bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘What have the Ottomans ever done for us?’ Why history matters for politics in the Arab Middle East
Authors: Neep Daniel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Scholars of Middle East politics have been reluctant to explore how the long nineteenth century has shaped the region's political development. The reason for this neglect, I argue, is a common understanding of Ottoman decline and failed modernization, which suggests that the story of modern politics in the Middle East commences with colonial partition after the First World War. But what if political scientists are getting the story wrong? In this article, I argue that our background assumptions about the political development of the Middle East reflect outdated understandings that historians themselves have long left behind. Drawing on this revisionist Ottoman historiography, I show that key dynamics in Middle East politics today—such as state-building and sectarian identities—originate not in the era ushered in by the Sykes–Picot Accord, but in the transformations of the long nineteenth century. By overlooking the evolution of late Ottoman politics and their historical legacies, political scientists risk misdiagnosing key dynamics in the region's political development. ‘Bringing the Ottomans back in’ highlights to policy-makers the importance of the extra-institutional dimensions of statebuilding in the Middle East, and opens up new vistas for research in comparative–historical political science.
Explicit incorporation of spatial variability in a biomass dynamics assessment model
Authors: McDonald Raphaël R , Keith David M , Sameoto Jessica A , Hutchings Jeffrey A , Flemming Joanna M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The sustainable management of fisheries has largely relied on stock assessment models that assume stocks are homogeneous throughout their domain. However, ignoring complex underlying spatial patterns can lead to increased risk of failures in management. Utilizing geostatistical approaches in conjunction with a traditional fishery biomass dynamics model, we develop a spatially-explicit modelling framework that treats the underlying population dynamics as spatial processes. Simulation experiments demonstrate that this approach reliably estimates variance parameters and accurately captures true patterns of population change. We further demonstrate the utility of our modelling framework in a real setting using data from the Canadian Maritimes Inshore Scallop Fishery. The model captures time-varying spatial patterns in both population characteristics and fishing pressure without explicit knowledge of the underlying mechanisms and retains the ability to scale up to the whole spatial domain with less associated uncertainty than for temporal models. These results lead to improved scientific advice for management, future-proofing of the assessment to shifts in stock productivity and fishing effort, and provide information that can be used to develop more effective management approaches.
Unipotent Quantum Coordinate Ring and Prefundamental Representations for TypesAn(1) andDn(1)
Authors: Jang Il-Seung , Kwon Jae-Hoon , Park Euiyong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe give a new realization of the prefundamental representations $L^\pm _{r,a}$ introduced by Hernandez and Jimbo, when the quantum loop algebra $U_q(\mathfrak {g})$ is of types $A_n^{(1)}$ and $D_n^{(1)}$ and the $r$-th fundamental weight $\varpi _r$ for types $A_n$ and $D_n$ is minuscule. We define an action of the Borel subalgebra $U_q(\mathfrak {b})$ of $U_q(\mathfrak {g})$ on the unipotent quantum coordinate ring associated to the translation by $-\varpi _r$ and show that it is isomorphic to $L^\pm _{r,a}$. We then give a combinatorial realization of $L^+_{r,a}$ in terms of the Lusztig data of the dual PBW vectors.
Talking with an IoT-CA: Effects of the Use of Internet of Things Conversational Agents on Face-to-Face Conversations
Authors: Li Ziyang , Rau Pei-Luen Patrick 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Internet of things conversational agents (IoT-CAs) are making human–computer interactions ubiquitous. In this study, we experimentally examined the effects of IoT-CA use on face-to-face conversations between close partners. A total of 136 participants (68 close relationship dyads) participated in the experiment. We prepared an IoT chat environment and provided chat topics for each dyad. The dyads were randomly assigned into one of two IoT-CA use pattern groups (joint use: two persons using an IoT-CA together; individual use: one person using an IoT-CA alone) and three interaction conditions (no IoT-CA use, conversation content-relevant IoT-CA use, conversation content-irrelevant IoT-CA use). The results showed that compared with no IoT-CA use, IoT-CA use did not have negative effects on conversation experiences but produced feelings of greater closeness to the IoT-CA in the partners. Furthermore, joint IoT-CA use in the content-relevant condition (IoT-CA made comments relevant to interpersonal interactions) helped increase interpersonal self-disclosure.
Development and validation of a prognostic model for non-lung cancer death in elderly patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Hanazawa Hideki , Matsuo Yukinori , Takeda Atsuya , Tsurugai Yuichiro , Iizuka Yusuke , Kishi Noriko , Takehana Keiichi , Mizowaki Takashi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This study sought to develop and validate a prognostic model for non-lung cancer death (NLCD) in elderly patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Patients aged ≥65 diagnosed with NSCLC (Tis-4N0M0), tumor diameter ≤5 cm and SBRT between 1998 and 2015 were retrospectively registered from two independent institutions. One institution was used for model development (arm D, 353 patients) and the other for validation (arm V, 401 patients). To identify risk factors for NLCD, multiple regression analysis on age, sex, performance status (PS), body mass index (BMI), Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), tumor diameter, histology and T-stage was performed on arm D. A score calculated using the regression coefficient was assigned to each factor and three risk groups were defined based on total score. Scores of 1.0 (BMI ≤18.4), 1.5 (age ≥ 5), 1.5 (PS ≥2), 2.5 (CCI 1 or 2) and 3 (CCI ≥3) were assigned, and risk groups were designated as low (total ≤ 3), intermediate (3.5 or 4) and high (≥4.5). The cumulative incidences of NLCD at 5 years in the low, intermediate and high-risk groups were 6.8, 23 and 40% in arm D, and 23, 19 and 44% in arm V, respectively. The AUC index at 5 years was 0.705 (arm D) and 0.632 (arm V). The proposed scoring system showed usefulness in predicting a high risk of NLCD in elderly patients treated with SBRT for NSCLC.
Knock down of NON-YELLOW COLOURING 1-like gene or chlorophyllin application enhanced chlorophyll accumulation with antioxidant roles in suppressing heat-induced leaf senescence in perennial ryegrass
Authors: Yu Guohui , Xie Zheni , Chen Wei , Xu Bin , Huang Bingru 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Loss of chlorophyll and oxidative damage co-occur during heat-induced leaf senescence. This study aimed to determine the functions of a chlorophyll catabolic gene, NON-YELLOW COLOURING 1 (NYC1)-like (NOL), in regulating heat-induced leaf senescence and to characterize antioxidant roles of a chlorophyll derivative, sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC), in suppressing heat-induced leaf senescence. In two separate experiments, one by comparing NOL RNAi transgenic and wild-type plants, and the other by analysing the effects of SCC treatment, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was exposed to heat stress (38/35 °C, day/night) or optimal temperature (25/20 °C). Results showed that both knock down of LpNOL and application of SCC suppressed heat-induced leaf senescence, as manifested by increased chlorophyll content, reduced electrolyte leakage, down-regulation of chlorophyll-catabolic genes and senescence-related genes, as well as enhanced antioxidant capacity in the peroxidase pathway for H2O2 scavenging. Ex vivo SCC incubation protected membranes from H2O2 damage in mesophyll protoplasts of perennial ryegrass. The suppression of leaf senescence by knocking down
NOL or chlorophyllin application was associated with enhanced chlorophyll accumulation playing antioxidant roles in protecting leaves from heat-induced oxidative damage.
The Galactic neutron star population – I. An extragalactic view of the Milky Way and the implications for fast radio bursts
Authors: Chrimes A A , Levan A J , Groot P J , Lyman J D , Nelemans G 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
A key tool astronomers have to investigate the nature of extragalactic transients is their position on their host galaxies. Galactocentric offsets, enclosed fluxes, and the fraction of light statistic are widely used at different wavelengths to help infer the nature of transient progenitors. Motivated by the proposed link between magnetars and fast radio bursts (FRBs), we create a face-on image of the Milky Way using best estimates of its size, structure, and colour. We place Galactic magnetars, pulsars, low-mass, and high-mass X-ray binaries on this image, using the available distance information. Galactocentric offsets, enclosed fluxes, and fraction of light distributions for these systems are compared to extragalactic transient samples. We find that FRBs follow the distributions for Galactic neutron stars closest, with 24 (75 per cent) of the Anderson–Darling tests we perform having a p-value greater than 0.05. This suggests that FRBs are located on their hosts in a manner consistent with Galactic neutron stars on the Milky Way’s light, although we cannot determine which specific neutron star population is the best match. The Galactic distributions are consistent with other extragalactic transients much less often across the range of comparisons made, with type Ia SNe in second place, at only 33 per cent of tests exceeding 0.05. Overall, our results provide further support for FRB models invoking isolated young neutron stars, or binaries containing a neutron star.
Signature and escape of highly fractionated plasma in an active region
Authors: Brooks David H , Yardley Stephanie L 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Accurate forecasting of space weather requires knowledge of the source regions where solar energetic particles (SEP) and eruptive events originate. Recent work has linked several major SEP events in 2014, January, to specific features in the host active region (AR 11944). In particular, plasma composition measurements in and around the footpoints of hot, coronal loops in the core of the active region were able to explain the values later measured in situ by the Wind spacecraft. Due to important differences in elemental composition between SEPs and the solar wind, the magnitude of the Si/S elemental abundance ratio emerged as a key diagnostic of SEP seed population and solar wind source locations. We seek to understand if the results are typical of other active regions, even if they are not solar wind sources or SEP productive. In this paper, we use a novel composition analysis technique, together with an evolutionary magnetic field model, in a new approach to investigate a typical solar active region (AR 11150), and identify the locations of highly fractionated (high Si/S abundance ratio) plasma. Material confined near the footpoints of coronal loops, as in AR 11944, that in this case have expanded to the AR periphery, show the signature, and can be released from magnetic field opened by reconnection at the AR boundary. Since the fundamental characteristics of closed field loops being opened at the AR boundary is typical of active regions, this process is likely to be general.
Identifying potential exomoon signals with convolutional neural networks
Authors: Teachey Alex , Kipping David 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Targeted observations of possible exomoon host systems will remain difficult to obtain and time-consuming to analyse in the foreseeable future. As such, time-domain surveys such as Kepler, K2, and TESS will continue to play a critical role as the first step in identifying candidate exomoon systems, which may then be followed up with premier ground- or space-based telescopes. In this work, we train an ensemble of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to identify candidate exomoon signals in single-transit events observed by Kepler. Our training set consists of ∼27 000 examples of synthetic, planet-only, and planet + moon single transits, injected into Kepler light curves. We achieve up to 88 per cent classification accuracy with individual CNN architectures and 97 per cent precision in identifying the moons in the validation set when the CNN ensemble is in total agreement. We then apply the CNN ensemble to light curves from 1880 Kepler Objects of Interest with periods &gt;10 d (∼57 000 individual transits), and further test the accuracy of the CNN classifier by injecting planet transits into each light curve, thus quantifying the extent to which residual stellar activity may result in false positive classifications. We find a small fraction of these transits contain moon-like signals, though we caution against strong inferences of the exomoon occurrence rate from this result. We conclude by discussing some ongoing challenges to utilizing neural networks for the exomoon search.
Radiation hydrodynamical simulations of the birth of intermediate-mass black holes in the first galaxies
Authors: Latif Muhammad A , Khochfar Sadegh , Schleicher Dominik , Whalen Daniel J 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
The leading contenders for the seeds of z &gt; 6 quasars are direct-collapse black holes (DCBHs) forming in atomically cooled haloes at z ∼ 20. However, the Lyman–Werner (LW) UV background required to form DCBHs of 105 M⊙ are extreme, about 104 J21, and may have been rare in the early universe. Here we investigate the formation of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) under moderate LW backgrounds of 100 and 500 J21, which were much more common at early times. These backgrounds allow haloes to grow to a few 106–107 M⊙ and virial temperatures of nearly 104 K before collapsing, but do not completely sterilize them of H2. Gas collapse then proceeds via Lyα and rapid H2 cooling at rates that are 10–50 times those in normal Pop III star-forming haloes, but less than those in purely atomically cooled haloes. Pop III stars accreting at such rates become blue and hot, and we find that their ionizing UV radiation limits their final masses to 1800–2800 M⊙ at which they later collapse to IMBHs. Moderate LW backgrounds thus produced IMBHs in far greater numbers than DCBHs in the early universe.
AutoProf – I. An automated non-parametric light profile pipeline for modern galaxy surveys
Authors: Stone Connor J , Arora Nikhil , Courteau Stéphane , Cuillandre Jean-Charles 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We present an automated non-parametric light profile extraction pipeline called autoprof. All steps for extracting surface brightness (SB) profiles are included in autoprof, allowing streamlined analyses of galaxy images. autoprof improves upon previous non-parametric ellipse fitting implementations with fit-stabilization procedures adapted from machine learning techniques. Additional advanced analysis methods are included in the flexible pipeline for the extraction of alternative brightness profiles (along radial or axial slices), smooth axisymmetric models, and the implementation of decision trees for arbitrarily complex pipelines. Detailed comparisons with widely used photometry algorithms (photutils, xvista, and galfit) are also presented. These comparisons rely on a large collection of late-type galaxy images from the PROBES catalogue. The direct comparison of SB profiles shows that autoprof can reliably extract fainter isophotes than other methods on the same images, typically by &gt;2 mag arcsec−2. Contrasting non-parametric elliptical isophote fitting with simple parametric models also shows that two-component fits (e.g. Sérsic plus exponential) are insufficient to describe late-type galaxies with high fidelity. It is established that elliptical isophote fitting, and in particular autoprof, is ideally suited for a broad range of automated isophotal analysis tasks. autoprof is freely available to the community at: https://github.com/ConnorStoneAstro/AutoProf.
HENMT1 is involved in the maintenance of normal female fertility in the mouse
Authors: Hutt Karla J , Lim Shu Ly , Zhang Qing-Hua , Gonzalez Maria , O’Connor Anne E , Merriner D Jo , Liew Seng H , Al-Zubaidi Usama , Yuen Wai Shan , Adhikari Deepak , Robker Rebecca L , Mann Jeffrey R , Carroll John , O’Bryan Moira K 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPIWI-interacting small RNAs (piRNAs) maintain genome stability in animal germ cells, with a predominant role in silencing transposable elements. Mutations in the piRNA pathway in the mouse uniformly lead to failed spermatogenesis and male sterility. By contrast, mutant females are fertile. In keeping with this paradigm, we previously reported male sterility and female fertility associated with loss of the enzyme HENMT1, which is responsible for stabilising piRNAs through the catalysation of 3′-terminal 2′-O-methylation. However, the Henmt1 mutant females were poor breeders, suggesting they could be subfertile. Therefore, we investigated oogenesis and female fertility in these mice in greater detail. Here, we show that mutant females indeed have a 3- to 4-fold reduction in follicle number and reduced litter sizes. In addition, meiosis-II mutant oocytes display various spindle abnormalities and have a dramatically altered transcriptome which includes a down-regulation of transcripts required for microtubule function. This down-regulation could explain the spindle defects observed with consequent reductions in litter size. We suggest these various effects on oogenesis could be exacerbated by asynapsis, an apparently universal feature of piRNA mutants of both sexes. Our findings reveal that loss of the piRNA pathway in females has significant functional consequences.
A vast pool of lineage-specific microproteins encoded by long non-coding RNAs in plants
Authors: Fesenko Igor , Shabalina Svetlana A , Mamaeva Anna , Knyazev Andrey , Glushkevich Anna , Lyapina Irina , Ziganshin Rustam , Kovalchuk Sergey , Kharlampieva Daria , Lazarev Vassili , Taliansky Michael , Koonin Eugene V 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPervasive transcription of eukaryotic genomes results in expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) most of which are poorly conserved in evolution and appear to be non-functional. However, some lncRNAs have been shown to perform specific functions, in particular, transcription regulation. Thousands of small open reading frames (smORFs, &lt;100 codons) located on lncRNAs potentially might be translated into peptides or microproteins. We report a comprehensive analysis of the conservation and evolutionary trajectories of lncRNAs-smORFs from the moss Physcomitrium patens across transcriptomes of 479 plant species. Although thousands of smORFs are subject to substantial purifying selection, the majority of the smORFs appear to be evolutionary young and could represent a major pool for functional innovation. Using nanopore RNA sequencing, we show that, on average, the transcriptional level of conserved smORFs is higher than that of non-conserved smORFs. Proteomic analysis confirmed translation of 82 novel species-specific smORFs. Numerous conserved smORFs containing low complexity regions (LCRs) or transmembrane domains were identified, the biological functions of a selected LCR-smORF were demonstrated experimentally. Thus, microproteins encoded by smORFs are a major, functionally diverse component of the plant proteome.
Receptor tyrosine kinases as druggable targets in glioblastoma: Do signaling pathways matter?
Authors: Qin Anna , Musket Anna , Musich Phillip R , Schweitzer John B , Xie Qian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumor without effective therapies. Since bevacizumab was FDA approved for targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in adult patients with recurrent GBM, targeted therapy against receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) has become a new avenue for GBM therapeutics. In addition to VEGFR, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR/MET), and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) are major RTK targets. However, results from clinical Phase II/III trials indicate that most RTK-targeting therapeutics including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and neutralizing antibodies lack clinical efficacy, either alone or in combination. The major challenge is to uncover the genetic RTK alterations driving GBM initiation and progression, as well as to elucidate the mechanisms toward therapeutic resistance. In this review, we will discuss the genetic alterations in these 5 commonly targeted RTKs, the clinical trial outcomes of the associated RTK-targeting therapeutics, and the potential mechanisms toward the resistance. We anticipate that future design of new clinical trials with combination strategies, based on the genetic alterations within an individual patient’s tumor and mechanisms contributing to therapeutic resistance after treatment, will achieve durable remissions and improve outcomes in GBM patients.
La protection des enfants et des adolescents contre les risques du vapotage
Authors: Chadi Nicholas , Vyver Ellie , Bélanger Richard E 
Published: September 2021

Résumé
Le vapotage chez les jeunes comporte des risques importants pour la santé et la sécurité des enfants et des adolescents canadiens. Le présent document de principes fournit de l’information générale sur le vapotage et les produits et dispositifs qui y sont liés, traite des méfaits à court et à long terme associés à leur utilisation et propose des stratégies de prévention et d’abandon pour les jeunes vapoteurs ou ceux qui sont à risque de commencer à vapoter. Le vapotage chez les jeunes est associé à un risque accru d’usage de tabac et de substances psychoactives, de troubles de santé mentale, de pneumopathie, de cardiopathie et de blessures accidentelles. Le vapotage ne doit pas servir d’outil d’abandon du tabac chez les jeunes, en raison de son manque d’efficacité et des données probantes sur les méfaits qu’il occasionne. De nombreuses stratégies préventives et thérapeutiques utilisées pour l’abandon du tabac, y compris les stratégies comportementales et pharmacologiques, peuvent être adaptées pour aider les jeunes à arrêter de vapoter. Des recommandations sont formulées pour les intervenants communautaires et les décideurs.