bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondary endings of muscle spindles: Structure, reflex action, role in motor control and proprioception
Authors: Banks Robert W. , Ellaway Peter H. , Prochazka Arthur , Proske Uwe 
Published: October 2021

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?We describe the structure and function of secondary sensory endings of muscle spindles, their reflex action and role in motor control and proprioception.
What advances does it highlight?In most mammalian skeletal muscles, secondary endings of spindles are more or much more numerous than primary endings but are much less well studied. By focusing on secondary endings in this review, we aim to redress the balance, draw attention to what is not known and stimulate future research.
AbstractKinaesthesia and the control of bodily movement rely heavily on the sensory input from muscle spindles. Hundreds of these sensory structures are embedded in mammalian muscles. Each spindle has one or more sensory endings and its own complement of small muscle fibres that are activated by the CNS via fusimotor neurons, providing efferent control of sensory responses. Exactly how the CNS wields this influence remains the subject of much fascination and debate. There are two types of sensory endings, primary and secondary, with differing development, morphology, distribution and responsiveness. Spindle primary endings have received more attention than secondaries, although the latter usually outnumber them. This review focuses on the secondary endings. Their location within the spindle, their response properties, the projection of their afferents within the CNS and their reflex actions all suggest that secondaries have certain separate roles from the primaries in proprioception and motor control. Specifically, spindle secondaries seem more adapted than primaries to signalling slow and maintained changes in the relative position of bodily segments, thereby contributing to position sense, postural control and static limb positioning. By highlighting, in this way, the roles of secondary endings, a final aim of the review is to broaden understanding of muscle spindles more generally and of the important contributions they make to both sensory and motor mechanisms.
The Dufour Effect in Film Cooling Experiments With Foreign Gases
Authors: Wiese Connor J. , Anthony Fischer Jacob P. , Bryant Carol E. , Rutledge James L. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In typical film cooling experiments, the adiabatic wall temperature may be determined from surface temperature measurements on a low thermal conductivity model in a low-temperature wind tunnel. In such experiments, it is generally accepted that the adiabatic wall temperature must be bounded between the coolant temperature and the freestream recovery temperature as they represent the lowest and highest temperature introduced into the experiment. Many studies have utilized foreign gas coolants to alter the coolant properties such as density and specific heat to more appropriately simulate engine representative flows. In this paper, we show that the often ignored Dufour effect can alter the thermal physics in such an experiment from those relevant to the engine environment that we generally wish to simulate. The Dufour effect is an off-diagonal coupling of heat and mass transfer that can induce temperature gradients even in what would otherwise be isothermal experiments. These temperature gradients can result in significant errors in the calibration of various experimental techniques, as well as lead to results that at first glance may appear non-physical such as adiabatic effectiveness values not bounded by zero and one. This work explores Dufour effect induced temperature separation on two common cooling flow schemes, a leading edge with compound injection through a cylindrical cooling hole, and a flat plate with axial injection through a 7–7–7-shaped cooling hole. Air, argon, carbon dioxide, helium, and nitrogen coolant were utilized due to their usage in recent film cooling studies.
Single and Serial Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Do Not Improve Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Performance in Soccer Players
Authors: Nehme Rafaela , de Branco Flávia M.S. , Vieira Públio F. , Guimarães Ana Vitória C. , Gomes Gederson K. , Teixeira Gabriela P. , Rodrigues Pedro H. , de Castro Junior Leonardo M. , Puga Guilherme M. , Saunders Bryan , de Oliveira Erick P. 
Published: October 2021

Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing seems to improve performance in exercises lasting 30–60 min. However, its effects on intermittent exercise are unclear. It is also unknown whether serial CHO mouth rinses can promote additional ergogenic effects when compared with a single mouth rinse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of single and serial CHO mouth rinses on Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) performance in soccer players. In a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 12 male (18.9 ± 0.5 years) soccer players performed eight serial mouth rinses under three different conditions: placebo solution only (noncaloric juice), seven placebo mouth rinses plus a single CHO mouth rinse (8% maltodextrin), or eight CHO mouth rinses (8-CHO). Following the final mouth rinse, individuals performed the Yo-Yo IR1 test to evaluate the maximal aerobic endurance performance measured via total distance covered. There were no differences in Yo-Yo IR1 performance between sessions (p = .32; single CHO mouth rinse (8% maltodextrin): 1,198 ± 289 m, eight CHO mouth rinses: 1,256 ± 253 m, placebo: 1,086 ± 284 m). In conclusion, single and serial CHO mouth rinsing did not improve performance during the Yo-Yo IR1 for soccer players. These data suggest that CHO mouth rinsing is not an effective ergogenic strategy for intermittent exercise performance irrespective of the number of rinses.
The Effect of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Atrophy Following Meniscal Repair or Chondral Restoration Surgery in Active Duty Military: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mason John S. , Crowell Michael S. , Brindle Richard A. , Dolbeer Jeffery A. , Miller Erin M. , Telemeco Todd A. , Goss Donald L. 
Published: October 2021

Context: Recently, blood flow restriction (BFR) training has gained popularity as an alternative to high-load resistance training for improving muscle strength and hypertrophy. Previous BFR studies have reported positive treatment effects; however, clinical benefits to using BFR following meniscal repair or chondral surgery are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of resistance exercises with BFR training versus exercises alone on self-reported knee function, thigh circumference, and knee flexor/extensor strength postmeniscal or cartilage surgery. Design: Single-blinded randomized controlled trial in an outpatient military hospital setting. Twenty participants were randomized into 2 groups: BFR group (n = 11) and control group (n = 9). Methods: Participants completed 12 weeks of postoperative thigh strengthening. The BFR group performed each exercise with the addition of BFR. Both groups continued with the prescribed exercises without BFR from 12 weeks until discharged from therapy. Thigh circumference and self-reported knee function were measured at 1, 6, 12, and 24 weeks postoperatively along with knee extensor and flexor strength at 12 and 24 weeks. Change scores between time points were calculated for knee function. Limb symmetry indices (LSI) were computed for thigh circumference and knee strength variables. Results: Seventeen participants were included in the final analyses (BFR = 8 and control = 9) due to COVID-19 restrictions. There were no interactions or main effects for group. Time main effects were established for change in knee function scores, thigh circumference LSI, and knee extensor strength LSI. However, knee flexor strength LSI had no main effect for time. Conclusion: The outcomes of this trial suggest that resistance exercises with and without BFR training may result in similar changes to function, thigh atrophy, and knee extensor strength postmeniscus repair/chondral restoration, though further study with larger sample sizes is needed.
The Measurement of Climatic Stress in the Royal Navy
Authors: Walters J. Duncan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractExposure to adverse climatic conditions is an occupational hazard in the Royal Navy. Wind-Chill, effective or corrected effective temperatures and Wet-Bulb Globe-Thermometer (WBGT) Values are commonly used to evaluate climatic stress and their application in preventing thermal injury is discussed. Recent developments in protective clothing, for use in hot and cold environments, and thermometric instrumentation are briefly described.
Instability of the Knee Joint and its Correction
Authors: Jones B. Victor 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe management of ruptures of the medial and cruciate ligaments of the knee is discussed. The importance of capsular damage and consequent rotational instability in combined ruptures of the medial and anterior cruciate ligament is emphasised. Direct suture repair of ruptured cruciate ligaments is often impossible, and intra-articular procedures to provide a replacement for the ligament are complicated and have proved disappointing.The importance of capsular laxity is emphasised and two new operations to correct this are described. One is a simple medial capsular advancement to correct minor rotational instability: the other is a reinforcement of the capsule with strips taken from each side of the ligamentum patellae. These operations are simple and initial results have been promising.
Management of Large Circumferential Burns
Authors: Walters J. Duncan , Watt James 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMajor circumferential burns in naval hospitals and ships are best treated by exposure. Attempts to achieve an early biological seal are frequently defeated by the difficulties of maintaining a clean, dry surface on weight-bearing areas. The principles underlying modern efforts to overcome this problem are described together with the results of tests carried out at the Institute of Naval Medicine on a new force-ventilated, warm-air bed.
Microbiological Studies in Submarines Ecology of Meningococci in Symptomless Carriers
Authors: Marsden P. H. , Fallon R. J. , Larsen R. T. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBacteriological surveys of the crews of both Royal Navy and United States nuclear submarine crews, who were engaged in extended patrols in an isolated environment, revealed an unexpectedly high level of nasopharyngeal meningococci when selective med’a was used and an, as yet, unexplained increase in the level of resistance of the organism to sulphadiazine during the period of patrol.Results from British and United States personnel showed very similar carrier rates, with the exceptions of ant’genic groups and sulphadiazine sensitivity.
The Incidence and Epidemiology of Tinea Pedis in the Crew of a Nuclear Submarine
Authors: Catterall M. D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe crew of a nuclear submarine on patrol was examined for evidence of tinea pedis. Fifty-six men (38.3 per cent) were found to possess lesions suggestive of this disease. Laboratory diagnosis demonstrated the incidence of my-cologically proven tinea pedis to be 13 per cent. A high relative incidence (43.8 per cent) of infections with Tricophyton rubrum was encountered, the overall infection rate with this fungus being 4.8 per cent. The incidence of both lesions and mycologically proven disease was found to be significantly greater in that group of men wearing heavy foot attire during the working day. In this section of the crew the incidence of infection was 21.8 per cent compared with 7.6 per cent in those men wearing only well-ventilated foot attire.No significant bias of infection towards the users of any particular bathroom was detected and frequency of infection could not be correlated with length of service in the Royal Navy or Submarine Service.It appears that confinement within a nuclear submarine does not result in epidemic tinea pedis and it seems probable that the major limiting factor is the wearing of well ventilated footwear by all men for the greater part of each day.
A Radiological Follow-up Study of the Effect of Asbestos in Dockyard Workers in Portsmouth
Authors: Grant McMillan G. H. , Sheers G. , Pethybridge R. J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn 1968 a 10 per cent random sample of men variously exposed to asbestos at work in HM Dockyard, Portsmouth, was examined to determine the prevalence of asbestos-related lesions. Those who responded at that time have been studied after an interval of nine years to determine attack rates. Among those who had no lesion in 1968 and were reexamined, 10.6per cent had developed some asbestos-related lesion but only 0.6 per cent had pulmonary parenchymal fibrosis whereas 3. 7 per cent of those with a pleural lesion at the initial survey were found to have developed parenchymal fibrosis. Dose response relationships were found in relation to occupations (potential risk of exposure), time in that occupation and time elapsed since first employment in that occupation. The prevalence of lesions among smokers and ex-smokers was almost double that in non-smokers. All those who developed parenchymal fibrosis had a positive smoking history.
Prediction of bleb formation in intracranial aneurysms using machine learning models based on aneurysm hemodynamics, geometry, location, and patient population
Authors: Salimi Ashkezari Seyedeh Fatemeh , Mut Fernando , Slawski Martin , Cheng Boyle , Yu Alexander K , White Tim G , Woo Henry H , Koch Matthew J , Amin-Hanjani Sepideh , Charbel Fady T , Rezai Jahromi Behnam , Niemelä Mika , Koivisto Timo , Frosen Juhana , Tobe Yasutaka , Maiti Spandan , Robertson Anne M , Cebral Juan R 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundBleb presence in intracranial aneurysms (IAs) is a known indication of instability and vulnerability.ObjectiveTo develop and evaluate predictive models of bleb development in IAs based on hemodynamics, geometry, anatomical location, and patient population.MethodsCross-sectional data (one time point) of 2395 IAs were used for training bleb formation models using machine learning (random forest, support vector machine, logistic regression, k-nearest neighbor, and bagging). Aneurysm hemodynamics and geometry were characterized using image-based computational fluid dynamics. A separate dataset with 266 aneurysms was used for model evaluation. Model performance was quantified by the area under the receiving operating characteristic curve (AUC), true positive rate (TPR), false positive rate (FPR), precision, and balanced accuracy.ResultsThe final model retained 18 variables, including hemodynamic, geometrical, location, multiplicity, and morphology parameters, and patient population. Generally, strong and concentrated inflow jets, high speed, complex and unstable flow patterns, and concentrated, oscillatory, and heterogeneous wall shear stress patterns together with larger, more elongated, and more distorted shapes were associated with bleb formation. The best performance on the validation set was achieved by the random forest model (AUC=0.82, TPR=91%, FPR=36%, misclassification error=27%).ConclusionsBased on the premise that aneurysm characteristics prior to bleb formation resemble those derived from vascular reconstructions with their blebs virtually removed, machine learning models can identify aneurysms prone to bleb development with good accuracy. Pending further validation with longitudinal data, these models may prove valuable for assessing the propensity of IAs to progress to vulnerable states and potentially rupturing.
Association Between Stent Implantation and Progression of Nontarget Lesions in a Rabbit Model of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Ma Jing , Liu Xiaoling , Qiao Lei , Meng Linlin , Xu Xingli , Xue Fei , Cheng Cheng , Han Ziqi , Lu Yue , Zhang Wencheng , Bu Peili , Zhang Meng , An Guipeng , Lu Huixia , Ni Mei , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Yun 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Progression of nontarget lesions (NTLs) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been reported. However, it remains unknown whether progression of NTLs was causally related to stenting. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that stent implantation triggers acute phase response and systemic inflammation which may be associated with progression of NTLs.

Methods:
Thirty New Zealand rabbits receiving endothelial denudation and atherogenic diet were randomly divided into stenting, sham, and control groups. Angiography and intravascular ultrasonography were performed in the stenting and sham groups, and stent implantation performed only in the stenting group. Histopathologic study was conducted and serum levels of APPs (acute phase proteins) measured in all rabbits. Proteomics analysis was performed to screen the potential proteins related to NTLs progression after stent implantation. The serum levels of APPs and inflammatory cytokines were measured in 147 patients undergoing coronary angiography or PCI.

Results:
Plaque burden in the NTLs was significantly increased 12 weeks after stent implantation in the stenting group versus sham group. Serum levels of APPs and their protein expression in NTLs were significantly increased and responsible for stenting-triggered inflammation. In patients receiving PCI, serum levels of SAA-1 (serum amyloid A protein 1), CRP (C-reactive protein), TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α, and IL (interleukin)-6 were substantially elevated up to 1 month post-PCI.

Conclusions:
In a rabbit model of atherosclerosis, stent implantation triggered acute phase response and systemic inflammation, which was associated with increased plaque burden and pathological features of unstable plaque in NTLs. The potential mechanism involved vessel injury-triggered acute phase response manifested as increased serum levels of SAA-1, CRP, and LBP (lipopolysaccharide-binding protein) and their protein expression in NTLs. These findings provided a new insight into the relation between stent implantation and progression of NTLs, and further studies are warranted to clarify the detailed mechanism and clinical significance of these preliminary results.

Registration:

URL:
http://www.chictr.org.cn
; Unique identifier: ChiCTR1900026393.

Graphic Abstract:

A
graphic abstract
is available for this article.
Anthropometric Changes in Spaceflight
Authors: Young Karen S. , Kim K. Han , Rajulu Sudhakar 
Published: October 2021

Objective This study aims to identify the change in anthropometric measurements during spaceflight due to microgravity exposure. Background Comprehensive and accurate anthropometric measurements are crucial to assess body shape and size changes in microgravity. However, only limited anthropometric data have been available from the astronauts in spaceflight. Methods A new photogrammetry-based technique in combination with a tape-measure method was used for anthropometric measurements from nine crewmembers on the International Space Station. Measurements included circumference and height for body segments (chest, waist, bicep, thigh, calf). The time-dependent variations were also assessed across pre-, in-, and postflight conditions. Results Stature showed a biphasic change with up to 3% increase at the early flight phase, followed by a steady phase during the remaining flight. Postflight measurements returned to a similar level of the preflight. Other linear measurements, including acromion height, showed similar trends. The chest, hip, thigh, and calf circumferences show overall decrease during the flight up to 11%, then returned close to the preflight measurement at postflight. Conclusion The measurements from this study provide critical information for the spacesuit and hardware design. The ground-based assessments for spacesuit fit needs to be revalidated and adjusted for in-flight extravehicular activities from this data. Application These data can be useful for space suit design as well as habitat, vehicle, and additional microgravity activities such as exercise, where the body shape changes can affect fit, performance, and human factors of the overall design.
Treating rare tumors with the assistance of the expert virtual consultation system: two cases of juvenile granulosa cell tumors
Authors: Hovsepyan Shushan , Hakobyan Lusine , Mkhitaryan Armen , Terenziani Monica , Ferrari Andrea , Sironi Giovanna , Schneider Dominik T. , Tamamyan Gevorg 
Published: October 2021

Background: The lack of internationally recognized guidelines for very rare tumors, such as juvenile granulosa cell tumors (JGCTs), which are nonepithelial, unusual ovarian tumors, is a challenge for pediatric oncologists, especially in developing countries with limited resources and experience in treating rare tumors. Methods: We report clinical data of 2 girls with JGCTs treated at the Pediatric Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Armenia with the assistance of the EXPeRT (European Cooperative Study Group for Pediatric Rare Tumors) international cooperation panel. Case presentation: Two girls (16 and 15 years old) with JGCTs of the ovaries, stage Ic, underwent surgery and, with consultation through an online advisory board ( http://vrt.cineca.it/ ), received 4 cycles of chemotherapy according to the PEI regimen (cisplatin, etoposide, ifosfamide). Conclusion: Very rare tumors, especially in advanced stages, have limited data and a low survival rate. International collaboration with the EXPeRT group is beneficial for physicians with limited experience and facilitates research in pediatric oncology.
Biologic Augmentation of Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis With Allogeneic Bone Block Is Associated With High Rates of Fusion
Authors: Sherman Alain E. , Mehta Mitesh P. , Nayak Rusheel , Mutawakkil Muhammad Y. , Ko Jason H. , Patel Milap S. , Kadakia Anish R. 
Published: October 2021

Background: The orthopaedic conditions and systemic comorbidities that occur in patients who require bone block tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis have made this procedure associated with a higher-than-normal risk of nonunion, graft collapse, hardware failure, and amputation. Here, we present a novel approach to bone block TTC arthrodesis using adjunctive osteoinductive agents and a prolonged course of protected weightbearing to assess if we could improve on historical outcomes. We also evaluated the efficacy of a vascularized medial femoral condyle (MFC) free flap to augment TTC arthrodesis. Methods: Fourteen adult patients underwent bone block TTC arthrodesis biologically augmented with fresh-frozen femoral head allograft, bone marrow aspirate concentrate, and demineralized bone matrix cortical fibers. Three patients with soft tissue defects underwent vascularized reconstruction with an MFC free flap. Radiographic union, the Foot Function Index (FFI), and PROMIS pain interference (PI), and physical function (PF) scores were assessed at follow-up. Results: TTC fusion was documented on plain radiograph in 13 of 14 patients (92.9%) and CT in 10 of 11 patients (90.9%). Mean time to fusion was 183.2 ± 83.2 days. One patient (7.1%) experienced nonunion and persistent infection requiring amputation. Patients who underwent vascularized bone grafting had significantly shorter time to fusion (112.3 ± 31.7 days vs 204.4 ± 82.7 days, P = .05). Patient-reported outcomes revealed mild to moderate pain and dysfunction after 1 year (mean FFI = 41.0% ± 23.1%, PROMIS PI = 58.3 ± 1.8, PROMIS PF = 39.0 ± 2.2). Conclusion: In this relatively small series, the biologic augmentation of bone block TTC arthrodesis with osteoinductive agents and protective weightbearing resulted in excellent rates of fusion, modest pain, and preserved function of the lower extremity in almost all those treated. Osseous healing appears to be enhanced and accelerated with application of an MFC flap. We believe that this approach offers a viable salvage option for these challenging clinical problems. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.