bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degradation of Visible Autumn Icons and Conservation Opportunities: Trends in Deciduous Forest Loss in the Contiguous US
Authors: Dreiss L. M. , Malcom J.W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTemperate deciduous forests are one of the most visible biomes on Earth because of their autumn aesthetics and because they harbor some of the most heavily populated regions. Their ability to attract visitors may increase opportunities for people to experience nature, which has been linked to greater conservation action. Identifying regions with high leaf-peeping opportunities and regions where color has been lost to landscape conversion may help to inform these connections. We use spatial overlay analyses to quantify temperate deciduous forest coverage, disturbance, and protections in each U.S. ecoregion. We evaluated recent (1984-2016) and predicted (2016-2050) disturbance under extreme future scenarios. Almost all ecoregions saw a decline in deciduous forest cover between 1985 and 2016. Some ecoregions with the greatest opportunities for leaf-peeping are also underrepresented in the protected areas network and vulnerable to additional losses. Under economic-growth forecasting scenarios, losses are predicted to continue. However, environmentally focused scenarios suggest there is still opportunity to reverse deciduous forest loss in some ecoregions. Differences in forest loss between predictions scenarios emphasize the importance of human approaches in securing environmental stability. Increasing public exposure to temperate forests may help ensure conservation of more natural areas and preserve the quantity and quality of autumn forest viewing.Key PointsTemperate deciduous forests aesthetics attract visitors to experience nature, but degradation and loss can hinder connections.US ecoregions with the greatest leaf-peeping opportunities are underrepresented in the protected areas and vulnerable to additional losses.Differences in predictions scenarios emphasize the importance of conservation action, which may be linked to human connections with nature.
Bayesian metamodeling of complex biological systems across varying representations
Authors: Raveh Barak , Sun Liping , White Kate L. , Sanyal Tanmoy , Tempkin Jeremy , Zheng Dongqing , Bharat Kala , Singla Jitin , Wang ChenXi , Zhao Jihui , Li Angdi , Graham Nicholas A. , Kesselman Carl , Stevens Raymond C. , Sali Andrej 
Published: March 2021

AbstractComprehensive modeling of a whole cell requires an integration of vast amounts of information on various aspects of the cell and its parts. To divide-and-conquer this task, we introduce Bayesian metamodeling, a general approach to modeling complex systems by integrating a collection of heterogeneous input models. Each input model can in principle be based on any type of data and can describe a different aspect of the modeled system using any mathematical representation, scale, and level of granularity. These input models are (i) converted to a standardized statistical representation relying on Probabilistic Graphical Models, (ii) coupled by modeling their mutual relations with the physical world, and (iii) finally harmonized with respect to each other. To illustrate Bayesian metamodeling, we provide a proof-of-principle metamodel of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by human pancreatic ß-cells. The input models include a coarse-grained spatiotemporal simulation of insulin vesicle trafficking, docking, and exocytosis; a molecular network model of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion signaling; a network model of insulin metabolism; a structural model of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation; a linear model of a pancreatic cell population; and ordinary differential equations for systemic postprandial insulin response. Metamodeling benefits from decentralized computing, while often producing a more accurate, precise, and complete model that contextualizes input models as well as resolves conflicting information. We anticipate Bayesian metamodeling will facilitate collaborative science by providing a framework for sharing expertise, resources, data, and models, as exemplified by the Pancreatic ß-Cell Consortium.Significance StatementCells are the basic units of life, yet their architecture and function remain to be fully characterized. This work describes Bayesian metamodeling, a modeling approach that divides-and-conquers a large problem of modeling numerous aspects of the cell into computing a number of smaller models of different types, followed by assembling these models into a complete map of the cell. Metamodeling enables a facile collaboration of multiple research groups and communities, thus maximizing the sharing of expertise, resources, data, and models. A proof-of-principle is provided by a model of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion produced by the Pancreatic ß-Cell Consortium.
Phase Resolution of Heterozygous Sites in Diploid Genomes is Important to Phylogenomic Analysis under the Multispecies Coalescent Model
Authors: Huang Jun , Bennett Jeremy , Flouri Tomáš , Leaché Adam D. , Yang Ziheng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGenome sequencing projects routinely generate haploid consensus sequences from diploid genomes, which are effectively chimeric sequences with the phase at heterozygous sites resolved at random. The impact of phasing errors on phylogenomic analyses under the multispecies coalescent (MSC) model is largely unknown. Here we conduct a computer simulation to evaluate the performance of four phase-resolution strategies (the true phase resolution, the diploid analytical integration algorithm which averages over all phase resolutions, computational phase resolution using the program PHASE, and random resolution) on estimation of the species tree and evolutionary parameters in analysis of multi-locus genomic data under the MSC model. We found that species tree estimation is robust to phasing errors when species divergences were much older than average coalescent times but may be affected by phasing errors when the species tree is shallow. Estimation of parameters under the MSC model with and without introgression is affected by phasing errors. In particular, random phase resolution causes serious overestimation of population sizes for modern species and biased estimation of cross-species introgression probability. In general the impact of phasing errors is greater when the mutation rate is higher, the data include more samples per species, and the species tree is shallower with recent divergences. Use of phased sequences inferred by the PHASE program produced small biases in parameter estimates. We analyze two real datasets, one of East Asian brown frogs and another of Rocky Mountains chipmunks, to demonstrate that heterozygote phase-resolution strategies have similar impacts on practical data analyses. We suggest that genome sequencing projects should produce unphased diploid genotype sequences if fully phased data are too challenging to generate, and avoid haploid consensus sequences, which have heterozygous sites phased at random. In case the analytical integration algorithm is computationally unfeasible, computational phasing prior to population genomic analyses is an acceptable alternative.
Governance of professional accounting bodies: a comparative analysis
Authors: Andon Paul , Clune Conor 
Published: March 2021

PurposeThis study examines the governance structures, practices and related public disclosures of the world's largest professional accounting bodies (PABs). Key aims are to advance the limited available knowledge and guidance on PAB governance and highlight avenues for further research and debate on how PABs can strengthen their governance arrangements.Design/methodology/approachContent analysis of extant governance arrangements for the subject PABs was conducted using a range of secondary data and guided by available international governance frameworks. The authors focused on identifying critical differences across the studied PABs. The governance recommendations and future research themes presented emerged from an analysis of relevant knowledge on governance practices from the academic literature and other sources.FindingsThe paper presents a detailed comparison of PAB governance arrangements across the themes of strategic disclosures, committee arrangements and member engagement. From this analysis, 20 recommendations are presented that seek to fortify the capacity of PABs to uphold their professional and public interest responsibilities.Originality/valueThis is the first paper to systemically examine the governance arrangements of the world's largest PABs. It thus adds to knowledge about the efficacy of extant arrangements in facilitating accountable and transparent self-regulation of PAB responsibilities. Crucial future research opportunities are also highlighted to provoke and guide long-neglected debate on PAB governance.
Organizing care during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of accounting in German hospitals
Authors: Huber Christian , Gerhardt Nadine , Reilley Jacob T. 
Published: March 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to provide insight into the roles of accounting in the management of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in five German hospitals.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted three rounds of interviews, ethnographic observations of meetings and document analyses in five German hospitals between February and August 2020.FindingsThe authors found that actors repeatedly used a central set of indicators (the number of beds for COVID-19 patients) when adapting a healthcare infrastructure to the pandemic. Accounting figures allowed actors to problematize prior configurations, organize processes to make uncertainty plannable and virtualize changes to resume treating non-COVID-19 patients.Practical implicationsThe authors offer suggestions about scenario planning and interorganizational learning which have implications for healthcare practitioners.Originality/valueThe authors contribute to the accounting in crisis literature by adding an organization-focused study. Adding nuance to key themes in the literature, they show how the organizations and the field level interact and how organizing locally preceded economizing. They also offer a nonbinary answer to the question of whether or not changes revert back to “normal” after a crisis event.
Examining the penetration of financial inclusion in the agricultural sector: evidence from small-scale farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors: Omeje Ambrose Nnaemeka , Mba Augustine Jideofor , Ugwu Michael Okike , Amuka Joseph , Agamah Perpetual Ngozi 
Published: March 2021

PurposeThe study examined the penetration of financial inclusion in the agricultural sector, using small-scale farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria, as evidence.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilized survey data generated from 425 questionnaires administered to small-scale farmers in both rural and urban locations in Enugu State. The study applied the adequacy gap, timeliness gap and penetration gap indices to measure the penetration of financial inclusion among the small-scale farmers in Enugu State.FindingsIt was found that different lending agencies, except for some cooperative societies, were unable to meet the credit needs of small-scale farmers in Enugu State as shown by the adequacy gap index. The timeliness gap index revealed the existence of time gap in the credit receipt of small-scale farmers given that agriculture is rain-fed in Enugu. The penetration gap index indicated that there is gap in the penetration of agricultural credit grants to small-scale farmers in Enugu State, showing a shallow penetration of financial inclusion in agricultural sector.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited in scope as a result of data and the desire to study small-scale farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria.Practical implicationsThe study recommended among others that government should encourage cooperatives more to meet credit needs of farmers in order to raise the level of financial inclusion penetration.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the only study that examines the penetration of financial inclusion among small-scale farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria. This study contributes to the growing literature on financial inclusion in the agricultural sector as there is dearth of literature in this study area.
Spin-in and spin-out for growth – On the acquisition and divestiture of high-tech firms
Authors: Öberg Christina 
Published: March 2021

PurposeThis paper describes and discusses company spin-ins and spin-outs as a means to understand company growth in a dynamic context. The following question is asked: How can growth be understood in spin-ins and spin-outs of innovative firms? The paper suggests return on capabilities as a measure to understand growth in an open innovation context.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical part of the paper consists of a single case study. Data was captured through interviews and secondary data sources.FindingsThe paper points to that resources alone do not explain strategic decisions by a company and how spin-ins and spin-outs result from the need for capabilities, changes in business foci and temporary solutions to deal with overcapacities or lack of alternatives.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to research by discussing contemporary issues in strategy and innovation and relating them to the resource-based view and the growth of the firm. Spin-outs, and acquisitions and divestitures as interlinked events have rarely been focused on in the literature, while they remain frequent phenomena in practice.
Competitive framing, emotion and heterogeneity: framing effects on Twitter in the case of an alt-right rally
Authors: Borah Porismita 
Published: March 2021

PurposeThe current study has three main purposes: (1) replicate results from prior framing effects studies on social media. To do so, the study examines the influence of news frames (free speech vs. public order) on participants' attitudes toward an alt-right rally (2) expand prior research by examining the emotional reaction of participants to these frames and (3) probe the moderating effects of face-to-face heterogenous talk and heterogenous social media feeds.Design/methodology/approachDrawing from theoretical concepts such as competitive framing, emotions and heterogeneity, the study uses a randomized online experiment. The study examines a conversation in a Twitter thread that includes both free speech and public order frames in the comments to the thread. The total number of participants was 275.FindingsThe results show that free speech versus public order frame did not impact attitudes of the participants toward the alt-right rally. Findings also show the significant main effects of free speech and public order frames and the interaction of exposure to heterogeneity on emotional reactions of outrage and anger toward the alt-right rally. These findings suggest that framing research needs to take social media features into consideration for a complete picture of framing effects on social media.Originality/valueUsing a classic framing effects experiment, the study includes variables relevant to social media discussions on Twitter and examined the moderating effects of heterogeneity on emotional reactions. In addition, one of the important methodological contributions of the current study are the framing manipulations for an externally valid experimental design.
Introducing ficto-feminism: a non-fiction, fictitious conversation with Hallie Flanagan, director of the Federal Theatre Project (1935–1939)
Authors: Williams Kristin S. 
Published: March 2021

PurposeFicto-feminism is offered here as a creative method for feminist historical inquiry in management and organizational studies (MOSs).Design/methodology/approachThis paper introduces a new method called ficto-feminism. Using feminist polemics as a starting point, ficto-feminism fuses aspects of collective biography with the emic potential of autoethnography and rhizomatic capacity of fictocriticism to advance not only a new account of history in subject but also in style of writing.FindingsThe aim of ficto-feminism is to create a plausible, powerful and persuasive account of an overlooked female figure which not only challenges convention but also surfaces her lost lessons and accomplishments to benefit today's development of theory and practice.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper reviews the methodological components of ficto-feminism and speaks to the merit of writing differently and incorporating fictional techniques.Originality/valueTo illustrate the method in action, the paper features a non-fiction, fictitious conversation with Hallie Flanagan (1890–1969) and investigates her role as national director of the Federal Theatre Project (FTP) (1935–1939). The FTP was part of the most elaborate relief programs ever conceived as part of the New Deal (a series of public works projects and financial reforms enacted in the 1930s in the USA).
Shiftwork, mental health and performance among Indian nurses: the role of social support
Authors: Din Saif Ud , Baba Vishwanath V. 
Published: March 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the impact of mental health on the job performance among nurses, how shiftwork affects the impact and how social support alters it.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through a questionnaire survey from 683 Indian nurses working in multiple hospitals in two major cities in Northern India. Descriptive statistics, correlations and hierarchical regressions were employed to investigate the links between job stress, emotional exhaustion and job performance along with the simultaneous moderating effects of shiftwork and social support on this relationship.FindingsBoth job stress and emotional exhaustion were negatively related to job performance. However, three-way interaction analysis revealed that social support moderated the above relationships differently between shift workers and day workers. Social support significantly altered the pattern of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables among day workers but had no impact in mitigating the relationship among shift workers.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings endorsed the usefulness of the stress theory, burnout theory, the conservation of resources model and the social support resource theory in modeling the phenomenon and explaining the behavior of day workers but not that of shift workers.Practical implicationsIt paved the way for evidence-based practices in health-care management.Originality/valueThis study extends theoretical predictions to India and demonstrates their global portability. It focuses on shiftwork and social support as simultaneous moderators, and through a unique three-way analysis, documents complex interaction patterns that have hitherto been unrecorded. It also brings scholarly attention to the nursing population in India whose organizational behavior is poorly documented in the empirical literature.
Telomeres and a repeat‐rich chromosome encode effector gene clusters in plant pathogenic Colletotrichum fungi
Authors: Gan Pamela , Hiroyama Ryoko , Tsushima Ayako , Masuda Sachiko , Shibata Arisa , Ueno Akiko , Kumakura Naoyoshi , Narusaka Mari , Hoat Trinh Xuan , Narusaka Yoshihiro , Takano Yoshitaka , Shirasu Ken 
Published: March 2021

SummaryMembers of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex are causal agents of anthracnose in many commercially important plants. Closely related strains have different levels of pathogenicity on hosts despite their close phylogenetic relationship. To gain insight into the genetics underlying these differences, we generated and annotated whole‐genome assemblies of multiple isolates of C. fructicola (Cf) and C. siamense (Cs), as well as three previously unsequenced species, C. aenigma (Ca), C. tropicale and C. viniferum with different pathogenicity on strawberry. Based on comparative genomics, we identified accessory regions with a high degree of conservation in strawberry‐pathogenic Cf, Cs and Ca strains. These regions encode homologs of pathogenicity‐related genes known as effectors, organized in syntenic gene clusters, with copy number variations in different strains of Cf, Cs and Ca. Analysis of highly contiguous assemblies of Cf, Cs and Ca revealed the association of related accessory effector gene clusters with telomeres and repeat‐rich chromosomes and provided evidence of exchange between these two genomic compartments. In addition, expression analysis indicated that orthologues in syntenic gene clusters showed a tendency for correlated gene expression during infection. These data provide insight into mechanisms by which Colletotrichum genomes evolve, acquire and organize effectors.
Mars' surface is not universally biocidal
Authors: Hallsworth John E. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryThe Mars surface/near‐surface is often considered to be biocidal. Here, diverse lines of evidence are presented indicating that some terrestrial microbes can survive the in‐situ conditions albeit in an inactive state. For the purposes of planetary protection, it is important to consider what we mean by a planetary ‘surface’; this term has qualitatively distinct definitions fordifferent scientific disciplines, and can also have different meanings from a humanviewpoint versus that of a microbial cell. Most microbial cells spores or other cells deposited on Mars, even those that initially fall on the outward‐facing part of the absolute surface, will fall within pores of the regolith or become covered by its dust. They are, therefore, protected from ultra‐violet radiation. Desiccating conditions and low temperatures (−40 to −70°C) can act to preserve rather than kill all microbes, potentially maintaining cellular viability – especially for certain extremophiles – over geological timescales. Whereas salts are ubiquitous on Mars, many terrestrial microbes are highly tolerant to NaCl and other salts, and these substances (including potentially inhibitory chaotropes such as MgCl2 and perchlorates) cannot access cells in the absence of a liquid milieu. Whereas the Mars regolith is nutrient‐deplete and conditions may be acidic in places, oligotrophic conditions per se are not biocidal and many terrestrial microbes can thrive in acidic conditions (some acidophiles can proliferate at or below pH 0). The low temperatures of Mars' surface are not conducive to metabolic activity, but the biophysical sophistication and robust stress biology of many terrestrial microbes, and the protection afforded by Martian conditions, are likely to ensure the long‐term viability of some extremophilic microbes if transported to Mars.
The Changing of the Praetorian Guard? The Size, Structure and Composition of the Labour Party's National Executive Committee and the Enduring Importance of Labour's Trade Unions
Authors: Massey Christopher 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article investigates the history of the Labour Party's National Executive Committee. It argues that the party's trade unions, outside a brief period of left‐wing NEC control between 1972 and 1981, formed a Praetorian Guard at the Executive around the party leader from Labour's foundation until 1997, and have continued to serve in an enlarged Praetorian Guard since then. From 1900–97, the unions maintained effective control of over half of the NEC's seats. Although widespread changes to the Executive in 1997 shifted the unions into a minority on the Committee, they continued to guard the leader. However, following the election of Jeremy Corbyn in 2015, factional disputes led to a breakdown of the Praetorian Guard during heated battles for control of the NEC. Since this period, it is argued, Labour leaders have built new guards in which the unions continue to serve, but which also include soldiers from across the labour movement.