bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
236 Performance and Antibiotic Use of Piglets Vaccinated with an E. coli F4/F18 Vaccination for the Prevention of F18-ETEC Post-weaning Diarrhea
Authors: Vangroenweghe Frédéric A , Van Poucke Annelies , Defoort Pascal 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Post-weaning Escherichia coli diarrhea (PWD) remains a major cause of economic losses for the pig industry. PWD, caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), typically provokes mild to severe watery diarrhea between 5 and 10 days after weaning. Recently, an oral live bivalent E. coli F4/F18 vaccine (Coliprotec® F4/F18; Elanco) is available on the European market, which reduces the impact of PWD provoked by F4-ETEC and F18-ETEC. The objective was to compare technical results of E. coli F4/F18 vaccination with previous standard therapeutic approach under field conditions. A 1100-sow farm with diagnosed problems of PWD due to F18-ETEC was selected. Control piglets received the standard treatment protocol with antimicrobials during the post-weaning phase. Vaccinated piglets were immunized at 18 days with the oral live bivalent E. coli F4/ F18 vaccine. At weaning, no standard group medication (ZnO and antibiotics) was applied for prevention of PWD. Piglets were fed a commercial dry feed. Several performance parameters were collected: weight at d0-47, ADWG, ADFI, FCR, TI100 and mortality. Statistical analysis was performed with JMP 14.0 – comparison of means. Oral E. coli F4/F18 vaccination significantly reduced the mortality rate (3.56% to 1.67%; P&lt; 0.05) and TI100 (10 to 0 days; P&lt; 0.05). All other performance parameters (ADWG, ADFI and FCR) were at the same level compared to pre-vaccination. Live E. coli F4/F18 vaccination against PWD resulted in similar technical performance parameters, in combination with a significant reduction in the mortality and medication use. In conclusion, control of PWD through vaccination is a good option in order to prevent piglets from the negative clinical outcomes of F18-ETEC infection during the post-weaning period.
16 What’s a Connected Barn and How Do We Use It?
Authors: Ramirez Brett 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Internet enabled swine facilities with smart controllers are forging the future directions of swine management, data analytics, and research. Today’s smart controllers have capabilities far beyond just ventilation operation, they are sophisticated data acquisition and control systems with cloud-based platforms for data aggregation and visualization. This technology has promoted the concept of a connected barn – a facility with autonomous, real-time data capture, analysis, and decision making. Connected barns can monitor indoor environmental conditions, personnel traffic, ventilation function, power consumption, bin weights, weather, refrigerators, etc. This new abundance of customizable measurement options sampled at a high-resolution will fundamentally change swine production. There is often a general lack of information related to conditions/events the pigs experience inside a barn that impact short-/long-term productivity and provide context for interpreting conventional data. Information is now superimposable with other data streams and new relationships between, for example, pig activity, environment, feed intake, daily gain, water consumption, etc. can be discovered. This will enable new avenues in nutrition, health, genetics, technology, husbandry, and engineering because a unified data stream, across numerous spaces is possible. Connected barns provide the link between pigs, data, and their environment. While opportunities are limitless, several key challenges need addressing: representativeness and accuracy of data; diligent management of advanced technology; and cultivation of transdisciplinary knowledge to understand limitations and make thoughtful inquiries. A connected barn is no longer a future concept, but a tangible production system ripe with a myriad of opportunities that will shape the course of animal production.
150 A Factorial Approach to Estimate Energy Requirements and Feeding Levels for Boars in Studs
Authors: Lu Ning , Kleve-Feld Michael , Wilson Mark E , Vier Carine M , Cast Wayne R , Navales Ron A , Dritz Steve S , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Boars are a source of genetic improvement and influence farrowing rate and litter size. Overfeeding boars increases incidence of feet and leg problems and reduces libido, whereas underfeeding boars may decrease semen output and libido. To help boar stud personnel estimate the energy requirements and base feeding levels, an interactive web application named PIC Optimum Boar Feeding Tool has been developed. The application encompasses three components, including an input interface using dynamic models to estimate energy requirement, an output interface displaying recommended feeding program, and functional modules facilitating the ease of use. The input interface requests users to provide the start and final weight of boars in isolation, isolation length, boar stud room temperature, number of collections per week, and dietary energy level. The daily energy requirement (Mcal of ME/day) is calculated using the following energy-demanding factors: 1) maintenance, 0.1823 × (body weight, kg)0.665; 2) weight gain, 0.00489 × (average daily gain, kg/d); 3) each degree below 17°C for individually penned boars on slatted floors, 0.00382 × (body weight, kg)0.75; 4) mating activity, 0.0043 × (body weight, kg)0.75; and 5) sperm production, 0.1. These factors and the user-defined inputs including dietary energy, are used to calculate a daily feeding amount. The users also have the option to calculate the recommended feeding level for boars of specified body weight. Other functional modules include a flank-to-flank measurement tool that estimates boar body weight and customized downloadable nutrient specifications. This web application incorporates a spectrum of biological, nutritional, and management aspects to allow boar stud personnel to easily make boar feeding decisions.
49 Histomorphic Analysis of the Effect of Day and Level of Colostrum Intake on Jejunum Development
Authors: Sheets Jocelyn , Suarez-Trujillo Aridany , Teeple Kelsey , Senn L Kirsten , Stewart Kara R , Casey Theresa 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The first milk sows synthesize is colostrum, and is only available to the neonate right after birth. Colostrum provides immunity, nutrients, energy, and bioactive factors which are essential for the survival, growth, and development of newborn piglets. The first few days after birth the gastrointestinal (GI) tract undergoes developmental changes and rapid growth in response to bioactive factors in milk. We hypothesized that amount of colostrum a neonate consumes the first 24 h postnatal effects the development of the GI tract. The objectives of this study were to measure the histomorphic growth of the jejunum between birth (day 0, D0) and postnatal day 7 (D7) and to determine the effect of ingesting a high versus low amount of colostrum. Gilts were identified at birth and immediately euthanized (D0, n = 6) or bottle fed a 24 h colostrum dose of 10% (COL10, n = 7) or 20% (COL20, n = 7) of birth body weight. Colostrum fed neonates were returned to birth sows after 24 h and allowed to nurse naturally until postnatal (D7), when gilts were euthanized. Gilts were dissected and jejunum was removed, weighed and placed in buffered formalin for preparation of histological sections. Five µm sections were mounted on glass slides and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Images were captured using light microscopy at 10X magnification. ImageJ was used to measure villi length, width, stromal area, epithelial area, and crypt length. T-test analysis indicated that there was no difference between COL10 and COL20 in any of the morphological features (P &gt; 0.05), however between D0 and D7 villi width, epithelial area, and crypt length increased (P &lt; 0.05). Differences in histomorphology across the first week postnatal was not affected by level of colostrum intake in the first 24 h postnatal.
PSIII-1 Effect of Rearing Cross-fostered Piglets in Litters of Differing Size Relative to Sow Functional Teat Number on Pre-weaning Growth and Mortality
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine D , Rivas Rafael Ovidio Bautista , Espinal Alicia Olivo , Harper Heath , Shull Caleb M , Brown Katie , Ellis Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Litter sizes of commercial sows have increased recently, often resulting in the number of piglets exceeding the sow functional teat number. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of litter size after cross-fostering on piglet pre-weaning mortality (PWM) and growth. A RCBD was used with 13 blocks of 3 litters (total 39 litters/561 piglets); blocking factors were farrowing day, sow parity, body condition score, and functional teat number. Three Litter Size treatments (LS) relative to sow functional teat number were compared: Under (2 piglets below); Equal (same number of piglets); Over (2 piglets above). Piglets were weighed 24 h after birth and allotted to LS to create litters with similar gender ratio and average and CV of birth weight. Weaning was at 19.5 ± 0.50 d, weights and PWM were recorded. Piglet weight data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS; PWM data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS. Models included LS and sow within block. Litter sizes averaged 12.1, 14.1, and 16.1 for the Under, Equal, and Over treatments, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). The Under treatment tended (P = 0.07) to have greater weaning weights compared to the Equal and Over treatments (Table 1). The Under treatment had lower (P ≤ 0.05) PWM than the Over treatment, with the Equal treatment being intermediate and not different to the other 2 (P &gt; 0.05; Table 1). In conclusion, reducing litter size after cross-fostering to two piglets below the number of functional teats of the sow decreased PWM and tended to increase weaning weights.
PSIII-3 Effect of Type of Desiccant Used to Dry Piglets at Birth on Postnatal Changes in Rectal Temperature
Authors: Espinal Alicia Olivo , Willard Naomi C , Vande Pol Katherine D , Moest Nicole K , Ellis Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
All piglets experience hypothermia immediately after birth, which can be a predisposing factor for pre-weaning mortality. Drying piglets at birth with a desiccant reduces the extent and duration of postnatal temperature decline. This study compared the effectiveness of different types of commercially-available desiccant products using a CRD with four treatments (applied at birth): Control (piglets not dried) and 3 Desiccant Product treatments [dried with a Mineral-based, Cellulose-based, or Mixed (mineral and cellulose-based) desiccant]. Sows (40) and litters (546 piglets) were randomly allotted to a treatment at the birth of the first piglet. Sows were housed in individual farrowing crates within pens; a heat lamp was suspended over one side of each pen. Room temperature was set at 22.8°C throughout farrowing. Piglets were weighed at birth, those on the Desiccant Product treatments were coated with desiccant until completely dry, and then returned to the pen. Piglet rectal temperatures were measured at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 120 min after birth. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). The model included the fixed effects of treatment, measurement time (repeated measure), and the interaction. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of treatment on rectal temperatures at birth. At all other measurement times, piglets on the Control treatment had lower (P &lt; 0.05) rectal temperatures than those on the 3 Desiccant Product treatments, which had similar (P &gt; 0.05) rectal temperatures. These results suggest that the 3 commercial desiccant products evaluated were equally effective at minimizing the extent and duration of piglet rectal temperature decline in the early postnatal period.
PSIII-8 Genetic Parameter Estimates for Bull Prolificacy and Its Relationship with Scrotal Circumference in a Commercial Beef Cattle Population
Authors: Russell Chad A , Pollak E J , Spangler Matthew L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The commercial beef cattle industry relies heavily on the use of natural service sires. Either due to the size of breeding herds or to safe-guard against injury during the breeding season, multiple-sire breeding pastures are utilized. Although each bull might be given an equal opportunity to produce offspring, evidence suggest that there is substantial variation in the number of calves sired by each bull in a breeding pasture. DNA-based paternity assignment enables correct assignment of calves to their respective sires in multi-sire pastures and presents an opportunity to investigate the degree to which this trait complex is under genetic control. Field data from a large commercial ranch were used to estimate genetic parameters for calf count (CC; n=623) and yearling scrotal circumference (SC; n=1962) using univariate and bivariate animal models. Average CC and SC were 12.1±11.1 calves and 35.4±2.30 cm, respectively. Average number breeding seasons per bull and bulls per contemporary group were 1.40 and 24.9, respectively. The model for CC included fixed effects of age during the breeding season (in years) and contemporary group (concatenation of breeding pasture and year). Random effects included additive genetic and permanent environmental effects, and a residual. The model for SC included fixed effects of age (in days) and contemporary group (concatenation of month and year of measurement). Random effects included an additive genetic effect and a residual. Univariate model heritability estimates for CC and SC were 0.237±0.156 and 0.456±0.072, respectively. Similarly, the bivariate model resulted in heritability estimates for CC and SC of 0.240±0.155 and 0.461±0.072, respectively. Repeatability estimates for CC from univariate and bivariate models were 0.517±0.054 and 0.518±0.053, respectively. The estimate of genetic correlation between CC and SC was 0.270±0.220. Parameter estimates suggest that both CC and SC would respond favorably to selection and that CC is moderately repeatable.
PSII-21 The Effects of Lactobacillus Fermentum on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Knapp Josh K , Bartenslager Alison , Winkel Shana M , Trenhaile-Grannemann Melanie D , San Andres Joice V , Nguyen Khang , Wittler J’Nan , Kinstler Sydney , Fernando Samodha , Miller Phillip , Burkey Thomas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The use of probiotics may be an effective strategy in sustainable pig production. The objective of this experiment was to examine the effects of Lactobacillus fermentum (LF) on nursery pig performance. Weaned pigs (n = 70; average initial BW 6.464 kg) were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 treatments, forming 6 replicates per treatment. Treatments included: 1) pigs fed a standard nursery diet (NRC 2012); CTL; 2) pigs fed CTL with the addition of 10^10 CFU LF per day for phase 1 (wk 2 and 3; LF1); and 3) pigs fed CTL with the addition of 10^10 CFU LF per day for phase 1 and phase 2 (wk 2 thru 5). A common diet was fed during adaptation (wk 1) and during a wash out phase (wk 6). Individual piglet BW were recorded weekly along with pen feed disappearance. No differences were observed in BW by the end of phase 1; at the end of phase 2 the pigs fed LF had a lower BW than the others (19.38, 19.22, 17.3 kg; P = 0.031). This was associated with a reduced feed efficiency seen in week 5 (0.679, 0.656, 0.445; P = 0.0404). However, no differences (P &gt; 0.10) were observed in BW of the pigs throughout the trial and final BW were 24.15, 24.45, 24.3 kg. No differences were observed in ADFI between treatments (ADFI Phase 1: 0.359, 0.366, 0.353 kg/d;P = 0.965; Phase 2: 0.906, 0.896, 0.843 kg/d; P = 0.578; Phase 3: 1.183, 1.227, 1.196 kg; P = 0.920). Results suggest that pigs fed diets supplemented with Lactobacillus fermentum performed similar to pigs fed a conventional diet.
PSII-20 Energy Evaluation of Heat-treated and Intact Extruded-expelled Soybean Meal for Growing Pigs
Authors: Koo Bonjin , Adeshakin Olumide , Nyachoti Martin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An experiment was performed to evaluate the energy contents of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and the effects of thermal treatment on energy utilization in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows (18.03 ± 0.61 kg initial body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments to give six replicates per treatment. The three experimental diets were: a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and two test diets with simple substitution of a basal diet with intact EESBM or heat-treated EESBM in a 70:30 ratio. Intact EESBM was autoclaved at 120°C for 60 mins to make heat-treated EESBM (heat-EESBM). Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. The energy contents of the tested DESBM were calculated by using the difference method. All data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Pigs fed heat-EESBM diets showed lower (P &lt; 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy, and nitrogen than those fed intact EESBM. A trend (P &lt; 0.10) was observed for greater heat increments in pigs fed intact EESBM than those fed heat-EESBM. This resulted in intact EESBM having greater (P &lt; 0.05) digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents than heat-EESBM but comparable net energy contents between intact and heat-EESBM. In conclusion, respective values of DE, ME, and net energy are 4,591 kcal/kg, 4,099 kcal/kg, and 3,242 kcal/kg on a DM basis. However, thermal damage during EESBM production should be considered in terms of DE and ME content of EESBM fed to growing pigs.
PSII-16 Effects of Oligosaccharide-based Polymer on Blood Profiles in Weanling Pigs Experimentally Infected with a Pathogenic E. coli
Authors: Kim Kwangwook , He Yijie , Jinno Cynthia , Yang Seijoo , Li Xunde , Bravo David , Cox Eric , Liu Yanhong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate dietary supplementation of oligosaccharide-based polymer on blood profiles of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic F18 Escherichia coli (E. coli). Forty-eight pigs (7.23 ± 1.11 kg BW) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly allotted to one of four treatments with 12 replicate pigs per treatment. The four dietary treatments were a nursery basal diet (control), and 3 additional diets supplemented with 50 mg/kg Mecadox (AGP), 10 or 20 mg/kg of oligosaccharide-based polymer. The experiment lasted 18 d [7 d before and 11 d after the first inoculation (d 0)]. The doses of F18 E. coli inoculum were 1010 cfu/3 mL oral dose daily for 3 days. Blood samples were collected before E. coli inoculation (d 0), and on d 2, 5, 8, and 11 post-inoculation (PI). Total and differential blood cell count were analyzed by CBC test. All data were analyzed by ANOVA using the PROC MIXED of SAS with pig as the experimental unit. Supplementation of oligosaccharide-based polymer linearly (P &lt; 0.05) reduced white blood cell counts, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils on d 2 PI, and neutrophils on d 5 PI, compared with the control. No differences were observed in total and differential white blood cell counts among AGP and two oligosaccharide-based polymer treatments except that pigs fed with AGP had greater (P &lt; 0.05) lymphocytes on d 2 PI compared with pigs fed with oligosaccharide-based polymer diets. Supplementation of low dose oligosaccharide-based polymer or AGP reduced (P &lt; 0.05) red blood cell count and packed cell volume on d 2 PI, whereas inclusion of high dose oligosaccharide-based polymer or AGP reduced (P &lt; 0.05) packed cell volume on d 5 PI, compared with the control. In conclusion, supplementation of oligosaccharide-based polymer may alleviate the systemic inflammation caused by F18 E. coli infection.
PSIII-9 The Effect of Sire Line on Reproductive Performance During Lactation
Authors: Manu H , Fletcher M , Fang K , Junior Sudario Roberto Silva , Dunkelberger J , Boler D , Eggert J , Baidoo S K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of sire line on sow and piglet performance during lactation. Commercial Landrace x Large White females (n = 60) were bred to one of the following sire lines: a purebred Duroc line (Line S1), a synthetic (Line S2), or purebred Duroc (Line S3) from a different genetic source. Matings were balanced by line and parity. Females were fed a common gestation and lactation diet during these respective phases. Sow and piglet data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the GLM procedure of SAS. Results show that, during lactation, females bred to line S3 lost significantly (P = 0.01) more BW (-16.93 ± 3.56 kg) than females bred to line S2 (-2.00 ± 3.50 kg). However, no evidence of a difference (P = 0.18) in BW loss was detected between females bred to line S3 (-16.93 ± 3.56 kg) vs. Line S1 (-7.90 ± 3.56 kg). Further, sows bred to line S3 weaned significantly (P = 0.03) more piglets (12.0 ± 0.28) than females bred to line S2 (10.9 ± 0.27), but not (P = 0.1) compared to females bred to line S1 (11.7 ± 0.27). No significant effect of line (P &gt; 0.05) or parity (P &gt; 0.05) on total number of piglet’s born, number born alive, number of stillborn piglets, or preweaning mortality was detected. The number of mummified fetus tended to be lower in line S2 (0.17 vs 0.66; P = 0.079) and line S3 (0.12 vs 0.66; P = 0.051) sows compared with line S1 sows, respectively. In conclusion, sire line did not have a significant effect on total number born, number born alive, number stillborn, or preweaning mortality. However, females bred to line S3 lost significantly more BW during lact but weaned significantly more piglets than females bred to line S2.
PSIII-13 Effects of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Products on Lactating Sow Performance
Authors: Garcia Ricardo M , Thayer Morgan T , Mills Kayla M , Richert Jacob A , Sharp Katharine G , Rulon Karissa N , Petry Derek B , Robertson Karen , Stewart Kara R , Radcliffe John S , Schinckel Allan P , Richert Brian T 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Lactating sows (N=140, York x Landrace) were used to evaluate the effects of a liquid prototype (LIQP) and dry (XPC®; Diamond V) Saccharomyces cerevisiae feed additives on sow and litter performance. Sows were fed a common gestation diet (0.55% SID-Lysine) until d112 of pregnancy and then allotted to lactation treatments: 1) Control diet (CON; 1.00% SID-Lysine), 2) CON +15 mL of LIQP from d112 to weaning (LIQ), 3) CON +0.20% of XPC from d112 to weaning (DRY), and 4) DRY +15 mL of LIQP from d112 to d7 post-farrowing (D+L). The LIQP was given once daily using an oral dose gun and XPC was included in the feed. Immunoglobulin concentrations were estimated on colostrum samples using Brix refractometer and piglet d 1 serum immunocrit ratio and plasma IgA and IgG. Daily sow water intake and daily feed intake (DFI) from d112 of gestation to d7 post-farrowing and weekly feed intake (ADFI) were recorded. There were no treatment effects on sow BW, backfat, or loin depth (P &gt;0.05) although sows from LIQ group had numerically smaller BW reductions compared to CON sows (4.9% vs 7.2%, P=0.19). LIQ sows had greater DFI and CON lower DFI during week 1 of lactation (P=0.04) as well as ADFI for weeks 2, 3, and overall lactation period (P&lt; 0.01) with DRY and D+L sows being intermediate. Water intake, immunoglobulins, and litter performance did not differ among treatments (P &gt;0.05) although pigs from LIQ sows, compared to CON, had numerically increased weaning (6.14 vs 5.82kg, P &gt;0.05) and litter weights (63.2 vs 60.1kg, P &gt;0.05). LIQ sows had 0.7 d reduced wean-to-estrus interval (P&lt; 0.001) and tended to have greater conception rates (P=0.07). In conclusion, LIQ supplementation of lactating sows improves feed intake, allowing sows to keep body reserves, and have better subsequent rebreeding performance.