bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON KETOSTEROIDS IN URINE OF NORMAL CHILDREN USING ALUMINA CHROMATOGRAPHIC FRACTIONATION
Authors: Masuda Minoru , Holmes Thomas H. 
Published: December 2021

Patterns of urinary excretion of ketosteroids in eight normal children, four males and four females, ranging in age from 3 to 5 years, were determined by alumina chromatography. The method has also been applied to urines of five normal adults.
The patterns of excretion in these boys and girls were alike.
Comparison of patterns of excretion of children with those of normal adults reveals important differences. There is a relatively lower excretion of androsterone and etiocholanolone. The 11-oxy l7-ketosteroid excretion is percentage-wise the same in children as in adults. There is a relative increase in other unidentified ketosteroid metabolites.
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS AND PEDIATRICS
Authors: Warkany Josef 
Published: December 2021

Congenital malformations are of interest to the pediatrician because they contribute greatly to children's mortality and morbidity.
When pediatrics emerged as a new medical specialty around the turn of the century it was dominated by interest in nutritional and infectious diseases, which were in those days the most urgent problems confronting our predecessors. The two generations of pediatricians who worked before ours were incredibly successful; they reduced the mortality and morbidity of infants and children to an extent considered impossible by the founders of the specialty. Although much credit must be given to improved sanitation, to improved social and economic conditions and to other sciences, pediatrics can claim a share in the success, because it recognized the problems, directed the reforms and applied and devised medical treatment. However, children are still subject to illness or death and our hospitals are overcrowded. It is generally recognized that a shift has taken place in the spectrum of the causes of death and disease.1-4 The fetal and neonatal mortality rates have not fallen so rapidly as have those of older age groups.1,5 While some of the causes of early death yield to medical measures, others persist and assume increased relative importance. Congenital malformations are among the persistent offenders. They show a relative increase in neonatal life and throughout early childhood (Figs. 1 and 2).
It is of interest to compare the trends of mortality from diseases which were in the center of pediatric attention with those from the neglected congenital malformations. In Figure 3 are plotted the percentage contribution of deaths under 1 year of age from enteritis against deaths from congenital malformations, as reported by the U.S. Vital Statistics between 1910 and 1952.6
THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE AID OF CRIPPLED CHILDREN IN RELATION TO GRANTS FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH
Authors: Mayo Leonard W. 
Published: December 2021

The board of the Association for the Aid of Crippled Children asked me to convey its greetings to the participants in this conference and the hope that it would prove to be a valuable one. The Association is happy to have had a part in making the conference possible and it is an additional pleasure to have joined with the Human Embryology and Development Study Section of the National Institutes of Health in furnishing the auspices for it.
On the assumption that not everyone is acquainted with the present program of the Association and why it is interested particularly in teratology and related research, a brief description of the current program will be given.
The Association was founded in 1900. Its first service was the teaching of crippled children. As new developments dictated, it moved later into a program of financial, material and medical aid to handicapped children and their families and later to nursing and physical therapy and the teaching of public health nurses in orthopedic nursing.
In 1900, a horse-drawn carriage trundled through a small East Side New York neighborhood bringing crippled children to the first special class in the city conducted by the Association. In 1953, a huge Stratoliner flew the Association's director halfway around the world to help plan for the rehabilitation of Korean children. This switch from horsepower to air power is more than symbolic. It represents the changes in program brought about through the years. The Association had a part in shifting the focus of interest in handicapped children from the handicap itself to the whole child and his total needs and this in turn led to a new emphasis on prevention.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors: May Charles D. 
Published: December 2021

The Conference on Teratology at which the papers in this Supplement were presented was subsidized by the Association for the Aid of Crippled Children and a grant from Human Embryology and Development Study Section, Division of Research Grants, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service.
The Conference was organized by Dr. Josef Warkany, Professor of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati. Dr. Warkany serves as Guest Editor for this Supplement to Pediatrics at the invitation of the Editorial Board. Publication of this Supplement was made possible through provision of the necessary funds by the Association for the Aid of Crippled Children.
Dr. Walter Landauer presented a paper entitled "Problems of Avian Teratology with Special Reference to Genetics." This paper is not included in this Supplement as the material will be published under the title "Phenocopies and Genotype, with Special Reference to Sporadically-occurring Developmental Variants" in The American Naturalist (91: March-April, 1957).
PREMATURE AND NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Day Richard L. , Silverman William A. 
Published: December 2021

Participating in the seminar's first session were Dr. William R. Richardson, Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, who served as moderator, Dr. Thomas Santulli, Children's Surgeon at Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital, New York City, Dr. Marel H. Harmel, Anesthesiologist at Kings County Hospital, and Dr. Lawrence K. Pickett, Chief of Surgery at the State University of New York Medical Center in Syracuse. All speakers emphasized the importance of closely co-operative effort by pediatricians, surgeons, radiologists, anesthesiologists and nursing personnel to facilitate early recognition, diagnosis and effective treatment of neonatal complications requiring surgery.
Diagnosis
Early recognition of surgical problems usually depends upon the observations of well-trained nurses. Any history of obstetric complications especially breech presentation, a maternal history of hydramnios, any signs of respiratory distress, difficulty in swallowing at the time of the first feeding, emesis of bile-stained fluid, abdominal distention, or failure of the appearance of the first stool within 24 hours after birth should alert all observers to the possibility of complications which will require surgery.
As soon as respiratory or gastrointestinal complications are suspected, Dr. Pickett requests radiologic consultation. A roentgenogram of the chest, taken at this time, will delineate not only the infant's pulmonary status, but also the gas pattern of the intestinal tract. When the clinical picture suggests gastrointestinal obstruction, Dr. Pickett and his colleagues employ a No. 8 to 10 French soft rubber catheter, specially prepared by punching several holes in its terminal 1 cm portion. This tube is inserted under fluoroscopic control and passed cautiously to avoid traumatic puncture of any obstructing tissue which may be encountered When esophageal atresia is recognized the proximal esophageal pouch is carefully aspirated to remove pooled saliva.
REHABILITATION OF NEUROMUSCULAR DISTURBANCES
Authors: Denhoff Eric , Jones Margaret H. 
Published: December 2021

The report of the Baruch Committee on Medicine, April, 1944, has stated the problem as follows: "There is a gap between the customary endpoint of medical attention and the real necessities of many patients. In general, physicians have filled this gap in a lackadaisical and spotty manner. Rehabilitation fills this gap and provides maximal improvement for the patient."
The early attention to total appraisal, attempted prognostication, intelligent therapeutic emphasis, and the development of desirable traits for eventual vocational placement, are of major importance. A continuing interest in these same objectives in a given patient, must be maintained.
It is apparent that the pediatrician must assume a more important role in rehabilitation in view of his early contact with most of these children, if the most effective rehabilitation program is to be instituted appropriately for attainment of the best possible results in later life.
SHOCK IN THE NEWBORN CAUSED BY TRANSPLACENTAL HEMORRHAGE FROM FETUS TO MOTHER
Authors: Shiller Jack G. 
Published: December 2021

1. A case of shock in the immediate postnatal period is presented. Its origin is believed to be in transplacental hemorrhage from fetus to mother just prior to delivery.
2. Evidence for proof of this hypothesis consists of:
a. The clinical condition of the infant.
b. An elevated concentration of bilirubin in the serum in the mother immediately post partum, with subsequent disappearance.
c. An elevated concentration of fetal hemoglobin in the mother's peripheral blood immediately post partum with subsequent disappearance.
d. A rising anti-A titer in the mother over a 3-month period post partum with subsequent fall.
e. Microscopic sections of the placenta showing nucleated erythrocytes in the maternal vascular spaces.
3. It is concluded that transplacental hemorrhage may explain shock or severe anemia in a newborn infant who does not show obvious bleeding or laboratory evidence of hemolytic disease.
4. Simple transfusion is the treatment of choice.
PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA AND HEMOLYSIS OF ERYTHROCYTES BY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTION IN THE NEWBORN: INVESTIGATION OF A POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Richards Jo-Anne E. , Goldbloom Richard B. , Denton Ronald L. 
Published: December 2021

Forty-three full-term infants have been studied with respect to hemolysis of erythrocytes in solutions of hydrogen peroxide and concentrations of bilirubin in the serum.
Mean values for concentration of bilirubin in the serum and percentage of hemolysis followed similar patterns in the first few days of life. However, statistical analysis of the data in individual cases showed no significant correlation between the degree of hemolysis in solutions of hydrogen peroxide and the concentrations of bilirubin in the serum.
Administration of vitamin E prevented an increase in hemolysis of erythrocytes in solutions of hydrogen peroxide but failed to produce any significant change in concentrations of bilirubin as compared with the control group.
The evidence suggests that the relative deficiency of vitamin E which exists in most newborn infants does not play a part in the causation or maintenance of physiologic hyperbilirubinemia.
The clinical significance of increased hemolysis of the erythrocytes of the newborn infant in solutions of hydrogen peroxide remains a mystery. Possible approaches to the clarification of this problem are suggested.
EDUCATION
Authors: Boder Elena 
Published: December 2021

An integrated program for training medical students in the diagnosis and treatment of handicapped children is presented. Jointly sponsored by a medical school and a public school system on the basis of mutual advantage, it utilizes the invaluable teaching material provided by a School for Physically Handicapped Children.
The chief educational advantage of the program lies in providing means for medical students to see handicapped children not merely as patients in a hospital or clinic but as children engaged in the normal co-operative and competitive activities of an educational setting. This unique feature is in accord with the current trend in medical education toward providing opportunities to observe children in normal social situations.
It is anticipated that as more medical schools and resident training centers recognize the feasibility of teaching programs that utilize community facilities for handicapped children, new programs will develop in many areas. Reports on these programs as they develop can be valuable in stimulating further interest in integrating independent facilities and personnel into medical education.
INDICATIONS FOR TREATMENT OF ASYMPTOMATIC TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Yeager Robert L. 
Published: December 2021

FROM 1915 until 1930, medical literature was filled with discussions concerning the necessity of the treatment of patients whose roentgenograms showed open cavities but who in other respects were relatively asymptomatic. In many instances such patients were offered little or no treatment. From 1925 to 1945 authors questioned the necessity of the treatment of minimal, but otherwise asymptomatic tuberculosis. Now all agree that such cases should be treated.
In the early days after the discovery of streptomycin, antimicrobials were reserved for those patients who showed progressive pulmonary tuberculosis while under other forms of treatment. It was common to save chemotherapy until it was needed. Today, in any tuberculosis hospital, approximately 100% of the patients admitted, and proven to have tuberculosis, will be treated with chemotherapy.
It is a well-established fact that a primary infection confers a certain degree of resistance to reinfection. The good effects of the primary infection have been so fully studied both in experimental animals and in humans, particularly in regard to the program of vaccination, that the deleterious effects have been frequently overlooked.
A person who is a recent tuberculin converter undoubtedly has living tubercle bacilli in his body. No one has yet proven what happens to these bacilli either in the experimental animal or in the human. For years it was assumed, but without positive proof, that they slowly or rapidly died. It is now realized that while they may not multiply, they may remain dormant but living in the lymph node component of the primary complex.
CUTANEOUS CANDIDIASIS IN EARLY INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: Kozinn Philip J. , Taschdjian Claire L. , Dragutsky David , Minsky Arnold 
Published: December 2021

The presence of Candida albicans in the stools of newborn infants, detected by routine laboratory tests, was overwhelmingly indicative of subsequent oral and/or cutaneous candidiasis.
Cutaneous candidiasis in newborn infants may occur independently of oral lesions, and in such cases C. albicans may be present in the stools only.
Cutaneous candidiasis may appear during the first week of life. It should be suspected in all infants suffering from oral thrush or from unmanageable diaper dermatoses. The diagnosis should be confirmed by laboratory examination of scrapings from the lesions and stool specimens.
One hundred per cent of the newborn infants and 88% of the older children who suffered from candidal diaper rashes harbored C. albicans in the intestine.
Since infected stools are obviously a focus for such cutaneous lesions, local therapy should be supplemented with medication designed to eliminate C. albicans from the digestive tract.
Candida albicans was not isolated from the mouth, skin, or stools of 15 newborn infants with "red buttocks" and of 17 patients with ammoniacal, contact or seborrheic dermatitis.
Scrapings and cultures from healthy skin, and from the site of cured candidal lesions were negative for C. albicans.
On the basis of these findings and reports in the literature, it is concluded that C. albicans occurs on the skin only in pathologic conditions attributable to the organism.
INDICATIONS FOR EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY IN CHILDREN
Authors: Askin John , Reichelderfer Thomas , Salik Julian , Merritt Jules 
Published: December 2021

The indications for excretory urography derived from the results of 797 examinations in 656 subjects are presented. Twenty-eight per cent of all urograms performed were abnormal (191 patients).
The most important indications for performing this procedure were, in order of frequency, pyuria, recurrent abdominal pain, hematuria and abdominal masses.
The results of the study emphasize the importance of urographic examination in both male and female children after the first attack of pyuria, and in children with repeated attacks of unexplained abdominal pain.
PROGRESSIVE HEREDITARY DIAPHYSEAL DYSPLASIA
Authors: Stegman Kenneth F. , Peterson J. C. 
Published: December 2021

A patient with hereditary progressive diaphyseal dysplasia with severe physical manifestations and bony changes is reported in detail.
The diagnosis made at 18 months is the earliest reported. The progression of the physical and roentgenographic changes over a period of 3½ years are noted. In this patient, necrosis and atrophy of muscle were demonstrated in a biopsy. A thorough roentgenographic survey failed to reveal any changes in other members of the family.
THE RELATION OF SERUM CONCENTRATIONS OF BILIRUBIN TO RESPIRATORY FUNCTION OF PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: Miller C. Arden , Reed Henry R. 
Published: December 2021

This study showed that in infants weighing less than 1750 gm at birth the concentration of bilirubin in the serum rose higher and reached a peak a little later than in premature infants weighing more than 1750 gm.
Infants whose respiratory rates increased significantly after the first hour and who were therefore classified as Group III, had concentrations of bilirubin in the serum which were significantly higher than those of other infants in the study. This difference did not appear to be accounted for on the basis of differences in birth weight alone.
Twenty per cent of the infants in Group III developed concentrations of bilirubin in the serum in excess of 14.0 mg/100 ml. No infant in groups I and II developed concentrations of bilirubin greater than 14.0 mg/100 ml. These studies indicate that classification of premature infants according to the trend of the respiratory rate has predictive value for identifying those infants who may develop hyperbilirubinemia not associated with proved blood group isoimmunization.
Explanation for the association between the trend of the respiratory rate and the concentration of bilirubin in the serum is not clearly evident.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: TRIEGER NORMAN 
Published: December 2021

My suggestion of incorporating sodium fluoride into pediatric vitamin preparations, as a reliable and practical method, in areas where there is no communal water fluoridation was offered as a suitable "vehicle for fluoride administration."
I appreciate the significance of Dr. Doty's remarks on proper dosage, particularly as related to patient age, and wish to point out that the dosage I originally used, 0.5 mg of sodium fluoride, was intended for infants. I have since increased this dose— based on the schedule suggested by the National Research Council.
The Good Housekeeping Book of Baby and Child Care
Authors: ROSS RALPH A. 
Published: December 2021

The association of an author so well known and an agency so long connected with practical advice to American mothers, has produced a highly readable book on the care of children, from early pregnancy in the mother through adolescence. It is impressive in format and contains many line-drawing illustrations by Saul Lambert and a number of handsome photographs by Tana Hoban. The latter have only slight illustrative value.
Doctor Halt's chapters on basic nutrition and description of disease entities known generally to the lay public are simply, concisely and enjoyably written.
Roentgen Diagnosis of Abdominal Tumors in Childhood
Authors: CAFFEY JOHN 
Published: December 2021

This small book is a compendium which describes in detail the radiographic changes produced by tumors in the abdomens of infants and children. The authors, all from the University of Minnesota, emphasize the value to the surgeon, before laparotomy, of accurate identification of the size and position of these tumors by relatively simple radiographic methods free of the hazards of repeated manual palpation of tumors, in the case of malignancies.
The first part of the book is concerned with the embryologic and anatomic aspects of abdominal masses, and the radiographic methods which are most helpful in their study.
NEPHRECTOMY IN JUVENILE HYPERTENSION ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL DISEASE
Authors: Welch Herbert C. , Harris Lloyd E. , DeWeerd James H. 
Published: December 2021

Fifteen children who had hypertension apparently associated with renal ischemia underwent nephrectomy. Of 11 who presumably had unilateral renal disease, 9 were observed for at least 1 year with 8 maintaining normal blood pressure and 1 still being hypertensive.
Four children were believed to have bilateral renal disease but with greater impairment of function of one kidney than the other. Removal of the more severely affected kidney in these children did not result in reduction of the blood pressure. Three of the four were dead in from 2 months to 6 years after nephrectomy and in the fourth hypertension persisted after 2½ years.
The presence of hypertension in a child demands thorough investigation as to the etiology since the hypertension may be of the secondary type and therefore often curable.
ANTIBIOTICS AND IATROGENIC DISEASE
Authors: Roy T. E. 
Published: December 2021

THE ASSOCIATION of the term "iatrogenic disease" with the clinical use of antibiotics poses many problems.
Physicians generally are familiar with most of the untoward reactions that may follow the use of antibiotics, and many excellent reviews of the subject are to be found in the literature.
One cannot divorce the undesirable effects of antibiotics from the beneficial ones and, in this light, therapy becomes a calculated risk. If the probable discomforts or dangers outweigh the probable advantages, the cure may be worse than the disease, and one is then dealing with true iatrogenic disease.
Probabilities of this kind cannot be assessed easily with antibiotics because reactions vary so much with type of drug, dose, course, method of giving and in different patients. Certain reports may be biased one way or the other because of personal prejudices or unusual series. Some ill effects are undoubtedly related to unwise, improper or careless use of the drug; others are not. So true incidences are not accurately known. Reactions where antibiotics are being used needlessly for trivial infections or for unnecessary prophybaxis are particularly deplorable while risks are justified when dealing with severe infections known to respond. Evaluation is difficult with infections of borderline severity and those prone to exceptionally severe secondary bacterial complications.
Reactions may be mild or severe; none is negligible. Oxytetracycline, for example, is considered to be relatively harmless. Still, Jackson and his colleagues reported that 58% of patients with pneumonia showed untoward effects attributable to this antibiotic. Most reactions were mild, but the antibiotic was believed to have contributed in large measure to the fatal outcome in five of the seven patients who died in the 91 cases.
THE EFFECT OF POSITION ON THE RESPIRATORY RATE OF PREMATURE AND MATURE NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Kravitz Harvey , Elegant Lawrence , Block Bernard , Babakitis Mary , Lundeen Evelyn 
Published: December 2021

Values for respiratory rates in the supine and prone positions in 96 premature and 49 full-term infants have been presented. Premature infants have a significant increase in respiratory rate in the prone position compared to the supine position. This difference decreases with increasing weight and age. Mature infants show a slight increase in respiratory rate in the prone compared to the supine position.
The position of the premature infant has a definite effect on the physiology of respiration. Further studies must be done to establish whether the supine or prone position is superior. Irregularity of rate and amplitude of respirations are noted in the supine position, while respirations of regular rate and amplitude are frequently found in the prone position. The amplitude of respiration was greater in the supine position than in the prone position.