bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The First Mongol Invasion of Europe: Goals and Results
Authors: MAIOROV ALEXANDER V. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article establishes that the tümens which took part in Jebe and Sübedei's Raid to Europe were not merely conducting a reconnaissance mission, as it is usually described. The campaign was part of Chinggis Khan's conquering strategy aimed at the complete subjugation of the Kipchak and the conquest of the steppe territories not only in Asia but also in Europe. The task of implementing this strategic plan was given to Prince Jochi as the ruler of the western ulus of the Mongol Empire. Jochi was to bring his main military force to Europe while Sübedei, together with Jebe, advanced with their corps to defeat the Kipchak. The Grand Prince of Kiev and other princes of Southern Rus’, being allies and relatives of the Kipchak rulers, gave them military support. Therefore, the Mongols retaliated against the Rus’. After defeating the allied Rus’ and Kipchak forces at the Kalka River, the Mongols succeeded in crossing the Dnieper and went as far as Kiev. However, the refusal of Jochi to bring his main forces to assist the Mongol vanguard forces nullified the achievements and victories of Jebe and Sübedei. Jochi's reluctance to participate in the Western Campaign of 1221–23 was related to his conflicts with his younger brothers and Chinggis Khan himself, which, in its turn, brought about Jochi's loss of his former status in the empire, a severe illness and untimely death. As a result, Chinggis Khan had to reconsider his general conquest strategy; the conquest of Kipchak and Rus’ was postponed for one and a half decades.
Composition and Culture of Eating (CoCu) pregnancy: a new short questionnaire to evaluate diet composition and culture of eating during pregnancy
Authors: Spielau Ulrike , Vogel Mandy , Körner Antje , Kiess Wieland , Poulain Tanja 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjective:The project aimed to validate a short questionnaire (CoCu pregnancy – Composition and Culture of Eating during pregnancy) and to investigate associations with age and socio-economic status (SES).Design:The questionnaire was developed according to the validated CoCu for children and adolescents containing a diet composition (fourteen items) and a culture of eating part (six items). A Nutritional Health Score (NHS) was calculated based on diet composition (–120 and +120, with higher scores indicating healthier diets). The validity was assessed by comparing answers in CoCu pregnancy with a FFQ. In a subsample (n97), we assessed the percentage of having chosen the same (or adjacent) response categories in the 24th and 36th week of pregnancy (wp).Setting:Data were collected within the LIFE Child study in Leipzig, Germany.Participants:We evaluated 430 questionnaires of pregnant women (24th wp).Results:The results indicated a healthy diet in the present sample (NHS at 24th wp = 49·74 (95 % CI 47·27, 52·22)). The analyses revealed significant positive correlations between CoCu and FFQ (rho ranging from 0·32 to 0·61). For each food item, >90 % of women had chosen the same (50–60 %) or adjacent response categories in the 24th and 36th wp. The analysis revealed associations of the NHS with age (β= 0·11,P= 0·027), SES (β= 0·21,P< 0·001), snacking(β= –0·24, P< 0·001) and media use (β= –0·18,P< 0·001).Conclusions:The questionnaire represents a useful tool for surveying the diets during pregnancy for research and clinical practice.
Meta-analysis and machine learning-augmented mixed effects cohort analysis of improved diets among 5847 medical trainees, providers and patients
Authors: Monlezun Dominique J , Carr Christopher , Niu Tianhua , Nordio Francesco , DeValle Nicole , Sarris Leah , Harlan Timothy 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective:
We sought to produce the first meta-analysis (of medical trainee competency improvement in nutrition counseling) informing the first cohort study of patient diet improvement through medical trainees and providers counseling patients on nutrition.

Design:
(Part A) A systematic review and meta-analysis informing (Part B) the intervention analysed in the world’s largest prospective multi-centre cohort study on hands-on cooking and nutrition education for medical trainees, providers and patients.

Settings:
(A) Medical educational institutions. (B) Teaching kitchens.

Participants:
(A) Medical trainees. (B) Trainees, providers and patients.

Results:
(A) Of the 212 citations identified (n 1698 trainees), eleven studies met inclusion criteria. The overall effect size was 9·80 (95 % CI (7·15, 12·45) and 95 % CI (6·87, 13·85); P < 0·001), comparable with the machine learning (ML)-augmented results. The number needed to treat for the top performing high-quality study was 12. (B) The hands-on cooking and nutrition education curriculum from the top performing study were applied for medical trainees and providers who subsequently taught patients in the same curriculum (n 5847). The intervention compared with standard medical care and education alone significantly increased the odds of superior diets (high/medium v. low Mediterranean diet adherence) for residents/fellows most (OR 10·79, 95 % CI (4·94, 23·58); P < 0·001) followed by students (OR 9·62, 95 % CI (5·92, 15·63); P < 0·001), providers (OR 5·19, 95 % CI (3·23, 8·32), P < 0·001) and patients (OR 2·48, 95 % CI (1·38, 4·45); P = 0·002), results consistent with those from ML.

Conclusions:
The current study suggests that medical trainees and providers can improve patients’ diets with nutrition counseling in a manner that is clinically and cost effective and may simultaneously advance societal equity.
Higher-diet quality is associated with higher diet costs when eating at home and away from home: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2016
Authors: Conrad Zach , Reinhardt Sarah , Boehm Rebecca , McDowell Acree 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectives:To evaluate the association between diet quality and cost for foods purchased for consumption at home and away from home.Design:Cross-sectional analysis. Multivariable linear regression models evaluated the association between diet quality and cost for all food, food at home (FAH) and food away from home (FAFH).Setting:Daily food intake data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2016). Food prices were derived using data from multiple, publicly available databases. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index-2015 and the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010.Participants:30 564 individuals ≥20 years with complete and reliable dietary data.Results:Mean per capita daily diet cost was $14·19 (95 % CI (13·91, 14·48)), including $6·92 (95 % CI (6·73, 7·10)) for FAH and $7·28 (95 % CI (7·05, 7·50)) for FAFH. Diet quality was higher for FAH compared to FAFH (P < 0·001). Higher diet quality was associated with higher food costs overall, FAH and FAFH (P < 0·001 for all comparisons).Conclusions:These findings demonstrate that higher diet quality is associated with higher costs for all food, FAH and FAFH. This research provides policymakers, public health professionals and clinicians with information needed to support healthy eating habits. These findings are particularly relevant to contemporary health and economic concerns that have worsened because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Nitrite Cycle Indicated by Dual Isotopes in the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Chen Yangjun , Bardhan Pratirupa , Zhao Xiufeng , Zheng Mingfang , Qiu Yushen , Chen Min 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAs the world's largest marginal sea, biogeochemical cycling of nitrite (NO2−) in the South China Sea (SCS) is still unclear. NO2− concentration generally shows a peak at or near the base of the sunlit euphotic zone, which is called primary NO2− maximum (PNM). The PNM appears widely in the SCS, but its formation mechanism has not yet been realized. In this study, the dual isotopes of NO2− are used for the first time to explore the NO2− cycle and PNM formation in the northern SCS (NSCS). We propose that the formation of the PNM in the NSCS is mainly driven by ammonia (NH3) oxidation. A steady‐state model is used to estimate the biogeochemical cycling rates of NO2− in the NSCS. Our results show that both the oxidation rate of NH3 and the assimilation rate of NO2− are significantly reduced from the shelf to the basin. Notably, the role of NO2− oxidation in the basin is not negligible, although the assimilation of NO2− mainly represents the fate of NO2− in the NSCS. The residence time of NO2− implies that the cycle of NO2− is dynamic and the PNM is an active signal in the NSCS. Our results further demonstrate the importance of NH3 oxidation in the formation of PNM in the marginal sea, which can be applied in global marginal seas to gain a deeper understanding of marine nitrogen (N) cycle.
Drivers of Hot Spots and Hot Moments of Denitrification in Agricultural Systems
Authors: Weitzman Julie N. , Groffman Peter M. , Adler Paul R. , Dell Curtis J. , Johnson Frank E. , Lerch Robert N. , Strickland Timothy C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDenitrification, the most poorly understood process in the nitrogen (N) cycle, is of great interest as it can significantly reduce pools of reactive N and act as a source of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). A particular study challenge is that small areas (hot spots) and brief periods (hot moments) of denitrification frequently account for a high percentage of N gas flux activity. Our study utilized sites within the U.S. Department of Agriculture Long‐Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) Network to understand the importance of potential drivers of such hot spots and hot moments of denitrification in agricultural systems. We quantified in situ denitrification rates in intact soil cores from three LTAR sites – Upper Chesapeake Bay (UCB), PA, Central Mississippi River Basin (CMRB), MO, and Gulf Atlantic Coastal Plain (GACP), GA – by directly measuring dinitrogen (N2) and N2O production via the Nitrogen‐Free Air Recirculation Method (N‐FARM). Each site provided an opportunity to study a different potential driver of denitrification: landscape‐scale topography (UCB), soil confining layers (CMRB), and ecosystem‐scale climate (e.g., drying‐rewetting events; GACP). At the UCB site, wetter, low topographic positions released a higher proportion of N2:N2O, suggesting that N removal does not result in increased greenhouse emissions. Results at the CMRB site show evidence that confining features, like hard clays, could drive denitrification hot spots. Similarly, such features at the GACP site could drive denitrification hot spots (at depth) and hot moments (drying‐rewetting). These results suggest that denitrification is a significant sink for excess agricultural N at multiple scales, which may inform management decisions in the future.
Coordinated Science Support for Sea‐Level Data and Services in the United States
Authors: Hamlington B. D. , Osler M. , Vinogradova N. , Sweet W. V. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this commentary, we focus on the basic‐science foundation that supports sea‐level decision‐making. Specifically, we discuss the role that U.S. federal science‐producing agencies National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) can play in supporting ongoing and future sea‐level adaptation efforts. We discuss current challenges in the work that NASA and NOAA are doing in this area, highlight how these challenges impact stakeholders, and then detail how improved coordination between NASA and NOAA can ultimately benefit stakeholders. While focused on the U.S. we contrast this to the state of play in other parts of the world and identify challenges and considerations that may be relevant for other agencies and countries across the globe.
Heatwaves in Southeast Asia and Their Changes in a Warmer World
Authors: Dong Zizhen , Wang Lin , Sun Ying , Hu Ting , Limsakul Atsamon , Singhruck Patama , Pimonsree Sittichai 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBased on the observational dataset SA‐OBS and model outputs from the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble project, this study investigates heatwaves in Southeast Asia in the current and future warmer climate. A heatwave is detected when the daily maximum temperature exceeds the 90th percentile threshold at each grid for at least three consecutive days. Three characteristics describing the frequency, duration, and amplitude of heatwaves are examined, including the sum of heatwave days per year (HWF) satisfying the heatwave definition, the length of the longest yearly heatwave event (HWD), and the hottest amplitude of the hottest yearly heatwave event (HWA). Results indicate that increased global warming is associated with substantial changes in heatwave characteristics over Southeast Asia, with more frequent heatwaves, longer heatwave duration, and higher extreme temperatures. The increase in HWA has a linear growth against global warming levels with distinct regional differences between the Maritime Continent and the Indochina Peninsula due to their different heat content of lower atmospheric boundaries. In contrast, those in HWF and HWD have nonlinear growth characteristics. The projected warmer future tends to be associated with a higher risk ratio value with the occurrence of rarer extreme heatwaves relative to the current climate. These results reiterate the potential risks of extreme regional heatwaves if global warming is unrestricted.
Strong MARSIS Radar Reflections From the Base of Martian South Polar Cap May Be Due to Conductive Ice or Minerals
Authors: Bierson C. J. , Tulaczyk S. , Courville S. W. , Putzig N. E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRecent results from the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) instrument have been interpreted as evidence of subsurface brine pooled beneath 1.3 km‐thick South Polar Layered Deposit (SPLD). This interpretation is based on the assumption that the regionally high strength of MARSIS radar reflections from the base of the ice cap is due to a strong contrast in dielectric permittivity across the basal interface. Here, we demonstrate that the high‐power reflections could instead be the result of a contrast in electric conductivity. While not explicitly excluding a liquid brine, our results open new potential explanations for the observed strong radar reflections, some of which do not require liquid brine beneath SPLD. Potential basal materials with suitably high conductivity include clays, metal‐bearing minerals, or saline ice.
A Little Data Goes a Long Way: Automating Seismic Phase Arrival Picking at Nabro Volcano With Transfer Learning
Authors: Lapins Sacha , Goitom Berhe , Kendall J‐Michael , Werner Maximilian J. , Cashman Katharine V. , Hammond James O. S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSupervised deep learning models have become a popular choice for seismic phase arrival detection. However, they do not always perform well on out‐of‐distribution data and require large training sets to aid generalization and prevent overfitting. This can present issues when using these models in new monitoring settings. In this work, we develop a deep learning model for automating phase arrival detection at Nabro volcano using a limited amount of training data (2,498 event waveforms recorded over 35 days) through a process known as transfer learning. We use the feature extraction layers of an existing, extensively trained seismic phase picking model to form the base of a new all‐convolutional model, which we call U‐GPD. We demonstrate that transfer learning reduces overfitting and model error relative to training the same model from scratch, particularly for small training sets (e.g., 500 waveforms). The new U‐GPD model achieves greater classification accuracy and smaller arrival time residuals than off‐the‐shelf applications of two existing, extensively‐trained baseline models for a test set of 800 event and noise waveforms from Nabro volcano. When applied to 14 months of continuous Nabro data, the new U‐GPD model detects 31,387 events with at least four P‐wave arrivals and one S‐wave arrival, which is more than the original base model (26,808 events) and our existing manual catalog (2,926 events), with smaller location errors. The new model is also more efficient when applied as a sliding window, processing 14 months of data from seven stations in less than 4 h on a single graphics processing unit.
Characteristics of Streaky Thermal Footprints on Wind Waves
Authors: Lu Guan‐hung , Tsai Wu‐ting , Garbe Christoph , Jähne Bernd 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCoherent vortices in the aqueous surface layer beneath wind waves manifest themselves by inducing elongated high‐speed streaks on the interface. Analyses of thermal images taken in the wind‐wave flume reveal that the mean streak spacing scaled by the viscous length, , depends strongly on the wind‐wave condition. This contradicts the wall‐bounded turbulent flow in which the scaled mean streak spacing approaches a canonical value, . Comparative numerical simulations of shear flow bounded by flat and wavy surfaces are conducted to explain the variation. In the low‐wind range with insignificant surface waves, ; the reduction of is attributed to the insufficient shear rate to form the elongated streaks. For the moderate‐wind range in which surface waves become pronounced but remain to be unbroken, is still less than 100. Analysis of the vorticity transport in the simulated wavy flows reveals that the presence of non‐breaking waves enhances the formation of quasi‐streamwise vortices and the surface streaks. For the high‐wind range, surface waves break and the breakers wipe out the streaks. The streaks quickly reestablish in the wake of the breaker with mean spacing but are destructed again by the following breaker.
Stable Carbon Isotope Depletions in Lipid Biomarkers Suggest Subsurface Carbon Fixation in Lava Caves
Authors: Selensky Matthew J. , Masterson Andrew L. , Blank Jennifer G. , Lee Sohyun C. , Osburn Magdalena R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLava caves, formed through basaltic volcanism, are accessible conduits into the shallow subsurface and the microbial life residing there. While evidence for this life is widespread, the level of dependence of these microbial communities on surface inputs, especially that of organic carbon (OC), is a persistent knowledge gap, with relevance to both terrestrial biogeochemistry and the characterization of lava caves as Mars analog environments. Here, we explore carbon cycling processes within lava caves at Lava Beds National Monument, CA. We interrogate a range of cave features and surface soils, characterizing the isotopic composition (δ13C) of bulk organic and inorganic phases, followed by organic geochemical analysis of the distribution and δ13C signatures of fatty acids derived from intact polar lipids (IPLs). From these data, we estimate the carbon sources of different sample types, finding that surface soils and mineral‐rich speleothems incorporate plant‐derived biomass (δ13CVPDB ∼ −30‰), whereas biofilms are dominated by strongly 13C‐depleted lipids (minimum δ13CVPDB −45.4‰) specific to bacteria, requiring a significant proportion of their biomass to derive from in situ fixation of inorganic carbon from previously respired OC. Based on the prevalence and abundance of these 13C‐depleted lipids, we conclude that biofilms here are fueled by in situ chemolithoautotrophy, despite relatively high concentrations of dissolved OC in colocated cave waters. This unexpected metabolic potential mirrors that found in other deep subsurface biospheres and has significant positive implications for the potential microbial habitability of the Martian subsurface.
Comparison of Nighttime With Daytime Evapotranspiration Responses to Environmental Controls Across Temporal Scales Along a Climate Gradient
Authors: Han Qiong , Wang Tiejun , Wang Lichun , Smettem Keith , Mai Mai , Chen Xi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUnderstanding daytime (ETD) and nighttime (ETN) evapotranspiration is critical for accurately evaluating terrestrial water and carbon cycles. However, unlike ETD, the factors influencing ETN remain poorly understood. Here, long‐term ETD and ETN data from five FLUXNET sites along a climate gradient in Northern Australia were analyzed to compare their responses to environmental drivers at different temporal scales. We found that (a) across the sites, mean annual ETN/ETD (/) ranged between 5.1% and 11.7%, which was mainly determined by variations. Particularly, vegetation and meteorological variables mostly controlled , while was largely related to air temperature and net radiation (Rn) due to lower nighttime atmospheric water demands; (b) At individual sites, ETD and ETN exhibited higher correlations with meteorological and vegetation variables at monthly timescales than at annual timescales. Monthly ETD and ETN were also strongly coupled, especially under drier climatic conditions. At daily timescales, leaf area index and soil water content (SWC) controlled ETD with SWC being more important at drier sites; whereas, SWC was the dominant factor controlling ETN. At half‐hourly timescales, the boosted regression tree method quantitively showed that ETD and ETN were controlled by Rn and SWC, respectively. Overall, the results showed that ETN was less responsive to environmental variables, illustrating that ETD and ETN responded differently to diverse climate regimes and ecosystems at varying temporal scales. These findings provide a critical evaluation for contrasting ETD and ETN interactions in constantly changing environments, which has important implications for ecosystem water balance and land surface processes modeling.
Biomechanical and biological responses of periodontium in orthodontic tooth movement: up-date in a new decade
Authors: Li Yuan , Zhan Qi , Bao Minyue , Yi Jianru , Li Yu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNowadays, orthodontic treatment has become increasingly popular. However, the biological mechanisms of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) have not been fully elucidated. We were aiming to summarize the evidences regarding the mechanisms of OTM. Firstly, we introduced the research models as a basis for further discussion of mechanisms. Secondly, we proposed a new hypothesis regarding the primary roles of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) and osteocytes involved in OTM mechanisms and summarized the biomechanical and biological responses of the periodontium in OTM through four steps, basically in OTM temporal sequences, as follows: (1) Extracellular mechanobiology of periodontium: biological, mechanical, and material changes of acellular components in periodontium under orthodontic forces were introduced. (2) Cell strain: the sensing, transduction, and regulation of mechanical stimuli in PDLCs and osteocytes. (3) Cell activation and differentiation: the activation and differentiation mechanisms of osteoblast and osteoclast, the force-induced sterile inflammation, and the communication networks consisting of sensors and effectors. (4) Tissue remodeling: the remodeling of bone and periodontal ligament (PDL) in the compression side and tension side responding to mechanical stimuli and root resorption. Lastly, we talked about the clinical implications of the updated OTM mechanisms, regarding optimal orthodontic force (OOF), acceleration of OTM, and prevention of root resorption.