bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An open randomized multicentre Phase 2 trial to assess the safety of DAV132 and its efficacy to protect gut microbiota diversity in hospitalized patients treated with fluoroquinolones
Authors: Vehreschild Maria J. G. T. , Ducher Annie , Louie Thomas , Cornely Oliver A. , Feger Celine , Dane Aaron , Varastet Marina , Vitry Fabien , de Gunzburg Jean , Andremont Antoine , Mentré France , Wilcox Mark H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundDAV132 (colon-targeted adsorbent) has prevented antibiotic-induced effects on microbiota in healthy volunteers.ObjectivesTo assess DAV132 safety and biological efficacy in patients.Patients and methodsAn open-label, randomized [stratification: fluoroquinolone (FQ) indication] multicentre trial comparing DAV132 (7.5 g, 3 times a day, orally) with No-DAV132 in hospitalized patients requiring 5–21 day treatment with FQs and at risk of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). FQ and DAV132 were started simultaneously, DAV132 was administered for 48 h more, and patients were followed up for 51 days. The primary endpoint was the rate of adverse events (AEs) independently adjudicated as related to DAV132 and/or FQ. The planned sample size of 260 patients would provide a 95% CI of ±11.4%, assuming a 33% treatment-related AE rate. Plasma and faecal FQ concentrations, intestinal microbiota diversity, intestinal colonization with C. difficile, MDR bacteria and yeasts, and ex vivo resistance to C. difficile faecal colonization were assessed.ResultsTwo hundred and forty-three patients (median age 71 years; 96% with chronic comorbidity) were included (No-DAV132, n = 120; DAV132, n = 123). DAV132- and/or FQ-related AEs did not differ significantly: 18 (14.8%) versus 13 (10.8%) in DAV132 versus No-DAV132 patients (difference 3.9%; 95% CI: −4.7 to 12.6). Day 4 FQ plasma levels were unaffected. DAV132 was associated with a &gt;98% reduction in faecal FQ levels (Day 4 to end of treatment; P &lt; 0.001), less impaired microbiota diversity (Shannon index; P = 0.003), increased ex vivo resistance to C. difficile colonization (P = 0.0003) and less frequent FQ-induced VRE acquisition (P = 0.01).ConclusionsIn FQ-treated hospitalized patients, DAV132 was well tolerated, and FQ plasma concentrations unaffected. DAV132 preserved intestinal microbiota diversity and C. difficile colonization resistance.
Lack of association of post-discharge prophylactic antibiotics with decreased risk of surgical site infection following spinal fusion
Authors: Olsen Margaret A. , Greenberg Jacob K. , Peacock Kate , Nickel Katelin B. , Fraser Victoria J. , Warren David K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the prevalence and factors associated with post-discharge prophylactic antibiotic use after spinal fusion and whether use was associated with decreased risk of surgical site infection (SSI).

Methods
Persons aged 10–64 years undergoing spinal fusion between 1 January 2010 and 30 June 2015 were identified in the MarketScan Commercial Database. Complicated patients and those coded for infection from 30 days before to 2 days after the surgical admission were excluded. Outpatient oral antibiotics were identified within 2 days of surgical discharge. SSI was defined using ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes within 90 days of surgery. Generalized linear models were used to determine factors associated with post-discharge prophylactic antibiotic use and with SSI.

Results
The cohort included 156 446 fusion procedures, with post-discharge prophylactic antibiotics used in 9223 (5.9%) surgeries. SSIs occurred after 2557 (1.6%) procedures. Factors significantly associated with post-discharge prophylactic antibiotics included history of lymphoma, diabetes, 3–7 versus 1–2 vertebral levels fused, and non-infectious postoperative complications. In multivariable analysis, post-discharge prophylactic antibiotic use was not associated with SSI risk after spinal fusion (relative risk 0.98; 95% CI 0.84–1.14).

Conclusions
Post-discharge prophylactic oral antibiotics after spinal fusion were used more commonly in patients with major medical comorbidities, more complex surgeries and those with postoperative complications during the surgical admission. After adjusting for surgical complexity and infection risk factors, post-discharge prophylactic antibiotic use was not associated with decreased SSI risk. These results suggest that prolonged prophylactic antibiotic use should be avoided after spine surgery, given the lack of benefit and potential for harm.
Indication alerts to improve problem list documentation
Authors: Grauer Anne , Kneifati-Hayek Jerard , Reuland Brian , Applebaum Jo R , Adelman Jason S , Green Robert A , Lisak-Phillips Jeanette , Liebovitz David , Byrd Thomas F , Kansal Preeti , Wilkes Cheryl , Falck Suzanne , Larson Connie , Shilka John , VanDril Elizabeth , Schiff Gordon D , Galanter William L , Lambert Bruce L 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Problem lists represent an integral component of high-quality care. However, they are often inaccurate and incomplete. We studied the effects of alerts integrated into the inpatient and outpatient computerized provider order entry systems to assist in adding problems to the problem list when ordering medications that lacked a corresponding indication.

Methods
We analyzed medication orders from 2 healthcare systems that used an innovative indication alert. We collected data at site 1 between December 2018 and January 2020, and at site 2 between May and June 2021. We reviewed random samples of 100 charts from each site that had problems added in response to the alert. Outcomes were: (1) alert yield, the proportion of triggered alerts that led to a problem added and (2) problem accuracy, the proportion of problems placed that were accurate by chart review.

Results
Alerts were triggered 131 134, and 6178 times at sites 1 and 2, respectively, resulting in a yield of 109 055 (83.2%) and 2874 (46.5%), P&lt; .001. Orders were abandoned, for example, not completed, in 11.1% and 9.6% of orders, respectively, P&lt;.001. Of the 100 sample problems, reviewers deemed 88% ± 3% and 91% ± 3% to be accurate, respectively, P = .65, with a mean of 90% ± 2%.

Conclusions
Indication alerts triggered by medication orders initiated in the absence of a justifying diagnosis were useful for populating problem lists, with yields of 83.2% and 46.5% at 2 healthcare systems. Problems were placed with a reasonable level of accuracy, with 90% ± 2% of problems deemed accurate based on chart review.
Lemmel syndrome: an extraordinary cause of obstructive jaundice—a case report
Authors: Goroztieta-Rosales L M , Gómez-Farías J , López-García K D , Davila-Rodriguez D O 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Lemmel syndrome is created by a periampullary duodenal diverticulum. It is identified incidentally in 22% of the population, &lt;10% present with jaundice, pain in the right flank and alteration of bilirubins, transaminases and/or pancreatic enzymes. Its diagnosis and therapeutic management can be carried out successfully with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), although some cases will require surgical management. We present the case of a 72-year-old male with recurrent obstructive jaundice and suspected choledocholithiasis managed with ERCP, identifying Lemmel syndrome. We recognize the importance of considering this extraordinary cause of obstructive jaundice in order to be able to make a diagnosis and offer timely treatment.
Thermal instability in the presence of the cosmic ray and ambipolar diffusion
Authors: Gholipour Mahmoud , Davoudifar Pantea , Eslami Shafigh Amir Abbas 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the cosmic ray (CR) and ambipolar diffusion (AD) on the thermal instability in a weakly ionized gas. The CR propagates along the magnetic-field line, where the AD is present. The weakly ionized gas and the CR are considered as two different interacting fluids. Using the linear perturbation analysis, we consider the occurrence of the thermal instability to obtain a dispersion relation in the presence of both phenomena. This equation describes the stable and unstable modes in the terms of some parameters, which depend on the CR and AD. The results show that the angle between the direction of the perturbation propagation and the magnetic-field lines plays an important role on the domains of stability and instability. Furthermore, we found that there is a characteristic wavelength related to the ambipolar diffusivity that explains whether the AD increases the magnetic support of the cloud against the collapse, or decreases it against the collapse. Finally, the results address some new points in the study of the structure formation within the clumpy molecular clouds, as well as the formation of the low-mass stars in the interstellar medium.
Enhanced phase mixing of torsional Alfvén waves in stratified and divergent solar coronal structures – II. Non-linear simulations
Authors: Boocock C , Tsiklauri D 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We use magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations to detect the non-linear effects of torsional Alfvén wave propagation in a potential magnetic field with exponentially divergent field lines, embedded in a stratified solar corona. In Paper I, we considered solutions to the linearized governing equations for torsional Alfvén wave propagation and showed, using a finite difference solver we developed named WiggleWave, that in certain scenarios wave damping is stronger than what would be predicted by our analytical solutions. In this paper, we consider whether damping would be further enhanced by the presence of non-linear effects. We begin by deriving the non-linear governing equations for torsional Alfvén wave propagation and identifying the terms that cause coupling to magnetosonic perturbations. We then compare simulation outputs from an MHD solver called Lare3d, which solves the full set of non-linear MHD equations, to the outputs from WiggleWave to detect non-linear effects such as: the excitation of magnetosonic waves by the Alfvén wave, self-interaction of the Alfvén wave through coupling to the induced magnetosonic waves, and the formation of shock waves higher in the atmosphere caused by the steepening of these compressive perturbations. We suggest that the presence of these non-linear effects in the solar corona would lead to Alfvén wave heating that exceeds the expectation from the phase mixing alone.
Identification, functional characterization, assembly and structure of ToxIN type III toxin–antitoxin complex from E. coli
Authors: Manikandan Parthasarathy , Sandhya Sankaran , Nadig Kavyashree , Paul Souradip , Srinivasan Narayanaswamy , Rothweiler Ulli , Singh Mahavir 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are proposed to play crucial roles in bacterial growth under stress conditions such as phage infection. The type III TA systems consist of a protein toxin whose activity is inhibited by a noncoding RNA antitoxin. The toxin is an endoribonuclease, while the antitoxin consists of multiple repeats of RNA. The toxin assembles with the individual antitoxin repeats into a cyclic complex in which the antitoxin forms a pseudoknot structure. While structure and functions of some type III TA systems are characterized, the complex assembly process is not well understood. Using bioinformatics analysis, we have identified type III TA systems belonging to the ToxIN family across different Escherichia coli strains and found them to be clustered into at least five distinct clusters. Furthermore, we report a 2.097 Å resolution crystal structure of the first E. coli ToxIN complex that revealed the overall assembly of the protein-RNA complex. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments showed that toxin forms a high-affinity complex with antitoxin RNA resulting from two independent (5′ and 3′ sides of RNA) RNA binding sites on the protein. These results further our understanding of the assembly of type III TA complexes in bacteria.
Effects of nutrition and gestational alcohol consumption on fetal growth and development
Authors: Naik Vishal D , Lee Jehoon , Wu Guoyao , Washburn Shannon , Ramadoss Jayanth 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Fetal alcohol exposure can lead to a range of developmental disorders, including impaired fetal growth and development of multiple organ systems. These disorders are grouped under the term fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Adequate nutrition and a conducive intrauterine environment are essential for healthy fetal development. Nutrient deficiencies resulting from inadequate maternal nutrient ingestion may be compounded by alcohol-induced altered nutrient metabolism, placental clearance, and malabsorption. Alcohol-induced alteration of the intrauterine environment is the main source of developmental deficits and nutritional insufficiencies can worsen the effects on fetal development. In this review, we discuss studies examining the collective and interactive effects of nutrition (specifically iron, selenium, vitamin A, thiamine, zinc, folate, vitamin B12, choline, and amino acids) relative to gestational alcohol consumption and its effects on fetal growth and development. We also summarize scientific reports that tested potential benefits of micronutrient supplementation in animal models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and in humans. In summary, the deleterious effects of alcohol exposure in relation to nutrient homeostasis further validate that avoidance of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is the most effective way to mitigate the teratogenic effects of alcohol.
Bridging Boundaries? The Effect of Genetic Ancestry Testing on Ties across Racial Groups
Authors: Roth Wendy D , Côté Rochelle , Eastmond Jasmyne 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The phenomenon of widespread genetic ancestry testing has raised questions about its social impact, particularly on issues of race. Some accounts suggest testing can promote bridging social capital – connections between racial groups. In this multi-method paper, we ask whether (1) taking genetic ancestry tests (GATs) and (2) receiving results of African, Asian, or Native American ancestry increases network racial diversity for White Americans. We use a randomized controlled trial of 802 White, non-Hispanic Americans, half of whom received GATs. Unexpected findings show that test-takers’ network racial diversity decreases after testing. Using 58 follow-up interviews, we develop and test a possible theory, finding initial evidence that test-takers’ network racial diversity declines because they reconsider their racial appraisals of others in their networks.
Comparative Performance of Fungicides and Biocontrol Products in the Management of Fusarium Wilt of Blackberry
Authors: Acosta-González Uriel , Silva-Rojas Hilda V. , Fuentes-Aragón Dionicio , Hernández-Castrejón Jesús , Romero-Bautista Alejandro , Rebollar-Alviter Angel 
Published: December 2021

Fusarium wilt of blackberry (FWB) is an emerging disease caused by a Fusarium oxysporum species complex. More than 3,000 ha of blackberry (Rubus spp.) crops have been lost in Mexico since 2011. The objectives of this research were: to evaluate the sensitivity of pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates recovered from symptomatic blackberry plants to fungicides with different modes of action; to assess the potential of these fungicides and plant resistance inducers against FWB in the greenhouse; and to determine the effects of commercial biofungicides and two indigenous strains of Trichoderma spp. on the incidence of FWB. The EC50 values of the fungicides prochloraz, thiabendazole, azoxystrobin, thiophanate-methyl, difenoconazole, triflumizole, and potassium phosphite for six pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates were determined. In a separate experiment, the fungicides acibenzolar-s-methyl (ASM), potassium phosphite, and commercial biofungicides, as well as two soil microbial inoculants and two indigenous Trichoderma strains, were tested for protection against wilt development in blackberry plants in the greenhouse. Prochloraz showed an average sensitivity for EC50 of 0.01 μg ml−1 for the tested F. oxysporum isolates, followed by difenoconazole and thiabendazole. Prochloraz and ASM proved to be the most effective treatments in the greenhouse. In contrast, potassium phosphite was ineffective in both the in vitro and in vivo experiments. The soil bioinoculants MicroSoil, Baktillis, T. koningiopsis, and T. asperellum significantly reduced the incidence of disease in the greenhouse. These results provide evidence for the potential of the various tools as useful components of integrated FWB management in the field.
Field Studies on the Effect of Rye Cover Crop on Soybean Root Disease and Productivity
Authors: Araldi-Da-Silva Grazieli , Kandel Yuba R. , Han Gang , Mueller Daren S. , Helmers Matthew J. , Kaspar Thomas C. , Leandro Leonor F. S. 
Published: December 2021

Cover crops improve soil and water quality in annual cropping systems, but knowledge of their impact on soybean ( Glycine max L.) seedling and root diseases is limited. The effects of winter rye cover crops ( Secale cereale L.) on soybean population, biomass, root morphology, seedling and root diseases, pathogen incidence, canopy reflectance, and yield were assessed over 2 years in Iowa and Missouri, U.S.A. Plots without a rye cover crop were compared with plots with early-kill rye and late-kill rye cover crops, which were terminated 34 to 49 days or 5 to 17 days before soybean planting, respectively. Soybean shoot dry weight, root rot severity, and incidence of Fusarium spp. and Pythium spp. on roots were not influenced by the treatments. Soybean grain yield and plant population were reduced in the presence of rye in 2 site years, increased in 1 site year, and unchanged in the remaining site years. Soybean canopy reflectance was measured at 810 nm, and measurements were first made at 70 to 80 days after planting (DAP). At least five measurements were obtained at 7- to 15-day intervals, ending at 120 to 125 DAP. Measurements at approximately 120 to 125 DAP differed by treatments but were not consistently associated with the presence or absence of a rye cover crop. Our field studies suggest that Iowa and Missouri soybean farmers can use winter rye as a cover crop in soybean fields with low seedling disease pressure without increasing the risk of seedling and root diseases or suppressing yield. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Early Life Influences on Hearing in Adulthood: a Systematic Review and Two-Step Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis
Authors: Dawes Piers , Newall John , Graham Petra L. , Osmond Clive , von Bonsdorff Mikaela B. , Gunnar Eriksson Johan 
Published: December 2021

Objectives:
Adverse prenatal and early childhood development may increase susceptibility of hearing loss in adulthood. The objective was to assess whether indices of early development are associated with adult-onset hearing loss in adults ≥18 years.

Design:
In a systematic review and meta-analysis, four electronic databases were searched for studies reporting associations between indices of early development (birth weight and adult height) and adult-onset hearing loss in adults ≥18 years. We screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Authors were contacted to provide adjusted odds ratios from a logistic regression model for relationships between birth weight/adult height and normal/impaired hearing enabling a two-step individual patient data random-effects meta-analysis to be carried out. The study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020152214.

Results:
Four studies of birth weight and seven of adult height were identified. Three studies reported smaller birth weight associated with poorer adult hearing. Six studies reported shorter height associated with poorer hearing. Risk of bias was low to moderate. Four studies provided data for two-step individual patient data random-effects meta-analysis. Odds of hearing impairment were 13.5% lower for every 1 kg increase in birth weight [OR: 0.865 (95% confidence interval: 0.824 to 0.909)] in adulthood over two studies (N=81,289). Every 1 cm increase in height was associated with a 3% reduction in the odds of hearing impairment [OR: 0.970 (95% confidence interval: 0.968 to 0.971)] over four studies (N=156,740).

Conclusions:
Emerging evidence suggests that adverse early development increases the likelihood of hearing impairment in adulthood. Research and public health attention should focus on the potential for prevention of hearing impairment by optimizing development in early life.
Teleguidance Technology for Endotracheal Intubation: A Scoping Review
Authors: Levin Benjamin S. , Chang Marvin G. , Bittner Edward A. 
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Teleguidance facilitated intubation has recently reemerged during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic as a strategy to provide expert airway management guidance and consultation to practitioners in settings where such expertise is not readily available onsite or in-person. We conducted a scoping review to provide a synthesis of the available literature on teleguidance facilitated intubation. Specifically, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of teleguidance facilitated intubation given existing technology.

DATA SOURCES:
A librarian-assisted search was performed using three primary electronic medical databases from January 2000 to November 2020.

STUDY SELECTION:
Articles that reported outcomes focused on implementing or evaluating the performance of teleguidance facilitated intubation were included.

DATA EXTRACTION:
Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full text of articles to determine eligibility. Data extraction was performed using customized fields established a priori within a systematic review software system.

DATA SYNTHESIS:
Of 255 citations identified, 17 met eligibility criteria. Studies included prospective investigations and proof of technology reports. These studies were performed in clinical and simulation environments. Five of the prospective investigations that examined time to intubation and intubation success rates. Multiple different commercially available and noncommercial teleconference software systems were used in these studies.

CONCLUSIONS:
There is a limited body of literature evaluating the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of teleguidance facilitated intubation. Based on the studies available that examined a variety of technologies within simulation and clinical environments, teleguidance facilitated intubation appears to be feasible, safe, and efficacious. Given the exponential growth in the use of telemedicine technology during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the evidence supporting teleguidance facilitated intubation, there is a need to critically evaluate the most effective mechanisms to integrate and optimize these technologies across diverse practice settings.