bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dreams and constraints of an African publisher: Walter Bgoya, Tanzania Publishing House and Mkuki na Nyota, 1972–2020
Authors: Suriano Maria 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article explores the history of two Tanzanian publishing houses and the remarkable life and career of Walter Bgoya, former general manager of Tanzania Publishing House (1972–90) and managing director of Mkuki na Nyota, which he founded in 1991. Using the lens of microhistory, and drawing from extensive interviews with Bgoya and conversations with two colleagues and three authors, the article first chronicles his early life and ideological formation and what influenced his career in book publishing. It then examines the key achievements and challenges faced by these publishing houses in different times of austerity (e.g. Structural Adjustment Programmes, foreign investment with conditionalities, declining state support and high printing costs), along with the complex ways in which Bgoya has navigated the shifting, often uncertain, political, financial and legislative landscapes, while retaining his intellectual freedom and core Pan-Africanist beliefs. Constraints have not hampered Bgoya's pursuit of ambitious projects or his commitment to publishing relevant and progressive books, either written by African authors or on African matters. I suggest that reducing the scale and identifying how specific conditions of austerity have affected the choices made by a publisher over time can yield insights into the ways in which cultural institutions have contributed to knowledge production and dissemination in postcolonial Africa.
The Mediterranean diet and physical activity: better together than apart for the prevention of premature mortality
Authors: Hershey Maria Soledad , Martínez-González Miguel Ángel , Álvarez-Álvarez Ismael , Martínez Hernández José Alfredo , Ruiz-Canela Miguel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDiet and physical activity (PA) have been studied extensively in epidemiology as single or combined lifestyle factors; however, their interaction has not been studied thoroughly. Studying potential synergisms between lifestyle components with a comprehensive interaction analysis, including additive measures of interaction, provides key insights into the nature of their joint effect and helps target interventions more effectively. First, a comprehensive review was conducted to assess the potential research gap regarding reported interaction analyses conducted in studies assessing the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) in combination with PA on all-cause mortality. Thereafter, we prospectively assessed the joint association of the MedDiet with PA on all-cause mortality in theSeguimiento Universidad de Navarra(SUN) cohort, followed by both multiplicative and additive interaction analyses. The conjoint effect of low adherence to the MedDiet and low PA observed an increased risk greater than the individual risk factors, suggesting a potential additive interaction or synergism between both exposures, with relative risk due to interaction (RERI) and (95 % confidence interval (95 % CI)) = 0·46 (–0·83 to 1·75) and attributable proportion (95 % CI) due to interaction of 36 % (–0·62, 1·34). No multiplicative interaction was detected. Studying interactions between lifestyle factors, such as the MedDiet and PA, is particularly relevant given the current research gaps in studying the complexities of combined aspects of lifestyle in comparison with isolated behaviours. Our findings underline the important public health message of adhering to both the MedDiet and PA for the prevention of premature mortality.
Healthcare Reform out of Nowhere? Policy Reform and the Lack of Programmatic Commitment in Peru
Authors: Ponce de Leon Zoila 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe reform approved in Peru in 2009 during a right-wing government deviates from similar attempts in the region to expand access to healthcare. Left-wing parties in Peru were extremely weak during the policy-making process and the political parties were non-programmatic. Based on original field research, this article demonstrates how parties that lacked core values uniting their leaders and had no commitment to the health reform did not care for the definition of specifications regarding funding and implementation. Instead, technocrats dominated the process of policy formation, which, accompanied by the lack of commitment from key political actors, led to poorly specified policy and deficient implementation.
The Generational and Institutional Sources of the Global Decline in Voter Turnout
Authors: Kostelka Filip , Blais André 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTWhy has voter turnout declined in democracies all over the world? This article draws on findings from microlevel studies and theorizes two explanations: generational change and a rise in the number of elective institutions. The empirical section tests these hypotheses along with other explanations proposed in the literature—shifts in party/candidate competition, voting-age reform, weakening group mobilization, income inequality, and economic globalization. The authors conduct two analyses. The first analysis employs an original data set covering all post-1945 democratic national elections. The second studies individual-level data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems and British, Canadian, and US national election studies. The results strongly support the generational change and elective institutions hypotheses, which account for most of the decline in voter turnout. These findings have important implications for a better understanding of the current transformations of representative democracy and the challenges it faces.
Institutions and their strength
Authors: Hindriks Frank 
Published: August 2021

AbstractInstitutions can be strong or weak. But what does this mean? Equilibrium theories equate institutions with behavioural regularities. In contrast, rule theories explicate them in terms of a standard that people are supposed to meet. I propose that, when an institution is weak, a discrepancy exists between the regularity and the standard or rule. To capture this discrepancy, I present a hybrid theory, the Rules-and-Equilibria Theory. According to this theory, institutions are rule-governed behavioural regularities. The Rules-and-Equilibria Theory provides the basis for two measures of institutional strength. First, institutions that pertain to coordination games solve problems of information. Their strength is primarily a matter of the expected degree of compliance. Second, institutions that concern mixed-motive games solve problems of motivation. Their strength can be measured in terms of the weight people attribute to its rule.
INCIDENTAL LEARNING OF COLLOCATIONS FROM MEANINGFUL INPUT
Authors: Vu Duy Van , Peters Elke 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis longitudinal study investigates the effect of mode of reading on the incidental learning of collocations and factors that affect learning. One hundred Vietnamese pre-intermediate learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) were assigned to either an experimental group or a control group (no treatment). In 9 weeks, the experimental group read three graded readers containing 32 target collocations in three counterbalanced reading modes: reading-only, reading-while-listening, and reading with textual input enhancement (i.e., underlining). Learning gains were measured by a form recall pretest and delayed posttest. The results showed that reading mode had a significant effect on incidental collocation learning. Reading with textual input enhancement resulted in significantly higher learning gains than the other reading modes. Reading-while-listening was also more beneficial for collocation learning than reading-only. Learners’ prior vocabulary knowledge and congruency of collocations were significant predictors of the learning gains.
INCIDENTAL LEARNING OF SINGLE WORDS AND COLLOCATIONS THROUGH VIEWING AN ACADEMIC LECTURE
Authors: Dang Thi Ngoc Yen , Lu Cailing , Webb Stuart 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAcademic lectures are potential sources of vocabulary learning for second language learners studying at universities where English is the medium of instruction, as well as those in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) programs. Topic-related vocabulary is likely to occur frequently in academic texts, and academic speech consists of a reasonable proportion of frequently occurring sequences of words. Yet no intervention studies have explored the potential for learning single words and collocations through viewing a video of an unmodified academic lecture. To address this gap, this study collected data from 55 EAP learners in China, following a pretest-posttest design. The experimental group (n = 28) watched a video of an academic lecture in which 50 target single words and 19 target collocations were presented while the control group (n = 27) received no treatment. Results show that viewing the lecture led to significant learning gains of single words at the meaning recall level and collocations at the form recognition level. Frequency of occurrence in the lecture appeared to significantly contribute to the learning of single words but not the learning of collocations. Prior knowledge of general vocabulary appeared to make no significant contribution to the learning of single words and collocations.
Some trends incorporating Sáminess into modern Nordic architecture
Authors: Soikkeli Anu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPerhaps the most difficult assignments in architecture are those requiring that tradition be brought into the design. This wish might be included in the assignment by the client or it may be a goal set by the designers themselves. This article takes up the topic of cultural borrowings as well as the relationship between the designer and the features of the local culture – specifically, the Sámilavvutheme. In this article, some attempts will be presented to make Sámi culture visible in architecture at different times. Architecture follows the same kinds of stereotypical representations that are now criticized in museums when presenting Indigenous peoples. The Sámi are often presented in national museums as a separate theme, and, in architecture, certain themes are highlighted as “Sámi” features. Architecture has remained a discipline that celebrates the mixing of elements and motifs, while many art practices are tightening the boundaries around cultural license. However, this article does not focus on cultural appropriation in architecture or on the imbalance of power in planning; rather, it presents a contribution of how architects have interpreted the lavvu theme in their design between the 1940s and the 1990s. It also highlights the process of change that has taken place over a few decades; strengthening respect for Indigenous cultures and criticizing cultural exploitation have also had an influence on planning.
Peri-operative myocardial performance in infants with Down syndrome undergoing CHD repair
Authors: Zakharchenko Lyudmyla , EL-Khuffash Afif , Molloy Eleanor J. , Breatnach Colm , Franklin Orla 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground:We aimed to characterise the impact of Down syndrome on myocardial performance and loading conditions in infants with Down syndrome and CHD over the peri-operative period by comparing them with infants matched for cardiac lesion with a normal microarray.Methods:Left ventricular global longitudinal strain, right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain, left ventricular end-systolic wall stress, and right ventricular systolic pressure were measured in the two groups over the peri-operative period.Results:Fifty-five infants had a diagnosis of Down syndrome and these were compared with 29 control infants. Left ventricular global longitudinal strain decreased in both groups post-operatively with the Down syndrome group demonstrating some recovery pre-discharge (18 ± 3 versus 16 ± 3 %, p = 0.01). Right ventricular longitudinal strain significantly decreased in both groups post-operatively with the control group demonstrating better recovery by hospital discharge (14 ± 4 versus 18 ± 6 %, p < 0.01). End-systolic wall stress was lower and right ventricular systolic pressure was higher in the Down syndrome group throughout the study period (all p < 0.05). Down syndrome was an independent predictor of the duration of ventilation, post-operative use of inotropes, and intensive care stay. Right ventricular longitudinal strain was an independent predictor of duration of intensive care stay.Conclusion:This study demonstrates the difference between the two groups in relation to left and right ventricular function, particularly prior to discharge, and outlines the additional impact a diagnosis of Down syndrome has on myocardial performance during the peri-operative period.
Influence of fenestration on long-term Fontan survival
Authors: Materna Ondřej , Illinger Vojtěch , Jičínská Denisa , Koubský Karel , Kovanda Jan , Ložek Miroslav , Tax Petr , Reich Oleg , Chaloupecký Václav , Janoušek Jan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroduction:Fenestration in the total cavopulmonary connection system may improve the outcome of patients with significant risk factors for Fontan haemodynamics. Our study aims to analyse the difference in long-term survival between non-fenestrated and fenestrated patients.Methods:All consecutive patients (n = 351) who underwent total cavopulmonary connection between 1992 and 2016 were identified. Six early deaths were excluded resulting in a group of 345 patients. Median (interquartile range,) length of follow-up was 14.4 (7.1–19.7) years. Freedom from the composite endpoint of death, total cavopulmonary connection take-down or indication for a heart transplant was analysed.Results:Fenestration was absent in 237 patients (68.7%, Group 1), was created and closed later in 79 patients (22.9%, Group 2), and remained open in 29 patients (8.4%, Group 3). Mean survival probability until composite endpoint was 97.1 and 92.9% at 10 and 20 years, respectively. Patients with patent fenestration had worse survival (p < 0.001) as compared to both the non-fenestrated and fenestration closure groups. Despite a similar outcome, exercise capacity was lower in Group 2 than 1 (p = 0.013). In 58 patients with interventional fenestration closure, Nakata index was lower at the time of closure than pre-operatively, and both the pressure in the circuit and oxygen saturation in the aorta increased significantly (p < 0.001).Conclusions:Patients with persisting risk factors preventing fenestration closure are at higher risk of reaching the composite endpoint. Patients after fenestration closure have the worse functional outcome; their survival is, however, not different from the non-fenestrated group.
Impact of the community eligibility provision program on school meal participation in Texas
Authors: Schneider Kate R , Oslund Jennifer , Liu Tiffany 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:To estimate the impact of opting into the community eligibility provision (CEP) on school meal participation among students in Texas.Design:A quasi-experimental design using a two-way fixed effects panel difference-in-difference model and the variation in adoption timing to estimate the impact of opting into CEP on student breakfast and lunch participation in eligible, ever-adopting schools.Setting:All public and charter K-12 schools in Texas participating in national school meals (breakfast and/or lunch) from 2013 to 2019 who are eligible for the CEP program in at least 1 year and choose to opt into the program in at least 1 year (n 2797 unique schools and 16 103 school-years).Participants:School-level administrative data from the Texas Department of Agriculture on meal counts, enrollment and summary characteristics of students merged with district-level educational and socio-demographic data from the Texas Education Authority.Results:We find opting into CEP increased school breakfast participation by 4·59 percentage points (P < 0·001) and lunch participation by 4·32 percentage points (P < 0·001), on average. The effect is slightly larger (4·64 and 4·61, respectively) and still statistically significant when excluding summer months.Conclusion:Our findings suggest that opting into CEP modestly increases school meal participation in Texas, with a similar impact on breakfast and lunch.
PM2.5 Influence on Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect in Beijing and the Possible Mechanisms
Authors: Yang Guowei , Ren Guoyu , Zhang Panfeng , Xue Xiaoying , Tysa Suonam Kealdrup , Jia Wenqian , Qin Yun , Zheng Xiang , Zhang Siqi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWhether the urban heat island (UHI) is affected by air pollution in urban areas has attracted much attention. By analyzing the observation data of automatic weather stations and environmental monitoring stations in Beijing from 2016 to 2018, we found a seasonally dependent interlink of the UHI intensity (UHII) and PM2.5 concentration in urban areas. PM2.5 pollution weakens the UHII in summer and winter night, but strengthens it during winter daytime. The correlation between the UHI and PM2.5 concentration has been regulated by the interaction of aerosol with radiation, evaporation and planetary boundary layer (PBL) height. The former two change the surface energy balance via sensible and latent heat fluxes, while the latter affects atmospheric stability and energy exchange. In summer daytime, aerosol‐radiation interaction plays an important role, and the energy balance in urban areas is more sensitive to PM2.5 concentration than in rural areas, thereby weakening UHII. In winter daytime, aerosol‐PBL interaction is dominant, because aerosols lower the PBL height and stabilize atmosphere, weaken the heat exchange with the surrounding, with more heat accumulated in the urban areas and the increased UHII. Changes in evaporation and radiation strengthen the relationship. At night, the change of UHII more depends on the energy stored in the urban canopy. Aerosols effectively reduce the incident energy during daytime, and the long‐wave radiation from the buildings of urban canopy at night becomes less, leading to a weakened UHII. Our analysis results can improve the understanding of climate‐aerosols interaction in megacities like Beijing.
UK Ammonia Emissions Estimated With Satellite Observations and GEOS‐Chem
Authors: Marais Eloise A. , Pandey Alok K. , Van Damme Martin , Clarisse Lieven , Coheur Pierre‐François , Shephard Mark W. , Cady‐Pereira Karen E. , Misselbrook Tom , Zhu Lei , Luo Gan , Yu Fangqun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAgricultural emissions of ammonia (NH3) impact air quality, human health, and the vitality of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In the UK, there are few direct policies regulating anthropogenic NH3 emissions and development of sustainable mitigation measures necessitates reliable emissions estimates. Here, we use observations of column densities of NH3 from two space‐based sensors (IASI and CrIS) with the GEOS‐Chem model to derive top‐down NH3 emissions for the UK at fine spatial (∼10 km) and time (monthly) scales. We focus on March‐September when there is adequate spectral signal to reliably retrieve NH3. We estimate total emissions of 272 Gg from IASI and 389 Gg from CrIS. Bottom‐up emissions are 27% less than IASI and 49% less than CrIS. There are also differences in seasonality. Top‐down and bottom‐up emissions agree on a spring April peak due to fertilizer and manure application, but there is also a comparable summer July peak in the top‐down emissions that is not in the bottom‐up emissions and appears to be associated with dairy cattle farming. We estimate relative errors in the top‐down emissions of 11%–36% for IASI and 9%–27% for CrIS, dominated by column density retrieval errors. The bottom‐up versus top‐down emissions discrepancies estimated in this work impact model predictions of the environmental damage caused by NH3 emissions and warrant further investigation.
Geology and Geochemistry of Noachian Bedrock and Alteration Events, Meridiani Planum, Mars: MER Opportunity Observations
Authors: Mittlefehldt David W. , Gellert Ralf , vanBommel Scott , Arvidson Raymond E. , Ashley James W. , Clark Benton C. , Crumpler Larry S. , Farrand William H. , Golombek Matthew P. , Grant John A. , Morris Richard V. , Schröder Christian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe have used Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity data to investigate the origin and alteration of lithic types along the western rim of Noachian‐aged Endeavour crater on Meridiani Planum. Two geologic units are identified along the rim: the Shoemaker and Matijevic formations. The Shoemaker formation consists of two types of polymict impact breccia: clast‐rich with coarser clasts in upper units; clast‐poor with smaller clasts in lower units. Comparisons with terrestrial craters show that the lower units represent more distal ejecta from at least two earlier impacts, and the upper units are proximal ejecta from Endeavour crater. Both are mixtures of target rocks of basaltic composition with subtle compositional variations caused by differences in post‐impact alteration. The Matijevic formation and lower Shoemaker units represent pre‐Endeavour geology, which we equate with the regional Noachian subdued cratered unit. An alteration style unique to these rocks is formation of smectite and Si‐ and Al‐rich vein‐like structures crosscutting outcrops. Post‐Endeavour alteration is dominated by sulfate formation. Rim‐crossing fracture zones include regions of alteration that produced Mg‐sulfates as a dominant phase, plausibly closely associated in time with the Endeavour impact. Calcium‐sulfate vein formation occurred over extended time, including before the Endeavour impact and after the Endeavour rim had been substantially degraded, likely after deposition of the Burns formation that surrounds and embays the rim. Differences in Mg, Ca and Cl concentrations on rock surfaces and interiors indicate that mobilization of salts by transient water has occurred recently and may be ongoing.
Modeling Terrestrial Dissolved Organic Carbon Loading to Western Arctic Rivers
Authors: Rawlins Michael A. , Connolly Craig T. , McClelland James W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe mobilization and land‐to‐ocean transfer of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in Arctic watersheds is intricately linked with the region's climate and water cycle, and furthermore at risk of changes from climate warming and associated impacts. This study quantifies model‐simulated estimates of runoff, surface and active layer leachate DOC concentrations and loadings to western Arctic rivers, specifically for basins that drain into coastal waters between and including the Yukon and Mackenzie Rivers. Model validation leverages data from other field measurements, synthesis studies, and modeling efforts. The simulations effectively quantify DOC leaching in surface and subsurface runoff and broadly capture the seasonal cycle in DOC concentration and mass loadings reported from other studies that use river‐based measurements. A marked east‐west gradient in simulated spring and summer DOC concentrations of 24 drainage basins on the North Slope of Alaska is captured by the modeling, consistent with independent data derived from river sampling. Simulated loadings for the Mackenzie and Yukon show reasonable agreement with estimates of DOC export for annual totals and four of the six seasonal comparisons. Nearly equivalent loading occurs to rivers which drain north to the Beaufort Sea and west to the Bering and Chukchi Seas. The modeling framework provides a basis for understanding carbon export to coastal waters and for assessing impacts of hydrological cycle intensification and permafrost thaw with ongoing warming in the Arctic.