bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visible Light Communication Design and Implementation
Authors: Al-Azzawi Waleed Khalid , Khalid Raaed , Al-Dulaimi Aymen Mohammed Khodayer 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
There have been many recent technological developments in wireless communication and exponential growth in demand such as lack of sufficient space, bandwidth restriction, and interference. Radio waves have been used to interact conventionally, and there is a growing obligation to look for new technology because of this challenge. Therefore, contact using light is a very motivating vision of wireless communication to solve most challenge. LiFi (Light Fidelity) is the modern contact approach. Visible Light Communication (VLC) simultaneously addresses enlightenment and communication problems. In this paper, a VLC concept was conceived and implemented.
The Role of Technology in Enhancing Place Attachment in Public Place
Authors: Rutha Nibras Mohammad Hadi , Abbas Sana Sati 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Place attachment fulfills people’s emotional, social and environmental needs as cultural beings. It creats distinctive places that reveal the locality of the place, the political and economic reality of the society and interactive places It enhances urban perceptual factors such as sounds and smells and visual pleasure. It adapts to the factors of time and the spirit of the times and keeping place with advanced technology. Finally, the legibility through Information (cues, messages, Signals) achive the interaction of public place, environment quality, safety and security. This research aims to find the role of technology in increasing the sense of place in public places, and how the dynamic of technology can lead to place attachment and. It presents technology as an interactive dimension in public place,. By developing a theoretical framework for the vocabulary of attachment to place (the formal, conceptual and symbolic components of place), the human experience, interaction and the relationship of technology (function, program and design) by strengthening the interactive process between place and technology at the level of urban space, and the approach of analyzing urban projects that achieved connection with place was adopted by attracting the local and global community to apply these vocabulary and enhance research through it and show that technology represents the interactive dimension in public places by achieving human needs and achieving a diverse urban environment through (form and function) by applying new and developed programs. This does not reduce the attachment to the place, but rather enhances the feeling of interaction and physical and spiritual attachment.
Review on the Interface Pressure Measurement for Below Knee Prosthetic Socket
Authors: Abbod Esraa A , Resan Kadhim K 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe prosthesis consists of several essential parts such as socket, shank, ankle, and foot. A socket is an important part of prosthetic limbs; it is an interface between the residual limb and prosthetic parts. Biomechanics of socket-residual limb interface, particularly the effect of pressure and force distribution, has on the amputee regarding comfort and function. The most demanding process is designing and fitting of the socket. This is because each patient’s residual limb is unique and complex. It is very significant to take into account the interface pressure of an amputee patient. The prosthetic socket dispenses the entire weight of the amputee’s torso while in the walking cycle. This is why it is vital to measure the quantity of these interface stresses to measure the amount of damage the socket imposes on the residual limb tissues. Different types of methods have been utilized to identify the locations of extreme stresses that might cause skin breakdown. A comparison of stress distributed in a number of socket designs was made to assess interface cushioning and suspension systems, among others.
Transient Analysis of Laminated composite Plate using New Higher-Order Shear Deformation Theory
Authors: Ali Ahmed H , Majeed Widad I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This work develops transient analysis using a new higher-order displacement function for simply supported cross-ply laminated plates. Muntari’s higher-order shear deformation method for elastic composite plates is used to investigate the composite laminated thick and thin plate’s transient response. The current theory accounts for an approximately parabolic distribution of the transverse shear strains on the plate boundary surface through the thickness and tangential stress-free boundary conditions. The governing equations and boundary conditions are derived by employing the principle of virtual work. These equations are solved using closed-form solutions of a Navier’s type, plates are subjected to a different distribution of transient loadings such as step pulse, triangular pulse, and sinusoidal pulse, and many design parameters are studied, as expected minimum deflection is obtained for thick, antisymmetric, and has high orthotropy ratio laminated plate. The results obtained theoretically are compared with those available in various literature and showed a high agreement.
Trajectory Circular and Zigzag paths for 3DOF Planar Robot by using Matlab
Authors: Habl Saadi Talib , Obeid Hatem Hadi , Jaleel Abdul-Kareem 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Denavit-Hardenberg (D-H) method is widely used to calculate the kinematic properties of various types of robots, where it is possible to obtain a complete description of the robot’s operation. Based on this method’s parameters, it is possible to provide the typical arrangement of all robotic joints. In this work, the kinematic properties such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration of a 3DOF Planar Robot are analyzed using MATLAB software. Two types of paths are traced in this paper, the straight path, and the zigzag path.
Some Properties of RCC Containing Silica Sand Powder Exposed to MgSo4Solution
Authors: Khan Zahraa Alaa M A Ali , Abbas Zena K 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRoller compacted concrete (RCC) is a special type of concrete with zero or even negative slump consistency. This work has been targeted to produce and investigate the durability of an RCC mix suitable for roads paving with better engineering properties. Different RCC mixes have been prepared using micro natural silica sand powder (SSP) as a partial substitution by weight of sulfate resistant Portland cement, i.e., [0% (M-R), 5% (M-SSP5), 10% (M-SSP10), and 20% (M-SSP20)]. Additionally, M-sand, crushed stone (NMSA of 19.0 mm), filler, and water were used. Materials have been proportioned according to ASTM D1557. Slabs prepared and cast in molds with dimensions of 38×38×10cm using a vibrating table and manually operated human-made rolling device. Sawing was made after 28 days of normal curing to obtain cubes of 10×10×10cm and prisms of 10×10×38cm used for different tests. Continuous full immersion in 5% MgSO4solution at a temperature of (23±2)°C for 60 and 120 days was implemented to investigate the durability of RCC specimens. The compressive strength(f’cu)of M-SSP5 increased by 7.35% and 7.14%, and the flexural strength(fr)increased by 32.1% and 33.67%, after 60 and 120 days of exposure, respectively, compared to the control mix.
Behaviour of RC Beams with Strengthened Web Openings under Vertical Loads
Authors: Hamad Sarah A , Shakir Qasim M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This study aims to investigate experimentally the behavior of self-compacting reinforced concrete beams with in-plane loaded openings strengthened with different techniques in the opening zone. The experimental program consists of testing five specimens with a rectangular opening at the midspan, one of the beams serves as a control beam (without strengthening), and four beams are strengthened at the opening zone with several methods including steel fibers, semi-rhombus crossed bars, jacketing with steel plates, and utilizing the composite section technique. The response has been discussed in terms of the first cracking load, ultimate load, maximum deflection, failure modes, loading history, crack patterns, toughness value, ductility index, and crack width to recognize the best strengthening proposal opening. Test results indicate that the technique of strengthening the WT-rolled steel recorded an increase in the ultimate load capacity, toughness, and ductility of about 21%, 91%, 44 %, respectively, relative to the control beam. However, the beam strengthened by steel fiber reinforced concrete around the opening yielded an increase in the cracking and the load-carrying capacity of about 33.3%, 10.95%, respectively. Concerning the specimen strengthened by the crossed steel bar making a semi-rhombus shape around the opening yields a slight enhancement in the loading capacity of about 8.5%. Furthermore, strengthening the opening with steel plates increases the beam’s load-carrying capacity by about 11.23% compared to the control beam.
Notch Effect on Aluminium Alloy Rod under Rotating Bend Fatigue Load
Authors: Al-Turaihi Ali , Bader Qasim Hasan , Basim Ameen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAluminum alloys have a wide range of applications, such as the aerospace and automotive industries. The effect of V-notch on fatigue life of cylindrical beam made of aluminum alloys under rotating bending fatigue load has been investigated experimentally and numerically. The experimental work involved the tensile strength, hardness, impact test, and fatigue life behavior at room temperature. The fatigue life test was conducted with a fully reversed cycle with a mean stress ratio (R= -1). The experimental data were compared with the numerical result, and a good agreement was found. The results show that the notch has reduced the fatigue life of aluminum alloy beams.
Experimental Investigation on CFRP-Confined Low Strength Concrete after High-Temperatures Exposure
Authors: Shlla Riffa D , Mohammad Khalaf I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The current research studies the effect of high temperatures on the behavior of low-strength concrete after wrapping it with one layer of polymer carbon fiber(CFRP) for strengthening. Eighty-four specimens were examined, 42 wrapped with fiber CFRP sheets and 42 un-wrapped, where the study was conducted on cylindrical specimens (150 × 300 mm) that were exposed to different temperatures ranging from (100 to 600°C) for 1 and 2 hours as a period of exposure to heat. The behavior of low strength concrete represented by compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, dynamic modulus of elasticity, and weight loss are the focus of the practical part of the study. The results revealed, the compressive strength of the wrapped specimens increased by (35%) and (49%) when exposed to temperature (200°C) and for a period of one and two hours, respectively, compared to the unwrapped specimens and at the same degree. Also, the external strengthening with CFRP sheets acted as a protective layer for the concrete, which led to an improvement in the behavior of the low strength concrete.
The Impact of using the Pneumatic Structures on the Sustainability of Iraqi Cities During Religious Events
Authors: Dhumad Ammar Kareem 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Pneumatic structures are recyclable structures characterized by adaptability and flexibility. They are an excellent solution for designing structures intended for quick or temporary gatherings. Pneumatic structures are used for sporting, entertainment, military and other events. It is also distinguished by its light weight, ease of installation and disassembly. Also, some cities in Iraq suffer from excessive randomness during religious occasions as a result of creating places of gathering and overnighting in irregular ways and using heavy construction materials that sometimes need digging. This affects the aesthetics of the city and damages the infrastructure. Therefore, the importance of the current research lies in the intent of improving the gathering environment, sustainability of cities, and their appearance during those occasions through the use of pneumatic structures. The study addresses the concept of pneumatic structures and the most important types used to create temporary gathering and accommodation places, in a consistent manner with the nature of the occasion and the environment of Iraqi cities during pilgrimages.
A Framework Questionnaire for Diagnosing Infectious Disease Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Thary Hayder Hussein , Zidan Khamis A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Infectious diseases weigh down the communities in the world and scientists to spend more effort via keeping tracking of evolving treatment and detecting methods. These diseases may lead to harm life of people. Early diagnosis could significantly support healthcare specialists to save more lives. Additionally, the pandemic leads to maximizing hospitals visits, medical clinics and healthcare centres. The international health organizations also have shown that there has been a rapid growth of infected cases. Therefore, correct diagnosis has become a pressing problem. Consequently, automated diagnosis becomes a sensible solution to the problem of these diagnosis challenges. This study was conducted to identify the most common infectious diseases in the Iraqi society using a well-designed questionnaire and a proposed automated diagnostic technique. Firstly, the top diseases questionnaire is distributed around the city of Baghdad to different medical clinics. The results from the preliminary analysis of the collected responses (115 responses) showed that the most common widespread diseases in the Iraqi community are diabetes, flu, and typhoid. This was followed by another questionnaire for the identification of symptoms and blood test variables for these diseases. It is worth pointing out that there are not sufficient and updated studies dealing with the diseases that attack the Iraqi community. Toward the automated diagnosis, both infectious diseases (flu and typhoid), identified symptoms are employed as feature space with one of the machine learning techniques. For the results evaluation different measures, such as accuracy, confusion matrix, and efficient verification via ROC, have been used to indicate the system performance. The result shows that typhoid disease has significant diagnosis accuracy of 98% compared to the others. While three machine learning systems named (Native Bayes, Linear discriminant, and Ensemble (subspace discriminant)) were used to diagnose flu disease. The resulting accuracy of all three models are 92% which shows good performing. Therefore, the proposed method shows precise accuracy and systematic manner for analyzing infectious diseases.
A Review Study for Measurement, Analysis and Evaluation Four Bar Polycentric Knee
Authors: Al-Maliky Firas Thair , Chiad Jumaa Salman 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
When a transfemoral amputee missing his knee joint, a polycentric mechanism is used as technical substitute to restore the gait function. The motion ability of transfemoral amputee is dependent on the performance of prosthetic knee. Recent results on the kinematic analysis of four-bar polycentric knee mechanism are reviewed in this article. Different experimental tests on data of above-knee prosthetic limb such as F-socket, gait analysis, ground reaction force, static loading, fatigue life and static prosthetic alignment, etc., were used to analyse the gait cycle and to improve the comfortability of amputee after using prosthetic limb, and to increase the stability of prosthetic knee after using. Finally, the optimization techniques included selection of the optimum dimension of polycentric knee is dependent on the data of ICR trajectory estimated from kinematic analysis of four-bar mechanism. These optimization techniques have significant effect on improving the mechanical properties of polycentric knee and reducing its cost.
Walsh Hadamard Code and Wavelength Division Multiplexing Designed and Implemented Using Array FBGs
Authors: Ibrahim Isam A , Mansour Tahreer S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Array fiber Bragg grating (AFBGs) was produced using an advanced fabrication technique to write many fibers Bragg gratings (FBGs) in a single strand of optical fiber without any splicing points. AFBG was used to assign a unique signature code for each user in a multiple access technique such as spectral amplitude encoding, optical code division, and multiple access (SAE-OCDMA). A number of bits have been assigned to the signature code including zero bits or one bits. Thus, by using FBG, the zeros bits can be achieved. Then, Walsh Hadamard (WH) code represents one of the smart encoding techniques that can be implemented by AFBGs. In addition, AFBG was applied to isolate the accompanying wavelength of the multiplexed signal. Likewise, AFBG was used to implement wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Therefore, SAE can be improved by using AFBG. As a result, the code words (1 0 1 0), (1 1 0 0) and (1 0 0 1) for users 1, 2 and 3, respectively, are assigned by using AFBGs. The proposed experimental results are presented using a super luminescent diode (SLD), coupler, AFBGs, optical circulator, and fiber Bragg grating analyzer (FBGA). The proposed simulation results are presented using commercial software OptiGrating version 4.2 and OptiSystemTM version 7.0 from Optiwave.
Spatial Pavement Condition for Specific Urban Roads in Karbala City
Authors: Hussein Ewadh A , Almuhanna Raid R A , Zuhair Zahraa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Roadway pavements are an important structural element in most countries. For preserving the status of pavements at a satisfactory level of service, attention should be paid to managing maintenance work and applying it in the appropriate time. The survey of the pavement distress and status, significantly helps improving the system of managing the pavement (PMS) capabilities. This research aims to conduct spatial analysis for pavement conditions at arterial streets. Two major roads were selected in the city of Karbala, AL-Mulhaq and Dhbat Al-Osra street. The data collection process was performed based on the type of distress, severity and quantity. Analyzing the collected data and evaluating the index of pavement conditions (PCI) was carried out by software PAVER version 6.5.7. Consequently, estimation of position intensity was conducted by ArcGIS software: a spatial analysis using Points Density Estimation (PDE) and Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW). PDE for applications of pavement status allows the distress density extractions and visualizations in elected location or road or network that grants the decision-maker an advanced view of the problem in the region. In this study, PDE is applied to create a map for possible distress hotspots depending on selected distress data. The outcome of this study indicates the appropriateness of the entitlement maintenance heat map for a specific road, which provides a clear denotation of the pavement layers damage on the heat map displayed in relation to the colors intensity. For example, a segment of high PCI score can include very degrading units of low PCI score owing to many faults. Thus, it could be inferred that the PCI segment at all units reflects the truth of pavement condition. The heat map established explains degradation situations for all units and supplies the last vision of pavement condition at the arterial positions surveyed.
Dynamic Analysis of Damaged Carbon Nanotubes Micro-Beam Structures
Authors: Uwayed Ahmed , Alden Arz Y Qwam 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this article, the intact and damaged multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) models were performed in micro-beam structures to detect the damaged parts. To that end, numerical analysis using ABAQUS software was implemented to achieve free vibration including the calculating of natural frequencies and normalized mode shapes. Vibration-based damage detection techniques were proposed to assess and localize the damaged parts. Within this study, the damage was presented in terms of reducing the local stiffness at 10%, 20%, and 30% Ec at each location. Then to accomplish the detection task, the irregularity of the higher derivative index was calculated. According to the computed results, the peak of the irregularity index precisely shows the effect of the defect, although it was unseen in the mode shape.
Investigation Wear Behaviour of Tin Bronze Alloy Prepared by Different Casting Techniques
Authors: kadhim Hawraa Abdulhussaien , Abed Iman Jabber 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The cement industry is one of the essential industries in Iraq that has taken a wide range of attention in many applied fields, but this industry faces some technical and engineering problems. One of these problems may cause consumption sliding bearing used in the kiln rotary of the Kufa cement plant. In this study, the effect of Antimony as an alloying element on the wear resistance behavior of tin bronze alloys produced by die and sand mold casting technique was investigated. The alloying element (Sb) was added with a percentage of 3, 5, and 8 wt. %. Wear tests were carried out using pin-on-disc. In the wear test, the applied load and rotating speed were selected to be 10, 20, 30 N, and 250 rpm, respectively. The prepared alloys have been characterized using the SEM and XRD techniques. It was concluded that the loss of CuSn12 alloy produced by the die mold casting technique was lower due to its higher hardness and wear resistance increased in general with increasing the applied load. The tin bronze + 8 wt% Sb has more wear resistance than tin bronze +5 wt% Sb, tin bronze +3 wt% Sb, and tin bronze alloys.
Effect of Wool Fiber on Structural and Mechanical Properties of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Copolymer
Authors: Alwaan I M , Sabah Fatima 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this work, a blend of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) filled with wool fiber (WF) was successfully prepared through compression molding using tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD) as a catalyst. The WF mixing to SBR with the proportion varying from 25 to 150 phr concerning the total weight of SBR. The effect of adding WF on the mechanical properties was examined. Also, the morphology and chemical structure properties were examined by used a scanning microscope (SEM) and Fourier infrared (FTIR), respectively. The results showed that the tensile strength and the elongation at the breaking stage are gradually reduced with the adding of WF. This may be due to WF are blended with the rubber randomly. The SEM images of WF/SBR blends showed some voids in the SBR matrix and weak adhesion between WF and SBR interface. The FTIR results revealed that the reaction of WF with the SBR matrix occurred to confirm the WF grafting SBR.