bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Neutron Flux Viewed from the Maxwell-Boltzmann’s Statistical Distribution Using Numerical Approach
Authors: Adhelacahya K , Ilma A Z 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article aims to investigate the computational distribution of neutron flux using Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. The reactor geometry used is a cylindrical shape. Identify the flux neutron only can when a neutron collides. Data analysis uses numerical analysis with the MATLAB 2013a program. The graph generated from a cylinder geometry is a histogram graph with the Poisson distribution by the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. There is a difference in the value of the neutron flux due to statistical uncertainty using a numerical approach. The purpose of writing this article is to determine the computational distribution of neutron fluxes in a cylindrical geometry reactor using Maxwell Boltzmann statistics. By writing this article it is hoped that it will become a reference material for further research or studies on computing the distribution of neutrons in other cases.
Style Appropriation, Intimacy, and Expressiveness
Authors: Dodd Julian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper is about style appropriation: the use by someone of stylistic cultural innovations distinctive of a cultural group that is not her own. While I agree with the key insight of C. Thi Nguyen and Matthew Strohl (Philosophical Studies 176 (2019): 981-1002) – namely, that style appropriation is sometimes found objectionable because group intimacy is believed to have been breached – I disagree with their core claim that the settled beliefs of the group cannot be wrong about whether its group intimacy has, in fact, been compromised in this way. I accept that facts about group intimacy can generate normative reasons concerning style appropriation, but develop a distinctive account of how this comes to be so: one which holds that such facts are independently grounded, rather than being decided by group opinion (as Nguyen and Stroll think). This alternative picture of how group intimacy grounds normative reasons does better justice to the intuitive thought that reality, including its normative regions, is belief-independent. The paper ends with some replies to potential objections.
Male sterility significantly elevates shape variation and fluctuating asymmetry of zygomorphic corolla in gynodioecious Glechoma hederacea (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Neustupa Jiri , Woodard Katerina 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Female flowers of gynodioecious plants usually have smaller corollas than bisexual flowers. This difference is explained as a developmental consequence of stamen abortion and as a result of stronger selection for larger corolla size in hermaphroditic flowers that solely ensure male function within populations. This study evaluated whether the size difference of zygomorphic corollas in a widely distributed gynodioecious herb Glechoma hederacea is accompanied by variation in shape and bilateral fluctuating asymmetry of sexually differentiated flowers. Geometric morphometric analyses of bilateral symmetry in the shapes of corolla lower lips showed that male-sterile flowers were significantly more plastic and asymmetric, implying that they may be subjected to weaker stabilizing selection for corolla shape in comparison to hermaphrodites. These results illustrated that sexual differentiation may be an important factor contributing to bilateral fluctuating asymmetry in the shape of zygomorphic flowers.
Pan-cancer application of a lung-adenocarcinoma-derived gene-expression-based prognostic predictor
Authors: Nacer Deborah F , Liljedahl Helena , Karlsson Anna , Lindgren David , Staaf Johan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGene-expression profiling can be used to classify human tumors into molecular subtypes or risk groups, representing potential future clinical tools for treatment prediction and prognostication. However, it is less well-known how prognostic gene signatures derived in one malignancy perform in a pan-cancer context. In this study, a gene-rule-based single sample predictor (SSP) called classifier for lung adenocarcinoma molecular subtypes (CLAMS) associated with proliferation was tested in almost 15 000 samples from 32 cancer types to classify samples into better or worse prognosis. Of the 14 malignancies that presented both CLAMS classes in sufficient numbers, survival outcomes were significantly different for breast, brain, kidney and liver cancer. Patients with samples classified as better prognosis by CLAMS were generally of lower tumor grade and disease stage, and had improved prognosis according to other type-specific classifications (e.g. PAM50 for breast cancer). In all, 99.1% of non-lung cancer cases classified as better outcome by CLAMS were comprised within the range of proliferation scores of lung adenocarcinoma cases with a predicted better prognosis by CLAMS. This finding demonstrates the potential of tuning SSPs to identify specific levels of for instance tumor proliferation or other transcriptional programs through predictor training. Together, pan-cancer studies such as this may take us one step closer to understanding how gene-expression-based SSPs act, which gene-expression programs might be important in different malignancies, and how to derive tools useful for prognostication that are efficient across organs.
Patient-reported outcomes after oesophagectomy in the multicentre LASER study
Authors: Markar S R , Sounderajah V , Johar A , Zaninotto G , Castoro C , Lagergren P , Elliott J A , Gisbertz S S , Mariette C , Alfieri R , Huddy J , Pinto E , Scarpa M , Klevebro F , Sunde B , Murphy C F , Greene C , Ravi N , Piessen G , Brenkman H , Ruurda J , van Hillegersberg R , Lagarde S M , Wijnhoven B P , Pera M , Roigg J , Castro S , Matthijsen R , Findlay J , Antonowicz S , Maynard N , McCormack O , Ariyarathenam A , Sanders G , Cheong E , Jaunoo S , Allum W , van Lanschot J , Nilsson M , Reynolds J V , van Berge Henegouwen M I , Hanna G B 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Data on the long-term symptom burden in patients surviving oesophageal cancer surgery are scarce. The aim of this study was to identify the most prevalent symptoms and their interactions with health-related quality of life.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional cohort study of patients who underwent oesophageal cancer surgery in 20 European centres between 2010 and 2016. Patients had to be disease-free for at least 1 year. They were asked to complete a 28-symptom questionnaire at a single time point, at least 1 year after surgery. Principal component analysis was used to assess for clustering and association of symptoms. Risk factors associated with the development of severe symptoms were identified by multivariable logistic regression models.

Results
Of 1081 invited patients, 876 (81.0 per cent) responded. Symptoms in the preceding 6 months associated with previous surgery were experienced by 586 patients (66.9 per cent). The most common severe symptoms included reduced energy or activity tolerance (30.7 per cent), feeling of early fullness after eating (30.0 per cent), tiredness (28.7 per cent), and heartburn/acid or bile regurgitation (19.6 per cent). Clustering analysis showed that symptoms clustered into six domains: lethargy, musculoskeletal pain, dumping, lower gastrointestinal symptoms, regurgitation/reflux, and swallowing/conduit problems; the latter two were the most closely associated. Surgical approach, neoadjuvant therapy, patient age, and sex were factors associated with severe symptoms.

Conclusion
A long-term symptom burden is common after oesophageal cancer surgery.
Inferences on gynoecium evolution inXyris(Xyridaceae, Poales) based on floral anatomy and development
Authors: Nardi Kaire de Oliveira , Campbell Lisa M , Oriani Aline 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe floral anatomy and development of species belonging to all sections of Xyris (Xyris, Nematopus and Pomatoxyris) were investigated comparatively to elucidate gynoecium evolution in the genus, because placentation has been one of the key characters in recognizing its taxonomic sections. In species of section Pomatoxyris (axile placentation), the tricarpellate syncarpous ovary consists of a fertile synascidiate zone, whereas the symplicate zone is fertile only in its lower portion. In species of section Xyris (parietal placentation), the ovary has a short almost sterile synascidiate zone, whereas the more extensive symplicate zone is fertile. In species of section Nematopus (free-central or basal placentation), there is an extremely short and sterile trilocular, completely septate zone at the ovary base. Such differences are related to different patterns of gynoecium development. The ancestral character state reconstruction of placentation types shows that axile placentation is the most likely ancestral condition in Xyris, from which parietal and free-central placentation were derived by shortening of the septa during the evolution of the genus. Basal placentation evolved from free-central placentation and appeared independently several times in section Nematopus. Because the phylogenetic position of X. ptariana and X. teinosperma (section Nematopus) is unknown, either the axile placentation in these species is a reversal or highlights the need for a revised infrageneric classification.
Shaping Legislative Processes from Strasbourg
Authors: Saul Matthew 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) can review the quality of a legislative process. This article calls such review ‘active subsidiarity’ and investigates empirically when and how such subsidiarity shapes legislative processes by tracing implementation of the Court’s decision in one case: Lindheim and Others v. Norway. How did the ECtHR’s criticism of the absence of a balancing exercise shape the corrective legislative process? The article shows that the ECtHR’s reasoning caused the legislative process to include a visible balancing exercise, but that this did not enhance the democratic quality of the parliament’s work on the rights issues. The article analyses these findings from the perspective of the variety of legislative circumstances that come before the ECtHR. It is difficult to anticipate how active subsidiarity will affect legislative processes as a general matter but certain contexts, such as those of minority governments, may be more conducive to democracy enhancing effects. This has implications for how the ECtHR should formulate active subsidiarity.
Allele-specific variation atAPOEincreases nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity but decreases risk of Alzheimer’s disease and myocardial infarction
Authors: Palmer Nicholette D , Kahali Bratati , Kuppa Annapurna , Chen Yanhua , Du Xiaomeng , Feitosa Mary F , Bielak Lawrence F , O’Connell Jeffrey R , Musani Solomon K , Guo Xiuqing , Smith Albert V , Ryan Kathleen A , Eirksdottir Gudny , Allison Matthew A , Bowden Donald W , Budoff Matthew J , Carr J Jeffrey , Chen Yii-Der I , Taylor Kent D , Correa Adolfo , Crudup Breland F , Halligan Brian , Yang Jian , Kardia Sharon L R , Launer Lenore J , Fu Yi-Ping , Mosley Thomas H , Norris Jill M , Terry James G , O’Donnell Christopher J , Rotter Jerome I , Wagenknecht Lynne E , Gudnason Vilmundur , Province Michael A , Peyser Patricia A , Speliotes Elizabeth K 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease and is highly correlated with metabolic disease. NAFLD results from environmental exposures acting on a susceptible polygenic background. This study performed the largest multiethnic investigation of exonic variation associated with NAFLD and correlated metabolic traits and diseases. An exome array meta-analysis was carried out among eight multiethnic population-based cohorts (n = 16 492) with computed tomography (CT) measured hepatic steatosis. A fixed effects meta-analysis identified five exome-wide significant loci (P &lt; 5.30 × 10−7); including a novel signal near TOMM40/APOE. Joint analysis of TOMM40/APOE variants revealed the TOMM40 signal was attributed to APOE rs429358-T; APOE rs7412 was not associated with liver attenuation. Moreover, rs429358-T was associated with higher serum alanine aminotransferase, liver steatosis, cirrhosis, triglycerides and obesity; as well as, lower cholesterol and decreased risk of myocardial infarction and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in phenome-wide association analyses in the Michigan Genomics Initiative, United Kingdom Biobank and/or public datasets. These results implicate APOE in imaging-based identification of NAFLD. This association may or may not translate to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; however, these results indicate a significant association with advanced liver disease and hepatic cirrhosis. These findings highlight allelic heterogeneity at the APOE locus and demonstrate an inverse link between NAFLD and AD at the exome level in the largest analysis to date.
Epigenetic regulation of mRNA N6-methyladenosine modifications in mammalian gametogenesis
Authors: Fang Fang , Wang Xiao , Li Zili , Ni Ke , Xiong Chengliang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractN6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent epigenetic modification of mRNAs and broadly influences various biological processes by regulating post-transcriptional gene expression in eukaryotes. The reversible m6A modification is catalyzed by methyltransferases, METTL3 and METTL14 (writers), removed by the demethylases FTO and ALKBH5 (erasers) and recognized by m6A-binding proteins, namely the YTH domain-containing family of proteins (readers). Both m6A modification and the related enzymes are involved in the regulation of normal gametogenesis and embryonic development in many species. Recent studies showed that loss of m6A compromises gamete maturation, sex hormone synthesis, fertility and early embryonic development. In this review, we have summarized the most recent findings on the role of mRNA m6A modification in mammalian gametogenesis to emphasize the epigenetic regulation of mRNA in the reproductive system.
High-fat diet promotes hypothalamic inflammation in animal models: a systematic review
Authors: Santos Lucimeire S , Cordeiro Gabriele S , Matos Rhowena J B , Perez Gabriela S , Silva Rafael T , Boaventura Gilson T , Barreto-Medeiros Jairza M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Context
Hypothalamic inflammation and dysfunction may be induced by high-fat diets. However, the mechanisms involved in this process have not been fully elucidated.

Objective
To evidence, in animal models, of how a high-fat diet influence the mechanisms involved in hypothalamic inflammation.

Data sources
Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Embase databases were searched.

Data extraction
The exclusion criteria were human studies, studies with medicinal products or other substances not related to food, paper reviews, studies that used a surgical intervention or an intervention with food to reverse hypothalamic inflammation, and studies with genetically modified animals. The identified studies were evaluated according to the following inclusion criteria: animal studies, studies in which a control group was included in the experimental design, and studies in which markers of inflammation in the hypothalamus were evaluated.

Data analysis
A total of 322 studies were found, of which 9 met the inclusion criteria for a systematic review, conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, and were included in this review.

Conclusion
The exposure of rodents to high-fat diets promoted an increase in levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and other proteins involved in the inflammatory process in the hypothalamus. This process was associated with increased glial cell activity.
Correcting parentage relationships in the endangered California Condor: Improving mean kinship estimates for conservation management
Authors: Moran Brigid M , Thomas Steven M , Judson Jessica M , Navarro Asako , Davis Heidi , Sidak-Loftis Lindsay , Korody Marisa , Mace Michael , Ralls Katherine , Callicrate Taylor , Ryder Oliver A , Chemnick Leona G , Steiner Cynthia C 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Maintaining the existing biodiversity of endangered species is a goal of conservation management programs, and a major component of many collaborative efforts undertaken by zoos, field biologists, and conservation scientists. Over the past 3 decades, the San Diego Zoo has performed long-term genetic studies in support of the recovery program for the critically endangered California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus). This work has included sex determination of hatchlings and parentage confirmation using microsatellite genotyping. This paper describes the genetic work associated with the California Condor recovery program, which aims to provide a highly accurate pedigree for making informed captive pairing and release recommendations. Initial genotyping began after reintroduced California Condors started reproducing, and the focus was on birds hatched from their wild-laid eggs. However, genetic analysis showed discrepancies relative to behavioral observations of wild birds and led to the species-wide testing of all available samples. This genetic study has resolved instances of individual misidentifications and parental misassignments, verified the first cases of extra-pair paternity in this species, identified parentage where chicks were observed being raised by trios, and found 2 apparent de novo mutations in the captive condor population. Correcting the California Condor pedigree according to genetic parental analysis has produced more accurate estimates of mean kinship values among living birds, ranking potential breeders according to their actual breeding value and helping managers to make informed decisions about captive pairing and release of condors in the wild.
An Examination of Officer Job Satisfaction and Workgroup Cultural Fit
Authors: Ingram Jason R , Rockwell Alexis R , Guerra Chris , Paoline III Eugene A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Research has found officer job satisfaction to be correlated with aspects of their work environment. Police culture serves as a coping mechanism for work environment stressors. Despite the connections, research has yet to investigate the impact of a broad range of cultural norms as well as the influence of cultural fit and strength on job satisfaction. The current study examines how officers alignments with traditional police culture norms, relative to their workgroup peers (i.e. cultural fit), relate to job satisfaction. Results indicated that officers who adhered to traditional norms, in general, were more satisfied; however, officers who subscribed substantially less to traditional cultural norms relative to their workgroup peers (i.e. con-culture misfits) were significantly less satisfied. Being a con-culture misfit was associated with perceptions of danger and role clarity. Collectively, the findings provide practical insights for departments concerned with their officers satisfaction by addressing cultural features of their work environments.
A Small Cysteine-Rich Phytotoxic Protein of Phytophthora capsici Functions as Both Plant Defense Elicitor and Virulence Factor
Authors: Zhang Zi-Hui , Jin Jing-Hao , Sheng Gui-Lin , Xing Yu-Ping , Liu Wang , Zhou Xue , Liu Yi-Qing , Chen Xiao-Ren 
Published: April 2021

Small cysteine-rich (SCR) proteins, including fungal avirulence proteins, play important roles in pathogen–plant interactions. SCR protein-encoding genes have been discovered in the genomes of Phytophthora pathogens but their functions during pathogenesis remain obscure. Here, we report the characterization of one Phytophthora capsici SCR protein (namely, SCR82) with similarity to Phytophthora cactorum phytotoxic protein PcF. The scr82 gene has 10 allelic sequences in the P. capsici population. Homologs of SCR82 were not identified in fungi or other organisms but in Phytophthora relative species. Initially, scr82 was weakly expressed during the mycelium, sporangium, and zoospore stages but quickly upregulated when the infection initiated. Both ectopic expression of SCR82 and recombinant yeast-expressed protein (rSCR82) caused cell death on tomato leaves. Upon treatment, rSCR82 induced plant defense responses, including the induction of defense gene expression, reactive oxygen species burst, and callose deposition. Knockout of scr82 in P. capsici by CRISPR/Cas9 severely impaired its virulence on host plants and significantly reduced its resistance against oxidative stress. Inversely, its overexpression increased the pathogen’s virulence and tolerance to oxidative stress. Our results collectively demonstrate that SCR82 functions as both an important virulence factor and plant defense elicitor, which is conserved across Phytophthora spp. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Pregnancy Has No Clinically Significant Effect on the Pharmacokinetics of Bupropion or Its Metabolites
Authors: Fay Emily E. , Czuba Lindsay C. , Sager Jennifer E. , Shum Sara , Stephenson-Famy Alyssa , Isoherranen Nina 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Bupropion (BUP) is a chiral antidepressant and smoking cessation aide with benefits and side effects correlated with parent and active metabolite concentrations. BUP is metabolized by CYP2B6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 to hydroxy-BUP (OH-BUP) as well as by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 and aldo-keto reductases to threohydrobupropion (Threo) and erythrohydrobupropion (Erythro), respectively. As pregnancy alters the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes, the authors hypothesized that BUP metabolism and BUP metabolite concentrations would be altered during pregnancy, potentially affecting the efficacy and safety of BUP in pregnant women.

Methods:
Pregnant women (n = 8) taking BUP chronically were enrolled, and steady-state plasma samples and dosing interval urine samples were collected during pregnancy and postpartum. Maternal and umbilical cord venous blood samples were collected at delivery from 3 subjects, and cord blood/maternal plasma concentration ratios were calculated. The concentrations of BUP stereoisomers and their metabolites were measured. Paired t tests were used to compare pharmacokinetic parameters during pregnancy and postpartum.

Results:
No significant changes were observed in the steady-state plasma concentrations, metabolite to parent ratios, formation clearances, or renal clearance of any of the compounds during pregnancy when compared with postpartum. The umbilical cord venous plasma concentrations of BUP and its metabolites were 30%–60% lower than maternal plasma concentrations.

Conclusions:
This study showed that there are no clinically meaningful differences in the stereoselective disposition of BUP or its metabolites during pregnancy, indicating that dose adjustment during pregnancy may not be necessary. The results also showed that the placenta provides a partial barrier for bupropion and its metabolite distribution to the fetus, with possible placental efflux transport of bupropion and its metabolites.