bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of cucumber cultivars to target spot based on epidemiological components of the disease monocycle
Authors: Fischer Ivan Herman , Silva Lucas Meleiro da , Amorim Lilian , Galli Juliana Altafin , Parisi Marise Cagnin Martins 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCorynespora cassiicola is the causal agent of target spot of several cultivated species, among which cucumber is highlighted for frequent reports of yield losses under greenhouse conditions. Given the difficulties managing this disease due to the lack of information about the resistance of cucumber cultivars, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the response of ten cucumber cultivars to C. cassiicola based on epidemiological components of the disease in a greenhouse. Symptoms of target spot were apparent in all cucumber cultivars from the second day of inoculation of C. cassiicola, demonstrating the short incubation period of the disease and the susceptibility of the crop. The components latent period, number of lesions, lesion diameter, disease severity, number of sporulating lesions, number of spores per affected leaf area and number of spores per sporulating lesion varied according to the cucumber cultivar. The monomolecular model showed the best fit to the number of target spot lesions during the ten days of evaluation, showing differences between cultivars for initial inoculum and disease progression rate parameters. Multivariate analysis with the epidemiological components combined identified three groups of cultivars: one group that was less affected by the disease, represented by Safira and Diplomata cultivars; a second group showing intermediate behaviour, including Valent, Eureka, Taiko, Yamarashi and Darlington cvs., and a third group that was most susceptible to the pathogen and was represented by Soldier, Vulcano and Exocet cvs. Safira and Diplomata cultivars showed low level of susceptibility to target spot and can be recommended for areas with high disease intensity.
Ecological determinants of livestock depredation by the snow leopard Panthera uncia in Bhutan
Authors: Lham D. , Cozzi G. , Sommer S. , Wangchuk S. , Lham K. , Ozgul A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRetaliatory killing due to livestock depredation is a major threat to snow leopard (Panthera uncia) conservation. To devise management actions that reduce livestock losses and the consequent retaliatory killing, we need to understand the factors that influence the snow leopard's diet and depredation on livestock. Here, we studied snow leopard diet and ecological determinants of livestock depredation in Bhutan by semi‐systematically collecting scat samples and analysing prey hair structure using a micro‐histological method. We identified five prey species. Most of the snow leopard diet consisted of wild ungulates (85.8%), mostly bharal (60.8%). Yak (14.2%) was the only livestock species in the scats. Livestock depredation was higher during summer and differed markedly among four protected areas characterized by various wildlife densities and human activities. These findings will help develop a site‐based management plan to ensure the long‐term persistence of the snow leopard in Bhutan.
VvHDZ28 positively regulate salicylic acid biosynthesis during seed abortion in Thompson Seedless
Authors: Li Zhiqian , Jiao Yuntong , Zhang Chen , Dou Mengru , Weng Kai , Wang Yuejin , Xu Yan 
Published: April 2021

SummarySeedlessness in grapes is one of the features most appreciated by consumers. However, the mechanisms underlying seedlessness in grapes remain obscure. Here, we observe small globular embryos and globular embryos in Pinot Noir and Thompson Seedless from 20 to 30 days after flowering (DAF). From 40 to 50 DAF, we observe torpedo embryos and cotyledon embryos in Pinot Noir but aborted embryos and endosperm in Thompson Seedless. Thus, RNA‐Seq analyses of seeds at these stages from Thompson Seedless and Pinot Noir were performed. A total of 6442 differentially expressed genes were identified. Among these, genes involved in SA biosynthesis, VvEDS1 and VvSARD1, were more highly expressed in Thompson Seedless than in Pinot Noir. Moreover, the content of endogenous SA is at least five times higher in Thompson Seedless than in Pinot Noir. Increased trimethylation of H3K27 of VvEDS1 and VvSARD1 may be correlated with lower SA content in Pinot Noir. We also demonstrate that VvHDZ28 positively regulates the expression of VvEDS1. Moreover, over‐expression of VvHDZ28 results in seedless fruit and increased SA contents in Solanum lycopersicum. Our results reveal the potential role of SA and feedback regulation of VvHDZ28 in seedless grapes.
Predictors of Political Violence Outcomes among Young People: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Jahnke Sara , Abad Borger Katharina , Beelmann Andreas 
Published: April 2021

The present meta‐analysis summarizes the international basis of evidence regarding links between psychologically meaningful risk factors and political violence outcomes among adolescents and young adults. We synthesized 422 cross‐sectional effect sizes from 95 samples (67 index publications, 23 countries), using robust variance estimation. The results of seven longitudinal studies and one intervention study are discussed in a narrative manner. We detected significant effects for depression (r = .07, k = 10); empathy (r = −.16, k = 7); aggression (r = .24, k = 10); identification (r = .21, k = 30); relative group deprivation (r = .19, k = 11); realistic threat (r = .30, k = 27); symbolic threat (r = .28, k = 10); negative intergroup emotions (r = .25, k = 9); experiences of discrimination (r = .11, k = 12); dissatisfaction with the police, political actors, and institutions (r = .11, k = 32); and negative attitudes toward democracy (r = .17, k = 10). No significant effect was found for self‐esteem, intolerance of uncertainty, narcissism, or exposure to intergroup conflict. The reviewed longitudinal and intervention studies mainly confirm these cross‐sectional results. The script and our data are available in an open online repository.
Racism and pride in attitudes toward confederate symbols
Authors: Strother Logan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this essay, I describe and evaluate the contemporary debate over support for Confederate icons. This debate is often stylized as “heritage” versus “hatred.” In this debate, one side alleges that their favored Confederate symbols represent pride in Southern‐Confederate identity, whereas the other urges that Confederate symbols represent racial hatred and white supremacy. I argue that the “heritage versus hatred” framing that typifies the public debate and the academic literature is not helpful. Additionally, the literature has largely ignored the views of Black Southerners, who have far more negative attitudes toward Confederate symbols compared to whites. Thus, many works implicitly assume a distinctly white southern past. Together, these shortcomings mean that existing research has likely overestimated overall public support for Confederate symbols and overstated the importance of Southern pride or heritage in informing that support, while at the same time underestimating the extent to which racial animus undergirds pro‐Confederate views among whites.
Apple MPK4 mediates phosphorylation of MYB1 to enhance light‐induced anthocyanin accumulation
Authors: Yang Tuo , Ma Huaying , Li Yu , Zhang Yan , Zhang Jie , Wu Ting , Song Tingting , Yao Yuncong , Tian Ji 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARYAnthocyanins are plant pigments with diverse biological functions that contribute to fruit quality and are beneficial to human health. Anthocyanin accumulation can be influenced by environmental signals, such as light, and plants have developed sophisticated systems to receive and transduce these signals. However, the associated molecular mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the potential function of mitogen‐activated protein kinases, which are members of the light signaling pathway, during light‐induced anthocyanin accumulation in apple (Malus domestica) fruit peels. An antibody array and yeast two‐hybrid screen indicated that proteins encoded by two MdMPK4 genes are light‐activated and interact with the transcription factor and anthocyanin biosynthesis regulator MdMYB1. A phosphorylation assay showed that the MdMPK4 proteins phosphorylate MdMYB1, thereby increasing its stability under light conditions. Transient MdMPK4 and MdMYB1 overexpression assays further revealed that light‐induced anthocyanin accumulation relies on MdMPK4 kinase activity, which is required for maximum MdMYB1 activity. Based on the expression of the chromosome 6 allele MdMPK4‐06G under light conditions and the presence of light response elements in the MdMPK4‐06G promoter, we concluded that it is more responsive to light than the chromosome 14 allele MdMPK4‐14G. These results suggest a potential biotechnological strategy for increasing fruit anthocyanin content via light induction.
The surgical approach to Pyoderma gangrenosum: A retrospective monocenter study
Authors: Bingoel Alperen S. , Krezdorn Nicco , Kaltenborn Alexander , Dastagir Khaled , Jokuszies Andreas , Mett Tobias R. , Vogt Peter M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPyoderma gangrenosum is a diagnosis of exclusion. It occurs rarely and is frequently misdiagnosed. It can result in severe tissue loss, particularly in surgical units with little experience. Nevertheless, surgical treatment might be necessary for reconstruction, once the progression of these wounds is controlled. We aimed to characterize medical findings in Pyoderma patients with extensive defects to assess the surgical procedures and their outcome. A retrospective study was conducted at our centre over an 18‐year period. Inclusion criteria were the diagnosis of Pyoderma gangrenosum and at least one surgical intervention. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Sixteen patients were included. The mean size of the lesions was noted with 12 × 8 cm. Surgical procedures comprised debridements/necrectomies, allograft conditioning, negative pressure wound therapy, skin grafts, and microvascular free flaps. Seven patients were discharged with healed wounds, six with minor wound healing disturbances. Three patients succumbed to their underlying diseases. Drug‐based therapy can stop the progress of Pyoderma, but severe tissue loss can be a persistent problem. According to our data, reconstructive‐surgical treatments (debridement, autologous and allogenous skin transplantation and microvascular free flaps) act as an integral component of the therapy and can be safe options for selected patients. Furthermore, we provide an algorithm that we follow at our department in severe cases.
Towards an Ultra-Affordable Three-Dimensional Bioprinter: A Heated Inductive-Enabled Syringe Pump Extrusion Multifunction Module for Open-Source Fused Deposition Modeling Three-Dimensional Printers
Authors: Darwish Lamis R. , El-Wakad Mohamed T. , Farag Mahmoud M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The extrusion systems of the widespread Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printers enable printing only with materials in the filament form. This property hinders the usage of these FDM 3D printers in many fields where the printing materials are in forms other than filaments. Thus, this paper proposes a Heated Inductive-enabled Syringe Pump Extrusion (HISPE) multifunction open-source module with a potential application in bioprinting (i.e., extrusion-based bioprinting). The proposed HISPE module is designed to be cost-effective, simple, and easy to replicate. It is capable of replacing the conventional extrusion system of any open-source cartesian FDM 3D printer. This module widens both the range of the FDM 3D printing materials (e.g., bioinks, biopolymers, blends of materials, or composites) and their forms (e.g., hydrogels, powder, pellets, or flakes). The capabilities of the proposed module were investigated through 3D printing bone scaffolds with a filament diameter of 400 µm and pore size of 350 µm by a polycaprolactone (PCL) biodegradable polymer in the pellets form. The morphological accuracy of the printed scaffolds was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The investigation results confirm the accurateness of the proposed HISPE module in printing high-precision models.
Novel Infrared Camouflage Technology Based on Electrochromism
Authors: Ding Zhonggen , Lu Feifei , Han Yuge 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In order to meet the urgent need of developing advanced infrared camouflage technology, a novel concept of infrared regulation based on cooperative control of emissivity and temperature was proposed. Combining the traditional calculation model of infrared characteristics with the control strategy of proportional-integral-differential (PID), the corresponding model of the infrared control system was designed. By integrating the electrochromic material with the thin film resistor, the theoretical feasibility of the infrared control system was verified by the principle prototype. Subsequently, the models of space target and corresponding profiling decoy were established. Meanwhile, the infrared camouflage characteristics of profiling decoy in the 3–5 µm band and the 8–14 µm band were investigated, respectively. The results reveal that the profiling decoy with cooperative control of emissivity and temperature can achieve a more satisfactory effect of infrared control than that of ordinary temperature control. The cooperative control system can effectively reduce the overshoot of radiation and has the ability of fast response, high control precision, and control stability. The theoretical approach provides useful insight for the deep understanding of infrared control and support further research on infrared camouflage.
Validity of GENEActiv Accelerometer Wear and Nonwear Time for Use in Infants
Authors: Hewitt Lyndel , Okely Anthony D. , Stanley Rebecca M. , Batterham Marjika , Cliff Dylan P. 
Published: April 2021

Background: Tummy time is recommended by the World Health Organization as part of its global movement guidelines for infant physical activity. To enable objective measurement of tummy time, accelerometer wear and nonwear time requires validation. The purpose of this study was to validate GENEActiv wear and nonwear time for use in infants. Methods: The analysis was conducted on accelerometer data from 32 healthy infants (4–25 wk) wearing a GENEActiv (right hip) while completing a positioning protocol (3 min each position). Direct observation (video) was compared with the accelerometer data. The accelerometer data were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curves to identify optimal cut points for second-by-second wear and nonwear time. Cut points (accelerometer data) were tested against direct observation to determine performance. Statistical analysis was conducted using leave-one-out validation and Bland–Altman plots. Results: Mean temperature (0.941) and z-axis (0.889) had the greatest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Cut points were 25.6°C (temperature) and −0.812g (z-axis) and had high sensitivity (0.84, 95% confidence interval, 0.838–0.842) and specificity (0.948, 95% confidence interval, 0.944–0.948). Conclusions: Analyzing GENEActiv data using temperature (>25.6°C) and z-axis (greater than −0.812g) cut points can be used to determine wear time among infants for the purpose of measuring tummy time.
Frustrated Customers: The Effect of Unexpected Emotional Cues on Yelp Reviews
Authors: Matti Josh 
Published: April 2021

This paper explores how emotional cues from unexpected sports outcomes impact consumers’ perception of their experience at local businesses. Using nearly 1 million Yelp reviews from the Phoenix area, I empirically test for the presence of loss aversion and reference-dependent preferences in reviewer behavior. Consistent with loss aversion, unexpected losses lead to worse reviews while there is no effect for unexpected wins. The impact of unexpected losses is concentrated in home games, with no effect for away games. The results also reflect reference-dependent preferences since wins and losses in games predicted to be close do not impact reviewer behavior. Consumer services that cater to National Basketball Association fans (e.g., sports bars) experience pronounced effects.
Microbial Arsenal of Antiviral Defenses. Part II
Authors: Isaev Artem B. , Musharova Olga S. , Severinov Konstantin V. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Bacteriophages or phages are viruses that infect bacterial cells (for the scope of this review we will also consider viruses that infect Archaea). The constant threat of phage infection is a major force that shapes evolution of microbial genomes. To withstand infection, bacteria had evolved numerous strategies to avoid recognition by phages or to directly interfere with phage propagation inside the cell. Classical molecular biology and genetic engineering had been deeply intertwined with the study of phages and host defenses. Nowadays, owing to the rise of phage therapy, broad application of CRISPR-Cas technologies, and development of bioinformatics approaches that facilitate discovery of new systems, phage biology experiences a revival. This review describes variety of strategies employed by microbes to counter phage infection. In the first part defense associated with cell surface, roles of small molecules, and innate immunity systems relying on DNA modification were discussed. The second part focuses on adaptive immunity systems, abortive infection mechanisms, defenses associated with mobile genetic elements, and novel systems discovered in recent years through metagenomic mining.
Search for $$Z'$$ pair production from scalar boson decay in minimal $$U(1)_{L_\mu - L_\tau }$$ model at the LHC
Authors: Nomura Takaaki , Shimomura Takashi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe consider a model with gauged $$L_\mu ^{} - L_\tau ^{}$$

L
μ

-

L
τ

symmetry in which the symmetry is spontaneously broken by a scalar field. The decay of the scalar boson into two new gauge bosons is studied as a direct consequence of the spontaneous symmetry breaking. Then, a possibility of searches for the gauge and scalar bosons through such a decay at the LHC experiment is discussed. We consider the case that the mass range of the gauge boson is $${\mathcal {O}}(10)$$

O
(
10
)

GeV, which is motivated by anomalies reported by LHCb. We will show that the signal significance of the searches for the gauge boson and scalar boson reach to 3 and 5 for the scalar mixing 0.012 and 0.015, respectively.
An Audit of Management of Ectopic Pregnancy in a Major Tertiary Healthcare Service
Authors: Chong Krystle Y. , Mak Yee K. , Vollenhoven Beverley , Mol Ben W. 
Published: April 2021

Background: Ectopic pregnancy remains the most common cause of early pregnancy mortality, with management options differing according to clinical presentation and investigations. This audit aims to investigate the indications for medical and surgical management of ectopic pregnancy at a tertiary hospital network, in order to assess variances in practice and adherence to local hospital protocols. Methods: A retrospective audit of the management of women with a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy was performed over 12 months from July 2018 to June 2019, at three hospitals in the largest healthcare network in Victoria, Australia. Information collected included patient demographics, risk factors for ectopic pregnancy, pathology and radiology results, documented indication for surgery, and any complications of treatment. A subgroup analysis of data was done to investigate changes and deficiency in management of ectopic pregnancy compared to local hospital protocol. Results: Over a 12-month period, 138 women were diagnosed with an ectopic pregnancy, of which 99 (72%) received surgical management and 39 (28%) received medical management. Four women within the medical group were excluded from analysis, one due to loss of follow-up and three patients who were diagnosed with nontubal ectopic pregnancies. About 94% (33/35) of women who received methotrexate were within hospital guidelines for medical management and 91% (32/35) were successfully managed without surgery. All women who received surgical management underwent a salpingectomy and 97% (96/99) had clear indications documented for surgery within local protocol. Conclusion: Overall, the majority of women with ectopic pregnancy were treated according to local guidelines. Expectant management and the option of salpingostomy as a surgical alternative could be considered in the local guidelines. The dissemination of this clinical audit data is aimed at continuing clinical governance and improvements in outcomes.
Die Chronik des Marcellinus Comes
Authors: Jakobi Rainer 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Chronicle by Marcellinus was intended as a sequel to its predecessor Jerome but demonstrates marked differences concerning the underlying historiographic and narrative ideas. The text is distinctly orthodox and emphasizes both the history of salvation and pronounced panegyrics. In his praefatio, Marcellinus voices a clearly individual concept. The summa brevitas of the chronicle is substituted by long passages and the ‘chronological present tense’ by the tenses of historical narrative. Marcellinus carefully chooses ideologically striking (hitherto unnoticed) quotations both from classical authors and the Old Testament. These intertextual signals underline the author´s interpretation of the historical facts.
Africa and the International Criminal Court: (Re)constructing the Narrative
Authors: Nimigan Sarah P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
African support for the International Criminal Court (icc) from its earliest stages of institutional development is often referenced in the international criminal justice literature with limited explanation. The aim of this article is to establish a holistic account of African support for an international criminal court in the pre-Rome period, during the Rome Diplomatic Conference, and after the establishment of the icc. This analysis uses rational choice and constructivist international relations (ir) theory to help explain levels of African commitment to the Rome Statute using Kenya and Ivory Coast as case studies. While the icc has been criticized on neocolonial bases, it is important to reconstruct the narrative to more accurately reflect African agency over the international criminal justice project, and the icc in particular. African resistance to the institutional behaviour of the icc is situated in its broader political context(s): domestically and internationally, using rational and normative factors to explain various levels of African commitment to the Rome Statute.
Heavier Inner-core Rainfall of Major Hurricanes in the North Atlantic Basin than Other Global Basins
Authors: Guzman Oscar , Jiang Haiyan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBased on 19 years of precipitation data collected by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, a comparison of the rainfall produced by tropical cyclones (TCs) in different global basins is presented. A total of 1789 TCs were examined in the period from 1998 to 2016 by taking advantage of more than 47,737 observations of TRMM/GPM 3B42 multi-satellite derived rainfall amounts. The axisymmetric component of the TC rainfall is analyzed in all TC-prone basins. The resulting radial profiles show that major hurricanes in the Atlantic basin exhibit significantly heavier inner-core rainfall rates than those in any other basins. To explain the possible causes of this difference, rainfall distributions for major hurricanes are stratified according to different TC intensity and environmental variables. Based on the examination of these parameters, we found that the stronger rainfall rates in the Atlantic major hurricanes are associated with higher values of convective available potential energy, drier relative humidity in the low to middle troposphere, colder air temperature at 250hPa, and stronger vertical wind shear than other basins. These results have important implications in the refining of our understanding of the mechanisms of TC rainfall.