A multi-purpose National Forest Inventory in Bangladesh: design, operationalisation and key results
Authors: Henry Matieu , Iqbal Zaheer , Johnson Kristofer , Akhter Mariam , Costello Liam , Scott Charles , Jalal Rashed , Hossain Md. Akhter , Chakma Nikhil , Kuegler Olaf , Mahmood Hossain , Mahamud Rajib , Siddique Mohammad Raqibul Hasan , Misbahuzzaman Khaled , Uddin Mohammad Main , Al Amin Mohammed , Ahmed Farid Uddin , Sola Gael , Siddiqui Md. Baktiar , Birigazzi Luca , Rahman Mahmudur , Animon Ilias , Ritu Saimunnahar , Rahman Laskar Muqsudur , Islam Aminul , Hayden Heather , Sidik Frida , Kumar Mondal Falgoonee , Mukul Rakibul Hassan , Nishad Hossain , Belal Ariful Hoque , Anik Asif Reza , Khaleque Abdul , Shaheduzzaman Md. , Hossain Syed Shahadat , Aziz Tariq , Rahaman Md. Tauhidor , Mohaiman Ruhul , Meyer Patrick , Chakma Purnata , Rashid A. Z. M. Manzoor , Das Sourav , Hira Shrabanti , Jashimuddin Mohammed , Rahman Mohammad Mahfuzur , Wurster Karl , Uddin Sarder Nasir , Azad Abul Kalam , Islam S. M. Zahirul , Saint-André Laurent 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
National forest inventory and forest monitoring systems are more important than ever considering continued global degradation of trees and forests. These systems are especially important in a country like Bangladesh, which is characterised by a large population density, climate change vulnerability and dependence on natural resources. With the aim of supporting the Government’s actions towards sustainable forest management through reliable information, the Bangladesh Forest Inventory (BFI) was designed and implemented through three components: biophysical inventory, socio-economic survey and remote sensing-based land cover mapping. This article documents the approach undertaken by the Forest Department under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change to establish the BFI as a multipurpose, efficient, accurate and replicable national forest assessment. The design, operationalization and some key results of the process are presented.

Methods
The BFI takes advantage of the latest and most well-accepted technological and methodological approaches. Importantly, it was designed through a collaborative process which drew from the experience and knowledge of multiple national and international entities. Overall, 1781 field plots were visited, 6400 households were surveyed, and a national land cover map for the year 2015 was produced. Innovative technological enhancements include a semi-automated segmentation approach for developing the wall-to-wall land cover map, an object-based national land characterisation system, consistent estimates between sample-based and mapped land cover areas, use of mobile apps for tree species identification and data collection, and use of differential global positioning system for referencing plot centres.

Results
Seven criteria, and multiple associated indicators, were developed for monitoring progress towards sustainable forest management goals, informing management decisions, and national and international reporting needs. A wide range of biophysical and socioeconomic data were collected, and in some cases integrated, for estimating the indicators.

Conclusions
The BFI is a new information source tool for helping guide Bangladesh towards a sustainable future. Reliable information on the status of tree and forest resources, as well as land use, empowers evidence-based decision making across multiple stakeholders and at different levels for protecting natural resources. The integrated socio-economic data collected provides information about the interactions between people and their tree and forest resources, and the valuation of ecosystem services. The BFI is designed to be a permanent assessment of these resources, and future data collection will enable monitoring of trends against the current baseline. However, additional institutional support as well as continuation of collaboration among national partners is crucial for sustaining the BFI process in future.