bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Transboundary Dust Transport on Aerosol Pollution in the Western Yangtze River Delta Region, China: Insights Gained From Ground‐Based Lidar and Satellite Observations
Authors: Yang Hao , Fang Zhiyuan , Cao Ye , Xie Chenbo , Zhou Tian , Wang Bangxin , Xing Kunming , Lolli Simone 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDust storms pose a serious threat to air quality and public health through large‐scale, long‐distance transport. In early April 2018, two severe dust storm events occurred in the Taklimakan and Gobi Deserts in northwestern China. The advected air‐masses containing dust traveled eastward over long distances reaching the western Yangtze River Delta region (WYRDR) with local PM10 peak concentrations of 190 and 410 μg/m3 on April 6 and April 11, 2018, respectively. Satellite remote sensing and ground‐based lidar observations showed that the first dust event was transported to WYRDR at an altitude of <5 km, while the second transport height was at an altitude of <3 km. The first one was accompanied with the dry‐cold air mass in the northwest moving eastward and southward. By comparison, in the second event, the dust aerosols were mixed with anthropogenic aerosols from southwestern China. Meanwhile, as southerly warm‐humid air flows prevailed at near‐surface layer over the WYRDR in the second event, the associated higher relative humidity potentially induced hygroscopic growth of polluted dust aerosols, resulting in explosive growth of PM10. In addition, the average depolarization ratio of aerosols over WYRDR on April 6 was 0.3, while on April 11 it was 0.2, indicating that the previous pollution event featured more obvious nonspherical characteristics of aerosols. Our findings provide scientific evidence that transboundary dust events and resultant local PM10 pollution are closely related to various transport trajectories of dust aerosols as well as the local vertical wind profiles and surface humidity conditions.
Effects of the Plasmapause on the Radial Propagation of Fast Magnetosonic Waves: An Analytical Approach
Authors: Yu Xiongdong , Yuan Zhigang , Ouyang Zhihai , Yao Fei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this study, analytical approximation is used to solve the wave equations near the plasmapause boundary layer in order to examine the validity of ray tracing approach for fast magnetosonic (MS) wave propagations, and then analytical solutions for electromagnetic fields of MS waves through the plasmapause boundary layer are provided for the first time. Both theoretical calculations from the analytical expressions and observations of Van Allen Probes have indicated that electric fields of MS waves decrease rapidly but magnetic fields increase rapidly when propagating across the plasmapause boundary layer from the outside. Considering effects of the plasmapause width and wave frequency, parameter analysis has shown that when the width of the plasmapause boundary layer is narrow in comparison with the wavelength of MS waves, a significant part of waves will be reflected. In these circumstances, the WKB approximation and then ray tracing method might become invalid, and analytical approach provided in this paper could be utilized to solve the wave equation.
Role of Equatorial Fountain for the Delayed Response of Thermosphere O1D 630.0 nm Dayglow Over the Dip Equator During an X‐Class Flare
Authors: Vineeth C. , Ambili K. M. , Pant T. K. , Subrahmanyam K. V. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper reports, for the “first time,” the delayed response of O1D 630.0 nm dayglow emissions over Trivandrum (8.5°N, 77°E, 0.5°N dip lat.), a geomagnetic dip equatorial station in India, to the noontime X‐class solar flare event of July 30, 2005. The dayglow measurements were made using a unique dayglow photometer operating at three wavelengths. The Equatorial Electrojet induced magnetic field, measured using a proton precession magnetometer, showed a magnetic spike having ∼90 nT enhancement during this flare with a time delay of ∼7.2 min. A noteworthy observation is that unlike to the conventional belief, the O1D 630.0 nm dayglow over the dip equator exhibited a fourfold enhancement during the noontime flare after a time delay of ∼45 min. Analysis of satellite measured electron density and modeling simulations indicate that the thermospheric O1D 630.0 nm dayglow emission over the dip equatorial region during a solar flare is primarily driven by the electrodynamics, rather than the direct solar control. This finding is new, unique and very important for the studies related to plasma‐neutral coupling and also for modeling studies on the equatorial thermosphere‐ionosphere region is concerned.
In Which Magnetotail Hemisphere is a Satellite? Problems Using in Situ Magnetic Field Data
Authors: De Spiegeleer A. , Hamrin M. , Gunell H. , Pitkänen T. , Chong S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn Earth's magnetotail plasma sheet, the sunward‐tailward Bx component of the magnetic field is often used to separate the region above and below the cross‐tail current sheet. Using a three‐dimensional magneto‐hydrodynamic simulation, we show that high‐speed flows do not only affect the north‐south magnetic field component (causing dipolarization fronts), but also the sunward‐tailward component via the formation of a magnetic dent. This dent is such that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the magnetic field is tailward while in the Southern Hemisphere, it is earthward. This is opposite to the expected signatures where Bx > 0 (Bx < 0) above (below) the neutral sheet. Therefore, the direction of the magnetic field cannot always be used to identify in which hemisphere an in situ spacecraft is located. In addition, the cross‐tail currents associated with the dent is different from the currents in a tail without a dent. From the simulation, we suggest that the observation of a dawnward current and a tailward magnetic tension force, possibly together with an increase in the plasma beta, may indicate the presence of a magnetic dent. To exemplify, we also present data of a high‐speed flow observed by the Cluster mission, and we show that the changing sign of Bx is likely due to such a dent, and not to the spacecraft moving across the neutral sheet.
Whistlers in the Plasmasphere
Authors: Streltsov Anatoly V. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe study packages of VLF whistler‐mode waves observed by the Van Allen Probes satellites in the equatorial plasmasphere. We demonstrate that the main mechanism providing localization of these waves inside relatively broad (>1 RE across the ambient magnetic field) magnetospheric regions is a combined effect of the transverse gradients in the plasma density and the ambient magnetic field. The criterion for the wave trapping by these gradients is the same as for the wave trapping inside a high‐density duct with a symmetric, Gaussian‐like profile of the density in the uniform magnetic field. This criterion can be used to determine the parallel wavelength of the wave with a known frequency trapped by the density and magnetic field inhomogeneities with known parameters. The developed theoretical approach demonstrates a good, quantitative agreement with the observations. The analytical results have been confirmed with comprehensive, time‐dependent simulations of the electron‐MHD model.
Regional and Urban Column CO Trends and Anomalies as Observed by MOPITT Over 16 Years
Authors: Hedelius Jacob K. , Toon Geoffrey C. , Buchholz Rebecca R. , Iraci Laura T. , Podolske James R. , Roehl Coleen M. , Wennberg Paul O. , Worden Helen M. , Wunch Debra 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAtmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations have decreased since the beginning of the century, and the rate of decrease depends on the region. Depending on how regions are chosen, their boundaries may not always align with where there are differences in trends. To address this, we calculate trends within 0.4° × 0.4° grid cells independently throughout the globe using satellite CO retrievals from the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite instrument from 2002 to 2017. These trends are found with the caveat that there are large singular biomass burning events somewhere nearly every year, and we include examples of large column CO anomalies during sporadic but large burning events in the North American and Eurasian boreal forests, the Amazon, Africa, and Indonesia. CO trends behave similarly within regions that span about a few thousand kilometers. Using TransCom region definitions, we find average trends between −0.9 and 0.1 ppb year−1 (about −0.9 to 0.1% year−1) for 2002–2017. Over 5‐year subsets, trends in TransCom regions vary between −3.6 and 1.8 ppb year−1. This substantial spatial and temporal variability in trends is in agreement with other studies. With an understanding of regional trends, we compare with trends from urban areas. Generally, CO trends within urban areas are indistinguishable from regional trends. This may be because of a combination of noise in the data, the large footprint for MOPITT, or because anthropogenic CO reduction measures were implemented before the MOPITT record began. We provide case studies for a few cities, such as Los Angeles, and find long‐term variation in the rate of change of column CO.
Snow Avalanche Detection and Source Constraints Made Using a Networked Array of Infrasound Sensors
Authors: Johnson J. B. , Anderson J. F. , Marshall H. P. , Havens S. , Watson L. M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe studied a triggered snow avalanche (∼60 s in duration and with ∼1,100 m run‐out) using a network of infrasound arrays and time‐synced video, with the objective of understanding the relationship between infrasound generation and flow dynamics. Using standard array processing techniques, we compared the infrasound source back azimuths with the avalanche flow path identified by frame‐differenced, geo‐referenced video. Results show that infrasound records begin with direct arrivals followed by echoes from the avalanche‐triggering explosions and these decay within 35 s of the detonations. Subsequent infrasound, which lasts 20–30 s, could then be attributed exclusively to the avalanche. These infrasound detections, and their triangulated source locations, progress downhill over time and the most intense infrasound appears to originate from a steep, mid‐path cliff band, where the avalanche reached speeds in excess of 30 m/s and accelerations of more than 5 m/s2. The recorded infrasound was compared to two candidate source models extracted from video: total flow motion and advancing flow motion. Advancing source locations were compared to acoustic intensity time series using a nonnegative least squares inversion to solve for, and to quantify, time‐varying infrasound source intensity. We observed that certain portions of the flow, most notably the early stages and the end stages (when the powder cloud was expanding and settling) were infrasonically quiet.
Variable inter and intraspecies alkaline phosphatase activity within single cells of revived dinoflagellates
Authors: Girault Mathias , Siano Raffaele , Labry Claire , Latimier Marie , Jauzein Cécile , Beneyton Thomas , Buisson Lionel , Del Amo Yolanda , Baret Jean-Christophe 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Adaptation of cell populations to environmental changes is mediated by phenotypic variability at the single-cell level. Enzyme activity is a key factor in cell phenotype and the expression of the alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) is a fundamental phytoplankton strategy for maintaining growth under phosphate-limited conditions. Our aim was to compare the APA among cells and species revived from sediments of the Bay of Brest (Brittany, France), corresponding to a pre-eutrophication period (1940’s) and a beginning of a post-eutrophication period (1990’s) during which phosphate concentrations have undergone substantial variations. Both toxic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum and the non-toxic dinoflagellate Scrippsiella acuminata were revived from ancient sediments. Using microfluidics, we measured the kinetics of APA at the single-cell level. Our results indicate that all S. acuminata strains had significantly higher APA than A. minutum strains. For both species, the APA in the 1990’s decade was significantly lower than in the 1940’s. For the first time, our results reveal both inter and intraspecific variabilities of dinoflagellate APA and suggest that, at a half-century timescale, two different species of dinoflagellate may have undergone similar adaptative evolution to face environmental changes and acquire ecological advantages.
Tunable thermo-reversible bicontinuous nanoparticle gel driven by the binary solvent segregation
Authors: Xi Yuyin , Lankone Ronald S. , Sung Li-Piin , Liu Yun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBicontinuous porous structures through colloidal assembly realized by non-equilibrium process is crucial to various applications, including water treatment, catalysis and energy storage. However, as non-equilibrium structures are process-dependent, it is very challenging to simultaneously achieve reversibility, reproducibility, scalability, and tunability over material structures and properties. Here, a novel solvent segregation driven gel (SeedGel) is proposed and demonstrated to arrest bicontinuous structures with excellent thermal structural reversibility and reproducibility, tunable domain size, adjustable gel transition temperature, and amazing optical properties. It is achieved by trapping nanoparticles into one of the solvent domains upon the phase separation of the binary solvent. Due to the universality of the solvent driven particle phase separation, SeedGel is thus potentially a generic method for a wide range of colloidal systems.
Power-law coarsening in network-forming phase separation governed by mechanical relaxation
Authors: Tateno Michio , Tanaka Hajime 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA space-spanning network structure is a basic morphology in phase separation of soft and biomatter, alongside a droplet one. Despite its fundamental and industrial importance, the physical principle underlying such network-forming phase separation remains elusive. Here, we study the network coarsening during gas-liquid-type phase separation of colloidal suspensions and pure fluids, by hydrodynamic and molecular dynamics simulations, respectively. For both, the detailed analyses of the pore sizes and strain field reveal the self-similar network coarsening and the unconventional power-law growth more than a decade according toℓ ∝ t1/2, whereℓis the characteristic pore size andtis the elapsed time. We find that phase-separation dynamics is controlled by mechanical relaxation of the network-forming dense phase, whose limiting process is permeation flow of the solvent for colloidal suspensions and heat transport for pure fluids. This universal coarsening law would contribute to the fundamental physical understanding of network-forming phase separation.
Anti-inflammatory dopamine- and serotonin-based endocannabinoid epoxides reciprocally regulate cannabinoid receptors and the TRPV1 channel
Authors: Arnold William R. , Carnevale Lauren N. , Xie Zili , Baylon Javier L. , Tajkhorshid Emad , Hu Hongzhen , Das Aditi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe endocannabinoid system is a promising target to mitigate pain as the endocannabinoids are endogenous ligands of the pain-mediating receptors—cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) and TRPV1. Herein, we report on a class of lipids formed by the epoxidation of N-arachidonoyl-dopamine (NADA) and N-arachidonoyl-serotonin (NA5HT) by epoxygenases. EpoNADA and epoNA5HT are dual-functional rheostat modulators of the endocannabinoid-TRPV1 axis. EpoNADA and epoNA5HT are stronger modulators of TRPV1 than either NADA or NA5HT, and epoNA5HT displays a significantly stronger inhibition on TRPV1-mediated responses in primary afferent neurons. Moreover, epoNA5HT is a full CB1 agonist. These epoxides reduce the pro-inflammatory biomarkers IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and nitrous oxide and raise anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine in activated microglial cells. The epoxides are spontaneously generated by activated microglia cells and their formation is potentiated in the presence of anandamide. Detailed kinetics and molecular dynamics simulation studies provide evidence for this potentiation using the epoxygenase human CYP2J2. Taken together, inflammation leads to an increase in the metabolism of NADA, NA5HT and other eCBs by epoxygenases to form the corresponding epoxides. The epoxide metabolites are bioactive lipids that are potent, multi-faceted molecules, capable of influencing the activity of CB1, CB2 and TRPV1 receptors.
Cryo-EM structures of engineered active bc1-cbb3 type CIII2CIV super-complexes and electronic communication between the complexes
Authors: Steimle Stefan , van Eeuwen Trevor , Ozturk Yavuz , Kim Hee Jong , Braitbard Merav , Selamoglu Nur , Garcia Benjamin A. , Schneidman-Duhovny Dina , Murakami Kenji , Daldal Fevzi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRespiratory electron transport complexes are organized as individual entities or combined as large supercomplexes (SC). Gram-negative bacteria deploy a mitochondrial-like cytochrome (cyt) bc1 (Complex III, CIII2), and may have specific cbb3-type cyt c oxidases (Complex IV, CIV) instead of the canonical aa3-type CIV. Electron transfer between these complexes is mediated by soluble (c2) and membrane-anchored (cy) cyts. Here, we report the structure of an engineered bc1-cbb3 type SC (CIII2CIV, 5.2 Å resolution) and three conformers of native CIII2 (3.3 Å resolution). The SC is active in vivo and in vitro, contains all catalytic subunits and cofactors, and two extra transmembrane helices attributed to cyt cy and the assembly factor CcoH. The cyt cy is integral to SC, its cyt domain is mobile and it conveys electrons to CIV differently than cyt c2. The successful production of a native-like functional SC and determination of its structure illustrate the characteristics of membrane-confined and membrane-external respiratory electron transport pathways in Gram-negative bacteria.
Potential health and economic impacts of dexamethasone treatment for patients with COVID-19
Authors: Águas Ricardo , Mahdi Adam , Shretta Rima , Horby Peter , Landray Martin , White Lisa ,   the CoMo Consortium, Arifi Fatima , Zhumalieva Chynar , Lubis Inke N. D. , Monteiro Antoninho Benjamin , Moldokmatova Ainura , Chen Siyu , Estebesova Aida , Hussain Mofakhar , Lata Dipti , Bakare Emmanuel A. , Getachew Biniam , Sahak Mohammad Nadir , Chanthavilay Phetsavanh , Nji Akindeh M. , Aung Yu Nandar , Hupert Nathaniel , Tun Sai Thein Than , Pan-Ngum Wirichada , Sarin K. C. , Harsono Handoyo , Eybpoosh Sana , Coutinho Renato Mendes , Omoleke Semeeh A. , Nwosu Amen-Patrick , Luangasanatip Nantasit , Kutmanova Ainura , Dooronbekova Aizhan , Ximenes Antonio , Monteiro Merita , Celhay Olivier , Adib Keyrellous , Salim Amel H. , Yunanda Yuki , Fariba Mahnaz Hossain , Azzeri Amirah , Hancock Penny , Bekrizadeh Hakim , Saeedzai Sayed Ataullah , Alona Ivana , Mzumara Grace Wezi , Martins Joao , Herrera-Diestra Jose L. , Sharifi Hamid , Abdyldaev Talant , Jamshidi Babak , Hairi Noran Naqiah , Nasir Naima , Zaman Rashid U. , Obiesie Sopuruchukwu , Kraenkel Roberto A. , Letchford Nicholas , Alves Lucsendar Raimunda Fernandes , Adele Sandra , Suárez-Idueta Lorena , Advani Nicole , Marzouk Manar , Mabombo Viviana , Mukambetov Aibek , Aderoba Adeniyi Kolade , Tbalasubramaniam Bpriya Lakshmy , de Colombi Nicole Feune , Niha Maria Angela Varela , Obando Francisco , Wattanasri Parinda , Saralamba Sompob , Shabaruddin Fatiha , Shimul Shafiun Nahin , Dahlui Maznah , Naidoo Reshania , Franco Caroline , Klein Michael G. , Kubatova Aisuluu , Jabin Nusrat , Kyaw Shwe Sin , Freitas Luzia Tomas , Pokharel Sunil , Ariana Proochista , Mercado Chris Erwin G. , Ibragimov Shamil , Medina John Robert C. , Namedre Mesulame 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDexamethasone can reduce mortality in hospitalised COVID-19 patients needing oxygen and ventilation by 18% and 36%, respectively. Here, we estimate the potential number of lives saved and life years gained if this treatment were to be rolled out in the UK and globally, as well as the cost-effectiveness of implementing this intervention. Assuming SARS-CoV-2 exposure levels of 5% to 15%, we estimate that, for the UK, approximately 12,000 (4,250 - 27,000) lives could be saved between July and December 2020. Assuming that dexamethasone has a similar effect size in settings where access to oxygen therapies is limited, this would translate into approximately 650,000 (240,000 - 1,400,000) lives saved globally over the same time period. If dexamethasone acts differently in these settings, the impact could be less than half of this value. To estimate the full potential of dexamethasone in the global fight against COVID-19, it is essential to perform clinical research in settings with limited access to oxygen and/or ventilators, for example in low- and middle-income countries.
Large-area integration of two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures by wafer bonding
Authors: Quellmalz Arne , Wang Xiaojing , Sawallich Simon , Uzlu Burkay , Otto Martin , Wagner Stefan , Wang Zhenxing , Prechtl Maximilian , Hartwig Oliver , Luo Siwei , Duesberg Georg S. , Lemme Max C. , Gylfason Kristinn B. , Roxhed Niclas , Stemme Göran , Niklaus Frank 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntegrating two-dimensional (2D) materials into semiconductor manufacturing lines is essential to exploit their material properties in a wide range of application areas. However, current approaches are not compatible with high-volume manufacturing on wafer level. Here, we report a generic methodology for large-area integration of 2D materials by adhesive wafer bonding. Our approach avoids manual handling and uses equipment, processes, and materials that are readily available in large-scale semiconductor manufacturing lines. We demonstrate the transfer of CVD graphene from copper foils (100-mm diameter) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) from SiO2/Si chips (centimeter-sized) to silicon wafers (100-mm diameter). Furthermore, we stack graphene with CVD hexagonal boron nitride and MoS2 layers to heterostructures, and fabricate encapsulated field-effect graphene devices, with high carrier mobilities of up to $$4520\;{\mathrm{cm}}^2{\mathrm{V}}^{ - 1}{\mathrm{s}}^{ - 1}$$
4520

cm

2

V

−
1

s

−
1

. Thus, our approach is suited for backend of the line integration of 2D materials on top of integrated circuits, with potential to accelerate progress in electronics, photonics, and sensing.
The tight Second Law inequality for coherent quantum systems and finite-size heat baths
Authors: Łobejko Marcin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn classical thermodynamics, the optimal work is given by the free energy difference, what according to the result of Skrzypczyk et al. can be generalized for individual quantum systems. The saturation of this bound, however, requires an infinite bath and ideal energy storage that is able to extract work from coherences. Here we present the tight Second Law inequality, defined in terms of the ergotropy (rather than free energy), that incorporates both of those important microscopic effects – the locked energy in coherences and the locked energy due to the finite-size bath. The former is solely quantified by the so-called control-marginal state, whereas the latter is given by the free energy difference between the global passive state and the equilibrium state. Furthermore, we discuss the thermodynamic limit where the finite-size bath correction vanishes, and the locked energy in coherences takes the form of the entropy difference. We supplement our results by numerical simulations for the heat bath given by the collection of qubits and the Gaussian model of the work reservoir.