bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis of the impact of a fibrin sealant patch on pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy: CPR trial
Authors: Mungroop T H , van der Heijde N , Busch O R , de Hingh I H , Scheepers J J , Dijkgraaf M G , Groot Koerkamp B , Besselink M G , van Eijck C H 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) remains the main cause of morbidity in patients after distal pancreatectomy. The objective of this study was to investigate whether an absorbable fibrin sealant patch could prevent POPF after distal pancreatectomy.

Methods
A multicentre, patient-blinded, parallel-group randomized superiority trial was performed in seven Dutch hospitals. Allocation was done using a computer-generated randomization list with a 1 : 1 allocation ratio and concealed varying permuted block sizes. Pancreatic stump closure with a fibrin patch was compared with standard treatment in patients undergoing distal pancreatectomy. The primary endpoint was the development of grade B/C POPF. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed which combined the present findings with all available evidence.

Results
Between October 2010 and August 2017, 247 patients were enrolled. Fifty-four patients (22.2 per cent) developed a POPF, 25 of 125 patients in the patch group versus 29 of 122 in the control group (20.0 versus 23.8 per cent; P = 0·539). No related adverse effects were observed. In the meta-analysis, no significant difference was seen between the patch and control groups (19.7 versus 22.0 per cent; odds ratio 0.89, 95 per cent c.i. 0.60 to 1.32; P = 0·556).

Conclusion
Application of a fibrin patch to the pancreatic stump does not reduce the incidence of POPF in distal pancreatectomy. Future studies should focus on alternative fistula mitigation strategies, considering pancreatic neck thickness and duct size as risk factors. Trial registration number NL5876 (Netherlands Trial Registry).
Behavioral and Physiological Evidence of a favored Hand Posture in the Body Representation for Action
Authors: Romano Daniele , Mioli Alessandro , D’Alonzo Marco , Maravita Angelo , Di Lazzaro Vincenzo , Di Pino Giovanni 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Motor planning and execution require a representational map of our body. Since the body can assume different postures, it is not known how it is represented in this map. Moreover, is the generation of the motor command favored by some body configurations? We investigated the existence of a centrally favored posture of the hand for action, in search of physiological and behavioral advantages due to central motor processing. We tested two opposite hand pinch grips, equally difficult and commonly used: forearm pronated, thumb-down, index-up pinch against the same grip performed with thumb-up. The former revealed faster movement onset, sign of faster neural computation, and faster target reaching. It induced increased corticospinal excitability, independently on pre-stimulus tonic muscle contraction. Remarkably, motor excitability also increased when thumb-down pinch was only observed, imagined, or prepared, actually keeping the hand at rest. Motor advantages were independent of any concurrent modulation due to somatosensory input, as shown by testing afferent inhibition. Results provide strong behavioral and physiological evidence for a preferred hand posture favoring brain motor control, independently by somatosensory processing. This suggests the existence of a baseline postural representation that may serve as an a priori spatial reference for body–space interaction.
Assessing the redistributive impact of the 2013 CAP reforms: an EU-wide panel study
Authors: Hanson Aaron 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper analyses the effects of the 2013 Common Agricultural Policy reforms on the distribution of direct payments across the European Union (EU) member states. The differential implementation of two key redistributive policies across countries from 2014 onwards enables the use of a generalised difference-in-differences strategy to estimate their distributional effects. Using data on EU-wide direct payment recipients reveals a substantial negative impact on the largest payment recipients and significant redistribution towards smaller farmers. A disaggregated analysis suggests that of the two instruments, capping, though still an attractive option for policymakers, is less effective at redistributing subsidies towards smaller farmers than the Redistributive Payment Scheme.
Archaeal tyrosine recombinases
Authors: Badel Catherine , Da Cunha Violette , Oberto Jacques 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTThe integration of mobile genetic elements into their host chromosome influences the immediate fate of cellular organisms and gradually shapes their evolution. Site-specific recombinases catalyzing this integration have been extensively characterized both in bacteria and eukarya. More recently, a number of reports provided the in-depth characterization of archaeal tyrosine recombinases and highlighted new particular features not observed in the other two domains. In addition to being active in extreme environments, archaeal integrases catalyze reactions beyond site-specific recombination. Some of these integrases can catalyze low-sequence specificity recombination reactions with the same outcome as homologous recombination events generating deep rearrangements of their host genome. A large proportion of archaeal integrases are termed suicidal due to the presence of a specific recombination target within their own gene. The paradoxical maintenance of integrases that disrupt their gene upon integration implies novel mechanisms for their evolution. In this review, we assess the diversity of the archaeal tyrosine recombinases using a phylogenomic analysis based on an exhaustive similarity network. We outline the biochemical, ecological and evolutionary properties of these enzymes in the context of the families we identified and emphasize similarities and differences between archaeal recombinases and their bacterial and eukaryal counterparts.
In vitroinfection models to study fungal–host interactions
Authors: Last Antonia , Maurer Michelle , S. Mosig Alexander , S. Gresnigt Mark , Hube Bernhard 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTFungal infections (mycoses) affect over a billion people per year. Approximately, two million of these infections are life-threatening, especially for patients with a compromised immune system. Fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Candida, Histoplasma and Cryptococcus are opportunistic pathogens that contribute to a substantial number of mycoses. To optimize the diagnosis and treatment of mycoses, we need to understand the complex fungal–host interplay during pathogenesis, the fungal attributes causing virulence and how the host resists infection via immunological defenses. In vitro models can be used to mimic fungal infections of various tissues and organs and the corresponding immune responses at near-physiological conditions. Furthermore, models can include fungal interactions with the host–microbiota to mimic the in vivo situation on skin and mucosal surfaces. This article reviews currently used in vitro models of fungal infections ranging from cell monolayers to microfluidic 3D organ-on-chip (OOC) platforms. We also discuss how OOC models can expand the toolbox for investigating interactions of fungi and their human hosts in the future.
Ten-year estimation of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalisLipsky) volume increment in natural forests: a comparison of an artificial neural networks model, multiple linear regression and actual increment
Authors: Bayat Mahmoud , Bettinger Pete , Hassani Majid , Heidari Sahar 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDetermining forest volume increment, the potential of wood production in natural forests, is a complex issue but is of fundamental importance to sustainable forest management. Determining potential volume increment through growth and yield models is necessary for proper management and future prediction of forest characteristics (diameter, height, volume, etc.). Various methods have been used to determine the productive capacity and amount of acceptable harvest in a forest, and each has advantages and disadvantages. One of these methods involves the artificial neural network techniques, which can be effective in natural resource management due to its flexibility and potentially high accuracy in prediction. This research was conducted in the Ramsar forests of the Mazandaran Province of Iran. Volume increment was estimated using both an artificial neural network and regression methods, and these were directly compared with the actual increment of 20 one-hectare permanent sample plots. A sensitivity analysis for inputs was employed to determine which had the most effect in predicting increment. The actual average annual volume increment of beech was 4.52 m3ha−1 yr−1, the increment was predicted to be 4.35 and 4.02 m3ha−1 yr−1 through the best models developed using an artificial neural network and using regression, respectively. The results showed that an estimate of increment can be predicted relatively well using the artificial neural network method, and that the artificial neural network method is able to estimate the increment with higher accuracy than traditional regression models. The sensitivity analysis showed that the standing volume at the beginning of the measurement period and the diameter of trees had the greatest impact on the variation of volume increment.
TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DNA SYNTHESIS MUTANTS OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS—APPENDIX: THEORY OF DENSITY TRANSFER FOR SYMMETRIC CHROMOSOME REPLICATION
Authors: White Kalpana , Sueoka Noboru 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
A simple method for characterizing temperature-sensitive DNA synthesis mutants is described. The method uses density transfer and transformation techniques and is based on expected theoretical behavior of the chromosome population. A direct proof of inhibition of initiation of DNA replication is provided. The mutant dna-I, showing quick inhibition of initiation, is further characterized and mapped. An independent method for mapping genetic markers close to the origin, based on their transfer behavior after inhibition of initiation, is presented.
REPAIR OF UV-INDUCED PYRIMIDINE DIMERS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Trosko James E , Wilder Kathy 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Tissue culture cells of Drosophila melanogaster were given various doses of ultraviolet light. The results indicate that Drosophila cells do have a darkrepair excision mechanism which is not sensitive to caffeine. Pyrimidine dimers were destroyed by photoreactivating illumination in these cells and this destruction probably represents monomerization of the pyrimidine dimers.
APPARENT DIFFERENTIAL SELECTION AT AN ISOZYME LOCUS BETWEEN QUEENS AND WORKERS OF THE ANT APHAENOGASTER RUDIS
Authors: Crozier R H 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The frequencies of two alleles at a cathodal malate dehydrogenase locus in populations of A. rudis were studied in 47 colonies from three localities in Georgia and one in New Jersey. The male gene frequencies of the New Jersey and one Georgia locality differ significantly. All the queens at one Georgia locality were heterozygotes. This genotypic distribution differs strongly from that of the workers, in which approximately equal numbers of heterozygotes and homozygotes were found. The heterozygote excess among queens but not their worker progeny suggests differential selection between these castes. This study also shows that rudis colonies consist of a single, once-mated queen and her worker progeny.
TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE MUTATIONS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER XII. THE GENETIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF DOMINANT LETHALS ON CHROMOSOME 3
Authors: Holden Jeanette J , Suzuki David T 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Out of 25,000 EMS-treated third chromosomes examined, ten dominant temperature-sensitive (DTS) lethal mutations which are lethal when heterozygous at 29°C but survive at 22°C were recovered. Seven of the eight mutations mapped were tested for complementation; these mutants probably define eight loci. Only DTS-2 survived in homozygous condition at 22°C; homozygous DTS-2 females expressed a maternal effect on embryonic viability. Two of the mutant-bearing chromosomes, DTS-1 and DTS-6, exhibited dominant phenotypes similar to those associated with Minutes. Each of the seven mutants examined exhibited a characteristic phenotype with respect to the time of death at 29°C and the temperature-sensitive period during development. Only DTS-4 exhibited dominant lethality in triploid females.
SELECTION FOR A THRESHOLD CHARACTER IN DROSOPHILA IV. CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSES OF PLATEAUED POPULATIONS
Authors: Latter B D H 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Chromosome substitution and intra-chromosomal recombination techniques have been employed to determine the genetic basis of limits to selection in lines selected for high scutellar bristle number from the Canberra population. Three observations indicate the presence of an upper threshold affecting some component traits, which is not readily discernible at the level of the selected phenotype:
(1) The variance of the number of anterior + interstitial + posterior bristles is progressively reduced as the mean approaches a total of eight at these sites. Total bristle number, which includes apicals in addition to the above three components, and which was the trait subject to selection, shows little evidence of this phenomenon;
(2) the effect of a given chromosome substitution is also greatly reduced as the mean approaches eight anterior + interstitial + posterior bristles, by comparison with its effect in genotypes of lower mean;
(3) chromosome substitutions show some evidence of negative interaction as this level is approached, in contrast to the positive interactions evident at higher means. All chromosomes except IV are involved in progress beyond the proposed upper threshold. However, chromosome III has the most important effect, due primarily to a major gene located at approximately 61 cM, which also markedly increases dorsocentral and postvertical bristle numbers.
SOMATIC CROSSING OVER IN GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERRILL: EFFECT OF SOME INHIBITORS OF DNA SYNTHESIS ON THE INDUCTION OF SOMATIC CROSSING OVER AND POINT MUTATIONS
Authors: Vig B K 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Glycine max (soybean) is the only known higher plant with a definitely established occurrence of somatic crossing over. This material lends itself to the analysis of somatic crossing over, gross chromosomal aberrations and mutations, all of which may be induced by the same treatment of the mutagen given to seeds. This is made possible because gene Y11 for chlorophyll development in the variety L65-1237 is incompletely dominant over its allele y11, so that twin or double spots composed of a dark green (Y 11 Y 11)and a yellow (Y 11 Y 11) component can be observed adjacent to and as mirror images of each other on the light green Y 11 Y 11 leaves in the areas of complementary exchange for these genes. Lack of growth of either component of this double spot as well as several types of chromosomal disturbances give rise to single spots resembling phenotypes of Y 11 Y 11 or Y 11 Y 11 leaves. Point mutations can be studied by looking for green sectors originating from Y 11 Y 11 genotype on the Y 11 Y 11 plants. Seeds obtained from heterozygous plants were treated with caffeine, cytosine arabinoside, actinomycin D and 5-fluoro-deoxyuridine, all known inhibitors of DNA synthesis, and puromycin, an inhibitor of synthesis of proteins. The treatments with caffeine and actinomycin D increased the frequency of somatic crossing over as measured by the frequency of double spots on Y 11 Y 11 leaves, but cytosine arabinoside, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and puromycin did not. Thus somatic crossing over was induced only by those chemicals which are known to allow rejoining of chromosomes, thereby suggesting a correlation between the two phenomena. These observations indicate that it is not the mere inhibition of DNA synthesis, but some rather more specific event in DNA repair which is responsible for complementary exchanges. Some of these results differ from studies carried out with fungi. The main effect of all chemicals tested, except caffeine and actinomycin D, was inferred to be the production of deletions in Y 11 Y 11 plants which raised the frequency of single (dark green or yellow) spots relative to the doubles. Caffeine was the only chemical which constantly increased the frequency of specific point mutations. In the control material, the great majority of spots are found on the upper surface of the leaf. This picture could not be changed in any of the treated materials, thus indicating uniform resistance of spongy mesophyll tissue to the mutagens applied.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF RELATIONSHIPS AMONG POPULATIONS RESULTING FROM INTERGRADATION AMONG CULTIVARS OF ZEA MAYS L
Authors: Hanson W D , Moll R H 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Populations were developed as intergradations among three maize cultivars, two adapted to North Carolina and one to Mexico, with the objective of testing whether diallel information could be used to identify the relationships among populations. The data substantiated theoretical observations that the technique would identify relationships among populations resulting from recent intergradations.
GENETICS OF HEADING TIME IN WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.). I. THE INHERITANCE OF PHOTOPERIODIC RESPONSE
Authors: Klaimi Y Y , Qualset C O 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The inheritance of photoperiodic response was studied in crosses involving four spring wheats (Sonora 64, Pitic 62, Justin and Thatcher) and three winter wheats (Blackhull, Early Blackhull and Extra Early Blackhull). The parental cultivars were classified into a photoperiod-sensitive group (Justin, Thatcher, Blackhull and Early Blackhull) and a relatively photoperiod-insensitive group (Sonora 61, Pitic 62 and Extra Early Blackhull) based on their heading response when vernalized and grown under different daylength regimes.—F1 data indicated that daylength insensitivity is not always dominant over daylength sensitivity and that the dominance relationship with respect to photoperiodic response depends on the alleles present in the parents. The heading patterns after vernalization and growth under short days of F1, F2, F3 and backcross generations of a 4-parent diallel cross involving Justin, Sonora 64, Extra Early Blackhull and Blackhull could be satisfactorily explained on the basis of two major loci with three alleles at each locus. The genotype for each parent was suggested in terms of these loci. Genes with minor effects also influenced the photoperiodic response in a quantitative manner.—Diallel cross analysis of the number of days to heading (log scale) indicated significant additive and dominance genetic variances, a high average degree of dominance for earliness (photoperiod insensitivity) and a preponderance of recessive alleles in the parents acting in the direction of lateness (photoperiod sensitivity). Estimation of the genetic components of variation contained in the generation means of individual crosses (untransformed data) showed that, besides additivity and dominance, epistasis was also an important factor in the genetic control of photoperiodic response in wheat.
DISTRIBUTION OF GENE FREQUENCY AS A TEST OF THE THEORY OF THE SELECTIVE NEUTRALITY OF POLYMORPHISMS
Authors: Lewontin R C , Krakauer Jesse 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The variation in gene frequency among populations or between generations within a population is a result of breeding structure and selection. But breeding structure should affect all loci and alleles in the same way. If there is significant heterogeneity between loci in their apparent inbreeding coefficients F=sp2/p(1-p), this heterogeneity may be taken as evidence for selection. We have given the statistical properties of F and shown how tests of heterogeneity can be made. Using data from human populations we have shown highly significant heterogeneity in F values for human polymorphic genes over the world, thus demonstrating that a significant fraction of human polymorphisms owe their current gene frequencies to the action of natural selection. We have also applied the method to temporal variation within a population for data on Dacus oleae and have found no significant evidence of selection.
THE GENETIC BASIS FOR MUCOIDY AND RADIATION SENSITIVITY IN capR (lon) MUTANTS OF E. coli K-12
Authors: Bush John W , Markovitz Alvin 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
CapR mutants of E. coli K-12 overproduce capsular polysaccharide (mucoid phenotype) and enzymes involved in capsular polysaccharide synthesis, and they are sensitive to radiation. It has been uncertain whether both properties are mediated by damage to a single cistron or by a polar effect on a second cistron in the same operon. Introduction of a polarity suppressor caused no change in the overproduction of polysaccharide, in the enzymes of polysaccharide synthesis or in radiation sensitivity of the capR mutant. Thus mucoidy and radiation sensitivity resulting from capR (lon) mutations are both the consequences of impairment of the same cistron. The experiments demonstrate the advantage of the use of polarity suppressors (over conventional nonsense suppressors) in determining whether pleiotropic effects of a mutation are the result of polarity.
UV SENSITIVITY OF SEVERAL GENETIC MARKERS OF HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE DNA
Authors: Chevallier M R , Greth M L 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Studies on inactivation by UV of several genetic markers of the streptomycin and novobiocin resistance regions of H. influenzae DNA have shown that two kinds of markers may be found with respect to frequency of integration, UV sensitivity and reactivability. One class of markers has high integration frequency and low UV sensitivity, which can be partly explained by the reactivability of the irradiated markers. The second class of markers has low integration frequency and high UV sensitivity. Markers of each class have been found in the novobiocin region.—In one recipient strain with decreased transformability the difference in integration frequency between the two classes is enhanced.