bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International expert consensus on electronic nicotine delivery systems and heated tobacco products: a Delphi survey
Authors: Berlin Ivan , Jacot-Sadowski Isabelle , Humair Jean-Paul , Cornuz Jacques 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesTo provide a consensus from a panel of international experts about electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and heated tobacco products (HTP).DesignCross-sectional survey.MethodsA Delphi survey was conducted among international experts in tobacco control and smoking cessation. The first part addressed statements or recommendations about ENDS, the second about HTP, both divided into four categories: regulation, sale, use and general issues.SettingExperts from 15 countries.ParticipantsIndividuals with clinical, public health or research expertise in tobacco control and/or smoking cessation.Results268 experts were contacted, 92 (34%) completed the first, 55/92 (60%) the second round. Consensus for ENDS: components of e-liquids, an upper limit of nicotine concentration should be defined; a warning on the lack of evidence in long-term safety and addiction potential should be stated; ENDS should not be regulated as consumer products but either as a new category of nicotine delivery or tobacco products; ENDS should not be sold in general stores but in specialised shops, shops selling tobacco or in pharmacies with restriction on sale to minors; administration of illegal drugs is likely with ENDS. Consensus for HTP: HTP have the same addictive potential as cigarettes; they should be regulated as a tobacco product with similar warning messages as cigarettes; their advertisement should not be allowed. ENDS and HTP use should not be allowed in indoor public places; a specific tax should be implemented for ENDS, taxes on HTP should not be lower than those for cigarettes; use of cigarettes is more likely with both ENDS and HTP (dual use) than quitting smoking.ConclusionsExperts in tobacco control and/or smoking cessation recommend differential regulation for ENDS and HTP. The results of this survey may be useful for health authorities, decision makers and researchers of the tobacco use and cessation field.
Outcomes for surgical procedures funded by the English health service but carried out in public versus independent hospitals: a database study
Authors: Crothers Hannah , Liaqat Adiba , Reeves Katharine , Watson Samuel I , Gallier Suzy , Khunti Kamlesh , Bird Paul , Lilford Richard 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundThe outcomes of elective surgery in public versus Independent Sector Healthcare Providers (ISHPs) are a matter of policy relevance and theoretical interest.MethodsRetrospective study of all National Health Service (NHS) hospitals and ISHPs in England that provided NHS-funded elective surgery. We used data from the England-wide Hospital Episode Statistics to study 18 common surgical procedures performed between 2006 and 2019. In-hospital outcomes included length of stay, emergency transfers to another hospital or death. Posthospital outcomes included readmission or death within 28 days. Outcomes were compared for each operation type by propensity score matching and survival analysis.ResultsThe data set included 3 203 331 operations in 734 NHS hospitals and 468 259 operations in 274 ISHPs.In-hospital outcomes: Across all 18 included operation types, length of stay was significantly longer for patients treated in NHS hospitals compared with ISHPs. Effect sizes ranged from a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.15 (95% CI 1.72 to 2.68) for total hip replacement to 1.07 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.09) for wisdom tooth removal; a mean difference of 2.49 and 0.02 days, respectively.Postdischarge outcomes: Treatment at an ISHP was associated with a lower risk of emergency readmission compared with NHS treatment. HRs ranged from 0.36 (95% CI 0.28 to 0.46) for lumbar decompression to 0.75 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.85) for cholecystectomy; absolute risk differences of 1.5 and 1.3 percentage points. There was no difference in mortality.ConclusionElective surgery in an ISHP is associated with shorter lengths of stay and lower readmission rates than treatment in NHS hospitals across 18 operation types. The data were matched on observable covariates, but we cannot exclude selection bias due to unobserved confounders.
West Greenland Rifted Margin Composite Tectono-Sedimentary Element
Authors: Gregersen Ulrik , Knutz Paul C. , Hopper John R. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The West Greenland Rifted Margin Composite Tectono-Sedimentary Element is composed of two distinct sedimentary accumulations: (1) pre-rift (pre-Cretaceous) and (2) synrift (Early Cretaceous–Danian), which represent individual tectono-sedimentary elements. The pre-rift tectono-sedimentary element includes the oldest and most poorly known offshore sedimentary basins, which mainly evolved in a cratonic platform setting with initial rifting. In contrast, Cretaceous–lower Paleocene sedimentary basins of the synrift tectono-sedimentary element are known from several wells, outcrops and seabed samples, and basins are mapped in most parts of the margin. This element is the most prospective part of the margin, where hydrocarbon shows occur in some wells and seeps are known from outcrops in central West Greenland.
Wave Dark Matter
Authors: Hui Lam 
Published: September 2021

We review the physics and phenomenology of wave dark matter: a bosonic dark matter candidate lighter than about 30 eV. Such particles have a de Broglie wavelength exceeding the average interparticle separation in a galaxy like the Milky Way and are, thus, well described as a set of classical waves. We outline the particle physics motivations for such particles, including the quantum chromodynamics axion as well as ultralight axion-like particles such as fuzzy dark matter. The wave nature of the dark matter implies a rich phenomenology: ▪  Wave interference gives rise to order unity density fluctuations on de Broglie scale in halos. One manifestation is vortices where the density vanishes and around which the velocity circulates. There is one vortex ring per de Broglie volume on average. ▪  For sufficiently low masses, soliton condensation occurs at centers of halos. The soliton oscillates and undergoes random walks, which is another manifestation of wave interference. The halo and subhalo abundance is expected to be suppressed at small masses, but the precise prediction from numerical wave simulations remains to be determined. ▪  For ultralight ∼10−22eV dark matter, the wave interference substructures can be probed by tidal streams or gravitational lensing. The signal can be distinguished from that due to subhalos by the dependence on stream orbital radius or image separation. ▪  Axion detection experiments are sensitive to interference substructures for wave dark matter that is moderately light. The stochastic nature of the waves affects the interpretation of experimental constraints and motivates the measurement of correlation functions.Current constraints and open questions, covering detection experiments and cosmological, galactic, and black hole observations, are discussed.
The Novel Nucleoside Analogue ProTide NUC-7738 Overcomes Cancer Resistance Mechanisms In Vitro and in a First-In-Human Phase I Clinical Trial
Authors: Schwenzer Hagen , De Zan Erica , Elshani Mustafa , van Stiphout Ruud , Kudsy Mary , Morris Josephine , Ferrari Valentina , Um In Hwa , Chettle James , Kazmi Farasat , Campo Leticia , Easton Alistair , Nijman Sebastian , Serpi Michaela , Symeonides Stefan , Plummer Ruth , Harrison David J. , Bond Gareth , Blagden Sarah P. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
Nucleoside analogues form the backbone of many therapeutic regimens in oncology and require the presence of intracellular enzymes for their activation. A ProTide is comprised of a nucleoside fused to a protective phosphoramidate cap. ProTides are easily incorporated into cells whereupon the cap is cleaved and a preactivated nucleoside released. 3′-Deoxyadenosine (3′-dA) is a naturally occurring adenosine analogue with established anticancer activity in vitro but limited bioavailability due to its rapid in vivo deamination by the circulating enzyme adenosine deaminase, poor uptake into cells, and reliance on adenosine kinase for its activation. In order to overcome these limitations, 3′-dA was chemically modified to create the novel ProTide NUC-7738.

Experimental Design:
We describe the synthesis of NUC-7738. We determine the IC50 of NUC-7738 using pharmacokinetics (PK) and conduct genome-wide analyses to identify its mechanism of action using different cancer model systems. We validate these findings in patients with cancer.

Results:
We show that NUC-7738 overcomes the cancer resistance mechanisms that limit the activity of 3′-dA and that its activation is dependent on ProTide cleavage by the enzyme histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1. PK and tumor samples obtained from the ongoing first-in-human phase I clinical trial of NUC-7738 further validate our in vitro findings and show NUC-7738 is an effective proapoptotic agent in cancer cells with effects on the NF-κB pathway.

Conclusions:
Our study provides proof that NUC-7738 overcomes cellular resistance mechanisms and supports its further clinical evaluation as a novel cancer treatment within the growing pantheon of anticancer ProTides.
HIV Infection and the Risk of World Health Organization–Defined Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Freiberg Matthew S. , Duncan Meredith S. , Alcorn Charles , Chang Chung‐Chou H. , Kundu Suman , Mumpuni Asri , Smith Emily K. , Loch Sarah , Bedigian Annie , Vittinghoff Eric , So‐Armah Kaku , Hsue Priscilla Y. , Justice Amy C. , Tseng Zian H. 
Published: September 2021

Background
People living with HIV have higher sudden cardiac death (SCD) rates compared with the general population. Whether HIV infection is an independent SCD risk factor is unclear.

Methods and Results

This study evaluated participants from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study, an observational, longitudinal cohort of veterans with and without HIV infection matched 1:2 on age, sex, race/ethnicity, and clinical site. Baseline for this study was a participant's first clinical visit on or after April 1, 2003. Participants were followed through December 31, 2014. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we assessed whether HIV infection, CD4 cell counts, and/or HIV viral load were associated with World Health Organization (WHO)–defined SCD risk. Among 144 336 participants (30% people living with HIV), the mean (SD) baseline age was 50.0 years (10.6 years), 97% were men, and 47% were of Black race. During follow‐up (median, 9.0 years), 3035 SCDs occurred. HIV infection was associated with increased SCD risk (hazard ratio [HR], 1.14; 95% CI, 1.04–1.25), adjusting for possible confounders. In analyses with time‐varying CD4 and HIV viral load, people living with HIV with CD4 counts <200 cells/mm
3
(HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.28–1.92) or viral load >500 copies/mL (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.46–1.98) had increased SCD risk versus veterans without HIV. In contrast, people living with HIV who had CD4 cell counts >500 cells/mm
3
(HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.90–1.18) or HIV viral load <500 copies/mL (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87–1.09) were not at increased SCD risk.

Conclusions
HIV infection is associated with increased risk of WHO‐defined SCD among those with elevated HIV viral load or low CD4 cell counts.
Model Operations: Morphogenesis and the Design Process
Authors: Höfler Carolin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Since the emergence of digital design techniques in combination with so-called responsive materials, the concept of organic forms in architecture seems to be gaining a new quality. The resemblance to an organism should no longer apply only superficially but be inscribed in the materiality as well as in the history of origin and functioning. This article addresses these new transformative effects between architecture and biology. They are presented primarily in relation to the structural architecture of the 1960s and the computational architectural systems since the 1990s. One focus of architecture is on dynamic forms that adapt themselves to their environment by means of flexible materials and generative algorithms. Here, architecture as technically animated matter no longer involuntarily competes with creative nature but is seen as part of a reciprocal relationship. This reciprocal relationship is specified by recourse to various architectural models. The models’ approaches suggest that organic-looking forms are generated by simulated biological processes. The article examines this claim of the models from the perspective of the history of architecture and design. It shows how, since the mid-twentieth century, a renewal of architectural design practice has been sought by reformulating morphological questions at the intersection of biological and cybernetic discourses.
The Need for Studies on Oral Corticosteroids After Sialendoscopy for Obstructive Salivary Gland Disease: Systematic Review
Authors: Donaldson Gabriella , de Paiva Leite Sandro , Hardcastle Tim , Ahmad Zahoor , Morton Randall P. 
Published: September 2021

Objectives: This qualitative systematic review evaluates the evidence in support of the use of oral corticosteroids in patients undergoing sialendoscopy for the treatment of obstructive sialadenitis. Design: Qualitative systematic review. Methods: A literature search was conducted from January 1985 and September 2020. Inclusion criteria embraced peer-reviewed articles in which adult patients undergoing interventional sialendoscopy for obstructive salivary gland disease received oral corticosteroids. The results were initially screened based on title and abstract, and the remaining articles were reviewed for eligibility. Results: About 218 papers were selected by title and abstract, 96 were selected for full-text review, and 9 met the inclusion criteria. Eight published reports were retrospective observational studies and 1 was a prospective comparative study. Overall, the heterogeneity of clinical data stood out in this systematic review. The pooled success rate in the studies was 873/979 (89%). Only 5 studies described a rationale for oral corticosteroid use as part of the post-operative management. In 4 studies, a prednisone total daily dose of 40 to 50 mg was used. One study clearly showed a lower recurrence rate in patients who received oral steroids for more than 7 days in addition to sialendoscopy for management of ductal stenoses. Conclusion: This systematic review showed that most centers that prescribe oral corticosteroids after sialendoscopy are unaware of the specific results with this treatment. For ductal stenoses, only 1 paper clearly showed the benefits of oral corticosteroids after sialendoscopy but more high-quality evidence is required in the form of a comparative study or randomized controlled trial, with appropriate long-term follow up.
The expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in the vein wall following superficial venous thrombosis
Authors: Yu Guoting , Li Kun , Xu Yongbo , Chu Haibo , Zhan Hanxiang , Zhong Yuxu 
Published: September 2021

Objectives Superficial venous thrombosis (SVT) is the complications of varicose great saphenous veins (VGSVs), but its pathogenesis remains unclear. This study was designed to measure the changes in expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) from SVT, VGSVs, and great saphenous veins (GSVs). Methods In the venous walls of the three groups, the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 proteins, protein-positive expression ratios, mRNA expression, and protein expression were determined by immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, and western blot. Results The MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 protein-positive expression ratios, mRNA and protein expression in the SVT group were significantly higher than those in the VGSV and the GSV groups. The corresponding expression in the VGSV group were significantly higher than those in the GSV group. Conclusion Disequilibrium of MMPs and TIMPs in SVT wall occurs due to underlying high hydrostatic pressure and inflammation. These results suggested that MMPs and TIMPs participate in the process of venous wall remodeling.
Quadriceps Tendon Autograft Versus Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone and Hamstring Tendon Autografts for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Dai Wenli , Leng Xi , Wang Jian , Cheng Jin , Hu Xiaoqing , Ao Yingfang 
Published: September 2021

Background: The best type of autograft for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction remains debatable. Hypothesis: Compared with bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) and hamstring tendon (HT) autografts, the quadriceps tendon (QT) autograft has comparable graft survival as well as clinical function and pain outcomes. Study Design: Meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library to July 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies reporting comparisons of QT versus BPTB or HT autografts for ACL reconstruction were included. All analyses were stratified according to study design: RCTs or observational studies. Results: A total of 24 studies were included: 7 RCTs and 17 observational studies. The 7 RCTs included 388 patients, and the 17 observational studies included 19,196 patients. No significant differences in graft failure ( P = .36), the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective score ( P = .39), or the side-to-side difference in stability ( P = .60) were noted between QT and BPTB autografts. However, a significant reduction in donor site morbidity was noted in the QT group compared with the BPTB group (risk ratio [RR], 0.17 [95% CI, 0.09-0.33]; P < .001). No significant differences in graft failure ( P = .57), the IKDC subjective score ( P = .25), or the side-to-side stability difference ( P = .98) were noted between QT and HT autografts. However, the QT autograft was associated with a significantly lower rate of donor site morbidity than the HT autograft (RR, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.39-0.93]; P = .02). A similar graft failure rate between the QT and control groups was observed after both early and late full weightbearing, after early and late full range of motion, and after using the QT autograft with a bone plug and all soft tissue QT grafts. However, a significantly lower rate of donor site morbidity was observed in the QT group compared with the control group after both early and late full weightbearing, after early and late full range of motion, and after using the QT autograft with a bone plug and all soft tissue QT grafts. No difference in effect estimates was seen between RCTs and observational studies. Conclusion: The QT autograft had comparable graft survival, functional outcomes, and stability outcomes compared with BPTB and HT autografts. However, donor site morbidity was significantly lower with the QT autograft than with BPTB and HT autografts.
Rehabilitation and Return to Sport Criteria Following Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kemler Bryson R. , Rao Somnath , Willier Donald P. , Jack Robert A. , Erickson Brandon J. , Cohen Steven B. , Ciccotti Michael G. 
Published: September 2021

Background: Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction (UCLR) is a viable treatment option for patients with UCL insufficiency, especially in the overhead throwing athlete. Within the clinical literature, there is still no universally agreed upon optimal rehabilitation protocol and timing for return to sport (RTS) after UCLR. Hypothesis: There will be significant heterogeneity with respect to RTS criteria after UCLR. Most surgeons will utilize time-based criteria rather than functional or performance-based criteria for RTS after UCLR. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: All level 1 to 4 studies that evaluated UCLR with a minimum 1-year follow-up were eligible for inclusion. Studies lacking explicit RTS criteria, studies that treated UCL injury nonoperatively or by UCL repair, or studies reporting revision UCLR were excluded. Each study was analyzed for methodologic quality, RTS, timeline of RTS, and RTS rate. Results: Overall, 1346 studies were identified, 33 of which met the inclusion criteria. These included 3480 athletes across 21 different sports. All studies reported RTS rates either as overall rates or via the Conway-Jobe scale. Timelines for RTS ranged from 6.5 to 16 months. Early bracing with progressive range of motion (ROM) (93.9%), strengthening (84.8%), and participation in an interval throwing program (81.8%) were the most common parameters emphasized in these rehabilitation protocols. While all studies included at least 1 of 3 metrics for the RTS value assessment, most commonly postoperative rehabilitation (96.97%) and set timing after surgery (96.97%), no article completely defined RTS criteria after UCLR. Conclusion: Overall, 93.9% of studies report utilizing bracing with progressive ROM, 84.8% reported strengthening, and 81.8% reported participation in an interval throwing program as rehabilitation parameters after UCLR. In addition, 96.97% reported timing after surgery as a criterion for RTS; however, there is a wide variability within the literature on the recommended time from surgery to return to activity. Future research should focus on developing a comprehensive checklist of functional and performance-based criteria for safe RTS after UCLR.
Understanding the Outcomes of the China–England Mathematics Teacher Exchange: Observations of a Shanghai Teacher
Authors: Shi (史加祥) Jiaxiang , Jain Pinky 
Published: September 2021

Highlights This study examines the China–England Mathematics Teacher Exchange program to identify and evaluate the differences in Chinese approach to mathematics education. There are numerous differences in terms of national mathematics curricula, organization of mathematics teaching, and evaluation objectives and methods due to different educational and learning cultures. China has made great achievements in mathematics education and student academic performance but has much to learn from England. In January 2019, Sheffield Hallam University published Longitudinal Evaluation of the Mathematics Teacher Exchange: China-England Final Report. Commissioned by the Department for Education (DfE) in England, the systematic and comprehensive report evaluated the outcomes of the Mathematics Teacher Exchange (MTE), 1 a program involving teacher exchanges between England and Shanghai and the implementation of “maths mastery pedagogy.” Initiated in 2014, the MTE sought to combine the strengths of English and Chinese mathematics education into a single, “unbeatable” system. The Sheffield study discusses the background and progress of the MTE program in identifying the differences between English and Chinese approaches to mathematics education. In doing so, the study revealed that the gap between advanced and poor mathematics education in Shanghai and English primary schools is not due to the developments in education, but other factors such as the different approaches adopted by individual teachers in the classroom, choice of assessment methods, and educational and learning cultures. Evaluating these differences provides greater insight into both the MTE and mathematics education in China. Accordingly, this article briefly summarizes a series of evaluation reports on the MTE and examines the literature, media coverage, and experiences of the teachers involved.