bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of methane and carbon dioxide emissions in the reclaimed islands of Sundarban mangrove ecosystem, India
Authors: Das Nilanjan , Mondal Ayan , Mandal Sudipto 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe loss and deterioration of mangroves would lead to potentially important greenhouse gases (GHG) from the mangrove ecosystem. Seasonal variations of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes are studied in the Indian part of the Sundarban mangrove ecosystem. Considering the importance of CH4 and CO2 fluxes, a dynamic model is proposed here with CH4 and CO2 as state variables. The data used in the model are collected and analysed from the field over two years. The parameters that are taken from the literature sources are calibrated in the model. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the valuable contribution of various parameters to the dynamics of CH4 and CO2 emissions from the mangrove beds. Model simulation results are appropriately validated with the observed data. Results showed that CH4 and CO2 fluxes were higher during monsoon. Pearson correlation was done to assess the relationships between emissions and all the physical–chemical factors involved in the model. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the temperature sensitivity (Q10) was the system‐sensitive parameter for CH4 and CO2 emissions. The soil moisture and relative light intensity were the sensitive parameters for CH4 and CO2 emissions, respectively. Model showed that the increase in the anthropogenic emissions including emissions from livestock and fossil fuel caused an increase of 2% of CH4 and 3% of CO2 in the system, respectively. The proposed model could be a tool for environmental managers to assess the emission process at different global locations.
TLR2 and TLR4 molecules and antigen‐presenting cell compositions in cecal tonsils of broiler chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) in the first two weeks of the post‐hatch period
Authors: Eren Ulker , Kum Sadiye , Nazligul Ahmet , Gules Ozay , Aka Ebru , Yildiz Mustafa , Zorlu Secil 
Published: December 2021

AbstractChickens do not have lymph nodes. Gut‐associated lymphoid tissue is the major immunological organization for the digestive system. Cecal tonsils are an important part of this organization. This study is a descriptive and experimental study that was conducted to determine the histological development of the cecal tonsils and the distribution of Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4 and antigen‐presenting cells during the first 2 weeks of the chick's life. The tissue sections were stained using Crossmon's triple technique, Gordon and Sweet's silver impregnation, and streptavidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex methods. The classical tonsil framework with fossa and tonsillar units were observed in 4 days cecal tissue. The web of reticular fibres forming the stroma of the tissue had the impression that the lymphoid cells filling in time. The development of cecal tonsil was completed histologically on the day 10 and following day 14 samples. Regardless of the antigenic stimulation, TLR2, TLR4 and CD83, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules are present in proximal cecal tissue. However, CD83‐positive dendritic cells in the germinal centre were first distinguished on day 7. Furthermore, the high antigen presentation capacity of the cecum with an intense MHC class II molecule expression was determined. Histological and immunohistochemical findings in this study revealed that both innate and adaptive cecal defence mechanisms were in the learning period during the first 2 weeks. The learning period of innate immunity may require more detailed research. However, the results obtained in this study will be taken into consideration in the vaccination programmes in chicks.
Childhood aggressive B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in low–middle‐income countries
Authors: Moleti Maria Luisa , Testi Anna Maria , Foà Robin 
Published: December 2021

SummaryIn high‐income countries (HICs) paediatric aggressive B‐cell lymphomas are curable in about 90% of cases. Much worse results, with cure rates ranging from less than 30% to about 70%, are achieved in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), where 90% of paediatric non‐Hodgkin lymphomas occur. Low socio‐economic and cultural conditions, the lack of optimal diagnostic procedures, laboratory facilities and adequate supportive care exert a strong negative impact on compliance, treatment delivery, toxicity and, consequently, on the clinical outcome. Published data are scarce, generally originating from single institutions, and are difficult to compare. National and international cooperation projects have been undertaken to reduce the unacceptable gap between HICs and LMICs in the management of children with cancer, by promoting the sharing of knowledge and by implementing adequate local healthcare facilities, with initial promising results. In the present review, we will summarize the results so far obtained in the management of paediatric aggressive B‐cell NHL in LMICs.
Therapy for isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2)R172‐mutant acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Linch David C. , Hills Robert K. , Burnett Alan K. , Russell Nigel , Gale Rosemary E. 
Published: December 2021

SummaryAlthough we earlier reported a very poor outcome for younger adult patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2)R172‐mutated acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) entered into UK trials compared to IDH2WT and IDH2R140‐mutated patients, this was not corroborated by a study from the German‐Austrian AML Study Group. We have therefore investigated a later cohort of IDH2‐mutated patients to identify any changes in outcome and whether this could inform the optimal treatment for IDH2R172 AML. We found an improved outcome for IDH2R172‐mutated AML in the later trials and the data suggests that this may be due to the increased use of allogeneic transplantation to consolidate first remission.
Environmental filtering and deforestation shape frog assemblages in Amazonia: An empirical approach assessing species abundances and functional traits
Authors: Torralvo Kelly , de Fraga Rafael , Lima Albertina P. , Dayrell Jussara , Magnusson William E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBiological assemblages are often predictable from knowledge of natural environmental heterogeneity and change in response to anthropogenic disturbances, such as deforestation, so understanding ecological mechanisms and processes mediating assemblages is essential to direct conservation actions. We sampled frogs along an edaphic and vegetation‐structure gradient in the Brazilian Amazon to test the hypothesis that assemblages change in species composition and functional trait characteristics across landscapes due to environmental filtering. Our study area covered a gradient of forest fragmentation, and we hypothesized that assemblages would change in response to both natural gradients and deforestation. We found that frog assemblages are locally structured by species turnover along gradients in distance to water bodies, vegetation structure, soil sand and silt content, and proportion of the area deforested. Additionally, we found that small‐bodied species and those with direct breeding (no larval stage) were no longer present in deforested areas. We conclude that frog assemblages are not randomly distributed across forests, but trait filtering has resulted in different species subsets from the regional pool, which change among sites with different environmental conditions and disturbance levels. Our findings highlight the importance of creating reserves to effectively protect forests and maintain connectivity among forest fragments resulting from deforestation.Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
A phase 1 trial of xentuzumab, an IGF‐neutralizing antibody, in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors
Authors: Doi Toshihiko , Kuboki Yasutoshi , Naito Yoichi , Ishida Masahiro , Tanaka Tetsuya , Takeuchi Yoshito 
Published: December 2021

AbstractXentuzumab is an insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) ligand‐neutralizing antibody. This phase 1 trial assessed xentuzumab in Japanese patients with solid tumors. Patients aged ≥20 y old with solid tumors that were refractory or not amenable to standard therapy were enrolled. Patients received xentuzumab intravenously at a starting dose of 750 mg/wk. Dose escalation used a 3 + 3 design with dose de‐escalation. The primary endpoint was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of xentuzumab. Safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and anti‐tumor activity were also assessed. Fifteen patients received xentuzumab in the dose escalation part (750 mg/wk [n = 6]; 1000 mg/wk [n = 3]; 1400 mg/wk [n = 6]). There were no dose‐limiting toxicities at any dose; the MTD of xentuzumab was not reached. Xentuzumab 1000 mg/wk was recommended as the relevant biological dose. Six further patients received xentuzumab 1000 mg/wk in an expansion cohort. Of 21 patients, 13 (61.9%) experienced a drug‐related adverse event, most commonly fatigue (23.8%), neutropenia (19.0%), diarrhea, nausea, white blood cell count decrease, and muscle spasms (14.3% each). No relevant deviations from dose linearity of xentuzumab exposure were observed during dose escalation. Total IGF‐1 and IGF‐2 levels increased and bioactive IGF levels decreased from baseline to 24 h after the first infusion in cycle 1. Partial response was observed in 2 (9.5%) patients with desmoid‐type fibromatosis. Disease control was achieved in 6 (28.6%) patients (median duration 42.4 mo). Xentuzumab monotherapy was well tolerated in Japanese patients and showed evidence of anti‐tumor activity. This study was registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02145741).
Childhood protective strategies for adult daughters of abused women raised in rural areas
Authors: Anderson Kim M. , Carroll Michael K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis qualitative study aimed to highlight the contextual nuances of childhood protective strategies from the perspectives of adult daughters of abused women raised in rural areas (N = 35). Children exposed to domestic violence courageously find ways to survive and persevere against adverse and harsh familial conditions. Thematic analysis of qualitative data produced three overarching themes related to participants' childhood efforts to protect themselves and their mothers: (1) seeking safety and connection (i.e., friends, pets, nature, school and extracurricular activities), (2) hiding and invisibility (i.e., physically hiding, reading, mental escapes and planning for the future), and (3) intervening and protecting others (i.e., diverting, mediating and opposing violence). The study's findings underscore the tenuous balance for female children exposed to domestic violence between seeking refuge from violence exposure versus challenging rural cultural norms of male dominance and female subordination. Implications for helping professionals include acknowledging how the rural context influences girls' coping strategies while addressing safety planning for themselves and their mothers.
Child maltreatment and substance abuse: Unaccompanied children and adverse outcomes in long‐term foster care in the United States
Authors: Hasson Robert G. , Crea Thomas M. , Easton Scott D. , Underwood Dawnya 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUnaccompanied children have arrived in increasing numbers to the United States since 2014, with 69,488 referrals to the Office of Refugee Resettlement in 2019. Little is known about the health and well‐being of unaccompanied children placed in long‐term foster care. This study includes a secondary analysis of administrative data from a national non‐profit that provides services and advocacy for unaccompanied children in long‐term foster care. The focus of the study was to examine how histories of child maltreatment (verbal, physical and sexual abuse and neglect) and substance abuse are associated with adverse outcomes in a sample of unaccompanied children in long‐term foster care (n = 204). Results from a negative binomial regression model indicate a history of sexual abuse and history of neglect are associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes for these children at their time of discharge from long‐term foster care. Research and practice implications are discussed.
Visual Analysis of Two‐Phase Flow Displacement Processes in Porous Media
Authors: Frey Steffen , Scheller Stefan , Karadimitriou Nikolaos , Lee Dongwon , Reina Guido , Steeb Holger , Ertl Thomas 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe developed a new visualization approach to gain a better understanding of the displacement of one fluid phase by another in porous media. This is based on a recent experimental parameter study with varying capillary numbers and viscosity ratios. We analyse the temporal evolution of characteristic values in this two‐phase flow scenario and discuss how to directly compare experiments across different temporal scales. To enable spatio‐temporal analysis, we introduce a new abstract visual representation showing which paths through the porous medium were occupied and for how long. These transport networks allow to assess the impact of different acting forces and they are designed to yield expressive comparability and linking to the experimental parameter space both supported by additional visual cues. This joint work of porous media experts and visualization researchers yields new insights regarding two‐phase flow on the microscale, and our visualization approach contributes towards the overarching goal of the domain scientists to characterize porous media flow based on capillary numbers and viscosity ratios.
Comparison between students' self‐evaluation and faculty members' evaluation in a clinical endodontic course at King Saud University
Authors: Almohaimede Amal A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe objective of this study was to compare faculty member evaluations with student self‐evaluations in a clinical endodontic course in the dental school at King Saud University and to evaluate the reliability of the students' self‐assessment scores after using a rubric with well‐defined criteria.Materials and methodsEvaluated and self‐evaluated endodontic cases that were clinically treated by the fourth‐year undergraduate dental students at the College of Dentistry, Girls University Campus, at King Saud University over 2 years (2017–2018) were included. Cases included anterior teeth, premolars and molars. The evaluation form was divided into six sections with well‐defined criteria to cover all aspects of nonsurgical root canal treatment with a maximum grade of 10 points can be scored for each student per case. The students evaluated themselves for each section and then were evaluated by two faculty members. Student and faculty assessment agreement and the reliability of the students' self‐assessment scores were measured. Ap ≤ .05 was considered significant.ResultsA total of 363 cases were included: 26.7% anterior teeth, 38.84% premolars and 34.43% molars. The students evaluated themselves with higher grades compared to the evaluators' grading in all steps and in the overall grading in all teeth types. The students' self‐assessment scores showed good and moderate reliability in all steps and in the overall grading.ConclusionThe students tend to overrate their performance, and their assessments have moderate to good reliability, which reflects the reliability of the rubric used as an accurate measurement tool that helps the evaluator and the student objectively assess their performance.
ILAE clinical practice recommendations for the medical treatment of depression in adults with epilepsy
Authors: Mula Marco , Brodie Martin J , de Toffol Bertrand , Guekht Alla , Hecimovic Hrvoje , Kanemoto Kousuke , Kanner Andres M , Teixeira Antonio L , Wilson Sarah J 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe aim of this document is to provide evidence‐based recommendations for the medical treatment of depression in adults with epilepsy. The working group consisted of members of an ad hoc Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Commission on Psychiatry, ILAE Executive and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE) representatives. The development of these recommendations is based on a systematic review of studies on the treatment of depression in adults with epilepsy, and a formal adaptation process of existing guidelines and recommendations of treatment of depression outside epilepsy using the ADAPTE process. The systematic review identified 11 studies on drug treatments (788 participants, class of evidence III and IV); 13 studies on psychological treatments (998 participants, class of evidence II, III and IV); and 2 studies comparing sertraline with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT; 155 participants, class of evidence I and IV). The ADAPTE process identified the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry guidelines for the biological treatment of unipolar depression as the starting point for the adaptation process. This document focuses on first‐line drug treatment, inadequate response to first‐line antidepressant treatment, and duration of such treatment and augmentation strategies within the broader context of electroconvulsive therapy, psychological, and other treatments. For mild depressive episodes, psychological interventions are first‐line treatments, and where medication is used, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are first‐choice medications (Level B). SSRIs remain the first‐choice medications (Level B) for moderate to severe depressive episodes; however, in patients who are partially or non‐responding to first‐line treatment, switching to venlafaxine appears legitimate (Level C). Antidepressant treatment should be maintained for at least 6 months following remission from a first depressive episode but it should be prolonged to 9 months in patients with a history of previous episodes and should continue even longer in severe depression or in cases of residual symptomatology until such symptoms have subsided.
Academics' commitment and job satisfaction: Tenure‐ vs. non‐tenure‐track in South Korea
Authors: Lee Soo Jeung 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study analyses academics' commitment and job satisfaction according to full‐time non‐tenure‐track (FTNT) and full‐time tenure‐track (FTT) in South Korea's changing academic environment. Data were collected from the 2018 Academic Profession in the Knowledge‐Based Society Survey. One‐way analyses of variance show no statistically significant differences in professional commitment (PC) and organisational commitment (OC) between FTNT and FTT academics, but FTNT academics exhibit significantly lower job satisfaction. Hierarchical linear regression models indicate that OC positively relates to job satisfaction, but PC is not statistically significantly associated with job satisfaction. This study argues that work conditions and stable positions are important factors in job satisfaction, though committed academics are likely to remain with the profession and organisation. These findings have implications for the treatment of academics and for university hiring and promotion procedures in today's changing academic environment.
Bone mineral density, kidney function and participant‐reported outcome measures in women who switch from tenofovir disoproxil emtricitabine and a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor to abacavir, lamivudine and dolutegravir
Authors: Campbell Lucy , Ibrahim Fowzia , Barbini Birgit , Samarawickrama Amanda , Orkin Chloe , Fox Julie , Waters Laura , Gilleece Yvonne , Tariq Shema , Post Frank A. ,   the BESTT Trial Team*,†
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesTenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in BMD in women who switched from TDF, emtricitabine and a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (TDF/FTC/NNRTI) to abacavir, lamivudine and dolutegravir (ABC/3TC/DTG).MethodsWe conducted a randomized controlled trial in which women aged ≥ 40 years were randomized 1:2 to continue TDF/FTC/NNRTI or switch to ABC/3TC/DTG. We analysed changes in BMD at the hip and lumbar spine from baseline to week 96 using linear regression, and markers of bone turnover and kidney function using repeated measures mixed effects models with multiple imputation for missing data. We conducted exploratory analyses of weight, mental health, sleep and symptoms attributed to HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy.ResultsNinety‐one women [mean (standard deviation) age 50.4 (6.6) years] were randomized. Women who switched to ABC/3TC/DTG maintained viral suppression and experienced improvements in BMD at the lumbar spine (but not the neck of the femur or the total hip), bone resorption markers and proteinuria (total protein, albumin and retinol‐binding protein) and modest weight gain without changes in body mass index. Although mean anxiety, depression and sleep scores did not differ between the two study arms, anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance at baseline predicted ABC/3TC/DTG discontinuation for neuropsychiatric side effects [odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) 11.9 (2.0–71.6), 16.0 (2.6–97.9) and 10.0 (1.8–56.0), respectively].ConclusionsSwitching from TDF/FTC/NNRTI to ABC/3TC/DTG improved the BMD of the lumbar spine and kidney function. These benefits need to be balanced against modest weight gain and the need for antiretroviral therapy substitutions in a proportion of participants.
Preparation of concrete specimen for internal sulfate attack analysis using electron backscatter diffraction
Authors: Uwanyuze R. Sharon , Enright Lucas , Zhang Jiyao , Schafföner Stefan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractConcrete cores were obtained from houses in eastern Connecticut, USA, that had varying degrees of crumbling foundations and wall cracking. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used simultaneously with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy to investigate the degradation of these samples. This combination allowed the precise correlation of elemental composition with mineral crystallography phase mapping. EBSD examination showed the presence of pyrrhotite, pyrite, and marcasite phases in some of the samples, whereas internal sulfate attack (ISA) is triggered by the release of sulfates through the oxidation of such iron sulfides. Secondary expansion products from ISA are associated with foundation cracking, wall bulging, and drastically decreased structural stability. The main contribution of this study is therefore an automated procedure for preparation of concrete samples and analysis of aggregates using EBSD.