bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TSS: A two‐party secure server‐aid chunking algorithm
Authors: Tian Wenlong , Li Ruixuan , Xu Zhiyong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractChunking is one of the most important processes in a secure deduplication system. It determines the deduplication ratio, metadata size, and the encryption key number. Existing chunking algorithms can be categorized as client‐side chunking algorithm and the server‐aid chunking algorithm. Although the former one can directly be applied into the secure deduplication, it ignores the management overhead caused by the metadata size and encryption key number. Thus, the conventional server‐aid chunking algorithm is proposed. However, it is not secure because the interaction between the client and the server is based on the plaintext. Thus, we propose a two‐party secure server‐aid chunking algorithm, TSS. It supports the secure server‐aid interaction and reduces the metadata size and the encryption key number in the secure deduplication with a comparable deduplication ratio. The theoretical proof and experimental results show that our method outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art chunking algorithm, elastic chunking algorithm.
Density Functional Theory Study of Reaction Equilibria in Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange
Authors: Lin Kailai , TomHon Patrick , Lehmkuhl Sören , Laasner Raul , Theis Thomas , Blum Volker 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAn in‐depth theoretical analysis of key chemical equilibria in Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE) is provided, employing density functional theory calculations to characterize the likely reaction network. For all reactions in the network, the potential energy surface is probed to identify minimum energy pathways. Energy barriers and transition states are calculated, and harmonic transition state theory is applied to calculate exchange rates that approximate experimental values. The reaction network energy surface can be modulated by chemical potentials that account for the dependence on concentration, temperature, and partial pressure of molecular constituents (hydrogen, methanol, pyridine) supplied to the experiment under equilibrium conditions. We show that, under typical experimental conditions, the Gibbs free energies of the two key states involved in pyridine‐hydrogen exchange at the common Ir‐IMes catalyst system in methanol are essentially the same, i. e., nearly optimal for SABRE. We also show that a methanol‐containing intermediate is plausible as a transient species in the process.
Unraveling the Bonding Nature Along the Photochemically Activated Paterno‐Büchi Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Guerra Cristian , Ayarde‐Henríquez Leandro , Duque‐Noreña Mario , Chamorro Eduardo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe photochemically activated Paterno‐Büchi reaction mechanism following the singlet excited‐state reaction path was analyzed based on a bonding evolution framework. The electronic rearrangements, which describe the mechanism of oxetane formation via carbon‐oxygen attack (C−O), comprises of the electronic activation of formaldehyde and accumulation of pairing density on the O once the reaction system is approaching the conical intersection point. Our theoretical evidence based on the ELF topology shows that the C−O bond is formed in the ground‐state surface (via C−O attack) returning from the S1 surface accompanied by 1,4‐singlet diradical formation. Subsequently, the reaction center is fully activated near the transition state (TS), and the ring‐closure (yielding oxetane) involves the C−C bond formation after the TS. For the carbon‐carbon attack (C−C), both reactants (formaldehyde and ethylene) are activated, leading to C−C bond formation in the S1 excited state before reaching the conical intersection region. Finally, the C−O formation occurs in the ground‐state surface, resulting from the pair density flowing primarily from the C to O atom.
Periodontal referral patterns in Norway: 2003 versus 2018
Authors: Lind Kristian H. , Bunæs Dagmar F. , Lie Stein Atle , Leknes Knut N. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesChanges in periodontal referral patterns over time have been reported from the United States and Australia. To date, comparable studies have not been published from Europe. The objectives of the present study were to examine changes in periodontal referral patterns in Norway in 2003 versus 2018 and to compare these with trends observed in the United States and Australia using universal criteria for grading of periodontal severity.Materials and methodsA retrospective analysis of 369 charts from four Norwegian periodontics clinics was completed. Data on year of referral, gender, age, tobacco smoking, periodontal status and missing teeth at initial examination, teeth planned for extraction, and periodontal case type were collected using a survey format; case type I, II, III, and IV representing increasing severity of periodontitis, case type V representing referral for other periodontal conditions (peri‐implantitis, refractory periodontitis, etc.). Chi‐square, t‐tests, and negative binomial regression were used for the statistical analysis.ResultsCompared with 2003, the 2018 data showed an increase in mean age at referral (p < 0.05), overall distribution of case type III and V (p = 0.047), and number of missing teeth (p = 0.001). Further, a decrease in prevalence of smokers (p < 0.05), but no change in number of teeth planned for extraction (p = 0.104), were observed.ConclusionsDuring a period of 15 years, changes in periodontal referral patterns in Norway are similar to those in the United States and Australia. The adoption of a guideline‐based referral practice might be beneficial for both the dental profession and patients.
Two sexes respond equally to food restriction in a sexually dimorphic but not body mass dimorphic jumping spider
Authors: Li Qin , Liu Jing‐Xin , Dong Bing , Xiao Rong , Chen Zhanqi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNatural selection favors animals that evolve developmental and behavioral responses that buffer the negative effects of food restrictions. These buffering responses vary both between species and within species. Many studies have shown sex‐specific responses to environmental changes, usually in species with sexual size dimorphism (SSD), less found in species with weak or no SSD, which suggests that sizes of different sexes are experiencing different selections. However, previous studies usually investigated development and behavior separately, and the balanced situation where males and females of sexually dimorphic species respond in the same way to food restriction remains little known. Here, we investigated this in Phintelloides versicolor (Salticidae) that presents sexual dimorphism in color and shape but weak SSD. We examined whether food restriction induced the same responses in males and females in development duration, adult body size and weight, daily time allocated to foraging, and hunting. We found food restriction induced similar responses in both sexes: both exhibited longer development duration, smaller adult body size and weight, higher probability of staying outside nests and noticing prey immediately, and higher hunting success. However, there were sexual differences regardless of food condition: females showed faster development, smaller adult body size, higher probability of staying outside of nests, and higher hunting success. These indicated the differential selection on male and female sizes of P. versicolor could be under a balanced situation, where males and females show equal developmental and behavioral plasticity to environmental constraints.
Does the intensive grazing and aridity change the relations between the dominant shrub Artemisia kopetdaghensis and plants under its canopies?
Authors: Rahmanian Soroor , Ejtehadi Hamid , Farzam Mohammad , Hejda Martin , Memariani Farshid , Pyšek Petr 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe interspecific plant interactions along grazing and aridity stress gradients represent a major research issue in plant ecology. However, the combined effects of these two factors on plant–plant interactions have been poorly studied in the northeast of Iran. To fill this knowledge gap, 144 plots were established in 12 study sites with different grazing intensities (high vs. low) and climatic characteristics (arid vs. semiarid) in northeastern Iran. A dominant shrub, Artemisia kopetdaghensis, was selected as the model species. Further, we studied changes in plant life strategies along the combined grazing and aridity stress gradients. In this study, we used relative interaction indices calculated for species richness, Shannon diversity, and species cover to determine plant–plant interactions using linear mixed‐effect models (LMM). The indicator species analysis was used to identify the indicator species for the undercanopy of shrub and for the adjacent open areas. The combined effects of grazing and aridity affected the plant–plant interactions and plant life strategies (CSR) of indicator species. A. kopetdaghensis showed the highest facilitation effect under high stress conditions (high grazing, high aridity), which turned into competition under the low stress conditions (low grazing, low aridity). In the arid region, the canopy of the shrub protected ruderals, annual forbs, and grasses in both high and low grazing intensities. In the semiarid region and high grazing intensity (low aridity/high grazing), the shrubs protected mostly perennial forbs with C‐strategy. Our findings highlight the importance of context‐dependent shrub management to restore the vegetation damaged by the intensive grazing.
Plasticity and artificial selection for developmental mode in a poecilogonous sea slug
Authors: Caplins Serena A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe contribution of phenotypically plastic traits to evolution depends on the degree of environmental influence on the target of selection (the phenotype) as well as the underlying genetic structure of the trait and plastic response. Likewise, maternal effects can help or hinder evolution through affects to the response to selection. The sacoglossan sea slug Alderia willowi exhibits intraspecific variation for developmental mode (= poecilogony) that is environmentally modulated with populations producing more yolk‐feeding (lecithotrophic) larvae during the summer, and more planktonic‐feeding (planktotrophic) larvae in the winter. I found significant family‐level variation in the reaction norms between 17 maternal families of A. willowi when reared in a split‐brood design in low (16 ppt) versus high (32 ppt) salinity, conditions which mimic seasonal variation in salinity of natural populations. I documented a significant response to selection for lecithotrophic larvae in high and low salinity. The slope of the reaction norm was maintained following one generation of selection for lecithotrophy. When the maternal environment was controlled in the laboratory, I found significant maternal effects, which reduced the response to selection. These results suggest there is standing genetic variation for egg‐mass type in A. willowi, but the ability of selection to act on that variation may depend on the environment in which the phenotype is expressed in preceding generations.
Rapid adaptive responses of rosette‐type macrophyte Vallisneria natans juveniles to varying water depths: The role of leaf trait plasticity
Authors: Gao Yuxuan , Wang Lei , Hu Xiaoqing , Zhang Zhuolun , Liu Baogui , Zhang Xinhou , Wang Guoxiang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRosette‐type submerged macrophytes are widely distributed across a range of water depths in shallow lakes and play a key role in maintaining ecosystem structures and functions. However, little is known about the rapid adaptive responses of such macrophytes to variations in water depth, especially at the juvenile stage. Here, we conducted a short‐term in situ mesocosm experiment, in which the juveniles of Vallisneria natans were exposed to a water depth gradient ranging from 20 to 360 cm. Twenty‐two leaf‐related traits were examined after 4 weeks of growth in a shallow lake. Most (18) traits of V. natans generally showed high plasticity in relation to water depth. Specifically, juveniles allocated more biomass to leaves and had higher specific leaf area, leaf length‐to‐width ratio, chlorophyll content, and carotenoids content in deep waters, displaying trait syndrome associated with high resource acquisition. In contrast, V. natans juveniles in shallow waters had higher leaf dry matter content, leaf soluble carbohydrate content, carotenoids per unit chlorophyll, and peroxidase activity, pertaining to resource conservation. Notably, underwater light intensity was found to be the key factor explaining the trait plasticity along the water depth gradient, and 1.30 mol photons m−2 d−1 (at 270 cm) could be the optimal irradiance level based on the total biomass of V. natans juveniles. The present study highlights the significance of leaf trait plasticity for rosette‐type macrophytes in response to variations in water depth and sheds new light on the differences between trade‐offs in deep‐ and shallow‐water areas.
Generating political priority for skin cancer primary prevention: A case study from Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Gage Ryan , Leung William , Gurtner Marcus , Reeder Anthony I. , McNoe Bronwen M. , Signal Louise 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIssues addressedSkin cancer is highly prevalent but preventable, yet little research has been done on the challenges in generating political priority for skin cancer prevention. This qualitative study aimed to identify the political challenges to, facilitators of, and strategies to strengthen skin cancer prevention. The focus was on the case of Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ): a country with high skin cancer rates, but limited investment in primary prevention.MethodsData sources included 18 national key informant interviews and documentary analysis. Data were analysed inductively for emerging themes and framed using a conceptual framework of political priority.ResultsChallenges to advocates for skin cancer primary prevention include limited resources and competing priorities. Political‐level challenges include a lack of quick results compared with other initiatives vying for political attention, lack of negative externalities and, in NZ, misalignment with health system priorities. Challenges in the evidence base include the perceived conflict of sun protection with Vitamin D and physical activity, the lack of data on the financial burden of skin cancer and relatively low temperatures in NZ. Facilitators include strong policy community cohesion and issue framing, and weak opposition. Promising strategies to strengthen skin cancer prevention in NZ could include network building, using framing that resonates with policy makers and addressing key knowledge gaps in NZ, such as the financial burden of skin cancer.ConclusionAdvocacy for skin cancer prevention faces challenges due to advocates’ limited resources, political challenges such as lack of quick results and gaps in evidence. Nonetheless, the initiative encounters little opposition and can be framed in ways that resonate with policy makers.So what?Skin cancer is highly preventable, but advocates for prevention initiatives have struggled to gain political traction. This study identifies several strategies that could help raise the political profile for skin cancer prevention.
Investigating model performance and parameter sensitivity for runoff simulation across multiple events for a large green roof
Authors: Worthen Lucie , Kelleher Christa , Davidson Cliff 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGreen roofs are a form of green infrastructure aimed at retaining or slowing the movement of precipitation as stormwater runoff to sewer systems. To determine total runoff versus retention from green roofs, researchers and practitioners alike employ hydrologic models that are calibrated to one or more observed events. However, questions still remain regarding how event size may impact parameter sensitivity, how best to constrain initial soil moisture (ISM), and whether limited observations (i.e., a single event) can be used within a calibration‐validation framework. We explored these questions by applying the storm water management model to simulate a large green roof located in Syracuse, NY. We found that model performance was very high (e.g., Nash Sutcliffe efficiency index > 0.8 and Kling‐Gupta efficiency index > 0.8) for many events. We initially compared model performance across two parameterizations of ISM. For some events, we found similar performance when ISM was varied versus set to zero; for others, varying ISM yielded higher performance as well as greater water balance closure. Within a calibration‐validation framework, we found that calibrating to larger events tended to produce moderate to high performance for other non‐calibration events. However, very small storms were notoriously difficult to simulate, regardless of calibration event size, as these events are likely fully retained on the roof. Using regional sensitivity analysis, we confirmed that only a subset of model parameters was sensitive across 16 events. Interestingly, many parameters were sensitive regardless of event size, though some parameters were more sensitive when simulating smaller events. This emphasizes that storm size likely influences parameter sensitivity. Overall, we show that while calibrating to a single event can achieve high performance, exploring simulations across multiple events can yield important insight regarding the hydrologic performance of green roofs that can be used to guide the gathering of in situ properties and observations for refining model frameworks.
Solute carrier family 16 member 5 downregulation and its methylation might serve as a prognostic indicator of prostate cancer
Authors: Meng Xiangui , Yuan Hongwei , Li Weiquan , Xiong Zhiyong , Dong Wei , Xiao Wen , Zhang Xiaoping 
Published: September 2021

AbstractProstate cancer (PCa), characterized by high invasion, metastasis, and recurrence, is the most prevalent malignant tumor in men worldwide. A clear understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and their role during PCa tumorigenesis can help develop prognostic and targeted therapies. We analyzed datasets from public databases, including the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Oncomine and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis for differential expression of solute carrier family 16 member 5 (SLC16A5). We further investigated its relationship with clinical stage, pathological grade, and prognosis of PCa. The promoter methylation level of SLC16A5 in PCa was also investigated by UALCAN. We also utilized datasets from UCSC Xena to explore the prognostic role of SLC16A5 methylation levels and CpG site. Correlations between SLC16A5 and immune infiltration were discovered through TIMER. We observed significantly lower levels of SLC16A5 mRNA in PCa relative to normal tissues across six datasets from Oncomine database (p < .001) and 498 cases from TCGA database (p < .0001). SLC16A5 is strongly negatively regulated by its DNA methylation, with a Spearman of −0.81 and Pearson of −0.80 (p < .001). The aberrant SLC16A5 expression resulted in a significant relationship with clinical stage, pathological grade, and lower SLC16A5 mRNA expression, and its hypermethylation was related to a poorer PCa prognosis. SLC16A5 acted as an important factor for PCa diagnosis, with an AUC of 0.9038 (95% CI: 0.8597–0.9479; p < .0001). Besides, the aberrant SLC16A5 expression revealed close correlations with multiple immune cells. Overall, these results indicate that decreased SLC16A5 expression might be a potential biomarker for determining prognosis and immune infiltration in PCa. The positive SLC16A5 modulation might be a promising therapeutic target for PCa.
Determining support for and barriers to pharmacist‐driven research: Results of a national survey
Authors: O'Brien Kathryn M. , Badowski Melissa E. , Bartoo Anna S. , Peppard William J. , Schwarz Kerry , Sharpe Abigail R. , Austin Szwak Jennifer 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionActive engagement in research and scholarly output is challenging for pharmacists following residency training.ObjectivesTo determine the current structure of institutional support for pharmacy research, describe barriers to increasing staff research support and scholarly output, and benchmark best practices.MethodsA national survey was developed and distributed to the Vizient Consortium Director of Pharmacy listserv. The survey was conducted between October 2, 2019 and January 31, 2020 and incorporated 23 base questions assessing seven domains: financial support, study design/conduct support, interdisciplinary support, staff incentives, pharmacy research oversight, best practices, and barriers to research support.ResultsThe survey was distributed to 253 directors of pharmacy and 49 (19%) distinct responses were obtained. Most responders (71%) reported less than 25% of clinical staff were involved in research. Responses indicated most departmental research was driven by residents: 43% reported postgraduate year one (PGY1) and postgraduate year two (PGY2) residents were responsible for at least 75% of research projects. The greatest barriers to conducting research included time (72%), funding (33%), and knowledge/experience (32%). Research support included access to statisticians for data analysis (63%) or study design (57%), development of a pharmacy research committee (55%), and financial support or stipends (45%).ConclusionDespite institutional financial and educational support, the most commonly reported barriers to conducting pharmacy research were time, funding, and knowledge or experience of staff pharmacists.
Detection of amphetamine‐type stimulants using sample derivatization and SALDI‐TOF‐MS
Authors: Wang Shuo‐Feng , Lin Wen‐Yu , Dai Jia‐Shan , Chen Yen‐Ling , Chen Yung‐fou , Chau Lai‐Kwan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe have developed a gold nanoparticle‐based surface‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric (SALDI‐MS) method for the analysis of amphetamine‐type stimulants (ATS), including methamphetamine (MA), 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐methamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐ethylamphetamine (MDEA), and 4‐fluoromethamphetamine (4‐FMA), by derivatization to form quaternary ammonium species. After derivatization, the ion signal intensities of the derivatives of MA, MDMA, MDEA, and 4‐FMA significantly increase as compared to that without derivatization. Moreover, there is no analyte suppression effect in our samples after derivatization. The limits of detection (LODs) for MA, MDMA, MDEA, and 4‐FMA are 0.1, 1.0, 91, and 44 ppb, respectively, with the correlation coefficients of these regressions in the calibration curves higher than 0.99. The optimal experimental conditions, including concentration of gold nanoparticles and sample preparation method, were then applied to urine samples. After a simple sample pretreatment, including extraction and derivatization, results show that the average recoveries of the SALDI‐MS method for MA and MDMA are 100.87 ± 5.8% and 98.28 ± 2.9%, respectively. In summary, we have demonstrated a method to improve the sensitivity of the SALDI method for determination of ATS by derivatization and the method has been validated in the determination of MA and MDMA in urine samples.