bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le marché des métaux à l’époque romaine. Acteurs privés et publics
Authors: Rico Christian , Domergue Claude 
Published: June 2021

À la fin de la République et sous le Haut-Empire, les métaux hispaniques, nobles et vils, dominèrent les échanges méditerranéens. Si la circulation de l’or et de l’argent a laissé peu de traces, il en va tout autrement pour deux autres métaux : d’une part, le plomb de Carthago Noua et, plus globalement, du Sud-Est de la péninsule Ibérique, suivi puis remplacé, au début de l’époque impériale, par le plomb de la cordillère andalouse de la Sierra Morena, et d’autre part, le cuivre de cette dernière région et surtout celui de la Ceinture pyritique, dans le Sud-Ouest de l’Ibérie. Cette contribution a pour objectif de faire le point sur les conditions dans lesquelles s’est constitué un véritable marché pour les métaux hispaniques au travers, principalement, des acteurs qui l’ont animé, représentés sur l’épigraphie des objets mêmes du commerce, les lingots. Nombreux, ils étaient sans doute aussi organisés. La documentation ne permet pas de dire comment producteurs et commerçants étaient en contact, comment ils faisaient affaire. Pour l’heure elle ne laisse pas voir de réseaux spécifiques et spécialisés de distribution des métaux. Mais dans ce marché des métaux hispaniques, on discerne le rôle central qu’ont pu jouer certaines places, Carthago Noua pour la diffusion du plomb à l’époque républicaine, Gades et Hispalis à l’époque impériale, pour le plomb et le cuivre. Celles-ci furent de véritables plaques tournantes de tout ce qui se produisait dans le sud de la péninsule Ibérique, et donc des métaux. C’est là que convergeaient et faisaient affaire commerçants, intermédiaires, grossistes et même représentants de l’administration impériale. Au début de l’Empire, ce sont là les véritables lieux du marché des métaux.
Gli attori del commercio dell’allume in Mediterraneo alla fine del Quattrocento
Authors: Ait Ivana , Boisseuil Didier 
Published: June 2021

L’objectif de cette contribution est de revisiter les formes d’organisation du marché de l’alun (d’alunite) à la fin du XVe siècle, au moment où les immenses gisements furent découverts à Tolfa (principalement sur l’actuelle commune d’Allumiere). Alors qu’il est communément admis que le commerce fut un monopole de quelques riches entrepreneurs choisis par la Chambre Apostolique, il s’agit de nuancer cette évidence en élargissant le point de vue.
Fournir la draperie italienne : les Salviati et les laines d’Angleterre au XVe siècle
Authors: Scherman Matthieu 
Published: June 2021

Les laines d’Angleterre font partie d’une des principales marchandises importées par les marchands italiens. Grâce à la comptabilité de l’agence de Londres des Salviati, famille florentine de marchands-banquiers active dans le domaine des textiles, il est possible de mettre en lumière toutes les étapes qui permettent à la laine d’être acheminée dans les « botteghe » de la péninsule italienne. Les sources offrent la possibilité de d’esquisser les caractéristiques du trafic de la laine vers les Flandres ou l’Italie, les modes d’organisation des échanges concurrentiels et les conditions de fixation des prix.
Designing for a pandemic: towards recovery and resilience
Authors: Mullagh Louise , Cooper Rachel , Thomas Lisa , Sacks Justin , Lloyd Jones Peter , Jacobs Naomi 
Published: June 2021

Design is recognized as a discipline that is ideally placed to work across boundaries to tackle wicked problems and help cope with uncertainty. As humanity continues to become more interconnected it is thought that we are becoming more exposed to viruses such as COVID-19. Therefore, the current pandemic offers us opportunities to re-think and re-design many of our practices to ensure we are resilient in future similar crises . Through the creation and analysis of a database that captures design interventions that have emerged during the pandemic, the paper considers the role design can play in collectively recovering from the current pandemic and building resilience for the future. Whilst the findings represent the beginning of this process, (from late March until June 2020) we find that design has been deployed in a wide range of ways and on all scales, from the personal, communal, organizational, national and international. However, as we live through and emerge from the pandemic we should reflect, within the realm of design research and beyond, on how we might harness design to enable recovery and build resilience for the future.
Prevalence and health risk score of tobacco and alcohol use by using the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test among construction workers in Puducherry, India
Authors: Kumar Jaswant , Saya Ganesh Kumar , Kanungo Srikanta 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Construction workers are one of the important neglected occupation groups. The study aimed to assess the prevalence and health risk score of tobacco and alcohol use and its association with sociodemographic factors and self-reported morbidities among construction workers.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 male construction workers in a tertiary care medical institution in Puducherry, India. A semi-structured questionnaire based on the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) guidelines for assessment and health risk score of alcohol and tobacco use was used. The association of current tobacco and alcohol use with associated factors was analyzed by univariate analysis.

Results:
About 371 male construction workers participated. The mean (standard deviation) age of construction workers was 28.28 (9.04) years. The prevalence of current tobacco and alcohol use was 60.1% (223/371) and 47.7% (177/371), respectively. Out of 133 smokers, 60.9% (81) were used only bidi, 27.1% (36) only cigarette, and 12% (16) both bidi and cigarette. Most of the workers (126/151 [83.4%]) used khaini among smokeless tobacco users. The majority (204/241 [84.6%]) of ever smokers and nearly half of alcohol users (103 [49.8%]) had moderate risk based on ASSIST score. Higher current tobacco consumption is associated with higher age group, married, lower education status, unskilled occupation, contractual workers, migrants from other states, more duration of work in construction field, and the presence of self-reported health problems (P < 0.05). Current alcohol consumption is associated with more duration of work in construction field and the presence of self-reported health problems (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
Tobacco and alcohol use is high, and health risk due to substance use is also more in construction workers.
Measurement of hiatal surface area and other hiatus oesophageal diameters at computed tomography imaging in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and its relationship with hiatal hernia
Authors: Karatay Emrah , Gok Mehmet Ali , Javadov Mirkhalig 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The oesophageal hiatus is a long and oblique opening in the diaphragm where the thoracic section of the oesophagus passes into the abdomen. Enlarged hiatal surface and insufficiency are considered to be associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatal hernia (HH). In this study, we aimed to retrospectively evaluate the relationship and the presence of GERD with HH by performing hiatal surface area (HSA) and other hiatal measurements at the thorax and abdominal computed tomography (CT) images in cases without any intra-abdominal or oesophageal surgery history.

Patients and Methods:
A total of 192 patients of GERD+ and 173 cases with GERD− as a control group were included in the study. In CT examinations of 365 patients included in the study, measurements and comments were made by an experienced radiologist in abdominal radiology. In CT scans, the following were evaluated for each case; HSA, hiatus anterior–posterior (A-P) diameter, hiatus transverse diameter, and HH types. The HSA measurement was made with the freehand region of interest in the picture archiving and communication system.

Results:
A total of 365 cases were included in this study; there was a significant difference between the median HSA, A-P diameter, and transverse diameter measurements between GERD− and GERD+ groups (P < 0.001). A statistically significant difference was found between the presence of GERD and HH types (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
CT imaging helps investigate the presence of HH at GERD+ patients. In addition, pre-operative valuable data can be obtained from the detection of HH types and HSA measurements in cases with HH.
Short-term outcome of mothers with severe mental illness admitted to a mother baby unit
Authors: Yadawad Vishwas , Ganjekar Sundarnag , Thippeswamy Harish , Chandra Prabha S. , Desai Geetha 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Mother baby psychiatry units (MBUs) are the expected standard of inpatient care internationally for postpartum mothers with severe mental illness (SMI) and favorable outcomes for mother infant dyads have been reported from these services. However, there are very few such units in low- and middle-income countries. The current study aimed to assess the short-term outcome of mothers in SMI admitted to an MBU in India.

Materials and Methods:
Mother infant dyads admitted over a year in the MBU were assessed in detail at admission, discharge, and at 3 months. Tools used included the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Young's Mania Rating Scale, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and Clinical Global Impression. Mother infant interaction was assessed using the NIMHANS maternal behavior scale.

Results:
The mean age of the 43 mothers admitted in this period was 27.3 ± 6.2 years. For 27 (62.8%) mothers, this was a first episode of psychosis. Affective disorders and acute psychotic disorders were the most common diagnoses. The average duration of stay in the MBU was 25 days. While all mothers showed significant improvement at discharge, mothers with a first episode in the postpartum had higher BPRS scores (Ws = 309.5, P = 0.02) as compared to the others. At 3 months following discharge, all mothers sustained the improvement achieved.

Discussion:
Mothers with SMI admitted to an MBU showed significant clinical and dyadic improvement at discharge which was sustained at 3 months. However, the lack of a control group limits the generalizability of the current findings.

Conclusion:
The study highlighted a favorable short-term outcome among mothers with SMI admitted to a MBU facility.
Prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among survivors of motor vehicle accidents from a hilly Indian state
Authors: Arora Deeksha , Belsiyal C Xavier , Rawat Vikram Singh 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are the leading cause of death and have also been proven debilitating for their survivors. In India, with poor road infrastructure and low maintenance, MVAs are quite apparent. With a significant focus of treatment on physical health, psychological consequences linked to these traumas are often neglected.

Aim:
The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, as well as the determinants of these disorders among survivors of MVAs.

Materials and Methods:
An institution-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 250 survivors of MVA visiting a tertiary care center in Uttarakhand (India) during December 2019, recruited using total enumerative sampling. Data were collected with standardized and validated tools that consisted of sociodemographic information, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist 5, and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23, including descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, and mean percentage) and inferential statistics (Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis, and binary logistic regression).

Results:
The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was found to be 32.4%, and mild and moderate depressions were present among 14.4% and 6.4% of the study population, respectively. Witnessing death (odds ratio [OR] = 5.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.92–3.06), loss of valuables (OR = 2.62; 95% CI = 0.78–9.04), self-blame (OR = 6.06; 95% CI = 1.15–31.91), and perceived death threat (OR = 9.98; 95% CI = 5.89–46.85) acted as determinants in the occurrence of PTSD and depression.

Conclusion:
A considerably large proportion of the population suffered from psychiatric disorders following the trauma. These must be addressed with an urgent development of multidisciplinary teams incorporating mental health services across all hospitals' trauma units.
Suicide among Indian doctors
Authors: Kishor M. , Chandran Suhas , Vinay H. R. , Ram Dushad 
Published: June 2021

Background:
India has one of the largest numbers of doctors in the world. It is estimated that more than 1 million doctors are in India. Every year more than 80,000 medical students graduate as doctors from 529 medical colleges in India. Medical profession is considered as more stressful, but mental health is still a subject of taboo in medical profession in Indian context. Doctors have higher suicide risk, 2.5 times more than the general population. In the United Kingdom, 430 doctors committed suicide between the years 2011 and 2015. Even though suicide among doctors is reported in Indian media, there is hardly any scientific study that has looked into the suicide among Indian doctors because of many hurdles in the collection of information.

Materials and Methods:
All the Indian newspaper that are published in English and are available in the online platform were scrutinized on doctors suicide report from the year 2016 March to 2019 March.

Results:
Thirty suicides were reported between 2016 March and 2019 March, out of which 18 were female and 12 male. More than 80% were younger than 40 years. Twenty-two were from medical education institutions. Seventeen were from south India and 13 from North India. Eight were MBBS students and ten were postgraduate students. Among subspecialties, six doctors were from Anesthesia. Seventeen used hanging as a method for suicide, eight used medications, and five jumped from building to end life. Nineteen of suicide reports about doctors mentioned that they were depressed.

Conclusion:
Suicide among Indian doctors is concern. Majority are young undergraduate and postgraduate medical students. Female doctors were more than male doctors. Most doctors were reported to be depressed and used lethal method such as hanging and medications.
Dramatic shift: Conservative to Avant-garde in Sarah Kane’s “4.48 Psychosis”
Authors: Beh Emmerencia Sih 
Published: June 2021

Drama is a genre in literature that recreates not only existing actions but also interprets the different versions of truth put on stage. Sarah Kane, a dramatist, is usually associated with the new theatrical form of writing called the in-yer-face theatre. Kane, after writing her last play, 4.48 Psychosis commits suicide. For this reason, many critics consider this play as a ‘suicide notes’ which makes it limiting since these critics do not pay attention to her extensive use of styles and her experimental shift from conservative to avant-garde dramatic constructions. While her earlier works Blasted, Phaedra’s Love and Cleansed were centred principally on shock irritating violent and relatively hostile metaphors, the style of her two last plays Crave and 4.48 Psychosis shifts blatantly as they are written in a conspicuously poetic style. Her last play which is the focus of this study swings from conventional to unconventional style of writing given that she deviates from the classical presentation of drama. This study uses the theoretical backdrop of Postmodernism for its analysis. The paper demonstrates that analysing 4.48 Psychosis in connection to Kane’s life and death is restrictive and biased as it procures a plethora of innovative scopes.
Gobernar las periferias: morfología de la desigualdad socioespacial y la disputa por el espacio urbano / To govern the peripheries: morphology of socio-spatial inequality and the dispute for urban space
Authors: Ramírez Avilés José Iván 
Published: June 2021

Este trabajo presenta algunos escenarios de urbanización acontecidos en una periferia al poniente del área urbana de la Zona Metropolitana de Pachuca, Estado de Hidalgo, México. Lo anterior como ejemplo local para debatir sobre los desafíos que el crecimiento difuso y desordenado plantea a los incipientes modelos para gobernar un territorio periférico y las normativas derivadas para su administración. De esta manera, se muestran, mediante el análisis de datos empíricos e información oficial, así como de la aplicación de entrevistas a funcionarios clave y observación no participante en el territorio considerado, los principales retos en la planificación urbana y en la gestión de un territorio en constante conflicto y disputa, con procesos complejos con incidencia diferenciada hacia comunidades locales. Si bien, algunos proyectos y megaproyectos se han plasmado como potenciales detonantes de desarrollo económico, estos también están manifestando consecuencias que merecen atención en relación con su impacto diferenciado en el territorio urbano y periurbano, por lo anterior apremia la aplicación de una forma de gobernanza metropolitana enfocada a sus periferias para enfrentar los problemas ecológicos, sociales y económicos que se están generando y que, con la actual tendencia urbanística, parecen ser irreversibles.
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN BIOCHAR BIOMASSA KELAPA SAWIT TERHADAP AKTIVITAS MIKROORGANISME PADA TANAH ULTISOL
Authors: Hidayat Benny , Lubis Nurul Annisa , Sabrina T. 
Published: June 2021

Biologi tanah merupakan sifat yang mencerminkan kehidupan di dalam tanah sebagai salah satu indikator kesuburan tanah yag real, yangmerupakan interprestasi dari sifat kimia dan biologi tanah. Kehidupan di dalam tanah sangat di pengaruhi dengan status karbon dalam tanah, dan biochar merupakan bentuk karbon organic yang menjadi simpanan karbon pada masa yang lama. Kelapa sawit memiliki biomassa yang sangat banyak dan belum termanfaatkan secara maksimal, sehingga pemanfaatan biomassa kelapa sawit sebagai sumber karbon dalam bentuk biochar masih banyak yg belum diketahui. Sehingga tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengali potensi biomassa kelapa sawit sebagai biochar untuk kehidupan di dalam tanah, karena akan berpotensi menjaga kestabilan kesuburan tanah untuk masa yg lama.
ANALISA FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) DI AFDELING I KEBUN BAH BIRUNG ULU PT. PERKEBUNAN NUSANTARA IV
Authors: Ningsih Tuty , Yazid Abu , Fu'adh Sukri 
Published: June 2021

Tanaman kelapa sawit merupakan komoditi ekspor Indonesia. Tingginya permintaan kelapa sawit menyebabkan ekpansi budidaya kelapa sawit ke dataran tinggi. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi kelapa sawit. Penelitian dilakukan di kebun Bah Birong Ulu PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IV dengan metode penelitian menggunakan regresi linier berganda dan data diolah menggunakan SPSS 20. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian merupakan data time series (2014-2018) dengan variabel pengamatan yaitu produksi kelapa sawit, pupuk, umur tanaman, jumlah tenaga kerja dan menggunaan herbisida. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) Secara serampak faktor pupuk, umur tanaman, tenaga kerja dan herbisida berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi kelapa sawit dengan nilai f-hitung (310,535) > t-tabel (3,38) dengan nilai signifikansi 0,00 < α (0,05). (2)Secara parsial diperoleh bahwa (a) Faktor pupuk tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi kelapa sawit dengan nilai t-hitung (-2,418) < t-tabel (2,012) dengan nilai signifikansi 0,016 < α (0,05). (b) Faktor umur tanaman berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi kelapa sawit dengan nilai t-hitung (8,843) > t-tabel (2,012) dengan nilai signifikansi 0,00 < α (0,05). (c) Faktor tenaga kerja berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi kelapa sawit dengan nilai t-hitung (28,261) > t-tabel (2,012) dengan nilai signifikansi 0,00 < α (0,05). (d) Faktor herbisida tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi kelapa sawit dengan nilai t-hitung (1,592) < t-tabel (2,012) dengan nilai signifikansi 0,113 > α (0,05).
MANAJEMEN SARANA DAN PRASARANA PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB DI MAN 3 TULUNGAGUNG
Authors: Siti Mu’alifah  
Published: June 2021

Sarana pendidikan adalah semua fasilitas yang diperlukan dalam proses belajar mengajar, baik yang bergerak maupun yang tidak bergerak agar pencapaian tujuan pendidikan berjalan dengan lancar, teratur, efektif dan efesien. Prasarana adalah fasilitas yang secara tidak langsung menunjang jalannya proses pendidikan, seperti: halaman, kebun atau taman sekolah, jalan menuju ke sekolah, tata tertib sekolah, dan sebagainya.
Kegiatan manajemen sarana dan prasarana di MAN 3 Tulungagung yaitu meliputi: (1) Pengadaan, Adapun pada kegitan pengadaan barang di MAN 3 Tulungagung untuk memperoleh dananya yaitu dibantu oleh pemerintah dan sekolah tinggal meminta izin atau membuat proposal untuk memperoleh dana dan digunakan membeli barang yang dibutuhkan sekolah tersebut. (2) Penggunaan, Setelah dilakukaan pengadaan sarana dan prasarana selanjutnya barang digunakan secara maksimal dengan tujuan untuk menunjang pencapaian tujuan lembaga. (3) Pemeliharan, pemeliharaan barang yang dilakukan MAN 3 Tulungagung terhadap semua fasilitas yang ada disediakan anggaran sendiri. (4) Peniadaan/Penghapusan, dalam hal peniadaan, lembaga tidak begitu saja membuang atau menghapus barang-barang yang sudah rusak atau sudah tidak bisa terpakai.
The remote response of the South Asian Monsoon to reduced dust emissions and Sahara greening during the middle Holocene
Authors: Pausata Francesco S. R. , Messori Gabriele , Yun Jayoung , Jalihal Chetankumar A. , Bollasina Massimo A. , Marchitto Thomas M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Previous studies based on multiple paleoclimate archives suggested
a prominent intensification of the South Asian Monsoon (SAM) during the
mid-Holocene (MH, ∼6000 years before present). The main
forcing that contributed to this intensification is related to changes in
the Earth's orbital parameters. Nonetheless, other key factors likely played
important roles, including remote changes in vegetation cover and airborne
dust emission. In particular, northern Africa also experienced much wetter
conditions and a more mesic landscape than today during the MH (the
so-called African Humid Period), leading to a large decrease in airborne
dust globally. However, most modeling studies investigating the SAM changes
during the Holocene overlooked the potential impacts of the vegetation and
dust emission changes that took place over northern Africa. Here, we use a
set of simulations for the MH climate, in which vegetation over the Sahara
and reduced dust concentrations are considered. Our results show that SAM
rainfall is strongly affected by Saharan vegetation and dust concentrations,
with a large increase in particular over northwestern India and a
lengthening of the monsoon season. We propose that this remote influence is
mediated by anomalies in Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures and may have
shaped the evolution of the SAM during the termination of the African Humid
Period.