bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Nasal Carriers among Laboratory Technical Staff of Tertiary Hospital in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Neupane R. , Bhatt N. , Poudyal A , Sharma A. 
Published: January 2021

Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been the leading cause of nosocomial and community infections worldwide. In particular, healthcare workers are at constant risk to develop MRSA carriage. There is a paucity of data regarding the epidemiology of MRSA in laboratory workers who are constantly in contact with these pathogens in almost every hospital.
Objective This study was undertaken to identify the burden of MRSA nasal carriers and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates among laboratory technical staff.
Method Sterile nasal swabs were taken from 50 laboratory technical staff working in the Central and Emergency laboratory of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS). Standard procedures were followed for isolation, identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using disc diffusion and growth on Oxacillin screen agar based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.
Result Out of 50 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 44 (88%) were Methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) while six (12%) were Methicillin-resistant (MRSA). All 50 isolates of S. aureus were found resistant to Penicillin while all were found sensitive to Teicoplanin, Linezolid, and Levofloxacin. Only five (10%) were sensitive to Erythromycin while 49 (98%) were sensitive to both Amikacin and Gentamicin. However, none of the MRSA isolates were found sensitive to all tested antimicrobial agents.
Conclusion This repertoire portrays the emergence of MRSA in laboratory workers which clearly indicates the necessity of complying with the sanitary and antibacterial guidelines and adhering to the rational use of antibiotics to prevent nosocomial infections.
Effects of Cold Stimulation Induced Pain on Cardiopulmonary Parameters: A Gender Based Study
Authors: Jha R.K. , Amatya S. 
Published: January 2021

Background Cold pressor induced pain elicits sympathetic responses which can be monitored by measuring blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate after exposure to the cold stress.
Objective This study was done to evaluate gender difference in acute pain induced by cold pressor test on blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate of healthy individuals.
Method Our study was cross sectional study with the sample size of 40 including 20 male and 20 female undergraduates. Acute pain was induced by immersion of hand in cold water at 4°C. Changes in blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate were recorded by the digital sphygmomanometer and AD Instruments (Model: ML856, Serial: T26-4025) and analysis was done by Lab Chart 7 Pro v 7.3.3 respectively. Acute pain parameter like pain threshold was also recorded. Statistical analysis was done by using Paired “t” test and non-parametric test.
Result The present study enrolled 40 participants, aged between 18 – 24 years, and body mass index from 15.78 – 36.06 kg/m2. The respiratory rate was increased in both males (17.30±3.19 to 19.0±3.21, P=0.01) and females (18.60±1.98 to 19.90±2.82, P= 0.01) however significant increase in heart rate was only found in females (77.80±8.07 to 80.70±7.80, P=0.03) after cold pressor test. The systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure did not increase significantly after cold pressor test. The pain thresholds ranged from 25.2 to 105.8 seconds (61.60±23.26, male Vs. 52.69±18.49, female, p = 0.188).
Conclusion Our findings point towards autonomic adjustments suggesting more of sympathetic over activity immediately after cold pressor test.
Comparative Efficacy of Fexofenadine Versus Levocetrizine Versus Desloratadine via 1% Histamine Wheal Suppression Test
Authors: KC S. , Aryal A. , Adhikary M. , Karn D. 
Published: January 2021

Background Urticaria and allergic dermatoses remains a great challenge to treating dermatologist. Histamine is the major mediator in such disorders. Antihistamines as levocetrizine, fexofenadine and desloratadine are often used to treat such conditions. Ability of antihistamines to suppress the allergic response helps to evaluate the efficacy of the medicine.
Objective To compare the efficacy of levocetrizine versus fexofenadine versus desloratadine in suppressing histamine induced wheals in adults.
Method One hundred and two healthy adult volunteers completed the study. Subjects were randomized into 3 groups using an envelope method. First group received fexofenadine (N=36), second group received levocetrizine (N =37), and third group received desloratadine (N=29). Pretesting was performed by skin prick test with histamine 1% (positive control) and normal saline (negative control). Wheal size was recorded before and after the treatment (at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 24 hours).
Result At 30 minutes and 1 hour fexofenadine showed statistically significant wheal suppression than levocetrizine and desloratadine (p=0.0016). However by 2 and 4 hours all three antihistamines; fexofenadine, levocetirizine and desloratadine showed significant suppression of wheal. Whereas at 24 hours desloratadine showed greater wheal suppression than levocetrizine and fexofenadine (p= 0.014).
Conclusion The results of the present study showed that fexofenadine presented early onset of action but longer suppression of wheal size was seen with desloratadine as compared to other antihistamines. These potentials could be employed in clinical aspects; depending upon the response needed.
Risk of Diabetic Foot in Diabetic Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Joshi A. 
Published: January 2021

Background The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease is higher in diabetic patients. And 11.6% of the patients with diabetic foot ulcer have associated peripheral arterial disease.
Objective The main objective of the study is to assess the risk of diabetic foot in diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease.
Method This was a case control study conducted in Bir Hospital, National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS). The sample size was 173 out of which cases (diabetic foot) and unmatched controls (diabetics without diabetic foot) were divided in the ratio of 1:2. The Odds Ratio (OR) of peripheral arterial disease in diabetic foot was calculated. The study was conducted after taking ethical clearance from Institutional Review Board of National Academy of Medical Sciences.
Result There were 173 participants enrolled in the study. Four were excluded, 55 participants were cases of diabetic foot (cases) and 114 participants were diabetics without diabetic foot (controls). The odds of diabetic foot in patients with peripheral arterial disease was 4.12, p < 0.001.
Conclusion The risk of diabetic foot in diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease was higher as compared to diabetic patients without peripheral arterial disease.
Outcome of Uretero Renoscopic Lithotripsy (URSL) with Holmium LASER Vs Pneumatic Lithotripter for Lower Ureteric Stones, Experience from University Hospital of Nepal
Authors: Joshi H.N. , Singh A.K. , Koirala N. , Karmacharya R.M. 
Published: January 2021

Background There are various methods of endoluminal ureteral stone fragmentation. Among various modalities Laser lithotripsy and Pneumatic lithotripsy are commonly used and have shown comparable outcomes.
Objective To compare the efficacy and outcome of laser and pneumatic lithotripsy in a patient with lower ureteric calculi. The comparison will be done in stone free rate, migration of stone and complication of the procedure.
Method This is a prospective comparative study in a cohort of patients at University Hospital with Lower Ureteric stone. Ninety patients were randomized in to two groups (Laser Lithotripsy Vs Pneumatic Lithotripsy) during the study period. The purpose of this study was to measure the immediate stone free rate, intra-operative complications, mean operative time, post-operative complication and if any stone retention after six weeks follow up.
Result Both the groups were similar in Age and Gender. Immediate stone free rate was slightly higher in Laser lithotripsy group (97.77%) in comparison to Pneumatic lithotripter group (84.44%) with p=0.507 which is not statistically significant. There was statistical difference in terms of stone migration rate, mean operation time in favor of Laser Lithotripsy group (p<0.01, in both parameters). There were no immediate complications in both the group however there were three cases of short segment ureteric strictures (6.66%) in case of Pneumatic lithotripsy on six weeks follow up which was managed conservatively.
Conclusion Both LASER lithotripter and Pneumatic lithotripter are equally efficacious modality of endoluminal URSL in lower ureteric stone with similar Stone Free Rate. Laser lithotripsy showed lower frequency of stone migration and had shorter procedure time.
Study of Dexmedetomidine in Caudal Block for Children Undergoing Inguino-scrotal Surgery
Authors: Gautam B. , Piya B. , Karki D. 
Published: January 2021

Background Caudal block is the most common anaesthetic technique employed in children for managing perioperative pain of inguino-scrotal surgery. However, despite using long-acting local anaesthetics, caudal analgesia lasts relatively shorter. Dexmedetomidine, an alpha-2 agonist, augments local anaesthetic action.
Objective To assess the analgesic effect of caudal Dexmedetomidine.
Method This is a randomized, double-blinded study conducted on otherwise healthy children (one to five years) undergoing elective inguino-scrotal surgery. General anaesthesia was administered and a laryngeal mask airway was inserted for assisting ventilation. The caudal block was applied using 0.8 milliliters/kilogram drug volume comprising either two milligrams/kilogram Bupivacaine in group A (n=42) or two milligrams/ kilogram Bupivacaine mixed with 0.75 micrograms/kilogram Dexmedetomidine in group B (n=42). Intraoperatively, inhaled Halothane, intravenous Fentanyl, fluids, and ventilation were titrated to maintain monitored hemodynamic variables within 15% from baseline values. The primary endpoint comprised the duration of analgesia, defined by a time when postoperative pain score (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability; FLACC scale) reached four out of ten. Perioperative events were studied for 24 hours. Student’s t-test and Chi-square test were used for analysis, with p-value less than 0.05 considered as significant.
Result Demographic, surgical, and anaesthetic characteristics were similar between the groups. Duration of analgesia was significantly prolonged in group B (group B, 413±101 minutes; group A, 204±40 minutes). The intraoperative requirement for supplement Fentanyl was significantly reduced in group B. Adverse events were comparable between the groups.
Conclusion Dexmedetomidine prolongs the duration of analgesia when mixed with caudal Bupivacaine, without increasing adverse events.
Investigating the Efficacy of Triple Drug Therapy and Sequential Drug Therapy in the Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori with Respect to Antigen Stool test: A Pilot Study
Authors: Shrestha R. , Poudel R. , Shakya S. , Gurung R.B. , Makaju R. , Koju P. 
Published: January 2021

Background Helicobacter pylori is one of the most prevalent infectious disease worldwide. The treatment regimens involve mainly two therapies: Standard Triple drug therapy and Sequential drug therapy. Several studies have shown that the sequential therapy has higher eradication rates of H. pylori than the standard triple drug therapy and since proper study on sequential drug therapy and standard triple drug therapy is still lacking in Nepal, this study is attempted to compare efficacy of Sequential Drug Therapy in the eradication of H. pylori in gastritis with respect to the Standard triple drug therapy.
Objective To investigate the efficacy of Triple Drug Therapy and Sequential Drug Therapy in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori with respect to Antigen Stool test.
Method This study was the prospective study conducted in 62 patients attending the Department of Gastroenterology, Dhulikhel Hospital, meeting the inclusion criteria who were confirmed as H. pylori positive by histopathology and stool antigen test. Patients were randomized into two groups. One group prescribed with Standard triple drug regimen and another group with Sequential drug regimen. Eradication of H. pylori infection was confirmed by repeating the stool antigen test at least five weeks after the completion of the regimen.
Result Among the 62 participants included in this study, 54.5% of them were males. Among the study population, the eradication achieved by standard triple drug therapy was 87.8% and 89.6% with Sequential drug therapy. Higher numbers (82.3%) of patients were compliant to the prescribed medication. Forgetfulness was the main reason for missing the dose (91%) of the non-compliant patients.
Conclusion The study revealed an equal efficacy of both Standard Triple drug regimen and Sequential drug regimen in the eradication of H. pylori infection. Further, Stool antigen test can be preferred as a non-invasive test, for diagnosis of H. pylori infection, monitoring the response to treatment and in epidemiological studies.
Pattern of Medicine Prescribing in PHC Facilities before and after earthquake in Nepal
Authors: Bhuju Gajendra Bahadur , Kafle Kumud Kumar , Prasad Radha Raman , Rajbhandari Vabha , DC Gorkha Bahadur , Karkee Shiba Bahadur , Shrestha Bimal Man , Pradhananga Praful 
Published: February 2021

Introduction: On April and May 2015, Nepal experienced two earthquakes. Many studies have focused on acute care delivery, disease outbreaks, mental health issues, and disaster relief post-earthquakes. Few others have looked at psychiatric medication prescription and health aid distribution pattern, only one study has addressed the effects of an earthquake on medication prescribing patterns and compared them to the post earthquake setting. This paper aims to examine common health problems and prescribing practices before and after the earthquake.
Methods: This descriptive retrospective study was conducted within seven randomly selected health posts (HPs) located in the three most earthquake-affected districts of Bhaktapur, Kathmandu and Dhading. The patient records per month from each HP were selected from the out patient department (OPD) register by systematic random sampling for three months prior and three months after the earthquake. There were 584 and 654 encounters in the pre and post earthquake period respectively. Each patient record was analysed using WHO drug use indicators and national treatment guidelines.
Results: A significant decrease in encounters receiving antibiotics and cases receiving albendazole alone in worm infestation was found in the post-earthquake period. A significant increase in prescribing antibiotics in cases of common cold was found.
Conclusions: The common health problems were similar in both periods. However, prescribing practices were changed. As prescriptions related to mental health problems were lacking, there is a need for improving mental health education to the health workers.
Organizational Justices and Employees' Demography: Empirical Evidence form Nepalese Employees
Authors: Bhattarai Ganesh 
Published: January 2021

In the context of controversial empirical evidences regarding the effect of demographic variables on organizational justices, this study was carried out to measure the (a) employees' perceived organizational justice within the different demographic groups, and (b) the impact of demographic aspects (i.e., sex, tenure, and education) on organizational justices. Five hundred forty-six employees working in Nepalese commercial banks were taken as the sample. Perceptual cross-sectional data were analyzed quantitatively using both descriptive and inferential statistics. This study revealed that the average level of perceived justices was more than fifty percentages on five-point Likert-type scales, indicating they did not feel injustice. Females than males, temporary than permanent, and master's degree holders than bachelor's degree holders perceive less distributive justice. Likewise, female than male, permanent than temporary, master's degree holders than higher or lesser degree holders perceive less procedural justice. Similarly, regarding interactive justice, male than female, temporary than permanent, and master's degree holders than bachelor's degree holders feel comparatively less honesty, courtesy, respect, and politeness in their working relationship. Some empirical and theoretical implications are suggested.
THEATER AND THEATRICALITY IN THEIR RELATION TO HISTORY AND THE ARTS IN THE NOVELS OF VLADIMIR SHAROV
Authors: Gabrielova Amina 
Published: February 2021

Vladimir Sharov (1952–2018), a distinguished contemporary Russian writer, published nine quasi historical novels. Each of his novels suggests a different semi-fantastical version of Russian history that is locked into continuing cycles or - to use Sharov’s preferred word - “rehearsals” of violence. Theater and performance are a recurring theme in Sharov’s prose.
In Before and During [До и во время], one of the main characters is Alexander Scriabin. In The Rehearsals [Репетиции] Patriarch Nikon orders a play – a mystery-play about Easter — in which the amateur peasant actors are assigned roles from the Bible and replay these roles for generations. In Should Not I Spare [Мне ли не пожалеть], the opening section shows characters participating in Chekhov’s plays, and the main part of the narration tells the story of staging an oratorio. In the last two novels, several of the protagonists are theater directors. This article argues that for Sharov, theater is an apt metaphor for history and a basic ontological principle, because theater is an experience that can be documented but is never reproduced in exactly the same form. The article examines how Sharov brings out the power of the playwright, director, and actor to implement multiple and different scripts and life stories. Life and art in his works imitate each other through a constant multiplication of versions or rehearsals - “rehearsals” in its expanded sense as reinterpretations, revisions, rewritings, and continuations.
INTEGRASI MEDIA MNC GROUP DALAM MENINGKATKAN EFISIENSI DAN KOMPETISI DI PASAR BISNIS INDUSTRI MEDIA PENYIARAN
Authors: Razali Geofakta 
Published: February 2021

Jurnal ini memberikan pemahaman tentang integrase yang terjadi pada media khususnya MNC Group. Integrasi tersebut berhasil memberikan improvisasi pada efisiensi. Persaingan pasar industry media menjadi sebuat ketentuan yang menjadi landasan berpacunya media untuk menjadi sebuah holding dan saling menunjang dari sisi satu dan sisi lainnya. Penulis menggunakan teori SCP untuk melihat bagaimana struktur media, perilaku media, dan performancenya untuk mencapai sebuah konsep bisnis industry media yang sempurnaThis thesis analyzes MNC Media at the viewside of media group in Indonesia with through the time and had raced into the largest integration media group in Southeast Asia. To analyze the efficiency and the competition that created by MNC Media Group, actually, researchers try to analyze based on the theory. That theory is Industrial Organization owned media Kranenburg. This theory explains how Structure, Conduct and Performance of a media become into a value chain to survive in the competition group media today we called is integration. There is also a research concept by adding strategy concepts of business broadcast media industry. The indicator used to measure and analyze the success rate occurred partly based on data media with the large revenue increase profit margins, many advertisers, competition audience share, and the company's efficiency.Keywords: Integration, MNC Media Group, Efficiency, Competition, Industry Media Broadcasting Business
Penayangan Reka Ulang Adegan Kriminalitas Dalam Pandangan Penonton (Studi Kasus Rekonstruksi Trans7)
Authors: Susilowati Susilowati , Kussanti Devy Putri 
Published: February 2021

Pada awalnya kembali lagi hanya sebagai media pemberi informasi, tetapi televisi tidak cukup hanya menyuguhkan berita atau news saja. Kini media televisi juga berperan sebagai media edukasi, media dakwah, media bisnis, media belanja. Salah satu program televisi adalah program reka ulang adegan kriminalitas, yaitu menggambarkan kembali tempat kejadian perkara di beberapa stasiun televisi, membuat masyarakat mengetahui lebih detail dan lebih jelas tentang peristiwa dan adegan tindakan kriminal yang dilakukan oleh seseorang. Di antaranya adalah program "rekonstruksi" yang disiarkan oleh stasiun televisi Trans7, di mana siaran itu dikemas dalam bentuk drama dan menceritakan kronologi rinci kasus-kasus kriminal yang terjadi. Program tersebut menimbulkan berbagai pandangan masyarakat baik pro maupun kontra. Untuk itu, penulis melakukan penelitian metode penelitian dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, menggunakan metode observasi non-partisipan dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian ini adalah program " Rekonstruksi Trans7 " dapat dijadikan modus kejahatan karena modus kejahatan secara eksplisit / jelas digambarkan dalam setiap episodenya dan secara tidak langsung berdampak pada psikologis massa yang sangat luas,dikarenakan ditayangkan setiap hari dengan menampilkan beragam modus dari setiap kronologis yang diceritakan dan menayangkannya dengan nuansa yang mudah dipahami masyarakat, serta acara tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai acara yang memberikan pembelajaran kepada pemirsa tentang tingkat kesadaran masyarakat terhadap kejahatan
Analisis Dramatistic Pentad Unsur Konsumerisme Dalam Film They Live 1988
Authors: Satjakoesoemah Alan , Rizky Sarah Vania , Sharinta Elviera Joelanda 
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik analisa pentad dramatisme Kenneth Burke. Di penelitian ini, meneliti film They Live yang mengandung adegan-adegan yang menggambarkan bagaimana konsumerisme mempengaruhi kehidupan masyarakat dan terdapat relevansi tentang apa yang digambarkan di dalam film They Live pada tahun 1988 tersebut dengan realita era masa kini. Penelitian ini mengkritik konsumerisme, suatu pemahaman yang dimana individu atau kelompok secara sadar melakukan kegiatan konsumsi barang-barang hasil produksi yang berlebihan, kemudian menumbuhkan efek candu pada manusia terhadap suatu produk yang berakibat pada sulitnya menghilangkan sifat ketergantungan dan candu pada produk itu. Hal tersebut sama seperti yang dikemukakan oleh Jean Baudrillard sebagai kritik terhadap konsumerisme bahwa terdapat realita semu pada masyarakat posmodern. Namun tanpa disadari, nilai-nilai tersebut sudah menyebar luas dalam berbagai media massa, salah satunya film. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut penulis melakukan kajian terhadap film They Live guna melihat bagaimana film tersebut menggambarkan unsur konsumerisme.
LA PRUEBA EN EL PROCESO DE LA LEY 18.507 UN ENFOQUE FORENSE
Authors: Bernasconi Mariella 
Published: January 2021

El presente trabajo aborda prueba en el proceso de la Ley 18.507 del 26 de Junio de 2009 de pequeñas causas derivadas de relaciones de consumo, la consecuencia de lo que establece el art.3 de la citada ley donde establece que no es obligatorio el patrocinio de un letrado, esto es, que el consumidor puede promover este proceso sin asistencia letrada. Varias son las consecuencias, una de ellas la desigualdad del consumidor en el proceso, errores formales y procedimentales que el consumidor no tiene por qué conocer, al no estar asistido por un abogado, donde se advierte esta desigualdad y la necesidad que sea patrocinado por un letrado y en la prueba tanto en el ofrecimiento como en su diligenciamiento, sumado a eso la comparecencia a audiencia que es obligatoria y al esconocer el derecho no comparece y su pretensión no es admitida o se lo tiene desistido el proceso. Es así que abordaremos el análisis desde la perspectiva forense, de la aplicación en la práctica de la Ley 18.507 y las dificultades en el ofrecimiento de los medios probatorios en este proceso de pequeñas causas de relaciones de consumo.