bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization and Characterization of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Leaves Extract of Alphonsea madraspatana
Authors: Sahu Amita , Swain Sudhanshu Shekhar , Ghosh Goutam , Pradhan Deepak , Sahu Dipak Kumar , Biswasroy Prativa , Rath Goutam 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Literature evidence as well as traditional uses of genus Alphonsea reveal
significant antimicrobial and anti-oxidant activitiesencouraging to consider A. madraspatana to
have potent antimicrobials, there by offering potential adjuncts to synthesize improved antimicrobial
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The objective of the present exposition is to optimize reaction
parameters to synthesize antimicrobial Biogenic Silver nanoparticles (BAgNPs) from the extract of
A. madraspatana leaves (AML) and to evaluate the effect against bacteria.

Methods:
BAgNPs were synthesized by the optimized reaction. The Synthesized nanoparticles
were characterized by UV, IR, ICP-MS and XRD analysis. The antibacterial potency of optimized
BAgNPs was evaluated against E. coli by comparing with positive controls.

Results:
Results of the optimization process indicate nanoscale BAgNPs were produced at 45°C
for 120 min at pH 8 with 1:5 volume ratio of AgNO3 and extract. Optimized BAgNPs exhibits relatively
higher antimicrobial activity (31±1mm) compared to Ciprofloxacin (27±1mm) and marketed
nanosilver (28± 2 mm). The developed BAgNPs show comparable biofilm inhibition (86.50%) as
compared to marketed nanosilver (88.10%) and Ciprofloxacin (83.10%).

Conclusion:
Experimental evidence suggests methanolic extract of AML under predefined conditions,
which successfully generate nano-template of silver with better antibacterial response against
E. coli.
Chemical Composition Analysis andIn Vivo Anti-diabetic Activity of
Aqueous Extract of Aerial Part ofPallenis spinosa in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Khettaf Abdelkrim , Dridi Seloua 
Published: February 2021

Background:
This work aims to confirm the anti-diabetic activity of Pallenis spinosa,
as recommended in traditional medicine, and perform a chemical analysis of the aerial part of Pallenis
spinosa.

Methods:
The isolated compounds have been identified by chemical methods and spectrometric
analysis, such as UV, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. With regard to the anti-diabetic activity,
a series of experiments have been carried out in vivo on Westar albino rats. Diabetes has been induced
in animals by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocine. They have been treated with an
aqueous extract from the aerial part of Pallenis spinosa (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) and
glibenclamide (5 mg/kg body weight) every day for 21 days.

Results:
The chemical analysis of the aerial part of Pallenis spinosa led to the isolation of five
known flavonoids, including patuletin 7-galactopyranoside, patuletin-3-O-α-L-rharnnopyranosyl
(1-6)-β-D-galactopyranoside, tricin 7-glucopyranoside, tricin, and quercetin. The aqueous extract
of both doses, 250 mg and 500 mg, has shown significant activity in reducing blood sugar, with
43.38% for the dose of 250 mg/kg and 37.76% for the dose of 500 mg/kg, as well as a significant
decrease in the total fatness, triglycerides, and the total cholesterol levels in animals. The treatment
was compared to the diabetes control group (p = 0.05). We used glibenclamide as a reference, and
it showed similar results.

Conclusion:
In order to explore and develop new anti-diabetic drugs, more studies are needed on
this plant for scrutinizing its mechanism of activity.
Laurus Nobilis Linn. Inhibits Polyol Pathway Enzymes: Strategy for Managing Diabetic Complications
Authors: Bankole Habeeb Adebodun , Fatai Azeez Ayomide , Aleshe Sulihat Motunrayo , Kazeem Mutiu Idowu , Kappo Abidemi Paul 
Published: February 2021

Background:
The rising incidence of diabetic complications necessitate the continuous search
for safer, cheaper, and effective pharmacological agents. The polyol pathway is an underlying process
implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Inhibition of enzymes in the polyol pathway is a
veritable means of ameliorating diabetic complications.

Objective:
This study evaluated the inhibitory potential of some spicy plants on the activities of polyol
pathway enzymes (aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase).

Methods:
Aqueous extracts of Laurus nobilis (bay), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Murraya
koenigii (curry), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), and Curcuma longa (turmeric) were incubated with appropriate
enzymes and substrates, and inhibition percentages were determined.

Results:
The results showed that bay extract had effective IC50 for the inhibition of both aldose reductase
(174.87 μg/mL) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (37.08 μg/mL). It also revealed that bay extract inhibited
aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase in a non-competitive and competitive manner, respectively.

Conclusion:
It is, therefore, concluded that bay extract effectively inhibited activities of polyol pathway
enzymes and might contribute to the amelioration of diabetic complications.
Lophira alata Suppresses Phorbol Ester-Mediated Increase in Cell Growth via Inhibition of Protein Kinase C-α/Akt in Glioblastoma Cells
Authors: Ezenyi Ifeoma , Emeje Martins , Okhale Samuel , Lin Stacy , Jean-Louis Denise , Amos Samson 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Medicinal plants serve as sources of compounds used to treat other types of cancers. The root of the plant Lophira alata (Ochnaceae) has been used as a component of traditional herbal decoctions administered to cancer patients in southwestern Nigeria. However, the mechanism of the cytotoxic effects of Lophira alata alone or in the presence of phorbol ester has not been investigated in brain tumor cells.

Objective:
This study was aimed at examining the cytotoxic potential of the methanolic fraction of Lophira alata root on malignant glioma invasive cellular growth and survival.

Method:
The methanolic fraction of Lophira alata (LAM) was subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the fingerprints of the active molecules. The antiproliferative effects of Lophira alata were assessed using the MTT and LDH assays. Protein immunoblots were carried out to test the effects of Lophira alata, alone or in the presence of phorbol ester, on survival signaling pathways such as Akt, mTOR, and apoptotic markers such as PARP and caspases.

Results:
The methanolic fraction of Lophira alata (LAM) induced a concentration-dependent and time-dependent
decrease in glioma cell proliferation. In addition, LAM attenuated phorbol ester-mediated signaling of
downstream targets such as Akt/mTOR. Gene silencing using siRNA targeting PKC-alpha attenuated LAM-mediated
downregulation of Akt. In addition, LAM induced both PARP and caspase cleavages. The HPLC fingerprint
of the fraction indicates the presence of flavonoids.

Conclusion:
LAM decreases cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in glioma cell lines and thus could serve as a therapeutic molecule in the management of gliomas.
Radioprotective Potential of Nutraceuticals and their Underlying Mechanism of Action
Authors: Shah Muhammad Ajmal , Iqbal Shabnoor , Rasul Azhar , Saadullah Malik , Tabassum Sobia , Ali Shujat , Zafar Muhammad , Muhammad Haji , Uddin Md Sahab , Batiha Gaber El-Saber , Vargas-De-La-Cruz Celia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract:Radiations are an efficient treatment modality in cancer therapy. Besides the treatment effects of radiations, the ionizing radiations interact with biological systems and generate reactive oxygen species that interfere with the normal cellular process. Previous investigations have been conducted only on few synthetic radioprotectors, mainly owing to some limiting effects. The nutraceuticals act as efficient radioprotectors to protect the tissues from the deleterious effects of radiation. The main radioprotection mechanism of nutraceuticals is the scavenging of free radicals while other strategies involve modulation of signaling transduction pathways like MAPK (JNK, ERK1/2, ERK5, and P38), NF-kB, cytokines, and their protein regulatory gene expression. The current review is focused on the radioprotective effects of nutraceuticals including vitamin E, -C, organosulphur compounds, phenylpropanoids, and polysaccharides. These natural entities protect against radiation-induced DNA damage. The review mainly entails the antioxidant perspective and radioprotective molecular mechanism of nutraceuticals, DNA repair pathway, anti-inflammation, immunomodulatory effects and regeneration of hematopoietic cells.
Selective Reduction of Aromatic Alkynes Catalyzed by Palladium with Formic Acid as the Hydride Source
Authors: Chayya Suzanne , El-Dakdouki Mohammad , Hijazi Akram , Younes Ghassan , Ibrahim Ghassan , Hachem Ali , Alaaeddine Ali 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Transfer hydrogenation methods that employ non-H2 hydrogen sources
have evolved as an attractive alternative for conventional hydrogenation approaches.

Objective:
In this study, we aimed at developing optimized conditions to induce the selective transfer
hydrogenation reduction of aromatic alkynes catalyzed by PdCl2(PPh3)2 and using formic acid
as the hydride source.

Methods:
The effect of various reaction parameters, such as the nature and amount of the catalyst,
the H-donor/base couple, reaction time and temperature, and the nature of the solvent on the outcome
of the alkyne reduction were investigated.

Results:
The reduction of the alkyne can be chemoselectively controlled by adjusting the reaction
conditions. Among the tested catalysts, PdCl2(PPh3)2 was the most suitable, with 2% of the catalyst
being the optimal amount. While the reduction was successful in different solvents of different polarities,
THF was selected as the solvent of choice. The reduction of diphenylacetylene yielded the
alkene both at 50°C and 80°C. When testing the optimized conditions on the reduction of 4-
phenyl-3-butyne-2-one, quantitative partial reduction to the corresponding α,β-unsaturated ketone
was obtained at 50°C, while the saturated ketone was produced as the major product at 80°C.

Conclusion:
The chemoselective reduction of aromatic alkynes was performed successfully with
complete conversion using 2% PdCl2(PPh3)2 as a catalyst, formic acid/NEt3 as the H-donor/base
couple, THF as the solvent, at 50°C and 80°C.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE OF THE ANATOMY CIRCULATION SYSTEM FOR THE MEDICAL STUDENTS: A DELPHI STUDY
Authors: Al Mubarokah Marwatunnisa , Munawaroh Siti , Hastami Yunia , Wiyono Nanang 
Published: February 2021

Background: Anatomy is basic science that is important for preclinical students, clinics, and specialists. The development of medical science led to a reduced allocation of learning time in Anatomy. The imbalance between the amount of learning material with time allocation makes various effective teaching methods carried out and examined. The learning objectives guide the faculty in selecting teaching methods as well as appropriate evaluation to measure the progress of student understanding. This study aims to obtain detailed anatomical learning objectives regarding the circulation system for medical students as part of the development of the medical curriculum in Indonesia.Method: This research is qualitative research with the modified Delphi method. The research subjects were anatomy lecturers in Indonesia who. The first round of the Delphi questionnaire was filled out by selecting the Bloom cognition domain between C1-C6 and the respondent composing the sentence of learning objectives according to the core material. The second round of respondents was asked to choose an important level from each point of learning objectives on the Likert Scale 1-4. The consensus level chosen is that 60% of the panel chooses on level 3 or 4.The results of the second round are then processed to ensure the most appropriate selection of operational verbs and cognitive domains.Results: The first Delphi round resulted in 74 learning objectives from 110 core material points with the cognitive domain between C1-C3. While the second round, Delphi generates 59 learning objectives. The third round which was not part of the Delphi method, these results were then consulted to anatomists of the circulatory system and came up with the 32 learning objectives.Conclusion: The learning objectives of the circulation system that need to be known are 32 learning objectives, with cognitive domains varying between C1-C3, include cor, pericardium, mediastinum, arteries, veins, lymphatics system, prenatal and postnatal circulation, dan hepatic portal system. Keywords: anatomy of circulatory system, Delphi method, anatomy learning objectives, lecturer consensus
BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES AND PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING: PITFALLS AND POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF TEACHERS AND STUDENTS
Authors: Renaldi Teuku , Usman Said , Syukri Maimun , Sofia Sofia , Syahrizal Dedy 
Published: February 2021

Background: Basic medical sciences are essential foundation for the constructive learning of clinical sciences. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala is currently implementing Problem-based learning (PBL) for basic medical sciences. Studies have been conducted in many places with inconsistently different results that it is impossible to draw theoretical and practical conclusions regarding the implementation of PBL for basic medical sciences. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of PBL for basic medical sciences at Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala from the perspectives of pre-clinical teachers, clinical teachers and medical students.Methods: This is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Respondents were pre-clinical teachers, clinical teachers and medical students. Data collection were carried out by using focused-group discussion (FGD). Data analysis was carried out qualitatively by using thematic analysis.Results: This study identified three themes: (1) integrated thematic blocks are not adequate for the learning of basic medical sciences, (2) inadequacy of basic medical sciences practice activities, and (3) possible improvements through curriculum revision.Conclusion: The implementation of PBL in the form of integrated blocks for basic medical sciences is not adequately constructive to prepare students to learn clinical sciences. Hybrid curriculum which incorporates conventional methods for basic medical sciences and PBL for clinical sciences is recommended to improve students’ constructive learning. Further studies on hybrid curriculum is needed to evaluate its effect of basic medical sciences. Keywords: Basic medical sciences, Problem-based learning (PBL), practical session, hybrid curriculum, constructive learning, self-directed learning.
A New Theory for Human Social Development
Authors: Loveless Herbert 
Published: February 2021

A new theory for the social development of man is proposed based on the
skeletal similarity between Ardi (Ardipithecus ramidus). It has been the
standard theory to model the earliest social development of human
ancestors on the chimpanzee because this species, along with the bonobo,
is closest to man genetically. However, the chimpanzee, bonobo an
gorilla are all knuckle walkers with “hunched over, constricted”
skeletons. Both Ardi and the orangutan have extended skeletons. This
suggests that the two species had similar forms of locomotion and that
Ardi spent virtually its entire life in the forest canopy as the
orangutan does, and there for that Ardi was pre-evolved for bipedal
locomotion. It also suggests that Ardi might have exhibited social
behavior similar to what the orangutan exhibits both in nature and when
raised in rescue centers.
A Saúde do Empreendedor no Brasil: Uma Análise dos Dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN)
Authors: Barbosa Rodrigo , Borges Cândido 
Published: February 2021

Objetivo: Analisar os principais danos relacionados ao trabalho sofridos por empreendedores no Brasil, além do perfil sociodemográfico das vítimas.Método: Foram utilizados os dados disponíveis no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), do Ministério da Saúde. Através desta base, comparou-se os dados dos empreendedores que sofreram algum dano relacionado ao trabalho com os dos outros trabalhadores, e os dados da primeira base do Sinan (2006) com os da última base disponível (2018).Originalidade/Relevância: A saúde do empreendedor pode ter sérios impactos no negócio, por isso, o interesse sobre esta temática tem crescido na literatura internacional. Entretanto, ainda pouco se sabe sobre a saúde do empreendedor no Brasil.Resultados: Constatou-se que os casos de danos relacionados ao trabalho, sofridos por empreendedores no Brasil, aumentaram mais do que os sofridos por outros trabalhadores de 2006 a 2018. Os tipos de dano mais comuns entre empreendedores é o acidente de trabalho grave, seguido por intoxicação exógena. A maior parte dos casos são com homens, com idade média de 40 anos, com um ano ou menos no trabalho e ensino médio completo.Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Os dados sobre danos analisados indicam que existem algumas diferenças sociodemográficas entre empreendedores e outros trabalhadores vítimas de danos relacionados ao trabalho e também entre os principais danos sofridos entre essas duas classes.Contribuições sociais / para a gestão: Este trabalho é útil para empreendedores, ao apontar os principais danos que podem afetá-los, interferindo em sua saúde e bem-estar, bem como no desempenho de seu negócio.
STRUKTUR DAN DIKSI TEKS LAPORAN HASIL OBSERVASI KARYA SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 24 PADANG
Authors: Novita Yossy Sri , Nursaid Nursaid 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT This study aims to (1) describe the structure of the report text of the observations of the work of class VII students of SMP Negeri 24 PAdang. (2) describe the diction of the report text of the observations by the VII grade students of SMP Negeri 24 Padang. The results of this study are (1) in writing the text of the report on the observation of the seventh grade students of Padang Public Middle School 24 using the three text structures of the observation report. The third structure of the report's text structure is the general definition, part description and description of benefits. This is evident from the 30 text reports on the results of the observations that have been analyzed, there are 28 complete observation report texts using general definitions, part descriptions, and description of benefits. (2) when viewed from diction usage with 94% accuracy of diction usage and 6% inaccurate use of diction in observation report text by class VII students of Padang Middle School 24. Kata Kunci: stuktur teks, diksi, dan teks laporan hasil observasi
KORELASI KETERAMPILAN MEMBACA TEKS LAPORAN HASIL OBSERVASI DAN KETERAMPILAN MENULIS TEKS LAPORAN HASIL OBSERVASI SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 21 PADANG
Authors: Martin Savira Efyana , Emidar Emidar 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study consists of three things. First, to describe the skills to read the report text of the observation results of class VII students at SMP Negeri 21 Padang. Second, to describe the writing skills of report observation texts of class VII students of SMP Negeri 21 Padang. Third, to describe the correlation between the skills to read the text of the observation report and the text writing skills of the observation results of the seventh grade students at SMP Negeri 21 Padang.This type of research is quantitative with descriptive method. The design of this study is correlational. The population of this study was seventh grade students of SMP Negeri 21 Padang who were enrolled in the 2018/2019 school year as many as 219 people and spread in seven classes. The sample of this study amounted to 42 people who were determined using proportional random sampling technique. The research data was obtained through two types of tests, namely objective tests and performance tests. Objective tests are used to collect data on the skills to read the text of the observation report while the performance test is used to collect data on the skills to write the text of the observation report. Kata kunci: Korelasi, Keterampilan Membaca, Teks Laporan Hasil Observasi
TINDAK TUTUR DIREKTIF DAN STRATEGI BERTUTUR GURU MATA PELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 31 PADANG
Authors: Monica Lidya , Afnita Afnita 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT This article was written to describe the directive speech actions and speech strategies of Indonesian language teachers in class VII SMP Negeri 31 Padang. This research is qualitative with descriptive method. The sample of this study was grade VII students of SMP Negeri 31 Padang. The data of this research is the form of directive speech acts, speaking strategies and the context of the speaking of Indonesian language teachers in SMP Negeri 31 Padang in the 2018/2019 school year. The source of the research data is the speech of one Indonesian language teacher who teaches in class VII SMP Negeri 31 Padang. This research was conducted at the first meeting of the odd semester, for two meetings in the ongoing learning process.Based on the results of research and conclusions, it is suggested that the following things are suggested. (1) Directive speech acts and speech strategies of Indonesian subject teachers need to be developed, (2) Teachers are expected to use varied and good speech strategies to get the desired learning outcomes, (3) Teachers are expected to be able to use various examples of directive speech acts and appropriate speech strategies so that the process of speaking strategies that vary and discussion activities in the classroom become fun, and (4) the teacher is expected to be able to attract the attention of students in order to obtain a good learning process. Kata kunci: Tindak Tutur, Tindak Tutur Direktif, Strategi Bertutur
KONTRIBUSI KETERAMPILAN MEMBACA PEMAHAMAN TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN MENULIS TEKS EKSPOSISI SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 13 PADANG
Authors: Ardiansyah Aland , Zulfikarni Zulfikarni 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT This article reveals the contribution of skills reading comprehension to writing skills text exposition grade students VIII SMP Negeri Padang 13. The purpose of this research there are three. First, it describes the skills of reading comprehension grade VIII SMP Negeri 13Padang. Second, it describes the writing skills text eksposition grade VIII SMP Negeri 13Padang. Third, describing the contribution of the intermediate reading comprehension against writing skills text exposition grade VIII SMP Negeri 13 Padang. This research type is quantitative descriptive method. The desain used in this research is the design contribution. This research population is grade VIII SMP Negeri Padang are registered on the 13th school year 2019/2020, i.e. as many as 288 students. The sample in this research are determined by propotional random sampling of 20% of the populations, i.e. 54 students. Research data is a score test results intermediate reading comprehension and score the writing skills test result text exposition. The data obtained through two types of tests i.e. objective tests to measure the skills of reading comprehension text eksposition and performance tests to measure the skills of writing a text eksposition. The results of the research there are three. First, the skills of reading comprehension grade VIII SMP Negeri Padang 13 are on more than enough qualifications (LdC) by the value of the average 75.41. Second, the skills of writing text exposition grade VIII SMP Negeri Padang 13 are on good qualifications (B) with an average of 77.37. Third, there is a contribution of reading skills in the exposition of text to the skills of writing exposition texts of class grade VIII SMP Negeri Padang 13 at 62.77%. Kata kunci: Kontribusi, Keterampilan, Membaca Pemahaman, Menulis, Teks Eksposisi.