bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
O Novo Direito Internacional: aportes relacionados ao constitucionalismo multinível de Ferrajoli
Authors: Do Nascimento Valéria Ribas 
Published: July 2021

O estudo do Direito na contemporaneidade é marcado principalmente por características evidenciadas no período Pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial, sendo cabível afirmar que está surgindo o que se pode denominar de novo Direito Internacional para a pessoa humana ou para a humanidade como um todo. O “jus gentium” busca a superação do positivismo jurídico desacreditado, reconhecendo que acima da vontade dos Estados está a consciência humana. Nesse mesmo sentido, Luigi Ferrajoli afirma que o constitucionalismo tradicional, voltado apenas à perspectiva interna comporta uma ausência de eficácia nos diversos níveis de poderes estatais levando ao risco de fazer das Leis Fundamentais simples fachadas, com meras funções de “mistificación ideológica del conjunto”. Justamente como intuito de responder a esses problemas, Ferrajoli elaborou a teoria que leva o nome de “garantismo”, nascida no direito penal como uma constatação ao desrespeito dos direitos humanos e fundamentais. Posteriormente, apresenta o constitucionalismo multinível, como uma prosposta voltada à necessária conexão entre o direito constitucional e o internacional. Destaca-se que não se pretende esgotar o assunto, mas sim apresentar um outro horizonte que deve ser trabalhado na perspectiva cosmopolita.
Transfusão de sangue: dignidade e autonomia dos religiosos Testemunhas de Jeová
Authors: Rezende Vinicius De Paula 
Published: July 2021

Este estudo analisa se a dignidade e a liberdade dos religiosos, denominados Testemunhas de Jeová, possuem imbricação com a autonomia dos mesmos, quanto à escolha de tratamento médico. Deste modo, visa-se relatar a conceituação formal de direitos fundamentais, bem como delimitar suas características essenciais. Ademais, constitui objetivo desta pesquisa a compreensão da recusa à transfusão de sangue pelos mencionados religiosos, sob a ótica dos juízos integrantes da máxima da razoabilidade, consistentes nos juízos de adequação, de necessidade e de razoabilidade stricto sensu. A metodologia desenvolvida consiste na pesquisa teórica ou bibliográfica, a qual se sustenta por intermédio do levantamento bibliográfico feito para se obter parâmetros objetivos de interpretação razoável. Deste modo, utilizou-se o método dedutivo em razão de se considerar premissas universais (não existe ser humano que possua menos dignidade e liberdade que outro) com o escopo de se alcançar assertivas singulares (o religioso testemunha de Jeová possui dignitas na mesma proporção das demais pessoas de direito). Por derradeiro, conclui-se pela existência de direito de autonomia de transfusão de sangue, desde que respeitados os critérios jus-filosóficos da igualdade, democracia, paz e debilidade.
"Neo x neo": o papel da transnacionalização sindical nos debates teóricos das Relações Internacionais na década de 1970
Authors: Espósito Katiuscia Moreno Galhera 
Published: July 2021

O presente trabalho visa compreender e localizar historicamente alguns debates acadêmicos das Relações Internacionais em torno do fenômeno da transnacionalização das relações de trabalho ocorrido a partir da década de 70. Especificamente, o exame será realizado sobre a transnacionalização sindical, dentro de dois debates específicos: o (neo) realismo e o (neo) liberalismo, tendo como pano de fundo alguns acontecimentos memoráveis, como o descongelamento das relações Leste-Oeste sob a Guerra Fria, a Guerra do Vietnã, o Tratado de Não-Proliferação Nuclear, a Organização dos Países Exportadores de Petróleo, Bretton Woods, os New Industrialized Countries (NICs) e a Comissão Econômica para América Latina e Caribe (CEPAL). Tendo abordado os dois paradigmas, em um segundo momento, sob os auspícios da literatura neoliberal, abordaremos algumas questões que problematizam e enriquecem este debate: universalidade vs. relatividade; spillover vs. Exclusão; e soberania vs. intervencionismo. Ao final do artigo procuraremos demonstrar a efetiva internacionalização das demandas de trabalhadores, via estudo de caso (BASF), ocorrida justamente no período em questão (década de 70). O método utilizado será o indutivo. Partiremos da realidade concreta para formular conclusões que acreditamos parcialmente livres de preceitos prescritos.
Coalizões horizontais no marco sul-sul: reflexões sobre espaços estratégicos de cooperação
Authors: Zanella Cristine Koehler , Filippi Eduardo Ernesto 
Published: July 2021

Considerando a configuração das relações horizontais do tipo Sul-Sul implementadas a partir da década passada, o presente artigo procura contribuir para delimitar questões terminológicas e conceituais, bem como para refletir sobre a possibilidade de instrumentalização da cooperação para o alcance de diversos fins. Passa-se, então a considerar aspectos necessários à implementação da Cooperação Sul-Sul relativos a atores, setores e instrumentos e, por fim, procura-se desenhar um quadro de oportunidades e desafios que os países do Sul precisam considerar ao lançarem-se nas iniciativas desta natureza.
Editorial
Authors: Domínguez Martí 
Published: July 2021

By the end of 2018 we learned about the birth of two twins that had been genetically engineered using CRISPR to be immune to HIV. Despite the doubts regarding the veracity of the claims of the Chinese scientist in charge of the project, the news confirmed the urgent need to open a debate on the ethical, legal, and social dimensions of genetics, but also on other scientific advances that will undoubtedly impact our lives directly in the near future.
From Mètode Science Studies Journal we have always been committed to opening a space for science reflection and debate, which must provide society with the necessary tools to have an informed understanding to serve as a starting point when making decisions. These pages include a monograph focusing on the communication of biotechnology, which deals with how advances such as CRISPR, the use of animals in research, and biotechnological applications have been explained to society.
Biotechnology is not the only scientific breakthrough that will have consequences for our lives. The development of artificial intelligence in the fields of security, medicine, or transport makes it necessary to reflect on the application of these advances in our daily lives as well, as outlined in another of the special monographs in this volume.
Finally, the present issue of Mètode SSJ also includes a monograph on the concept of biodiversity. A new term to describe the era we are living at the moment, the Anthropocene, has been suggested. It is characterised by the deep footprint humans are leaving in the environment.
Once again, a few pages in which to reflect, analyse, and debate, a new opportunity to build a better science from the ground up.
Engaging Students in the Development of an Atmospheric Science Course: A Discourse Analysis
Authors: Tang Kuok Ho Daniel 
Published: July 2021

Aims: With increasing emphasis on learners-centered approach in teaching and learning, engaging students in course development and refinement is crucial. This study aims to foster a participatory approach in course development by engaging students in meaningful discourse at the early stage of an atmospheric science course.
Study design: This is a qualitative study which employed the grounded theory for data analysis.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in March 2021 in an international higher learning institution located in the Guangdong Province of China.
Methodology: This qualitative study invited a year 3 cohort of environmental science students taking an atmospheric science and pollution course in an international higher learning institution in China to participate in a meaningful discourse about the course in week 2 of the semester. Their responses were transcribed and the transcripts analyzed with NVIVO based on the grounded theory. The transcripts were coded, the themes were drawn and the relationship was probed.
Results: This study identified three overarching themes from the codes, namely assessment, course contents and learning activities, whose codes covered 4.5%, 17.8% and 23.1% of the text respectively. Codes for assessment comprise practical assignment and multiple-choice question, while those for course contents include black carbon, modelling, greenhouse gases, zero-carbon, and removal of Freon. Codes for learning activities include case studies, debate, field trips and quizzes. The words most frequently appeared in the transcripts are learning and field. The findings reflect expectations for interactive learning, simulation-based learning, authentic assignments and activities, experiential learning via field trips and problem-based learning. These are in line with the established pedagogies for environmental science.
Conclusion: This study shifts the paradigm of students’ engagement in the increasingly learner-centered educational setting where students are proactively involved in course development in the early stage of teaching and learning instead of reactively involved through feedback collection at advanced stages.
Physico-Chemical Properties of Biscuits Enriched with Dried Microwave-Blanched Fruit Peelings
Authors: Romelle Feumba Dibanda , Emmanuel Panyoo Akdowa , Bernard Tiencheu , Rani Aswhini , Moses Mbofung Carl 
Published: July 2021

Aims: To investigate the dough rheological properties as well as physical, nutritional, antioxidant and sensory properties of biscuits supplemented with dried microwave-blanched orange, apple and pomegranate peels at various levels (0-10%, wheat ﬂour substitution).
Methodology: Water absorption capacity and pasting properties of wheat flour blended with fruit peels were assessed using farinograph and micro viscoamylograph. Physico-chemical properties as well as antioxidant activities were measured using standard methods. The sensory analysis was performed by trained panelists.
Results: Water absorption capacity of the dough increased significantly with increasing levels of orange and apple peels while it decreased with pomegranate peels. However, peak, hot paste, cold paste and breakdown viscosities of the dough significantly decreased with increasing proportions of apple and orange peels while they increased with pomegranate peels. The breaking force and weight of the biscuits supplemented with pomegranate peels were the lowest. Supplementation of biscuits with fruit peelings enhanced the ash and fibre content of the biscuits but had no significant effect on their antioxidant activities except for biscuits containing 10% apple peels which had higher antioxidant activity compared to biscuit controls. Biscuits supplemented with 5% of fruit peels were the most appreciated in terms of surface character, crumb colour and texture.
Conclusion: This study showed that dried microwave-blanched apple peels can be incorporated into biscuits to enhance both their nutritional and antioxidant properties.
Effects of Different Types of Fertilizers on Rice Productivity in the Irrigated Perimeter of Toula (Niger)
Authors: Halidou Djabri Hassimiou , Abdou Maman Manssour , Mayaki Zoubeirou Alzouma 
Published: July 2021

AIM: Assessment of various fertilizers type effects on rice productivity in Niger.
Study Design: The experiment was laid by using a complete randomized block design with different types of fertilizers and was replicated four times.
Place and Duration of Study: The field experiment was conducted during the dry and wet season of 2020 on the irrigated perimeter of Toula (Niger).
Methodology: The experiment was performed with four treatments in complete randomized blocks. The treatments applied are: T1=Bokashi, T2=Compost, T3=Biochar and T4=NPK-Urea. The monitored parameters were the rice plant development cycle and agronomic characteristics. Observations of the crop evolution during the experimentation were recorded at regular intervals. The significance of treatment impact was examined by the statistical test.
Results: The results showed that bio-fertilizers had significant effects on 1000 grain weight and the length of the vegetative cycle. As for the chemical treatments, the effects were significant on most of the rice growth parameters (height, number of grains per panicle, number of tillers per rice plant) as well as on paddy and feed biomass yield. These results also showed a positive correlation between rice growth parameters and yield irrespective of the type of treatment.
Phenotypic and Genetic Study on Native Pigeonpea Germplasm of Chhattisgarh for Yield Attributing Traits
Authors: Pandey Vipin Kumar , Singh M. K. , Meshram Prakriti , Gupta Vishal Kumar , Singh Namita , Banjare Ashish Kumar 
Published: July 2021

Aims: To find out genetic variation of pigeon pea Germplasms population on Chhattisgarh, with H. armigera, M. vitrata Larvae Population.
Study Design: Augmented RBD Design in 4 block with 3 check varieties.
Place and Duration of Study: College of Agriculture Raipur, IGKVV, Chhattisgarh. During Kharif 2019-2020.
Methodology: The experimental materials were used 100 local landraces of Pigeonpea and three popular standard checks. The Morphological observations on various agro-morphological characters including qualitative and quantitative characters and Incidence of major insects of Pigeonpea were recorded.
Results: outcome of the study reviled that Incidence of major insect of Pigeonpea 10 genotypes of pigeonpea are resistant and 10 are susceptible occurred. Analysis of variance indicated that the mean sum of squares due to genotypes were highly significant for all the characters with p-value of 0.001 and some traits check varieties 0.001. Results of genetic variability analysis state that’s highest genetic advance as percent of the mean for traits are days to fifty percent flowering, plant height, seed protein content, and days to maturity.
Conclusion: The Pigeonpea accession used in the study revealed significant variability for most of the morphological traits. Amongst the genotypes studied, high coefficients of variation were observed for most of the characters studied indicating the existence of sufficient variability.
Knowledge Assessment Among Surgeons About Energy Devices Safe Use: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Aljohani Emad , Almadi Fahad , Watanabe Yusuke , Aldawsari Abdullah , Alsuwaigh Mohammed , Alanazi Rakan , Alwadani Salman , Alfayez Talal , Alanazi Ziad 
Published: July 2021

Objective
To assess the knowledge of general surgery trainees about the safe use of energy devices in 2 tertiary hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Background
Electrosurgery (ES) is the use of high-frequency electrical energy to achieve cutting and coagulation. This method has become ubiquitous worldwide for the purpose of achieving rapid hemostasis and rapid dissection of tissues.

Methods
Participants completed a 35-item multiple-choice question examination, testing critical knowledge of ES. The examination was developed according to the objectives and blueprints of Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons' Fundamental Use of Surgical Energy curriculum. Sections of the examination included the following: principles of ES, ES-related adverse events, monopolar and bipolar devices, pediatric considerations, and interference with implantable devices. Scores were compared between junior and senior participants.

Results
A total of 51 general surgical trainees from 2 academic hospitals completed the assessment; 15.69% of the participants correctly answered 30 of 35 questions, 39.22% of the participants responded correctly to 20 of 35 questions, and 45.09% responded correctly to fewer than 20 questions. It was found that 52.2% of the individuals with a low level of understanding were junior residents; 87.5% of the participants with the highest level of understanding were senior residents, with a significant P value of 0.04.

Conclusions
Most general surgery residents enrolled in the Saudi Arabian Board of Surgery lack adequate knowledge about the safe and efficient use of surgical energy devices.
Coffee Consumption and Incident Tachyarrhythmias
Authors: Kim Eun-jeong , Hoffmann Thomas J. , Nah Gregory , Vittinghoff Eric , Delling Francesca , Marcus Gregory M. 
Published: July 2021

ImportanceThe notion that caffeine increases the risk of cardiac arrhythmias is common. However, evidence that the consumption of caffeinated products increases the risk of arrhythmias remains poorly substantiated.ObjectiveTo assess the association between consumption of common caffeinated products and the risk of arrhythmias.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective cohort study analyzed longitudinal data from the UK Biobank between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2018. After exclusion criteria were applied, 386 258 individuals were available for analyses.ExposuresDaily coffee intake and genetic polymorphisms that affect caffeine metabolism.Main Outcomes and MeasuresAny cardiac arrhythmia, including atrial fibrillation or flutter, supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, premature atrial complexes, and premature ventricular complexes.ResultsA total of 386 258 individuals (mean [SD] age, 56 [8] years; 52.3% female) were assessed. During a mean (SD) follow-up of 4.5 (3.1) years, 16 979 participants developed an incident arrhythmia. After adjustment for demographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and lifestyle habits, each additional cup of habitual coffee consumed was associated with a 3% lower risk of incident arrhythmia (hazard ratio [HR], 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96-0.98; P &amp;lt; .001). In analyses of each arrhythmia alone, statistically significant associations exhibiting a similar magnitude were observed for atrial fibrillation and/or flutter (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96-0.98; P &amp;lt; .001) and supraventricular tachycardia (HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94-0.99; P = .002). Two distinct interaction analyses, one using a caffeine metabolism–related polygenic score of 7 genetic polymorphisms and another restricted to CYP1A2 rs762551 alone, did not reveal any evidence of effect modification. A mendelian randomization study that used these same genetic variants revealed no significant association between underlying propensities to differing caffeine metabolism and the risk of incident arrhythmia.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this prospective cohort study, greater amounts of habitual coffee consumption were associated with a lower risk of arrhythmia, with no evidence that genetically mediated caffeine metabolism affected that association. Mendelian randomization failed to provide evidence that caffeine consumption was associated with arrhythmias.
Burnout and metabolic syndrome among healthcare workers: Is subclinical hypothyroidism a mediator?
Authors: Tsou Meng-Ting , Chen Jau-Yuan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Evidence suggests that subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is associated with burnout and metabolic syndrome (MetS). We examined the relationship between burnout and MetS among healthcare workers (HCWs) and investigated the potential mediation of SCH.

Methods
This cross-sectional study included HCWs from a tertiary medical center; demographic data were obtained using a questionnaire. Burnout was evaluated according to the Chinese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory–Health Services Survey (MBI–HSS). MetS and thyroid function data were obtained from a physical check-up. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR), and mediation analysis was employed to examine the mediation effect.

Results
Among 945 non-doctor/nurse and 1868 doctor/nurse staff, MetS was 30% and 14%, respectively, and the prevalence of burnout was nearly 6.5%. The results showed that burnout induced higher aOR of MetS in the doctor/nurse group (1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-3.62). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) showed a positive association factor of MetS in doctor/nurse group-adjusted burnout (aOR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01-4.19). A higher TSH level was associated with an increased odds of MetS in younger doctor/nurse staff with burnout syndrome (aOR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.04-3.22). There was a borderline significant mediation effect of SCH in the association between burnout and MetS in doctor/nurse staff.

Conclusions
The results showed that higher TSH levels were positively associated with burnout and MetS in doctor/nurse professionals, especially in the young cohort. Burnout may rely on the borderline mediation effect of SCH, which is likely to affect MetS.
Tuning the Electrochemical Properties of Polymeric Cobalt Phthalocyanines for Efficient Water Splitting
Authors: Kim Yoonbin , Kim Daekyu , Lee Jeongyeon , Lee Lawrence Yoon Suk , Ng Dennis K. P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPolymeric metal phthalocyanines have great potential as electrocatalysts, yet their incorporation on a current collector without losing the activity of metal centers remains a challenge. Herein, a new strategy for preparing a series of polymeric cobalt phthalocyanines containing S linkers (pCoPc‐1) or SO2 linkers (pCoPc‐2) and their tunable electrochemical properties are reported. The pCoPcs coated on various substrates show favorable electrocatalytic activities toward oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions (OER and HER). Particularly, the pCoPc‐1 layer on Co3O4 nanosheet arrays exerts a cooperative effect enhancing both the OER and HER performances, and the subsequent phosphorization (P@pCoPc‐1/Co3O4|CC) significantly boosts the HER performance with enhanced hydrophilicity and conductivity. The high permeability and stability reinforcement of the pCoPc‐1 layer allow the phosphorization of underlying Co3O4 to CoP without degradation, which remarkably enhances OER and HER performances as manifested by low overpotentials of 320 and 120 mV at 10 mA cm−2, respectively. When engaged as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for the overall water splitting, the P@pCoPc‐1/Co3O4|CC requires a low cell voltage of 1.672 V at 10 mA cm−2, showing long‐term durability and mechanical robustness. This study demonstrates the collaborative catalytic role of polymeric macrocyclic compounds that offers versatile tunability and stability for various electrocatalytic reactions.
A Field Guide to Azopolymeric Optical Fourier Surfaces and Augmented Reality
Authors: Lim Yongjun , Kang Byungsoo , Hong Seung Jae , Son Heeju , Im Eunji , Bang Joona , Lee Seungwoo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOptical Fourier surfaces (OFSs) are used for various applications, from diffractive optics to augmented reality (AR). However, the current methods of fabricating OFSs primarily rely on lithographic photochemical reactions and etching. These methods are likely to fabricate digitalized binary reliefs, which cannot match the ideal surface profile of OFSs. Such a profile is the sum of sinusoidal surfaces with various spatial frequencies. As an exception, scanning probe lithography (SPL) is found to be compatible with OFSs. However, the accessible pattern area of the OFSs created via SPL is relatively small owing to the serial feature of the fabrication, which in turn results in an undesired and complicated Fourier spectrum. In this article, the holographic inscription is redesigned for the low‐cost, large‐area, and rapid prototyping of customized OFSs. To this end, an integrative pipeline is established across numerical design, material optimization, and the pragmatic considerations of optical processing. Then, a soft molding strategy is suggested for optically transparent and flexible OFSs and its use for easy‐to‐craft AR devices. Overall, this intuitive framework not only expands the scope of Fourier optics but also acts as a field guide to azopolymeric OFSs and AR technology for experts and newcomers alike.