bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Insights into Multi‐Metal Spinel Oxide Nanoparticles for Boosting Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis
Authors: Kim Jiheon , Ko Wonjae , Yoo Ji Mun , Paidi Vinod K. , Jang Ho Yeon , Shepit Michael , Lee Jongmin , Chang Hogeun , Lee Hyeon Seok , Jo Jinwoung , Kim Byung Hyo , Cho Sung‐Pyo , van Lierop Johan , Kim Dokyoon , Lee Kug‐Seung , Back Seoin , Sung Yung‐Eun , Hyeon Taeghwan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMulti‐metal oxide (MMO) materials have significant potential to facilitate various demanding reactions by providing additional degrees of freedom in catalyst design. However, a fundamental understanding of the (electro)catalytic activity of MMOs is limited because of the intrinsic complexity of their multi‐element nature. Additional complexities arise when MMO catalysts have crystalline structures with two different metal site occupancies, such as the spinel structure, which makes it more challenging to investigate the origin of the (electro)catalytic activity of MMOs. Here, uniform‐sized multi‐metal spinel oxide nanoparticles composed of Mn, Co, and Fe as model MMO electrocatalysts are synthesized and the contributions of each element to the structural flexibility of the spinel oxides are systematically studied, which boosts the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. Detailed crystal and electronic structure characterizations combined with electrochemical and computational studies reveal that the incorporation of Co not only increases the preferential octahedral site occupancy, but also modifies the electronic state of the ORR‐active Mn site to enhance the intrinsic ORR activity. As a result, nanoparticles of the optimized catalyst, Co0.25Mn0.75Fe2.0‐MMO, exhibit a half‐wave potential of 0.904 V (versus RHE) and mass activity of 46.9 A goxide−1 (at 0.9 V versus RHE) with promising stability.
Mechanistically Scoping Cell‐Free and Cell‐Dependent Artificial Scaffolds in Rebuilding Skeletal and Dental Hard Tissues
Authors: Yu Peng , Yu Fanyuan , Xiang Jie , Zhou Kai , Zhou Ling , Zhang Zhengmin , Rong Xiao , Ding Zichuan , Wu Jiayi , Li Wudi , Zhou Zongke , Ye Ling , Yang Wei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRebuilding mineralized tissues in skeletal and dental systems remains costly and challenging. Despite numerous demands and heavy clinical burden over the world, sources of autografts, allografts, and xenografts are far limited, along with massive risks including viral infections, ethic crisis, and so on. Per such dilemma, artificial scaffolds have emerged to provide efficient alternatives. To date, cell‐free biomimetic mineralization (BM) and cell‐dependent scaffolds have both demonstrated promising capabilities of regenerating mineralized tissues. However, BM and cell‐dependent scaffolds have distinctive mechanisms for mineral genesis, which makes them methodically, synthetically, and functionally disparate. Herein, these two strategies in regenerative dentistry and orthopedics are systematically summarized at the level of mechanisms. For BM, methodological and theoretical advances are focused upon; and meanwhile, for cell‐dependent scaffolds, it is demonstrated how scaffolds orchestrate osteogenic cell fate. The summary of the experimental advances and clinical progress will endow researchers with mechanistic understandings of artificial scaffolds in rebuilding hard tissues, by which better clinical choices and research directions may be approached.
Electromechanically Tunable Frequency‐agile Metamaterial Bandpass Filters for Terahertz Waves
Authors: Pitchappa Prakash , Kumar Abhishek , Singh Ranjan , Wang Nan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTunable terahertz (THz) transmission filters are essential for various key applications including miniaturized spectrometers, hyperspectral imagers, and channel selectors in high‐speed wireless communication systems. However, tunable THz transmission filters have remained elusive, so far. Here, an electromechanically reconfigurable microcantilevers integrated complementary metamaterial to function as a frequency‐agile THz bandpass transmission filter is reported. A large tunable range of 70% at central frequency of 0.455 THz is designed, and the experimental results show active switching of THz transmission frequency range of 54% at central frequency of 0.5 THz. The proposed electromechanically reconfigurable metadevice provides a large tunable range, uses electrical control, and is fabricated using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible materials and processes, thus making it highly attractive for the realization of plethora of miniaturized high‐performance THz components and devices.
All‐Carbon Tetrasubstituted Olefins Synthesis from Diazo Compounds and Iodonium Ylides under Blue LED Irradiation
Authors: Zhao Yan‐Rui , Li Lei , Xu Guo‐Yong , Xuan Jun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA route for the construction of all‐carbon tetra‐substituted olefins through visible‐light promoted coupling of diazo compounds with iodonium ylides was developed. A wide range of all‐carbon tetra‐substituted olefins was obtained in moderate to good yields. The synthetic values of the current method were further approved by the synthesis of natural isolates modified alkenes and the successful transformation of final olefins into important heterocycles.magnified image
Efficient Calculation of the Lattice Thermal Conductivity by Atomistic Simulations with Ab Initio Accuracy
Authors: Brorsson Joakim , Hashemi Arsalan , Fan Zheyong , Fransson Erik , Eriksson Fredrik , Ala‐Nissila Tapio , Krasheninnikov Arkady V. , Komsa Hannu‐Pekka , Erhart Paul 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHigh‐order force constant expansions can provide accurate representations of the potential energy surface relevant to vibrational motion. They can be efficiently parametrized using quantum mechanical calculations and subsequently sampled at a fraction of the cost of the underlying reference calculations. Here, force constant expansions are combined via the hiphive package with GPU‐accelerated molecular dynamics simulations via the GPUMD package to obtain an accurate, transferable, and efficient approach for sampling the dynamical properties of materials. The performance of this methodology is demonstrated by applying it both to materials with very low thermal conductivity (Ba8Ga16Ge30, SnSe) and a material with a relatively high lattice thermal conductivity (monolayer‐MoS2). These cases cover both situations with weak (monolayer‐MoS2, SnSe) and strong (Ba8Ga16Ge30) pho renormalization. The simulations also enable to access complementary information such as the spectral thermal conductivity, which allows to discriminate the contribution by different phonon modes while accounting for scattering to all orders. The software packages described here are made available to the scientific community as free and open‐source software in order to encourage the more widespread use of these techniques as well as their evolution through continuous and collaborative development.
A Microclip Peripheral Nerve Interface (μcPNI) for Bioelectronic Interfacing with Small Nerves
Authors: Rowan Cami C. , Graudejus Oliver , Otchy Timothy M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPeripheral nerves carry sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) signals between the central nervous system and other parts of the body. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is therefore rich in targets for therapeutic neuromodulation, bioelectronic medicine, and neuroprosthetics. Peripheral nerve interfaces (PNIs) generally suffer from a tradeoff between selectivity and invasiveness. This work describes the fabrication, evaluation, and chronic implantation in zebra finches of a novel PNI that breaks this tradeoff by interfacing with small nerves. This PNI integrates a soft, stretchable microelectrode array with a 2‐photon 3D printed microclip (μcPNI). The advantages of this μcPNI compared to other designs are: a) increased spatial resolution due to bi‐layer wiring of the electrode leads, b) reduced mismatch in biomechanical properties with the nerve, c) reduced disturbance to the host tissue due to the small size, d) elimination of sutures or adhesives, e) high circumferential contact with small nerves, f) functionality under considerable strain, and g) graded neuromodulation in a low‐threshold stimulation regime. Results demonstrate that the μcPNIs are electromechanically robust, and are capable of reliably recording and stimulating neural activity in vivo in small nerves. The μcPNI may also inform the development of new optical, thermal, ultrasonic, or chemical PNIs as well.
Nanopore Whole Transcriptome Analysis and Pathogen Surveillance by a Novel Solid‐Phase Catalysis Approach
Authors: Fang Yi , Changavi Amogh , Yang Manyun , Sun Luo , Zhang Aihua , Sun Daniel , Sun Zhiyi , Zhang Boce , Xu Ming‐Qun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe requirement of a large input amount (500 ng) for Nanopore direct RNA‐seq presents a major challenge for low input transcriptomic analysis and early pathogen surveillance. The high RNA input requirement is attributed to significant sample loss associated with library preparation using solid‐phase reversible immobilization (SPRI) beads. A novel solid‐phase catalysis strategy for RNA library preparation to circumvent the need for SPRI bead purification to remove enzymes is reported here. This new approach leverages concurrent processing of non‐polyadenylated transcripts with immobilized poly(A) polymerase and T4 DNA ligase, followed by directly loading the prepared library onto a flow cell. Whole transcriptome sequencing, using a human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes as a model, demonstrates this new method displays little sample loss, takes much less time, and generates higher sequencing throughput correlated with reduced nanopore fouling compared to the current library preparation for 500 ng input. Consequently, this approach enables Nanopore low‐input direct RNA‐seq, improving pathogen detection and transcript identification in a microbial community standard with spike‐in transcript controls. Besides, as evident in the bioinformatic analysis, the new method provides accurate RNA consensus with high fidelity and identifies higher numbers of expressed genes for both high and low input RNA amounts.
Artificial Adaptive and Maladaptive Sensory Receptors Based on a Surface‐Dominated Diffusive Memristor
Authors: Song Young Geun , Suh Jun Min , Park Jae Yeol , Kim Ji Eun , Chun Suk Yeop , Kwon Jae Uk , Lee Ho , Jang Ho Won , Kim Sangtae , Kang Chong‐Yun , Yoon Jung Ho 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA biological receptor serves as sensory transduction from an external stimulus to an electrical signal. It allows humans to better match the environment by filtering out repetitive innocuous information and recognize potentially damaging stimuli through key features, including adaptive and maladaptive behaviors. Herein, for the first time, the authors develop substantial artificial receptors involving both adaptive and maladaptive behaviors using diffusive memristor. Metal‐oxide nanorods (NR) as a switching matrix enable the electromigration of an active metal along the surface of the NRs under electrical stimulation, resulting in unique surface‐dominated switching dynamics with the advantage of fast Ag migration and fine controllability of the conductive filament. To experimentally demonstrate its potential application, a thermoreceptor system is constructed using memristive artificial receptors. The proposed surface‐dominated diffusive memristor allows the direct emulation of the biological receptors, which represents an advance in the bioinspired technology adopted in creating artificial intelligence systems.
Handheld Device for Selective Benzene Sensing over Toluene and Xylene
Authors: Weber Ines C. , Rüedi Pascal , Šot Petr , Güntner Andreas T. , Pratsinis Sotiris E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMore than 1 million workers are exposed routinely to carcinogenic benzene, contained in various consumer products (e.g., gasoline, rubbers, and dyes) and released from combustion of organics (e.g., tobacco). Despite strict limits (e.g., 50 parts per billion (ppb) in the European Union), routine monitoring of benzene is rarely done since low‐cost sensors lack accuracy. This work presents a compact, battery‐driven device that detects benzene in gas mixtures with unprecedented selectivity (>200) over inorganics, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, and even challenging toluene and xylene. This can be attributed to strong Lewis acid sites on a packed bed of catalytic WO3 nanoparticles that prescreen a chemoresistive Pd/SnO2 sensor. That way, benzene is detected down to 13 ppb with superior robustness to relative humidity (RH, 10–80%), fulfilling the strictest legal limits. As proof of concept, benzene is quantified in indoor air in good agreement (R2 ≥ 0.94) with mass spectrometry. This device is readily applicable for personal exposure assessment and can assist the implementation of low‐emission zones for sustainable environments.
Polymerized Small‐Molecule Acceptor as an Interface Modulator to Increase the Performance of All‐Small‐Molecule Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Ziqi , Deng Dan , Li Yi , Ding Jianwei , Wu Qiong , Zhang Lili , Zhang Guangjie , Iqbal Muhammad Junaid , Wang Rui , Zhang Jianqi , Qiu Xiaohui , Wei Zhixiang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractModulating the morphology of all‐small‐molecule organic solar cells (ASM‐OSCs) has proved to be a considerable challenge in the context of efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport. Regulating the morphology of ASM‐OSCs is a great challenge due to the low viscosity of the small molecules, which tend to form large domain sizes and loose molecular packing, especially in the interfacial region. Here, a polymerized small‐molecule acceptor (PJ1) is introduced as an interface modulator to strengthen the interfacial molecular interactions in a high‐efficiency system, consisting of a novel small molecule donor (ZR‐TT) and a widely used acceptor (Y6). Optimized ASM‐OSCs exhibit a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.33% without any additives. A small amount of PJ1 effectively condenses the morphology, enhances the crystallinity of the blend, and decreases the domain sizes. Upon 3% PJ1 addition in the blends, the accelerated hole transfer and the enhanced charge transport ultimately lead to an increased PCE of 15.54% with improved short circuit current and fill factor. Notably, the generality of this interfacial modulator strategy is proved by using PJ1 in three other ASM‐OSCs and using another polymerized host acceptor, PYT‐F‐o.
Sustainable Recycling of Cathode Scrap towards High‐Performance Anode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lin Jiao , Fan Ersha , Zhang Xiaodong , Chen Renjie , Wu Feng , Li Li 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPollution from spent batteries is causing an environmental crisis, driving the development of innovative recycling and upcycling methods. Conventional recycling technologies are plagued by the technical barriers of high pollution, low efficiency, and poor product utilization. Herein, an innovative and sustainable method is reported of in situ selective and precise recycling of cathode scrap into high value‐added transition metal oxides, as well as in‐depth verification of their suitability as lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) anodes. The recycled ZnMn2O4 material exhibits extremely high discharge specific capacity and performs well at high rates. This unique selective conversion technology, attributed to the co‐octahedral retention conversion, can be applied to obtain a variety of anode materials from aged cells. A successful demonstration of the reconversion of waste LiMn2O4 and LiCoO2 to obtain transition metal oxide materials provides the possibility of further efficient green recycling approaches for large‐scale applications.
Analysis of mechanisms of soil potassium‐holding capacity using different soils of China
Authors: Zhao Xinlin , Gao Shuaishuai , Lu Dianjun , Chen Xiaoqin , Feng Wenqiang , Wang Yong , Zhao Shimin , Wang Huoyan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSoil is the most important source of K for plants; many studies have focused on soil K status and phytoavailability. However, there is still a lack of quantitative explanation for how soils hold plant‐available K. Based on the previous study, the ability to hold plant‐available K for soil was defined as soil potassium‐holding capacity (SKHC). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying SKHC. Fourteen soils from different sites in China were collected and the contribution of soil organic matter (SOM) and clay minerals to SKHC were analyzed based on waterlogging simulation experiments, chemical determination, and data‐fitting analysis. Results showed that SKHC mainly depended on the absorption and holding effects of exchangeable sites deriving from both SOM and clay minerals (presented as cation exchange capacity [CEC]) and nonexchangeable sites deriving from clay minerals, which contributed 14.7 and 82.5%, respectively, to SKHC, at similar soil water‐soluble K levels. After removing the SOM from the soil, the average SOM and CEC decreased from 26.0 to 7.73 g kg–1 and from 13.7 to 11.8 cmol kg–1, respectively. The SOM contributed an average of 24.5% to CEC, with the remaining 75.5% provided by clay minerals. Further analysis showed when SOM increased by 1%, CEC increased by 1.14 cmol kg–1, a relative proportion of 8.32% of the initial soil. Therefore, SKHC is mainly determined by the nonexchangeable sites of soil clay minerals, and increasing CEC by improving SOM content to enhance SKHC should be an effective but slow approach.
Perennial rye as a grain crop in Alberta, Canada: Prospects and challenges
Authors: Daly Erin Jane , Hernandez‐Ramirez Guillermo , Puurveen Dick , Ducholke Chloe , Kim Keunbae , Oatway Lori 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPerennial crops may present an opportunity to produce grain in a more environmentally and economically friendly manner. We examined principal agronomic traits of perennial cereal rye (Secale cerealeL. ×S. montanumGuss ‘ACE‐1’) at two field sites in Alberta, Canada, over two consecutive growing seasons. Treatments included perennial rye, fall rye (S. cerealeL. ‘Hazlett’), spring rye (S. cerealeL.‘Gazelle’), and perennial forage (meadow brome [Bromus commutatusSchrad.] and alfalfa [Medicago sativaL.]) with and without N fertilizer addition. Grain yield of the perennial rye in Year 1 averaged 64 and 51% of the fall and spring rye yields at the Breton and Edmonton sites, respectively. Grain yield of the perennial rye in Year 2 at the Edmonton site averaged 42% of the fall and spring rye. Perennial rye at the Breton site in Year 2 was subject to competition with weeds, resulting in minimal grain productivity. Perennial rye at the Edmonton site yielded significantly more aboveground biomass (without grain) than the other rye crops over both years. Likewise, perennial rye at the Breton site produced 1.5 times more aboveground biomass than the perennial forage in Year 1. The experiment was terminated after virtually nonexistent regrowth at both sites in the spring after two growing seasons. Overall, perennial rye may be an option as a dual‐purpose forage‐grain crop, however, perennial rye cropping beyond 2 yr faces issues of winter survival and weed competition; hence, multi‐year perennial rye cropping is not yet a feasible option for cold temperate conditions.
Explainable activity recognition in videos: Lessons learned
Authors: Roy Chiradeep , Nourani Mahsan , Honeycutt Donald R. , Block Jeremy E. , Rahman Tahrima , Ragan Eric D. , Ruozzi Nicholas , Gogate Vibhav 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe consider the following activity recognition task: given a video, infer the set of activities being performed in the video and assign each frame to an activity. This task can be solved using modern deep learning architectures based on neural networks or conventional classifiers such as linear models and decision trees. While neural networks exhibit superior predictive performance as compared with decision trees and linear models, they are also uninterpretable and less explainable. We address thisaccuracy‐explanability gapusing a novel framework that feeds the output of a deep neural network to an interpretable, tractable probabilistic model called dynamic cutset networks, and performs joint reasoning over the two to answer questions. The neural network helps achieve high accuracy while dynamic cutset networks because of their polytime probabilistic reasoning capabilities make the system more explainable. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach by using it to build three prototype systems that solve human‐machine tasks having varying levels of difficulty using cooking videos as an accessible domain. We describe high‐level technical details and key lessons learned in our human subjects evaluations of these systems.
Body proportions and environmental adaptation in gorillas
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. , Junno Juho‐Antti , Burgess M. Loring , Canington Stephanie L. , Harper Christine , Mudakikwa Antoine , McFarlin Shannon C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesLimb length and trunk proportions are determined in a large, taxonomically and environmentally diverse sample of gorillas and related to variation in locomotion, climate, altitude, and diet.Materials and methodsThe sample includes 299 gorilla skeletons, 115 of which are infants and juveniles, distributed between western lowland (G. gorilla gorilla), low and high elevation grauer (G. beringei graueri), and Virunga mountain gorillas (G. b. beringei). Limb bone and vertebral column lengths scaled to body mass are compared between subgroups by age group.ResultsAll G. beringei have relatively short 3rd metapodials and manual proximal phalanges compared to G. gorilla, and this difference is apparent in infancy. All G. beringei also have shortened total limb lengths relative to either body mass or vertebral column length, although patterns of variation in individual skeletal elements are more complex, and infants do not display the same patterns as adults. Mountain gorillas have relatively long clavicles, present in infancy, and a relatively long thoracic (but not lumbosacral) vertebral column.DiscussionA variety of environmental factors likely contributed to observed patterns of morphological variation among extant gorillas. We interpret the short hand and foot bones of all G. beringei as genetic adaptations to greater terrestriality in the last common ancestor of G. beringei; variation in other limb lengths to climatic adaptation, both genetic and developmental; and the larger thorax of G. b. beringei to adaptation to reduced oxygen pressure at high altitudes, again as a product of both genetic differences and environmental influences during development.