bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
349 Awardee Talk: How the Immune System Interacts with Ruminant Nutrient Partitioning
Authors: Baumgard Lance H , Rhoads Robert P 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Adverse weather conditions are a large constraint to maximizing farm animal productivity. Heat stress, in particular, compromises almost every metric of animal agriculture profitability. Suboptimal production during HS was traditionally thought to result from hypophagia. However, independent of inadequate nutrient consumption, HS affects a plethora of endocrine, physiological, metabolic, circulatory, and immunological variables. Mounting evidence suggest that direct effects of HS originating at the gastrointestinal tract precede the observed effects on the aforementioned systems. Heat stress compromises intestinal barrier integrity causing the appearance of luminal contents, e.g. endotoxin, in circulation. Endotoxin stimulates both a classic immune response with local and systemic inflammatory reactions as well as directly acting on numerous organs and tissues. Once activated, leukocytes switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis where the glucose requirement of an intensely triggered immune system can exceed 2 kg/d in a lactating dairy cow. Whole body metabolic adjustments are primarily characterized by increased basal and stimulated circulating insulin, increased hepatic glucose output, decreased adipose tissue mobilization, and decreased skeletal muscle flexibility characterized by a reliance on glucose as a fuel substrate rather than lipid. Ultimately, the metabolic and physiological consequences of heat stress share a similar phenotype with immune challenges. Describing the physiology and mechanisms that underpin how HS jeopardizes animal performance is critical for developing approaches to ameliorate current production issues and requisite for generating future strategies (genetic, managerial, nutritional, and pharmaceutical) aimed at optimizing animal well-being, and improving the sustainable production of high-quality protein for human consumption.
346 Nutritional Strategies to Enhance Nutrient Retention in Cattle, Fields, and Farms
Authors: White Robin R 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Nutrient retention within livestock systems is a critical goal for enhancing efficiency of food production and promoting sustainable livestock farming. We define nutrient retention as the sequestering of C, N, and P within biotic elements of farming systems in sinks which have minimal loss to environmentally detrimental ends. Our objective is to summarize strategies to improve nutrient retention from ruminant animal production systems using nutritional management. Nutritional strategies for nutrient retention within animals and downstream food products include dilution of maintenance; precision feeding; and nutrient synchrony. Dilution of maintenance is a phenomenon where more efficient animals partition proportionally less of their consumed nutrients to maintenance processes, allowing proportionally greater quantities to be used for productive processes. Precision feeding encompasses numerous strategies, including amino acid feeding; precision carbohydrate feeding; individualized ration formulation; and precise feed delivery; among others. These strategies all precisely match nutrients supplied within a diet to nutrients required by an animal, thereby reducing nutrient overfeeding and waste. Nutrient synchrony is a feeding strategy promoting theoretically optimal microbial growth by ensuring appropriately matched supplies of carbohydrate and N substrates to facilitate fermentation. Improved microbial fermentation also serves to reduce nutrient loss to the environment through enhanced feed digestion efficiency. Evaluating animal feeding strategies and nutrient retention requires considering nutrient sinks beyond the animal and its productive outputs. Such sinks include soil and plant nutrient stores within the ecosystem. For pastured animals in particular, grazing strategies for enhanced forage production and soil C sequestration have been broadly reviewed. Sequestration of N and P within soils and plants have been less broadly reviewed but merit further discussion in the context of attempting to design management to create non-volatile sinks for multiple nutrients simultaneously. Whole-farm strategies for enhanced nutrient sequestration should be evaluated in a multi-nutrient environment to evaluate sustainability outcomes.
348 Integration of Nutrition with Air and Water Environmental Concerns
Authors: Rotz Alan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The dairy and beef cattle industries face a number of environmental challenges related to air and water quality as well as the use of limited resources such as water and fossil energy. Mitigation strategies are available and being developed to reduce environmental impacts, but economical solutions remain a challenge. Assessment of mitigation strategies requires a comprehensive evaluation to assure that benefits in one component are not offset by harm in another. Process-based modeling and life cycle assessment provide tools for conducting this type of integrated evaluation. The most cost-effective strategies often begin with animal feeding. The diet of the animal affects resource use and nutrient excretion where the amount and form of nitrogen and phosphorus excreted affect air and water emissions. National assessments of the U.S. beef and dairy industries indicate where mitigation is most needed. Although greenhouse gas emissions receive most of the concern today, water consumption is another important concern, particularly for producers in drier regions such as the western United States. Over 90% of the water consumed in beef and dairy production is used in irrigated feed-crop production. Therefore, animal diets that use byproduct or other feeds not related to irrigated production can provide large reductions in the water footprint of beef and dairy products. Another emerging concern is that of ammonia emission where beef and dairy cattle may contribute more than half of the national emission inventory. Efficient protein feeding is the most economical and effective step that can be taken to reduce this environmental impact. Simulation of mitigation strategies using production system models provides comprehensive evaluation and prioritization among available and possible options, giving direction toward more sustainable ruminant animal production systems.
245 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation Strategies
Authors: Kebreab Ermias , Honan Mallory , Roque Breanna , Tricarico Juan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Livestock production contributed 3.9% to the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from the US in 2018. Most studies to mitigate GHG from livestock are focused on enteric methane because it contributes about 70% of all livestock GHG emissions. Mitigation options can be broadly categorized into dietary and rumen manipulation. Enteric methane emissions are strongly correlated to dry matter intake and somewhat sensitive to diet composition. Dietary manipulation methods include increasing feed digestibility, such as concentrate to forage ratio, or increasing fats and oils, which are associated with lower methane emissions. These reduce digestible fiber that are positively related to methane production and more energy passing the rumen without being degraded, respectively. Rumen manipulation through feed additives can be further classified based on the mode of action: 1. rumen environment modifiers indirectly affecting emissions and 2. direct methanogenesis inhibitors. The rumen environment modifiers act on the conditions that promote methanogenesis. These include ionophores, plant bioactive compounds such as essential oils and tannins, and nitrate rich feeds that serve as alternative hydrogen sinks and directly compete with methanogens thereby reducing methane emissions. The inhibitor category include 3-nitroxypropanol and seaweeds containing halogenated compounds. The former was reported to reduce enteric methane emissions (g/d) by 39% in dairy and 22% in beef cattle. Seaweed, in particular Asparagopsis spp., reduced emissions intensity (g/kg milk) by up to 67% in dairy and emissions yield (g/kg dry matter intake) by up to 98% in beef cattle. Because inhibitors are structural analogs of methane, their mode of action is through competitive inhibition of the methyl transfer reaction catalyzed by methyl coenzyme-M reductase, the last enzyme in methanogenesis. The combination of dietary and rumen manipulation options, including feed additives, is expected to reduce enteric methane emissions by over 30% in the next decade without compromising animal productivity and health.
352 A Century and a Half of Nitrogen and Protein Metabolism in Ruminants
Authors: Huntington Gerald B , Eisemann Joan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
By 1870, we knew plants and animals contained protein, and the participation of protein and urea in animal and human N metabolism was recognized. Nitrogen balance studies had been conducted, and the atomic theory was established. By 1900, research established the concepts of energy and protein metabolic interactions, the role for urea in ruminant metabolism, amino acids as constituents of protein molecules, and enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Research stations were publishing research results and feeding recommendations. By 1950, the concept of biological value was established, and we knew ruminal microorganisms use dietary NPN, degrade dietary protein, and form microbial protein as a source of amino acids for ruminant tissue protein. By 2000, hypothesis-driven, statistically valid experimental designs created quantitative information on metabolizable protein and essential amino acid requirements. Use of surgically altered animals, isotopically labelled molecules, and standardized laboratory analyses created quantitative information on ingestion, ruminal degradability of dietary protein, digestion, absorption, and metabolism of N-containing compounds. Research showed that ruminants respond to manipulation of postruminal amino acid supply. We had elucidated protein composition and structure, the role of protein turnover to determine the concentration of cellular proteins, and the quantitative significance of protein turnover to whole body protein metabolism. The internet and the advent of international symposia provided links among researchers around the globe. By 2020, proteomics and metabolomics enhanced description of underlying control mechanisms related to amino acid metabolism. Research quantified integration of amino acid supply and use among body tissues. Multidisciplinary research teams had created empirical and mechanistic models. Those models currently use or estimate rates and daily amounts of ruminal (in)degradability of dietary protein, ammonia production, urea recycling, microbial protein synthesis, postruminal protein digestion, metabolic fecal nitrogen, and amino acid absorption and metabolism. They predict use of metabolizable amino acids for maintenance, reproduction, postnatal growth, and lactation.
361 Methods for Identification and Classification of Phenylthiocarbamide Sensitivity in Mature Rams
Authors: Southerland Claire N , Yelich Joel , Taylor Bret , Ellison Melinda 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Rams exhibit varying levels of sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), which has been correlated with the ability to perceive bitter-tasting foods. Previously, the only procedure for measuring PTC-sensitivity in rams involved a 9-d test phase with 5 PTC concentrations. The objective of this experiment was to develop a more streamlined approach for identifying and classifying rams on extreme ends of the bitter-tasting spectrum. Mature Targhee, Rambouillet, Polypay, and Composite-breed rams (n = 44), housed in three separate barns, and subjected to 4-d acclimation, 2-d sham, and 2-d testing phases. The 2-d sham phase was conducted to determine if ethanol-spiked water (delivery vehicle for PTC) influenced voluntary fluid intake; no effect (P = 0.16) was observed. The 2-d test phase was a side-by-side preference study between water (control; 3.0 kg) and 1 of 2 concentrations (0.2 and 2.0 mM) of PTC solution (3.0 kg) delivered on alternate days. Average consumption of PTC as a percentage of total test fluid intake was used determine taster status. No PTC-treatment effect (P ≥ 0.23) was observed, but within each treatment level, PTC intake was less (P &lt; 0.001) than water intake. Classification levels of PTC consumption were determined by ± 1.0 standard deviation of the mean and used to classify rams into non- (n = 9; 61.5 ± 3.9%), intermediate- (n = 29; 40.7 ± 1.8%), or super- (n = 6; 15.6 ± 3.3%) PTC tasting groups, which were different (P &lt; 0.001) from each other. Likewise, water consumption intakes were different (P&lt; 0.001) between the non- (38.5 ± 3.9%), intermediate- (59.3 ± 1.8%), and super- (84.4 ± 3.3%) PTC tasting groups. The methods outlined in this study will facilitate further research focused on the influence of bitter tasting sensitivities on the dietary preferences of sheep.
365 The Extent and Pattern of Correlation Among Blood Parameters Differed Between Pasture-raised Goats and Sheep
Authors: Karki Uma , Tiwari Anand , Norwood Kendra , Johnson Ja’Nia , Karki Lila B 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Various blood parameters are generally used to monitor the nutrient status and health condition of goats and sheep. Relationship of a parameter with others may be useful to depict a bigger picture when that parameter is known. However, information on how different blood parameters are related to each other in goats and sheep has not been documented well. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation among different blood parameters in goats and sheep, both within and between species. Kiko does (19; 15–16 m old; live wt. 34±1.4 kg) and Katahdin ewes (18; 21–22 m old; live wt. 40±1.4 kg) were rotationally stocked in fall pastures for 87 days. Blood samples were collected on Day 1, Day 47, and Day 87, and analyzed for 34 blood parameters. Data were analyzed for Pearson Correlation Coefficients (r) (ɑ= 0.05) in SAS 9.4. In does, concentration of red blood cells (RBC) was found positively correlated with hemoglobin (HGB) (r=0.68), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (r=0.36), albumin (r=0.36), and cholesterol concentrations (r=0.34) (P &lt; 0.05). However, RBC concentration was negatively correlated with mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (r=-0.58) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (r=-0.71) (P &lt; 0.0001). Cholesterol was found positively correlated with hematocrit, hemoglobin, lymphocyte, basophil, calcium, albumin, and chlorine, and negatively correlated with neutrophil and amylase (P &lt; 0.05). In ewes, RBC concentration was found positively correlated with hematocrit (r=0.81) and hemoglobin (r=0.84) (P &lt; 0.0001), and negatively correlated with MCV (r=-0.29), MCH (r=-0.59), MCHC (r=-0.42) and mean platelet volume (r=-0.39) (P &lt; 0.05). Cholesterol was found positively correlated with creatinine, calcium, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and potassium, and negatively correlated with glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and lipase (P &lt; 0.05). Results show that blood parameters are correlated with one another, and the correlation pattern and extent among blood parameters occur differently in goats and sheep.
511 Late-Breaking: Dietary Glycine Supplementation During Growing and Finishing Phases Increases Body Weight and Improves Meat Quality of Intrauterine Growth Restricted Pigs
Authors: Posey Erin A , He Wenliang , Steele Chandler C , Savell Jeffrey W , Wu Guoyao 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Glycine is required for maximum growth and development for growing pigs. Traditional swine diets are deficient in glycine. This is concerning for intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) pigs (20–25% of all pigs born) as they are born with low bodyweights and underdeveloped skeletomuscular systems. Therefore, IUGR piglets are culled at birth, as they are unlikely to survive and unable to reach market weight at the same rate as normal birthweight (NBW) littermates. Additionally, IUGR pigs are not fed to market weight due to undesirable carcass attributes at slaughter such as increased subcutaneous fat deposition and decreased overall desirable protein yield. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that providing dietary glycine supplementation in traditional corn- and-soybean meal-based diets would improve the growth rate of IUGR pigs between weaning (age 21d) and market weight (age 188d). Fourteen IUGR pigs (birthweight = 0.98±0.03 kg, mean ± SEM) and 20 NBW pigs (birthweight = 1.44±0.02 kg, mean ± SEM) were obtained at weaning and used for this study. Pigs from each birthweight group were randomly assigned to 1% glycine + 0.19% corn starch treatment group or 1.19% alanine group (isonitrogenous control). Data were analyzed by using 2-way ANOVA and Duncan multiple comparison test. At 188 d of age, glycine supplemented IUGR pigs were 4.4 kg heavier (P &lt; 0.05) than control IUGR pigs, and had similar (P &gt;0.05) body weights to those NBW counterparts. Feed intake did not differ among the treatment groups (P &gt;0.05). Additionally, glycine supplementation improved markers of meat quality in IUGR pig carcasses compared to control IUGR carcasses, including decreased backfat thickness, increased loineye area, and increased overall muscle score (P &lt; 0.05). Overall, results of this study show that dietary glycine supplementation to IUGR pigs post-weaning has positive effects on lean tissue gain and meat quality. (Supported by USDA-NIFA)
512 Late-Breaking: A Postbiotic from Lactobacillus Acidophilus Fermentation (LAF) Accelerates Progression of Compositional and Functional Gut Microbiome Clusters and Promotes Body Weight in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Khafipour Ehsan , Chakrabarti Anirikh , Sardi Maria , Kozlowicz Briana , Petry Derek B , Koontanatechanon Anantawat , parnsen Wanpuech , Srichana Pairat 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a postbiotic from Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation (LAF) on pig gut microbiome during nursery. Piglets (n = 32) at weaning (day 21 ± 2) were randomized based on BW (7.4 ± 1.7 kg) and received basal diets that met NRC nutrient requirements for phase 1 (d 0–14) and phase 2 (d 14–32) post-wean. Treatments included i) NC, negative control; ii) PC, antibiotic positive control, iii) LAFa (Dia-V™ Nursery, Diamond V, IA) supplemented at 1000 ppm in phase 1 and 1500 ppm in phase 2, and iv) LAFb (Dia-V™ Nursery) supplemented at 2000 and 1000 ppm during phase 1 and 2, respectively. Fecal samples were collected on d 0, 7, 14, and 32 post-wean and subjected to DNA extraction and long read Nanopore shotgun metagenomics to assess composition, function and progression of gut microbiome and their correlations with BW. On d7, PC and LAF supplemented pigs numerically were closer to microbiome of d 14 and 32 compared to NC pigs. From d 0 to 32, pigs progressed through five compositional clusters (P &lt; 0.05). By d 32, more pigs from PC and LAF groups were exhibiting a compositional cluster that was characterized by dominance of members of Bacteroidetes phylum including several Prevotella species. From d 0 to d 32, four microbiome functional clusters were observed (P &lt; 0.05) with varying abundances of carbohydrate-active-enzymes (CAZy). Pigs in LAF groups compared to other treatments exhibited clusters with greater abundances of CAZy that was correlated with greater BW on d 32 (P = 0.004). The 2000 ppm supplementation of LAF in phase 1 and 1500 ppm in phase 2 numerically increased all measured of diversity compared to 1000 ppm. Overall, while PC and LAF groups promoted more similar microbiome compositional clusters compared to NC, LAF pigs exhibited superior functional clusters.
483 Current Knowledge Gaps in Swine Reproduction
Authors: Belstra Brad A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Identifying swine reproduction research opportunities, especially those that add value by addressing industry challenges and leveraging assisted reproductive technologies (ART) will be the focus of this talk. ART and genetic selection to increase pork production efficiency have been intertwined since the use of artificial insemination (AI) became widely adopted 30 years ago. Tremendous efficiency gains have been made in part by increasing litter size which is nearly 6 to 7 pigs larger today than it was in 1990. The increased farrowing duration and stillbirths, and decreased piglet birth weight, colostrum intake, and survival to weaning that has been associated with these larger litters are prime targets to be ameliorated with sow and pig management solutions. There is also clear evidence that pigs from smaller litters have the advantage of superior reproductive performance compared to those from larger litters. Thus, litter size and pre-weaning growth may need to be managed, or at least taken into account, to select the best boars and gilts for breeding stock and replacements. Any other accurate, early indicators of boar and gilt puberty, fertility, and lifetime productivity could add significant value. The seasonal fluctuation in fertility that has plagued pig production is costly and may be smoothed out by strategies that mitigate heat stress and improve health. Another opportunity to improve both pig and sow welfare may be intermittent suckling and induction of a fertile estrus and ovulation for breeding during lactation. Even more genetic and pig growth value could be added via AI with sex-sorted semen, if methods to better estimate boar fertility, deliver increased sperm quality, and more precisely synchronize or predict ovulation can be found to reduce the number of sperm required per female. Existing and evolving ART will synergize with genomics and gene editing technologies to unlock new levels of production efficiency.
490 Hiflex Delivery: How Do You Turn It Around When Things Go Bad?
Authors: Linne Paige 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Upon return to classrooms in Fall 2020, University policy required every class delivered in person also offer an online option, resulting in hiflex delivery of a careers preparation course that traditionally relied on student interaction and in-person opportunities for knowledge application to teach soft skills. Early in the semester, the class experienced a dramatic decline in physical attendance as well as engagement across all platforms, resultantly substantial real-time changes were necessary. The first step in increasing student engagement was to dedicate a single course period to candidly discuss the decline in class quality and invite participants to take an active role in improving the course and facilitating learning. Concurrently, an anonymous survey was administered to gauge interest in remaining topics, anticipated method of attendance, and incentives to engagement. Student feedback was used to adapt lesson plans and class structure moving forward. These plans were shared with students, implemented, and resulted in increased engagement and performance. Active curriculum adjustment based upon honest feedback and increased student agency improved content retention and application based upon assessment. This presentation will provide an overview of methods utilized including: student surveys, transparency of course scaffolding, small stakes assignments, adaptation of a group project to focus on application, scheduled instructor interaction and feedback on assignments and discussion boards, and intentional creation of an online learning community. Adaptations were effective for improving performance toward course learning outcomes – every student that completed all small stakes assignments and remained actively engaged in class material for the remainder of the semester earned a high scoring grade. Acknowledging a lack of success with implementation of traditional teaching strategies in a non-traditionally delivered course was necessary and enabled the instructor to engage in active dialogue with students, which created opportunities for student-supported and informed adjustments for achievement of learning outcomes.