bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multilatéralisme et démocratie
Authors: Coppens Philippe 
Published: March 2021

L’article analyse certaines difficultés que le droit économique international doit aujourd’hui tenter de surmonter s’il veut assurer sa pérennité. L’OMC a été fondée sur le multilatéralisme, sur l’idée selon laquelle les obstacles aux échanges économiques mondiaux et les litiges nés à l’occasion de ces échanges devaient recevoir des solutions globales sur lesquelles s’accordaient les Etats. La réalité des relations économiques internationales contemporaines donnent une toute autre image. Elle reflète la multiplicité des rapports de force entre les économies et entre les droits. La croissance économique étonnante de la Chine et de l’Inde depuis trois décennies ne cesse notamment de redéfinir les bases géostratégiques des échanges mondiaux. L’idée que des normes universelles puissent s’imposer dans des cultures qui réaffirment leurs différences se trouve fragilisée. Faut-il y voir aussi une réappropriation salutaire par les citoyens du débat démocratique sur les enjeux des nouveaux accords économiques internationaux ?
Androgen Deficiency in Aging Males
Authors: Ashghali-Farahani Mansoureh , Khachian Alice , Vakilian Parya , Mahmoudi Mokhtar 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Considering the importance of psychometric evaluation of the male sex hormone deficiency questionnaire by Iranian nurses, this study aimed to determine the translation and validation of the Iranian version of the Androgen Deficiency in Aging Males (ADAM) questionnaire.

Materials and Methods:
This study was cross-sectional. After obtaining permission from the instrument maker, translating it into Farsi, retranslated it into English, and determining validity and reliability. The study population was 200 Iranian men who admitted to hospitals affiliated with Iran University of medical science and were older than 50 years and selected by convenience sampling method. They were evaluated and monitored based on the Iranian version of the ADAM questionnaire. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed and analyzed by Rock Chart analysis. Descriptive and analytical statistical tests were used at a significant level of 0.05.

Results:
Findings showed that the Iranian version of the ADAM questionnaire had good face validity. Results showed that Cronbach's alpha in this questionnaire was 0.93, which indicates high reliability, and all the valid questionnaires were reported for the Scale-Content Validity Index (SCVI) calculation. Hence, the questionnaire has good content validity. The Iranian version of the ADAM questionnaire has a sensitivity of 93.85% and a specificity of 77.14% at the cut-off point of 2.2, indicating high sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusions:
The Iranian version of the ADAM questionnaire is valid and reliable and has high sensitivity and specificity. Nurses can also use it as an adjunctive scale to screen andropause men over 50 years of age.
Contraste de experiencias de estudiantes universitarios en dos escenarios educativos: enseñanza en línea vs. enseñanza remota de emergencia
Authors: Niño Carrasco Shamaly Alhelí , Castellanos-Ramírez Juan Carlos , Patrón Espinosa Felipe 
Published: March 2021

El objetivo del trabajo fue explorar las experiencias de estudiantes universitarios entorno a la acción instruccional recibida en un escenario de enseñanza en línea, antes de la Covid-19, y en un escenario de enseñanza remota de emergencia, durante la pandemia. Para ello, se optó por realizar un estudio transversal-correlacional con muestreo no probabilístico de participantes voluntarios; la muestra estuvo conformada por 301 estudiantes matriculados en una universidad mexicana. Para contrastar las experiencias de un mismo grupo de estudiantes en los dos escenarios, se diseñó un cuestionario autoaplicado de escala tipo Likert compuesto de 24 ítems; el análisis de los datos se realizó mediante el cálculo de frecuencias porcentuales y, además, se aplicó la prueba t de Student para muestras relacionadas. Se constató que las medias fueron mayores para el escenario de enseñanza en línea en comparación con el escenario de enseñanza remota de emergencia, aunque solo se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entorno al diseño instruccional, la evaluación de los aprendizajes y la participación de los estudiantes en las asignaturas. Los resultados también ponen de manifiesto un par de limitaciones metodológicas y, a la vez, un conjunto de preguntas que abren líneas futuras de trabajo.
The objective of these work was to explore the experiences of university students about the instructional action in an online teaching setting, before Covid-19, and in emergency remote teaching setting, during the pandemic. For this, a cross sectional-correlational study with non-probabilistic sampling of voluntary participants was carried out; the sample consisted of 301 students enrolled in a Mexican university. To contrast the experiences of the same group of students in the two scenarios, a self-applied Likert-type questionnaire was designed, composed of 24 items; the data analysis was performed calculating percentage frequencies, and in addition Student's t test was applied for related samples. It was found that the means were higher for the online teaching scenario compared to the emergency remote teaching scenario, although statistically significant differences were only found regarding the instructional design, the evaluation of learning and the participation of students in the subjects. The results also reveal a couple of methodological limitations and, at the same time, a set of questions that open future lines of work.
Wearable Dosimeters for Medical and Defence Applications: A State of the Art Review
Authors: Dhanekar Saakshi , Rangra Kamaljit 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWearable dosimeters form an essential part of the personnel protection scheme in work spaces such as defence, nuclear establishments, and medical fields with radiation hazard. In the current scenario where use of high energy ionizing radiation sources (nuclear sources) is indispensable, the need of radiation detectors is mandatory for measuring the dose received by the person exposed in his work space and also measure the dose for patients where nuclear radiation is used for treatment. Wearable dosimeters need to have some special requirements apart from being accurate, precise, and robust. These need to be light in weight and should cause no harm to the human body while it is touching the body or apparels. This paper comprises an introduction to dosimeters, key characteristics, important techniques used for detection of neutrons and X‐rays and also mentions about a few potential companies involved in developing wearable dosimeters in these application areas. The techniques have been collated, described, compared and the need to detect neutrons and X‐rays has been expressed keeping in mind the demand from the defence and medical disciplines. This review also contains artificial intelligence and internet of things which form the basis of trending and upcoming wearable dosimeters.
The P‐graph approach for systematic synthesis of wastewater treatment networks
Authors: Yenkie Kirti M. , Pimentel Jean , Orosz Ákos , Cabezas Heriberto , Friedler Ferenc 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWastewater treatment consists of three or four sequential stages: preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Each stage can comprise multiple alternative technologies that can perform the same tasks with different efficiencies, operating times, and costs. Thus, we propose a systematic approach for designing wastewater treatment networks by utilizing principles of mathematical modeling and generating an exhaustive enumeration of all the possible technologies and their connections during the early stages of designing a treatment facility. Some of these structures are nonintuitive and include recycling, reprocessing, bypasses, and multiple technologies in parallel or series to remove the same contaminant. The nonintuitive structures with multiple technologies may provide a measure of resilience compared to typical heuristic designs. Thus, the combination of P‐graph methodology and the sequence of treatment technologies predicted via the optimization algorithm from the maximal structure is based on holistic considerations and does not lead to suboptimal solutions.
Using the Mechanical Bond to Tune the Performance of a Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter**
Authors: Rajamalli Pachaiyappan , Rizzi Federica , Li Wenbo , Jinks Michael A. , Gupta Abhishek Kumar , Laidlaw Beth A. , Samuel Ifor D. W. , Penfold Thomas J. , Goldup Stephen M. , Zysman‐Colman Eli 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe report the characterization of rotaxanes based on a carbazole‐benzophenone thermally activated delayed fluorescence luminophore. We find that the mechanical bond leads to an improvement in key photophysical properties of the emitter, notably an increase in photoluminescence quantum yield and a decrease in the energy difference between singlet and triplet states, as well as fine tuning of the emission wavelength, a feat that is difficult to achieve when using covalently bound substituents. Computational simulations, supported by X‐ray crystallography, suggest that this tuning of properties occurs due to weak interactions between the axle and the macrocycle that are enforced by the mechanical bond. This work highlights the benefits of using the mechanical bond to refine existing luminophores, providing a new avenue for emitter optimization that can ultimately increase the performance of these molecules.
Plasticizing effect of biodegradable dipropylene glycol bibenzoate and epoxidized linseed oil on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A based epoxy resin
Authors: Okoro Chinedu , Mohammed Zaheeruddin , Jeelani Shaik , Rangari Vijaya 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMajor limitation for use of epoxy thermosets in engineering applications is its sudden brittle failure. In the present study dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (DPGDB) based plasticizer is used to modify diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DEGEBA) based epoxy resin system via simple blending technique. Bio‐based epoxidized linseed oil was also used to modify epoxy resin system and compared with DPGDB modified resin. For DPGDB modified resin storage modulus and loss modulus of the epoxy system modified with 10% plasticizer increased by 7.54% and 12.24%, respectively. The primary mechanism responsible for such behavior is improved crosslinking density. With 5% plasticizer loading, flexural strength increased by 21%. There was an improvement of 312.74% in strain at failure for 10% plasticizer loading, while preserving its mechanical strength. It was found that DPGDB based modification was better than epoxidized linseed oil modification.
Controlling the Formation of Sodium/Black Phosphorus IntercalationCompounds Towards High Sodium Content
Authors: Werbach Katharina , Neiss Christian , Müllner Alexander , Abellán Gonzalo , Setman Daria , Lloret Vicent , Wild Stefan , Hauke Frank , Pichler Thomas , Hirsch Andreas , Peterlik Herwig 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe solid‐state synthesis of pure sodium‐black phosphorus intercalation compounds (Na‐BPICs) has been optimized in bulk for two stoichiometric ratios. Specifically, in‐situ X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) allowed the precise identification of the optimal temperature range for the formation of Na‐BPICs: 94 °C–96 °C. Moreover, as the undesired formation of Na3P takes place at this very same range, we succeeded in introducing a new synthetic route based on a fast‐thermal ball milling implementation that results in the bulk production of BPIC without Na3P in 9 out of 10 cases. Finally, by combining XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and DFT calculations we developed a new structural model for Na‐based BPICs showing an increase of BP's unit cell with Na atoms incorporated in every second layer. These results will pave the way for the large‐scale synthesis and application of pure BPICs, which are of great interest in fields such as optoelectronics or energy storage.
On the use of the term, “discriminative stimulus,” in behavior analytic practice
Authors: Axe Judah B. , McCarthy‐Pepin Melanie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe have seen behavior analysts use the term, “discriminative stimulus (SD)” incorrectly, often equating it with an instruction in discrete trial training (DTT). We posit this incorrect use is because (1) the definition of “SD” is complex and (2) because the term is defined and used incorrectly in DTT manuals. We provide correct definitions of “SD” from textbooks, incorrect definitions and uses in DTT manuals, and recommendations for use of the term and other antecedent variable terms in behavior analytic practice.
Dynamic response of Aspergillus niger to periodical glucose pulse stimuli in chemostat cultures
Authors: Liu Peng , Wang Shuai , Li Chao , Zhuang Yingping , Xia Jianye , Noorman Henk 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn industrial large‐scale bioreactors, microorganisms encounter heterogeneous substrate concentration conditions, which can impact growth or product formation. Here we carried out an extended (12 h) experiment of repeated glucose pulsing with a 10‐min period to simulate fluctuating glucose concentrations with Aspergillus niger producing glucoamylase, and investigated its dynamic response by rapid sampling and quantitative metabolomics. The 10‐min period represents worst‐case conditions, as in industrial bioreactors the average cycling duration is usually in the order of 1 min. We found that cell growth and the glucoamylase productivity were not significantly affected, despite striking metabolomic dynamics. Periodical dynamic responses were found across all central carbon metabolism pathways, with different time scales, and the frequently reported ATP paradox was confirmed for this A. niger strain under the dynamic conditions. A thermodynamics analysis revealed that several reactions of the central carbon metabolism remained in equilibrium even under periodical dynamic conditions. The dynamic response profiles of the intracellular metabolites did not change during the pulse exposure, showing no significant adaptation of the strain to the more than 60 perturbation cycles applied. The apparent high tolerance of the glucoamylase producing A. niger strain for extreme variations in the glucose availability presents valuable information for the design of robust industrial microbial hosts.
Partitioning metabolism between growth and product synthesis for coordinated production of wax esters in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1
Authors: Santala Suvi , Santala Ville , Liu Nian , Stephanopoulos Gregory 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMicrobial storage compounds, such as wax esters (WE), are potential high‐value lipids for the production of specialty chemicals and medicines. Their synthesis, however, is strictly regulated and competes with cell growth, which leads to trade‐offs between biomass and product formation. Here, we use metabolic engineering and synergistic substrate cofeeding to partition the metabolism of Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 into two distinct modules, each dedicated to cell growth and WE biosynthesis, respectively. We first blocked the glyoxylate shunt and upregulated the WE synthesis pathway to direct the acetate substrate exclusively for WE synthesis, then we controlled the supply of gluconate so it could be used exclusively for cell growth and maintenance. We show that the two modules are functionally independent from each other, allowing efficient lipid accumulation while maintaining active cell growth. Our strategy resulted in 7.2‐ and 4.2‐fold improvements in WE content and productivity, respectively, and the product titer was enhanced by 8.3‐fold over the wild type strain. Notably, during a 24‐h cultivation, a yield of 18% C‐WE/C‐total‐substrates was achieved, being the highest reported for WE biosynthesis. This study provides a simple, yet powerful, means of controlling cellular operations and overcoming some of the fundamental challenges in microbial storage lipid production.
The Kroof experiment: realization and efficacy of a recurrent drought experiment plus recovery in a beech/spruce forest
Authors: Grams Thorsten E. E. , Hesse Benjamin D. , Gebhardt Timo , Weikl Fabian , Rötzer Thomas , Kovacs Benedikt , Hikino Kyohsuke , Hafner Benjamin D. , Brunn Melanie , Bauerle Taryn , Häberle Karl‐Heinz , Pretzsch Hans , Pritsch Karin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractForest ecosystems play a central role in global water and carbon cycles, yet the impact of global climate change, in particular drought, on trees and forests is poorly understood. Therefore, there is an urgent need for forest‐scale experiments in improving our understanding of trees’ responses to extreme drought events and subsequent recovery under field conditions. Here, we present the design and efficacy of a novel throughfall exclusion experiment with retractable roofs in a mature forest allowing for flexible drought and recovery periods. A total of 12 plots (144 ± 26 m2 on average) with 3–7 European beech and Norway spruce trees each were established by root trenching to a depth of one meter, four years prior to the experiment. Subsequent installation of roofs (n = 6) allowed for the removal of throughfall precipitation and almost a complete non‐availability of soil water in the upper 70 cm during five subsequent growing seasons, that is, 2014–2018. This reduction in available soil water resulted in pre‐dawn leaf water potentials down to −1.8 MPa in mature trees. Stem diameter growth decreased by 30% in beech and 70% in spruce, and fine root abundance was reduced by 57% in beech and 73% in spruce compared with controls. After only one growing season, the mycorrhizal community composition changed in response to drought. Careful watering of hydrophobic forest soils in early summer of 2019 resulted in recovered pre‐dawn leaf water potentials of drought‐stressed trees within one week. Recovery of stem diameter growth, however, did not occur within the same growing season and remained reduced by 33% in beech and 69% in spruce compared with controls. The implemented throughfall exclusion system imposed recurrent seasonal drought events on a mature beech/spruce forest with high efficacy. Shifts in community composition of mycorrhizae in parallel to tree growth decline advocate for a more holistic view on forest‐scale drought and watering experiments, particularly in light of more frequently predicted drought events in future. The perennial nature of mature trees and their subsequent slow recovery from drought, that is, over multiple growing seasons, argues for more long‐term experiments that span several years.
Evaporation behavior of a thinning liquid film in a spin coating setup: Comparison between calculation and experiment
Authors: Danglad‐Flores José , Eickelmann Stephan , Riegler Hans 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe present and analyze comprehensive measurements of the evaporation behavior, E, of a thinning liquid film during a hydrodynamic‐evaporative spin coating experiment. E, (the rotation speed), and (the liquid viscosity) are the main control parameters of the process. The entire film thinning process can be described theoretically quite well if these parameters are known. Values of are easily accessible in advance (calculations, literature values, measurements). Values for E can essentially not be found in the literature. They are hard to measure and specific for the experimental conditions. There is also no generally accepted strategy to calculate E. Our experimental results are compared with a theoretical prediction for E based on ideas by Bornside, Macosco, and Scriven, which were presented long ago. Their approach was never tested experimentally. Theory and experiment agree well for many solvents and different . This approach permits in advance the quantitative calculation of the evolution of the entire hydrodynamic‐evaporative film thinning process. We also derive a general formula to predict ab initio, with literature data only, the amount of final deposit (film thickness) of solute in the case of spin coating mixtures of volatile solvents and nonvolatile solutes.
Examining the Accuracy of a Conversation‐Based Assessment in Interpreting English Learners' Written Responses
Authors: Lopez Alexis A. , Guzman‐Orth Danielle , Zapata‐Rivera Diego , Forsyth Carolyn M. , Luce Christine 
Published: March 2021

Substantial progress has been made toward applying technology enhanced conversation‐based assessments (CBAs) to measure the English‐language proficiency of English learners (ELs). CBAs are conversation‐based systems that use conversations among computer‐animated agents and a test taker. We expanded the design and capability of prior conversation‐based instructional and assessment systems and developed a CBA designed to measure the English language skills and the mathematics knowledge of middle school ELs. The prototype CBA simulates an authentic and engaging mathematics classroom where the test taker interacts with two virtual agents to solve math problems. We embedded feedback and supports that are triggered by how the CBA interprets students' written responses. In this study, we administered the CBA to middle school ELs (N = 82) residing in the United States. We examined the extent to which the CBA system was able to consistently interpret the students' responses (722 responses for the 82 students). The study findings helped us to understand the factors that affect the accuracy of the CBA system's interpretations and shed light on how to improve CBA systems that incorporate scaffolding.
Future trends in synthetic biology in Asia
Authors: Mao Ning , Aggarwal Nikhil , Poh Chueh Loo , Cho Byung Kwan , Kondo Akihiko , Liu Chenli , Yew Wen Shan , Chang Matthew Wook 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSynthetic biology research and technology translation has garnered increasing interest from the governments and private investors in Asia, where the technology has great potential in driving a sustainable bio‐based economy. This Perspective reviews the latest developments in the key enabling technologies of synthetic biology and its application in bio‐manufacturing, medicine, food and agriculture in Asia. Asia‐centric strengths in synthetic biology to grow the bio‐based economy, such as advances in genome editing and the presence of biofoundries combined with the availability of natural resources and vast markets, are also highlighted. The potential barriers to the sustainable development of the field, including inadequate infrastructure and policies, with suggestions to overcome these by building public‐private partnerships, more effective multi‐lateral collaborations and well‐developed governance framework, are presented. Finally, the roles of technology, education and regulation in mitigating potential biosecurity risks are examined. Through these discussions, stakeholders from different groups, including academia, industry and government, are expectantly better positioned to contribute towards the establishment of innovation and bio‐economy hubs in Asia.