bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of modern PET technology and techniques on the EANM paediatric dosage card
Authors: Dickson John , Eberlein Uta , Lassmann Michael 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Aim
Recent advancements in PET technology have brought with it significant improvements in PET performance and image quality. In particular, the extension of the axial field of view of PET systems, and the introduction of semiconductor technology into the PET detector, initially for PET/MR, and more recently available long-field-of-view PET/CT systems (≥ 25 cm) have brought a step change improvement in the sensitivity of PET scanners. Given the requirement to limit paediatric doses, this increase in sensitivity is extremely welcome for the imaging of children and young people. This is even more relevant with PET/MR, where the lack of CT exposures brings further dose reduction benefits to this population. In this short article, we give some details around the benefits around new PET technology including PET/MR and its implications on the EANM paediatric dosage card.

Material and methods
Reflecting on EANM adult guidance on injected activities, and making reference to bed overlap and the concept of MBq.min bed−1 kg−1, we use published data on image quality from PET/MR systems to update the paediatric dosage card for PET/MR and extended axial field of view (≥ 25 cm) PET/CT systems. However, this communication does not cover the expansion of paediatric dosing for the half-body and total-body scanners that have recently come to market.

Results
In analogy to the existing EANM dosage card, new parameters for the EANM paediatric dosage card were developed (class B, baseline value: 10.7 MBq, minimum recommended activity 10 MBq). The recommended administered activities for the systems considered in this communication range from 11 MBq [18F]FDG for a child with a weight of 3 kg to 149 MBq [18F]FDG for a paediatric patient weight of 68 kg, assuming a scan of 3 min per bed position. The mean effective dose over all ages (1 year and older) is 2.85 mSv.

Conclusion
With this, recommendations for paediatric dosing are given for systems that have not been considered previously.
Portal Vein Embolization Using N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate-Glue: What Impact Does a Central Vascular Plug Have?
Authors: Carling Ulrik , Røsok Bård , Berger Sigurd , Fretland Åsmund Avdem , Dorenberg Eric 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To examine if the addition of a central vascular plug (CVP) to portal vein embolization (PVE) with N-butyl cyanoacrylate-glue (NBCA) increases future liver remnant (FLR) growth.

Material and Methods
This is a single-center retrospective study of 115 consecutive patients with colorectal liver metastases undergoing PVE in 2013–2019. All patients were embolized with NBCA as the main embolic agent. In 2017–2019 NBCA was combined with a CVP in the central part of the right portal vein. Growth of the FLR and standardized FLR (sFLR) including degree of hypertrophy (DH) and kinetic growth rate (KGR) were analyzed, as well as procedure data such as use of cone-beam CT (CBCT), dose area product (DAP), fluoroscopy time and contrast dose.

Results
A total of 40 patients (35%) underwent PVE with a combination of CVP and NBCA. The DH was higher in these patients after 4 weeks, mean 13.6% (SD 7.8) vs. 10.5% (SD 6.4; p = 0.022), verified in multivariate analysis (coefficient 4.1, p = 0.015). A CVP did not significantly increase the resection rate (90% vs 82%, p = 0.4). Cone beam CT was used in 65 patients (57%). Use of CBCT did not affect FLR growth, and fluoroscopy time and contrast doses were not different in patients having a CBCT or not. Slightly lower DAP (median 3375 vs. 4499 cGy*cm2; p = 0.09) was seen in procedures where CBCT was used.

Conclusion
A CVP in addition to NBCA embolization was associated with increased growth of the FLR compared to NBCA alone.
Mathematically optimal decisions in forensic age assessment
Authors: Mostad Petter , Schmeling Andreas , Tamsen Fredrik 
Published: December 2021

AbstractForensic age estimation generally involves considerable amounts of uncertainty. Forensic age indicators such as teeth or skeleton images predict age only approximately, and this is likely to remain true even for future forensic age indicators. Thus, forensic age assessment should aim to make the best possible decisions under uncertainty. In this paper, we apply mathematical theory to make statistically optimal decisions to age assessment. Such an application is fairly straightforward assuming there is a standardized procedure for obtaining age indicator information from individuals, assuming we have data from the application of this procedure to a group of persons with known ages, and assuming the starting point for each individual is a probability distribution describing prior knowledge about the persons age. The main problem is then to obtain such a prior. Our analysis indicates that individual priors rather than a common prior for all persons may be necessary. We suggest that caseworkers, based on individual case information, may select a prior from a menu of priors. We show how information may then be collected over time to gradually increase the robustness of the decision procedure. We also show how replacing individual prior distributions for age with individual prior odds for being above an age limit cannot be recommended as a general method. Our theoretical framework is applied to data where the maturity of the distal femur and the third molar is observed using MRI. As part of this analysis we observe a weak positive conditional correlation between maturity of the two body parts.
The effects of vertebral body tethering on sagittal parameters: evaluations from a 2-years follow-up
Authors: Baroncini Alice , Courvoisier Aurelien , Berjano Pedro , Migliorini Filippo , Eschweiler Jörg , Kobbe Philipp , Hildebrand Frank , Trobisch Per David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Introduction
While the effects of VBT on coronal parameters have been investigated in various studies, this has not yet been the case for sagittal parameters. This is of particular relevance considering that VBT does not allow direct correction of the sagittal profile. Thus, we investigated the effects of VBT on sagittal parameters in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Materials and methods
Retrospective, 2-Center study. Patients who underwent VBT and presented a 2-years follow-up were included. The differences in sagittal parameters were evaluated, along with modifications of sagittal profile following Abelin-Genevois’ classification.

Results
Data from 86 patients were obtained. Mean Cobb angle was 52.4 ± 13.9° at thoracic level and 47.6 ± 14.3° at lumbar level before surgery, and 28.5 ± 13.6 and 26.6 ± 12.7° at the 2-year follow-up, respectively. Mean thoracic kyphosis increased from 28.3 ± 13.8 to 33 ± 13°, the lumbar lordosis (LL) was unvaried (from 47.5 ± 13.1 to 48.4 ± 13.5°), PT decreased from 9.4 ± 8.5 to 7.4 ± 6.1°, the sagittal vertical axis SVA decreased from 4.5 ± 31.4 to − 3.6 ± 27.9 mm. No kyphotic effect on LL in patients who underwent lumbar instrumentation was observed. Before surgery, 39 patients had a type 1 sagittal profile, 18 were type 2a, 14 type 2b and 15 type 3. Postoperatively, 54 were type 1, 8 were 2a, 13 were 2b and 11 were type 3.

Conclusions
VBT positively influences sagittal parameters and does not have a kyphotic effect on LL.
Teardrops at the Lake: Chemistry of New Kingdom to Makuria Glass Beads and Pendants Between the First and Second Nile Cataracts
Authors: Then-Obłuska Joanna , Dussubieux Laure 
Published: December 2021

AbstractInternational expeditions extensively excavated Lower Nubia (between the First and Second Nile Cataracts) before it was submerged under the waters of Lake Nasser and Lake Nubia. The expeditions concentrated on monumental architecture and cemeteries, including sites at Qustul and Serra East, where the New Kingdom, and Napatan, Meroitic, Nobadian, and Makurian-period elites and common people were buried, ca. 1400 BC–AD 1400. Although the finds abound in adornments, including bead imports from Egypt and South India/Sri Lanka, only a few traces of local glass bead-making have been recorded in Nubia so far. Based on results of laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of 76 glass beads, pendants, and chunks from Qustul and Serra East contexts, dated between the New Kingdom and the Makuria Kingdom periods, this paper discusses the composition and provenance of two types of plant-ash soda-lime (v-Na-Ca) glass, two types of mineral soda-lime glass (m-Na-Ca), and two types of mineral-soda-high alumina (m-Na-Al) glass. It also presents the remains of a probable local glass bead-making workshop dated to the period of intensive long-distance bead trade in Northeast Africa, AD 400–600.
Insight into the role of cyanobacterial bloom in the trophic link between ciliates and predatory copepods
Authors: Kosiba Joanna , Krztoń Wojciech 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAn important group of protozooplankton, the ciliates, are a crucial component of aquatic food webs. They are the main grazers on bacteria and algae transferring carbon to higher levels of the food web (metazooplankton and fish fry). Changes in the quality and quantity of protozooplankton can modify the quality and quantity of metazooplankton, especially predatory copepods, causing changes in energy transfer and the matter cycle. Observable climate change is one of the most significant factors promoting the increase of cyanobacterial blooms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find out how cyanobacterial blooms modify relationships between ciliates (prey) and copepods (predator), and to discover possible pathways of changes in freshwater food webs. We analysed the relationship between the biomass of predatory copepods and feeding guilds of ciliates (algivorous, bacterivorous, bacteri-algivorous). The relationship of predators biomass with algivorous and bacteri-algivorous ciliate biomasses, with a simultaneous lack of relationship with bacterivorous ciliate biomass, demonstrates that bacterial fixed carbon may be only partially contributing to the total energy passed through this link. Results demonstrated that the bloom enhanced the relationship between prey and predator. Larger and free-swimming ciliate species appear to play a greater role in energy transfer than smaller sedentary species.
Learning network embeddings using small graphlets
Authors: le Gorrec Luce , Knight Philip A. , Caen Auguste 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTechniques for learning vectorial representations of graphs (graph embeddings) have recently emerged as an effective approach to facilitate machine learning on graphs. Some of the most popular methods involve sophisticated features such as graph kernels or convolutional networks. In this work, we introduce two straightforward supervised learning algorithms based on small-size graphlet counts, combined with a dimension reduction step. The first relies on a classic feature extraction method powered by principal component analysis (PCA). The second is a feature selection procedure also based on PCA. Despite their conceptual simplicity, these embeddings are arguably more meaningful than some popular alternatives and at the same time are competitive with state-of-the-art methods. We illustrate this second point on a downstream classification task. We then use our algorithms in a novel setting, namely to conduct an analysis of author relationships in Wikipedia articles, for which we present an original dataset. Finally, we provide empirical evidence suggesting that our methods could also be adapted to unsupervised learning algorithms.
Lagrange-multiplier regularization of eigenproblem for Jx
Authors: Jung Dong-Won , Kim U-Rae , Lee Jungil , Yu Chaehyun ,   KPOPℰ Collaboration
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe solve the eigenproblem of the angular momentum $$J_x$$

J
x

by directly dealing with the non-diagonal matrix unlike the conventional approach rotating the trivial eigenstates of $$J_z$$

J
z

. Characteristic matrix is reduced into a tri-diagonal form following Narducci–Orszag rescaling of the eigenvectors. A systematic reduction formalism with recurrence relations for determinants of any dimension greatly simplifies the computation of tri-diagonal matrices. Thus the secular determinant is intrinsically factorized to find the eigenvalues immediately. The reduction formalism is employed to find the adjugate of the characteristic matrix. Improving the recently introduced Lagrange-multiplier regularization, we identify that every column of that adjugate matrix is indeed the eigenvector. It is remarkable that the approach presented in this work is completely new and unique in that any information of $$J_z$$

J
z

is not required and only algebraic operations are involved. Collapsing of the large amount of determinant calculation with the recurrence relation has a wide variety of applications to other tri-diagonal matrices appearing in various fields. This new formalism should be pedagogically useful for treating the angular momentum problem that is central to quantum mechanics course.
Human Rights Violations in Space: Assessing the External Validity of Machine-Geocoded versus Human-Geocoded Data
Authors: Stundal Logan , Bagozzi Benjamin E. , Freeman John R. , Holmes Jennifer S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPolitical event data are widely used in studies of political violence. Recent years have seen notable advances in the automated coding of political event data from international news sources. Yet, the validity of machine-coded event data remains disputed, especially in the context of event geolocation. We analyze the frequencies of human- and machine-geocoded event data agreement in relation to an independent (ground truth) source. The events are human rights violations in Colombia. We perform our evaluation for a key, 8-year period of the Colombian conflict and in three 2-year subperiods as well as for a selected set of (non)journalistically remote municipalities. As a complement to this analysis, we estimate spatial probit models based on the three datasets. These models assume Gaussian Markov Random Field error processes; they are constructed using a stochastic partial differential equation and estimated with integrated nested Laplacian approximation. The estimated models tell us whether the three datasets produce comparable predictions, underreport events in relation to the same covariates, and have similar patterns of prediction error. Together the two analyses show that, for this subnational conflict, the machine- and human-geocoded datasets are comparable in terms of external validity but, according to the geostatistical models, produce prediction errors that differ in important respects.
Untying Hands: De-escalation, Reputation, and Dynamic Audience Costs
Authors: Quek Kai 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTwo states in a dispute refuse to back down. One ties its own hands to strengthen its stand and gain advantage; the other tries to untie the tied hands to preempt disadvantage. Tying hands is a well-studied strategy, but it tells only part of the story, and the response strategy of untying hands remains unexplored. Can a state untie the tied hands of its opponent to give freedom back to its opponent—the freedom to concede? I identify three strategies of untying hands: counterthreat, reassurance, and normative framing. I show experimentally that these strategies can reduce the public costs of backing down and the perceived reputational damage from backing down. Tied hands and audience costs are not static and immutable, but dynamic and malleable by the other side.
Diagnostic and treatment challenges in neurofibroma concerning the external nose
Authors: Shakrawal N , Chouhan M , Solanki B 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis paper discusses clinical features and management aspects of an extremely rare entity, neurofibroma of the external nose.MethodsDatabase searches were performed using PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar to identify previously published articles.ResultsTwelve articles comprising 13 patients with neurofibroma of the external nose were included. The mean age of presentation was 31 years. Sixty-nine per cent of patients were diagnosed at final histopathology. External approach rhinoplasty was performed in 76.9 per cent of patients, while the intranasal approach was used in 15.3 per cent of patients. There was a 15.3 per cent association with neurofibromatosis type 1. Recurrence was noted in 23 per cent of patients.ConclusionIt may be challenging to diagnose this entity clinically because of its rarity and striking features on histopathology. Neurofibroma of the external nose should be kept in mind as a differential diagnosis for any soft progressive swelling over the nose. Management requires complete excision, with cosmesis and restoration of functions.
The approximate number system represents magnitude and precision
Authors: Gallistel Charles R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Numbers are symbols manipulated in accord with the axioms of arithmetic. They sometimes represent discrete and continuous quantities (e.g., numerosities, durations, rates, distances, directions, and probabilities), but they are often simply names. Brains, including insect brains, represent the rational numbers with a fixed-point data type, consisting of a significand and an exponent, thereby conveying both magnitude and precision.
Distinguishing the specific from the recognitional and the canonical, and the nature of ratios
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
There are three independent properties of a mode of presentation (m.p.) of a number: being specific; being recognitional; and being canonical. A perceptual m.p. of the form that many Fs is specific although it is neither recognitional nor canonical. The literature has not distinguished noncanonical from nonspecific m.p.s of numbers. Ratios are fundamentally ratios of magnitudes.
The approximate number system represents rational numbers: The special case of an empty set
Authors: Pinhas Michal , Zaks-Ohayon Rut , Tzelgov Joseph 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We agree with Clarke and Beck that the approximate number system represents rational numbers, and we demonstrate our support by highlighting the case of the empty set – the non-symbolic manifestation of zero. It is particularly interesting because of its perceptual and semantic uniqueness, and its exploration reveals fundamental new insights about how numerical information is represented.
The perception of quantity ain't number: Missing the primacy of symbolic reference
Authors: Núñez Rafael E. , d'Errico Francesco , Gray Russell D. , Bender Andrea 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Clarke and Beck's defense of the theoretical construct “approximate number system” (ANS) is flawed in serious ways – from biological misconceptions to mathematical naïveté. The authors misunderstand behavioral/psychological technical concepts, such as numerosity and quantical cognition, which they disdain as “exotic.” Additionally, their characterization of rational numbers is blind to the essential role of symbolic reference in the emergence of number.
NS and NNS processing of idioms and nonidiom formulaic sequences: What can reaction times and think-alouds tell us?
Authors: Zheng Hang , Bowles Melissa A. , Packard Jerome L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAlthough researchers generally agree that native speakers (NSs) process formulaic sequences (FSs) holistically to some extent, findings about nonnative speakers (NNSs) are conflicting, potentially because not all FSs are psychologically equal or because in some studies NNSs may not have fully understood the FSs. We address these issues by investigating Chinese NSs and NNSs processing of idioms and matched nonidiom FSs in phrase acceptability judgment tasks with and without think-alouds (TAs). Reaction times show that NSs processed idioms faster than nonidioms regardless of length, but NNSs processed 3-character FSs faster than 4-character FSs regardless of type. TAs show NSs’ understanding of FSs has reached ceiling, but NNSs’ understanding was incomplete, with idioms being understood more poorly than nonidioms. Although we conclude that idioms and nonidioms have different mental statuses in NSs’ lexicons, it is inconclusive how they are represented by NNSs. TAs also show that NNSs employed various strategies to compensate for limited idiom knowledge, causing comparable processing speed for idioms and nonidioms. The findings highlight the importance of distinguishing subtypes of FSs and considering NNSs’ quality of understanding in discussions of the psychological reality of FSs.
Non-classical polynomials and the inverse theorem
Authors: BERGER AARON , SAH ASHWIN , SAWHNEY MEHTAAB , TIDOR JONATHAN 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this paper wecharacterizewhen non-classical polynomials are necessary in the inverse theorem for the Gowers$U^k$-norm. We give a brief deduction of the fact that a bounded function on$\mathbb F_p^n$with large$U^k$-norm must correlate with a classical polynomial when$k\le p+1$. To the best of our knowledge, this result is new for$k=p+1$(when$p>2$). We then prove that non-classical polynomials are necessary in the inverse theorem for the Gowers$U^k$-norm over$\mathbb F_p^n$for all$k\ge p+2$, completely characterising when classical polynomials suffice.
Psychopathy in women: insights from neuroscience and ways forward for research
Authors: Tully John , Frey Annalena , Fotiadou Maria , Kolla Nathan J. , Eisenbarth Hedwig 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPsychopathy is a severe form of personality disturbance, resulting in a detrimental impact on individuals, healthcare systems, and society as a whole. Until relatively recently, most research in psychopathy has focused on male samples, not least because of its link with criminal behavior and the large proportion of violent crime committed by men. However, psychopathy in women also leads to considerable problems at an individual and societal level, including substance misuse, poor treatment outcomes, and contribution to ever-increasing numbers of female prisoners. Despite this, due to relative neglect, most research into adult female psychopathy is underpowered and outdated. We argue that the field needs revitalizing, with a focus on the developmental nature of the condition and neurocognitive research. Recent work international consortia into conduct disorder in female youth—a precursor of psychopathy in female adults—gives cause for optimism. Here, we outline key strategies for enriching research in this important field with contemporary approaches to other psychiatric conditions.
Judging Contemporary Art with Kant
Authors: Cazeaux Clive 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article demonstrates the relevance of Kant to the interpretation of contemporary art. The defining properties of contemporary art are the impossibility of definition in material, formal or stylistic terms, and the central role that concepts play in the interpretation of a work. Danto and Osborne suggest how concepts might be applied but they do not develop their proposals. Kant’s theory of judgement can provide a fuller account on the basis of the notions of purposiveness and play. The way in which these notions explain the application of concepts to the world, I argue, provides a model of how concepts can be combined to form an interpretation of a work of contemporary art. A detailed example is given.