bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DBS targeting for essential tremor using intersectional dentato-rubro-thalamic tractography and direct proton density visualization of the VIM: technical note on 2 cases
Authors: Morrison Melanie A. , Lee Anthony T. , Martin Alastair J. , Dietiker Cameron , Brown Ethan G. , Wang Doris D. 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVE
Direct visualization of the ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) of the thalamus on standard MRI sequences remains elusive. Therefore, deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery for essential tremor (ET) indirectly targets the VIM using atlas-derived consensus coordinates and requires awake intraoperative testing to confirm clinical benefits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of proton density (PD)–weighted MRI and tractography of the intersecting dentato-rubro-thalamic tract (DRTT) for direct “intersectional” targeting of the VIM in ET.

METHODS
DBS targets were selected by identifying the VIM on PD-weighted images relative to the DRTT in 2 patients with ET. Tremor reduction was confirmed with intraoperative clinical testing. Intended target coordinates based on the direct intersectional targeting technique were compared with consensus coordinates obtained with indirect targeting. Pre- and postoperative tremor scores were assessed using the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin tremor rating scale (TRS).

RESULTS
Planned DBS coordinates based on direct versus indirect targeting of the VIM differed in both the anteroposterior (range 0 to 2.3) and lateral (range −0.7 to 1) directions. For 1 patient, indirect targeting—without PD-weighted visualization of the VIM and DRTT—would have likely resulted in suboptimal electrode placement within the VIM. At the 3-month follow-up, both patients demonstrated significant improvement in tremor symptoms subjectively and according to the TRS (case 1: 68%, case 2: 72%).

CONCLUSIONS
Direct intersectional targeting of the VIM using PD-weighted imaging and DRTT tractography is a feasible method for DBS placement in patients with ET. These advanced targeting techniques can supplement awake intraoperative testing or be used independently in asleep cases to improve surgical efficiency and confidence.
Microendoscopic decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis caused by facet-joint cysts: a novel technique with a cyst-dyeing protocol and cohort comparison study
Authors: Murata Shizumasa , Minamide Akihito , Takami Masanari , Iwasaki Hiroshi , Okada Sae , Nonaka Kento , Taneichi Hiroshi , Schoenfeld Andrew J. , Simpson Andrew K. , Yamada Hiroshi 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVE
Facet cysts may represent a sign of intrinsic facet disease and instability, increasing the importance of less-invasive approaches that limit tissue dissection and improve visualization. The authors developed an intraoperative cyst-dyeing technique, involving the injection of indigo carmine from the facet joint into the cyst, as an adjunct during decompression. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes and perioperative complication rates of microendoscopic spinal decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) and lumbar foraminal stenosis (LFS), caused by facet cysts and to elucidate the efficacy of the cyst-dyeing method in microendoscopic surgery for facet cysts.

METHODS
Forty-eight consecutive patients who underwent surgical treatment with microendoscopic decompression for symptomatic LSS or LFS caused by facet cysts from 2011 to 2018 were reviewed. These patients were divided into two groups: a group that did not receive dye (N), with the patients undergoing surgery from April 2011 to May 2015; and a group that received dye (D), with patients undergoing surgery from June 2015 to March 2018. The authors evaluated the operative time, blood loss, perioperative complications, visual analog scale scores for low-back and leg pain, and Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores. Surgical outcome was evaluated 2 years postoperatively and was compared between groups D and N.

RESULTS
The clinical outcomes were generally excellent or good. Group N consisted of 36 patients and group D of 12 patients. Comparing the clinical results, it was found that the cyst-dyeing method reduced the perioperative complication rate, including reduction in dural tears to 0%, and shortened the average operative time by approximately 40 minutes.

CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the authors demonstrated that the clinical outcomes of microendoscopic spinal decompression in patients with LSS or LFS caused by facet-joint cysts are generally favorable. Additionally, the adjunctive cyst-dyeing method effectively delineated the cystic and dural boundaries, facilitating safer and more effective cyst separation and neural decompression. Microendoscopic surgery combined with this novel facet cyst-dyeing method is a safe and effective minimally invasive technique for facet-joint cysts.
The Doctrine of Intelligent Doing in the Letters of Saint Theophan the Recluse to the Monastics
Authors: Капалин Климент 
Published: January 2021

Цель данной статьи - выявить особенности представлений о внутренней молитве свт. Феофана Затворника, известного в Церкви аскета и учителя молитвы. для этого изучаются его письма, поскольку епископ, уйдя в затвор, не только занимался богомыслием и изучением святых отцов древней Церкви, но также вел активную переписку с разными людьми: и мирянами, и монашествующими. в переписке он поднимает разные темы, но особое внимание уделяет молитве. в настоящей статье дается анализ наставлений о молитве, содержащихся в письмах к восьми адресатам. все эти лица проходили подвиг православной исихии и к святителю Феофану обращались с вопросами об умном делании. епископ не излагает целостного понимания молитвы, а в каждом письме, отвечая на вопросы, раскрывает её отдельные стороны. некоторые из изученных в статье писем уже были опубликованы в разных изданиях, а некоторые ещё не были изданы и хранятся в архиве Свято-Пантелеимонова монастыря на Афоне. результатом исследования стал вывод: учение святителя Феофана о внутренней молитве, основанное на личном прохождении подвига исихии, не привносит ничего принципиально нового в учение древних аскетов, но актуализирует святоотеческую мудрость для современников.
The purpose of this article is to identify the features of the ideas of the inner prayer of the SVT. Theophanes the Recluse, a well-known ascetic and teacher of prayer in the Church. For this purpose, his letters are studied, since the Bishop, having gone into retirement, was not only engaged in divine thought and the study of the Holy fathers of the Ancient Church, but also conducted an active correspondence with various people: both laymen and monastics. In correspondence, he raises various topics, but pays special attention to prayer. This article provides an analysis of the teachings about prayer, contained in letters to eight recipients. All these persons were undergoing the feat of Orthodox hesychia, and they turned to Saint Theophanes with questions about intelligent work. The Bishop does not present a complete understanding of the prayer, but in each letter, answering questions, reveals its separate sides. Some of the letters studied in the article have already been published in various publications, and some have not yet been published and are stored in the archive of St. Panteleimon’s monastery on mount Athos. The result of the research was the conclusion: the teaching of Saint Theophanes on inner prayer, based on the personal passage of the feat of hesychia, does not bring anything fundamentally new to the teaching of ancient ascetics, but actualizes patristic wisdom for contemporaries.
M. M. Bakhtin’s Hermeneutic Theory
Authors: Барицкий Димитрий 
Published: January 2021

Основная цель, которую ставит перед собор автор статьи, - привлечь внимание к герменевтической теории м. м. Бахтина и указать на её актуальность в рамках такого направления филологического анализа текста, как религиозное литературоведение. в статье в систематическом виде изложены основные положения герменевтической теории учёного. в начале рассматривается общая теория познания м. м. Бахтина, важное место в которой занимают понятия «монологизм» и «диалогизм». После особое внимание направляется на его концепцию структуры содержательной стороны произведения, и здесь изучаются понятия «знак», «значение» и «смысл». отдельно выделяются критерии, которые, по мнению м. м. Бахтина, сообщают смыслу текста стабильную форму, а также приводится критика учёным литературоведческого структурализма. Помимо этого, автор обращает внимание на ту методологию интерпретации произведения, которая складываются на основе предложенной теории текста. в заключение даётся оценка тому эвристическому потенциалу, которым может обладать герменевтическая теория м. м. Бахтина в контексте анализа произведений мировой классической литературы.
The main goal of the author of the article is to draw attention to M. M. Bakhtin’s hermeneutic theory and to point out its relevance in the framework of such a direction of philological analysis of the text as «religious literary criticism». The article presents the main terms of the hermeneutical theory of the scientist in a systematic way. In the beginning, we consider the general theory of knowledge of M. M. Bakhtin, an important place in the framework of which is occupied by such concepts as «monologism» and «dialogism». After that, special attention is paid to the scientist’s concept of the structure of the content side of the work, in which such concepts as «sign», «signification» and «meaning» play an important role. The criteria that, according to M. M. Bakhtin, give the meaning of the text a stable form are singled out separately, and academic criticism of literary structuralism is also given. In addition, the author pays attention to the methodology of interpretation of the work, which is formed on the basis of the proposed theory of the text. In conclusion, we assess the heuristic potential that M. M. Bakhtin’s hermeneutical theory can have in the context of analyzing works of world classical literature.
St. Hilary of Poitiers Against Arians, or Against Auxentius
Authors: Ткачёв Евгений Викторович 
Published: January 2021

Вниманию русскоязычного читателя представляется перевод небольшого полемического трактата свт. Илария Пиктавийского «Против Авксентия». Данный трактат является важным источником по истории арианских споров на Западе. В предисловии к переводу описывается контекст написания трактата, его структура и богословская аргументация свт. Илария в полемике с одним из видных влиятельных представителей арианской партии Авксентием, архиепископом Медиоланским.
The Russian-speaking reader is presented with a translation of a small polemical tract of St. Hilary of Poitiers “Against Auxentius”. This treatise is an important source on the history of Arian disputes in the West. In the preface to the translation the Author describes the context of in which the treatise was written, the structure of this essay and theological argument of St. Hilary in his polemics with one of the prominent and influential representatives of the Arian party, Auxentius, Archbishop of Milan.
St. Basil of Caesarea (spuria) Homily «On Virginity» (CPG 2081)
Authors: Науменко Андрей Леонидович 
Published: January 2021

Вниманию русскоязычного читателя предлагается перевод гомилии «О девстве» (CPG 2081), приписываемой свт. Василию Великому. Гомилия описывает нормы жизни и условия подвижничества христиан Малой Азии в первой половине IV в. Она является важным источником сведений о малоазийской аскетической традиции, характерной не для общежительных монастырей, а для состоятельных христианских семей. Гомилия представляет собой послание главе семейства как руководителю «семейного монастыря». В произведении подробно описываются необходимое поведение и действия родителей для воспитания детей в девстве и чистоте. Стиль гомилии, а также догматические термины, используемые в ней, исключают авторство свт. Василия Великого.
The Russian-speaking reader is offered a translation of the «Homily on virginity» (CPG 2081), attributed to St. Basil the Great. The homily describes the norms of life and asceticism of Christians of Asia Minor in the first half of the fourth century. It is an important source of information about the Asia Minor ascetic tradition, which is characteristic not of community-based monasteries, but for wealthy Christian families. Homily is an epistle to the head of the family as the head of the «family monastery». The work describes in detail the necessary behavior and actions of parents for the education of children in virginity and purity. The style of homily, as well as the dogmatic terms used in it, exclude the authorship of St. Basil the Great.
PENGARUH PROFITABILITAS, LEVERAGE, UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, PERTUMBUHAN PERUSAHAAN DAN STRUKTUR KEPEMILIKAN TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN
Authors: Gunawan Alvina , HARJANTO KARINA 
Published: January 2021

The objective of this research is to obtain empirical evidence about the effect of profitability, leverage, company’s size, company’s growth and structure ownership towards dividend policy. The sample in this research is selected by using purposive sampling method. Data used in this research are secondary data. Data used in this research is analyzed by using multiple regression method. There are 10 manufacture firms selected as sample which simultaneously for the year 2013-2016 have been registered as manufacture sector in BEI. The results of this research show that (1) profitability has significant effect to dividend policy, (2) leverage doesn’t have significant effect to dividend policy, (3) company’s size has significant effect to dividend policy, (4) company’s growth doesn’t have significant effect to dividend policy, (5) structure ownership doesn’t have significant effect to dividend policy.
Hubungan Pengetahuan Anak Dengan karies Gigi Anak Kelas VA SDI Raden Paku Surabaya Tahun 2020
Authors: Tameon Josinta Elsiana Maryanti 
Published: January 2021

Abstrak: Penyakit gigi dan mulut yang sering dijumpai di Indonesia adalah karies gigi dan jumlahnya cukup tinggi. Usia sekolah Dasar (SD) merupakan salah satu kelompok usia anak yang rentan terhadap karies gigi. Pengetahuan anak tentang karies gigi sangat penting sehingga dapat meningkatkan derajat kesehatan gigi dan mulut dari karies gigi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan pengetahuan anak dengan karies gigi anak dan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner pengetahuan dan lembar observasi karies gigi anak serta teknik analisis data menggunakan uji chi square. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional. Sampel penelitian ini adalah anak SD kelas VA SDI Raden Paku Surabaya yang berjumlah 52 anak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan anak tentang karies gigi dan mulut sebagian besar pada kategori baik yaitu dapat menjawab 15 – 22 pertanyaan sebanyak 35 anak (67,2%), angka karies gigi terbanyak terdapat pada kriteria >1 termasuk dalam kategori buruk dengan karies gigi sebanyak 39 anak (75%), sehingga disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara pengetahuan anak dengan karies gigi anak yang dibuktikan dengan nilai signifikasi (0,942 sig > 0,05). Kesimpulannya pengetahuan anak tentang karies gigi yang baik tidak mempengaruhi karies gigi anak.
Kata Kunci: Karies gigi; Pengetahuan; Anak sekolah
Fine Particulate Matter and Markers of Alzheimer’s Disease Neuropathology at Autopsy in a Community-Based Cohort
Authors: Shaffer Rachel M. , Li Ge , Adar Sara D. , Dirk Keene C. , Latimer Caitlin S. , Crane Paul K. , Larson Eric B. , Kaufman Joel D. , Carone Marco , Sheppard Lianne 
Published: January 2021

Background: Evidence links fine particulate matter (PM2.5) to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but no community-based prospective cohort studies in older adults have evaluated the association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and markers of AD neuropathology at autopsy. Objective: Using a well-established autopsy cohort and new spatiotemporal predictions of air pollution, we evaluated associations of 10-year PM2.5 exposure prior to death with Braak stage, Consortium to Establish a Registry for AD (CERAD) score, and combined AD neuropathologic change (ABC score). Methods: We used autopsy specimens (N = 832) from the Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) study, with enrollment ongoing since 1994. We assigned long-term exposure at residential address based on two-week average concentrations from a newly developed spatiotemporal model. To account for potential selection bias, we conducted inverse probability weighting. Adjusting for covariates with tiered models, we performed ordinal regression for Braak and CERAD and logistic regression for dichotomized ABC score. Results: 10-year average (SD) PM2.5 from death across the autopsy cohort was 8.2 (1.9) μg/m3. Average age (SD) at death was 89 (7) years. Each 1μg/m3 increase in 10-year average PM2.5 prior to death was associated with a suggestive increase in the odds of worse neuropathology as indicated by CERAD score (OR: 1.35 (0.90, 1.90)) but a suggestive decreased odds of neuropathology as defined by the ABC score (OR: 0.79 (0.49, 1.19)). There was no association with Braak stage (OR: 0.99 (0.64, 1.47)). Conclusion: We report inconclusive associations between PM2.5 and AD neuropathology at autopsy among a cohort where 94% of individuals experienced 10-year exposures below the current EPA standard. Prior studies of AD risk factors and AD neuropathology are similarly inconclusive, suggesting alternative mechanistic pathways for disease or residual confounding.
Periodontitis Deteriorates Cognitive Function and Impairs Neurons and Glia in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Qian Xueshen , Zhang Shuang , Duan Lian , Yang Fengchun , Zhang Kun , Yan Fuhua , Ge Song 
Published: January 2021

Background: Although periodontitis is reportedly associated with increased cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease, the mechanisms underlying this process remain unknown. Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (P.g-LPS) is an endotoxin associated with periodontal disease. Objective: We investigated the effect of periodontitis on learning capacity and memory of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP)/presenilin (PS1) transgenic mice along with the mechanisms underlying these effects. Methods: Mice were randomly assigned to three groups, namely AβPP/PS1 (control), P.g-LPS Injection, and P.g-LPS Injection + Ligation. Mice from the P.g-LPS Injection group were injected with P.g-LPS in the periodontal tissue three times per week for 8 weeks, while mice from the P.g-LPS Injection + Ligation group were injected with P.g-LPS and subjected to ligation of the gingival sulcus of the maxillary second molar. Results: Expression of gingival proinflammatory cytokines as well as alveolar bone resorption in P.g-LPS-injected and ligatured mice was increased compared to that in control mice. Mice in the P.g-LPS Injection + Ligation group exhibited cognitive impairment and a significant reduction in the number of neurons. Glial cell activation in the experimental groups with significantly increased amyloid-β (Aβ) levels was more pronounced relative to the control group. Induction of periodontitis was concurrent with an increase in cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, AβPP, and beta-secretase 1 expression and a decrease in A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 expression. Conclusion: These findings indicated that periodontitis exacerbated learning and memory impairment in AβPP/PS1 mice and augmented Aβ and neuroinflammatory responses. Our study provides a theoretical basis for risk prediction and early intervention of Alzheimer’s disease and periodontitis.
Disorientation in Time and Place in Old Age: Longitudinal Evidence from Three Old Age Cohorts in Germany (AgeDifferent.de Platform)
Authors: Rodriguez Francisca S. , Pabst Alexander , Heser Kathrin , Kleineidam Luca , Hajek Andre , Eisele Marion , Röhr Susanne , Löbner Margrit , Wiese Birgitt , Angermeyer Matthias C. , Maier Wolfgang , Scherer Martin , Wagner Michael , König Hans-Helmut , Riedel-Heller Steffi G. 
Published: January 2021

Background: Only little evidence is available on disorientation, one of the most challenging symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of disorientation in older age in association with the level of cognitive status, personal characteristics, and life events. Methods: Three longitudinal population-based cohort studies on cognitive health of elderly adults were harmonized (LEILA 75 + , AgeCoDe/AgeQualiDe, AgeMooDe). Participants who completed a baseline and at least one follow-up assessment of cognitive functioning and who did not have stroke, Parkinson’s disease, atherosclerosis, kidney disease, and/or alcoholism were included in the analysis ( n = 2135, 72.6% female, mean age 80.2 years). Data was collected in standardized interviews and questionnaires with the participant, a proxy informant, and the participant’s general practitioner. Results: Making three errors in the MMSE other than in the questions on orientation (MMSEwo) came with a probability of 7.8% for disorientation, making ten errors with a probability of 88.9%. A lower MMSEwo score (HR 0.75, CI 95 0.71–0.79, p < 0.001), older age (HR 1.11, CI 95 1.08–1.14, p < 0.001), and living in a nursing home (HR 1.64, CI 95 1.02–2.64, p = 0.042) were associated with incident disorientation. Impairments in walking (OR 2.41, CI 95 1.16–4.99, p = 0.018) were associated with a greater probability for prevalent disorientation. None of the life events were significant. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that disorientation is primarily associated with cognitive status. Regular walking activities might possibly reduce the risk for disorientation but further research is necessary.
Low Liver Enzymes and Risk of Dementia: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
Authors: Lu Yifei , Pike James R. , Selvin Elizabeth , Mosley Thomas , Palta Priya , Sharrett A. Richey , Thomas Alvin , Loehr Laura , Sidney Barritt A. , Hoogeveen Ron C. , Heiss Gerardo 
Published: January 2021

Background: Low levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the low physiologic range, surrogate markers for reduced liver metabolic function, are associated with cerebral hypometabolism, impairment in neurotransmitter production and synaptic maintenance, and a higher prevalence of dementia. It is unknown whether a prospective association exists between low liver enzyme levels and incident dementia. Objective: To determine whether low levels of ALT and AST are associated with higher risk of incident dementia. Methods: Plasma ALT and AST were measured on 10,100 study participants (mean age 63.2 years, 55% female, 22% black) in 1996–1998. Dementia was ascertained from comprehensive neuropsychological assessments, annual contact, and medical record surveillance. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the association. Results: During a median follow-up of 18.3 years (maximum 21.9 years), 1,857 individuals developed dementia. Adjusted for demographic factors, incidence rates of dementia were higher at the lower levels of ALT and AST. Compared to the second quintile, ALT values <10th percentile were associated with a higher risk of dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 1.34, 95% CI 1.08–1.65). The corresponding HR was 1.22 (0.99–1.51) for AST. Conclusion: Plasma aminotransferases <10th percentile of the physiologic range at mid-life, particularly ALT, were associated with greater long-term risk of dementia, advocating for attention to the putative role of hepatic function in the pathogenesis of dementia.