bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of combined treatments of ultrasound and high hydrostatic pressure processing on the physicochemical properties, microbial quality and shelf‐life of cold brew tea
Authors: Song YongCheng , Bi Xiufang , Zhou Min , Zhou Zhongyu , Chen Lei , Wang Xiaoqiong , Ma Yuan 
Published: July 2021

SummaryEffects of ultrasound combined with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on physicochemical properties,microorganisms and storage attributes of cold brew tea were investigated. HHP at 400 MPa/5 min/25 °C inactivated the total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mould in cold brewed tea prepared by static brewing (SB‐tea) at 13 h/4 °C, ultrasonic bath (UB‐tea) at 150 W/120 min/0 °C and ultrasonic pulveriser (UP‐tea) at 600 W/40 min/0 °C, ensuring their microbiological safety. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the concentration of tea polyphenols between hot brewed tea prepared by 7 min/100 °C and cold brewed tea under different preparation conditions, while the caffeine in cold brewed tea was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that in hot brewed tea. During the storage period of 8 days, compared with the untreated group, the cold brewed tea after HHP treatment had better microbiological safety. In addition, HHP treatment constantly maintained the tea polyphenols, pH, colour, antioxidant capacity and turbidity in cold brewed tea. The untreated and HHP‐treated cold brew tea were evaluated by 20 trained volunteers. Results showed that UB‐tea was more close to SB‐tea than UP‐tea in sensory profile, while HHP seem to maintain a good sensory profile as well. Therefore, this particular combined technology of ultrasonic bath and HHP displayed considerable potential for application in the cold brew tea manufacturing industry.
Effects of different wet heating methods on the water distribution, microstructure and protein denaturation of pork steaks
Authors: Song Yu , Huang Feng , Li Xia , Han Dong , Zhang Chun‐hui 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the influence of different wet heating methods (SC: steam cooking; BC: boiling cooking) on the water distribution, microstructure and protein denaturation of pork steaks. Results showed that SC increased the proton relaxation intensity (T1 and T2) and the amount of immobilized water, but decreased the amount of free water compared with BC treatment. Proton density images showed that the red area was more in SC treatment than BC treatment. Muscle volume contraction and microstructure destruction in SC treatments were lower than that of BC treatments. Meanwhile, SC had higher protein solubility, but lower surface hydrophobicity as compared with BC. Additionally, pork steaks containing salt cooked by the same heating method had higher water mobility than those of without salt. Moreover, salting process aggravated the swelling of muscle fibre structure and protein denaturation.
Exploring emotional face processing in 5‐month‐olds: The relation with quality of parent–child interaction and spatial frequencies
Authors: van den Boomen Carlijn , Munsters Nicolette M. , Deković Maja , Kemner Chantal 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIt is unclear whether infants differentially process emotional faces in the brain at 5 months of age. Contradictory findings of previous research indicate that additional factors play a role in this process. The current study investigated whether five‐month‐old infants show differential brain activity between emotional faces. Furthermore, we explored the relation between emotional face processing and (I) stimulus characteristics, specifically the spatial frequency content, and (II) parent, child, and dyadic qualities of interaction characteristics. Face‐sensitive components (i.e., N290, P400, Nc) in response to neutral and fearful faces that contained only lower or higher spatial frequencies were assessed. Quality of parent–child interaction was assessed with the Manchester Assessment of Caregiver Infant Interaction (MACI). The results show that, as a full group, none of the components differed between emotional expressions. However, when splitting the group based on median MACI scores, infants who showed high quality of interaction (i.e., more attentiveness to caregiver, positive and negative affect, and liveliness) processed emotions differently, whereas infants who showed low quality did not. These results indicate that a sub‐group of infants show differential emotional face processing at 5 months of age, which seem to relate to quality of their behavior during the parent–child interaction.
Emerging coherence and relations to communication among executive function tasks in toddlers: Evidence from a Latin American sample
Authors: Gago Galvagno Lucas G. , Miller Stephanie E. , De Grandis Carolina , Elgier Angel M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecent work within early executive function (EF) seems to suggest that toddlers show distinct patterns of development, involving poorly correlated performance across EF tasks and significant improvements over relatively short periods of time. The present study sought to extend these findings by investigating evidence for these patterns in toddlers and the existence of more traditional patterns of EF (e.g., correlations between tasks, links to language) when using the same tasks in a novel Latin American sample. Eighty toddlers (18–24 months) and sixty young preschoolers (30–36) months completed a battery of EF tasks, early social communication, and receptive and expressive language measures. Results indicated that toddlers showed similar distinct patterns of development (i.e., few relations between tasks and links to responding to joint attention), but by early preschool a more cohesive EF and links to language were present. Further, work demonstrated significant age (older children outperformed younger children), gender (girls outperformed boys), and socioeconomic differences (satisfied basic needs outperformed unsatisfied basic needs, but only on the snack delay). This work provides evidence for patterns of emerging EF development within this novel cultural sample (and evidence for group differences) that may be supported by communicative and representational development.
Bodily Rights in Personal Ventilators?
Authors: Aas Sean , Wasserman David 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTThis article asks whether personal ventilators should be redistributed to maximize lives saved in emergency condition, like the COVID‐19 pandemic. It begins by examining extant claims that items like ventilators are literally parts of their user's bodies. Arguments in favor of incorporation for ventilators fail to show that they meet valid sufficient conditions to be body parts, but arguments against incorporation also fail to show that they fail to meet clearly valid necessary conditions. Further progress on this issue awaits clarification of difficult normative, conceptual, and metaphysical questions about the possible boundaries of a person's body. Rather than relying solely on incorporation arguments, we propose an argument against reallocation from widely accepted anti‐discrimination principles. Possession of a personal ventilator is an obvious marker of disability identity; thus, reallocating ventilators from those that already possess them discriminates on the basis of a stigmatized trait – a paradigm case of presumptively wrongful discrimination. This discrimination claim, taken together with uncertainty about the bodily status of ventilators, yields a strong presumption against personal ventilator reallocation.
Conservation threats and future prospects for the freshwater fishes of Ecuador: A hotspot of Neotropical fish diversity
Authors: Aguirre Windsor E. , Alvarez‐Mieles Gabriela , Anaguano‐Yancha Fernando , Burgos Morán Ricardo , Cucalón Roberto V. , Escobar‐Camacho Daniel , Jácome‐Negrete Iván , Jiménez Prado Pedro , Laaz Enrique , Miranda‐Troya Katherin , Navarrete‐Amaya Ronald , Nugra Salazar Fredy , Revelo Willan , Rivadeneira Juan F. , Valdiviezo Rivera Jonathan , Zárate Hugo Edwin 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTFreshwater fish communities in Ecuador exhibit some of the highest levels of diversity and endemism in the Neotropics. Unfortunately, aquatic ecosystems in the country are under serious threat and conditions are deteriorating. In 2018–19, the government of Ecuador sponsored a series of workshops to examine the conservation status of Ecuador's freshwater fishes. Concerns were identified for 35 species, most of which are native to the Amazon region, and overfishing of Amazonian pimelodid catfishes emerged as a major issue. However, much of the information needed to make decisions across fish groups and regions was not available, hindering the process and highlighting the need for a review of the conservation threats to Ecuador's freshwater fishes. Here, we review how the physical alteration of rivers, deforestation, wetland and floodplain degradation, agricultural and urban water pollution, mining, oil extraction, dams, overfishing, introduced species and climate change are affecting freshwater fishes in Ecuador. Although many of these factors affect fishes throughout the Neotropics, the lack of data on Ecuadorian fish communities is staggering and highlights the urgent need for more research. We also make recommendations, including the need for proper enforcement of existing environmental laws, restoration of degraded aquatic ecosystems, establishment of a national monitoring system for freshwater ecosystems, investment in research to fill gaps in knowledge, and encouragement of public engagement in citizen science and conservation efforts. Freshwater fishes are an important component of the cultural and biological legacy of the Ecuadorian people. Conserving them for future generations is critical.
Phosphorylation of MtRopGEF2 by LYK3 mediates MtROP activity to regulate rhizobial infection inMedicago truncatula
Authors: Wang Mingxing , Feng Huan , Xu Peng , Xie Qiujin , Gao Jinpeng , Wang Yanzhang , Zhang Xiaowei , Yang Jun , Murray Jeremy D. , Sun Fengli , Wang Chunyan , Wang Ertao , Yu Nan 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTThe formation of nitrogen‐fixing no dules on legume roots requires the coordination of infection by rhizobia at the root epidermis with the initiation of cell divisions in the root cortex. During infection, rhizobia attach to the tip of elongating root hairs which then curl to entrap the rhizobia. However, the mechanism of root hair deformation and curling in response to symbiotic signals is still elusive. Here, we found that small GTPases (MtRac1/MtROP9 and its homologs) are required for root hair development and rhizobial infection inMedicago truncatula. Our results show that the Nod factor receptor LYK3 phosphorylates the guanine nucleotide exchange factor MtRopGEF2 at S73 which is critical for the polar growth of root hairs. In turn, phosphorylated MtRopGEF2 can activate MtRac1. Activated MtRac1 was found to localize at the tips of root hairs and to strongly interact with LYK3 and NFP. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that MtRac1, LYK3, and NFP form a polarly localized receptor complex that regulates root hair deformation during rhizobial infection.
The twisted structure of the rat Achilles tendon
Authors: Fan Hai‐Ming , Shrestha Looniva , Guo Ying , Tao Hui‐Ren , Sun Yu‐Long 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe rat is frequently used as a model to study the characteristics, aetiology and pathology of the Achilles tendon. However, though the structure of the human Achilles tendon has been extensively investigated, the anatomical structure of the rat Achilles tendon remains unclear, which impedes the ability to use rats to study Achilles tendinopathy. The purpose of this study was to reveal the structure of the rat Achilles tendon and to explore its similarities with the human Achilles tendon through an anatomical dissection of 80 rat Achilles tendons (40 female, 40 male). This study found that the subtendons of the rat Achilles tendon originating from the triceps surae muscle were twisted, and each subtendon also had its own torsion. The extent of these two types of torsion could be very different between rats. Alterations in this torsion may result in distinct stress fields in the Achilles tendon, which may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Achilles tendinopathy. This study provides an important basis to support the use of rats as model animals to investigate the characteristics of the human Achilles tendon and Achilles tendinopathy.
Arginase 1 is upregulated at admission in patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Tengbom John , Cederström Sofia , Verouhis Dinos , Böhm Felix , Eriksson Per , Folkersen Lasse , Gabrielsen Anders , Jernberg Tomas , Lundman Pia , Persson Jonas , Saleh Nawzad , Settergren Magnus , Sörensson Peder , Tratsiakovich Yahor , Tornvall Per , Jung Christian , Pernow John 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe mechanisms underlying rupture of a coronary atherosclerotic plaque and development of myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion injury in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remain unresolved. Increased arginase 1 activity leads to reduced nitric oxide (NO) production and increased formation of reactive oxygen species due to uncoupling of the NO‐producing enzyme endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). This contributes to endothelial dysfunction, plaque instability and increased susceptibility to ischemia‐reperfusion injury in acute myocardial infarction.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that arginase gene and protein expression are upregulated in patients with STEMI.MethodsTwo cohorts of patients with STEMI were included. In the first cohort (n = 51), expression of arginase and NO‐synthases as well as arginase 1 protein levels were determined and compared to a healthy control group (n = 45). In a second cohort (n = 68), plasma arginase 1 levels and infarct size were determined using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsExpression of the gene encoding arginase 1 was significantly elevated at admission and 24–48 h after STEMI but not 3 months post STEMI, in comparison with the control group. Expression of the genes encoding arginase 2 and endothelial NO synthase (NOS3) were unaltered. Arginase 1 protein levels were elevated at admission, 24 h post STEMI and remained elevated for up to 6 months. No significant correlation between plasma arginase 1 protein levels and infarct size was observed.ConclusionThe markedly increased gene and protein expression of arginase 1 already at admission indicates a role of arginase 1 in the development of STEMI.
Computer‐aided ration calculation (Diet Check Munich©) versus blood profile in raw fed privately owned dogs
Authors: Hajek Veronika , Zablotski Yury , Kölle Petra 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMany dog owners create nutritionally imbalanced raw meat‐based diets (RMBD) with information from the Internet and pseudo‐scientific books, some even use pre‐prepared frozen raw feed from online shops, local butchers or other providers. The risk of nutritional imbalances is therefore present. Blood profiles for dogs fed RMBD are promoted by laboratories as a simple tool for the owner to check the nutritional supply situation. Veterinarian nutrition specialists seem to be consulted less frequently and, in most cases, when blood analyses show deviations from reference ranges. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a RMBD blood profile reflects possible malnutrition according to a computer‐aided ration check and to assess its clinical relevance. Using standardized questionnaires, the average daily rations of 104 dogs, 83 of which were fed raw diets versus 21 commercially fed dogs, were analysed using Diet Check Munich©, based on the National Research Council values. Afterwards, the SYNLAB.vet GmbH ‘Barfer‐Profil’ test including calcium, phosphate, calcium/phosphate ratio, vitamin A, vitamin D, copper, zinc and iodine with additional parameters taurine, urea, uric acid and creatinine was carried out. No significant correlation between nutrient supply and associated blood parameters could be detected. Diet calculation revealed significantly more nutritional imbalances in the RMBD group than in the control group. Low plasma taurine could be detected only in the RMBD group. After participating, 30% of the dog owners (RMBD group) decided to adjust their dogs’ diets at the nutrition consultation of the Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine of the LMU Munich. Based on these results, for most parameters a RMBD blood profile is not an appropriate tool to monitor a dog's nutrition and computer‐aided ration calculation remains the gold standard for detecting nutritional imbalances.
A decade of photo‐identification reveals contrasting abundance and trends of Type B killer whales in the coastal waters of the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Fearnbach Holly , Durban John W. , Ellifrit David K. , Paredes Alyssa , Hickmott Leigh S. , Pitman Robert L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is rapidly warming and empirical data on abundance trends of marine organisms are required to understand the impact of these physical changes, and interacting anthropogenic impacts, on the ecosystem. Recent estimates inferred increasing abundance of Type A killer whales at the top of this food chain, and here we provide new data on the abundance of Type B1 and B2 killer whales using photographic mark‐recaptures collected during austral summers from 2008/2009 to 2017/2018. Both ecotypes were regularly photographed around the AP coastline, particularly off the west side, and individuals of both showed site fidelity across years. B1s had a higher re‐identification rate (58% photographed in multiple years, range: 1–7 years) compared to B2s (31%, 1–4 years). We fit mark‐recapture models that allowed temporary emigration beyond the study area, to effectively monitor the size of wide‐ranging populations and documented contrasting trends for B1s and B2s. A smaller population size (~102) of B1s was estimated to use the area, with a declining trend in abundance (−4.7% per year) and reduced apparent survival in recent years. In contrast, a much larger population size (~740) of B2s was estimated to be generally stable in abundance and apparent survival over the past decade.
Modulation of mitochondrial and inflammatory homeostasis through RIP140 is neuroprotective in an adrenoleukodystrophy mouse model
Authors: Ranea‐Robles Pablo , Galino Jorge , Espinosa Lluís , Schlüter Agatha , Ruiz Montserrat , Calingasan Noel Ylagan , Villarroya Francesc , Naudí Alba , Pamplona Reinald , Ferrer Isidre , Beal M. Flint , Portero‐Otín Manuel , Fourcade Stéphane , Pujol Aurora 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsMitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation are at the core of axonal degeneration in several multifactorial neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. The transcriptional coregulator RIP140/NRIP1 (receptor‐interacting protein 140) modulates these functions in liver and adipose tissue, but its role in the nervous system remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the impact of RIP140 in the Abcd1− mouse model of X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD), a genetic model of chronic axonopathy involving the convergence of redox imbalance, bioenergetic failure, and chronic inflammation.Methods and resultsWe provide evidence that RIP140 is modulated through a redox‐dependent mechanism driven by very long‐chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), the levels of which are increased in X‐ALD. Genetic inactivation of RIP140 prevented mitochondrial depletion and dysfunction, bioenergetic failure, inflammatory dysregulation, axonal degeneration and associated locomotor disabilities in vivo in X‐ALD mouse models.ConclusionsTogether, these findings show that aberrant overactivation of RIP140 promotes neurodegeneration in X‐ALD, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic target for X‐ALD and other neurodegenerative disorders that present with metabolic and inflammatory dyshomeostasis.
Do resistance exercises during biofeedback therapy enhance the anal sphincter and pelvic floor muscles in anal incontinence?
Authors: Tuttle Lori J. , Zifan Ali , Swartz Jessica , Mittal Ravinder K. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimTo determine if a biofeedback therapy that includes concentric resistance exercise for the anal sphincter muscles can improve muscle strength/function and improve AI symptoms compared to the traditional/non‐resistance biofeedback therapy.BackgroundBiofeedback therapy is the current gold standard treatment for patients with anal incontinence (AI). Lack of resistance exercise biofeedback programs is a limitation in current practice.MethodsThirty‐three women with AI (mean age 60 years) were randomly assigned to concentric (resistance) or isometric (non‐resistance) biofeedback training. Concentric training utilized the Functional Luminal Imaging Probe to provide progressive resistance exercises based on the patient's ability to collapse the anal canal lumen. Isometric training utilized a non‐collapsible 10 mm diameter probe. Both groups performed a biofeedback protocol once per week in the clinic for 12 weeks and at home daily. High definition anal manometry was used to assess anal sphincter strength; symptoms were measured using FISI and UDI‐6. 3D transperineal ultrasound imaging was used to assess the anal sphincter muscle integrity.ResultsConcentric and isometric groups improved FISI and UDI‐6 scores to a similar degree. Both the concentric and isometric groups showed small improvement in the anal high‐pressure zone; however, there was no difference between the two groups. Ultrasound image analysis revealed significant damage to the anal sphincter muscles in both patient groups.ConclusionsConcentric resistance biofeedback training did not improve the anal sphincter muscle function or AI symptoms beyond traditional biofeedback training. Anal sphincter muscle damage may be an important factor that limits the success of biofeedback training.