bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Stay at home …’: exploring the impact of the COVID-19 public health response on sexual behaviour and health service use among men who have sex with men: findings from a large online survey in the UK
Authors: Howarth Alison R , Saunders John , Reid David , Kelly Isabelle , Wayal Sonali , Weatherburn Peter , Hughes Gwenda , Mercer Catherine H 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesThe first UK national lockdown began on 23 March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and led to reduced STI/HIV service provision in the UK. We investigated sexual behaviour, use and need for sexual healthcare during the pandemic.MethodsParticipants (N=2018), including men (cis/transgender), transwomen and gender-diverse people reporting sex with another man (cis/transgender) or non-binary person assigned male at birth, completed an online cross-sectional survey (23 June 2020–14 July 2020), in response to adverts on social media and dating apps.Sexual behaviour, service use and unmet need for STI testing (any new male and/or multiple condomless anal sex (CAS) partners without STI testing) in the 3 months since lockdown began were examined and compared using multivariable analyses with an equivalent 3-month period in a 2017 survey (N=1918), conducted by the same research team.ResultsSince lockdown began, 36.7% of participants reported one or more new partners, 17.3% reported CAS with multiple partners, 29.7% HIV testing (among 1815 of unknown/negative status), 24.9% STI testing and 15.4% using pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).Since lockdown began, 25.3% of participants had unmet need for STI testing. This was more likely among Asian versus white participants (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.76, (1.14 to 2.72), p=0.01); for participants living in Scotland (aOR=2.02, (1.40 to 2.91), p<0.001) or Northern Ireland (aOR=1.93, (1.02–3.63), p=0.04) versus England; and for those living with HIV (aOR=1.83, (1.32 to 2.53), p<0.001).Compared to 2017, the equivalent 2020 subsample were less likely to report new male partners (46.8% vs 71.1%, p<0.001), multiple CAS partners (20.3% vs 30.8%, p<0.001) and have unmet need for STI testing (32.8% vs 42.5%, p<0.001) in the past 3 months.ConclusionsWe found potential for ongoing STI/HIV transmission among men who have sex with men during the initial UK lockdown, despite reduced sexual activity, and inequalities in service access. These findings will support public health planning to mitigate health risks during and after the COVID-19 response.
Sexually transmitted infection (STI) research priority-setting: a two-stage study including the perspectives of patients, the public, clinicians and stakeholders
Authors: Browne Hannah Louise , Clarke Emily , Obasi Angela I 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesPatient and public involvement (PPI) in research priority-setting remains limited, especially for non-HIV STI. We identify and compare the top 10 patient and public STI research priorities with those of clinicians and STI stakeholders.MethodsThis two-stage study was conducted in May–August 2019. First, STI research priorities were canvassed through qualitative questionnaires issued to all patients attending a large sexual health clinic, all clinicians in region-wide mailing lists, all stakeholders identified through existing networks and the Charity Commission database, and to the Liverpool public. Raw responses were organised by theme into a shortlist of 25. In stage 2, these were ranked through priority-setting activities by telephone with patients and the public (n=8) and some clinicians (n=3), and in two workshops with clinicians (n=26) and stakeholders (n=5), respectively. The top 10 priorities were compared.ResultsOf 373 surveys submitted, 106 were analysed (83 patient and public; 23 clinician and stakeholder). Exclusions included lack of completion and responses out of scope. Among patient and public respondents, 55% (n=46) were aged 18–24 years, 51% (n=42) identified as heterosexual women and 23% (n=19) as men who have sex with men. Clinicians included all cadres; stakeholders were academics, commissioners and third sector representatives. In stage 2, 4 of 10 themes (STI education, targeted services for high-risk groups, antibiotic resistance and counselling for those with STI) were prioritised by all. Remote STI services and rapid diagnostics also ranked highly but the rationale differed between groups.ConclusionThis is the first non-HIV STI research priority-setting exercise to be reported in the UK. It identifies overlaps and differences between public and provider concerns, highlights gaps in the public understanding of STI research, and shows how PPI can promote research responsive to the concerns of both those who use and deliver services.
HIV testing in termination of pregnancy and colposcopy services: a scoping review
Authors: Filippidis Paraskevas , Francini Katyuska , Jacot-Guillarmod Martine , Mathevet Patrice , Lhopitallier Loïc , Cavassini Matthias , Darling Katharine E.A. 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundWomen and girls are relatively under-represented across the HIV treatment cascade. Two conditions unique to women, pregnancy and cervical cancer/dysplasia, share a common acquisition mode with HIV. This scoping review aimed to explore HIV testing practices in voluntary termination of pregnancy (TOP) and colposcopy services.MethodsThe scoping review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. We searched articles published up to 20 December 2020 using three electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Embase, Google Scholar) and including the keywords “HIV Testing”, “Abortion, Induced”, “Colposcopy”, “HIV screen*” and “termination of pregnancy”.ResultsA total of 1496 articles were identified, of which 55 met the inclusion criteria. We included studies providing background HIV prevalence in addition to prevalence in the study population and studies of women seeking TOP rather than presenting with TOP complications. This limited our review to high-income, low HIV prevalence settings. We observed two study phases: studies pre-antiretroviral therapy (ART) using unlinked anonymous testing data and examining HIV risk factors associated with positive HIV tests and studies post-ART using routine testing data and exploring HIV testing uptake. HIV prevalence was estimated at >0.2% in most TOP settings and >1% (range 1.7%–11.4%) in colposcopy services. Many TOP providers did not have local HIV testing policies and HIV testing was not mentioned in many specialist guidelines. Testing uptake was 49%–96% in TOP and 23%–75% in colposcopy services.ConclusionGiven the estimated HIV prevalence of >0.1% among women attending TOP and colposcopy services, HIV testing would be economically feasible to perform in high-income settings. Explicit testing policies are frequently lacking in these two settings, both at the local level and in specialist guidelines. Offering HIV testing regardless of risk factors could normalise testing, reduce late HIV presentation and create an opportunity for preventive counselling.
Wigner SU(4) symmetry, clustering, and the spectrum of $$^{12}$$C
Authors: Shen Shihang , Lähde Timo A. , Lee Dean , Meißner Ulf-G. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe present lattice calculations of the low-lying spectrum of $$^{12}$$

12

C using a simple nucleon–nucleon interaction that is independent of spin and isospin and therefore invariant under Wigner’s SU(4) symmetry. We find strong signals for all excited states up to $$\sim 15$$

∼
15

MeV above the ground state, and explore the structure of each state using a large variety of $$\alpha $$
α
cluster and harmonic oscillator trial states, projected onto given irreducible representations of the cubic group. We are able to verify earlier findings for the $$\alpha $$
α
clustering in the Hoyle state and the second $$2^+$$

2
+

state of $$^{12}$$

12

C. The success of these calculations to describe the full low-lying energy spectrum using spin-independent interactions suggest that either the spin-orbit interactions are somewhat weak in the $$^{12}$$

12

C system, or the effects of $$\alpha $$
α
clustering are diminishing their influence. This is in agreement with previous findings from ab initio shell model calculations.
Heavy quark radiation in the quark–gluon plasma in the Moliere theory: angular distribution of the radiation
Authors: Blok B. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe study the effects of adding the Coulomb interactions to the harmonic oscillator (HO) approximation of the heavy parton propagating through the quark–gluon plasma (the extension to QCD of the Molliere theory). We explicitly find the expression for the transverse momentum distribution of the gluon radiation of the heavy quark propagating in the quark gluon plasma in the framework of the Moliere theory, taking into account the BDMPSZ radiation in the HO approximation, and the Coulomb logarithms described by the additional logarithmic terms in the effective potential. We show that these Coulomb logarithms significantly influence the HO distribution, derived in the BDMPSZ works, especially for the small transverse momenta, filling the dead cone, and reducing the dead cone suppression of the heavy quark radiation (dead cone effect). In addition we study the effect of the phase space constraints on the heavy quark energy loss, and argue that taking into account of both the phase space constraints and of the Coulomb gluons reduces the dependence of the heavy quark energy loss on its mass in the HO approximation.
The cosmological background and the “external field” in modified gravity (MOG)
Authors: Moffat J. W. , Toth V. T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe investigate the contributions of the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric of the standard cosmology as an asymptotic boundary condition on the first-order approximation of the gravitational field in Moffat’s theory of modified gravity (MOG). We also consider contributions due to the fact that the MOG theory does not satisfy the shell theorem or Birkhoff’s theorem, resulting in what is known as the “external field effect” (EFE). We show that while both these effects add small contributions to the radial acceleration law, the result is orders of magnitude smaller than the radial acceleration in spiral galaxies.
Is two-pole’s $$\varLambda (1405)$$ one state or two?
Authors: Wang Zhong-Yu , Ahmed Hiwa A. , Xiao C. W. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTo understand the nature of two poles for the$$\varLambda (1405)$$Λ(1405)state, we revisit the interactions of$${\bar{K}}N$$K¯Nand$$\pi \Sigma $$πΣwith their coupled channels, where two-pole structure is found in the second Riemann sheet. We also dynamically generate two poles in the single channel interaction of$${\bar{K}}N$$K¯Nand$$\pi \Sigma $$πΣ, respectively. Moreover, we make a further study of two poles’ properties by evaluating the couplings, the compositeness, the wave functions, and the radii for the interactions of four coupled channels, two coupled channels and the single channel. Our results show that the nature of two poles is unique. The higher-mass pole is a pure$${\bar{K}} N$$K¯Nmolecule, and the lower-mass one is a composite state of mainly$$\pi \Sigma $$πΣwith tiny component$${\bar{K}} N$$K¯N. From our results, one can conclude that the$$\varLambda (1405)$$Λ(1405)state may be overlapped with two different states of the same quantum numbers.
Employing Synthetic T-cell Biology to Target AML without On-Target/Off-Cancer Toxicity
Authors: Velasquez M. Paulina , Gottschalk Stephen 
Published: September 2021

Summary:
Ideal targets for chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain elusive. In this issue of Blood Cancer Discovery, Richards and colleagues explore CD93 as a potential AML target antigen, and devise an approach to mitigate “on-target/off-cancer toxicity.”
See related article by Richards et al., p. 648.
Endovascular Thrombectomy for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke During Pregnancy and the Early Postpartum Period
Authors: Dicpinigaitis Alis J. , Sursal Tolga , Morse Catherine A. , Briskin Camille , Dakay Katarina , Kurian Christeena , Kaur Gurmeen , Sahni Ramandeep , Bowers Christian , Gandhi Chirag D. , Mayer Stephan A. , Al-Mufti Fawaz 
Published: September 2021

Background and Purpose:
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a rare occurrence during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Existing literature evaluating endovascular mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for this patient population is limited.

Methods:
The National Inpatient Sample was queried from 2012 to 2018 to identify and characterize pregnant and postpartum patients (up to 6 weeks following childbirth) with AIS treated with MT. Complications and outcomes were compared with nonpregnant female patients treated with MT and to other pregnant and postpartum patients managed medically. Complex samples regression models and propensity score matching were implemented to assess adjusted associations and to address confounding by indication, respectively.

Results:

Among 4590 pregnant and postpartum patients with AIS, 180 (3.9%) were treated with MT, and rates of utilization increased following the MT clinical trial era (2015–2018; 1.9% versus 5.3%,
P
=0.011). Compared with nonpregnant patients with AIS treated with MT, they experienced lower rates of intracranial hemorrhage (11% versus 24%,
P
=0.069) and poor functional outcome (50% versus 72%,
P
=0.003) at discharge. Pregnant/postpartum status was independently associated with a lower likelihood of development of intracranial hemorrhage (adjusted odds ratio, 0.26 [95% CI, 0.09–0.70];
P
=0.008) following multivariable analysis adjusting for age, illness severity, and stroke severity. Following propensity score matching, pregnant and postpartum patients treated with MT and those medically managed differed in frequency of venous thromboembolism (17% versus 0%,
P
=0.001) and complications related to pregnancy (44% versus 64%,
P
=0.034), but not in functional outcome at discharge or hospital length of stay. Pregnant and postpartum women treated with MT did not experience mortality or miscarriage during hospitalization.

Conclusions:
This large-scale analysis utilizing national claims data suggests that MT is a safe and efficacious therapy for AIS during pregnancy and the postpartum period. In the absence of prospective clinical trials, population-based cross-sectional analyses such as the present study provide valuable clinical insight.
Everyday Experiences of Water Insecurity: Insights from Underserved Areas of Accra, Ghana
Authors: Harris Leila M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
At least half of Accra's residents do not enjoy safe, secure, and affordable access to water on a regular basis. Focused on underserved communities in and around urban Accra, this essay highlights the meanings and importance of water insecurity for residents' daily lives. In particular, this essay extends beyond the well-established ways that the lack of safe and affordable access conditions poor public health outcomes, to a broader understanding of well-being informed by residents' own experiences of irregular and insecure access to water. This essay thus seeks to broaden understandings of water insecurity beyond the basic and minimum access required for daily needs, and to consider broader social-contextual dynamics, such as reported experiences of stress or conflict, that residents face daily in negotiating water insecurities.1
Hydropolitics versus Human Security: Implications of South Africa's Appropriation of Lesotho's Highlands Water
Authors: Mwangi Oscar Gakuo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Lesotho Highlands Water Project, which exports water to South Africa, has enhanced the unequal structural relationship that exists between both states. Lesotho, one of the few countries in the world that exports water, has transformed from one of the largest sources of labor for South Africa to a water reservoir for South Africa. Though the project provides mutual strategic economic and political benefits to both riparian states, its construction has negatively affected environmental and human security in Lesotho. Due to hydropolitics, environmental threats in Lesotho caused by the project's construction are overlooked. These threats, which have devastating effects on resettled communities and the country's ecosystem, also constitute a threat to domestic and international security. The desire to prevent interstate conflict and maintain cooperation between the two riparian states further enhances the lopsided interstate relationship.
Towards Question-Answering as an Automatic Metric for Evaluating the Content Quality of a Summary
Authors: Deutsch Daniel , Bedrax-Weiss Tania , Roth Dan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A desirable property of a reference-based evaluation metric that measures the content quality of a summary is that it should estimate how much information that summary has in common with a reference. Traditional text overlap based metrics such as ROUGE fail to achieve this because they are limited to matching tokens, either lexically or via embeddings. In this work, we propose a metric to evaluate the content quality of a summary using question-answering (QA). QA-based methods directly measure a summary’s information overlap with a reference, making them fundamentally different than text overlap metrics. We demonstrate the experimental benefits of QA-based metrics through an analysis of our proposed metric, QAEval. QAEval outperforms current state-of-the-art metrics on most evaluations using benchmark datasets, while being competitive on others due to limitations of state-of-the-art models. Through a careful analysis of each component of QAEval, we identify its performance bottlenecks and estimate that its potential upper-bound performance surpasses all other automatic metrics, approaching that of the gold-standard Pyramid Method.1
Neural Modeling for Named Entities and Morphology (NEMO2)
Authors: Bareket Dan , Tsarfaty Reut 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a fundamental NLP task, commonly formulated as classification over a sequence of tokens. Morphologically rich languages (MRLs) pose a challenge to this basic formulation, as the boundaries of named entities do not necessarily coincide with token boundaries, rather, they respect morphological boundaries. To address NER in MRLs we then need to answer two fundamental questions, namely, what are the basic units to be labeled, and how can these units be detected and classified in realistic settings (i.e., where no gold morphology is available). We empirically investigate these questions on a novel NER benchmark, with parallel token- level and morpheme-level NER annotations, which we develop for Modern Hebrew, a morphologically rich-and-ambiguous language. Our results show that explicitly modeling morphological boundaries leads to improved NER performance, and that a novel hybrid architecture, in which NER precedes and prunes morphological decomposition, greatly outperforms the standard pipeline, where morphological decomposition strictly precedes NER, setting a new performance bar for both Hebrew NER and Hebrew morphological decomposition tasks.
Unsupervised Abstractive Opinion Summarization by Generating Sentences with Tree-Structured Topic Guidance
Authors: Isonuma Masaru , Mori Junichiro , Bollegala Danushka , Sakata Ichiro 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a novel unsupervised abstractive summarization method for opinionated texts. While the basic variational autoencoder-based models assume a unimodal Gaussian prior for the latent code of sentences, we alternate it with a recursive Gaussian mixture, where each mixture component corresponds to the latent code of a topic sentence and is mixed by a tree-structured topic distribution. By decoding each Gaussian component, we generate sentences with tree-structured topic guidance, where the root sentence conveys generic content, and the leaf sentences describe specific topics. Experimental results demonstrate that the generated topic sentences are appropriate as a summary of opinionated texts, which are more informative and cover more input contents than those generated by the recent unsupervised summarization model (Bražinskas et al., 2020). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the variance of latent Gaussians represents the granularity of sentences, analogous to Gaussian word embedding (Vilnis and McCallum, 2015).
An Analytical Model for Spatially Varying Clear-Sky CO2 Forcing
Authors: Jeevanjee Nadir , Seeley Jacob T. , Paynter David , Fueglistaler Stephan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractClear-sky CO2forcing is known to vary significantly over the globe, but the state dependence which controls this is not well understood. Here we extend the formalism of Wilson and Gea-Banacloche (2012) to obtain a quantitatively accurate analytical model for spatially-varying instantaneous CO2forcing, which depends only on surface temperatureTs, stratospheric temperature, and column relative humidity RH. This model shows that CO2forcing can be considered a swap of surface emission for stratospheric emission, and thus depends primarily on surface-stratosphere temperature contrast. The strong meridional gradient in CO2forcing is thus largely due to the strong meridional gradient inTs. In the tropics and mid-latitudes, however, the presence of H2O modulates the forcing by replacing surface emission with RH-dependent atmospheric emission. This substantially reduces the forcing in the tropics, introduces forcing variations due to spatially-varying RH, and sets an upper limit (with respect toTsvariations) on CO2forcing which is reached in the present-day tropics.In addition, we extend our analytical model to the instantaneous tropopause forcing, and find that this forcing depends onTsonly, with no dependence on stratospheric temperature. We also analyze the ‘τ= 1’ approximation for the emission level, and derive an exact formula for the emission level which yields values closer toτ= 1/2 than toτ= 1.
Parental Race/Ethnicity and Children’s Summer Activities: A Critical Race Approach
Authors: Nomaguchi Kei , Allen Amira , Aldrich Lindsey , Confer Leanne 
Published: September 2021

Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010–2011 ( N = 3,748), we examine how children’s summer activities vary across White, Black, Latino, and Asian American families, net of socioeconomic and other characteristics. Overall, a majority of children play outside and use screen media daily, do learning activities three days or more per week, and take family trips. Attending summer school or camps is less common. As predicted from critical race perspectives, Black parents have children spend more time attending camps than other parents. Compared with White parents, Black and Asian parents have their children engaged in academic activities more and play outside less; Latino parents do learning activities with their children less, but are more likely to have them tutored. All the three non-White groups allow children to spend more time using screen media. More quantitative research using critical race perspectives in conceptualizing racial/ethnic differences in parenting is warranted.