bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine Learning for Diagnosis of Event Synchronization Faults in Discrete Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Cohen Joseph , Jiang Baoyang , Ni Jun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Common in discrete manufacturing, timed event systems often have strict synchronization requirements for healthy operation. Discrete event system methods have been used as mathematical tools to detect known faults, but do not scale well for problems with extensive variability in the normal class. A hybridized discrete event and data-driven method is suggested to supplement fault diagnosis in the case where failure patterns are not known in advance. A unique fault diagnosis framework consisting of signal data from programmable logic controllers, a Timed Petri Net of the normal process behavior, and machine learning algorithms is presented to improve fault diagnosis of timed event systems. Various supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms are explored as the methodology is implemented in a case study in semiconductor manufacturing. State-of-the-art classifiers such as artificial neural networks, support vector machines, and random forests are implemented and compared for handling multi-fault diagnosis using programmable logic controller signal data. For unsupervised learning, classifiers based on principal component analysis utilizing major and minor principal components are compared for anomaly detection. The rule-based random forest and extreme random forest classifiers achieve excellent performance with a precision and recall score of 0.96 for multi-fault classification. Additionally, the unsupervised learning approach yields anomaly detection rates of 98% with false alarms under 3% with a training set 99% smaller than the supervised learning classifiers. These results obtained on a real use case are promising to enable prognostic tools in industrial automation systems in the future.
Experimental Study of Gas–Liquid Pressurization Performance and Critical Gas Volume Fractions of a Multiphase Pump
Authors: Chang Liang , Xu Qiang , Yang Chenyu , Su Xiaobin , Zhang Xuemei , Guo Liejin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Gas entrainment may cause pressurization deterioration and even failure of pumps under conditions of high inlet gas volume fraction (GVF). When the inlet GVF increases to a critical value, an obvious deterioration performance of pump occurs. Air–water pressurization performance and inlet critical GVFs of a centrifugal multiphase pump are investigated experimentally under different inlet pressures and gas–liquid flow rates. To determine the first and second critical GVFs, a new method is proposed by computing the local extreme points of the second derivative of performance curves. New prediction correlations for two critical GVFs are established with relative errors lower than ±10% and ±8%. Boundaries of three different flow patterns and the transition flow rates are determined and presented by critical GVFs on the flow pattern diagram. Moreover, boundaries of maximum pressurization are determined by performance curve clusters and a power function correlation of gas–liquid flow rates when reaching the maximum pressurization is established. With the increase of inlet pressure from 1 MPa to 5 MPa, two-phase pressurization performance is significantly increased; occurrences of pressurization deterioration are obviously delayed with the first and second critical GVFs increasing by maximums of 8.2% and 7.1%.
Proposed Alternative Rules for Establishing Pressure-Temperature Rating of Aluminum Alloy Flanges
Authors: Cheta Ayman 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Pressure-temperature ratings for aluminum alloy flanges made from ASTM B247 3003-H112 and 6061-T6 materials are covered in ASME B31.3 Appendix L since 1995. They were previously included in ANSI B16.5 between 1960 and 1968, and in ANSI B16.31 Non-ferrous Alloy Flanges from 1968 and until it was withdrawn in 1981.
In 2018, Xu and Rana [PVP 2018-84076] used a modified version of the rules for establishing the pressure-temperature rating from ASME B16.5 Steel Flanges to re-assess the pressure-temperature rating of aluminum alloy currently listed in ASME B31.3 Appendix L. Based on their work, they recommended raising the pressure-temperature ratings for Classes 150, 300 and 600, as well as expanding rating to cover Classes 900 and 1500.
In this paper, the author will revisit this topic, explain the background of why ANSI B16.31 was withdrawn and the drawbacks of higher pressure-temperature rating of aluminum alloy flanges. The author will also explain the concept of “ceiling pressure” used in B16 standards to cap the maximum pressure rating for flanges and valves, and significant difference in the modulus of elasticity between Carbon Steel and Aluminum alloys, and its impact on flange rigidity and leak tightness, and will propose alternative rules for establishing the pressure-temperature ratings for aluminum alloy flanges.
Technical Basis for Revision of Code Case N-809 on Reference Fatigue Crack Growth Curves for Austenitic Stainless Steels in Pressurized Water Reactor Environments
Authors: Cipolla Russell C. , Bamford Warren H. , Hojo Kiminobu , Nomura Yuichiro 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Reference fatigue crack growth curves for austenitic stainless steels exposed to pressurized water reactor environments have been available in the ASME Code, Section XI in their present form with the publication of Code Case N-809 in Supplement 2 to the 2015 Code Edition. The reference curves are dependent on temperature, loading rate (loading rise time), mean stress (R-ratio), and cyclic stress intensity factor range (ΔK), which are all contained in the model. Since the first implementation of this Code Case, additional data have become available, and the purpose of this paper is to provide the technical basis for revision of the Code Case.
Changes have been made in three areas: R-ratio behavior, threshold for crack growth (ΔKth), and crack growth rate dependence on ΔK. In addition, the temperature model was revisited to study the temperature effects for T &lt; 150°C, where the current model predicts an increase in da/dN based on limited test data at about 100°C (200°F). At this point, the current temperature model is considered conservative and no change is proposed in this revision to N-809.
The R-ratio model has been revised for both high and low carbon stainless steels, a significant improvement over the original procedures. Perhaps the most important revision is in the area of the threshold for the initiation of fatigue crack growth; such data are difficult to obtain, and the previous model was very conservative. Finally, the crack growth exponent was revised slightly to make it consistent with the regression analysis of the original data.
Investigation of Nozzle on Knuckle Region of Dished Head
Authors: Pathre Sujay S. , Mathkar Ameya M. , Gopalakrishnan Shyam 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
ASME Code Section VIII Division 1 [1] provides rules for the shape of openings, size of openings, strength and design of openings, however, the existing rules do not provide any restrictions on the specific location of the nozzle on the dished head knuckle region. Many corporate guidelines/ user design requirements meant for pressure vessel design and specification suggest avoiding placement of any type of nozzle in the knuckle area of a dished head and generally state in their design specification to limit the placement of a nozzle including its reinforcement within the crown area. This applies to Torispherical and Ellipsoidal dished heads.
Code [1] rule UG-37(a) provides the benefit in reinforcement by reducing the required thickness (tr) of the dished head when the nozzle is in the spherical portion of the dished head for the Ellipsoidal and Torispherical dished head.
High stresses occur in the knuckle region of the dished head due to the edge bending effect caused as the cylinder and head try to deform in different directions. For various reasons the user design requirements insist on placing the nozzle in the knuckle region, further compounding the complexity of the stress pattern in the knuckle area.
The work carried out in this paper was an attempt to check whether it is safe to locate a nozzle in the knuckle region of the dished head since the knuckle portion is generally subjected to higher stresses in comparison to the crown portion of a dished head and the Code [1] and [2] does not impose any restrictions for the placement of nozzles in the knuckle region. Also, in this paper an attempt was made to evaluate the induced stresses when equivalent sizes of nozzles are placed in the crown as well as the knuckle portion of the dished head.
Failure Analysis of a Cracked Stainless-Steel Steam-Water Separator
Authors: Shi Jin , Liu Wen , Cheng Xin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Currently, austenitic stainless steel has been widely used for the pressure boundary, including reactors, separators and storage tanks serviced in energy, petrochemical, chemical and food industries in view of its inherent corrosion resistance. However, the corrosion resistance may deteriorate under some circumstances such as field welding and inappropriate post-weld heat treatment. A steam-water separator serviced in a power plant was found cracking and a large amount of steam leaked outside. The cracking was located in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the joint on the head side of the pressure vessel. The material of the head was SUS 304 austenite stainless steel. Failure analysis was conducted to investigate the cause of cracking. The testing and measurement included chemical composition analysis, metallographic examination, fracture surface observation and deposit elements analysis.
Results showed that the cracking was intergranular and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) was the primary cause of failure. During the fabrication of the separator, the HAZ of the joint was overheated by the thermal input of welding. Brittle carbides such as M23C6 precipitating at the grain boundary, resulted in a narrow belt lack of chromium nearby known as sensitization. The corrosion resistance of the austenite stainless-steel decreased obviously there, and cracking failure occurred rapidly under tensile stress.
The influencing factors discussed in this paper mainly focused on material performance, post-weld heat treatment, and corrosivity of medium. Austenitic stainless steel containing stabilizing elements or with low C content was recommended for the new vessel design in order to avoid similar cracking failure.
Beta Amyloid, Tau Protein, and Neuroinflammation: An Attempt to Integrate Different Hypotheses of Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis
Authors: Garbuz D. G. , Zatsepina O. G. , Evgen’ev M. B. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that inevitably results in dementia and death. Currently, there are no pathogenetically grounded methods for the prevention and treatment of AD, and all current treatment regimens are symptomatic and unable to significantly delay the development of dementia. The accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), which is a spontaneous, aggregation-prone, and neurotoxic product of the processing of signaling protein APP (Amyloid Precursor Protein), in brain tissues, primarily in the hippocampus and the frontal cortex, was for a long time considered the main cause of neurodegenerative changes in AD. However, attempts to treat AD based on decreasing Aβ production and aggregation did not bring significant clinical results. More and more arguments are arising in favor of the fact that the overproduction of Aβ in most cases of AD is not the initial cause, but a concomitant event of pathological processes in the course of the development of sporadic AD. The concept of neuroinflammation has come to the fore, suggesting that inflammatory responses play the leading role in the initiation and development of AD, both in brain tissue and in the periphery. The hypothesis about the key role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of AD opens up new opportunities in the search for ways to treat and prevent this socially significant disease.
Efficacy of occlusive wraps used for delivery room care
Authors: Reuter Christina , Ehlers Florian , Vana Philipp , Küster Helmut 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundGuidelines advise for more than 20 years to use occlusive plastic wraps for temperature management during delivery room care but data on efficacy of different types of wrap are still scarce.MethodsA random sample of seven different types of plastic wrap was tested using prewarmed aluminium blocks.ResultsThe most effective wrap increased the time to cool by 2°C by one-third for the core and by 100% for the surface whereas the least effective wrap led to even faster heat loss compared with no wrap at all. The least effective wrap concerning all capacities tested was made from polyurethane that contains potentially toxic and narcotic monomers. Heat and water retention did not correlate to wrap thickness.DiscussionLarge differences in heat and water retention capacity warrant a careful choice of the type of wrap as some might be counterproductive. Wraps containing polyurethane should not be used.
Risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from on-field player contacts in amateur, youth and professional football (soccer)
Authors: Schreiber Sebastian , Faude Oliver , Gärtner Barbara , Meyer Tim , Egger Florian 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk of transmission among potentially infectious SARS-CoV-2-positive football players while participating in training or matches at amateur, youth and professional levels.MethodsBetween August 2020 and March 2021, football players who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and participated in matches or training during the period of potential contagiousness were identified through media search (professional level) and a nationwide registry in Germany (amateur and youth level) to determine symptoms, source of infection and hygiene measures adopted. The definition of potentially infectious players was based on the time of a positive PCR testing and symptom onset. Transmission-relevant contacts on the pitch were evaluated through doubly reviewed video analysis.ResultsOut of 1247 identified football matches and training sessions (1071 amateur and youth level, 176 professional level), 104 cases (38 training sessions, 66 matches) with 165 potentially infectious players were detected. Follow-up PCR testing at the professional level (44 cases) revealed no transmission. At the amateur and youth level, the combination of partial PCR testing (31 of 60 cases) and symptom monitoring within 14 days post-exposure (46 of 60 cases) identified 2 of 60 matches in which follow-up infections occurred that were attributed to non-football activities. This is consistent with the video analysis of 21 matches demonstrating frontal contacts were <1 per player-hour (88%, 30 of 34 players), each lasting no longer than 3 s.ConclusionOn-field transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 in football is very low. Sources of infections in football players are most likely not related to activities on the pitch.
Reliability of COVID-19 symptom checkers as national triage tools: an international case comparison study
Authors: Mansab Fatma , Bhatti Sohail , Goyal Daniel 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesTriage is a critical component of the pandemic response. It affects morbidity, mortality and how effectively the available healthcare resources are used. In a number of nations the pandemic has sponsored the adoption of novel, online, patient-led triage systems—often referred to as COVID-19 symptom checkers. The current safety and reliability of these new automated triage systems remain unknown.MethodsWe tested six symptom checkers currently in use as triage tools at a national level against 52 cases simulating COVID-19 of various severities to determine if the symptom checkers appropriately triage time-critical cases onward to healthcare contact. We further analysed and compared each symptom checker to determine the discretionary aspects of triage decision-making that govern the automated advice generated.ResultsOf the 52 clinical presentations, the absolute rate of onward referral to any form of healthcare contact was: Singapore 100%, the USA 67%, Wales 65%, England 62%, Scotland 54% and Northern Ireland 46%. Triage decisions were broadly based on either estimates of ‘risk’ or ‘disease severity’. Risk-based symptom checkers were more reliable, with severity-based symptom checkers often triaging time-critical cases to stay home without clinical contact or follow-up.ConclusionThe COVID-19 symptom checkers analysed here were unable to reliably discriminate between mild and severe COVID-19. Risk-based symptom checkers may hold some promise of contributing to pandemic case management, while severity-based symptom checkers—the CDC and NHS 111 versions—confer too much risk to both public and healthcare services to be deemed a viable option for COVID-19 triage.
COVID-19 related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C): a hospital-based prospective cohort study from Kerala, India
Authors: Tiwari Arun , Balan Suma , Rauf Abdul , Kappanayil Mahesh , Kesavan Sajith , Raj Manu , Sivadas Suchitra , Vasudevan Anil Kumar , Chickermane Pranav , Vijayan Ajay , John Shaji Thomas , CK Sasidharan , Krishnan Raghuram A , Sudhakar Abish 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesTo study (1) epidemiological factors, clinical profile and outcomes of COVID-19 related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), (2) clinical profile across age groups, (3) medium-term outcomes and (4) parameters associated with disease severity.DesignHospital-based prospective cohort study.SettingTwo tertiary care centres in Kerala, India.ParticipantsDiagnosed patients of MIS-C using the case definition of Centres for Disease Control and Prevention.Statistical analysisPearson χ2test or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the categorical variables and independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the continuous variables between the subgroups categorised by the requirement of mechanical ventilation. Bonferroni’s correction was used for multiple comparisons.ResultsWe report 41 patients with MIS-C, mean age was 6.2 (4.0) years, and 33 (80%) were previously healthy. Echocardiogram was abnormal in 23 (56%), and coronary abnormalities were noted in 15 (37%) patients. Immunomodulatory therapy was administered to 39 (95%), steroids and IVIg both were used in 35 (85%) and only steroids in 3 (7%) patients. Intensive care was required in 36 (88%), mechanical ventilation in 8 (20%), inotropic support in 21 (51%), and 2 (5%) patients died. Mechanical ventilation requirement in MIS-C was associated with hyperferritinaemia (p=0.001). Thirty-seven patients completed 3 months follow-up by April 2021, of whom 6 (16%) patients had some residual echocardiographic changes.ConclusionsPatients with MIS-C in our cohort had varied clinical manifestations ranging from fever with mild gastrointestinal and mucocutaneous involvement to fatal multiorgan dysfunction. Immediate and medium-term outcomes remain largely excellent except for the echocardiographic sequelae in a few patients which are also showing a resolving trend. Hyperferritinaemia was associated with the requirement of mechanical ventilation.
I-KID study protocol: evaluation of efficacy, outcomes and safety of a new infant haemodialysis and ultrafiltration machine in clinical use: a randomised clinical investigation using a cluster stepped-wedge design
Authors: Lambert Heather J , Sharma Shriya , Matthews John N S 
Published: October 2021

IntroductionThe I-KID study aims to determine the clinical efficacy, outcomes and safety of a novel non-CE-marked infant haemodialysis machine, the Newcastle Infant Dialysis Ultrafiltration System (NIDUS), compared with currently available therapy in the UK. NIDUS is specifically designed for renal replacement therapy in small babies between 0.8 and 8 kg.Methods and analysisThe clinical investigation is taking place in six UK centres. This is a randomised clinical investigation using a cluster stepped-wedge design. The study aims to recruit 95 babies requiring renal replacement therapy in paediatric intensive care units over 20 months.Ethics and disseminationThe study has high parent and public involvement at all stages in its design and parents will be involved in dissemination of results to parents and professionals via publications, conference proceedings and newsletters. The study has has ethics permissions from Tyne and Wear South Research Ethics Committee.Trial registration numbersIRAS ID number: 170 481MHRA Reference: CI/2017/0066ISRCT Number: 13 787 486CPMS ID number: 36 558NHS REC reference: 16/NE/0008Eudamed number: CIV-GB-18-02-023105Link to full protocol v6.0:https://fundingawards.nihr.ac.uk/award/14/23/26
Caffeine and Caffeinism
Authors: Mackay D. C. , Rollins J. W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCaffeine is a widely ingested and generally beneficial drug. However, when taken in excess, anxiety related symptoms become increasingly apparent. A case of caffeinism, which presented as a paranoid delusion, is reported as an extreme example of this.A study of 60 hospital inpatients revealed that about 40% of them consumed sufficient caffeine to produce symptoms of caffeinism. It is thus recommended that all patients should be questioned on their caffeine intake. Also, caffeinism should be considered as a differential diagnosis of anxiety states.
A comparison of Self-Recording Audiometry in Naval Establishments and Clinical Audiometry in a Hospital setting
Authors: Frampton M. C. , Counter R. T. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFollowing the introduction of self-recording audiometers into regular use in non-hospital Royal Naval medical facilities, there has been an increase in the rate of detection of hearing losses and consequent referral for formal audiometry and ENT evaluation at Naval Hospitals. Forty-two sets of audiograms have been examined and the hearing thresholds obtained by the two methods compared. The value of self-recording audiometry even in the often imperfect audiometric conditions available in a Naval sick bay has been confirmed and the midpoint of the tracing established as a reliable indicator of the hearing threshold.
Varicose Veins: optimum compression after surgery and sclerotherapy
Authors: Shouler P. J. , Runchman P. C. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryGraduated compression stockings are used in both surgical and non-surgical treatment of varicose veins. In a trial of high versus low compression stockings (40mmHg vs 15mmHg at ankle) after varicose vein surgery, both were equally effective in controlling bruising and thrombophlebitis, but low compression stockings proved to be more comfortable.In a further trial after sclerotherapy, high compression stockings alone produced comparable results to Elastocrepe® bandages with stockings. It is concluded that after varicose vein surgery low compression stockings provide adequate support for the leg and that after sclerotherapy, bandaging is not required if a high compression stocking is used.
Trans-endoscopic balloon dilatation of benign oesophageal strictures: A prospective study as an out-patient procedure
Authors: Joyce W. P. , Walker A. J. , Rees M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOver an 18-month period 70 consecutive patients underwent 100 oesophageal balloon dilatations of their benign peptic strictures by the trans-endoscopic route. All procedures were performed as an out-patient under intravenous sedation. One patient developed respiratory depression from over-sedation. No other complications were seen in this series. The first 50 patients were reviewed by postal questionnaire. The majority (91%) of patients were swallowing normally and all patients except one were happy with the procedure and content to undergo further dilatation should it prove necessary. A cost analysis was performed comparing balloon dilatation with conventional bougienage which is also practised at our hospital. Balloon dilatation as an out-patient procedure is a more cost-effective technique when compared to bougienage and has the potential of saving the health service many thousands of pounds per annum.