bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Kripkean argument for descriptivism
Authors: Kipper Jens , Soysal Zeynep 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we offer a novel defense of descriptivism about reference. Our argument is based on principles about the relevance of speaker intentions to reference that are shared by many opponents of descriptivism, including Saul Kripke. We first show that two such principles that are plausibly endorsed by Kripke and other prominent externalists in fact entail descriptivism. The first principle states that when certain kinds of speaker intentions are present, they suffice to determine and explain reference. According to the second principle, certain speaker intentions must be present whenever something determines or explains reference. We then go on to make these principles more precise and argue that it would be costly to deny either of them. Since on the more precise understanding we suggest, the conjunction of these principles still entails descriptivism, we conclude that opponents of descriptivism have to give up some highly plausible assumption about the relation between speaker intentions and reference.
Food environment solutions for childhood obesity in Latin America and among Latinos living in the United States
Authors: Duran Ana Clara , Mialon Melissa , Crosbie Eric , Jensen Melissa Lorena , Harris Jennifer L. , Batis Carolina , Corvalán Camila , Taillie Lindsey Smith 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThe food environment is a major contributor to unhealthy diets in children and, therefore, to the increasing rates of obesity. Acclaimed by scholars across the world, Latin American countries have been leaders in implementing policies that target different aspects of the food environment. Evidence on the nature and to what extent children are exposed and respond to unhealthy food environments in the region and among Latinos in the United States is, however, deficient. The objective of this review is to use the integrated International Network for Food and Obesity/noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) framework to create healthy food environment to (i) compare the key elements of childhood obesity‐related food environments in Latin America and for Latinos living in the United States; (ii) describe the evidence on solutions to improve childhood obesity‐related food environments; and (iii) identify research priorities to inform solutions to fight childhood obesity in these populations. We found that an integrated body of evidence is needed to inform an optimal package of policies to improve food environments to which children in Latin America and Latino children in the United States are exposed and more efficiently translate policy solutions to help curb growing childhood obesity levels across borders.
Transient abdominal telangiectasia of the newborn
Authors: Juzot Cécile , Aubert Hélène , Bessis Didier , Boccara Olivia , Bourrat Emmanuelle , Chiaverini Christine , Flamant Cyril , Fournet Marine , Hubiche Thomas , Labrèze Christine , Martin Ludovic , Piram Maryam , Seta Vannina , Finon Antoine , Maruani Annabel , Barbarot Sébastien ,   the “Groupe de Recherche Clinique de Dermatologie Pédiatrique”
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe report 20 newborns who developed, at a median age of 7 days, large abdominal patches of radially arranged purplish telangiectasia in a bilateral and symmetrical pattern in relation to the midline, creating a “butterfly wing” pattern. Clinical examination was normal in 13 newborns, six newborns had abdominal distention, and one newborn had poor weight gain due to inadequate breastfeeding. Most lesions spontaneously resolved within 3 months and did not reoccur for 19 newborns. Transient abdominal telangiectasia of the newborn (TATN) appears to be a distinctive entity that has not been previously described.
The underexplored potential of green macroalgae in aquaculture
Authors: Moreira Anthony , Cruz Sónia , Marques Rúben , Cartaxana Paulo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGreen macroalgae (Chlorophyta) currently represent a residual fraction (<1%) of global seaweed biomass production landings. In turn, red (Rhodophyta) and brown (Ochrophyta) macroalgae dominate the remaining percentage of aquaculture production, exceeding 32 million tonnes per annum. However, the industry relies on a relatively low number of species, in which as few as seven macroalgal genera collectively represent the bulk of global production metrics. At present, innovation and increased sustainability of the industry calls for diversification of macroalgal species/strains in aquaculture to counteract potential adverse effects ensuing from genetic impoverishment, decreased resilience to disease and climate change. Despite the dominance of red and brown seaweed regarding production figures, aquaculture of green macroalgae has witnessed an increasing trend in productivity and diversification over the last decades, particularly in Asia, where green seaweed taxa often occupy specific market niches in the food sector. Furthermore, growing interest in green seaweeds in aquaculture has been highlighted for different applications in emerging western markets (eg IMTA, biorefineries, food delicacies), owing to a unique diversity of cytomorphologies, ecophysiological traits, propagation capacities and bioactive compounds featured by this group of macroalgae. Cultivation technologies are relatively well developed, but sustainability assessments are scarce and required to unlock the potential of green seaweeds. Although it is likely that green macroalgae will remain occupying specialised market niches, in which high‐value products are favoured, we argue that aquaculture of chlorophytan taxa presents itself as a compelling option under the current quest for commercial diversification of products and expansion of the sector.
Identification and Control of a 3-X Cable-Driven Manipulator Inspired From the Bird’s Neck
Authors: Fasquelle Benjamin , Khanna Parag , Chevallereau Christine , Chablat Damien , Creusot Denis , Jolivet Stéphane , Lemoine Philippe , Wenger Philippe 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper is devoted to the control and identification of a manipulator with three anti-parallelogram joints in series, referred to as X-joints. Each X-joint is a tensegrity one-degree-of-freedom mechanism antagonistically actuated with cables and springs in parallel. As compared to manipulators built with simple revolute joints in series, manipulators with tensegrity X-joint offer a number of advantages, such as an intrinsic stability, variable stiffness, and lower inertia. This design was inspired by the musculosleketon architecture of the bird’s neck, which is known to be very dextrous. A test-bed prototype is presented and used to test computed torque control laws. Friction and cable elasticity are modeled and identified. Their effect on the performance of control laws is analyzed. It is shown that in the context of antagonistic actuation and lightweight design, friction plays a leading role and the significance of modeling cable elasticity is discussed.
Cognitive function in men with non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Flores-Torres Mario H , Hughes Katherine C , Molsberry Samantha , Gao Xiang , Kang Jae H , Schwarzschild Michael A , Ascherio Alberto 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveSubtle cognitive deficits can occur during the prodromal phase of Parkinson’s disease (PD), commonly in conjunction with hyposmia. However, little is known about the association between cognitive function and other features suggestive of prodromal PD. We evaluated the association of non-motor prodromal PD features, including hyposmia, constipation and probable REM sleep behaviour disorder (pRBD), with objective measures of cognitive function and self-reported cognitive decline.MethodsThe study population comprised 804 men who responded to a telephone cognitive interview in 2016–2017. Participants included 680 individuals with hyposmia, of whom 45 had confirmed PD, and 124 men without hyposmia. Among these men, we evaluated objective cognitive function and subjective cognitive decline to determine whether the presence of non-motor features of prodromal PD was associated with cognitive functioning. Analyses were adjusted for age, physical activity, body mass index, smoking status and coffee consumption.ResultsIndividuals with non-motor features of prodromal PD had worse objective and subjective cognitive performance relative to men without non-motor features. Cognitive impairment was particularly prevalent among individuals with concurrent hyposmia, pRBD and constipation (multivariate-adjusted OR=3.80; 95% CI 1.52 to 9.47 for objective poor cognitive function; OR=8.71; 95% CI 3.18 to 23.83 for subjective cognitive decline). As expected, both objective (OR=7.91) and subjective (OR=17.42) cognitive impairment were also more common among men with confirmed PD.ConclusionsOur study suggests that cognition is commonly affected in individuals with non-motor prodromal PD features, particularly when multiple of these features are present.
METHOD OF SPECIFIC SITUATIONS ANALYSIS (CASE METHOD) AS A PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Prokop I. A. , Savaryn T. V. 
Published: June 2021

The article focuses on the issue of using case method as an interactive way of training in the medical education. History as well as classification and types of case demonstration, alongside with the steps of case study implementation, interactivity and feasibility for the use of the method in training medical students at Latin and English classes are considered.
The use of case study at the practical classes has been found to contribute to the development of students’ communication skills and ability to apply knowledge creatively. Besides, it develops group work skills as well skills in problem statement, search for the ways of addressing the problem, information collection and analysis, and rationale for one’s standpoint. Furthermore, it is an active training method that strengthens motivation and interest in studying a subject on the whole. A student gets accustomed to teamwork, as well as to stand his (her) ground and listen to different opinions. This is the moment the exchange of knowledge occurs. Case discussion provides combination of practical and theoretical aspects of a subject as well as clear understanding of what the previously gained knowledge is needed for.
Abstract 120: Reversal of Hypertension Stops, but Does Not Reverse, Renal T-cell Infiltration in the Dahl Salt-sensitive Rat
Authors: Evans Louise C , Petrova Galina , Kurth Theresa , Mattson David L , Cowley Allen W 
Published: June 2021

In previous chronic servo control experiments we showed that increased renal perfusion pressure (RPP) amplifies renal T-cell infiltration in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. Renal T-cell infiltration was significantly higher in the right-hypertensive kidneys vs. the left servo-controlled kidneys of SS rats fed high salt (HS) for 7-days. There was no significant difference in T-cell infiltration in sham rats (both kidneys exposed to comparable RPPs). Here we use the chronic servo control system to determine whether the reversal of salt-sensitive hypertension reverses renal T-cell infiltration in SS rats.
An aortic balloon occluder was placed around the aorta, between the renal arteries to electronically servo-control RPP to the left kidney. Arterial catheters were used to measure MAP above and below the occluder (n=5).
Baseline RPPs were measured on a control salt diet (0.4% NaCl) for 3-days (average left RPP, 124±1mmHg) after which rats were switched to a HS diet (4.0% NaCl) for 14-days. During the first 7-days of HS both kidneys were exposed to uncontrolled hypertension. After 7-days a servo control system was used to bring the RPP to the left kidney (the reversal kidney) back to the average control level, where it was held for the next 7-days of HS (from 139±2mmHg to 125±2mmHg). It was found that reversal of hypertension prevented a further increase of renal T-cell infiltration but the number of infiltrated T-cells did not diminish. Moreover, the number of T-cells in the left-reversal kidney was significantly higher than in the continuously-controlled, left-servo kidney despite comparable final RPPs (129±2mmHg to the left-servo kidney vs. 125±2mmHg to the left-reversal kidney). T-cell infiltration in the left-reversal kidney was comparable to the left-sham kidneys, in which in the final RPP was 148±2mmHg.
In ‘T-cells per kidney’-

CD3+ (mature): Reversal=287x10
3
±65x10
3
Servo=78x10
3
±12x10
3
Sham=186x10
3
±47x10
3
.

CD3+CD4+ (helper): Reversal=95x10
3
±27x10
3
Servo=32x10
3
±5x10
3
Sham=86x10
3
±26x10
3
.

CD3+CD8+ (cytotoxic): Reversal=196x10
3
±42x10
3
Servo=42x10
3
±7x10
3
Sham=102,082x10
3
±23x10
3

We conclude that reversal of blood pressure alone, for 1-week, while HS intake is continued, stops but does not reverse renal T-cell infiltration in SS rats.
Abstract P163: Effects of Erythropoietin and Erythropoietin-receptor Materials in Blood Pressure, Hematocrit and Body- Spleen Weight Variability
Authors: Lee Mary S , Lee John S , Lee Jong Y , Halberg Franz 
Published: June 2021

Adversity with erythropoietin (Epo) treatment (Epo-Rx) is grim in the cardio-cerebrovascular system. Because circadian rhythmic variability is an important aspect of cardiovascular function, we evaluated circadian blood pressure (BP), hematocrit (Hct), body and spleen weight (BW, SW) variability immediately before and after 4-week, twice-weekly course of Epo-Rx (50 U/kg) along with physiological saline (control), pure human Epo-receptor protein (Epo-bp) and anti-Epo-bp antibody (αEpo-bp) groups at midnight, 4 AM, 8 AM, noon, 4 PM and 8 PM in Sprague-Dawley rats.
In our earlier report, Epo-Rx increased BP, Hct and SW markedly overall compared with saline, Epo-bp, and αEpo-bp groups (Hypertension 2007;50:439-45). In this current report, variability (%) of BP, Hct, BW and SW are compared. Epo-bp treated BP Variability (BPV) was lower than others (9.5 vs. 15.5 control and others in similar values). Phase changes were noticed when exposed to Epo (daytime peaks in Epo, Epo+Epo-bp and Epo+αEpo-bp). Hct variability (HctV) in Epo and Epo-bp treated groups shows somewhat lower than in control group (18.3 in C vs. 13.3, 12.9, and 19.4 in Epo, Epo-bp and αEpo-bp, respectively). However, Epo effect was additive to HctV when Epo was added to Epo-bp or αEpo-bp (32.0 and 30.4, respectively). All 5-study groups showed phase changes, although Epo-exposed groups had a much greater magnitude with markedly increased Hct (peak at 19:00 in control and 5 study groups during the daytime through noon-hour peaks). BW variability is similar in each group (except lower BW in the Epo-group) with various peak hours but SW variability (SWV) showed a similar pattern as shown in HctV. Best treatment times for Epo, Epo+Epo-bp and Epo+αEpo-bp were estimated: BP at 4 PM, 4 AM and 4 AM, respectively; Hct at 4 AM and both at midnight, respectively; SW at midnight, 8 PM and noon, respectively. Thus, significantly increased BPV, HctV and SWV in Epo-Rx than those of other groups and extremely increased Hct resulted in splenomegaly.
Abstract P287: Endothelial Dysfunction in Small Resistance Arteries of Patients with Severe Obesity: Role of Arginase
Authors: Virdis Agostino , Duranti Emiliano , Nannipieri Monica , Anselmino Marco , Grazi Andrea , Taddei Stefano 
Published: June 2021

Nitric oxide (NO) is produced by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) using the aminoacid L-Arginine. Arginase (Arg) also uses L-Arginine as substrate, converting it in L-Ornitine and urea. An increased Arg activity causes a progressive L-Arginine depletion, which in turn determines a lower NO bioavailability. Studies in murine models of obesity identify Arg as a determinant of endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we evaluated whether Arg might play a role in determining the lower bioavailability of NO in small resistance arteries isolated from subcutaneous tissue of patients with severe obesity (Ob), split in age groups (younger than 30 aa, range 21-29, n=5; older than 30 aa, range 35-56, n=5) vs normoweight controls (Ctrl younger 30 years, range 20-29, n=5; older than 30 yrs, range 36-58, n=5). Each patient underwent a subcutaneous biopsy during a laparoscopic surgical procedure. Small arteries, isolated from periadvential fat, were evaluated on a pressurized micromyograph. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation (VD) was assessed by acetylcholine (Ach, 0,001-100μM). NO availability was assessed by repeating Ach with L-NAME (100μM). Ach was also infused in the presence of norNOHA (10μM, Arg inhibitor). In Ctrl, VD induced by Ach was inhibited by L-NAME and not modified by norNOHA. Ob younger exhibited a reduced VD induced by Ach vs Ctrl of the same age, a reduced inhibition by L-NAME, and a potentiating effect by norNOHA, which also normalized the inhibitory effect of L-NAME on Ach. In Ob older, VD induced by Ach was reduced vs Ob younger, resistant to L-NAME and not modified by norNOHA.
In conclusions, in small arteries from younger Ob, the Arg inhibition improves endothelial function by increasing the NO availability, while in older Ob Arg does not seem to play any role in endothelial dysfunction.
Abstract P324: Reduction in Excreted Sodium Load in Obese Sheep: Role of Antenatal Betamethasone and Sex
Authors: Bi Jianli , Su Yixin , Chappell Mark , Rose James 
Published: June 2021

Our previous studies have demonstrated the programmed impairment of sodium excretion in lean antenatal betamethasone exposed sheep whereby the males exhibited blunted excretion of a sodium load when compared to control males or control or antenatal betamethasone exposed females. Obesity has been recognized as a risk factor for developing early stage kidney failure in individuals exposed to unfavorable intrauterine conditions by virtue of fetal programming. We hypothesize that obesity (second hit) can accentuate the impairment of sodium excretion in antenatal betamethasone exposed offspring in a sex specific manner.
Pregnant ewes received either betamethasone or vehicle at 80-81 days gestation. The male (n=6 per group) or female (n=5 per group) offspring were overfed to become obese (40% weight gain over a course of 3 months) at age of 1.5 years. Acute sodium load (sodium chloride: 0.13g/kg) was administrated intravenously. Sodium excretion (excreted sodium load), blood pressure (BP), renal plasma flow (RPF), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured. Data for sodium excretion are expressed as percentage of excreted sodium load. ANOVA and Student’s t test were used for data analysis.
The excreted sodium load was lower in obese male antenatal betamethasone exposed offspring (OMB) than in obese male vehicle exposed offspring (OMV) (13.5±3.1% vs. 33.2±9.9% p=0.04). However, the excreted sodium load was not significantly different between obese female antenatal betamethasone exposed offspring (OFB) and obese female vehicle exposed offspring (OFV) (60.4±6.2% vs. 72.0±8.2%, p=0.31). Compared male offspring with female offspring, the excreted sodium load was lower in male offspring (33.2±9.9% vs. 72.0±8.2%, p=0.001, OMV vs. OFV; 13.5±3.2% vs. 60.4±6.2%, p<0.0001, OMB vs. OFB). During the experiments BP, RPF and GFR did not change significantly. .
These data suggest that obesity, acting as a second hit, accentuates impairment of sodium excretion in antenatal betamethasone exposed male but not female offspring. Thus the sex specific effect of antenatal betamethasone on sodium excretion persists in in animals experiencing a secondary insult of obesity in adulthood.
Abstract P338: Heme Oxygenase Induction Suppresses Hepatic Hepcidin and Rescues Ferroportin and Ferritin Expression in Obese Mice
Authors: Chaudhry Hibba , Nichols Alexandra , Sodhi Komal , Srikanthan Krithika , Nawab Athar 
Published: June 2021

Hepcidin, a phase II reactant secreted by hepatocytes, regulates cellular iron levels by increasing internalization of ferroportin- a transmembrane protein facilitating egress of cellular iron. Chronic low-grade inflammatory states, such as obesity, have been shown to increase oxidative stress and enhance hepcidin secretion from hepatocytes and macrophages. Heme-heme oxygenase (HO) is a stress response system, the induction of which reduces oxidative stress thereby abating patho-physiological conditions such as obesity and metabolic syndrome.8 week old male obese (ob) mice and their age- and sex-matched lean mice were used as controls. CoPP was administered intraperitoneally once a week (3 mg/kg) for 6 weeks to obese mice. CoPP plus stannous mesoporphyrin (SnMP) was administered intraperitoneally three times a week (20 mg/kg) for 6 weeks.
We investigated the effects of HO-1 induction on hepatic hepcidin levels and on iron homeostasis in tissues from lean and obese mice. Obese mice exhibited hyperglycemia along with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1, IL-6, p<0.05), oxidative stress and increased hepatic hepcidin levels (p<0.05). Enhancement of hepcidin was reflected in the reduced expression of ferroportin in obese mice (p<0.05). Further, our results showed attenuation of insulin receptor phosphorylation and attenuation of metabolic regulators including pAMPK, pAKT and pLKB1. Cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP)-induced HO-1 up-regulation in obese mice and reversed these pathophysiological alterations (p<0.05) while attenuating hepatic hepcidin levels and enhancing ferritin expression. These effects of CoPP were prevented in obese mice concurrently exposed to an inhibitor of HO (SnMP) (p<0.05).
Taken together, our results highlight a modulatory effect of HO on iron homeostasis mediated through the suppression of hepatic hepcidin in conjunction with the rescue of cellular ferritin levels. Therefore, these findings may prove an effective strategy in treating the metabolic consequences of obesity including alteration of liver iron homeostasis.