bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting IDH1/2 mutant cancers with combinations of ATR and PARP inhibitors
Authors: Sule Amrita , Van Doorn Jinny , Sundaram Ranjini K , Ganesa Sachita , Vasquez Juan C , Bindra Ranjit S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 and -2 (IDH1/2) genes were first identified in glioma and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and subsequently found in multiple other tumor types. These neomorphic mutations convert the normal product of enzyme, α-ketoglutarate (αKG), to the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). Our group recently demonstrated that 2HG suppresses the high-fidelity homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway, resulting in a state referred to as ‘BRCAness’, which confers exquisite sensitivity to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. In this study, we sought to elucidate sensitivity of IDH1/2-mutant cells to DNA damage response (DDR) inhibitors and, whether combination therapies could enhance described synthetic lethal interactions. Here, we report that ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein kinase) inhibitors are active against IDH1/2-mutant cells, and that this activity is further potentiated in combination with PARP inhibitors. We demonstrate this interaction across multiple cell line models with engineered and endogenous IDH1/2 mutations, with robust anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we found ATR and PARP inhibitor treatment induces premature mitotic entry, which is significantly elevated in the setting of IDH1/2-mutations. These data highlight the potential efficacy of targeting HR defects in IDH1/2-mutant cancers and support the development of this combination in future clinical trials.
Unification of BL Lac objects and FR I and FR II(G) radio galaxies, and Doppler factor estimation for BL Lac objects
Authors: Ye Xu-Hong , Fan Jun-Hui 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this work, we collected a sample of BL Lacs and FR I and FR II(G) radio galaxies with available core and extended emissions from published works to discuss the unified schemes and estimate the Doppler factor for BL Lacs. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test and a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test both suggest that the probabilities of the distribution of the extended luminosity of BL Lacs and that of FR I and FR II(G) radio galaxies being from the same parent distribution are pWRS = 0.779 and pK-S = 0.326, suggesting they are unified. Based on this unified scheme, we propose to estimate the Doppler factors for BL Lacs. Comparing the Doppler factor estimated by the fitting/regression method with those for the common sources in the literature, we found a good linear correlation for common sources.
Long-term multiband correlation study and spectral energy distribution modeling of blazar 3C 454.3
Authors: Zhou Bing , Dai Benzhong , Yang Jianping 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We analyzed the multiband and long-term light curves of blazar 3C 454.3 over a time span of more than 10 yr. The discrete correlation functions (DCFs) between the γ-rays (Fermi-LAT) and the U and V bands (Swift) show simultaneous variations above the 99% confidence level. The DCFs between the X-ray band and the ultraviolet/U bands (Swift-UVW2, Swift-UVW1) are correlated over the 95% confidence level, with the X-ray variations leading by 98 d. The observed X-ray emission might not come from the same region as the γ-rays. For the studied time range, we identify four flare states and one quiescent state in the γ-ray light curve. With a synchrotron self-Compton + external Compton (EC) model, the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the five quasi-simultaneous observed states are modeled to discuss the underlying reasons for the flares. The EC soft photons could originate from the broad-line region (BLR) rather than from the dusty torus for the quiescent and four activity states. This indicates that the γ-ray radiation area may be located inside the BLR. From the quiescent state to the flare states, the fitting results show that N0, γmax, γbr, and δ increase, while B and R decrease. The reproduction of the SEDs implies that the increase in the bulk Lorentz factor and the emitted electron power might be the primary reason for the γ-ray flares.
Use of optical imaging datasets to assess biogeochemical contributions of the mesozooplankton
Authors: Maas Amy E , Gossner Hannah , Smith Maisie J , Blanco-Bercial Leocadio 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The increasing use of image-based observing systems in marine ecosystems allows for more quantitative analysis of the ecological zonation of zooplankton. Developing methods that take advantage of these systems can provide an increasingly nuanced understanding of how morphometric characteristics (especially size) are related to distribution, abundance and ecosystem function via a wider application of allometric calculations of biogeochemical fluxes. Using MOCNESS sampling of zooplankton near the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series and a ZooSCAN/EcoTaxa pipeline, we apply a new taxonomically resolved biomass to biovolume dataset and a suite of R scripts that provide information about the relationships between zooplankter size, taxonomy, distribution, depth of migration, magnitude of migration and biogeochemical contributions (e.g. respiratory O2 consumption). The analysis pipeline provides a framework for quantitatively comparing and testing hypotheses about the distribution, migration patterns and biogeochemical impacts of mesozooplankton. Specifically, our code helps to visualize a size-based structure in the extent of vertical migration and allow for a quantification of the relative importance of non-migratory versus migratory organisms of various size classes. It additionally allows us to quantify the error associated with various methods of calculating active flux, with size-based analysis being the most important methodological choice, and taxonomic identification being the least.
Would Eliminating Racial Disparities in Motor Vehicle Searches have Efficiency Costs?
Authors: Feigenberg Benjamin , Miller Conrad 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
During traffic stops, police search black and Hispanic motorists more than twice as often as white motorists, yet those searches are no more likely to yield contraband. We ask whether equalizing search rates by motorist race would reduce contraband yield. We use unique administrative data from Texas to isolate variation in search behavior across and within highway patrol troopers and find that search rates are unrelated to the proportion of searches that yield contraband. We find that troopers can equalize search rates across racial groups, maintain the status quo search rate, and increase contraband yield. Troopers appear to be limited in their ability to discern between motorists who are more or less likely to carry contraband.
The Social and Institutional Contexts Underlying Landlords’ Eviction Practices
Authors: Gomory Henry 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article examines how and why landlords vary in their uses of eviction filings. Drawing on over four million property tax records, business filings, and court-ordered eviction documents over fifteen years in Boston, Massachusetts, I show that large landlords file evictions at two to three times the rates of small landlords, and this disparity is not driven by the characteristics of the tenants they rent to. Not only do large landlords file more often, but also over less money owed and more often as a rent collection strategy. Drawing on analyses of the interpersonal conflict during eviction and a range of landlord characteristics, I show that these divergent eviction practices derive from the disparate social and institutional contexts within which landlords make eviction decisions. For small landlords, organizational informality and personal relationships with tenants make eviction a morally fraught decision, while for large landlords, formal decision-making and arms-length relationships with tenants make eviction a routine business practice. By showing both how and why landlords use evictions differently, this article contributes to the sociological understanding of residential instability and of landlord behavior.
Are free workplace health promotion apps adequately mapped with behavior change theories, techniques and desired features? A content analysis
Authors: Chandrasekaran Baskaran , Kundapur Poornima P , Rao Chythra R 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Free smartphone applications that aim to promote physical activity or reduce sedentary behavior at workplaces were questioned for its content such as technical features, behavior change techniques (BCT) and security concerns. To evaluate systematically whether smartphone apps are mapped adequately with BCTs and security concerns. Free apps in Google Play store were searched and coded for BCTs systematically in July 2020. Two reviewers independently coded apps that aimed to promote physical activity (n = 18) and reduce sedentary behavior (n = 16) using a taxonomy of 26 BCTs. BCTs, features and security concerns among apps promoting physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior were analyzed. While the features (social support, gamification, or rewards) help increase physical activity and decrease sedentary behavior, the apps do not typically include the above features. Further, the apps were based on an average of 13 (4–21) BCTs. The BCTs coded most frequently were “self-monitoring” (100%), “general encouragement” (97%), and “goal setting” (n = 94%). No significant relation between user rating and BCTs was found in the apps. Majority of the free apps that aimed to increase physical activity or reduce sedentary behavior at workplaces were not adequately based on BCTs and lacked essential features facilitating long term behavior compliance at workplaces. Hence, there is a need to develop newer applications mapped adequately with BCTs, involving the collaborative work of behavioral scientists, app developers and policymakers. Clinical Trial Registry of India CTRI/2020/03/024138.
Sedentary behavior moderates the relationship between physical activity and cardiometabolic risk in young Latino children
Authors: Malik Jamil A , Coto Jennifer , Pulgaron Elizabeth R , Daigre Amber , Sanchez Janine E , Goldberg Ronald B , Wilson Dawn K , Delamater Alan M 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the role of objectively measured moderate–vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior on cardiometabolic risk factors of young Latino children. We hypothesized that MVPA would be associated with lower cardiometabolic risk when sedentary behavior is low. We studied 86 primarily low-income, Latino children using a cross-sectional study design. The study sample consisted of 51 girls and 35 boys, with mean age 5.6 (SD = .53) years. Physical activity was measured by accelerometry, anthropometric measures obtained, and fasting blood samples were used to measure cardiometabolic risk factors. Greater levels of sedentary behavior were associated with increased waist circumference (rs = .24, p &lt; .05) and metabolic risks. MVPA, however, had significant beneficial associations with all cardiometabolic risk factors (rs-range = −.20 to −.45, p &lt; .05) with the exception of plasma insulin. MVPA predicted latent variables representing anthropometric risk (β = −.57, p &lt; .01), cardiac risk (β = −.74, p &lt; .01), and metabolic risk (β = −.88, p &lt; .01). Sedentary behavior significantly moderated the effect of MVPA on anthropometric (β-interaction = .49, p &lt; .01), cardiac (β-interaction = .45, p &lt; .01), and metabolic risk (β-interaction = .77, p &lt; .01), such that more MVPA was associated with better health outcomes under conditions of lower sedentary behavior. The model explained 13%, 22%, and 45% variance in anthropometric, cardiac, and metabolic risk factors, respectively. Increased MVPA is associated with decreased cardiometabolic risk in young Latino children, particularly when sedentary behavior is low.
Critical Evaluation of Low-Molecular Weight Respiratory Sensitizers and Their Protein Reactivity Potential Toward Lysine Residues
Authors: Krutz Nora L , Kimber Ian , Ryan Cindy A , Kern Petra S , Gerberick G Frank 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInterest in the development of methods to evaluate the respiratory sensitization potential of low-molecular weight chemicals continues, but no method has yet been generally accepted or validated. A lack of chemical reference standards, together with uncertainty regarding relevant immunological mechanisms, has hampered method development. The first key event in the development of either skin or respiratory sensitization is the formation of stable adducts of the chemical with host proteins. This event is measured in the Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay using cysteine- and lysine-containing model peptides. It is hypothesized that protein reactivity and subsequent adduct formation may represent the earliest point of divergence in the pathways leading to either skin or respiratory sensitization. Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay data for 200 chemicals were compiled and grouped into respiratory, skin and nonsensitizers. Chemicals grouping was based on extensive literature research and expert judgment. To evaluate if chemical groups represent different peptide reactivity profiles, peptide reactivity data were clustered and compared with information on protein binding mechanisms and chemical categories available via the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Toolbox. Respiratory sensitizers (n = 15) showed a significant (3-fold) higher lysine reactivity than skin sensitizers (n = 129). However, this difference was driven largely by the high representation of acid anhydrides among the respiratory sensitizers that showed clear lysine selectivity. Collectively, these data suggest that preferential reactivity for either cysteine or lysine is associated primarily with chemical structure, and that lysine preference is not a unifying characteristic of chemical respiratory allergens.
An assessment of the reported impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on leprosy services using an online survey of practitioners in leprosy referral centres
Authors: de Barros Barbara , Lambert Saba M , Negera Edessa , de Arquer Guillermo Robert , Sales Anna M , Darlong Joydeepa , Dias Vivianne L A , Rozario Benjamin Jewel , Pai Vivek V , Alinda Medhi Denisa , Listiawan M Yulianto , Hagge Deanna A , Shah Mahesh , Lockwood Diana N J , Walker Stephen L 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to governments implementing a variety of public health measures to control transmission and has affected health services. Leprosy is a communicable neglected tropical disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and is an important health problem in low- and middle-income countries. The natural history of leprosy means that affected individuals need long-term follow-up. The measures recommended to reduce transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can create barriers to health services. We evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic response on leprosy services and disease management.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional online survey with healthcare professionals in leprosy referral centres.ResultsEighty percent of leprosy diagnostic services were reduced. All respondents reported that multidrug therapy (MDT) was available but two reported a reduced stock. Clinicians used alternative strategies such as telephone consultations to maintain contact with patients. However, patients were not able to travel to the referral centres.DiscussionThis study highlights the effects of the initial phase of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on leprosy services in a range of leprosy-endemic countries. Many services remained open, providing leprosy diagnosis, MDT and leprosy reaction medications. Centres developed innovative measures to counter the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Bacillus subtilis GB519 Promotes Rice Growth and Reduces the Damages Caused by Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Zhu Feng , Wang Jichun , Jia Yulin , Tian Chengli , Zhao Di , Wu Xian , Liu Yanni , Wang Dongyuan , Qi Shanyan , Liu Xiaomei , Li Li , Jiang Zhaoyuan , Li Yushi 
Published: May 2021

Rice blast disease caused by fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae) is one of the most damaging diseases of rice, reducing plant production worldwide. In the present study, Bacillus subtilis strain GB519 was identified from the rhizosphere based on predicted signatures of 16S ribosomal DNA and gyrA gene and morphological, biochemical, and physiological characteristics. Treated with B. subtilis GB519, rice plants exhibited increased germination rate, vigor index, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, and root fresh weight coupled with more production of indole acetic acid, organic phosphorus, and inorganic phosphorus. In culture, GB519 inhibited growth of the following rice fungal pathogens (in order from most effective to least effective): M. oryzae, Ustilaginoidea virens, Fusarium graminearum, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, and Rhizoctonia solani. Three years of studies showed that, when rice was sprayed with GB519, there were significant reductions in rice blast incidence in both the greenhouse and fields: 70.3 and 62.1% in 2017, 69.9 and 71.6% in 2018, and 75.1 and 75.6% in 2019, respectively. Such reductions were correlated with accumulated hydrolytic enzymes, including amylases, proteases, chitinase, and lipases, and the defense enzyme activity of the total antioxidant capacity, catalase, and superoxide dismutase in rice. Field experiments showed that the biocontrol efficacy of GB519 was similar to that of other biological and chemical fungicides. Our results indicate that B. subtilis strain GB519 promoted plant growth and reduced blast disease and suggest that this strain has potential to be used as a biological control agent against rice blast. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Comparison of Balanced Crystalloid Solutions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Curran Jeffrey D. , Major Paityn , Tang Kent , Bagshaw Sean M. , Dionne Joanna C. , Menon Kusum , Rochwerg Bram 
Published: May 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To summarize the evidence comparing various balanced crystalloid solutions.

DATA SOURCES:
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PUBMED, and CENTRAL databases.

STUDY SELECTION:
We included randomized controlled trials that directly compared the IV administration of one balanced crystalloid solution with another.

DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS:
We examined metabolic and patient-important outcomes and conducted meta-analysis using random effects model. For comparisons or outcomes with insufficient data to allow for pooling, we describe results narratively. We assessed risk of bias for individual trials using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and certainty of evidence using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations methodology.

DATA SYNTHESIS:
We included 24 randomized controlled trials comparing Plasmalyte, Ringer’s Lactate, Ringerfundin, Hartmann’s solution, Ringer’s Bicarbonate, Sterofundin, Kabilyte, Normosol, and novel balanced solutions. Of the included studies, 16 were performed in the perioperative setting, six in the ICU, one in the emergency department, and one in healthy volunteers. Administration of Plasmalyte resulted in a lower postinfusion serum chloride concentration (mean difference, 0.83 mmol/L lower; 95% CI, 0.03–1.64 mmol/L lower, low certainty), higher postinfusion base excess (mean difference, 0.65 mmol/L higher, 95% CI, 0.25–1.05 mmol/L higher, low certainty), and lower postinfusion serum lactate levels (mean difference, 0.46 mmol/L lower; 95% CI, 0.05–0.87 mmol/L lower, low certainty) compared with administration of any other balanced crystalloid. There were no important differences in postinfusion serum pH or potassium when comparing Plasmalyte with other balanced crystalloids. Data addressing other comparisons or examining the impact of different balanced crystalloids on patient-important outcomes were sparsely reported and too heterogeneous to allow for pooling.

CONCLUSIONS:
Administration of Plasmalyte results in lower serum concentrations of chloride and lactate, and higher base excess than other balanced crystalloids. The certainty of evidence is low and requires further study in large randomized controlled trials to inform the choice of balanced crystalloid in patients requiring volume replacement.
A High Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio Is Associated With Increased Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: King Alexander H. , Mehkri Omar , Rajendram Prabalini , Wang Xiaofeng , Vachharajani Vidula , Duggal Abhijit 
Published: May 2021

Objectives:
The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio is an inexpensive and simple inflammatory marker. A higher ratio, indicative of an acute hyperinflammatory response or diminished overall physiologic health status, has been associated with poor prognoses. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic potential of admission neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in patients admitted to the medical ICU with coronavirus disease 2019.

Design:
Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.

Setting:
Medical ICU from a large medical center.

Patients:
2,071 consecutive patients admitted to the medical ICU with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 between March 15, 2020, and December 30, 2020, were grouped by neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio above or below the median (7.45) at the time of hospital admission.

Interventions:
Complete blood count with differential at the time of hospital admission.

Measurements and Main Results:
A neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio above 7.45 at the time of hospital admission was associated with increased need for mechanical ventilation (45.8% vs 38.0%, p < 0.0001), vasopressor therapy (55.6% vs 48.2%, p = 0.001), and decreased survival through 180 days (54.8% vs 67.0%, p < 0.0001). Patients with a high neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio exhibited a 1.32 (95% CI, 1.14–1.54) times greater risk of mortality than those with a low neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio.

Conclusions:
The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio at the time of hospital admission is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality. This prognostic indicator may assist clinicians appropriately identify patients at heightened risk for a severe disease course and tailor treatment accordingly.
Predictors of Social Distancing and Mask-Wearing Behavior: Panel Survey in Seven U.S. States
Authors: Nikolov Plamen , Pape Andreas , Tonguc Ozlem , Williams Charlotte 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper presents preliminary summary results from a longitudinal study of participants in seven U.S. states during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to standard socio-economic characteristics, we collect data on various economic preference parameters: time, risk, and social preferences, and risk perception biases. We pay special attention to predictors that are both important drivers of social distancing and are potentially malleable and susceptible to policy levers. We note three important findings: (1) demographic characteristics exert the largest influence on social distancing measures and mask-wearing, (2) we show that individual risk perception and cognitive biases exert a critical role in influencing the decision to adopt social distancing measures, (3) we identify important demographic groups that are most susceptible to changing their social distancing behaviors. These findings can help inform the design of policy interventions regarding targeting specific demographic groups, which can help reduce the transmission speed of the COVID-19 virus. (JEL I11, I12, I18, D81, D91, D62, D64)