bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical Fixation With Only Fibrin Glue in the Isolated Anterior Wall of the Maxillary Sinus Fracture
Authors: Um Jung Hwan , Kim Soon Heum , Jo Dong In 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
When isolated anterior wall fractures of the maxilla occur, there is a high possibility that a comminuted fracture also exists. Because of thin and small fracture fragments and the associated damage to the mucosa, treating these fractures using conventional methods is difficult. The authors considered a surgical method that utilizes only fibrin glue after reduction. This method was also compared with the use of absorbable mesh. in total, 30 patients were diagnosed with an isolated anterior wall fracture of the maxilla between January 2013 and December 2018 in a single hospital. From these, 19 patients underwent fractured fragment reconstruction using only fibrin glue after reduction. The remaining patients underwent reconstruction using an absorbable mesh. Patient demographics, trauma vector, length of hospital stay, follow–up period, and acute/chronic complication rates of the two groups were investigated and statistically analyzed. The group using only fibrin glue showed better results with regard to the length of hospital stay and acute complication rates. Therefore, the surgical method using only fibrin glue after reduction can be recommended as a viable treatment method for these fractures.
Three-Dimensional Auricular Subunit Models for Cartilage Framework Fabrication: Our Preliminary Experience
Authors: Wang Qianwen , Wang Yue , Zhou Xu , Zhang Qingguo 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Three-dimensional (3D) digital imaging and printing techniques have been popularly applied in microtia reconstruction. However, there is a lack of clinical report of using them to create 3D printed ear subunit models for cartilage framework fabrication.

Methods:
A retrospective study of patients who underwent auricle reconstruction with 3D templates was performed. Patients’ demography, surgical complications, framework accuracy, and aesthetic outcomes of the reconstructed auricles were analyzed.

Results:
Twenty cases included in this study. Complications were minor. The average (median) assessing scores for the framework quality and the reconstructed auricle aesthetics were 8.50 (8) and 8.30 (8), respectively.

Conclusions:
Our study found that the use of custom-printed tridimensional ear subunit models achieved a relatively high framework precision and gained good outcomes of the reconstructed ears.
Level of Evidence: Level IV.
Clinical Applications of Augmented Reality Technology in Microsurgical Planning of Head and Neck Reconstruction
Authors: Kwon Jin Geun , Hong Dae Won , Choi Jong Woo 
Published: September 2021

Background:
To perform head and neck reconstruction, the exact location of recipient vessels must be evaluated preoperatively. This study aimed to superimpose arterial and venous pathways identified by computed tomography angiography (CTA) on patients using augmented reality (AR) techniques to freely select recipient vessels.

Methods:
Patients who underwent reconstructive microsurgery due to defects on the scalp, forehead, and glabella from July 2019 to October 2019 were enrolled. The superficial temporal artery (STA) and superficial temporal vein (STV) were marked using hand-held Doppler. Furthermore, the three-dimensional reconstructed CTA image was superimposed on the patient's face using a smartphone application, Camera-Lucida, and marked. The accuracy of mapping was evaluated intraoperatively. Success rates and the time consumed for mapping were compared.

Results:
Twelve patients underwent preoperative marking. Success rates of STA mapping using the AR technology and hand-held Doppler were 100% and 83%, respectively (P = 0.48). The mean time consumed for STA marking was 90.2 ± 17.7 seconds and 121.0 ± 117.7 seconds, respectively (P
= 0.75). The success rate of STY marking with the AR technology was superior to that with hand-held Doppler (100% versus 58.3%; P = 0.037). STY marking was faster with the AR technology than with hand-held Doppler (mean time, 91.2 ± 25.7 seconds versus 94.5 ± 101.6 seconds; P = 0.007).

Conclusions:
The AR technology could be the paradigm shift in the field of microsurgical reconstruction. it can connect threedimensional CTA data with patient topography, leading to not only more precise operations but also improved outcomes in patients undergoing microsurgical reconstruction.
The patient’s voice matters: The impact of advance directives on elderly trauma patients
Authors: Lee Janet S. , Khan Abid D. , Dorlac Warren C. , Dunn Julie , McIntyre Robert C. , Wright Franklin L. , Platnick K. Barry , Brockman Valerie , Vega Stephanie A. , Cofran Jessica M. , Duero Colleen , Schroeppel Thomas J. 
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND
Geriatric trauma rates are increasing, yet trauma centers often struggle to provide autonomy regarding decision making to these patients. Advance care planning can assist with this process. Currently, there are limited data on the impact of advance directives (ADs) in elderly trauma patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of preinjury AD in geriatric trauma patients and its impact on outcomes, with the hypothesis that ADs would not be associated with an increase in mortality.

METHODS
A multicenter retrospective review was conducted on patients older than 65 years with traumatic injury between 2017 and 2019. Three Level I trauma centers and one Level II trauma center were included. Exclusion criteria were readmission, burn injury, transfer to another facility, discharge from emergency department, and mortality prior to being admitted.

RESULTS
There were 6,135 patients identified; 751 (12.2%) had a preinjury AD. Patients in the AD+ group were older (86 vs. 77 years, p < 0.0001), more likely to be women (67.0% vs. 54.8%, p < 0.0001), and had more comorbidities. Hospital length of stay and ventilator days were similar. In-hospital mortality occurred in 236 patients, and 75.4% of them underwent withdrawal of care (WOC). The mortality rate was higher in AD+ group (10.5% vs. 2.9%, p < 0.0001). No difference was seen in the rate of AD between the WOC+ and WOC– group (31.5% vs. 39.6%, p = 0.251). A preinjury AD was identified as an independent predictor of mortality, but not a predictor of WOC.

CONCLUSION
Despite a high WOC rate in patients older than 65 years, most patients did not have an AD prior to injury. As the elderly trauma population grows, advance care planning should be better integrated into geriatric care to encourage a patient-centered approach to end-of-life care.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic and epidemiological, level IV.
Paradigms in chronic subdural hematoma pathophysiology: Current treatments and new directions
Authors: Bounajem Michael T. , Campbell Robert A. , Denorme Frederik , Grandhi Ramesh 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Chronic subdural hematomas (CSDHs) are an increasingly common pathology encountered in a neurosurgical trauma practice. Although the operative and nonoperative management of CSDH has been studied extensively, the recurrence rate of CSDH remains high, with no significant decrease in recent years. We undertook a detailed assessment of the known pathophysiological mechanisms by which CSDHs recur to improve our ability to treat patients with this disease successfully. In this review of the literature from the PubMed and Scopus databases, we used the search terms “(pathophysiology) AND chronic subdural hematoma [tiab]” to identify pertinent reviews and articles in English. The results demonstrated a complex inflammatory response to subdural blood, which begins with the formation of a collagen neomembrane around the clot itself. Proinflammatory mediators, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tissue necrosis factor α, matrix metalloproteinases, and basic fibroblast growth factor, then contribute to chronic microbleeding by promoting the formation of fragile, leaky blood vessels, and widening of gap junctions of existing vessels. It is evident that the lack of improvement in recurrence rate is due to pathological factors that are not entirely alleviated by simple subdural evacuation. Targeted approaches, such as middle meningeal artery embolization and anti-inflammatory therapies, have become increasingly common and require further prospective analysis to aid in the determination of their efficacy.
Evaluation and management of traumatic pneumothorax: A Western Trauma Association critical decisions algorithm
Authors: de Moya Marc , Brasel Karen J. , Brown Carlos V.R. , Hartwell Jennifer L. , Inaba Kenji , Ley Eric J. , Moore Ernest E. , Peck Kimberly A. , Rizzo Anne G. , Rosen Nelson G. , Sperry Jason , Weinberg Jordan A. , Martin Matthew J. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
This is a recommended algorithm of the Western Trauma Association for the management of a traumatic pneumothorax. The current algorithm and recommendations are based on available published prospective cohort, observational, and retrospective studies and the expert opinion of the Western Trauma Association members. The algorithm and accompanying text represents a safe and reasonable approach to this common problem. We recognize that there may be variability in decision making, local resources, institutional consensus, and patient-specific factors that may require deviation from the algorithm presented. This annotated algorithm is meant to serve as a basis from which protocols at individual institutions can be developed or serve as a quick bedside reference for clinicians.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Consensus algorithm from the Western Trauma Association, Level V.
Not as simple as ABC: Tools to trigger massive transfusion in pediatric trauma
Authors: Phillips Ryan , Shahi Niti , Acker Shannon N. , Meier Maxene , Shirek Gabrielle , Stevens Jenny , Recicar John , Moulton Steven , Bensard Denis 
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND
Early and accurate identification of pediatric trauma patients who will receive massive transfusion (MT) is not well established. We developed the ABCD (defined as penetrating mechanism, positive focused assessment with sonography for trauma, shock index, pediatric age-adjusted [SIPA], lactate, and base deficit [BD]) and BIS scores (defined as a combination of BD, international normalized ratio [INR], and SIPA) and hypothesized that the BIS score would perform best in the ability to predict the need for MT in children.

METHODS
Pediatric trauma patients (≤18 years old) admitted to our trauma center between 2008 and 2019 were identified. Using a receiver operator curve, we defined cutoff points for lactate (≥3.2), BD (≤−6.9), and INR (≥1.4). ABCD scores were calculated by combining penetrating mechanism; positive focused assessment with sonography for trauma examination; SIPA; lactate; and BD. BIS scores were calculated by combining BD, INR, and SIPA. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each score were calculated based on receiving MT.

RESULTS
Seven hundred seventy-two patients were included, of which 59 (7.6%) underwent MT. The best predictor of receiving MT was achieved by a BIS score of ≥2 that was 98% sensitive and 23% specific with an area under the curve of 0.81. The ABCD score of ≥2 was 97% sensitive and 20% specific with an area under the curve of 0.77.

CONCLUSION
The BIS score, which takes into account derangements in acidosis, coagulopathy, and SIPA, is accurate and easy to perform and can be incorporated into a simple bedside screening tool for triggering MT in pediatric trauma patients.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Diagnostic Tests or Criteria, Level IV.
Living Donor Versus Deceased Donor Pediatric Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Barbetta Arianna , Butler Chanté , Barhouma Sarah , Hogen Rachel , Rocque Brittany , Goldbeck Cameron , Schilperoort Hannah , Meeberg Glenda , Shapiro James , Kwon Yong K. , Kohli Rohit , Emamaullee Juliet 
Published: September 2021

Background.
Reduced-size deceased donors and living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) can address the organ shortage for pediatric liver transplant candidates, but concerns regarding technical challenges and the risk of complications using these grafts have been raised. The aim of this study was to compare outcomes for pediatric LDLT and deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) via systematic review.

Methods.
A systematic literature search was performed to identify studies reporting outcomes of pediatric (<18 y) LDLT and DDLT published between 2005 and 2019. A meta-analysis was conducted to examine peri- and postoperative outcomes using fixed- and random-effects models.

Results.
Overall, 2518 abstracts were screened, and 10 studies met criteria for inclusion. In total, 1622 LDLT and 6326 DDLT pediatric patients from 4 continents were examined. LDLT resulted in superior patient survival when compared with DDLT at 1, 3, and 5 y post-LT (1-y hazard ratio: 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-0.73, P < 0.0001). Similarly, LDLT resulted in superior graft survival at all time points post-LT when compared with DDLT (1-y hazard ratio: 0.56 [95% CI 0.46-0.68], P < 0.0001]. The OR for vascular complications was 0.73 (95% CI 0.39-1.39) and 1.31 (95% CI 0.92-1.86) for biliary complications in LDLT compared with DDLT, whereas LDLT was associated with lower rates of rejection (OR: 0.66 [95% CI 0.45-0.96], P = 0.03).

Conclusions.
This meta-analysis demonstrates that LDLT may offer many advantages when compared with DDLT in children and suggests that LDLT should continue to be expanded to optimize outcomes for pediatric LT candidates.
Comanagement With Nephrologist Care Is Associated With Fewer Cardiovascular Events Among Liver Transplant Recipients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Campbell Patrick T. , Kosirog Megan , Aghaulor Blessing , Gregory Dyanna , Pine Stewart , Daud Amna , Das Arighno , Finn Daniel J. , Levitsky Josh , Holl Jane L. , Lloyd-Jones Donald M. , VanWagner Lisa B. 
Published: September 2021

Background.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with cardiovascular (CV) events, a leading complication in liver transplant recipients (LTRs). Timely subspecialty care is associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with CKD. This study sought to assess associations between nephrology comanagement and CV events among LTRs at risk for or with CKD.

Methods.
LTRs with CKD plus those at risk were identified in an inception cohort at a single tertiary care network between 2010 and 2016, using electronic health record data and manual chart review. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or International Classification of Diseases 9th or 10th revision code for CKD and at-risk CKD as estimated glomerular filtration rate 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2. Cox proportional hazard models assessed the association between nephrology comanagement and CV events among LTRs with or at risk for CKD.

Results.
Among 602 LTRs followed for up to 6 y posttransplant, prevalence of CKD plus those at risk increased yearly (71% in year 1, 86% in year 6) (P < 0.0001). Rates of nephrology comanagement decreased yearly posttransplant (35% in year 1, 28% in year 6). In multivariable models, nephrology comanagement was associated with lower CV events (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.33–0.99).

Conclusions.
Among LTRs with CKD, nephrology comanagement may be associated with lower CV events. A prospective study is needed to identify the reasons for improved outcomes and barriers to nephrology referral.
Liver Transplantation With Grafts From Super Obese Donors
Authors: Vargas Paola A. , Cullen J. Michael , Argo Curtis , Henry Zachary , Stotts Matthew J. , Intagliata Nicolas , Northup Patrick , Oberholzer Jose , Pelletier Shawn , Goldaracena Nicolas 
Published: September 2021

Background.
There are limited data on liver transplant (LT) outcomes with grafts from super obese donors. The present study aims to evaluate a unique cohort of recipients following LT using grafts from donors with body mass index (BMI) ≥50.

Methods.
Patients receiving grafts from donors with BMI ≥50 and BMI <50 from 2010 to 2019 were identified. A 1:2 case–control match was conducted to compare outcomes between the groups. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier curves.

Results.
Six hundred sixty-five adult LTs were performed in the study period. Eighteen patients receiving a graft from a donor with BMI ≥50 were identified and matched to 36 patients receiving a graft from a donor with BMI <50. Grafts from male donors were significantly lower in the donor BMI ≥50 group when compared with the donor BMI <50 group (16.7% versus 66.7%, P = 0.001). Liver biopsy was performed in 77.8% of grafts in the donor BMI ≥50 group, whereas only in 38.8% of the grafts in the donor BMI <50 group (P = 0.007). Recipients in the donor BMI ≥50 group had a significantly higher diagnosis rate of hepatocellular carcinoma pretransplant versus the donor BMI <50 group (38.9% versus 8.3%, respectively; P = 0.006). Major complications within 30 d did not differ statistically between groups. Biliary complications within the first 30 d were equal among groups (16.7%). Subanalysis comparing the super obese donor group versus the nonobese donor group showed no differences in terms of postoperative complications, readmission rate, graft rejection, or major complications including the need for reoperation, retransplantation, or mortality. Graft and patient survival at 1-, 3-, and 5-y graft were similar between the donor BMI ≥50 group versus donor BMI <50 group (94%/89%/89% versus 88%/88%/88%, P = 0.89, and 94%/94%/94% versus 88%/88%/88%, P = 0.48, respectively).

Conclusions.
LT with carefully selected grafts from super obese donors can be safely performed with outcomes comparable with non–super obese donor livers. Therefore, these types of grafts could represent a safe means to expand the donor pool.
Towards a phylogenetic ecology of plant pests and pathogens
Authors: Gougherty Andrew V. , Davies T. Jonathan 
Published: September 2021

Plant–pathogens and insect pests, hereafter pests, play an important role in structuring ecological communities, yet both native and introduced pests impose significant pressure on wild and managed systems, and pose a threat to food security. Global changes in climate and land use, and transportation of plants and pests around the globe are likely to further increase the range, frequency and severity of pest outbreaks in the future. Thus, there is a critical need to expand on current ecological theory to address these challenges. Here, we outline a phylogenetic framework for the study of plant and pest interactions. In plants, a growing body of work has suggested that evolutionary relatedness, phylogeny, strongly structures plant-pest associations—from pest host breadths and impacts, to their establishment and spread in new regions. Understanding the phylogenetic dimensions of plant-pest associations will help to inform models of invasive species spread, disease and pest risk in crops, and emerging pest outbreaks in native plant communities—which will have important implications for protecting food security and biodiversity into the future.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe’.
Functional biogeography of parasite traits: hypotheses and evidence
Authors: Poulin Robert 
Published: September 2021

Functional biogeography, or the study of trait-based distributional patterns, not only complements our understanding of spatial patterns in biodiversity, but also sheds light on the underlying processes generating them. In parallel with the well-studied latitudinal diversity gradient, decades-old ecogeographical rules also postulate latitudinal variation in species traits. Notably, species in the tropics are predicted to have smaller body sizes (Bergmann's rule), narrower niches (MacArthur's rule) and smaller geographical ranges (Rapoport's rule) than their counterparts at higher latitudes. Although originally proposed for free-living organisms, these rules have been extended to parasitic organisms as well. In this review, I discuss the mechanistic hypotheses most likely to explain latitudinal gradients in parasite traits, and assess the empirical evidence obtained from comparative studies testing the above three rules as well as latitudinal gradients in other parasite traits. Overall, there is only weak empirical support for latitudinal gradients in any parasite trait, with little consistency among comparative analyses. The most parsimonious explanation for the existence of geographical patterns in parasite traits is that they are primarily host-driven, i.e. ecological traits of parasites track those of their hosts, with a direct influence of bioclimatic factors playing a secondary role. Thus, geographical patterns in parasite traits probably emerge as epiphenomena of parallel patterns in their hosts.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe’.
A roadmap towards predicting species interaction networks (across space and time)
Authors: Strydom Tanya , Catchen Michael D. , Banville Francis , Caron Dominique , Dansereau Gabriel , Desjardins-Proulx Philippe , Forero-Muñoz Norma R. , Higino Gracielle , Mercier Benjamin , Gonzalez Andrew , Gravel Dominique , Pollock Laura , Poisot Timothée 
Published: September 2021

Networks of species interactions underpin numerous ecosystem processes, but comprehensively sampling these interactions is difficult. Interactions intrinsically vary across space and time, and given the number of species that compose ecological communities, it can be tough to distinguish between a true negative (where two species never interact) from a false negative (where two species have not been observed interacting even though they actually do). Assessing the likelihood of interactions between species is an imperative for several fields of ecology. This means that to predict interactions between species—and to describe the structure, variation, and change of the ecological networks they form—we need to rely on modelling tools. Here, we provide a proof-of-concept, where we show how a simple neural network model makes accurate predictions about species interactions given limited data. We then assess the challenges and opportunities associated with improving interaction predictions, and provide a conceptual roadmap forward towards predictive models of ecological networks that is explicitly spatial and temporal. We conclude with a brief primer on the relevant methods and tools needed to start building these models, which we hope will guide this research programme forward.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe’.