bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child language acquisition and sociolinguistic variation
Authors: Smith Jennifer 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The majority of studies conducted on first language acquisition concentrates on the acquisition of standard varieties, where deterministic, or invariant, forms are the focus of research. At the same time, research in sociolinguistics has shown that language is full of variable forms which are governed by a series of interacting social and linguistic constraints on variant choice. Such variation is interesting from the perspective of acquisition because of the apparent challenge it presents to a young child: learning a language is alreadyhighly complexbut what happens when variation is added to the mix? The initial chapters in this volume focus on the analysis of variation in the speech of young children in a number of different languages worldwide and across different contexts of use in both production and perception. In doing so, they provide an excellent contribution to questions surrounding the acquisition of vernacular norms in the initial stages of acquisition and in later life.
Input effects on the acquisition of variation
Authors: Liégeois Loïc 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the acquisition of a
French phonological variable: the schwa ([ə]) in clitics. Our
research is based on data extracted from three longitudinal dense
corpora. The aim is to analyse children’s productions and two types
of adult data: Child and Adult Directed Speech (CDS and ADS,
respectively). The analyses show that schwa alternation is modulated
in CDS, in the sense that parents produce the schwa variant of
clitics significantly more often in CDS. However, differences
between CDS and ADS tend to disappear during the course of language
development. Our results also indicate that the acquisition of schwa
alternation is not homogenous and depends on the clitic used and on
factors linked to characteristics of CDS. These results support
Usage-Based Theories and Construction Grammars frameworks which
assume that CDS properties frame the course of acquisition.
The alternation between standard and vernacular pronouns by
Belgian Dutch parents in child-oriented control acts
Authors: Zenner Eline , Van De Mieroop Dorien 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper studies the social meaning of standard
and vernacular pronouns of address in Dutch by zooming in on the
position they hold in parents’ control acts to their children.
Linking the hyperstandardized linguistic situation in Flanders with
the Western-European ideal of democratic parenting, we expect to
find that the standard forms are more typically connected to more
indirect, softer control acts. This hypothesis is tested through a
mixed method approach, where quantitative and qualitative analyses
are used to chart the choices of ten Belgian Dutch parents when
issuing directives to their children. Studying 452 pronouns we
identify a clear link between the choice of variety and parameters
such as type of control act, repetition, mitigation and boosting and
type of pronoun, with ‘irritation’ as mediating factor.
Testing interface and frequency hypotheses
Authors: Shin Naomi L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Interface Hypothesis predicts that
syntax-discourse interface features are acquired later than features
involving the interface between syntax and other components of
grammar. The Frequency Hypothesis predicts that frequent grammatical
patterns are acquired earlier than infrequent ones. This study tests
these hypotheses by examining Spanish subject pronoun expression in
interviews with 28 U.S. bilingual children of Mexican-descent.
Binary logistic regression analyses demonstrate that the children’s
pronoun expression is significantly constrained by switch-reference,
a discourse-pragmatic factor, but not tense/mood/aspect, a
morphological factor. These results do not support the Interface
Hypothesis since the children acquire a discourse-pragmatic
constraint before a morphological one. Instead, frequency effects
can explain the findings: the more frequent the constraint, the
earlier it is acquired.
Variation in stress in the Jamaican classroom
Authors: Lacoste Véronique 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article investigates how Jamaican
schoolchildren aged 7 respond to their teachers’ production of
stress. Based on a larger sociolinguistic study (Lacoste 2012), the data
concerns particularly the production of a Standard Jamaican English
(SJE) speech pattern that was observed in the classroom setting,
i.e. phonetic exaggeration of the three stress correlates: duration,
pitch and loudness in word-final syllables. Statistical results show
a recurrent use of high levels of the stress correlates including
lengthening of vowels in word-final syllables in the children’s
speech. The lengthening of vowels in word-final position may be
aimed at facilitating the children’s learning of the standard
English variety.
Second language acquisition and dialectal variation in
adults
Authors: Regan Vera 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of how the L2 speaker acquires the probabilistic grammar of another language. This implies the related, wider question of whether, as humans, we have some innate knowledge of probabilities and what form such knowledge takes for L2 speakers. The issue is addressed by the description of two studies which provide cross linguistic evidence in relation to one first language group (Polish speakers) and two second languages, (French and Irish English), and which also involve two types of variables, one stable (ne deletion in French) and one in-coming (discourse like in Irish English). Variationist data from these studies suggest that L2 speakers acquire both universal influenced language elements as well as socially conditioned ones and that they approximate both L1 rates and constraint ordering. The chapter links this account of one approach to research on SLA and sociolinguistics with others represented by the contributions which follow in the second section of the volume. These cover a range of areas in variation and L2 acquisition in adults: the acquisition of the categorical vs the probabilistic, the relationship of language change and L2 acquisition, adult dialect acquisition, sociolinguistic competence and Study Abroad,and L2 acquisition and code switching.
Navigating variation amid contested norms and societal
shifts
Authors: Starr Rebecca Lurie , Wang Tianxiao 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
L2 learners acquiring patterns of variation in a
community that uses stigmatized linguistic features face particular
challenges in reconciling prescriptive and local variants. The
present study examines the case of Mandarin in Singapore, in which
transfer from southern Chinese varieties has created a local norm
that differs from the exonormative standard. Speeches from two L2
Mandarin-speaking political figures over a time period from 1966 to
1992 are analyzed, revealing significant roles of L1 background,
education, and stance towards standard language. The language use of
both speakers is found to temporarily increase in standardness in
the years immediately following the launch of the Speak Mandarin
Campaign, a government effort to promote Mandarin as the primary
language of the Chinese Singaporean community.
Usage, evaluation and awareness of French sociolinguistic
variables by second-language learners during a stay abroad
Authors: Gautier Rozenn , Chevrot Jean-Pierre 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with the acquisition of two
sociolinguistic variables of twenty-nine American and Chinese
learners of French. The purpose is to track the production and
evaluation of the optional liaison and the variable deletion of
negative ne during a 9-month stay abroad (SA) and
to take a close look at the differences between the two
sociolinguistic variables during the course of acquisition. We also
aim to understand whether evaluation and awareness of the usage of
these variables could influence the learners’ production.
Statistical analyses show that the use of formal variants by the
learners declined significantly during their SA. Moreover,
acquisition of the ne variable seems guided by
awareness of its sociolinguistic value, whereas acquisition of
optional liaison appears to be driven by exposure to input and
item-based learning.
The standard-dialect repertoire of second language users in
German-speaking Switzerland
Authors: Ender Andrea 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The coexistence of dialect and standard language
is a pronounced characteristic of everyday life in the Swiss German
context. This paper examines the linguistic repertoire of second
language users in the Swiss context and how they deal with
dialect-standard variation in a structured interview situation with
a dialect speaker and a standard language speaker. The data from
eight second language users, with English or Turkish as their first
language, illustrate different patterns in the use of dialect,
standard, and a mixture of both codes. Among the eight selected
speakers, high ability to discriminate dialect from standard
language can be observed, and only some L2 users show frequent
mixing of dialect and standard, which violates the strict separation
of the two codes according to L1 speaker norms. Furthermore, the L2
speakers only rarely change their usage of the codes according to
their interlocutor. The results reveal that integrating dialect and
standard language in the L2 repertoire is challenging. L2 users –
depending on their constructed identity within the Swiss German
community and influenced by their L1 social categorization of
codes – compose their linguistic repertoire with more or less
openness to dialect, standard, or integrated use of both codes.
Identity, authenticity and dialect acquisition
Authors: Siegel Jeff 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The importance of dialect in indexing identity
has been well described for ethnic and regional dialects, such as
African American English (e.g. Rickford & Rickford 2000) and Pittsburghese (e.g.
Johnstone & Kiesling
2008), but not so much for national dialect (although
Portnoy 2011 on
Austrian German is one example). This chapter examines dialect and
national identity, focussing on Australian English, and especially
on accent. It also explores the issues of authenticity, ownership
and legitimacy and their effect on the acquisition of Australian
English by speakers of other dialects, and on second dialect
acquisition in general.
Connectedness in Recovery Narratives of Persons Labeled Not Criminally Responsible: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Aga Natalie , Rowaert Sara , Vander Laenen Freya , Vandevelde Stijn , Vander Beken Tom , Audenaert Kurt , Vanderplasschen Wouter 
Published: February 2021

Objective Connectedness is placed at the heart of the recovery process in mental health care. However, in regard to persons labeled not criminally responsible (NCR), considerations of recovery and connectedness remain in the background. The aim of this study is to understand and explore how individuals labeled not criminally responsible experience connectedness. Research method Sixty-seven in-depth interviews were examined and thematically analyzed. Results Interviews revealed emotional, functional and personal connectedness as categories of connectedness, each with different qualitative determinants. Conclusion This study shows that connectedness should be considered as an essential ingredient of the recovery process by practitioners as well as policy makers. We recommend a shift from an individualistic, punitive approach toward a recovery-supportive rhetoric and more ‘shared decision making’ between service users and providers at all levels.
Final report of the new BIPM comparison BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Ra-223 of activity measurements of the radionuclide 223Ra including the 2014 result of the NPL (United Kingdom), the 2014 result of the PTB (Germany) and the 2018 result of the LNE-LNHB (France)
Authors: Michotte C , Courte S , Nonis M , Coulon R , Judge S , Ratel G , Fréchou C , Cassette P , Keightley J , Kossert K , Nähle O 
Published: February 2021

Main text
Since 2014, 3 laboratories have submitted 3 samples of 223Ra to the International Reference System (SIR) for activity comparison at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), with comparison identifier BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Ra-223. The NPL (United Kingdom), the PTB (Germany) and the LNE-LNHB (France) participated in the comparison and the key comparison reference value (KCRV) has been calculated for the first time. The degrees of equivalence between each equivalent activity measured in the SIR and the KCRV have been calculated and the results are given in the form of a table. A graphical presentation is also given.
To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Breaking the warp barrier: hyper-fast solitons in Einstein–Maxwell-plasma theory
Authors: Lentz Erik W 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Solitons in space-time capable of transporting time-like observers at superluminal speeds have long been tied to violations of the weak, strong, and dominant energy conditions of general relativity. The negative-energy sources required for these solitons must be created through energy-intensive uncertainty principle processes as no such classical source is known in particle physics. This paper overcomes this barrier by constructing a class of soliton solutions that are capable of superluminal motion and sourced by purely positive energy densities. The solitons are also shown to be capable of being sourced from the stress–energy of a conducting plasma and classical electromagnetic fields. This is the first example of hyper-fast solitons resulting from known and familiar sources, reopening the discussion of superluminal mechanisms rooted in conventional physics.
Interferometric extraction of photoionization-path amplitudes and phases from time-dependent multiconfiguration self-consistent-field simulations
Authors: Orimo Yuki , Tugs Oyunbileg , Sato Takeshi , You Daehyun , Ueda Kiyoshi , Ishikawa Kenichi L 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Bichromatic extreme-ultraviolet pulses from a seeded free-electron laser enable us to measure photoelectron angular distribution (PAD) as a function of the relative phase between the different wavelength components. The time-dependent multiconfiguration self-consistent-field (TD-MCSCF) methods are powerful multielectron computation methods to accurately simulate such photoionization dynamics from the first principles. Here, we propose a method to evaluate the amplitude and phase of each ionization path, which completely determines the photoionization processes, using TD-MCSCF simulation results. The idea is to exploit the capability of TD-MCSCF to calculate the partial wave amplitudes specified by the azimuthal and magnetic angular momenta (l, m) and the m-resolved PAD. The phases of the ionization paths as well as the amplitudes of the paths resulting in the same (l, m) are obtained through global fitting of the expression of the asymmetry parameters to the calculated m-resolved PAD, which depends on the relative phase of the bichromatic field. We apply the present method to ionization of Ne by combined fundamental and second-harmonic extreme ultraviolet pulses, demonstrating that the extracted amplitudes and phases excellently reproduce the asymmetry parameters.
Filamentary surface plasma discharge flow length and time scales
Authors: Rajendran Lalit K , Singh Bhavini , Vlachos Pavlos P , Bane Sally P M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Nanosecond surface dielectric barrier discharges (ns-SDBDs) are a class of plasma actuators that utilize a high-voltage pulse of nanosecond duration between two surface-mounted electrodes to create an electrical breakdown of air, along with rapid heating. These actuators usually produce multiple filaments when operated at high pulse frequencies, and the rapid heating leads to the formation of shock waves and complex flow fields. In this work we replicate a single filament of the ns-SDBDs and characterize the induced flow using velocity measurements from particle image velocimetry and density measurements from background-oriented schlieren. The discharge is produced by a high voltage electrical pulse between two copper electrodes on an acrylic base. A hot gas kernel characterizes the flow field formed close to the electrodes that expands and cools over time and a vortex ring that propagates away from the surface while entraining cold ambient fluid. The gas density deficit inside the kernel displays a power-law decay over time. Based on the observations, we develop a simplified theoretical model based on vortex-driven cooling and perform a scaling analysis to obtain the induced flow length and time scales. The results show that the cooling process’s time scales correspond to a circulation-based time scale of the vortex ring, and the length scale of the kernel corresponds to the vortex ring radius. These findings can guide the choice of optimal filament spacing and pulse frequencies in the design, deployment, and operation of ns-SDBDs for flow control.
Generalized perfect optical vortices along arbitrary trajectories
Authors: Chen Yue , Wang Tingchang , Ren Yuxuan , Fang Zhaoxiang , Ding Guangrui , He Liqun , Lu Rongde , Huang Kun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Perfect optical vortices (POVs) arevortex beams with infinitely narrow rings and fixed radii independent of their topological charges. Here we propose the concept of generalized POVs (GPOVs) along arbitrary curves beyond the regular shapes of circles and ellipses. GPOVs share similar properties to POVs, such as defined only along infinitely narrow curves and owning topological charges independent of scale. Using a rigorous mathematical derivation in a curvilinear coordinate, we reveal theoretically that the GPOVs have a topological charge proportional to the area of the swept sector in tracing the curve, suggesting a unique mode for optical vortex beams. Experimentally, the complex-amplitude masks to generate the GPOVs are realized by using a pure-amplitude digital micro-mirror device with the super-pixel encoding technique. The phase profiles of the generated GPOVs are retrieved experimentally through self-built interferometry and exhibit good agreement with the simulations. We also derive a properly modified formula to yield the intensity-uniform GPOVs along predesigned curves, which might find applications in optical tweezers and communications.
Oxidation-induced structural transition of two-dimensional iron oxide on Au(111)
Authors: Li Yangsheng , Zhao Xinfei , Cui Yi , Yang Fan , Bao Xinhe 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Understanding the dynamic changes of catalytically active nanostructures (NSs) under reaction conditions is a pivotal challenge in catalysis research, which has been intensively studied on metal catalysts, but less on oxide NSs. Here, we synthesized two-dimensional (2D) FeO NSs and thin films on Au(111) and studied their oxidation process in O2 from ultrahigh vacuum to near-ambient-pressure (NAP) conditions, using the combination of in-situ NAP scanning tunneling microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Our studies revealed atomic details on the transition process from the FeO bilayer to the FeO2 tri-layer on Au(111). Further, we found FeO2 NSs and thin layers are metastable on Au(111) and would undergo a three-dimensional phase change upon further thermal treatments. Our study has thus provided insight on the structural dynamics of 2D iron oxide under reaction conditions and enabled further understanding on the design of the oxide-metal interface.
Local insight to the structural phase transition sequence of Bi2Se3 under quasi-hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic pressure
Authors: Hao Xingyu , Zhu Hailiang , Guo Zhiying , Li Haijing , Gong Yu , Chen Dongliang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
High-pressure behaviors of Bi2Se3, as one of layered 3D topological insulators, has attracted tremendous interest recent years. However, the phase transition sequence of Bi2Se3 remain controversial. In this work, we explore the structural phase sequence of topological insulator Bi2Se3 using high-pressure x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy under quasi-hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic pressure up to 42 GPa. By examining the XAFS features, we find that the appearance of C2/c phase of Bi2Se3 is strongly dependent on pressure condition, C2/c phase of Bi2Se3 only exists under quasi-hydrostatic pressure condition. The phonon dispersion calculations also show that C2/c phase is dynamic unstable. Furthermore, we confirm that Bi2Se3 possesses I4/mmm phase rather than Im-3m and 9/10-fold C2/m phase at high pressure. Combining the experimental and theoretical results, we determine the structural phase transition sequence for Bi2Se3 of R-3m → C2/m → C2/c → I4/mmm phase under quasi-hydrostatic pressure condition and R-3m → C2/m → I4/mmm phase under nonhydrostatic pressure condition. The dynamic unstability and pressure condition sensitivity of C2/c phase may be account for the absence of C2/c phase in the phase transition sequence under nonhydrostatic pressure condition. Our findings obtain the high-pressure phase transition sequences of Bi2Se3 under hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic pressure condition, which can facilitate researchers to explore the novel properties in layered 3D topological insulators.
Giant Goos–Hänchen-like shifts at the merging point in strained graphene double barriers
Authors: Setare M R , Ghasemian Kh , Jahani D 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Tunneling and the Goos–Hänchen-like (GHL) shifts of quasiparticles through double rectangular potential barriers in mono-layer graphene under uniaxial strain were considered. Expressions for the transmission coefficient and the lateral shift of the transferred beam were obtained by considering the boundary conditions and the stationary phase method, respectively. Moreover, the numerical results of the transmission probability and the lateral shifts for three values of the merging parameter, δ were presented. It was observed, for two values of δ, very large shifts could be obtained and we found the demeanor of the GHL shift is adjustable by changing parameters and is influenced strongly by δ. Finally, our calculations were examined by the limit condition in accordance with the results obtained for a single barrier in presence of the strong uniaxial strain.
Theoretical study of tunable magnetism of two-dimensional MnSe2 through strain, charge, and defect
Authors: Xie Wen-Qiang , Lu Zhi-Wei , He Chang-Chun , Yang Xiao-Bao , Zhao Yu-Jun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide MnSe2 (2D-MnSe2) with Curie temperature approximate to 300 K has a significant spintronic application on thin-film devices. We demonstrate theoretically a tunable magnetic transition of 2D-MnSe2 between anti-ferromagnetic (AFM) metal and ferromagnetic (FM) half metal as strain increasing. Mechanism of that transition involves a competition between d–p–d through-bond and d–d direct interaction in 2D-MnSe2. Hole doping is an alternative way to enhance the stability of FM coupling. Adsorption (including Li, Na, Cl and F) and vacancy (Mn and Se) studies confirm that the controllable magnetism of 2D-MnSe2 is related to both interaction competition and charge doping. Tensile strains can greatly amplify through-bond interaction and exchange parameters, resulting in a sharp increase of Curie temperature.