bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellulose Nanocrystal Switchable Gel Improves CO2 Sweep Efficiency
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: December 2021

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 201609, “Cellulose Nanocrystal Switchable Gel for Improving CO2 Sweep Efficiency in Enhanced Oil Recovery and Gas Storage,” by Ali Telmadarreie, University of Calgary and Cnergreen; Christopher Johnsen, University of Calgary; and Steven Bryant, University of Calgary and Cnergreen, prepared for the 2020 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, originally scheduled to be held in Denver, 5–7 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
The entanglement of biopolymers is a well-known phenomenon that, when controlled, can result in a smart fluid with strong gelation properties. The authors write that, when a suitable salt is incorporated into the cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), the fluids undergo gelation upon contact with bulk-phase carbon dioxide (CO2) but remain a flowing liquid otherwise. In this study, this composition-selective trigger was applied to improve sweep efficiency in CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and sequestration.

Introduction
Hydrogels are hydrophilic structures that swell when hydrated and have various applications in industry. Hydrogels are of interest in EOR because of their ability to respond to stimuli such as pH, temperature, light, and ionic strength. CNCs are nanoparticles derived from cellulose, one of the more sustainable natural resources available.
CNC hydrogels could have specific applications as a solution to media het-erogeneity and poor gas-sweep efficiency. The hydrogels can be tuned to set over time, allowing the intentional placement of gels into already-swept areas of a reservoir. CNC hydrogels are unique in that they can be formed when contacted with CO2 and broken by the application of nitrogen (N2) gas. The pH of the solution will be increased as the nitrogen partitions across the gel, reversing the CO2 reaction. This gives the gel-forming solution the added benefit of being transmittable throughout a reservoir.

Material and Procedure
Spray-dried CNCs with an average length of 100–200 nm and a width of 15 nm were used. Imidazole was used as the salt mixed with water and CNC suspension to create a pH-triggered gel system. CO2 gas and N2 gas were used as received. Mineral oil with a viscosity of approximately 20 cp was used at the oil phase. Solution preparation, and the process for gel strength in bulk testing, are provided in the complete paper.
All tests were performed at a pressure of 400 psi and an ambient temperature of 21°C. Two sets of flow experiments were performed. The first included flow in a single sandpack saturated with water to investigate the in-situ gelation and reversibility of the gel. The second set used a dual-sandpack system. The shorter sandpack with higher permeability was saturated with water to create a path of less resistance compared with the longer sandpack with lower permeability saturated with viscous oil. Further details of these experiments are provided in the complete paper.
Strategy Targets Risk Management for CO2 Waterless Fracturing
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: December 2021

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 30437, “Risk Management and Control for CO2 Waterless Fracturing,” by Siwei Meng, Qinghai Yang, SPE, and Yongwei Duan, PetroChina, et al., prepared for the 2020 Offshore Technology Conference Asia, originally scheduled to be held in Kuala Lumpur, 2–6 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2020 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission.
Given shortages and uneven distribution of water resources in China, efforts must be made to develop waterless fracturing techniques. The fluid experiences high pressures and low temperatures during carbon dioxide (CO2) waterless fracturing operations, which can lead to accidents and environmental pollution. In the complete paper, a safety-management approach and a contingency plan for such operations are developed. At the time of writing, this CO2 waterless fracturing methodology has been completed successfully more than 20 times.

Surface Process Work Flow of CO2 Waterless Fracturing
The basic process of a CO2 waterless fracturing operation is shown in Fig. 1. First, several CO2 storage tanks are connected in parallel. The booster, sealed blender, fracturing pump (all mounted on trunks), and wellhead equipment are connected. The measuring trunk communicates with each vehicle to monitor operation status. Proppant is put into the sealed blender, into which liquid CO2 is injected for pre-cooling. Pump testing is conducted on the high-pressure line and the wellhead and the low-pressure liquid supply line is pressure-tested. Operation does not proceed until pressure-testing results are positive. Afterward, liquid CO2 is injected into formations to fracture them and, moreover, extend created fractures. The sealed blender is enabled to inject prop-pants, and displacement begins after the end of proppant injection. Finally, a series of tasks, including well shut-in for soaking and flowback, is carried out successively.
New Technology Yields High-Resolution 3D Modeling for Fracture Analyses
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: December 2021

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 203108, “High-Resolution Fracture Analyses and 3D DMX DFN Modeling of Triassic Dolomites, Wadi Bih, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE,” by Janpieter van Dijk and Raffik Lazzar, GeoModl, prepared for the 2020 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, held virtually 9–12 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
The complete paper outlines a high-resolution 3D fracture modeling exercise using the DMX protocol applied to Triassic dolomites of the United Arab Emirates. The outcropping rocks show a low primary porosity, are well bedded, and are highly fractured (jointed) up to centimeter scale. The exercise shows the relevance of applying new technologies to outcrop observations and shows several elements and related technologies that, to the authors’ knowledge, have not been presented previously.

Introduction
The focus area of the complete paper is a small outcrop situated in Wadi Bih in the territory of Ras Al Khaimah (Fig. 1) along a small road near a recently constructed artificial lake. This outcrop, which is approximately 150 m2 in size, shows well-bedded, highly fractured Triassic dolomites. Both section views and bedding-plane views can be observed. The outcrop was selected because it represents an analog of the Triassic Khuff formation, an important hydrocarbon-producing reservoir in the region. The outcrop is easily accessible and displays a clearly defined fracture (joint) network with recognizable sets, also showing truncation relationships between fractures, joints, and bedding that can be examined.

Geological Context
The area shows a complete series of Permian to Cretaceous, mostly carbonate sediments, outcropping in a series of north/south to north-northeast/south-southwest anticlines and synclines bounded by mostly west-vergent thrust faults. The Wadi Bih outcrop is situated on the moderately east-dipping flank of the north/south-trending Hagab Anticline, also called the Hagil Window after the area of the nearby Wadi Hagil, where the deepest Permian series are outcropping in the core of the anticline. This anticline is situated on the foot-wall of a major north/south-trending thrust fault.
The geological history of the area is connected to the initial Mesozoic deposition of the series on the shelf area along the northeast flank of the Arabian shield.
In the outcrop study, the focus is on the joint network. The authors write that this network is tilted together with the bedding as part of the flank of the anticline. No relation can be detected between the joint network sets and the fault and anticline axis pattern dominating the area. The joint network, therefore, most probably was formed in the early stages after lithification and dolomitization of the rock.
Anatomical Characteristics and Potential Gene Mutation Sites of a Familial Recurrent Patellar Dislocation
Authors: Zhang Qi-hao , Zhang Yan , He Rui-xuan , Wang Xin-guang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background

Recurrent patellar dislocation is the result of anatomical alignment and imbalance of restraint of bone and soft tissue. To investigate the anatomical characteristics of the knee joint in a family of patients with recurrent patella dislocation, and to screen the possible pathogenic genes in this family by whole exon sequencing in 4 patients and 4 healthy subjects, so as to provide theoretical basis for the pathogenesis of this disease.
Methods

The data related to patella dislocation were measured by imaging data. The peripheral blood DNA of related family members was extracted for full exon sequencing, and then the sequencing results were compared with the human database. By filtering out synonymous mutations and high-frequency mutations, and then integrating single nucleotide non-synonymous mutations of family members, disease-causing genes were found.
Results

All patients in this family have different degree of abnormal knee anatomy, which is closely related to patella dislocation. The sequencing results of patients and normal persons in this patella dislocation family were compared and analyzed, and the data were filtered through multiple biological databases. Find HOXB9(NM_024017.4:p.Glu135Gly/c.404A>G),COL1A1(NM_000088.3:p.Ala1256 Thr/c.3766G>A),GNPAT(NM_014236.3:p.Asp519Gly/c1556A>G),NANS(NM_018946.3:p.Glu68Asp/c.204G>C),SLC26A2(NM_000112.3:p.Thr689Ser/c.2065A>T) are not synonymous mutations (MISSENSE). Through Sanger sequencing, HOXB9 and SLC26A2 genes were found to be the pathogenic genes of this family with recurrent patella dislocation.
Conclusions

The anatomical structure of the knee joint of patients with recurrent patellar dislocation in this family is obviously abnormal. HOXB9 mutation may be the high frequency pathogenic gene of recurrent patella dislocation in this family, while COL1A1, GNPAT, NAans, SLC26A2 gene may be the sporadical pathogenic gene.
Producing Medicinal Phytochemicals from Phyllanthus acuminatus in Plant - Cell Suspension Cultures
Authors: Gallegos-Ordóñez Astrid Larissa , Sánchez-Kopper Andrés , Jiménez-Quesada Karol , Garro-Monge Giovanni 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Pharmaceutical use is not feasible for important medicinal compounds derived from certain plant materials, including Phyllanthus acuminatus roots, due to their low natural abundance. New technologies in non-traditional biomass generation are needed to produce these remarkable natural compounds. Therefore, this article describes a methodology for establishing Phyllanthus acuminatus plant-cell suspensions from callus cultures: An evaluation on inoculum concentration and agitation speed displayed significant changes in plant cell growth kinetics. It was determined that treatment with 2 g of inoculum in 25 mL of medium and 100 rpm agitation creates the best conditions for generating thick cell suspensions. Likewise, treatment with 2 g of inoculum and 120 rpm agitation produces the best conditions for establishing fine cell suspensions. Phytochemical comparison through high-resolution mass spectrometry of P. acuminatus roots and plant cell suspension extracts confirmed presence in the plant cell culture of multiple phyllantostatins of pharmaceutical interest. Here, we demonstrate that Phyllanthus acuminatus can be cultured in plant cell suspensions to produce secondary metabolites of medical interest – technology that could be scaled up for implementation in industrial bioprocesses.
Safety Comparison of Conventional Versus Extended Infusion of Pulse Methylprednisolone in Multiple Sclerosis Exacerbation Retrospective Study
Authors: Alabd Haider , Barakat Lolwa , S Bhagya , Chandra Prem , Khalil Mohamed , Elshafei Mohamed Nabil 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Objective: - To ascertain the adverse events and changes in vital signs (heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and serum potassium level during and after intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) in multiple sclerosis exacerbation.Design: retrospective review study conducted at Hamad General Hospital (HGH), all patients who are admitted 2019-2020 with MS exacerbation without any other comorbidities will be categorized into 2 groups depending on infusion rate, one group received conventional intravenous methylprednisolone pulse dose over 30minutes to one hour, while the second group received methylprednisolone pulse dose intravenously over an extended period)(four to six hours). Multiple readings of vital signs and, potassium level through steroid administration time will be assessed to determine if there is an infusion-related significant difference in adverse events between both groups.Methods: 74 adult patients with MS relapse who have been admitted at Hamad General Hospital (HGH) and satisfied pre-specified inclusion criteria were invited to participate in the study.Results: 74 patients with MS included in the study, 61 patients (83.6%) were received methylprednisolone dose 500 mg -1000 mg in conventional infusion rate while 12 patients (16.4%) were received pulse steroid in extended duration. There was no significant difference in mean blood pressure before and after IVMP in both groups. There was a small but statistically significant increase in mean heart rate in the conventional group immediately after first and second but not 3rd dose of IVMP compared to baseline 3.5± 8.9 and 4.85± 13.9 P < 0.003. There was a minimal non-significant increase in potassium level in the conventional group (P = 0.17), while there is a non-significant decrease in potassium level in the extended group (P=0.72).Conclusion: IVMP is considered safe and effective in the treatment of MS exacerbation regardless of intravenous infusion duration. There was no significant difference in vital signs among different infusion rates. However, there was a small but statistically significant increase in mean heart rate in the conventional group immediately after first and second but not 3rd dose of IVMP compared to baseline. No significant difference was observed in potassium levels before and after IVMP. We, therefore, recommend that potassium level monitoring should be only restricted to patients with other risk factors of hypokalemia.
Identification of the Potential Biomarkers in Barrett’S Esophagus Derived Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Yi Nan , He Juan , Xie Xike , Liang Liexin , Zuo Guowen , Xiong Mingyue , Liang Yunxiao , Yi Tingzhuang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Clinically, almost 50% of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) originates from the progression of Barrett’s esophagus (BE). EAC is often diagnosed at late stages and is related to dismal prognosis. However, there are still no effective strategies for stratification and therapy in BE derived EAC (BE-EAC). Two public datasets (GSE26886 and GSE37200) are analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between BE and EAC. A series of bioinformatics analyses are performed to explore potential biomarkers associated with BE-EAC. 27 up- and 104 down-regulated genes are identified between GSE26886 and GSE37200. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicate that the DEGs are highly involved in tumorigenesis. Subsequently, Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) is performed to explore the potential genes related to BE-EAC, which are further validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. 5 up-regulated genes (MYO1A, ACE2, COL1A1, LGALS4, and ADRA2A) and 3 down-regulated genes (AADAC, RAB27A, and P2RY14) were found in BE-EAC. Among them, the expression level of AADAC, ACE2 and ADRA2A show a significant correlation with patients’ survival probability. In conclusion, MYO1A, ACE2, COL1A1, LGALS4, ADRA2A, AADAC, RAB27A, and P2RY14 are potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in BE-EAC.
Creating Amylose-Free Barley Cultivars with High Soluble Sugar Content By Genome Editing
Authors: Li Yun , Jiang Yanyan , Fan Shiting , Gan Xiaolong , Cao Dong , Zong Yuan , Li Genying , Li Jianming , Liu Baolong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Amylose biosynthesis is strictly associated with granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) encoded by the Waxy gene. Waxy barley has extensive prospects for application in functional food development and the brewing industry; however, amylose-free waxy barleys are relatively scarce in nature.
Results
Here we created new alleles of the Waxy gene using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Mutagenesis of single bases in these novel alleles caused absence of intact waxy protein in grain of the edited line. Consequently, B-type granules disappeared. The amylose and amylopectin contents of the edited line were zero and 31.73%, while those in the wild type (WT) were 33.50% and 39.00%, respectively. The absence of waxy protein led to increase in soluble sugar content to 37.30% compared with only 10.0% in the WT. Typical soluble sugars, sucrose and β-glucan, were 39.16% and 35.40% higher in the edited line than in the WT, respectively. Transcriptome analysis identified differences between the edited line and the WT that could partly explain the reduction in amylose and amylopectin contents and the increase in soluble sugar, sucrose and β-glucan contents.
Conclusions
The barley cultivar with novel alleles of the Waxy gene contained zero amylose, lower amylopectin, and higher soluble sugar, sucrose and β-glucan than the wild type. This new cultivar provides a good germplasm resource for improving the quality of barley.
An Application of Geospatial Based MCDM Technique to Identify Landslide Susceptibility Zones in the Ragnu Khola River Basin of Darjeeling Himalayan Region, India
Authors: DAS SATYAJIT , ROY DIPESH , MITRA RAJIB 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Several natural disasters are taking place on the earth, and landslide is one of them. Darjeeling Himalaya is one of the world's young fold mountainous area, often suffering from landslide hazards. Hence, the study identifies the landslide susceptibility zone in the Ragnu Khola river basin of the Darjeeling Himalayan region by applying the geospatial-based MCDM technique. This research's major goal is to identify whether this GIS-based multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique is validated or not for landslide susceptibility zones (LSZ); if validated, then how much manifest for describing the LSZ in the study area. MCDM evaluation applies to determining weight value to integrate different thematic layers of river morphometry like Drainage Diversity (DD) parameters and Relief Diversity (RD) parameters. Both DD and RD have significant impacts on landslide intensity. Hence, both layers are combined using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) of the MCDM technique for the final LSZ. The final result has been validated by ROC analysis using landslide occurring point data obtained from the Geological Survey of India (GSI). The outcome of the study shows that1.45% and 17.83% areas of the region fall in 'very high' and ‘high' LSZ, which belongs to near Mull Gaon, Sanchal forest, and Alubri basty. Most of the area (47.70%) is observed in 'moderate' LSZ. Only 1.32% and 31.7% are kept in ‘very low’ and ‘low’ LSZ, respectively, through the study area. The description capability of the technique for LSZ is significant as the area under the curve (AUC) is 72.10%. The validation of the study using the frequency density of the landslides (FDL) also indicates the 'very high' LSZ is associated with the maximum (2.19/km2) FDL. The work will be needful to develop the overall socio-economic condition of such kind of tectonically sensitive region by proper effective planning.
Luteolin Reduces Blood Pressure via Down-regulation of Renal Angiotensin II Receptor and Mineralocorticoid Receptor Expressions in Rats Co-exposed to Diclofenac and Sodium Fluoride
Authors: Ajibade Temitayo Olabisi , AKINRINDE Akinleye Stephen , Adetona Moses Olusola , Oyagbemi Ademola Adetokunbo , Adedapo Aduragbenro Deborah A. , Larbie Christopher , Omobowale Temidayo Olutayo , Ola-Davies Olufunke Eunice , Saba Adebowale Benard , Adedapo Adeolu Alex , Oguntibeju Oluwafemi Omoniyi , Yakubu Momoh Audu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the modulatory role of Luteolin (Lut) on haemodynamic parameters and the potential mechanisms involving renal Angiotensin II (AT2R) and Mineralocorticoid (MCR) receptors in renal toxicity induced by co-exposure to Diclofenac (Dcf) and sodium fluoride (NaF) in rats. Male Wistar rats were administered with either vehicle (control), Dcf only (9 mg/kg orally) or concurrently with NaF (300 ppm in drinking water). Other groups were treated with LutA (100 mg/kg) or LutB (200 mg/kg) along with Dcf and NaF exposures. All treatments lasted 8 days, following which blood pressure indices were measured using tail-cuff plethysmography. Renal expressions of AT2R and MCR were studied with immunohistochemistry, while biomarkers of oxidative and antioxidant status were also measured in the kidneys. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in Dcf-treated rats, compared to control values. However, co-treatment with NaF or Lut restored these parameters. While the expression of AT2R and MCR was high in the Dcf and Dcf+NaF groups, treatment with Lut caused obvious reduction in the renal expression of these receptors. Increased lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde) and protein oxidation (protein carbonyls) with a lowering of reduced glutathione levels contributed to the renal toxicity of Dcf, which was significantly ameliorated in Lut-treated rats. The protective effect of Lut on blood pressure was probably mediated by stimulation of renal expressions of AT2R and MCR, reduction of oxidative stress and an improvement of renal antioxidant status.
Unique SARS-CoV-2 variant found in public sequence data of Antarctic soil samples collected in 2018-2019
Authors: Csabai István , Papp Krisztián , Visontai Dávid , Stéger József , Solymosi Norbert 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been going on for two years now and although many hypotheses have been put forward, its origin remain obscure. We investigated whether the huge public sequencing data archives’ samples collected earlier than the earliest known cases of the pandemic might contain traces of SARS-CoV-2. Here we report the bioinformatic analysis of a metagenome sample set collected from soil on King George Island, Antarctica between 2018-12-24 and 2019-01-13. It contains sequence fragments matching the SARS-CoV-2 reference genome with altogether more than half million nucleotides, covering the complete genome on average 17×. Preliminary phylogeny analysis places the sample close to the known earliest cases. The high sequence coverage rules out chance alignments from other species but possible laboratory contamination cannot be excluded. The sequence harbours a unique combination of mutations, unseen in other samples, so whatever its origin, it can add important piece of information to the puzzle of the ongoing pandemic.