bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison between cutaneous leishmaniasis patients with facial and non‐facial lesions
Authors: Yedidia Moser Rotem , Ben‐Shimol Shalom , Sagi Orli , Horev Amir 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe compared demographic, clinical, treatment, and outcome characteristics of facial cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and non‐facial CL.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, polymerase chain reaction confirmed Leishmania major CL patients with ≥2 documented hospital visits, 2014–2019, were included.ResultsOverall, 134 patients (34% and 66% with facial and non‐facial CL, respectively) were included. Facial CL patients were younger (43% vs. 8% <18 years, P < 0.001), with a higher proportion of females (41% vs. 25%, P = 0.07) compared with non‐facial CL. Clinical characteristics, including number and size of lesions and ulcer appearance, were similar in both the groups. Higher paromomycin/methylbenzethonium chloride ointment treatment rates were noted in facial CL (85% vs. 64%, P = 0.02). Intralesional sodium stibogluconate was given to 41% and 53% of facial CL and non‐facial CL patients, respectively (P = 0.21). Cryotherapy and surgery were only used in non‐facial CL patients (5% and 1% of all CL cases, respectively). Systemic treatment (oral miltefosine, intravenous [IV] sodium stibogluconate, IV liposomal amphotericin B) was used in <5% of the cases in both the groups. Overall, 84% of patients showed signs of improvement, including decreased lesion size or clinical improvement in 73% and 75% of patients, respectively. Only 5% of all cases healed without scarring. Outcome rates were similar in both groups.ConclusionsFacial CL patients were younger and received more frequently Leishmania‐specific topical treatment than non‐facial CL patients. In contrast, the two groups were similar regarding clinical characteristics and outcome. These findings suggest differences in disease severity perception by patients and physicians.
Infantile leukemia—What factors determine its distinct biological nature? Clinicopathological study of 78 cases
Authors: Liu Xin , Zhao Yue , Luedke Catherine , Jug Rachel , Yang Lian‐He , Lu Mark , Pan Zenggang , Wang Dehua , Lorsbach Robert , Shi Yang , Knez Virginia , Rehder Catherine , Liang Xiayuan , Wang Endi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionInfantile leukemia encompasses a heterogeneous group which needs stratifying for treatment selection.MethodsWe collected 78 cases of infantile leukemia and retrospectively analyzed their clinicopathological data.ResultsInfantile leukemia featured a ratio of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to B‐lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL) of 1:2, with a better survival for AML than B‐ALL (median survival 36 vs 24 months). When stratified by age, “early” infantile B‐ALL (2‐6 months) showed a high rate of KMT2A rearrangement (100%), similar to the rate seen in congenital B‐ALL (1 month) (100%) and higher than seen in “late” infantile B‐ALL (≥7 months) (68%). The three categories of infantile B‐ALL exhibited an age‐dependent increase in survival (median survival 8.5, 24, and >24 months, respectively). The age‐dependent survival benefit remained after excluding the cases negative for KMT2A rearrangement. Conversely, infantile AML lacked an age‐dependent pattern of survival.ConclusionThe clinical outcome of infantile leukemia depends on the type of leukemia. Given the age‐dependent survival, infantile B‐ALL can be divided into three subcategories.
Immigrants, voter sentiment, and local public goods: The case of museums
Authors: Dalle Nogare Chiara , Scuderi Raffaele , Bertacchini Enrico 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe present a model where museum commitment to immigrant integration is conditioned by the possible negative reactions of native visitors and patrons. We then exploit the rich information provided by the 2015 Italian museum census to investigate the factors associated with a higher probability of museums developing promotion programmes targeting an immigrant audience, with a special focus on the size of immigrant communities and the importance of anti‐immigrant sentiment in the local context. We proxy the latter with the municipal vote shares of parties with an anti‐immigrant agenda in the 2013 national elections. Our evidence shows that the vote share of Lega Nord has a significantly negative and sizable estimated coefficient. Conversely, we find no positive association with the overall share of immigrants—only the size of specific minorities at the local level increases the likelihood that a museum engages immigrants. We control for a number of context variables and specific museum characteristics, some of which (age of establishment, type of collection) show a positive association with museum commitment to immigrant integration.
Interactive effect of corn particle size and insoluble fiber source on performance, nutrient utilization and intestine morphology in broilers fed pelleted diets
Authors: Moradi Soudabeh , Moradi Arash , Atabaigi Elmi Vahid , Reza Abdollahi Mohammad 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe effects of corn particle size and dietary fibre on the performance, coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and intestinal characteristics in broiler starters fed pelleted diets were studied. The experiment included 10 treatments arranged as a 2 × 5 factorial with two corn particle sizes (GMD of 1071 [CGC] vs. 534 [FGC]) and five diets that consisted in a low‐fibre diet and four extra diets resulting from the inclusion of insoluble fibre sources (10 g/kg of lignocellulose (LC), and 30 g/kg of oat hulls; OH, rice hulls; RH, and sunflower hulls; SFH). In coarse grinding, all‐fibre sources improved body weight gain and feed intake compared to the control diet (p < 0.01). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved with fibre supplementation (p < 0.01) and fine grinding of corn (FGC) (p < 0.01). Coarse grinding of corn (CGC) and inclusion of RH, SFH and OH reduced gizzard pH (p < 0.01). Fibre inclusion increased ileal fat and Ca digestibility (p < 0.01), gizzard weight (p < 0.01), digesta transit time (p < 0.01) and length of duodenum and small intestine (p < 0.01). The CAID of phosphorus increased in CGC fed birds and inclusion of RH, SFH and OH (p < 0.05). The weight of gizzard, proventriculus and pancreas (p < 0.01) was greater in CGC fed birds. Feeding SFH, RH and OH (p < 0.01), and CGC (p < 0.01) increased the villus height (VH) of the duodenum. The OH, RH and SFH supplementation increased the caecal population of Lactobacillus spp. and total anaerobic bacteria (p < 0.01) only in FGC fed birds. Overall, birds fed pelleted diets containing RH, OH and SFH (3%) exhibited improved performance, and increased nutrient digestibility, which may be caused by developed gizzards and intestine. Furthermore, coarse grinding of corn is beneficial to gizzard development.
The emotions behind character friendship: From other‐oriented emotions to the ‘bonding feeling’
Authors: Martínez‐Priego Consuelo , Romero‐Iribas Ana 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article aims to theoretically analyse so‐called character friendship from the perspective of emotions. From this angle, our research enables us to distinguish different types of emotions, and we propose a conceptual model of the hierarchy of the emotions of character friendship and their influence on social behaviour. With this model in hand, the article discusses whether other‐oriented emotions fully explain the emotional underpinnings of character friendship. We find other‐oriented emotions to be ambiguous because they may or may not be selfless. Thus we question whether these emotions can adequately explain the bonding content of character friendship. We conclude that there is a higher affective tier related to moral emotions and moral behaviour, which we have labelled the ‘bonding feeling’. This feeling is described with reference to its historical precedents (Rof Carballo’s ‘affective warp’), thus explaining its particularity.
A neural network–based approach for fill factor estimation and bucket detection on construction vehicles
Authors: Lu Jinxiong , Yao Zongwei , Bi Qiushi , Li Xuefei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBucket fill factor is of paramount importance in measuring the productivity of construction vehicles, which is the percentage of materials loaded in the bucket within one scooping. Additionally, the locational information of the bucket is also indispensable for scooping trajectory planning. Some research has been conducted to measure it via state‐of‐the‐art computer vision approaches, but their robustness against various environment conditions is not considered. The aim of this study is to fill this gap and six distinctive environment settings are included. Images captured by a stereo camera are used to generate point clouds before being structured into 3D maps. This novel preprocessing pipeline for deep learning is originally proposed and its feasibility has been validated through this study. Moreover, multitask learning is employed to exploit the positive relationship among two tasks: fill factor prediction and bucket detection. Therefore, after preprocessing, 3D maps are forwarded to a faster region with convolutional neural network incorporated with an improved residual neural network. The value of fill factor is acquired via a classification and probabilistic–based approach, which is novel, achieving an inspiring result (overall volume estimation accuracy: 95.23% and detection precision: 92.62%) at the same time.
An explanatory idealist theory of grounding
Authors: Kovacs David Mark 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHow is grounding related to metaphysical explanation? The standard view is that the former somehow “backs”, “undergirds” or “underlies” the latter. This view fits into a general picture of explanation, according to which explanations in general hold in virtue of a certain elite group of “explanatory relations” or “determinative relations” that back them. This paper turns the standard view on its head: grounding doesn't “back” metaphysical explanation but is in an important sense downstream from it. I call this view “grounding idealism”, since it structurally resembles an analogous view about causation that is known as “causal idealism” and has been endorsed by philosophers like Michael Scriven and Philip Kitcher. I formulate a specific version of grounding idealism, Metaphysical Explanation‐First Idealism (MEFI), according to which the semantic value of ‘grounding’ is an abundant, gerrymandered relation settled by the metaphysical explanation facts. Then I offer some theoretical considerations that support MEFI over rival accounts of the relation between grounding and metaphysical explanation. Finally, I address the question of what role is left for grounding to play, if not that of “backing” metaphysical explanations.
Drought: Sensing, signalling, effects and tolerance in higher plants
Authors: Mukarram Mohammad , Choudhary Sadaf , Kurjak Daniel , Petek Anja , Khan M. Masroor A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDrought can be considered as a cocktail of multiple stressful conditions that contribute to osmotic and ionic imbalance in plants. Considering that water is vital for plant life, the very survival of the plant becomes questionable during drought conditions. Water deficit affects a wide spectrum of morpho‐physiological phenomena restricting overall plant growth, development and productivity. To evade such complications and ameliorate drought‐induced effects, plants have a battery of various defence mechanisms. These mechanisms can vary from stomatal adjustments to osmotic adjustments and antioxidant metabolism to ion regulations. In this review, we critically evaluate how drought is perceived and signalled through the whole plant via abscisic acid mediated pathways. Additionally, the impact of drought on photosynthesis, gas exchange variables and reactive oxygen species pathway was also reviewed, along with the reversal of these induced effects through associated morpho‐physiological counter mechanisms.
Labor policy and multinational firms: The “race to the bottom” revisited
Authors: Bhattacharya Anindya , Sen Debapriya 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper revisits the “race to the bottom” phenomenon in a simple game theoretic framework. We consider one multinational firm, which requires two inputs that are imperfect substitutes, and two countries. In the benchmark model the labor of each country specializes in a distinct input. Seeking to maximize their labor incomes, countries simultaneously announce wages after which the firm chooses its labor employment in each country. We show that “race to the bottom” (countries setting minimum possible wages) is never an equilibrium. Moreover there are equilibria with “race to the top,” that is, countries set maximum possible wages. This result is robust in an extended model where prior to competing in wages, each country can make input‐specific investments to make its labor available for one or both inputs. Provided the production function of the firm is not asymmetrically intensive in either one of the two inputs, there are equilibria of the extended game with specialization (i.e., countries invest in distinct inputs) as well as “race to the top.”
Performance assessment of intravenous catheters for massive transfusion: A pragmatic in vitro study
Authors: Milne Andrew , Teng Justin J. , Vargas Andrew , Markley John C. , Collins Adam 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundRapid infusion of warmed blood products is the cornerstone of trauma resuscitation and treatment of surgical and obstetric massive hemorrhage. Integral to optimizing this delivery is selection of an intravenous (IV) catheter and use of a rapid infusion device (RID). We investigated which IV catheter and RID system enabled the greatest infusion rate of blood products and the governing catheter characteristics.Study Design and MethodsThe maximum flow rates of nine IV catheters were measured while infusing a mixture of packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma at a 1:1 ratio using a RID with and without a patient line extension. To account for IV catheters that achieved the RID's maximum 1000 ml/min, the conductance of each infusion circuit configuration was calculated.ResultsIV catheters of 7‐Fr caliber or higher reached the maximum pressurized flow rate. The 9‐Fr multi‐lumen access catheter (MAC) achieved the greatest conductance, over sevenfold greater than the 18 g peripheral catheter (4.6 vs. 0.6 ml/min/mmHg, p < .001). Conductance was positively correlated with internal radius (β = 1.098, 95% CI 4.286–5.025, p < .001) and negatively correlated with length (β= − 0.495, 95% CI −0.007 to 0.005, p < .001). Use of an extension line (β= − 0.094, 95% CI −0.505 to −0.095, p = .005) was independently associated with reduced conductance in large caliber catheters.ConclusionShort, large‐diameter catheters provided the greatest infusion rates of massive transfusion blood products for the least pressure. For patients requiring the highest transfusion flow rates, extension tubing should be avoided when possible.
An Efficient Energy Utilization of Biomass Energy-Based System for Renewable Hydrogen Production and Storage
Authors: Ishaq Haris , Dincer Ibrahim 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The increasing environmental limits and carbon emissions taxes are substantial to develop the efficient systems for offering an effective energy utilization. This study proposed a new biomass-based gasification-assisted configuration for the renewable hydrogen production system offering efficient energy utilization. A multi-effect desalination system is employed for water desalination which is converted to steam and fed to the entrained flow gasifier. The integrated heat recovery steam generator gains the additional heat from the syngas to generate steam using fresh water from the desalination unit. The produced hydrogen is supplied to the multistage compression unit that stores hydrogen at high pressure. Industrial aspen plus software V9 version is employed for the simulation under the RK-SOAVE property method. The production of hydrogen before the water gas shift reactor is 129.5 mol/s and after the water gas shift reactor is found to be 171 mol/s. The thermodynamic performance of the biomass energy-assisted system is determined through overall energetic and exergetic efficiencies that are revealed to be 40.86% and 38.63%. Numerous sensitivity studies are performed to explore the performance of the designed system and presented and discussed.
Exergoeconomic Evaluation and Optimization of Reverse Brayton Refrigerator
Authors: Dhillon Aman Kumar , Ghosh Parthasarathi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this article, by using exergoeconomic approach, an economic evaluation of reverse Brayton cycle-based refrigerator has been performed for 10 kW range cooling capacity at 65 K. One of the typical application domains of this refrigerator at the considered heat load is cooling of high-temperature superconductor for future power transmission lines that are in the developmental phase in different parts of the world. Multi-objective optimization and sensitivity analysis have been performed to investigate the sources of cost attached to the exergy destruction. Based on exergoeconomic evaluation parameters, recommendations have been provided for deciding the cost-effective design parameters for refrigerators. The significant finding of this analysis is that, for the basic reverse Brayton cryocooler, component performance, the turbine being the major one, needs to be improved to meet the economic criteria of 25 $/W as enumerated in the cryogenic road map for high-temperature superconductor cooling. The exergoeconomic design applied on the reverse Brayton refrigerator for high-temperature superconductor cables cooling can be adapted for other applications such as recondensation and liquefied natural gas cold energy utilization.
A New Algorithm for the Design of Site Utility for Combined Production of Power, Freshwater, and Steam in Process Industries
Authors: Ghiasi Mahdi , Khosgoftar Manesh Mohammad Hasan , Lari Kamran , Salehi Gholamreza , Torabi Azad Masoud 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Site utility, without a doubt, is one of the major units in process industries that consumed a lot of fossil fuels and significantly emitted emission pollution. In this paper, a systematic procedure was proposed to optimize the utility system's design and integration based on a targeting approach as process integration technique, exergetic, exergoeconomic, exergoenvironmental analysis associated with life cycle assessment (LCA), and multi-objective optimization through water cycle and genetic algorithms. Total site analysis was performed to provide an essential understanding of the equipment's characteristics and interactions in the site utility system. It also aims for power production and the temperature of the boiler and each steam level with acceptable accuracy. Furthermore, the exergetic, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental analyses were presented to declare the effects of irreversibility, economic, and environmental impacts on the system. In this paper, to show the proposed method's applicability, the optimal design of a site utility associated with a petrochemical complex has been considered. First, the optimal design is performed based on minimization of total annualized costs (TAC) as one-objective function through star software, genetic algorithm (GA), water cycle algorithm (WCA), proposed GA, and proposed WCA method. In the next phase, the optimal design is done based on MOGA, MOWCA, proposed MOGA, and proposed MOWCA methods based on maximum exergetic efficiency, and freshwater production, and minimization of exergetic cost, and total environmental exergetic impact. Results show by using the new procedure, the optimum solution has been achieved by a significant reduction of computational time.
A systematic examination of international funding flows for Ebola virus and Zika virus outbreaks 2014–2019: donors, recipients and funding purposes
Authors: Quirk Emily Jade , Gheorghe Adrian , Hauck Katharina 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionThere has been no systematic comparison of how the policy response to past infectious disease outbreaks and epidemics was funded. This study aims to collate and analyse funding for the Ebola epidemic and Zika outbreak between 2014 and 2019 in order to understand the shortcomings in funding reporting and suggest improvements.MethodsData were collected via a literature review and analysis of financial reporting databases, including both amounts donated and received. Funding information from three financial databases was analysed: Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation’s Development Assistance for Health database, the Georgetown Infectious Disease Atlas and the United Nations Financial Tracking Service. A systematic literature search strategy was devised and applied to seven databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, HMIC, Global Health, Scopus, Web of Science and EconLit. Funding information was extracted from articles meeting the eligibility criteria and measures were taken to avoid double counting. Funding was collated, then amounts and purposes were compared within, and between, data sources.ResultsLarge differences between funding reported by different data sources, and variations in format and methodology, made it difficult to arrive at precise estimates of funding amounts and purpose. Total disbursements reported by the databases ranged from $2.5 to $3.2 billion for Ebola and $150–$180 million for Zika. Total funding reported in the literature is greater than reported in databases, suggesting that databases may either miss funding, or that literature sources overreport. Databases and literature disagreed on the main purpose of funding for socioeconomic recovery versus outbreak response. One of the few consistent findings across data sources and diseases is that the USA was the largest donor.ConclusionImplementation of several recommendations would enable more effective mapping and deployment of outbreak funding for response activities relating to COVID-19 and future epidemics.