bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Case for Campaign Analysis: A Method for Studying Military Operations
Authors: Tecott Metz Rachel , Halterman Andrew 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Military operations lie at the center of international relations theory and practice. Although security studies scholars have used campaign analysis to study military operations for decades, the method has not been formally defined or standardized, and there is little methodological guidance available for scholars interested in conducting or evaluating it. Campaign analysis is a method involving the use of a model and techniques for managing uncertainty to answer questions about military operations. The method comprises six steps: (1) question selection, (2) scenario development, (3) model construction, (4) value assignment, (5) sensitivity analysis, and (6) interpretation and presentation of results. The models that scholars develop to direct analysis are significant intellectual contributions in their own right, and can be adapted by other scholars and practitioners to guide additional analyses. Careful model construction can clarify, but does not obviate, the uncertainty of conflict. To manage uncertainty in parameter values, scholars can use the “input distribution approach” to propagate uncertainty in inputs through to a model's output. Replications and extensions of Wu Riqiang's 2020 analysis of Chinese nuclear survivability and Barry Posen's 1991 analysis of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's prospects against the Warsaw Pact illustrate the six steps of campaign analysis, the value of transparent models and the input distribution approach, and the potential of campaign analysis to contribute to policy and theory.
Range expansion of the vulnerable crayfish Creaserinus fodiens (Cottle, 1863) (Decapoda, Cambaridae) in Ontario, Canada, with added notes on the distribution, ecology and conservation status of this species in North America
Authors: Guiaşu Radu C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The distribution of the semi-terrestrial burrowing crayfish Creaserinus fodiens (Cottle, 1863) in Ontario was updated based on the examination of the records stored in the crayfish database of the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto and specimens collected during field studies. New Ontario locality records are reported for this crayfish species from MacGregor Point Provincial Park and other nearby sites in Bruce County, along the shores of Lake Huron. These are among the northernmost locality records reported for this species in North America. These new records represent a northwestern range expansion for this crayfish species in southern Ontario. As a result of these new records, the revised distribution of this species in Ontario is estimated to cover an area of about 32 620 km2. This is an increase of 7620 km2 over a previous 1996 estimate of this range. Creaserinus fodiens is a vulnerable species in Ontario, mainly due to the loss of suitable wetland habitats. Thus, the new locations and the range expansion reported here provide some hopeful news about the long-term future of burrowing crayfishes in this Canadian province. At some of the new locations, C. fodiens was found together with Faxonius immunis (Hagen, 1870), another burrowing crayfish species. However, this analysis of all the relevant records found in the collections of the Royal Ontario Museum (Toronto) and the Canadian Museum of Nature (Ottawa) shows that our knowledge of the distribution of C. fodiens in Ontario remains quite incomplete. A survey of the conservation status and challenges for this crayfish species in various regions of North America was also undertaken.
The Contribution of Integrated Marine Policies to Marine Environmental Protection: The Case of Norway
Authors: Schøning Lena 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article investigates the contribution of the Norwegian integrated marine management (IMM) plans to marine environmental protection and conservation. These plans have been described as international best practice, and the government’s goal is ‘for Norway to be a pioneer in developing an integrated ecosystem-based management regime for marine areas’. The plans pursue other objectives, including sustainable use and value creation, but this article focuses on their contribution to environmental objectives. By means of a problem analysis, the article outlines three approaches to ‘marine environmental protection and conservation’ that contribute thereto in profoundly different ways. The contribution of the IMM plans to each of these approaches is examined, leading to the conclusion that two are embedded in the plans, which therefore primarily contribute to some reduced harm, as opposed to contributing to long-term marine environmental protection. This suggests that integrated marine plans and policies are relevant for more restricted environmental objectives.
The Comic Frame of Mark’s Passion
Authors: Hatton Stephen B. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article uses narrative criticism and a study of the word neaniskos in Greek culture to argue that the Gethsemanic young man and the young man in Jesus’ open tomb are linked by comedy. It demonstrates that the naked young man pericope utilizes comic imitation and the word neaniskos to connote comic behavior. With the naked young man as a model, the article proceeds to show that the speech of the messenger in the open tomb is comedy vis-à-vis the narrative of the context. This interpretation has the advantages of explaining the ill-fitting interruption of the naked young man scene in Gethsemane, of making sense of the abrupt ending of the Gospel of Mark, and of fitting the use of the word neaniskos in the Gospel of Mark to a connotation used in classical and Hellenistic Greek culture.
Flipping Tables and Building Temples: An Intertextual Reading of Psalm 68:10 LXX in John 2:17
Authors: Klem Matthew J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
John 2:17 quotes Ps 68:10: “Zeal for your house will consume me.” Interpreters disagree about whether consume portrays Jesus’s zeal overwhelming him during the temple incident or leading to his death. They also disagree about whether John alludes metaleptically to the whole psalm, especially the rebuilding of Jerusalem in Ps 68:36–37. This article argues that consume portrays Jesus’s death. It substantiates that John alludes to the whole psalm, not only the rebuilding of Jerusalem in 68:36–37, but also the table becoming a trap and the pouring out of wrath in 68:23, 25. These echoes suggest that Jesus embodies the judgment of God in the temple incident, the suffering of the psalmist in his death, and the restoration of Jerusalem in his resurrection. The story from the Psalter is thus reconfigured in the temple incident: God rebuilds the forsaken city by identifying with Israel’s exile in the crucified body of Jesus.
“A Factious, Seditious and Unruly Multitude”
Authors: McAleavy Tony 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
As a child in Malmesbury, Thomas Hobbes had an opportunity to observe many of the social and political phenomena that he considered in his later work. Contemporary sources reveal that Hobbes lived in a community that was wracked by marked animosity between different social groups, frequent disorder and a lack of consensus about the legitimacy of local political institutions. There was tension between the town’s elite and a proletariat of impoverished workers. Different members of the elite clashed, sometimes violently, as they competed for local ascendancy. Hobbes’s extended family was heavily involved in these events. His hometown was deeply troubled. It was also a place where people had access to some “political” vocabulary which they used when describing their discontents and conflicts. The possible influence of Hobbes’s early experiences on his intellectual development has attracted little previous attention.
Les systèmes numéraux en quechua et en aymara : une histoire de suffixes
Authors: Gonzalez Carmen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Quechuan and Aymaran numeral systems show strong similarities, e.g., they have a decimal base and thirteen simple lexemes (simple cardinal numerals). In the case of Quechuan, when forming compound cardinal numerals (namely, numerals with two or more simple lexemes), two distinct sets can be identified: in the first, the compound cardinals are the results of the juxtaposition of simple lexemes. In the second, to this juxtaposition are added nominal suffixes: /-yuq/ or /-n/ or /-wan/. This paper is focused on studying these two numeral Quechua sets involving both diachronic and geographical considerations, and puts forward the hypothesis that nominal suffixes presence in one of them is a consequence of its intense contact with the other great Andean linguistic family, the Aymara. Indeed, Aymaran in all its components, as will be described, adds nominal suffixes to its compound cardinals similarly to the Quechua suffixal numeral set.
Système de numération en wolof : description et comparaison avec les autres langues atlantiques
Authors: Guérin Maximilien 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Wolof (Atlantic, Niger-Congo) numeral system is decimal, with an additive pivot 5. This means that there are special words for the numbers 1 to 5, but that 6, 7, 8 and 9 are formed by 5 + one unit (1, 2, 3, 4 respectively). From 10 onwards, the count starts again. The system is very regular, as only 20 and 30 have unpredictable forms. In addition, despite the relative genetic proximity between the members of the Atlantic family, the numeral systems of these languages display many differences, in particular with regard to the structure of complex numbers.
This article provides a detailed description of the Wolof numeral system (list and status of lexical units, morphosyntactic structure of complex numbers), as well as a comparison with the systems of other Atlantic languages.
Les parents pauvres de la nominalisation en français
Authors: Gaatone David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Rather than a subordinating conjunction, French que is an “embedder”, a “nominalizer”, since it can introduce a subject clause, where there is neither linking, nor subordination. It makes it possible to transform a sentence into the component of a sentence, functioning as a nominal. In some contexts, que is not allowed, for instance, with certain prepositions, and is then replaced by ce que and le fait que/de, his poor relations (“parents pauvres”), less investigated, and functioning as free or contextual variants. Ce que behaves like a single word, a grammatical instrument, devoid of any meaning, while le fait que/de allow insertions and keep some of their original meaning, which accounts for their incompatibility with non factive contexts.
Gold Miners on the Trail of the Earliest Humans in Eastern Saharan Africa. Investigating the Acheulean and Middle Stone Age in Sudanese Nubia
Authors: Masojć Mirosław , Nassr Ahmed , Kim Ju Yong , Ehlert Maciej , Michalec Grzegorz , Krupa-Kurzynowska Joanna , Sohn Young Kwan , Andrieux Eric , Armitage Simon J. , Szmit Marcin , Kim Jin Cheul , Kim Ji Sung , Cendrowska Marzena , Dreczko Ewa , Moska Piotr , Kim Kyeong Ja , Choi Yire 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This research note presents evidence for the oldest Middle Pleistocene Eastern Saharan human activity from the area referred to as the Eastern Desert Atbara River (EDAR), Sudan, which is currently threatened by gold mining. Preliminary results of multifaceted analyses indicate the activity of Homo sapiens during MIS 5 as well as Homo erectus during MIS 7–11 or earlier.
Speeding up Time: Hierarchical Bayesian Drift Diffusion Modelling Evidence for Accelerating Temporal Accumulation
Authors: Tipples Jason , Lupton Michael , George David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Time perception is malleable ‒ it can be made to speed up and slow down by various experimental manipulations including the presentation of a sequence of auditory clicks and also angry facial expressions. Recent evidence supports the idea that auditory click trains increase accumulation of evidence across time. Here, we test this idea for both angry expressions and auditory clicks by modelling response times (and choice responses) using Bayesian Hierarchical Drift Diffusion Modelling. Two separate groups of participants (Experiment 1; n = 29; Experiment 2; n = 38) judged the duration of angry and neutral facial expressions preceded by either a 3-s sequence of auditory clicks or silence. In both experiments, standard psychophysical analyses showed that both clicks and angry expressions lengthened the perception of time. The original finding came from the analyses of the Drift Diffusion Modelling parameter that represents the speed of information accumulation ‒ the drift rate parameter. Drift rates grew in magnitude with the duration of the face and moreover this effect was larger when the faces were either preceded by clicks or appeared angry ‒ evidence for accelerating temporal accumulation. This novel insight would not have been possible from traditional psychophysical analyses and therefore, the results highlight the potential value of Bayesian Hierarchical Drift Diffusion Modelling as a tool for understanding how we perceive time.
From the Plague to the Coronavirus: Islamic Ethics and Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Shabana Ayman 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper examines some of the important ethical questions that emerged in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic in light of the various Muslim responses to this global emergency. It focuses on the ethical discussions concerning the main measures that have been taken to fight the disease, which can be divided into two main categories: preventive and therapeutic. The paper also addresses measures taken to handle the dead bodies of deceased patients in a proper and dignified manner, according to relevant Islamic norms. The paper traces the background of these discussions in classical normative discourses, with a particular focus on the issue of the plague and also the issue of medical treatment. The paper argues that Islamic responses to the Covid-19 pandemic echo a longstanding two-pronged moral concern in the Islamic normative tradition with regard to pandemic situations; namely, to balance: the religious and metaphysical dimensions of the scriptural sources with the practical implications of real incidents of plagues and pandemics; and the interests of individuals against the collective interests of groups and societies.
<p><strong>A natural intergeneric hybrid of Gesneriaceae from Brazil</strong></p>
Authors: DE ARAUJO ANDRÉA ONOFRE , PEIXOTO MAURO , DE SOUZA CINTIA NEVES , GASPARINO EDUARDO CUSTÓDIO , FARIA JULIANA TOLEDO , LOMBELLO RICARDO AUGUSTO 
Published: April 2021

A natural hybrid between Goyazia and Mandirola (Gloxiniinae, Gesneriaceae) from Cerrado (Brazil) is here described, supported by pollen morphology, cytological data and morphological characters. The microsporogenesis of Mandirola hirsuta and that of the hybrid were analyzed in order to evaluate the cytogenetic characteristics. The haploid chromosome numbers observed were n = 12 for M. hirsuta and n = 11, 13, 16 and 26 for the hybrid. Structural abnormalities (monads, dyads, triads and micronuclei) were observed at the final of the hybrid’s meiosis. High viability rates of the pollen were recorded for Goyazia and Mandirola (>90%) and low viability for the hybrid (34.7%). The pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured and photographed for pollen morphology analysis. Quantitative pollen data were analyzed through descriptive and multivariate statistics. The hybrid has intermediate pollen characteristics between G. petraea and M. hirsuta; it is more related to G. petraea by the measures of diameters and ectoapertures; it is more similar to M. hirsuta mainly regarding the microreticulum on the mesocolpium region. The hybrid and Mandirola share vegetative and flower size, while the colors of the hybrid are similar to Goyazia. Pollen morphology, cytological data and morphological characters brought clear evidence for the recognition of the intergeneric hybrid, which we named as Goydirola x punctata.
The Association of the Affordable Care Act With Medicaid Enrollment Status and Costs of Care at a Level I Trauma Center in a Medicaid Non-expansion State
Authors: Nahouraii Michael R. , Cunningham Kyle W. , Sing Ronald F. , Sing Kelly E. , Christmas Ashley B. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction The intended purpose of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was to expand access to health care insurance for all Americans. In our study, we examine the association of Medicaid enrollment status, health care outcomes, and financial outcomes for trauma patients at a level I urban trauma center in a state that did not expand Medicaid coverage under the ACA. Methods We retrospectively reviewed trauma admissions from 2011 to 2016, via the trauma registry (n = 36,250). A subgroup of Medicaid patients (n = 8840) was identified and compared for changes in selected variables and demographics following ACA implementation. The association of Medicaid payor status, by 3 year average pre-ACA (n = 3516) and post-ACA (n = 3324), on patient outcomes, payments collected, and accrued costs of care were analyzed. Results Three-year Medicaid median actual payments decreased 7.5% following implementation of the ACA ($4072 vs. $3767, P < .01). In contrast, the Medicaid median total cost of care increased 23% ($3964 vs. $4882, P < .01). The rate of patients insured by Medicaid decreased (24.0% vs. 16.2%, P<.001). Patients were admitted longer (1 d vs. 2 d, P < .01), and more injured (ISS 5 vs. 6, P < .01). Discussion Medicaid payor status under the ACA was associated with a decrease in actual payments and an increase in total cost of care. Moreover, the divergence in actual payments collected with the increased total cost of care warrants examination to ascertain the root cause in efforts to reduce this widening gap.
Measurement of vitamin D in dried blood spots stored under different temperature conditions
Authors: Nybo Mads , Fruekilde Palle N , Andersen-Ranberg Karen 
Published: April 2021

Background As part of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) study, dried blood spot samples were obtained for measurement of potential biological biomarkers, among those vitamin D. Unfortunately, no studies describe the impact of high temperatures on dried blood spot samples and vitamin D measurements. Materials and methods Capillary samples were collected on dried blood spot cards from 40 outpatients (median age 78 years) along with venous blood samples. To mimic the different environmental and temporal challenges during collection and shipment until final storage in the SHARE study, dried blood spot cards were stored at different temperatures, at time span and with/without freeze-thaw. Vitamin D concentrations in venous plasma samples were measured by conventional immunoassay (on Architect i2000SR), while vitamin D concentrations in dried blood spot samples were measured using LC-MS/MS with a well-described extraction method and with relevant calibration and comparison with a reference method. Results Vitamin D measured in dried blood spot samples did not differ significantly from venous plasma measurements under the different storage conditions tested. The optimal vitamin D correlation between the two matrices was by storage at either 21°C or 35°C for four days (r = 0.9060 and 0.9026, respectively). Freeze-thaw of the dried blood spot samples did not have any significant effect. Conclusion We find that vitamin D measured in dried blood spot samples do not differ significantly from venous plasma measurements despite storage at different temperatures and freeze-thaw, which enables the use of dried blood spot in multicentre studies taking place under alternating temperature conditions.
Ecological Interface Design and Head-Up Displays: The Contact-Analog Visualization Tradeoff
Authors: Schewe Frederik , Vollrath Mark 
Published: April 2021

Objective This study investigated how the visualization of an ecological interface affects its subjective and objective usefulness. Therefore, we compared a simple 2D visualization against a contact-analog 3D visualization. Background Recently, head-up displays (HUDs) have become contact-analog and visualizations have been enabled to be merged with the real environment. In this regard, ecological interface design visualizing boundaries of acceptable performance might be a perfect match. Because the real-world environment already provides such boundaries (e.g., lane markings), the interface might directly use them. However, visual illusions and undesired interference with the environment might influence the overall usability. Method To allow for a comparison, 49 participants tested the same ecological interface in two configurations, contact-analog (3D) and two dimensional (2D). Both visualizations were shown in the car’s head-up display (HUD). Results The driving simulator experiment reveals that 3D was rated as more demanding and more disturbing, but also more innovative and appealing. However, regarding driving performance, the 3D representation decreased the accuracy of speed control by 6% while significantly increasing lane stability by 20%. Conclusion We conclude that, if we want environmental boundaries guiding our behavior, the indicator for the behavior should be visualized contact-analog. If we desire artificial boundaries (e.g., speed limits) to guide behavior, the behavioral indicator should be visualized in 2D. This is less prone to optical illusions and allows for a more precise control of behavior. Application These findings provide guidance to human factors engineers, how contact-analog visualizations might be used optimally.
Impact of financial crisis on mental health: A literature review ‘puzzling’ findings from several countries
Authors: Volkos Panagiotis , Symvoulakis Emmanouil K 
Published: April 2021

Background: During the Great Recession of 2008 many of the European and other western economies had been affected with the unemployment rising and income shrinking. Daily lives of a country’s citizens always are affected by an economic downturn in various ways and mental health problems are expected to be worsen. Aim: The aim of this systematic review is to identify to what extent the economic crisis of the last decade has influenced mental health issues in daily life, by offering an in-depth analysis of such effect. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed and PubMed platform was used for the literature research. There were included articles that were published between 2009 and 2019. The search terms used were economic crisis and mental health. An extraction sheet was created to collect the results. Results: Thirty-five studies from several countries were included in this review. The results from this articles point out that specific social groups are more vulnerable during periods of economic crisis in terms of mental health impact. Depression, anxiety and stress are some of the most common outcomes. However, not all the evidence sources agree. Conclusions: Despite the disagreements, the economic downturn and its outcomes can effect negatively the psychological state either of the population as a whole or of specific subgroups. Mental health is largely affected by economy and regulatory adjustments of supportive care services are needed to buffer negative effects. Primary care could be a ‘remote access server’ of specific interventions designed to target vulnerable population groups. The development of strategies at a country level is essential in order to support the most vulnerable groups of the population during a recession period.