bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A NOVEL METHOD FOR ESTIMATING PATIENT-SPECIFIC PRIMARY DOSE IN CONE-BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Kim Jinwoo , Kim Ho Kyung 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
For the purpose of real-time scan-protocol optimisation and patient-specific dose management in cone-beam computed tomography, we introduce a numerical algorithm that estimates the primary dose distributions in reconstructed images. The proposed algorithm is based on the ray-tracing technique and utilises reconstructed voxel data and scanning protocol. The algorithm is validated with the Monte Carlo (MC) and conventional model-based dose reconstruction methods for the simple cylindrical water and anthropomorphic head phantoms. The algorithm shows good agreement with both methods in terms of the zeroth-order x-ray interactions, which exclude the higher-order x-ray interactions at sites distant from the first interactions, and it consumes a significantly lower computational cost compared with the MC method. The differences between the proposed algorithm and the model-based dose reconstruction method as well as the improvement strategies of the algorithm are discussed in detail.
Lesion evidence for a causal role of the insula in aversion to social inequity
Authors: Nitsch Felix Jan , Strenger Hannah , Knecht Stefan , Studer Bettina 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHumans resist unequal distributions of goods in their social interactions, even if it requires foregoing personal gains. Functional neuroimaging studies implicate the insula in this aversion to social inequity and in fairness-related decisions, but a causal contribution has not yet been established. We compared the responses of 30 patients with lesions to the insula on a multiple-trial version of the one-shot Ultimatum Game, a neuroeconomic social exchange paradigm where a sum of money is split between two players, to those of 30 matched patients with brain injuries sparing the insula. Insula lesion patients accepted offers of an unequal disadvantageous split significantly more often than comparison lesion patients. Computational modeling confirmed that this difference in choice behavior was due to decreased aversion to disadvantageous inequity following insula damage, rather than due to increased decision noise or non-consideration of inequity. Our results provide novel evidence that the insula is causally involved in aversion to inequity and in value-based choices in the context of social interactions.
Range-Adaptive Value Representation in Different Stages of Schizophrenia: A Proof of Concept Study
Authors: Wang Ling-Ling , Lam Christina Y T , Huang Jia , Cheung Eric F C , Lui Simon S Y , Chan Raymond C K 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAmotivation is related to value representation. A comprehensive account of amotivation requires a mechanistic understanding of how the brain exploits external information to represent value. To achieve maximal value discriminability, brain valuation system will dynamically adapt its coding sensitivity to the range of values available in any given condition, so-called range adaptive coding. We administered an experimental task to 30 patients with chronic schizophrenia (C-SCZ), 30 first-episode schizophrenia (FE-SCZ), 34 individuals with high social anhedonia (HSoA), and their paired controls to assess range adaptation ability. C-SCZ patients exhibited over-adaptation and their performances were negatively correlated with avolition symptoms and positive symptoms and positively correlated with blunted-affect symptoms and self-reported consummatory interpersonal pleasure scores, though the results were non-significant. FE-SCZ patients exhibited reduced adaptation, which was significantly and negatively correlated with avolition symptoms and positively correlated with the overall proportion of choosing to exert more effort. Although HSoA participants exhibited comparable range adaptation to controls, their performances were significantly and negatively correlated with the proportion of choosing to exert more effort under the lowest value condition. Our results suggest that different stages of schizophrenia spectrum showed distinct range adaptation patterns. Range adaptation impairments may index a possible underlying mechanism for amotivation symptoms in FE-SCZ and more complicated and pervasive effects on clinical symptoms in C-SCZ.
Relationships between litter size, sex ratio and within-litter birth weight variation in a sow herd and consequences on weaning performance
Authors: Zindove Titus J , Mutibvu Tonderai , Shoniwa Andrew C , Takaendesa Erica L 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Routine selection for litter size has resulted in an increase in the proportion of lightweight piglets. There is a need to balance prolificacy with litter uniformity to maximize profit. A total of 3,465 piglets from 310 litter records obtained from 2016 until 2019 at the Pig Industry Board research unit, Arcturus, Zimbabwe were used to determine the relationships between litter size, sex ratio, and within-litter birth weight variation in the sow herd and consequences on performance at weaning. The regression procedure of SAS was used to determine the relationships between litter size, sex ratio, and within-litter birth weight variation. The regression procedure was also used to determine the relationships between number born alive, within-litter birth weight variation, and sex ratio, and litter performance traits at weaning. Parity of sow, year, and month of farrowing did not affect sex ratio (P &gt; 0.05). The number born alive and number of piglets born had no relationship with sex ratio (P &gt; 0.05). As the sex ratio increased, percent survival of piglets at weaning also increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05). As the proportion of males in litters increased, within-litter birth weight variation and within-litter weaning weight variation increased reaching maximum as the proportion of males in litters approached 0.5 and then decreased onwards. As the proportion of males in litters approached 1, within-litter birth weight variation and within-litter weaning weight variation reached their least values. In conclusion, within-litter sex ratio does not vary with parity, year, and month of farrowing. Within-litter weight variation is highest in litters with equal number of male and female piglets and lowest in unisex litters. This implies that the production of unisex litters can help to reduce the variation in the weight of pigs at birth, weaning, and marketing which is one of the biggest economic challenges faced by pork producers.
Good Neighbor in the American Historical Imagination: Mexican American Intellectual Thought in the Fight for Civil Rights, 1930s–1940s
Authors: Mendoza Natalie 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article argues that historical narrative has held a significant role in Mexican American identity formation and civil rights activism by examining the way Mexican Americans in the 1930s and 1940s used history to claim full citizenship status in Texas. In particular, it centers on how George I. Sánchez (1906–1972), a scholar of Latin American education, revised historical narrative by weaving history and foreign policy together through a pragmatic lens. To educators and federal officials, Sánchez used this revisionist history to advocate for Mexican Americans, insisting that the Good Neighbor policy presented the United States with the chance to translate into reality the democratic ideals long professed in the American historical imagination. The example of Sánchez also prompts us to reexamine the historiography in our present day: How do we define the tradition and trajectory of Mexican American intellectual thought in U.S. history? This article posits that when Sánchez and other Mexican Americans thought about their community’s collective identity and civil rights issues through history, they were contributing to a longer conversation driven by questions about identity formation and equality that first emerged at the end of the U.S. War with Mexico in 1848. These questions remain salient in the present, indicating the need for a historiographic examination that will change how we imagine the tradition of intellectual thought in the United States.
6Science and Medicine
Authors: Ramos Adela , Spratt Danielle 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGiven the exigencies of the Covid-19 pandemic, we have chosen to focus our review of science and medicine studies to feature works that speak to three core concerns that have emerged from this global and sociopolitical health crisis. The monographs that we explore here grapple with the following related questions: (1) How we understand, prepare for, and succeed or fail in preventing and responding to pandemics in a global economy; (2) How the origins of health epidemics and pandemics are imbricated in Western imperial violence and global capitalist structures; (3) How the development, circulation, and protocols of public health, health-care systems, and modern medicine have emerged in response to colonialism, global expansion, and their attendant environmental and health crises. Readers will note that both works reviewed here take as given the undeniable influence of colonial legacies on conceptions and treatments of disease. To our mind, these works are additionally remarkable in the ways that they foreground subjects and methods, whether non-Western or nonhuman animal, that are typically subordinated or historically neglected in studies of the history of medicine.
Changes of Damage Associated Molecular Patterns in COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Fan Xing , Song Jin-Wen , Wang Si-Yu , Cao Wen-Jing , Wang Xiu-Wen , Zhou Ming-Ju , Yang Tao , Zhou Chun-Bao , Hou Jun , Zhang Ji-Yuan , Meng Fan-Ping , Shi Ming , Wang Fu-Sheng , Zhang Chao 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background:
The development of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with systemic hyperinflammation, which drives multi-organ failure and death. Disease deterioration tends to occur when the virus is receding; however, whether other factors besides viral products are involved in the inflammatory cascade remains unclear.

Methods:
Twenty-eight COVID-19 patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalized at the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 23 to February 20, 2020 and nine healthy donors during the same period were recruited in the study. COVID-19 patients were grouped as mild, moderate, severe based on disease severity. Plasma damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), calprotectin (S100A8/A9), surfactant protein A (SP-A), cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP), and Histone H4 were detected by ELISA assay, and analyzed in combination with clinical data. Plasma cytokines, chemokines and lymphocytes were determined by flow cytometry.

Results:
Plasma levels of HMGB1 (38292.3 ± 4564.4 vs. 32686.3 ± 3678.1, P = 0.002), S100A8/A9 (1490.8 ± 819.3 vs. 742.2 ± 300.8, P = 0.015), and SP-A (6713.6 ± 1708.7 vs. 5296.3 ± 1240.4, P = 0.048) were increased in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy donors, while CIRBP (57.4 ± 30.7 vs. 111.9 ± 55.2, P = 0.004) levels decreased. Five DAMPs did not vary among mild, moderate, and severe patients. Moreover, SP-A levels correlated positively with inflammatory cytokines and negatively with time elapsed after symptom onset, whereas CIRBP showed an opposite pattern.

Conclusions:
These findings suggest SP-A may involve in the inflammation of COVID-19, while CIRBP likely plays a protective role. Therefore, DAMPs represent a potential target in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19.
Scoping Review of Distributed Practice in Nursing Education
Authors: Dunnack Hayley J. , Van Hoof Thomas J. , Banfi Valori , Polifroni E. Carol 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

AIM
The aim of this study was to describe the status of distributed practice in research of nursing education.

BACKGROUND
The science of learning has compiled evidence-based strategies that should be integral to nursing education. One long-standing strategy, distributed practice, involves spacing, placing cognitive breaks between study or practice sessions with priority information.

METHOD
Reviewing literature published over 20 years at every level of nursing education, the authors conducted a scoping review to determine the extent to which research of nursing education includes attention to distributed practice.

RESULTS
In the 13 articles meeting criteria, distributed practice was most common in continuing professional development, with an emphasis in learning psychomotor skills. Study authors used a variety of terms and descriptions in referring to the strategy.

CONCLUSION
By way of research, distributed practice appears underutilized in nursing education, especially at prelicensure and graduate levels, and could benefit from clear and consistent use of terminology.
Mode of Delivery in Monochorionic Compared With Dichorionic Twin Pregnancies
Authors: Lesser Henry N. , Rebarber Andrei , Fox Nathan S. 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To compare mode of delivery between monochorionic and dichorionic twin pregnancies.

METHODS:
This was a retrospective cohort study of women undergoing delivery of diamniotic twins in a single maternal–fetal medicine practice in New York City between 2005 and 2021. We compared baseline characteristics and delivery outcomes between monochorionic and dichorionic gestations. The primary outcome was mode of delivery. For monochorionic–diamniotic twin pregnancies at or after 34 weeks of gestation, we also compared neonatal outcomes between women who did and did not attempt vaginal delivery. Data were analyzed using the χ2 test, Fisher exact test, and t test when appropriate.

RESULTS:
A total of 1,121 diamniotic twin pregnancies were identified, of which 202 (18%) were monochorionic and 919 (82%) were dichorionic. Mode of delivery did not differ between monochorionic and dichorionic pregnancies, both in the overall cohort (cesarean delivery rate 61% vs 63%, P=.54) and in the subgroup of women who attempted vaginal delivery (cesarean delivery rate 22% vs 21%, P=.80). For patients with a vaginal delivery of twin A, the mode of delivery for twin B did not differ between the groups. Among the patients with monochorionic pregnancies at or after 34 weeks of gestation, neonatal outcomes did not differ between women who did and did not attempt vaginal delivery.

CONCLUSION:
Monochorionic–diamniotic pregnancies are not at an increased risk of cesarean delivery when compared with their dichorionic–diamniotic counterparts.
Intrapartum Resuscitation Interventions for Category II Fetal Heart Rate Tracings and Improvement to Category I
Authors: Reddy Uma M. , Weiner Steven J. , Saade George R. , Varner Michael W. , Blackwell Sean C. , Thorp John M. , Tita Alan T.N. , Miller Russell S. , Peaceman Alan M. , McKenna David S. , Chien Edward K. S. , Rouse Dwight J. , El-Sayed Yasser Y. , Sorokin Yoram , Caritis Steve N. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate intrapartum resuscitation interventions and improvement in category II fetal heart rate (FHR) tracings.

METHODS:
This secondary analysis of a randomized trial of intrapartum fetal electrocardiographic ST-segment analysis included all participants with category II FHR tracings undergoing intrauterine resuscitation: maternal oxygen, intravenous fluid bolus, amnioinfusion, or tocolytic administration. Fetal heart rate pattern-recognition software was used to confirm category II FHR tracings 30 minutes before intervention and to analyze the subsequent 60 minutes. The primary outcome was improvement to category I within 60 minutes. Secondary outcomes included FHR tracing improvement to category I 30–60 minutes after the intervention and composite neonatal outcome.

RESULTS:
Of 11,108 randomized participants, 2,251 (20.3%) had at least one qualifying intervention for category II FHR tracings: 63.7% improved to category I within 60 minutes and 50.5% improved at 30–60 minutes. Only 3.4% underwent cesarean delivery and 4.1% an operative vaginal delivery for nonreassuring fetal status within 60 minutes after the intervention. Oxygen administration was the most common intervention (75.4%). Among American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists-defined subgroups that received oxygen, the absent FHR accelerations and absent–minimal FHR variability subgroup (n=332) was more likely to convert to category I within 60 minutes than the FHR accelerations or “moderate FHR variability” subgroup (n=1,919) (77.0% vs 63.0%, odds ratio [OR] 2.0, 95% CI 1.4–2.7). The incidence of composite neonatal adverse outcome for category II tracings was 2.9% (95% CI 2.2–3.7%) overall; 2.8% (95% CI 2.0–3.8%) for improvement to category I within 60 minutes (n=1,433); and 3.2% (95% CI 2.1–4.6%) for no improvement within 60 minutes (n=818). However, the group with improvement had 29% lower odds for higher level neonatal care (11.8% vs 15.9%, OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.55–0.91).

CONCLUSION:
Nearly two thirds of category II FHR tracings improved to category I within 60 minutes of intervention with a relatively low overall rate of the composite neonatal adverse outcome.

FUNDING SOURCE:
Funded in part by Neoventa Medical.
Vacuum-Induced Tamponade for Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage
Authors: Haslinger Christian , Weber Kathrin , Zimmermann Roland 
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND:
Postpartum hemorrhage is a main cause of maternal mortality worldwide, with rising incidence, thus demanding new treatment approaches. Intrauterine balloon systems with application of intrauterine vacuum are a promising new method.

METHOD:
All women treated with vacuum-induced tamponade using a modified balloon system were included in this single-center study. Aiming to reduce uterine size for control of postpartum hemorrhage, the intrauterine balloon was filled to 50–100 mL and connected to a vacuum device. Success rate of vacuum-induced tamponade, defined as no need for additional interventional treatment, was analyzed by etiology of postpartum hemorrhage and time period of use.

EXPERIENCE:
Vacuum-induced tamponade was applied in 66 women. Success rate was 86% in women with uterine atony (n=44) and 73% in women with postpartum hemorrhage due to placental pathology (n=22). Success rate improved over the study period, culminating in a success rate of 100% in women with postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony in the second half of the observation period (n=22).

CONCLUSION:
This observational study supports our pathophysiologic understanding of uterine atony: to treat an atonic uterus, uterine volume must be reduced, leading to coiling of the uterine spiral arteries and, hence, reduced blood loss.
Human Papillomavirus Testing in the Last Cervical Screening Round at Age 60–64 Years
Authors: Schroll Jeppe Bennekou , Serizawa Reza Rafiolsadat , Rebolj Matejka 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To compare the real-life screening outcomes after cytology was replaced by human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for women aged 60–64 years.

METHODS:
Using the Danish national pathology register, we compared screening outcomes during two consecutive calendar periods, one where women were screened with cytology and one where most women were screened with HPV testing. Our primary outcomes were the proportions of women with positive test results, high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2 or worse), and cervical cancer.

RESULTS:
Women screened during the HPV testing period were more likely to have a positive screening test result than were women screened during the cytology period (relative proportion 2.80, 95% CI 2.65–2.96). The detection of CIN 2 or worse was also increased (relative proportion 1.54, 95% CI 1.31–1.80), whereas there was no increase in screen-detected cervical cancer diagnoses (relative proportion 1.27, 95% CI 0.76–2.12). Within the first 4 years after a negative screening test result, including 168,477 woman-years at risk after a negative screen result in the HPV period and 451,421 woman-years after a negative screen result in the cytology period, the risk of a cervical cancer diagnosis was approximately 4 per 100,000 woman-years and was similar for both screening tests (relative risk 0.99, 95% CI 0.41–2.35).

CONCLUSION:
Human papillomavirus testing led to more positive screening test results and diagnoses of high-grade CIN lesions. Few women were diagnosed with cervical cancer after a negative screening test result.
A Review of Prenatal Care Delivery to Inform the Michigan Plan for Appropriate Tailored Health Care in Pregnancy Panel
Authors: Barrera Chloe M. , Powell Allison R. , Biermann Chloe Ramirez , Siden Yoni , Nguyen Buu-Hac , Roberts Suni Jo , James LaTeesa , Chopra Vineet , Peahl Alex 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To perform a literature review of key aspects of prenatal care delivery to inform new guidelines.

DATA SOURCES:
A comprehensive review of Ovid MEDLINE, Elsevier's Scopus, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:
We included studies addressing components of prenatal care delivery (visit frequency, routine pregnancy assessments, and telemedicine) that assessed maternal and neonatal health outcomes, patient experience, or care utilization in pregnant individuals with and without medical conditions. Quality was assessed using the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Methodology approach. Articles were independently reviewed by at least two members of the study team for inclusion and data abstraction.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:
Of the 4,105 published abstracts identified, 53 studies met inclusion criteria, totaling 140,150 participants. There were no differences in maternal and neonatal outcomes among patients without medical conditions with reduced visit frequency schedules. For patients at risk of preterm birth, increased visit frequency with enhanced prenatal services was inconsistently associated with improved outcomes. Home monitoring of blood pressure and weight was feasible, but home monitoring of fetal heart tones and fundal height were not assessed. More frequent weight measurement did not lower rates of excessive weight gain. Home monitoring of blood pressure for individuals with medical conditions was feasible, accurate, and associated with lower clinic utilization. There were no differences in health outcomes for patients without medical conditions who received telemedicine visits for routine prenatal care, and patients had decreased care utilization. Telemedicine was a successful strategy for consultations among individuals with medical conditions; resulted in improved outcomes for patients with depression, diabetes, and hypertension; and had inconsistent results for patients with obesity and those at risk of preterm birth.

CONCLUSION:
Existing evidence for many components of prenatal care delivery, including visit frequency, routine pregnancy assessments, and telemedicine, is limited.
SUBHYALOID HEMORRHAGE IN EVANS SYNDROME
Authors: Guillaume Georges I. , O'Bryhim Bliss E. , Saini Surbhi , Lueder Gregg T. 
Published: August 2021

Purpose:
Evans syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia. We report the first case of ophthalmic involvement in a pediatric patient with Evans syndrome, in which painless vision loss was the presenting symptom.

Method:
A 15-year-old girl presented with acute painless loss of vision in her right eye and was found to have bilateral subhyaloid hemorrhages.

Results:
She was treated with intravenous steroids and transitioned to hydroxychloroquine. Her retinal hemorrhages resolved and her vision improved.

Conclusion:
Nontraumatic subhyaloid hemorrhage is a rare cause of vision loss in children. Evans syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of such patients when hematologic abnormalities are present.