bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impulsivity
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes impulsivity (the difficulty in being able to think before acting) in ADHD. The chapter describes behavioural inhibition mechanisms in the brain and related theories, manifestations of impulsivity (e.g. the tendency to act without thinking, compulsive destruction tendencies, situations or games requiring sharing, cooperation, and restraint), and the management of impulsivity. Management options includes cognitive therapy, which has limited success, and medication, which usually plays a dramatic role in controlling impulsivity. Furthermore, environmental changes and modification of goals are important ways of helping the child with ADHD. Those who come interact with the child with ADHD need to understand that impulsive behaviour is not completely under the child’s control.
Unconventional treatments
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
There are no quick and easy ways of overcoming ADHD; more importantly, there are no outright cures. Many misguided or dishonest individuals promote all manner of alternative ‘treatments’ for ADHD. The media often play an active role in irresponsibly promoting discredited treatments. If you plan to start any treatment, first be certain that you understand the risks involved. You should obtain reliable information from your child’s doctor before becoming involved in any treatment. This chapter explores unconventional treatments for ADHD, including the evaluation of alternative treatments, the role of the media, and some widely promoted treatments (dietary treatments, herbal treatments, technological treatments, exercise programmes, manipulation of the spine, and meditation).
Intersectionality in the State Reporting Process
Authors: Bond Johanna 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The human rights treaty bodies have increasingly engaged in intersectional analysis in the context of the reporting process, through which states that have ratified the treaty must report to the treaty body on their efforts to fulfil the treaty’s obligations. This chapter takes a deep dive into the reporting process, using CEDAW as a case study, to explore the extent to which intersectionality has surfaced in the Committee’s responses to state reports. This offers a barometer for assessing the Committee’s acceptance of intersectionality as an analytical framework more generally. The first half of the chapter discusses trends in the state reporting process, looking specifically at the frequency with which the Committee considers intersectionality in its analysis. This analysis reveals that the Committee is trending toward using an intersectional lens more consistently. Although it is impossible to draw definitive causal links between the discursive framing of intersectionality by various actors and the committee’s willingness to adopt an intersectional framework in any particular case, it is useful to think about how NGOs, reporting governments, and the committee itself may push the UN’s dialogue toward a more fulsome embrace of intersectionality in the decades to come.
The Empires of the East
Authors: Mortimer Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The early sixteenth century saw the rise of three distinct Islamic empires, ruled by the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. In each, rulers had to find ways to legitimize their authority and their expansionist agenda, co-opting elites while also responding to the exigencies of economic change and military developments. The Ottomans became increasingly identified with Sunni Islam and the Safavids with Shi’ite interpretations of faith, but all three empires were religiously heterogeneous and they needed to cultivate an administrative structure and ideal of service which was not simply tied to a particular spiritual path. In the Ottoman empire there was an important debate about the relationship between those policies and principles which seemed necessary for stability and prosperity, and the demands of the divine law as understood by religious elites. The Mughal emperor Akbar, on the other hand, countered religious orthodoxy with his own version of saintliness and divine favour. In contrast to the lands of Western Europe, there was little interest in developing a concept of natural law whose purpose was earthly flourishing rather than spiritual fulfilment. Political thinking in the Islamic empires tended to emphasize universal principles, although in the Ottoman lands there came to be a recognition of the particular circumstances and challenges faced by that Empire.
Laws, Liberties, and the Will of the People
Authors: Mortimer Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
From the 1560s, tensions between Protestant and Catholics escalated and this was accompanied by a wave of writing on political and religious ideas, especially in France and the Netherlands. There was a renewed interest in the nature and origins of authority within the political sphere, particularly the importance of the ‘people’ and the ways in which their will could be both represented and controlled. This chapter considers some of the key texts of resistance theory written in the 1560s and 1570s, including Francogallia and the Vindiciae, Contra Tyrannos in France, and George Buchanan’s De Jure Regni apud Scotos in Scotland. Discussions of liberty and privileges in the Netherlands during the Dutch Revolt are also considered; here historically based arguments began to be supplemented by appeals to wider principles of morality and natural law. The election of Henry of Valois to the Polish throne provides one example of elective monarchy in practice. This chapter discusses the role of religion and of legal arguments in the development of resistance theories. It also highlights some of the practical and conceptual difficulties in appealing to popular sovereignty, especially in a period of deep confessional divisions, and shows how the authority of magistrates could be understood in different ways.
Deregulation of phenylalanine biosynthesis evolved with the emergence of vascular plants
Authors: El-Azaz Jorge , Cánovas Francisco M , Barcelona Belén , Ávila Concepción , de la Torre Fernando 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Phenylalanine (Phe) is the precursor of essential secondary products in plants. Here we show that a key, rate-limiting step in Phe biosynthesis, which is catalyzed by arogenate dehydratase, experienced feedback de-regulation during evolution. Enzymes from microorganisms and type-I ADTs from plants are strongly feedback-inhibited by Phe, while type-II isoforms remain active at high levels of Phe. We have found that type-II ADTs are widespread across seed plants and their overproduction resulted in a dramatic accumulation of Phe in planta, reaching levels up to 40 times higher than those observed following the expression of type-I enzymes. Punctual changes in the allosteric binding site of Phe and adjacent region are responsible for the observed relaxed regulation. The phylogeny of plant ADTs evidences that the emergence of type-II isoforms with relaxed regulation occurred at some point in the transition between nonvascular plants and tracheophytes, enabling the massive production of Phe-derived compounds, primarily lignin, a hallmark of vascular plants.
Pain Conditions and Suicide Attempts in Military Veterans: A Case-Control Design
Authors: Boska Rachel L , Bishop Todd M , Ashrafioun Lisham 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
Specific pain conditions such as back pain and migraines are associated with increased risk of suicide mortality after accounting for key covariates. The purpose of the current study was to assess the associations of specific pain conditions with suicide attempts.

Design
Case-control

Setting
Veterans Health Administration (VHA)

Subjects
Individuals who utilized VHA services with a record of a suicide attempt (N = 30,051) in Fiscal Years 2013 and 2014 were identified and propensity score matched with controls with no such record (N = 30,051).

Methods
Data on pain condition diagnoses (back pain, arthritis, migraine, headaches, psychogenic pain, neuropathy, fibromyalgia) psychiatric diagnoses, medical comorbidity, and demographics were extracted from VHA medical record and suicide surveillance datasets.

Results
Unadjusted logistic regression analyses found that each of the pain conditions were associated with suicide attempts (e.g., back pain: Odds ratio [OR]=3.25, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]=3.12–3.39). After adjusting for mental health conditions, medical comorbidity, and each of the pain conditions, the effects were attenuated across pain conditions; however, remained significant for each of the pain conditions except for fibromyalgia. Specifically, back pain (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.19–1.32), migraines (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.14–1.46), headaches (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.19–1.48), and neuropathic pain (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.33–1.74) were each associated with increased odds of a suicide attempt. Fibromyalgia was the only pain condition associated with re-attempt status (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.08–1.45).

Conclusions
Specific pain conditions are associated with increased odds of suicide attempts even after including key covariates.

Limitations
Limitations of the study include the retrospective study design and lack of examination into additional variables including prescription opioid use, pain intensity, and pain duration. The case-control design also limits the ability to draw causal or temporal conclusions.
Efficacy and safety of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Deng J , Zhou F , Ali S , Heybati K , Hou W , Huang E , Wong C Y 
Published: September 2021

Summary

Background
Ivermectin became a popular choice for COVID-19 treatment among clinicians and the public following encouraging results from pre-print trials and in vitro studies. Early reviews recommended the use of ivermectin based largely on non-peer-reviewed evidence, which may not be robust. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the efficacy and safety of ivermectin for treating COVID-19 based on peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies (OSs).

Methods
MEDLINE, EMBASE and PubMed were searched from 1 January 2020 to 1 September 2021 for relevant studies. Outcomes included time to viral clearance, duration of hospitalization, mortality, incidence of mechanical ventilation and incidence of adverse events. RoB2 and ROBINS-I were used to assess risk of bias. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted. GRADE was used to evaluate quality of evidence.

Results
Three OSs and 14 RCTs were included in the review. Most RCTs were rated as having some concerns in regards to risk of bias, while OSs were mainly rated as having a moderate risk of bias. Based on meta-analysis of RCTs, the use of ivermectin was not associated with reduction in time to viral clearance, duration of hospitalization, incidence of mortality and incidence of mechanical ventilation. Ivermectin did not significantly increase incidence of adverse events. Meta-analysis of OSs agrees with findings from RCT studies.

Conclusions
Based on very low to moderate quality of evidence, ivermectin was not efficacious at managing COVID-19. Its safety profile permits its use in trial settings to further clarify its role in COVID-19 treatment.

Protocol registration
The review was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021275302).
Risk Premium Shocks Can Create Inefficient Recessions
Authors: Di Tella Sebastian , Hall Robert 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We develop a simple flexible-price model of business cycles driven by spikes in risk premiums. Aggregate shocks increase firms’ uninsurable idiosyncratic risk and raise risk premiums. We show that risk shocks can create quantitatively plausible recessions, with contractions in employment, consumption, and investment. Business cycles are inefficient—output, employment, and consumption fall too much during recessions, compared to the constrained-efficient allocation. Optimal policy involves stimulating employment and consumption during recessions.
The high prevalence of abnormal magnetic resonance imaging findings in non-neuropsychiatric patients with persistently positive anti-phospholipid antibodies
Authors: Wan Liyan , Liu Tingting , Chen Tongtong , Chi Huihui , Zhou Zhuochao , Tang Zihan , Hu Qiongyi , Teng Jialin , Sun Yue , Liu Honglei , Cheng Xiaobing , Ye Junna , Su Yutong , Lu Yong , Yang Chengde , Shi Hui 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Thrombosis occurring in the central nervous system is common in APS patients, leading to neuropsychiatric symptoms. We investigated the prevalence of silent brain abnormalities on MRI in primary APS (PAPS) patients and aPL carriers and assessed the association between the vascular risk factors, aPL profile, clinical manifestations and MRI abnormalities.

Methods
We consecutively included 44 PAPS patients, 24 aPL carriers and 23 healthy controls with comparable age and gender in a single-centre, observational, cross-sectional study. None of the patients had a history of stroke, transient ischaemic attack, migraine, dementia, epilepsy or bipolar disorders. On cerebral MRI, we assessed the imaging features and location of abnormality. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify the risk factors contributing to the MRI abnormalities.

Results
A total of 38 (55.88%) patients had abnormal MRI findings, while only one healthy control showed some abnormalities. Lacunes were the most frequent MRI abnormality in the aPL-positive group [31/68 (45.59%)], which were followed by white matter hyperintensities [20/68 (29.41%)]. In the study population, age [odds ratio (OR) 1.086, P = 0.016] and LA positivity (OR 5.191, P = 0.002) were independent associated factors with brain MRI abnormalities. When analysed in only the aPL-positive group, age (OR 1.116, P = 0.007), female gender (OR 7.519, P = 0.025) and thrombocytopenia (OR 8.336, P = 0.047) were the significant independent risk factors with abnormal MRI.

Conclusions
PAPS patients and aPL carriers showed a high prevalence of brain MRI abnormalities, indicating an increased cerebrovascular risk, which emphasized attention to silent cerebral lesions in persistently aPL-positive patients.
Coordination Between Trunk Muscles, Thoracolumbar Fascia, and Intra-Abdominal Pressure Toward Static Spine Stability
Authors: Bojairami Ibrahim El , Driscoll Mark 
Published: September 2021

Study Design.
Numerical in-silico human spine stability finite element analysis.

Objective.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of major torso tissues toward static spine stability, mainly the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF), abdominal wall with its intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), and spinal muscles inclusive of their intramuscular pressure.

Summary of Background Data.
Given the numerous redundancies involved in the spine, current methodologies for assessing static spinal stability are limited to specific tissues and could lead to inconclusive results. A three-dimensional finite element model of the spine, with structured analysis of major torso tissues, allows for objective investigation of static spine stability.

Methods.
A novel previously fully validated spine model was employed. Major torso tissues, mainly the muscles, TLF, and IAP were individually, and in combinations, activated under a 350N external spine perturbation. The stability contribution exerted by these tissues, or their ability to restore the spine to the unperturbed position, was assessed in different case-scenarios.

Results.
Individual activations recorded significantly different stability contributions, with the highest being the TLF at 75%. Combined or synergistic activations showed an increase of up to 93% stability contribution when all tissues were simultaneously activated with a corresponding decrease in the tensile load exerted by the tissues themselves.

Conclusion.
This investigation demonstrated torso tissues exhibiting different roles toward static spine stability. The TLF appeared able to dissipate and absorb excessive loads, the muscles acted as antagonistic to external perturbations, and the IAP played a role limiting movement. Furthermore, the different combinations explored suggested an optimized engagement and coordination between different tissues to achieve a specific task, while minimizing individual work.

Level of Evidence: N/A
Acute Radiation Effects, the H-ARS in the Non-human Primate: A Review and New Data for the Cynomolgus Macaque with Reference to the Rhesus Macaque
Authors: Farese Ann M. , Drouet Michel , Herodin Francis , Bertho Jean-Marc , Thrall Karla D. , Authier Simon , Doyle-Eisele Melanie , MacVittie Thomas J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Medical countermeasure development under the US Food and Drug Administration animal rule requires validated animal models of acute radiation effects. The key large animal model is the non-human primate, rhesus macaque. To date, only the rhesus macaque has been used for both critical supportive data and pivotal efficacy trials seeking US Food and Drug Administration approval. The potential for use of the rhesus for other high priority studies such as vaccine development underscores the need to identify another non-human primate model to account for the current lack of rhesus for medical countermeasure development. The cynomolgus macaque, Macaca fascicularis, has an existing database of medical countermeasure development against the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome, as well as the use of radiation exposure protocols that mimic the likely nonuniform and heterogenous exposure consequent to a nuclear terrorist event. The review herein describes published studies of adult male cynomolgus macaques that used two exposure protocols—unilateral, nonuniform total-body irradiation and partial-body irradiation with bone marrow sparing—with the administration of subject-based medical management to assess mitigation against the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome. These studies assessed the efficacy of cytokine combinations and cell-based therapy to mitigate acute radiation-induced myelosuppression. Both therapeutics were shown to mitigate the myelosuppression of the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome. Additional studies being presented herein further defined the dose-dependent hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome of cynomolgus and rhesus macaques and a differential dose-dependent effect with young male and female cynomolgus macaques. The database supports the investigation of the cynomolgus macaque as a comparable non-human primate for efficacy testing under the US Food and Drug Administration animal rule. Critical gaps in knowledge required to validate the models and exposure protocols are also identified.
Multi-omic Analysis of Non-human Primate Heart after Partial-body Radiation with Minimal Bone Marrow Sparing
Authors: Zalesak-Kravec Stephanie , Huang Weiliang , Wang Pengcheng , Yu Jianshi , Liu Tian , Defnet Amy E. , Moise Alexander R. , Farese Ann M. , MacVittie Thomas J. , Kane Maureen A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
High-dose radiation exposure results in hematopoietic and gastrointestinal acute radiation syndromes followed by delayed effects of acute radiation exposure, which encompasses multiple organs, including heart, kidney, and lung. Here we sought to further characterize the natural history of radiation-induced heart injury via determination of differential protein and metabolite expression in the heart. We quantitatively profiled the proteome and metabolome of left and right ventricle from non-human primates following 12 Gy partial body irradiation with 2.5% bone marrow sparing over a time period of 3 wk. Global proteome profiling identified more than 2,200 unique proteins, with 220 and 286 in the left and right ventricles, respectively, showing significant responses across at least three time points compared to baseline levels. High-throughput targeted metabolomics analyzed a total of 229 metabolites and metabolite combinations, with 18 and 22 in the left and right ventricles, respectively, showing significant responses compared to baseline levels. Bioinformatic analysis performed on metabolomic and proteomic data revealed pathways related to inflammation, energy metabolism, and myocardial remodeling were dysregulated. Additionally, we observed dysregulation of the retinoid homeostasis pathway, including significant post-radiation decreases in retinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A. Significant differences between left and right ventricles in the pathology of radiation-induced injury were identified. This multi-omic study characterizes the natural history and molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced heart injury in NHP exposed to PBI with minimal bone marrow sparing.
Sudden bilateral lower limb paralysis with dural ectasia in Neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Mutua Victor , Mong’are Newnex , Bundi Brian , von Csefalvay Chris , Oriko David , Kitunguu Peter 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by pigmented lesions (café-au-lait macules, skinfold freckling, and Lisch nodules), and dermal neurofibromas. In some subjects, NF-1 presents with complications such as brain tumors, skeletal abnormalities, peripheral nerve tumors, and behavioral abnormalities.

Patient concerns:
We report the case of a 30-year-old man who presented with sudden bilateral lower limb paralysis and acute-onset lower back pain following a fall while rising from a seated position. He denied a history of back pain or muscle weakness before the index event. On examination, the patella and Achilles tendon reflexes were absent bilaterally. The patient presented with a power grade of 0 in all lower limb muscle groups and normal muscle bulk.

Diagnosis:
Bilateral lower limb paralysis was associated with sensory loss in the T11 dermatome. X-ray, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed vertebral canal enlargement (dural ectasia) at multiple levels suggestive of a lateral meningocele associated with neurofibromatosis. After repeated MRI studies, herniation of nerve root sleeves was noted, with marked compression of the traversing nerve roots. Notably, there was no evidence of cord compression on either the computed tomography or MRI. The cerebrospinal fluid studies were unremarkable.

Interventions:
No particular intervention was performed to address specific NF symptoms. In the hospital, the patient received analgesics and antibiotics (gentamicin and cefuroxime) for a urinary tract infection, lactulose for constipation and enoxaparin as anticoagulant prophylaxis.

Outcomes:
The patient experienced a clinical decline unrelated to his initial symptoms and succumbed to sepsis 6 weeks after admission. The cause of death was not directly linked with NF-1.

Conclusion:
We report a case of NF-1 with dural ectasia presenting with sudden bilateral lower limb paralysis and lower back pain following mild trauma. Although 70% of dural ectasia cases are associated with NF-1, there are few reports of NF-1 patients with dural ectasia and associated orthopedic complications. Here, we note that dystrophic changes in NF-1 may lead to rapidly aggravating neurological symptoms even after trivial trauma.