bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Effectiveness of Levothyroxine, Desiccated Thyroid Extract, and Levothyroxine+Liothyronine in Hypothyroidism
Authors: Shakir Mohamed K M , Brooks Daniel I , McAninch Elizabeth A , Fonseca Tatiana L , Mai Vinh Q , Bianco Antonio C , Hoang Thanh D 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Studies comparing levothyroxine (LT4) therapy with LT4 + liothyronine (LT3) or desiccated thyroid extract (DTE) did not detect consistent superiority of either treatment. Here, we investigated these therapies, focusing on the whole group of LT4-treated hypothyroid patients, while also exploring the most symptomatic patients.

Methodology
Prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover study of 75 hypothyroid patients randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatment arms, LT4, LT4 + LT3, and DTE, for 22 weeks. The primary outcomes were posttreatment scores on the 36-point thyroid symptom questionnaire (TSQ-36), 12-point quality of life general health questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Wechsler memory scale-version IV (VMS-IV), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Secondary endpoints included treatment preference, biochemical and metabolic parameters, etiology of hypothyroidism, and Thr92Ala-DIO2 gene polymorphism. Analyses were performed with a linear mixed model using subject as a random factor and group as a fixed effect.

Results
Serum TSH remained within reference range across all treatment arms. There were no differences for primary and secondary outcomes, except for a minor increase in heart rate caused by DTE. Treatment preference was not different and there were no interferences of the etiology of hypothyroidism or Thr92Ala-DIO2 gene polymorphism in the outcomes. Subgroup analyses of the 1/3 most symptomatic patients on LT4 revealed strong preference for treatment containing T3, which improved performance on TSQ-36, GHQ-12, BDI, and visual memory index (VMS-IV component).

Conclusions
As a group, outcomes were similar among hypothyroid patients taking DTE vs LT4 + T3 vs LT4. However, those patients that were most symptomatic on LT4 preferred and responded positively to therapy with LT4 + LT3 or DTE.
Significance of Circular FAT1 as a Prognostic Factor and Tumor Suppressor for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Takaki Wataru , Konishi Hirotaka , Shoda Katsutoshi , Arita Tomohiro , Kataoka Satoshi , Shibamoto Jun , Furuke Hirotaka , Takabatake Kazuya , Shimizu Hiroki , Komatsu Shuhei , Shiozaki Atsushi , Fujiwara Hitoshi , Masuda Kiyoshi , Otsuji Eigo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundCircular RNA is a novel endogenous non-coding RNA with a stable loop structure, and theories for its biogenesis and usefulness as a biomarker in various cancers have been proposed. The present study investigated the significance of circular FAT1 (circFAT1) as a novel biomarker in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).MethodCircFAT1 expression levels were measured in ESCC cell lines and the effects of downregulating circFAT1 on cell migration and invasion were examined using a transwell assay. The functions of miR-548g, which will be sponged by circFAT1, were assessed. Furthermore, the expression of circFAT1 was evaluated in 51 radically resected ESCC tissue samples using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The relationships between circFAT1 expression, clinicopathological factors, and patient prognosis were analyzed.ResultsCircFAT1 expression levels were significantly lower in tumor tissue than in adjacent non-tumorous mucosal tissue (p = 0.01). The downregulation of circFAT1 expression promoted ESCC cell migration and invasive ability, but not proliferation. The expression of miR-548g was upregulated by the downregulation of circFAT1. The overexpression of miR-548g also promoted ESCC cell migration and invasion. Recurrence-free survival (p = 0.02) and cancer-specific survival (p = 0.04) rates were significantly higher in patients with elevated circFAT1 expression levels.ConclusionThe expression level of circFAT1 is a novel prognostic marker in ESCC patients. New treatment strategies may be developed using the tumor suppressive functions of circFAT1.
First record of the coexistence of two mesocarnivores in the Yucatán Peninsula, México
Authors: Mejenes-López Sol de Mayo A. , Gálvez-Aguilera Xiomara , Escalona-Segura Griselda , Vargas-Contreras Jorge A. , Retana-Guiascón Oscar G. , Cab-Paat Guadalupe de los Ángeles 
Published: June 2021

La ocurrencia de dos o más especies en espacio y tiempo (coexistencia) es la condición inicial para las interacciones interespecíficas. Por ejemplo, el binomio Urocyon cinereoargenteus y Spilogale angustifrons que es poco conocido. Nuestro objetivo es contribuir con información sobre la coexistencia de estos mesocarnívoros en Komchén de los Pájaros, en el norte de Yucatán, dominada por selva baja caducifolia. Colocamos ocho cámaras-trampas del 23 de diciembre de 2019 al 20 de junio de 2020 distribuidas en ocho estaciones de muestreo. Representamos los patrones de actividad diaria mediante un diagrama circular por horas con base en la frecuencia de los registros fotográficos. Obtuvimos 68 foto-registros con un esfuerzo de muestreo de 4,320 hr-trampa en 180 días, tres corresponden a la coexistencia de U. cinereoargenteus y S. angustifrons. La actividad de U. cinereoargenteus ocurrió todo el día durante la temporada seca. El índice de abundancia relativa de la coexistencia de S. angustifrons-U. cinereoargenteus fue de 0.7 y solo para U. cinereoargenteus fue de 15.74. En tres momentos registramos la sincronización de la actividad de U. cinereoargenteus y S. angustifrons. Estos eventos ocurrieron en la noche, madrugada y al amanecer, lo que confirmó la coexistencia de ambas especies en espacio (selva baja caducifolia) y tiempo (temporada de seca). Los registros fotográficos no mostraron eventos antagónicos y el seguimiento de una especie por la otra sugiere un mutualismo. Confirmamos la coexistencia basada en el comportamiento de seguimiento de U. cinereoargenteus por S. angustifrons y planteamos que son especies mutualistas en temporada seca y en la selva baja caducifolia.
Validity and reliability of the Greek version of the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory for patients with chronic pain
Authors: Christakou Anna , Sakellari Vasiliki 
Published: June 2021

Background/aims The Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory has been used widely to evaluate pain perceptions and beliefs of patients with chronic pain. This is a cross-cultural adaptation of the instrument into Greek. The purpose of the study was to investigate: the face and content validity; the factor structure; the concurrent validity; the discriminant validity; and the internal consistency and the test–retest reliability of the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory for people with chronic pain. Methods A total of 174 patients with chronic low back pain, neck pain and/or pain of limbs lasting for at least 6 months and with a physiotherapy referral participated in the study. Exploratory factor analysis by a principal axis factoring with direct oblimin rotation was chosen to examine the factor structure of the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory. The concurrent validity was assessed using correlations by Spearman's rho correlation coefficient among the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory and the Short Form-McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Present Pain Index, the visual analogue scale and the Brief Pain Inventory. The discriminant validity was examined by Spearman's rho correlation coefficient among the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory and Social Desirability Scale. The reliability of the instrument was examined using Cronbach's α internal consistency coefficients and intraclass correlation coefficients. Results Exploratory factor analysis confirmed the four factor structure of the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory that explained 66.353% of the total variance. Concurrent validity was determined through examination of correlations between the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory and other validated constructs (eg Short Form-McGill Pain Questionnaire Affective factor with Total Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory Spearman's rho=0.257, P<0.001, Brief Pain Inventory General Activity and Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory Constancy factor Spearman's rho=0.522, P<0.05, Brief Pain Inventory relations with other people and Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory Constancy factor Spearman's rho=0.512, P<0.05). The discriminant validity of the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory was confirmed by examining correlations between the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory with the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale. The questionnaire was internally consistent (α=0.89–0.96) and its stability was good (intraclass correlation coefficients=0.73–0.82). Conclusions The Greek translation of the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory is a reliable and valid instrument to evaluate Greek patients with chronic pain.
On the unity between observational and experimental causal discovery
Authors: Zhang Jiji 
Published: June 2021

In “Flagpoles anyone? Causal and explanatory asymmetries”, James Woodward supplements his celebrated interventionist account of causation and explanation with a set of new ideas about causal and explanatory asymmetries, which he extracts from some cutting-edge methods for causal discovery from observational data. Among other things, Woodward draws interesting connections between observational causal discovery and interventionist themes that are inspired in the first place by experimental causal discovery, alluding to a sort of unity between observational and experimental causal discovery. In this paper, I make explicit what I take to be the implicated unity. Like experimental causal discovery, observational causal discovery also relies on interventions (or exogenous variations, to be more accurate), albeit interventions that are not carried out by investigators and hence need to be detected as part of the inference. The observational patterns appealed to in observational causal discovery are not only surrogates for would-be interventions, as Woodward sometimes puts it; they also serve to mark relevant interventions that actually happen in the data generating process.
Crystal structure of N′,N′′′-((1E,1′E)-(propane-2,2-diylbis(1H-pyrrole-5,2diyl))bis(methaneylylidene))di(nicotinohydrazide) pentahydrate, C25H24N8O2·5H2O
Authors: Zhou Yi , Zhang Min , Xiong Ying 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
C25H34N8O7, triclinic,

P

1
‾

$P&#x203e;{1}$

(no. 2), a = 7.507(2) Å, b = 8.0276(18) Å, c = 23.653(6) Å, α = 93.062(8)°, β = 97.015(9)°, γ = 99.478(8)°, V = 1391.4(6) Å3, Z = 2, R

gt
(F) = 0.0473, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1477, T = 273 K.
The crystal structure of [μ-hydroxido-bis[(5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine-κ2
N,N′)-tricarbonylrhenium(I)] bromide hemihydrate, C30H26N4O9Re2Br
Authors: Moherane Lehlohonolo , Alexander Orbett T. , Visser Hendrik G. , Manicum Amanda-Lee E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
C30H26N4O9Re2Br, triclinic,

P

1
‾

$P\bar{1}$

(no. 2), a = 9.407(6) Å, b = 11.769(8) Å, c = 15.055(11) Å, α = 82.70(2)°, β = 76.68(3)°, γ = 77.364(2)°, V = 1577.5(19) Å3, Z = 2, R

gt
(F) = 0.0291, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0868, T = 100 K.
Language biographies and multilingual language use: A sociolinguistic study of young refugees from Syria, Iran, and Afghanistan living in Germany
Authors: Holzer Johanna 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper describes the individual experiences with migration-related multilingualism of young refugees from Syria, Iran, and Afghanistan living in Germany. Young refugees are a social group of particular linguistic interest because their late L2 learning takes place with limited family background and limited maintenance of heritage language and culture. These interview excerpts are connected to the current dissertation project titled“Sprachbiographien: Das Beispiel junger Geflüchteter aus Syrien, Iran und Afghanistan”(“Language Biographies: The example of young refugees from Syria, Iran and Afghanistan”). The nonrepresentative corpus of the study comprises 21 language biographical interviews with female and male refugees between 17 and 27 years. Specific guidelines were adhered to obtain insights into participants’ languages and cultural identities with a special focus on strategies of multilingual performances. The aim of this article is to show how young refugees’ language biographies are influenced by multilingual language use, based on selected samples from this survey.
Carbonyl pigments: miscellaneous types
Authors: Christie Robert , Abel Adrian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCarbonyl pigments are characterized by the presence of one or more carbonyl (C = O) groups in their structures, generally as a component of the chromophoric grouping and as part of an extended conjugated π-electron system. Structurally, they constitute a diverse group of pigments that offer a wide range of colors throughout the spectrum, and most of them provide high levels of technical performance. This paper provides a description of the historical development of thioindigoid, isoindoline, isoindolinone, and quinophthalone pigment types, and discusses their molecular and crystal structures in relation to their properties, the synthetic procedures used in their manufacture and their principal applications. They provide some of the most important high-performance yellow organic pigments for demanding applications in paints, inks, and plastics. Separate individual chapters in this series are devoted the anthraquinonoid, quinacridone, diketopyrrolopyrrole, perylene, and perinone carbonyl pigment subclasses.
Disazo (Bishydrazone) pigments based on pyrazolones
Authors: Christie Robert , Abel Adrian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe most important classical orange organic pigments are disazopyrazolones, also referred to as diarylide oranges. The first pigment in this series, CI Pigment Orange 13, was discovered in 1910 although it was a further 20 years before it was introduced as a commercial product. Currently, two orange disazopyrazolones are extremely important industrial organic pigments, while two red products are of lesser importance. The products are structurally analogous to the disazoacetoacetanilides (diarylide yellows), which are discussed in a separate chapter. For example, they are symmetrical compounds that exist in the bis-ketohydrazone tautomeric form. The pigments also exhibit similar technical and color properties compared with disazoacetoacetanilide pigments, for example providing high color strength and transparency, features that determine their importance as printing ink pigments. They are manufactured in a process that parallels those used for the disazoacetoacetanilide (diarylide) yellows, but with coupling components containing the pyrazolone heterocyclic system, in place of acetoacetanilides.
Monoazo (Monohydrazone) pigments based on acetoacetanilides
Authors: Christie Robert , Abel Adrian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe monoazoacetoacetanilide series of pigments, traditionally known as Hansa Yellows, are long-established products that entered the market in the early twentieth century. They are mostly inexpensive products offering bright colors of moderate intensity covering the entire yellow area of the spectrum, good lightfastness, but inferior solvent resistance. The technical properties of the pigments may be explained by their molecular structures, which adopt the ketohydrazone tautomeric form, and their crystal structures. Their good lightfastness is attributed mainly to intramolecular hydrogen-bonding, while their generally inferior fastness to organic solvents is explained by the relatively weak intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure. The monoazoacetanilide pigments are synthesized by the traditional two-stage process of diazotization of a primary aromatic amine, followed by an azo coupling reaction of the resulting diazonium salt with an acetoacetanilide coupling component. Their main use is in decorative paints, although a few products are suitable for printing inks.
Monoazo (Monohydrazone) pigments based on 2-naphthol and derivatives
Authors: Christie Robert , Abel Adrian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter describes the range of industrial monoazo pigments based on the 2-naphthol (β-naphthol) ring system. This group includes some of the earliest organic pigments introduced commercially and is also numerically the largest group of products currently described in the Colour Index. Most of the pigments within this group are red (with a few oranges), thus complementing the azoacetoacetanilides, which are mostly yellows. Three groups of monoazonaphthol-based pigments may be identified categorized according to the chemical structure of the coupling components used in their synthesis. The first group contains products based on 2-naphthol itself, a second is based on amide derivatives of 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (naphtharylamides), and the third is a series of metal salt azo pigments. The historical development of these pigments, outlined in an early section of this chapter, originated in the late 19th century with pigments described as ‘lakes’, derived from water-soluble anionic dyes absorbed on to inert colorless substrates, which were the forerunners of products now referred to as metal salt pigments. The non-ionic 2-naphthol-based pigments were introduced soon after. In the early to mid-20th century, a series of monoazonaphtharylamide (Naphthol AS) pigments were developed and introduced commercially. The pigments of this type that are currently manufactured can be sub-divided into products containing a single amide group (group 1) and higher performance products containing more than one amide or sulfonamide groups. Several group 1 pigments have diminished in importance over the years, while some higher performing group 2 pigments have grown in importance. The molecular and crystal structures of the range of pigments are presented and discussed in relation to their performance characteristics. The manufacture of the pigments involves the reaction of a diazotized aromatic amine with the appropriate 2-naphthol-based coupling component, using synthesis conditions typical of phenolic coupling components, followed by conditioning aftertreatments that are typical for azo pigments in general. Finally, there is an extensive discussion of the wide-ranging applications in which the individual pigments are used. While the pigments are especially well-suited to printing ink applications, many products also find use in paints and a few in plastics.
Quinacridone pigments
Authors: Christie Robert , Abel Adrian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter surveys the structural and synthetic chemistry and the industrial applications of quinacridones, a small but extremely important group of high-performance carbonyl (or polycyclic) organic pigments. They are based on one of the most important new chromophoric systems developed specifically for pigment applications after the introduction of the phthalocyanines, and currently occupy a prominent position in the red to violet shade areas. A historical perspective on the discovery and commercial development of the quinacridones is presented initially. There then follows an illustrated discussion of the structural chemistry of the pigments, encompassing both molecular and crystal structures. Throughout the chapter, specific features of their molecular structures and the nature of the intermolecular association within the crystals are related to their influence on the color and technical performance in application, in which they exhibit some of the highest standards of heat stability, solvent resistance, and fastness to light and weather encountered in organic pigments. Finally, a survey of the principal current applications of the specific individual commercial quinacridone pigments is presented.
Intermetallic phases in the Sc–Ir–In system – synthesis and structure of Sc1.024Ir2In0.976and Sc3Ir1.467In4
Authors: Gulay Nataliya L. , Kalychak Yaroslav M. , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe intermetallic scandium compounds Sc1.024Ir2In0.976and Sc3Ir1.467In4were synthesized by reactions of the elements in sealed tantalum ampoules at high temperature followed by annealing for crystal growth. Both structures were refined from single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data: MnCu2Al type,Fm3‾m$Fm&#x203e;{3}m$,a = 639.97(19) pm,wR2 = 0.0376, 41F2values, seven variables for Sc1.024Ir2In0.976andP6‾$P&#x203e;{6}$,a = 769.99(5),c = 684.71(4) pm,wR2 = 0.0371, 967F2values, 33 variables for Sc3Ir1.467In4. Sc1.024Ir2In0.976is a new Heusler phase with a small homogeneity range due to Sc/In and In/Sc mixing. The structure of Sc3Ir1.467In4is closely related to that of Sc3Rh1.594In4and belongs to the large family of ZrNiAl superstructures. The striking structural motif is the ordered stacking of empty In6and filled Ir@In6prisms with Ir–In distances of 269 pm.
Local characterization of free-field ground motion and effects of wave passage
Authors: Luco J. E. , Sotiropoulos D. A. 
Published: June 2021

abstractA simple model of the seismic source and of the propagation medium is used to obtain a local representation of the free-field ground motion in terms of a small number of equivalent dispersive plane waves. Numerical values for the equivalent phase velocities entering in the representation are presented for different epicentral distances and source depths. Based on the local characterization of the free-field motion, estimates of the magnitude of the effects of nonvertically incident seismic waves on the response of foundations and structures are presented.
Earthquake signal processing and logging with a battery-powered microcomputer
Authors: Prothero William A. 
Published: June 2021

abstract
A low power microprocessor controlled event-triggered seismic data logging system has been designed and implemented in the ocean bottom seismic capsule. Three channels of seismic data are digitized, formated, and stored under control of an Intersil IM6100 microprocessor chip. The processor also controls event triggering, acoustic diagnostics, battery voltage monitoring, and self-diagnostic functions. A watchdog system restarts it in the rare case of a failure of proper program sequencing. The entire system consumes less than 0.15 watts in the idle mode. The event triggering algorithm consists of first measuring the ratio of the short-term signal average to the long-term signal average, with amplifier offset removed (STA/LTA ratio). When an STA/LTA trigger occurs, the number of slope reversals in the signal begin to be counted. After a preset time following the first STA/LTA trigger, if the number of subsequent STA/LTA triggers meet preset criteria, a system trigger is declared and data is stored on a 4-track Braemar cassette tape deck with 15-M-bit capacity. Various system diagnostics, unit and experiment identification, and battery voltages are recorded at the beginning of each new event record. Digital filters for the long- and short-term averages, and antialiasing have been efficiently implemented by dividing or multiplying by factors of 2, exclusively. This amounts to a shift right or left of a binary number. The recording system has been tested in numerous field experiments. Circuit cards from the ocean bottom capsule implementation are being assembled and used for land stations and could be applied to a wide variety of data acquisition tasks.