bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilogue: January 6, 2021
Authors: Potter David 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Friday 13, 2019 was the day of the election of Boris Johnson as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the impeachment of Donald Trump. What has happened to liberal democracy that the leaders of two of the most powerful liberal democracies have, as their leaders, people who are fundamentally opposed to the traditions of the post-World War II order, and use the same overtly racist ideology to frame their approach to government? The rise of the ideology of disruption and surveillance capitalism are connected with economic dislocation that destroys faith in the traditional governing order not only in the United States and United Kingdom, but elsewhere in the European Union. There is discussion of systemic racism, and systemic impoverishment. The question that remains is whether we are facing genuine disruption, or if there are solutions that can restore faith in existing institutions while alleviating the misery that lies at the heart of the widespread loss of faith in institutions
The Second Internet: The Brussels Bourgeois Internet
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the Brussels Bourgeois Internet. The ideal consists of positive, managed liberty where rights of others are respected, as in the bourgeois public space, where liberty follows only when rights are secured. The exemplar of this approach is the European Union, which uses administrative means, soft law, and regulation to project its vision across the Internet. Privacy and data protection have become the most emblematic struggles. Under the Data Protection Directive of 1995, the European Union developed data-protection law and numerous privacy rights, including a right to be forgotten, won in a case against Google Spain in 2014, the arguments about which are dissected. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) followed in 2018, amplifying this approach. GDPR is having the effect of enforcing European data-protection law on international players (the ‘Brussels effect’), while the European Union over the years has developed unmatched expertise in data-protection law.
Policy Question: Is Huawei Infrastructure a Threat to Western National Security?
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
One major flare-up between the Trump administration and China was the role of networking company Huawei, which has developed cutting-edge equipment in a number of areas, especially 5G mobile communications. However, Huawei’s CEO is a former People’s Liberation Army member, and is suspected by many to be acting in the interests of the Chinese government. This chapter describes this difficult situation, where there is little evidence that Huawei is acting in such a way directly, but such is the Beijing Paternal Internet that it will certainly have to align with government policy. Despite the quality of Huawei’s products, many Western governments have refused to use them, or have given in to American pressure, citing national security considerations. The Trump administration worked to push Huawei out of business, but it remains a key player in China’s Belt and Road Initiative and central to Chinese technology strategy.
Policy Question: Is a Sovereign Internet Feasible?
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In 2019, Russia attempted to implement a long-term policy objective, to enable itself to cut the Russian Internet (RuNet) off from the rest, by blocking the flow of data through Internet Exchange Points at national borders. It claimed that a successful experiment had been carried out. This chapter looks at why this should happen and whether it is possible. The role of US interests, for instance in ICANN, is considered as a risk to Russian sovereignty, although American attempts to interfere with the Domain Name System would be counterproductive and unlikely to be successful. Attempts by Iran and Egypt to cut the Internet off are also discussed.
Smart Cities and the Internet of Things
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Internet of Things is created by giving Internet connections to objects embedded in the environment, including wearable items. When IoT devices are connected and coordinated in an urban environment, smart cities are created, which can allow control of the environment, for example to improve carbon emissions or traffic flow. Instrumentation of the environment creates problems of consent, privacy, security, safety, and trust. The status of the IoT with respect to Internet ideology is discussed. The Silicon Valley Open Internet supports citizen-centric development, but may lack coordination at scale. The DC Commercial Internet creates great power for platforms. The Brussels Bourgeois Internet values rights and privacy, which may suppress innovation. In China, India, and elsewhere, smart cities are seen as key to developing a paternal social vision under digital modernity. Given its key role in the IoT, this is where America’s battle against Huawei may be most consequential.
Neopentecostalism, Marketing, and New Technologies of Self
Authors: Garrard Virginia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the instrumentality of South America’s megachurches, with particular emphasis on how they have translated global Pentecostal doctrines, most notably the near-magical tropes of church growth and of prosperity gospel, to address culturally specific concerns within the larger context of late modernity and neoliberalism. The churches’ tropes of evangelization, church growth, education, improved family dynamics, and other capacity-building techniques, often framed in religious language and methods, can and often do provide believers with what I call “new technologies of self” that help them cope in a secular world that they philosophically abjure. In particular, the Brazilian megadenomination Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus uses modern R&D strategies to position itself in a given spiritual marketplace, as evinced here by a case study in the church’s work among Spanish-speaking immigrants in the United States.
Four Senses of “Meaning” in the History of Ideas
Authors: Martinich A.P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
At least four senses of “meaning” need to be kept distinct when describing the proper way to discuss the history of ideas. The first sense, communicative meaning, relies on the communicative intentions of the author and is very close to H. P. Grice’s “nonnatural meaning.” The second sense, meaning as significance or importance, is close to Grice’s “natural meaning,” and the author focuses on a type that depends on human interests; in this sense, meaning is always relative to a person or group and changes as the events or the interests of the person or group change. The author shows that Quentin Skinner in his classic article, “Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas,” confuses these senses. While historians of ideas often focus on identifying communicative meaning, what historians care most about is the significance or importance that something had or has for people in the past or present.
The Author of Sin and Demoniacs
Authors: Martinich A.P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The view that Hobbes was an English Calvinist is supported by considering his positions on two issues, the author of sin and demoniacs. Hobbes’s debate with Bishop John Bramhall is structurally similar to two other debates in seventeenth-century England between Calvinists and Arminians. Hobbes, along with William Barlee and William Twisse, claimed that God is the cause of evil but not its author. Bramhall, Thomas Pierce, and Thomas Jackson accused the Calvinists of holding that God is not only the cause but also the author of sin. On the issue of demoniacs, Hobbes follows the great biblical scholar Joseph Mede, who had support from important English Calvinists, in holding that demoniacs were madmen, and the idea that they were possessed by the devil was imported from pagan religions.
Critiquing Ethnocentrism and Hierarchy in International Journalism
Authors: Palmer Lindsay 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on international journalism research, offering the following suggestions: First, scholarship on international journalism should be prepared to more directly and publicly critique the ethnocentrism that has long plagued international correspondence based in the English-speaking West, and that continues to be a problem in the digital age. Second, scholars of international news work need to be prepared to interrogate the structural inequalities that inform journalistic labor on an international scale, inequalities that have not disappeared with the rise of digital technologies. Third, scholars of international journalism need to more directly engage not only with big-brand correspondents, editors, and news executives, but also with the freelancers, stringers, and local fixers who hold these international news professions on their backs. The chapter ultimately argues that journalism scholars should be building more bridges between journalism research and journalism practice.
News Consumers (and Non-Consumers)
Authors: Edgerly Stephanie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
At any given moment there are a multitude of media options competing for the public’s attention. While some of these options include news, many others include entertainment offerings. This chapter discusses the underlying psychology of news consumption, including the obstacles and challenges that prevent news consumption and hinder news engagement, as well as the need to think of audiences in more specific ways. This understanding requires journalists to learn and develop a new skill set that marries news judgment with audience-based research. Today’s journalists need to know who consumes what, how, and why. With this knowledge, journalists have the ability to tell stories from a perspective that audiences care about and to create innovative distribution channels for their work. Such insight is necessary for combating the growing inequalities in how much people intentionally seek out news or incidentally consume it, or what researchers refer to as “news exposure.”
Understanding Collaborative Journalism with Digital Trace Data and Crowdsourced Databases
Authors: Margaret Ng Yee Man 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study represents a unique opportunity to study aspects of human behavior related to journalism projects collaboration at scale. Collaborative journalism deserves further inquiry in light of its growing importance, the resources devoted to it, and its role in creating more opportunities for news media in the face of economic and technological challenges. It theorizes how journalism collaborative/interest groups were created, maintained, and sustained. Methodologically, this study attempts to mine GitHub’s API to identify influential individuals and discover the network patterns of social collaboration in newsrooms’ repositories.
Engaging the Academy
Authors: Ekdale Brian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We are witnessing a global turn toward ethno-nationalism and xenophobia that raises important questions about what those who are engaged in scholarly knowledge production are doing to implicitly or explicitly perpetuate ethnocentrism. This chapter focuses on the problem of Eurocentrism, and Americentrism more specifically, in journalism and mass communication studies. Although public engagement typically focuses on sharing scholarly knowledge with audiences outside of academia, scholars need to be open and responsive to critiques of our own professional practices. This chapter first documents inequities in scholarly knowledge production between the Global North and Global South, and then offers a brief contextualization of the structural nature of these inequities. Finally, the chapter recommends specific practices journalism scholars based in the Global North can do to become better allies of their colleagues in the Global South, and highlights recent efforts to engage the academy around the issue of inequities in scholarly knowledge production.
Beyond Ferguson
Authors: Kilgo Danielle K. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
After the death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, mainstream newspaper coverage focused extensively on protesters actions and left little room for narratives that explore the demands, grievances, and agendas of the social movement to end police violence and save Black lives. Over time, coverage of Black Lives Matter protests remained problematic and publicly critiqued. This chapter uses a content analysis of newspaper coverage four years after the death of Michael Brown to reassess press coverage narratives that dominated the protests that followed the police killing of unarmed Stephon Clark in Sacramento, California. Digital newspaper coverage from national, large metropolitan and local papers was analyzed for six months after the March 20, 2018 shooting of Clark. Coverage was also tracked through public social media networks to look for narrative patterns in the most shared coverage.
More in Expectation Than Hope
Authors: Kelly Catriona 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Naum Birman’s Chronicle of a Dive-Bomber (1968) was one of a trio of strikingly unconventional war movies produced at Lenfilm in the late 1960s, along with Vladimir Motyl’s Zhenya, Zhenechka, and the “Katyusha” Rocket (1967), and Viktor Tregubovich’s War Is War (1969). This chapter explores how the highly specific emotional atmosphere of Birman’s film was created during production, transforming a script that editors had thought rather weak into a remarkable study of the boredom and frustration, as well as courage and idealism, of the war effort. As I argue, collaboration was fundamental to the successful development of the film: first, Birman himself substantially rewrote the script (and was later credited as co-author), and later, the designer and composer, as well as the film editor, made extensive contributions (which were gratefully acknowledged by Birman in the studio discussions).
Conclusion
Authors: Kelly Catriona 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Fifth Congress of Soviet Filmmakers represented a cataclysmic moment of change, but also the onset of a serious crisis for the entire film industry. Filmmakers in the studio had only a vague sense of what the new slogans, “glasnost” and “perestroika,” would mean for them. In the summer of 1986, a frustrating period of stop-start reform began: no sooner were structural and managerial changes achieved in the studio than they were rendered obsolete by fresh directives from the top. In 1987 began the process of setting up new “creative units” that, unlike the old ones, now had financial and managerial autonomy. These rapidly developed their own character, with German’s “First and Experimental Film Studio” championing avant-garde aspirations, while Maslennikov’s “Trinity Bridge” and Tregubovich’s “Ladoga” pursued a more market- and audience-oriented approach. Within a few years, however, younger film artists had outgrown the old mentoring tradition—a landmark was the departure of one of the most talented newcomers, Aleksei Balabanov, to run his own production company. From now on, Lenfilm was to act mainly as a facility for outside companies. However, these changes in the management of production were in the end less significant and less damaging than the impact of commercial distribution. Film production never stopped, and indeed, during the early 1990s, encouraged by influxes of private funding, often from money-laundering, it became easier than ever before to make movies. What became increasingly difficult was reaching the public, as cinema owners and distributors turned their sights on foreign-produced movies.
The Surge in Kandahar
Authors: Malkasian Carter 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter Thirteen, “The Surge in Kandahar,” describes the battles of the US Army and Afghan leaders in Kandahar against the Taliban during the surge. Kandahar was the most important battlefield of the surge because of its large population and political significance. The chapter focuses on Arghandab, Kandahar City, and Zharey and Panjwai as well as the rise of police chief Abdul Razziq.
Inventing the recording
Authors: Moreda Rodríguez Eva 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the gabinetes fonográficos that appeared after the introduction of the Spring Motor Phonograph, Edison Home Phonograph, and Edison Standard Phonograph between 1896 and 1898; these were small recording labels which recorded their own wax cylinders employing local musicians and sold them directly to their customers, operating often precariously or for a limited amount of time. The chapter then discusses the gabinetes that were active between 1896 and 1905 in Madrid, then the main center of the nascent Spanish recording industry. The chapter examines how the Madrid gabinetes built upon ways of listening developed earlier in the decade to transform recorded sound into a commodity, and how, in doing so, they drew upon regeneracionista discourses concerning science, technology, modernity, and national identity.
Science, urban space, and early phonography in Barcelona, 1898–1914
Authors: Moreda Rodríguez Eva 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter focuses on the gabinetes fonográficos active in Barcelona from 1898 onward. It aims to analyze why Barcelona’s early recording industry remained more precarious and less successful than that in Madrid, and advances two reasons: the failure of the Barcelona gabinetes to position themselves within local discourses around science, technology, modernity, and Catalan national identity; and their increasingly peripheral location in the developing urban space of Barcelona. The chapter then discusses how Barcelona eventually came to lead the Spanish recording industry after the advent of the gramophone, with a subsidiary of Gramophone and a new generation of record shops opening in the city.
(Dis)embodied voices
Authors: Moreda Rodríguez Eva 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of singers in shaping the nascent industry of the gabinetes fonográficos in Spain and, in turn, how the newly developing recording industry influenced their careers and on the music profession. It argues that, even though the phonograph did not revolutionize at this stage the working lives of Spanish singers, it planted the seeds for crucial developments that would take place in the following decades. Indeed, a few singers—only a minority of which had acquired celebrity status on stage—conscientiously developed the expertise and skills necessary to go into the studio, and managed to advance their careers on that basis, at least for a short period of time. Although the chapter does not deal with the minute details of performance practice, it discusses aspects of the music profession and its relationship with recordings that might inform study of performance practice.
TV as Bully
Authors: Moss-Wellington Wyatt 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter pushes back against notions of meritorious complexity, moral ambiguity, and cognitive “richness” in recent, high-profile American television series. It questions the heralding of television’s artistic transcendence above that of other narrative media and the use of cognitive theory to make such a case. I turn instead to literature on social psychology and bullying to make sense of our relationship to longform TV serials and investigate the ways in which a kind of bullying in the content and form of both serial and reality television has been normalized in an era popularly dubbed the “TV renaissance.” It concludes with a look at the relationship between a rising endorsement of aggressive populist leadership styles and the prevalence of bullying as causal logic on TV.
The Value and Risks of Hope
Authors: Stockdale Katie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the value and risks of hope. It defends the priority of first-personal assessments of the value of hope, suggesting that it is often hopeful people themselves who are best positioned to understand the value of their hopes. But since hope can lead us astray, an evaluative framework for hope is needed. While most philosophers who theorize hope’s value tend to focus on assessments of epistemic and prudential rationality, this chapter argues that hope can also be evaluated as fitting and morally appropriate. Recognizing the full range of evaluative dimensions of hope is important for answering the all-things-considered practical question of whether and for what one should hope. This chapter defends Victoria McGeer’s framework for what it means to hope well to capture how the evaluative measures for hope work in practice, while orienting the rationality-of-hope question as a social and political question about the value of hope in community with others.
Digital Structure
Authors: Thomson-Jones Katherine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, I consider whether digital images are digital in the strongest sense; namely, qua images. Assuming that a digital image is one that is made and screened digitally, there is a further question as to whether the representational scheme to which the image belongs has a fundamentally digital structure. Answering this question requires close analysis of Nelson Goodman’s classical account of the analog/digital distinction. It also requires a response to Goodman’s insistence on the essential analogicity of the pictorial. Such a response points to the uses of digital sampling and quantization technology to impose digital structure on encoded, replicable images.
Newton's Metaphysics
Authors: Schliesser Eric 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis collection of papers by a leading philosophical Newton scholar offers new interpretations of Newton’s account of space, gravity, motion, inertia, and laws—all evergreens in the literature. The volume also breaks new ground in focusing on Newton’s philosophy of time, Newton’s views on emanation, and Newton’s modal metaphysics. In addition, the volume is unique in exploring the very rich resonances between Newton’s and Spinoza’s metaphysics, including the ways in which Newton and his circles responded to the threat by, and possible accusation of, Spinozism. Seven chapters have been published before and will be republished with minor corrections. Two of these chapters are coauthored: one with Zvi Biener and one with Mary Domski. Two chapters are wholly new and are written especially for this volume. In addition, the volume includes two postscripts with new material responding to critics. A main part of the argument of these essays is not just to characterize the conceptual choices Newton made in developing the structure of theory that would facilitate the kind of measurements characteristic of the Newtonian style, but also to show that these choices, in turn, were informed by intellectual aspirations that brought Newton’s edifice into theological and philosophical conflicts. As these conflicts became acute, these drove further conceptual refinement. Many of the essays in the volume relate the development of Newton’s philosophy to the philosophies of his contemporaries, especially Spinoza and Samuel Clarke.