bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Method for prediction of ship traffic behaviour and encounter frequency
Authors: Itoh Hiroko 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe design of new rules on seaways, such as traffic restrictions, requires determining the degree of improvement in marine traffic safety beforehand by considering the occurrence of new hazardous factors. This study proposes a method to predict the future traffic behaviour and ship encounter frequency (EF) with the introduction of a new traffic rule. First, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the factors affecting the EF. A method of predicting future traffic behaviour and EF is presented based on the analysis of changes in the traffic flow in an area with a temporal restriction. Results show that the method appropriately predicts the location and degree of the occurrence of encounters in the sea area. The proposed method contributes to the discussion of future traffic safety, when sailing in a specific area is restricted by new regulations, installations of new offshore wind farms and fishing reefs.
Elementary fibrations of enriched groupoids
Authors: Emmenegger Jacopo , Pasquali Fabio , Rosolini Giuseppe 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe present paper aims at stressing the importance of the Hofmann–Streicher groupoid model for Martin Löf Type Theory as a link with the first-order equality and its semantics via adjunctions. The groupoid model was introduced by Martin Hofmann in his Ph.D. thesis and later analysed in collaboration with Thomas Streicher. In this paper, after describing an algebraic weak factorisation system
$$\mathsf {L, R}$$
on the category
$${\cal C}-{\cal Gpd}$$
of
$${\cal C}$$
-enriched groupoids, we prove that its fibration of algebras is elementary (in the sense of Lawvere) and use this fact to produce the factorisation of diagonals for
$$\mathsf {L, R}$$
needed to interpret identity types.
Improved Arctic Sea Ice Freeboard Retrieval From Satellite Altimetry Using Optimized Sea Surface Decorrelation Scales
Authors: Landy Jack C. , Bouffard Jerome , Wilson Chris , Rynders Stefanie , Aksenov Yevgeny , Tsamados Michel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA growing number of studies are concluding that the resilience of the Arctic sea ice cover in a warming climate is essentially controlled by its thickness. Satellite radar and laser altimeters have allowed us to routinely monitor sea ice thickness across most of the Arctic Ocean for several decades. However, a key uncertainty remaining in the sea ice thickness retrieval is the error on the sea surface height (SSH) which is conventionally interpolated at ice floes from a limited number of lead observations along the altimeter's orbital track. Here, we use an objective mapping approach to determine sea surface height from all proximal lead samples located on the orbital track and from adjacent tracks within a neighborhood of 30–220 (mean 105) km. The patterns of the SSH signal's zonal, meridional, and temporal decorrelation length scales are obtained by analyzing the covariance of historic CryoSat‐2 Arctic lead observations, which match the scales obtained from an equivalent analysis of high‐resolution sea ice‐ocean model fields. We use these length scales to determine an optimal SSH and error estimate for each sea ice floe location. By exploiting leads from adjacent tracks, we can increase the sea ice radar freeboard precision estimated at orbital crossovers by up to 20%. In regions of high SSH uncertainty, biases in CryoSat‐2 radar freeboard can be reduced by 25% with respect to coincident airborne validation data. The new method is not restricted to a particular sensor or mode, so it can be generalized to all present and historic polar altimetry missions.
Local Time Dependence of Jupiter's Polar Auroral Emissions Observed by Juno UVS
Authors: Greathouse Thomas , Gladstone Randy , Versteeg Maarten , Hue Vincent , Kammer Joshua , Giles Rohini , Davis Michael , Bolton Scott , Levin Steven , Connerney John , Gérard Jean‐Claude , Grodent Denis , Bonfond Bertrand , Bunce Emma , Vogt Marissa F. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAuroral brightness and color ratio imagery, captured using the Juno mission's Ultraviolet Spectrograph, display intense emissions poleward of Jupiter's northern main emission, and these are split into two distinctly different spectral or “color ratio” regimes. The most poleward region, designated the “swirl region” by Grodent et al. (2003),https://doi.org/10.1029/2003ja010017, exhibits a high color ratio, while low color ratio emissions are found within the collar around the swirl region but still poleward of the main emission. We confirm the apparent strong magnetospheric local time control within the polar collar (Grodent et al., 2003,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003ja010017), with the dusk side bright “active region” emissions extending from ∼11 to 22 hr of magnetospheric local time. These bright emissions dim by at least an order of magnitude between ∼0 and 11 hr magnetospheric local time, in the midnight to dawn side “dark region.” This magnetospheric local time structure holds true even when the entire northern oval is located on the night side of the planet (in ionospheric local time), a geometry unstudied prior to Juno, as it is unobservable from Earth. The swirl region brightens at ionospheric dawn (∼5–7 ionospheric local time) and diminishes or completely disappears at ionospheric local times of ∼20–22 hr. Finally, the southern auroral polar emissions appear to share all of the local time dependencies of its northern counterpart, but at a reduced intensity.
Nitrogen‐Induced Changes in Carbon Fluxes Are Modulated by Water Availability in a Temperate Grassland
Authors: Guo Qun , Hu Zhongmin , Li Shenggong , Hao Yapeng , Liang Naishen , Bai Wenming , Zhang Shu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCarbon fluxes of grasslands could be deeply affected by nitrogen (N) enrichment, however, it remains unclear how other factors modulate the N‐induced changes in carbon fluxes and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we quantified the effects of N addition on net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and its two components (gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Re)), and how water availability modulates these effects in a temperate grassland, China. We found that N enrichment significantly increased foliar N content of grasses (related to a higher photosynthetic rate), leading to higher aboveground biomass (AGB) and therefore vegetation cover, implying higher photosynthetic leaf area. AGB was further enhanced as root: shoot ratio tended to be reduced by N‐addition. Consequently, GPP was significantly stimulated by N‐addition. Re insignificantly increased with N addition. With N‐induced larger increase of GPP and little change of Re, NEE, which is negative when an ecosystem sequestrates more carbon than it releases to the atmosphere, became more negative. Due to a significant sharper versus a relatively gentler N‐induced increase with increasing water availability for GPP and Re, respectively, the N‐induced reduction of NEE distinctly increased linearly with increasing water availability. The enlarged N‐induced stimulation of GPP and thus NEE at ample water conditions is mainly associated with luxuriant growth of grasses who got extra increase of foliar N content, AGB, and decrease of root: shoot ratio. Our findings facilitate an advanced understanding of carbon fluxes responding to climate change and provide knowledge for management in grassland ecosystems.
Geodynamics of East Anatolia‐Caucasus Domain: Inferences From 3D Thermo‐Mechanical Models, Residual Topography, and Admittance Function Analyses
Authors: Şengül Uluocak Ebru , Göğüş Oğuz H. , Pysklywec Russell N. , Chen Bo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe investigate anomalous topography in the Anatolia‐Caucasus domain of the Arabian‐Eurasian plate convergence zone. To achieve this aim, we use three‐dimensional (3D) geodynamic modeling in addition to analyses of the non‐isostatic components of surface topography based on residual topography and free‐air gravity admittance functions. The numerical experiments are based on two different temperature models obtained from P‐wave tomography data that are sensitive respectively to large and small‐scale variations of upper mantle structures. Our results suggest a long‐wavelength convective support of topography, which is in general agreement with the uncompensated pattern of residual topography and free‐air admittance values, as well as previous modeling studies. At shorter wavelengths, we provide new constraints on the regional dynamic processes related to 3D variations of the upper mantle flow vectors and associated surface deflections. Positive dynamic topography is found over the East Anatolian Plateau (∼400 m to ∼1.2 km) that is consistent with inferred lithospheric thinning processes pertinent to the tectonic evolution of the Tethyan orogenic system. We further show dynamic topography in the plateau (≥500 m) that may account for extensional tectonics in the Lake Van region interpreted from local kinematic and geophysical studies. In conjunction with the observations, negative anomaly patterns are estimated in the western part of the Black Sea (∼−2 km), the eastern Pontides arc (∼−200 m), and the northeast Arabian Plate (∼−1 to −2.3 km). Our model results also suggest a link between large‐scale mantle flow and SW‐NE‐directed general pattern of the SKS‐based anisotropy beneath the region.
Müller glial responses compensate for degenerating photoreceptors in retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Tomita Yohei , Qiu Chenxi , Bull Edward , Allen William , Kotoda Yumi , Talukdar Saswata , Smith Lois E. H. , Fu Zhongjie 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPhotoreceptor degeneration caused by genetic defects leads to retinitis pigmentosa, a rare disease typically diagnosed in adolescents and young adults. In most cases, rod loss occurs first, followed by cone loss as well as altered function in cells connected to photoreceptors directly or indirectly. There remains a gap in our understanding of retinal cellular responses to photoreceptor abnormalities. Here, we utilized single-cell transcriptomics to investigate cellular responses in each major retinal cell type in retinitis pigmentosa model (P23H) mice vs. wild-type littermate mice. We found a significant decrease in the expression of genes associated with phototransduction, the inner/outer segment, photoreceptor cell cilium, and photoreceptor development in both rod and cone clusters, in line with the structural changes seen with immunohistochemistry. Accompanying this loss was a significant decrease in the expression of genes involved in metabolic pathways and energy production in both rods and cones. We found that in the Müller glia/astrocyte cluster, there was a significant increase in gene expression in pathways involving photoreceptor maintenance, while concomitant decreases were observed in rods and cones. Additionally, the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial localization and transport was increased in the Müller glia/astrocyte cluster. The Müller glial compensatory increase in the expression of genes downregulated in photoreceptors suggests that Müller glia adapt their transcriptome to support photoreceptors and could be thought of as general therapeutic targets to protect against retinal degeneration.
Hypertension-mediated organ damage and established cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension: the China Hypertension Survey, 2012–2015
Authors: Wang Xin , Hao Guang , Chen Lu , Yang Ying , Zhou Haoqi , Kang Yuting , Shaver Lance , Chen Zuo , Zheng Congyi , Zhang Linfeng , Li Suning , Wang Zengwu , Gao Runlin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHypertension is a major health burden worldwide. However, there is limited data on the status of hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD) and established cardiovascular (CV) disease in Chinese hypertensive patients. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of HMOD and established CV disease in a nationally representative population in China. A stratified multistage random sampling method was used in the China Hypertension Survey and 21,243 participants aged 35 or older were eligible for analysis in this study. For each participant, the demographic information and a self-reported medical history were acquired. Blood pressure was measured with the electronic device 3 times on the right arm, supported at heart level, after the participant was sitting at rest for 5 min. Samples of blood and urine were tested. 2-D and Doppler echocardiography were used to assess the heart’s function and structures. Sampling weights were calculated based on the 2010 China population census data. Overall, the weighted prevalence of asymptomatic HMOD was 22.1%, 28.9%, 23.1%, 6.4%, and 6.2% for wide pulse pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, microalbuminuria, chronic kidney disease, and abnormal ankle-brachial index, respectively. For the established CV disease, the weighted prevalence was 1.8%, 1.3%, 2.0%, and 1.1% for stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation, respectively. The prevalence of asymptomatic HMOD and established CV disease was greater with higher blood pressure level (P < 0.05), rather than ankle-brachial index. Compared to those with uncontrolled hypertension, the prevalence of asymptomatic HMOD was lower in patients with controlled hypertension. In summary, the prevalence of HMOD in Chinese people aged 35 or older was very common, indicating a substantial future burden of both morbidity and mortality from hypertension in China. Clinical trial registration number: ChiCTR-ECS-14004641.
Child abuse associates with increased recruitment of perineuronal nets in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex: a possible implication of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
Authors: Tanti Arnaud , Belliveau Claudia , Nagy Corina , Maitra Malosree , Denux Fanny , Perlman Kelly , Chen Frank , Mpai Refilwe , Canonne Candice , Théberge Stéphanie , McFarquhar Ashley , Davoli Maria Antonietta , Belzung Catherine , Turecki Gustavo , Mechawar Naguib 
Published: November 2021

AbstractChild abuse (CA) is a strong predictor of psychopathologies and suicide, altering normal trajectories of brain development in areas closely linked to emotional responses such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Yet, the cellular underpinnings of these enduring effects are unclear. Childhood and adolescence are marked by the protracted formation of perineuronal nets (PNNs), which orchestrate the closure of developmental windows of cortical plasticity by regulating the functional integration of parvalbumin interneurons into neuronal circuits. Using well-characterized post-mortem brain samples, we show that a history of CA is specifically associated with increased densities and morphological complexity of WFL-labeled PNNs in the ventromedial PFC (BA11/12), possibly suggesting increased recruitment and maturation of PNNs. Through single-nucleus sequencing and fluorescent in situ hybridization, we found that the expression of canonical components of PNNs is enriched in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), and that they are upregulated in CA victims. These correlational findings suggest that early-life adversity may lead to persistent patterns of maladaptive behaviors by reducing the neuroplasticity of cortical circuits through the enhancement of developmental OPC-mediated PNN formation.
Deficient neurotransmitter systems and synaptic function in frontotemporal lobar degeneration—Insights into disease mechanisms and current therapeutic approaches
Authors: Huber Nadine , Korhonen Sonja , Hoffmann Dorit , Leskelä Stina , Rostalski Hannah , Remes Anne M. , Honkakoski Paavo , Solje Eino , Haapasalo Annakaisa 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFrontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) comprises a heterogenous group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases and, to date, no validated diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers or effective disease-modifying therapies exist for the different clinical or genetic subtypes of FTLD. Current treatment strategies rely on the off-label use of medications for symptomatic treatment. Changes in several neurotransmitter systems including the glutamatergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems have been reported in FTLD spectrum disease patients. Many FTLD-related clinical and neuropsychiatric symptoms such as aggressive and compulsive behaviour, agitation, as well as altered eating habits and hyperorality can be explained by disturbances in these neurotransmitter systems, suggesting that their targeting might possibly offer new therapeutic options for treating patients with FTLD. This review summarizes the present knowledge on neurotransmitter system deficits and synaptic dysfunction in model systems and patients harbouring the most common genetic causes of FTLD, the hexanucleotide repeat expansion inC9orf72and mutations in the granulin (GRN)and microtubule-associated protein tau(MAPT)genes. We also describe the current pharmacological treatment options for FLTD that target different neurotransmitter systems.
Randomized controlled experimental study of hydrocortisone and D-cycloserine effects on fear extinction in PTSD
Authors: Inslicht Sabra S. , Niles Andrea N. , Metzler Thomas J. , Lipshitz Sa’ar L. , Otte Christian , Milad Mohammed R. , Orr Scott P. , Marmar Charles R. , Neylan Thomas C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFear extinction underlies prolonged exposure, one of the most well-studied treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There has been increased interest in exploring pharmacological agents to enhance fear extinction learning in humans and their potential as adjuncts to PE. The objective of such adjuncts is to augment the clinical impact of PE on the durability and magnitude of symptom reduction. In this study, we examined whether hydrocortisone (HC), a corticosteroid, and D-Cycloserine (DCS), an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor partial agonist, enhance fear extinction learning and consolidation in individuals with PTSD. In a double-blind placebo-controlled 3-group experimental design, 90 individuals with full or subsyndromal PTSD underwent fear conditioning with stimuli that were paired (CS+) or unpaired (CS−) with shock. Extinction learning occurred 72 h later and extinction retention was tested one week after extinction. HC 25 mg, DCS 50 mg or placebo was administered one hour prior to extinction learning. During extinction learning, the DCS and HC groups showed a reduced differential CS+/CS− skin conductance response (SCR) compared to placebo (b = −0.19, CI = −0.01 to −37, p = 0.042 and b = −0.25, CI = −08 to −0.43, p = 0.005, respectively). A nonsignificant trend for a lower differential CS+/CS− SCR in the DCS group, compared to placebo, (b = −0.25, CI = 0.04 to −0.55, p = 0.089) was observed at retention testing, one week later. A single dose of HC and DCS facilitated fear extinction learning in participants with PTSD symptoms. While clinical implications have yet to be determined, our findings suggest that glucocorticoids and NMDA agonists hold promise for facilitating extinction learning in PTSD.
Autophagy regulates the cancer stem cell phenotype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through the noncanonical FOXO3/SOX2 axis
Authors: Chen Yang , Zhao Hui , Liang Weilian , Jiang Erhui , Zhou Xiaocheng , Shao Zhe , Liu Ke , Shang Zhengjun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAutophagy is an essential catabolic process that orchestrates cellular homeostasis and plays dual roles in tumor promotion and suppression. However, the mechanism by which autophagy affects the self-renewal of cancer stem cells (CSCs) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether autophagy activation contributes to CSC properties of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The results showed that the autophagy level and CSC properties of HNSCC cells were elevated in response to several adverse conditions, including treatment with cisplatin, starvation, and hypoxia. Pretreatment with autophagy inhibitors, such as 3-MA and chloroquine, diminished the CSC properties acquired under adverse conditions. In addition, the isolated CSCs were endowed with stronger autophagic activity than non-CSCs, and the CSC properties were dampened when autophagy was inhibited either by 3-MA, chloroquine, or Beclin1 knockdown. Notably, the tumor-initiating activity of CSCs was decreased upon knocking down Beclin1. Further study revealed that FOXO3, a substrate for autophagy, was enriched in the nucleus of cells with lower autophagy levels. Nuclear FOXO3 directly bound to the promoter region of SOX2 and negatively regulated its transcriptional activity. Overexpression of FOXO3 decreased the expression of SOX2 and thereby impaired the CSC phenotype both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest that the activation of autophagy is essential for the acquisition of CSC properties in adverse conditions and the self-renewal of CSCs. We clarify the role of autophagy in regulating the CSC phenotype and demonstrate that the noncanonical FOXO3/SOX2 axis is the intrinsic regulatory mechanism.
Modeling the crystallization kinetics of polymers displaying high levels of secondary crystallization
Authors: Kelly Catherine A. , Jenkins Mike J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe isothermal crystallization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) was evaluated using a range of models, namely, Avrami, simplified Hillier, Tobin, Malkin, Urbanovici–Segal, Velisaris–Seferis, and Hay. Two methods of model evaluation were used: determination of the parameters through traditional double log plots and curve fitting via nonlinear, multivariable regression. Visual inspection of the cumulative crystallization curves, calculation of the R2 value and standard error of the regression, and evaluation of the returned parameters were used to assess which model best describes the experimental data. The Hay model was found to generate the best fit, closely followed by the Velisaris–Seferis parallel model, suggesting that primary and secondary crystallization occur concurrently. The Avrami, Malkin, and Tobin models were found to perform well when the data is restricted to the region where primary crystallization dominates; however, they could not be used to successfully model the entire crystallization process. This work highlights the importance of selecting the most appropriate model for analyzing kinetics, especially when high levels of lamellar thickening and infilling occur during crystallization.
Trajectory patterns for continuous metabolic syndrome score in childhood and the cardiovascular risk in adolescence
Authors: Choi Eun Jeong , Lee Hye Ah , Park Bomi , Park Bohyun , Kim Hae Soon , Hong Young Sun , Park Hyesook 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe explored the association between the trajectory of the continuous metabolic syndrome score (cMetS) in childhood with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), which are known to increase cardiovascular disease risk in adolescence. The trajectory of cMetS in childhood (from 3 to 12 years of age) was identified in 833 children who participated in the Ewha Birth and Growth Study. The associations between cMetS and hs-CRP and CIMT were analyzed in 204 out of 833 children who participated in the follow-up at 13–15 years of age and measured hs-CRP and CIMT. Among the 833 children, three groups were classified: cMetS maintained at a low level (n = 198, 23.77%), middle level (n = 530, 63.63%), and at high levels (n = 105, 12.61%). The group with a stable-high cMetS trajectory showed significantly higher hs-CRP levels, and the statistical significance was maintained after adjusting for covariates. This study found that a consistently high cMetS in childhood was significantly associated with higher hs-CRP levels in adolescents, suggesting that it is necessary to intervene in metabolic risk factors early in life to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease later in life.