bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atomic Structure and Spectra
Authors: Krishnan Kannan M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We review the structure of atoms to describe allowed intra-atomic electronic transitions following dipole selection rules. Inner shell ionization is followed by characteristic X-ray emission or non-radiative de-excitation processes leading to Auger electrons that involve three atomic levels. Photon incidence also results in characteristic photoelectron emission, reflecting the energy distribution of the electrons in the solid. We present details of laboratory and synchrotron sources of X-rays, and discuss their detection by wavelength or energy-dispersive spectrometers, as well as microanalysis with X-ray (XRF), or electron (EPMA) incidence. Characteristic X-ray intensities are quantified in terms of composition using corrections for atomic number (Z), absorption (A), and fluorescence (F). Electron detectors use electrostatic or magnetic dispersing fields; two common designs are electrostatic hemispheric or mirror analyzers. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), used for surface analysis, require ultra-high vacuum. AES is a weak signal, best resolved in a derivative spectrum, shows sensitivity to the chemical state and the atomic environment, provides a spatially-resolved signal for composition mapping, and can be quantified for chemical analysis using sensitivity factors. Finally, we introduce the basics of XPS, a photon-in, electron-out technique, discussed further in §3.
Diffraction of Electrons and Neutrons
Authors: Krishnan Kannan M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractElectron scattering, significantly stronger than that for X-rays, is sensitive to surfaces and small volumes of materials. Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) provides information on surface reconstruction and the arrangement of adsorbed atoms. Reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) probes surface crystallography, and monitors, in situ, mechanisms of thin film growth. Transmission electron diffraction reveals a planar cross-section of the reciprocal lattice, where intensities are products of the structure and lattice amplitude factors determined by the overall shape of the specimen. The amplitude of any diffracted beam at the exit surface oscillates with thickness (fringes) and the excitation error (bend contours). Selected area diffraction produce spot or ring patterns, where low-index zone-axis orientations reflect the symmetry of the crystal, and double-diffraction shows positive intensities even for reflections forbidden by extinction rules. Kikuchi lines appear as pairs of dark and bright lines, and help in tilting the specimen. A focused probe produces convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED), useful for symmetry analysis at nanoscale resolution. Neutrons interact with the nucleus and the magnetic moment of the atom via the spin of the neutron; the latter finds particular use in studies of magnetic order. The atomic scattering factor for neutrons shows negligible angular dependence.
Summary Tables
Authors: Krishnan Kannan M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The three tables that follow provide an easily accessible comparative summary of the key points and features of the major characterization methods discussed in the text. The techniques are classified into three broad groups/methods: spectroscopy/chemical, diffraction/scattering, and imaging. For each technique, a concise description of the method and its use is followed, in bullet form, by its salient details and other characteristics, such as resolution, sensitivity etc., as well as specimen requirements that determine its practice. A general estimate of cost and space requirements is also included, but needless to say, this is only a snapshot for comparison and is definitely subject to change with time.
Environmental Guilt and Shame
Authors: Fredericks Sarah E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Bloggers confessing that they waste food, nongovernmental organizations naming corporations selling unsustainably harvested seafood, and veterans apologizing to Native Americans at the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation for environmental and social devastation caused by the United States government all signal the existence of action-oriented guilt and identity-oriented shame about participation in environmental degradation. Environmental Guilt and Shame demonstrates that these moral emotions are common among environmentally friendly segments of the United States but have received little attention from environmental ethicists though they can catalyze or hinder environmental action. Concern about environmental guilt and shame among “everyday environmentalists” reveals the practical, emotional, ethical, and existential issues raised by environmental guilt and shame and ethical insights about guilt, shame, responsibility, agency, and identity. A typology of guilt and shame enables the development and evaluation of these ethical insights. Environmental Guilt and Shame makes three major claims: First, individuals and collectives, including the diffuse collectives that cause climate change, can have identity, agency, and responsibility and thus guilt and shame. Second, some agents, including collectives, should feel guilt and/or shame for environmental degradation if they hold environmental values and think that their actions shape and reveal their identity. Third, a number of conditions are required to conceptually, existentially, and practically deal with guilt and shame’s effects on agents. These conditions can be developed and maintained through rituals. Existing rituals need more development to fully deal with individual and collective guilt and shame as well as the anthropogenic environmental degradation that may spark them.
Environmental Guilt and Shame
Authors: Fredericks Sarah E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
With a typology of guilt and shame and philosophical justification for both individual and collectives experiencing environmental guilt and shame in hand, Chapter 5 returns to and expands upon the evidence of environmental guilt and shame to explore how well the theories align with the evidence. It demonstrates that that all of the elements of the typology, including collective guilt and shame, are found in accounts of environmental guilt and shame. As collective guilt and shame are likely to be most controversial to readers and have the least evidence in the previously examined data, Chapter 5 supplements the sources examined in Chapter 2, with additional popular and academic literature about collective guilt and shame, particularly claims about the human species in Anthropocene literature and the existence of naming and shaming campaigns which target governments and corporations judged to contribute to environmental degradation. The presence of so many forms of environmental guilt and shame in popular culture indicate that a multifaceted response to these moral emotions and the actions and conditions that give rise to them is necessary.
Ethics of Environmental Guilt and Shame
Authors: Fredericks Sarah E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 articulates the ethics of intentionally inducing environmental guilt or shame. It considers two competing views: Martha C. Nussbaum’s argument against shaming individuals because of their dignity and the ease with which shamers can abuse power is echoed in the work of the few environmental ethicists who have considered environmental shaming. Jennifer Jacquet’s support of shaming, especially collectives, in an era of climate change given the urgent need to act, offers a counterpoint. These concerns of dignity, power, and expediency are joined by others, including the injustice of the disproportionate shaming of certain groups, especially women, and the unique challenges of shaming collectives in the most prominent types of environmental shaming, environmental marketing and naming-and-shaming campaigns. The risks of shaming are so great that it cannot be used lightly, even as its benefits and apparent inevitability among humans suggests that it cannot be completely ruled out.
The Ethics of Inducing and Responding to Guilt and Shame
Authors: Fredericks Sarah E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
If agents are to consider intentionally inducing guilt or shame, as so many do, guidelines are needed to ensure that the practice is ethical and has the desired, and significant, effects. Guidelines to shape responses to environmental guilt and shame are also necessary even they are not intentionally induced given their prevalence in human experience. Chapter 8 addresses these concerns by articulating a set of “conditions” or characteristics needed in the shamer, shamee, their relationship, the broader community and the physical system in order to ethically respond to or induce guilt or shame. These conditions include relationality; trust in, credibility of and authority of those shaming; moral support; values; a vision of identity that takes account of human limits and failure while maintaining the possibility of at least partial success; participatory processes; identifying with an other; critical self-assessment and transformation; and action. As maintaining all of these conditions at once is difficult at best, intentionally inducing shame is even more ethically challenging than suggested previously. Because these conditions are also needed to respond to guilt and shame, people should foster them regardless of their intent to induce guilt or shame.
Thought’s Publicity
Authors: Travis Charles 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
For Frege it is as central as anything to thoughthood that thoughts be public—not proprietary to any given thinker. That they cannot be is inherent in their intrinsic capacity to recur. Such confers on them an indefinitely extensive footprint in the nature of things. Thus Frege’s dictum: ‘With the step by which I gain an environment I make myself susceptible to error.’
Truth
Authors: Travis Charles 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter attempts to understand Frege on the irreducibility of thought, relatedly the indefinability of truth. It unpacks his central argument for this and sets it in the context of a wider enterprise. It also tries to explain why, within the business of truth-transmission any content in the notion true should remain invisible, and points to a different business (truth-yielding) in which substantial content in the notion comes into view. A central concern here is with an argument of Frege’s for the indefinability of truth. This argument can be seen as part of a case against the reducibility of ‘intentionality’ to something else. It is officially a case for making the fundamental player in the business of being true a truth bearer, but not a content-bearer (rather a content itself).
Epilogue
Authors: Kopley Emily 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Toward the end of her life, Woolf’s resentment of the male poetic tradition and rivalry with the poetic present were displaced by affection for this tradition and for the deep poetic past. This attitude comes through in “Anon” (1979), an essay that honors the anonymous poets of medieval England, and in Between the Acts (1941), in which a country pageant surveying British history draws an anxious community together. Having drawn on the tools of lyric poetry in earlier works, now Woolf includes original poetry of her own, both lyric and dramatic. Manuscript drafts reveal how the lyric poetry evolved. It was initially allusive, polyvocal, and sometimes in verse. In the published novel, it is less allusive, monovocal, and exclusively in prose. The elegiac tone of Between the Acts manifested privately, as well: Woolf’s late letters and diaries are full of allusions to canonical British elegies. Woolf’s farewell to poetry serves as the farewell to this book.
The problem of prevention
Authors: Dye Christopher 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Most people aspire to healthy living but staying healthy and preventing illness carry a cost—counted in money, time, effort, information, trust, and willpower. The principles of prevention can be framed as a conditional, testable hypothesis: prevention is more likely to be favoured when individuals or populations can choose, given the constraints presented in any setting, a low-cost, high-efficacy method of averting a large, probable, imminent threat to health. The decisions that people make about health depend, not only on quantified options, risks, hazards, and timing, but also on the incentives, motives, powers, and values of everyone who has a stake in the outcome—individuals, governments, non-governmental organizations, businesses, and others. Data presented in this chapter suggest that more money and effort are invested in prevention today than is commonly thought, but the enormous, persistent, avoidable burden of ill health is a reason to seek ways of investing still more.
The affordable dream
Authors: Dye Christopher 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Prevention is integral to achieving health equity and Universal Health Coverage. And yet prevention is a healthcare orphan: it is not usually a priority in the health sector or in any other sector of government. This chapter suggests five ways to redress that disadvantage: give prevention and public health budgets that are separate and protected from medical services, based on demonstrated benefits; define the goals of prevention in collaboration with, and considering the objectives and values held by, those who make the decisions; reassess the value for money provided by preventive methods that presently command large budgets, such as ‘healthy condition monitoring’; stimulate latent public demand for prevention by improving access to screening programmes, calibrating health insurance to favour prevention, and through workplace health promotion schemes, among others; and improve the appeal of prevention across the whole of government (beyond the health sector), using evidence to reinforce the long-standing goal of putting ‘Health in All Policies’.
Our children’s children
Authors: Dye Christopher 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Climate change is prevention’s biggest challenge—its effects on health and well-being will be wide-ranging, long-term, and global. The pressures and opportunities for action are growing as the risks and hazards become clearer, greater, and nearer. Mitigation—cutting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (primary prevention)—benefits health, economy, environment, and society through agriculture, transport, air quality, energy supply, and waste management. Adaptation (secondary prevention) is the essential back-up when mitigation fails; there are strong incentives for local adaptation to counter predictable local threats such as extreme urban temperatures, flooding, and water scarcity. Carbon taxes are a powerful but underexploited mechanism for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, so need to be reinforced by other incentives, including subsidies for wind, solar, hydrogen, and hydropower. Now more than ever, the pressure for transformative action on climate change has the potential to stimulate sudden and rapid movement towards clean energy sources and technologies.
Introduction
Authors: Martin Richard 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to the book’s central endeavour: to make sense of, and critically examine, the social and cultural dynamics that animate human rights law in contemporary policing. The chapter introduces the reader to the general and specific context in which this project takes place. It begins by drawing attention to the emergence of human rights as a normative vision and regulatory basis for police reform across the world and considering the issues that arise from this phenomenon for scholars of human rights and criminal justice. The chapter proceeds to describe and explain the book’s case study of the Police Service of Northern Ireland, situating the study within the country’s post-conflict society, before summarizing how the book develops across its nine substantive chapters.
The Official Police Voice
Authors: Martin Richard 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The task of this chapter is to trace how and why human rights law has come to be such an integral and sustained feature of the PSNI’s official narrative. The reason, this chapter argues, lies in the apparent power of human rights discourse to cool down, even if not quite neutralize, political tensions, debates and controversies that still animate ‘high-level policing’ (Brodeur, 1983) in the country. To frame this chapter’s analysis of the PSNI’s official vernacular of human rights, a ‘dialogic’ model of legitimacy is drawn upon to better account for the conditional nature of power and legitimation. Doing so enables us to better identify and account for the dynamic struggles in which rights-based claims are deployed as part of efforts to frame, or even resolve, contemporary political and public debates. By closely examining chief officers’ forewords and speeches, as well as their public responses to questions at the Policing Board’s public session, three central properties are identified that define this official vernacular. These are: human rights as legality; as an ethics of power; and as accountability. Each of these major strands of the police voice, it is argued, contribute to a purported vision of the PSNI as worthy of endorsement by elite audiences.
Agents beyond the State
Authors: Netzloff Mark 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The early modern period is often seen as a pivotal stage in the emergence of a recognizably modern form of the state. In Agents Beyond the State, Mark Netzloff returns to this context in order to examine the literary and social practices through which the early modern state was constituted. The state was defined not through the elaboration of theoretical models of sovereignty but rather as an effect of the literary and professional lives of its extraterritorial representatives. Netzloff focuses on the textual networks and literary production of three groups of extraterritorial agents: travelers and intelligence agents, mercenaries, and diplomats. These figures reveal the extent to which the administration of the English state as well as definitions of national culture were shaped by England’s military, commercial, and diplomatic relations in Europe and other regions across the globe. Agents Beyond the State emphasizes these transnational contexts of early modern state formation, from the Dutch Revolt and relations with Venice to the role of Catholic exiles and nonstate agents in diplomacy and international law. These global histories of travel, service, and labor additionally transformed definitions of domestic culture, from the social relations of classes and regions to the private sphere of households and families. Literary writing and state service were interconnected in the careers of Fynes Moryson, George Gascoigne, and Sir Henry Wotton, among others. As they entered the realm of print and addressed a reading public, they introduced the practices of governance to an emerging public sphere.
Introduction
Authors: Netzloff Mark 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Introduction situates the study in relation to previous criticism on the role of state agents and practices of governance. The opening section returns to some canonical texts of early modern political theory, particularly the work of Jean Bodin, and explores how their theorization of sovereignty was interconnected with a reflection on the agents and practices of governance. The following section considers state formation in relation to the emergence of the public sphere, and analyzes the ways that state agents contributed to early modern publics through their writings. The latter part of the Introduction examines the extraterritorial histories of the state, looking at the conceptual impasse that resulted from efforts to theorize the place of religio-political exiles in many influential statements on the law of nations, with particular attention to the writings of the Catholic exile William Cardinal Allen.
The Pace of Fiction
Authors: Gingrich Brian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We talk about pace, often: the pace of history, modern life, everyday movement. And, really, we have talked about pace for centuries. But we hardly know what it means or how one might analyze it. The Pace of Fiction starts from the notion that all pace is, essentially, a product of narrative, and narrative fiction is what produces pace most elaborately. It moves forward as a history of transformations in narrative movement, from Fielding and Goethe and Austen to George Eliot, Flaubert, Henry James, James Joyce, Hemingway, Woolf, and Mann. Pace reveals narrative in its most elaborate effects. And the way pace changes in fiction expresses much of what we refer to as the pace of modernity.
Rise of the Scene-and-Summary Novel
Authors: Gingrich Brian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
From the middle to the end of the eighteenth century, two figures above all serve as focal points for the development of a nascent theory of pacing in European literature: Henry Fielding and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. In Fielding one encounters a notion of “prosai-comi-epic” pace that is light, centrifugal, and sprawling but opposed to another tendency that is more solemn, centripetal, and grave. Goethe, in his correspondence with Friedrich Schiller, is concerned with epic and drama: he and Schiller begin to distinguish between those two genres in terms of pace. What one can perceive in the intersection of such discourses is a formation, within novelistic fiction, of several axes of narrative movement that lead to the formation of units like scene and summary. If this seems like a straightforward path toward the nineteenth-century realist novel, one must pause and consider the aspects of romance that are embedded in novel pacing. Here, they appear as westering, world entry, and wandering.
Intellectual Virtues and Vices
Authors: Tanesini Alessandra 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets out the philosophical foundations of the proposed account of virtues and vices of intellectual self-appraisal. It explains the nature of intellectual vices in general by distinguishing between sensibilities, thinking styles, and character traits. Subsequently, it describes the specific features of the epistemic vices of self-appraisal. The chapter supplies an account of what makes epistemic vices vicious, and argues in favour of a motivational view. In the author’s view the vices of intellectual self-appraisal are impairments of epistemic agency caused by motivations, such as those of self-enhancement or impression management, that also bring other epistemically bad motives in their trail. Such motivations bias epistemic evaluations of one’s cognitive abilities, processes, and states. These appraisals, in turn, have widespread negative influences on agents’ epistemic conduct as a whole.
Intellectual Humility, Proper Pride, and Proper Concern with Others’ Esteem
Authors: Tanesini Alessandra 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides accounts of four character traits: intellectual modesty and acceptance of intellectual limitations (which together constitute intellectual humility); proper pride in one’s epistemic achievements and proper concern for one’s intellectual reputation. It argues that these are intellectual virtues. The main difference between humility (as comprising of modesty and of acceptance of limitations) on the one hand, and pride and concern for esteem on the other, lies in the nature of social comparisons on which they are based. Humility relies on appraisals of the worth of one’s qualities that might be gauged by comparing oneself to other people and which are driven by a concern for accuracy. The chapter also makes a case that overlapping clusters of attitudes serving knowledge and value expressive functions are the causal bases of these character traits.