bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural disparities in adolescent smoking prevalence
Authors: Kim Sooyong , Selya Arielle 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroductionRural residence is a well‐established risk factor for risk behaviors and subsequent morbidity and mortality in the United States. Smoking is the primary cause of preventable death and is more prevalent in rural America. As chronic smoking habits typically develop during adolescence, the discrepancy in smoking rates between rural and urban youth likely contributes to a significant geographic disparity in the long‐term health of adults.MethodsData were extracted from 12th‐grader surveys of the US Monitoring the Future study from 1998 to 2018. The historic trends of smoking initiation, ever‐regular and current‐regular smoking rates of rural and urban adolescents were estimated with intercept‐only time‐varying effect models. Differences in prevalence between rural and urban youth were calculated for each smoking behavior.ResultsThough overall smoking prevalence continues to decline, this trend is significantly attenuated among rural adolescents compared to urban youth. The absolute difference in lifetime smoking prevalence between rural and urban youth has markedly increased from 6.9% in 1998 to 13.5% in 2018, which is among the highest in the past 20 years and is a potentially alarming upward trend. However, the absolute differences in ever‐regular and current‐regular smoking prevalence have shown an overall net decline, decreasing from 6.4 to 4.8%, and from 5.5 to 3.0%, respectively.ConclusionsThis geographic disparity between rural and urban adolescents represents a potentially modifiable cause of increased morbidity and mortality in rural areas. Interventions and regulatory efforts should be tailored for rural adolescents to reduce the narrowing but persistent disparity in regular smoking.
Patterns of spatial and temporal distribution of the macrobenthic fauna on an estuarine macrotidal sandy beach on the Amazon coast (Brazil)
Authors: dos Santos Thuareag Monteiro Trindade , de Almeida Mayk Ferreira , Aviz Daiane , Rosa Filho José Souto 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSeveral attempts have been made to find universal zonation schemes for the benthic fauna in sandy beaches. Usually, the nature and number of zones are not fixed and depend on the beach type and temporal changes in environmental characteristics. We characterized spatial and temporal variations in the structure of macrobenthic communities on an Amazonian macrotidal sandy beach (Farol Beach, Algodoal‐Maiandeua Island, Brazil). Samples (macrobenthos and sediments) were collected during the rainy (March 2012 and 2013) and dry seasons (September 2011 and 2012) at six equidistant sites (50 m apart) from the high tide water mark to the swash zone. The physical gradients influenced the faunal distribution, with significant seasonal variations. Density and diversity increased seaward, while increasing moisture, organic matter content, and fine grains in sediments. Two faunal zonation schemes were observed. In the dry season, three faunal zones were distinguished: upper‐intertidal, mid‐intertidal, and low‐intertidal, whereas in the rainy season, only two faunal zones were distinguished: upper‐intertidal and low‐intertidal. In the rainy season, the physical gradients along the intertidal appeared to be smooth, allowing the expansion of the upper‐tidal zone. This study provides novel insights into macrobenthic distribution patterns, reinforcing that tropical macrotidal beaches have unique characteristics that strongly influence macrobenthic distribution patterns.
Effects of pharmacological agents for neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cheng Ivy , Sasegbon Ayodele , Hamdy Shaheen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of pharmacological agents for neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia based on evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsElectronic databases were systematically searched between January 1970 and March 2021. Two reviewers independently extracted and synthesized the data. The outcome measure was changed in (any) relevant clinical swallowing‐related characteristics.Key resultsData from 2186 dysphagic patients were collected from 14 RCT studies across a range of pharmacotherapies. The pooled effect size of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel agonists was large compared to placebo interventions (SMD[95%CI] =1.27[0.74,1.80], p < 0.001; I2 = 79%). Data were limited for other pharmacological agents and the overall pooled effect size of these agents was non‐significant (SMD [95% CI] =0.25 [−0.24, 0.73]; p = 0.31; I2 = 85%). When analyzed separately, large effect sizes were observed with Nifedipine (SMD[95%CI] =1.13[0.09,2.18]; p = 0.03) and Metoclopramide (SMD[95%CI] =1.68[1.08,2.27]; p < 0.001). By contrast, the effects of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (SMD[95%CI] = −0.67[−2.32,0.99]; p = 0.43; I2 = 61%), Physostigmine (SMD[95%CI] = −0.05[−1.03,0.93]; p = 0.92) and Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) (SMD [95% CI] = −0.01 [−0.11, 0.08]; p = 0.78) were non‐significant. Within stroke patients, subgroup analysis showed that TRP channel agonists had a moderate pooled effect size (SMD[95%CI] =0.74[0.10,1.39]; p = 0.02; I2 = 82%) whereas the effects of other agents were non‐significant (SMD[95%CI] =0.40[−0.04,0.84]; p = 0.07; I2 = 87%).Conclusions & InferencesOur results showed that TRP channel agonists, Nifedipine and Metoclopromide may be beneficial for neurogenic dysphagic patients. Large scale, multicenter clinical trials are warranted to fully explore their therapeutic effects on swallowing.
A systematic review on neuromodulation therapies for reducing body weight in patients with obesity
Authors: Gouveia Flavia Venetucci , Silk Esther , Davidson Benjamin , Pople Christopher B. , Abrahao Agessandro , Hamilton Jill , Ibrahim George M. , Müller Daniel J. , Giacobbe Peter , Lipsman Nir , Hamani Clement 
Published: August 2021

SummaryThe global prevalence of obesity increases yearly along with a rising demand for efficacious, safe, and accessible treatments. Neuromodulation interventions (i.e., deep brain stimulation [DBS], transcranial magnetic stimulation [TMS], transcranial direct current stimulation [tDCS], percutaneous neurostimulation [PENS], vagus nerve stimulation [VNS], and gastric electrical stimulation [GES]) have been proposed as novel therapies. This systematic review sought to examine the safety and efficacy of neuromodulation therapies in reducing body weight in patients with obesity. Using PRISMA guidelines, we performed a systematic review for studies on neuromodulation for the treatment of obesity, resulting in 60 trials included (7 DBS, 5 TMS, 7 tDCS, 17 PENS and VNS, and 24 GES; a total of 3,042 participants). While promising results have been reported in open label studies, double‐blinded randomized clinical trials often did not reach their primary endpoints, with no technique inducing a striking reduction in body weight. Bearing in mind the complexity and multifactorial nature of obesity, it is possible that a single treatment may not be enough for patients to lose or maintain the weight lost at long term.
Effectiveness of a telephone intervention based on motivational health coaching for improving the mental health of caregivers of people with dementia: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Sarabia‐Cobo Carmen , Pérez Victoria , de Lorena Pablo , Sáenz‐Jalón María , Alconero‐Camarero Ana Rosa 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesCaring for a family member with dementia is considered one of the activities with the greatest negative impact on a person's mental health. Developing long‐lasting and effective strategies is a challenge for caregivers. This study sought to evaluate the impact of an intervention based on a programme of motivational coaching delivered by telephone in a group of caregivers of patients with dementia compared to a control group.MethodsA randomised controlled trial with a control group and an intervention group. (CONSORT guidelines were used). Telephone calls were made during six weeks, involving a process of coaching and motivational interviews. The following variables were measured in caregivers: self‐efficacy of caring, depression, perceived stress, frequency of problematic behaviours and dysfunctional thoughts. Assessments were conducted at three time points: baseline, post‐intervention and three months’ post‐intervention.ResultsIn total, 106 caregivers participated (53 subjects in the control group and 53 in the intervention group). Statistically significant differences (ANCOVA) were found between both groups for the self‐efficacy and stress variables, with improved results in the intervention group (p < .01). Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found in the intervention group between the baseline and post‐intervention assessments, with improvements in self‐efficacy, decreased stress and decreased dysfunctional thoughts (p < .05). The results were maintained over time for both groups.ConclusionsAn intervention based on telephone calls using a health coaching approach with motivational interviewing appears to be effective for the improvement of self‐efficacy and mental health of caregivers of people with moderate dementia. Furthermore, these effects appear to be maintained over time.
Trends in office visits and treatment for urticaria in children in the United States, 1998‐2016
Authors: Ugwu Nelson , Cheraghlou Shayan , Antaya Richard J. , Feng Hao , Cohen Jeffrey M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesUrticaria is a common condition with an estimated prevalence of up to 23% in the pediatric population. Studies characterizing visits and treatments for urticaria in the pediatric population are unavailable. Understanding visit and treatment trends for urticaria in the pediatric population may help inform care for patients with urticaria.MethodsA total of 108 278 outpatient records from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey representing 3.4 billion visits by patients of age 18 and younger were analyzed. This study included the calendar years 1998 through 2016.ResultsPediatricians saw the largest proportion of all visits (52.7%). Male and female patients accounted for approximately equal proportions of all visits for urticaria. There was a slight male predominance in visits to pediatricians (53.7%), whereas dermatologists saw female patients more frequently (63.3%). Most visits for urticaria were by non‐Hispanic (78.1%) and White (78.2%) patients. H1 antihistamines were the most commonly prescribed treatment (70.3%), whereas topical corticosteroids were prescribed least frequently (4.9%). Topical corticosteroids were most frequently prescribed by dermatologists (7.7%). Non‐H1 antihistamine and non‐corticosteroid therapy were prescribed in 9.7% of all visits and in 4.5% of visits to pediatricians. Most visits for urticaria were to physicians in metropolitan areas (88.8%). Pediatricians saw the highest number of non‐metropolitan area visits (56.3%).ConclusionsH1 antihistamines were the most commonly used therapy (70%), consistent with established treatment guidelines. Male and female pediatric patients present equally often for urticaria, but sex differences were seen with visit frequencies to certain specialties.
Persistent dysesthesias in involuted infantile hemangiomas: An uncommon complication in a common condition
Authors: Braun Mitchell , Metry Denise , Frieden Ilona J. , Antaya Richard J. , Mancini Anthony J. , Kohn Lucinda L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesInfantile hemangiomas (IHs) are common benign vascular tumors of infancy. IHs tend to grow in the first few months of life and then gradually involute over years, often leaving fibrofatty residua or textural changes in their place. Classically, these lesions are painless throughout their entire natural history; however, we now report on seven patients with involuted IH with intermittent but persistent sensory symptoms.MethodsThis is a multicenter case series in which members of the Birthmarks Focused Study Group of the Pediatric Dermatology Research Alliance (PeDRA) and the Hemangioma Investigator Group contributed patients with IH and dysesthesias from their clinical practices. Charts were then reviewed to document clinical details.ResultsSeven patients were included, presenting at an average age of 14.6 years (range 3‐48 years) for complaints related to discomfort in the region of involuted IH. The majority (6/7) reported pain or tenderness to the area. One patient reported pruritus. All patients reported intermittent symptoms. The length of symptoms ranged between 4 months and 5 years. Treatment was attempted in 5/7 patients. Ice, oral propranolol, topical capsaicin, and intralesional triamcinolone partially improved symptoms.ConclusionsPersistent cutaneous dysesthesias were present in seven patients, in most cases many years after completion of involution. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the pathophysiology and optimal treatments for this IH complication.
Father–daughter relationships and autonomy development during college
Authors: Fletcher Anne C. , Hohl Marilyn L. , Lee Grace Y. , McCurdy Amy , Benito‐Gomez Marta 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFemale college students (N = 26) from ethnically and socioeconomically diverse backgrounds participated in in‐depth qualitative interviews focused on the nature of their relationships with fathers. Holistic coding of interviews indicated three types of father–daughter relationships: connected, conflictual, and uncomfortable. Daughters perceived relationships with fathers as shaped by distinct factors all of which were, for the most part, in place prior to the transition to college. These included fathers' personality characteristics, parental marital disruptions, fathers' employment status or conditions, and shared interests and activities. Daughters also discussed ways in which college enrollment had impacted their own autonomy development and how their fathers' reactions to their increasing autonomy had changed the trajectories of their relationships—for better or for worse.
Long‐term liver transplant outcomes for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1: The Pittsburgh experience
Authors: Henkel Sarah A.F. , Salgado Claudia M. , Reyes‐Mugica Miguel , Soltys Kyle A. , Strauss Kevin , Mazariegos George V. , Squires Robert H. , McKiernan Patrick J. , Zhang Xingyu , Squires James E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundProgressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 (PFIC1) arises from biallelic variants in the ATP8B1 gene that annul FIC1 activity, resulting in progressive liver disease. Liver transplant (LT) is indicated in refractory disease; however, post‐LT complications including worsening diarrhea and steatohepatitis progressing to fibrosis with graft loss have been reported. We aim to describe long‐term outcomes of PFIC1 LT recipients at our center, focusing on the histological changes of the allografts.MethodsWe assessed 7 PFIC1 patients post‐LT at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (CHP). All pre‐transplant, explant, and sequential post‐transplant pathology samples were reviewed. Continuous data are presented as the mean ± SD. We compared the pre‐ and post‐transplant height and weight z‐scores using Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.ResultsSeven (29% male) patients with PFIC1 received a LT (n = 6) or had post‐LT care (n = 1) at CHP. Six had confirmed or suspected identical genetic. At a mean follow‐up of 10.9 years, both patient survival and graft survival were 100%. Diarrhea persisted (n = 3) or newly developed (n = 4) in all patients after LT contributing to ongoing growth failure, with mean z‐scores −2.63 (weight) and −2.98 (height) at follow‐up. Histologically, allograft steatosis was common but was not accompanied by significant inflammation, ballooning, or fibrosis.ConclusionWe show that extrahepatic disease persists and near‐universal allograft steatosis occurs. However, at a mean follow‐up period of over 10 years, no patients developed steatohepatitis or significant fibrosis, and both patient survival and graft survival are excellent.
Diagnostic utility and prognostic significance of the Ki‐67 labeling index in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma transformed from follicular lymphoma: a study of 76 patients
Authors: Maeshima Akiko Miyagi , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Hori Yoshikazu , Ida Hanae , Hosoba Rika , Makita Shinichi , Fukuhara Suguru , Munakata Wataru , Suzuki Tatsuya , Maruyama Dai , Izutsu Koji 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe diagnosis of histological transformation of follicular lymphoma can be challenging and ambiguous. We investigated the distribution of the Ki‐67 labeling index of histological transformation of follicular lymphoma and determined its cutoff value to predict poor outcomes. The diagnostic criteria for histological transformation were a diffuse pattern of proliferation and a proportion of large lymphoma cells ≥20%. Of the 1121 patients with follicular lymphoma, 171 (15%) showed histological transformation to diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. Of these, 76 patients, whose biopsies were obtained from the sites with the highest maximum standardized uptake values, according to the positron emission tomography findings, were included. The Ki‐67 index ranged from 16.8% to 98.4% (median, 60.6%). In patients with histological transformation, the most significant differences were found in progression‐free survival (p = 0.087, 58% vs. 87% at 2 years) and overall survival (p = 0.024, 53% vs. 85% at 5 years) when a 70% cutoff was used. Additionally, overall survival was significantly shorter in patients with histological transformation with maximum standardized uptake values of ≥20 (p < 0.0001) and absence of a follicular lymphoma component (p = 0.004). A Ki‐67 index of ≥70% was a significant adverse factor for overall survival in patients with histological transformation of follicular lymphoma and may predict poor outcomes.
Fungicide resistance status and chemical control options for the brassica pathogen Pyrenopeziza brassicae
Authors: King Kevin M. , Bucur Diana E. , Ritchie Faye , Hawkins Nichola J. , Kaczmarek Agata M. , Duan Yabing , Kildea Steven , West Jonathan S. , Fraaije Bart A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPyrenopeziza brassicae causes leaf spot disease of Brassicaceae in Europe/Oceania (lineage 1) and North America (lineage 2). In Europe, fungicides currently used for disease management are sterol 14α‐demethylase (CYP51) inhibitors (azoles), quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs), and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs); methyl benzimidazole carbamates (MBCs) are no longer applied. In this study, in vitro screening revealed European populations (collected 2018–2020) had shifted towards decreased azole sensitivity, but the North American population (2014–2016) was highly sensitive. Genotyping revealed CYP51 substitutions G460S or S508T were prevalent in European populations, often with a CYP51 promoter insert. Compared to wildtype CYP51 isolates, those with G460S plus an insert (44/46/151/210/302 bp) were c.25–32‐fold and c.50‐fold less sensitive to tebuconazole and prochloraz, respectively; those with S508T plus an insert (44/46/151/233 bp) were c.9–15‐fold and c.25–40‐fold less sensitive to tebuconazole and prochloraz, respectively. Selection for G460S (quantified via pyrosequencing) under different fungicide regimes was investigated in UK field trials, but G460S levels were high (c.76%) before treatment, so further selection during the trials was unclear. Despite the high G460S frequency and low disease pressure, yield data indicated measurable benefit for both azole‐ and non‐azole‐based programmes. In vitro screening against the MBC carbendazim showed European populations were predominantly moderately resistant/resistant; the North American population was sensitive. European and North American populations were sensitive to QoI (pyraclostrobin) and SDHI (penthiopyrad) fungicides. Results support an azole plus QoI/SDHI mixing partner for robust disease control and decreased risk of resistance, with continued sensitivity monitoring to ensure optimal strategies are deployed.
A sociology of counter‐revolution in Egypt
Authors: Said Atef 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this article I interrogate three misapprehensions around the concept of counter‐revolution: (1) defining the old regime, (2) defining counter‐revolution's temporal boundary, and (3) different meanings of the countering actions. Using Egypt as a case study, I develop and apply a disaggregated and temporally sensitive framework to analyze the counter‐revolution. I argue that counter‐revolution was instigated during the revolutionary crisis (25 January–11 February 2011), accrued momentum during the extended transitional period (12 February 2011–30 June 2013) and achieved a decisive victory after the military coup of 3 July 2013. I interrogate the varieties of counter‐revolutionary actions in these periods: repression and propaganda, adopting a project of containment during the transitional period, then launching unlimited repression campaigns against revolutionaries, and expanding military rule. This framework helps make sense of how different forces change their positions over time, and of the contradictions and the dynamism of counter‐revolutionary actions.
Perceived responsiveness across cultures: The role of cultural fit in social support use
Authors: Wu Delancey C. , Kim Heejung S. , Collins Nancy L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPerceived responsiveness plays a key role in social support interactions. Past research shows that people are more likely to seek support when they perceive that close others will be responsive to their needs, and that social support is most effective when it is perceived as responsive. However, theoretical models and measures of perceived responsiveness, and conceptualizations of responsive support, have been based primarily on the norms and values of individualistic cultures and may not generalize to collectivistic cultures. This review addresses cultural variations in what is perceived as responsive support and the importance of considering cultural fit in the social support process, including how cultural goals lead to different support‐seeking behaviors and well‐being outcomes for individualists and collectivists. How perceived responsiveness changes depending on other cultural dimensions and how it can be applied to other relationship processes and be more inclusive of collectivistic values are also discussed.