bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Exercise on β-Hydroxybutyrate Concentrations over a 36-h Fast: A Randomized Crossover Study
Authors: DERU LANDON S. , BIKMAN BENJAMIN T. , DAVIDSON LANCE E. , TUCKER LARRY A. , FELLINGHAM GILBERT , BARTHOLOMEW CIERA L. , YUAN HOLLY L. , BAILEY BRUCE W. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study assessed β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration during a short-term fast and the degree to which an initial bout of exercise influences the rate of ketogenesis.

Methods
Twenty subjects (11 male, 9 female) completed two 36-h fasts, with one protocol requiring the subject to complete a treadmill exercise session at the beginning of the fast. BHB levels were assessed via portable meter every 2 h, along with mood and hunger ratings. Venipuncture was performed every 12 h.

Results
The mean (SD) areas under the curve for BHB concentration were 19.19 (2.59) mmol·L−1 (nonexercised) and 27.49 (2.59) mmol·L−1 (exercised), yielding a difference of 8.30 mmol·L−1 between conditions (95% posterior probability interval (PPI), 1.94 to 14.82 mmol·L−1; posterior probability (PP) = 0.99). The mean (SD) times to BHB concentration of 0.5 mmol·L−1 were 21.07 (2.95) h (nonexercised) and 17.5 (1.69) h (exercised), a 3.57-h difference (95% PPI, −2.11 to 10.87 h; PP = 0.89). The differences in area under the curve between conditions were 5.07 μU·mL−1 (95% PPI, −21.64 to 36.18 μU·mL−1; PP = 0.67) for insulin, 97.13 pg·mL−1 (95% PPI, 34.08 to 354.21 pg·mL−1; PP = 0.98) for glucagon, and 20.83 (95% PPI, 4.70 to 24.22; PP = 0.99) for the insulin/glucagon ratio.

Conclusions
Completing aerobic exercise at the beginning of a fast accelerates the production of BHB throughout the fast without altering subjective feelings of hunger, thirst, stomach discomfort, or mood. Insulin and the insulin/glucagon ratio experience a marked reduction within the first 12 h of fasting and was not altered with exercise. Thus, exercising at the beginning of a fast may improve the metabolic outcomes of fasting.
Age of First Exposure to Collision Sports Does Not Affect Patient Reported Outcomes in Women and Men Community Rugby Players
Authors: HUNZINGER KATHERINE J. , CACCESE JACLYN B. , COSTANTINI KATELYN M. , SWANIK C. BUZ , BUCKLEY THOMAS A. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study aimed to determine the relationship between age of first exposure (AFE) to repetitive head impacts through contact/collision sports and patient-reported outcomes in community rugby players.

Methods
We recruited community rugby players older than 18 yr with at least 1 yr of contact rugby participation to complete an online survey. Participants completed the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18), Short-Form Health Survey 12 (SF-12), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) via Qualtrics. We used generalized linear models to examine the association between AFE (continuous) and patient-reported outcomes by sex, while controlling for cumulative years contact/collision sport history, age, and concussion history (yes/no). In addition, we used Mann–Whitney U tests to compare patient-reported outcomes between AFE <12 and AFE ≥12.

Results
A total of 1037 rugby players (31.6 ± 11.3 yr (range, 18–74 yr), 59.1% men) participated in this study. Whether analyzed continuously or dichotomously at age 12 yr, younger AFE was not associated with worse patient-reported outcomes for either men or women. Positive concussion history was a significant predictor of worse BSI-18 subscores, SF-12 subscores, and SWLS in women and worse BSI-18 subscores in men. Cumulative contact/collision sport history was a significant predictor of better BSI-18 Depression and SF-12 (Mental Component Summary) subscores in men only. In men and women, older age was a significant predictor of better BSI-18 Depression, Anxiety, and GSI subscores; better SWLS (in men only); and better SF-12 Mental Component Summary, but worse SF-12 (Physical Component Summary).

Conclusions
Younger AFE to contact/collision sport is not associated with worse patient-reported outcomes in early adult rugby players. Concussion history was predictive of worse patient-reported outcomes.
Earlier Boston Marathon Start Time Mitigates Environmental Heat Stress
Authors: CHEUVRONT SAMUEL N. , CALDWELL AARON R. , CHEUVRONT PARKER J. , KENEFICK ROBERT W. , TROYANOS CHRIS 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Historical environmental data from the Boston Marathon afford a pragmatic opportunity to retrospectively quantify how the 2007 earlier start time altered the odds of runner exposures to environmental conditions associated with exertional heat illness.

Purpose
This study aimed to compare the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index and other environmental parameters between early and late Boston Marathon race start times from 1995 to 2016.

Methods
Environmental data from 1995 to 2016 (excluding 1996) were used to compare two identical time frames using the 0900–1300 h start versus the 1100–1500 h start. This included the WBGT, dry bulb (Tdb), black globe (Tbg), wet bulb (Twb), solar radiation, relative humidity, and air water vapor pressure. To make comparisons between start times, the difference in the area under the curve (AUC) for each environmental variable was compared within each year with a Wilcoxon signed rank test with a Holm–Bonferroni correction.

Results
AUC exposures for WBGT (P = 0.027), Twb (P = 0.031), Tdb (P = 0.027), Tbg (P = 0.055), and solar radiation (P = 0.004) were reduced with an earlier start, whereas those for relative humidity and air water vapor pressure were not. Overall, an earlier race start time by 2 h (0900 vs 1100 h) reduced the odds of experiencing a higher flag category 1.42 times (β = 0.1744, P = 0.032).

Conclusions
The 2007 decision to make the Boston Marathon start time earlier by 2 h has reduced by ~1.4 times the odds that runners will be exposed to environmental conditions associated with exertional heat illness.
Face covering adherence is positively associated with better mental health and wellbeing: a longitudinal analysis of the CovidLife surveys
Authors: Altschul Drew , Fawns-Ritchie Chloe , Kwong Alex , Hartley Louise , Nangle Clifford , Edwards Rachel , Dawson Rebecca , Levein Christie , Campbell Archie , Flaig Robin , McIntosh Andrew , Deary Ian , Marioni Riccardo , Hayward Caroline , Sudlow Cathie , Douglas Elaine , Bell David , Porteous David 
Published: March 2021

Background:Face masks or coverings are effective at reducing airborne infection rates, yet pandemic mitigation measures, including wearing face coverings, have been suggested to contribute to reductions in quality of life and poorer mental health. Complaints of inconvenience, discomfort, and other issues have been repeatedly and loudly voiced by critics, and adherence in many nations is not strong enough to suppress viral spread. We wished to see whether wearing face coverings is associated with mental health and wellbeing.Methods:We analysed survey 1 and 2 of the CovidLife study, a sample of more than 18,000 individuals living in the UK. The study asked a variety of questions about participants’ psychological, economic, and social lives while living under the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020. We measured individuals’ adherence to following guidance on wearing face coverings, as well as several mental health outcomes: depression, anxiety, wellbeing, life satisfaction, and loneliness.Results:We found no association between lower adherence to face covering guidelines and poorer mental health. The opposite appears to be true. Even after controlling for behavioural, social, and psychological confounds, including measures of pre-pandemic mental health, individuals who wore face coverings “most of the time” or “always” had better mental health and wellbeing than those who did not.Individuals who wore masks only “some of the time” or “never” tended to be male, lower income, and already had COVID-19 or COVID-19-like symptoms.Conclusions:These results suggest that wearing face coverings more often does not negatively impact mental health. Wearing a face covering more often is actually linked to better mental health and wellbeing. Implications are discussed and we highlight the potential pathways for addressing a lack of face covering that this study reveals.
a que convida o convite ao filosofar?
Authors: Gomes Vanise Dutra , Vieira Paula Alexandra 
Published: March 2021

In the call from papers from childhood & philosophy we hear an invitation to philosophize. But what does such an invitation mean? In what ways does an invitation or (re) invitation to philosophize encourage us to suspension our accepted meanings and empower us to sustain this challenge? These are the questions of two teachers who have, first, accepted the prior invitation to philosophize with children, and have now accepted the invitation to think and write together about that experience. This essay was prompted by two questions posed by the children with whom we philosophize: In writing it, we have experienced other ways of thinking and living educational practice, and, through our encounters with our students, find ourselves challenged to live in more inventive and therefore more childlike ways within the framework of the public school, here understood in the sense of scholé (Masschelein; Simmons, 2013). In order to reflect on the two questions, we set off from the concept of consummation (Heidegger, 1987), and we engage in dialogue with both a pedagogy of the question (Freire; Faundez, 1985), and the concept of equality of intelligence (Rancière, 2005), in order to open a pathway of thought that addresses them.
Bismuth Iodoform Paraffin Paste: History, Uses and Alternatives in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Randhawa Gurpreet Kaur , Graham Richard M , Matharu Karanveer Singh 
Published: March 2021

Bismuth iodoform paraffin paste (BIPP) continues to be widely used in dental/oral and maxillofacial/ENT surgery for surgical cavity packing and wound dressing where pressure, antisepsis and haemostasis is required. We present information on its history and uses, including historical use, constituents, uses in surgery, risks and considerations for deciding on its use. Although side effects and adverse reactions have been reported, these are rare. CPD/Clinical Relevance: BIPP is commonly used in surgical procedures and an appreciation of its background, history, uses and side effects are important as well as an understanding of its alternatives.
Simultaneous measurement of the refractive index and the pressure by mode splitting in concentric triple microring resonators with a single opening
Authors: Zhang Ping , Zhang Chen , Yan Zhiruo 
Published: March 2021

Concentric triple microring resonators with a single opening on the flexible SU-8 substrate are proposed and theoretically demonstrated for simultaneous detection of refractive index (RI) and pressure changes. Since an opening defect is introduced, the mode splitting occurs, which forms a symmetric and an asymmetric standing wave mode (SWM). The energy distribution of the two SWMs is quite different so that the sensitivities of the RI and pressure in the SWMs can be distinguished. The RI sensitivities of 186.37 nm/RIU and 107.69 nm/RIU and the pressure sensitivities of 1.42 pm/KPa and 1.07 pm/KPa are obtained corresponding to the symmetric and the asymmetric SWMs, respectively. By solving a second-order sensitivity inverse matrix, the change in RI and pressure can be measured simultaneously, thereby eliminating the influence of the strain-optical coupling effect in the field of biosensing application. The proposed structure has great potential in achieving simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters.
Picosecond laser electronic excitation tagging velocimetry using a picosecond burst-mode laser
Authors: Zhang Zhili , Jiang Naibo , Slipchenko Mikhail N. , Mance Jason G. , Roy Sukesh 
Published: March 2021

Detailed characterizations of picosecond laser electronic excitation tagging (PLEET) in pure nitrogen (

N

2

) and air with a 24 ps burst-mode laser system have been conducted. The burst-mode laser system is seeded with a 200 fs broadband seeding laser to achieve short pulse duration. As a non-intrusive molecular tagging velocimetry (MTV) technique, PLEET achieves “writing” via photo-dissociating nitrogen molecules and “tracking” by imaging the molecular nitrogen emissions. Key characteristics and performance of utilization of a 24 ps pulse-burst laser for MTV were obtained, including lifetime of the nitrogen emissions, power dependence, pressure dependence, and local flow heating by the laser pulses. Based on the experimental results and physical mechanisms of PLEET, 24 ps PLEET can produce similar 100 kHz molecular nitrogen emissions by photodissociation, while generating less flow disturbance by reducing laser joule heating than 100 ps PLEET.
High-sensitivity and independently tunable perfect absorber using a nanohole and a cross-shaped graphene
Authors: Mahdavikia Zahra , Hajati Yaser , Sabaeian Mohammad , Zanbouri Zeinab 
Published: March 2021

In this paper, a highly sensitive and tunable graphene-based quad-band perfect or nearly perfect absorber is theoretically investigated. The proposed design is composed of a stacked nanohole and cross-shaped graphene on top of a gold layer separated by an insulator. Based on the numerical simulations, four absorption peaks are observed in the proposed structure, which can reach to 100% at 9.47 µm, 93% at 10.03 µm, 97% at 13.93 µm, and 96% at 18.81 µm in the infrared range. It has been shown that the absorption peaks can be independently tuned by varying the Fermi energy level of the graphene layers as well as the geometrical parameters of the structure, which is highly desired for wavelength selective sensing. In addition, the proposed absorber can be used as a plasmonic sensor for refractive index sensing with maximum sensitivity of

12.86

µ

m

R

I
U

and figure of merit of 49.90, which is very remarkable compared to the previous reported values. Due to the symmetry of the proposed device, a wide angle-insensitive high absorption is maintained for all of the bands under transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic polarizations. With its excellent performance, our graphene-based tunable multiband absorber can be used in biosensors, chemical sensors, and many other nanophotonics devices.
Laser power stabilization via radiation pressure
Authors: Trad Nery Marina , Venneberg Jasper R. , Aggarwal Nancy , Cole Garrett D. , Corbitt Thomas , Cripe Jonathan , Lanza Robert , Willke Benno 
Published: March 2021

This Letter reports the experimental realization of a novel, to the
best of our knowledge, active power stabilization scheme in which
laser power fluctuations are sensed via the radiation pressure driven
motion they induce on a movable mirror. The mirror position and its
fluctuations were determined by means of a weak auxiliary laser beam
and a Michelson interferometer, which formed the in-loop sensor of the
power stabilization feedback control system. This sensing technique
exploits a nondemolition measurement, which can result in higher
sensitivity for power fluctuations than direct, and hence destructive,
detection. Here we used this new scheme in a proof-of-concept
experiment to demonstrate power stabilization in the frequency range
from 1 Hz to 10 kHz, limited at low frequencies by the thermal noise
of the movable mirror at room temperature.
Hemagglutination Inhibition (HAI) antibody landscapes after vaccination with H7Nx virus like particles
Authors: Jang Hyesun , Ross Ted M. 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundA systemic evaluation of the antigenic differences of the H7 influenza hemagglutinin (HA) proteins, especially for the viruses isolated after 2016, are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antigenic differences of major H7 strains with an ultimate aim to discover H7 HA proteins that can elicit protective receptor-binding antibodies against co-circulating H7 influenza strains.MethodA panel of eight H7 influenza strains were selected from 3,633 H7 HA amino acid sequences identified over the past two decades (2000–2018). The sequences were expressed on the surface of virus like particles (VLPs) and used to vaccinate C57BL/6 mice. Serum samples were collected and tested for hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) activity. The vaccinated mice were challenged with lethal dose of H7N9 virus, A/Anhui/1/2013.ResultsVLPs expressing the H7 HA antigens elicited broadly reactive antibodies each of the selected H7 HAs, except the A/Turkey/Italy/589/2000 (Italy/00) H7 HA. A putative glycosylation due to an A169T substitution in antigenic site B was identified as a unique antigenic profile of Italy/00. Introduction of the putative glycosylation site (H7 HA-A169T) significantly altered the antigenic profile of HA of the A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) strain.ConclusionThis study identified key amino acid mutations that result in severe vaccine mismatches for future H7 epidemics. Future universal influenza vaccine candidates will need to focus on viral variants with these key mutations.
An adapted smoking-cessation intervention for Turkish-speaking migrants in Switzerland: Predictors of smoking outcomes at one-year follow-up
Authors: Paz Castro Raquel , Schaub Michael P. , Salis Gross Corina 
Published: March 2021

Background
Migrant populations usually report higher smoking rates. Among those migrant populations, Turkish- and Kurdish-speaking migrants are often overrepresented. Providing equal access to health services is one of the major challenges of our time. The need for adapted smoking-cessation treatments for Turkish-speaking populations to achieve equity in health led, in 2006, to the development and implementation of the Tiryaki-Kukla smoking-cessation program. The aims of the current study were to evaluate one-year quit rates for smoking-cessation courses held from 2006–2018 and investigate whether certain characteristics predict long-term smoking cessation or reduction.

Methods
Program evaluation included a pre/post questionnaire (session 1/ 3 months after the quit day) and a follow-up telephone call twelve months after the quit day. To elucidate factors associated with long-term smoking cessation and reduction, Cox regression analysis and Weighted Generalized Equation Models were used.

Results
Of the 478 who participated in smoking-cessation courses, 45.4% declared themselves non-smokers at one-year follow-up. This quit rate is higher than that achieved during the preliminary evaluation of the program involving 61 participants (37.7%). Predictors of long-term smoking cessation were course length (eight vs. six sessions) (95% CI = 1.04–1.36, p = .01), adherence to the course (95% CI = 0.98–0.99, p<0.01), use of pharmacotherapy or nicotine replacement therapy products (95% CI = 0.74–0.98, p = .02), and time passed in the morning until the first cigarette is smoked (95% CI5min = 1.17–1.77, p<0.001; 95% CI30min = 1.09–1.65, p<0.01). Predictors of change in cigarettes smoked per day among smokers were—the time passed until the first cigarette in the morning (5min p < .001; 30min p < .001; 60min p < .01)-, gender (p < .001), and level of motivation to quit at baseline (p = .04).

Conclusions
Our findings are consistent with existing evidence supporting adapted smoking cessation interventions to reduce health inequity in migrant populations. However, achieving harm reduction in smokers with higher dependence scores remains challenging.
Effect of population inflow and outflow between rural and urban areas on regional antimicrobial use surveillance
Authors: Koizumi Ryuji , Kusama Yoshiki , Muraki Yuichi , Ishikane Masahiro , Yamasaki Daisuke , Tanabe Masaki , Ohmagari Norio 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
Regional-level measures can complement national antimicrobial stewardship programs. In Japan, sub-prefectural regions called secondary medical areas (SMAs) provide general inpatient care within their borders, and regional antimicrobial stewardship measures are frequently implemented at this level. There is therefore a need to conduct antimicrobial use (AMU) surveillance at this level to ascertain antimicrobial consumption. However, AMU estimates are generally standardized to residence-based nighttime populations, which do not account for population mobility across regional borders. We examined the impact of population in/outflow on SMA-level AMU estimates by comparing the differences between standardization using daytime and nighttime populations.

Methods
We obtained AMU information from the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan. AMU was quantified at the prefectural and SMA levels using the number of defined daily doses (DDDs) divided by (a) 1,000 nighttime population per day or (b) 1,000 daytime population per day. We identified and characterized the discrepancies between the two types of estimates at the prefectural and SMA levels.

Results
The national AMU was 17.21 DDDs per 1,000 population per day. The mean (95% confidence interval) prefectural-level DDDs per 1,000 nighttime and daytime population per day were 17.27 (14.10, 20.44) and 17.41 (14.30, 20.53), respectively. The mean (95% confidence interval) SMA-level DDDs per 1,000 nighttime and daytime population per day were 16.12 (9.84, 22.41) and 16.41 (10.57, 22.26), respectively. The nighttime population-standardized estimates were generally higher than the daytime population-standardized estimates in urban areas, but lower in the adjacent suburbs. Large differences were observed in the main metropolitan hubs in eastern and western Japan.

Conclusion
Regional-level AMU estimates, especially of smaller regions such as SMAs, are susceptible to the use of different populations for standardization. This finding indicates that AMU standardization based on population values is not suitable for AMU estimates in small regions.
Aging steepens the slope of power spectrum density of 30-minute continuous blood pressure recording in healthy human subjects
Authors: Mano Jumpei , Saku Keita , Kinoshita Hiroyuki , Mannoji Hiroshi , Kanaya Shigehiko , Sunagawa Kenji 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundThe increase of blood pressure (BP) variability (BPV) is recognized as an important additional cardiovascular risk factor in both normotensive subjects and hypertensive patients. Aging-induced atherosclerosis and autonomic dysfunction impair the baroreflex and, in turn, augment 24-hour BPV. In small and large animal experiments, impaired baroreflex steepens the slope of the power spectrum density (PSD) of continuous BP in the frequency range of 0.01 to 0.1 Hz. Although the repeated oscillometric BP recording over 24 hours or longer is a prerequisite to quantify BPV in humans, how the very short-term continuous BP recording reflects BPV remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of aging on the very short-term (30-min) BPV in healthy human subjects by frequency analysis.MethodsWe recorded continuous BP tonometrically for 30 min in 56 healthy subjects aged between 28 and 85 years. Considering the frequency-dependence of the baroreflex dynamic function, we estimated the PSD of BP in the frequency range of 0.01 to 0.1 Hz, and compared the characteristics of PSD among four age groups (26–40, 41–55, 56–70 and 71–85 years).ResultsAging did not significantly alter mean and standard deviation (SD) of BP among four age groups. PSD was nearly flat around 0.01 Hz and decreased gradually as the frequency increased. The slope of PSD between 0.01 and 0.1 Hz was steeper in older subjects (71 years or older) than in younger subjects (55 years or younger) (p < 0.05).ConclusionsAging steepened the slope of PSD of BP between 0.01 and 0.1 Hz. This phenomenon may partly be related to the deterioration of the baroreflex in older subjects. Our proposed method to evaluate very short-term continuous BP recordings may contribute to the stratification of BPV.