bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing public buses transportation considering environmental emissions
Authors: Al-Zubaidi Sawsan S A , Al-Kindi Luma A H , Al-Obaidi Faten F 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Transportation systems and the environment are conflicting issues in nature with the main factor behind emissions of most pollutants and their impacts on the environment. The public transportation contributes by reducing negative effects of traffic and environmental pollution, as well as, its positive effects on the total transport economic costs. The aim of this paper focuses on managing the transportation network for public buses, by implementing some scientific planning techniques such as, working networks to reach maximum flow of the passengers, and minimum path method to choose the shortest way. Three parameters are considered in the problem solution these are; the maximum flow of passengers, the minimum distance and the minimum CO2 emissions. The case study of the research focuses on two main crowded areas in Baghdad governorate and theirs group transportation lines to be managed; these areas are The University of Technology and Al Mustanseria University in Baghdad/ Al Risafa. The flows of passengers between the two campuses were studied with the aim of getting minimum distance and maximum flow of passenger. Distance in kilometers and Population Density for each path were studied to calculate CO2 Emissions in Tons to fulfill the third parameter. The results shows that for minimum distance the best route is route no.15; while for maximum passenger flow, the best route is route no.10. For minimum CO2 emissions, the best route is route no.15. The conflicting results emphases on the choice for the most important target according to the governorate strategies decisions.
Oman rural grid extension employing renewable energy technology
Authors: Al-Marboui Khalid Ali Saif , Al-Mahdawi Emad 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Today, the electrification of various locations is a significant challenge for governments in several countries because of many challenges, especially in desert areas far from the national grid. The paper discusses employing renewable energy sources as an alternative solution for the national grid to feed rural areas in Oman because air pollution is escalating due to the fast growth and the industrialization. The research has taken the load estimation in an Omani desert village called Yanqul, which necessitates about 40 MW. The paper has finalized that installing 12 units of the wind turbine 36 MW with 30 MW Solar Panels is feasible. The approach has included the module sizing calculations using the Power World Simulator, and HOMER Pro software for economic consideration and operational costs. The paper has encouraged using renewable energy as an alternative method over the traditional transmission system due to the technical issues connected with losses, power factor, synchronization, and pollution. The Levelized cost of renewable energy was found $1,366.56, which is cheaper than extending the national grid. This reduction has appeared on annual electricity bill per capita, which dropped to $581.3. Environmentally, the study has shown a reduction in CO
2 emissions by 22 tons, making value to air quality. The future study will discuss the reactive power compensation of the wind turbine technologies to improve power transmission.
Impact of installing renewable energy sources on a small-scale power network in the Caribbean
Authors: Knight Kurt , Al-Mahdawi Emad 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Many small island states in the Caribbean like Antigua and Barbuda depend heavily on petroleum-based products for power generation. Given the fluctuating oil prices, there is now an urgent push for increased energy security. Antigua is one of the fastest-growing islands for grid-connected Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Whilst the increase in grid-connected RES improves the islands’ energy security, and it is equally important to understand the impact that RES have on the network’s reliability and security. Thus, a base case model of the power network was built, and the following areas were analysed: load flow, contingency analysis, and fault analysis. The Antigua Public Utilities Authority (APUA) 69kV power network is used as a case study for this project. PowerWorld and Homer Energy software have been used to simulate and model the grid. Results from the project show that RES changes the power flow and could help to improve the system voltage profile if placed correctly. Whilst increased penetration of Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) on the grid increases the system fault levels, they also play a key role in active and reactive power control. This means that the APUA network must be more flexible, and system operators must have network visibility to react to changes on the network. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact that RES (in particular, wind and solar PV) has on the operational, security, or reliability of a small-scale power network.
Solutions for environmental improvement: a case of dong Thanh landfill area in hoc mon district, Ho Chi Minh city
Authors: Tan Danh Nguyen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Hoc Mon District is one of the five suburban districts of Ho Chi Minh City with rapid urbanization rate every year. Many large projects and projects have been built, leading to a large number of people concentrating on living and working in the area. This puts the Hoc Mon district at risk of environmental pollution, which directly affects people’s health as well as the district’s socio-economic development. Therefore, in order to reduce environmental pollution, we need many feasible solutions. Poor sanitation is the cause of serious health consequences for people. This paper identifies human perceptions about the impact of the environment, especially the pollution of landfills on health, and once there are concrete improvements in waste management, life would be much better. The article analyses some of the causes and finds suitable solutions to improve the environment. The results show that the people’s awareness and timely support from the government play a very important role. Local governments need to have more specific policies and regulations to develop society in a sustainable way. Proposals have been studied for planning the development of eco-urban areas on the disposal sites themselves. We need to further expand the scope of urban development planning research to the vicinity of landfills, turning these places into clean land areas in order to develop modern urban areas in the future.
Conspiracy architecture in the face of globalization
Authors: Al-Yousif Ibrahim J K , Alwan Jumana Labeeb 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the current era of panic, “globalization” appears at its most fragile state, which was considered as the only way to progress, and may have been so already in our current era, but the outbreak of the Corona virus epidemic came to reveal amazing weaknesses of globalization to generate a conspiracy architecture facing globalization and evoke an identity It maintains the unity of the various buildings to benefit from the epidemic crisis. As for the current circumstances, the Corona pandemic has created what is called social separation and domestic stone and obligated many of us to stay at home and work remotely. There will come a day and this situation will end, God willing, and we will return to our offices, markets, and family connections, but there will still be affected on our future lifestyle. And from here many questions were asked first: What is the role of the architect in solving the epidemic crisis, and can we change the design method to make it healthier? Will a unified identity appear for our cities and future buildings after the spread in the epidemic, the closure of shops, and the spread of mobile cars to sell goods?
From this research came to think about finding solutions that show the role of the architect in how to deal with such epidemiological cases, which formed the goal of the research. Where the research relies on the inductive approach by defining all the vocabulary of research from identity and globalization with the epidemic crisis sweeping the world today to reach the deductive (deductive) approach to search for new vocabulary that ranges from the year to the most specific to define the subject of the research through the imposition of hypotheses such as the extinction of identity in a time Beyond the epidemic, globalization dominating the various buildings, or coming up with a new identity that carries unified characteristics to unify the different buildings after the end of the epidemic crisis, to reach valuable results that prove the conspiracy theory’s validity in the face of globalization.
Architectural journey between gratitude and presence
Authors: Kadhim Ibrahim Jawad , Rashid Ahmed Maher 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The research deals with the journey of gratitude, then farewell architecture, as they are represented in the united architecture that contained them. Which defined as an architecture that combined to confront the epidemic, dealing with different theories, therefore, Architects have intellectual responses that seek to reach new formations. Consequently, the research problem emerged on the need to reveal the concept of gratitude architecture, and architecture as a farewell trip, in light of the global pandemic crisis. To be affected and interact with it, in search of balance and stability. To reach the goal of the research represented in the search for an intellectual product as a response and reaction to the architecture of gratitude and departure as part of the united architecture, whose concepts interact with the spatial, temporal in the midst of attending the epidemic crisis. The results are extracting mental concepts describing the architecture of gratitude, architecture as a farewell journey as a result of its interaction with the epidemic crisis.
Evaluating the effects of reservoir level and foundation depth on the dynamic behaviour of a rockfill dam using three-dimensional finite elements modelling
Authors: Salih Ameen Ameen Mohammed , Al-Sulttani Ali O. , Al-Bakri Basim A R 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a three-dimensional Dynamic analysis of a rockfill dam with different foundation depths by considering the dam connection with both the reservoir bed and water. ANSYS was used to develop the three-dimensional Finite Element (FE) model of the rockfill dam. The essential objective of this study is the discussion of the effects of different foundation depths on the Dynamic behaviour of an embanked dam. Four foundation depths were investigated. They are the dam without foundation (fixed base), and three different depths of the foundation. Taking into consideration the changing of upstream water level, the empty, minimum, and maximum water levels, the results of the three-dimensional FE modelling of the rockfill dam show that adding the water effect decreases the natural frequencies of the system, but not more than 45%. While, with the increase of the reservoir water level of the dam from minimum to maximum, the natural frequencies of the dam decreased, but not more than 13% in the case of maximum water level changes. The results show that the influence of changing the upstream water level affects the horizontal displacement of the dam more than the vertical displacement.
The management of heritage buildings in historical urban areas according to cost-benefit methods
Authors: Hussein Safaa Aldeen , Al-Taee Mayada Dheya 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The heritage buildingsare the most prominent products of the interaction of civilizational, cultural, political, social and economic values throughout history, whose presence is concentrated in the historical urban centres, especially (the city of Baghdad - the old Rusafacentre). The lack of interest in the architectural heritage and the unexamined administrative interventions and decisions, such as preserving what has no economic or social feasibility, have determined the focus of general research with the concept of managing heritage buildings. In light of the emergence of new forms and methods in this field, it provides all information, data, and decision-making capabilities. The preservation is the specific method for dealing with heritage. For the importance of knowledge of the cost-benefit method in decision-making for the management of heritage buildings, the research problem was identified in ((the lack of local studies dealing with the cost-benefits method in making decisions about building management and preservation within historical areas)). The research has adopted the descriptive and analytical approach of previous studies leading to building a theoretical framework of knowledge and extracting indicators for the main items represented by the economic impact, social return and financial impact which were employed in the practical study on selected samples within the historical area (Rasheed Street). The research concluded that the management of heritage buildings according to the cost-benefit method is an integrated and comprehensive process for each of the economic impact, costs, social return and financial effect in a balanced manner for decision-making for conservation and investment to cover the costs of conservation, maintenance and rehabilitation while providing various and innovative sources of financing.
New Dithiocarbamates as a Possible Human Serum Albumin Metal Carrier in Drug Delivery Systems and their Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities.
Authors: Al-Nuzal Saadi M D , Haleem Azhar M , Czerwinski Ken , Haleem Salah M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
New mono- and bis-dithiocarbamates were prepared from the reaction of organic dihydrazides -NHNH-(C=O)(CH2)x-(C=O)NHNH- (where x = 0, 2, 4) and basic carbon disulfide with varying chain length 10-14 atom as a human serum metal carrier. The products were characterized by various spectrophotometric such as 1H and 13C NMR and elemental analysis. Their antiproliferative activities were examined on two species of the standard strains of the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 by following the procedure of broth micro-dilution method (BMM), which was applied at the concentrations: 0.0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm for each compound. The antioxidant properties were investigated by following the DPPH method, which was applied for each of the above concentrations. All prepared compounds exhibited antiproliferative and antioxidant activity.
Predicting long-term climate changes in Iraq
Authors: Abdaki Mohammed , Al-Iraqi Ahmed , Faisal Raid Mahmood 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Changes in air temperature have a significant impact in Iraq due to global climate change. The objective of this study is to project future trends of air temperature in Iraq. In this study, the future air temperature was projected for 2025, 2050, 2075 and 2100 from the CCSM4 climate model belong to CMIP5 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 scenario for Iraq. The historical observed air temperature data (1950 – 2014) acted as referenced as the mean air temperature data obtained from 18 meteorological stations. Statistical downscaling has implemented. The model outputs were calibrated by using around 80% of the observed historical and model historical data. After that, it proved a significant performance of a statistical downscaling process for simulation air temperature for future periods. The results revealed that the mean air temperature would increase under the four RCPs scenarios with different levels. The lower increase rate belongs to the RCP2.6 scenario, the increase rate is expected to be (0.5-0.8 °C) above the observed historical level. However, the RCP8.5 has the highest rate at (4.1 -6 °C) while, the RCP4.5 and RCP6.5 have (1-2 °C) and (2-4 °C) respectively. On the other hand, the temperature expands direction is from the south toward central, west and north of Iraq.
The action of yeast as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment: A Brief Review
Authors: Al-Najar J.A. , Lutfee T. , Alwan N.F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Yeast is a single-celled organism that is classified as a member of the fungi kingdom. Yeast has a significant role in the biological treatment of wastewater. The bio-sorption technology is applied to remove many pollutants such as heavy metal, dyes, and organic materials such as phenol. This technology is characterized by being inexpensive and environment-friendly. This research reviews yeast’s effectiveness as an adsorbent in removing heavy metals, dyes, and phenol from wastewater. The effects of some factors such as the concentration of pollutants, pH of the solution, and yeast mass in the bio-sorption process are reviewed. The bio-sorption process at equilibrium can be described using the isotherm model such as Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models reviewed in this paper.
Levels of some heavy elements in water, sediments and two aquatic plants in Al-Garraf river at Shatra district/ southern Iraq
Authors: Aljanabi Zahraa Zahraw , Maktoof Afrah A. , Al-Khairalla Roaa J. , Al-Aboody Bassad A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The present study was conducted in the Al-Garraf river in Thi-Qar governorate (October 2018 to March 2019) and aimed to investigate the pollution in the Al-Garraf river and the possibility of using some aquatic plants as bioindicator at three selected stations along the river. The study was achieved by measurement of air and water temperature, pH, and salinity, as well as the measurement of the concentration of some heavy elements (Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu) in both dissolved and particulate phases in water and an exchangeable and residual phase in sediments and the tissues of two aquatic plants species, Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Phragmatis australis (Can.). The mean concentrations of the heavy elements (Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu) in the dissolved phase in water were (0.07, 1.19, 3.17, and 0.03μg/l) respectively, while their concentration in the particulate phase was (15.73, 24.71, 65.63 and 22.86 μg/g) respectively. The mean concentrations of the heavy metals in sediments in an exchangeable phase were 15.73, 24.71, 65.63, and 22.86 (μg/g), respectively, while in the residual phase were 0.07, 0.85, 74.62, and 14.00 (μg/g) respectively. Results confirmed increased mean concentrations of heavy metals in aquatic plants tissues compared to their means in water. The maximum mean of heavy metals was recorded in Ceratophyllum demersum L. The Bioconcentration factor (B.C.F) values were more than their values of Biosedimentation factor (B.S.F) in all aquatic species.
Synthesis of Nanocomposite and Study Degradation of Phenol Red Dye
Authors: Nasief Ola A. , Abd Ahmed N. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the capability of semiconductors such as titanium dioxide, copper oxide and zinc oxide used to remove a hazardous Phenol Red organic dye texture from an aqueous solution. In this sheet, (ZnO), (CuO) and (TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesised utilise a simple chemical process. Nanocomposite has been synthesised by physical process. The purpose of the research was to investigate semiconductors’ capability, such as titanium dioxide, copper oxide, and zinc oxide, to take off a hazardous Phenol Red, a texture dye from an aqueous solution. These nanoparticles and composites’ structural properties described using (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM). This paper describes photocatalytic degradation of Phenol Red dye solution using composite CuO/ZnO /TiO2nanocomposite photocatalysts, in the form of CuO/ ZnO/TiO2composite as a paint on the Stainless Steel cell, under ultraviolet (UV) irradiations. The effect of factors affecting the reaction, such as the dye’s primary concentration, the effect of temperature, and the value of the acidic function, were studied. The experiential results show that the CuO/ ZnO/TiO2 composite can remove the Phenol Red from wastewater by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and an average volume of copper oxide molecules. The formula of Debar Shearer found that it is equal to 21.33 nm. For zinc oxide, the particle size constructed to be 18.13 nm and titanium oxide was found to be 42.63, and the particle size of the Nano chemical mixture was 20.48 nm. And CuO/ZnO /TiO2 Nanocomposite 20.48, respectively.
Water quality index along the Euphrates between the cities of Al-Qaim and Falluja: A comparative study
Authors: Saod Wahran M , Yosif Yasir M , Abdulrahman May F. , Mohammed Ali H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWater Quality Index (WQI) is a useful and unique method of measuring water quality. It is often used to determine the status of water quality in simple terms (e.g. good or bad, usable or unusable) to assess water quality and evaluate its suitability for different purposes. The research objectives are to assess the spatial variability of the water quality index (WQI) and make comparisons among monitors sites on the Euphrates River in Anbar Governorate. The monitoring and assessment were carried out on eleven sampling sites along the Euphrates River between the cities of Al-Qaim and Fallujah, spatially and temporally, over a period of 4 years from 2010 to 2013. To calculate the WQI, several Physico-chemical parameters, namely, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (T.H), turbidity (TUR), dissolved oxygen (DO), alkalinity (Alk.), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride ion (Cl-), sulphate ion (SO42-) and nitrate ion (NO3-) were analysed in line with the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index methodology (CCME WQI). The water quality index values in these stations on the Euphrates River in the study area ranged from fair to a marginal category in the study period. The current results concluded that the alterations existed in the concentration of the Physico-chemical parameters in most months, except January and September, along the Euphrates between the cities of Al-Qaim and Fallujah, as a result of harmful practices. The present study revealed that the Euphrates River water is polluted due to human activities, agricultural run-off, the release of inadequately treated wastewater, making it unsuitable for human consumption unless treated properly.
Mineralogical properties of the Quaternary deposits in the Iraqi highway, east of Al Warka city- Southern Iraq
Authors: Al-Aoufi Hiba K. , Al-Jaberi Mohanad H. , Al-Saad Harith A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The study was carried out on sub-surface sediments of quaternary deposits in the southern part of the Iraqi highway-east of the Al Warka city, Southern Iraq. This study has been focused on the variety of sedimentary environments in the quaternary period. The variations in mineralogy and texture with depths gave an indicator of environmental change. Silt, sandy silt, silt loam and sandy loam are most of sediments texture variation with depths. Quartz, anorthite feldspar, dolomite, calcite, Mg-Ca calcite, and gypsum are most of the light minerals in the studied area. Quartz and feldspar are dominant form depth intervals between 1 to 5 meters. Calcite is predominant at depth 6 meters with high shell fragments reached 38% as an indicator to change of sedimentary environments from depth interval 6 to 12m. The rate of shells growth at 6m depth was much higher in the fine-sediment and nutrient-rich channel, this conclusion may be an indicator of environmental change at this depth, suggests a high nutrient content in the river at this period allowed for molluscs shell growth. Opaque minerals, Chlorite, Pyroxene, biotite, epidote, staurolite, zircon, tourmaline, and rutile are most of the heavy metals. Chlorite, biotite, pyroxene, zircon, garnet, and rutile are increase with depths, while opaque and celestite are decreasing with depths. Chlorite, illite, and kaolinite are most of the clay minerals. Illite and kaolinite are increase with depths, while chlorite is decreased with depths.