bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Application to Recognize a Breakdown Pressure Event on Time Series Frac Data Vs. an Artificial Intelligence Approach
Authors: Ramirez Alberto Jose , Iriarte Jessica Graciela 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Breakdown pressure is the peak pressure attained when fluid is injected into a borehole until fracturing occurs. Hydraulic fracturing operations are conducted above the breakdown pressure, at which the rock formation fractures and allows fluids to flow inside. This value is essential to obtain formation stress measurements. The objective of this study is to automate the selection of breakdown pressure flags on time series fracture data using a novel algorithm in lieu of an artificial neural network.
This study is based on high-frequency treatment data collected from a cloud-based software. The comma separated (.csv) files include treating pressure (TP), slurry rate (SR), and bottomhole proppant concentration (BHPC) with defined start and end time flags. Using feature engineering, the model calculates the rate of change of treating pressure (dtp_1st) slurry rate (dsr_1st), and bottomhole proppant concentration (dbhpc_1st). An algorithm isolates the initial area of the treatment plot before proppant reaches the perforations, the slurry rate is constant, and the pressure increases. The first approach uses a neural network trained with 872 stages to isolate the breakdown pressure area. The expert rule-based approach finds the highest pressure spikes where SR is constant. Then, a refining function finds the maximum treating pressure value and returns its job time as the predicted breakdown pressure flag.
Due to the complexity of unconventional reservoirs, the treatment plots may show pressure changes while the slurry rate is constant multiple times during the same stage. The diverse behavior of the breakdown pressure inhibits an artificial neural network's ability to find one "consistent pattern" across the stage. The multiple patterns found through the stage makes it difficult to select an area to find the breakdown pressure value. Testing this complex model worked moderately well, but it made the computational time too high for deployment. On the other hand, the automation algorithm uses rules to find the breakdown pressure value with its location within the stage.
The breakdown flag model was validated with 102 stages and tested with 775 stages, returning the location and values corresponding to the highest pressure point. Results show that 86% of the predicted breakdown pressures are within 65 psi of manually picked values.
Breakdown pressure recognition automation is important because it saves time and allows engineers to focus on analytical tasks instead of repetitive data-structuring tasks. Automating this process brings consistency to the data across service providers and basins. In some cases, due to its ability to zoom-in, the algorithm recognized breakdown pressures with higher accuracy than subject matter experts. Comparing the results from two different approaches allowed us to conclude that similar or better results with lower running times can be achieved without using complex algorithms.
The State of the Art in Monitoring and Surveillance Technologies for IOR, EOR and CCUS Projects
Authors: Al-Qasim Abdulaziz S. , Kokal Sunil L. , Al-Ghamdi Muataz S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Monitoring and surveillance (M&S) is one of the key requisites for assessing the effectiveness and success of any Improved Oil Recovery (IOR) or Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) project. These projects can include waterflooding, gas flooding, chemical injection, or any other types. It will help understand, track, monitor and predict the injectant plume migration, flow paths, and breakthrough times. The M&S helps in quantifying the performance of the IOR/EOR project objectives. It provides a good understanding of the remaining oil saturation (ROS) and its distribution in the reservoir during and after the flood.
A comprehensive and advanced monitoring and surveillance (M&S) program has to be developed for any given IOR/EOR project. The best practices of any such M&S program should include conventional, advanced and emerging novel technologies for wellbore and inter-well measurements. These include advanced time-lapse pulsed neutron, resistivity, diffusion logs, and bore-hole gravity measurements, cross-well geophysical measurements, water and gas tracers, geochemical, compositional and soil gas analyses, and 4D seismic and surface gravity measurements.
The data obtained from the M&S program provide a better understanding of the reservoir dynamics and can be used to refine the reservoir simulation model and fine tune its parameters. This presentation reviews some proven best practices and draw examples from on-going projects and related novel technologies being deployed. We will then look at the new horizon for advanced M&S technologies.
State of the Art in Characterization of Frac Stage Geometry and Conductivity Using Pressure Leakoff
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed Mohamed , Ozkan Erdal 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Pressure-transient analysis (PTA) is widely used in the industry to estimate fracture half-length, height, and skin due to hydraulic fracturing as well as reservoir parameters. PTA studies focus on pressure data from long shut-in periods and diagnostic fracture injection tests (DFITs), while analyzing the pressure data recorded during the hydraulic fracture treatment has been overlooked. This paper details the state-of-the-art in applying pressure transient analysis to better estimate hydraulic fracture conductivity and dimensions and improve treatment designs stage by stage.
The initial portion of this paper describes the application of a novel and low-cost diagnostic method for post-fracture analysis. The bulk of the paper is dedicated to present case histories that illustrate the PTA of the recorded pressure data during treatment to obtain estimates of fracture dimensions and conductivity. The pressure recorded during each stage is processed to ensure the proper data quality and the pressure falloff at the end of the stage is filtered out. The pressure is then analyzed for multi-cluster, finite-conductivity fractures, to obtain the fracture half-length, conductivity, and leakoff.
Calculated parameters from each stage are compared to provide insights into the hydraulic fracture design and confirm the adequacy of the treatment design along the well. The results from stage leakoff pressure analysis are very valuable in confirming relative fracture conductivity and providing a qualitative measure of fracture length and height. The total stimulated reservoir area (SRA) calculated using the proposed method yields comparable values to SRA obtained from buildup analysis. The information provided is as valuable and comparable as that from direct near-wellbore diagnostics, such as radioactive traces, temperature logging, real-time micro-seismic monitoring, and production logging.
The paper proposes a novel, low-cost analytical PTA method for estimating fracture dimensions, skin, and leakoff coefficient. We illustrate – with several field cases – that conventional post-fracture techniques can be integrated with the stage by stage PTA analysis to provide not only a more consistent and systematic analysis but also a more accurate assessment of treatment effectiveness. The findings of this paper help improve the efficiency of multistage hydraulic fracturing stimulation of horizontal wells.
Adsorption of Anionic Surfactants in Sandstones: Impact of Sacrificial Agents
Authors: Koparal Gulcan Bahar , Sharma Himanshu , Liyanage Pathma J. , Panthi Krishna K. , Mohanty Kishore 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
High surfactant adsorption remains a bottleneck for a field-wide implementation of surfactant floods. Although alkali addition lowers surfactant adsorption, alkali also introduces many complexities. In our systematic study, we investigated a simple and cost effective method to lower surfactant adsorption in sandstones without adding unnecessary complexities. Static and dynamic surfactant adsorption studies were conducted to understand the role of sacrificial agent sodium polyacrylate (NaPA) on adsorption of anionic surfactants n outcrop and resevoir sandstone corefloods. The dynamic retention studies were conducted with and without the presence of crude oil. Surfactant phase behavior studies were first conducted to identify surfactant blends that showed ultralow interfacial tension (IFT) with two crude oils at reservoir temperature (40°C). Base case dynamic retention data, in the absence of crude oil, was obtained for these surfactant formulations at their respective optimum salinities. NaPA was then added to these surfactant formulations and similar adsorption tests were conducted. Finally, oil recovery SP corefloods were conducted for each surfactant formulations, with and without adding NaPA, and oil recovery data including the surfactant retention was compared.
Static adsorption of these surfactant formulations at their respective optimum salinities on crushed sandstone varied from 0.42-0.74 mg/g-rock. Their respective adsorptions lowered to 0.37-0.49 mg/g-rock on adding a small amount of NaPA. Surfactant retention in single-phase dynamic SP corefloods in the absence of crude oil in outcrop Berea cores was between 0.17 to 0.23 mg/g-rock. On adding a small amount of NaPA, the surfactant adsorption values lowered to 0.1 mg/g-rock. Oil recovery SP corefloods showed high oil recovery (~91% ROIP) and low surfactant retention (~0.1 mg/g-rock) on adding NaPA to the surfactant formulations.
Application and Exploration of Early In-Situ Combustion Huff-and-Puff Technology in a Deep Undisturbed Reservoir with Extra Heavy Oil
Authors: Xiaoyan Wang , Jian Zhao , Qingguo Yin , Bao Cao , Yang Zhang , Fengxiang Zhao , Lidong Zhang , Haiying Cheng , Xi Yan , Song He 
Published: April 2021

Summary
Achieving effective results using conventional thermal recovery technology is challenging in the deep undisturbed reservoir with extra-heavy oil in the LKQ oil field. Therefore, in this study, a novel approach based on in-situ combustion huff-and-puff technology is proposed. Through physical and numerical simulations of the reservoir, the oil recovery mechanism and key injection and production parameters of early-stage ultraheavy oil were investigated, and a series of key engineering supporting technologies were developed that were confirmed to be feasible via a pilot test. The results revealed that the ultraheavy oil in the LKQ oil field could achieve oxidation combustion under a high ignition temperature of greater than 450°C, where in-situ cracking and upgrading could occur, leading to greatly decreased viscosity of ultraheavy oil and significantly improved mobility. Moreover, it could achieve higher extra-heavy-oil production combined with the energy supplement of flue gas injection. The reasonable cycles of in-situ combustion huff and puff were five cycles, with the first cycle of gas injection of 300 000 m3 and the gas injection volume per cycle increasing in turn. It was predicted that the incremental oil production of a single well would be 500 t in one cycle. In addition, the supporting technologies were developed, such as a coiled-tubing electric ignition system, an integrated temperature and pressure monitoring system in coiled tubing, anticorrosion cementing and completion technology with high-temperature and high-pressure thermal recovery, and anticorrosion injection-production integrated lifting technology. The proposed method was applied to a pilot test in the YS3 well in the LKQ oil field. The high-pressure ignition was achieved in the 2200-m-deep well using the coiled-tubing electric igniter. The maximum temperature tolerance of the integrated monitoring system in coiled tubing reached up to 1200°C, which provided the functions of distributed temperature and multipoint pressure measurement in the entire wellbore. The combination of 13Cr-P110 casing and titanium alloy tubing effectively reduced the high-temperature and high-pressure oxygen corrosion of the wellbore. The successful field test of the comprehensive supporting engineering technologies presents a new approach for effective production in deep extra-heavy-oil reservoirs.
FOUR score versus GCS in patients with traumatic brain injury in the prehospital setting
Authors: Furman Matej Rubelli , Gorenjak Mario , Ravnik Janez 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: In the last few decades, different coma scoring scales have been proposed. The purpose of this study is to compare two coma scales, the GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) and the FOUR score (Full Outline of UnResponsiveness score), aiming to examine which scale is better for predicting outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients in the prehospital setting.Methods: We evaluated the GCS and FOUR scores in the prehospital setting at three different prehospital timepoints, and we reassessed the scores in surviving patients 24 hours, one month and three months after the injury. Then, we compared the outcomes.We used the χ² method, and based on the analysis with the best cut-off point for each model, we calculated the sensitivity, specificity and correct prediction of outcomes with four severity scores. The Youden index, Z score, McNemar's test and ROC curve were also assessed. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Both scales were ranked with gain ratios.Results: We included 200 TBI patients who were treated in a prehospital setting by a prehospital specialized medical unit. In terms of the predictions of positive outcomes, our study showed the following:1. Twenty-four hours after the injury, the best cut-off points obtained were from the FOUR 1 and GCS 1 models.2. One month after the injury, the best cut-off points obtained were from the following models: FOUR 2 and GCS 3 as well as FOUR 3 and GCS 3.3. Three months after the injury, the best cut-off points obtained were from the following models: FOUR 2 and GCS 1, FOUR 3 and GCS 1, and GCS 1 and GCS 2.Conclusions: In our study, the results of our research confirm that there are no practical or clinical differences between the GCS and FOUR scores in terms of predicting morality outcomes 24 hours, one month, and three months after injury. No statistically significant differences were found in the Youden index or the area under the ROC curve 24 hours, one month or three months after the injury.
KIF15 Accelerated The Progression of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Predict Poor Prognosis
Authors: Wang Yongli , Yang Yong , Qin Ying , Liu Fei , Shu Jingcheng , Li Bing , Huang Guangwu , Qu Shenhong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common tumor in head and neck and is prevailing in China. Although treatment methods continue to improve, the prognosis of advanced patients is still unsatisfactory. Kinesin family member 15 (KIF15) is a kind of protein, which regulates the process of cell mitosis and plays an important role in several types of human cancers. This study aims to investigate the role of KIF15 in NPC.Methods: First, the differential expression of KIF15 in NPC and para-carcinoma tissues was evaluated based on both data collected from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and immunohistochemical analysis on clinical specimens collected from in-house cohort. Next, cell lines C666-1 and CNE-2Z were selected for the construction of KIF15‑knockdown cell models. Then, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, wound healing, Transwell and clone formation assays were used to detect the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and colony formation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro. A mouse xenograft model was constructed for in vivo study. Furthermore, Human Apoptosis Antibody Array kit was used to screen possible targets of KIF15 in NPC. In the end, the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of KIF15 was explored through western blot analysis.Results: The results showed that the expression of KIF15 in NPC tissues is higher than that in para-carcinoma tissues, and high levels of KIF15 expression are associated with low survival rates. In addition, knockdown of KIF15 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation ability, and promoted cell apoptosis. What’s more, in vivo xenograft experiments showed that down-regulation of KIF15 can inhibit NPC tumor growth. Moreover, the mechanism study demonstrated a variety of apoptosis-related proteins as well as PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways may be involved in KIF15-induced regulation of NPC.Conclusions: In short, we demonstrated that KIF15 is overexpressed and accelerated the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It can be used as a new prognostic indicator as well as a potential drug target for the treatment of NPC.
Process Monitoring in a Flexible Manufacturing Cell through Data Analytics and a Visualisation Tool
Authors: Arellano Giovanna Martinez , Nguyen ThuBa , Hinton Chris , Ratchev Svetan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
With the need of more responsive and resilient manufacturing processes for high value, customised products, Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) remain a very relevant manufacturing approach. Due to their complexity, quality monitoring in these types of systems can be very difficult, particularly in those scenarios where the monitoring cannot be fully automated due to functional, safety and legal characteristics. In these scenarios, quality practitioners concentrate on monitoring the most critical processes and leaving out the inspection of those that are still meeting quality requirements but showing signs of future failure. In this paper we introduce a methodology and visualisation tool based on data analytics that allows the practitioner to anticipate out of control processes and take action. By identifying a reference model or best performing machine, and the occurring patterns in the quality data, the presented approach identifies the adjustable processes that are still in control, allowing the practitioner to decide if any changes in the machine's settings are needed (tool replacement, repositioning the axis, etc). An initial deployment of the tool at BMW Plant Hams Hall to monitor a focussed set of part types and features has shown a reduction in scrap of 97% throughout 2020 in relation to the monitored features compared to the previous year. This in the long run will reduce reaction time in following quality control procedure, reduce significant scrap costs and ultimately reduce the need for measurements and enable more output in terms of volume capacity.
Preparation and characterization of a novel polysialic acid/gelatin composite hydrogels cross-linked by Tannic acid to improve healing and nursing care of cesarean section dressing
Authors: Zhang Yan , Wang Chunjie , Wang Lijing , Hou Li 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The infections and delayed wound healing after cesarean delivery is one of the most complicated issues in surgical medicinal field. In the present investigation, designed novel polysialic acid loaded gelatin (PSA-Gel) composite hydrogels cross-linked by tannic acid (TA) has been developed and used as a facile wound dressing to improve cesarean wound healing ability with prevent bactericidal infections. The cross-linking effect was predominant when the TA content was lower, resulting in the formation of a cross-linked network. An effective TA cross-linking effect on the PSA-Gel hydrogel matrix was achieved when the amount of TA was around 15 wt %. The morphology of as-fabricated hydrogels was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an average pore sizes of PSA-Gel, PSA-Gel-TA-5%, PSA-Gel-TA-10%, and PSA-Gel-TA-15% hydrogels were 95.4 ± 12.6 µm, 120.4 ± 8.2 µm, 165.3 ± 21.6 µm, and 270.2 ± 32.5 µm, respectively. The effects of hydrogels on the swelling ratio, in vitro degradation, and mechanical properties were systemically evaluated. The TA cross-linked PSA-Gel hydrogels display strong antimicrobial behavior against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria strains. Moreover, PSA-Gel-TA hydrogels also displayed favorable cytotoxicity toward L929 fibroblast cell lines. Finally, the therapeutic and wound healing potential of the PSA-Gel-TA hydrogels has been studied in vivo using the excision wound model in rats. The results indicate that the PSA-Gel-TA hydrogels have a greater and significant effect on wound closure and increased the wound healing rate compared with native PSA-Gel hydrogels and untreated control group. The findings suggest that PSA-Gel-TA hydrogels are promising dressing materials for the treatment of wound healing.
Design of Master-slave velocity tracking Upper-limb Exoskeleton system and Feed-forward compensation control
Authors: Kong Dezhi , Wang Wendong , Shi Yikai 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a design approach of mirror driving master-slave upper limb exoskeleton based on inertia measurement unit (IMU) system and ZigBee wireless network transmission system. By integrating two gyroscopes on the master side, we can conduct measurement of rotation velocity and acceleration signal and control over a larger range of motion (ROM) of the exoskeleton. The angular velocity information is transmitted to the controller on the paretic side through ZigBee wireless module. Applying the Lagrangian dynamic equation and Geometric projection method, the 3-axes angular velocity are converted into the reference angular velocity control signal of four joint motors of the rehabilitation upper limb exoskeleton. Moreover, a novel control scheme based on inertia moment and gravity moment feed-forward compensation is proposed. The simulation results demonstrate that the controller can enhance the performance according to the responding speed and stability. Experimental results show that the designed scheme of the mirror driving master-slave upper limb exoskeleton system is completely feasible and realizable.
Advanced Arc Plasma Synthesis of Biomorphic Silicon Carbide Using Charcoal and Silicon Dioxide in Air
Authors: Pak Alexander Ya , Larionov Kirill B , Korchagina Anastasia P , Yakich Tamara Yu. , Yankovsky Stanislav A , Gubin Vladimir E , Slyusarskiy Konstantin V , Gromov Alexander A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The paper presents the results of experimental studies on the advanced synthesis method for a cubic phase of silicon carbide using charcoal and silicon dioxide as precursors. The charcoal used for the synthesis was obtained by steam pyrolysis of wood wastes (sawdust). It was found that the arc synthesis could be executed in air due to the protective CO and CO2 environment formation by charcoal oxidation. With an increase of the amount of supplied energy by direct current arc plasma synthesis, the products of two crystalline phases were formed: graphite and cubic phase of silicon carbide. The phase of silicon carbide was extracted from the synthesis product by its annealing in air at 850 °C. The resulting cubic SiC phase was characterized by an elementary cell parameter of 4.359 Å. According to the data of scanning electron microscopy, the morphology of crystals obtained is common for the biomorphic silicon carbide which was identified in the synthesis product. The ceramics synthesized by spark plasma sintering from the obtained material was characterized by a density of ~2.0 g/cm3.