bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose of Capsicum in Asia
Authors: De Silva Dilani D. , Ades Peter K. , Taylor Paul W. J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAnthracnose of chili is caused by a complex of Colletotrichum species, with recent surveys reporting at least 28 different species implicated. However, there have been very few studies to identify the relative pathogenicity of the various species or to optimize a bioassay to assess pathogenicity. A detached Capsicum fruit bioassay to determine the pathogenicity of a diverse geographical range of isolates of Colletotrichum scovillei showed fruit maturity, host genotype, and inoculation method all interact to affect infection and rate of lesion development. On Capsicum annuum ‘Bangchang’ fruit wounded prior to inoculation, pathogenicity was consistent regardless of fruit maturity. In contrast, without wounding there was variability in pathogenicity. On the relatively resistant host Capsicum chinense PBC932, pathogenicity was dependent on both the inoculation method and the maturity stage of the fruit. In addition, lack of correlation in pathogenicity of isolates between the two Capsicum lines indicated that there was host–isolate specialization that would make prediction of pathogenicity of isolates on host difficult. In a further study, 10 species of Colletotrichum isolated from diseased chili fruits in Asia caused anthracnose symptoms on C. annuum ‘Bangchang’ under all testing conditions, with large differences in aggressiveness. C. chinense PBC932 was generally more resistant to all the species, with smaller lesions produced in different host conditions. Colletotrichum javanense and C. scovillei were highly aggressive relative to other species, especially when inoculated on nonwounded fruit. Pathotype differences were identified within multiple isolates of C. scovillei and C. siamense, the two most frequently identified pathogenic species on chili.
Gross and histological findings in the canine placenta and amnion at term: What’s normal, abnormal or pathological?
Authors: Tesi Matteo , Miragliotta Vincenzo , Scala Lorenza , Aronica Elisa , Lazzarini Giulia , Fanelli Diana , Rota Alessandra , Abramo Francesca 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe canine placenta is an underexamined organ. Placental abnormalities can affect foetus development and may be responsible for a low weight of the infant at birth; however, knowledge on their clinical significance in the canine species is limited. We aimed to describe macroscopic and microscopic findings in the canine placenta and amnion at term in clinically uncomplicated pregnancies and to evaluate their relationship with birth weight of healthy puppies. During natural delivery or C‐section, the birth weight of 82 puppies was recorded, 72 placentas and 66 amnions were recovered. The foetal and maternal surfaces of the placental girdle, marginal haematoma and amnion were evaluated. Each gross finding was recorded, morphometrically assessed and sampled for histological diagnosis. Furthermore, specimens of placenta and amnion were collected from representative areas and microscopic deviations from normal structure were evaluated in haematoxylin and eosin sections. Gross examination revealed ‘abnormalities’ in the 75.4% of the collected placentas. Necrosis was the gross change most commonly observed in the placental girdle (72.5%). Congestion (17.4%) and clotted blood/fibrinoid material (2.9%) were also observed. No gross changes of either the marginal haematoma or the amnion were recorded. Histologically, placental girdle showed necrosis (62.3%), mineralization (52.2%), congestion (36.2%) and neutrophilic infiltration (27.5%). Marginal haematoma exhibited mineralization (11.6%) and neutrophils (29%), while necrotic foci were rarely observed (4.3%). In the amnion, the most frequent alteration observed was hypertrophy of the epithelium (35.9%) followed by oedema (31.2%), mineralized foci (28.1%), fibrosis (23.4%), congestion (15.6%) and more rarely neutrophils (12.5%). Puppies’ birth weight was not statistically affected by either gross or histological abnormalities. Our study revealed that macroscopic and microscopic ‘abnormalities’ of the placenta and amnion may be common in uncomplicated pregnancies at term; however, no implications on puppies’ birth weight were observed. Deviations from ‘normal’ morphology of canine foetal adnexa warrant further investigation to assess their clinical implications if present.
Columnar microbialites of the upper Miocene of Mallorca (Spain): A new morphogenetic model based on concurrent accretion and bioturbation – uncommon or overlooked?
Authors: Suarez‐Gonzalez Pablo , Benito M. Isabel , Arenas Concha , Pomar Luis 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBioturbation has long been considered an antagonist of microbialite development and preservation, because metazoan grazing and burrowing destroy benthic microbial communities. However, metazoan bioturbation, in conjunction with microbial accretion, may have had a significant role in the morphogenesis of some columnar microbialites, as suggested by the case study presented and by some Phanerozoic and Upper Proterozoic analogues discussed here. Late Miocene in age, the studied microbial biostrome developed in a western Mediterranean restricted shallow‐water platform dominated by grainy sediments and with a notable influence of bioturbation. This study is focused on the complex accretionary history of the columnar microbialite biostrome and on its striking dark grey colour, which is attributed to Mn‐oxyhydroxides precipitated during meteoric diagenesis linked to subaerial exposure. The characteristic columnar structure of the microbialite biostrome has features consistent with an accretionary origin of the columns, but also has features suggesting metazoan disruption. Therefore, a new morphogenetic model for columnar microbialites is presented, highlighting the concomitant roles of microbial accretion, bioturbation and grainy sediment infill of the intercolumn space. Whether this model is an exception or a rule, should be tested on other examples of Phanerozoic and Upper Proterozoic columnar microbialites. Nevertheless, this model is a step forward in understanding the complex microbe–metazoan interactions as constructive coexistence rather than just as destructive competition.
Sedimentation on high‐energy sand flats in the Bay of Fundy: The record of tidal‐bore activity and deposition from high‐concentration suspensions of sand
Authors: Dalrymple Robert W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Cobequid Bay – Salmon River estuary, Bay of Fundy, does not possess particularly large tidal bores (maximum ca 30 cm). Nevertheless, detailed logging of 13 peels made from cores spread throughout the entire area influenced by tidal bores indicates that inferred tidal‐bore deposits comprise approximately 15% of the deposits in the upper‐flow‐regime sand flats in the inner part of the estuary, averaging more than 10 tidal‐bore layers per metre of core. A landward increase in tidal‐bore height is accompanied by an increase in the number and thickness of the tidal‐bore layers. The deposit of a single tidal bore begins with structureless sand (from <1 cm to >10 cm thick) that can be gradationally overlain by sand with indistinct parallel lamination, which in turn passes upward into the well‐defined parallel lamination that is the dominant sedimentary structure in these sand‐flat deposits. The bases of the structureless layers range from prominently erosional to passively draping over the ripples formed during the preceding ebb tide. The structureless and indistinctly laminated layers are interpreted to be the deposit of bore‐generated hyperconcentrated suspensions of sand that have similarities with turbidity currents in which near‐bed turbulence is extinguished or damped. The tidal‐bore Froude number (Frtb), which determines the nature of the tidal bore, together with the height of the tidal bore, influences the amount of sand in suspension, and presumably also controls the nature of the deposits. Tidal bores with high Froude numbers (Frtb = 2 to 3) that are breaking create deposits that are analogous to the deposits of high‐concentration turbidity currents; most bore deposits documented to date from other ancient and modern settings are of this high‐energy type. Tidal bores that are closer to the lower limit of bore occurrence (Frtb = 1) generate deposits that will be difficult to distinguish from the background sedimentation.
How frequent a BEER? Assessing the impact of data frequency on real exchange rate misalignment estimation
Authors: Giordano Claire 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article explores the robustness of Behavioural Equilibrium Exchange Rate models, employed to estimate real effective exchange rate misalignments, to the frequency of the underlying data. It compares misalignments stemming from an annual model, estimated since 1980, and a comparable quarterly model, estimated since 1999. The two sets of estimates are similar. Moreover, the in‐sample power of quarterly REER misalignments in explaining subsequent REER developments is higher than that of the annual estimates. This article therefore suggests that the “optimal” frequency of a BEER model depends on whether its resulting estimates are employed for research purposes or for policy‐making activities.
MYB30 and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 antagonistically modulate root hair growth in Arabidopsis
Authors: Xiao Fei , Gong Qianyuan , Zhao Shuangshuang , Lin Honghui , Zhou Huapeng 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARYRoot hair (RH) is essential for plant nutrient acquisition and the plant–environment communication. Here we report that transcription factors MYB30 and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) modulate RH growth/elongation in Arabidopsis in an antagonistic way. The MYB30 loss‐of‐function mutant displays enhanced RH length, whereas the RH elongation in MYB30‐overexpressing plants is highly repressed. MYB30 physically interacts with EIN3, a master transcription factor in ethylene signaling. MYB30 directly binds the promoter region of ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIX‐LIKE4 (RSL4) and represses its transcription. RSL4 loss‐of‐function suppresses the enhanced RH growth in myb30 mutant plants. Ethylene enhances MYB30‐EIN3 complex formation, and reduces the association between MYB30 and RSL4 promotor via the action of EIN3. MYB30 and EIN3 antagonistically regulate the expression of RSL4 and a subset of core RH genes in a genome‐wide way. Taken together, our work revealed a novel transcriptional network that modulates RH growth in plants.
Developing and Implementation of an Optimization Technique for Solar Chimney Power Plant With Machine Learning
Authors: Ulucak Oğuzhan , Kocak Eyup , Bayer Ozgur , Beldek Ulaş , Yapıcı Ekin Özgirgin , Aylı Ece 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGreen energy has seen a huge surge of interest recently due to various environmental and financial reasons. To extract the most out of a renewable system and to go greener, new approaches are evolving. In this paper, the capability of Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System in geometrical optimization of a solar chimney power plant (SCPP) to enhance generated power is investigated to reduce the time cost and errors when optimization is performed with numerical or experimental methods. It is seen that both properly constructed artificial neural networks (ANN) and adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) optimized geometries give higher performance than the numerical results. Also, to validate the accuracy of the ANN and ANFIS predictions, the obtained results are compared with the numerical results. Both soft computing methods over predict the power output values with MRE values of 12.36% and 7.25% for ANN and ANFIS, respectively. It is seen that by utilizing ANN and ANFIS algorithms, more power can be extracted from the SCPP system compared to conventional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) optimized geometry with trying a lot more geometries in a notably less time when it is compared with the numerical technique. It is worth mentioning that the optimization method that is developed can be implemented to all engineering problems that need geometric optimization to maximize or minimize the objective function.
Drilling Parameters Optimization Using an Innovative Artificial Intelligence Model
Authors: Ashena Rahman , Rabiei Minou , Rasouli Vamegh , Mohammadi Amir H. , Mishani Siamak 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Proper selection of the drilling parameters and dynamic behavior is a critical factor in improving drilling performance and efficiency. Therefore, the development of an efficient artificial intelligence (AI) method to predict the appropriate control parameters is critical for drilling optimization. The AI approach presented in this paper uses the power of optimized artificial neural networks (ANNs) to model the behavior of the non-linear, multi-input/output drilling system. The optimization of the model was achieved by optimizing the controllers (combined genetic algorithm (GA) and pattern search (PS)) to reach the global optima, which also provides the drilling planning team with a quantified recommendation on the appropriate optimal drilling parameters. The optimized ANN model used drilling parameters data recorded real-time from drilling practices in different lithological units. Representative portions of the data sets were utilized in training, testing, and validation of the model. The results of the analysis have demonstrated the AI method to be a promising approach for simulation and prediction of the behavior of the complex multi-parameter drilling system. This method is a powerful alternative to traditional analytic or real-time manipulation of the drilling parameters for mitigation of drill string vibrations and invisible lost time (ILT). The utilization can be extended to the field of drilling control and optimization, which can lead to a great contribution of 73% in reduction of the drilling time.
Investigation of the Effect of Block Size, Shape, and Freeze Bond Strength on Flexural Failure of Freshwater Ice Rubble Using the Discrete Element Method
Authors: Afzali Soroosh , Taylor Rocky , Bailey Eleanor , Sarracino Robert , Boroojerdi Marjan T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As part of the Mechanics of Ice Rubble project, recent experiments have been carried out to study the strength and failure behavior of ice rubble beams and the freeze bonds that form between individual ice blocks. In this study, we present results obtained from a newly developed model for the three-dimensional (3D) discrete element modeling (DEM) open-source code LIGGGHTS. The ice model contains normal and shear springs that operate between neighboring particles which are bonded or that overlap due to compressional stresses. Energy dissipation is accounted for by using a viscous damping model. Using this DEM model, medium-scale freshwater ice rubble punch tests have been simulated. Rubble specimens were generated by “raining” individual DEM ice pieces into a rectangular form and compacting the rubble mass to achieve the target porosity. Before the compacting pressure was removed, bonds between contacting blocks were introduced with parameter values based on representative freeze bond experiments. The rubble beam was then deformed by pushing a platen vertically downward through the center of the beam until failure occurred. Two types of block size and shapes have been simulated: cuboid blocks generated based on the size distribution of the actual rubble, and rubble blocks generated by image processing of actual blocks of broken ice used in the comparison experiments. The mechanism of flexural rubble failure for both cuboid block [s4.2] simulations and empirical block [s4.3] simulations is in line with experimental results; however, the empirical block simulations provide a significantly better estimation of the failure force.
Wave Trapping Efficiency of a Flexible Membrane Near a Partially Reflecting Seawall
Authors: Venkateswarlu V. , Vijay K. G. , Raja Pandi R. , Nishad Chandra Shekhar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The gravity wave interaction with a flexible membrane placed at a finite distance from the partially reflecting seawall is analyzed under the framework of linear water wave theory using the multi-domain boundary element method (BEM). The flow through a flexible membrane is assumed to follow Darcy’s law in addition to membrane displacements. As a viable alternative to the existing wave dampers, the flexible membrane is examined for the effective dampening of incident waves. The correctness of the numerical results is affirmed with the known results available in the literature. The effect of membrane tension, submergence depth, membrane width, porosity, angle of inclination, and confined chamber spacing on hydrodynamic coefficients is discussed as a function of dimensionless wavenumber. The partially reflecting harbor wall diminishes the wave reflection coefficient in the long-wave regime. The increase in the flexible membrane width does not necessarily ensure the ideal wave capturing performance. A shift in the peak of the maximum deflection is observed with the increase of membrane width while there is a shift in peak outward for the increase in the submergence depth. Moreover, the maximum deflection is found to decrease with the increase in porosity, and it is 62% reduction for membrane porosity b = 1 due to the significant wave damping. The wave run-up and the wall force coefficients are found to be minimum when the relative plate width is B/h = 1. The present study is expected to be useful for the design of cost-effective wave attenuating systems.
Effects of varying chest compression depths on carotid blood flow and blood pressure in asphyxiated piglets
Authors: Bruckner Marlies , O’Reilly Megan , Lee Tze-Fun , Neset Mattias , Cheung Po-Yin , Schmölzer Georg M 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundCurrent neonatal resuscitation guidelines recommend chest compressions (CCs) should be delivered to a depth of approximately 1/3 of the anterior–posterior (AP) chest diameter. The aim of the study was to investigate the haemodynamic effects of different CC depths in a neonatal piglet model.MethodsCCs were performed with an automated CC machine with 33%, 40% and 25% AP chest diameter in all piglets in the same order for a duration of 3 min each.ResultsEight newborn piglets (age 1–3 days, weight 1.7–2.3 kg) were included in the study. Carotid blood flow (CBF) and systolic blood pressure were the highest using a CC depth of 40% AP chest diameter (19.3±7.5 mL/min/kg and 58±32 mm Hg).ConclusionCC depth influences haemodynamic parameters in asphyxiated newborn piglets during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The highest CBF and systolic blood pressure were achieved using a CC depth of 40% AP chest diameter.Trial registration numberPCTE0000148.
Evaluation of eConsult use by Defence Primary Healthcare primary care clinicians using a mixed-method approach
Authors: Willman Antony Sean 
Published: February 2021

IntroductioneConsult has recently been introduced into Defence Primary Healthcare to allow Service Personnel of the British Armed Forces and their dependants improved access to healthcare. This review sought the views of primary care clinicians using eConsult.MethodAn 18-item survey was constructed after an initial scoping survey. This was then distributed to primary care clinicians in Defence Primary Healthcare to assess the broader applicability of the themes identified. Data synthesis of this alongside free-text responses from respondents was undertaken to explore advantages and disadvantages of eConsult.ResultsFour themes were identified: accessibility, effects on working practices, impact on the dynamics of the consultation and training/administrative support. eConsult did not save time for clinicians but was generally more convenient for patients. eConsult was often used in conjunction with telephone and face-to-face follow-up, forming a ‘blended consultation’. Accessibility was improved, but cultural factors may affect some patients engaging.ConclusionseConsult improves accessibility for patients but does not reduce workload. It should be used alongside conventional access methods, not instead of. It was found to be useful for straightforward clinical and administrative problems but less useful for more complex cases unless part of a ‘blended consultation’. Future use could be modified to provide greater data gathering for occupational health and chronic disease monitoring and should be monitored to ensure it is inclusive of all demographic groups.
Impact of COVID-19 on small biopsy diagnostic procedures and cancer resection surgeries in the North-West of Ireland
Authors: O'Connor Eoghan , O'Dowd Gerard , Phelan Sine 
Published: February 2021

AimsTo quantify the impact of COVID-19 on small biopsy procedures and cancer resection surgeries in the North-West of Ireland.MethodsData was obtained from the Histopathology Departments of University Hospital Galway (UHG) and Letterkenny University Hospital (LUH) Laboratory Information Systems to establish the impact of COVID-19 on both the small biopsy (coded P01) and cancer resection (coded P03) caseloads reported from January to June 2020, with comparison made to January to June 2019.ResultsFrom January to June 2020 compared with January to June 2019, UHG had an overall decrease of 714 P01 cases (21.5%) and a decrease of 152 P03 cases (14.4%). In this time, LUH had an increase of 9 P01 cases (0.8%) but a decrease of 48 P03 cases (58.5%).ConclusionsThere has been a significant impact on the provision of both diagnostic and therapeutic services in North-West of Ireland due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Association of education level with diabetes prevalence in Latin American cities and its modification by city social environment
Authors: Braverman-Bronstein Ariela , Hessel Philipp , González-Uribe Catalina , Kroker Maria F , Diez-Canseco Francisco , Langellier Brent , Lucumi Diego I , Rodríguez Osiac Lorena , Trotta Andrés , Diez Roux Ana V 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundDiabetes prevalence continues to increase in urban areas of low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC). Evidence from high-income countries suggests an inverse association between educational attainment and diabetes, but research in LMIC is limited. We investigated educational differences in diabetes prevalence across 232 Latin American (LA) cities, and the extent to which these inequities vary across countries/cities and are modified by city socioeconomic factors.MethodsUsing harmonised health survey and census data for 110 498 city dwellers from eight LA countries, we estimated the association between education and diabetes. We considered effect modification by city Social Environment Index (SEI) as a proxy for city-level development using multilevel models, considering heterogeneity by sex and country.ResultsIn women, there was an inverse dose–response relationship between education and diabetes (OR: 0.80 per level increase in education, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.85), consistent across countries and not modified by SEI. In men, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile and Mexico showed an inverse association (pooled OR: 0.92; 95% CI 0.86 to 0.99). Peru, Panama and El Salvador showed a positive relationship (pooled OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.49). For men, these associations were further modified by city-SEI: in countries with an inverse association, it became stronger as city-SEI increased. In countries where the association was positive, it became weaker as city-SEI increased.ConclusionSocial inequities in diabetes inequalities increase as cities develop. To achieve non-communicable disease-related sustainable development goals in LMIC, there is an urgent need to develop policies aimed at reducing these educational inequities.