Monitoring, Measurement and Verification MMV: A Critical Component in Making the CO2 Sequestration Success
Authors: Tiwari Pankaj Kumar , Das Debasis Priyadarshan , Patil Parimal Arjun , Chidambaram Prasanna , Low Zoann , Azahree Ahmad Ismail , Amir Rashidi M. Rashad , Mohd Ali Syareena , Jaafar Azuddin Farhana , Mhd Shah Sahriza Salwani , Widyanita Ana , Abdul Jalil M. Azran , Abu Bakar Zainol Affendi , Abdul Hamid M. Khaidhir , Tewari Raj Deo , Yaakub M. Azriyuddin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe increasing atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas (GHG) is creating environmental imbalance and affecting the climate adversely due to growing industrialization. Global leaders are emphasizing on controlling the production of GHG. However, growing demands of natural gas, industry is embarking on the development of high CO2 contaminant gas fields to meet supply gap. Development and management of contaminated hydrocarbon gas fields add additional dimension of sequestration of CO2 after production and separation in project management. CO2 sequestration is a process for eternity with a possibility of zero-degree failure. Monitoring, measuring and verification (MMV) of injected CO2 volume in sequestration is critical component along with geological site selection, transportation, storage process. The present study discusses all the impacting parameters which makes whole process environment friendly, economically prudent and adhering to national and international regulations.The migration of injected CO2 plume in the reservoir is uncertain and its monitoring is equally challenging. The role of MMV planning is critical in development of high CO2 contaminant fields of offshore Sarawak. It substantiates that injected CO2 in the reservoir is intact and safely stored for hundreds of years after injection and possesses minimum to no risk to HS&E. The deployment of Multi-Fiber Optic Sensor System (M-FOSS) promises a cost-effective solution for monitoring the lateral & vertical migration of CO2 plume by acquiring 4D DAS-VSP (Distributed Acoustic Sensor – Vertical Seismic Profile) survey and for the well integrity by analyzing DAS/DTS (Distributed Temperature Sensor)/DPS (Distributed Pressure Sensor)/DSS (Distributed Strain Sensor) data.Simulation results and injectivity test at laboratory for in-situ CO2 injection has demonstrated the possibility of over 100MMscfd/well injection in aquifer to meet the total CO2 injection of 1.2Bscfd for full field development while maintaining the reservoir integrity. Uncertainty & risk analysis shows possible presence of seismically undistinguished fractures and minor faults, an early breakthrough of injected CO2 cannot be ruled out. The depleted reservoir storage study divulges the containment capacity of identified carbonate reservoirs as well as conformance of potential storage sites. The fault-seal analysis and reservoir integrity studies determine the robustness of the long-term security of the CO2 storage. Injectivity study demonstrates the optimum and maximum possible rates of CO2 injection into these depleted gas reservoirs. VSP simulation results show that a subsurface coverage of 3-4 km2 per well is achievable, which along with simulated CO2 plume extent help to determine the number of wells required to get maximum monitoring coverage for the MMV planning. The deployment of M-FOSS technology is novel and proactive approach to monitor the CO2 plume migration and well integrity. First ever development of MMV Planning for CO2 Sequestration in offshore Sarawak, Malaysia using novel and cutting-edge M-FOSS technology for proactive monitoring of CO2 plume migration and well integrity.