bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leading edge topography of blades–a critical review
Authors: Wood Robert J K , Lu Ping 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In turbomachinery, their blade leading edges are critical to performance and therefore fuel efficiency, emission, noise, running and maintenance costs. Leading edge damage and therefore roughness is either caused by subtractive processes such as foreign object damage (bird strikes and debris ingestion) and erosion (hail, rain droplets, sand particles, dust, volcanic ash and cavitation) and additive processes such as filming (from dirt, icing, fouling, insect build-up). Therefore, this review focuses on the changes in topography induced by during service to blade leading edges and the effect of roughness and form on performance and efforts to predict and model these changes. The applications considered are focused on wind, gas and tidal turbines and turbofan engines. Repair and protection strategies for leading edges of blades are also reviewed. The review shows additive processes are typically worse than subtractive processes, as the roughness or even form change is significant with icing and biofouling. Antagonism is reported between additive and subtractive roughness processes. There are gaps in the current understanding of the additive and subtractive processes that influence roughness and their interaction. Recent work paves the way forward where modelling and machine learning is used to predict coated wind turbine blade leading edge delamination and the effects this has on aerodynamic performance and what changes in blade angle would best capture the available wind energy with such damaged blades. To do this generically there is a need for better understanding of the environment that the blades see and the variation along their length, the material or coated material response to additive and/or subtractive mechanisms and thus the roughness/form evolution over time. This is turn would allow better understanding of the effects these changes have on aerodynamic/ hydrodynamic efficiency and the population of stress raisers and distribution of residual stresses that result. These in turn influence fatigue strength and remaining useful life of the blade leading edge as well as inform maintenance/repair needs.
Conformation tuning of simple non-fused electron acceptors via oxygen and sulfur substitutions and its effects on photovoltaics
Authors: Yao Zhenghui , Li Yaokai , Li Shuixing , Shi Minmin , Chen Hongzheng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
By altering the number and position of oxygen and sulfur substitutions, four simple non-fused electron acceptors, PTO-4F, PDO-4F, PDS-4F and PTS-4F, were synthesized via feasible two-step reactions. These four acceptors serve as good molecular models to investigate the heteroatom effects on performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) based on their blends with typical polymer donor PBDB-T. The quantity of intramolecular noncovalent bonds, conformation of the molecules and performance of OSCs can be easily adjusted. Gradually increasing oxygen atoms could influence the intramolecular noncovalent (O⋯S, O⋯H) interactions, backbone planarity, film morphology, and electrical and photovoltaic properties significantly. When replacing O atoms with S atoms, the torsional angle of the backbone increases from 3.5° to 97° owing to the reduction of O⋯S attractive coulomb interaction and/or O⋯H hydrogen bonding interaction. With increasing oxygen atom numbers, the absorption is red-shifted gradually and the energy levels are lifted. As a result, the power conversion efficiency of the device increases from 4.06% (PTS-4F) to 6.81% (PTO-4F). This study provides helpful molecular design guideline for the optimization of simple non-fused acceptors and device performances by finely controlling the weak intramolecular noncovalent interactions and molecular conformations.
Improved description of atomic environments using low-cost polynomial functions with compact support
Authors: Bircher Martin P , Singraber Andreas , Dellago Christoph 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The prediction of chemical properties using machine learning techniques calls for a set of appropriate descriptors that accurately describe atomic and, on a larger scale, molecular environments. A mapping of conformational information on a space spanned by atom-centred symmetry functions (SF) has become a standard technique for energy and force predictions using high-dimensional neural network potentials (HDNNP). An appropriate choice of SFs is particularly crucial for accurate force predictions. Established atom-centred SFs, however, are limited in their flexibility, since their functional form restricts the angular domain that can be sampled without introducing problematic derivative discontinuities. Here, we introduce a class of atom-centred SFs based on polynomials with compact support called polynomial symmetry functions (PSF), which enable a free choice of both, the angular and the radial domain covered. We demonstrate that the accuracy of PSFs is either on par or considerably better than that of conventional, atom-centred SFs. In particular, a generic set of PSFs with an intuitive choice of the angular domain inspired by organic chemistry considerably improves prediction accuracy for organic molecules in the gaseous and liquid phase, with reductions in force prediction errors over a test set approaching 50% for certain systems. Contrary to established atom-centred SFs, computation of PSF does not involve any exponentials, and their intrinsic compact support supersedes use of separate cutoff functions, facilitating the choice of their free parameters. Most importantly, the number of floating point operations required to compute polynomial SFs introduced here is considerably lower than that of other state-of-the-art SFs, enabling their efficient implementation without the need of highly optimised code structures or caching, with speedups with respect to other state-of-the-art SFs reaching a factor of 4.5 to 5. This low-effort performance benefit substantially simplifies their use in new programs and emerging platforms such as graphical processing units. Overall, polynomial SFs with compact support improve accuracy of both, energy and force predictions with HDNNPs while enabling significant speedups compared to their well-established counterparts.
Defence against adversarial attacks using classical and quantum-enhanced Boltzmann machines
†
Authors: Kehoe Aidan , Wittek Peter , Xue Yanbo , Pozas-Kerstjens Alejandro 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We provide a robust defence to adversarial attacks on discriminative algorithms. Neural networks are naturally vulnerable to small, tailored perturbations in the input data that lead to wrong predictions. On the contrary, generative models attempt to learn the distribution underlying a dataset, making them inherently more robust to small perturbations. We use Boltzmann machines for discrimination purposes as attack-resistant classifiers, and compare them against standard state-of-the-art adversarial defences. We find improvements ranging from 5% to 72% against attacks with Boltzmann machines on the MNIST dataset. We furthermore complement the training with quantum-enhanced sampling from the D-Wave 2000Q annealer, finding results comparable with classical techniques and with marginal improvements in some cases. These results underline the relevance of probabilistic methods in constructing neural networks and highlight a novel scenario of practical relevance where quantum computers, even with limited hardware capabilities, could provide advantages over classical computers.
Anti-bias training for (sc)RNA-seq: experimental and computational approaches to improve precision
Authors: Davies Philip , Jones Matt , Liu Juntai , Hebenstreit Daniel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRNA-seq, including single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), is plagued by insufficient sensitivity and lack of precision. As a result, the full potential of (sc)RNA-seq is limited. Major factors in this respect are the presence of global bias in most datasets, which affects detection and quantitation of RNA in a length-dependent fashion. In particular, scRNA-seq is affected by technical noise and a high rate of dropouts, where the vast majority of original transcripts is not converted into sequencing reads. We discuss these biases origins and implications, bioinformatics approaches to correct for them, and how biases can be exploited to infer characteristics of the sample preparation process, which in turn can be used to improve library preparation.
Vascular health and diffusion properties of normal appearing white matter in midlife
Authors: Ingo Carson , Kurian Shawn , Higgins James , Mahinrad Simin , Jenkins Lisanne , Gorelick Philip , Lloyd-Jones Donald , Sorond Farzaneh 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this study, we perform a region of interest diffusion tensor imaging and advanced diffusion complexity analysis of normal appearing white matter to determine the impact of vascular health on these diffusivity metrics in midlife adults. 77 participants (26 black, 35 female) at year 30 visit in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults longitudinal study were scanned with an advanced diffusion-weighted imaging and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery protocol. Fractional anisotropy and non-linear diffusion complexity measures were estimated. Cumulative measures across 30 years (9 study visits) of systolic blood pressure, body mass index, glucose, smoking and cholesterol were calculated as the area under the curve from baseline up to year 30 examination. Partial correlation analyses assessed the association between cumulative vascular health measures and normal appearing white matter diffusion metrics in these participants. Midlife normal appearing white matter diffusion properties were significantly associated (P &lt; 0.05) with cumulative exposure to vascular risk factors from young adulthood over the 30-year time period. Higher cumulative systolic blood pressure exposure was associated with increased complexity and decreased fractional anisotropy. Higher cumulative body mass index exposure was associated with decreased fractional anisotropy. Additionally, in the normal appearing white matter of black participants (P &lt; 0.05), who exhibited a higher cumulative vascular risk exposure, fractional anisotropy was lower and complexity was higher in comparison to normal appearing white matter in white participants. Higher burden of vascular risk factor exposure from young adulthood to midlife is associated with changes in the diffusion properties of normal appearing white matter in midlife. These changes which may reflect axonal disruption, increased inflammation and/or increased glial proliferation, were primarily observed in both anterior and posterior normal appearing white matter regions of the corpus callosum. These results suggest that microstructural changes in normal appearing white matter are sensitive to vascular health during young adulthood and are possibly therapeutic targets in interventions focused on preserving white matter health across life.
Epigenetic predictors of lifestyle traits applied to the blood and brain
Authors: Gadd Danni A , Stevenson Anna J , Hillary Robert F , McCartney Daniel L , Wrobel Nicola , McCafferty Sarah , Murphy Lee , Russ Tom C , Harris Sarah E , Redmond Paul , Taylor Adele M , Smith Colin , Rose Jamie , Millar Tracey , Spires-Jones Tara L , Cox Simon R , Marioni Riccardo E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Modifiable lifestyle factors influence the risk of developing many neurological diseases. These factors have been extensively linked with blood-based genome-wide DNA methylation, but it is unclear if the signatures from blood translate to the target tissue of interest—the brain. To investigate this, we apply blood-derived epigenetic predictors of four lifestyle traits to genome-wide DNA methylation from five post-mortem brain regions and the last blood sample prior to death in 14 individuals in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Using these matched samples, we found that correlations between blood and brain DNA methylation scores for smoking, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alcohol and body mass index were highly variable across brain regions. Smoking scores in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex had the strongest correlations with smoking scores in blood (r = 0.5, n = 14, P = 0.07) and smoking behaviour (r = 0.56, n = 9, P = 0.12). This was also the brain region which exhibited the largest correlations for DNA methylation at site cg05575921 – the single strongest correlate of smoking in blood—in relation to blood (r = 0.61, n = 14, P = 0.02) and smoking behaviour (r = −0.65, n = 9, P = 0.06). This suggested a particular vulnerability to smoking-related differential methylation in this region. Our work contributes to understanding how lifestyle factors affect the brain and suggest that lifestyle-related DNA methylation is likely to be both brain region dependent and in many cases poorly proxied for by blood. Though these pilot data provide a rarely-available opportunity for the comparison of methylation patterns across multiple brain regions and the blood, due to the limited sample size available our results must be considered as preliminary and should therefore be used as a basis for further investigation.
Beyond diplomacy: making sense of foreign participation in the French wars of religion
Authors: van Tol Jonas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The French Wars of Religion, generally conceived as a series of civil wars, saw the participation of a wide range of different actors from outside the kingdom of France. Using the language of international relations, historians who have touched on this subject have tended to draw clear lines between the motives and experiences of French and foreign participants in the conflict. By studying Protestant German princes who became embroiled in the wars in France this article will demonstrate that actors from beyond the borders of the kingdom did not see themselves as outsiders interfering in its domestic affairs. Though ideas about sovereignty and nationhood were beginning to take shape, the princes viewed their role in France through the lens of the older system of patronage. These networks were essentially transnational and caused the German princes to become entangled in the same structures that shaped the political process inside France.
A transit timing variation observed for the long-period extremely low-density exoplanet HIP 41378 f
Authors: Bryant Edward M , Bayliss Daniel , Santerne Alexandre , Wheatley Peter J , Nascimbeni Valerio , Ducrot Elsa , Burdanov Artem , Acton Jack S , Alves Douglas R , Anderson David R , Armstrong David J , Awiphan Supachai , Cooke Benjamin F , Burleigh Matthew R , Casewell Sarah L , Delrez Laetitia , Demory Brice-Olivier , Eigmüller Philipp , Fukui Akihiko , Gan Tianjun , Gill Samuel , Gillon Michael , Goad Michael R , Tan Thiam-Guan , Günther Maximilian N , Hardee Bronwen , Henderson Beth A , Jehin Emmanuel , Jenkins James S , Kosiarek Molly , Lendl Monika , Moyano Maximiliano , Murray Catriona A , Narita Norio , Niraula Prajwal , Odden Caroline E , Palle Enric , Parviainen Hannu , Pedersen Peter P , Pozuelos Francisco J , V Rackham Benjamin , Sebastian Daniel , Stockdale Chris , Tilbrook Rosanna H , Thompson Samantha J , Triaud Amaury H M J , Udry Stéphane , Vines Jose I , West Richard G , de Wit Julien 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
HIP 41378 f is a temperate 9.2 ± 0.1 R⊕ planet with period of 542.08 d and an extremely low density of 0.09 ± 0.02 g cm−3. It transits the bright star HIP 41378 (V = 8.93), making it an exciting target for atmospheric characterization including transmission spectroscopy. HIP 41378 was monitored photometrically between the dates of 2019 November 19 and 28. We detected a transit of HIP 41378 f with NGTS, just the third transit ever detected for this planet, which confirms the orbital period. This is also the first ground-based detection of a transit of HIP 41378 f. Additional ground-based photometry was also obtained and used to constrain the time of the transit. The transit was measured to occur 1.50 h earlier than predicted. We use an analytic transit timing variation (TTV) model to show the observed TTV can be explained by interactions between HIP 41378 e and HIP 41378 f. Using our TTV model, we predict the epochs of future transits of HIP 41378 f, with derived transit centres of TC, 4 = $2459\,355.087^{+0.031}_{-0.022}$ (2021 May) and TC, 5 = $2459\,897.078^{+0.114}_{-0.060}$ (2022 November).
The Function of Timbre in Music (1966)
Authors: Adorno Theodor W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Adorno’s purpose in these lectures, presented at the Darmstadt International Summer Courses for New Music in the fall of 1966, was to address the relationship between what he called “sound” and “structure.” At the heart of his thinking is the notion of “structural instrumentation”—the ideal of organizing timbre in a manner commensurate to the compositional logic (Satz) of a given work. Following a historical survey of orchestration and instrumentation in the music of Bach, Viennese Classicism, and the New German School, Adorno turns at length to the “new music,” and above all the work of the Second Viennese School. Ending with a brief consideration of the experiments in Klangkomposition undertaken by composers such as Stockhausen and Ligeti, Adorno challenges the younger generation of composers who held court at Darmstadt by calling into question the equality of timbre with other musical parameters.
Human Resource Management in the Postsocialist Region of Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Morley Michael J. , Kohont Andrej , Poór József , Kazlauskaitė Rūta , Kabalina Veronika , Blštáková Jana 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors landscape key aspects of the historical and contemporary nature of human resource management in the postsocialist region of central and eastern Europe. The chapter commences with a background discussion of the evolution of human resource management in the region under three key periods, namely, the socialist period, the transition period, and the contemporary period. The chapter then turns to providing an account of a selected number of particular historical and contextual factors that account for some of the commonalities and differences exhibited in contemporary human resource management in the region. Chief among the factors identified are cultural determinants, variations in the control provisions that operated under socialism, the path to gradual Europeanization, the ownership structure in the economy, the shifting fortunes of trade unions, and the levels of managerial competence. Finally, drawing on three waves of Cranet data gathered between 2004/5 and 2014/15, the authors provide a summative account of selected aspects of organizational-level human resource management policy and practice in the region.
The Cultural Lens
Authors: Peretz Hilla , Knappert Lena 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the literature on the intersection of culture and human resource management. More specifically, the chapter discusses why and how culture accounts for variance in human resource management practices and their outcomes between organizations operating in diverse cultural contexts. To that end, the chapter first provides a summary of how culture is defined and measured and reviews seven established frameworks of culture. Next, the chapter reviews related studies conducted by members of the Cranfield Network on International Human Resource Management and other established scholars in the literature of cultural variance in human resource management practices (i.e., recruitment and selection, performance management and performance appraisal, training and development, compensation and benefits, flexible work arrangement, diversity management, and high-performance work systems) and their outcomes. The chapter concludes with practical implications for multinational corporations and domestic organizations and provides an overview of future research avenues in the field.
The Diversity Context of Human Resource Management
Authors: Kramar Robin , Jepsen Denise Mary 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the literature and theory on diversity, the diversity context, and diversity in human resource management. First, a four-stage model of the evolution of diversity management is presented, detailing the problem-specific, integrated, culture change and inclusive workplace stages of diversity management. Diversity management is shown to have demographic, economic, and political considerations because it focuses on managing individual differences. Second, models of diversity management processes are presented. Third, diversity theories and frameworks from strategic management through stakeholder approach, social categorization, social identity theory, and social capital theory are discussed. National- and international-level influences on diversity management, including the impact of religion, are discussed. Finally, data on recruitment action programs are presented to demonstrate the varied uptake of particular diversity practices in selected countries. Opportunities for further research are identified, implications for practice are highlighted, and conclusions are drawn.
The Profile of the Human Resource Management Director
Authors: Sender Anna , Staffelbach Bruno , Mayrhofer Wolfgang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The role of the human resource management (HRM) function has significantly evolved since the 1980s. Specifically, the HRM function has become more strategic, with the most senior human resource professional (the HRM director) often being an integral member of the top management team. The profile and competencies of the HRM director, however, are crucial in shaping the strategic role of HRM in organizations. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the role of contextual factors related to both external environment (e.g., national culture, industry) and internal environment (e.g., ownership, the role of the HR function, performance, employee turnover) for the profile of the HRM director. Using data from the Cranfield Network on International Human Resource Management study, the chapter demonstrates that significant differences in the profile of an HRM director in terms of education, experience, and gender exist across contexts. This study contributes to the HRM literature by empirically exploring the differences in the profile of the human resource director across contexts and elucidating reasons for these differences.
Critical Contextualized Studies of Human Resource Management
Authors: Bévort Frans , Holck Lotte , Mogensen Mette 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
How can we study human resource management (HRM) from a critical point of view, without losing the ability to inform practice with relevant insights and engage in the process of developing better organizations for a broad range of stakeholders? Mainstream HRM studies accept, without much reflection, that “best practice” HRM is what is best for management and owners. Critical management studies turns this point of view upside down and holds the view that HRM is always about the exploitation of the weaker stakeholders in organizations. Showing how a contextual view can be critical, this chapter discusses how it is possible to be critical and practically relevant at the same time, drawing on current debates on relevance within critical management studies, under the labels such as “critical performativity” and “Reconstructive reflexivity.” The chapter presents three critical, but equally constructive, analyses of HRM practices. The first addresses how institutional logics affects the practice of HRM professionals; the second presents alternatives to best practice diversity management; and the third examines a case of meditation practices as expressions of managerial control. The merits of the three ways to perform contextualized critical HRM studies are summed up and discussed, thus setting the scene for how to move forward in critical contextualized HRM scholarship.