bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetics of a Rapid, Continental Radiation: Diversification, Biogeography, and Circumscription of the Beardtongues (Penstemon; Plantaginaceae)
Authors: Wolfe Andrea D. , Blischak Paul D. , Kubatko Laura S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPenstemon(Plantaginaceae), the largest genus of plants native to North America, represents a recent continental evolutionary radiation. We investigated patterns of diversification, phylogenetic relationships, and biogeography, and determined the age of the lineage using 43 nuclear gene loci. We also assessed the current taxonomic circumscription of the ca. 285 species by developing a phylogenetic taxonomic bootstrap method.Penstemonoriginated during the Pliocene/Pleistocene transition. Patterns of diversification and biogeography are associated with glaciation cycles during the Pleistocene, with the bulk of diversification occurring from 1.0–0.5 mya. The radiation across the North American continent tracks the advance and retreat of major and minor glaciation cycles during the past 2.5 million years with founder-event speciation contributing the most to diversification ofPenstemon. Our taxonomic bootstrap analyses suggest the current circumscription of the genus is in need of revision. We propose rearrangement of subgenera, sections, and subsections based on our phylogenetic results. Given the young age and broad distribution ofPenstemonacross North America, it offers an excellent system for studying a rapid evolutionary radiation in a continental setting.
A non-canonical planar cell polarity pathway triggered by light
Authors: Housset Michael , Filion Dominic , Cortes Nelson , Vali Hojatollah , Mandato Craig , Casanova Christian , Cayouette Michel 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARYThe coordinated spatial arrangement of organelles within a tissue plane, generally referred to as Planar Cell Polarity (PCP), is critical for various processes ranging from organogenesis to sensory detection. Mechanistically, planar cell polarity is typically set-up by gradients of morphogens and their receptors, but whether non-molecular cues, akin to phototropism in plants, might play a part in setting up PCP in animals remains unknown. Here we report that the basal body of newborn photoreceptor cells in the mouse retina is centrally positioned, but then moves laterally around the first post-natal week, thereby generating cell-intrinsic asymmetry. During the second postnatal week, when eyes open, the basal bodies of cone photoreceptor cilia, but not rods, become coordinated across the tissue plane to face the center of the retina. Mechanistically, we show that light is required during a critical window in development, triggering a non-canonical cascade whereby cone transducin interacts with the G- protein signaling modulator protein 2 (GPSM2), which is in turn necessary for cone PCP. This work uncovers a non-canonical PCP pathway initiated by light.
Labour and the Patriot Game
Authors: Hayhurst Mark 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Labour Party has recently been advised to showcase its patriotism and let the electorate know it is proud to be British. This is never bad advice for a mainstream political party with designs on power and certainly Labour in the past has enjoyed electoral success when its redistributionist policies have sprung, at least in part, from an obvious love of country. There's a certain urgency, too, in the suggestion, since the Corbyn leadership convinced many former Labour voters that the party was careless about a British identity and perhaps even hostile to British interests. Nevertheless, it would be foolish for Keir Starmer's Labour Party to enter into a destructive competition with the Tories to see who looks better with the national flag. For reasons which the article explores, there are strict limits beyond which a social democratic party would not care to go in such a contest. But this ought not matter. Voters do not want to see Labour leaders telling them how patriotic they are. They are content to be shown. This article surveys the history and looks at some possibilities inherent in Labour and the patriot game.
Development of mycoinsecticide formulations with Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum for the control of Orosanga japonica (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae)
Authors: Biryol Seda , Güney Ebru , Eski Ardahan , Bayramoğlu Zeynep , Sezen Kazım , Demirbag Zihni , Demir İsmail 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEntomopathogenic fungi are promising microbial agents for agricultural pests, especially piercing‐sucking insects. In this study, eight indigenous fungal isolates including four isolates of Metarhizium brunneum and four isolates of Beauveria bassiana were tested on Orosanga japonica Melichar (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) in order to find an effective control agent that can be utilised for the development of oil‐based fungal mycoinsecticides. In the screening test using 1 × 107 spores ml−1 concentration, KTU‐24 (B. bassiana) and KTU‐51 (M. brunneum) had the highest lethal activity against nymphs and adults of the target pest. Also, at the highest concentration (109 spores ml−1), KTU‐24 showed 92.33 and 94.88% mortality on nymphs and adults at the dose–response tests, respectively, and the KTU‐51 isolate showed 100% mortality on both stages of O. japonica under laboratory conditions. With these results, KTU‐24 and KTU‐51 isolates were used to develop biopesticides. While the mass production of B. bassiana was carried out with liquid‐state fermentation, solid‐state fermentation was used for mass production of M. brunneum. Spores of both isolates were formulated in oil, and products were named as RICANICIDAL Bbas‐TR61 and RICANICIDAL Met‐TR61, respectively. Formulations caused over 97% mortality against nymphs and adults of O. japonica under field conditions and both formulations showed higher efficacy than commercial mycoinsecticides at 108 spores/ml concentration 20 days after treatment. The currents study shows that both mycoinsecticide formulations are highly promising for management of O. japonica.
A randomised trial of bilateral erector spinae plane block vs. no block for thoracolumbar decompressive spinal surgery
Authors: Finnerty D. , Ní Eochagáin A. , Ahmed M. , Poynton A. , Butler J. S. , Buggy D. J. 
Published: April 2021

SummaryMajor spinal surgery causes significant postoperative pain. We tested the efficacy and safety of bilateral erector spinae block on quality of recovery and pain after thoracolumbar decompression. We randomly allocated 60 adults to standard care or erector spinae block. Erector spinae block improved the mean (SD) quality of recovery‐15 score at 24 postoperative hours, from 119 (20) to 132 (14), an increase (95%CI) of 13 (4–22), p = 0.0044. Median (IQR [range]) comprehensive complication index was 1 (0–3 [0–5]) in the control group vs. 1 (0–1 [0–4]) after block, p = 0.4. Erector spinae block reduced mean (SD) area under the curve pain during the first 24 postoperative hours: at rest, from 78 (49) to 50 (39), p = 0.018; and on sitting, from 125 (51) to 91 (50), p = 0.009. The cumulative mean (SD) oxycodone consumption to 24 h was 27 (18) mg in the control group and 19 (26) mg after block, p = 0.20. In conclusion, erector spinae block improved recovery and reduced pain for 24 h after thoracolumbar decompression surgery.
The therapeutic potential of GLP‐1 receptor biased agonism
Authors: Jones Ben 
Published: April 2021

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonists are effective treatments for type 2 diabetes as they stimulate insulin release and promote weight loss through appetite suppression. Their main side effect is nausea. All approved GLP‐1 agonists are full agonists across multiple signalling pathways. However, selective engagement with specific intracellular effectors, or biased agonism, has been touted as a means to improve GLP‐1 agonists therapeutic efficacy. In this review, I critically examine how GLP‐1 receptor‐mediated intracellular signalling is linked to physiological responses and discuss the implications of recent studies investigating the metabolic effects of biased GLP‐1 agonists. Overall, there is little conclusive evidence that beneficial and adverse effects of GLP‐1 agonists are attributable to distinct, nonoverlapping signalling pathways. Instead, G protein‐biased GLP‐1 agonists appear to achieve enhanced anti‐hyperglycaemic efficacy by avoiding GLP‐1 receptor desensitisation and downregulation, partly via reduced β‐arrestin recruitment. This effect seemingly applies more to insulin release than to appetite regulation and nausea, possible reasons for which are discussed. At present, most evidence derives from cellular and animal studies, and more human data are required to determine whether this approach represents a genuine therapeutic advance.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on GLP1 receptor ligands (BJP 75th Anniversary). To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.4/issuetoc
The scope and severity of white‐nose syndrome on hibernating bats in North America
Authors: Cheng Tina L. , Reichard Jonathan D. , Coleman Jeremy T. H. , Weller Theodore J. , Thogmartin Wayne E. , Reichert Brian E. , Bennett Alyssa B. , Broders Hugh G. , Campbell Joshua , Etchison Katherine , Feller Daniel J. , Geboy Richard , Hemberger Traci , Herzog Carl , Hicks Alan C. , Houghton Sandra , Humber Jessica , Kath Joseph A. , King R. Andrew , Loeb Susan C. , Massé Ariane , Morris Katrina M. , Niederriter Holly , Nordquist Gerda , Perry Roger W. , Reynolds Richard J. , Sasse D. Blake , Scafini Michael R. , Stark Richard C. , Stihler Craig W. , Thomas Steven C. , Turner Gregory G. , Webb Shevenell , Westrich Bradford J. , Frick Winifred F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAssessing the scope and severity of threats is necessary for evaluating impacts on populations to inform conservation planning. Quantitative threat assessment often requires monitoring programs that provide reliable data over relevant spatial and temporal scales, yet such programs can be difficult to justify until there is an apparent stressor. Leveraging efforts of wildlife management agencies to record winter counts of hibernating bats, we collated data for 5 species from over 200 sites across 27 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces from 1995 to 2018 to determine the impact of white‐nose syndrome (WNS), a deadly disease of hibernating bats. We estimated declines of winter counts of bat colonies at sites where the invasive fungus that causes WNS (Pseudogymnoascus destructans) had been detected to assess the threat impact of WNS. Three species undergoing species status assessment by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Myotis septentrionalis, Myotis lucifugus, and Perimyotis subflavus) declined by more than 90%, which warrants classifying the severity of the WNS threat as extreme based on criteria used by NatureServe. The scope of the WNS threat as defined by NatureServe criteria was large (36% of Myotis lucifugus range) to pervasive (79% of Myotis septentrionalis range) for these species. Declines for 2 other species (Myotis sodalis and Eptesicus fuscus) were less severe but still qualified as moderate to serious based on NatureServe criteria. Data‐sharing across jurisdictions provided a comprehensive evaluation of scope and severity of the threat of WNS and indicated regional differences that can inform response efforts at international, national, and state or provincial jurisdictions. We assessed the threat impact of an emerging infectious disease by uniting monitoring efforts across jurisdictional boundaries and demonstrated the importance of coordinated monitoring programs, such as the North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat), for data‐driven conservation assessments and planning.
Ethnic disparities in the uptake of colorectal cancer screening: An analysis of the West London population
Authors: Sekhon Inderjit Singh Harpreet Kaur , Lal Nikhil , Majeed Azeem , Pawa Nikhil 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimColorectal cancer (CRC) screening reduces mortality but variation exists in uptake, with poorer uptake in ethnic minority groups. The aim of this work was to evaluate the relationship between ethnicity and uptake of CRC screening in West London.MethodResults of CRC screening from the Central London, West London, Hammersmith and Fulham, Hounslow and Ealing Clinical commissioning group collaborative between 2012 and 2017 were retrospectively analysed. These five clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) are located in West London. Compliance with screening according to ethnic group was evaluated compared with White British as the control.ResultsA total of 155 038 individuals were screened. White British individuals had the highest compliance (52.6%). A maximum difference in compliance of 8.2% was seen between CCGs. The odds of being less likely to participate were significant (p < 0.05) in all ethnic minorities except for Asian Chinese on univariate and multivariate analysis (adjusted OR 1.091, p = 0.88).ConclusionThis is the largest retrospective study focusing on the role of ethnicity in the uptake of CRC screening in England. Poor uptake of screening in all ethnic minorities in West London, with the exception of Asian Chinese individuals in particular, is a novel finding. A mandate to routinely collect ethnicity data, the use of a single more diverse census and further intervention are needed to understand this disparity and reduce health inequity.
How Category Selection Impacts Inference Reliability: Inheritance Inference From an Ecological Perspective
Authors: Thorn Paul D. , Schurz Gerhard 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article presents results from a simulation‐based study of inheritance inference, that is, inference from the typicality of a property among a “base” class to its typicality among a subclass of the class. The study aims to ascertain which kinds of inheritance inferences are reliable, with attention to the dependence of their reliability upon the type of environment in which inferences are made. For example, the study addresses whether inheritance inference is reliable in the case of “exceptional subclasses” (i.e., subclasses that are known to be atypical in some respect) and attends to variations in reliability that result from variations in the entropy level of the environment. A further goal of the study is to show that the reliability of inheritance inference depends crucially on which sorts of base classes are used in making inferences. One approach to inheritance inference treats the extension ofanyatomic predicate as a suitable base class. A second approach identifies suitable base classes with the cells ofa partition(of a preselected sizek) of the domain of objects that satisfies the condition of maximizing the similarity of objects that are assigned to the same class. In addition to permitting more inferences, our study shows that the second approach results in inheritance inferences that are far more reliable, particularly in the case of exceptional subclasses.
Evaluation of Juvenile salmon passage and survival through a fish weir and other routes at Foster Dam, Oregon, USA
Authors: Hughes James S. , Khan Fenton , Liss Stephanie A. , Harnish Ryan A. , Johnson Gary E. , Bellgraph Brian B. , Znotinas Katherine R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDownstream passage for juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) and steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) through the fish weir at Foster Dam, Oregon, was evaluated to assess the weir's efficacy as a long‐term passage solution. Radio telemetry was used to estimate survival, passage and effectiveness for the fish weir, spillway and turbines. Survival of Chinook salmon through the fish weir varied by season and reservoir elevation (66%–87%), and passage proportions were low (8%–20%). Fish weir effectiveness was low to moderate (0.39–2.09). Steelhead survival was lower (57%–77%) but passed the fish weir in higher proportions (77%), and weir effectiveness was consistently high (2.96–5.49). The results indicate the existing fish weir will not be a suitable long‐term passage solution for all species. However, because of the high passage proportions and effectiveness observed for steelhead, further development of the surface‐flow concept appears to be promising for safely passing downstream‐migrating fishes.
Ecosystem change as a driver of fish recruitment dynamics: A case study of two Lake Erie yellow perch populations
Authors: Marcek Benjamin J. , Farmer Troy M. , Marschall Elizabeth A. , Petris Giovanni , Ludsin Stuart A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Although previous research has identified ways in which environmental conditions influence population processes in many ecosystems, these relationships often weaken or break down with the inclusion of additional years of data, for reasons that remain unclear.

To better understand if and how the relationships between historically important environmental drivers of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) recruitment varied during 1969–2018 in two Lake Erie basins characterised by contrasting productivity, we used dynamic linear modelling, which allows for nonstationary relationships between predictor and response variables to be quantified.

Our analyses revealed that abiotic conditions during egg and larval development (i.e. winter temperature, springtime river inflows, and thermal conditions) were important in the productive west basin, whereas a combination of abiotic (i.e. winter temperature and river inflows) and biotic (i.e. small‐bodied and large‐bodied predators) conditions were important in the less‐productive central basin.

While the importance of most environmental factors to yellow perch recruitment remained static through time, the importance of river inflows changed through time in the west and central basins. Large‐bodied predators (i.e. walleye, Sander vitreus) also varied in their importance through time in the central basin. These changes in recruitment drivers were independent of temporal changes to the environmental conditions themselves, coinciding instead with the timing of major shifts in Lake Erie's nutrient status.

Our results demonstrate that ecosystem change can cause the relationships between environmental conditions and population processes (e.g. recruitment) of aquatic organisms to vary through time and space. They also highlight the value of periodically revisiting their applicability, especially if these relationships are used to help manage or sustain populations in ecosystems experiencing human‐driven environmental change.
Pattern mining‐based pruning strategies in stochastic local searches for scheduling problems
Authors: Laurent Arnaud , Lamy Damien , Dalmas Benjamin , Clerc Vincent 
Published: April 2021

AbstractScheduling problems are a subclass of combinatorial problems consisting of a set of tasks/activities/jobs to be processed by a set of resources usually to minimize a time criterion. Some optimization methods used to solve these problems are hybridized with knowledge discovery techniques to extract information during the optimization process and enhance it. However, most of these hybrid techniques are custom‐designed and lack generalization. In this paper, a module for knowledge extraction in Stochastic Local Searches is designed, aiming to be problem independent and plugged into optimization methods that relies on multiple Stochastic Local Search replications. The objective is to prune parts of the search space for which the exploration is likely to lead to poor solutions. This is performed through the extraction of high‐quality patterns occurring in locally optimal solutions. Benchmarked on two well‐known scheduling problems, the Job‐shop Problem and the Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem, the results show both a speed up in the convergence and the reaching of better local optima solutions.
Digital supply chains in omnichannel retail: A conceptual framework
Authors: Ishfaq Rafay , Davis‐Sramek Beth , Gibson Brian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis inductive research provides a deeper understanding of the digital transformation of retail supply chains and its underlying impact on supply chain strategy and operational structure. In this context, we develop a conceptual framework of digital retail supply chains to identify the key elements and their interactions. We offer a theoretically derived explanation of the ecosystem characterization of digital supply chains and show how retail supply chains fit this characterization. The supply chain ecosystem provides retail firms a way to strategize an organizational outlook that enables digitization of conventional supply chain processes. We find that emerging digital supply chains harness corporate digital awareness to operate within an ecosystem that iteratively guides the digital transformation process. The subsequent analysis highlights a digital transformation process that incorporates real‐time reporting, speed of discovery/action, visibility across the enterprise, and flexibility to react to environmental changes. Consequently, these contributing elements enable executional flexibility that is the hallmark of digital supply chains. We conclude by theorizing relevant research propositions that describe relational connections among the constituent elements of the digital supply chain framework and offer avenues for future research.
Sperm adaptation in relation to salinity in three goby species
Authors: Lindström Kai , Havenhand Jonathan , Leder Erica , Schöld Sofie , Svensson Ola , Kvarnemo Charlotta 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn externally fertilizing species, the gametes of both males and females are exposed to the influences of the environment into which they are released. Sperm are sensitive to abiotic factors such as salinity, but they are also affected by biotic factors such as sperm competition. In this study, the authors compared the performance of sperm of three goby species, the painted goby, Pomatoschistus pictus, the two‐spotted goby, Pomatoschistus flavescens, and the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus. These species differ in their distributions, with painted goby having the narrowest salinity range and sand goby the widest. Moreover, data from paternity show that the two‐spotted goby experiences the least sperm competition, whereas in the sand goby sperm competition is ubiquitous. The authors took sperm samples from dissected males and exposed them to high salinity water (31 PSU) representing the North Sea and low salinity water (6 PSU) representing the brackish Baltic Sea Proper. They then used computer‐assisted sperm analysis to measure the proportion of motile sperm and sperm swimming speed 10 min and 20 h after sperm activation. The authors found that sperm performance depended on salinity, but there seemed to be no relationship to the species' geographical distribution in relation to salinity range. The species differed in the proportion of motile sperm, but there was no significant decrease in sperm motility during 20 h. The sand goby was the only species with motile sperm after 72 h.