bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gatekeeper training needs of community pharmacy staff
Authors: Carpenter Delesha M. , Roberts Courtney A. , Lavigne Jill E. , Cross Wendi F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo develop an online suicide prevention gatekeeper training program to prepare community pharmacy staff to communicate with patients who exhibit warning signs of suicide.MethodA convenience sample of 17 community pharmacy staff members completed a 1‐hr semi‐structured interview during which they viewed content from an existing gatekeeper training program and provided suggestions for improvement. Once thematic saturation was achieved, interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, and analyzed by two independent coders who reached consensus on the themes present in each transcript.ResultsParticipants noted barriers to communicating about suicide, including lack of time and privacy, discomfort with using the word “suicide” and limited referral options. Participants wanted gatekeeper training to include local suicide prevention referral resources, take less than 30 min to complete, and incorporate 3–4 realistic role play scenarios, including a phone interaction.ConclusionsMany environmental, interpersonal, and individual‐level barriers complicate pharmacy staff members’ ability to act as gatekeepers and communicate about suicide with at‐risk patients. To maximize the public health impact of pharmacy staff, skills‐based training on how to identify, communicate with, and refer at‐risk patients is needed. Gatekeeper training should model brief, realistic interactions with patients and provide pharmacy staff with local referral resources.
Supporting a public health approach to suicide prevention: Recommendations for state infrastructure
Authors: Quinlan Kristen , Nickerson Kerri , Ebin Julie , Humphries‐Wadsworth Terresa , Stout Ellyson , Frankini Elisabeth 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe U.S. National Strategy for Suicide Prevention calls for states to identify supportive structures that encourage efficient, effective, and sustainable suicide prevention programming at the state, territorial, tribal, and local levels (HHS & Action Alliance, 2012). To meet this objective, the Suicide Prevention Resource Center (SPRC) completed a literature review and environmental scan, convened an advisory panel of suicide prevention experts, and conducted interviews with suicide prevention and policy experts to identify six essential state‐level infrastructure elements:

Authorize—Designate a lead organization for suicide prevention in the state and give it the resources to put a state plan into practice.
Lead—Maintain a dedicated leadership and core staff positions in order to enact the plan. Create collaboration within state government.
Partner—Ensure a state‐level public‐private partnership with a shared vision for suicide prevention.
Examine—Encourage the collection and analysis of high‐quality suicide data.
Build—Support a multifaceted lifespan approach to suicide prevention across the state.
Guide—Build state and local capacity for prevention.
In this commentary, we recommend a framework for organizing an emerging evidence base on the infrastructure and systems that are needed to support an effective, sustainable, public health approach to suicide prevention.
Memorialization as a Mechanism of Power in the Present: The Creation and Contestation of National Narratives in the Wake of Internal Armed Conflict
Authors: Billingsley Krista 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveThe objectives of this article are to understand how national narratives are created and maintained, which discourses are utilized, and what inhibits people from understanding perspectives divergent from their own within the context of postarmed conflict processes of transitional justice. Through examining these objectives, I outline what studies of transitional justice can contribute to understandings of Confederate memory in the United States.MethodI conducted 14 months of ethnographic research with conflict victims after a decade‐long internal armed conflict in Nepal.ResultsI argue finding new ways to conceptualize and discuss that Confederate monuments in the United States require acknowledgement of the economic and political power structures that constrain equitable access to public memory projects.ConclusionI conclude that how memorialization processes obfuscate, rather than illuminate, marginalized histories in the present, and legitimate ongoing inequalities must be questioned and redressed.
Multilingualism, nation branding, and the ownership of English in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan
Authors: Djuraeva Madina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study examines the ownership of English and linguistic (in)security of multilingual English learners in two post‐Soviet nation‐states. Using the chronotopic and scalar analysis of discourse, I examine students’ ideologies of English vis‐à‐vis their linguistic repertoires in the context of national imaginary and globalization. I utilize the concept of ‘nation branding’ to trace the relationship between language ideologies and broader sociopolitical factors, including neoliberalism. The analysis of 60 individual student interviews revealed that the state‐circulated nation‐branding discourse is a powerful tool for instilling the sense of linguistic ownership. The findings showed that students in Uzbekistan regard English as opportunistic and more valuable in the global market than their local languages. In contrast, students in Kazakhstan see all of their languages including English as pivotal in enacting trilingual identity at local, national, and global scales.
A Computational Fluid–Structure Interaction Study for Carotids With Different Atherosclerotic Plaques
Authors: Bennati Lorenzo , Vergara Christian , Domanin Maurizio , Malloggi Chiara , Bissacco Daniele , Trimarchi Santi , Silani Vincenzo , Parati Gianfranco , Casana Renato 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease that leads to accumulation of deposits, known as atherosclerotic plaques, within the walls of the carotids. In particular, three types of plaque can be distinguished: soft, fibrous, and calcific. Most of the computational studies who investigated the interplay between the plaque and the blood flow on patient-specific geometries used nonstandard medical images to directly delineate and segment the plaque and its components. However, these techniques are not so widely available in the clinical practice. In this context, the aim of our work was twofold: (i) to propose a new geometric tool that allowed to reconstruct a plausible plaque in the carotids from standard images and (ii) to perform three-dimensional (3D) fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations where we compared some fluid-dynamic and structural quantities among 15 patients characterized by different typologies of plaque. Our results highlighted that both the morphology and the mechanical properties of different plaque components play a crucial role in determining the vulnerability of the plaque.
In Silico Analysis of Elastomer-Coated Cerclage for Reducing Sternal Cut-Through in High-Risk Patients
Authors: Subasi Omer , Oral Atacan , Torabnia Shams , Erdogan Deniz , Erdogan Mustafa Bilge , Lazoglu Ismail 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: AISI 316 L stainless steel wire cerclage routinely used in sternotomy closure causes lateral cut-through damage and fracture, especially in cases of high-risk patients, which leads to postoperative complications. A biocompatible elastomer (Pellethane®) coating on the standard wire is proposed to mitigate the cut-through effect. Methods: Simplified peri-sternal and transsternal, sternum-cerclage contact models are created and statically analyzed in a finite element (FE) software to characterize the stress-reduction effect of the polymer coating for thicknesses between 0.5 and 1.125 mm. The performance of the polymer-coated cerclage in alleviating the detrimental cortical stresses is also compared to the standard steel cerclage in a full sternal closure FE model for the extreme cough loading scenario. Results: It was observed via the simplified contact simulations that the cortical stresses can be substantially decreased by increasing the coating thickness. The full closure coughing simulation on the human sternum further corroborated the simplified contact results. The stress reduction effect was found to be more prominent in the transsternal contacts in comparison to peri-sternal contacts. Conclusions: Bearing in mind the promising numerical simulation results, it is put forth that a standard steel wire coated with Pellethane will majorly address the cut-through complication.
Research On Non-boiling Evaporation Behavior of Fixed Droplets On Aluminum Plate Surface
Authors: Liu Liansheng , Liu Xuanchen , Ren Wenjia , Duan Hongbin , Duan Runze , Bin Liu , Chen Yadong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the non-boiling evaporation (30 -70?) of the fixed droplets on the Aluminum plate surface was investigated by the experiment. The effect of the plate temperature and initial volume on the contact angle, contact diameter and evaporation time were considered. The results showed that the temperature and initial volume were important for the droplets evaporation. As the heating plate temperature increased, the evaporation rate increased and the initial contact angle decreased. At the same heating plate temperature, the evaporation rate and the initial contact angle decreased with the increase of the droplets initial volume. At the constant temperature hydrophilic surface, the droplet evaporation is performed in two modes: Constant contact radius mode (CCR mode) and mix mode. The CCR mode were about 90% of the time at the droplets evaporation process and the droplet contact diameters kept constant with the increase of the evaporation time. For the mix mode, the contact angle and contact diameter decreased with the increase of the evaporation time.
Exact Solution of the Startup Electroosmotic Flow of Generalized Maxwell Fluids in Triangular Microducts
Authors: Akyildiz F. Talay , Siginer Dennis A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The unsteady electroosmotic flow of generalized Maxwell fluids in triangular microducts is investigated. The governing equation is formulated with Caputo–Fabrizio time-fractional derivatives whose orders are distributed in the interval [0, 1). The linear momentum and the Poisson–Boltzmann equations are solved analytically in tandem in the triangular region with the help of the Helmholtz eigenvalue problem and Laplace transforms. The analytical solution developed is exact. The solution technique used is new, leads to exact solutions, is completely different from those available in the literature, and applies to other similar problems. The new expression for the velocity field displays experimentally observed ‘velocity overshoot’ as opposed to existing analytical studies none of which can predict the overshoot phenomenon. We show that when Caputo–Fabrizio time-fractional derivatives approach unity the exact solution for the classical upper convected Maxwell fluid is obtained. The presence of elasticity in the constitutive structure alters the Newtonian velocity profiles drastically. The influence of pertinent parameters on the flow field is explored.
Central administration of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors increases food intake involving adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in the lateral hypothalamus in healthy rats
Authors: Takeda Kenji , Ono Hiraku , Ishikawa Ko , Ohno Tomohiro , Kumagai Jin , Ochiai Hidetoshi , Matumoto Ai , Yokoh Hidetaka , Maezawa Yoshiro , Yokote Koutaro 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionSodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are widely used for diabetes treatment. Although SGLT2 inhibitors have been clinically observed to increase food intake, roles or even the presence of SGLT2 in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been established. We aimed to elucidate potential functions of SGLT2 in the CNS, and the effects of CNS-targeted SGLT2 inhibitors on food intake.Research design and methodsWe administered three kinds of SGLT2 inhibitors, tofogliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin, into the lateral ventricle (LV) in rats and evaluated their effects on food intake. We also evaluated the effects of tofogliflozin administration in the third (3V) and fourth ventricle (4V). Intraperitoneal administration of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist known to suppress food intake, was combined with central tofogliflozin to elucidate whether GLP-1 signaling antagonizes the effect of central SGLT2 inhibitors on food intake. To elucidate potential molecular mechanisms mediating changes in feeding, hypothalamic areas associated with food intake regulation were harvested and analyzed after intracerebroventricular administration (ICV) of tofogliflozin.ResultsBolus ICV injection of tofogliflozin induced a robust increase in food intake starting at 1.5 hours postinjection, and lasting for 5 days. No effect was observed when the same dose of tofogliflozin was administered intraperitoneally. ICV dapagliflozin and empagliflozin significantly enhanced food intake, although the strength of these effects varied among drugs. Food intake was most markedly enhanced when tofogliflozin was infused into the LV. Fewer or no effects were observed with infusion into the 3V or 4V, respectively. Systemic administration of liraglutide suppressed the effect of ICV tofogliflozin on food intake. ICV tofogliflozin increased phosphorylation of AMPK and c-fos expression in the lateral hypothalamus.ConclusionsSGLT2 inhibitors in the CNS increase food intake. SGLT2 activity in the CNS may regulate food intake through AMPK phosphorylation in the lateral hypothalamic area.
Modest effects of dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from 445 850 users of the COVID-19 Symptom Study app
Authors: Louca Panayiotis , Murray Benjamin , Klaser Kerstin , Graham Mark S , Mazidi Mohsen , Leeming Emily R , Thompson Ellen , Bowyer Ruth , Drew David A , Nguyen Long H , Merino Jordi , Gomez Maria , Mompeo Olatz , Costeira Ricardo , Sudre Carole H , Gibson Rachel , Steves Claire J , Wolf Jonathan , Franks Paul W , Ourselin Sebastien , Chan Andrew T , Berry Sarah E , Valdes Ana M , Calder Philip C , Spector Tim D , Menni Cristina 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesDietary supplements may ameliorate SARS-CoV-2 infection, although scientific evidence to support such a role is lacking. We investigated whether users of the COVID-19 Symptom Study app who regularly took dietary supplements were less likely to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection.DesignApp-based community survey.Setting445 850 subscribers of an app that was launched to enable self-reported information related to SARS-CoV-2 infection for use in the general population in the UK (n=372 720), the USA (n=45 757) and Sweden (n=27 373).Main exposureSelf-reported regular dietary supplement usage (constant use during previous 3 months) in the first waves of the pandemic up to 31 July 2020.Main outcome measuresSARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by viral RNA reverse transcriptase PCR test or serology test before 31 July 2020.ResultsIn 372 720 UK participants (175 652 supplement users and 197 068 non-users), those taking probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, multivitamins or vitamin D had a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection by 14% (95% CI (8% to 19%)), 12% (95% CI (8% to 16%)), 13% (95% CI (10% to 16%)) and 9% (95% CI (6% to 12%)), respectively, after adjusting for potential confounders. No effect was observed for those taking vitamin C, zinc or garlic supplements. On stratification by sex, age and body mass index (BMI), the protective associations in individuals taking probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, multivitamins and vitamin D were observed in females across all ages and BMI groups, but were not seen in men. The same overall pattern of association was observed in both the US and Swedish cohorts.ConclusionIn women, we observed a modest but significant association between use of probiotics, omega-3 fatty acid, multivitamin or vitamin D supplements and lower risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. We found no clear benefits for men nor any effect of vitamin C, garlic or zinc. Randomised controlled trials are required to confirm these observational findings before any therapeutic recommendations can be made.
Head injury assessment in rugby union: clinical judgement guidelines
Authors: Falvey Éanna , Tucker Ross , Fuller Gordan , Raftery Martin 
Published: April 2021

Background/aimClinical judgement is a recognised component of a complete off-field concussion assessment. This study identifies guidance criteria for team medical staff when using clinical judgement in their decision-making process during the World Rugby off-field concussion-assessment screen (HIA1).MethodsRetrospective study of examining doctor clinical judgement in 1149 HIA1 assessments after a meaningful head impact event completed on rugby union players participating in elite-level international and national competitions between September 2015 and June 2018. We assessed (1) an abnormal subtest result as worse performance compared with preseason baseline values; (2) the proportion of cases where clinicians overruled abnormal HIA1 assessment subtest results and (3) made recommendations on how clinical judgement decisions may be made more safely based on the accuracy of clinical judgement decisions assessed against the final concussion diagnosis.ResultsOne or more subtests were abnormal compared with baseline values in 857 of 1149 HIA1 assessments. Clinical judgement was used to return players to the game despite abnormal subtest results on 424 out of 857 occasions (49%). In a significant majority of cases 356/424 (84%), clinical judgement decisions were correct, with players later cleared of a concussion. An application of guided clinical judgement potentially decreased false negative assessments by 33% (21/63).ConclusionsClinical judgement should be applied in the diagnosis of concussion but done so cautiously. We propose doctors should only use clinical judgement to overrule either one of; or a combination of (1) an abnormal tandem gait and (2) one abnormal cognitive test.
Cosmological constraints on entropic cosmology with matter creation
Authors: Gohar Hussain , Salzano Vincenzo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe investigate entropic force cosmological models with the possibility of matter creation and energy exchange between the bulk and the horizon of a homogeneous and isotropic flat Universe. We consider three different kinds of entropy, Bekenstein’s, the non-extensive Tsallis–Cirto’s, and the quartic entropy, plus some phenomenological functional forms for matter creation rate to model different entropic force models and put the observational constraints on them. We show that while most of them are indistinguishable from a standard $$\Lambda $$
Λ
CDM scenario, the Bekenstein entropic force model with a matter creation rate proportional to the Hubble parameter is statistically highly favored over $$\Lambda $$
Λ
CDM. As a general result, we also find that both the Hawking temperature parameter $$\gamma $$
γ
, which relates the energy exchange between the bulk and the boundary of the Universe, and the matter creation rate $$\Gamma (t)$$

Γ
(
t
)

, must be very small to reproduce observational data.
2-Approximating Feedback Vertex Set in Tournaments
Authors: Lokshtanov Daniel , Misra Pranabendu , Mukherjee Joydeep , Panolan Fahad , Philip Geevarghese , Saurabh Saket 
Published: April 2021

A
tournament
is a directed graph
T
such that every pair of vertices is connected by an arc. A
feedback vertex set
is a set
S
of vertices in
T
such that
T
−
S
is acyclic. We consider the Feedback Vertex Set problem in tournaments. Here, the input is a tournament
T
and a weight function
w
:
V
(
T
) → N, and the task is to find a feedback vertex set
S
in
T
minimizing
w
(
S
) = ∑

v∈S

w
(
v
). Rounding optimal solutions to the natural LP-relaxation of this problem yields a simple 3-approximation algorithm. This has been improved to 2.5 by Cai et al. [SICOMP 2000], and subsequently to 7/3 by Mnich et al. [ESA 2016]. In this article, we give the first polynomial time factor 2-approximation algorithm for this problem. Assuming the Unique Games Conjecture, this is the best possible approximation ratio achievable in polynomial time.
The Complexity of Approximating the Matching Polynomial in the Complex Plane
Authors: Bezáková Ivona , Galanis Andreas , Goldberg Leslie Ann , Štefankovič Daniel 
Published: April 2021

We study the problem of approximating the value of the matching polynomial on graphs with edge parameter γ, where γ takes arbitrary values in the complex plane.
When γ is a positive real, Jerrum and Sinclair showed that the problem admits an FPRAS on general graphs. For general complex values of γ, Patel and Regts, building on methods developed by Barvinok, showed that the problem admits an FPTAS on graphs of maximum degree Δ as long as γ is not a negative real number less than or equal to −1/(4(Δ −1)). Our first main result completes the picture for the approximability of the matching polynomial on bounded degree graphs. We show that for all Δ ≥ 3 and all real γ less than −1/(4(Δ −1)), the problem of approximating the value of the matching polynomial on graphs of maximum degree Δ with edge parameter γ is #P-hard.
We then explore whether the maximum degree parameter can be replaced by the connective constant. Sinclair et al. showed that for positive real γ, it is possible to approximate the value of the matching polynomial using a correlation decay algorithm on graphs with bounded connective constant (and potentially unbounded maximum degree). We first show that this result does not extend in general in the complex plane; in particular, the problem is #P-hard on graphs with bounded connective constant for a dense set of γ values on the negative real axis. Nevertheless, we show that the result does extend for any complex value γ that does not lie on the negative real axis. Our analysis accounts for complex values of γ using geodesic distances in the complex plane in the metric defined by an appropriate density function.
The Rule of Law and the Role of Strategy in U.S. Nuclear Doctrine
Authors: Sagan Scott D. , Weiner Allen S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In 2013, the U.S. government announced that its nuclear war plans would be “consistent with the fundamental principles of the Law of Armed Conflict” and would “apply the principles of distinction and proportionality and seek to minimize collateral damage to civilian populations and civilian objects.” If properly applied, these legal principles can have a profound impact on U.S. nuclear doctrine. The prohibition against targeting civilians means that “countervalue” targeting and “minimum deterrence” strategies are illegal. The principle of distinction and the impermissibility of reprisal against civilians make it illegal for the United States, contrary to what is implied in the 2018 Nuclear Posture Review, to intentionally target civilians even in reprisal for a strike against U.S. or allied civilians. The principle of proportionality permits some, but not all, potential U.S. counterforce nuclear attacks against military targets. The precautionary principle means that the United States must use conventional weapons or the lowest-yield nuclear weapons that would be effective against legitimate military targets. The law of armed conflict also restricts targeting of an enemy's leadership to officials in the military chain of command or directly participating in hostilities, meaning that broad targeting to destroy an enemy's entire political leadership is unlawful.