bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facial Transplantation
Authors: Horen Sydney R. , Lopez Joseph , Dorafshar Amir H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFacial transplantation represents a unique surgical solution for challenging facial injury patterns in which conservative reconstructive techniques fail to provide a satisfactory functional and aesthetic result. With advances in the field of vascularized composite allotransplantation over the past 15 years, more than 40 of these procedures have been performed worldwide with two recent reports of facial re-transplantation. In this article we discuss the multidisciplinary approach that is required for successful transplantation as well as the surgical techniques used and postoperative management. With ongoing research, recent technological innovation, and increased efforts to promote greater generalizability and transparency in this field, patients with these complex injuries will continue to see improvements in their treatment options, and thus quality of life.
Combined Transcavernous and Kawase's Approach for Gross Total Resection of a Cavernous Sinus Meningioma
Authors: Elshamy Walid , Ozaydin Burak , Pyle G. Mark , Baskaya Mustafa K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMicrosurgery of cavernous sinus (CS) lesions is generally considered to be associated with a high rate of morbidity and cranial nerve deficits. The success for surgical removal of CS meningiomas is debatable and achieving a good functional outcome with preservation of the cranial nerves is the goal. Surgery of these lesions is challenging, recurrence rates are high, and therapeutic strategies remain controversial. In this video, we present a case of a CS meningioma that extended to Meckel's cave and the posterior fossa in a 46-year-old woman with history of a left-sided cerebellopontine angle World Health Organization (WHO) grade-I meningioma with extension to the left CS. Seven years ago, she had a microsurgical resection of a Cerebellopontine angle (CPA) meningioma. She later received radiotherapy for the slowly growing meningioma of the posterior CS. The patient presented with newly onset headache and facial pain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a meningioma of the left CS and Meckel's cave extending into the ambient cistern, with a mild mass effect on the pons, and a size increase compared with prior imaging. Since this area previously received radiotherapy, and the patient was symptomatic from trigeminal compression, the decision was made to proceed with surgical resection of the tumor via combined transcavernous and anterior petrosectomy. Postoperatively, the patient woke up with the same neurological status. MRI confirmed gross total resection of the tumor. The histopathology was a WHO grade-II chordoid meningioma. The patient is currently receiving radiotherapy. This video demonstrates the surgical approach and the resection steps of this pathology.The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/HrU1VOzUGWU.
COVID-19: Psychological Impact on Lockdown Population
Authors: Rajachandrasekar Bhuvaneswari , Muraleedharan K. C. , Raj Neethu , Vaiyapuri Sakthivel , MS Aneena 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to surge throughout the entire world. Most of the impacted countries implemented preventive measures and lockdown to control the spread of the disease. This restriction developed psychological resilience in a wide range of the population. The objective of this study is to explore the impact on the mental health of the individuals caused by the unforeseen lockdown.
Methods A cross-sectional online survey form had been designed leveraging the Google form. In the introduction section, the purpose of study and the details of the investigators were elaborately explained. The survey response was voluntary and ensured the confidentiality of the responder. The online survey consent procedures were well documented and shared with the participants. The Google forms were circulated through various social media platforms for data capturing, and the data were analysed using statistical software SPSS 23.0. A chi-squared test was performed to determine the association between demographic data and emotional data during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.
Result A total of 2,150 responses were received out of which two of them were discarded due to insufficient data so total 2,148 responses were taken for analysis. The prevalence rate of emotional disturbance is 56.8% and 43.2% in females and males respectively (p-value = 0.001). The participant age ranges between 18 and 98 years, the mean age of participants is 33.25 years and the standard deviation is 12.24. The emotional disturbance response data are significantly associated with marital status (p-value = 0.021), socioeconomic status (p-value < 0.001), occupation (p-value = 0.019), loved one who were affected with COVID-19 (p-value = 0.034), preventive medicines taken (p-value = 0.017), sleep disturbance (p-value < 0.001), need of psychological support (p-value = 0.001), difficulty in monthly bill settlement (p-value < 0.0001), anxiouness and worry all the time during COVID-19 (p-value < 0.0001).
Conclusion The survey data discovered the significant association between lockdown during COVID-19 and the emotional disturbance of the general population. These findings required additional research to identify mental health further.
Serum Pharmacochemistry Analysis Combined with Network Pharmacology Approach to Investigate the Antiosteoporosis Effect of Xianlinggubao Capsule in vivo
Authors: Xu Yun-Hui , Sun Yi-Chun , Liu Jie , Li Hui-Xin , Huang Chun-Yue , Pang Yuan-Yuan , Wu Tong , Hu Xiao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractXianlinggubao capsule (XLGB) is a traditional Chinese medicine multi-component herbal prescription and has been widely used in osteoporosis (OP) treatment. However, the underlying anti-OP mechanisms of XLGB have not been fully studied. In this study, an ovariectomized rat model of OP was established. The OP rats were orally administrated with XLGB, and then the main absorbed components in serum sample were assessed based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Subsequently, the potential anti-OP markers in XLGB were screened based on a network pharmacology strategy. Molecular docking analysis was used for confirmation. LC-MS showed 22 absorbed components in the serum sample of OP rat with XLGB treatment. Network pharmacology and pathway analysis suggested 19 potential anti-OP markers in XLGB. According to molecular docking process, most of the potential markers displayed strong interactions with the 22 absorbed components mentioned above. Besides, an absorbed component–potential marker–pathway network was further established. In conclusion, our data suggested the possible mechanisms for XLGB in OP treatment, in which the “multicomponents, multitargets, and multipathways” participated. Our article provided possible direction for drug discovery in OP and could help for exploring novel application of XLGB in clinical setting.
Real-time nuclear activation detectors for measuring neutron angular distributions at the National Ignition Facility (invited)
Authors: Bionta R. M. , Grim G. P. , Hahn K. D. , Hartouni E. P. , Henry E. A. , Khater H. Y. , Moore A. S. , Schlossberg D. J. 
Published: April 2021

The Real Time Nuclear Activation Detector (RTNAD) array at NIF measures the distribution of 14 MeV neutrons emitted by deuterium-tritium (DT) fueled inertial confinement fusion implosions. The uniformity of the neutron distribution is an important indication of implosion symmetry and DT shell integrity. The array consists of 48 LaBr3(Ce) crystal gamma-ray spectrometers mounted outside the NIF target chamber, which continuously monitor the slow decay of the 909 keV gamma-ray line from activated 89Zr located in Zr cups surrounding each crystal. The measured decay rate dramatically increases during a DT implosion in proportion to the number of 14 MeV neutrons striking each Zr cup. The neutrons produce activated 89Zr through an (n, 2n) reaction on 90Zr, which is insensitive to low energy neutrons. The neutron flux along the detector line-of-sight at shot time is determined by extrapolating the fitted 909 keV decay curve back to shot time. Automatic analysis algorithms were developed to handle the non-stop data stream. The large number of detectors and the high statistical accuracy of the array enable the spherical harmonic modes of the neutron angular distribution to be measured up to L ≤ 4 to provide a better understanding of implosion dynamics. In addition, these data combined with measurements of the down-scattered neutrons can be used to derive fuel areal density distributions. This paper will describe the RTNAD hardware and analysis procedures.
Cholinergic suppression of hippocampal sharp-wave ripples impairs working memory
Authors: Zhang Yiyao , Cao Liang , Varga Viktor , Jing Miao , Karadas Mursel , Li Yulong , Buzsáki György 
Published: April 2021

Significance
Theta oscillations supported by the medial septum are believed to be a critical mechanism for learning and memory. We report that, in addition to theta oscillations, hippocampal SPW-Rs are important. Enhanced cholinergic activation in the hippocampus during the delay between choices in a spontaneous alternation task abolished SPW-Rs and impaired choice performance in mice. Our findings also demonstrate that the outcome of optogenetic manipulation of a key neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh), depends on the state of the brain at the time of the perturbation.
Variational regularization theory based on image space approximation rates
Authors: Miller Philip 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We present a new approach to convergence rate results for variational regularization. Avoiding Bregman distances and using image space approximation rates as source conditions we prove a nearly minimax theorem showing that the modulus of continuity is an upper bound on the reconstruction error up to a constant. Applied to Besov space regularization we obtain convergence rate results for 0, 2, q- and 0, p, p-penalties without restrictions on p, q ∈ (1, ∞). Finally we prove equivalence of Hölder-type variational source conditions, bounds on the defect of the Tikhonov functional, and image space approximation rates.
Optimal-order convergence of Nesterov acceleration for linear ill-posed problems*
Authors: Kindermann Stefan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We show that Nesterov acceleration is an optimal-order iterative regularization method for linear ill-posed problems provided that a parameter is chosen accordingly to the smoothness of the solution. This result is proven both for an a priori stopping rule and for the discrepancy principle under Hölder source conditions. Furthermore, some converse results and logarithmic rates are verified. The essential tool to obtain these results is a representation of the residual polynomials via Gegenbauer polynomials.
Nonconvex and nonsmooth total variation regularization method for diffuse optical tomography based on RTE
*
Authors: Tang Jinping 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Diffuse optical tomography with near-infrared light is a promising technique for noninvasive study of the functional characters of human tissues. Mathematically, it is a seriously ill-posed parameter identification problem. For the purpose of better providing both segmentation and piecewise constant approximation of the underlying solution, nonconvex nonsmooth total variation based regularization functional is considered in this paper. We first give a theoretical study on the well-posedness of solutions corresponding to this minimization problem in the Banach space of piecewise constant functions. Moreover, our theoretical results show that the minimizers corresponding to a sequence nonconvex nonsmooth potential functions which converge to the 0–1 functions, can be used to approximate the solution to the weak Mumford–Shah regularization. Then from the numerical side, we propose a double graduated nonconvex Gauss–Newton algorithm to solve this nonconvex nonsmooth regularization. All illustrations and numerical experiments give a flavor of the possibilities offered by the minimizers of the proposed algorithm.
Revealing the structure of light pseudoscalar mesons at the electron–ion collider
Authors: Arrington J , Gayoso C Ayerbe , Barry P C , Berdnikov V , Binosi D , Chang L , Diefenthaler M , Ding M , Ent R , Frederico T , Furletova Y , Hobbs T J , Horn T , Huber G M , Kay S J D , Keppel C , Lin H-W , Mezrag C , Montgomery R , Pegg I L , Raya K , Reimer P , Richards D G , Roberts C D , Rodríguez-Quintero J , Romanov D , Salmè G , Sato N , Segovia J , Stepanov P , Tadepalli A S , Trotta R L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The questions of how the bulk of the Universe’s visible mass emerges and how it is manifest in the existence and properties of hadrons are profound, and probe the heart of strongly interacting matter. Paradoxically, the lightest pseudoscalar mesons appear to be key to a further understanding of the emergent mass and structure mechanisms. These mesons, namely, the pion and kaon, are the Nambu–Goldstone boson modes of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Unravelling their partonic structure and the interplay between emergent and Higgs-boson mass mechanisms is a common goal of three interdependent approaches—continuum QCD phenomenology, lattice-regularised QCD, and the global analysis of parton distributions—linked to experimental measurements of hadron structure. Experimentally, the anticipated electron–ion collider will enable a revolution in our ability to study pion and kaon structures, accessed by scattering from the ‘meson cloud’ of the proton through the Sullivan process. With the goal of enabling a suite of measurements that can address these questions, we examine key reactions that identify the critical detector-system requirements needed to map tagged pion and kaon cross-sections over a wide range of kinematics. The excellent prospects for extracting pion structural, functional, and form-factor data are outlined, and similar prospects for kaon structures are discussed in the context of a worldwide programme. The successful completion of the programme outlined herein will deliver deep, far-reaching insights into the emergence of pions and kaons, their properties, and their role as QCD’s Goldstone boson modes.
DOI estimation through signal arrival time distribution: a theoretical description including proof of concept measurements
Authors: Loignon-Houle Francis , Gundacker Stefan , Toussaint Maxime , Camirand Lemyre Félix , Auffray Etiennette , Fontaine Réjean , Charlebois Serge A , Lecoq Paul , Lecomte Roger 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The challenge to reach 10 ps coincidence time resolution (CTR) in time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET) is triggering major efforts worldwide, but timing improvements of scintillation detectors will remain elusive without depth-of-interaction (DOI) correction in long crystals. Nonetheless, this momentum opportunely brings up the prospect of a fully time-based DOI estimation since fast timing signals intrinsically carry DOI information, even with a traditional single-ended readout. Consequently, extracting features of the detected signal time distribution could uncover the spatial origin of the interaction and in return, provide enhancement on the timing precision of detectors. We demonstrate the validity of a time-based DOI estimation concept in two steps. First, experimental measurements were carried out with current LSO:Ce:Ca crystals coupled to FBK NUV-HD SiPMs read out by fast high-frequency electronics to provide new evidence of a distinct DOI effect on CTR not observable before with slower electronics. Using this detector, a DOI discrimination using a double-threshold scheme on the analog timing signal together with the signal intensity information was also developed without any complex readout or detector modification. As a second step, we explored by simulation the anticipated performance requirements of future detectors to efficiently estimate the DOI and we proposed four estimators that exploit either more generic or more precise features of the DOI-dependent timestamp distribution. A simple estimator using the time difference between two timestamps provided enhanced CTR. Additional improvements were achieved with estimators using multiple timestamps (e.g. kernel density estimation and neural network) converging to the Cramér–Rao lower bound developed in this work for a time-based DOI estimation. This two-step study provides insights on current and future possibilities in exploiting the timing signal features for DOI estimation aiming at ultra-fast CTR while maintaining detection efficiency for TOF PET.
Energy transfer in interaction of a cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet with substrates
Authors: Hansen Luka , Goldberg Benjamin M , Feng David , Miles Richard B , Kersten Holger , Reuter Stephan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The energy flux of a nanosecond pulsed cold atmospheric pressure (CAP) plasma jet in contact with a substrate surface was measured to improve the understanding of the correlation between energy flux, flow dynamics and applied electrical power. The flow pattern properties of the CAP jet were imaged using Rayleigh scattering showing a transition from laminar to turbulent flow at Reynolds number of 700, significantly smaller than the conventional critical Reynolds number of 2040. The energy flux to the surface was determined using a passive thermal probe as a substrate dummy. As expected, the energy flux decreases with increasing distance to the nozzle. Measurements of the floating potential of the probe revealed a strong positive charging (up to 165 V) attributed to ion flux originating mainly from Penning ionization by helium metastables. Negative biasing of the probe doubled the energy flux and showed a significantly increased ion contribution up to a nozzle distance of 6 mm to the surface. For positive biasing an increased contribution of electrons and negative ions was only found at 3 mm distance. The relevance of particle transport to the surface is shown by switching from laminar to turbulent flow resulting in a decreased energy flux. Furthermore, a linear correlation of energy flux and input power was found.
Design, control, and experiments of a fluidic soft robotic eel
Authors: Chen Yihong , Wang Tao , Wu Chaofei , Wang Xiao 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This work develops a fluidic soft robotic eel which combines the adaptability of soft material and the flexibility of eel-shaped body together. The soft eel-like robot consists of multiple soft actuation segments each of which is capable of bidirectional bending by two embedded symmetrical fluidic chambers. Propulsion will be produced when proper control rules are applied to the bending angles of the actuation segments. Robot design, prototype fabrication and system integration are described step by step. A motion controller based on central pattern generator (CPG) is designed for the soft eel-like robot by using identified parameters. Substantial experiments are implemented to evaluate the performance of the prototype. It is shown that the soft eel-like robot can flexibly perform linear motion and turning motion. Moreover, the soft eel-like robot keeps good continuity even when the parameters of the CPG-based controller changes. In general, the experimental results verify the effectiveness of the design and control methods for the soft eel-like robot, which provides a potential candidate to underwater exploration with limited space.
Primordial Deuterium after LUNA: concordances and error budget
Authors: Pisanti O. , Mangano G. , Miele G. , Mazzella P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The accurate evaluation of the nuclear reaction rates and
corresponding uncertainties is an essential requisite for a precise
determination of light nuclide primordial abundances. The recent
measurement of the D(p, γ)3He radiative capture cross
section by the LUNA collaboration, with its order 3% error,
represents an important step in improving the theoretical prediction
for Deuterium produced in the early universe. In view of this recent
result, we present in this paper a full analysis of its abundance,
which includes a new critical study of the impact of the other two
main processes for Deuterium burning, namely the deuteron-deuteron
transfer reactions, D(d, p)3H and D(d, n)3He. In particular,
emphasis is given to the statistical method of analysis of
experimental data, to a quantitative study of the theoretical
uncertainties, and a comparison with similar studies presented in
the recent literature. We then discuss the impact of our study on
the concordance of the primordial nucleosynthesis stage with the
Planck experiment results on the baryon density Ωbh2 and
the effective number of neutrino parameter Meff, as function of
the assumed value of the 4He mass fraction Yp. While after the
LUNA results, the value of Deuterium is quite precisely fixed, and
points to a value of the baryon density in excellent agreement with
the Planck result, a combined analysis also including Helium leads
to two possible scenarios with different predictions for
Ωbh2 and , depending on the value adopted for Yp
from astrophysical measurements. We argue that new results on the
systematics and mean value of Yp in metallicity poor environments
would be of great importance in assessing the overall concordance of
the standard cosmological model.
Evaluation of Stellar Parameters and Calibrating the Surface Gravity log g for LAMOST-II Median Resolution Survey
Authors: Chen Xiang-Lei , Luo A-Li , Chen Jian-Jun , Du Bing , Wang Rui , Zuo Fang , Zhang Shuo , Li Yin-Bi , Lu Yan , Chen Jing , Qu Caixia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The LAMOST II survey began in the fall of 2018, and LAMOST formally released the obtained medium-resolution spectra (MRS) as well as catalogs of stellar parameters and radial velocities (RV) derived from the MRS in the seventh LAMOST data release (DR7). Compared with the RVs and parameters from high-resolution SDSS14/APOGEE spectra, nearly no RV discrepancy was found, with only dispersion around one km s−1. The T
eff of MRS was 27.79 K systematically lower than that of APOGEE, and the 1σ difference was approximately 60.40 K. For metallicity, the [Fe/H] of the MRS was 0.11 dex poorer than that of APOGEE, with a dispersion of 0.07 dex. More apparently, the offset of log g was 0.14 dex, and the scatter was 0.23 dex. The gravities of APOGEE have been corrected through seismological data. Similarly, in this study, we tried to calibrate LAMOST MRS log g with the Kepler data for red clump stars and red giant branch stars based on two fitted calibration relations. In addition, we found log g of a small fraction late-K type giants mistakenly measured as dwarfs, and vice versa, on the HR diagram generated with LAMOST T
eff and Gaia absolute magnitudes. This was because the MRS parameters were measured from blue band spectra only. The measurements of log g for late-K stars can be significantly improved by adding red spectra.