bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL OIL-BASED ITRACONAZOLE CREAM FOR FUNGAL INFECTION
Authors: KUMAR INDER , THAKUR BHUMIKA , SHARMA ANKITA , THAKUR REENA 
Published: January 2021

Objective: The current study was to formulate and to evaluate itraconazole herbal oil-based cream for fungal infection.
Methods: Six herbal oils were used for the formulation of itraconazole creams, namely, mustard oil (MO), olive oil (OO), wheat germ oil (WGO), jojoba oil (JO), tea tree oil (TTO), and combined oil (CO). Creams were formulated by the trituration method. Each herbal oils containing three different formulations of different concentrations of oils.
Results: All the prepared formulation was evaluated successfully. Out of all the formulations from each herbal oils the best two formulations were finalized, that is, MO2 and CO2 which show the greater in vitro diffusion rate among all. Formulation MO2 shows 55.45±0.10% and CO2 showed 59.43±1.18% within 480 min, respectively. Optimized formulations were also compared with the marketed formulation, which results in formulation CO2 as the best formulation among all.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that herbal oil-based cream proved better alternate than oral preparation and improve patient compliance, ease of administration, local bioavailability, and better proves for fungal infected patients.
FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT OF ORAL FAST-DISSOLVING FILMS OF RUPATADINE FUMARATE
Authors: ROY ABHIBRATA , AREES REEGAN , BLR MADHAVI 
Published: January 2021

Objective: Rupatadine fumarate (RF) is an anti-allergic drug indicated for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. It has low oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility and extensive hepatic first pass metabolism. In the present work, oral fast-dissolving films (OFDF) have been formulated and evaluated to facilitate dissolution in the oral cavity itself.
Methods: Pullulan and HPMC (5, 15 cps) were employed as film formers and six formulations were tried. The physicochemical compatibility between drug and the polymers was studied by FTIR spectroscopy. RF-beta-cyclodextrin (BCD) inclusion complex was initially prepared and evaluated. The inclusion complex was incorporated into the film. OFDF were formulated and prepared by solvent casting method. The film size for one dose was 2 × 2 cm. The films were evaluated for various film parameters including disintegration time and drug release.
Results: Preliminary film studies indicated % of film former solution to be between 3 and 5% for good appearance, mechanical strength, and quick disintegration. Solubility enhancement of RF is almost 40-fold from its BCD inclusion complex. Drug content in the films ranged between 83 and 90%. The pH ranged between 6 and 7 for all the formulations. All OFDF of RF disintegrated within one minute. With higher viscosity grade of HPMC, disintegration was comparatively slower and so was the drug release. Pullulan based films also showed desirable properties. F3 had disintegration time was 28 s and % drug release was 92% in 180 s.
Conclusion: OFDF of RF could be formulated employing pullulan and HPMC low viscosity grades by solvent casting method. F3 containing HPMC E5 at 37% by weight of dry film showed desirable film properties. Stability studies indicated that there was no significant change in the films with respect to physicochemical properties and in vitro release.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON ANTIDIABETIC, ANALGESIC, AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF AMARANTHUS GANGETICUS L. AND ALTERNANTHERA SESSILIS L.
Authors: MOHAIMENUL MD. , DUTTA KATHY , FERDIOUSI NOWRIN , NATH ROY DEBENDRA 
Published: January 2021

Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate and compare antidiabetic, analgesic, and cytotoxic properties of Lal shak (Amaranthus gangeticus L.) and Chanchi shak (Alternanthera sessilis L.). We carried out this work to explore the medicinal uses of very common and cheap leafy plant vegetables among the people of all classes.
Methods: The antidiabetic activity was evaluated and compared by studying the effect of ethanolic extract of A. gangeticus (EEAG) and ethanolic extract of A. sessilis (EEAS) against blood glucose level of alloxan-induced diabetic mice in every 6 h for 24 h. To evaluate and compare analgesic and cytotoxic activity, different tests such as acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test, and brine shrimp lethality bioassay test had been performed.
Results: The mice were treated with both plants extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight in case of antidiabetic activity test. Blood glucose level was examined and found that there was a significant reduction of blood glucose level with EEAG (p<0.05) and EEAS (p<0.001) in comparison with their respective diabetic control group. Although both plant extracts reduced the blood glucose level, the glucose reducing effect was higher in EEAS. Both the plants showed significant (p<0.05) peripheral analgesic activity in treated mice but no significant central analgesic activity. EEAG showed higher peripheral analgesic activity than EEAS. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, both the plants showed higher LC50 value thus cytotoxicity occurs at very higher dose and safe to administer.
Conclusion: In this study, both the plants showed sufficient antidiabetic property and higher LC50 value, thus administration of leafy vegetable Lal shak and Chanchi shak may be useful for diabetic people. Chanchi shak may be more helpful for diabetic people than Lal shak.
EVALUATION OF ANXIOLYTIC POTENTIAL OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF TAMARINDUS INDICA FLOWERS
Authors: VUYYALA BALAKRISHNA , KUMAR D SENTHIL , LAKSHMI THAKKALAPALLY 
Published: January 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was designed to gauge the antianxiety activity of varied extracts, namely, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol of the flowers of Tamarindus indica using elevated plus maze (EPM) model in albino mice.
Methods: Coarsely powdered tamarind was powdered and subjected to exhaustive Soxhlet extraction using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Solvents were recovered from all extracts using a rotary vacuum evaporator under reduced pressure. Albino mice have ministered orally with different doses of the extracts (i.e., 200 and 400 mg/kg) and behavior was observed on the EPM. The standard (positive control) employed in the study Diazepam (2 mg/kg, P.O).
Results: Results indicate that the methanol extract of T. indica flowers showed maximum and significant dose-dependent effect at 200 and 400 mg/kg on EPM, the results were just like the standard antianxiety agent diazepam (2 mg/kg). Locomotor activity evaluated with two different doses of T. indica (200 and 400 mg/kg) using actophotometer. The results were shown to be decreased in a dose dependent model compared to control.
Conclusion: The methanol extract shows that the presence of polyphenols could be liable for the anxiolytic potential of T. indica. Hence, this plant could also be used as a useful antianxiety agent.
IN SILICO MOLECULAR PROPERTIES PREDICTION OF COMPOUNDS FROM CARICA PAPAYA LEAF EXTRACT
Authors: NARA ABHIGNA , BL KUDAGI , KR SUBASH , RAYAM SRIHARSHA 
Published: January 2021

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to analyze the scientific rationale and possible pharmacokinetic properties of certain biologically active compounds from Carica papaya leaf extract in silico.
Methods: This study was investigated on web-based tools PUBCHEM to extract the chemical structure followed by authentication and validation with chemical formula. The 2-dimensional structures are further converted to 3-dimensional (3D) structure with CHEMSKETCH software, the derived 3D structures are then screened for molecular properties and druglikeness score followed by absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity through admetSAR software. The reports are analyzed and predicted for possible drug like compound in leaf extract of papaya.
Results: The results obtained indicate that the compounds screened papain, chymopapain, quercetin, and protocatechuic acid had the druglikeness score −0.93, −0.05, + 0.93, and +0.74, respectively. On acute toxicity prediction, quercetin belonged to Class II and other compounds belonged to Class III.
Conclusion: The study confirms the among the compounds screened for in silico druglikeness and adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity profile quercetin a flavonoid can be possibly developed as effective anti-dengue compound.
AN ANALYSIS OF CASES OF DRUG-INDUCED LIVER INJURY REPORTED TO AN ADVERSE DRUG REACTION MONITORING CENTER
Authors: SUBRAMANIAM BALA , SHAH MEGHA , DESAI CHETNA , PANCHAL JIGAR , SHAH SAMIDH 
Published: January 2021

Objectives: Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a frequent cause of liver injury and acute liver failure .We aimed to analyze the cases of DILI reported over a period of 8 years to the adverse drug reaction (ADR) monitoring center (AMC) at our institution.
Methods: This observational retrospective study was conducted at the ADR monitoring center of a tertiary care hospital. Cases reported to the AMC, Pharmacovigilance Programme of India during the year 2011–2018 were analyzed as per the criteria used to analyze the ADRs.
Results: A total of 5448 ADRs were reported during the study period, of which 105 (2%) were suspected to be DILI. The mean age of the patients with DILI was 39.26 years. Men (66.66%) were more commonly affected than women (33.34%). The most common drug groups causing DILI were antiretroviral (ART) (42.85%) and antitubercular (ATT) (40%). Most common single drug responsible for DILI was isoniazid (44.44%) followed by atazanavir (28%) and pyrazinamide (22.22%). Increase in serum bilirubin was the most common DILI (64.75%). About 79% of cases had a possible causality and 21% of cases had probable causal association with the suspected drugs. Majority of the ADRs (83%) were not preventable and mild in severity (21%). All ADR forms were complete in accordance with National Coordinating Center scale.
Conclusion: DILI is commonly observed in patients taking ART and ATT drugs for more than a month. Regular monitoring and assessment in these patients may help in preventing DILI and manage these ADRs.
ALTERATION TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-9 EXPRESSION IN CANDIDA KERATITIS WITH AND WITHOUT STEROID ADMINISTRATION
Authors: VITRESIA HAVRIZA , JAMSARI JAMSARI , T GONDHOWIHARDJO , EKA PUTRA ANDANI 
Published: January 2021

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the severity level of keratitis, inflammatory response, and clinical feature of fungal keratitis associated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression, with and without steroid administration.
Methods: The mice corneas were inoculated with 108 CFU Candida albicans (CA), divided into two groups, one group with steroid administration and other group without steroid, and uninoculated cornea is used as the control. The mice eyes were observed for the development of keratitis and assess the clinical score to categorize severity level of the keratitis. After 7 days, they were enucleated for analysis of TNF-α and MMP-9 expression with immunohistochemistry and histopathologic examination.
Results: Results show that the group inoculated with Candida and steroid has more moderate and severe level of keratitis compared to the group inoculated with Candida only. The final clinical score in the group of CA injected with steroid was 5–12 with mean 8.89 (2.67). The histopathological examination confirmed the presence of prominent inflammatory response in steroid group. The mean of TNF-α expression in Candida keratitis with and without steroid injections is 50.1 (8.09) and 31.7 (6.89) consecutively, compared to 16.8 (1.58) of control group. The mean of MMP-9 expression in Candida keratitis with steroid injection is higher than Candida keratitis group without steroid injection and control group, which are 46.6 (4.3), 37.8 (4.96), and 17.2 (1.73), respectively. This difference is statistically significant.
Conclusion: Administration of steroids to Candida keratitis has negative effect to corneal tissue, resulting in more severe inflammatory response associated with increased TNF-α and MMP-9 expressions.
A NOVEL VALIDATED HEADSPACE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS QUANTIFICATION OF THREE ORGANIC VOLATILE IMPURITIES IN ENROFLOXACIN PURE AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS
Authors: KISHORE J KRISHNA , RAO K PRASADA 
Published: January 2021

Objective: This article describes a novel, simple, and rapid gas chromatographic method for quantification of three organic volatile impurities (OVIs) present in enrofloxacin and its pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Methods: As stationary phase using ZB-624 30 m×0.53 mm, 3.0 μ column with flame ionized detector at 250°C. The injector temperature is maintained at 180°C. The nitrogen gas was used as a carrier gas with a flow rate of 4.0 mL/min. The method involved a thermal gradient elution. The total run time is 21.14 min.
Results: The retention time of three OVIs taken individually and in spiked standard solutions were determined. The retention times are 2.30 min for methanol, 7.07 min for 1-butanol, and 8.48 min for toluene, respectively. The % relative standard deviation for six injections should be not more than 10%. The % recovery ranges from 85 to 115%. The correlation coefficient (r2) for linearity is not <0.99. The limit of quantification was found to be 260 ppm for methanol, 101 ppm for 1-butanol, and 56 ppm for toluene. Furthermore, verified precision, ruggedness, robustness, solution stability, and pharmaceutical analysis.
Conclusion: All the obtained results are found within the acceptable limits. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the quantification of OVIs present in enrofloxacin pure and its pharmaceutical dosage forms.
NOVEL VALIDATED REVERSED-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF GLUCOSAMINE, DIACEREIN, AND METHYL SULFONYL METHANE IN MICRO SAMPLE RAT PLASMA AND ITS APPLICATION TO PHARMACOKINETIC AND DISSOLUTION STUDIES
Authors: BHAVANI PODILI , PRASADA RAO KAMMELA , MOHAN SEELAM 
Published: January 2021

Objective: The main objective of this research is to develop and validate a simple, specific, precise, sensitive, cost-effective, and rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous quantification of glucosamine (GLU), diacerein (DIA) and methyl sulfonyl methane in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms, and micro-sample of rat plasma using ultraviolet (UV) detection, to perform the studies of drug dissolution from tablets.
Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were used for pharmacokinetic study after intravenous administration of the drug samples at dose 5 mg/kg. The drug samples were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction technique using acetonitrile, which also acted as a deproteinization agent. The separation of the analyte was carried out on a phenomena C18 column with a mobile phase composed of 0.1 % orthophosphoric acid:acetonitrile (80:20 v/v) delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and separation has been monitored by a UV detector, at detection of the wavelength of 285 nm.
Results: This method was proven to be linear over a concentration range of 30–450 μg/ml for GLU, 2–30 μg/ml for DIA, and 10–150 μg/ml for methyl sulfonyl methane with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The retention time of GLU, DIA, and methyl sulfonyl methane were 2.89, 6.32, and 9.87 min, respectively. Recovery of the drugs was found to be in the range of 98.0–102.0%. Validation results were found to be satisfactory and the method applicable for bulk and formulation analysis. Hence, it was evident that the proposed method was said to be a suitable one for the regular analysis and quality control of pharmaceutical preparations which contain these active drugs either individually or in combination.
Conclusion: The validation results were in good agreement with acceptable limits. Relative standard deviation values which are less than 2.0% are indicating the accuracy and precision of this method. The usefulness of the method is that the common chromatographic conditions have been adopted for assay, dissolution, and pharmacokinetic studies. This developed method showed reliable, precise, and accurate results under optimized conditions.
THE VASCULAR RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ANTIPLATELET RESISTANCE IN ISCHEMIC STROKE PATIENTS
Authors: TASLIM PINZON RIZALDY , MARCHELLIA WIJAYA BULAN 
Published: January 2021

Objectives: This research is to measure the prevalence rate of antiplatelet resistance in ischemic stroke patients and measure the vascular risk factors associated with antiplatelet resistance in patients with ischemic stroke.
Methods and Subjects: This was a cross-sectional study with the number of respondents in this study amounted to 155 patients who all had ischemic stroke disease at Bethesda Hospital in Yogyakarta Indonesia used stroke registry to complete the data of the risk factors. VerifyNow method is used to measure the responsiveness of antiplatelet therapy.
Results: Among the 155 patients with ischemic stroke, 45 were women (29%), 110 were men (71%), and the elderly (age more than 60 years old) in 81 patients. In total 155 patients with ischemic stroke, 106 of them have hypertensive, with diabetes are 19 patients, dyslipidemia is 90 patients, and ischemic heart disease in 13 patients. The prevalence of antiplatelet resistance in risk factors, for age more than 60 years, is 21 patients (25%, RR=1.06, *p=0.96), in diabetes is 7 patients (36%, RR=1.17, **p=0.74), dyslipidemia is 19 patients (21%, RR=0.68, ***p=0.24), and ischemic heart disease is four patients (30%). Among 127 patients, 22% (28 patients) had aspirin resistance, while from 42 patients, 26.2% (11 patients) were resistant to clopidogrel.
Conclusion: Antiplatelet resistance is common in ischemic stroke patients. One of five patients treated with antiplatelet showed non-responsiveness. Vascular risk factors do not increase the risk of antiplatelet resistance in ischemic stroke patients.
MICROBIAL ENZYMATIC REDUCTION OF IRON NANOPARTICLES FOR THE CONTROL OF HUMAN PATHOGENS, STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, AND SALMONELLA TYPHI
Authors: C MUNUSAMY , K CHANDHIRASEKAR , M PREMKUMAR 
Published: January 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to synthesis, characterize, and evaluation of antimicrobial potential of iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) using Serratia marcescens.
Methods: Fe NPs were fabricated by microbial enzyme using ferric chloride as an agent of reduction and stabilization. Fe NPs formation and their elemental nature were confirmed by ultraviolet (UV)-absorption spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. The morphology of Fe NPs was characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Functional groups of biomolecules associated with Fe NPs were inferred from characteristic Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy peaks. The antibacterial activity is determined by the disc diffusion method.
Results: Synthesized Fe NPs exhibited characteristic UV-absorption spectrum peaks at 263nm. FTIR spectroscopy peaks of Fe NPs, 3411.66, 1629.16, 1039.63, and 601.90 cm−1 corresponds to carbonyl, disulfides, and ethers groups. SEM study demonstrated that the average size was from 200nm with interparticle distances. The crystalline nature of Fe NPs was confirmed from the X-ray diffraction peaks analysis. The intense diffraction peaks due to Fe NPs at 16.32, 22.56, 35.54, 41.08, 52.36, 61.42, 66.42, 78.1, and 85.08. Corresponding to the 110, 150, 200, 430, 550, and 950 facets of the face-centered cubic crystal structure conformed to the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards: 89-3722 of iron. Antimicrobial activity of Fe NPs against tested Gram-positive and negative bacterial strains showed significant inhibitory zones.
Conclusion: The inhibitory zones obtained in the present study reveal that the Fe NPs can act as a good antibacterial agent.
STEREOTACTIC BRAIN BIOPSY: A REVIEW OF 15 CASES WITH OUTCOMES
Authors: KUMAR ASHOK , AS CARVALHO , SURENDER  , TJ RAPPAI 
Published: January 2021

Objectives: Despite improvements in the imaging techniques which aid pre-operative diagnosis, starting specific treatment requires confirmation by histopathological examination (HPE). However dilemma arises in deep seated lesions, lesions in eloquent areas, and lesion in a patient with a poor performance score for palliation/adjuvant therapy. The aim of this study is to determine the diagnostic accuracy and benefits of stereotactic biopsy (STB) in cases of clinical dilemma plus its effect on post-operative stay, morbidity and mortality, and overall management of patients.
Methods: In this study, a prospective analysis of 15 patients who underwent STB in our hospital from September 2019 to July 2020 was made. The histopathological data derived from the STB, its clinical benefits, and post-operative hospital stay were analyzed.
Results: In terms of histopathology, glial tumor (66.7%) was the most common lesion. The success of obtaining positive STB samples in our study was 100%. Average post-operative stay was 3 days. The clinical benefits were immense as seen in the varied presentations and clinical dilemma with which the patients presented and a how a safely sourced tissue for histopathological diagnosis by STB greatly altered the treatment of the patient.
Conclusion: STB is a multifaceted tool in clinical practice. It can be used in diagnostic and therapeutic situations. Furthermore, in recurrent high-grade cases, it aids in providing HPE diagnosis for a more logical adjuvant treatment than one that follows an assumed diagnosis based on image findings/undergo a high-risk interventional procedure to get a specimen. It is a relatively safe procedure.
EVALUATION OF SALVIA LANATA LEAF EXTRACT FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
Authors: NOGAI LIPI , KUMAR TIRATH , LOHUMI PANKAJ 
Published: January 2021

Objective: The work is aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the ethanolic leaf extract of Salvia lanata.
Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf extract of S. lanata at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg against the standard drug indomethacin at a dose of 10 mg/kg i.p. was evaluated by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and protein denaturation method. Antioxidant activity was determined by 1, 1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method, reducing power method, and nitric oxide scavenging assay.
Results: S. lanata leaf extract showed highly significant dose-dependent efficacy against carrageenan-induced paw edema at a dose of 200 mg/kg and lesser effect at 100 mg/kg. It inhibited heat-induced albumin denaturation with a maximum inhibition of 79.26% at 160 μg/ml. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of extract exhibited inhibition of 25.96%–87.74% within the concentration range of 10 μg/ml–160 μg/ml, nitric oxide assay from 12.26% to 79.22% in the same concentration range. In reducing power assay with an increase in concentrations, an increase in the absorbance of the reaction mixture was observed. Antioxidant activity was compared to standard drug ascorbic acid.
Conclusion: The leaf extract of S. lanata has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.