bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
485 Opportunities Produced and Learning Outcomes Achieved Through a Design Thinking Approach to Problem Based Learning in an Animal Science Capstone
Authors: Wiegert Jeffrey G , Frenzel Leslie , Donaldson Jonan , Dunlap Kathrin , Paudyal Sushil 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Incorporation of a design thinking approach to problem-based learning in an animal science capstone maximizes intellectual growth and critical reasoning while exposing students to relevant, current industry challenges. Briefly, students working within groups formulate a complex problem statement following facilitated interaction with statewide livestock commodity group stakeholders, then develop implementable solutions via utilization of a design thinking model. This course design structure allows students to demonstrate proficiency in multiple departmental learning objectives: implementation of effective animal management strategies, utilization of animal production systems to sustain economic resources, demonstration of critical thinking, effective communication across multiple mediums, preparation to engage in lifelong learning, and evaluation of socially responsible techniques to produce animal products. Pandemic based restrictions provided students the ability to attend face-to-face classes or work remotely. The capstone was simultaneously delivered on both platforms, but all assessments and feedback were provided online. Student experiences were evaluated weekly through group feedback prompts. Principal student-reported experiences include emergent themes of effective team building and collaboration, a deeper understanding of the value of quality scientific literature, a requirement to pursue in-depth thought to generate actionable solutions, and a desire to independently reach outside of the classroom to learn from other industry professionals. Student assessments prioritized the learning and revision process, with multiple opportunities to improve the synthesis, synopsis, formatting and mechanics of their work throughout the semester. The course concludes with student presentation of their complex problem solutions to a panel of industry stakeholders and department administration, faculty and graduate students. In conclusion, a capstone course utilizing a design thinking approach to problem-based learning effectively provides real-world learning opportunities for students to apply their content knowledge while expanding their universal skills of teamwork, communication, social responsibility and lifelong learning. This course also provides increased opportunity for student-stakeholder engagement.
491 Supporting Virtual Student Inclusivity
Authors: Siegford Janice 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Since 2005, Michigan State University has offered an online graduate-level course in animal welfare assessment. The course was designed to overcome geographic barriers in terms of limited instructor expertise in welfare at individual universities and to reach an international student audience. Over 280 students have taken the course—including undergraduate, veterinary, and graduate students; practicing veterinarians; and professionals. Students have attended from 22 states and 13 different countries, including Thailand, Canada, Nepal, Kenya, China, and Australia. The course was designed and continues to be modified to accommodate students attending from different time zones, with different types of technology, and with different speeds and reliabilities of Internet access. An asynchronous format is used, with content delivered via short, recorded lectures and videos as well as electronically available textbook chapters and journal articles. In response to student and instructor needs, the course has evolved from a tech heavy but bandwidth intensive format to one using simpler technology and less bandwidth to reduce student barriers to participate and ensure equitable content access and engagement. Content is offered through the Desire 2 Learn course management system at MSU, which also performs accessibility checks of content. Lectures and videos are captioned to help accommodate visually impaired students or those in noisy environments and PDF handout versions of lecture slides are also made available. Rubrics and examples are used to guide completion of assignments. In 2020, the course was co-taught by MSU, Texas A&M and Virginia Tech. Several class meetings were held via Zoom to allow students to meet and interact with each other, though issues with scheduling prohibited all students from attending. Feedback surveys indicate students are generally satisfied with course content, delivery technology and interactions with instructors and peers. Creating an inclusive virtual environment requires attention to student constraints, with simpler typically being more accommodating.
PSX-B-20 Effect of shifting from forage to high grain diet on chewing, feed sorting and lying behavior of cows supplemented with or without a phytogenic additive
Authors: Castillo-Lopez Ezequias , Rivera-Chacon Raul , Ricci Sara , Reisinger Nicole , Zebeli Qendrim 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the effect of changing from forage to a high grain diet on chewing, feed sorting and lying behavior of cows supplemented with or without a phytogenic feed additive. Nine cows were blocked in two groups and used in a change-over design. Each experimental run consisted of one week of forage feeding, one week of diet transition, and four weeks of high grain feeding (65% concentrate). During the washout period of 10 weeks between the two runs, cows grazed on pasture. Cows were fed either a control diet (CON) or a diet with a phytogenic additive (PHY) based on menthol, thymol and eugenol. Data on chewing, feed sorting and lying behavior were analyzed using SAS with week of feeding and supplementation as fixed effects, and cow as random effect. Data across weeks from the same cow were processed using a first order variance-covariance structure matrix taking into account that the covariance decays with time. We found a reduction (P &lt; 0.01) in rumination time by 53% with diet change. Within the high grain feeding, rumination reached lowest value in the second week (160 min/d). The high grain diet increased (P &lt; 0.01) selection for long size particles by 20%. Although lying time was not affected immediately after diet change, it increased (P &lt; 0.01) by 8% from the second week of high grain consumption. In the fourth week of grain feeding, there was a tendency for PHY to increase rumination (P = 0.07) and total chewing time (P = 0.10), but with no effect on sorting for fiber or lying time. The high grain diet decreased chewing and standing time, and increased sorting for fibrous ingredients especially after one week of feeding. The phytogenic feed additive may contribute to stimulate chewing in long term supplementation.
PSX-B-19 Behaviour of cows while being tested for methane emissions using the greenfeed system
Authors: Baes Christine F , Ritchie Gail , van Staaveren Nienke 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Increased focus on sustainability is driving a need for environmental efficiency traits in dairy cattle breeding. Breeding for reduced emission of methane, an inevitable product of fermentation in ruminants, is increasingly being explored. Methods to measure methane emissions vary but can be impacted by cow behaviour. As part of an on-going project to develop genomic tools for breeding resilient dairy cows, we explored changes in cow behaviour over time during methane emission measurements. First lactation heifers (n = 49) were tested in tie-stall housing at a research herd in Ontario, Canada. Animals were tested over 5 consecutive days at 08:00h, 12:00h, and 16:00h each day for a 10-min period using the GreenFeed system (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA). The frequency of movement (body shifts and leg lifts) and the number of seconds the cow removed her head from the machine were recorded. The effect of day on the average frequency of movements or time the cow’s head was outside of the machine was assessed using a repeated measures model. In general, cows moved their legs the most on day 1 of testing (76 ± 5.0 movements per 10 min), after which it numerically decreased (e.g., day 5: 68 ± 5.0 movements per 10 min, P = 0.1110). A similar effect was observed for seconds the cow had her head out of the machine (P = 0.0650). Cows spent an average of 39 ± 5.7 sec with their head outside of the machine on day 1 versus 25 ± 3.6 sec on day 5 (P = 0.0499). These preliminary results suggest that cows adapt to the testing conditions; however, changes in their behaviour were minor and do not intervene with recording of methane emissions using the GreenFeed system.
PSXVI-19 Posture behavior and truck microclimate in a very long journey of unweaned dairy beef calves: A field study
Authors: Marti Sonia , Moles Xenia , Sole Anna , Farish Marianne , Brims Mark , Mitchell Malcolm , Voas Andrew , Devant Maria , Velarde Antonio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize posture behavior and truck microclimate of 2 to 8-week-old unweaned calves (59.1 ± 6.72 kg body weight) during 10 transports between December and September (one/month) from an assembly center in Dalry, Scotland to Northern Spain via a control post in Northern Ireland and an assembly center in France (Cherbourg). Average journey time was 105.8 h. A subset of 20 calves per transport were fitted with collars carrying a HOBO environmental logger (HOBO U12) to record the temperature and humidity at calf’ head level and an accelerometer (Axivity AX3) to record accelerations to assess the calf posture (resting, standing or in transition). Data were analyzed with JMP. During the transport, 60% of the time animals were standing, 28% of the time lying and 12% transitioning. Specifically, when the truck was in motion calves spent 82.8% of the time standing, when stationary 68.8% standing, when the truck was on the ferry standing time was 48.4% and at the control post and assembly center standing time was 45.1%.Transports from June to September (n = 4) had an average of 11.96 h (min: 5.17 h; max: 18.8 h) of temperatures greater than 30°C, an average of 25 h (min: 0 h; max: 55 h) of mild heat conditions (72 &lt; THI &lt; 79), and an average of 3.5 h (min: 0 h; max: 23 h) of moderate heat conditions (80 &lt; THI &lt; 89). The exposure to mild and moderate heat conditions occurred mainly during the time that the truck was stationary (waiting at ports) and when calves rested at the control post. Results from this study supports the need to evaluate the impact summer months journeys where animals spend over 30% of the time under heat stress, and the long-standing times on animal welfare.
PSXVI-18 Heifers are from Venus, steers are from mars: Sex differences in social behaviors in drylot housed brahman cattle exposed to a cattle brush
Authors: Lozada Claudia C , Toro Gustavo , Daigle Courtney L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Sex differences in cattle productivity and efficiency have been established, yet an empirical examination of how sex influences cattle social behavior in dry lots is absent. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of sex on the performance of social behaviors and brush use in drylot-housed Brahman yearling steers (n = 2 pens; 19 steers/pen) and heifers (n = 2 pens; 15 heifers/pen). Cattle were video recorded from 8:00 to 20:00 for 71 d, and to date, d 1 has been decoded using continuous observations. Video was decoded for social behavior for 15 minutes of every 30 minutes using continuous observations. Average bout duration (sec), total duration per day (sec), and bout frequency of allogrooming, bar licking, tongue rolling, and brush utilization were recorded for each pen. Frequency was recorded for headbutting and mounting. Data were normalized, and the differences between sexes for each behavior were evaluated with a t-test (PROC TTEST). Average bout duration, bout frequency, and total duration for allogrooming (P &gt; 0.15), bar licking (P &gt; 0.63), and brush use (P &gt; 0.78) and bout frequency for brush displacement (P &gt; 0.78) and headbutt (P &gt; 0.76) did not differ between sexes. Heifers tended (P = 0.09) to perform more bunk displacements than steers (heifers: 94.5 ± 64.5 count/pen/d; steers: 29 ± 3 count/pen/d). Steers performed more mounts than heifers (P &lt; 0.0001; steers: 2.5 ± 0.5 mounts/pen/d; heifers: 0 ± 0 mounts/pen/d). This preliminary evaluation suggests that sexes may differ in the prevalence and type of social behaviors performed while housed in drylots, yet inclusion of more data will confirm these early observations.
PSI-B-24 Assessment of the combined use of antibacterial substances on the in vitro model in the development of veterinary drugs
Authors: Sulimenova Zhanara , Plotnikova Yulia , Sizentsov Alexey , Barysheva Elena , Bibartseva Elena 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The wide use of antibacterial drugs in the agricultural and veterinary industries as growth stimulants and antimicrobial therapies has led to increased resistance of pathogens and opportunistic pathogens to many chemotherapy drugs. The purpose of our study is to assess the additive effect of these compounds to enhance the inhibitory action of antibiotics. Antibacterial drugs of various chemical groups, extracts from medicinal plants with microbicide and anti-quorum effects, inorganic copper and zinc salts, as well as probiotic strains of the genus Bacillus of veterinary purpose, were used to achieve the goal. The main methodical approach to assessing the additive effect of complex compounds in the work was the method of diffusion into agar, combined with the method of serial dilution. The selection of antibacterial drugs was carried out using the disk diffusion method. S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, and P. aeruginosa were used as the test organisms in studies. The main criterion for the selection of antibacterial drugs was the resistance of probiotic strains and the moderate sensitivity of the test organisms in relation to their action. Cefixime was experimentally selected for the study against S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium and Fosfomycin against P. aeruginosa. Of all the studied phytobiotics, the most promising for further study was the oak bark extract. Against P. aeruginosa, the most significant chemical compound is CuSO4 at a concentration of 40 mg/ml, which does not affect the growth of probiotic strains. The pronounced additive effect of the combined compound based on cefixime, oak bark, and B. subtilis 534 was observed against S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium by 23% and 25%, respectively. The combined use of fosfomycin, B. subtilis 534, CuSO4, and the oak bark extract increases P. aeruginosa growth suppression by 19 % compared to the control of the growth suppression of this antibiotic.
PSI-B-23 Assessment of genomic inbreeding in Russian local and commercial dairy breeds of cattle
Authors: Mishina Arina I , Abdelmanova Alexandra S , Dotsev Arsen V , Sermyagin Alexander A , Brem Gottfried , Zinovieva Natalia A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Drastic decline of population size of Russian local cattle breeds observed during last three decades has led to the decrease of genetic diversity. Due to the limited number of bulls used for artificial insemination, inbreeding in herds can be increased, which can lead to the decrease of reproduction capacity and adaptability of animals. Our aim was to assess genomic inbreeding in two Russian local cattle breeds, including Kholmogor (n = 26) and Istoben (n = 21). Two transboundary cattle breeds used for milk production in Russia including Holstein (n = 49) and Simmental (n = 38) were chosen for comparison. SNP genotyping was performed using the Bovine GGP 150K BeadArray (Illumina, CA, USA). After the quality control, 117591 autosomal SNPs were selected for analyzes. The degree of genomic inbreeding was assessed by calculations of inbreeding coefficient based on run of homozygosity (F(ROH)) and multilocus heterozygosity (sMLH). We found the strong negative correlations between the F(ROH) and sMLH values in animals of all of studied breeds (r2 = -0.805). The average F(ROH) values were 0.065 &lt; mo &gt;±&lt; /mo &gt;&lt; /math &gt;“&gt;±± 0.003 for Kholmogor, 0.048 &lt; mo &gt;±&lt; /mo &gt;&lt; /math &gt;“&gt;±± 0.006 for Istoben, 0.129 &lt; mo &gt;±&lt; /mo &gt;&lt; /math &gt;“&gt;±± 0.007 for Holstein, and 0.102 &lt; mo &gt;±&lt; /mo &gt;&lt; /math &gt;“&gt;±± 0.007 for Simmental breed. The sMLH values in Kholmogor, Istoben, Holstein and Simmental breeds varied from 0,99 to 1,076, from 0,829 to 1,102, from 0,890 to 1,069 and from 0,866 to 1,041, and averaged to 1.030, 1.013, 1.000, and 0.974, respectively. According to our research results, two studied Russian cattle breeds are characterized by lower levels of genomic inbreeding compared to transboundary cattle breeds. Our results will be helpful for developing the conservation programs for Russian Kholmogor and Istoben cattle breeds. The study was funded by the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education within theme No. 0445-2019-0024 and RFBR within project 19-316-90017 (the study of Kholmogor cattle).
PSVI-21 Fatty acid composition of blood lipids in lambs of different genotypes in ontogeny
Authors: Karpova Ekaterina , Chizhova Ludmila , Surzhikova Eugenia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The early period of postnatal ontogeny of sheep is characterized by a variety of metabolic processes that result in the formation and consolidation of a certain type of metabolism. A special role is played by lipids, which together with proteins and carbohydrates constitute the bulk of organic compounds, cells and the organism as a whole. The purpose of this research was to study the polymorphism of CAST and GH genes as well as its association with the fatty acid composition of blood plasma lipids in lambs. The content of fatty acids was determined by gas-liquid chromatography in the form of methyl esters. From the data obtained, it follows that in all studied ontogeny periods the peripheral blood of sheep with CASTNN and CASTMM genotypes had a higher concentration of fatty acids such as palmitic, stearic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids. The content is as follows: 27.58, 45.40, 3.16, 0.28% vs. 26.21, 45.31, 3.62, 0.18% at the age of 2 months; 25.07, 43.25, 6.05, 1.74% vs. 23.24, 38.76, 6.49, 1.32% at the age of 4 months; 20.64, 22.26, 14.17, 3.38% vs. 17.64, 19.91, 15.07, 2.46% at the age of 8 months (P ˂ 0.05), (P ˂ 0.01). Studies of blood lipid composition of GHBBand GHAA genotype carriers showed that palmitic, stearic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids were dominant: 27.95, 27.96, 19.04% vs. 26.08, 23.88, 17.56% at the age of 2 months, 46.87, 39.87, 22.37% vs. 3.24, 6.87, 15.56% at the age of 4 months; 0.45, 1.68, 3.81% vs. 0.29, 1.29, 3.19% at the age of 8 months (P ˂ 0.05), (P ˂ 0.01). Thus, this study emphasizes that there is a close relationship between the ratio of fatty acids in total blood lipids in lambs and the intensity of growth and development, ensuring and controlling the direction of biochemical processes in the growth and development of young sheep.
PSVI-20 Extent of genetic variation in feeding behavior and genetic associations with performance and feed efficiency in crossbred growing cattle
Authors: Kelly David N , Sleator Roy D , Murphy Craig P , Conroy Stephen B , Berry Donagh P 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, the genetic variability in feeding behavior, as well as relationships with performance and feed efficiency, has not been investigated in a cattle population of greater than 1,500 animals. Our objective was to quantify the genetic parameters of several feeding behavior traits, and their genetic associations with both performance and feed efficiency traits, in crossbred growing cattle. Feed intake and live-weight data were available on 6,088 bulls, steers and heifers; of these, 4,672 cattle had backfat and muscle ultrasound data, and 1,548 steers and heifers had feeding behavior data. Genetic (co)variance parameters were estimated using animal linear mixed models; fixed effects included test group, heterosis, recombination loss, dam parity, age in months at the end of test, and the two-way interaction between age in months at the end of test and sex. Heritability was estimated to be 0.51 (0.097), 0.61 (0.100), 0.44 (0.093), 0.48 (0.094), and 0.47 (0.095) for feed events per day, feeding time per day, feeding rate, feed event duration, and energy intake per feed event, respectively. Coefficients of genetic variation ranged from 0.11 (feeding time per day) to 0.22 (feed event duration). Genetically heavier cattle with a higher energy intake per day, and faster growth rate, had a faster feeding rate and a greater energy intake per feed event. Genetic correlations between feeding behavior and feed efficiency were generally not different from zero, however, there was a genetic correlation of 0.36 (0.11) between feeding time per day and residual energy intake. Significant heritable and exploitable genetic variation exists in several feeding behavior traits in crossbred growing cattle which are also correlated with several performance traits. As some feeding behavior traits may be relatively less resource intensive to measure, they could be useful as predictor traits in beef cattle genetic evaluations.
PSVIII-3 Genetic evaluation for Hereford breed in Kazakhstan
Authors: Bissembayev Anuarbek T , Kassenov Zhanat , Nazarbekov Altay , Seitmuratov Anuarbek , Zhali Saule , Shamshidin Alzhan , Abylgazinova Aizhan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
For effective management of animal breeding, complete, high-quality and reliable information about an individual animal, about the population as a whole, is required. For breeding work, it is necessary to select breeding bulls, the offspring of which have high productivity. The selection of ancestors and offspring of bulls makes it possible to consolidate or consolidate these traits. The aim of the research is to improve the methodology for beef cattlegenetic evaluation. Material and methodology. Beef cattle genetic evaluation implemented by BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction). Mixed linear biometric models (AM / MME) were built for each assessed productive trait: Birth Weight, Weaning Weight, Milking at Calf Weaning, Yearling Weight. 74,868 animals of the Hereford breed. Percentages describe 5% and 10% share distributions of index values. The EPD values of live weight at birth in 90% of cases lie in the range from “-8.76” to “+18.21”; for live weight at weaning in the range from “-35.73” to “+42.83”; for live weight per year from “-51.45” to “+90.18”. The best and lowest EPD values are in 10% edge intervals relative to the entire set of calculated estimates. The proportional distribution of EPD accuracy in 2020 for the productive indicators of animals born in the period 2014–2020 of the Hereford breed have zero values up to 10%. The smaller number of fractions of non-zero values of the CPI accuracy indicates a more complete and qualitative filling of the database with productive indicators of live masses in recent years. In Kazakhstan, a method for calculating EPD by the BLUP AM method was developed with the construction of a genetic model of an animal and EPDs were calculated according to 5 productive indicators: live weights at birth, at weaning, at 12 months. age, adult animal (age 5 years) and milk production of cows.