bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of apremilast in healthy Korean adult men
Authors: Huh Ki Young , Choi Yewon , Nissel Jim , Palmisano Maria , Wang Xiaomin , Liu Liangang , Ramirez‐Valle Francisco , Lee Howard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe performed a two‐part study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of oral apremilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor indicated for the treatment of psoriasis, in healthy Korean adult men. In part 1, there were 12 subjects who randomly received a single oral dose of apremilast at 20, 30, or 40 mg in each of 3 periods in a crossover fashion. In part 2, there were 16 subjects who randomly received 30 mg of apremilast or its matching placebo in a ratio of 3:1 twice daily for 14 days. Apremilast was rapidly absorbed (maximum concentration: ~2–3 h postdose), and eliminated according to a monoexponential pattern with a terminal‐phase elimination half‐life of 8–9 h. The exposure to apremilast increased in a dose‐proportional manner and accumulation was 1.6‐fold at steady‐state. Apremilast was well‐tolerated after a single oral administration and multiple oral administrations in Korean adult men; all of the treatment‐emergent adverse events were mild and recovered without sequelae. In conclusion, apremilast was safe and well‐tolerated in healthy Korean adult men when administered single oral doses of 20, 30, or 40 mg or when administered multiple oral doses of 30 mg b.i.d. for 14 days. Overall exposures increased in an approximate dose proportional manner in healthy Korean adult men.
Reconsidering People as the Institution: Empathy, Pay Equity, and Deaccessioning as Key Leadership Strategies in Art Museums
Authors: Whitaker Amy 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDrawing on recent research in empathy, pay equity, and deaccessioning practice in U.S. art museums, this paper argues for a creative reconsideration of art museums by reframing the institutions not in terms of their buildings or their collections but their people. The coronavirus pandemic has offered a break in art museums’ physical stories and called into sharp relief managerial trade‐offs between support of staff and sale of objects. By focusing on empathy, pay equity, and deaccessioning strategies, art museum leaders can imaginatively and analytically renew the social contract between art museums and their workforces and audiences, creating new structures of pay equity and firmer financial footing and more robust community governance in order to weather future challenges with equanimity and focus. By focusing on empathy and equity, museums also build their own resilience instead of risking closure for financial reasons without public trust to fall back on.
Enabling tax bargaining: Supporting more meaningful tax transparency and taxpayer engagement in Ghana and Sierra Leone
Authors: van den Boogaard Vanessa , Prichard Wilson , Beach Rachel , Mohiuddin Fariya 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMotivationWhile there is increasing evidence that taxation can contribute to greater government responsiveness and accountability, such positive outcomes are not guaranteed. If the environment does not enable tax bargaining, there is a risk that taxation will amount to little more than enforced extraction.PurposeWe consider how such enabling environments may be fostered and identify specific strategies that governments, civil society actors, and donors can adopt to strengthen the links between taxation, responsiveness, and accountability.Methods and approachWe undertake two case studies of tax transparency and taxpayer engagement in Ghana and Sierra Leone, making use of data from taxpayer surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs), and interviews with key stakeholders in government, civil society, and donor agencies.FindingsWe highlight two key findings. First, meaningful transparency requires that information is comprehensive, relates to taxpayers’ priorities, and serve as a basis for dialogue between taxpayers and governments. Second, there is a need to proactively encourage taxpayer engagement by supporting forums for engagement that taxpayers perceive as safe, secure and sincere. This has been most successful where governments have visibly demonstrated responsiveness to citizens’ concerns, even on a small scale, while partnering with civil society to foster trust and dialogue.Policy implicationsOur findings point to the need for taxpayer education and engagement programmes that make information more accessible and more directly relevant to taxpayers’ everyday experiences. In particular, policymakers and development partners need to expand existing efforts to facilitate engagement and dialogue regarding what revenues are collected and how they are spent. We highlight the valuable role that civil society can play as translators of tax information, enablers of public forums, and trainers to support greater tax literacy and sustained taxpayer engagement.
Vascular growth factors as potential new treatment in cardiorenal syndrome in diabetes
Authors: Ricciardi Carlo Alberto , Gnudi Luigi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundCardiorenal syndrome in diabetes is characterised by alterations of the cardiovascular system paralleled by kidney disease with progressive renal function decline. In diabetes, chronic metabolic and haemodynamic perturbations drive endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress and progressive tissue fibrosis which, in turn, lead to heart and renal anatomo‐functional damage. In physiology, vascular growth factors have been implicated in vascular homeostasis; their imbalance, in disease setting such as diabetes, leads to vascular dysfunction and cardiorenal damage.AimsTo define the role of vascular growth factors and angiopoietins in cardiorenal syndrome.Material and MethodsWe will focus on the two most studied vascular growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietins (Angpt). The balance and crosstalk between these growth factors are important in organ development and in the maintenance of a healthy vasculature, heart and kidney. The observed alterations in expression/function of these vascular growth factors, as seen in diabetes, are a protective response against external perturbations.ResultsThe chronic insults driving diabetes‐mediated cardiorenal damage results in a paradoxical situation, whereby the vascular growth factors imbalance becomes a mechanism of disease. Studies have explored the possibility of modulating the expression/action of vascular growth factors to improve disease outcome. Experimental work has been conducted in animals and has been gradually translated in humans.DiscussionDifficulties have been encountered especially when considering the magnitude, timing and duration of interventions targeting a selective vascular growth factor. Targeting VEGF in cardiovascular disease has been challenging, while modulation of the Angpt system seems more promising.ConclusionFuture studies will establish the translatability of therapies targeting vascular growth factors for heart and kidney disease in patients with diabetes.
Holidays and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of Indian states
Authors: Ghosh Dastidar Sayantan , Apergis Nicholas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe number of holidays differs significantly across Indian states. Moreover, some of the governing political parties have been accused of using holidays as a tool either to mollify disgruntled workers or to woo voters before the state elections. In this context, this paper explores the relationship between the number of holidays and economic growth across 24 Indian states, spanning the period 2008–2016, by employing a panel model analysis. The paper presents evidence suggesting that holidays seem to affect growth negatively in the rich states but are inconsequential for the growth performance of the poor states.
European academic brain drain: A meta‐synthesis
Authors: Khan Jawaria 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn a globalising world, the international mobility of academics and researchers is important for their career. However, increasing migration of academics in the form of an academic brain drain is becoming a major challenge especially for Europe due to an ageing population. The issue of brain drain has been addressed usually through quantitative studies that fail to explore the in‐depth reasons behind it, and present standard outcomes. Through a synthesis of qualitative literature over two decades (2000–2020), this paper presents a new perspective of the root causes of academic brain drain in Europe. After careful examination of the qualitative literature, five factors have been found to be responsible for the outflow of human capital. These include: (1) attractive salaries outside Europe; (2) short‐term fixed contracts for early career researchers; (3) unfair recruitment procedures; (4) attractive migration policies and (5) the indirect role played by internationalisation policies to encourage permanent mobility.
Neuroprotective response and efficacy of intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells in traumatic brain injury mice
Authors: Kumar Mishra Sushanta , Khushu Subash , Gangenahalli Gurudutta 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCellular transplantation of stem cells can be a beneficial treatment approach for neurodegenerative diseases such as traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, we investigated the proliferation and differentiation potential of infused mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) after localisation at the injury site. We evaluated the appropriate homing of infused MSCs through immunohistochemistry, followed by Y‐chromosome–specific polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent in situ hybridisation analyses. The proliferation and differentiation of infused MSCs were analysed using exogenous cell tracer 5′‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling and neuronal specific markers, respectively. Structural and functional recovery in TBI mice were examined by performing magnetic resonance imaging and different behavioural assessments, respectively. Results demonstrated a significantly high number of BrdU‐positive cells in the lesion region in the MSC‐infused group compared with control and TBI groups. Infused MSCs were well differentiated into neural‐like cells and expressed significantly more neural markers (neuronal nuclear antigen [NeuN], microtubule‐associated protein 2 [MAP2] and glial fibrillary acid protein [GFAP]). Improved tissue abnormalities as well as functional behaviours were observed in MSC‐infused TBI mice, implying the substantial proliferation and differentiation of infused MSCs. Our findings support the neuroprotective response and efficacy of MSCs after transplantation in TBI mice, and MSCs may serve as potential therapeutic candidates in regenerative medicine.
Faster maturation of selective attention in musically trained children and adolescents: Converging behavioral and event‐related potential evidence
Authors: Putkinen Vesa , Saarikivi Katri , Chan Tsz Man Vanessa , Tervaniemi Mari 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPrevious work suggests that musical training in childhood is associated with enhanced executive functions. However, it is unknown whether this advantage extends to selective attention—another central aspect of executive control. We recorded a well‐established event‐related potential (ERP) marker of distraction, the P3a, during an audio‐visual task to investigate the maturation of selective attention in musically trained children and adolescents aged 10–17 years and a control group of untrained peers. The task required categorization of visual stimuli, while a sequence of standard sounds and distracting novel sounds were presented in the background. The music group outperformed the control group in the categorization task and the younger children in the music group showed a smaller P3a to the distracting novel sounds than their peers in the control group. Also, a negative response elicited by the novel sounds in the N1/MMN time range (~150–200 ms) was smaller in the music group. These results indicate that the music group was less easily distracted by the task‐irrelevant sound stimulation and gated the neural processing of the novel sounds more efficiently than the control group. Furthermore, we replicated our previous finding that, relative to the control group, the musically trained children and adolescents performed faster in standardized tests for inhibition and set shifting. These results provide novel converging behavioral and electrophysiological evidence from a cross‐modal paradigm for accelerated maturation of selective attention in musically trained children and adolescents and corroborate the association between musical training and enhanced inhibition and set shifting.
Emissions of nitrous oxide, dinitrogen and carbon dioxide from three soils amended with carbon substrates under varying soil matric potentials
Authors: Li Yuan , Clough Timothy J. , Moinet Gabriel Y. K. , Whitehead David 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCarbon (C) substrates are critical for regulating denitrification, a process that results in nitrous oxide (N2O) and dinitrogen (N2) emissions from soil. However, the impacts of C substrates on concomitant soil emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and N2O under varying soil types and soil water contents are not well studied. Three repacked Pallic grassland soils, varying in texture and phosphorus (P) status, containing NO3−‐15N were held at three levels of matric potential (ψ, −3, −5 and −7 kPa), while receiving daily substrate additions (acetate, glucose and water control) for 14 days. The CO2and N2O emissions were measured daily. Additionally, the N2O:(N2 + N2O) ratios were determined using15N on days 3 and 14. Results showed that N2O emissions increased exponentially as soil gas diffusivity declined, and N2O peak emissions were higher with glucose than with acetate addition, with a range (± standard deviation) of 0.1 ± 0.0 to 42.7 ± 2.1 mg N m−2 h−1. The highest cumulative N2O emission (2.5 ± 0.2 g N m−2) was measured following glucose addition with a soilψof −3 kPa. In comparison with added glucose, acetate resulted in a twofold increase in N2emissions in soils with relatively low gas diffusivities. The N2O:(N2O + N2) emissions ratios varied with substrate (glucose, 0.91; acetate, 0.81) on day 3, and had declined by day 14 under substrate addition (≤0.10). Cumulative CO2emissions were enhanced with increasing soil gas diffusivity and were higher for soils amended with glucose (ranging from 22.5 ± 1.3 to 36.6 ± 1.8, g C m−2) than for those amended with acetate. Collectively, the results demonstrate that the increase of N2O, N2and CO2emissions and changes in the N2O:(N2 + N2O) ratio vary over time in response to C substrate type and soil gas diffusivity.HighlightsCo‐regulation of CO2and N2O emissions was assessed for varying soil types and C substrates.Soil diffusivity explained concurrently cumulative N2O and CO2emissions.Acetate enhanced N2O reduction to N2in three grassland soils more than glucose.C substrate effects on soil N2O, N2and CO2emissions were soil type specific.
Rapid Anthropocene realignment of allometric scaling rules
Authors: Santini Luca , Isaac Nick J. B. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe negative relationship between body size and population density in mammals is often interpreted as resulting from energetic constraints. In a global change scenario, however, this relationship might be expected to change, given the size‐dependent nature of anthropogenic pressures and vulnerability to extinction. Here we test whether the size‐density relationship (SDR) in mammals has changed over the last 50 years. We show that the relationship has shifted down and became shallower, corresponding to a decline in population density of 31–73%, for the largest and smallest mammals, respectively. However, the SDRs became steeper in some groups (e.g. carnivores) and shallower in others (e.g. herbivores). The Anthropocene reorganisation of biotic systems is apparent in macroecological relationships, reinforcing the notion that biodiversity pattens are contingent upon conditions at the time of investigation. We call for an increased attention to the role of global change on macroecological inferences.
Comorbidity patterns in people with multiple sclerosis: A latent class analysis of the Australian Multiple Sclerosis Longitudinal Study
Authors: Lo Lara Marie Pangan , Taylor Bruce V. , Winzenberg Tania , Palmer Andrew J. , Blizzard Leigh , Hussain Mohammad Akhtar , van der Mei Ingrid 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeThis study was undertaken to identify clinically meaningful comorbidity patterns and their associations with the demographic/clinical characteristics of people with multiple sclerosis (MS).MethodsWe conducted latent class analysis to identify clinically distinct comorbidity patterns in MS using the 15 most common comorbidities among 1518 Australian Multiple Sclerosis Longitudinal Study participants. The associations between demographic/clinical characteristics and comorbidity patterns were examined using log‐binomial and multinomial logistic regression.ResultsFive distinct comorbidity patterns were identified: “minimally diseased class” (30.8%), consisting of participants with no or one comorbidity; “metabolic class” (22.7%); “mental health–allergy class” (21.7%); “nonmetabolic class” (7.6%); and “severely diseased class” (7.0%), consisting of participants with higher prevalence of these comorbidities. The relative probabilities of being assigned to comorbidity classes compared to the minimally diseased class were significantly increased for participants who were older (metabolic: relative risk ratio [RRR] = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06–1.11; nonmetabolic: RRR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.04–1.11; severely diseased: RRR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01–1.08), female (nonmetabolic: RRR = 5.35, 95% CI = 1.98–14.42; severely diseased: RRR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.02–4.77), and obese (metabolic: RRR = 4.06, 95% CI = 2.45–6.72; mental health–allergy: RRR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.00–2.46; severely diseased: RRR = 4.53, 95% CI = 2.21–9.29) and who had moderate disability (mental health–allergy: RRR = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.47–3.64; severely diseased: RRR = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.16–6.04).ConclusionsComorbidity patterns exist in MS. Women, people who were older, people who were obese, and people who had higher disability levels were more likely to be in classes with higher levels of comorbidity. These findings may offer opportunities for designing more personalised approaches to comorbidity prevention and treatment.
Global status of groundfish stocks
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hively Daniel J. , Loke Nicole Baker , de Moor Carryn L. , Kurota Hiroyuki , Kathena Johannes N. , Mace Pamela M. , Minto Cóilín , Parma Ana M. , Quiroz Juan‐Carlos , Melnychuk Michael C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe review the status of groundfish stocks using published scientific assessments for 349 individual stocks constituting 90% of global groundfish catch. Overall, average stock abundance is increasing and is currently above the level that would produce maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Fishing pressure for cod‐like fishes (Gadiformes) and flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) was, for several decades, on average well above levels associated with MSY, but is now at or below the level expected to produce MSY. In contrast, fishing pressure for rockfishes (Scorpaeniformes) decreased from near MSY‐related levels in the mid‐1990s, and since the mid‐2000s has remained on average at only one third of MSY‐related levels. Regions with the most depressed groundfish stocks are the Northwest Atlantic and the Pacific coast of South America, while stocks from the Northeast and Eastern Central Pacific, Northeast Atlantic, Southeast Atlantic and Southwest Pacific tend to have greatest average abundance relative to MSY‐based reference points. In the most recent year available for each stock, the catch was only 61% of MSY. Equilibrium yield curves indicate that 76% of global potential groundfish yield could be achieved using current estimates of fishing pressure. 15% of this is lost by excess fishing pressure, 67% results from lower than optimal fishing pressure on healthy stocks and 18% is lost from stocks currently overfished but rebuilding. Thus, there is modest opportunity to increase catch of global groundfish fisheries by reducing overfishing on some stocks, but more by increasing harvest on others. However, there may be other reasons not to fully exploit these stocks.
CO2 emission mitigation through fuel transition on Danish CHP and district heating plants
Authors: Nielsen Anders Taeroe , Nord‐Larsen Thomas , Bentsen Niclas Scott 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe study analysed how carbon dynamics were influenced by the transition from coal or natural gas to forest biomass on a number of district heat and combined heat and power plants in Denmark. For 10 plants, we calculated the cumulative net carbon emissions over time (t) from the fuel transition (CCE(t)) and carbon payback time (CPT), a measure of the time it takes for a fuel transition to biomass to reduce the amount of carbon emitted to the atmosphere relative to a continuation of using fossil fuels. Subsequently, we derived the relative cumulative net carbon emissions (RCCE(t)), as a measure of the carbon emission savings/costs induced by the fuel transition. Finally, we performed sensitivity analyses of key parameters, with special focus on emissions from indirect/market mediated effects. For fuel transitions from coal to biomass, CPT ranged from 0 to 13 years indicating that carbon emission benefits were achieved at the latest after 13 years. Relative cumulative net carbon emissions 30 years after the fuel transition (RCCE(30)) ranged from 0.29 to 0.85 corresponding to emission savings of 15–71% relative to continued use of coal. For fuel transitions from natural gas to biomass, CPT ranged from 9 to 34 years and RCCE(30) from 0.81 to 1.03. Sensitivity analyses showed that the use of truly residual biomass (harvest residues or industrial residues with no alternative use), biomass harvest from productive forests and short transport distances are instrumental in achieving a short carbon payback time and large emission savings. The quantification of indirect or market mediated GHG emissions is controversial and uncertain. We analysed additional carbon emissions related to indirect land use change (iLUC), indirect wood use change (iWUC) and indirect fuel use change (iFUC). Including iLUC added 1–4 years, iWUC added 1–3 years and iFUC added 1 year to the mean CPT.