bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Community-Based Truth Commissions to Address Poverty and Related Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Violations: The UK Poverty Truth Commissions as Transformative Justice
Authors: Cahill-Ripley Amanda , Graham Luke David 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Following the financial crisis and the imposition of austerity measures within the UK, poverty across the country has widened and deepened. The resulting severe negative impacts on the realization of economic and social rights are still being felt. Accountability of the State for such poverty related human rights violations has predominantly been addressed by judicial or quasi-judicial remedies. However, it is contended that due to limitations of scope and reach, alternative and additional mechanisms encompassing broader forms of justice are required to effectively address poverty and related violations of rights. This article explores the value-added of addressing poverty and related violations of economic, social and cultural rights (ESCRs) using alternative and additional ‘justice’ mechanisms drawn from the practice of transitional justice, in particular truth and reconciliation commissions (TRCs). Drawing upon the experience of community-based truth and reconciliation commissions, we evaluate the effectiveness of the UK Poverty Truth Commissions (PTCs) as a mechanism for realizing justice for poverty and related human rights violations. The central contention is that while the PTCs constitute an important and meaningful form of transformative justice, there is significant value-added in using a more explicit ESCRs agenda to enhance accountability, recompense and equality and fairness. Overall, the PTCs can help to close the ‘justice gap’ (Lederach 2001) and make a valuable contribution to transformative justice, tackling poverty and realizing ESCRs within the UK.
The extreme properties of the nearby hyper-Eddington accreting active galactic nucleus in IRAS 04416+1215
Authors: Tortosa Alessia , Ricci Claudio , Tombesi Francesco , Ho Luis C , Du Pu , Inayoshi Kohei , Wang Jian-Min , Shangguan Jinyi , Li Ruancun 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The physical properties of the accretion flow and of the X-ray emitting plasma, in supermassive black holes accreting at extreme Eddington rates, are still very unclear. Here we present the analysis of simultaneous XMM–Newton and NuSTAR observations of the hyper-Eddington Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 04416+1215, carried out in 2020. The main goal of these observations is to investigate the properties of the X-ray corona, as well as the structure of the accretion flow and of the circumnuclear environment, in this regime of extreme accretion. IRAS 04416+1215 has one of the highest Eddington ratio (λEdd ≃ 472) in the local Universe. It shows an interesting spectral shape, very similar to the standard narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy’s spectra, with the presence of multiphase absorption structure composed of three phases, whose estimate of the minimum and maximum distances suggests two different interpretations, one consistent with the three X-ray winds being cospatial, and possibly driven by magnetohydrodynamical processes, the other consistent with the multiphase winds being also multiscale. The X-ray spectrum of IRAS 04416+1215 also has a prominent soft excess component and a hard X-ray emission dominated by a reflection component. Moreover, our detailed spectral analysis shows that IRAS 04416+1215 has the lowest coronal temperature measured so far by NuSTAR (kTe = 3–22 keV, depending on the model). This is consistent with a hybrid coronal plasma, in which the primary continuum emission is driven by pair production due to high-energy tail of the energy distribution of non-thermal electrons.
Loss of full-length hnRNP R isoform impairs DNA damage response in motoneurons by inhibiting Yb1 recruitment to chromatin
Authors: Ghanawi Hanaa , Hennlein Luisa , Zare Abdolhossein , Bader Jakob , Salehi Saeede , Hornburg Daniel , Ji Changhe , Sivadasan Rajeeve , Drepper Carsten , Meissner Felix , Mann Matthias , Jablonka Sibylle , Briese Michael , Sendtner Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Neurons critically rely on the functions of RNA-binding proteins to maintain their polarity and resistance to neurotoxic stress. HnRNP R has a diverse range of post-transcriptional regulatory functions and is important for neuronal development by regulating axon growth. Hnrnpr pre-mRNA undergoes alternative splicing giving rise to a full-length protein and a shorter isoform lacking its N-terminal acidic domain. To investigate functions selectively associated with the full-length hnRNP R isoform, we generated a Hnrnpr knockout mouse (Hnrnprtm1a/tm1a) in which expression of full-length hnRNP R was abolished while production of the truncated hnRNP R isoform was retained. Motoneurons cultured from Hnrnprtm1a/tm1a mice did not show any axonal growth defects but exhibited enhanced accumulation of double-strand breaks and an impaired DNA damage response upon exposure to genotoxic agents. Proteomic analysis of the hnRNP R interactome revealed the multifunctional protein Yb1 as a top interactor. Yb1-depleted motoneurons were defective in DNA damage repair. We show that Yb1 is recruited to chromatin upon DNA damage where it interacts with γ-H2AX, a mechanism that is dependent on full-length hnRNP R. Our findings thus suggest a novel role of hnRNP R in maintaining genomic integrity and highlight the function of its N-terminal acidic domain in this context.
The Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource: 2022 release
Authors: Kumar Manjeet , Michael Sushama , Alvarado-Valverde Jesús , Mészáros Bálint , Sámano-Sánchez Hugo , Zeke András , Dobson Laszlo , Lazar Tamas , Örd Mihkel , Nagpal Anurag , Farahi Nazanin , Käser Melanie , Kraleti Ramya , Davey Norman E , Pancsa Rita , Chemes Lucía B , Gibson Toby J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Almost twenty years after its initial release, the Eukaryotic Linear Motif (ELM) resource remains an invaluable source of information for the study of motif-mediated protein-protein interactions. ELM provides a comprehensive, regularly updated and well-organised repository of manually curated, experimentally validated short linear motifs (SLiMs). An increasing number of SLiM-mediated interactions are discovered each year and keeping the resource up-to-date continues to be a great challenge. In the current update, 30 novel motif classes have been added and five existing classes have undergone major revisions. The update includes 411 new motif instances mostly focused on cell-cycle regulation, control of the actin cytoskeleton, membrane remodelling and vesicle trafficking pathways, liquid-liquid phase separation and integrin signalling. Many of the newly annotated motif-mediated interactions are targets of pathogenic motif mimicry by viral, bacterial or eukaryotic pathogens, providing invaluable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying infectious diseases. The current ELM release includes 317 motif classes incorporating 3934 individual motif instances manually curated from 3867 scientific publications. ELM is available at: http://elm.eu.org.
Limited plasticity of anatomical and hydraulic traits in aspen trees under elevated CO2 and seasonal drought
Authors: Lauriks Fran , Salomón Roberto Luis , De Roo Linus , Goossens Willem , Leroux Olivier , Steppe Kathy 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe timing of abiotic stress elicitors on wood formation largely affects xylem traits that determine xylem efficiency and vulnerability. Nonetheless, seasonal variability of elevated CO2 (eCO2) effects on tree functioning under drought remains largely unknown. To address this knowledge gap, 1-year-old aspen (Populus tremula L.) trees were grown under ambient (±445 ppm) and elevated (±700 ppm) CO2 and exposed to an early (spring/summer 2019) or late (summer/autumn 2018) season drought event. Stomatal conductance and stem shrinkage were monitored in vivo as xylem water potential decreased. Additional trees were harvested for characterization of wood anatomical traits and to determine vulnerability and desorption curves via bench dehydration. The abundance of narrow vessels decreased under eCO2 only during the early season. At this time, xylem vulnerability to embolism formation and hydraulic capacitance during severe drought increased under eCO2. Contrastingly, stomatal closure was delayed during the late season, while hydraulic vulnerability and capacitance remained unaffected under eCO2. Independently of the CO2 treatment, elastic, and inelastic water pools depleted simultaneously after 50% of complete stomatal closure. Our results suggest that the effect of eCO2 on drought physiology and wood traits are small and variable during the growing season and question a sequential capacitive water release from elastic and inelastic pools as drought proceeds.
APAP-Induced IκBβ/NFκB Signaling Drives Hepatic Il6 Expression and Associated Sinusoidal Dilation
Authors: Sherlock Laura G , Balasubramaniyan Durganili , Zheng Lijun , Grayck Maya , McCarthy William C , De Dios Robert C , Zarate Miguel A , Orlicky David J , De Dios Robyn , Wright Clyde J 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAcetaminophen (APAP) overdose results in high morbidity and mortality, with limited treatment options. Increased understanding of the cellular signaling pathways activated in response to toxic APAP exposure is needed to provide insight into novel therapeutic strategies. Toxic APAP exposure induces hepatic nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activation. NFκB signaling has been identified to mediate the proinflammatory response but also induces a prosurvival and regenerative response. It is currently unknown whether potentiating NFkB activation would be injurious or advantageous after APAP overdose. The NFκB inhibitory protein beta (IκBβ) dictates the duration and degree of the NFκB response following exposure to oxidative injuries. Thus, we sought to determine whether IκBβ/NFκB signaling contributes to APAP-induced hepatic injury. At late time points (24 h) following toxic APAP exposures, mice expressing only IκBβ knock-in mice (AKBI mice) exhibited increased serologic evidence of hepatic injury. This corresponded with increased histologic injury, specifically related to sinusoidal dilatation. When compared with wild type mice, AKBI mice demonstrated sustained hepatic nuclear translocation of the NFκB subunits p65 and p50, and enhanced NFκB target gene expression. This included increased expression of interleukin-6 (Il-6), a known contributor to hepatic sinusoidal dilation. This transcriptional response corresponded with increased plasma protein content of Il-6, as well as increased activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3.
Otolaryngology residency selection: are we doing it right?
Authors: Pittman Corinne A. , Standiford Taylor C. , Bowe Sarah N. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
This article will provide an overview of recent disruptions to the otolaryngology residency match process and conclude with questions and resources that can guide future selection system design.

Recent findings
During the implementation of the single accreditation system, the loss of osteopathic programs, reduction of osteopathic leadership positions, and lack of interest in Osteopathic Recognition represent serious threats to the profession; this has implications for the distribution of the otolaryngology workforce, plausibly decreasing healthcare access in less-populated communities. Next, the impacts of COVID-19 reverberated throughout the application process, including the reduction/elimination of away rotations, modification of application requirements, conversion to virtual interviews, and initiation of preference signaling. Soon, the transition to pass/fail scoring for the United States Medical Licensing Exam Step 1 could stimulate a paradigm shift, with a heightened emphasis on holistic review.

Summary
The last two match cycles have been the most dynamic and unpredictable in decades. Out of the commotion, the otolaryngology community has an opportunity for a fresh start, combining insights from past literature with recent articles compiled for this review. Moving forward, it will be advantageous to approach residency selection as a well-executed quality improvement project, requiring continuous assessment and adjustment.
Enhancing the Appearance of the “Six-Pack” Muscles Using Cryolipolysis: A Safe and Effective Method
Authors: Lim Tingsong , Ding Siew Wen , Chua Chong Hwee , Moey Hui Xian 
Published: October 2021

Summary:
Many individuals desire a defined and athletic body with “six-pack” abdominal muscles, but even with a strict regimen of diet and exercise, this result is unattainable for many. Cryolipolysis is a noninvasive method of reducing the subcutaneous adipose tissues lying above the rectus abdominis muscles, enhancing the six-pack appearance. Eleven nonobese adults with an average body mass index of 22.5 kg/m2 were enrolled in this study. All subjects were treated with the CoolSculpting cryolipolysis system, with most of them undergoing two rounds of treatment. Improvement in appearance of the abdominal muscles was rated using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale, and adverse events and subjects’ satisfaction scores were recorded. Treatments were well tolerated, with no reported instances of blanching, bruising, or blistering, and with only mild cases of edema, erythema, and numbness reported by some. Mean Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale rating was 1.7, corresponding to a rating of improved to much improved. Subjects were comfortable with the procedure and satisfied with the results. In conclusion, cryolipolysis is an effective and well-tolerated method for noninvasive enhancement of abdominal muscle definition.
The Efficacy of Schwann-Like Differentiated Muscle-Derived Stem Cells in Treating Rodent Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Injury
Authors: Xun Helen , Yesantharao Pooja , Musavi Leila , Quan Amy , Xiang Sinan , Alonso-Escalante Jose C. , Wang Howard , Tammia Markus , Cetinkaya-Fisgin Aysel , Lee W. P. Andrew , Brandacher Gerald , Kumar Anand , Lopez Joseph 
Published: October 2021

Background:
There is a pressing need to identify alternative mesenchymal stem cell sources for Schwann cell cellular replacement therapy, to improve peripheral nerve regeneration. This study assessed the efficacy of Schwann cell–like cells (induced muscle-derived stem cells) differentiated from muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) in augmenting nerve regeneration and improving muscle function after nerve trauma.

Methods:
The Schwann cell–like nature of induced MDSCs was characterized in vitro using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, microarray, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. In vivo, four groups (n = 5 per group) of rats with median nerve injuries were examined: group 1 animals were treated with intraneural phosphate-buffered saline after cold and crush axonotmesis (negative control); group 2 animals were no-injury controls; group 3 animals were treated with intraneural green fluorescent protein–positive MDSCs; and group 4 animals were treated with green fluorescent protein–positive induced MDSCs. All animals underwent weekly upper extremity functional testing. Rats were euthanized 5 weeks after treatment. The median nerve and extrinsic finger flexors were harvested for nerve histomorphometry, myelination, muscle weight, and atrophy analyses.

Results:
In vitro, induced MDSCs recapitulated native Schwann cell gene expression patterns and up-regulated pathways involved in neuronal growth/signaling. In vivo, green fluorescent protein–positive induced MDSCs remained stably transformed 5 weeks after injection. Induced MDSC therapy decreased muscle atrophy after median nerve injury (p = 0.0143). Induced MDSC- and MDSC-treated animals demonstrated greater functional muscle recovery when compared to untreated controls (hand grip after induced MDSC treatment: group 1, 0.91 N; group 4, 3.38 N); p < 0.0001) at 5 weeks after treatment. This may demonstrate the potential beneficial effects of MDSC therapy, regardless of differentiation stage.

Conclusion:
Both MDSCs and induced MDSCs decrease denervation muscle atrophy and improve subsequent functional outcomes after upper extremity nerve trauma in rodents.
SMaRT Assessment Tool: An Innovative Approach for Objective Assessment of Flap Designs
Authors: Jaberi Mehrad , Abi-Rafeh Jad , Chocron Yehuda , Zammit Dino , Al-Halabi Becher , Gilardino Mirko S. 
Published: October 2021

Summary:The teaching and assessment of ideal surgical markings for local flaps required for optimal aesthetic and functional outcomes remain a challenge in the present era of competency-based surgical education. The authors utilized the bilobed flap for nasal reconstruction as a proof of concept for the development of an innovative objective assessment tool based on statistical shape analysis, with a focus on providing automated, evidence-based, objective, specific, and practical feedback to the learner. The proposed tool is based on Procrustes statistical shape analysis, previously used for the assessment of facial asymmetry in plastic surgery. For performance boundary testing, a series of optimal and suboptimal designs generated in deliberate violation of the established ideals of optimal bilobed flap design were evaluated, and a four-component feedback score ofScale,Mismatch,Rotation, andTranslation (SMaRT) was generated. The SMaRT assessment tool demonstrated the capacity to proportionally score a spectrum of designs (n= 36) ranging from subtle to significant variations of optimal, with excellent computational and clinically reasonable performance boundaries. In terms of shape mismatch, changes in SMaRT score also correlated with intended violations in designs away from the ideal flap design. This innovative educational approach could aid in incorporating objective feedback in simulation-based platforms in order to facilitate deliberate practice in flap design, with the potential for adoption in other fields of plastic surgery to automate assessment processes.
Long-Term Comparison of the Aesthetic Outcomes between Nasoalveolar Molding– and Non–Nasoalveolar Molding–Treated Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Nayak Tulasi , Bonanthaya Krishnamurthy , Parmar Renu , Shetty Pritham N. 
Published: October 2021

Background:
The cleft lip-nose deformity in unilateral cleft lip and palate is one of the most challenging problem for surgeons to correct. Although nasoalveolar molding has been shown to be effective in improving presurgical symmetry in patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate, there is need for better evidence regarding the long-term nasolabial aesthetics of patients who have received this therapy.

Methods:
Thirty-eight patients treated with nasoalveolar molding and 48 patients not treated with nasoalveolar molding (but otherwise treated similarly) with unilateral cleft lip and palate were studied to assess and compare the nasolabial aesthetics. The objective evaluation of the nasal symmetry was performed on the basal view of two-dimensional photographs and the subjective nasolabial aesthetic evaluation was performed using the Asher-McDade scale.

Results:
At 5-year postoperative follow-up, nasoalveolar molding group patients had better mean values on the objective scores; however, these were not statically significant. The nasoalveolar molding group of patients had a statistically significant improvement in the subjective evaluation in comparison to the non–nasoalveolar molding–treated patients. The number of lip revisions was also statistically higher in the non–nasoalveolar molding–treated group of patients.

Conclusions:
In this retrospective, single-center study, the authors found that at 5-year postoperative follow-up, nasoalveolar molding–treated patients had improved nasolabial aesthetics and fewer revision operations. These are, however, preliminary results and the patients will be followed up until the end of growth to assess the longer term effects of nasoalveolar molding on the nasolabial aesthetics in unilateral cleft lip and palate.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.
Relationship between systolic blood pressure and decision-making during emotional processing
Authors: Betka Sophie , Watson David , Garfinkel Sarah , Pfeifer Gaby , Sequeira Henrique , Duka Theodora , Critchley Hugo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveEmotional states are expressed in body and mind through subjective experience of physiological changes. In previous work, subliminal priming of anger prior to lexical decisions increased systolic blood pressure (SBP). This increase predicted the slowing of response times (RT), suggesting that baroreflex-related autonomic changes and their interoceptive (feedback) representations, influence cognition. Alexithymia is a subclinical affective dysfunction characterized by difficulty in identifying emotions. Atypical autonomic and interoceptive profiles are observed in alexithymia. Therefore, we sought to identify mechanisms through which SBP fluctuations during emotional processing might influence decision-making, including whether alexithymia contributes to this relationship.MethodsThirty-two male participants performed an affect priming paradigm and completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Emotional faces were briefly presented (20ms) prior a short-term memory task. RT, accuracy and SBP were recorded on a trial-by-trial basis. Generalized mixed-effects linear models were used to evaluate the impact of emotion, physiological changes, alexithymia score, and their interactions, on performances.ResultsA main effect of emotion was observed on accuracy. Participants were more accurate on trials with anger primes, compared to neutral priming. Greater accuracy was related to increased SBP. An interaction between SBP and emotion was observed on RT: Increased SBP was associated with RT prolongation in the anger priming condition, yet this relationship was absent under the sadness priming. Alexithymia did not significantly moderate the above relationships.ConclusionsOur data suggest that peripheral autonomic responses during affective challenges guide cognitive processes. We discuss our findings in the theoretical framework proposed by Lacey and Lacey (1970).
Nucleocapsid antibody positivity as a marker of past SARS-CoV-2 infection in population serosurveillance studies: impact of variant, vaccination, and choice of assay cut-off
Authors: Whitaker Heather J , Gower Charlotte , Otter Ashley D , Simmons Ruth , Kirsebom Freja , Letley Louise , Quinot Catherine , Ireland Georgina , Linley Ezra , Ribeiro Sonia , Ladhani Shamez , Lopez-Bernal Jamie , Amirthalingam Gayatri , Ramsay Mary E , Brown Kevin E 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSerological surveillance studies sometimes use presence of anti-nucleocapsid antibody as a marker of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection. We explore seroconversion rates and antibody levels following Alpha and Delta variant infections, and vaccine breakthrough infections. We find lower seroconversion rates particularly following Alpha-variant vaccine breakthrough infections. We re-evaluate assay performance with a mix of past waned infections and recent breakthrough infections, that is relevant to current serological surveillance.