bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Holtzman Ian R. 
Published: December 2021

There is no question that attempts to explain and solidify the possible association between prolonged rupture of the membranes and hyaline membrane disease is of the utmost import in the management of the premature. Unfortunately, I believe the recent paper by Drs. Bauer, Stern, and Colle (Pediatrics, 53:7, 1974) raises more problems than it purports to answer.
The greatest difficulty I found in reading this paper was the lack of multiple ancillary data critical to interpreting the results.
Brain Scanning and Cerebral Radioisotope Angiography (CRA) in Children
Authors: Yalaz Kalbiye , Treves S. 
Published: December 2021

The incidence of abnormal brain scans was high in children with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, focal motor signs or meningitis. In patients with seizure disorders, headache (alone) and mental retardation, abnormal brain scan findings occurred in 1%, 2%, and 4% of the cases, respectively; thus the routine use of brain scanning as a screening procedure of the patients may be questionable. The true-positive rate of brain scans in this series was 83%. Cerebral radioisotope angiography (CRA) increased the true-positive rate by 3% when done selectively.
Cerebral radioisotope angiography was frequently abnormal in patients referred for early diagnosis of cerebrovascular accidents, when the brain scan was most frequently normal.
The high yield and sensitivity of brain scanning for diagnosis of brain abscess was confirmed in this study. The brain scan was found very useful in localizing brain abscess for surgical drainage and to assess the results of therapy.
FRANCIS GLISSON ON THE TREATMENT OF RICKETS
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Although Francis Glisson (1597-1677) was not the first to describe rickets, nevertheless, his treatise on rickets (1650) is generally regarded as the most important work which has yet appeared on the subject.1
A sample of Glisson's method of treating rickets follows:
To straighten the trunk of the body or to keep it straight, they use to make breast plates of whalebone put into two woollen cloths and sewed together, which they so fit to the bodies of the children that they may keep the back-bone upright, repress the sticking out of the bones, and defend the crookedness of them from a further compression. But you must be careful that they be not troublesome to the children that wear them, and therefore the best way is to fasten them to the spine of the back with a handsom [sic] string fitted to that use. The bearing them about in the nurses arms is almost agreeable to the same children, and under the same conditions; in like manner the rejoicing of the child whilst the nurse singeth, either as it sits in her lap, or is held up in her hands, as also the tossing of it up and down, and waving it to and fro. Also the drawing of the children backward and forward upon a bed or a table between the two nurses, the one holding it by the hand, the other by a foot. The two last notions seem to contribute somewhat to the erection of the crooked or bended backbone.
A Comparison of Pediatric Interviewing Skills Using Real and Simulated Mothers
Authors: Helfer Ray E. , Black Mary A. , Teitelbaum Howard 
Published: December 2021

In order to allay concerns about using simulators as opposed to real mothers for teaching and evaluating interviewing skills, a study was designed to test for differences in students' approaches when interviewing simulated and real mothers. Three mothers were trained to give their own children's histories consistently and two mothers trained to simulate a history. Thirty third-year medical students conducted two interviews which were audiotaped. Students were told the nature of the study and whether the mother was real or simulated. One half of the time the mothers were presented as simulators and one half of the time the simulators were presented as mothers. The variable of order was controlled.
An objective checklist containing 70 to 80 bits of organic and personal data per case and an interaction analysis (with an average of 285 interactions per interview) were utilized to measure the content material gathered and the approach used by the students. The data were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. All but 1 of the 55 null hypotheses were accepted, i.e., no significant differences were found.
The Use of Simulation for Teaching and Evaluating Interviewing Skills Provides a Valid Experience.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN ON BREAST-FEEDING AND WHY WOMEN OF PARIS CANNOT NURSE THEIR BABIES
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Benjamin Franklin lived at a time when men of education and genius in varying paths of life did not consider it strange or unusual to write about medical matters.
Many of Franklin's letters dealt with medical matters. The letter below written to a nonmedical friend is a good example of Franklin's interest in infant feeding.
Passy, May 23, 1785
. . . I return your Note of Children receiv'd in the Foundling Hospital at Paris, from 1741 to 1755, inclusive; and I have added the years preceding as far back as 1710, together with the general Christnings of the City, and the Years succeeding down to 1770. Those since that Period I have not been able to obtain. I have noted in the Margin the gradual Increase, viz. from every tenth Child so thrown upon the Public, till it comes to every third! Fifteen Years have passed since the last Account, and probably it may now amount to one-half. Is it right to encourage this monstrous Deficiency of natural Affection? A Surgeon I met with here excused the Women of Paris, by saying, seriously, that they could not give suck; "Car", dit il, "elles n'ont point de tetons." He assurr'd me it was a Fact, and bade me look at them, and observe how flat they were on the Breast; " they have nothing more there," said he, " than I have upon the Back of my hand." I have since thought that there might be some Truth in his Observation, and that, possibly, Nature, finding they made no use of Bubbies, has left off giving them any.
Hemophilus Meningitis: Comparison of H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae
Authors: Bachman David S. 
Published: December 2021

Eleven cases of Hemophilus meningitis seen in the last year are reported. Three were H. parainfluenzae and eight were H. influenzae. The number of patients is small but probably indicates that there is little difference in the clinical or laboratory data in meningitis caused by these two organisms.
The children with H. parainfluenzae tended to be less anemic and had more normal admission spinal fluid sugars and proteins, but this was probably because these patients were older and had shorter prodromes. As more cases of H. parainfluenzae meningitis are noted, it seems likely that there will not be any difference in the clinical or laboratory data. Two of the three cases of H. parainfluenzae meningitis had the complication of ataxia secondary to severe bilateral vestibular deficits.
Finally, it should be noted that these two organisms will not be distinguished by routine bacteriological studies, and that differentiation must be carried out by an experienced laboratory.
Participation in Sports by Girls
Authors: Thornton Melvin L. , Eng Gloria D. , Kennell John H. , McLeod Robert N. , Shaffer Thomas E. 
Published: December 2021

Until recently, girls and women have been deprived of their rightful share in physical recreation ion and sports by traditional concepts about a socially acceptable feminine image, misconceptions about the extent to which females may safely participate in strenuous activity, and, in fact, society's whole previous notion about woman's role and her basic needs and her physical capabilities.
Customary safeguards for protection of health and safety of males in sports and competitive athletics should apply to girls and women. Thus, competent medical care before, during, and after participation, rigorous conditioning, suitable high-quality equipment, good playing facilities, competent coaching, and capable officiating are necessary for the safety of all who engage in sports and competitive athletics.
To assist physicians who may be involved in making decisions regarding participation in sports by girls and young women, the Committee offers the following guidelines:
(1) There is no reason to separate prepubescent children by sex in sports, physical education, and recreational activities.
(2) Girls can compete against girls in any sports activity if matched for size, weight, skill, and physical maturation as long as the safeguards mentioned above are followed.
(3) Girls can attain high levels of physical fitness through strenuous conditioning activities to improve their physical fitness, agility, strength, appearance, endurance, and sense of psychic well-being. These have no unfavorable influence on menstruation, future pregnancy, and childbirth.
(4) Postpubescent girls should not participate against boys in heavy collision sports because of the grave risk of serious injury due to their lesser muscle mass per unit of body weight.
Breast-Feeding and Fluoride
Authors: Libo Hersh W. 
Published: December 2021

The value of fluoride treatment in dental caries prevention was again well emphasized by Ripa1 and the Leskes2 in the August issue of Pediatrics. One problem not discussed and of great practical importance to patient and physician is the child living in an area with a fluoridated public water supply who neither drinks water nor ingests it via tap water used for cooking, mixed frozen juices, etc.
In our area and among our private patients, most infants are on preprepared formulas or on breast milk and take little or no tap water.
The use of cromolyn sodium in the treatment of asthma in children
Authors: Bierman C. Warren , Soyka Lester F. 
Published: December 2021

In July, 1973, cromolyn sodium was approved for use in the United States by the F.D.A. for treatment of patients with severe perennial asthma. The companies marketing the drug immediately mounted an intense campaign of physician education about the pharmacology of the drug, its indications and its unusual method of administration. Physician response varied from enthusiastic use to refusal to prescribe because of the intense commercial promotion. More importantly many physicians apparently did not read the educational material because they used it inappropriately and when it did not relieve acute asthma they stopped using it entirely.
Cromolyn has been a controversial drug in the United States both before and after its release measure.
Broken Appointments: Questions, Not Answers
Authors: Barkin Roger M. , Duncan Burris 
Published: December 2021

Our experience suggests that the implications of Nazarian et al.'s study that mailed appointment reminders significantly increase return rates to clinic need to be reevaluated. Although the approach has been found useful in some settings, we attempted a similar form of intervention in the setting of a pediatric neurology clinic at the University of Colorado Medical Center and found no statistically significant impact.
All patients seen during a two-month period with a scheduled return appointment were included in the study and alternatively assigned to the study or control group.
Incidence of Exercise-Induced Asthma in Children
Authors: Bierman C. Warren , Kawabori Isamu , Pierson William E. 
Published: December 2021

The incidence of exercise-induced asthma (EIA) was studied in 134 asthmatic, 102 nonasthmatic atopic, and 56 nonatopic children. Pulmonary function tests measuring forced vital capacity (FVC) and one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) were performed on each child prior to and serially for 20 minutes following free running exercise. The incidence of EIA among the asthmatic and atopic nonasthmatic children was 63% and 41% respectively, and 7% among control subjects.
Airway function was studied prior to and after a standardized free running exercise test. Forty-one percent of the nonasthmatic and 63% of the asthmatic atopic children had a significant decrease in airway function as compared to 5% of the nonallergic subjects.
Elevated Blood Lead in a 6-Month-Old Breast-Fed Infant: The Role of Newsprint Logs
Authors: Perkins Kathaleen C. , Oski Frank A. 
Published: December 2021

Lead is an ubiquitous substance in our environment. Although the ingestion of materials containing lead-based paints remains the primary cause of markedly increased body lead burdens in children, the role of environmental pollutants is gradually becoming appreciated.
Atmospheric lead is a particular hazard; 30% to 50% of lead inhaled by the lungs may be retained by the body.1 The percentage of lead absorbed through the intestine in children is unknown, although recent studies suggest that it may be as high as 50%.2
We wish to describe an apparently unusual example of elevated blood lead in a 6-month-old infant who had been exclusively breast-fed.
Camphor Poisoning: Over-the-Counter Dangers
Authors: Phelan William J. 
Published: December 2021

Intoxication from camphor has been reported frequently in the literature for decades, most cases involving the accidental ingestion of camphorated oil, mistaken for castor oil or other similar products. Over 20 years ago, Smith and Margolis1 collected 130 nonfatal and 18 fatal cases from literature dating back to 1833. Recent data from the National Clearinghouse for Poison Control Centers reveal an increasing proportion of ingestions of other over-the-counter camphor-containing preparations.2-3
Two cases with documented serum camphor levels have prompted this report and discussion of camphor's role in the self-medication over-the-counter armamentarium.
CASE REPORTS
Case 1
A 3-year-old girl was transferred to the University of Michigan Medical Center from a local emergency room.
Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis Masking as Abdominal Crises in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Ariyan Stephan , Shessel Frederick S. , Pickett Lawrence K. 
Published: December 2021

A case of sickle cell (HbSS) disease is presented in a patient with a history of recurrent admissions for abdominal pain, jaundice, and abnormal liver function tests. Although he was believed to have a sickle cell abdominal crisis, his abdominal X-ray films revealed three calcified stones. Each of these stones progressively passed through the common duct and into the duodenum while awaiting surgery. He has been followed for two years since his cholecystectomy without further hospitalizations.
This case led to the investigation of cholelithiasis in sickle cell disease to dispel the following misconceptions. Some physicians and pediatricians believe that (1) cholelithiasis and cholecystitis are uncommon in sickle cell disease; (2) the complications of gallstones are not significant; (3) the operative risk in patients with sickle cell disease is high; (4) these patients with HbSS disease do not live long enough to get into trouble with gallstones.
A review of the literature on cholelithiasis and HbSS disease presents adequate evidence to cause us to urge investigation of the gallbladder in all patients with HbSS disease and abdominal crises, and cholecystectomy as an elective procedure should stones be present.
Why Accept Stories About China?
Authors: Fisch Robert O. 
Published: December 2021

I am always amazed by the fascination of the American public with the "stories" from behind the Bamboo Curtain.
The data of Dr. Wray in his article1 are biased, i.e., "I was told," etc. Any other article based upon similarly described data, especially from the United States, would not even be considered for publication by an editor, especially not by the editors of the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Dr. Wray's last sentence, "... Chairman Mao's command: ‘Serve the People!’" sounds more like a Marxist manifesto than the conclusion of a scientific report.
Questions Intrauterine Poisoning
Authors: Furuta Mutsuhiro 
Published: December 2021

I would like to make a few observations concerning the article by Amin-Zaki et al.1 First, I challenge the wisdom of using "intrauterine" in the title. The article does not give conclusive evidence that the poisoning was actually intrauterine. It gives no data on blood examinations of the infants at birth, which is of utmost importance. Without these data, can one say it is "congenital" methylmercury poisoning?
Furthermore, there is no discussion of the method of transmission of the methylmercury from mother to fetus or unchallengable proof that this is true.
Now Let's Review Decongestants
Authors: Stallings James H. 
Published: December 2021

I read with great interest the article "A Review of Antihistamines and the Common Cold,"1 which can remain a classic for years to come.
I anticipate with equal interest the sequel, entitled "Decongestants and the Common Cold."
I believe the health of children will be considerably improved if an objective evaluation of the noneffectiveness of the so-called decongestants was available to all pediatricians.
Exchange Transfusion for Severe Neonatal Septicemia
Authors: Bossi Emilio , Meister Beat , Pfenninger Juerg 
Published: December 2021

Exchange transfusion (ET) for neonatal septicemia is commonly used in many centers. To our knowledge, however, no controlled study on its efficacy has yet been published. Authors usually report satisfying clinical impressions or compare the mortality of newborns with septicemia treated with ET to the results generally reported or experienced in their unit prior to the introduction of this form of treatment.
During a four-year period, we have performed a prospective study on our patients.
Lack of Predictive Indices in Kernicterus—Or Lack of Power?
Authors: Guess Harry 
Published: December 2021

Kim et al1 recently reported a case-control study of kernicterus in which they concluded that "analysis of previously suggested risk factors has failed to identify any single factor or combination of factors that could be predictive of the development of kernicterus." Emphasis in their paper was on the lack of statistical significance for most of the factors studied.
The value of this study can be increased by providing a measure of the extent to which the lack of statistical significance stems from the (understandably) small sampie size and concomitant lack of statistical power rather than from a true lack of association of the factors with kernicterus.
Asthma and Reflux
Authors: Stein Mark R. 
Published: December 2021

I congratulate Berquist and colleagues1 on their important contribution, demonstrating the effectiveness and safety of fundoplication in pediatric patients with recurrent pneumonias or chronic asthma and documented gastroesophageal reflux (GER). I would like to address three aspects of this paper.
1. The authors clearly noted that theophylline therapy was stopped 24 hours before esophageal function tests were performed. This was done to avoid false-positive studies from the effect of this drug on lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP).
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Berquist William E. , Rachelefsky Gary S. 
Published: December 2021

In our retrospective study1 of several asthmatic children, attempts were made to use the minimum amount of medication to control bronchospasm and thus enable the evaluation to proceed. It was medically impossible to discontinue all acute asthmatic medication.
In the majority of cases, a short course of steroids or β-adrenergics were used. We admit that the effect of anticholinergics and β-adrenergics on the lower esophageal sphincter has not been evaluated thoroughly in asthmatics, and as with theophyffine they may well produce some relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter.
President's Address
Authors: SHAW EDWARD B. 
Published: December 2021

THIS 19th annual meeting of the Academy marks the end of an eventful year. I reach the end of my stewardship with the hope that many important decisions of the past year will prove to be for the best interest of the Academy.
It is the privilege of this moment to philosophize and to express one's own opinions. Many of my predecessors have spoken of organizational aspects of the Academy. I should prefer first to speak a few words about the many individuals who comprise its membership. I like to think of the Academy as an association of those with kindred interests and with many bonds of keen personal friendship. I am happy that my lot has been cast with pediatricians and I am sure I share with all of you great enjoyment of the fellowship which has proceeded from our confraternity of interest.
The Academy exists only to express our mutual interest in childhood and to translate this interest into everything which can benefit the condition of childhood. We were early reminded by Dr. John Lovett Morse that we must strive to function not for ourselves alone and our history will well attest that the welfare of children and not the aggrandizement of our members has been the principle objective of this organization.
One who enters any profession does so with the expectation of contributing more to society than he will receive in return in terms of visible reward. The pediatrician may not wish to sentimentalize his concept of his profession but must recognize that the financial returns from his efforts cannot be compared with those provided by many occupations with an eight hour day and a five day week.
TISSUE CHANGES IN THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME: DEMONSTRATION OF POTASSIUM DEPLETION
Authors: FOX CHARLES L. , SLOBODY LAWRENCE B. 
Published: December 2021

Analyses of skeletal muscles, obtained at autopsy from six children with the nephrotic syndrome, reveal losses of from one fourth to two thirds of their potassium content per unit dry weight or cell solids. Their phosphorus content is only moderately reduced. These muscles have gained large amounts of water, sodium and chloride in ratios approximating extracellular fluid.
The muscle values are compared with other types of potassium loss from muscle, e.g., after experimental potassium deprivation, desoxycorticosterone therapy, alkalosis and muscle trauma.
Since potassium is the intracellular cation, its depletion may be associated with important effects on intracellular anions, enzymes or catalysts and, together with cellular hydration and hypotonicity, contribute to the physiologic alterations found in this syndrome.
Analyses of kidneys from these patients reveal somewhat similar changes; liver, in contrast, showed minimal alteration.
PULMONOCARDIAC FAILURE
Authors: O'CONNELL W. F. , LEE Y. C. 
Published: December 2021

Pulmonocardiac failure is a clinical entity caused by severe spinal and thoracic deformity, usually ending fatally in early adult life.
Right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation without any significant pulmonary vascular or interstitial fibrotic changes are prominent findings at autopsy.
The etiology, incidence, clinical manifestations and possible mechanism are discussed.
A typical case occurring in childhood with certain unusual features is presented.
T WAVE CONTOUR IN THE PRECORDIAL LEADS DURING CHILDHOOD
Authors: REYNOLDS R. W. 
Published: December 2021

The T wave in the precordial V leads was studied in 187 normal children and young adults in the age range of 2 weeks to 20 years and in 164 individuals of like age with cardiovascular disease or with disease or medication capable of affecting the cardiovascular system.
On the basis of this analysis correlated with a survey of the literature, it is concluded that:
a. An upright T wave in lead V2 or leads further to the right should be considered abnormal in children between 2 weeks and 9 years of age until proved otherwise.
b. The normal sequence in the direction of the T wave from V4R to V6 is from a negative to a positive wave with transitional forms which may be notched or diphasic. The reversal of this pattern is to be considered abnormal.
c. The presence of unexpected T wave contours in specific leads at the different ages should be considered as evidence demanding re-examination of the ECG and of the child for abnormalities.