bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Weather Prediction Ocean Calibration for the Chinese‐French Oceanography Satellite Wind Scatterometer and Wind Retrieval Evaluation
Authors: Li Zhen , Stoffelen Ad , Verhoef Anton , Verspeek Jeroen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe rotating fan‐beam architecture wind scatterometer Chinese‐French Oceanography Satellite (CSCAT) onboard the Chinese‐French Oceanography Satellite leads to varying geometries and varying wind retrieval performance across the swath. To assess this, the wind vector cells (WVCs) are classified into three groups: outer, sweet, and nadir. The sweet swath WVCs contain the most diverse geometries, which give the best wind retrieval performance, whereas on the opposite the outer swath WVCs have the least diverse geometries, which makes the wind retrieval and ambiguity removal more challenging. NWP Ocean Calibration (NOC) is used to calibrate the radar backscatter prior to the wind inversion. It computes the difference between measured backscatter and simulated backscatter from collocated NWP winds through the geophysical model function. The difference is applied as a correction. An improved NOC method, NOC as a function of incidence angle and azimuth angle (NOCant) is introduced, which takes the orientation of the antenna into account. This method is compared with the widely used NOC as a function of incidence angle only (NOCinc). It shows a better fit with the geophysical model function, except for the outer swath WVCs which have limited geometry diversity. It also corrects the asymmetric wind direction bias distribution across the swath and reduced the nadir swath relative wind direction bias which is caused by the poor azimuth diversity. In conclusion, the rotating fan‐beam architecture of CSCAT leads to unique and varying data characteristics across the swath. Overall, the performance of the proposed NOCant correction is better than NOCinc and improves the wind statistics.
Source Imaging With a Multi‐Array Local Back‐Projection and Its Application to the 2019Mw6.4 andMw7.1 Ridgecrest Earthquakes
Authors: Xie Y. , Bao H. , Meng L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study aims to improve the multi‐array local back‐projection (MLBP) approach and to apply it to the 2019Mw6.4 andMw7.1 Ridgecrest, California earthquakes to resolve more details about their kinematic process, with the dense seismic network in California. Compared with teleseismic BPs, seismic array processing with stations located at local to regional distances images earthquake rupture process more quickly with higher resolution. To increase the objectivity of stations selection criteria and to be prepared for future real‐time BP implementations, we improve MLBP with an automatic procedure to group stations based on waveform coherence. We also apply empirical aftershock calibrations to account for the 3D path effect. Our MLBP highlights the rupture complexity in a multi‐fault system. TheMw6.4 quake initiates on a 5‐km‐long NW‐trending segment, then ruptures the primary SW‐trending fault at the speed of ∼1.3 km/s. TheMw7.1 quake ruptures bilaterally for 10 and 22 km, on the NW and SE portion of the fault, respectively, at the speed of 1–1.6 km/s. The rupture paths agree with aftershock distributions and surface rupture estimated from satellite imagery. The slow rupture propagation may be driven by the low structural maturity of the fault. This case study demonstrates the effectiveness of MLBP for earthquake source imaging and rapid hazard assessment.
The Assimilation of Temperature and Salinity Profile Observations for Forecasting the River–Estuary–Shelf Waters
Authors: Liu Ye , Xie Jiping , Liu Zhiqiang , Gan Jianping , Zhu Jiang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCurrent down‐scaling numerical modeling system around Hong Kong achieved a considerable prediction skill for the estuarine–shelf circulation off the Pearl River Estuary without data assimilation (DA). In order to further improve the reliability of this modeling system, the cost‐effective Ensemble optimal interpolation approach is implemented to test the potential benefits from assimilating the cruise temperature and salinity (T/S) profiles to reproduce the variable coast waters. Regarding assimilation parameters (e.g., assimilation window, observation spatiotemporal scales, and ensemble composition), four parallel experiments are conducted in summer 2015. Against the assimilated T/S profiles, the vertical structures of the analyzed T/S are improved by the DA, although the waters experience strong mixing on the shelf. Compared with the run without DA, the root mean square errors of the predicted T/S are generally reduced by 9.8%–23.5% and 4.2%–14.0% in the assimilation runs. The results also show the salinity stratification is improved in the shelf by the assimilation of T/S profiles, although the improvement is sensitive to the selected ensemble and the assimilation window. Further, we investigate the impact of the temporal scales of the river‐estuary‐shelf (RES) waters on the assimilation results by the sampling of the model‐state ensemble. The water exchanges between the estuary and the shelf are also better captured through this assimilation. The assimilation impact analysis shows that DA has advantages in reproducing the distribution of water masses of the RES waters, although the quality of the reproduced water mass distribution is related to the adopted sample ensemble in DA.
Evaluation of Site Errors in LLS Magnetic Direction Finding Caused by Large Hills Using the 3D‐FDTD Technique
Authors: Kohlmann Hannes , Schulz Wolfgang , Rachidi Farhad 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAngle and amplitude estimation errors in magnetic direction finding, called site errors, are important sensor‐specific errors in lightning location systems (LLS). They are known to be caused by nearby cables and overhead lines due to induced currents. Due to the reflection and diffraction of electromagnetic waves, hills and mountains are also expected to generate these effects. In this paper, numerical computations applying the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method are performed to analyze the impact of hills or mountains on the angle and amplitude estimation of LLS sensors for typical first and subsequent return strokes (RS). The influence of hill size, the distance of sensors to the hill, ground parameters, and sensor bandwidth, are evaluated. The results show that on top of low ridges of only 125 m elevation, up to ±10° angle site error and +50% amplitude site error occur. A key finding is that due to field attenuation caused by lossy ground and sensor bandwidth limitations, there is practically no difference in the angle site errors for first and subsequent RS. For two sensors, the average site errors obtained from real sensor measurements are compared to results from 3D‐FDTD simulations, modeling the real terrain based on a digital elevation model. The simulation results are in good agreement with the observed, average angle site errors.
Household CH4 and N2O Footprints of Major Economies
Authors: Yan Caihui , Han Mengyao , Liu Ying , Zhang Bo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractReducing CH4 and N2O emissions plays an essential role in tackling global warming. Most previous studies focused on the direct CH4 and N2O emissions of an economy, while ignoring the CH4 and N2O emissions induced by household consumption in the final consumption of an economy. This study analyzed household CH4 and N2O footprints of the major economies and identified the decoupling and inequality of household CH4 and N2O emissions based on the multi‐regional input‐output analysis and structural path analysis from 1995 to 2014. Results demonstrated that global household CH4 and N2O emissions increased by 8.4% in 2014 compared to 1995. Developing economies such as China, Brazil, India, and Indonesia witnessed a rapid growth of household CH4 and N2O emissions, but the opposite could be observed in developed economies such as Germany, Japan, the UK, and the US. A large amount of CH4 and N2O emissions related to household consumption were transferred from developed economies to developing economies. In terms of the relationship between economic development and household CH4 and N2O emissions, the US, the UK, and Japan showed a strong decoupling status in 2014, while China and Indonesia showed a weak decoupling status. Meanwhile, the household emission inequality in developing economies was higher than that in developed economies. By exploring the relationship between economy and household CH4 and N2O emissions, it is helpful to assist developed and developing economies to adopt household CH4 and N2O emission reduction policies in line with their economic development stages.
Preservation and Destruction of Holocene Marine Terraces: The Effects of Episodic Versus Gradual Relative Sea Level Change
Authors: Matsumoto Hironori , Dickson Mark E. , Kench Paul S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHolocene marine terraces occur globally and record information about the timing and magnitude of past coseismic events. Staircased terraces develop through repetitive coseismic uplift of shore platforms, but are also subject to destruction from subsequent wave erosion and rock weathering. In this study we calibrate a rock coast evolution model using terrace field data from Mahia Peninsula, New Zealand, and use it to investigate how relative sea level (RSL) change influences Holocene terrace development. Analyses of 10,002 simulations reveal time periods of extremely rapid terrace creation and destruction as a result of shore platform development processes that are modulated both by episodic and gradual RSL change scenarios. Subtle differences in these scenarios give rise to completely different terrace sequences, even if coseismic event timing is held constant. Improved interpretation of Holocene terrace sequences require higher resolution paleo RSL data and chronological data on shore platform development.
Quantifying Contributions of Magnetic Inclusions Within Silicates to Marine Sediments: A Dissolution Approach to Isolating Volcanic Signals for Improved Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction
Authors: Jiang X. D. , Zhao X. Y. , Zhao X. , Jiang Z. X. , Chou Y. M. , Zhang T. W. , Yang X. Q. , Liu Q. S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSilicate‐hosted magnetic inclusions are a widespread fine grained magnetic component in marine sediments. However, their paleomagnetic and paleoenvironmental significance remains elusive as they are often overshadowed by unprotected detrital and biogenic magnetic components. We developed a protocol to extract silicate inclusions from sediments sampled from the central Pacific and the Okhotsk Sea. Our results show that the threshold condition (hydrochloric acid 10 mol/L with a reaction time of 24 h) can efficiently remove biogenic and unprotected magnetic phases and preserve silicate hosted magnetic inclusions that manifest a wide coercivity spectrum ranging between 10 and 300 mT with a median coercivity of ∼100 mT based on systematic rock magnetic analyses. This approach was applied to the Okhotsk Sea sediments, whose magnetic phases are dominantly derived from surrounding volcanic formations, spanning the last interglacial period. The residues after dissolution present a similar temporal variation compared to the bulk magnetic signal despite significant drops in amplitude. This suggests that the preserved signals of silicate inclusions can qualitatively represent the volcanic component. We suggest that when applied to sediments with complex magnetic components, this approach has the potential to extract volcanic components for paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
Soil Carbon Dioxide Flux Partitioning in a Calcareous Watershed With Agricultural Impacts
Authors: Hodges Caitlin , Brantley Susan L. , Sharifironizi Melika , Forsythe Brandon , Tang Qicheng , Carpenter Nathan , Kaye Jason 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPredicting the partitioning between aqueous and gaseous C across landscapes is difficult because many factors interact to control carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and removal as dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). For example, carbonate minerals buffer soil pH and allow CO2 dissolution in porewaters, but nitrification of fertilizers may decrease pH so that carbonate weathering results in a gaseous CO2 efflux. Here, we investigate CO2 partitioning in an agricultural, first‐order, mixed‐lithology humid, temperate watershed. We quantified soil mineralogy and measured porewater chemistry, soil moisture, and soil pCO2 and pO2 as a function of depth at three hillslope positions. Variation of soil moisture along the hillslope was the dominant control on the concentration of soil CO2, but mineralogy acted as a secondary control on the partitioning of CO2 between gaseous and aqueous phases. Regression slopes of pCO2 versus pO2 in the carbonate‐bearing soils indicate a deficit of aerobically respired CO2 relative to O2 (p < 0.05). Additionally, nitrification of upslope fertilizers did not lower soil pH and therefore did not cause a gaseous CO2 flux from carbonate weathering. We concluded that in the calcareous soils, up to 43% of respired C potentially dissolves and drains from the soil rather than diffusing out to the atmosphere. To explore the possible implications of the reactions we evaluated, we used databases of carbonate minerals and land uses to map types of soil degassing behaviors. Based on our maps, the partitioning of respired soil CO2 to the aqueous phase could be important in estimating ecosystem C budgets and models.
Enhancing Understanding of the Hydrological Cycle via Pairing of Process‐Oriented and Isotope Ratio Tracers
Authors: Fiorella Richard P. , Siler Nicholas , Nusbaumer Jesse , Noone David C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe hydrologic cycle couples the Earth's energy and carbon budgets through evaporation, moisture transport, and precipitation. Despite a wealth of observations and models, fundamental limitations remain in our capacity to deduce even the most basic properties of the hydrological cycle, including the spatial pattern of the residence time (RT) of water in the atmosphere and the mean distance traveled from evaporation sources to precipitation sinks. Meanwhile, geochemical tracers such as stable water isotope ratios provide a tool to probe hydrological processes, yet their interpretation remains equivocal despite several decades of use. As a result, there is a need for new mechanistic tools that link variations in water isotope ratios to underlying hydrological processes. Here we present a new suite of “process‐oriented tags,” which we use to explicitly trace hydrological processes within the isotopically enabled Community Atmosphere Model, version 6 (iCAM6). Using these tags, we test the hypotheses that precipitation isotope ratios respond to parcel rainout, variations in atmospheric RT, and preserve information regarding meteorological conditions during evaporation. We present results for a historical simulation from 1980 to 2004, forced with winds from the ERA5 reanalysis. We find strong evidence that precipitation isotope ratios record information about atmospheric rainout and meteorological conditions during evaporation, but little evidence that precipitation isotope ratios vary with water vapor RT. These new tracer methods will enable more robust linkages between observations of isotope ratios in the modern hydrologic cycle or proxies of past terrestrial environments and the environmental processes underlying these observations.
Prefrontal contributions to the stability and variability of thought and conscious experience
Authors: Zamani Andre , Carhart-Harris Robin , Christoff Kalina 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe human prefrontal cortex is a structurally and functionally heterogenous brain region, including multiple subregions that have been linked to different large-scale brain networks. It contributes to a broad range of mental phenomena, from goal-directed thought and executive functions to mind-wandering and psychedelic experience. Here we review what is known about the functions of different prefrontal subregions and their affiliations with large-scale brain networks to examine how they may differentially contribute to the diversity of mental phenomena associated with prefrontal function. An important dimension that distinguishes across different kinds of conscious experience is the stability or variability of mental states across time. This dimension is a central feature of two recently introduced theoretical frameworks—the dynamic framework of thought (DFT) and the relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) model—that treat neurocognitive dynamics as central to understanding and distinguishing between different mental phenomena. Here, we bring these two frameworks together to provide a synthesis of how prefrontal subregions may differentially contribute to the stability and variability of thought and conscious experience. We close by considering future directions for this work.
Genetic and epigenetic basis of hepatoblastoma diversity
Authors: Nagae Genta , Yamamoto Shogo , Fujita Masashi , Fujita Takanori , Nonaka Aya , Umeda Takayoshi , Fukuda Shiro , Tatsuno Kenji , Maejima Kazuhiro , Hayashi Akimasa , Kurihara Sho , Kojima Masato , Hishiki Tomoro , Watanabe Kenichiro , Ida Kohmei , Yano Michihiro , Hiyama Yoko , Tanaka Yukichi , Inoue Takeshi , Ueda Hiroki , Nakagawa Hidewaki , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Hiyama Eiso 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common pediatric liver malignancy; however, hereditary predisposition and acquired molecular aberrations related to HB clinicopathological diversity are not well understood. Here, we perform an integrative genomic profiling of 163 pediatric liver tumors (154 HBs and nine hepatocellular carcinomas) based on the data acquired from a cohort study (JPLT-2). The total number of somatic mutations is precious low (0.52/Mb on exonic regions) but correlated with age at diagnosis. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT)promoter mutations are prevalent in the tween HBs, selective in the transitional liver cell tumor (TLCT, > 8 years old). DNA methylation profiling reveals that classical HBs are characterized by the specific hypomethylated enhancers, which are enriched with binding sites for ASCL2, a regulatory transcription factor for definitive endoderm in Wnt-pathway. Prolonged upregulation of ASCL2, as well as fetal-liver-like methylation patterns ofIGF2promoters, suggests their “cell of origin” derived from the premature hepatoblast, similar to intestinal epithelial cells, which are highly proliferative. Systematic molecular profiling of HB is a promising approach for understanding the epigenetic drivers of hepatoblast carcinogenesis and deriving clues for risk stratification.
Insights into the expanding phenotypic spectrum of inherited disorders of biogenic amines
Authors: Kuseyri Hübschmann Oya , Horvath Gabriella , Cortès-Saladelafont Elisenda , Yıldız Yılmaz , Mastrangelo Mario , Pons Roser , Friedman Jennifer , Mercimek-Andrews Saadet , Wong Suet-Na , Pearson Toni S. , Zafeiriou Dimitrios I. , Kulhánek Jan , Kurian Manju A. , López-Laso Eduardo , Oppebøen Mari , Kılavuz Sebile , Wassenberg Tessa , Goez Helly , Scholl-Bürgi Sabine , Porta Francesco , Honzík Tomáš , Santer René , Burlina Alberto , Sivri H. Serap , Leuzzi Vincenzo , Hoffmann Georg F. , Jeltsch Kathrin , Hübschmann Daniel , Garbade Sven F. ,   iNTD Registry Study Group, Assmann Birgit , Fung Cheuk-Wing , Guder Philipp , Hong Stacey Tay Kiat , Karall Daniela , Kato Mitsuhiro , Kavecan Ivana , Koht Jeanette Aimee , Kuster Alice , Lücke Thomas , Manti Filippo , Mir Pablo , Mühlhausen Chris , Önenli Mungan Halise Neslihan , Palacios Natalia Alexandra Julia , Ramos Joaquín Alejandro Fernández , Steel Dora , Stevanović Galina , Sykut-Cegielska Jolanta , Verbeek Marcel M. , García-Cazorla Angeles , Opladen Thomas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractInherited disorders of neurotransmitter metabolism are rare neurodevelopmental diseases presenting with movement disorders and global developmental delay. This study presents the results of the first standardized deep phenotyping approach and describes the clinical and biochemical presentation at disease onset as well as diagnostic approaches of 275 patients from the registry of the International Working Group on Neurotransmitter related Disorders. The results reveal an increased rate of prematurity, a high risk for being small for gestational age and for congenital microcephaly in some disorders. Age at diagnosis and the diagnostic delay are influenced by the diagnostic methods applied and by disease-specific symptoms. The timepoint of investigation was also a significant factor: delay to diagnosis has decreased in recent years, possibly due to novel diagnostic approaches or raised awareness. Although each disorder has a specific biochemical pattern, we observed confounding exceptions to the rule. The data provide comprehensive insights into the phenotypic spectrum of neurotransmitter disorders.
HIV reprograms host m6Am RNA methylome by viral Vpr protein-mediated degradation of PCIF1
Authors: Zhang Qiong , Kang Yuqi , Wang Shaobo , Gonzalez Gwendolyn Michelle , Li Wanyu , Hui Hui , Wang Yinsheng , Rana Tariq M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractN6,2′-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am) is an abundant RNA modification located adjacent to the 5′-end of the mRNA 7-methylguanosine (m7G) cap structure. m6A methylation on 2′-O-methylated A at the 5′-ends of mRNAs is catalyzed by the methyltransferase Phosphorylated CTD Interacting Factor 1 (PCIF1). The role of m6Am and the function of PCIF1 in regulating host–pathogens interactions are unknown. Here, we investigate the dynamics and reprogramming of the host m6Am RNA methylome during HIV infection. We show that HIV infection induces a dramatic decrease in m6Am of cellular mRNAs. By using PCIF1 depleted T cells, we identify 2237 m6Am genes and 854 are affected by HIV infection. Strikingly, we find that PCIF1 methyltransferase function restricts HIV replication. Further mechanism studies show that HIV viral protein R (Vpr) interacts with PCIF1 and induces PCIF1 ubiquitination and degradation. Among the m6Am genes, we find that PCIF1 inhibits HIV infection by enhancing a transcription factor ETS1 (ETS Proto-Oncogene 1, transcription factor) stability that binds HIV promoter to regulate viral transcription. Altogether, our study discovers the role of PCIF1 in HIV–host interactions, identifies m6Am modified genes in T cells which are affected by viral infection, and reveals how HIV regulates host RNA epitranscriptomics through PCIF1 degradation.
Topological phase transition in chiral graphene nanoribbons: from edge bands to end states
Authors: Li Jingcheng , Sanz Sofia , Merino-Díez Nestor , Vilas-Varela Manuel , Garcia-Lekue Aran , Corso Martina , de Oteyza Dimas G. , Frederiksen Thomas , Peña Diego , Pascual Jose Ignacio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPrecise control over the size and shape of graphene nanostructures allows engineering spin-polarized edge and topological states, representing a novel source of non-conventional π-magnetism with promising applications in quantum spintronics. A prerequisite for their emergence is the existence of robust gapped phases, which are difficult to find in extended graphene systems. Here we show that semi-metallic chiral GNRs (chGNRs) narrowed down to nanometer widths undergo a topological phase transition. We fabricated atomically precise chGNRs of different chirality and size by on surface synthesis using predesigned molecular precursors. Combining scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements and theory simulations, we follow the evolution of topological properties and bulk band gap depending on the width, length, and chirality of chGNRs. Our findings represent a new platform for producing topologically protected spin states and demonstrate the potential of connecting chiral edge and defect structure with band engineering.