bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of Transmission and Viral Shedding From the Time of Infection for Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Households
Authors: Otomaru Hirono , Sornillo Johanna Beulah T , Kamigaki Taro , Bado Samantha Louise P , Okamoto Michiko , Saito-Obata Mariko , Inobaya Marianette T , Segubre-Mercado Edelwisa , Alday Portia P , Saito Mayuko , Tallo Veronica L , Quiambao Beatriz P , Oshitani Hitoshi , Cook Alex R 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection worldwide, but reports of temporal changes in the risk of transmission among close contacts has been scarce. This study aimed to examine an association between the viral load trajectory and transmission risk to develop a better control strategy for the disease spread. We conducted a household-based prospective cohort study in Biliran Province, the Philippines, and enrolled 451 participants to observe the development of acute respiratory infection. Including the cases found at the health-care facility, we analyzed the data of viral loads with symptom records obtained from 172 followed participants who had household member positive for RSV with a rapid test during an RSV outbreak in 2018–2019. We developed a model estimating a temporal change in the viral shedding from the infection and evaluated transmission dynamics. We found that most transmission events occurred within approximately 7 days of the household exposure, including potential presymptomatic transmissions. The inferred risk of infection among those younger than 5 years was 3.5 times higher than that of those older than 5 years. This finding suggested that the initial week after the household exposure is particularly important for preventing RSV spread.
Comparative evaluation of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine with different fatty acids on nephrotoxicity in vancomycin-induced mice
Authors: Shi Hao-Hao , Wang Cheng-Cheng , Ding Lin , Mao Xiang-Zhao , Xue Chang-Hu , Yanagita Teruyoshi , Zhang Tian-Tian , Wang Yu-Ming 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Phospholipids reportedly alleviate drug-induced acute kidney injury. However, no study has compared the effect of phospholipids with different fatty acids and polar heads on drug-induced nephrotoxicity. In the present study, we aimed to compare the possible nephroprotection afforded by phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine with different fatty acids in a mouse model of vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity. Pretreatment with phospholipids rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) doubled the survival time when compared with the model group. Moreover, phospholipids rich in DHA/EPA significantly reduced the serum levels of renal function biomarkers and ameliorated kidney pathologies. In terms of alleviating renal damage, no significant differences were observed between different polar heads in DHA-enriched phospholipids, while phosphatidylserine from soybean was better than phosphatidylcholine in mitigating renal injury. Furthermore, DHA/EPA-enriched phospholipids inhibited vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity mainly by inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress. These results provide a scientific basis for phospholipids as potential ingredients to prevent acute kidney injury.
The interleukin 6 trans-signaling increases prostaglandin E2 production in human granulosa cells
Authors: Li Sai-Jiao , Chang Hsun-Ming , Xie Jiamin , Wang Jeremy H , Yang Jing , Leung Peter C K 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
As a potent autocrine regulator, the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL6) is expressed in granulosa cells and is involved in the modulation of various follicular functions, including follicular development and ovulation. At present, the detailed molecular mechanisms by which IL6 regulates the event of ovulation remain to be elucidated. In the present study, primary and immortalized (SVOG) human granulosa–lutein (hGL) cells were used to investigate the effects of IL6 on the expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and the subsequent synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that instead of classic signaling, IL6/soluble form of the IL6 receptor (sIL-6Ralpha) trans-signaling induced the expression of PTGS2 and production of PGE2 in both SVOG cells and primary hGL cells. Moreover, IL6/sIL-6Ralpha activated the phosphorylation of Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which in turn induced STAT3 nuclear translocation. In addition, these effects were suppressed by the addition of inhibitors (AG490 for JAK2 and C188-9 for STAT3) and by the small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of STAT3. In addition, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) acts as a negative-feedback regulator in IL6/sIL-6Ralpha-induced cellular activities, including the activation and nuclear translocation of STAT3, upregulation of PTGS2 expression, and increase in PGE2 production in SVOG cells. In conclusion, IL6 trans-signaling upregulates the expression of PTGS2 and increases the production of PGE2 via the JAK2/STAT3/SOCS3 signaling pathway in hGL cells. Our findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms by which IL6 trans-signaling may potentially modulate the event of ovulation in human ovaries.
Look Who's Talking: Teaching and Discourse Practices across Discipline, Position, Experience, and Class Size in STEM College Classrooms
Authors: Alkhouri Jourjina Subih , Donham Cristine , Pusey Téa S , Signorini Adriana , Stivers Alexander H , Kranzfelder Petra 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStudents are more likely to learn in college science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) classrooms when instructors use teacher discourse moves (TDMs) that encourage student engagement and learning. However, although teaching practices are well studied, TDMs are not well understood in college STEM classrooms. In STEM courses at a minority-serving institution (MSI; n = 74), we used two classroom observation protocols to investigate teaching practices and TDMs across disciplines, instructor types, years of teaching experience, and class size. We found that instructors guide students in active learning activities, but they use authoritative discourse approaches. In addition, chemistry instructors presented more than biology instructors. Also, teaching faculty had relatively high dialogic, interactive discourse, and neither years of faculty teaching experience nor class size had an impact on teaching practices or TDMs. Our results have implications for targeted teaching professional development efforts across instructor and course characteristics to improve STEM education at MSIs.
Extracellular vesicles as distinct biomarker reservoirs for mild traumatic brain injury diagnosis
Authors: Beard Kryshawna , Yang Zijian , Haber Margalit , Flamholz Miranda , Diaz-Arrastia Ramon , Sandsmark Danielle , Meaney David F , Issadore David 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMild traumatic brain injury does not currently have a clear molecular diagnostic panel to either confirm the injury or to guide its treatment. Current biomarkers for traumatic brain injury rely mainly on detecting circulating proteins in blood that are associated with degenerating neurons, which are less common in mild traumatic brain injury, or with broad inflammatory cascades which are produced in multiple tissues and are thus not brain specific. To address this issue, we conducted an observational cohort study designed to measure a protein panel in two compartments—plasma and brain-derived extracellular vesicles—with the following hypotheses: (i) each compartment provides independent diagnostic information and (ii) algorithmically combining these compartments accurately classifies clinical mild traumatic brain injury. We evaluated this hypothesis using plasma samples from mild (Glasgow coma scale scores 13–15) traumatic brain injury patients (n = 47) and healthy and orthopaedic control subjects (n = 46) to evaluate biomarkers in brain-derived extracellular vesicles and plasma. We used our Track Etched Magnetic Nanopore technology to isolate brain-derived extracellular vesicles from plasma based on their expression of GluR2, combined with the ultrasensitive digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique, Single-Molecule Array. We quantified extracellular vesicle-packaged and plasma levels of biomarkers associated with two categories of traumatic brain injury pathology: neurodegeneration and neuronal/glial damage (ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1, glial fibrillary acid protein, neurofilament light and Tau) and inflammation (interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and tumour necrosis factor alpha). We found that GluR2+ extracellular vesicles have distinct biomarker distributions than those present in the plasma. As a proof of concept, we showed that using a panel of biomarkers comprised of both plasma and GluR2+ extracellular vesicles, injured patients could be accurately classified versus non-injured patients.
Microarray profiling emphasizes transcriptomic differences between hippocampal in vivo tissue and in vitro cultures
Authors: King Declan , Skehel Paul A , Dando Owen , Emelianova Katie , Barron Rona , Wishart Thomas M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Primary hippocampal cell cultures are routinely used as an experimentally accessible model platform for the hippocampus and brain tissue in general. Containing multiple cell types including neurons, astrocytes and microglia in a state that can be readily analysed optically, biochemically and electrophysiologically, such cultures have been used in many in vitro studies. To what extent the in vivo environment is recapitulated in primary cultures is an on-going question. Here, we compare the transcriptomic profiles of primary hippocampal cell cultures and intact hippocampal tissue. In addition, by comparing profiles from wild type and the PrP 101LL transgenic model of prion disease, we also demonstrate that gene conservation is predominantly conserved across genetically altered lines.
Relapse of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale Malaria With and Without Primaquine Treatment in a Nonendemic Area
Authors: Wångdahl Andreas , Sondén Klara , Wyss Katja , Stenström Christine , Björklund David , Zhang Jessica , Hervius Askling Helena , Carlander Christina , Hellgren Urban , Färnert Anna 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
The effect of primaquine in preventing Plasmodium vivax relapses from dormant stages is well established. For Plasmodium ovale, the relapse characteristics and the use of primaquine is not as well studied. We set to evaluate the relapsing properties of these 2 species, in relation to primaquine use among imported malaria cases in a nonendemic setting.

Methods
We performed a nationwide retrospective study of malaria diagnosed in Sweden 1995–2019, by reviewing medical records of 3254 cases. All episodes of P. vivax (n = 972) and P. ovale (n = 251) were selected for analysis.

Results
First time relapses were reported in 80/857 (9.3%) P. vivax and 9/220 (4.1%) P. ovale episodes, respectively (P &lt; .01). Without primaquine, the risk for relapse was higher in P. vivax, 20/60 (33.3%), compared to 3/30 (10.0%) in P. ovale (hazard ratio [HR] 3.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–12.0). In P. vivax, patients prescribed primaquine had a reduced risk of relapse compared to episodes without relapse preventing treatment, 7.1% vs 33.3% (HR 0.2, 95% CI .1–.3). In P. ovale, the effect of primaquine on the risk of relapse did not reach statistical significance, with relapses seen in 2.8% of the episodes compared to 10.0% in patients not receiving relapse preventing treatment (HR 0.3, 95% CI .1–1.1).

Conclusions
The risk of relapse was considerably lower in P. ovale than in P. vivax infections indicating different relapsing features between the two species. Primaquine was effective in preventing P. vivax relapse. In P. ovale, relapse episodes were few, and the supportive evidence for primaquine remains limited.
Complete heart block associated with Remdesivir in COVID-19: a case report
Authors: Selvaraj Vijairam , Bavishi Chirag , Patel Simaben , Dapaah-Afriyie Kwame 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Since the pandemic began in 2020, Remdesivir has been widely used for the treatment of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Here, we describe a case of a patient with COVID-19 who developed transient complete atrioventricular (AV) block and bradycardia after initiating treatment with Remdesivir.

Case summary
A 72-year-old male with a history of atrial fibrillation and lung cancer was hospitalized for COVID-19. Electrocardiogram (ECG) on admission demonstrated atrial fibrillation and right bundle branch block. He was started on a course of Dexamethasone and Remdesivir. Within 24 h of starting Remdesivir, he was noted to be in atrial fibrillation with ventricular rates between 30 and 40 b.p.m. On Day 5 of Remdesivir therapy, ECG demonstrated complete AV block. Having completed the Remdesivir regimen, during the next 48 h, he was closely monitored, and the AV block resolved spontaneously. As he remained asymptomatic and had an adequate chronotropic response with activity, pacemaker implantation was not recommended.

Discussion
Despite the widespread use of Remdesivir, there is little known information about its cardiac toxicity. Daily ECGs and close cardiac surveillance of patients who develop severe bradycardia or AV block are essential. Discontinuation of the medication usually results in the resolution of these cardiac disturbances.
English beyond the pale: the language of outsiders
Authors: Widdowson Henry 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this contribution, I argue for a radical reappraisal of accepted ideas about how English is taught and tested. I am not alone in questioning the validity of the current orthodoxy. Others have expressed views that correspond or are consistent with the points I make here. What I have sought to do is to synthesize them in the formulation of a connected argument so as to bring out more directly what I take to be their essential significance in making the case for reform. There is no doubt a counter-argument, a case for the defence of orthodox ways of thinking. It is indeed my purpose to provoke it. That, after all, is, in two senses of the word, the point of the paper.
What works for vulnerable families? Interpretations of effective health promotion
Authors: Hogeling Lette , Lammers Christianne , Vaandrager Lenneke , Koelen Maria 
Published: July 2021

Summary
Under the umbrella of the Healthy Futures Nearby programme, 46 small-scale projects were funded to promote changes in health-related behaviours (smoking, alcohol, diet and exercise) and to improve perceived health among vulnerable families in the Netherlands. The evaluation of these health-related multiple project programmes is often based on funder-defined outcomes and strategies. However, within the funded projects, assumptions about improving the health of vulnerable families based on local knowledge and experiences will also shape the project outcomes and strategies. These additional outcomes and strategies are project-specific interpretations of effective health promotion. Knowing these interpretations is crucial for the policy related and scientific relevance of the evaluation. Therefore, we aimed to determine the interpretations of each project and how they translate into relevant inputs for the overall evaluation of the programme. Based on 46 semi-structured group interviews with local project stakeholders, we produced a list of assumptions about what health promotion for vulnerable families should look like and then identified five main clusters: (i) strategies of offering pre-defined, health (behaviour)-related activities to families, (ii) actively involving vulnerable families in the initiative, (iii) assumptions about how health promotion should start with or include non-health-related topics, (iv) assumptions on how one should build on what already exists in the local context of the families and (v) assumptions on the role of the (health) professional in health promotion among vulnerable families. These project interpretations of effective health promotion provide inputs and priorities for the HFN programme’s overall evaluation.
Pre-catch and discard mortality in Northeast Atlantic herring and mackerel fisheries: consequences for stock estimates and advice
Authors: Tenningen Maria , Zimmermann Fabian , Enberg Katja 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Unaccounted mortality caused by discarding or pre-catch losses is a major challenge for fisheries management. In pelagic fisheries, a considerable proportion of catches may be lost due to intentional release of unwanted catch (slipping) or net bursts (fishing net tears due to the weight of the catch). Here we review and estimate ranges of discard and pre-catch mortality for two important pelagic fisheries, the Northeast Atlantic (NEA) mackerel and Norwegian spring spawning (NSS) herring, and explore the effects on stock estimates and catch advice. We show that mortality caused by discarding, slipping, and net bursts is unknown but probably corresponds to a considerable percentage of total registered catches. Including estimated unaccounted mortality into assessment models leads to underestimation of the stock levels by 3.7–19.5% and 2.8–6.8% for NEA mackerel and NSS herring, respectively, corresponding to up to several million tonnes of fish that die annually due to fishing without being landed. If discard and pre-catch mortality were eliminated, allowed catches could increase by 10–20%. We demonstrate that unaccounted mortality in pelagic fisheries may be substantial, affecting stock estimates and catch advice. This may undermine the sustainable management and efficient use of pelagic resources.
Hepatocyte-Derived L-Carnitine Restricts Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Loss Through an Immunosuppressive Effect on Germinal Center–Related Immune Cells
Authors: Gu Shuqin , Wang Weibin , Ye Guofu , Chen Chengcong , Zhou Yang , Guo Ling , Zhong Shihong , Li Xiaoyi , Fu Xin , Wen Chunhua , Tang Libo , Sun Jian , Hou Jinlin , Li Yongyin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
The outcome of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is significantly affected by host immune response; herein, we aim to dissect the effect of L-carnitine (L-Cn) on germinal center (GC)–related immune cells and the influence on the prognosis of HBV infection.

Methods
In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed in patients with chronic HBV infection and a hydrodynamic injection mouse model.

Results
In vitro assays revealed that L-Cn significantly reduced GC-related immune responses and enhanced immunosuppressive profiles. Intriguingly, L-Cn released from lysed hepatocytes was associated with the degree of liver damage. Besides, the administration of L-Cn in an HBV mouse model resulted in delayed clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in serum and decreased GC formation in the spleen. Notably, patients with HBsAg loss showed decreased plasma L-Cn levels, and longitudinal observations found that low baseline levels of L-Cn were associated with a favorable treatment response in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Conclusions
The suppressive effect of hepatocyte-derived L-Cn on GC-related immune cells may contribute to the inability of HBsAg clearance in chronic HBV infection, indicating that L-Cn might serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of HBV infection.
Resistance mechanisms and genetic relatedness among carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from three major hospitals in Hanoi, Vietnam (2011–15)
Authors: Tran Hai Anh , Vu Thi Ngoc Bich , Trinh Son Tung , Tran Dieu Linh , Pham Ha My , Ngo Thi Hong Hanh , Nguyen Minh Thao , Tran Nhu Duong , Pham Duy Thai , Dang Duc Anh , Shibayama Keigo , Suzuki Masato , Yoshida Lay-Myint , Trinh Hong Son , Le Viet Thanh , Vu Phuong Thom , Luu Thi Vu Nga , Bañuls Anne-Laure , Trinh Khanh Linh , Tran Van Anh , Tran Huy Hoang , van Doorn H Rogier 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
MDR bacteria including carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa are recognized as an important cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. This investigation seeks to determine the molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance genes associated with carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa.

Methods
We conducted WGS and phylogenetic analysis of 72 carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolated from hospital-acquired infection patients from August 2011 to March 2015 in three major hospitals in Hanoi, Vietnam.

Results
We identified three variants of IMP gene, among which blaIMP-15 was the most frequent (n = 34) in comparison to blaIMP-26 (n = 2) and blaIMP-51 (n = 12). We observed two isolates with imipenem MIC &gt;128 mg/L that co-harboured blaIMP-15 and blaDIM-1 genes and seven isolates (imipenem MIC &gt; 128 mg/L) with a blaKPC-1 gene from the same hospital. MLST data shows that these 72 isolates belong to 18 STs and phylogenetic tree analysis has divided these isolates into nine groups.

Conclusions
Our results provide evidence that not only blaIMP-26 but other IMP variants such as blaIMP-15 and blaIMP-51 genes and several STs (ST235, ST244, ST277, ST310, ST773 and ST3151) have been disseminating in healthcare settings in Vietnam. In addition, we report the emergence of two isolates belonging to ST1240 and ST3340 that harboured two important carbapenemase genes (blaIMP-15 and blaDIM-1) and seven isolates belonging to ST3151 of P. aeruginosa that carried the blaKPC-1 gene in Vietnam, which could potentially cause serious restricted availability of treatment options in healthcare settings.
Online health information seeking, health literacy, and human papillomavirus vaccination among transgender and gender-diverse people
Authors: Pho Anthony T , Bakken Suzanne , Lunn Mitchell R , Lubensky Micah E , Flentje Annesa , Dastur Zubin , Obedin-Maliver Juno 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to describe online health information seeking among a sample of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people compared with cisgender sexual minority people to explore associations with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, and whether general health literacy and eHealth literacy moderate this relationship.Materials and MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional online survey of TGD and cisgender sexual minority participants from The PRIDE Study, a longitudinal, U.S.-based, national health study of sexual and gender minority people. We employed multivariable logistic regression to model the association of online health information seeking and HPV vaccination.ResultsThe online survey yielded 3258 responses. Compared with cisgender sexual minority participants, TGD had increased odds of reporting HPV vaccination (aOR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.2) but decreased odds when they had looked for information about vaccines online (aOR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9). TGD participants had over twice the odds of reporting HPV vaccination if they visited a social networking site like Facebook (aOR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1-5.6). No moderating effects from general or eHealth literacy were observed.DiscussionDecreased reporting of HPV vaccination among TGD people after searching for vaccine information online suggests vaccine hesitancy, which may potentially be related to the quality of online content. Increased reporting of vaccination after using social media may be related to peer validation.ConclusionsFuture studies should investigate potential deterrents to HPV vaccination in online health information to enhance its effectiveness and further explore which aspects of social media might increase vaccine uptake among TGD people.