bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Tsika Noah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This introduction historicizes cinema’s relationship to policing and particularizes that relationship beyond familiar questions of regulation and censorship, while also revisiting those very questions in the context of a broader study of police power. How did the institution of law enforcement interact with the studio system? How was classical Hollywood shaped by—and how, in turn, did it shape—specific police activities? To what extent and in what ways did cinema serve the emergent public relations needs of police agencies, and vice versa? Police departments were not passive beneficiaries of Hollywood’s fiscal and ideological investments but active and self-interested contributors to various cinematic projects, many of which they themselves initiated. The relative fragility of police legitimacy—its disputability, particularly in the face of obvious abuses of power—necessitated this constant advocacy in twentieth-century America, as did Hollywood’s generic, formula-driven, reiterative commercial character.
Veto Power
Authors: Tsika Noah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, police censorship of motion pictures was a significant and always controversial index of the expansion of law enforcement agencies to include activities that many Americans deemed unbecoming of cops. As such, it offers considerable insight into contemporary debates over the scope of police power in the United States. Today’s arguments have deep roots, including in a practice that was far more prevalent—and far more contentious—than conventional histories allow. When it came to vetting motion pictures, the methods of municipal police departments varied widely. But they often illuminated broader problems: Detroit police officers who voted to ban anti-Nazi films were themselves outspoken white supremacists; Chicago cops who balked at cinema’s suggestions of eroticism were also, outside of departmental screening rooms, aggressively targeting sex workers; and Southern lawmen who sought to eliminate intimations of racial equality were known for their brutal treatment of Black residents. Police censorship of motion pictures took place not in a vacuum but within the ever-widening ambit of law enforcement, and it merits scrutiny as a measure of the authority, influence, and cultural identities of municipal cops.
A Wonderful Find
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the story of Giovanni Calà, Carlo’s supposed medieval ancestor. Giovanni’s life and deeds were recorded in numerous sources, which began to appear in the second half of the 1650s. A giant man and trusted captain of the Holy Roman emperor’s army, Giovanni had suddenly decided to abandon glory and honors to become a hermit and follower of Joachim of Fiore, whose holy charisma and prophetic abilities he allegedly shared. All the sources, however, were forgeries, fabricated by a man named Ferrante or Ferdinando Stocchi. Carlo, possibly unaware of the forgery, made extensive use of these sources in the books he wrote to publicize Giovanni’s story, hoping for a future canonization. This chapter also analyzes the early modern process of canonization, characterized by a greater degree of control and oversight by the Roman Curia and by a heightened sensitivity to questions of historical accuracy and documentary authenticity.
An Unexpected Ally
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In the summer of 1660, a strange phenomenon followed Mount Vesuvius’s eruption: red or black crosses started appearing on people’s linen, clothes, and even limbs. Since the Neapolitan people feared that the crosses were a supernatural occurrence and a terrible omen, the political and ecclesiastical leaders promoted the publication of books providing reasonable and pious explanations of the phenomenon. Among the authors who intervened in the debate over the nature of the crosses were Carlo Calà (who was hoping to gain favor with both the Viceroy and the Pope) and Athanasius Kircher, one of the leading protagonists of early modern Catholic culture. This chapter explains how the common interest in the crosses and Kircher’s scientific curiosity for fossils and giants provided Carlo with the opportunity to approach Kircher and make him aware of the case of his ancestor Giovanni, with the hope that the illustrious Catholic intellectual might support it.
The Curia at an Impasse
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Although Gradi’s evaluation concluded that the documents on Giovanni were forgeries, when the Congregations of the Index and the Inquisition were asked to provide a final deliberation on Giovanni’s case, they reached an impasse. This chapter explains the nature of this impasse through the conflict of opinion between Stefano Gradi and Ludovico Marracci, another learned Catholic intellectual tasked by the Curia to examine the documents concerning Giovanni’s case. The debate between Gradi and Marracci shows that the case of Giovanni’s alleged sanctity uncovered fundamental and uncomfortable questions. How much can the truth of doctrine depend on the truth of the facts before theology loses its ontological autonomy and becomes simply a branch of ecclesiastical history or philological criticism? How much can the truth of doctrine ignore the truth of the facts without being engulfed in the same fiction from which it is supposed to keep its distance?
The State of Our Knowledge
Authors: Melin Molly M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter draws together discussions of the puzzle of continued violent conflict from across social science disciplines, international organizations, and related media coverage. The chapter offers an overview of the main related research and the lack of conclusive findings, which helps explain why violence persists despite widespread international efforts to prevent it. This chapter offers an overview of the findings on conflict resolution processes by scholars in the field of political science. It then draws from business scholarship and overviews research suggesting the positive contributions the private sector can and does make toward peace. It concludes by highlighting the problems of having disjointed approaches and offering a conceptual framework for how these distinct approaches can be combined to generate a more comprehensive understanding of conflict resolution.
The Building and Breaking of Peace
Authors: Melin Molly M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the role businesses play in creating peaceful societies. It builds on the rational choice theory of civil war onset and termination and draws from business research to understand the role private firms play in preventing civil wars. Firms are uniquely situated in their ability to raise the cost of violence, and proactive firms can significantly increase a country’s peace years. At the same time, an active private sector can make it significantly harder to reach an agreement for states with active conflict, as they act as an additional veto player in the bargaining process. This chapter tests these arguments on original cross-national data. The findings emphasize the need for political scientists to examine further the role of the private sector in many of the topics they study and generate a more complete picture of conflict and its resolution.
Introduction
Authors: Russell Annelise 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Senators get to choose what kind of representative they want to present themselves as—a policy wonk, a constituent servant, and a partisan warrior. These types are dependent upon a senator’s relationship to her constituency and the makeup of that constituency. These styles convey important information about what a senator prioritizes in office and how lawmakers build a reputation with a digital constituency. Senators make strategic choices, incentivized by their constituencies and personal political goals, that shape rhetorical agendas on Twitter, using more than 180,000 senator tweets over two years to explain how senators communicate their priorities for representation. Senators can say what they want on Twitter; however, what emerges from this unrestricted platform is a carefully crafted rhetorical agenda that fosters constituent relationships and confers legitimacy.
Communicating Congressional Priorities in the Digital Age
Authors: Russell Annelise 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Senators are “going public” with their rhetorical agenda, communicating a style of representation that will resonate with their individual constituencies. Senators’ tweets tell us what kind of representative they want to present themselves as, using the platform to develop a reputation as a policy wonk, a constituent servant, or a partisan warrior. This chapter explores the role of strategic communication in the Senate through the lens of Twitter and explains why these short and not-so-sweet messages have become an integral part of senators’ political communication. Twitter, unlike alternative media options, offers senators outsized discretion with minimal costs over the information a networked, digital constituency receives on a daily basis. Senators are systematically presenting themselves to voters through their rhetorical agendas, using the unconstrained and low-cost advantages of Twitter to signal their priorities in ways that resonate with a senator’s preferred constituency.
Partisan Agendas
Authors: Russell Annelise 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Contentious politics is nothing new for a partisan Senate where compromise and bipartisan cooperation seem like increasingly outdated conceptions. This chapter explains patterns in partisan communication and explains why conservative senators and party leaders are more likely to adopt a partisan-warrior style of strategic communication on Twitter. When it comes to communicating partisan priorities as part of senators’ rhetorical agendas, the data reveals an asymmetric pattern of partisan rhetoric where Republican senators and party leaders are more likely to prioritize partisan politics, reinforcing their partisan reputation for constituents with a similar ideology. Republicans are more likely to use partisan rhetoric on Twitter, both attacking their Democratic counterparts in Congress or the White House and signaling support for their own party. And they continue to do this over time given data that shows how Republican senators and party leaders since 2013 have consistently communicated as partisan warriors.
Exemptions from Securities Act Registration
Authors: Steinberg Marc I. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the convoluted SEC exemption framework and offers measures for effective reform. During the past four decades, Congress and the SEC have engaged in piecemeal alterations to the exemption framework. As a consequence, the exemption framework lacks clarity and unduly favors capital formation at the expense of investor protection. The chapter accordingly focuses on the exemption framework for both primary offerings and resales of securities. Its objectives are to explain why the current regimen is incompatible with the best interests of investors and the securities markets as well as to recommend the implementation of a revised framework that effectuates a more sound exemption framework. Hence, as set forth herein, the SEC’s exemption framework should be restructured so that the exemptions are tailored in a balanced manner that satisfies both issuer and investor needs.
Federalization of Corporate Governance
Authors: Steinberg Marc I. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the federalization of corporate governance from both historical and contemporary perspectives. It addresses gaps in the corporate governance framework and recommends the implementation of improved standards on the federal levels. These recommendations focus on such timely matters as board of director composition, greater gender and racial diversity on corporate boards, employee representation on boards, adoption of director term limits, excessive executive compensation, the implementation of a more realistic definition of “independent director,” and shareholder access to a company’s proxy statement to nominate a specified number of directors. The chapter also posits that federal court invocation of state law principles to ascertain the parameters of the federal securities laws in the corporate governance sphere is misplaced in view of the entrenched federalization of corporate governance.
Newness in Scholastic Traditions
Authors: Bronner Yigal 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys previous treatments of innovation in South Asian cultural studies and shows the strong resistance among scholars to the very possibility of meaningful innovation in this world. In recent decades, this resistance has begun to erode, and several scholars have identified the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as an era of heightened creativity. However, the main voices in recent scholarship still find serious restraints holding back full-throated novelty, characterized by Sheldon Pollock as a situation wherein the “newness of the intellect” is constrained by the “oldness of the will.” This chapter argues that the controversy over the role of sequence in scriptural interpretation charted here in fact shows radical changes disguised by a thin veneer of traditionalism. It also sets this controversy against the background of Jewish, Christian, and Islamic hermeneutic approaches to “early” and “late” in scripture.
Behind the Veil of the Old
Authors: Bronner Yigal 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by surveying the petering out of the debate over sequence in interpretation in seventeenth-century India and speculating about the reasons for its decline. At this point, the chapter returns to the broad question of innovation with which this book began, and places the story in the context of the “New Intellectuals” in South Asia and that of a few comparative case studies in order to present a broader survey of modes of novelty in scholastic traditions. The rhetorical stance of traditionalism that masks substantive innovation in the book's main case study has significant parallels in other intellectual traditions, suggesting a larger pattern that may merit further investigation. The “oldness of the will” discussed in chapter 1 may be only a pretense, after all, and a new one at that.
Harm Caused by Consumers
Authors: Waltman Max 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter analytically reviews research on the associations between, on the one hand, pornography consumption and, on the other, sexual aggression, attitudes promoting or trivializing violence against women, and sex purchasing. A positive association is found. The complementary methods used to draw causal inferences are illuminated: experiments, naturalistic observations (longitudinal and cross-sectional), and qualitative studies. Mechanisms that explain the effects of nonviolent pornography include subordination and dehumanization of women, targeting of perceived promiscuity, and imitation with unwilling partners. Results are corroborated across studies with samples drawn from the general population, youth, battered women, sex purchasers, and prostituted persons. It is shown how studies that control for variables and moderators such as hostility and promiscuity, which are not independent of the causal variable, likely underestimate pornography’s effects (a problem called post-treatment bias). Additionally, causal overdetermination and other problems in aggregated crime report studies are addressed (e.g., trivialization caused by pornography).
Democracy and Hierarchy
Authors: Waltman Max 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter sets forth a political theory of what would make legal challenges to pornography successful. Obstacles are identified in early liberal concepts of “negative rights,” which prevent interventions against non-state abuses of power. A nuanced view of power recognizes “positive rights” to intervention. The feminist theory of consciousness-raising is explored, shedding light on the necessity of subordinated groups’ representation. Intersectionality theory illustrates how multiple disadvantages prevent redress for people harmed by pornography under existing laws. Hence, legal challenges are hypothesized to be more efficient when the perspectives and interests of survivor groups of pornography-related harms are represented. The postmodern position submitting that subordinated groups’ rights should not be recognized, claiming they will be misappropriated and “renaturalize” oppression, is criticized for being a reductionist anti-state position conflating social categorization with its material consequences, thus denying (like negative rights do) a politics that could challenge that same oppressive material reality.
The Anti-pornography Civil Rights Ordinances, 1983–1991
Authors: Waltman Max 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter analyzes attempted civil rights legislation against pornography (the “MacKinnon-Dworkin” ordinance). It delineates its underlying hierarchy theory: consciousness-raising, group representation, and intersectional legal analysis—a commanding approach to end oppression through civil lawsuits against producers and disseminators, avoiding criminal law. The contemporaneous critics’ charges of “rigidity” and “one-sidedness” are found wanting, inadequately apprehending hierarchy and subordination. The ordinances’ definitions are shown to target provably harmful material only, preventing overbreadth and vagueness. A legal argument is advanced that the ordinances are narrowly tailored to serve a compelling interest, the incidental restrictions on alleged First Amendment freedoms are no greater than is essential to further their interest, and the definitions are sufficiently analogous to other unprotected expressions (e.g., obscenity and group libel). The Seventh Circuit’s judicial invalidation in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut (1985) is found based on ideology rather than law, political ideas rather than legislated rules.
Federal Responses, 1984–2014
Authors: Waltman Max 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter analyzes significant federal attempts to challenge pornography production and distribution in 1984–2014. The empirical, harm-based legal argument of the 1986 Attorney General’s Commission on Pornography and its endorsement of the MacKinnon-Dworkin civil rights ordinance are assessed. The million-dollar P.R. campaign to discredit the Commission’s work is discussed. Congressional civil rights bills introduced in 1984–1992 are examined, including amendments by Senators Heflin, Specter, and Biden that watered down the bills’ potential. Renewed Department of Justice efforts in 2002–2014 to indict high-profile producers/distributors of violent and degrading pornography under obscenity statutes are studied. Their legal concepts of obscenity and contemporary community standards, and the documented desensitization to women’s subordination fueled by pornography, are shown to exclude from legal action all but the most extreme materials. The strategy’s underlying frailty is exposed through an analysis of its constitutional litigation. The chapter concludes by comparing the obscenity approach with the civil rights approach and presenting alternative combinations.
Challenging Production, 1993–2005
Authors: Waltman Max 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter analyzes Swedish legislative attempts to challenge pornography production with laws against pimping/procuring. Minority parliamentary motions and the 1993 Prostitution Inquiry’s proposal to extend prostitution laws to cover pornography producers are considered. The 1998 Sexual Crimes Committee’s rejection of this proposal is scrutinized. Its attempts to invoke the legislative history of media antitrust and bankruptcy law, child pornography and child molestation amendments, as well as distinctions between content and underlying criminal conduct, are rebutted by legal analysis based on the primary sources. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that case law on analogous issues disproves the Committee’s position, including decisions on violent resistance and dishonest conduct during artistic film projects, filmed sexual crimes, amateur pornography, and purchasing/possessing illegal weapons as an integral means of otherwise legitimate news reporting. It is concluded that decisions not to apply prostitution laws to pornographers are based on ideology, not law, political ideas, not legislated rules.
Pilgrimage, Landscape, and Identity
Authors: Grau Marion 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The book explores the ritual geography of a pilgrimage system woven around local medieval saints in Norway and the renaissance of pilgrimage in contemporary majority-Protestant Norway, facing challenges of migration, xenophobia, and climate crisis. The study is concerned with historical narratives and communal contemporary reinterpretations of the figure of St. Olav, the first Christian king who was a major impulse toward conversion to Christianity and the unification of regions of Norway in a nation unified by a Christian law and faith. This initially medieval pilgrimage network, which originated after the death of Olav Haraldsson and his proclamation as saint in 1030, became repressed after the Reformation, which had a great influence on Scandinavia and shaped Norwegian Christianity overwhelmingly. Since the late 1990s, the Church of Norway participated in a renaissance that has grown into a remarkable infrastructure supported by national and local authorities. The contemporary pilgrimage by land and by sea to Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim is one site where this negotiation is paramount. The study maps how pilgrims, hosts, church officials, and government officials are renegotiating and reshaping narratives of landscape, sacrality, pilgrimage as a symbol of life journey, nation, identity, Christianity, and Protestant reflections on the durability of medieval Catholic saints. The redevelopment of this instance of pilgrimage in a majority-Protestant context negotiates various societal concerns, all of which are addressed by various groups of pilgrims or other actors in the network. One part of the network is the annual festival Olavsfest, a culture and music festival that actively and critically engages the contested heritage of St. Olav and the Church of Norway through theater, music, lectures, and discussions, and features theological and interreligious conversations. This festival is a platform for creative and critical engagement with the contested, violent heritage of St. Olav, the colonial history of Norway in relation to the Sami indigenous population, and many other contemporary social and religious issues. The study highlights facets of critical, constructive engagement of these majority-Protestant actors engaging legacy through forms of theological and ritual creativity rather than mere repetition.