bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Development of New Test Techniques to Measure the Tensile Response of Materials at High and Ultra-high Strain Rates
Authors: Zhou Junyi , Tagarielli Vito L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
There is a lack of reliable methods to obtain valid measurements of the tensile response of high performance materials such as fibre composites, ceramics and textile products at high rates of strain.

Objective
We propose and assess two new test techniques aimed at measuring valid tensile stress versus strain curves at high and ultra-high strain rates.

Methods
We conduct detailed, non-linear explicit Finite Element (FE) simulations of the transient response of the test apparatus and specimen during the tests and we develop simple analytical models to interpret the test measurements. We consider two test techniques: one based on the split Hopkinson bar apparatus, and suitable for strain rates of up to 1000 /s, and a second technique relying on projectile impact and aimed at measurements at strain rates higher than 1000 /s.

Results
The simulations are successfully validated using test data at strain rates of order 200 /s and then used to predict the test performance at strain rates up to approximately 5500 /s. We find that both techniques can give valid stress versus strain curves across a wide range of strain rates.

Conclusions
We identify the limits of both techniques and recommend optimal measurement strategies for dynamic testing of materials with different ductility.
Microplastic concentrations, characteristics, and fluxes in water bodies of the Tollense catchment, Germany, with regard to different sampling systems
Authors: Tamminga Matthias , Hengstmann Elena , Deuke Ann-Kristin , Fischer Elke Kerstin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe widespread presence of microplastics in multiple environmental compartments has largely been demonstrated. Assessing the ecological risk that microplastics pose is, at the present stage, hindered due to methodical differences. Moreover, different methods hamper meaningful comparisons between studies and data on microplastics <300 μm is scarce. Therefore, we focused on microplastics >20 μm in freshwater and sampling-related aspects in this concern. Sampling was conducted between 2018 and 2020 in the Tollense catchment in northeastern Germany and was carried out by in situ pump filtration. Two different sampling systems (cutoff sizes 20 μm and 63 μm) were applied to filter water volumes of 0.075–1.836 m3. Retained particles were analyzed by a combination of Nile red staining and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Thereby, we found microplastic concentrations between 123 and 1728 particles m−3 using the 63-μm cut-off size and between 1357 and 2146 particles m−3 using the 20-μm cut-off size. Local hydrodynamics (discharge and flow velocity) and land cover are likely influencing the observed microplastic concentrations and fluxes. The variability between both sampling systems cannot fully be explained by the different mesh sizes used. We argue that differentiation between a theoretical cut-off size (finest mesh) and a factual cut-off size (reliable quantification) can help to understand sampling related differences between studies.
Tau deposition and structural connectivity demonstrate differential association patterns with neurocognitive tests
Authors: Hall Zack , Chien Billy , Zhao Yi , Risacher Shannon L. , Saykin Andrew J. , Wu Yu-Chien , Wen Qiuting 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTau neurofibrillary tangles have a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Mounting evidence indicates that the propagation of tau is assisted by brain connectivity with weakened white-matter integrity along the propagation pathways. Recent advances in tau positron emission tomography tracers and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging allow the visualization of tau pathology and white-matter connectivity of the brain in vivo. The current study aims to investigate how tau deposition and structural connectivity are associated with memory function in prodromal AD. In this study, tau accumulation and structural connectivity data from 83 individuals (57 cognitively normal participants and 26 participants with mild cognitive impairment) were associated with neurocognitive test scores. Statistical analyses were performed in 70 cortical/subcortical brain regions to determine: 1. the level of association between tau and network metrics extracted from structural connectivity and 2. the association patterns of brain memory function with tau accumulation and network metrics. The results showed that tau accumulation and network metrics were correlated in early tau deposition regions. Furthermore, tau accumulation was associated with worse performance in almost all neurocognitive tests performance evaluated in the study. In comparison, decreased network connectivity was associated with declines in the delayed memory recall in Craft Stories and Benson Figure Copy. Interaction analysis indicates that tau deposition and dysconnectivity have a synergistic effect on the delayed Benson Figure Recall. Overall, our findings indicate that both tau deposition and structural dysconnectivity are associated with neurocognitive dysfunction. They also suggest that tau-PET may have better sensitivity to neurocognitive performance than diffusion MRI-derived measures of white-matter connectivity.
Beyond the visible spectrum – applying 3D multispectral full-body imaging to the VirtoScan system
Authors: Kottner Sören , Schulz Martin M. , Berger Florian , Thali Michael , Gascho Dominic 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMultispectral photography offers a wide range of applications for forensic investigations. It is commonly used to detect latent evidence and to enhance the visibility of findings. Additionally, three-dimensional (3D) full-body documentation has become much easier and more affordable in recent years. However, the benefits of performing 3D imaging beyond the visible (VIS) spectrum are not well known, and the technique has not been widely used in forensic medical investigations. A multicamera setup was used to employ multispectral photogrammetry between 365 and 960 nm in postmortem investigations. The multicamera setup included four modified digital cameras, ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) light sources and supplemental lens filters. Full-body documentation was performed in conjunction with the use of a medical X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner to automate the imaging procedure. Textured 3D models based on multispectral datasets from four example cases were reconstructed successfully. The level of detail and overall quality of the 3D reconstructions varied depending on the spectral range of the image data. Generally, the NIR datasets showed enhanced visibility of vein patterns and specific injuries, whereas the UV-induced datasets highlighted foreign substances on the skin. Three-dimensional multispectral full-body imaging enables the detection of latent evidence that is invisible to the naked eye and allows visualization, documentation and analysis of evidence beyond the VIS spectrum.
Refining VDI guideline 4663 to evaluate the efficiency of a power-to-gas process by employing limit-oriented indicators
Authors: Eggers Natascha , Böttger Justin N. J. , Kerpen Lukas , Sankol Bernd U. , Birth Torsten 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPrimarily released by the conversion of primary fossil energy sources, anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions influence global warming fundamentally. Since they enable increasing the share of sustainable energy sources in the energy supply and reducing greenhouse gas emissions through targeted integration, power-to-X technologies promise to be an important element of compliance with impending regulations and laws. VDI 4663 guideline for strategically optimizing (technical) processes applies thephysical optimum, a promising performance indicator for a unified, time-independent, and structured evaluation of power-to-X technologies that defines an operation under physically optimal conditions as a limit value. This study applies VDI 4663 to a power-to-X system and evaluates different components. It specifically examines current power-to-gas applications, thephysical optimumas a limit-oriented indicator and its application to complex processes, the physically optimal operation of electrolysis and methanation, heat transfer as a critical component of methanation, the evaluation of a heat exchanger based on thephysical optimum, and targeted process optimization based on VDI 4663. The outcome is an energy index for the evaluation of a heat exchanger, factoring in its structural design. Thephysical optimumof electrolysis and methanation developed here can also be employed as the basis for targeted optimization. This study serves as a basis for the evaluation of other power-to-X systems and introduces the application of VDI 4663. Additionally, the applicability of thephysical optimumto chemistry-based processes is validated.
Labor flexibility integration in workload control in Industry 4.0 era
Authors: Costa Federica , Portioli-Staudacher Alberto 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe paradigm shift toward Industry 4.0 is facilitating human capability, and at the center of the research are the workers—Operator 4.0—and their knowledge. For example, new advances in augmented reality and human–machine interfaces have facilitated the transfer of knowledge, creating an increasing need for labor flexibility. Such flexibility represents a managerial tool for achieving volume and mix flexibility and a strategic means of facing the uncertainty of markets and growing global competition. To cope with these phenomena, which are even more challenging in high-variety, low-volume contexts, production planning and control help companies set reliable due dates and shorten lead times. However, integrating labor flexibility into the most consolidated production planning and control mechanism for a high-variety, low-volume context—workload control—has been quite overlooked, even though the benefits have been largely demonstrated. This paper presents a mathematical model of workload control that integrates labor flexibility into the order review and release phase and simulates the impact on performance. The main results show that worker transfers occur when they are most needed and are minimized compared to when labor flexibility is at a lower level of control—shop-floor level—thus reducing lead time.
Luftverschmutzung als wichtiger Kofaktor bei COVID-19-Sterbefällen
Authors: Münzel Thomas , Hahad Omar , Pozzer Andrea , Lelieveld Jos 
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Sterblichkeit bei COVID-19 ist in Anwesenheit kardiopulmonaler Komorbiditäten erhöht. Luftverschmutzung ist ebenfalls mit einer erhöhten Sterblichkeit assoziiert, v. a. vermittelt durch kardiopulmonale Erkrankungen. Beobachtungen zu Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie zeigten, dass die Sterblichkeit bei COVID-19 v. a. in Regionen mit stärkerer Luftverschmutzung erhöht ist. Ungeklärt ist der Einfluss von Luftverschmutzung für den Krankheitsverlauf bei COVID-19.

Methode
Es wurde eine selektive Literaturrecherche von Studien bis Anfang April 2021 in PubMed zum Zusammenhang von Luftverschmutzung und der COVID-19-Mortalität mit den Suchbegriffen „air pollution AND/OR COVID-19/coronavirus/SARS-CoV‑2 AND/OR mortality“ durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse
Aktuelle Untersuchungen belegen, dass etwa 15 % der weltweiten COVID-19-Todesfälle auf Luftverschmutzung zurückzuführen sind. Der Anteil der luftverschmutzungsbedingten COVID-19-Todesfälle in Europa liegt bei 19 %, in Nordamerika bei 17 % und in Ostasien bei 27 %. Diese Beteiligung der Luftverschmutzung an COVID-19-Todesfällen wurde mittlerweile ebenfalls durch verschiedene Studien aus den USA, Italien und England bestätigt. Luftverschmutzung und COVID-19 führen zu ähnlichen Schäden für das kardiopulmonale System, die möglicherweise den Zusammenhang zwischen Luftverschmutzung und erhöhter COVID-19-Mortalität erklären.

Schlussfolgerung
Der hier gezeigte Umweltaspekt der COVID-19-Pandemie verlangt danach, dass man verstärkt nach wirksamen Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung anthropogener Emissionen, die sowohl Luftverschmutzung als auch den Klimawandel verursachen, streben sollte.
Implementing ACL Injury Prevention in Daily Sports Practice—It’s Not Just the Program: Let’s Build Together, Involve the Context, and Improve the Content
Authors: Benjaminse Anne , Verhagen Evert 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAlthough the benefits of current anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention programmes have been demonstrated in efficacy studies, they, unfortunately, have had limited public health impact to date. For example, the incidence of ACL injuries continues to rise in adolescent athletes. Raising awareness and educating coaches and athletes is not enough to facilitate the widespread, sustained use of these programmes in the real-world setting. Considering the profound burden of ACL injuries, it is necessary to continue to improve the current ACL injury prevention programmes through co-creation. First, the uptake of the programmes should be optimized by a better appreciation and understanding of the individual, socio-cultural and environmental context (i.e., community). Second, the content of the programmes should be optimized to better reflect the demands of the sport by creating more ownership and increasing motivation (incorporating challenging, sport-specific and fun elements) with the end-users. In addition, implicit motor learning, random practice and differential learning are concepts that should be integrated when practising to obtain the most optimal results when learning or finetuning skills.
Transcriptome-Wide Dynamics of m6A mRNA Methylation During Porcine Spermatogenesis
Authors: Liu Zidong , Chen Xiaoxu , Zhang Pengfei , Li Fuyuan , Zhang Lingkai , Li Xueliang , Huang Tao , Zheng Yi , Yu Taiyong , Zhang Tao , Zeng Wenxian , Lu Hongzhao , Lv Yinghua 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a continual process that occurs in the testes, in which diploid spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) differentiate and generate haploid spermatozoa. This highly efficient and intricate process is orchestrated at multiple levels. N 6-methyladenosine (m6A), an epigenetic modification prevalent in mRNAs, is implicated in the transcriptional regulation during spermatogenesis. However, the dynamics of m6A modification in non-rodent mammalian species remains unclear. Here, we systematically investigated the profile and role of m6A during spermatogenesis in pigs. By analyzing the transcriptomic distribution of m6A in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and round spermatids, we identified a globally conserved m6A pattern between porcine and murine genes with spermatogenic function. We found that m6A was enriched in a group of genes that specifically encode the metabolic enzymes and regulators. In addition, transcriptomes in porcine male germ cells could be subjected to the m6A modification. Our data show that m6A plays the regulatory roles during spermatogenesis in pigs, which is similar to that in mice. Illustrations of this point are three genes (SETDB1, FOXO1, and FOXO3) that are crucial to the determination of the fate of SSCs. To the best of our knowledge, this study for the first time uncovers the expression profile and role of m6A during spermatogenesis in large animals and provides insights into the intricate transcriptional regulation underlying the lifelong male fertility in non-rodent mammalian species.
Longer Tendon-Bone Distances of the A2 and A4 Annular Pulleys in Experienced High-Level Sport Climbers: Injury or Adaptation?
Authors: Iruretagoiena Xeber , De la Fuente Javier , Rodríguez-López Elena Sonsoles , Davila Fernando , Dorronsoro Asier , Goenaga Leire , Blasi Marc 
Published: September 2021

Introduction Experienced high-level climbers are subject to a number of bone and soft tissue changes over the years and are also among the most exposed to pulley injuries. One of the main consequences of pulley rupture is the separation of the flexor tendons from the subjacent phalanges, also known as bowstringing. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this population has asymptomatic bowstringing of the A2 and/or A4 pulleys as determined by tendon-bone distance (TBD) values when compared to nonclimbers. Methods High-resolution ultrasound TBD measurements in active forced flexion were made for the A2 and A4 pulley of the ring finger bilaterally. Participants were 21 asymptomatic sport climbers who had 21 consecutive years of climbing at a level above 9.66 in the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation difficulty metric scale. Control subjects were 21 age-matched nonclimbers. Results A significantly longer TBD–25% (0.3 mm) and 35% (0.4 mm) for the A2 and A4 pulleys, respectively–was found in the experienced climbers group (experienced climbers group: A2 1.6±0.5 mm and A4 1.6±0.4 mm; nonclimbers group: A2 1.2±0.1 mm and A4 1.2±0.2 mm). Conclusions Our results suggest that bowstringing of A2 and A4 pulleys occurs in asymptomatic experienced high-level climbers, which could be interpreted as either an adaptive mechanism to workloads endured over years of climbing or a consequence of underdiagnosed pulley ruptures.
How does a narrative understanding of change in families post brain injury help us to humanise our professional practice?
Authors: Whiffin Charlotte J , Ellis-Hill Caroline 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we critically explore the discourse of change post brain injury and challenge the dominant discourse of negative change, which alone leaves little room for other perspectives to exist. These negative changes pose a considerable risk to the well-being of families who may benefit from engaging in richer accounts making room for a more coherent and connected sense of self and family post-injury. We explore how narrative approaches provide opportunities for all practitioners to expand their professional scripts and support families to move towards a future which is not dominated by a discourse of loss. While loss and negative change is an important and very real consequence, of brain injury, focusing purely on stories of loss is life limiting for family members and can cause psychological distress. The life thread model is offered as a visible tool for all practitioners to engage with and use while working with families, providing a concrete focus for reflection and discussion of narratives relating to change which otherwise can feel quite abstract in everyday practice. We argue that one way we can humanise our professional practice is to support all practitioners to engage in a narrative understanding of family change following ABI.
Exponential mixing property for Hénon–Sibony maps of
Authors: WU HAO 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLet f be a Hénon–Sibony map, also known as a regular polynomial automorphism of
$\mathbb {C}^k$
, and let
$\mu $
be the equilibrium measure of f. In this paper we prove that
$\mu $
is exponentially mixing for plurisubharmonic observables.
Observational bias within a hospital-wide hand hygiene program
Authors: Badwaik Amy E. , Tucker Robert P. , Leung Peggy , Klompas Michael 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe assessed the extent to which healthcare workers report more favorable hand hygiene rates when observing members of their own professional group versus other groups’ observations of them. Healthcare workers consistently reported higher compliance rates for their own group compared to others’ observations of them (97 vs 92%; P ≤ .001).
A unified model for transient subglacial water pressure and basal sliding
Authors: Tsai Victor C. , Smith Laurence C. , Gardner Alex S. , Seroussi Helene 
Published: September 2021

AbstractChanges in water pressure at the beds of glaciers greatly modify their sliding rate, affecting rates of ice mass loss and sea level change. However, there is still no agreement about the physics of subglacial sliding or how water affects it. Here, we present a new simplified physical model for the effect of transient subglacial hydrology on basal ice velocity. This model assumes that a fraction of the glacier bed is connected by an active hydrologic system that, when averaged over an appropriate scale, is governed by two parameters with limited spatial variability. The sliding model is reminiscent of Budd's empirical sliding law but with fundamental differences including a dependence on the fractional area of the active hydrologic system. With periodic surface meltwater forcing, the model displays classic diffusion-wave behavior, with a downstream time lag and decay of subglacial water pressure perturbations. Testing the model against Greenland observations suggests that, despite its simplicity, it captures key features of observed proglacial discharges and ice velocities with reasonable physical parameter values. Given these encouraging findings, including this sliding model in predictive ice-sheet models may improve their ability to predict time-evolving velocities and associated sea level change and reduce the related uncertainties.
A restitution method to reconstruct the 2001–13 surface evolution of Hurd Glacier, Livingston Island, Antarctica, using surface mass balance data
Authors: Mensah Darlington , Lapazaran Javier J. , Otero Jaime , Recio-Blitz Cayetana 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe surface restitution method we present reconstructs the evolution of a glacier surface between two time-separated surface topographies using seasonal surface mass balance (SMB) data. A conservative and systematic error analysis is included, based on the availability of surface elevation measurements within the period. The method is applied from 2001 to 2013 at Hurd Glacier (a 4 km2 glacier), where we have sufficient SMB and elevation data. We estimate surface elevation changes in two steps: (1) elevation change due to SMB and (2) elevation change due to glacier dynamics. Four different models of the method are compared depending on whether or not accumulation is memorised at each time step and whether they employ balance profiles or SMB maps. Models are validated by comparing a set of surface measurements retrieved in 2007 with the corresponding restituted elevations. Although surface elevation change between 2001 and 2007 was larger than 10 m, more than 80% of the points restituted by the four models showed errors below ±1 m compared to only 33% when predicted by a linear interpolator. As error estimates between models differ by 0.10 m, we recommend the simplest model, which does not memorise accumulation and interpolates SMB by elevation profiles.
Yoga instructions in Polish and Russian as directive speech acts: a cognitive linguistic perspective
Authors: GÓRALCZYK IWONA , ŁOZIŃSKA JOANNA 
Published: September 2021

abstractThis paper offers an account of within- and between-language differences in the grammatical encoding of directive meaning as represented in yoga discourse in two cognate languages: Polish and Russian. Specifically, the focus is put on three constructions: the imperative and the imperfective non-past indicative in both languages, and the indicative past, which is utilised only in Russian. In the analysis, we make an eclectic selection of methodological tools, drawing on a few models of illocution which have been put forward within Cognitive Linguistics. As is shown, even if yoga instructions are generally assessed as relatively weak directives, there are fine-grained differences in some aspects of construal evoked by the examined constructions resulting in differences in the force impact among the respective patterns and in their distribution. In the analysis, we consider such aspects of construal as: (i) the actuality or virtuality of the event presented in the utterance; (ii) the presence or absence of the speaker in the onstage region; and (iii) the aspectual opposition between an ongoing or completed event. The analysis, which is both qualitative and quantitative, has been based on a corpus of 300 randomly selected instructions in each language (600 in total).