bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological and molecular attributes contribute to high night temperature tolerance in cereals
Authors: Schaarschmidt Stephanie , Lawas Lovely Mae F. , Kopka Joachim , Jagadish S. V. Krishna , Zuther Ellen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAsymmetric warming resulting in a faster increase in night compared to day temperatures affects crop yields negatively. Physiological characterization and agronomic findings have been complemented more recently by molecular biology approaches including transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and lipidomic investigations in crops exposed to high night temperature (HNT) conditions. Nevertheless, the understanding of the underlying mechanisms causing yield decline under HNT is still limited. The discovery of significant differences between HNT‐tolerant and HNT‐sensitive cultivars is one of the main research directions to secure continuous food supply under the challenge of increasing climate change. With this review, we provide a summary of current knowledge on the physiological and molecular basis of contrasting HNT tolerance in rice and wheat cultivars. Requirements for HNT tolerance and the special adaptation strategies of the HNT‐tolerant rice cultivar Nagina‐22 (N22) are discussed. Putative metabolite markers for HNT tolerance useful for marker‐assisted breeding are suggested, together with future research directions aimed at improving food security under HNT conditions.
Source:sink imbalance detected with leaf‐ and canopy‐level spectroscopy in a field‐grown crop
Authors: Burnett Angela C. , Serbin Shawn P. , Rogers Alistair 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe finely tuned balance between sources and sinks determines plant resource partitioning and regulates growth and development. Understanding and measuring metabolic indicators of source or sink limitation forms a vital part of global efforts to increase crop yield for future food security. We measured metabolic profiles of Cucurbita pepo (zucchini) grown in the field under carbon sink limitation and control conditions. We demonstrate that these profiles can be measured non‐destructively using hyperspectral reflectance at both leaf and canopy scales. Total non‐structural carbohydrates (TNC) increased 82% in sink‐limited plants; leaf mass per unit area (LMA) increased 38% and free amino acids increased 22%. Partial least‐squares regression (PLSR) models link these measured functional traits with reflectance data, enabling high‐throughput estimation of traits comprising the sink limitation response. Leaf‐ and canopy‐scale models for TNC had R2 values of 0.93 and 0.64 and %RMSE of 13 and 38%, respectively. For LMA, R2 values were 0.91 and 0.60 and %RMSE 7 and 14%; for free amino acids, R2 was 0.53 and 0.21 with %RMSE 20 and 26%. Remote sensing can enable accurate, rapid detection of sink limitation in the field at the leaf and canopy scale, greatly expanding our ability to understand and measure metabolic responses to stress.
What you don't know might hurt me: Keeping secrets in interpersonal relationships
Authors: Bedrov Alisa , Leary Mark R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite being an inherently interpersonal phenomenon, secrecy has rarely been studied within specific relationships. This study examines how the secret‐keeper's relationship with the target relates to concealment among undergraduates (n = 292) and MTurk workers (n = 249). Participants rated keeping a personal secret as more detrimental to well‐being when it involved greater concealment difficulty, rumination, and negative affect. For MTurk workers, this burden was compounded when the information was directly relevant to the target. Across both samples, participants in higher quality relationships kept their secrets to avoid shame or relationship damage and perceived less distance from the target. These results demonstrate that the motivations for and consequences of keeping secrets vary with the specific relationships in which they are kept.
The Value of Supply Chain Disruption Duration Information
Authors: Mehrotra Mili , Schmidt William 
Published: March 2021

Companies that experience a disruption in their supply chain often face a difficult decision—either accept the information that they have regarding the duration of the disruption, or invest in collecting better information. This choice is not clear since better information may not be attainable, and if it is attainable, it may not improve operational decision‐making. In light of this dilemma, we collaborate with a multinational division of a Fortune 500 manufacturing firm to develop stochastic linear programming models that quantify the value of disruption duration information. Our models allow us to examine characteristics of the disrupted part that may be associated with the value of better information. We focus on characteristics that are knowable at the outset of the disruption, as those can help the firm decide whether to invest in collecting better information. Using our research partner's supply chain and production data, we find that the value of information can vary materially—from < 1% to over 99% of the cost of the disruption, underscoring the value of identifying disruptions that are sensitive to information quality. To address this, we use the company's data to identify several part‐related characteristics that influence the value of disruption duration information. These findings can help managers to identify parts in their own supply chains whose impact in a disruption is sensitive to different levels of duration information, and allow them to make informed decisions on whether or not to gather better information when a disruption strikes.
Continuous renal replacement therapy in patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Selewski David T. , Wille Keith M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life‐saving therapy utilized for patients with severe life‐threatening cardiorespiratory failure. Patients treated with ECMO are among the most severely ill encountered in critical care and are at high‐risk of developing multiple organ dysfunction, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and fluid overload. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is increasingly utilized inpatients on ECMO to manage AKI and treat fluid overload. The indications for renal replacement therapy for patients on ECMO are similar to those of other critically ill populations; however, there is wide practice variation in how renal supportive therapies are utilized during ECMO. For patients requiring both CRRT and ECMO, CRRT may be connected directly to the ECMO circuit, or CRRT and ECMO may be performed independently. This review will summarize current knowledge of the epidemiology of AKI, indications and timing of CRRT, delivery of CRRT, and the outcomes of patients requiring CRRT with ECMO.
Focused methane migration formed pipe structures in permeable sandstones: Insights from uncrewed aerial vehicle‐based digital outcrop analysis in Varna, Bulgaria
Authors: BÖttner Christoph , Callow Ben J. , Schramm Bettina , Gross Felix , Geersen Jacob , Schmidt Mark , Vasilev Atanas , Petsinski Petar , Berndt Christian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFocused fluid flow shapes the evolution of marine sedimentary basins by transferring fluids and pressure across geological formations. Vertical fluid conduits may form where localized overpressure breaches a cap rock (permeability barrier) and thereby transports overpressured fluids towards shallower reservoirs or the surface. Field outcrops of an Eocene fluid flow system at Pobiti Kamani and Beloslav Quarry (ca 15 km west of Varna, Bulgaria) reveal large carbonate‐cemented conduits, which formed in highly permeable, unconsolidated, marine sands of the northern Tethys Margin. An uncrewed aerial vehicle with an RGB sensor camera produces ortho‐rectified image mosaics, digital elevation models and point clouds of the two kilometre‐scale outcrop areas. Based on these data, geological field observations and petrological analysis of rock/core samples, fractures and vertical fluid conduits were mapped and analyzed with centimetre accuracy. The results show that both outcrops comprise several hundred carbonate‐cemented fluid conduits (pipes), oriented perpendicular to bedding, and at least seven bedding‐parallel calcite cemented interbeds which differ from the hosting sand formation only by their increased amount of cementation. The observations show that carbonate precipitation likely initiated around areas of focused fluid flow, where methane entered the formation from the underlying fractured subsurface. These first carbonates formed the outer walls of the pipes and continued to grow inward, leading to self‐sustaining and self‐reinforcing focused fluid flow. The results, supported by literature‐based carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of the carbonates, indicate that ambient seawater and advected fresh/brackish water were involved in the carbonate precipitation by microbial methane oxidation. Similar structures may also form in modern settings where focused fluid flow advects fluids into overlying sand‐dominated formations, which has wide implications for the understanding of how focusing of fluids works in sedimentary basins with broad consequences for the migration of water, oil and gas.
Utility of high‐frequency ultrasound in assessing cutaneous edema in venous ulcer patients
Authors: Pragasam Shakthi , Kumari Rashmi , Munisamy Malathi , Mohan Thappa Devinder 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundHigh‐frequency ultrasound (HFUS) using a 20 MHz probe is a non‐invasive assessment tool. Its utility in dermatology for diagnosis of disease or for monitoring of treatment response in various dermatological conditions is still being explored. Edema secondary to venous hypertension is the main pathogenic factor in the development of venous leg ulcers. However, there is no objective method for assessment of degree of edema. In this study, we explore the utility of high‐frequency ultrasound in assessing cutaneous edema and for monitoring its improvement with compression therapy among patients with venous ulcer.Materials and MethodsTwenty patients with venous ulcer were enrolled in the study. Measurement of cutaneous edema was done at baseline and after 2 weeks of compression therapy in all patients. The 3 levels of measurement were dorsum of foot (low site, L1), 4 cm proximal to the medial malleolus (middle site, L2), and the medial aspect of the calf between the medial malleolus and the knee (upper site, L3).ResultsBaseline subepidermal low echogenic band (SLEB) measurements were 2.46 ± 0.69 mm, 2.94 ± 0.65 mm, and 2.66 ± 0.64 mm at L1, L2, and L3, respectively. There was a significant reduction in SLEB measurement after compression therapy ( p values 0.008, 0.002, and 0.003 at L1, L2, and L3, respectively). The mean percentage reduction in SLEB at level of medial malleolus (mid level ‐ 29.61 ± 12.24) was higher than the other 2 sites (L1‐22.45 ± 15.83 and L3 were 27.57 ± 12.34).ConclusionCutaneous ultrasound aids in accurate assessment of level and severity of edema. Hence, it can be utilized in trials to objectively assess the adequacy of treatment for patients with venous insufficiency.
Introduction of glucan synthase into the cytosol in wheat endosperm causes massive maltose accumulation and represses starch synthesis
Authors: Schreier Tina B. , Fahy Brendan , David Laure C. , Siddiqui Hamad , Castells‐Graells Roger , Smith Alison M. 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYWe expressed a bacterial glucan synthase (Agrobacterium GlgA) in the cytosol of developing endosperm cells in wheat grains, to discover whether it could generate a glucan from cytosolic ADP‐glucose. Transgenic lines had high glucan synthase activity during grain filling, but did not accumulate glucan. Instead, grains accumulated very high concentrations of maltose. They had large volumes during development due to high water content, and very shrivelled grains at maturity. Starch synthesis was severely reduced. We propose that cytosolic glucan synthesized by the glucan synthase was immediately hydrolysed to maltose by cytosolic β‐amylase(s). Maltose accumulation resulted in a high osmotic potential in developing grain, drawing in excess water that stretched the seed coat and pericarp. Loss of water during grain maturation then led to shrinkage when the grains matured. Maltose accumulation is likely to account for the reduced starch synthesis in transgenic grains, through signalling and toxic effects. Using bioinformatics, we identify an isoform of β‐amylase likely to be responsible for maltose accumulation. Removal of this isoform through identification of TILLING mutants or genome editing, combined with co‐expression of heterologous glucan synthase and a glucan branching enzyme, may in future enable elevated yields of carbohydrate through simultaneous accumulation of starch and cytosolic glucan.
Analysis of Shroud and Disk Heat Transfer in Aero-Engine Compressor Rotors
Authors: Jackson Richard W. , Tang Hui , Scobie James A. , Pountney Oliver J. , Sangan Carl M. , Owen J. Michael , Lock Gary D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Heat transfer within the rotating compressor cavity of an aero-engine is predominantly governed by buoyancy, which can be characterized by the Grashof number. Unsteady and unstable buoyancy-induced flow structures influence the temperatures and stresses in the compressor rotors, and these affect the radial growth of the disks. In addition, the heat transfer from the disks and shroud increases the temperature of the throughflow of cooling air. This paper contains two connected parts. First, a heat transfer correlation for the shroud of a rotating cavity was determined from steady-state heat flux measurements collected in the bath compressor-cavity rig at engine-simulated conditions. The Nusselt numbers were based on the cavity air temperature adjacent to the shroud, which was predicted using the Owen–Tang buoyancy model. Heat transfer from the shroud was consistent with free convection from a horizontal plate in a gravitational field. Maximum likelihood estimation was used with a Rayleigh–Bénard equation to correlate the shroud Nusselt number with the local Grashof number. Second, an energy balance was used to calculate the enthalpy rise of the axial throughflow from the measured disk and shroud heat fluxes. Disk fluxes were derived from radial distributions of measured steady-state disk temperatures using a Bayesian model and the equations for a circular fin. The calculated throughflow temperature rise was consistent with direct thermocouple measurements. The complex, three-dimensional flow near the cavity entrance can result in enthalpy exchange penetrating upstream in the throughflow, and rotationally induced flow can create upstream axial flow in the outer part of the annulus.
Workflow-Based Design and Evaluation of a Device for CBCT-Guided Biopsy
Authors: Pfeil A. , Barbé L. , Geiskopf F. , Cazzato R. L. , Renaud P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Biopsies for personalized cancer care can be performed with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) guidance, but manual needle manipulation remains an issue due to X-ray exposure to physicians. Modern CBCT scanners integrate today real-time imaging and software assistance for needle planning. In this paper, these available features are exploited to design a novel device offering an intermediate level of assistance between simple passive mechanical devices of limited efficiency, and advanced robotic devices requiring adapted procedure workflows. Our resulting system is built to limit its impact on the current manual practice. It is patient-mounted and provides remote control of needle orientation and insertion. A multilayer phantom is specifically developed to reproduce interactions between the needle and soft abdominal tissues. It is used to experimentally evaluate the device added value by comparing assisted versus manual needle insertions. The device is shown to help reducing X-ray exposure by a factor 4, without impacting the accuracy obtained manually.
A Knowledge Based Automatic Pipe Routing System
Authors: Jain D. , Chatterjee M. , Unemori A. , Thangam N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The pipe routing problem, wherein layout of one or more pipes has to be decided in a 3-dimensional space while satisfying several different types of constraints, has attracted significant attention recently. This paper describes a knowledge-based automated pipe routing system which generates practical routes that meet several diverse criteria. The system employs intelligent search (with embedded design constraints) upon a compact representation of the free space in a facility, thus avoiding expensive interference checks and adjustments that must be performed in some of the other systems.
A Graphic Simulator for the Study of Robotic Tracking and Catching Operations
Authors: Côte Jean , Gosselin Clément , Laurendeau Denis 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a real time robot simulator running on a Silicon Graphics Personal IRIS workstation. In addition to the simulator, we introduce a new approach to compute the inverse kinematic functions whose domain of solution is not limited to the manipulator’s workspace. Using this approach, every point in the Cartesian space leads to a real solution when used as data for the inverse kinematic problem. The solution gives the minimum distance between the end-effector and the prescribed point in the Cartesian space. The proposed inverse kinematic functions are of great interest for tracking, approach and catching operations where the object to be reached or tracked by the manipulator is inside or outside the robot’s workspace. With the simulator, we can easily build any kind of manipulator and describe it using the Hartenberg-Denavit convention.
Simulation of Large and Complex Structures With Multiple Contacts and Wear
Authors: Bagepalli B. S. , Dinc S. , Jlidi B. , Imam I. , Barnes J. , Slocum C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the simulation methodology of large and complex structures with multiple contacts and wear. The methodology developed is used to evaluate the dynamics and wear of gas turbine combustors. A unified approach of representing multiple rigid/elastic bodies with numerous contacts is developed. Representation is made, too, of the changing nature of these contacts — both geometric and material. The entire methodology is implemented in a generic and easy-to-use simulation code which serves as a useful generic design/analysis evaluation tool MAP (Mechanism Analysis Program). Appropriate analytical models for inter-material constitutive laws — both incremental (contact friction, pressure, damping, etc.) and cumulative (wear theories) — are incorporated in the tool.
As applications of this approach, dynamic simulations of two different gas turbine combustor designs are run, and comparisons are made with real systems. Excellent correlations have been obtained, both with respect to laboratory test (accelerometer) data, and wear patterns at various contacts and junctions on field samples.
Using Automatic Feature Recognition to Interface CAD to CAPP
Authors: Wang Eric 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Interfacing CAD to CAPP (computer-aided process planning) is crucial to the eventual success of a fully-automated computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) environment. Current CAD and CAPP systems are separated by a “semantic gap” that represents a fundamental difference in the ways in which they represent information. This semantic gap makes the interfacing of CAD to CAPP a non-trivial task.
This paper argues that automatic feature recognition is an indispensable technique in interfacing CAD to CAPP. It then surveys the current literature on automatic feature recognition methods and systems, and analyzes their suitability as CAD/CAPP interfaces. It also describes a relatively recent automatic feature recognition method based on volumetric decomposition, using Kim’s alternating sum of volumes with partitioning (ASVP) algorithm. The paper’s main theses are: (1) that most previous automatic feature recognition approaches are ultimately based on pattern-matching; (2) that pattern-matching approaches are unlikely to scale up to the real world; and (3) that volumetric decomposition is an alternative to pattern-matching that avoids its shortcomings. The paper concludes that automatic feature recognition by volumetric decomposition is a promising approach to the interfacing of CAD to CAPP.
Vehicle Occupant Crash Simulation Using SuperCrash
Authors: Huang Shyh-Chour , Jair Joy Yir-Shyuan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of restraining belt systems in restricting occupant motion during a crash-victim environment.
The study is conducted using a pc-based computer simulator — SuperCrash. In the study, the dynamic response of a passenger seated in back seat is simulated during a frontal impact environment.
A Study of a Sharp 90 Degree Curved Flow
Authors: Kim R. H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An investigation of air flow along a 90 degree elbow-like tube is conducted to determine the velocity and temperature distributions of the flow. The tube has a sharp 90 degree turn with a radius of curvature of almost zero. The flow is assumed to be a steady two-dimensional turbulent flow satisfying the ideal gas relation. The flow will be analyzed using a finite difference technique with the K-ε turbulence model, and the algebraic stress model (ASM). The FLUENT code was used to determine the parameter distributions in the passage. There are certain conditions for which the K-ε model does not describe the fluid phenomenon properly. For these conditions, an alternative turbulence model, the ASM with or without QUICK was employed. FLUENT has these models among its features. The results are compared with the result computed by using elementary one-dimensional theory including the kinetic energy loss along the passage of the sharp 90 degree curved tube.
Numerical Modeling of Flame Lift-Off Phenomenon in a Combustion Chamber With Three Cylinder Methane Fuel Injector
Authors: Mohieldin T. O. , Chaturvedi S. K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This work summarizes results for a three cylinder fuel injector that has been adopted as a model for investigating combustion phenomenon in the 8-Foot High Temperature Tunnel (HTT) at NASA Langley Research Center. The primary objective here is to understand the flame lift-off phenomenon in the three cylinder fuel injector geometry in two-dimensions. Three chemistry models, namely fast chemistry, one-step kinetics and two-step kinetics are employed in conjunction with a computational fluid dynamics code to analyze the flame structure and flame lift-off characteristics downstream of the fuel injector.
Effects of fuel jet velocity and chemistry model on the flame lift-off phenomenon from the injector surface are analyzed by considering simultaneously the combined convection (outside the cylinders) and conduction (inside the cylinders). Results indicate that as the fuel jet velocity is increased, the flame is transformed from a wrap around configuration to a clearly lifted flame configuration. Of the three chemistry models considered in the present study, only the two-step chemistry model predicts a clearly lifted flame. The ability of the CFD code to predict lifted flame is important since a slightly lifted but stable flame is of paramount importance to the operation of the combustor.