bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Error-free PAM-4 transmission by a high-speed plastic optical fiber without forward error correction
Authors: Koike Yasuhiro , Muramoto Kenta 
Published: July 2021

This Letter reports, to the best of our knowledge, the first study in which error-free four-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-4) transmission has been achieved using a graded-index plastic optical fiber (GI POF) without the use of forward error correction (FEC) techniques, at a high data rate (

>

50

G
b

/

s

), for short-reach applications (10 m). The GI POF that is developed has the characteristic microscopic heterogeneities in the fiber core material, which provide distinct mode coupling and significantly stabilize PAM-4 data transmission. The results of the study in this Letter indicate that the GI POF achieves highly stable PAM-4 transmission without the need for the current FEC techniques, which seriously increase the communication delay and power consumption of the transmission systems. Our GI POF material is paving the way for “material changes the system” approaches for achieving unprecedented optical interconnects in real time at a high speed and with low power consumption.
Molecular approach to the epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis in France
Authors: Gillardie Marie-Laure , Babba Oussama , Mahinc Caroline , Duthel Maureen , de Bengy Claire , Morineaud Clotilde , Rivollier Elisabeth , Flori Pierre 
Published: July 2021

Background
The diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis is based on the complementarity of serological technique and microscopic examination (ME). Between 2015 and 2019, the number of urinary schistosomiasis tests received in our laboratory increased sharply from 300 to 900 per year.
Therefore, we wanted to evaluate the reliability of urine microscopic examination (ME, reference and routine technique) from urine sample by comparing it to other techniques (antigenic technique and PCR). To this end, we optimized two real-time PCRs targeting respectively Schistosoma haematobium (Sh) and Schistosoma mansoni (Sm).

Methodology/Principal findings
914 urine samples from 846 patients suspected of urogenital schistosomiasis were prescribed and analyzed by PCR and also by antigenic technique for the first 143 samples. The antigenic technique evaluated was Schisto POC-CCA, Rapid Medical Diagnostics. These results (antigenic technique and PCR) were compared to ME which was performed from all urines.
The percentage of 14% (128/914) positive cases with the PCR technique and the percentage of 6.0% (54/914) positive cases with ME is significantly different (Chi 2 test, p<0.001). These 128 positive PCRs correspond to 120 different patients, 88.3% (106/120) of them were young migrants and 11.7% (14/120) were French patients returning from travel. Among these migrants, more than 75% (80/106) came from French-speaking West Africa.
In addition, the Schisto POC-CCA showed a specificity of 39% (46/117), too poor to be used as a screening tool in low or non-endemic areas.

Conclusion/Significance
Targeted Sh and Sm PCRs in urine are reliable techniques compared to ME (reference technique). In view of our results, we decided to screen urinary schistosomiasis by direct ME always coupled by the PCR technique, which has shown better reliability criteria.
Misyjne nauczanie Jana Pawła II podczas pielgrzymek do Polski
Authors: Adamiak Grzegorz 
Published: July 2021

During his pilgrimages to his homeland, John Paul II was teaching his countrymen about the problems specifi c to the Church in Poland, but also to the whole Church. One of these themes was the missions ad gentes. The Pope noticed and pointed out on the example of the history of his nation that missions built Polish statehood and shaped Polish culture. He called for this process to be recognized in the history of Europe as a whole and to recognize in evangelization the factor that builds and defi nes its true identity. He showed that missions help imbue human culture with a supernatural element. He recalled the truth about the missionary nature of the Church and the missionary vocation of all its members. Responsibility and cooperation in the missionary work was for John Paul II one of the forms of the “imagination of mercy.” Appealing to his countrymen for missionary generosity and commitment, he also pointed to the fi gures who were involved in the animation of the missionary work in the Polish and universal Church. In his teaching in Poland, he recalled the missionary task of the Church community and of each and every faithful.
Działalność Zgromadzenia Sióstr Służebniczek Najświętszej Maryi Panny Niepokalanie Poczętej jako realizacja misyjnego posłannictwa Kościoła
Authors: Machalski Jędrzej 
Published: July 2021

Since the apostolic times, the Church has continuously fulfi lled the invitation addressed by Jesus to his disciples: Go ye into all the world, and preach the Gospel to every creature (Mark 16:15). The Second Vatican Council, writing about the missionary nature of the Church, clearly emphasized the importance of the task of bringing the Good News to all people on Earth. This mission includes the activity of the Sisters Servants of the Holy and Immaculate Virgin Mary, a congregation founded by blessed Edmund Bojanowski. Although the congregation was not established with missionary work in mind, the fi rst Sisters left Poland as early as 1928, realizing the deep missionary awareness that had always been present in Bojanowski. Currently, the Sisters work almost on all continents, running schools and nurseries for children, serving the sick in clinics and hospitals, working for charity, parishes and pastoral care. The spring months faced the Sisters with the challenge of dealing with the covid-19 virus epidemic, which aff ected, among others, the functioning of the hospitals and schools run by the Sisters, putting many children in poor health at risk because of the conditions in which they live. The Sisters often added a request for prayer and support to the current news published on the Internet. Although due to the epidemic, the departures of volunteers became impossible, many people of good will supported and continue to support the missionary activity of the Sisters, remembering the words ofChrist: Truly I say to you, to the extent that you did it to one of these brothers of Mine, even the least of them, you did it to Me (Matthew 25:40).
Thought, Choice, and Other Causes in Aristotle’s Account of Luck
Authors: Kress Emily 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn Physics 2.4–6, Aristotle offers an account of things that happen “by luck” (ἀπὸ τύχης) and “spontaneously” (ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτομάτου). Many of these things are what we might think of as “lucky breaks”: cases where things go well for us, even though we don’t expect them to. In Physics 2.5, Aristotle illustrates this idea with the case of a man who goes to the market for some reason unrelated to collecting a debt he is owed (197a17–8). While he is there, this man just so happens to run into his debtor and get his money back—which is what he “wanted” all along (196a4). This case has a number of features that have proved puzzling. Most notably, Aristotle seems to think that while “it happened accidentally to him to come and to do this for the sake of getting the money”, nevertheless the man “did not come for the sake of this”—though he “would have” (196b34–6). What must such a proceeding be like to be described in these ways? Physics 2.4–6 makes several important moves towards answering this question. One of them—among the earliest and seemingly a foundational one—is the claim that “for the sake of something are as many things as could be done by thought and by nature” (196b21–2). The aim of this paper is to identify the role that this claim plays in Aristotle’s account of spontaneous proceedings. It defends two main claims. First, Aristotle’s suggestion that spontaneous proceedings could be done by nature and by thought is the product of a more general strategy. His approach is to sketch an intuitive pattern of explanation for proceedings that happen for the sake of something in the ordinary—non-spontaneous—way, and then to try to extend that model to the case of things that do so spontaneously, preserving as much of it as possible. Applying this strategy reveals that whereas nature and thought in fact function as efficient causes of ordinary proceedings that are for the sake of something, this cannot be the case in spontaneous ones. Instead, nature and thought could function as their causes. Second, I argue that Aristotle’s implementation of this strategy is rooted in his account of causation and especially Physics 2.3’s list of “modes” (τρόποι) of causes. When he claims that spontaneous proceedings “could” be done by nature and by thought, he is saying that nature (in natural cases) and thought (in practical ones) are their efficient causes in capacity. In the practical case, spontaneous proceedings are caused by agents who have certain capacities, connected with their desires and abilities. In the right circumstances, these agents would actively exercise those capacities in acting for the sake of a given end.
Different light and temperature requirements for survival and growth in three species of Kallymeniaceae (Rhodophyta) from the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Rodríguez-Prieto Conxi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Laboratory experiments have shown that light and temperature requirements are critical determining factors for thallus survival and growth of three Mediterranean Kallymeniaceae (Rhodophyta): Verlaquea lacerata, Croisettea requienii, and Meredithia microphylla, and explain their current bathymetric and habitat distribution. Verlaquea lacerata is annual and survived more than 1.5 years in culture, while C. requienii and M. microphylla are perennial and survived more than four and nine years in culture, respectively. The maximum survival was observed at 20–50 µmol photon m−2 s−1 and 10 and 12 °C within an 8:16 h light:dark regime for the three species, while a strong decrease in survival was observed at temperatures of 24 and 26 °C, indicating a weak tolerance to warming temperatures in the Mediterranean. The maximum value of the rate of daily marginal extension per initial surface area was similar in the three species: 0.017 day−1 for V. lacerata (10 °C/8:16 h light:dark regime/10 µmol photon m−2 s−1), 0.021 day−1 for C. requienii (18 °C/14:10 h light:dark regime/10 µmol photon m−2 s−1), and 0.017 day−1 for M. microphylla (12 °C/8:16 h light:dark regime/20 µmol photon m−2 s−1). The experiments permitted the establishment of culture conditions for the target species, and the successful culture of marginal fragments indicates the possibility of indefinitely maintaining the species in the laboratory for bioconservation purposes.
Autonomy in Transactions
Authors: Gutmann Thomas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The article presents a ‘critique from within’ of Peter Benson’s book ‘Justice in Transactions’, while sharing its premise that a theory of contract has to be liberal one. It identifies three problems with Benson’s answer to the question of how the relation between freedom and equality in contract law should be understood. It criticizes Benson’s Hegelian metaphysics and claims that a principle of mutual recognition and respect between juridical persons does not require that contracts only allow the alienation and appropriation of different things of the quantitatively same value. It demonstrates that Rawls’s idea of a ‘division of labor’ within principles of justice is more plausible than Benson’s reformulated account, which loses sight of the premise that a liberal theory of contract must locate the normative foundations of ‘contract’ in individual rights, and, in addition, is at odds with Rawls’s project in ‘Political Liberalism’ and its concept of public justification.
Justice in Transactions: A Public Basis for Justifying Contract Law?
Authors: Hesselink Martijn W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper challenges Peter Benson’s claim that his theory of justice in transactions can provide a public basis of justification in the Rawlsian sense specifically worked out for contract law. It argues that Benson’s distinct conception of the contracting parties and their relationships makes it an unlikely candidate for public justification in contemporary liberal democracies that are characterized by the fact of a reasonable pluralism of worldviews. Moreover, Benson’s method of deriving principles of contractual justice from existing contract law doctrines and principles risks pre-empting any critical potential for normative contract theory. In addition, its quasi universalism seems difficult to match with the political autonomy of citizens in democratic societies. Finally, Benson’s understanding of contract law as separate from politics appears at odds, not merely with Rawlsian political justice, but with the very idea of public justification.
Nanoreactors: properties, applications and characterization
Authors: Syah Rahmad , Zahar Marziah , Kianfar Ehsan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Nanoreactors are a type of chemical reactor that is used mostly in nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology. These unique reactors are critical to the operation of a nano foundry, which is essentially a foundry that produces goods on a nanoscale. Active sites, such as transitional metal species, can also be added to nanoreactors. In this situation, the NR’s limited area might impact reaction rate and mechanism by increasing the contacts between reactants and active sites and changing the concentration of the reactant at the active site. Immobilization of chiral active centers inside porous materials has received a lot of interest in this context, and there have been a lot of publications proving the benefits of nano space confinement in chemical processes. The specific mechanism in which enantioselectivities are strengthened has been clarified using molecular dynamics simulations. Nanoreactors are nanometer-sized chambers with the potential to improve chemical conversions by shielding catalysts from external effects and encapsulating reactors and catalysts in a tiny space for an extended period of time. Natural and synthetic nanoreactors are the two types of nanoreactors that can be found in general. The first group has a more selective function while also having a more complicated structure, whereas the second group has more variation and a simpler structure. Synthetic nanoreactors have so far been made with a variety of molecules and large types of molecules. The space inside the nanoreactors is a good environment for the production of various nanostructures, in addition to a wide range of chemical reactions. When chemical reactions are carried out in confined spaces with nanometer dimensions and micrometer volumes, the kinetics and the entire process path are altered. Nanoreactors are restricted areas used to execute specialized chemical processes. In the cells of living organisms, numerous simultaneous reactions are based on the same concept. As a result, various biological and chemical structures with nanoreactor characteristics are used in this strategy.
Evaluating probabilistic forecasts of football matches: the case against the ranked probability score
Authors: Wheatcroft Edward 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A scoring rule is a function of a probabilistic forecast and a corresponding outcome used to evaluate forecast performance. There is some debate as to which scoring rules are most appropriate for evaluating forecasts of sporting events. This paper focuses on forecasts of the outcomes of football matches. The ranked probability score (RPS) is often recommended since it is ‘sensitive to distance’, that is it takes into account the ordering in the outcomes (a home win is ‘closer’ to a draw than it is to an away win). In this paper, this reasoning is disputed on the basis that it adds nothing in terms of the usual aims of using scoring rules. A local scoring rule is one that only takes the probability placed on the outcome into consideration. Two simulation experiments are carried out to compare the performance of the RPS, which is non-local and sensitive to distance, the Brier score, which is non-local and insensitive to distance, and the Ignorance score, which is local and insensitive to distance. The Ignorance score outperforms both the RPS and the Brier score, casting doubt on the value of non-locality and sensitivity to distance as properties of scoring rules in this context.
Serum intact fibroblast growth factor 23 in healthy paediatric population
Authors: Stanczyk Malgorzata , Chrul Slawomir , Wyka Krystyna , Tkaczyk Marcin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Introduction
It is believed that fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) can become an early biomarker of chronic kidney disease progression. Data on FGF23 age dependency are inconsistent. We present the results of the cross-sectional study concerning FGF23 levels in healthy Polish children.

Material and methods
This study was conducted in 121 children aged 0–18 years. Kidney function and intact FGF23 levels in serum were assessed. Differences between age groups and according to gender were analysed.

Results
The difference in FGF23 between age groups and according to gender was statistically insignificant. In the youngest and the oldest group, a trend to higher FGF23 levels was observed. FGF23 level in girls tended to be higher than boys, apart from the age group between 1 and 4 years. There was a negative correlation between eGFR and FGF23 (r = −0.26, p < 0.05) – strong in girls (r = −0.38, p < 0.05), but not in boys. In each age group, we found no significant correlation between eGFR and FGF23.

Conclusions
Our study supports the evidence that the FGF23 level in paediatric population is not age or sex dependent. The results can serve as a reference point under clinical conditions and for other studies on the topic.
Expanding Field-Archaeology Education: The Integration of 3D Technology into Archaeological Training
Authors: Derudas Paola , Berggren Åsa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis contribution analyses and discusses the use of 3D technology in education and learning. Basing the discussion on a case study performed during two seasons of a field school for 1st-year archaeology students, we explore how to expand traditional didactic programs by developing and testing a web-based system for educational purposes. We examine how these technologies can be used as educational means and supporting tools during an excavation; how universities can incorporate these technologies into pedagogy. We investigate whether the combination of these technologies with a successful pedagogical theory could promote students’ comprehension of the reflexive approach and engagement with the interpretative process.We introduced the students to a complete excavation methodology, including excavation, documentation, data management, and interpretation. Alongside the traditional documentation, a digital approach was added, with 3D technologies and an Interactive Visualisation System that allows fully three-dimensional reasoning from the beginning and throughout the whole archaeological process. Preliminary results show that students easily incorporate 3D documentation into their toolbox for analysing and visualising the material and understand both the possibilities and limitations of the system. However, we identified some limitations in the students’ use of the system. Together with the students’ feedback, we will use them to develop it further and discuss its use in education.
Las repercusiones de la apertura económica de Cuba con Estados Unidos en el contexto de las relaciones internacionales
Authors: Agramón-Mata Juan Francisco , Lechuga-Cardozo Jorge Isaac , Arjona-Granados María del Pilar 
Published: July 2021

This article is a bibliographic review aiming to show evidence of the repercussions of Cuba’s economic opening with the United Statesfrom the International Relations perspective. A qualitative approach was applied in which the analytical method was used through a documentary-bibliographic cross-sectional review. The research identifies a rupture in diplomatic and trade relations between Cuba and the United States affecting the dynamics of inter-American international relations. It concludes that despite the agreement in 2014 between Washington and Havana, the Trump’s government kept several acts of hostility that negatively affect this agreement; therefore, cooperation opportunities should be sought to improve bilateral relations.
América Latina: Una deuda pendiente de la política exterior de India
Authors: Baroni Paola Andrea 
Published: July 2021

Prime Minister Modi injected a new dynamism in conducting India’s external relations assuming an influential role in regional and international issues. Since he was elected, he has traveled to almost all continents but only visiting Latin America twice under multilateral meetings. Latin America offers diverse opportunities to India regarding food and energy security, investments, and South-South cooperation. However, India shows benign negligence towards the region. In this article, Modi’s foreign policy is analyzed with a particular interest in Latin America to identify opportunities and obstacles in the bilateral relation
La tercera edad en Latinoamérica y México. Un largo transitar entre la ciudadanía y las subciudadanías
Authors: Russo Juan , Klein Alejandro 
Published: July 2021

El objetivo de este artículo es elaborar una reflexión, desde una perspectiva analítica y crítica donde, consultando fuentes originales, se intenta situar aspectos paradójicos que detectan procesos de ciudadanía emergente en los adultos mayores de América Latina, los que sin embargo se siguen situando en contextos de alta vulnerabilidad social e insertos en procesos de sub-ciudadanía. La metodología se centra en una revisión bibliográfica del tema. El marco teórico surge de la teoría política, así como se utilizan referentes demográficos y otros provenientes de la teoría social. Como conclusiones se señala que por el momento y paradojalmente coexisten dos situaciones antagónicas: por un lado. el tránsito a nítidos procesos de ciudadanía, y por otro, el mantenimiento de situaciones de alta vulnerabilidad social, familiar y social, que señalan por el contrario procesos de sub-ciudadanía; es decir, una tercera edad latinoamericana en franco proceso de vaivén entre procesos de empoderamiento novedosos y la multiplicación de situaciones de desamparo preocupantes.