bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Staff experiences of encountering and treating outpatients with substance use disorder in the psychiatric context: a qualitative study
Authors: Petersén Elisabeth , Thurang Anna , Berman Anne H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
High comorbidity exists between mental illness and substance use disorders (SUD). Patients in psychiatry living with problematic alcohol or drug consumption can experience a sense of exclusion, where seeking help for SUD can be perceived as stigmatizing. The aim of this study is to illuminate staff experiences of encountering patients with SUD within the psychiatric outpatient context.

Methods
The study was exploratory, with a qualitative design. Interviews with outpatient psychiatry managers and focus groups with clinical staff focused on the experience of encountering patients with SUD. Data were evaluated using content analysis inspired by phenomenological-hermeneutic methodology.

Results
Three themes were identified and each illuminated by two sub-themes. Bridging the organizational gap included sub-themes of having an established collaboration and facing difficulties in the collaboration; Having beliefs about the patient you encounter included sub-themes of working with patients who are exposed to prejudicial thoughts and expressing prejudicial thoughts about the patient. Striving to achieve a therapeutic alliance included sub-themes of having a feeling of developing together and supporting the patient towards recovery.

Conclusion
A life-world perspective, used to interpret results, indicated that caring for patients with SUD in psychiatry was perceived as difficult, where collaboration between psychiatry and addiction care was often experienced as problematic. Based on these findings, we believe that the current gap between the psychiatry and addiction care could be reduced to some extent by offering patients digital treatment for SUD. In this way, patients could remain under the care of their regular psychiatric clinic without having to physically visit SUD services. Thus, a virtual bridge could be established to bring psychiatry and addiction care closer to each other for the patients’ benefit.
Novel chromosomal insertions of ISEcp1-blaCTX-M-15 and diverse antimicrobial resistance genes in Zambian clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli
Authors: Shawa Misheck , Furuta Yoshikazu , Mulenga Gillan , Mubanga Maron , Mulenga Evans , Zorigt Tuvshinzaya , Kaile Christone , Simbotwe Manyando , Paudel Atmika , Hang’ombe Bernard , Higashi Hideaki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe epidemiology of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) has undergone dramatic changes, with CTX-M-type enzymes prevailing over other types.blaCTX-Mgenes, encoding CTX-M-type ESBLs, are usually found on plasmids, but chromosomal location is becoming common. Given thatblaCTX-M-harboring strains often exhibit multidrug resistance (MDR), it is important to investigate the association between chromosomally integratedblaCTX-Mand the presence of additional antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, and to identify other relevant genetic elements.MethodsA total of 46 clinical isolates of cefotaxime-resistantEnterobacteriaceae(1Enterobacter cloacae, 9Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 36Escherichia coli) from Zambia were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) using MiSeq and MinION. By reconstructing nearly complete genomes,blaCTX-Mgenes were categorized as either chromosomal or plasmid-borne.ResultsWGS-based genotyping identified 58 AMR genes, including fourblaCTX-Malleles (i.e.,blaCTX-M-14,blaCTX-M-15,blaCTX-M-27, andblaCTX-M-55). Hierarchical clustering using selected phenotypic and genotypic characteristics suggested clonal dissemination ofblaCTX-Mgenes. Out of 45blaCTX-Mgene-carrying strains, 7 harbored the gene in their chromosome. In oneE. cloacaeand threeE. colistrains, chromosomalblaCTX-M-15was located on insertions longer than 10 kb. These insertions were bounded by ISEcp1at one end, exhibited a high degree of nucleotide sequence homology with previously reported plasmids, and carried multiple AMR genes that corresponded with phenotypic AMR profiles.ConclusionOur study revealed the co-occurrence of ISEcp1-blaCTX-M-15and multiple AMR genes on chromosomal insertions inE. cloacaeandE. coli, suggesting that ISEcp1may be responsible for the transposition of diverse AMR genes from plasmids to chromosomes. Stable retention of such insertions in chromosomes may facilitate the successful propagation of MDR clones among theseEnterobacteriaceaespecies.
Overexpression of Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to the internalization and elimination of Escherichia coli in sheep by enhancing caveolae-dependent endocytosis
Authors: Li Yao , Zhao Yue , Xu Xueling , Zhang Rui , Zhang Jinlong , Zhang Xiaosheng , Li Yan , Deng Shoulong , Lian Zhengxing 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Gram-negative bacterial infections have a major economic impact on both the livestock industry and public health. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a crucial role in host defence against Gram-negative bacteria. Exploring the defence mechanism regulated by TLR4 may provide new targets for treatment of inflammation and control of bacterial infections. In a previous study, we generated transgenic sheep overexpressing TLR4 by microinjection to improve disease resistance. The defence mechanism through which TLR4 overexpression protected these sheep against pathogens is still not fully understood.

Results
In the present study, we used Escherichia coli to infect monocytes isolated from peripheral blood of the animal model. The overexpression of TLR4 strongly enhanced the percentage of endocytosis and capacity of elimination in monocytes during the early stages of infection. This phenomenon was mainly due to overexpression of TLR4 promoting caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Pretreatment of the transgenic sheep monocytes with inhibitors of TLR4, Src signalling, or the caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathway reduced the internalization of bacteria, weakened the ability of the monocytes to eliminate the bacteria, and increased the pH of the endosomes.

Conclusion
Together, our results reveal the effects of TLR4 on the control of E. coli infection in the innate immunity of sheep and provide crucial evidence of the caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathway required for host resistance to invading bacteria in a large animal model, providing theoretical support for breeding disease resistance in the future. Furthermore, Src and caveolin 1 (CAV1) could be potentially valuable targets for the control of infectious diseases.
The authentication and repatriation of a ceremonial tsantsa to its country of origin (Ecuador)
Authors: Byron Craig D. , Kiefer Adam M. , Thomas Joanna , Patel Sagar , Jenkins Amy , Fratino Anthony L. , Anderson Todd 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Tsantsas, commonly referred to as “shrunken heads”, are unique and valuable antiquities that were produced by the Shuar, Achuar, Awajún/Aguaruna, Wampís/Huambisa, and Candoshi-Shampra (SAAWC) peoples until the mid twentieth century. Originally used with ceremonial purpose during important social group functions, tsantsas became monetarily valuable as keepsakes and curios during the nineteenth century as a result of Western/European cultural encroachment. Unmet demand resulted in the production of convincing forgeries that created confusion about the authenticity of existing collections. Ceremonial tsantsas are both human remains and valuable cultural items. Their production and purpose were negatively influenced by colonialism and the outside curio market; as such many institutions may choose to repatriate them to their places of origin. Herein, we report on the authentication and repatriation of a ceremonial tsantsa recently rediscovered in a university’s natural history collection. The personal memoirs of the original collector describe that it originated in the Ecuadorean Amazon. In consultation with the government of Ecuador, it was determined that authentication was required prior to repatriation. The tsantsa was compared to a list of thirty-three distinct characteristics shared by ceremonial tsantsas. These criteria were taken from those provided by Ecuador’s National Cultural Heritage Institute and those found in prior studies from the academic literature; they include notable skin and hair features, structure and facial anatomy, and evidence of traditional fabrication and modification. We were able to affirm 30 of the 33 authenticating indicators. As part of our protocol the tsantsa was scanned with a CT-imaging system. The resulting 3D images were invaluable in discerning subtle and difficult-to-visualize characteristics regarding the skin and patterns of modification, although there are limitations related to the small size of filamentous structures. The results of the authentication were accepted by the Ecuadorean government, and the tsantsa was repatriated in June 2019. An additional benefit of CT-imaging is that data files can be generated in order to create rapid prototypes via 3D printing. In fact, as our work demonstrates, artifacts of value can be repatriated while simultaneously preserved as a volumetric replica for the purposes of a collection.
Characterization of okra seed flours, protein concentrate, protein isolate and enzymatic hydrolysates
Authors: Nnamezie Anastasia Amaka , Famuwagun Akinsola Albert , Gbadamosi Saka Olasunkanmi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The need to feed the increasing world population with high quality protein and the enormous post-harvest losses of okra fruits necessitated the research on okra seeds in this study. Whole flour (WF) of matured okra seed was processed to obtain defatted flour (DF), protein concentrate (PC) and protein isolate (PI), followed by hydrolysis of the protein isolate by three different proteases; pepsin (PHp), pancreatin (PHc) and trypsin (PHT) to produce hydrolysates. The okra seed flours, proteins and the hydrolysates were analyzed for changes in the functional groups using Fourier, Transform Infrared (FTIR), amino acid composition, solubility profile and some functional properties. The FTIR results showed the presence of N-H stretching, C=O stretching, C=N stretching N-H bending and C-N stretching in the samples. Protein hydrolysate had higher essential amino acids (51.32–53.01%) than unhydrolysed samples (36.31–37.99%). PI and WF had the highest water absorption and swelling capacities respectively. The solubility profiles of the samples were minimal at pH 2–4 and then increased after the isoelectric point. The PC was more soluble than PI between pH 2–8. The foaming properties of the samples was least in the absence of salt but high in the presence of 0.5 M sodium chloride. The emulsion capacity of the samples was least in the presence of 1.0 M NaCl. The in-vitro protein digestibility results showed that okra seed protein hydrolysates were more digestible (83.26–86.08%) than unhydrolyzed proteins (36.48–80.90%). The results of the antioxidant properties showed that PHp and PHT exhibited better radical scavenging and metal chelating activities respectively than the other samples. The study concluded that okra seed proteins and hydrolysates demonstrated potentials as ingredients in functional food preparation and this may be considered as a strategy to reducing the post-harvest losses of okra fruit and subsequently feeding the world with quality proteins.

Graphical abstract
Extended endoscopic frontal nasal sinus surgery in management of chronic and recurrent frontal sinus diseases
Authors: Abdelaal Ahmed Sobhi , Al Awady Mohamed Kamel , Elkholy Tawfik Abdelaty 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
The anatomical variation of the frontal sinus and its intimate relation to the skull base and orbit makes its surgery demanding. The extended endoscopic frontal sinus surgery allows wide better drainage and preventing the recurrence of the disease. Fourteen patients underwent EEFSS from May 2017 to May 2019. These patients are nine patients presented by chronic recurrent frontal sinusitis, three patients presented by chronic recurrent fronto ethmoidal mucocele and two patients with chronic recurrent external frontal fistula. Draff III done for ten patients of them and Draff IIB done for four patients of them. This study is designed for evaluating the efficacy of the extended endoscopic frontal sinus surgery (E E F S S) in management of chronic and recurrent frontal sinus diseases.

Results
The neo opening of the restored frontal sinus was remained opened with Draff III with high success rate; two patients from four patients with Draff IIb were with closed nasofrontal duct. The main follow-up was 12 months; the patients were followed up post-operatively for many office visits without any other manifestations.

Conclusion
The chronic recurrent frontal sinus diseases can be treated successfully with extended endoscopic frontal sinus surgery (E E F S S). The extended endoscopic frontal sinus surgery (Draff III) provides good results with low morbidity and less post-operative care.
ctDNA Predicts Overall Survival in Patients With NSCLC Treated With PD-L1 Blockade or With Chemotherapy
Authors: Zou Wei , Yaung Stephanie J. , Fuhlbrück Frederike , Ballinger Marcus , Peters Eric , Palma John F. , Shames David S. , Gandara David , Jiang Yuqiu , Patil Namrata S. 
Published: May 2021

PURPOSE Identification of predictors for overall survival (OS) allows timely detection of clinical efficacy signals and therefore facilitates treatment decisions. We assessed the association between circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) metrics and the primary end point of OS in a subset of previously treated patients with locally advanced or metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer, who underwent atezolizumab or docetaxel treatment in the open-label randomized phase III OAK trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma from 94 patients at baseline and at subsequent cycles of therapy every 3 weeks was analyzed retrospectively for ctDNA. ctDNA was measured by allele frequency and mutant molecules per milliliter (MMPM). Concordance between various per-sample metrics and clinical outcome were assessed using C index. RESULTS Of all the ctDNA metrics tested, the association of median MMPM at 6 weeks with OS in patients treated with atezolizumab or docetaxel had a C index > 0.7. The OS hazard ratios relative to high ctDNA above median MMPM within each arm were 0.28 (95% CI, 0.11 to 0.75) for atezolizumab and 0.19 (95% CI, 0.08 to 0.48) for docetaxel. For patients who had ctDNA median MMPM levels of < 4.79, the median survival time was more than 17 months in docetaxel-treated patients and the median survival time was not reached in the atezolizumab-treated patients. CONCLUSION ctDNA MMPM levels measured at 6 weeks post-treatment are associated with OS in advanced non–small-cell lung cancer. Our results suggest that ctDNA has the potential for a noninvasive early liquid biopsy predictor for OS that warrants further studies to demonstrate its utility in clinical development.
Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis: mechanisms and treatments
Authors: Penna Sara , Villa Anna , Capo Valentina 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) is a severe inherited bone disease characterized by defective osteoclast resorption or differentiation. Clinical manifestations include dense and brittle bones, anemia and progressive nerve compression, which hamper the quality of patients' lives and cause death in the first 10 years of age. This Review describes the pathogenesis of ARO and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the current standard of care, namely hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Despite an improvement in the overall survival and outcomes of HSCT, transplant-related morbidity and the pre-existence of neurological symptoms significantly limit the success of HSCT, while the availability of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched donors still remains an open issue. Novel therapeutic approaches are needed for ARO patients, especially for those that cannot benefit from HSCT. Here, we review preclinical and proof-of-concept studies, such as gene therapy, systematic administration of deficient protein, in utero HSCT and gene editing.
Mid-level health providers for primary healthcare: a rapid evidence synthesis
Authors: Moola Sandeep , Bhaumik Soumyadeep , Nambiar Devaki 
Published: May 2021

Background: Healthcare services, in many countries, are increasingly being provided by cadres not trained as physicians, and these substitute health workers are referred to as mid-level health providers (MLHPs). The objective of this study was to rapidly synthesise evidence on the effectiveness of MLHPs involved in the delivery of healthcare, with a perspective on low- and middle-income countries. Methods: The review team performed an overview of systematic reviews assessing various outcomes for participants receiving care from MLHPs. The team evaluated systematic reviews for methodological quality and certainty of the evidence. Also, the review team consulted relevant stakeholders in India. Results: The final report included seven systematic reviews, with six assessed as moderate to high methodological quality. Mortality outcomes concerning pregnancy and childbirth care services showed no significant differences in care provided by MLHPs when compared with doctors. Pregnancy care provided by midwives was found to improve the quality of care slightly. The risk of failure or incomplete abortion for surgical abortion procedures provided by MLHPs was twice when compared to the procedures provided by doctors. Moderate to high certainty evidence showed that initiation and maintenance of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected patients by a nurse or clinical officer slightly reduced mortality. High certainty evidence showed that chronic disease management by non-medical prescribers reduced some important physiological measures compared to medical prescribing by doctors. Conclusions: To date, this is the first rapid overview of the evidence on MLHPs. Low-quality evidence suggests that MLHPs might be suitable to deliver quality pregnancy care. Moderate and high-quality evidence from trials suggests that MLHPs are helpful for chronic disease management and initiation and maintenance of antiretroviral therapy in people with HIV/AIDS. However, the roles and subsequent training and regulation of MLHPs might be different for different care domains.
The need for standardisation in life science research - an approach to excellence and trust.
Authors: Hollmann Susanne , Kremer Andreas , Baebler Špela , Trefois Christophe , Gruden Kristina , Rudnicki Witold R. , Tong Weida , Gruca Aleksandra , Bongcam-Rudloff Erik , Evelo Chris T. , Nechyporenko Alina , Frohme Marcus , Šafránek David , Regierer Babette , D'Elia Domenica 
Published: May 2021

Today, academic researchers benefit from the changes driven by digital technologies and the enormous growth of knowledge and data, on globalisation, enlargement of the scientific community, and the linkage between different scientific communities and the society. To fully benefit from this development, however, information needs to be shared openly and transparently. Digitalisation plays a major role here because it permeates all areas of business, science and society and is one of the key drivers for innovation and international cooperation. To address the resulting opportunities, the EU promotes the development and use of collaborative ways to produce and share knowledge and data as early as possible in the research process, but also to appropriately secure results with the European strategy for Open Science (OS). It is now widely recognised that making research results more accessible to all societal actors contributes to more effective and efficient science; it also serves as a boost for innovation in the public and private sectors. However for research data to be findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable the use of standards is essential. At the metadata level, considerable efforts in standardisation have already been made (e.g. Data Management Plan and FAIR Principle etc.), whereas in context with the raw data these fundamental efforts are still fragmented and in some cases completely missing. The CHARME consortium, funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Agency, has identified needs and gaps in the field of standardisation in the life sciences and also discussed potential hurdles for implementation of standards in current practice. Here, the authors suggest four measures in response to current challenges to ensure a high quality of life science research data and their re-usability for research and innovation.
Modular intervention to improve paternal involvement and support for better infant and young child feeding in a district of coastal South India: a randomized controlled trial protocol
Authors: Mithra Prasanna , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Thapar Rekha , Kumar Nithin , Holla Ramesh , Rathi Priya 
Published: May 2021

Background: The major determinant to the well-being of infants and young children (IYC) is their feeding practices. These practices are the responsibility of both parents, meaning that fathers have an equal role to mothers. Fathers’ involvement can have an impact on the overall health of the children. Despite this, paternal involvement towards IYC feeding (IYCF) have not been studied adequately. Methods: This randomized control trial (n=120) will be conducted among fathers of infants (children aged <1 year) and young children (children aged 12-23 months) in selected households in Dakshina Kannada District of the southern Indian State of Karnataka. The study will be conducted after an initial baseline assessment on awareness, attitude and involvement of fathers in IYCF. Fathers with scores less than the 50th percentile in the practice component will be categorized as fathers with poor involvement and will be potential participants for the trial. A visual module will be developed and validated for improving paternal involvement in IYCF. Using a simple randomization technique, the participants will be allocated to modular intervention and control group (1:1 allocation). Each participant in the intervention arm will be visited once a month to implement the module, for six months on a one-to-one basis. Following the intervention, a post-test assessment will be done for both groups to measure the level of paternal involvement in IYCF. Ethics and dissemination: Approval has been obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India. The dissemination plans include scientific conferences and publication in scientific journals. Registration: The study is registered with Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2017/06/008936).