bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les esclaves livournais à Alger: La question juive et le théâtre politique en Toscane à la fin du xviiie siècle
Authors: Addobbati Andrea , Bregoli Francesca 
Published: August 2021

Les esclaves livournais à Alger: La question juive et le théâtre politique en Toscane à la fin du xviiie siècleCet article analyse une pièce de théâtre française récemment découverte, Les esclaves livournais à Alger, écrite par François Gariel et publiée à Livourne en 1786. Le protagoniste de la pièce, qui fourmille d’allusions à des événements toscans et européens contemporains et de références subtiles à des classiques de la littérature française des Lumières, est un marchand juif vertueux d’Alger, avocat de la tolérance pour tous les peuples et toutes les religions et admirateur déclaré du grand-duc de Toscane. Afin de mieux comprendre la pièce de Gariel et la question juive à Livourne, l’article revient sur le contexte des années 1780 et l’installation dans le port toscan d’importantes familles juives algériennes enrichies par le rachat des captifs. Il met également en lumière la participation active, mais contestée, des Juifs à la scène théâtrale livournaise. Une fois les nombreuses allusions des Esclaves mises au jour et décodées, la pièce nous plonge au cœur des débats politiques toscans concernant la participation des Juifs à la vie publique. Elle sonde également les inquiétudes qui entourent le pouvoir présumé des Juifs et leur rôle ambivalent dans le commerce et le rachat des captifs. Les relations étroites nouées entre Livourne et l’Afrique du Nord permettent ainsi de mieux saisir le discours public sur la condition des Juifs en Toscane. Cette perspective méditerranéenne complexifie à son tour notre compréhension des relations entre minorités et majorités, à une époque où les débats des Lumières sur la tolérance et l’intégration des Juifs se multipliaient en Europe occidentale.
The Metaphysics of Practical Rationality: Intentional and Deontic Cognition
Authors: STOVALL PRESTON 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDespite growing appreciation in recent decades of the importance of shared intentional mental states as a foundation for everything from divergences in primate evolution, to the institution of communal norms, to trends in the development of modernity as a sociopolitical phenomenon, we lack an adequate understanding of the relationship between individual and shared intentionality. At the same time, it is widely appreciated that deontic reasoning concerning what ought, may, and ought not be done is, like reasoning about our intentions, an exercise of practical rationality. Taking advantage of this fact, I use a plan-theoretic semantics for the deontic modalities as a basis for understanding individual and shared intentions. This results in a view that accords well with what we currently have reason to believe about the phylogenetic and ontogenetic development of norm psychology and shared intentionality in human beings, and where original intentionality can be understood in terms of the shared intentionality of a community.
Use of diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship practices to improve Clostridioides difficile testing among SHEA Research Network hospitals
Authors: Sullivan Kaede V. , Gallagher Jason C. , Leekha Surbhi , Morgan Daniel J. , Morita Kazumi , Rock Clare , Claeys Kimberly C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe surveyed acute-care hospitals on strategies to reduce inappropriate C. difficile testing and treatment of colonized patients. Decision support during C. difficile test ordering was common, but “hard stops” to prevent placement of inappropriate orders and active intervention of antimicrobial stewardship programs on positive C. difficile test reports were infrequent.
Influence of maternal excess weight before pregnancy on breast-feeding and weaning: pooled analyses of four population-based cohorts born between 1982 and 2015
Authors: Flores Thaynã R. , Mielke Gregore I. , Matijasevich Alicia , dos Santos Iná da Silva , Silveira Mariângela Freitas , Domingues Marlos Rodrigues , Bassani Diego G. , Gonçalves Helen , Horta Bernardo Lessa , Bertoldi Andréa Dâmaso 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTo investigate the associations of maternal excess weight before pregnancy with (1) weaning at 3 months of age, (2) duration of exclusive breast-feeding at 6 months of age, (3) duration of any breast-feeding at 12 months of age and (4) to compare the magnitude of these associations over four decades. Data were from participants in the Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohorts born in 1982 (n 5334), 1993 (n 1442), 2004 (n 4092) and 2015 (n 4102). Maternal pre-pregnancy weight was collected after the delivery and breast-feeding status was assessed when children were 3 and 12 months old. Only in the most recent cohort (2015), women with excess weight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) before pregnancy had higher risk of discontinuing exclusive breast-feeding within the first 6 months postpartum than women with normal weight (hazard ratio = 1·22 (95 % CI 1·15, 1·30)). Duration of any type of breast-feeding until 12 months of age was not affected by pre-pregnancy weight. Excess weight before pregnancy is associated with exclusive breast-feeding only in the most recent birth cohort coinciding with increases in excess weight and breast-feeding over time.
The neurobiology of obsessive–compulsive personality disorder: a systematic review
Authors: Marincowitz Clara , Lochner Christine , Stein Dan J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundA number of recent investigations have focused on the neurobiology of obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). However, there have been few reviews of this literature with no detailed model proposed. We therefore undertook a systematic review of these investigations, aiming to map the available evidence and investigate whether it is possible to formulate a detailed model of the neurobiology of OCPD.MethodsOCPD can be considered from both categorical and dimensional perspectives. An electronic search was therefore conducted using terms that would address not only OCPD as a category, but also related constructs, such as perfectionism, that would capture research on neuropsychology, neuroimaging, neurochemistry, and neurogenetics.ResultsA total of 1059 articles were retrieved, with 87 ultimately selected for abstract screening, resulting in a final selection of 49 articles focusing on neurobiological investigations relevant to OCPD. Impaired executive function and cognitive inflexibility are common neuropsychological traits in this condition, and suggest that obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and OCPD may lie on a continuum. However, neuroimaging studies in OCPD indicate the involvement of specific neurocircuitry, including the precuneus and amygdala, and so suggest that OCD and OCPD may have important differences. Although OCPD has a heritable component, we found no well-powered genetic studies of OCPD.ConclusionAlthough knowledge in this area has advanced, there are insufficient data on which to base a comprehensive model of the neurobiology of OCPD. Given the clinical importance of OCPD, further work to understand the mechanisms that underpin this condition is warranted.
The dynamics of deforestation and reforestation in a developing economy
Authors: Wolfersberger Julien , Amacher Gregory S. , Delacote Philippe , Dragicevic Arnaud 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe develop a model of optimal land allocation in a developing economy that features three possible land uses: agriculture, primary and secondary forests. The distinction between those forest types reflects their different contributions in terms of public goods. In our model, reforestation is costly because it undermines land title security. Using the forest transition concept, we study long-term land-use change and explain important features of cumulative deforestation across countries. Our results shed light on the speed at which net deforestation ends, on the effect of tenure costs in this process, and on composition in steady state. We also present a policy analysis that emphasizes the critical role of institutional reforms addressing the costs of both deforestation and tenure in order to promote a transition. We find that focusing only on net forest losses can be misleading since late transitions may yield, upon given conditions, a higher level of environmental benefits.
The Spacecraft Wake: Interference With Electric Field Observations and a Possibility to Detect Cold Ions
Authors: André Mats , Eriksson Anders I. , Khotyaintsev Yuri V. , Toledo‐Redondo Sergio 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWakes behind spacecraft caused by supersonic drifting positive ions are common in plasmas and disturb in situ measurements. We review the impact of wakes on observations by the Electric Field and Wave double‐probe instruments on the Cluster satellites. In the solar wind, the equivalent spacecraft charging is small compared to the ion drift energy and the wake effects are caused by the spacecraft body and can be compensated for. We present statistics of the direction, width, and electrostatic potential of wakes, and we compare with an analytical model. In the low‐density magnetospheric lobes, the equivalent positive spacecraft charging is large compared to the ion drift energy and an enhanced wake forms. In this case observations of the geophysical electric field with the double‐probe technique becomes extremely challenging. Rather, the wake can be used to estimate the flux of cold (eV) positive ions. For an intermediate range of parameters, when the equivalent charging of the spacecraft is similar to the drift energy of the ions, also the charged wire booms of a double‐probe instrument must be taken into account. We discuss an example of these effects from the MMS spacecraft near the magnetopause. We find that many observed wake characteristics provide information that can be used for scientific studies. An important example is the enhanced wakes used to estimate the outflow of ionospheric origin in the magnetospheric lobes to about cold (eV) ions/s, constituting a large fraction of the mass outflow from planet Earth.
Shear Velocity Inversion Guided by Resistivity Structure From the PI‐LAB Experiment for Integrated Estimates of Partial Melt in the Mantle
Authors: Harmon Nicholas , Wang Shunguo , Rychert Catherine A. , Constable Steven , Kendall J. Michael 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe lithosphere‐asthenosphere system is fundamental to our understanding of mantle convection and plate tectonics. The different sensitivities of seismic and electromagnetic methods can be used together to better constrain the properties of the system. Here, we re‐examine the shear velocity model from Rayleigh waves in light of the magnetotelluric based resistivity models from the Passive Imaging of the Lithosphere Asthenosphere Boundary (PI‐LAB) experiment near the equatorial Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, with the goal of generating a structurally consistent velocity and resistivity model for the region. Cross‐plots of the models suggest a linear or near‐linear trend that is also in agreement with petrophysical predictions. We generate a new shear velocity model from the resistivity models based on petrophysical relationships. The new velocity model fits the phase velocity data, and the correlation coefficient between the shear velocity and resistivity models is increased. Much of the model can be predicted by expectations for a thermal half‐space cooling model, although some regions require a combination of higher temperatures, volatiles, or partial melt. We use the petrophysical predictions to estimate the melt fraction, melt volatile content, and temperature structure of the asthenospheric anomalies. We find up to 4% melt, with the lowest resistivities and shear velocities explained by up to 20% water or 20% CO2 in the melt or ∼1% nearly pure sulfide melt, depending on the set of assumptions used. Melt is required in punctuated anomalies over broad depth ranges, and also in channels at the base of the lithosphere. Melt in the asthenosphere is dynamic, yet persistent on geologic timescales.
Large Enhancements in Southern Hemisphere Satellite‐Observed Trace Gases Due to the 2019/2020 Australian Wildfires
Authors: Pope Richard J. , Kerridge Brian J. , Siddans Richard , Latter Barry G. , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Arnold Stephen R. , Ventress Lucy J. , Pimlott Matilda A. , Graham Ailish M. , Knappett Diane S. , Rigby Richard 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe 2019/2020 Australian wildfires emitted large quantities of atmospheric pollutant gases and aerosols. Using state‐of‐the‐art near‐real‐time satellite measurements of tropospheric composition, we present an analysis of several emitted trace gases and their long‐range transport, and compare to the previous (2018/2019) fire season. Observations of carbon monoxide (CO) show that fire emissions were so intense that the distinct Australian fire plume managed to circumnavigate the Southern Hemisphere (SH) within a few weeks, with eastward propagation over the South Pacific, South America, the South Atlantic, Africa, and the Indian Ocean. Elevated atmospheric methane levels were also detected in January 2020 fire plumes over the Pacific, defined using CO as a plume tracer, even though sampling was restricted spatially by aerosols and clouds. Observations also show significant enhancements of methanol (CH3OH) from the fires, where CH3OH:CO enhancement ratios increased within the aged plume downwind over the South Pacific indicating secondary in‐plume CH3OH formation.
Temperature Tides Across the Mid‐Latitude Summer Turbopause Measured by a Sodium Lidar and MIGHTI/ICON
Authors: Yuan T. , Stevens M. H. , Englert C. R. , Immel T. J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLocal full diurnal coverage of temperature variations across the turbopause (∼90–115 km altitude) is achieved by combining the nocturnal observations of a Sodium (Na) Doppler lidar on the Utah State University (USU) campus (41.7°N, 248.2°E) and NASA Michelson interferometer for global high‐resolution thermospheric imaging (MIGHTI)/Ionospheric connection explorer (ICON) daytime observations made in the same vicinity. In this study, utilizing this hybrid data set during summer 2020 between June 12th and July 15th, we retrieve the temperature signatures of diurnal and semidiurnal tides in this region. The tidal amplitudes of both components have similar vertical variation with increasing altitude: less than 5 K below ∼98 km but increase considerably above, up to 19 K near 104 km. Both experience significant dissipation near turbopause altitudes, down to ∼12 K up to 113 km for the diurnal tide and ∼13 K for the semidiurnal tide near 110 km. In addition, while the semidiurnal tidal behavior is consistent with the theoretical predictions, the diurnal amplitude is considerably larger than what is expected in the turbopause region. The tidal phase profile shows a dominance of tidal components with a long vertical wavelength (longer than 40 km) for the semidiurnal tide. On the other hand, the diurnal tide demonstrates close to an evanescent wave behavior in the turbopause region, which is absent in the model results and Thermosphere ionosphere mesosphere energetics and dynamics (TIMED)/Sounding of the atmosphere using broadband radiometry (SABER) observations.
Ketamine decreases neuronally released glutamate via retrograde stimulation of presynaptic adenosine A1 receptors
Authors: Lazarevic Vesna , Yang Yunting , Flais Ivana , Svenningsson Per 
Published: August 2021

AbstractKetamine produces a rapid antidepressant response in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), but the underlying mechanisms appear multifaceted. One hypothesis, proposes that by antagonizing NMDA receptors on GABAergic interneurons, ketamine disinhibits afferens to glutamatergic principal neurons and increases extracellular glutamate levels. However, ketamine seems also to reduce rapid glutamate release at some synapses. Therefore, clinical studies in MDD patients have stressed the need to identify mechanisms whereby ketamine decreases presynaptic activity and glutamate release. In the present study, the effect of ketamine and its antidepressant metabolite, (2R,6R)-HNK, on neuronally derived glutamate release was examined in rodents. We used FAST methodology to measure depolarization-evoked extracellular glutamate levels in vivo in freely moving or anesthetized animals, synaptosomes to detect synaptic recycling ex vivo and primary cortical neurons to perform functional imaging and to examine intracellular signaling in vitro. In all these versatile approaches, ketamine and (2R,6R)-HNK reduced glutamate release in a manner which could be blocked by AMPA receptor antagonism. Antagonism of adenosine A1 receptors, which are almost exclusively expressed at nerve terminals, also counteracted ketamine’s effect on glutamate release and presynaptic activity. Signal transduction studies in primary neuronal cultures demonstrated that ketamine reduced P-T286-CamKII and P-S9-Synapsin, which correlated with decreased synaptic vesicle recycling. Moreover, systemic administration of A1R antagonist counteracted the antidepressant-like actions of ketamine and (2R,6R)-HNK in the forced swim test. To conclude, by studying neuronally released glutamate, we identified a novel retrograde adenosinergic feedback mechanism that mediate inhibitory actions of ketamine on glutamate release that may contribute to its rapid antidepressant action.
Evidence for an atomic chiral superfluid with topological excitations
Authors: Wang Xiao-Qiong , Luo Guang-Quan , Liu Jin-Yu , Liu W. Vincent , Hemmerich Andreas , Xu Zhi-Fang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTopological superfluidity is an important concept in electronic materials as well as ultracold atomic gases1. However, although progress has been made by hybridizing superconductors with topological substrates, the search for a material—natural or artificial—that intrinsically exhibits topological superfluidity has been ongoing since the discovery of the superfluid 3He-A phase2. Here we report evidence for a globally chiral atomic superfluid, induced by interaction-driven time-reversal symmetry breaking in the second Bloch band of an optical lattice with hexagonal boron nitride geometry. This realizes a long-lived Bose–Einstein condensate of 87Rb atoms beyond present limits to orbitally featureless scenarios in the lowest Bloch band. Time-of-flight and band mapping measurements reveal that the local phases and orbital rotations of atoms are spontaneously ordered into a vortex array, showing evidence of the emergence of global angular momentum across the entire lattice. A phenomenological effective model is used to capture the dynamics of Bogoliubov quasi-particle excitations above the ground state, which are shown to exhibit a topological band structure. The observed bosonic phase is expected to exhibit phenomena that are conceptually distinct from, but related to, the quantum anomalous Hall effect3–7 in electronic condensed matter.
Oxytocin neurons enable social transmission of maternal behaviour
Authors: Carcea Ioana , Caraballo Naomi López , Marlin Bianca J. , Ooyama Rumi , Riceberg Justin S. , Mendoza Navarro Joyce M. , Opendak Maya , Diaz Veronica E. , Schuster Luisa , Alvarado Torres Maria I. , Lethin Harper , Ramos Daniel , Minder Jessica , Mendoza Sebastian L. , Bair-Marshall Chloe J. , Samadjopoulos Grace H. , Hidema Shizu , Falkner Annegret , Lin Dayu , Mar Adam , Wadghiri Youssef Z. , Nishimori Katsuhiko , Kikusui Takefumi , Mogi Kazutaka , Sullivan Regina M. , Froemke Robert C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMaternal care, including by non-biological parents, is important for offspring survival1–8. Oxytocin1,2,9–15, which is released by the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), is a critical maternal hormone. In mice, oxytocin enables neuroplasticity in the auditory cortex for maternal recognition of pup distress15. However, it is unclear how initial parental experience promotes hypothalamic signalling and cortical plasticity for reliable maternal care. Here we continuously monitored the behaviour of female virgin mice co-housed with an experienced mother and litter. This documentary approach was synchronized with neural recordings from the virgin PVN, including oxytocin neurons. These cells were activated as virgins were enlisted in maternal care by experienced mothers, who shepherded virgins into the nest and demonstrated pup retrieval. Virgins visually observed maternal retrieval, which activated PVN oxytocin neurons and promoted alloparenting. Thus rodents can acquire maternal behaviour by social transmission, providing a mechanism for adapting the brains of adult caregivers to infant needs via endogenous oxytocin.
Irregular distribution of grid cell firing fields in rats exploring a 3D volumetric space
Authors: Grieves Roddy M. , Jedidi-Ayoub Selim , Mishchanchuk Karyna , Liu Anyi , Renaudineau Sophie , Duvelle Éléonore , Jeffery Kate J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe investigated how entorhinal grid cells encode volumetric space. On a horizontal surface, grid cells usually produce multiple, spatially focal, approximately circular firing fields that are evenly sized and spaced to form a regular, close-packed, hexagonal array. This spatial regularity has been suggested to underlie navigational computations. In three dimensions, theoretically the equivalent firing pattern would be a regular, hexagonal close packing of evenly sized spherical fields. In the present study, we report that, in rats foraging in a cubic lattice, grid cells maintained normal temporal firing characteristics and produced spatially stable firing fields. However, although most grid fields were ellipsoid, they were sparser, larger, more variably sized and irregularly arranged, even when only fields abutting the lower surface (equivalent to the floor) were considered. Thus, grid self-organization is shaped by the environment’s structure and/or movement affordances, and grids may not need to be regular to support spatial computations.
tDCS randomized controlled trials in no-structural diseases: a quantitative review
Authors: Gianni Eugenia , Bertoli Massimo , Simonelli Ilaria , Paulon Luca , Tecchio Franca , Pasqualetti Patrizio 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe increasing number and quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) employing transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) denote the rising awareness of neuroscientific community about its electroceutical potential and opening to include these treatments in the framework of medical therapies under the indications of the international authorities. The purpose of this quantitative review is to estimate the recommendation strength applying the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) criteria and PICO (population, intervention, comparison, outcome) model values for effective tDCS treatments on no-structural diseases, and to provide an estimate of Sham effect for future RCTs. Applying GRADE evaluation pathway, we searched in literature the tDCS-based RCTs in psychophysical diseases displaying a major involvement of brain electrical activity imbalances. Three independent authors agreed on Class 1 RCTs (18 studies) and meta-analyses were carried out using a random-effects model for pathologies sub-selected based on PICO and systemic involvement criteria. The meta-analysis integrated with extensive evidence of negligible side effects and low-cost, easy-to-use procedures, indicated that tDCS treatments for depression and fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis ranked between moderately and highly recommendable. For these interventions we reported the PICO variables, with left vs. right dorsolateral prefrontal target for 30 min/10 days against depression and bilateral somatosensory vs occipital target for 15 min/5 days against MS fatigue. An across-diseases meta-analysis devoted to the Sham effect provided references for power analysis in future tDCS RCTs on these clinical conditions. High-quality indications support tDCS as a promising tool to build electroceutical treatments against diseases involving neurodynamics alterations.