bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic modifications of polyethylenimine towards gene delivery applications
Authors: Linsha Mali A. , Priya S. S. , Rekha M. R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNon‐viral gene delivery has emerged as a promising approach for therapy in cancer treatment. Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a prominent transfecting agent, but due to toxicity and poor hemocompatibility, its usage for in vivo applications is limited. However, modification of PEI with different chemical groups can lead to conjugates with good transfection efficiency and better cytocompatibility. In this study, the efficiency of PEI derivatives, namely, PEI succinate (PEIS), PEI lauryl succinate (PEILS), PEI laurate (PEIL) was analyzed for gene delivery applications. Apart from biophysical characterization such as size, zeta potential, nanoplex stability and buffering capacity, cellular internalization, polymer trafficking and p53 transgene expression in C6 cell lines were also investigated. The results indicate that PEI conjugated with lauryl succinate act as better transfecting agent with high efficiency compared to other derivatives, and such balanced hydrophilic‐hydrophobic modification of PEI can render it to be a cytocompatible and effective nucleic acid delivery system.
Ag Nanoparticles Anchored on Nanoporous Ge Skeleton as High‐Performance Anode for Lithium‐ion Batteries
Authors: Zhou Ji , Huang Peng , Hao Qin , Zhang Lina , Liu Hong , Xu Caixia , Yu Jinghua 
Published: June 2021

Main observation and conclusionNanoporous (NP) Ge/Ag composite is controllably fabricated via one simple dealloying method under mild conditions. After corroding the well‐designed Ge9Ag1Al90 source alloy, the resulting Ge/Ag consists of the three dimensional (3D) interconnected Ge network skeleton with Ag nanoparticles uniformly dispersed onto the surface. Benefitting from unique 3D porous nanostructure and introduction of high‐conductive Ag, the NP Ge/Ag composite exhibits much enhanced lithium storage performances by comparison with pure Ge material, including higher reversible capacitance, optimized rate capability as well as superior cycling performances. Besides, the NP Ge/Ag holds high cycling stability with large reversible capacity of 500 mA·h·g–1 remained under high current rate of 3200 mA·g–1 for an extended period of 300 loops. The Ge/Ag composite presents great potential in applications as an advanced anode candidate for lithium ion batteries in virtue of its excellent performances and green fabrication.
Innate lymphoid cells and cancer: Role in tumor progression and inhibition
Authors: Yuan Xiaodong , Rasul Faiz , Nashan Björn , Sun Cheng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInnate lymphoid cells (ILCs), a critical component of the immune system, have recently been nominated as emerging players associated with tumor progression and inhibition. ILCs are classified into five groups: natural killer (NK) cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTis) cells. NK cells and ILC1s are mainly involved in antitumor activities due to their cytotoxic and cytokine production capabilities, respectively. The current understanding of the heterogeneous behavior of ILC2s and ILC3s in tumors is limited and incomplete. Mostly, their dual roles are modulated by their resident tissues, released cytokines, cancer types, and plasticity. Based on overlap RORγt and cytokine expression, the LTi cells were previously considered part of the ILC3s ontogeny, which are essential for the formation of the secondary lymphoid organs during embryogenesis. Indeed, these facts highlight the urgency in understanding the respective mechanisms that shape the phenotypes and responses of ILCs, either on the repressive or proliferative side in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review aims to provide an updated view of ILCs biology with respect to tumorigenesis, including a description of ILC plasticity, their interaction with other immune cells and communication with components of the TME. Taken together, targeting ILCs for cancer immunotherapy could be a promising approach against tumors that needs to be further study.
Metastatic mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma of the kidney responding to nivolumab plus ipilimumab
Authors: Fuchizawa Hirotaka , Kijima Toshiki , Takada‐Owada Atsuko , Nagashima Yoji , Okazaki Akihito , Yokoyama Megumi , Nishihara Daisaku , Ishida Kazuyuki , Kamai Takao 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionMucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma is a rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma. Little is known regarding the efficacy of systemic therapy on its metastatic form because of its rarity.Case presentationWe present the case of a patient with metastatic mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma who achieved durable complete remission of multiple osseous metastases after undergoing cytoreductive nephrectomy followed by combination immunotherapy (ipilimumab plus nivolumab). Immunohistochemical analyses of the primary tumor revealed the presence of the tumor‐infiltrating immune cells, including activated CD8+ T cells and PD‐L1 expression, suggesting an immunologically hot tumor.ConclusionCombination immunotherapy was a viable treatment option for this disease. Immunohistochemical analyses of the tumor‐infiltrating immune cells predicted the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors against rare renal cancers.
Mapping smallholder forest plantations in Andhra Pradesh, India using multitemporal harmonized landsat sentinel‐2 S10 data
Authors: Williams Paige T. , Wynne Randolph H. , Thomas Valerie A. , DeFries Ruth 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study's objective was to develop a method by which smallholder forest plantations can be mapped accurately in Andhra Pradesh, India, using multitemporal visible and near‐infrared (VNIR) bands from the sentinel‐2 multispectral instruments (MSIs). Conversion to cropland, coupled with secondary dependencies on and scarcity of wood products, has driven the deforestation and degradation of natural forests in Southeast Asia. Concomitantly, forest plantations have been established both within and outside of forests, with the latter (as contiguous blocks) and are the focus of this study. Accurately mapping smallholder forest plantations in South and Southeast Asia is difficult using remotely sensed data due to the plantations' small size (average of 2 hectares), short rotation ages (4–7 years for timber species), and spectral similarities to croplands and natural forests. Cloud‐free Harmonized landsat sentinel‐2 (HLS) S10 data were acquired over six dates, from different seasons, over four years (2015–2018). Available in situ data on forest plantations was supplemented with additional training data resulting in 2230 high‐quality samples aggregated into three land cover classes: nonforest, natural forest, and forest plantations. Image classification used random forests on a thirty‐band stack consisting of the VNIR bands and NDVI images for all six dates. The median classification accuracy from the 5‐fold cross‐validation was 94.3%. Our results, predicated on high‐quality training data, demonstrate that (mostly smallholder) forest plantations can be separated from natural forests even using only the sentinel‐2 VNIR bands when multitemporal data (across both years and seasons) are used.
Hypoprolactinemia and hyperprolactinemia in male schizophrenia patients treated with aripiprazole and risperidone and their relationships with testosterone levels
Authors: Tasaki Minami , Yasui‐Furukori Norio , Yokoyama Saaya , Shinozaki Masataka , Sugawara Norio , Shimoda Kazutaka 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimSeveral reports have shown that risperidone increases prolactin concentrations, while aripiprazole decreases prolactin concentrations. The frequency of abnormal prolactin concentrations in patients with schizophrenia receiving these drugs is still unknown. Furthermore, although hyperprolactinemia leads to sexual dysfunction, the relationship between hyperprolactinemia and testosterone, which may be directly related to male sexual function, is not well understood.MethodsThe subjects were 94 male schizophrenia outpatients receiving risperidone or paliperidone (risperidone group) and 83 male schizophrenia outpatients receiving aripiprazole. We measured the serum prolactin and total and free testosterone concentrations. We compared the prolactin and testosterone levels in patients receiving risperidone or paliperidone and patients receiving aripiprazole.ResultsThe average serum prolactin concentration was 27.5 ± 13.1 ng/mL for the risperidone group and 3.9 ± 3.5 ng/mL for the aripiprazole group, and the concentrations were significantly different (P < .001). Hypoprolactinemia was observed in 75% of the aripiprazole group and hyperprolactinemia in 65% of the risperidone group. A positive correlation between prolactin levels and the risperidone daily dose was found, whereas a negative correlation between prolactin levels and the aripiprazole daily dose was observed. In the risperidone group, total testosterone concentrations were correlated with age, while free testosterone concentrations were inversely correlated with age and prolactin levels.ConclusionWe found very common hyperprolactinemia and hypoprolactinemia in the risperidone or paliperidone group and aripiprazole group, respectively. Testosterone concentrations were associated with elevated prolactin levels in patients receiving risperidone or paliperidone. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical relevance of abnormal prolactin concentrations in male and female patients with schizophrenia.
Toward a Strategic Engagement with the Question of the Corporation
Authors: Bader Michael 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCorporations, in their quest for the highest profit margin, have violated human rights, labour rights and environmental standards for decades, with little to no accountability. In recent years, the fight for corporate accountability under the banner of “Business and Human Rights” has come to dominate civil society’s engagement with the “question of the corporation.” This chapter aims to critically examine the political objectives underpinning the broad-church project of Business and Human Rights in its world-making aspirations, taking the Legally Binding Instrument currently under discussion at the UN Human Rights Council as a case study. Using a historical narrative approach, this article first situates the evolution of Business and Human Rights within neoliberal globalisation and, against this backdrop, attempts to think through the “dark side” of this particular strand of human rights activism. By bringing critical legal scholarship on the corporation and human rights into closer conversation with Business and Human Rights, the article aims to excavate the latter’s structural flaws, namely that it leaves the asymmetries in the global economy and the imperial corporate form unchallenged. By problematising Business and Human Rights’ presupposition of business as fact and its uncritical embrace of rights as positive change-makers, the article presents an invitation to rethink strategic political objectives vis-à-vis corporate rights abuses.
Dipole radiation and beyond from axion stars in electromagnetic fields
Authors: Amin Mustafa A. , Long Andrew J. , Mou Zong-Gang , Saffin Paul M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We investigate the production of photons from coherently oscillating, spatially localized clumps of axionic fields (oscillons and axion stars) in the presence of external electromagnetic fields. We delineate different qualitative behaviour of the photon luminosity in terms of an effective dimensionless coupling parameter constructed out of the axion-photon coupling, and field amplitude, oscillation frequency and radius of the axion star. For small values of this dimensionless coupling, we provide a general analytic formula for the dipole radiation field and the photon luminosity per solid angle, including a strong dependence on the radius of the configuration. For moderate to large coupling, we report on a non-monotonic behavior of the luminosity with the coupling strength in the presence of external magnetic fields. After an initial rise in luminosity with the coupling strength, we see a suppression (by an order of magnitude or more compared to the dipole radiation approximation) at moderately large coupling. At sufficiently large coupling, we find a transition to a regime of exponential growth of the luminosity due to parametric resonance. We carry out 3+1 dimensional lattice simulations of axion electrodynamics, at small and large coupling, including non-perturbative effects of parametric resonance as well as backreaction effects when necessary. We also discuss medium (plasma) effects that lead to resonant axion to photon conversion, relevance of the coherence of the soliton, and implications of our results in astrophysical and cosmological settings.
Gravity as an ensemble and the moment problem
Authors: Janssen Oliver , Mirbabayi Mehrdad , Zograf Peter 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
If a bulk gravitational path integral can be identified with an average of partition functions over an ensemble of boundary quantum theories, then a corresponding moment problem can be solved. We review existence and uniqueness criteria for the Stieltjes moment problem, which include an infinite set of positivity conditions. The existence criteria are useful to rule out an ensemble interpretation of a theory of gravity, or to indicate incompleteness of the gravitational data. We illustrate this in a particular class of 2D gravities including variants of the CGHS model and JT supergravity. The uniqueness criterion is relevant for an unambiguous determination of quantities such as $$ \overline{\log Z\left(\beta \right)} $$

log
Z

β

¯

or the quenched free energy. We prove in JT gravity that perturbation theory, both in the coupling which suppresses higher-genus surfaces and in the temperature, fails when the number of boundaries is taken to infinity. Since this asymptotic data is necessary for the uniqueness problem, the question cannot be settled without a nonperturbative completion of the theory.
Aktueller Stand der Durchführung von Nierenersatztherapien auf deutschen Intensivstationen
Authors: Willam Carsten , Meersch Melanie , Herbst Larissa , Heering Peter , Schmitz Michael , Oppert Michael , John Stefan , Jörres Achim , Zarbock Alexander , Janssens Uwe , Kindgen-Milles Detlef 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungEine akute Nierenschädigung (AKI) tritt heute bei 50 % aller kritisch kranken Patienten auf und etwa 15 % müssen mit einer Nierenersatztherapie (NET) behandelt werden. Obwohl eine NET ein häufiges und essenzielles Organersatzverfahren in der deutschen Intensivmedizin darstellt, ist es ist nicht bekannt, in welchem Umfang Nierenersatzverfahren zur Verfügung stehen, wer mit welcher Qualifikation eine NET durchführt, welche Formen der Antikoagulation verwendet werden und wie die Dosis der NET verschrieben wird. Die Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin (DIVI) hat deshalb Ende 2019 unter ihren Mitgliedern eine Umfrage zu den strukturellen Gegebenheiten der NET in ihrem Arbeitsumfeld durchgeführt. Es konnten 897 Datensätze erfasst werden (31,1 % der Befragten), anhand derer die aktuellen strukturellen und prozeduralen Gegebenheiten bei der Durchführung der NET auf deutschen Intensivstationen beschrieben werden können. Es waren Krankenhäuser aller Versorgungsstufen vertreten, allerdings waren Krankenhäuser mit einer Bettenzahl von > 400 Betten (69,1 %) und Krankenhäuser der Schwerpunkt- und Maximalversorgung und Unikliniken (74,5 %) verstärkt vertreten. Kontinuierliche Nierenersatzverfahren stehen auf 93,3 % und intermittierende Verfahren auf 75,8 % der Intensivstationen in Deutschland zur Verfügung. Die Indikation zur NET wird in 91,9 % durch eine/n Facharzt/Fachärztin oder einen Facharzt/Fachärztin mit Zusatzweiterbildung Intensivmedizin und/oder Nephrologie gestellt. In Fragen der Therapiedurchführung sind jedoch Aspekte der Dialysedosis besser zu implementieren und dokumentieren.
Obesity in short stem total hip arthroplasty using a minimally invasive supine anterolateral approach—a risk factor for short-term complications?
Authors: Luger Matthias , Hochgatterer Rainer , Schopper Clemens , Pisecky Lorenz , Allerstorfer Jakob , Klasan Antonio , Gotterbarm Tobias , Schauer Bernhard 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Obesity is associated with increased risk for surgical complications in total hip arthroplasty (THA). The impact of obesity on short-term complication in minimally invasive (MIS) anterolateral approach is not well known. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the early complications within the first 90 days after THA using a MIS anterolateral approach with a short-curved stem stratified by Body Mass Index (BMI).

Patients and methods
A single centre consecutive series of 1052 hips in 982 patients (index surgery 2014–2019) with a short-curved stem and press fit cup implanted using a MIS anterolateral approach in supine position were screened for inclusion. Inclusion criteria were defined as end-stage primary osteoarthritis of the hip. Eventually, 878 implantations in 808 patients were included and stratified by body mass index (BMI). Peri-operative complications, within the first 90 days after surgery, were retrospectively evaluated.

Results
Severely obese patients (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) and morbidly obese patients (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) demonstrated a significantly increased operation time (p < 0.001) and a higher risk for general surgical complications (p = 0.015) (odds ratio (OR) = 4.365; OR = 4.985), periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) (p = 0.001) (OR = 21.687; OR = 57.653), and revision (OR = 8.793; OR = 20.708).

Conclusion
The risk for early PJI and overall surgical complications in MIS anterolateral approach is significantly increased in severely and morbidly obese patients. This leads to a significantly higher risk for revision surgery after index surgery within the first 90 days. A BMI above 35 kg/m2 is the clear threshold for increased risk of PJI in MIS anterolateral THA with a short curved stem. As the surgical complications are comparable to other approaches, MIS anterolateral short stem THA is also feasible with increasing BMI.
Projected future daily characteristics of African precipitation based on global (CMIP5, CMIP6) and regional (CORDEX, CORDEX-CORE) climate models
Authors: Dosio Alessandro , Jury Martin W. , Almazroui Mansour , Ashfaq Moetasim , Diallo Ismaila , Engelbrecht Francois A. , Klutse Nana A. B. , Lennard Christopher , Pinto Izidine , Sylla Mouhamadou B. , Tamoffo Alain T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe provide an assessment of future daily characteristics of African precipitation by explicitly comparing the results of large ensembles of global (CMIP5, CMIP6) and regional (CORDEX, CORE) climate models, specifically highlighting the similarities and inconsistencies between them. Results for seasonal mean precipitation are not always consistent amongst ensembles: in particular, global models tend to project a wetter future compared to regional models, especially over the Eastern Sahel, Central and East Africa. However, results for other precipitation characteristics are more consistent. In general, all ensembles project an increase in maximum precipitation intensity during the wet season over all regions and emission scenarios (except the West Sahel for CORE) and a decrease in precipitation frequency (under the Representative Concentration Pathways RCP8.5) especially over the West Sahel, the Atlas region, southern central Africa, East Africa and southern Africa. Depending on the season, the length of dry spells is projected to increase consistently by all ensembles and for most (if not all) models over southern Africa, the Ethiopian highlands and the Atlas region. Discrepancies exist between global and regional models on the projected change in precipitation characteristics over specific regions and seasons. For instance, over the Eastern Sahel in July–August most global models show an increase in precipitation frequency but regional models project a robust decrease. Global and regional models also project an opposite sign in the change of the length of dry spells. CORE results show a marked drying over the regions affected by the West Africa monsoon throughout the year, accompanied by a decrease in mean precipitation intensity between May and July that is not present in the other ensembles. This enhanced drying may be related to specific physical mechanisms that are better resolved by the higher resolution models and highlights the importance of a process-based evaluation of the mechanisms controlling precipitation over the region.
Quantification of shear viscosity and wall slip velocity of highly concentrated suspensions with non-Newtonian matrices in pressure driven flows
Authors: Wilms Patrick , Wieringa Jan , Blijdenstein Theo , van Malssen Kees , Kohlus Reinhard 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe rheological characterization of concentrated suspensions is complicated by the heterogeneous nature of their flow. In this contribution, the shear viscosity and wall slip velocity are quantified for highly concentrated suspensions (solid volume fractions of 0.55–0.60, D4,3 ~ 5 µm). The shear viscosity was determined using a high-pressure capillary rheometer equipped with a 3D-printed die that has a grooved surface of the internal flow channel. The wall slip velocity was then calculated from the difference between the apparent shear rates through a rough and smooth die, at identical wall shear stress. The influence of liquid phase rheology on the wall slip velocity was investigated by using different thickeners, resulting in different degrees of shear rate dependency, i.e. the flow indices varied between 0.20 and 1.00. The wall slip velocity scaled with the flow index of the liquid phase at a solid volume fraction of 0.60 and showed increasingly large deviations with decreasing solid volume fraction. It is hypothesized that these deviations are related to shear-induced migration of solids and macromolecules due to the large shear stress and shear rate gradients.
Sharp interface limit of a multi-phase transitions model under nonisothermal conditions
Authors: Cristoferi Riccardo , Gravina Giovanni 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA vectorial Modica–Mortola functional is considered and the convergence to a sharp interface model is studied. The novelty of the paper is that the wells of the potential are not constant, but depend on the spatial position in the domain$$\Omega $$Ω. The mass constrained minimization problem and the case of Dirichlet boundary conditions are also treated. The proofs rely on the precise understanding of minimizing geodesics for the degenerate metric induced by the potential.
Die Feststellung der energiepolitischen und energiewirtschaftlichen Notwendigkeit des Tagebaus Garzweiler
II nach 48 Kohleverstromungsbeendigungsgesetz (KVBG) – rechtspolitisch verfehlt und verfassungswidrig?
Authors: Schomerus Thomas 
Published: June 2021

Zusammenfassung48 KVBG stellt den energiewirtschaftlichen und -politischen Bedarf für den Braunkohletagebau
Garzweiler II in den Grenzen der Leitentscheidung der Landesregierung Nordrhein-Westfalen von 2016 fest.
Unter Einbeziehung mehrerer Gutachten wird dargelegt, dass der anzuerkennende weite Spielraum für gesetzliche
Bedarfsfeststellungen in evident unsachlicher Weise ausgefüllt wurde. Die Bedarfsfeststellung geht
von unzutreffenden Annahmen aus, sie ist nur schwer mit bestehenden und künftigen Klimazielen vereinbar,
und sie beruht auf einer Fehlgewichtung der Anwohnerbelange. Die Landesregierung ist daher durch 48 KVBG
nicht im Hinblick auf künftige Planungen und Zulassungen gebunden, sondern muss u.a. in der anstehenden
neuen Leitentscheidung eine eigenständige planerische Entscheidung treffen.