bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addison and France
Authors: Boulard-Jouslin Claire 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Born in 1672 in a climate of strong anti-Catholicism and Francophobia in England, yet aware that France was a great source of intellectual and cultural inspiration, Joseph Addison had a complex relationship with the French nation. His works reflect the tensions between his admiration for the rival country and his hatred of the French political regime. This chapter argues that French influence on Addison’s writings and Addison’s ambivalent attitude to France are nowhere more perceptible than in his way of handling the French ‘battle of the books’, the famous ‘querelle des anciens et des modernes’. It also contends that Addison’s ambivalent attitude to the French was not lost on the eighteenth-century French intellectuals who, though they celebrated him as ‘a friend of mankind’, often borrowed his ideas without acknowledging them.
Addison, Samuel Johnson, and the Test of Time
Authors: Maria Jr Robert De 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the contours of Addison’s afterlife in the eighteenth century by looking carefully at Samuel Johnson’s varied criticism of his works over a lifetime of writing about him. In his final statement in his famous Life of Addison, Johnson declares Addison’s reputation secure from the ups and downs it underwent in the eighteenth century by determining that Addison’s works, like those of Shakespeare, had stood the test of time. In Johnson’s long journey to this conclusion, his work on the Dictionary is perhaps the most important landmark. By citing Addison so frequently and in illustration of so many common words, Johnson demonstrated that Addison’s prose had knit itself into the fabric of English and would therefore endure. Although the enthusiastic cult of Addison that saw him as a perfect Christian had faded by mid-century, Johnson saw his works enduring because they had, almost invisibly, become part of British social discourse, both linguistically and ethically, and thereby ‘given Addison a claim to be numbered among the benefactors of mankind’.
Addison and the Victorians
Authors: Young Brian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The masculine world of Addison’s eighteenth-century ‘republic of letters’ was mirrored by that inhabited by Victorian ‘Men of Letters’, and hence much of the lively interest taken in him by nineteenth-century cultural commentators and makers of (and historians of) public opinion. The agnostic manliness of such men as Leslie Stephen and W. J. Courthope informed the way they wrote about Addison, whose Christianity they tended to slight and who was described by them as ‘delicate’. Macaulay had been more admiring of Addison as a Christian gentleman, while Thackeray praised him as an English humorist. Pope and Swift continued to enjoy an ascendancy in eighteenth-century English literary history, with Addison and Steele appreciated more for having been ‘characteristic’ of their age than as acting in any way as intellectually innovative figures. Matthew Arnold was notably critical of Addison, whom he found provincial and narrow. Both Addison and his Victorian critics were subjected to feminist criticism by Virginia Woolf, who happened to be Stephen’s daughter, but she in her turn slighted the most significant early Victorian study of Addison, the life written by the Unitarian Lucy Aikin. The ‘long nineteenth century’ in the English literary history of the eighteenth century is thus bookended by studies of Addison by women, and it is time that justice was paid to Aikin’s pioneering and still valuable study, submerged as it has been by readers of Macaulay’s essay on Addison, which was ostensibly a review of Aikin’s exercise in literary biography.
Intellectual Property and International Law: A Research Framework
Authors: Grosse Ruse-Khan Henning 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a framework for legal research that concerns or applies ‘international law’ concepts, perspectives, and methodologies to intellectual property (IP). The idea is to discuss how research questions related to IP can be framed from the standpoint of international law. This begs an initial question: what do we mean by ‘international law’ and how does this relate to IP? Section I tackles these questions by offering a range of possible views on the notion of international IP Law. Section II then considers how a multidimensional conception of international law can serve to frame research questions on IP. It also gives some more concrete examples of the diversity in adopting an international law approach to IP.
A Conflicts of Law Approach to Intellectual Property Research
Authors: Austin Graeme W. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Intellectual property (IP) conflict of laws issues in disputes between private parties arise for a variety of reasons. Most infringe the plaintiff’s intellectual property rights in countries X, Y, and Z. Part of the infringing conduct might have been in one jurisdiction, while the effects are felt elsewhere. Infringing material can be instantly distributed to any country in which there is internet access. Digital networks are also increasing opportunities for international collaboration by parties that are physically located in different places, and supply chains also increasingly straddle national borders, giving rise to disputes about the law governing intellectual property ownership. And internet commerce is increasing the global reach of brands. Research in this area must engage with the problem of providing efficient and just solutions in the context of private litigation that are also aligned with the foundations of the international intellectual property architecture including, in many contexts, the domestic economic and social policies that shape territorially confined IP rights.
Philosophical Approaches to Intellectual Property Law Scholarship
Authors: Sheff Jeremy N. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Intellectual property (IP) law and philosophy is an interdisciplinary approach to scholarship that applies insights and methods from philosophy to the legal, normative, theoretical, political, and empirical questions presented by the project of organizing and regulating the creation and dissemination of knowledge, technology, and culture. In this chapter, I outline four types of IP-law-and-philosophy scholarship, focusing specifically on the discipline of analytic philosophy (with appropriate caveats about the coherence of that discipline). These modes of scholarship can be categorized as: (1) the jurisprudence of the IP system; (2) philosophical analysis of IP law; (3) applied philosophy in IP; and (4) normative theory of IP. Category (4) is obviously a special case of category (3), focusing specifically on applications of moral philosophy. Within each category, I provide illustrative examples of past scholarship and suggestions for further research.
Directions in Intellectual Property Law Research: A Linguistic Contribution
Authors: Durant Alan , Davis Jennifer 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The questions in intellectual property (IP) law which most directly engage language fall into several types. ‘Language’ questions may concern particular signs or stretches of language examined for their registrability as a trademark, or disputed in relation to alleged infringement of literary copyright. Other kinds of words and phrases may also create difficulty, such as the words ‘distinctive’ or ‘generic’ which describe features of, and categorize, such signs or stretches of language. Such words and phrases establish a metalanguage that overlaps with frameworks in linguistics (e.g. ‘noun’, ‘consonant’) yet differs from such frameworks both in detail and purpose. Across all IP subject areas, a further kind of language, the field’s legal terms of art, defines the intangible subject matter, doctrines, and rationales of IP law, giving specialized legal meaning to otherwise general words and phrases whose meaning in law may nevertheless be contested. Such terms remain in concurrent use beyond law, with related but different meanings, and may therefore also be problematic when relied on in policy formation and in public debate about what IP is. ‘Language’ in these and other IP contexts is not, we argue, a single, unified topic. Rather, it consists of a number of very different kinds of language use, which raise different questions and call for varied forms of analysis. This chapter describes and illustrates those specialized kinds of language use. It also discusses prominent examples of research into them by legal scholars and linguists, and highlights further topics that may be amenable to linguistic investigation. In conclusion, we explain why specialist linguistic expertise is less important in such study of than interdisciplinary, legal and linguistic collaboration.
Law and Literature in Intellectual Property Methodologies
Authors: Said Zahr K. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of Law and Literature and explores three primary areas in which intellectual property (IP) scholarship engages with Law and Literature’s methods and tools: the creation of objects that give rise to rights; the definition and enforcement of those rights and their limits; and the narrative of progress and revisionist theories of the field. IP concerns intangible constructs: works, inventions, secrets, marks, or personas. IP ownership implicates theories of representation given the symbolic nature of IP rights to the things they protect, and determining the scope of protection almost always entails multiple interpretive steps. Hence theories of representation and interpretation are relevant to defining the work, assessing the scope of protection, and conducting infringement analysis. Lastly, Law and Literature offers larger narratives about IP that centre on values, history, textuality, theory, culture, context, selfhood, or community. Law and Literature has helped broaden beyond the narrow utilitarian framing of the received approach to IP and thus provided disciplinary cover for pluralistic accounts of the field to emerge. In this revisionism, the three main strands of Law and Literature—which centre on practical wisdom, interpretation, and narrative—offer diverse alternatives for measuring progress or evaluating the IP system in broader sociological and constitutional context.
Survival Analysis in Intellectual Property Research
Authors: Marco Alan C. , Vishnubhakat Saurabh 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Survival analysis is a powerful quantitative method when the duration between events is of interest. We introduce the use of survival analysis in intellectual property research through basic methodological concepts and explain when survival analysis provides advantages over traditional statistical regression methods and discrete-choice approaches such as probit or logit. Using examples from the literature, we also explain how to interpret survival analysis results. While we note helpful reference material, our discussion is less a mathematically rigorous guide to performing survival regressions and more a familiarization with survival analysis as a means for further exploring research questions in intellectual property.
Intellectual Property and Ethnography: A Qualitative Research Approach
Authors: Silbey Jessica 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the processes of and justifications for qualitative empirical research in intellectual property (IP) as compared to other research methods, such as quantitative empirical approaches and theoretical economic analyses of law. It provides examples of these research methods, explains the reasons for pursuing a qualitative approach, and details a qualitative research agenda in the context of intellectual property law, as well as a step-by-step method of data collection and data analysis.
Methods for Intellectual Property Valuation
Authors: Sharma Dilip , Kumar Abhijeet 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Intellectual property (IP) assets are an integral part of the wealth of an organization having an independent identity, economic life, and value. The process of determining the value of an IP asset is known as IP valuation which may vary depending upon various factors such as the nature, economic life, risk, marketability, and the purpose of valuation of IP asset, etc. Various traditional and modern methods are available for the valuation of IP assets but selecting the appropriate method is important to get an adequate value of the subject IP asset. The answer to the question ‘how to valuate an IP asset’ depends upon the answers to various further questions like ‘what to valuate’, ‘when to valuate’, and ‘why undertake a valuation of subject IP asset’. In this chapter, the authors have discussed about the various traditional and modern methods available for the valuation of IP assets which will help the readers in understanding the most suitable method which can be adopted for the valuation of the subject IP asset in varied circumstances and the means to ascertain the most appropriate value of the IP asset.
A Prolegomenon to Future Research on Intellectual Property and the Old Arts
Authors: Jaszi Peter 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As an area that is not clearly defined nor protected in the intellectual property (IP) realm, the ‘old arts’ (folklore, traditional music, etc) and tradition provide scholars with a wide array of research opportunities. While defining their appropriate protection can be difficult, many different strategies exist achieving protection for old culture, assuring reasonable levels of public access, and meaningful representation for traditional communities. To better serve these ends, this chapter reviews some history and theory relating to the topic, and highlights new initiatives and approaches.
Ecology
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHost ecological characteristics, such as body size, longevity, or social living, affect parasitism. Host populations can be regulated in size by their parasites; they can even drive host populations to extinction, usually after hosts have been weakened by other factors. Parasites, therefore, threaten endangered populations and species. Parasites also affect host ecological communities and food webs via effects on competitive ability or with apparent competition. In diverse host communities, infectious diseases become ‘diluted’. Parasite ecological communities seem to have a variable and transient structure; no universal explanation for the observed patterns exists. Host migration can transfer parasites to new areas or leave parasites behind. Disease emergence from an animal reservoir (zoonoses) is especially important. Many human diseases have such an origin, and these have repeatedly caused major epidemics. Climate change will also affect parasitism; however, the direction of change is rather complex and depends on the particular systems.
The Teacher
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the leader as educator. The first part discusses Plato’s cave allegory in the Republic, which situates leadership in a broader view of the nature and goals of education. On this view, the job of a leader is to confront people who are prisoners of their own comfort zone, and show them the value of different ways of thinking and acting. Leadership of this kind involves appealing to people’s rationality, being open with the evidence and being open to questioning. As with some of the previous models, such leaders can expect to encounter hostility and resistance. The second part presents two case studies, Gorbachev’s attempted restructuring in Russia, and Indra Nooyi, CEO of PepsiCo, who re-orientated the company towards more healthy products.
The Sower
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The final model considered is the leader as sower. Here Plato anticipates the concept of thought leadership. The core components of the model include originating ideas big enough to create a legacy, but still empowering others to adapt them as circumstances demand. In the first part, the key text is the Phaedrus, where Plato discusses the best way to create an intellectual legacy—not through writing books, but by nurturing living, critical dialogue among your students and followers. The chapter looks at the way Plato put this model into practice by creating an institution to perpetuate his ideas: the Academy, the ancestor of the modern university. The second part presents examples of ‘seminal’ leaders: Marie Curie, Maria Montessori, and Mohammed Yunus, founder of the microfinance organization, Grameen Bank.
The Whitehead Decomposition
Authors: Cui Xiaoyi , Kalmár Boldizsár , Orson Patrick , Sunukjian Nathan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘The Whitehead Decomposition’ introduces this historically significant decomposition. Not only is the quotient of the 3-sphere by the Whitehead decomposition not homeomorphic to the 3-sphere, it is not even a manifold. In order to detect this curious fact, the notion of a noncompact space being simply connected at infinity is introduced. The chapter also describes the Whitehead manifold, which is a contractible 3-manifold not homeomorphic to Euclidean space. While the Whitehead decomposition does not shrink, its product with the real line does, as is proved in this chapter; in other words, the quotient of the 3-sphere by the Whitehead decomposition is a manifold factor. The proof of the disc embedding theorem utilizes Bing–Whitehead decompositions, which may be understood to be a mix between the Whitehead decomposition and the Bing decomposition from a previous chapter. In a subsequent chapter, precisely when Bing–Whitehead decompositions shrink is explained.
Mixed Bing–Whitehead Decompositions
Authors: Kasprowski Daniel , Kim Min Hoon 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Mixed Bing–Whitehead decompositions are a special class of toroidal decompositions of the 3-sphere, defined as the intersection of infinite nested sequences of solid tori. The Bing decomposition and the Whitehead decomposition from previous chapters are both examples of mixed Bing–Whitehead decompositions. In this chapter a precise criterion for when toroidal decompositions shrink is given, in terms of a ‘disc replicating function’. In the case of mixed Bing–Whitehead decomposition, this measures the relative numbers of Bing and Whitehead doubling in the sequence of solid tori in the definition. Mixed Bing–Whitehead decompositions are related to the boundaries of skyscrapers, and the shrinking theorem proved in this chapter will be key to the eventual proof of the disc embedding theorem.
Crossing the Mediterranean
Authors: Ozavci Ozan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses that the French invasion of Egypt in 1798 epitomized a discursive practice in the Levant. European Great Powers of the time looked to supply security beyond their imperial territories by military expeditions, allegedly for the benefit of the locals even if against the will of the regional sovereigns—in this case, the Ottoman imperial rulers. The architects of the 1798 occupation, Bonaparte and Talleyrand, portrayed their expedition as a ‘service’ the Ottoman Empire. But, in reality, the 1798 expedition was the outcome of decades long debates in France. It ultimately resulted from a diverse set of geostrategic, political, economic and financial determinants that defined the Eastern Question in the late eighteenth century. What exactly did the Eastern Question pertain to before the nineteenth century then? And how did 1798 relate to it?
The Russian Peace in the Levant
Authors: Ozavci Ozan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In 1833, the civil war between Istanbul and Cairo was brought to an end with an unexpected intervention. The Ottomans’ age-old enemies, the Romanovs, were involved in the war on the side of Sultan Mahmud II and Hüsrev Pașa. In the summer of 1833, Russia and the Ottoman Empire even signed a defensive alliance treaty, which transimperialized the civil war in the Ottoman world, as Britain and France strongly protested this treaty and strove to prevent its ratification. This chapter discusses how the civil war in the Levant came to an end with the Russian intervention, focusing on the previously unmentioned pull-factors that allowed for this intervention. It also shows how the Concert of Europe found itself in disconcert after the 1833 intervention as war preparations began in St Petersburg against a potential Anglo-French attack.
An Unusual Quest for Revenge
Authors: Ozavci Ozan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The literature on the latter phase of the Eastern Crisis in the 1830s usually concentrates on the policy of European ‘great men’, how they piloted bureaucratic and military reforms in Istanbul and then brought an end to the crisis by means of their shrewd diplomacy, commitment, or opposition to the Concert of Europe. This chapter places the emphasis elsewhere. With a prosopographical approach to the experience of the Ottoman statesman and diplomat Mustafa Reșid (1800–1858), it documents the decisive role the Ottoman agency played in ending the disconcert among the Powers in the 1830s and enabling the intervention of the Quadruple Alliance in the 1840s. The chapter discloses the unique roles played by the idea of civilization and the quest for security in the Ottoman decision to sign free trade agreements with the European Powers as of 1838, and the declaration of the Gülhane Edict of 1839, which allegedly inaugurated the Tanzimat era.
Beyond Weimar: The Long Crisis of Liberalism, the Political Economy of the Interwar Conjuncture and the Foundations of Neo-liberalism
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
&lt;Online Only&gt;This chapter examines authoritarian liberalism as a more general phenomenon ‘beyond Weimar’. It looks outside Weimar Germany and takes a longer historical perspective, revealing deeper tensions in liberalism itself, specifically its inability to respond to the issue of socio-economic inequality in a mass democracy. The major Weimar constitutional theorists—Hans Kelsen, Carl Schmitt, and Hermann Heller—had no answer to the social question as a matter of constitutional self-defence. The chapter then discusses the political economy of the various crises across Europe—in Italy, France, and Austria—revealing a similar quandary. As Karl Polanyi argued, in these contexts, the turn to authoritarian liberalism fatally weakened political democracy and left it disarmed when faced with the fascist countermovement. Later in the interwar period, proposals for neo-liberalism would be introduced, symbolized by the organization of the Walter Lippman Colloquium in 1938.&lt;/Online Only&gt;
The Material Constitution: Ordoliberalism, Neoliberalism, and the Deradicalization of Political Opposition
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
&lt;Online Only&gt;This chapter considers how societal changes contributed to the reconstitution of post-war Europe in such a way as to restrain sovereignty, depoliticize the economy, and deradicalize politics. The chapter traces the re-foundation of an economic liberalism that had collapsed in the interwar period, attending to the influence of ordoliberalism and neo-liberalism in the constitutional imagination. It examines how economic liberalism was tempered in practice, as a result of social democratic and Christian democratic influences, the realpolitik of a programme of social market economy, and the process of European economic integration itself. It goes on to consider how the economic constitution was entrenched along with the ‘end of ideology’ in Europe, as even notionally communist parties turned towards the political mainstream and rescinded any revolutionary ambitions, long before the ‘end of history’ was proclaimed in the aftermath of the fall of the Soviet Union. The chapter concludes that the economic constitution does not signify the triumph of liberal democracy, but of technocratic managerialism, establishing a path that would be deepened, but also contested, after Maastricht.&lt;/Online Only&gt;