bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogenetic divergence generates novel phenotypes in hybrid cichlids
Authors: Santos‐Santos Javier H. , Audenaert Leen , Verheyen Erik , Adriaens Dominique 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHybridization is suggested to contribute to ecomorphological and taxonomic diversity in lacustrine East African cichlids. This is supported by studies demonstrating that genetic diversity within lake radiations has been influenced by hybridization events, leading to extensive phenotypic differentiation of genetically closely related species. Hybrid persistence and speciation in sympatry with gene flow can be explained by pleiotropy in traits involved in reproductive isolation; however, little attention has been given to how trait differentiation is established during hybrid ontogeny, and how this may relate to trophic and locomotor specialization. This study compares body shape changes in a Lake Victoria cichlid hybrid throughout its post‐hatch ontogeny to those of its parental species. Across the considered age/size categories, hybrids occupy a distinct and intermediate morphological space, yet where several transgressive traits emerge. A between‐group principal component analysis on body shapes across size categories reveals axes of shape variation exclusive to the hybrids in the youngest/smallest size categories. Shape differences in the hybrids involved morphological traits known to be implicated in trophic and locomotor specializations in the parental species. Combined, our findings suggest that phenotypic divergence in the hybrid can lead to functional differences that may potentially release them to some degree from competition with the parental species. These findings agree with recent literature that addresses the potential importance of hybridization for the unusually recent origin of the Lake Victoria cichlid super‐species flock.
Optimal income taxation with tax avoidance
Authors: Casamatta Georges 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe determine the optimal income tax schedule when individuals have the possibility of avoiding paying taxes. Considering a convex concealment cost function, we find that a subset of individuals, located in the interior of the income distribution, should be allowed to avoid taxes, provided that the marginal cost of avoiding the first euro is sufficiently small. This contrasts with the results of Grochulski who shows that, using a subadditive cost function, all individuals should report their true income. We also provide a characterization of the optimal income tax curve.
Child Marriage in Canada
Authors: Koski Alissa , Clark Shelley 
Published: January 2021

AbstractChild marriage, defined as formal or informal marriage before the age of 18, is a globally recognized indicator of gender inequality. Canada has placed itself at the forefront of global efforts to end child marriage as part of its commitment to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Despite these global aspirations, child marriage remains legal throughout Canada. Data from vital statistics agencies and recent censuses indicate that child marriage, although rare, is practiced across the country. In 2016, nearly 2,300 children between 15 and 17 years of age were in union, a prevalence of 0.2 percent. The vast majority (98 percent) of these were informal, common‐law unions. Demographic patterns of child marriage in Canada are similar to those observed in many low‐ and middle‐income countries. Girls were far more likely to be married as children than boys and typically wed much older spouses. There were marked differences in the prevalence of child marriage across the country, with the highest estimates found in Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and the territories. These findings draw attention to the discrepancy between Canada's domestic law and its foreign policy. They also highlight thorny challenges inherent in efforts to eradicate this practice in Canada and elsewhere.
Effects of heat treatment on metabolism of tobacco plants infected with Potato virus Y
Authors: Hýsková V. , Bělonožníková K. , Doričová V. , Kavan D. , Gillarová S. , Henke S. , Synková H. , Ryšlavá H. , Čeřovská N. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Many factors affect successful virus propagation and plant defence responses. Heat shock protein (Hsp) expression after heat shock plays an ambiguous role in viral infection. On the one hand, Hsp70 participates in plant defence response; on the other hand, Hsp70 could interact with viral proteins and facilitate virus propagation.

Here, we studied metabolic adaptations of Nicotiana tabacum L. subjected to heat shock (42 °C, 2 h) before or after inoculating the plants with Potato virus Y (potyvirus).
RT‐qPCR and ELISA were used for potyvirus quantification. Hsp70 and Hsp90 isoforms were analysed by Western blotting. Salicylic, quinic and chlorogenic acid content was determined by LC‐MS. The activity of Hatch–Slack enzymes (as markers of potyviral infection in tobacco) and glycosidases was assayed.

Application of heat shock before or after inoculation showed accelerated potyviral propagation in comparison with only inoculated plants. Plants exposed to heat shock and concurrently inoculated showed higher potyviral content, higher amount of Hsp70, together with late decline of quinic acid content and low chlorogenic acid content. Spread of potyviral infection correlated with enhanced salicylic acid content and activities of enzymes of the Hatch–Slack cycle, α‐ and β‐galactosidase, α‐mannosidase, α‐glucosidase and β‐N‐acetylhexosaminidase.

Heat shock proteins accelerate potyviral propagation. The lower weight cytosolic and mitochondrial Hsp70 (~50‐75 kDa) persist throughout the viral infection. Also, the plant defense response results in increase of salicylic and chlorogenic acids but decrease of quinic acid content.
Effects of applying biochar and straw on nitrate leaching and maize yield production
Authors: Partovi Zahra , Ramezani Etedali Hadi , Kaviani Abbas 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biochar and wheat straw on nitrogen leaching and corn yield. Field experiment includes CO (control treatment), SM5 and SM10 (wheat straw with a thickness of 5 and 10 mm, respectively), ST5 and ST10 (wheat straw at a rate of 5 and 10 t ha−1 in combination with soil, respectively) and BT2.5 and BT5 (biochar at a rate of 2.5 t ha−1 in combination with soil). Results showed that the total amount of leached nitrate in BT5, SM10, BT2.5 and ST5 treatments decreased by 71%, 55%, 50% and 32%, respectively, compared to CO. Also, the increasing biochar application rate (BT5) led to enhance 28% in maize grain yield and reduce deep percolation, nitrate and nitrite leaching by 31%, 71% and 97%, respectively. Therefore, it seems that the use of bioshar and straw reduces nitrate leaching, improves soil moisture conditions and increases corn yield.
Removal of ammonia nitrogen in aquaculture wastewater by composite photocatalyst TiO2/carbon fibre
Authors: Yu Runqiang , Yu Xiaocai , Fu Jiayuan , Zhang Yongxia , Liu Yifu , Zhang Yuqi , Wu Shini 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this study, TiO2/Carbon fibre (CF) composite photocatalyst was prepared by sol‐gel method, and its characterization was analysed by SEM and XRD. Under the ultraviolet light, the effects of various single factors on the removal of ammonia nitrogen from aquaculture wastewater by TiO2/CF were discussed. Orthogonal experiments were performed to determine the most beneficial conditions for ammonia nitrogen removal. When the dosage of TiO2/CF was 2.0 g/L, the initial concentration of ammonia nitrogen was 30 mg/L, the calcination temperature was 600°C, the concentration of H2O2was 0.8 g/L, the illumination time was 1 hr, TiO2/CF had excellent performance of remove ammonia nitrogen. The results show that compared with the treatment of ammonia nitrogen by CF or TiO2, TiO2/CF was more effective in the removal of ammonia nitrogen. TiO2/CF composite material was applied to the treatment of ammonia nitrogen in marine aquaculture wastewater for the first time, which provides a scientific and effective treatment method for photocatalytic technology in later industrial treatment process.
Experimental Structural Stiffness Analysis of a Surgical Haptic Master Device Manipulator
Authors: Görgülü İbrahimcan , Can Dede Mehmet İsmet , Carbone Giuseppe 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper deals with haptic devices for master–slave telesurgical applications. Namely, a stiffness model fitting methodology and its fine-tuning are proposed based on experimental results. In particular, the proposed procedure is based on virtual joint structural stiffness modeling to be applied in time-efficient compliance compensation strategies. A specific case study is discussed by referring to the HISS haptic device that has been developed and built at Izmir Institute of Technology. Two different experimental setups are designed for stiffness evaluation tests. Experimental results are discussed to demonstrate their implementation in the proposed methodology for the fine-tuning of stiffness model.
Transfer Case Clutch Torque Modeling and Validation Under Slip and Overtaken Conditions
Authors: Wei Wenpeng , Dourra Hussein , Zhu Guoming 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The vehicle transfer case clutch plays an important role for four-wheel drive (4WD) vehicles since the torque transmitted through the clutch determines the amount of traction torque on tires, which is important for vehicle performance. However, the clutch torque measurement is usually unavailable on production vehicles and needs to be estimated accurately to improve vehicle performance. This paper proposes a unified scheme to model clutch output torque under all three conditions: open (no torque output), slipping, and overtaken. Specifically, the clutch torque model under clutch overtaken condition is first investigated using the vehicle longitudinal and tire dynamics. It was found that effective radius of front tires, powered by the transfer case clutch torque, cannot be assumed as constant and should be compensated by vehicle acceleration, while the effective radius of rear tires connected directly to the propulsion system does not need to be compensated. In addition, it was found that torque model under clutch overtaken condition cannot be used under slip condition. As a result, a general clutch torque model is developed for both slip and overtaken conditions with a clutch slip speed compensation, resulting a root-mean-square error percentage (RMSE%) of 6.8% comparing with the experimental measurement data. Note that overtaken torque model is a special case of the general torque model by setting slip speed equal to zero. The general clutch torque model is able to calculate clutch output torque accurately under both slip and overtaken conditions.
Control of Uniflagellar Soft Robots at Low Reynolds Number Using Buckling Instability
Authors: Forghani Mojtaba , Huang Weicheng , Jawed M. Khalid 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we analyze the inverse dynamics and control of a bacteria-inspired uniflagellar robot in a fluid medium at low Reynolds number. Inspired by the mechanism behind the locomotion of flagellated bacteria, we consider a robot comprising a flagellum—a flexible helical filament—connected to a spherical head. The flagellum rotates about the head at a controlled angular velocity and generates a propulsive force that moves the robot forward. When the angular velocity exceeds a threshold value, the hydrodynamic force exerted by the fluid can cause the soft flagellum to buckle, characterized by a dramatic change in its shape. In this computational study, a fluid–structure interaction model that combines Discrete Elastic Rods algorithm with Lighthill's Slender Body Theory is employed to simulate the locomotion and deformation of the robot. We demonstrate that the robot can follow a prescribed path in three-dimensional space by exploiting buckling of the flagellum. The control scheme involves only a single (binary) scalar input—the angular velocity of the flagellum. By triggering the buckling instability at the right moment, the robot can follow the path in three-dimensional space. We also show that the complexity of the dynamics of the helical filament can be captured using a deep neural network, from which we identify the input–output functional relationship between the control input and the trajectory of the robot. Furthermore, our study underscores the potential role of buckling in the locomotion of natural bacteria.
Experimental Characterization of Two-Phase Cooling of Power Electronics in Thermosiphon and Forced Convection Modes
Authors: Battaglia Fabio , Singer Farah , Deisenroth David C. , Ohadi Michael M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we present the results of an experimental study involving low thermal resistance cooling of high heat flux power electronics in a forced convection mode, as well as in a thermosiphon (buoyancy-driven) mode. The force-fed manifold microchannel cooling concept was utilized to substantially improve the cooling performance. In our design, the heat sink was integrated with the simulated heat source, through a single solder layer and substrate, thus reducing the total thermal resistance. The system was characterized and tested experimentally in two different configurations: the passive (buoyancy-driven) loop and the forced convection loop. Parametric studies were conducted to examine the role of different controlling parameters. It was demonstrated that the thermosiphon loop can handle heat fluxes in excess of 200 W/cm2 with a cooling thermal resistance of 0.225 (K cm2)/W for the novel cooling concept and moderate fluctuations in temperature. In the forced convection mode, a more uniform temperature distribution was achieved, while the heat removal performance was also substantially enhanced, with a corresponding heat flux capacity of up to 500 W/cm2 and a thermal resistance of 0.125 (K cm2)/W. A detailed characterization leading to these significant results, a comparison between the performance between the two configurations, and a flow visualization in both configurations are discussed in this paper.
Design, Fabrication, and Testing of a Novel Design for Flexible Light-Emitting Diode Signage Modules
Authors: Adhikari Ram C. , Beyragh Dawood S. , Pahlevani Majid 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new design architecture for mechanically flexible light-emitting diode (LED) signage modules for applications in digital advertising on curved surfaces. The new design comprises an array of commonly used rigid printed circuit boards (PCBs) but of smaller size with some spacing between them, which is encapsulated by a flexible substrate or potting material, instead of a large single rigid PCB in the entire LED module as in the case of conventional LED signage modules. Commonly used through-hole type red-green-blue (RGB) LEDs are considered. To demonstrate the design, manufacturing, and mechanical flexibility of the design, a prototype LED signage module with a typical industry standard size of 304 mm × 304 mm × 10 mm was designed and fabricated. Experimental testing and finite element simulations were conducted to analyze mechanical flexibility and internal stresses in the module. The results demonstrate that the new design provides flexible LED modules, without altering the conventional LED control system. It is shown that maximum stress occurs in the spacing between the PCBs and is small even for large module deflection. As the curvature of module deflection was decreased, the maximum stress increased, indicating an important design parameter for the module deflection. The proposed design architecture will enable both indoor and outdoor digital advertising using billboards on a wide range of curved surfaces.
Prediction of Upper Respiratory Illness Using Salivary Immunoglobulin A in Youth Athletes
Authors: Sawczuk Thomas , Jones Ben , Welch Mitchell , Beggs Clive , Scantlebury Sean , Till Kevin 
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To evaluate the relative importance and predictive ability of salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) measures with regards to upper respiratory illness (URI) in youth athletes. Methods: Over a 38-week period, 22 youth athletes (age = 16.8 [0.5] y) provided daily symptoms of URI and 15 fortnightly passive drool saliva samples, from which s-IgA concentration and secretion rate were measured. Kernel-smoothed bootstrapping generated a balanced data set with simulated data points. The random forest algorithm was used to evaluate the relative importance (RI) and predictive ability of s-IgA concentration and secretion rate with regards to URI symptoms present on the day of saliva sampling (URIday), within 2 weeks of sampling (URI2wk), and within 4 weeks of sampling (URI4wk). Results: The percentage deviation from average healthy s-IgA concentration was the most important feature for URIday (median RI 1.74, interquartile range 1.41–2.07). The average healthy s-IgA secretion rate was the most important feature for URI4wk (median RI 0.94, interquartile range 0.79–1.13). No feature was clearly more important than any other when URI symptoms were identified within 2 weeks of sampling. The values for median area under the curve were 0.68, 0.63, and 0.65 for URIday, URI2wk, and URI4wk, respectively. Conclusions: The RI values suggest that the percentage deviation from average healthy s-IgA concentration may be used to evaluate the short-term risk of URI, while the average healthy s-IgA secretion rate may be used to evaluate the long-term risk. However, the results show that neither s-IgA concentration nor secretion rate can be used to accurately predict URI onset within a 4-week window in youth athletes.
Preseason Training Improves Perception of Fatigue and Recovery From a Futsal Training Session
Authors: Wilke Carolina Franco , Wanner Samuel P. , Penna Eduardo M. , Maia-Lima André , Santos Weslley H.M. , Müller-Ribeiro Flávia C. , Mendes Thiago T. , Bruzzi Rubio S. , Ramos Guilherme P. , Nakamura Fábio Y. , Duffield Rob 
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To compare the posttraining recovery timeline of elite Brazilian futsal athletes before (Pre-PS) and after 10 weeks of the preseason (Post-PS) period of high-intensity technical–tactical training. Methods: At the start (n = 13) and at the end of the preseason (n = 7), under-20 male futsal players undertook fitness testing for maximal aerobic power, the countermovement jump (CMJ), and the 10-m sprint with change of direction. Furthermore, at both Pre-PS and Post-PS, the players participated in a training session where performance and psychophysiological measures were recorded before, immediately, 3, 24, and 48 hours postsession. The measures included CMJ, 10-m sprint, creatine kinase, Total Quality Recovery Scale, and Brunel Mood Scale. Effect size (ES) analyses compared fitness and posttraining recovery values for each parameter at Pre-PS versus Post-PS. Results: Only trivial ES (−0.02 to 0.11) was evident in maximal aerobic power, CMJ, and 10-m sprint at Post-PS compared with Pre-PS. For the timeline of recovery, only trivial and small ESs were evident for the 10-m sprint (−0.12 to 0.49), though CMJ recovery was improved at 3 hours (0.87) and 48 hours (1.27) at Post-PS and creatine kinase was lower at 48 hours (−1.33) at Post-PS. Perception of recovery was improved in Post-PS at 3 hours (1.50) and 24 hours postsession (0.92). Furthermore, perception of effort was lower immediately after the session (−0.29), fatigue was lower at 3 hours (−0.63), and vigor responses were improved in all postseason assessments (0.59 to 1.13). Conclusion: Despite minimal changes in fitness, preseason training attenuated players’ perception of effort and fatigue and improved their recovery profile following a high-intensity technical–tactical training session.
One-year intensive lifestyle intervention and improvements in health-related quality of life and mental health in persons with type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis of the U-TURN randomized controlled trial
Authors: MacDonald Christopher Scott , Nielsen Sabrina M , Bjørner Jakob , Johansen Mette Y , Christensen Robin , Vaag Allan , Lieberman Daniel E , Pedersen Bente Klarlund , Langberg Henning , Ried-Larsen Mathias , Midtgaard Julie 
Published: January 2021

IntroductionThe effects of lifestyle interventions in persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and subjective well-being are ambiguous, and no studies have explored the effect of exercise interventions that meet or exceed current recommended exercise levels. We investigated whether a 1-year intensive lifestyle intervention is superior in improving HRQoL compared with standard care in T2D persons.Research design and methodsWe performed secondary analyses of a previously conducted randomized controlled trial (April 2015 to August 2016). Persons with non-insulin-dependent T2D (duration ≤10 years) were randomized to 1-year supervised exercise and individualized dietary counseling (ie, ‘U-TURN’), or standard care. The primary HRQoL outcome was change in the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) physical component score (PCS) from baseline to 12 months of follow-up, and a key secondary outcome was changes in the SF-36 mental component score (MCS).ResultsWe included 98 participants (U-TURN group=64, standard care group=34) with a mean age of 54.6 years (SD 8.9). Between-group analyses at 12-month follow-up showed SF-36 PCS change of 0.8 (95% CI −0.7 to 2.3) in the U-TURN group and deterioration of 2.4 (95% CI −4.6 to −0.1) in the standard care group (difference of 3.2, 95% CI 0.5 to 5.9, p=0.02) while no changes were detected in SF-36 MCS. At 12 months, 19 participants (30%) in the U-TURN group and 6 participants (18%) in the standard care group achieved clinically significant improvement in SF-36 PCS score (adjusted risk ratio 2.6, 95% CI 1.0 to 4.5 corresponding to number needed to treat of 4, 95% CI 1.6 to infinite).ConclusionIn persons with T2D diagnosed for less than 10 years, intensive lifestyle intervention improved the physical component of HRQoL, but not the mental component of HRQoL after 1 year, compared with standard care.Trial registration numberNCT02417012.