bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Review: Miracle Tree Moringa oleifera Lam.
Authors: Mona Kaushal , Shivangini Patel , Nisha Parikh 
Published: December 2021

:
From ancient times, humans have depended on plants as a source of medicines. The interest in plants is as old as mankind itself. For novel agents to heal various disorders and improve health, the plant kingdom represents a rich store of folk traditional medicines and organic compounds. Various plants with medicinal properties are used as traditional medicines; M. oleifera Lam. (family Moringaceae) is one of them. M. oleifera Lam. drumstick tree is a tropical species known by various regional names as kelor, saguna, sahjan, sajiwan, sajna, Subhanjana, and suragavo. M. oleifera occurs naturally and is also cultivated throughout India. It is a small to medium-sized tree known as an admirable source of nutrition and a natural energy booster. Primary and secondary metabolites such as minerals, protein, vitamins, and various phenolic compounds are present in different parts of the plant. Most parts of this plant (bark, flowers, fruits, leaves, pods, roots, and seeds) show various pharmacological activities such as analgesic, anti-atherogenic, anti-cancer, antidiabetic, anti-fertility, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidative, anti-pyretic, etc. M. oleifera has the potential to improve nutrition and to reduce malnutrition, especially among infants and nursing mothers as well as boost food security in developing countries.
The Synthesis, Structural Modification and Mode of Anticancer Action of Evodiamine: A Review
Authors: Yao Lei , Fan Meixia 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Finding novel antitumor reagents from naturally occurring alkaloids is a
widely accepted strategy. Evodiamine, a tryptamine indole alkaloid isolated from Evodia rutaecarpa,
has a wide range of biological activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, and anti-bacteria.
Hence, research on the structural modification of evodiamine will facilitate the discovery of
new antitumor drugs.

Objective:
The recent advances in the synthesis of evodiamine, and studies on the drug design, biological
activities, and structure-activity-relationships of its derivatives, published in patents and primary
literature, are reviewed in this paper.

Methods:
The literature, including patents and follow-up research papers from 2015 to 2020, related
to evodiamine is searched in the Scifinder, PubMed, Espacenet, China National Knowledge Infrastructure
(CNKI), and Wanfang databases. The keywords are evodiamine, synthesis, modification,
anticancer, mechanism.

Results:
The synthesis of evodiamine is summarized. Then, structural modifications of evodiamine
are described, and the possible modes of action are discussed.

Conclusion:
Evodiamine has a 6/5/6/6/6 ring system, and the structural modifications are focused
on rings A, D, E, C5, N-13, and N-14. Some compounds show promising anticancer potentials and
warrant further study.
Non-hepatic Hyperammonemia: A Potential Therapeutic Target for
Sepsis-associated Encephalopathy
Authors: Zhao Lina , Li Yun , Wang Yunying , Ge Zengzheng , Zhu Huadong , Zhou Xiuhua , Li Yi 
Published: December 2021

:
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common complication in the acute phase of
sepsis, and patients who develop SAE have a higher mortality rate, longer hospital stay, and worse
quality of life than other sepsis patients. Although the incidence of SAE is as high as 70% in sepsis
patients, no effective treatment is available for this condition. To develop an effective treatment for
SAE, it is vital to explore its pathogenesis. It is known that hyperammonemia is a possible factor in the
pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy as ammonia is a potent neurotoxin. Furthermore, our previous
studies indicate that non-hepatic hyperammonemia seems to occur more often in sepsis patients; it was
also found that >50% of sepsis patients with non-hepatic hyperammonemia exhibited encephalopathy
and delirium. Substatistical analyses indicate that non-hepatic hyperammonemia is an independent risk
factor for SAE. This study updates the definition, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of SAE; it also
investigates the possible treatment options available for non-hepatic hyperammonemia in patients with
sepsis, and the mechanisms by which non-hepatic hyperammonemia causes encephalopathy.
Biological and Clinical Implications of TNF-α Promoter and CYP1B1
Gene Variations in Coronary Artery Disease Susceptibility
Authors: Mir Rashid , Elfaki Imadeldin , Jha Chandan K. , Javid Jamsheed , Babakr Abdullatif T. , Banu Shaheena , Mir Mohammad M. , Jamwal Dheeraj , Khullar Naina , Alzahrani Khalid J , Chahal Sukh M.S. 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are important causes of death worldwide.
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder. It is the major cause of CVD and is manifested
by ischemic heart disease or coronary artery disease (CAD). TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine
that regulates immune response and promotes the development of atherosclerosis. Cytochrome
p450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substrates.

Objectives:
This study aimed at examining the association of TNF-α rs1800629 G>A and CYP1B1
rs1056827 G>T gene polymorphisms with CAD susceptibility in an Indian cohort.

Methods:
AS-PCR and direct DNA sequencing were used to examine the association of TNF-α
rs1800629 G >A and CYP1B1 rs1056827 G>T gene polymorphism with CAD in an Indian cohort.
A total of 100 clinically confirmed cases of CAD and 110 matched apparently healthy controls
were genotyped.

Results:
Allelic and genotypic frequencies did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in
the controls (p>0.05) for TNF-α G-308A and CYP1B1 rs1056827G>A. There was no significant
difference between the TNF-α rs1800629 A>G genotype distribution between cases and controls
(P-value >0.05). A significant difference was observed between the CYP1B1 rs1056827 G>T genotype
distribution between CAD cases and controls (p<0.0003). Our result indicated that in the codominant
model, the GA genotype of the CYP1B1 rs1056827 G>T was associated with CAD with
OR= 2.21(1.17 to 4.15), RR=1.38(1.07 to 1.78), and p<0.013. In the dominant model, the
(GA+AA) genotype was associated with CAD with OR=2.79(1.54 to 5.05) and p<0.007. The
CYP1B1 rs1056827 ‘A’ allele was associated with CAD with OR = 2.30 (1.55 to 3.42) and p<
0.0001. Our results indicated that TNF-α 1800629 gene polymorphism was strongly associated
with hypercholesteremia (p<0.0009), HDL (p<0.0001), TGL (p<0.039), hypertension (p<0.0001),
and smoking (p<0.0001) in patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Similar correlations of
CYP1B1 rs1056827 genotypes were reported with cholesterol (p<0.020), HDL (p<0.002), LDL
(p<0.006), hypertension (p<0.03), and smoking (p<0.005).

Conclusion:
It was reported that the GA genotype of the CYP1B1 rs1056827 G>T was strongly associated
with susceptibility to Coronary Artery Disease with OR= 2.21(1.17 to 4.15)) and p<0.013,
and similarly, its A allele was associated with predisposition to CAD with OR = 2.30 (1.55 to 3.42)
and p< 0.0001. Our results indicated that TNF-α 1800629 gene polymorphism is not associated
with predisposition to Coronary Artery Disease. Nevertheless, these results should be taken with
caution and further validated with larger-scale studies before being introduced in the clinical setting.
A Review of the Research on the Influencing Factors of Lubrication Performance
for Sliding Bearings
Authors: Yu Xiaodong , Zhan Shiwei , Huang Dianbin , Sun Fan , Wang Fakun , Han Fei , Zhao Yan 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Sliding bearing is a kind of bearing that works under sliding friction, which
has the characteristics of stable operation, safety and reliability, and is noiseless. With the technological
progress of the machinery industry, modern machinery and equipment is developing in the
direction of high speed and heavy load, its power is getting higher and higher, and the working environment
is getting worse, so plain bearings are more and more widely used.

Objective:
In order to improve the lubricating performance of sliding bearings, the influencing factors
of the lubricating performance of sliding bearings are summarized and commented on.

Methods:
The research progress and achievements at home and abroad are summarized from three
aspects: influencing factors of lubrication performance of radial sliding bearings, thrust sliding bearings,
and influencing factors of lubricating oil on lubrication performance of sliding bearings, which
provides reference for the future development of sliding bearings.

Results:
The study discusses the experimental method, simulation process, and experimental results
of the factors affecting the lubrication performance of sliding bearing.

Conclusion:
The texture, deformation, surface morphology of oil cavity, eccentric load, and flow
state of sliding bearings all affect the lubricating performance of sliding bearings, and lubricating oil
also affects the lubricating performance of sliding bearings.
Recent Patents on Mechanical Structure of 3D Printer
Authors: Xie Baocheng , Liu Shun , Gao Huaqiang , Zhang Tingliang 
Published: December 2021

Background:
3D printing technology is widely applied in transportation, industrial equipment, medical, aerospace, and civil industry due to its characteristics of material saving, no model manufacturing, and machinability of complex parts. The mechanical structure of 3D printer mainly includes 3D printer head structure and working platform and plays a major role in the machining efficiency and processing accuracy of the 3D printer. Thus, increasingly attention has been paid to the current trends of the mechanical structure of 3D printers.

Objective:
To meet the increasing requirements of 3D printing processing efficiency and precision, the mechanical structure of 3D printers, such as 3D print head structure and working platform, needs to be carefully studied, and a feasible mechanical structure of 3D printers should be proposed.

Methods:
This paper studies various representative patent related to the mechanical structure of 3D printer, analyzes the mechanical structure of 3D printer, and studies the perfect mechanical structure of 3D printer.

Results:
Through summarizing a lot of patents about the mechanical structure of 3D printers, the main current existing problems such as platform jitter and machining error are summarized and analyzed, a new mechanical structure of 3D printers is proposed. Moreover, the development tendency of the mechanical structure of 3D printers in the future is discussed.

Conclusion:
The optimization of the mechanical structure of 3D printer is conducive to increasing the machining efficiency and processing accuracy in the 3D printing process. More relevant patents about working platform and 3D printer head will be invented in the future
The Effectiveness and Safety of Calcium Carbonate Use in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Normophosphatemia
Authors: Nugroho Pringgodigdo , Marbun Maruhum B. H. , Yunita Bella , Astrella Cindy , Noor Chairina A. , Lydia Aida 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Patients with early and moderate stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have normal serum phosphate levels. Increased fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) levels in these patients are responsible for maintaining normophosphatemia status by increasing the excretion of phosphate through urine. However, an increased serum FGF23 level is related to cardiomegaly, vascular calcification, CKD progression, and mortality. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness and safety of calcium carbonate use in stage 3 or 4 CKD patients with normophosphatemia.

Methods:
This double-blind randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03550534) included stage 3 or 4 CKD patients with normophosphatemia who visited the nephrology or endocrinology clinic at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Forty-six subjects were randomized to receive either calcium carbonate or placebo over a 12-weeks period. Urine phosphate, serum phosphate, serum calcium, and serum intact FGF23 levels were measured before and after the intervention.

Results:
The baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar, except for the higher prevalence of dyslipidemia in the placebo group. The CaCO3 group had shown reduced levels of FGF23 compared to the placebo group, -8.03 vs. 0.15 pg/ml respectively (p = 0.019). The median level of FGF23 showed a significant decrease only in the CaCO3 group. An increase in eGFR and a slightly decrease in urine phosphate were observed in the CaCO3 group; however, the data was found to be statistically not significant. No significant changes were noted in the serum calcium levels in both groups.

Conclusion:
The administration of calcium carbonate has been shown to be effective and safe for moderate CKD patients with normophosphatemia due to its effect in lowering FGF23 levels without escalating the serum calcium level.
Formulations of sustained release matrix tablets of Furosemide using natural and synthetic polymers
Authors: Soni Shivani , Jain Vivek , Jain Sunil Kumar , Khangar Pushpendra Kumar 
Published: December 2021

The primary benefit of a sustained release dosage form compared to a conventional dosage form, is the consistent drug plasma concentration and consequently uniform therapeutic effect. Matrix system are preferential because of their ease, patient compliance etc, than traditional drug delivery which have several drawbacks like reiterated administration, variation in blood concentration level etc. The aim of the present research study was to develop and evaluate sustained release matrix tablets of furosemide using direct compression method using natural gummy and waxy materials (Xanthan gum, bees wax) and synthetic polymers (HPMC K4M). The matrix tablet formulations were prepared by using different drug: polymer ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3). All formulations were assessed using micromeritics studies of powder blend and diverse physicochemical tests. All the physicochemical characters of the formulated tablets were within acceptable limits. The release pattern of the drug was viewed over a period of 12 hours and determined the amount of drug by the UV-Visible spectroscopic method. Dissolution data demonstrated that the formulated tablets with Xanthan gum and hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC) provided sustained release of the drug up to 12 hrs. Therefore inexpensively it may be appropriate for the pharmaceutical industries to employ this kind of simple technologies for the expansion of advanced formulations. Hence, we conclude that the purpose of this study was to formulate a sustained release matrix tablet of furosemide using diverse polymers and their dissimilar proportions have been attained.
Keywords: Furosemide, Direct compression, Natural, Synthetic polymers, Sustained release tablets.
Formulation and evaluation of taste masked oral disintegrating tablets of lornoxicam
Authors: Rai Kritika , Jain Vivek , Jain Sunil Kumar , Khangar Pushpendra Kumar 
Published: December 2021

Orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) disintegrate quickly with saliva when administered into the oral cavity and taken without water or chewed. ODT are easy to take for children and the elderly, who may experience difficultly in taking ordinary oral preparations such as tablets, capsules, and powders. The ODT threes substantial benefits for the patient (or elder) who cannot swallow (Dysphagia), or who is not permitted water intake due to disease. The reason of the current research was to prepare taste masking oral disintegrating tablets of poorly soluble lornoxicam (LXM) by direct compression technique using Kyron T-114 (cation exchange resin) as a taste masking agent. With in various ratios the Drug-resin of 1:4 was established to present best taste masking. The superdisintegrants used in formulation are croscarmellose sodium and cross povidone. Among these croscarmellose sodium demonstrated superior drug release. The tablets were evaluated for friability, weight variation, wetting time, hardness, disintegration time and uniformity of content. Optimized formulations were evaluated for in vitro dissolution test. Amongst all the formulations F-6 was found to be most successful tablets prepared by this technique had disintegration time of 30sec and % CDR 94.78 within 30min. Hence, this advance can be utilized for taste masking of bitter pharmaceutical ingredients leading to superior patient compliance.
Keywords: Oral disintegration tablets, Lornoxicam, Kyron T-114, Superdisintegrants, Direct Compression.
Managing and Disclosing Environmental Risks: A Tale of Two Utilities
Authors: Youngman Julia Furr , Hess Megan F. , Cowins Elicia P. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
This case introduces students to the topic of contingent liabilities by examining the actual management decisions of two energy companies facing increased regulatory scrutiny over the environmental risks associated with coal ash. The case learning objectives include (1) researching and summarizing the guidance governing the recognition and disclosure of contingent liabilities; (2) critically assessing a company's decisions regarding the recognition and disclosure of environmental liabilities; (3) accounting for asset retirement obligations; and (4) articulating the ethical implications of a company's management and disclosure of environmental risks from the perspectives of various stakeholders. The case is designed for use in an intermediate accounting course at the undergraduate level. Students reported improvement in their knowledge and comprehension of contingent liabilities and their appreciation for the ethical implications of accounting decisions. Students also noted that they enjoyed discussing these issues in the context of real companies facing complex environmental challenges.
Test-Wiseness and Multiple-Choice Accounting Questions: Implications for Instructors
Authors: Bailey Charles D. , Briggs John W. , Irving James H. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
This study examines “test-wiseness” rules-of-thumb accounting students may use when they cannot answer a multiple-choice question. The effectiveness of rules (whether students comprehend and exploit them) is poorly understood, but they rely largely on flaws in question design. After identifying 11 relevant rules, we first utilize graduate research assistants in an experiment to test the rules' efficacy. Participants successfully use three rules to answer questions on unfamiliar material and are able to discriminate as to the rules' usefulness. To assess general familiarity with and belief in the rules, we survey undergraduate accounting majors at two universities. They demonstrate well-formed ideas of the relative usefulness, which are strongly correlated between universities and moderately correlated with the experimental participants' beliefs. The results illuminate issues that question writers should consider, to avoid vulnerability to test-wiseness or even turn the rules to their advantage when composing questions.
Wielokulturowość w dziełach Kolberga. Obecność wielu kultur i ideologia
Authors: Jasiewicz Zbigniew 
Published: December 2021

Oskar Kolberg (1814–1890) dokumentował folklor na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej. Opublikował zaswego życia 33 tomy „Ludu” i „Obrazów etnograficznych”; kilkadziesiąt kolejnych tomów monografii regionalnych opublikowano po jego śmierci z jego archiwum. Zawarte w nich zapisy terenowe, artykuły i korespondencja potwierdzają wielokulturowość badanego przez niego terenu. Potwierdzają także stosunek badacza do multikulturalizmu. Akceptował on zróżnicowanie kulturowe i traktował je jako cechę wielokulturowego i wieloetnicznego politycznego narodu polskiego. Materiały zarejestrowane przez Kolberga cenione są i wykorzystywane nie tylko przez badaczy polskich, lecz także ukraińskich. białoruskich i litewskich.
Use and Acceptability of Birth Spacing Contraceptive Among Multiparae in Bangladesh
Authors: Nahar Kamrun , Talha Taqbir Us Samad , Nessa Amitun , Putra I. Gusti Ngurah Edi , Ratan Zubair Ahmed , Hosseinzadeh Hassan 
Published: December 2021

Background: Contraception is one of the critical components of reproductive health, enabling women to control their fertility according to their desires and circumstances. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and acceptability of contraceptives among sexually active multiparous women for birth spacing.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study among married women aged 15-40 years having at least one child from January to June 2013 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ICMH (Institute of Child and Mother Health), Matuail, Dhaka.
Findings: A total of 433 women participated in this study. A majority of the respondents were in the mid-thirty (73.9%) and housewives (94.7%). Almost half (49.0%) of the respondents had primary education. Surprisingly, close to half of the respondents married before 18 years (42.7%). Almost two-thirds (64.4%) of the respondents received oral contraceptive pills previously, followed by condoms (17.1%) and injectable contraception (14.5%). More than half (51.6%) of the participants were motivated by health workers to use a contraceptive method. In terms of reasons for using the family planning methods, convenience to use (38.1%), being safe (31.9%), and accessibility (23.1%) were the most common reasons. Whereas side effects (49.9%), shifting to other forms (43.9%), and wanting more children (6.2%) were the most common reason for changing family planning methods. The respondents mostly used the oral pill at any education level. However, injectable contraception was higher within higher education levels, and IUD was higher within the illiterate group.
Immunoreactivity against Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Assessed by the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test in Patients with Intrinsic Atopic Dermatitis and Correlated “Intrinsic” Non–IgE-mediated Allergic Conditions
Authors: Olivier Celso Eduardo , Pinto Daiana G. , Teixeira Ana P. M. , Santana Jhéssica L. S. , Santos Raquel A. P. G. , Lima Regiane P. S. 
Published: December 2021

Background: Due to the lack of standardized laboratory procedures able to demonstrate specific immune responses against the culprit allergens, the non—IgE-mediated allergy syndromes are a group of conditions diagnosed mostly by clinical examination and exclusion criteria.
Objective: To evaluate the opportunity of the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test (LAIT) to discriminate specific immunoreactivity against Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) in a group of patients with non–IgE-mediated chronic allergic conditions.
Methods: Ex vivo challenge tests performed with Dp were monitored by LAIT in patients presenting diverse non–IgE-mediated allergic conditions: intrinsic Atopic Dermatitis (iAD), intrinsic Allergic Rhinitis (iAR), intrinsic Ocular Allergy (iOA), intrinsic Chronic Pharyngitis (iCP), and intrinsic Asthma (iAS).
Results: The mean LAI of the control group was 7%; the mean LAI of the iAR group was 34%; the mean LAI of the iCP group was 44%; the mean LAI of the iAS group was 45%; the mean LAI of the iOA group was 47%; the mean LAI of the iAD group was 55%. The non-parametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test comparing the control group with each other group showed significance with p-value < α = 0.05 for all groups.
Conclusion: The Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test is an easy, quick, and inexpensive ex vivo immunoassay with the potential to predict individual immunoreactivity against HDM allergens in real-world patients with non–IgE-mediated allergies.