bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The San Dimas experimental forest: Hydrologic research in semiarid steepland terrain
Authors: Wohlgemuth Peter M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe San Dimas Experimental Forest (SDEF) is located in southern California and is representative of the chaparral shrublands of the Southwest USA. Chaparral – including genera of Ceanothus, Adenostoma, Quercus, Salvia and Arctostaphylos – is a dense, drought‐tolerant vegetation assemblage with a closed canopy 3–5 m in height. Chaparral is a fire‐prone ecosystem and wildfires have burned the SDEF about every 40 years. The SDEF was established in 1933 to quantify the water cycle in a steep, semiarid landscape. Study catchments range in size from 15 to 1160 ha and measurements of stream runoff are made in a nested weir and flume arrangement to account for the very flashy flows. Apart from native chaparral vegetation, streamflow measurements in these study watersheds have also quantified the hydrologic response of vegetation type‐conversion and fire. Innovations in hydrologic monitoring developed on the SDEF include a critical depth flume (the San Dimas flume) and tilted rain gages to better sample precipitation in mountainous terrain. Subsurface runoff and plant water relations have been measured in a large lysimeter complex. Water quality monitoring shows that stream water in the SDEF has very high levels of nitrate, derived from atmospheric deposition of chronic air pollution, that approach the Federal EPA standard of 10.0 mg L−1 for nitrate‐N. Spreadsheets of rainfall and streamflow (from 1938 to 2015) – the San Dimas Experimental Forest hydrologic database – may be found at the right‐hand side of the web page at https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/ef/san_dimas/index.shtml. Hard copy charts, tables and other records associated with the foregoing data streams are available from the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, California, 92501 USA or at pete.wohlgemuth@usda.gov.
Green Chemistry as a Driver for Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Beaver Matthew G. , Caille Seb , Içten Elçin , Michalak Sharon E. , St‐Pierre Gabrielle , Thiel Oliver R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe application of green chemistry principles is foundational in the route section and route development for active pharmaceutical ingredients at Amgen. In this perspective we present several examples where the application of concepts like atom economy, solvent minimization, reagent optimization, synthetic convergence, reduced energy use, real‐time analysis and strong safety focus have contributed to the development of processes that are significantly greener and more environmentally friendly that the corresponding starting points. The selected examples span different levels of molecular complexity, and many of the presented examples have been reduced to practice on significant scale.
Being an accountant, cook, entertainer and teacher—all at the same time: Changes in employees' work and work‐related well‐being during the coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic
Authors: Syrek Christine , Kühnel Jana , Vahle‐Hinz Tim , de Bloom Jessica 
Published: April 2021

In March 2020, the world was hit by the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic which led to all‐embracing measures to contain its spread. Most employees were forced to work from home and take care of their children because schools and daycares were closed. We present data from a research project in a large multinational organisation in the Netherlands with monthly quantitative measurements from January to May 2020 (N = 253–516), enriched with qualitative data from participants' comments before and after telework had started. Growth curve modelling showed major changes in employees' work‐related well‐being reflected in decreasing work engagement and increasing job satisfaction. For work‐non‐work balance, workload and autonomy, cubic trends over time were found, reflecting initial declines during crisis onset (March/April) and recovery in May. Participants' additional remarks exemplify that employees struggled with fulfilling different roles simultaneously, developing new routines and managing boundaries between life domains. Moderation analyses demonstrated that demographic variables shaped time trends. The diverging trends in well‐being indicators raise intriguing questions and show that close monitoring and fine‐grained analyses are needed to arrive at a better understanding of the impact of the crisis across time and among different groups of employees.
Behavioural effects of early‐life exposure to parabens in zebrafish larvae
Authors: Merola Carmine , Lucon‐Xiccato Tyrone , Bertolucci Cristiano , Perugini Monia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractParabens are classified as endocrine disrupting chemicals due to their ability to activate several nuclear receptors causing changes in hormones‐dependent signalling pathways. Central nervous system of developing organisms is particularly vulnerable to changes in hormonal pathways, which could lead to altered brain function, abnormal behaviour and even diseases later in life. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of exposure to butylparaben (BuP), ethylparaben (EtP) and methylparaben (MeP) during early development on nervous system using zebrafish larvae's behavioural models. Zebrafish were exposed until 4 days post fertilization (dpf) to three concentrations of each paraben chosen considering the environmentally realistic concentrations of human exposure and the benchmark‐dose lower bound calculated for zebrafish larvae (BuP: 5, 50 and 500 μg/L; EtP: 50, 500 and 5000 μg/L; MeP: 100, 1000 and 10,000 μg/L). Activity in novel and in familiar environment, thigmotaxis, visual startle response and photic synchronization of the behavioural circadian rhythms were analysed at 4, 5 and 6 dpf. Zebrafish larvae exposed to BuP 500 μg/L and EtP 5000 μg/L revealed increased anxiety‐like behaviour in novel environment. Larvae treated with 500 μg/L of BuP showed reduced activity in familiar and marginally in unfamiliar environment, and larvae exposed to 5000 μg/L of EtP exhibited hyperactivity in familiar environment. Parabens exposure did not influence the visual startle response and the photic synchronization of circadian rhythms in zebrafish larvae. This research highlighted as the exposure to parabens has the potential to interfere with behavioural development of zebrafish.
The Effects of Type 1 Diabetes and Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy on the Musculoskeletal System: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Vilaca Tatiane , Paggiosi Margaret , Walsh Jennifer S , Selvarajah Dinesh , Eastell Richard 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Fracture risk is increased in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Diabetic neuropathy might contribute to this increased risk directly through effects on bone turnover and indirectly through effects on balance, muscle strength, and gait. We compared patients with T1D with (T1DN+, n = 20) and without (T1DN−, n = 20) distal symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy and controls (n = 20). We assessed areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and appendicular muscle mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral quantitative tomography at the standard ultra-distal site and at an exploratory 14% bone length site at the tibia and radius, bone turnover markers, and muscle strength, gait, and balance by Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). At the standard ultra-distal site, tibial cortical porosity was 56% higher in T1DN+ compared with T1DN− (p = .009) and correlated positively with the severity of neuropathy (Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score; r = 0.347, p = .028) and negatively with nerve conduction amplitude and velocity (r = −0.386, p = .015 and r = −0.358, p = .025, respectively). Similar negative correlations were also observed at the radius (r = −0.484, p = .006 and r = −0.446, p = .012, respectively). At the exploratory 14% offset site (less distal), we found higher trabecular volumetric BMD (tibia 25%, p = .024; radius 46%, p = .017), trabecular bone volume (tibia 25%, p = .023; radius 46%, p = .017), and trabecular number (tibia 22%, p = .014; radius 30%, p = .010) in T1DN– compared with controls. Both CTX and PINP were lower in participants with TD1 compared with controls. No difference was found in aBMD and appendicular muscle mass. T1DN+ had worse performance in the SPPB compared with T1DN– and control. In summary, neuropathy was associated with cortical porosity and worse performance in physical tests. Our findings suggest that bone structure does not fully explain the rate of fractures in T1D. We conclude that the increase in the risk of fractures in T1D is multifactorial with both skeletal and non-skeletal contributions. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Transition‐metal‐catalyzed dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols and amines: A novel and atom‐economical access to amides
Authors: Heravi Mohammad Reza Poor , Hosseinian Akram , Rahmani Zahra , Ebadi Abdolghaffar , Vessally Esmail 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe catalytic synthesis of amides directly from primary alcohols and amines represents an atom‐economical and environmentally benign methodology, which produces H2as the sole by‐product. Over the past few years, several highly efficient metal‐based catalytic systems have been developed for this green and sustainable synthetic procedure. This review will focus on the recent advancements and discoveries in this promising and hot research field which may allow possible new insights into catalyst improvement.
Development of novel quality control material based on CRISPR/Cas9 editing and xenografts for MLH1 protein deficiency testing
Authors: Li Rui , Zhang Runling , Tan Ping , Wang Meng , Chen Yuqing , Zhang Jiawei , Han Dongsheng , Han Yanxi , Li Jinming , Zhang Rui 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundMismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) status induced by MLH1 protein deficiency plays a pivotal role in therapeutic decision‐making for cancer patients. Appropriate quality control (QC) materials are necessary for monitoring the accuracy of MLH1 protein deficiency assays used in clinical laboratories.MethodsCRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to edit the MLH1 gene of GM12878Cas9 cells to establish MLH1 protein‐deficient cell lines. The positive cell lines were screened and validated by Sanger sequencing, Western blot (WB), and next‐generation sequencing (NGS) and were then used to prepare formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) samples through xenografting. These FFPE samples were tested by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for suitability as novel QC materials for MLH1 protein deficiency testing.ResultsWe successfully cultured 358 monoclonal cells, with a survival rate of 37.3% (358/960) of the sorted monoclonal cells. Through Sanger sequencing, cell lines with MLH1 gene mutation were identified. Subsequently, two cell lines with MLH1 protein deficiency were identified by WB and named as GM12878Cas9_6 and GM12878Cas9_10. The NGS results further confirmed that the MLH1 gene mutation in these two cell lines would cause the formation of stop codons and terminate the expression of the MLH1 protein. The H&E staining and IHC results also verified the deficiency of the MLH1 protein, and FFPE samples from xenografts proved their similarity and consistency with clinical samples.ConclusionsWe successfully established MLH1 protein‐deficient cell lines. Followed by xenografting, we developed novel FFPE QC materials with homogenous, sustainable, and typical histological structures advantages that are suitable for the standardization of clinical IHC methods.
Adaptive e‐learning platforms can improve student performance and engagement in dental education
Authors: Yakin Muhammed , Linden Kelly 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPurposeKnowledge of normal tissue architecture is essential for one of the vitally important graduate competencies in dentistry, which is the recognition and appropriate referral of patients with oral mucosal and jawbone abnormalities for timely management and improved outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of online adaptive lessons on improving perceived and measured student performance, motivation, and student perceptions in dental education.MethodsThis mixed‐method study was conducted on year 1 and year 3 undergraduate dental students. Adaptive lessons supplementing a number of histology topics were designed and made available. Adaptive lesson scores and analytics, exam scores on topics that were supplemented by adaptive lessons (Experimental Questions), and those that were not (Control Questions) were compared among the year 1 students (n = 43). A validated questionnaire including Likert‐type scales about the student attitudes and perceptions toward adaptive lessons followed by open‐ended questions was administered to year 1 and 3 students (n = 57).ResultsStudents obtained significantly higher scores in experimental exam questions than control exam questions (p = 0.01). A significantly larger number of students perceived that the adaptive lessons improved their knowledge of the subject (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe adaptive lessons employed in this study showed significant potential to improve student engagement, motivation, perceived knowledge, and measured exam performance. These are particularly important findings especially amid the COVID‐19 pandemic as institutions transitioned to online education in lieu of face‐to‐face classes to comply with recommendations from Health Authorities.
Diversity, equity, and inclusion interventions to support admissions have had little benefit to Black students over past 20 years
Authors: Nalliah Romesh P. , Timothé Peggy , Reddy Michael S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe United States has a history of systemic racism and violence toward minority communities. Unfortunately, the last year has demonstrated that systemic racism, and its consequences, persist. The dental profession has also failed to adequately resolve known issues of racial inequity and systemic racism, with persistent disparities in oral health outcomes for Black Americans compared to all other Americans, underrepresentation of minorities in the profession, and barriers to entry. However, dental education has the opportunity to address these issues. Current accreditation standards do not specifically address racial diversity among the student body, yet it is clear that representation of a population matters and the lack of representation may exacerbate race and racism as public health issues in dentistry.To explore the issue, we curated American Dental Education Association (ADEA) data on the race of students admitted and enrolled into dental programs across the United States. We used data visualization techniques to present the data and study trends.While the number of Black and African American (BAA) enrollees in dental schools has increased between 2000 and 2019, this population continues to make up a disproportionately small percentage of all enrollees, relative to the BAA percentage in the U.S. population. Much of the increase in BAA enrollment is attributable to increased places (due to the opening of new schools and increased class size in established schools) and the rate of acceptance of BAA students has had limited improvement.Very little progress has been accomplished in growing the enrollment of BAA applicants to dental school in 20 years. As a profession, we also fail to grow interest among our graduates in careers that may support historically underrepresented and marginalized racial groups—public health, rural practice, population research, academia, and health policy. This may be a contributing factor to the oral health disparities faced by Black Americans and have implications for dental education.
CO2 and N2O emissions and microbial community structure from fields that include salt‐affected soils
Authors: Fiedler Douglas J. , Clay David E. , Joshi Deepak R. , Engel Andrew , Marzano Shin‐Yi , Jakubowski Duncan , Bhattarai Dwarika , Reese Cheryl L. , Bruggeman Stephanie A. , Clay Sharon A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlthough salinity and sodicity are worldwide problems, information on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural salt‐affected soils is scarce. The CO2–C and N2O–N emissions were quantified from three zones intertwined within a single U.S. northern Great Plains field: a highly productive zone (electrical conductivity with 1:1 soil/water mass ratio [EC1:1] = 0.4 dS m–1; sodium adsorption ratio [SAR] = 1.8), a transition zone (moderately salt‐affected; EC1:1 = 1.6 dS m–1; SAR = 4.99), and a saline/sodic zone (EC1:1 = 3.9 dS m–1; SAR = 22). In each zone, emissions were measured every 4 h for 7 d in four randomly placed chambers that were treated with two N rates (0 and 224 kg N ha–1). The experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 during similar seasonal periods. Soil samples taken from treatments after GHG measurement were analyzed for soil inorganic N, and microbial biomass from different communities was quantified using phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the number of copies of some specific denitrification functional genes. The productive zone had the highest CO2–C, the lowest N2O–N emissions, and the greatest microbial biomass, whereas the saline/sodic zone had the lowest CO2–C, the highest N2O–N emissions, and the lowest microbial biomass. Within a zone, urea application did not influence CO2–C emissions; however, N2O–N emissions from the urea‐treated saline/sodic zone were 84 and 57% higher than from the urea‐treated productive zone in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The copy number of the nitrite reductase gene, nirS, was 42‐fold higher in the saline/sodic zone than in the productive soil, suggesting that the saline/sodic soil had a high potential for denitrification. These findings suggest N2O–N emissions could be reduced by not applying N to saline/sodic zones.
Professional Identity Development and Multicultural Identity Among International Counselor Education Doctoral Students
Authors: Kuo Patty , Washington Ahmad , Woo Hongryun 
Published: April 2021

This qualitative study examined the professional and multicultural identities among 13 international counselor education doctoral students. Participants identified cultural identities and difficulties with studying abroad, and their influence on their professional development. Implications and recommendations for counselor education programs are discussed.Este estudio cualitativo examinó las identidades profesionales y multiculturales de 13 estudiantes internacionales en programas de doctorado en educación de consejeros. Los participantes identificaron identidades culturales y dificultades relacionadas con el hecho de estudiar en un país extranjero, así como la influencia de estas en su desarrollo profesional. Se discuten las implicaciones y recomendación para programas de educación de consejeros.
Responses of soil erosion to land‐use changes in the largest tableland of the Loess Plateau
Authors: Zhang Jianxiang , Wang Naiang , Wang Yafeng , Wang Linhua , Hu Aiping , Zhang Duoyong , Su Xianbao , Chen Junhe 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSoil erosion is a global environmental problem, and land‐use changes have significantly altered soil erosion processes. However, soil erosion processes and their major influencing factors vary among different landforms. Dongzhiyuan (DZY), that is, the largest tableland in the Loess Plateau (LP), has experienced significant land‐use changes in previous decades. However, little is known about impacts of land‐use changes on soil erosion across different landforms in the DZY tableland. LANDSAT images from 1987, 1997, 2007, and 2017 were used to extract information on the land‐use changes in DZY. The decreases of farmland amount to 2.57 × 104 ha from 1987 to 1997, forest by 1.30 × 104 ha from 1997 to 2007, and grassland by 2.74 × 104 ha from 2007 to 2017. Urban areas increased by 1.41 × 104 ha from 1987 to 2017. The soil erosion estimated by the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and Chinese soil loss equation (CSLE) was 11.3 and 5.8 t ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The conversion from urban areas to farmland and grassland increased soil erosion. Changes from farmland to grassland and forest to grassland, intensified soil erosion; the severity of soil erosion depended on the intensity of the land‐use changes. Urban expansion caused a smaller decrease in soil erosion in the loess tableland, whereas vegetation restoration, to a large extent, decreased soil erosion in the loess gully area. Anthropogenic activity accelerated soil erosion before 1997, but slowed its influence after 1997. This study provides a reference for land‐use planning and soil water conservation in the LP.
Seasonal shifts of microbial methane oxidation in Arctic shelf waters above gas seeps
Authors: Gründger Friederike , Probandt David , Knittel Katrin , Carrier Vincent , Kalenitchenko Dimitri , Silyakova Anna , Serov Pavel , Ferré Bénédicte , Svenning Mette M. , Niemann Helge 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Arctic Ocean subseabed holds vast reservoirs of the potent greenhouse gas methane (CH4), often seeping into the ocean water column. In a continuously warming ocean as a result of climate change an increase of CH4 seepage from the seabed is hypothesized. Today, CH4 is largely retained in the water column due to the activity of methane‐oxidizing bacteria (MOB) that thrive there. Predicted future oceanographic changes, bottom water warming and increasing CH4 release may alter efficacy of this microbially mediated CH4 sink. Here we investigate the composition and principle controls on abundance and activity of the MOB communities at the shallow continental shelf west of Svalbard, which is subject to strong seasonal changes in oceanographic conditions. Covering a large area (364 km2), we measured vertical distribution of microbial methane oxidation (MOx) rates, MOB community composition, dissolved CH4 concentrations, temperature and salinity four times throughout spring and summer during three consecutive years. Sequencing analyses of the pmoA gene revealed a small, relatively uniform community mainly composed of type‐Ia methanotrophs (deep‐sea 3 clade). We found highest MOx rates (7 nM d−1) in summer in bathymetric depressions filled with stagnant Atlantic Water containing moderate concentrations of dissolved CH4 (< 100 nM). MOx rates in these depressions during spring were much lower (< 0.5 nM d−1) due to lower temperatures and mixing of Transformed Atlantic Water flushing MOB with the Atlantic Water out of the depressions. Our results show that MOB and MOx in CH4‐rich bottom waters are highly affected by geomorphology and seasonal conditions.