bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution and biogeography ofMemecylon
Authors: Amarasinghe Prabha , Joshi Sneha , Page Navendu , Wijedasa Lahiru S. , Merello Mary , Kathriarachchi Hashendra , Stone Robert Douglas , Judd Walter , Kodandaramaiah Ullasa , Cellinese Nico 
Published: March 2021

PremiseThe woody plant groupMemecylon(Melastomataceae) is a large clade occupying diverse forest habitats in the Old World tropics and exhibiting high regional endemism. Its phylogenetic relationships have been previously studied using ribosomal DNA with extensive sampling from Africa and Madagascar. However, divergence times, biogeography, and character evolution ofMemecylonremain uninvestigated. We present a phylogenomic analysis ofMemecylonto provide a broad evolutionary perspective of this clade.MethodsOne hundred supercontigs of 67Memecylontaxa were harvested from target enrichment. The data were subjected to coalescent and concatenated phylogenetic analyses. A timeline was provided forMemecylonevolution using fossils and secondary calibration. The calibratedMemecylonphylogeny was used to elucidate its biogeography and ancestral character states.ResultsRelationships recovered by the phylogenomic analyses are strongly supported in both maximum likelihood and coalescent‐based species trees.Memecylonis inferred to have originated in Africa in the Eocene and subsequently dispersed predominantly eastward via long‐distance dispersal (LDD), although a reverse dispersal from South Asia westward to the Seychelles was postulated. Morphological data exhibited high levels of homoplasy, but also showed that several vegetative and reproductive characters were phylogenetically informative.ConclusionsThe current distribution ofMemecylonappears to be the result of multiple ancestral LDD events. Our results demonstrate the importance of the combined effect of geographic and paleoclimatic factors in shaping the distribution of this group in the Old World tropics.Memecylonincludes a number of evolutionarily derived morphological features that contribute to diversity within the clade.
How Can an Na+ Channel Inhibitor Ameliorate Seizures in Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome?
Authors: Lin Yun‐Chu , Lai Yi‐Chen , Chou Ping , Hsueh Shu‐Wei , Lin Tien‐Hung , Huang Chen‐Syuan , Wang Ren‐Wei , Yang Ya‐Chin , Kuo Chung‐Chin 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveLennox–Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is an epileptic encephalopathy frequently associated with multiple types of seizures. The classical Na+ channel inhibitors are in general ineffective against the seizures in LGS. Rufinamide is a new Na+ channel inhibitor, but approved for the treatment of LGS. This is not consistent with a choice of antiseizure drugs (ASDs) according to simplistic categorical grouping.MethodsThe effect of rufinamide on the Na+ channel, cellular discharges, and seizure behaviors was quantitatively characterized in native neurons and mammalian models of epilepsy, and compared with the other Na+ channel inhibitors.ResultsWith a much faster binding rate to the inactivated Na+ channel than phenytoin, rufinamide is distinctively effective if the seizure discharges chiefly involve short bursts interspersed with hyperpolarized interburst intervals, exemplified by spike and wave discharges (SWDs) on electroencephalograms. Consistently, rufinamide, but not phenytoin, suppresses SWD‐associated seizures in pentylenetetrazol or AY‐9944 models, which recapitulate the major electrophysiological and behavioral manifestations in typical and atypical absence seizures, including LGS.InterpretationNa+ channel inhibitors shall have sufficiently fast binding to exert an action during the short bursts and then suppress SWDs, in which cases rufinamide is superior. For the epileptiform discharges where the interburst intervals are not so hyperpolarized, phenytoin could be better because of the higher affinity. Na+ channel inhibitors with different binding kinetics and affinity to the inactivated channels may have different antiseizure scope. A rational choice of ASDs according to in‐depth molecular pharmacology and the attributes of ictal discharges is advisable. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:1099–1113
Toward Zigzag‐edged Helical Nanographene Based on [7]Helicene
Authors: Rong Ming‐Guang , Wang Junting , Liu Junzhi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDue to their unique chemical and physical properties, zigzag‐edged nanographenes have attracted increasing interest in recent years. Herein, a novel zigzag‐edged nanographene (6) containing a [7]helicene subunit was designed and synthesized. However, because of the high reactivities of zigzag edges, compound 1 with a diketone structure was obtained owing to the oxidation of 6. The helical carbon skeleton of 1 is unambiguously revealed by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography analysis. The photophysical properties of the precursor and helical diketone 1 are studied by UV‐vis absorption spectroscopy. The electrochemical property of 1 is investigated by cyclic voltammetry, which was further studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations (ΔEgCal=2.94 eV). The work reported here not only represents the synthesis of an unprecedented [7]helicene‐embedded nanographene, but also provides the possibility for the synthesis of helical nanographenes with rich zigzag edges.
An empirical analysis: Did green supply chain management alleviate the effects of COVID‐19?
Authors: Fasan Marco , Soerger Zaro Elise , Soerger Zaro Claudio , Porco Barbara , Tiscini Riccardo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSupply chain management played a central role during the COVID‐19 crisis, as the outbreak of the pandemic disrupted the majority of all global supply chains. This paper tests whether companies that use green supply chain management (GSCM) practices benefited from a buffer effect in the context of COVID‐19. Our empirical analysis, conducted on a sample of U.S. companies, shows that GSCM companies experienced less negative abnormal stock returns during the crisis. This result contributes to the literature on financial impact of GSCM, finding that GSCM is perceived as an effective risk management tool and can serve as an effective drug against COVID‐19 crisis. Our paper also contributes to the business debate on the role of green supply chains in the post‐COVID19 world.
An effective educational tool for straightforward learning of numerical modeling in engineering electromagnetics
Authors: Zhu Gaojia , Li Longnv , Xue Ming , Liu Tao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract“Engineering Electromagnetics” is the “most familiar stranger” of college students who major in electrical engineering (EE). Through years of physics learning, the students have had a certain understanding of the basic theories of electromagnetic fields. However, during studying the course, especially the numerical modeling chapter, large‐scale mathematical derivations need to be conducted, which significantly enhance the difficulty for students. The cell method (CM) is a newly established numerical method based on the direct derivation of physical laws in cell‐complexes, and the physical meanings of the equations are clear and definite. By establishing and applying the education platform based on CM, the students' cognition and mastery of electromagnetic theories and numerical techniques can be deepened substantially. In this paper, the electromagnetic field is mathematically modeled based on CM, and the related transformations in the dual cell complexes are illustrated through the Tonti diagram in class. The simulation platform for electromagnetic fields based on CM is established by coding mathematical models. After teaching the methodologies, students are asked to numerically simulate two static field problems with simple geometric structures by using the methodologies, and the results show that they can better understand and perform in numerically related courses based on CM compared with the performances of former students taught with the finite element method. A questionnaire is utilized to survey the teaching effectiveness, and the students' satisfaction is validated by the questionnaire survey. Finally, the methodologies are employed to analyze the electric and magnetic field of two complex engineering cases, and the students can better understand the use of the numerical methods by analysis. Through the numerical simulations based on CM, the students' ability to apply numerical algorithms to solve complex engineering cases is cultivated, and teaching effectiveness of the numerical analysis chapter in Engineering Electromagnetics is enriched.
A Highly Efficient Fe−N−C Electrocatalyst with Atomically Dispersed FeN4 Sites for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Jin Xinxin , Xie Yan , Fu Junhong , Zhao Chaoyue , Xu Yinghao , Lv Yang , Zhang Bingsen , Sun Keju , Si Rui , Huang Jiahui 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAtomically dispersed Fe−N−C electrocatalysts have displayed excellent catalytic performances towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), while the identification of the genuine active sites remains a challenge. Herein, we report a Fe−N−C electrocatalyst of FeSA/HNPC featuring single‐atomic FeN4 sites on hierarchically N‐doped porous carbon (HNPC), which shows a very competitive ORR activity in alkaline solution even at a low electrocatalyst loading of 0.2 mg cm−2 on the working electrode. A comparison of energy barriers in ORR reveals that the single‐atomic FeN4 active sites in FeSA/HNPC existing in the form of pyrrole‐N4−Fe is more favorable than that of pyridine‐N4−Fe for the enhanced ORR activity. Understanding the nature of FeN4 active sites will greatly benefit the design of Fe−N−C electrocatalysts with highly effective ORR performances.
Synthetic naphtha recovery from water streams: Vapour‐liquid–liquid equilibrium (VLLE) studies in a dynamic VL‐cell unit with high intensity mixing
Authors: Escobedo Salvador , Kong Jeonghoon , Lopez‐Zamora Sandra , de Lasa Hugo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis work describes vapour pressure measurements of a water/synthetic naphtha mixture using a dynamic CREC‐VL‐Cell, designed to obtain reliable vapour measurements (). The CREC‐VL‐Cell is used to measure vapour pressures for immiscible or partially miscible liquids, given its high multiphase mixing capability. Runs in the CREC‐VL‐Cell involve a dynamic method, operating with a set heating ramp, with continuous tracking of both saturation vapour pressure and temperature within the cell. This system allows for the establishment equilibrium vapour pressures, in a recommended 50–120°C range, emulating the conditions of the naphtha recovery in oil sand processes. Results obtained in the CREC‐VL‐Cell at 1080 rpm are validated using data from Aspen‐Hysys with a Peng‐Robinson fluid package for pure octane and water. On the other hand, using a 2.5 wt.% and 4 wt.% synthetic naphtha in 97.5 wt.% water blend, experimental data shows partial agreement with the Aspen‐Hysys Peng‐Robinson fluid package predictions, demonstrating the value of the experimental vapour‐liquid–liquid (VLL) data obtained in the CREC‐VL‐Cell.
Understanding the Electronic Structure and Stability of BnXn0/2– (n = 4, 6; X = H, F, Cl, Br, I, At, Ts) Clusters†
Authors: Wang Ruo‐Ya , Zhang Jing‐Xuan , Jiang Xue‐Lian , Ma Nana , Chen Xuenian , Xu Cong‐Qiao , Li Jun 
Published: March 2021

Main observation and conclusionBorane clusters and their derivatives have attracted extensive attention in inorganic chemistry due to their fascinating multi‐center bonding patterns and physicochemical properties. Here we report a systematic theoretical investigation on the geometry, electronic structure and chemical bonding of BnXn0/2‐ (n = 4, 6; X = H, F, Cl, Br, I, At, Ts) clusters, attempting to explore their bonding features, exceptional stability and the ligand effect. We find that the electronic structure and stability of BnXn0/2‐ clusters can be tuned by the size of the boron cage and electronegativity of the ligand. Fragment orbital energy matching and orbital overlap are of great importance to the covalency of the cluster. In addition to the ionic electrostatic interaction that dominates the bonding interaction and decreases as the ligand becomes heavier, multi‐center bonding covalency determined by the orbital interaction increases accordingly, attributing to the reducing electronegativity. The σ‐donations from the ligand to the boron cage as well as multi‐center two‐electron (nc‐2e) bonding contribute to the σ aromaticity and superb stability. This work reveals the foremost factors that determine the structure and stability of boron clusters, and provides insights into the nature of chemical bonding for species with boron cages and even bulk boron.
Still Relevant Today: The Asinger Multicomponent Reaction
Authors: Griboura Nefeli , Gatzonas Konstantinos , Neochoritis Constantinos G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Asinger multicomponent reaction is a versatile synthetic tool which gives access to multiple drug‐like scaffolds such as 3‐thiazolines. The diversity and easy access of its starting materials, its operational simplicity combined with mild conditions and relatively good yields, renders the Asinger reaction, today more than ever, a cornerstone not only in heterocyclic chemistry and modern synthesis but also in medicinal chemistry. In this review, we perform a thorough analysis of the scope and limitations on the different reaction variants with their starting materials, the three‐dimensional solid‐state conformations of the Asinger derivatives, and we underline and classify all the major post‐modifications that have been described. In addition, we report all the major applications in drug discovery projects.
The mouth matters most: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of how dogs perceive inanimate objects
Authors: Prichard Ashley , Chhibber Raveena , Athanassiades Kate , Chiu Veronica , Spivak Mark , Berns Gregory S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe perception and representation of objects in the world are foundational to all animals. The relative importance of objects' physical properties versus how the objects are interacted with continues to be debated. Neural evidence in humans and nonhuman primates suggests animate‐inanimate and face‐body dimensions of objects are represented in the temporal cortex. However, because primates have opposable thumbs and interact with objects in similar ways, the question remains as to whether this similarity represents the evolution of a common cognitive process or whether it reflects a similarity of physical interaction. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in dogs to test whether the type of interaction affects object processing in an animal that interacts primarily with its mouth. In Study 1, we identified object‐processing regions of cortex by having dogs passively view movies of faces and objects. In Study 2, dogs were trained to interact with two new objects with either the mouth or the paw. Then, we measured responsivity in the object regions to the presentation of these objects. Mouth‐objects elicited significantly greater activity in object regions than paw‐objects. Mouth‐objects were also associated with activity in somatosensory cortex, suggesting dogs were anticipating mouthing interactions. These findings suggest that object perception in dogs is affected by how dogs expect to interact with familiar objects.
Quantification of Cooperativity between Metal Sites in Dinuclear Transition Metal Complexes Containing the (2‐Dimethylamino)‐4‐(2‐pyrimidinyl)pyrimidine Ligand
Authors: Wall Tatjana , Leist Marko , Dietrich Fabian , Thiel Werner R. , Gerhards Markus 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA concept for the quantification of cooperative effects in transition‐metal complexes is presented. It is demonstrated for a series of novel N,N‐ (mononuclear) and C,N‐coordinated homo‐ and heterometallic binuclear complexes based on the (2‐dimethylamino)‐4‐(2‐pyrimidinyl)pyrimidine ligand, which are accessible by applying roll‐over cyclometallation. These iridium‐, platinum‐, and palladium‐containing compounds are investigated with respect to their absorption and fluorescence spectra. The cooperative effects in the electronic absorptions, i. e., the energetic shifts between mononuclear and dinuclear complexes, and free ligands are analyzed on the basis of the lowest energy π‐π* transitions and compared to calculated data, obtained from TD‐DFT calculations. Furthermore the corresponding fluorescence spectra are presented and analyzed with respect to the concept of cooperativity.
Daily light integral requirements for bermudagrass and zoysiagrass cultivars: Effects of season and trinexapac‐ethyl
Authors: Chen Zhaoxin , Wherley Benjamin , Reynolds Casey , Hejl Reagan , Chang Baoxin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractShade is a major problem facing turf managers worldwide. Availability of low‐cost devices and methods for quantifying daily light integral (DLI) offer the turf manager the ability to more precisely determine DLI levels in shade, yet minimal DLI requirements for acceptable turf quality (DLIm) for many commonly used warm‐season turf cultivars grown under longer‐term chronic shade stress have not been extensively tested. The objectives of this 2‐yr field shade study were to (a) determine effects of growth regulator trinexapac‐ethyl (TE) and season (summer or fall) on DLIm of nine commercially available bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) and zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) cultivars; (b) determine effects of shade level and TE on summer percent green cover and root growth; and (c) determine effects of shade treatments on soil temperatures across the growing season. Significantly higher DLIm were noted during summer compared to fall for all cultivars in the study. The DLIm were generally higher for bermudagrass than zoysiagrass cultivars. ‘Tifway’ required the highest DLIm (ranging from 23.5 to 27.2 mol m−2 d−1) of the bermudagrasses. ‘TifGrand’, ‘Celebration’, and ‘Latitude 36’ showed comparable DLIm during summer and fall. Fewer consistent differences were detected between zoysiagrasses, with ‘Zorro’ and ‘Zeon’ showing the lowest summer DLIm (18.1 and 19.1 mol m−2 d−1, respectively) and ‘Geo’ showing the lowest fall DLIm (11.7 mol m−2 d−1). Trinexapac‐ethyl reduced DLIm only in Zorro, ‘Palisades’, and ‘JaMur’ zoysiagrass, but had no effect on bermudagrass DLIm. The DLIm for a number of cultivars were higher than those previously reported in the literature, which may be attributed to lower mowing heights and/or use of permanent shade structures that were not removed for the duration of the 27‐mo study. The findings should benefit turf managers by guiding data‐driven, seasonal‐based, warm‐season turfgrass cultivar selection for shaded environments.
Functional Phenylboronate Polymers for the Recovery of Diols, Sugar Alcohols, and Saccharides from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Schroer Guido , Toussaint Valérie , Bachmann Stephanie , Pöppler Ann‐Christin , Gierlich Christian Henning , Delidovich Irina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe ongoing transition from fossil to renewable feedstocks demands new efficient processes for an economically viable production of biomass‐derived commodities and fine chemicals. Novel energy‐ and material‐efficient product purification and separation will play a crucial role due to altered product and feed composition. The present study comprises the synthesis and tests of cross‐linked p‐vinylphenylboronate polymers for the separation of 18 diols, sugar alcohols, and saccharides, which can be obtained during biomass processing. The separation was based on molecular recognition, that is, esterification of the phenylboronate with vicinal diols. A correlation of the molecular complexation constant, the polymer swelling, and the maximum adsorption capacity was found. The adsorption curves over time were recorded. Preliminary results on competitive adsorption of binary mixtures showed a high potential for the separation of substrates with significantly different complexation constants. Desorption tests implied easier desorption of substrates that only adsorb on the outer polymer shell.
Envelopment by endothelial cells initiates translocation of avian primordial germ cell into vascular tissue
Authors: Murai Hidetaka , Shibuya Minami , Kishita Ryohei , Sunase Chihiro , Tamura Koji , Saito Daisuke 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn avian species, primordial germ cells (PGCs) migrate to the gonadal primordium through the vascular system. Because this mode of migration is reminiscent of cancer metastasis, it would be useful to elucidate the mechanisms underlying PGC migration via the bloodstream. Here, we sought to determine when, where, and how PGCs enter the vascular network by double visualization of PGCs and endothelial cells (ECs) in tie1:H2B‐eYFP transgenic quails.ResultsIn the left and right lateral germinal crescent regions corresponding to the anterior‐most area vasculosa, more than 60% of PGCs were enveloped by differentiating ECs forming blood islands prior to vascular network formation. Cell morphology analysis suggested that the PGC‐EC interaction was instructed by differentiating ECs. At a later developmental stage, ECs anastomosed to form a vascular network with a lumen that retained PGCs within it. As a consequence, many PGCs localized within the luminal space of the mature vascular network at later stages.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that the major type of avian PGC translocation into vascular tissue is not a typical intravasation, as performed by types of metastatic cancer cells, but rather a passive translocation (envelopment) mediated by differentiating ECs during early vasculogenesis.
Assessing invertebrate herbivory in human‐modified tropical forest canopies
Authors: Barreto Julia Rodrigues , Berenguer Erika , Ferreira Joice , Joly Carlos A. , Malhi Yadvinder , de Seixas Marina Maria Moraes , Barlow Jos 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Studies on the effects of human‐driven forest disturbance usually focus on either biodiversity or carbon dynamics but much less is known about ecosystem processes that span different trophic levels. Herbivory is a fundamental ecological process for ecosystem functioning, but it remains poorly quantified in human‐modified tropical rainforests.

Here, we present the results of the largest study to date on the impacts of human disturbances on herbivory. We quantified the incidence (percentage of leaves affected) and severity (the percentage of leaf area lost) of canopy insect herbivory caused by chewers, miners, and gall makers in leaves from 1,076 trees distributed across 20 undisturbed and human‐modified forest plots in the Amazon.

We found that chewers dominated herbivory incidence, yet were not a good predictor of the other forms of herbivory at either the stem or plot level. Chewing severity was higher in both logged and logged‐and‐burned primary forests when compared to undisturbed forests. We found no difference in herbivory severity between undisturbed primary forests and secondary forests. Despite evidence at the stem level, neither plot‐level incidence nor severity of the three forms of herbivory responded to disturbance.

Synthesis. Our large‐scale study of canopy herbivory confirms that chewers dominate the herbivory signal in tropical forests, but that their influence on leaf area lost cannot predict the incidence or severity of other forms. We found only limited evidence suggesting that human disturbance affects the severity of leaf herbivory, with higher values in logged and logged‐and‐burned forests than undisturbed and secondary forests. Additionally, we found no effect of human disturbance on the incidence of leaf herbivory.