bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IP Licensing Contracts in Italy ‒ Royalty Rate Determination and Dispute Resolution Clauses
Authors: Gelato Paola , Vergano Stefano 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The present work is aimed at exploring IP license agreements under Italian law, with a focus on trademark licensing in the fashion, cosmetics and perfumery sectors, as well as on patent and know-how licensing in the pharmaceuticals industry. In particular, we will address the issue of royalty rate determination and dispute resolution clauses, which constitute key elements of a license agreement. These clauses will be analyzed in light of the above-mentioned fields of interest, in order to show how IP contractual tools may vary, in consideration of a particular sector. Moreover, the article tries to combine the legal analysis with the economic implications for business and entrepreneurs. The fact is that license agreements are business-oriented contracts, the study of which is particularly useful for understanding how and to what extent an IP agreement may influence and even shape, in some cases, a whole sector, as we will see with, for example, the perfumery sector.
Educating outdoor workers using tailored and financial messages to encourage safe-sun behaviors
Authors: Entringer Aaron C , Brannon Laura A , Whitaker Whitney K 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Excessive and unsafe sun exposure represents a concerning hazard to the health of individuals. Of particular interest are those who are most susceptible to sun exposure, such as outdoor workers. The current study used a 3 × 2 between-subjects design to investigate the effectiveness of messages that varied the extent of personalization (i.e. generic message; occupation targeted message; individual tailored message) and the inclusion of content regarding financial consequences of skin cancer. Participants (N = 304) were recruited from the USA through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and randomly assigned to view a generic message, occupation targeted message, or individual tailored message. Additionally, participants were randomly assigned to view messages in which financial information was either present or not. Participants responded to questions assessing pre- and post-test sun protection behaviors. Individual tailored messaging was as effective as occupation targeted messaging, with both being more effective than generic messaging. This finding indicates that some degree of personalization is necessary when promoting safe-sun practices to outdoor workers, but that tailoring to individuals may not always be necessary. Inclusion of financial content in messaging resulted in greater intentions to practice sun protection behaviors. Results provide insight into effective methods for promoting sun protection.
Trends and Outcomes of Acute Diverticulitis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Propensity-matched National Study
Authors: Garg Rajat , Mohammed Abdul , Singh Amandeep , Regueiro Miguel , Click Benjamin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may be at increased risk for acute diverticulitis (AD) complications due to luminal inflammation and immune modifying medications. We aimed to assess outcomes of acute diverticulitis in patients with IBD.

Methods
A propensity-matched analysis of the National Inpatient Sample database was performed to assess outcomes of AD in adult patients (older than 18 years) from 2004 to 2013 with and without IBD. Outcomes included in-hospital mortality, need for percutaneous drainage, surgery, venous thromboembolism (VTE), total cost, and length of stay (LOS). A subgroup analysis comparing patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) was performed.

Results
After propensity matching, compared with non-IBD patients (n = 15,015); Patients with IBD (n = 15,106) did not have significantly higher rate of mortality and surgical intervention but had significantly higher rates of percutaneous drainage (4% vs 3.4%; P = 0.002), VTE (1.1% vs 0.7%; P &lt; 0.001), longer LOS (P &lt; 0.001), and total cost (P &lt; 0.001). Compared with CD, UC was associated with significantly higher rates of surgical intervention (20.3% vs 19%; P = 0.04), in-hospital mortality (1.4% vs 0.4%; P &lt; 0.001), VTE (1.6% vs 0.7%; P &lt; 0.001), total cost ($41,672 ± $61,358 vs $33,951 ± $54,376; P &lt; 0.001), and LOS (6.4 ± 6.4 vs 5.7 ± 5.3; P &lt; 0.001). From 2004 to 2013, there was a significant increase of IBD (range 0.5% to 0.8%; P = &lt; 0.001) in AD patients with overall stable mortality (0.5% to 1.0%; P = 0.47) of AD in patients with IBD.

Conclusions
Patients with IBD are at increased risk of complicated diverticulitis and worse outcomes compared with matched controls. Optimal AD management strategies in IBD are needed.
Sidney Holt, a giant in the history of fisheries science who focused on the future: his legacy and challenges for present-day marine scientists
Authors: Raicevich Saša , Caswell Bryony A , Bartolino Valerio , Cardinale Massimiliano , Eddy Tyler D , Giovos Ioannis , Lescrauwaet Ann-Katrien , Thurstan Ruth H , Engelhard Georg H , Klein Emily S 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Sidney J. Holt (1926–2019) was more than a founding father of quantitative fisheries science, and the man who “helped save the great whales.” His accomplishments, over a career spanning seven decades, run deeper: he was a champion of reductionism (i.e. able to identify the factors essential for management) and a systemic thinker who inspired scientists to think critically about marine conservation and management. This article draws on first-hand experiences with Sidney over the last 15 years, when he regularly collaborated with scholars of the ICES Working Group on the History of Fish and Fisheries and the Oceans Past Initiative. Four main themes emerged from our reflections on Sidney’s life and legacy, which constitute ongoing scientific challenges: (1) the suitability of maximum sustainable yield as a target reference point for fisheries management; (2) the future of marine mammal conservation; (3) successful implementation of ecosystem-based marine management; and (4) the value of historical perspectives for conservation and management. We consider Sidney’s work across these themes, in which he readily collaborated, focused on evidence-based solutions, and, where evidence was lacking, he advocated for the “precautionary principle.” We posit there is much that we, and future generations of scientists, can learn from his example.
Casting a wide net and making the most of the catch
Authors: Varanasi Usha 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
I describe lessons learned and the people and principles that influenced six decades of professional endeavours from graduate schools to ascending, often unexpectedly, the science and management ladder in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) fisheries, which manages US living marine resources. For this woman chemist from India, the twists of fate and love of adventure presented amazing opportunities as well as challenges. My research on cetacean biosonar as well as on the impact of fossil fuel pollution on seafood safety and the health of marine organisms taught me the value of multidisciplinary approaches and unusual alliances. Transitioning into management, and eventually as the director of Northwest Fisheries Science Center, I learned the value of transparency and empathy while communicating our results to impacted communities, and the resolve to support the science regardless of the consequences. My advice to young professionals is that the journey should be as fulfilling as reaching the goalpost. At the twilight of my own journey, I networked with NOAA Fisheries and India’s marine science community to encourage scientist exchanges and training. My participation in University of Washington’s nature and human health programme confirms my conviction that conserving healthy ecosystems is a powerful and practical approach for people and our planet.
Multiple Identities and Scholarship: Black Scholars’ Struggles for Acceptance and Recognition in the United States of America
Authors: Kuradusenge-McLeod Claudine 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article explores the stories of African and African American scholars in predominantly white institutions. It sheds light on the challenges of underrepresentation, sexism, and racial identity in an area of white fragility: academia. The lack of representation among International Studies scholars in the United States and Europe has not only had an impact on academia, but has also put heavy pressure on minority scholars, since they are often asked, by their institutions and students, to advise and mentor students who too often feel out of place or misunderstood by the faculty available to them. Therefore, it is imperative that we embrace minority faculty members, whether they are from the United States, Europe, or the Global South. Using narrative analysis, I examine conversations that I had with thirteen Black women who work at prestigious white universities and ten students who took classes with at least one Black, female professor. Although our field has expanded and accepted new members, many minority scholars still see it as a very selective, almost all Western, boys’ club.
A muramidase from Acremonium alcalophilum hydrolyse peptidoglycan found in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens
Authors: Frederiksen Carsten Østergaard , Cohn Marianne Thorup , Skov Lars Kobberøe , Schmidt Esben Gjerløff Wedebye , Schnorr Kirk Matthew , Buskov Steen , Leppänen Miika , Maasilta Ilari , Perez-Calvo Estefania , Lopez-Ulibarri Rual , Klausen Mikkel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study evaluates peptidoglycan hydrolysis by a microbial muramidase from the fungus Acremonium alcalophilum in vitro and in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. Peptidoglycan used for in vitro studies was derived from 5 gram-positive chicken gut isolate type strains. In vitro peptidoglycan hydrolysis was studied by three approaches: (a) helium ion microscopy to identify visual phenotypes of hydrolysis, (b) reducing end assay to quantify solubilization of peptidoglycan fragments, and (c) mass spectroscopy to estimate relative abundances of soluble substrates and reaction products. Visual effects of peptidoglycan hydrolysis could be observed by helium ion microscopy and the increase in abundance of soluble peptidoglycan due to hydrolysis was quantified by a reducing end assay. Mass spectroscopy confirmed the release of hydrolysis products and identified muropeptides from the five different peptidoglycan sources. Peptidoglycan hydrolysis in chicken crop, jejunum, and caecum samples was measured by quantifying the total and soluble muramic acid content. A significant increase in the proportion of the soluble muramic acid was observed in all three segments upon inclusion of the microbial muramidase in the diet.
Neurite Outgrowth Inhibitor (NogoA) Is Upregulated in White Matter Lesions of Complex Cortical Malformations
Authors: Scholl Theresa , Gruber Victoria-Elisabeth , Samueli Sharon , Lehner Reinhard , Kasprian Gregor , Czech Thomas , Reinten Roy J , Hoogendijk Lisette , Hainfellner Johannes A , Aronica Eleonora , Mühlebner Angelika , Feucht Martha 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Complex cortical malformations (CCMs), such as hemimegalencephaly and polymicrogyria, are associated with drug-resistant epilepsy and developmental impairment. They share certain neuropathological characteristics including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and an atypical number of white matter neurons. To get a better understanding of the pathobiology of the lesion architecture, we investigated the role of neurite outgrowth inhibitor A (NogoA), a known regulator of neuronal migration. Epilepsy surgery specimens from 16 CCM patients were analyzed and compared with sections of focal cortical dysplasia IIB (FCD IIB, n = 22), tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC, n = 8) as well as healthy controls (n = 15). Immunohistochemistry was used to characterize NogoA, myelination, and mTOR signaling. Digital slides were evaluated automatically with ImageJ. NogoA staining showed a significantly higher expression within the white matter of CCM and FCD IIB, whereas cortical tubers presented levels similar to controls. Further analysis of possible associations of NogoA with other factors revealed a positive correlation with mTOR and seizure frequency. To identify the main expressing NogoA cell type, double staining revealed dysmorphic neuronal white matter cells. Increased NogoA expression is associated with profound inhibition of neuritic sprouting and therefore contributes to a decrease in neuronal network complexity in CCM patients.
A staged hybrid approach to an aberrant right subclavian artery with symptomatic Kommerell’s diverticulum
Authors: Dinh Krystal , Manuel Lucy , Perera Kalpa , Daly Thomas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Aberrant right subclavian is a rare anomaly presenting in 0.3–3.0% of the population. Kommerell’s diverticulum is an aneurysm associated with this phenomen; data relating to its incidence is sparse. Currently there are no well-established guidelines for the treatment of Kommerell’s diverticulum, limitation being the rare occurrence of disease and heterogenous population with disease presentation. This case report illustrates a novel approach to the repair of a symptomatic Kommerrel’s diverticulum with severe coronary disease. Management should be tailored on a case by case basis to the individual patient.
Spatial Genealogies: Mobility, Settlement, and Empire-Building in the Brazilian Backlands, 1650–1800
Authors: Barleta Leonardo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study examines the territorial expansion of Portuguese colonization in South America by analyzing the spatial practices of Luso-Brazilian families in the captaincy of São Paulo, Brazil during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. After the 1690s, successive discoveries of mineral wealth lured thousands of colonists to scattered settlements in the interior of the continent, challenging the long-established maritime orientation of the Portuguese empire. Given obstacles posed by distance and lack of infrastructure as well as the near absence of formal institutions, this study asks how the Portuguese extended the occupation into the backlands and what mechanisms enabled the integration of these new pockets of settlement into the rest of the empire. It combines different computational methods, such as text mining, data modeling and analysis, and digital mapping to examine a large corpus of genealogical writings about prominent families of colonial São Paulo, reconstituting patterns of geographic mobility of more than 3,000 individuals. These patterns indicate that mobility was shaped by family ties, which allowed colonists to marshal resources, share geographic knowledge, and forge alliances for travel and exploration. Because kinship was an enduring form of social relationship, it provided lasting linkages that connected distant settlements to the consolidated areas of occupation and gave a sense of spatial cohesion that sustained the empire inland.
Price review arbitration in the Asian LNG markets—‘‘The times they are a-changin’’
Authors: Talus Kim 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article will focus on price review clauses in Asian LNG markets from the point of view of price review arbitration and the jurisdiction of the tribunal. The basic conclusion reach is that there is no simple answer but that various considerations speak in favour of establishing the jurisdiction of arbitral tribunals in respect of gas prices. The background to the article is a number of gas price arbitrations that have been initiated in Asian markets and the assumption that these early cases will be followed by many more. One of the questions raised in this context is jurisdiction of the tribunal.
Cross-Institutional Evaluation of the Abbott ARCHITECT SARS-CoV-2 IgG Immunoassay
Authors: Wiencek Joesph R , Bachmann Lorin M , Dinwiddie Kelly , Miller Greg W , Bazydlo Lindsay A L 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective
To describe a cross-institutional approach to verify the Abbott ARCHITECT SARS-CoV-2 antibody assay and to document the kinetics of the serological response.

Methods
We conducted analytical performance evaluation studies using the Abbott ARCHITECT SARS-CoV-2 antibody assay on 5 Abbott ARCHITECT i2000 automated analyzers at 2 academic medical centers.

Results
Within-run and between-run coefficients of variance (CVs) for the antibody assay did not exceed 5.6% and 8.6%, respectively, for each institution. Quantitative and qualitative results agreed for lithium heparin plasma, EDTA-plasma and serum specimen types. Results for all SARS-CoV-2 IgG-positive and -negative specimens were concordant among analyzers except for 1 specimen at 1 institution. Qualitative and quantitative agreement was observed for specimens exchanged between institutions. All patients had detectable antibodies by day 10 from symptom onset and maintained seropositivity throughout specimen procurement.

Conclusions
The analytical performance characteristics of the Abbott ARCHITECT SARS-CoV-2 antibody assay within and between 2 academic medical center clinical laboratories were acceptable for widespread clinical-laboratory use.
The origin of X-ray coronae around simulated disc galaxies
Authors: Kelly Ashley J , Jenkins Adrian , Frenk Carlos S 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
The existence of hot, accreted gaseous coronae around massive galaxies is a long-standing central prediction of galaxy formation models in the ΛCDM cosmology. While observations now confirm that extraplanar hot gas is present around late-type galaxies, the origin of the gas is uncertain with suggestions that galactic feedback could be the dominant source of energy powering the emission. We investigate the origin and X-ray properties of the hot gas that surrounds galaxies of halo mass, $(10^{11}\!-\!10^{14}) \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, in the cosmological hydrodynamical eagle simulations. We find that the central X-ray emission, ≤0.10Rvir, of haloes of mass $\le 10^{13} \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ originates from gas heated by supernovae (SNe). However, beyond this region, a quasi-hydrostatic, accreted atmosphere dominates the X-ray emission in haloes of mass $\ge 10^{12} \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$. We predict that a dependence on halo mass of the hot gas to dark matter mass fraction can significantly change the slope of the LX–Mvir relation (which is typically assumed to be 4/3 for clusters) and we derive the scaling law appropriate to this case. As the gas fraction in haloes increases with halo mass, we find a steeper slope for the LX–Mvir in lower mass haloes, $\le 10^{14} \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$. This varying gas fraction is driven by active galactic nuclei feedback. We also identify the physical origin of the so-called ‘missing feedback’ problem, the apparently low X-ray luminosities observed from high star-forming, low-mass galaxies. This is explained by the ejection of SNe-heated gas from the central regions of the halo.
Hierarchical fragmentation in high redshift galaxies revealed by hydrodynamical simulations
Authors: Faure Baptiste , Bournaud Frédéric , Fensch Jérémy , Daddi Emanuele , Behrendt Manuel , Burkert Andreas , Richard Johan 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
High-redshift star-forming galaxies have very different morphologies compared to nearby ones. Indeed, they are often dominated by bright star-forming structures of masses up to 108–9 M⊙ dubbed ‘giant clumps’. However, recent observations questioned this result by showing only low-mass structures or no structure at all. We use Adaptative Mesh Refinement hydrodynamical simulations of galaxies with parsec-scale resolution to study the formation of structures inside clumpy high-redshift galaxies. We show that in very gas-rich galaxies star formation occurs in small gas clusters with masses below 107–8 M⊙ that are themselves located inside giant complexes with masses up to 108 and sometimes 109 M⊙. Those massive structures are similar in mass and size to the giant clumps observed in imaging surveys, in particular with the Hubble Space Telescope. Using mock observations of simulated galaxies, we show that at very high resolution with instruments like the Atacama Large Millimeter Array or through gravitational lensing, only low-mass structures are likely to be detected, and their gathering into giant complexes might be missed. This leads to the non-detection of the giant clumps and therefore introduces a bias in the detection of these structures. We show that the simulated giant clumps can be gravitationally bound even when undetected in mocks representative for ALMA observations and HST observations of lensed galaxies. We then compare the top-down fragmentation of an initially warm disc and the bottom-up fragmentation of an initially cold disc to show that the process of formation of the clumps does not impact their physical properties.
The cosmic merger rate density of compact objects: impact of star formation, metallicity, initial mass function, and binary evolution
Authors: Santoliquido Filippo , Mapelli Michela , Giacobbo Nicola , Bouffanais Yann , Artale M Celeste 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We evaluate the redshift distribution of binary black hole (BBH), black hole–neutron star binary (BHNS), and binary neutron star (BNS) mergers, exploring the main sources of uncertainty: star formation rate (SFR) density, metallicity evolution, common envelope, mass transfer via Roche lobe overflow, natal kicks, core-collapse supernova model, and initial mass function. Among binary evolution processes, uncertainties on common envelope ejection have a major impact: the local merger rate density of BNSs varies from ∼103 to ∼20 Gpc−3 yr−1 if we change the common envelope efficiency parameter from αCE = 7 to 0.5, while the local merger rates of BBHs and BHNSs vary by a factor of ∼2–3. The BBH merger rate changes by one order of magnitude, when 1σ uncertainties on metallicity evolution are taken into account. In contrast, the BNS merger rate is almost insensitive to metallicity. Hence, BNSs are the ideal test bed to put constraints on uncertain binary evolution processes, such as common envelope and natal kicks. Only models assuming values of αCE ≳ 2 and moderately low natal kicks (depending on the ejected mass and the supernovae mechanism), result in a local BNS merger rate density within the 90 per cent credible interval inferred from the second gravitational-wave transient catalogue.
Neutron stars mergers in a stochastic chemical evolution model: impact of time delay distributions
Authors: Cavallo L , Cescutti G , Matteucci F 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We study the evolution of the [Eu/Fe] ratio in the Galactic halo by means of a stochastic chemical evolution model considering merging neutron stars as polluters of europium. We improved our previous stochastic chemical evolution model by adding a time delay distribution for the coalescence of the neutron stars, instead of constant delays. The stochastic chemical evolution model can reproduce the trend and the observed spread in the [Eu/Fe] data with neutron star mergers as unique producers if we assume: (i) a delay time distribution ∝t−1.5, (ii) an $M_{\boldsymbol{ Eu}}= 3 \times 10^{-6} \, \boldsymbol{M}_{\odot }$ per event, (iii) progenitors of neutron stars in the range $9\!-\!50\, \boldsymbol{M}_{\odot}$, and (iv) a constant fraction of massive stars in the initial mass function (0.02) that produce neutron star mergers. Our best model is obtained by relaxing point (iv) and assuming a fraction that varies with metallicity. We confirm that the mixed scenario with both merging neutron stars and supernovae as europium producers can provide a good agreement with the data relaxing the constraints on the distribution time delays for the coalescence of neutron stars. Adopting our best model, we also reproduce the dispersion of [Eu/Fe] at a given metallicity, which depends on the fraction of massive stars that produce neutron star mergers. Future high-resolution spectroscopic surveys, such as 4MOST and WEAVE, will produce the necessary statistics to constrain at best this parameter.