bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Rebounding of the Post‐Landfall Hurricane Wind Decay Period Over the Continental United States
Authors: Zhu Yi‐Jie , Collins Jennifer M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe hurricane post‐landfall wind speed decay is closely linked to the inland damage potential. We introduce the wind decay period as a new metric for assessing the time required for a landfalling hurricane to dissipate to the intensity below tropical storm strength. In the continental United States, the wind decay period was generally decreasing during 1900–1979 but significantly increased during 1980–2019. The 120‐year trend pattern of the wind decay period has been found to be correlated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Meanwhile, we show that the storm's distance of movement is not changing simultaneously with the decay period due to the variance of storm translation speed. The spatial variation of the wind decay is also confirmed. While the majority of the historical Gulf landfall hurricanes decayed below tropical storm strength, landfalling hurricanes over Florida in particular, tend to cross the peninsula retaining wind speeds greater than 34‐kt.
SABER Observation of Storm‐Time Hemispheric Asymmetry in Nitric Oxide Radiative Emission
Authors: Bag Tikemani , Li Zheng , Rout Diptiranjan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe nitric oxide (NO) 5.3 μm radiative emission is the dominating and most efficient cooling agent in the thermosphere above 100 km. The NO 5.3 μm radiative cooling is an important parameter, particularly during geomagnetic storm events, to quantify the energy budget within the magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system. We utilize the TIMED (Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics)/SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) observations of NO radiative cooling to investigate the storm‐time hemispheric asymmetry during 2002–2018. The auxiliary parameters such as NO density, atomic oxygen density, thermospheric temperature, and the meridional wind are obtained from the TIEGCM (Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model) simulations. We analyze the events that occurred close to (or during) the equinox periods to get rid of the effect of seasonal asymmetry. The TIEGCM‐simulated NO density and meridional wind show hemispheric asymmetry during geomagnetic storm event. Almost no hemispheric variation in TIEGCM‐atomic oxygen and ‐thermospheric temperature is noticeable. The SABER‐observed and the TIEGCM‐simulated radiative flux exhibits higher values in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively, during the events close to (or during) March and September equinox. Our analysis shows that the storm‐time meridional wind could play an important role resulting in the hemispheric asymmetry by changing the density and temperature.
Convection, Terrestrial Recycling and Oceanic Moisture Regulate the Isotopic Composition of Precipitation at Srinagar, Kashmir
Authors: Dar Shaakir Shabir , Ghosh Prosenjit , Hillaire‐Marcel Claude 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe moisture transport and precipitation in the western Himalayas is an interplay of two atmospheric systems: Western Disturbances (WDs) and Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM). WDs primarily transport moisture from the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, while ISM transports moisture from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Local moisture sources also contribute to the regional precipitation budget. The moisture sources can be distinguished by measuring dual isotopic signatures in precipitation. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios measured in daily precipitation samples collected at Srinagar, Kashmir from March 2015–April 2017, allowed delineating the role of factors like large‐scale moisture transport processes, and local meteorological factors such as temperature, precipitation amount and relative humidity on the precipitation isotope ratios and its effect on the meteoric water line parameters. Isotopic data were further used to estimate the percentage contributions of distinct moisture sources across different seasons and validation of an isotope enabled general circulation model (iEGCM). We found that the time integrated, large‐scale convection over several days, constitutes a major factor governing the isotopic composition of precipitation, while the role of local meteorological parameters is minimal. A box model to simulate the moisture transport and estimate the oceanic versus terrestrially recycled moisture sources to the regional precipitation reveals Arabian sea to be the key moisture source. Finally, on comparing the observed isotopic composition with iEGCM simulation, discrepancies are noted. Results from the present study will enable improving the interpretation of regional paleo‐climate data derived from various proxy records.
Folate metabolism: a re-emerging therapeutic target in haematological cancers
Authors: Zarou Martha M. , Vazquez Alexei , Vignir Helgason G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFolate-mediated one carbon (1C) metabolism supports a series of processes that are essential for the cell. Through a number of interlinked reactions happening in the cytosol and mitochondria of the cell, folate metabolism contributes to de novo purine and thymidylate synthesis, to the methionine cycle and redox defence. Targeting the folate metabolism gave rise to modern chemotherapy, through the introduction of antifolates to treat paediatric leukaemia. Since then, antifolates, such as methotrexate and pralatrexate have been used to treat a series of blood cancers in clinic. However, traditional antifolates have many deleterious side effects in normal proliferating tissue, highlighting the urgent need for novel strategies to more selectively target 1C metabolism. Notably, mitochondrial 1C enzymes have been shown to be significantly upregulated in various cancers, making them attractive targets for the development of new chemotherapeutic agents. In this article, we present a detailed overview of folate-mediated 1C metabolism, its importance on cellular level and discuss how targeting folate metabolism has been exploited in blood cancers. Additionally, we explore possible therapeutic strategies that could overcome the limitations of traditional antifolates.
Multilayer microhydraulic actuators with speed and force configurations
Authors: Kedzierski Jakub , Chea Hero 
Published: March 2021

AbstractElectrostatic motors have traditionally required high voltage and provided low torque, leaving them with a vanishingly small portion of the motor application space. The lack of robust electrostatic motors is of particular concern in microsystems because inductive motors do not scale well to small dimensions. Often, microsystem designers have to choose from a host of imperfect actuation solutions, leading to high voltage requirements or low efficiency and thus straining the power budget of the entire system. In this work, we describe a scalable three-dimensional actuator technology that is based on the stacking of thin microhydraulic layers. This technology offers an actuation solution at 50 volts, with high force, high efficiency, fine stepping precision, layering, low abrasion, and resistance to pull-in instability. Actuator layers can also be stacked in different configurations trading off speed for force, and the actuator improves quadratically in power density when its internal dimensions are scaled-down.
Placenta-derived IL-32β activates neutrophils to promote preeclampsia development
Authors: Liu Dan , Li Qiang , Ding Hailin , Zhao Guangfeng , Wang Zhiyin , Cao Chenrui , Dai Yimin , Zheng Mingming , Zhu Xiangyu , Wu Qianwen , Wang Ya , Duan Honglei , Tang Huirong , Lu Xianyan , Hou Yayi , Hu Yali 
Published: March 2021

AbstractImmune activation at the maternal-fetal interface is a main pathogenic factor of preeclampsia (PE). Neutrophils (PMNs) are activated in PE patients, but the mechanism and consequences of PMN activation need to be further explored. Here, we demonstrated that interleukin-32 (IL-32) expression was significantly upregulated in syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs) and that IL-32β was the major isoform with increased expression in the placenta of severe PE (sPE) patients. Furthermore, the level of IL-32 expression in the placenta was correlated with its level in the serum of sPE patients, indicating that IL-32 in the serum is derived mainly from the placenta. Then, in vitro experiments showed that IL-32β could highly activate PMNs and that these IL-32β-activated PMNs were better able to adhere to endothelial cells (HUVECs) and enhance the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in HUVECs, which could be reversed by preincubation with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor VAS 2870. In addition, we showed that IL-32β mainly activated PMNs by binding to proteinase 3. Finally, IL-32β administration induced a PE-like phenotype in a pregnant mouse model. This study provides evidence of the involvement of IL-32β in the pathogenesis of PE.
Salivary dysbiosis in Sjögren’s syndrome and a commensal-mediated immunomodulatory effect of salivary gland epithelial cells
Authors: Tseng Yu-chao , Yang Hsin-yi , Lin Wei-ting , Chang Chia-bin , Chien Hsiu-chuan , Wang Hon-pin , Chen Chun-ming , Wang Jann-tay , Li Chin , Wu Shu-fen , Hsieh Song-chou 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSalivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Sjögren’s syndrome due to aberrant antigen-presentation function. This study examined the hypothesis that oral dysbiosis modulates the antigen-presentation function of SGECs, which regulates CD4 T cell proliferation in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS). Saliva samples from 8 pSS patients and 16 healthy subjects were analyzed for bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA. As a result, 39 differentially abundant taxa were identified. Among them, the phylum Proteobacteria comprised 21 taxa, and this phylum was mostly enriched in the healthy controls. The proteobacterium Haemophilus parainfluenzae was enriched in the healthy controls, with the greatest effect size at the species level. Treatment of A253 cells in vitro with H. parainfluenzae upregulated PD-L1 expression, and H. parainfluenzae-pretreated A253 cells suppressed CD4 T cell proliferation. The suppression was partially reversed by PD-L1 blockade. Among low-grade xerostomia patients, salivary abundance of H. parainfluenzae decreased in pSS patients compared to that in non-pSS sicca patients. Our findings suggest that H. parainfluenzae may be an immunomodulatory commensal bacterium in pSS.
648 Hilbert-space dimensionality in a biphoton frequency comb: entanglement of formation and Schmidt mode decomposition
Authors: Chang Kai-Chi , Cheng Xiang , Sarihan Murat Can , Vinod Abhinav Kumar , Lee Yoo Seung , Zhong Tian , Gong Yan-Xiao , Xie Zhenda , Shapiro Jeffrey H. , Wong Franco N. C. , Wong Chee Wei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractQudit entanglement is an indispensable resource for quantum information processing since increasing dimensionality provides a pathway to higher capacity and increased noise resilience in quantum communications, and cluster-state quantum computations. In continuous-variable time–frequency entanglement, encoding multiple qubits per photon is only limited by the frequency correlation bandwidth and detection timing jitter. Here, we focus on the discrete-variable time–frequency entanglement in a biphoton frequency comb (BFC), generating by filtering the signal and idler outputs with a fiber Fabry–Pérot cavity with 45.32 GHz free-spectral range (FSR) and 1.56 GHz full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) from a continuous-wave (cw)-pumped type-II spontaneous parametric downconverter (SPDC). We generate a BFC whose time-binned/frequency-binned Hilbert space dimensionality is at least 324, based on the assumption of a pure state. Such BFC’s dimensionality doubles up to 648, after combining with its post-selected polarization entanglement, indicating a potential 6.28 bits/photon classical-information capacity. The BFC exhibits recurring Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) dips over 61 time bins with a maximum visibility of 98.4% without correction for accidental coincidences. In a post-selected measurement, it violates the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt (CHSH) inequality for polarization entanglement by up to 18.5 standard deviations with an S-parameter of up to 2.771. It has Franson interference recurrences in 16 time bins with a maximum visibility of 96.1% without correction for accidental coincidences. From the zeroth- to the third-order Franson interference, we infer an entanglement of formation (Eof) up to 1.89 ± 0.03 ebits—where 2 ebits is the maximal entanglement for a 4 × 4 dimensional biphoton—as a lower bound on the 61 time-bin BFC’s high-dimensional entanglement. To further characterize time-binned/frequency-binned BFCs we obtain Schmidt mode decompositions of BFCs generated using cavities with 45.32, 15.15, and 5.03 GHz FSRs. These decompositions confirm the time–frequency scaling from Fourier-transform duality. Moreover, we present the theory of conjugate Franson interferometry—because it is characterized by the state’s joint-temporal intensity (JTI)—which can further help to distinguish between pure-state BFC and mixed state entangled frequency pairs, although the experimental implementation is challenging and not yet available. In summary, our BFC serves as a platform for high-dimensional quantum information processing and high-dimensional quantum key distribution (QKD).
Effects of persistent modulation of intestinal microbiota on SIV/HIV vaccination in rhesus macaques
Authors: Klatt Nichole R. , Broedlow Courtney , Osborn Jessica M. , Gustin Andrew T. , Dross Sandra , O’Connor Megan A. , Coronado Ernesto , Barnette Philip , Hensley-McBain Tiffany , Zevin Alexander S. , Muir Roshell , Roederer Alexander , Wangari Solomon , Iwayama Naoto , Ahrens Chul Y. , Smedley Jeremy , Moats Cassandra , Lynch Rebecca M. , Haddad Elias K. , Haigwood Nancy L. , Fuller Deborah H. , Manuzak Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn effective vaccine to prevent HIV transmission has not yet been achieved. Modulation of the microbiome via probiotic therapy has been suggested to result in enhanced mucosal immunity. Here, we evaluated whether probiotic therapy could improve the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of SIV/HIV vaccination. Rhesus macaques were co-immunized with an SIV/HIV DNA vaccine via particle-mediated epidermal delivery and an HIV protein vaccine administered intramuscularly with Adjuplex™ adjuvant, while receiving daily oral Visbiome® probiotics. Probiotic therapy alone led to reduced frequencies of colonic CCR5+ and CCR6+ CD4+ T cells. Probiotics with SIV/HIV vaccination led to similar reductions in colonic CCR5+ CD4+ T cell frequencies. SIV/HIV-specific T cell and antibody responses were readily detected in the periphery of vaccinated animals but were not enhanced with probiotic treatment. Combination probiotics and vaccination did not impact rectal SIV/HIV target populations or reduce the rate of heterologous SHIV acquisition during the intrarectal challenge. Finally, post-infection viral kinetics were similar between all groups. Thus, although probiotics were well-tolerated when administered with SIV/HIV vaccination, vaccine-specific responses were not significantly enhanced. Additional work will be necessary to develop more effective strategies of microbiome modulation in order to enhance mucosal vaccine immunogenicity and improve protective immune responses.
Detection of untreated sewage discharges to watercourses using machine learning
Authors: Hammond Peter , Suttie Michael , Lewis Vaughan T. , Smith Ashley P. , Singer Andrew C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMonitoring and regulating discharges of wastewater pollution in water bodies in England is the duty of the Environment Agency. Identification and reporting of pollution events from wastewater treatment plants is the duty of operators. Nevertheless, in 2018, over 400 sewage pollution incidents in England were reported by the public. We present novel pollution event reporting methodologies to identify likely untreated sewage spills from wastewater treatment plants. Daily effluent flow patterns at two wastewater treatment plants were supplemented by operator-reported incidents of untreated sewage discharges. Using machine learning, known spill events served as training data. The probability of correctly classifying a randomly selected pair of ‘spill’ and ‘no-spill’ effluent patterns was above 96%. Of 7160 days without operator-reported spills, 926 were classified as involving a ‘spill’. The analysis also suggests that both wastewater treatment plants made non-compliant discharges of untreated sewage between 2009 and 2020. This proof-of-principle use of machine learning to detect untreated wastewater discharges can help water companies identify malfunctioning treatment plants and inform agencies of unsatisfactory regulatory oversight. Real-time, open access flow and alarm data and analytical approaches will empower professional and citizen scientific scrutiny of the frequency and impact of untreated wastewater discharges, particularly those unreported by operators.
Tracking late Pleistocene Neandertals on the Iberian coast
Authors: Mayoral Eduardo , Díaz-Martínez Ignacio , Duveau Jéremy , Santos Ana , Ramírez Antonio Rodríguez , Morales Juan A. , Morales Luis A. , Díaz-Delgado Ricardo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHere, we report the recent discovery of 87 Neandertal footprints on the Southwest of the Iberian Peninsula (Doñana shoreline, Spain) located on an upper Pleistocene aeolian littoral setting (about 106 ± 19 kyr). Morphometric comparisons, high resolution digital photogrammetric 3D models and detailed sedimentary analysis have been provided to characterized the footprints and the palaeoenvironment. The footprints were impressed in the shoreline of a hypersaline swamped area related to benthic microbial mats, close to the coastline. They have a rounded heel, a longitudinal arch, relatively short toes, and adducted hallux, and represent the oldest upper Pleistocene record of Neandertal footprints in the world. Among these 87 footprints, 31 are longitudinally complete and measure from 14 to 29 cm. The calculated statures range from 104 to 188 cm, with half of the data between 130 and 150 cm. The wide range of sizes of the footprints suggests the existence of a social group integrated by individuals of different age classes but dominated, however, by non-adult individuals. The footprints, which are outside the flooded area are oriented perpendicular to the shoreline. These 87 footprints reinforce the ecological scenario of Neandertal groups established in coastal areas.
Pan-cancer analysis of RNA expression of ANGIOTENSIN-I-CONVERTING ENZYME 2 reveals high variability and possible impact on COVID-19 clinical outcomes
Authors: Elliott Andrew , Saul Michelle , Zeng Jia , Marshall John L. , Kim Edward S. , Nagasaka Misako , Lenz Heinz-Josef , Schwartzberg Lee , Spetzler David , Abraham Jim , Xiu Joanne , Stafford Phillip , Michael Korn W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPatients with cancer demonstrate particularly poor outcomes from COVID-19. To provide information essential for understanding the biologic underpinnings of this association, we analyzed whole-transcriptome RNA expression data obtained from a large cohort of cancer patients to characterize expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and other proteases that are involved in viral attachment to and entry into target cells. We find substantial variability of expression of these factors across tumor types and identify subpopulations expressing ACE2 at very high levels. In some tumor types, especially in gastrointestinal cancers, expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 is highly correlated. Furthermore, we found infiltration with T-cell and natural killer (NK) cell infiltration to be particularly pronounced in ACE2-high tumors. These findings suggest that subsets of cancer patients exist with gene expression profiles that may be associated with heightened susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, in whom malignant tumors function as viral reservoir and possibly promote the frequently detrimental hyper-immune response in patients infected with this virus.
Elevated levels of mitochondrial CoQ10 induce ROS-mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Dadali Tulin , Diers Anne R. , Kazerounian Shiva , Muthuswamy Senthil K. , Awate Pallavi , Ng Ryan , Mogre Saie , Spencer Carrie , Krumova Katerina , Rockwell Hannah E. , McDaniel Justice , Chen Emily Y. , Gao Fei , Diedrich Karl T. , Vemulapalli Vijetha , Rodrigues Leonardo O. , Akmaev Viatcheslav R. , Thapa Khampaseuth , Hidalgo Manuel , Bose Arindam , Vishnudas Vivek K. , Moser A. James , Granger Elder , Kiebish Michael A. , Gesta Stephane , Narain Niven R. , Sarangarajan Rangaprasad 
Published: March 2021

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in triggering cell signalling events and pathways to promote and maintain tumorigenicity. Chemotherapy and radiation can induce ROS to elicit cell death allows for targeting ROS pathways for effective anti-cancer therapeutics. Coenzyme Q10 is a critical cofactor in the electron transport chain with complex biological functions that extend beyond mitochondrial respiration. This study demonstrates that delivery of oxidized Coenzyme Q10 (ubidecarenone) to increase mitochondrial Q-pool is associated with an increase in ROS generation, effectuating anti-cancer effects in a pancreatic cancer model. Consequent activation of cell death was observed in vitro in pancreatic cancer cells, and both human patient-derived organoids and tumour xenografts. The study is a first to demonstrate the effectiveness of oxidized ubidecarenone in targeting mitochondrial function resulting in an anti-cancer effect. Furthermore, these findings support the clinical development of proprietary formulation, BPM31510, for treatment of cancers with high ROS burden with potential sensitivity to ubidecarenone.
The prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based study
Authors: Leong Pui-Ying , Huang Jing-Yang , Chiou Jeng-Yuan , Bai Yi-Chiao , Wei James Cheng-Chung 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo estimate the prevalence and incidence rate of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Taiwan by using a population-based longitudinal database from 2001 to 2011. We conducted a longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID) containing 1,000,000 beneficiaries’ records for calculation of prevalence and incidence rate of SLE from 2001–2011. The overall prevalence of SLE in Taiwan in 2011 is 8.11 per 10,000 people with 14.3 per 10,000 people in female and 1.62 per 10,000 people in male. The overall incidence rate of SLE is 0.74–1 per 10,000 person-years with 1.09–1.76 per 10,000 person-years in female and 0.12–0.25 per 10,000 person-years in male. The highest prevalence rate was observed at 40–49 age group in females. There were no significant differences in the overall prevalence among the urban, suburban and rural area in Taiwan while the relative risk is higher in male population living in rural area (RR 1.36, 95% C.I. 1.03–1.79, p = 0.0303). The highest income group has a lower relative risk for the prevalence of SLE (RR 0.83, 95% C.I. 0.71–0.97, p = 0.0197). The incidence rate of SLE in male in the rural area is also higher than the urban area (RR 2.34, 95% C.I. 1.3–4.22, p = 0.0046). Our study covers the longest period among the nation-wide population studies of SLE in Taiwan. The prevalence was increasing especially in the elderly.