bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: The Promises and Challenges of Crime Ethnographies
Authors: Haggerty Kevin D. , Bucerius Sandra M. , Berardi Luca 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines some of the scholarly and political appeals of crime ethnographies and identifies a series of factors that will pose challenges to this methodological approach over the longer term. It briefly charts the early evolution of crime ethnographies, noting how they have expanded to encompass the study of a larger range of criminal or deviant behaviors, while also focusing on the operation of criminal justice institutions. A more diverse group of scholars than was historically the case now conduct such research, individuals who typically embrace a more reflexive orientation to knowledge production than is characteristic of positivist science. Crime ethnographies provide invaluable grounded insights into the lives of participants and processes that are often otherwise hidden or hard to reach. Politically, ethnographies tend to humanize individuals and groups that are easily vilified, while reminding politicians and officials of the need to be conscious of local variability when adopting policy initiatives that originated in different contexts. Notwithstanding the many benefits of this approach, a series of developments now present challenges to crime ethnographies as they are currently practiced, including the changing technological profile of crime, as well as university-based developments, such as changes to the systems for overseeing and rewarding academic work and research ethics protocols that do not accord with the philosophical assumptions of ethnographers or the practical realties of ethnographic fieldwork.
Time and Ensemble Dynamics in Indeterminacy: John Cage’s Concert for Piano and Orchestra
Authors: Payne Emily 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines ensemble dynamics and time consciousness in indeterminate music, using John Cage’s Concert for Piano and Orchestra (1957–8) as a case study. Drawing on interviews and observational studies undertaken with the experimental music ensemble Apartment House, I examine the role of temporal indeterminacy in the socio-musical interactions that characterize performance, and its implications for the musicians’ experiences. In doing so, the chapter makes a broader contribution in its consideration of the ways in which issues of authorship and authority are negotiated in such temporal interactions, and how the dynamics of these negotiations present a sociality based on a ‘separate togetherness’, whereby performers play together (out of time) with one another.
The Economic History of South Africa before 1948
Authors: Schirmer Stefan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Starting from the time settled agricultural communities first emerged in South Africa, around 400, this chapter describes and analyses economic changes from the precolonial era, through the colonial period, into the first half of the twentieth century. It looks at how agriculture developed and how 19th century mineral discoveries changed the economy and ushered in the modern state. When accommodative spaces for socially engaged entrepreneurs expanded, so did the drivers of long-term economic change. Unfortunately, accommodations in the context of colonialism and racial oppression produced economically and socially destructive labour policies, drastically undermined the prospects for black commercial farmers, and produced segregated, unjust land allocations. The rise of manufacturing represented a huge challenge to the viability of this system, which created new political challenges and eventually resulted in the establishment of the Apartheid system in 1948.
South Africa and the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Authors: Ndzendze Bhaso , Marwala Tshilidzi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is widely predicted to transform what have been manual-labour-dominated sectors in the production of goods and offering of services while driving wages down. South Africa is largely no exception, although we also note some unevenness and contradictory trends in this chapter. 4IR also presents numerous opportunities for the South African government, businesses, and consumers in terms of economic growth, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. We conduct a review of recent trends in the 4IR worldwide and focus on such trends in South Africa through wages, key sectors, corporate sentiment, as well as government expenditure in research and development. There is indication that the country has a mismatch in the skills being produced and those required by the 4IR, while its GERD is substantially below the global average for 4IR leadership and equitable participation. 4IR Commission recommendations propose reforms, but over them looms the slow rate of implementation due to past poor execution of other plans in the digital and communications spheres.
South Africa’s International Trade
Authors: Edwards Lawrence 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter uses South Africa’s integration in the global economy as a lens to understand the dynamics behind South Africa’s current economic performance. It first presents the historical context, commencing from the country’s position as a gold exporter pursuing an import substitution industrialization strategy, to its transition to a more open economy with the ending of sanctions and tariff liberalization from the early 1990s. The focus then shifts to a critical assessment of South Africa’s trade performance and trade policy in the post-apartheid period. This covers the impact of government policies, such as the multilateral tariff liberalization from 1994 to 2000, preferential tariff reform from 2000 and sector-driven industrial policy from 2007, as well as the dramatic changes in the global trading order—the rise of China from 2001, and the emergence of global value chains. To illustrate these relationships, the chapter draws on new insights using disaggregated product- and firm-level trade data.
Poverty in South Africa
Authors: Gumede Vusi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The chapter examines poverty in the post-apartheid dispensation (in South Africa), taking into account the various studies that have been undertaken regarding poverty since 1994. Because the South African statistical agency—Statistics South Africa—has not collected poverty data since 2015, the chapter uses the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) dataset to estimate poverty for the 2008–17 period while analysing existing data and estimates prior to 2017. An attempt to cover the period after 2017 is done using the NIDS-Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM) which is the mobile survey that was undertaken using the NIDS respondents to gauge the impact of the coronavirus pandemic. The analysis focuses on income poverty although other measures such as the multidimensional poverty index are also estimated and analysed. Relative to expenditure, the income approach in measuring poverty provides descriptive information on household welfare and it is useful for policy analysis and programme evaluation as the literature explains. The chapter concludes that although it appears that income poverty has been declining, it remains very high and it is higher for women, for those living in rural areas, and for the African/black population group. In addition, the severity and intensity of poverty has not changed much since 1994.
Quintilian as Master of Prose
Authors: Zinsmaier Thomas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
As a complement to Chapter 7, which deals with Quintilian’s theory of rhetorical style, this chapter examines his own mastery in a wide range of different style levels and effects. It makes clear that while in Books 8 and 9 and chapter 12.10 of his Institutio he teaches eloquence by telling, he is teaching it by showing throughout his work. In order to provide his readers with samples of as many different stylistic shades and functions as possible, he performs a great variety of styles from sober and plain didactic prose (docere) to pleasant imagery (delectare), from humour to deep sadness (movere), designing even his prefaces as stylistic models. Moreover, he uses his abundant eloquence for persuasive as well as for didactic purposes to spur his pupils and readers to devote themselves to the lofty goal of oratorical and moral perfection. Thus, Quintilian presents himself in his textbook not only as a brilliant teacher, but also as a powerful orator.
Quintilian in the Renaissance of the Twelfth Century
Authors: Kuhl Elizabeth 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
After a brief survey of the diffusion of the Institutio from Isidorus of Seville until the eleventh century, this chapter focuses on its reception in the twelfth century, when it gained a certain popularity, although only portions of the text were available (1.1.6–5.14.12, 8.3.64–8.6.17, 8.6.67–9.3.2, 10.1.107–11.1.71, and 11.2.33–12.10.43). Redactors and commentators tended to be concerned in particular with the general pedagogical principles explained in the first two books, while Cicero’s De inventione and the Rhetorica ad Herennium were more commonly used as sourcebooks for rhetorical theory. Quintilian is named as an authority on eloquence by several authors of the late eleventh and twelfth centuries (John of Alta Silvia, William of Auvergne, and Alain of Lille), but their references are maybe to the Declamationes; Wibald of Stavelot and Corvey referred specifically to the Institutio. In discussions of education (John of Salisbury’s Metalogicon, Guibert of Nogent’s autobiography, and a letter of Peter of Blois), the Institutio is cited or referred to for general pedagogical principles; Quintilian’s principles for training the ideal orator are translated into the Christian context. Several authors made abbreviations of the Institutio or included excerpts of it in florilegia for different purposes (most importantly Stephen of Rouen’s abbreviation, but also excerpts in the Codex Zwifaltensis and in Uldaric of Bamberg’s Ars dictandi). These are sources which prove that parts of the Institutio were used in twelfth-century education. The Institutio was also used extensively in commentaries on Cicero’s De inventione and the Ad Herennium.
Quintilian: The Biographical Tradition
Authors: Van Der Poel Marc 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In addition to the biographical testimonies in Martial (Epigrams 2.90.2), Ausonius (Professors of Bordeaux 1.7), and Jerome (Chronicon, notes at year 68 and 88), there are some autobiographical remarks in Quintilian’s Institutio, most of which are difficult to mark with a date. Using this scant evidence, scholars from the second half of the fifteenth century onwards have attempted to construct the life of Quintilian. The most extensive and probably most influential biography is Henry Dodwell’s 109-page-long Annales Quintilianei (1698), which offers a chronologically very detailed but fundamentally speculative account of Quintilian’s life. This chapter discusses, after a general outline of the biographical tradition from Poliziano (1481) to Clarke (1967) and Kennedy (1969, revised edition 2013), the suggestions which have been made throughout the centuries to fill out the gaps in our knowledge of Quintilian’s life, focusing on his birth (it is possible that he was born in Rome, not Calagurris), his early life and education, his career as teacher and orator, his retirement and death, and the chronology of the writing of the Institutio. It also explains the origin of the erroneous claim, still often repeated today, that Quintilian was the first teacher of rhetoric who had a public chair of rhetoric in Rome, and gives a summary of the long debate on whether Tacitus’ Dialogus de oratoribus is Quintilian’s lost treatise De causis corruptae eloquentiae, and on the authorship of the two collections of Declamationes.
Quintilian on Invention and Disposition
Authors: Calboli Montefusco Lucia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The chapter deals with the precepts of Invention and Disposition as treated by Quintilian in Books 3–7, first the theory of the Issues, then the parts of the speech, and finally the Topics for the argumentation of the single issues. Referring to the Issues, Quintilian mentions several sources and the differences of their theories, focusing in particular on the distinction between rational and legal Issues. As to the parts of the speech, he takes into account prooemium, narrative, digression, proposition, partition, argumentation, and peroration. The precepts are more or less consistent with those of the Greek and Latin handbooks, sometimes in a brief survey, sometimes in a more detailed description. Particular attention is devoted to argumentation, with discussion of the Aristotelian division of the means of persuasion or proofs into pisteis atechnoi (‘non-technical proofs’) and pisteis entechnoi (‘technical proofs’), of the value of the signs, of the deductive reasoning, and of the topics suitable to build it. As to inductive reasoning Quintilian mentions Examples, Similars, and Dissimilars or Contraries. In relation to the arousing of feelings Quintilian then discusses in great detail the peculiar topic of the different kinds of laughter. The last part of the chapter is devoted to Quintilian’s long treatment of the disposition of arguments within his analysis of the single Issues.
Quintilian on Effective Language
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Books 8 and 9 of the Institutio take up the third major division of rhetoric, elocutio or effective rhetorical style. Here Quintilian offers an encyclopaedic review of choices and devices at the word, sentence, and passage level, providing examples of their functions and potential abuses. Book 8 covers three of the four virtues of style: correctness, clarity, and ornatus or force. Quintilian favours everyday usage in word choice and warns against the faults of monotony, excess, and offensiveness. He praises visualizing language (enargeia), demurs on sententiae or pithy expressions, and reviews amplifying tactics, such as placing an item in, at the top, or even beyond a rising series, leading to speechlessness. The final section reviews twelve tropes, with special attention to how metaphors are invented. Book 9 opens with a definition of figures of speech as departures from normal usage, and discusses how the form of an expression contributes to its function. It then covers the ‘figures of thought’ such as prosopopoeia and irony, and the syntactic figures or schemes including figures of repetition. The last part treats compositio, involving word order, sound, and rhythm. Using the metrical vocabulary of poetry, Quintilian analyses prosody in terms of the proportion of long to short syllables, creating the pace of a passage, and then discusses prose rhythm in terms of the comma, colon, and period. Overall, Quintilian’s rich and complex treatment of rhetorical style should fuel continuing investigations.
The Origins of Cyberspace
Authors: Pym David J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
‘Cyberspace’ is a romantic term, introduced in the elegant science-fiction writing of William Gibson, but the concepts that make up the environment called ‘cyberspace’ are the stuff of real science, with origins that can be traced to ancient Greece. Much has been written about the origins of cyberspace, including a comprehensive sourcebook by Hook and Norman. This chapter tries to take a rather conceptual view of what constitutes cyberspace, tracing the origins of the ideas from fourth-century BCE Greece to the modern Internet-supported interaction space—throughout the discussion, the chapter will seek to elucidate the concept of ‘space’ and how it helps us to think about the cyber-world. On the way, the chapter considers the literary origin of the word, and the mathematical and logical theory that is required to build models of cyberspace.
Technology
Authors: Heinl Caitríona 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers factors that may afford non-state actors like terrorists or extremists in the cyber field an opportunity to access offensive cyber means and how this threat might be best managed. It acknowledges that other terrorism-related areas identify a risk in focusing too narrowly on the technology, rather than dealing with motivations and intentions effectively. Similarly, recommendations from law enforcement authorities include preventing criminals from becoming involved in the first place. The main thrust of this chapter is on solutions and minimizing opportunities for violence from occurring rather than countering extremism itself. The concept of so-called ‘cyber terrorism’ is examined, including current perceptions on the degree of terrorist access to offensive cyber means. Several factors that could affect, to varying degrees, such proliferation of tools and techniques include the following: 1. Rising complexity and vulnerabilities in the cyber domain; 2. Maturing skills; 3. The nexus with criminal groups and hacktivists; 4. Levels of resilience; 5. Media exposure; and 6. International negotiations on state behaviour vis-à-vis cyber weapon proliferation.
Educating for Cyber (Security)
Authors: Bradbury Roger 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the problem of educating for cybersecurity from the perspective of complex systems science. It argues that education is a process that has evolved in human social systems to curate, increase, and transmit the information needed for system survival. Education creates an increase in the negentropy (or useful information) of those systems as they seek to maximize the acquisition and throughput of energy—a physical principle known as maximum entropy production (MaxEP). Civilizations have responded to this principle over time by finding new solutions to the Earth’s MaxEP and becoming more complex in the process. A key part of this complexification is education. And in the present cyber age it is, as in previous ages, a lagging process cobbled together from the structures and processes of previous ages. The current education responses may soon be superseded as a new solution to the Earth’s MaxEP—the technological singularity—looms.
Contextualizing Malaysia’s Cybersecurity Agenda
Authors: Noor Elina 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews Malaysia’s approach to cybersecurity. It begins by considering the country’s economic priorities, which have been and will remain the catalyst for the government’s push into cyberspace and, consequently, the development of its cybersecurity capabilities. The chapter then examines the government’s efforts to secure those economic priorities by protecting its critical national information infrastructure. It explores the country’s nation-building agenda in cyberspace, as well as the resultant tensions between keeping the Internet free and open for robust digital innovation on the one hand and preserving political stability and security on the other. The chapter also provides a brief overview of other cybersecurity trends in Malaysia, including cybercrime and hacking. Even though Malaysia played an active and valuable role in the United Nations (UN) Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security from 2015 to 2016, the government’s emphasis on the economic benefits of cyberspace has narrowed its focus to preserving and optimizing the technical utility of the Internet in order to facilitate the digital economy.
Future Normative Challenges
Authors: Tikk Eneken 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The discussion of norms and international security ahead of us will be paved with fundamental differences between cyber superpowers—the United States, China and Russia—about the pace and direction of further adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). These differences, combined with dogmatic gaps between international and national law, and international and national policy, all constitute obvious apertures for malicious and hostile actors to achieve their goals. Our normative attention to ICTs needs to be both hard and soft, high and low, national and international, reactive and anticipatory, all at the same time.
Editor’s Introduction
Authors: Villalón Leonardo A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Bringing together a wide diversity of authors based on three continents and from different disciplinary backgrounds, this book offers analyses of a wide range of factors that characterize and that are shaping the future of the African Sahel. In forty chapters, organized in nine sections, the book examines this complex and rapidly changing region on multiple dimensions. Collectively, the book attempts to offer an understanding of the specificity of the Sahel, and to examine its core characteristics as shaped by the geographic, cultural, and political parameters that define it. Following a series of chapters focused on the shaping of the Sahelian space as a region, six chapters explore the distinct national trajectories of the countries of the political Sahel: Senegal, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, and Chad. The extraordinary combination of environmental, economic, and political challenges, and the ways in which Sahelian states and societies have responded, are the primary focus of the three subsequent sections, while the various parameters of the lived realities of these societies in motion are explored in the four final sections of the book. Transversally throughout, the chapters aim to offer an interdisciplinary and holistic view of the challenges and the dynamics that are shaping a region at a historical crossroads, and an understanding of the many factors that feed and perpetuate its vulnerabilities and fragilities, as well as its sources of resilience.
Mauritania
Authors: N’Diaye Boubacar 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
As a Sahelian state, Mauritania is inevitably affected by the insecurity stemming from its geopolitical environment. However, Mauritania’s comparatively less obvious vulnerabilities are to be found more in its own checkered recent history and the resulting fraught political, socioeconomic, and cultural dynamics than in its geographic location. The country’s complex social mosaic is marked by tensions between Moors and Negro-Mauritanians, as well as between beydane and haratine resulting from a legacy of Moorish slavery. Its fragile stability is built on an illusory efficacy against terrorism and a façade of unity among its officer corps, but may be unsustainable in the long run. The insecurities and vulnerabilities have the potential to lead to acute communitarian conflicts, even armed violence, if three persistent, interrelated challenges are not decisively addressed: deciding on the very identity of the country, an end to militarization by definitively extirpating the military from national politics, and genuinely reducing the threat of radicalization and terrorism by ending the related manipulation of Islam by its elites.
Muslim Women’s Social Movements in the Sahel
Authors: Alidou Ousseina 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Since the 1990s, the countries of the Sahel have been experimenting with democratic systems that have resulted in both political pluralism with a gendered dimension and a renewed place for Islam in the public sphere. This chapter focuses on the emergence of critical Muslim women’s social reform movements advocating for women’s rights in the region. These movements manifest a diversity of Islamic and secularist trajectories and objectives. Strikingly, however, the majority converges on a common quest for gender justice against cultural and state patriarchy. Furthermore, they also display a range of responses to external hegemonic forces—including neoliberalism, local and global violent Islamist extremisms, human trafficking, and ethno-regional tensions. Starting with the politico-economic context within which many of these critical social movements have arisen in recent times, this chapter uses specific social frames—education, family law, arts, and entrepreneurship—to examine their strategies and transformative impacts in the Sahel.