bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
As with depressive disorders, the two most common treatments for anxiety are psychotropic medication and psychotherapy, either individually or in conjunction. Psychotherapy is often the preferred first line of treatment unless the youth is a danger to self or others or is significantly unable to function. This chapter provides an overview of the classes of antianxiety and antidepressant medications (i.e., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines) used for treating different anxiety disorders along with brief information on their side effects. Descriptions are provided of the core components of curriculum and non-curriculum evidence-based and promising practices, including child–parent psychotherapy, trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy, and two computerized therapies. The chapter ends by revisiting the case studies from Chapter 7, reviewing the actual outcomes of the cases and posing questions to prompt further discussion.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) are two of the most problematic mental health disorders due to their prevalence and the disruption that they cause, not only to children’s and adolescent’s lives, but also to the lives of those around them. This chapter presents a description of both disorders and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria for making a diagnosis. The causes and correlates of ODD and CD are described, along with a discussion on neurocognitive deficits and comorbidity with other disorders. Youth in the child welfare system are at a higher risk than other children of having or developing CD or ODD due to the high correlation of these disorders with physical abuse, neglect, poverty, and family dysfunction. Because of the high correlation, implications for foster youth are presented. Chapter 11 concludes with real-life case studies followed by questions for class discussion.
Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a category of mood disorders that result in severe changes in a person’s mood and energy level. This chapter provides an overview of the most current research, causes, signs, symptoms, and diagnostic criteria of bipolar I and bipolar II disorder and cyclothymia. A discussion on the differences in the presentation of symptoms based on child or adolescents developmental level and on differential diagnosis is included. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is described in Chapter 5; however, it is revisited in this chapter because it was added as a new diagnosis beginning with the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to capture youth who experience significant difficulties but do not have the classic symptoms of BD. The chapter ends with an overview of common assessment tools, real-life case studies, and questions for class discussion.
Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
There is currently no cure for bipolar disorder (BD). However, people can recover with proper treatment and lead a satisfying, normal life. Treating BD focuses on controlling and preventing the manic and/or depressive symptoms. Mood stabilizers are the first line of treatment for BD, most often in conjunction with psychosocial therapy. This chapter presents the medications commonly prescribed for treating children and adolescents diagnosed with BD along with their possible side effects. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, family-focused therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy are also presented. Chapter 14 returns to the case studies presented in Chapter 13 and describes the real-life outcomes along with questions for class discussion.
Children and Adolescents with Mental Illness and the Education System
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Since schools play an important role in addressing children’s mental illness and in giving necessary support to children, parents and caregivers have to understand their children’s rights and the laws and regulations that can protect children within school settings. Two federal laws mentioned in this chapter are the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which requires the educational system to give eligible children with disabilities the same opportunities as children without disabilities, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities. Schools are required to accommodate children with disabilities to make sure they receive the same education and resources as their peers. In addition to these laws, school social work professionals working with children with mental health issues need to develop intervention plans that best meet the needs of each specific child. This chapter provides a list of relevant evidence-informed intervention strategies that social workers can refer to in their future practice.
Methodological and Procedural Considerations
Authors: Barner John R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the methodological and procedural aspects of capital litigation. Through a historical and chronological review of legal precedent and procedural changes to capital litigation, it addresses the legacy of change and highlights the era when, due to the Supreme Court decisions in Furman v. Georgia (1972) and Gregg v. Georgia (1976), a moratorium on the death penalty was issued and the constitutionality of capital punishment was under direct judicial scrutiny nationwide. Additional attention is paid to post-Gregg decisions that have transformed capital procedure, limited or expanded its scope, or changed the legal, social, or clinical criteria upon which capital decisions can be based. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the human rights issues brought up by capital punishment in the United States, as well as implications for social workers and other helping professions working within the capital context.
The Criminalization of Poverty
Authors: Larrison Christopher R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the criminalization of poverty and how the criminal justice system is influenced by issues of race and gender. The high rate of incarceration among African American people both parallels and intersects with the disproportionately high rate of poverty. Small fines, fees, and administrative charges have been used since the founding of the United States (U.S.) to perpetuate such poverty, thereby creating an intergenerational feature rooted in the history of this country’s legal system. To wit, the smallest of fees and fines can become cumulative over time and create substantial financial burdens that increase the likelihood of prison time for minor infractions of the law, loss of a vehicle used to maintain employment, and denial of access to federal and state programs ranging from federally supported education loans to access to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistant Program. Moreover, the increasing trend toward work requirements attached to assistance programs effectively stunts individuals’ and families’ opportunity for upward social mobility, exacerbating social stratification. Social workers should advance reformation efforts using a structuralist approach.
The Relevance of Trauma and Secondary Trauma to Death Penalty Cases
Authors: Painter Robyn 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relevance of trauma and secondary trauma to death penalty investigations and investigators. U.S. Supreme Court case law recognizes severe trauma in a client’s life history as a powerful mitigating factor. However, uncovering and working effectively with someone else’s most traumatic moments is a delicate and difficult process in the best of circumstances. This chapter outlines recent case law in this area, practical considerations for capital defense teams, and best practices for establishing rapport and investigating your client’s past trauma. Prophylactic measures practitioners can take for preventing their own secondary trauma is also discussed.
Knowledge
Authors: Della Rocca Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 begins by showing how the explanatory demand with regard to knowledge—what is it in virtue of which a given state is a state of knowledge?—drives so much work in epistemology. As in the cases of the chapters on substance and action, this chapter argues that leading theories of knowledge all fail to meet this explanatory demand. Theories examined include contextualist and non-contextualist theories, as well as knowledge-first theories. Authors criticized include Goldman, Dretske, DeRose, Lewis, Stanley, and Williamson. With the help of another Bradleyan regress argument, the underlying problem in each case is revealed to be the presupposition that one is dealing with differentiated or relational knowledge. As before, the way out of these difficulties is to make a Parmenidean Ascent with regard to knowledge: all is knowledge and there is no differentiated knowledge.
Paradox and the Joy of Self-Undermining
Authors: Della Rocca Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
If the notion of differentiated metaphysical explanation is ruled out as incoherent for the reasons given in chapter 8, then one is not entitled to employ the notion of metaphysical explanation as has been done throughout this book. Thus, the arguments of the earlier chapters are self-undermining. The self-undermining and paradox that is welcomed here is akin to the self-undermining character of Wittgenstein’s claims in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. In throwing away the ladder in the spirit of Wittgenstein, one strips one’s arguments of unintelligible, relational import and one abjures any attempt to make words and sentences match or correspond to an independent world. Freed of this burden of attempted matching, we and our words and sentences are happily now free to play. This brief chapter closes with an exploration of what the significance of this self-undermining Parmenidean Ascent is for us, why it matters.
The Taming of Philosophy
Authors: Della Rocca Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The biggest source of resistance to the Parmenidean Ascent is the implausibility of its radically monistic conclusions. Philosophers have been taught to avoid at almost any cost any such implausible or counterintuitive results. Thus, to complete the defense of the Parmenidean Ascent, it is necessary to weaken the hold of the method of intuition and the related reliance on common sense. This chapter outlines various forms of the method of intuition to be found in thinkers as diverse as Bealer, Lewis, Sider, and also Rawls with his method of reflective equilibrium. The method of intuition is shown to be both unduly conservative and also arbitrary with regard to which opinions are favored. The chapter then explores the historical factors behind the rise of the method of intuition. Here the focus is on the reaction against Bradley by the early analytical philosophers, Moore and Russell, who question-beggingly reject Bradley’s commitment to the PSR.
La Problématique
Authors: Klitgaard Robert 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
An immersion in academic anthropology provides its own culture shocks. Anthropologists have long studied and celebrated indigenous ways of life, diversity, and endogenous change. Yet when asked how to apply that knowledge to make the world better, the question itself becomes the problematic. Whose knowledge, whose idea of better, and who exactly is doing the applying? At the same time, many development practitioners and economists wave away culture as beyond their purview and, anyway, not scientific. If culture is important for many practical reasons and people have been studying culture for many years in many ways, why have the practical applications been so meager and difficult?
Culture and Corruption
Authors: Klitgaard Robert 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Corruption and culture interact in ways that shed light on broader issues of culture and development. New statistical analyses show how various measures of corruption are strongly associated with cultural indicators. These associations lead to fallacious inferences, such as that cultural patterns of corruption imply cultural causation or indicate the need for a wholesale change of culture. It is more helpful to think of clashes of cultural norms within countries. The practical challenge is to reform systems so that the norms opposing harmful corruption have more scope, the norms favoring it less. Also, some “cultures of corruption” can be understood with the help of game theory—and this approach leads to helpful anti-corruption measures. We don’t have to try to “change our culture” to reduce corruption, but we do have to take our culture into account in design and implementation of anti-corruption initiatives. Examples are drawn from Brazil, Niger, and South Sudan.
The First Barriers in the Human Genetic Engineering Debate
Authors: Evans John H. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief history of the eugenics debates up until the 1950s, when the human genetic engineering debate emerged. Midcentury genetic scientists wanted to make distinctions between themselves and the now vilified eugenicists, so they created two barriers: the somatic/germline and the disease/enhancement barrier. Above both was “somatic gene therapy,” which became ethically acceptable, and the subject of medical research. The chapter continues by showing how these barriers were weakened over the decades by both a change in our scientific knowledge and the dominant values used in the debate. By the end of the 20th century they remained standing on the slope, albeit in weakened form.
Conclusion
Authors: Evans John H. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The conclusion begins by summarizing the history of barriers on the slippery slope of the human gene editing debate. A number of more meta-issues that the overall analysis has raised are discussed. First, the chapter analyses whether any barrier can hold in this debate, or whether what is allowable will slide down the slope as our technological abilities grow. The second issue is whether a barrier could be anchored in expertise and authority, instead of rules. This may be possible outside of the United States. Third, the reader is reminded that there is a group of participants in the debate who do not see a slide toward dystopia but a climb to a utopian future. Finally, the chapter discusses generalizations about barriers on slippery slopes that could be applied to other debates.
Union
Authors: Edling Max M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The preamble’s promise of “a more perfect union” suggests that the US Constitution of 1787 aimed to reform the less than perfect union established by the Articles of Confederation of 1781. The framers’ understanding of union was grounded in early modern political ideas about confederations, and their call for reform in their analysis of the flaws of the articles. Their reform of the American union was characterized by both change and continuity. Although the Constitution laid the basis for a federal government founded on popular sovereignty and capable of acting independently of the states, the fundamental purpose of the American union and the remit of the federal government remained the management of intraunion and international affairs. In the reformed American federal union the states still retained the power to regulate the social, economic, and civic life of their citizens and inhabitants with only limited supervision and control from the federal government.
Great Plains
Authors: & Cohen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The chapter “Great Plains” explains about scientific and technological sites of adult interest in Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and South Dakota, including Sedgwick County Zoo, Glore Psychiatric Museum, Hastings Museum, Theodore Roosevelt National Park, Woolaroc, and Mammoth Site. The traveler is provided with essential information, including addresses, telephone numbers, hours of entry, handicapped access, dining facilities, dates open and closed, available public transportation, and websites. Nearly every site included here has been visited by the authors. Although written with scientists in mind, this book is for anyone who likes to travel and visit places of historical and scientific interest. Included are photographs of many sites within each state.
Rocky Mountains
Authors: & Cohen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The chapter “Rocky Mountains” explains about scientific and technological sites of adult interest in Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, including National Center for Atmospheric Research, Idaho Museum of Natural History, Museum of the Rockies, and Yellowstone National Park. The traveler is provided with essential information, including addresses, telephone numbers, hours of entry, handicapped access, dining facilities, dates open and closed, available public transportation, and websites. Nearly every site included here has been visited by the authors. Although written with scientists in mind, this book is for anyone who likes to travel and visit places of historical and scientific interest. Included are photographs of many sites within each state.
The Rule of Law in Outer Space
Authors: Kealotswe-Matlou Icho 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Different approaches must be adopted in the governance of outer space if the rule of law is to be enforced. As international institutions and committees engage on a variety of international space matters, efforts must be made to forge an international cooperative structure or authority that aims to foster collaboration in the effort to develop the rule of law in space. Effectively, the call to govern outer space and enforce the rule of law through concerted efforts of an Outer Space Authority has been echoing through the years. It may be that the existing political climate and the urgent need for a coherent global strategy for exploration of space and to prevent outer space militarization all mean that we are at an opportune moment to once again put forward proposals for the establishment of an independent Outer Space Authority, fully clothed with powers to make binding decisions.
What Should the Space Force Do? Insights from Spacepower Analogies, Doctrine, and Culture
Authors: Hays Peter L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses opportunities and challenges facing the U.S. Space Force, a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces within the Department of the Air Force that was created in December 2019. Major initial priorities for the Space Force include developing space doctrine and incubating a space-minded culture; blunting counterspace threats; improving space acquisition; and accelerating creation of wealth in and from space. To assess the evolution of spacepower doctrine, the chapter uses Dennis Drew’s doctrine tree model and David Lupton’s four schools of thought about the strategic utility of space capabilities: sanctuary, survivability, control, and high ground. The chapter also addresses several cautions and concerns including the relatively small size of the Space Force; significant dissimilarities between creation of the U.S. Air Force in 1947 and the Space Force in 2019; unintended consequences in impeding airpower development from the United Kingdom’s creation of a relatively small and weak Royal Air Force in 1918; and potential concerns stemming from the highly politicized environment that birthed the Space Force. The chapter concludes by reminding readers that new organizations do not guarantee success and by urging application of the right lessons from past missteps.
The Legality of Keep-Out, Operational, and Safety Zones in Outer Space
Authors: Stubbs Matthew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines situations in which, as an exception to the general principle of the freedom of exploration and use of outer space by all States, a State might legally be permitted to declare a keep-out zone in outer space. It commences with two zones that are likely to be legally recognized: those declared by the UN Security Council acting under Chapter VII of the UN Charter and those declared by belligerents in the immediate area of operations in an armed conflict. It then examines the potential application to outer space of exclusion zones similar to those recognized in naval and air warfare. Finally, it examines two zones applicable in peacetime which may develop in space law in the future: a possible space object identification zone based on the air defense identification zone, and possible safety zones for space resource activities on celestial bodies.
A Short History and Thematic Overview
Authors: Ramraj Victor V. , Little Matthew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a short history and epidemiological overview of the Covid-19 pandemic, from its origin in Wuhan, China, to its spread across Asia and around the world. It identifies the five law and policy themes discussed in this book—first wave containment measures; emergency powers; technology, science, and expertise; politics, religion, and governance; and economy, climate, and sustainability—and concludes with some reflections and questions on Asia’s role in formulating responses to a pandemic in particular, and global crises more generally. Although Covid-19 quickly became a global pandemic, a focus on responses in Asia is both practical and intellectually defensible for three main reasons. First, China was the epicentre of the pandemic, which spread throughout January and February to other parts of the region. Second, Asia’s legal and political diversity provides a complex environment in which to study the challenges of policy responses and inter-governmental coordination, even without shifting to the global scale. Finally, Asia’s sheer size complicates matters even further.
China: Community Policing, High-Tech Surveillance, and Authoritarian Durability
Authors: Xu Feng , Liu Qian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses China’s emergency responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. China’s emergency responses reflected a mixture of mass mobilization of political, economic, and social resources, as in war times. However, China’s initial mishandling of the Covid-19 outbreak, primarily at local levels, damaged the world’s trust. China sought world leadership through global propaganda campaigns and “mask diplomacy.” The chapter then investigates China’s legal and social prevention and control mechanisms, most notably community policing and surveillance technology. It also considers serious challenges that emerged in the early stages of the pandemic. China faced numerous challenges to its governance and state capacities, in resuming its economy, getting people employed, and ensuring people’s livelihood in an international context where the US–China relationship is fraught with tension.