bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Centenary shipwrecks reveal the limits of artificial habitats in protecting regional reef fish diversity
Authors: Medeiros Aline P. M. , Ferreira Beatrice P. , Betancur‐R Ricardo , Cardoso Aiara P. L. R. , Matos Marcello R. S. B. C. , Santos Bráulio A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe sinking of artificial structures has become increasingly common around the world, but whether the artificial structures favour or disfavour fish diversity remain under debate. Sinking may empty the nearby natural reefs locally and regionally by attracting their biota. Conversely, it may improve environmental conditions for species survival and reproduction, acting as source of diversity at the local and regional levels.We tested these contrasting hypotheses by assessing the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of 12 fish communities in Northeast Brazil: four ageing (>100‐year‐old) shipwrecks and eight surrounding natural reefs at comparable depths and distances. We partitioned the gamma diversity of artificial and natural reef communities into independent alpha and beta components, accounted for species’ abundance and assessed whether beta patterns were mostly driven by spatial turnover or nestedness.We recorded 6,335 individuals distributed in 88 fish species and 38 families. While artificial and natural reefs shared 50 species (57%), 21 species (24%) were exclusive to the artificial reefs, suggesting that the nearby natural reefs—the most likely original source of these exclusive species—do not harbour them anymore. Alpha diversity of typical and dominant species did not significantly differ between the reef types, but alpha diversity of rare species was taxonomically, functionally and phylogenetically higher in artificial reefs, indicating positive effects of the structures at the local scale.By contrast, regional beta diversity was higher in natural reefs in terms of taxonomic and functional diversity, regardless of species abundance. Pairwise beta diversity indicated that turnover had a large effect on the compositional dissimilarity in both reef types, whereas nestedness was almost irrelevant in artificial reefs.Synthesis and applications. Artificial structures such as shipwrecks may promote the co‐occurrence of rare species, but they are unable to produce the beta diversity patterns that natural reefs do, even following many decades of colonization. Although artificial habitats host a significant portion of the regional reef fish diversity, they may have also contributed to the degradation of nearby natural reefs. We recommend the establishment of regulated diving spots, fishing grounds and no‐take areas as a strategy to conserve regional fish diversity.
Ecosystem functions are related to tree diversity in forests but soil biodiversity in open woodlands and shrublands
Authors: Ding Jingyi , Delgado‐Baquerizo Manuel , Wang Jun‐Tao , Eldridge David J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Millions of trees are expected to be planted in forested and non‐forested ecosystems during the United Nations Decade of Restoration. Trees and soil organisms are known to interact, and are both crucial for maintaining multiple ecosystem functions. However, little is known about how the bidirectional relationships among above‐ and below‐ground diversity and ecosystem functions differ across forested and non‐forested ecosystems.

We collected data from 126 sites from humid to arid areas in eastern Australia to explore bidirectional relationships among above‐ground (richness of trees and other plants) and below‐ground (richness of bacteria, fungi, invertebrate, protist) diversity and multiple ecosystem functions (multifunctionality, litter and labile carbon storage, nutrient pools, decomposition, groundstorey plant biomass production, soil stability) in forested (tree cover >10%) and non‐forested (tree cover ≤10%, open woodlands, shrublands) systems.

We found that the relative importance of above‐ and below‐ground diversity differed among forested and non‐forested systems. Ecosystem functions, such as litter and labile carbon storage and soil stability, were associated mainly with tree richness in forested systems. By comparison, ecosystem functions of non‐forests were related to the richness of soil organisms. Such bidirectional biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships varied with the target function, and the relationships among ecosystem functions and the relative abundance of species varied with tree and soil taxa. The richness of other plants (i.e. all plants excluding trees) and soil organisms was positively coupled in forests only, but there were no linkages among above‐ and below‐ground diversity and ecosystem functions in non‐forests for groundstorey plant biomass production. Furthermore, increases in aridity and soil pH further weakened the biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships in forested and non‐forested systems, by suppressing above‐ground diversity and bacterial richness, respectively.

Synthesis. Our study provides strong empirical evidence that the bidirectional relationships among above‐ and below‐ground diversity and ecosystem functions are highly variable across ecosystem and function types. Moreover, our study demonstrates that soil biodiversity is relatively more important than tree diversity in supporting ecosystem functions in non‐forested systems. This suggests that conservation of soil biodiversity is critical for maintaining the functioning of open woodland and shrubland systems.
Forage quality in tundra grasslands under herbivory: Silicon‐based defences, nutrients and their ratios in grasses
Authors: Petit Bon Matteo , Inga Katarina Gunnarsdotter , Utsi Tove Aagnes , Jónsdóttir Ingibjörg Svala , Bråthen Kari Anne 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Herbivore‐induced changes in both leaf silicon‐based defence and nutrient levels are potential mechanisms through which grazers alter the quality of their own grass supply. In tundra grasslands, herbivores have been shown to increase nutrient contents of grasses; yet, it is an open question whether they also increase grass silicon‐based defence levels. Here, we asked if, and to what extent, herbivores affect silicon content and silicon:nutrient ratios of grasses found in tundra grasslands.

We performed an herbivore‐interaction field‐experiment spanning four tundra‐grassland sites. At each site, we established reindeer‐open and reindeer‐exclusion plots in tundra‐patches that had been disturbed or not by small rodents during the previous winter, for a total of 96 plots. We randomly collected over 1,150 leaf samples of inherently silicon‐rich and silicon‐poor grass species throughout a growing season and analysed silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents of each leaf.

Small‐rodent winter disturbance did not affect grass silicon content, but increased grass quality (i.e. lowered silicon:nutrient ratios) by enhancing nutrient levels of both silicon‐rich (+20%–22%) and silicon‐poor (+26%–34%) grasses. Reindeer summer herbivory increased the quality of silicon‐rich grasses by decreasing their silicon content (−7%). However, the two herbivores together offset both these quality increments in silicon‐rich grasses, thus reducing their quality towards the level of those found in the absence of herbivores and further enhancing their silicon:nutrient ratios (+13%–22%) relative to silicon‐poor grasses.

Synthesis. We provide the first community‐level, field‐based assessment of how herbivory‐driven changes in both leaf silicon‐based defence and nutrient levels alter grass‐forage quality in tundra grasslands. Herbivores did not promote a net silicon accumulation in grasses, but rather enhanced their overall quality. Yet, the magnitude of these quality increments varied depending on the herbivore(s) involved and differed between silicon‐rich and silicon‐poor grasses. Such differential herbivory‐induced changes in grass quality between and within tundra‐patches may mediate plant–herbivore interactions by altering herbivore forage patterns and food choices. In tundra‐patches utilised by both herbivores, the quality of silicon‐rich grasses was further decreased relative to that of silicon‐poor grasses. This could provide an advantage against herbivory, potentially being one of the pathways through which tundra‐grassland vegetation states dominated by silicon‐rich grasses are maintained by herbivores.
Drivers and limits of phenotypic responses in vulnerable seagrass populations:Zostera marinain the intertidal
Authors: Boyé Aurélien , Gauthier Olivier , Becheler Ronan , Le Garrec Vincent , Hily Christian , Maguer Marion , Grall Jacques 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntertidal seagrass meadows are exposed to both marine and terrestrial environmental constraints. Seagrass vulnerability to climate changes in these highly dynamic and thermally stressful environments is concerning.Using broadscale monitoring data covering contrasted intertidal environments, this study aims to provide a comprehensive view of the extent, drivers and potential limits ofZostera marinaphenotypic responses. The links between phenotypic and reproductive strategies are also explored.Across 500 km of coastline,Z. marinaexhibited extensive variations of density, morphology, above‐ and below‐ground biomass and rates of clonality. Variance partitioning of phenotypic traits confirmed the strong link between intertidal seagrass populations and broadscale climate variability. However, it also highlighted a non‐negligible role of local factors such as exposure regime, substrate and tidal cycles. In its response to the environment,Z. marinadisplayed a trade‐off between the density and size of shoots, leading to two distinct phenotypic types: high densities and low above‐ to below‐ground biomass ratios (Type 1) in response to both high hydrodynamic and temperature stress, and low densities, high above‐ground biomass per shoot and developed leaves and sheaths (Type 2) in the most stable and less stressful intertidal environments. We argue that Type 1 maximizes self‐facilitation whereas Type 2 minimizes intraspecific competition, and that their occurrence matches predictions from the stress‐gradient hypothesis (SGH). Building on the SGH, we propose a generalized response of seagrass to environmental changes and discuss the role of light as a potential limiting resource for intertidal meadows.Synthesis. Here, we show how the SGH can explain seagrass phenotypic responses, drawing on previous experimental results to provide relevant predictions across different stress gradients. We also show thatZostera marinaresponds to strong hydrodynamics and thermal constraints, both likely to increase in the intertidal with climate changes, with a facilitation‐maximizing phenotypic type (Type 1). This strategy appears incompatible with the competition‐minimizing Type 2 found when seagrass face resource limitation, such as light limitation induced by water quality degradation. This potential limit to the resilience of intertidal seagrass populations in the face of cumulative stressors raises concern about their vulnerability regarding future climate scenarios.
Effect of negative‐pressure wound therapy on wound complications in obese women after caesarean birth: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gillespie BM , Thalib L , Ellwood D , Kang E , Mahomed K , Kumar S , Chaboyer W 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundObesity is associated with increased surgical‐site infection (SSI) following caesarean section (CS).ObjectiveTo summarise the evidence on the effectiveness of negative‐pressure wound therapy (NPWT) for preventing SSI and other wound complications in obese women after CS.Search strategyMEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL databases and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched in March 2021.Selection criteriaRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) of NPWT compared with standard dressings after CS birth.Data collection and analysisPooled effect sizes were calculated using either fixed or random effects models based on heterogeneity. The Cochrane risk of bias and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation tools were used to assess the quality of studies and overall quality of evidence.Main resultsTen RCTs with 5583 patients were included; studies were published between 2012 and 2021. Nine RCTs with 5529 patients were pooled for the outcome SSI. Meta‐analysis results suggest a significant difference favouring the NPWT group (relative risk [RR] 0.79, 95% CI 0.65–0.95, P < 0.01), indicating an absolute risk reduction of 1.8% among those receiving NPWT compared with usual care. The risk of blistering in the NPWT group was significantly higher (RR 4.13, 95% CI 1.53–11.18, P = 0.005). All studies had high risk of bias relative to blinding of personnel/participants. Only 40% of studies reported blinding of outcome assessments and 50% had incomplete outcome data.ConclusionsThe decision to use NPWT should be considered both in terms of its potential benefits and its limitations.Tweetable abstractNPWT was associated with fewer SSI in women following CS birth but was not effective in reducing other wound complications.
A comparison of contraceptive services for adolescents at school‐based versus community health centers in Oregon
Authors: Boniface Emily R. , Rodriguez Maria I. , Heintzman John , Knipper Sarah H. , Jacobs Rebecca , Darney Blair G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare Oregon school‐based health centers (SBHCs) with community health centers (CHCs) as sources of adolescent contraceptive services.Data sourcesOregon electronic health record data, 2012–2016.Study designWe compared clinic‐level counseling rates and long‐acting reversible contraception (LARC) provision, adolescent populations served, and visit‐level LARC provision time trends. We evaluated adjusted associations between LARC provision and Title X participation by clinic type.Data collection/extraction methodsWe used diagnosis and procedure codes to identify contraceptive counseling and provision visits, excluding visits for adolescents not at risk of pregnancy.Principal findingsCHCs were more likely to provide LARC on‐site than SBHCs (67.2% vs. 36.4%, respectively). LARC provision increased more at SBHCs (5.8‐fold) than CHCs (2‐fold) over time. SBHCs provided more counseling visits per clinic (255 vs. 142) and served more young and non‐White adolescents than CHCs. The adjusted probability of LARC provision at Title X SBHCs was higher than non‐Title X SBHCs (4.4% [3.9–4.9] vs. 1.7% [1.4–2.0]), but there was no significant association at CHCs.ConclusionsIn Oregon, CHCs and SBHCs are both important sources of adolescent contraceptive services, and Title X plays a crucial role in SBHCs. Compared with CHCs, SBHCs provided more counseling, showed a larger increase in LARC provision over time, and served more younger and non‐White adolescents.
The accuracy and reliability of the Suchey–Brooks pubic symphysis age estimation method: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Schanandore James V. , Wolden Mitch , Smart Neil 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSuchey–Brooks method has been studied many times with varying reports of accuracy and reliability. A systematic review and meta‐analyses were utilized to quantitatively determine the accuracy and reliability of the Suchey–Brooks (S‐B) method. A systematic search of PubMed and EBSCO health and medical databases was performed. Meta‐analyses were performed to quantify the relationship between actual known age at death and the S‐B method using Spearman's Rho and Pearson's r for (1) combined males and females estimates, (2) male‐only estimates, and (3) female‐only estimates. Overall correlation coefficient using Cohen's kappa, Spearman's Rho, and Pearson's r was also calculated to determine the interrater and intrarater reliability using the S‐B method. Eighteen studies classified as moderate‐to‐high methodological quality met the inclusion criteria. The sample sizes were different for the combined male and female (n = 2620), male‐only (n = 2602), and female‐only (n = 1431) meta‐analyses. The effect size of the age at death meta‐analyses was large and significant for combined males and females (Spearman's Rho = 0.62; Pearson's r = 0.65), male‐only (Spearman's Rho = 0.77; Pearson's r = 0.75), and female‐only (Spearman's Rho = 0.71; Pearson's r = 0.71). The overall correlation coefficients of the interrater (Kappa = 0.76; Spearman's Rho = 0.73; Pearson's r = 0.80) and intrarater (Kappa = 0.81; Spearman's Rho = 0.91; Pearson's r = 0.83) reliability meta‐analyses were large and significant. A significant degree of heterogeneity was present in all meta‐analyses, with minimal evidence of publication bias. The meta‐analyses results suggest the S‐B method is highly reliable with a moderate‐to‐high degree of accuracy. Our results also identified sample size and accuracy differences between male and female individuals.
Beverages intake and functional bowel disorders: A cross‐sectional study in first‐year undergraduates
Authors: Xu Zhi Yue , Chen Can , Ouyang Zhen , Duan Chao Fan , Xu Shu , Zhou Xiang , Rasche Leo , Bai Tao , Hou Xiao Hua 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveIn this study we aimed to assess the prevalence of functional bowel disorders (FBD) in a group of Chinese first‐year undergraduates and the association between common beverage intake and FBD.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was conducted among first‐year undergraduates in Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Wuhan, Hubei Province, China). In total, 3102 questionnaires on their lifestyle, dietary habits and gastrointestinal symptoms were collected and analyzed. FBD was diagnosed based on the Rome IV criteria. A logistic regression analysis was performed to compare the differences in beverage intake in participants with and without FBD in order to identify possible risk factors for FBD.ResultsThe overall prevalence of FBD was 7.64%. The logistic regression analysis showed that those who drank coffee at a frequency of once a month to thrice a week had a higher prevalence of FBD than those who drank it less than once a month (odds ratio 1.405 [95% confidence interval 1.013‐1.949]) after adjusted for age, sex, sleep quality, exercise, stress and other dietary habits. However, a further increase in coffee consumption did not lead to an elevated prevalence of FBD.ConclusionsAmong the first‐year undergraduates, FBD affected 7.64% of them. Coffee consumption might be related to an increased prevalence of FBD.
A critical decision point: Short‐ and long‐term outcomes of older surgical patients admitted to a Queensland intensive care unit
Authors: Zhang Alice T. , Tan Samuel X. , Pillay Praga S. , Stewart David 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesCritical care admission is a pivotal juncture for older patients undergoing surgery. We aimed to identify the in‐hospital and postdischarge outcomes of older postsurgical patients (≥65 years) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).MethodsWe collected clinical, morbidity and survival data on all patients aged ≥65 years postsurgically admitted to a tertiary metropolitan ICU between 2014 and 2019.ResultsWithin this older cohort (n = 370), the oldest patients (≥85 years) had the highest 1‐year mortality (RR: 4.00; P < 0.001). Major surgery (RR: 5.67; P < 0.001), emergency surgery (RR: 2.89; P < 0.001) and APACHE III score ≥50 (RR: 2.63; P < 0.001) were associated with reduced 1‐year survival.ConclusionsAPACHE III score and surgery subtype are strong predictors of post‐ICU mortality and may be useful to preoperatively stratify whether surgery and subsequent ICU admission are in patients’ best interests. These data may also inform prospective discussions regarding end‐of‐life care and advanced care planning.
How Do Structural Oil Price Shocks Affect China's Investor Sentiment? The Critical Role of OPEC Oil Supply Shocks*
Authors: Jiang Yong , Ma Chao‐Qun , Weber Olaf , Ren Yi‐Shuai 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper applies a modified structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model to explore whether explicit structural oil price shocks affect investor sentiment in China's stock market. The results indicate that China's investor sentiment responds significantly positively to OPEC supply shocks, while it responds significantly negatively to oil‐specific demand shocks. However, China's stock investor sentiment does not respond to aggregate demand shocks and non‐OPEC supply shocks. In addition, OPEC supply shocks and oil‐specific demand shocks have greater explanatory power for variations in stock investor sentiment through variance decomposition.
Can Descriptive Representation Help the Right Win Votes from the Poor? Evidence from Brazil
Authors: Desai Zuheir , Frey Anderson 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe electoral success of the Right in poor nations is typically attributed to nonpolicy appeals such as clientelism. Candidate profiles are usually ignored because if voters value class‐based descriptive representation, it should be the Left that uses it. In this article, we develop and test a novel theory of policy choice and candidate selection that defies this conventional wisdom: it is the Right that capitalizes on descriptive representation in high‐poverty areas. The Right is only competitive in poor regions when it matches the Left's pro‐poor policies. To credibly shift its position, it nominates candidates who are descriptively closer to the poor. Using a regression discontinuity design in Brazilian municipal elections, we show that Right‐wing mayors spend less on the poor than Left‐wing mayors only in low‐poverty municipalities. In high‐poverty municipalities, not only does the Right match the Left's policies, it also does so while nominating less educated candidates.
Enrichment of infant formula with long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of infection and allergy in the nationwide ELFE birth cohort
Authors: Adjibade Moufidath , Davisse‐Paturet Camille , Bernard Jonathan Y. , Adel‐Patient Karine , Divaret‐Chauveau Amandine , Lioret Sandrine , Charles Marie‐Aline , de Lauzon‐Guillain Blandine 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe new European regulations require the enrichment of formulas with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) because of the positive effects of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) on neurodevelopment and visual acuity. In this observational study, we aimed to evaluate whether the consumption of LCPUFA‐enriched formula was associated with the risk of infection and allergy in early childhood.MethodsAnalyses involved data from 8389 formula‐fed infants from the ELFE birth cohort. Formula enrichment was identified from the list of ingredients of the formula consumed at 2 months. Infections (gastrointestinal, lower respiratory tract [LRTI], upper respiratory tract) and allergies (wheezing, itchy rash, asthma medication, food allergy) from age 2 months to 5.5 years were reported by parents during follow‐up surveys. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess associations between the consumption of LCPUFA‐enriched formula and the risk of infection and allergy.ResultsAmong formula‐fed infants at 2 months, 36% consumed formula enriched with DHA and arachidonic acid (ARA), and 11% consumed formula additionally enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Enriched formula consumption was not associated with infection or allergy, except for an association between consumption of DHA/ARA/EPA‐enriched formula and lower use of asthma medications. Furthermore, as compared with non‐DHA/ARA/EPA‐enriched formula, consumption of formula with high EPA content (≥3.2 mg/100 kcal) was related to lower risk of LRTI and lower use of asthma medications.ConclusionThis study suggests that consumption of DHA/ARA/EPA‐enriched formula (especially those with high EPA content) is associated with a lower risk of LRTI and lower use of asthma medications.