bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mother to Infant Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus in the Face of Neonatal Immunization Is Not Necessarily Primary Vaccine Failure
Authors: Ijaz Samreen , Derrick Jade , Shute Justin , Ireland Georgina , Hayden Iain , Ngui Siew Lin , Mandal Sema , Tedder Richard S 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Surveillance programs undertaken in infants born to mothers with hepatitis B virus (HBV) provide an opportunity to analyze virological markers from the neonate and early infancy. These data inform on mechanisms of HBV transmission and how available interventions can be better used for control of HBV infections arising at the mother/child interface.

Methods
Retrospective analysis of HBV serological markers was undertaken in dried blood spots collected from infants born to mothers infected with HBV. In addition, molecular analysis was performed in newborn blood spot cards, collected after birth, from infants identified as infected with HBV despite receiving prophylaxis.

Results
Perinatal exposure could not account for all transmissions, with at least one-quarter (22%) of infants already infected in utero. All harbored a wild-type hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), with identical sequences noted in the neonatal and early infancy samples. In contrast, in infants infected perinatally (43%), selection of viruses harboring amino acid changes in the HBsAg were common (80% of sequences) and divergent from the linked maternal sample.

Conclusion
Currently considered to represent vaccine failure, it is likely that a proportion of HBV infections result from in utero acquisition. These infections are unlikely to be susceptible to postnatal prophylaxis, and current recommendations for maternal antiviral treatment may be too late to prevent transmission. Consideration should be given to the earlier use of antivirals during gestation to reduce the risk of intrauterine transmission together with completion of the immunization schedule also to reduce the perinatal risk of HBV transmission.
Research on control strategy of multi-source data fusion solar intelligent vehicle based on image recognition
Authors: Zhang Lulin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Nowadays, the global energy and environmental problems are becoming more and more serious, which promotes the development and utilization of renewable and clean energy in various countries. Intelligent car involves many subjects such as electronic technology, artificial intelligence, automatic control technology, sensor technology and computer technology and has become an important part of the application of artificial intelligence. Solar cell is a necessary part of the normal operation of the solar intelligent car, which can provide clean energy for the intelligent car. In this paper, the image recognition technology is used to design the intelligent vehicle control system. According to the intelligent vehicle path recognition, the scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) algorithm is improved to improve the accuracy of intelligent vehicle recognition. Data fusion is used to process the data detected by multi-sensor, and the running state of intelligent vehicle is studied. An evaluation method of intelligent vehicle navigation parameters based on association rules and belief network is proposed. The maximum power point tracking control is realized by using the interference observation method to ensure that the intelligent vehicle can track the maximum power point of the solar cell.
Vertical and Visual Integration at Container Corporation of America
Authors: Gordon-Fogelson Robert 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In 1935, Walter Paepcke, president of the Chicago packaging company Container Corporation of America (CCA), established an art department under the direction of Egbert Jacobson, whom he tasked with the development of a comprehensive corporate design programme. This article examines how CCA’s publicity translated the company’s vertically integrated organizational structure into visual form. In addition to promoting the benefits of paperboard packaging, CCA’s advertisements and other graphic visualizations also sold ‘integration’ itself—defined as the combination of separate parts to create new wholes—as both an economic and a visual ideal. By creating a managerial apparatus that combined techniques of vertical and visual integration, Paepcke and Jacobson established an ideological, rather than simply pragmatic, relationship between business and design.
Effects of Address Coverage Enhancement on Estimates from Address-Based Sampling Studies
Authors: Jones Michael , Brick J Michael , Van De Kerckhove Wendy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFor over a decade, address-based sampling (ABS) frames have often been used to draw samples for multistage area sample surveys in lieu of traditionally listed (or enumerated) address frames. However, it is well known that the use of ABS frames for face-to-face surveys suffer from undercoverage due to, for example, households that receive mail via a PO Box rather than being delivered to the household’s street address. Undercoverage of ABS frames has typically been more prominent in rural areas but can also occur in urban areas where recent construction of households has taken place. Procedures have been developed to supplement ABS frames to address this undercoverage. In this article, we investigate a procedure called Address Coverage Enhancement (ACE) that supplements the ABS frame with addresses not found on the frame, and the resulting effects the addresses added to the sample through ACE have on estimates. Weighted estimates from two studies, the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study and the 2017 US Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies, are calculated with and without supplemental addresses. Estimates are then calculated to assess if poststratifying analysis weights to control for urbanicity at the person level brings estimates closer to estimates from the supplemented frame. Our findings show that the noncoverage bias was likely minimal across both studies for a range of estimates. The main reason is because the Computerized Delivery Sequence file coverage rate is high, and when the coverage rate is high, only very large differences between the covered and not covered will result in meaningful bias.
Social Justice: From God to Corporation
Authors: McCorquodale Robert 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
While ‘social justice’ is a recent concept, its origins lie in a 13th century theologian, who, through an Italian Jesuit, inspired a 19th century Pope. From there it has moved to the secular realm and jurisprudential reasoning, and tried to leap from national society to international society. It has become linked internationally to human rights obligations, where it has had a mixed influence. Within all these developments, the definitions of social justice have changed and been debated. There is a common idea in these definitions that in all societies there should be an aim to distribute resources to assist those less advantaged. In addition, a core element has remained: that the state has some obligations to ensure social justice. This article sets out the history of these definitions and then seeks to challenge the sole responsibility of the state in relation to social justice. It examines the activities of corporations in their effect on society and the consequences on social justice. It also considers what this means in terms of defining social justice at a transnational and international level.
Responses of the Plant Cell Wall to Sub-Zero Temperatures: A Brief Update
Authors: Takahashi Daisuke , Willick Ian R , Kasuga Jun , Livingston III David P 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Our general understanding of plant responses to sub-zero temperatures focuses on mechanisms that mitigate stress to the plasma membrane. The plant cell wall receives comparatively less attention, and questions surrounding its role in mitigating freezing injury remain unresolved. Despite recent molecular discoveries that provide insight into acclimation responses, the goal of reducing freezing injury in herbaceous and woody crops remains elusive. This is likely due to the complexity associated with adaptations to low temperatures. Understanding how leaf cell walls of herbaceous annuals promote tissue tolerance to ice does not necessarily lead to understanding how meristematic tissues are protected from freezing by tissue-level barriers formed by cell walls in overwintering tree buds. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of biological ice nucleation and explain how plants control the spatiotemporal location of ice formation. We discuss how sugars and pectin side chains alleviate adhesive injury that develops at sub-zero temperatures between the matrix polysaccharides and ice. The importance of site-specific cell-wall elasticity to promote tissue expansion for ice accommodation and control of porosity to impede ice growth and promote supercooling will be presented. How specific cold-induced proteins modify plant cell walls to mitigate freezing injury will also be discussed. The opinions presented in this report emphasize the importance of a plant’s developmental physiology when characterizing mechanisms of freezing survival.
The Analgesic Effects of Virtual Reality for People with Chronic Pain: A Scoping Review
Authors: Austin Philip D 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
Although virtual reality is shown to have short-term analgesic effects in acute pain settings, its long-term efficacy in chronic pain conditions has not been established. This scoping review aims to provide a summary of virtual reality approaches explored in chronic primary and secondary pain conditions as defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain.

Methods
A systematic literature search in Ovid PubMed and Ovid Embase was conducted between January 5 and January 10, 2021, with the use of the Arksey and O’Malley six-step scoping review criteria. Articles were searched via search terms and keywords relating to International Classification of Diseases–defined primary and secondary chronic pain conditions, virtual reality, virtual illusion, distraction, and effects on levels of pain.

Results
Of the 2,118 articles located, 44 were included, which covered a range of primary and secondary chronic pain conditions and used a variety of different computer screen and headset protocols, including gaming, mindfulness, exercise, relaxation, and proprioceptive skills.

Conclusions
Studies show virtual reality to be an effective analgesic intervention for people with chronic pain. Given user satisfaction, a lack of side effects such as cybersickness, and relief of comorbid symptoms, virtual reality has potential as a worthwhile adjunct to chronic pain management programs, thus enabling patients to take control of their symptoms.
Voter Registration Rates and Traits by Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression
Authors: Strode Dakota , Flores Andrew R 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStudies of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people suggest that they are more politically engaged and active compared to cisgender and heterosexual people. However, knowing the voter registration rates of eligible LGBT Americans has been elusive because the U.S. Census Bureau does not document sexual orientation or gender identity in the Current Population Survey and existing estimates are limited based on small sample sizes or on self-reports, which have social desirability biases. The 2016 and 2018 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey merges respondents to their official voter status as contained in state voter files, which overcomes biases in self-reported registration status. We provide demographics and estimates of voter registration rates by sexual orientation and gender expression. Many gaps in registration rates are attributable to demographic differences between groups, though lesbians and gay men were registered at greater rates than heterosexuals even after adjusting for demographics. Transgender Americans were the least likely to be registered to vote, though this may be due to the vote-validation process itself.
PATIENT DOSE ASSESSMENT AND OPTIMISATION OF PELVIC RADIOGRAPHY WITH COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY SYSTEMS
Authors: Abbeyquaye D , Inkoom S , Hammond N B , Fletcher J J , Botwe B O 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Digital radiography systems can reduce radiation dose, this capability was harnessed to explore dose and image quality (IQ) optimisation strategies. Entrance surface dose (ESD), effective dose (ED) and organ doses were determined by the indirect method for patients undergoing pelvic anteroposterior X-ray examinations with computed radiography systems. The IQ of patients’ radiographs was assessed in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). An anthropomorphic phantom was exposed with varying tube potential (kVp), tube current-time product (mAs), and focus-to-detector distance (FDD) to determine phantom-entrance dose for the optimisation studies. SNR of each phantom radiograph was determined. Patients’ mean ESD of 2.38 ± 0.60 mGy, ED of 0.25 ± 0.07 mSv and SNR of 8.5 ± 2.2 were obtained. After optimisation, entrance dose was reduced by 29.2% with 5 cm increment in FDD, and 5 kVp reduction in tube potential. kVp and/or mAs reduction with an increment in FDD reduced entrance dose without adversely compromising radiographic-IQ.
Influenza Complicating Delivery Hospitalization and Its Association With Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States, 2000–2018
Authors: Wen Timothy , Arditi Brittany , Riley Laura E. , Sobhani Nasim C. , Norton Mary , D'Alton Mary , Friedman Alexander M. , Venkatesh Kartik K. 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To characterize trends of an influenza diagnosis at delivery hospitalization and its association with severe maternal morbidity.

METHODS:
We conducted a repeated cross-sectional analysis of delivery hospitalizations using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2000 to 2018. We assessed the association between an influenza diagnosis at delivery hospitalization and severe maternal morbidity excluding transfusion per Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. Secondary outcomes included maternal death and morbidity measures associated with influenza (mechanical intubation and ventilation, sepsis and shock, and acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS]) and obstetric complications (preterm birth and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy). We assessed trends of severe maternal morbidity by annual influenza season and the association between influenza and severe maternal morbidity using multivariable log-linear regression, adjusting for demographic, clinical, and hospital characteristics.

RESULTS:
Of 74.7 million delivery hospitalizations, 23 per 10,000 were complicated by an influenza diagnosis. The rate of severe maternal morbidity was higher with an influenza diagnosis compared with those without influenza (86–410 cases vs 53–70 cases/10,000 delivery hospitalizations). Women with an influenza diagnosis at delivery hospitalization were at an increased risk of severe maternal morbidity compared with those without influenza (2.3 vs 0.7%; adjusted risk ratio 2.24, 95% CI 2.17–2.31). This association held for maternal death, mechanical intubation, sepsis and shock, and ARDS—as well as obstetric complications, including preterm birth and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

CONCLUSION:
Pregnant women with influenza are at increased risk of severe maternal morbidity, as well as influenza-related maternal and obstetric complications. These results emphasize the importance of primary prevention and recognition of influenza infection during pregnancy to reduce downstream maternal morbidity and mortality.
Sex-specific epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Covid-19 patients in the southeast region of Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Md. Aminul , Marzan Abdullah Al , Islam Md. Sydul , Sultana Samina , Parvej Md. Iftakhar , Hossain Mohammad Salim , Amin Mohammad Tohid , Hossain Farzana Ehetasum , Barek Md Abdul , Hossen Md. Shafiul , Islam Md. Shariful , Hossen Foysal , Bahadur Newaz Mohammed , Hossain Md. Shahadat , Choudhury Nazratun Nayeem , Alam Md. Didar-ul , Ahmed Firoz 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundCOVID-19 has become a global pandemic with a high growth rate of confirmed cases. In Bangladesh, both mortality and affected rates are increasing at an alarming rate.Therefore, more comprehensive studies of the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 are required to control this pandemic.PurposeThe present study aimed to compare and analyze the sex-specific epidemiological, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and other information of confirmed COVID-19 patients from the southeast region in Bangladesh for the first time.Methods385 lab-confirmed cases were studied out of 2,471 tested samples between 5 June and 10 September 2020. RT-PCR was used for COVID-19 identification and SPSS (version 25) for statistical data analysis.ResultsWe found that male patients were roughly affected compared to females patients (male 74.30% vs. female 25.7%) with an average age of 34.86 ± 15.442 years, and B (+ve) blood group has been identified as a high-risk factor for COVID-19 infection. Workplace, local market, and bank were signified as sex-specific risk zone (p < 0.001). Pre-existing medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were identified among the patients. Less than half of the confirmed COVID-19 cases in the southeast region were asymptomatic (37.73%) and more prevalent among females than males (male vs. female: 36.84% vs. 40.51%, p = 0.001).ConclusionsThe findings may help health authorities and the government take necessary steps for identification and isolation, treatment, prevention, and control of this global pandemic.
Prevalence and risk factors of short birth interval in Bangladesh: Evidence from the linked data of population and health facility survey
Authors: Islam Mohammad Zahidul , Islam M Mofizul , Rahman Md. Mostafizur , Khan Md. Nuruzzaman 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe Sustainable Development Goals target significant reductions in maternal and under-five deaths by 2030. The prevalence of these deaths is significantly associated with short birth interval (SBI). Identification of factors associated with SBI is pivotal for intervening with appropriate programmes to reduce these adverse consequences. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with SBI in Bangladesh.MethodsThe Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017/18 and Bangladesh Health Facility Data 2017 were linked and analysed. SBI was defined as an interval between consecutive births of 33 months or less, as recommended by the World Health Organization. We used descriptive statistics to summarise respondents’ characteristics and multilevel Poisson regression to assess the predictors of SBI.ResultsAround 26% of live births occurred in short intervals, with a further higher prevalence among younger, uneducated, or rural women. The likelihoods of SBI were lower among women aged 20-34 years (PR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.11-0.17) and ≥ 35 years (PR, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.02-0.05) as compared to the women aged 19 years or less. Women from households with the richest wealth quintile experienced lower odds of SBI (PR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.45-0.85) compared to those from the poorest wealth quintile. The prevalences of SBI were higher among women for whom the children born from the second most pregnancies died (PR, 5.23; 95% CI, 4.18-6.55), those who were living in Chattogram (PR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.12-2.07) or Sylhet (PR, 2.83, 95% CI, 2.08-3.86) divisions. Availability of modern contraceptives at the nearest healthcare facilities was 66% protective to the occurrence of SBI (PR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.22-0.78). Also, the prevalence of SBI increased around 85% (PR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.33-2.18) for every kilometer increase in the distance of nearby health facilities from women’s homes.ConclusionMore than a quarter of live births in Bangladesh occurred in short intervals. This relatively high prevalence is a challenge for Bangladesh in reducing pregnancy-related adverse consequences, including maternal and child mortality. Policies and programmes are needed to increase awareness of SBI and associated adverse health outcomes and expand access to modern contraceptives.
Adverse childhood experiences and resilience among adult women: a population-based study
Authors: Daníelsdóttir Hilda Björk , Aspelund Thor , Þórðardóttir Edda Björk , Fall Katja , Fang Fang , Tómasson Gunnar , Rúnarsdóttir Harpa , Yang Qian , Choi Karmel W. , Kennedy Beatrice , Halldorsdottir Thorhildur , Lu Donghao , Song Huan , Jakobsdóttir Jóhanna , Hauksdóttir Arna , Valdimarsdóttir Unnur Anna 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have consistently been associated with elevated risk of multiple adverse health outcomes, yet their contribution to coping ability and psychiatric resilience in adulthood is unclear. Participants were 19,613 women in the Icelandic Stress- And-Gene-Analysis cohort with complete data on 13 ACEs measured with the ACE-International Questionnaire. Self-reported coping ability was measured with the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and psychiatric resilience was operationalized as absence of psychiatric morbidity. Compared to women with 0 ACEs, women with ≥ 5 ACEs had 33% lower prevalence of high coping ability (PR=0.67, 95% CI 0.60,0.74) and 56% lower prevalence of high psychiatric resilience (PR=0.44; 95% CI 0.41,0.48). Specific ACEs including emotional neglect, bullying, sexual abuse and mental illness of household member were consistently associated with reduced adult resilience. We observed only slightly attenuated associations after controlling for adult socioeconomic factors and social support in adulthood, indicating that adult resilience may be largely determined in childhood.
Comparing the genetic and environmental architecture of blood count, blood biochemistry and urine biochemistry biological ages with machine learning
Authors: Le Goallec Alan , Diai Samuel , Vincent Théo , Patel Chirag J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhile a large number of biological age predictors have been built from blood samples, a blood count-based biological age predictor is lacking, and the genetic and environmental factors associated with blood-measured accelerated aging remain elusive. In the following, we leveraged 31 blood count biomarkers measured from 489,079 blood samples, 28 blood biochemistry biomarkers measured from 245,147 blood samples, and four urine biochemistry biomarkers measured from 158,381 samples to build three distinct biological age predictors by training machine learning models to predict age. Blood biochemistry significantly outperformed blood count and urine biochemistry in terms of age prediction (RMSE: 5.92+-0.02 vs. 7.60+-0.02 years and 7.72+-0.04 years). We performed genome wide association studies [GWASs], and found accelerated blood biochemistry, blood count and urine biochemistry aging to be respectively 26.2+-0.3%, 18.1+-0.2% and 10.5±0.5% GWAS-heritable. We identified 1,081 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs] associated with accelerated blood biochemistry aging, 2,636 SNPs associated with accelerated blood cells aging and 24 SNPs associated with accelerated urine biochemistry aging. Similarly, we identified biomarkers, clinical phenotypes, diseases, environmental and socioeconomic factors associated with accelerated blood biochemistry, blood cells and urine biochemistry aging.