bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cylindrocladium ilicicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocladium ilicicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ilex aquifolium
. DISEASE: A leaf spot. The roughly circular spots are brownish but may be covered with white talc-like spore masses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Ireland. TRANSMISSION: Although there are no studies reported on the method of transmission it is probable that this occurs by air-borne conidia and in rain splashes.
Cylindrocladium braziliensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocladium braziliensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Eucalyptus
. DISEASE: Dieback of adult trees and damping-off of seedlings (31, 524). On leaves, spots are at first pale purple and later darken producing a necrotic centre defined by a narrow dark purple halo. Defoliation may be followed by death of entire plants (41, 414). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil. TRANSMISSION: Transmission by seeds has been reported (41, 104).
Cylindrocladium camelliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocladium camelliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acacia dealbata, Camellia sinensis
. DISEASE: A minor root rot of tea in South India. Affected plants unthrifty with few feeding roots. Raised patches occur on the bark of the tap and lateral roots and may extend to the collar region. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Japan.
Nectria crotalariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Nectria crotalariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acacia koa, Arachis hypogaea, Carica papaya, Crotalaria anagyroides, Liriodendron tulipifera
and
Tephrosia vogelii
. DISEASE: Causes a collar rot of
Crotalaria anagyroides
and
Tephrosia vogelii
(29, 537), and a peg, pod and root necrosis of groundnut in Georgia (USA), a disease which has been named
Cylindrocladium
black rot of groundnuts. The diseased groundnut plants in the field were chlorotic and wilted and exhibited blighting of the leaf tips and margins. Chlorosis and wilting of the lateral foliage were usually less extensive than those of the erect primary branches (46, 1159). Reported as causing a severe root rot on
potted Liriodendron tulipifera
seedlings (49, 3016). In Hawaii the pathogen has been reported to cause a collar rot of
Carica papaya
and
Acacia koa
(Nishijima & Aragaki, 1973). On
Carica papaya
the diseased seedlings were characterized by stunting, chlorosis or loss of leaves and rotting of the collar region and crown roots. In glasshouse tests 5 cultivars of flue-cured tobacco proved to be highly susceptible to the pathogen while from 4 cultivars of cotton not visibly infected, the pathogen was isolated from roots (Rowe & Beute, 1973). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Hawaii, Sri Lanka and USA. TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is soil-borne.
Eutypa armeniacae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Carter M. V. , Talbot P. H. B. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Eutypa armeniacae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: As a pathogen on apricot (
Prunus armeniaca
) and
Ceanothus
spp. As a saprophyte on apricot (
Prunus armeniaca
), almond (
Prunus amygdalus
[Prunus dulcis]
), apple (
Malus sylvestris
, walnut (
Juglans regia
), grapevine (
Vitis vinifera
), tamarisk (
Tamarix
sp.),
Ceanothus
spp. and
Berberis darwinii
. DISEASE: 'Gummosis' or 'dieback' of apricots in Australia (Adam
et al.
, 1952). '
Cytosporina
dieback' of apricots in California (42, 474). A contributing factor to the syndrome known as 'apricot apoplexy' in various European countries (Carter, private communications). Dieback of
Ceanothus
spp. in Australia and California (Moller
et al.
, 1971). The dieback disease of apricots is also known to be associated with this pathogen in New Zealand (40, 88) and South Africa (Price, 1973). On apricot, the classical symptoms occur on trees of all ages: cankering, sometimes associated with exudation of gum, in the vicinity of wounds which expose the sapwood, most commonly those made by pruning instruments. Ultimately the leaves on the part of the branch distal to the canker wither and die, usually in mid- to late summer, typically remaining attached for many months because no abscission layer has formed. Internally, the sapwood is discoloured light brown to dark brown, with a dffluse margin. Pycnidia may appear, usually in winter, on wood and bark nearby advanced infections. The pycnidiospores have never been seen to germinate and appear to have no role in transmission of the pathogen. Perithecia are immersed in a stroma which may develop two or more years after death of a branch. The stroma may remain productive for at least six years, producing one generation of perithecia annually, maturing in early spring. In California and in South Africa, external canker symptoms were for many years confused with those caused by bacteria or the genus
Pseudomonas
, but the internal symptoms are usually quite distinctive and the presence of E.
armeniacae
has been confirmed by culturing and by serology. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, New Zealand, North America (California), Europe (France, Spain, Switzerland), South Africa. Absent from Chile in a disease survey conducted by English
et al.
(1967). Absence of records from the Asian continent are attributed to lack of information. TRANSMISSION: Entirely by air-borne ascospores; secondary dispersal from the tree surfaces is by water-splash and run during rainfall, carrying ascospores to the vessels exposed at wounds (45, 511).
Elsinoe australis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Critchett C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Elsinoe australis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Sweet orange, lemon, mandarin, tangerine, satsuma, orange, kumquat (
Fortunella margarita
), lime, grapefruit and pointed leaf papeda (
Citrus hystrix
) (19, 366; Brun, 1971). Sour oranges generally resistant to attack but symptoms have been occasionally noted (20, 110; 35, 544). DISEASE: Sweet orange scab. Symptoms mainly on fruits, less frequent on or absent from leaves and twigs. Only young tissues are attacked (22, 354). Young fruits may become distorted. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Largely confined to South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay), although a single report occurs from Sicily (37, 234). Symptoms of scab on citrus in the Dominican Republic (CMI Map 55, ed. 2, 1965) and New Caledonia (36, 711) initially attributed to
E. australis
are now thought to have been due respectively to
E. fawcettii
(CMI Descript. 438) and
E. fawcettii
var.
scabiosa
(CMI Descript. 437) (41, 85; 51, 3250; CMI Map 55, ed. 2, 1965). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind and rain splash. Old lesions on fruits, leaves and twigs are the probable source of infection at the start of each season (Bitancourt & Jenkins, 1937a).
Ganoderma applanatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Steyaert R. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ganoderma applanatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A very wide range of broad-leaved and coniferous trees. As much confusion has arisen between
G. applanatum
and
G. adspersum
earlier references must be accepted only with care as to the hosts. It is the authors observation that
G. applanatum
is more frequent in the woodland biotype than in orchards, garden and roadside plantations while
G. adspersum
seems to be more frequent in the latter. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout the northern hemisphere temperate zone. The northern limit follows the tree line. The southern limit is Florida in the USA, the Mediterranean sea in Europe, Northern Iran, Northern Pakistan, southern slopes of the Himalayas, but a specimen has been obtained from Bombay in India. In Pakistan and India it overlaps slightly with the range of
G. tornatum
(CMI Descript. 447). TRANSMISSION: Transmission is probably confined to air-borne spores and root contact with infected plant material in the soil.
Ganoderma tornatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Steyaert R. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ganoderma tornatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: pleurivorous DISEASE: Heart and butt rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTON Occurs throughout the tropics, to the extreme tip of South Africa and to the shores of the Pacific Ocean in Canada. The area of distribution overlaps that of
G. applanatum
in the north west of India and Pakistan (CMI Descript. 443) but does not extend north of the Sahara in Africa. It is not found in southern Europe. Its distribution in South America is still uncertain as few specimens have been available from that continent. In the Pacific it extends from the Philippines to New Caledonia and Papua. This appears to be the commonest species of Ganoderma in the tropics, with G. chalcrum (Cooke) Stey. coming second. TRANSMISSION: No rhizomorphs have been observed in relation to
G. tornatum
. Thus, the only likely means of transmission is by air-borne spores or root contact with infected plant material in the soil.
Ganoderma zonatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Steyeert R. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ganoderma zonatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Elaeis guineensis, Cocos nucifera, Borassus aethiopum
; has been recorded on
Sebal palmetto
in Northern America. On Dicots it has only been recorded for
Eucalyptus
but it can develop on dead wood. DISEASE: Like
G. boninense
causes a base rot on palms in Africa. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout tropical Africa on palms. In America it is recorded from Florida, but is probably distributed in South America. No specimen, however, has been available from there. TRANSMISSION: As no rhizomorphs have so far been detected and, moreover, considering that spore production is abundant the latter appear to be the only means of transmission with the leaf stalk bases as the port of entry into the base of the trees. The possibility of transmission by root contact with infected residues in the soil or diseased plants cannot be excluded.
Endothia gyrosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Snow G. A. , Beland J. W. , Czabator F. I. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Endothia gyrosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Castanea
spp.,
Eucalyptus diversicolor, Fagus americana, F. sylvatica, Ilex opaca, Liquidambar formosana, L. styraciflua, Quercus
spp.,
Ulmus americana, Vitis
spp. DISEASE: Sunken cankers occur at wounds or branch stubs on stems, branches and roots. Affected areas are typically covered with orange stromata. Girdling results in death of the distal portions of the tree and sprouting below the canker is common. Cracking of the bark, purple stain and resin flow are pronounced on
Liquidambar
. Van Arsdel (1972) refers to the disease as hobnail canker on oak. Early descriptions suggest that the organism is a weak wound pathogen. More recent reports show that the disease is serious on species of
Quercus
(Stipes & Phipps, 1971; Van Arsdel, 1972) and
L. formosana
in the USA (Snow
et al.
, 1974). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Throughout the eastern USA and in Texas, Kansas and California. Reported from Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, China, Ceylon, Philippines, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Pycnidiospores are presumably transmitted by insects and splashing rain; pruning tools would likely spread this spore stage because infection occurs in wounds. Ascospores are assumed to be windborne.
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Palti J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Chiefly of cultivated species of
Cucumis
(cucumber, melon),
Cucurbita
(squash, marrow, pumpkin) and
Citrullus
(watermelon). Less frequent on approximately 40 wild and cultivated species of 18 other genera (e.g.
Benincasa, Lagenaria, Luffa, Momordica, Trichosanthes
). DISEASE: Causes downy mildew of
Cucurbitaceae
. Infection normally confined to bright yellow spots on upper surface of leaves, with light spots covered by greyish-black down on their lower surface, spots become necrotic and turn brown from their centre outwards. On cucumbers the spots are angular, clearly limited by leaf veins, but on melons and most other hosts vein delimination is not so clear. Cotyledons sometimes affected, but very young true leaves are not. Strongest development on leaves 5-15 days after their formation. Affected leaves dry up, do not shed. Flower parts are rarely affected and fruit and seeds never affected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed especially on cucumbers and melons in warm and humid zones (CMI Map 285. ed. 3. 1969). TRANSMISSION: All year round transmission in warm and humid climates from older to younger crops, under semi-arid conditions from irrigated summer crops to winter crops grown under cover and then to spring crops. Summer invasions from countries wilh mild winters to those with cooler winters is likely. Overwintering by oospores held to be possible in China and Japan.
Ascochyta fabae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ascochyta fabae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: On
Vicia faba
. DISEASE: Leaf, stem and pod spot of broad bean (
Viciafaba
). On leaves the spots are more or less circular, up to 1cm diam., slightly sunken with a definite margin, dark chocolate brown and sometimes a paler centre. The symptoms are readily distinguished from those of chocolate spot (
Botrytis fabae
Sardina, CMI Descript. 432) by the prominent pycnidia. Similar but less abundant spots form on stems, generally smaller and more deeply sunken. Spots on the pods are more sunken than those on leaves, become black and coalesce. The fungus spreads to the seed and causes usually circular, but often indefinite dark brown spots (30, 501). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt, Morocco); America (Argentina, Canada (NS); Asia (China, Israel, Japan, Korea, Turkey); Australasia (Australia (NSW, Tas., Vict.), New Zealand); Europe (Britain, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Jersey, Norway, USSR). It is possible that some records (not given here) on broad bean and referred to
Ascochyta pisi
Lib. (CMI Descript. 334) are in fact
A. fabae
. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne; a routine agar plate method for screening seed samples has been described (46, 1381). Spread is mainly through seed; presumably entirely so where broad bean is grown as a break between other crops. In Australia it was concluded that infected crop debris was a more important way of carryover (Geard,
Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science
28: 218-219, 1962).
Cercospora fuligena
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora fuligena
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lycopersicon esculentum
. DISEASE: Leaf spot or leaf mould of tomato; the latter common name is best retained for the more important pathogen (
Fulvia fulva
(Cooke) Cif.) on the same host. Early symptoms are faint, sunken, chlorotic areas with indefinite margins; the infected areas become necrotic and have an indefinite discoloured halo on both leaf surfaces; defoliation can occur (35, 52; 53, 4592). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ivory Coast, Nigeria); Asia (Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam); Australasia & Oceania (New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands) (CMI Map 382, ed. 2, 1970). Unmapped new records are: Burundi (50, 2635), Hong Kong, Togo (Herb. IMI) and USA (Florida. ; 53, 4592). A record from Mexico (Zevada, Yerkes & Niederhauser; 36, 2) is considered doubtful. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Phomopsis cucurbitae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phomopsis cucurbitae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Occurs on stems, petioles, fruit stalks and fruits of cucurbits, incl.
Cucumis sativus
. DISEASE: Black rot of cucumber; cankers or lesions on stems, leaf and petiole rot, inflorescence blight and fruit rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada (Ontario), India, UK. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Cochliobolus setariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus setariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Setaria italica, Pennisetum typhoides, Panicum fasciculatum, Brachiaria reptans
and other cereals. Also isolated from soil and leguminous seeds. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Setaria italica, Cochliobolus setariae
blight of brown top millet. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Japan, China, Taiwan), Pacific Islands (New Caledonia); North America (USA); South America (Venezuela); Africa (Egypt). TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds and air-borne spores from infected crops.
Melampsora larici-populina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Melampsora larici-populina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on
Larix
, especially
L. decidua
and
L. leptolepis
. Uredinia and telia on
Populus
spp., especially
P. nigra
and its varieties and hybrids,
P. balsamifera, P. yunnanensis
and others. Its exact host range on
Populus
spp. is not clear due to confusion with other species of
Melampsora
and to uncertainty in the reported identity of some species of
Populus
and clones. DISEASE: Leaf rust of poplars, causing severe leaf damage and early defoliation on susceptible hosts. Defoliation can sometimes occur two or three times in the season, each defoliation being followed by a new growth flush. These successive defoliations lead to winter injury and dieback (Peace, 1962) and a reduction in incremental timber growth can occur. Rust damage also renders some varieties more susceptible to Dothichiza dieback (39, 57) caused by
Cryptodiaporthe populea
(CMI Descript. 364). Poplars vary greatly in their reaction to infection and some clones show useful resistance (39, 57; 42, 347; 43, 498, 551; 47 129; Steenackers, 1972). Seasonal conditions may influence the reaction of some varieties (45, 402). On larch (
Larix
) hosts, the damage is negligible (Peace, 1962). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (North Africa, Rhodesia, South Africa), South America (Argentina, Chile, Colombia); Asia (Israel, Korea, Japan), Australasia and Oceania (Australia, New Zealand), Europe (widespread; reported specifically for Britain, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, USSR). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne urediniospores, often over long distances (suspected from eastern Australia to New Zealand). In Japan, urediniospores produced in autumn can remain viable and pathogenic until the following spring (41, 745), and in milder climates they can survive on semi-evergreen lines and on green sucker growth of deciduous trees. This is the main method of overwintering in Australia. In the Northern Hemisphere, overwintered telia give rise to basidia and basidiospores which may cause inconspicuous spring infections on Larix.
Venturia populina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Venturia populina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Populus
spp. DISEASE: Blight or dieback of poplars. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe and North America. TRANSMISSION: By ascospores and conidia (41, 106). Primary infection by ascospores and secondary infection by conidia.
Drechslera sorghicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Drechslera sorghicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sorghum
, causing at first small reddish purple or tan spots, later zonate target spots. DISEASE: Target leaf spot of
Sorghum
spp. The leaf spots are well defined, round-elliptical with narrow tan brown borders, varying in size from minute specks to lesions up to 2-6 × 20 mm which may coalesce to form extensive patches of dead tissue. Colour varies with the host. The larger spots become delimited by the veins and hence elongated. Other lesions show the characteristic light and dark zonate patterns. Spots may be uniformly purplish with or without straw coloured centres and without the zonate pattern. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from Africa, Asia, Australia and N. America; probably widespread with the crop. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Verticillium psalliotae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Verticillium psalliotae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On cultivated mushrooms (
Agaricus
spp.), on rust fungi, and in soil, and as an endoparasite of
Rhophalomyces elegans
(Phycomycetes). DISEASE: Causes brown spotting of the cap and pileus of cultivated mushrooms, often with distorted growth and subsequent shrivelling of the fruit bodies resulting in large losses. Similar in effects on the host to
V. fungicola
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America and Europe. TRANSMISSION: By spores in water and air, and by mycelial contamination of compost and casing soil.