawater and deliver them to the sea floor in large particles, such as fecal pellets. Oxic and suboxic diagensis of the biogenic debris frees the metals to enter the sediments or nodules, or to escape to the bottom waters of the ocean. The relative roles of inorganic reactions, bacterial activity (both in releasing and fixing transition metals), and nodule mineralogy in controlling nodule compositions still are controversial and currently are areas of active research. Cu and Ni are less abundant in nodules beneath the most productive surface waters because of dilution by manganese released from underlying, organic-rich, reduced sediments.
Assuming that legal-social-political questions surrounding the commercial exploitation of deep-sea nodules can be resolved by the United Nations Law of the Sea and subsequent negotiations, it appears that 8 to 60 mine sites, each containing about 70 million tons of recoverable nodules with more than about 1.8 percent Cu + Ni and having surface concentrations in excess of 5 kg per square meter, are available in the Clarion-Clipperton region of the eastern equatorial North Pacific. Development of the first of these sites should be far advanced by the end of this century.
Gravity and Magnetic Methods in Mineral Exploration
Authors: Wright Phillip M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Spatial variations in the earth’s gravity field are caused by lateral variations in rock density. Field surveys routinely measure the gravity field to 1 part in 108, and recent improvements in gravity meters have resulted in instruments capable of one or two orders of magnitude better. Because variations in measured gravity caused by latitude and elevation differences among stations are generally much larger in magnitude than anomalies caused by geologic variations of interest in prospecting, corrections to remove latitude and elevation effects must be based on precise location and elevation information. Positive gravity anomalies are found over some massive sulfide and iron deposits, facilitating direct detection of the orebody. Perhaps the most common applications of the gravity method are in aiding geologic mapping. For example, negative gravity anomalies are commonly associated with intrusive complexes and with relatively low density alluvial basin fill, thus providing ways to map these and other features of interest in prospecting.
Spatial variations in the earth’s magnetic field that are of interest in exploration are most commonly due to lateral variations in the distribution of the mineral magnetite. Continuing improvement in magnetometers has resulted in instruments capable of measuring the magnetic field to 1 part in 105 or better in routine survey applications. This is within the geological noise level for most applications.
The most common prospecting use of the magnetic method is in aiding geologic mapping through detection of anomalies caused by structure or rock type changes. Direct detection of iron deposits and of magnetic skam deposits is possible.
No interpretation of gravity or magnetic data is unique, but ambiguity can generally be reduced through use of geological or other geophysical data. Modern interpretation techniques for both gravity and magnetic data are based on calculating the effects of an assumed model using a digital computer, comparing the model results with the field data, and modifying the model until a satisfactory match is attained. Interactive modeling programs using computer graphics greatly facilitate this process. Advances continue to be made in field techniques, instrumentation, and interpretation, and they hold promose for even more useful applications of gravity and magnetic techniques.
Seismic Methods in Mineral Exploration
Authors: Wright Phillip M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Seismic methods utilize the propagation of elastic waves in the earth. These waves are reflected and refracted when they intersect a boundary between rocks of different acoustic impedance in the earth, and the detection of the reflected or refracted components allows the boundaries to be mapped.
Although seismic methods have found broad and sophisticated application in petroleum exploration, they have contributed far less to metals exploration. The reasons are twofold: the geologic environments containing most metals deposits are commonly more complex than the petroleum environments, and whereas the petroleum industry has invested a great deal of money in optimizing the seismic method for the petroleum environment, the mining community has not made a corresponding investment. Thus, seismic exploration has a reputation of being expensive and useful in only a few special cases. Geophysicists generally agree, however, that research and development could substantially improve the method for mining application.
Seismic methods are effective at target depths beyond those appropriate for the electrical methods that now dominate minerals exploration. In addition, seismic methods can often detect smaller targets. Consequently, the cost effectiveness of seismic techniques will increase as targets become smaller and/or deeper and as optimization of these techniques to the mining environment is achieved through research and development.