bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corynebacterium michiganense
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Corynebacterium michiganense
[Clavibacter michiganensis]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Lycopersicon esculentum
and other species of
Lycopersicon
; also on
Cyphomandra betacea, Nicotiana glutinosa, Solanum mammosum, S. muricatum, S. nigrum, (S. douglasii
) and other species of
Solanum
. Natural infection on
S. tuberosum
has not been recorded. DISEASE: Bacterial canker of tomato. A vascular wilt disease in which splitting of the stems may occur with the formation of yellow or reddish-brown cavities in the pith.
Corynebacterium michiganense
is a phloem invader, causing wilt symptoms in its host most rapidly at high nutrient concentrations; and conversely, producing maximum development of canker at low nutrient concentrations (27: 394). 'Birds eye' fruit spots occur under some climatic conditions and are round, at first white, later with a light brown roughened centre surrounded by a white halo. Fruits are invaded through the vascular system and show in section a yellow discoloration of the placenta. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, including the U.S.A., where the disease was first described, Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand. Africa (including recently Northern and Southern Rhodesia, Kenya and South Africa), China and South America. (CMI Map 26). TRANSMISSION: A wound pathogen spread by cutting knives, or through damaged roots in the soil. Leaf trichomes are also known to be avenues of infection (
Phytopathology
52: 1306, 1962). Survives from season to season in soil containing diseased plant material. Fruit spotting is probably caused by rain splash or overhead irrigation water dripping from leaves and cankers. The pathogen is seed transmitted and the incidence of infection may reach 1% from this source (33: 507; 36: 793). Transplanting to the field from seed-bed soil contaminated with plant refuse often results in a stand with over 50% canker (33: 507).
Xanthomonas vesicatoria
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas vesicatoria
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On tomato,
Lycopersicon esculentum
, and Chilli peppers,
Capsicum frutescens
; also on
Lycopersicon pimpinelifolium, Datura stramonium, Hyoscyamus niger, H. aureus, Lycium chinense, L. halimifolium, Nicotiana rustica, Physalis minima, Solanum dulcamara, S. nigrum, S. rostratum, S. tuberosum, S. melongena
. DISEASE: Bacterial scab or spot. The pathogen causes a superficial corky scab of the fruits with irregularly lobed margins and water-soaked halos, a leaf spot or blight and a canker of the stems and petioles. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: U.S.A., Mexico, Canada, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Bermuda, Brazil, Argentina, Hawaii, Australia, Japan, India, China. Israel, Italy, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Lithuania, U.S.S.R., Mozambique, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia. (CMI Map 269). TRANSMISSION: On seed and by wind driven rain. Leaf infection occurs through the stomata, fruit infection through wounds. Overwintering in the dead stalks of diseased tomato plants and also survival in rhizospheres of dead plants has been recorded by Peterson (
Phytopathology
53: 765-767, 1963) as well as overwintering on wheat roots (25: 479). Fruit symptoms reported to be associated with punctures by
Nezara viridula
(37: 249).
Fusarium redolens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium redolens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Asparagus officinalis, A. plumosus, Cucumis sativus, Daucus carota, Dianthus barbatus, D. caryophyllus, D. plumarius, Helleborus niger, Iris florentina, I. germanica, I. tectorum, Larix sibirica, Ligustrum vulgare, Linum usitatissimum, Lupinus angustifolius, Lycopersicon esculentum, Picea glauca, Pinus resinosa, P. sylvestris, Pisum sativum, Spinacia oleracea, Tulipa
sp. and
Vicia faba
. DISEASE: A tracheid parasite causing wilt, 'damping-off in seedlings, and sometimes a cortical rot.
Fusarium redolens
has been recorded in association with
F. oxysporum
f.
pisi
in a wilt of broad beans (35: 340) and of peas (39: 450). Each of these pathogens can cause wilting of peas separately, producing symptoms which are indistinguishable from one another (35: 213). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in soil in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne infection through roots, or dying cotyledons in the case of peas.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Gossypium
spp., and species of
Cajanus, Coffea, Hevea, Hibiscus, Medicago, Ricinus, Solanum
and
Vigna
. DISEASE: Vascular wilt or Fusariosis of cotton is a disease affecting its host at all stages of its growth. Early symptoms on seedlings consist of vein clearing of the leaves followed by necrosis of the interveinal tissue and death of the leaves. On older plants leaves become chlorotic and the vascular tissues show a brown discolouration. Growth is retarded and the plant eventually wilts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Congo, Central African Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, South Africa, Tanganyika, Uganda; Asia: Burma, China, Formosa, India, Indo-China, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, U.S.S.R. ; Europe: France, Greece, Italy, Romania, Yugoslavia; North America, Mexico, U.S.A. (cotton belt); Central America & West Indies: Guatemala, Nevis, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Salvador, St. Vincent; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela. (C.M.I. Map 362). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, but may also be transmitted by water and seed. The pathogen has been recovered from delineated seed obtained from infected cotton plants in the Central African Republic, Congo, Tanganyika and Brazil (32: 186; 33: 143; 40: 754; 41: 389). The percentage infection ranged from 0.2 to 5.0.
Fusarium stilboides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium stilboides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Coffea arabica
. DISEASES: Storey's bark disease in which suckers are attacked at their base and finally killed; scaly bark in which mature main stems are attacked through wounds left after pruning-off laterals and are subsequently girdled; and collar rot, where stems are slowly girdled at or slightly above soil level leading to death of the plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Tanganyika, Nyasaland and possibly Madagascar. TRANSMISSION: Mainly by rain-drop splash (41: 7).
Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, N. tabaci, N
. spp., and on
Amaranthus
sp.,
Commelina benghalensis, C. nudiflora, Lycopersicon esculentum, Ricinus communis, Solanum melongena
; also on wound inoculated
Buxus
sp.,
Daucus carota, Hedera helix, Ipomoea batatas
and
Trema amboensis
. DISEASE: Black shank of tobacco. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Malawi, Mauritius, Uganda); Asia (Ceylon, China, Formosa, India, Indonesia, Japan, Java, Malaya, Philippines, Sumatra); Central America & West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, Trinidad); Europe (Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Romania, U.S.S.R.); North America (U.S.A.); South America (Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, persisting in soil for at least 4 years between tobacco crops, and not eliminated by a 3 year rotation or a 4 year fallow (41: 409; 39: 126). Tobacco leaves have been used to indicate disease potential in infested soil after serial dilution with sterile soil (42: 408). Spread in contaminated pond water used in overhead irrigation also suspected (43, 1413). Wind-borne spread up to 800 ft. has been recorded (39: 500).
Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of host plants comprising 58 families including: avocado, castor,
Cinchona
spp., citrus, cotton, eggplant, guava, lucerne, papaw, parsley, pineapple,
Piper betle
, rhubarb, sesame, strawberry, tomato. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings (tomato, castor, citrus, cotton); root rot (citrus, avocado, strawberry, lucerne); crown rot (parsley, rhubarb, strawberry, lucerne); brown stem rot of tobacco; stem canker and tip blight of
Cinchona
spp. ; leaf blight (castor, sesame, pineapple,
Piper betle
) and fruit rot (citrus, tomato, guava, papaw, eggplant). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Mali, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Southern Rhodesia, Tanganyika); Asia (Burma, Ceylon, China, Formosa, India, Israel, Japan, Java, Malaya, Philippines); Australia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, Tasmania); Europe (Cyprus, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, U.S.S.R.); North America (Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Trinidad);. South America (Argentina, Brazil, British Guiana, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, spreading rapidly after heavy rain or where soil remains moist or water-logged (40: 470). Also recorded in drainage water in India and in reservoirs and canals supplying citrus groves in U.S.A. (23: 45; 39: 24). A method for determining a disease potential index in soil using lemon fruit has been described (38: 4). Also present in testas of seeds from diseased citrus fruit which may infect nursery seedbeds (37: 165).
Pythium graminicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pythium graminicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Agropyron cristatum, Avena saliva, Bromus inermis, Hordeum vulgare, Oryza saliva, Panicum miliaceum, Phleum pratense, Saccharum officinarum, Secale cereale, Setaria glauca, Sorghum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays
. DISEASE: Seedling blight, collar and root rot of wheat, maize, sugar-cane, and other
Gramineae
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Mauritius, South Africa, Sudan); Asia (Ceylon, India, Indonesia, Malaya, Philippines, Taiwan); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii); Europe (England, France, Italy); North America (Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (British Honduras, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Salvador); South America (Argentina). (CMI Map 296) TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Most prevalent at depth of 3-6 in. and infrequent at 27-30 in. (38: 396), surviving in soil as oospores whose germination is stimulated by contact with growing roots of gramineous plants. Host roots may thus be used as traps for isolating the pathogen from the soil (37: 649; 41: 583).
Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Phaseolus vulgaris
and other
Phaseolus
spp., and on
Glycine max, Zea mays
and other hosts on inoculation (17: 810; Elliott, 31: 105, p. 20). DISEASE: Bacterial wilt. The pathogen is primarily a vascular parasite and spotting of the leaves and stems does not develop. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Restricted to parts of Australia, Europe and North America (CMI Map 370. Ed. 2, 1964). Reports by Hedges (5: 463; 18: 49), reproduced by Elliott (31: 105), of occurrence in Canada, Belgium, France and Germany have not been substantiated, and the last-named is specifically refuted by Stapp (40: 554). TRANSMISSION: Primarily on seed which may be infected externally, or internally as the result of systemic infection. The bacterium can remain viable and virulent for long periods (up to 24 years) in seed stored under laboratory conditions (25: 89). In the field, survival in soil for at least two winters between bean crops rotated with beet is recorded (37: 195).
Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens
does not spread by rain splash in the field as readily as other bacterial pathogens of the bean because of the more limited external development of the disease. Irrigation water may assist in localized spread (34: 339; 38: 641). Secondary infection is through wounds: the incidence of wilt has been increased by wounding below soil level and by wounding stem and leaf tissues (35: 503; 37: 195). Under certain conditions the nematode
Meloidogyne incognita
may provide wounds for entry of the pathogen (38: 641). The incidence of infection is also affected by soil type, being high in a sandy loam and low in a clay loam.
Erwinia amylovora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Erwinia amylovora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a pathogen of the subfamily
Pomoideae of Rosaceae
, with a host range of over 90 species (14: 702). The most important economic hosts are
Pyrus
(pear) and
Malus
(apple). Hawthorn hedges (
Crataegus
spp.) have assisted the extensive spread of the pathogen in New Zealand.
Erwinia amylovora
f.sp.
rubi
has been described on raspberry (
Rubus idaeus
) in the U.S.A. (31: 131). DISEASE: Fire blight. Blossom blight and twig blight, stem and branch canker. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada, Mexico, U.S.A., New Zealand, Japan, China and S.E. England. Other records probably involve confusion with
Pseudomonas syringae
(48: 315; 41: 601 and CMI Map 2 Ed. 4, 1962). TRANSMISSION: Bacterial ooze on cankers is carried into open blossoms by rainfall and probably more commonly by flies, ants and honey-bees Aphids and leafhoppers also transmit the pathogen to growing terminals and watersprouts. Multiplication of the bacteria in the floral nectaries provides secondary inoculum which may be spread by rain splash and insects. Apple buds infected during the previous growing season may provide a source of inoculum in orchards where there are no overwintering cankers, also in young trees where blossom infection cannot occur (43, 1073) Wounds in the bark or branches resulting from pruning, hail damage or wind, may serve as points of entry.
Melampsora lini
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Melampsora lini
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Linum usitatissimum, L. catharticum
and other species of
Linum
. The American
Aecidium lini
Dearness & House on
L. virginianum
differs from
M. lini
in having cupulate, not caeomoid, aecia. DISEASE: Flax rust. Characterized by light-yellow to orange-yellow sori containing pycnia and aecia on leaves and stems early in the growing season, followed by reddish-yellow uredia on leaves, stems and capsules during the growing season, and later, brown to black telia covered by the epidermis, chiefly on the stems. Causes serious damage to flax by weakening and disfiguring the fibres and reduces the quality and yield of linseed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North and South America. (CMI Map 68, 2nd Ed.) TRANSMISSION: Sporidia produced in the spring from teliospores over-wintering on crop refuse are the most common source of primary inoculum. Teliospores may also be carried on fragments of infected host tissue with the seed. Volunteer flax plants, including some wild species, may also serve as important sources of infection (Millikan, 1951), and provide a means of over-wintering of the uredial stage in New Zeland (32: 79).
Puccinia arachidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Puccinia arachidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Arachis hypogaea, A. marginata, A. nambyquarae, A. prostrata
. DISEASE: Rust on leaves of groundnut producing leaf scorch which may occasionally prove severe on some varieties when the crop is approaching maturity; no other rust has been recorded on Groundnut. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Mauritius), Asia (China, U.S.S.R.); N. America (U.S.A.); C. America (Antigua, Barbados, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent); S. America (Argentina, Brazil, British Guiana, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay, Venezuela). (CMI Map 160, Ed. 2, 1948.) TRANSMISSION: Said to have been introduced into Florida on seed imported from Brazil (10: 501). The danger of uncontrolled importation of American ground nuts into Africa has been stressed by De Wildeman (1922) and Chevalier (1934).
Tolyposporium penicillariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ainsworth G. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Tolyposporium penicillariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pennisetum typhoides
[Pennisetum glaucum]
(pearl millet). DISEASE: Pearl millet smut. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (widespread), Asia (India, Pakistan, Mesopotamia), U.S.A. (Ga, 42: 382); see CMI Map 150, 1948. TRANSMISSION: Floral infection occurs initially by sporidia from spores in the soil and later by spores from early infected plants. Spikelets are most susceptible before the anthers and stigmas emerge. In experimental infections sorus formation occurs 15 days after inoculation (Ramakrishnan, 1963).
Ustilago scitaminea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ainsworth G. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ustilago scitaminea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Saccharum officinarum
(sugarcane),
S. barberi, S. spontaneum
(Kens grass) and (
fide
McMartin, 24: 290) in S. Africa the wild grasses
Imperata arundinacea
[Imperata cylindrica]
and
Erianthus saccharoides. Zea mays
(maize) has been experimentally infected by Hirschhorn (44: 686). DISEASE: Sugarcane smut. See Antoine (1961) for a comprehensive account. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt, E. and S. Africa, Madagascar), Asia (widespread), S. America, and elsewhere; absent from N. America and Australia; see CMI Map, 79, Ed. 2, 1960. TRANSMISSION: Infection is by air borne spores. The spores germinate easily and under moist conditions soil borne infection is not considered to be a hazard.
Coniella diplodiella
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Coniella diplodiella
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Vitis vinifera
. Also on
Hymenocardia acida
(Herb. IMI). DISEASE: White rot (coitre or hail disease) of vine. Chiefly on fruit but also causing 'pedicel lameness' in fruit stalks and injury to shoots, stem and leaves. Lesions on leaves are marginal, irregular, with the centre various shades of brown, becoming lighter towards the diffuse edge, up to 4 cm diam. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, Nigeria, Tanzania); Asia (China, India, Japan, Turkey); Australasia & Oceania (New South Wales); Europe (Austria, Bulgaria, France, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Rumania, Spain, Switzerland, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, United States); South America (Brazil, Uruguay). (CMI Map. 335) TRANSMISSION: By soil splashed on grapes by hail. In addition to wounds following damage by hail, sun scorch, mechanical wounding and attack by mildew,
Plasmopara viticola
, also provide infection courts (8: 482; 40: 647). Where hailstorms are frequent the vineyard soil may become infested from fallen rotten fruit and contain up to 2, 000 spores/g (34: 276). The pathogen remains viable for 2-3 yr on berries both in the soil and in the air, whilst stored material of pycnidia and spores have retained their viability and virulence for 16 yr (16: 152). Also spread on implements used for cutting bunches (6: 76).
Diplodia maydis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Diplodia maydis
[Stenocarpella maydis]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Zea mays
. Also on
Arundinaria
sp. DISEASES: Stalk rot, white ear rot, and seedling blight of maize. Roots may also become infected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Rhodesia, South Africa, Tanzania); Asia (India); Australasia (Australia); Europe (U.S.S.R.), North America (Canada, Mexico, United States); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia).