bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On a New Genus of Alcyonidæ
Authors: Wright E. Perceval 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The western coast of Ireland has always been regarded as good collecting ground by the naturalist ; and yet, so far as its marine fauna-is concerned, it may be said to be altogether unexplored. This is true, not only of its invertebrate, but even of its vertebrate animals; and any young ardent zoo legist will still find plenty of work to do among the western Phocidæ and Fish, and almost a new field in the shell-less Molluscs, Annelids, and Coelenterata, of Donegal, Sligo, Mayo, Clare, and Kerry. At one time, I had hoped to have been able to investigate the mafine fauna of western Cork and Kerry, making Bearhaven and Ventry my headquarters; but since my report on this subject to the British Association in 1857 professional engagements have prevented me from devoting the requisite time to this pursuit. I have, however, in the course of this spring, received, by the kindness of W. Harte, Esq., C.E., County Surveyor for the northern district of Donegal, several small collections of marine animals from Rathmullen, in that county; and as these all for the most part bore easily the carriage by night to Dublin, I have been able—reviving them with the help of several large aquaria ——to add some new species to the Irish fauna. With care, I have thus received in perfect health such delicate creatures as Pectinaria Bélgica, Eolis alia and Drummondi, Siphonostoma undnata, Hydra tuba, and others ; but none of them more interesting than the little solitary Alcyonarian Actinoióón which it is the Object of this paper briefly to describe.
On a New method of Illumination
Authors: Castracane Count Francesco 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
[The following letter from Count Francesco Castracane to R. P. Angelo Secchi originally appeared in the ‘Atti della Academia pontificia de Nuovi Lincei,’ t. xvii, 1864, and has been forwarded to us by Sig. Castracane for publication, as he thinks the method of illumination therein recommended is one deserving of more notice than it appears hitherto to have received, and also because he entertains a hope that his desire to be assisted in the execution of the work he has proposed to himself may receive some support from English diatomists. Sig. Castracane has favoured us with a sight of some of his photographic figures of diatoms, with respect to which we can only say that we have never seen any to compare with them for minuteness and clearness of definition; and if he be equally successful in his projected work with other species, it cannot fail to be one of the greatest interest and importance to all who are concerned in the same branch of microscopic inquiry.]
How to Work with the Microscope
Authors: Beale Lionel S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
There are few persons to whom modern microscopic research is more indebted than to Dr. Lionel Beale. It is to his pen that we owe a larger series of works on the structure and uses of the microscope than to any other living man. One of his earliest and most useful works was ‘The Use of the Microscope in Practical Medicine’ which may be said to be the manual by which the medical student more especially works. In addition to this general contribution to the literature of his profession, we have from his pen writings devoted to more special subjects. Thus, in his work on ‘Urine and Urinary Deposits,’ he has given, not only the general results of microscopic observations on urinary deposits, but has added a large number of observations of his own. The nature of these deposits he has illustrated by a series of ‘Illustrations of Urine, Urinary Deposits, and Calculi’ published in a separate form. In his ‘Archives of Medicine’ he has contributed a series of papers showing how thoroughly he understands the practical application of the microscope to the elucidation of the nature of disease. His contributions to the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ and his papers in our own pages on the structure and formation of nervous centres, and the ultimate conditions of cell-formation, stamp him as one of the most sagacious observers and original thinkers of the modern European school—as one amongst the few British micro-scopists who may take a place by the side of Kölliker, Schwann, Schultze, Schleiden, and the great school of German microscopic observers. For this reason he has been worthily selected as the editor of the late Dr. Todd’s ‘Clinical Lectures’ and also as the colleague of Mr. Bowman in the production of a new edition of Todd and Bowman’s ‘Physiological Anatomy.’ To have such a man for a guide is the privilege of those who are students of the microscope in England; and in this volume on ‘How to Work the Microscope’ we have the master sitting down to instruct the humblest labourer in the field of microscopic investigation. Nor has he spared any pains in striving to make his work useful to those who are beginning to use the microscope, for he says in his preface— “No work can be higher or more useful than that of assisting to make men original thinkers in any department of science, and of encouraging original work. Working books by working men will do far more towards those ends than the most brilliant discoveries; and the author believes that working men cannot labour more usefully than by endeavouring to make others work.” This is a noble aim, and worthy a great teacher. We wish we could see men of science more generally impressed with the fact that their labour is useless unless it benefits others, and that the great end of all scientific research should be the elevation of our common humanity by the widest possible extension of a knowledge of its discoveries.
A Treatise on the Construction, Proper Use, and Capabilities of Smith, Beck, and Beck’s Achromatic Microscope
Authors: Beck Richard 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is not often that the makers of scientific instruments are the most skilful exponents of the principles of their structure or the authors of discoveries made by their use. Nevertheless, many departments of practical science afford exceptions to the rule—none more so than the inventors and makers of improvements in the microscope, and every microscopist will recollect that Joseph Jackson Lister, after he had overcome the difficulties of making a compound achromatic microscope, set to work to make observations therewith, and produced a series of highly interesting observations, which were published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ on some of the lower forms of Tunicated Mollusca. It may not be generally known that, so little was the microscope appreciated as an instrument of research by those who conducted the business of the Royal Society in 1838, that when Joseph Jackson Lister sent his first great paper to that society, on the construction of achromatic glasses, and accompanied it with various observations on the mechanical parts of the instrument, the paper was sent back to him on this account, with a request that, as the microscope was, after all, a mere toy, he would omit any reference to what he considered mechanical improvements. In this fact we see how dangerous it might be to commit the interests of science to any select body of men, and that it is only in the perfect freedom of voluntary association that science can progress. The Microscopical Society was shortly after founded, one of the great objects of which was to cultivate those scientific researches by which this” mere toy “of the Royal Society might be made available for the profound scientific researches for which it was adapted. One of the indirect results of the rejection of the Royal Society of Mr. Lister’s practical suggestions was his connection as friend and adviser of certain microscope-makers in London. From these houses have issued the most perfect microscopes that have been constructed in accordance with Mr. Lister’s principles. No one of these houses has been more distinguished than that of Smith, Beck, and Beck, and in Mr. Richard Beck, the author of the present volume, we have a remarkable instance of the combination of the finished mechanician and accomplished observer. Previous, however, to Mr. Beck entering the field as an author, the late Mr. Andrew Ross, the founder of one of our great microscope-making houses, had written a valuable work on the physical principles involved in the manufacture and in the structure of the microscope. This work originally appeared as an article in the f Penny Cyclopædia,’ and may claim priority over all the works that have been devoted to the history and structure of the microscope during the last quarter of a century.
The Anatomy of Oncholaimus vulgaris, Bast., with Notes on two Parasitic Nematodes
Authors: Stewart F. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I began this work with the intention of trying to ascertain if any light could be thrown on the comparative morphology of the coelom and Nephridia by the study of Nematodes. The uncertainty as to the true nature of the body-spaces in this class is well known. No one has been sufficiently daring to identify any space in Nematodes with the cœlom. The space between the body wall and the gut is generally admitted to be a schizœle.
Preliminary Account of a New Organ in Periplaneta orientalis
Authors: Harrison Ruth M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While dissecting a cockroach in the Zoological Laboratory at Oxford I noticed a pair of small oval pouches lying below and to either side of the nerve-cord between the fifth and sixth abdominal ganglia. Being unable to find either description or figures of any such structure, I proceeded to examine it further by means of dissection and serial sections.
On the Medusa of Microhydra ryderi and on the Known Forms of Medusæ inhabiting Fresh Water
Authors: Potts Edward 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The three species of freshwater jellyfish as yet discovered were announced during the years 1880, 1893, and 1897 respectively. As the first of these dates was twenty-six years ago, and as the paper reporting the North American form was unaccompanied by illustrative figures, it has been suggested to the writer that a general review of the subject, so far as known, would be useful at this time, and the kind assurance was given that if it included “good drawings and a full account of the polyp and medusa” of Microhydra ryderi, it would be gladly accepted and published by the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.’
On the Parietal Sense-organs and Associated Structures in the New Zealand Lamprey (Geotria australis)
Authors: Dendy Arthur 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Some years ago, whilst residing in New Zealand, I had the good fortune to obtain a plentiful supply of living specimens of the New Zealand freshwater Lamprey, Geotria australis. These specimens were all in what is known as the “Velasia” stage of their development, none of them being sexually mature, and all of them without the characteristic gular pouch of the adult. 1 They were, however, of considerable size, averaging nearly a couple of feet in length, and the organs which form the subject of the present memoir were probably already fully developed. For the purposes of this investigation a considerable number of specimens were hardened and preserved in a perfectly fresh condition by means of various re-agents, of which absolute alcohol, Zenker’s fluid, and Flemming’s solution yielded the most satisfactory results. In some cases the head was simply cut off and hardened in toto, while in others it was partially dissected in the fresh state before being placed in the hardening re-agent.
On Neurosporidium cephalodisci, n. g., n. sp, a Sporozoon from the Nervous System of Cephalodiscus nigrescens
Authors: Kidewood W. Cr. , Fantliam H. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The organism described in this paper occurs in the nervous layer of the ectoderm of Cephalodiscus (Idiothecia) nigrescens, Lank., a large and massive form of Cephalodiscus dredged by the “Discovery” on January 13th, 1902, in 100 fathoms, off Coulmann Island, near Victoria Land, in the Antarctic Ocean.
On the Structure of Ænigma ænigmatica, Chemnitz ; a Contribution to our Knowledge of the Anomiacea
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a recent paper in the ‘Arbeiten ans dem zoologischen Instituten der Universität Wien,’ Sassi (16) has given a full account of the anatomy of Anomia ephippium, and has elucidated several hitherto obscure points relating to the kidneys and the reno-pericardial orifices in that species. Before Sassi’s paper had come into my hands I had made some observations on the allied genus Ænigma, a tropical member of the Anomiacea, the principal outcome of which has been to confirm Sassi’s results. At the same time I have found certain differences between the genera Anomia and Ænigma which are of sufficient importance to make it worth while publishing a short account of the latter genus.
Notes on some Parasitic Protists
Authors: Dobell C. Clifford 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the last few years the Bacteria and their allies have engaged the attention of so many workers, have caused so much controversy, and have proved to be of such great interest—phylogenetically and otherwise—that I believe any observations, however small, which would supplement our knowledge of their cytology or life-history, are much to be desired. With this conviction I offer these few imperfect notes on some of the more interesting protists which have come under my observation from time to time.
Investigations on the Development of Trypanosomes in Tsetse-Flies and other Diptera
Authors: Minchin E. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In this memoir I propose to give a full account of the work done and the results obtained by me during my stay in Entebbe, Uganda, as a member of the Sleeping Sickness Commission from the beginning of April to the beginning of December, 1905. Some of my results have already appeared in the form of preliminary reports; but with regard to some few points further study necessitates revision or correction of statements previously made. In my eight months in Uganda I accumulated a great deal of material which it has required much time and labour to work out. The study of this material has occupied the time left from other duties since my return from Uganda, and may now be considered complete.
The Distribution and Classification of the Onychophora
Authors: Sedgwick Adam 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The genus Peripatus, so far as adult conformation is concerned, is a very hsomogeneous one. It was pointed out by me in 1888 that the species from the same part of the world resembled each other more closely than they do species from other regions, and that tbe species in this way fall into discontinuous groups which were defined in the monograph then published. Since the publication of that monograph, specimens have been recorded from two other regions, viz. New Britain and Equatorial Africa, and the species established on these specimens completely conform to the above generalisation. So that now there are six discontinuous groups of species of Peripatus all capable of precise definition. They are (1) the South African group; (2) the Australasian group; (3) the Peripatus from New Britain; (4) those from the Neotropical Region; (5) the Peripatus from the Congo; and (6) the four species from Malaya. To these must be added a seventh group formed by the Chilian Peripatus, P. blainvillei, which, as Bouvier has shown, is quite distinct from the other neotropical species, and from all the species found in other regions. The remarkable point about these groups is that they are sharply marked off from one another, and, though there is the usual interdigitationof characters, there is not the slightest difficulty in assigning allot the known species to their groups. When, in 1888, I recognised the existence of this grouping, I carefully considered the desirability of establishing them as distinct genera or subgenera, but I came to the conclusion that it would be rash to do so, partly because it was by no means certain that they would stand the test of later discoveries, and partly because the known species were so small in number and so easy to handle from a classificatory point of view, that there did not appear to be any advantage to be gained by so doing.
On the so-called. “Sexual” Method of Spore-formation in the Disporic Bacteria
Authors: Dobell C. Clifford 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Until the year 1902, no definite evidence regarding the sexuality of the Bacteria had been brought forward. It was generally supposed that the Bacteria constituted a group of very primitive organisms, in which the phenomenon of sex had not made its appearance. But with the publication of Schaudinn’s remarkable researches on Bacillus bütschlii, it became apparent that such a supposition could not unreservedly be made. It appeared probable that—in B. bütschlii at least—a peculiar event in the life-history immediately preceding sporulation should be interpreted as representing a primitive or degenerate method of conjugation. If this interpretation is correct, then a fact of the utmost importance has been discovered—a fact of deep significance not merely as regards the affinities of the Bacteria, but also in relation to the general problem of sex.
Studies on Polychæt Larvæ
Authors: Gravely F. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During July, 1907, whilst studying in a general way the pelagic larvæ of Port Erin, my attention was specially turned to the Polychæt larvæ on account of their abundance and the difficulty I experienced in identifying them. As a result of this I spent part of the following summer in a more careful examination of these larvæ. I am publishing a systematic account of the results of this investigation elsewhere (Gravely, 1909). In the present paper I propose to describe a young specimen of a pelagic species of Odontosyllis, and the “vestibule “and associated modifications of the anterior end of larvæ of the Spionidæ and Polydoridæ ; and in conclusion I shall discuss certain other points of goveneral interest arising from the above investigations. As, however, there appears to be no account in the English language of the terminology commonly adopted in the description of polychæt larvæ, it will probably serve a useful purpose if the first part of the paper is devoted to this subject.
Further Notes on a Trypanosome found in the Alimentary Tract of Pontobdella muricata
Authors: Robertson Muriel 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a previous paper published in the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Phys. Soc. of Edinburgh/ vol. xvii, No. 3, 1907, an account was given of the main features in the life cycle of T. raiæ as it appeared in the leech Pontobdella muricata.
Dendrosoma Radians, Ehrenberg
Authors: J. Hickson Sydney , Wadsworth J. T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Dendrosoma radians was first described by Ehrenberg in 1837 (9), but the figures he drew to illustrate its structure were not published until 1862 (11). In 1840 (10) he gave the following diagnosis of the species “Dendrosoma radians: D. corpusculis conicis, crassis, mollibus lævibusque, alterne ramosis, rame ápice incrassatis et tentaculatis S”
Experimental Observations on the Organs of Circulation and the Powers of Locomotion in Pennatulids
Authors: Musgrave Edith M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The study of Pennatulids has long engaged the attention of zoological workers. In the publications of the eighteenth century wonderful and fantastic accounts are given of the habits, form and movements of members of this interesting family; of their graceful flight through the water, their exceeding luminosity by night, and their gymnastic contortions even in captivity. In those early days of zoological research a “sea pen” was regarded as a single individual provided with lateral “fins” for swimming purposes, and a mouth opening at the base, which served also for the excretion of waste matters.
Studies in the Experimental Analysis of Sex
Authors: Smith Geoffrey 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The re-discovery of Mendel’s observations on heredity, and the extended application of his ideas by such writers as Correns, Tschermak, and Bateson to every branch of life, has had a very profound influence on contemporary biological conceptions, and it is not surprising that the problem of sex, which has occasioned so many speculative theories in past times, has been brought under the focus of Mendelian research and subjected to its analysis. The conceptions of segregation, of allelomorphism, of heterozygotism, to employ the accepted terminology of Professor Bateson (1), seem admirably suited in their application to the phenomena of sex, because in sexual reproduction we actually see that the sexual characters do segregate into two sharply separated sets of individuals, the males and the females, as if maleness and femaleness were in some way allelomorphic to one another, while the occurrence of hermaphrodite forms and the latent presence in one sex of characters proper to the opposite sex indicate the phenomenon of heterozygotism or sex-hybridism.
Tropidonotus and the “Archenteric Knot” of Ornithorhynchus
Authors: Assheton Richard 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In my paper in a recent number of this Journal, in which I discussed Professor Hubrecht’s memoir upon the ontogenetic phases of mammalia, I referred to the peculiar condition of the egg of Ornithorhynchus as described by Wilson and Hill in the ‘Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,’ vol. cxcix, and the interpretation placed by them thereon.
Observations on certain Blood-parasites of Fishes occurring at Rovigno
Authors: Minchin E. A. , Woodcock H. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The objects of this paper are twofold. The first is the description of a hæmogregarine and a trypanosome occurring in a species of Trigla (T. lineata), which is a common gurnard in the Northern Adriatic. We are unaware of any published observations of blood-parasites in this fish, and we regard the hæmogregarine as anew species, for which we propose the name Hæmogregarina rovignensis. Neumann, in his recent account of hæmatozoa of marine fishes at Naples (15), mentions the occurrence of a trypanosome which he names T. triglæ in another species of Trigla, namely, T. corax. It is not at all improbable that the trypanosome we have found is the same species as that described by Neumann; we therefore do not propose to give it a new specific name.
The Structure and Life-History of Crithidia melophagia (Flu), an Endo-parasite of the Sheep-Ked, Melophagus ovinus
Authors: Porter Annie 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The part played by insects as agents in the transmission of the pathogenic organisms of sleeping sickness and other protozoal diseases gives great importance to the investigation of the parasites found within them. It is necessary for anyone seeking developmental stages of pathogenic flagellate Protozoa to have also a first-hand working knowledge of the possible flagellates that may be purely parasites of the insect involved, for certain stages of insect flagellates may resemble possible developmental phases of such organisms as Trypanosomes. Much useful information regarding stages of flagellates can be gained from the study of such a parasite as Crithidia melophagia (Flu), occurring in the alimentary tract, ovaries, and ova of the sheep-” ked,” Melophagus ovinus. This insect, which is blood-sucking, is also known as the sheep-” tick” or sheep-”louse.” It. belongs really to the Diptera (Hippoboscidæ), possessing extremely reduced wings.
The Development of Aplysia punctata
Authors: Saunders A. M. Carr , Poole Margaret 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This work was begun by one of us in the spring of 1909, at the Zoological Station at Naples, when holding the Oxford biological scholarship.1 Owing to various reasons, the chief of which was ill-health, little more was done there than to collect material. It has been completed with assistance in reconstruction of sections and illustrations at Oxford in the department of Comparative Anatomy during the winter 1909-10. We must here express our gratitude to Prof. Bourne for the opportunity he has afforded us, and the encouragement he has given us to complete the work.