bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Private Enforcement of the EU Rules on Competition – Nullity Neglected
Authors: Ullrich Hanns 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPrivate enforcement of the European Union’s rules on competition (Arts. 101, 102 TFEU) has become prominent as a counterpart to their public enforcement. Mostly, it is identified with tort actions brought under EU-harmonized national law by individuals claiming compensation for the harm suffered from anticompetitive agreements or practices. However, claims for compensation represent imperfect sanctions for the infringement of the competition rules because they are brought only once the damage is done and at a time when the conditions of competition may have changed. Typically also, such private actions are no equivalent or complement to administrative enforcement, but are largely dependent on it (follow-on actions). In addition, bringing them is attractive only if the damage suffered is considerable, sufficient evidence available, and the defendant solvent enough. Therefore, this paper revisits the first line of private enforcement, which is enforcing the nullity of anticompetitive agreements as provided for directly by primary Union law in Art. 101(2) TFEU. Nullity was a much-discussed issue under the authorization regime of Reg. 17/62, the first regulation implementing the enforcement of the competition rules, but has become somewhat neglected as a sanction since Reg. 1/2003 changed the enforcement system. Yet, it is precisely under the regime of immediate and direct applicability of both Arts. 101(1) and 101(3) TFEU, which Reg. 1/2003 reestablished, that the potential of nullity as a sanction of anticompetitive agreements could be fully activated. Such active use of invalidity challenges may lead to redefining the interface between EU law and national contract law, which is the line of severability of the innocent parts of a restrictive agreement from its anti-competitive parts. It should also result in reassessing the legal fate of follow-on transactions concluded by a party to an anticompetitive agreement with third parties, and it should bring abusive contracts within the realm of the nullity sanction that dominant firms impose on third parties. The guiding principle for such general reappraisal of the nullity sanction must be to bring its purpose fully to bear, which is to facilitate exit from anticompetitive agreements or from (abusive) contract clauses with a view to reopening competition and/or to allow the renegotiating of a transaction in terms of undistorted competition. This may mean that only the party whose freedom of competition is restricted may claim nullity.
Dietary calcium intake in a cohort of individuals evaluated for low bone mineral density: a multicenter Italian study
Authors: Cairoli Elisa , Aresta Carmen , Giovanelli Luca , Eller-Vainicher Cristina , Migliaccio Silvia , Giannini Sandro , Giusti Andrea , Marcocci Claudio , Gonnelli Stefano , Isaia Gian Carlo , Rossini Maurizio , Chiodini Iacopo , Di Stefano Marco ,   the Italian Society for Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism, Skeletal Diseases (SIOMMMS), Galmarini Valter , Passeri Giovanni , Di Salvo Fabio , Osella Giangiacomo , Tripodi Francesco , Valenti Roberto , Bonaccorsi Gloria , Giacchetti Gilberta , Pugliese Flavia , Casabella Andrea , Seriolo Bruno , Masala Antonio Giovanni Emilio , Veronica Pileri Piera , Maninetti Letizia , De Santis Alessio , Bardoscia Alfredo , Parma Alice , Caso Paolo , Mazza Monica 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
A low calcium intake is a well-known factor that influences the bone mineral density (BMD) maintenance. In the presence of inadequate calcium intake, secondary hyperparathyroidism develops, leading to an increased bone turnover and fracture risk.

Aims
To assess the dietary calcium intake in relation with osteoporosis and fragility fracture in a cohort of Italian individuals evaluated for low BMD.

Methods
A 7-day food-frequency questionnaire was administered to 1793 individuals, who were consecutively referred at the Centers of the Italian Society for Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism and Skeletal Diseases (SIOMMMS) for low BMD.

Results
In 30.3% and 20.9% of subjects, the calcium intake was inadequate (< 700 mg/day) and adequate (> 1200 mg/day), respectively. As compared with patients with adequate calcium intake, those with inadequate calcium intake were younger (65.5 ± 10.8 vs 63.9 ± 11.5 years, p = 0.03) and they more frequently reported adverse reactions to food (3.2% vs 7.2% p = 0.01) and previous major fragility fractures (20.8% vs 27.0%, p = 0.03). Patients with calcium intake < 700 mg/day showed a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, idiopathic hypercalciuria and food allergy/intolerance (8.1%, 5.1%, 7.2%, respectively) than patients with calcium intake > 700 mg/day (5.3%, 3.0%, 4.1%, respectively, p < 0.04 for all comparisons), also after adjusting for age, gender and body mass index. In 30.3% of fractured subjects, the calcium intake was < 700 mg/day.

Discussion
In Italy, a low calcium intake is highly prevalent in individuals at risk for low BMD. Importantly, an inadequate calcium intake is highly prevalent even in patients with history of fragility fractures.

Conclusions
Only about a fifth of patients being assessed for low BMD in an Italian SIOMMMS referral Centre have an adequate calcium intake.
Enhanced tribological properties of aligned graphene-epoxy composites
Authors: Du Yuefeng , Zhang Zhenyu , Wang Dong , Zhang Lezhen , Cui Junfeng , Chen Yapeng , Wu Mingliang , Kang Ruiyang , Lu Yunxiang , Yu Jinhong , Jiang Nan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe random distribution of graphene in epoxy matrix hinders the further applications of graphene-epoxy composites in the field of tribology. Hence, in order to fully utilize the anisotropic properties of graphene, highly aligned graphene-epoxy composites (AGEC) with horizontally oriented structure have been fabricated via an improved vacuum filtration freeze-drying method. The frictional tests results indicated that the wear rate of AGEC slowly increased from 5.19×10−6 mm3/(N·m) to 2.87×10−5 mm3/(N·m) with the increasing of the normal load from 2 to 10 N, whereas the friction coefficient (COF) remained a constant of 0.109. Compared to the neat epoxy and random graphene-epoxy composites (RGEC), the COF of AGEC was reduced by 87.5% and 71.2%, and the reduction of wear rate was 86.6% and 85.4% at most, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations illustrated that a compact graphene self-lubricant film was formed on the worn surface of AGEC, which enables AGEC to possess excellent tribological performance. Finally, in light of the excellent tribological properties of AGEC, this study highlights a pathway to expand the tribological applications of graphene-epoxy composites.
Minority Rights and Hindu Nationalism in India
Authors: van der Veer Peter 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, I want to focus on some aspects of the political process in India that have an impact on the treatment of religious minorities. Much of the discussion on multicultural jurisdictions deals with differentiated citizenship rights that allow religious groups to maintain their normative universe. This literature shows the tensions surrounding individual and group rights. I want to approach the question of religious freedom from a rather different angle. I want to first focus on the protection of bare life in the face of religious violence and then examine the issue of conversion from one religion to another. The issues of human security and conversion are linked in India, since Hindu nationalists see Muslims as forcibly converted Hindus who should be reconverted. To highlight the importance of majoritarian nationalism rather than political systems in the treatment of religious minorities, I offer a brief comparison with China.
Genetic and environmental effects on weaning weight in crossbred beef cattle (Bos taurus × Bos indicus)
Authors: Dominguez-Castaño P. , Maiorano A. M. , de Oliveira M.H.V. , dos Santos Correia L.E.C. , Silva J.A.II.V. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis work aimed to evaluate the effects of sire's and dam's biological type, dam's age class at calving and individual heterozygosis, and to estimate variance components for weaning weight adjusted to 210 days (WW210) in beef cattle of different breed groups. Records of 13 687 animals, obtained from 2000 to 2007, were used. Bulls from the biological types Zebu (N), Adapted (A), British (B), Continental (C) and ¼N|¼A|¼B|¼C were mated with purebred zebu (N) and crossbred females (½C|½N and ½B|½N). Dam age at calving was 3–12 years. The influence of several effects on WW210 was tested using the least square method. Variance component analysis was performed using a Bayesian approach. The model included contemporary group, dam's age class at calving, sire's and dam's biological types as systematic effects, animal's age and individual heterozygosis as linear covariates, and direct and maternal additive genetic, maternal permanent environmental and residual effects as random effects. The progeny of bulls from biological type B and the crossbred cows showed higher WW210 means. Cows at 6–7 years old weaned heavier calves. Direct and maternal heritability estimates for WW210 were 0.5 ± 0.04 and 0.1 ± 0.02, respectively. Calves with 100% individual heterozygosis weighed on average 25.98 kg more at weaning compared to progenies from pure breeds. Sire's and dam's biological types influence the WW210 of the crossed progenies. Crossbred cows produce heavier calves compared to biological type N cows. These results and the obtained direct and maternal heritabilities suggest it is possible to choose the lines of sires and dams that could be used to make the crosses to obtain progenies with better performance for WW210.
Subjective voice analysis in patients with muscular tension dysphonia: comparison between clinician and patient evaluation
Authors: Mateos-Serrano B , García-López I , Toledano A , Gavilán J 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study evaluated the correlation between patient and clinician subjective voice analysis in a group of patients suffering from muscular tension dysphonia. This disease does not usually present with organic lesions, and voice analysis is crucial to evaluate it.MethodsA retrospective study with 75 patients was performed. Correlation between grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia and strain scale and voice handicap index-10 was analysed. Any possible influence of the type of muscular tension dysphonia on these two scales was studied.ResultsThere are only a few studies that correlate voice handicap index-10 and the grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia and strain scale; however, none of them are specific for patients suffering from muscular tension dysphonia. A moderate correlation (r = 0.56) was found. No influence of muscular tension dysphonia type on voice handicap index-10 score was found, but muscular tension dysphonia type 4 had worse grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia and strain scale scores than other muscular tension dysphonia types. This could be explained if muscular tension dysphonia type 4 is considered to be the most severe form of this disease.ConclusionThe use of assessment scales based on the opinion of both the clinician and patient must be considered as complementary clinical tools in order to perform a complete assessment of dysphonia.
The Samaritan’s Curse: moral individuals and immoral groups
Authors: Basu Kaushik 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, I revisit the question of how and in what sense can individuals comprising a group be held responsible for morally reprehensible behaviour by that group. The question is tackled by posing a counterfactual: what would happen if selfish individuals became moral creatures? A game called the Samaritan’s Curse is developed, which sheds light on the dilemma of group moral responsibility, and raises new questions concerning ‘conferred morality’ and self-fulfilling morals, and also forces us to question some implicit assumptions of game-theory.
Phenotyping for resistance to pre-harvest sprouting in grain sorghum
Authors: Rodríguez María Verónica , Arata Gonzalo Joaquín , Díaz Sandra Mabel , Rentería Santiago , Benech-Arnold Roberto L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is a common threat to cereal crops in which the grain maturation phase takes place under rainy, moist conditions. Susceptibility to PHS is higher in sorghum genotypes displaying low levels of seed dormancy before harvest maturity. Other attributes such as glume or panicle morphology may also affect susceptibility to PHS. Breeding for resistance to PHS in grain sorghum requires the identification of grain physiological and morphological attributes affecting this trait, and a protocol for phenotyping and rating genotypes according to their susceptibility to PHS. In this work, we tested germination under laboratory conditions using detached grains and intact panicles for a panel of 20 sorghum genotypes including 11 parental lines, 6 hybrids and 3 reference inbred lines with contrasting PHS response. Records for natural sprouting in the field for these genotypes were also included in the analysis. Multivariate analyses of germination data allowed separation of genotypes into two major categories (resistant and susceptible to PHS). Laboratory germination data correlated significantly with PHS in the field. In most genotypes, the glumes had a significant, inhibitory effect on germination. The low levels of grain dormancy were observed among high tannin backgrounds, and vice versa, indicating that a pigmented testa alone does not provide resistance to PHS. Altogether, the phenotyping protocol allowed the classification of sorghum genotypes according to their susceptibility to PHS and the identification of different attributes useful for breeding for PHS resistance in this crop.
Demographic Assessment of Mono(2‐ethylhexyl) Phthalate (MEHP) and Monoethyl Phthalate (MEP) Concentrations in Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) From Sarasota Bay, FL, USA
Authors: Dziobak M. K. , Wells R. S. , Pisarski E. C. , Wirth E. F. , Hart L. B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCommon bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) have previously demonstrated exposure to phthalate esters. Phthalates and phthalate esters are commonly added to consumer goods to enhance desirable properties. As the amount of plastic marine debris increases, these chemicals can easily leach from these products into the surrounding environment. To evaluate demographic variability in exposure, eight phthalate metabolites were quantified in urine samples collected from free‐ranging bottlenose dolphins sampled in Sarasota Bay, FL, USA (2010–2019; n = 51). Approximately 75% of individual dolphins had detectable concentrations of at least one phthalate metabolite. The most frequently detected metabolites were mono(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP; n = 28; GM = 4.57 ng/mL; 95% CI = 2.37–8.80; KM mean = 7.95; s.d. = 15.88) and monoethyl phthalate (MEP; GM = 4.51 ng/mL; 95% CI = 2.77–7.34; ROS mean = 2.24; s.d. = 5.58). Urinary concentrations of MEHP and MEP were not significantly different between sex (MEHP p = 0.09; MEP p = 0.22) or age class (i.e., calf/juvenile vs. adult; MEHP p = 0.67; MEP p = 0.13). Additionally, there were no significant group differences in the likelihood of MEHP or MEP detection for any demographic as determined by a Peto‐Peto test. Frequency of detection was similar for both metabolites between males and females (MEHP p = 0.10; MEP p = 0.40) as well as between juveniles and adults (MEHP p = 0.50; MEP: p = 0.60). These findings suggest ubiquitous exposure risk for both sexes and age classes, warranting further investigation into potential sources and health implications.
Evaluation of Water Use Efficiency Algorithms for Flux Variance Similarity‐Based Evapotranspiration Partitioning in C3 and C4 Grain Crops
Authors: Wagle Pradeep , Skaggs Todd H. , Gowda Prasanna H. , Northup Brian K. , Neel James P. S. , Anderson Ray G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDespite the high sensitivity of Flux Variance Similarity (FVS) partitioning to leaf‐level water use efficiency (WUE), relatively little work has been done comparing WUE algorithms. We evaluated four intercellular CO2 concentration parameterizations (constant_ppm, constant_ratio, and linear and square root functions of vapor pressure deficit) and one optimized WUE approach using eddy covariance data for three C3 (wheat – Triticum aestivum L., canola – Brassica napus L., and soybean – Glycine max L.) and two C4 (maize – Zea mays L. and sorghum – Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) grain crops. The different data requirements of the WUE models resulted in discrepancies in the number of partitioned outputs among WUE algorithms. The transpiration:evapotranspiration (T:ET) ratios found with the five WUE algorithms varied by 6%–8% for soybean and maize, 12%–13% for wheat and canola, and 22% for sorghum. The crops producing larger variations in computed T:ET also tended to have higher estimated WUE magnitudes. The constant_ppm and constant_ratio parameterizations showed better potential to partition ET in all crops, except soybean. The linear and square root WUE models failed to produce reduced T:ET ratios during wet periods in all crops, except soybean. The optimized WUE approach has potential as a benchmark for comparing other WUE algorithms for C3 crops. The applicability of the linear and optimized WUE approaches was uncertain in C4 crops. Agreement and disagreement among the five WUE algorithms in multiple crops provide new perspectives for applying FVS partitioning to a range of biomes and climate conditions.
From purines to purinergic signalling: molecular functions and human diseases
Authors: Huang Zhao , Xie Na , Illes Peter , Di Virgilio Francesco , Ulrich Henning , Semyanov Alexey , Verkhratsky Alexei , Sperlagh Beata , Yu Shu-Guang , Huang Canhua , Tang Yong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPurines and their derivatives, most notably adenosine and ATP, are the key molecules controlling intracellular energy homoeostasis and nucleotide synthesis. Besides, these purines support, as chemical messengers, purinergic transmission throughout tissues and species. Purines act as endogenous ligands that bind to and activate plasmalemmal purinoceptors, which mediate extracellular communication referred to as “purinergic signalling”. Purinergic signalling is cross-linked with other transmitter networks to coordinate numerous aspects of cell behaviour such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis and other physiological processes critical for the proper function of organisms. Pathological deregulation of purinergic signalling contributes to various diseases including neurodegeneration, rheumatic immune diseases, inflammation, and cancer. Particularly, gout is one of the most prevalent purine-related disease caused by purine metabolism disorder and consequent hyperuricemia. Compelling evidence indicates that purinoceptors are potential therapeutic targets, with specific purinergic agonists and antagonists demonstrating prominent therapeutic potential. Furthermore, dietary and herbal interventions help to restore and balance purine metabolism, thus addressing the importance of a healthy lifestyle in the prevention and relief of human disorders. Profound understanding of molecular mechanisms of purinergic signalling provides new and exciting insights into the treatment of human diseases.
Functional genome-centric view of the CO-driven anaerobic microbiome
Authors: Duan Haowen , He Pinjing , Shao Liming , Lü Fan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
CO is a promising substrate for producing biochemicals and biofuels through mixed microbial cultures, where carboxydotrophs play a crucial role. The previous investigations of mixed microbial cultures focused primarily on overall community structures, but under-characterized taxa and intricate microbial interactions have not yet been precisely explicated. Here, we undertook DNA-SIP based metagenomics to profile the anaerobic CO-driven microbiomes under 95 and 35% CO atmospheres. The time-series analysis of the isotope-labeled amplicon sequencing revealed the essential roles of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria under high and low CO pressure, respectively, and Methanobacterium was the predominant archaeal genus. The functional enrichment analysis based on the isotope-labeled metagenomes suggested that the microbial cultures under high CO pressure had greater potential in expressing carboxylate metabolism and citrate cycle pathway. The genome-centric metagenomics reconstructed 24 discovered and 24 under-characterized metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), covering more than 94% of the metagenomic reads. The metabolic reconstruction of the MAGs described their potential functions in the CO-driven microbiomes. Some under-characterized taxa might be versatile in multiple processes; for example, under-characterized Rhodoplanes sp. and Desulfitobacterium_A sp. could encode the complete enzymes in CO oxidation and carboxylate production, improving functional redundancy. Finally, we proposed the putative microbial interactions in the conversion of CO to carboxylates and methane.
Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal synthetic lethal interaction between CREBBP and EP300 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Nie Man , Du Likun , Ren Weicheng , Joung Julia , Ye Xiaofei , Shi Xi , Ciftci Sibel , Liu Dongbing , Wu Kui , Zhang Feng , Pan-Hammarström Qiang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDiffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of aggressive lymphoid malignancy and a highly heterogeneous disease. In this study, we performed whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing, and a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9-knockout screen to study an activated B-cell-like DLBCL cell line (RC-K8). We identified a distinct pattern of genetic essentialities in RC-K8, including a dependency on CREBBP and MDM2. The dependency on CREBBP is associated with a balanced translocation involving EP300, which results in a truncated form of the protein that lacks the critical histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain. The synthetic lethal interaction between CREBBP and EP300 genes, two frequently mutated epigenetic modulators in B-cell lymphoma, was further validated in the previously published CRISPR-Cas9 screens and inhibitor assays. Our study suggests that integration of the unbiased functional screen results with genomic and transcriptomic data can identify both common and unique druggable vulnerabilities in DLBCL and histone acetyltransferases inhibition could be a therapeutic option for CREBBP or EP300 mutated cases.
The long non-coding RNA MIR31HG regulates the senescence associated secretory phenotype
Authors: Montes Marta , Lubas Michal , Arendrup Frederic S. , Mentz Bettina , Rohatgi Neha , Tumas Sarunas , Harder Lea M. , Skanderup Anders J. , Andersen Jens S. , Lund Anders H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOncogene-induced senescence provides a barrier against malignant transformation. However, it can also promote cancer through the secretion of a plethora of factors released by senescent cells, called the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). We have previously shown that in proliferating cells, nuclear lncRNA MIR31HG inhibits p16/CDKN2A expression through interaction with polycomb repressor complexes and that during BRAF-induced senescence, MIR31HG is overexpressed and translocates to the cytoplasm. Here, we show that MIR31HG regulates the expression and secretion of a subset of SASP components during BRAF-induced senescence. The SASP secreted from senescent cells depleted for MIR31HG fails to induce paracrine invasion without affecting the growth inhibitory effect. Mechanistically, MIR31HG interacts with YBX1 facilitating its phosphorylation at serine 102 (p-YBX1S102) by the kinase RSK. p-YBX1S102 induces IL1A translation which activates the transcription of the other SASP mRNAs. Our results suggest a dual role for MIR31HG in senescence depending on its localization and points to the lncRNA as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of senescence-related pathologies.