bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards Greater Investor Accountability: Indirect Actions, Direct Actions by States and Direct Actions by Individuals
Authors: Jarrett Martin , Puig Sergio , Ratner Steven 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Investor accountability in international investment law (IIL) has been gaining increasing traction in recent years. Most visibly, some states have included investor obligations in their investment treaties, while others have made them part of their model treaties. While highly significant for the substance of IIL, these duties need adequate procedural tools to enforce them. Otherwise, investor obligations will be only decorative features of investment treaties without any legal meaning. The oft-discussed option of counterclaims is limited insofar as it may only be launched after an investor has made a claim against a state. As a result, it is important to identify other potential pieces of the procedural infrastructure for investor accountability. This article analyses three such methods: indirect actions that link an investor's access to arbitration to its compliance with legal rules and standards, whether in domestic or international law; direct actions by states against investors; and direct actions by individuals against investors. In each case, we assess the existing legal landscape of arbitral and treaty practice, the most promising legal avenues for advancing that method of accountability, and potential challenges to these avenues. Given the procedural focus of the negotiations for ISDS reform taking place at UNCITRAL Working Group 3, it is a particularly opportune time for this exploration of these options.
Modifying root-to-shoot ratio improves root water influxes in wheat under drought stress
Authors: Bacher Harel , Sharaby Yoav , Walia Harkamal , Peleg Zvi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Drought intensity as experienced by plants depends upon soil moisture status and atmospheric variables such as temperature, radiation, and air vapour pressure deficit. Although the role of shoot architecture with these edaphic and atmospheric factors is well characterized, the extent to which shoot and root dynamic interactions as a continuum are controlled by genotypic variation is less well known. Here, we targeted these interactions using a wild emmer wheat introgression line (IL20) with a distinct drought-induced shift in the shoot-to-root ratio and its drought-sensitive recurrent parent Svevo. Using a gravimetric platform, we show that IL20 maintained higher root water influx and gas exchange under drought stress, which supported a greater growth. Interestingly, the advantage of IL20 in root water influx and transpiration was expressed earlier during the daily diurnal cycle under lower vapour pressure deficit and therefore supported higher transpiration efficiency. Application of a structural equation model indicates that under drought, vapour pressure deficit and radiation are antagonistic to transpiration rate, whereas the root water influx operates as a feedback for the higher atmospheric responsiveness of leaves. Collectively, our results suggest that a drought-induced shift in root-to-shoot ratio can improve plant water uptake potential in a short preferable time window during early morning when vapour pressure deficit is low and the light intensity is not a limiting factor for assimilation.
A search for Planet 9 in the IRAS data
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
I have carried out a search for Planet 9 in the IRAS data. At the distance range proposed for Planet 9, the signature would be a 60 $\mu$m unidentified IRAS point source with an associated nearby source from the IRAS reject file of sources which received only a single hours-confirmed (HCON) detection. The confirmed source should be detected on the first two HCON passes, but not on the third, while the single HCON should be detected only on the third HCON. I have examined the unidentified sources in three IRAS 60 $\mu$m catalogs: some can be identified with 2MASS galaxies, Galactic sources or as cirrus. The remaining unidentified sources have been examined with the IRSA Scanpi tool to check for the signature missing HCONs, and for association with IRAS reject file single HCONs. No matches of interest survive. For a lower mass planet (≤5ME) in the distance range 200–400 AU, we expect a pair or triplet of single HCONs with separations 2–35 arcmin. Several hundred candidate associations are found and have been examined with Scanpi. A single candidate for Planet 9 survives which satisfies the requirements for detected and non-detected HCON passes. A fitted orbit suggest a distance of 225 ± 15 AU and a mass of 3–5 ME. Dynamical simulations are needed to explore whether the candidate is consistent with existing planet ephemerides. If so, a search in an annulus of radius 2.5–4° centred on the 1983 position at visible and near-infrared wavelengths would be worthwhile.
A new insight of AGC 198691 (Leoncino) galaxy with MEGARA at the GTC
Authors: Carrasco E , García-Vargas M L , Gil de Paz A , Mollá M , Izazaga-Pérez R , Castillo-Morales A , Gómez-Alvarez P , Gallego J , Iglesias-Páramo J , Cardiel N , Pascual S , Pérez-Calpena A 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
We describe the observations of the low metallicity nearby galaxy AGC 198691 (Leoncino Dwarf) obtained with the Integral Field Unit of the instrument MEGARA at the Gran Telescopio Canarias. The observations cover the wavelength ranges 4304–5198 Å and 6098–7306 Å with a resolving power R ≈ 6000. We present 2D maps of the ionized gas, deriving the extension of the H ii region and gas kinematics from the observed emission lines. We have not found any evidence of recent gas infall or loss of metals by means of outflows. This result is supported by the closed-box model predictions, consistent with the oxygen abundance found by other authors in this galaxy and points towards Leoncino being a genuine XMD galaxy. We present for the first time spatially resolved spectroscopy allowing the detailed study of a star-forming region. We use popstar + cloudy models to simulate the emission-line spectrum. We find that the central emission-line spectrum can be explained by a single young ionizing cluster with an age of ≈ 3.5 ± 0.5 Myr and a stellar mass of ≈ 2 $\times \, 10^{3}$ M⊙. However, the radial profiles of [${\rm O\, {\small III}}$] λ 5007Å and the Balmer lines in emission demand photoionization by clusters of different ages between 3.5 and 6.5 Myr that might respond either to the evolution of a single cluster evolving along the cooling time of the nebula (≈ 3 Myr at the metallicity of Leoncino, Z≈ 0.0004) or to mass segregation of the cluster, being both scenarios consistent with the observed equivalent widths of the Balmer lines.
The magnetic fields and stellar winds of the mature late F-stars: β Virginis and θ Draconis
Authors: Seach J M , Marsden S C , Carter B D , Evensberget D , Folsom C P , Neiner C , Mengel M W 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTMapping the large-scale magnetic field in late F-type stars is important for understanding the nature of the stellar dynamo and the dynamics of thin outer convection zones. We use Zeeman Doppler Imaging to produce multi-epoch maps of the surface magnetic field for two mature late F-type stars: β Virginis (F9V) and θ Draconis (F8IV). We also provide a magnetohydrodynamic model for the stellar winds from the corona to the inner astrosphere, which exists in an environment at the hot end of habitability for exoplanets. Our results show that either simple or complex dynamo magnetic fields are present in mature late F-type stars, with shallow outer convection zones. The results of stellar wind modelling show the average space weather for β Vir at a distance of 1 au falls within the range of space weather conditions observed at Earth, while θ Dra produces a wind pressure an order of magnitude stronger than the Sun’s wind pressure.
Spectral and temporal properties of ultra-luminous X-ray source NGC 55 ULX1
Authors: Jithesh V 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate the spectral and temporal properties of ultra-luminous X-ray source (ULX) NGC 55 ULX1 using Swift, XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations conducted during 2013–2021. In these observations, the source flux varies by a factor of ∼5–6, and we identify the source mainly in the soft ultraluminous (SUL) state of ULXs. We fit the X-ray spectra with a two thermal component model consisting of a blackbody (for the soft component) and a disc (for the hard component), and the soft component dominates in these observations. The soft component in the SUL state shows properties similar to that of ultraluminous supersoft sources, for example, an anticorrelation between the characteristic radius and temperature of the blackbody component. In addition, we observe a positive correlation between the blackbody and inner disc temperatures when the X-ray spectra are fitted with the two-thermal component model. The source exhibits marginal evidence of X-ray flux dips in the Swift and XMM-Newton observations at different intensity levels. We explain the observed spectral and temporal properties of the source by invoking the supercritical radiatively driven outflow mechanism.
Uncertainty-aware and interpretable evaluation of Cas9–gRNA and Cas12a–gRNA specificity for fully matched and partially mismatched targets with Deep Kernel Learning
Authors: Kirillov Bogdan , Savitskaya Ekaterina , Panov Maxim , Ogurtsov Aleksey Y , Shabalina Svetlana A , Koonin Eugene V , Severinov Konstantin V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The choice of guide RNA (gRNA) for CRISPR-based gene targeting is an essential step in gene editing applications, but the prediction of gRNA specificity remains challenging. Lack of transparency and focus on point estimates of efficiency disregarding the information on possible error sources in the model limit the power of existing Deep Learning-based methods. To overcome these problems, we present a new approach, a hybrid of Capsule Networks and Gaussian Processes. Our method predicts the cleavage efficiency of a gRNA with a corresponding confidence interval, which allows the user to incorporate information regarding possible model errors into the experimental design. We provide the first utilization of uncertainty estimation in computational gRNA design, which is a critical step toward accurate decision-making for future CRISPR applications. The proposed solution demonstrates acceptable confidence intervals for most test sets and shows regression quality similar to existing models. We introduce a set of criteria for gRNA selection based on off-target cleavage efficiency and its variance and present a collection of pre-computed gRNAs for human chromosome 22. Using Neural Network Interpretation methods, we show that our model rediscovers an established biological factor underlying cleavage efficiency, the importance of the seed region in gRNA.
An archaeal histone-like protein regulates gene expression in response to salt stress
Authors: Sakrikar Saaz , Schmid Amy K 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Histones, ubiquitous in eukaryotes as DNA-packing proteins, find their evolutionary origins in archaea. Unlike the characterized histone proteins of a number of methanogenic and themophilic archaea, previous research indicated that HpyA, the sole histone encoded in the model halophile Halobacterium salinarum, is not involved in DNA packaging. Instead, it was found to have widespread but subtle effects on gene expression and to maintain wild type cell morphology. However, the precise function of halophilic histone-like proteins remain unclear. Here we use quantitative phenotyping, genetics, and functional genomics to investigate HpyA function. These experiments revealed that HpyA is important for growth and rod-shaped morphology in reduced salinity. HpyA preferentially binds DNA at discrete genomic sites under low salt to regulate expression of ion uptake, particularly iron. HpyA also globally but indirectly activates other ion uptake and nucleotide biosynthesis pathways in a salt-dependent manner. Taken together, these results demonstrate an alternative function for an archaeal histone-like protein as a transcriptional regulator, with its function tuned to the physiological stressors of the hypersaline environment.
Dynamic modulation of enhancer responsiveness by core promoter elements in living Drosophila embryos
Authors: Yokoshi Moe , Kawasaki Koji , Cambón Manuel , Fukaya Takashi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Regulatory interactions between enhancers and core promoters are fundamental for the temporal and spatial specificity of gene expression in development. The central role of core promoters is to initiate productive transcription in response to enhancer's activation cues. However, it has not been systematically assessed how individual core promoter elements affect the induction of transcriptional bursting by enhancers. Here, we provide evidence that each core promoter element differentially modulates functional parameters of transcriptional bursting in developing Drosophila embryos. Quantitative live imaging analysis revealed that the timing and the continuity of burst induction are common regulatory steps on which core promoter elements impact. We further show that the upstream TATA also affects the burst amplitude. On the other hand, Inr, MTE and DPE mainly contribute to the regulation of the burst frequency. Genome editing analysis of the pair-rule gene fushi tarazu revealed that the endogenous TATA and DPE are both essential for its correct expression and function during the establishment of body segments in early embryos. We suggest that core promoter elements serve as a key regulatory module in converting enhancer activity into transcription dynamics during animal development.
Chromatin-contact atlas reveals disorder-mediated protein interactions and moonlighting chromatin-associated RBPs
Authors: Rafiee Mahmoud-Reza , Zagalak Julian A , Sidorov Sviatoslav , Steinhauser Sebastian , Davey Karen , Ule Jernej , Luscombe Nicholas M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play diverse roles in regulating co-transcriptional RNA-processing and chromatin functions, but our knowledge of the repertoire of chromatin-associated RBPs (caRBPs) and their interactions with chromatin remains limited. Here, we developed SPACE (Silica Particle Assisted Chromatin Enrichment) to isolate global and regional chromatin components with high specificity and sensitivity, and SPACEmap to identify the chromatin-contact regions in proteins. Applied to mouse embryonic stem cells, SPACE identified 1459 chromatin-associated proteins, ∼48% of which are annotated as RBPs, indicating their dual roles in chromatin and RNA-binding. Additionally, SPACEmap stringently verified chromatin-binding of 403 RBPs and identified their chromatin-contact regions. Notably, SPACEmap showed that about 40% of the caRBPs bind chromatin by intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). Studying SPACE and total proteome dynamics from mES cells grown in 2iL and serum medium indicates significant correlation (R = 0.62). One of the most dynamic caRBPs is Dazl, which we find co-localized with PRC2 at transcription start sites of genes that are distinct from Dazl mRNA binding. Dazl and other PRC2-colocalised caRBPs are rich in intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), which could contribute to the formation and regulation of phase-separated PRC condensates. Together, our approach provides an unprecedented insight into IDR-mediated interactions and caRBPs with moonlighting functions in native chromatin.
UN Sustainable Development Goals and the “Refugee Gap”: Leaving Refugees Behind?
Authors: Denaro Chiara , Giuffré Mariagiulia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Global Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) identifies seventeen goals with related targets and indicators of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and only one target includes an explicit reference to migration processes and policies. Under Goal 10 “Reduce inequality within and among countries,” target 10.7 concerns the facilitation of “orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration, and mobility of people, which includes the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies” that should be measured through four related indicators, three of which are potentially relevant to refugees. After exploring what the International Rescue Committee defines as “refugee gap” concerning SDGs (2019) in their report “Missing Persons: Refugees Left Out and Left Behind in SDGs,” this article reconfigures this gap as a multidimensional concept, and seeks to provide insights on which further steps could be undertaken to bridge it. The main analytical threads identified in this process include: 1) the partial availability of data concerning refugees” progress towards SDGs due to current data disaggregation policies and practices; 2) the limited presence of refugees in voluntary reporting activities by States; and 3) the conceptual framework behind target 10.7, as well as the methodology used to measure progress of three (out of four) indicators toward this target. The focus on target 10.7 and related indicators is aimed at checking their ability to provide information on how refugees’ access to fundamental rights and well-being are taken into account in the assessment of so-called “well managed migration policies.” From a methodological point of view, our analysis has also been supported by semi-structured interviews with the main experts on the issue, having key roles both in the conceptualization of the SDG refugee gap and in the definition and proposal of three selected indicators. To conclude, this article will ask whether and to what extent the refugee gap is still present despite the inclusion of a new refugee dedicated indicator in 2020 and despite the UNHCR’s advocacy efforts to include the forcibly displaced dimension in disaggregation policies. Moreover, it will investigate how such a gap can potentially be closed and whether the definition of “well-managed migration policies” is sufficiently comprehensive, is able to involve refugees in the assessment of progress towards SDGs and is consistent with the SDGs-linked principle of “leaving no one behind.”
Not All Good Is Care, Not All Evil Is Uncaring—A Political Comment on The Care Manifesto
Authors: Esquivel Valeria 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This short comment focuses on The Care Manifesto's vision “to think of care as the organizing principle of each and every scale of life”. It challenges the construction of care as a universal, all-ecompasing concept, on conceptual and political grounds: naming everything good care and everything evil uncaring leaves us with too simplistic a picture of the problems at hand; and makes the necessary political alliances to move the care agenda forward harder to forge. This is all the more so when The Care Manifesto also evidences a strong localism, as examples come mainly from the United Kingdom and the United States. In the urgent need to create a collective care narrative, and broadening the care agenda, The Care Manifesto is one important contribution, but many more voices, situations, locations and allies are necessary.
Comparison of Shock Index With the Assessment of Blood Consumption Score for Association With Massive Transfusion During Hemorrhage Control for Trauma
Authors: Day Darcy L. , Ng Karen , Huang Jonathan B. , Severino Richard , Hayashi Michael S. 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Hemorrhage is a leading cause of early mortality following trauma. A massive transfusion protocol (MTP) to guide resuscitation while bleeding is definitively controlled may improve outcomes. Prompts to initiate massive transfusion (MT) include shock index (SI) and the Assessment of Blood Consumption (ABC) score.

Objective:
To compare SI with the ABC score for association with transfusion requirement, need for emergency hemorrhage interventions, and early mortality.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort analysis of trauma MTP activations at our Level I trauma center was conducted from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2016. The study data were obtained from the Trauma Registry and the blood bank. An SI cutoff of 1.0 was chosen for comparison with the positive ABC score.

Results:
The study cohort included 146 patients. Shock index ≥ 1 had significant association with MT requirement (p = .002) whereas a positive ABC score did not (p = .65). More patients with SI ≥ 1 required bleeding control interventions (67% surgery, 47% interventional radiology) than patients having a positive ABC score (49% surgery, 29% interventional radiology). For geriatric patients who received MT, 65% had SI ≥ 1 but only 30% had a positive ABC score. Three-hour mortality following emergency department arrival was similar (60% SI ≥ 1, 62% positive ABC score).

Conclusion:
Shock index ≥ 1 outperformed a positive ABC score for association with MT requirement. Shock index is a simple tool registered nurses can independently utilize to anticipate MT.
Effects of Acupuncture and Acupressure on Burnout in Health Care Workers: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Afrasiabi Julia , McCarty Ruth , Hayakawa Jennifer , Barrows Jennifer , Lee Kent , Plouffe Nicole , Schomberg John 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Health care workers face occupational stressors that may lead to burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Strategies to mitigate the negative psychological impact on frontline workers are urgently needed.

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of auricular acupuncture or acupressure, as compared with ear massage, on anxiety, burnout, and caring capacity in health care workers. Results were stratified on the basis of subject's level of belief in traditional Chinese medicine.

Methods:
This prospective randomized trial with an open, parallel-group design was conducted at a 334-bed Level II pediatric trauma center. Participants were randomized to one of three groups: (1) auricular acupuncture, (2) auricular seed acupressure, or (3) auricular massage. Interventions were delivered over 3 weeks. Self-reported State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL), and Caring Ability Inventory (CAI) scores were analyzed using a pre-/posttest design. Univariate analysis, Fisher's exact test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed to assess group differences.

Results:
A total of 117 (36%) of 325 eligible participants consented to participate in the study. Seed acupressure treatment (n = 14, 35.9%, one male, 13 females) was associated with a reduction in burnout (ANOVA, p = .04) and secondary traumatic stress (p = .03). This effect remained significant after adjusting for individual pretest scores (ANOVA, p = .05). The studied interventions did not have a significant effect on STAI, ProQOL, or CAI scores.

Conclusions:
Auricular acupressure is a safe, effective, and practical strategy to reduce burnout and secondary traumatic stress and may support health care workers' ability to develop caring relationships with patients and families.