bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Same Action, Different Meaning: Neural substrates of Semantic Goal Representation
Authors: Aberbach Shahar , Buaron Batel , Mudrik Liad , Mukamel Roy 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTAccurate control over everyday goal-directed actions is mediated by sensory-motor predictions of intended consequences and their comparison with actual outcomes. Such online comparisons of the expected and re-afferent, immediate, sensory feedback are conceptualized as internal forward models. Current predictive coding theories describing such models typically address the processing ofimmediatesensory-motor goals, yet voluntary actions are also oriented towardslong-termconceptual goals and intentions, for which the sensory consequence is sometimes absent or cannot be fully predicted. Thus, the neural mechanisms underlying actions with distal conceptual goals is far from being clear. Specifically, it is still unknown whether sensory-motor circuits also encode information regarding the global meaning of the action, detached from the immediate, movement-related goal. Therefore, using fMRI and behavioral measures, we examined identical actions (either right or left-hand button presses) performed for two different semantic intentions (‘yes’/‘no’ response to questions regarding visual stimuli). Importantly, actions were devoid of differences in the immediate sensory outcome. Our findings revealed voxel patterns differentiating the two semantic goals in the frontoparietal cortex and visual pathways including the Lateral-occipital complex, in both hemispheres. Behavioral results suggest that the results cannot be explained by kinetic differences such as force. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence showing that semantic meaning is embedded in the neural representation of actions independent of immediate sensory outcome and kinetic differences.Significance statementA standing question in neuroscience concerns the nature of neural circuits representing conceptual information. Previous studies indicate that regions traditionally associated with movement kinematics, also encode symbolic action categories regardless of their specific motor scheme. However, it is currently unclear whether these sensory-motor circuits also play a role in the representation of the intention, for which an action was initiated. Our results demonstrate that an action’s intention, such as its semantic goal, can be discriminated based on neural activity patterns in motor and sensory regions. Moreover, our findings suggest that semantic goals are embedded in sensorimotor regions in a hand-dependent manner.
Activity-dependent alteration of early myelin ensheathment in a developing sensory circuit
Authors: Chorghay Zahraa , MacFarquhar David , Li Vanessa J. , Aufmkolk Sarah , Schohl Anne , Wiseman Paul W. , Káradóttir Ragnhildur Thora , Ruthazer Edward S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAdaptive myelination has been reported in response to experimental manipulations of neuronal activity, but the links between sensory experience, corresponding neuronal activity, and resultant alterations in myelination require investigation. To study this, we used theXenopus laevistadpole, which is a classic model for studies of visual system development and function because it is translucent and visually responsive throughout the formation of this retinotectal system. Here, we report the timecourse of early myelin ensheathment in theXenopusretinotectal system using immunohistochemistry of myelin basic protein (MBP) along with third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy, a label-free structural imaging technique. Characterization of the myelination progression revealed an appropriate developmental window to address the effects of early patterned visual experience on myelin ensheathment. To alter patterned activity, we showed tadpoles stroboscopic stimuli and measured the calcium responses of retinal ganglion cell axon terminals. We identified strobe frequencies that elicited robust versus dampened calcium responses, reared animals in these strobe conditions for 7 d, and subsequently observed differences in the amount of early myelin ensheathment at the optic chiasm. This study provides evidence that it is not just the presence but also to the specific temporal properties of sensory stimuli that are important for myelin plasticity.
Perioperative acute kidney injury and urine output in lower limb arthroplasties
Authors: Nikkinen Okke , Jämsä Elias , Aaltonen Toni , Alahuhta Seppo , Ohtonen Pasi , Vakkala Merja 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and perioperative risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) in primary elective hip and knee and emergency hip arthroplasty patients. We also aimed to assess the effect of urine output (UOP) as a diagnostic criterion in addition to serum creatinine (sCr) levels. We hypothesized that emergency arthroplasties are prone to AKI and that UOP is an underrated marker of AKI.MethodsThis retrospective, register‐based study assessed 731 patients who underwent primary elective knee or hip arthroplasty and 170 patients who underwent emergency hip arthroplasty at Oulu University Hospital, Finland, between January 2016 and February 2017.ResultsOf the elective patients, 18 (2.5%) developed AKI. The 1‐year mortality rate was 1.5% in elective patients without AKI and 11.1% in those with AKI (P = .038). Of the emergency patients, 24 (14.1%) developed AKI. The mortality rate was 16.4% and 37.5% in emergency patients without and with AKI, respectively (P = .024). In an AKI subgroup analysis of the combined elective and emergency patients, the mortality rate was 31.3% (n = 5) in the sCr group (n = 16), 23.5% (n = 4) in the UOP group (n = 17), and 22.2% (n = 2) in AKI patients who met both the sCr and UOP criteria (n = 9).ConclusionEmergency hip arthroplasty is associated with an increased risk of AKI. Since AKI increases mortality in both elective and emergency arthroplasty, perioperative oliguria should also be considered as a diagnostic criterion for AKI. Focusing solely on sCr may overlook many cases of AKI.
Functional neurological disorder in the emergency department
Authors: Finkelstein Sara A. , Cortel‐LeBlanc Miguel A. , Cortel‐LeBlanc Achelle , Stone Jon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe provide a narrative review of functional neurological disorder (FND, or conversion disorder) for the emergency department (ED). Diagnosis of FND has shifted from a “rule‐out” disorder to one now based on the recognition of positive clinical signs, allowing the ED physician to make a suspected or likely diagnosis of FND. PubMed, Google Scholar, academic books, and a hand search through review article references were used to conduct a literature review. We review clinical features and diagnostic pitfalls for the most common functional neurologic presentations to the ED, including functional limb weakness, functional (nonepileptic) seizures, and functional movement disorders. We provide practical advice for discussing FND as a possible diagnosis and suggestions for initial steps in workup and management plans.
CEO religious university affiliation and financial reporting quality
Authors: Chen Yu , Chu Xiaoyan , Park Jung Chul , Soileau Jared S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUtilising a novel proxy for CEO religiosity that is based on graduation from a religious university, we document evidence that a CEO’s religiosity improves financial reporting quality. This effect is more pronounced when the firm is located in an area with higher geographical religiosity or more social capital, suggesting that a favourable environment facilitates the CEO religiosity effect. We also find that analyst forecasts are more accurate for firms led by a religious CEO, and that fewer analysts follow such firms, consistent with the view that there is less need for analyst service if the firm provides high‐quality information. We develop a series of tests to alleviate endogeneity concerns, including a reverse causality test, a difference‐in‐differences test based on a sample of exogenous CEO turnovers, and a placebo test. Our evidence suggests a causal explanation of the effect of CEO religiosity on financial reporting quality.
Vitamin B3 levels in women who experience first‐trimester miscarriage
Authors: Yakob Nurul A. , Peek Michael J. , Quinlivan Julie A. 
Published: April 2021

Miscarriage is the most common complication in early pregnancy. It was recently reported in mice that miscarriage can be prevented through the administration of niacin. We conducted a prospective, exploratory pilot study involving 24 women who were less than 14 weeks pregnant. Neither niacin intake (P = 0.24) nor urinary vitamin B3 measured as the 1‐methyl‐5‐carboxylamide‐2‐pyridone/N‐1‐methylnicotinamide (2‐pyr/MNA) ratio (P = 1.00) predicted miscarriage. However, the difference in mean 2‐pyr/MNA ratios between women who miscarried and controls suggests there may be a threshold niacin level protective in miscarriage prevention warranting further investigation.
Allergens and their associated small molecule ligands—their dual role in sensitization
Authors: Chruszcz Maksymilian , Chew Fook Tim , Hoffmann‐Sommergruber Karin , Hurlburt Barry K. , Mueller Geoffrey A. , Pomés Anna , Rouvinen Juha , Villalba Mayte , Wöhrl Birgitta M. , Breiteneder Heimo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMany allergens feature hydrophobic cavities that allow the binding of primarily hydrophobic small‐molecule ligands. Ligand‐binding specificities can be strict or promiscuous. Serum albumins from mammals and birds can assume multiple conformations that facilitate the binding of a broad spectrum of compounds. Pollen and plant food allergens of the family 10 of pathogenesis‐related proteins bind a variety of small molecules such as glycosylated flavonoid derivatives, flavonoids, cytokinins, and steroids in vitro. However, their natural ligand binding was reported to be highly specific. Insect and mammalian lipocalins transport odorants, pheromones, catecholamines, and fatty acids with a similar level of specificity, while the food allergen β‐lactoglobulin from cow's milk is notably more promiscuous. Non‐specific lipid transfer proteins from pollen and plant foods bind a wide variety of lipids, from phospholipids to fatty acids, as well as sterols and prostaglandin B2, aided by the high plasticity and flexibility displayed by their lipid‐binding cavities. Ligands increase the stability of allergens to thermal and/or proteolytic degradation. They can also act as immunomodulatory agents that favor a Th2 polarization. In summary, ligand‐binding allergens expose the immune system to a variety of biologically active compounds whose impact on the sensitization process has not been well studied thus far.
Low‐affinity but high‐avidity interactions may offer an explanation for IgE‐mediated allergen cross‐reactivity
Authors: Chang Xinyue , Zha Lisha , Wallimann Alexandra , Mohsen Mona O. , Krenger Pascal , Liu Xuelan , Vogel Monique , Bachmann Martin F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundAllergy is a global disease with overall frequencies of >20%. Symptoms vary from irritating local itching to life‐threatening systemic anaphylaxis. Even though allergies are allergen‐specific, there is a wide range of cross‐reactivities (eg apple and latex) that remain largely unexplained. Given the abilities of low‐affinity IgG antibodies to inhibit mast cells activation, here we elucidate the minimal affinity of IgE antibodies to induce type I hypersensitivity.MethodsThree mature (high‐affinity) IgE antibodies recognizing three distinct epitopes on Fel d 1, the major cat allergen, were back‐mutated to germline conformation, resulting in binding to Fel d 1 with low affinity. The ability of these IgE antibodies to activate mast cells in vitro and in vivo was tested.ResultsWe demonstrate that affinities as low as 10−7 M are sufficient to activate mast cells in vitro and drive allergic reactions in vivo. Low‐affinity IgE antibodies are able to do so, since they bind allergens bivalently on the surface of mast cells, leading to high‐avidity interactions.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the underlying mechanism of allergen cross‐reactivity may be low‐affinity but high‐avidity binding between IgE antibodies and cross‐reactive allergen.
Reconstructing Sovereignty on Ancient Mesoamerica's Southern Pacific Coast
Authors: Rosenswig Robert M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe internal control and external sovereignty that define nation‐states today has a long (pre)history. Many archaeologists undertheorize sovereignty by only implicitly inferring the sovereign status of the polities they study. Sovereignty also remains insufficiently operationalized in terms of its material remains, especially for those ancient societies without written accounts. During the final centuries before the Common Era, a network of kingdoms existed along the Pacific coast of Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador. Large earthen mounds that formed plazas lined with stelae, elaborately carved in a shared art style, defined each kingdom's capital city. Izapa was the largest of these kingdoms, and recent lidar (light detection and ranging) and pedestrian surveys document the entire territory encompassing dozens of political centers. These data reveal an integrated three‐tiered political hierarchy within the kingdom with the largest centers arranged defensively around the perimeter of Izapa's territory. Further, the “30 km rule” is defined as a cross‐cultural pattern for the spacing of sovereign polities and confirmed based on the location of Izapa and neighboring Pacific coast kingdoms. The record of millennia of hierarchically organized human pluralities generates a more complete, comparative understanding of how sovereignty was established and how it functions. [sovereignty, territoriality, political organization, Mesoamerica]
Cervical cancer prevention among older women – challenges in screening, diagnostic workup and treatment
Authors: Gustafson Line W. , Petersen Lone Kjeld , Bor Pinar , Andersen Berit , Hammer Anne 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCervical cancer incidence and mortality have declined dramatically after screening for cervical cancer was implemented. Yet, studies have reported high cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates at older age despite low HPV prevalence and incidence of precursor lesions. The underlying reason for these findings remains unclear. However, it is well known that the impact of screening depends not only on the uptake and effectiveness of screening but also on the uptake and effectiveness of diagnostic workup (ie colposcopy), treatment and follow‐up. In older women, sensitivity of screening and performance of colposcopy are impaired due to age‐dependent changes to the cervix. In this commentary, we aimed to discuss challenges in screening and clinical management of older women, and to identify crucial areas of particular interest for future research.
Health screening among children newly granted asylum in Denmark
Authors: Frederiksen Nicoline Willum , Christoffersen Nanna Marie , Haugaard Anna Karen , Ahmadi Afsaneh , Poulsen Anja , Norredam Marie , Kruse Alexandra 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimTo describe the findings and recommendations of the general health assessment (GHA) of newly resettled refugee children in Denmark.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included children (aged <18 years) undergoing GHA from 2017 to 2019 at a university hospital Section of Immigrant Medicine. GHA was offered to all refugees newly resettled in the Municipality of Copenhagen. It comprised of a structured questionnaire, clinical examination, blood test and recommendations.ResultsIn the study period, 107 children were eligible, 100 children had a GHA performed and of whom all were included in the study. Trauma was reported in 61% (n = 61/100) of children. The median duration of the asylum‐seeking process was 18 months (IQR: 8‐24), and the highest number of relocations was nine. Latent tuberculosis (n = 2/100 [2%]) was the only infectious disease diagnosed. Specific recommendations for follow‐up were frequent and included referral to specialist departments (n = 26/100 [26%]), suggestions for family doctor (n = 96/100 [96%]) and for municipality (n = 62/100 [62%]).ConclusionSelf‐reported trauma was frequent among 100 newly resettled refugee children. For most children, the asylum process was protracted and included several relocations. Specific follow‐up recommendations were given to the vast majority. GHA may contribute to improving health, which could possibly support integration for the child and family.
Dietary influences on the Dahl SS rat gut microbiota and its effects on salt‐sensitive hypertension and renal damage
Authors: Abais‐Battad Justine M. , Saravia Fatima L. , Lund Hayley , Dasinger John Henry , Fehrenbach Daniel J. , Alsheikh Ammar J. , Zemaj Jeylan , Kirby John R. , Mattson David L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimOur previous studies have demonstrated the importance of dietary factors in the determination of hypertension in Dahl salt‐sensitive (SS) rats. Since the gut microbiota has been implicated in chronic diseases like hypertension, we hypothesized that dietary alterations shift the microbiota to mediate the development of salt‐sensitive hypertension and renal disease.MethodsThis study utilized SS rats from the Medical College of Wisconsin (SS/MCW) maintained on a purified, casein‐based diet (0.4% NaCl AIN‐76A, Dyets) and from Charles River Laboratories (SS/CRL) fed a whole grain diet (0.75% NaCl 5L79, LabDiet). Faecal 16S rDNA sequencing was used to phenotype the gut microbiota. Directly examining the contribution of the gut microbiota, SS/CRL rats were administered faecal microbiota transfer (FMT) experiments with either SS/MCW stool or vehicle (Vehl) in conjunction with the HS AIN‐76A diet.ResultsSS/MCW rats exhibit renal damage and inflammation when fed high salt (HS, 4.0% NaCl AIN‐76A), which is significantly attenuated in SS/CRL. Gut microbiota phenotyping revealed distinct profiles that correlate with disease severity. SS/MCW FMT worsened the SS/CRL response to HS, evidenced by increased albuminuria (67.4 ± 6.9 vs 113.7 ± 25.0 mg/day, Vehl vs FMT, P = .007), systolic arterial pressure (158.6 ± 5.8 vs 177.8 ± 8.9 mmHg, Vehl vs FMT, P = .09) and renal T‐cell infiltration (1.9‐fold). Amplicon sequence variant (ASV)‐based analysis of faecal 16S rDNA sequencing data revealed taxa that significantly shifted with FMT: Erysipelotrichaceae_2, Parabacteroides gordonii, Streptococcus alactolyticus, Bacteroidales_1, Desulfovibrionaceae_2, Ruminococcus albus.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate that dietary modulation of the gut microbiota directly contributes to the development of Dahl SS hypertension and renal injury.
Regression with interval‐censored covariates: Application to cross‐sectional incidence estimation
Authors: Morrison Doug , Laeyendecker Oliver , Brookmeyer Ron 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA method for generalized linear regression with interval‐censored covariates is described, extending previous approaches. A scenario is considered in which an interval‐censored covariate of interest is defined as a function of other variables. Instead of directly modeling the distribution of the interval‐censored covariate of interest, the distributions of the variables which determine that covariate are modeled, and the distribution of the covariate of interest is inferred indirectly. This approach leads to an estimation procedure using the Expectation‐Maximization (EM) algorithm. The performance of this approach is compared to two alternative approaches, one in which the censoring interval midpoints are used as estimates of the censored covariate values, and another in which the censored values are multiply imputed using uniform distributions over the censoring intervals. A simulation framework is constructed to assess these methods’ accuracies across a range of scenarios. The proposed approach is found to have less bias than midpoint analysis and uniform imputation, at the cost of small increases in standard error.
Personalising digital learning for young children: Leveraging psychosocial identities and Techne for literacy development
Authors: Rice Mary Frances , Cun Aijuan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractChildren learn literacies as social practices in context. Increasingly, these contexts include technological tools. Moreover, children engage with psychosocial identity tasks that involve more than cognitive growth. With the rapid rise in digital personalisation, there is a need to consider ways to ensure that digital technologies attend to literacies using understandings about psychosocial development. In this paper, we share ideas from Erik Erikson about the psychosocial tasks children must achieve in their communities from infancy and we relate these to literacy. The psychosocial tasks are trust, autonomy, initiative and industry. We explain how digital personalisation efforts might contribute to holistic psychosocial development that are also supportive of expansive literacies. Then, we make three recommendations for enhancing the digital personalisation efforts. These include attending to identity tasks, considering multiple types of growth simultaneously and involving multiple systems (eg, parents, caregivers and community) in planning, implementing and evaluating personalised instructional materials for young children.
Practitioner notesWhat is already known

Personalisation is a concept centred on meeting learners' individual needs.
Digital personalisation tools and practices for young children have not fully leveraged unique aspects of childhood versus other phases of life.
What this paper adds

Digital personalisation processes for young children can be enhanced through psychosocial considerations within social contexts, particularly for literacy learning.
Psychosocial developmental theories offer new ways to think about how to involve parents and other caregivers in digital personalisation processes.
Implications for practice

Planners, implementers and evaluators of digital personalised instructional materials should tether their efforts to psychosocial identity tasks.
Planners, implementers and evaluators should also consider ways to layer multiple types of learning (cognitive, social and psychological) within identity tasks.
Planners, implementers and evaluators should work to include multiple support systems (parents, educators and communities) in their efforts to personalise digital activities and materials.
Union Membership Peaks in Midlife
Authors: Blanchflower David G. , Bryson Alex 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUsing data from 68 countries on over eight million respondents over 40 years we show union membership peaks in midlife — usually around workers’ late 40s or early 50s. In doing so we extend Blanchflower's earlier study, incorporating a further 39 countries and another decade or so of data. We show the age peak in union membership is apparent across birth cohorts, and that the introduction of cohort dummies makes little difference to the age at which membership peaks. In Europe we show the peak coincides with the age point at which exit rates from union membership rise. We show that, among those aged 50 and over, retirement rates are higher among ex‐members than among those who have never been union members, suggesting the increased prevalence of non‐membership among workers later in life is due to union members retiring earlier, as one might expect given their pension entitlements. The age at which union membership peaks increases only very slightly over time in the United States but rises markedly in the United Kingdom. Since unions are democratic organizations, the implication is that unions in the United Kingdom may shift what they do to maximize the utility of an ageing membership.