bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research on attention and reasoning mechanism of autonomous English learning based on machine learning
Authors: Wang Shanshan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The wave of the Internet era has swept over our lives and learning, and the Internet is gradually being widely used in all scenes of life and learning. The use of Internet technology can greatly improve efficiency compared to traditional methods. With the popularization of computers, internet technology has entered millions of households, and now more and more school courses are related to the Internet. However, the teaching evaluation of online learning is generally derived from the post-class feedback of teachers and students. In this paper, we analyze the video feeds of students during class and then qualitatively assess students' attention. In this paper, the English grammar error correction model is mainly based on deep learning, and the English grammar error correction problem is defined. The English grammar error correction evaluation criteria are given. Besides, the SEQ-based English grammar error correction model is proposed, and some improvements are made to the basic SEQ model, and then the algorithmic model is experimented and validated. Based on the above discussion, the feedback mechanism is proposed. Moreover, we also introduce the N-gram model and related implementation techniques, and experiments are conducted and experimental results are given with the corpus.
Phase formation and magnetic properties of (Nd1−xYx)14Fe80B6 melt-spun ribbons
Authors: Li ShengXi , Dai FeiLong , Shen JiuQi , Huang JunKang , Huang FaJia , Rong MaoHua , Yao QingRong , Wang Jiang 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Phase formation and magnetic properties of (Nd1−xYx)14Fe80B6 (x = 0.1–0.8) alloys were investigated experimentally by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The phase structure analysis reveals that the as-cast (Nd1−xYx)14Fe80B6 alloys were made of 2:14:1 phase with tetragonal Nd2Fe14B-tpyed structure, REFe2 and α-Fe phases, while the melt-spun ribbons are composed of 2:14:1 phase and α-Fe Phase. Based on the magnetic measurements, the remanence (Br), the coercivity (Hcj), the maximum magnetic energy product ((BH)max) and the Curie temperatures (Tc) of (Nd1−xYx)14Fe80B6 ribbons reduces gradually with increasing Y substitution. The relatively high coercivity (6.75 kOe) of (Nd0.4Y0.6)14Fe80B6 ribbon with high Y substitution was achieved, which indicates that good magnetic properties of Nd–Y–Fe–B ribbons would be obtained through the design of alloy composition and phase formation.
Forest above-ground volume assessments with terrestrial laser scanning: a ground-truth validation experiment in temperate, managed forests
Authors: Demol Miro , Calders Kim , Verbeeck Hans , Gielen Bert 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsQuantifying the Earth’s forest above-ground biomass (AGB) is indispensable for effective climate action and developing forest policy. Yet, current allometric scaling models (ASMs) to estimate AGB suffer several drawbacks related to model selection and uncertainties about calibration data traceability. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) offers a promising non-destructive alternative. Tree volume is reconstructed from TLS point clouds with quantitative structure models (QSMs) and converted to AGB with wood basic density. Earlier studies have found overall TLS-derived forest volume estimates to be accurate, but highlighted problems for reconstructing finer branches. Our objective was to evaluate TLS for estimating tree volumes by comparison with reference volumes and volumes from ASMs.MethodsWe quantified the woody volume of 65 trees in Belgium (from 77 to 2800 L; Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua, and Fraxinus excelsior) with QSMs and destructive reference measurements. We tested a volume expansion factor (VEF) approach by multiplying the solid and merchantable volume from QSMs by literature VEF values.Key ResultsStem volume was reliably estimated with TLS. Total volume was overestimated by +21 % using original QSMs, by +9 % and –12 % using two sets of VEF-augmented QSMs, and by –7.3 % using best-available ASMs. The most accurate method differed per site, and the prediction errors for each method varied considerably between sites.ConclusionsVEF-augmented QSMs were only slightly better than original QSMs for estimating tree volume for common species in temperate forests. Despite satisfying estimates with ASMs, the model choice was a large source of uncertainty, and species-specific models did not always exist. Therefore, we advocate for further improving tree volume reconstructions with QSMs, especially for fine branches, instead of collecting more ground-truth data to calibrate VEF and allometric models. Promising developments such as improved co-registration and smarter filtering approaches are ongoing to further constrain volumetric errors in TLS-derived estimates.
Pollen limitation and xenia effects in a cultivated mass-flowering tree, Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae)
Authors: Trueman Stephen J , Kämper Wiebke , Nichols Joel , Ogbourne Steven M , Hawkes David , Peters Trent , Hosseini Bai Shahla , Wallace Helen M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
Pollen limitation is most prevalent among bee-pollinated plants, self-incompatible plants and tropical plants. However, we have very little understanding of the extent to which pollen limitation affects fruit set in mass-flowering trees despite tree crops accounting for at least 600 million tons of the 9200 million tons of annual global food production.

Methods
We determined the extent of pollen limitation in a bee-pollinated, partially self-incompatible, subtropical tree by hand cross-pollinating the majority of flowers on mass-flowering macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) trees that produce about 200 000–400 000 flowers. We measured tree yield and kernel quality and estimated final fruit set. We genotyped individual kernels by MassARRAY to determine levels of outcrossing in orchards and assess paternity effects on nut quality.

Key Results
Macadamia trees were pollen-limited. Supplementary cross-pollination increased nut-in-shell yield, kernel yield and fruit set by as much as 97, 109 and 92 %, respectively. The extent of pollen limitation depended upon the proximity of experimental trees to trees of another cultivar because macadamia trees were highly outcrossing. Between 84 and 100 % of fruit arose from cross-pollination, even at 200 m (25 rows) from orchard blocks of another cultivar. Large variations in nut-in-shell mass, kernel mass, kernel recovery and kernel oil concentration were related to differences in fruit paternity, including between self-pollinated and cross-pollinated fruit, thus demonstrating pollen-parent effects on fruit quality (i.e. xenia).

Conclusions
This study is the first to demonstrate pollen limitation in a mass-flowering tree. Improved pollination led to increased kernel yield of 0.31–0.59 tons ha–1, which equates currently to higher farm-gate income of approximately $US3720–$US7080 ha–1. The heavy reliance of macadamia flowers on cross-pollination and the strong xenia effects on kernel mass demonstrate the high value that pollination services can provide to food production.
Evolutionary history of two rare endemic conifer species from the eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: Miao Jibin , Farhat Perla , Wang Wentao , Ruhsam Markus , Milne Richard , Yang Heng , Tso Sonam , Li Jialiang , Xu Jingjing , Opgenoorth Lars , Miehe Georg , Mao Kangshan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
Understanding the population genetics and evolutionary history of endangered species is urgently needed in an era of accelerated biodiversity loss. This knowledge is most important for regions with high endemism that are ecologically vulnerable, such as the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP).

Methods
The genetic variation of 84 juniper trees from six populations of Juniperus microsperma and one population of Juniperus erectopatens, two narrow-endemic junipers from the QTP that are sister to each other, was surveyed using RNA-sequencing data. Coalescent-based analyses were used to test speciation, migration and demographic scenarios. Furthermore, positively selected and climate-associated genes were identified, and the genetic load was assessed for both species.

Key Results
Analyses of 149 052 single nucleotide polymorphisms showed that the two species are well differentiated and monophyletic. They diverged around the late Pliocene, but interspecific gene flow continued until the Last Glacial Maximum. Demographic reconstruction by Stairway Plot detected two severe bottlenecks for J. microsperma but only one for J. erectopatens. The identified positively selected genes and climate-associated genes revealed habitat adaptation of the two species. Furthermore, although J. microsperma had a much wider geographical distribution than J. erectopatens, the former possesses lower genetic diversity and a higher genetic load than the latter.

Conclusions
This study sheds light on the evolution of two endemic juniper species from the QTP and their responses to Quaternary climate fluctuations. Our findings emphasize the importance of speciation and demographic history reconstructions in understanding the current distribution pattern and genetic diversity of threatened species in mountainous regions.
The Accuracy of a Patient-Specific Three-Dimensional Digital Ostectomy Template for Mandibular Angle Ostectomy
Authors: Wu Guoping , Xie Zhiyang , Shangguan Wensong , Zhang Wenwen , Wang Shu , Hu Chao , Lu Tong , Gao Sheng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough three-dimensional (3D)-printed digital ostectomy templates (DOTs) can help surgeons perform mandibular angle ostectomy (MAO) more precisely and safely, the clinical application of such templates is problematic.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a novel DOT and improve the precision of MAO.MethodsA total of 20 patients with a prominent mandibular angle (PMA) were allocated into 2 groups (10 patients per group). A conventional DOT and a novel DOT were applied to guide MAO in Groups A and B, respectively. The mean time taken for curved osteotomy and the volume of postoperative drainage on 1 side within 24 hours were recorded. The deviations between the simulated and postoperative lower border of the mandible were measured on both sides.ResultsAll the patients were satisfied with the cosmetic outcomes. Statistical results showed that the mean time taken for curved osteotomy was shorter in Group B than in Group A, and that the volume of postoperative drainage on 1 side within 24 hours was similar between the 2 groups. The deviations at the anterior and posterior parts of the inferior border showed that the accuracy of osteotomy was higher in Group B than in Group A, and that there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the middle part.ConclusionsThe novel DOT is easy to locate and fix tightly, which reduced the operating time and increased the safety and precision of the procedures.Level of Evidence: 4
Smoothed nested testing on directed acyclic graphs
Authors: Loper J H , Lei L , Fithian W , Tansey W 
Published: September 2021

SummaryWe consider the problem of multiple hypothesis testing when there is a logical nested structure to the hypotheses. When one hypothesis is nested inside another, the outer hypothesis must be false if the inner hypothesis is false. We model the nested structure as a directed acyclic graph, including chain and tree graphs as special cases. Each node in the graph is a hypothesis and rejecting a node requires also rejecting all of its ancestors. We propose a general framework for adjusting node-level test statistics using the known logical constraints. Within this framework, we study a smoothing procedure that combines each node with all of its descendants to form a more powerful statistic. We prove that a broad class of smoothing strategies can be used with existing selection procedures to control the familywise error rate, false discovery exceedance rate, or false discovery rate, so long as the original test statistics are independent under the null. When the null statistics are not independent, but are derived from positively correlated normal observations, we prove control for all three error rates when the smoothing method is an arithmetic averaging of the observations. Simulations and an application to a real biology dataset demonstrate that smoothing leads to substantial power gains.
Spatial distribution of sediment archaeal and bacterial communities relates to the source of organic matter and hypoxia – a biogeographical study on Lake Remoray (France)
Authors: Tardy Vincent , Etienne David , Masclaux Hélène , Essert Valentin , Millet Laurent , Verneaux Valérie , Lyautey Emilie 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTBottom waters hypoxia spreads in many lakes worldwide causing severe consequences on whole lakes trophic network. Here, we aimed at understanding the origin of organic matter stored in the sediment compartment and the related diversity of sediment microbial communities in a lake with deoxygenated deep water layers. We used a geostatistical approach to map and compare both the variation of organic matter and microbial communities in sediment. Spatialisation of C/N ratio and δ13C signature of sediment organic matter suggested that Lake Remoray was characterized by an algal overproduction which could be related to an excess of nutrient due to the close lake-watershed connectivity. Three spatial patterns were observed for sediment microbial communities after the hypoxic event, each characterized by specific genetic structure, microbial diversity and composition. The relative abundance variation of dominant microbial groups across Lake Remoray such as Cyanobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria and Chloroflexi provided us important information on the lake areas where hypoxia occurs. The presence of methanogenic species in the deeper part of the lake suggests important methane production during hypoxia period. Taken together, our results provide an extensive picture of microbial communities' distribution related to quantity and quality of organic matter in a seasonally hypoxic lake.
A toolbox for digitally enhanced teaching in synthetic biology
Authors: Muth Liv Teresa , Jenkins Sánchez Liam Richard , Claus Silke , Salvador Lopez José Manuel , Van Bogaert Inge 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 has forced educational provision to suddenly shift to a digital environment all around the globe. During these extraordinary times of teaching and learning both the challenges and the opportunities of embedding technologically enhanced education permanently became evident. Even though reinforced by constraints due to the pandemic, teaching through digital tools increases the portfolio of approaches to reach learning outcomes in general. In order to reap the full benefits, this Minireview displays various initiatives and tools for distance education in the area of Synthetic Biology in higher education while taking into account specific constraints of teaching Synthetic Biology from a distance, such as collaboration, laboratory and practical experiences. The displayed teaching resources can benefit current and future educators and raise awareness about a diversified inventory of teaching formats as a starting point to reflect upon one's own teaching and its further advancement.
A systems approach using Diversity Outbred mice distinguishes the cardiovascular effects and genetics of circulating GDF11 from those of its homolog, myostatin
Authors: Starcher Abigail E , Peissig Kristen , Stanton James B , Churchill Gary A , Cai Dunpeng , Maxwell Joshua T , Grider Arthur , Love Kim , Chen Shi-You , Coleman Amanda E , Strauss Emma , Pazdro Robert 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a member of the TGF-β protein family that has been implicated in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. While some studies have suggested that systemic GDF11 protects against cardiomyocyte enlargement and left ventricular wall thickening, there remains uncertainty about the true impact of GDF11 and whether its purported effects are actually attributable to its homolog myostatin. This study was conducted to resolve the statistical and genetic relationships among GDF11, myostatin, and cardiac hypertrophy in a mouse model of human genetics, the Diversity Outbred (DO) stock. In the DO population, serum GDF11 concentrations positively correlated with cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area, while circulating myostatin levels were negatively correlated with body weight, heart weight, and left ventricular wall thickness and mass. Genetic analyses revealed that serum GDF11 concentrations are modestly heritable (0.23) and identified a suggestive peak on murine chromosome 3 in close proximity to the gene Hey1, a transcriptional repressor. Bioinformatic analyses located putative binding sites for the HEY1 protein upstream of the Gdf11 gene in the mouse and human genomes. In contrast, serum myostatin concentrations were more heritable (0.57) than GDF11 concentrations, and mapping identified a significant locus near the gene FoxO1, which has binding motifs within the promoter regions of human and mouse myostatin genes. Together, these findings more precisely define the independent cardiovascular effects of GDF11 and myostatin, as well as their distinct regulatory pathways. Hey1 is a compelling candidate for the regulation of GDF11 and will be further evaluated in future studies.
Insight into Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis: Is the Answer Blowing in the Wind?
Authors: Herman Sari M , Zaborniak Karver , Bernstein Charles N 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are conditions characterized by immune dysregulation to a trigger in those with a genetic predisposition. Environmental factors are thought to contribute to IBD, but no definite trigger has been identified. Aeroallergens have not been thoroughly investigated in their potential contribution to the pathogenesis to IBD. The geographic distribution of aeroallergens and IBD, the association of atopic disease with IBD, seasonality and IBD, and cross-reactive food allergens require further study with implications for targeted dietary and immunomodulatory therapies.
1449Rapid Evidence for Practice modules: using team-based learning to teach evidence-based medicine
Authors: Ackermann Deonna , Blyth Fiona , Burgess Annette , Reid Sharon 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) teaching in medical education programs introduces key clinical epidemiology concepts to the future medical workforce. Team-based learning (TBL) is a student-centred learning strategy increasingly used in medical education. We adapted the TBL framework into Rapid Evidence for Practice (REP) modules which will provide students with EBM knowledge and skills and prepare them to apply evidence within short timeframes, simulating real world clinical contexts.

Methods
Year 2 graduate medical students completed a REP module on randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comprising: online informational content, an individual readiness quiz; a forum featuring a critical appraisal demonstration, and a team-based rapid appraisal and application of a published RCT to a clinical scenario. Student feedback was collected by questionnaire, using closed and open-ended items. Data will be analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.

Results
In total, 54/259 (20%) of participants completed a questionnaire regarding the REP module. Summary quantitative results found 91% of students agreed that REP helped them develop a way to use evidence to approach clinical questions and 81% agreed they were satisfied with this method of teaching. Complete quantitative and qualitative analysis results will be presented at the congress.

Conclusions
Our adaption of the TBL framework into a REP module addressing RCTs was highly rated by medical students. Further evaluation of REP for other study types is planned.

Key messages
REP appears to be an acceptable method of delivering EBM teaching to graduate medical students.
1244Associations of endothelial function, arterial elasticity, and arterial stiffness with adiponectin and skeletal muscle mass
Authors: Agbaje Andrew O. , Barker Alan R. , Tuomainen Tomi-Pekka 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
A temporal association where better arterial function and structure predicts adiponectin level and skeletal muscle mass during childhood remains uninvestigated.

Methods
We studied 5566 children and adolescents (51% girls) aged 9-11 years from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort, Bristol, UK. Brachial artery endothelial function was determined using flow-mediated dilation (FMD), expressed as the percentage change in diameter from baseline after reactive hyperemia; arterial elasticity as distensibility coefficient (DC) expressed in mean percentage change in cross-sectional area relative to blood pressure (BP); and arterial stiffness by carotid to radial pulse wave velocity (crPWV). Skeletal muscle mass and total fat mass were assessed by dual-energy Xray absorptiometry. We conducted multivariable linear regressions with Sidak correction and adjusted for age, sex, total fat mass, cardiorespiratory fitness, pubertal status, brachial artery diameter, systolic BP, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mother’s social-economic class, and time (years) between the measurement of predictors and outcomes.

Results
FMD (β [95% CI]) = (0.027 [0.007 to 0.047]; P = 0.009) and DC (0.229 [0.088 to 0.369]; P = 0.001) were directly associated with skeletal muscle mass. FMD had a borderline inverse association with adiponectin (-0.004 [-0.008 to &lt; 0.0001]; P = 0.056). crPWV was unrelated to adiponectin and skeletal muscle mass, while DC was not associated with adiponectin.

Conclusions
Better endothelial function and arterial elasticity were associated with higher skeletal muscle mass while arterial stiffness was unrelated to adiponectin and lean mass.

Key message
Healthy arterial function and structure may enhance muscle growth in children.
150Trends and factors associated with complementary feeding practices in Ethiopia from 2005 to 2016
Authors: Ahmed Kedir Yimam 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Introducing appropriate complementary feeding at sixth months of age is crucial for the optimal growth and development of an infant. The aim of this study is to investigate the trends and determinants of complementary feeding practices in Ethiopia from 2005 to 2016.

Methods
The study was conducted using the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data for 2005 (N = 2520), 2011 (N = 2850), and 2016 (N = 2864). Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association between socioeconomic, demographic, health service and community-level factors and (i) the introduction of complementary foods, (ii) minimum dietary diversity (MDD), (iii) minimum meal frequency (MMF) and (iv) minimum acceptable diet (MAD).

Results
The proportion of mothers who met MDD increased from 6.3% to 13.5% and MAD increased from 4.1% to 7.1% from 2005 to 2016. Improvements in the introduction of complementary foods (from 50.3% to 59.5%), and MMF (from 41.3% to 43.6%) were not statistically significant. Maternal education and occupation were associated with the introduction of complementary foods, MDD, MMF and MAD. Higher partner education and frequent antenatal visits were associated with MDD and MAD. Children whose mothers listened to the radio had higher odds of MDD, MMF, and MAD.

Conclusions
Interventions aiming to improve complementary feeding practices in Ethiopia should also target mothers with low education, antenatal service usage and media exposure

Key messages
The study showed that there were improvements in the proportion MDD and MAD.