bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Governance by Perpetual Conflict: How Early Colonial Political Practices Undermine Democracy in Post-Civil War Sri Lanka
Authors: Perera Binendri 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka established a semi-presidential system within the country with constitutional provisions for a powerful executive presidency. Three decades later, practices of the presidents in the post-war period show commonalities with the Sinhala monarchy that prevailed in early colonial Sri Lanka. To substantiate this argument, this paper focuses on four kings from the Sithavaka and Kandyan kingdoms who reigned in Sri Lanka during the Portuguese colonization and the early years of Dutch colonization, i.e. from 1521 to 1687. These kings governed by feeding off perpetual conflict, using such as a political tool to retain their dictatorial authority and political relevance. Despite being formally constrained by the 1978 Constitution, presidents in the post-war period engage in a similar form of governance. However, this local conceptualization of the executive as a monarch clashes with the substantive democratic rationality of the office of president, which requires constitutional and political checks that apply beyond elections. Due to this clash between governance by perpetual conflict, which gains legitimacy from and has been instituted since Sri Lanka’s early colonial past, and democratic governance, the establishment of democratic constitutional norms within the country has been unstable.
A Sociological Analysis of the Performance and Subjective Well-being of Elite Sports Players in China
Authors: Fung Sai-fu , Huang Qian , Zhang Xiaoli 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We were inspired by the market transition theory to investigate the relationship between elite sports players’ performance, subjective well-being and demographic characteristics with the lens of Weberian concept of instrumental rationality (zweckrational). This cross-sectional study was recruited 144 (Mage = 18.96, sd = 3.129) professional athletes in gymnastics, combat sports (including boxing, taekwondo, weightlifting, judo and wrestling), soccer, swimming and wushu (Chinese martial arts), in a government-operated sports institution in China. A hierarchical regression analysis was implemented to observe the relationship between the following variables, the subjective well-being, instrumental factors and other demographic factors, including gender, age, educational level, number of years on professional team and injury record. The results show that the bonus incentive system is the most important predictor of the athletes’ performance. We argue that under the context of China’s market transition, the lens of instrumental rationality can shed light on how the means-end calculations of elite athletes affect their sports performance.
Varieties of Clientelism in Comparative Democracies: Power, State Formation and Citizenship in the Philippines, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Calimbahin Cleo Anne A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Clientelism in comparative democracies have evolved through time within informal and formal institutions. Using the book by Brkovic, that follows the tradition of challenging the unidimensional view of clientelism in Bosnia and Herzegovina, this essay provides the Philippine case as contrast and comparison. The article examines how both countries’ experience can open new avenues for us to understand the durability of clientelism and its relationship with formal and informal institutions. Brokovic’s agency and personhood within clientelistic relationships accounts for the endurance of this practice in democratic societies that experienced transition. Clientelism persists in part due to the reliability of personal relations over the ability of public institutions to deliver. This review article will probe clientelism, as it manifests in the politics of the Philippines and its democratic institutions. Among the multiple types of clientelistic relationship in the Philippines, some emphasize the role of machine politics, corruption, and coercion. Brković’s book provides a new lens of analysis by looking at clientelism through personhood and agency as power. The contribution of the book on the discourse of clientelism can deepen the understanding of Philippine politics because it encourages an analysis that looks at the exercise of democracy through personhood, agency, and informal institutions. It invites us to view clientelism not just through corruption and violence. By combining the analysis that utilizes formal and informal institutions, personhood and structuralist, this essay explains why some countries that have transitioned into democracies remain ambiguous states and explain the persistence of clientelism.
Variations in bacterial decay between cell types and between cell wall regions in waterlogged archaeological wood excavated in the intertidal zone
Authors: Cha Mi Young , Lee Kwang Ho , Kim Jong Sik , Kim Yoon Soo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The bacterial decay of waterlogged archeological wood (WAW, hard pine spp.) taken from Daebudo shipwreck No. 2, which was buried in the intertidal zone in the mid-west coast (Yellow sea) of South Korea approximately 800 years ago, was investigated. The maximum moisture content of the outer parts (approx. 3 cm of depth) of WAW was approximately 4.2 times higher than that of undegraded reference pine wood. ATR-FTIR and solid-state 13C-NMR analysis indicated a relative increase of the lignin concentration in WAW caused by the degradation of cellulose and hemicelluloses across the board studied (31-cm-wide and 14.5-cm-thick board). Micromorphological studies also revealed that bacterial degradation was progressed to a depth of 15 cm (vertically 7.3 cm) from the surface, which is the innermost part of the board. Erosion bacteria (EB) were identified as the main degraders of WAW. Degradation by tunneling bacteria (TB) was occasionally detected. Decay resistance to bacterial attacks in WAW varied between cell types and between cell wall regions. Axial tracheids showed less resistance than ray tracheids, ray parenchyma cells, and axial intercellular canal cells, including strand tracheids, subsidiary parenchyma cells, and epithelial cells. Decay resistance was higher in ray tracheids and strand tracheids than in ray parenchyma cells and subsidiary parenchyma-/epithelial cells, respectively. Bordered- and cross-field pit membranes and the initial pit borders showed higher decay resistance than the tracheid cell walls. Overall, the S2 layer of the axial tracheids showed the weakest resistance to bacterial attacks.
Dooyeweerd’s Problematic Idea of Cosmic Time
Authors: Skillen James W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Herman Dooyeweerd (1953, 28) writes that “the idea of cosmic time constitutes the basis of the philosophical theory of reality in [A New Critique of Theoretical Thought].” My aim is to present and defend the hypothesis that Dooyeweerd’s idea of time is, in part, mistaken at its foundation. His idea of a cosmic temporal coherence of diverse modal aspects arose from the absolutization of a concept of temporal universality that he adopted uncritically as the transcendental basic Idea of cosmic time. My immanent-critical assessment leads to the hypothesis that temporality should be recognized as the first modal aspect, which, for Dooyeweerd, has been lost to view. Recovering both the sphere sovereignty of the temporal aspect and the equal universality of all aspects opens the way to a resolution of Dooyeweerd’s temporal/supratemporal dialectic and to a new perspective on naive experience and the meaning of humans as God’s image.
Prioritizing Humane Minimum-Stress Methods in Swine Facility & Protocol Design
Authors: Panepinto Linda M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The housing, care and handling of animals in a laboratory/research setting presents a wide variety of challenges to researchers, veterinarians and animal care staff. With that in mind, there are certain fundamental components of both facility design and procedural techniques which should always be considered. Some of the initial considerations should be the potential value of the research being proposed along with ethical aspects of the protocol design. The selected species should be appropriate for the study and essential needs of that species addressed with regard to their 24/7 environment. In addition, the equipment and expertise needed to humanely conduct restraint and other procedures should be available. At times, the goals of the science are moved ahead of the basic well-being of the subjects being studied. This can be problematic, especially for animals that are maintained long term. This review of facilities, animal care enrichment strategies and methodologies for swine will highlight some of the more effective and practical approaches to minimizing stress and enhancing the value of the research conducted.
On the diurnal cycle of rainfall and convection over Lake Victoria and its catchment. Part 2: Meteorological factors in the diurnal and seasonal cycles
Authors: Nicholson Sharon E. , Hartman Adam T. , Klotter Douglas A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to determine the meteorological factors controlling the lake-effect rains over Lake Victoria. Winds, divergence, vertical motion, specific humidity, Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), and Convective Inhibition (CIN) were examined. The local wind regime and associated divergence/convergence are the major factors determining the diurnal cycle of rainfall over the lake and catchment. The major contrast between over-lake rainfall in the wet- and dry-season months is the vertical profile of omega. This appears to be a result of seasonal contrasts in CAPE, CIN, and specific humidity, parameters that play a critical role in vertical motion and convective development.
The Value of Abdominal and Pelvic CT Scan in Trauma Patients With Low Injury Severity Score and High Glasgow Coma Scale
Authors: Wasfie Tarik , Rivera Daniel , Naisan Mursal , Zaremba Shelby , Depuydt Mikayla , Read Sydney , Hella Jennifer , Barber Kimberly , Yapchai Raquel , Shapiro Brian 
Published: October 2021

Introduction Computed tomography scans became the mainstay of emergency department (ED) evaluation of trauma patients including those with a high Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and a low Injury Severity Score (ISS). We elected to find the value of abdominal and pelvic CT in patients with negative physical examination and Focused Assessment of Sonography for Trauma (FAST) on arrival to the ED. Methods This study is a retrospective analysis of 901 consecutive patients from 2017 to 2019 who presented to the ED with level 2 and 3 activation criteria. Each patient received a physical examination, CT abdomen and pelvis, and FAST exam. Data were collected on external factor including GCS, ISS, age, sex, comorbidities, anticoagulation use, and surgical intervention. The patients were divided into 2 groups, Group A and B. Group A consisted of patients with a negative physical exam, FAST, and CT result. Group B included patients with a negative physical exam and FAST exam with positive CT findings. Statistical analysis was done using a Student’s t-test and chi-square test for significance value of P < .05. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained for this study. Results A total of 901 patients were analyzed which included 489 (54.3%) male and 412 (45.7%) female with a mean age of 56.2 (SD = 22.62) years. Out of the 901 patients, 461 patients received a physical, FAST, and CT exam. Group A consisted of 442 (95.9%) patients and Group B had 19 (4.1%) patients. Both groups were similar in GCS and ISS scoring with no significance difference in age, sex, comorbidities, and anticoagulation use. There was a significant difference in the ICU and hospital mean length of stay when CT scan was positive [2 (SD = 4.23) days vs. .6 (SD = 1.33) days with P < .0001 and 4.57 (SD ± 4.17) days vs. 2.5 (SD = 2.00) days with P < .0001, respectively]. The CT findings of the 19 patients in group B consisted of 6 incidentalomas, 5 vertebral compression fractures, 4 pelvic bone fractures, 1 minor liver contusion, 1 non-specific bowel thickening, 1 non-displaced rib fracture, and 1 case of small amount of free fluid in the pelvis. None of the CT findings required surgical intervention. Conclusion Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis in trauma patients with high GCS and low ISS with initial negative physical and FAST examination did not provide additional critical information.
Authentic Leadership and Team Members’ Outcomes: A Cross-level and Multi-level Analysis
Authors: Nair Beena Prakash , Prasad T. , Nair Shreekumar K. 
Published: October 2021

This study considers the multi-level research design to build on the Conservation of Resource (COR) theory to help develop a model that links authentic leadership to followers’ outcomes. Though previous studies have examined the direct effect of leadership and followers’ outcome at the individual level, findings of the impact of authentic leadership at the cross-level and multi-level are limited. Consistent with our hypotheses, the findings of the study, from a sample of 547 dyads from the financial sector in India, revealed that authentic leadership has a significant impact on authentic followership and team-level work engagement. The cross-level analysis indicated that 8.4 per cent of the variance in authentic followership is attributable to authentic leadership at the team level. Likewise, the multi-level analysis revealed that 9.4 per cent of the variance at work engagement between the teams is attributable to authentic leadership. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed further JEL: M12
Reliability and validity of the mean flow index (Mx) for assessing cerebral autoregulation in humans: A systematic review of the methodology
Authors: Olsen Markus Harboe , Riberholt Christian Gunge , Mehlsen Jesper , Berg Ronan MG , Møller Kirsten 
Published: October 2021

Cerebral autoregulation is a complex mechanism that serves to keep cerebral blood flow relatively constant within a wide range of cerebral perfusion pressures. The mean flow index (Mx) is one of several methods to assess dynamic cerebral autoregulation, but its reliability and validity have never been assessed systematically. The purpose of the present systematic review was to evaluate the methodology, reliability and validity of Mx. Based on 128 studies, we found inconsistency in the pre-processing of the recordings and the methods for calculation of Mx. The reliability in terms of repeatability and reproducibility ranged from poor to excellent, with optimal repeatability when comparing overlapping recordings. The discriminatory ability varied depending on the patient populations; in general, those with acute brain injury exhibited a higher Mx than healthy volunteers. The prognostic ability in terms of functional outcome and mortality ranged from chance result to moderate accuracy. Since the methodology was inconsistent between studies, resulting in varying reliability and validity estimates, the results were difficult to compare. The optimal method for deriving Mx is currently unknown.
MRI Signal Intensity of Quadriceps Tendon Autograft and Hamstring Tendon Autograft 1 Year After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Adolescent Athletes
Authors: Aitchison Alexandra H. , Alcoloumbre David , Mintz Douglas N. , Hidalgo Perea Sofia , Nguyen Joseph T. , Cordasco Frank A. , Green Daniel W. 
Published: October 2021

Background: Hamstring tendon autograft (HTA) is a common graft choice for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) in skeletally immature patients. Recently, the use of quadriceps tendon autograft (QTA) has shown superior preliminary outcomes in this population. Purpose: To evaluate graft maturity by comparing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity of HTA versus QTA used in primary ACLR. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: All patients under the age of 18 years who underwent a primary ACLR by the senior authors using either an HTA or a QTA were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 70 skeletally immature patients (37 in the HTA group and 33 in the QTA group) with an available MRI at 6 and 12 months postoperatively were included. Signal intensity ratio (SIR) was measured on sagittal MRI by averaging the signal at 3 regions of interest along the ACL graft and dividing by the signal of the tibial footprint of the posterior cruciate ligament. Statistical analysis was performed to determine interrater reliability and differences between time points and groups. Results: Age, sex, and type of surgery were not associated with any differences in SIR. There was no significant difference in SIR between groups on the 6-month MRI. However, the SIR of the QTA group was significantly less than in the HTA group on the 12-month MRI (2.33 vs 2.72, respectively; P = .028). Within the HTA group, there was no significant difference in SIR at either MRI time point. In the QTA group, there was a significant decrease in SIR between the 6-month and 12-month postoperative MRI (2.70 vs 2.33, respectively; P = .045). Conclusion: These findings suggest improved graft maturation, remodeling, and structural integrity of the QTA compared with the HTA between 6 and 12 months postoperatively. This provides evidence that, at 1 year postoperatively, QTA may have a superior rate of incorporation and synovialization as compared with the HTA.
The effects of two different antioxidant combinations on sperm parameters
Authors: Yaris Mehmet , Akdogan Nebil , Öztürk Murat , Bozkurt Aliseydi , Karabakan Mehmet 
Published: October 2021

Background: Studies demonstrate that getting antioxidants in the course of treatment has a positive impact beneficial effect on fertility, especially on the quality of sperm. Because of that reason antioxidants are recommended as a potentially influential treatment for infertility in men. However, it is argued that this treatment is not based on sufficient evidence and has no effect on the rate of healthy pregnancy. Objective: In this study, two different antioxidant combinations with different doses and contents were evaluated in terms of their effect on sperm parameters. Materials/methods: A total of 122 patients diagnosed with idiopathic infertility were enrolled in our multicenter study. The patients were divided into two different groups: The first group used a combination 2 × 1 sachet form (l-carnitine 1 g, acetyl-l-carnitine 0.5 g, fructose 1 g, citric acid 0.50 mg, selenium 50 µg, coenzyme Q10 20 mg, vitamin C 90 mg, zinc 10 mg, folic acid 200 µg, and vitamin B12 1.5 µg) and the second group used a combination tablets form 2 × 1 (l-carnitine 500 mg, selenium 50 µg, coenzyme Q10 20 mg, vitamin C 60 mg, zinc 15 mg, folic acid 400 µg, vitamin E, and ginseng 15 µg) for 6 months. The total semen volume, the total sperm number, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and lastly morphological findings of the patients were compared at the end of 6 months. Results: The mean age of the patients participating in the study was 30.8 ± 6.05 years. No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of baseline sperm count. There was a significant difference between the baseline and sixth-month values of the patients using both combinations. However, no significant statistical difference was found between the groups according to the sixth-month data. The combinations of both antioxidants had a positive effect on sperm parameters, and the use of different doses and contents had a similar effect. Conclusion: Both antioxidants respectively had a positive effect on sperm parameters and also the use of different doses and contents had a similar effect.
Rethinking the Formation of Public Distribution System: A Class-Focused Approach
Authors: Sarkar Soumik , Chakrabarti Anjan 
Published: October 2021

Using the methodology of overdetermination, class process of surplus labor as the entry point and socially determined need of food security, we deliver an alternative class-focused rendition of the public distribution system (PDS) in India. We first surmise our theoretical framework to infer that the overdetermined and contradictory relation of class and social needs matter for PDS. Beyond the reasoning of being pro-poor, fair, or wasteful, we deploy this framework to reinterpret the formation of Indian PDS in the 1960s. Its demonstration requires revisiting the historical condition that shaped capital’s passive revolution through the post-independence Indian state and its subsequent crisis arising out of the contradictions and conflicts in the class-need space. We argue that PDS signals a case of success and not failure of capitalism. JEL Classification: B41, B51, N45
Pressure-compacted and spider silk–reinforced fibrin demonstrates sufficient biomechanical stability as cardiac patch in vitro
Authors: Bobylev Dmitry , Wilhelmi Mathias , Lau Skadi , Klingenberg Melanie , Mlinaric Markus , Petená Elena , Helms Florian , Hassel Thomas , Haverich Axel , Horke Alexander , Böer Ulrike 
Published: October 2021

Objective: The generation of bio-/hemocompatible cardiovascular patches with sufficient stability and regenerative potential remains an unmet goal. Thus, the aim of this study was the generation and in vitro biomechanical evaluation of a novel cardiovascular patch composed of pressure-compacted fibrin with embedded spider silk cocoons. Methods: Fibrin-based patches were cast in a customized circular mold. One cocoon of Nephila odulis spider silk was embedded per patch during the casting process. After polymerization, the fibrin clot was compacted by 2 kg weight for 30 min resulting in thickness reduction from up to 2 cm to <1 mm. Tensile strength and burst pressure was determined after 0 weeks and 14 weeks of storage. A sewing strength test and a long-term load test were performed using a customized device to exert physiological pulsatile stretching of a silicon surface on which the patch had been sutured. Results: Fibrin patches resisted supraphysiological pressures of well over 2000 mmHg. Embedding of spider silk increased tensile force 1.8-fold and tensile strength 1.45-fold ( p < .001), resulting in a final strength of 1.07 MPa and increased sewing strength. Storage for 14 weeks decreased tensile strength, but not significantly and suturing properties of the spider silk patches were satisfactory. The long-term load test indicated that the patches were stable for 4 weeks although slight reduction in patch material was observed. Conclusion: The combination of compacted fibrin matrices and spider silk cocoons may represent a feasible concept to generate stable and biocompatible cardiovascular patches with regenerative potential.