bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Question of the Energetic Performance of TKX‐50
Authors: Sinditskii Valery P. , Serushkin Valery V. , Kolesov Vasiliy I. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAn analysis of the experimental data available to date shows that the explosive TKX‐50 has really high explosive performance characteristics, although not as outstanding as claimed previously, due to the overestimation of the enthalpy of formation. The obtained experimental data on the dependence of the detonation velocity on the density of TKX‐50 samples agree with the results of calculations, in which the experimentally determined enthalpy of formation 194.1 kJ mol−1 is used. The energetic performance of TKX‐50 surpasses the parameters of nitramines RDX, HMX, and even CL‐20, determined at the same densities. However, the calculated detonation velocity of TKX‐50 at theoretical maximum density is 9287 m s−1, which is slightly lower than the detonation velocity of CL‐20 at maximum density. It is worth noting that the detonation velocity of the TKX‐50 at the experimentally attainable density (1.8 g cm−3) is 9037 m s−1. Calculations using the experimentally determined enthalpy of formation show that high‐energy composite propellant formulations containing TKX‐50 are inferior in a specific impulse to compositions based on CL‐20 and HMX.
Benign prostate hyperplasia as a potential protective factor against prostate cancer: Insights from a magnetic resonance imaging study of compositional characteristics
Authors: Nandalur Kiran R. , Colvin Robert , Walker David , Nandalur Sirisha R. , Seifman Brian , Gangwish David , Hafron Jason 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeThe structural relationship between benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (Pca) is controversial. The purpose of our study was to examine the association between quantitative prostate compositional metrics by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Pca.MethodsWe identified 405 patients who underwent prostate MRI and biopsy and/or prostatectomy from January 2019 to January 2021 at our institution. Segmentation volumetric methods were used to assess central gland (CG) and peripheral zone (PZ) volume. PZ mean thickness and mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), marker of underlying histologic components, were measured. Multivariable logistic regression was performed with outcomes of ≥Grade Group (GG) 2 Pca and for multifocal disease.ResultsOn multivariable analysis, higher CG volumes were at lower odds of ≥GG2 disease (n = 227) (OR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.96–0.98, p < 0.0001), taking into account PZ volume (p = 0.18) and thickness (p = 0.70). For every one cc increase in CG volume, there was an approximately 3% decrease in odds of ≥GG2 disease. Similar findings were noted for multifocal disease (n = 180) (OR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.96–0.98, p < 0.0001). Notably, ADC of the normal PZ was not significantly associated with CG volume (p = 0.21) nor a predictor of disease (p = 0.49).ConclusionsIncreasing central gland volume, driven by BPH, is associated with lower odds of significant Pca, including multifocal disease, while PZ anatomic and histologic surrogate changes were noncontributory. Findings support BPH impediment of global tumor growth predicted by theoretical mechanobiological model. This potential stabilizing factor should be further studied for risk stratification and in consideration for BPH therapy.
Mean and variance of an alternating geometric process: An application in warranty cost analysis
Authors: Arnold Richard , Chukova Stefanka , Hayakawa Yu , Marshall Sarah 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAn alternating geometric process can be used to model the operational and repair times of an ageing system. In applications such as warranty cost analysis, the mean of an alternating geometric process (i.e. the expected number of events by a given time) and the variance are of interest. In this paper, two new approaches are proposed for computing the mean and variance functions of two counting processes related to the alternating geometric process, namely the number of cycles up to time and the number of failures up to time . In warranty cost analysis, these approaches can be used to compute the expected number of claims and the expected cost over the warranty period. The usefulness of the proposed approaches in warranty cost analysis is demonstrated for a non‐renewing free‐repair warranty policy. The new approaches offer benefits over simulation in terms of computational time and accuracy.
Empirical likelihood ratio charts for profiles with attribute data and random predictors in the presence of within‐profile correlation
Authors: Song Lisha , He Shuguang , Zhou Panpan , Shang Yanfen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractProfile monitoring has been an increasingly popular statistical process control (SPC) problem recently. In many applications, quality characteristics of interest are attribute data, which can be adequately characterized by generalized linear models. Most existing control charts for monitoring such profiles in the literature assume that observations within each profile are independent, which is often violated in practice. This paper aims to provide a unified framework for Phase II monitoring of profiles with attribute data and random predictors in the presence of within‐profile correlation. To this end, a working correlation matrix is introduced to take the dependency into account. Then, a new control scheme is designed based on the empirical likelihood ratio test. The advantages of the proposed method are that both changes in the mean and the correlation can be detected, and the correlation structure is assumption‐free. Simulation studies show that the proposed method outperforms the existing schemes in nearly all cases, and it is more effective and robust. A real example of automobile warranty claims is demonstrated to illustrate the implementation of the proposed control chart.
A theoretical assessment of the structural and electronic features of some retrochalcones
Authors: Mittal Ankit , Kakkar Rita 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the present work, six retrochalcones, namely echinatin, licochalcone A, B, C, D and E, have been studied using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6‐311++G** level. A comparative analysis of the non‐linear optical properties has been performed with two prototype standard molecules, urea and para‐nitroaniline. The computed first pKa values of all the deprotonation sites lie in the range of 8.9‐10.0, which suggests the predominance of the neutral form of the considered retrochalcones at the physiological pH. Further, the second pKa values of the hydroxyl groups of the mono‐anionic forms lie in the range of 10.0‐11.6 and the third pKa values for deprotonation from the dianionic forms of licochalcone B and D are ~17. Moreover, the electronic spectra, frontier molecular orbitals analysis and molecular electrostatic potential maps have been analyzed for a better understanding of the electro‐optical properties of the compounds under study.
A mathematical comparison of non‐negative matrix factorization related methods with practical implications for the analysis of mass spectrometry imaging data
Authors: Nijs Melanie , Smets Tina , Waelkens Etienne , De Moor Bart 
Published: August 2021

RationaleNon‐negative matrix factorization (NMF) has been used extensively for the analysis of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) data, visualizing simultaneously the spatial and spectral distributions present in a slice of tissue. The statistical framework offers two related NMF methods: probabilistic latent semantic analysis (PLSA) and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), which is a generative model. This work offers a mathematical comparison between NMF, PLSA, and LDA, and includes a detailed evaluation of Kullback–Leibler NMF (KL‐NMF) for MSI for the first time. We will inspect the results for MSI data analysis as these different mathematical approaches impose different characteristics on the data and the resulting decomposition.MethodsThe four methods (NMF, KL‐NMF, PLSA, and LDA) are compared on seven different samples: three originated from mice pancreas and four from human‐lymph‐node tissues, all obtained using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS).ResultsWhere matrix factorization methods are often used for the analysis of MSI data, we find that each method has different implications on the exactness and interpretability of the results. We have discovered promising results using KL‐NMF, which has only rarely been used for MSI so far, improving both NMF and PLSA, and have shown that the hitherto stated equivalent KL‐NMF and PLSA algorithms do differ in the case of MSI data analysis. LDA, assumed to be the better method in the field of text mining, is shown to be outperformed by PLSA in the setting of MALDI‐MSI. Additionally, the molecular results of the human‐lymph‐node data have been thoroughly analyzed for better assessment of the methods under investigation.ConclusionsWe present an in‐depth comparison of multiple NMF‐related factorization methods for MSI. We aim to provide fellow researchers in the field of MSI a clear understanding of the mathematical implications using each of these analytical techniques, which might affect the exactness and interpretation of the results.
Evaluation of tillage effect on maize production using a modified least limiting water range approach
Authors: Liu Haitao , Zhou Hu , Lin Chaowen , Li Baoguo , Tian Jing , Yao Li 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe objective of this research was to identify the mechanism of how tillage methods affect maize (Zea mays L.) production using a modified least limiting water range (LLWR) method. The LLWR is the range of soil water content within which the water and O2 are sufficiently supplied, the root growth is not restricted by penetration resistance, the root is fully contacted with the soil, and the crop is steadily hold by the soil. A 5‐yr field experiment was conducted with five treatments: no tillage, rotary tillage, conventional plow, subsoiling, and soil compaction after rotary tillage. Soil bulk density, water content, and penetration resistance were monitored annually. The soil water retention curve and penetration resistance curve were measured to determine the LLWR. Excessive soil looseness was included in the determination of the LLWR. The maize yield would be high and stable when the tillage treatment was under an optimal bulk density range with the highest LLWR. At this experimental site, the maize yield was high and stable with the relative yield of 98.3–100% when the bulk density was within 1.43–1.51 g cm–3 and the LLWR reached 0.07 g g–1 in the tillage treatments. The yield fluctuated with the relative yield of 86.3–100% when the LLWR was less than 0.035 g g–1 and the bulk density was not in the optimal range. The optimal bulk density range with high LLWR was a useful parameter for the evaluation of tillage methods.
Modal linear regression models with multiplicative distortion measurement errors
Authors: Zhang Jun , Li Gaorong , Yang Yiping 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe consider modal linear regression models when neither the response variable nor the covariates can be directly observed, but are measured with multiplicative distortion measurement errors. Four calibration procedures are used to estimate parameters in the modal linear regression models, namely, conditional mean calibration, conditional absolute mean calibration, conditional variance calibration, and conditional absolute logarithmic calibration. The asymptotic properties for the estimators based on four calibration procedures are established. Monte Carlo simulation experiments are conducted to examine the performance of the proposed estimators. The proposed estimators are applied to analyze a forest fires dataset for an illustration.
School Teachers’ Perceptions of Similarities and Differences between Teaching English and a Non‐Language Subject
Authors: Haukås Åsta , Mercer Sarah , Svalberg Agneta M‐L 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTeaching a language subject in school is often referred to as being different and unique compared to teaching a non‐language subject. However, the few existing studies examining this claim have mainly investigated the viewpoints of teachers who only teach one language, thus failing to achieve a comparison based on teachers’ actual lived experiences of teaching two different subjects. The present study was designed to address this gap by exploring 11 upper secondary school teachers’ perceptions of similarities and differences between teaching English and a non‐language subject. Austria and Norway were chosen as contexts for the study since both countries qualify state secondary school teachers to teach a minimum of two subjects simultaneously as part of their regular teaching load. The analysis of the semi‐structured interviews revealed that the teaching of various subjects shares some similarities but is highly influenced by contextual factors. The most striking finding was the perceived different status of subjects across contexts and the consequences of this for teachers and learners. The findings underline the importance of contextualizing data and understanding the ecology in which teaching and learning of any subject or any language takes place.
Einleitung – Forschungsstand – Fragestellungen
Authors: Popp Roland 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung„We may face no greater challenge from a single country than from Iran.“ Dieser Satz findet sich in der offiziellen Verlautbarung der allgemeinen US-amerikanischen Sicherheitsstrategie vom März 2006. Damals in erster Linie bezogen auf das Feld der nuklearen Proliferation, scheint diese fast schon axiomatische Feststellung angesichts der Entwicklungen seit der Irak-Invasion von 2003 dennoch akkurat den allgemeinen Charakter der Beziehungen zwischen beiden Ländern aus amerikanischer Sicht zu beschreiben.
Globalismus und Intervention: Der Aufstieg der USA zur Vormacht in Iran, 1941-1953
Authors: Popp Roland 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungDie frühen Kontakte zwischen Iran und den Vereinigten Staaten spiegelten die geografische Distanz zwischen beiden Staaten und Gesellschaften wider. Das bilaterale Verhältnis nach der vergleichsweise früh erfolgten formalen Aufnahme diplomatischer Beziehungen im Jahr 1856 entwickelte sich schleppend und beschränkte sich – analog zu der zu dieser Zeit für die USA charakteristischen weltpolitischen Rolle – in den darauffolgenden Jahrzehnten auf bescheidene wirtschaftliche Kontakte, Aktivitäten einiger weniger amerikanischer Missionare und der von ihnen errichteten Missionsschulen und archäologische Expeditionen. Der seit 1796 regierenden Ġāğāren-Dynastie gelang es derweil nicht, die Einmischung fremder Mächte – auch auf iranischem Territorium wurde das „Great Game“ zwischen Großbritannien und dem Zarenreich um die Vorherrschaft in Südwest-, Süd und Zentralasien ausgetragen – in innere Angelegenheiten Irans zu verhindern.
Intervention und Transformation: Die Hochphase des Reformismus in der Iranpolitik der Kennedy-Administration, 1961-1962
Authors: Popp Roland 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Wahlsieg des demokratischen Präsidentschaftskandidaten John F. Kennedy über den bisherigen Vizepräsidenten Richard Nixon schien eine Zeitenwende in der Außenpolitik der USA im Allgemeinen und insbesondere in der Politik gegenüber den Staaten der im Entstehen befindlichen sogenannten Dritten Welt anzukündigen. Der junge Präsident gemeinsam mit der ihn umgebenden Gruppe dynamisch-aktivistischer Berater symbolisierte die Abkehr von der als uninspiriert und vorwiegend reaktiv empfundenen Außenpolitik Eisenhowers und insbesondere von deren lange Zeit gleichgültigen bis feindseligen Einstellung gegenüber den immer stärker in den Vordergrund drängenden nationalistischen Bewegungen an der Peripherie. Tatsächlich hatte sich Kennedy bereits als junger Senator mit seiner Kritik an der amerikanischen Unterstützung der französischen Kolonialherrschaft in Algerien einen Namen gemacht.
Souveränität und Reform: Vom Klientelstaat zum gleichrangigen Bündnispartner, 1963-1966
Authors: Popp Roland 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungIm Anschluss an die Niederschlagung der Juni-Unruhen bereitete die Regierung die bereits seit Längerem angekündigten Maǧles-Wahlen nun endlich für den September 1963 vor. In seiner Euphorie über das gelungene Referendum vom Januar 1963 hatte der Schah gegenüber Botschafter Holmes – trotz der negativen Erfahrungen aus dem Jahr 1960 – sogar zeitweise wieder von der Möglichkeit „freier Wahlen“ gesprochen. Zugleich fügte er an, man könne einen missliebigen Maǧles nötigenfalls auch schnell wieder auflösen.
The planar limit of $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 chiral correlators
Authors: Fiol Bartomeu , Fukelman Alan Rios 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We derive the planar limit of 2- and 3-point functions of single-trace chiral primary operators of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 SQCD on S4, to all orders in the ’t Hooft coupling. In order to do so, we first obtain a combinatorial expression for the planar free energy of a hermitian matrix model with an infinite number of arbitrary single and double trace terms in the potential; this solution might have applications in many other contexts. We then use these results to evaluate the analogous planar correlation functions on ℝ4. Specifically, we compute all the terms with a single value of the ζ function for a few planar 2- and 3-point functions, and conjecture general formulas for these terms for all 2- and 3-point functions on ℝ4.
Explicit soft supersymmetry breaking in the heterotic M-theory B − L MSSM
Authors: Ashmore Anthony , Dumitru Sebastian , Ovrut Burt A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The strongly coupled heterotic M-theory vacuum for both the observable and hidden sectors of the B − L MSSM theory is reviewed, including a discussion of the “bundle” constraints that both the observable sector SU(4) vector bundle and the hidden sector bundle induced from a single line bundle must satisfy. Gaugino condensation is then introduced within this context, and the hidden sector bundles that exhibit gaugino condensation are presented. The condensation scale is computed, singling out one line bundle whose associated condensation scale is low enough to be compatible with the energy scales available at the LHC. The corresponding region of Kähler moduli space where all bundle constraints are satisfied is presented. The generic form of the moduli dependent F-terms due to a gaugino superpotential — which spontaneously break N = 1 supersymmetry in this sector — is presented and then given explicitly for the unique line bundle associated with the low condensation scale. The moduli-dependent coefficients for each of the gaugino and scalar field soft supersymmetry breaking terms are computed leading to a low-energy effective Lagrangian for the observable sector matter fields. We then show that at a large number of points in Kähler moduli space that satisfy all “bundle” constraints, these coefficients are initial conditions for the renormalization group equations which, at low energy, lead to completely realistic physics satisfying all phenomenological constraints. Finally, we show that a substantial number of these initial points also satisfy a final constraint arising from the quadratic Higgs-Higgs conjugate soft supersymmetry breaking term.
Künstliche Intelligenz in der Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde
Authors: Haider Stefan P. , Sharaf Kariem , Baumeister Philipp , Reichel Christoph A. 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die fortschreitende Digitalisierung ermöglicht zunehmend den Einsatz von künstlicher Intelligenz (KI). Sie wird Gesellschaft und Medizin in den nächsten Jahren maßgeblich beeinflussen.

Ziel der Arbeit
Darstellung des gegenwärtigen Einsatzspektrums von KI in der Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde und Skizzierung zukünftiger Entwicklungen bei der Anwendung dieser Technologie.

Material und Methoden
Es erfolgte die Auswertung und Diskussion wissenschaftlicher Studien und Expertenanalysen.

Ergebnisse
Durch die Verwendung von KI kann der Nutzen herkömmlicher diagnostischer Werkzeuge in der Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde gesteigert werden. Zudem kann der Einsatz dieser Technologie die chirurgische Präzision in der Kopf-Hals-Chirurgie weiter erhöhen.

Schlussfolgerungen
KI besitzt ein großes Potenzial zur weiteren Verbesserung diagnostischer und therapeutischer Verfahren in der Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde. Allerdings ist die Anwendung dieser Technologie auch mit Herausforderungen verbunden, beispielsweise im Bereich des Datenschutzes.
Assessment of direct analysis in real time accurate mass spectrometry for the determination of triclosan in complex matrices
Authors: Cobo-Golpe M. , García-Martín J. , Ramil M. , Cela R. , Rodríguez I. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this work, the applicability of direct analysis in real time coupled to accurate mass spectrometry (DART-MS) to the quantitative determination of triclosan (TCS) in samples with increasing complexity, from personal care products to extracts from sewage, is investigated. In the first term, DART-MS spectra of TCS as free phenol and as derivatized species are characterized; thereafter, the effects of several instrumental variables in the detectability of TCS (i.e., temperature, solvent, and compound holder) are discussed. Under final selected conditions, TCS was determined from its [M-H]− ions, without need of derivatization, attaining an instrumental limit of quantification of 5 ng mL−1, with a linear response range up to 1000 ng mL−1. Complex matrices, such as solid-phase extracts obtained from environmental water samples, moderately inhibited the ionization efficiency of TCS, with signal attenuation percentages in the range of 6 to 57%, depending on the sample type and on the concentration factor provided by the SPE procedure. The accuracy of results obtained by DART-MS was evaluated using liquid chromatography (LC) with MS detection; in both cases, a time-of-flight (TOF) MS instrument was employed for the selective determination of the [M−H]− ions of TCS (m/z values 286.9439 and 288.9410) using a mass window of 20 ppm. DART-MS did not only provide enough sensitivity to detect the presence of TCS in environmental samples (raw and treated wastewater as well as freeze-dried sludge), but also measured concentrations matched those determined by LC-ESI-TOF-MS, with only slightly higher standard deviations. During analysis of personal care products, containing much higher concentrations of TCS in a less complex matrix, both techniques were equivalent in terms of accuracy and precision.
HS-stability and complex products in involution semigroups
Authors: Bodor Bertalan , Lehtonen Erkko , Quinn-Gregson Thomas , Verhulst Nikolaas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWhen does the complex product of a given number of subsets of a group generate the same subgroup as their union? We answer this question in a more general form by introducing HS-stability and characterising the HS-stable involution subsemigroup generated by a subset of a given involution semigroup. We study HS-stability for the special cases of regular$${}^{*}$$∗-semigroups and commutative involution semigroups.
The word problem for one-relation monoids: a survey
Authors: Nyberg-Brodda Carl-Fredrik 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis survey is intended to provide an overview of one of the oldest and most celebrated open problems in combinatorial algebra: the word problem for one-relation monoids. We provide a history of the problem starting in 1914, and give a detailed overview of the proofs of central results, especially those due to Adian and his student Oganesian. After showing how to reduce the problem to the left cancellative case, the second half of the survey focuses on various methods for solving partial cases in this family. We finish with some modern and very recent results pertaining to this problem, including a link to the Collatz conjecture. Along the way, we emphasise and address a number of incorrect and inaccurate statements that have appeared in the literature over the years. We also fill a gap in the proof of a theorem linking special inverse monoids to one-relation monoids, and slightly strengthen the statement of this theorem.