bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lithological dependence of aragonite preservation in monospecific gastropod deposits of the Miocene Mainz Basin: Implications for the (dia-)genesis of limestone–marl alternations
Authors: Nohl Theresa , Wetterich Jannick , Fobbe Nicholas , Munnecke Axel 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTThe origin of limestone–marl alternations (LMA) and their diagenesis is still lively debated. The most disputed question is whether original variations in sediment input control the differentiation of the precursor sediment into limestone and marl, or if a LMA can form without compositional differences in the precursor sediment. The Miocene brackish-water deposits (Rüssingen Formation) from the Mainz–Weisenau quarry in central Germany offer the opportunity to tackle this question. They are developed as a monospecific alternation of planar beds of moderately and poorly lithified sands of aragonitic Hydrobia snails, corresponding to “limestones” and “marls” in LMA, respectively. XRD analyses and the monospecific composition reveal only minor to no changes in sedimentary input and allow comparison of the preservation of Hydrobia in both lithologies. The differential preservation of the aragonitic fossils in lithified and less lithified layers is documented in thin-sections. CaCO3 contents are high throughout the measured section. However, XRD analyses revealed high amounts of aragonite and low amounts of calcite in less lithified beds, and the opposite in lithified beds in which calcite is the main mineral phase. Mg-calcite is abundant in both lithologies. Although the less lithified beds have experienced significant loss of aragonite by dissolution, they still mainly contain aragonite since the precursor sediment contained only aragonitic shells and Mg-calcite crusts. The relative amount of aragonite is higher than in the more lithified beds because the lithified beds imported the dissolved aragonite, which precipitated as calcite cements. This shifted the aragonite–calcite ratio to higher values in the less lithified beds than in the more lithified beds, although it is counterintuitive at first sight. This is supported by thin-section analyses and point counting, revealing moderate to good preservation of Hydrobia or their replacement by calcite spar in lithified beds, but intense dissolution of aragonite in less lithified beds. The aragonite–calcite ratio and the differential preservation of Hydrobia fit the model of differential diagenesis in “classical” LMAs, which assumes early diagenetic aragonite dissolution in marls and reprecipitation as calcite cement in limestones. It is concluded that the studied succession—although an endmember of LMA—was differentiated into lithified and unlithified beds by incomplete differential diagenesis while minor primary differences are not reflected in the change in lithology. The results suggest that the differentiation of a homogeneous precursor sediment into a LMA is possible and caution should be exercised using lithological change or proxies which are potentially altered by CaCO3 redistribution for cyclostratigraphic analyses.
Multiple Resonance Deep-red Emitters with Hybridized π-bonding/ non-bonding Orbitals to Surpass the Energy Gap Law
Authors: Zhang Yuewei , Zhang Dongdong , Huang Tianyu , Gillett Alexander , Liu Yang , Cui Linsong , Bin Zhengyang , Li Guomeng , Zhang Chen , Lu Yang , Liu Ziyang , Wei Jinbei , Duan Lian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Efficient organic emitters in the deep-red to near infrared region are rare due to the ‘energy gap law’. Here, multiple boron (B)- and nitrogen (N)-atoms embedded polycyclic heteroaromatics featuring hybridized π-bonding/ non-bonding molecular orbitals are constructed, providing a way to overcome the above luminescent boundary. The introduction of B-phenyl-B and N-phenyl-N structures enhances the electronic coupling of those para-positioned atoms, forming restricted π-bonds on the phenyl-core for delocalized excited states and thus a narrow energy gap. The mutually ortho-positioned B- and N-atoms also induce a multiple resonance effect on the peripheral skeleton for the non-bonding orbitals, creating shallow potential energy surfaces to eliminate the high-frequency vibrational quenching. The corresponding deep-red emitters with peaks at 662 nm and 692 nm exhibit narrow full-width at half-maximums of 38 nm, high radiative decay rates of ~108 s-1, ~100% photo-luminance quantum yields and record-high maximum external quantum efficiencies of >28% in a normal planar organic light-emitting diode structure, simultaneously.
Neoantigens elicit T cell responses in breast cancer
Authors: Morisaki Takafumi , Kubo Makoto , Umebayashi Masayo , Yew Poh , Yoshimura Sachiko , Park Jae , Kiyotani Kazuma , Kai Masaya , Yamada Mai , Oda Yoshinao , Nakamura Yusuke , Morisaki Takashi , Nakamura Masafumi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Neoantigens are tumor-specific antigens that arise from non-synonymous mutations in tumor cells. However, their effect on the immune responses in tumor microenvironment are still unclear in breast cancer.We performed whole exome and RNA sequencing of 31 fresh breast cancer tissues and neoantigen prediction on the non-synonymous single nucleotide variants (nsSNVs) among exonic mutations. Neoantigen profiles were determined by predictive HLA binding affinity (IC50<500nM) and mRNA expression with a read count≥1. We evaluated the association between neoantigen load and expression levels of immune-related genes. Moreover, using primary tumor cells established from a breast cancer patient with malignant ascites, we tried to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by co-culturing neoantigen peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) and autologous peripheral lymphocytes. The functions of CTLs were examined by cytotoxicity and IFN-γ ELISpot assay.. Neoantigen load ranged from 6 to 440 (mean, 95) and was positively correlated with the total number of nsSNVs. Although no associations between neoantigen load and mRNA expressions of T cell markers were observed, but the co-culture of neoantigen-pulsed DCs and lymphocytes successfully induced CTLs ex vivo. These results suggest that neoantigen analysis may show utility in developing strategies to elicit T cell responses.
Ketamine versus dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant in ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block: A double-blind randomized clinical trial
Authors: mohmed Ahmed , Hassanein Abeer , Mansour Haidy 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Peripheral nerve block has gained increased popularity due to less postoperative pain, reduced need for postoperative analgesic drugs, reduction of PACU time, and improved patient satisfaction. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of ketamine and dexmedetomidine as additives to bupivacaine on onset and duration of the block, post-operative VAS, and analgesic consumption, after ultrasound-guided supraclavicular nerve block. Methods: 75 adult patients undergoing elective operations of the elbow, forearm, wrist, or hand were randomly allocated into three groups of 25 patients each. Group K (ketamine group) received 40 ml 0.25% bupivacaine contain 1 mg/kg ketamine, Group D (dexmedetomidine group) received 40 ml 0.25% bupivacaine contain 1ug/kg dexmedetomidine, group C (control group) received 40 ml 0.25% bupivacaine. The outcome measures included visual analog scale (VAS, 0 = no pain 10 cm = the most severe pain), time to first analgesic request, and total dose of diclofenac analgesia given postoperatively. Sedation score also recorded in all groups Results: Patients in D and K groups had reduced VAS scores than the C group, at all-time points after surgery during the first 24 hours, with more reduction in D than K group ( P < 0.05). The time of the first analgesic request in the D group was significantly more than in the K group and both were more than the C group (9.48±1.417 h, 7.08 ±1.255 h, and 5.00 ± 1.04 h respectively). Conclusions: The addition of ketamine or dexmedetomidine in the ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block could improve the postoperative pain and need for analgesia. Therefore, we can consider the low price more available ketamine as a comparable adjuvant in brachial plexus block to some extent as dexmedetomidine. Trial registration: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04508894, Date of registration (02/21/2019).
Determining the Optimal Tranexamic Acid Dose for Cardiac Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Xie Xiuxiu , Shi Siren , Cheng Xinqi , Lin Muya , Chen Lijian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been widely used to reduce the risk of bleeding in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. However, the clinical TXA dose that best reduces postoperative bleeding has not been determined. We evaluated the efficacy of two different doses of TXA using Thromboelastography (TEG) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methods: One hundred and eleven patients who underwent primary cardiac valve replacement with CPB were enrolled in this study. Patients were randomly divided into three groups: T1, T2, and the control group. Patients in the TXA group would receive different TXA doses: 15 mg/kg loading dose followed by an infusion of 5 mg/kg/h until the completion of surgery (T1 group) or 6 mg/kg loading dose followed by an infusion of 3 mg/kg/h until the completion of surgery (T2 group). Pre-operative patient characteristics, intraoperative data, transfusions between and after surgery, chest tube output after surgery within two days, and outcome data were recorded.Results: Transfusion of blood products, blood loss, and chest tube output were significantly reduced in the T1 group compared with the control group (P< 0.05). Compared to the control group, the T2 group had similar results. Surgical time and length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay were significantly lower in the T1 and T2 groups compared to the control group (P< 0.05). No postoperative seizures occurred in all three patient groups.Conclusions: The use ofTranexamic acid was associated with a lower risk of bleeding compared to the control group. Both doses of tranexamic acid were effective to reduce blood loss as well as transfusions compared to the control group.
Economic Evaluation of Remote Patient Monitoring System in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Salehi Sahar , Olyaeemanesh Alireza , Mobinizadeh Mohammad Reza , Esfahani Ensieh Nasli , Riazi Hossein , Hezaveh Alireza Mahdavi , Azadbakht Mahdi , pour Elahe Bavand , Jamali Maryam 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Nowadays, an alternative model for evolution of health care is required to reduce the chronic illness burden notably diabetes; to this end, using the remote patient monitoring system is recommended. This system virtually eliminates distance barriers and constantly monitors the patients' information on urban and rural areas. Moreover, in case of trouble, patients are immediately supported and quick warnings are sent to the health care provider and the patient, if necessary. This study aimed to investigate the economic evaluation of the remote type 2 diabetes monitoring for controlling the blood glucose (glycosylated hemoglobin) compared to routine type 2 diabetes care.Methods: Economic evaluation was carried out using the finished cost of the remote type 2 diabetes monitoring technology and the routine treatment, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio as well as one-way and multiple sensitivity analysis using the key variables such as population, cost items, the minimum, maximum and average population size. In this study, the remote type 2 diabetes monitoring technology was compared with the routine treatment.Results: The results showed that, considering the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio in the base model, the remote type 2 diabetes monitoring system in comparison with routine treatment of type 2 diabetes was placed in the second quarter (more effective and affordable technology) of the graph as the most dominant alternative. The results of the two-way sensitivity analysis revealed that the research findings are consistent in terms of cost and population variables and in all cases were included in the second quarter (more effective and affordable technology) in the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio graph and were dominant compared to the routine treatment.Conclusion: Remote patient monitoring is a dominant alternative compared to routine treatment. Further evidence on long-term remote patient monitoring experience is needed for future studies. Results indicated that remote type 2 diabetes monitoring interventions play an effective role in reducing HbA1c that may be considered the rationale for policy makers on domestication of this technology.
Emergent constraints on climate—carbon cycle feedbacks from tropical atmospheric aridity
Authors: Barkhordarian Armineh , Bowman Kevin , Cressie Noel , Jewell Jeffrey , Liu Junjie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The vulnerability of the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle to changes in climate, especially temperature and moisture, remains one of the largest sources of uncertainty in future climate projections. Harnessing new satellite-driven global carbon reanalysis, we show here that tropical atmospheric aridity, which is directly related to the atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD), is a causal driver of the interannual variability of the tropical net carbon balance and consequently the CO2 growth rate with observed present-day sensitivities of -3.2 ± 0.62 GtC mb-1 yr-1. Our results provide evidence that a large part of tropical net biome exchange variability is indirectly driven by land-atmospheric coupling via VPD variations that cannot be explained by tropical temperatures alone. Furthermore, we find that there is an emergent relationship between the sensitivity of the tropical carbon balance to VPD and the long-term response of tropical-land carbon storage to increase in VPD across an ensemble of Earth System Models used in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6). Employing a hierarchical emergent constraint, the global carbon—climate feedback from aridity is -22±11 GtC mb-1 which represents a substantial reduction in uncertainty relative to the CMIP6 ensemble. Our findings show that atmospheric aridity is an important proxy for the combined effects of both water and temperature on the terrestrial carbon balance and a key predictor of carbon—climate feedbacks.
Fast and Accurate Automated Recognition of the Dominant Cells From Fecal Images Based on Faster R-CNN
Authors: Zhang Jin , DU XIAOHUI , XU FAN , WANG XIANGZHOU , NI GUANGMING , LIU JUANXIU , HAO RUQIAO , LIU LIN , LIU YONG 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Fecal samples can easily be collected and are representative of a person’s current health state; therefore, the demand for routine fecal examination has increased sharply. However, manual operation may pollute the samples, and low efficiency limits the general examination speed; therefore, automatic analysis is needed. Nevertheless, recognition exhaust time and accuracy remain major challenges in automatic testing. Here, we introduce a fast and efficient cell detection algorithm based on the Faster-R-CNN technique and is the Resnet-152 convolutional neural network architecture. Additionally, a region proposal network and a network combined with principal component analysis were proposed for cell location and recognition in microscopic images. Our algorithm achieved a mean average precision of 84% and a 723 ms detection time per sample for 40560 fecal images. Thus, this approach may provide a solid theoretical basis for real-time detection in routine clinical examinations while accelerating the process to satisfy increasing demand.
Insights Into the Mechanism of Rhizosphere Microorganisms Effecting on Quality Formation of Authentic Angelica Sinensis Under Different Soil Microenvironments
Authors: Zhu Lei , Yan Hui , Zhou GuiSheng , Jiang ChunHao , Liu Pei , Yu Guang , Guo Sheng , Wu QiNan , Duan JinAo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (A. sinensis), the commonly used famous-region Chinese herbs, grew in different geographical locations which were crucial to active components accumulation in medicinal plants. Rhizosphere microbiome played a critical role in plant performance, including nutrient acquisition, growth and development and plant diseases resistance etc., there were still few studies on how microbiome effecting on accumulation of active components of A. sinensis. This study aim to illustrate whether the variations of rhizosphere microbial communities and metabolites profilings of A. sinensis were dependant on soil microenvironments. Soils from the two main A. sinensis producing areas, Gansu and Yunnan Province, were selected for a pot experiment, and then divided into two parts, one part was sterilized and the other did not, planting with Gansu danggui 90-01, allowed to grow for 180 days. After the trial radix A. sinensis were collected for analysis of growth targets and chemical compositions, rhizosphere soils for microbial analyses. Results: The metabolic profiles and rhizosphere microbial communities of A. sinensis grown under different soil microenvironments showed similar variation. The GN (Gansu non-sterilized), YN (Yunnan non-sterilized), GS (Gansu sterilized), and YS (Yunnan sterilized) group were significantly separated. Specifically, compared with Yunnan soil, antagonistic bacteria such as Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Lysobacter, Pseudoxanthomonas, etc. were significantly (p <0.05) enriched in Gansu soil. The characteristic constituents of senkyunolide I and ligustilide dimers enriched in GS group has an extremely positive correlation with Pseudomonas parafulva; organic acids (including chlorogenic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acid and 5-feruloylquinic acid) and their ester coniferyl ferulate enriched in YS Group were significantly positively relevant with Gemmatimonadetes bacterium WY71 and Mucilaginibater sp., respectively. Conclusions: Given that soil microenvironments may contribute to growth and active components accumulation of A. sinensis. Further study aimes at exploring the functional characteristics of quality-related bacterias, and finding the main response genes and the interactions between genes and the environments, to elucidate the main mechanism of genuine A. sinensis quality formation.
Application of Quantile Regression to Examine Changes in the Distribution of Stunting of Indian Children Aged 0-36 Months Using Four Rounds of NFHS Data.
Authors: Mokalla Thirupathi , MENDU VISHNU VARDHANA 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: In India, it has been observed that the prevalence of stunting among under-five children decreased, but the prevalence is still alarmingly high. In previous studies, traditional (linear and logistic) regression analyses were used, and these analyses were limited to encapsulated cross-distribution variations. Our study's objective was to examine how the different determinants are heterogenous in various percentiles. Methods: This article examined the change in the stunting distribution of children and examined the relationships between the key covariate's trends and patterns in stunting among children aged <3 years over a period of 24 years. Four successive rounds of the National Family Health Survey data 1992-93, 1998-99, 2005-06, and 2015-16 were used for analysis. The final study included 206579 children aged <3 years (N= 106136 male, 100443 female). To explain and analyze differences in the stunting distribution, the lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method was used. Trends in stunting distribution over time were analysed using separate sex-stratified quantile regression (QR). The selected socioeconomic, demographic and other predictors considered for this analysis. Results: The quantile regressions have clearly indicated that mothers who have higher than primary level education were beneficial to decrease child malnutrition at the lower end of the distribution. The age, birth order, mother's body-mass-index (BMI) and wealth, among others, were some more determining factors for HAZ. Results of selected quantile regression estimated at 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th quantiles. The wealth index was a highly negative association with lower quantiles compared to upper quantiles in stunting However, in the age classification, as the age increases, there was a negative association in the upper quantiles of stunting. Small size at birth was having a negative association in all the quantiles of stunting. Conclusions: The outcome of various covariates working differently across the stunting distribution was suggested by quantile regression. The major discrepancies in different aspects were underlined by socioeconomic and demographic aspects of India. The heterogeneity of this effect was shown using quantile regression.
Modeling of the Weekly Variation of the Reported COVID-19 Cases as A Potential Indicator of the Surveillance System Accuracy
Authors: Zamaninasab Zahra , Sharifi Hamid , Mostafavi Ehsan , Mounesan Leila , Haghdoost Ali Akbar 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Periodical daily variation in the number of reported COVID-19 cases within weeks is a common observation in global and national statistics. This variation may imply that the day of week has a significant role in the number of reported cases. We compared the pattern in some countries with an acceptable surveillance system. Data of 18 European and North American countries between 6 Mar and 8 Nov 2020 were extracts. Harmonic regression models were used to quantify the peak day, the absolute intensity and the average of coefficient of variation within weeks (ACVW) classified by country. In eight countries, the within week variation was statistically significant, the maximum and minimum number reported cases were in Saturday and Monday respectively, however, this pattern varied among countries. The maximum of ACVW was observed in Belgium and France, while it was minimum in Russia. The level of intensity of infection had a positive association with the ACVW (r = 0.54, p-value = 0.021). The observed variation and its pattern may show that the coverage or the tidiness of COVID-19 surveillance system fluctuates in different days of week. In addition, we suggest that the level of this fluctuation might be used as an accuracy indicator of the surveillance system.