bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of resveratrol‐mediated increase in uterine artery blood flow on fetal haemodynamics, blood pressure and oxygenation in sheep
Authors: Aujla Tanroop , Darby Jack R. T. , Saini Brahmdeep S. , Lock Mitchell C. , Holman Stacey L. , Bradshaw Emma L. , Perumal Sunthara R. , McInnes Steven J. P. , Voelcker Nicolas H. , Wiese Michael D. , Macgowan Christopher K. , Seed Mike , Morrison Janna L. 
Published: February 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Uterine artery blood flow helps to maintain fetal oxygen and nutrient delivery. We investigated the effects of increased uterine artery blood flow mediated by resveratrol on fetal growth, haemodynamics, blood pressure regulation and oxygenation in pregnant sheep.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Fetuses from resveratrol‐treated ewes were significantly larger and exhibited a haemodynamic profile that might promote peripheral growth. Absolute uterine artery blood flow was positively correlated with umbilical vein oxygen saturation, absolute fetal oxygen delivery and fetal growth. Increasing uterine artery blood flow with compounds such as resveratrol might have clinical significance for pregnancy conditions in which fetal growth and oxygenation are compromised.

AbstractHigh placental vascular resistance hinders uterine artery (UtA) blood flow and fetal substrate delivery. In the same group of animals as the present study, we have previously shown that resveratrol (RSV) increases UtA blood flow, fetal weight and oxygenation in an ovine model of human pregnancy. However, the mechanisms behind changes in growth and the effects of increases in UtA blood flow on fetal circulatory physiology have yet to be investigated. Twin‐bearing ewes received s.c. vehicle (VEH, n = 5) or RSV (n = 6) delivery systems at 113 days of gestation (term = 150 days). Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at 123−124 days to quantify fetal volume, blood flow and oxygen saturation of major fetal vessels. At 128 days, i.v. infusions of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine were administered to study the vascular tone of the fetal descending aorta. Maternal RSV increased fetal body volume (P = 0.0075) and weight (P = 0.0358), with no change in brain volume or brain weight. There was a positive relationship between absolute UtA blood flow and umbilical vein oxygen saturation, absolute fetal oxygen delivery and combined fetal twin volume (all P ≤ 0.05). There were no differences between groups in fetal haemodynamics or blood pressure regulation except for higher blood flow to the lower body in RSV fetuses (P = 0.0170). The observed increase in fetal weight might be helpful in pregnancy conditions in which fetal growth and oxygen delivery are compromised. Further preclinical investigations on the mechanism(s) accounting for these changes and the potential to improve growth in complicated pregnancies are warranted.
Immobilisation induces sizeable and sustained reductions in forearm glucose uptake in just 24 h but does not change lipid uptake in healthy men
Authors: Burns Aisling M. , Nixon Aline , Mallinson Joanne , Cordon Sally M. , Stephens Francis B. , Greenhaff Paul L. 
Published: February 2021

Key points
The trajectory, magnitude and localisation of metabolic perturbations caused by immobilisation (IMM) are unresolved.
Forearm glucose uptake (FGU) in response to glucose feeding was determined in healthy men before and during 72 h of forearm IMM, and the same measurements were made in the non‐IMM contralateral limb at baseline and 72 h. In a similar study design, FGU and forearm lipid uptake were determined after a high fat mixed‐meal (HFMM) in IMM and non‐IMM limbs.
FGU was reduced by 38%, 57% and 46% following 24, 48 and 72 h IMM, respectively, but was unchanged in the non‐IMM limb. A similar FGU response to IMM was observed after a HFMM, and forearm lipid uptake was unchanged.
A sizeable reduction in FGU occurs in just 24 h of IMM, which is sustained thereafter and specific to the IMM limb, making unloading per se the likely rapid driver of dysregulation.
AbstractThe trajectory and magnitude of metabolic perturbations caused by muscle disuse are unknown yet central to understanding the mechanistic basis of immobilisation‐associated metabolic dysregulation. To address this gap, forearm glucose uptake (FGU) was determined in 10 healthy men (age 24.9 ± 0.6 years, weight 71.9 ± 2.6 kg, BMI 22.6 ± 0.6 kg/m2) during a 180 min oral glucose challenge before (0) and after 24, 48 and 72 h of arm immobilisation, and before and after 72 h in the contralateral non‐immobilised arm (Study A). FGU was decreased from baseline at 24 h (38%, P = 0.04), 48 h (57%, P = 0.01) and 72 h (46%, P = 0.06) of immobilisation, and was also 63% less than the non‐immobilised limb at 72 h (P = 0.002). In a second study, FGU and forearm lipid uptake were determined in nine healthy men (age 22.4 ± 1.3 years, weight 71.4 ± 2.8 kg, BMI 22.6 ± 0.8 kg/m2) during a 420 min mixed‐meal challenge before (0) and after 24 and 48 h of arm immobilisation and before and after 72 h in the contralateral non‐immobilised arm (Study B). FGU responses were similar to Study A, and forearm lipid uptake was unchanged from pre‐immobilisation in both arms over the study. A sizeable decrement in FGU in response to glucose feeding occurred within 24 h of immobilisation that was sustained and specific to the immobilised limb. Increasing lipid availability had no additional impact on the rate or magnitude of these responses or on lipid uptake. These findings highlight a lack of muscle contraction per se as a fast‐acting physiological insult to FGU.
An Open Architecture Framework for the Integration of Virtual Prototyping Software Tools
Authors: Jayaram Uma , Jayaram Sankar , Tilton Donald , Seaney Kevin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The use of virtual prototyping tools typically results in products with lower costs, better quality, and shorter development cycles. However, there are many interface/configuration problems that occur in the process of obtaining a design solution using the typical gamut of virtual prototyping tools. This paper presents the architecture, design, and implementation of a framework to support the integration of the multiple software systems used in the virtual prototyping of mechanical components. Some of the virtual prototyping software systems considered in the implementation of this framework were customer input systems, solid modeling systems, finite-element systems, knowledge-based systems, NC code generator systems, and virtual assembly systems. There is a pressing need for the different software systems to talk to each other while transferring the required data at varying levels of abstraction without compromising data integrity.
Of special significance is the fact that the philosophy of the framework is widely applicable to any mechanical system, and is almost independent of specific software utilities. Thus, this design incorporates a clear path towards expansion to encompass other independent tools/systems. The architecture was designed using object-oriented methods. The framework was very successfully demonstrated for a well-defined subset of software systems being used at Isothermal Systems Research (ISR) Inc., a leader in proprietary spray cooling systems for multi-chip modules. This framework effectively supports the strong industry push towards integrated design, manufacturing, and virtual prototyping. The work presented in this paper was supported by an SBIR grant from the Department of Commerce, DOC contract 50-DKNB-5-00117.
Toward an Automatic Method of Geometric Error Analysis
Authors: Cardew-Hall Michael , West Geoff A. W. , Rolfe Bernard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper a method of determining geometric error components from a large amount of sensed (measured) data in line with a given tolerancing scheme is described. The approach is based on the deformation of a nominal CAD model to yield a deformation vector which quantifies the deviations in specified and constrained control parameters. The proposed advantages of this approach are that it allows analysis of measured data against a CAD model without relating specific data to set model features and that specific error modes are isolated in line with the tolerances applied to the CAD model.
Reconstruction of Sculptured Surface on Reverse Engineering
Authors: Wang Gou-Jen , Wang Chung-Chang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this article, solutions for redundant measured data elimination and surface reconstruction on reverse engineering are presented. In redundant data elimination, we propose a simple algorithm that can efficiently discard those redundant measured points according to the required degree of accuracy. While in the surface reconstruction, we try first convert all eliminated column or row data into spline (B-Spline, Beizer and Cubic-Spline) curves. Methods for two dimensional spline (u, v directions) curve construction are described. Non-meshed two dimensional spline curves are then blended to a surface model by formatting data points into a sparse matrix data structure. Experimental results show that the proposed characteristic points extraction method can remarkably reduce the reconstruction time only on the cost of a little extracting time and minor modeling errors. Comparisons among B-spline, Beizer and Cubic-spline on data structure, computing time, and accuracy demonstrate that the B-spline algorithm is superior to other algorithms in surface reconstruction.
Vertical Partnering Implementation for Supplier Integration
Authors: Gardner Ann , Nugent Nancy , Fitzgerald Edward , Laford Thomas , Babish James 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper will present an approach that takes the concept of vertical partnering first demonstrated under an AF ManTech pathfinder program and provides a plan for its commercial implementation. The vertical partnering concept provides small and medium-sized Enterprises (SME) secure access to Raytheon’s CAD / CAM software and engineering databases. The system is being extended from an X-based client / server technology to a World Wide Web (WWW) based system. This project establishes the first team of seven Raytheon suppliers using this system for actual product delivery. The Scranton Electronic Commerce Resource Center will provide the guidance and support necessary to make this approach available to all interested contractor / SME partnerships throughout the United States. It is anticipated that benefits will come from drastically reducing the time to move data from the procurement agencies to the subcontractors and from reducing the time it takes for the subcontractor to be able to assemble and comprehend data packages.
A Software Structure for JIT Supply Chain Production Synchronization System Using Internet and EDI
Authors: Yang Wensheng , Sarin Sanjiv 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a software structure for a fully computer integrated JIT Supply Chain Production Synchronization System using Internet and EDI technology. Forming a JIT supply chain makes the production scheduling activity much more complex because: (i) while a manufacturer is trying to synchronize its internal production activity, it needs to synchronize with the activities of external partners on the same chain as well; and (ii) under JIT, suppliers typically make smaller and more frequent deliveries, resulting in a significant increase in related business transactions and the variations of the inputs to the scheduling process is increased accordingly. This paper discusses why and how the application of Internet and EDI technology can improve the production synchronization of a JIT supply chain System. A software structure for system integration is also presented.
A Framework for Cooperating Engineering Knowledge Agents
Authors: Erickson Douglas M. , Brown Don R. , Hwang Kuo-Yen , Pan Yoong-Keong , Daga Anand 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Computers offer many tools to aid the engineer in producing better designs. Some of these tools are expert systems that, historically, have been expensive to develop and difficult to market. Other tools are complex, general-purpose applications that require training and expertise to be correctly applied to specific problems. A framework which allows such tools to cooperate in a networked environment would eliminate duplication of programming effort and allow cheaper development of expert systems. Being available on the Internet also offers an attractive means of distributing the product to engineers who need it. This paper describes a framework that allows engineering software on the Internet to cooperate in order to solve a user’s problem.
Flashover: A Study of Parameter Effects on the Time to Reach Flashover Conditions
Authors: Kim Hyeong-Jin , Lilley David G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Flashover is characterized by the rapid transition in fire behavior from localized burning of fuel to the involvement of all combustibles in the enclosure. The objective of the present contribution is to calculate the development of flashover in a typical single room fire, and show the effect of ten key parameters on the time required to reach flashover conditions. It is found that the major parameters affecting flashover are fire growth rate, ventilation opening area, and room area.
Mathematical Model of Diesel Engine Combustion Process: Part 1 — Theory
Authors: Danov Stanislav N. , Gupta Ashwani K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A mathematical model of combustion process in a diesel engine has been developed. The combustion process is considered to have both the premixed and diffusion flame. The combustion of fuel vaporized during the self-ignition delay period is modeled according to the conditions of premixed flame. A kinetic differential equation has been formulated for modeling this kind of combustion. The combustion of fuel during the injection process is modeled according to the theory of diffusion flames. This process is strongly influenced by processes of fuel injection, vaporization and diffusion. The atomization process is taken into account by means of the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of fuel droplets. The instantaneous vaporization rate is defined by the current values of temperature, pressure, concentration of fuel vapors and the mean fuel droplet size in terms of the SMD. The mathematical model includes differential equations describing the processes of fuel injection, vaporization, heat transfer and combustion in both the premixed and diffusion flame that takes place in the engine cylinder. The above equations are solved together with the differential equation of the first law of thermodynamics expressing the energy conversion process in the cylinder of diesel engine. The fourth-order Runge-Kutta method is applied for obtaining numerical solution of the system of differential equations. The analysis is performed on a PC using FORTRAN 90. The results have been simulated for a marine direct injection (DI) diesel engine (Model Silzer 6RLB-66) having a cylinder bore diameter of 0.66 m, and stroke of 1.4 m. The amount of fuel used in this engine during the experiments is 0.03785 kg per cycle per cylinder. The numerical experiments have been carried out for the effect of duration of fuel injection and the beginning of fuel injection (expressed in terms of degrees of crank angle before TDC) on the subsequent combustion parameters and the integral indicator parameters of the engine.
Numerical Solution of the Flow Between Two Disks
Authors: Ghaly Wahid S. , Vatistas Georgios H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the numerical solutions of converging and diverging flows, between two disks. The results are obtained by solving a nonlinear third order ordinary differential equation using a modified shooting method. The governing equation is written as a system of three nonlinear first order ODE’s and the resulting system is solved as an initial value problem via the Runge-Kutta method. The results are given in terms of velocity profiles and static pressure distributions. These are compared with previously reported experimental data obtained by others.
Mesh Construction Dedicated to a Multi-Representation for Structure Analysis Based on an Initial Polyhedral Geometry
Authors: Maza Stéphane , Léon Jean-Claude , Noël Frédéric 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present the first part of a new approach devoted to the generation of a data structure and operators for the hierarchical representation of 3D polyhedra. Here are described the treatments which allow to create some of the elements of this hierarchical model. At first, partitions of the initial polyhedron are mapped into planar connex hulls. Then, these domains are used like a piecewise parametric 2D space for subsequent polyhedra generations. In order to create such a mapping, the initial 3D polyhedron is partitioned to produce simply convex subsets which can be submitted to the parametrization process. The next step consists in the generation of a minimum representation of the initial 3D polyhedron. This representation forms the root of the hierarchical data structure. Then, the mapping obtained allows the construction of various polyhedral representations of the initial geometry. Criteria related to 3D parameters are used to generate the range of polyhedra. The reverse mapping (from 2D to 3D) helps reduce the computing cost required to generate 3D polyhedra. Each 3D polyhedron generation is carried out under 3D geometric criteria depending on the context. i.e.: structural analysis, levels of details of a geometric model, ... Among the goals of the hierarchical data structure, the unification and the inter dependency of the meshes required to carry out the structural analysis of a part occupies a central position.
Evaluation of Errors Resulting From Nusselt Number Assumptions in Coal Combustion Modeling
Authors: Sampath Ramanathan , Maloney Daniel J. , Zondlo John W. , Monazam Esmail R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The heat transfer model, for single coal particles subjected to rapid heating, developed in our previous studies assumed the steady state Nusselt number value of 2.0 in the analysis. However, in the case where temperature is changing very rapidly in the boundary layer, the steady state assumption may no longer be valid. In the present study, an unsteady state Nusselt number equation was developed near the boundary layer of the particle and was incorporated into the analysis. The temperature history for a 125 μm (diameter) carbon sphere with a density of 0.95 g/cm3 was modeled using this equation for a heat input of 1406 W/cm2. The temperature history for the same particle and input flux was also predicted using Nu = 2. It was found that the unsteady state equation does not improve the model performance. However, it does keep the theory more consistent with the experiment.
Kalman Filtering: A New Strategy for Building Global Approximations for Structural Optimization
Authors: Braibant Vincent , Leménager E. , Bouet Th. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses the use of Kalman filters as a new approach for building global approximations. Basic ideas and procedures of Kalman filters are first recalled. Next, key elements of how to implement the method for design problems are described. Finally, in order to evaluate the performance of the approach, an inverse problem which consists in optimizing a warhead with respect to constraints on the resulting projectile is solved. It is shown that global approximations are convenient for the solution of complex optimization problems and that Kalman filtering techniques appear a well suited strategy for the construction of global approximations in structural optimization.
Trade-Offs in Robust Engineering Design
Authors: Gold Steven , Krishnamurty Sundar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The ever increasing demands for improved performance in engineering design from an overall perspective requires a sophisticated automated design generation strategy that can effectively and efficiently incorporate concepts of uncertainty, quality and robustness into design. Engineering design optimization approaches that typically require modeling the problem in a single objective form become inadequate to address these multiple set of requirements. Instead, this research presents an alternative robust multiple-criteria based design approach. In this approach, decision models are formulated using utility functions that quantitatively represent designers’ subjective preferences and optimal solutions are then determined in a statistical exploration based iterative design of experiment set-up. The resulting Trade-off Based Robust Engineering Design (TRED) method is illustrated with the aid of an example design problem. The results indicate that the TRED approach can be expected to address some of the important issues associated with the engineering design of problems including tolerances, quality control and uncertainties.
Consistent Updating of Constrained Parametric Curves in a Variational Design System
Authors: Huffaker A. Vincent , Charny Leonid 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper demonstrates techniques to allow relations on parametric curves in a variational design system. Constraints on the curves, which are normally represented as constrained nonlinear optimization problems, are reduced to systems of nonlinear equations (using the necessary conditions of the NLP). Additional degrees of freedom are constrained through fairing the curve and the resulting NLP is also reduced to its necessary conditions. Although the solution set of the necessary conditions contains the optimum, it contains many other solutions as well. The COAST design consistency algorithm is reviewed and then extended to handle consistency when constraints take the form of relations between objects. An example is given involving distance constraints on Bezier curves.
Task Structuring Toward Computational Approaches to Product Variety Design
Authors: Fujita Kikuo , Ishii Kosuke 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses the direction toward computational approaches for product variety design. Product variety design here refers to an engineering challenge for designing multiple models simultaneously. This paper defines the formal representation of product variety design, and proposes a structure of design tasks involved in product variety. The analysis reveals several characteristics of product variety design, and identifies unique and essential tasks for simultaneously designing multiple models: correlation analysis, competing against system constraints, control variable selection, coverage distribution and combination selection. The paper closes with the scenario toward computational methods and difficulties to overcome for product variety optimization.
Fuzzy Tolerance Analysis of 3-D Mechanical Assemblies
Authors: Srikanth K. , Liou F. W. , Balakrishnan S. N. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Tolerance design is interdisciplinary in nature and is characterized by a highly uncertain environment. In recent years, fuzzy logic has appeared as a credible alternative for tolerance design. In this paper a fuzzy based tolerance representation scheme is presented to model three dimensional (3-D) tolerances. With this representation, relative assembly tolerance constraints can be expressed. A fuzzy tolerance generation and assignment process for assembly is discussed. Fuzzy tolerance equations are generated for 3-D assembly considerations. Manufacturing process information, along with uncertain cost information modeled in fuzzy terms, is added to the system to arrive at a cost-optimal tolerance assignment.