bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture Using Dynamic Covalent Crosslinking
Authors: Rizwan Muhammad , Baker Alexander E. G. , Shoichet Molly S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDesigning simple biomaterials to replicate the biochemical and mechanical properties of tissues is an ongoing challenge in tissue engineering. For several decades, new biomaterials have been engineered using cytocompatible chemical reactions and spontaneous ligations via click chemistries to generate scaffolds and water swollen polymer networks, known as hydrogels, with tunable properties. However, most of these materials are static in nature, providing only macroscopic tunability of the scaffold mechanics, and do not reflect the dynamic environment of natural extracellular microenvironment. For more complex applications such as organoids or co‐culture systems, there remain opportunities to investigate cells that locally remodel and change the physicochemical properties within the matrices. In this review, advanced biomaterials where dynamic covalent chemistry is used to produce stable 3D cell culture models and high‐resolution constructs for both in vitro and in vivo applications, are discussed. The implications of dynamic covalent chemistry on viscoelastic properties of in vitro models are summarized, case studies in 3D cell culture are critically analyzed, and opportunities to further improve the performance of biomaterials for 3D tissue engineering are discussed.
Covalently Crosslinked Hydrogels via Step‐Growth Reactions: Crosslinking Chemistries, Polymers, and Clinical Impact
Authors: Gao Yongsheng , Peng Kevin , Mitragotri Samir 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHydrogels are an important class of biomaterials with the unique property of high‐water content in a crosslinked polymer network. In particular, chemically crosslinked hydrogels have made a great clinical impact in past years because of their desirable mechanical properties and tunability of structural and chemical properties. Various polymers and step‐growth crosslinking chemistries are harnessed for fabricating such covalently crosslinked hydrogels for translational research. However, selecting appropriate crosslinking chemistries and polymers for the intended clinical application is time‐consuming and challenging. It requires the integration of polymer chemistry knowledge with thoughtful crosslinking reaction design. This task becomes even more challenging when other factors such as the biological mechanisms of the pathology, practical administration routes, and regulatory requirements add additional constraints. In this review, key features of crosslinking chemistries and polymers commonly used for preparing translatable hydrogels are outlined and their performance in biological systems is summarized. The examples of effective polymer/crosslinking chemistry combinations that have yielded clinically approved hydrogel products are specifically highlighted. These hydrogel design parameters in the context of the regulatory process and clinical translation barriers, providing a guideline for the rational selection of polymer/crosslinking chemistry combinations to construct hydrogels with high translational potential are further considered.
Surface Wettability of Nanoparticle Modulated Sonothrombolysis
Authors: Wu Qingyuan , Zhang Fengrong , Pan Xueting , Huang Zhijun , Zeng Zhijie , Wang Hongyu , Jiao Jun , Xiong Xiaolu , Bai Lixin , Zhou Dongsheng , Liu Huiyu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a non‐invasive and highly penetrating treatment strategy under ultrasound irradiation. However, uncertainty in the mechanism of SDT has seriously hindered its future clinical application. Here, the mechanism of SDT enhanced by the wettability of nanoparticles is investigated. Nanoparticles can adsorb and stabilize nanobubbles in liquid, thus enhancing SDT efficiency. The stability of the nanobubbles is positively correlated with the desorption energy of the nanoparticles, which is determined by the wettability of the nanoparticles. This conclusion is verified for mesoporous silica and polystyrene nanoparticles and it is found that nanoparticles with a water contact angle of about 90° possess the largest desorption energy. To further apply this conclusion, thrombus models are constructed on rats and the experimental results demonstrate that nanoparticles with the largest desorption energy have the highest thrombolytic efficiency. It is believed that these findings will help to better understand the SDT mechanism and guide new strategies for rational design of nanoparticles adopted in SDT.
Divergent Paths, Same Goal: A Pair‐Electrosynthesis Tactic for Cost‐Efficient and Exclusive Formate Production by Metal–Organic‐Framework‐Derived 2D Electrocatalysts
Authors: Cao Changsheng , Ma Dong‐Dong , Jia Jingchun , Xu Qiang , Wu Xin‐Tao , Zhu Qi‐Long 
Published: May 2021

AbstractElectrosynthesis of formic acid/formate is a promising alternative protocol to industrial processes. Herein, a pioneering pair‐electrosynthesis tactic is reported for exclusively producing formate via coupling selectively electrocatalytic methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), in which the electrode derived from Ni‐based metal–organic framework (Ni‐MOF) nanosheet arrays (Ni‐NF‐Af), as well as the Bi‐MOF‐derived ultrathin bismuthenes (Bi‐enes), both obtained through an in situ electrochemical conversion process, are used as efficient anodic and cathodic electrocatalysts, respectively, achieving concurrent yielding of the same high‐value product at both electrodes with greatly reduced energy input. The as‐prepared Ni‐NF‐Af only needs quite low potentials to reach large current densities (e.g., 100 mA cm−2@1.345 V) with ≈100% selectivity for anodic methanol‐to‐formate conversion. Meanwhile, for CO2RR in the cathode, the as‐prepared Bi‐enes can simultaneously exhibit near‐unity selectivity, large current densities, and good stability in a wide potential window toward formate production. Consequently, the coupled MOR//CO2RR system based on the distinctive MOF‐derived catalysts displays excellent performance for pair‐electrosynthesis of formate, delivering high current densities and nearly 100% selectivity for formate production in both the anode and the cathode. This work provides a novel way to design advanced MOF‐derived electrocatalysts and innovative electrolytic systems for electrochemical production of value‐added feedstocks.
Enhanced Electrochemical Kinetics with Highly Dispersed Conductive and Electrocatalytic Mediators for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Qian Ji , Xing Yi , Yang Yong , Li Yu , Yu Kaixin , Li Wanlong , Zhao Teng , Ye Yusheng , Li Li , Wu Feng , Chen Renjie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are promising energy‐storage devices because of their high theoretical energy densities. However, the practical application of Li–S batteries is still impeded by the poor cycling performance and rate capability at practical conditions. In order to improve the performance of practical Li–S batteries, a hierarchical Mo2C nanocluster/carbon nanosheets hybrid based hollow spherical material (Mo2C/CHS) is designed and prepared. The hollow spheres composed of stacked carbon nanosheets can facilitate the infiltration of electrolyte. The ultrasmall and highly conductive Mo2C nanocrystals are confined in the carbon nanosheets and expose more active sites for anchoring and conversion of lithium polysulfides and increase the number of the nuclei for Li2S2/Li2S precipitation. Benefitting from the synergistic effects, Mo2C/CHS greatly promotes electrochemical kinetics in Li–S batteries with high sulfur loading (5 mg cm−2). Even under lean electrolyte conditions (E/S = 7 μL mgsulfur−1), the Li–S batteries with Mo2C/CHS added exhibit a discharge capacity of 904 mAh g−1 at the high current rate of 0.5 C, and with 894 mAh g−1 maintained after 200 cycles. This work provides a fundamental understanding of the electrochemical processes and guides the rational design of host and additive materials for practical Li–S batteries.
Broadband Detection of X‐ray, Ultraviolet, and Near‐Infrared Photons using Solution‐Processed Perovskite–Lanthanide Nanotransducers
Authors: Xie Lili , Hong Zhongzhu , Zan Jie , Wu Qinxia , Yang Zhijian , Chen Xiaofeng , Ou Xiangyu , Song Xiaorong , He Yu , Li Juan , Chen Qiushui , Yang Huanghao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSolution‐processed metal‐halide perovskites hold great promise in developing next‐generation low‐cost, high‐performance photodetectors. However, the weak absorption of perovskites beyond the near‐infrared spectral region posts a stringent limitation on their use for broadband photodetectors. Here, the rational design and synthesis of an upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs)–perovskite nanotransducer are presented, namely UCNPs@mSiO2@MAPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, or I), for broadband photon detection spanning from X‐rays, UV, to NIR. It is demonstrated that, by in situ crystallization and deliberately tuning the material composition in the lanthanide core and perovskites, the nanotransducers allow for a high stability and show a wide linear response to X‐rays of various dose rates, as well as UV/NIR photons of various power densities. The findings provide an opportunity to explore the next‐generation broadband photodetectors in the field of high‐quality imaging and optoelectronic devices.
Wood‐Derived Systems for Sustainable Oil/Water Separation
Authors: Fang Ying , Jing Chuyan , Li Guoliang , Ling Shengjie , Wang Zhaohui , Lu Ping , Li Qing , Dai Chenchen , Gao Sen , Chen Bailing , Bai Lulu , Zhang Hanqiu , Liu Tian , Wang Qingwen , Li Jian , Yu Haipeng , Liu Shouxin , Chen Wenshuai 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSeparating oil and water remains a serious challenge because various oil/water mixtures are generated in large quantities by industrial processes, unexpected accidents, and daily life. Various systems containing materials with specific structures and wettabilities have been investigated as possible solutions to this issue. As a sustainable biological material, wood and its derivatives have many advantageous properties for practical applications. The present review mainly focuses on recent progress in using wood‐derived systems for sustainable oil/water separation. Various types of materials that can be produced from wood are briefly introduced. Strategies for constructing wood‐derived separation materials based on direct use and integration, modification, and carbonization are then highlighted. Next, the use of wood‐derived systems for separating oil/water layered mixtures and oil/water emulsions by filtration and absorption methods are systematically discussed. The review concludes with a brief summary of some of the remaining challenges to be overcome.
A Prototypical Conjugated Polymer Regulating Signaling in Plants
Authors: Tullii Gabriele , Gobbo Federico , Costa Alex , Antognazza Maria Rosa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe use of nanomaterials has been very recently introduced in plant biotechnologies, for both the monitoring and the enhancement of plants functions. Several functional interfaces between living plants and nanotechnology have been successfully reported for diverse applications, from sensing to photosynthesis and energy production and from modulation of physiological activity to controlled delivery of chemicals. In this work, a photoactive, biohybrid interface based on a prototypical semiconducting polymer, sensitive to green light, and Arabidopsis thaliana plants is reported. Optical excitation of polymer beads is shown to deterministically regulate the Arabidopsis stomatal aperture, the leaf pores which regulate the plant carbon dioxide uptake, oxygen release, and transpiration processes. Moreover, it is observed that excitation of bio‐polymer hybrid interfaces optically modulates the cytosolic calcium ions concentration, which is involved, as a second messenger, in the regulation of stomatal movements. The results support the possibility to employ light‐responsive organic materials to regulate on demand the physiological activity of plant systems, in a drug‐free, touchless, and easily controllable way. When transferred to the field, this strategy may represent an innovative approach to optimize the exchange of gases and water loss of plants, and to improve the plant resilience toward environmental constraints.
Natural Hierarchically Structured Highly Porous Tomato Peel Based Tribo‐ and Piezo‐Electric Nanogenerator for Efficient Energy Harvesting
Authors: Saqib Qazi Muhammad , Khan Muhammad Umair , Song Hyunjae , Chougale Mahesh Y. , Shaukat Rayyan Ali , Kim Jungmin , Bae Jinho , Choi Min Joo , Kim Seong Chan , Kwon Ohbin , Bermak Amine 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTo mitigate future global energy challenges, it is vital to utilize natural resources to harness sustainable and environmentally‐friendly energy. This paper explores the tribo‐ and piezo‐electric functionalities of tomato peel (TP) to fabricate a nature‐driven hybrid nanogenerator. Tomato is one of the most cultivated vegetables globally, however, a significant amount of TP is disposed after utilization in the food processing industries. The TP possesses a natural hierarchically placed highly porous structure, which is helpful to enhance the output performance of both piezo‐ and tribo‐electric devices. This work shows that a TP based piezo‐electric nanogenerator can produce an open circuit voltage of 24.5 V, short circuit current of 2.5 µA, and maximum instantaneous power of 19.5 µW. In addition, the TP based tribo‐electric nanogenerator generates open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and instantaneous power of 135 V, 81 µA, and 3750 µW, respectively. Combining two NGs functionalities, the proposed TP based tribo‐ and piezo‐electric nanogenerator (TP‐TPENG) shows enhanced output performance with the rectified open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and maximum instantaneous power of 150 V, 84 µA, and 5400 µW, respectively. These results show that the TP‐TPENG can offer a new pathway toward bio‐based nanogeneration and self‐powered sensing green technologies.
Engineering Origami: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Applications, Design Methods, and Tools
Authors: Meloni Marco , Cai Jianguo , Zhang Qian , Sang‐Hoon Lee Daniel , Li Meng , Ma Ruijun , Parashkevov Teo Emilov , Feng Jian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOrigami‐based designs refer to the application of the ancient art of origami to solve engineering problems of different nature. Despite being implemented at dimensions that range from the nano to the meter scale, origami‐based designs are always defined by the laws that govern their geometrical properties at any scale. It is thus not surprising to notice that the study of their applications has become of cross‐disciplinary interest. This article aims to review recent origami‐based applications in engineering, design methods and tools, with a focus on research outcomes from 2015 to 2020. First, an introduction to origami history, mathematical background and terminology is given. Origami‐based applications in engineering are reviewed largely in the following fields: biomedical engineering, architecture, robotics, space structures, biomimetic engineering, fold‐cores, and metamaterials. Second, design methods, design tools, and related manufacturing constraints are discussed. Finally, the article concludes with open questions and future challenges.
Atomically Dispersed Platinum Modulated by Sulfide as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhou Kai Ling , Han Chang Bao , Wang Zelin , Ke Xiaoxing , Wang Changhao , Jin Yuhong , Zhang Qianqian , Liu Jingbing , Wang Hao , Yan Hui 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCatalytically active metals atomically dispersed on supports presents the ultimate atom utilization efficiency and cost‐effective pathway for electrocatalyst design. Optimizing the coordination nature of metal atoms represents the advanced strategy for enhancing the catalytic activity and the selectivity of single‐atom catalysts (SACs). Here, we designed a transition‐metal based sulfide‐Ni3S2 with abundant exposed Ni vacancies created by the interaction between chloride ions and the functional groups on the surface of Ni3S2 for the anchoring of atomically dispersed Pt (PtSA‐Ni3S2). The theoretical calculation reveals that unique Pt‐Ni3S2 support interaction increases the d orbital electron occupation at the Fermi level and leads to a shift‐down of the d ‐band center, which energetically enhances H2O adsorption and provides the optimum H binding sites. Introducing Pt into Ni position in Ni3S2 system can efficiently enhance electronic field distribution and construct a metallic‐state feature on the Pt sites by the orbital hybridization between S‐3p and Pt‐5d for improved reaction kinetics. Finally, the fabricated PtSA‐Ni3S2 SAC is supported by Ag nanowires network to construct a seamless conductive three‐dimensional (3D) nanostructure (PtSA‐Ni3S2@Ag NWs), and the developed catalyst shows an extremely great mass activity of 7.6 A mg−1 with 27‐time higher than the commercial Pt/C HER catalyst.
Large Tunnel Electroresistance with Ultrathin Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Ferroelectric Tunnel Barriers
Authors: Prasad Bhagwati , Thakare Vishal , Kalitsov Alan , Zhang Zimeng , Terris Bruce , Ramesh Ramamoorthy 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHafnia‐based ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs) hold great promise for nonvolatile memory and emerging data storage applications. In this article, a large tunnel electroresistance effect with ultrathin Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) barrier based FTJs is reported. Robust ferroelectricity is achieved with ≈1 nm films by stabilizing the rhombohedral polar phase of HZO (R‐HZO) through a large compressive strain, induced by growing the film epitaxially on a SrTiO3 (001) substrate. The OFF/ON ratio of the junction resistance at zero bias is about 135 with ≈1 nm thick barrier, which increases to ≈105 with increasing the barrier thickness to ≈2.5 nm. The resistance‐area product (RA) of tunnel junctions is reduced by nearly three orders of magnitude by using an ≈1 nm R‐HZO barrier as compared with typically reported RA values for doped‐HfO2 barrier based FTJs, which significantly improves signal‐to‐noise ratio during the read operation. These results set the stage for further exploration of Hafnia‐based FTJs for non‐volatile memory applications.
Simultaneously Improved Thermoelectric and Mechanical Properties Driven by MgB2 Doping in Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3 Based Alloys
Authors: Qin Haixu , Cui Bo , Wang Wei , Sun Sibo , Qin Dandan , Guo Muchun , Xie Liangjun , Guo Fengkai , Cai Wei , Sui Jiehe 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBi2Te3‐based alloys are the most mature and widely used thermoelectric materials since their zT value has been significantly improved in past decades. However, the poor mechanical strength and machinability derived from the easy cleavage along basal planes not only produce many scraps in the device fabrication process but also lead the devices unstable in the actual service. In this work, a tiny amount of MgB2 is induced in the Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3 alloy to simultaneously enhance the thermoelectric and mechanical properties. In detail, magnesium atoms occupy the bismuth/antimony sites to optimize the carrier concentration and suppress the bipolar effect, pushing the average zT value up to 1.16 ranging from 300 to 500 K, which catches up with the current highest level in p‐type Bi2Te3‐based materials. Moreover, the precipitation phase, boron nanoparticles, distributed at the grain boundaries can effectively improve the compressive strength from 166 to 239 MPa. The prominent thermoelectric and mechanical properties endow the materials with great potential for commercial applications.
Maize yields from manure and mineral fertilizers in the 100‐year‐old Knorr–Holden Plot
Authors: Maharjan Bijesh , Das Saurav , Nielsen Rex , Hergert Gary W. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIt takes years, if not decades, before measurable changes in crop productivity and soil properties due to management practices can be detected. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of long‐term cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer applications on irrigated continuous maize grain yield, yield stability and reliability, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and soil properties. The experiment was conducted at the Knorr–Holden Plot in Scottsbluff, NE, from 1912–2012. Maize received no fertilizer in the first 30 yr of the experiment, and yields declined as nutrient supply from the native prairie was used. In 1942–1952, there were two cattle manure rates (0 and 27 kg ha–1 yr–1), and yield significantly increased in the manure treatment. In 1953, second replication and six inorganic N treatments were added effectively, making the study a randomized complete block with manure as the main and inorganic N as subplot factor with two replications. Linear regression of yield against years in manured plots had similar slopes across N rates. There was a gradual increase in slope with increasing N rates in non‐manured plots. Yield response to inorganic N rates in the non‐manured plot had a significantly greater slope but lower intercepts than the manured plot. Manure provided greater yield stability and reliability and significantly increased soil organic matter, nitrate‐N, and P accumulation in soil. Optimized manure and inorganic fertilizer N management are necessary to provide a stable and reliable yield and help establish an economically and environmentally sustainable maize production system.
A family with partially penetrant multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis due to gonadal mosaicism: First reported case
Authors: Närhi Anu , Fernandes Andrea , Toiviainen‐Salo Sanna , Harris Jessica , McInerney‐Leo Aideen , Lazarus Syndia , Avela Kristiina , Duncan Emma L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMulticentric carpotarsal osteolysis (MCTO) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by carpal–tarsal abnormalities; over half of affected individuals also develop renal disease. MCTO is caused by mutations of MAFB; however, there is no clear phenotype–genotype correlation. We describe the first reported family of variable MCTO phenotype due to mosaicism: the proband had classical skeletal features and renal involvement due to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and the father had profound renal impairment due to FSGS, necessitating kidney transplantation. Mosaicism was first suspected in this family due to unequal allele ratios in the sequencing chromatograph of the initial blood sample of proband's father and confirmed by sequencing DNA extracted from the father's hair, collected from different bodily parts. This case highlights the need for a high index of clinical suspicion to detect low‐level parental mosaicism, as well as a potential role for MAFB mutation screening in individuals with isolated FSGS.
The Current Status of MOF and COF Applications
Authors: Freund Ralph , Zaremba Orysia , Arnauts Giel , Ameloot Rob , Skorupskii Grigorii , Dincă Mircea , Bavykina Anastasiya , Gascon Jorge , Ejsmont Aleksander , Goscianska Joanna , Kalmutzki Markus , Lächelt Ulrich , Ploetz Evelyn , Diercks Christian S. , Wuttke Stefan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe amalgamation of different disciplines is at the heart of reticular chemistry and has broadened the boundaries of chemistry by opening up an infinite space of chemical composition, structure, and material properties. Reticular design has enabled the precise prediction of crystalline framework structures, tunability of chemical composition, incorporation of various functionalities onto the framework backbone, and as a consequence, fine‐tuning of metal–organic framework (MOF) and covalent organic framework (COF) properties beyond that of any other material class. Leveraging the unique properties of reticular materials has resulted in significant advances from both a fundamental and an applied perspective. Here, we wish to review the milestones in MOF and COF research and give a critical view on progress in their real‐world applications. Finally, we briefly discuss the major challenges in the field that need to be addressed to pave the way for industrial applications.