bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refocusing dental care: A risk‐based preventative oral health programme for dentate older people in UK care homes
Authors: Patel Rakhee , Fitzgerald Richard , Warburton Fiona , Robertson Claire , Pitts Nigel B. , Gallagher Jennifer E 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere is strong evidence for managing the risk of dental caries, notably dose‐dependent use of fluoride based on risk. Specific guidance is lacking on higher fluoride use in older people in care homes and prevention is often omitted from dental care plans.ObjectivesTo introduce a risk‐based preventative approach to existing routine dental care for older people in care homes.MethodsThree mixed residential and nursing care homes for the frail and elder (>65 years) were selected to participate. All residents were risk assessed based on dependency, dentition status and self‐care abilities and consequently placed on the appropriate evidence‐based intervention (2800 ppm high dose fluoride toothpaste and/or quarterly fluoride varnish placement). Full mouth ICDAS dental examinations were completed at baseline, 6 months and 12 months.ResultsAt baseline, 127 risk assessments were completed in which most dentate residents (58.2%, n = 74) were assessed as Risk Level 2/3 (mod/high) whilst edentulous residents were all Risk Level 1 (low) (41.7%, n = 53). Only 13 (26.5%) of the 49 eligible residents completed the 12‐month preventative programme. There was a significant difference in root caries (P < .0001), with 17 (51.5%) root lesions changing from active at baseline to arrested at 12 months.ConclusionsThe findings provide early indication of fluoride efficacy, especially on root caries in this vulnerable group, and highlight the challenges of delivering programme's in these complex, changing environments.
The networked refugee: The role of transnational networks in the journeys across the Mediterranean
Authors: D'Angelo Alessio 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe experience of migrants crossing the Mediterranean has been represented as that of passive components of large‐scale human flows driven by conflicts, migration policies and smuggling. This article proposes a reflection on the advantages of using a social network lens to better understand these experiences at a micro‐ and meso‐level, bringing to the fore the personal and relational dimensions. By examining the narratives of people who reached the coasts of Sicily (Italy) via the Libyan route, the article highlights the key role of local and transnational ties at every single juncture of these very long, often serendipitous journeys. The concept of ‘journey’ is used to frame this analysis, but also to debunk some of the deterministic, static and Euro‐centred assumptions, which have characterized mainstream narratives and some scholarly debates. Thus, the refugee journey emerges as a fluid process characterized by the continuous deconstruction and reconstruction of social networks.
Shortening the paediatric Haemophilia Activities List (pedHAL) based on pooled data from international studies
Authors: Kuijlaars Isolde A. R. , van der Net Janjaap , Bouskill Vanessa , Hilliard Pamela , Juodyte Agne , Khair Kate , Trakymiene Sonata Saulyte , Fischer Kathelijn 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe paediatric Haemophilia Activities List (pedHAL) was developed to measure activities and participation in children and youth with haemophilia. Results from international studies provide an opportunity to determine which items are universally important.AimThe aim of this study was to determine which items of the pedHAL are redundant to construct a shorter version of the pedHAL.MethodsThis study is a cross‐sectional multicentre secondary analysis on pooled data of published studies using the pedHAL (7 domains, 53 items, optimum score: 100) in children with haemophilia A/B aged 4–18 years. To identify redundant items, the following aspects were evaluated: floor and ceiling effects, proportions of missing and ‘not applicable’ responses, inter‐item correlations, component loadings in an exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency and item‐total correlations.ResultsData on 315 patients with haemophilia from 6 studies were evaluated. Median age was 12.2 years) (range 4.0–18.0), 87.3% had severe haemophilia and 80.3% received prophylaxis. Median (IQR) pedHAL sum score was 96.7 (88.0–100). After a stepwise procedure, 31 items were removed, resulting in a pedHALshort of 22 items, representing all original 7 domains. Most remaining items belonged to the domains ‘sitting/kneeling/standing’ and ‘functions of the legs’. The pedHALshort sum score was similar to the original pedHAL sum score, with small differences in 5 domains.ConclusionThis clinimetric study resulted in >50% reduction of the length of the pedHAL. The 22‐item pedHALshort reduces patient burden and is expected to capture the information on activities and participation. The pedHALshort needs validation in other populations.
Dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolic enzymes leads to high levels of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate and ceramide in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Miura Kohei , Nagahashi Masayuki , Prasoon Pankaj , Hirose Yuki , Kobayashi Takashi , Sakata Jun , Abe Manabu , Sakimura Kenji , Matsuda Yasunobu , Butash Ali L. , Katsuta Eriko , Takabe Kazuaki , Wakai Toshifumi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimSphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) and ceramide are bioactive sphingolipids known to be important in regulating numerous processes involved in cancer progression. The aim of this study was to determine the absolute levels of sphingolipids in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) utilizing data obtained from surgical specimens. In addition, we explored the clinical significance of S1P in patients with HCC and the biological role of S1P in HCC cells.MethodsTumors and normal liver tissues were collected from 20 patients with HCC, and sphingolipids were measured by mass spectrometry. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort was utilized to evaluate gene expression of enzymes related to sphingolipid metabolism. Immunohistochemistry of phospho‐sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), an S1P‐producing enzyme, was performed for 61 surgical specimens. CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated SphK1 knockout cells were used to examine HCC cell biology.ResultsS1P levels were substantially higher in HCC tissue compared with normal liver tissue. Levels of other sphingolipids upstream of S1P in the metabolic cascade, such as sphingomyelin, monohexosylceramide and ceramide, were also considerably higher in HCC tissue. Enzymes involved in generating S1P and its precursor, ceramide, were found in higher levels in HCC compared with normal liver tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis found that phospho‐SphK1 expression was associated with tumor size. Finally, in vitro assays indicated that S1P is involved in the aggressiveness of HCC cells.ConclusionsSphingolipid levels, including S1P and ceramide, were elevated in HCC compared with surrounding normal liver tissue. Our findings suggest S1P plays an important role in HCC tumor progression, and further examination is warranted.
NK cells in antibody‐mediated rejection – Key effector cells in microvascular graft damage
Authors: O’Neill Megan A. , Hidalgo Luis G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAntibody‐mediated rejection (ABMR) stands as the major limitation to long‐term transplant outcome. The immunologic understanding of ABMR continues to progress and has identified natural killer (NK) cells as key effector cells promoting and coordinating the immune attack on the graft microvascular endothelium. This review discusses the current concepts outlining the different ways that allow for NK cell recognition of graft endothelial cells which includes antibody‐dependent as well as independent processes.
Reference intervals of white blood cell parameters for healthy adults in japan
Authors: Takami Akiyoshi , Watanabe Shinichiro , Yamamoto Yoshikazu , Miyachi Hayato , Bamba Yukiharu , Ohata Masahiko , Mishima Seiji , Kubota Hiroshi , Nishiura Akihiko , Inaba Tohru , Enomoto Megumi , Mitsuhashi Takayuki , Nakanishi Kayoko , Miura Reiko , Nonaka Emi , Shimbo Kei , Yatomi Yutaka , Tohyama Kaoru ,   The Japanese Society for Laboratory Hematology subcommittee on Standardization of Blood Cell Morphology (JSLH‐SBCM)
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionWhile white blood cell (WBC) parameters have been suggested to depend on ethnicity and gender, reference intervals in healthy Asian populations are limited. The present study established reference intervals of WBC parameters for healthy adults in Japan.MethodsA total of 750 healthy adults (447 women and 303 men; 18‐67 years old, median 40 years old) at 7 Japanese centers who participated in regular medical checkups entered this study. The WBC parameters were measured using automated hematocytometers and blood film reviews by a manual microscopic examination.ResultsThe reference intervals of the WBC parameters according to gender in healthy adults were determined. Age‐specific decreases in WBC counts of both gender groups and in neutrophil counts of women were noted. Favorable correlations between the hematocytometer and microscopic methods were found in neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils but not in monocytes or basophils.ConclusionThis study suggests the need to consider gender and age in the clinical use of reference intervals of WBC parameters.
Automatic identification of knowledge‐transforming content in argument essays developed from multiple sources
Authors: Raković Mladen , Winne Philip H. , Marzouk Zahia , Chang Daniel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDeveloping knowledge‐transforming skills in writing may help students increase learning by actively building knowledge, regardless of the domain. However, many undergraduate students struggle to transform knowledge when drafting essays based on multiple sources. Writing analytics can be used to scaffold knowledge transforming as writers bring evidence to bear in supporting claims. We investigated how to automatically identify sentences representing knowledge transformation in argumentative essays. A synthesis of cognitive theories of writing and Bloom's typology identified 22 linguistic features to model processes of knowledge transforming in a corpus of 38 undergraduates' essays. Findings indicate undergraduates mostly paraphrase or copy information from multiple sources rather than engage deeply with sources' content. Eight linguistic features were important for discriminating evidential sentences as telling versus transforming source knowledge. We trained a machine learning algorithm that accurately classified nearly three of four evidential sentences as knowledge‐telling or knowledge‐transforming, offering potential for use in future research.
Caregivers' experiences of medication management advice for people living with dementia at discharge
Authors: Sawan Mouna J. , Jeon Yun‐Hee , Bond Christine , Hilmer Sarah N. , Chen Timothy F. , Wennekers Damian , Gnjidic Danijela 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRationale, Aims, and ObjectivesCaregivers of people living with dementia play an essential role in managing medications across transitions of care. Adequate caregiver medication management guidance at hospital discharge is important to ensure optimal outcomes from medication use. This qualitative study explores the experiences and perspectives of caregivers about the medication management guidance provided at hospital discharge.MethodsA qualitative approach using semi‐structured, telephone interviews was conducted with 31 caregivers of people with dementia across Australia. Purposive sampling was used to ensure maximum variation of diverse experiences and perspectives.ResultsCaregivers' experiences of medication guidance for people with dementia at discharge were described in three themes including: (a) inadequate information about medication management at discharge; (b) limited caregiver engagement in medication management decisions; and (c) difficulties ensuring medication supply post discharge. Most participants indicated they would like to be included in discussions at discharge. However, participation was influenced by caregivers being overwhelmed by discharge processes; proactively seeking information on medication‐related harm; and belief in advocacy as part of their caregiver role. Caregivers reported they would like to receive a tailored medication list for people with dementia which included information on medications that may impact on the patient's cognition, and for hospital staff to communicate with both the community pharmacist and primary care physician, to improve co‐ordination post transition.DiscussionIn our study of caregivers of people with dementia, we identified key recommendations to facilitate regular participation of people living with dementia and their caregiver around medication guidance at discharge.
Association of dietary insulinaemic potential and odds of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease among adults: A case–control study
Authors: Sohouli Mohammad Hassan , Sayyari Ali Akbar , Lari Abolfazl , Nameni Ghazaleh , Lotfi Mojtaba , Fatahi Somaye , Saneie Solaleh , Găman Mihnea‐Alexandru , Moodi Farzan , Raee Pourya , Aghamiri Shahin , Rayi Appaji , Shahriari Ali , Moodi Vihan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundHyperinsulinaemia is considered as a major risk factor for the development of a myriad of chronic diseases. We examined the association between the dietary insulinaemic potential and the odds of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among Iranian adults.MethodsAfter being subjected to a liver ultrasound, 166 patients with NAFLD and 200 controls were included in the study. The dietary intakes and the physical activity levels of the participants were evaluated using a validated semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short IPAQ), respectively. The insulinaemic potential of the diet was assessed by computing the scores of the Empirical Dietary Index for Hyperinsulinemia (EDIH) and the Empirical Dietary Index for Insulin Resistance (EDIR).ResultsCompared with the control subjects, patients with NAFLD were significantly older; had higher values for body mass index, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol and alanine transaminase; and were more likely to smoke. Moreover, NAFLD patients had significant lower levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and were less likely to perform physical activity. The risk of NAFLD was higher in the individuals in the highest tertile of the EDIH (odds ratio [OR] = 2.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32–5.90; p value for trend < 0.05) and EDIR (OR = 2.42; 95% CI = 1.22‐4.79; p value for trend < 0.05) compared to those in the lowest tertile of these scores.ConclusionsOur study indicates that a higher dietary insulinaemic potential is associated with an increased risk of NAFLD.
THE REAL EXCHANGE RATE AND DEVELOPMENT THEORY, EVIDENCE, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Demir Firat , Razmi Arslan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper surveys the theoretical and empirical literature on the effects of the real exchange rate (RER) on international trade, economic development and growth. We summarize the main conceptual issues, briefly discuss the relevance of the RER as an instrument of development policy, provide an overview of the macroeconomic and microeconomic mechanisms that link the RER to trade and long‐run growth and development, analyse the challenges – especially the disconnect between theory and data – that often arise in empirical applications, and discuss new avenues for future research. In the process, we present some updated estimates and illustrative figures. The mechanisms through which the RER influences long‐run growth and structural change remains a promising area of research and the relevance of individual channels in different contexts deserves much more careful investigation. Greater data availability should help fill some of these gaps in our understanding.
Paediatric poisoning presentations reported to a regional toxicology service in Australia
Authors: Downes Michael A , Lovett Caitlyn J , Isbister Geoffrey K 
Published: February 2021

AimThe aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology and health‐care utilisation of paediatric emergency department (ED) presentations due to poisoning.MethodsA retrospective review of all ED presentations of paediatric poisoning cases (<18 years) reported to a tertiary toxicology service from 2015 to 2016 was conducted. Cases were classified into three age groups: pre‐school (0–6 years), primary school (7–11 years) and adolescent (12–17 years). Outcomes included patient transfer, length of ED stay (LOS) and proportion admitted to a medical ward, mental health unit or intensive care unit (ICU).ResultsFrom 764 consultations over a 2‐year period, 87 were excluded as non‐ED presentations. From these, there were 194 (29%; 47% female) pre‐school aged, 34 (5%; 41% female) primary school aged and 449 (66%; 77% female) adolescent presentations. Deliberate self‐poisoning was most common in 394 of 449 (88%) adolescents. Accidental exposures accounted for 159 (82%) of pre‐school presentations and natural toxins occurred in all three age groups. Paracetamol, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, antipsychotics and ibuprofen were the most common toxins. Discharge from ED occurred in 147 of 194 (76%) pre‐school, 24 of 34 (71%) primary school and 223 of 449 (50%) adolescent presentations. Of the 449 adolescents, 137 (31%) were admitted medically (median LOS 19.9 h), 19 were admitted to ICU (median LOS 71 h) and 70 (16%) admitted to mental health (median LOS 122 h). Five pre‐school aged children were admitted to ICU.ConclusionsAdolescent deliberate self‐poisoning has a significant impact on hospital resources, with mental health problems requiring extended length of stay. There were fewer pre‐school accidental poisoning consultations, which were mainly discharged from ED.
Impact of equipment and handling on systolic blood pressure measurements in conscious dogs in an animal hospital environment
Authors: Lyberg Maria , Ljungvall Ingrid , Häggström Jens , Ahlund Ellinor , Pelander Lena 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundSituational hypertension and differences between devices complicate interpretations of systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements in dogs.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo evaluate if time point of in‐clinic SBP measurement, type of oscillometric device, and operator affect SBP measurements in conscious dogs.AnimalsSixty‐seven privately owned dogs with or without chronic kidney disease, divided into 2 study samples (A and B).MethodsCross‐sectional diagnostic study. In part A, SBP measurements in dogs were performed using 2 different devices (HDO and petMap) after acclimatization at 3 standardized time points during a clinical visit. In part B, SBP measurements (HDO) were performed in dogs by a trained final year veterinary student and by the owner alone, at the same occasion.ResultsFor all dogs, there was no difference in mean SBP (mSBP) among the 3 time points for HDO (P= .12) or petMAP (P= .67). However, intraindividual mSBP differences of up to 60 mm Hg between time points were documented. Mean SBP obtained with petMAP was on average 14 (95% CI: 8‐20) mm Hg higher than mSBP obtained with HDO, and this difference increased with increasing SBP. Mean SBP measurements obtained by the trained student were 7 (95% CI: 2‐11) mm Hg higher than mSBP measurements obtained by the owner.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAccording to the results of this study, time point of in‐clinic SBP measurement in dogs is of minor importance, and instructing owners to perform measurements might reduce suspected situational hypertension. Differences in mSBP measured with HDO and petMAP underscore the need for validation of BP devices used clinically.
Patient's experiences of endotracheal tubes and suction following cardiac surgery
Authors: Gilder Eileen , Jull Andrew , Slark Julia , Parke Rachael L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere is a growing body of evidence addressing the patient experience of intensive care, including patient reports that the presence of an endotracheal tube is bothersome and distressing, and that endotracheal suction is moderately to extremely painful. Yet there remains little information about the patient experience of the endotracheal tube and suction in those patients receiving planned short‐term mechanical ventilation.Aims and objectivesThis study aimed to describe the patient experience of the endotracheal tube and suction, following mechanical ventilation in post‐operative cardiac surgical patients.DesignThis qualitative study used inductive thematic analysis. Participants having planned cardiac surgery, anticipated to receive less than 12‐hours mechanical ventilation, were approached pre‐operatively and written consent provided.MethodsTen participants were recruited using purposive sampling. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted between days four and six post‐operatively. One researcher interviewed all participants; two researchers independently read, coded, and agreed themes.FindingsNone of the participants recalled endotracheal suction, while half had no recollection of the endotracheal tube. Three themes were identified; the experience of the endotracheal tube and extubation, the experience of emerging from sedation, and participants concerns about the future. The presence of the endotracheal tube was described as bothersome, whilst breathing through the tube and extubation were described as 'weird' and 'strange' but not painful.ConclusionsKnowledge of the patient experience can help inform nursing practice by improving pre and post‐operative care planning.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study adds to the body of knowledge about the patient experience of the endotracheal tube and extubation.Trial registrationProspective registration with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry. www.anzctr.org.au (ACTRN12616001515482).
Motor patterns in the proximal and distal mouse colon which underlie formation and propulsion of feces
Authors: Costa Marcello , Keightley Lauren J. , Hibberd Timothy J. , Wiklendt Lukasz , Dinning Phil G. , Brookes Simon J. , Spencer Nick J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn herbivores, the proximal and distal colonic regions feature distinct motor patterns underlying formation and propulsion of fecal pellets, respectively. Omnivores, such as mice and humans, lack a similar clear anatomical transition between colonic regions. We investigated whether distinct processes form and propel content along the large intestine of a mouse (an omnivore).MethodsWe recorded propulsive and non‐propulsive neurogenic motor activity in mouse large intestine under six different stimulus conditions of varying viscosities. Gut wall movements were recorded by video and smooth muscle electrical behavior recorded with extracellular suction electrodes.Key ResultsThree major neurally mediated motor patterns contributed to pellet formation and propulsion. (1) Pellet‐shaped boluses are pinched off near the ceco‐colonic junction and slowly propelled distally to a transition located at 40% length along the colon. (2) At this functional colonic flexure, propulsion speed is significantly increased by self‐sustaining neural peristalsis. Speed transition at this location also occurs with artificial pellets and with spontaneously formed boluses in the empty colon. (3) Periodic colonic motor complexes (CMCs) were present in all conditions reaching a maximal frequency of about 0.4 cpm and extending across the proximal and distal colon with faster speed of propagation.Conclusions and InferencesThe three motor patterns share a unique underlying fundamental property of the enteric circuits, which involve extended ensembles of enteric neurons firing at close to 2 Hz. The demonstration of distinct functional differences between proximal and distal colon in rabbit, guinea pig, and now mouse raises the possibility that this may be an organizational principle in other mammalian species, including humans.