bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Searching for the shadows of giants – II. The effect of local ionization on the Ly α absorption signatures of protoclusters at redshift z ∼ 2.4
Authors: Miller Joel S A , Bolton James S , Hatch Nina A 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Local variations in the intergalactic medium (IGM) neutral hydrogen fraction will affect the Ly α absorption signature of protoclusters identified in tomographic surveys. Using the IllustrisTNG simulations, we investigate how the AGN proximity effect and hot, collisionally ionized gas arising from gravitational infall and black hole feedback changes the Ly α absorption associated with $M_{z=0}\simeq 10^{14}\, {\rm M}_\odot$ protoclusters at z ≃ 2.4. We find that protocluster galaxy overdensities exhibit a weak anticorrelation with Ly α transmission in IGM transmission maps, but local H$\, \rm \scriptstyle I$ ionization enhancements due to hot $T\gt 10^{6}\rm \, K$ gas or nearby AGN can disrupt this relationship within individual protoclusters. On average, however, we find that strong reductions in the IGM neutral fraction are limited to within $\lesssim 5h^{-1}\, \textrm {cMpc}$ of the dark matter haloes. Local ionization enhancements will therefore have a minimal impact on the completeness of protocluster identification in tomographic surveys if smoothing Ly α transmission maps over scales of $\sim 4 h^{-1}\, \textrm {cMpc}$, as is typically done in observations. However, if calibrating the relationship between the matter density and Ly α transmission in tomographic maps using simple analytical models for the Ly α forest opacity, the presence of hot gas around haloes can still result in systematically lower estimates of Mz = 0 for the most massive protoclusters.
DDOTI observations of gravitational-wave sources discovered in O3
Authors: Becerra R L , Dichiara S , Watson A M , Troja E , Butler N R , Pereyra M , Moreno Méndez E , De Colle F , Lee W H , Kutyrev A S , López K O C 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We present optical follow-up observations with the Deca-Degree Optical Transient Imager (DDOTI) telescope of gravitational-wave (GW) events detected during the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo O3 observing run. DDOTI is capable of responding to an alert in a few minutes, has an instantaneous field of about 69 deg2, and obtains 10σ upper limits of wlim = 18.5–20.5 AB mag in 1000 s of exposure, depending on the conditions. We observed 54 per cent (26 out of 48) of the unretracted GW alerts and did not find any electromagnetic counterparts. We compare our upper limits to various possible counterparts: the kilonova AT 2017gfo, models of radioactive- and magnetar-powered kilonovae, short gamma-ray burst afterglows, and active galactic nucleus (AGN) flares. Although the large positional uncertainties of GW sources do not allow us to place strong constraints during O3, DDOTI observations of well-localized GW events in O4 and beyond could meaningfully constrain models of compact binary mergers. We show that DDOTI is able to detect kilonovae similar to AT 2017gfo up to about 200 Mpc and magnetar-powered kilonovae up to 1 Gpc. We calculate that nearby (≲200 Mpc) afterglows have a high chance (≈70 per cent) to be detected by rapid (≲3 h) DDOTI observations if observed on-axis, whereas off-axis afterglows are unlikely to be seen. Finally, we suggest that long-term monitoring of massive BBH events with DDOTI could confirm or rule out late AGN flares associated with these events.
On the accuracy and precision of correlation functions and field-level inference in cosmology
Authors: Leclercq Florent , Heavens Alan 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a comparative study of the accuracy and precision of correlation function methods and full-field inference in cosmological data analysis. To do so, we examine a Bayesian hierarchical model that predicts lognormal (LN) fields and their two-point correlation function. Although a simplified analytic model, the LN model produces fields that share many of the essential characteristics of the present-day non-Gaussian cosmological density fields. We use three different statistical techniques: (i) a standard likelihood-based analysis of the two-point correlation function; (ii) a likelihood-free (simulation-based) analysis of the two-point correlation function; (iii) a field-level analysis, made possible by the more sophisticated data assimilation technique. We find that (a) standard assumptions made to write down a likelihood for correlation functions can cause significant biases, a problem that is alleviated with simulation-based inference; and (b) analysing the entire field offers considerable advantages over correlation functions, through higher accuracy, higher precision, or both. The gains depend on the degree of non-Gaussianity, but in all cases, including for weak non-Gaussianity, the advantage of analysing the full field is substantial.
Nemertean, Brachiopod, and Phoronid Neuropeptidomics Reveals Ancestral Spiralian Signaling Systems
Authors: Thiel Daniel , Yañez-Guerra Luis A , Franz-Wachtel Mirita , Hejnol Andreas , Jékely Gáspár 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Neuropeptides are diverse signaling molecules in animals commonly acting through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Neuropeptides and their receptors underwent extensive diversification in bilaterians and the relationships of many peptide–receptor systems have been clarified. However, we lack a detailed picture of neuropeptide evolution in lophotrochozoans as in-depth studies only exist for mollusks and annelids. Here, we analyze peptidergic systems in Nemertea, Brachiopoda, and Phoronida. We screened transcriptomes from 13 nemertean, 6 brachiopod, and 4 phoronid species for proneuropeptides and neuropeptide GPCRs. With mass spectrometry from the nemertean Lineus longissimus, we validated several predicted peptides and identified novel ones. Molecular phylogeny combined with peptide-sequence and gene-structure comparisons allowed us to comprehensively map spiralian neuropeptide evolution. We found most mollusk and annelid peptidergic systems also in nemerteans, brachiopods, and phoronids. We uncovered previously hidden relationships including the orthologies of spiralian CCWamides to arthropod agatoxin-like peptides and of mollusk APGWamides to RGWamides from annelids, with ortholog systems in nemerteans, brachiopods, and phoronids. We found that pleurin neuropeptides previously only found in mollusks are also present in nemerteans and brachiopods. We also identified cases of gene family duplications and losses. These include a protostome-specific expansion of RFamide/Wamide signaling, a spiralian expansion of GnRH-related peptides, and duplications of vasopressin/oxytocin before the divergence of brachiopods, phoronids, and nemerteans. This analysis expands our knowledge of peptidergic signaling in spiralians and other protostomes. Our annotated data set of nearly 1,300 proneuropeptide sequences and 600 GPCRs presents a useful resource for further studies of neuropeptide signaling.
CellCall: integrating paired ligand–receptor and transcription factor activities for cell–cell communication
Authors: Zhang Yang , Liu Tianyuan , Hu Xuesong , Wang Mei , Wang Jing , Zou Bohao , Tan Puwen , Cui Tianyu , Dou Yiying , Ning Lin , huang Yan , Rao Shuan , Wang Dong , Zhao Xiaoyang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWith the dramatic development of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies, the systematic decoding of cell-cell communication has received great research interest. To date, several in-silico methods have been developed, but most of them lack the ability to predict the communication pathways connecting the insides and outsides of cells. Here, we developed CellCall, a toolkit to infer inter- and intracellular communication pathways by integrating paired ligand-receptor and transcription factor (TF) activity. Moreover, CellCall uses an embedded pathway activity analysis method to identify the significantly activated pathways involved in intercellular crosstalk between certain cell types. Additionally, CellCall offers a rich suite of visualization options (Circos plot, Sankey plot, bubble plot, ridge plot, etc.) to present the analysis results. Case studies on scRNA-seq datasets of human testicular cells and the tumor immune microenvironment demonstrated the reliable and unique functionality of CellCall in intercellular communication analysis and internal TF activity exploration, which were further validated experimentally. Comparative analysis of CellCall and other tools indicated that CellCall was more accurate and offered more functions. In summary, CellCall provides a sophisticated and practical tool allowing researchers to decipher intercellular communication and related internal regulatory signals based on scRNA-seq data. CellCall is freely available at https://github.com/ShellyCoder/cellcall.
Risk factors for complex posttraumatic stress disorder in UK police
Authors: Steel C , Tehrani N , Lewis G , Billings J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Police officers are frequently exposed to distressing and dangerous situations, increasing their risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (C-PTSD). Research examining C-PTSD in police officers is sparse, particularly examination of the occupational risk factors for trauma symptoms.

Aims
This study aimed to examine the prevalence and risk factors for PTSD and C-PTSD in UK police officers.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted using psychological health surveillance data from the UK National Police Wellbeing Service. Police officers were either from high-risk areas of work or had been referred for screening by occupational health practitioners regarding psychological distress. The primary outcome for this study was a positive screening of either PTSD or C-PTSD, measured using the International Trauma Questionnaire. A range of occupational, clinical and lifestyle factors was examined to establish their role as potential risk factors for PTSD and C-PTSD.

Results
In total, 2444 UK police officers were included, with 89% from high-risk areas of work. A prevalence of 3% for PTSD and 2% for C-PTSD was found in police officers from high-risk areas of work. Higher work stress and lower manager support were found to increase the odds of C-PTSD but not PTSD. Higher personal trauma history increased the risk for PTSD and C-PTSD equally.

Conclusions
Work-related occupational factors increased the odds of PTSD and C-PTSD in police officers, which could be important risk factors for trauma symptoms within police officers. Efforts should be made to improve the working environment of police officers to help improve their psychological well-being.
Phylogeny based on ultra-conserved elements clarifies the evolution of rails and allies (Ralloidea) and is the basis for a revised classification
Authors: Kirchman Jeremy J , Rotzel McInerney Nancy , Giarla Thomas C , Olson Storrs L , Slikas Elizabeth , Fleischer Robert C 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe rails (Family Rallidae) are the most diverse and widespread group in the Gruiformes. Their extensive fossil history, global geographic distribution, and tendency to rapidly evolve flightless species on islands make them an attractive subject of evolutionary studies, but the rarity of modern museum specimens of so many rail species has, until recently, limited the scope of molecular phylogenetics studies. As a result, the classification of rails remains one of the most unsettled among major bird radiations. We extracted DNA from museum specimens of 82 species, including 27 from study skins collected as long ago as 1875, and generated nucleotide sequences from thousands of homologous ultra-conserved elements (UCEs). Our phylogenetic analyses, using both concatenation and multispecies coalescent approaches, resulted in well-supported and highly congruent phylogenies that resolve the major lineages of rails and reveal several currently recognized genera to be polyphyletic. A fossil-calibrated time tree is well-resolved and supports the hypothesis that rails split into 2 major lineages (subfamilies Himantornithinae and Rallinae) ~34 mya, but clade age estimates have wide confidence intervals. Our results, combined with results of other recently published phylogenomics studies of rails and other Gruiformes, form the basis for a proposed classification of the Rallidae that recognizes 40 genera in 9 tribes.
Fragments of a Queer Feminist Rock and Pop History in Vienna
Authors: Fürnkranz Magdalena 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The historical development of Viennese rock and pop music started with rock ’n’ roll in the 1950s, continued with beat music and the “dialect wave” in the late 1960s, punk in the 1980s, the popular Viennese electronic music scene in the 1990s, and is currently enjoying a renaissance of the “dialect wave.” Artists like the Rosée Sisters, Austria’s first all-female rock band founded in 1962, Topsy Girl, A-Gen 53, or SV Damenkraft were active in local music scenes. In retrospect, they are considered as exceptions in the historiography of Austrian popular music. This chapter discusses several feminist and queer artists and collectives in Austria, their position in popular culture, and in historical and geographical contexts. The author concentrates primarily on all-female bands, LGBTIQ+ artists, and queerpop projects to illustrate diverse approaches to music, feminism, and their position within the pop and rock music scenes in Vienna.
Birth and Childhood
Authors: Pache Corinne 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The stories about the birth and childhood of Heracles tell of a hero who has the potential to be a protector and savior for gods and men, but also the most uncivilized of beings. His supernatural strength is both a boon and a disaster in waiting: it allows him to face wild animals and other threats, but, coupled with his lack of self-control, it is also what makes him dangerous to mankind. Already as a child, Heracles is the hero who “contains his own antithesis”; the greatest of the Greek heroes—the only one who transcends his half-mortal status to become a god—is also the most savage and threatening to human institutions.
Heracles as Ancestor
Authors: Patterson Lee E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
As he is ubiquitous in myth, Heracles is also ubiquitous in political myth-making, especially in his role as ancestor of communities and dynasties in the archaic through Hellenistic periods. Whether invoking his heroic qualities to enhance their own virtues or linking themselves to a Heraclid tradition to promote their own historical significance, such communities found Heracles to be useful in the context of political legitimization, kinship diplomacy, religion, and other areas. Examples include the creation and promotion of the Return of the Heraclidae by the Dorian regimes of the Peloponnese and attempts by individual Spartans to benefit personally from their putative Heraclid ancestry.
Labor III
Authors: Aston Emma 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Cerynean Hind serves to cast Heracles as a problematic hero. It is delicate and beautiful, and defeating it constitutes no great act of force or valor (though it does require fleetness of foot). Moreover, it is sacred to Artemis, and its capture therefore constitutes a serious religious transgression. This chapter examines the exploitation of this problematic quality in literature (such as Pindar) and art, and also discusses the localizations of the story, both in Hyperborea—the northern margin of Heracles’ travels—and the heartland of the Peloponnese. However, unlike the Stymphalian Birds, the Hind has no real place in the myth-historical identity of any Greek community.
Political Institutions and Intergenerational Ethics
Authors: Karnein Anja 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews two prominent debates about institutions and intergenerational ethics, one held at the time of the founding of America and the other held today in the context of climate change. These two debates have more in common than may, at first, appear. On the face of it, the historical debate was about whether institutions, specifically the constitution, may bind future generations or whether the latter should be left maximally unencumbered. By contrast, proponents of climate change mitigation today would like institutions to be more inclusive of future generations’ interests. But, this chapter suggests, the new debate ought to be understood along the same lines as the old one, namely as being about avoiding disenfranchisement, that is, about preventing a situation in which previous generations determine too much of the context of future generations’ choices.
Intergenerational Justice and Equality
Authors: Wolf Clark 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Egalitarians hold that people should be equal with respect to some morally relevant factor. While this does not imply that all inequalities should be eliminated, egalitarians do generally require that divergences from equality are presumptively worse unless special reasons render the resultant inequalities justifiable. In intergenerational contexts, egalitarianism faces special problems. While many ethicists and political theorists have emphasized the value of equality among contemporaries, there are reasons for skepticism about the value of equality between generations, or between persons who live at different times and whose lives may not even overlap. Strict principles of intergenerational equality would forbid progress and development that would improve circumstances in the future but would therefore create intergenerational inequalities by making later generations better off than earlier ones. This chapter considers aspects of the general case for egalitarianism, with specific focus on the value of equality between generations and over time.
Reclaiming the Circular Economy
Authors: Anantharaman Manisha 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Circular economy is a global sustainability strategy pursued by national governments and multinational corporations looking to reconcile ecological concerns with economic growth imperatives. It also finds expression in informal work and community-based initiatives in cities across Europe and Asia. As sites that bring together state and corporate-led initiatives with everyday circular practices and arrangements, the city is fertile ground to examine the environmental politics of the circular economy. Drawing on fieldwork examining informal recycling work in Indian cities, the author argues that in an eagerness to realize the “win-win” sustainability solutions that circular economy promises to businesses and the state, the actual socio-spatial work practices such as waste picking, sorting, and repair, which comprise resource circularity, are ignored. Attempts at establishing circular cities are undermined by competing urban sustainability agendas, the lack of recognition of informal expertise, and the fundamental contradiction between accumulative and redistributive goals. Reclaiming the circular economy from green growth will require transformational politics and grassroots involvement and resisting growth in favor of equity and ecological reparation.
Reforming Calvinism
Authors: Craigo-Snell Shannon 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the rationalist slant of Calvinism, identifying its roots in the Reformation and its enmeshment with modern epistemology. Overly rational Calvinism participates in a disintegrated theological anthropology in which the mind is set as guard over the unruly emotions, will, and body. In conversation with performance theory, the author argues that the Reformed emphasis on texts has not served its intended function as a safeguard from superstition and idolatry, but rather contributed to myriad forms of oppression. A more integrated vision of the self, embodied in whole-personed religious disciplines, would be more consistent with Calvin’s theology, with the goals of the Reformation, and with the biblical tradition of prophets as those who resist religious abuse and idolatry. In particular, practices of prayer and intentional formation to instil Christian affections could continue the ongoing reformation of Calvinist traditions.
Calvinism among Seventeenth-Century English Puritans
Authors: Cooper Tim 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the broad historical and intellectual developments that contributed to the ‘crisis of Calvinism’ in seventeenth-century England and examines how the Puritans responded and adapted to those changes. Put simply, they could abandon, moderate, or defend Calvinism. The specific example of John Owen and Richard Baxter is used to illustrate some of the mechanisms at work in this process of adaptation. Alarmed by growing Arminianism and Socinianism, Owen tried to shore up Calvinism; alarmed by Antinomianism, Baxter modified his Calvinism to incorporate a place for conditions and human agency in the process of salvation. An abbreviated survey of each man’s career will demonstrate how personal experience and historical contingency can shape doctrinal perspectives, and how they played a part in the decline of Calvinism even among the English Puritans.
Religion and the Republic
Authors: Harris Steven M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter attempts to enter into the ongoing debate over Calvinism’s place in the politics of the American Revolution by considering, in the persons of Phillis Wheatley and Lemuel Haynes, the black Calvinist tradition as generative of a distinctive theo-political imagination. Taking as its focus the thematics of providence and liberty, this chapter argues that black Calvinists in the Revolutionary period possessed a more sober, self-critical outlook on divine providence and a more comprehensive, consistent spirit of liberty than many of their Anglo counterparts. Wheatley and Haynes evidenced a critical patriotism and commended an aspirational vision of nation building that had as its hope the full humanity and equality of all people. Their cautionary theo-politics anticipated future national tensions, the implications of which continue to be felt today.
Introduction
Authors: Gordon Bruce , Trueman Carl R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A handbook to Calvin and Calvinism must address the complexities of assessing the influence of one sixteenth-century figure on a religious tradition still very much alive from Brazil to China. Calvinism is a slippery term that suggests that an extremely diverse and often contradictory tradition can be traced to one man. In many respects this is unsustainable, yet patterns emerge. Arguably, the term ‘Reformed’ is more appropriate to reflect the protean character of a branch of Christianity that emerged out of Switzerland during the Reformation to become a global faith. The contributions to this volume bring fresh perspectives to Calvin’s thought and influence and explore the broad spectrum in which they have been manifested over four hundred years in doctrine, institutions, literature, art, politics, and popular culture. Just like its eponymous founder, Calvinism has continually reinvented itself, acquiring new forms and adapting to changing circumstances and cultures.
Experiments in IPE Research
Authors: Spilker Gabriele 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Over the last decade, experiments have developed from a marginally employed to an increasingly standard method in the study of International Political Economy (IPE). After a short discussion of causal inference and the potential outcomes framework, this chapter outlines different kinds of experiments used to study questions concerning trade, migration, foreign aid, or investment. The chapter thereby not only strives to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in experimental IPE research but also to outline the different roles or functions experimental studies can fulfill to further our knowledge on IPE. The chapter concludes by critically discussing both advantages and disadvantages of the experimental turn in IPE.