bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Our Anti-Intellectual Property Rights System
Authors: Breznitz Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The chapter explains why, properly used, intellectual property rights (IPR) are an elegant solution to the real problems of the inappropriability and indivisibility of innovation. Under free market conditions, these factors lead to a situation in which it is just not worth it to innovate, since even if successful, the innovator will not be able to enjoy high enough profits to recoup the initial investment. The theory behind IPR is that by granting them we can diminish the problems of inappropriability and indivisibility, and thus stimulate innovation. However, the positive welfare outcomes of innovation happen only when it is widely diffused and produces a lot of spillovers, which by definition do not generate profits. Accordingly, solutions that give too strong and full property rights risk slowing down innovation. As such, those solutions can become a cure that is worse than the disease. Sadly, we have come to a point where our patent, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets systems favor the incumbent and the rich and stifle innovation. For locales, existing IPR act as a punitive restriction on their companies and entrepreneurs’ freedom to operate. Accordingly, communities that wish to enjoy sustained innovation-based growth must game the system to protect their innovators’ freedom to operate. The chapter concludes with a few promising venues by which communities can transform weaknesses into strength. These examples aim to highlight the many ways to go forward even under the current conditions of a broken and dysfunctional global IPR system.
Data
Authors: Breznitz Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
More than a decade ago, data, supposedly, became the new “gold” or “oil” of our “age of big data.” If so, then it is critical for societies wishing to secure economic growth and prosperity to devise a data strategy. Like oil, data requires mining and processing before it can become a valuable and usable asset. First, it should be understood that it is almost never those that supply the raw ore that enjoy long-term economic prosperity. Data is a very clean word for coded life, and the consequences of someone having that knowledge, and being able to use it as they see fit, is at the core of both life and the fabric of society. The fact that data is coded life is the reason why it is a criminal dereliction of duty for a community not to develop a data strategy. Further, since data is the raw material for innovation, we have very little reason to believe we know how it will be used in the future. The only thing we can be certain about with data is that for the foreseeable future there will be significant experimentation. The regions where most of the experimentation will occur have higher chances to become the places where more of the economic growth benefits will accrue. The regions that develop a data strategy that lowers the uncertainty around its collection and usage are those that have the higher chances of becoming the locales of experimentation securing their innovation-based growth.
News Gone Mobile
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAccessing news from the ubiquitous mobile phone accelerated following the debut of the iPhone in 2007. As news has become more readily available than ever, the mobile phone serves as a popular gateway to access and consume it. Asian countries are at the forefront of adopting the mobile phone, where consumption of mobile news is on the rise. This chapter outlines diffusion trends in mobile telephony and increased consumption of mobile news, thus situating the cross-societal comparative analysis of mobile news consumption in Asia in a digital and global context. The focus of study is defined, and the promise of emerging mobile media to bring about positive social change is proposed.
Motivations
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNews consumption requires motivation. This chapter aims to understand user needs and expectancies as motivational factors behind the consumption of mobile news. The three identified motivations of mobile phone use—sociability, entertainment, and surveillance—reveal the underlying reasoning of Asian college students about the mobile phone as an all-in-one media choice that is essential to socialize, entertain, and stay informed. Moreover, surveillance as a civic motivation is positively related to expectancies of mobile news as being interactive and personally valuable. These motivations sought from mobile phone use and usability attributes of mobile news, both civic and practical, manifest the desire of Asian college students to access news on their phones for intentional and active consumption.
Engagement
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHow do Asian college students keep track of and interact with news on their phone? Using data from the two waves of surveys, this chapter examines the behavior and patterns of engagement with mobile news by virtue of following and sharing. It also explores the differences in news engagement attributed to demographics, motivation, and city of residence. Findings show that following and sharing mobile news are prevalent, especially in the 4G era, making consuming news on the smartphone different from that of traditional news media. The chapter concludes that engagement with mobile news results from both user motivation and the empowering tools afforded by the Internet-enabled smartphone.
Perceptions
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractConsuming mobile news can be risky business. How do Asian college students view the quality and credibility of news content they consume via the mobile phone? This chapter assesses their perceptions of the credibility of news created and delivered to the mobile screen in the four selected Asian cities. Findings indicate an ambivalence toward mobile news held by college students in Asia, especially those in Shanghai and Singapore—mobile news is reliable but lacks diversity in perspectives (e.g., alternative to the official stance or government point of view). Comparative analyses further reveal that Shanghai and Singapore respondents rated mobile news credibility more highly than did their counterparts in Hong Kong and especially in Taipei, where evaluation of mobile news credibility was the lowest. Perceptions of mobile news credibility also vary by gender, level of consuming mobile news, reliance on traditional media as news sources, perceived utility of mobile news, and appeal of presentation.
Modeling with Mediation Analysis
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBuilding on multiple regression results, this chapter examines the direct and indirect effects of societal-level factors as exogenous variables on the studied endogenous variables to better understand the mediation effects of individual-level variables. Six structural equation modeling (SEM) models were proposed and tested. The findings clarify the role of surveillance motivation and expectancies of mobile of personal value as key mediators in affecting the behavior of mobile news consumption when societal influences (e.g., city of residence and smartphone ownership) are present in structural relationships. Similarly, level of freedom of the press as a societal factor first influences perceived utility and perceived appeal of mobile news and then indirectly influences mobile news credibility, while the effects of perceived utility and perceived appeal are derived from press freedom. Finally, information accessibility at the societal level was found to enhance learning from mobile news by directly and indirectly influencing motivations, consumption behavior, and engaged consumption.
“To Regain Some Kind of Human Equality”
Authors: Graf Sinja 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides the book’s theoretical framework and elaborates its focus on the political productivity of the notion of universal crime that accentuates the figures, relationships, and forms of authority and agency entailed by the concept, in contradistinction to individual rights. The chapter argues that the concept of an offense against mankind casts humanity as a normatively unified, yet minimally inclusive and hierarchically ordered, subject of world politics. The notion of universal crime grants normative recognition to the offender against mankind, because the criminal is a figure well recognized within the symbolic order of the law. Nonetheless, this normative inclusion is minimal in the sense that the universal criminal is humanity’s least desired member. Furthermore, universal crime projects humanity as a hierarchically ordered political subject, because those abiding by humanity’s universal law hold the authority to enforce it over those contravening it.
Cosmopolitanism and Crimes Against Humanity
Authors: Graf Sinja 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines deployments of “crimes against humanity” by post–Cold War liberal cosmopolitan thinkers across international relations theory and political theory. Liberal cosmopolitans routinely use “crimes against humanity” to recast foreign military intervention as global policing, rather than warfare. This rearticulation of cross-border military coercion disavows its irreducibly violent character and privileges the hierarchy between criminals against humanity and the enforcers of its laws over the principle of combatant equality that defines the international law of war. In this light, the chapter analyzes Jürgen Habermas’s reliance on crimes against humanity as “fixes” in moments in which his canonical theory of human rights and the democratic authorization of coercive law enforcement cannot justify Western-led military intervention in non-European states that he nonetheless endorses. Shifting away from long-standing theoretical commitments, Habermas’s cosmopolitanism yields an “affective turn,” which claims that public expressions of normative emotions against atrocities abroad serve to legitimize foreign intervention.
Creating Life
Authors: Campbell Courtney S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers ecclesiastical teaching and personal experience regarding new reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization, repro-genetic options, such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis, and stem cell research ethics. The principal argument is that the ethics of medical technologies used to treat and provide remedies for infertility turns primarily on questions of moral agency, familial integrity, and medical professionalism, including safety and efficacy. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) procreative imperative can make the experience of infertility a wrenching personal ordeal that necessitates re-storying personal and gender identities relative to spiritual entrustment. Repro-genetic technologies find a moral point through disease prevention but are ethically controversial when their intent is for nonmedical purposes, such as sex selection or enhanced capacities. Despite firm convictions about the sanctity of human life, LDS teaching shows surprising acceptance regarding use of embryos for stem cell research.
The Wisdom of Prevention
Authors: Campbell Courtney S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The teaching and communal practice of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) has embodied an ethic of prevention to retain good health and minimize the ravages of disease. This chapter provides two primary illustrations of this preventive ethic, the 19th-century revelation known as the “Word of Wisdom” and 20th- and 21st-century advocacy of vaccinations. The Word of Wisdom’s structure of invitation, restriction, permission, and promises is illustrative of a covenantal principle of responsibility for health. The prevention ethic of vaccinations was initially greeted with skepticism by members of the LDS community as a further infiltration of state hostility to religious liberty, but ecclesiastical teaching beginning in the 1970s and continuing through international humanitarian programs of vaccination exhibit a generalized acceptance of the value of vaccines. The new vaccine to prevent the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, HPV, has raised practical ethical questions for LDS students, parents, and professionals committed to ecclesiastical teachings on sexual morality.
Public Bioethics
Authors: Campbell Courtney S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) ecclesiastical policy on health, medical, and moral issues has seldom addressed itself to the healing professions or to questions of public policy, an ethical insularity coherent with the principles of respect for moral agency and trust in the healing vocation of the professions. However, some issues reveal limits to peaceful compromise between ecclesiastical policy with both professional morality and public policy of the secular state and have prompted the LDS Church to forgo ecclesiastical silence and present a public witness of its values and positions on a policy question to a broader civic audience. This chapter focuses on two such examples, elective abortion and medical marijuana. The public square of moral reasoning within LDS teaching is constructed by principles of engaged citizenship, separation, and the moral core.
A New Era of Ocean Conservation
Authors: Alger Justin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the norm of large marine protected areas (MPAs). It defines the norm and poses the two questions that this book seeks to answer: (1) Why have large MPAs emerged as the solution of choice for governments. (2) What explains differences in how governments manage their large MPAs? It positions these questions within the norm diffusion literature in international relations and offers an alternative analytical approach to norm localization in international relations that foregrounds domestic political economies. The chapter then introduces the book’s process tracing methodology and details case selection and data collection.
The Political Economy of Conservation
Authors: Alger Justin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces a strategic actor framework of environmental norm diffusion, which it uses to develop a theory of the diffusion of the norm of large marine protected areas. By incorporating domestic material interests into environmental norm diffusion, it builds norm diffusion theory to better explain why certain environmental norms gain global traction while others do not, as well as why there is considerable variation in how environmental norms are localized. The chapter also examines the interests of key stakeholder groups, including the state, extractive and non-extractive industry, environmental groups, and local communities. The framework foregrounds business influence to explain how governments attempt to reconcile new environmental norms with commercial interests. In some instances, business influence can lead to stronger protections, but more often tends to undermine conservation goals. This chapter analyses the potential and the limits of business influence over state conservation policy.
Presidents Bush and Obama in the Pacific Remote Islands
Authors: Alger Justin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the campaign to expand the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, which was first created by President George W. Bush in 2009 and then expanded by President Barack Obama in 2014 to 1,270,000 km2. It argues that the remoteness of the monument, and the minimal commercial activity occurring within it, provided environmental groups with considerable influence in lobbying for ambitious protections. The chapter goes on to explain that the commercial fishing industry was largely unsuccessful in its efforts to limit and scale back protections for the monument. Its inability to demonstrate high interest salience in the region weakened its bargaining position with the Obama White House, thereby paving the way for stricter conservation measures.
A “Paper Park” in the Australian Coral Sea
Authors: Alger Justin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the fraught efforts of subsequent Australian governments to protect the Australian Coral Sea over a 10-year period. The political economy of the Australian Coral Sea made efforts to protect it a contested stakeholder battle between the government, environmental groups, the ecotourism sector, and the commercial and recreational fishing sectors. Moderate levels of commercial activity in the area forced the government to repeatedly water down regulations over its decade-long consultation process. The end result, this chapter argues, was a “paper park” that does little to protect ocean ecosystems. The Coral Sea process demonstrates the outsized influence that even relatively minor extractive industry interests can often have over conservation policy.
Journalism’s Imagined Audiences
Authors: Nelson Jacob L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of the primary differences in imagined audiences between production-oriented audience engagement news organizations like Hearken and City Bureau and more traditional news organizations like the Chicago Tribune. Because City Bureau and the Tribune both focus on Chicago, each organization’s conceptualization of its specific audience demonstrates how profound differences can unfold even when audiences overlap. Hearken, however, does not publish news. Instead, it provides tools and services to newsrooms to help them improve their relationships with their audiences. Hearken’s imagined news audience is, therefore, a general one. The author concludes that, despite the fact that the journalists diverge dramatically when it comes to news audience composition and expectations, they see eye to eye on one important thing: Their imagined audiences emphasize the audience’s relationship with news above all else.
The Obstacles to Audience Engagement
Authors: Nelson Jacob L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the challenges that journalists face as they attempt to more meaningfully practice audience engagement. The first is that, at a moment when the news industry’s financial stability is far from guaranteed, it is difficult to empirically demonstrate that engaged journalism yields an economic benefit. This is primarily because of the limitations of audience measurement data, which tend to privilege measures of exposure above all else—such as more qualitative measures of audience preferences or reactions. The second challenge stems from the reality that the pursuit of engaged journalism—and the more explicit awareness of the audience that it entails—can lead journalists to ethical dilemmas as they grapple with who they are writing about, who they are writing for, and what to do when those two groups diverge. Finally, those who pursue more meaningful and deliberate efforts to communicate and collaborate with their audiences increasingly must reckon with unexpected and unwelcome outcomes.
Understanding News Audience Behavior
Authors: Nelson Jacob L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a counter-narrative to the notion that journalists play the primary role in determining how news gets received by the public. Instead, it suggests that the interplay between different forces within the media environment shapes news consumption. News providers cannot alone determine how their content will be received, nor can audiences alone go out and find exactly what will leave them most satisfied. Consequently, even as news publishers make large, bold changes, these strategies are far from guaranteed to affect the way that audiences currently do (or do not) interact with the news. Structures and habits are powerful things and lead to a profound stubbornness when it comes to news audience behavior. In short, making the news better will not necessarily make it more profitable, simply because audience behavior is hard to change and even harder to predict.
Conclusion
Authors: Nelson Jacob L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book’s central findings and explores their implications for journalism research and practice. Many who work in or study journalism are clamoring for solutions to the profession’s challenges. Increasingly, those solutions are more focused on improving journalism’s understanding of and relationship with the news audience than at any other point in the profession’s history. Yet, as the previous chapters have shown, the assumptions underlying attempts to improve the journalist–audience relationship ultimately reveal more about those pursuing them than they do about whom the audience comprises and how the news actually enters into their everyday lives. They also overwhelmingly stem from the reasonable yet inaccurate notion that reshaping journalism’s relationship with the public is firmly within journalists’ control. The author concludes that journalists must embrace journalistic humility. They must accept the limitations they face as they try to change audience behavior if they are to successfully navigate the news industry’s most pressing problems.
The Distribution of Well-Being among Europeans
Authors: Brandolini Andrea , Rosolia Alfonso 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The authors analyse the evolution of citizens’ living standards in the European Union (EU), considering the EU as a single country. Average living standards have improved considerably as the European integration process has unfolded. EU28 income inequality has steadily declined, mostly as a result of the macroeconomic convergence of new EU-accession countries. EU15 income inequality fell steadily until the mid-1980s, but picked up again during the economic turmoil following the Great Recession, largely reflecting the divergence between periphery and core countries in the Euro Area. Using a common EU standard reveals more progress in terms of poverty reduction. It also shows that the patterns of income convergence across member states differ across categories of residents, thus calling for a more careful consideration of the personal and national dimensions of EU policies.
Population Ageing and Financing Consumption of the Older Generation in the European Union
Authors: Chłoń-Domińczak Agnieszka 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
European countries are facing the challenge of population ageing, and social policies need to adjust to changing intergenerational balance. In this chapter, the most important challenges in the current intergenerational and intragenerational balance are assessed using the National Transfer Accounts approach. Financing the lifecycle deficit of older generations is mainly based on public transfers, while in the case of younger generations it is mainly financed from private transfers. The working-age generation faces a ‘triple burden’ as it finances the lifecycle deficit of older generations by paid taxes and the consumption of the young generation by private transfers. They also need to save more to be able to finance their future consumption to a larger extent from their savings. Recent policy developments show that the pressure of an increase of pension expenditure caused by demographic changes is offset by reducing pension transfers by changing benefit formulae or benefit indexation as well as increasing the effective pensionable age. The span of effective economic activity is relatively short, particularly for women. A gender gap in labor income is also linked to a gender gap in the pension income, which leads to further transfers between men and women at older ages. Income inequalities between older people increase following reforms of pension systems that tighten the link between lifetime earnings and pensions. Mortality differences interact with government programmes for the elderly (e.g., pension systems) and may reduce or even reverse the direction of income redistribution.