bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enterobiasis and its risk factors in urban, rural and indigenous children of subtropical Argentina
Authors: Rivero Maria Romina , De Angelo Carlos , Feliziani Constanza , Liang Song , Tiranti Karina , Salas Martin Miguel , Salomon Oscar Daniel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA cross-sectional survey to assess the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis infection and its associated factors among the child population of infant, preschool and school age in the urban, rural and indigenous population of Iguazú city, in subtropical Argentina was presented. Additionally, the status of enterobiasis at country level was reviewed and analysed. Enterobius vermicularis presence was assessed employing an oviscopic serial sampling technique. Statistical analysis of socio-demographic determinants was performed by generalized linear mixed models at individual, household and community levels. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines were used to gather national information about E. vermicularis prevalence spanning the decade 2010–2020. A total of 916 children from 470 families participated. Overall prevalence was 29.8%, with 25.3, 30.7 and 34.2% detected for children inhabiting urban, rural and indigenous villages, respectively. The multi-level analysis showed that the presence of E. vermicularis was mostly determined by individual (e.g. age, playing habits, previous pinworm infection) and household-level factors (e.g. family size, overcrowding conditions). Interestingly, WASH variables, such as waste disposal, analysed at community level were also important. Data were analysed to provide eco-epidemiological features of enterobiasis in a heterogeneous subtropical child population in the same territory but with different socio-sanitary realities. The importance of promoting multi-level actions against the determinants identified, to control this public health problem integratively was evidenced. The scoping review of national data updated the state of knowledge of this parasitosis, identifying risk determinants and gaps in knowledge at country level.
A Change from a Spinal Immobilization to a Spinal Motion Restriction Protocol was Not Associated with an Increase in Disabling Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Clemency Brian M. , Natalzia Peter , Innes Johanna , Guarino Sharon , Welch Jacob V. , Haghdel Arsalan , Noyes Ekaterina , Jordan Jeffery , Lindstrom Heather A. , Lerner E. Brooke 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground:Over the past decade, Emergency Medical Service (EMS) systems decreased backboard use as they transition from spinal immobilization (SI) protocols to spinal motion restriction (SMR) protocols. Since this change, no study has examined its effect on the neurologic outcomes of patients with spine injuries.Objectives:The object of this study is to determine if a state-wide protocol change from an SI to an SMR protocol had an effect on the incidence of disabling spinal cord injuries.Methods:This was a retrospective review of patients in a single Level I trauma center before and after a change in spinal injury protocols. A two-step review of the record was used to classify spinal cord injuries as disabling or not disabling. A binary logistic regression was used to determine the effects of protocol, gender, age, level of injury, and mechanism of injury (MOI) on the incidence of significant disability from a spinal cord injury.Results:A total of 549 patients in the SI period and 623 patients in the SMR period were included in the analysis. In the logistic regression, the change from an SI protocol to an SMR protocol did not demonstrate a significant effect on the incidence of disabling spinal injuries (OR: 0.78; 95% CI, 0.44 - 1.36).Conclusion:This study did not demonstrate an increase in disabling spinal cord injuries after a shift from an SI protocol to an SMR protocol. This finding, in addition to existing literature, supports the introduction of SMR protocols and the decreased use of the backboard.
Coping with COVID-19 pandemic: reflections of older couples living alone in urban Odisha, India
Authors: Mahapatra Pranab , Sahoo Krushna Chandra , Desaraju Shyama , Pati Sanghamitra 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAim:We explored the ‘coping reflections’ of elderly couples living alone (without any other family members) during the COVID-19 pandemic in urban Odisha, India.Background:Evidence worldwide suggests that older people are at increased risk from COVID-19 adverse outcomes and experience greater stress. In our previous community-based study urban dwelling, particularly elderly participants, and living alone reported higher pandemic-associated health care challenges than their rural and residing-with-family counterparts. We intended to explore how the elderly couples living alone coped through this challenging yet stressful situation during the COVID-19 pandemic and what were their key strategies adopted toward this.Methods:We conducted telephonic in-depth interviews (IDIs) with 11 urban elderly couples living alone in Bhubaneswar city of Odisha, India using a semi-structured interview guide. All IDIs were digitally recorded, transcribed into the original language, and translated to English. We used a thematic approach for analysis.Findings:Four themes emerged: (1) Risk appraisal and feeling vulnerable; (2) Safeguarding against COVID-19; (3) Managing routine health care and emergency; and (4) Pursuing mental and psychological well-being. Although fear, anxiety, and loneliness were continuing stressors, many of them learnt to adapt and emerge resilient with the evolving situation. Various elements at the individual, family, community, and organizational levels were conducive to better coping. The companionship and complementary support of spouse, self-health literacy, and digital efficacy, virtual connectedness with family and friends, availability of community pharmacy and diagnostic services in the vicinity, support of neighbors, reengaging with creative leisure time activity, and assurance of a responsive administration at the time of emergency helped them to cruise through the pandemic. Furthermore, watching the re-telecast of prime time serials made these elderly fondly remember their own youth time memories. Self-health monitoring, indoor physical exercise, spiritual practices, continuation of previous prescription, telephonic advice of physicians were add-on strategies that facilitated their physical and psychological well-being during the pandemic.
Empirical tests for ex post moral hazard in a market for automobile insurance
Authors: Rowell David , Nghiem Son , Connelly Luke B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractEx post moral hazard arises when the insured has an unobservable influence on the size of a loss after its occurrence. In automobile (property) insurance, ex post moral hazard could increase in the scope of the repairs and/or the value of the repairs. Both vehicle owners and auto repairers could gain from increasing the scope of repairs, while auto repairers would gain from an increase in the value of repairs. An analysis of 994 Australian road traffic crashes found that ex post moral hazard increased the value of repairs by 46.8 per cent of which 9 percentage points was explained by an increase in the scope of the repairs, which was defined as an increased from 2 to 2.4 parts per auto repair.
Analytical Solution and Numerical Simulation of Steady Flow Around a Circular Heterogeneity With Anisotropic and Concentrically Varying Permeability
Authors: Rousseau Moïse , Pabst Thomas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAccurately simulating flow to assess the environmental impact of backfilled mine open‐pit with hazardous waste is challenging. Excavation and blasting during mining operations often result in the creation of new fractures with preferential orientation, which leads to a variable and anisotropic permeability field around the excavation. Numerical simulations are often used to study such problems, but experimental data are scarce and analytical solutions for this configuration are not available in the literature, which make the code validation difficult and uncertain. Therefore, the present study aimed to address the numerical code validation by developing a new closed form head solution of a steady flow with a radially anisotropic and continuously varying permeability distribution around a heterogeneity. Numerical flow simulations using the finite volume code PFLOTRAN were then compared to the analytically calculated heads and flowrates on three cases of increasing complexity. Results showed a good agreement between analytical and simulated flowrates and heads, with a maximum absolute error not exceeding 3.5% on flowrates and 1.8% on heads. Errors were actually mainly caused by boundary effects and by the non‐respect of the K‐orthogonality condition in the computational mesh. This study opens the way for accurate evaluation of the blast damage zone influence on groundwater flow in and around open pits backfilled with hazardous wastes.
EpistoNet: an ensemble of Epistocracy-optimized mixture of experts for detecting COVID-19 on chest X-ray images
Authors: Mousavi Mojab Seyed Ziae , Shams Seyedmohammad , Fotouhi Farshad , Soltanian-Zadeh Hamid 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Coronavirus has spread across the world and infected millions of people, causing devastating damage to the public health and global economies. To mitigate the impact of the coronavirus a reliable, fast, and accurate diagnostic system should be promptly implemented. In this study, we propose EpistoNet, a decision tree-based ensemble model using two mixtures of discriminative experts to classify COVID-19 lung infection from chest X-ray images. To optimize the architecture and hyper-parameters of the designed neural networks, we employed Epistocracy algorithm, a recently proposed hyper-heuristic evolutionary method. Using 2500 chest X-ray images consisting of 1250 COVID-19 and 1250 non-COVID-19 cases, we left out 500 images for testing and partitioned the remaining 2000 images into 5 different clusters using K-means clustering algorithm. We trained multiple deep convolutional neural networks on each cluster to help build a mixture of strong discriminative experts from the top-performing models supervised by a gating network. The final ensemble model obtained 95% accuracy on COVID-19 images and 93% accuracy on non-COVID-19. The experimental results show that EpistoNet can accurately, and reliably be used to detect COVID-19 infection in the chest X-ray images, and Epistocracy algorithm can be effectively used to optimize the hyper-parameters of the proposed models.
Sensitization of the UPR by loss of PPP1R15A promotes fibrosis and senescence in IPF
Authors: Monkley Susan , Overed-Sayer Catherine , Parfrey Helen , Rassl Doris , Crowther Damian , Escudero-Ibarz Leire , Davis Nicola , Carruthers Alan , Berks Richard , Coetzee Marisa , Kolosionek Ewa , Karlsson Maria , Griffin Leia R. , Clausen Maryam , Belfield Graham , Hogaboam Cory M. , Murray Lynne A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe unfolded protein response (UPR) is a direct consequence of cellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and a key disease driving mechanism in IPF. The resolution of the UPR is directed by PPP1R15A (GADD34) and leads to the restoration of normal ribosomal activity. While the role of PPP1R15A has been explored in lung epithelial cells, the role of this UPR resolving factor has yet to be explored in lung mesenchymal cells. The objective of the current study was to determine the expression and role of PPP1R15A in IPF fibroblasts and in a bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model. A survey of IPF lung tissue revealed that PPP1R15A expression was markedly reduced. Targeting PPP1R15A in primary fibroblasts modulated TGF-β-induced fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation and exacerbated pulmonary fibrosis in bleomycin-challenged mice. Interestingly, the loss of PPP1R15A appeared to promote lung fibroblast senescence. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the major role of PPP1R15A in the regulation of lung mesenchymal cells, and regulation of PPP1R15A may represent a novel therapeutic strategy in IPF.
Recurrence and visual prognostic factors of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: 5-year results
Authors: Kim Joo Young , Son Woo Young , Kim Rae Young , Kim Mirinae , Park Young Gun , Park Young-Hoon 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis retrospective study aimed to evaluate the factors affecting recurrence and visual prognosis in patients with treatment-naïve subfoveal polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Patients who had received three consecutive intravitreal injections of ranibizumab or aflibercept and had reached remission were enrolled.
They were divided into a group without recurrence (group 1, 26 eyes) and a group with recurrence (group 2, 121 eyes) and followed up for at least 5 years. Patients in group 2 received additional treatment for worsening. Logistic regression analysis revealed that a young age of onset (P = 0.001), high choroidal vascularity index (CVI; P = 0.019), and presence of choroidal vascular hyperpermeability (CVH; P = 0.037) were associated with a low risk of recurrence. Multiple regression analysis revealed that recurrence (P = 0.001), greatest linear dimension (P = 0.003), and polyp configuration (single or cluster; P = 0.043) were associated with final visual acuity. Patients without recurrence had a lower age of onset and higher CVI than those with recurrence, and they tended to have CVH. In addition, patients with recurrence, large lesion, and cluster polyps had worse final visual acuity than those without these factors. CVI and CVH may be used to predict recurrence of PCV.
Weak and vanishing upper mantle discontinuities generated by large-scale lithospheric delamination in the Longmenshan area, China
Authors: He Chuansong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA large amount of high-quality teleseismic data is used for common conversion point (CCP) stacking of receiver functions in the Longmenshan area and near-by region. The results show that a large-scale high-velocity anomaly (LHVA) or lithospheric delamination can modify the structure of upper mantle discontinuities or weaken the phase boundary of olivine, which is a very important finding and can be used to assess stagnant slabs in the mantle transition zone globally. The deepening region of the 660 km discontinuity beneath the Songpan-Ganzi terrane identified in this study might be generated by the LHVA.
Outcome of childhood bacterial meningitis on three continents
Authors: Peltola Heikki , Roine Irmeli , Kallio Markku , Pelkonen Tuula 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOur objective was to quantify the differences in the outcomes from childhood bacterial meningitis (BM) and to describe the factors associated with them in different parts of the world. This study is a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data from five clinical BM trials conducted in Finland, Latin America (LatAm), and Angola between 1984 and 2017. As all data were collected uniformly, direct comparison of the series was possible. Associations between patient characteristics and death or dismal outcome—the triad of death, severe neurological sequelae, or deafness—were explored. In all, data on 2123 children with BM were analyzed. Etiology was confirmed in 95%, 83%, and 64%, in Finland, LatAm and Angola, respectively. The leading agents were Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Dismal outcome was the end result for 54%, 31%, and 5% of children in Angola, LatAm, and Finland, respectively. Although underweight, anemia, and tardy arrival worsened prognoses in Angola and LatAm, it was the presenting condition that was central in terms of outcome. In multivariate analysis, the factors independently associated with dismal outcome were the study site (Angola vs. Finland, OR 11.91, 95% CI 5.54–25.63, p < 0.0001 or LatAm vs. Finland, OR 9.46, 95% CI 4.35–20.61, p < 0.0001), Glasgow Coma Score < 13 (OR 4.58, 95% CI 3.31–6.32, p < 0.0001), seizures (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.43–2.69), age < 1 year (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.13–2.14, p = 0.007), and pneumococcal etiology (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.08–2.06, p = 0.015). Greatly dissimilar outcomes from BM reflected the findings on admission on all three continents. Optimizing growth, preventing anemia, and prompt treatment may improve outcomes in resource poor areas.
Multiplexed immunofluorescence identifies high stromal CD68+PD-L1+ macrophages as a predictor of improved survival in triple negative breast cancer
Authors: Wang James , Browne Lois , Slapetova Iveta , Shang Fei , Lee Kirsty , Lynch Jodi , Beretov Julia , Whan Renee , Graham Peter H. , Millar Ewan K. A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTriple negative breast cancer (TNBC) comprises 10–15% of all breast cancers and has a poor prognosis with a high risk of recurrence within 5 years. PD-L1 is an important biomarker for patient selection for immunotherapy but its cellular expression and co-localization within the tumour immune microenvironment and associated prognostic value is not well defined. We aimed to characterise the phenotypes of immune cells expressing PD-L1 and determine their association with overall survival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS). Using tissue microarrays from a retrospective cohort of TNBC patients from St George Hospital, Sydney (n = 244), multiplexed immunofluorescence (mIF) was used to assess staining for CD3, CD8, CD20, CD68, PD-1, PD-L1, FOXP3 and pan-cytokeratin on the Vectra Polaris™ platform and analysed using QuPath. Cox multivariate analyses showed high CD68+PD-L1+ stromal cell counts were associated with improved prognosis for OS (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.33–0.95, p = 0.030) and BCSS (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.25–0.88, p = 0.018) in the whole cohort and in patients receiving chemotherapy, improving incrementally upon the predictive value of PD-L1+ alone for BCSS. These data suggest that CD68+PD-L1+ status can provide clinically useful prognostic information to identify sub-groups of patients with good or poor prognosis and guide treatment decisions in TNBC.
Gold catalyzed efficient preparation of dihydrobenzofuran from 1,3-enyne and phenol
Authors: Wang Yu-Jiang , Zhang Yuan , Qiang Zou , Liang Jia-Ying , Chen Zili 
Published: November 2021

Gold catalyzed preparation of dihydrobenzofuran was achieved through a highly ortho-selective phenol SEAr functionalization by using 1,3-enynes as α-oxo vinyl gold carbenoid surrogates.
Speech Abilities in a Heterogeneous Group of Children With Autism
Authors: Broome Kate , McCabe Patricia , Docking Kimberley , Doble Maree , Carrigg Bronwyn 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
This study aimed to provide detailed descriptive information about the speech of a heterogeneous cohort of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to explore whether subgroups exist based on this detailed speech data. High rates of delayed and disordered speech in both low-verbal and high-functioning children with ASD have been reported. There is limited information regarding the speech abilities of young children across a range of functional levels.

Method:
Participants were 23 children aged 2;0–6;11 (years;months) with a diagnosis of ASD. Comprehensive speech and language assessments were administered. Independent and relational speech analyses were conducted from single-word naming tasks and spontaneous speech samples. Hierarchical clustering based on language, nonverbal communication, and spontaneous speech descriptive data was completed.

Results:

Independent and relational speech analyses are reported. These variables are used in the cluster analyses, which identified three distinct subgroups: (a) children with high language and high speech ability (
n
= 10), (b) children with low expressive language and low speech ability but higher receptive language and use of gestures (
n
= 3), and (c) children with low language and low speech development (
n
= 10).

Conclusions:
This is the first study to provide detailed descriptive speech data of a heterogeneous cohort of children with ASD and use this information to statistically explore potential subgroups. Clustering suggests a small number of children present with low levels of speech and expressive language in the presence of better receptive language and gestures. This communication profile warrants further exploration. Replicating these findings with a larger cohort of children is needed.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16906978
Phonetic Encoding Contributes to the Processing of Linguistic Prosody at the Word Level: Cross-Linguistic Evidence From Event-Related Potentials
Authors: Yu Luodi , Zeng Jiajing , Wang Suiping , Zhang Yang 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:This study aimed to examine whether abstract knowledge of word-level linguistic prosody is independent of or integrated with phonetic knowledge.Method:Event-related potential (ERP) responses were measured from 18 adult listeners while they listened to native and nonnative word-level prosody in speech and in nonspeech. The prosodic phonology (speech) conditions included disyllabic pseudowords spoken in Chinese and in English matched for syllabic structure, duration, and intensity. The prosodic acoustic (nonspeech) conditions were hummed versions of the speech stimuli, which eliminated the phonetic content while preserving the acoustic prosodic features.Results:We observed language-specific effects on the ERP that native stimuli elicited larger late negative response (LNR) amplitude than nonnative stimuli in the prosodic phonology conditions. However, no such effect was observed in the phoneme-free prosodic acoustic control conditions.Conclusions:The results support the integration view that word-level linguistic prosody likely relies on the phonetic content where the acoustic cues embedded in. It remains to be examined whether the LNR may serve as a neural signature for language-specific processing of prosodic phonology beyond auditory processing of the critical acoustic cues at the suprasyllabic level.
Feedback and Feedforward Auditory-Motor Processes for Voice and Articulation in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Abur Defne , Subaciute Austeja , Daliri Ayoub , Lester-Smith Rosemary A. , Lupiani Ashling A. , Cilento Dante , Enos Nicole M. , Weerathunge Hasini R. , Tardif Monique C. , Stepp Cara E. 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
Unexpected and sustained manipulations of auditory feedback during speech production result in “reflexive” and “adaptive” responses, which can shed light on feedback and feedforward auditory-motor control processes, respectively. Persons with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) have shown aberrant reflexive and adaptive responses, but responses appear to differ for control of vocal and articulatory features. However, these responses have not been examined for both voice and articulation in the same speakers and with respect to auditory acuity and functional speech outcomes (speech intelligibility and naturalness).

Method:
Here, 28 PwPD on their typical dopaminergic medication schedule and 28 age-, sex-, and hearing-matched controls completed tasks yielding reflexive and adaptive responses as well as auditory acuity for both vocal and articulatory features.

Results:
No group differences were found for any measures of auditory-motor control, conflicting with prior findings in PwPD while off medication. Auditory-motor measures were also compared with listener ratings of speech function: first formant frequency acuity was related to speech intelligibility, whereas adaptive responses to vocal fundamental frequency manipulations were related to speech naturalness.

Conclusions:
These results support that auditory-motor processes for both voice and articulatory features are intact for PwPD receiving medication. This work is also the first to suggest associations between measures of auditory-motor control and speech intelligibility and naturalness.