bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 1782 Gaming Bill and Lottery Regulation Acts (1782 and 1787): Gambling and the Law in Later Georgian Britain
Authors: Harris Bob 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article brings forward new evidence regarding the circumstances surrounding the origins and authorship of the Gaming Bill of 1782, which was designed to suppress the roulette‐type game of ‘Even and Odd’. Hitherto, this Bill has presented something of a puzzle, not only in terms of why it was proposed, but its strange fate; it was never signed into law. The Gaming Bill is viewed alongside a parallel series of parliamentary measures from the 1780s aimed at regulating more tightly the official lottery and derivatives thereof, including, most controversially, lottery insurance, one aspect of which was betting on the outcomes of the lottery draw. By placing these initiatives within a single analytical frame, much can be learnt about the role of parliament and the law in regulating gambling in this period, but also the profound limits of the law in this sphere.
Edmund Burke, the French Revolution and the Battle for the Soul of the Whig Party*
Authors: Skjönsberg Max 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEdmund Burke split dramatically with Charles James Fox and his Whig connection after the outbreak of the French Revolution. In his Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791), Burke contended that he had not abandoned his party's principles and that it was the Foxite Whigs who had morphed into a new party. The article demonstrates that while Burke believed that the French Revolution rendered old party battles irrelevant to an extent, he did not lose his confidence in the creed of his party as he understood it, nor in the idea of party as such, as the remaining years of his life demonstrate. Key members of the party stayed attached to the doctrine of party loyalty Burke had formulated, which meant that he was for some years a lone voice of dissent within the Whig camp. Eventually, however, many of the ‘Old Whigs’ became convinced of Burke's interpretation of events in France and their threat to Britain, and joined William Pitt the Younger in a coalition government in 1794, leaving Fox and a small rump in opposition. Several Whigs and Liberals in the 19th century rehabilitated Burke's reputation, but they regretted his split with Fox and many believed that he had become insane in the 1790s. However, this article concludes by suggesting that the position he took on the French Revolution in opposition to Fox and the Foxites may have helped rather than hindered the survival of Burkean Whiggism in the first decades of the 19th century.
Adult height after treatment of neurosecretory dysfunction and comparison to idiopathic GHD
Authors: Binder Gerhard , Hähnel Julia , Weber Karin , Schweizer Roland 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveNeurosecretory dysfunction (NSD) causes growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Data on adult height after recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment are lacking.Design and PatientsWe collected treatment data of all patients with NSD seen between 1990 and 2017 at our outpatient department (tertiary centre) and measured adult height. For comparison, patients with idiopathic GHD were used. Diagnoses were based on short stature (<−2 standard deviation score [SDS]), continuously low height velocity (<25th percentile), delayed bone age (by >1 SD) and low serum IGF‐1 concentration (<−2 SDS). NSD was defined by normal GH challenge results, but subnormal spontaneous GH secretion. Exclusion criteria were no information on adult height, underweight and other short stature disorders.ResultsOut of 67 patients diagnosed with NSD, six were still growing, 31 had test results exceeding validated GH cut‐offs and three had other disorders causing short stature. Out of the 25 eligible patients with NSD, 21 could be recruited. These patients reached an adult height of −0.85 SDS (mean); 0.34 SDS below midparental height. Height gain during treatment was 2.01 SDS. This outcome was not different to 32 patients with idiopathic GHD.ConclusionsLong‐term results suggest the viability of the diagnosis of NSD and the efficacy of rhGH treatment.
Characterization and risk factors of hyperglycaemia during treatment of childhood hematologic malignancies
Authors: Welsch Sophie , Sawadogo Kiswendsida , Brichard Bénédicte , de Ville de Goyet Maelle , Van Damme An , Boulanger Cécile , Lysy Philippe A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundSecondary forms of diabetes are often understudied and underdiagnosed in children and adolescents with cancer. The objectives of our cohort study were to study the incidence and risk factors for hyperglycaemia in leukaemia and lymphoma patients.MethodsWe retrospectively collected 15 years of data from paediatric patients treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) immediately at cancer diagnosis. We studied risk factors for hyperglycaemia in univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsOur study cohort included 267 patients corresponding to 179 patients with ALL, 48 with NHL and 40 with HL. Eighteen per cent of ALL patients (32/179) and 17% of NHL patients (8/48) developed hyperglycaemia, with more than 61% developing hyperglycaemia within the first month of treatment. No hyperglycaemia was observed in HL patients. Multivariate analysis showed the following hyperglycaemia risk factors for ALL patients: overweight or obesity (OR 3.793) and pubertal onset (OR 4.269) at cancer diagnosis, steroid‐resistant disease (OR 3.445) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) (OR 4.754).ConclusionIn our cohort, 18% of patients with ALL or NHL developed early‐onset hyperglycaemia after chemotherapy/radiotherapy. Patients with ALL with increased hyperglycaemia risk can be readily identified by measuring BMI and puberty stage at cancer diagnosis. Also, glucose monitoring should be reinforced when patients show steroid‐resistant disease and/or require HSCT.
From adverse to beneficial: Contrasting dietary effects of freshwater mixotrophs on zooplankton
Authors: Vad Csaba F. , Schneider Claudia , Fischer Robert , Kainz Martin J. , Ptacnik Robert 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

The importance of mixotrophic algae as key bacterivores in microbial food webs is increasingly acknowledged, but their effects on the next trophic level remain poorly understood. Their high stoichiometric food quality is contrasted by anti‐grazing strategies.

We tested the quality of freshwater mixotrophs as prey for zooplankton, using four non‐colonial chrysophyte species and a cryptophyte as a high quality reference food. We (1) analyzed the stoichiometric and biochemical (fatty acid) composition of the mixotrophs, and (2) quantified their dietary effects on Daphnia longispina survival.

Survival of D. longispina significantly depended on the identity of species provided as food, ranging from higher to lower as compared to starvation. This was not reflected in differences in cellular stoichiometry or fatty acid profiles of the mixotrophs. We suggest that toxicity may be the driver for the observed differences.

Generalization of the dietary effects of mixotrophic chrysophytes does not appear straightforward. Besides fundamental species‐specific differences, potential toxic effects may vary depending on environmental cues or physiological strategies. Notably in our study, Ochromonas tuberculata, a species previously reported to be deleterious, turned out to be a beneficial food source in terms of enabling high survival of D. longispina.

We challenge the generality of the assumption that chrysophytes are of low value as food for zooplankton. We recommend that future studies test how environmental conditions and physiological strategies shape the quality of mixotrophs as food for consumers at higher trophic levels, specifically focusing on effects of dietary toxicity.
Modelling the biogeographic boundary shift of Calanus finmarchicus reveals drivers of Arctic Atlantification by subarctic zooplankton
Authors: Freer Jennifer J. , Daase Malin , Tarling Geraint A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBiological communities in the Arctic are changing through the climate‐driven encroachment of subarctic species. This “Atlantification” extends to keystone Calanoid copepods, as the small‐bodied Calanus finmarchicus increases in abundance in areas where it overlaps with larger Arctic congeners. The environmental factors that are facilitating this shift, whether related to optimal conditions in temperature or seasonality, remain unclear. Assessing these drivers at an Arctic‐wide scale is necessary to predict future ecosystem change and impacts. Here we have compiled range‐wide occurrences of C. finmarchicus and a suite of seasonal biophysical climatologies to build a boreo‐Arctic ecological niche model. The data set was divided into two eras, 1955–1984 and 1985–2017, and an optimized MaxEnt model was used to predict the seasonal distribution of the abiotic niche of C. finmarchicus in both eras. Comparing outputs between eras reveals an increase in habitat suitability at the Arctic range edge. Large and significant increases in suitability are predicted in the regions of the Greenland, Labrador, and Southern Barents Seas that have experienced reduced sea‐ice cover. With the exception of the Barents Sea, these areas also show a seasonal shift in the timing of peak habitat suitability toward an earlier season. Our findings suggest that the Atlantification of Arctic zooplankton communities is accompanied by climate‐driven phenology changes. Although seasonality is a critical constraint to the establishment of C. finmarchicus at Arctic latitudes, earlier sea‐ice retreat and associated productivity is making these environments increasingly favorable for this subarctic species.
HIV self‐test: a tool to expand test uptake among men who have sex with men who have never been tested for HIV in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Vasconcelos Ricardo , Avelino‐Silva Vivian I. , de Paula Ivone A. , Jamal Leda F. , Gianna Maria Clara , Santos Flavio , Camargo Robinson , Barbosa Eduardo , Casimiro Gilvane , Cota Vanda , Abbate Maria C. , Cruz Marly , Segurado Aluisio C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesHIV self‐testing is an effective tool to improve diagnostic coverage in key populations, enabling linkage to care and access to antiretroviral therapy. Its implementation requires better understanding of patients’ perspectives on this novel strategy. The aim of the study was to investigate the perception of men who have sex with men (MSM) regarding the HIV oral fluid self‐test (HIVST) in São Paulo, Brazil, and to analyse the sociodemographic characteristics and testing strategy preferences of individuals registered to undertake HIVST.MethodsPreceding the implementation of HIVST use as public policy in 2019, we recruited MSM living in São Paulo to undertake HIVST using a digital platform, and investigated their sociodemographic profiles, testing experiences and testing preferences. Results were compared according to reported lifetime HIV testing.ResultsA total of 6477 MSM (median age 28 years) were recruited to the study from April 9th to December 31st, 2018. Seventy‐eight per cent reported previous HIV testing. The opening hours of health facilities (53%), concern about disclosing intimate personal information to health care providers (34%) and fear of stigma (21%) were reported as the main barriers to testing. Older age, higher education, illicit drug use and self‐identifying as gay were associated with prior HIV testing (P < 0.001). Most participants (67%) were unaware that HIVST was available before enrolling in the study. Preference for HIVST over other testing technologies was higher among those never tested (71%) than among participants with previous HIV testing (61%; P < 0.001).ConclusionsHIVST was found to be an effective tool to improve testing uptake among MSM, particularly those who had never been tested before. Characterization of the most likely users of HIVST among MSM will help to inform implementation and scaling up of this novel testing method in the Brazilian public health system.
Nitrogen requirements for deficit‐irrigated bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) fairways in South Florida
Authors: Schiavon Marco , Shaddox Travis W. , Williams Karen E. , Gallo Sergio , Boeri P. Agustin , Unruh J. Bryan , Kruse Jason , Kenworthy Kevin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSeveral new bermudagrass cultivars are available and commonly used on golf course fairways. However, little is known about their cultural requirements or how these cultivars perform under lower inputs regimes. A 2‐year study was conducted at University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, to assess performance of four hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. X Cynodon transvaalensis (Burtt‐Davy)] cultivars (‘Latitude 36’, ‘Tifway 419’, ‘TifGrand’ and ‘TifTuf’), and 2 common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) cultivars (‘Bimini’ and ‘Celebration’) irrigated at either 50% or 80% reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and fertilised at either 0, 146, 244, or 342 kg N ha−1 year−1. Plots were evaluated monthly for turfgrass quality, dark green colour index (DGCI), normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), and Chlorophyll Index, and seasonally for N tissue content. Plots watered at 80% ETo enhanced bermudagrass quality compared to 50% ETo, DGCI and NDVI only in two months out of 24. Latitude 36 and Celebration were the top‐rated cultivars, and their quality was not affected by no N fertilisation. Conversely, TifGrand, TifTuf and Tifway that received no N fertilisation resulted in insufficient quality during the second year of the study. Insufficient quality may be linked to reduced N metabolization compared to the highest rated cultivars. Results show that new cultivars such as Latitude 36 and Bimini could be maintained at sufficient quality levels with reduced water and N inputs in South Florida.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species improve the fatty acids profile and nutrients status of soybean cultivars grown under drought stress
Authors: Ezzati Lotfabadi Zahra , Weisany Weria , Abdul-razzak Tahir Nawroz , Mohammadi Torkashvand Ali 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
To investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species on the absorption and distribution of mineral nutrients in soybean cultivars under drought stress, an experiment was carried out through a factorial method in the form of randomized complete blocks with six replicates in 2020.

Methods and Results
Experimental factors include: drought stress at three irrigation levels (well-watered [WW], medium stress [MS] and severe stress [SS], i.e., 100%, 70% and 40% FC), soybean cultivars at two levels (Sepideh and Williams), and mycorrhizae application at four levels (nonapplication, Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus hoi, Rhizophagus intraradices). The results indicated that drought stress increased the concentration of grain potassium (K) and sodium (Na), leaf K, stem and leaf Na, and decreased the concentrations of grain phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), leaf P, stem and leaf Cu, and manganese (Mn). In addition, there was no significant difference in terms of concentrations of grain K. The highest reduction was observed under SS conditions (40% FC). G. hoi colonization increased the concentrations of grain P and Zn, leaf K and Cu and stem Mn under SS conditions (40% FC). In addition, compared to Sepideh cv., Williams cv. showed higher stress resistance. Seed oil content decreased in the plants exposed to drought stress. Severe drought treatments have a deleterious effect on seed fatty acid composition, resulting in enhanced linoleic, oleic and linolenic acids.

Conclusion
AMF colonization is a useful tool for improving the plant nutrient uptake, fatty acid profile, efficiency of resource utilization and stabilizing yield, hence reducing the production risks of crops grown under drought stress conditions. It was concluded that AMF colonization should be employed to help alleviate the adverse effects of drought stress.

Significance of Study
AMF colonization is an effective biotechnological strategy that can alter nutrient uptake and fatty acid composition and enhance oil quality in soybean cultivars under drought conditions.
Curcuma longa Linn versus omeprazole in treatment of functional dyspepsia: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Yongwatana Kachonsak , Harinwan Kamin , Chirapongsathorn Sakkarin , Opuchar Krit , Sanpajit Theeranun , Piyanirun Wanich , Puttapitakpong Chaipichit 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsFunctional dyspepsia (FD) is a common problem in gastroenterology practice. The study aimed to compare the efficacy of Curcuma longa Linn versus omeprazole and placebo among patients diagnosed with FD.MethodsFrom November 2017 to November 2018, patients diagnosed with FD according to ROME IV criteria were enrolled. Patients were randomized into curcumin, omeprazole, or placebo groups. The Severity of Dyspepsia Assessment (SODA) was used to evaluate clinical effectiveness after 2 and 4 weeks. Health‐related quality of life was assessed using the EuroQol‐5 Dimension questionnaire.ResultsA total of 132 patients were randomized. Forty‐five, 43, and 44 patients were in the curcumin, omeprazole, and placebo groups, respectively. At 4 weeks, the mean SODA score change of pain and non‐pain symptoms decreased in the curcumin group compared with the placebo group (pain −16.98 ± 8.09 vs −10.53 ± 4.43; P < 0.001, non‐pain −7.96 ± 3.41 vs −6.05 ± 3.03; P < 0.008). No significant difference was observed between curcumin and omeprazole groups (pain −16.98 ± 8.09 vs −14.69 ± 6.41; P = 0.302, non‐pain −7.96 ± 3.41 vs −7.07 ± 2.27; P = 0.486). The mean change of the SODA satisfaction score at 4 weeks was higher in the curcumin group compared with the omeprazole group but without statistical significance (9.17 ± 3.88 vs 8.63 ± 3.89, P = 1). The mean change of EQ‐5D index at 4 weeks was highest in the curcumin group but not statistically different from other groups (0.12 ± 0.13 vs 0.09 ± 0.10 vs 0.07 ± 0.05; P = 0.055).ConclusionCurcuma longa Linn can improve dyspeptic symptoms, improve quality of life, and provide satisfaction equivalent to omeprazole in treatment of FD.
Geographical isolation versus dispersal: Relictual alpine grasshoppers support a model of interglacial diversification with limited hybridization
Authors: Ortego Joaquín , Knowles L. Lacey 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlpine biotas are paradigmatic of the countervailing roles of geographical isolation and dispersal during diversification. In temperate regions, repeated distributional shifts driven by Pleistocene climatic oscillations produced both recurrent pulses of population fragmentation and opportunities for gene flow during range expansions. Here, we test whether a model of divergence in isolation vs. with gene flow is more likely in the diversification of flightless alpine grasshoppers of the genus Podisma from the Iberian Peninsula. The answer to this question can also provide key insights about the pace of evolution. Specifically, if the data fit a divergence in isolation model, this suggests rapid evolution of reproductive isolation. Genomic data confirm a Pleistocene origin of the species complex, and multiple analytical approaches revealed limited asymmetric historical hybridization between two taxa. Genomic‐based demographic reconstructions, spatial patterns of genetic structure and range shifts inferred from palaeodistribution modelling suggest severe range contraction accompanied by declines in effective population sizes during interglacials (i.e., contemporary populations confined to sky islands are relicts) and expansions during the coldest stages of the Pleistocene in each taxon. Although limited hybridization during secondary contact leads to phylogenetic uncertainty if gene flow is not accommodated when estimating evolutionary relationships, all species exhibit strong genetic cohesiveness. Our study lends support to the notion that the accumulation of incipient differences during periods of isolation were sufficient to lead to lineage persistence, but also that the demographic changes, dispersal constraints and spatial distribution of the sky islands themselves mediated species diversification in temperate alpine biotas.
Doctors' attitudes to maintenance of professional competence: A scoping review
Authors: Wiese Anél , Galvin Emer , Korotchikova Irina , Bennett Deirdre 
Published: October 2021

AbstractContextRecent decades have seen the international implementation of programmes aimed at assuring the continuing competence of doctors. Maintenance of Professional Competence (MPC) programmes aim to encourage doctors' lifelong learning and ensure high‐quality, safe patient care; however, programme requirements can be perceived as bureaucratic and irrelevant to practice, leading to disengagement. Doctors' attitudes and beliefs about MPC are critical to translating regulatory requirements into committed and effective lifelong learning. We aimed to summarise knowledge about doctors' attitudes to MPC to inform the development of MPC programmes and identify under‐researched areas.MethodsWe undertook a scoping review following Arksey and O'Malley, including sources of evidence about doctors' attitudes to MPC in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland, and using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) as a guide.ResultsOne hundred and twenty‐five sources of evidence were included in the review. One hundred and two were peer‐reviewed publications, and 23 were reports. Most were from the United Kingdom or the United States and used quantitative or mixed methods. There was agreement across jurisdictions that MPC is a good idea in theory but doubt that it achieves its objectives in practice. Attitudes to the processes of MPC, and their impact on learning and practice were mixed. The lack of connection between MPC and practice was a recurrent theme. Barriers to participation were lack of time and resources, complexity of the requirements and a lack of flexibility in addressing doctors' personal and professional circumstances.ConclusionsOverall, the picture that emerged is that doctors are supportive of the concept of MPC but have mixed views on its processes. We highlight implications for research and practice arising from these findings.