bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene Expression Profiling in Kidney Transplants with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor–Associated Adverse Events
Authors: Adam Benjamin A. , Murakami Naoka , Reid Graeme , Du Katie , Jasim Ruqaya , Boils Christie L. , Bu Lihong , Hill Peter D. , Murray Allan G. , Renaudin Karine , Roufosse Candice , Weins Astrid , Wen Kevin , Riella Leonardo V. , Mengel Michael 
Published: July 2021

Background and objectives
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are increasingly used to treat various malignancies, but their application in patients with kidney transplants is complicated by high allograft rejection rates. Immune checkpoint inhibitor–associated rejection is a novel, poorly understood entity demonstrating overlapping histopathologic features with immune checkpoint inhibitor–associated acute interstitial nephritis, which poses a challenge for diagnosis and clinical management. We sought to improve the understanding of these entities through biopsy-based gene expression analysis.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
NanoString was used to measure and compare the expression of 725 immune-related genes in 75 archival kidney biopsies, including a 25-sample discovery cohort comprising pure T cell–mediated rejection and immune checkpoint inhibitor–associated acute interstitial nephritis and an independent 50-sample validation cohort comprising immune checkpoint inhibitor–associated acute interstitial nephritis, immune checkpoint inhibitor–associated T cell–mediated rejection, immune checkpoint inhibitor–associated crescentic GN, drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis, BK virus nephropathy, and normal biopsies.

Results
Significant molecular overlap was observed between immune checkpoint inhibitor–associated acute interstitial nephritis and T cell–mediated rejection. Nevertheless, IFI27, an IFN-α–induced transcript, was identified and validated as a novel biomarker for differentiating immune checkpoint inhibitor–associated T cell–mediated rejection from immune checkpoint inhibitor–associated acute interstitial nephritis (validation cohort: P<0.001, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve =100%, accuracy =86%). Principal component analysis revealed heterogeneity in inflammatory gene expression patterns within sample groups; however, immune checkpoint inhibitor–associated T cell–mediated rejection and immune checkpoint inhibitor–associated acute interstitial nephritis both demonstrated relatively more molecular overlap with drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis than T cell–mediated rejection, suggesting potential dominance of hypersensitivity mechanisms in these entities.

Conclusions
These results indicate that, although there is significant molecular similarity between immune checkpoint inhibitor–associated rejection and acute interstitial nephritis, biopsy-based measurement of IFI27 gene expression represents a potential biomarker for differentiating these entities.
FORMATIVE ELECTRONIC ASSESSMENTS DURING COVID-19 LOCKDOWN IN SECOND PHASE MEDICAL UNDERGRADUATES
Authors: PALAPPALLIL DHANYA SASIDHARAN , SUJATHA DEEPA 
Published: July 2021

Objective: Electronic learning and assessment was embraced in medical education worldwide following the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was done to determine the perceptions of medical undergraduates on formative electronic assessments conducted during COVID-19 lockdown and to estimate the mean marks scored in these assessments.
Methods: This was a descriptive study done for a period of 3 months on online platform. Six online formative assessments were conducted on Google Forms or Kahoot. A questionnaire was administered as Google Form to collect the perceptions of the participants on perceived ease of use of platform, attitude, and practice adopted in online assessments. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.
Results: The response rate was 97.7%. Kahoot was perceived to be easier with lesser technical glitches and privacy concerns as compared to Google, while it was equivocal in terms of access assessment links, output storage, display clarity, overall user interface, network issues, need for computer literacy, and eyestrain caused. The participants had a positive attitude regarding the usefulness of online assessments however majority liked the traditional assessments more than the online assessments. While less than one-third (22%) had copy pasted some answers, more than half (54.4%) had referred to internet and more than three quarter (79.6%) had referred to textbooks/power points/notes while attending online assessments.
Conclusion: The participants felt that Google Forms and Kahoot were comparable online assessment tools except for difficulty in filling, privacy concerns, and technical issues on Google Forms. The usefulness of online assessments was embraced by the participants but they felt that the traditional assessments were to be continued, while attending online assessments some students had referred to the internet or study materials.
ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS OF MEFENAMIC ACID BY HYDROTROPE APPROACH: TITRIMETRIC ESTIMATION AND ULTRAVIOLET METHOD VALIDATION
Authors: TRIPATHI DEVIKA , SHARMA DINESH KUMAR , SAHOO JAGANNATH 
Published: July 2021

Objectives: Mefenamic acid is used as a modal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for analytical estimation. Due to the poor aqueous solubility, mefenamic acid liberated reduced bioavailability.
Methods: The hydrotropic solubilization technique is a promising technique used to improve the solubility of water-insoluble drugs. Experimentally, 2 M sodium benzoate has been employed in the prior titrimetric estimation of mefenamic acid and shows synergistic enhancement in the solubility of mefenamic acid by many folds as compared to the distilled water. Similarly, sodium benzoate approach was further applied in analytical estimation of marketed oral dosage forms in tablets, capsules, and suspension for checking the reproducibility of applied approach by ultraviolet (UV) method. Validation of UV method was further done and checked for linearity, accuracy, and precision. Drug degradation studies were also performed successfully to investigate the sustainability of mefenamic acid in various dosage forms under various stress conditions and to establish the preferred storage conditions for the drug.
Results: In the present experimental investigation, obtained mean % recoveries were close to 100 indicating the accuracy of the proposed approach. Similarly, in analytical estimation of mefenamic acid in oral marketed forms, results have reported lower values of standard deviation, % coefficient of variation, and standard error facilitated the reproducibility and precision of the proposed approach in the titrimetric estimation and analytical validation of UV method mefenamic acid in bulk and marketed forms.
Conclusion: Therefore, a new, simple, precise, and inexpensive proposed method was executed by validating the result statistically.
CLINICAL PROFILE OF MINERAL BONE DISORDERS (RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY) IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS
Authors: KHATTAR ASHISH , RAO N KARTHIK , PRABHU RAVINDRA , POKHREL BUDDHI RAJ , GURUNG SHANTI , VARGHESE GEORGE M , NAZEER MOHSIN , PRIYANKA JYOTI , TIWARI INDU , PATIL NAVIN 
Published: July 2021

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the clinical profile of mineral bone disorders (renal osteodystrophy) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.
Methods: A retrospective study was performed involving 100 patients above 15 years of age with previously diagnosed chronic renal failure. A series of tests such as biochemical, radiological, and arterial calcifications were monitored. The mean age of subjects in our study was 52.54 years.
Results: Biochemical tests revealed that hypocalcemia was present in 54% of the patients, and hyperphosphatemia was seen in 84% of the participants, while only 22% of the participants had high alkaline phosphate (ALP) levels. Radiological tests revealed that 39 patients had aortic calcification, 42 patients had radial artery calcification, and 27 patients had both. Subperiosteal resorption was seen on 29 participants. The majority of the vascular calcification and subperiosteal resorption was seen in patients with CKD Stage 5, and both aortic and radial artery calcifications were significantly associated with subperiosteal bone resorption.
Conclusion: The results point toward a high prevalence of derangement in the mineral, vascular and valvular calcifications. Serum total ALP can serve as a biochemical marker to identify a pattern of bone turnover where intact parathyroid hormone is not available. The results highlight that serum phosphorus and Ca × P product levels were significantly associated with both aortic and radial artery calcifications. There was no significant association of these calcifications with serum calcium and ALP levels.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY FROM “NEPHROLEPIS EXALTATA”
Authors: SHARMA DEEPAK KUMAR , RS DAVE , KR SHAH 
Published: July 2021

Objective: Plants contain various types of phytochemicals with different solvent as per solvation properties, depending on their polarity. The goal of this analysis is to compare the effects of different solvents on the phytochemical profile and the characterization of different volatile bioactive compounds of Nephrolepis exaltata, a typical fern belonging to pteridophyte species.
Methods: For the screening of phytochemical, a sequential extraction was carried out using different solvent systems namely methanol (MeOH), chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, and ethyl acetate (EtAc). A varied range of phytochemicals was found in the extracts. The volatile components were analyzed using the hyphenated technique gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
Results: All the extracts were found to be rich in alkaloids, whereas phenols and Phytosterols were extracted only in MeOH. The MeOH extract of the fern presented positive results for six phytochemical tests and the n-Hexane (nH) extract presented positive results for seven phytochemical tests. The present investigation on the plant N. exaltata aimed to prove that pteridophytes should have various kinds of bioactive phytochemicals and the selection of solvent for extraction of phytochemicals should be based on the target compounds.
Conclusion: From the % yield of different extract, it can be concluded that some the bioactive phytochemicals are more soluble in more polar solvents such as MeOH, some are soluble in moderate solvents like EtAc and mostly non-polar organic molecules can be extracted using non-polar solvents like nH. The GC-MS characterization indicates the presence of different fatty compounds and sterols in the plant extract.
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD DEVELOPMENT FOR ESTIMATION OF NEW ANTIVIRAL REPURPOSING DRUG FAVIPIRAVIR
Authors: JYOTHI B JEEVANA , KAVYA R VENKATA 
Published: July 2021

Objective: A new, economical, precise, linear, sensitive, accurate, ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric method for the estimation of new antiviral repurposing drug favipiravir as there is no reported simple UV spectrophotometric method for estimation. The efforts were made for development and validation of favipiravir as per ICH guidelines, because drug has a wide scope for formulations to be developed for treating different viruses.
Methods: This method was developed using ethanol and water as a solvent. Favipiravir showed the absorption maxima at 234 nm. A Shimadzu UV–visible spectrophotometer (UV JAPAN 1801) was used to carry out spectral analysis.
Results: The developed method was linear for a range of 0–10 μg/ml and displayed a good correlation coefficient of 0.9995. Accuracy of the method was estimated using a recovery study. The amount of drug recovered was found to be in the range of 99.30–99.91%. The % relative standard deviation value of intraday precision was found to be 0.408% and interday precision was found to be in the range of 0.348–0.693%. The % relative standard deviation found to be <2 which are indicative of the precision and reproducibility of the method. Detection limit and quantitation limit were noticed as 0.095 and 0.290, respectively.
Conclusion: The developed UV spectrophotometric method was validated statistically for linearity, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity and results proved that the method can be employed for routine analysis of favipiravir.
FORMULATION AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF SELF-NANOEMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF RAMIPRIL IN WISTAR RATS
Authors: JAYAPAL NALLAPU , VAMSHI VISHNU YAMSANI 
Published: July 2021

Objective: The aim was to formulate and evaluate self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) of ramipril, an antihypertensive drug to improve the solubility and bioavailability.
Methods: Based on solubility studies oil phase (Sefsol 218), surfactant (Acrysol EL135), and cosurfactant (Transcutol P), respectively, were selected to prepare SNEDDS. Ramipril SNEDDS optimized employing box-Behnken design through the study of factors. All formulations were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE), drug content, and in vitro drug release. The optimized formulation was characterized for Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), stability studies, and pharmacokinetic study.
Results: The mean particle size, PDI, ZP, EE, content uniformity, and in vitro drug release profile of optimized ramipril-loaded SNEDDS (RF14) were found to be 75.3±2.21nm, 0.126±0.05, −24.4±5.78mV, 98.74±1.97%, 99.52±1.67%, and 98.65±1.73%, respectively. FTIR studies revealed that there is no incompatibility between drug and excipients, SEM images exhibited nanoparticles to be more porous and in spherical shape. Stability studies indicated formulation was stable for 6 months. In vivo studies were conducted for optimized formulation RF14, the Tmax was found to be 0.5±0.62 and 0.5±0.95 h for the optimized and commercial formulations respectively, while Cmax was 25.16±1.73 ng/mL was significant (p<0.05) as compared to the ramipril pure drug 8.02±0.086 ng/mL. AUC0-t of the SNEDDS formulation was higher 355.49±1.76ng h/ml compared to pure drug 116.57±1.64 ng h/ml indicated higher amount of drug concentration in blood proving better systemic absorption of ramipril from SNEDDS formulation as compared to the pure drug.
Conclusion: It is concluded from the results that ramipril was successfully formulated into SNEDDS with higher concentration with fast action.
Gambaran Sanitasi Pasar Desa Impress Pujasera Di Banyuwangi Tahun 2018
Authors: Nabila Sayu Larasati , Mandagi Ayik Mirayanti 
Published: July 2021

Pasar tradisional merupakan salah satu tempat umum sehingga banyak orang beraktifitas setiap harinya dan berperan sangat penting dalam hal pemenuhan kebutuhan. Indonesia memiliki sekitar 13.450 pasar tradisional yang mampu menampung lebih dari 12 juta pedagang didalamnya. Namun hanya 10% pasar tradisional yang dikelola dengan baik secara profesional. Sisanya, pasar tradisional terkesan jorok, bau, becek dan berantakan. Kualitas sanitasi pasar menjadi hal yang penting dalam mewujudkan pasar sehat agar tidak menjadi sumber penularan penyakit dan tidak menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan manusia. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kondisi sarana dan prasarana serta gambaran sanitasi di Pasar Desa Impress Pujasera di Banyuwangi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan pengamatan langsung menggunakan lembar observasi berupa instrumen penilaian yang terdiri dari 6 variabel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Pasar Desa Impress Pujasera di Banyuwangi memiliki nilai masing-masing variabel yakni variabel lokasi sebesar 8; variabel bangunan sebesar 9,05; variabel sanitasi sebesar 26,3; variabel perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat sebesar 3,5; variabel keamanan 0; dan variabel fasilitas lain sebesar 0,75. Jika dilakukan penilaian secara keseluruhan dari semua variabel, Pasar Desa Impress Pujasera mendapatkan skor penilaian sebesar 47,6 dan dikategorikan pasar tidak sehat sesuai dengan Kepmenkes No. 519/MENKES/SK/VI/2008 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pasar Sehat.
State-led Forest Development and Social Protest in East Nusa Tenggara Province
Authors: Dhosa Didimus Dedi 
Published: July 2021

This research examines models of social resistances in response to top-down forest governance in the provincial government of East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. The researcher demonstrates the models of (1) forest management and (2) people’s resistance against the regional government.The author found three fundamental problems through the perspectives of the right to the governing authority of the state and social resistance. First, the provincial government monopolise forest management since 1982 for cattle breeding. Instead of offering prosperity to the people, this forest management model excludes the people from the forest and cattle resources. Second, when the signed contract ended, the local residents refused to extend forest management concessions to the provincial government. Third, the refusal by the residents was carried out through various forms of social movements and cultural politics. However, the provincial government mobilised the police, the civil service police, and the armed forces to intimidate the resistant communities.
PENGATURAN TINDAK PIDANA PERJUDIAN DAN PERTANGGUNGJAWBAN PIDANA KORPORASI DALAM MICRO-TRANSACTION PADA GAME ONLINE
Authors: Sannyasa Gede Darma , Mertha I Ketut 
Published: July 2021

Tujuan studi ini dilakukan guna mengkaji delik perjudian pada micro-transaction dalam game online serta bentuk pertanggungjawaban pidana Korporasi sebagai penyedia layanan perjudian micro-transaction dalam game online. Metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, digunakan pada studi ini. Hasil studi menunjukkan Microtransaction dalam game online baik dalam bentuk gacha atau lootbox mengandung unsur tindak pidana perjudian dan mengenai perjudian sendiri telah diatur dalam KUHP, Undang-undang Penertiban Perjudian serta melalui Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Pelaksanaan Penertiban Perjudian dan oleh karena perjudian ini dilakukan secara virtual maka Undang-undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik menjadi lex specialis pada micro-transaction dalam game online. Kemudian Publisher dan/atau developer game merupakan Korporasi yang juga sebagai subyek hukum pidana dan menjadi pihak yang menyediakan sarana perjudian dengan bentuk Microtransaction dalam game online baik berupa gacha dan loot box, sehingga atas hal tersebut Publisher dan/atau developer game dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban pidana.
The purpose of this study is to examine the offense of gambling on micro-transactions in the online game as well as the form of corporate criminal liability as a provider of micro-transaction gambling services in the online game. The normative legal research method with a statutory and conceptual approach is used in this study. The study results show that microtransaction in online games both in the form of gacha or lootbox contains elements of gambling crime and regarding gambling itself has been regulated in the Criminal Code, the Gambling Control Act and through the Government Regulation on the Implementation of Gambling Control and because of this gambling is done virtually invite Information and Electronic Transactions to be lex specialists on in-online game micro-transactions. Then the Publisher and / or game developer is a corporation that is also a subject of criminal law and becomes a party that provides gambling facilities in the form of microtransaction in the online game in the form of gacha and loot box, so that the Publisher and / or game developer can be held liable for criminal liability.
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP NASABAH BANK DALAM MELAKUKAN TRANSAKSI PERBANKAN MENGGUNAKAN LAYANAN INTERNET BANKING
Authors: Wahyu Prameswari P G I A Indira , Westra I Ketut 
Published: July 2021

Tujuan artikel ini adalah untuk mengetahui adanya perlindungan bagi nasabah dalam penggunaan internet banking saat melakukan transaksi perbankan, disamping itu juga untuk dapat melindungi hak-hak nasabah selaku konsumen jasa perbankan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode penelitian normatif. Penulisan artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus, yang mana dalam penelitian normatif ini meliputi beberapa kajian mengenai asas-asas hukum, sistematik hukum, serta sinkronisasi hukum. Hasil studi menunjukan bahwa penggunaan dari media telekomunikasi dan juga teknologi informasi dalam era globalisasi kali ini menempati kedudukan yang penting guna memudahkan proses dalam bertransaksi khususnya transaksi perbankan dan perdagangan bebas. Dengan terjadinya perkembangan di bidang teknologi dan informasi tersebut membuka peluang bagi tiap orang dengan mudahnya untuk melakukan perbuatan hukum seperti misalnya melakukan transaksi perbankan jual-beli. Dalam prakteknya internet banking merupakan salah satu delivery channel layanan di bidang perbankan yang erat kaitannya dengan teknologi, di satu sisi memberikan banyak manfaat, namun di sisi lain juga dapat menyebabkan kerugian bagi nasabah. Maka dari itu perlunya perlindungan hukum yang lebih spesifik untuk layanan internet banking tersebut.
The purpose of this article is to determine whether there is protection for customers in the use of internet banking when conducting banking transactions, in addition to protecting the rights of customers as consumers of banking services. The research method used is the normative research method. The writing of this article uses a statute approach that prioritizes legal materials in the form of statutory regulations as a basic reference for conducting research. The results of the study show that the use of telecommunication media and information technology in this era of globalization occupies an important position in order to facilitate the process of transactions, especially banking transactions and free trade. With the development of technology and information, it opens up opportunities for everyone to easily take legal actions, such as buying and selling banking transactions. In practice, internet banking is one of the service delivery channels in the banking sector which is closely related to technology, on the one hand it provides many benefits, but on the other hand it can also cause losses for customers. Therefore, there is a need for more specific legal protection for internet banking services.