bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyethylene Components in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Comprehensive Overview of Fixed Bearing Design Options
Authors: Kahlenberg Cynthia A. , Chalmers Brian , Sun Hyung Jin , Mayman David J. , Westrich Geoffrey H. , Haas Steven B. , Sculco Peter K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe articular design of a polyethylene insert influences the kinematics and overall function of a total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Standard symmetric posterior-stabilized and cruciate-retaining polyethylene designs have a long track record of high patient satisfaction and longevity in TKA. However, the number and variety of polyethylene inserts and articulations have continued to evolve in an attempt to better replicate native knee kinematics or provide additional constraint. Ultracongruent polyethylene designs have been touted as increasing stability while maintaining the benefits of cruciate-retaining knees. Medial pivot and lateral/dual pivot polyethylene designs were introduced to mimic more normal knee kinematics with regard to femoral rollback. Further, with increasing recognition of knee instability as a cause for persistent symptoms and revision TKA, the utilization of midlevel constraint polyethylene inserts has been increasing, with multiple implant companies offering an insert design with increased constraint for use with a primary femoral component. In this rapidly evolving arena in with a myriad of options available, surgeons should be knowledgeable about the design concepts and their applicable uses for specific patient scenarios. Future research is needed to better understand whether a particular type or design of polyethylene insert and articulation leads to improved patient reported outcomes, improved replication of knee kinematics, and long-term durable implant survivorship.
Lip and Perioral Trauma: Principles of Aesthetic and Functional Reconstruction
Authors: Xie Yanjun , Heft Neal Molly E. , Rudy Shannon F. , Grunebaum Lisa D. , Shaye David A. , Brenner Michael J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSuccessful management of lip and perioral trauma requires a nuanced understanding of anatomy and surgical techniques. Surgical correction is particularly challenging in instances of tissue loss, due to a narrow tolerance for aesthetic deformity and highly specialized functions of the perioral region, including facial expression, communication, and oral competence. Restoring continuity of the orbicularis oris musculature is critical for dynamic sphincter function of the upper and lower lips. Lip and perioral tissue symmetry are also critical for aesthetic balance, and failure to restore a natural appearance can adversely affect personal identity, with attendant psychological trauma. This discussion of lip and perioral trauma management encompasses lip and perioral anatomy, evaluation of injuries, reconstructive techniques, and prevention and management of complications. Perioral injuries are classified by size, depth, and extent of injury, and the corresponding reconstructive approaches are a function of complexity. These approaches proceed sequentially up rungs of the reconstructive ladder including primary repair, local flaps, grafting, regional flaps, as well as microvascular free tissue transfers. Procedures may be single stage or require multiple stages or subsequent refinement. Regardless of the defect size or location, the guiding principle of repair in the perioral region is restoring natural function and aesthetic appearance. This still-evolving area of facial plastic and reconstructive surgery lends itself to artistry and technical precision, offering opportunities for further innovation to improve the outcomes of patients with lip and perioral trauma.
Designing international organizations for debate? A factor analysis
Authors: Panke Diana , Hohlstein Franziska , Polat Gurur 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInternational organizations (IOs) constitute key arenas in which states discuss common issues. Such debates are central prerequisites for taking qualitatively good decisions. Yet researchers have not examined how IOs foster discussion through their institutional provisions. We conduct a factor analysis of institutional rules of 114 IOs which reveals that two ideal types how IOs seek to induce discussion exist: The first type creates room for debate in the negotiation stage of the policy cycle. In contrast, the second type gives member states a strong say in the agenda-setting, thereby facilitating debate. Why do IOs opt for either strategy? A limited policy scope, heterogeneity among actors, and diplomatic socialization increase the probability that IOs place emphasis on debate during negotiations, while a high number of members is the main reason for IOs to promote debate during agenda-setting. These choices reflect the strive of IOs to balance extensive debate with speedy decision-making.
Design of modular multi-channel electron spectrometers for application in laser matter interaction experiments at Prague Asterix Laser System
Authors: Krupka M. , Singh S. , Pisarczyk T. , Dostal J. , Kalal M. , Krasa J. , Dudzak R. , Burian T. , Jelinek S. , Chodukowski T. , Rusiniak Z. , Krus M. , Juha L. 
Published: February 2021

This paper describes design, development, and implementation of a multi-channel magnetic electron spectrometer for the application in laser–plasma interaction experiments carried out at the Prague Asterix Laser System. Modular design of the spectrometer allows the setup in variable configurations to evaluate the angular distribution of hot electron emission. The angular array configuration of the electron spectrometers consists of 16 channels mounted around the target. The modules incorporate a plastic electron collimator designed to suppress the secondary radiation by absorbing the wide angle scattered electrons and photons inside the collimator. The compact model of the spectrometer measures electron energies in the range from 50 keV to 1.5MeV using ferrite magnets and from 250 keV to 5MeV using stronger neodymium magnets. An extended model of the spectrometer increases the measured energy range up to 21MeV or 35MeV using ferrite or neodymium magnets, respectively. Position to energy calibration was obtained using the particle tracking simulations. The experimental results show the measured angularly resolved electron energy distribution functions from interaction with solid targets. The angular distribution of hot electron temperature, the total flux, and the maximum electron energy show a directional dependence. The measured values of these quantities increase toward the target normal. For a copper target, the average amount of measured electron flux is 1.36 × 1011, which corresponds to the total charge of about 21 nC.
Heritability of individualized cortical network topography
Authors: Anderson Kevin M. , Ge Tian , Kong Ru , Patrick Lauren M. , Spreng R. Nathan , Sabuncu Mert R. , Yeo B. T. Thomas , Holmes Avram J. 
Published: February 2021

Significance
The widespread use of population-average cortical parcellations has provided important insights into broad properties of human brain organization. However, the size, location, and spatial arrangement of regions comprising functional brain networks can vary substantially across individuals. Here, we demonstrate considerable heritability in both the size and spatial organization of individual-specific network topography across cortex. Genetic factors had a regionally variable influence on brain organization, such that heritability in network size, but not topography, was greater in unimodal relative to heteromodal cortices. These data suggest individual-specific network parcellations may provide an avenue to understand the genetic basis of variation in human cognition and behavior.
Sex selection techniques and their implications
Authors: Naniwa Yousuke , Uchiyama Kyoko 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Sex selection techniques provide economic benefits to dairy and beef herd management. Therefore, the development of such techniques has attracted the attention of reproductive biologists. There have been numerous studies concerning the development of sex selection techniques. As the sex of the offspring is determined by certain chromosomes, namely the X and Y chromosomes in mammals, most studies have focused on sperm sexing, attempting to separate the X and Y chromosome-bearing sperm based on differences in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content, head size/volume, motility, and immunological specificity. However, most of these methods have failed to show reproducibility. Only the flow cytometric method has been confirmed to be accurate and reliable thus far. More than three decades have passed since this technique was first developed. The sexed semen produced with the method is currently commercialized and widely used for artificial insemination (AI) in cattle around the world. Recently, however, another technique based on differences in DNA contents using a fluidics device was developed by a commercial company. Studies focused on immunological approaches and the modification of sperm motility have also described the successful separation of the two types of sperm. Therefore, the present review evaluated the available sex selection techniques and their implications.
Exploring the Case: Panama’s Camino Real, a Historic Walking Trail
Authors: Ward-Perkins David 
Published: February 2021

Introduction
In Central America, as this case study relates, there has been a recent rediscovery of the ancient trade routes and military roads: the Caminos Reales or Royal Routes. The Camino Real of Panama that runs from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast is an example of such a trade route. Once busy, it was made obsolete by the opening of the Canal and the building of the modern roads that now serve the nation’s businesses. What is the benefit, therefore, of restoring the Camino Real as a sustainable tourism project?
By exploring the case of the Camino Real, a researcher or student can better apprehend the tourism value of heritage routes.
The MBTA pipeline for detecting compact binary coalescences in the third LIGO–Virgo observing run
Authors: Aubin F , Brighenti F , Chierici R , Estevez D , Greco G , Guidi G M , Juste V , Marion F , Mours B , Nitoglia E , Sauter O , Sordini V 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We describe the multi-band template analysis (MBTA) search for gravitational waves signals from coalescences of compact objects in the LIGO–Virgo data, at the time of the third observing run (2019–2020), both for low-latency detections and for offline analysis. Details are given on the architecture and functioning of the pipeline, including transient noise mitigation strategies, parameter space for the searched signals, detection of candidates and evaluation of a false alarm rate associated to them. The performance of the low-latency search is demonstrated based on the LIGO–Virgo third observing run, during which MBTA has contributed to 42 alerts, submitting candidates with a median latency of 36 s. The performance of the offline search is illustrated on a subset of data collected during the second LIGO–Virgo observation run in 2017, and are quantified based on injections of simulated signal events on the same data.
Inversion technique to obtain local ion temperature profiles for an axisymmetric plasma with toroidal and radial velocities
Authors: Bell Ronald E 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A matrix inversion technique is derived to calculate local ion temperature from line-integrated measurements of an extended emission source in an axisymmetric plasma which exactly corrects for both toroidal velocity and radial velocity components. Local emissivity and toroidal velocity can be directly recovered from line-integrated spectroscopic measurements, but an independent measurement of the radial velocity is necessary to complete the temperature inversion. The extension of this technique to handle the radial velocity is relevant for magnetic reconnection and merging compression devices where temperature inversion from spectroscopic measurements is desired. A simulation demonstrates the effects of radial velocity on the determination of ion temperature.
Approximate Fokker–Planck–Kolmo-gorov equation analysis for asymmetric multistable energy harvesters excited by white noise
Authors: Wang Wei , Cao Junyi , Wei Zon-Han , Litak Grzegorz 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Due to the broadband response characteristics at low levels of excitations, nonlinear multistable systems have garnered a great deal of attention in the area of energy harvesting. Moreover, various performance enhancement strategies of multistable harvesters have been proposed and discussed extensively for systems with perfectly symmetric potentials. However, it is very difficult or even impossible in practice to modulate a nonlinear system with completely symmetric potentials. Therefore, this paper investigates the stochastic response characteristics of asymmetric potential multistable harvesters excited by Gaussian white noise. Approximate Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov equation for multistable harvester is provided, and solved by the method of detailed balance. Numerical simulations are carried out to characterize the probability distribution and power output of the response of the harvesters. Results indicate that the theoretical method could well predict the response probability distribution of the systems under white noise excitations. To be more specific, the probability distribution of velocity response at a given excitation level is not affected by the asymmetry of potentials, while the probability density function of displacement is very dependent on the shape of potentials. In terms of the power output, the numerical results agree well with the theoretical results. However, the error between numerical and theoretical results increases with the increase in the number of the steady states and the degree of asymmetry of the harvesters.
Modeling the formation of non-diffraction parabolic beams
Authors: Plastinina T A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this article we perform a numerical study of the generalization of parabolic non-diffraction beams of two orders formed from an analytically given distribution of the ring spatial spectrum. The formation and propagation of non-diffraction parabolic beams are simulated using the Fourier transform and the Fresnel transform. The influence of the radius and width of the circular spatial spectrum on the non-diffraction properties of the beams, as well as the nature of the symmetry of the transverse beam patterns depending on the orders of the beam are researched.
The process of pore formation on a textured silicon substrate during electrochemical etching: 3D model
Authors: Shishkin I A , Lizunkova D A , Latukhina N V 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The paper presents the results of modeling the mechanism for producing porous silicon on a textured surface. For various technological tasks, it is important to learn how to control the parameters of electrolytic etching to obtain the desired result. On 3D maps of the distribution of potential and etching currents, you can see that the vectors go around the pyramids and pointly etch certain sections of the surface. Confirmations of this can be seen in photographs of a scanning electron microscope and a scanning probe microscope. A detailed description of pore formation on textured porous silicon substrates has not yet been found in other works.
Simulation of plasmons on a metal nano-ring
Authors: Kozlova E S , Kotlyar V V 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Using the finite difference time domain method, it is shown that a laser beam with a wavelength of 633 nm and circular polarization forms on the silver nano-ring with a width of 260 nm a surface plasmon polariton with a full width at half maximum of 0.25λ, and the maximum intensity of 1.873 a. u.
Computer optics software construction using multi-paradigm design
Authors: Yablokov D E , Pavelyev V S , Agafonov A N , Eremin A V 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The common goal for all stages of software design is the components reusing that corresponds to the basic principles of the multi-paradigm approach considered in the article. The main aim of the article is a forming of new conceptual bounds in the software design based on the most significant features of procedural, object-oriented and generic programming paradigms. For each paradigm, an example of calculating a diffractive optical element (DOE) phase function on a given set of points is considered, and their advantages and disadvantages are evaluated. Code snippets were created using the C# language supporting several programming paradigms that allows defining algorithmic, behavioral and syntactic commonality. The multi-paradigm approach creates the ability for the implementation of different programming techniques during research in the area of computer optics.
Diffraction of quasimonochromatic light beams on multilayer inhomogeneous photopolymer holographic diffraction structures
Authors: Dudnik D I , Semkin A O , Sharangovich S N 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A theoretical model of quasimonochromatic light beams diffraction by spatially inhomogeneous transmitting multilayer diffraction structures formed in a photopolymer material by a holographic method is presented in this work. This model takes into account the heterogeneity of the amplitude profile of the first harmonic of the refractive index of each layer of the multilayer structure. The model is presented using method of transfer matrixes whose components are the solutions of the coupled waves equations of partial derivates.
The technology of manufacturing metal-dielectric photonic crystals for THz and millimeter ranges by 3D printing
Authors: Agafonov A N , Reshetnikov A S , Tzibizov I A , Shakhmin A A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The article considers the possibility of using 3D printing technologies to manufacture the photonic crystal structures of THz and millimeter ranges. This approach consists of the manufacturing of a polymer photonic crystal matrix by 3D printing based on photopolymerization, followed by filling the voids of the matrix with fusible material that reflects well in the terahertz range (the Wood alloy was used).
Macro usage for analyzing of a telescopic system aberrations in ZEMAX
Authors: Kachurin Yu Yu , Kryukov A V , Kananykhin O A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The experience of optical system aberration analysis using ZEMAX software demonstrates the necessity to acquire and combine data from different text windows such as windows of Longitudinal Aberration, Ray Fan, Field Curvature and Distortion, Lateral Colour etc. This routine operation takes much time and significantly slows down the design process. Moreover, an engineer should always remember about some features of data interpretation connected with different calculation algorithms in different optical schools. It instigated us to develop a macro that forms one-window aberration summary for afocal systems with proper data interpretation according to domestic optical scientific school.
Media competence of an editor as a factor of the effective promotion of scientific journals in the international information environment
Authors: Zhilavskaya I V 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The article gives insights into the concept of media competence regarding the profession of an editor of a scientific journal. Currently, the media competence is gaining the same relevance as other important competencies of publishers of scientific periodicals. The ability to find the required information quickly and efficiently, the ability to work professionally with international scientometric databases, a good understanding of the process of promoting a publication in the information environment, an ability to see if the publication corresponds to the research request and bibliographic description - all these and other skills and knowledge become crucial in organizing the work of the editorial staff of a scientific journal. At the same time, it should be recognized that the editorial staff of scientific journals acquire professional media competences directly in the process of work on the basis of their own successful or less successful experience. The country does not have a training system for such personnel, despite the fact that the challenges faced by the publishers are ambitious. These challenges require an integrated approach, including the increase of the media competence of editors of scientific journals.
Solution of the inverse kinetics problem for the catalytic cracking process based on a 16-component kinetic model
Authors: Mannanova G , Bikbova G , Gizzatova E 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article presents a 16-lump model of catalytic cracking of vacuum gasoil, which allows to take into account the quantity and quality of the main products of the process: gasoline, propane-propylene and butane-butylene fractions; and by-products of the process: light and heavy catalytic gasoil. To solve the direct problem of solving a system of differential equations, the Runge-Kutta method of order 4 is used, to solve the inverse problem of choosing the constants of the rate of chemical transformations, the method of direct search for minimizing the function of the sum of deviations of calculated values from experimental ones is applied. Thus, the reaction rate constants were chosen for the developed model.
Solving the problem of planning a chemical experiment based on genetic algorithms
Authors: Antipina E V , Mustafina S A , Antipin A F , Mustafina S I 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The article is devoted to the task of planning an experiment in chemistry and chemical technology. The problem statement of finding the optimal ratio of the initial substances of reaction is defined. A genetic algorithm for solving this problem is proposed. The algorithm is tested on the example of the reaction of aminomethylation of thiols using tetramethylmethanediamine. The optimal initial concentrations of reagents are calculated to obtain the maximum yield of the target reaction product.
Mathematical modelling of formation process of a reinforced hole in a composite structure
Authors: Vashukov Yu A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Research of strained state of installation process of a reinforcing bushing in a hole of a part made of polymer composite material has been carried out using finite-element model. To deter-mine forces and work of installation process and influence of design factors on bushing strained state along the contour of the reinforced hole, the mathematical model has been developed.
Mathematical modeling of geothermal energy from a well extraction
Authors: Gabdrakhmanova K F , Izmailova G R , Samigullina L Z 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The authors of the article examine the possibility of extracting geothermal energy to the Earth’s surface using the circulation of a heat carrier – water. For this purpose, an oil well is operated that is already suspended and is no longer used for its original purpose. A system of heat and mass transfer equations describing heat distribution in the ground around the well and in the coolant is presented. A mathematical model is developed for calculating the heat flow amount from the ground to the well distribution depending on time, thermal parameters and soil temperature; the temperature field in the near-well space calculation determining the parameters of the heating system transporting heat energy from the well to the surface is performed; the optimal period of well operation by the potential of non-reduced temperature is determined; the temperature field recovery time in the near-well space required for subsequent operation is calculated. Various well depths, geothermal gradient, and water injection rates are considered. For the first time, the relationship between ground temperature and liquid temperature in the inter-tube space and in the inner tube is considered simultaneously.