bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants and constraints to household-level animal source food consumption in rural communities of Ethiopia
Authors: Daba Alemneh Kabeta , Murimi Mary , Abegaz Kebede , Hailu Dejene 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAnimal source foods (ASF) contain quality nutrients important for growth, development, immunity and behavioural outcomes. Plant-based foods also provide the nutrients, but with lower bioavailability than ASF. Evidence on household-level ASF consumption frequency, constraints and determinants are limited for Ethiopia. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the consumption frequency of ASF and to identify determinants and constraints among rural households in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 422 households. The consumption frequency of ASF was assessed using a food frequency screener over 30 days. Twelve statements with Likert scale responses were used to identify constraints to ASF consumption. Ordinal logistic regression was used to identify determinants of ASF consumption. About a quarter (26 %) of the households consumed milk one to two times per week. One out of five households consumed eggs one to two times per week (20 %) or one to two times per month (19 %). Poultry and meat were never consumed by 92 and 60 % of the households, respectively. Unavailability, unaffordability, consumption tradition and income generation priority were constraints identified. Food insecurity, livestock ownership, income, family size and women's education were associated (P< 0⋅05) with selected ASF consumption. Rural households in Ethiopia did not consume ASF on regular basis. Poor socio-demographic and economic conditions as determined by food insecurity, property ownership, income, educational achievement, family size and ASF unavailability and unaffordability contributed to the lower consumption frequency of ASF by households in rural Ethiopia. Nutrition policies and programmes should focus on nutrition-sensitive agricultural extension, livelihood improvement and women empowerment interventions integrated with nutrition education to improve ASF consumption in rural settings.
Vitamin D and acute and severe illness – a mechanistic and pharmacokinetic perspective
Authors: Schoenmakers Inez , Fraser William D. , Forbes Alastair 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has generated high interest in factors modulating risk of infection, disease severity and recovery. Vitamin D has garnered interest since it is known to modulate immune function and vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of respiratory infections and adverse health outcomes in severely ill patients. There are no population representative data on the direct relationship between vitamin D status and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection risk and severity of COVID-19. Data from intervention studies are limited to four studies. Here we summarise findings regarding vitamin D status and metabolism and their alterations during severe illness, relevant to COVID-19 patients. Further, we summarise vitamin D intervention studies with respiratory disease outcomes and in critically ill patients and provide an overview of relevant patient and population guidelines. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in hospitalised patients, particularly when critically ill, including those with COVID-19. Acute and critical illness leads to pronounced changes in vitamin D metabolism and status, suggestive of increased requirements. This needs to be considered in the interpretation of potential links between vitamin D status and disease risk and severity and for patient management. There is some evidence that vitamin D supplementation decreases the risk of respiratory tract infections, while supplementation of intensive care unit patients has shown little effect on disease severity or length of treatment. Considering the high prevalence of deficiency and low risks associated with supplementation, pro-actively applying current population and patient management guidelines to prevent, monitor and correct vitamin D deficiency is appropriate.
Chronic foetal hypoxaemia does not cause elevation of serum markers of brain injury
Authors: Omann Camilla , Lawrence Kendall M. , Hunt Mallory L. , Moon James K. , Buchanan Jamuna , Licht Daniel J. , Ittenbach Richard F. , McGovern Patrick , Chen Jonathan M. , Davey Marcus , Hjortdal Vibeke E. , Flake Alan W. , Gaynor J. William 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectives:The objective of this study was to investigate changes in serum biomarkers of acute brain injury, including white matter and astrocyte injury during chronic foetal hypoxaemia. We have previously shown histopathological changes in myelination and neuronal density in fetuses with chronic foetal hypoxaemia at a level consistent with CHD.Methods:Mid-gestation foetal sheep (110 ± 3 days gestation) were cannulated and attached to a pumpless, low-resistance oxygenator circuit, and incubated in a sterile fluid environment mimicking the intrauterine environment. Fetuses were maintained with an oxygen delivery of 20–25 ml/kg/min (normoxemia) or 14–16 ml/kg/min (hypoxaemia). Myelin Basic Protein and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein serum levels in the two groups were assessed by ELISA at baseline and at 7, 14, and 21 days of support.Results:Based on overlapping 95% confidence intervals, there were no statistically significant differences in either Myelin Basic Protein or Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein serum levels between the normoxemic and hypoxemic groups, at any time point. No statistically significant correlations were observed between oxygen delivery and levels of Myelin Basic Protein and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein.Conclusion:Chronic foetal hypoxaemia during mid-gestation is not associated with elevated serum levels of acute white matter (Myelin Basic Protein) or astrocyte injury (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein), in this model. In conjunction with our previously reported findings, our data support the hypothesis that the brain dysmaturity with impaired myelination found in fetuses with chronic hypoxaemia is caused by disruption of normal developmental pathways rather than by direct cellular injury.
50 Years of Mass-Fatality Terrorist Attacks: A Retrospective Study of Target Demographics, Modalities, and Injury Patterns to Better Inform Future Counter-Terrorism Medicine Preparedness and Response
Authors: Tin Derrick , Hertelendy Attila J. , Hart Alexander , Ciottone Gregory R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground:Terrorism-related deaths have fallen year after year since peaking in 2014, and whilst the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted terrorist organizations capacity to conduct attacks and limited their potential targets, counter-terrorism experts believe this is a short-term phenomenon with serious concerns of an escalation of violence and events in the near future. This study aims to provide an epidemiological analysis of all terrorism-related mass-fatality events (>100 fatalities) sustained between 1970-2019, including historical attack strategies, modalities used, and target selection, to better inform health care responders on the injury types they are likely to encounter.Methods:The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was searched for all attacks between the years 1970-2019. Attacks met inclusion criteria if they fulfilled the three terrorism-related criteria as set by the GTD codebook. Ambiguous events were excluded. State-sponsored terrorist events do not meet the codebook’s definition, and as such, are excluded from the study. Data analysis and subsequent discussions were focused on events causing 100+ fatal injuries (FI).Results:In total, 168,003 events were recorded between the years 1970-2019. Of these, 85,225 (50.73%) events recorded no FI; 67,356 (40.10%) events recorded 1-10 FI; 5,791 (3.45%) events recorded 11-50 FI; 405 (0.24%) events recorded 51-100 FI; 149 (0.09%) events recorded over 100 FI; and 9,077 (5.40%) events recorded unknown number of FI.Also, 96,905 events recorded no non-fatal injuries (NFI); 47,425 events recorded 1-10 NFI; 8,313 events recorded 11-50 NFI; 867 events recorded 51-100 NFI; 360 events recorded over 100 NFI; and 14,130 events recorded unknown number of NFI. Private citizens and property were the primary targets in 67 of the 149 high-FI events (100+ FI). Of the 149 events recording 100+ FI, 46 (30.87%) were attributed to bombings/explosions as the primary attack modality, 43 (28.86%) were armed assaults, 23 (15.44%) hostage incidents, two (1.34%) were facility/infrastructure attacks (incendiary), one (0.67%) was an unarmed assault, seven (4.70%) had unknown modalities, and 27 (18.12%) were mixed modality attacks.Conclusions:The most common attack modality causing 100+ FI was the use of bombs and explosions (30.87%), followed by armed assaults (28.86%). Private citizens and properties (44.97%) were most commonly targeted, followed by government (6.04%), businesses (5.37%), police (4.70%), and airports and aircrafts (4.70%). These data will be useful for the development of training programs in Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM), a rapidly emerging Disaster Medicine sub-specialty.
Assessment of Neurocognitive Functions, Olfaction, Taste, Mental, and Psychosocial Health in COVID-19 in Adults: Recommendations for Harmonization of Research and Implications for Clinical Practice
Authors: Cysique Lucette A. , Łojek Emilia , Cheung Theodore Ching-Kong , Cullen Breda , Egbert Anna Rita , Evans Jonathan , Garolera Maite , Gawron Natalia , Gouse Hetta , Hansen Karolina , Holas Paweł , Hyniewska Sylwia , Malinowska Ewa , Marcopulos Bernice A. , Merkley Tricia L. , Muñoz-Moreno Jose A. , Ramsden Clare , Salas Christian , Sikkes Sietske A.M. , Silva Ana Rita , Zouhar Imane ,   the NeuroCOVID International Neuropsychology Taskforce
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:To propose a set of internationally harmonized procedures and methods for assessing neurocognitive functions, smell, taste, mental, and psychosocial health, and other factors in adults formally diagnosed with COVID-19 (confirmed as SARS-CoV-2 + WHO definition).Methods:We formed an international and cross-disciplinary NeuroCOVID Neuropsychology Taskforce in April 2020. Seven criteria were used to guide the selection of the recommendations’ methods and procedures: (i) Relevance to all COVID-19 illness stages and longitudinal study design; (ii) Standard, cross-culturally valid or widely available instruments; (iii) Coverage of both direct and indirect causes of COVID-19-associated neurological and psychiatric symptoms; (iv) Control of factors specifically pertinent to COVID-19 that may affect neuropsychological performance; (v) Flexibility of administration (telehealth, computerized, remote/online, face to face); (vi) Harmonization for facilitating international research; (vii) Ease of translation to clinical practice.Results:The three proposed levels of harmonization include a screening strategy with telehealth option, a medium-size computerized assessment with an online/remote option, and a comprehensive evaluation with flexible administration. The context in which each harmonization level might be used is described. Issues of assessment timelines, guidance for home/remote assessment to support data fidelity and telehealth considerations, cross-cultural adequacy, norms, and impairment definitions are also described.Conclusions:The proposed recommendations provide rationale and methodological guidance for neuropsychological research studies and clinical assessment in adults with COVID-19. We expect that the use of the recommendations will facilitate data harmonization and global research. Research implementing the recommendations will be crucial to determine their acceptability, usability, and validity.
Availability, variety and distribution of healthy and unhealthy foods and beverages sold at street food stands in Mexico City
Authors: Rosales Chavez Jose B , Bruening Meg , Royer Michael F , Ohri-Vachaspati Punam , Lee Rebecca E , Jehn Megan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:To examine differences in the availability, variety and distribution of foods and beverages sold at street food stands (SFS) across neighbourhood income levels in Mexico City.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:Twenty neighbourhoods representing low-, middle- and high-income levels in Mexico City.Participants:Direct observations of SFS (n 391).Results:The availability of healthy foods such as fruits/vegetables was high in middle- and high-income neighbourhoods, whereas the availability of unhealthy foods such as processed snacks was higher in low-income neighbourhoods. However, statistically significant differences in food availability across neighbourhoods were only observed for dairy and processed snack items (P < 0·05). Similarly, differences in variety were only observed for cereal and processed snacks (P < 0·05). No statistically significant differences were seen for variety of fruits/vegetable across neighbourhood income levels (P > 0·05). No statistically significant differences across neighbourhood income levels were observed for beverage availability and variety (P > 0·05). Although street foods and beverages were often distributed near homes, public transportation centres and worksites, no differences were observed across neighbourhood income levels (P > 0·05).Conclusions:Findings suggest that SFS can be a source of both unhealthy foods and healthy foods for communities across neighbourhoods in Mexico City. Additional studies are needed to assess the relationship between street food and beverage availability, and consumption.
Is It Us? Is It Them? Or Is It This Place? Predicting Civility in State Legislatures
Authors: Kettler Jaclyn J. , Fowler Luke , Witt Stephanie L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWhile many scholars and analysts have observed a decline in civility in recent years, there have been few examinations of how political, economic, and institutional structures may partially explain inter-state differences in these trends. We suggest three potential explanations: (1) institutional structures, such as legislative professionalism and gubernatorial power, have created different contexts in which legislators build and maintain inter-personal relationships; (2) partisan competition has led to less bipartisan cooperation and contributed to strained relationships between members of different parties; and, (3) economic inequity and change has contributed to economic anxiety among citizens, contributing to conflict in legislative bodies as elected officials attempt to navigate emerging policy challenges. To test these explanations, we develop an innovative measure of civility using a national survey of lobbyists and a partial Multilevel Regression and Poststratification (MRP) design. Findings suggest that there is some validity to all three explanations, and signifying that civility is at least partially a result of structural issues.
Estimation of Possible Primary Biological Particle Emissions and Rupture Events at the Southern Great Plains ARM Site
Authors: Subba Tamanna , Lawler Michael J. , Steiner Allison L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe use 10 years of data from the Department of Energy (DoE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) United States Southern Great Plains (SGP) site with nearby regional pollen and fungal spore measurements to indirectly estimate the seasonal influence of these two primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP). We estimate possible primary emissions of larger PBAP and PBAP rupture events, which form submicron organic aerosol during precipitation or high relative humidity. High pollen counts at two urban stations near SGP occur during late winter/early spring (day of year (DOY) 50–120) and late summer (DOY 240–310). Around 4–19 days per year show possible pollen events (PPE) when near‐surface lidar observations of daily linear particle depolarization ratio >0.1 are coincident with high organic aerosol fraction. For PPE days with rainfall, aerosol size distribution observations show enhanced submicron particle concentrations consistent with pollen rupture events. For fungal spores, high fungal spore counts occur during late spring/early summer (DOY 110–195) and late summer/autumn (DOY 220–340). Based on size distribution observations, up to 7% of days have possible fungal spore rupture events (PFE) with higher aerosol number count specifically over the range expected for fungal spore fragment mobility diameter (20–50 nm). These short‐lived PFE correlate with rainfall or occur after prolonged exposure to rainfall (e.g., >10 h). While the SGP site lacks direct measurements of bioaerosol and large particle sizes, this analysis suggests that PBAP primary emissions and rupture events could occur about 32 days per year, representing an important component of the aerosol budget during seasonal emissions.
Randomized controlled trial of the “WISER” intervention to reduce healthcare worker burnout
Authors: Profit Jochen , Adair Kathryn C. , Cui Xin , Mitchell Briana , Brandon Debra , Tawfik Daniel S. , Rigdon Joseph , Gould Jeffrey B. , Lee Henry C. , Timpson Wendy L. , McCaffrey Martin J. , Davis Alexis S. , Pammi Mohan , Matthews Melissa , Stark Ann R. , Papile Lu-Ann , Thomas Eric , Cotten Michael , Khan Amir , Sexton J. Bryan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objective
Test web-based implementation for the science of enhancing resilience (WISER) intervention efficacy in reducing healthcare worker (HCW) burnout.

Design
RCT using two cohorts of HCWs of four NICUs each, to improve HCW well-being (primary outcome: burnout). Cohort 1 received WISER while Cohort 2 acted as a waitlist control.

Results
Cohorts were similar, mostly female (83%) and nurses (62%). In Cohorts 1 and 2 respectively, 182 and 299 initiated WISER, 100 and 176 completed 1-month follow-up, and 78 and 146 completed 6-month follow-up. Relative to control, WISER decreased burnout (−5.27 (95% CI: −10.44, −0.10), p = 0.046). Combined adjusted cohort results at 1-month showed that the percentage of HCWs reporting concerning outcomes was significantly decreased for burnout (−6.3% (95%CI: −11.6%, −1.0%); p = 0.008), and secondary outcomes depression (−5.2% (95%CI: −10.8, −0.4); p = 0.022) and work-life integration (−11.8% (95%CI: −17.9, −6.1); p < 0.001). Improvements endured at 6 months.

Conclusion
WISER appears to durably improve HCW well-being.

Clinical Trials Number
NCT02603133; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02603133
AHR mediates the aflatoxin B1 toxicity associated with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Qing , Ma Yarui , Liang Junbo , Wei Zhewen , Li Mo , Zhang Ying , Liu Mei , He Huan , Qu Chunfeng , Cai Jianqiang , Wang Xiaobing , Zeng Yixin , Jiao Yuchen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAflatoxin exposure is a crucial factor in promoting the development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in individuals infected with the hepatitis virus. However, the molecular pathways leading to its bioactivation and subsequent toxicity in hepatocytes have not been well-defined. Here, we carried out a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screen to identify aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) targets. Among the most significant hits was the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-binding transcription factor regulating cell metabolism, differentiation, and immunity.AHR-deficient cells tolerated high concentrations of AFB1, in which AFB1 adduct formation was significantly decreased. AFB1 triggered AHR nuclear translocation by directly binding to its N-terminus. Furthermore, AHR mediated the expression of P450 induced by AFB1. AHR expression was also elevated in primary tumor sections obtained from AFB1-HCC patients, which paralleled the upregulation of PD-L1, a clinically relevant immune regulator. Finally, anti-PD-L1 therapy exhibited greater efficacy in HCC xenografts derived from cells with ectopic expression of AHR. These results demonstrated that AHR was required for the AFB1 toxicity associated with HCC, and implicate the immunosuppressive regimen of anti-PD-L1 as a therapeutic option for the treatment of AFB1-associated HCCs.
Full-dimensional quantum stereodynamics of the non-adiabatic quenching of OH(A2Σ+) by H2
Authors: Zhao Bin , Han Shanyu , Malbon Christopher L. , Manthe Uwe , Yarkony David. R. , Guo Hua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Born–Oppenheimer approximation, assuming separable nuclear and electronic motion, is widely adopted for characterizing chemical reactions in a single electronic state. However, the breakdown of the Born–Oppenheimer approximation is omnipresent in chemistry, and a detailed understanding of the non-adiabatic dynamics is still incomplete. Here we investigate the non-adiabatic quenching of electronically excited OH(A2Σ+) molecules by H2 molecules using full-dimensional quantum dynamics calculations for zero total nuclear angular momentum using a high-quality diabatic-potential-energy matrix. Good agreement with experimental observations is found for the OH(X2Π) ro-vibrational distribution, and the non-adiabatic dynamics are shown to be controlled by stereodynamics, namely the relative orientation of the two reactants. The uncovering of a major (in)elastic channel, neglected in a previous analysis but confirmed by a recent experiment, resolves a long-standing experiment–theory disagreement concerning the branching ratio of the two electronic quenching channels.
High-sensitivity of initial SrO growth on the residual resistivity in epitaxial thin films of SrRuO$$_3$$ on SrTiO$$_3$$ (001)
Authors: Kar Uddipta , Singh Akhilesh Kr. , Yang Song , Lin Chun-Yen , Das Bipul , Hsu Chia-Hung , Lee Wei-Li 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe growth of SrRuO$$_3$$

3

(SRO) thin film with high-crystallinity and low residual resistivity (RR) is essential to explore its intrinsic properties. Here, utilizing the adsorption-controlled growth technique, the growth condition of initial SrO layer on TiO$$_2$$

2

-terminated SrTiO$$_3$$

3

(STO) (001) substrate was found to be crucial for achieving a low RR in the resulting SRO film grown afterward. The optimized initial SrO layer shows a c(2 $$\times $$
×
2) superstructure that was characterized by electron diffraction, and a series of SRO films with different thicknesses (ts) were then grown. The resulting SRO films exhibit excellent crystallinity with orthorhombic-phase down to $$t \approx $$

t
≈

4.3 nm, which was confirmed by high resolution X-ray measurements. From X-ray azimuthal scan across SRO orthorhombic (02 ± 1) reflections, we uncover four structural domains with a dominant domain of orthorhombic SRO [001] along cubic STO [010] direction. The dominant domain population depends on t, STO miscut angle ($$\alpha $$
α
), and miscut direction ($$\beta $$
β
), giving a volume fraction of about 92 $$\%$$
%
for $$t \approx $$

t
≈

26.6 nm and $$(\alpha , \beta ) \approx $$

(
α
,
β
)
≈

(0.14$$^{\mathrm{o}}$$

o

, 5$$^{\mathrm{o}}$$

o

). On the other hand, metallic and ferromagnetic properties were well preserved down to t$$\approx $$
≈
1.2 nm. Residual resistivity ratio (RRR = $$\rho ({\mathrm{300 K}})$$

ρ
(

300
K

)

/$$\rho ({\mathrm{5K}})$$

ρ
(

5
K

)

) reduces from 77.1 for t$$\approx $$
≈
28.5 nm to 2.5 for t$$\approx $$
≈
1.2 nm, while $$\rho ({\mathrm{5K}})$$

ρ
(

5
K

)

increases from 2.5 $$\upmu \Omega $$

μ
Ω

cm for t$$\approx $$
≈
28.5 nm to 131.0 $$\upmu \Omega $$

μ
Ω

cm for t$$\approx $$
≈
1.2 nm. The ferromagnetic onset temperature ($$T'_{\mathrm{c}}$$

T
c
′

) of around 151 K remains nearly unchanged down to t$$\approx $$
≈
9.0 nm and decreases to 90 K for t$$\approx $$
≈
1.2 nm. Our finding thus provides a practical guideline to achieve high crystallinity and low RR in ultra-thin SRO films by simply adjusting the growth of initial SrO layer.