bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unraveling Neuroendocrine Gallbladder Cancer: Comprehensive Clinicopathologic and Molecular Characterization
Authors: de Bitter Tessa J. J. , Kroeze Leonie I. , de Reuver Philip R. , van Vliet Shannon , Vink-Börger Elisa , von Rhein Daniel , Jansen Erik A. M. , Nagtegaal Iris D. , Ligtenberg Marjolijn J. L. , van der Post Rachel S. 
Published: March 2021

PURPOSE Neuroendocrine carcinomas and mixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasms of the gallbladder (NE GBC) are rare and highly aggressive entities. The cell of origin of NE GBC has been a matter of controversy. Here, we performed a comparative histopathologic and molecular analysis of NE GBC cases and, if present, associated precancerous lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS We selected cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2019 in the Netherlands. Precursors and carcinomas were immunohistochemically compared and analyzed for mutations, gene amplifications, microsatellite instability, and tumor mutational burden using an next-generation sequencing panel containing 523 cancer-related genes. In addition, presence of fusion genes was analyzed using a panel of 55 genes. RESULTS Sixty percent of neuroendocrine cases (6/10) presented with a precursor lesion, either intracholecystic papillary neoplasm (n = 3) or biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (n = 3). Immunohistochemically, neuroendocrine components were different from the epithelial precursor lesions. Molecular profiling, however, revealed TP53 mutations shared between different components in five of six cases, indicating a clonal relation. Furthermore, 40% of cases (4/10) harbored at least one potentially actionable alteration. This included (likely) pathogenic mutations in RAD54L, ATM, and BRCA2; amplifications of ERBB2 and MDM2; and a gene fusion involving FGFR3-TACC3. All cases were microsatellite-stable and had a tumor mutational burden of < 10 mutations/Mb. CONCLUSION Our data provide insight into the development of NE GBC and suggest a common origin of precancerous epithelial lesions and invasive neuroendocrine components, favoring the hypothesis of lineage transformation. Moreover, nearly half of the NE GBCs carried at least one potentially actionable molecular alteration, highlighting the importance of molecular testing in this highly lethal cancer.
Malaria parasite egress at a glance
Authors: Tan Michele S. Y , Blackman Michael J. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
All intracellular pathogens must escape (egress) from the confines of their host cell to disseminate and proliferate. The malaria parasite only replicates in an intracellular vacuole or in a cyst, and must undergo egress at four distinct phases during its complex life cycle, each time disrupting, in a highly regulated manner, the membranes or cyst wall that entrap the parasites. This Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster summarises our current knowledge of the morphological features of egress across the Plasmodium life cycle, the molecular mechanisms that govern the process, and how researchers are working to exploit this knowledge to develop much-needed new approaches to malaria control.
Genome-wide screening of upstream transcription factors using an expression library
Authors: Yahagi Naoya , Takeuchi Yoshinori 
Published: March 2021

The identification of upstream transcription factors regulating the expression of a gene is generally not an easy process. To facilitate this task, we constructed an expression cDNA library named Transcription Factor Expression Library (TFEL), which is composed of nearly all the transcription factors in the mouse genome. Genome-wide screening using this library (TFEL scan method) enables us to easily identify transcription factors controlling any given promoter or enhancer of interest in a chromosomal context-dependent manner. Thus, TFEL scan method is a powerful approach to explore transcriptional regulatory networks.
Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation associated with aerobic exercise on the autonomic modulation of hemiparetic individuals due to stroke: a study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zilli Lo Presti Heinz Solange , De Angelis Katia , Heinz Glauber , Viana Ariane , Marciano Consolim-Colombo Fernanda , Calegari Bonfadine Agatha , Rodrigues Nemesio Ruthe , Gabriella Ribolli Bacalhau Claudia , Alves de Oliveira Rafael , Sayuri Miyamura Cristina , Carlos Ferrari Corrêa João , Ishida Corrêa Fernanda 
Published: March 2021

Background: Individuals after a stroke have an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system, which increases the risk of death or recurrent episodes of stroke. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) combined with aerobic exercise has shown an effect on the modulation of this system. Objective: The Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and the distance traveled on the exercise bike will be assessed to verify the additional impact of tDCS combined with aerobic exercise on individuals with chronic stroke sequelae. Methods: The 34 adult individuals with diagnoses of chronic stroke will be randomized into two aerobic exercise intervention groups: G1 (with active tDCS) and G2 (with sham tDCS), three times a week, for 12 weeks. Procedures: tDCS will be implemented during the aerobic exercise with the anodal electrode positioned over the lateral dorsal prefrontal left cortex, and the cathodal electrode over the contralateral supraorbital region, with 2mA, for 20 minutes. Assessments will be carried out pre, immediately after the intervention, and on the 12th, 24th, 36th interventions, and 30 days later. The HRV data that are pulse interval (PI), square root of the mean of the squares of the differences between adjacent normal RR intervals (rMSSD), absolute high frequency (HF), absolute low frequency (LF), high and low frequency ratio (LF / HF) will be collected using a cardio frequency meter. The analysis of the distance traveled on the exercise bike before and after interventions will be analyzed in meters. Discussion: The autonomic control via brain networks after a stroke can be altered and can promote an increase in sympathetic tone, and a higher risk of sudden death or relapse of stroke. It is crucial to demonstrate the effectiveness of available treatments to improve the autonomic function. Trial registration: The study is registered as a BRAZILIAN CLINICAL TEST RECORD (ReBEC): U1111-1222-4588 on the 2018/10/16
A comparison of piezo surgery osteotomies with conventional internal osteotomies as performed by trainee surgeons: a cadaveric study
Authors: Schlabe J , Echlin K , Atherton D 
Published: March 2021

Introduction Aesthetic rhinoplasty remains a challenging procedure with high expectations and narrow tolerance for errors. Considerable training is required to achieve controlled and reliable results. Use of the Piezotome is gaining popularity for performing the nasal osteotomies, a key step in rhinoplasty, where it is reported to improve precision and predictability and to keep tissue damage to a minimum. We compare the outcomes of conventional osteotomy techniques to piezosurgery in human cadavers as undertaken by surgical trainees. Materials and methods Seven human cadavers were used and a total of 14 osteotomies were performed. Conventional osteotomies and piezosurgery were carried out each on one side of the cadaver. A number of fragments and a blinded assessment of the accuracy of the osteotomy compared with the preprocedure skin markings were carried out by two experienced rhinoplasty surgeons. The Mann–Whitney test for statistical analysis was used. Results The mean number of fragments was 1.57 in the piezosurgery osteotomy and 2.14 using conventional osteotomies. Four of seven piezosurgery osteotomies achieved an accuracy within 1mm. The conventional osteotomies as performed by the trainees showed a significant mismatch of more than 3mm in three of seven of cases. Accuracy within 1mm was achieved in one of seven cases. Discussion Piezosurgery offers a safe, reliable and precise method of performing lateral nasal osteotomies. This human cadaver study shows a high accuracy of osteotomy and fewer comminuted fractures using this technique compared with conventional osteotomy techniques.
Prognosticating patients with necrotising otitis externa based on response to treatment
Authors: Cho WS , Bonduelle Q , Ghasemi A , Baskaran V , O’Connor R , Shah J , Andrewartha F , Fergie N 
Published: March 2021

Introduction Necrotising otitis externa (NOE) is a severe infection of the temporal bone. The traditional severity based staging system does not fully prognosticate all patients with NOE. We hypothesise that a patient response staging system would more accurately capture the disease process and guide prognosis. Methods We carried out a retrospective notes review of patients diagnosed with NOE from January 2017 to December 2018 in a regional tertiary referral centre. Patient outcomes from our proposed patient response staging system were compared to a modified previously published severity based Gleeson staging system with patients requiring prolonged treatment classified as having a poor outcome. Results A total of 34 patients were treated for NOE. The majority were male (n=24) and had diabetes (n=25). Patients with the most severe Gleeson staging did not have the worst outcome. Daily delay in resolution of otorrhoea was associated with an increased need for more than six weeks of treatment. Rapid responders are patients who had resolution of otalgia, otorrhoea and C-reactive protein normalisation within 14 days, and all were cured following standard 6 weeks of treatment. Conclusions The Gleeson staging system was valuable in assessing the extent of disease and all early Gleeson staged patients had good outcomes. However, patients with higher severity staging on the Gleeson system did not necessarily require prolonged treatment. There is a role for a joint approach in staging patients based on both modified Gleeson and treatment response, which would subsequently guide prognosis, duration of treatment and early diagnosis of potential fungal NOE.
Interference-enhanced chirality-reversible dichroism metalens imaging using nested dual helical surfaces
Authors: Wang Chenqian , Wang Chinhua 
Published: March 2021

Conventional chiral metalenses based on helicoidal structures suffer from low energy efficiency and fixed chirality due to the extremely low conversion efficiency of cross-circular polarization in helicity-matched structures. Here, we report on high-efficiency and chirality-reversible metalens imaging using nested dual helical surfaces. The high-efficiency chiral metalenses were implemented by splitting one conventional helical surface into two nested ones with independently controllable parameters. When the relative orientations of the two nested helical surfaces were twisted at certain angles, the conversion efficiency of cross-circular polarization (i.e., the effective polarization component in imaging) could be significantly enhanced by one order of magnitude (from 4.5% to 45%) due to constructive interference of surface plasmonic polaritons between the two nested helical surfaces with a single pitch. Furthermore, the chirality of the metalens could be reversed by manipulating the twist angle even though the helicity of the surface is unchanged. Experimental verifications were performed using two-photon laser direct writing, and chiral imaging in the infrared wavelength range of 3–5 µm was successfully realized via lock-in thermography. This demonstration of the high-efficiency and chirality-reversible metalens provides what we believe is a new method to enhance chiral imaging efficiencies and the design possibilities for practical applications.
Prevalence and associated factors of abdominal obesity among the adult population in Woldia town, Northeast Ethiopia, 2020: Community-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Dagne Samuel , Menber Yonatan , Petrucka Pammela , Wassihun Yosef 
Published: March 2021

Background
The prevalence of abdominal obesity has been dramatically increasing both in developed and developing countries, including Ethiopia. It is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, type-2 diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, and cancer. However, there is inadequate data regarding the prevalence and associated factors of abdominal obesity among adult population in Ethiopia.

Objective
This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of abdominal obesity among the adult population in Woldia town, Northeast Ethiopia in 2020.

Method
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Woldia town from March 20 to April 20, 2020. Data on socio-demographic, dietary history, and anthropometric characteristics were collected from 802 adults using the World Health Organization stepwise technique. Multi-stage sampling was employed to select the study subjects. Data were cleaned, coded, and entered by EPI-info Version 7 and were exported to SPSS Version 20 for further analysis. To indicate the strength of association, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used.

Result
From a total of 823 respondents 802 were involved with a response rate of 97.4%. The overall prevalence of central obesity based on waist to hip ratio was 16.5% with 95% CI (14.2–19.2). Female sex [AOR = 13.3, 95% CI: 7.01–25.39), high wealth rank (AOR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.21–7.17), single marital status (AOR = 0.16, 95%CI: 0.04–0.58), age from 35 to 55 years (AOR = 4.3, 95% CI: 2.22–7.99), age greater than 55 years (AOR = 3.8, 95%CI: 1.36–10.78), secondary educational level (AOR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.05–3.18), eat more protein (AOR = 4.22, 95% CI: 1.26–14.22), and consumption of snacks (AOR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.68–4.61) were significantly associated with abdominal obesity.

Conclusion
The prevalence of abdominal obesity among adults in Woldia town is high, and has become an emerging nutrition-related problem. Being female, older age, being in a high wealth rank, consuming more meat, having secondary education level, and consuming snacks were the risk factors of abdominal obesity. Nutrition interventions should target adults mainly focusing on the alarmingly increase in nutrition problems, such as abdominal obesity, in Ethiopia with specific attention to females.
Real-life evaluation of histologic scores for Ulcerative Colitis in remission
Authors: Arkteg Christian Børde , Wergeland Sørbye Sveinung , Buhl Riis Lene , Dalen Stig Manfred , Florholmen Jon , Goll Rasmus 
Published: March 2021

Background
Histological evaluation of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients has been debated ever since the first description of the disease and its role in follow-up has never been fully established. Recent evidence suggests an added benefit in accuracy when evaluating if the patient is in remission. Unfortunately, there are several different histological indices, and it is difficult to compare outcomes where different scores are applied. Histopathological evaluation is prone to subjective biases, despite the use of indices. In addition, these indices are developed by expert IBD pathologist, but applied at large, by general pathologist. Therefore, we evaluated the three most applied histological indices for UC on samples from patients in remission to compare test qualities and estimate their usefulness to identify remission by both general and GI specialized pathologist.

Method
Mucosal biopsies from 41 UC patients in clinical and endoscopic remission were collected as part of a larger study on UC. Three pathologists blinded to the patients’ clinical status evaluated them using Geboes score (GS), Nancy Index (NI) and Robarts Histopathological Index (RHI). We calculated the agreement between the pathologists using Inter-class correlation (ICC) and visualized it with ICC-plots and Bland-Altman plots. Association between clinical factors and histological category were analysed by Fisher’s exact test.

Results
The ICC value for GS, RHI and NI were 0.85, 0.73 and 0.70 respectively. The limits of agreement were ±6.1, ±4.0 and ±1.4, for GS, RHI and NI, respectively. Mayo endoscopic subgrade and UC clinical score did not show association with any histological scores. Despite clinical and endoscopic remission 7–35% of the patients displayed histological inflammation on a level classified as active disease, depending on the index and cut-off.

Conclusion
A substantial amount of UC patients in clinical and endoscopic remission display inflammation on a histological level, but the ability to classify these patients accurately and consistently could be improved.
Komunikasi Matematis Siswa SMA Ditinjau dari Gaya Belajar dalam Pembelajaran Daring
Authors: Permatasari Ambar Gini , Turmudi Turmudi 
Published: March 2021

Komunikasi matematis dalam pembelajaran matematika sangat penting dan harus Dimiliki siswa, hal ini disebabkan oleh komunikasi matematika mengatur dan mengkonsolidasikan pemikiran matematika siswa baik secara lisan maupun tulisan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendeskripsikan perbedaan kemampuan komunikasi matematis siswa yang memiliki gaya belajar auditorial dan gaya belajar visual dalam pembelajaran matematika secara daring (online). Metode penelitian ini yaitu penelitian deskriptif yang menggunakan pendekatan survey. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa instrument angket gaya belajar dengan menggunakan google forms. Selanjutnya diambil beberapa siswa untuk mengerjakan soal komunikasi matematis yang dibuat. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat Sebagian siswa mengalami kesulitan dalam mengkomunikasikan serta memahami materi yang diajarkan karena pembelajaran matematika secara daring merupakan hal baru bagi siswa serta sebagian siswa tidak senang jika pembelajaran matematika dilakukan secara daring yang disebabkan oleh faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya seperti kendala teknis, tekanan karena banyak tugas dan lain sebagainya. Serta ditemukan bahwa siswa yang memiliki gaya belajar auditorial dan gaya belajar visual mempunyai cara yang berbeda dalam mengkomunikasikan ide dan gagasannya. Yaitu mampu menyatakan situasi secara tertulis, mampu mengubah situasi ke dalam model matematika, mampu mengungkapkan kesimpulan matematika yang diperolehnya dengan bahasa sendiri.Kata Kunci: komunikasi matematis, gaya belajar, pembelajaran daring (online).
Examining The Social Drivers Of Entrepreneurship: A Case Of Business Owners In Aboabo Market In Tamale
Authors: Abubakari Abdul-Razak , Samira Kassim 
Published: March 2021

This research examined the social drivers of entrepreneurship among business owners in Aboabo market in Tamale. A quantitative research approach was adopted and the target population was business owners in Aboabo market in Tamale. It was found that not all social drivers that influence decision to become entrepreneurs motivate entrepreneurs to remain in business. Also, family or close relation, belonging to a social club (social capital), previous work experience and social status positively affect business performance while being a married woman and being a woman does not affect entrepreneurial performance. Access to finance, family and friends involvement are major challenges of entrepreneurship whereas lack of social support, low educational background and gender discrimination are not major challenges of entrepreneurship. Based on these findings, the study recommended entrepreneur education, community support and easy access to finance through government intervention to help entrepreneurs relish their full potential to support economic growth and development significantly.
Reflection on Covid 19 Educational Contexts, Pedagogy of Hope, Self-efficacy and Effort: University of Eswatini
Authors: Dlamini Boyie S. , Zwane P. E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Towards the end of 2019 the world experienced the Coronavirus disease (Covid 19) pandemic which affected operations of education systems. This reflective study examines how a lecturer and students built hope and self-efficacy under Covid 19 educational contexts. Self-efficacy–hopeful thinking model and Bernstein Framework were used in this study. The sample consisted of 515 students and 1 lecturer and it was sampled through purposeful stratified sampling. Data was collected through the lecturer’s self-reflection on his ability to build hope, self-efficacy to meet academic demands. The lecturer also observed students’ behaviours. The data was analysed through content analysis. Findings indicated that Covid 19 educational contexts mediated on students’ levels of hope, acadmic investment and created false impression that University academic year had been lost. Some students developed low level of self-efficacy belief which forced them to approach educational problems without conviction and hopeful thinking. The findings indicated that lecturer’s behaviour towards students contributed to the improvement of a high sense of self-efficacy belief and effort investment in their work. The lecturer maintained hopefullness and confidence among students. The study concluded that educational processes under the uncertainties of Covid 19 were paradigm shift for the lecturer and students’ academic life. It provided opportunities to transform and reconstruct pedagogical discourses in relation to Covid 19 educational contexts. It may be recommended that lecturers and others within institutions may be urged to reflect on Covid 19 educational challenges and embrace them rather than avoid them.
Key words: Covid 19, Hope, Self-efficacy, Effort, Empathy
Writing Exercises from Wadi Sarga: O.Sarga II 1–14
Authors: Cromwell Jennifer 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The editions of previously unpublished texts from the monastic complex at Wadi Sarga in the collection of the British Museum. These fourteen ostraca bear writing exercises (‘school texts’), primarily alphabets and alphabetic letters or sequences, personal names, and epistolary formulae. Such exercises were not included by W.E. Crum and H.I. Bell in their 1922 publication of texts from the site.
Dispersion compensation FBG with optical quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK) modulation scheme for high system capacity
Authors: Eid Mahmoud M. A. , Sorathiya Vishal , Lavadiya Sunil , Habib Md. Ahasan , Helmy Ahmed , Rashed Ahmed Nabih Zaki 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The study simulated OQPSK modulation scheme-based FBG compensation for high data rates. The signal power, noise power and output power variations with the FBG length variations are clarified with fiber length of 50 km and amplifier gain of 40 dB. The max Q Factor variations with amplifier gain variations in the presence and absence of FBG device. The eye diagram analyzer for the proposed model under the same operating conditions with the previous model with/without FBG device. Besides the signal power variations is demonstrated against spectral wavelength and time variations for the proposed model with/without FGB device. Max Q and min error rate are clarified for the proposed model with 150 km length, amplifier gain pf 40 dB with FBG device length of 6 m and without FBG device.