bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aiding the cleaning of four 19th-century Tsimshian house posts: investigation of museum-applied surface coatings and original polychromy
Authors: Pozzi Federica , Basso Elena , Alderson Samantha , Levinson Judith , Neiman Madeleine , Alcalá Soraya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The collection of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, includes a set of four elaborately painted 19th-century Tsimshian house posts that have been on continuous open display for more than a century. Over time, these objects have accumulated surface grime, and several coating layers applied in undocumented past restoration campaigns, some of which have yellowed with age. The combination of heavy soiling and multiple coatings has obscured the underlying polychromy, shifting the colors of the wood and paints, and yielding improper surface appearances. Further, some of the coatings appeared to have sunk into the media-lean paints, complicating removal. Questions regarding the number, types, and timing of coating applications, as well as the nature of some of the paint below, set the stage for an in-depth technical study aiming to inform the conservation treatment of these poles being undertaken in connection with the renovation of the Northwest Coast Hall at the museum. Microscopic examination of numerous cross sections removed from the four house posts under polarized and ultraviolet (UV) illumination shed light on the number of coating layers present in selected areas and their location in relation to the overall stratigraphy. Micro-invasive analysis of samples relied on a combination of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques, including transmission Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection (ATR)-FTIR spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), aiming to determine the exact chemical composition of the coatings. Portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF), FTIR, Raman, and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (SEM/EDS) provided insight into the color palette used, with a focus on green paints. Investigation of the coatings revealed the application of multiple layers, including cellulose nitrate and localized areas of polyvinyl acetal. Analysis of the paint identified a limited range of inorganic pigments and, additionally, assisted in tackling issues that arose during the cleaning of specific colored areas. Results from this technical study helped address outstanding questions regarding this group of historical Tsimshian house posts, informing the development of a suitable treatment tailored to the safe removal or reduction of surface coatings and grime, ultimately improving the legibility of the design and colors.
A highly sensitive fluorescent probe for ozone based on coumarin-benzothiazole derivative
Authors: Chen Kangni , Li Yanbo , Shang Jinyan , Zhao Chao , Li Heping 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOzone is widely used in daily life, but studies have shown that O3 can damage human trachea and lungs, leading to diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and bronchitis. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a simple and efficient detection method for monitoring O3 in living cells. In this study, 3-(but-3-en-1-yl)-2-(7-(but-3-en-1-yloxy)-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-3-ium (BCT) as a new type of water-soluble fluorescent probe was synthesized by substitution reaction of 4-bromo-1-butene and hydroxycoumarin-benzothiazole derivatives, which can specifically detect ozone in aqueous solution. The interaction of ozone on the probe can be completed within 20 min, the fluorescence intensity is significantly enhanced, and it has the advantages of high sensitivity (detection limit LOD = 43 nM). The influence of pH on the fluorescent performance of BCT shows that the probe with super stability under weak alkali and acidic environment, which provides the necessary conditions for its detection of ozone in physiological system detection. Therefore, BCT is expected to become an effective tool for detecting ozone in cellular organisms.
Microscopic evidence of strong interactions between chemical vapor deposited 2D MoS2 film and SiO2 growth template
Authors: Sohn Woonbae , Kwon Ki Chang , Suh Jun Min , Lee Tae Hyung , Roh Kwang Chul , Jang Ho Won 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTwo-dimensional MoS2 film can grow on oxide substrates including Al2O3 and SiO2. However, it cannot grow usually on non-oxide substrates such as a bare Si wafer using chemical vapor deposition. To address this issue, we prepared as-synthesized and transferred MoS2 (AS-MoS2 and TR-MoS2) films on SiO2/Si substrates and studied the effect of the SiO2 layer on the atomic and electronic structure of the MoS2 films using spherical aberration-corrected scanning transition electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). The interlayer distance between MoS2 layers film showed a change at the AS-MoS2/SiO2 interface, which is attributed to the formation of S–O chemical bonding at the interface, whereas the TR-MoS2/SiO2 interface showed only van der Waals interactions. Through STEM and EELS studies, we confirmed that there exists a bonding state in addition to the van der Waals force, which is the dominant interaction between MoS2 and SiO2. The formation of S–O bonding at the AS-MoS2/SiO2 interface layer suggests that the sulfur atoms at the termination layer in the MoS2 films are bonded to the oxygen atoms of the SiO2 layer during chemical vapor deposition. Our results indicate that the S–O bonding feature promotes the growth of MoS2 thin films on oxide growth templates.
Ultrasound features of medullary thyroid cancer as predictors of biological behavior
Authors: Zhao Jingzhu , Zheng Xiangqian , Gao Ming , Zhang Sheng , Yun Xinwei , Chi Jiadong , Xu Guangwei 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) has more aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. Ultrasound (US) has facilitated the qualitative diagnosis of thyroid nodules, however, some MTC may be diagnosed as a benign nodule on ultrasound because ultrasound features of malignancy are lacking. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between ultrasound features and biological behavior of MTC.

Methods
Ultrasound findings and medical records of patients with MTC between Jan 2015 to Jun 2017 were retrospectively reviewed at Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital. MTC were categorized using modified TI-RADS classification, then were classified as “malignant” (m-MTC) or “US-low-suspicious” (l-MTC). We compared the biological behavior between the two groups, and further analyzed the risk factors for the recurrence.

Results
A total of 78 patients were enrolled, of which 55 m-MTC (70.5%) and 23 l-MTC (29.5%) were identified. The N staging of the m-MTC was significantly higher than that of l-MTC(P = 0.000). The preoperative serum Ct level in m-MTC were significantly higher than that of l-MTC(P = 0.035). Biochemical cure were more frequent in l-MTC than that of m-MTC (P = 0.002). Disease recurrence rates were 19.7% (14 of 71). Disease recurrence was more frequent in m-MTC than that of l-MTC (P = 0.013). Disease recurrence was positively associated with extrathyroid extension (P = 0.047), N staging (P = 0.003), preoperative serum Ct level (P = 0.009) and negatively associated with biochemical cure(P = 0.000). In multivariable Cox regression analysis, extrathyroid extension and biochemical cure were independent risk factors for recurrence of MTC.

Conclusions
L-MTC has a more indolent character than m-MTC. The extrathyroid extension and biochemical cure were independent risk factors for recurrence of MTC.
The validation of a Japanese language version of the postoperative quality of recovery scale: a prospective observational study
Authors: Yamashita Koki , Boggett Stuart , Kodama Yoshifumi , Tsuneyoshi Isao , Royse Colin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The Postoperative Quality of Recovery Scale (PostopQRS) is a survey-based tool that measures quality of the postoperative recovery in multiple domains over multiple time periods. The purpose of this study is to validate the Japanese version of the PostopQRS.

Methods
A prospective observational study using bilingual healthy volunteers was conducted in Australia to assess equivalence of the test values between the two languages. To assess the feasibility and discriminant validity of the PostopQRS in a Japanese population, an observational study was conducted on patients undergoing ear-nose-throat and orthopedic surgery in Japan, with measurements performed prior to surgery, 2 h, and 1, 3, and 7 days following surgery. The survey was conducted face-to-face while in hospital and via the telephone following discharge.

Results
Sixty-eight volunteers participated in the validation study. The scores in the Japanese version were similar to the English version in all domains at all timepoints. In the cognitive domain, there were no differences between the Japanese and English versions for word recall and word generation tasks. For digits forwards and digits backwards the values were skewed to the maximal value, and although significantly different, the absolute difference was <10% at all timepoints between English and Japanese versions. Fifty-one patients, ear-nose-throat (n=22) and orthopedic (n=29), were included in the clinical study. Orthopedic patients had a significantly worse recovery profile over time in overall recovery (p<0.01), physiological (p=0.02), nociceptive (p=0.03), and activities of daily living (ADL, p<0.01) domains, but was not different for emotive (p=0.30) or cognitive domains (p=0.10).

Conclusion
The Japanese version of the PostopQRS is similar to the English version and was able to discriminate recovery between different surgery disciplines.

Trial registration
UMIN, UMIN000033268, Registered 6 August 2018.
Triple combination therapy with telmisartan, amlodipine, and hydrochlorothiazide ameliorates albuminuria in a normotensive rat remnant kidney model
Authors: Ito Sakuya , Nakayama Yosuke , Kodama Goh , Ota Kanji , Taguchi Kensei , Kaida Yusuke , Yamagishi Sho-ichi , Fukami Kei 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Some types of antihypertensive drugs may have pleiotropic effects in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, whether triple combination therapy with angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers (CCBs), and thiazide diuretics (TZD) confer renoprotective effects in normotensive CKD remains unknown. Thus, we explored this issue using a normotensive rat remnant kidney model.

Methods
Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups: sham (n = 10), 5/6 nephrectomy (NTx) (n = 9), NTx treated with telmisartan and amlodipine (dual) (n = 8), and NTx treated with telmisartan, amlodipine, and hydrochlorothiazide (triple) (n = 7), and followed for 4 weeks. Blood pressure (BP), blood chemistry including renal function, urinary albumin excretion (UAE), and renal pathology were evaluated in all groups.

Results
There was no significant change in systolic BP among the four groups during the study period. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was significantly higher, and 24-h creatinine clearance (Ccr) was lower in all NTx groups (p < 0.001). Dual therapy further increased the glomerular diameter in NTx rats (p < 0.001), which was significantly ameliorated by triple therapy (p < 0.001). Triple therapy, but not dual therapy, significantly reduced NTx-induced UAE levels (p < 0.05), whereas BUN, 24-h Ccr, and tubulointerstitial injury scores were comparable among all the NTx groups.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that triple combination therapy with telmisartan, amlodipine, and hydrochlorothiazide could ameliorate glomerular hypertrophy and albuminuria in normotensive CKD rats in a BP-lowering independent manner.
Real-time prediction of short-timescale fluctuations in cognitive workload
Authors: Boehm Udo , Matzke Dora , Gretton Matthew , Castro Spencer , Cooper Joel , Skinner Michael , Strayer David , Heathcote Andrew 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHuman operators often experience large fluctuations in cognitive workload over seconds timescales that can lead to sub-optimal performance, ranging from overload to neglect. Adaptive automation could potentially address this issue, but to do so it needs to be aware of real-time changes in operators’ spare cognitive capacity, so it can provide help in times of peak demand and take advantage of troughs to elicit operator engagement. However, it is unclear whether rapid changes in task demands are reflected in similarly rapid fluctuations in spare capacity, and if so what aspects of responses to those demands are predictive of the current level of spare capacity. We used the ISO standard detection response task (DRT) to measure cognitive workload approximately every 4 s in a demanding task requiring monitoring and refueling of a fleet of simulated unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). We showed that the DRT provided a valid measure that can detect differences in workload due to changes in the number of UAVs. We used cross-validation to assess whether measures related to task performance immediately preceding the DRT could predict detection performance as a proxy for cognitive workload. Although the simple occurrence of task events had weak predictive ability, composite measures that tapped operators’ situational awareness with respect to fuel levels were much more effective. We conclude that cognitive workload does vary rapidly as a function of recent task events, and that real-time predictive models of operators’ cognitive workload provide a potential avenue for automation to adapt without an ongoing need for intrusive workload measurements.
Breast cancer: comparison of quantitative dual-layer spectral CT and axillary ultrasonography for preoperative diagnosis of metastatic axillary lymph nodes
Authors: Buus Thomas Winther , Sandahl Mads , Thorup Kennet Sønderstgaard , Rasmussen Finn , Redsted Søren , Christiansen Peer , Jensen Anders Bonde , Pedersen Erik Morre 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Our aim was to compare the diagnostic performance of quantitative dual-layer spectral computed tomography (DLSCT) and axillary ultrasound (US) for diagnosing lymph node metastases in breast cancer patients.

Methods
DLSCT and axillary US were prospectively performed in 70 needle biopsy-verified breast cancer patients. Histopathology and imaging data were available for evaluation in 36 axillae from 34 patients. In each patient, ipsilateral, contralateral, and inguinal lymph nodes (LNs) were semiautomatically segmented, and iodine density, spectral slope, Z effective, virtual non-contrast (VNC), conventional CT HU values, and Δ contrast enhancement (ΔCE, conventional CT HU minus VNC) were measured. Using histopathology as reference, the diagnostic performance of DLSCT and axillary US was compared.

Results
Of 36 axillae, 23 had metastatic lymph nodes. Compared with non-metastatic LNs, metastatic LNs had significantly different iodine density (p = 0.021), spectral slope (p < 0.001), Z effective (p < 0.001), conventional CT HU values (p < 0.01), and ΔCE (p < 0.01). All DLSCT parameters were significantly different between arterial phase and portal-venous phase (p < 0.001) except for VNC (p = 0.092). ΔCE had the highest diagnostic performance (sensitivity 0.79, specificity 0.92, positive predictive value 0.95, negative predictive value 0.69) with a significantly increased sensitivity compared with conventional CT HU (p = 0.027). There were no significant differences between ΔCE and axillary US for sensitivity (p = 1.000) or specificity (p = 0.320).

Conclusions
DLSCT is a promising quantitative technique for evaluating LN metastases and could potentially reduce the need for sentinel LN biopsy.
Thoracic spinal anesthesia for cesarean section in severe pre-eclampsia: exploring a new dimension
Authors: Chauhan Rajeev , Sabharwal Pranshuta , Sarna Rashi , Meena Shyamcharan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Severe pre-eclampsia poses a dilemma for the anesthesiologist especially in emergency situations where cesarean deliveries are done for the un-investigated or partially investigated parturient. Hemodynamic stability is the major goal of anesthetic management of these patients. Thoracic spinal anesthesia has been successfully given for various surgeries like breast cancer and abdominal cancer but not for cesarean section.

Case presentation
We report a case of a 35-year-old at 33+5-week period of gestation with severe pre-eclampsia and bullous lesions managed successfully with segmental thoracic spinal anesthesia. General anesthesia in this patient could have been risky as the patient was not fasting; airway bullous lesions could not be ruled out and Mallampati grade was III on airway examination. Presence of lesions in lumbar region precluded the lumbar spinal technique. The technique was associated with an adequate level of the sensory block during lower segment cesarean section, a high degree of hemodynamic stability, and a high patient satisfaction

Conclusion
Segmental thoracic spinal anesthesia can be used successfully and effectively for lower segment cesarean section by experienced anesthetists. Further studies are warranted to compare its effect, especially on hemodynamics with known techniques.
Antioxidant activities of spray-dried carotenoids using maltodextrin-Arabic gum as wall materials
Authors: González-Peña Marco Antonio , Lozada-Ramírez José Daniel , Ortega-Regules Ana Eugenia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Carotenoids are natural pigments that are highly sensitive to light, heat, acids, oxygen, metals, and free radicals, which degrade the antioxidant activities of carotenoids. Microencapsulation techniques have been used to prevent carotenoid degradation and preserve their antioxidant activities. In this work, we aimed to encapsulate mamey (Pouteria sapota) and carrot (Daucus carota) carotenoids in mixtures of maltodextrin (10% w/v) and Arabic gum (5 or 10% w/v) by spray-drying. The obtained powders were stored at different temperatures (4 and 25 °C) with or without access to daylight, and changes in color, carotenoid content, and antioxidant activity were analyzed monthly for three months. Moreover, the in vivo antioxidant activities of spray-dried carotenoids were evaluated in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Results
The carotenoid and antioxidant activity losses of stored carotenoids were found in the following order: 25 °C in daylight > 25 °C without access to daylight > 4 °C without access to daylight. Moreover, the combination of maltodextrin and Arabic gum (10%) was more effective to prevent carotenoid loss compared to maltodextrin and Arabic gum (5%). In vivo antioxidant activity results showed that spray-dried carotenoids reduced approximately 30% of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in nematodes, even after three months of storage.

Conclusions
Mamey and carrot carotenoids were successfully encapsulated by the spray-drying technique. The spray-dried carotenoids effectively reduced the intracellular ROS levels and neutralized the oxidative stress damage in C. elegans, even after three months of storage. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of mamey carotenoids were equally effective as those of carrot carotenoids, meaning that mamey carotenoids could be seen as an alternative source of carotenoids.
Review of oxidative stress and antioxidative defense mechanisms in Gossypium hirsutum L. in response to extreme abiotic conditions
Authors: QAMER Zainab , CHAUDHARY Muhammad Tanees , DU Xiongming , HINZE Lori , AZHAR Muhammad Tehseen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOxidative stress occurs when crop plants are exposed to extreme abiotic conditions that lead to the excessive production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Those extreme abiotic conditions or stresses include drought, high temperature, heavy metals, salinity, and ultraviolet radiation, and they cause yield and quality losses in crops. ROS are highly reactive species found in nature that can attack plant organelles, metabolites, and molecules by interrupting various metabolic pathways until cell death occurs. Plants have evolved defense mechanisms for the production of antioxidants to detoxify the ROS and to protect the plant against oxidative damage. Modern researches in crop plants revealed that low levels of ROS act as a signal which induces tolerance to environmental extremes by altering the expression of defensive genes. In this review, we summarized the processes involved in ROS production in response to several types of abiotic stress in cotton plants. Furthermore, we discussed the achievements in the understanding and improving oxidative stress tolerance in cotton in recent years. Researches related to plant oxidative stresses have shown excellent potential for the development of stress-tolerant crops.
Automated 3D scoring of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a confocal whole slide imaging scanner
Authors: Frankenstein Ziv , Uraoka Naohiro , Aypar Umut , Aryeequaye Ruth , Rao Mamta , Hameed Meera , Zhang Yanming , Yagi Yukako 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique to visualize specific DNA/RNA sequences within the cell nuclei and provide the presence, location and structural integrity of genes on chromosomes. A confocal Whole Slide Imaging (WSI) scanner technology has superior depth resolution compared to wide-field fluorescence imaging. Confocal WSI has the ability to perform serial optical sections with specimen imaging, which is critical for 3D tissue reconstruction for volumetric spatial analysis. The standard clinical manual scoring for FISH is labor-intensive, time-consuming and subjective. Application of multi-gene FISH analysis alongside 3D imaging, significantly increase the level of complexity required for an accurate 3D analysis. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish automated 3D FISH scoring for z-stack images from confocal WSI scanner. The algorithm and the application we developed, SHIMARIS PAFQ, successfully employs 3D calculations for clear individual cell nuclei segmentation, gene signals detection and distribution of break-apart probes signal patterns, including standard break-apart, and variant patterns due to truncation, and deletion, etc. The analysis was accurate and precise when compared with ground truth clinical manual counting and scoring reported in ten lymphoma and solid tumors cases. The algorithm and the application we developed, SHIMARIS PAFQ, is objective and more efficient than the conventional procedure. It enables the automated counting of more nuclei, precisely detecting additional abnormal signal variations in nuclei patterns and analyzes gigabyte multi-layer stacking imaging data of tissue samples from patients. Currently, we are developing a deep learning algorithm for automated tumor area detection to be integrated with SHIMARIS PAFQ.