bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of sildenafil and other phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors among pregnant women in Scandinavia
Authors: Cesta Carolyn E. , Segovia Chacón Silvia , Engeland Anders , Broe Anne , Damkier Per , Furu Kari , Kieler Helle , Karlsson Pär 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroductionFor phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, such as sildenafil, the only approved indication in women is for pulmonary arterial hypertension. These drugs are increasingly being proposed and tested for treatment of female infertility and complications in pregnancy. However, the extent of use of PDE5 inhibitors in the general pregnant population over the last decades is unknown. Therefore, we conducted a descriptive cohort study using data from the population health registers in the Scandinavian countries.Material and methodsBy linking the Medical Birth Registers and the Prescribed Drug Registers in Denmark (1997–2017), Norway (2004–2017), and Sweden (2006–2016), women with filled prescriptions of PDE5 inhibitors in outpatient settings in the 90 days before the date of last menstrual period and/or during pregnancies were identified. With additional linkage to the National Patient Registers, information on maternal, pregnancy, and infant characteristics, co‐morbidities, and co‐medication was collected and described.ResultsAmong over 3 million singleton pregnancies, only 77 were pregnancies in women who had at least one filled prescription of a PDE5 inhibitor within the 90 days before the start of pregnancy to delivery. Prescription fills most often occurred before the last menstrual period and in the first trimester, with very few occurring later in pregnancy. Sildenafil was the most used PDE5 inhibitor. Among pregnant women using PDE5 inhibitors, 44% were 35 years of age or older, eight had a cardiovascular diagnosis, and three specifically had a diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Among the infants born to mothers using PDE5 inhibitors, nine were born preterm, six were small‐for‐gestational age, five had an Apgar score at 5 minutes below 8, 18 were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and eight had respiratory and cardiovascular conditions.ConclusionsFew women used PDE5 inhibitors in outpatient settings before or during pregnancy in the Scandinavian countries in the last decades. Only a small proportion had a diagnosis for pulmonary arterial hypertension, suggesting off‐label use in the remaining users. Use was predominantly in mothers over age 35 years. The safety of fetal exposure to sildenafil and other PDE5 inhibitors in pregnancy has not been established. As maternal age continues to increase and additional uses of PDE5 inhibitors are investigated, the safety of these drugs in pregnancy should be thoroughly evaluated.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: effect of inflammatory bowel disease therapy on lipid levels
Authors: Sleutjes Jasmijn A. M. , Roeters van Lennep Jeanine E. , Boersma Eric , Menchen Luis A. , Laudes Matthias , Farkas Klaudia , Molnár Tamás , Kennedy Nicholas Alexander , Pierik Marieke J. , van der Woude C. Janneke , de Vries Annemarie C. 
Published: August 2021

SummaryBackgroundIncrease in lipid levels associated with the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has previously been reported. However, it is unknown if this effect is similar for all IBD drug classes.AimTo precisely assess the effect of different IBD drug classes on lipid profilesMethodsWe performed a systematic literature search of randomised controlled trials and observational cohort studies that assessed lipid levels before and after induction (≤10 weeks) and maintenance (>10 weeks) of IBD treatment. Data of 11 studies (1663 patients) were pooled using random effects models. The influence of patient and disease characteristics on treatment effects on total cholesterol levels was analysed in 6 studies (1211 patients) for which individual data were available, using linear mixed models.ResultsA statistically significant increase in total cholesterol was observed after induction treatment with corticosteroids (+1.19 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval [CI95] +0.52 to +2.59), and tofacitinib (+0.66 mmol/L, CI95 +0.42 to +0.79), but not after anti−TNFα treatment (−0.11 mmol/L, CI95 −0.26 to +0.36 mmol/L). Similar differences were observed after maintenance treatment. Treatment effects were significantly related to age, but not with other factors. Lipid changes were inversely correlated with but not modified by CRP changes.ConclusionsIncrease in total cholesterol levels was strongest for corticosteroids followed by tofacitinib but was not observed for anti‐TNFα agents. Whether total cholesterol change associated with IBD treatment has an effect on cardiovascular risk requires further study.
Gene editing of human embryos is not contrary to human rights law: A reply to Drabiak
Authors: Boggio Andrea , Yotova Rumiana 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn an article in this journal, Katherine Drabiak argues that green lighting genome editing of human embryos is contrary to “fundamental human rights law.” According to the author, genome editing of human embryos violates what we should recognize as a fundamental human right to inherit a genome without deliberate manipulation. In this reply article, we assess Drabiak's legal analysis and show methodological and substantive flaws. Methodologically, her analysis omits the key international legal instruments that form the so‐called International Bill of Rights and thus fails to provide a full and accurate account of the fundamental international human rights standards. Substantively, Drabiak invokes, as a basis for prohibiting gene editing of human embryos, a legal standard (the rights and integrity of the future child) that is unknown to international law. Contrary to Drabiak's account, genome editing of human embryos is not prohibited under international law. Indeed, the right to health and the right to benefit from scientific progress may be interpreted as the basis of a legal duty to provide equality of access to germline gene editing, once determined it is beneficial and safe to use.
Meal patterning and the onset of spontaneous labor
Authors: Nulty Alison K. , Bovbjerg Marit L. , Herring Amy H. , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria , Thorp John M. , Evenson Kelly R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere is a lack of consensus in the literature about the association between meal patterning during pregnancy and birth outcomes. This study examined whether maternal meal patterning in the week before birth was associated with an increased likelihood of imminent spontaneous labor.MethodsData came from 607 participants in the third phase of the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study (PIN3). Data were collected through an interviewer‐administered questionnaire after birth, before hospital discharge. Questions included the typical number of meals and snacks consumed daily, during both the week before labor onset and the 24‐hour period before labor onset. A self‐matched, case‐crossover study design examined the association between skipping one or more meals and the likelihood of spontaneous labor onset within the subsequent 24 hours.ResultsAmong women who experienced spontaneous labor, 87.0% reported routinely eating three daily meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) during the week before their labor began, but only 71.2% reported eating three meals during the 24‐hour period before their labor began. Compared with the week before their labor, the odds of imminent spontaneous labor were 5.43 times as high (95% CI: 3.41‐8.65) within 24 hours of skipping 1 or more meals. The association between skipping 1 or more meals and the onset of spontaneous labor remained elevated for both pregnant individuals who birthed early (37‐<39 weeks) and full‐term (≥39 weeks).ConclusionsSkipping meals later in pregnancy was associated with an increased likelihood of imminent spontaneous labor, though we are unable to rule out reverse causality.
Remote vocational learning opportunities—A comparative eye‐tracking investigation of educational 2D videos versus 360° videos for car mechanics
Authors: Hekele Felix , Spilski Jan , Bender Simon , Lachmann Thomas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study utilises a novel approach to investigate the effectiveness of different learning modalities by combining video‐based learning with eye‐tracking. An excerpt taken from a vocational education instruction for car mechanics was videotaped using two different cameras: a standard 2D video camera and a professional 360° camera. The video recorded with the 2D camera was presented on a tablet, with a fixed angle, whereas the video recorded with the 360° camera was presented as non‐interactive 3DoF virtual reality (nVR) environment using a head‐mounted display. In both conditions, participants’ fixation patterns were recorded and analysed in conjunction with a set of standardised questionnaires. Participants (N = 48) were randomly assigned to either the 2D‐video group or the nVR group, with 23 participants in the 2D‐video and 25 participants in the nVR group. The task of the participants in both groups was to watch the educational video while wearing an eye‐tracker and then complete a standardised test on the presented content. The eye‐tracking data indicated that participants in the nVR group showed longer total fixation durations on the instructor, but not other areas of interest, compared to the 2D video group. The standardised test indicated no differences in learning outcome between the groups. Implications from the current study as well as limitations and a outlook for further research will be discussed.
Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic

Virtual reality (VR) technology is getting more commonplace in educational settings.
It is unclear whether VR‐based learning holds clear benefits over more traditional approaches such as hands‐on‐training or video‐based learning.
What this paper adds

This paper adds a comparison of two common video‐based teaching techniques and compares them in respect to learning outcome and learner's attention.
The novelty of the current paper is the addition of eye‐tracking in both tablet‐based and HMD‐based learning scenarios to investigate learners' visual attention.
Describes potential attention benefits of 360° videos compared to 2D videos despite no differences in learning outcome directly.
Implications for practice and/or policy

Results highlight the potential of placing more focus on social factors in 360° video material.
Future 360° videos and VR environments can add additional focus on instructors or other socially relevant aspects to foster student learning and engagement.
Equality data as immoral race politics: A case study of liberal, colour‐blind, and antiracialist opposition to equality data in Sweden
Authors: Wikström Peter , Hübinette Tobias 
Published: August 2021

This study concerns discursive mobilisations of race and racism in the Swedish debate on equality data, in the case of a controversial statement made by a Swedish Green Party MP. In March 2019, female Muslim MP Leila Ali Elmi argued publicly for introducing equality data in Sweden, in opposition to prevailing colour‐blind and antiracialist norms. Her statement was controversially formulated in terms of ‘registering’ people ‘by race’, leading to forceful criticism in the mainstream press and on social media, particularly on Twitter. In a material representing this criticism, we analyse discourse participants’ argumentative strategies, focusing on mobilisations of race and racism as acts of subject positioning, performative of a moral identity. Participants positioned themselves as morally righteous, liberal antiracists by virtue of their own antiracialism (Goldberg, 2009, The threat of race. Wiley‐Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ) and colour‐blindness (Bonilla‐Silva, 2010, Racism without racists. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MA), while constructing equality data as a racist practice, and as a threat to a liberal order. They also constructed advocates of equality data, and specifically Ali Elmi herself, as being irrational race ideologues, to be morally condemned for espousing a return to racial thinking comparable to that of German Nazism or scientific racism. The findings point to the exceptional status and character of what we call a colour‐blind antiracialism in Sweden, and further show how far ‘liberal arguments for illiberal ends’ can go in reinforcing a moral status quo and counteracting antiracist reform.
Identification of ruthenium (II) complexes with furan‐substituted ligands as possible antibacterial agents against Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Liao Xiangwen , Wang Jing , Jiang Guijuan , Lingyu Mao , Jiang Guangbin , Wang Jintao , Huang Bin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe growing burden of antibiotic resistance worldwide calls for developing new classes of antimicrobial strategy. Recently years, the use of adjuvants that rescue antibiotics identified as a promising strategy for overcoming bacterial resistance. In this study, three ruthenium complexes functionalized with furan‐substituted ligands([Ru(phen)2(CAPIP)](ClO4)2 (Ru(Ⅱ)‐1), [Ru(dmp)2(CAPIP)](ClO4)2 (Ru(Ⅱ)‐2) and [Ru(dmb)2(CAPIP)](ClO4)2 (Ru(Ⅱ)‐3) (dmb=4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine, phen=1,10‐phenanthroline, dmp=2,9‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline, CAPIP=(E)‐2‐ (2‐(furan‐2‐yl)vinyl)‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]phenanthroline)) were designed and synthesized. The antimicrobial activities of all compounds against S. aureus were assessed by growth inhibition assays. The MIC values of three complexes range from 0.015 to 0.050 mg/ml. Subsequently, the Ru(II)‐2 complexes which exhibited strongest antibacterial activity were further tested against bacteria biofilms formation and toxin secretion. In addition, aimed to test whether ruthenium complexes have potential value as antimicrobial adjuvants, the synergism between Ru(Ⅱ)‐2 and some antibiotics against S. aureus were examined through checkerboard method. Interestingly, Ru(Ⅱ)‐2 could not only effectively inhibit biofilms formation of S. aureus and inhibit the hemolysin toxin secretion, but also selectivity show synergism with two common antibiotics. More importantly, mouse infection study also verified Ru(Ⅱ)‐2 were highly effective against S. aureus in vivo.
O‐prenylated carbostyrils as a novel class of 15‐lipoxygenase inhibitors: Synthesis, characterization, and inhibitory assessment
Authors: Alavi Seyed Jamal , Zebarjadi Amir , Bafghi Mahdi Hosseini , Orafai Hossein , Sadeghian Hamid 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCatalyzed peroxidation of unsaturated lipid in animals and plants intimately is linked to the activity of 15‐Lipoxygenase enzymes. Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are well known to play an important role in many acute and chronic syndromes such as inflammation, asthma, cancer, and allergy. In this study, a series of mono prenyloxycarbostyrils were synthesized and evaluated as potential inhibitors of soybean 15‐Lipoxygenase (SLO) and their inhibitory potencies were compared to mono prenyloxycoumarins which had been reported in the previous works. The synthetic compounds inhibit lipoxygenase enzyme by competitive mechanism like the prenyloxy coumarins. The results showed that position and length of the prenyl moiety play the important role in lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Among all of the synthetic compounds (coumarin and carbostyril derivatives), 5‐farnesyloxycoumarin and 8‐farnesyloxycarbostyril demonstrated the best inhibitory activity by IC50 values of 1.1 µM and 0.53 µM, respectively.
Green synthesis and characterization of Solanum xanthocarpum capped silver nanoparticles and its antimicrobial effect on multidrug‐resistant bacterial (MDR) isolates
Authors: Pungle Rohini , Nile Shivraj Hariram , Kharat Arun S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPlant extracts and their bioactive compounds are considered as the promising options for green synthesis of nanoparticles instead expensive and hazardous materials. Here, Solanum xanthocarpum fruit was used for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP). The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by using chromatographic and spectroscopic analytical methods. AgNPs were confirmed by UV‐visible absorbance at 420–470 nm. TEM analysis showed AgNP with 22.45 nm average size. X‐ray diffraction studies revealed the crystalline and face central cubic nature of AgNPs. FTIR analysis revealed functional group present over AgNPs. The aminodiphenyl acetic acid, clomipramine, and fonisopril from fruit extracts were found to be major capping agents on AgNPs as a result of analysis by HRLC‐MS. All clinical isolates showed resistance for ampicilline, amoxyclav, niladixic acid, and sulphafurazole, suggesting multidrug resistance. The results showed that all isolates were sensitive to AgNPs synthesized fruit extracts. On the contrary, all isolates were resistant to whole S. xanthocarpum fruit extracts alone. The antimicrobial activity of AgNP was explored against multidrug‐resistant (MDR) Gram‐negative clinical isolates including Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Aeronomonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp. MIC values ranged between 1.25 mg/ml and 2.5 mg/ml at 8 McFarland's standards. Minimum bactericidal concentration was found to be in between 2.5 mg/ml to 5 mg/ml. Nanoparticles synthesized from fruit extract of S. xanthocarpum containing aminodiphenyl acetic acid, clomipramine, and fonisopril metabolites exhibit promising antimicrobial activity against MDR Gram‐negative clinical isolates.
A molecular phylogeny of Thuridilla Bergh, 1872 sea slugs (Gastropoda, Sacoglossa) reveals a case of flamboyant and cryptic radiation in the marine realm
Authors: Martín‐Hervás María del Rosario , Carmona Leila , Malaquias Manuel António E. , Krug Patrick J. , Gosliner Terrence M. , Cervera Juan Lucas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe genus Thuridilla Bergh, 1872 comprises mostly tropical sap‐sucking sea slugs species with flamboyantly coloured forms. However, the potential for cryptic or pseudocryptic species masked by convergent or polymorphic colour patterns has not been tested using molecular characters. In this study, we sampled 20 of the 23 recognized worldwide species and performed the most comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus to date using a multi‐locus approach combining two mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, 16S rRNA) and two nuclear (Histone H3, 28S rRNA) genes using maximum likelihood, maximum‐parsimony and Bayesian criteria. Three molecular species delimitation methods (ABGD, GMYC, bPTP) and the morphology of radular teeth were additionally used to aid in species delimitation. Our analyses supported 35 species within Thuridilla, of which more than one‐third (13) are part of a single radiation here named the Thuridilla gracilis (Risbec, 1928) species‐complex. This complex includes T. gracilis, T. splendens (Baba, 1949), T. bayeri (Er. Marcus, 1965), and T. ratna (Er. Marcus, 1965), plus nine additional undescribed species. All 13 species are distinguishable by radular characters, external morphology and their DNA. The detection of this radiation led diversity of Thuridilla to be underestimated by about 25% and provides a new comparative system for studying the role of colour patterns in marine diversification.
Frequency of persistent obesity 5 years after first time diagnosis of status asthmaticus
Authors: Krawiec Conrad , Fang Xinying , Zhou Shouhao , Williams Duane , Thomas Neal J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesWhen a severe asthma exacerbation occurs in an obese pediatric patient, it is unknown if this body type persists in future encounters. Persistent obesity can lead to future asthma exacerbations. The main study objective is to evaluate the persistence of a BMI percentile ≥85th in children 5 years after the first reported diagnosis of status asthmaticus. We hypothesized that a hospital admission for status asthmaticus was associated with persistence of a BMI percentile ≥85th.MethodsThis was a long‐term retrospective observational cohort study utilizing TriNetX ® electronic health record (EHR) data. We included subjects aged 2 to 18 years of age with a diagnosis of status asthmaticus. Study population was divided into two groups based on their admission body mass index percentile: (underweight/healthy weight [<85th percentile] and overweight/obese [≥85th percentile]) and evaluated for the following outcomes: age, race, ethnicity, diagnostic codes, and BMI percentiles (initially and 5 years after diagnosis of status asthmaticus).ResultsA total of 129 subjects (n%) (76 [58.9%] underweight/healthy weight and 53 [41.1%] overweight/obese) were included. Children that were initially overweight/obese with status asthmaticus had significantly increased odds of continuing to be overweight/obese 5 years after diagnosis compared to children who were underweight/healthy weight at baseline (OR = 7.50 [95% confidence interval, 3.20–17.60; p < 0.001]).ConclusionsOverweight/obese asthmatic children are at risk of continuing to be obese several years after being diagnosed with status asthmaticus. This study reinforces the notion that when an asthmatic obese child presents with status asthmaticus, a thorough evaluation of nutrition, physical activity, and asthma control should be considered to reduce the risk of persistent obesity and possibly future asthma exacerbations.
“Real‐world” first‐episode psychosis care in Massachusetts: Lessons learned from a pilot implementation of harmonized data collection
Authors: Kline Emily R. , Johnson Kelsey A. , Szmulewicz Alejandro , Davis Beshaun J. , Sanders Aliyah S. , Friedman‐Yakoobian Michelle , Ongur Dost , Stepansky Michael , Williamson Alyssa N. , Guyer Margaret , Keshavan Matcheri 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimIncreasing evidence points to the value of coordinated specialty care (CSC) for early intervention in psychotic disorders. This report characterizes clinical and socio‐demographic features of patients at CSC programs in Massachusetts (MA), assessed by a standardized battery incorporated into “real‐world” clinical care.MethodsThe MA psychosis network for early treatment developed a pilot battery to coordinate assessments across six CSC clinics. Programs reported baseline, 6‐month, and 12‐month data from a sample of 287 patients with intake dates ranging from April 2015 to December 2020.ResultsPatients showed improvements in functioning, emergency service use and several symptom domains at 6 and 12 months. Missing data proved to be a limitation.ConclusionsPatients improved on several meaningful domains within the first year of CSC treatment. Future implementation efforts in cross‐program data collection should consider strategies to circumvent limitations related to heterogeneity between clinics, patient discharge and clinics' capacity for data collection.