bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TAPHONOMY AND DEPOSITIONAL SETTING OF THE SHRINGASAURUS INDICUS (ARCHOSAUROMORPHA: ALLOKOTOSAURIA) BONEBED FROM THE MIDDLE TRIASSIC DENWA FORMATION, SATPURA GONDWANA BASIN, INDIA
Authors: SENGUPTA SARADEE , SENGUPTA DHURJATI P. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
A bonebed of multiple skeletons of the Triassic horned reptile Shringasaurus indicus was discovered in the upper Denwa Formation, Satpura Gondwana Basin, India. The monotaxic bonebed contains multiple individuals of different ontogenic stages indicating herding behavior by Shringasaurus indicus. The herd was a mixed-sex herd. The adult and sub-adult bones in the bonebed exceed the number of juvenile bones. The distribution of the bones was slightly patchy, bones of different individuals were admixed, and several bones were piled up implying mass mortality. The bonebed occurs in a fine-grained mudrock that is hydraulically incompatible with long-distance transport and concentration by currents. Sedimentary facies analysis indicates that the bonebed accumulated and was buried in a crevasse splay deposit between two ENE-WSW trending channel-fill complexes. The northern channel-fill complex was formed by unidirectional flow with lateral channel migration towards the south and with minor contemporaneous tectonic subsidence. Repeated breaching of the levee by this channel flow led to the incremental development of the crevasse splay deposit. The herd of Shringasaurus indicus, which lived near to the perennial channel, was drowned en masse and the carcasses were trapped within the muddy sediments of the crevasse splay deposit. Apart from a partially articulated skeleton, the rest of the bones were disarticulated but remained associated. The bones show little evidence of post-mortem modifications. With a continuous supply of the sediments through the spillover channels, the bones were buried before complete disarticulation and dispersal had taken place.
Runout Number: A New Metric for Landslide Runout Characterization
Authors: Wallace Cory S. , Santi Paul M. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTLandslide runout has traditionally been quantified by the height-to-length ratio, H/L, which, in many cases, is strongly influenced by the slope of the runout path. In this study, we propose an alternative mobility measure, the unitless Runout Number, measured as the landslide length divided by the square root of the landslide area, which characterizes landslide shape in terms of elongation. We used a database of 158 landslides of varying runout distances from locations in northern California, Oregon, and Washington state to compare the two runout measurement methods and explore their predictability using parameters that can be measured or estimated using geographic information systems. The Runout Number better describes the overall runout for several landslide and slope geometries. The two mobility measures show very little correlation to each other, indicating that the two parameters describe different landslide mobility mechanisms. When compared to predictive parameters shown by prior research to relate to landslide runout, the two runout measurement methods show different correlations. H/L correlates more strongly to initial slope angle, upslope contributing area, landslide area, and grain size distribution (percent clay, silt, total fines, and sand). The Runout Number correlates more strongly to planimetric curvature, upslope contributing area normalized by landslide area, and percent sand. Although these correlations are not necessarily strong enough for prediction, they indicate the validity of both runout measurement methods and the benefit of including both numbers when characterizing landslide mobility.
Norepinephrine transporter defects lead to sympathetic hyperactivity in stem cell and mouse models of Familial Dysautonomia
Authors: Wu Hsueh Fu , Yu Wenxin , Carey Joeseph , Lefcort Frances , Liu Hongxiang , Zeltner Nadja 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Familial dysautonomia (FD) is a rare neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorder that affects the sympathetic nervous system. Patients harbor a mutation in ELP1 yet, how loss of Elp1 affects the function of symNs remains unresolved. Such an understanding is critical since the most debilitating hallmarks of the disease include cardiovascular instability, dysautonomic crises and renal failure, which all result from dysregulated sympathetic activity. Here, we employ the human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) technology as a modeling system to understand human, sympathetic neuron (symN)-specific disease mechanisms and provide a platform for drug testing and discovery. We show that FD symNs are intrinsically hyperactive in vitro, in co-cultures with cardiomyocyte target tissue and in FD animal models. We show that ELP1-rescued isogenic lines remain hyperactive, suggesting a different/additional disease mechanism. Accordingly, we report decreased intracellular norepinephrine (NE) levels, decreased NE re-uptake via NET and excessive extracellular NE in FD symNs. Finally, we performed a mini drug screen showing that current and new candidate drugs were able to lower hyperactivity. These findings may have implications for other peripheral nervous system disorders. Our drug screening platform may allow future drug testing and discovery for such disorders.
An Edge-Based Approach for Virtual Network Embedding Based on the Graph Edit Distance
Authors: Xu Ze Xi , Zhuang Lei , He Meng Yang , Yang Si Jin , Song Yu , Guo Jun li , Li Wen Cui 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Virtualization and resource isolation techniques have enabled the efficient sharing of networked resources. How to control network resource allocation accurately and flexibly has gradually become a research hotspot due to the growth in user demands. Therefore, this paper presents a new edge-based virtual network embedding approach to studying this problem that employs a graph edit distance method to accurately control resource usage. In particular, to manage network resources efficiently, we restrict the use conditions of network resources and restrict the structure based on common substructure isomorphism and an improved spider monkey optimization algorithm is employed to prune redundant information from the substrate network. Experimental results showed that the proposed method achieves better performance than existing algorithms in terms of resource management capacity, including energy savings and the revenue-cost ratio.
Adherence to Face Mask and Social Distancing during Coronavirus 19 Pandemic. Sudan 2020-2021
Authors: Aboshanab Mohammed , Ahmed Bhaaeldin Ahmed Abdalrahman , Ahmed Mugtaba Ahmed abdalrahman , HamdnAllah Aalaa Makki AwadAllah , Yassin ‬Mohamed Faroug Ali , ELSIDDIG ABDALRAHMAN ALNAZIR ABDALRAHMAN , Ahmed Eman Siddig Alameen , Abdelrahim Shiemaa Emad 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background and Objectives:The Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID 19) pandemic affects 187 countries which is began in China in December 2019 and spread around the world very quickly, becoming one of the greatest threats to human life in this century. As a result, preventive measures such as wearing face mask and social distancing have been implemented to fight against spreading of the virus. This study aimed to assess adherence to face mask and social distancing during COVID19 pandemic.Methods and Materials:This is a Cross-sectional observational study conducted at Khartoum state, the capital of Sudan. 1222 residents have been selected randomly to participate in this study. The inclusion criteria are: Everybody lives in Khartoum state is eligible to participate in this study. The exclusion criteria are: Everybody does not live in Khartoum state.The data was collected through structural questionnaire which include personal data and the questions which measure the adherence to face mask and social distance. And the data was analyzed by SPSS application.Results:The total of participants in this study was 1222. The majority of participants wear face mask only if it is necessary to enter a commercial store, governmental institution or a hospital (45.9%). The remaining portion of the participants wearing the mask only when they are with their family (11.9 %) or with friends (11.1%) or at transport (16 %) and at parties (6.5 %). On the other hand, (8.4 %) of the participants never wear a mask at all Table (4).The most of the participants practicing the social distancing only if it is needed to enter a commercial store, government institution or a hospital (41.5%), whereas the rest do it only when they are with their family (10.2 %), with friends (6.2 %), at parties (6.8 %) and at transport (11 %). However, almost quarter of them do not do social distancing at all (24.3 %).Conclusion:In conclusion, most of the participants in this study have poor adherence to COVID19 preventive measures, especially wearing Face Mask and social distancing. They tend to follow these preventive measures only when imposed by an authority or it is necessary to enter certain places.
Creep Behavior of Polyamide 12, Produced By Selective Laser Sintering With Different Build Orientations
Authors: Krönert Maximilian , Schuster Thomas Josef , Zimmer Felix , Holtmannspötter Jens 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The successful use of components, produced by selective laser sintering as a rapid manufacturing process, requires a comprehensive understanding of the material. In this study, the effect of specimen build orientation on the mechanical properties of selective laser sintered polyamide 12 was investigated in detail. Samples were printed with an orientation of 0°, 15°, 45° and 90° to the build platform. Additionally to quasi-static tensile tests, Creep tests under different loads (5 MPa, 10 MPa, 15 MPa and 20 MPa) and for different times (10 hours and 1,000 hours) with and without relaxation were performed. Creep behavior was analyzed using the Burgers model. Therefore, the elastic strain, the relaxant strain, the viscous strain and the total deformation were determined. Results show that the build orientation has no significant influence on the long-term creep behavior, at small stresses. Short-term creep and relaxation tests show, that the elastic and viscous strain are only slightly influenced by the build orientation. However, the viscoelastic strain is affected by the build orientation. Furthermore, the deformations resulting from creep and relaxation have no significant influence on the mechanical behavior as shown by tensile tests.
Selenium Nanoparticles Inhibited H1N1 Influenza Virus Induced Apoptosis By Improving The Level of Gpx1
Authors: Liu Xia , Chen Danyang , Su Jingyao , Zheng Rulin , Ning Zhihui , Zhao Mingqi , Zhu Bing , Li Yinghua 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Influenza A (H1N1) viruses are distributed around the world and pose a threat to public health. Vaccination is the main treatment strategy to prevent influenza infection, but antiviral drugs also play an important role in controlling seasonal and pandemic influenza. Currently, influenza viruses may emerge antiviral resistance, new agents with different modes of action are being investigated. Recently, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) which have antiviral effects attracted more and more attention in biomedical interventions. The appearance of nanotechnology attract great attention in the nanomedicine field. SeNPs constitute an attractive vector platform for delivering a variety of drugs to action targets. SeNPs is being explored for potential therapeutic efficacy in a variety of oxidative stress and inflammation-mediated diseases, such as cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and kidney disease. SeNPs could inhibit infection of Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells with H1N1 and prevent chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. ROS play a key role in physiological processes on apoptosis. SeNPs significantly inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MDCK cells. Mechanistic investigation revealed that SeNPs inhibited the apoptosis induced by H1N1 virus infection in MDCK cells by improving the level of GPx1. Our results suggest that SeNPs is an effective selenium source to obtain H1N1 influenza antiviral candidate.
Oral Dextran Sulfate Sodium Administration Induces Peripheral Spondyloarthritis Features in SKG Mice Accompanied by Intestinal Bacterial Translocation and Systemic Th1 and Th17 Cell Activation.
Authors: Tabuchi Yuya , Katsushima Masao , Nishida Yuri , Shirakashi Mirei , Tsuji Hideaki , Onizawa Hideo , Kitagori Koji , Akizuki Shuji , Nakashima Ran , Murakami Kosaku , Murata Koichi , Yoshifuji Hajime , Tanaka Masao , Morinobu Akio , Hashimoto Motomu 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background: Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is an autoimmune and autoinflammatory musculoskeletal disease characterised by systemic enthesitis. Recent research has focused on subclinical inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in SpA pathogenesis. SKG mice, harbouring the Zap70 W163C mutation, increase autoreactive Th17 cells intrinsically, and show SpA features, including enteritis, after peritoneal injection of β-1,3- glucan under SPF conditions. In a conventional environment, they exhibit spontaneous arthritis with fungal factors. This study aimed to clarify whether oral dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administration, utilised in IBD model mice, can provoke SpA features in SKG mice under SPF conditions, focusing on the relationship between gut microorganisms and SpA pathogenesis.Methods: SKG and BALB/c mice were administered oral DSS, and their body weights, arthritis, and enthesitis scores were recorded. In another cohorts, antibiotics (meropenem and vancomycin) or an anti-fungal agent (amphotericin B) were administered orally before DSS administration. The splenic Th1 and Th17 cell populations were examined before and after DSS administration using flow cytometry. Furthermore, the amount of circulating bacterial DNA in whole blood was measured by absolute quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and the number and characteristics of bacterial species corresponding to these circulating DNA were analised by next-generation sequencing (NGS).Results: Ankle enthesitis as a peripheral SpA feature was elicited in half of DSS-administered SKG mice, and none of the BALB/c mice. Pre-administration of antibiotics suppressed enthesitis, whilst an anti-fungal agent could not. Th1 and Th17 cell levels in the spleen increased after DSS administration, and this was suppressed by pre-administration of antibiotics. SKG mice have a larger amount of bacterial DNA in whole blood than BALB/c mice before and one day after the initiation of DSS administration. The number of bacterial species in whole blood increased after DSS administration in SKG and BALB/c mice. Some genera and species significantly specific to the DSS-treated SKG mice group were also detected. Conclusion: Oral DSS administration alone elicited peripheral enthesitis in SKG mice with bacterial translocation accompanied by increased splenic Th1 and Th17 cell levels. Pre-administration of antibiotics ameliorated these DSS-induced SpA features. These findings suggest that intestinal bacterial leakage plays a pivotal role in SpA pathogenesis.
Seasonal Variations Affect The Ecosystem Functioning And Microbial Assembly Processes In Plantation Forests
Authors: Wang Min , Masoudi Abolfazl , Wang Can , Zhao Liqiang , Yang Jia , Yu Zhijun , Liu Jingze 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background: While afforestation mitigates climate concerns, the impact of afforestation on soil microbial compositions, ecological assembly processes, and multiple soil functions (multifunctionality) in afforested areas remains unclear. The Xiong'an New Area plantation forests (Pinus and Sophora forests) were selected to examine the effects of plantation types in four contrasting seasons on soil microbiomes.Results: We evaluated three functional categories (nutrient stocks, organic matter decomposition, and microbial functional genes) of multifunctionality, and the average (net) multifunctionality was quantified. The results showed that net soil multifunctionality as a broad function did not change seasonally, unlike other narrow functional categories. Bacterial communities were deterministically (variable selection and homogenous selection) structured, whereas the stochastic process of dispersal limitation was mainly responsible for the assembly and turnover of fungal and protist communities. Additionally, we showed that winter triggered an abrupt transition in the bacterial community assembly from deterministic to stochastic processes in Pinus forests that was closely associated with a reduction in the bacterial Shannon diversity, with functional patterns of a high level of nutrient cycling (nutrient stocks and organic matter decomposition). Conclusions: Overall, the present study contributes local-ecosystem prospects to model the behavior of soil biota seasonally and their implied effects on soil functioning and microbial assembly processes in plantation forests.
Assess the impacts of climate change on the patterns of rainfall, temperature, and streamflow in the Abelti Watershed of Southwestern Ethiopia
Authors: ALEHU BEYENE AKIRSO , Bitana Seble Gizachew 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Changes in rainfall, temperature and streamflow (stf) will be one of the most critical factors determining the overall impact of climate change (CC). Thus, in this study we evaluated rainfall(rf), temperature, and stf pattern under changing climate in the Abelti-Watershed (a sub-watershed of upper Omo Gibe basin), Ethiopia. The Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios of Hadley Global Environment Model 2-Earth System (HadGEM2-ES) under Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX)-Africa database selected for the near (2011-2040), med (2041-2070), and end (2071-2100) periods. Hydrologic Engineering Centers-Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) model applied for stf projection. XL-STAT conducts average annual and seasonal rf, minimum and maximum temperature (tmin&tmax), and stf trend tests. Mean seasonal and annual rf and stf variation evaluation taken using the coefficient of variation (CV). Finally, the impact of CC analysis is taken based on the baseline period. The results revealed that the climate model projection is successful for given weather stations. HEC-HMS model showed a satisfactory performance during calibration (R2=0.82) and validation (R2=0.78). The MK trend of tmin&tmax show significantly increasing; whereas rf and stf show insignificantly decreasing except under RCP8.5. The rf and stf CV analysis indicated less, moderate, and high in the study area. And the future long year average annual rf increased by -3.6%, -1.9% and -7.7%; temperature +1.15%, +2.2% and +4.2%; and stf -2.9%, -0.05% and -8.5% under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 respectively. Thus, the decrement in rf and the increment in temperature lead to more evapotranspiration and affect the stf negatively. In conclusion, stf in the Abelti-watershed could significantly decline with adverse consequences for water supplies, agriculture, and ecosystem health for the future. Therefore, this study may contribute to the planning and implementation of sustainable resources development and management strategies and help to mitigate the consequences of CC.
‘Vidangadi Lauha’ for Obese Type 2 Diabetes mellitus; Randomized controlled clinical study
Authors: Khobarkar Punam , Gulhane Jayant , Nakanekar Amit 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus in obese persons is becoming threatening disease due to increasing prevalence of its microvascular and macro vascular complications. A multi targeted treatment can be considered better over single targeted treatment; in view of multiple pathways involved in pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. This open labelled randomized controlled clinical Study was aimed to evaluate clinical efficacy of ‘Vidangadi Lauha’(An Ayurveda formulation) in comparison with metformin for obese type II diabetes mellitus. Participants were divided into two groups. Trial group received Vidangadi Lauha 5gm BID and control group received tablet metformin 500mg BID for duration of 3 months. Among 550 screened participants 120 participants were eligible, out of them 100 participants were enrolled and randomized by computer generated method, out of them 80 patients (40 in each group) completed the trial. Both the treatments were equally effective in reducing blood sugar fasting(F), post meal(PM) glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1C) and Body Mass Index (BMI). Vidangadi Lauha is more effective in reducing Ayurvedic Symptoms, waist hip ratio and cholesterol as compared to Metformin. High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) were improved by minor clinical difference in both the groups. Both the treatment does not have statistically significant effect in reducing Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL).
An antibacterial platform based on controllable electro-mechanical interactions at the materials/bacteria interface
Authors: Wang Guomin , Tang Kaiwei , Jiang Wenjuan , Meng Zheyi , Liao Qing , Li Yong , Liu Pei , Wu Yuzheng , Liu Mengting , Wang Huaiyu , Li Bin , Wu Zhengwei , Chu Paul 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Gujin Dan is A Chinese Medicine Formulation That Stimulates Cell Proliferation And Differentiation By Controlling Multiple Genes Involved In MC3T3-E1 Cells
Authors: Zhou Yu , Liu Chaozong , Zhou Zhenwei , Li Xin , Su Songchuan , Ng Liqi , Zhong Jinghong , Wang Ting-ting , Yang Jie , Peng Zeyu , Zhang Shanyong , Yao Baojin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background: The development of Chinese medicine has been practised in China over a long period of time, and China has long used single medicines in various forms of decoction to treat illnesses, and later learned to combine several medicines to form formulas to enhance the effects of the medicines. The use of Chinese herbal medicines and formulas has played a pivotal role in the prevention and treatment of diseases in China since ancient times. The application of Chinese herbal preparations in the field of osteoporosis treatment has received widespread attention, and Gujin Dan（GJD） is one of the representative herbal formulas, however, the exact minute mechanism of its treatment of osteoporosis remains to be elucidated.Methods: In the study, we prepared an aqueous extract of GJD and measured the effect of different administration concentrations of GJD on cell proliferation by CCK-8 assay, and the effect of GJD on cell differentiation ability by Alizarin Red S Staining, Alkaline Phosphatase Staining and quantitative assay. Changes in gene expression patterns of MC3T3-E1 cells under GJD treatment were investigated by RNA-seq analysis and validation methods.Results: We demonstrate that GJD promotes the proliferation and differentiation of Mc3t3-e1 cells through the regulation of multiple functional genes. This was mainly achieved by regulating the expression levels of four categories of genes that promote the proliferation of Mc3t3-e1 cells or osteoblasts, inhibit apoptosis and autophagy, inhibit osteoclast formation and differentiation, and promote osteoblast differentiation. In addition, GJD slightly increased the expression levels of gene markers in osteoblasts. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that GJD promotes proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and inhibits osteoclastogenesis and differentiation, as well as apoptosis and autophagy, through the synergistic interaction of various herbs and their active components in GJD. This study has significantly improved the current understanding of the molecular effects of GJD on MC3T3-E1 cells. This study also provides new ideas for possible strategies to further prevent and treat bone metabolism-related diseases using traditional Chinese medicinal preparations.