bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hearing Sensitivity of Primates: Recurrent and Episodic Positive Selection in Hair Cells and Stereocilia Protein-Coding Genes
Authors: Moreira Andreia , Croze Myriam , Delehelle Franklin , Cussat-Blanc Sylvain , Luga Hervé , Mollereau Catherine , Balaresque Patricia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe large spectrum of hearing sensitivity observed in primates results from the impact of environmental and behavioral pressures to optimize sound perception and localization. Although evidence of positive selection in auditory genes has been detected in mammals including in Hominoids, selection has never been investigated in other primates. We analyzed 123 genes highly expressed in the inner ear of 27 primate species and tested to what extent positive selection may have shaped these genes in the order Primates tree. We combined both site and branch-site tests to obtain a comprehensive picture of the positively selected genes (PSGs) involved in hearing sensitivity, and drew a detailed description of the most affected branches in the tree. We chose a conservative approach, and thus focused on confounding factors potentially affecting PSG signals (alignment, GC-biased gene conversion, duplications, heterogeneous sequencing qualities). Using site tests, we showed that around 12% of these genes are PSGs, an α selection value consistent with average human genome estimates (10–15%). Using branch-site tests, we showed that the primate tree is heterogeneously affected by positive selection, with the black snub-nosed monkey, the bushbaby, and the orangutan, being the most impacted branches. A large proportion of these genes is inclined to shape hair cells and stereocilia, which are involved in the mechanotransduction process, known to influence frequency perception. Adaptive selection, and more specifically recurrent adaptive evolution, could have acted in parallel on a set of genes (ADGRV1, USH2A, PCDH15, PTPRQ, and ATP8A2) involved in stereocilia growth and the whole complex of bundle links connecting them, in species across different habitats, including high altitude and nocturnal environments.
Meta-analysis identifies pleiotropic loci controlling phenotypic trade-offs in sorghum
Authors: Mural Ravi V , Grzybowski Marcin , Miao Chenyong , Damke Alyssa , Sapkota Sirjan , Boyles Richard E , Salas Fernandez Maria G , Schnable Patrick S , Sigmon Brandi , Kresovich Stephen , Schnable James C 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Community association populations are composed of phenotypically and genetically diverse accessions. Once these populations are genotyped, the resulting marker data can be reused by different groups investigating the genetic basis of different traits. Because the same genotypes are observed and scored for a wide range of traits in different environments, these populations represent a unique resource to investigate pleiotropy. Here, we assembled a set of 234 separate trait datasets for the Sorghum Association Panel, a group of 406 sorghum genotypes widely employed by the sorghum genetics community. Comparison of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted with two independently generated marker sets for this population demonstrate that existing genetic marker sets do not saturate the genome and likely capture only 35–43% of potentially detectable loci controlling variation for traits scored in this population. While limited evidence for pleiotropy was apparent in cross-GWAS comparisons, a multivariate adaptive shrinkage approach recovered both known pleiotropic effects of existing loci and new pleiotropic effects, particularly significant impacts of known dwarfing genes on root architecture. In addition, we identified new loci with pleiotropic effects consistent with known trade-offs in sorghum development. These results demonstrate the potential for mining existing trait datasets from widely used community association populations to enable new discoveries from existing trait datasets as new, denser genetic marker datasets are generated for existing community association populations.
The UN and women's marginalization in peace negotiations
Authors: Schneiker Andrea 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Although UN Security Council Resolution 1325 calls for increased participation of women in all stages of a peace process, the number of women who participate in formal peace negotiations is still very limited. In order to augment their number, UN Women and other international organizations have published a series of policy reports in which they argue that women's participation increases the success of peace negotiations and leads to more inclusive peace agreements. However, based on an analysis of relevant policy reports and interviews with women and men involved in peace negotiations, I argue that the policy reports do not lead to women's empowerment. Instead, they contribute to women's marginalization in peace negotiations, because they entrap women between conflicting expectations. The type of behaviour that international advocates of the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda expect of women when they participate in peace negotiations limits the women's room for manoeuvre—at best. At worst, this type of behaviour prevents women from participating in the negotiations, because it is dismissed by domestic (male) negotiators. But if women who participate in peace negotiations violate the behavioural script proposed by the policy reports, they are considered as not acting in line with the WPS agenda. Hence, no matter how women behave when they sit at the negotiation table, they either lose the support of international or national gatekeepers.
Form and Function of the Caudal Fin Throughout the Phylogeny of Fishes
Authors: Giammona Francesca F 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFishes are the longest persisting living vertebrates and as such, display an incredible array of diversity. Variation in the tail, or caudal fin, is often a reflection of a fish’s environment, and affects movement, predation, defense, and reproduction. Previous literature has discussed many aspects of caudal fin form and function in particular taxonomic groups; however, no previous work has synthesized these studies in order to detail how the caudal fin is structured, and what purpose this structure serves, throughout the phylogeny of fishes. This review examines the caudal fin throughout the main lineages of fish evolution, and highlights where changes in shape and usage have occurred. Such novelties in form and function tend to have far-reaching evolutionary consequences. Through integration of past and present work, this review creates a coherent picture of caudal fin evolution. Patterns and outliers that demonstrate how form and function of this appendage are intertwined can further inform hypotheses that fill critical gaps in knowledge concerning the caudal fin.
Code is code and law is law—the law of digitalization and the digitalization of law
Authors: Oster Jan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The article argues for a sharp analytical distinction between the realms of technology and of law. The question to what extent the law ‘can’ be digitalized relates to technology, whereas the question to what extent it ‘may’ be digitalized falls within the realm of the law. Against this backdrop, it is argued that digital technology does not challenge the law fundamentally. Instead, the crucial questions on the relationship between law and digitalization lie in the details. The article raises those questions and provides an analytical framework for the law of digitalization and the digitalization of law.
Beyond Transitional Justice: Learning from Indigenous Maya Mam Resistance in Guatemala
Authors: Willard Emily 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The international transitional justice movement – while making great strides in achieving justice and uncovering the truth of what happened during the decades-long internal armed conflict – ultimately constructs a narrow understanding of the conflict and postconflict in Guatemala. Domestic and international human rights trials and truth commission reports focus, sometimes necessarily, on stories of suffering and the costs of war, and often leave out stories of resilience and triumph. Drawing on Indigenous scholarship about concepts of desire-centered work, refusal, survivance and thrivance, I argue for the need to shift fundamental assumptions and move beyond traditional approaches to transitional justice, identifying important lessons learned. A collaborative research project with a small Maya Mam Indigenous town in western Guatemala brings to the fore voices often missing from mainstream narratives about conflict by centering the community’s grassroots development, and self-governance projects through which genocide survivors are building new, vibrant futures for themselves and their children.
Data assimilation of synthetic data as a novel strategy for predicting disease progression in alopecia areata
Authors: Cogan NG , Bao Feng , Paus Ralf , Dobreva Atanaska 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The goal of patient-specific treatment of diseases requires a connection between clinical observations with models that are able to accurately predict the disease progression. Even when realistic models are available, it is very difficult to parameterize them and often parameter estimates that are made using early time course data prove to be highly inaccurate. Inaccuracies can cause different predictions, especially when the progression depends sensitively on the parameters. In this study, we apply a Bayesian data assimilation method, where the data are incorporated sequentially, to a model of the autoimmune disease alopecia areata that is characterized by distinct spatial patterns of hair loss. Using synthetic data as simulated clinical observations, we show that our method is relatively robust with respect to variations in parameter estimates. Moreover, we compare convergence rates for parameters with different sensitivities, varying observational times and varying levels of noise. We find that this method works better for sparse observations, sensitive parameters and noisy observations. Taken together, we find that our data assimilation, in conjunction with our biologically inspired model, provides directions for individualized diagnosis and treatments.
Reflexive Pluralism in IR: Canadian Contributions to Worlding the Global South
Authors: Compaoré W R Nadège , Martel Stéphanie , Grant J Andrew 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObservers of the evolution of international relations (IR) theory often point to an American hegemony in the discipline on a global level. However, more recent analyses show that there has been a systematic and increasing Canadianization of IR scholarship in Canada since the 1990s, facilitated by government policies that fostered the hiring of domestic candidates and the creation of Canadian foreign policy research centers. This process has by no means been a cohesive one, yet it reflects a tendency in Canadian IR to make room for a pluralism in ontological as well as epistemological and methodological terms. This opening up of space for diversity is an important yet underappreciated characteristic of Canadian IR's contribution to the discipline, which has not been seriously examined beyond the study of Canadian foreign policy. This article assesses the impact of Canadian IR scholarship on the development of a “Global IR” through an examination of its contributions to Asia-Pacific and African IR. We argue that despite its heterogeneity, Canadian IR scholarship in both areas is characterized by a common set of elements that, taken together, reflect a distinctly Canadian way of studying and practicing IR in relation to the Global South: pluralism and reflexivism.
Optimization of a Ligand Exchange Chromatography Method for the Enantioselective Separation of Levofloxacin and Its Chiral Impurity
Authors: Abousalih Fatima Zahra , Karbane Miloud El , Echerfaoui Fouad , Benchekroun Yassine Hameda , Karrouchi Khalid , Azougagh Mohamed , Bouchafra Houda , Bouatia Mustapha 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Levofloxacin is a third-generation fluoroquinolone that has several advantages over its (R) ofloxacin isomer. It is used to treat different types of infection, including urinary infection and prostatitis.

Objective
A new HPLC method for the enantioselective separation of levofloxacin and its chiral impurity was developed and validated to improve the separation of the enantiomers of levofloxacin [impurity(R) and active principle (S)] by increasing the value of the resolution between the eutomer and the distomer.

Method
Chromatographic separation was performed on a Prodigy ODS -2, 5 µm 4.6 × 150 mm column, with a gradient of buffer solution and methanol (80:20, v/v). A Box–Behnken design was considered when optimizing the enantioseparation involving the effects of many factors such as the concentration of d-phenylalanine, the pH of the buffer, the percentage of organic modifier in the mobile phase, the flow rate, the temperature of the column, and the type of column.

Results
Chiral separation was achieved with an optimal resolution of 3.8. The method was successfully validated following the International Conference on Harmonization Q2 (R1) guideline, fulfilling the acceptance criteria for selectivity [no interference in the retention time of (S) levofloxacin and (R) levofloxacin], linearity (r ≥0.999 in the range 1.25–3.75 µg/mL for all enantiomers), and precision (RSD &lt;2%). Accuracy was assessed by the application of the analytical method to an analyte of known purity, providing evidence for the usefulness of this monitoring system.

Conclusions
The method was successfully used for the determination of levofloxacin impurity in raw material and pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Highlights
The following method is accurate and robust to quantify and characterize the presence of levofloxacin impurity in raw material for pharmaceutical compounds.
Risk and DoE-Based DMAIC Principle to the Multipurpose-RP-HPLC Method for Synchronous Estimation of Anti-Hypertensive Drugs Using AQbD Approach
Authors: Prajapati Pintu B , Patel Ankita , Shah Shailesh A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Hypertension is a major health problem found in people throughout the world and numerous fixed-dose combination (FDC) products of telmisartan are available in the local market for its treatment. Several chromatography methods such as reversed-phase (RP)-HPLC and HPTLC methods have been published for estimation of FDC products of telmisartan with hydrochlorothiazide, atorvastatin, and amlodipine. No RP-HPLC method has been reported yet for synchronous estimation of FDC products of telmisartan, which would save analysis time, cost, and solvent.

Objective
A multipurpose RP-HPLC method has been developed for synchronous estimation of FDC products of telmisartan using the analytical quality by design approach based on risk- and design of experiment (DoE)-based define, measure, analyse, improve, control (DMAIC) principles.

Method
The risk-based DMAIC principle was implemented by risk parameter identification and assessment as per the ICH Q9 guideline. The DoE-based DMAIC principle was applied by response surface analysis using a Box-Behnken design. The method operable design ranges were navigated and a control strategy was set for the development of the method as per the analytical target profile (ATP).

Results
Chromatographic separation was performed using Shimpack ODS C18 column and acetonitrile: 0.1% (v/v) triethylamine (pH 6.5), keeping a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The method was validated as per the ICH Q2 (R1) guideline. The developed method was applied for synchronous estimation of seven different anti-hypertensive products.

Conclusions
The developed method is an eco-friendly and economical alternative to published chromatography methods for the analysis of anti-hypertensive products. Hence, the developed method can be used as a multipurpose RPLC method for quality control of anti-hypertensive products in the pharmaceutical industry.

Highlights
A multipurpose RPLC method for synchronous estimation of antihypertensive products of telmisartan was developed, saving analysis time, cost, and solvent. The developed method was applied to the synchronous estimation of seven different anti-hypertensive products.
Improved efficiency in automated acquisition of ultra-high-resolution electron holograms using automated target detection
Authors: Ichihashi Fumiaki , Tanigaki Toshiaki , Akashi Tetsuya , Takahashi Yoshio , Kusada Kohei , Tamaoka Takehiro , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Shinada Hiroyuki , Murakami Yasukazu 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An automated hologram acquisition system for big-data analysis and for improving the statistical precision of phase analysis has been upgraded with automated particle detection technology. The coordinates of objects in low-magnification images are automatically detected using zero-mean normalized cross-correlation with preselected reference images. In contrast with the conventional scanning acquisitions from the whole area of a microgrid and/or a thin specimen, the new method allows efficient data collections only from the desired fields of view including the particles. The acquisition time of the cubic/triangular nanoparticles that were observed was shortened by about one-fifty eighth that of the conventional scanning acquisition method because of efficient data collections. The developed technology can improve statistical precision in electron holography with shorter acquisition time and is applicable to the analysis of electromagnetic fields for various kinds of nanoparticles.
Cosmic shear cosmology beyond two-point statistics: a combined peak count and correlation function analysis of DES-Y1
Authors: Harnois-Déraps Joachim , Martinet Nicolas , Castro Tiago , Dolag Klaus , Giblin Benjamin , Heymans Catherine , Hildebrandt Hendrik , Xia Qianli 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We constrain cosmological parameters from a joint cosmic shear analysis of peak-counts and the two-point shear correlation functions, as measured from the Dark Energy Survey (DES-Y1). We find the structure growth parameter $S_8\equiv \sigma _8\sqrt{\Omega _{\rm m}/0.3} = 0.766^{+0.033}_{-0.038}$ which, at 4.8 per cent precision, provides one of the tightest constraints on S8 from the DES-Y1 weak lensing data. In our simulation-based method we determine the expected DES-Y1 peak-count signal for a range of cosmologies sampled in four w cold dark matter parameters (Ωm, σ8, h, w0). We also determine the joint covariance matrix with over 1000 realizations at our fiducial cosmology. With mock DES-Y1 data we calibrate the impact of photometric redshift and shear calibration uncertainty on the peak-count, marginalizing over these uncertainties in our cosmological analysis. Using dedicated training samples we show that our measurements are unaffected by mass resolution limits in the simulation, and that our constraints are robust against uncertainty in the effect of baryon feedback. Accurate modelling for the impact of intrinsic alignments on the tomographic peak-count remains a challenge, currently limiting our exploitation of cross-correlated peak counts between high and low redshift bins. We demonstrate that once calibrated, a fully tomographic joint peak-count and correlation functions analysis has the potential to reach a 3 per cent precision on S8 for DES-Y1. Our methodology can be adopted to model any statistic that is sensitive to the non-Gaussian information encoded in the shear field. In order to accelerate the development of these beyond-two-point cosmic shear studies, our simulations are made available to the community upon request.
A Newly Developed Aerosol Exposure Apparatus for Heated Tobacco Products for In Vivo Experiments Can Deliver Both Particles and Gas Phase With High Recovery and Depicts the Time-Dependent Variation in Nicotine Metabolites in Mouse Urine
Authors: Sawa Marie , Ushiyama Akira , Inaba Yohei , Uchiyama Shigehisa , Hattori Kenji , Ogasawara Yuki , Ishii Kazuyuki 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Introduction
There is no standardized aerosol exposure apparatus to deliver heated tobacco products (HTPs) for in vivo experiments. Therefore, we developed a novel HTPs aerosol exposure apparatus for mice and demonstrated that nicotine and other chemicals in HTPs aerosol generated by the apparatus can be delivered to mice which replicate human smoke.

Aims and Methods
The amounts of nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide (CO) in IQOS (Marlboro Regular HeatSticks) aerosol generated by two types of apparatuses were determined. C57BL/6N mice were exposed to IQOS aerosol, followed by determination of the urinary nicotine metabolites. Further, the skin surface temperature of mice was monitored to confirm the vasoconstriction action of nicotine.

Results
The amount of chemicals in IQOS aerosol by the novel air push-in inhalation apparatus for HTPs (APIA) was equivalent to that of the analytical vaping machine (LM4E) (1.60 ± 0.08 [APIA] vs. 1.46 ± 0.07 mg/stick [LM4E] in nicotine and 0.55 ± 0.04 [APIA] vs. 0.45 ± 0.01 mg/stick [LM4E] in CO). After mice were exposed to IQOS aerosol by APIA, the urinary nicotine metabolite levels were determined; peak values in cotinine and 3-hydroxycotinine (3-HC) were 6.82 μg/mg creatinine at 1 hour after exposure and 32.9 μg/mg creatinine at 2 hours after exposure, respectively. The skin surface temperature decreased and was lower (33.5°C ± 0.5°C) at 30 minutes than before exposure (37.6°C ± 0.8°C).

Conclusions
The new apparatus for HTPs aerosol exposure to mice showed good performances in terms of both chemical analysis of collected aerosol and fluctuations in the urinary nicotine metabolites.

Implications
The APIA reported in this study can expose small animals to HTPs aerosol, including nicotine and other chemical substances as same amounts as LM4E and replicate actual human smoking process by in vivo experiments. Therefore, the experiments using APIA can provide evidence to assess the health risks of HTPs use.
In Situ Neurolysis of Ulnar Nerve for Patients With Failed Anterior Subcutaneous Transposition – A Case Series
Authors: Hwang Ji Sup , Lee Yohan , Bae Kee Jeong , Kim Jihyeung , Baek Goo Hyun 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Various surgical techniques have been attempted to treat patients with failed anterior subcutaneous transposition performed for cubital tunnel syndrome.

OBJECTIVE
To analyze intraoperative findings of failed anterior subcutaneous transposition and to report the outcome of in Situ neurolysis of ulnar nerve.

METHODS
Patients who, under diagnosis of failed anterior subcutaneous transposition of ulnar nerve, underwent in Situ neurolysis between 2001 and 2018 were included in this study. We excluded patients with follow-up of less than one year, records of traumatic ulnar nerve injury, and concomitant double crush syndrome such as cervical spondylosis causing radicular pain, ulnar tunnel syndrome, or thoracic outlet syndrome. Surgical outcomes were evaluated using visual analog scale (VAS) pain score and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score, which were assessed before and after surgery. A total of 28 elbows in 27 patients whose average age was 58.5 (range, 31-76) yr were enrolled, and the duration of follow-up was 5.8 (range, 1.0-14.9) yr.

RESULTS
The most common pathologic finding identified during operation was severe adhesion of the transposed nerve in all elbows, followed by incomplete decompression of deep flexor-pronator aponeurosis in 26 elbows (93%). The average VAS pain score improved from 4.9 (range, 2-7) to 1.3 (range, 0-5), and the average DASH score from 31.7 (range, 18.1-66.7) to 14.1 (range, 5.0-46.6). Of the 28 elbows, 27 (96.4%) showed improvement of preoperative symptoms.

CONCLUSION
In Situ neurolysis of ulnar nerve for patients with failed anterior subcutaneous transposition resulted in satisfactory outcome.