bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Cultures through the Scientific Lens
Authors: Boyer Pascal 
Published: July 2021

This volume brings together a collection of seven articles previously published by the author, with a new introduction reframing the articles in the context of past and present questions in anthropology, psychology and human evolution. It promotes the perspective of ‘integrated’ social science, in which social science questions are addressed in a deliberately eclectic manner, combining results and models from evolutionary biology, experimental psychology, economics, anthropology and history. It thus constitutes a welcome contribution to a gradually emerging approach to social science based on E. O. Wilson’s concept of ‘consilience’.
Human Cultures through the Scientific Lens spans a wide range of topics, from an examination of ritual behaviour, integrating neuro-science, ethology and anthropology to explain why humans engage in ritual actions (both cultural and individual), to the motivation of conflicts between groups. As such, the collection gives readers a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the applications of an evolutionary paradigm in the social sciences.
This volume will be a useful resource for scholars and students in the social sciences (particularly psychology, anthropology, evolutionary biology and the political sciences), as well as a general readership interested in the social sciences.
Global Oceanic Overturning Circulation Forced by the Competition between Greenhouse Gases and Continental Ice Sheets during the Last Deglaciation
Authors: Zhu Chenyu , Liu Zhengyu , Zhang Shaoqing , Wu Lixin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe deglacial change of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~21 ka) has been studied extensively in both reconstructions and model simulations. While reconstructions suggest a shoaling of AMOC at the LGM, the strength of glacial AMOC relative to the modern day remains highly uncertain in both reconstructions and models. Using transient simulations of climate evolution forced by individual deglacial forcings since the LGM, this study shows that the uncertainties in glacial AMOC intensity can be caused by a competition between the elevated glacial Northern Hemisphere (NH) ice sheets and the reduced glacial greenhouse gases, in which the former tend to strengthen the AMOC while the latter play an opposite role. In spite of the dramatic difference of climate between the LGM and the present, the cancellation between the impacts of the two forcings leaves the strength of the glacial AMOC not too different from the modern day (0.5 Sv stronger in our study; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). Furthermore, consistent with theoretical analysis, the response of the AMOC return flow to either forcing is predominantly compensated by an interbasin exchange between the Indo-Pacific (including the Indo-Pacific sector of Southern Ocean) and Atlantic via the Agulhas Current.
The Life Cycle of a Stationary Cloud Cluster during the Indian Summer Monsoon: A Microphysical Investigation Using Polarimetric C-Band Radar
Authors: Samanta Soumya , Murugavel P. , Gurnule Dinesh , Rao Y. Jaya , Vivekanandan Jothiram , Prabha Thara V. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Multiplatform observations of the life cycle of a tropical continental mesoscale cloud cluster (CC) during the Indian summer monsoon, which contributed more than ~70 mm of rainfall over the arid peninsular Indian region, are presented in this study. The CC was characterized by a deep warm cloud layer with isolated convective cells in the initiation phase, merging of several deep cumulus clouds (~6 km) during the mature phase, growing up to ~15 km with mixed-phase and ice-phase cloud microphysical processes. Throughout the life cycle of the CC, polarimetric radar analyses revealed size sorting of falling raindrops, growth of dendritic particles, riming, aggregation, the occurrence of a saggy bright band, etc. The formation of big raindrops is observed during the initial convective rain, associated with the melting of hail. The stratiform counterpart is primarily associated with aggregates, ice crystals, and melting snow, resulting in surface rainfall. Aggregates are found to be the spatially dominant hydrometeor followed by ice crystals. The presence of vertically oriented ice crystals indicates active cloud electrification processes during the spatial aggregation of convective clouds. The dominant microphysical processes and precipitation pathways are illustrated. The study forms a benchmark case for model intercomparisons and evaluations.
Comparing and Combining Deterministic Surface Temperature Postprocessing Methods over the United States
Authors: Hamill Thomas M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCommon methods for the postprocessing of deterministic 2-m temperature (T2m) forecasts over the United States were evaluated from +12- to +120-h lead. Forecast data were extracted from the Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) v12 reforecast dataset and thinned to a ½° grid. Analyzed data from the European Centre/Copernicus reanalysis (ERA5) were used for training and validation. Data from the 2000–18 period were used for training, and 2019 forecasts were validated. The postprocessing methods compared were the raw forecast guidance, a decaying-average bias correction (DAV), quantile mapping (QM), a univariate model output statistics (uMOS) algorithm, and a multivariate (mvMOS) algorithm. The mvMOS algorithm used the raw forecast temperature, the DAV adjustment, and the QM adjustment as predictors. Forecasts from all the postprocessing methods reduced the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and bias relative to the raw guidance. QM produced forecasts with slightly higher error than DAV. DAV estimates were the most consistent from day to day. The uMOS and mvMOS algorithms produced statistically significant lower RMSEs than DAV at forecast leads longer than 1 day, with mvMOS exhibiting the lowest error. Taylor diagrams showed that the MOS methods reduced the variability of the forecasts while improving forecast-analyzed correlations. QM and DAV modified the distribution of forecasts to more closely exhibit those of the analyzed data. A main conclusion is that the judicious statistical combination of guidance from multiple postprocessing methods is capable of producing forecasts with improved error statistics relative to any one individual technique. As each method applied here is algorithmically relatively simple, this suggests that operational deterministic postprocessing combining multiple correction methods could produce improved T2m guidance.
Tumor-Related and Patient-Related Variables Affecting Length of Hospital Stay Following Vestibular Schwannoma Microsurgery
Authors: Almosnino Galit , Sikora Matt J. , Farrokhi Farrokh R. , Schwartz Seth R. , Zeitler Daniel M. 
Published: July 2021

Objective: Review a single institution’s vestibular schwannoma (VS) microsurgery experience to determine (1) correlations between demographics, comorbidities, and/or surgical approach on hospital length of stay (LOS) and discharge disposition and (2) trends in surgical approach over time. Methods: Retrospective case series from a multidisciplinary skull base program at a tertiary care, academic hospital. All adult (>18 years) patients undergoing primary microsurgery for VS between 2008 and 2018 were included. Results: A total of 147 subjects were identified. Surgical approach was split between middle fossa (MF) (16%), retrosigmoid (RS) (35%), and translabyrinthine (TL) (49%) craniotomies. For the 8% of patients had other than routine (OTR) discharge. Mean LOS was significantly longer for patients undergoing RS than either MF or TL. Brainstem compression by the tumor was associated with longer LOS as were diagnoses of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and peripheral vascular disease (PVD). For all discharges, the 40 to 50- and 50 to 60-year-old subgroups had significantly shorter LOS than the 70-years-and-older patients. For the 92% of patients routinely discharged, there was a significantly shorter LOS in the 40 to 50-year-olds compared to the 70-years-and-older patients. There was a significant shift in surgical approach from RS to TL over the study period. Conclusion: Over 90% of VS microsurgery patients were routinely discharged with a median hospital LOS of 3.2 days, both of which are consistent with published data. There is an inverse relationship between age and LOS with patients older than 70 years having significantly longer LOS. Brainstem compression, COPD, PVD, and the RS approach negatively affect LOS. Level of Evidence 4
Uninterpretable cerebrospinal fluid absorbance scans caused by antibiotic therapy
Authors: Miller Jan 
Published: July 2021

Background The revised national guidelines for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for bilirubin in suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage (UK) provide an objective means of assessing cerebrospinal fluid samples to determine the risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage. The guidelines are intended for general use, but samples rendered uninterpretable due to the presence of the antibiotic doxycycline have been described. Here, further cases of antibiotic-based interference, and their implications, are presented. Methods An archival search of cerebrospinal fluid spectra performed at Hallands County Hospital Halmstad was performed for the years 2011 and 2016–2019 in an attempt to locate instances of interference. Each case of suspected interference was further investigated with in vitro reproduction experiments as a means of confirmation and assessment of potential clinical impact. Results A total of 10 cases of cerebrospinal fluid curve interference were discovered: six due to doxycycline, three due to metronidazole and one due to tetracycline. Interference caused by the tetracycline class was revealed through in vitro experimentation to cause an apparent decrease in the sample’s net bilirubin absorbance; the presence of xanthochromia on visual inspection was, however, conserved. Conclusions The problem of cerebrospinal fluid absorbance curve interference might be more common than previously suspected. Due to the potential net bilirubin absorbance-lowering effect of tetracyclines, the author recommends visual examination of cerebrospinal fluid samples in every case.
Identifying mislabelled samples: Machine learning models exceed human performance
Authors: Farrell Christopher-John 
Published: July 2021

Background It is difficult for clinical laboratories to identify samples that are labelled with the details of an incorrect patient. Many laboratories screen for these errors with delta checks, with final decision-making based on manual review of results by laboratory staff. Machine learning models have been shown to outperform delta checks for identifying these errors. However, a comparison of machine learning models to human-level performance has not yet been made. Methods Deidentified data for current and previous (within seven days) electrolytes, urea and creatinine results was used in the computer simulation of mislabelled samples. Eight different machine learning models were developed on 127,256 sets of results using different algorithms: artificial neural network, extreme gradient boosting, support vector machine, random forest, logistic regression, k-nearest neighbours and two decision trees (one complex and one simple). A separate test data-set ( n = 14,140) was used to evaluate the performance of these models as well as laboratory staff volunteers, who manually reviewed a random subset of this data ( n = 500). Results The best performing machine learning model was the artificial neural network (92.1% accuracy), with the simple decision tree demonstrating the poorest accuracy (86.5%). The accuracy of laboratory staff for identifying mislabelled samples was 77.8%. Conclusions The results of this preliminary investigation suggest that even relatively simple machine learning models can exceed human performance for identifying mislabelled samples. Machine learning techniques should be considered for implementation in clinical laboratories to assist with error identification.
Progress in Latin America: Farewell to Modernity?
Authors: da Silva Sidney Reinaldo 
Published: July 2021

Progress marks a way of understanding Latin America in terms of what it lacks, what it should be yearning for and seeking. Historically, the idea of progress served to legitimate the region’s submission to a world order marked by colonial capitalist and imperialist rule. Comparison of the modern ideal of progress with developmentalism, particularly as defined by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, and criticism of “progress” as legitimation arising out of the intersection of postdevelopmentalist thought with the ideology of Good Living shows that the idea continues to haunt the postcolonial pursuit of a free Latin America. O progresso baliza uma forma de abordagem da América Latina pela falta, pelo o que ela deve ansiar e buscar. Historicamente, a ideia de progresso passou a legitimar a submissão da região a uma ordem mundial marcada pelo domínio capitalista colonial e imperialista. Frente ao ideário moderno de progresso, as formas tomadas pelo desenvolvimentismo, marcadamente no âmbito das orientaçãoes da Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe, e as críticas ao progresso como legitimação surgidas no bojo do entrecruzamento do pensamento pós-desenvolvimentista com o ideário do Bem Viver mostram que a ideia de progresso se mantém como um fantasma perante abordagens pós-coloniais das possibilidades de livre desabrochamento latino-americano.
Application of Single-Case Research Designs in Undergraduate Student Reports: An Example From Wellbeing Science
Authors: Kemp Andrew H. , Fisher Zoe 
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Psychological science is undergoing a period of change and transformation. Statement of the Problem: The crisis in confidence over psychological science has led to an emphasis on larger and larger sample sizes, sustaining an unfortunate neglect of single-subject research designs in undergraduate education. Literature Review: We identified several excellent articles advocating for the benefits of single-subject and small N designs over group-based research designs, yet single-case designs are seldom taught at undergraduate level. Teaching Implications: Teachers of psychology are provided with resources for implementing training in single-case research designs at undergraduate level, enabling students to draw objective conclusions in an N-of-1 research report. We do this using an example from a recently developed module on wellbeing science. Conclusion: Embedding an underused methodological approach for determining objective change in single individuals into undergraduate psychology curricula will help to develop practical skills applicable to many roles in the discipline of psychology, the healthcare sector and the quantified-self community.
COVID-19 and Parental Burnout: Parents Locked Down but Not More Exhausted
Authors: Le Vigouroux Sarah , Lebert-Charron Astrid , Wendland Jaqueline , Boujut Emilie , Scola Céline , Dorard Géraldine 
Published: July 2021

Lockdowns put in place in response to the COVID-19 health crisis have changed daily functioning for families and potentially the emotional experience of individuals in their parenting role. Our study aimed to highlight the importance of the environmental consequences associated with lockdowns on parental burnout. We compared data on parental burnout levels from two French samples: the first collected in 2018 ( N = 1332) and the second collected during the last month of lockdown ( N = 522). Our results show that parents included during the lockdown period reported significantly, but slightly, higher saturation (a dimension of the parental burnout construct) than parents included 2 years earlier. However, the number of children per age group, maintaining employment, and having to provide schooling at home are not variables that explain differences in the level of parental burnout between our two samples. Our results are discussed with regard to the risk factors identified and the French context.
Why Do People Live or Die? A Retrospective Study from a Crisis Intervention Clinic in North India
Authors: Beniwal Ram Pratap , Shrivastava Manohar Kant , Gupta Varsha , Sharma Vikas , Sharma Satyam , Kumari Sunita , Bhatia Triptish , Deshpande Smita N. 
Published: July 2021

Background: Suicide results from complex interactions of various risk factors—reasons for dying (RFD)—and protective factors—reasons for living (RFL). Suicide is not necessarily a wish to die but may be an appeal for help. We analyzed RFD and RFL in persons who had attempted suicide, through their clinical records at a Crisis Intervention Clinic (CIC). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed demographic and clinical data, and classified RFD and RFL, among patients with either ideas or attempt of suicide registered at our CIC ( N = 83). Using two open-ended questions from the clinical history data, we derived their RFD or RFL; ( n = 53) completed these questions regarding RFD-RFL. Results: In the total sample, males and females were equally represented and educated, but males were significantly older. Most common diagnosis was nonpsychotic mood disorder. Commonest mode of suicide attempt was hanging. Family conflict vs. family responsibility, hope vs. hopelessness, stressful life events, and negative cognitions about the self and the world were important RFD. RFL included feeling responsible, love for family and for self, hope, career success, and religious beliefs, Conclusion: RFD and RFL could both be grouped in similar categories related to family, career, hope, etc.
Use of three-dimensional–printed custom-made prosthesis to treat unicondylar femoral defect secondary to pathological fracture caused by giant cell tumor
Authors: Ji Yuqing , Wu Yuxian , Li Jianmin 
Published: July 2021

Objective To evaluate the short-term effectiveness of using a three-dimensional (3D)-printed custom-made prosthesis to repair unicondylar femoral defects. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 26 patients with a primary pathological fracture of the distal femur caused by a giant cell tumor. All patients had unicondylar defects involving the articular surface. Twelve patients were treated with a 3D-printed custom-made prosthesis to repair the unicondylar defect (3D-printed group). The other 14 patients were treated with total knee replacement (TKR group). The operation time, blood loss, Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score, range of motion, local recurrence, and complications were statistically compared. Results The operation time was significantly shorter and the blood loss was significantly less in the 3D-printed group than in the TKR group. The Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scores were significantly higher in the 3D-printed group than in the TKR group from 3 to 24 months postoperatively. The range of motion was significantly better in the 3D-printed group than in the TKR group at 6 and 9 months postoperatively. Conclusions 3D-printed custom-made prostheses provide better short-term functional results than does TKR.
Changes in Nutritional Status and Morbidities Among Children Having Severe Acute Malnutrition Attending a Nutrition Follow-Up Unit in Bangladesh Who Did Not Receive Any Food Supplementation
Authors: Hossain Md Iqbal , Huq Sayeeda , Ahmed Tahmeed 
Published: July 2021

Background: The problem of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) among < 5 years old (U-5) children in Bangladesh is awful with higher risk of death or morbidities. However, there is no nationwide program where these children are managed with take-home therapeutic/supplementary food as recommended by World Health Organization. Objective: This study aimed to identify the changes in nutritional status and morbidities over 3 months of U-5 children having severe wasting (ie, SAM) whose parents refused to admit their children in the residential nutrition rehabilitation unit of the Dhaka Hospital of icddr, b (an international health research Institute based in Dhaka, Bangladesh), and instead attended the nutrition follow-up unit (NFU), and thus did not receive any food supplementation during nutritional rehabilitation. Methods: At the NFU, these SAM children on every visit (fortnightly to monthly) received health and nutrition education, multivitamins, zinc and iron supplements, and treatment of illnesses if any. Results: During the study period, a total 180 U-5 SAM children came regularly for NFU visit for at least 3 months, and they comprised our study sample. Their age at first NFU visit (baseline) was 13.4 ± 7.8 months and 46% were female. Over these 3 month follow-up period, the rate of weight gain was 2.2 ± 1.9 g/kg/d, change in mid upper arm circumference was from 105 to 115 mm, and change in weight-for-length or weight-for-height z-score was from −2.70 ± 0.94 to −1.95 ± 1.00. During the prior 14 days to the 4 NFU follow-up visit, 13.6% to 22.8% had common cold and/or cough, and 12.2% to 15.1% had pneumonia. Conclusion: Because the rate of weight gain was far below the expected ∼5 g/kg/d, the NFU visits without food supplementation are insufficient in terms of catchup growth. Thus, additional efforts are required to improve the management of these SAM children for their catchup growth.
Is China Imperialist? Economy, State, and Insertion in the Global System
Authors: Li Zhongjin , Kotz David M. 
Published: July 2021

According to Marxist theory, imperialism is not a policy pursued by certain states, but rather a structural relation emerging from the dynamics of some modes of production. In the capitalist era the profit and accumulation drive underlies the establishment of imperialist relations. This paper applies historical materialism to analyze the political-economic system in China today to determine the forces that have shaped China’s insertion into the global system. We present evidence that China’s role in other parts of the world does not fit the Marxist concept of imperialism. We argue that the nonimperialist character of China’s external relations stems from China’s particular political economy. JEL Classification: F54, O53, P52
Castoriadis on the being of human: An elucidation of creation ex nihilo
Authors: Heap Jodie Lee 
Published: July 2021

Taking inspiration from the vast breadth of Castoriadis’ oeuvre, this article provides an ongoing elucidation of the being of human as creation ex nihilo. It does so by engaging with Castoriadis’ reflections on the vis formandi pertaining to the human condition and his tentative introduction to the concept of the ‘ human Nonconscious’. Across many of his essays, Castoriadis refers to the vis formandi of the being of human as an ‘a-causal’ and as a corporeal power of formation and of creation. Associated with the defunctionalized and the corporeal dimensions of the radical imagination, these two domains of formation and of creation are, for Castoriadis, fundamental to the ontology of the being of human. By exploring Castoriadis’ theoretical and practical reflections on the vis formandi of the being of human and the role he accords the two dimensions of the radical imagination, this article offers a new mode of thinking about the being of human as creation ex nihilo – one that addresses the mind body divide by proposing that the human Nonconscious can be envisaged as the dominion of the embodied imagination.