bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybridization and the Coexistence of Species
Authors: Irwin Darren , Schluter Dolph 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIt is thought that two species can coexist if they use different resources present in the environment, yet this assumes that species are completely reproductively isolated. We model coexistence outcomes for two sympatric species that are ecologically differentiated but have incomplete reproductive isolation. The consequences of interbreeding depend crucially on hybrid fitness. When hybrid fitness is high, just a small rate of hybridization can lead to collapse of two species into one. Low hybrid fitness can cause population declines, making extinction of one or both species likely. High intrinsic growth rates result in higher reproductive rates when populations are below carrying capacity, reducing the probability of extinction and increasing the probability of stable coexistence at moderate levels of assortative mating and hybrid fitness. Very strong but incomplete assortative mating can induce low hybrid fitness via a mating disadvantage to rare genotypes, and this can stabilize coexistence of two species at high but incomplete levels of assortative mating. Given these results and evidence that it may take many millions of years of divergence before related species become sympatric, we postulate that coexistence of closely-related species is more often limited by insufficient assortative mating than by insufficient ecological differentiation.
A Tensegrity-Graph Optimization Framework for Estimating Intracellular Stiffness
Authors: Bhattacharya Raktim 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper we present a formulation for estimating intracellular stiffness using tensegrity principles. We demonstrate that the new tensegrity model, based on random graphs over dense nodes, can predict well known mechanical characteristics of epithelial and mesenchymal cells.
Sterilizing Effects of Novel Regimens Containing TB47, Clofazimine and Linezolid in a Murine Model of Tuberculosis
Authors: Yu Wei , Buhari Yusuf , Wang Shuai , Tian Xirong , Hameed H. M. Adnan , Lu Zhili , Chiwala Gift , Alam Md Shah , Cook Gregory M. , Maslov Dmitry A. , Zhong Nanshan , Zhang Tianyu 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTToxicity and inconvenience associated with the use of injectable drug-containing regimens for tuberculosis (TB) have made all-oral regimens a preferred alternative. Widespread resistance to fluoroquinolones and pyrazinamide makes it essential to identify new drug candidates and study their effects on current regimens for TB. TB47 is a pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide with powerful synergisticin vitroandin vivoactivities against mycobacteria, especially with clofazimine. Here, we investigated the bactericidal and sterilizing activities of novel oral regimens containing TB47 + clofazimine + linezolid, and the potential roles of levofloxacin and/or pyrazinamide in such drug combinations. Using a well-established mouse model, we assessed the effect of these regimens on bacterial burden in the lung during treatment and relapse (4 months after stopping treatment + immunosuppression). Our findings indicate that the TB47 + clofazimine + linezolid + pyrazinamide, with/without levofloxacin, regimens had fast-acting (4 months) sterilizing activity and no relapse was observed. When pyrazinamide was excluded from the regimen, treatment times were longer (5-6 months) to achieve sterilizing conditions. We propose that TB47 + clofazimine + linezolid can form a highly sterilizing block for use as an alternative pan-TB regimen.
Functional connectivity of the developing mouse cortex
Authors: Rahn Rachel M. , Brier Lindsey M. , Bice Annie R. , Reisman Matthew D. , Dougherty Joseph D. , Culver Joseph P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCross-sectional studies have established a variety of structural, synaptic and cell physiological changes corresponding to key critical periods in cortical development. However, the emergence of functional connectivity (FC) in development has not been fully characterized, and hemodynamic-based measures are vulnerable to any neurovascular coupling changes occurring in parallel. We therefore used optical fluorescence imaging to trace longitudinal calcium FC in the awake, resting-state mouse cortex in the same mice at 5 developmental time points beginning at postnatal day 15 (P15) and ending in early adulthood (P60), resulting in over 500 imaging epochs with both calcium and hemodynamics available as a resource for the field. Proof-of-principle analyses revealed that calcium FC displayed coherent functional maps as early as P15, and FC significantly varied in connections between many regions across development, with the developmental trajectory’s shape specific to the functional region. This longitudinal developmental calcium FC dataset provides an essential resource for further algorithm development and studies of healthy development and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Genomic resources for the North American water vole (Microtus richardsoni) and the montane vole (Microtus montanus)
Authors: Duckett Drew J. , Sullivan Jack , Pirro Stacy , Carstens Bryan C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundVoles of the genusMicrotusare important research organisms, yet genomic resources in the genus are lacking. Providing such resources would benefit future studies of immunology, phylogeography, cryptic diversity, and more.FindingsWe sequenced and assembled nuclear genomes from two subspecies of water vole (Microtus richardsoni) and from the montane vole (Microtus montanus). The water vole genomes were sequenced with Illumina and 10X Chromium plus Illumina sequencing, resulting in assemblies with ~1,600,000 and ~30,000 scaffolds respectively. The montane vole was assembled into ~13,000 scaffolds using Illumina sequencing also. In addition to the nuclear assemblies, mitochondrial genome assemblies were also performed for both species. We conducted a structural and functional annotation for the best water vole nuclear genome, which resulted in ~24,500 annotated genes, with 83% of these receiving functional annotations. Finally, we find that assembly quality statistics for our nuclear assemblies fall within the range of genomes previously published in the genusMicrotus, making the water vole and montane vole genomes useful additions to currently available genomic resources.
Inter-chromosomal linkage disequilibrium and linked fitness cost loci associated with selection for herbicide resistance
Authors: Gupta Sonal , Harkess Alex , Soble Anah , Van Etten Megan , Leebens-Mack James , Baucom Regina S 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe adaptation of weedy plants to herbicide is both a significant problem in agriculture and a model for the study of rapid adaptation under regimes of strong selection. Despite recent advances in our understanding of simple genetic changes that lead to resistance, a significant gap remains in our knowledge of resistance controlled by many loci and the evolutionary factors that influence the maintenance of resistance over time. Here, we perform a multi-level analysis involving whole genome sequencing and assembly, resequencing and gene expression analysis to both uncover putative loci involved in nontarget herbicide resistance and to examine evolutionary forces underlying the maintenance of resistance in natural populations. We found loci involved in herbicide detoxification, stress sensing, and alterations in the shikimate acid pathway to be under selection, and confirmed that detoxification is responsible for glyphosate resistance using a functional assay. Furthermore, we found interchromosomal linkage disequilibrium (ILD), most likely associated with epistatic selection, to influence NTSR loci found on separate chromosomes thus potentially mediating resistance through generations. Additionally, by combining the selection screen, differential expression and LD analysis, we identified fitness cost loci that are strongly linked to resistance alleles, indicating the role of genetic hitchhiking in maintaining the cost. Overall, our work strongly suggests that NTSR glyphosate resistance inI. purpureais conferred by multiple genes which are maintained through generationsviaILD, and that the fitness cost associated with resistance in this species is a by-product of genetic-hitchhiking.
Phosphorylation-dependent control of Arc protein by synaptic plasticity regulator TNIK
Authors: Mooradally Alicyia Walczyk , Holborn Jennifer , Singh Karamjeet , Tyler Marshall , Patnaik Debasis , Wesseling Hendrik , Brandon Nicholas J , Steen Judith , Graether Steffen P , Haggarty Stephen J , Lalonde Jasmin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractActivity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) is an immediate-early gene product that support neuroplastic changes important for cognitive function and memory formation. As a protein with homology to the retroviral Gag protein, a particular characteristic of Arc is its capacity to self-assemble into virus-like capsids that can package mRNAs and transfer those transcripts to other cells. Although a lot has been uncovered about the contributions of Arc to neuron biology and behavior, very little is known about how different functions of Arc are coordinately regulated both temporally and spatially in neurons. The answer to this question we hypothesized must involve the occurrence of different protein post-translational modifications acting to confer specificity. In this study, we used mass spectrometry and sequence prediction strategies to map novel Arc phosphorylation sites. Our approach led us to recognize serine 67 (S67) and threonine 278 (T278) as residues that can be modified by TNIK, which is a kinase abundantly expressed in neurons that shares many functional overlaps with Arc and has, along with its interacting proteins such as the NMDA receptor, been implicated as a risk factor for psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, characterization of each residue using site-directed mutagenesis to create S67 and T278 mutant variants revealed that TNIK action at those amino acids can strongly influence Arc’s subcellular distribution and self-assembly as capsids. Together, our findings reveal an unsuspected connection between Arc and TNIK. Better understanding of the interplay between these two proteins in neuronal cells could lead to new insights about apparition and progression of psychiatric disorders.
A New Genus Of Microsporidian Parasite (Hepatosporidae; Micro-Sporidia) Found In The Oocytes Of Ribbon Worms From The North Pacific Genus Maculaura (Heteronemertea; Nemertea)
Authors: Robbins Kara M. , Maslakova Svetlana A. , von Dassow George 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAn intracellular microsporidian parasite was first observed within oocytes ofMaculaura alaskensis, a small pilidiophoran nemertean, commonly found on sandflats along the Pacific coast of North America. Infected oocytes have large vesicles containing dozens to hundreds of diplokaryotic, ellipsoid spores measuring 1.3 by 2.3 μm. A partial small subunit nuclear ribosomal 18S gene sequence isolated from the microsporidian does not match any known microsporidian sequences in the public databases. Phylogenetic analysis groups it withHepatospora eriocheirin a sister clade to the Enterocytozoonidae. All the known life stages of this parasite are contained within a membranous envelope. This microsporidian was identified inM. alaskensis, Maculaura aquilonia, Maculaura oregonensis, andMaculaura cerebrosain Coos Bay, Oregon, inM. alaskensisfrom Newport, Oregon, and inM. aquiloniacollected in Juneau, Alaska. This is, to our knowledge, the first species of microsporidia found to directly infect nemertean host cells.Graphical abstract
A three-phased model to support the design and development of core competency education for liaison mental health clinicians
Authors: Lamph Gary , Bullen-Foster Claire 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to provide an insight into the design, development and delivery proposals for a first of its kind “Liaison Mental Health Training Programme”. In the UK, there has been a significant investment in Liaison Mental Health Services and an expansion of the workforce (NHS England, 2016). However, the complexity and varied presentations of patients who attend to acute physical health services now requires a dedicated strategy to address any skills deficit in the mental health liaison workforce and to support core competency development (DOH, 2016).

Design/methodology/approach
This paper provides an overview of preparations to develop a regional educational pilot programme using a three-phased model: Phase 1 – Review of policy and best practice guidelines; Phase 2 – Stakeholder Data Collection; and Phase 3 – Synthesis and Development.

Findings
An insight into the developmental processes undertaken to shape a core competency liaison mental health training programme is presented. Additionally, the authors provide insight into educational theory and an overview of the LMH Core Competency Curricula.

Practical implications
This paper provides the reader with an insight into our findings and a focussed core competency training model for those working within LMH services. This programme development was reviewed throughout by both those using LMH services and the LMH practitioners working within them, ensuring the curriculum proposed was endorsed by key stakeholders. The three-phased model has transferable benefits to other training development initiatives.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this training is the first of its kind in the UK and addresses the education of essential core competencies of a regional liaison mental health workforce. The collaboration of clinical and academic expertise and model of co-production makes this endeavour unique.
Effect of positive tone in MD&A disclosure on capital structure adjustment speed: evidence from China
Authors: Wang Qian , Wu Duowen , Yan Lina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe explore the influence of text tone on capital structure, especially the impact of positive tone in management discussion and analysis (MD&A) disclosures on the capital structure adjustment speed of Chinese listed firms in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchange. We find that positive tone in MD&A disclosures significantly promotes the dynamic adjustment of capital structure. Specifically, we identify two types of positive tone: exaggerated and true. We find that only true positive tone significantly promotes the adjustment speed of capital structure. This paper supplements the relevant literature on the dynamic adjustment of capital structure from the perspective of non‐financial narrative information, and provides evidence for the effect of strategic tone management in textual analysis.
Corporate sustainability, earnings persistence and the association between earnings and future cash flows
Authors: Jia Jing , Li Zhongtian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUsing data from Australian listed firms from 2002 to 2018, we found that firms’ sustainability performance is associated with higher future earnings and cash flows. We also revealed that firms’ sustainability performance was positively related to earnings persistence and had a positive effect on the association between earnings and future cash flows. Our findings support resource‐based theory and the theoretical argument indicating a positive relationship between firms’ sustainability performance and earnings quality. This paper enriches the literature by showing that firms’ sustainability performance reveals information about their future financial prospects and earnings quality.
The effect of diabetes on Fracture Resistance of Teeth: An in vitro study
Authors: Saghiri Mohammad Ali , Nath Devyani , Rahmani Behnam , Amini Saied , Karamifar Kasra , Peters Ove A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe root fracture resistance (RFR) of premolars extracted from diabetic patients and the effect of biomaterials: white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) and WMTA+Na2HPO4 as an additive, on enhancing RFR were evaluated. Diabetic and non‐diabetic teeth were divided into 4 subgroups (n = 5): root canals were obturated with WMTA, WMTA+Na2HPO4, gutta‐percha and one unfilled (control). A plunger (1 mm diameter) applied a downward compressive load with crosshead speed of 1 mm min−1 on the specimens mounted on resin blocks, and the ultimate force to fracture was measured. The mean RFR values of diabetic specimens were significantly lower. The lowest and highest means of RFR were recorded in the control and WMTA, in normal group and the control and WMTA+Na2HPO4 in the diabetic group, respectively. The RFR in diabetic patients was significantly lower, indicating their higher susceptibility to fracture under vertical forces. The use of WMTA (with or without Na2HPO4) for obturation enhances the RFR.
Psychological factors and cardiac repolarization instability during anger in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients
Authors: Krantz David S. , Harris Kristie M. , Rogers Heather L. , Whittaker Kerry S. , Haigney Mark C. P. , Kop Willem J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundEvidence indicates that emotions such as anger are associated with increased incidence of sudden cardiac death, but the biological mechanisms remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that, in patients with sudden death vulnerability, anger would be associated with arrhythmic vulnerability, indexed by cardiac repolarization instability.MethodsPatients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD; n = 41) and healthy controls (n = 26) gave an anger‐inducing speech (anger recall), rated their current (state) anger, and completed measures of trait (chronic) levels of Anger and Hostility. Repolarization instability was measured using QT Variability Index (QTVI) at resting baseline and during anger recall using continuous ECG.ResultsICD patients had significantly higher QTVI at baseline and during anger recall compared with controls, indicating greater arrhythmic vulnerability overall. QTVI increased from baseline to anger recall to a similar extent in both groups. In ICD patients but not controls, during anger recall, self‐rated anger was related to QTVI (r = .44, p = .007). Trait (chronic) Anger Expression (r = .26, p = .04), Anger Control (r = −.26, p = .04), and Hostility (r = .25, p = .05) were each associated with the change in QTVI from baseline to anger recall (ΔQTVI). Moderation analyses evaluated whether psychological trait associations with ΔQTVI were specific to the ICD group. Results indicated that Hostility scores predicted ΔQTVI from baseline to anger recall in ICD patients (β = 0.07, p = .01), but not in controls.ConclusionsAnger increases repolarization lability, but in patients with CAD and arrhythmic vulnerability, chronic and acute anger interact to trigger cardiac repolarization lability associated with susceptibility to malignant arrhythmias.
Mapping structural attributes of tropical dry forests by combining Synthetic Aperture Radar and high‐resolution satellite imagery data
Authors: Andres‐Mauricio Juan , Valdez‐Lazalde José René , George‐Chacón Stephanie P. , Hernández‐Stefanoni José Luis 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimOptical satellite imagery has been used for mapping the spatial distribution of vegetation structure attributes; however, obtaining accurate estimates with optical imagery can be difficult in tropical forests due to their dense canopy and multi‐layered vegetation. Synthetic aperture radar imagery can be more suitable in this case, as the radar signal can penetrate the forest canopy and interact with stems, providing a better estimation of the vegetation structure. This study compared the accuracy of forest species richness, tree diameter, height, and basal area estimates obtained using Sentinel‐2 and Advanced Land Observing Satellite ‐1 (ALOS) Phased Array type L‐band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data, either combined or separately.LocationThe Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.MethodsField data were collected in three 3600‐km2‐window areas with three different types of tropical dry forest. Three random forest regression models were fitted: one using explanatory variables derived from Sentinel‐2 data, a second using predictor variables derived from ALOS PALSAR, and the third using a combination of explanatory variables from both sensors. A variance partitioning analysis was carried out to examine the percent variability of each vegetation attribute that was explained by the models combining the explanatory variables of the two sensors (ALOS PALSAR and Sentinel‐2).ResultsVegetation attribute estimation errors ranged from 13% to 38.5% when using ALOS PALSAR variables and from 11% to 33% when using Sentinel‐2 variables. Combining variables from both sensors provided more accurate estimates of vegetation attributes. A 5% reduction of the estimated error, and an increase from 0.50 to 0.63 of the percentage of variation explained by the models (R2) were achieved.ConclusionsOur results suggest that both ALOS PALSAR and Sentinel‐2 data provide accurate estimates of vegetation structure and species richness in tropical dry forests. However, combining explanatory variables from the two sensors improved the estimation accuracy of vegetation attributes.
Interactions between species richness, herbivory and precipitation affect standing biomass in Mongolian rangelands
Authors: Ahlborn Julian , Wesche Karsten , Lang Birgit , Oyunbileg Munkhzul , Oyuntsetseg Batlai , Römermann Christine , French Collier Neil , von Wehrden Henrik 
Published: April 2021

AbstractQuestionsLivestock management in rangelands depends on the production of plant biomass. Biomass production is driven by the temporal and spatial variability in precipitation, but our understanding of how precipitation variability mediates grazing effects on biomass production is still fragmented. Along a 600‐km precipitation gradient we extracted biomass data to ask the questions: (a) what are the effects of grazing intensity on biomass production; (b) does grazing intensity interact with plant species richness to affect biomass production; and (c) how do plant functional groups respond to grazing and precipitation?LocationMongolia.MethodsBiomass was sampled along 15 grazing intensity transects within the precipitation gradient over two consecutive years. We modeled spatial variability in above‐ground plant biomass using mixed‐effects models. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data were combined with field‐sampled biomass data to correct for inter‐annual precipitation variation. The effects of species richness were modeled with respect to possible interactions with grazing intensity, and the composition of plant functional groups was modeled with respect to possible interactions between grazing intensity and precipitation.ResultsBiomass was negatively correlated with grazing intensity and this effect increased as precipitation increased. Biomass was positively correlated with species richness in both years, but the strength of this effect and the interaction between species richness and grazing intensity differed between 2014 and 2015 in line with highly variable precipitation between both years. The plant functional groups grasses, sedges, legumes, wormwood and forbs had contrasting responses to grazing and precipitation.ConclusionBiomass production in drylands is more vulnerable to changes in precipitation variability and grazing intensities in relatively moist and productive rangelands than in dry and unproductive ones. Future rangeland management needs to address potentially increasing precipitation variability in order to promote desired forage plants, and to preserve the positive effects of biodiversity for biomass production.