bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calcium intake below the recommended dietary allowance is associated with lower tibia bone mineral content and strength in young adults entering initial military training
Authors: Nakayama Anna , Lutz Laura J , McClung James P , Gaffney‐Stomberg Erin 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundCalcium (Ca), a critical micronutrient for bone health, has been deemed a nutrient of public health concern due to consumption at levels below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). Stress fracture risk is elevated during initial military training (IMT) and supplemental Ca during IMT reduces stress fracture incidence.ObjectiveTo assess dietary Ca in young adults entering IMT and to determine whether habitual Ca intake is associated with indices of bone health at the tibia, a commonly fractured site.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed using baseline data from 3 randomized control trials that assessed the efficacy of Ca and vitamin D supplementation for optimizing bone health during IMT in Army, Air Force, and Marine recruits. Ca intake was estimated from a semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire and adequacy was based on the age‐specific RDAs. Bone health was evaluated by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) of the tibia at the metaphysis and diaphysis. The associations between pQCT parameters and Ca intake adequacy were assessed by multivariate regression (SPSS, v21) controlling for age, sex, race, self‐reported physical activity, BMI, smoking, education level, and use of Depo Provera.ResultsOf the 399 study participants (n=223 females, n=180 males), 251 (62%) did not meet the RDA for Ca. Adequate Ca intake was positively associated with total bone mineral content (BMC; B=.091, p=.005) and strength (B=.084, p=.020) at the metaphysis. When participants were stratified by sex, 70% of females and 52% of the males did not meet the RDA. In the female cohort, adequate Ca intake was positively associated with BMC (B=.169, p=.011) and strength (B=.142, p=.033) at the metaphysis and cortical BMC (B=.134, p=.042) at the diaphysis. There were no associations in the male cohort.ConclusionAdequate Ca intake in young adults is positively associated with measures of tibia BMC and strength. As recruits with Ca intake below the RDA at the start of training may experience diminished bone health potentially leading to greater injury susceptibility, adequate Ca intake should be emphasized prior to initiating military training.Disclaimer: The views expressed in this abstract are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy of the Department of Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.Support or Funding InformationResearch supported by USAMRMC, DHP, and in part by an appointment to the Postgraduate Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education.
High Oleic Soybean Oil Improves Cardiometabolic Health in Adults
Authors: Baer David J , Henderson Theresa , Gebauer Sarah K 
Published: June 2021

High oleic soybean oil (HOSBO) is a shelf‐stable oil that provides broad versatility for both solid fat and liquid oil applications for food preparation. The impact of replacement of HOSBO for alternative solid fat and liquid oils on cardiometabolic risk factors is largely unknown. This randomized, diet‐controlled, crossover trial was conducted with four treatments: 1) HOSBO, 2) soybean oil (SBO), 3) 80:20 blend of HOSBO and fully hydrogenated SBO (FHSBO), and 4) 50:50 blend of palm oil and palm olein (“palm blend”) to measure the lipid, lipoprotein, and other cardiometabolic factor responses to use of these oils under typical food preparation methods. Subjects (n=60) were randomized to a sequence of the 4 treatments and fed a controlled diet containing 50% of their total fat from the treatment (total dietary fat = 35% of energy). At the end of each 29‐day treatment period, blood samples were collected on 2 days and a 24 hr urine sample was collected. Concentrations of atherogenic markers [LDL cholesterol (LDLc), ApoB, Non HDL cholesterol, LDL particles] were higher after consumption of the palm blend compared to HOSBO and the other treatments (overall treatment P <0.0001). LDLc and ApoB were higher after consumption of the HOSBO compared to SBO (P=0.01, P=0.02, respectively). There was no significant difference in these atherogenic markers between the HOSBO+FHSBO blend and the HOSBO. Thus, replacement of up to 20% of HOSBO with FHSBO provides solid fat functionality with no change in atherogenic markers. Consumption of the palm blend increased HDL cholesterol (HDLc) and ApoAI compared to all other treatments, with no differences among the other treatments for HDLc and ApoAI. Ratios of total cholesterol‐to‐LDLc and LDLc‐to‐HDLc were highest after consumption of the palm blend compared to the other treatments (P <0.0001). Triglycerides, fasting glucose, and blood pressure were similar across all 4 treatments. HOSBO, an important option for replacement of solid fat and liquid oils in multiple food applications, maintains or improves lipid and lipoprotein profiles in humans compared to alternative functional fats.Support or Funding InformationFunded by USDA, ARS and Qualisoy
Comparison of the Impact of High‐Dose DHA and EPA Supplementation on the Intravascular Kinetics of Very‐Low Density Lipoprotein Apolipoprotein C‐III
Authors: Vors Cecile , Johanne Marin , Allaire Janie , Tchernof André , Couture Patrick , Lamarche Benoit 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundApolipoprotein C‐III (apoC‐III) is an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its presence on very‐low density lipoproteins (VLDL) may enhance their atherogenicity, primarily by delaying their rate of catabolism. We have shown in a recent study that high‐dose supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) led to more pronounced reductions in TG compared with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), but mechanisms remain unclear. The objective of this study was to compare the individual effect of EPA and DHA on VLDL‐apoC‐III metabolism in men and women at risk of CVD.MethodsIn a randomized double‐blind crossover trial, 10 men and 8 women with abdominal obesity and low‐grade inflammation were subjected to three 10‐wk supplementation phases: 1) EPA (2.7 g/d); 2) DHA (2.7 g/d); 3) corn oil (0g DHA, 0g EPA, control), separated by a 9‐wk washout. All supplements were provided as 3×1g capsules for a total of 3g/d. After each dietary intervention, subjects received a primed‐constant infusion of [5,5,5‐D(3)]‐L‐leucine for 12h under constant feeding conditions for the determination of VLDL‐apoC‐III kinetics.ResultsBoth DHA (−11.7%, p=0.01) and EPA (−6.4%, p=0.03) similarly reduced the fractional catabolism rate (FCR) of VLDL‐apoC‐III compared with control (p=0.75 between DHA and EPA). On the other hand, neither DHA nor EPA supplementation had a significant impact on VLDL‐apoC‐III concentrations and production rate (PR). Compared with control, DHA‐ and EPA‐induced reductions in TG were correlated with DHA‐ and EPA‐induced variations in VLDL‐apoC‐III PR (r=0.49, p=0.03 and r=0.48, p=0.05 respectively), but not with changes in VLDL‐apoC‐III FCR.ConclusionsHigh‐dose supplementation with DHA or EPA is associated with reduced clearance of VLDL‐apoC‐III, with no effect, however, on VLDL‐apoC‐III concentrations and production. Although the DHA‐ and EPA‐induced reductions in serum TG may be more sensitive to treatment‐induced variations in VLDL‐apoC‐III production, other mechanisms must be investigated to explain why DHA may reduce serum TG more than EPA.Support or Funding InformationFinancial support for this RCT was provided exclusively by a grant from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (MOP‐123494). Douglas Laboratories provided the EPA, DHA and placebo capsules used in this study. The funding source was not involved in the study design, conduct of the study, or collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data or in the preparation or review of the manuscript and had no right to approve or disapprove of the submitted manuscript. CV is a fellow of the French Foundation for Medical Research (FRM, file code: 40303). JA is a recipient of a PhD Scholarships from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research and the Fonds de recherche du Québec – Santé.
Effects of Dietary Resveratrol on Gut Microbiota in Mice with Colitis
Authors: Li Fang , Gu Min , Cai Xiaokun , Song Mingyue , Li Zhengze , Goulette Tim , Xiao Hang 
Published: June 2021

Accumulating evidence indicated that gut microbiota play important roles in the pathogenesis of colitis, and microbiota composition could be modulated by dietary components. Therefore, ameliorating colitis‐associated bacterial dysbiosis by dietary components may be a unique strategy to improve gut health. Herein, we determined the effects of resveratrol on gut microbiota and their implication in anti‐colonic inflammation in mice with colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Our results showed that DSS treatment dramatically disturbed the composition of gut microbiota in mice, which was associated with elevated colonic inflammation. Dietary treatment with resveratrol partially attenuated the gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by DSS, for example, resveratrol effectively reduced the abundance of bacteria from Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria phyla, decreased the abundance of Sutterella and Bilophila genera, and increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera in DSS‐treated mice. Alpha and beta‐diversity analysis showed that DSS treatment reduced the microbial diversity and shifted the microbial community structure in comparison with the negative control (healthy) mice, while resveratrol ameliorated the aforementioned alteration and restored the diversity of the gut microbiota in DSS‐treated mice. Furthermore, resveratrol alleviated the symptoms of colitis and decreased the expression levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐10, IL‐2, GM‐CSF, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α, in the colon of DSS‐treated mice. Overall, our data demonstrated that resveratrol partially reversed bacterial dysbiosis in DSS‐treated mice, which may play an important role in its anti‐colitis effect.Support or Funding InformationThis study was partially supported by fund from USDA
Comparison of Cell Growth Inhibition by Various Phenolic‐enriched Sorghum Accessions in Human Liver Carcinoma HepG2 Cells
Authors: Chen Xi , Rhodes Davina , Herald Tom , Su Xiaoyu , Xu Jingwen , Shen Yanting , Wang Weiqun 
Published: June 2021

Phenolic agents in plant foods have been associated with chronic disease prevention, especially cancer. In this study, we selected 13 phenolic‐enriched sorghum accessions and tested their extracted phenolic agents on cell growth inhibition in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Total phenolic contents as determined by Folin‐Ciocalteu were 30–64 mg GAE/g DW on the extracts of various accessions. Treatment of HepG2 cells with the extracted phenolics at 0–200 uM up to 72 hrs resulted in a dose‐ and time‐dependent reduction in cell number. IC50 was varied from 85 to 221 ug/mL for each of the 13 extracted accessions when compared with a negative control at 1,275 ug/mL. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of cell growth inhibition was examined in one accession, indicating the cell growth inhibition that appeared not to be mediated by cytotoxicity, but cytostatic mechanism with a dose‐dependent increase of cell cycle arrest at G2/M. Meanwhile, the percentage of apoptotic cells were significantly induced. Our on‐going studies conducted on the colon cancer cells will be compared with these liver cancer cell data for a better understanding of anti‐cancer cell activities by sorghum phenolic agents (supported by USDA Cooperative Award 58‐3020‐5‐016).Support or Funding Informationsupported by USDA Cooperative Award 58‐3020‐5‐016
AKT2 is the Predominant Akt Isoform Expressed in Human Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Geddis Alyssa Virginia , Abdalla Mary N , Leandry Luis A , McClung Holly L , Pasiakos Stefan M , Matheny Ronald W 
Published: June 2021

AKT is a serine/threonine kinase that mediates a number of intracellular processes including proliferation, survival, and metabolism. Three Akt isoforms have been identified in mammals (AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3), and there exist distinct and redundant functions for each. While a great deal of our knowledge regarding the functions of the three AKT isoforms in skeletal muscle has been derived from the use of cell and animal models, there is limited information regarding the expression and actions of AKT isoforms in human skeletal muscle. Given this, we performed a series of experiments to determine the abundances of each AKT isoform in human skeletal muscle, and to identify the principal AKT isoform involved in human myogenesis. We first examined the RNA transcript expression of each AKT isoform from biopsies obtained from human quadriceps. AKT2 was the most highly expressed AKT transcript, exhibiting a15.5‐fold increase over AKT1 and AKT3 transcripts (P<0.001). No significant difference between expression of AKT1 and AKT3 was observed. We next determined the abundance of AKT protein isoforms by using antibody immunoprecipitation followed by Liquid Chromatography‐Parallel Reaction Monitoring/Mass Spectrometry (LC‐PRM/MS). Immunoprecipitation was performed using both mouse and rabbit pan AKT antibodies that were immunoreactive with purified peptides of all three AKT isoforms. Analysis of immunoprecipitates by LC‐PRM/MS revealed that AKT2 was the most highly expressed AKT in quadriceps muscle (4.2‐fold greater than AKT1 using the rabbit antibody (P<0.001) and 1.6‐fold greater than AKT1 using the mouse antibody(P<0.05)). Expression of AKT3 protein was virtually undetectable in quadriceps, suggesting that AKT3 plays little or no role in skeletal muscle physiology. Having found that AKT2 is the most highly expressed AKT isoform in human quadriceps, we next asked whether AKT2 was the principal isoform regulating human myotube formation. To test this, cultured primary human myoblasts were virally‐transduced with cDNAs encoding either wild‐type (WT) or kinase‐dead (KD) AKT1 or AKT2 and allowed to terminally differentiate. Myotubes expressing either WT‐AKT1 or WT‐AKT2 showed enhanced fusion compared to control myotubes(P<0.05 for each), while myotubes expressing KD‐AKT1 showed a 10% reduced fusion index (P<0.05). However, compared to control myotubes, myotubes expressing KD‐AKT2 showed a 63% decrease in fusion index (P<0.001). In conclusion, our findings identify AKT2 as the predominant AKT isoform expressed in human quadriceps muscle and as the principal AKT isoform that regulates differentiation of cultured human skeletal myoblasts.Support or Funding InformationThe opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Army or the Department of Defense.
Transient Receptor Potential Canonical Channel‐1 (TRPC1) KO Mice That Exercise Are Protected from High‐Fat Diet‐induced Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Authors: Krout Danielle , Schaar Anne , Singh Brij B , Roemmich James N , Claycombe‐Larson Kate J 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTransient receptor potential canonical channel‐1 (TRPC1) is a major class of calcium permeable channels found in key metabolic tissues, including the hypothalamus, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, making them likely candidates for the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. The exact role of TRPC1 in development of obesity, adipose tissue mass changes, and obesity‐associated metabolic disease risk has not yet been determined.MethodFour month old male B6129SF2/J (WT) or TRPC1 knockout (TRPC1 KO) mice were fed a control normal‐fat (NF) (16% fat) or a high‐fat (HF) (45% fat) diet for 3 months and subjected to voluntary wheel running exercise or sedentary activity. Body composition, type 2 diabetes risk, and adipose tissue cellularity were determined.ResultsUnder sedentary conditions, body fat mass was not different between WT and TRPC1 KO mice. Fat mass was decreased (P<0.05) in TRPC1 KO mice fed a HF diet and exercised compared to WT mice fed a HF diet and exercised. Fasting glucose concentrations were also lower in TRPC1 KO mice fed a HF diet in both exercise and sedentary groups. Adipocyte numbers were decreased in both the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue of TRPC1 KO mice fed a HF diet and exercised.ConclusionThese findings suggest that in TRPC1 deficient mice, exercise is very protective against HF diet‐induced obesity and insulin resistance. Additional studies will be conducted to determine the mechanism underlying exercise‐mediated reduction in adiposity and insulin resistance in the absence of TRPC1.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the USDA Agricultural Research Service Project #3062‐51000‐052‐00D awarded to K.J.L., the National Institutes of Health awarded to B.B.S. (DE017102; DE024300; GM113123), and by ND EPSCoR through the National Science Foundation (IIA‐1355466) awarded to A.S.
Dietary Prebiotics and Arachidonic Acid (ARA) Modulate Intestinal Injury and Microbial Taxa Following Acute Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Formula‐Fed Piglets
Authors: Jacobi Sheila K. , Xi Lin , Maltecca Christian , Borst Luke , Smith Andrew , Odle Jack 
Published: June 2021

Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances are among the most common health challenges faced by the suckling neonate, and dietary interventions aimed to modulate inflammation and microbial colonization may provide a prophylactic option to enhance GI development. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of supplemental ARA or prebiotics (alone or combined) on intestinal inflammation and the microbiome in an acute dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis model. Day‐old pigs were randomized among 4 diets (0.5% arachidonic acid (ARA; control); 4g/L galactooligosaccharide + 4 g/L polydextrose (PRE); 2.5% ARA, and PRE+ARA; n=24/diet, and were fed 3 times per d for 21d. On d 17–21 pigs (12 per diet) were treated with 0.625 g DSS/kg BW to induce colitis. Pigs were euthanized on d22 and samples were collected for digesta pH, colonic mucosal fatty acid composition (via GC‐MS), histology, and fecal microbiome analysis (via 16S rDNA Illumina sequencing). Supplements did not affect growth. Colonic mucosal ARA% (w/w) increased from 3.83 in controls to 6.67 in pigs fed diets enriched in ARA (P < .001), with reciprocal reductions in linoleate concentration. Dietary prebiotics increased ARA and linoleate concentrations but reduced stearate concentration in colonic mucosa (P<.002). Colonic mucosal fatty acid composition was unaffected by DSS treatment (P > .05). There was a main effect of PRE on decreasing ileal, cecal, proximal and distal colon digesta pH compared with diets lacking PRE (7.4 vs. 7.3 ± 0.03; 6.2 vs 5.8 ±0.06; 6.3 vs 5.7 ± 0.04; 6.4 vs. 6.0 ± 0.04, respectively; P<0.05). PRE and DSS both increased laxation scores with highest diarrhea being found in pigs fed PRE and challenged with DSS (P<0.05). In addition, pathology assessments (means ± SEM) showed main effects of diet and DSS on epithelial damage, lamina propria inflammation, crypt abscess, crypt dropout, and overall colitis score (P < 0.05). Dietary treatments altered microbial taxa with significant clustering of the PRE diets distinct from ARA diets. In conclusion supplementation of formula with prebiotics significantly shifts microbial taxa on d22, modulates intestinal pH, and laxation.Support or Funding InformationThis project was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2014‐67017‐21750 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
Ginger Extracts Inhibit Na‐Glucose Cotransport in Rat Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Talukder Jamil , Hill Cameron , Jaima Antara , Santiz‐Lopez Jessica 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundGlucose absorption in the intestine is regulated by Na‐dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1). Food borne bioactive compounds may alter the role of Na‐dependent nutrient transport including SGLT1 in the gut lumen. Ginger is one of the common spices being used around the globe and its effect on SGLT1 is unknown.AimTo determine the effects of ginger extracts on SGLT1 in enterocytes.MethodsIEC‐6 cells grown on transwell plates were treated with ginger extracts. Initially, dose response and time course experiments were performed for glucose uptake using [3H]‐O‐M‐Glucose. Cytosolic Ca2+ was measured using Flu 3AM and Caspase‐3 activity was determined using a kit. RTQ‐PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to determine SGLT1 mRNA and protein levels, respectively.ResultsGinger extracts treatment decreased Na‐dependent glucose uptake dose dependently in IEC‐6. Kinetic studies demonstrated that ginger extracts inhibit glucose uptake by decreasing the affinity of SGLT1. Ginger extracts treatment increased cytosolic Ca2+ levels but not Caspase‐3 activity. Molecular studies showed that SGLT1 mRNA levels and protein on apical membrane were not down regulated by ginger extracts.ConclusionsThese studies revealed that ginger extracts inhibit glucose absorption by inhibiting SGLT1 activity in enterocytes.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by NSF grant, HRD‐1332459 to Drs. Golden, Hamada, and Talukder
Newly Formulated Fortified Blended Foods Result in Improved Protein Quality and Iron Bioavailability in Broiler Chickens
Authors: Fiorentino Nicole M , Kimmel Katheryne A , Joseph Michael , Alavi Sajid , Beyer R Scott , Lindshield Brian L 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundCorn and soybean based fortified blended foods (FBFs) have been the primary food aid product provided by the United States. Sorghum and cowpea have been suggested as alternative FBF commodities because they are drought‐tolerant, can be locally grown in areas where food aid is provided, and are not genetically modified.ObjectiveTo determine protein quality and iron bioavailability of newly formulated sorghum, cowpea, soy, and corn‐based FBFs, compared with the current United States Agency for International Development corn and soy blend FBF, CSB+, in broiler chickens, which have been suggested to be a good model for iron bioavailability.MethodsNine groups of one‐day old broiler chicks (n = 10) consumed control chicken diet for one week before being randomized to consume prepared FBFs. The FBFs consisted of corn‐soy blend 14, white sorghum‐soy, white sorghum‐cowpea, white sorghum‐cowpea with soy protein isolate (instead of whey protein concentrate) extruded FBFs, two over‐extruded white sorghum‐cowpea FBFs (one with soy protein isolate), a non‐extruded sorghum‐cowpea FBF, CSB+, or a control chicken diet for 21 days. Results were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA with LSD test using SAS Studio 3.6.ResultsAll newly formulated FBFs resulted in significantly higher protein efficiency ratio and caloric efficiency than CSB+. Unlike CSB+, all newly formulated FBFs resulted in significantly increased hepatic iron levels compared to the control group. The white sorghum‐soy group had significantly increased body weight compared to all other FBFs, except the corn‐soy blend 14 group.ConclusionNewly formulated FBFs' higher protein quality and iron bioavailability compared to CSB+, suggests they are of higher nutritional quality. Further research is needed to identify the best new FBF formulations.Support or Funding InformationSupported by USDA‐MFFAPP.