bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS
Authors: SILVER HENRY K. 
Published: December 2021

1. The case of a three-year-old boy is presented who had hepatosplenomegaly, bleeding manifestations, reticulocytosis, marked thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis and in whom abnormal cells of various types were found in the peripheral blood. These abnormal cells included nucleated red cells, young myeloid forms as well as immature monocytes. The bone marrow was characterized by a marked increase of nucleated red cells, in all stages of developments, as well as by a moderate increase of mature and immature monocytes.
2. This case appeared to be related clinically to: (1) erythroleukemia; (2) leukoerythroblastosis; (3) monocytic leukemia, both of the Naegeli type and (4) of the Schilling type with leukomoid reaction; (5) leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, and (6) patient No. VII of Downey.
3. The interrelationships between these disorders is discussed.
PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK
Authors: LICHTY JOHN A. 
Published: December 2021

Previous discussions in this column have reviewed the logic behind health services for children of school age and have discussed the kinds of plans likely to be successful and to be of benefit to the children, the community, and the practicing pediatrician. Several recent reports, notably the First Report of the Expert Committee on School Health Services of the World Health Organization, have called attention to the specific reasons why particular attention needs to be given school children in the broad spectrum of child health services, as well as in the practice of the clinical pediatrician. There are two unusual needs—the ever present process of growth and development with its complications in adolescence, and the stress, strain, and exposure to contagion in the group living characteristic of school life; there are two unusual opportunities—the inherent educational environment with its possibilities for lifelong sound health attitudes and habits, and the existence of the school as a community unit, involving participation by almost the entire population.
There has been repeated emphasis on the need for wholehearted participation by private practitioners in this program, particularly because of the recognized and accepted fact that the most desirable status is for each child to be followed continuously by his own pediatrician.
EDUCATION
Authors: Long C. N. H. 
Published: December 2021

WHEN my former colleague and old friend, your president, asked me to speak to you this evening, he suggested two topics that he thought might be of sufficient interest to you to justify my presence at your annual meeting.
His first suggestion was that I present to you some thoughts on medical education. Coming from a school whose attitude towards this is regarded by some as distinctly heterodox, if not downright Unamerican, and also considering that I have recently finished a term as the Executive Officer of this school, I must confess that I felt that the memoirs of an ex-dean, or as President Truman would say a former Dean, while they might be of considerable local interest, would, under the circumstances, be fatiguing but certainly not fascinating or fattening.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY—SLEEP FINDINGS IN CEREBRAL PALSY
Authors: Winfield Don L. , Hughes James G. , Sayle William E. 
Published: December 2021

EEG sleep records were obtained on 144 children with cerebral palsy (128 spastics and 16 athetoids).
The results agree with those of earlier studies.
Electroencephalographic tracings taken while the patient is asleep are of definite diagnostic value but are of limited prognostic value.
A larger population of athetoids is needed to determine the significance of the continuous high amplitude spindling which was observed. Serial studies should be done on those patients with seizure discharges but without clinical seizures to determine the prognostic significance of such activity in the EEG.
THOMAS COBBET'S DISCOURSE ON THE RAISING OF CHILDREN
Authors: Miller Herbert C. , Miller Mary T. 
Published: December 2021

THREE HUNDRED years ago there appeared in New England a book on how to raise children—almost certainly the first of its kind to appear in this country. The fact that it was the forerunner of what in recent years has amounted to a spate of books and articles on the same subject is noteworthy enough. More interesting is the fact that it was written at all. Books on any phase of child life were rarities in those days. Individually, children 300 years ago were undoubtedly as important to their parents as they are today, but children collectively and their special problems had not loomed large in the public conscience. Here, perhaps, for the first time, the American an conscience is speaking out on the subject of children—through a minister whose parishioners approved what they heard from the pulpit and urged that it be set down in print. Because Thomas Cobbet deemed them worthy subjects, we can now catch a glimpse of children of early New England and compare their behavior and what Puritan New England thought about it with children and parents of today. The comparisons are made doubly interesting since our present culture is still heavily indebted to Puritan thought.
Not much is known of Thomas Cobbet, the author.1 He was born in 11 Newbury, England in 1608. He attended Oxford but left on account of the plague. He was a nonconformist and chose to emigrate to avoid persecution. Cobbet arrived in Massachusetts in 1637 with Davenport, and was a colleague to Mr. Whiting of Lynn until 1656 when be became the pastor of the first church in Ipswich, where he remained until his death in 1685.
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: LINCOLN EDITH M. 
Published: December 2021

1. Tuberculin Testing: It was agreed that the Academy ought to emphasize the importance of tuberculin testing as part of a health examination both in clinics and in private offices; that the Patch test is an excellent screening test if properly interpreted. When a history of contact to tuberculosis exists, if the Patch test is negative, further intradermal tests should be done. A negative test with 0.1 ml. of a 1:1000 solution of O.T. or 0.0025 mg. of PPD should be obtained before a contact is declared free from tuberculosis. Tuberculin testing should be begun during the first year of life and should be repeated every 6 months where a possible contact continues.
2. B.C.G. Vaccination: It was agreed that in the United States at present there is no need for vaccination of all negative reactors. It is recommended that B.C.G. vaccination be carried out in individual cases where continued contact is unavoidable an in areas of high incidence if there is provision for follow-up.
3. Examination of Household Contacts: Because in private practice household servants and "baby sitters" a common source of infection, it is urged that pediatricians advise families under their care to have roentgenograms made of all adults who come in close contact with children.
4. Academy Program: To supplement the increasing interest of pediatricians in the treatment of tuberculosis more material on diagnosis and pathogenesis as well as more discussions on treatment should be introduced into Academy programs.
5. Specific Treatment of Primary Tuberculosis: A confusing situation has arisen due to the conflicting opinions of many clinicians on the desirability of treating primary tuberculosis in children without clinical symptoms and even with negative roentgenograms. It should be emphasized that we have no drugs which cure tuberculosis and the use of antimicrobial agents would be largely for the purpose of preventing complications.
THE EFFECT OF INTENSIVE AND PROLONGED THERAPY WITH CORTISONE AND HYDROCORTISONE IN FIRST ATTACKS OF RHEUMATIC CARDITIS
Authors: Markowitz Milton , Kuttner Ann G. 
Published: December 2021

Forty patients (39 children and 1 adolescent) with clinical evidence of carditis during first rheumatic attacks were treated with large doses of oral cortisone or oral hydrocortisone for periods varying from 9 weeks to 12 months.
Twenty-nine of these forty patients received treatment within 3 weeks of onset. After follow-up observations ranging from 6 to 22 months, 24 of the 29 patients have no evidence of heart disease. Patients with severe as well as mild carditis responded equally well.
Eleven patients treated later than 3 weeks after onset did less well: only 2 have normal hearts, 8 have rheumatic heart disease and 1 patient died.
The results of this study suggest that cortisone given early in the course of the rheumatic attack in doses sufficiently large to suppress the inflammatory reaction completely and continued until the disease has run its course, may reduce the incidence of residual heart disease. Further studies based on a large series of cases with adequate controls are needed to establish the value of this regimen.
Eleven of the forty patients developed serious side effects. In 4 the symptoms were of sufficient severity to necessitate cessation of therapy. In the remainder the untoward reactions were controlled by reducing the dosage of the steroid.
EDUCATION
Authors: Work Henry H. 
Published: December 2021

AN ORGANIZATION having a therapeutic concern parallel to that of the American Academy of Pediatrics is the American Orthopsychiatric Association. This group, older than the Academy, represents the 3 disciplines, psychiatry, psychology and psychiatric social work which have conventionally functioned in the child guidance clinics. It is the organization which represents in general the field of child psychiatry and which has been concerned over the years with the teaching of the medical psychology of childhood.
Many of the members of this organization, operating in their own disciplines, have participated in the teaching of pediatricians. As long ago as 1941 a symposium entitled "Pediatrics in Child Psychiatry" was held at the annual meeting.
INFANTILE SPASTIC HEMIPLEGIA IV. BIRTH WEIGHTS
Authors: Hood Philip N. , Perlstein Meyer A. 
Published: December 2021

This is a study of the birth weights of 190 patients with congenital spastic hemiplegia. Statistical analysis of these birth weights has led to the following conclusions.
The total of 190 patients with congenital hemiplegia had a mean birth weight of 6.4 pounds, significantly lower than the mean of normal infants by 0.7 of a pound. Moreover, there were a significantly greater number of birth weights under 5 pounds in this series as compared with normals.
There was no significant sex difference either between the means or in the incidence of premature or heavy birth weights in this series.
Right hemiplegia births were significantly heavier than left by 0.5 of a pound. Although the ratio of left to right was 1:1 in premature births and in weights between 5 and 8 pounds, the ratio was nearby 1:2 in weights above 8 pounds. It is suggested that preponderance of L.O.A. deliveries may be responsible for the occurrence of more right than left hemiplegias in children of heavy birth weights.
The incidence of premature and heavy birth weights was randomly distributed between convulsive and non-convulsive groups; the difference of 0.4 of a pound between the means in favor of the convulsive group was not significant.
Birth weights in the educable and mental defective groups did not differ significantly.
The frequency distribution of the total group and of most subgroups shows distinctly bimodal curves.
The variance, or degree of dispersion, of birth weights is greater in this series of infants than in normal infants.
SPECIAL ARTICLE
Authors: S. Federico Gómez 
Published: December 2021

WHEN the Hospital Infantil was dedicated in Mexico City in April, 1943, we outlined its 3 main objectives:
First: To give medical assistance to the sick child in the most efficient manner, according to our best pediatric knowledge.
Second: To disseminate pediatric information among physicians, medical students and nurses, in the broadest sense.
Third: To encourage pediatric research, keeping in mind that we live in a country of limited economic resources and still undergoing development.
Twelve years have passed. The first objective, medical service to the public was accomplished rapidly. The 575 beds of the Hospital were filled by October, 1943. The second goal was reached in 1945 with the introduction of courses in pediatrics for medical graduates, students and nurses. At present, our teaching capacity is at the maximum. Work on the third objective, pediatric research, could not be started until 8 years after the first 2 goals had been attained because of a number of obstacles. The most important was the lack of funds, since the entire income of the Hospital was needed to provide medical service to the public and to support the teaching program. Another important factor for delaying the research program was the lack of experience of our medical personnel in research technics.
Some early attempts were made to conduct research projects. Young workers sought to do "pure research" while other workers wished to investigate subjects already under study by better organized and more richly endowed foreign laboratories. These attempts did not conform to the principle laid down for all research work in the Hospital Infantil.
THE PRESIDENT COMMENTS
Authors: BAKWIN HARRY 
Published: December 2021

Dr. John Lester Reichert of Chicago has just submitted a most interesting report on his activities as liaison representative of the Academy to the school health section of the American Public Health Association. He mentions that repeated references were made at the meetings to the Academy's interest in school health, to our work on school health policies and to our views on competitive athletics. He received numerous requests for our official statements. Dr. Reichert comments: "I found no serious disagreements with the philosophy of the Academy in the school health section or in any of my other contacts with the American Public Health Association."
It is essential that the pediatrician participate, at the planning level, in programs of school health. How best to conduct such programs has by no means been worked out.
The school health examination, as carried out under modern conditions is a great improvement over previous practices where children were herded together and given a hurried once-over. Nevertheless, the new examination is not, in my opinion, good enough. It is not a substitute for the examination by the private physician. By its very nature it cannot be.
A patient comes to a private physician of his own free choice. He comes because he has confidence in his doctor, and he is consequently ready and willing to accept suggestions.
An examination in the private physician's office is given and interpreted in the light of the physician's previous experience with his Patient. This often extends back to the birth of the child and includes a knowledge of the parents and siblings, the home, and so on. The private physician is not interested primarily in detecting "defects."
RENAL DISEASE IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: Rubin Mitchell I. , Calcagno Philip L. 
Published: December 2021

THE PRESENTATION emphasized the physiologic basis for the clinical symptoms occurring in the common causes of renal failure in childhood. The discussion was divided into the following categories: normal renal physiology in the developing child, clinical symptomatology of renal failure, certain aspects of glomerulonephritis and other hematurias and the management of renal failure and fluid therapy in a variety of pediatric conditions in relationship to renal functional disturbances occurring in them.
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
The quantitative differences in functional capacity between the developing child and the adult were presented. Values comparable to the adult, on a surface area basis, for glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow and maximal tubular excretion of para-aminohippurate are reached in some infants by 6 months of age and in most infants by 2 years. The individual variability in functional maturation was stressed. The young infant concentrates his urine to about half that of the adult, and his tubular response to intravenously administered pitressin also appears to be less than that of the adult. Full maturity of this function may be attained as early as the second month of life. The young infant has no difficulty in diluting urine, for as early as the second week of life he can excrete a urine comparably dilute to that of the adult under similar circumstances. Renal regulation of acid-base balance is thought to be less proficient in the very young infant. The premature infant for instance excretes less urinary ammonia in response to an acid load than does the older child.
Biologische Daten Für den Kinderarzt
Authors: FOMON SAMUL J. 
Published: December 2021

This excellent and comprehensive compilation of biologic data concerning the pediatricage period is without counterpart in the English language. Translation would be most desirable, but the numerous tables and graphs and the extensive bibliography will be useful even to those unfamiliar with the German language.
The first volume includes anthropometric data relating to fetal and post-fetal growth; the skeletal system; hematologic, chemical and immunologic considerations of the blood; the circulation; the respiratory system; nutrition, including foods and accessory foodstuffs; digestion and intestinal bacteria.
SYMPOSIUM ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Authors: Little Sherman , Beck Bertram M. 
Published: December 2021

A CAREFUL review of the research literature bearing on delinquency makes it evident that delinquency is a pathology transmitted from the community to the family and thence to the individual youngster.
The relative importance of family and community and individual factors vary, however, with a particular child. In some instances the delinquent act is almost a direct outgrowth of community conditions; in such cases family influence is of importance only insofar as it has failed to prepare a youngster to deal with the environmental situation confronting him. In other instances the delinquent act is directly related to the nature of the parent-child relationship; in these cases community conditions are of importance only insofar as they have been stimulating or precipitating factors or have influenced the parental capacity.
Observations of communities with low delinquency rates, combined with refined statistical analyses of the correlation between delinquent behavior and factors usually thought to be productive of delinquency, reveal that in communities that have social stability, little population movement, homogeneity of population, and the kind of interaction between people that represents a sense of belonging to the community, there is very little crime and delinquency. This is true even when such communities are marked by a great concentration of poverty, bad housing, a population of minority group members, and the absence of health and welfare agencies. On the other hand, a socially disorganized neighborhood, peopled by residents who do not possess a sense of community comradeship and participation, will be productive of delinquency even though it may have good housing and superior economic status.
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Authors: Rabinovitch Ralph D. 
Published: December 2021

IN PSYCHIATRY, as in any other branch of medicine, diagnosis and as full as possible an understanding of etiology and pathology are prerequisites to the prescribing of a treatment program. Unfortunately, in problems of delinquency, often the factors at play are more complex than in most diseases and, therefore, treatment needs are also more complex amid less clearly defined. Delinquency, of course, is not a diagnosis but a symptom. The delinquent act is like fever or a swelling; the factors underlying it are multiple and varied.
I shall try, somewhat in summary form, to describe treatment needs in terms of basic causes of delinquency. Our material is drawn from experience in a large public clinic in a medical school that serves the State of Michigan, and provides opportunity for intensive inpatient as well as outpatient study.
First, however, a note of caution: That juvenile delinquency has increased in recent years, especially acts of violence or destruction, is indicated by the statistics at hand. Reading many popular accounts today, one might well get the impression that all teen-agers have "gone to the dogs," that, as a group, they are marauding vandals without capacity for feeling or responsibility. This is, of course, far from the truth. Delinquency is a major social problem but our understanding of it is not helped if in our concern for the more dramatic we exaggerate and lose perspective. The tendency in recent years has been to describe the teen-ager in terms of only negatives. Some writers have gone so far as to stretch absurdity to the point of representing the most vicious, sadistic crime of the year as typical adolescent behavior.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: BLUESTONE SEYMOUR S. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Harry Bakwin's letter (Pediatrics, 17: 405, March, 1956), in which he quotes Dr. Charles May's challenge to the concept of the "team approach" and adds his confirmatory comments, should be elaborated. I have great respect for both our president and our editor. Nevertheless, while their statements as worded cannot be directly contradicted, their message is reversed in meaning when their statements are properly qualified.
Dr. May raises the question of nomenclature. Certainly, as he says, every department within a medical center is a team.
OBITUARY
Authors: ABT ARTHUR F. 
Published: December 2021

THIS is not only an obituary; it is the saga of an era of medicine, of which one of the last great Oaks was Isaac A. Abt. The parents of Isaac A. Abt were Levi and Henrietta Hart Abt. They migrated to this country from Germany shortly after the unrestful period of 1848.
Upon his arrival in this country at the age of 19 years, Levi Abt with his mother made his way, through the aid of friends, to Illinois and set out with a pack on his back peddling from farm house to farm house with zeal and energy. In point of time it was about 20 years after Chicago was incorporated as a municipality.
Prenatal and Paranatal Factors in the Development of Childhood Behavior Disorders
Authors: WORK HENRY H. 
Published: December 2021

For years the subject area of this monograph has been an intriguing one to pediatricians. Many of us have shared the feeling of the authors that there might well be a continuum of pathology following pregnancy and birth which would include children whose only disturbance would be that of behavior problems.
The evidence in this extremely well controlled study does suggest that "abnormalities of the prenatal and paranatal periods were found to be significantly associated with behavior disorders in children." The authors feel, particularly in respect to a group of children with hyperactive behavior disorders, that these are part of a continuum of abnormalities ranging from foetal death through cerebral palsy and epilepsy.
Caution in Oxygen Therapy to Prevent Retrolental Fibroplasia
Authors: KINSEY V. EVERETT 
Published: December 2021

The recommendation that oxygen be restricted in the care of premature infants to that amount indicated by clinical symptoms, and then that it be given only in concentrations below 40%, is being made by more and more medical and lay agencies. I am in full accord with this recommendation, and following it has unquestionably reduced the incidence of retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) to a significant and encouraging extent.
Over the past few months, however, I have learned that a number of pediatricians have gained the impression that there is appreciably less risk of developing RLF if oxygen is administered at less than 40% concentration.