bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commentary: The Role of Geodetic Algorithms for Earthquake Early Warning in Cascadia
Authors: McGuire Jeffrey J. , Minson Sarah E. , Murray Jessica R. , Brooks Benjamin A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe ShakeAlert earthquake early warning (EEW) system issues public alerts in California and will soon extend to Oregon and Washington. The Cascadia subduction zone presents significant new challenges and opportunities for EEW. Initial publications suggested that EEW algorithms based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data could provide improved warning for intraslab events and dramatically improved warning for offshore megathrust events, both of which contribute significantly to hazard in Cascadia. We find that some expectations in these publications were unrealistic, and we demonstrate that in general geodetic algorithms would not produce timely warnings for intraslab events nor warning times of two minutes or more for severe shaking from megathrust earthquakes. Nonetheless, lessons from recent earthquakes in Japan and California, for which alerts from seismic algorithms suffered from magnitude saturation and high data latencies, demonstrate the urgent need for rigorous testing of geodetic EEW as a potential complement to seismic EEW.
Regional Climate Model Biases, Their Dependence on Synoptic Circulation Biases and the Potential for Bias Adjustment: A Process‐Oriented Evaluation of the Austrian Regional Climate Projections
Authors: Maraun Douglas , Truhetz Heimo , Schaffer Armin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Austrian regional climate projections are based on an ensemble of bias adjusted regional climate model simulations. Bias adjustment (BA) improves the usability of climate projections for impact studies, but cannot mitigate fundamental model errors. This argument holds in particular for biases in the temporal dependence, which is strongly influenced by the large‐scale circulation. Global climate models (GCMs), underlying regional climate projections, suffer from substantial circulation errors. We therefore, conduct a process‐based evaluation of the Austrian climate projections focusing on large‐scale circulation errors, their regional imprints and the potential for BA. First, we define nine synoptic weather types and assess how well the considered climate models represent their occurrence and persistence. Second, we assess biases in the overall dry and hot day probabilities, as well as conditional on synoptic weather type occurrence; and biases in the duration of dry and hot spells. Third, we investigate how these biases depend on biases in the occurrence and persistence of relevant synoptic weather types. And fourth, we study how much an overall BA improves these biases. Many GCMs misrepresent the occurrence and persistence of relevant synoptic weather types. These biases have a clear imprint on biases in dry and hot day occurrence and spell durations. BA in many cases helps to greatly reduce biases even in the presence of circulation biases, but may in some cases amplify conditional biases. Persistence biases are especially relevant for the representation of meteorological drought. Biases in the duration of dry spells cannot fully be mitigated by BA.
Observed Large‐Scale Structures and Diabatic Heating Profiles of Precipitation Over the Tibetan Plateau and South China
Authors: Zhang Chunyan , Wang Donghai , Pang Zihao , Jiang Xiaoling 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study investigates and compares large‐scale dynamic and thermodynamic structures of precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and South China (SC). Vertical velocity, temperature and moisture advection, apparent heat source Q1 and apparent moisture sink Q2 are analyzed for strong, moderate, and light/no‐rain based on the measurements. The principal findings are as follows. (1) Both regions showed the strongest upward motion at around 400 hPa for strong and moderate rainfall, but the intensity of upward motion in SC was twice that of the TP. (2) Horizontal temperature advection over the TP showed advective warming in the lower troposphere and advective cooling in the upper troposphere, but this advection over SC was weaker and had a different vertical structure. Moreover, the strong‐rain horizontal temperature advection was the strongest over the TP but the weakest over SC. (3) The moisture advection over the TP reached its maximum at around 400 hPa, showing a one‐peak structure; while that over SC was stronger in the mid‐to‐low troposphere, showing a multi‐peak structure. (4) The Q1 profiles of the three rain categories in the TP were top‐heavy, with two heating peaks in the mid‐to‐upper troposphere. In contrast, the Q1 profiles in SC only had a heating peak in the middle troposphere. Correlations between the vertically integrated <Q1> and <Q2> were significant in SC but weakened in the TP. (5) Diurnal cycles of large‐scale structures in the TP were strong from the late afternoon to early morning, while those in SC were strong in the afternoon.
Potential Chemical Impacts of Subsurface CO2: An Integrated Experimental and Numerical Assessment for a Case Study of the Ogallala Aquifer
Authors: Xiao Ting , Jia Wei , Esser Richard , Dai Zhenxue , McPherson Brian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLeakage from geologic CO2sequestration (GCS) reservoirs to overlying underground sources of drinking water (USDW) is a tangible risk. This study is an integrated assessment that combines column experiments and reactive transport simulations of sediments sampled from the Ogallala aquifer above an active commercial‐scale GCS site (the Farnsworth Unit in northern Texas). Experimental and simulation results suggest that carbonate mineral (calcite and dolomite) dissolution is the most significant reaction following CO2intrusion, and is also the dominant source of trace metal release. Cation exchange is another key mechanism controlling trace metal release by cation interference. Most of the trace metals, including Ba, Sr, As, Pb, and Zn, show a short‐term release and quickly drop to the baseline values, suggesting low risk to the overlying USDW quality. Other trace metals, such as Mn and U, exhibit a tangible increase of their concentrations in the beginning, and drop to a higher level compared to the baseline, which may become a potential concern of long‐term USDW quality change with CO2introduction. This study provides a comprehensive example of combining laboratory experiments and simulations for assessment of CO2‐sediment interactions with combined release mechanisms in shallow groundwater aquifers. Data presented here provides useful insights for quantitative risk assessment and effective public education regarding CO2geological sequestration, and trace metal reactive transport studies in shallow groundwater aquifers.
Quantification of Natural CO2 Emission Through Faults and Fracture Zones in Coal Basins
Authors: Ma Y. , Kong X.‐Z. , Zhang C. , Scheuermann A. , Bringemeier D. , Li L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWith the presence of highly permeable pathways, such as faults and fractures zones, coal seam gases, particularly CO2, could potentially migrate upwardly from the coal deposits into the shallow subsurface and then to the atmosphere. This letter reports soil gas mapping and gamma ray survey in coal basin of Hunter River Valley, Australia. The survey facilitated the delineation of fault structures across the sampling regions, where the identified faults were confirmed by an independent drilling investigation later. Furthermore, to evaluate the gas emission fluxes from coalbeds through fault zones, the measured CO2 concentrations, coupled with an inverse modeling, enable the estimation of the width of the fault zone and associated CO2 emission flux in the range of 2 × 10−5–6 × 10−5 mol/m2/s at the study site. Our new approach provides a way to determine emissions of gases from deep formations, which may contribute considerably to the greenhouse gases cycles.
Seasonal Variation Characteristics of Geomagnetic Sq External and Internal Equivalent Current Systems in East‐Asia and Oceania Regions
Authors: Liu Xiaocan , Han Peng , Hattori Katsumi , Chen Huaran , Yoshino Chie , Zhao Xudong , Jiao Liguo , Ma Xinxin , Lei Yu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGeomagnetic data from 20 observatories in East‐Asia and Oceania regions were used to investigate the seasonal variation characteristics of the external and internal Sq current systems by spherical harmonic analysis (SHA). The seasonal current models of D (northern winter) season, E (equinox) season, and J (northern summer) season have been constructed respectively, and the current parameters of these models were analyzed. The main results are obtained as follows: (1) The local time T of the northern vortex moves from local noon to prenoon from D to E to J season for both external and internal currents; meanwhile, in the southern hemisphere, the T moves from local noon to afternoon. (2) The vortex intensity J increases from local winter to equinox then to local summer. The interseasonal change rate of internal current is larger than that of external current. (3) The latitude Φ of the external current vortex exhibits seasonal variation in the southern hemisphere, while in the northern hemisphere the latitude Φ of the internal current vortex shows obvious seasonal changes. (4) The correlations between the internal and external currents are further analyzed. In the E season the correlation of T is the highest, and in the local summer and winter, the correlation of J is the strongest. The different seasonal behavior of the external and internal current systems is unexpected, and its mechanism remains to be identified in future study.
An effector–reporter system to study cellular signal transduction in strawberry fruit (Fragaria ananassa)
Authors: Zeng Baozhen , Li Tianyu , Wang Wei , Dai Zhengrong , Li Jie , Xi Zhiyuan , Jia Kenan , Xing Yu , Li Bingbing , Yan Jiaqi , Jia Wensuo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn effector–reporter system is a powerful tool used to study cellular signal transduction, but this technique has been traditionally used in protoplasts. A similar system to study cellular signal transduction in fruits has not yet been established. In this study, we aimed to establish an effector–reporter system for strawberry fruit, a model nonclimacteric fruit. We first investigated the characteristics of transient gene expression in strawberry fruits and found marked variation in gene expression levels among individual fruits, and this variation has complicated the establishment of a technical system. To overcome this difficulty, we investigated a sampling strategy based on a statistical analysis of the activity pattern of four different reporters (GUS, GFP, FLuc, and RLuc) among individual fruits and combinations of pairs of reporters (GUS/GFP and RLuc/FLuc). Based on an optimized sampling strategy, we finally established a step-by step protocol for the effector/reporter assay. Using FaMYB10 and FaWRKY71 as the effectors and GUS driven by the FaCHS promoter as the reporter, we demonstrated that this effector/reporter system was practical and reliable. This effector/reporter technique will contribute to an in-depth exploration of the signaling mechanism for the regulation of strawberry fruit ripening.
SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing human recombinant antibodies selected from pre-pandemic healthy donors binding at RBD-ACE2 interface
Authors: Bertoglio Federico , Meier Doris , Langreder Nora , Steinke Stephan , Rand Ulfert , Simonelli Luca , Heine Philip Alexander , Ballmann Rico , Schneider Kai-Thomas , Roth Kristian Daniel Ralph , Ruschig Maximilian , Riese Peggy , Eschke Kathrin , Kim Yeonsu , Schäckermann Dorina , Pedotti Mattia , Kuhn Philipp , Zock-Emmenthal Susanne , Wöhrle Johannes , Kilb Normann , Herz Tobias , Becker Marlies , Grasshoff Martina , Wenzel Esther Veronika , Russo Giulio , Kröger Andrea , Brunotte Linda , Ludwig Stephan , Fühner Viola , Krämer Stefan Daniel , Dübel Stefan , Varani Luca , Roth Günter , Čičin-Šain Luka , Schubert Maren , Hust Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCOVID-19 is a severe acute respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a new recently emerged sarbecovirus. This virus uses the human ACE2 enzyme as receptor for cell entry, recognizing it with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S1 subunit of the viral spike protein. We present the use of phage display to select anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies from the human naïve antibody gene libraries HAL9/10 and subsequent identification of 309 unique fully human antibodies against S1. 17 antibodies are binding to the RBD, showing inhibition of spike binding to cells expressing ACE2 as scFv-Fc and neutralize active SARS-CoV-2 virus infection of VeroE6 cells. The antibody STE73-2E9 is showing neutralization of active SARS-CoV-2 as IgG and is binding to the ACE2-RBD interface. Thus, universal libraries from healthy human donors offer the advantage that antibodies can be generated quickly and independent from the availability of material from recovering patients in a pandemic situation.
Joint analysis of expression levels and histological images identifies genes associated with tissue morphology
Authors: Ash Jordan T. , Darnell Gregory , Munro Daniel , Engelhardt Barbara E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHistopathological images are used to characterize complex phenotypes such as tumor stage. Our goal is to associate features of stained tissue images with high-dimensional genomic markers. We use convolutional autoencoders and sparse canonical correlation analysis (CCA) on paired histological images and bulk gene expression to identify subsets of genes whose expression levels in a tissue sample correlate with subsets of morphological features from the corresponding sample image. We apply our approach, ImageCCA, to two TCGA data sets, and find gene sets associated with the structure of the extracellular matrix and cell wall infrastructure, implicating uncharacterized genes in extracellular processes. We find sets of genes associated with specific cell types, including neuronal cells and cells of the immune system. We apply ImageCCA to the GTEx v6 data, and find image features that capture population variation in thyroid and in colon tissues associated with genetic variants (image morphology QTLs, or imQTLs), suggesting that genetic variation regulates population variation in tissue morphological traits.
Chemical shift prediction of RNA imino groups: application toward characterizing RNA excited states
Authors: Wang Yanjiao , Han Ge , Jiang Xiuying , Yuwen Tairan , Xue Yi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNH groups in proteins or nucleic acids are the most challenging target for chemical shift prediction. Here we show that the RNA base pair triplet motif dictates imino chemical shifts in its central base pair. A lookup table is established that links each type of base pair triplet to experimental chemical shifts of the central base pair, and can be used to predict imino chemical shifts of RNAs to remarkable accuracy. Strikingly, the semiempirical method can well interpret the variations of chemical shifts for different base pair triplets, and is even applicable to non-canonical motifs. This finding opens an avenue for predicting chemical shifts of more complicated RNA motifs. Furthermore, we combine the imino chemical shift prediction with NMR relaxation dispersion experiments targeting both15N and1HNof the imino group, and verify a previously characterized excited state of P5abc subdomain including an earlier speculated non-native G•G mismatch.
Double sulfur vacancies by lithium tuning enhance CO2 electroreduction to n-propanol
Authors: Peng Chen , Luo Gan , Zhang Junbo , Chen Menghuan , Wang Zhiqiang , Sham Tsun-Kong , Zhang Lijuan , Li Yafei , Zheng Gengfeng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractElectrochemical CO2 reduction can produce valuable products with high energy densities but the process is plagued by poor selectivities and low yields. Propanol represents a challenging product to obtain due to the complicated C3 forming mechanism that requires both stabilization of *C2 intermediates and subsequent C1–C2 coupling. Herein, density function theory calculations revealed that double sulfur vacancies formed on hexagonal copper sulfide can feature as efficient electrocatalytic centers for stabilizing both CO* and OCCO* dimer, and further CO–OCCO coupling to form C3 species, which cannot be realized on CuS with single or no sulfur vacancies. The double sulfur vacancies were then experimentally synthesized by an electrochemical lithium tuning strategy, during which the density of sulfur vacancies was well-tuned by the charge/discharge cycle number. The double sulfur vacancy-rich CuS catalyst exhibited a Faradaic efficiency toward n-propanol of 15.4 ± 1% at −1.05 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode in H-cells, and a high partial current density of 9.9 mA cm−2 at −0.85 V in flow-cells, comparable to the best reported electrochemical CO2 reduction toward n-propanol. Our work suggests an attractive approach to create anion vacancy pairs as catalytic centers for multi-carbon-products.
High-frequency rectifiers based on type-II Dirac fermions
Authors: Zhang Libo , Chen Zhiqingzi , Zhang Kaixuan , Wang Lin , Xu Huang , Han Li , Guo Wanlong , Yang Yao , Kuo Chia-Nung , Lue Chin Shan , Mondal Debashis , Fuji Jun , Vobornik Ivana , Ghosh Barun , Agarwal Amit , Xing Huaizhong , Chen Xiaoshuang , Politano Antonio , Lu Wei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe advent of topological semimetals enables the exploitation of symmetry-protected topological phenomena and quantized transport. Here, we present homogeneous rectifiers, converting high-frequency electromagnetic energy into direct current, based on low-energy Dirac fermions of topological semimetal-NiTe2, with state-of-the-art efficiency already in the first implementation. Explicitly, these devices display room-temperature photosensitivity as high as 251 mA W−1 at 0.3 THz in an unbiased mode, with a photocurrent anisotropy ratio of 22, originating from the interplay between the spin-polarized surface and bulk states. Device performances in terms of broadband operation, high dynamic range, as well as their high sensitivity, validate the immense potential and unique advantages associated to the control of nonequilibrium gapless topological states via built-in electric field, electromagnetic polarization and symmetry breaking in topological semimetals. These findings pave the way for the exploitation of topological phase of matter for high-frequency operations in polarization-sensitive sensing, communications and imaging.
Labeo rohita, a bioindicator for water quality and associated biomarkers of heavy metal toxicity
Authors: Mahamood Mohammad , Javed Mehjbeen , Alhewairini Saleh S. , Zahir Farhana , Sah Ashok Kumar , Ahmad Md. Irshad 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of heavy metals on Labeo rohita inhabiting the Yamuna River, India. Levels of heavy metals measured in the water were as follows: Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cr>Cd. Gill and liver tissue of exposed L. rohita showed a high metal pollution index, compared to reference fish collected from the Agra Canal. In the exposed fish, higher levels of creatinine and enzyme activity (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase) were observed, while the A:G index declined. Additionally, higher TLC, lymphocytes, respiratory burst, and nitric oxide synthase activity indicated a heightened immune response. Levels of superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation were elevated, while catalase, glutathione S transferase, and glutathione was reduced. DNA of the exposed fish appeared deteriorated, with a greater mean tail length in comparison to the reference. Our results imply that Yamuna River water generates oxidative stress and DNA damage in L. rohita. As this river is a critical source of water and food to the native community, this could pose a threat to public health similar to that in the indicator organism.
Data-driven curation process for describing the blood glucose management in the intensive care unit
Authors: Robles Arévalo Aldo , Maley Jason H. , Baker Lawrence , da Silva Vieira Susana M. , da Costa Sousa João M. , Finkelstein Stan , Mateo-Collado Roselyn , Raffa Jesse D. , Celi Leo Anthony , DeMichele Francis 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAnalysis of real-world glucose and insulin clinical data recorded in electronic medical records can provide insights into tailored approaches to clinical care, yet presents many analytic challenges. This work makes publicly available a dataset that contains the curated entries of blood glucose readings and administered insulin on a per-patient basis during ICU admissions in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC-III) database version 1.4. Also, the present study details the data curation process used to extract and match glucose values to insulin therapy. The curation process includes the creation of glucose-insulin pairing rules according to clinical expert-defined physiologic and pharmacologic parameters. Through this approach, it was possible to align nearly 76% of insulin events to a preceding blood glucose reading for nearly 9,600 critically ill patients. This work has the potential to reveal trends in real-world practice for the management of blood glucose. This data extraction and processing serve as a framework for future studies of glucose and insulin in the intensive care unit.
Preparation of hydrogen, fluorine and chlorine doped and co-doped titanium dioxide photocatalysts: a theoretical and experimental approach
Authors: Filippatos Petros-Panagis , Soultati Anastasia , Kelaidis Nikolaos , Petaroudis Christos , Alivisatou Anastasia-Antonia , Drivas Charalampos , Kennou Stella , Agapaki Eleni , Charalampidis Georgios , Yusoff Abd. Rashid bin Mohd , Lathiotakis Nektarios N. , Coutsolelos Athanassios G. , Davazoglou Dimitris , Vasilopoulou Maria , Chroneos Alexander 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTitanium dioxide (TiO2) has a strong photocatalytic activity in the ultra-violet part of the spectrum combined with excellent chemical stability and abundance. However, its photocatalytic efficiency is prohibited by limited absorption within the visible range derived from its wide band gap value and the presence of charge trapping states located at the band edges, which act as electron–hole recombination centers. Herein, we modify the band gap and improve the optical properties of TiO2 via co-doping with hydrogen and halogen. The present density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that hydrogen is incorporated in interstitial sites while fluorine and chlorine can be inserted both as interstitial and oxygen substitutional defects. To investigate the synergy of dopants in TiO2 experimental characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray and ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS/UPS), UV–Vis absorption and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements, have been conducted. The observations suggest that the oxide’s band gap is reduced upon halogen doping, particularly for chlorine, making this material promising for energy harvesting devices. The studies on hydrogen production ability of these materials support the enhanced hydrogen production rates for chlorine doped (Cl:TiO2) and hydrogenated (H:TiO2) oxides compared to the pristine TiO2 reference.