bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimated effect of the permafrost carbon feedback on the zero emissions commitment to climate change
Authors: MacDougall Andrew H. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Zero Emissions Commitment (ZEC), the expected change in global temperature following the cessation of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, has recently been assessed by the Zero Emissions Commitment Model Intercomparison Project (ZECMIP). ZECMIP concluded that the component of ZEC from CO2 emissions will likely be close to zero in the decades following the cessation of emissions. However, of the 18 Earth system models that participated in ZECMIP only 2 included a representation of the permafrost carbon feedback to climate change. To better assess the potential impact of permafrost carbon decay on ZEC, a series of perturbed parameter experiments are here conducted with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity. The experiment suggests that the permafrost carbon cycle feedback will directly add 0.06 [0.02 to 0.14] ∘C to the benchmark the ZEC value assesses 50 years after 1000 Pg C of CO2 has been emitted to the atmosphere. An additional 0.04 [0 to 0.06] ∘C is likely to been added relative to the benchmark ZEC value from the thaw-lag effect unaccounted for in the ZECMIP experiment design. Overall I assess that the permafrost carbon feedback is unlikely to change the assessment that ZEC is close to zero on decadal timescales; however, the feedback is expected to become more important over the coming centuries.
Digital tomosynthesis
in breast cancer diagnostics
(literature review)
Authors: Suleimenova D. М. , Ainakulova A. S. , Zholdybay Zh. Zh. 
Published: September 2021

Relevance: Breast cancer is the most common malignant
neoplasm among women in our country. Mammography is
currently the method of choice in breast cancer diagnostics.
However, it has limitations associated with the imposition of
breast tissue layers, which makes it difficult to identify lesions
and leads to a misdiagnosis. Breast tomosynthesis is a tomographic technique in which the effect of tissue superimposition
is significantly reduced due to layer-by-layer scanning.
The purpose of this study was to review the capacity of
tomosynthesis in the diagnosis of breast cancer.
Results: The combination of tomosynthesis with a synthesized image is the best technology for screening because
it offers the best combination of efficiency and radiation dose.
Advantages include greater diagnostic accuracy due to both
increased sensitivity and specificity, and a significantly less
need for additional mammography projections (targeted
mammography, targeted mammography with magnification).
Conclusions: Tomosynthesis as a diagnostic method significantly exceeds the method of mammography. The higher
informative value of the results provided by tomosynthesis reduces the frequency of false-negative and false-positive radiological conclusions
Some aspects of skin melanoma
diagnostics and treatment
in the Republic of Tajikistan
Authors: Sanginov D. R. , Huseynzoda Z. H. , Huseynov I. N. , Raihonov F. Kh. , Niyazov I. K. , Zhylkaidarova A. Zh. 
Published: September 2021

Relevance: Melanoma is considered one of the most
aggressive tumors. It is distinguished by early and multiple metastases, often unsatisfactory outcomes, and a
variety of clinical and morphological forms. Its incidence
is steadily growing in the world and the Republic of Tajikistan. The official statistics reported 222 newly diagnosed
cases of skin melanoma in 2018 vs. 159 in 2010. According
to our figures, patients below 40 years are mostly women
(56.2%), older patients are mostly men. The peak incidence
is at the age of 40 and above, with the average patient age
of 53. Other ages are also affected, including 1-2 cases at
the age of 0-4 years.
The purpose of the study was to analyze the specifics of diagnostics, treatment, and survival rates of patients
with skin melanoma in the Republic of Tajikistan and assess the errors in diagnostics and tactics at the primary
healthcare level.
Results: We studied the medical records of 26 patients
treated in-patiently at the Republican Oncological Scientific Center of the Republic of Tajikistan in 2017-2019. The
patient age varied from 20 to 89 years, men (73.1%) prevailed, the peak incidence was at the age of 45-66 years.
More than half of the patients came to treatment within
two years after the onset of the disease. The disease factors included: trauma incl. surgical intervention (38.4%),
hereditary factor (7.7%), spontaneous occurrence (30.7%),
and precancer diseases (nevi) (23.1%). The diagnosis was
verified before surgery in 14 (53.8%) cases, intraoperatively
in 2 (7.7%), and post-surgery in 10 (38.5%). The tumor was
localized mainly on the body (38.5%) and the lower limb
(23.1%). 21 (80.8%) patients underwent various surgical
interventions, 5 (19.2%) patients refused surgery. 8 (30.8%)
patients had metastases at diagnosis; in 4 (15.4%), metastases appeared up to 3 years after surgery. The mortality
before three years was 12 (46.2%). The 3-year observed
survival was 52.1%.
Conclusion: Timely diagnostics and optimal choice
of treatment in skin melanoma are of importance. A high
rate of diagnostic errors at the general practitioners’ level
affects the overall survival of patients.
Epidemiology of ovarian cancer
in Kazakhstan
(2013-2018)
Authors: Kukubasov E. K. , Satanova A. R. , Bolatbekova R. O. , Kaldibekov D. B. , Kurmanova А. А. , Bertleuov О. О. 
Published: September 2021

Relevance: According to Globocan 2018, ovarian cancer (OC) ranks 18th among all other cancers
affecting women around the world. More than
295,414 new cases of OC were reported only in 2018.
The incidence is low in Western Europe and is high
in Latvia, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Russia, and Kazakhstan. In 2018, ovarian malignancies ranked 8th
(3.1%) in Kazakhstan among all malignant tumors.
At that, there are no clearly recognized preventative measures to ensure the early detection of OC.
70% of ovarian malignancies are detected at stage
III-IV.
The purpose of this study was to conduct a
comparative analysis and assessment of the dynamics of the prevalence of OC in the Republic of
Kazakhstan in 2013-2018.
Results: The analysis of age-related OC incidence
in Kazakhstan showed the presence of ovarian
malignancies in all age groups, with a marked
increase by the age of 65-69 years. The majority of
patients were women of the working age.
Differences were found in the incidence rates
by regions of the country. In the study period, the
incidence was high in Qostanai, Pavlodar, and North
Kazakhstan regions (northern part of the country)
and Almaty. The incidence was below the national
average in Atyrau, Jambyl, and South Kazakhstan
regions (southern and western parts of the country).
Recent years have witnessed a sharp increase in OC
incidence in East Kazakhstan and Karaganda regions.
Conclusion: The analysis of OC prevalence in the
Republic of Kazakhstan and by regions showed an
increase in OC incidence. There is a marked increase
in OC detection in the northern areas of the country
and a decrease in the number of cases in the south.
Esophageal cancer: analytical indicators
of cancer service efficacy
Authors: TOLEUTAIULУ K. , ZHYLKAYDAROVA A. , ZHUMASHEV U. , YESSENKULOVA S. , JAKIPBAYEVA A. , DOSZHANOV N. 
Published: September 2021

Relevance: Esophageal cancer ranks eighth in the structure of malignant tumors in the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to the Kazakh Institute of Oncology and Radiology, in 2018, 1225 were primarily registered with esophageal cancer, and
825 patients died from this disease.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the esophageal cancer incidence and mortality among the population of the
Republic of Kazakhstan in 2009-2018 and determine the cancer service efficacy.
Results: The analysis of intensive indicators of esophageal cancer incidence showed a decrease in the number of primary cases from 8.2‰ in 2009 to 6.7‰ in 2018, and the mortality – from 6.9‰ to 3.8‰. The share of early detection
(Stage I-II) increased by 38.2% since 2009 to reach 52.1% in 2018. The share of stage IV esophageal cancer decreased from
7.2% in 2009 to 5.8% in 2018. One-year mortality decreased by 14.7% since 2009 to reach 41.2% in 2018, which speaks of the
improvements in the timely diagnosis of esophageal cancer. The number of patients who received radical comprehensive
treatment increased by 8.6% to reach 32.2% in 2018. The number of patients who received surgical treatment in 2009-2018
remained almost at the same level and amounted to 18.9 and 18.0%, respectively. However, during the years of screening
for esophageal cancer, the proportion of surgical treatment increased from 26.6% to 30.4%. The ratio of incidence to mortality decreased from 91.4% to 68.8% in the study period indicating an improvement in the level of cancer service in the
Republic of Kazakhstan.
Conclusion: The analysis of intensive indicators of esophageal cancer incidence showed a decrease in primary incidence. The screening conducted in 2013-2016 has shown an improvement in early detection of esophageal cancer (stages
I-II) and a decrease in the share of the advanced stage. The findings of this study shall serve as the basis for planning anti-cancer measures
Olfactory neuroblastoma
Authors: ZHETPISBAEV B. B. , SATBAEVA E. B. , RYSKELDIEV N. A. , ASHIROV N. N. , GORSHKOVA E. S. 
Published: September 2021

The article describes a classic case of olfactory neuroblastoma in a 33-year-old female patient diagnosed with «nasal cavity
neoplasm (polyp?)» who was referred to the National Centre for Neurosurgery JSC from the ENT Department of the City Hospital No. 1. The first symptoms of the tumor occurred during her pregnancy. The aggressive tumor has invaded the anterior
cranial fossa and spread into the right half of the ethmoid sinuses and the orbit. The tumor diagnostics was complicated by the
prevalence of symptoms of a nasal cavity neoplasm. The “olfactory neuroblastoma” diagnosis was verified by clinical observations, MRI, and pathomorphological studies. Histological examination of the tumor showed a typical structure of olfactory
neuroblastoma. IHC examination showed an expression of neuronal differentiation markers. The degree of malignancy was
determined by Hyams grading.
Some aspects of skin melanoma diagnostics
and treatment in the Republic of Tajikistan
Authors: SANGINOV D. R. , HUSEYNZODA Z. H. , HUSEYNOV I. N. , RAIHONOV F. Kh. , NIYAZOV I. K. , ZHYLKAIDAROVA A. Zh. 
Published: September 2021

Relevance: Melanoma is considered one of the most aggressive tumors. It is distinguished by early and multiple metastases, often unsatisfactory outcomes, and a variety of clinical and morphological forms. Its incidence is steadily growing in the
world and the Republic of Tajikistan. The official statistics reported 222 newly diagnosed cases of skin melanoma in 2018 vs.
159 in 2010. According to our figures, patients below 40 years are mostly women (56.2%), older patients are mostly men. The
peak incidence is at the age of 40 and above, with the average patient age of 53. Other ages are also affected, including 1-2
cases at the age of 0-4 years.
The purpose of the study was to analyze the specifics of diagnostics, treatment, and survival rates of patients with skin
melanoma in the Republic of Tajikistan and assess the errors in diagnostics and tactics at the primary healthcare level.
Results: We studied the medical records of 26 patients treated in-patiently at the Republican Oncological Scientific Center
of the Republic of Tajikistan in 2017-2019. The patient age varied from 20 to 89 years, men (73.1%) prevailed, the peak incidence
was at the age of 45-66 years. More than half of the patients came to treatment within two years after the onset of the disease. The disease factors included: trauma incl. surgical intervention (38.4%), hereditary factor (7.7%), spontaneous occurrence
(30.7%), and precancer diseases (nevi) (23.1%). The diagnosis was verified before surgery in 14 (53.8%) cases, intraoperatively
in 2 (7.7%), and post-surgery in 10 (38.5%). The tumor was localized mainly on the body (38.5%) and the lower limb (23.1%). 21
(80.8%) patients underwent various surgical interventions, 5 (19.2%) patients refused surgery. 8 (30.8%) patients had metastases at diagnosis; in 4 (15.4%), metastases appeared up to 3 years after surgery. The mortality before three years was 12 (46.2%).
The 3-year observed survival was 52.1%.
Conclusion: Timely diagnostics and optimal choice of treatment in skin melanoma are of importance. A high rate of diagnostic errors at the general practitioners’ level affects the overall survival of patients.
Analytical review of the demand and satisfaction
of the population with in-home palliative care
services provided by mobile teams for cancer
patients in Almaty
Authors: ANSATBAEVA T. N. , KAIDAROVA D. R. , KUNIROVA G. Zh. , IZMAGAMBETOV N. А. 
Published: September 2021

Relevance: Patients with advanced malignant neoplasms require constant monitoring and care. Mobile palliative care (PC)
is one of the modern humanistic methods of supporting terminal cancer patients, as well as their relatives.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the demand and satisfaction of the population with in-home PC services for
cancer patients provided by mobile teams.
Results: According to WHO, the number of people who need PС services at the end of life is 20.4 million, of whom 94% are
adults (69% are over 60 years, 25% are at the age of 15 to 59), and 6% are children. 34% of patients dying from cancer need PC
services at the end of life. 80% of people in need of PC services live in lower-middle-income countries. At the end of 2018, the
total number of palliative beds deployed in the Republic of Kazakhstan amounted to 415 (vs 373 in 2017).
Conclusion: Given the practical relevance and topicality, there is an urgent need to develop evidence-based recommendations for optimizing the provision of PC services, as well as improving the quality of life of cancer patients.
The influence of radiation the quality
of life assessment in patients
with metastatic brain lesions
Authors: ALMABEK A.T. , KAIDAROVA D. R. , KIM V. B. , KHUSSAINOVA I. R. 
Published: September 2021

Relevance: Metastatic brain lesion (MBL) is a serious complication of the course of cancer. The advances in medicinal
treatment have increased patients’ overall survival and, thereby, the MBL frequency. On the other hand, opportunities for the
treatment of patients with MBL are expanding. Microsurgical techniques, stereotactic radiation therapy, and radiosurgery are
actively implemented. Effective therapy and local control of MBL are of paramount importance for the prognosis and quality
of life (QOL) of patients.
This study aimed to investigate the influence of radiation therapy on quality of life assessment in patients with metastatic
brain lesions.
Results: The QOL analysis of patients with MBL showed that QOL mainly depends on the localization, histo-biological properties of the tumor, the severity of preoperative neurological deficit, as well as age and gender. MBL control may be important
for maintaining the patient’s QOL but does not always affect survival, which is determined by the activity and prevalence of
the disease.
Conclusion: The QOL of patients with MBL is the defining criterion for assessing their condition and the effect of the therapy. This is because the limitations of the normal existence of the patient arising from a chronic disease are often more important to the patient than the symptoms of the disease.
The impact of fatal complications
on surgical esophagocoloplasty outcome
in cancer patients
Authors: ILYIN I.А. , MALKEVICH V. T. 
Published: September 2021

Relevance: The impact of esophageal cancer surgery complications on survival rate remains a challenge due to the complications and mortality associated with surgical esophagocoloplasty.
The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of fatal complications (colonic graft necrosis and pneumonia) on surgical esophagocoloplasty outcomes in cancer patients.
Results: The analysis included 110 patients treated by colonic esophagoplasty for esophageal carcinomas and gastroesophageal junction carcinomas. The frequency of postoperative complications of degree III-IV according to Clavien-Dindo was 36.4%
(40/110). Pneumonia developed in 15% (16/110), colonic graft necrosis – in 5% (6/110). Out of all causes of death (pneumonia, graft necrosis, bleeding, pulmonary thromboembolism), only graft necrosis (odds ratio (OR) 21.112 [95% CI 2.751-162.013]
p=0.003) and pneumonia (OR 15.141 [95% CI 3.225-71.089] p=0.001) were the predictors for 90-days’ mortality. Mortality from
pneumonia amounted to 37.5% (6/16), from necrosis – 50% (3/6). Median overall survival without pneumonia (n=94) and with
pneumonia (n=16) was 26.6 and 8.0 months, respectively (plogrank=0.030; pcox=0.034). Median overall survival without graft necrosis (n=104) and with necrosis (n=6) was 26.6 and 3.7 months, respectively (plogrank=0.0001; pcox=0.001). The patients subjected to
colonic esophagoplasty with planning (n=55) had fewer postoperative complications (56.4% [31/55] vs. 16.4% [9/55], p<0.0001),
lower risk of their development (OR 0.151, 95% CI 0.0620.369, p<0.0001), higher overall 10-year survival (26.0% vs. 17.7%) and
median survival (49.8 vs. 17.4 months, plogrank=0.038, pcox=0.041).
Conclusions: Postoperative development of pneumonia or colonic graft necrosis is associated with a significant deterioration in treatment outcomes. Improving the surgical management of cancer patients who require esophagocoloplasty
has the potential to improve long-term survival.
Aggressive giant dermatofibrosarcoma
protuberance occurring in the parotid gland:
Clinical case
Authors: ADILBAEV G. , ADILBAY D. , KHOZHAMKUL F. , TOIYNBEKOVA S. , AKHMETOV D. 
Published: September 2021

Relevance: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a cutaneous malignancy that arises from the dermis and invades
deeper tissue. The cellular origin of DFSP is not clear. Evidence supports a fibroblastic, histiocytic, or neuroectodermal cellular
origin.
The article shares a clinical case of the treatment of aggressive dermatofibrosarcoma of the parotid salivary gland and
describes the sequence of treatment and the treatment outcome.
Results: A 38 years-old woman with a slow-growing large right parotid mass underwent a total parotidectomy with auriculectomy and reconstruction using ALT flap. The surgery in the scope of a wide resection was followed by 4 cycles of chemotherapy and postoperative radiotherapy up to 40 Gy. The tumor recurrence after 10 months was treated by the second surgery
followed by chemoradiotherapy. No new recurrence was observed in the following two years.
Conclusion: In the observed case, the giant tumor in the parotid salivary gland recurred after the initial surgery and adjuvant treatment. A tumor in the parotid region can recur despite aggressive initial treatment with wide resection and chemoradiotherapy.
Clinical application of 18F-FDG PET/CT in
oncology: Rare gastrointestinal malignant tumors
(literature review)
Authors: DYO A. G. , AKHMETOVA G. R. , ZHOLDYBAY ZH. ZH. , AKYZHANOVA A. D. , AMANKULOV J. M. , ALISHEROV G. T. , TOKTASSYNKYZY M. 
Published: September 2021

Relevance: PET/CT is now becoming an integral part of cancer management protocols. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG)
is the most common radiopharmaceutical for PET. However, the 18F-FDG PET/CT sensitivity and specificity vary widely in tumors of different histological structures and cell atypia degrees.
The role of PET/CT in complex diagnostics of lymphomas is known. However, the specific use of this method in gastrointestinal neoplasms, especially at the initial stage of examination and in differential diagnostics, is not clearly defined since
lymphomas account for only 1-5% of GI tumors.
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors that arise from the diffuse neuroendocrine system
enterochromaffin cells. NETs account for 0.5% of all neoplasms but become more common recently due to the advances in diagnostics. However, the significant achievements in the study of biological and molecular mechanisms of NETs’ behavior have
not yet resulted in a common algorithm for their diagnostics and treatment.
The purpose of this study was to review the experience of using 18F-FDG PET/CT in diagnostics of lymphomas and gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors as rare tumors to improve the criteria for the rational use of the 18F-FDG PET/CT method in
their diagnostics and monitoring.
Results: The use of 18F-FDG PET/CT is advisable at any stage of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, which are most common in the
gastrointestinal tract, and for differential diagnostics, primary staging, and treatment efficiency monitoring in gastrointestinal
lymphomas. 18F-FDG PET CT is also most valuable in aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
Despite the importance of functional imaging in NETs, 18F-FDG PET/CT plays a supporting role in monitoring gastrointestinal NETs. 18F-FDG PET/CT is known to be efficient in prognosing the outcome of radionuclide therapy with peptide receptors
in low-grade and progressive metastatic NETs.
Conclusion: In lymphomas, 18F-FDG PET/CT is useful for primary staging, assessing early response to treatment, and
re-staging. 18F-FDG PET/CT has a diagnostic value in undifferentiated gastrointestinal NETs, while its usefulness in well-differentiated gastrointestinal NETs is limited.
The study of molecular signals and the immune
system behavior in cancer cell metastasis:
A literature review
Authors: TATENOV A.M. , MYRZAKUL T. , GONCHAROVA T. , BUGUBAEV B. , SHYNYKULOVA N. 
Published: September 2021

Relevance: This study’s relevance is due to the lack among academia of a holistic picture of the processes that occur in the
body in cancer cell metastasis. Particularly, a lot is unclear about the physical mechanism of molecular signaling and organizing immune responses, as well as registering the frequency and amplitude of ultra-weak electromagnetic signals with the
development of a tumor process in the body.
The purpose of this study was to review the literature sources regarding the physicochemical mechanisms of processes
that occur in the body in cancer cell metastasis.
Results: The analysis of the selected sources gives reason to believe that a medico-biological point of view is not enough to
explain tumor metastasis. The mentioned sources highlight the issues related to the physical and chemical components of this
process. The publications state the facts of the reorganization of cancer cells at receiving molecular signals. Hence, the authors
do not explain what structures form molecular signals of a strictly defined frequency and how physically the cancer cell receives
these signals and implements them into practical responses. It is evident that these molecular signals are ultra-weak electromagnetic waves. Methods of quantification of some parameters of the metastasis process are proposed, as well as the ways to
register ultra-weak electromagnetic signals.
Conclusion: Data on the physicochemical mechanisms of various stages of metastasis of malignant tumors included in
this review complements the picture of the process of cancer metastasis in the human body and defines a range of issues that
require interdisciplinary research involving both physicians and biologists, and specialists in quantum physics, electronics, and
chemistry. Only quantum electrodynamics can explain the mechanism of a cell cytoskeleton transformation (from a healthy to
a tumor cell) under the influence of weak electromagnetic signals. The authors reveal priority directions for an interdisciplinary
study of bioenergetic processes that occur in the body in cancer cell metastasis.