bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Topography of Power in Medieval Nubia
Authors: Żurawski Bogdan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The author synthesizes the intricacies of construction and evolution of the medieval Nubian power centers on the example of Old Dongola, known in the Banganarti inscriptions as Tungul, Pachoras (Faras), Soba East, Qasr Ibrim, Jebel Adda, and Ez-Zuma. All of them affected the local microcosm as a guarantor of the stability and social order in the state and as a source of faith and religious prestige. Their axiality in the religious and political sphere consisted, among other features, also in being a destination of pilgrimages, a home to the cathedral church and ruler’s palace, a seat of a bishopric, terminal to the caravan route, the location of the custom house etc. The potent relics, wonder-working icons and the tombs of the local holy men attracted pilgrims and provided the godly patronage over the city and the state. Last but not least, medieval Nubian power centers were encircled by powerful fortifications which were not a reliable source of safety but were everlasting symbols of might and wealth. A socially stratified cemetery full of extravagant tombs is also a fingerprint of a nearby power center, although the Christian religion brought in a significant standardization of grave forms and grave goods.
Landscape Archaeologies in Nubia and the Middle Nile
Authors: Edwards David N. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIt is suggested that many landscape archaeology approaches have considerable potential to contribute to research in the large and environmentally varied region of the Middle Nile. Longer-term perspectives through the Holocene also require more specific engagements with major environmental as well as social transformations. A number of specific foci suggest themselves for further exploration. As in many other part of Africa exploring landscape histories in terms of their historical ecology seems likely to have much to offer. In a region with many millennia of pastoral traditions, studies of settlement may also be extended to consider landscapes of mobility and more varied understandings of space and place. The early development of larger-scale polities also invites more explicit investigation of landscapes of power and authority within the region.
Perspectives on the Body in Ancient Nubia
Authors: Dann Rachael J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDespite the richness of the record relating to the art, texts, and archaeology of the Sudanese past there has been a lack of explicit study or theorization of the human body. There is much potential and scope for a discussion of how the body has been represented through time, but also for how the body as the medium through which the social is experienced has been constructed and has changed through time. A range of possible approaches to the study of the human body are presented here.
The History of Medieval Nubia
Authors: Ruffini Giovanni R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The history of the medieval Nubian state begins as it ends, in a state of decentralization. The core of that state emerges through the unification of Nobadia in the north and Makuria in the center of the Nubian heartland, perhaps at some point in the 7th century. Makuria’s relationship with Alwa to the south is less clear, but some unification seems to have obtained there as well, in the 11th century. The Nubian state’s relationship with the wider world is variable. Nubia sometimes ignores or challenges its northern Islamic neighbors, and at other times defers to them or aggressively courts their diplomatic favor. Dotawo, the indigenous name for Nubia at least in later centuries, is still strong in the face of invasions in the 12th century, but shows signs of internal dynastic instability in later periods. Ongoing Egyptian interference in Nubian civil wars, coupled with increasing levels of Arab immigration to Nubia, destabilizes the Nubian state and returns it to its original fragmentation.
Ezekiel’s Map of Future Past
Authors: Sulzbach Carla 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Attention to the spatial elements in the book of Ezekiel reveals a coherent plan that maps sin onto the spaces of city and temple which become the focus of correction in the visionary chapters that end the book (chs. 40–48). The book displays great disdain for all urban settings, including foreign cities, for their corrupt politics, trade and crime. These charges especially apply to Jerusalem. The temple also exhibits similar corruption in terms of personnel, iconography and impurity. The final vision reaches back first into the pre-urban history of Judah, the wilderness period, in order to find a setting free from such corruptions, but ultimately it returns to an Eden-like state as the only viable solution to the problems of innate sin and desecration. This is an Eden with no free-will and no human agency, the only way to safeguard sacred space.
Wisdom in Christian Theology
Authors: Fiddes Paul S. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This article argues that the concept of wisdom in modern Christian theology, to be most effective, should draw on two dimensions of wisdom that are present within Hebrew Wisdom Literature. These are wisdom as careful observation of the world, and wisdom as participation in the presence of God in the world, the latter expressed in the personification of “Lady Wisdom.” These two aspects are reflected in the duality between practical wisdom (Aristotelian phronēsis) and sophia in Christian tradition, though for Christian theology participative wisdom will be engagement in the relational love of a triune God. This two-fold approach to wisdom illuminates doctrines of creation, the Trinity, and Christology, and produces a theology which aims to articulate the relation of God to the world in creation and redemption, while taking seriously the awareness in late modern culture of the dangers of a human self that attempts to dominate the world around it.
Wisdom Influence
Authors: McLaughlin John L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
One would expect to see points of contact between the Israelite Wisdom Literature preserved in the Bible and the other components of that collection. Scholars have proposed Wisdom influence in books from most parts of the biblical corpus, including the Pentateuch, the Deuteronomistic History, the Psalms, and the Prophets. This essay proposes three criteria for evaluating such proposals and demonstrates their application to specific texts. The results range from no evidence of actual Wisdom influence to clear cases of direct influence from Israel’s Wisdom traditions on other types of biblical literature.
Law and Wisdom Literature
Authors: Burnside Jonathan P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Biblical studies generally sees Law and Wisdom as separate, even opposed, categories. This dichotomous approach is unsatisfactory. It distorts our understanding of the traditions of both Law and Wisdom, as well as the more unified biblical tradition as a whole. Although the discipline generally has not so far been able to transcend this opposition, scholars have increasingly explored possible relationships between Law and Wisdom. Semantic, linguistic, cognitive, and semiotic studies collectively point towards the need for a paradigm shift away from a dichotomous approach to one that sees Law and Wisdom as complementary. This is crucial to re-evaluating the concept of wisdom—and law.
Wisdom in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Early Jewish Interpretation
Authors: Bakker Arjen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This article argues that wisdom in the Dead Sea Scrolls is not a continuation of the biblical Wisdom tradition. What we see in the scrolls is rather a reinterpretation of biblical Wisdom Literature within new conceptual frameworks and within the broader context of the interpretive culture of Second Temple Judaism. One of the main aspects of this new version of wisdom is that it is hidden and not available to just anyone. The emphasis on mystery and the hidden structures of time is shared by Wisdom texts from Qumran and from the Hellenistic world. Wisdom is omnipresent across Jewish traditions as it is integrated with Torah, revelation, and prayer. The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls has made clear how deeply embedded wisdom was across genres and traditions.
Avar
Authors: Forker Diana 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides a grammatical sketch of Avar, the largest indigenous language of Dagestan. Avar has five vowels and more than 40 consonants, among which there are a number of voiced, voiceless, ejective (glottalized), and tense (strong) obstruents. The language is agglutinative with some elements of fusion and strongly suffixing. Nouns are divided into three genders, and three inflectional classes, which largely correlate with the gender divisions. The core cases are absolutive, ergative, dative and genitive; furthermore, there are twenty spatial cases. Avar has gender and number agreement expressed by prefixes, suffixes, and occasionally infixes. Agreement targets are mainly verbs, adjectives, and certain pronouns. While agreement and case marking follow ergative alignment, no ergative patterns are found outside the realm of morphology. The rich inventory of verb forms consists of four synthetic and six analytic core tenses used in finite clauses. The non-finite verb forms include infinitive, masdar, and a wide range of participles and converbs. Noun phrases and subordinate clauses are head-final. In main clauses there is a clear tendency for A-P-V order, but other orders are also attested.
Archi
Authors: Chumakina Marina 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe chapter provides a description of Archi, a Lezgic language of the Nakh-Daghestanian family spoken in one village in the highlands of Daghestan. First, the current sociolinguistic situation delivers a view of the language endangerment risks, then the chapter gives an overview of Archi phonological system and discusses the morphosyntactic properties of Archi nouns, pronouns, and minor lexical classes. Next, the article gives an overview of the Archi verb morphosyntax. The chapter then discusses the structure of the simple clause covering such topics as word order, finiteness, valency classes, negation, and agreement, among others. Complex sentences (clause chaining and converbs, relative clauses, complement clauses, adverbial clauses, and long-distance anaphora) are discussed. The chapter closes with outstanding issues that require further research. Whenever possible, the chapter views Archi against the general background of Nakh-Daghestanian languages and discusses the similarities and differences. Due to its unusual history (a Lezgic language which lost the contact with other languages of the group very early on and developed with Lak and Avar as its immediate neighbors), Archi has preserved some archaic phonological as well as morphosyntactic features of Lezgic on the one hand and shows the results of the contact with non-Lezgic languages on the other.
Iron Ossetic
Authors: Erschler David 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIron Ossetic is an Iranian language spoken in the Caucasus. The present chapter describes the main phonological, morphological, and syntactic properties of Iron Ossetic. A brief overview is given of the geographical and historical background, published sources, and history of research on Ossetic. The chapter proceeds with an overview of phonetics and phonology of the language, after which the morphology of nominals and verbs is addressed. The discussion of syntax touches upon the overall structure of simple clauses, the structure of noun phrases, valency classes, interrogative clauses, and complex clauses. A special emphasis is put on typologically unusual properties of this language. These properties include a rich system of second position pronominal clitics with a complex pattern of placement, the behavior of negation and negative indefinites, the syntax of wh-questions and complementizers, and the formation of finite embedded clauses, including relative clauses. Relative clause functions are always expressed by correlatives.
Word Stress in Languages of the Caucasus
Authors: Borise Lena 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the stress systems in Abkhaz-Adyghean/North-West Caucasian, Nakh-Dagestanian/North-East Caucasian, and Kartvelian/South-Caucasian languages, as well as the larger Indo-European languages of the area, Ossetic (Iron and Digoron) and Armenian. First, it addresses the so-called free stress languages, in which stress placement is not restricted to particular syllables/syllable types or morphemes, and the fixed stress languages, in which stress always targets a syllable in a certain position, counting from the left or right edge of a word. Next, quantity-sensitive stress systems are considered, in which stress is found on the heavier syllable within a given domain, such as a whole word or a part of it (a so-called stress window). Further, the chapter discusses languages in which stress assignment is morphologically conditioned. After the chapter introduces this classification of stress systems, it addresses the more complex cases that do not (fully) fit into it, notably the stress systems of Abkhaz-Adyghean and some of the Nakh-Dagestanian languages. Finally, the chapter considers underdescribed stress systems and languages for which conflicting descriptions have been proposed. The chapter closes with an overview of the available instrumental studies. Overall, the aim of the current chapter is to highlight the impressive diversity that the languages of the Caucasus exhibit in the realm of word stress and emphasize the need for further research in the area, both instrumental and theoretical.
North Caucasus
Authors: Kazenin Konstantin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter deals with the dynamics of population structure and the ethnic composition of the North Caucasus within the recent hundred years. It also discusses changes in the administrative divisions of the region during that period. For each administrative area of the North Caucasus, the chapter describes the distribution of its population across geographical zones and major migration processes observed in the Soviet and post-Soviet epochs. This chapter also evaluates the size of each ethnic group from a historical perspective and presents changes of ethnic proportions which took place in the administrative areas of the North Caucasus in the time of the USSR and afterward. Special attention is paid to urbanization and to population growth in ethnically mixed zones, especially in the recent decades. It is shown that the Republics of the North Caucasus differ considerably in different ethnic groups. In addition, this chapter also presents the history of the formation of national Republics in the North Caucasus.
Information Structure in Languages of the Caucasus
Authors: Forker Diana 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses the expression of information structure in the three indigenous language families of the Caucasus with a focus on constituent order and particles. At the clause level, all three language families show a clear preference for SOV, are generally flexible, and also admit other orders. The major focus position is pre-verbal, but postverbal focus is also attested; adjacency to the verb is a violable constraint. At the phrasal level, there is a sharp difference between Northwest Caucasian, with its prenominal and postnominal modifiers alike, and Kartvelian and Nakh-Daghestanian languages, which employ postnominal modifiers only for emphasis, contrast, or focus. Languages from all three families make wide use of cleft and pseudo-cleft constructions that normally express constituent focus. Another commonality is the frequent use of enclitics and suffixes of different types for information-structuring purposes. Modal markers, interrogative markers, additive affixes, and markers with grammatical meaning are used as focus-sensitive particles and usually placed after the item they scope over or after the head of the phrase.
Introduction to Genetics and the Law
Authors: Mehlman Maxwell , Hartlev Mette , Suter Sonia 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the relationship between genetics and the law. Advances in genetics and genomics have created both hopes and concerns and raise a number of legal issues in both the United States and Europe. To understand the legal issues in genetics, it is helpful to have some understanding of the different types of genetic analysis that can be used and for which purposes. In virtually all these contexts, the doctrine of informed consent is important. While the law in the United States and Europe does not generally require non-directiveness, the legal doctrine of informed consent applies in all jurisdictions, imposing on physicians and genetic counselors the legal obligation to disclose material information that could influence a patient's decisions about genetic testing. The other ethical and legal issues that arise with genetic or genomic analysis differ depending on the purpose, context, and technology used. These legal issues concern the methods of regulating genetic tests offered in the clinical setting and through the “direct-to-consumer” online genetic testing industry; genetic discrimination; the scope of privacy protections of genetic information; and the regulation of human gene therapy, gene therapy research, and germline modifications.
Youth Protagonism in Urban India
Authors: Nuggehalli Roshni K. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Amid shifting political and social contracts in India, young people are viewed both as a labor force that can propel economic growth and as a potentially problematic demographic to be restrained from questioning and dissent. Within this context, this essay advances a theory of urban youth protagonism in India, focusing on young people marginalized by caste, religion, and material deprivation. Based on examples of collective agency from youth groups in India supported by a local nonprofit, Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action (YUVA), it explores how young people construct their own understandings and practices of citizenship. Despite a narrow focus on civic behavior in formal citizenship education, it is possible to enable action and agency for urban youth. This may be achieved through strengthening collectives, working toward community transformations, and utilizing a critical pedagogy of protagonism, in the process constructing substantive forms of citizenship.
Sixteenth-Century Reception of Aquinas by Cajetan
Authors: Cuddy Cajetan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThomas de Vio, Cardinal Cajetan (1469–1534) was a uniquely gifted Thomistic philosopher, theologian, biblical exegete, and churchman. His reception of Aquinas holds a meridian place in intellectual history because of the profundity his Thomistic commentaries manifest in their pages and the influence his writings exercised in Catholic life and thought. Cajetan’s was an intensive reception of Aquinas’ universal and necessary first principles. And this intensive reception proceeded according to two movements of concrete application: a defensive movement that responds to the objections of Aquinas’ critics, and an extensive movement that applies Aquinas’ principles to the questions and controversies of his own fifteenth- and sixteenth-century period. Cajetan’s philosophical, theological, and exegetical work received their shape from the fundamental first principles that governed Aquinas’ own thought. Finally, Cajetan’s reception of Aquinas accounts for both the manner and the significance of his ecclesial service in early modern history.
The Reception of Thomas Aquinas in Seventeenth-Century Reformed Orthodoxy and Anglicanism
Authors: Trueman Carl R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDespite early Reformation anti-Thomist rhetoric, the thought of Thomas Aquinas proved a useful resource for seventeenth-century Reformed and Anglican thinkers, albeit modified within a distinctly Protestant context. There were a number of reasons for this: the establishment of Protestantism within the university context, the sharpening of doctrinal divisions at the Council of Trent, and the increasing sophistication of post-Reformation theological polemics. While rejecting his views of the sacraments, orthodox Protestants were able to utilize his thinking within the areas of metaphysics, the doctrine of God, and natural law, areas in which significant common ground existed between Protestantism and Thomism. While there were still differences with Thomas in some of these areas—for example, Protestants did not typically discuss ethics in terms of virtues but rather law, Thomas was a significant source for Protestant thought.
the Reception of Aquinas in Nouvelle Théologie
Authors: Cooper Adam G. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the distinctive ways in which some of the main theologians associated with the nouvelle théologie reconstructed and appropriated Aquinas’ theological legacy. Turning to him as a sophisticated exemplar of vocational integrity, they proposed a historically conscious and philologically precise re-reading of his writings as a vital touchstone for evaluating the authenticity of theological proposals in his name. Such engagement presupposed the abiding value of Aquinas for contemporary theology and Christian life. At the same time the nouvelle théologie figures relativized Thomas’s doctrines. They found his doctrinal legacy to be neither monolithic nor unambiguous, but in need of judicious scrutiny, subtle unravelling, and constant re-evaluation in light of new knowledge and constant recourse to the divinely given norms of the faith. The resulting perception of Thomism was of a tradition less unified, less absolute, and more open to variables in interpretation.
Aquinas’ Reception in Contemporary Metaphysics
Authors: Klima Gyula 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter reviews Aquinas’ reception in contemporary metaphysics as it is practised today in the analytic tradition, focusing on issues that make this reception problematic. I identify the main trouble spots based on the historical development of the analytic tradition. The discussion will target those major conceptual hurdles inherent in the analytic tradition that Aquinas’ genuine reception faces regarding his metaphysical notions of being and essence and his conception of the hylomorphic composition of material substances. This strategy will allow me to introduce an ‘analytically acceptable’ sketch of the metaphysical foundations of Aquinas’ unique position on the ontological status of the human intellective soul, which places it on a razor-thin borderline between the material and purely spiritual realms of reality, running right across our very being. I conclude with a summary of the conceptual prerequisites of a genuine and full reception of Aquinas’ thought in contemporary metaphysical discourse.
God the Trinity
Authors: Emery Gilles 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAquinas occupies a prominent place in today’s discussions of Trinitarian theology. Each of the seven sections of this chapter deals with an aspect that is or should be present in any reception of Aquinas’ doctrine of the Trinity: the centrality of Trinitarian faith in Aquinas’ theology; the nature and purpose of Aquinas’ Trinitarian theology; the cardinal place of the economy of salvation; the relationship between Trinitarian processions and missions; the organization of the ‘treatise’ on God in the Summa theologiae; the divine persons as ‘subsisting relations’; the Son as Word and Image, and the Holy Spirit as Love and Gift. In Aquinas, Trinitarian doctrine provides the interpretive framework for understanding all other theological topics (from creation to eschatology).