bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining the American crisis of policing: Media, malfeasance, and racial prejudice
Authors: Silva Andrea , Esparza Diego 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo include the factor of police malfeasance in the crisis of confidence in American police. Further, to explain the role of race, media, and contextual factors on individual perception of police performance. We argue that while the BLM movement was amplified by the deaths of Black people at the hands of police, it originates from the reality that police are continuously engaged in nefarious activities that wear down communities of color extensively.MethodsUsing the 2016 Collaborative Multiracial Post‐Election Survey (CMPS) and data on media reported police malfeasance in 2016 collected from the CATO institute, we explore the relationship between police malfeasance, race, and evaluations of police performance. We create two sets of logit regressions, one for all CMPS respondents and second, disaggregated by race to show the effects of media reported police malfeasance on respondent’s evaluations of police performance.ResultsIn the pooled model, we find a positive and significant correlation between poor police performance evaluations and incidences of police malfeasance. Further, substantive increases in the probability of rating police performance as poor are correlated with all respondents when disaggregated by race. We find a significant correlation among Black and White respondents, who are more likely to rate police performance as poor.ConclusionConventional narratives around the Black Lives Matter movement seem to show that deaths at the hands of local law enforcement “created” the BLM movement. We argue that the current delegitimating of police in terms of public support is related directly to police behavior themselves. Police malfeasance increases the likelihood of negative performance evaluations, thus undermining community trust in the police.
Sex‐dependent correlates of arterial stiffness in Tanzanian adults
Authors: Karand Julie C. , Reis Karl , Stephano Ponsiano F. , Gargurevich Nick , Zhou Joanne , Desderius Bernard , Fadhil Salama , Ladha Yumna , Rosengard Rachel , Kowal Daniel R. , Peck Robert N. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveArterial stiffness is a known indicator for cardiovascular disease. However, the factors that lead to arterial stiffening have primarily been studied in participants from high‐income countries. Here, we examine clinical and lifestyle metrics in relation to arterial stiffness in Tanzanian adults.MethodsWe performed pulse wave velocity (PWV), the gold standard measure of arterial stiffness, on 808 Tanzanian adults (ages 18–65) enrolled in a longitudinal cohort studying trends in blood pressure.ResultsAs expected, PWV was strongly associated with age, blood pressure and sex. We controlled for these factors in our statistical analysis. Lifestyle metrics were compared across multiple PWV quantiles. We found that determinants of PWV varied by sex: in female participants, PWV was associated with common obesity metrics and menopause, while in male participants, PWV was associated with HIV status and duration of anti‐retroviral therapy (ART). Further clinical and lifestyle factors such as marriage status and type of occupation were also significantly associated with PWV and moderated by sex.ConclusionTogether, our data demonstrate the importance of studying sex‐specific causal pathways for arterial stiffness and of including under‐represented populations in these studies.
Student-led rehabilitation groups and clinics in entry-level health education: a scoping review
Authors: Wynne Donna , Cooper Kay 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The purpose of this review was to identify, map, and describe the characteristics of student-led physical rehabilitation groups and clinics in entry-level health education.

Introduction:
Student-led groups and clinics for physical rehabilitation are an emergent phenomenon in entry-level health professional education. Data gathered in this scoping review aimed to provide an understanding of the range and scope of student-led groups and clinics within a physical rehabilitation context, and establish the evaluation undertaken to date from a student, service user, and stakeholder perspective. It also aimed to identify other important factors in the design, execution, and feasibility of the concept. Finally, it aimed to identify gaps in the literature that can be addressed by further research.

Inclusion criteria:
This scoping review considered studies and sources that identify student-led methods for carrying out physical rehabilitation for service users in either an exercise group or clinic environment. Students and groups/clinics on entry-level qualifying courses were considered. The review considered primary and secondary research in any paradigm as well as text and opinion articles.

Methods:
The JBI methodology for conducting scoping reviews was employed. The following databases were searched: MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, ERIC, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus. Searches were limited from January 1, 1998, to the date of the search (November 1, 2019). Non-English articles were excluded. To supplement the review, searches for gray literature were also undertaken. Data extraction was performed by two reviewers using a pre-determined data extraction form developed by the authors. The results of the review are presented in narrative form and supported by tables and figures.

Results:
This review identified 523 sources of information of which 111 were screened at full-text stage and 48 sources were eligible to be included in the final scoping review. A wide range of student-led groups and clinics that provide physical rehabilitation exist globally. Drivers for the clinics and groups vary; key aims included providing a learning environment for student skill development, serving as clinical placements, and providing a social enterprise. Evaluations focused on student experience, service user experience, and cost-benefit analyses.

Conclusions:
Student-led groups and clinics are at different stages of development and use within entry-level curricula. The objectives and drivers for groups and clinics vary worldwide; therefore, the evolution of groups and clinics has driven a wide range and number of models globally.
Warm-Up Intensity Does Not Affect the Ergogenic Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate in Adult Men
Authors: Jones Rebecca L. , Stellingwerff Trent , Swinton Paul , Artioli Guilherme Giannini , Saunders Bryan , Sale Craig 
Published: September 2021

This study determined the influence of a high- (HI) versus low-intensity (LI) cycling warm-up on blood acid-base responses and exercise capacity following ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (SB; 0.3 g/kg body mass) or a placebo (PLA; maltodextrin) 3 hr prior to warm-up. Twelve men (21 ± 2 years, 79.2 ± 3.6 kg body mass, and maximum power output [Wmax] 318 ± 36 W) completed a familiarization and four double-blind trials in a counterbalanced order: HI warm-up with SB, HI warm-up with PLA, LI warm-up with SB, and LI warm-up with PLA. LI warm-up was 15 min at 60% Wmax, while the HI warm-up (typical of elites) featured LI followed by 2 × 30 s (3-min break) at Wmax, finishing 30 min prior to a cycling capacity test at 110% Wmax. Blood bicarbonate and lactate were measured throughout. SB supplementation increased blood bicarbonate (+6.4 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval, CI [5.7, 7.1]) prior to greater reductions with HI warm-up (−3.8 mmol/L; 95% CI [−5.8, −1.8]). However, during the 30-min recovery, blood bicarbonate rebounded and increased in all conditions, with concentrations ∼5.3 mmol/L greater with SB supplementation (p < .001). Blood bicarbonate significantly declined during the cycling capacity test at 110%Wmax with greater reductions following SB supplementation (−2.4 mmol/L; 95% CI [−3.8, −0.90]). Aligned with these results, SB supplementation increased total work done during the cycling capacity test at 110% Wmax (+8.5 kJ; 95% CI [3.6, 13.4], ∼19% increase) with no significant main effect of warm-up intensity (+0.0 kJ; 95% CI [−5.0, 5.0]). Collectively, the results demonstrate that SB supplementation can improve HI cycling capacity irrespective of prior warm-up intensity, likely due to blood alkalosis.
Chemical Heterogeneity of Deposits Formed in the Flocculant Flow From Crude Oil, According to FTIR Microscopy and Chemical Imaging
Authors: Shalygin A. S. , Milovanov E. S. , Yakushkin S. S. , Martyanov O. N. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Asphaltene-containing deposits formed on the CaF2
window induced by n-heptane flow in a
microfluidic device have been investigated using an IR microscope and an imaging
macro chamber (IMAC) with FPA detection. This is the first example of the
ex situ infrared imaging of the deposits
from crude oil formed under dynamic conditions of flocculant flow. It has been
shown that fast aggregation of asphaltenes in n-heptane flow leads to the formation of deposit rich in
heteroatom-containing functional groups: (О–Н, N–H, C=O, C–O, and S=O).
Postpartum haemorrhage and associated factors among mothers who gave birth in South Gondar Zone public health facilities, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Dagne Asrat Hailu , Zewude Shimeles Biru 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundPostpartum haemorrhage is one of the direct and the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. There are many risk factors of postpartum haemorrhage, which vary in different settings. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess postpartum haemorrhage and associated factors among mothers who gave birth in public health facilities.MethodsA cross-sectional study was employed from 17 November 2019 to 15 February 2020. The study participants were selected using a systematic sampling technique. The data were entered and cleaned using EpiData V.3.1 then exported to SPSS V.20 for analysis. Factors associated with postpartum haemorrhage were selected for multiple logistic regression at the probability value (p value) of less than 0.2 in the χ2 analysis. Statistically significant associated factors were identified at probability value (p value) less than 0.05 and adjusted OR (AOR) with a 95% CI.ResultsThe mean age of participants was 31.3 (SD ±5.7) years. This study found that the prevalence of postpartum haemorrhage was 13.6% (67). Age of participants (AOR 12.5, 95% CI 4.0 to 38.6), disrespectful maternity care (AOR 8.4, 95% CI 3.2 to 22.0), labour induction and augmentation (AOR 6.97, 95% CI 2.34 to 20.8), the prolonged second stage of labour (AOR 9.9, 95% CI 2.6 to 37.1) and no antenatal care visit (AOR 10.1, 95% CI 3.4 to 29.7) were statistically significant associated factors of postpartum haemorrhage.ConclusionsThe prevalence of postpartum haemorrhage is high. The age of the participants, disrespectful maternity care, labour induction and augmentation, the prolonged second stage of labour and no antenatal care visit were independent predictors of postpartum haemorrhage.
Population rates of HIV, gonorrhoea and syphilis diagnoses by sexual orientation in New Zealand
Authors: Saxton Peter J W , McAllister Susan M , Thirkell Callum E , Ludlam Adrian H , Bateman Jerram P , Anglemyer Andrew T , Priest Patricia C , Sonder Gerard J B 
Published: September 2021

IntroductionGlobally, gay and bisexual men (GBM) are over-represented in HIV, syphilis and gonorrhoea cases. However, surveillance systems rarely provide meaningful measures of inequity, such as population-specific rates, due to a lack of sexual orientation denominators. HIV, gonorrhoea and syphilis are legally notifiable diseases in New Zealand (NZ); we calculate rates by sexual orientation for the first time.MethodsWe analysed 2019 national surveillance data on HIV, syphilis and gonorrhoea notifications disaggregated by sexual orientation. Unique health records identified duplicate notifications and reinfections. Missing data were imputed from known cases. We used the NZ Health Survey 2014/2015 to estimate population sizes by sexual orientation, measured in two ways (current sexual identity, sexual contact in the previous 12 months with men, women or both). We calculated notification rates per 100 000 for each sexual orientation subgroup and rate ratios.ResultsIn 2019, GBM accounted for 76.3%, 65.7% and 39.4% of HIV, syphilis and gonorrhoea notifications, respectively. Population rates per 100 000 for HIV were 158.3 (gay/bisexual men) and 0.5 (heterosexuals); for syphilis, population rates per 100 000 were 1231.1 (gay/bisexual men), 5.0 (lesbian/bisexual women) and 7.6 (heterosexuals); for gonorrhoea (imputed), population rates per 100 000 were 6843.2 (gay/bisexual men), 225.1 (lesbian/bisexual women) and 120.9 (heterosexuals). The rate ratios for GBM compared with heterosexuals were: 348.3 (HIV); 162.7 (syphilis); and 56.6 (gonorrhoea). Inequities remained in sensitivity analysis (substituting sexual identity with sexual behaviour in the previous 12 months).ConclusionGBM in NZ experience profound inequities in HIV, syphilis and gonorrhoea. Rate ratios by sexual orientation provide useful ‘at-a-glance’ measures of inequity in disease incidence.
Associations of tobacco retailer density and proximity with adult tobacco use behaviours and health outcomes: a meta-analysis
Authors: Lee Joseph G L , Kong Amanda Y , Sewell Kerry B , Golden Shelley D , Combs Todd B , Ribisl Kurt M , Henriksen Lisa 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveWe sought to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence to inform policies that reduce density and proximity of tobacco retailers.Data sourcesTen databases were searched on 16 October 2020: MEDLINE via PubMed, PsycINFO, Global Health, LILACS, Embase, ABI/Inform, CINAHL, Business Source Complete, Web of Science and Scopus, plus grey literature searches using Google and the RAND Publication Database.Study selectionIncluded studies used inferential statistics about adult participants to examine associations between tobacco retailer density/proximity and tobacco use behaviours and health outcomes. Of 7373 studies reviewed by independent coders, 37 (0.5%) met inclusion criteria.Data extractionEffect sizes were converted to a relative risk reduction (RRR) metric, indicating the presumed reduction in tobacco use outcomes based on reducing tobacco retailer density and decreasing proximity.Data synthesisWe conducted a random effects meta-analysis and examined heterogeneity across 27 studies through subgroup analyses and meta-regression. Tobacco retailer density (RRR=2.55, 95% CI 1.91 to 3.19, k=155) and proximity (RRR=2.38, 95% CI 1.39 to 3.37, k=100) were associated with tobacco use behaviours. Pooled results including both density and proximity found an estimated 2.48% reduction in risk of tobacco use from reductions in tobacco retailer density and proximity (RRR=2.48, 95% CI 1.95 to 3.02, k=255). Results for health outcomes came from just two studies and were not significant. Considerable heterogeneity existed.ConclusionsAcross studies, lower levels of tobacco retailer density and decreased proximity are associated with lower tobacco use. Reducing tobacco supply by limiting retailer density and proximity may lead to reductions in tobacco use. Policy evaluations are needed.
The $$\pi f_0(500)$$ decay of the $$a_1(1260)$$
Authors: Molina R. , Döring M. , Liang W. H. , Oset E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe evaluate the$$a_1(1260) \rightarrow \pi \sigma (f_0(500))$$a1(1260)→πσ(f0(500))decay width from the perspective that the$$a_1(1260)$$a1(1260)resonance is dynamically generated from the pseudoscalar–vector interaction and the$$\sigma $$σarises from the pseudoscalar–pseudoscalar interaction. A triangle mechanism with$$a_1(1260) \rightarrow \rho \pi $$a1(1260)→ρπfollowed by$$\rho \rightarrow \pi \pi $$ρ→ππand a fusion of two pions within the loop to produce the$$\sigma $$σprovides the mechanism for this decay under these assumptions for the nature of the two resonances. We obtain widths of the order of 13–22 MeV. Present experimental results differ substantially from each other, suggesting that extra efforts should be devoted to the precise extraction of this important partial decay width, which should provide valuable information on the nature of the axial vector and scalar meson resonances and help clarify the role of the$$\pi \sigma $$πσchannel in recent lattice QCD calculations of the$$a_1$$a1.
Radiating composite stars with electromagnetic fields
Authors: Maharaj Sunil D. , Brassel Byron P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe derive the junction conditions for a general spherically symmetric radiating star with an electromagnetic field across a comoving surface. The interior consists of a charged composite field containing barotropic matter, a null dust and a null string fluid. The exterior atmosphere is described by the generalised Vaidya spacetime. We generate the boundary condition at the stellar surface showing that the pressure is determined by the interior heat flux, anisotropy, null density, charge distribution and the exterior null string density. A new physical feature that arises in our analysis is that the surface pressure depends on the internal charge distribution for generalised Vaidya spacetimes. It is only in the special case of charged Vaidya spacetimes that the matching interior charge distribution is equal to the exterior charge at the surface as measured by an external observer. Previous treatments, for neutral matter and charged matter, arise as special cases in our treatment of composite matter.
GraphAttack
Authors: Manocha Aninda , Sorensen Tyler , Tureci Esin , Matthews Opeoluwa , Aragón Juan L. , Martonosi Margaret 
Published: September 2021

Graph structures are a natural representation of important and pervasive data. While graph applications have significant parallelism, their characteristic pointer indirect loads to neighbor data hinder scalability to large datasets on multicore systems. A scalable and efficient system must tolerate latency while leveraging data parallelism across millions of vertices. Modern Out-of-Order (OoO) cores inherently tolerate a fraction of long latencies, but become clogged when running severely memory-bound applications. Combined with large power/area footprints, this limits their parallel scaling potential and, consequently, the gains that existing software frameworks can achieve. Conversely, accelerator and memory hierarchy designs provide performant hardware specializations, but cannot support diverse application demands.
To address these shortcomings, we present GraphAttack, a hardware-software data supply approach that accelerates graph applications on in-order multicore architectures. GraphAttack proposes compiler passes to (1) identify idiomatic long-latency loads and (2) slice programs along these loads into data Producer/ Consumer threads to map onto pairs of parallel cores. Each pair shares a communication queue; the Producer asynchronously issues long-latency loads, whose results are buffered in the queue and used by the Consumer. This scheme drastically increases memory-level parallelism (MLP) to mitigate latency bottlenecks. In equal-area comparisons, GraphAttack outperforms OoO cores, do-all parallelism, prefetching, and prior decoupling approaches, achieving a 2.87× speedup and 8.61× gain in energy efficiency across a range of graph applications. These improvements scale; GraphAttack achieves a 3× speedup over 64 parallel cores. Lastly, it has pragmatic design principles; it enhances in-order architectures that are gaining increasing open-source support.
Low-Dose Radiotherapy Reverses Tumor Immune Desertification and Resistance to Immunotherapy
Authors: Herrera Fernanda G. , Ronet Catherine , Ochoa de Olza Maria , Barras David , Crespo Isaac , Andreatta Massimo , Corria-Osorio Jesus , Spill Aodrenn , Benedetti Fabrizio , Genolet Raphael , Orcurto Angela , Imbimbo Martina , Ghisoni Eleonora , Navarro Rodrigo Blanca , Berthold Dominik R. , Sarivalasis Apostolos , Zaman Khalil , Duran Rafael , Dromain Clarisse , Prior John , Schaefer Niklaus , Bourhis Jean , Dimopoulou Georgia , Tsourti Zoi , Messemaker Marius , Smith Thomas , Warren Sarah E. , Foukas Periklis , Rusakiewicz Sylvie , Pittet Mikaël J. , Zimmermann Stefan , Sempoux Christine , Dafni Urania , Harari Alexandre , Kandalaft Lana E. , Carmona Santiago J. , Dangaj Laniti Denarda , Irving Melita , Coukos George 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDeveloping strategies to inflame tumors is critical for increasing response to immunotherapy. Here, we report that low-dose radiotherapy (LDRT) of murine tumors promotes T-cell infiltration and enables responsiveness to combinatorial immunotherapy in an IFN-dependent manner. Treatment efficacy relied upon mobilizing both adaptive and innate immunity and depended on both cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. LDRT elicited predominantly CD4+ cells with features of exhausted effector cytotoxic cells, with a subset expressing NKG2D and exhibiting proliferative capacity, as well as a unique subset of activated dendritic cells expressing the NKG2D ligand RAE1. We translated these findings to a phase I clinical trial administering LDRT, low-dose cyclophosphamide, and immune checkpoint blockade to patients with immune-desert tumors. In responsive patients, the combinatorial treatment triggered T-cell infiltration, predominantly of CD4+ cells with Th1 signatures. Our data support the rational combination of LDRT with immunotherapy for effectively treating low T cell–infiltrated tumors.Significance:Low-dose radiation reprogrammed the tumor microenvironment of tumors with scarce immune infiltration and together with immunotherapy induced simultaneous mobilization of innate and adaptive immunity, predominantly CD4+ effector T cells, to achieve tumor control dependent on NKG2D. The combination induced important responses in patients with metastatic immune-cold tumors.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1
МРТ-діагностика плеоморфних аденом слинних залоз. Нові розширені критерії оцінки
Authors: Бродецький І. С. , Маланчук В. О. , Ребенков С. О. 
Published: September 2021

Резюме. Одним із важливих методів діагностики пухлин слинних залоз (плеоморфних аденом) на передопераційному етапі є магнітно-резонасна томографія (МРТ). Вона дозволяє визначити не лише локалізацію пухлини та особливості її структури, а й топографію навколишніх її тканин, визначити можливі зміни в них. Застосування МРТ у діагностиці плеоморфних аденом (ПА) слинних залоз дозволить розширити критерії її оцінки та визначити її особливості.
Мета дослідження – визначити нові розширені діагностичні критерії плеоморфних аденом слинних залоз за допомогою МРТ-дослідження.
Матеріали і методи. Матеріалом дослідження було 30 хворих із пухлинами великих слинних залоз (плеоморфні аденоми), які проходили лікування в КМКЛ №12 ЩЛВ № 2 в період з 2018 до 2020 року. Всі хворі пройшли загальноклінічне обстеження. Видалений матеріал підпадав патогістологічному дослідженню. Магнітно-резонасну томографію проводили на апараті MPT Toshiba Vantage Titan 1.5T.
Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. МРТ-дослідження, проведене хворим на плеоморфні аденоми слинних залоз, показало, що у всіх хворих пухлина була представлена у вигляді 1 вузла, із горбковою поверхнею та деформацією капсули у 20 (60 %) випадках, нерівномірністю капсули – (0,68±0,24) мм, та найбільшим розміром пухлини у вертикальній проекції – (25,32±11,11) мм, середнім співвідношення об’єму пухлини до об’єму залози – 0,24±0,27 (23 %), локальним розширенням проток залози біля пухлини у 15 (50 %) хворих, однорідністю пухлини без капсули – 183,7±85,47, середньою оптичною щільністю на Т2 TSE ВІ – 1428,8±881,69, коефіцієнтом дифузії, який можливо виміряти (x10-3 mm2/s) – 1,88±0,41, відстанню від поверхні пухлини до шкіри – (5,061±2,34) мм.
Висновки. Проведені МРТ-дослідження дозволи виділити 5 груп параметрів, які необхідно використовувати для опису ПА слинних залоз (загальні параметри пухлини, кількісні показники щільності пухлини; характеристика капсули пухлини; розмір залози, пухлини та їх локалізація; наявність запальних змін в тканинах, що оточують пухлину).