BTG1 Mutation Promotes Aggressive Lymphoma Development By Lowering the Threshold to MYC Activation and Generating "Super-Competitor" B Cells
Authors: Mlynarczyk Coraline , Teater Matthew , Pae Juhee , Arulraj Theinmozhi , Chin Christopher R , Wang Ling , Ersching Jonatan , Kots Ekaterina , Chadburn Amy , Barin Ersilia , Xian Poh Hui , Isles Hannah M , Zhengming Chen , Shen Hao , Bandyopadhyay Arnab , Hoehn Kenneth B , Nguyen Diu T.T. , Doane Ashley S , Geng Huimin , Rehman Muhammad H , Melnick Jonah , Morgan Wyatt , Elemento Olivier , Kharas Michael G , Scott David W. , Jaffrey Samie R , Meyer-Hermann Michael , Khelashvili George , Victora Gabriel , Melnick Ari 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Somatic missense mutations of BTG1 are exclusive to germinal center (GC)-derived B cell lymphomas (~12% of DLBCLs) and are most prevalent in ABC-DLBCL (p=0.0184 vs GCB-DLBCL), particularly in the MCD/cluster 5 subtype, which features extranodal dissemination and unfavorable outcome. However, the relevance, mechanism of action and biological contribution of BTG1 mutations have not been studied. Using a rigorous genomic covariate analysis, we identified BTG1 mutations as a top genetic driver in DLBCL. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations indicated that BTG1 recurrent mutations, including the most frequent Q36H, disrupted the protein structure, with likely deleterious functional consequences.
To investigate the effect of BTG1 mutation in GC B cells, we generated a conditional Btg1Q36H knock in mouse crossed to the B cell specific Cd19Cre line. Surprisingly, there was no apparent phenotype in GC B cells or other B cell populations. However, placing Btg1 Q36H and WT GC B cells in competition within the same mouse through adoptive transfer revealed a dramatic competitive advantage of Btg1 Q36H cells, virtually taking over the GC reaction.
To gain further insight into this striking fitness advantage, we performed RNAseq in Btg1 Q36H GCs, which showed marked enrichment for genes induced in positively selected GC B cells, including MYC targets and biosynthetic pathways. The same genes were also enriched in BTG1 mutant DLBCL patients in 2 independent cohorts. Furthermore, Btg1 Q36H GC B cells displayed greater RNA content and cell size, reflecting increased fitness. Positive selection normally triggers a brief Myc pulse in GC B cells. We therefore crossed our Btg1Q36H mice to the MycGFPprotein fusion reporter and observed higher proportion of Myc GFP+ cells in Btg1 Q36H GCs.
For mechanistic studies, we generated isogenic BTG1 Q36H or BTG1 WT human DLBCL cell lines. BTG1 Q36H cells exhibited enrichment for the same positively selected GC B and MYC target genes, as well as greater RNA content and cell size. BTG1 family members were suggested to interact with RNA. Performing RNA-immunoprecipitation, we discovered that ~800 transcripts associated with BTG1 WT, but not BTG1 Q36H. Notably, these corresponded to the same positively selected GC B and MYC target genes, including MYC itself. BTG1 was shown to regulate mRNA stability in other cell types. However, BTG1 Q36H did not alter MYC mRNA stability and instead facilitated MYC protein synthesis, thus disrupting a novel GC context-specific checkpoint mechanism, whereby BTG1 normally attenuates spurious MYC translation to tightly restrict fitness potential.
In GC B cells, Myc induction coincides with S phase entry, but G2/M progression requires re-entry into the proliferative dark zone. To characterize GC dynamics in vivo, we performed targeted single cell RNAseq in competing Btg1 Q36H and WT GC B cells and noted earlier and higher proportion of positively selected Btg1 Q36H GC B cells having committed to G2/M and the proliferative program. We confirmed faster S phase completion in competing Btg1 Q36H GC B cells by in vivo EdU/BrdU labelling and greater re-entry into the proliferative dark zone by in vivo antigen delivery to synchronize GC B cells at the time of positive selection.
Given that MCD-DLBCLs express high levels of BCL2, we crossed our Btg1Q36H mice to the VavP-Bcl2 model. As compared to VavP-Bcl2, VavP-Bcl2+Btg1 Q36H mice displayed shorter survival (p=0.0005), earlier onset of lymphoma, dysplastic B cell infiltration into non lymphoid organs and they contained highly mutated, selected and clonal tumor B cells. Moribund VavP-Bcl2+Btg1 Q36H mice uniquely featured sheets of large, immunoblastic lymphoma cells, characteristic of ABC-DLBCLs. Most notably, examining ABC-DLBCLs from 5 independent cohorts showed inferior clinical outcome for BTG1 mutant patients (p=0.0011) and independent association of BTG1 mutation with inferior overall survival by multivariable Cox regression (p=0.0190).
Collectively, we find that BTG1 mutations mediate lymphomagenesis through an entirely novel mechanism of action that recapitulates the embryonic MYC-dependent "super-competitive" phenotype originally described in Drosophila imaginal disc cells. In the GC, "super-competition" is provided by BTG1 mutation via a subtle acceleration of MYC induction and GC dynamics, conferring dramatic fitness and the potential to transform into aggressive lymphomas.

Disclosures
Hoehn: Prellis Biologics: Consultancy. Elemento: Janssen: Research Funding; Freenome: Consultancy, Other: Current equity holder in a privately-held company; Volastra Therapeutics: Consultancy, Other: Current equity holder, Research Funding; Owkin: Consultancy, Other: Current equity holder; Champions Oncology: Consultancy; One Three Biotech: Consultancy, Other: Current equity holder; Eli Lilly: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Research Funding; Johnson and Johnson: Research Funding. Scott: NanoString Technologies: Patents & Royalties: Patent describing measuring the proliferation signature in MCL using gene expression profiling.; BC Cancer: Patents & Royalties: Patent describing assigning DLBCL COO by gene expression profiling--licensed to NanoString Technologies. Patent describing measuring the proliferation signature in MCL using gene expression profiling. ; AstraZeneca: Consultancy; Abbvie: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; Incyte: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy, Research Funding; Rich/Genentech: Research Funding. Melnick: Constellation: Consultancy; Epizyme: Consultancy; Daiichi Sankyo: Research Funding; Sanofi: Research Funding; Janssen Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; KDAC Pharma: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.