bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Available Active Sites on ε‐Fe3N Nanoparticles Synthesized by a Facile Route for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Qiang Ruo , Wang Hui , Xu Kang , Yuan Qunyao , Yu Youxing , Li Lei , Wang Jiaou , Zheng Lirong , Sherrell Peter C. , Chen Jun , Bi Xiaofang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractExploring efficient noble‐metal‐free water‐splitting electrocatalysts from earth‐abundant elements is of great importance to realize wide applications in the generation of hydrogen fuel for clean energy. Here, a facile route is reported to synthesize ε‐Fe3N single‐phase nanoparticles by thermal ammonolysis of Fe precursors. The roles of nitrogen atoms in tailoring the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities of ε‐Fe3N have been systematically investigated. HER activity is enhanced by reducing the effective coordination number of nitrogen atoms from 2.61 to 1.67, where the standard coordination number in ε‐Fe3N is 2. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the reduction of nitrogen content lowers the energy of Tafel process on the (100)‐FeN‐exposed and (110) N‐exposed surfaces. Both surfaces are thermodynamically favored for the HER. Furthermore, the active sites of Tafel process change from the kinetically less favored hollow sites of Fe atoms to the kinetically more favored top site of N atoms and the bridge site of Fe atoms on both (100)‐FeN and (110) N‐exposed surfaces. The findings propose a novel strategy to enhance HER activity by using nitrogen deficiency, which is of great importance for the development of highly active transition metal based electrocatalysts.
Luminescence in Crystalline Organic Materials: From Molecules to Molecular Solids
Authors: Gierschner Johannes , Shi Junqing , Milián‐Medina Begoña , Roca‐Sanjuán Daniel , Varghese Shinto , Park SooYoung 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLuminescent small, all‐organic molecules are of tremendous interest in materials and life science applications. Nevertheless, targeted design requires a basic understanding of the excited state deactivation pathways of the molecules themselves, and the modulations of the processes that occur in the solid state. This particularly concerns crystalline molecular solids, as here not only solid‐state rigidification contributes to these modulations, but specific intermolecular interactions as well. Starting from the molecular properties, this work carefully disentangles all intramolecular and intermolecular factors to the radiative and nonradiative processes in crystalline all‐organic molecular solids to provide guidelines for targeted molecular materials design.
Multidimensionally Manipulated Active Coding Metasurface by Merging Pancharatnam–Berry Phase and Dynamic Phase
Authors: Jiang Lixin , Jing Yao , Li Yongfeng , Wan Weipeng , Cheng Yang , Zheng Lin , Wang Jiafu , Zhu Zhibiao , Wang He , Feng Maochang , Zhang Jieqiu , Qu Shaobo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMultidimensionally (amplitude, polarization, and phase) manipulated metasurfaces have drawn more significant advantages in modern photonic applications. In this paper, the active multidimensionally manipulated metasurface merging Pancharatnam–Berry phase and dynamic phase is proposed. The phase and polarization of the coding elements here can be adjusted dynamically by utilizing positive‐intrinsic‐negative (PIN) diodes. More remarkably, the independent feeding of the coding elements in two layers is creatively proposed so that each coding element of the active coding metasurface (ACM) has four basic response states. And the four states can be dynamically switched by regulating the bias voltages imposed on the PIN diodes through field programmable gate array (FPGA). Therefore, the versatile functionalities of the ACM are achieved and all the functionalities can be implemented in real‐time. As a proof of concept, three specific functionalities are validated both from the simulation and measurement on a fabricated prototype with good coincidence with each other. The ACM can achieve copolarization, crosspolarization anomalous reflection, and circular‐linear polarization conversion for the incident circularly polarized wave. The proposed ACM opens new vistas in active metadevices and has broad application prospects in multifunctional devices and communication systems.
HNRNPL Circularizes ARHGAP35 to Produce an Oncogenic Protein
Authors: Li Yan , Chen Bing , Zhao Jingjing , Li Qin , Chen Siyuan , Guo Tianan , Li Yuchen , Lai Hongyan , Chen Zhiao , Meng Zhiqiang , Guo Weijie , He Xianghuo , Huang Shenglin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCircular RNAs (circRNAs) are an intriguing class of widely prevalent endogenous RNAs, the vast majority of which have not been characterized functionally. Here, we identified a novel oncogenic circRNA originating from the back‐splicing of Exon2 and Exon3 of a tumor suppressor gene, ARHGAP35 (also known as P190‐A), termed as circARHGAP35. have observe that circARHGAP35 and linear ARHGAP35 have antithetical expression and functions. Interestingly, circARHGAP35 contains a 3867 nt long ORF with an m6A‐modified start codon and encodes a truncated protein comprising four FF domains and lacking the Rho GAP domain. Mechanistically, circARHGAP35 protein promotes cancer cell progression by interacting with TFII‐I protein in the nucleus. The RNA binding protein, HNRNPL, facilitates the formation of circARHGAP35. Clinically, circARHGAP35 is associated with poor survival in cancer patients. Our findings characterize an oncogenic circRNA and demonstrate a novel mechanism of oncogene activation in cancer by circRNA through the production of a truncated protein.
A Versatile and Robust Platform for the Scalable Manufacture of Biomimetic Nanovaccines
Authors: Hu Hanze , Yang Chao , Zhang Fan , Li Mingqiang , Tu Zhaoxu , Mu Lizhong , Dawulieti Jianati , Lao Yeh‐Hsing , Xiao Zixuan , Yan Huize , Sun Wen , Shao Dan , Leong Kam W. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBiomimetic strategies are useful for designing potent vaccines. Decorating a nanoparticulate adjuvant with cell membrane fragments as the antigen‐presenting source exemplifies, such as a promising strategy. For translation, a standardizable, consistent, and scalable approach for coating nanoadjuvant with the cell membrane is important. Here a turbulent mixing and self‐assembly method called flash nanocomplexation (FNC) for producing cell membrane‐coated nanovaccines in a scalable manner is demonstrated. The broad applicability of this FNC technique compared with bulk‐sonication by using ten different core materials and multiple cell membrane types is shown. FNC‐produced biomimetic nanoparticles have promising colloidal stability and narrow particle polydispersity, indicating an equal or more homogeneous coating compared to the bulk‐sonication method. The potency of a nanovaccine comprised of B16‐F10 cancer cell membrane decorating mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with the adjuvant CpG is then demonstrated. The FNC‐fabricated nanovaccines when combined with anti‐CTLA‐4 show potency in lymph node targeting, DC antigen presentation, and T cell immune activation, leading to prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in a melanoma mouse model. This study advances the design of a biomimetic nanovaccine enabled by a robust and versatile nanomanufacturing technique.
The Twisting of Dome‐Like Metamaterial from Brittle to Ductile
Authors: Cheng Lizi , Tang Tao , Yang Haokun , Hao Fengqian , Wu Ge , Lyu Fucong , Bu Yu , Zhao Yilu , Zhao Yan , Liu Guo , Cheng Xuan , Lu Jian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractArchitected materials can exhibit mechanical properties that do not occur with ordinary solids. By integrating hierarchy and size effects, microarchitected metamaterials fabricated by two‐photon lithography with a metallic or ceramic coating can be ultrastrong but lightweight. However, the attainment of both strength and ductility is generally mutually exclusive. Inspired by the Pantheon dome in Rome, which can withstand high load while keeping low density, microarchitected domes with a gradient helix are designed and deposited in a hierarchical nanostructured aluminum film with ultrahigh strength and considerable plasticity. Despite having a thick coating, which usually causes catastrophic collapse, the thick‐walled metallic dome shows recoverability during compression. The compressive strength increases to 73 times that of current ductile‐like microlattices, leading to the metamaterial occupying the domain of the material property space that is hitherto empty. Detailed in situ experimental and computational work reveals the graceful (noncatastrophic) failure due to the helical twisting and plastic flow in the supra‐nanomaterial. It is a promising method of suppressing brittle failure via a combination of architectural and material design. It can be used to impart enhanced functionality, making programmable stiffness, and tailored energy absorption all possible.
A Stretchable and Safe Polymer Electrolyte with a Protecting‐Layer Strategy for Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhang Shengzhao , Liang Taibo , Wang Donghuang , Xu Yanjun , Cui Yongliang , Li Jingru , Wang Xiuli , Xia Xinhui , Gu Changdong , Tu Jiangping 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAn elastic and safe electrolyte is demanded for flexible batteries. Herein, a stretchable solid electrolyte comprised of crosslinked elastic polymer matrix, poly(vinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP), and flameproof triethyl phosphate (TEP) is fabricated, which exhibits ultrahigh elongation of 450%, nonflammability and ionic conductivity above 1 mS cm−1. In addition, in order to improve the interface compatibility between the electrolyte and Li anode and stabilize the solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI), a protecting layer containing poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is designed to effectively prevent the anode from reacting with TEP and optimize the chemical composition in SEI, leading to a tougher and more stable SEI on the anode. The LiFePO4/Li cells employing this double‐layer electrolyte exhibit an 85.0% capacity retention after 300 cycles at 1 C. Moreover, a flexible battery based on this solid electrolyte is fabricated, which can work in stretched, folded, and twisted conditions. This design of a stretchable double‐layer solid electrolyte provides a new concept for safe and flexible solid‐state batteries.
Mistranslation Drives Alterations in Protein Levels and the Effects of a Synonymous Variant at the Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Locus
Authors: Bayoumi Ali , Elsayed Asmaa , Han Shuanglin , Petta Salvatore , Adams Leon A. , Aller Rocio , Khan Anis , García‐Monzón Carmelo , Arias‐Loste María Teresa , Miele Luca , Latchoumanin Olivier , Alenizi Shafi , Gallego‐Durán Rocio , Fischer Janett , Berg Thomas , Craxì Antonio , Metwally Mayada , Qiao Liang , Liddle Christopher , Yki‐Järvinen Hannele , Bugianesi Elisabetta , Romero‐Gomez Manuel , George Jacob , Eslam Mohammed 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a liver‐derived hormone with pleiotropic beneficial effects on metabolism. Paradoxically, FGF21 levels are elevated in metabolic diseases. Interventions that restore metabolic homeostasis reduce FGF21. Whether abnormalities in FGF21 secretion or resistance in peripheral tissues is the initiating factor in altering FGF21 levels and function in humans is unknown. A genetic approach is used to help resolve this paradox. The authors demonstrate that the primary event in dysmetabolic phenotypes is the elevation of FGF21 secretion. The latter is regulated by translational reprogramming in a genotype‐ and context‐dependent manner. To relate the findings to tissues outcomes, the minor (A) allele of rs838133 is shown to be associated with increased hepatic inflammation in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease. The results here highlight a dominant role for translation of the FGF21 protein to explain variations in blood levels that is at least partially inherited. These results provide a framework for translational reprogramming of FGF21 to treat metabolic diseases.
Synthetic Artificial Apoptosis‐Inducing Receptor for On‐Demand Deactivation of Engineered Cells
Authors: Monge Pere , Løvschall Kaja Borup , Søgaard Ane Bretschneider , Walther Raoul , Golbek Thaddeus W. , Schmüser Lars , Weidner Tobias , Zelikin Alexander N. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe design of a fully synthetic, chemical “apoptosis‐inducing receptor” (AIR) molecule is reported that is anchored into the lipid bilayer of cells, is activated by the incoming biological input, and responds with the release of a secondary messenger—a highly potent toxin for cell killing. The AIR molecule has four elements, namely, an exofacial trigger group, a bilayer anchor, a toxin as a secondary messenger, and a self‐immolative scaffold as a mechanism for signal transduction. Receptor installation into cells is established via a robust protocol with minimal cell handling. The synthetic receptor remains dormant in the engineered cells, but is effectively triggered externally by the addition of an activating biomolecule (enzyme) or in a mixed cell population through interaction with the surrounding cells. In 3D cell culture (spheroids), receptor activation is accessible for at least 5 days, which compares favorably with other state of the art receptor designs.
Direct Characterization of Thermal Nonequilibrium between Optical and Acoustic Phonons in Graphene Paper under Photon Excitation
Authors: Zobeiri Hamidreza , Hunter Nicholas , Wang Ridong , Wang Tianyu , Wang Xinwei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRaman spectroscopy has been widely used to measure thermophysical properties of 2D materials. The local intense photon heating induces strong thermal nonequilibrium between optical and acoustic phonons. Both first principle calculations and recent indirect Raman measurements prove this phenomenon. To date, no direct measurement of the thermal nonequilibrium between optical and acoustic phonons has been reported. Here, this physical phenomenon is directly characterized for the first time through a novel approach combining both electrothermal and optothermal techniques. While the optical phonon temperature is determined from Raman wavenumber, the acoustic phonon temperature is precisely determined using high‐precision thermal conductivity and laser power absorption that are measured with negligible nonequilibrium among energy carriers. For graphene paper, the energy coupling factor between in‐plane optical and overall acoustic phonons is found at (1.59–3.10) × 1015 W m−3 K−1, agreeing well with the quantum mechanical modeling result of 4.1 × 1015 W m−3 K−1. Under ≈1 µm diameter laser heating, the optical phonon temperature rise is over 80% higher than that of the acoustic phonons. This observation points out the importance of subtracting optical–acoustic phonon thermal nonequilibrium in Raman‐based thermal characterization.
Van der Waals Phonon Polariton Microstructures for Configurable Infrared Electromagnetic Field Localizations
Authors: Huang Wuchao , Sun Fengsheng , Zheng Zebo , Folland Thomas G. , Chen Xuexian , Liao Huizhen , Xu Ningsheng , Caldwell Joshua D. , Chen Huanjun , Deng Shaozhi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPolar van der Waals (vdW) crystals that support phonon polaritons have recently attracted much attention because they can confine infrared and terahertz (THz) light to deeply subwavelength dimensions, allowing for the guiding and manipulation of light at the nanoscale. The practical applications of these crystals in devices rely strongly on deterministic engineering of their spatially localized electromagnetic field distributions, which has remained challenging. The polariton interference can be enhanced and tailored by patterning the vdW crystal α‐MoO3 into microstructures that support highly in‐plane anisotropic phonon polaritons. The orientation of the polaritonic in‐plane isofrequency curve relative to the microstructure edges is a critical parameter governing the polariton interference, rendering the configuration of infrared electromagnetic field localizations by enabling the tuning of the microstructure size and shape and the excitation frequency. Thus, the study presents an effective rationale for engineering infrared light flow in planar photonic devices.
Magnetophoretic Decoupler for Disaggregation and Interparticle Distance Control
Authors: Kim Hyeonseol , Lim Byeonghwa , Yoon Jonghwan , Kim Keonmok , Torati Sri Ramulu , Kim CheolGi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe manipulation of superparamagnetic beads has attracted various lab on a chip and magnetic tweezer platforms for separating, sorting, and labeling cells and bioentities, but the irreversible aggregation of beads owing to magnetic interactions has limited its actual functionality. Here, an efficient solution is developed for the disaggregation of magnetic beads and interparticle distance control with a magnetophoretic decoupler using an external rotating magnetic field. A unique magnetic potential energy distribution in the form of an asymmetric magnetic thin film around the gap is created and tuned in a controlled manner, regulated by the size ratio of the bead with a magnetic pattern. Hence, the aggregated beads are detached into single beads and transported in one direction in an array pattern. Furthermore, the simultaneous and accurate spacing control of multiple magnetic bead pairs is performed by adjusting the angle of the rotating magnetic field, which continuously changes the energy well associated with a specific shape of the magnetic patterns. This technique offers an advanced solution for the disaggregation and controlled manipulation of beads, can allow new possibilities for the enhanced functioning of lab on a chip and magnetic tweezers platforms for biological assays, intercellular interactions, and magnetic biochip systems.
Dual‐Gate Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Marine Sensing
Authors: Wu Shuo‐En , Yao Lulu , Shiller Alan , Barnard Andrew H. , Azoulay Jason David , Ng Tse Nga 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMonitoring dissolved oxygen is essential to marine research, but the high redox potentials required to drive sensing reactions have posed an ongoing instability issue in the sensors. Here, a novel dual‐gate configuration for organic electrochemical transistors that extends the device electrochemical stability window is demonstrated. This paper presents the sensor operating principle that relates the channel conductance to potentials on the two gates. This broadly applicable design allows a large potential to be applied between the gates for sensing analytes, while synergistically modulating the channel within a lower potential range to maintain the stability of the semiconductor. Specifically, the sensor achieves a detection limit of 0.3 ppm dissolved oxygen concentration in seawater, with a sensitivity of 222 µA cm−2 ppm−1 for concentrations below 5 ppm. The device demonstrates reliable operation over 5 days and is capable of monitoring oxygenation changes arising from the photosynthesis cycles of saltwater macro‐algae. This dual‐gate configuration serves to extend the sensor operating voltage window and improves device stability. Thus, this new configuration provides a new type of compact, robust sensor for marine research, and opportunities in other fields ranging from waste‐water management to bioelectronics.
Grassland productivity estimates informed by soil moisture measurements: Statistical and mechanistic approaches
Authors: Krueger Erik S. , Ochsner Tyson E. , Levi Matthew R. , Basara Jeffrey B. , Snitker Grant J. , Wyatt Briana M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSoil moisture is a fundamental determinant of plant growth, but soil moisture measurements are rarely assimilated into grassland productivity models, in part because methods of incorporating such data into statistical and mechanistic yield models have not been adequately investigated. Therefore, our objectives were to (a) quantify statistical relationships between in situ soil moisture measurements and biomass yield on grasslands in Oklahoma and (b) develop a simple, mechanistic biomass‐yield model for grasslands capable of assimilating in situ soil moisture data. Soil moisture measurements (as fraction of available water capacity, FAW) explained 60% of the variability in county‐level wild hay yield reported by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). We next evaluated the performance of mechanistic, evapotranspiration (ET)‐driven grassland productivity models with and without assimilation of measured FAW into the models’ water balance routines. Models were calibrated by comparing estimated ET with ET measured using eddy covariance, and calibration proved essential for accurate ET estimates. Models were validated by comparing NASS county‐level hay yields to the modeled yields, which were the product of normalized transpiration estimates (the ratio of transpiration to reference ET) and an empirically derived grassland water productivity (the ratio of accumulated biomass to normalized transpiration) estimate. The mechanistic model produced more accurate estimates of wild‐hay yields with soil moisture data assimilation (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency [NSE] = 0.55) than without (NSE = 0.10). These results suggest that improved estimates of grassland productivity could be achieved using in situ soil moisture, which could benefit grazing management decisions, wildfire preparedness, and disaster assistance programs.
All‐polymer solar cells with over 16% efficiency and enhanced stability enabled by compatible solvent and polymer additives
Authors: Ma Ruijie , Yu Jianwei , Liu Tao , Zhang Guangye , Xiao Yiqun , Luo Zhenghui , Chai Gaoda , Chen Yuzhong , Fan Qunping , Su Wenyan , Li Gang , Wang Ergang , Lu Xinhui , Gao Feng , Tang Bo , Yan He 
Published: May 2021

AbstractConsidering the robust and stable nature of the active layers, advancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) has long been the priority for all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs). Despite the recent surge of PCE, the photovoltaic parameters of the state‐of‐the‐art all‐PSC still lag those of the polymer:small molecule‐based devices. To compete with the counterparts, judicious modulation of the morphology and thus the device electrical properties are needed. It is difficult to improve all the parameters concurrently for the all‐PSCs with advanced efficiency, and one increase is typically accompanied by the drop of the other(s). In this work, with the aids of the solvent additive (1‐chloronaphthalene) and the n‐type polymer additive (N2200), we can fine‐tune the morphology of the active layer and demonstrate a 16.04% efficient all‐PSC based on the PM6:PY‐IT active layer. The grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements show that the shape of the crystallites can be altered, and the reshaped crystallites lead to enhanced and more balanced charge transport, reduced recombination, and suppressed energy loss, which lead to concurrently improved and device efficiency and stability.