bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Income inequality and intragenerational income mobility in Sweden from 1983 to 2010: Following two birth cohorts
Authors: Jansson Birgitta 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSweden has been known for having one of the most equal income distributions in the world. However, in recent decades, Sweden has experienced increasing income inequality. An alternative way of measuring the development of inequality is to study and compare the income development within and between two birth cohorts according to gender and different positions of income distribution. The focus in this paper is to study how individual disposable personal income has changed by aging and at various positions of the income distribution, as well as the gender disposable income gap and intragenerational income mobility. Three positions of the income distribution were chosen: percentile 10; median; and percentile 99. Two cohorts, including all individuals born in 1948 and 1958, were tracked from 35 years of age to 53 years of age – with two 18-year overlapping periods, 1983–2000, and 1993–2010. The results show a complex and multifaceted image of the development of income inequality and mobility, within and between the two birth cohorts. Especially male low-income earners, born 1958, have been left behind. Income mobility differ according to gender where women have increased mobility in the bottom quintile and decreased in the top quintile, men experienced the opposite. When modelling mobility education have decreased to contribute to an upward mobility, especial for cohort born 1958. Taking all the results together, the development of increasing income inequality in Sweden is apparent.
Enculturation and the historical origins of number words and concepts
Authors: dos Santos César Frederico 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn the literature on enculturation—the thesis according to which higher cognitive capacities result from transformations in the brain driven by culture—numerical cognition is often cited as an example. A consequence of the enculturation account for numerical cognition is that individuals cannot acquire numerical competence if a symbolic system for numbers is not available in their cultural environment. This poses a problem for the explanation of the historical origins of numerical concepts and symbols. When a numeral system had not been created yet, people did not have the opportunity to acquire number concepts. But, if people did not have number concepts, how could they ever create a symbolic systemfor numbers? Here I propose an account of the invention of symbolic systems for numbers by anumeric people in the remote past that is compatible with the enculturation thesis. I suggest that symbols for numbers and number concepts may have emerged at the same time through the re-semantification of words whose meanings were originally non-numerical.
GUIDE-Modell: Ein Kompass für den Beratungstisch
Authors: Andres Roduit Christine , Walter Marie-Christine 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungKarrierecoaches und Laufbahnberatenden sowie Klient/innen ein Modell zur Verfügung zu stellen, das eine selbstgesteuerte und erfolgreiche Laufbahngestaltung stützt – diesem Ziel folgte die öffentliche Berufs‑, Studien- und Laufbahnberatung Oberwallis bei der Entwicklung des Guide-Modells. Dieses basiert auf prozessorientierten Laufbahnberatungsmodellen und inhaltsorientierten Ressourcenmodellen. Anhand eines Fallbeispiels aus dem Karrierecoaching wird die Anwendung des GUIDE-Modells in der Praxis veranschaulicht. Erkenntnisse aus der Praxisarbeit mit dem Modell, welches als Drehscheibe auf dem Beratungstisch vorliegt, werden dargelegt und diskutiert.
Evaluation of a Health-Management Course for Recently Settled Immigrants
Authors: Sjöström Rita , Kaev Gunilla , Söderström Lars 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study aims to evaluate an intervention, consisting of nine weeks of health-management course, combined with social and working life orientation and language instruction for recently settled immigrants in Sweden. One hundred one participants in the intervention groups and 48 participants in the control group participated. The intervention consisted of a health management course combined with social and working life orientation and the control group participated in the regular local authority program for social and working life orientation. Measurement instruments were health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and registration of work rate. Several participants in the groups were in work, primarily in subsidized employment, after six months. Recently settled men were employed to a greater extent than the women, where poorer physical and mental health could be observed among women in this study. Participants in the intervention and the control groups had maintained HRQoL from pre-intervention to six months post-intervention. More studies investigating the participants experiences of the health-managing course but also more homogenous measurements in studies for recently settled immigrants are needed.
Mass occurrence of small isopodan crustaceans in 100-million-year-old amber: an extraordinary view on behaviour of extinct organisms
Authors: Schädel Mario , Hörnig Marie K. , Hyžný Matúš , Haug Joachim T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWithin Isopoda (woodlice and relatives), there are lineages characterised by a parasitic lifestyle that all belong to Cymothoida and likely form a monophyletic group. Representatives of Epicaridea (ingroup of Cymothoida) are parasitic on crustaceans and usually go through three distinct larval stages. The fossil record of Epicaridea is sparse and thus little is known about the palaeoecology and the origin of the complex life cycle of modern epicarideans. We present an assemblage of over 100 epicarideans preserved in a single piece of Late Cretaceous Myanmar amber. All individuals are morphologically similar to cryptoniscium stage larvae. The cryptoniscium stage usually constitutes the third and last larval stage. In modern representatives of Epicaridea, the cryptoniscium larvae are planktic and search for suitable host animals or adult females. These fossil specimens, though similar to some extant species, differ from other fossil epicaridean larvae in many aspects. Thus, a new species (and a new genus),Cryptolacruma nidis, is erected. Several factors can favour the preservation of multiple conspecific animals in a single piece of amber. However, the enormous density of epicarideans in the herein presented amber piece can only be explained by circumstances that result in high local densities of individuals, close to the resin-producing tree.
Recognising the impact of highly accomplished and lead teachers
Authors: Willis Jill , Churchward Peter , Crosswell Leanne , Spooner-Lane Rebecca , Wise Josephine , Jessen Suzanne 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Highly Accomplished and Lead Teacher (HALT) Certification process introduced in Australia in 2012 was designed to recognise expert teachers, to encourage them to continue to influence and impact their students and colleagues through their exemplary classroom practice. Expert teachers prepare evidence of their impactful practices, and have this evidence evaluated through a National Certifying Authority. HALTs are a relatively new role in Australian education, and little is known about their impact in schools, or the potential for their ongoing role as middle leaders in schools. This paper analyses the experiences of HALT teachers who had been certified by Independent Schools Queensland (ISQ) in 2018, and what impact they recognised they were having in the schools who supported them through their certification process. Impact is theorised as a temporal, reflexive narrative. Data were gathered in a cascading evaluative process through portfolio analysis, interviews with nationally certified teachers, school-based mentors and school leaders and a survey about their teacher and middle leader efficacy. The process of applying for HALT Certification had significant positive personal impact for the teachers, their students, their colleagues in their school and for some, beyond their school. The recognition of impact as a temporal narrative with distinct genres, and the concept of HALT teachers as middle leaders may point to new avenues of supporting applicants and to potential benefits for schools to encourage teachers to consider national certification.
Growth of single crystals in the (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–(Sr1–xCax)TiO3 system by solid state crystal growth
Authors: Le Phan Gia , Tran Huyen Tran , Lee Jong-Sook , Fisher John G. , Kim Hwang-Pill , Jo Wook , Moon Won-Jin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCeramics based on (Na1/2B1/2)TiO3are promising candidates for actuator applications because of large strains generated by an electric field-induced phase transition. For example, the (1−x)(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-xSrTiO3system exhibits a morphotropic phase boundary atx= 0.2–0.3, leading to high values of inverse piezoelectric constantd*33, which can be further improved by the use of single crystals. In our previous work, single crystals of (Na1/2B1/2)TiO3-SrTiO3and (Na1/2B1/2)TiO3-CaTiO3were grown by the solid state crystal growth technique. Growth in the (Na1/2B1/2)TiO3-SrTiO3system was sluggish whereas the (Na1/2B1/2)TiO3-CaTiO3single crystals grew well. In the present work, 0.8(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-0.2(Sr1−xCax)TiO3single crystals (withx= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) were produced by the solid state crystal growth technique in an attempt to improve crystal growth rate. The dependence of mean matrix grain size, single crystal growth distance, and electrical properties on the Ca concentration was investigated in detail. These investigations indicated that atx= 0.3 the matrix grain growth was suppressed and the driving force for single crystal growth was enhanced. Replacing Sr with Ca increased the shoulder temperatureTsand temperature of maximum relative permittivityTmax, causing a decrease in inverse piezoelectric properties and a change from normal to incipient ferroelectric behavior.
AFRL Additive Manufacturing Modeling Series: Challenge 4, 3D Reconstruction of an IN625 High-Energy Diffraction Microscopy Sample Using Multi-modal Serial Sectioning
Authors: Chapman Michael G. , Shah Megna N. , Donegan Sean P. , Scott J. Michael , Shade Paul A. , Menasche David , Uchic Michael D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHigh-energy diffraction microscopy (HEDM) in-situ mechanical testing experiments offer unique insight into the evolving deformation state within polycrystalline materials. These experiments rely on a sophisticated analysis of the diffraction data to instantiate a 3D reconstruction of grains and other microstructural features associated with the test volume. For microstructures of engineering alloys that are highly twinned and contain numerous features around the estimated spatial resolution of HEDM reconstructions, the accuracy of the reconstructed microstructure is not known. In this study, we address this uncertainty by characterizing the same HEDM sample volume using destructive serial sectioning (SS) that has higher spatial resolution. The SS experiment was performed on an Inconel 625 alloy sample that had undergone HEDM in-situ mechanical testing to a small amount of plastic strain (~ 0.7%), which was part of the Air Force Research Laboratory Additive Manufacturing (AM) Modeling Series. A custom-built automated multi-modal SS system was used to characterize the entire test volume, with a spatial resolution of approximately 1 µm. Epi-illumination optical microscopy images, backscattered electron images, and electron backscattered diffraction maps were collected on every section. All three data modes were utilized and custom data fusion protocols were developed for 3D reconstruction of the test volume. The grain data were homogenized and downsampled to 2 µm as input for Challenge 4 of the AM Modeling Series, which is available at the Materials Data Facility repository.
Mechanical, Thermal and Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of MWCN-ABS Films
Authors: Jagadeesh Chandra R. B. , Shivamurthy B. , Sathish Kumar M. , Thimmappa B. H. S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and the poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) (ABS) granulates are dispersed in acetone separately using a magnetic stirrer followed by ultrasonication. Further, both the solutions were mixed with magnetic stirring followed by ultrasonication. Neat-ABS film, 0.25 wt%, 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% of MWCNT-ABS nanocomposite films of the average thickness of 140 µm are fabricated by the solution molding using a petri dish, followed by room temperature curing and further hot compression to maintain uniform thickness. The tensile properties, thermal stability, electrical conductivity, and EMSE of all films are investigated. The results indicate that the addition of MWCNTs to ABS enhanced the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity, thermal stability, and EMSE. The 0.25 wt% MWCNT-ABS nanocomposite films show attractive mechanical, electrical, thermal, and EMSE as compared to neat-ABS films. More than 0.25 wt% MWCNTs in the ABS matrix deteriorates the tensile strength. However, 0.5 wt% MWCNT-ABS nanocomposites exhibit better tensile strength, Young’s modulus, electrical conductivity, and EMSE than neat-ABS. In this research, we used a low quantity of MWCNTs and followed a one-time heating process in the entire fabrication, and produced MWCNT-ABS nanocomposite films with reasonable properties. Hence, this may be one of the options to produce nanocomposites suitable for EMS materials. We recommend that these films may be used as interlayers to develop an X-band range electromagnetic wave shielding material.
The consumer goods sector and the sustainability agenda in Ghana: a review of sustainability commitments
Authors: Abubakari Mohammed , Thuranira Bessy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCorporate entities are expected to show a great commitment to the sustainability agenda in response to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-12—‘Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns’ by 2030. This study, therefore, analyses the sustainability commitments of two major consumer goods companies in Ghana; Unilever Ghana Limited, and PZ Cussons Ghana Limited. It uses the traditional qualitative literature review approach to identify and evaluate the varying commitments of the two entities through an analytic lens of the Sustainable Business Model (SBM) archetypes. The findings indicate that of the eight archetypes, Unilever Ghana Limited is committed to four of the archetypes—1, 3, 6, and 8—whereas PZ Cussons Ghana Limited’s commitments align with five of the archetypes—1, 2, 5, 6, and 8. This indicates a defining step in their sustainability commitments moving forward, however, the translation of the commitments of the two companies into actualities calls for a concerted effort involving the State, civil society, the academic community, and the entities themselves.
Is There an Association Between Hypothyroidism and Sexual Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Cumulative Analysis
Authors: Shen Maolei , Li Xin , Wu Weizhou , Dou Ruiling , Mei Xiangkun , Xu Wanxian , Lv Minhui , Chen Jiani , Zhao Shankun 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Many investigators have found a detrimental effect on sexual functioning developed by hypothyroidism in both sexes, but a cumulative analysis has not been conducted.

Aim
This study aims to summarize and quantify the association between overt or subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of sexual dysfunction (SD) through a meta-analysis.

Methods
4 electronic databases were systematically searched. The quality of evidence was rated by the GRADE approach. This meta-analysis was registered on the PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020186967).

Main Outcome Measure
The strength of the relationship between overt/subclinical hypothyroidism and SD was quantified by presenting the relative risk (RR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results
7 studies involving 460 patients with hypothyroidism and 2,143 healthy controls were included in this meta-analysis. Among the 7 included studies, 2 studies were provided the data of both overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. Pooled results from 4 included studies investigating overt hypothyroidism indicated that overt hypothyroidism led to significant SD in both sexes (RR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.42 to 3.62, P = 0.001), while synthetic RR of 5 eligible studies reporting subclinical hypothyroidism failed to find a positive association between subclinical hypothyroidism and SD (RR = 1.3, 95% CI: 0.85 to 1.99, P = 0.229), irrespective of gender (all P &gt; 0.05). Subgroup analyses revealed that women with overt hypothyroidism rather than men with overt hypothyroidism were correlated with a significant higher risk of SD. The quality of evidence in the study of overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism was considered low and moderate, respectively.

Conclusion
SD is a devastating problem in female patients with clinical hypothyroidism but insusceptible in either women or men with subclinical hypothyroidism. Clinicians should be aware of these phenomena and manage the sufferers accordingly in clinical practice. More rigorous studies are still needed to validate this evidence.
The role of nonzero conjectural variation in pollution abatement and output in the design of emission taxes
Authors: Gautier Luis 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe presence of nonzero conjectural variations in pollution abatement and output make emission taxes less effective with respect to reducing emissions. This has implications for the characterization of the optimal emission tax, particularly in an international context where there are large asymmetries in pollution intensities. A higher degree of collusion in output between polluting firms results in higher emissions taxes in the non-cooperative equilibrium. In contrast, a higher degree of collusion in abatement between polluting firms results in lower emissions taxes in the non-cooperative equilibrium. These results rely on the presence of nonzero conjectural variations and large asymmetries in pollution intensities across countries. The analysis is relevant to the design of international environmental policy, including cases where countries face increasing global competition and damages from rising global emissions.
Les industries diverses
Authors: Van Criekinge Henry 
Published: June 2021

En dehors de l’industrie électrique et des industries verrières, la plupart des branches d’activité qui sont passées en revue dans cette chronique sont des industries transformatrices ou appartenant à l’industrie dite « moyenne », où les liens qui unissent, dans les entreprises même, le travail — de direction au moins — et le capital, sont personnels et étroits. En tout cas les quelques exceptions qu’on rencontre à cette règle, datent de la période d’après-guerre ou tout au plus du début du siècle.Un autre phénomène caractérise ce genre d’industrie; les entreprises y pratiquent l’ancienne forme d’expansion (le réinvestissement partiel des bénéfices) et exceptionnellement seulement l’appel au marché financier pour des capitaux nouveaux.La sensibilité de ces industries à la conjoncture ne peut être synchronique et uniforme, puisque le groupe comprend toute la gamme depuis des industries de luxe, comme l’industrie diamantaire, et une industrie de base, telle l’industrie électrique, jusqu’aux industries alimentaires dont la résistance à la crise a été maintes fois soulignée par les publicistes.
L’industrie textile belge en 1933
Authors: Martens F. 
Published: June 2021

La dépression qui sévit dans l’industrie textile depuis la fin de 1928 et qui s’est accentuée en 1931 au moment de la chute de la livre anglaise et de l’application des droits Runciman, s’est fortement aggravée en 1932.Au cours de l’année 1933, l’abandon de l’étalon-or par les Etats-Unis au mois de mars, l’instabilité de la livre anglaise, le renforcement de la protection, sous forme de contingentements, dans la plupart des pays, le moratoire des créances privées en Allemagne, le blocage des devises en Argentine et l’âpre concurrence du Japon ont réagi défavorablement sur l’industrie textile, qui n’a pu améliorer sensiblement le niveau particulièrement bas atteint l’année précedente.
Railroad Integration and Uneven Development on the European Periphery, 1870–1910
Authors: Alvarez-Palau Eduard J. , Díez-Minguela Alfonso , Martí-Henneberg Jordi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study explores the relationship between railroad integration and regional development on the European periphery between 1870 and 1910, based on a regional data set including 291 spatial units. Railroad integration is proxied by railroad density, while per capita GDP is used as an indicator of economic development. The period under study is of particular relevance as it has been associated with the second wave of railroad construction in Europe and also coincides with the industrialization of most of the continent. Overall, we found that railroads had a significant and positive impact on the growth of per capita GDP across Europe. The magnitude of this relationship appears to be relatively modest, but the results obtained are robust with respect to a number of different specifications. From a geographical perspective, we found that railroads had a significantly greater influence on regions located in countries on the northern periphery of Europe than in other outlying areas. They also helped the economies of these areas to begin the process of catching up with the continent’s industrialized core. In contrast, the regions on the southern periphery showed lower levels of economic growth, with this exacerbating the preexisting divergence in economic development. The expansion of the railroad network in them was unable to homogenize the diffusion of economic development and tended to further benefit the regions that were already industrialized. In most of the cases, the capital effect was magnified, and this contributed to the consolidation of newly created nation-states.
The Material Politics of Infrastructure NetworksInfrastructure Design and Territorial Transformation in Belgium, 1830–40s
Authors: De Block Greet 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article delves into the processes of territorial transformation by foregrounding the material dimension of infrastructure. The entry of the research is infrastructure network design and planning. We will trace the concepts of territorial transformation inscribed into the material layout of large technical systems by analyzing the discourse of engineers and policy makers involved in the conception of infrastructure networks. In so doing, the material politics of infrastructure networks will be studied: How did engineers and policy makers design infrastructure to generate a specific territorial transformation? Moreover, how did technological plans hold the idea that one could influence modernization processes by means of a territorial transformation instigated by infrastructure? The neutral status of technology is thus fundamentally challenged by showing that engineers, in association with policy makers, were essential actors in the planned transformation of the territory as they organized infrastructure networks according to specific ideas relating spatial and societal transformation. The article focuses on two decades after the independence of Belgium (1831), when engineers conceived comprehensive networks of rails, waterways, and roads. The material politics of two major public works initiatives will be analyzed: (1) the centrally positioned railway network that connected all industrial centers within the territory as well as with the markets of neighboring countries, positioning Belgium into Europe as international turntable, and (2) a network of roads and canals in peripheral, so-called unproductive, regions that had to integrate these regions within national borders, and indeed extend these borders, as well as buffer and govern the side-effects and risks generated by the accelerating industrialization in the central parts of the nation.