bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of accretion disc reflection spectra due to a Type I X-ray burst
Authors: Speicher J , Ballantyne D R , Fragile P C 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Irradiation of the accretion disc causes reflection signatures in the observed X-ray spectrum, encoding important information about the disc structure and density. A Type I X-ray burst will strongly irradiate the accretion disc and alter its properties. Previous numerical simulations predicted the evolution of the accretion disc due to an X-ray burst. Here, we process time-averaged simulation data of six time intervals to track changes in the reflection spectrum from the burst onset to just past its peak. We divide the reflecting region of the disc within r ≲ 50 km into six to seven radial zones for every time interval and compute the reflection spectra for each zone. We integrate these reflection spectra to obtain a total reflection spectrum per time interval. The burst ionizes and heats the disc, which gradually weakens all emission lines. Compton scattering and bremsstrahlung rates increase in the disc during the burst rise, and the soft excess at &lt;3 keV rises from ≈4 to ≈38 per cent of the total emission at the burst peak. A soft excess is expected to be ubiquitous in the reflection spectra of X-ray bursts. Structural disc changes such as inflation because of heating or drainage of the inner disc due to Poynting–Robertson drag affect the strength of the soft excess. Further studies on the dependence of the reflection spectrum characteristics to changes in the accretion disc during an X-ray burst may lead to probes of the disc geometry.
Symptomatic Oculomotor Nerve Cyst in a 3-Year-Old Child: Case Report With Emphasis on Surgical Management
Authors: Müther Michael , Bruns Ann-Katrin , Fortmann Thomas , Brentrup Angela , Grenzebach Ulrike , Stummer Walter 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
Third nerve palsies in the pediatric population are most commonly caused by trauma, tumors, or vascular abnormalities. Cystic oculomotor nerve neuropathies, however, are rare. We report the case of a symptomatic cyst along and within the oculomotor nerve, which has not been described previously.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Here, we report a case of a 3-yr-old girl presenting with a progressive painless oculomotor nerve palsy. A magnetic resonance imaging revealed a cystic formation along the cisternal and cavernous course of the nerve. Due to lack of alternative treatment options, surgery was offered. Intraoperative direct nerve stimulation allowed for identification of a non-functional part of the cyst wall and open fenestration and biopsy were executed. Histopathology revealed neuritis. Serology was negative for various pathogens. The oculomotor palsy rapidly resolved. At a follow-up 5 yr after surgery, the girl is asymptomatic and the cisternal part of the cyst remains collapsed.

CONCLUSION
This is the first report of a symptomatic cyst along and within the oculomotor nerve treated effectively with open fenestration and decompression highlighting the importance of intraoperative neuromonitoring in cranial nerve surgery. Uncertainty remains regarding the etiology of this disease.
Demand for Factory-Made Cigarettes and Roll-Your-Own Tobacco and Differences Between Age and Socioeconomic Groups: Findings From the International Tobacco Control Netherlands Survey
Authors: Geboers Cloé , Shang Ce , Nagelhout Gera E , de Vries Hein , van den Putte Bas , Fong Geoffrey T , Candel Math J J M , Willemsen Marc C 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroductionMacroeconomic studies have shown that young individuals who smoke, and have a low socioeconomic status respond more strongly to price increases. Most of this evidence stems from research on factory-made (FM) cigarettes. With the rising popularity of roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco, there is a need for studies on cigarette demand that distinguish between both.Aims and MethodsThis study examined whether individual demand differed for FM and RYO tobacco, and across age, and socioeconomic (income and education) groups. Purchase tasks for FM and RYO cigarettes were included in the 2020 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Survey. Adults who smoke daily (n = 1620) stated how many cigarettes they would smoke in 24 hours across eight prices. Four demand indices were derived: intensity (consumption at zero costs), alpha (rate of change in elasticity), Pmax (turning point elasticity), and breakpoint (lowest price where consumption equals zero). The indices were tested for subgroup differences.ResultsIndividuals who smoke RYO tobacco indicated higher intensity, and greater alpha than individuals who smoke FM cigarettes. Participants aged 25–39 had lower Pmax, and 18–24 year olds displayed higher breakpoints. Participants with low income displayed higher intensity, and lower Pmax than other income groups. No associations were found with education.ConclusionsIndividuals who smoke RYO tobacco indicated higher price sensitivity than those smoking FM cigarettes, supporting the need to harmonize tobacco taxation. Taxation may be especially beneficial to reducing consumption among individuals with a low income or smoke RYO tobacco. Substantially higher prices are needed in the Netherlands to achieve the desired results.ImplicationsIndividuals who smoke daily were willing to pay substantially higher prices than the current market prices, indicating the room and need for much higher taxation levels. Demand for RYO tobacco was more sensitive to price changes than demand for FM cigarettes. Taxation should be raised at equivalent rates for FM and RYO cigarettes. Taxation appears to be especially effective in reducing consumption among people who smoke RYO tobacco and low-income individuals. It remains important to combine increased taxation with other tobacco control measures.
Nationwide Resident Access to Elective Rotations
Authors: Anghel Ersilia L. , Jedrzejewski Breanna , Radu Stephanie , Dewey Elizabeth N. , Howell Lori K. , Berli Jens U. 
Published: October 2021

Objective
This study seeks to assess the status of elective rotations offered in plastic and reconstructive surgery residency programs throughout the country while also qualifying resident and alumni experiences and identifying barriers to offering electives.

Design
Two prospective surveys were created for (1) program leadership and (2) residents, fellows, and alumni's who have graduated in the last 5 years.

Setting
This is a multi-institutional survey study.

Participants
Of 81 plastic and reconstructive surgery programs, 45 programs, and 102 residents, fellows and/or recent graduates responded to survey 2.

Results
Fifty-six percent of respondents stated that their institution offered electives, 62% of which permitted residents to participate in regional, national, and international rotations primarily in the fifth and sixth years of training. Types of elective rotations completed included aesthetic, craniofacial, sex, hand, and microsurgery. Fifty-three percent responding programs denied barriers to offering elective rotations. When programs noted barriers, the most common were cost to resident/department (28%), institutional Graduate Medical Education policy (22%), and lack of service coverage at the home institution (22%). There was no difference between departments versus divisions offering electives (56.3% vs 57.1%, P = 0.95). Programs that did not offer electives spent an average of 14.6 months on general surgery compared with 9.4 months for programs that did offer electives (P = 0.06). For programs that did not currently offer elective rotations, 71% indicated a desire to do so.

Conclusion
The primary goal of plastic surgery training programs is to produce plastic surgeons of the highest caliber with regard to safety and competence. Although several regulatory bodies ensure that programs adhere to a similar standard, not all programs have opportunities for residents to experience the breadth of our multifaceted specialty. Elective rotations constitute an excellent supplement to a well-rounded training where gaps may exist.
The Potential Impact of COVID-19 on Aesthetic Fellowship Programs
Authors: Bedi Gurbani , Chung Michael T. , Vyas Krishna S. , Vasconez Luis O. , Vasconez Henry C. 
Published: October 2021

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about immense change in health care. Surgical specialties in particular have had to make major adjustments because of the cancellation of nonemergent surgeries. Aesthetic surgery fellowships are uniquely affected because of the high number of elective cases and the length of the fellowship. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on current and upcoming aesthetic surgery fellows has not been studied.

Objective
The aim of this article was to study the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on both American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons-endorsed and nonendorsed aesthetic fellowship programs.

Methods
A 23-question anonymous web-based survey was sent to aesthetic surgery fellowship directors with an active program in the United States. Surveys were collected from April 18, 2020, through May 14, 2020, with Qualtrics and then analyzed with Microsoft Excel. A 7-question follow-up survey was sent to directors, and a 23-question survey was sent to aesthetic surgery fellows. Data for these surveys were collected from June 6, 2020, through August 18, 2020. The surveys asked questions pertaining to adjustments and impact on current fellow training, as well as possible impact on fellows starting in 2020 and 2021.

Results
There was a 65.5% (19 of 29) response rate for the initial director survey, a 31% (9 of 29) rate for the director follow up survey, and a 28% (9 of 32) rate for the fellow-specific survey. All directors and fellows reported that the pandemic had some impact on aesthetic fellow training. A total of 5.3% of directors reported that they believe COVID-19 would have a “significant impact” on their fellows becoming well-trained aesthetic surgeons, whereas 66.7% of fellows reported that it will have a “mild impact.” Predicted impact on future fellows was not as significant.

Conclusion
Telemedicine, educational efforts, and standardization of guidelines can be increased to minimize loss of training due to COVID-19. Ongoing evaluation and shared experiences can assist fellowships in customizing programs to provide well-rounded education during the pandemic.
Plant organic matter inputs exert a strong control on soil organic matter decomposition in a thawing permafrost peatland
Authors: Wilson Rachel M. , Hough Moira A. , Verbeke Brittany A. , Hodgkins Suzanne B. ,   IsoGenie Coordinators, Chanton Jeff P. , Saleska Scott D. , Rich Virginia I. , Tfaily Malak M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPeatlands are a climate critical carbon (C) reservoir that will likely become a C source under continued warming. A strong relationship between plant tissue chemistry and the soil organic matter (SOM) that fuels C gas emissions is inferred, but rarely examined at the molecular level. Here we compared Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy measurements of solid phase functionalities in plants and SOM to ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometric analyses of plant and SOM water extracts across a palsa-bog-fen thaw and moisture gradient in an Arctic peatland. From these analyses we calculated the C oxidation state (NOSC), a measure which can be used to assess organic matter quality. Palsa plant extracts had the highest NOSC, indicating high quality, while extracts ofSphagnum, which dominated the bog, had the lowest NOSC. The percentage of plant compounds that are less bioavailable and accumulate in the peat, increases from palsa (25%) to fen (41%) to bog (47 %), reflecting the pattern of percentSphagnumcover. The pattern of NOSC in the plant extracts was consistent with the high number of consumed compounds in the palsa and low number of consumed compounds in the bog. However, in the FT-IR analysis of the solid phase bog peat, carbohydrate content was high implying higher quality SOM. We explain this discrepancy as the result of low solubilization of bog SOM facilitated by the low pH in the bog which makes the solid phase carbohydrates less available to microbial decomposition. Plant-associated lignins and tannins declined in the unsaturated palsa peat indicating decomposition, but accumulated in the bog and fen peat where decomposition was presumably inhibited by the anaerobic conditions. A molecular-level comparison of the aboveground C sources and peat SOM demonstrates that climate-associated vegetation shifts in peatlands are important controls on the mechanisms underlying changing C gas emissions.
Performance evaluation of direction-finding techniques of an acoustic source with uniform linear array
Authors: Uddin Syed Farid , Khan Ayan Alam , Wajid Mohd , Singh Mahima , Alam Faisal 
Published: October 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to show a comparative study of different direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation techniques, namely, multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm, delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming, support vector regression (SVR), multivariate linear regression (MLR) and multivariate curvilinear regression (MCR).Design/methodology/approachThe relative delay between the microphone signals is the key attribute for the implementation of any of these techniques. The machine-learning models SVR, MLR and MCR have been trained using correlation coefficient as the feature set. However, MUSIC uses noise subspace of the covariance-matrix of the signals recorded with the microphone, whereas DAS uses the constructive and destructive interference of the microphone signals.FindingsVariations in root mean square angular error (RMSAE) values are plotted using different DOA estimation techniques at different signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) values as 10, 14, 18, 22 and 26dB. The RMSAE curve for DAS seems to be smooth as compared to PR1, PR2 and RR but it shows a relatively higher RMSAE at higher SNR. As compared to (DAS, PR1, PR2 and RR), SVR has the lowest RMSAE such that the graph is more suppressed towards the bottom.Originality/valueDAS has a smooth curve but has higher RMSAE at higher SNR values. All the techniques show a higher RMSAE at the end-fire, i.e. angles near 90°, but comparatively, MUSIC has the lowest RMSAE near the end-fire, supporting the claim that MUSIC outperforms all other algorithms considered.
Gender diversity in corporate governance: a bibliometric analysis and research agenda
Authors: Mumu Jinnatul Raihan , Saona Paolo , Haque Md. Shariful , Azad Md. Abul Kalam 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to examine literature on corporate governance from the gender perspective adopting the two novel approaches: bibliometric analysis and content analysis.

Design/methodology/approach
For citation mapping and comprehensive content analysis, total 393 Web of Science indexed journal articles were selected. Initially, this study identifies the most productive authors, journal sources, countries and affiliation within the study topic.

Findings
Findings from the intellectual structure explore four underlying research stems in the corporate governance and gender literature: participation of women on corporate boards and their characteristics, women directors and their roles in board across different countries, gender diversity in the board and corporate social responsibility and firm financial performances, risks and stock prices.

Originality/value
From the content analysis, it is revealed that corporate governance and gender studies have predominantly investigated the gender diversity issues as a catalyst of corporate governance, with a focus on women on corporate boards and firm financial performance, risks and stock price, while the area of board gender diversity and corporate social responsibility remains relatively under-researched.
Dynamic analysis of ball screw feed system with abrupt-change-nonlinear drive stiffness
Authors: Gao Feng , Li Pan-Pan , Li Yan 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
For ball screw feed system, a sudden start or stop has a great influence on the transmission stiffness, so the axial stiffness mutation of feed system will occur. The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of acceleration on the transmission stiffness and dynamic characteristics of the ball screw feed system.

Design/methodology/approach
Taking the ball screw feed system as a research object, on the basis of the Hertz contact theory and the mixed element method, axial stiffness model and dynamic model are established. And the system stability was analyzed by the time history diagram and Phase-plane portrait diagram. The feed system was analyzed theoretically and experimentally, the experimental results are in good agreement with the model results.

Findings
Lead screw lead angle, preload, load and start acceleration affected ball-screw pair, bearing and transmission stiffness. And the load, nut contact stiffness, bearing contact stiffness, preload have a large effect on the transmission stiffness. The results show that a certain acceleration value will make the axial stiffness abrupt change.

Originality/value
This research provides a useful theoretical support for ensuring a good dynamic for the ball screw feed system.
How children experience virtual reality travel: a psycho-physiological study based on flow theory
Authors: Huang Xiaoting , Liu Chun , LIU Chun , Wei Zhenda , Y. Leung Xi 
Published: October 2021

PurposeDrawn from flow theory, this study aims to explore children’s flow experiences in virtual reality (VR) by examining the relationships between VR experience length, arousal and flow experience (time estimation and enjoyment).Design/methodolog/approachA within-subject laboratory experiment was conducted using 9D VR and iMEC 12. A total of 47 children participated in this study. Both survey data and physiological data were collected.FindingsThe results revealed that longer VR videos evoked lower arousal, higher respiratory rates and less enjoyment among child participants than shorter videos. This study also verified the mediating effects of respiratory rates measured arousal on time estimations and self-reported arousal in terms of enjoyment.Originality/valueThis study fills a research gap related to children’s flow experiences in VR, as children’s voices remain limited in tourism research. The study findings offer meaningful insights for destination marketers to leverage the growth of parent-child tours and the increasing effects of VR on the tourism industry.
Review of information asymmetry in banking in the Russian Federation
Authors: Tsindeliani Imeda A. , Mikheeva Irina E. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to identify the prospects and main directions for improving Russian legislation on the protection of the rights of consumers of financial services taking into account the specifics of information asymmetry in banking.

Design/methodology/approach
Using the method of economic and legal analysis, the essence of information asymmetry in banking in the Russian Federation was considered. Taking into account international experience, the analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the existing regulatory and legal field is carried out. A forecast of probable changes in the field of legal regulation of information asymmetry issues in banking was also carried out.

Findings
This paper deals with cases when information asymmetry can be recognized as unfair behavior. The main features of information asymmetry in banking on the part of credit institutions in terms of banks’ failure to provide information on the content of banking services on the right to refuse additional services have been studied.

Originality/value
This study suggests that the current Russian legislation does not provide the necessary protection for consumers of financial services from information asymmetry. Based on a comprehensive analysis of legislation and judicial practice, the information asymmetry in this paper is delimited as an economic and legal concept; the prerequisites and main forms of information asymmetry in banking are determined. The main provisions and conclusions of this study can be used in legislative activities when developing provisions on the protection of the rights of financial services consumers.
Insights from pre Covid-19 perceptions of law students on four learning methods: implications for future design of blended learning
Authors: Heart Tsipi , Finklestein Elad , Cohen Menashe 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to assess students’ perceptions of four teaching and learning (T&L) methods used in a blended learning Contract Law course, namely, frontal, written assignments, simulations and online asynchronous T&L.

Design/methodology/approach
Law students (n = 417) filled in an anonymous questionnaire on their relative satisfaction with the four methods and their preferences. Participation was voluntary. The questionnaire was administered at the end of term, in class, prior to the Covid-19 restrictions. The results were calculated using Statistical Package for Social Sciences.

Findings
The students preferred face-to-face T&L in class and ranked online T&L last. Notably, 84% preferred blended learning combining all four methods. These results suggest that the online T&L for this Contract Law course setting was unsuccessful and that teachers should experiment with blending various T&L methods to maximize learning effectiveness and students’ satisfaction.

Research limitations/implications
The results only reflect one course in one year among law students, thus affecting the generalizability of the findings. This is further exacerbated by the convenience sample and the fact that only one type of blending was evaluated. Overall, the findings indicated that the survey participants were not yet ready to embrace online T&L as a primary component of blended T&L.

Practical implications
This study Alternative online solutions should be sought to foster social learning when face-to-face learning is not feasible for reasons, such as geographic distance, students’ disabilities or the current pandemic that prohibits social gatherings. This conclusion is particularly pertinent with respect to the impact of Covid-19 on face-to-face learning. Designers of blended learning programs should listen more carefully to students’ voices, and bear in mind that minimizing face-to-face T&L for various reasons might jeopardize students’ satisfaction, which is likely to decrease learning effectiveness.

Social implications
It is important that students’ perceptions be considered when building future T&L programs, especially students’ need for collaborative and social learning.

Originality/value
This study assessed four T&L methods administered in one course during the pre-Covid-19 era. This setting, which is rare, enabled a real-life assessment of the effectiveness of these popular methods as perceived by students.