bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of small defects and nonmetallic inclusions on the high and very high cycle fatigue strength of an ultrahigh‐strength steel
Authors: Schönbauer Bernd M. , Ghosh Sumit , Kömi Jukka , Frondelius Tero , Mayer Herwig 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe high and very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) properties of ultrahigh‐strength Ck45M steel processed by thermomechanical rolling integrated direct quenching were investigated. S–N tests with smooth and small drilled holes containing specimens as well as near‐threshold fatigue crack growth measurements were performed up to 2 × 1010 cycles using ultrasonic‐fatigue testing technique. The fatigue strength of smooth specimens is mainly determined by the size of nonmetallic inclusions. For surface defects larger than 80 μm, the fatigue limit can be correlated with a constant threshold‐stress intensity factor. The
‐parameter model adequately predicts the fatigue limit for internal defects and for surface defects with sizes between 30 and 80 μm. VHCF failures from smaller surface defects occur at stress amplitudes below the predicted fatigue limit. The long‐crack threshold in ambient air is close to the effective threshold stress intensity factor. In optically dark areas at interior inclusions, cracks grow at mean propagation rates of 10−15 m/cycles.
Adoption of emicizumab (Hemlibra®) for hemophilia A in Europe: Data from the 2020 European Association for Haemophilia and Allied Disorders survey
Authors: Krumb Evelien , Fijnvandraat Karin , Makris Michael , Peyvandi Flora , Ryan Aislin , Athanasopoulos Angelos , Hermans Cedric 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundEmicizumab, a bispecific monoclonal antibody administered subcutaneously, mimicking the action of activated coagulation factor VIII, has been approved in Europe for use in patients with severe hemophilia of all ages.AimsTo assess availability, acceptance, adverse events, efficacy and laboratory monitoring of emicizumab and the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic on its use.MethodsOnline questionnaire sent to 144 hemophilia treatment centres (November 2020 to January 2021).ResultsForty‐six physicians from 21 countries responded, with a total of 3420 patients with severe HA under their care. Emicizumab was widely available, for 100% of inhibitor patients and 88% of non‐inhibitor patients. No major adverse events were reported. Four reported deaths in patients on emicizumab were not thought to be related to emicizumab. An annualized bleeding rate (ABR) of zero was achieved in 73% of inhibitors patients. Haemostasis was satisfactory in the majority of minor (93.7%) and major (90.7%) surgical procedures performed while on emicizumab. Inhibitor titers were monitored in 78.4% of inhibitor patients on emicizumab, but chromogenic FVIII assay was only available in 73% of centres. The COVID‐19 pandemic did not have a major impact on the adoption of emicizumab in most centres (64.9%).ConclusionThree years after its rollout in Europe, emicizumab is widely available. Clinical efficacy and safety were evaluated to be very good, keeping in mind the inherent limitations of the study. Unmet needs include establishment of treatment guidelines for surgery and breakthrough bleeding, limited expertise, especially in young children, and availability of laboratory assays.
Characteristics of scalded dough fermented by co‐cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y10, Wickerhamomyces anomalus Y13 and Torulaspora delbrueckii Y22
Authors: Zhou MengMeng , Li ZhiJian 
Published: July 2021

SummaryScalding process could change properties of dough. Co‐culture of yeasts could improve the quality of product. In this study, characteristics of scalded dough with co‐cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y10, Wickerhamomyces anomalus Y13 and Torulaspora delbrueckii Y22 were investigated. Most starch granules lost shape and crystal pattern after scalding, meanwhile, gluten network had become weak, suggesting the gelatinisation of starch and damage of gluten protein. After fermentation, Y13 and Y22 cell populations increased rapidly. However, the cell number of Y10 decreased from 6.91 Lg CFU per gram dough to 5.42 Lg CFU per gram dough. Gluten protein aggregated into chunks after 8 h of fermentation, meanwhile, the water molecules in dough were bound more tightly. These results indicated that scalded dough provide a unique environment for the growth of yeasts, and further affect the characteristics of dough during fermentation.
Effect of H2 addition during PECVD on the moisture barrier property and environmental stability of H:SiNx film
Authors: Kim Jingyu , Jeong Wooseok , Lee Seunghee , Jeong Sehun , Ko Park Sang‐Hee 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA hydrogenated silicon nitride (H:SiNx) film with enhanced moisture barrier property and environmental stability was developed using plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) with the addition of H2 gas at 100°C. The moisture barrier property and film density of the 100‐nm‐thick H:SiNx film were ameliorated by increasing the H2 gas flow rate during PECVD. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy studies demonstrated that the improved performance was a result of an increase in the amount of Si–N bonds compared to hydrogen‐terminated bonds with an increase in the H2 gas flow rate. It is believed that H2 gas assisted the formation of aminosilane, which contributed to the condensation of silicon nitride by lowering the activation energy for radicalization reactions of silane and ammonia. After the 85°C/85% RH test, the optimized H:SiNx film maintained a water vapor transmission rate lower than 5 × 10−5 g/m2/day owing to the suppression of oxidation. The optimized H:SiNx film was rarely oxidized owing to the decrease in hydrogen‐terminated bonds and increase in the film density. The results indicated that the introduction of H2 gas during the PECVD process strengthened the environmental stability of the H:SiNx film.
Perimitral ventricular tachycardia associated with remote inferior myocardial infarction
Authors: Varma Niraj 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionCircuits underlying ventricular tachycardias (VTs) accompanying remote inferior myocardial infarction (IMI) are regarded to be located in the scar. Rotation around the mitral annulus (MA) had also been postulated. We tested whether entrainment mapping could confirm whether MA rotation in VTs post‐IMI represented a “driving circuit.”MethodsThree patients with IMI (male, left ventricular ejection fraction range 13%–40%) with hemodynamically tolerated VT (cycle length 365–690 ms) were studied with activation and entrainment mapping of the MA.ResultsPatients showed QRS morphologies reported for VTs following IMI: LBBB (left bundle branch block) pattern and/or right bundle pattern. Entrainment revealed the entire MA perimeter constituted the circuit, that is, macroreentry (path length greater than 13 cm in one case). Areas showing prolonged fractionated electrograms (accounting for over 50% of tachycardia cycle length) demonstrated concealed entrainment indicative of slow conduction through (and not around) the scar. Concealed entrainment was observed along the MA, with similar stimulus–QRS intervals when pacing during normal sinus rhythm. Radiofrequency ablation of the inferior isthmus from scar to MA (epicardially in one case) abolished tachycardia. In follow‐up, two patients had no VT recurrence and maintained NYHA Class 1 functional status during several years of follow‐up. The other patient continued to deteriorate with rapidly progressive HF, had recurrent VT within 3 months, proceeding to transplant within 9 months. Our findings confirm a single‐loop perimitral circuit, which is largely (if not exclusively) protected by anatomical barriers. This differs from the established “figure‐of‐8” VT model.ConclusionSingle‐loop macroreentrant mitral annular circuits may underlie some VTs following inferior wall infarcts.
TNF‐α induces up‐regulation of MicroRNA‐27a via the P38 signalling pathway, which inhibits intervertebral disc degeneration by targeting FSTL1
Authors: Shi Jie , Wang Shaoyi , He Qiting , Liu Kaiwen , Zhao Wei , Xie Qing , Cheng Lei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration is still unclear, and there are no effective therapeutic strategies for treating this condition. miRNAs are naturally occurring macromolecules in the human body and have many biological functions. Therefore, we hope to elucidate whether miRNAs are associated with intervertebral disc degeneration and the underlying mechanisms involved. In our study, differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted by the GEO database and then confirmed by qPCR and in situ hybridization. Apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells was detected by flow cytometry and Bcl2, Bax and caspase 3. Deposition of extracellular matrix was assessed by Alcian blue staining, and the expression of COX2 and MMP13 was detected by immunofluorescence, Western blot and qPCR. Moreover, qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR27a and its precursors. The results showed that miR27a was rarely expressed in healthy intervertebral discs but showed increased expression in degenerated intervertebral discs. Ectopic miR27a expression inhibited apoptosis, suppressed the inflammatory response and attenuated the catabolism of the extracellular matrix by targeting FSTL1. Furthermore, it seems that the expression of miR27a was up‐regulated by TNF‐α via the P38 signalling pathway. So we conclude that TNF‐α and FSTL1 engage in a positive feedback loop to promote intervertebral disc degeneration. At the same time, miR27a is up‐regulated by TNF‐α via the P38 signalling pathway, which ameliorates inflammation, apoptosis and matrix degradation by targeting FSTL1. Thus, this negative feedback mechanism might contribute to the maintenance of a low degeneration load and would be beneficial to maintain a persistent chronic disc degeneration.
Voxel‐based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer’s disease utility as a screening tool for unrecognized cognitive dysfunction of elderly patients in diabetes outpatient clinics: Multicenter retrospective exploratory study
Authors: Ueba Yoko , Murakami Takaaki , Yamamoto Taizo , Kuroe Akira , Yamasaki Masahide , Kaneda Daita , Otani Daisuke , Kiyobayashi Sakura , Ikeda Kaori , Yabe Daisuke , Ogura Masahito , Inagaki Nobuya 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAims/IntroductionAn efficient screening strategy for identification of cognitive dysfunction remains a clinical issue in the management of elderly adults with diabetes. A magnetic resonance imaging voxel‐based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer’s disease (VSRAD) has been developed as an automated brain morphometry system that includes the hippocampus. We carried out a multicenter retrospective study to evaluate the utility of VSRAD for screening cognitive dysfunction in diabetes outpatient clinics.Materials and MethodsWe enrolled patients with diabetes aged >65 years who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging scans for the purpose of a medical checkup between November 2018 and May 2019. Patients who were already suspected or diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment and/or dementia as well as those with a history of cerebrovascular disease were excluded.ResultsA total of 67 patients were enrolled. Five patients were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment or dementia (clinical cognitive dysfunction). Patients with clinical cognitive dysfunction showed a significantly higher z‐score in VSRAD analysis (2.57 ± 0.47 vs 1.15 ± 0.55, P < 0.01). The sensitivities and specificities for diagnosis of clinical cognitive dysfunction were 80 and 48% for the Mini‐Mental State Examination, 100 and 89% for the z‐score, and 100 and 90% for the combination of the Mini‐Mental State Examination score and z‐score, respectively.ConclusionsVSRAD analysis can distinguish patients with clinical cognitive dysfunction in the elderly with diabetes, and also shows reasonable sensitivity and specificity compared with the Mini‐Mental State Examination alone. Thus, VSRAD analysis can be useful for early identification of clinical cognitive dysfunction in the elderly with diabetes.
Unified Divergence and the Development of Collective Leadership
Authors: Croft Charlotte , McGivern Gerry , Currie Graeme , Lockett Andy , Spyridonidis Dimitrios 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhat is collective leadership and how is it developed? Despite growing interest in collective leadership its definition, and understandings of the contextually situated process through which it develops, are limited. We draw on a five‐year longitudinal study to explain how collective leadership develops through ongoing negotiations between strategic ambiguity and reification. We delineate between directed work, collective work, and collective leadership to bring conceptual and definitional clarity to the field. We develop a process model to explain how contextual conditions influence the development of collective leadership. Introducing the concepts of accommodated divergence, directed convergence, and unified divergence we show how interorganizational collaborations can move from collective work to collective leadership. We argue that ‘unified divergence’ enables us to provide a more precise conceptual definition of collective leadership, which we define as: the interaction of strategic ambiguity and inward‐ and outward‐facing reification practices, resulting in agreed collective aims, alignment and coordination of activities, commitment to collective success, and the maintenance of divergent perspectives.
Principal components analysis of descriptive sensory data: Reflections, challenges, and suggestions
Authors: Næs Tormod , Tomic Oliver , Endrizzi Isabella , Varela Paula 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article presents a discussion of principal components analysis of descriptive sensory data. Focus is on standardization, many correlated variables, validation, and the use of descriptive data in preference mapping. Different ways of performing the analysis are presented and discussed with focus on how to obtain informative and reliable results. The results will be commented on in light of experience. All methods will be illustrated by calculations based on real data. The article ends with a list of suggestions for all the topics covered.Practical ApplicationThe article is about using principal components analysis (PCA) in sensory science. The applicability of the methods and ideas presented in this article are relevant for all types of descriptive sensory data. The ideas are general and comprise areas such as standardization, validation, and many correlated variables. The target group of readers for the article is the sensory scientist who uses PCA on a daily basis and who may have questions regarding how to use the method the best possible way.
The terrestrial impact crater record: A statistical analysis of morphologies, structures, ages, lithologies, and more
Authors: Kenkmann Thomas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe number of newly discovered and confirmed impact structures on earth is growing continuously. In this review paper, the main attributes of 198 confirmed impact structures and 10 further structures, for which final confirmation based on the identification of shock features is not yet entirely satisfying, are presented. The impact craters are compared statistically, with regard to their morphology, structure, and status of erosion or burial. The size– and age–frequency distributions of terrestrial impact structures are presented. Additional aspects concern target petrography and shock effects found in the craters. Based on the discovery statistics of presently known crater structures, an estimate can be made of the number of craters that await discovery. The paper is complementary to the recently published atlas of terrestrial impact structures by Gottwald et al. (2020).
Thinking about Progress: From Science to Philosophy
Authors: Dellsén Finnur , Lawler Insa , Norton James 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIs there progress in philosophy? If so, how much? Philosophers have recently argued for a wide range of answers to these questions, from the view that there is no progress whatsoever to the view that philosophy has provided answers to all the big philosophical questions. However, these views are difficult to compare and evaluate, because they rest on very different assumptions about the conditions under which philosophy would make progress. This paper looks to the comparatively mature debate about scientific progress for inspiration on how to formulate four distinct accounts of philosophical progress, in terms of truthlikeness, problem‐solving, knowledge, and understanding. Equally importantly, the paper outlines a common framework for how to understand and evaluate these accounts. We distill a series of lessons from this exercise, to help pave the way for a more fruitful discussion about philosophical progress in the future.
Cuticular conductance of adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces and its relation to minimum leaf surface conductance
Authors: Márquez Diego A. , Stuart‐Williams Hilary , Farquhar Graham D. , Busch Florian A. 
Published: July 2021

Summary

Cuticular conductance to water (gcw) is difficult to quantify for stomatous surfaces due to the complexity of separating cuticular and stomatal transpiration, and additional complications arise for determining adaxial and abaxial gcw. This has led to the neglect of gcw as a separate parameter in most common gas exchange measurements. Here, we describe a simple technique to simultaneously estimate adaxial and abaxial values of gcw, tested in two amphistomatous plant species.

What we term the ‘Red‐Light method’ is used to estimate gcw from gas exchange measurements and a known CO2 concentration inside the leaf during photosynthetic induction under red light. We provide an easy‐to‐use web application to assist with the calculation of gcw.

While adaxial and abaxial gcw varies significantly between leaves of the same species we found that the ratio of adaxial/abaxial gcw (γn) is stable within a plant species. This has implications for use of generic values of gcw when analysing gas exchange data.

The Red‐Light method can be used to estimate total cuticular conductance (gcw‐T) accurately with the most common setup of gas exchange instruments, i.e. a chamber mixing the adaxial and abaxial gases, allowing for a wide application of this technique.
Pest and disease management by red light
Authors: Gallé Ágnes , Czékus Zalán , Tóth Liliána , Galgóczy László , Poór Péter 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLight is essential for plant life. It provides a source of energy through photosynthesis and regulates plant growth and development and other cellular processes, such as by controlling the endogenous circadian clock. Light intensity, quality, duration and timing are all important determinants of plant responses, especially to biotic stress. Red light can positively influence plant defence mechanisms against different pathogens, but the molecular mechanism behind this phenomenon is not fully understood. Therefore, we reviewed the impact of red light on plant biotic stress responses against viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes, with a focus on the physiological effects of red light treatment and hormonal crosstalk under biotic stress in plants. We found evidence suggesting that exposing plants to red light increases levels of salicylic acid (SA) and induces SA signalling mediating the production of reactive oxygen species, with substantial differences between species and plant organs. Such changes in SA levels could be vital for plants to survive infections. Therefore, the application of red light provides a multidimensional aspect to developing innovative and environmentally friendly approaches to plant and crop disease management.
Bank Risk Appetite Communication and Risk Taking: The Key Role of Integrated Reports
Authors: Mio Chiara , Agostini Marisa , Panfilo Silvia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article investigates whether qualitative information provided by banks about risk appetite (RA) sheds substantive insight on their effective risk taking (RT) and whether this latter in turn affects RA disclosure, as well as the role played by specific types of banks’ reports (i.e., integrated report, annual report, Pillar 3 report) on such relations. Using a sample of 134 reports representing 52 banks, a generalized structural equation model is applied. The article hypothesizes and empirically finds a reciprocal relation between RA disclosure and banks’ RT. More specifically, in line with agency theory, the analysis displays a predominance of the inverse relation according to which banks showing higher RT provide greater disclosure. In addition, RT is found to play a mediator role between the adoption of a specific type of report—the integrated report—and RA disclosure, independently of the context in which the banks operate. Results also highlight that RT in banks adopting an integrated report is lower than the one of matched banks. Overall, this study extends risk science by complementing the literature stream on banks’ accounting discretion and risk disclosure, supporting the impact of market discipline in promoting new forms of corporate reporting. Results indeed emphasize the key role of integrated reporting on RT, suggesting that integrated logic should be strengthened by policy makers to curb banks’ excessive RT and leading them to provide substantive disclosure.
Combining Non-Probability and Probability Survey Samples Through Mass Imputation
Authors: Kim Jae Kwang , Park Seho , Chen Yilin , Wu Changbao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Analysis of non-probability survey samples requires auxiliary information at the population level. Such information may also be obtained from an existing probability survey sample from the same finite population. Mass imputation has been used in practice for combining non-probability and probability survey samples and making inferences on the parameters of interest using the information collected only in the non-probability sample for the study variables. Under the assumption that the conditional mean function from the non-probability sample can be transported to the probability sample, we establish the consistency of the mass imputation estimator and derive its asymptotic variance formula. Variance estimators are developed using either linearization or bootstrap. Finite sample performances of the mass imputation estimator are investigated through simulation studies. We also address important practical issues of the method through the analysis of a real-world non-probability survey sample collected by the Pew Research Centre.