bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS
Authors: BARBA PHILIP S. 
Published: December 2021

OF ALL the men who have given hours and days of time and thought to the Academy and its affairs the President is the only one prescribed, by custom, an opportunity publicly to express his thoughts on these affairs. Others may write to the Executive Board or struggle for space in letters to the Editor or may explode with frustration. Only one or two have approached this last extremity. Usually, after attempting the first two methods they subside to the rumbling level of low pressure borborygmi.
In taking advantage of this opportunity I first want to express my most sincere admiration, respect and gratitude to the men and women serving on the various Academy Committees. Even those of us who have served on a committee, anytime, anywhere, are apt to forget, when reading the report of another committee, the many hours of debate, of research, of correspondence, of correlation, of drafting and redrafting and the hours spent in committee meetings when they might have been having fun. We read the final report, we agree with most of it and we complain bitterly about the one or two points with which we do not agree. Isn't it odd how quick we are to criticize adversely and how seldom we take the trouble to offer thanks or praise? In the same way we are glad to accept a negative Wassermann or tuberculin test but always demand a repeat of a positive.
I will not record here the various committees and their achievements. They and their membership are printed in the Fellowship list. Their achievements speak for them.
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID STUDIES IN INFANT CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY AND OTHER NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS
Authors: SPIEGEL-ADOLF M. , BAIRD H. W. , SZEKELY E. G. , WYCIS H. T. 
Published: December 2021

(1) In 100 children with cerebral palsies and various types of developmental cerebral disorders and 32 neurologically normal controls, the extinction co-efficient of the CSFs (ECSF) was studied by spectrography in ultraviolet light, and their ascorbic acid and protein contents were determined. From these determinations, the extinction co-efficients corresponding to the ascorbic acid (EASC.) and protein values (EProt.) and the difference, D = ECSF - EASC. - EProt., were computed.
(2) Normal newborn infants presented much higher values of ECSF, ascorbic acid and proteins than older children.
(3) A marked increase of the average D values was noticeable in the neuropathologic group, which included cases of birth trauma, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, hydrocephalus, and convulsions.
The increase of D values when statistically evaluated and compared with the analogous values of children without neurological conditions was significant in all pathologic groups (bith trauma, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus) with the exception of convulsions.
(4) Mental deficiency, especially in its severe forms, is associated with changes in the CSF indicative of damage to cells of the CNS. A correlation is noted between the developmental quotient and the D values; higher D values were found in the group with DQs below 50%, than in that with DQs above 50%.
(5) Changes of D appearing on repeated punctures could be correlated to the clinical course of the disease; this special problem, however, requires further studies on a larger material.
CONGENITAL TRACHEO-ESOPHAGEAL FISTULA WITHOUT ATRESIA OF THE ESOPHAGUS
Authors: WARE GEORGE WILLIAM , CROSS LOUIS L. 
Published: December 2021

Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula without atresia of the esophagus is a rare anomaly. Twenty-six patients are reported in the literature. The authors report an additional case. The etiology is still obscure, but may be due to the development of aberrant blood vessels.
Patients present a triad of signs and symptoms, coughing and cyanosis with feedings, abnormal distention of gastro-intestinal tract and persistent pneumonitis.
Radiographic investigation is most important. Lipiodol study of the esophagus in the oblique or prone position is the most rewarding diagnostic test.
Surgery is the only method of cure.
BILIRUBIN ENCEPHALOPATHY
Authors: Waters William J. , Britton Howard A. 
Published: December 2021

(1) Staining of the brain can be produced in normal newborn white rats by intraperitoneal injection of a solution of bilirubin.
(2) Under similar conditions it was not possible to produce staining of the brain in a comparable series of normal adult rats.
(3) This study further emphasizes the importance of the immaturity of the organism in the production of hyperbilirubinemia and its consequent passage through the "bloodbrain barrier" (Bilirubin Encephalopathy).
(4) This adds to the increasing evidence that immaturity of biochemical and physiological processes determines the pathological states which appear to be unique to the newly born organism.
EFFECT OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) AND CORTISONE ON PROTEINURIA AND HEMATURIA IN THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Authors: Heymann Walter , Gilkey Caroline , Salehar Milena 
Published: December 2021

1. Fifteen children suffering from the nephrotic syndrome were treated with 22 courses of either ACTH or cortisone. Three children failed to have a diuresis during 4 courses of treatment. No decrease in proteinuria was noted. Eighteen courses of hormone treatment resulted in diuresis in 12 patients. A decrease in proteinuria preceded diuresis in each instance. [See Table II, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 in Source Pdf]
2. A relationship between severity of hypoproteinemia and onset of diuresis, once proteinuria has started to decrease, has been established.
3. It is concluded that one of the important actions of ACTH or cortisone in inducing diuresis is concerned with the decrease in proteinuria, resulting in increasing plasma protein concentration and oncotic pressure.
4. The effect of these hormones on hematuria in nephrosis has been noted during 4 courses of treatment. In these proteinuria decreased appreciably. In 4 instances hematuria persisted and proteinuria decreased only slightly or not at all.
ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO NATURALLY OCCURRING POLIOMYELITIS INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Miller C. Arden , Baumeister Jacqueline 
Published: December 2021

Serums collected over an 18-month period from children with a clinical diagnosis of poliomyelitis were studied by means of the complement fixation test. Test antigens were prepared from the nutrient fluid of tissue cultures infected with each of the 3 known types of poliomyelitis viruses. Results were compared with those obtained from neutralization tests on the same serums. The complement fixation test was of little diagnostic help in these patients; a high titer, a rise in titer, and a fall in titer were all inconstant findings. A complement fixing antibody titer persisting beyond 100 days was more indicative of the immunologic type of the infecting virus than any other feature of the complement fixing antibody response.
The multitypic nature of the complement fixing antibody response was discussed in relation to the complex antigenic structure of poliomyelitis viruses.
PRESACRAL TERATOMAS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: Gwinn John L. , Dockerty Malcolm B. , J. Kennedy Roger L. 
Published: December 2021

Presacral teratomas are seen most frequently during infancy and childhood. Eighteen children with presacral teratomas were seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1907 and 1953, inclusive. Seventeen were girls. The clinical and pathologic findings are presented.
A mass in the presacral area usually is the only symptom as well as the only abnormal physical finding. Such a mass was seen at birth in 14 of the 18 patients. Occasionally symptoms or signs, or both, of obstruction of the urinary tract and/or the gastrointestinal tract constitute the presenting complain.
Roentgenograms aid in diagnosis; other laboratory findings contribute little.
Pathologically, the size of the tumor may vary greatly. It may contain almost any type of tissue. There was no orderly arrangement of the tissue in any case in our series.
In 4 of the 18 cases malignant changes were found microscopically. This is in close agreement with the recorded incidence of malignant changes in presacral teratomas. It is interesting that in one case 2 types of tissue were involved in malignant metamorphosis. Adenocarcinoma is the commonest type of malignancy found, and this is usually papillary. Metastasis frequently occurs via the blood stream to the lungs. The lymph nodes likewise may be the seat of metastatic lesions.
Surgical removal should be undertaken regardless of the size of the tumor on the age of the patient.
INFANTILE DIARRHEA IN THE DENVER AREA: SIGNIFICANCE OF PROTEUS-PROVIDENCIA ORGANISMS
Authors: Graber C. D. , Lincoln A. F. 
Published: December 2021

A 4-month survey of 607 stools taken from 341 infants with diarrhea under 1 year in the Denver area resulted in the isolation of only 20 Proteus strains and 1 Providencia organism. Fifty colitypes of suspect pathogenicity along with 9 Shigella and 8 Salmonella were the principal diarrheal incitants recovered.
The small number of Proteus and Providencia recoveries suggest that these organisms are not frequent diarrheal incitants for the pediatric population in the Denver community.
SPECIAL ARTICLE
Authors: Tisza Veronica B. , Richardson Marianne 
Published: December 2021

The evolution of the concept of comprehensive medical care as it is practiced at the Boston Floating Hospital has been described.
In the course of years, a mental health program has been developed and a Child Psychiatry Unit organized and integrated into the life of the hospital. The structure and the functions of this Unit have been influenced by the fact that from the beginning, it was a core part of the hospital and not a specialty service unit only.
The functions of the Child Psychiatry Unit have been elaborated and the play program described in some detail. A collaborative approach in the handling of individual cases has evolved and the importance of free and easy communication among the hospital workers has been demonstrated.
CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA WITH ASSOCIATED EPISODES RESEMBLING HISTAMINE POISONING
Authors: Gonzales Romulo F. , Gardner Lytt I. 
Published: December 2021

Developmental and metabolic observations are presented on a boy with congenital adrenal hyperplasia who also exhibited paroxysmal episodes resembling histamine poisoning. These attacks were characterized by hyperthermia, flushing of the head and ears, abdominal and/or head pain, chilly sensations, prostration and sometimes vomiting. Diastolic hypotension was observed twice during the episodes. The patient complained of marked dizziness if placed in the erect position. There was no evidence of excessive loss of sodium.
Two possible explanations for the above episodes are discussed: (1) that the episodes were due to paroxysmal, massive diencephalic discharge, and (2) that the episodes were due to the sudden liberation into plasma of an intracellular histamine-like substance. The interrelationships between histamine metabolism and adrenocortical function are reviewed. It is hypothesized that the patient's defect in corticosteroid synthesis may be causally related to the episodes resembling histamine shock.
CONTRADICTION OF THE CONGENITAL DYSPLASIA-PREDISLOCATION HYPOTHESIS OF CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP THROUGH A STUDY OF THE NORMAL VARIATION IN ACETABULAR ANGLES AT SUCCESSIVE PERIODS IN INFANCY
Authors: Caffey John , Ames Rose , Silverman William A. , Ryder Charles T. , Hough Gary 
Published: December 2021

The acetabular angles were measured radiographically at birth in 627 unselected infants, of whom 551 were re-examined at 6 months, and 527 at 12 months of age. At birth there was a wide variation in the size of the angles. In the different categories, the mean values varied between 29 and 25 degrees; the two-standard-deviation ranges were 39 to 20 and 34 to 15 degrees, respectively. Clinical examination of the hips in a similar neonatal group of 666 infants. which was made up largely of the group examined radiologically, disclosed a high incidence of extra and asymmetrical skin folds in the thighs, and great uncertainty in the determination of limitation of abduction. Abduction was unequal on the 2 sides in 4 per cent of all newborns.
At 6 months of age the angles showed marked reduction in size compared with the neonatal values. At 12 months of age the angles were slightly reduced in comparison with those at 6 months.
The angles in white and Negro infants are approximately equal in size at birth, but in the same infants, the angles were slightly larger in Negroes at 6 and 12 months of age; notwithstanding the fact that congenital dislocation of the hips is virtually nonexistent in Negroes.
SYMMETRIC FORM OF BONNEVIE-ULLRICH SYNDROME
Authors: Silver Henry K. 
Published: December 2021

Two cases of the syndrome of webbing of the neck, lymphangiectatic edema, shortness of stature, cubitus valgus and deformities of the toes (symmetric form of the Bonnevie-Ullrich syndrome) are presented.
One patient also had elevated urinary gonadotropins and ovarian agenesis.
The clinical findings of this syndrome and related conditions are described and the possible mechanisms of pathogenesis are reviewed.
The relationship of the Bonnevie-Ullrich syndrome to other clinical syndromes is discussed.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF INTRAUTERINE PNEUMONIA
Authors: Schaffer Alexander J. 
Published: December 2021

PNEUMONIC changes can be found in the lungs of a substantial proportion of the fetuses which die in utero in the late stages of gestation. Similar alterations found in the lungs of percentage of liveborn infants who for only a few hours or day. In the first instance it is certain, in the second it is generally assumed that the process had its origin within the uterus. In an additional number of both stillborn and liveborn infants, it may be demonstrated by microscopic examination that there is an excessive quantity of amniotic sac contents within the lungs.
The pathogenetic factors responsible for both intrauterine pneumonia and for excessive aspiration of amniotic contents have never been definitely established. There still exit profound differences of opinion on every aspect of the process of intrauterine respiration. The following represent expert opinions on the question as to whether the fetus "breathes" or not.
Snyder and Rosenfeld state that "in the full-term fetus sponataneous rhythmic respiratory movements occur which may continue many hours. "Davis and Potter maintain that "amniotic fluid is normally aspirated into lungs as part of intrauterine respiratoy activity" and concluded that "an adquatic existence for the fetus is normal during intrauterine life."
Windle has arrived at the opposite conclusion. In 1939 he wrote,"One is tempted to entertain the false assumption that respiration at birth is a continuation of respiratory-like phenomena indulged in normally throughout fetal life. This is contrary to fact." Sir Joseph Barcroft came to the same conclusion. "There is during the second half of fetal life an inhibition of the nervous mechanism responsible for respiratory movements. If there were not the fetus would be drowned before it was born."
THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
Authors: Wile Simon A. , Sturgeon Phillip 
Published: December 2021

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a relatively new and distinct disease entity manifested clinically by purpura, thrombopenia, hemolytic anemia and bizarre transitory neurologic signs and symptoms. It is characterized histologically by widespread occlusion of the arterioles and capillaries with an amorphous or granular acidophilic material, endothelial proliferation within the vessels and the virtual absence of any inflammatory reaction in the walls of the blood vessel and adjacent tissues.
Three cases occurring in children are reported together with a discussion of our present concepts of the disease.
The clinical diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is not difficult provided the symptomatologic triad of thrombopenia, hemolytic anemia and neurologic disturbances are borne in mind. In some instances, diagnosis can be made prior to death by the finding of the characteristic histologic picture in paraffin sections of particles aspirated from the bone marrow or in biopsy specimens of the skin.
It is stressed that the possibility of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura should be considered whenever an unusually severe or fulminating purpura, associated with thrombopenia, is encountered.
THE PRESIDENT COMMENTS
Authors: BAKWIN HARRY 
Published: December 2021

DURING the past year a committee on juvenile delinquency has been formed in the Academy under the chairmanship of Dr. Preston McLendon of Washington, D.C. Though the problem is not as urgent as some would have us believe, it is, nevertheless, of sufficient gravity and magnitude to merit serious study. The pediatrician is in the best position for this purpose since the springs of criminal behavior in the adolescent reach back into early childhood.
Juvenile delinquency, at one time regarded as a product of the slums of our large cities, has now spread to rural areas as well, and affects rich and poor alike. It is indeed anomalous that as the general economic situation has risen, as slums are eliminated and housing is improved, as playgrounds have been extended, we have, if anything, more, rather than less, delinquency than we used to have. Nor has the rising interest in psychiatry during the past 3 decades helped to deter the juvenile criminal. An effort to prevent delinquency in a "predelinquent" group of boys with psychiatric treatment failed.
Studies on the origin of youthful criminal behavior emphasize that the etiology is multiple. A certain constellation of personality traits, probably in good part inborn; broken homes; cultural factors in the home; a weakening of the deterring forces in the home, the church, the community, and the state—these are among the principal factors.
As for methods of handling the juvenile delinquent, there are even less data than about causes. There has been for many years a general reaction against the severe penal methods of the past.
Adoption of Handicapped Children
Authors: BEAVEN PAUL W. 
Published: December 2021

I am writing this as a "Letter to the Editor" because the subject is a highly controversial one, and I hope by presenting it in this manner to arouse a response which will reflect the opinion of pediatricians.
I submit that adoption agencies should be urged as a part of their program to attempt to find adoptive homes for mildly or moderately retarded children. I realize the difficulty in finding prospective parents for such children.
Staphylococcal Infections
Authors: SHAFFER THOMAS E. 
Published: December 2021

In the recent epidemic of staphylococcal infections in the newborn nurseries at Ohio State University Hospital, a single strain of Micrococcus pyogenes, phage type 42B-47C-44A-52, was found to be responsible for all lesions. A report of this epidemic is to be published in Pediatrics (Schaffer, T. E., Baldwin, J. N., Rheins, M.S., and Sylvester, R. L., Jr.: Staphylococcal infections in newborn infants: I. A study of an epidemic among infants and nursing mothers).
Since that time we have had opportunities to study organisms responsible for similar epidemics among newborns and nursing mothers in Portsmouth and Lancaster, Ohio; Lepeer, Michigan; Seattle, Washington; Hartford, Wisconsin; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and have found that in every instance phage type 42B-47C-44A-52 was responsible.
IDIOPATHIC HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND BILATERAL CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD
Authors: Rhyne J. L. , Carriker Frederick R. 
Published: December 2021

A case of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and congenital bilateral glaucoma in the neonatal period is reported. No previous reports of these two conditions occurring concomitantly have been found.
No proven case of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism diagnosed during the neonatal period has been previously reported.
It is postulated that the hypoparathyroidism and the glaucoma were both congenital in origin. Their relationship to each other is unknown.
STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS IN NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Shaffer Thomas E. , Baldwin Jack N. , Rheins Melvin S. , Sylvester Robert F. 
Published: December 2021

An outbreak of staphylococcal infections of infants and nursing mothers and the resultant epidemiologic investigation are described.
Accepted methods of routine prophylaxis of skin infection in the newborn nursery are re-evaluated.
Control of the epidemic was quickly achieved through the routine prophylactic administration of erythromycin to all infants in the nursery.
No erythromycin-resistant strains of coagulase-positive staphylococci emerged as the result of this method of epidemic control.
There were no untoward reactions to the antibiotic among 463 infants who received erythromycin prophylaxis.
ABNORMALITIES OF THE GENITOURINARY TRACT DISCOVERED BY PALPATION OF THE ABDOMEN OF THE NEWBORN
Authors: Sherwood David W. , Smith Richard C. , Lemmon Robert H. , Vrabel Irene 
Published: December 2021

Twenty-four cases of congenital anomalies and pathologic states of the genitourinary tract, discovered by palpation of the abdomen in newborn infants have been presented together with a review of the literature and description of the methods employed in their detection.
The authors are of the opinion that deep palpation of the abdomen in newborns will reveal abnormalities, mostly of the genitourinary tract but also of the gastrointestinal tract, which are now being overlooked. It is also our belief that these pathologic conditions are most easily detected shortly after birth and that early detection is of great importance to the welfare of the patient.
ALLERGIC COLIC IN INFANTS IN THE GENERAL PRACTICE OF PEDIATRICS
Authors: Martin Frederick J. 
Published: December 2021

Gastrointestinal allergy has been said to be a rare cause of colic in infancy. We had been impressed by the family history of allergy elicited in many cases. Frequent occurrence in colicky babies of stools containing mucus, eosinophils, and sometimes blood, was also noted. The Nance method of staining stool mucus for eosinophils was used. A point was made of inquiring concerning hay fever, allergic asthma, perennial allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, frequent and severe sinusitis and migraine headache, in the mother, father, siblings, grandfathers, uncles, aunts and first cousins. This has been done in the case of all newborns.
The following data were accumulated from newborns whom we treated throughout the course of their complaint.
We found 367 colicky infants among 611 who came from allergic families, an incidence of 60.1 per cent; among 296 infants from non-allergic families, 74 had colic, an incidence of 25 per cent. Where the father and mother both suffered from major manifestations of allergy, out of 55 infants, 43 had colic, an incidence of 78.2 per cent.
A total of 814 infants had 308 colicky babies among them, an incidence of 36.1 pen cent in our practice. These data were gathered because we could find none in the literature answering the basic question of the incidence of colic in private pediatric practice. A broad cross-section of social classes and nationalities found in a metropolitan area were included. The over-all incidence of 36.1 per cent was a surprise to us. The incidence of 60.1 per cent of colic found in allergic families was impressive.