bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A fine‐scale analysis reveals microgeographic hotspots maximizing infection rate between a parasite and its fish host
Authors: Mathieu‐Bégné Eglantine , Blanchet Simon , Rey Olivier , Scelsi Orlane , Poesy Camille , Marselli Geoffrey , Loot Géraldine 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

For parasites, finding their hosts in vast and heterogeneous environments is a task that can be complex. Some parasite species rely on elaborate strategies to increase encounter rate with their hosts (e.g. behavioural modification of host), but others do not. For these parasites, a key issue is to reveal the processes that enable them to successfully find their hosts and complete their life cycles.

Here, we tested the hypothesis that infective larvae of the freshwater ectoparasite Tracheliastes polycolpus are not homogeneously distributed along the river and preferentially occur in very specific microhabitats that maximize encounter rate, and hence infection rate, with their host fish. To do this, we combined an in situ experiment (caging) with an empirical survey carried out on the same sites to identify potential ‘hotspots’ of infection at the microgeographic scale and their environmental characteristics.

Experimental and empirical results demonstrated that infections were not evenly distributed among microhabitats, and that infections were spatially aggregated in hotspots at a very fine spatial grain.

We further found that certain combinations of environmental variables were consistently and nonlinearly associated with higher infection rate for both caged and wild‐caught fish. Microhabitats characterized by very low or high stream velocities, associated with medium or very small substrate, respectively, and a deep water column were strongly and repeatedly associated with higher infection rates. These microhabitats could concentrate parasites and/or promote physical contact with the hosts.

We conclude that the characteristics of some microhabitats could facilitate contact between hosts and parasites and explain how some parasites manage to find their hosts in complex environments.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Opportunities for the conservation of migratory birds to benefit threatened resident vertebrates in the Neotropics
Authors: Wilson Scott , Lin Hsien‐Yung , Schuster Richard , González Ana M. , Gómez Camila , Botero‐Delgadillo Esteban , Bayly Nicholas J. , Bennett Joseph R. , Rodewald Amanda D. , Roehrdanz Patrick R. , Ruiz Gutierrez Viviana 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNeotropical countries receive financing and effort from temperate nations to aid the conservation of migratory species that move between temperate and tropical regions. If allocated strategically, these resources could simultaneously contribute to other conservation initiatives. In this study, we use novel distribution maps to show how those resources could aid planning for the recovery of threatened resident vertebrates.Using eBird‐based relative abundance estimates, we first identified areas with high richness of Neotropical migrant landbirds of conservation concern (23 species) during the stationary non‐breeding period. Within these areas, we then identified threatened species richness, projected forest loss and conducted a prioritization for 1,261 red‐listed vertebrates using Terrestrial Area‐of‐Habitat maps.Richness for migrants was greatest along a corridor from the Yucatan peninsula south to the northern Andes but also included south‐west Mexico and Hispaniola. Protected areas account for 22% of this region while 21% is at risk of forest loss. Within this focal region for migrants, all four vertebrate groups showed hotspots of threatened species richness along the west and east Andean slopes. Taxa‐specific hotspots included montane areas of southern Mexico and central Guatemala (amphibians/reptiles) and the entire east slope of the Colombian East Andes (mammals).Our prioritization highlighted several areas of importance for conservation due to high threatened species richness and projected forest loss including (a) the Pacific dry forests of south‐west Mexico, (b) montane regions of northern Central America and (c) the west Andean slope of Colombia and Ecuador. At a landscape scale in southern Colombia, we show how conservation efforts for six Neotropical migrants could benefit 56 threatened residents that share a similar elevational range.Synthesis and applications. Funding and effort for migratory bird conservation also has potential to benefit threatened resident vertebrates in the Neotropics. Our study highlights how novel, high‐resolution information on species distributions and risk of forest loss can be integrated to identify priority areas for the two groups at regional and landscape scales. The approach and data can be further modified for more specific goals, such as within‐country initiatives.
Habitat quality and edge area of fragments determine insect diversity in a heavily used landscape: Implications for forest landscape restoration
Authors: Ramalingam Ravi , Dharma Rajan Priyadarsanan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWorldwide, forest fragmentation and degradation have affected the flora and fauna, and are threatening the livelihood of people depending upon forest resources. It is essential to understand the underlying ecological processes to better manage such landscapes. In ecological assessments, insects are useful tools to assess the effects of human interventions such as restoration, as insects are vital for several ecosystem processes. Therefore, we studied the ecological processes that determined the distributions of the epigeic insect communities among the degraded forest fragments of the Attappady Hills (Western Ghats, India), which are being restored. Our objectives were to determine the spatial variations in the epigeic insect communities and their responses to habitat quantity and quality of the forest fragments, along with an assessment of the invasive ants’ responses to fragmentation and degradation, and their effects on the native insect communities. We used pitfall traps in several forest fragments representing varying disturbance levels along an east–west gradient. The diversity of various insect taxonomic groups and functional feeding guilds were higher in smaller fragments than compared to larger fragments due to edge effects. The variations in the distributions of insect communities were explained by the habitat features that were spatially correlated. Invasive ants, Anoplolepis gracilipes, infested the smaller fragments where the vegetation quality had degraded. We conclude that an understanding of the effects of fragmentation and degradation on insect communities is vital to restoration managers as ecological restoration becomes an important strategy to reverse degradation and to revive ecological processes of fragmented forests.Abstract in Malayalam is available with online material.
Oral supplementation of inorganic pyrophosphate in pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Authors: Kozák Eszter , Fülöp Krisztina , Tőkési Natália , Rao Nidhi , Li Qiaoli , Terry Sharon F. , Uitto Jouni , Zhang Xiaoming , Becker Cyrus , Váradi András , Pomozi Viola 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE; OMIM 264800) is a rare heritable multisystem disorder, characterized by ectopic mineralization affecting elastic fibres in the skin, eyes and the cardiovascular system. Skin findings often lead to early diagnosis of PXE, but currently, no specific treatment exists to counteract the progression of symptoms. PXE belongs to a group of Mendelian calcification disorders linked to pyrophosphate metabolism, which also includes generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) and arterial calcification due to CD73 deficiency (ACDC). Inactivating mutations in ABCC6, ENPP1 and NT5E are the genetic cause of these diseases, respectively, and all of them result in reduced inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) concentration in the circulation. Although PPi is a strong inhibitor of ectopic calcification, oral supplementation therapy was initially not considered because of its low bioavailability. Our earlier work however demonstrated that orally administered pyrophosphate inhibits ectopic calcification in the animal models of PXE and GACI, and that orally given Na4P2O7 is absorbed in humans. Here, we report that gelatin‐encapsulated Na2H2P2O7 has similar absorption properties in healthy volunteers and people affected by PXE. The sodium‐free K2H2P2O7 form resulted in similar uptake in healthy volunteers and inhibited calcification in Abcc6−/− mice as effectively as its sodium counterpart. Novel pyrophosphate compounds showing higher bioavailability in mice were also identified. Our results provide an important step towards testing oral PPi in clinical trials in PXE, or potentially any condition accompanied by ectopic calcification including diabetes, chronic kidney disease or ageing.
Heat stress effects on the reproductive physiology and yield of wheat
Authors: Ullah Aman , Nadeem Faisal , Nawaz Ahmad , Siddique Kadambot H. M. , Farooq Muhammad 
Published: November 2021

AbstractClimate change is adversely affecting wheat yields as the associated rising temperatures damage its reproductive physiology. Heat stress affects wheat at various stages of growth, but flowering and reproductive phases are the most sensitive to high temperatures as flower opening usually occurs in cooler environments. Heat stress at meiosis causes ovule and pollen sterility along with anther dehiscence. During pollen development, temperatures >30°C cause pollen abortion. At anthesis, heat stress limits resource translocation to developing grain, resulting in small grain and low yields. During grain development, heat stress shortens the grain‐filling duration and decreases starch and protein accumulation due to reduced activity of grain biosynthesis enzymes and impaired flag leaf assimilatory efficiency and stem reserve mobilization. The development of heat‐tolerant wheat genotypes through screening, selection and breeding using genetic engineering, exogenous application of osmoprotectants and agronomic approaches is a high priority. This review discusses the impact of heat stress on flower development and fertilization, grain development and reproductive failure in wheat and outlines strategies (i.e. breeding and selection, genetic engineering, molecular breeding and management) to improve heat tolerance in wheat.
On Chomsky's notion of explanatory adequacy
Authors: Cipriani Enrico 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe starting point of this work is the notion of explanatory adequacy. After summarising and analysing the presentation that Chomsky gives of this notion in the first works of generative grammar, I consider the role that such notion has been playing in the construction of the theory of generative grammar and in the foundation of the Universal Grammar research program, focussing, in particular, on the last phase of generative grammar, that is, minimalism.
A global phylogenetic regionalization of vascular plants reveals a deep split between Gondwanan and Laurasian biotas
Authors: Carta Angelino , Peruzzi Lorenzo , Ramírez‐Barahona Santiago 
Published: November 2021

Summary

Existing global regionalization schemes for plants consider the compositional affinities among biotas, but these have not explicitly considered phylogenetic information. Here, we present for the first time, a phytogeographical delineation of the global vascular flora based on species‐level evolutionary relationships.

We analysed 8737 820 geographical occurrence records for vascular plants together with a time‐calibrated phylogeny including 67 269 species. We constructed a global phylogenetic regionalization by estimating species composition and phylogenetic beta diversity among 200 km × 200 km grid cells across the world.

We identified de novo 16 phytogeographical units that are deeply split into two clusters: Laurasian and Gondwanan. Our regionalization broadly matches previous schemes, but also highlights the separation of the Gondwanan biota into an Holotropical cluster and an Australian–Neozealandic–Patagonian cluster. In contrast, no clear split among Laurasian and Gondwanan biotas was retrieved when omitting phylogenetic information.

The integration of phylogenetic and geographical information provides new insights into the delineation of phytogeographical areas and their historical relationships, enabling the identification of three large, clearly differentiated biotas, here referred to as kingdoms: Holarctic, Holotropical, and Austral. Our results provide further evidence for delineating transition zones and show a clear latitudinal pattern of increasing evolutionary distinctiveness towards the poles.
Good governance: Contemporary issues in political philosophy
Authors: Kirby Nikolas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe legislature and the judiciary have been a constant focus of contemporary political philosophy. However, the executive – ‘the government’itself – has been comparatively neglected. Today, this is changing with a well‐spring of new work that bears upon what we might call the ideal of ‘good governance’, that is, how governments (and/or their agents) should exercise their powers. This review paper begins by clarifying the concepts of ‘governance’ and ‘good’ governance (§1). It then highlights five sets of values, working nominally from the most foundational constraints on the exercise of government power to those that should guide the exercise of discretion: legitimacy and rule of law (§2); respect and trustworthiness (§3); efficiency and rationality (§4); public participation and accountability (§5); and the public interest and fiduciary duties (§6).
Computational Micro-Mechanical Model of Composite and Flexible Woven Fabric With Fiber Reorientation
Authors: Tabiei Ala , Ivanov Ivelin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This work presents a computational material model of flexible woven fabric for finite element impact analysis and simulation. The model is implemented in the nonlinear dynamic explicit finite element code LSDYNA. The material model derivation utilizes the micro-mechanical approach and the homogenization technique usually used in composite material models. The model accounts for reorientation of the yarns and the fabric architecture. The behavior of the flexible fabric material is achieved by discounting the shear moduli of the material in free state, which allows the simulation of the trellis mechanism before packing the yams. The material model is implemented into the LSDYNA code as a user defined material subroutine. The developed model and its implementation is validated using an experimental ballistic test on Kevlar® woven fabric. The presented validation shows good agreement between the simulation utilizing the present material model and the experiment.
Three-Dimensional Elasticity Solution for the Buckling of Sandwich Columns
Authors: Kardomateas George A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A study of the buckling of a sandwich column, based on the three dimensional theory of elasticity, and a comparison with the simple Euler or transverse shear correction Engesser / Haringx / Timoshenko column buckling formulas, is presented. All three phases of the sandwich structure (two face sheets and the core) are assumed to be orthotropic and the column is in the form of a hollow circular cylinder. The Euler or Engesser / Haringx / Timoshenko loads are based on the equivalent axial modulus. Representative results show the significance of the effect of transverse shear in these sandwich structures.
Effects of Material Failure on Buckling Behaviour of Medium-Thick GFRP Cylindrical Shells for Submarine Applications
Authors: Carvelli Valter , Panzeri Nicola , Poggi Carlo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The paper is concerned with the interaction of buckling and material failure in composite cylindrical shells subject to external pressure. A methodology for the numerical prediction of the strength of composite shells is discussed and an application is presented. The results of an experimental and numerical research on a composite shell structure, intended as a model for an under-water vehicle for service in deep-sea environment, are recalled. It is showed how a reasonable prediction of the buckling pressure can be obtained only including the effects of the geometric imperfections. The validated finite element model is then adopted for a parametric study on the influence of the thickness variation on the failure behaviour of cylinders. A well-known failure criteria for composite laminates (Tsai-Wu) is introduced in the model to study the interaction between buckling and material failure in composite cylinders subject to hydrostatic pressure. The values of the pressure obtained with linear buckling, first-ply and progressive failure analysis with or without geometric effects are discussed for a specific composite cylinder.
Light Weight Design in Body-in-White Development Considering Passive Safety Requirements
Authors: Passek Boris 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Aside from aerodynamics, resistance to rolling, and the engine efficiency itself, mass is the most influencing factor of fuel consumption and therefore vehicle emission.
Over the last years, the automobile industry has generally met the ever-increasing requirements on comfort and passive safety with increases in vehicle mass. However, with the European Community together with Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA), setting fleet average fuel consumption goals for 2008 to 5.81 petrol/100km (5.251 diesel/100km), this practice has to be not only stopped, but reversed. Very simply, it means that vehicle mass has to decrease while current and new legal requirements on passive safety will continue to have to be met. Additionally, comfort goals have to remain abreast of market demands.
The use of alternative, lightweight materials in the Body-in-White offers the possibility of reducing vehicle mass without influencing the general concept of the car.
The basis for an optimal vehicle structure is set in the initial phase of development. Consideration of implementing alternative materials has to occur at this stage in order to be successful. In order to be cost effective, these feasibility studies are primarily determined by simulation. For this purpose, it is imperative to have dependable models for these alternative materials, which can describe, not only their linear-elastic properties, but also the non-linear behavior and damage.
One common choice for lightweight material which is seeing more and more use in the automobile industry is aluminum which has only one third the density of steel.
This paper discusses the simulating and testing process for structural aluminum components in a BMW vehicle, starting with a general introduction to the problems of simulating aluminum alloys. BMW’s Z8 project is used as example, emphasis being placed on passive safety subjects.
Diagnosis and Diagnostic Rule Extraction Using Fuzzy Neural Network
Authors: Li C. James , Lee Chong-suhk , Wang Sun’an 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The goal of this study is to develop a reasoning device and a diagnostic rule extraction methodology based on fuzzy neural network. This paper describes a method to obtain a fuzzy neural network classifier from labeled training data sets and algorithms to extracted linguistic diagnostic rules from such a trained fuzzy neural network. Benchmark comparisons were performed using three data sets from three different fields of applications. The proposed methodology was shown to outperform all the existing methods that were compared.
Dynamic Temperature Testing and Modeling for an Automatic Transmission Clutch
Authors: DeMurry Thomas , Wang Yanying 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The primary objectives of this study are (1) to validate the hardware design and control methodologies for preserving the thermo-mechanical integrity of a launch clutch emulating a torque converter and (2) to develop a simple, control oriented clutch-temperature model that may act as a virtual thermocouple in the processor of an automobile for real-time clutch-temperature predictions. In a dynamometer test cell, a Ford CD4E transaxle is instrumented with a thermocouple-based telemetry system to investigate clutch thermal characteristics during engagements, neutral idle, single and repeated launching, torsional isolation, and hill holding. A nonlinear, SIMULINK™-based model for estimating temperature is developed. The results from the simulations are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Hybrid Operating Strategy and Energy Management for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Bailey Kathleen , Jankovic Miroslava , Phillips Anthony , Blankenship John , Cikanek Susan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the development of the Low Storage Requirement (LSR) Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Vehicle System Controller (VSC). It defines the LSR configuration and discusses the advantages of this particular configuration. The main focus of this paper is the hybrid operating strategy for this vehicle and the details of the hybrid operating modes. This hybrid vehicle was developed as a part of the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hybrid Propulsion Systems Development Program that was conducted under a cost-shared subcontract funded equally by Ford and DOE through the Midwest Research Institute which manages and operates DOE’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, CO.
Feasibility Assessment and Operating Policy Optimization of Automotive Powertrains With Uncertainties Using Game Theory
Authors: Kolmanovsky Ilya , Siverguina Irina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The paper describes a game-theoretic framework and a computational algorithm for feasibility evaluation of automotive powertrains with storage elements in terms of fuel economy and emissions performance. The game-theoretic framework allows to handle various time-dependent uncertainties, including uncertainties in the drive cycle. In particular, an important issue in the prior approaches to this problem, the drive cycle dependence of the optimal policies, is alleviated. Within the basic framework, it is also possible to generate implementable operating policies that specify powertrain actuator settings as functions of engine operating conditions and states of the storage elements. We illustrate the procedure using an example powertrain with a Direct Injection Stratified Charge engine and an aftertreatment system consisting of a Three Way Catalyst and a Lean NOx Trap.