bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osmoregulation by Vertebrates in Aquatic Environments
Authors: Lillywhite Harvey B , Evans David H 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Because the salt concentration of body fluids in aquatic vertebrates differs from that of their environment, they face net influx or efflux of water and salt across their permeable skin or exposed membranes. In fishes, these diffusional movements of both salts and water largely involve the gills. Other vertebrates have less permeable body surfaces, but water and salts are gained in drinking that is incidental to eating prey, which also can be an important source of salt intake. Kidneys function importantly in freshwater fishes to remove excess water, and ions are actively transported inwards across gill tissue as well as acquired in food. Marine fishes tend to dehydrate in seawater, so they drink seawater to make up a water deficit and secrete excess salt across the gills. Marine elasmobranch fishes accumulate urea in body fluids to minimise the gradient for osmotic exchange and secrete excess ions via a specialised rectal gland that functions accessory to the kidney. In other vertebrates, inhabitants of fresh water must counteract a key problem of acquiring sufficient ions while excreting nitrogenous waste as ammonia or urea, whereas marine species must avoid excess salt intake while avoiding dehydration. Vertebrates without gills have evolved either extrarenal salt glands that excrete excess salt, or in the case of mammals, a specialised kidney that can excrete highly concentrated urine. Relatively few, non‐fish taxa drink seawater as a route for water gain, while most others have dependency on dietary, metabolic or free drinking water.

Osmoregulation involves the maintenance of volume, distribution and ionic composition of body fluids in organisms.

With the exception of hagfish, extant vertebrates maintain osmotic concentrations of body fluids at levels that are roughly one‐third that of seawater.

Aquatic vertebrates living in fresh water must counteract excessive influx of water and losses of ions to the surrounding environment, whereas those living in marine environments tend to dehydrate and gain excess salt.

Freshwater fishes eliminate excess water by means of producing a copious flow of dilute urine, while acquiring ions from surrounding water by transporter mechanisms located in the gills.

Marine fishes acquire needed water by drinking seawater and excreting excess salt gained by diffusion and drinking by transport mechanisms in the gills.

Marine vertebrates other than fishes and mammals have evolved extrarenal salt glands that excrete excess salts, and water is gained largely from dietary, metabolic and freshwater drinking sources.

Marine mammals excrete salt loads and urea from kidneys that have effective concentrating abilities, while gaining water from diet and metabolism.
Enhancement of Spin–Orbit Torque by Strain Engineering in SrRuO3 Films
Authors: Wei Jinwu , Zhong Hai , Liu Jiuzhao , Wang Xiao , Meng Fanqi , Xu Hongjun , Liu Yizhou , Luo Xin , Zhang Qinghua , Guang Yao , Feng Jiafeng , Zhang Jia , Yang Lihong , Ge Chen , Gu Lin , Jin Kuijuan , Yu Guoqiang , Han Xiufeng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractComplex oxides with 4d/5d transition metal ions, e.g., SrRuO3, usually possess strong spin–orbit coupling, which potentially leads to efficient charge‐spin interconversion. As the electrical transport property of SrRuO3 can be readily tuned via structure control, it serves as a platform for studying the manipulation of charge‐spin interconversion. Here, a factor of twenty enhancement of spin–orbit torque (SOT) efficiency via strain engineering in a SrRuO3/Ni81Fe19 bilayer is reported. The results show that an orthorhombic SrRuO3 leads to a higher SOT efficiency than the tetragonal one. By changing the strain from compressive to tensile in the orthorhombic SrRuO3, the SOT efficiency can be increased from an average value of 0.04 to 0.89, corresponding to a change of spin Hall conductivity from 27 to 441 × ħ/e (S cm−1). The first‐principles calculations show that the intrinsic Berry curvature can give rise to a large spin Hall conductivity (SHC) via the strain control, which is consistent with the experimental observations. The results provide a route to further enhance the SOT efficiency in complex oxide‐based heterostructures, which will potentially promote the application of complex oxides in energy‐efficient spintronic devices.
Activating Both Basal Plane and Edge Sites of Layered Cobalt Oxides for Boosted Water Oxidation
Authors: Li Yu , Chen Gao , Zhu Yanping , Hu Zhiwei , Chan Ting‐Shan , She Sixuan , Dai Jie , Zhou Wei , Shao Zongping 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLayered AxCoO2 materials built by stacking layers of CoO2 slabs and inserting alkali ions in between them have shown a promising activity of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to their active edge sites. However, the large basal plane areas of the CoO2 slabs show too strong adsorption energy to the reaction intermediates, which is unfavorable for the release of O2. Here, a simple cation‐exchange strategy based on Fe3+ and alkali ions is proposed to simultaneously activate both the basal plane and edge sites of AxCoO2 for the OER. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy has revealed that the Fe3+ ions deposit both on the surface and edge sites of the CoO2 slabs and enter the interlayer. The cation‐exchanged AxCoO2 electrodes show a boosted activity compared to their pristine and conventional Fe‐doped AxCoO2 counterparts. This phenomenon is mainly ascribed to the abundant edge‐sharing Co–Fe motifs at the edge sites and the charge redistribution in the basal plane sites induced by the insertion of Fe3+ ions. This work provides a novel method to fully exploit layer‐structured materials for efficient energy conversion.
Disclosing the Role of Defect‐Engineered Metal–Organic Frameworks in Mixed Matrix Membranes for Efficient CO2 Separation: A Joint Experimental‐Computational Exploration
Authors: Lee Tae Hoon , Ozcan Aydin , Park Inho , Fan Dong , Jang Jun Kyu , Mileo Paulo G. M. , Yoo Seung Yeon , Roh Ji Soo , Kang Jun Hyeok , Lee Byung Kwan , Cho Young Hoon , Semino Rocio , Kim Hyo Won , Maurin Guillaume , Park Ho Bum 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIncorporation of defects in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) offers new opportunities for manipulating their microporosity and functionalities. The so‐called “defect engineering” has great potential to tailor the mass transport properties in MOF/polymer mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for challenging separation applications, for example, CO2 capture. This study first investigates the impact of MOF defects on the membrane properties of the resultant MOF/polymer MMMs for CO2 separation. Highly porous defect‐engineered UiO‐66 nanoparticles are successfully synthesized and incorporated into a CO2‐philic crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) matrix. A thorough joint experimental/simulation characterization reveals that defect‐engineered UiO‐66/PEGDA MMMs exhibit nearly identical filler–matrix interfacial properties regardless of the defect concentrations of their parental UiO‐66 filler. In addition, non‐equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations in tandem with gas transport studies disclose that the defects in MOFs provide the MMMs with ultrafast transport pathways mainly governed by diffusivity selectivity. Ultimately, MMMs containing the most defective UiO‐66 show the most enhanced CO2/N2 separation performance—CO2 permeability = 470 Barrer (four times higher than pure PEGDA) and maintains CO2/N2 selectivity = 41—which overcomes the trade‐off limitation in pure polymers. The results emphasize that defect engineering in MOFs would mark a new milestone for the future development of optimized MMMs.
Ultrasound‐Powered Implants: A Critical Review of Piezoelectric Material Selection and Applications
Authors: Turner Brendan L. , Senevirathne Seedevi , Kilgour Katie , McArt Darragh , Biggs Manus , Menegatti Stefano , Daniele Michael A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUltrasound‐powered implants (UPIs) represent cutting edge power sources for implantable medical devices (IMDs), as their powering strategy allows for extended functional lifetime, decreased size, increased implant depth, and improved biocompatibility. IMDs are limited by their reliance on batteries. While batteries proved a stable power supply, batteries feature relatively large sizes, limited life spans, and toxic material compositions. Accordingly, energy harvesting and wireless power transfer (WPT) strategies are attracting increasing attention by researchers as alternative reliable power sources. Piezoelectric energy scavenging has shown promise for low power applications. However, energy scavenging devices need be located near sources of movement, and the power stream may suffer from occasional interruptions. WPT overcomes such challenges by more stable, on‐demand power to IMDs. Among the various forms of WPT, ultrasound powering offers distinct advantages such as low tissue‐mediated attenuation, a higher approved safe dose (720 mW cm−2), and improved efficiency at smaller device sizes. This study presents and discusses the state‐of‐the‐art in UPIs by reviewing piezoelectric materials and harvesting devices including lead‐based inorganic, lead‐free inorganic, and organic polymers. A comparative discussion is also presented of the functional material properties, architecture, and performance metrics, together with an overview of the applications where UPIs are being deployed.
Dual‐Doping and Synergism toward High‐Performance Seawater Electrolysis
Authors: Chang Jinfa , Wang Guanzhi , Yang Zhenzhong , Li Boyang , Wang Qi , Kuliiev Ruslan , Orlovskaya Nina , Gu Meng , Du Yingge , Wang Guofeng , Yang Yang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHydrogen (H2) production from direct seawater electrolysis is an economically appealing yet fundamentally and technically challenging approach to harvest clean energy. The current seawater electrolysis technology is significantly hindered by the poor stability and low selectivity of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to the competition with chlorine evolution reaction in practical application. Herein, iron and phosphor dual‐doped nickel selenide nanoporous films (Fe,P‐NiSe2 NFs) are rationally designed as bifunctional catalysts for high‐efficiency direct seawater electrolysis. The doping of Fe cation increases the selectivity and Faraday efficiency (FE) of the OER. While the doping of P anions improves the electronic conductivity and prevents the dissolution of selenide by forming a passivation layer containing P–O species. The Fe‐dopant is identified as the primary active site for the hydrogen evolution reaction, and meanwhile, stimulates the adjacent Ni atoms as active centers for the OER. The experimental analyses and theoretical calculations provide an insightful understanding of the roles of dual‐dopants in boosting seawater electrolysis. As a result, a current density of 0.8 A cm−2 is archived at 1.8 V with high OER selectivity and long‐term stability for over 200 h, which surpasses the benchmarking platinum‐group‐metals‐free electrolyzers.
Polymer Micelle Directed Magnetic Cargo Assemblies Towards Spin‐wave Manipulation
Authors: Manuguri Sesha , van der Heijden Nadine J. , Nam Seong J. , Narasimhan Badri Narayanan , Wei Bohang , Cabero Z. Marco A. , Yu Haiming , Granville Simon , McGillivray Duncan J. , Brothers Penelope J. , Williams David E. , Malmström Jenny 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSpin‐wave based technologies that use collective oscillation of electrons termed magnons have been proposed for future computing landscapes due to their low energy consumption and high data transfer speeds. Magnonic crystals, materials with magnetic properties periodically varied in space, are central to such technologies. However, they are currently limited by the lithography techniques used for the magnetic patterning. To address this issue, bottom‐up self‐assembly using polymer templates to order magnetic cargo is presented. In this work, block copolymer micelles are used as templates to direct the organization of polyoxometalate (POM) molecules into organized assemblies. The structural organization of these assemblies is evaluated using microscopy and scattering techniques. The organized POM assemblies are demonstrated to modulate spin‐waves excited in permalloy thin films. This work demonstrates the first use of a bottom‐up approach to realize the fabrication of a magnonic assembly at the nanoscale. It further paves the way to achieve magnon‐mediated self‐assembled computing architectures.
HOCl‐Activated Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles for Multimodality Therapy of Tumors
Authors: Liu Dongya , Liu Lingyan , Liu Feiyang , Zhang Mengfan , Wei Peng , Yi Tao 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTumor microenvironment‐responsive nanodrugs offer promising opportunities for imaging‐guided precision therapy with reduced side effects. Considering that the antitumor effect is closely related to the size of the nanodrugs, it is particularly important to develop a therapeutic system with size adjustability in the tumor microenvironment, which is still a great challenge in the field of nanotheranostics. Herein, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐activated aggregation strategy is reported for imaging‐guided precision therapy of tumors. The ROS‐activated nanoplatform is constructed based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated with an HOCl probe on its surface (namely, Au–MB–PEG NPs). The Au–MB–PEG NPs show high sensitivity toward HOCl, resulting in the modulation of surface charge and rapid aggregation of AuNPs, and simultaneous release of methylene blue as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT). In the tumor environment, the aggregated AuNPs ensure higher tumor accumulation and retention. Furthermore, the redshift of the absorption of aggregated AuNPs leads to activated photoacoustic imaging signals and photothermal therapy (PTT) under near‐infrared irradiation. Au–MB–PEG NPs thus efficiently inhibit the tumor growth through combined PTT–PDT therapy. This work contributes to the design of stimuli‐induced size‐aggregation nanodrugs, thereby attaining advanced performance in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Area‐alterable liquid electrode capacitance sensor for water holdup measurement in oil–water two‐phase flow
Authors: Yang Yang , Hu Haihang , Wang Kai , Wang Shuai , Liu Ming , Zhang Chao , Wang Dong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOil–water two‐phase flow exists widely in the process of petroleum industry. The water holdup is an important parameter but difficult to measure. In this paper, we develop an area‐alterable liquid electrode capacitance sensor for water holdup measurement in oil–water two‐phase flow. The capacitance sensor has a relatively high measurement sensitivity and a good linearity in the full range of the water holdup, from 0% to 100%. Meanwhile, a firing technology of insulating layer is presented to guarantee the characteristics of the capacitance sensor with high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and non‐stickiness. The static performance of the capacitance sensor is validated theoretically and experimentally. Vertical upward oil–water two‐phase flow experiments indicate that the developed capacitance sensor has good performance for water holdup measurement with average relative error of 10% in the full range of the water holdup. Based on the output signal of the sensor, the information of flow structure can be also estimated in different flow patterns.
Enhanced mechanical and photocatalytic performances of epoxy nanocomposites filled with potassium‐modified graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets
Authors: Yan Xin , Yang Li , Wang Jun , Jiang Lei , Xu Yewei , Huang Ying , Chang Guanjun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe unique structure and property of K+‐modified graphitic carbon nitride (K‐CN) nanosheets would be beneficial for developing advanced epoxy nanocomposites. However, the compatibility between K‐CN nanosheets and epoxy matrix is a big challenge. In this study, we demonstrate a new and effective method to improve the compatibility of K‐CN nanosheets and epoxy by using 1‐(oxiran‐2‐ylmethyl)‐1H‐indole (IN) as surface modifier through the cation‐π interaction between K+ on the surface of K‐CN nanosheets and indole group of IN. In addition, the covalent bond between epoxy group of IN and amino group of curing agent could be used to participate in the formation of the epoxy network. When the content of K‐CN nanosheets is 0.5 wt%, the tensile strength of prepared epoxy nanocomposites increases by 60.7% and extensibility of prepared epoxy nanocomposites increases by 53.4% compared to neat epoxy resin. In addition, the prepared epoxy nanocomposites are used as efficient reusable photocatalysts for degradation of methylene blue (MB). The efficiency of MB degradation is 98% within 60 min. This work opens up a new avenue to fabricate high‐performance epoxy nanocomposites with multifunctional properties for advanced engineering applications.
Effect of crystalline structure on the cell morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene foams fabricated by core‐back foam injection molding
Authors: Wu Minghui , Wu Fei , Ren Qian , Weng Zhengsheng , Luo Haibin , Wang Long , Zheng Wenge 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFoam injection molding (FIM) is an advanced technology for preparing lightweight plastic foams, but its inferior mechanical performance remains a challenge. In this study, microcellular injection‐molded β‐polypropylene (β‐PP) foams with high ductility were successfully prepared by combing the β‐nucleating agent with controllable temperature field. Foaming results showed that the microcellular β‐PP foams exhibiting a cell size of about 8 μm and cell density over 108 cells/cm3 were prepared with a crystalline diameter approximately 5 μm, while PP foams had a rather large cell size approximately 150 μm and low cell density of 105 cells/cm3 with 30 μm crystalline size. As a result, this significant improvement in cell structure as well as the crystalline size lead to a significant increment of 86% for the ductility of β‐PP foams. This work offers a facile strategy to prepare injection‐molded foams with desirable mechanical properties for their wide range of applications, such as automotive construction and consumer electronics.
Preliminary screening of fluorine‐stained osteoblastic apoptosis‐related microRNA
Authors: Deng Qiang , Yang Jitao , Zhouyang Junjie , Sheng Weibin , Gao Shutao , Zhang Yalou , Haopeng Luan , Bingxin Bai , Mengting Wu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEndemic fluorosis is a chronic systemic disease that seriously endangers human health. In high fluoride areas, people consume excessive fluoride for a long time through drinking water or food, which leads to chronic cumulative fluorosis in the body. Fluorosis can cause changes in the expression of some miRNA in cells, and the miRNA can participate in fluoride‐induced osteoblast activation through various signal pathways. To observe the differential expression of apoptosis‐related microRNA (miRNA) in mouse osteoblasts under the action of excessive fluoride. Primary cultured mouse osteoblasts, identified by osteocalcin (OC) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, were treated with 20 mg/L sodium fluoride and 40 mg/L sodium fluoride for 12/24 hr, respectively, to establish the fluoride staining model for comparing and analyzing the sequence of miRNA among groups by bioinformatics methods; four miRNA chains were verified by fluorescence quantitative PCR. After treatment with 20 mg/L sodium fluoride for 12 hr and 24 hr, 128 miRNA expressions were up‐regulated while 36 miRNA expressions were down‐regulated. In Group 40 mg/L, 130 miRNA expressions were up‐regulated while 29 miRNA expressions were down‐regulated after 12 hr and 24 hr; 72 miRNA were up‐regulated and 2 miRNA were down‐regulated at the two time points. 10 up‐regulated miRNA and 2 down‐regulated miRNA with higher scores in Bioinformatics software were analyzed the target genes. Fluorescence quantitative PCR verified that the expressions of four miRNA were up‐regulated. Target gene analysis of the 10 selected mouse osteoblastic apoptosis‐related miRNA reveals their involvement of the functions of inhibiting or promoting apoptosis, which has certain theoretical significance for early identification of skeletal fluorosis. The involved signaling pathways include the Wnt signaling pathway, ubiquitin‐regulated proteolysis, Toll signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, pluripotent stem cell signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositide metabolism, FoxO signaling pathway, ErbB signaling pathway, autophagy, and so forth.
2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Polyarteritis Nodosa
Authors: Chung Sharon A. , Gorelik Mark , Langford Carol A. , Maz Mehrdad , Abril Andy , Guyatt Gordon , Archer Amy M. , Conn Doyt L. , Full Kathy A. , Grayson Peter C. , Ibarra Maria F. , Imundo Lisa F. , Kim Susan , Merkel Peter A. , Rhee Rennie L. , Seo Philip , Stone John H. , Sule Sangeeta , Sundel Robert P. , Vitobaldi Omar I. , Warner Ann , Byram Kevin , Dua Anisha B. , Husainat Nedaa , James Karen E. , Kalot Mohamad , Lin Yih Chang , Springer Jason M. , Turgunbaev Marat , Villa‐Forte Alexandra , Turner Amy S. , Mustafa Reem A. 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveTo provide evidence‐based recommendations and expert guidance for the management of systemic polyarteritis nodosa (PAN).MethodsTwenty‐one clinical questions regarding diagnostic testing, treatment, and management were developed in the population, intervention, comparator, and outcome (PICO) format for systemic, non–hepatitis B–related PAN. Systematic literature reviews were conducted for each PICO question. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology was used to assess the quality of evidence and formulate recommendations. Each recommendation required ≥70% consensus among the Voting Panel.ResultsWe present 16 recommendations and 1 ungraded position statement for PAN. Most recommendations were graded as conditional due to the paucity of evidence. These recommendations support early treatment of severe PAN with cyclophosphamide and glucocorticoids, limiting toxicity through minimizing long‐term exposure to both treatments, and the use of imaging and tissue biopsy for disease diagnosis. These recommendations endorse minimizing risk to the patient by using established therapy at disease onset and identify new areas where adjunctive therapy may be warranted.ConclusionThese recommendations provide guidance regarding diagnostic strategies, use of pharmacologic agents, and imaging for patients with PAN.
Decentralized social‐optimal solution of finite number of average field linear quadratic control
Authors: Li Zhipeng , Marelli Damián , Fu Minyue , Ren Zhigang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper studies the decentralized solution to the linear quadratic social‐optimal mean field control problem, when a finite number subsystems is considered. We use the term average field, to distinguish this case from the one with infinite subsystems. The goal of each subsystem is to design its input to optimize a common cost of social type. To this end, each subsystem use only real‐time information which can be either its local state, or a linear measurement noisy measurement of it. Our result generalizes previous ones in three senses. First, it permits designing controls when there are a finite number of subsystems. Second, it permits considering heterogeneous subsystems, that is, having different structural parameters. Third, it permits designing not only state feedback controls but also output feedback ones. In particular, we show that the separation principle holds in the latter case.