bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeled Walleye Regulation Outcomes in a Midwestern Reservoir with Varying Forage and Walleye Density
Authors: Krogman Rebecca M. , Dodd Benjamin J. , Otting Andy , Weber Michael J. , Weber Robert E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In a put-grow-take fishery, management of Walleye Sander vitreus may require length-based regulation and depends on population dynamics such as growth, which in turn depends on forage. Big Creek Lake, an important Iowa Walleye fishery, underwent forage changes twice within two decades. Concurrently, Walleye density changed due to increased stocking and reduced emigration, resulting in four scenarios: (1) low-density Walleye with Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum forage (period A: 1998–2000), (2) low-density Walleye with centrarchid or percid forage (period B: 2006–2008), (3) high-density Walleye with centrarchid or percid forage (period C: 2013–2015), and (4) high-density Walleye with Gizzard Shad forage (period D: 2019). We examined Walleye population dynamics and relative effects of four length-based regulations during each period. Walleye in Big Creek Lake likely experienced density-dependent effects when Walleye density was high and Gizzard Shad were absent, resulting in depressed growth, low condition, increased natural mortality, reduced exploitation, and ineffectiveness of regulations. At lower Walleye densities, the centrarchid or percid forage supported Walleye growth and condition equivalent to when Gizzard Shad were present. Fishing regulations for enhancing Walleye size distribution or yield differed over time due to shifting population dynamics and angler exploitation and were notably ineffective during period C. The preferred regulation for the current scenario (high-density Walleye with Gizzard Shad) depends on angler preferences for higher catch or larger fish. Big Creek Lake’s Walleye fishery provided a useful demonstration of how rapidly a population can respond to changes in density and forage and, therefore, how dynamic fishery management needs to be.
Investigations on effectiveness of transfer layer on specific wear rate and coefficient of friction during dry sliding of hybrid polymer matrix composites
Authors: Subramanian Kalaiselvan , Ramasubramanian Sarala , Selvam Baskaran , Rajaram Prithivirajan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe formation of transfer layer especially in polymer‐based composites is unavoidable and essential to investigate the effectiveness of transfer layer under working conditions as it decides the material removal between mating parts. The main aim of the present work is to analyze the performance of transfer layer on specific wear rate (SWR) and coefficient of friction (COF) during dry sliding of hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN)/prosopis juliflora (PJ) reinforced polymer matrix composite. The mechanical test results exhibited that 136.4%, 145.7%, and 106.2% improvement in hardness, tensile and flexural properties of the hybrid composites compared to pure epoxy. Pin on disc wear test results showed that 15 wt% of h‐BN and 5 wt% of PJ reinforced hybrid composite produced better wear performance of minimum COF as 0.0912 and SWR as 0.0000151 mm3/Nm. ANOVA analysis results showed that load is major contributing parameter on COF and SWR and their percentage of contribution as 25.40% and 79.38% respectively. Worn surface analysis revealed that the reason behind transfer layer formation and its effectiveness under sliding conditions. The major wear mechanisms are identified as micro cutting and micro plowing followed by matrix crack, fiber debonding, and fiber pull out.
Distance‐based reconstruction of protein quaternary structures from inter‐chain contacts
Authors: Soltanikazemi Elham , Quadir Farhan , Roy Raj S , Guo Zhiye , Cheng Jianlin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPredicting the quaternary structure of protein complex is an important problem. Inter‐chain residue‐residue contact prediction can provide useful information to guide the ab initio reconstruction of quaternary structures. However, few methods have been developed to build quaternary structures from predicted inter‐chain contacts. Here, we develop the first method based on gradient descent optimization (GD) to build quaternary structures of protein dimers utilizing inter‐chain contacts as distance restraints. We evaluate GD on several datasets of homodimers and heterodimers using true/predicted contacts and monomer structures as input. GD consistently performs better than both simulated annealing and Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation. Starting from an arbitrarily quaternary structure randomly initialized from the tertiary structures of protein chains and using true inter‐chain contacts as input, GD can reconstruct high‐quality structural models for homodimers and heterodimers with average TM‐score ranging from 0.92 to 0.99 and average interface root mean square distance from 0.72 Å to 1.64 Å. On a dataset of 115 homodimers, using predicted inter‐chain contacts as restraints, the average TM‐score of the structural models built by GD is 0.76. For 46% of the homodimers, high‐quality structural models with TM‐score ≥ 0.9 are reconstructed from predicted contacts. There is a strong correlation between the quality of the reconstructed models and the precision and recall of predicted contacts. Only a moderate precision or recall of inter‐chain contact prediction is needed to build good structural models for most homodimers. Moreover, GD improves the quality of quaternary structures predicted by AlphaFold2 on a Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction–Critical Assessments of Predictions of Interactions dataset.
Controlled‐release granules for the delivery of pymetrozine to roots of transplanted rice seedlings with decreased phytotoxicity and enhanced control efficacy against paddy planthoppers
Authors: Hao Fengjiao , Liu Xiaohui , Yuan Huizhu , Yan Xiaojing , Yang Daibin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDSeedling transplanting is widely used in rice cultivation. Systemic insecticides can be delivered to seedling roots by application through rice seedling boxes before transplanting. The most challenging aspect is to provide long‐term control of rice pests and overcome transplanting shock. Precise control of the release rate of insecticide can meet these requirements. Pymetrozine is a promising insecticide used for the control of rice planthoppers resistant to neonicotinoid insecticides.RESULTSIn this study, four controlled‐release granular formulations of pymetrozine were prepared based on a mixture of cost‐effective and biodegradable kaolin and xanthan gum or a mixture of calcined kaolin and xanthan gum. Fluorescence images showed that different 3D networks were formed in the four granular formulations. The four granular formulations showed different water uptake rates and release rates of pymetrozine in water. Pymetrozine release rate was positively correlated with the water uptake capacity, rather than the water uptake rate of granules. Diffusion was the dominant mechanism for the release of pymetrozine from granules. Pymetrozine was found to reduce the survival of transplanted rice seedlings suffering from transplanting shock. Incorporating pymetrozine in controlled‐release granules alleviated this phytotoxicity. The survival rate of rice seedlings in granular pymetrozine treatments ranged 68.8–85.0%, whereas the survival rate was <50% for powdered pymetrozine treatments. Additionally, four prepared granule formulations had a significant control effect on rice planthopper with efficacies ranging from 76.7% to 98.0% 40 days after seedling box treatment.CONCLUSIONSThe granule with an intermediate release rate of pymetrozine was shown to be more suitable for seedling box treatment than field application and traditional liquid spraying for the long‐term control of paddy planthoppers. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Confirmed polyphyly, generic recircumscription and typification of Dysoxylum (Meliaceae), with revised disposition of currently accepted species
Authors: Holzmeyer Laura , Hauenschild Frank , Mabberley David J. , Muellner‐Riehl Alexandra N. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe hypothesis that Dysoxylum (Meliaceae), as currently circumscribed, is polyphyletic is tested. Analyses based on nuclear ribosomal ITS, ETS, the plastid trnL‐trnF intron and intergenic spacer, as well as the rps15‐ycf1 intergenic spacer support this hypothesis. Six strongly supported clades within Dysoxylum s.l. were recovered, in large part supporting the classification of Harms. Based on the largest molecular phylogenetic tree hitherto assembled, and morphological considerations, a revised disposition of 94 currently recognized Dysoxylum species, is presented, reinstating the genera Didymocheton, Epicharis, Goniocheton, Prasoxylon and Pseudocarapa. The first valid publication of the generic name Dysoxylum is identified, and it is typified with D. macrocarpum. Forty‐three new combinations at species level and two at infraspecific are proposed; Didymocheton nutans, Dysoxylum alatum, D. pachyphyllum, Epicharis, Trichilia spectabilis and T. alliacea (second step) are lectotypified.
Insights into structure of metal nanomaterials in reactive environments
Authors: Han Yu , Duan Xinyi , Zhu Beien , Gao Yi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMetal nanomaterials are of great importance in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. In general, the catalytic performances of metal nanomaterials are determined by the structures. However, far from being static, dynamic reconstruction of metal nanomaterials constantly occurs in reactive environments, resulting in different catalytic activities. This review summarizes the latest progress of theoretical understanding of the driving forces for the structural changes. In the first part, some typical ex situ and in situ experimental observations of catalysts in reactive environments are briefly introduced, including the changes of shape, size, and alloy composition of metal or bimetallic nanomaterials. Next, we review the state‐of‐the‐art advancement of the theoretical calculations and simulation methods to understand these experimental observations, and categorize them according to the different driving forces, for example, the oxidation and reduction effects, adsorption‐induced reconstruction. Moreover, this review provides many examples for the quantitative agreement between theoretical modeling and experimental observations, which indicates the potential applications for the rational design of high‐performance metal nanocatalysts in real reactions.This article is categorized under:
Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures
Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Drivers and Properties of Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Koskinen Hannu E. J. , Kilpua Emilia K. J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHow different wave modes are driven, is a central issue in space plasma physics. A practical problem is that often only indirect evidence of the driver can be identified in observations. The plasma environment is complex and variable and already a small difference in background or initial conditions may lead to widely different observable outcomes. In this chapter we discuss drivers of waves causing acceleration, transport and loss of radiation belt particles, whereas Chap. 6 discusses these effects in detail. We note that while this division is motivated in a textbook, it is somewhat artificial and the growth of the waves and their consequences often need to be studied together. For example, a whistler-mode wave can grow from thermal fluctuations due to gyro-resonant interactions until a marginally stable state is reached or nonlinear growth takes over. The growing wave starts to interact with different particle populations leading to damping or further growth of the wave. The fluxes of the higher-energy radiation belt particles are, however, small compared to the lower-energy background population, which supports the wave. Thus their effects on the overall wave activity usually remain small, although the waves can have drastic effect on higher-energy populations. Consequently, these two chapters should be studied together.
Particle Source and Loss Processes
Authors: Koskinen Hannu E. J. , Kilpua Emilia K. J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe main sources of charged particles in the Earth’s inner magnetosphere are the Sun and the Earth’s ionosphere. Furthermore, the Galactic cosmic radiation is an important source of protons in the inner radiation belt, and roughly every 13 years, when the Earth and Jupiter are connected via the interplanetary magnetic field, a small number of electrons originating from the magnetosphere of Jupiter are observed in the near-Earth space. The energies of solar wind and ionospheric plasma particles are much smaller than the particle energies in radiation belts. A major scientific task is to understand the transport and acceleration processes leading to the observed populations up to relativistic energies. Equally important is to understand the losses of the charged particles. The great variability of the outer electron belt is a manifestation of the continuously changing balance between source and loss mechanisms, whereas the inner belt is much more stable.
Full NLO predictions for vector-boson scattering into Z bosons and its irreducible background at the LHC
Authors: Denner Ansgar , Franken Robert , Pellen Mathieu , Schmidt Timo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Vector-boson scattering into two Z bosons at the LHC is a key channel for the exploration of the electroweak sector of the Standard Model. It allows for the full reconstruction of the scattering process but at the price of a huge irreducible background. For the first time, we present full next-to-leading-order predictions for pp → e+e−μ+μ−jj + X including all electroweak and QCD contributions for vector-boson scattering signal and irreducible background. The results are presented in the form of cross sections and differential distributions. A particular emphasis is put on the newly computed ($$ {\alpha}_{\mathrm{s}}^2 $$

α
s
2

α5) corrections.
Branes, fermions, and superspace dualities
Authors: Retolaza Ander , Rogers Jamie , Tatar Radu , Tonioni Flavio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We use the superspace formulation of supergravity in eleven and ten dimensions to compute fermion couplings on the M2-brane and on Dp-branes. In this formulation fermionic couplings arise naturally from the θ-expansion of the superfields from which the brane actions are constructed. The techniques we use and develop can in principle be applied to determine the fermionic couplings to general background fields up to arbitrary order. Starting with the superspace formulation of 11-dimensional supergravity, we use a geometric technique known as the ‘normal coordinate’ method to obtain the θ-expansion of the M2-brane action. We then present a method which allows us to translate the knowledge of fermionic couplings on the M2-brane to knowledge of such couplings on the D2-brane, and then to any Dp-brane. This method is based on superspace generalizations of both the compactification taking 11-dimensional supergravity to type IIA supergravity and the T-duality rules connecting the type IIA and type IIB supergravities.
Viewpoint placement for inspection planning
Authors: Gospodnetić Petra , Mosbach Dennis , Rauhut Markus , Hagen Hans 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInspection planning approaches so far have focused on automatically obtaining an optimal set of viewpoints required to cover a given object. While research has provided interesting results, the automatic inspection planning has still not been made a part of the everyday inspection system development process. This is mostly because the plans are difficult to verify and it is impossible to compare them to laboratory-developed plans. In this work, we give an overview of available generate-and-test approaches, evaluate their results for various objects and finally compare them to plans created by inspection system development experts. The comparison emphasizes both benefits and downsides of automated approaches and highlights problems which need to be tackled in the future in order to make the automated inspection planning more applicable.
GC/EI-MS method for the determination of phytosterols in vegetable oils
Authors: Schlag Sarah , Huang Yining , Vetter Walter 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSterols are a highly complex group of lipophilic compounds present in the unsaponifiable matter of virtually all living organisms. In this study, we developed a novel gas chromatography with mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring (GC/MS-SIM) method for the comprehensive analysis of sterols after saponification and silylation. A new referencing system was introduced by means of a series of saturated fatty acid pyrrolidides (FAPs) as internal standards. Linked with retention time locking (RTL), the resulting FAP retention indices (RIFAP) of the sterols could be determined with high precision. The GC/MS-SIM method was based on the parallel measurement of 17 SIM ions in four time windows. This set included eight molecular ions and seven diagnostic fragment ions of silylated sterols as well as two abundant ions of FAPs. Altogether, twenty molecular ions of C27- to C31-sterols with 0–3 double bonds were included in the final method. Screening of four common vegetable oils (sunflower oil, hemp oil, rapeseed oil, and corn oil) enabled the detection of 30 different sterols and triterpenes most of which could be identified.
Graphical abstract
Quorum quenchers affect the virulence regulation of non-mucoid, mucoid and heavily mucoid biofilms co-cultured on cell lines
Authors: Kalgudi Rachith , Tamimi Roya , Kyazze Godfrey , Keshavarz Tajalli 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBiofilm formation conferring pathogenicity is a survival strategy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa’s virulence may differ due to differences in host-microbe interactions and the growth environment. The epithelial cell line within the respiratory system and the keratinocytes on the skin form the first physical barrier of defence. P. aeruginosa spp. biofilm formation and virulence factor secretion with and without quorum quenching (QQ) treatment was studied in co-culture using A549 and HaCaT cell lines; pyocyanin and rhamnolipid productions and elastolytic activity as virulence factors were quantified by independent assays. Biofilm formation was evaluated under dynamic conditions by quantifying total carbohydrates, alginate, proteins and eDNA. A sandwich ELISA was performed to study IL-8 secretion by the epithelial cells. The difference in gene expression of the quorum sensing (QS) and virulence factors between strains during individual and combination treatments was analysed by qPCR. Combination treatment by farnesol and tyrosol was more effective against P. aeruginosa biofilms when grown in co-cultures. The strain RBHi was found to be 3 to 4 times more virulent compared to PAO1 and NCTC 10,662, respectively, and combination treatment was more effective against RBHi strain when grown in co-culture with A549 cell line. The addition of quorum quenchers (QQs) individually and in combination reduced IL-8 secretion by A549 cells. Relative mRNA expression showed upregulation of the QS genes and virulence factors. Co-culture of P. aeruginosa and HaCaT cell line showed a general decrease in gene expression, especially in the case of P. aeruginosa RBHi when treated with farnesol and tyrosol combination.Key points• Differentiating the interactions of biofilm formed by different phenotypes of P. aeruginosa, NCTC 10,662 (non-mucoid), PAO1 (semi mucoid) and RBHi (heavily mucoid).• Biofilm formed by these P. aeruginosa strains on two commonly afflicted tissues represented by A549 (lung) and HaCaT (skin) cell lines.• Anti-biofilm/anti-virulence roles of quorum quenchers, tyrosol and farnesol in co-cultures.
Evaluation of factors influencing the eradication of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) from Point Thomas Oasis, King George Island, Maritime Antarctica
Authors: Galera Halina , Znój Anna , Chwedorzewska Katarzyna J. , Wódkiewicz Maciej 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFrom 2014 to 2018, we performed three on-site eradication actions of Poa annua occurring on King George Island. We aimed at (1) assessing the population response to eradication efforts, (2) evaluating the campaign success, and (3) identifying the most important factors likely to influence eradication success. The first partial eradication action reduced the initial population of around 1500 tussocks to around 1100 tussocks with less than 4 m2 canopy area. In treated locations, we observed high re-establishment where no soil removal was performed, while only a marginal recruitment where plants were removed with associated soil. In the 2017/2018 season, we recorded over 1800 tussocks, which all were subsequently removed. Performing eradication according to the prescribed scheme (plant and soil removal) should result in eradication success. We evaluate that the probability of successful eradication of the population is high because of small size and number of separate infestation sites, complete spatial and ecological isolation of infestation, high accessibility of target population, and well-known current location of infestation sites. The factors which reduce the likelihood of eradication success are long reaction time, high adaptation of the species to new environmental conditions, and high propagule longevity. Reinvasion possibility and frequent personnel changes in the eradication team resulting in varying levels of personnel awareness and experience may also negatively influence eradication success. An invasion, not managed for many years, may still be targeted, but its successful eradication depends on the “human factor”, which may drive the success of the action in opposing directions.
Effects of Arctic sea ice in autumn on extreme cold events over the Tibetan Plateau in the following winter: possible mechanisms
Authors: Bi Miao , Li Qingquan , Yang Song , Guo Dong , Shen Xinyong , Sun Xiaoting 
Published: October 2021

AbstractExtreme cold events (ECEs) on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) exert serious impacts on agriculture and animal husbandry and are important drivers of ecological and environmental changes. We investigate the temporal and spatial characteristics of the ECEs on the TP and the possible effects of Arctic sea ice. The daily observed minimum air temperature at 73 meteorological stations on the TP during 1980–2018 and the BCC_AGCM3_MR model are used. Our results show that the main mode of winter ECEs over the TP exhibits the same spatial variation and interannual variability across the whole region and is affected by two wave trains originating from the Arctic. The southern wave train is controlled by the sea ice in the Beaufort Sea. It initiates in the Norwegian Sea, and then passes through the North Atlantic Ocean, the Arabian Sea, and the Bay of Bengal along the subtropical westerly jet stream. It enters the TP from the south and brings warm, humid air from the oceans. By contrast, the northern wave train is controlled by the sea ice in the Laptev Sea. It originates from the Barents and Kara seas, passes through Lake Baikal, and enters the TP from the north, bringing dry and cold air. A decrease in the sea ice in the Beaufort Sea causes positive potential height anomalies in the Arctic. This change enhances the pressure gradient between the Artic and the mid-latitudes, leading to westerly winds in the northern TP, which block the intrusion of cold air into the south. By contrast, a decrease in the sea ice in the Laptev Sea causes negative potential height anomalies in the Artic. This change reduces the pressure gradient between the Artic and the mid-latitudes, leading to easterly winds to the north of the TP, which favors the southward intrusion of cold polar air. A continuous decrease in the amount of sea ice in the Beaufort Sea would reduce the frequency of ECEs over the TP and further aggravate TP warming in winter.