bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Incidence of Hepatitis C Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men in Australia, 2009–2019
Authors: Harney Brendan L , Sacks-Davis Rachel , van Santen Daniela K , Traeger Michael , Wilkinson Anna L , Asselin Jason , El-Hayek Carol , Fairley Christopher K , Roth Norman , Bloch Mark , Matthews Gail , Donovan Basil , Guy Rebecca , Stoové Mark , Hellard Margaret E , Doyle Joseph S ,   Australian Collaboration for Coordinated Enhanced Sentinel Surveillance of Sexually Transmissible Infections and Blood-borne Viruses (ACCESS), Bastian Lisa , Bateson Deborah , Bowden Scott , Boyd Mark , Callander Denton , Carter Allison , Cogle Aaron , Costello Jane , Dimech Wayne , Dittmer Jennifer , Ellard Jeanne , Franklin Lucinda , Kim Jules , McGill Scott , Nolan David , Patel Prital , Pendle Stella , Polkinghorne Victoria , Nguyen Long , Nguyen Thi , O’Connor Catherine , Reed Philip , Ryder Nathan , Selvey Christine , Vickers Toby , Walker Melanie , Watchirs-Smith Lucy , West Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been reported among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) globally including GBM with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HIV-negative GBM, particularly those using HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). In Australia, HCV direct-acting antiviral treatment (DAA) was government-funded from 2016. Large implementation studies of PrEP also began in 2016. We examined HCV incidence among GBM to assess whether HCV incidence has changed since 2015.

Methods
Data were drawn from the Australian Collaboration for Coordinated Enhanced Sentinel Surveillance. We included GBM who tested HCV antibody negative at their first test and had ≥1 subsequent test. Generalized linear modeling (Poisson distribution) was used to examine HCV incidence from 2009 to 2019 stratified by HIV status, and among HIV-negative GBM prescribed PrEP from 2016 to 2019.

Results
Among 6744 GBM with HIV, HCV incidence was 1.03 per 100 person-years (PY). Incidence declined by 78% in 2019 compared to 2015 (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.22 [95% confidence interval {CI}: .09–.55]). Among 20 590 HIV-negative GBM, HCV incidence was 0.20/100 PY, with no significant change over time. Among 11 661 HIV-negative GBM prescribed PrEP, HCV incidence was 0.29/100 PY. Compared to 2016, incidence among GBM prescribed PrEP declined by 80% in 2019 (IRR, 0.20 [95% CI: .06–.64]).

Conclusions
HCV incidence among GBM living with HIV declined following DAA availability. There was no observed change in HCV incidence among HIV-negative GBM overall. Among GBM prescribed PrEP, incidence declined since the early years of PrEP implementation in Australia. Australia is on track to eliminate HCV among GBM before global 2030 targets.
The role of age in the spreading of COVID-19 across a social network in Bucharest
Authors: Hâncean Marian-Gabriel , Lerner Jürgen , Perc Matjaž , Ghiţă Maria Cristina , Bunaciu David-Andrei , Stoica Adelina Alexandra , Mihăilă Bianca-Elena 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We analyse officially procured data detailing the COVID-19 transmission in Romania’s capital Bucharest between 1st August and 31st October 2020. We apply relational hyperevent models on 19,713 individuals with 13,377 infection ties to determine to what degree the disease spread is affected by age whilst controlling for other covariate and human-to-human transmission network effects. We find that positive cases are more likely to nominate alters of similar age as their sources of infection, thus providing evidence for age homophily. We also show that the relative infection risk is negatively associated with the age of peers, such that the risk of infection increases as the average age of contacts decreases. Additionally, we find that adults between the ages 35 and 44 are pivotal in the transmission of the disease to other age groups. Our results may contribute to better controlling future COVID-19 waves, and they also point to the key age groups which may be essential for vaccination given their prominent role in the transmission of the virus.
Wastewater monitoring, surveillance and epidemiology: a review of terminology for a common understanding
Authors: Larsen David A , Green Hyatt , Collins Mary B , Kmush Brittany L 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTResponse to the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic saw an unprecedented uptake in bottom-up efforts to incorporate community wastewater testing to inform public health. While not a new strategy, various specialized scientific advancements were achieved to establish links between wastewater concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and public health outcomes. Maximizing public health benefit requires collaboration among a broad range of disciplinary experts, each bringing their own historical context to the central goal of protecting human health. One challenge has been a lack of shared terminology. Standardized terminology would provide common ground for this rapidly growing field. Based on the review herein, we recommend categorical usage of the term ‘wastewater-based epidemiology’ to describe the science of relating microbes, chemicals or other analytes in wastewater to public health. We further recommend the term ‘wastewater surveillance’ to describe continuous monitoring of health outcomes (either microbes or chemicals) via wastewater. We suggest that ‘wastewater tracking’ and ‘wastewater tracing’ be used in more narrow ways, specifically when trying to find the source of a health risk. Finally, we suggest that the phrase ‘wastewater monitoring’ be abandoned, except in rare circumstances when ensuring wastewater discharge is safe from a public health perspective.
Secondhand Smoke Exposure Impairs Ion Channel Function and Contractility of Mesenteric Arteries
Authors: Le Thanhmai , Martín-Aragón Baudel Miguel , Syed Arsalan , Singhrao Navid , Pan Shiyue , Flores-Tamez Victor A , Burns Abby E , Man Kwun Nok Mimi , Karey Emma , Hong Junyoung , Hell Johannes W , Pinkerton Kent E , Chen Chao-Yin , Nieves-Cintrón Madeline 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Cigarette smoke, including secondhand smoke (SHS), has significant detrimental vascular effects, but its effects on myogenic tone of small resistance arteries and the underlying mechanisms are understudied. Although it is apparent that SHS contributes to endothelial dysfunction, much less is known about how this toxicant alters arterial myocyte contraction, leading to alterations in myogenic tone. The study's goal is to determine the effects of SHS on mesenteric arterial myocyte contractility and excitability. C57BL/6J male mice were randomly assigned to either filtered air (FA) or SHS (6 h/d, 5 d/wk) exposed groups for a 4, 8, or 12-weeks period. Third and fourth-order mesenteric arteries and arterial myocytes were acutely isolated and evaluated with pressure myography and patch clamp electrophysiology, respectively. Myogenic tone was found to be elevated in mesenteric arteries from mice exposed to SHS for 12 wk but not for 4 or 8 wk. These results were correlated with an increase in L-type Ca2+ channel activity in mesenteric arterial myocytes after 12 wk of SHS exposure. Moreover, 12 wk SHS exposed arterial myocytes have reduced total potassium channel current density, which correlates with a depolarized membrane potential (Vm). These results suggest that SHS exposure induces alterations in key ionic conductances that modulate arterial myocyte contractility and myogenic tone. Thus, chronic exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of SHS impairs mesenteric arterial myocyte electrophysiology and myogenic tone, which may contribute to increased blood pressure and risks of developing vascular complications due to passive exposure to cigarette smoke.
Political Taboos in the German Democratic Republic
Authors: Grashoff Udo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The article outlines a new framework for the study of communicative taboos in repressive political regimes such as the GDR. The concept goes beyond the somewhat reductive position that understands political taboos as mere silencing. The approach developed here aims at refining our understanding of discursive regimes in dictatorial regimes, where one dominant ideology has become deeply ingrained in most aspects of society. It starts with the observation that the discursive sphere in the periphery of the taboo, characterized by corrupted speech, and the silence in its core are complementary elements of the taboo. I develop my concept with reference to three political taboos: the official discourse on betrayal of members of communist resistance groups during the Third Reich, expulsions after the Second World War, and the uprising of 17 June 1953. The discussion shows that a precise conception of the general appearance of communicative taboos—including distinguishing between core and periphery, comprehensive analysis of the gamut of linguistic and semantic distortions, study of privileged speakers able to transgress taboos, and paying attention to the perceived taboo—provides a promising starting point for the historical study of tabooing, including its modifications and transformations.
Dietary Intake Patterns of Community-Dwelling Older Adults After Acute Hospitalization
Authors: Deer Rachel R , Hosein Erin , Mera Alejandra , Howe Kristen , Goodlett Shawn , Robertson Nicole , Volpi Elena 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Malnutrition and sarcopenia are a growing concern in community-dwelling older adults. Hospitalization increases the risk of malnutrition and leads to a decline in functional and nutritional status at discharge. Persistent malnutrition after hospital discharge may worsen posthospital outcomes, including readmissions. The aim of this study was to determine dietary intakes and nutrient distribution patterns of community-dwelling older adults after acute hospitalization.

Method
Participants (65 years and older, n = 85) were enrolled during acute hospitalization and dietary 24-hour recalls were collected weekly for 1 month postdischarge. Analysis included change in dietary intake over recovery timeframe; daily intake of energy, protein, fruit, vegetables, and fluids; comparison of intake to recommendations; distribution of energy and protein across mealtimes; and analysis of most common food choices.

Results
Most participants did not meet current recommendations for energy, fruit, vegetables, or fluids. Average protein consumption was significantly higher than the current recommendation of 0.8 g/kg/d; however, only 55% of participants met this goal and less than 18% met the 1.2 g/kg/d proposed optimal protein intake for older adults. The protein distribution throughout the day was skewed and no one met the 0.4 g/meal protein recommendation at all meals.

Conclusions
Our findings indicate that community-dwelling older adults did not meet their nutritional needs during recovery after hospitalization. These data highlight the need for better nutritional evaluation and support of geriatric patients recovering from hospitalization.
Velocity and azimuthal anisotropy structure underneath the Reelfoot Rift region from Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion curves
Authors: Basu Urbi , Powell Christine A 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARYPhase velocity and azimuthal anisotropy maps for fundamental mode Rayleigh waves are determined for a portion of the central United States including the seismically active Reelfoot Rift (RFR) and the enigmatic Illinois Basin. Dense seismic array installations of the Northern Embayment Lithosphere Experiment, the EarthScope transportable array and the Ozarks Illinois Indiana Kentucky array allow a detailed investigation of phase velocity and anisotropy in a broad period range (20–100s).We obtain more than 12 000 well-constrained, unique two-station paths from teleseismic events. The two-station method is used to determine dispersion curves and these are inverted for isotropic phase velocity maps and azimuthal anisotropy maps for each period. The presence of fast phase velocities at lower crustal and uppermost mantle depths is found below the RFR, and Ste. Genevieve and Wabash Valley fault zones. At periods of 30s and higher, the RFR is underlain by slow phase velocities and is flanked to the NW and SE by regions of fast velocity. Fast phase velocities are present below the centre of the Illinois Basin in the period range 75–100s. Anisotropy fast axis orientations display complex patterns for each period and do not trend parallel to the direction of absolute plate motion. Anisotropy fast directions are consistently parallel to the trend of the RFR from 50s to higher periods, suggesting the presence of either frozen-in anisotropic fabric or fabric related to material transport from a recently discovered, pronounced low velocity zone below the Mississippi Embayment.
Clonal Hematopoiesis Is Associated With Low CD4 Nadir and Increased Residual HIV Transcriptional Activity in Virally Suppressed Individuals With HIV
Authors: van der Heijden Wouter A , van Deuren Rosanne C , van de Wijer Lisa , van den Munckhof Inge C L , Steehouwer Marloes , Riksen Niels P , Netea Mihai G , de Mast Quirijn , Vandekerckhove Linos , de Voer Richarda M , van der Ven Andre J , Hoischen Alexander 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Clonal hematopoiesis, a common age-related phenomenon marked by expansion of cells with clonal hematopoiesis driver mutations, has been associated with all-cause mortality, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. People with HIV (PWH) are at risk for non-AIDS–related comorbidities such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and cancer. In a cross-sectional cohort study, we compared clonal hematopoiesis prevalence in PWH on stable antiretroviral therapy with prevalence in a cohort of overweight individuals and a cohort of age- and sex-matched population controls. The prevalence of clonal hematopoiesis adjusted for age was increased and clone size was larger in PWH compared to population controls. Clonal hematopoiesis is associated with low CD4 nadir, increased residual HIV-1 transcriptional activity, and coagulation factors in PWH. Future studies on the effect of clonal hematopoiesis on the HIV reservoir and non-AIDS–related comorbidities are warranted.
Homework questions designed to require higher-order cognitive skills in an undergraduate animal physiology course did not produce desirable difficulties, testing effects, or improvements in information retention
Authors: Cadaret Caitlin N , Yates Dustin T 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Studies show that retrieval practices such as homework assignments that are completed during the encoding phase of learning benefit knowledge acquisition and retention. In addition, desirable difficulties, which are strategies that intentionally create a greater challenge during initial learning to enhance encoding and retrieval pathways, also benefit learning long term. Our objective was to determine whether weekly homework questions intended to create desirable difficulties by requiring higher-order cognitive skills (HOCS) benefited students’ long-term retention of physiology concepts compared to questions designed to require lower-order cognitive skills (LOCS). Undergraduate students in a junior-level animal physiology course were presented information during weekly laboratory periods, and then required to complete retrieval practices in the form of online homework assignments 5 d after each lab. Homework questions were formatted per Bloom’s Taxonomy to require HOCS (i.e., level 4 or 5) or LOCS (i.e., level 1 or 2). Information retention was assessed the next week via performance on an in-class quiz and again at semesters’ end via performance on a final practical exam. We observed no differences in performance on the in-class quiz or final practical exam between students randomly assigned to complete homework with HOCS questions compared to LOCS questions. However, students that received homework with HOCS questions had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) performance scores on 9 out of the 11 homework assignments compared to those receiving homework with LOCS questions. These findings indicate that desirable difficulties were not created by our HOCS homework questions because students receiving these more difficult retrieval practices did not achieve equal success on them. As a result, this attempt to create variations in cognitive demand did not enhance retention of knowledge in this study.
A novel lattice structure topology optimization method with extreme anisotropic lattice properties
Authors: Zhang Chenghu , Liu Jikai , Yuan Zhiling , Xu Shuzhi , Zou Bin , Li Lei , Ma Yongsheng 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This research presents a lattice structure topology optimization (LSTO) method that significantly expands the design space by creating a novel candidate lattice that assesses an extremely large range of effective material properties. About the details, topology optimization is employed to design lattices with extreme directional tensile or shear properties subject to different volume fraction limits and the optimized lattices are categorized into groups according to their dominating properties. The novel candidate lattice is developed by combining the optimized elementary lattices, by picking up one from each group, and then parametrized with the elementary lattice relative densities. In this way, the LSTO design space is greatly expanded for the ever increased accessible material property range. Moreover, the effective material constitutive model of the candidate lattice subject to different elementary lattice combinations is pre-established so as to eliminate the tedious in-process repetitive homogenization. Finally, a few numerical examples and experiments are explored to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The superiority of the proposed method is proved through comparing with a few existing LSTO methods. The options of concurrent structural topology and lattice optimization are also explored for further enhancement of the mechanical performance.
Scalable supervised online hashing for image retrieval
Authors: Fang Yuzhi , Liu Li 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOnline hashing methods aim to learn compact binary codes of the new data stream, and update the hash function to renew the codes of the existing data. However, the addition of new data streams has a vital impact on the retrieval performance of the entire retrieval system, especially the similarity measurement between new data streams and existing data, which has always been one of the focuses of online retrieval research. In this paper, we present a novel scalable supervised online hashing method, to solve the above problems within a unified framework. Specifically, the similarity matrix is established by the label matrix of the existing data and the new data stream. The projection of the existing data label matrix is then used as an intermediate term to approximate the binary codes of the existing data, which not only realizes the semantic information of the hash codes learning but also effectively alleviates the problem of data imbalance. In addition, an alternate optimization algorithm is proposed to efficiently make the solution of the model. Extensive experiments on three widely used datasets validate its superior performance over several state-of-the-art methods in terms of both accuracy and scalability for online retrieval task.
Dosing Schedules of Gemcitabine and nab-Paclitaxel for Older Adults With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Winer Arthur , Handorf Elizabeth , Dotan Efrat 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel (GA) is a first-line treatment for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer (mPDAC). The traditional dosing schedule of GA is days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Frequently, older adults are given a modified dosing schedule using 2 doses per cycle because of toxicity. We retrospectively analyzed treatment patterns and outcomes of older adults with mPDAC given these 2 dosing schedules.

Methods
Patients 65 years or older with mPDAC treated with GA in a nationwide real-world database between January 1, 2014, and May 31, 2019, were included. Demographic, disease, and treatment information were collected. Patients were grouped by dosing at treatment initiation (traditional vs modified dosing schedules). Endpoints were time on treatment (TOT) and overall survival (OS) in patients receiving at least 2 cycles. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results
1317 patients were included (traditional dosing schedule: n = 842; modified dosing schedule: n = 475). Median age at diagnosis was 72 and 73 years for traditional and modified dosing schedules, respectively (P &lt; .001), but sex, race, and performance status were not statistically significantly different. The median TOT and OS were better for the traditional vs modified dosing schedule (unadjusted median TOT, first-line = 4.18 vs 3.26 mo, P =.04; OS = 9.44 vs 7.63 mo, P =.003).

Conclusion
In this real-world cohort, treatment of older mPDAC patients with a modified dosing schedule of GA resulted in shorter TOT and worse OS vs a traditional dosing schedule. With the caveats of potential confounding that exist in a nonrandomized retrospective database, these results suggest that dose intensity may be important, and prospective studies are necessary to ensure we treat our patients most effectively.
Laryngeal malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor mixed with high- and low-grade malignancies
Authors: Kajiyama Taihei , Komori Masahiro , Iguchi Mitsuko , Nakashima Junko , Nagao Asuka , Hyodo Masamitsu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), as defined by immunohistochemical evaluation, are identified along a spectrum ranging from atypical neurofibroma to high-grade MPNST because these tumors are similar in terms of cell shape and tissue components on hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining. The patient was a 57-year-old male referred to our hospital, with a recurrent red tumor at the anterior commissure of the larynx and submucosal swelling of the right vocal fold. A surgical specimen from a right horizontal partial laryngectomy was evaluated immunohistochemically. A high-grade MPNST lesion was included in the submucosal white tumor, whereas a low-grade MPNST lesion was encountered around the high-grade MPNST lesion. This tumor may involve different malignancies even when it is small. Although intra-tumor heterogeneity in cancers has been reported recently, careful immunohistochemical examination can be important and beneficial for eradicating the tumor while preserving vocal function.
Inocencia: Shining Path and the Recruitment of Minors, Ayacucho in the 1980s
Authors: Walker Charles F 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article uses a unique source to examine the role of young people in the Peruvian Maoist group the Shining Path. The Archivo Regional de Ayacucho contains the records of trials from 1980 to 1985 against minors accused of belonging to and supporting the Shining Path. About one-third of the detainees were women, and the majority were children of Indigenous migrants to the city of Ayacucho. These trials provide a ground-level view of how the guerrillas recruited and employed them, how these young people attacked “enemies of the people,” ransacked stores, set off dynamite, and dodged the police. They help explain why these young men and women joined a violent movement that was being met with similar brutality. The trials also illustrate how the police, the military, and the courts reacted to this guerrilla movement. The analysis of the trials contributes to debates about young people and insurgency, providing insights into the motivations for militancy and changing subjectivities. They also provide snapshots of Ayacucho in the early years of the struggle: the attacks that first bewildered and then petrified; the initial naivete about the Shining Path; and the panic of families when their children were detained as well as the families’ desperate efforts to defend them. The final section of the article tracks the fate of some of those detained. These trials tell the harrowing story of youth and the internal armed conflict in Peru in the 1980s.