bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory effect of Garlic oil, Clove oil and Thyme oil on Micrococcus Luteus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Authors: Al-Shoaibi Fadi , Benedicts Surya 
Published: October 2021

This study is aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Garlic, Thyme and Clove essential oils against Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Using natural oils to fight the bacteria will limit the usage of antibiotics, reducing the probability of antibiotic resistance which is a global increasing problem. Also, it will eliminate antibiotic side-effects such as vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain, Which occurs around 1 in 10 people (NHS, 2019). Antibiotics also have an effect the biofilm layer, causing a decrease in immunity. Micrococcus luteus has shown no growth in the trail run when the extracts where undiluted, nor in the main investigation when dilutions took place. This reveals the susceptibility of the bacteria to the following essential oils. Staphylococcus epidermidis has shown to be more resistant than micrococcus luteus. The oils however have produced a diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ), which means the oils are effective. Clove essential oil has produced the smallest inhibition zones in all concentrations carried out, suggesting that it’s the least effective extract. Thyme oil and clove oil have produced similar results; however, Thyme has shown a stronger antimicrobial effect at the 30 and 40% concentrations, whereas garlic has shown a stronger effect using the 20% concentration which has the highest coefficient of variation at 32.00% suggesting that it’s the least precise result. These results indicate that these essential oils have strong antimicrobial properties suggesting a potential clinical relevance in tackling bacteria.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONAL IMAGE AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AMONG SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA COUNTRIES
Authors: Yuwei Chen , Ndemo Bitange , Ogutu Martin , Iraki X. N. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between National Image and FDI among Sub-Saharan Africa nations.
Methodology: This study was based on positivism approach and study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. The population of the study was all of SSA 46 countries and a census survey of all the countries in SSA was done hence no sampling was done. Both primary and secondary data were used in the study. A structured research questionnaire was used in collecting primary data. The questionnaire was administered to the Heads of Foreign Missions of each of the 46 SSA countries in Kenya. Secondary data was used for data on FDI obtained from the UNCTAD publications. Data was then analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Testing of hypothesis was done through Adjusted R2 F-ratio test (Analysis of Variance) and regression of the coefficient.
Results: The results revealed that the influence of national image on FDI among SSA countries was positive and statistically significant. The results further reveals that 71.8% of changes in FDI is as a result of the national image aspects selected in this study while the remaining 28.2% are elucidated by other aspects not pondered in this model. Independent indicators defining national image had mixed results. Results showed that political dimension influenced FDI positively but it was not statistically significant (B= .236, t= 1.490, sig= .146). Economic dimension influenced FDI positively but it was not statistically significant (B= .104, t= .461, sig= .648). Social dimension of national image influenced FDI positively and it was statistically significant (B= .367, t= 2.368, sig= .024). Technological dimension influenced FDI positively and it was statistically significant (B= .859, t= 5.141, sig= .000).
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The findings of this study support the need for Sub-Saharan Africa countries to create a national image individually as countries and as a block as this will go a long way in attracting FDI which will eventually translate to economic development. It is therefore prudent for countries in Sub-Saharan Africa to understand the national image dimensions in the regional context in order to carry out frequent analysis and develop strategic approaches relevant to their FDI competitiveness.
Sistema S: lei, pessoa jurídica de direito privado e serviços constitucionais não exclusivos de estado
Authors: Almeida Edvaldo Nilo de 
Published: October 2021

Este artigo tem por objetivo discriminar os elementos do Sistema S, desde sua forma de criação, mediante a edição de lei ou ato normativo equivalente, passando pelo seu objeto, pelo seu regime jurídico híbrido e pela discriminação dos serviços constitucionais não exclusivos de estado. Decerto, fez-se um esboço sobre os elementos constitutivos dos serviços sociais autônomos, iniciando-se por sua gênese jurídica, forma de criação das entidades analisadas, bem como os instrumentos legais que podem ser utilizados para tal finalidade e sua organização jurídica. A metodologia consistiu na análise da doutrina e jurisprudência, utilizando-se os métodos bibliográfico e documental, com ênfase nas fontes da Teoria Geral do Direito. Concluiu-se que a conformação jurídica dos serviços sociais autônomos é conferida pelo Estado a partir da lei que cria a entidade. Com relação ao regime jurídico, demonstrou-se que, na relação entre elas e particulares, a regra é a aplicação do regime jurídico de direito privado e das normas internas da própria entidade. Noutro giro, como essas entidades prestam serviços de relevante interesse social a partir de repasse de tributos ou de verba pública por meio de contrato de gestão, elas submetem-se ao rigoroso regime de direito público na relação de controle finalístico que o Estado exerce e nas regras de orçamento. Também evidenciou-se que desempenham serviços sociais, elencados no art. 6º da Constituição Federal, que não são exclusivos do Estado.
The effects of sealing on urban soil carbon and nutrients
Authors: O'Riordan Roisin , Davies Jess , Stevens Carly , Quinton John N. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Urban soils are of increasing interest for their potential to provide ecosystem services such as carbon storage and nutrient cycling. Despite this, there is limited knowledge on how soil sealing with
impervious surfaces, a common disturbance in urban environments, affects
these important ecosystem services. In this paper, we investigate the effect of soil sealing on soil properties, soil carbon and soil nutrient stocks. We undertook a comparative survey of sealed and unsealed green space soils across the UK city of Manchester. Our results reveal that the context of urban soil and the anthropogenic artefacts added to soil have a great
influence on soil properties and functions. In general, sealing reduced soil carbon and nutrient stocks compared to green space soil; however, where there were anthropogenic additions of organic and mineral artefacts, this led to increases in soil carbon and nitrate content. Anthropogenic additions led to carbon stocks equivalent to or larger than those in green spaces; this was likely a result of charcoal additions, leading to carbon stores with long residence times. This suggests that in areas with an industrial past, anthropogenic additions can lead to a legacy carbon store in urban soil and make important contributions to urban soil carbon budgets. These findings shed light on the heterogeneity of urban sealed soil and the influence of anthropogenic artefacts on soil functions. Our research highlights the need to gain a further understanding of urban soil processes, in both sealed and unsealed soils, and of the influence and legacy of anthropogenic additions for soil functions and important ecosystem services.
On the Problem of Extending Matrix Semantics Sdequate to Classical Implicative Logic to Matrix Xemantics Adequate to Classical Conjunctive-Implicative Logic
Authors: Попов Владимир Михайлович 
Published: October 2021

В (Попов 2019) дан перечень всех логических матриц, носитель каждой из которых есть {1, 1/2, 0} и выделенное множество каждой из которых есть {1}, адекватных классической импликативной логике. В частности, этому перечню принадлежат логические матрицы ⟨{1, 1/2, 0}, {1}, ⊃ (1, 0, 0, 1)⟩ и ⟨{1, 1/2, 0}, {1}, ⊃ (1/2, 0, 0, 1/2)⟩. Настоящая статья содержит построение бинарной операции & на {1, 1/2, 0} и доказательство того, что ⟨{1, 1/2, 0}, {1}, &, ⊃ (1, 0, 0, 1)⟩ есть L&⊃ -матрица, адекватная классической конъюнктивно-импликативной логике, а также доказательство того, что не существует операции ψ, для которой ⟨{1, 1/2, 0}, {1}, ψ, ⊃ (1/2, 0, 0, 1/2)⟩ есть L&⊃ -матрица, адекватная классической конъюнктивно-импликативной логике.
In (Popov 2019), a list of all logical matrices is given, the carrier of each of which is {1, 1/2, 0} and the designated set of each of which is {1}, adequate to classical implicative logic. In particular, to this list belong the logical matrices ⟨{1, 1/2, 0}, {1}, ⊃ (1, 0, 0, 1)⟩ and ⟨{1, 1/2, 0}, {1}, ⊃ (1/2, 0, 0, 1/2)⟩. This article contains the construction of the binary operation & on {1, 1/2, 0} and the proof that ⟨{1, 1/2, 0}, {1}, &, ⊃ (1, 0, 0, 1)⟩ there is an L&⊃ -matrix adequate to the classical conjunctive-implicative logic, as well as a proof that there is no operation ψ for which ⟨{1, 1/2, 0}, {1}, ψ, ⊃ (1/2, 0, 0, 1/2)⟩ is an L&⊃ -matrix that is adequate to the classical conjunctive-implicative logic.
ЛОГИКО-СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ СУБЪЕКТИВНЫХ ПРЕДИКАТОВ
Authors: Pavlukhina Polina 
Published: October 2021

This article discusses the prominent issues of subjective language, which includes PPTs. They take into account opinions rather than facts. Modern logicians and linguists who consider PPTs notice the puzzle about faultless disagreement and the problem of the acquaintance inference. Over the past 10 years, two main doctrines have formed which offer different solutions to these issues: contextualism and relativism. The competition between them is considered in this article. Additionally, we point out that there is a special attention to the speaker in subjective language because the meaning of the sentence is determined from the position of the speaker. However, we assume that subjective predicates can also involve non-local judges, who are not always the speaker. In this regard, we need to turn to a logical apparatus, namely the de re reading, which allows taking into account non-local judges in subjective statements.
В данной статье исследуются субъективные предикаты, которые рассматривают скорее мнение, чем факты. Современные логики и лингвисты обращают особое внимание на проблему безошибочного разногласия и роль непосредственного опыта. За последние 10 лет сформировалось два основных лагеря, которые предлагают различные решения данных вопросов. Дискуссия между данными направлениями будет затронута в данной работе. Отмечается, что особое внимание уделяется говорящему, с позиции которого определяется значение предложения, но субъективные предикаты могут говорить так же и о нелокальных судьях, которыми не всегда является говорящий. В связи с этим отмечается необходимость обращения к логическому аппарату, а именно чтению de re, которое позволяет учитывать нелокальных судей в субъективных высказываниях.
“A professor of darkness”: Higher Education and the Annihilation of Virtue in Cormac McCarthy'sThe Sunset Limited
Authors: DeCoste D. Marcel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhile critics have remarked how The Sunset Limited stresses White's identity as a professor, they have had little to say regarding what this fact and White's suicidal longing reveal concerning McCarthy's view of the contemporary university. This article fills this gap by scrutinizing White's death wish through the lens of the academy's engagement with virtue. Drawing upon John Henry Newman's understanding of the relationship between the university and character formation, as well as traditional formulations of classical and Christian virtues, I show how White's arguments in favor of self-annihilation are grounded in an education lacking any pursuit of virtue of either kind. Representative of the modern academy, White has located all value not in an ethical consideration of how to be a good man in community with others, but in the artistic achievements of humanity; his vocation has concerned itself with aesthetics at the expense of virtue. Divorced especially from the theological virtues, the education White professes darkness by combining intellectual pride with moral skepticism in such a way as to subvert human solidarity, individual purpose, and indeed the project of the university itself.
A Few Nice Things and a Few Problems with “The Kekulé Problem”
Authors: Josyph Peter 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Peter Josyph considers McCarthy's most recent work, a nonfiction essay titled “The Kekulé Problem” and published in Nautilus in 2017. He reads it as a kind of memoir, “notes of a mental traveller,” and more revealing of direct personal experience than any of McCarthy's writing to date. Josyph considers the background of the story about the German chemist Frederich August von Kekulé that's at the heart of the essay and how McCarthy engages with the ideas it presents.
IN TRANSITION - Mathematics and Art
Authors: Peltonen Kirsi 
Published: October 2021

Aalto University has been able to create a fruitful frame for activitiesenhancing interaction between mathematics, art and architecture. One of the most recent highlights of this progress was a student exhibition titled `'IN TRANSITION -- Mathematics and Art' [12] at Espoo Cultural Centre [9].The exhibition was further extended to the Aalto Math&Arts exhibition inShanghai ([3],[25]). In this paper we describe our long-lasting open-mindedcollaboration to build a minor in Mathematics and Arts that is useful fromfreshmen to PhD students across the conventional barriers between disciplines. A dialogue between scientific and artistic practices break clichés related to mathematics by bringing deep phenomena in the field to the level of human experience. Challenges and future scenarios are discussed broadly.
Some ideas about the present state of Aalto Math and Arts can be found in[2].
Lexical and Structural Ambiguity in Machine Translation: An Analytical Study
Authors: Alzeebaree Yaseen 
Published: October 2021

The aim of this study is to investigate the difficulties facing Machine Translation (Google) particularly those related to lexis and structure. The researcher has chosen randomly two English and two Arabic texts about various sorts of translation: Media, Scientific, General and Economic. They were taken from several sources (websites, magazine.) to be translated automatically (Google) and humanly from Arabic to English and vice versa. Then they were analyzed to see the challenges that face Machine Translation (Google). The results of the study indicate that MT is problematic and has many challenges concerning lexis such as (Deletions, non-vocalizations, multiple meanings, collocations, additions and acronyms) and syntax like: word order, verb-subject agreement, passive voice etc. On the basis of the results of the study, the researcher recommended that further work needs to be done to create a system that comprises syntax, morphology and semantics of all languages.
Assessment of Fertility Effect and Hypolipidemic Activity of Carica papaya (Linn) Leaf Methanol Extract in Male Diabetic Rats
Authors: O. Ayodele Opeyemi , M. Dada Ifeoluwa , K. Adekunle Rotimi 
Published: October 2021

Aim: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder that leads to other microvascular and macrovascular complications. Diabetes affects fertility and blood clotting, and also cause impaired lipid profile thus leading to increased atherogenic risks and coronary diseases. This research investigates the effects of Carica papaya leaf methanol extract on fertility indices and lipid profile of male diabetic rats.
Methodology: Male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups of six rats each. Diabetes was induced in the rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Diabetic rats were treated orally with 100 and 200 mg/kg C. papaya methanol extract for 14 days. At the end of administration, the plasma glucose concentration and lipid profile were assayed by spectrophotometric methods; seminal analysis was carried out for evaluation of morphology, motility and sperm count under the microscope. The bleeding and clotting times of the rats were also determined.
Results: C. papaya leaf methanol extract caused significant (p = 0.05) reduction in plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL-C, LDL-C, bleeding and clotting times of diabetic treated rats, while the HDL-C of treated groups were significantly (p = 0.05) elevated compared to the diabetic control. Percentage normal cells were lower in diabetic control rats (41.4±4.4%) and C. papaya treated groups (50.0±8.5% for 100 mg/kg; 47.5±9.1% for 200 mg/kg) compared with the normal control group (69.5±5.6%). Similar results were recorded for sperm count. The qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroids, anthraquinone, tannin, and other bioactive compounds.
Conclusion: findings from this study indicated that C. papaya leaf methanol extract could possess hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. Thus, could be considered as a potential source of bio pharmacological agent for management and control of DM and its complications. Prolonged administration of C. papaya leaves may negatively affect male fertility.
Investigation of the Anti-TB Potential of Selected Phytochemicals of Nigella Sativa using Molecular Docking Approach
Authors: Mir Shabir Ahmad 
Published: October 2021

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the foremost causes of human mortality across the world. In general, it is a curable disease and several drugs are available in market for its treatment, however, because of the drug resistance to the currently available anti-TB drugs, the development and/or discovery of new drugs with better efficacy against TB cannot be overlooked. In the present study, we performed virtual screening of the major phytochemicals of the plant Nigella sativa for investigating their potential to inhibit some novel drug targets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which included- pantothenate kinase, type 1 (MtPanK), β-ketoacyl ACP synthase I (MtKasA), and decaprenylphosphoryl-β-D-ribose 2′-epimerase 1 (MtDprE1).
Methods: The screening of the phytochemicals was investigated through a molecular docking approach using Auto dock vina and the molecular interactions in the protein-ligand complexes were visualized and analysed through PyMol and BioVia Discovery Studio Visualizer.
Results: Our in silico observations reveal that, out of the nine selected phytochemicals screened, five compounds, namely α-hederin, dithymoquinone, nigellidine, thymoquinone and thymol binded to one or more of the selected target enzymes with significant docking scores. α-hederin binded to MtDprE1 and MtKasA with a docking score of −8.5kcal/mol and −7.9kcal/mol, respectively, dithymoquinone binded to MtKasA, MtDprE1 and MtPanK with a docking score of −6.5kcal/mol, −8.2kcal/mol and −9.2kcal/mol, respectively and nigellidine binded to MtDprE1 and MtPanK with a docking score of −8.1kcal/mol and −8.2kcal/mol, respectively. Further, thymol as well as thymoquinone were observed to bind MtKasA with a docking score of −6.6kcal/mol.
Conclusions: The results of our study indicate that the five phytochemicals of N. sativa, including α-hederin, dithymoquinone, nigellidine, thymoquinone and thymol, are worth studying further for their anti-TB activity, however, additional biological studies are warranted to validate these findings.
Frequency of Complications in Neonates with Low Birth Weight
Authors: Shahani Kamran Ali , Khidri Feriha Fatima , Riaz Hina , Siddiqui Komal , Rani Keenjhar , Ali Faiza Kamran 
Published: October 2021

Objective: To identify and determine the frequency of complications in neonates with low birth weight.
Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted at Khairpur Medical College and Lady Willingdon Hospital, Khairpur Mirs from January 2018 to July 2021. Two hundred (n=200) neonates with low birth weight (<2500 grams) were recruited and frequency of different complications were observed.
Results: The mean age of the neonates was 10.50 ± 4.34 days. Of the 200 neonates with low birth weight, 132 neonates (66%) presented with various complications; however 68 neonates (34%) were normal and without complications. Of the 200 neonates with low birth weight, the following complications were observed, hypoglycaemia (14.5%), jaundice (12.5%), respiratory distress syndrome (8%), feeding problems (8%), congenital cardiac defects (5%), hypothermia (4%), other complications such as sepsis (2%), apnea of prematurity (2%), intraventricular haemorrhage (2%), and more than 1 complications (16 neonates, 8%).
Conclusions: In conclusion, hypoglycaemia and jaundice were the common complications associated with low birth weight in neonates. Advanced maternal age during childbirth, stress, lower socioeconomic conditions, consanguineous marriages, lower body mass index and maternal illness such as preeclampsia and anaemia were the risk factors of low birth weight observed in our study. Risk factors may be identified earlier in order to lessen the morbidities and mortality in low birth weight neonates.
Oral Health Effects among Conventional Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Smoking among Users in Saudi Arabia
Authors: ALOsaimi Malak Mohammed , Aldarrab Meshael , Aldabaan Lama , Dhawi Joud Bin , Alali Hanan 
Published: October 2021

Introduction: The use of e cigarettes is on the rise in the Middle East Countries and Saudi Arabia especially.This study aims to evaluate the oral mucosal lesions caused due to electronic cigarette smoking (ECS) use and oral health, including ‘gingival pain and/or bleeding’, ‘tongue and/or inside-cheek pain’, and ‘cracked or broken teeth’ among adolescents.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted among 1300 participant in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia using a reliable and valid online questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed by the investigators and Google forms were used to collect the information. The questions were grouped into categories relating to socio-demographic data (age, gender), type of cigarette smoking (conventional, E-cigarette or booth), and cigarette smoking behavior (frequency).
Results: It was observed from the present study that even though oral mucosal lesions were more in conventional cigarette smokers but e cigarettes were not the safe option as it has ill effects also. Females used e cigarettes more (30.7%) as compared to males (28.2%). Statistically significant results were obtained for change in color of gingival, disturbed feeling in the tongue (p<0.000).
Conclusion: The usage of e cigarettes was seen more among females than males. The oral health effects and especially the change in color, dryness of the oral cavity and discoloration of the teeth were seen more with the conventional cigarettes users than the e cigarettes users. E cigarettes were also associated with ill effects of the oral cavity.