bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training of healthcare providers and use of long‐acting reversible contraception in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A systematic review
Authors: Stokholm Bækgaard Rasmus , Gjærevold Damhaugh Eirik , Mrema Dorah , Rasch Vibeke , Khan Khalid , Linde Ditte S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionUnintended pregnancy, a major global health issue resulting in unsafe terminations of pregnancy and maternal deaths in low‐ and middle‐income countries, could be significantly reduced through increased use of modern contraception, including long‐acting reversible contraceptives (LARC). Training of healthcare providers to administer such contraceptives may improve uptake. We conducted a systematic review to collate the end‐user uptake data following training of healthcare providers in low‐ and middle‐income countries.Material and methodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, the Global Health Library and the Cochrane Library up to 23 May 2020. The review was restricted to low‐ and middle‐income countries and focused on healthcare providers who had received training in LARC. Studies that reported contraceptive uptake among women, preference of LARC among healthcare workers and/or women, and unplanned pregnancies within 12 months of LARC initiation were included. All included studies underwent quality assessment using either the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool or the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020185291.ResultsA total of 28 studies (end‐users n = 6 112 544) were included (27 cohort studies and one randomized trial). Nineteen studies were set in Africa, five in Asia, one in Central America and four were multi‐country studies. Twenty‐eight studies reported LARC use among women, and 25 studies found an increase in uptake of LARC by women using short‐acting methods switching to longer‐acting methods or by recruiting new users of LARC. The randomized controlled trial was assessed as high quality and reported positive findings; however, there was great heterogeneity in the type of intervention and of how outcomes were measured among the other included studies. Further, the quality of these studies varied, although it should be noted that the poor‐quality studies reflected the trends of those of higher quality.ConclusionsDespite heterogeneity, current evidence indicates that training of healthcare providers in LARC may increase the uptake among women in low‐ and middle‐income countries. More robust studies are warranted to inform policy.
Adaptive physiological water conservation explains hypertension and muscle catabolism in experimental chronic renal failure
Authors: Kovarik Johannes J. , Morisawa Norihiko , Wild Johannes , Marton Adriana , Takase‐Minegishi Kaoru , Minegishi Shintaro , Daub Steffen , Sands Jeff M. , Klein Janet D. , Bailey James L. , Kovalik Jean‐Paul , Rauh Manfred , Karbach Susanne , Hilgers Karl F. , Luft Friedrich , Nishiyama Akira , Nakano Daisuke , Kitada Kento , Titze Jens 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimWe have reported earlier that a high salt intake triggered an aestivation‐like natriuretic‐ureotelic body water conservation response that lowered muscle mass and increased blood pressure. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a similar adaptive water conservation response occurs in experimental chronic renal failure.MethodsIn four subsequent experiments in Sprague Dawley rats, we used surgical 5/6 renal mass reduction (5/6 Nx) to induce chronic renal failure. We studied solute and water excretion in 24‐hour metabolic cage experiments, chronic blood pressure by radiotelemetry, chronic metabolic adjustment in liver and skeletal muscle by metabolomics and selected enzyme activity measurements, body Na+, K+ and water by dry ashing, and acute transepidermal water loss in conjunction with skin blood flow and intra‐arterial blood pressure.Results5/6 Nx rats were polyuric, because their kidneys could not sufficiently concentrate the urine. Physiological adaptation to this renal water loss included mobilization of nitrogen and energy from muscle for organic osmolyte production, elevated norepinephrine and copeptin levels with reduced skin blood flow, which by means of compensation reduced their transepidermal water loss. This complex physiologic‐metabolic adjustment across multiple organs allowed the rats to stabilize their body water content despite persisting renal water loss, albeit at the expense of hypertension and catabolic mobilization of muscle protein.ConclusionPhysiological adaptation to body water loss, termed aestivation, is an evolutionary conserved survival strategy and an under‐studied research area in medical physiology, which besides hypertension and muscle mass loss in chronic renal failure may explain many otherwise unexplainable phenomena in medicine.
Nicotine and vascular dysfunction
Authors: Whitehead Anna K. , Erwin Abigail P. , Yue Xinping 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCigarette smoking is the single most important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the role of nicotine, the addictive component of all tobacco products, in the development of CVD is incompletely understood. Although increased public awareness of the harms of cigarette smoking has successfully led to a decline in its prevalence, the use of electronic cigarettes (e‐cig) or electronic nicotine delivery system has increased dramatically in recent years because of the perception that these products are safe. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the expression and function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the cardiovascular system and the impact of nicotine exposure on cardiovascular health, with a focus on nicotine‐induced vascular dysfunction. Nicotine alters vasoreactivity through endothelium‐dependent and/or endothelium‐independent mechanisms, leading to clinical manifestations in both cigarette smokers and e‐cig users. In addition, nicotine induces vascular remodelling through its effects on proliferation, migration and matrix production of both vascular endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. The purpose of this review is to identify critical knowledge gaps regarding the effects of nicotine on the vasculature and to stimulate continued nicotine research.
Intracellular host cell membrane remodelling induced by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in vitro
Authors: Caldas Lucio Ayres , Carneiro Fabiana Avila , Monteiro Fabio Luis , Augusto Ingrid , Higa Luiza Mendonça , Miranda Kildare , Tanuri Amilcar , de Souza Wanderley 
Published: February 2021

Background InformationSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection induces an alteration in the endomembrane system of the mammalian cells. In this study, we used transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography to investigate the main structural alterations in the cytoplasm of Vero cells infected with a SARS‐CoV‐2 isolate from São Paulo state (Brazil).ResultsDifferent membranous structures derived from the zippered endoplasmic reticulum were observed along with virus assembly through membrane budding. Also, we demonstrated the occurrence of annulate lamellae in the cytoplasm of infected cells and the presence of virus particles in the perinuclear space.Conclusions and SignificanceThis study contributes to a better understanding of the cell biology of SARS‐CoV‐2 and the mechanisms of the interaction of the virus with the host cell that promote morphological changes, recruitment of organelles and cell components, in a context of a virus‐induced membrane remodelling.
Temporal interactions and moon illumination effect on mammals in a tropical semievergreen forest of Manas National Park, Assam, India
Authors: Bhatt Urjit , Singh Adhikari Bhupendra , Habib Bilal , Lyngdoh Salvador 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSpecies interactions play a vital role in structuring mammalian communities by stimulating behavioral responses in varied niche dimensions that affect sympatric associations and predator–prey relationships. We determined temporal overlap and effects of the moon cycle on dominant and sub‐dominant mammalian assemblages in Manas National Park, India. A total of 36 species were captured, with 24,865 independent records over 11,294 trap nights. We collected 1,130 photographs of five large‐ and medium‐sized carnivores and 1,541 photographs of 12 small carnivores. Fifty‐one percent of records were detected during diurnal period, followed by 38% in nocturnal phase, and 11% during twilight. Small carnivores such as Prionailurus bengalensis and Viverridae spp. were strictly nocturnal, whereas Martes flavigula and Herpestidae spp. were diurnal. Medium‐sized carnivores were either nocturnal (Neofelis nebulosa) or diurnal (Cuon alpinus), whereas large‐sized carnivores (Panthera tigris, Panthera pardus, and Ursus thibetanus) were cathemeral. A high degree of temporal overlap (>0.75) was found between most sympatric carnivores with distinct activity peaks, while a low overlap (<0.50) was observed between different body‐sized carnivores. Viverrids’ activity was negatively correlated (r = −0.44, p < 0.01) with lunar cycles, perhaps to increase foraging efficiency or as an anti‐predator strategy. Large prey (μ = 133.23°) and small prey (μ = 131.35°) activity were high during brighter nights due to better visual detection in detecting or avoiding predators. Dominant species activity was least affected by the lunar cycle among forest‐dependent mammals, whereas subdominant species activity was either lunarphobic or lunarphilic. The study demonstrates the use of passive camera traps in understanding the behavioral rhythms of tropical mammals.
Steroidogenesis in patients with adrenal incidentalomas: Extended steroid profile measured by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry after ACTH stimulation and dexamethasone suppression
Authors: Huayllas Martha K. P. , Smith Lynette M. , Gallagher J. Christopher , Netzel Brian C. , Singh Ravinder J. , Kater Claudio E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveDescribe the secretion and profile of adrenal steroids in patients with adrenal incidentalomas compared to control subjects.Design, Setting and ParticipantsA prospective study, 73 patients with adrenal incidentalomas, 21 bilateral and 52 unilateral and 34 matched controls in University Hospital.MethodsCollect fasting blood sample before and 60 min after ACTH test (250 µg IV). One week later, perform overnight 1 mg dexamethasone test. The following steroids were measured by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS): pregnenolone, 17‐OH pregnenolone, 17‐OH progesterone, 11‐deoxycorticosterone, 11‐deoxyortisol, 21‐deoxycortisol, corticosterone, cortisol, androstenedione and aldosterone.ResultsMean baseline serum cortisol was higher in incidentalomas, bilateral 361 ± 124, (range 143–665) nmol/L,(p < .0001), unilateral 268 ± 89 3.2 (range 98–507) nmol/L (p < .019) compared to controls 207 ± 100 (range 72–502) nmol/L. ACTH stimulation showed significantly higher levels in bilateral and unilateral cases compared to controls. After dexamethasone, mean serum cortisol levels suppressed in bilaterals 89 ± 69 (range 30–3) nmol/L (p < .0001), 58 ± 52 (range 16–323) nmol/L in unilateral (p < .01) compared to 26 ± 9 (range 7–46) nmol/L in controls. Mean baseline serum corticosterone was higher in bilateral 9.3 ± 4.8 (range 2.4–18.4) nmol/L (p < .005) and unilateral 7.3 ± 5.7 (range 0.1–30.3) nmol/L (p < .01) compared to controls 4.2 ± 2.4 (range 1.1–10.2) nmol/L, after ACTH stimulation significantly increased to higher levels in bilateral (p < .0002) and unilateral cases (p < .044) compared to controls. After dexamethasone, mean levels were 2.5 ± 2.6 (range 0.5–12.5) nmol/L in bilateral (p < .0006), 1.5 ± 1.6 (range 0.3–9.3) nmol/L in unilateral (p < .09) and 0.75 ± 0.46 (range 0.1–2.1) nmol/L in controls. Mean baseline serum 11‐deoxycorticosterone (DOC) was higher in bilaterals 0.32 ± 0.23 (range 0.08–1.1) nmol/L (p < .03) compared to controls 0.15 ± 0.21 (range 0.08–1.1) nmol/L. ACTH stimulation increased levels to 3.27 ± 1.72 (range 0.5–7.4) nmol/L in bilateral cases compared to controls 1.369 ± 1.53 (range 0.1–7.1) nmol/L (p < .0001). Dexamethasone decreased levels to baseline (p ns). There were significant differences in serum 21‐deoxycortisol (p < .0002) and serum pregnenolone (p < .004) only after ACTH stimulation.ConclusionsThere is increased activity in several steroid biosynthesis pathways and higher steroid levels in bilateral compared to unilateral cases and evidence of hypercortisolism in 30% unilateral and 62% of bilateral incidentalomas.
Intra‐individual cytokine profile in peri‐implantitis and periodontitis: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Jansson Leif , Lundmark Anna , Modin Carolina , Abadji Denise , Yucel‐Lindberg Tülay 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimTo study cytokine profiles and intra‐individual correlations in crevicular fluid samples at periodontitis, peri‐implantitis, and healthy sites.Materials and methodsSamples from gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) were collected from healthy and diseased sites in patients who had had dental implants for a minimum of 10 years. Cytokine levels were analyzed using the Bio‐Plex Pro Human inflammation kit, which included biomarkers for the tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) superfamily, regulatory T Cell (Treg) cytokines, and interferon (IFN) proteins.ResultsGingival crevicular fluid/PICF cytokine levels, determined in samples from 163 patients, were frequently lower for healthy tooth and implant sites compared to sites with periodontitis or peri‐implantitis. In contrast, there were no significant differences in cytokine levels between peri‐implant sites and periodontitis sites. Intra‐individual correlations between cytokines at peri‐implant sites were frequently significant. In addition, the cytokines IFN‐λ1 and TNFSF12 were significantly correlated with the presence of peri‐implantitis.ConclusionWithin the limits of this study, the intra‐individual cytokine profile did not differ between sites diagnosed with periodontitis and those diagnosed with peri‐implantitis, but did differ between healthy tooth and healthy implant sites. Studying intra‐individual cytokine profiles is a method to elucidate possible differences between the etiopathogeneses of periodontitis and peri‐implantitis, since it is well known that immune responses to dysbiosis vary between individuals according to host factors. Thus, the findings of the present study are potentially relevant to the advancement of knowledge in this field.
Long‐term bowel function patient‐reported outcomes after successful chemoradiation for carcinoma of the anal canal
Authors: Shaw Robert D. , Eid Mark A. , Milanese Eric D. , Ivatury Srinivas J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimWe aimed to evaluate long‐term changes in patient‐reported bowel function from presentation of anal canal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) successfully treated with the modified Nigro protocol using a patient‐reported outcome measure for bowel function.MethodThis is a retrospective study of prospectively collected patient‐reported outcomes for bowel function. We included patients that were successfully treated with the modified Nigro protocol for anal SCC and had completed the Colorectal Functional Outcomes (COREFO) questionnaire at presentation, following the modified Nigro treatment (post‐Nigro), and at subsequent surveillance visits (medium and long term). We compared the differences in mean domain and total COREFO scores using a paired t test for each paired time point.ResultsTwenty‐seven patients met inclusion criteria. Time from completion of the modified Nigro was post‐Nigro at 3–6 months, medium‐length follow‐up at 8–12 months and long‐term follow‐up at 12–18 months. There was significant improvement in the stool‐related aspects domain (pain, bleeding and anal skin irritation) from presentation to our short‐ and medium‐length follow‐up (42.5 to 23.7, P = 0.01). There was worsening in the frequency domain in the medium term (7.23 to 14.5, P = 0.02). There were no differences in any other domain or time point.ConclusionGlobal bowel function does not appear to change following successful treatment of anal canal SCC with the modified Nigro protocol in the long term. There are some improvements in stool‐related aspects and worsening in bowel movement frequency at medium‐length follow‐up. These findings should help surgeons counsel patients with regard to bowel function expectations for those with anal canal SCC in the long term.
Heterogeneous effects of health insurance on birth related outcomes: Unpacking compositional versus direct changes
Authors: Ma Jie , Simon Kosali 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhen women of childbearing age gain health insurance, comparing birth outcomes that occur before and after policy changes may confound two separate impacts of coverage. Health insurance could affect who gives birth and also directly improve maternal and child health. We address this question using the Affordable Care Act young adult provision, comparing birth outcomes of 24–25 years to outcomes among older young adults. We show that the composition of mothers shifted toward less advantaged groups. Accounting for this shift, we find direct improvements in prenatal care and pregnancy‐related health but no statistically significant improvements in infant health.
Therapieverständnis und gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität bei Patienten mit Melanom im Stadium III/IV unter Behandlung mit neuen adjuvanten Therapien
Authors: Reschke Robin , Jäger Iris , Mehnert‐Theuerkauf Anja , Ziemer Mirjana 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungZielUnser Ziel war es, die Therapiemotivation, das Verständnis und die Abschätzung potenzieller Toxizität der Behandlung bei Melanompatienten, denen eine adjuvante Therapie vorgeschlagen wurde, zu untersuchen.MethodenZwischen September 2018 und September 2019 beantworteten 49 Patienten mit Melanom im Stadium III oder IV vor der möglichen adjuvanten Behandlung einen selbst erstellten Fragebogen. Darüber hinaus wurden den Patienten die Fragebögen REPERES‐G, EQ‐5D‐3L und EORTC QLQ C‐30 vorgelegt.ErgebnisseAcht Patienten (18,3 %) entschieden sich gegen eine adjuvante Therapie (Durchschnittsalter 71,6 Jahre). Vier davon hatten ein Melanom im Stadium IIIA. Die meisten Patienten (73,4 %) entschieden sich trotz der potenziell hochgradigen, persistierenden, irreversiblen oder sogar tödlichen Toxizität für eine adjuvante Behandlung mit PD1‐Inhibitoren. Etwa ein Drittel der Patienten mit einem Melanom mit BRAF V600‐Mutation, die sich für eine Therapie entschieden hatten, wählten eine zielgerichtete Therapie (31,3 %). Diese Patienten waren jünger (Durchschnittsalter 49 Jahre), noch berufstätig und hatten Familien mit Kindern. Der REPERES‐G‐Fragebogen ergab, dass unsere Patienten im Allgemeinen mit der medizinischen Versorgung zufrieden waren. Die Durchschnittswerte in den Fragebögen EQ‐5D‐3L und EORTC QLQ C‐30 wiesen auf eine gute subjektive Allgemeingesundheit hin.SchlussfolgerungenTrotz der Toxizität, der Dauer und des Aufwands der Behandlung über ein Jahr entschied sich die Mehrzahl der Patienten für eine adjuvante Behandlung.
Incidence and management of cystic duct perforation during endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage for acute cholecystitis
Authors: Nakahara Kazunari , Sato Junya , Morita Ryo , Michikawa Yosuke , Suetani Keigo , Igarashi Yosuke , Sekine Akihiro , Kobayashi Shinjiro , Otsubo Takehito , Itoh Fumio 
Published: February 2021

Background and AimEvidence regarding the incidence and clinical outcome of cystic duct perforation (CDP) during endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ETGBD) is inadequate. The present study aimed to evaluate the incidence and management of CDP during ETGBD.MethodsBetween March 2011 and December 2019, 249 patients underwent initial ETGBD for acute cholecystitis. The incidence of CDP was retrospectively examined and the outcomes between the CDP and non‐CDP groups were compared.ResultsCDP during ETGBD occurred in 23 (9.2%) of 249 patients (caused by guidewire in 15 and cannula in 8). ETGBD was successful in 10 patients following CDP. In 13 patients who failed ETGBD, 11 underwent bile duct drainage during the same session; nine patients underwent gallbladder decompression by other methods, such as percutaneous drainage. Clinical resolution for acute cholecystitis was achieved in 20 patients, and no bile peritonitis was noted. ETGBD technical success rates (45.3% vs. 91.2%, p < 0.001), ETGBD procedure times (66.5 vs. 54.8 min, p = 0.041), and hospitalization periods (24.5 vs. 18.7 days, p = 0.028) were significantly inferior in the CDP group (n = 23) compared with the non‐CDP group (n = 216). There were no differences in clinical success and adverse events other than CDP between both groups.ConclusionsCystic duct perforation reduced the ETGBD technical success rate. However, even in patients with cystic duct perforation, an improvement of acute cholecystitis was achieved by subsequent successful ETGBD or additional procedures, such as percutaneous drainage.
Ectopic thyroid tissue: An unusual cause of intracardiac mass
Authors: Sheng Lin‐li , Yang Jun , Xie Xiao‐jie , Han Dan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntracardiac ectopic thyroid tissue is an extremely rare condition, with only 37 cases reported in the English literature. We present a case of intracardiac ectopic thyroid adenoma and briefly review the published reports.
Single collateral artery from descending thoracic aorta supplying pulmonary circulation—Computed tomography and echocardiographic images
Authors: Azeez Aspari Mahammad , Babu Saravana , Sharmila S. , Sukesan Subin , Ayyappan Anoop , Dharan Baiju S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPulmonary atresia (PA) with ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly in which the pulmonary blood flow is supplied by major aorta pulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs). The complete repair includes unifocalization of MAPCAs, closure of VSD, and placement of a right ventricle‐to‐pulmonary artery conduit. We report a case of VSD with PA, where the computed tomography and echocardiography images described a large single collateral artery arising from descending thoracic aorta dividing into left and right branches and supplying the entire pulmonary circulation.
Effects of upstream cascade dams and longitudinal environmental gradients on variations in fish assemblages of the Three Gorges Reservoir
Authors: Yang Zhi , Pan Xiaojie , Hu Lian , Xu Wei , Jin Yao , Zhao Na , Yang Qing , Chen Xiaojuan , Liu Hong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe construction of dams creates a series of reservoirs, causing severe environmental changes and a biodiversity crisis. We aimed to investigate the relative roles of the construction of upstream cascade dams and the longitudinal gradient in environmental conditions in the spatial and temporal variations in fish assemblages in a downstream reservoir. Fish assemblage and abiotic data from four longitudinally distributed reaches in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), China—one of the largest reservoirs worldwide—were collected over 8 years (2011–2018) and analysed. The results showed that the blockage to fish passage, as well as the flow modification, caused by the upstream dams and reservoirs can significantly affect the variations in fish assemblages downstream of the TGR; fish assemblages in the upper area of the TGR were more vulnerable to upstream dam construction than those in the lower area. The longitudinal environmental gradient was more important in determining the spatial and temporal distributions of fish assemblages in the reservoir than the combined effects caused by the upstream dams and reservoirs. The spatial distribution pattern of fish assemblage structure in the TGR was mainly determined by the gradient difference in the flow regime among stations, whereas the construction of two upstream dams mainly affected the temporal variations in fish assemblages of the TGR by altering the downstream flow and thermal regimes and blocking fish movement down to the TGR.