bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information Resolution, Information Content, and City Debt
Authors: Martell Christine R. , Moldogaziev Tima T. , Espinosa Salvador 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter furthers an understanding of how information resolution relates to borrowing and debt composition at the city level. The study examines the role of credit ratings, as well as the key informational components of credit quality, for city borrowing levels and debt structure. The informational components of credit quality include economic, fiscal, debt and financial, and governance factors. This chapter evaluates city debt for the largest cities in select countries with SNG market activity across the globe by asking: What debt levels do cities have, and what is the composition of that debt? How does information resolution, both information resolution institutions and the underlying components of credit quality information assessment, influence subnational-level borrowing?
Growing Old: Aging in Crustacea
Authors: Vogt Günter 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter gives an overview on aging and longevity in the Crustacea. Crustaceans have life spans that range from a few weeks to several decades, depending on taxonomic affiliation, size, lifestyle, and environment. Some short-lived crustaceans can produce dormant eggs that remain viable for decades and centuries. Longevity differences of populations between habitats and geographical regions can be explained by life history theory. Crustaceans possess a variety of highly effective antiaging mechanisms, including molting, adult stem cell activity, removal of cellular waste products, detoxification of environmental toxicants, and immune response against pathogens. The longer-lived, indeterminately growing species show negligible senescence until old age and would thus provide valuable models for biogerontology.
Cannibalism in Crustaceans
Authors: Bleakley Bronwyn 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCannibalism is widespread in animal taxa, but perhaps nowhere more so than in crustaceans. It receives considerable research attention because it structures populations, influences the management of economically important species, and affects species of conservation concern on both the endangered and invasive ends of the spectrum. Crustaceans are particularly likely to engage in cannibalism because they molt. Molting is an energetically expensive process, and cannibalism may provide critical nutrition, even in typically herbivorous species. In addition, molting is a dangerous process that puts individuals at risk, and molting creates distinct size classes, with smaller individuals experiencing greater risk of depredation. The occurrence of cannibalism in crustaceans is influenced by many environmental factors, including habitat type and complexity and the availability of refugia, the availability of alternative prey, and the size structure of populations. In addition, the occurrence of cannibalism may be influenced by genetics and kin selection. While all these factors have been found to influence cannibalism in a range of crustacean species, there is significant variation within and among species in the likelihood of cannibalism and which factors are most influential in any given group. Despite much research on the proximate causes of cannibalism in crustaceans, many avenues of research remain, including the genetics of cannibalism and the degree to which kin selection might influence the evolution of crustacean cannibalism.
After Fulvia’s Death
Authors: Schultz Celia E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Two of Fulvia’s sons, Curio and Antyllus, died at Alexandria alongside Antonius and Cleopatra in 30 bce. Her other two sons flourished in reign of Augustus, as Octavian was then known. Claudius, almost an adult when his mother died, reached the praetorship. Iullus was just a toddler when Fulvia died. He became a close confidant of Augustus and was honored with a consulship in 10 bce. He committed suicide eight years later, after being accused of adultery with Augustus’s daughter. Fulvia’s nachleben in popular media (art, literature, and drama) is in keeping with her treatment by ancient sources: they focus on tales of her cruelty and greed, and they often allow her to be overshadowed by the more sexualized characters of her sister-in-law, Clodia, and her romantic successor, Cleopatra. Fulvia’s historical legacy is best seen in the precedents she set for the brazen women of Rome’s imperial house.
Temperance, Liberalism, and Nationalism in the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns to temperance and liberalism within the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires. In Germany, liberals promoted temperance not through social movements that had no hope of penetrating the closed autocracy, but as incremental policy reforms within the autocratic bureaucracy. Their primary target was the exploitative East Prussian Junker aristocracy and their high-proof schnapps. Along with the “cult of the offensive,” in the lead-up to World War I, Kaiser Wilhelm II and the German high command promoted what this chapter calls the “cult of military sobriety”—that a sober army will be a victorious one—which would be emulated worldwide with the outbreak of the Great War. Meanwhile, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the temperance cause is taken up by liberal nationalists, such as Czechoslovak founding father Tomáš Masaryk, who made the case for abstinence, democratic liberation, and self determination.
A Tale of Two Franceses—Temperance and Suffragism in the United States
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 13 examines the Reconstruction Era struggle for women’s rights and African American rights through the American Equal Rights Association, and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), especially the WCTU activism of acclaimed black writer Frances Ellen Watkins Harper. Born of the so-called Woman’s Temperance Crusade of 1873–1974, under the leadership of Frances Willard, the WCTU would become the most successful woman’s organization of all time. Willard’s Do Everything campaign expanded women’s activism, both nationally and globally. Despite racial tensions within the WCTU, temperance activism provided the main avenue of political organization for women across the Reconstruction-Era South, both black and white. By the 1890s Willard had made common cause between not just temperance, equal rights, antilynching leagues, and suffragist movements, but—as a Christian socialist—with both the domestic and international labor movement as well.
Political Participation in the Digital Age
Authors: Vaccari Cristian , Valeriani Augusto 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Forms of political engagement on and off social media can be grouped into three families. The first family is experiences that involve exposure to political content but do not entail any action from the user. The next one is forms of digital citizenship, which are active behaviors related to politics that ostensibly lack a deliberate aim to exercise influence on others. The third is participation, which comprises actions that aim to affect politically relevant outcomes. In particular, political participation entails a variety of political actions that are deliberately aimed at achieving different types of political influence: on specific policies (defined as primary influence), on the selection of public officials tasked to decide on such policies (defined as secondary influence), and on other citizens’ political preferences and behaviors (defined as tertiary influence). Importantly, tertiary influence may then recursively affect the ways citizens targeted by these participatory behaviors subsequently attempt to exercise primary, secondary, or tertiary influence on their own.
Picking Winners or Helping Losers?
Authors: Vaccari Cristian , Valeriani Augusto 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Engaging with supportive viewpoints, accidentally encountering news, and being exposed to electoral mobilization on social media boost political participation among less politically involved users to a significantly greater extent than among those who are already involved. While both groups benefit, the less involved benefit more, and, thus, social media can help narrow, or even obliterate, participatory gaps rooted in different levels of motivation. By contrast, the participatory gains associated with political experiences on social media are evenly distributed across voters of different ideological views. Overall, political experiences on social media are not contributing to political polarization, in the sense of disproportionately enhancing participation among ideologically extreme voters. There is also little evidence that social media yield greater participatory benefits for users who voted for populist parties, or that they substantially tilt the competitive balance in favor of one particular set of political actors on the left or the right.
Soundproofing Scandal
Authors: Gautreau Justin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that hard-boiled detective fiction provided disillusioned screenwriters with a platform to project a fantasy version of themselves and preserve what was left of their ego under studio employment. Where the screenwriter felt emasculated, creatively stunted, and expendable, the hard-boiled detective was characteristically tough, autonomous, and invaluable in taking care of the studio’s dirty work. Meanwhile, in their aim to disrupt the promotional façade of Hollywood, these writers found inspiration not only in the political limits of the screen but also in the industry’s ongoing efforts to regulate Hollywood as a place. A.C. and Carmen Edington’s novel The Studio Murder Mystery and Raoul Whitfield’s Death in a Bowl therefore created a critical lens through which to view the “real” Hollywood in the era of the talkies. These novels treat Hollywood Boulevard and the Hollywood Bowl as extensions of soundstages where stars perform their studio-mandated morals clause for an unsuspecting public. It is only by realizing that movie “magic” is no longer exclusive to studio lots that the detective can solve the mystery.
Mary Shelley and the Conception of the Monstrous Vegan
Authors: Quinn Emelia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 argues that Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818) marks the origins of the ‘monstrous vegan’ trope. The chapter establishes the vegetarian contexts influencing Shelley’s novel before outlining the principal defining traits of the monstrous vegan. First, the monster’s refusal to eat meat is evidenced and explored in relation to Romantic vegetarianism. Second, his hybrid physiognomy, composed of remnants from the slaughterhouse and charnel house, allows for close attention to acts of visual recognition throughout the novel. Third, the creature’s birth outside of the confines of heterosexual reproduction is explored in relation to his challenge to reproductive futurities, with vegetarianism seen to offer a circular return to a Golden Age of humankind. Finally, the creature’s relation to literary authorship establishes that monstrous vegans bring to the fore the difficulty of inscribing ethical identities onto bodies.
Science with Boundaries: Yang Zhongjian and Vertebrate Paleontology in Republican China, 1919–1950
Authors: Yen Hsiao-Pei 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The rapid development of paleontology–especially vertebrate paleontology and dinosaurology–has made ‘Chinese Paleontology’ an important subfield of paleontology since the 1990s, resulting in China becoming a powerhouse of paleontological research. This chapter focuses on YANG Zhongjiang (1897–1979), often celebrated as the father of Chinese vertebrate paleontology, to examine how the field of his specialty was established and developed as a scientific discipline in his country. It traces Yang’s early academic experience from a geology major at Peking University in the early 1920s to his graduate years in Germany under the famous paleontologist Ferdinand Broili. Yang’s professional study and training was strengthened by his rich field experience after returning to China in the late 1920s. He participated not only in the joint Sino-American Central Asiatic Expedition to Mongolia in 1930, but also in the extensive excavation project of the Peking Man fossils conducted by the Cenozoic Research Laboratory. His more independent work took place during the Second Sino-Japanese War, when he discovered, studied, and constructed China’s first complete dinosaur fossils (the Lufengosaurus). Besides describing the making of a professional paleontologist in China in the first half of the 20th century, this chapter also illuminates questions that are intrinsic to the development of scientific disciplines at a time when the rise of Chinese nationalism intersected with scientific internationalism and imperialism. How did the academic practice of paleontology reflect unequal political realities? Is paleontology a ‘local science’? Could the endeavor for ‘local science’ empower scientists from developing nations?
Herod the Liberator
Authors: Czajkowski Kimberley , Benedikt Eckhardt 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter starts with a discussion of two speeches, one by Nicolaus and one by Herod, that seem to make the very same point: the establishment of Roman rule in the East was a process of liberation, because it did away with the Hellenistic kings and secured everyone’s right to live under their own laws. The chapter discusses Herod’s role as a mediator of this kind of liberty, but the main concern is with the apparent simplicity of this image of Rome. Based on a discussion of other late Republican or Augustan texts that leave more room for an ambiguous presentation of Roman rule, the hypothesis is put forward that Nicolaus did actually offer just that by incorporating dissenting voices from Judea. These voices claimed that the exact opposite was true: true Judaism and Roman rule were incompatible, because accepting Roman rule lead to a dissolution of traditional laws. Nicolaus’ audience would have expected to see both sides argued; he did, however, make clear that the pro-Roman protagonists (including himself) were in the right.
Herod and his Sons
Authors: Czajkowski Kimberley , Benedikt Eckhardt 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter continues to explore the depiction of Herod’s domestic strife, and turns to the executions of Herod’s sons. This is a rare case where we have a separate fragment of Nicolaus, and thus can check Josephus’ censure of his predecessor’s account: the criticisms are not borne out, and Josephus’ accounts instead exhibit many Damascene traits. The executions, moreover, are a turning point in Herod’s decline from δραστήριος to ἄπορος, in which he is shown to have now forgotten piety and justice. Furthermore, because Nicolaus himself was intimately bound up with these events, he here encountered new challenges in his narrative as he became one of the principal actors. Thus, not only do we see in these trials the further development of, we argue, Nicolaus’ depiction of the king’s descent into tyranny, but also a sustained exploration of what it meant to be an adviser to such a monarch, and more generally what it meant to be a φίλος to king and emperor alike in the Augustan world.
Responsibility and the Moral Subject
Authors: McKenny Gerald 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
For Barth, responsibility is the characteristic feature of the human being as the hearer of God’s command. In its address to human beings, God’s command constitutes them as subjects who are answerable to it. Jesus Christ is the one to whom the command of God is addressed and who answers it; as such, he is the responsible subject on behalf of and in the place of other human beings. Yet in taking responsibility for other human beings in this way, God also makes them responsible—for being in their conduct those for whom God has taken responsibility. Insofar as God has taken responsibility for our responsibility, Barth rejects the tendency of modern responsibility to presume that everything is up to us. Yet insofar as God also makes us responsible, and thereby constitutes us as subjects, Barth retains another key feature of modern responsibility, which is its urgency. While answerability or accountability is the key aspect of responsibility, Barth also leaves room for the imputability of actions to agents and the liability of persons for the effects of their actions. One problem with Barth’s account of responsibility is that his insistence that we are constituted as responsible from outside ourselves, by God’s command, he leaves unclear how it is truly we who are responsible. Another problem is that if we are made responsible by the responsibility Jesus Christ has taken for us, it appears that only Christians know themselves to be responsible.
Morality from Compassion
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
According to Arthur Schopenhauer, compassion is the basis of morality. He sees concern for justice as a negative form of compassion, directed at not harming anyone, as opposed to the more far-reaching, positive form of benefiting. He thinks a higher degree of compassion involves realizing that the spatio-temporal separation of individuals is illusory and that in reality they are all identical. Such compassion is impartial and all-encompassing. Compassion is suited to be the centre of morality because its object are negative feelings, and only these are real. Contrary to these Schopenhauerian claims, it is here argued that compassion must be supplemented with attitudes like sympathy and benevolence because positive feelings exist alongside negative feelings; that a concern for justice, though morally essential, is independent of these attitudes which are based on empathy; that these attitudes involve not identifying oneself with others, but taking personal identity as insignificant in empathically imagining how others feel. Schopenhauer is, however, right that, though these attitudes are spontaneously partial, this can be corrected. His morality is also interesting in raising the question rarely discussed in philosophical ethics of how moral virtue relates to ascetic self-renunciation. Both of these ideals are highly demanding, but the book ends by arguing that this is no objection to their validity.
Defining Stereotypes and Stereotyping
Authors: Puddifoot Katherine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
How Stereotypes Deceives Us aims to illuminate the conditions under which stereotypes and stereotyping lead to misperceptions and misjudgements, but what exactly are stereotypes and what is stereotyping? This chapter defends the definitions of stereotypes and stereotyping that are adopted throughout this book. In particular, this chapter defends a non-normative conception of stereotyping, according to which stereotypes can be accurate or inaccurate, and stereotyping can be distorting or non-distorting. Existing arguments in favour of the non-normative account are critically evaluated before a pragmatic argument is presented and defended. It is argued that stereotypes should be defined as comparative social attitudes that make distinctions between social groups. Reasons are given for accepting that social attitudes other than beliefs, including implicit attitudes, should count as stereotypes.
Epistemic Innocence and the Ethics of Stereotypes
Authors: Puddifoot Katherine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 develops a challenge to two ideas that will be tempting to some: (i) harbouring and applying social attitudes that reflect social realities can only be good from an epistemic perspective, and (ii) harbouring and applying social attitudes that fail to reflect social realities can only be bad from an epistemic perspective. It is shown first that there can be epistemic costs associated with stereotyping, even where a stereotype reflects an aspect of social reality. Then it is argued that there can be epistemic benefits associated with having social attitudes that fail to reflect these realities where the alternative would be to suffer the epistemic costs of stereotyping. It is argued that social attitudes that are egalitarian but fail to reflect social realities can be epistemically innocent and the lesser of two epistemic evils. Finally, the chapter outlines some implications of these points for existing theories of the ethics of stereotyping, accounts of epistemic injustice and moral encroachment views.
The Unity of the Rational Mind
Authors: Marcus Eric 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
I argue that inference is a self-conscious act. The account appeals to the ‘being-in-mind-together’ of beliefs. Beliefs that are in mind together are subject to rationally grounded metaphysical necessity. Because one believes p, one can’t or must believe q. But what ultimately explains this sort of necessity? If it is impossible to hold a pair of mental states in mind at once and the impossibility has its source in our understanding of the necessary falsehood of a conjunction, then the subject has knowledge not just of the individual states they’re in but also of their combination. What, then, is the relation between the unity of our beliefs and consciousness of this unity? My answer: the unity of the rational mind consists in the subject’s consciousness of that unity.
The Acquisition of Legal Status by Individuals in Transnational Criminal Proceedings in Europe
Authors: Gless Sabine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Sabine Gless highlights the individual’s journey from an object of government caprice, susceptible to arrest on a foreign warrant without legal protection, to a legally protected defendant in the frameworks of transnational criminal law. Using in particular Germany and Switzerland as examples of different approaches taken in Continental Europe, she maps the evolution of defendants’ rights from domestic criminal justice to European Human Rights from the 19th to the 21st century, and the slow shift from a state-centred understanding of transnational criminal law to the acknowledgment of individual rights under a human rights narrative.
Disasters: An Additional (Legal) Dimension for the International Protection of Cultural Heritage
Authors: Bartolini Giulio 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Even if disasters are a significant challenge for the protection of cultural and natural heritage, the interest of the international community towards this issue has been quite limited for a long period. Still, some changes more recently could be recorded. In particular, a more contextualized and evolutionary interpretation of existing treaty provisions provided by international cultural heritage law, and the development of innovative practices tailored to face this scenario, could provide states with pertinent guidance on measures to be adopted. At the same time cultural concerns have been able to progressively fertilize international disaster law instruments in light of their inherent general relevance. The chapter examines the ways in which these areas of the law interplay and how features commonly associated with community interest norms have characterized this scenario.