bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of fused silica microstructure based on the femtosecond laser
Authors: Jian Dunxiang , Hou Zhanqiang , Wang Chengxiang , Zhuo Ming , Xiao Dingbang , Wu Xuezhong 
Published: September 2021

Ultrafast pulsed lasers can facilitate the manufacturing of complex microstructures. However, previous laser processing applications have focused on static components. Consequently, the application of laser processing in high-performance resonant structures has received less attention. Ultrafast lasers provide a unique opportunity for realizing the structure detachment from the planar fused silica substrates. However, the processing quality has a considerable influence on resonant structures. High-quality and high-efficiency laser manufacturing methods are critical for processing resonant structures. In this study, we demonstrate a method for processing fused silica microstructures based on the femtosecond laser. We studied the influence of different laser parameters on the processing quality and determined the optimal laser parameters suitable for the microstructure. The resonant structure of the butterfly gyroscope was used to verify the manufacturing method. A steepness of 86.6° and a roughness of 653.2 nm were achieved by using the optimized laser parameters. These are expected to provide technical support for the development of high-performance fused silica dynamic devices in the future.
Testing the efficacy of three informational interventions for reducing misperceptions of the Black–White wealth gap
Authors: Callaghan Bennett , Harouni Leilah , Dupree Cydney H. , Kraus Michael W. , Richeson Jennifer A. 
Published: September 2021

Significance
An intervention study exposed a US community sample to messages about Black–White racial inequality. Interventions including data bearing on Black–White wealth inequality elicited higher estimates of that inequality that persisted for at least 18 mo, aligning with federal data measuring the Black–White wealth gap. The data interventions also increased acknowledgment of White Americans’ structural advantage and reduced beliefs in personal achievement as the remedy for racial inequality. In contrast, a narrative-based intervention, including information on a single Black family contending with racial inequality, did not shift inequality estimates or change respondents’ explanations. This study suggests how social science data can be used to create more realistic perceptions of racial inequality—a prerequisite to enacting equity-enhancing policy.
Monthly river temperature trends across the US confound annual changes
Authors: Kelleher Christa A , Golden Heather E , Archfield Stacey A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Climate variations and human modifications of the water cycle continue to alter the Earth’s surface water and energy exchanges. It is therefore critical to ascertain how these changes impact water quality and aquatic ecosystem habitat metrics such as river temperatures. Though river temperature trend analyses exist in the literature, studies on seasonal trends in river temperatures across large spatial extents, e.g. the contiguous United States (US), are limited. As we show through both annual and monthly trend analyses for 20 year (n = 138 sites) and 40 year (n = 40 sites) periods, annual temperature trends across the US mask extensive monthly variability. While most sites exhibited annual warming trends, these annual trends obscured sub-annual cooling trends at many sites. Monthly trend anomalies were spatially organized, with persistent regional patterns at both reference and human-impacted sites. The largest warming and cooling anomalies happened at human impacted sites and during summer months. Though our analysis points to coherence in trends as well as the overall impact of human activity in driving these patterns, we did not investigate the impact of river temperature observation accuracy on reported trends, an area needed for future work. Overall, these patterns emphasize the need to consider sub-annual behavior when managing the ecological impacts of river temperature throughout lotic networks.
Quantum metasurfaces of arrays of Λ-emitters for photonic nano-devices
Authors: Ryzhov Igor V , Malikov Ramil F , Malyshev Andrey V , Malyshev Victor A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We address exotic optical response of a planar metasurface comprising a monolayer of regularly spaced quantum three-level emitters with a doublet in the ground state (the so-called Λ-emitters). All emitters are coupled by the retarded dipole field which depends on the current state of all emitters. This coupling introduces a feedback into the system. Complex interplay of the latter with the intrinsic nonlinearity of a three-level system results in several remarkable effects in the monolayer’s optical response, such as multistability, self-oscillations, and chaos. The peculiarity of the considered system is that some of the predicted nonlinear effects manifest themselves at very low excitation field intensities (on the order of 1 W/cm2), which is advantageous for possible applications: the monolayer can operate as a perfect reflector, a bistable mirror, and a THz or noise generator. It is argued therefore that the proposed system is a promising candidate for a building block for various photonic nano-devices.
Co-Topical Small Talk: Troubles-Telling in Traditional Chinese Medical Encounters
Authors: Jin Ying , Kim Younhee , Carlin Andrew P 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Research has suggested that a rigid dichotomy between small and professional talk is misleading given the porous nature of ‘types’ of talk. Yet, other research considers this distinction helpful in understanding the functions of talk in situated contexts. This article contributes to this discussion by discussing one type of small talk—co-topical small talk (CST). Drawing from Hudak and Maynard’s (2011) understanding of CST as talk that combines instrumental and small talk, we further discuss the bigness of such talk in holistic medical encounters. Specifically, we focus on the ambiguity embedded in participants’ turns that allows the navigation of topics between the small/big talk distinctions. We use Conversation Analysis focusing on a routine traditional Chinese medicine doctor–patient encounter. Our data present a case where CST comfortably and appropriately emerges and develops into extensive troubles talk that forms the main activity in caring for older adults. We conclude that the smallness/bigness of talk is determined by the nature of the context and the relevancy of the topic to the encounter.
Wildlife pathogen detection: evaluation of alternative DNA extraction protocols
Authors: Mantzana-Oikonomaki Vasiliki , Maan Martine , Sabino-Pinto Joana 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Accurate detection of wildlife pathogens is critical in wildlife disease research. False negatives or positives can have catastrophic consequences for conservation and disease-mitigation decisions. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction is commonly used for molecular detection of wildlife pathogens. The reliability of this method depends on the effective extraction of the pathogen’s DNA from host samples. A wildlife disease that has been in the centre of conservationist’s attention is the amphibian disease Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Here, we compare the efficiency of a spin column extraction kit (QIAGEN), commonly used in Bd DNA extraction, to an alternative spin column kit (BIOKÈ) used in extractions from other types of samples, which is considerably cheaper but not typically used for Bd DNA extraction. Additionally, we explore the effect of an enzymatic pre-treatment on detection efficiency. Both methods showed similar efficiency when extracting Bd DNA from zoospores from laboratory-created cell-cultures, as well as higher efficiency when combined with the enzymatic pre-treatment. Our results indicate that selecting the optimal method for DNA extraction is essential to ensure minimal false negatives and reduce project costs.
Collections Education: The Extended Specimen and Data Acumen
Authors: Monfils Anna K , Krimmel Erica R , Linton Debra L , Marsico Travis D , Morris Ashley B , Ruhfel Brad R 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBiodiversity scientists must be fluent across disciplines; they must possess the quantitative, computational, and data skills necessary for working with large, complex data sets, and they must have foundational skills and content knowledge from ecology, evolution, taxonomy, and systematics. To effectively train the emerging workforce, we must teach science as we conduct science and embrace emerging concepts of data acumen alongside the knowledge, tools, and techniques foundational to organismal biology. We present an open education resource that updates the traditional plant collection exercise to incorporate best practices in twenty-first century collecting and to contextualize the activities that build data acumen. Students exposed to this resource gained skills and content knowledge in plant taxonomy and systematics, as well as a nuanced understanding of collections-based data resources. We discuss the importance of the extended specimen in fostering scientific discovery and reinforcing foundational concepts in biodiversity science, taxonomy, and systematics.
Quality of life in restorative versus non-restorative resections for rectal cancer: systematic review
Authors: Lawday Samuel , Flamey Nicholas , Fowler George E , Leaning Matthew , Dyar Nadine , Daniels Ian R , Smart Neil J , Hyde Christopher 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Low rectal cancers could be treated using restorative (anterior resection, AR) or non-restorative procedures with an end/permanent stoma (Hartmann’s, HE; or abdominoperineal excision, APE). Although the surgical choice is determined by tumour and patient factors, quality of life (QoL) will also influence the patient's future beyond cancer. This systematic review of the literature compared postoperative QoL between the restorative and non-restorative techniques using validated measurement tools.

Methods
The review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020131492). Embase and MEDLINE, along with grey literature and trials websites, were searched comprehensively for papers published since 2012. Inclusion criteria were original research in an adult population with rectal cancer that reported QoL using a validated tool, including the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-CR30, QLQ-CR29, and QLQ-CR38. Studies were included if they compared AR with APE (or HE), independent of study design. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk Of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool. Outcomes of interest were: QoL, pain, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (stool frequency, flatulence, diarrhoea and constipation), and body image.

Results
Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria with a total of 6453 patients; all papers were observational and just four included preoperative evaluations. There was no identifiable difference in global QoL and pain between the two surgical techniques. Reported results regarding GI symptoms and body image documented similar findings. The ROBINS-I tool highlighted a significant risk of bias across the studies.

Conclusion
Currently, it is not possible to draw a firm conclusion on postoperative QoL, pain, GI symptoms, and body image following restorative or non-restorative surgery. The included studies were generally of poor quality, lacked preoperative evaluations, and showed considerable bias in the data.
Infection With the USNeisseria meningitidisUrethritis Clade Does Not Lower Future Risk of Urethral Gonorrhea
Authors: Turner Abigail Norris , Carter Alexandria M , Tzeng Yih-Ling , Stephens David S , Brown Morgan A , Snyder Brandon M , Retchless Adam C , Wang Xin , Bazan Jose A 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundCross-protective immunity between Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) may inform gonococcal vaccine development. Meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines confer modest protection against gonorrhea. However, whether urethral Nm infection protects against gonorrhea is unknown. We examined gonorrhea risk among men with US Nm urethritis clade (US_NmUC) infections.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of men with urethral US_NmUC (n = 128) between January 2015 and April 2018. Using diagnosis date as the baseline visit, we examined Ng status at return visits to compute urethral Ng risk. We compared these data to 3 referent populations: men with urethral Ng (n = 253), urethral chlamydia (Ct) (n = 251), and no urethral Ng or Ct (n = 255). We conducted sensitivity analyses to assess varied approaches to censoring, missing data, and anatomical site of infection. We also compared sequences of protein antigens in the OMV-based MenB-4C vaccine, US_NmUC, and Ng.ResultsParticipants were primarily Black (65%) and heterosexual (82%). Over follow-up, 91 men acquired urethral Ng. Men with urethral US_NmUC had similar Ng risk to men with prior urethral Ng (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.27; 95% CI: .65–2.48). Men with urethral US_NmUC had nonsignificantly increased Ng risk compared with men with urethral Ct (aHR: 1.51; 95% CI: .79–2.88), and significantly increased Ng risk compared with men without urethral Ng or Ct (aHR: 3.55; 95% CI: 1.27–9.91). Most of the protein antigens analyzed shared high sequence similarity.ConclusionsUrethral US_NmUC infection did not protect against gonorrhea despite substantial sequence similarities in shared protein antigens.
Ultrasensitive and Quantitative Toxin Measurement Correlates With Baseline Severity, Severe Outcomes, and Recurrence Among Hospitalized Patients With Clostridioides difficile Infection
Authors: Alonso Carolyn D , Kelly Ciarán P , Garey Kevin W , Gonzales-Luna Anne J , Williams David , Daugherty Kaitlyn , Cuddemi Christine , Villafuerte-Gálvez Javier , White Nicole C , Chen Xinhua , Xu Hua , Sprague Rebecca , Barrett Caitlin , Miller Mark , Foussadier Agnès , Lantz Aude , Banz Alice , Pollock Nira R 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Stool toxin concentrations may impact Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) severity and outcomes. We correlated fecal C difficile toxin concentrations, measured by an ultrasensitive and quantitative assay, with CDI baseline severity, attributable outcomes, and recurrence.

Methods
We enrolled 615 hospitalized adults (≥18 years) with CDI (acute diarrhea, positive stool nucleic acid amplification testing, and decision to treat). Baseline stool toxin A and B concentrations were measured by single molecule array. Subjects were classified by baseline CDI severity (4 scoring methods) and outcomes within 40 days (death, intensive care unit stay, colectomy, and recurrence).

Results
Among 615 patients (median, 68.0 years), in all scoring systems, subjects with severe baseline disease had higher stool toxin A+B concentrations than those without (P &lt; .01). Nineteen subjects (3.1%) had a severe outcome primarily attributed to CDI (group 1). This group had higher median toxin A+B (14 303 pg/mL [interquartile range, 416.0, 141 967]) than subjects in whom CDI only contributed to the outcome (group 2, 163.2 pg/mL [0.0, 8423.3]), subjects with severe outcome unrelated to CDI (group 3, 158.6 pg/mL [0.0, 1795.2]), or no severe outcome (group 4, 209.5 pg/mL [0.0, 8566.3]) (P = .003). Group 1 was more likely to have detectable toxin (94.7%) than groups 2–4 (60.5%–66.1%) (P = .02). Individuals with recurrence had higher toxin A+B (2266.8 pg/mL [188.8, 29411]) than those without (154.0 pg/mL [0.0, 5864.3]) (P &lt; .001) and higher rates of detectable toxin (85.7% versus 64.0%, P = .004).

Conclusions
In CDI patients, ultrasensitive stool toxin detection and concentration correlated with severe baseline disease, severe CDI-attributable outcomes, and recurrence, confirming the contribution of toxin quantity to disease presentation and clinical course.
Chinese Positions on Global Constitutionalism, Community of Common Destiny for Mankind, and the Future of International Law
Authors: Ahl Björn 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Global constitutionalism and the Chinese concept of a community of common destiny for mankind provide different master narratives for the future development of the international legal order. This study analyses Chinese legal scholarship and Chinese government statements that relate to elements of global constitutionalism and the community of common destiny in order to identify the values and structures of future international law envisaged by China. We argue that although authors and government statements refute or re-interpret the underlying values of global constitutionalism such as the rule of law, democracy and human rights, Chinese scholarship embraces the idea of a higher order of international norms that derive from the common values of the international community. However, the Chinese government’s position on jus cogens appears to reject a version of peremptory norms that empower non-state actors. We find that he principle of universal security and the principle of openness and inclusiveness that form part of the community of common destiny concept extend to international law the important regime-specific domestic doctrines of social stability and national conditions. In the legal interpretation of the community of common destiny concept, this study finds evidence of a dialectical process of norm-making that consists of both a confirmation of the normative status quo and the pursuit of far-reaching changes to the international legal order.
The Impact of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic On-site Vaccination Services
Authors: Hussain Nadeen , Proctor Deborah , Al-Bawardy Badr 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Despite being susceptible to vaccine-preventable diseases, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have low vaccination rates. The aims of this study are to examine the rates of vaccine discussion and completion among patients of an IBD clinic that offers on-site vaccinations.

Methods
This is a retrospective study from March 1, 2019 to February 1, 2020 comparing vaccination discussion and completion rates for patients with IBD who visited 2 clinics—1 that offers on-site vaccination (Clinic A) and 1 that does not (Clinic B). Both clinics are staffed by the same IBD physicians and utilize an identical IBD vaccine checklist.

Results
A total of 356 patients were included (64.6% Crohn’s, 31.7% ulcerative colitis, 1.1% indeterminate colitis, and 2.5% pouchitis). Overall vaccine discussion rate was 77.6% in Clinic A vs 70.9% in Clinic B (P = .15). Herpes zoster (HZ), pneumococcal, and tetanus–diphtheria–pertussis (Tdap) vaccine discussion rates were higher in Clinic A compared to Clinic B (17.8% vs 5%, P &lt; .001, 56.3% vs 43.4%; P = .01, and 41.4% vs 21.4%, P &lt; .001), respectively. Influenza vaccine completion and hepatitis A immunization rates were higher in Clinic A compared to Clinic B (67.8% vs 47.8%, P &lt; .001 and 36.2% vs 22.5%, P = .005), respectively. A numerically higher percentage of patients completed the pneumococcal, HZ, and hepatitis B vaccination in Clinic A, but this difference did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions
IBD clinic on-site vaccination services enhanced vaccine discussion and completion rates. IBD clinics should offer on-site vaccination services as part of the comprehensive care of the IBD patient.
EpiSurf: metadata-driven search server for analyzing amino acid changes within epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 and other viral species
Authors: Bernasconi Anna , Cilibrasi Luca , Al Khalaf Ruba , Alfonsi Tommaso , Ceri Stefano , Pinoli Pietro , Canakoglu Arif 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
EpiSurf is a Web application for selecting viral populations of interest and then analyzing how their amino acid changes are distributed along epitopes. Viral sequences are searched within ViruSurf, which stores curated metadata and amino acid changes imported from the most widely used deposition sources for viral databases (GenBank, COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) and Global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID)). Epitopes are searched within the open source Immune Epitope Database or directly proposed by users by indicating their start and stop positions in the context of a given viral protein. Amino acid changes of selected populations are joined with epitopes of interest; a result table summarizes, for each epitope, statistics about the overlapping amino acid changes and about the sequences carrying such alterations. The results may also be inspected by the VirusViz Web application; epitope regions are highlighted within the given viral protein, and changes can be comparatively inspected. For sequences mutated within the epitope, we also offer a complete view of the distribution of amino acid changes, optionally grouped by the location, collection date or lineage. Thanks to these functionalities, EpiSurf supports the user-friendly testing of epitope conservancy within selected populations of interest, which can be of utmost relevance for designing vaccines, drugs or serological assays. EpiSurf is available at two endpoints.
Database URL: http://gmql.eu/episurf/ (for searching GenBank and COG-UK sequences) and http://gmql.eu/episurf_gisaid/ (for GISAID sequences).
Capital market development over the long run: the portfolios of UK life assurers over two centuries
Authors: Bogle David A , Coyle Christopher , Turner John D 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhat shapes and drives capital market development over the long run? In this paper, using the asset portfolios of UK life assurers, we examine the role of regulation, historical contingency, and political reactions to events on the long-run development of the UK capital market. Government response to events such as war, hegemony-secured peace, and the wider macroeconomic environment was the ultimate determinant of major changes in asset allocation since 1800. Furthermore, when we compare the UK with the United States, we find that regulation played a limited role in shaping the asset portfolios of the UK life assurance industry.
Do Birth Order Effects on Secondary School Track Placement Differ Between Natives and Migrants? A Within-Family Analysis in the German Educational System
Authors: Roth Tobias , Pforr Klaus , Mingham Sandra , Selbach Meike 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
While existing research has found negative birth order effects on competences and educational attainment in various Western countries with different educational systems, it is unclear whether these findings also hold in families with migration background. We argue that in migrant families where children were born in the host country, birth order effects on secondary school track placement should be weak or even reversed. In these families, parents’ host country-specific resources and knowledge of the education system are likely to be comparatively low. Consequently, older siblings who were born and educated in the host country can be an important source of information and support on educational matters for their younger siblings. Moreover, parental knowledge of the education system should increase with the educational career of each of their children. Family fixed-effects models based on representative data from the German Microcensus show negative birth order effects on secondary school track placement for native, first-generation migrant, and interethnic siblings, but not for second-generation migrant siblings. The empirical results indicate that negative birth order effects are not necessarily universal, but that children may even benefit from having older siblings under certain conditions.