bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Novel Multiplex Platform for Simultaneous Detection of IgG Antibodies Against the 4 Main SARS-CoV-2 Antigens
Authors: Nandakumar Vijayalakshmi , Profaizer Tracie , Lozier Bucky K , Elgort Marc G , Rychert Jenna , Slev Patricia R , Delgado Julio C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Numerous serology assays are available for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies but are limited in that only 1 or 2 target antigen(s) can be tested at a time. Here, we describe a novel multiplex assay that simultaneously detects and quantifies IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 antigens, spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), receptor-binding domain (RBD), and N-terminal domain (NTD) in a single well.

Methods
Sensitivity was determined using samples (n = 124) from confirmed SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive individuals. Prepandemic (n = 100) and non-COVID respiratory infection positive samples (n = 100) were used to evaluate specificity. Samples were analyzed using COVID-19 IgG multiplex serology assay from Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) and using commercial platforms from Abbott, EUROIMMUN, and Siemens.

Results
At &gt;14 days post-PCR, MSD assay displayed &gt;98.0% sensitivity [S 100% (95% CI 98.0%–100.0%); N 98.0% (95% CI 97.2%–98.9%); RBD 94.1% (95% CI 92.6%–95.6%); NTD 98.0% (95% CI, 97.2%–98.9%)] and 99% specificity (95% CI 99.3%–99.7%) for antibodies to all 4 antigens. Parallel assessment of antibodies to more than 1 antigen improved the sensitivity to 100% (95% CI 98.0%–100.0%) while maintaining 98% (95% CI 97.6%–98.4%) specificity regardless of the combinations used. When AU/mL concentrations of IgG antibodies from the MSD assay were compared against the corresponding IgG signals acquired from the single target commercial assays, the following correlations were observed: Abbott (vs MSD N, R2 = 0.73), Siemens (vs MSD RBD, R2 = 0.92), and EUROIMMUN (vs MSD S, R2 = 0.82).

Conclusion
MSD assay offers an accurate and a comprehensive assessment of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies with higher sensitivity and equivalent specificity compared to the commercial IgG serology assays.
Perpetrator-Centric Strategies for Addressing Modern Slavery
Authors: Clarke Matthew C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
When viewed through the lens of social movement theory, recent initiatives aimed at eradicating modern slavery have given insufficient attention to the role of the social movement’s primary target, namely the perpetrators of modern slavery. The existence of this disparity between social movement theory and anti-slavery practice is supported by global survey results from 147 anti-slavery organizations. After arguing for the importance of anti-slavery strategies that attempt to change perpetrator behaviour, this article introduces the concept of perpetrator vulnerability. The article proposes a matrix of perpetrator-centric interventions as the basis for future research and anti-slavery practice, in order to fill the identified disparity.
Endoluminal vacuum closure of a duodenal perforation
Authors: Abbitt Danielle , Barnes Abigail L , Hammad Hazem T , Reveille R Matthew , Jones Edward L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Perforation is a known complication of endoscopic resection and has been managed with endoscopic defect closure, antibiotics and close observation. Closure of duodenal perforations are more challenging due to the presence of gastric and pancreaticobiliary secretions. The use of endoluminal vacuum therapy (EVT) to divert flow and aid closure is increasingly prevalent and may avoid high-risk surgery. We describe the use of endoluminal vacuum closure to salvage an iatrogenic duodenal perforation in a 57-year-old male who underwent an endoscopic mucosal resection of a 35-mm polypoid lesion on the posterior wall of the second portion of the duodenum. The endoluminal wound vac successfully controlled leakage and allowed defect closure. EVT is an emerging technique that can effectively manage complicated injuries throughout the GI tract and may allow enhanced recovery by avoiding surgical salvage and its associated morbidity and mortality.
From large-scale environment to CGM angular momentum to star-forming activities – I. Star-forming galaxies
Authors: Wang Sen , Xu Dandan , Lu Shengdong , Cai Zheng , Xiang Maosheng , Mao Shude , Springel Volker , Hernquist Lars 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The connection between halo gas acquisition through the circumgalactic medium and galaxy star formation (SF) has long been studied. In this series of two papers, we put this interplay within the context of the galaxy environment on large scales (several hundreds of kpc), which, to a certain degree, maps out various paths for galaxy interactions. We use the IllustrisTNG-100 simulation to demonstrate that the large-scale environment modulates the circumgalactic gas angular momentum, resulting in either enhanced (Paper I) or suppressed (Paper II) SF inside a galaxy. In this paper (Paper I), we show that the large-scale environment around a star-forming galaxy is often responsible for triggering new episodes of SF. Such an episodic SF pattern is well synced with a pulsating motion of the circumgalactic gas, which, on the one hand, receives angular momentum modulations from the large-scale environment, yielding in-spiralling gas to fuel the star-forming reservoir, while, on the other hand, is affected by the feedback activities from the galaxy centre. As a result, a present-day star-forming galaxy may have gone through several cycles of star-forming and quiescent phases during its evolutionary history, with the circumgalactic gas carrying out a synchronized cadence of ‘breathing in and out’ motions out to ∼100 kpc.
Faint young Sun problem and variable physical constants
Authors: Gupta Rajendra P 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The faint young Sun problem has been of great concern to astrophysicists and paleoclimatologists at least for the past five decades. Solar evolution models predict that the luminosity of the Sun 4.6 billion yr ago was less than 75 per cent of what it is today. This would mean that all water on Earth was frozen, and thus life could not have evolved as we know it. We attempt to show here that the variable physical constants (VPCs) approach, wherein constants are treated as scalar fields, could naturally resolve the problem. We use an analytical model that predicts the solar luminosity to be lower in the past to show that by properly including the VPCs in the model, the faint young Sun problem is mostly resolved: The young Sun flux intercepted by Earth was only 6 per cent lower 4.6 Gyr ago than it is today. We introduce the concept of cosmological and local energies in the context of VPC scalar fields, which is compliant with general relativity and cosmology: The cosmological energy is not available for conversion into thermal and radiative energies, whereas the local energy is.
From large-scale environment to CGM angular momentum to star forming activities – II. Quenched galaxies
Authors: Lu Shengdong , Xu Dandan , Wang Sen , Cai Zheng , He Chuan , Xu C Kevin , Xia Xiaoyang , Mao Shude , Springel Volker , Hernquist Lars 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The gas needed to sustain star formation in galaxies is supplied by the circumgalactic medium (CGM), which in turn is affected by accretion from large scales. In a series of two papers, we examine the interplay between a galaxy’s ambient CGM and central star formation within the context of the large-scale environment. We use the IllustrisTNG-100 simulation to show that the influence exerted by the large-scale galaxy environment on the CGM gas angular momentum results in either enhanced (Paper I) or suppressed (Paper II, this paper) star formation inside a galaxy. We find that for present-day quenched galaxies, both the large-scale environments and the ambient CGM have always had higher angular momenta throughout their evolutionary history since at least z = 2, in comparison to those around present-day star-forming disk galaxies, resulting in less efficient gas inflow into the central star-forming gas reservoirs. A sufficiently high CGM angular momentum, as inherited from the larger-scale environment, is thus an important factor in keeping a galaxy quenched, once it is quenched. The process above naturally renders two key observational signatures: (1) a coherent rotation pattern existing across multiple distances from the large-scale galaxy environment, to the circumgalactic gas, to the central stellar disk; and (2) an anti-correlation between galaxy star-formation rates and orbital angular momenta of interacting galaxy pairs or groups.
Where have all the interstellar silicon carbides gone?
Authors: Chen Tao , Xiao C Y , Li Aigen , Zhou C T 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The detection of the 11.3$\, {\rm \mu m}$ emission feature characteristic of the Si–C stretch in carbon-rich evolved stars reveals that silicon carbide (SiC) dust grains are condensed in the outflows of carbon stars. SiC dust could be a significant constituent of interstellar dust since it is generally believed that carbon stars inject a considerable amount of dust into the interstellar medium (ISM). The presence of SiC dust in the ISM is also supported by the identification of pre-solar SiC grains of stellar origin in primitive meteorites. However, the 11.3$\,\mu {\rm m}$ absorption feature of SiC has never been seen in the ISM, and oxidative destruction of SiC is often invoked. In this work, we quantitatively explore the destruction of interstellar SiC dust through oxidation based on molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations. We find that the reaction of an oxygen atom with SiC molecules and clusters is exothermic and could cause CO-loss. Nevertheless, even if this is extrapolable to bulk SiC dust, the destruction rate of SiC dust through oxidation could still be considerably smaller than the (currently believed) injection rate from carbon stars. Therefore, the lack of the 11.3$\,\mu{\rm m}$ absorption feature of SiC dust in the ISM remains a mystery. A possible solution may lie in the currently believed stellar injection rate of SiC (which may have been overestimated) and/or the size of SiC dust (which may actually be considerably smaller than submicron in size).
The Manual Therapy and Strengthening for the Hip (MASH) Trial: Protocol for a Multisite Randomized Trial of a Subgroup of Older Adults With Chronic Back and Hip Pain
Authors: Pugliese Jenifer M , Coyle Peter C , Knox Patrick J , Sions J Megan , Patterson Charity G , Pohlig Ryan T , Simon Corey B , Weiner Debra K , George Steven Z , Piva Sara , Hicks Gregory E 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveChronic low back pain (CLBP) is a disabling and costly condition for older adults that is difficult to properly classify and treat. In a cohort study, a subgroup of older adults with CLBP who had elevated hip pain and hip muscle weakness was identified; this subgroup differentiated itself by being at higher risk for future mobility decline. The primary purpose of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether a hip-focused low back pain (LBP) treatment provides better disability and physical performance outcomes for this at-risk group compared with a spine-focused LBP treatment.MethodsThis study is a multisite, single-blinded, randomized controlled, parallel arm, Phase II trial conducted across 3 clinical research sites. A total of 180 people aged between 60 and 85 years with CLBP and hip pain are being recruited. Participants undergo a comprehensive baseline assessment and are randomized into 1 of 2 intervention arms: hip-focused or spine-focused. They are treated twice weekly by a licensed physical therapist for 8 weeks and undergo follow-up assessments at 8 weeks and 6 months after randomization. Primary outcome measures include the Quebec Low Back Disability Scale and the 10-Meter Walk Test, which are measures of self-report and performance-based physical function, respectively.ImpactThis multicenter, randomized clinical trial will determine whether a hip-focused or spine-focused physical therapist intervention results in improved disability and physical performance for a subgroup of older adults with CLBP and hip pain who are at increased risk of mobility decline. This trial will help further the development of effective interventions for this subgroup of older adults with CLBP.
The importance of tree internal water storage under drought conditions
Authors: Preisler Yakir , Hölttä Teemu , Grünzweig José M , Oz Itay , Tatarinov Fedor , Ruehr Nadine K , Rotenberg Eyal , Yakir Dan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Global warming and drying trends, as well as the increase in frequency and intensity of droughts, may have unprecedented impacts on various forest ecosystems. We assessed the role of internal water storage (WS) in drought resistance of mature pine trees in the semi-arid Yatir Forest. Transpiration (T), soil moisture and sap flow (SF) were measured continuously, accompanied by periodical measurements of leaf and branch water potential (Ψleaf) and water content (WC). The data were used to parameterize a tree hydraulics model to examine the impact of WS capacitance on the tree water relations. The results of the continuous measurements showed a 5-h time lag between T and SF in the dry season, which peaked in the early morning and early afternoon, respectively. A good fit between model results and observations was only obtained when the empirically estimated WS capacitance was included in the model. Without WS during the dry season, Ψleaf would drop below a threshold known to cause hydraulic failure and cessation of gas exchange in the studied tree species. Our results indicate that tree WS capacitance is a key drought resistance trait that could enhance tree survival in a drying climate, contributing up to 45% of the total daily transpiration during the dry season.
Clonal hematopoiesis detection in cancer patients using cell free DNA sequencing
Authors: Fairchild Lauren , Whalen Jeanne , D’Aco Katie , Wu Jincheng , Gustafson Carroll B. , Solovieff Nadia , Su Fei , Leary Rebecca , Campbell Catarina D. , Balbin O. Alejandro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn the context of cancer, clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is associated with the development of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms and shorter overall survival. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) sequencing is becoming widely adopted for genomic screening of cancer patients but has not been used extensively to determine CHIP status due to a requirement for matched blood and tumor sequencing. Here we present an accurate machine learning approach to determine clonal hematopoiesis (CH) status from cfDNA sequencing alone and apply our model to 4,096 oncology clinical cfDNA samples. Using this method, we determine that 26% of patients in this cohort have evidence of CH and CH is most common in lung cancer patients. Matched RNAseq data shows signals of increased inflammation, especially neutrophil activation, within the tumor microenvironment of CH-positive patients. Additionally, CH patients showed evidence of neutrophil activation systemically, pointing to a potential mechanism of action for the worse outcomes associated with CH status. Neutrophil activation may be one of many mechanisms however, as estrogen positive breast cancer patients harboring TET2 frameshift mutations had worse outcomes but similar neutrophil levels to CH-negative patients.One Sentence SummaryWe train an accurate machine learning model to detect clonal hematopoiesis in cancer and characterize associated changes in the tumor microenvironment.
Dynamic Subcortical Modulators of Human Default Mode Network Function
Authors: Harrison Ben J. , Davey Christopher G. , Savage Hannah S. , Jamieson Alec J. , Leonards Christine A. , Moffat Bradford A. , Glarin Rebecca K. , Steward Trevor 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe brain’s ‘default mode network’ (DMN) enables flexible switching between internally and externally focused cognition. Precisely how this modulation occurs is not well understood, although may involve key subcortical mechanisms, including hypothesized influences from the basal forebrain (BF) and mediodorsal thalamus (MD). Here, we used ultra-high field (7T) functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the involvement of the BF and MD across states of task-induced DMN activity modulation. Specifically, we mapped DMN activity suppression (‘deactivation’) when participants transitioned between rest and externally focused task performance, as well as DMN activity engagement (‘activation’) when task performance was internally (i.e., self) focused. Consistent with recent rodent studies, the BF showed overall activity suppression with DMN cortical regions when comparing the rest to external task conditions. Further analyses, including dynamic causal modelling, confirmed that the BF drove changes in DMN cortical activity during these rest-to-task transitions. The MD, by comparison, was specifically engaged during internally focused cognition and demonstrated a broad excitatory influence on DMN cortical activation. These results provide the first direct evidence in humans of distinct basal forebrain and thalamic circuit influences on the control of DMN function and suggest novel mechanistic avenues for ongoing translational research.
Efficacy of anti-microbial gel vapours against aerosolised coronavirus, bacteria, and fungi
Authors: Kalaiselvan Parthasarathi , Yasir Muhammad , Willcox Mark , Vijay Ajay Kumar 
Published: October 2021

SUMMARYBackgroundThe urban population spends up to 90% of their time indoors. The indoor environment harbours a diverse microbial population including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Pathogens present in the indoor environment can be transmitted to humans through aerosols.AimThis study evaluated the efficacy of an antimicrobial gel containing a mix of essential oils against aerosols of bacteria, fungi, and coronavirus.MethodsThe antimicrobial gel was allowed to vapourize inside a glass chamber for 10 or 20 minutes. Microbial aerosols of Escerichia coli, Aspergillus flavus spores or murine hepatitis virus MHV 1, a surrogate of SARS CoV-2 was passed through the gel vapours and then collected on a 6-stage Andersen sampler. The number of viable microbes present in the aerosols collected in the different stages were enumerated and compared to number of viable microbes in control microbial aerosols that were not exposed to the gel vapours.ResultsVaporizing the antimicrobial gel for 10 and 20 minutes resulted in a 48% (p = 0.002 Vs. control) and 53% (p = 0.001 Vs. control) reduction in the number of MHV-1 in the aerosols, respectively. The antimicrobial gel vaporised for 10 minutes, reduced the number of viable E. coli by 51% (p = 0.032 Vs. control) and Aspergillus flavus spores by 72% (p=0.008 Vs. control) in the aerosols.ConclusionsThe antimicrobial gel may be able to reduce aerosol transmission of microbes.
COVID-19 Vaccine Failure in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Monoclonal B-Lymphocytosis; Humoral and Cellular Immunity
Authors: Shen Yandong , Freeman Jane A. , Holland Juliette , Solterbeck Ann , Naidu Kartik , Soosapilla Asha , Downe Paul , Tang Catherine , Kerridge Ian , Wallman Lucinda , Van Bilsen Nenna , Milogiannakis Vanessa , Akerman Anouschka , Martins Costa Gomes Gabriela , Sandgren Kerrie , Cunningham Anthony L , Turville Stuart , Mulligan Stephen P. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractChronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with immunocompromise and high risk of severe COVID-19 disease and mortality. Monoclonal B-Lymphocytosis (MBL) patients also have immune impairment. We evaluated humoral and cellular immune responses in 181 patients with CLL (160) and MBL (21) to correlate failed seroconversion (<50AU/mL SARS-CoV-2 II IgG assay, antibody to spike protein, Abbott Diagnostics) following each of 2 vaccine doses with clinical and laboratory parameters. Following first and second doses, 79.2% then 45% of CLL, and 50% then 9.5% of MBL respectively remained seronegative, indicating 2 vaccine doses are crucial. There was significant association between post-dose 2 antibody level with pre-vaccination reduced IgM (p<0.0001), IgG2 (p<0.035), IgG3 (p<0.046), and CLL therapy within 12 months (p<0.001) in univariate analysis. By multivariate analysis, reduced IgM (p<0.0002) and active therapy (p<0.0002) retained significance. There was no significant correlation with age, gender, CLL duration, IgG, IgA or lymphocyte subsets. Anti-spike protein levels varied widely and were lower in CLL, than MBL, and both lower than normal donors. Neutralization activity showed anti-spike levels <1000AU/mL were usually negative for both an early viral clade and the contemporary Delta variant. There were 72.9% of CLL and 53.3% of MBL who failed to reach anti-spike levels >1000AU/mL. In a representative subset of 32 CLL patients, 80% had normal T-cell responses by IFNγ and IL-2 FluoroSpot assay. Failed seroconversion occurred in 36.6%% of treatment-naive patients, 52.9% treatment-naive with reduced IgM, 78.1% on therapy, and 85.7% on ibrutinib. Vaccination failure is very common in CLL, including early-stage disease.6 Key Novel FindingsComparison CLL vs MBL vs normal-45% of CLL and 9.5% of MBL fail to seroconvert with 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccineNeutralization assay-SARS CoV-2 IgG levels <1000 AU/mL rarely associated with neutralization activity.COVID-19-specific T-cell function by FluoroSpot IFN-g and IL-2 productionIgG, A, M class and IgG subclass:correlations by univariate and multivariate analysis-IgM (OR 7.29 p<0.0001), IgG2 and IgG3 subclass univariate significanceCorrelation withtherapy– ICT, targeted therapies, and those on Ig replacementHigh risk of vaccination failure for all CLL, including early-stage disease, and MBLKey PointsCLL and MBL show significantly impaired anti-spike antibody, viral neutralization, with cellular immune response to COVID-19 vaccinationFailure to seroconvert is associated with low IgM, IgG2, IgG3, and recent therapy; many CLL and MBL patients remain COVID-19 vulnerable
Chemogenetic Stimulation of Tonic Locus Coeruleus Activity Strengthens the Default Mode Network
Authors: Oyarzabal Esteban A. , Hsu Li-Ming , Das Manasmita , Harry Chao Tzu-Hao , Zhou Jingheng , Song Sheng , Zhang Weiting , Smith Kathleen G. , Sciolino Natale R. , Evsyukova Irina Y. , Yuan Hong , Lee Sung-Ho , Cui Guohong , Jensen Patricia , Ian Shih Yen-Yu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe default mode network (DMN) of the brain is involved in cognition, emotion regulation, impulsivity, and balancing between internally and externally focused states. DMN dysregulation has been implicated in several neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and spectral fiber-photometry to investigate the selective neuromodulatory effect of norepinephrine (NE)-releasing noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) on the DMN in mice. Chemogenetic-induced tonic LC-NE activity decreased cerebral blood volume (CBV) and glucose uptake, and increased synchronous low frequency fMRI activity within the frontal cortices of the DMN. Fiber-photometry results corroborated these findings, showing that LC-NE activation induced NE release, enhanced calcium-weighted neuronal spiking, and reduced CBV in the anterior cingulate cortex. These data suggest that LC-NE alters conventional stimulus-evoked coupling between neuronal activity and CBV in the frontal DMN. We also demonstrated that chemogenetic activation of LC-NE neurons strengthened functional connectivity within the frontal DMN, and this effect was causally mediated by reduced modulatory inputs from retrosplenial and hippocampal regions to the association cortices of the DMN.