bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die neue Leitlinie zum Reizdarmsyndrom: Was ändert sich?
Authors: von Schassen Henrike , Andresen Viola , Layer Peter 
Published: September 2021

Was ist neu?
Reizdarmsyndrom: Was ändert sich? Folgende Ausführung bezieht sich nur auf das Reizdarmsyndrom (RDS) beim Erwachsenen. Die neue Leitlinie enthält einen eigenständigen Anteil Reizdarmsyndrom für pädiatrische Patienten. Das RDS präsentiert sich als heterogenes Bild mit chronisch-abdominellen Beschwerden, die auf den Darm bezogen werden. Diese gehen in der Regel mit Stuhlgangveränderungen einher und führen zu einer Beeinträchtigung der Lebensqualität. Die Genese ist multifaktoriell und es liegen komplexe pathophysiologische Mechanismen zugrunde, die mit einem RDS assoziiert sind. So konnten Störungen in verschiedenen Komponenten der Darm-Hirn-Achse und auch die zunehmende Bedeutung des Mikrobioms identifiziert werden. Auch verschiedene psychische Komorbiditäten spielen eine Rolle.
Diagnostik Die Diagnosestellung erfolgt durch eine gründliche Anamnese und symptomorientierten Ausschluss wichtiger Differenzialdiagnosen (Ausschlussdiagnose). Eine Unterteilung in verschiedene Subtypen je nach Hauptsymptom ist für das weitere Management der RDS-Patienten vorteilhaft. Die Diagnose Reizdarmsyndrom sollte möglichst früh nach zuverlässigem Ausschluss der wichtigen Differenzialdiagnosen erfolgen. Wenn die Diarrhö als Symptom dominiert, ist eine ausführliche Differenzialdiagnostik und Funktionsdiagnostik durchzuführen.
Therapie Es gibt keine gesicherte kausale und etablierte Standardtherapie. Aufgrund der variablen Genese und Symptommanifestation des RDS resultiert ein breites Spektrum an Therapiemöglichkeiten, wobei keine individuelle Vorhersage bezüglich der Wirksamkeit besteht und daher jede Therapie zunächst probatorisch ist. Zu den symptomunabhängigen allgemeinen Therapieverfahren, die für alle Subtypen zur Anwendung kommen können, gehören Verfahren der Ernährung (z. B. die Low-FODMAP-Diät), Probiotika, Verfahren der Psychotherapie und der Komplementärmedizin. Die Wahl der symptomabhängigen medikamentösen Behandlungen erfolgt je nach Subtyp/Hauptsymptom. Bei Diarrhö können neben Loperamid auch Gallensäurebinder, das nicht resorbierbare Antibiotikum Rifaximin oder in Einzelfällen 5-HT3-Antagonisten eingesetzt werden. Bei der Obstipation haben neben der Verwendung von löslichen Ballaststoffen und Makrogol/anderen Laxanzien auch Prucaloprid und Linaclotid einen Stellenwert. Bei Bauchschmerzen/Krämpfen zeigt die Studienlage gute Ergebnisse für Spasmolytika, besonders für Pfefferminzöl, und für Antidepressiva vom Typ der Trizyklika. Beim Hauptsymptom Blähungen konnten Probiotika, Rifaximin und vor allem auch die Low-FODMAP-Diät positive Ergebnisse in Studien zeigen.
Schmerz und Demenz: Was ist zu beachten?
Authors: Schuler Matthias 
Published: September 2021

Was ist neu?
Schmerzerfassung Das „Schmerzinterview für geriatrische Patienten“ gibt Vorschläge, wie wichtige Informationen zu Schmerzen bei älteren Patienten selbst mit kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen erfasst werden können, solange eine gewisse Kommunikationsfähigkeit erhalten ist. Zur Schmerzerfassung bei eingeschränkter Kommunikationsfähigkeit eignen sich Fremdbeobachtungsinstrumente für Schmerzen zur Ersterfassung und für den Verlauf von Schmerzen und somit auch zur Beurteilung der Schmerztherapie. PAIC-15 ist der jüngste Vorschlag, der auf der Grundlage bestehender Instrumente entwickelt wurde, allerdings noch nicht ausreichend auf Validität geprüft wurde.
Therapie Schmerzedukation für Angehörige, Musiktherapie, Krafttraining und Ausdauertraining mildern Verhaltensauffälligkeiten bei Demenz. Die Wirksamkeit auf Schmerzen ist bei allen beschriebenen Verfahren unzureichend untersucht. Nur für Paracetamol gibt es auch bei Menschen mit Demenz und reduzierter Kommunikationsfähigkeit Erkenntnisse, die eine Schmerzlinderung nahelegen. Wahrscheinlich bewirkt die Summe der verabreichten Medikamente mit anticholinergen Nebenwirkungen (= anticholinerge Last) die mangelnde Verträglichkeit auch vieler Analgetika.
Aktuelle Aspekte in der Diagnostik und Therapie der Anorexia nervosa (Magersucht)
Authors: Reich Günter 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungAnorexia nervosa (Magersucht) ist eine der gefährlichsten Erkrankungen, die eine Jugendliche entwickeln kann. Betroffen sind hauptsächlich weibliche Personen (90–95 %). Das Haupterkrankungsalter liegt zwischen 15 und 19 Jahren. Die Lebenszeitprävalenz liegt bei 0,9 % 1. Allerdings wurden auch höhere Zahlen gefunden (1,4 % 2 und 6,2 % 3). Wie alle Essstörungen ist auch die am Untergewicht deutlich erkennbare Anorexie unterdiagnostiziert.
Profile of Scrub Typhus Meningitis/Meningoencephalitis in Children with and without Scrub Typhus IgM Antibody in CSF
Authors: Behera Bijayini , Satapathy Amit Kumar , Ranjan Jai , Chandrasekar Shyam , Patel Subhakanta , Mishra Baijayantimala , Mahapatro Samarendra , Das Rashmi Ranjan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The aim of this article was to study the spectrum of scrub typhus meningitis/meningoencephalitis (STM) cases in children. Children ≤14 years of age with acute undifferentiated febrile illness were included. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was done in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with suspected STM. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory details were expressed as descriptive statistics. Factors associated with neurological involvement were identified on univariate analysis. A total of 76 children had ST during the study period (meningitis/meningoencephalitis = 8 [10.5%], of which 5 [62.5%] had detectable ST IgM antibodies in CSF). The included children were 4 to 12 years of age with boys > girls. Headache and vomiting were common in those with STM, whereas hyponatremia and thrombocytopenia were common in those without STM. All children with STM recovered with sequelae in one child (right lateral rectus palsy). There was no mortality. STM has an incidence of 10.5% in children with ST from Eastern India. Headache and vomiting were significant predictors of STM, whereas hyponatremia and thrombocytopenia were significant predictor of non-STM.
Neutron calorimeter design for pulsed neutron experiment diagnostics
Authors: Turner B. , Thomas R. , Procassini R. , Grange K. 
Published: September 2021

Neutron calorimeter for diagnostic support of both fission- and fusion-based pulsed neutron experiments is described. The calorimeter generates a voltage signal output via a pair of thermocouples contacting a sample material, which experiences a temperature increase due to interactions with an incident neutron fluence. Advantages of the calorimeter include the versatility derived from its small size, modularity, and the variety of employable neutron absorber materials and sizes. These characteristics permit use with neutron energies between the thermal and fast (up to 14 MeV) spectra. Design overview and requirements, Monte Carlo particle transport simulation results, test data, and possibilities for calorimeter development are provided and discussed.
Emergent probability fluxes in confined microbial navigation
Authors: Cammann Jan , Schwarzendahl Fabian Jan , Ostapenko Tanya , Lavrentovich Danylo , Bäumchen Oliver , Mazza Marco G. 
Published: September 2021

SignificanceMotile microorganisms commonly live in porous media comprising microhabitats filled with interfaces of complex shape. On such small scales, the interactions with these interfaces, rather than external gradients, dominate their motion in the search for favorable living conditions. We demonstrate with experiments and theory that the geometry of confining interfaces shapes the topology of the most likely, average trajectory, leading to directed fluxes of probability that are not exclusively localized at the near-wall region. Employing this principle allows us to actively shape a microbe’s average direction of movement, which could be of use in the design of topological transport mechanisms for microfluidic environments.
Valveless microliter combustion for densely packed arrays of powerful soft actuators
Authors: Heisser Ronald H. , Aubin Cameron A. , Peretz Ofek , Kincaid Nicholas , An Hyeon Seok , Fisher Elizabeth M. , Sobhani Sadaf , Pepiot Perrine , Gat Amir D. , Shepherd Robert F. 
Published: September 2021

Significance
Even in the rapidly accelerating digital age, the portable, electronic tactile display remains an unsolved actuation technology challenge. The design requirements associated with manufacturing arrays of closely spaced, small actuators are notoriously difficult to satisfy, shown by how currently available actuation strategies fail when implemented at the scale of braille dots. Through experiments with a less common actuation method, microliter combustion in elastomers, we find that hyperelastic membranes can be forcefully and quickly displaced. Without valves, we can pack actuators more closely together to introduce a potential pathway toward powering a practical, portable, electronic haptic display system.
Nanosecond heme-to-heme electron transfer rates in a multiheme cytochrome nanowire reported by a spectrally unique His/Met-ligated heme
Authors: van Wonderen Jessica H. , Adamczyk Katrin , Wu Xiaojing , Jiang Xiuyun , Piper Samuel E. H. , Hall Christopher R. , Edwards Marcus J. , Clarke Thomas A. , Zhang Huijie , Jeuken Lars J. C. , Sazanovich Igor V. , Towrie Michael , Blumberger Jochen , Meech Stephen R. , Butt Julea N. 
Published: September 2021

Significance
Multiheme cytochromes have been identified as essential proteins for electron exchange between bacterial enzymes and redox substrates outside of the cell. In microbiology, these proteins contribute to efficient energy storage and conversion. For biotechnology, multiheme cytochromes contribute to the production of green fuels and electricity. Furthermore, these proteins inspire the design of molecular-scale electronic devices. Here, we report exceptionally high rates of heme-to-heme electron transfer in a multiheme cytochrome. We expect similarly high rates, among the highest reported for ground-state electron transfer in biology, in other multiheme cytochromes as the close-packed hemes adopt similar configurations despite very different amino acid sequences and protein folds.
Influence of the magnetic field on the discharge physics of a high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharge
Authors: Rudolph M , Brenning N , Hajihoseini H , Raadu M A , Minea T M , Anders A , Gudmundsson J T , Lundin D 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The magnetic field is a key feature that distinguishes magnetron sputtering from simple diode sputtering. It effectively increases the residence time of electrons close to the cathode surface and by that increases the energy efficiency of the discharge. This becomes apparent in high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) discharges, as small changes in the magnetic field can result in large variations in the discharge characteristics, notably the peak discharge current and/or the discharge voltage during a pulse. Here, we analyze the influence of the magnetic field on the electron density and temperature, how the discharge voltage is split between the cathode sheath and the ionization region, and the electron heating mechanism in a HiPIMS discharge. We relate the results to the energy efficiency of the discharge and discuss them in terms of the probability of target species ionization. The energy efficiency of the discharge is related to the fraction of pulse power absorbed by the electrons. Ohmic heating of electrons in the ionization region
leads to higher energy efficiency than electron energization in the sheath. We find that the electron density and ionization probability of the sputtered species depend largely on the discharge current. The results suggest ways to adjust electron density and electron temperature using the discharge current and the magnetic field, respectively, and how they influence the ionization probability.
Nonlinear, neuronal adaptation in insect vision models improves target discrimination within repetitively moving backgrounds
Authors: James John V , Cazzolato Benjamin S , Grainger Steven , Wiederman Steven D 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Neurons which respond selectively to small moving targets, even against a cluttered background, have been identified in several insect species. To investigate what underlies these robust and highly selective responses, researchers have probed the neuronal circuitry in target-detecting, visual pathways. Observations in flies reveal nonlinear adaptation over time, composed of a fast onset and gradual decay. This adaptive processing is seen in both of the independent, parallel pathways encoding either luminance increments (ON channel) or decrements (OFF channel). The functional significance of this adaptive phenomenon has not been determined from physiological studies, though the asymmetrical time course suggests a role in suppressing responses to repetitive stimuli. We tested this possibility by comparing an implementation of fast adaptation against alternatives, using a model of insect ‘elementary small target motion detectors’. We conducted target-detecting simulations on various natural backgrounds, that were shifted via several movement profiles (and target velocities). Using performance metrics, we confirmed that the fast adaptation observed in neuronal systems enhances target detection against a repetitively moving background. Such background movement would be encountered via natural ego-motion as the insect travels through the world. These findings show that this form of nonlinear, fast-adaptation (suitably implementable via cellular biophysics) plays a role analogous to background subtraction techniques in conventional computer vision.
Retracted: An evaluation of allogeneic freeze-dried concentrated growth factors biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Wang Hong , Ding Xiaoling , Liu Changkui , Yang Sefei , Zhao Bingjing 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This study evaluated the biocompatibility of allogeneic freeze-dried concentrated growth factors (AFD-CGFs) in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro experiments, bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) were cultured in 10% fresh allogeneic concentrated growth factors (CGFs). AFD-CGF solution was used as the experimental group, and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium was used as control. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the cell ultrastructure was unchanged, and membranes were intact. Scanning electron microscopy, cell counting kit-8, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that BMSCs and differentiation were unchanged between AFD-CGFs versus control groups (all p > 0.05). Alkaline phosphatase activity was higher in CGF groups (peaked at 14 d) than in the control group. Regarding the in vivo experiments, four beagles were used for surgery and the rest as controls. Beagles were sacrificed at 2 weeks to observe acute response and membrane absorption; at 12 weeks for wound healing and chronic damage to the liver. According to general observations and histology, the CGFs of all groups were absorbed 2 weeks after in vivo implantation. No sign of intolerance was observed. Histology showed a slight increase in immune cells appearing in the implantation area after 2 weeks. However, no or very few inflammatory and immune cells were detected 3 months after the operation. Based on the hematoxylin and eosin staining and TEM results, the ultrastructure of the liver tissue was unchanged. In general, the results suggest that AFD-CGFs are biocompatible and may be a promising option for tissue healing.
Femtosecond-laser sharp shaping of millimeter-scale geometries with vertical sidewalls
Authors: Zhu Qiuchi , Fan Peixun , Li Nan , Carlson Timothy , Cui Bai , Silvain Jean-François , Hudgins Jerry L , Lu Yong Feng 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As femtosecond (fs) laser machining advances from micro/nanoscale to macroscale, approaches capable of machining macroscale geometries that sustain micro/nanoscale precisions are in great demand. In this research, an fs laser sharp shaping approach was developed to address two key challenges in macroscale machining (i.e. defects on edges and tapered sidewalls). The evolution of edge sharpness (edge transition width) and sidewall tapers were systematically investigated through which the dilemma of simultaneously achieving sharp edges and vertical sidewalls were addressed. Through decreasing the angle of incidence (AOI) from 0° to −5°, the edge transition width could be reduced to below 10 µm but at the cost of increased sidewall tapers. Furthermore, by analyzing lateral and vertical ablation behaviors, a parameter-compensation strategy was developed by gradually decreasing the scanning diameters along depth and using optimal laser powers to produce non-tapered sidewalls. The fs laser ablation behaviors were precisely controlled and coordinated to optimize the parameter compensations in general manufacturing applications. The AOI control together with the parameter compensation provides a versatile solution to simultaneously achieve vertical sidewalls as well as sharp edges of entrances and exits for geometries of different shapes and dimensions. Both mm-scale diameters and depths were realized with dimensional precisions below 10 µm and surface roughness below 1 µm. This research establishes a novel strategy to finely control the fs laser machining process, enabling the fs laser applications in macroscale machining with micro/nanoscale precisions.
GraphQL for the delivery of bioinformatics web APIs and application to ZincBind
Authors: Ireland Sam M , Martin Andrew C R 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Motivation
Many bioinformatics resources are provided as ‘web services’, with large databases and analysis software stored on a central server, and clients interacting with them using the hypertext transport protocol (HTTP). While some provide only a visual HTML interface, requiring a web browser to use them, many provide programmatic access using a web application programming interface (API) which returns XML, JSON or plain text that computer programs can interpret more easily. This allows access to be automated. Initially, many bioinformatics APIs used the ‘simple object access protocol’ (SOAP) and, more recently, representational state transfer (REST).

Results
GraphQL is a novel, increasingly prevalent alternative to REST and SOAP that represents the available data in the form of a graph to which any conceivable query can be submitted, and which is seeing increasing adoption in industry. Here, we review the principles of GraphQL, outline its particular suitability to the delivery of bioinformatics resources and describe its implementation in our ZincBind resource.

Availability and implementation
https://api.zincbind.net.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Advances online.
Differences in the sperm metabolomes of smoking and nonsmoking men
Authors: Engel Kathrin M , Baumann Sven , Blaurock Janet , Rolle-Kampczyk Ulrike , Schiller Jürgen , von Bergen Martin , Grunewald Sonja 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCurrently, spermiogram analysis is the most relevant method used to clarify the potential infertility of a couple. However, in some cases, the reasons for infertility remain obscure. Smoking is among the factors that have been described to adversely affect male fertility. Smoking increases oxidative stress and thus promotes various pathological processes. Comparative studies, particularly those on metabolomic changes in sperm and seminal plasma caused by smoking, have not yet been published. Thus, the present pilot study aimed at the mass spectrometric characterization of the metabolomes of specimens from both smoking and nonsmoking subjects and the comparison of the evaluated data in terms of sperm apoptosis and spermiogram parameters. The results provided evidence that the conventional spermiogram is not altered in smokers compared to nonsmokers. However, a more careful investigation of sperm cells by metabolomic profiling reveals profound effects of smoking on sperm: first, nitrogen oxide synthase, a marker of oxidative stress, is activated. Second, the uptake of fatty acids into sperm mitochondria is reduced, leading to an impaired energy supply. Third, phenylalanine hydroxylation and tryptophan degradation, which are both indications of altered tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis, are reduced. Moreover, flow cytometry approaches indicated increased sperm caspase-3 activity, a sign of apoptosis. The present study clearly shows the negative effects of smoking on semen quality. Especially for idiopathic cases, metabolomic profiling can help to shed light on male subfertility or infertility.
Varied effects of doxorubicin (DOX) on the corpus luteum of C57BL/6 mice during early pregnancy†
Authors: Andersen Christian Lee , Byun Haeyeun , Li Yuehuan , Xiao Shuo , Miller Doris M , Wang Zidao , Viswanathan Suvitha , Hancock Jonathan Matthew , Bromfield Jaymie , Ye Xiaoqin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Certain chemotherapeutic drugs are toxic to ovarian follicles. The corpus luteum (CL) is normally developed from an ovulated follicle for producing progesterone (P4) to support early pregnancy. To fill in the knowledge gap about effects of chemotherapy on the CL, we tested the hypothesis that chemotherapy may target endothelial cells and/or luteal cells in the CL to impair CL function in P4 steroidogenesis using doxorubicin (DOX) as a representative chemotherapeutic drug in mice. In both mixed background mice and C57BL/6 mice, a single intraperitoneal injection of DOX (10 mg/kg) on 0.5-day postcoitum (D0.5, postovulation) led to ~58% D3.5 mice with serum P4 levels lower than the serum P4 range in the phosphate buffer saline-treated control mice. Further studies in the C57BL/6 ovaries revealed that CLs from DOX-treated mice with low P4 levels had less defined luteal cords and disrupted collagen IV expression pattern, indicating disrupted capillary, accompanied with less differentiated luteal cells that had smaller cytoplasm and reduced StAR expression. DOX-treated ovaries had increased granulosa cell death in the growing follicles, reduced proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive endothelial cells in the CLs, enlarged lipid droplets, and disrupted F-actin in the luteal cells. These novel data suggest that the proliferating endothelial cells in the developing CL may be the primary target of DOX to impair the vascular support for luteal cell differentiation and subsequently P4 steroidogenesis. This study fills in the knowledge gap about the toxic effects of chemotherapy on the CL and provides critical information for risk assessment of chemotherapy in premenopausal patients.
Every Country, Every Family: Time to Act for Group B Streptococcal Disease Worldwide
Authors: Lawn Joy E , Chandna Jaya , Paul Proma , Jit Mark , Trotter Caroline , Lambach Philipp , Ter-Meulen Ajoke Sobanjo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The global burden of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) was estimated for 2015 prompting inclusion of GBS as a priority in the Global Meningitis Roadmap. New estimates for the year 2020 and a WHO report analysing the full value of GBS maternal vaccines has been launched to advance evidence based decision making for multiple stakeholders. In this first of a 10-article supplement, we discuss the following (1) gaps in evidence and action, (2) new evidence in this supplement, and (3) what actions can be taken now and key research gaps ahead. We call for investment in the research pipeline, notably description, development, and delivery, in order to accelerate progress and address the large burden of GBS for every family in every country.