bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ocular surface heat flux density in healthy subjects
Authors: Anatychuk Lukyan , Pasyechnikova Nataliya , Naumenko Volodimir , Kobylianskyi Roman , Zadorozhnyy Oleg 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the heat flux (HF) density from the ocular surface in healthy individuals.MethodsThis pilot study included 32 healthy individuals (64 eyes). Participants were divided into three age groups. They underwent a bilateral eye examination which included measurements of intraocular pressure, temperature of the external corneal surface, rheoophthalmography (ROG), and heat flux density from the eye. The thermoelectric device for the measurement of HF density from the eye has been developed.ResultsMean room temperature during examination sessions was 21.3 ± 0.8°C. In addition, mean temperature of the external ocular surface and mean HF density from the human eye were 34.6 ± 0.7°C and 7.7 ± 1.3 mW/cm2, respectively. We found that the HF density from the eye decreased with age in healthy subjects. HF density from the eye was positively correlated with the ocular blood volume coefficient as assessed by ROG.ConclusionsThermoelectric device for real‐time measuring of the HF density from the human eye was developed. The developed device was used to show the relationships of the HF density from the ocular surface with the temperature of the external ocular surface, ocular blood flow and subject age.
Oxygen demand in glaucoma patients: influence of age, vascular dysregulation and oxidative stress
Authors: Türksever Cengiz , Todorova Margarita G. 
Published: January 2021

PurposeTo evaluate the relationship between vascular dysregulation and retinal oxygen consumption in glaucoma patients.MethodsRetinal vessel oxygen saturation was measured in 46 eyes of 34 Caucasian individuals with primary open‐angle glaucoma and in 21 eyes of 17 age‐matched controls using the oximetry tool of Retinal Vessel Analyser (RVA: IMEDOS Systems UG, Jena, Germany). The mean oxygen saturation of the major arterioles (A‐SO2) and venules (V‐SO2), as well as the corresponding A‐V SO2 difference, were calculated. Within glaucoma patients, retinal vascular responsiveness to flicker light (RVA) was measured, as well. Glaucoma patients were grouped according to their median arteriolar and venular vascular responsiveness, as well as to their median age (68y) and gender. In addition, we calculated the mean retinal oxygen consumption (O2‐C) per micron of nerve fibre layer thickness, O2‐C [%/µm] by dividing the mean AV SO2 with the mean RNFL thickness.ResultsIn glaucoma patients, A‐SO2 and V‐SO2 were significantly increased and their difference decreased, when compared to controls (p = 0.017; linear mixed‐effects model). Whereas V‐SO2 (p = 0.697) and A‐V SO2 (p = 0.674) were not influenced by age, A‐SO2 was severely reduced (94.70 ± 4.01%) and the O2‐C significantly increased (0.50%/µ; ±0.08) in elderly glaucoma patients, than in younger glaucoma patients (98.17 ± 2.8% (p = 0.007), correspondingly 0.43 ± 0.04%/µm (p = 0.004)). Patients with reduced venular vascular responses (≤2.90%) had significantly higher O2‐C (0.49 ± 0.08%/µm, respectively 0.43 ± 0.06%/µ; p = 0.027). Higher O2‐C in glaucoma patients correlated negatively with the neuroretinal rim area (p < 0.001) and with the RNFL thickness (p = 0.017), and positively with the mean defect of the visual field (p = 0.011).ConclusionsReduced venular vascular responsiveness and increased age in glaucoma were associated with increased O2‐C, whereas the mean SO2 values were not related to age‐ and flicker responses. Thus, ganglion cells axons in glaucomatous eyes with vascular dysregulation are prone to consume more O2 (O2‐C [%/µm]), than eyes with normal flicker responsiveness. Furthermore, the increase in oxidative stress seems to contribute to progression of glaucomatous damage.
New stroboscopic system improves accuracy of deformation measurement of crystallin lens submitted to high rotational speed
Authors: Papillon Jean‐Marie , Youssof David , Poinard Sylvain , Ben Moussa Olfa , Maurer Aurélien , Enfrun David , Thuret Gilles , Gain Philippe 
Published: January 2021

PurposeLens elasticity can be calculated from the deformation observed when it is submitted to different rotational speed in a specific device called lens spinner. Up to now, the accuracy of this technique is limited by dynamic blur due to small movements of the lens during rotation and requires expensive high‐speed cameras and intense light sources that can be harmful to the lens. Aim: to assess whether a stroboscopic system could overcome this limit.MethodsThe critical parameter was the synchronization of the light source with the position of the lens on the rotative plate. We thus designed a digital control system combined with a stepper motor that allowed reaching more than 2000 rpm while maintaining an angular accuracy of 0.2 degrees with respect to position of the illumination source. This allowed obtaining sharp 8‐megapixel images with a standard commercially available camera. We analyzed fresh lenses from 6‐month‐ and 3‐year‐old pigs and lenses from human donors (specific retrieval authorization for scientific purpose during corneal donation, from the Agence de la Biomédecine).ResultsLens imaging was obtained by overlaying images of several short flashes: images referenced by their angular position allowed a 360‐degree reconstruction of the geometry of the lens (one image every 45 degrees). The light flux remained moderate with 10 flashes of 100 microseconds with a 20W white LED source. The maximal rotational speed for imaging was 2000 rpm allowing a wide range of investigation as the limit of the resistance of the porcine lens capsule was observed at much higher speeds.ConclusionsCompared to pre‐existing lens spinner systems designed to essentially maintain a stable rotational speed, the fine angular position control combined with the stroboscopic lighting lens spinner strongly improves the reading of the lens’ geometry by an order of magnitude of 10 and will be a very useful device for research in lens biomechanics.
Development and characterization of a mechanical compression device for quantifying the elasticity of the porcine and human crystalline lens
Authors: Papillon Jean‐Marie , Youssof David , Poinard Sylvain , Ben Moussa Olfa , Maurer Aurélien , Enfrun David , Thuret Gilles , Gain Philippe 
Published: January 2021

PurposeWe present the development and characterization of an electromechanical device that quantifies the elasticity of the crystalline lens ex vivo by measuring its reaction force when it is compressed by a rod moved step by step. Our specifications required a robust system, fast to allow serial analysis, capable of measurements on an immersed lens, and highly resolved to detect small changes in elasticity.MethodsA first simple manual device was constructed to dimension the measuring system. The lenses (human and porcine) immersed in a buffer solution were placed on a precision weighing balance and compressed from top to bottom by a rod mounted on a micrometer screw. This system made it possible to define, among other things, the resolution of the balance (1 mg, 0.01 milli‐Newton). In a second device, the rod system was motorized with a resolution of 0.625 µm pitch in order to automate the measurement, and the balance data were integrated in real time into software executable on a desktop computer. A control camera (30 µm/pixel) was added to facilitate the approach of the rod in contact with the lens and to document the deformation experienced.ResultsThe built‐in calibration of the balance allows direct measurement in Newton. The device allowed determining the very homogeneous behavior of the lens (elastic reaction versus displacement) as well as the breaking point of the capsule which is much higher than the elastic deformation (at about 100 times the weight of the lens). Automation also allows the measurement of lens relaxation times during pulsed stimulation, for example by compression/decompression of 1 mm on a porcine lens.ConclusionsWith a measured effective fidelity of 5 µm and 0.01 mN, this direct compression system allows the mechanical elastrometry of the lens. The measurement of a large series of human and porcine lenses of different ages is in progress to determine its accuracy and repeatability. It will be useful for any research on lens biomechanics.
Deswelling kinetics in CorneaJet of organ cultured human corneas
Authors: Peyret Benjamin , Crouzet Emmanuel , Poinard Sylvain , Garcin Thibaud , Perrache Chantal , Ninotta Sandrine , Gain Philippe , Thuret Gilles 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeThe deswelling of a corneal graft at the end of storage in the eye bank is essential before perforating or deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty to allow good donor/recipient congruence and to accelerate visual recovery. In France, CorneaJet (Eurobio, France) containing 5% Dextran T500 is the most commonly used medium, but its deswelling kinetics is not referenced and the duration of 48 or 72 hr is chosen purely by habit while the increase in endothelial toxicity over time is documented.AimTo determine the corneal deswelling kinetics in CorneaJet.Methods12 corneas discarded by our eye bank were used. They had an endothelial cell density at reception (day 2 to day 4) of 1713 ± 389 cell/mm2 (mean ± SD). All had been stored in organoculture in CorneaMax medium at 31°C for at least 1 week. The corneas were immersed in 50 ml vials of CorneaJet (same batch) and were stored at 31°C. Central corneal thickness (CCT in µm) and central corneal volume (on an 8mm disc, CCV8 in mm3) were measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT, Casia I, Tomey, Japan). Transparency was evaluated on a prototype measuring contrast transmission (relative scale in %). Measurements were performed before immersion in CorneaJet and repeated at hour (H)3, H6, H9, H12, H18, H24, H30, H36 and H48.ResultsAll data were expressed as mean ± SD respectively at the different times. CCT: 1284 ± 249; 1031 ± 233; 897 ± 22; 773 ± 160; 741 ± 123; 673 ± 75; 626 ± 27; 638 ± 41; 645 ± 49; 652 ± 55. CCV8: 73 ± 9; 61 ± 9; 53 ± 9; 47 ± 8; 44 ± 6; 40 ± 4; 38 ± 3; 37 ± 3; 37 ± 3 and 37 ± 3. Transparency: 13 ± 4; 19 ± 5; 24 ± 6; 29 ± 6; 33 ± 7; 40 ± 7 41 ± 7; 44 ± 9; 45 ± 8 and 44 ± 11.ConclusionsCorneal deswelling in CorneaJet is rapid during the first 12 hr and reaches a plateau at 20 hr. After 20 hr, transparency and thickness are ideal for surgery.
Objective assessment with LACRYDIAG of the efficacy of polychromatic intense pulsed light LACRYSTIM for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction after a 6‐month follow‐up
Authors: Caroline Trone Marie , Caroline Ronin , Lise Lanfant , Collomb Nicolas Perrillat , Thibault Garcin , Gilles Thuret , Philippe Gain 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeMeibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is the most common etiology of dry eye disease (DED) worldwide. Polychromatic Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) is a recent and promising therapy for DED treatment aiming at improving the quality of the tear film. The LACRYSTIM (Quantel Medical, Clermont‐Ferrand, France) is a new IPL device. The LACRYDIAG (Quantel Medical) is another device useful in clinical practice but also in clinical research as it allows an objective assessment of the ocular surface before and after treatment.AimTo objectively assess with LACRYSTIM the efficacy of IPL therapy by LACRYSTIM in MGD.MethodsDesign retrospective and observational study with a 6‐month follow‐up. Patients presenting a dry eye disease (DED) with stable mild to moderate MGD and having received LACRYSTIM treatment between June 2019 and February 2020, were included. The treatment consisted of 3 sessions of IPL at Day (D) 0, D15 and D45, patients received 4 pulses applied just below each lower eyelid at a fluence of 8 mJ/cm2. Clinical evaluation of the DED at D0, D15, D45, month (M)3 and M6: Oxford scale and break‐up time, Schirmer's test and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire. LACRYDIAG examination: interferometry, meibography, tear meniscus height and non‐invasive break up time (NIBUT). The primary endpoint was the evolution in NIBUT between the first visit (D0) and 3 months (M3). A mixed‐effect linear regression was used for the statistical analysis.ResultsThe medical record of 50 consecutive patients was examined. There was a significant difference in NIBUT values between D0 and M3 (Δ = 2.3 seconds, 95% CI (0.7‐3.9) p < 0.05). Significant results were also founded on oxford scale and OSDI. There was no significant change on other measured criteria. No adverse event was reported.ConclusionsIPL therapy with LACRYSTIM appears to be effective and safe to treat MGD.
Light‐Field imaging of the human optic nerve head at different wavelengths—a case study
Authors: Schramm Stefan , Dietzel Alexander , Blum Maren‐Christina , Link Dietmar , Klee Sascha 
Published: January 2021

PurposeOne strong risk factor for glaucoma is a suspicious optic nerve head appearance with an abnormal cupping or an increase in the cup‐to‐disc ratio. To measure such geometric characteristics, typically scanning systems like OCT or SLO are used. We present that one‐shot 3D retinal imaging and measuring with a commercial fundus camera using an industrial light‐field camera is possible and works best in the green spectrum.MethodsTo demonstrate 3D imaging at the human optic nerve head (ONH), we examined one eye with suspected glaucoma (patient:37 years, male). ONH centered 30° images of the right eye were taken after pupil dilatation with Tropicamid with a Zeiss FF450 fundus camera (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Germany), to which an industrial light‐field camera (Raytrix GmbH, Germany) was attached. The images were taken at 450 nm, 520 nm, 600 nm and 650 nm centroid wavelengths, 40 nm bandwidth each. The maximum depth of the papilla was determined in virtual depth (VD) using the Raytrix software (RxLive, Raytrix GmbH, Germany). The results were compared among each other concerning the vessel contrast, quantity of measurement points and subjectively where they were found.ResultsThe light‐field images showed clearly the ONH in 3D. The highest image contrast was found at 450 nm, whereby the contrast decreases with increasing illumination wavelengths. Most measurement points around the papilla were found at 520 nm followed by 450 nm with a slightly lower number. At 600 nm, the number of measurement points was significantly reduced. Worst results were found at 650 nm. Plausible measurement points were only found in image regions with high contrast. Those regions were vessel borders and the papilla border.ConclusionsUsing the light‐field technique in fundus photography, it is possible to image and to measure the ONH in 3D. Screening for glaucoma and glaucoma diagnosis can be much improved taking into account that, in principle, classical fundus imaging offer only 2D data.
Topical Insulin—A possible treatment in Refractory Neurotrophic Keratopathy—Quasi‐Experimental Study
Authors: Machado Soares Ricardo , Arêde Carlos , Braga Joana , Da Silva Fernandes Joana , Ferreira Catarina , Sequeira Joaquim 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the clinical progression of patients with refractory Neurotrophic Keratopathy (NK) treated with topical insulin eye drops and its efficacy in treating NK in stages 2 and 3.MethodsQuasi‐Experimental, randomized study, from October 2018 to December 2019, of 10 patients (11 eyes—13 to 92 years) with NK in stages 2 and 3. Patients included were refractory to standard medical and/or surgical treatment. Drops were applied 3‐4 times a day and a bandage contact lens was applied. Close follow‐up of patients was assured (daily in week one and weekly thereafter) and anterior segment photos were taken on each visit. Insulin eye drops were continued until the NK persistent epithelial defect or ulcer resolved. Treatment would be discontinued if the condition did not improve or worsened.ResultsTen out of eleven eyes had complete resolution of the NK persistent epithelial defect and/or ulcer within 12‐45 days of follow‐up. One of the patients’ epithelial defect improved significantly although the wound did not fully heal within 42 days of treatment. No side‐effects were reported during the full extent of the treatment.ConclusionsAlthough we recognize some limitations to our study (uncontrolled series of patients), our results suggest that topical insulin drops could be an effective treatment in refractory NK. Furthermore, this therapy may prove extremely useful due to its low cost and high accessibility. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy, posology, duration and side‐effects of this treatment.
Presenting features, management, and long‐term visual outcome of nanophthalmos patients in King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Almazyad Enmar , Malik Rizwan , Khabir Ahmad Syed , Aljadaan Ibrahim 
Published: January 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to describe the presenting features of patients with nanophthalmos who presented to King Khaled Eye Specialist tertiary Hospital and their subsequent management.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective case series of nanophthalmos patients who presented to our institute from 1984 to 2019. Baseline features, including presenting symptoms, best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), associated clinical features, axial length, and refraction, were documented. Complications from the condition itself and as a result of surgery were also documented. The main outcome measures were the number of eyes that deteriorated by two lines or more and IOP at final follow‐up.ResultsIn total, there were 19 patients with bilateral nanophthalmos (38 eyes), 8 were males (42%), and 11 were females (57.9%), with a mean age of 38.8 ± 16 years (range 8‐61 years). The mean follow‐up was 10 ± 16 years (range 1–32 years). The mean ± SD IOP at presentation was 20.3 ± 7.4 mmHg (range 10–45 mmHg). Fourteen eyes had BCVA 20/20‐20/100 (36.8%), 12 had BCVA 20/125‐20/400 (31.5%), and 12 eyes had BCVA of worse than 20/400 (31.5%). The mean axial length was 16.5 ± 1.6 mm (range 14.1–20.0 mm). Over the course of follow‐up, 14 eyes had deteriorated by two or more lines (36.8%), while the majority (24 eyes) remained the same or improved (63.2%). Final IOP was within the normal range (5‐21 mmHg) in 29 eyes (76.3%), while nine eyes had IOP more than 21 mmHg (23.7%).ConclusionsMore than a third (36.8%) of eyes lost two or more lines of visual acuity by the last follow‐up, with a quarter of eyes having IOP >21 mmHg. The present study represents the largest study with long‐term follow‐up and end visual outcome of patients with nanophthalmos in Saudi Arabia.
Epidemiological analysis of choroidal melanoma: a population‐based analysis, 2000‐2017
Authors: Mikhael Sandra , Tadrosse Abanoob , Yassa Arsany , Mikhael Mina , Eloy Jean‐Anderson 
Published: January 2021

PurposeUveal melanoma is the most common adult ocular malignancy, and the choroid is the most common location where it presents. In this study, we perform an epidemiological analysis of uveal melanomas arising from the choroid.MethodsA retrospective, population‐based analysis was performed using patient data extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Registry US database from 2000 to 2017. Incidence (IR) was calculated in number of cases/million/year. Disease‐specific survival (DSS) was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.Results7122 cases of choroidal melanoma (CM) were identified, of whom 52.2% were males and 96.5% were white. The overall IR was 4.5. IR during 2000–2008 (4.37) was significantly lower than that during 2009‐2017 (4.63) [p = 0.017]. The annual percent change in IR during 2000–2017 was 2.04 (p < 0.001). IR in males (5.1) was significantly higher than that in females (4.0) [p < 0.001]. White patients displayed significantly higher IR (5.5) than black (0.4; p < 0.001) and Asian/Pacific Islander (0.6; p < 0.001) patients. IR in patients older than 65 years old (y/o) [17.4] was statistically higher than that in those 22‐64 y/o (4.1; p < 0.001) and those younger than 21 y/o (0.1; p < 0.001). Right and left laterality did not impact IR (p = 0.620). 90.5% of patients presented with a localized malignancy while 7.9% and 1.6% showed regional and distal spread, respectively. 5‐year DSS during 2000–2012 was 82.0%. Race and sex did not affect survival. 5‐year DSS was significantly higher during 2010‐2012 (83.3%) than during 2000‐2002 (75.9%; p < 0.001).ConclusionsIncidence of choroidal melanoma is highest in the male, white and elderly populations. Incidence is increasing over the study’s timeframe. Most cases of CM are diagnosed at a localized stage. Overall 5‐year DSS for CM is 82.0% and has shown a substantial improvement comparing the two tail‐ends of the study. Race and sex do not affect survival.BibliographySurveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute SEER*Stat software (seer.cancer.gov/seerstat) version 8.3.6.
Trabeculectomy with mitomycin C alone or with mitomycin C plus intracameral bevacizumab—A comparative study
Authors: José Patrícia , Teixeira Filipa , Sousa David , Esteves Marques Raquel , Diogo Barata André , Marques‐Neves Carlos , Pedro Silva José , Abegão Pinto Luis 
Published: January 2021

PurposeTo compare the long‐term outcomes of trabeculectomy using mitomycin C (MMC) alone versus MMC plus intracameral bevacizumab.MethodsRetrospective, comparative study (#ISRCTN93098069). Patients’ charts from two centers were reviewed for data between October 2015 and March 2019. Minimum follow‐up of 12 months was required. The main efficacy outcome was intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering at 12 and 24 months, with surgical success defined as IOP ≤18 mmHg and >5 mmHg with at least 30% reduction from baseline. Absolute success was achieved if no IOP‐lowering medication was needed and a qualified success considered otherwise. Safety outcomes were also analyzed.ResultsA total of 111eyes underwent trabeculectomy with MMC, 52 of them combined with intracameral bevacizumab. 78% were followed for at least two years. Baseline IOP was 24.5 ± 8.9 mmHg and 23.8 ± 8.3 mmHg for the MMC and the MMC+bevacizumab groups, respectively (p = 0.97). During the early post‐operative period (at 3 months), mean IOP was lower in the MMC+bevacizumab group (9.3 ± 2.3 mmHg versus 11.1 ± 5.5 mmHg, p = 0.03). At 24‐month visit, IOP was significantly reduced (MMC group: 10.6 ± 3.4 mmHg; MMC+bevacizumab group: 10.9 ± 4.1 mmHg, p < 0.01) with no difference between groups (p = 0.61). Absolute success was higher in the MMC+bevacizumab group at 12 months (86% versus 75%, p = 0.16) and at 24 months (83% versus 67%, p = 0.14), with the need for IOP‐lowering re‐interventions (needlings) being lower in this group (2% versus 17%, p = 0.01). Almost all patients (98%) of the MMC+bevacizumab group were drop‐free at 12 months and nearly half (44%) had an IOP in the single‐digit range (≤ 9 mmHg) at 24 months. Complication rates were low and similar between groups, with no systemic adverse events.ConclusionsAdding perioperative intracameral bevacizumab to the standard of care use of MMC in trabeculectomy seems to allow for sustained low IOP outcomes. Furthermore, it seems to decrease the need for additional interventions during the early post‐operative period.