bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Droned Out? Counterterrorism Policies in Yemen
Authors: Al‐Kohlani Sumaia A. , Crisanti Carlin C. , Merolla Jennifer L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractYemen has been the target of a high level of drone strikes by the US government, but we know very little about public reaction to such strikes, even though scholars of foreign policy have been concerned about the possibility of blowback from the Yemeni public. We conducted 63 in‐depth interviews to assess how Yemenis think about terrorism and US counterterrorism strategies. In particular, we were interested in evidence of blowback among the public. We find that Yemenis have very negative views toward drone strikes, primarily related to the death of innocent bystanders and violations of sovereignty. We also see evidence of blowback in our interviews, with respondents expressing the belief that US counterterrorism policies contribute to the creation of new insurgents, the destabilization of the government, and the deterioration of US‐Yemeni relations. At the same time, a substantial portion of interviewees think the United States can follow other strategies to help Yemen combat terrorism within its borders.
Global maps and factors driving forest foliar elemental composition: the importance of evolutionary history
Authors: Vallicrosa Helena , Sardans Jordi , Maspons Joan , Zuccarini Paolo , Fernández‐Martínez Marcos , Bauters Marijn , Goll Daniel S. , Ciais Philippe , Obersteiner Michael , Janssens Ivan A. , Peñuelas Josep 
Published: October 2021

Summary

Consistent information on the current elemental composition of vegetation at global scale and the variables that determine it is lacking.

To fill this gap, we gathered a total of 30 912 georeferenced records on woody plants foliar concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) from published databases, and produced global maps of foliar N, P and K concentrations for woody plants using neural networks at a resolution of 1 km2. We used data for climate, atmospheric deposition, soil and morphoclimatic groups to train the neural networks.

Foliar N, P and K do not follow clear global latitudinal patterns but are consistent with the hypothesis of soil substrate age. We additionally built generalized linear mixed models to investigate the evolutionary history effect together with the effects of environmental effects. In this comparison, evolutionary history effects explained most of the variability in all cases (mostly > 60%).

These results emphasize the determinant role of evolutionary history in foliar elemental composition, which should be incorporated in upcoming dynamic global vegetation models.
SERKs regulate embryonic cuticle integrity through the TWS1‐GSO1/2 signaling pathway in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhang Hong , Li Xiaonan , Wang Wenping , Li Huiqiang , Cui Yanwei , Zhu Yafen , Kui Hong , Yi Jing , Li Jia , Gou Xiaoping 
Published: October 2021

Summary

The embryonic cuticle integrity is critical for the embryo to separate from the neighboring endosperm. The sulfated TWISTED SEED1 (TWS1) peptide precursor generated in the embryo diffuses through gaps of the nascent cuticle to the surrounding endosperm, where it is cleaved by ABNORMAL LEAF SHAPE1 (ALE1) and becomes an active mature form. The active TWS1 is perceived by receptor‐like protein kinases GASSHO1 (GSO1) and GSO2 in the embryonic epidermal cells to start the downstream signaling and guide the formation of an intact embryonic cuticle. However, the early signaling events after TWS1 is perceived by GSO1/2 are still unknown.

Here, we report that serk1/2/3 embryos show cuticle defects similar to ale1, tws1, and gso1/2. Genetic and biochemical analyses were performed to dissect the signaling pathway mediated by SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR‐LIKE KINASEs (SERKs) during cuticle development.

SERKs function with GSO1/2 in a common pathway to monitor the integrity of the embryonic cuticle. SERKs interact with GSO1/2, which can be enhanced dramatically by TWS1. The phosphorylation levels of SERKs and GSO1/2 rely on each other and can respond to and be elevated by TWS1.

Our results demonstrate that SERKs may function as coreceptors of GSO1/2 to transduce the TWS1 signal and ultimately regulate embryonic cuticle integrity.
Methane emissions may be driven by hydrogenotrophic methanogens inhabiting the stem tissues of poplar
Authors: Feng Huili , Guo Jiahuan , Ma Xuehong , Han Menghua , Kneeshaw Daniel , Sun Hui , Malghani Saadatullah , Chen Huai , Wang Weifeng 
Published: October 2021

Summary

Living trees in forests emit methane (CH4) from their stems. However, the magnitudes, patterns, drivers, origins, and biogeochemical pathways of these emissions remain poorly understood.

We measured in situ CH4 fluxes in poplar stems and soils using static chambers and investigated the microbial communities of heartwood and sapwood by sequencing bacterial 16S, archaeal 16S, and fungal ITS rRNA genes.

Methane emissions from poplar stems occurred throughout the sampling period. The mean CH4 emission rate was 2.7 mg m−2 stem d−1. Stem CH4 emission rate increased significantly with air temperature, humidity, soil water content, and soil CH4 fluxes, but decreased with increasing sampling height. The CO2 reduction and methylotrophic methanogenesis were the major methanogenic pathways in wood tissues. The dominant methanogen groups detected in stem tissues were Methanobacterium, Methanobrevibacter, Rice Cluster I, Methanosarcina, Methanomassiliicoccus, Methanoculleus, and Methanomethylophilaceae. In addition, three methanotrophic genera were identified in the heartwood and sapwood – Methylocystis, Methylobacterium, and Paracoccus.

Overall, stem CH4 emissions can originate directly from the internal tissues or co‐occur from soils and stems. The co‐existence of methanogens and methanotrophs within heartwood and sapwood highlights a need for future research in the microbial mechanisms underlying stem CH4 exchange with the atmosphere.
Lawrence Bogorad's scientific contributions and remembrances on his 100th birth anniversary
Authors: Bansal Kailash C. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryLawrence Bogorad, much known for his fundamental discoveries in plant molecular biology, reached the pinnacle of research as a topmost international scientist, occupying several key scientific leadership positions in his five‐decade‐long association with plant science community. Much has been said and written about his life and his dedication to science as a pioneer in photosynthesis research. Here, we reminisce some of his key groundbreaking scientific contributions, and share our experiences and appreciation for his mentorship through personal messages, as we celebrate his 100th birth anniversary that falls on 29 August 2021.
A vegetative storage protein improves drought tolerance in maize
Authors: Abbaraju Hari K. R. , Gupta Rajeev , Appenzeller Laura M. , Fallis Lynne P. , Hazebroek Jan , Zhu Genhai , Bourett Timothy M. , Howard Richard J. , Weers Ben , Lafitte Renee H. , Hakimi Salim M. , Schussler Jeffery R. , Loussaert Dale F. , Habben Jeffery E. , Dhugga Kanwarpal S. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryVegetative storage proteins (VSPs) are known to serve as nitrogen reserves in many dicot plants but remain undiscovered in grasses, most widely grown group of crops globally. We identified and characterized a VSP in maize and demonstrated that its overexpression improved drought tolerance. Nitrogen supplementation selectively induced a mesophyll lipoxygenase (ZmLOX6), which was targeted to chloroplasts by a novel N‐terminal transit peptide of 62 amino acids. When ectopically expressed under the control of various tissue‐specific promoters, it accumulated to a fivefold higher level upon expression in the mesophyll cells than the wild‐type plants. Constitutive expression or targeted expression specifically to the bundle sheath cells increased its accumulation by less than twofold. The overexpressed ZmLOX6 was remobilized from the leaves like other major proteins during grain development. Evaluated in the field over locations and years, transgenic hybrids overexpressing ZmLOX6 in the mesophyll cells significantly outyielded nontransgenic sibs under managed drought stress imposed at flowering. Additional storage of nitrogen as a VSP in maize leaves ameliorated the effect of drought on grain yield.
The Tracking Theory of Claim‐Rights
Authors: McBride Mark 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMy task here is to articulate my own novel hybrid theory of (claim‐)rights, namely, the Tracking Theory of rights. While new, it has historical antecedents. There is nothing (entirely) new under the sun. Its most vivid antecedents come from the fields of epistemology, in particular Robert Nozick's work, and legal philosophy, in particular Gopal Sreenivasan's work. I am happy to stand on the shoulders of giants. Here I want to freshly articulate the theory from the ground up. So the challenge will be to keep the articulation of the Tracking Theory front and centre, but, naturally, indebtedness to Nozick and Sreenivasan will be woven in at multiple junctures. My Tracking Theory will neither stand nor fall with Nozick's. The relation is more subtle. The strategy is to trade on the indubitable subtlety of Nozick's epistemology to capture the structure of a central normative concept.
Proof Paradoxes, Agency, and Stereotyping
Authors: Kim Webster Aness 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMany have attempted to justify various courts’ position that bare or naked statistical evidence is not sufficient for findings of liability. I provide a particular explanation by examining a different, but related, issue about when and why stereotyping is wrong. One natural explanation of wrongness of stereotyping appeals to agency. However, this has been scrutinised. In this paper, I argue that we should broaden our understanding of when and how our agency can be undermined. In particular, I argue that when we take seriously that our agency is exercised in the social world, we can see that stereotyping can and does undermine our agency by fixing the social meaning of our choices and actions as well as by reducing the quality and the kinds of choices that are available to us. Although this improves the agency‐based explanation, it must be noted that undermining agency is not an overriding reason against stereotyping. Much depends on the balance of reasons that take into account moral stakes involved in a case of stereotyping. This results in a messier picture of when and why stereotyping is wrong, but I argue that this is a feature, not a bug. I end by applying this agency‐based explanation to cases that have motivated the so‐called Proof Paradoxes.
Changes in awareness on face mask use in Korea
Authors: Ha Kyoo‐Man 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe present research aims to determine, from the perspective of public health nursing, how Koreans have implemented the mandatory use of face masks during the COVID‐19 outbreak by increasing public awareness in the following order: familiarly wearing, frequently wearing, and always wearing a face mask. Other nations may consider applying in their own policies the lessons learned by Korea regarding changes in awareness on face mask use.
Synthesis and Characterization of Thin Films Based on Azobenzene Derivative Anchored to CeO2 Nanoparticle for Photoswitching Applications
Authors: Ahmad Ahmad A. , Al‐Bataineh Qais M. , Alsaad Ahmad M. , Al‐Nawafleh Dima M. , Al‐Nawafleh Areej M. , Telfah Ahmad D. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTAzobenzene has attracted substantial attention as a photoswitchable molecule since its applications range from energy and data storage to biomedical applications. This work reports a new type of thin‐film based on azobenzene derivative anchored to cerium oxide nanoparticles CeO2NPs for photoswitching applications. The trans–cis isomerization and reverse isomerization occur by UV‐light exposure and thermal relaxation process, respectively. The photoisomerization and reverse isomerization kinetics for CeO2NPs‐MR thin films are studied, investigated, and analyzed using UV‐Vis absorbance spectra, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in addition to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement to study the energy storage capacity. The results found that anchoring azobenzene to CeO2NPs is successful in multisource storage of solar energy applications.
Human Foreknowledge
Authors: Cariani Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

AbstractI explore the motivation and logical consequences of the idea that we have some (limited) ability to know contingent facts about the future, even in presence of the assumption that the future is objectively unsettled or indeterminate. I start by formally characterizing skepticism about the future. This analysis nudges the anti‐skeptic towards the idea that if some propositions about the future are objectively indeterminate, then it may be indeterminate whether a suitably positioned agent knows them.
Role of hypoxia in the behaviour, physiology, immunity and response mechanisms of crustaceans: A review
Authors: Zheng Cheng , Zhao Qianqian , Li Erchao , Zhao Daxian , Sun Shengming 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCrustaceans are often exposed to hypoxic stress in intensive aquaculture systems. Such stress leads to physiological, behavioural and biochemical changes, which can cause various metabolic disorders or even death. Crustacean response mechanisms to hypoxia stress are known to be complex, with their regulation involving multiple genes. In this review, after briefly exploring some known causes of hypoxic stress in aquaculture systems, we discuss the physiological adaptation strategies used by crustaceans in response to hypoxia and summarise recent information regarding the effects of hypoxia on the behaviour, survival, antioxidant ability, metabolic processes and innate immunity of crustaceans. In addition, we give particular emphasis to the known molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia related to the hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1) signalling pathway, the adenosine 5′‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase signalling (AMPK) pathway, and apoptosis. Practically, it is clear that multiple measures need to be taken to prevent and regulate the adverse effects of hypoxic stress in intensive aquaculture systems, including development of hypoxia‐resistant breeds and nutritional regulation techniques. Overall, this review provides a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxic stress in crustaceans, while making conceptual connections with data from related study areas in other species.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Physician and patient perspectives on the pathway to care from symptom recognition to diagnosis and disease burden
Authors: Lancaster Lisa , Bonella Francesco , Inoue Yoshikazu , Cottin Vincent , Siddall James , Small Mark , Langley Jonathan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackground and objectiveIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive disease that requires ongoing care and is associated with considerable socioeconomic burden. We evaluated the IPF care pathway from symptom recognition to treatment. We describe the impact of IPF on healthcare resource use (HCRU), quality of life (QoL) and work impairment, and report differences in patient and physician perspectives using real‐world data from France, Germany, Japan and the United States.MethodsQuantitative, point‐in‐time data were collected as part of the Adelphi IPF II Disease Specific Programme™. Physician‐reported data (patient demographics, medical history, diagnoses, treatment) were matched to patient‐reported data (HCRU, QoL, work impairment). HCRU was measured as physician visits and hospitalizations. QoL and work impairment were measured using the EuroQol‐5 Dimensions (EQ‐5D) and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaires.ResultsOverall, 244 physicians reported data on 1249 patients, 739 of whom self‐reported data. Diagnostic delays of 0.8 (Germany) to 2.0 (Japan) years after symptom onset were reported; treatment initiation was further delayed. In all countries, patients more often reported symptoms in the survey than did their physicians. On average, patients underwent 7–10 clinical tests before diagnosis. Antifibrotic use increased from 57% (2016) to 69% (2019); only 50% of patients with moderate/severe IPF were satisfied with their treatment. The 12‐month hospitalization rates were 24% (Japan) to 64% (United States). Patients reported low QoL (mean EQ‐5D visual analogue scale: 61.7/100).ConclusionPatients with IPF experience considerable diagnostic and treatment delays. More effective therapies and management are needed to reduce the disease burden.
Institutionally Embedded Democratic Equalizers: Differential Political Involvement Effects of Voluntary Associations across Language Regions in Switzerland
Authors: Hadziabdic Sinisa 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRelying on the data of the Swiss Household Panel, the paper examines to what extent expressive, instrumental, and advocacy voluntary associations equalize the level of political involvement across language regions in Switzerland. Empirical evidence reveals that the positive effects of associations are consistently more pronounced in Latin cantons than in German ones. The differential can be traced back, on the one hand, to the lower engagement in political life among citizens in Latin cantons, which gives them greater leeway to increase it as a consequence of associational involvement. On the other hand, members within associations of the same type show very similar political participation levels across regions. Members pull participation among newcomers in Latin cantons to levels similar to those of their German‐speaking counterparts. The size of these equalizing effects can be linked to internal dynamics specific to each associational type and to some features of the Swiss federal state.
Recurrent origin–destination network for exploration of human periodic collective dynamics
Authors: Chen Xiaojian , Xie Jiayi , Xiao Changjiang , Lu Binbin , Shan Jie 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhile daily periodic movements of individuals have been widely studied, their collective dynamics are not understood. To capture periodic collective dynamics, this article represents individual daily movements as a time series of directed weighted origin–destination (OD) networks, and proposes an approach to identify a sub‐network called the “recurrent OD network”, which contains frequent edges appearing in each day. Taxi trajectory data over a period of 6 months in Wuhan, China are used for the case study. Here, we extracted the recurrent OD networks for each 2‐h period on a given day, and compared them with the corresponding “major OD network” defined by both frequent and infrequent edges. Results show that the recurrent OD networks coincidentally exhibit spatially localized community structures and distinctive patterns of inflow and outflow for each region within a day. Overall, both methodology and findings in this study might make significant contributions in a range of fields, such as urban planning, regional economic development, and infectious disease control.
On the Neurocognitive Co‐Evolution of Tool Behavior and Language: Insights from the Massive Redeployment Framework
Authors: Osiurak François , Crétel Caroline , Uomini Natalie , Bryche Chloé , Lesourd Mathieu , Reynaud Emanuelle 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the link between brain evolution and the evolution of distinctive features of modern human cognition is a fundamental challenge. A still unresolved question concerns the co‐evolution of tool behavior (i.e., tool use or tool making) and language. The shared neurocognitive processes hypothesis suggests that the emergence of the combinatorial component of language skills within the frontal lobe/Broca's area made possible the complexification of tool‐making skills. The importance of the frontal lobe/Broca's area in tool behavior is somewhat surprising with regard to the literature on neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience, which has instead stressed the critical role of the left inferior parietal lobe. Therefore, to be complete, any version of the shared neurocognitive processes hypothesis needs to integrate the potential interactions between the frontal lobe/Broca's area and the left inferior parietal lobe as well as their co‐evolution at a phylogenetic level. Here, we sought to provide the first elements of answer through the use of the massive deployment framework, which posits that evolutionarily older brain areas are deployed in more cognitive functions (i.e., they are less specific). We focused on the left parietal cortex, and particularly the left areas PF, PGI, and anterior intraparietal (AIP), which are known to be involved in tool use, language, and motor control, respectively. The deployment of each brain area in different cognitive functions was measured by conducting a meta‐analysis of neuroimaging studies. Our results confirmed the pattern of specificity for each brain area and also showed that the left area PGI was far less specific than the left areas PF and AIP. From these findings, we discuss the different evolutionary scenarios depicting the potential co‐evolution of the combinatorial and generative components of language and tool behavior in our lineage.
Platelet procoagulant potential is reduced in platelet concentrates ex vivo but appears restored following transfusion
Authors: Tohidi‐Esfahani Ibrahim , Tan Shereen , Tan Chuen Wen , Johnson Lacey , Marks Denese C. , Chen Vivien M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe procoagulant profile of platelet concentrates (PCs) following transfusion has been difficult to evaluate due to lack of specific markers. This study aimed to characterize procoagulant platelets in PCs and the effect of transfusion.Study design and methodsBuffy coat‐derived PCs from 12 donors were pooled, split, then stored conventionally, cold (2–6°C) or cryopreserved (−80°C). Procoagulant platelet profiles were assessed by flow cytometry (GSAO+/P‐selectin+), lactadherin‐binding, and calibrated automated thrombogram, during storage, unstimulated, or after thrombin and collagen stimulation and compared with blood from healthy volunteers. Platelet activation (P‐selectin) and procoagulant platelet formation potential were measured (flow cytometry) in patients receiving clinically indicated conventional PC transfusion.ResultsIndependent of significant increases with storage, procoagulant platelet proportions with and without agonist stimulation were significantly blunted in conventionally stored PCs (stimulated day 5 conventional PC 4.2 ± 1.3%, healthy volunteer blood 11.1 ± 2.9%; p < .0001). Cryopreserved PCs contained the highest proportion of procoagulant platelets (unstimulated: cryopreserved 25.6 ± 1.8% vs. day 5 conventional 0.5 ± 0.1% vs. day 14 cold‐stored 5.8 ± 1.0%, p < .0001), but demonstrated minimal increase with agonist. Transfusion of PCs was associated with an increase in procoagulant platelets (2.2 ± 1.4% vs. 0.6 ± 0.2%; p = .004) and reversal of the blunted agonist response (15.8 ± 5.9% vs. 4.0 ± 1.6%; p < .0001). Procoagulant responses post‐transfusion were significantly higher than healthy controls, suggesting a priming effect. The P‐selectin agonist response was not restored upon transfusion (79.4 ± 13.9% vs. 82.0 ± 2.5%).ConclusionStorage blunts the procoagulant platelet response to agonist stimulation in PCs. Despite this, conventionally stored PCs have high procoagulant potential following transfusion, with a discordant, persistent reduction in P‐selectin response.