bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact on carbon emissions of online study for a cohort of overseas students: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Heller Richard F , Sun Ya-Yen , Guo Zhe , Malik Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Background: One of the benefits of online education is the potential reduction in carbon emissions through the decrease in travel to attend a university in person. We estimated the savings in CO2 emissions of an international cohort of master’s students who studied fully online from their home countries, rather than travelling to the UK and living there while attending university. Methods: The city and country of residence of a cohort of students who first enrolled in the fully online Peoples-uni/Manchester Metropolitan University MPH programme between the second semester of 2011 and the first semester 2013 were recorded. We estimated the aviation emissions between Manchester, UK and the cities where students reside, and subtracted the per capita emissions for the country of origin from the per capita emissions for the UK over the time that the student would have spent in Manchester as a full-time student, based on the semester in which they first enrolled. Results: 128 students enrolled from 55 cities in 31 countries. 93 students were from a range of African countries and 18 from the Indian sub-continent. Flights to and from Manchester were estimated to have accounted for 114,553kg of CO2 and living in Manchester for the duration of their course compared with staying in the home country would have been equivalent to 854,904kg of CO2. The combined net savings was 969,457kg of CO2. Conclusions: A small cohort of overseas students, largely from Africa and India, studied online rather than attending university in the UK. The likely saving by this small cohort of nearly a million kg of CO 2 emissions offers an indication of the potential environmental benefits of offering university education online to overseas students.
Comparison of hospitalizations and deaths from COVID-19 2021 versus 2020 in Italy: surprises and implications
Authors: Donzelli Alberto , Alessandria Marco , Orlando Luca 
Published: September 2021

Data from the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) emphasized by the media indicate that COVID-19 vaccination reduces related infections, hospitalizations and deaths. However, a comparison showed significantly more hospitalizations and intensive care unit accesses in the corresponding months and days in 2021 versus 2020 and no significant differences in deaths. The combination of non-alternative hypotheses may help explain the discrepancy between the results in the entire population and the vaccination’s success claimed by the ISS in reducing infections, serious cases and deaths: a bias: counting as unvaccinated also "those vaccinated with 1 dose in the two weeks following the inoculation", and as incompletely vaccinated also "those vaccinated with 2 doses within two weeks of the 2nd inoculation".a systematic error: counting as unvaccinated also "vaccinated with 1 dose in the two weeks following the inoculation", and as incompletely vaccinated also "vaccinated with 2 doses within two weeks of the 2nd inoculation". Many reports show an increase in COVID-19 cases in these time-windows, and related data should be separated levels of protective effectiveness in vaccinated people, often considered stable, actually show signs of progressive reduction over time, which could contribute to reducing the overall population resultunvaccinated people show more severe disease than in 2020, supporting also in humans the theory of imperfect vaccines, which offer less resistance to the entry of germs than the resistance later encountered inside the human body. This favors the selection of more resistant and virulent mutants, that can be spread by vaccinated people. This damages first the unvaccinated people, but ultimately the whole community. An open scientific debate is needed to discuss these hypotheses, following the available evidence (as well as to discuss the inconsistent theory of unvaccinated young people as reservoirs of viruses/mutants), to assess the long-term and community impact of different vaccination strategies.
Environmental factors influence the local establishment of Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in two small communities in central Vietnam
Authors: Hien Nguyen T. , Anh Dang D. , Le Nguyen H. , Yen Nguyen T. , Phong Tran V. , Nam Vu S. , Duong Tran N. , Nguyen Nguyen B. , Huong Duong T.T. , Hung Luu Q. , Trinh Chau N.T. , Hoang Nguyen V. , Mai Vien Q. , Nghia Le T. , Dong Nguyen T. , Tho Le H. , Kutcher Simon , Hurst Tim P. , Montgomery Jacqui L. , Woolfit Megan , Rances Edwige , Nguyen Le , Brown-Kenyon Jack , Caird Angela , McLean Breeanna J. , Iturbe-Ormaetxe Inaki , Ritchie Scott A. , O'Neill Scott L. , Ryan Peter A. 
Published: September 2021

Background: The wMel strain of Wolbachia has been successfully introduced into Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and subsequently shown to reduce transmission of dengue and other pathogens, under both laboratory and field conditions. Here we describe the entomological outcomes of wMel Wolbachia mosquito releases in two small communities in Nha Trang City in central Vietnam. Methods: The wMel strain of Wolbachia was backcrossed into local Aedes aegypti genotype and mosquito releases were undertaken by community members or by staff. Field monitoring was undertaken to track Wolbachia establishment in local Ae. aegypti mosquito populations. Ecological studies were undertaken to assess relationships between environmental factors and the spatial and temporal variability in Wolbachia infection prevalence in mosquitoes. Results: Releases of wMel Wolbachia Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in two small communities in Nha Trang City resulted in the initial establishment of Wolbachia in the local Ae. aegypti mosquito populations, followed by seasonal fluctuations in Wolbachia prevalence. There was significant small-scale spatial heterogeneity in Wolbachia infection prevalence in the Tri Nguyen Village site, resulting in the loss of wMel Wolbachia infection in mosquitoes in north and center areas, despite Wolbachia prevalence remaining high in mosquitoes in the south area. In the second site, Vinh Luong Ward, Wolbachia has persisted at a high level in mosquitoes throughout this site despite similar seasonal fluctuations in wMel Wolbachia prevalence. Conclusion: Seasonal variation in Wolbachia infection prevalence in mosquitoes was associated with elevated temperature conditions, and was possibly due to imperfect maternal transmission of Wolbachia. Heterogeneity in Wolbachia infection prevalence was found throughout one site, and indicates additional factors may influence Wolbachia establishment.
Superradiant lasing in inhomogeneously broadened ensembles with spatially varying coupling
Authors: Bychek Anna , Hotter Christoph , Plankensteiner David , Ritsch Helmut 
Published: September 2021

Background: Theoretical studies of superradiant lasing on optical clock transitions predict a superb frequency accuracy and precision closely tied to the bare atomic linewidth. Such a superradiant laser is also robust against cavity fluctuations when the spectral width of the lasing mode is much larger than that of the atomic medium. Recent predictions suggest that this unique feature persists even for a hot and thus strongly broadened ensemble, provided the effective atom number is large enough. Methods: Here we use a second-order cumulant expansion approach to study the power, linewidth and lineshifts of such a superradiant laser as a function of the inhomogeneous width of the ensemble including variations of the spatial atom-field coupling within the resonator. Results: We present conditions on the atom numbers, the pump and coupling strengths required to reach the buildup of collective atomic coherence as well as scaling and limitations for the achievable laser linewidth. Conclusions: We show how sufficiently large numbers of atoms subject to strong optical pumping can induce synchronization of the atomic dipoles over a large bandwidth. This generates collective stimulated emission of light into the cavity mode leading to narrow-band laser emission at the average of the atomic frequency distribution. The linewidth is orders of magnitudes smaller than that of the cavity as well as the inhomogeneous gain broadening and exhibits reduced sensitivity to cavity frequency noise.
Propuesta teórica para tratar los aspectos conductuales de la incontinencia urinaria
Authors: Inácio Ana L. Rodrigues , Costa de Jesus Cristine Alves , Pinho Diana L. Moura , Assis Gisela M. 
Published: September 2021

Sinopsis Este artículo de reflexión presenta un modelo teórico de evaluación e intervención conductual para mujeres con incontinencia urinaria (IU). El Modelo de Promoción de Salud de Nola Pender, enfermera estadounidense, fue usado como referencia para desarrollar la propuesta. Se identificaron medidas conductuales para construir el modelo: control del estreñimiento, entrenamiento vesical, posición para orinar, reducción de bebidas irritantes, ingesta de agua, y entrenamiento muscular del suelo pélvico. Luego, se definieron acciones determinadas para investigar e intervenir sobre ciertos aspectos conductuales: comportamiento previo relacionado, factores personales, beneficios y obstáculos percibidos acerca de la acción propuesta, autoeficacia percibida, sentimientos relacionados con el comportamiento esperado y la acción propuesta, influencias interpersonales y situacionales, compromiso con el plan de acción, exigencias competitivas, y comportamiento de la promoción de la salud. El modelo propuesto por los autores podría ayudar a enfermeros y enfermeras a orientar la conversación entre ellos y el paciente para modificar determinados aspectos conductuales, con el fin de elaborar un plan alcanzable y, así, potenciar el logro de las metas establecidas para el tratamiento de la IU.
Human osteoblasts obtained from distinct periarticular sites demonstrate differences in biological function in vitro
Authors: Ali Erden , Birch Mark , Hopper Niina , Rushton Neil , McCaskie Andrew W. , Brooks Roger A. 
Published: September 2021

AimsAccumulated evidence indicates that local cell origins may ingrain differences in the phenotypic activity of human osteoblasts. We hypothesized that these differences may also exist in osteoblasts harvested from the same bone type at periarticular sites, including those adjacent to the fixation sites for total joint implant components.MethodsHuman osteoblasts were obtained from the acetabulum and femoral neck of seven patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) and from the femoral and tibial cuts of six patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Osteoblasts were extracted from the usually discarded bone via enzyme digestion, characterized by flow cytometry, and cultured to passage three before measurement of metabolic activity, collagen production, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression, and mineralization.ResultsOsteoblasts from the acetabulum showed lower proliferation (p = 0.034), cumulative collagen release (p < 0.001), and ALP expression (p = 0.009), and produced less mineral (p = 0.006) than those from the femoral neck. Osteoblasts from the tibia produced significantly less collagen (p = 0.021) and showed lower ALP expression than those from the distal femur.ConclusionWe have demonstrated for the first time an anatomical regional variation in the biological behaviours of osteoblasts on either side of the hip and knee joint. The lower osteoblast proliferation, matrix production, and mineralization from the acetabulum compared to those from the proximal femur may be reflected in differences in bone formation and implant fixation at these sites. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(9):611–618.
Plasmon-induced thermal tuning of few-exciton strong coupling in 2D atomic crystals
Authors: Liu Lin , Tobing Landobasa Y. M. , Wu Tingting , Qiang Bo , Garcia-Vidal Francisco J. , Zhang Dao Hua , Wang Qi Jie , Luo Yu 
Published: September 2021

Strong light–matter interaction in 2D materials at the few-exciton level is important for both fundamental studies and quantum optical applications. Characterized by a fast coherent energy exchange between photons and excitons, strongly coupled plasmon–exciton systems in 2D materials have been reported with large Rabi splitting. However, large Rabi splitting at the few-exciton level generally requires large optical fields in a highly confined mode volume, which are difficult to achieve for in-plane excitons in 2D materials. In this work, we present a study of a strongly coupled gold dimer antenna with a sub-10 nm gap on a monolayer tungsten disulphide (

W
S

2

), with an estimated number of excitons of

4.67
±
0.99

. We demonstrate that varying the spatial mode overlap between the plasmonic field and the 2D material can result in up to a

∼

t
e
n
f
o
l
d

increase in the number of excitons, a value that can be further actively tuned via plasmon-induced heating effects. The demonstrated results would represent a key step toward quantum optical applications operating at room temperatures.
Bringing it all together – Gemeinschaftlich aktiv lernen am virtuell geteilten Bildschirm in der Hochschule und digital
Authors: Kaufmann Jens , Hoseini Sayed , Quindeau Pascal , Quix Christoph , Ruschin Sylvia 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungHochschulen wie Studierende stehen vor der Herausforderung, zukunftsorientierte Fähigkeiten mit teils erkennbar technischem Fokus zu vermitteln bzw. aufzubauen. Dazu gehört neben fachlichen Aspekten auch die Fähigkeit zu (digitaler) Kollaboration. Verstärkt durch die Umwälzungen im Studienbetrieb während der Corona-Pandemie sind dazu geeignete Lehr-Lern-Konzepte gefragt. Dieser Beitrag zeigt die Konstruktion und mögliche Umsetzung solcher Konzepte an Inhalten eines (Wirtschafts‑)Informatik-Studiums auf. Dazu werden zwei Forschungsgegenstände untersucht. Zum einen der Grad an gemeinschaftlicher Aktivität, den Studierende in verschiedenen solcher Lehr-Lern-Szenarien erreichen, zum anderen der Einfluss auf die Bereitschaft von Studierenden zur intensiven Auseinandersetzung mit technischen Studieninhalten. Hierzu werden didaktische Überlegungen im Allgemeinen und an konkreten Veranstaltungen in den Bereichen Datenbanksysteme und Data Science im Besonderen dargestellt. Auf dieser Basis wird gezeigt, welche Eigenschaften eine technische Plattform zur Umsetzung aufweisen muss, und wie eine solche ausgewählt und implementiert werden kann. Die im Rahmen des Anfang 2021 gestarteten Lehrforschungsprojekts IoHubHN bisher gewonnenen Erkenntnisse bilden eine Grundlage für weitergehende Evaluierungen und die Einbettung des Vorgehens in den Ansatz des Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. Die vorgestellten Konzepte und Plattformen sollen dabei prinzipiell auch auf andere Studienfächer übertragbar sein und sind nicht auf rein digital durchgeführte Lehrveranstaltungen beschränkt.
Open Data Hackathon – Vergleich von in Präsenz und online durchgeführten Projektseminaren
Authors: König Florian , Wessel Daniel , Heine Moreen 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Covid-19-Pandemie hat die Einführung und die Nutzung neuer, vollständig digitaler Lehrformate und -methoden in der Hochschullehre erforderlich gemacht. Insbesondere eher informelle, hoch-interaktive Lehrveranstaltungen wie Projektseminare müssen an diese veränderten Bedingungen angepasst werden. Aber wie können bei einer Online-Durchführung die Chancen des digitalen Formates ausgeschöpft werden und mögliche Probleme reduziert werden?In diesem Beitrag kontrastieren wir die Durchführung eines Projektseminars in Form eines Hackathons in Präsenz mit einem Online-Format. Auf Basis des Stands der Forschung werden das Konzept, die Durchführung und die Ergebnisse dieser beiden Veranstaltungsformate verglichen. Der Fokus der Hackathons lag in beiden Fällen auf der Nutzung offener Daten im Kontext des öffentlichen Sektors (Open Data Hackathon). Auf Basis von qualitativen Teilnehmerbefragungen werden hierbei Verlauf, Projektergebnisse und Zufriedenheit der Teilnehmer verglichen. Dabei werden die unterschiedlichen Rahmenbedingungen (insbesondere bezüglich der Bedingungen für die Aufgabenbearbeitung und Zusammenarbeit) sowie Möglichkeiten zur Unterstützung der sozialen Interaktion untersucht und Vorschläge zur Durchführung von Online-Hackathons gegeben.
Chancen und Grenzen digitaler Lehre an Hochschulen aus Studierendenperspektive: Empirische Befunde und Gestaltungshinweise
Authors: Vladova Gergana , Ullrich André , Bender Benedict 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Ausgestaltung qualitativ hochwertiger Lehre erfordert eine Zusammenwirkung zwischen Lehrenden und Lernenden. Die Präsenzlehre profitiert hierzu von einer langjährigen Tradition, digitale Lehre dagegen befindet sich vergleichsweise noch am Anfang ihrer Verbreitung. Ein großer Entwicklungsschritt Richtung Digitalisierung des Unterrichts wurde im Kontext der Hochschullehre während der Covid-19-Pandemie im Frühjahr 2020 erzielt, als der Präsenzunterricht für Monate unterbrochen wurde. Dabei konnten wichtige Erkenntnisse zu Chancen und Grenzen digitaler Lehre gewonnen werden. Dieser Beitrag zeigt ausgewählte Ergebnisse einer Studie, die an vier deutschen Hochschulen und mit 875 Antworten im Frühjahr 2020 durchgeführt wurde. Die Studie deckt Chancen und Grenzen digitaler Lehre aus der Sicht der Studierenden und vor Hintergrund ihrer Erfahrung im komplett digitalen Semester auf. Die Ergebnisse werden als Grundlage für die Ableitung von Gestaltungshinweisen für digitale Lehr- und Lernangebote genutzt. Ausgehend von einem Modell zur Analyse der Ausgestaltung von Lehr- und Lern-Formaten, werden diese Hinweise nach den Elementen Lernende, Lehrende, Lehrinhalte, Umgebung und Lehrstil strukturiert.
Characterization of the β-tubulin gene family in Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum and its implication for the molecular detection of benzimidazole resistance
Authors: Roose Sara , Avramenko Russell W. , Pollo Stephen M. J. , Wasmuth James D. , Ame Shaali , Ayana Mio , Betson Martha , Cools Piet , Dana Daniel , Jones Ben P. , Mekonnen Zeleke , Morosetti Arianna , Venkatesan Abhinaya , Vlaminck Johnny , Workentine Matthew L. , Levecke Bruno , Gilleard John S. , Geldhof Peter 
Published: September 2021

Background
The treatment coverage of control programs providing benzimidazole (BZ) drugs to eliminate the morbidity caused by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) is unprecedently high. This high drug pressure may result in the development of BZ resistance in STHs and so there is an urgent need for surveillance systems detecting molecular markers associated with BZ resistance. A critical prerequisite to develop such systems is an understanding of the gene family encoding β-tubulin proteins, the principal targets of BZ drugs.

Methodology and principal findings
First, the β-tubulin gene families of Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum were characterized through the analysis of published genomes. Second, RNA-seq and RT-PCR analyses on cDNA were applied to determine the transcription profiles of the different gene family members. The results revealed that Ascaris species have at least seven different β-tubulin genes of which two are highly expressed during the entire lifecycle. Third, deep amplicon sequencing was performed on these two genes in more than 200 adult A. lumbricoides (Ethiopia and Tanzania) and A. suum (Belgium) worms, to investigate the intra- and inter-species genetic diversity and the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with BZ resistance in other helminth species; F167Y (TTC>TAC or TTT>TAT), E198A (GAA>GCA or GAG>GCG), E198L (GAA>TTA) and F200Y (TTC>TAC or TTT>TAT). These particular SNPs were absent in the two investigated genes in all three Ascaris populations.

Significance
This study demonstrated the presence of at least seven β-tubulin genes in Ascaris worms. A new nomenclature was proposed and prioritization of genes for future BZ resistance research was discussed. This is the first comprehensive description of the β-tubulin gene family in Ascaris and provides a framework to investigate the prevalence and potential role of β-tubulin sequence polymorphisms in BZ resistance in a more systematic manner than previously possible.
Coronary endothelial dysfunction appears to be a manifestation of a systemic process: A report from the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation – Coronary Vascular Dysfunction (WISE-CVD) study
Authors: Jalnapurkar Sawan , Landes Sofy , Wei Janet , Mehta Puja K. , Shufelt Chrisandra , Minissian Margo , Pepine Carl J. , Handberg Eileen , Cook-Wiens Galen , Sopko George , Bairey Merz C. Noel 
Published: September 2021

Background
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is prevalent in symptomatic women with ischemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA). Urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) is a measure of renal microvascular endothelial dysfunction. Both are predictors of adverse cardiovascular events. It is unknown if CMD could be a manifestation of a systemic process. We evaluated the relationship between renal microvascular dysfunction and CMD as measured by invasive coronary function testing (CFT).

Methods and results
We measured urine albumin and creatinine to provide UACR in 152 women enrolled in the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation–Coronary Vascular Dysfunction (WISE-CVD) study (2008–2015) with suspected INOCA who underwent CFT. Invasive CFT measures of endothelial and non-endothelial dependent coronary microvascular function were obtained. Subjects were divided into those with detectable (≥20 mg/g) and undetectable urine albumin (<20 mg/g). The group mean age was 54 ± 11 years, with a moderate cardiac risk factor burden including low diabetes prevalence, and a mean UACR of 12 ± 55 mg/g (range 9.5–322.7 mg/g). Overall, coronary endothelial-dependent variables (change in coronary blood flow and coronary diameter in response to cold pressor testing) had significant inverse correlations with log UACR (r = -0.17, p = 0.05; r = -0.18, p = 0.03, respectively).

Conclusions
Among women with INOCA and relatively low risk factor including diabetes burden, renal microvascular dysfunction, measured by UACR, is related to coronary endothelial-dependent CMD. These results suggest that coronary endothelial-dependent function may be a manifestation of a systemic process. Enhancing efferent arteriolar vasodilatation in both coronary endothelial-dependent function and renal microvascular dysfunction pose potential targets for investigation and treatment.

Clinical trial registration
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00832702.