bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ROP of L‐lactide and ε‐caprolactone catalyzed by tin(ii) and tin(iv) acetates–switching from COOH terminated linear chains to cycles
Authors: Kricheldorf Hans R. , Weidner Steffen M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe catalytic potential of tin(II)acetate, tin(IV)acetate, dibutyltin‐bis‐acetate and dioctyl tin‐bis‐acetate was compared based on polymerizations of L‐lactide conducted in bulk at 160 or 130°C. With SnAc2 low‐Lac/Cat ratios (15/1–50/1) were studied and linear chains having one acetate and one carboxyl end group almost free of cyclics were obtained. Higher monomer/catalyst ratios and lower temperatures favored formation of cycles that reached weight average molecular weights (Mw's) between 100,000 and 2,500,000. SnAc4 yielded mixtures of cycles and linear species under all reaction conditions. Dibutyltin‐ and dioctyl tin bis‐acetate yielded cyclic polylactides under most reaction conditions with Mw's in the range of 20,000–80,000. Ring‐opening polymerizations performed with ε‐caprolactone showed similar trends, but the formation of COOH‐terminated linear chains was significantly more favored compared to analogous experiments with lactide. The reactivity of the acetate catalysts decreased in the following order: SnAc2 > SnAc4 > Bu2SnAc2 ~ Oct2SnAc2.
The FeIVO• oxyl unit as a key intermediate in water oxidation on the FeIIIhydroxide: DFT predictions
Authors: Shubin Aleksandr A. , Kovalskii Viktor Yu. , Ruzankin Sergey Ph. , Zilberberg Igor L. , Parmon Valentin N. , Tomilin Felix N. , Avramov Pavel V. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe OO coupling process in water oxidation on the gamma FeOOH hydroxide catalyst is simulated by means of density functional theory using model iron cubane cluster Fe4O4(OH)4. A key reactive intermediate is proposed to be the HOFeIVO• oxyl unit with terminal oxo radical. The “initial” vertex FeIII(OH) moiety forms this intermediate at the calculated overpotential of 0.93 V by adding one water molecule and withdrawing two proton–electron pairs. The OO coupling goes via water nucleophilic attack on the oxyl oxygen to form the OO bond with a remarkably low barrier of 11 kcal/mol. This process is far more effective than alternative scenario based on direct interaction of two ferryl FeIVO sites (with estimated barrier of 36 kcal/mol) and is comparable with the coupling between terminal oxo center and three‐coordinated lattice oxo center (12 kcal/mol barrier). The process of hydroxylation of terminal oxygen inhibits the OO coupling. Nevertheless, being more effective for ferryl oxygen, the hydroxylation in fact enhances selectivity of the OO coupling initiated by the oxyl oxygen.
Can the Stereogenic 1,1’‐Bi‐2‐naphtol Molecule Be Coordinated to W(VI) or Mo(VI) Peroxo Moieties?
Authors: Piquemal Jean‐Yves , Herson Patrick , Chamoreau Lise‐Marie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe reaction of 1,1’‐bi‐2‐naphtol, a well‐known stereogenic 1,4‐diol used in asymmetric synthesis, with molybdenum(VI) or tungsten(VI) oxoperoxo species at room temperature leads to the cleavage of the carbon‐carbon bond linking the two naphtol units with concomitant oxidation generating 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphtoquinone. This later compound acts as a bidentate chelating ligand towards the d0 metal center resulting in an anionic complex, [M(C10H5O3) O(O2)2]− (M=Mo, W), that has been characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction and IR and Raman spectroscopies. The formation of this compound raises the question as whether or not 1,1’‐bi‐2‐naphtol can be coordinated to peroxo Mo(VI) or W(VI) centers without being oxidatively degraded.
Ultrasound‐Assisted Expeditious Catalyst‐Free Green Approach towards Diastereoselective Synthesis of Spiro[indoline‐3,2′‐pyrido[2,1‐b][1,3]oxazine]‐3′,4′‐dicarboxylate Scaffolds
Authors: Mal Kajal , Ray Suman , Maity Suvendu , Nurjamal Khondekar , Ghosh Prasanta , Brahmachari Goutam , Mukhopadhyay Chhanda 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAn ultrasound assisted efficient, expeditious and environmentally benign new methodology for direct access to broad ranges of structurally interesting and pharmacologically significant spiropyrido[2,1‐b][1,3]oxazino compounds based on three component reactions approach via domino 1,4‐dipolar cycloaddition from easily available starting materials in aq. ethanol medium at room temperature (25–30 °C) has been developed. In comparison to that of conventional methods, simple experimental and workup procedure, excellent yields, good functional group tolerance, cleaner reaction profile, use of green solvent are remarkable features of this sonochemical procedure.Furthermore, using of the ultrasound in this methodology leads to the reduction of the reaction times.
Research on dynamics and mechanism of treatment on phenol simulated wastewater by the ultrasound cooperated electro‐assisted micro‐electrolysis
Authors: Cai Yingying , Li Junyan , Qu Guangfei , Ren Nanqi , Zou Hongmei , Hu Yinghui , Qiu Weixia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn the research, the ultrasound was introduced to the electric‐assisted micro‐electrolysis system to improve the treatment efficiency of phenol simulated wastewater. The results showed that the phenol removal efficiency was significantly enhanced by the electric‐assisted micro‐electrolysis method in the presence of ultrasound, which could reach 88.61% under the initial value of pH 4, an iron dosage of 50 g/L, a mass ratio of iron/carbon of 1:1, and the initial phenol concentration of 100 mg/L. The degradation kinetics of phenol was in accordance with a second‐order kinetic model. The synergistic effect of the ultrasonic and electric‐assisted micro‐electrolysis method was obvious with a synergistic factor at 98.02%. The degradation mechanism of phenol was that the treatment could effectively destroy the benzene ring structure of phenol in the liquid phase with ring‐opening reaction and small molecules substances generated.Practitioner Points

The article was the pretreatment of coking wastewater. First, the synergistic effects between ultrasound and electrochemical method through the removal ratio of phenol were found.
Second, it was showed that the initial pH and applied intensity of voltage had the effects on removal ratio of phenol by the UEME method.
Third, the synergy factor (Syn) between ultrasonic and electrochemical method was 98.02%.
Finally, the mechanism of the UEME degradation of phenol was researched. The technology could effectively improve the biodegradability of coking wastewater and provide conditions for subsequent biochemical treatment. So, we thought this article was suitable for the journal.
Nur gute Schuldner profitieren von niedrigen Zinsen
Authors: Lennartz Benedikt 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungDamit die Geldpolitik mit niedrigen Zinsen eine Rezession bekämpfen kann, braucht es finanziellen Spielraum bei den Schuldnern. Nur wer beim Kauf einer Immobilie einen hohen Anteil mit Eigenmitteln finanziert, kann die Gunst niedriger Zinsen nützen. Nur gute Schuldner können den Hypothekarkredit weiter aufstocken und Eigenmittel für den Konsum mobilisieren. So können Zinssenkungen die Nachfrage stabilisieren und die Rezession lindern. Wer von vornherein überschuldet ist, hat in der Rezession keinen Spielraum mehr, um mit neuen Krediten den Konsum zu steigern. Systematische Überschuldung nimmt den Zinssenkungen ihre Wirkung und lähmt die Geldpolitik.Martin Beraja, Andreas Fuster, Erik Hurst und Joseph Vavra (2019), Regional Heterogeneity and the Refinancing Channel of Monetary Policy, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109–183.
Brexit: Unsicherheit ist Gift für die Wirtschaft
Authors: Folger Till Nikolaus 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungKommt es zu einem harten Brexit? Müssen sich die Unternehmen auf neue Zölle, kostspielige Zollformalitäten, Zeitverzögerungen an der Grenze, teure Unterbrüche in der Wertschöpfungskette, erhöhten Kapitalbedarf für die Lagerhaltung, unterschiedliche Produktstandards, abweichende Rechtsvorschriften, und weiter zunehmende Kosten einstellen? Zahlen sich für viele kleinere Unternehmen die Geschäfte mit der EU überhaupt noch aus? Oder gibt es am Ende doch noch ein kooperatives Ergebnis mit beidseitigem Marktzugang zu einem gemeinsamen, einheitlichen Binnenmarkt? Sie wissen es nicht, müssen für alle Eventualitäten planen, und schieben ihre Entscheidungen hinaus. Unsicherheit ist Gift für die Wirtschaft. Bevor überhaupt eine Entscheidung gefallen ist, bremst die Brexit-Unsicherheit die britischen Unternehmen und beeinträchtigt Investitionen und Produktivitätswachstum.Bloom, Nicholas, Philip Bunn, Scarlet Chen, Paul Mizen, Pawel Smietanka, and Gregory Thwaites (2019), The Impact of Brexit on UK Firms, NBER WP 26.218.
Ein korrektes Verhältnis zum Staat
Authors: Essbaumer Elisabeth 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungEin korrektes Verhältnis zum Staat zeichnet sich durch Gemeinsinn, Ehrlichkeit und gegenseitiges Vertrauen aus. Zivile Tugenden begünstigen nicht nur eine hohe Steuermoral, sondern ermöglichen auch bessere Politiklösungen anderswo. Die Arbeitslosenversicherung wird sehr teuer, wenn ein wachsender Teil der Arbeitslosen lieber großzügiges Arbeitslosengeld empfängt anstatt sich für die Beschäftigung zu rüsten und die Mühen der Jobsuche einzugehen. Dann muss der Staat eher auf rigorosen Kündigungsschutz setzen, um vor dem Arbeitslosenrisiko zu schützen und die Kosten der Versicherung zu begrenzen. Das würde aber die existierende Beschäftigung zementieren und verhindern, dass Arbeit von wenig produktiven Jobs zu den aufstrebenden Branchen fließt, wo das Wachstum und die zukunftsträchtige Beschäftigung stattfinden. Es lohnt sich also, die zivilen Tugenden der Bürger zu pflegen, damit der Staat auf die Arbeitslosensicherung anstatt den Kündigungsschutz setzen und die soziale Sicherheit wachstumsverträglicher gestalten kann.Algan and Cahuc (2009), Civic Virtue and Labor Market Institutions, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 111–145.
Kleiner Kredit mit grosser Wirkung?
Authors: Schuele Arnaud 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungWohlstand entsteht aus Arbeit, Investition und Unternehmertum. Aber wo Armut herrscht, scheitert der Traum vom Aufstieg allzu oft an der Finanzierung, gerade in den Entwicklungsländern. Kleine Kredite könnten grosse Wirkung haben und eine nachhaltige Entwicklung anstossen. Die Realität der Mikrofinanz ist allerdings weniger beeindruckend und lässt zweifeln, dass es allein mit der Bereitstellung von Krediten getan ist. Vielleicht braucht es vorher mehr Bildung, Unternehmergeist und eine Änderung der Rollenbilder, damit nachher die Mikrofinanz bessere Ergebnisse zeitigen kann?Banerjee, A., E. Duflo, R. Glennerster und C. Kinnan (2015), The Miracle of Microfinance? Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7, pp.22–54.
Senkt ein hoher Selbstbehalt die Gesundheitskosten?
Authors: Lampe Immanuel 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Gesundheitskosten in der Schweiz und damit auch die Prämien für Krankenversicherungen steigen jährlich an. In der politischen Debatte werden hohe Franchisen bisweilen als Allheilmittel betrachtet, um die Versicherten zu mehr Kostenbewusstsein anzustossen. Dabei wird immer wieder auf Evidenz zurückgegriffen, welche zeigt, dass eine höhere Franchise tatsächlich die Gesundheitskosten senkt. Aber was wäre gewonnen, wenn die Einsparungen auf Kosten der Qualität der Gesundheitsversorgung geht? Eine neue Forschungsarbeit zeigt, dass die Kosten insbesondere deshalb sinken, weil Versicherte auf durchaus sinnvolle Leistungen verzichten, während sich die Preise für die in Anspruch genommenen Leistungen kaum ändern.Brot-Goldberg, Zarek C., Amitabh Chandra, Benjamin R. Handel und Jonathan T. Kolstad (2017), What does a Deductible Do? The Impact of Cost-Sharing on Health Care Prices, Quantities, and Spending Dynamics, Quarterly Journal of Economics 132(3), 1261–1318.
The Gb3-enriched CD59/flotillin plasma membrane domain regulates host cell invasion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Brandel Annette , Aigal Sahaja , Lagies Simon , Schlimpert Manuel , Meléndez Ana Valeria , Xu Maokai , Lehmann Anika , Hummel Daniel , Fisch Daniel , Madl Josef , Eierhoff Thorsten , Kammerer Bernd , Römer Winfried 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa has gained precedence over the years due to its ability to develop resistance to existing antibiotics, thereby necessitating alternative strategies to understand and combat the bacterium. Our previous work identified the interaction between the bacterial lectin LecA and its host cell glycosphingolipid receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) as a crucial step for the engulfment of P. aeruginosa via the lipid zipper mechanism. In this study, we define the LecA-associated host cell membrane domain by pull-down and mass spectrometry analysis. We unraveled a predilection of LecA for binding to saturated, long fatty acyl chain-containing Gb3 species in the extracellular membrane leaflet and an induction of dynamic phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) clusters at the intracellular leaflet co-localizing with sites of LecA binding. We found flotillins and the GPI-anchored protein CD59 not only to be an integral part of the LecA-interacting membrane domain, but also majorly influencing bacterial invasion as depletion of either of these host cell proteins resulted in about 50% reduced invasiveness of the P. aeruginosa strain PAO1. In summary, we report that the LecA-Gb3 interaction at the extracellular leaflet induces the formation of a plasma membrane domain enriched in saturated Gb3 species, CD59, PIP3 and flotillin thereby facilitating efficient uptake of PAO1.
Topology optimization of an acoustic diode?
Authors: Bokhari Ahmad H. , Mousavi Abbas , Niu Bin , Wadbro Eddie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBy using topology optimization, we consider the problem of designing a passive acoustic device that allows for one-way flow of sound waves; such a device is often colloquially referred to as an acoustic diode. The Helmholtz equation is used to model the time harmonic linear wave propagation together with a Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) type boundary condition, and the finite element method is used for discretization. The objective of this study is to maximize the wave propagation in one direction (from left to right) and minimize the wave propagation in the reverse direction (from right to left) for planar incoming waves. The method of moving asymptotes (MMA) solves the optimization problem, and a continuation approach is used for the penalizing intermediate design variables. The results for the optimized waveguide show that more than 99.8% of the power of planar incoming waves get transmitted from left to right while less than 0.3% gets transmitted in the reverse direction for planar incoming waves in the specified frequency range. Since a true diode is a non-reciprocal device and here we used a linear acoustic wave model, which is basically reciprocal, we discuss details about how it appears to be possible to obtain a one-way waveguiding effect using this linear model.
COVID-19: molecular pathophysiology, genetic evolution and prospective therapeutics—a review
Authors: Raj C. T. Dhanya , Kandaswamy Dinesh Kumar , Danduga Ravi Chandra Sekhara Reddy , Rajasabapathy Raju , James Rathinam Arthur 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic is highly contagious and has spread rapidly across the globe. To date there have been no specific treatment options available for this life-threatening disease. During this medical emergency, target-based drug repositioning/repurposing with a continuous monitoring and recording of results is an effective method for the treatment and drug discovery. This review summarizes the recent findings on COVID-19, its genomic organization, molecular evolution through phylogenetic analysis and has recapitulated the drug targets by analyzing the viral molecular machinery as drug targets and repurposing of most frequently used drugs worldwide and their therapeutic applications in COVID-19. Data from solidarity trials have shown that the treatment with Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir had no effect in reducing the mortality rate and also had adverse side effects. Remdesivir, Favipiravir and Ribavirin might be a safer therapeutic option for COVID-19. Recent clinical trial has revealed that dexamethasone and convalescent plasma treatment can reduce mortality in patients with severe forms of COVID-19.
Nrf2: a main responsive element in cells to mycotoxin-induced toxicity
Authors: Kozieł Marta Justyna , Kowalska Karolina , Piastowska-Ciesielska Agnieszka Wanda 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor participating in response to cellular oxidative stress to maintain the redox balance. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, in consequence, oxidative stress, are physiological as well as pathological processes which take place in almost all types of cells. Nrf2, in response to oxidative stress, activates expression and production of antioxidant enzymes to remove free radicals. However, the role of Nrf2 seems to be more sophisticated and its increased expression observed in cancer cells allows to draw a conclusion that its role is tissue—and condition—dependent. Interestingly, Nrf2 might also play a crucial role in response to environmental factors like mycotoxins. Thus, the aim of the study is to review the role of Nrf2 in cells exposed to most common mycotoxins to check if the Nrf2 signaling pathway serves as the main response element to mycotoxin-induced oxidative stress in human and animal cells and if it can be a target of detoxifying agents.
Prophylactic Mesh After Midline Laparotomy: Evidence is out There, but why do Surgeons Hesitate?
Authors: Depuydt Martijn , Allaeys Mathias , de Carvalho Luis Abreu , Vanlander Aude , Berrevoet Frederik 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundIncisional hernias have an impact on patients’ quality of life and on health care finances. Because of high recurrence rates despite mesh repair, the prevention of incisional hernias with prophylactic mesh reinforcement is currently a topic of interest. But only 15% of surgeons are implementing it, mainly because of fear for mesh complications and disbelief in the benefits. The goal of this systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of prophylactic mesh in adult patients after midline laparotomy.MethodsAn extensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase and CENTRAL until 9/5/2020 for RCTs and cohort studies regarding mesh reinforcement versus primary suture closure of a midline laparotomy. The quality of the articles was analyzed using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network checklists. Revman 5 was used to perform a meta‐analysis.ResultsTwenty‐three articles were found with a total of 1633 patients in the mesh reinforcement group and 1533 in the primary suture group. An odds ratio for incisional hernia incidence of 0.37 (95% CI = [0.30, 0.46], p < 0.01) with RCTs and of 0.15 (95% CI = [0.09,0.25], p < 0.01) in cohort studies was calculated. Seroma rate shows a significant odds ratio of 2.18 (95% CI = [1.45, 3.29], p < 0.01) in favor of primary suture. No increase was found regarding other complications.ConclusionThe evidence for the use of prophylactic mesh reinforcement is overwhelming with a significant reduction in incisional hernia rate, but implementation in daily clinical practice remains limited. Instead of putting patients at risk for incisional hernia formation and subsequent complications, surgeons should question their arguments why not to use mesh reinforcement, specifically in high‐risk patients.
Phase II study of an oxaliplatin-based regimen for relapsed colon cancer patients treated with oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy (INSPIRE study)
Authors: Ishibashi Keiichiro , Aoyama Toru , Kotaka Masahito , Satake Hironaga , Tsuji Yasushi , Kataoka Masato , Nakamura Masato , Nagata Naoki , Sakamoto Junichi , Oba Koji , Mishima Hideyuki 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of first-line chemotherapy with re-introduction of oxaliplatin (OX) more than 6 months after adjuvant chemotherapy including OX.

Methods
Stage II/III colon cancer patients with neuropathies of grade ≤ 1 who relapsed more than 6 months after adjuvant chemotherapy including OX were considered eligible. Eligible patients were treated with 5-fluorouracil, l-leucovorin and OX plus molecularly targeted agents or capecitabine and OX plus bevacizumab (BV) or S-1 and OX plus BV. The primary endpoint was the progression-free survival (PFS), and the secondary endpoints were the overall survival (OS), response rate (RR) and toxicity.

Results
A total of 50 patients were enrolled between September 2013 and May 2019. Twelve patients received 5-fluorouracil, l-leucovorin and OX (FOLFOX) plus BV, 21 patients received capecitabine and OX plus BV, 10 patients received S-1 and OX plus BV and 7 patients received FOLFOX plus cetuximab or panitumumab. The median PFS was 11.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.3–16.0), the median OS was 45.4 months (95% CI 37.4–NA), and the RR was 56.0% (95% CI 42.3–68.8). Adverse events of grade ≥ 3 that occurred in ≥ 5% of cases were neutropenia in 6 patients (12%), peripheral sensory neuropathy in 5 patients (10%), diarrhea in 4 patients (8%), hypertension in 4 patients (8%), anorexia in 3 patients (6%) and allergic reactions in 3 patients (6%).

Conclusions
First-line chemotherapy with re-introduction of OX more than 6 months after adjuvant chemotherapy including OX can be used safely with expected efficacy for relapsed colon cancer patients.
The consequences of switching strategies in a two-player iterated survival game
Authors: Salagnac Olivier , Wakeley John 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe consider two-player iterated survival games in which players are able to switch from a more cooperative behavior to a less cooperative one at some step of an n-step game. Payoffs are survival probabilities and lone individuals have to finish the game on their own. We explore the potential of these games to support cooperation, focusing on the case in which each single step is a Prisoner’s Dilemma. We find that incentives for or against cooperation depend on the number of defections at the end of the game, as opposed to the number of steps in the game. Broadly, cooperation is supported when the survival prospects of lone individuals are relatively bleak. Specifically, we find three critical values or cutoffs for the loner survival probability which, in concert with other survival parameters, determine the incentives for or against cooperation. One cutoff determines the existence of an optimal number of defections against a fully cooperative partner, one determines whether additional defections eventually become disfavored as the number of defections by the partner increases, and one determines whether additional cooperations eventually become favored as the number of defections by the partner increases. We obtain expressions for these switch-points and for optimal numbers of defections against partners with various strategies. These typically involve small numbers of defections even in very long games. We show that potentially long stretches of equilibria may exist, in which there is no incentive to defect more or cooperate more. We describe how individuals find equilibria in best-response walks among n-step strategies.