bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
R-process enhancements of Gaia-Enceladus in GALAH DR3
Authors: Matsuno Tadafumi , Hirai Yutaka , Tarumi Yuta , Hotokezaka Kenta , Tanaka Masaomi , Helmi Amina 
Published: April 2021

Context. The dominant site of production of r-process elements remains unclear despite recent observations of a neutron star merger. Observational constraints on the properties of the sites can be obtained by comparing r-process abundances in different environments. The recent Gaia data releases and large samples from high-resolution optical spectroscopic surveys are enabling us to compare r-process element abundances between stars formed in an accreted dwarf galaxy, Gaia-Enceladus, and those formed in the Milky Way.
Aims. Our aim is to understand the origin of r-process elements in Gaia-Enceladus.
Methods. We first constructed a sample of stars so that our study on Eu abundance is not affected by the detection limit. We then kinematically selected 76 Gaia-Enceladus stars and 81 in situ stars from the Galactic Archaeology with HERMES (GALAH) DR3, of which 47 and 55 stars, respectively, can be used to study Eu reliably.
Results. Gaia-Enceladus stars clearly show higher ratios of [Eu/Mg] than in situ stars. High [Eu/Mg] along with low [Mg/Fe] are also seen in relatively massive satellite galaxies such as the LMC, Fornax, and Sagittarius dwarfs. On the other hand, unlike these galaxies, Gaia-Enceladus does not show enhanced [Ba/Eu] or [La/Eu] ratios suggesting a lack of significant s-process contribution. From comparisons with simple chemical evolution models, we show that the high [Eu/Mg] of Gaia-Enceladus can naturally be explained by considering r-process enrichment by neutron-star mergers with delay time distribution that follows a power-law similar to type Ia supernovae but with a shorter minimum delay time.
Hepatic Trauma Interventions
Authors: Pillai Akshita S. , Kumar Girish , Pillai Anil K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe liver is the second most commonly involved solid organ (after spleen) to be injured in blunt abdominal trauma, but liver injury is the most common cause of death in such trauma. In patients with significant blunt abdominal injury, the liver is involved approximately 35 to 45% of the time. Its large size also makes it a vulnerable organ, commonly injured in penetrating trauma. Other than its position and size, the liver is surrounded by fragile parenchyma and its location under the diaphragm makes it vulnerable to shear forces during deceleration injuries. The liver is also a vascular organ made of large, thin-walled vessels with high blood flow. In severe hepatic trauma, hemorrhage is a common complication and uncontrolled bleeding is usually fatal. In fact, in patients with severe abdominal trauma, liver injury is the primary cause of death. This article reviews the clinical presentation of patients with liver injury, the grading system for such injuries that is most frequently used, and management of the patient with liver trauma.
Representation of Diagnosis and Nursing Interventions in OpenEHR Archetypes
Authors: Gomes Denilsen Carvalho , Abreu Nuno , Sousa Paulino , Moro Claudia , Carvalho Deborah Ribeiro , Cubas Marcia Regina 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Objective The study aimed to represent the content of nursing diagnosis and interventions in the openEHR standard.
Methods This is a developmental study with the models developed according to ISO 18104: 2014. The Ocean Archetype Editor tool from the openEHR Foundation was used.
Results Two archetypes were created; one to represent the nursing diagnosis concept and the other the nursing intervention concept. Existing archetypes available in the Clinical Knowledge Manager were reused in modeling.
Conclusion The representation of nursing diagnosis and interventions based on the openEHR standard contributes to representing nursing care phenomena and needs in health information systems.
W-band millimeter-wave back-scattering system for high wavenumber turbulence measurements in LHD
Authors: Tokuzawa T. , Tanaka K. , Tsujimura T. , Kubo S. , Emoto M. , Inagaki S. , Ida K. , Yoshinuma M. , Watanabe K. Y. , Tsuchiya H. , Ejiri A. , Saito T. , Yamamoto K. ,   LHD Experiment Group
Published: April 2021

A 90 GHz W-band millimeter-wave back-scattering system is designed and installed for measuring electron scale turbulence (k⊥ρs ∼ 40). A metal lens relay antenna is used for in-vessel beam focusing, and a beam diameter of less than 40 mm is achieved in the plasma core region. This antenna can be steered at an angle of 159° ± 6°, which almost covers the plasma radius. The estimated size of the scattering volume is ∼105 mm at the edge and 135 mm at the core, respectively. A 60 m corrugated waveguide is used to achieve a low transmission loss of ∼8 dB. A heterodyne detection system for millimeter-wave circuits with probing power modulation can distinguish the scattered signal from background noise.
A new tangential gamma-ray spectrometer for fast ion measurements in deuterium and deuterium–tritium plasmas of the Joint European Torus
Authors: Nocente M. , Craciunescu T. , Gorini G. , Kiptily V. , Tardocchi M. , Braic V. , Curuia M. , Dal Molin A. , Figueiredo J. , Giacomelli L. , Iliasova M. , Kazakov Y. , Khilkevitch E. , Marcer G. , Panontin E. , Rigamonti D. , Salewski M. , Shevelev A. , Soare S. , Zoita V. , Zychor I. ,   JET Contributors
Published: April 2021

A new tangential gamma-ray spectrometer has been developed for fast ion measurements in deuterium and deuterium–tritium plasmas of the Joint European Torus (JET). The instrument is based on a LaBr3 crystal with a photo-multiplier tube and replaces a pre-existing bismuth germanate detector, providing enhanced energy resolution and a counting rate capability in the MHz range. The line of sight is equipped with a LiH attenuator, which reduces the background due to 14 MeV neutron interactions with the crystal by more than two orders of magnitude and enables the observation of gamma-ray emission from confined α particles in JET deuterium–tritium plasmas. Thanks to its tangential line of sight, the detector can distinguish co- and counter-passing ions. The performance of the instrument is demonstrated through the results of recent JET fast ion experiments in deuterium plasmas.
On uniqueness of probability solutions of the Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation
Authors: Bogachev V. I. , Krasovitskii T. I. , Shaposhnikov S. V. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The paper gives a solution to the long-standing problem of uniqueness for probability solutions to the Cauchy problem for the Fokker- Planck-Kolmogorov equation with an unbounded drift coefficient and unit diffusion coefficient. It is proved that in the one-dimensional case uniqueness holds and in all other dimensions it fails. The case of nonconstant diffusion coefficients is also investigated.
Bibliography: 70 titles.
Predicting social tipping and norm change in controlled experiments
Authors: Andreoni James , Nikiforakis Nikos , Siegenthaler Simon 
Published: April 2021

SignificanceSocial tipping—instances of sudden change that upend social order—is rarely anticipated and usually understood only in hindsight. The ability to predict when societies will reach a tipping point has significant implications for welfare, especially when social norms are detrimental. In a large-scale laboratory experiment, we identify a model that accurately predicts social tipping and use it to address a long-standing puzzle: Why do norms sometimes persist when they are detrimental to social welfare? We show that beneficial norm change is often hindered by a desire to avoid the costs associated with transitioning to a new norm. We find that policies that help societies develop a common understanding of the benefits from change foster the abandonment of detrimental norms.
A guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19
Authors: Bazant Martin Z. , Bush John W. M. 
Published: April 2021

SignificanceAirborne transmission arises through the inhalation of aerosol droplets exhaled by an infected person and is now thought to be the primary transmission route of COVID-19. By assuming that the respiratory droplets are mixed uniformly through an indoor space, we derive a simple safety guideline for mitigating airborne transmission that would impose an upper bound on the product of the number of occupants and their time spent in a room. Our theoretical model quantifies the extent to which transmission risk is reduced in large rooms with high air exchange rates, increased for more vigorous respiratory activities, and dramatically reduced by the use of face masks. Consideration of a number of outbreaks yields self-consistent estimates for the infectiousness of the new coronavirus.
Harnessing psilocybin: antidepressant-like behavioral and synaptic actions of psilocybin are independent of 5-HT2R activation in mice
Authors: Hesselgrave Natalie , Troppoli Timothy A. , Wulff Andreas B. , Cole Anthony B. , Thompson Scott M. 
Published: April 2021

Significance
Psychedelic compounds, such as psilocybin, have beneficial actions in several psychiatric diseases. They also produce strong alterations of consciousness, which may be a barrier to their widespread use. We found that psilocybin has fast-acting antidepressant-like properties in mice. Using multiple assays of hedonic behavior and an antagonist of prohallucinatory 5-HT2A receptors, we further suggest that altered perception may not be necessary for its therapeutic actions. We also showed that psilocybin strengthens connections between brain cells in regions important for processing rewards and emotions. These experiments suggest that it may be possible to retain the beneficial actions of psilocybin while minimizing the alterations in consciousness, thereby accelerating its use in the clinic.
A translational riboswitch coordinates nascent transcription–translation coupling
Authors: Chatterjee Surajit , Chauvier Adrien , Dandpat Shiba S. , Artsimovitch Irina , Walter Nils G. 
Published: April 2021

Significance
Transcription–translation coupling is critical for fast and efficient gene expression in many bacteria, yet how coupling between RNA polymerase (RNAP) and ribosome is established and maintained is poorly understood. Combining biochemical and single-molecule fluorescence approaches, we here uncover the roles of nascent mRNA structure and transcription factors in coupling. We find that the inherently paused RNAP facilitates 30S ribosomal subunit recruitment, whereas ligand-induced translational riboswitch folding in the 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) impedes it. Transcription factors NusG and RfaH distinctly enhance 30S recruitment and retention, respectively, and actively translating 70S ribosome accelerates the leading RNAP. Taken together, our data yield a unifying dynamic model of transcription–translation coupling, promising to inspire new approaches for the design of antibiotics.
Modified empirical formulas and machine learning for α-decay systematics
Authors: Saxena G , Sharma P K , Saxena Prafulla 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Latest experimental and evaluated α-decay half-lives between 82 ⩽ Z ⩽ 118 have been used to modify two empirical formulas: (i) Horoi scaling law (2004 J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys.
30 945), and Sobiczewski formula (2005 Acta Phys. Pol. B
36 3095) by adding asymmetry dependent terms (I and I
2) and refitting of the coefficients. The results of these modified formulas are found with significant improvement while compared with other 21 formulas, and, therefore, are used to predict α-decay half-lives with more precision in the unknown superheavy region. The formula of spontaneous fission (SF) half-life proposed by Bao et al (2015 J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys.
42 085101) is further modified by using ground-state shell-plus-pairing correction taken from FRDM-2012 and using the latest experimental and evaluated SF half-lives between 82 ⩽ Z ⩽ 118. Using these modified formulas, contest between α-decay and SF is probed for the nuclei within the range 112 ⩽ Z ⩽ 118 and consequently probable half-lives and decay modes are estimated. Potential decay chains of 286−302Og and 287−303119 (168 ⩽ N ⩽ 184: island of stability) are analyzed which are found to be in excellent agreement with available experimental data. In addition, four different machine learning models: XGBoost, random forest, decision trees, and multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network are used to train a predictor for α-decay and SF half-lives prediction. The prediction of decay modes using XGBoost and MLP are found to be in excellent agreement with available experimental decay modes along with our predictions obtained by the above-mentioned modified formulas.
Comparing spontaneous and pellet-triggered ELMs via non-linear extended MHD simulations
Authors: Cathey A , Hoelzl M , Futatani S , Lang P T , Lackner K , Huijsmans G T A , Pamela S J P , Günter S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Injecting frozen deuterium pellets into an ELMy H-mode plasma is a well established scheme for triggering edge localized modes (ELMs) before they naturally occur. This paper presents non-linear simulations of spontaneous type-I ELMs and pellet-triggered ELMs in ASDEX Upgrade performed with the extended MHD code JOREK. A thorough comparison of the non-linear dynamics of these events is provided. In particular, pellet-triggered ELMs are simulated by injecting deuterium pellets into different time points during the pedestal build-up described in A Cathey et al (2020 Nuclear Fusion
60 124007). Realistic ExB and diamagnetic background plasma flows as well as the time dependent bootstrap current evolution are included during the build-up to accurately capture the balance between stabilising and destabilising terms for the edge instabilities. Dependencies on the pellet size and injection times are studied. The spatio-temporal structures of the modes and the resulting divertor heat fluxes are compared in detail between spontaneous and triggered ELMs. We observe that the premature excitation of ELMs by means of pellet injection is caused by a helical perturbation described by a toroidal mode number of n = 1. In accordance with experimental observations, the pellet-triggered ELMs show reduced thermal energy losses and a narrower divertor wetted area with respect to spontaneous ELMs. The peak divertor energy fluence is seen to decrease when ELMs are triggered by pellets injected earlier during the pedestal build-up.
Highly efficient few-cycle laser wakefield electron accelerator
Authors: Papp Daniel , Lécz Zsolt , Kamperidis Christos , Hafz Nasr A M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A significant part of the laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) research effort focuses on studying high-energy, quasi-monoenergetic electron beams. For other applications, such as the production and application of intense betatron x-ray radiation, Bremsstrahlung γ-rays and positron beams, the beam’s spectral quality is secondary to the number of electrons produced. This work discusses 3D particle-in-cell simulations of a highly efficient LWFA acceleration process, generating a broad spectrum of electrons, driven by a 12 TW few-cycle laser on high-density gas targets. In some cases, laser absorption in plasma exceeds 80%, and up to 27% of the driving laser energy is transferred to electrons over 20 MeV leaving the plasma. We also observe a deceleration of the accelerated beam at the plasma downramp and plasma exit, which arises from transitioning from laser-driven to beam-dominated wake, and also from the induced axial electric field. This effect is similar to magnetic vortex acceleration, where the induced axial electric field, instead of accelerating plasma ions, would slow down the opposite-charged electron beam and also a strong return current and backward electron beam.
Single-shot electron imaging of dopant-induced nanoplasmas
Authors: Medina C , Schomas D , Rendler N , Debatin M , Uhl D , Ngai A , Ben Ltaief L , Dumergue M , Filus Z , Farkas B , Flender R , Haizer L , Kiss B , Kurucz M , Major B , Toth S , Stienkemeier F , Moshammer R , Pfeifer T , Krishnan S R , Heidenreich A , Mudrich M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We present single-shot electron velocity-map images of nanoplasmas generated from doped helium nanodroplets and neon clusters by intense near-infrared and mid-infrared laser pulses. We report a large variety of signal types, most crucially depending on the cluster size. The common feature is a two-component distribution for each single-cluster event: a bright inner part with nearly circular shape corresponding to electron energies up to a few eV, surrounded by an extended background of more energetic electrons. The total counts and energy of the electrons in the inner part are strongly correlated and follow a simple power-law dependence. Deviations from the circular shape of the inner electrons observed for neon clusters and large helium nanodroplets indicate non-spherical shapes of the neutral clusters. The dependence of the measured electron energies on the extraction voltage of the spectrometer indicates that the evolution of the nanoplasma is significantly affected by the presence of an external electric field. This conjecture is confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations, which reproduce the salient features of the experimental electron spectra.
Ion kinetic effects on the evolution of Richtmyer–Meshkov instability and interfacial mix
Authors: Yan X X , Cai H B , Yao P L , Huang H X , Zhang E H , Zhang W S , Du B , Zhu S P , He X T 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Plasma effects, such as the multi-component kinetic diffusion and self-generated electromagnetic fields, are recognized as a pivotal key to understanding the physics of interface evolution in inertial confinement fusion and supernova remnants. In this work, a two-dimensional hybrid fluid-PIC code is used to investigate the ion kinetic effects of the single-mode Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) at the interface between hydrogen plasma and carbon plasma. After an electrostatic shockwave passing through the perturbed interface, the RMI, which reshapes the interface, grows via the vorticity depositing as well as the self-generated magnetic field. After scaling the growth of the interfacial mix region with time, the density transition layer has been found to exceed the disturbance wavelength and lead to a suppression of the instability evolution finally.
Study on NiO:Zn2+ films fabricated through dc magnetron reactive sputtering: substrate temperature-dependent microstructure pattern, optical and electrical properties
Authors: Meng Xue , Gao Xiaoyong , Li Binqi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Nickel oxide (NiO) films have potential applications in optical coatings, ultraviolet detectors, gas sensors and perovskite solar cells. The great improvement in electrical conduction is still critical for NiO films so far. NiO films are usually p-type conductive because of the native Ni vacancies and interstitials O. These native point defects make n-type NiO difficult to prepare. Even that, n-type NiO films with improved electrical conduction still need to be prepared for n-NiO-based heterojunction devices. Herein the face-centered cubic NiO:Zn2+ films are magnetron reactively sputtered on the glass substrates at different substrate temperatures (Tsub). The introduction of Zn2+ to NiO leads to the transition in conduction from p to n at 400 °C Tsub. The films are almost improved in crystallization with increase in Tsub, thereby reducing the point defect content i.e. the free carrier concentration. The resulting films are also improved in optical transmittance with increase in Tsub. The film’s optical energy gap is tunable in the range of 3.6 eV through 3.8 eV with Tsub.
Impact of thermophoretic particle deposition on heat and mass transfer across the dynamics of Casson fluid flow over a moving thin needle
Authors: Kumar R Naveen , Gowda R J Punith , Madhukesh J K , Prasannakumara B C , Ramesh G K 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this current study, the steady, two-dimensional flow of an incompressible Casson fluid along a horizontal thin moving needle is investigated. Influence of Soret/Dufour effect and thermophoretic particle deposition is considered to examine the heat and mass transport analysis. This model finds application in designing of new medical equipment’s for cell delivery to the central nervous system. The efficient Runge–Kutta Fehlberg fourth fifth order method by adopting shooting technique is employed to solve the reduced non-dimensional form of equations. The impact of several non-dimensional parameters on concentration, velocity and thermal fields are discussed with the help of suitable graphs. Also, friction factor, heat passage rate and thermophoretic particle deposition velocity are analyzed graphically. Results reveal that, increase in Dufour number declines heat transfer but opposite behaviour is depicted in mass transfer. The increasing values of thermophoretic parameter improves the mass transfer. Thermophoretic diffusive deposition velocity increases for rising values of thermophoretic parameter.
Probing the Atmospheric Precipitable Water Vapor with SOFIA, Part I, Measurements of the Water Vapor Overburden with FIFI-LS
Authors: Fischer C. , Iserlohe C. , Vacca W. , Fadda D. , Colditz S. , Fischer N. , Krabbe A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We report on the measurements of telluric water vapor made with the instrument FIFI-LS on SOFIA. Since November 2018, FIFI-LS has measured the water vapor overburden with the same measurement setup on each science flight with about 10 data points throughout the flight. This created a large sample of 469 measurements at different locations, flight altitudes and seasons. The paper describes the measurement principle in detail and provides some trend analysis on the 3 parameters. This presents the first systematic analysis with SOFIA based on in situ observations.
Toroidal modeling of runaway avalanche in DIII-D discharges
Authors: Liu Yueqiang , Li L. , Paz-Soldan C. , Parks P.B. , Lao L.L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A toroidal modeling tool is developed to study the runaway electron (RE) avalanche production process in tokamak plasmas, by coupling the Rosenbluth–Putvinski avalanche model (Rosenbluth and Putvinski 1997 Nucl. Fusion
37 1355) with an n = 0 magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) solver. Initial value numerical simulations are carried out for two DIII-D discharges with different plasma shapes (one near circular, and the other with high elongation). It is found that, assuming the same level of about 1% seed current level, the Rosenbluth–Putvinski model somewhat underestimates the RE plateau current for the circular-shaped plasma, as compared with that measured in DIII-D experiments. For an elongated, higher current plasma, simulations find strong runaway current avalanche production despite the lack of measured plateau RE current in experiments. A possible reason for this discrepancy is a lack of additional RE dissipation physics in the present two-dimensional model. Systematic scans of the plasma boundary shape, at fixed pre-disruption plasma current, find that the plasma elongation helps to reduce the RE avalanche production, confirming recent results obtained with an analytic model (Fülöp et al 2020 J. Plasma Phys.
86 474860101). The effect of the plasma triangularity (either positive or negative), on the other hand, has a minor effect. On the physics side, the avalanche process involves two competing mechanisms associated with the electric field. On the one hand, a stronger electric field produces a higher instantaneous avalanche growth rate. On the other hand, a fast growing RE current quickly reduces the fraction of the conduction current together with the electric field, and hence a faster dissipation of the poloidal flux. As a final result of these two dynamic processes, the runaway plateau current is not always the largest with the strongest initial electric field. These results lay the foundation for future self-consistent inclusion of the MHD dynamics and the RE amplification process.