Performance-based Institutional Research Funding in Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Luwel Marc 
Published: June 2021

Research and innovation is one of Flanders’ priorities and over the last three decades its public funding has strongly increased. Universities are key actors in this strategy. They have a large autonomy and receive a substantial share of additional R&D expenditures as lump sum funding.The Flemish authorities use quantitative indicators to allocate these lump sums to the universities. The funding formulae take into account each institution’s size, its research performance and, if relevant, its valorization activities. Also significant is the realization of governmental priorities, such as mobility and diversity of the academic staff. This paper describes the development of the Flemish university funding model, analyses its weaknesses and its strengths, and compares it with nine national metrics-based research performance funding systems.Policy highlightsFlanders, like many other regions and nations, has adopted performance-based research funding systems (PRFSs) to improve and provide accountability for its science and innovation system. The Flemish PRFS criteria have evolved considerably over the last three decades, and due to competition between universities and a consensus model of political decision making, the funding formula is comparatively complex.Building on an historical background of lump sum payments to universities, supporting both education and research, special supplementary funds for blue-sky research (BOF) and for strategic applied research, innovation, and outreach activities (IOF) were introduced by the Flemish government in 1994 and 2004, respectively. The “three-legged stool” funding mechanism for research in Flanders is unique within Europe.The introduction of publication and citation metrics in 2003 changed the character of the Flemish PRFS considerably, previously focused on measures of a university’s size in terms of students, degrees granted, and previous funding. Humanities and social sciences (HSS) research metrics were considered only after first adoption of bibliometric methods traditionally deployed for assessment of the natural and life sciences, but this is not unique to Flanders. HSS research has been addressed in Flanders through the creation of a special database to supplement standard citation indexes, the VABB-SHW. This special resource is a strong point of the Flemish PRFS, and other nations should appreciate the value of increased coverage of the HSS literature.The PRFS in Flanders differs from that of nine European nations in several ways: analysis is undertaken annually, it includes a diversity and mobility measure (2006), and one of interdisciplinary will soon be added.Flanders, like other nations using PRFSs, has generally seen increased research output and intellectual property activities after its introduction; however, in some nations the increase began before a PRFS was implemented. In almost all cases, demonstrating a causal link between a PRFS and increased output is difficult since R&D investments and the number of researchers have also increased for a variety of reasons. This is a cautionary note in not over-interpreting the effects or effectiveness of a PRFS.Flanders now exhibits one of the highest levels among European nations of research funding allocations determined by a PRFS: 50% of BOF-funding and 75% of IOF-funding. By employing such a metrics-heavy scheme, Flanders is a good candidate for a detailed study of unintended consequences of a PRFS, at the national, institutional, and research group and individual researcher level. This remains a large gap in our understanding of the use of a PRFS.