bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Naloxone and Diazepam on Blood Glucose Levels in Tramadol Overdose using Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) Model; (An Experimental Study)
Authors: Nakhaee Samaneh , Farrokhfall Khadijeh , Miri-Moghaddam Ebrahim , Askari Masoumeh , Amirabadizadeh Alireza , Foadoddini Mohsen , Mehrpour Omid 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background:Tramadol poisoning is increasing around the world day by day. Tramadol is a synthetic opioid. Also, various treatments are applied for tramadol poisoning. Due to the unknown effects of tramadol poisoning and some of its treatments on blood glucose, this study was conducted to investigate the overdose of tramadol and its common treatments (naloxone, diazepam) and their combination on blood glucose in male rats. Methods: This study was conducted in 45 male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into five groups of 9 rats. They received a 75 mg/kg dose of tramadol alone with naloxone, diazepam, and a combination of these two drugs. On the last day, animals' tail vein blood glucose levels (BGL) were measured using a glucometer at different times, including before the tramadol injection (baseline), one hour, three hours, and six hours after the tramadol injection. The rats were anesthetized and sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection. Blood samples were then taken, and the serum obtained was used to verify the fasting glucose concentration. Data were analyzed using SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05 using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a generalized estimating equation (GEE).Results: According to the GEE model results, the diazepam and naloxone-diazepam groups showed blood glucose levels five units higher than the tramadol group (p <0.05). The diazepam group had significantly higher blood glucose levels than the naloxone group (p <0.05). The mean blood glucose levels before the intervention, three hours and six hours after the injection of tramadol did not differ between the groups, but the blood glucose levels one hour after the injection of tramadol in the group of naloxone were significantly lower than in the control group (p <0.05). Blood glucose levels did not differ between the groups 24 hours after injection of tramadol.Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that tramadol overdose does not affect blood glucose levels. Diazepam alone and in combination with naloxone caused an increase in blood glucose levels in the tramadol overdose.
Effect of an unifaceted and multifaceted intervention on antibiotic prescription control for respiratory diseases: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Yue Chang , Cui Zhezhe , Yang Guanghong , He Xun , Wang Lei , Xin Zhang , Tang Lei 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background The global health system is improperly using antibiotics, particularly in the treatment of respiratory diseases. We aimed to examine the effectiveness of implementing an unifaceted and multifaceted intervention for unreasonable antibiotic prescriptions.
Methods Relevant literature published in the databases of Pubmed, Embase, Science Direct, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Chinese Journal Full-text (CNKI) and Wanfang was searched. Data were independently filtered and extracted by two reviewers based on a pre-designed inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Cochrane collaborative bias risk tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies.
Results A total of 1,074 relevant studies were obtained of which 69 were included in the systematic review. Fifty-nine studies reported positive results, that is, the primary results in the intervention groups were superior to those in the control groups. The remaining 10 studies had negative or partially negative results. In 22 studies the outcome variable was the antibiotic prescription rate with detailed reports of the number of prescriptions being further analyzed, of which 19 involved educational interventions for doctors, including: (1) Online training using email, web pages and webinar, (2) Antibiotic guidelines for information dissemination measures by email, postal or telephone reminder, (3) Training doctors in communication skills, (4) Short-term interactive educational seminars, and (5) Short-term field training sessions. Seventeen studies of interventions for health care workers also included: (6) Regular or irregular assessment/audit of antibiotic prescriptions, (7) Prescription recommendations from experts and peers delivered at a meeting or online, (8) Publicly reporting on doctors' antibiotic usage to patients, hospital administrators, and health authorities, (9) Monitoring/feedback prescribing behavior to general practices by email or poster, and (10) Studies involving patients and their families (n=10). Seventeen studies were rated as having a low risk of bias while five were rated as having a high risk of bias.
Conclusion The combination of education, prescription audit, prescription recommendations from experts, public reporting, prescription feedback and patient or family member multiple interventions can effectively reduce antibiotic prescription rates in health care institutions. Moreover, adding multiple interventions to educational interventions interventions can control antibiotic prescription rates and may be a more reasonable method.
Registrations: This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO, registration number: CRD42020192560.
Keywords: Randomized controlled trial, Respiratory diseases, Antibiotic prescriptions, Systematic evaluation
Jingsuiite, TiB2, a new mineral from the Cr-11 podiform chromitite orebody, Luobusa ophiolite, Tibet, China: Implications for recycling of boron
Authors: Xiong Fahui , Xu Xiangzhen , Mugnaioli Enrico , Gemmi Mauro , Wirth Richard , Grew Edward S. , Robinson Paul T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The new mineral jingsuiite (TiB2, IMA-2018-117b), together with osbornite-khamrabaevite solid solution (TiN-TiC), deltalumite, and a potential new mineral, hexagonal Ti10(Si,P,☐)7, constitute four inclusions up to 50 μm across in corundum recovered from the Cr-11 podiform chromitite orebody near Kangjinla, Luobusa ophiolite, Tibet, China. EELS, EDS, and 3D electron diffraction were applied to study the phases. In one inclusion, jingsuiite forms a rounded grain 40 μm across. Associated osbornite-khamrabaevite solid solution forms an irregular mass up to 10 μm across having the composition Ti(N0.5C0.5) and the Ti10(Si,P,☐)7 phase forms an incomplete overgrowth up to 20 μm thick around the grain of jingsuiite. In a second inclusion, jingsuiite, osbornite-khamrabaevite solid solution, Ti10(Si,P,☐)7 and deltalumite form a lamellar intergrowth 100 μm long composed of tablets of the four phases up to 50 μm long × 4 μm in thickness. Jingsuiite has a primitive hexagonal cell with a = 3.04(6), b = 3.04(6), c = 3.22(6) Å, α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 120°, V = 25.8 (9) Å3, space group P6/mmm, Z = 1. Its structure was determined ab initio and dynamically refined on the basis of three-dimensional electron diffraction data; it is equivalent to that of synthetic TiB2. Results of EELS analyses of jingsuiite in foil no. 5357 (N = 20) gave B 61.87(1.22), C 1.53 (1.26), Ti 36.62 (1.45) at% from which an empirical formula of Ti1.10(B1.86C0.05)Σ1.91 was calculated on the basis of 3 atoms. The ideal formula is TiB2. Our preferred scenario is that corundum with entrapped Ti-Si-P-Fe intermetallic melts was precipitated from basaltic magmas during exhumation following deep subduction. Enrichment of B in the melt pockets is attributed to the highly reducing conditions that led to the segregation of siderophile elements into intermetallic melts and to the siderophile behavior of B, thereby concentrating it in the intermetallic melts in preference to silicate melt. Experimental work on the Ti-Fe-Si system indicates that minerals enclosed in corundum grains such as Ti, FeTiSi2, and TiSi2 could have crystallized from alloy melts at the lowest T accessible on the liquidus, i.e., &lt;1300 °C. The presence of TiB2 in four inclusions in the Cr-11 orebody suggests incorporation of crustal sediments in the ophiolite followed by deep subduction to the Transition Zone where qingsongite (cubic BN) is inferred to have crystallized and subsequently exhumed to shallower levels where hexagonal BN and jingsuiite presumably crystallized.
Peralkalinity in peraluminous granitic pegmatites. II. Evidence from experiments on carbonate formation in spodumene-bearing assemblages
Authors: Liu Yongchao , Schmidt Christian , Li Jiankang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Carbonate has often been identified in aqueous carbonic inclusions in spodumene-bearing and other pegmatites, but its origin remains unclear. Here, the conditions at which carbonate and hydrogen carbonate can be generated from spodumene, CO2 and H2O, were studied using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell (HDAC) and Raman spectroscopy. In all experiments, spodumene persisted in aqueous carbonic solution up to the maximum temperature (600 to 800 °C). Heating of hydrogen carbonate/oxalate solutions produced CO2- and HCO3−-rich peralkaline fluids, which resulted in strong corrosion of spodumene (and polylithionite-trilithionite) and, in one run, formation of zabuyelite [Li2(CO3)] crystals at low temperatures. The experiments indicate that the reaction of spodumene with CO2 and H2O requires a peralkaline fluid to proceed rapidly. In addition, they show that spodumene crystallizes upon the heating of quartz, muscovite, and aqueous lithium carbonate solution. We conclude that if the aqueous fluid was rich in alkali hydrogen carbonate, zabuyelite in fluid inclusions in pegmatites can form both via a subsolidus reaction of CO2-bearing fluid inclusion with the spodumene host or by trapping a peralkaline fluid early in the evolution of simple or complex pegmatites. The results of our experimental study strengthen the conclusion that, although counterintuitive, hydrogen carbonate-rich peralkaline fluids may be involved in the evolution of peraluminous granitic pegmatites, in which peralkaline minerals are normally absent or very rare.
Capturing menstrual health and hygiene in national surveys: insights from performance monitoring and accountability 2020 resident enumerators in Niamey, Niger
Authors: Larson Elizabeth , Turke Shani , Miko Nana Hadiza , Oumarou Sani , Alzouma Souleymane , Rogers Ann , Schwab Kellogg J. , Hennegan Julie 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Menstrual health and hygiene (MHH) is an emerging public health priority. To support policy and practice, large-scale surveys monitoring water, sanitation, and hygiene and reproductive health have started to incorporate MHH. Insights gained from these surveys are contingent on the quality of the measures used. Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 (PMA2020) was one of the first survey programs to include MHH. We undertook four focus group discussions with resident enumerators and one with their female supervisors following the 2018 PMA2020 survey in Niamey, Niger and synthesized their insights on the performance of the MHH measures used. Enumerators reported that questions about menstruation were well tolerated and most were understood conceptually. Discussions identified missing response options for the places used for MHH and suggest that enumerator training should include common brands of menstrual materials to ensure data quality. Further, current questions seeking to capture the privacy and safety of locations used for MHH require modification or more intensive training efforts to consistently capture these concepts. Enumerator perspectives on menstrual needs in Niger highlight topics missing from MHH monitoring. Attending to enumerator expertise has the capacity to strengthen future surveys directed toward understudied health and development challenges such as MHH.
Skeletal Survey in Multiple Myeloma: Role of Imaging
Authors: Spinnato Paolo , Filonzi Giacomo , Conficoni Alberto , Facchini Giancarlo , Ponti Federico , Sambri Andrea , De Paolis Massimiliano , Cavo Michele , Salizzoni Eugenio , Nanni Cristina 
Published: February 2021

:
Bone disease is the hallmark of multiple myeloma. Skeletal lesions are evaluated to
establish the diagnosis, to choose the therapies and also to assess the response to treatments. Due to
this, imaging procedures play a key role in the management of multiple myeloma.

:
For decades, conventional radiography has been the standard imaging modality. Subsequently, advances
in the treatment of multiple myeloma have increased the need for an accurate evaluation of
skeletal disease. The introduction of new high performant imaging tools, such as whole-body lowdose
computed tomography, different types of magnetic resonance imaging studies, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose
positron emission tomography, replaced the conventional radiography.

:
In this review, we analyze the diagnostic potentials, indications of use, and applications of the imaging
tools nowadays available.

:
Whole-body low-dose CT should be considered as the imaging modality of choice for the initial assessment
of multiple myeloma lytic bone lesions. MRI is the gold-standard for the detection of
bone marrow involvement, while PET/CT is the preferred technique in the assessment of response
to therapy. Both MRI and PET/CT are able to provide prognostic information.
Usefulness of Honey as an Adjunct in the Radiation Treatment for Head and Neck Cancer: Emphasis on Pharmacological and Mechanism/s of Actions
Authors: Baliga Manjeshwar S. , Rao Suresh , Hegde Sanath K. , Rao Pratima , Simon Paul , George Thomas , Venkatesh Ponemone , Baliga-Rao Manjeshwar P. , Thilakchand Karadka R. 
Published: February 2021

Background:In the treatment of head and neck cancer (HNC), ionizing radiation is an important modality in achieving curative objectives. However, the effective use of radiation is compromised by the side effects resulting from the damage to the adjacent normal tissue. Preclinical studies carried out in the recent past have shown that the age-old dietary agent honey, which also possesses myriad medicinal use, is beneficial for mitigating diverse radiation-induced side effects like mucositis, xerostomia, fatigue, weight loss and promoting healing of refractory wounds.Objective:The objective of this memoir is to review the beneficial effects of honey in mitigating radiation-induced side effects in HNC and to emphasize on the underlying mechanisms of action for inducing the beneficial effects.Methods:Two authors searched Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for publications up to December 2019 to assess the capability of honey for reducing the severity of radiation-induced ill effects in the treatment of HNC. Subsequently, the adjunct pharmacological effects and mechanism/s responsible were also searched for and appropriately used to substantiate the underlying mechanism/s of action for the beneficial effects.Results:The existing data is suggestive that honey is beneficial in mitigating the radiation-induced mucositis, xerostomia, amd healing of recalcitrant wounds in radiation-exposed regions, and that the multiple pathways mediate the beneficial effects, especially free radical scavenging, antioxidant, wound healing, anticancer, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anabolic, anti-fatigue and anti-anaemic effects that add additional value to the use of honey as an adjunct in cancer therapy.Conclusion:For the first time, this review addresses the underlying pharmacological related to the beneficial effects of honey in radiation-induced damage, and attempts at emphasizing the lacunae that need further studies for optimizing the use of honey as an adjunct in radiotherapy of HNC. The authors suggest that future studies should be directed at understanding the detailed molecular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects using validated cell culture and animal models of study. Large multicentric clinical trials with standardised honey also needed to understand the clinical use of honey.
Surgical Field Isolation Through Rubber Dam to Prevent COVID-19 Exposure During Tooth Extraction: Case Report
Authors: Checchi Vittorio , Ragazzini Sara , Ragazzini Nicola 
Published: February 2021

Background:
At the beginning of 2020, a new pathogen named SARS-CoV-2 spread from China to the globe, becoming responsible for a potentially lethal acute respiratory syndrome: COVID-19. Direct contact and airborne contamination are the most frequent infection ways of SARS-CoV-2. During routine dental practice, SARS-CoV-2 transmission can occur through direct contact with mucous membranes, oral fluids, and contaminated instruments or inhalation of aerosol from infected patients.

Introduction:
Tooth extraction often involves exposure to blood and oral fluids, and the use of a rubber dam could be indicated to minimize direct contact and to decrease the amount of potentially infected droplets around the operatory field. The aim of this clinical case is to show how the use of a rubber dam could help in preventing or minimizing COVID-19 exposure during dental extraction.

Materials and Methods:
A 32-year-old patient reported severe pain and discomfort to an upper first molar due to a deep carious lesion and vertical tooth fracture. Under local anaesthesia, a rubber dam was placed, isolating the whole upper right sextant, and an atraumatic extraction was performed.

Results:
All three roots were intact, the bone septum was stable, and no oro-antral communication was present. A gauze swab was placed onto the socket and compressed slightly. After 5 minutes, the socket stopped bleeding, and both clamp and rubber dam, were removed.

Conclusion:
Within the limits of this single case report, the use rubber dam prior to tooth extraction could be a useful device to decrease aerosol spread and exposure to blood.
Inhibitory Effects of Cathepsin K Inhibitor (ODN-MK-0822) on the Paracrine Pro-Osteoclast Factors of Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Vashum Yaongamphi , Kottaiswamy Amuthavalli , Bupesh Giridharan , Singh Riya P. , Kalaiselvan Parkavi , Thiagarajan K. , Samuel Shila 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Breast cancer (BC) produces bone resorptive cytokines and growth factors which accelerate the
development of osteoclasts (OCs), leading to osteolytic bone metastases. In the Long-term Odanacatib Fracture Trial
(LOFT), the skeletal-metastasized breast cancer subjects who received odanacatib (ODN) had a delayed tumour
progression and skeletal tumour burden as a result of anti-resorptive effects through inhibition of cathepsin K (CTSK). In
this study, we explored the effect of ODN, a CTSK inhibitor, on the paracrine pro-osteoclast activity of breast cancer
cells.

Methods:
Immunohistochemistry study was performed to demonstrate CTSK and PTHrP expression in the samples of
primary breast carcinoma. Expression of CTSK mRNA and protein was confirmed by the reverse transcription PCR and
western blotting analysis in two human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 BC cell lines. Cells were
incubated with sub-lethal amounts of ODN, and their conditioned supernatants were assessed for their capacity to
differentiate PBMCs of healthy donors into osteoclast and its interference on bone resorbing activities. We also measured
the mRNA levels of major pro-osteoclast (pro-OC) factors in ODN-treated breast cancer cells and their secreted levels by
semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR and protein expression by immunoblotting.

Results:
Different staining intensity was observed in samples containing PTHrP and CTSK in various histological grades
of breast carcinoma. Significant positive relationship was found between CTSK expression and histological grade of BC
and presence or absence of distant metastasis.The present study results also indicate that ODN has no effects on OCs
number , however; ODN decreases the mRNA expression of secreted pro-OC factors such as PTHrP, CXCR-4, and TNFα. Immuno blot indicates that ODN treatment decreased the protein expression of CTSK, IL-6, and IL-1β, and thus
lowered protein levels paralleled the defective phosphorylation of NF-κB. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in
the level of growth factors such as IGF-1, PDGF and TGFβ expression at transcriptional level after ODN treatment as
compared to control.

Conclusion:
ODN has shown to prevent osteolytic metastasis by interacting with the NF-κB pathway; inhibiting bone
resorptive cytokines, and growth factors. This effect can also be take into account the delayed development of metastatic
bone disease found in the long-term odanacatib fracture trial (LOFT) study.
Application of Quantum Dots in Drug Delivery
Authors: Jain  N. Subham , Somanna Preethi , Patil Amit B. 
Published: February 2021

Background:
The nanotechnology which has vast growth in the research field and the outcome product of nanotechnology is nanoparticles. Quantum dots with a size range of 2-10nm represents a new form in nanotechnology materials. It has showed widespread attention in recent years in the field of science and its application in drug delivery. Quantum dots are semiconductor nanocrystals which possess interesting properties and characteristics such as unique optical properties, quantum confinement effect and emit fluorescence on excitation with a light source which makes them a potential candidate for nano-probes and for carriers for biological application.

Objective:
The objective of the article is to explain the role and application of Quantum dots in drug delivery and its future application in pharmaceutical science and research. This review focuses on drug delivery through Quantum dots and Quantum dots helping nanocarriers for drug delivery. The development of QD nano-carriers for drugs has become a hotspot in the fields of nano-drug research. The Quantum Dot labelled nano-carrier can able to deliver the drugs with fewer side effects and it can able to trace the drug location in the body.

Results:
The Fluorescent emission of Quantum dots is better than other organic dyes which leads to better drug delivery for cancer or acting as a tag for other drug carriers.

Conclusion:
Because of emission property of Quantum Dots, it can be said used with other drug carriers and later it can be traced with the help of Quantum Dots. Quantum dots can be said as smart Drug delivery.
Cost–effectiveness analysis of empagliflozin compared with glimepiride in patients with Type 2 diabetes in China
Authors: Salem Ahmed , Men Peng , Ramos Mafalda , Zhang Yan-Jun , Ustyugova Anastasia , Lamotte Mark 
Published: February 2021

Aim:
The study assesses the cost–effectiveness of empagliflozin versus glimepiride in patients with Type 2 diabetes and uncontrolled by metformin alone in China, based on the EMPA-REG H2H-SU trial.
Materials & methods:
A calibrated version of the IQVIA Core Diabetes Model was used. Cost of complications and utility were taken from literature. The Chinese healthcare system perspective and 5% discounting rates were applied.
Results:
Empagliflozin+metformin provides additional quality-adjusted life-years (0.317) driven by a reduction in the number of cardiovascular and renal events, for an additional cost of $1382 (CNY9703) compared with glimepiride+metformin.
Conclusion:
Empagliflozin is cost-effective treatment versus glimepiride applying a threshold of $30,290 (CNY212,676).