bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AnFgfr3-activating mutation in immature murine osteoblasts affects the appendicular and craniofacial skeleton
Authors: Biosse Duplan Martin , Dambroise Emilie , Estibals Valentin , Veziers Joelle , Guicheux Jérome , Legeai-Mallet Laurence 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTAchondroplasia (ACH), the most common form of dwarfism, is caused by a missense mutation in the gene coding for fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3). The resulting increase in FGFR3 signaling perturbs the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes (CCs), alters the process of endochondral ossification and thus reduces bone elongation. Increased FGFR3 signaling in osteoblasts (OBs) might also contribute to bone anomalies in ACH. In the present study of a mouse model of ACH, we sought to determine whether FGFR3 overactivation in OBs leads to bone modifications. The model carries an Fgfr3-activating mutation (Fgfr3Y367C/+) that accurately mimics ACH; we targeted the mutation to either immature OBs and hypertrophic CCs or to mature OBs by using the Osx-cre and collagen 1α1 (2.3 kb Col1a1)-cre mouse strains, respectively. We observed that Fgfr3 activation in immature OBs and hypertrophic CCs (Osx-Fgfr3) not only perturbed the hypertrophic cells of the growth plate (thus affecting long bone growth) but also led to osteopenia and low cortical thickness in long bones in adult (3-month-old) mice but not growing (3-week-old) mice. Importantly, craniofacial membranous bone defects were present in the adult mice. In contrast, activation of Fgfr3 in mature OBs (Col1-Fgfr3) had very limited effects on skeletal shape, size and micro-architecture. In vitro, we observed that Fgfr3 activation in immature OBs was associated with low mineralization activity. In conclusion, immature OBs appear to be affected by Fgfr3 overactivation, which might contribute to the bone modifications observed in ACH independently of CCs.
Physiological adjustments to high foraging effort negatively affect fecundity but not final reproductive output in captive zebra finches
Authors: Yap Kang Nian , Powers Donald R. , Vermette Melissa L. , Tsai Olivia Hsin-I , Williams Tony D. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Foraging at elevated rates to provision offspring is thought to be an energetically costly activity and it has been suggested that there are physiological costs associated with the high workload involved. However, for the most part, evidence for costs of increased foraging and/or reproductive effort is weak. Furthermore, despite some experimental evidence demonstrating negative effects of increased foraging and parental effort, the physiological mechanisms underlying costs associated with high workload remain poorly understood. To examine how high workload affects haematology, oxidative stress and reproductive output, we experimentally manipulated foraging effort in captive zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, using a previously described technique, and allowed individuals to breed first in low foraging effort conditions and then in high foraging effort conditions. We found that birds upregulated haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration in response to training. Birds subjected to increased workload during reproduction had lower fecundity, although final reproductive output was not significantly different than that of controls. Offspring of parents subjected to high workload during reproduction also had higher oxidative stress when they were 90 days of age. Total antioxidant capacity and reactive oxygen metabolites of birds responded differently in the two breeding attempts, but we did detect an overall increase in oxidative stress in response to training in either attempt, which could explain the lower fecundity observed in birds subjected to increased workload during reproduction.
Altered cerebral blood flow in patients with unilateral venous pulsatile tinnitus: an arterial spin labeling study
Authors: Li Xiaoshuai , Zhao Pengfei , Qiu Xiaoyu , Lv Han , Ding Heyu , Yang Zhenghan , Gong Shusheng , Wang Zhenchang 
Published: March 2021

Objectives:
Abnormal neuronal activity and functional connectivity have been reported in patients with venous pulsatile tinnitus (PT). As neuronal activity is closely coupled to regional brain perfusion, the purpose of this study was to investigate the cerebral blood flow (CBF) alterations in patients with unilateral venous PT using arterial spin labeling (ASL).

Methods:
This study included patients with right-sided PT between January 2018 and July 2019. A healthy control (HC) group matched 1:1 for gender and age was also recruited. All subjects underwent ASL scanning using 3.0T MRI. The correlation between altered CBF and Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) score as well as PT duration was analyzed.

Results
Twenty-one patients with right-sided PT and 21 HCs were included. The mean PT duration of the patients was 35.9 ± 32.2 months, and the mean THI score was 64.1 ± 20.3. Compared with the HCs, the PT patients exhibited increased CBF in the left inferior parietal gyrus and decreased CBF in the bilateral lingual gyrus (family-wise error corrected, p &lt; 0.05). The increased CBF in the left inferior parietal gyrus showed a positive correlation with the THI score in PT patients (r = 0.501, p = 0.021).

Conclusions
PT patients exhibit regional CBF alterations. The increased CBF in the left inferior parietal gyrus may reflect the severity of PT.

Advances in knowledge:
This study not only presents evidence for the potential neuropathology of PT from the perspective of CBF alterations but also offers a new method for investigating the neuropathological mechanism of PT.
Barriers to access and utilization of healthcare by children with neurological impairments and disability in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Authors: Mwangi Lucy W. , Abuga Jonathan A. , Cottrell Emma , Kariuki Symon M. , Kinyanjui Samson M. , Newton Charles RJC. 
Published: March 2021

Background: Neurological impairments (NI) and disability are common among survivors of childhood mortality in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). We conducted a systematic review to examine the barriers limiting access and utilization of biomedical care by children and adolescents with NI in LMICs. Methods: We searched PubMed, Latin America and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Global Index Medicus, and Google Scholar for studies published between 01/01/1990 and 14/11/2019 to identify relevant studies. We included all reports on barriers limiting access and utilization of preventive, curative, and rehabilitative care for children aged 0-19 years with NI in five domains: epilepsy, and cognitive, auditory, visual, and motor function impairment. Data from primary studies were synthesized using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, and we report a synthesized analysis of the barriers identified in the primary studies. Results: Our literature searches identified 3,074 reports of which 16 were included in the final analysis. Fourteen studies (87.5%) originated from rural settings in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Factors limiting access and utilization of healthcare services in >50% of the studies were: financial constraints (N=15, 93.8%), geographical inaccessibility (N=11, 68.8%), inadequate healthcare resources (N=11, 68.8%), inadequate education/awareness (N=9, 56.3%), and prohibitive culture/beliefs (N=9, 56.3%). Factors reported in <50% of the studies related to the attitude of the patient, health worker, or society (N=7, 43.8%), poor doctor-patient communication (N=5, 31.3%), physical inaccessibility (N=3, 18.8%), and a lack of confidentiality for personal information (N=2, 12.5%). Very few reports were identified from outside Africa preventing a statistical analysis by continent and economic level. Conclusions: Financial constraints, geographic inaccessibility, and inadequate healthcare resources were the most common barriers limiting access and utilization of healthcare services by children with NI in LMICs. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020165296 (28/04/2020)
Conservative Accounting, Audit Quality, and Litigation
Authors: Kronenberger Sebastian , Laux Volker 
Published: March 2021

Investors are much more likely to sue corporations and their auditors for overstated earnings reports than for understated reports. This asymmetry in litigation exposure is viewed as an important driver for conservative accounting practices in corporations because conservatism reduces the probability of overstatements and hence, investor litigation. This argument is incomplete, however, because it ignores that litigation concerns also affect the incentives of the auditor, which, in turn, affect the firm’s optimal reporting system. We find that the threat of litigation encourages firms to report more conservatively only when the auditor’s cost of detecting misstatements is relatively high but promotes less conservative reporting when the auditor’s cost of auditing is low. This paper was accepted by Brian Bushee, accounting
i am keeping my cultural hat on: exploring a ‘culture-enabling’ philosophy for/with children practice
Authors: Elicor Peter paul 
Published: March 2021

In this paper, I offer a preliminary sketch of a culture-enabling Philosophy for/with Children practice. It is an approach to engaging philosophically with children that aims to encourage the exercise of critical reflection at the level of their respective cultures. This kind of P4wC practice hopes to address the challenges in facilitating philosophical dialogues with culturally/ethnically-diverse groups, especially when prejudice and negative stereotypes towards cultural/ethnic minorities are prevalent. Its focus is on helping children become cognizant of their cultural situatedness and its impact on their thinking and attitude towards dialogue. Underlying this practice is the assumption that Philosophy is fundamentally a worldview and a method that is embedded in the culture where it is created, validated, and used. Such a manner of doing philosophy recognizes that children are active bearers of culture and are entitled to educational opportunities, like P4wC, that can empower them to think for themselves and with others while staying grounded on their cultural backgrounds. Thus, the Community of Inquiry functions as a caring space where intercultural understanding and critical affirmation of cultures are fostered and sustained. In connection, I suggest that a culture-enabling P4wC teacher should have three desired traits: a) openness to various cultural resources and frames, b) a sense of critical positionality, and c) partiality to the culturally marginalized.
Molar Intrusion using TADs in the Management of an Anterior Open Bite: A Case Report
Authors: Sampson Ariane , Sattarzadeh Ali Payam 
Published: March 2021

The prevalence of an anterior open bite ranges in the literature from 1.5% to 11%, with great racial variance. Stable non-surgical treatment of an anterior open bite is notoriously unpredictable, with a high risk of relapse and an uncertainty of true skeletal change. Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) are increasingly used to enhance and simplify orthodontic biomechanics, enabling clinicians to push the boundaries of orthodontic treatment. In anterior open bite cases, TADs may be used predictably for molar intrusion and improvement of the overbite. We describe a 16-year-old male with a Class I incisal relationship on a skeletal I base and increased vertical proportions, complicated by a 4-mm anterior open bite secondary to a previous digit sucking habit. Treatment involved fixed orthodontic appliances on an extraction basis, and molar intrusion using TADs. TADs provide a safe and effective alternative to reducing an anterior bite in a patient whose growth is complete. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Understanding the options for the treatment of an anterior open bite and the limits of orthodontic camouflage will help clinicians provide their patients with the necessary information with which to make informed decisions.
The Use of Coronectomy to Manage Symptomatic Mandibular Third Molars: Techniques, Pitfalls and Suggested Guidelines
Authors: Bolt Robert , Hirani Murtaza , Kyriakidou Elena , El-Awa Abdurahman , Atkins Simon , Shah Preeni 
Published: March 2021

Coronectomy is a valuable technique in the management of symptomatic mandibular third molars at high risk of inferior alveolar nerve injury. When applied appropriately, the technique may reduce the incidence of inferior alveolar nerve injury in comparison to full surgical removal. Currently, no definitive guidelines exist on when to opt for coronectomy versus full surgical removal, and therefore significant variation in clinical practice exists. This article summarizes the surgical stages involved in the coronectomy procedure, reviews the indications and hazards of the technique, and finally provides suggested guidelines to assist the practitioner in the decision-making process of when to opt for coronectomy versus full surgical removal in the management of symptomatic mandibular third molars. CPD/Clinical Relevance: To review the coronectomy technique and highlight potential hazards with inappropriate application of the technique.
The effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma gel on full-thickness cartilage defect repair in a rabbit model
Authors: Slimi Fathia , Zribi Wassim , Trigui Moez , Amri Raja , Gouiaa Nawrez , Abid Cyrine , Rebai Mohammed Ali , Boudawara Tahia , Jebahi Samira , Keskes Hassib 
Published: March 2021

Aims The present study investigates the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel without adjunct to induce cartilage regeneration in large osteochondral defects in a rabbit model. Methods A bilateral osteochondral defect was created in the femoral trochlear groove of 14 New Zealand white rabbits. The right knees were filled with PRP gel and the contralateral knees remained untreated and served as control sides. Some animals were killed at week 3 and others at week 12 postoperatively. The joints were harvested and assessed by Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) MRI scoring system, and examined using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) macroscopic and ICRS histological scoring systems. Additionally, the collagen type II content was evaluated by the immunohistochemical staining. Results After 12 weeks post-surgery, the defects of the PRP group were repaired by hyaline cartilage-like tissue. However, incomplete cartilage regeneration was observed in the PRP group for three weeks. The control groups showed fibrocartilaginous or fibrous tissue, respectively, at each timepoint. Conclusion Our study proved that the use of PRP gel without any adjuncts could successfully produce a good healing response and resurface the osteochondral defect with a better quality of cartilage in a rabbit model. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(3):192–202.
Community-based Guinea worm surveillance in Chad: Evaluating a system at the intersection of human and animal disease
Authors: Rubenstein Beth L. , Roy Sharon L. , Unterwegner Karmen , Yerian Sarah , Weiss Adam , Zirimwabagabo Hubert , Chop Elisabeth , Romero Mario , Ouakou Philip Tchindebet , Moundai Tchonfienet , Guagliardo Sarah Anne J. 
Published: March 2021

Background
Guinea worm is a debilitating parasitic infection targeted for eradication. Annual human cases have dropped from approximately 3,500,000 in 1986 to 54 in 2019. Recent identification of canine cases in Chad threatens progress, and therefore detection, prevention, and containment of canine cases is a priority. We investigated associations between disease knowledge, community engagement, and canine cases in Chad to identify opportunities to improve active surveillance.

Methods
We surveyed 627 respondents (villagers, local leaders, community volunteers, and supervisors) across 45 villages under active surveillance. Descriptive statistics were analyzed by respondent category. Logistic regression models were fitted to assess the effects of volunteer visit frequency on villager knowledge.

Results
Knowledge increased with respondents’ associations with the Guinea worm program. Household visit frequency by community volunteers was uneven: 53.0% of villagers reported visits at least twice weekly and 21.4% of villagers reported never being visited. Villagers visited by a volunteer at least twice weekly had better knowledge of Guinea worm symptoms (OR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.04–2.79) and could name more prevention strategies (OR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.32–3.15) than villagers visited less frequently. The primary motivation to report was to facilitate care-seeking for people with Guinea worm. Knowledge of animal “containment” to prevent contamination of water, knowledge of rewards for reporting animal cases, and ability to name any reasons to report Guinea worm were each positively correlated with village canine case counts.

Conclusions
Community volunteers play crucial roles in educating their neighbors about Guinea worm and facilitating surveillance. Additional training and more attentive management of volunteers and supervisors could increase visit frequency and further amplify their impact. Emphasizing links between animal and human cases, the importance of animal containment, and animal rewards might improve surveillance and canine case detection. The surveillance system should be evaluated routinely to expand generalizability of data and monitor changes over time.
Improved economic and clinical outcomes with oritavancin versus a comparator group for treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections in a community hospital
Authors: Saddler Kimberly , Zhang Jason , Sul Jennifer , Patel Pruthvi , Castro-Lainez Miriams , Stevens Mark L. , Kosler Sheryl , Lowery Emily , Sierra-Hoffman Miguel 
Published: March 2021

Background
Oritavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic with in vitro bactericidal activity against gram-positive pathogens indicated for use in adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI). Its concentration-dependent activity and prolonged half-life provide a convenient single-dose alternative to multi-dose daily therapies for ABSSSI. This retrospective cohort study was conducted to quantify the clinical and economic advantages of using oritavancin compared to other antibiotic agents that have been historically effective for ABSSSI.

Methods
Seventy-nine patients received oritavancin who had failed previous outpatient antibiotic therapy (OPAT) for cellulitis or abscess and were subsequently readmitted to the hospital as an inpatient between 2016 and 2018. These patients were compared to a cohort of 28 patients receiving other antibiotics following OPAT failure and subsequent hospitalization for these two infection types. The primary clinical end point was average length of stay (aLOS) and secondary endpoints included readmission rates for the same indication at 30 and 90 days after discharge and the average hospital cost (aHC).

Results
A total of 107 patients were hospitalized for treatment of cellulitis or abscess. Demographic characteristics of both the oritavancin and comparator groups were similar except for the presence of diabetes. The primary clinical endpoint showed a non-significant decrease in aLOS between the oritavancin group versus comparator (2.12 days versus 2.59 days; p = 0.097). The secondary endpoints revealed lower readmission rates associated with oritavancin treatment at 30 and 90 days; the average hospital cost was 5.9% lower for patients that received oritavancin.

Conclusion
The results of this study demonstrate that oritavancin provides not only a single-dose alternative to multi-day therapies for skin and skin structure infections, but also a clinical and economic advantage compared to other antibiotic agents.
A comparison of educational events for physicians and nurses in Australia sponsored by opioid manufacturers
Authors: Grundy Quinn , Mazzarello Sasha , Brennenstuhl Sarah , Karanges Emily A. 
Published: March 2021

Background
Educational activities for physicians sponsored by opioid manufacturers are implicated in the over- and mis-prescribing of opioids. However, the implications of promotion to nurses are poorly understood. Nurses play a key role in assessing pain, addressing the determinants of pain, and administering opioid medications. We sought to understand the nature and content of pain-related educational events sponsored by opioid manufacturers and to compare events targeting physicians and nurses.

Methods
We conducted a cross sectional, descriptive analysis of pharmaceutical company reports detailing 116,845 sponsored educational events attended by health professionals from 2011 to 2015 in Australia. We included events that were sponsored by manufacturers of prescription opioid analgesics and were pain related. We compared event characteristics across three attendee groups: (a) physicians only; (b) at least one nurse in attendance; and (c) nurses only. We coded the unstructured data using iteratively generated keywords for variables related to location, format, and content focus.

Results
We identified 3,411 pain-related events sponsored by 3 companies: bioCSL/CSL (n = 15), Janssen (n = 134); and Mundipharma (n = 3,262). Pain-related events were most often multidisciplinary, including at least one nurse (1,964/3,411; 58%); 38% (1,281/3,411) included physicians only, and 5% (166/3,411) nurses only. The majority of events were held in clinical settings (61%) and 43% took the form of a journal club. Chronic pain was the most common event topic (26%) followed by cancer pain and palliative care (18%), and then generic or unspecified references to pain (15%); nearly a third (32%) of event descriptions contained insufficient information to determine the content focus. Nurse-only events were less frequently held in clinical settings (32%; p < .001) and more frequently were product launches (17%; p < .001) and a significantly larger proportion focused on cancer or palliative care (33%; p < .001), generic pain topics (27%; p < .001), and geriatrics (25%; p < .001) than physician-only or multidisciplinary events.

Discussion
Opioid promotion via sponsored educational events extends beyond physicians to multidisciplinary teams and specifically, nurses. Despite lack of evidence that opioids improve outcomes for long-term chronic non-cancer pain, hundreds of sponsored educational events focused on chronic pain. Regulators should consider the validity of distinguishing between pharmaceutical companies’ “promotional” and “non-promotional” activities.