bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative fs-TALIF in high-pressure NRP discharges: calibration using VUV absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Dumitrache Ciprian , Gallant Arnaud , de Oliveira Nelson , Laux Christophe O , Stancu Gabi Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This work presents a femtosecond two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence (fs-TALIF) diagnostic for measuring ground-state atomic nitrogen in nanosecond repetitively pulsed (NRP) discharges. Absolute atom density is obtained from the TALIF signal via a novel calibration technique based on one-photon direct absorption measurements performed in a low-pressure DC discharge. The Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) measurements were done at the Soleil synchrotron facility using the high-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometer (minimum linewidth Δ

ν

~

= 0.08 cm−1). The main goal of this work was to develop a quench-free diagnostic technique, which would allow measurements at elevated pressures with high spatial and temporal resolution. Here fs-TALIF measurements of N(4S) are demonstrated in the NRP post-discharge between 1–500 μs after the nanosecond high-voltage pulse. A maximum number density of N-atoms of 5 × 1016 cm−3 was measured at 1 μs after the pulse when the discharge was operated at 1 bar in pure nitrogen. This corresponds to a dissociation fraction of ∼0.1%. The fs-TALIF technique at high laser intensity regime (>1 TW cm−2) calibrated using VUV absorption was compared with the fs-TALIF at low laser intensity regime (<100 MW cm−2) calibrated via the well-established non-saturated TALIF technique using krypton as an etalon gas. It was found that the two measurements of N(4S) in the NRP post-discharge agree within a factor of 3. Importantly, the limit of detection of the fs-TALIF at high laser intensity regime was determined to be

n

N

(

S

4

)

∼
1

0

12

c

m

−
3

. This is approximately one order of magnitude better than previously reported by ns-TALIF in low-pressure discharges.
Phase separation near the charge neutrality point in FeSe1-x
Te
x
crystals with x < 0.15
Authors: Ovchenkov Y A , Chareev D A , Kozlyakova E S , Levin E E , Mikheev M G , Presnov D E , Trifonov A S , Volkova O S , Vasiliev A N 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Our study of FeSe

1
−
x

Te
x
crystals with x < 0.15 shows that the phase separation in these compositions occurs into phases with a different stoichiometry of iron. This phase separation may indicate structural instability of the iron plane in the studied range of compositions. We tentatively propose an explanation of the structural instability of the iron plane in the studied layered compounds in terms of the possible change in the bond polarity and the peculiarity of the direct

d

−

d

exchange in the iron plane in the framework of the basic phenomenological description such as the Bethe–Slater curve. With this approach, when the distance between iron atoms is close to the value at which the sign of the magnetic exchange for some d orbitals changes, structural and electronic instability can occur. Anomalies in the crystal field near the point of charge neutrality can also be a significant component of this instability.
Gas molecules (CH4, CO, H2O and H2S) adsorption on VC (001)surface: a first principles study
Authors: Hao Zhenli , Chen Ruixin , Huang Jingtao , Lin Long , Liu Xiao , Wang Pengtao , Zhang Zhanying 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The first principle plane wave pseudo-potential method based on density functional theory system is used to calculate and simulate the geometric structure, density of states and optical properties of intrinsic VC materials. And we further studied the adsorption performance of small gas molecules (CH4, CO, H2O, H2S) on the surface of VC(001). The most stable adsorption geometry of CH4, CO, H2O and H2S on the intrinsic VC(001) was determined, and the electronic structure and differential charge were calculated by the first principle method. The results show that the adsorption stability of the same molecule on the surface is related to the interaction position between the molecule and the surface after adsorption. According to the analysis of the differential charge density and the charge layout number, the charge layout number of the central atom C, O, S of the gas molecule increases after adsorption, and the adsorption strength of the gas molecule on the surface is CO > H2S > H2O > CH4. The H2S adsorbed on VC surface has the strongest adsorption energy (–1.442 eV) and more transfer charge (–0.12 e). The calculated dielectric function results shows that the existence of gases molecules inhibited the photon adsorbed on VC(001) surface. Our research provide a theoretical basis for further research on the gas sensing properties of material.
On the cosmological solutions in Weyl geometry
Authors: Berezin V.A. , Dokuchaev V.I. , Eroshenko Yu. N. , Smirnov A.L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We investigated the possibility of construction the homogeneous and isotropic cosmological solutions in Weyl geometry. We derived the self-consistency condition which ensures the conformal invariance of the complete set of equations of motion. There is the special gauge in choosing the conformal factor when the Weyl vector equals zero. In this gauge we found new vacuum cosmological solutions absent in General Relativity. Also, we found new solution in Weyl geometry for the radiation dominated universe with the cosmological term, corresponding to the constant curvature scalar in our special gauge. Possible relation of our results to the understanding both dark matter and dark energy is discussed.
Suppression of toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes by the electron cyclotron current drive in KSTAR plasmas
Authors: Kim J. , Kang J. , Rhee T. , Jo J. , Han H. , Podestà M. , Lee J.H. , Lee S. , Bak J.G. , Choi M.J. , Nazikian R. , Jhang H. , Ko J. , Joung M. , Jeon Y.-M. , Na Y.-S. , Shinohara K. , Cheng C.Z. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Advanced operation scenarios such as high poloidal beta (β
P) or high q
min are promising concepts to achieve the steady-state high-performance fusion plasmas. However, those scenarios are prone to substantial Alfvénic activity, causing fast-ion transport and losses. Recent experiments with the advanced operation scenario on KSTAR tokamak have shown that the electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) is able to mitigate and suppress the beam-ion driven toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) for over several tens of global energy confinement time. Co-current directional intermediate off-axis ECCD lowers the central safety factor slightly and tilts the central q-profile shape so that the continuum damping in the core region increases. Besides, the rise of central plasma pressure and increased thermal-ion Landau damping contribute to TAE stabilization. While the TAEs are suppressed, neutron emission rate and total stored energy increase by approximately 45% and 25%, respectively. Fast-ion transport estimated by TRANSP calculations approaches the classical level during the TAE suppression period. Substantial reduction in fast-ion loss and neutron deficit is also observed. Enhancement of fast-ion confinement by suppressing the TAEs leads to an increase of non-inductive current fraction and will benefit the sustainment of the long-pulse high-performance discharges.
A novel surface-integral-equation formulation for efficient and accurate electromagnetic analysis of near-zero-index structures
Authors: İbili Hande , Koyaz Yeşim , Özmü Utku , Karaosmanoğlu Barışcan , Ergül Özgür 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We consider accurate and iteratively efficient solutions of electromagnetic problems involving homogenized near-zero-index (NZI) bodies using surface-integral-equation formulations in the frequency domain. NZI structures can be practically useful in a plethora of optical applications, as they possess near-zero permittivity and/or permeability values that cannot be found in nature. Hence, numerical simulations are of the utmost importance for rigorous design and analysis of NZI structures. Unfortunately, small values of electromagnetic parameters bring computational challenges in numerical solutions of homogeneous models. Conventional formulations available in the literature encounter stability issues that make them inaccurate and/or inefficient as permittivity and/or permeability approach zero. We propose a novel formulation that involves a well-balanced combination of operators and that can provide both accurate and efficient solutions for all NZI cases. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the superior properties of the developed formulation in comparison to the conventional ones.
Slow Criticism: American Literary Studies as a World
Authors: Bentley Nancy 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe authority of art in US society has declined even as cultural criticism has expanded and diversified, spreading to many sectors of society. While these conditions have affected American literary studies, scholars in the field produce criticism that can be distinguished from the criticism in other sectors by its commitment to historicist thought and by disciplinary standards for what it means to produce a “new reading.”
It’s in the timing: reduced temporal precision in neural activity of schizophrenia
Authors: Wolff Annemarie , Gomez-Pilar Javier , Zhang Jianfeng , Choueiry Joelle , de la Salle Sara , Knott Verner , Northoff Georg 
Published: November 2021

AbstractStudies of perception and cognition in schizophrenia (SCZ) show neuronal background noise (ongoing activity) to intermittently overwhelm the processing of external stimuli. This increased noise, relative to the activity evoked by the stimulus, results in temporal imprecision and higher variability of behavioral responses. What, however, are the neural correlates of temporal imprecision in SCZ behavior? We first report a decrease in electroencephalography signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in two SCZ datasets and tasks in the broadband (1–80 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), and alpha (8–13 Hz) bands. SCZ participants also show lower inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC)—consistency over trials in the phase of the signal—in theta. From these ITPC results, we varied phase offsets in a computational simulation, which illustrated phase-based temporal desynchronization. This modeling also provided a necessary link to our results and showed decreased neural synchrony in SCZ in both datasets and tasks when compared with healthy controls. Finally, we showed that reduced SNR and ITPC are related and showed a relationship to temporal precision on the behavioral level, namely reaction times. In conclusion, we demonstrate how temporal imprecision in SCZ neural activity—reduced relative signal strength and phase coherence—mediates temporal imprecision on the behavioral level.
Occurrence of free N-glycans with a single GlcNAc at the reducing termini in animal sera
Authors: Huang Chengcheng , Seino Junichi , Fujihira Haruhiko , Sato Keiko , Fujinawa Reiko , Sumer-Bayraktar Zeynep , Ishii Nozomi , Matsuo Ichiro , Nakaya Shuichi , Suzuki Tadashi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated the occurrence of sialyl free N-glycans (FNGs) in sera from a variety of animals. Unlike the intracellular FNGs that mainly carry a single N-acetylglucosamine at their reducing termini (Gn1-type), these extracellular FNGs have an N,N′-diacetylchitobiose at their reducing termini (Gn2-type). The detailed mechanism for how they are formed, however, remains unclarified. In this study, we report on an improved method for isolating FNGs from sera and found that, not only sialyl FNGs, but also neutral FNGs are present in animal sera. Most of the neutral oligomannose-type FNGs were found to be Gn1-type. We also found that a small portion of sialyl FNGs were Gn1-type. The ratio of Gn1-type sialyl FNGs varies between species, and appears to be partially correlated with the distribution of lysosomal chitobiase activity. We also identified small sialylated glycans similar to milk oligosaccharides, such as sialyl lactose or sialyl N-acetyllactosamine in sera. Our results indicate that there are varieties of free oligosaccharides in sera and the mechanism responsible for their formation is more complicated than currently envisaged.
Gene Expression Risk Scores for COVID-19 Illness Severity
Authors: Peterson Derick R , Baran Andrea M , Bhattacharya Soumyaroop , Branche Angela R , Croft Daniel P , Corbett Anthony M , Walsh Edward E , Falsey Ann R , Mariani Thomas J 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
The correlates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness severity following infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are incompletely understood.

Methods
We assessed peripheral blood gene expression in 53 adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection clinically adjudicated as having mild, moderate, or severe disease. Supervised principal components analysis was used to build a weighted gene expression risk score (WGERS) to discriminate between severe and nonsevere COVID-19.

Results
Gene expression patterns in participants with mild and moderate illness were similar, but significantly different from severe illness. When comparing severe versus nonsevere illness, we identified &gt;4000 genes differentially expressed (false discovery rate &lt; 0.05). Biological pathways increased in severe COVID-19 were associated with platelet activation and coagulation, and those significantly decreased with T-cell signaling and differentiation. A WGERS based on 18 genes distinguished severe illness in our training cohort (cross-validated receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve [ROC-AUC] = 0.98), and need for intensive care in an independent cohort (ROC-AUC = 0.85). Dichotomizing the WGERS yielded 100% sensitivity and 85% specificity for classifying severe illness in our training cohort, and 84% sensitivity and 74% specificity for defining the need for intensive care in the validation cohort.

Conclusions
These data suggest that gene expression classifiers may provide clinical utility as predictors of COVID-19 illness severity.
Immune responses to bacterial lung infections and their implications for vaccination
Authors: Muruganandah Visai , Kupz Andreas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe pulmonary immune system plays a vital role in protecting the delicate structures of gaseous exchange against invasion from bacterial pathogens. With antimicrobial resistance becoming an increasing concern, finding novel strategies to develop vaccines against bacterial lung diseases remains a top priority. In order to do so, a continued expansion of our understanding of the pulmonary immune response is warranted. While some aspects are well characterized, emerging paradigms such as the importance of innate cells and inducible immune structures in mediating protection provide avenues of potential to rethink our approach to vaccine development. In this review, we aim to provide a broad overview of both the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in place to protect the pulmonary tissue from invading bacterial organisms. We use specific examples from several infection models and human studies to depict the varying functions of the pulmonary immune system that may be manipulated in future vaccine development. Particular emphasis has been placed on emerging themes that are less reviewed and underappreciated in vaccine development studies.
Telemedicine Basics
Authors: Burke Guenevere , Lucas Jared 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Telemedicine is a rapidly growing field in health care and emergency medicine. Telemedicine, telehealth, and virtual health refer to the use of telecommunications technology and electronic information to support health and provide care over distance. It has been used to improve access to health care in geographically remote areas for decades, but its use and recognized benefits have expanded considerably over the years, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This chapter provides a brief overview of the history of telemedicine, introduces key terms, and reviews basic definitions that are foundational to telemedicine practice. Finally, it summarizes a wide array of telehealth applications in emergency medicine, which are detailed further in later chapters.
Telehealth Training and Education
Authors: Joshi Aditi U. , Sikka Neal 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Despite the rapid expansion of telehealth services, education and training regarding the telehealth modality have lagged and yet to be validated. While clinical skills are traditionally taught in undergraduate and graduate training programs, few programs currently teach telehealth-specific skills. This is particularly challenging given that both novice and experienced clinicians require training and components of that training are program-specific. Training should include clinicians, patients, their carepartners, and telepresenters as the future health care team is rapidly evolving and will require a collaborative approach. This chapter outlines the various types of telehealth education, the groups of learners for whom training should be targeted, and various models of training.
Quality Assessment in Emergency Telehealth
Authors: Goldwater Jason C. , Hollander Judd E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Telemedicine is a modality for care delivery. The medicine is the same, but the manner in which it is delivered differs. As a result, quality should be assessed based on the care rendered for the given condition as well as in accordance with the National Quality Forum (NQF) Telemedicine framework, which has four domains—access, cost/financial, experience, and effectiveness. This framework for quality provides a foundation for developing objective measures to assess emergency telehealth. Among NQF Committee’s findings was that the use of various telehealth modalities improved access to health care services. The NQF also recommended measuring whether sufficient information was obtained during a telemedicine encounter to make clinical decisions regarding intervening or not intervening. It found that obtaining the appropriate actionable information was more important than measuring diagnostic accuracy.
Legal, Regulatory, and Reimbursement Considerations
Authors: Gilroy Alexis S. , Rockwell Kimberly L. , Rutenberg Adam , Marblestone Claire , Faget Kyle Y. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The expansion of health care services delivered through telehealth is impacted by numerous legal, regulatory, and reimbursement frameworks. Standard medical practices for consent, privacy, credentialing, and licensing apply to telehealth; however, the opportunity for cross-state practice complicates their application. Hospital-specific rules for credentialing and emergency stabilization must also be considered. Delivery of medical services is often driven by reimbursement, which for telehealth is governed by a complicated web of rules that vary by service, payer, and location. Temporary changes to these rules in association with the public health emergency (PHE) declared in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly reshaped the telemedicine regulatory landscape. Advocacy for smart legislation that improves and simplifies access to care is important to ensure equity of telehealth services.
Emergency Telepsychiatry
Authors: Horwath Ewald , Dell Thomas E. , Saliba Zeina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Emergency telepsychiatry is the evaluation and treatment of patients experiencing mental health crises using audio/video communications. Patients in hospital emergency departments (EDs) often experience long waits, delayed treatment, and uncomfortable conditions when in-person psychiatric care is not readily available; prolonged lengths of stay in the ED also increase hospital costs. Telepsychiatry can make psychiatric care more accessible and timely by linking mental health specialists in various locations to patients in EDs. Initial data indicate that the financial investment in emergency telepsychiatry is more than offset by savings in ED and hospital costs. Rapid availability of telepsychiatric consultation also improves the quality of care in EDs and leads to more appropriate and timely dispositions of patients.
Telehealth for Medication for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
Authors: Chan Bill Wayne , Fatollahi Javad John , Kirilichin Natalie Lynn , Saliba Zeina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (mOUD), a type of Medications for Addiction Treatment (MAT), has proven to be the most efficacious and cost-effective treatment for individuals suffering from opioid use disorder (OUD). Early initiation of mOUD has been shown to increase retention in addiction treatment. Models of care integrating telehealth with mOUD offer the potential to implement mOUD in point-of-care settings, achieving effective tertiary prevention. Integrating telehealth and mOUD also addresses barriers to addiction treatment continuity, like transportation concerns and stigma. Funding for use of telehealth for addiction treatment is achieved primarily through government grants and insurance reimbursements. There are many legal constructs regarding the dissemination of mOUD, and while not usually permitted, guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic have allowed for practitioners to be able to prescribe mOUD via telehealth without the requirement of an initial in-person examination.
Meninges and Ventricles
Authors: Laughlin Ruple S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Knowledge of the normal structure and function of the meninges and ventricular system can aid in recognizing and understanding pathologic states. This chapter reviews the meninges, ventricular system, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. Three layers of meninges cover the brain and spinal cord: dura, arachnoid, and pia. They 1) protect the underlying brain and spinal cord, 2) serve as a support framework for important arteries and veins, and 3) enclose a fluid-filled cavity that is important for normal function of the brain and spinal cord.
Special Somatic Sensory Afferent Systems Overview
Authors: Eggers Scott D. , Benarroch Eduardo E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The special somatic sensory afferent systems include the auditory, vestibular, and visual systems. Auditory and vestibular afferent information is received by cranial nerve VIII, which projects to central pathways. Cranial nerve II carries afferent visual information to central pathways. This chapter reviews the receptors and structural components of these special somatic sensory afferent systems. The ossicular chain (malleus, incus, and stapes) within the air-filled middle ear serves as a transformer that bridges the impedance mismatch between sound vibrations in air on the large tympanic membrane and the resulting vibrations onto the small stapedial footplate.
Anatomy of Peripheral Nerves, Neuromuscular Junctions, and Skeletal Muscles
Authors: Tracy Jennifer A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
After exiting the spinal cord, individual nerve roots coalesce into plexi and peripheral nerves that innervate muscle and skin. Clinical localization requires a working knowledge of this anatomy. By evaluating the distribution of muscle weakness, sensory loss, and reflexes, it is often possible to localize lesions and focus a differential diagnosis. The spinal nerve roots consist of dorsal and ventral roots that extend from the spinal cord. The dorsal root ganglion contains a bipolar neuron that is the sensory nerve cell body.
Brainstem and Cranial Nerves: Pons
Authors: Flemming Kelly D. , Brazis Paul W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The pons extends from the pontomedullary junction to an imaginary line drawn from the exit of cranial nerve IV. Dorsal to the pons lies the cerebellum, which receives information and projects information back to the brainstem through the inferior, middle, and superior cerebellar peduncles. Important structures at this level include the corticospinal tracts, corticopontocerebellar fibers traveling through the middle cerebellar peduncle, the cerebellum, and cranial nerves V through VIII. Blood supply to the pons is from the basilar artery and its perforating vessels.