bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term exposure of mice to 890 ppm atmospheric CO2 alters growth trajectories and elicits hyperactive behaviours in young adulthood
Authors: Wyrwoll Caitlin S. , Papini Melissa G. , Chivers Emily K. , Yuan Jinbo , Pavlos Nathan J. , Lucas Robyn M. , Bierwirth Phil N. , Larcombe Alexander N. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAtmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are currently at 418 parts per million (ppm), and by 2100 may exceed 900 ppm. The biological effects of lifetime exposure to CO2 at these levels is unknown. Previously we have shown that mouse lung function is altered by long‐term exposure to 890 ppm CO2. Here, we assess the broader systemic physiological responses to this exposure. Mice were exposed to either 460 or 890 ppm from preconception to 3 months of age, and assessed for effects on developmental, renal and osteological parameters. Locomotor, memory, learning and anxiety‐like behaviours of the mice were also assessed. Exposure to 890 ppm CO2 increased birthweight, decreased female body weight after weaning, and, as young adults, resulted in reduced engagement in memory/learning tasks, and hyperactivity in both sexes in comparison to controls. There were no clear anxiety, learning or memory changes. Renal and osteological parameters were minimally affected. Overall, this study shows that exposure of mice to 890 ppm CO2 from preconception to young adulthood alters growth and some behaviours, with limited evidence of compensatory changes in acid–base balance. These findings highlight the potential for a direct effect of increased atmospheric CO2 on mammalian health outcomes.
imageKey points
Long‐term exposure to elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 is an uncontrolled experiment already underway.
This is the first known study to assess non‐respiratory physiological impacts of long‐term (conception to young adulthood) exposure of mice to CO2 at levels that may arise in the atmosphere due to global emissions.
Exposure to elevated CO2, in comparison to control mice, altered growth patterns in early life and resulted in hyperactive behaviours in young adulthood.
Renal and bone parameters, which are important to balance acid–base levels to compensate for increased CO2 exposure, remained relatively unaffected.
This work adds to the body of evidence regarding the effects of carbon emissions on mammalian health and highlights a potential future burden of disease.
Assessment of Engine Operability and Overall Performance for Parallel Hybrid Electric Propulsion Systems for a Single-Aisle Aircraft
Authors: Kang Sangkeun , Roumeliotis Ioannis , Zhang Jinning , Broca Olivier , Pachidis Vassilios 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper aims to assess the gas turbine operability and overall hybrid electric propulsion system (HEPS) performance for a parallel configuration applied to a 150 passenger single-aisle aircraft. Two arrangements are considered: one where the low-pressure (LP) shaft is boosted and one where the high-pressure (HP) shaft is boosted. For identifying limits in the hybridization strategy, steady-state and transient operation are considered, and the hybridization effect on compressor operability is determined. Having established the electric power on-take limits with respect to gas turbine operation, the systems performance at aircraft level is quantified for the relevant cases. Different power management strategies (PMS) are applied for the two arrangements and for different power degrees of hybridization. The results indicate that despite the fact that pollutant emission and fuel consumption may improve for hybrid propulsion, this comes at the cost of reduced payload and operability margins. Boosting the LP shaft may give the highest engine performance benefits but with a significant weight penalty, while the LP compressor system operability is negatively affected. On the other hand, boosting the HP shaft provides lower engine performance benefits but with smaller weight penalty and with less operability concerns.
Baseball Pitching Arm Three-Dimensional Inertial Parameter Calculations From Body Composition Imaging and a Novel Overweight Measure for Youth Pitching Arm Kinetics
Authors: Jennings Dalton J. , Reaves Scott K. , Sklar Jeffrey , Brown Colin , McPhee John , Hazelwood Scott J. , Klisch Stephen M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Many baseball pitching studies have used inverse dynamics to assess throwing arm kinetics as high and repetitive kinetics are thought to be linked to pitching injuries. However, prior studies have not used participant-specific body segment inertial parameters (BSIPs), which are thought to improve analysis of high-acceleration motions and overweight participants. This study's objectives were to (1) calculate participant-specific BSIPs using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures, (2) compare inverse dynamic calculations of kinetics determined by DXA-calculated BSIPs (full DXA-driven inverse dynamics) against kinetics using the standard inverse dynamics approach with scaled BSIPs (scaled inverse dynamics), and (3) examine associations between full DXA-driven kinetics and overweight indices: body mass index (BMI) and segment mass index (SMI). Eighteen participants (10-11 years old) threw 10 fastballs that were recorded for motion analysis. DXA scans were used to calculate participant-specific BSIPs (mass, center of mass, radii of gyration) for each pitching arm segment (upper arm, forearm, hand), BMI, and SMI. The hypotheses were addressed with t-tests and linear regression analyses. The major results were that (1) DXA-calculated BSIPs differed from scaled BSIPs for each pitching arm segment; (2) calculations for shoulder, but not elbow, kinetics differed between the full DXA-driven and scaled inverse dynamics analyses; and (3) full DXA-driven inverse dynamics calculations for shoulder kinetics were more often associated with SMI than BMI. Results suggest that using participant-specific BSIPs and pitching arm, SMIs may improve evidence-based injury prevention guidelines for youth pitchers.
Deep Learning of Forced Convection Heat Transfer
Authors: Kang Munku , Kwon Beomjin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe present the deep learning model for internal forced convection heat transfer problems. Conditional generative adversarial networks (cGAN) are trained to predict the solution based on a graphical input describing fluid channel geometries and initial flow conditions. Without interactively solving the physical governing equations, a trained cGAN model rapidly approximates the flow temperature, Nusselt number (Nu), and friction factor (f) of a flow in a heated channel over Reynolds number ranging from 100 to 27,750. For an effective training, we optimize the dataset size, training epoch, and a hyperparameter λ. The cGAN model exhibited an accuracy up to 97.6% when predicting the local distributions of Nu and f. We also show that the trained cGAN model can predict for unseen fluid channel geometries such as narrowed, widened, and rotated channels if the training dataset is properly augmented. A simple data augmentation technique improved the model accuracy up to 70%. This work demonstrates the potential of deep learning approach to enable cost-effective predictions for thermofluidic processes.
Design and Preliminary Validation of Grasp Assistive Device for an Industrial Environment
Authors: Loewen Daniel , Chandrashekar Naveen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Carpal tunnel syndrome and tendonitis are two common upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) related to repetitive and forceful activities in industrial environments. Reducing the muscular force during activities such as the operation of a pistol grip hand tool could result in lower incidence of CTDs. The objective of this research was to reduce the muscular contribution to the grip force using an active grasp assist orthosis system. A novel soft, pneumatic grasp assistive device was designed to augment the users' strength during operation of pistol grip hand tool. The optimized design was fabricated using rapid prototyping. Device effectiveness was quantified by measuring muscle activity and grip force during an in vivo study of a common industrial activity. Nine subjects experienced with power tools employed by an automobile manufacturer installed 18 fasteners using a pistol grip DC tool with and without the grasp assistive device. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to measure the activity of four muscles commonly associated with grasping. The grasp assist significantly reduced the mean, combined, normalized muscle activity by 18% (p&lt;0.05). Muscle activation results were contextualized using the revised strain index (RSI). The grasp assistive device trial yielded a significantly lower mean RSI value than the typical trial by 13% (p&lt;0.05). Using an active grasp assist orthosis could reduce the incidence of CTDs in able bodied industrial workers using DC hand tools. The device used a unique design of sinusoidal bellows oriented at 45 deg to the plane of symmetry that yielded higher force output and a lower bending ratio and lower input pressure with acceptable device rigidity and strength.
A Novel Approach to Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures Utilizing a Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Traction and Stabilization Device
Authors: Oeding Jacob F. , Bockman Sam , Chiu Harriet , Hua Cheyenne , Connor James , Slocum Alexander 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is a surgical procedure performed with the objectives of restoring normal alignment and providing stability to broken bone fragments after a fracture. This procedure is increasingly used to treat fractures of the distal end of the radius. Reduction is achieved by the surgeon pulling and manipulating the hand while looking at real-time X-rays, and frequently requires large forces to distract impacted fragments from the proximal bone. This study presents the design and preliminary testing of a multi-degree-of-freedom (DOF) device capable of performing both distraction and reduction of fractured bone fragments using a traction splint mechanism with locking ball joints. A prototype was manufactured, and tests were conducted by a practicing hand surgeon. Both qualitative and quantitative tests using a phantom arm were performed. Quantitative force testing found an 80% reduction in the maximum force required to create needed traction, while qualitative tests with a hand surgeon found the device's ability to reduce and stabilize bone fragments while the hardware is secured to be more intuitive and less obstructive than existing techniques.
Development of Validated Numerical Model for Study of Mechanical Properties and Permeability of Carbon Nanotube-Bioactive Glass Scaffolds
Authors: Dixit Kartikeya , Wahi Pankaj , Sinha Niraj 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study aims to predict mechanical properties of scaffolds made of bioactive glass-carbon nanotube (CNT) composite through finite element analysis (FEA) and their permeability using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. We start with constructing a three-dimensional model for the complete scaffold using cleaned/denoised images obtained from microcomputed tomography. To save computational effort, a representative volume element (RVE) is carved out from this model such that geometric properties like porosity and tortuosity are preserved. FEA requires material properties for which we have assumed that the CNTs are uniformly dispersed and hence, the composite behaves as a homogeneous isotropic material whose mechanical properties are experimentally obtained from a standard specimen. FEA has been performed on converged mesh for the RVE to obtain the compressive strength of the scaffolds. These computationally obtained compressive strengths compared well with those obtained experimentally, justifying our use of a homogeneous isotropic material model. We repeat the comparison for another geometry fabricated using additive manufacturing and find similarities in computational and experimental results. Hence, the compressive strength of bioactive glass-CNT composite scaffolds can be nondestructively predicted from our bulk identified mechanical properties irrespective of the geometry. For the CFD analysis, fluid flow is simulated in the porous region of the RVE and the estimated permeability of the scaffold is found to be satisfactory for nutrient and oxygen supply. Our study suggests that computational tools can help gain insights into the efficient design of scaffolds by obtaining the geometry having the right balance between strength and permeability for optimum performance.
Cooperative Locomotion Via Supervisory Predictive Control and Distributed Nonlinear Controllers
Authors: Kim Jeeseop , Akbari Hamed Kaveh 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a hierarchical nonlinear control algorithm for the real-time planning and control of cooperative locomotion of legged robots that collaboratively carry objects. An innovative network of reduced-order models subject to holonomic constraints, referred to as interconnected linear inverted pendulum (LIP) dynamics, is presented to study cooperative locomotion. The higher level of the proposed algorithm employs a supervisory controller, based on event-based model predictive control (MPC), to effectively compute the optimal reduced-order trajectories for the interconnected LIP dynamics. The lower level of the proposed algorithm employs distributed nonlinear controllers to reduce the gap between reduced- and full-order complex models of cooperative locomotion. In particular, the distributed controllers are developed based on quadratic programing (QP) and virtual constraints to impose the full-order dynamical models of each agent to asymptotically track the reduced-order trajectories while having feasible contact forces at the leg ends. The paper numerically investigates the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm via full-order simulations of a team of collaborative quadrupedal robots, each with a total of 22 degrees-of-freedom. The paper finally investigates the robustness of the proposed control algorithm against uncertainties in the payload mass and changes in the ground height profile. Numerical studies show that the cooperative agents can transport unknown payloads whose masses are up to 57%, 97%, and 137% of a single agent's mass with a team of two, three, and four legged robots.
Contribution of shear wave elastography in evaluation of the deltoid in reverse shoulder arthroplasty: reproducibility study and preliminary results
Authors: Dukan Ruben , Vergari Claudio , Boyer Patrick , Skalli Wafa 
Published: November 2021

Aims: The current difficulty of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) is soft tissue management, and adequate deltoid tension and at present there is no consensus and available tools (X-ray, MRI, EMG) remain difficult to apply in clinical follow-up. The objective of this study was (1) to determine reliability and feasibility of deltoid elasticity assessment using ultrasound elastographyand (2) to assess the change of deltoid stiffness after RSA by comparing shear wave speed (SWS) between healthy and RSA shoulders.Material and methods: Twenty-six healthy (native shoulder, painless and complete range of motion) subjects and twelve patients with RSA were included. Two independent investigators performed 3 measurements on each segment. Measurements were bilateral. Anterior segment was also evaluated at 45° and 60° of passive abduction. Reliability and feasibility have been assessed (ISO5725-standard).Results: Coefficient of measurements variation was less than 6.1% and 0.13 m/s. In the healthy group, SWS was not significantly different between anterior and middle segments; however, the SWS of the posterior segment was significantly lower than others (p<0.0001). In abduction position, compared to the rest position, SWS of the anterior segment decreased at 45° abduction (p=0.0003) and increased at 60° abduction (p<0.0001). Variability of measurement was higher in the RSA group. No significant difference was found between the SWS measurement of the operated and non-operated side. SWS measurements of the operated side of the anterior and middle segment were significantly higher compared to the healthy group. In abduction position, compared to rest position, no difference in SWS of the anterior segment was found at 45° abduction (p=0.71) and nor at 60° abduction (p=0.75).Conclusion: This study demonstrated feasibility and reliability of shoulder assessment with shear wave elastography. Reference values for asymptomatic patients can already be used in future studies on shoulder pathology and surgery.
Effects of Kinesio Taping on Muscle Contractile Properties: Assessment Using Tensiomyography
Authors: Yildiz Seda , Pamuk Uluç , Baltaci Gul , Yucesoy Can A. 
Published: November 2021

Context: Although functional effects of kinesio taping (KT) have been widely studied, its effects on contractile properties of the target muscle remain unclear. Tensiomyography is suitable for quantifying muscle stiffness and rate of force development upon imposed twitch contraction. Objective: To test the hypothesis that KT has effects on contractile properties of targeted muscle using tensiomyography. Design: Prospective cohort study. Settings: Performance laboratory of a sports rehabilitation center. Participants: A total of 11 healthy volunteers. Interventions: Tensiomyography measurements before KT facilitation technique applied (pre-KT), 45 minutes, and 24 hours after KT (post-KT1 and post-KT2, respectively) without removing the tape. Main Outcome Measures: Maximal radial displacement, contraction time, delay time, sustain time, relaxation time, and velocity of contraction. Results: Significant effects were shown for maximal radial displacement (P = .004), contraction time (P = .013), relaxation time (P = .035), and velocity of contraction (P = .0033), but not for delay time (P = .060) and sustain time (P = .078). Post hoc testing indicated a significant decrease in maximal radial displacement for post-KT1 only (from 6.33 [1.46] to 4.87 [2.14] mm), and a significant increase in contraction time for both post-KT1 and post-KT2 (from 30.87 [11.39] to 39.71 [13.49] ms, and 37.41 [14.73] ms, respectively). Post hoc testing also showed a significant decrease in relaxation time for post-KT2 (from 65.97 [53.43] to 47.45 [38.12] ms), and a significant decrease in velocity of contraction for both post-KT1 and post-KT2 (from 0.22 [0.08] to 0.15 [0.09] mm/s, and 0.16 [0.07] mm/s), respectively. Conclusion: The findings indicate that KT leads to an increased muscle stiffness and a reduced muscle rate of force production despite the facilitation technique applied.
Protocol for pragmatic randomised trial: integrating electronic health record-based behavioural economic ‘nudges’ into the electronic health record to reduce preoperative testing for patients undergoing cataract surgery
Authors: Ahmadi Alast , Sorensen Andrea , Villaflores Chad Wes A , Mafi John N , Vangala Sitaram S , Hofer Ira S , Bartlett John D , Cheng Eric M , Duval Victor F , Damberg Cheryl , Elashoff David , Goldstein Noah J , Ladapo Joseph A , Moore James M , Pessegueiro Antonio M , Shu Suzanne B , Skootsky Samuel A , Turner Ashley , Sarkisian Catherine A 
Published: November 2021

IntroductionRobust randomised trial data have shown that routine preoperative (pre-op) testing for cataract surgery patients is inappropriate. While guidelines have discouraged testing since 2002, cataract pre-op testing rates have remained unchanged since the 1990s. Given the challenges of reducing low-value care despite strong consensus around the evidence, innovative approaches are needed to promote high-value care. This trial evaluates the impact of an interdisciplinary electronic health record (EHR) intervention that is informed by behavioural economic theory.Methods and analysisThis pragmatic randomised trial is being conducted at UCLA Health between June 2021 and June 2022 with a 12-month follow-up period. We are randomising all UCLA Health physicians who perform pre-op visits during the study period to one of the three nudge arms or usual care. These three nudge alerts address (1) patient harm, (2) increased out-of-pocket costs for patients and (3) psychological harm to the patients related to pre-op testing. The nudges are triggered when a physician starts to order a pre-op test. We hypothesise that receipt of a nudge will be associated with reduced pre-op testing. The primary outcome will be the change in the percentage of patients undergoing pre-op testing at 12 months. Secondary outcomes will include the percentage of patients undergoing specific categories of pre-op tests (labs, EKGs, chest X-rays (CXRs)), the efficacy of each nudge, same-day surgery cancellations and cost savings.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of the University of California, Los Angeles as well as a nominated Data Safety Monitoring Board. If successful, we will have created a tool that can be disseminated rapidly to EHR vendors across the nation to reduce inappropriate testing for the most common low-risk surgical procedures in the country.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov identifier:NCT04104256.
Which older Brazilians will accept a COVID-19 vaccine? Cross-sectional evidence from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil)
Authors: Macinko James , Seixas Brayan V , Mambrini Juliana Vaz de Melo , Lima-Costa M Fernanda 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesVaccine hesitancy may represent a barrier to effective COVID-19 immunisation campaigns. This study assesses individual, disease-specific and contextual factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among a nationally representative sample of older Brazilian adults.DesignCross-sectional analysis of data from household interviews and a supplementary telephone survey.SettingBrazil and its five geographic regions.ParticipantsData are derived from 6584 individuals aged 50 years and over who participated in the second wave of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSurvey-weighted multinomial logistic regression assesses factors associated with intending, not intending or being uncertain about one’s intention to vaccinate against COVID-19.FindingsSeventy-one per cent of study participants intend to receive a COVID-19 vaccine once available, while 17% (representative of nearly 9 million people) have no intention to vaccinate, and 12% are still undecided. Besides age, demographic and health-related factors related to COVID-19 severity and complications were not associated with intention to vaccinate. Those who most trusted social media or friends and family for COVID-19 information and those who did not trust any information source were 68% and 78% more likely to refuse vaccination, respectively, as compared with those who trusted official information sources. People who inconsistently used face masks when outside were 3.4 times more likely than consistent face mask users to intend to refuse vaccination. Higher municipal COVID-19 fatality rates were negatively associated with vaccine refusal.ConclusionsMost national COVID-19 immunisation strategies identify older individuals as among those prioritised for early vaccination, given their increased risk of more severe symptoms and complications of the disease. Because individual, disease-specific, and contextual factors were associated with vaccine acceptance, there is a clear need for multilevel and multichannel information and outreach campaigns to increase COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among vulnerable older populations.