bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second-generation colon capsule endoscopy for detection of colorectal polyps: Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials
Authors: Möllers Tobias , Schwab Matthias , Gildein Lisa , Hoffmeister Michael , Albert Jörg , Brenner Hermann , Jäger Simon 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background and study aims Adherence to colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is still unsatisfactory in many countries, thereby limiting prevention of CRC. Colon capsule endoscopy (CCE), a minimally invasive procedure, could be an alternative to fecal immunochemical tests or optical colonoscopy for CRC screening, and might increase adherence in CRC screening. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the diagnostic accuracy of CCE compared to optical colonoscopy (OC) as the gold standard, adequacy of bowel preparation regimes and the patient perspective on diagnostic measures.
Methods We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Register for Clinical Trials. Pooled estimates for sensitivity, specificity and the diagnostic odds ratio with their respective 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for studies providing sufficient data.
Results Of 840 initially identified studies, 13 were included in the systematic review and up to 9 in the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivities and specificities for polyps ≥ 6 mm were 87 % (95 % CI: 83 %–90 %) and 87 % (95 % CI: 76 %–93 %) in 8 studies, respectively. For polyps ≥ 10 mm, the pooled estimates for sensitivities and specificities were 87 % (95 % CI: 83 %–90 %) and 95 % (95 % CI: 92 %–97 %) in 9 studies, respectively. A patients’ perspective was assessed in 31 % (n = 4) of studies, and no preference of CCE over OC was reported. Bowel preparation was adequate in 61 % to 92 % of CCE exams.
Conclusions CCE provides high diagnostic accuracy in an adequately cleaned large bowel. Conclusive findings on patient perspectives require further studies to increase acceptance/adherence of CCE for CRC screening.
Chiral Silver Alkoxide Catalyzed Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Alkenyl Esters with Isatins
Authors: Yanagisawa Akira , Kawada Aiko 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA catalytic enantioselective aldol reaction of alkenyl esters with isatins was achieved using a DM-BINAP·AgOTf complex as the chiral precatalyst and N,N-diisopropylethylamine as the base precatalyst in the presence of methanol or 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. Optically active 3-alkylated 3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles having up to 98% ee were diastereoselectively obtained in moderate to high yields not only from cyclic alkenyl esters but also from acyclic ones through the in situ generated chiral silver enolates.
Synthesis of 2,24-Diene-12,13,15,16,34,35,37,38-octaphenyl[4.4]triphenylparacyclophane
Authors: Hua Duy H. , Wiredu Bernard , Thapa Mahendra , Hua Sheen Y. , Desper John 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA new octaphenyl[4.4]triphenylparacyclophanediene was readily synthesized in six steps from p-xylene via the installment of bromine atoms, replacement with a vinyl group, carbonylative coupling, intermolecular followed by intramolecular double Grubbs olefin metathesis, Knoevenagel condensation, and Diels–Alder cycloaddition. The belt-shaped structure and trans-stereochemistry of the alkene moieties of the octaphenyl[4.4]triphenylparacyclophane and a synthetic intermediate, 2,21-dioxo-11,30-diene[3.4.3.4]paracyclophane, were determined by X-ray crystallography. The synthetic methodology leading to octaphenyl[4.4]triphenylparacyclophane is applicable for the synthesis of substituted triphenylparacyclophanes and possibly their corresponding bis-hexabenzocoronenylparacyclophanes via a Scholl–Mullen oxidative aryl-aryl coupling reaction.
Designed Synthesis of Diversely Substituted Hydantoins and Hydantoin-Based Hybrid Molecules: A Personal Account
Authors: Kumar Vinod 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHydantoin and its analogues such as thiohydantoin and iminohydantoin have received substantial attention from both a chemical and a biological point of view. Several compounds of this class have shown useful pharmacological activities such as anticonvulsant, antitumor, antiarrhythmic, and herbicidal properties that have led, in some cases, to clinical applications. Because of these broad-spectrum activities, intensive research efforts have been dedicated in industry and academia to the synthesis and structural modifications of hydantoin and its derivatives. Realizing the importance of hydantoin in organic and medicinal chemistry, we also initiated a research program that successfully designed and developed new routes and methods for the formation of hydantoin, thiohydantoin, and iminohydantoin substituted at various positions, particularly at the N-1 position without following a protection–deprotection strategy. Because combinations of two or more pharmacophoric groups can lead to hybrid molecules that display a mixed mechanism of action on biological targets, we extended our developed strategy to the syntheses of new types of hydantoin-based hybrid molecules by combining hydantoin with a triazole, isoxazoline, or phosphate scaffold as a second pharmacophore to exploit their diverse biological functions.1	Introduction2	Chemistry and Properties2.1	Physical Properties2.2	Chemical Properties2.3	Biological Properties3	General Synthetic Methods4	Synthesis of Diversely Substituted Hydantoins5	Synthesis of Diversely Substituted Thiohydantoins6	Synthesis of Diversely Substituted Iminohydantoins7	Fused or Bicyclic (Thio)hydantoins8	Di- or Multivalent (Thio)hydantoins9	Hydantoin-Based Hybrid Molecules9.1	Hydantoin–Isooxazoline Hybrids9.2	Hydantoin–Triazole Hybrids9.3	Hydantoin–Phosphate Hybrids: Phosphorylated Hydantoins10	Summary and Outlook
Reconstruction of Craniectomy for Microvascular Decompression with Autologous Particulate Bone
Authors: Liu Weichao , Yuan Ye , Xiong Nanxiang , Wang Qiangping , Zhang Fangcheng , Zhao Hongyang , Xu Hao , Nayaz Alading , Hendrik Pool , Sean Dickinson James 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background and Study Objective Cranioplasty after microvascular decompression (MVD) is important for preventing postoperative complications such as headache. Autologous particulate bone is a common material for cranioplasty. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of using autologous particulate bone to reconstruct the cranial defect produced by MVD.
Patients and Methods Data were collected from January 2013 to December 2016 from 243 patients who underwent suboccipital retrosigmoidal craniectomy for MVD. The patients were then further divided into two groups: in the first group (from January 2013–October 2015), a cranioplasty was performed using a combination of bone dust (taken from a power drill) and particulate bone (harvested with a rongeur); in the second group (from November 2015–December 2016), the cranial defect was reconstructed using particulate bone alone. Healing of the cranial defect was observed during the follow-up.
Results Early postoperative computed tomography (CT), performed during the hospital stay, revealed that the filling of the cranial defects of the first group was better than that of the second group. In addition, surgical-site infections (SSIs) occurred in 13 patients in the first group (9.92%) versus 2 patients in the second group (1.79%). The SSI rate of the first group was significantly higher than that of the second group (p < 0.05). Long-term follow-up CT demonstrated that the average reconstruction rate ((volume of the reconstruction area)/(volume of the cranial defect) × 100%) was 47.88% for the first group and 43.94% for the second group (p > 0.05).
Conclusion The use of autologous particulate bone to reconstruct cranial defects after MVD has a good effect and is thus a useful and valuable technique. Bone dust may result in a higher incidence of SSI.
The Influence of Music on Neurosurgical Cases: A Neglected Knowledge
Authors: Gasenzer Elena Romana , Kanat Ayhan , Nakamura Makoto 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground The human brain can respond to and participate in music. Learning to play a musical instrument requires complex multimodal skills involving the simultaneous perception of several sensory modalities. In case of brain damage, the musician and nonmusician brains may have different capacities for reorganization and neural remapping. We aimed to investigate the effect of music on patients who had a brain tumor and/or underwent a neurosurgical procedure, comparing the recovery of those who had a musical background with those who did not.Methods A literature review was performed to search for any evidence on this issue. We divided the cases into two groups: as group I consisted of the nonmusician patients, while group II consisted of musicians with a neurosurgical disease. Studies were rated from 0 (no effect) to 4 (high effect).Results We found seven published studies as well as case reports. It was observed that the outcomes and quality of life of the musician group were better than those of the control groups or nonmusician patients in all of the investigated studies, but no statistical difference between musicians and nonmusicians was found.Conclusion Music-related structural changes in the brain may occur in musicians. However with limited number of cases, it cannot be assorted the improved recovery in musicians after neurosurgical disease or procedures by his or her enhanced plasticity. There are limited number of cases, for that reason, it cannot be assorted the improved recovery in musicians after neurosurgical disease or procedures by his or her enhanced plasticity. Professional musicians, who are making a living through their musical abilities, may also have a strong motivation to undergo stressful and enduring rehabilitation. An early restart of the musical activity in musicians with neurosurgical disease may lead to better outcomes, better quality of life, and better psychological parameters, in a shorter time than in nonmusicians.
Analysis of Clinical, Imaging, and Pathologic Features of 36 Patients with Primary Intraspinal Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors: A Case Series and Literature Review
Authors: Wei Xuefeng , Zhang Xu , Song Zimu , Wang Feng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background and Study Aims Primary intraspinal primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) account for ∼0.4% of all intraspinal tumors, but information about these tumors in the medical literature is limited to single case reports. We report four cases of primary intraspinal PNETs and present a systematic literature review of the reported cases.
Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed and analyzed the clinical data of 4 patients with primary intraspinal PNETs who underwent neurosurgical treatment at our clinic between January 2013 and January 2020, and of 32 cases reported in the literature.
Results The female-to-male ratio was 2.6:1. The mean patient age was 21.42 ± 15.76 years (range: 1–60 years), and patients <36 years of age accounted for 83.30% of the study cohort. Progressive limb weakness and numbness were the chief symptoms (accounting for ∼55.6%). The mean complaint duration was 0.89 ± 0.66 months for males and 2.72 ± 3.82 months for females (p = 0.028). Epidural (41.7%) was the most common site, and thoracic (47.3%) was the most frequent location. Most PNETs were peripheral, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance was isointense or mildly hypointense on T1-weighted images and hyperintense on T2-weighted images. Homogeneous contrast enhancement was observed. The 1-year survival rate of patients who underwent chemoradiation after total or subtotal lesion resection was better compared with patients who did not undergo chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or total or subtotal resection. The modality of treatment was associated with survival time (p = 0.007).
Conclusion Primary intraspinal PNETs mainly occur in young people with a female preponderance. In patients with a rapid loss of lower limb muscle strength and large intraspinal lesions on MRI, PNETs should be considered. Surgical resection and adjuvant radio chemotherapy are key prognostic factors.
Utility of Preoperative Electrodiagnosis Together with Peripheral Nerve High-Resolution Ultrasound: A Complex Case Report of Neurofibromatosis Type I
Authors: Basaldella Federica , Rasera Andrea , Zanette Giampietro , Moscolo Fabio , Sala Francesco , Bonetti Bruno , Squintani Giovanna 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOur case report underscores the importance of electroneuromyography (ENMG) combined with peripheral nerve high-resolution ultrasound (HRUS) in the evaluation of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). A 49-year-old woman affected by NF1 came to our attention because of new-onset left arm weakness and atrophy. Debulking of a cervicothoracic C7–T1 neurofibroma had been performed 8 years earlier. On current admission, magnetic resonance imaging disclosed increased lesion volume that was thought to cause the neurologic deficits by compressing the C8 root. Findings from intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring during repeat debulking suggested that C8 root integrity had been compromised during the first operation and that the new-onset symptoms probably stemmed from peripheral nervous system damage distal to the cervical roots. Postoperative ENMG showed chronic denervation signs in the muscles innervated by C7–C8–T1 roots, moderate carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), and ulnar nerve conduction block at the elbow. HRUS confirmed the CTS and revealed multiple neurofibromas involving the distal tract of the radial, ulnar, and median nerves. Surgical debulking was considered unnecessary in this case. ENMG combined with nerve and plexus HRUS evaluation may help identify the cause of neurologic deficits and choose the best surgical option in such complex clinical conditions as NF1.
Does Microalbuminuria Predict Mortality in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit?
Authors: Akbas Baris , Ozdemir Asena A. , Arslankoylu Ali E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of microalbuminuria (MA) to predict the mortality in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Between December 2014 and November 2015, 250 patients who were 1 month to 18 years old monitored at least 24 hours in PICU and met study criteria were included. Spot urine samples were measured for microalbuminuria. Pediatric Risk of Mortality III-24 and Pediatric Multiple Organ Dysfunction scores were calculated by using the worst parameters in first 24 hours. The collected data were analyzed with statistical methods and compared with mortality scoring systems and observed mortality. MA values were significantly higher in nonsurvivors than the average of the survivors (18 vs. 48 mg/g, p < 0.05). The receiver operating characteristics curve analysis showed that the areas under the curves for MA was 0.81 at a cut-off value of 32 mg/g, MA measured in 24 hours of admission to PICU may be able to discriminate between patients a with sensitivity of 85.2, specificity of 70.8%, positive predictive value of 31.5%, and negative predictive value of 96.8%. MA is a useful tool to predict mortality in PICU.
Treatment of Massive Systemic Air Embolism During Lung Biopsy
Authors: Chamsuddin Abbas , Ashou Raja 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPercutaneous needle biopsy of lung lesions is commonly used and is usually regarded as a safe procedure with limited morbidity and extremely rare mortality. Most frequent complications are pneumothoax, pulmonary bleeding and hemoptysis. Other rare complications include systemic air embolus, tumor implantation and empyema. Systemic air emboli are extremely rare with a published incidence of 0.02' from a lung biopsy survey in the United Kingdom to 0.07' in the literature, but are serious and can be fatal. We present a case of massive air embolism occurring during lung biopsy and describe the technique used for immediate treatment.
Whither geographic proximity? Bypassing local R&D units in foreign university collaboration
Authors: Belderbos René , Grabowska Marcelina , Kelchtermans Stijn , Leten Bart , Jacob Jojo , Riccaboni Massimo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMNCs often engage in international research collaborations with foreign universities through one of their central R&D laboratories (at headquarters or elsewhere) even though they operate a local R&D unit close to that university, and hence forego the benefits of geographic proximity and local collaboration. Drawing on the knowledge-based theory of the firm, we hypothesize that the choice between distant and local collaboration systematically relates to the knowledge capabilities of the firms’ R&D units, the characteristics of the focal knowledge, and local knowledge leakage risks. Analysis of close to 13,000 research collaborations with foreign universities by the world’s major biopharmaceutical firms (1995–2015) confirms that collaboration at distance occurs if this allows the firm to benefit from scale and knowledge diversity advantages, if the central unit has strong basic research capabilities, and if collaboration is in a core research domain of the MNC while rival firms are locally present. Maturity of the focal research domain is associated with local collaboration. Our findings qualify the common arguments in favor of collaboration in proximity and suggest that (distant) central R&D units are important orchestrators of research collaboration with universities around the globe.
An 18.3 MJ charging and discharging pulsed power supply system for the Space Plasma Environment Research Facility (SPERF): The subsystem for the dipole coil
Authors: E Peng , Guan Jian , Ma Xun , Mao Aohua , Deng Weijun , Ding Mingjun , Kang Chuanhui , Li Songjie , Xiao Jinshui , Li Hongtao 
Published: April 2021

The Space Plasma Environment Research Facility (SPERF) currently under construction at the Harbin Institute of Technology in China is a user facility dedicated to studying space plasma physics on the ground. A coil system of the SPERF consists of seven types of coils, which are used to generate the magnetic fields and plasma required by the physical experiments. A dipole coil of the coil system works with four magnetosheath coils (flux cores) to build the magnetic fields resembling that of the Earth and solar wind. A capacitor-based pulsed power supply (PPS) system with a modular design is developed to excite the dipole coil to generate a magnetosphere-like magnetic field required by the magnetopause magnetic reconnection experiment. The PPS of the dipole coil has a longer pulse duration and more energy than that of other coils in the coil system, it delivers a pulsed current with a peak of more than 18 kA, and the duration of the current is not less than 95% of the peak over 10 ms to the dipole coil when the charging voltage is not less than 20 kV. The detailed design of the PPS is discussed in this paper, and the discharge test of the PPS is carried out to verify the design of the PPS.
Enhanced ductility and optoelectronic properties of environment-friendly CsGeCl3 under pressure
Authors: Islam M. A. , Islam Jakiul , Islam M. Nazrul , Sen Sapan Kumar , Hossain A. K. M. Akther 
Published: April 2021

Eco-friendly inorganic halide perovskite materials with numerous structural configurations and compositions are now in the leading place of researcher’s attention for outstanding photovoltaic and optoelectronic performance. In the present approach, density functional theory calculations have been performed to explore the structural, mechanical, electronic, and optical properties of perovskite-type CsGeCl3 under various hydrostatic pressures, up to 10 GPa. The result shows that the optical absorption and conductivity are directed toward the low-energy region (red shift) remarkably with increasing pressure. The analysis of mechanical properties certifies that CsGeCl3 has ductile entity and the ductile manner has increasing affinity with applied pressure. The decreasing affinity of the bandgap is also perceived with applied pressure, which notifies that the performance of the optoelectronic device can be tuned and developed under pressure.
PI3Kγ inhibition suppresses microglia/TAM accumulation in glioblastoma microenvironment to promote exceptional temozolomide response
Authors: Li Jie , Kaneda Megan M. , Ma Jun , Li Ming , Shepard Ryan M. , Patel Kunal , Koga Tomoyuki , Sarver Aaron , Furnari Frank , Xu Beibei , Dhawan Sanjay , Ning Jianfang , Zhu Hua , Wu Anhua , You Gan , Jiang Tao , Venteicher Andrew S. , Rich Jeremy N. , Glass Christopher K. , Varner Judith A. , Chen Clark C. 
Published: April 2021

Significance
Understanding the basis for exceptional responders represents a key pillar in the framework of precision medicine. In this study, we utilized distinct informatics platforms to analyze the expression profiles of clinically annotated tumor specimens derived from patients afflicted with glioblastoma, the most common form of primary brain cancer. These analyses converged on prognostic contributions from glioblastoma-associated microglia/macrophages. Glioblastoma-associated microglia-secreted interleukin 11 (IL11) to activate a STAT3-MYC signaling axis in glioblastoma cells, facilitating resistance to the standard-of-care chemotherapy, temozolomide. Microglia recruitment and IL11 secretion were dependent on the myeloid-specific phosphoinositide-3-kinase gamma isoform (PI3Kγ). Inhibition or genetic inactivation of PI3Kγ in murine glioblastoma models recapitulated expression profiles observed in specimens derived from exceptional responders, suggesting a potential for clinical translation.
A moisture-enabled fully printable power source inspired by electric eels
Authors: Yang Lu , Yang Feiyao , Liu Xu , Li Ke , Zhou Yaning , Wang Yangjian , Yu Tianhao , Zhong Mengjuan , Xu Xiaobing , Zhang Lijuan , Shen Wei , Wei Di 
Published: April 2021

Significance
Future wearable and printable electronics call for scalable production of power sources that can provide green electric energy. The chemical potential energy of the ion gradient is ubiquitous in nature and is the foundation of many living species. Herein, inspired by electric eels, a new power source printed from graphene inks can convert the chemical potential energy of the ion gradient to electric output in the presence of moisture. An ultrahigh voltage of 192 V is achieved on a strip of paper substrate. Two- and three-dimensional cell structures are designed by adapting the mathematical fractal curves and a origami-folding strategy. The industrial-scale production of graphene materials coupled with the reproducibility of printing technology could open new scenarios of cost-effective graphene electronic devices.
The cumulative risk of jail incarceration
Authors: Western Bruce , Davis Jaclyn , Ganter Flavien , Smith Natalie 
Published: April 2021

SignificanceResearch on incarceration has focused on prisons, but the scale of admissions to local jails is significantly higher. The average length of stay in jail is brief compared to imprisonment, but jail incarceration has been found to adversely affect court outcomes, earnings, and family life. Although New York has one of the lowest jail incarceration rates among large cities, over a quarter of Black men and a sixth of Latino men in the city have been jailed by age 38 y. Risks of jail incarceration are 40 to 50% higher in poor neighborhoods.