bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On finding the zero‐shear‐rate viscosity of polymer melts
Authors: Shaw Montgomery T. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA significant fraction of the experimental works on the rheology of polymer melts include an attempt to find the zero‐shear‐rate viscosity η0. This is done for good reasons, because η0 is a limiting property that depends only on thermodynamic variables and, importantly, the molecular and supermolecular structure of the melt. As with all limiting properties, η0 is impossible to measure directly. Fortunately with many melts, it can be estimated from viscosity measurements at very low shear rates or frequencies, but still remains one of those properties that becomes in the limit very prone to error. The common approach is to use a set of frequency‐ or shear‐rate‐dependent data and extrapolate to find η0. As with any extrapolation, the major question is the function used for the extrapolation. This question is addressed in some detail in this article. The question of which function to use was discarded in favor of using a large sample of 20 equations of many functional forms. This sample of randomly chosen equations was used to generate a set of η0 values, and the statistics of this distribution were examined, in the usual fashion, by description with an analytical probability density function that gives a high probability of being a likely generator of the data. In addition, a weighted average was proposed, where the weighting factor takes into account the quality of the fit. For testing these ideas, the room temperature melts of poly(vinyl isobutyl ether), poly(isobutylene), and poly(dimethyl siloxane) were used. The η0 of the latter was reachable; for the other resins, a falling ball technique was attempted.
Effect of Pressure on Mechanical Properties of Composite Propellant
Authors: Bihari Bipin Kumar , Kumaraswamy Adepu , Jain Mukesh , Rao Nellutla P. N. , Murthy Krothapalli P. S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractComposite propellant must possess sufficient structural capability to withstand the various loading conditions. Several attempts are made worldwide to evaluate mechanical properties of composite propellant at different temperatures and strain rates but effect of pressure has not been yet fully elaborated. In the present study, effect of pressure on mechanical properties of composite propellant was evaluated and discussed to obtain the best possible simulation of firing phenomena. The Universal Testing Machine (UTM) was used to characterize the mechanical behavior of AP/ Al/ HTPB based composite propellant at different strain rates of 0.001916 s‐1, 0.01916 s‐1, 0.1916 s‐1 and 0.9578 s‐1 at various pressure of 0.1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 MPa. The study reveals that the structural capabilities of studied propellant is increasing with pressure up to a threshold limit and then decreases. The strain capability of studied composite propellant increases with increase in strain rate at a given pressure and it possess maximum stress capability when operated in the pressure range of 4 to 6 MPa. These findings can be used efficiently during the design and development of solid rocket motor and development of a new propellant formulation. Further, the failure boundary envelope has also been generated to study the effect of pressure and strain rate simultaneously.
Nerve growth factor (NGF) and NGF receptors in mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: Impact on potential therapies
Authors: Zha Kangkang , Yang Yu , Tian Guangzhao , Sun Zhiqiang , Yang Zhen , Li Xu , Sui Xiang , Liu Shuyun , Zhao Jinmin , Guo Quanyi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are promising for the treatment of degenerative diseases and traumatic injuries. However, MSC engraftment is not always successful and requires a strong comprehension of the cytokines and their receptors that mediate the biological behaviors of MSCs. The effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its two receptors, TrkA and p75NTR, on neural cells are well studied. Increasing evidence shows that NGF, TrkA, and p75NTR are also involved in various aspects of MSC function, including their survival, growth, differentiation, and angiogenesis. The regulatory effect of NGF on MSCs is thought to be achieved mainly through its binding to TrkA. p75NTR, another receptor of NGF, is regarded as a novel surface marker of MSCs. This review provides an overview of advances in understanding the roles of NGF and its receptors in MSCs as well as the effects of MSC-derived NGF on other cell types, which will provide new insight for the optimization of MSC-based therapy.
Roles of constraint and attachment in crowdfunder behavior for sustainable development: An extended theory of planned behavior
Authors: Kim Myung Ja , Petrick James F. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCrowdfunding based financing, via the internet, can be a solution for sustainable development. In order to better understand this under researched area, the objective of this study was to build and test a theoretical model to help understand crowdfunder behavior related to sustainable development applying the theories of planned behavior, constraints, and attachment style. To accomplish the research goals, an Internet survey was conducted between March 11 and 23, 2020 in South Korea. Data from 487 respondents, who participated in sustainability crowdfunding during the past year, were analyzed utilizing partial least squares‐structural equation modeling and multigroup analysis. Results revealed that perceived constraints related to sustainability crowdfunding had significantly negative impacts on attitude and behavioral intentions. In addition, perceptions of crowdfunding for sustainability were found to positively influence attitudes and subjective norms. Moreover, behavioral intentions were found to significantly and positively be affected by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Additionally, respondents with high anxiety attachment were found to have their perceived constraints and attitudes to have greater impacts on their behavioral intentions than their counterparts. Also, crowdfunders with high avoidance attachment were found to have larger effects between their perceived constraints and attitudes, perceived constraints and behavioral intentions, perceptions and attitudes, and perceived behavioral control and behavioral intentions than their counterparts. Accordingly, results suggest theoretical and managerial insights related to crowdfunding for sustainable development.
Limbal Stem Cells on Bacterial Nanocellulose Carriers for Ocular Surface Regeneration
Authors: Anton‐Sales Irene , Koivusalo Laura , Skottman Heli , Laromaine Anna , Roig Anna 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLimbal stem cells (LSCs) are already used in cell‐based treatments for ocular surface disorders. Clinical translation of LSCs‐based therapies critically depends on the successful delivery, survival, and retention of these therapeutic cells to the desired region. Such a major bottleneck could be overcome by using an appropriate carrier to provide anchoring sites and structural support to LSC culture and transplantation. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is an appealing, yet unexplored, candidate for this application because of its biocompatibility, animal‐free origin and mechanical stability. Here, BNC as a vehicle for human embryonic stem cells‐derived LSC (hESC‐LSC) are investigated. To enhance cell‐biomaterial interactions, a plasma activation followed by a Collagen IV and Laminin coating of the BNC substrates is implemented. This surface functionalization with human extracellular matrix proteins greatly improved the attachment and survival of hESC‐LSC without compromising the flexible, robust and semi‐transparent nature of the BNC. The surface characteristics of the BNC substrates are described and a preliminary ex vivo test in simulated transplantation scenarios is provided. Importantly, it is shown that hESC‐LSC retain their self‐renewal and stemness characteristics up to 21 days on BNC substrates. These results open the door for future research on hESC‐LSC/BNC constructs to treat severe ocular surface pathologies.
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in India: How Did We Get Here and Where Are We Going?
Authors: Nayak Kishore 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAny discussion about the history of surgery inevitably begins with an invariable reference to Suśruta and his contributions to facial surgery, in particular. While the contributions of the sixth-century sage surgeon may somewhat be nebulous in a foggy poorly documented history, they are inevitably (and arguably) numerous but need not be elaborated here in any manner. What is lesser known and not often spoken about is that Suśruta considered surgery the first and foremost branch of medicine and stated, “Surgery has the superior advantage of producing instantaneous effects by means of surgical instruments and appliances. Hence, it is the highest in value of all the medical tantras. It is eternal and a source of infinite piety, imports fame and opens the gates of Heaven to its votaries. It prolongs the duration of human existence on earth and helps men in successfully fulfilling their missions and earning a decent competence in life.”
Dentoalveolar Injuries and Wiring Techniques
Authors: Shetye Omkar Anand 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTraumatic dental injuries account for majority of maxillofacial injuries affecting soft tissues as well as maxillofacial bones. History of immediate local measures employed to reduce the severity of injury helps in eliciting information regarding the original condition of the injured area. Time elapsed post trauma plays a major role in determining outcome of the intervention. Goal of the treatment is directed towards achieving the pre-traumatic occlusion and intra arch contour.
Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome
Authors: Baig Mirza Farhatullah , Ashok Yashoda 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMyofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome or myofascial pain disorder is one among the triad of disturbances that is encompassed within the umbrella term, TMJ disorders. Due to a lack of consensus on definitive symptoms and mode of diagnosis, it continues to remain an elusive entity for clinicians working with head and neck disorders and dentists alike. Additionally, There is a general lack of simplification in literature to enhance understanding and this is further complicated by the use of multiple descriptive terminologies to refer to the disorder. It is the objective of this chapter to provide a comprehensive overview of the subject for the reader, to clarify the various nuances of diagnosis, treatment planning and management modalities in addition to throwing light on the evolving terminologies, causative mechanisms and recent trends in MPDS management. The author has also highlighted the importance of a multi modality management approach, psychological rehabilitation with long term patient follow up. The authors personal experience with the use of specialised splints has been elucidated with relevant clinical case scenarios.
Internal Derangements of the Temporomandibular Joint
Authors: Warburton Gary 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTemporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder (TMD) is a broad term encompassing many diseases affecting the TMJ and the surrounding structures and includes internal derangement or disc displacement disorders. Our understanding of internal derangement, its causation, and treatments have evolved over the years, and we are now able to offer effective nonsurgical and surgical management strategies. This chapter will discuss the evolution of our understanding of TMJ internal derangement, diagnosis, causation, and management strategies.
Operating Room Protocols and Infection Control
Authors: Bali Rishi Kumar 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn the modern day’s Oral and Maxillofacial surgical practice, complex surgical and aesthetical procedures are being carried out associated with an increased risk of infectious complications. Therefore, to ensure better outcomes of the surgical procedures, it is absolutely necessary that appropriate measures must be taken to decrease the incidence of associated infections. The practices to be carried out for infection control include proper scrubbing procedures for both patient and the operator, specific protocols to be followed by the operating personnel at the time of procedures, proper handling of the instruments and maintaining an aseptic environment throughout the procedure. The main aim of this chapter is to provide information on the preoperative, operative and post-operative protocols that should be adhered to improve the safety of the patients undergoing surgical procedures.
Increased Expression of Colonic Mucosal Melatonin in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome Correlated with Gut Dysbiosis
Authors: Wang Ben , Zhu Shiwei , Liu Zuojing , Wei Hui , Zhang Lu , He Meibo , Pei Fei , Zhang Jindong , Sun Qinghua , Duan Liping 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Dysregulation of the gut microbiota/gut hormone axis contributes to the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Melatonin plays a beneficial role in gut motility and immunity. However, altered expression of local mucosal melatonin in IBS and its relationship with the gut microbiota remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to detect the colonic melatonin levels and microbiota profiles in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) and explore their relationship in germ-free (GF) rats and BON-1 cells. Thirty-two IBS-D patients and twenty-eight healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Fecal specimens from IBS-D patients and HCs were separately transplanted into GF rats by gavage. The levels of colon mucosal melatonin were assessed by immunohistochemical methods, and fecal microbiota communities were analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing. The effect of butyrate on melatonin synthesis in BON-1 cells was evaluated by ELISA. Melatonin levels were significantly increased and negatively correlated with visceral hypersensitivity in IBS-D patients. GF rats inoculated with fecal microbiota from IBS-D patients had high colonic melatonin levels. Butyrate-producing Clostridium cluster XIVa species, such as Roseburia species and Lachnospira species, were positively related to colonic mucosal melatonin expression. Butyrate significantly increased melatonin secretion in BON-1 cells. Increased melatonin expression may be an adaptive protective mechanism in the development of IBS-D. Moreover, some Clostridium cluster XIVa species could increase melatonin expression via butyrate production. Modulation of the gut hormone/gut microbiota axis offers a promising target of interest for IBS in the future.
Eliminating Selves and Persons
Authors: CHADHA MONIMA 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Buddhist no-self and no-person revisionary metaphysics aims to produce a better structure that is motivated by the normative goal of eliminating, or at least reducing, suffering. The revised structure, in turn, entails a major reconsideration of our ordinary everyday person-related concerns and practices and interpersonal attitudes, such as moral responsibility, praise and blame, compensation, and social treatment. This essay explores the extent to which we must alter and perhaps discard some of our practical commitments in light of the Buddhist revisionism. I do not argue here that we should change our ordinary practices, concerns, and attitudes, or that the Buddhist metaphysics does succeed in presenting a better structure. Rather, I offer it as an alternative structure that should be considered seriously.
‘How do you get to Tim Hortons?’ Direction-giving in Ontario dialects
Authors: Schlegl Lisa , Tagliamonte Sali A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this study, we target the speech act of direction-giving using variationist sociolinguistic methods within a corpus of vernacular speech from six Ontario communities. Not only do we find social and geographical correlates to linguistic choices in direction-giving, but we also establish the influence of the physical layout of the community/place in question. Direction-giving in the urban center of Toronto (Southern Ontario) contrasts with five Northern Ontario communities. Northerners use more relative directions, while Torontonians use more cardinal directions, landmarks, and proper street names – for example,Go east on Bloor to the Manulife Centre. We also find that specific lexical choices (e.g.,Take a rightvs.Make a right) distinguish direction-givers in Northern Ontario from those in Toronto. These differences identify direction-giving as an ideal site for sociolinguistic and dialectological investigation and corroborate previous findings documenting regional variation in Canadian English.
Breakfast skipping alone and in interaction with inflammatory based quality of diet increases the risk of higher scores of psychological problems profile in a large sample of Iranian adults
Authors: Haghighatdoost Fahimeh , Feizi Awat , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad , Keshteli Ammar Hassanzadeh , Afshar Hamid , Adibi Peyman 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe authors investigate the association of breakfast skipping and its interaction with a dietary inflammatory index (DII) with the severity of psychological disorders. A total of 2876 Iranian general adults were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Psychological problems profile score was calculated using the regression method in the framework of factor analysis based on depression, anxiety and psychological distress. The higher scores indicate more severity of mental problem. The frequency of breakfast eating in a week was assessed. Dietary intakes were assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire and twenty-seven items were included in the calculation of DII. In the crude model, individuals who ate breakfast seldom had the highest odds for having worse psychological problems profile (OR 3⋅59; 95 % CI 2⋅52, 5⋅11). Adjustment for various confounders did not change the associations (OR 3⋅35; 95 % CI 2⋅11, 5⋅32). In the adjusted multinomial logistic regression model, participants with high DII (>median) who skipped breakfast had highest risk of being in the higher tertiles of psychological problems profile compared with those who had low DII (<median) and ate breakfast (OR 6⋅67; 95 % CI 3⋅45, 12⋅90). Similar results were observed in women and men regarding the impact of breakfast skipping alone and interaction with DII on scores of psychological problems profile. Breakfast skipping is associated with higher risk of psychological problems. Similar findings were obtained in the stratified analysis by sex. Our findings confirmed that the DII and breakfast skipping are associated with mental health, interactionally. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the true link between breakfast skipping and psychological problems.
Flood events caused by discharge from Qaanaaq Glacier, northwestern Greenland
Authors: Kondo Ken , Sugiyama Shin , Sakakibara Daiki , Fukumoto Shungo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAs a result of climate warming, glacial meltwater discharge has been increasing in Greenland. During the summers of 2015 and 2016, there were rapid increases in discharge from Qaanaaq Glacier in northwestern Greenland. These discharges resulted in floods that destroyed the road linking the settlement of Qaanaaq to Qaanaaq Airport. Field measurements were performed and a numerical model of glacier runoff was developed to quantify these discharges. The high discharge associated with the 2015 flood, estimated at 9.1 m3 s−1 (hourly mean), resulted from intensive glacier melting due to warm air temperature and strong winds, while the high discharge associated with the 2016 flood resulted from heavy rainfall (90 mm d−1) that led to a peak discharge estimated at 19.9 m3 s−1. The developed model, when used to investigate future glacier runoff under warming conditions, revealed a nonlinear increase in glacial melt with increasing temperature. Additionally, the model forecasted a threefold increase in total summer discharge, owing to a 4 °C rise in temperature. Thus, this study quantified the impact of a changing climate on glacier runoff, which gives insight into future risks of flood hazards along the coast of Greenland.
Reputation and Advertising of Collective Brand Members in the Wine Industry: The Moderating Role of Market Share
Authors: Sellers-Rubio Ricardo , Mas-Ruiz Francisco , Sancho-Esper Franco 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper analyzes the nonlinear relationship between the advertising investment and reputation of collective brand members in an experience goods industry, as well as the moderating role of their market share within the collective brand. The central assumption is that the quality reputation of collective brand members has a positive effect on their advertising investment until a reputation threshold is reached, after which the effect on advertising investment becomes negative. This change in the slope is explained by the information sets (firm reputation and collective reputation) used by consumers to reduce uncertainty, which leads to a weaker motivation for the firm to invest in advertising. In addition, scale economies of advertising mean that the market share of collective brand members negatively moderates the curvilinear relationship between quality reputation and advertising investment. The results for a sample of 176 companies in a Spanish experience goods industry (i.e., winemaking) between 2004 and 2014 show an inverted U-shaped relationship between the advertising investment and reputation of collective brand members. The results also show that market share negatively moderates this curvilinear relationship. (JEL Classifications: M31, M37, Q13)
Robert M. Young's Mind, Brain and Adaptation revisited
Authors: Lawrence Christopher 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRobert Maxwell Young's first book Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century (1970), written from 1960 to 1965, still merits reading as a study of the naturalization of mind and its relation to social thought in Victorian Britain. I examine the book from two perspectives that give the volume its unique character: first, Young's interest in psychology, which he considered should be used to inform humane professional practices and be the basis of social reform; second, new approaches to the history of scientific ideas. I trace Young's intellectual interests to the Yale Philosophy Department, the Cambridge Department of Experimental Psychology and a new history and philosophy of science community. Although Young changed his political outlook and historiography radically after 1965, he always remained faithful to ideas about thought and practice described in Mind, Brain.
Who Gets What: The Economy, Relative Gains and Brexit
Authors: Green Jane , Hellwig Timothy , Fieldhouse Edward 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThere has been a lively debate about the economic and cultural-based drivers of support for populism. This article argues that economic concerns matter, but that they are realized through the relative gains and losses of social groups. Using new survey items in a large representative survey administered in Britain, it shows that citizens' economic assessments of the ethnic minority out-group – in relation to the group's situation 12 months ago and to assessments of the economic conditions of the white British in-group – are a predictor of support for Brexit. The results, which are robust to prior referendum vote, immigration attitudes and cultural sentiment, extend across income groups and national identity strength. Extending the analysis to a comparison of geographic in- and out-groups between local communities and London lends additional support to the argument. The implications of relative group-based economics are important for understanding Brexit and the economic sources of support for populism more broadly.