bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Lissner Rebecca 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
More than 75 years after the end of World War II, military interventions—rather than major wars—have emerged as a defining feature of contemporary geopolitics. Yet, for all the fierce policy debates over interventions and their lessons, scholars have largely ignored the systematic linkages between these smaller-scale wars and transformations in the grand strategies of states that prosecute them. This book develops a new theory—the informational theory of strategic adjustment—to explain why military interventions can be crucibles of grand strategy. It argues that, by prosecuting a military intervention, states glean rich and rare information about adversaries’ capabilities and intentions, as well as their own military power and cost tolerance. The uniquely costly nature of warfighting renders this data particularly credible. Amidst background conditions of intense interstate competition and pervasive uncertainty, states face strong incentives to reassess their grand strategies in light of this new information. This process of grand strategic updating begins with a reassessment of the strategic assumptions directly tested on the battlefield, but it doesn’t end there. Indeed, the grand strategic effects of military interventions are far-reaching because information conveyed via warfighting is widely extrapolated to related strategic assessments. This book demonstrates the plausibility of the informational theory of strategic adjustment in three historically detailed case studies that trace the evolution of American grand strategy over the course of the Cold War and into the early post–Cold War era: the Korean, Vietnam, and First Gulf Wars.
Introduction
Authors: Friedman Lainie , Thistlethwaite, Jr J. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This is a book about living solid organ donors as patients in their own right. It is premised on the supposition that the field of living donor organ transplantation is ethical, even if some instantiations are not, eg, pre-mortem organ procurement of an imminently dying patient. In this chapter, the objection to living solid organ donation based on the obligation to do no harm is rejected because it ignores the fact that for many living donors, the benefits outweigh the harms. It is argued that the principle of respect for persons permits some living solid organ donation provided that both the donor and the recipient are treated as patients in their own right. This chapter then provides an outline for the rest of the book in which a five-principle living donor ethics framework is developed and applied to various living donor transplant proposals.
Candidate Criteria for Living Versus Deceased Donor Liver Grafts
Authors: Friedman Lainie , Thistlethwaite, Jr J. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores whether living donor liver transplant (LDLT) is morally permissible when the candidate is ineligible for a deceased donor liver transplant (DDLT). Two cases are evaluated: a woman with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) and a young female liver transplant recipient with a history of multiple suicide attempts who is in acute liver failure due to another intentional drug overdose. Although both women could benefit (gain life years) from liver transplant, neither is deemed eligible for DDLT by their transplant teams because of a short post-transplant life expectancy in the first case and expected poor organ stewardship in the second case. This chapter argues that LDLT is morally permissible in candidates ineligible for DDLT if the living donor provides a voluntary informed consent, knows he or she can withdraw at any time, and understands that the recipient candidate will not be listed for a DDLT should the LDLT fail.
Dealing With Uncertainty
Authors: Friedman Lainie , Thistlethwaite, Jr J. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) may explain much of the excess rate of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Blacks compared to Whites. Kidney grafts from deceased donors with two APOL1 risk alleles have worse graft survival, but outcomes appear unaffected by recipient APOL1 status. Unknown is whether unilateral nephrectomy increases the risk of ESRD in living donors with two APOL1 risk alleles and whether their donated kidneys have worse graft survival compared with other living donor grafts. This chapter addresses the decision-making processes of the donor and candidate with their respective separate transplant teams when incomplete data about long-term safety and outcome have implications for both patients. The chapter argues that voluntary APOL1 testing should be offered to prospective Black living donors but the results should only be shared with potential recipients with the living donor’s consent. Living donors are patients who have a right to privacy about their genetic makeup.
The Ethics of Exile
Authors: Vasanthakumar Ashwini 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Using the tools of normative political theory, this book explores the political relationship between exiles and the communities from which they have fled. It makes two central claims. First, exiles have rights and responsibilities in their homelands and are morally required and permitted to play particular roles in the homeland. Second, in playing these roles, exile politics can perform two corrective functions: it can repair defective political institutions at home and it can compensate for institutional shortcomings in the global domain. In short, exiles engage in a ‘politics from below’ and ‘away’ that produces alternative sites of power and can mitigate the several failings of an international system of states in an unequal world. This normative exploration of exile politics has a few implications. It counters an overwhelming focus, in both political philosophy and public discourse, on the consequences of forced migration for receiving societies—a focus that often treats exiles as passive actors. Recognizing the political agency of exiles reveals another side of the migration story, and allows for a more fulsome exploration of what political obligation and membership mean in an increasingly transnational world. Identifying exiles as important domestic and transnational actors also points to the ways third parties ought to enable the different roles exiles play in their communities of origin and in the international domain. And recognizing exile agency highlights the shortcomings of an international system of refugee protection that focuses on exiles’ humanitarian needs but denies them their political rights and agency.
Western Values in International Relations
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis essay presents the three main traditions of thinking about international relations in Western societies since the sixteenth century, with particular attention to the ‘middle ground’ between extremes. These extremes are typified by thinkers such as Machiavelli and Hobbes at one pole, and Kant and Wilson at the other. The via media is associated with the development of constitutional government and the rule of law, as represented by thinkers such as Grotius and Gladstone. The essay illustrates the differences among these three traditions by analysing their distinct positions concerning international society, the maintenance of order, intervention, and international morality. ‘Western values’ are most effectively supported by thinkers and leaders who neither deny the existence of international society nor exaggerate its foreseeable prospects for gaining greater cohesion and strength. The middle course—the mainstream of the ‘Western values’ tradition—respects moral standards and sees moral challenges as complex, instead of regarding them as simple or nonexistent.
Company Law
Authors: Micheler Eva 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This book advances a real entity theory of company law. In this theory the company is a legal entity allowing an organization to act autonomously in law, and company law establishes procedures facilitating autonomous organizational decision-making. The theory builds on the insight that organizations or firms are a social phenomenon outside of the law and that they are autonomous actors in their own right. They are more than the sum of the contributions of their participants and they act independently of the views and interests of their participants. The real entity theory advanced in this book explains company law as it stands at a positive level. Companies are liable in tort and crime. The statute creates roles for shareholders, directors, a company secretary, and auditors and so facilitates a process leading to organizational action. The law also integrates the interests of creditors and stakeholders. The book states the law as of 1 August 2021.
The arts and their functions
Authors: Brown Steven 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In asking the question ‘What is art?’, four major conceptions of a work of art can be considered: an object; an indicator of beauty; an indicator of craftsmanship or creativity; and a process of performance. This chapter contends that the two principal functions of the arts are re-creation and interpersonal coordination. Re-creation reflects the inherently narrative and symbolic function of the arts, as conveyed through storytelling, acting, narrative dance, and figurative forms of visual art. Interpersonal coordination—as seen in artforms such as dance and music—occurs in the three domains of time, physical space (dance), and tonal pitch space (music). A unified view of the arts reveals not only the cognitive similarities among artforms, but the widespread ability of artforms to combine with one another to form syntheses, as seen in songs with words and dances choreographed to music. A comparative analysis of the arts provides greater insight into each artform than is possible by looking at artforms in isolation.
Theatre and storytelling
Authors: Brown Steven 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The narrative arts deal with the presentation of stories via a variety of narrative processes and presentation media. Fictionality is a unique feature of the arts, one that distinguishes the narrative arts from the storytelling of everyday conversation. The plots of stories are grounded in the experientiality of the story’s protagonist in a storyworld, most especially his/her problem-solving dynamics. Literature describes these behaviours in the third person using narration, whereas theatre re-creates these actions in an embodied manner by having actors portray the characters in performance. While role playing is a central part of the presentation of the self in everyday social interactions, actors portray characters who they themselves are not, a re-creative process of impersonation and pretence that comprises the most art-specific feature of the narrative arts.
Creativity
Authors: Brown Steven 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The study of creativity is about how people generate novel ideas and products, as opposed to reproducing or mimicking things that already exist. In this chapter, the author characterizes the study of creativity as the three Ms of mechanism, modulator, and meme. The mechanisms of creativity include the modification of existing products and the blending of two or more products to create stylistic fusions. Modulators of creativity include both individual-level factors (e.g. personality) and social factors (e.g. political constraints). The notion of a ‘meme’ reflects the cultural evolutionary concept that creative products either flourish or die out as a result of the critical reception they receive. A central question for the psychology of creativity is whether creativity depends more on domain-specific or domain-general mechanisms, or some combination of the two.
Silicon and strontium abundances of very metal-poor stars determined from near-infrared spectra
Authors: Aoki Wako , Beers Timothy C , Honda Satoshi , Ishikawa Hiroyuki T , Matsuno Tadafumi , Placco Vinicius M , Yoon Jinmi , Harakawa Hiroki , Hirano Teruyuki , Hodapp Klaus , Ishizuka Masato , Jacobson Shane , Kotani Takayuki , Kudo Tomoyuki , Kurokawa Takashi , Kuzuhara Masayuki , Nishikawa Jun , Omiya Masashi , Serizawa Takuma , Tamura Motohide , Ueda Akitoshi , Vievard Sébastien 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Silicon and strontium are key elements to explore the nucleosynthesis and chemical evolution of the Galaxy by measurements of very metal-poor stars. There are, however, only a few useful spectral lines of these elements in the optical range that are measurable for such low-metallicity stars. Here we report on abundances of these two elements determined from near-infrared high-resolution spectra obtained with the Subaru Telescope Infrared Doppler instrument. Si abundances are determined for as many as 26 Si lines for six very and extremely metal-poor stars (−4.0 &lt; [Fe/H] &lt; −1.5), which significantly improves the reliability of the abundance measurements. All six stars, including three carbon-enhanced objects, show over-abundances of Si ([Si/Fe] ∼ +0.5). Two stars with [Fe/H] ∼ −1.5 have relatively small over-abundances. The [Mg/Si] ratios agree with the solar value, except for one metal-poor star with carbon excess. Strontium abundances are determined from the triplet lines for four stars, including two for the first time. The consistency of the Sr abundances determined from near-infrared and optical spectra require further examination from additional observations.
Psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in the population of Argentina
Authors: Lucuix María Beatriz , Gómez-Salgado Juan , Barone Myriam E. , Domínguez-Salas Sara , Luque Leticia Elizabeth , Rodríguez-Domínguez Carmen , Ruiz-Frutos Carlos 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In addition to the implications that this pandemic has had on physical health, there are other circumstances that threaten the mental health of the population, such as lockdown measures to prevent the spread of the virus, uncertainty, and the increase in infections and deaths. For this reason, this study explored indicators of psychological distress in the Argentine population, as well as its relationship with sociodemographic and health variables.
Cross-sectional observational study, with data collection from May to August 2020. A total of 1112 people over the age of 18 who responded to various measurement instruments through an online questionnaire participated. A bivariate analysis and logistic regression were carried out in order to determine predictive factors of psychological distress.
The data revealed that 60.9% of the sample presented psychological distress. A greater number with this condition was observed in women, apart from younger people, with a greater number of symptoms associated with the disease and with worse self-perceived health. There was no evidence of association between psychological distress and contact with people infected with coronavirus disease 2019 or with material suspicious of being infected.
This research provided an overview of the mental health status of a significant population sample in Argentina, months after the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. These findings complement those found in other national and international studies, allowing the accumulation of evidence that states the need to demand to draw attention to the mental health of the population, especially the most vulnerable groups, on behalf of the public authorities.
Results From a National Mixed-Methods Study Exploring Community Health Improvement Implementation: An Opportunity to Strengthen Public Health Systems Through Collective Action
Authors: Welter Christina R. , Jarpe-Ratner Elizabeth , Seweryn Steven , Bonney Tessa , Verma Pooja , Weller Pegna Sarah 
Published: December 2021

Context:
There are multiple calls for public health agency role and workforce transformation to increase capacity to orchestrate cross-sectoral partnerships that set and implement strategies addressing the structural and social determinants of health. Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships (MAPP) may be one tool for collective action to improve population health and equity. However, little is known about the Action Cycle in MAPP and implementation of resulting community health improvement plans.

Objective:
To explore the characteristics of MAPP users who completed the MAPP Action Cycle and factors that facilitated or inhibited implementation activities during this phase.

Methods:
We used a sequential participatory mixed-methods design involving 2 phases of data collection. The first data collection phase included a Web-based survey using Qualtrics. The second data collection phase included qualitative key-informant interviews and focus groups. A national public health and health care advisory group informed the evaluation throughout the entire process to ground the process in practice and experience.

Results:
This study showed that some MAPP participants do not conduct implementation activities as defined by the MAPP Action Cycle and of those who do, implementation activity varies by participant experiences conducting MAPP and accreditation status. The MAPP users who completed 3 or more rounds of MAPP were more likely to align and integrate MAPP within their agencies as well as organize a collaborative implementation process with partners. More resources and skills in planning that facilitate long-range partnerships were noted as key to implementation.

Conclusions:
Opportunity remains to improve implementation in MAPP. National leaders should explore and build capacity and infrastructure within public health agencies and with their partners to create a system of readiness and an infrastructure that support implementation over time.
The effect of an ankle–foot orthosis on tibiofemoral motion during step-up and step-down in healthy adults
Authors: Hall Jamie B. , Guess Trent M. 
Published: December 2021

Background:Solid ankle–foot orthoses (SAFOs) are frequently prescribed in conditions such as cerebral palsy and stroke. Although gait is improved in the short term, long-term effects of limiting ankle and foot motion during functional activities on joints such as the knee have not been investigated. Our study purpose was to compare tibiofemoral (TF) motion in shoe and SAFO conditions in healthy adults to inform future studies in clinical populations.Methods:A custom-made device using electromagnetic sensors was used to collect three-dimensional TF rotation data while 29 healthy adult participants (female participants = 19, age = 24.4 ± 4.5 years) performed step-up/step-down in shoe and SAFO conditions.Results:In the SAFO condition during step-up, extent of motion was greater in frontal and transverse planes and less in the sagittal plane. Discrete values at 0%–10% of the cycle in sagittal, 50%–100% in frontal, and 40%–100% in transverse planes were statistically different, producing more abduction and external rotation. In the SAFO condition during step-down, extent of motion was significantly greater in the frontal and transverse planes. Discrete values were statistically different in 40%–60% of the cycle in sagittal, 0%–30% and 70%–90% in frontal, and 0%–30% and 70%–90% in transverse planes, producing more abduction and external rotation in the first half of the cycle and more adduction and internal rotation in the second half of the cycle.Conclusions:An SAFO affects triplanar TF kinematics in healthy adults during step-up/step-down. Future investigations into ankle–foot orthosis prescription and TF motion in clinical populations will facilitate optimal ankle–foot orthosis prescription and knee function in the long term.
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are efficient tools for boosting mRNA-induced antibodies
Authors: Vogt Anne-Cathrine S. , Jörg Lukas , Martina Byron , Krenger Pascal S. , Chang Xinyue , Zeltins Andris , Vogel Monique , Mohsen Mona O. , Bachmann Martin F. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractmRNA based vaccines against COVID-19 have proven most successful at keeping the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic at bay in many countries. Recently, there is an increased interest in heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategies for COVID-19 to maintain antibody response for the control of continuously emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) and to overcome other obstacles such as supply shortage, costs and reduced safety issues or inadequate induced immune-response. In this study, we investigate the antibody responses induced by heterologous prime-boost with vaccines based on mRNA and virus-like particles (VLPs). The VLP-based mCuMVTT-RBM vaccine candidate and the approved mRNA-1273 vaccine were used for this purpose. We find that homologous prime boost regimens with either mRNA or VLP induced high levels of high avidity antibodies. Optimal antibody responses were, however, induced by heterologous regimens both for priming with mRNA and boosting with VLP and vice versa, priming with VLP and boosting with mRNA. Thus, heterologous prime boost strategies may be able to optimize efficacy and economics of novel vaccine strategies.
Neutralization against Omicron SARS-CoV-2 from previous non-Omicron infection
Authors: Zou Jing , Xia Hongjie , Xie Xuping , Kurhade Chaitanya , Machado Rafael R. G. , Weaver Scott C. , Ren Ping , Shi Pei-Yong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe explosive spread of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant underscores the importance of analyzing the cross-protection from previous non-Omicron infection. We developed a high-throughput neutralization assay for Omicron SARS-CoV-2 by engineering the Omicron spike gene into an mNeonGreen USA-WA1/2020 SARS-CoV-2 (isolated in January 2020). Using this assay, we determined the neutralization titers of patient sera collected at 1- or 6-months after infection with non-Omicron SARS-CoV-2. From 1- to 6-month post-infection, the neutralization titers against USA-WA1/2020 decreased from 601 to 142 (a 4.2-fold reduction), while the neutralization titers against Omicron-spike SARS-CoV-2 remained low at 38 and 32, respectively. Thus, at 1- and 6-months after non-Omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection, the neutralization titers against Omicron were 15.8- and 4.4-fold lower than those against USA-WA1/2020, respectively. The low cross-neutralization against Omicron from previous non-Omicron infection supports vaccination of formerly infected individuals to mitigate the health impact of the ongoing Omicron surge.
The Geometry of ATG-Walks of the Omicron SARS CoV-2 Virus RNAs
Authors: Kouzaev Guennadi A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this message, the complete RNA sequences (GISAID) of Omicron (BA.1 and BA.2) SARS CoV-2 viruses are studied using the genomic ATG-walks. These walks are compared visually and numerically with a reference RNA (Wuhan, China, 2020), and the deviation levels are estimated. Statistical characteristics of these distributions are compared, including the fractal dimension values of coding-word length distributions. Most of the 17 RNA ATG walks studied here show relatively small deviations of their characteristics and resistance to forming a new virus family.