bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finding Good Proofs for Description Logic Entailments using Recursive Quality Measures
Authors: Alrabbaa Christian , Baader Franz , Borgwardt Stefan , Koopmann Patrick , Kovtunova Alisa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLogic-based approaches to AI have the advantage that their behavior can in principle be explained to a user. If, for instance, a Description Logic reasoner derives a consequence that triggers some action of the overall system, then one can explain such an entailment by presenting a proof of the consequence in an appropriate calculus. How comprehensible such a proof is depends not only on the employed calculus, but also on the properties of the particular proof, such as its overall size, its depth, the complexity of the employed sentences and proof steps, etc. For this reason, we want to determine the complexity of generating proofs that are below a certain threshold w.r.t. a given measure of proof quality. Rather than investigating this problem for a fixed proof calculus and a fixed measure, we aim for general results that hold for wide classes of calculi and measures. In previous work, we first restricted the attention to a setting where proof size is used to measure the quality of a proof. We then extended the approach to a more general setting, but important measures such as proof depth were not covered. In the present paper, we provide results for a class of measures called recursive, which yields lower complexities and also encompasses proof depth. In addition, we close some gaps left open in our previous work, thus providing a comprehensive picture of the complexity landscape.
Integer Induction in Saturation
Authors: Hozzová Petra , Kovács Laura , Voronkov Andrei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntegers are ubiquitous in programming and therefore also in applications of program analysis and verification. Such applications often require some sort of inductive reasoning. In this paper we analyze the challenge of automating inductive reasoning with integers. We introduce inference rules for integer induction within the saturation framework of first-order theorem proving. We implemented these rules in the theorem prover Vampire and evaluated our work against other state-of-the-art theorem provers. Our results demonstrate the strength of our approach by solving new problems coming from program analysis and mathematical properties of integers.
Superposition with First-class Booleans and Inprocessing Clausification
Authors: Nummelin Visa , Bentkamp Alexander , Tourret Sophie , Vukmirović Petar 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe present a complete superposition calculus for first-order logic with an interpreted Boolean type. Our motivation is to lay the foundation for refutationally complete calculi in more expressive logics with Booleans, such as higher-order logic, and to make superposition work efficiently on problems that would be obfuscated when using clausification as preprocessing. Working directly on formulas, our calculus avoids the costly axiomatic encoding of the theory of Booleans into first-order logic and offers various ways to interleave clausification with other derivation steps. We evaluate our calculus using the Zipperposition theorem prover, and observe that, with no tuning of parameters, our approach is on a par with the state-of-the-art approach.
Harpoon: Mechanizing Metatheory Interactively
Authors: Errington Jacob , Jang Junyoung , Pientka Brigitte 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBelugais a proof checker that provides sophisticated infrastructure for implementing formal systems with the logical framework LF and proving metatheoretic properties as total, recursive functions transforming LF derivations. In this paper, we describeHarpoon, an interactive proof engine built on top ofBeluga. It allows users to develop proofs interactively using a small, fixed set of high-levelactionsthat safely transform a subgoal. A sequence of actions elaborates into a (partial)proof scriptthat serves as an intermediate representation describing an assertion-level proof. Last, a proof script translates into aBelugaprogram which can be type-checked independently.Harpoonis available on GitHub. We have usedHarpoonto replay a wide array of examples covering all features supported byBeluga. In particular, we have used it for normalization proofs, including the recently proposed POPLMark reloaded challenge.
Efficient Local Reductions to Basic Modal Logic
Authors: Papacchini Fabio , Nalon Cláudia , Hustadt Ullrich , Dixon Clare 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe present novel reductions of the propositional modal logics
"Image missing"
,
"Image missing"
,
"Image missing"
,
"Image missing"
and
"Image missing"
to Separated Normal Form with Sets of Modal Levels. The reductions result in smaller formulae than the well-known reductions by Kracht and allow us to use the local reasoning of the prover
"Image missing"
to determine the satisfiability of modal formulae in these logics. We show experimentally that the combination of our reductions with the prover
"Image missing"
performs well when compared with a specialised resolution calculus for these logics and with the b̆uilt-in reductions of the first-order prover SPASS.
Isabelle’s Metalogic: Formalization and Proof Checker
Authors: Nipkow Tobias , Roßkopf Simon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIsabelle is a generic theorem prover with a fragment of higher-order logic as a metalogic for defining object logics. Isabelle also provides proof terms. We formalize this metalogic and the language of proof terms in Isabelle/HOL, define an executable (but inefficient) proof term checker and prove its correctness w.r.t. the metalogic. We integrate the proof checker with Isabelle and run it on a range of logics and theories to check the correctness of all the proofs in those theories.
Universal Invariant Checking of Parametric Systems with Quantifier-free SMT Reasoning
Authors: Cimatti Alessandro , Griggio Alberto , Redondi Gianluca 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe problem of invariant checking in parametric systems – which are required to operate correctly regardless of the number and connections of their components – is gaining increasing importance in various sectors, such as communication protocols and control software. Such systems are typically modeled using quantified formulae, describing the behaviour of an unbounded number of (identical) components, and their automatic verification often relies on the use of decidable fragments of first-order logic in order to effectively deal with the challenges of quantified reasoning.In this paper, we propose a fully automatic technique for invariant checking of parametric systems which does not rely on quantified reasoning. Parametric systems are modeled with array-based transition systems, and our method iteratively constructs a quantifier-free abstraction by analyzing, with SMT-based invariant checking algorithms for non-parametric systems, increasingly-larger finite instances of the parametric system. Depending on the verification result in the concrete instance, the abstraction is automatically refined by leveraging canditate lemmas from inductive invariants, or by discarding previously computed lemmas.We implemented the method using a quantifier-free SMT-based IC3 as underlying verification engine. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates that the approach is competitive with the state of the art, solving several benchmarks that are out of reach for other tools.
Perturbative unitarity in quasi-single field inflation
Authors: Kim Suro , Noumi Toshifumi , Takeuchi Keito , Zhou Siyi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe study implications of perturbative unitarity for quasi-single field inflation with the inflaton and one massive scalar. Analyzing high energy scattering, we show that non-Gaussianities with |fNL| ≳ 1 cannot be realized without turning on interactions which violate unitarity at a high energy scale. Then, we provide a relation betweenfNLand the scale of new physics that is required for UV completion. In particular we find that for the Hubble scaleH≳ × 109GeV, Planck suppressed operators can easily generate too large non-Gaussanities and so it is hard to realize successful quasi-single field inflation without introducing a mechanism to suppress quantum gravity corrections. Also we generalize the analysis to the regime where the isocurvature mode is heavy and the inflationary dynamics is captured by the inflaton effective theory. Requiring perturbative unitarity of the two-scalar UV models with the inflaton and one heavy scalar, we clarify the parameter space of theP(X, ϕ) model which is UV completable by a single heavy scalar.
Lithium and Sr isotopic composition of salar deposits in the Central Andes across space and time: the Salar de Pozuelos, Argentina
Authors: Meixner Anette , Alonso Ricardo N. , Lucassen Friedrich , Korte Laura , Kasemann Simone A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Central Andes of South America host the largest known lithium resources in a confined area, but the primary lithium sources of the salar deposits and the mobilisation process of lithium are still a matter of speculation. Chemical weathering at or near the surface and leaching in hydrothermal systems of the active magmatic arc are considered the two main mechanisms of Li extraction from the source rock. The lithium and strontium isotope composition of typical salar deposits offer insights into the processes on how Li brine deposits in Andean evaporites are formed. Data from the Salar de Pozuelos indicate near-surface chemical weathering in a cold and dry climate as the dominant mobilisation process of Li, with evaporation being responsible for the enrichment. The Cenozoic ignimbrites are the favoured source rock for the Li, with subordinate additions from the Palaeozoic basement. The identification of the source rocks is supported by radiogenic Nd and Pb and stable B isotope data from salar deposits. A comparison with other Li brine and salt deposits in the Altiplano-Puna Plateau and its western foothills places the Salar de Pozuelos as an endmember of Li solubilisation by chemical weathering with only minor hydrothermal mobilisation of Li.
Understanding the neurological mechanism involved in enhanced memory recall task following binaural beat: a pilot study
Authors: Mujib Muhammad Danish , Hasan Muhammad Abul , Qazi Saad Ahmed , Vuckovic Aleksandra 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBinaural beat (BB) is a promising technique for memory improvement in elderly or people with neurological conditions. However, the related modulation of cortical networks followed by behavioral changes has not been investigated. The objective of this study is to establish a relationship between BB oscillatory brain activity evoked by stimulation and a behavioral response in a short term memory task. Three Groups A, B, and C of 20 participants each received alpha (10 Hz), beta (14 Hz), and gamma (30 Hz) BB, respectively, for 15 min. Their EEG was recorded in pre, during, and post BB states. Participants performed a digit span test before and after a BB session. A significant increase in the cognitive score was found only for Group A while a significant decrease in reaction time was noted for Groups A and C. Group A had a significant decrease of theta and increase of alpha power, and a significant increase of theta and decrease of gamma imaginary coherence (ICH) post BB. Group C had a significant increase in theta and gamma power accompanied by the increase of theta and gamma ICH post BB. The effectiveness of BB depends on the frequency of stimulation. A putative neural mechanism involves an increase in theta ICH in parieto-frontal and interhemispheric frontal networks.
Explicit and Implicit Non-convex Sweeping Processes in the Space of Absolutely Continuous Functions
Authors: Krejčí Pavel , Monteiro Giselle Antunes , Recupero Vincenzo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe show that sweeping processes with possibly non-convex prox-regular constraints generate a strongly continuous input-output mapping in the space of absolutely continuous functions. Under additional smoothness assumptions on the constraint we prove the local Lipschitz continuity of the input-output mapping. Using the Banach contraction principle, we subsequently prove that also the solution mapping associated with the state-dependent problem is locally Lipschitz continuous.
Standardized Three-Dimensional Lateral Distraction Test: Its Reliability to Assess Medial Canthal Tendon Laxity
Authors: Hou Xiaoyi , Rokohl Alexander C. , Meinke Marius M. , Liu Jinhua , Li Senmao , Fan Wanlin , Lin Ming , Jia Renbing , Guo Yongwei , Heindl Ludwig M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Assessment of MCT laxity is critical to the surgery options. Our study aimed to analyze the reliability of measuring medial canthal tendon (MCT) laxity by using a novel standardized three-dimensional lateral distraction test (3D-LDT).

Methods
Forty-eight Caucasian volunteers (25 males and 23 females, 96 eyes) between 22 and 84 years of age (55.6 ± 18.6 years old) were included in our study. From a neutral position, the lower eyelid was gently pulled laterally along a horizontal line to define the most distracted position of the lower punctum. Both in the neutral and distracted position, standardized 3D images were acquired for each subject by two observers, and each image were measured twice by two raters. Four landmarks and six corresponding linear measurements were evaluated for intra-rater, inter-rater, and inter-method reliability.

Results
Intra-rater, inter-rater and inter-method reliability analyses of 3D-LDT revealed an intraclass correlation of more than 95%, a mean absolute difference of less than 1 mm, and a technical error of measurement of less than 1 mm. Measurements of relative error (2.59–12.04%) and relative technical error (1.83–16.05%) for the inter-landmarks distance from pupil center to the lower punctum were higher than those from limbus nasal center to the lower punctum (6.13–30.39 and 4.34–26.85%, respectively).

Conclusions
This study provided high reliability of the three-dimensional lateral distraction test (3D-LDT) for assessing medial canthal tendon (MCT) laxity, which were never evaluated by digital imaging system.

Level of Evidence IV
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Outcome-Based Assessment of the Payment for Mountain Agriculture: A Community-Based Approach to Countering Land Abandonment in Japan
Authors: Shoyama Kikuko , Nishi Maiko , Hashimoto Shizuka , Saito Osamu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAgricultural land accounts for 37% of the world’s terrestrial area, and the multiple functions of agroecosystems—providing food, soil and water retention, and various cultural services—are of great importance for sustainable land management. To ensure that multifunctionality, payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes have been developed for heterogeneous agroecosystems. However, the effects of the schemes have not been fully measured because, in most cases, they have been implemented as action-oriented programs rather than outcome-based payments. This study examines the effect of a community-based PES (CB-PES) program on the prevention of farmland abandonment to assess the agricultural outcomes of PES implementation in hilly and mountainous areas in Japan. We interviewed farmers in enrolled communities, mapped enrolled plots, and analyzed agricultural census data on the socioeconomic characteristics and farmland management conditions of 12,261 farmers in 960 agricultural communities in a typical hilly and mountainous area of Noto Peninsula in northern Japan. The results confirm that direct payments are effective in enhancing community management and in preventing additional farmland abandonment. In addition, we found that several socioeconomic and environmental factors at both the community and farmer levels—including geographical conditions, collective management activities, absence of successors, farm scale, and off-farm income dependency—simultaneously affected the farmland abandonment process. Specifically, collective practices within and between communities is a significant factor in preventing farmland abandonment more than collaboration with outsiders. Considering the depopulation and aging of rural communities throughout Japan, intercommunity enrollment could improve the effectiveness of CB-PES by upscaling the current payment scheme to maintain community functions.
A Systematic Review of Online Patient Resources to Support Shared Decision Making for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Musbahi A. , Ali N. , Brown L. , Brown S. , Viswanath Y. K. S. , Etherson K. , Gopinath B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundRCS Eng, the Royal College of Surgeons of England, has published much information with regard to the consenting process. A majority of patients seek health information through online resources as well as discussing with the care givers. Therefore, it is necessary that online material is both of high quality and reliable for patients. We aimed to evaluate the quality and standard of the online patient information on laparoscopic cholecystectomy to help in the consenting process.MethodsA search was carried out as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Sources were assessed using five validated scoring tools: Flesch–Kincaid Reading Ease Score (readability), DISCERN and IPDAS scores (quality of content) and HONcode and the Information Standard Certification (standards of accreditation).ResultsThe average readability of all websites was higher than recommended for patient literature. Less than half of the sources had received HONcode or Information Standard accreditation. On grading of quality and content, across validated scoring tools, no source achieved the minimum recommended level.ConclusionOnline patient information related to laparoscopic cholecystectomy is of poor quality. We recommend a multidisciplinary approach to participate in publishing more readable online resources of a higher standard to help patients and clinicians in consent and shared decision making.
The Combination of Preoperative Skeletal Muscle Quantity and Quality is an Important Indicator of Survival in Elderly Patients Undergoing Curative Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer
Authors: Watanabe Jun , Osaki Tomihiro , Ueyama Tadamasa , Koyama Makoto , Iki Masaru , Endo Kanenori , Tatebe Shigeru , Hirooka Yasuaki 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe diagnosis of sarcopenia emphasizes both, the quantity and quality of skeletal muscle. However, the impact of the combination of muscle quantity and quality on long‐term survival remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the impact of the combination of skeletal muscle quantity and quality on long‐term outcomes in patients with gastric cancer who underwent curative resection.MethodsWe retrospectively assessed 242 patients aged ≥ 65 ears who underwent curative gastrectomy between 2006 and 2015. The psoas muscle mass index (PMI) and intramuscular adipose tissue content (IMAC) were measured on preoperative computed tomography as skeletal muscle quantity and quality, respectively. The sarcopenia stage was classified by the combination of preoperative skeletal muscle quantity and quality (non‐sarcopenia, sarcopenia, and severe sarcopenia). Prognostic factors for the 5‐year overall survival (OS), non‐cancer‐specific survival (non‐CSS), and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) were evaluated by multivariable Cox regression.ResultsThe median follow‐up period was 63.2 months. The non‐sarcopenia, sarcopenia, and severe sarcopenia groups comprised 88, 121, and 33 patients (36.4%, 50.0%, and 13.6%), respectively. The severe sarcopenia group was older, and had a greater depth of invasion, than the non‐sarcopenia group. Multivariable analysis revealed severe sarcopenia as an independent predictive indicator of OS (hazard ratio [HR] 4.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.75 to 9.22) and non‐CSS (HR 3.27; 95% CI 1.61 to 6.67), but not CSS.ConclusionsThe combination of preoperative skeletal muscle quantity and quality was useful for predicting survival, especially death from other diseases, in elderly patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
Exploring the gelation of aqueous cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)-hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) mixtures
Authors: Stolz Jonathan , Oguzlu Hale , Khalili Zahra , Boluk Yaman 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe investigated the gelation and microstructure of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in nonionic hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) solutions. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with a particle length of 90 nm and width of 8 nm currently produced by acid hydrolysis of wood pulp were used in this study. The microstructures of CNCs/polymer suspensions were investigated by performing linear small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) and nonlinear large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS), in addition to constructing CNCs phase diagrams and measuring steady-state shear viscosities. Significant viscosity increases at low shear rates coupled with high shear thinning behaviors were observed in CNCs in HEC solutions above the overlapping concentration of HEC. The physical strength of CNCs/HEC solution gels increased with the increase in CNCs concentration and resembled the weakly crosslinked gels according to the scaling of linear dynamic mechanical experiments. According to LAOS analysis, CNCs/HEC mixtures showed type III behavior with intercycle stress softening, while the samples showed stress stiffening in single cycles.
Graphical abstract