bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using an economic evaluation approach to support specialist nursing services for people with Parkinson's in a regional community
Authors: Bramble Marguerite , Wong Alfred , Carroll Vincent , Schwebel Debbie , Rossiter Rachel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimThis study aims to provide economic evidence of the cost‐effectiveness of employing specialist Parkinson's nurses in a regional community in Australia.Study designThis retrospective study utilized hospital service usage data to compare outcomes for people with Parkinson's disease before and after the employment of a specialist Parkinson's nurse in a regional community.MethodsA representative sample was drawn from the target population of people with a diagnosis of Parkinson's admitted to a regional hospital over a 4‐year period (2013–2014 and 2016–2017). A multiple regression approach and cost–benefit analysis were used to examine hospital costs related to length of stay based on hospital records. All costs were attributed to resource allocation according to service category and the national funding system. Quantitative data were analysed using Strata Analytics.ResultsStatistical findings demonstrated a reduction in hospital length of stay ranging from 0.37 (AUD$1924) to 0.755 day (AUD$3926) after the establishment of the specialist Parkinson's nurse. The cost–benefit analysis showed a net dollar benefit, or savings in hospital costs, of up to $8600.00 per person over a 3‐year period, as a result of the specialist Parkinson's nurse intervention.ConclusionThe statistical results show significant cost benefits associated with reduced length of hospital stay following introduction of the specialist Parkinson's nurse. These findings support advocacy for sustainable specialist Parkinson's nurse positions and have the potential to inform and influence policy and systemic changes within the health care system.ImpactThe benefits of embedding specialist nursing services for people with Parkinson's disease in primary health settings include the direct impact on the potential to avoid hospital admissions due to worsening symptoms, improving quality of life for the person with Parkinson's and slowing the trajectory of the disease. Additional benefits are increased access to specialist services and reduced family caregiver burden.
Peripheral intravenous catheter management in childbirth (PICMIC): A multi‐centre, prospective cohort study
Authors: Kearney Lauren , Craswell Alison , Massey Debbie , Marsh Nicole , Nugent Rachael , Alexander Catherine , Smitheram Carmel , McLoughlin Anthea , Ullman Amanda 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundChildbirth is a normal, physiological process, yet intervention is common. Arguably the most common intervention is the insertion of a peripheral intravenous catheter; however, there are few studies guiding best practice. This study aimed to describe current intravenous catheter insertion practice, explore clinician decision‐making during insertion and perceptions of women.MethodsThis prospective, observational cohort study recruited 101 women and clinicians from two Australian regional hospitals. Data collection incorporated non‐participant observation, brief interview and chart review. Variables measured included pain score, insertion attempts, catheter gauge and dwell time.ResultsChildbearing women were, on average, aged 31 with body mass index (BMI) above 28. Women reported a mean pain score of 3.3/10 at 24 h for catheter insertion and 12% reported bruising. An 18‐gauge catheter was considered more painful than a 16‐gauge, and multiple attempts did not increase perceived average pain score. Association between failed first attempts and higher BMI was not established. Participant clinicians were predominantly midwives, who selected and placed 18‐gauge catheters mostly in hand or wrist (66%). Decision‐making about site, catheter gauge, dressing and attempts varied. Thirty‐four per cent attempted two to three times, despite regular practise. Confidence to reliably insert determined catheter gauge and almost half clinician participants cited hospital policy and preferred non‐dominant arm as key reasons for the location of PIVC.ConclusionsRegular use of a large‐gauge catheter is counter intuitive when placed in the small veins of the hand with extension tubing. More research is needed to promote best practice around gauge selection, site and women's experience.
The association of triglyceride and glucose index, and triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with prehypertension and hypertension in normoglycemic subjects: A large cross‐sectional population study
Authors: Zhang Fomin , Zhang Yingyi , Guo Zhigang , Yang Hua , Ren Min , Xing Xiaomeng , Cong Hongliang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInsulin resistance (IR) plays an important role in the development of hypertension. Triglyceride and glucose index (TyG index), and triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL‐c) as effective IR surrogate indexes have been verified in numerous studies. Therefore, the authors conducted a large cross‐sectional study to explore the association of TyG index and TG/HDL‐c with prehypertension and hypertension in the same normoglycemic subjects from Tianjin, China. A total of 32 124 adults were eligible for this study. According to the level of blood pressure, the enrolled individuals were divided into three groups, which were normotension, prehypertension, and hypertension. In multiple logistic regression analysis, there was associated with prehypertension and hypertension when comparing the highest TyG index to the lowest TyG index and corresponding ORs were 1.795 (1.638, 1.968) and 2.439 (2.205, 2.698), respectively. For TG/HDL‐c, the corresponding ORs were 1.514 (1.382, 1.658) and 1.934 (1.751, 2.137), respectively. Furthermore, when comparing the fourth quartile to the first quartile of TyG index and TG/HDL‐c, respectively, both corresponding ORs of hypertension were higher than prehypertension. Elevated TyG index and TG/HDL‐c levels were associated with prehypertension and hypertension in normoglycemic individuals. Moreover, the TyG index was more significant than TG/HDL‐c in distinguishing hypertension. They have the potential to become cost‐effective monitors in the hierarchical management of prehypertension and hypertension.
Pseudolaric acid B ameliorates synovial inflammation and vessel formation by stabilizing PPARγ to inhibit NF‐κB signalling pathway
Authors: Lu Jiansen , Guan Hong , Wu Dan , Hu Zhiqiang , Zhang Hongbo , Jiang Huaji , Yu Jingyao , Zeng Ke , Li Hongyu , Zhang Haiyan , Pan Chenglong , Cai Daozhang , Yu Xiao 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSynovial macrophage polarization and inflammation are essential for osteoarthritis (OA) development, yet the molecular mechanisms and regulation responsible for the pathogenesis are still poorly understood. Here, we report that pseudolaric acid B (PAB) attenuated articular cartilage degeneration and synovitis during OA. PAB, a diterpene acid, specifically inhibited NF‐κB signalling and reduced the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, which further decreased M1 polarization and vessel formation. We further provide in vivo and in vitro evidences that PAB suppressed NF‐κB signalling by stabilizing PPARγ. Using PPARγ antagonist could abolish anti‐inflammatory effect of PAB and rescue the activation of NF‐κB signalling during OA. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized role of PAB in the regulation of OA and provide mechanisms by which PAB regulates NF‐κB signalling through PPARγ, which further suggest targeting synovial inflammation or inhibiting vessel formation at early stage could be an effective preventive strategy for OA.
RNAi in fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Successes and challenges
Authors: C. Maktura Grazielle , J. Paranhos Beatriz , Marques‐Souza Henrique 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are among the most economically important pests worldwide, causing direct damage to fruit crops through female oviposition and larval feeding. Currently, the most widely disseminated methods of control of fruit flies involve the adoption of cultural and biological techniques, like the sterile insect technique, and the use of agrochemicals. However, the latter depend on the concomitant use of other techniques, especially chemical ones, which are the most successful, but also related to resistance, off‐target effects and pollution, showing the need for new methods. RNA interference (RNAi) is a biotechnological tool that is capable of inducing post‐transcriptional gene silencing using double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA). The mechanism could be exploited in pest control associated with integrated pest management, by targeting essential genes or by increasing the susceptibility of insects to insecticides. Here, we discuss the RNAi machinery and the uptake genes of the main Tephritidae species and their differences in comparison with other insects. Then, we investigate the international literature on the application of this tool to improve the sterile insect technique, enhance the insects’ susceptibility to insecticides and modulate their growth and development, demonstrating the sensibility of Tephritidae species to RNAi. Finally, we discuss the main challenges to the future use of RNAi as a method to control Tephritidae, such as delivery procedures, degradation and production of dsRNA, off‐target effects, occurrence of refractoriness, and perspectives and shortages associated with its adoption that need to be considered.
The effects of vitamin D supplementation on types of falls
Authors: Wanigatunga Amal A. , Sternberg Alice L. , Blackford Amanda L. , Cai Yurun , Mitchell Christine M. , Roth David L. , Miller Edgar R. , Szanton Sarah L. , Juraschek Stephen P. , Michos Erin D. , Schrack Jennifer A. , Appel Lawrence J. ,   for the STURDY Collaborative Research Group
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground/objectivesTo assess whether vitamin D supplementation prevents specific fall subtypes and sequelae (e.g., fracture).DesignSecondary analyses of STURDY (Study to Understand Fall Reduction and Vitamin D in You)—a response‐adaptive, randomized clinical trial.SettingTwo community‐based research units.ParticipantsSix hundred and eighty‐eight participants ≥70 years old with elevated fall risk and baseline serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels of 10–29 ng/ml.Intervention200 IU/day (control), 1000 IU/day, 2000 IU/day, or 4000 IU/day of vitamin D3.MeasurementsOutcomes included repeat falls and falls that were consequential, were injurious, resulted in emergency care, resulted in fracture, and occurred either indoors or outdoors.ResultsAfter adjustment for multiple comparisons, the risk of fall‐related fracture was greater in the pooled higher doses (≥1000 IU/day) group compared with the control (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.18–6.00). Although not statistically significant after multiple comparisons adjustment, time to first outdoor fall appeared to differ between the four dose groups (unadjusted p for overall difference = 0.013; adjusted p = 0.222), with risk of a first‐time outdoor fall 39% lower in the 1000 IU/day group (HR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.38–0.97; unadjusted p = 0.036; adjusted p = 0.222) and 40% lower in the 2000 IU/day group (HR = 0.60; 95%CI 0.38–0.97; p = 0.037; adjusted p = 0.222), each versus control.ConclusionVitamin D supplementation doses ≥1000 IU/day might have differential effects on fall risk based on fall location and fracture risk, with the most robust finding that vitamin D doses between 1000 and 4000 IU/day might increase the risk of first time falls with fractures. Replication is warranted, given the possibility of type 1 error.
Effect of the rheological properties of the liquid carrier on the in vitro swallowing of solid oral dosage forms
Authors: Lavoisier Anaïs , Shreeram Sathyavageeswaran , Jedwab Michael , Ramaioli Marco 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSolid oral dosage forms (SODF) are the most popular oral drug delivery forms, but they can be difficult to swallow, especially for patients suffering from swallowing disorders. This study investigated the dynamics of different combinations of liquid carriers and SODF during the oral phase of swallowing using an in vitro model. The rheological properties of the carriers were characterized using shear and extensional rheometry, and their effect on bolus velocity, bolus shape, post‐swallow residues, and SODF position within the bolus was evaluated. The latter has been identified as a novel and promising variable to discriminate between alternative formulations. When swallowed with water, capsules and tablets did not impact significantly the velocity of the bolus, but they lagged behind the liquid bolus, suggesting that low viscosity Newtonian fluids are not efficient carriers for SODF. Increasing the viscosity of the carrier at high shear rates improved the ability of the liquid to transport the SODF but also increased the amount of post‐swallow residues. At equivalent shear viscosity, elastic and extensional properties of carriers influenced positively the position of the SODF in the bolus. Capsules and tablets were transported toward the front of these boluses, during the oral phase of swallowing, which is considered beneficial to avoid SODF sticking to the mucosa in the following stages of swallowing. Thin elastic liquids appear as an interesting option to promote safe swallowing of capsules and tablets. Clinical studies are, however, necessary to confirm this positive effect in healthy and dysphagic patients.
Clinical features, diagnosis, and survival analysis of dogs with glioma
Authors: José‐López Roberto , Gutierrez‐Quintana Rodrigo , de la Fuente Cristian , Manzanilla Edgar G. , Suñol Anna , Pi Castro Dolors , Añor Sonia , Sánchez‐Masian Daniel , Fernández‐Flores Francisco , Ricci Emanuele , Marioni‐Henry Katia , Mascort Joan , Matiasek Lara A. , Matiasek Kaspar , Brennan Paul M. , Pumarola Martí 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundGliomas in dogs remain poorly understood.ObjectivesTo characterize the clinicopathologic findings, diagnostic imaging features and survival of a large sample of dogs with glioma using the Comparative Brain Tumor Consortium diagnostic classification.AnimalsNinety‐one dogs with histopathological diagnosis of glioma.MethodsMulticentric retrospective case series. Signalment, clinicopathologic findings, diagnostic imaging characteristics, treatment, and outcome were used. Tumors were reclassified according to the new canine glioma diagnostic scheme.ResultsNo associations were found between clinicopathologic findings or survival and tumor type or grade. However, definitive treatments provided significantly (P = .03) improved median survival time (84 days; 95% confidence interval [CI], 45‐190) compared to palliative treatment (26 days; 95% CI, 11‐54). On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), oligodendrogliomas were associated with smooth margins and T1‐weighted hypointensity compared to astrocytomas (odds ratio [OR], 42.5; 95% CI, 2.42‐744.97;P = .04; OR, 45.5; 95% CI, 5.78‐333.33;P < .001, respectively) and undefined gliomas (OR, 84; 95% CI, 3.43‐999.99;P = .02; OR, 32.3; 95% CI, 2.51‐500.00;P = .008, respectively) and were more commonly in contact with the ventricles than astrocytomas (OR, 7.47; 95% CI, 1.03‐53.95;P = .049). Tumor spread to neighboring brain structures was associated with high‐grade glioma (OR, 6.02; 95% CI, 1.06‐34.48;P = .04).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDogs with gliomas have poor outcomes, but risk factors identified in survival analysis inform prognosis and the newly identified MRI characteristics could refine diagnosis of tumor type and grade.
Photosynthetic performances of two deep‐water canopy‐forming fucoid algae across a depth gradient: Interspecific variability and short‐term adaptation to the light environment
Authors: Sant Natàlia , Ballesteros Enric 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDeep‐water canopy‐forming algae Gongolaria montagnei var. compressa and Ericaria zosteroides (Fucales: Ochrophyta) co‐exist in mixed populations, the first taxa dominating at the upper limit of distribution (20 m) and the second at the lower limit (40 m). This depth distribution pattern is consistent with the photosynthetic performances of both taxa, with E. zosteroides showing higher photosynthetic efficiency (α) and lower light at saturation (Ik) and compensation (Ic) than G. montagnei var. compressa. Neither photosynthesis at saturation (Pmax) nor dark respiration showed any significant change at the species level. G. montagnei v. compressa showed higher Pmax and α at 20 and 40 m, but E. zosteroides did not follow the same trend, although both Ik and Ic decreased with depth in this species, pointing to an increased capacity of E. zosteroides to show photo‐adaptation. Each species maintained its Psat values when transplanted from the depth where it was dominant to the depth where it was secondary, but in the case of G. montagnei var. compressa it decreased its Psat when transplanted from 40 to 20 m and in the case of E. zosteroides it increased its Psat when transplanted from 20 to 40 m. These results point to a better photosynthetic performance of E. zosteroides than G. montagnei var. compressa at low‐light conditions, information that can be used to improve success in restoration action plans.
An efficient model for predicting the dynamic performance of fine aggregate matrix
Authors: Leng Zhen , Tan Zhifei , Cao Peng , Zhang Yuan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFine aggregate matrix (FAM) refers to the mixture of asphalt binder and fine aggregate in asphalt mixture. The viscoelastic properties, such as the complex modulus of FAM, directly affect the performance of asphalt pavement. In this study, finite element (FE) simulation by coupling random aggregate distribution algorithm and steady‐state dynamic (SSD) analysis was applied to predict the complex modulus of FAM. Both the dynamic moduli and phase angles of FAM were predicted and compared with those obtained from laboratory tests. The modeling and testing results indicated that the complex interface layer between asphalt mastic and aggregate can significantly affect the viscoelastic performance of FAMs. Considering the interface layer into the FE model can improve the prediction accuracy. Besides, the simulation results showed that the SSD method is 576 times more efficient in predicting the dynamic moduli and phase angles of FAMs than the conventional transient dynamic method, indicating its high potential for multi‐scale modeling of asphalt mixture.
MoSep3 and MoExo70 are needed for MoCK2 ring assembly essential for appressorium function in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Zhang Lianhu , Cai Yan , Li Yunxi , Zhang Tian , Wang Baohua , Lu Guodong , Zhang Dongmei , Olsson Stefan , Wang Zonghua 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPolar growth during appressorium formation is vital for the penetration peg formation in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. Previous research has shown that the Sln1‐septin‐exocyst complex, localized at the base of the appressorium in contact with the leaf surface, forms a ring structure that influences growth polarity and affects penetration peg formation, and is necessary for pathogenicity. Our previous research showed CK2 proteins assemble another ring structure positioned perpendicular to the Sln1‐septin‐exocyst complex. Our research showed that the CK2 ring needs to become correctly assembled for penetration peg function and subsequent plant infection. In the present study, we found that the ring structures of CK2 are absent in the appressorium of ΔMoSep3 septin deletion mutants lacking the septin ring of the Sln1‐septin‐exocyst complex. Sln1 affects the septin proteins that recruit the exocyst complex that localizes as another ring at the appressorium's bottom. Destruction of the exocyst complex by mutation also causes incorrect localization of the CK2 ring structure. In conclusion, CK2 probably takes part in reestablishing the appressorium' spolarity growth necessary for penetration peg formation. We can also conclude that the correct localization and assembly of one or more CK2 ring structures in the appressorium depend on the initial assembly of the Sln1‐septin‐exocyst complex two rings at the base of the appressorium.
Are epistemic reasons normative?
Authors: Kiesewetter Benjamin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAccording to a widely held view, epistemic reasons are normative reasons for belief – much like prudential or moral reasons are normative reasons for action. In recent years, however, an increasing number of authors have questioned the normativity of epistemic reasons. In this article, I discuss an important challenge for anti‐normativism about epistemic reasons and present a series of arguments in support of normativism. The challenge for anti‐normativism is to say what kind of reasons epistemic reasons are if they are not normative reasons. I discuss various answers to this challenge and find them all wanting. The arguments for normativism each stress a certain analogy between epistemic reasons and normative reasons for action. Just like normative reasons for action, epistemic reasons provide partial justification; they provide premises for correct reasoning; they constitute good bases for the responses they are reasons for; and they are reasonsfor whichagents can show these responses without committing a mistake. In each case, I argue that the relevant condition is plausibly sufficient for the normativity of a reason, and that normativism is in any case in a much better position to explain the analogy than anti‐normativism.
Why trees grow at night
Authors: Zweifel Roman , Sterck Frank , Braun Sabine , Buchmann Nina , Eugster Werner , Gessler Arthur , Häni Matthias , Peters Richard L. , Walthert Lorenz , Wilhelm Micah , Ziemińska Kasia , Etzold Sophia 
Published: June 2021

Summary

The timing of diel stem growth of mature forest trees is still largely unknown, as empirical data with high temporal resolution have not been available so far. Consequently, the effects of day–night conditions on tree growth remained uncertain.

Here we present the first comprehensive field study of hourly‐resolved radial stem growth of seven temperate tree species, based on 57 million underlying data points over a period of up to 8 yr.

We show that trees grow mainly at night, with a peak after midnight, when the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) is among the lowest. A high VPD strictly limits radial stem growth and allows little growth during daylight hours, except in the early morning. Surprisingly, trees also grow in moderately dry soil when the VPD is low. Species‐specific differences in diel growth dynamics show that species able to grow earlier during the night are associated with the highest number of hours with growth per year and the largest annual growth increment.

We conclude that species with the ability to overcome daily water deficits faster have greater growth potential. Furthermore, we conclude that growth is more sensitive than carbon uptake to dry air, as growth stops before stomata are known to close.