bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Projected HIV and Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infection Incidence Following COVID-19–Related Sexual Distancing and Clinical Service Interruption
Authors: Jenness Samuel M , Le Guillou Adrien , Chandra Christina , Mann Laura M , Sanchez Travis , Westreich Daniel , Marcus Julia L 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
The global COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to indirectly impact transmission dynamics and prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STI). It is unknown what combined impact reductions in sexual activity and interruptions in HIV/STI services will have on HIV/STI epidemic trajectories.

Methods
We adapted a model of HIV, gonorrhea, and chlamydia for a population of approximately 103 000 men who have sex with men (MSM) in the Atlanta area. Model scenarios varied the timing, overlap, and relative extent of COVID-19–related sexual distancing and service interruption within 4 service categories (HIV screening, preexposure prophylaxis, antiretroviral therapy, and STI treatment).

Results
A 50% relative decrease in sexual partnerships and interruption of all clinical services, both lasting 18 months, would generally offset each other for HIV (total 5-year population impact for Atlanta MSM, −227 cases), but have net protective effect for STIs (−23 800 cases). If distancing lasted only 3 months but service interruption lasted 18 months, the total 5-year population impact would be an additional 890 HIV cases and 57 500 STI cases.

Conclusions
Immediate action to limit the impact of service interruptions is needed to address the indirect effects of the global COVID-19 pandemic on the HIV/STI epidemic.
Connecting International Relations and Public Administration: Toward A Joint Research Agenda for the Study of International Bureaucracy
Authors: Fleischer Julia , Reiners Nina 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe recent debate on administrative bodies in international organizations has brought forward multiple theoretical perspectives, analytical frameworks, and methodological approaches. Despite these efforts to advance knowledge on these actors, the research program on international public administrations (IPAs) has missed out on two important opportunities: reflection on scholarship in international relations (IR) and public administration and synergies between these disciplinary perspectives. Against this backdrop, the essay is a discussion of the literature on IPAs in IR and public administration. We found influence, authority, and autonomy of international bureaucracies have been widely addressed and helped to better understand the agency of such non-state actors in global policy-making. Less attention has been given to the crucial macro-level context of politics for administrative bodies, despite the importance in IR and public administration scholarship. We propose a focus on agency and politics as future avenues for a comprehensive, joint research agenda for international bureaucracies.
Navigating Multiple Identities: Decentering International Relations
Authors: Thakur Monika 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe article argues that academics navigate and occupy various localities, spaces, and identities, which allows them to be self-reflexive in understanding the inherent challenges in diversifying the discipline. Using personal narratives as a methodological and theoretical tool, this article situates plural experiences and contexts of a woman of color, working in precarity in academia. The intersection of multiple identities reveals various sites of privilege and oppression, and inclusion and exclusion. Unsettling and dismantling binaries and identities reveal complex entanglements and connections that provide more nuanced understandings of IR. This article further discusses ways the discipline of IR has excluded diverse theoretical and empirical knowledges and regions, including critical approaches and the Global South. This disciplinary exclusion and erasure is reproduced in everyday academic practice and can serve as an entry point to understand why diverse communities are underrepresented in IR. Further, academia is not immune from the functions of power and social and economic hierarchies in society, and those hierarchies are manifested in various forms of asymmetry observable in academia, especially toward diverse communities and academics working in precarity.
EUCAST rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (RAST): analytical performance and impact on patient management
Authors: Berinson Benjamin , Olearo Flaminia , Both Anna , Brossmann Nicole , Christner Martin , Aepfelbacher Martin , Rohde Holger 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant species calls for fast and reliable phenotypic susceptibility testing to adapt clinical management as fast as possible.

Objectives
We assessed the real-life performance of EUCAST rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (RAST) and analysed its impact on patient management.

Methods
RAST was performed on clinical blood cultures containing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Acinetobacter baumannii complex. Categorical agreement with VITEK2 was analysed. A pre-post quasi-experimental observational study was designed to compare antibiotic treatment in sepsis patients in the RAST patient group (n = 51) and a historical control cohort (n = 54).

Results
In total, 436 isolates, corresponding to 2314 disc diameters, were measured; 18.4% of these measurements were in the area of technical uncertainty. For the 81.6% categorical results, which could be compared, 94.7% were in agreement, whereas 5.3% of the results were not. In the RAST group, optimal therapy was initiated on the same day as blood culture positivity, while this was the case in the historical group after 24 h. In six cases, RAST allowed for rapid antibiotic escalation. The 30 day mortality rate was lower in the RAST group, although this was not statistically significant.

Conclusions
RAST provides a reliable tool to improve clinical management of sepsis patients by providing rapid phenotypic susceptibility data. While not necessarily being an instrument for de-escalation, especially in areas of low prevalence, early detection allows for timely coverage of resistant isolates. Thus, RAST significantly adds to successful antibiotic stewardship programmes.
Negotiating Peace with Your Enemy: The Problem of Costly Concessions
Authors: Sticher Valerie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Why do some parties fail to settle conflict, even after long periods of fighting? Bargaining theory explains this through imperfect information, commitment problems, war entrepreneurs, and indivisible stakes. Integrating insights from social psychology into bargaining theory, this article proposes an additional bargaining obstacle. Conflict party members not only care about their in-group's welfare, but also want to avoid rewarding their opponent through concessions. A mutually acceptable agreement always contains concessions, yet when concessions are unpopular with key constituents, they are costly for leaders to make. This may result in a situation where leaders would prefer to settle but still decide to continue the war. Modifying a standard bargaining setup to account for this dilemma, the article demonstrates the difficulties of settling a conflict when out-group preferences are salient. It shows how events that increase the saliency of out-group preferences, such as major ceasefire violations, lead to a drop in public support for negotiations. The problem of costly concessions renders the search for a mutually acceptable agreement a delicate balancing act, particularly if constituents are isolated from the costs of war and political competitors mobilize around unpopular concessions.
‘Short-Spanned Living Creatures’: Evolutionary Perspectives in Rhoda Broughton’s Not Wisely, but Too Well (1867)
Authors: Green James Aaron 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man (1863), Charles Lyell appraised the distinct contribution made by his protégé, Charles Darwin (On the Origin of Species (1859)), to evolutionary theory: ‘Progression … is not a necessary accompaniment of variation and natural selection [… Darwin’s theory accounts] equally well for what is called degradation, or a retrogressive movement towards a simple structure’. In Rhoda Broughton’s first novel, Not Wisely, but Too Well (1867), written contemporaneously with Lyell’s book, the Crystal Palace at Sydenham prompts precisely this sort of Darwinian ambivalence to progress; but whether British civilization ‘advance[s] or retreat[s]’, her narrator adds that this prophesized state ‘will not be in our days’ – its realization exceeds the single lifespan. This article argues that Not Wisely, but Too Well is attentive to the irreconcilability of Darwinism to the Victorian ‘idea of progress’: Broughton’s novel, distinctly from its peers, raises the retrogressive and nihilistic potentials of Darwin’s theory and purposes them to reflect on the status of the individual in mid-century Britain.
There Is No Role for Damage Control Orthopedics Within the Golden Hour
Authors: Dunn John C , Elster Eric A , Blair James A , Remick Kyle N , Potter Benjamin K , Nesti Leon J 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionTrauma systems within the United States have adapted the “golden hour” principle to guide prehospital planning with the goal to deliver the injured to the trauma facility in under 60 minutes. In an effort to reduce preventable prehospital death, in 2009, Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates mandated that prehospital transport of injured combat casualties must be less than 60 minutes. The U.S. Military has implemented a 60-minute timeline for the transport of battlefield causalities to medical teams to include Forward Surgical Teams and Forward Resuscitative Surgical Teams. The inclusion of orthopedic surgeons on Forward Surgical Teams has been extrapolated from the concept of damage control orthopedics (DCO). However, it is not clear if orthopedic surgeons have yielded a demonstrable benefit in morbidity or mortality reduction. The purpose of this article is to investigate the function of orthopedic surgeons during the military “golden hour.”Materials and MethodsThe English literature was reviewed for evidence supporting the use of orthopedic surgeons within the golden hour. Literature was reviewed in light of the 2009 golden hour mandate by Secretary Gates as well as those papers which highlighted the utility of DCO within the golden hour.ResultsEvidence for orthopedic surgery within the “golden hour” or in the current conflicts when the United States enjoys air superiority was not identified.ConclusionsWithin the military context, DCO, specifically pertaining to fracture fixation, should not be considered an element of golden hour planning and thus orthopedic surgeons are best utilized at more centralized Role 3 facility locations. The focus within the first hour after injury on the battlefield should be maintained on rapid and effective prehospital care combined with timely evacuation, as these are the most critical factors to reducing mortality.
Identifying Patterns and Predictors of Prescription Opioid Use After Total Joint Arthroplasty
Authors: Chaudhary Muhammad Ali , Dalton Michael K , Koehlmoos Tracey P , Schoenfeld Andrew J , Goralnick Eric 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty account for over 1 million procedures annually. Opioids are the mainstay of postoperative pain management for these patients. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine patterns of use and factors associated with early discontinuation of opioids after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).

Methods
TRICARE claims data (2006-2014) were queried for adult (18-64 years) patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty. Prescription opioid use was identified from 6 months before and 6 months after surgical intervention. Prior opioid use was categorized as naïve, exposed (with non-sustained use), and sustained (6 month continuous use before surgery). Cox proportional-hazards models were used to identify factors associated with opioid discontinuation following TJA.

Results
Among the 29,767 patients included in the study, 15,271 (51.3%) had prior opioid exposure and 3,740 (12.5%) were sustained opioid users. At 6 months after the surgical intervention, 3,171 (10.6%) continued opioid use, 3.3% were among opioid naïve, 10.2% among exposed, and 33.3% among sustained users. In risk-adjusted models, prior opioid exposure (hazards ratio: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.62-0.67) and sustained prior use (hazards ratio: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.31-0.35) were the strongest predictors of lower likelihood of opioid discontinuation. Lower socio-economic status, depression, and anxiety were also strong predictors.

Conclusion
Prior opioid exposure was strongly associated with continued opioid dependence after TJA. Although one-third of prior sustained users continued use after surgery, approximately 10% of previously exposed patients became sustained users, making them the prime candidates for targeted interventions to reduce the likelihood of sustained opioid use after TJA.
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: SZ-based masses and dust emission from IR-selected cluster candidates in the SHELA survey
Authors: Fuzia Brittany J , Kawinwanichakij Lalitwadee , Mehrtens Nicola , Aiola Simone , Battaglia Nicholas , Ciardullo Robin , Devlin Mark , Finkelstein Steven L , Gralla Megan , Hilton Matt , Huffenberger Kevin M , Hughes John P , Jogee Shardha , Maldonado Felipe A , Page Lyman A , Papovich Casey , Partridge Bruce , Rykoff Eli , Sehgal Neelima , Sifón Cristóbal , Staggs Suzanne T , Wollack Edward 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We examine the stacked thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) signals for a sample of galaxy group and cluster candidates from the 24 deg2 infrared Spitzer-HETDEX Exploratory Large Area (SHELA) survey. We identify the objects in combination with optical data using the redMaPPer algorithm, and divide them into three richness bins (λ in 10–20, 20–30, and 30–76 with average photometric redshifts of 0.80, 0.73, and 0.70, respectively). All richness bins show evidence for dust emission, which we fit using stacked profiles from Herschel Stripe 82 data. We fit for synchrotron emission using stacked profiles created by binning source fluxes from NRAO VLA Sky Survey data. We can confidently detect the SZ decrement only in the highest richness bin, finding MSZ,500 = $8.7^{+1.7}_{-1.3} \times 10^{13}\, \mathrm{ M}_\odot$. Neglecting the correction for dust and synchrotron depresses the inferred mass by 26 per cent, indicating a partial fill-in of the SZ decrement from dust and synchrotron emission. We compare our corrected SZ masses to two redMaPPer mass–richness scaling relations and find that the SZ mass is lower than predicted by the richness. For the lower richness bins, mass bias factors as low as 1 − b = 0.6 are not enough to bring the mass limits into agreement. We discuss possible explanations for this discrepancy. The SHELA richnesses may differ from previous richness measurements due to the inclusion of infrared data in redMaPPer. To connect the SZ signal to the mass, we use a universal gas pressure profile that is calibrated to massive clusters at low redshift. It may not be applicable to our lower mass, higher redshift sample.
GASTON: Galactic Star Formation with NIKA2 – evidence for the mass growth of star-forming clumps
Authors: Rigby A J , Peretto N , Adam R , Ade P , Anderson M , André P , Andrianasolo A , Aussel H , Bacmann A , Beelen A , Benoît A , Berta S , Bourrion O , Bracco A , Calvo M , Catalano A , De Petris M , Désert F-X , Doyle S , Driessen E F C , García P , Gomez A , Goupy J , Kéruzoré F , Kramer C , Ladjelate B , Lagache G , Leclercq S , Lestrade J-F , Macías-Pérez J F , Mauskopf P , Mayet F , Monfardini A , Perotto L , Pisano G , Ponthieu N , Revéret V , Ristorcelli I , Ritacco A , Romero C , Roussel H , Ruppin F , Schuster K , Shu S , Sievers A , Tucker C , Watkins E J 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Determining the mechanism by which high-mass stars are formed is essential for our understanding of the energy budget and chemical evolution of galaxies. By using the New IRAM KIDs Array 2 (NIKA2) camera on the Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) 30-m telescope, we have conducted high-sensitivity and large-scale mapping of a fraction of the Galactic plane (GP) in order to search for signatures of the transition between the high- and low-mass star-forming modes. Here, we present the first results from the Galactic Star Formation with NIKA2 (GASTON) project, a Large Programme at the IRAM 30-m telescope that is mapping ≈2 deg2 of the inner GP, centred on ℓ = 23${_{.}^{\circ}}$9, b = 0${_{.}^{\circ}}$05, as well as targets in Taurus and Ophiuchus in 1.15- and 2.00-mm continuum wavebands. In this paper, we present the first of the GASTON GP data taken, and present initial science results. We conduct an extraction of structures from the 1.15-mm maps using a dendrogram analysis and, by comparison to the compact source catalogues from Herschel survey data, we identify a population of 321 previously undetected clumps. Approximately 80 per cent of these new clumps are 70-μm-quiet, and may be considered as starless candidates. We find that this new population of clumps are less massive and cooler, on average, than clumps that have already been identified. Further, by classifying the full sample of clumps based upon their infrared-bright fraction – an indicator of evolutionary stage – we find evidence for clump mass growth, supporting models of clump-fed high-mass star formation.
Nigraha: Machine-learning-based pipeline to identify and evaluate planet candidates from TESS
Authors: Rao Sriram , Mahabal Ashish , Rao Niyanth , Raghavendra Cauligi 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has now been operational for a little over two years, covering the Northern and the Southern hemispheres once. The TESS team processes the downlinked data using the Science Processing Operations Center (SPOC) pipeline and Quick Look pipeline (QLP) to generate alerts for follow-up. Combined with other efforts from the community, over 2000 planet candidates have been found of which tens have been confirmed as planets. We present our pipeline, Nigraha, that is complementary to these approaches. Nigraha uses a combination of transit finding, supervised machine learning, and detailed vetting to identify with high confidence a few planet candidates that were missed by prior searches. In particular, we identify high signal-to-noise ratio shallow transits that may represent more Earth-like planets. In the spirit of open data exploration, we provide details of our pipeline, release our supervised machine learning model and code as open source, and make public the 38 candidates we have found in seven sectors. The model can easily be run on other sectors as is. As part of future work, we outline ways to increase the yield by strengthening some of the steps where we have been conservative and discarded objects for lack of a datum or two.
Improving estimates of the growth rate using galaxy–velocity correlations: a simulation study
Authors: Turner Ryan J , Blake Chris , Ruggeri Rossana 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We present an improved framework for estimating the growth rate of large-scale structure, using measurements of the galaxy–velocity cross-correlation in configuration space. We consider standard estimators of the velocity autocorrelation function, ψ1 and ψ2, the two-point galaxy correlation function, ξgg, and introduce a new estimator of the galaxy–velocity cross-correlation function, ψ3. By including pair counts measured from random catalogues of velocities and positions sampled from distributions characteristic of the true data, we find that the variance in the galaxy–velocity cross-correlation function is significantly reduced. Applying a covariance analysis and χ2 minimization procedure to these statistics, we determine estimates and errors for the normalized growth rate fσ8 and the parameter β = f/b, where b is the galaxy bias factor. We test this framework on mock hemisphere data sets for redshift z &lt; 0.1 with realistic velocity noise constructed from the l-picola simulation code, and find that we are able to recover the fiducial value of fσ8 from the joint combination of ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 + ξgg, with 15 per cent accuracy from individual mocks. We also recover the fiducial fσ8 to within 1σ regardless of the combination of correlation statistics used. When we consider all four statistics together we find that the statistical uncertainty in our measurement of the growth rate is reduced by $59{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ compared to the same analysis only considering ψ2, by $53{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ compared to the same analysis only considering ψ1, and by $52{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ compared to the same analysis jointly considering ψ1 and ψ2.
UOCS – III. UVIT catalogue of open clusters with machine learning-based membership using Gaia EDR3 astrometry
Authors: Jadhav Vikrant V , Pennock Clara M , Subramaniam Annapurni , Sagar Ram , Nayak Prasanta Kumar 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a study of six open clusters (Berkeley 67, King 2, NGC 2420, NGC 2477, NGC 2682, and NGC 6940), using the Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) aboard ASTROSAT and Gaia EDR3. We used combinations of astrometric, photometric, and systematic parameters to train and supervise a machine-learning algorithm along with a Gaussian mixture model for the determination of cluster membership. This technique is robust, reproducible, and versatile in various cluster environments. In this study, the Gaia EDR3 membership catalogues are provided along with classification of the stars as members, candidates, and field in the six clusters. We could detect 200–2500 additional members using our method with respect to previous studies, which helped estimate mean space velocities, distances, number of members and core radii. UVIT photometric catalogues, which include blue stragglers, main-sequence, and red giants are also provided. From UV–Optical colour–magnitude diagrams, we found that majority of the sources in NGC 2682 and a few in NGC 2420, NGC 2477, and NGC 6940 showed excess UV flux. NGC 2682 images have 10 white dwarf detection in far-UV. The far-UV and near-UV images of the massive cluster NGC 2477 have 92 and 576 members, respectively, which will be useful to study the UV properties of stars in the extended turn-off and in various evolutionary stages from main sequence to red clump. Future studies will carry out panchromatic and spectroscopic analysis of noteworthy members detected in this study.
Deep learning for medical image analysis: a brief introduction
Authors: Wiestler Benedikt , Menze Bjoern 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Advances in deep learning have led to the development of neural network algorithms which today rival human performance in vision tasks, such as image classification or segmentation. Translation of these techniques into clinical science has also significantly advanced image analysis in neuro-oncology. This has created a need in the neuro-oncology community for understanding the mechanisms behind neural networks and deep learning, as close interaction of computer scientists and neuro-oncology researchers as well as realistic expectations about the possibilities (and limitations) of the current state-of-the-art is pivotal for successful translation of deep learning techniques into practice. In this review, we will briefly introduce the building blocks of neural networks with a particular focus on convolutional neural networks. We will explain why these networks excel at identifying relevant features and how they learn to associate these imaging features with (clinical) features of interest, such as genotype, or how they automatically segment structures of interest in the image volume. We will also discuss challenges for the more widespread use of these algorithms.