bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geodesic deviation, Raychaudhuri equation, Newtonian limit, and tidal forces in Weyl-type f(Q, T) gravity
Authors: Yang Jin-Zhao , Shahidi Shahab , Harko Tiberiu , Liang Shi-Dong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe consider the geodesic deviation equation, describing the relative accelerations of nearby particles, and the Raychaudhuri equation, giving the evolution of the kinematical quantities associated with deformations (expansion, shear and rotation) in the Weyl-type f(Q, T) gravity, in which the non-metricity Q is represented in the standard Weyl form, fully determined by the Weyl vector, while T represents the trace of the matter energy–momentum tensor. The effects of the Weyl geometry and of the extra force induced by the non-metricity–matter coupling are explicitly taken into account. The Newtonian limit of the theory is investigated, and the generalized Poisson equation, containing correction terms coming from the Weyl geometry, and from the geometry matter coupling, is derived. As a physical application of the geodesic deviation equation the modifications of the tidal forces, due to the non-metricity–matter coupling, are obtained in the weak-field approximation. The tidal motion of test particles is directly influenced by the gradients of the extra force, and of the Weyl vector. As a concrete astrophysical example we obtain the expression of the Roche limit (the orbital distance at which a satellite begins to be tidally torn apart by the body it orbits) in the Weyl-type f(Q, T) gravity.
Bondi–Hoyle accretion around the non-rotating black hole in 4D Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity
Authors: Donmez Orhan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this paper, the numerical investigation of a Bondi–Hoyle accretion around a non-rotating black hole in a novel four dimensional Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity is investigated by solving the general relativistic hydrodynamical equations using the high resolution shock capturing scheme. For this purpose, the accreated matter from the wind-accreating X-ray binaries falls towards the black hole from the far upstream side of the domain, supersonically. We study the effects of Gauss–Bonnet coupling constant $$\alpha $$
α
in 4D EGB gravity on the accreated matter and shock cones created in the downstream region in detail. The required time having the shock cone in downstream region is getting smaller for $$\alpha > 0$$

α
>
0

while it is increasing for $$\alpha < 0$$

α
<
0

. It is found that increases in $$\alpha $$
α
leads violent oscillations inside the shock cone and increases the accretion efficiency. The violent oscillations would cause increase in the energy flux, temperature, and spectrum of X-rays. So the quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) are naturally produced inside the shock cone when $$-5 \le \alpha \le 0.8$$

-
5
≤
α
≤
0.8

. It is also confirmed that EGB black hole solution converges to the Schwarzschild one in general relativity when $$\alpha \rightarrow 0$$

α
→
0

. Besides, the negative coupling constants also give reasonable physical solutions and increase of $$\alpha $$
α
in negative directions suppresses the possible oscillation observed in the shock cone.
Shedding Light on Mutant Clonal Dynamics and Cancer Risk in the Skin
Authors: De Dominici Marco , DeGregori James 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Summary:
In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Fowler and colleagues conduct a thorough characterization of the dynamics of mutant clones in phenotypically normal human skin. Their results extend previous studies by showing that human skin is composed in large part of clones harboring mutations frequently observed in human cancer, while at the same time they uncover a previously unappreciated biological heterogeneity among nearby clones and across different body sites.
See related article by Fowler et al., p. 340.
Mindfulness, promoção da saúde e semiótica: bases para modelos comunicacionais em saúde online
Authors: Martins Patricia Silveira , Tárcia Rita Maria Lino , Pereira Daniervelin Renata Marques , Salvo Vera Lúcia Morais Antônio de , Silva Daniela Ferreira Araújo , Hirayama Márcio Sussumu , Oliveira Ricardo Monezi Julião de , Paula Ana Cristina Bastos Ferreira de , Cebolla Ausiàs , Baños Rosa , Garcia-Campayo Javier , Demarzo Marcelo Marcos Piva 
Published: February 2021

Objetivo: identificar como o texto verbo-visual do curso produz sentidos e como isso pode auxiliar na construção do design de outros cursos. Método: foi feita a análise semiótica de duas práticas e de um print de tela do curso denominadoPrograma de Autocuidado Baseado em Mindfulness, na modalidade Educação à Distância, desenvolvido pelo CentroBrasileiro de Mindfulness e Promoção da Saúde (“Mente Aberta”), do Departamento de Medicina Preventiva da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Foram avaliados os elementos estéticos que contribuiriam para a construção de um ambiente de prática eufórico (ligado à saúde) e estabelecidas relações entre o plano de conteúdo e o plano de expressão das práticas, responsáveis pela construção de um sistema semissimbólico. Resultados: confirmou-se a valorização de uma estética da simplicidade de cores eformas que converge para uma afirmação dos valores calma e bem-estar compatíveis com as práticas de mindfulness. Conclusão: a partir dessa análise, busca-se refletir sobre asbases para o desenvolvimento de modelos comunicacionais relacionados à promoção da saúde em ambiente digital.
Better Understanding the Disparity Associated With Black Race in Heart Transplant Outcomes
Authors: Maredia Hasina , Bowring Mary Grace , Massie Allan B. , Bae Sunjae , Kernodle Amber , Oyetunji Shakirat , Merlo Christian , Higgins Robert S.D. , Segev Dorry L. , Bush Errol L. 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Black heart transplant recipients have higher risk of mortality than White recipients. Better understanding of this disparity, including subgroups most affected and timing of the highest risk, is necessary to improve care of Black recipients. We hypothesize that this disparity may be most pronounced among young recipients, as barriers to care like socioeconomic factors may be particularly salient in a younger population and lead to higher early risk of mortality.

Methods:
We studied 22 997 adult heart transplant recipients using the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data from January 2005 to 2017 using Cox regression models adjusted for recipient, donor, and transplant characteristics.

Results:

Among recipients aged 18 to 30 years, Black recipients had 2.05-fold (95% CI, 1.67–2.51) higher risk of mortality compared with non-Black recipients (
P
<0.001, interaction
P
<0.001); however, the risk was significant only in the first year post-transplant (first year: adjusted hazard ratio, 2.30 [95% CI, 1.60–3.31],
P
<0.001; after first year: adjusted hazard ratio, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.54–1.29];
P
=0.4). This association was attenuated among recipients aged 31 to 40 and 41 to 60 years, in whom Black recipients had 1.53-fold ([95% CI, 1.25–1.89]
P
<0.001) and 1.20-fold ([95% CI, 1.09–1.33]
P
<0.001) higher risk of mortality. Among recipients aged 61 to 80 years, no significant association was seen with Black race (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.12 [95% CI, 0.97–1.29];
P
=0.1).

Conclusions:
Young Black recipients have a high risk of mortality in the first year after heart transplant, which has been masked in decades of research looking at disparities in aggregate. To reduce overall racial disparities, clinical research moving forward should focus on targeted interventions for young Black recipients during this period.
Maturation of the Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Activity in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Harteveld Lisette M. , Nederend Ineke , ten Harkel Arend D. J. , Schutte Nienke M. , de Rooij Susanne R. , Vrijkotte Tanja G. M. , Oldenhof Helena , Popma Arne , Jansen Lucres M. C. , Suurland Jill , Swaab Hanna , de Geus Eco J. C. , Prätzlich Martin , Ackermann Katharina , Baker Rosalind , Batchelor Molly , Baumann Sarah , Bernhard Anka , Clanton Roberta , Dikeos Dimitris , Dochnal Roberta , Fehlbaum Lynn Valérie , Fernández‐Rivas Aranzazu , Gonzalez Karen , González de Artaza‐Lavesa Maider , Guijarro Silvina , Gundlach Malou , Herpertz‐Dahlmann Beate , Hervas Amaia , Kersten Linda , Kohls Gregor , Konsta Angeliki , Lazaratou Helen , Kerexeta‐Lizeaga Iñaki , Martinelli Anne , van Nimwegen Tisse , Puzzo Ignazio , Raschle Nora Maria , Rogers Jack , Siklósi Réka , Smaragdi Areti , Steppan Martin , De Brito Stephane , Fairchild Graeme , Kieser Meinhard , Konrad Kerstin , Freitag Christine , Stadler Christina 
Published: February 2021

Background
Despite the increasing interest in cardiac autonomic nervous activity, the normal development is not fully understood. The main aim was to determine the maturation of different cardiac sympathetic‐(SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity parameters in healthy patients aged 0.5 to 20 years. A second aim was to determine potential sex differences.

Methods and Results
Five studies covering the 0.5‐ to 20‐year age range provided impedance‐ and electrocardiography recordings from which heart rate, different PNS‐parameters (eg, respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and an SNS‐parameter (pre‐ejection period) were collected. Age trends were computed in the mean values across 12 age‐bins and in the age‐specific variances. Age was associated with changes in mean and variance of all parameters. PNS‐activity followed a cubic trend, with an exponential increase from infancy, a plateau phase during middle childhood, followed by a decrease to adolescence. SNS‐activity showed a more linear trend, with a gradual decrease from infancy to adolescence. Boys had higher SNS‐activity at ages 11 to 15 years, while PNS‐activity was higher at 5 and 11 to 12 years with the plateau level reached earlier in girls. Interindividual variation was high at all ages. Variance was reasonably stable for SNS‐ and the log‐transformed PNS‐parameters.

Conclusions
Cardiac PNS‐ and SNS‐activity in childhood follows different maturational trajectories. Whereas PNS‐activity shows a cubic trend with a plateau phase during middle childhood, SNS‐activity shows a linear decrease from 0.5 to 20 years. Despite the large samples used, clinical use of the sex‐specific centile and percentile normative values is modest in view of the large individual differences, even within narrow age bands.
Activists on the High Seas: Reinventing International Law from the Mare Liberum?
Authors: Mégret Frédéric 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article discusses the implications of a modality of civil society activism involving direct action in the High Seas. It focuses on three case studies: Sea Shepherd, SOS Méditérannée, and Women on Waves. All three directly challenge states’ claimed monopoly on the enforcement but also the interpretation and production of international law. They insist that they have stepped in only to fill a gap left by states’ inattention to their obligations. The article examines how their authority to do so is and might be justified, and whether it is emblematic of broader developments in international law that are merely made particularly visible on the High Seas.
Classificatie van Naamwoorden en Dingen in Het Bantoe (1)
Authors: Schadeberg Thilo C. 
Published: February 2021

Classification of nouns and things in Bantu
Is there a semantic foundation for the system of noun classes and genders found in Bantu (and in Niger-Congo-Kordofanian) ? This question has intensely occupied many bantuists for over a century. Fundamentalist, mentalistic, and ethnosemantic approaches were used to construct explanations. The present paper reviews several such approaches, giving particular emphasis to some old and recent Dutch contributions to this field.
De Karisimbi, Een Recente Vulkaan van Het Virungagebied (Rwanda, Zaire)
Authors: de Mulder Mark 
Published: February 2021

Karisimbi, A Recent Volcano of the Virunga Area (Rwanda, Zaire)
This paper deals with the geological structure and the petrologic evolution of Karisimbi, the highest volcano in the Virunga region.
As this paper is intended to be understood by non-geologists, a brief review about the methods used by volcanologists, should make things clear for the reader. The field-work data enabled us to describe the morphology, structure and the evolution of Karisimbi.
The results of the laboratory studies are summarized in the section petrography – petrochemistry, where some problems concerning nomenclature and interpretation of chemical data are discussed as well.
Petrographical and petrochemical information leads us to the origin and the evolution of magmas, which is the ultimate purpose of every petrologist. In the case of Karisimbi, it is suggested that its petrologic evolution took place by simultaneous fractional crystallization and contamination by crustal rocks.
Finally, the ages of some typical Karisimbi lavas have been determined by a radiometric dating method (K-Ar), bearing in mind that large errors on these ages are inevitable.
Sociological and Organizational aspects of Fuel Wood Growing in Traditional Communities: The Case of Northern Togo
Authors: van Damme Patrick 
Published: February 2021

As in many other African countries, wood is the most important source of energy for the rural and urban populations of Togo. Traditional attitudes towards trees and prohibitive laws explain why trees are not planted “spontaneously” by local communities even though they are facing serious woodfuel shortage problems.
Promotion of tree planting has recently been taken up by government agencies and foreign funded projects. Most of them try to get local communities to plant trees, but their efforts are not always very successful. The reasons are manyfold:
- the lack of tradition where tree planting is concerned;
- the lack of familiarity with the proposed tree species;
- the “delayed reward” when trees have been planted;
- the abscence of a fuelwood problem, according to the local population;
- the location of the newly planted trees: near the house? at the roadside? round the field?
- the social organization of the community, and the traditional land tenure system;
- the lack of certainty about the ultimate rights to the tree and the possibilities to cut it;
- abscence of protection of the stands by a lack of motivation of the planter;
- in some instances: the price of the plants;
- the persons who are asked to plant the trees are not necessarily those that will have to cut them and use the fuelwood.
Recently, it has become clear that the key to successful reforestation lies within the local communities. Small scale approaches may well be the long term solution to the problem of fuelwood and energy supply, and involving women in the project interventions a further step in a more integrated approach. As it is, the recent “social forestry” approach might well be the long expected solution. To meet the objective of having people plant trees, however, it will be necessary to establish a good extension service which not only starts initiatives but also assures a thorough follow up once the planting has started.
The problems that have to be overcome - or bypassed - remain difficult, but recent experience has nevertheless given some insight in how to solve them!
La Creation de L’image des Cultures Non-Occidentales
Authors: de Baets Antoon 
Published: February 2021

Images of Non-Western Cultures. The influence of history textbooks on public opinion in Dutch-speaking Belgium 1945-1984.
This Ph.D. study tries to answer the question “Do history textbooks have an impact on people’s ideas about other cultures?”, by comparing the contents of a large sample of influential history textbooks and curricula (covering 1945-1984) with the results of a wide array of public opinion surveys about the Third World and immigrants (covering 1949-1987).
The theoretical part reviews ethnocentrism, cultural relativism and racism as dimensions of cultural images, focuses attention on the phenomenon and mechanism of influence, and assesses the place of the textbook in the complex network of factors acting upon youngsters and adults, inside and outside the school.
The methodological part discusses the value of the two sources (relevance, validity and reliability of surveys; availability and use of history textbooks; comparability of both). Universes of both sources are constructed and samples drawn from them. These samples are analysed with mutually attuned question batteries.
The double empirical analysis leads to two series of conclusions and trends that are compared with each other. Five parallel trends are found in textbooks and surveys (dominant but decreasing ethnocentrism; decreasing nationalism; absence of racism; poor awareness of other cultures; social-evolutionist thinking). They coincide in time, while, for textbooks to have influence, trends there should precede these in the public. Four other trends only partially coincide, or diverge. In the case of still two other trends, mutual influence could be plausibly postulated.
In globo, no firm evidence was found for the thesis that history textbooks autonomously influence the public. It rather is the general climate of opinion that, with years of delay, acts upon the textbook authors. The role of these authors, the immediate influences upon them (editors, curricula planners, academics, inspectors, teachers, parents and pupils), their biographies and their degree of representativeness vis-à-vis public opinion, are largely discussed.
As a conclusion, the study argues that, by presenting cultural diversity more accurately, new history textbooks could become master cards in the construction of open and tolerant intercultural views and mentalities.
Le Nouveau Visage D’une Vieille Maladie
Authors: de Schryver Antoon , Meheus Andre 
Published: February 2021

New Aspects of an Old Disease.
Pian, Endemic Syphilis and Pinta: The Endemic Treponematoses
Yaws and the other endemic treponematoses (bejel or endemic syphilis, pinta) are resurging in many countries of Africa. Today there are more than 2.5 million cases of these diseases, 75% of them in children. More than 100 million additional children are at risk to these disabling and disfiguring infections which destroy tissue and bone.
In the 1950’s and 1960’s, through concerted efforts and leadership of UNICEF and WHO, more than 50 million individuals in 46 countries were cured and the diseases were brought under control or even eliminated from large parts of the world. Despite this success, endemic foci remained and in the last ten years there has been an alarming resurgence of the endemic treponematoses, in particular in parts of West and Central Africa.
Endemic treponematoses control is based on treatment with single-dose penicillin of the entire treponemal reservoir, and of all clinical cases and their contacts presumed to be incubating the disease. No instances of penicillin-resistance have been documented to date and these infections should be eliminated while the organisms still remain sensitive to penicillin. An endemic treponematoses control programme must be fully integrated into the primary health care system. The persistence of endemic treponematoses in an area is an indicator of failing effectiveness of primary health care. From recent consultations with Member States, WHO Collaborating Centres and expert groups, a consensus regarding the fundamental components of endemic treponematoses control has emerged. Effective disease control requires coordinated and complementary activities by WHO and Member States. The interruption of disease transmission is a feasible and realistic objective for renewed control programmes.
Conflict and its Manifestations in Achebe’s “Arrow of God”
Authors: Mordaunt Owen G. 
Published: February 2021

Mordaunt describes how the Nigerian author Chinua Achebe deals with the problem of personal conflict in his novel “Arrow of God”.
The main character in this novel is Ezeulu, who is chief priest of the god Ulu, of the village of Umuaro. Ezeulu comes into conflict with himself in a quest to hold on to power despite his high age and the break-through of the British colonial administrators. Ezeulu wants to control both his people and the British administrators. Ezeulu believes the clan will silently follow him and the British will respect him. Hereto he sends his son to the white man’s missionary school where the boy adopts the new religion and sacrileges his own. Ezeulu will not punish him despite the wishes of the clan.
Achebe’s novel shows that men cannot fight societies’ will and that the latter can bring a man to insanity.
Het Traditioneel Gebruik van Euphorbia Tirucalli
Authors: van Damme Patrick 
Published: February 2021

Traditional Uses of Euphorbia Tirucalli
This article reviews the traditional uses of E. tirucalli. This succulent latex plant, although originating from southern Africa, is now growing as a hedge plant in tropical and subtropical regions all over the world. Its special chemical properties have induced people to use it as a source of poison against bacteria, amoebas, nematodes, insects,fish, birds and mammals. Its medicinal use has also been recorded in a wide variety of settings. In a few cases, the latex has been used for the production of varnish and paint.
Medicinal properties of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis)
Authors: Tietel Zipora , Kahremany Shirin , Cohen Guy , Ogen-Shtern Navit 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneider is an evergreen shrub widely grown in Israel, the Middle East, South America, Africa, India and Australia used as an agricultural crop for commercial purposes and as a source of its non-edible natural wax. It is widely used in pharmaceutics and cosmetic formulation due to its unique structural characteristics and beneficial health effects. In addition, extensive work has been published on the plant’s health-promoting activities, ranging from antioxidant activities to the treatment of cancer. Being a rich source of natural liquid wax, the majority of research regarding jojoba focuses on its applications, as well as on the ability to exploit the residual plant materials obtained in its production. To date, several potent phytochemicals have been attributed to its medicinal properties, e.g. simmondsin and phenolic compounds. The current review emphasizes the evidence-based medicinal qualities of the wax and plant extracts and highlights the gaps of knowledge in these research areas and the importance of acquiring additional understanding of jojoba distinctive traits.