bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the potentiality of future standard candles and standard sirens to detect cosmic opacity *
Authors: Fu Xiangyun , Zhou Lu , Yang Jianfei , Lu Zhen-Yan , Yang Ying , Tang Guo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this work, we explore the potentiality of future gravitational wave (GW) and Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) measurements to detect cosmic opacity by comparing the opacity-free luminosity distance (LD) of GW events with the opacity-dependent LD of SNe Ia observations. The GW data are simulated from the future measurements of the ground-based Einstein Telescope (ET) and the space-borne Deci-Herz Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory (DECIGO). The SNe Ia data are simulated from the observations of the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) that will be collected over the next few decades. A binning method is adopted to match the GW data with the SNe Ia data at the same redshift z with a selection criterion

, and most of the available data from the GW measurements is employed to detect cosmic opacity due to improvements in the distribution of the future SNe Ia observations. Results show that the uncertainties of the constraints on cosmic opacity can be reduced to

and 0.0014 at the

confidence level (CL) for 1000 data points from the ET and DECIGO measurements, respectively. Compared with the allowable limits of intergalactic opacity obtained from quasar continuum observations, these future astronomical observations can be used to verify the cosmic opacity. In this way, GW and SNe Ia measurements can be used as important and effective tools to detect cosmic opacity in the future.
The Impact of Changes in Diagnostic Testing Practices on Estimates of COVID-19 Transmission in the United States
Authors: Pitzer Virginia E , Chitwood Melanie , Havumaki Joshua , Menzies Nicolas A , Perniciaro Stephanie , Warren Joshua L , Weinberger Daniel M , Cohen Ted 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEstimates of the reproductive number for novel pathogens, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, are essential for understanding the potential trajectory of epidemics and the levels of intervention that are needed to bring the epidemics under control. However, most methods for estimating the basic reproductive number (R0) and time-varying effective reproductive number (Rt) assume that the fraction of cases detected and reported is constant through time. We explored the impact of secular changes in diagnostic testing and reporting on estimates of R0 and Rt using simulated data. We then compared these patterns to data on reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 and testing practices from different states in the United States from March 4, 2020, to August 30, 2020. We found that changes in testing practices and delays in reporting can result in biased estimates of R0 and Rt. Examination of changes in the daily numbers of tests conducted and the percentages of patients who tested positive might be helpful for identifying the potential direction of bias. Changes in diagnostic testing and reporting processes should be monitored and taken into consideration when interpreting estimates of the reproductive number of coronavirus disease.
Is global consequentialism more expressive than act consequentialism?
Authors: Thornley Elliott 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Act consequentialism states that an act is right if and only if the expected value of its outcome is at least as great as the expected value of any other act’s outcome. Two objections to this view are as follows. The first is that act consequentialism cannot account for our normative ambivalence in cases where agents perform the right act out of bad motives. The second is that act consequentialism is silent on questions of character: questions like ‘What are the right motives to have?’ and ‘What kind of person ought I be?’. These objections have been taken to motivate a move to global consequentialism, on which acts are not the only subjects of normative assessment. Motives and decision-procedures (amongst other things) are also judged right or wrong by direct reference to their consequences. In this paper, I argue that these objections fail to motivate the move from act to global consequentialism.
Commons as Polanyian countermovement in neoliberal market society. A case study in Belgium
Authors: Holemans Dirk 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Over the last two decades, scholars have witnessed a remarkable wave of new commons. They have mostly been conceptualized either as pragmatic management of common-pool resources or as a radical political idea and praxis. We assert that enriching the literature with a Polanyian perspective allows to go beyond the binary conception and affords a better understanding of the societal relevance of commons. Conceptualizing commons as part of a countermovement aimed at the gradual decommodification and re-embedding of markets, results in a more dynamic view on how commons function in the interplay of the social force of capitalism and the forces that limit or reverse it. This also shows the relevance of commons as interstitial alternative practices. The framework is illustrated by a case study on commons established in Belgium in 2015–2016. It shows that instead of focussing primarily on contentious action, commoners concentrate on establishing alternatives that prefigure the desired future society.
The Precentral Insular Cortical Network for Speech Articulation
Authors: Tomaiuolo Francesco , Campana Serena , Voci Loredana , Lasaponara Stefano , Doricchi Fabrizio , Petrides Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Apraxia of speech is a motor disorder characterized by the impaired ability to coordinate the sequential articulatory movements necessary to produce speech. The critical cortical area(s) involved in speech apraxia remain controversial because many of the previously reported cases had additional aphasic impairments, preventing localization of the specific cortical circuit necessary for the somatomotor execution of speech. Four patients with “pure speech apraxia” (i.e., who had no aphasic and orofacial motor impairments) are reported here. The critical lesion in all four patients involved, in the left hemisphere, the precentral gyrus of the insula (gyrus brevis III) and, to a lesser extent, the nearby areas with which it is strongly connected: the adjacent subcentral opercular cortex (part of secondary somatosensory cortex) and the most inferior part of the central sulcus where the orofacial musculature is represented. There was no damage to rostrally adjacent Broca’s area in the inferior frontal gyrus. The present study demonstrates the critical circuit for the coordination of complex articulatory movements prior to and during the execution of the motor speech plans. Importantly, this specific cortical circuit is different from those that relate to the cognitive aspects of language production (e.g., Broca’s area on the inferior frontal gyrus).
Analysis of Hospitalized and Severe Dengue Cases Over the 6 years of Follow-up of the Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine (CYD-TDV) Efficacy Trials in Asia and Latin America
Authors: Forrat Rémi , Dayan Gustavo H , DiazGranados Carlos A , Bonaparte Matthew , Laot Thelma , Capeding Maria Rosario , Sanchez Leilani , Coronel Diana Leticia , Reynales Humberto , Chansinghakul Danaya , Hadinegoro Sri Rezeki S , Perroud Ana Paula , Frago Carina , Zambrano Betzana , Machabert Tifany , Wu Yukun , Luedtke Alexander , Price Brenda , Vigne Claire , Haney Owen , Savarino Stephen J , Bouckenooghe Alain , Noriega Fernando 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
CYD-TDV, a live, attenuated, tetravalent dengue vaccine, has been approved for the prevention of symptomatic dengue in previously dengue exposed individuals. This post hoc analysis assessed hospitalized and severe virologically confirmed dengue (VCD) over the complete 6-year follow-up of 3 CYD-TDV efficacy studies (CYD14, CYD15, and CYD23/CYD57).

Methods
The main outcomes were hazard ratios (HRs) for hospitalized or severe VCD by baseline dengue serostatus, focusing on those who were seropositive, and by age at immunization (&lt;9 years/≥9 years). Baseline dengue serostatus was measured or inferred using several methods. Hospitalized VCD cases were characterized in terms of clinical signs and symptoms and wild-type viremia level. Antibody persistence was assessed up to 5 years after the last injection.

Results
In those aged ≥9 years and baseline seropositive, CYD-TDV protected against hospitalized and severe VCD over 6 years compared to placebo (HR [95% confidence interval] multiple imputation from month 0 method, .19 [.12–.30] and .15 [.06–.39]; other methods were consistent). Vaccine protection was observed over the different study periods, being highest during the first 2 years. Evidence for a decreased risk of hospitalized and severe VCD was also observed in seropositive participants aged 6–8 years. Clinical signs and symptoms, and quantified dengue viremia from participants with hospitalized VCD were comparable between groups.

Conclusions
CYD-TDV demonstrated robust protection against hospitalized and severe VCD over the entire 6-year follow-up in participants who were seropositive and ≥9 years old. Protection was also observed in seropositive 6–8 year-olds.
Clinical Trials Registration: NCT00842530, NCT01983553, NCT01373281, NCT01374516.
Refractory and Resistant Cytomegalovirus After Hematopoietic Cell Transplant in the Letermovir Primary Prophylaxis Era
Authors: Sassine Joseph , Khawaja Fareed , Shigle Terri Lynn , Handy Victoria , Foolad Farnaz , Aitken Samuel L , Jiang Ying , Champlin Richard , Shpall Elizabeth , Rezvani Katy , Ariza-Heredia Ella J , Chemaly Roy F 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is one of the most common infectious complications after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) and may result in significant morbidity and mortality. Primary prophylaxis with letermovir demonstrated a reduction in clinically significant CMV infections (CS-CMVi) in clinical trials of CMV-seropositive HCT recipients. This study aims at exploring the effect of primary letermovir prophylaxis in this population on the incidence and outcomes of refractory or resistant CMV infections.

Methods
This is a single-center, retrospective cohort study of 537 consecutive CMV-seropositive allogeneic HCT recipients cared for between March 2016 and October 2018. Baseline demographics, HCT characteristics, CMV infections, treatment, and mortality data were collected from the electronic medical record. CMV outcomes were defined according to the recently standardized definitions for clinical trials. Characteristics and outcomes were assessed according to receipt of primary letermovir prophylaxis.

Results
Of 537 patients identified, 123 received letermovir for primary prophylaxis during the first 100 days after HCT; 414 did not. In a multivariate analysis, primary prophylaxis with letermovir was associated with reductions in CS-CMVi (hazard ratio [HR] 0.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16–0.41), CMV end-organ disease (HR 0.23; 95% CI, 0.10–0.52), refractory or resistant CMV infection (HR 0.15; 95% CI, 0.04–0.52), and nonrelapse mortality at week 48 (HR 0.55; 95% CI, 0.32–0.93). There was neither resistant CMV nor CMV-related mortality in the primary letermovir prophylaxis group.

Conclusions
Primary letermovir prophylaxis effectively prevents refractory or resistant CMV infections and decreases nonrelapse mortality at week 48, as well as CS-CMVi and CMV disease after allogeneic HCT.
Agricultural pesticides and ectoparasites: potential combined effects on the physiology of a declining aerial insectivore
Authors: Sigouin Audrey , Bélisle Marc , Garant Dany , Pelletier Fanie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Agricultural pesticides usage has been increasing globally. These compounds have been developed to disrupt pest species physiology, but because their specificity is limited, they can also have adverse effects on non-target organisms. Recent studies have shown that the damaging toxicological effects of pesticides can be amplified in stressful environments. However, few studies have documented these effects in natural settings where organisms are simultaneously exposed to pesticides and to other environmental stressors such as parasites. In this study, we assessed both pesticide and ectoparasite effects on the physiology of a free-ranging bird. We measured physiological markers including haematocrit, bacteria-killing ability (BKA) and leucocyte counts, as well as exposure to haematophagous Protocalliphora larvae, in tree swallow nestlings (Tachycineta bicolor), a declining aerial insectivore, in southern Québec, Canada, for over 3 years. We found that combined exposure to pesticides and Protocalliphora larvae was negatively related to haematocrit, suggesting possible synergistic effects. However, we found no such relationships with BKA and leucocyte counts, highlighting the complexity of physiological responses to multiple stressors in natural settings. Populations of several aerial insectivores are declining, and although sublethal pesticide effects on physiology are suspected, our results suggest that exposure to other factors, such as parasitism, should also be considered to fully assess these effects, especially because pesticides are increasingly present in the environment.
Neuroprotective strategies in acute aortic dissection: an analysis of the UK National Adult Cardiac Surgical Audit
Authors: Benedetto Umberto , Dimagli Arnaldo , Cooper Graham , Uppal Rakesh , Mariscalco Giovanni , Krasopoulos George , Goodwin Andrew , Trivedi Uday , Kendall Simon , Sinha Shubhra , Fudulu Daniel , Angelini Gianni D , Tsang Geoffrey , Akowuah Enoch ,   the UK Aortic Surgery
Published: April 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The risk of brain injury following surgery for type A aortic dissection (TAAD) remains substantial and no consensus has still been reached on which neuroprotective technique should be preferred. We aimed to investigate the association between neuroprotective strategies and clinical outcomes following TAAD repair.

METHODS
Using the UK National Adult Cardiac Surgical Audit, we identified 1929 patients undergoing surgery for TAAD (2011–2018). Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) only, unilateral (uACP), bilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion (bACP) and retrograde cerebral perfusion were used in 830, 117, 760 and 222 patients, respectively. The primary end point was a composite of death and/or cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Generalized linear mixed model was used to adjust the effect of neuroprotective strategies for other confounders.

RESULTS
The use of bACP was associated with longer circulatory arrest (CA) compared to other strategies. There was a trend towards lower incidence of death and/or CVA using uACP only for shorter CA. In particular, primary end point rate was 27.7% overall and 26.5%, 12.5%, 28.0% and 22.9% for CA &lt;30 min and 28.6%, 30.4%, 33.3% and 33.0% for CA ≥30 min with DHCA only, uACP, bACP and retrograde cerebral perfusion, respectively. The use of DHCA only was associated with five-fold [odds ratio (OR) 5.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36–21.02] and two-fold (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.01–3.09) increased risk of death and/or CVA compared to uACP and bACP, respectively, but the effect of uACP was significantly associated with CA duration (hazard ratio 0.97, 95% CI 0.94–0.99; P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS
In TAAD repair, the use of uACP and bACP was associated with a lower adjusted risk of death and/or CVA when compared to DHCA. uACP can offer some advantage but only for a shorter CA duration.
Aerobic growth physiology ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeon sucrose is strain-dependent
Authors: Rodrigues Carla Inês Soares , Wahl Aljoscha , Gombert Andreas K 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTPresent knowledge on the quantitative aerobic physiology of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae during growth on sucrose as sole carbon and energy source is limited to either adapted cells or to the model laboratory strain CEN.PK113-7D. To broaden our understanding of this matter and open novel opportunities for sucrose-based biotechnological processes, we characterized three strains, with distinct backgrounds, during aerobic batch bioreactor cultivations. Our results reveal that sucrose metabolism in S. cerevisiae is a strain-specific trait. Each strain displayed distinct extracellular hexose concentrations and invertase activity profiles. Especially, the inferior maximum specific growth rate (0.21 h-1) of the CEN.PK113-7D strain, with respect to that of strains UFMG-CM-Y259 (0.37 h-1) and JP1 (0.32 h-1), could be associated to its low invertase activity (0.04–0.09 U/mgDM). Moreover, comparative experiments with glucose or fructose alone, or in combination, suggest mixed mechanisms of sucrose utilization by the industrial strain JP1, and points out the remarkable ability of the wild isolate UFMG-CM-259 to grow faster on sucrose than on glucose in a well-controlled cultivation system. This work hints to a series of metabolic traits that can be exploited to increase sucrose catabolic rates and bioprocess efficiency.
Intrinsic non-uniqueness of the acoustic full waveform inverse problem
Authors: Lyu Chao , Capdeville Yann , Al-Attar David , Zhao Liang 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARYIn the context of seismic imaging, full waveform inversion (FWI) is increasingly popular. Because of its lower numerical cost, the acoustic approximation is often used, especially at the exploration geophysics scale, both for tests and for real data. Moreover, some research domains such as helioseismology face true acoustic media for which FWI can be useful. In this work, an argument that combines particle relabelling and homogenization is used to show that the general acoustic inverse problem based on band-limited data is intrinsically non-unique. It follows that the results of such inversions should be interpreted with caution. To illustrate these ideas, we consider 2-D numerical FWI examples based on a Gauss–Newton iterative inversion scheme and demonstrate effects of this non-uniqueness in the local optimization context.
Seismic event detection in urban Singapore using a nodal array and frequency domain array detector: earthquakes, blasts and thunderquakes
Authors: Lythgoe Karen , Loasby Aidan , Hidayat Dannie , Wei Shengji 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARYDetection of seismic events at or below the noise level is enabled by the use of dense arrays of receivers and corresponding advances in data analysis methods. It is not only important to detect tectonic events, but also events from man-made, non-earthquake sources and events that originate from coupling between the solid Earth and the atmosphere. In urban environments with high ambient noise levels the effectiveness of event detection methods is unclear, particularly when deployment restrictions result in an irregular receiver array geometry. Here, we deploy a dense nodal array for 1 month in the highly populated city state of Singapore. We develop a new detection method based on image processing that we call spectrogram stacking, which detects anomalous, coherent spectral energy across the array. It simultaneously detects multiple classes of signal with differing spectral content and aids event classification, so it is particularly useful for signal exploration when signal characteristics are unknown. Our approach detects more local events compared to the traditional short-term average over long-term average and waveform similarity methods, while all methods detect similar numbers of teleseismic and regional earthquakes. Local events are principally man-made non-earthquake sources, with several events from the same location exhibiting repeating waveforms. The closest earthquake occurs in peninsular Malaysia, in an area where no earthquakes have previously been detected. We also detect ground motion over a wide frequency range from discrete thunder events that show complex coupling between acoustic and elastic wavefield propagation. We suggest that care should be taken deciphering local high-frequency tectonic events in areas prone to thunder storms.
Dahaan: a framework for delivering evidence-informed dentistry recommendations and dental public health advocacy in Iran
Authors: Sofi-Mahmudi Ahmad , Moradi Sara , Shakiba Maryam , Iranparvar Pouria , Sadr Soroush 
Published: April 2021

Summary
Although health is mostly determined by socio-political factors, the need for providing reliable health recommendations to the public should not be neglected. There has been a considerable void in delivering evidence-informed oral health recommendations in Iran; whilst there is a significant gap in oral health knowledge among socioeconomic classes, recommendations are neither fully compatible with each other nor up-to-date. To fill in this void, we started Dahaan (meaning “mouth” in Persian) with the aim of providing the latest easily accessed evidence-informed dentistry recommendations and advocating dental public health in the Iranian community. In this paper, we as the authors present the performance and achievements of this group, which is a member of the NCD Alliance and the Informed Health Choices project with a reasonable number of readers across the country, and illustrate the way ahead towards our goals.
Longitudinal Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Antinucleocapsid and Antispike-1-RBD Antibody Testing Following PCR-Detected SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: El-Khoury Joe M , Schulz Wade L , Durant Thomas J S 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundSARS-CoV-2 serologic assays are becoming increasingly available and may serve as a diagnostic aid in a multitude of settings relating to past infection status. However, there is limited literature detailing the longitudinal performance of EUA-cleared serologic assays in US populations, particularly in cohorts with a remote history of PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (e.g., &gt;2 months).MethodsWe evaluated the diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of the Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (anti-N) and Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S (anti-S1-RBD) assays, using 174 residual clinical samples up to 267 days post-PCR diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 154) and a subset of samples obtained prior to the COVID-19 pandemic as negative controls (n = 20).ResultsThe calculated diagnostic sensitivities for the anti-N and anti-S1-RBD assays were 89% and 93%, respectively. Of the 154 samples in the SARS-CoV-2-positive cohort, there were 6 discrepant results between the anti-N and anti-S1-RBD assays, 5 of which were specimens collected ≥200 days post-PCR positivity and only had detectable levels of anti-S1-RBD antibodies. When only considering specimens collected ≥100 days post-PCR positivity (n = 41), the sensitivities for the anti-N and anti-S1-RBD assays were 85% and 98%, respectively.ConclusionsThe anti-S1-RBD assay demonstrated superior sensitivity at time points more remote to the PCR detection date, with 6 more specimens from the SARS-CoV-2-positive cohort detected, 5 of which were collected more than 200 days post-PCR positivity. While analytical differences and reagent lot-to-lot variability are possible, this may indicate that, in some instances, anti-S1-RBD antibodies may persist longer in vivo and may be a better target for detecting remote SARS-CoV-2 infection.