bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bilingualism: A Neurocognitive Exercise in Managing Uncertainty
Authors: Gullifer Jason W. , Titone Debra 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Bilinguals have distinct linguistic experiences relative to monolinguals, stemming from interactions with the environment and the individuals therein. Theories of language control hypothesize that these experiences play a role in adapting the neurocognitive systems responsible for control. Here we posit a potential mechanism for these adaptations, namely that bilinguals face additional language-related uncertainties on top of other ambiguities that regularly occur in language, such as lexical and syntactic competition. When faced with uncertainty in the environment, people adapt internal representations to lessen these uncertainties, which can aid in executive control and decision-making. We overview a cognitive framework on uncertainty, which we extend to language and bilingualism. We then review two “case studies,” assessing language-related uncertainty for bilingual contexts using language entropy and network scientific approaches. Overall, we find that there is substantial individual variability in the extent to which people experience language-related uncertainties in their environments, but also regularity across some contexts. This information, in turn, predicts cognitive adaptations associated with language fluency and engagement in proactive cognitive control strategies. These findings suggest that bilinguals adapt to the cumulative language-related uncertainties in the environment. We conclude by suggesting avenues for future research and links with other research domains. Ultimately, a focus on uncertainty will help bridge traditionally separate scientific domains, such as language processing, bilingualism, and decision-making.
Moving From Bilingual Traits to States: Understanding Cognition and Language Processing Through Moment-to-Moment Variation
Authors: Salig Lauren K. , Valdés Kroff Jorge R. , Slevc L. Robert , Novick Jared M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The study of how bilingualism is linked to cognitive processing, including executive functioning, has historically focused on comparing bilinguals to monolinguals across a range of tasks. These group comparisons presume to capture relatively stable cognitive traits and have revealed important insights about the architecture of the language processing system that could not have been gleaned from studying monolinguals alone. However, there are drawbacks to using a group-comparison, or Traits, approach. In this theoretical review, we outline some limitations of treating executive functions as stable traits and of treating bilinguals as a uniform group when compared to monolinguals. To build on what we have learned from group comparisons, we advocate for an emerging complementary approach to the question of cognition and bilingualism. Using an approach that compares bilinguals to themselves under different linguistic or cognitive contexts allows researchers to ask questions about how language and cognitive processes interact based on dynamically fluctuating cognitive and neural states. A States approach, which has already been used by bilingualism researchers, allows for cause-and-effect hypotheses and shifts our focus from questions of group differences to questions of how varied linguistic environments influence cognitive operations in the moment and how fluctuations in cognitive engagement impact language processing.
The Neue Marx-Lektüre and the ‘Monetary Theory of Value’ in the East German Labour-Value Measurement Debate
Authors: Rauhala Paula Maria 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Proponents of a monetary interpretation of Marx’s theory of value (monetäre Werttheorie) argue that one cannot estimate the amounts of socially necessary labour time that lie behind the prices, an interpretation usually ascribed to the West German Neue Marx‑Lektüre. As Hans-Georg Backhaus began fleshing out his monetary interpretation in the early 1970s, he referred explicitly to debate among economists in early‑1960s East Germany about the possibility of estimating quantities of labour value in terms of commodities’ labour content. In fact, scholars who articulated a powerful position in the latter discussion closely approximated the Neue Marx-Lektüre’s ‘monetary interpretation’. They held that expressing labour value in terms of labour time is impossible: the substance of value is not a measurable quantity of labour time but, rather, a social relation. Hence, it is problematic that Neue Marx-Lektüre adherents today should maintain an inaccurate contrast between their reading of Capital and that of ‘traditional Marxism’.
An Equivalent to Article 8(2)(b)(xx) icc Statute for Non-International Armed Conflicts? Is it Warranted on the Basis of International Customary Law?
Authors: de Vries Barry 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Rome Statute has often been criticized for not following international customary law, with calls to more closely resemble this being relatively frequent. This is especially the case in the distinction made between international and non-international armed conflicts and the significant fewer war crimes applicable to non-international armed conflicts. One of the most apparent differences is in the lack of a provision criminalizing the employment of weapons that go against the general principles of weapons law in humanitarian law. This article seeks to address this critique by determining whether the lack of this criminalization in non-international armed conflicts is contrary to customary international law and if this divergence should be amended.
Structural Injustice and the Tyranny of Scales
Authors: Sankaran Kirun 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
What features of structural injustice distinguish it from mere collections of injustices committed by individuals? I argue that the standard model of moral judgment that centers agents and actions fails to adequately articulate what’s gone wrong in cases of structural injustice. It fails because features of the social world that arise only at large scale are normatively salient, but unaccounted for by the standard model. I illustrate these features with historical examples of normatively-different outcomes driven by institutional structure rather, holding fixed characteristics of agents’ motivations. I then defend the view from reductionist objections.
Debate: Donald Trump and Fascism Studies
Authors: Jackson Paul Nicholas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Since coming to prominence, Donald Trump’s politics has regularly been likened to fascism. Many experts within fascism studies have tried to engage with wider media and political debates on the relevance (or otherwise) of such comparisons. In the debate ‘Donald Trump and Fascism Studies’ we have invited leading academics with connections to the journal and those who are familiar with debates within fascism studies, to offer thoughts on how to consider the complex relationship between fascism, the politics of Donald Trump, and the wider maga movement. Contributors to this debat are: Mattias Gardell, Ruth Wodak, Benjamin R. Teitelbaum, David Renton, Nigel Copsey, Raul Cârstocea, Maria Bucur, Brian Hughes, and Roger Griffin.
Codification of Civil Legislation: At the Turn of the Era
Authors: Dovgert Anatolii S. , Kalakura Viktor Ya. , Vasylyna Nataliia V. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The article examines the recodification of the Civil Code of Ukraine as a new stage in the codification of civil law in Ukraine, and identifies the presence and sufficiency of certain factors and prerequisites for starting this process. The purpose of this article is to clarify the presence and sufficiency of certain factors and prerequisites for initiating the process of upgrading the Civil Code of Ukraine. In this research, the authors relied on a dialectical method of cognition and the formal-legal method. A large regulatory framework was used to write this article – international treaties, acts of the EU, the Civil Code of Ukraine and other countries. This article may be useful for scholars who study the theoretical foundations of the codification of law in general and the codification of civil law in particular. Ideas of the article can be used by judges, lawyers and practising lawyers in their activities.
The State as a Party to Private Law Relations
Authors: Оnishchenko Nataliya M. , Tarakhonych Tatyana I. , Bohinich Oleh L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The purpose of the study is to cover the analysis of the legal position of the state in private law relations. Particular attention is paid to the dualistic nature of the state – as a sovereign and as a horizontal participant in civil law relations. The study employs the following methods: dialectical, technical and comparative law. Results of the systematic interpretation suggest that the state does not have the status of a person, which complicates the application of some legal structures. It is concluded that the state is a multi-stage entity that includes the state of Ukraine, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and territorial communities. This paper will be useful for advocates, judges, academics whose area of expertise is the problematics of the liability law, as well as the issue of harmonisation of the civil legislation of Ukraine with the civil legislation of the EU countries.
The Problems of Determining the Time and Legal Consequences of the Occurrence of the Human Right to Life and Health in the Context of Recoding the Civil Law of Ukraine
Authors: Yarotskiy Vitaly L. , Fedorchenko Nataliia V. , Puchkovska Iryna I. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The article is devoted to the consideration of the problem of determining the time when a person’s right to life and health arises. Excluding from the criteria the point at which a person acquires the right to life would strengthen the civil legal protection of the relevant subjective civil law. This may lead to the need to recognise, as the time of occurrence of the right to inheritance, that the accumulation of the composition of these circumstances cannot exist without legal capacity. It is proposed to introduce into the categorical apparatus of civil law the concept of ‘special civil capacity’. The emergence of special civil capacity and a subjective civil right to life will be linked to the above circumstances; the ability to have other subjective civil rights will be associated with the fact of birth.
Trends in the Development of Property Law: The Civil Law of Ukraine and the Experience of European Union Countries
Authors: Tashian Roman I. , Karnaukh Bohdan P. , Dzera Iryna O. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The article deals with the problems of the development of property law in the legislation of Ukraine considering the experience of the countries of the European Union (EU). It is emphasised that the development of property law of Ukraine is determined primarily by the European tendencies of harmonisation, convergence and Europeanisation of the rights of EU Member States. The scientific doctrine of EU countries in the field of development and improvement of property law has been researched. The authors extrapolate the experience of regulation of property law in the EU countries on the development of the legal system of Ukraine. The principles of European property law are analysed: these are the principles of specificity, openness and transparency. It is concluded that recognising the existence of an EU system of substantive law will allow introducing appropriate substantive remedies that can successfully exist in addition to legal obligations.
The Reform of Civil Legislation on Legal Liability
Authors: Prytyka Yurii D. , Khomenko Mykhailo M. , Bulat Ievgeniia A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The article is devoted to the research of the institute of civil liability through the prism of recoding of the civil legislation of Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to the experience of a number of European Union countries in reforming civil legislation. The study used the following methods: dialectical, formal and legal, comparative legal. In the process of future recoding of the civil legislation of Ukraine, it is proposed to focus the attention of the expert community on the following problems: defining a system of non-contractual obligations; overcoming the dominance of blanket norms in the main act of civil law; revision of fundamental approaches to terms of exemption from civil liability; full revision of the rules governing liability for breach of monetary obligations; the need to enshrine pre-contractual liability rules; the implementation of institution of collective redress in substantive civil law; rethinking of approaches to the regulation of conditioning obligations.
Threading the Sovereign’s Needle
Authors: Leventhal Alexander G. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An investor-State tribunal enjoys significant authority once a dispute is referred to it. Among a tribunal’s unquestioned powers is the power to order interim relief—including with respect to the most sovereign of a State’s conduct: its enforcement of its criminal law. In exercising these powers, an investor-State tribunal goes beyond the role traditionally assigned to it—i.e. to award damages for prejudice caused by a treaty breach—and dictates sovereign conduct. While the applicable treaty, arbitral rules, or law of the seat may not offer specific instructions, arbitral tribunals deciding on such interim relief requests can rely on a significant body of case law. That case law reflects a coherent approach to a thorny question, even though outcomes may vary. This article will deconstruct that coherent approach—from the foundations of the tribunal’s authority to order interim relief in respect to pendant criminal proceedings, to the rights that such relief may protect, to the requirements for ordering such relief, as well the effect of such relief and its duration in addition to any recourse for non-compliance.
Data-driven analysis of climate change in Saudi Arabia: trends in temperature extremes and human comfort indicators
Authors: Odnoletkova Natalia , Patzek Tadeusz W. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe have analyzed the long-term temperature trends and extreme temperature events in Saudi Arabia between 1979 and 2019. Our study relies on the high resolution, consistent and complete ERA5 reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). We evaluated linear trends in several climate descriptors, including temperature, dewpoint temperature, thermal comfort and extreme event indices. Previous works on this topic used data from weather station observations over limited time intervals and did not include temperature data for recent years. The years 2010-2019 have been the warmest decade ever observed by instrumental temperature monitoring and comprise the eight warmest years on record. Therefore the earlier results may be incomplete and their results no longer relevant. Our findings indicate that over the past four decades, Saudi Arabia has warmed up at a rate that is 50% higher than the rest of land mass in the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, moisture content of the air has significantly increased in the region. The increases of temperature and humidity have resulted in the soaring of dew point temperature and thermal discomfort across the country. These increases are more substantial during summers, which are already very hot compared to winters. Such changes may be dangerous to people over vast areas of the country. If the current trend persists into the future, human survival in the region will be impossible without continuous access to air conditioning.
Continuous flow insufflation of oxygen compared with manual ventilation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A survey of the paramedics
Authors: Groulx Mathieu , Nadeau Alexandra , Émond Marcel , Harrisson Jessica , Blanchard Pierre-Gilles , Eramian Douglas , Mercier Eric 
Published: June 2021

Introduction: In 2018, a continuous flow insufflation of oxygen (CFIO) device (b-card™, Vygon (USA)) placed on a supraglottic airway (SGA) became the standard of care to ventilate patients during adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) care in Quebec–Capitale-Nationale region, Canada. This study aims to assess the paramedics’ perception as well as the disadvantages and the benefits relative to the use of CFIO during OHCA management. Methods: An invitation to complete an online survey (Survey Monkey™) was sent to all 560 paramedics who are working in our region. The survey included 22 questions of which 9 aimed to compare the traditional manual ventilation with a bag to the CFIO using a 5-point Likert-type scale. Results: A total of 244 paramedics completed the survey, of which 189 (77.5%) had used the CFIO device during an OHCA at least once. Most respondents felt that the intervention was faster (70.2%) and easier (86.5%) with the CFIO device compared with manual ventilation. CFIO was also associated with perceived increased patient safety (64.4%) as well as paramedic safety during the evacuation (88.9%) and the ambulance transport (88.9%). Paramedics reported that physical (48.1%) and cognitive (52.9%) fatigue were also improved with CFIO. The main reported barriers were the bending of the external SGA tube and the loss of capnography values. Conclusion: The use of CFIO during adult OHCA care allows a simplified approach and was perceived as safer for the patient and the paramedics compared with manual ventilation. Its impact on patient-centred outcomes needs to be assessed.
CGRP induces migraine-like symptoms in mice during both the active and inactive phases
Authors: Wattiez Anne-Sophie , Gaul Olivia J. , Kuburas Adisa , Zorrilla Erik , Waite Jayme S. , Mason Bianca N. , Castonguay William C. , Wang Mengya , Robertson Bennett R. , Russo Andrew F. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundCircadian patterns of migraine attacks have been reported by patients but remain understudied. In animal models, circadian phases are generally not taken into consideration. In particular, rodents are nocturnal animals, yet they are most often tested during their inactive phase during the day. This study aims to test the validity of CGRP-induced behavioral changes in mice by comparing responses during the active and inactive phases.MethodsMale and female mice of the outbred CD1 strain were administered vehicle (PBS) or CGRP (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce migraine-like symptoms. Animals were tested for activity (homecage movement and voluntary wheel running), light aversive behavior, and spontaneous pain at different times of the day and night.ResultsPeripheral administration of CGRP decreased the activity of mice during the first hour after administration, induced light aversive behavior, and spontaneous pain during that same period of time. Both phenotypes were observed no matter what time of the day or night they were assessed.ConclusionsA decrease in wheel activity is an additional clinically relevant phenotype observed in this model, which is reminiscent of the reduction in normal physical activity observed in migraine patients. The ability of peripheral CGRP to induce migraine-like symptoms in mice is independent of the phase of the circadian cycle. Therefore, preclinical assessment of migraine-like phenotypes can likely be done during the more convenient inactive phase of mice.
Severe pantothenic acid deficiency induces alterations in the intestinal mucosal proteome of starter Pekin ducks
Authors: Tang Jing , Feng Yulong , Zhang Bo , Wu Yongbao , Guo Zhanbao , Liang Suyun , Zhou Zhengkui , Xie Ming , Hou Shuisheng 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
Pantothenic acid deficiency (PAD) results in growth depression and intestinal hypofunction of animals. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Mucosal proteome might reflect dietary influences on physiological processes.

Results
A total of 128 white Pekin ducks of one-day-old were randomly assigned to two groups, fed either a PAD or a pantothenic acid adequate (control, CON) diet. After a 16-day feeding period, two ducks from each replicate were sampled to measure plasma parameters, intestinal morphology, and mucosal proteome. Compared to the CON group, high mortality, growth retardation, fasting hypoglycemia, reduced plasma insulin, and oxidative stress were observed in the PAD group. Furthermore, PAD induced morphological alterations of the small intestine indicated by reduced villus height and villus surface area of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum mucosal proteome of ducks showed that 198 proteins were up-regulated and 223 proteins were down-regulated (> 1.5-fold change) in the PAD group compared to those in the CON group. Selected proteins were confirmed by Western blotting. Pathway analysis of these proteins exhibited the suppression of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, fatty acid beta oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and intestinal absorption in the PAD group, indicating impaired energy generation and abnormal intestinal absorption. We also show that nine out of eleven proteins involved in regulation of actin cytoskeleton were up-regulated by PAD, probably indicates reduced intestinal integrity.

Conclusion
PAD leads to growth depression and intestinal hypofunction of ducks, which are associated with impaired energy generation, abnormal intestinal absorption, and regulation of actin cytoskeleton processes. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms of intestinal hypofunction induced by PAD.
Contemporary procedure characteristics and outcomes of accessory atrioventricular pathway ablations in an integrated community-based health care system using a tiered approach
Authors: Young Charlie , Kwan Annie , Yepez Lisa , McCarty Meghan , Chan Amanda , Hsu Dora , Han Jennifer , Taneja Taresh , Park Shirley , Hayward Robert , Liu Taylor I. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
Since the early descriptions of large series of accessory atrioventricular pathway ablations in adults and adolescents over 20 years ago, there have been limited published reports based on more recent experiences of large referral centers. We aimed to characterize accessory pathway distribution and features in a large community-based population that influence ablation outcomes using a tiered approach to ablation.

Methods
Retrospective analysis of 289 patients (age 14–81) who underwent accessory ablation from 2015–2019 was performed. Pathways were categorized into anteroseptal, left freewall, posteroseptal, and right freewall locations. We analyzed patient and pathway features to identify factors associated with prolonged procedure time parameters.

Results
Initial ablation success rate was 94.7% with long-term success rate of 93.4% and median follow-up of 931 days. Accessory pathways were in left freewall (61.6%), posteroseptal (24.6%), right freewall (9.6%), and anteroseptal (4.3%) locations. Procedure outcome was dependent on pathway location. Acute success was highest for left freewall pathways (97.1%) with lowest case times (144 ± 68 min) and fluoroscopy times (15 ± 19 min). Longest procedure time parameters were seen with anteroseptal, left anterolateral, epicardial-coronary sinus, and right anterolateral pathway ablations.

Conclusions
In this community-based adult and adolescent population, majority of the accessory pathways are in the left freewall and posteroseptal region and tend to be more easily ablated. A tiered approach with initial use of standard ablation equipment before the deployment of more advance tools, such as irrigated tips and 3D mapping, is cost effective without sacrificing overall efficacy.