bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two case reports of acquired haemophilia A as complications of alemtuzumab treatment for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Gounder Kuhilan , Batt Tracey , Dreyer Michael 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveTo describe the case histories of two patients who developed acquired haemophilia A following treatment with alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis.ResultsTwo patients, a 48-year-old woman and a 31-year-old woman, developed acquired haemophilia A 21 months after their second doses of alemtuzumab. Both presented with spontaneous bruising, and the second case reported menorrhagia. One patient required treatment to control bleeding. Both patients responded to treatment with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide to eliminate the inhibitor.ConclusionsAcquired haemophilia A is a rare complication following treatment with alemtuzumab. Activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time should be performed in cases of abnormal bleeding in which the platelet count is normal, to facilitate timely diagnosis and prevention of major bleeding complications.
Possible causalities between malnutrition and academic performances among primary schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study in rural Madagascar
Authors: Aiga Hirotsugu , Abe Kanae , Randriamampionona Emmanuel , Razafinombana Angèle Razafitompo 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundThe importance of addressing malnutrition is increasing in the context of children’s health and their academic performances. Childhood malnutrition further could reduce a country’s economic productivity. No earlier study adequately estimated the causalities between schoolchildren’s malnutrition and their academic performances. How nutritional status contributes to children’s academic performances has never been reported from Madagascar. This study aims to estimate the possible causalities between their nutritional status and academic performances in rural Madagascar.MethodsA cross-sectional household survey was conducted in Antananarivo-Avaradrano district, Madagascar, from November to December 2017, by targeting 404 first and second graders 5–14 years of age enrolled in 10 public primary schools. Children’s anthropometric measurements and structured interviews with their mothers/caregivers were conducted. Children’s academic performances data (mathematical and national language proficiencies) were collected at each school. To estimate associations between their malnutrition and academic performances, bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. To estimate their possible causalities between them, three conditions were examined (crude covariational relationship, covariational relationship through controlling for a third variable and temporal precedence).ResultsFour independent variables produced significantly positive coefficients with mathematical proficiency in multivariate analysis. Of the four, ‘not being stunted’ and ‘attendance rate’ were estimated to be possible causes of higher mathematical proficiency because they satisfied all the three conditions for a causality. On the other hand, three independent variables produced significantly positive coefficients with national language proficiency in multivariate analysis. Yet, none of them were estimated to be possible causes of higher national language proficiency.ConclusionsA hypothetical causal path indicates that ‘not being stunted’ is likely to have caused higher ‘attendance rate’ and thereby higher ‘mathematical proficiency’ in a two-step manner. This study is the first attempt to estimate the possible causalities between schoolchildren’s nutritional status and their academic performances in Madagascar.
International Physical Activity and Built Environment Study of adolescents: IPEN Adolescent design, protocol and measures
Authors: Cain Kelli L , Salmon Jo , Conway Terry L , Cerin Ester , Hinckson Erica , Mitáš Josef , Schipperijn Jasper , Frank Lawrence D , Anjana Ranjit Mohan , Barnett Anthony , Dygrýn Jan , Islam Mohammed Zakiul , Molina-García Javier , Moran Mika , Wan Muda Wan Abdul Manan , Oyeyemi Adewale L , Reis Rodrigo , Santos Maria Paula , Schmidt Tanja , Schofield Grant M , Timperio Anna , Van Dyck Delfien , Sallis James F 
Published: January 2021

Introduction
Only international studies can provide the full variability of built environments and accurately estimate effect sizes of relations between contrasting environments and health-related outcomes. The aims of the International Physical Activity and Environment Study of Adolescents (IPEN Adolescent) are to estimate the strength, shape and generalisability of associations of the community environment (geographic information systems (GIS)-based and self-reported) with physical activity and sedentary behaviour (accelerometer-measured and self-reported) and weight status (normal/overweight/obese).

Methods and analysis
The IPEN Adolescent observational, cross-sectional, multicountry study involves recruiting adolescent participants (ages 11–19 years) and one parent/guardian from neighbourhoods selected to ensure wide variations in walkability and socioeconomic status using common protocols and measures. Fifteen geographically, economically and culturally diverse countries, from six continents, participated: Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Czech Republic, Denmark, Hong Kong SAR, India, Israel, Malaysia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Portugal, Spain and USA. Countries provided survey and accelerometer data (15 countries), GIS data (11), global positioning system data (10), and pedestrian environment audit data (8). A sample of n=6950 (52.6% female; mean age=14.5, SD=1.7) adolescents provided survey data, n=4852 had 4 or more 8+ hours valid days of accelerometer data, and n=5473 had GIS measures. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were measured by waist-worn ActiGraph accelerometers and self-reports, and body mass index was used to categorise weight status.

Ethics and dissemination
Ethical approval was received from each study site’s Institutional Review Board for their in-country studies. Informed assent by adolescents and consent by parents was obtained for all participants. No personally identifiable information was transferred to the IPEN coordinating centre for pooled datasets. Results will be communicated through standard scientific channels and findings used to advance the science of environmental correlates of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and weight status, with the ultimate goal to stimulate and guide actions to create more activity-supportive environments internationally.
Anterior limb of the internal capsule tractography: relationship with capsulotomy outcomes in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Zhang Chencheng , Kim Seung-Goo , Li Jun , Zhang Yingying , Lv Qiming , Zeljic Kristina , Gong Hengfen , Wei Hongjiang , Liu Wenjuan , Sun Bomin , Wang Zheng , Voon Valerie 
Published: January 2021

ObjectivesSurgical procedures targeting the anterior limb of the internal capsule (aLIC) can be effective in patients with selected treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aLIC consists of white-matter tracts connecting cortical and subcortical structures and show a topographical organisation. Here we assess how aLIC streamlines are affected in OCD compared with healthy controls (HCs) and which streamlines are related with post-capsulotomy improvement.MethodsDiffusion-weighted MRI was used to compare white-matter microstructure via the aLIC between patients with OCD (n=100, 40 women, mean of age 31.8 years) and HCs (n=88, 39 women, mean of age 29.6 years). For each individual, the fractional anisotropy (FA) and streamline counts were calculated for each white-matter fibre bundle connecting a functionally defined prefrontal and subcortical region. Correlations between tractography measures and pre-capsulotomy and post-capsulotomy clinical outcomes (in obsessive-compulsive, anxiety and depression scores 6 months after surgery) were assessed in 41 patients with OCD.ResultsHierarchical clustering dendrograms show an aLIC organisation clustering lateral and dissociating ventral and dorsal prefrontal–thalamic streamlines, findings highly relevant to surgical targeting. Compared with HCs, patients with OCD had lower aLIC FA across multiple prefrontal cortical–subcortical regions (p<0.0073, false discovery rate-adjusted). Greater streamline counts of the dorsolateral prefrontal–thalamic tracts in patients with OCD predicted greater post-capsulotomy obsessive-compulsive improvement (p=0.016). In contrast, greater counts of the dorsal cingulate–thalamic streamlines predicted surgical outcomes mediated by depressive and anxiety improvements.ConclusionsThese findings shed light on the critical role of the aLIC in OCD and may potentially contribute towards precision targeting to optimise outcomes in OCD.
The possibility of twin star solutions in a model based on lattice QCD thermodynamics
Authors: Jakobus P. , Motornenko A. , Gomes R. O. , Steinheimer J. , Stoecker H. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe properties of compact stars and in particular the existence of twin star solutions are investigated within an effective model that is constrained by lattice QCD thermodynamics. The model is modified at large baryon densities to incorporate a large variety of scenarios of first order phase transitions to a phase of deconfined quarks. This is achieved by matching two different variants of the bag model equation of state, in order to estimate the role of the Bag model parameters on the appearance of a second family of neutron stars. The produced sequences of neutron stars are compared with modern constrains on stellar masses, radii, and tidal deformability from astrophysical observations and gravitational wave analyses. It is found that those scenarios in our analysis, in which a third family of stars appeared due to the deconfinement transition, are disfavored from astrophysical constraints.
Triply charged Higgs bosons at a 100 TeV pp collider
Authors: Pan Junxing , Chen Jung-Hsin , He Xiao-Gang , Li Gang , Su Jhih-Ying 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this work, we study the potential of searching for triply charged Higgs boson originating from a complex Higgs quadruplet in the final state with at least three same-sign leptons. A detailed collider analysis of the SM backgrounds and signals is performed at a 100 TeV pp collider for the triply charged Higgs boson mass below 1 TeV and the Higgs quadruplet vacuum expectation value $$v_\Delta $$

v
Δ

ranging from $$1.5\times 10^{-9}~\text {GeV}$$

1.5
×

10

-
9

GeV

to $$1.3~\text {GeV}$$

1.3

GeV

and the mass splitting $$\Delta m$$

Δ
m

between the nearby states of the Higgs quadruplet satisfying $$|\Delta m|\lesssim 30~\text {GeV}$$

|
Δ
m
|
≲
30

GeV

. About $$100~\text {fb}^{-1}$$

100

fb

-
1

of data are required at most for $$5\sigma $$

5
σ

discovery. We also revisit the sensitivity at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and find that $$5\sigma $$

5
σ

discovery of the triply charged Higgs boson below 1 TeV can be reached for a relatively small $$v_\Delta $$

v
Δ

. For example, if $$v_\Delta =10^{-6}~\text {GeV}$$

v
Δ

=

10

-
6

GeV

and $$\Delta m=0$$

Δ
m
=
0

, the integrated luminosity of $$330~\text {fb}^{-1}$$

330

fb

-
1

is needed. But for a relatively large $$v_\Delta $$

v
Δ

, i.e., $$v_\Delta \gtrsim 10^{-3}~\text {GeV}$$

v
Δ

≳

10

-
3

GeV

, the triply charged Higgs boson above about 800 GeV cannot be discovered even in the high-luminosity LHC era. For $$\Delta m>0$$

Δ
m
>
0

, the cascade decays are open and the sensitivity can be improved depending on the value of $$v_\Delta $$

v
Δ

.
FPGA Realization of the Reconfigurable Mesh Counting Algorithm
Authors: Ben-Asher Yosi , Stein Esti , Tartakovsky Vladislav 
Published: January 2021

Pass transistor logic (PTL) is a circuit design technique wherein transistors are used as switches. The reconfigurable mesh (RM) is a model that exploits the power of PTLs signal switching, by enabling flexible bus connections in a grid of processing elements containing switches. RM algorithms have theoretical results proving that [Formula: see text] can speed up computations significantly. However, the RM assumes that the latency of broadcasting a signal through [Formula: see text] switches (bus length) is 1. This is an unrealistic assumption preventing physical realizations of the RM. We propose the restricted-RM (RRM) wherein the bus lengths are restricted to [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]. We show that counting the number of 1-bits in an input of [Formula: see text] bits can be done in [Formula: see text] steps for [Formula: see text] by an [Formula: see text] RRM. An almost matching lower bound is presented, using a technique which adds to the few existing lower-bound techniques in this area. Finally, the algorithm was directly coded over an FPGA, outperforming an optimal tree of adders. This work presents an alternative way of counting, which is fundamental for summing, beating regular Boolean circuits for large numbers, where summing a vast amount of numbers is the basis of any accelerator in embedded systems such as neural-nets and streaming. a
TP-River: Monitoring and Quantifying Total River Runoff from the Third Pole
Authors: Wang Lei , Yao Tandong , Chai Chenhao , Cuo Lan , Su Fengge , Zhang Fan , Yao Zhijun , Zhang Yinsheng , Li Xiuping , Qi Jia , Hu Zhidan , Liu Jingshi , Wang Yuanwei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMonitoring changes in river runoff at the Third Pole (TP) is important because rivers in this region support millions of inhabitants in Asia and are very sensitive to climate change. Under the influence of climate change and intensified cryospheric melt, river runoff has changed markedly at the TP, with significant effects on the spatial and temporal water resource distribution that threaten water supply and food security for people living downstream. Despite some in situ observations and discharge estimates from state-of-the-art remote sensing technology, the total river runoff (TRR) for the TP has never been reliably quantified, and its response to climate change remains unclear. As part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ “Pan-Third Pole Environment Study for a Green Silk Road,” the TP-River project aims to construct a comprehensive runoff observation network at mountain outlets (where rivers leave the mountains and enter the plains) for 13 major rivers in the TP region, thereby enabling TRR to be accurately quantified. The project also integrates discharge estimates from remote sensing and cryosphere–hydrology modeling to investigate long-term changes in TRR and the relationship between the TRR variations and westerly/monsoon. Based on recent efforts, the project provides the first estimate (656 ± 23 billion m3) of annual TRR for the 13 TP rivers in 2018. The annual river runoff at the mountain outlets varies widely between the different TP rivers, ranging from 2 to 176 billion m3, with higher values mainly corresponding to rivers in the Indian monsoon domain, rather than in the westerly domain.
Contribution of Vertical Advection to Supergradient Wind in Tropical Cyclone Boundary Layer: A Numerical Study
Authors: Fei Rong , Wang Yuqing , Li Yuanlong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe existence of supergradient wind in the interior of the boundary layer is a distinct feature of a tropical cyclone (TC). Although the vertical advection is shown to enhance supergradient wind in the TC boundary layer (TCBL), how and to what extent the strength and structure of supergradient wind are modulated by vertical advection are not well understood. In this study, both a TCBL model and an axisymmetric full-physics model are used to quantify the contribution of the vertical advection process to the strength and vertical structure of supergradient wind in TCBL. Results from the TCBL model show that the removal of vertical advection of radial wind reduces both the strength and height of supergradient wind by slightly more than 50%. The removal of vertical advection of agradient wind reduces the height of the supergradient wind core by ~30% but increases the strength of supergradient wind by ~10%. Results from the full-physics model show that the removal of vertical advection of radial wind or agradient wind reduces both the strength and height of supergradient wind but the removal of that of radial wind produces a more substantial reduction (52%) than the removal of that of agradient wind (35%). However, both the intensification rate and final intensity of the simulated TCs in terms of maximum 10-m wind speed show little differences in experiments with and without the vertical advection of radial or agradient wind, suggesting that supergradient wind contributes little to either the intensification rate or the steady-state intensity of the simulated TC.
Convective and Turbulent Motions in Nonprecipitating Cu. Part I: Method of Separation of Convective and Turbulent Motions
Authors: Pinsky Mark , Eytan Eshkol , Koren Ilan , Altaratz Orit , Khain Alexander 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAtmospheric motions in clouds and cloud surroundings have a wide range of scales, from several kilometers to centimeters. These motions have different impacts on cloud dynamics and microphysics. Larger-scale motions (hereafter referred to as convective motions) are responsible for mass transport over distances comparable with cloud scale, while motions of smaller scales (hereafter referred to as turbulent motions) are stochastic and responsible for mixing and cloud dilution. This distinction substantially simplifies the analysis of dynamic and microphysical processes in clouds. The present research is Part I of the study aimed at describing the method for separating the motion scale into a convective component and a turbulent component. An idealized flow is constructed, which is a sum of an initially prescribed field of the convective velocity with updrafts in the cloud core and downdrafts outside the core, and a stochastic turbulent velocity field obeying the turbulent properties, including the −5/3 law and the 2/3 structure function law. A wavelet method is developed allowing separation of the velocity field into the convective and turbulent components, with parameter values being in a good agreement with those prescribed initially. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated by an example of a vertical velocity field of a cumulus cloud simulated using the System for Atmospheric Modeling (SAM) with bin microphysics and resolution of 10 m. It is shown that vertical velocity in clouds indeed can be represented as a sum of convective velocity (forming zone of cloud updrafts and subsiding shell) and a stochastic velocity obeying laws of homogeneous and isotropic turbulence.
Estimation of Koopman Transfer Operators for the Equatorial Pacific SST
Authors: Navarra Antonio , Tribbia Joe , Klus Stefan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the last years, ensemble methods have been widely popular in atmospheric, climate, and ocean dynamics investigations and forecasts as convenient methods to obtain statistical information on these systems. In many cases, ensembles have been used as an approximation to the probability distribution that has acquired more and more a central role, as the importance of a single trajectory, or member, was recognized as less informative. This paper shows that using results from the dynamical systems and more recent results from the machine learning and AI communities, we can arrive at a direct estimation of the probability distribution evolution and also at the formulation of predictor systems based on a nonlinear formulation. The paper introduces the theory and demonstrates its application to two examples. The first is a one-dimensional system based on the Niño-3 index; the second is a multidimensional case based on time series of monthly mean SST in the Pacific. We show that we can construct the probability distribution and set up a system to forecast its evolution and derive various quantities from it. The objective of the paper is not strict realism, but the introduction of these methods and the demonstration that they can be used also in the complex, multidimensional environment typical of atmosphere and ocean applications.
Does a comprehensive service user-led education programme effect more positive attitudes towards recovery and less stigmatising attitudes towards people with lived experience of mental distress in medical students? A comparative cohort study
Authors: Newton-Howes Giles , Senior Jessica , Beaglehole Ben , Purdie Gordon L , Gordon Sarah E 
Published: January 2021

Objective: This study sought to investigate the impact of a service user-led anti-stigma and discrimination education programme, encompassing numerous interventions focused on facilitating multiple forms of social contact, the promotion of recovery, and respect for human rights, on medical student attitudes. Method: A comparison cohort study was used to compare the attitudes of two cohorts of medical students who received this programme as part of their fifth (the fifth-year cohort) or sixth (the sixth-year cohort) year psychological medical education attachment (programme cohorts) with two cohorts of equivalent students who received a standard psychological medical attachment (control cohorts). Attitudes to recovery (using the Recovery Attitudes Questionnaire) and stigma (using the Opening Minds Scale for Healthcare Providers) were measured at the beginning and end of the attachments for each year and compared both within and between the cohorts using Wilcoxon signed-rank or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results: With sample sizes ranging from 46 to 70 across all cohorts, after their psychological medicine attachment both the programme and control cohorts showed more positive attitudes towards recovery and less stigmatising attitudes towards people with lived experience of mental distress. Significant differences between the programme cohorts and the control cohorts were found for recovery attitudes (median difference of 2, p < 0.05 in both fifth and sixth year), with particularly large differences being found for the ‘recovery is possible and needs faith’ subdomain of the Recovery Attitudes Questionnaire. There were no significant between cohort differences in terms of stigmatising attitudes as measured by the Opening Minds Scale for Healthcare Providers. Conclusion: The introduction of a comprehensive service user-led anti-stigma and education programme resulted in significant improvements in recovery attitudes compared to a control cohort. However, it was not found to be similarly superior in facilitating less stigmatising attitudes. Various possible reasons for this are discussed.