bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Splenic B Cell Subsets during Experimental Leishmania donovani Infection in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Mondal Koushik , Das Shantanabha , Naskar Khudiram , Roy Syamal 
Published: June 2021

Sodium antimonials are one of the major and common drugs used against visceral form leishmaniasis (VL). However, the development of drug resistance makes it difficult to manage this disease. Current work investigates the modulation of splenic B cells during experimental infection with antimony-sensitive and -resistant Leishmania donovani infection. Here we phenotypically characterized splenic B cell subsets in BALB/c mice infected with antimony drug-sensitive and -resistant VL strains using flow-cytometry method. In the splenocytes we noticed increased number of Transitional T3 B cells and B1a B cells in drug-resistant VL strain infection. Besides, we also observed alteration in Follicular B cell population of antimony-resistant strain infected mice. Drug-resistant strain induced secretion of elevated level of IL-10 from B1a B cells and IL-6 from Transitional T3 B cell subsets in the splenocytes. Purified splenic B cells from antimony drug-resistant strain infected mice showed decrease in the Lyn kinase gene expression compared to sensitive strain infected and uninfected mice. The current study provides insight into changes in host splenic B-cell subsets during experimental infection with antimony-sensitive and -resistant L. donovani in murine model.
Study of the Properties of In Vitro Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó (Family Orchidaceae) Extracts
Authors: Sukhikh Stanislav , Noskova Svetlana , Ivanova Svetlana , Skrypnik Liubov , Pungin Artem , Ulrikh Elena , Chupakhin Evgeny , Babich Olga 
Published: June 2021

The medicinal plant Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó (family Orchidaceae) is used to treat gastritis, colic, gastrointestinal tract, and bladder diseases. This study aimed to investigate the properties and characteristics of the in vitro Dactylorhiza maculata extract. The recommended parameters for producing Dactylorhiza maculata extract were determined: temperature 60 °C, process duration 60 min, hydro module 1:10. It is recommended to carry out the extraction using an aqueous ethyl alcohol solution with a mass fraction of the parent substance of 70%. It was found that such biologically active substances as rutin, quercetin, 3,3′,4′,5,5′,7-hexahydroxyflavonone, 3,3′,4′,5,5′,7-hexahydroxyflavonone-3-O-glycoside, gallic acid, and ferulic acid were dominant in Dactylorhiza maculata. A high phosphorus content was noted (2410.8 mg/kg dry matter). The studied Dactylorhizamaculata samples contained a large number of organic acids and water-soluble vitamins. The tested extracts were safe in terms of the content of heavy metals, pesticides, aflatoxin B1, and radionuclides, as well as pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms; the content was significantly lower than the threshold limit values. The studied complex of biologically active substances from Dactylorhiza maculata extract samples had antimicrobial properties. It was found that the antioxidant activity of the samples was 217.89 ± 10.89 mg AA/g (AA—ascorbic acid). The high content of bioactive substances and the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Dactylorhizamaculata extract samples determine the application potential of this plant as a substitute for growth stimulants and feed antibiotics in the production of feed additives, aiming to increase the physiological and immune status of livestock and poultry.
Fruit Growth Stage Transitions in Two Mango Cultivars Grown in a Mediterranean Environment
Authors: Carella Alessandro , Gianguzzi Giuseppe , Scalisi Alessio , Farina Vittorio , Inglese Paolo , Bianco Riccardo Lo 
Published: June 2021

Studying mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit development represents one of the most important aspects for the precise orchard management under non-native environmental conditions. In this work, precision fruit gauges were used to investigate important eco-physiological aspects of fruit growth in two mango cultivars, Keitt (late ripening) and Tommy Atkins (early-mid ripening). Fruit absolute growth rate (AGR, mm day−1), daily diameter fluctuation (ΔD, mm), and a development index given by their ratio (AGR/ΔD) were monitored to identify the prevalent mechanism (cell division, cell expansion, ripening) involved in fruit development in three (‘Tommy Atkins’) or four (‘Keitt’) different periods during growth. In ‘Keitt’, cell division prevailed over cell expansion from 58 to 64 days after full bloom (DAFB), while the opposite occurred from 74 to 85 DAFB. Starting at 100 DAFB, internal changes prevailed over fruit growth, indicating the beginning of the ripening stage. In Tommy Atkins (an early ripening cultivar), no significant differences in AGR/ΔD was found among monitoring periods, indicating that both cell division and expansion coexisted at gradually decreasing rates until fruit harvest. To evaluate the effect of microclimate on fruit growth the relationship between vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and ΔD was also studied. In ‘Keitt’, VPD was the main driving force determining fruit diameter fluctuations. In ‘Tommy Atkins’, the lack of relationship between VPD and ΔD suggest a hydric isolation of the fruit due to the disruption of xylem and stomatal flows starting at 65 DAFB. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
THE EFFICIENCY OF USING NITROGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS IN THE BODY OF YOUNG CATTLE WHEN ADDING N-CARBOMILGLUTAMATE INTO THE DIET
Authors: КУЗНЕЦОВ А.С. , ХАРИТОНОВ Е.Л. , ОСТРЕНКО К.С. , ОВЧАРОВА А.Н. 
Published: June 2021

Изучен метаболизм азотсодержащих соединений в организме телят-молочников и бычков на откорме при включении в рационы кормовой добавки N-карбомилглутамат (NCG). Введение в основной рацион NCG приводит к снижению уровня свободного аммиака в плазме крови телят-молочников в 2 раза относительно контрольной группы. У молодняка на откорме в опытных группах концентрация аммиака в плазме крови была меньше на 20,9% в 1 группе и на 54,2% во II группе. При этом в опытной группе телят-молочников зафиксировано повышение прироста массы тела на 5,01% по сравнению с контролем. Введение кормовой добавки NCG способствовало переводу токсичного аммиака из плазмы крови, вследствие активизации орнитинового цикла в клетках печени и стенке рубца с образованием избытка карбомоилфосфата и синтеза эндогенного аргинина. Экзогенный аргинин из корма может быть заменен на NCG в рационе у жвачных животных. Добавление NCG в корм или ЗЦМ позволит улучшить утилизацию аммиака, повысить эффективность использования белка рациона, устойчивость к стрессам и будет являться фактором повышения продуктивности молодняка крупного рогатого скота.
The influence of the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds in the body of dairy calves and calves on fattening was studied when the feed additive N-carbomylglutamate (NCG) was included in the diets. The introduction of the NCG feed supplement into the main diet leads to a decrease in the level of free ammonia in the blood plasma of dairy calves by 2 times compared to the control group. In fattened calves in the experimental groups, the concentration of ammonia in the blood plasma was less by 20.9% in group 1 and by 54.2% in group II. At the same time, in the experimental group of dairy calves, an increase in body weight gain was recorded by 5.01% compared to the control. The introduction of the feed additive NSP contributed to the transfer of toxic ammonia from the blood plasma, due to the activation of the ornithine cycle in the liver cells and the scar wall with the formation of an excess of carbomoylphosphate and the synthesis of endogenous arginine. Exogenous arginine from feed can be replaced with NCG in the diet of ruminants. The addition of NCG to feed or ZCM will improve the utilization of ammonia, increase the efficiency of the use of protein in the diet, resistance to stress, and will be a factor in increasing the productivity of young cattle.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG DAUN KELOR (Moringa Oleifera) TERHADAP PENAMPILAN PRODUKSI PUYUH FASE LAYER
Authors: Sari Siwi Pretyka , Winurdana Alfan Setya , Rahmawati Resti Yuliana 
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Moringa oliefera leaf meal on the performance of quail production including feed consumption and egg production. This study used a layer phase quail with premium strains. The number of quails used was 300 at 34 weeks age. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) method. Consisting of 4 treatments and 5 replications, where each replication used 15 quails. The treatments used in the study were P0 as a control or without the addition of Moringa leaf flour, P1 1% Moringa leaf flour, P2 2% Moringa leaf flour, P3 3% Moringa leaf flour. This study concluded that the addition of Moringa leaf flour to the ration with a percentage of 3% significantly (P <0.05) increased the FCR value. Egg productivity had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on the addition of Moringa leaf meal with a percentage of 1%, 2%, and 3%.
REVISÃO SISTEMATIZADA DA LITERATURA CIENTÍFICA NACIONAL ACERCA DA HISTÓRIA DO HIV/AIDS.
Authors: Fernandes Italo , Alves de Toledo Bruns Maria 
Published: June 2021

Cerca de 37 milhões de pessoas no mundo, sendo 966 mil no Brasil, em particular, convive com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana/síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (HIV/AIDS). A doença teve seus primeiros registros no início da década de 1980. Dois pesquisadores são destaques na descoberta do vírus. Os médicos e pesquisadores Robert Charles Gallo, e Luc Montagnier. Partindo dessa evidência, emergiu a questão norteadora: “o que a literatura científica nacional oferece sobre a história do HIV/AIDS?”. Para responder essa indagação foi realizado uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise nas bases de dados: SciELO e BDTD. Os descritores combinados foram: “aids or hiv”, “origem or descoberta or história”, “epidemia”. Resultados: 217 trabalhos publicados (Scielo n= 49; BDTD n= 168) excluídos 209 por não atender a temática. Foram analisados 8 estudos na íntegra. Posteriormente categorizados por eixos temáticos: (1) A doença na interface com o estigma; (2) A doença na interface com as políticas de saúde pública; e (3) A doença na interface com a mídia. Fica evidente que há um grande acervo de pesquisas sobre HIV/AIDS no Brasil. Lamentavelmente, nesses estudos analisados, em nenhum momento o diálogo familiar é apontado como forma de resposta da epidemia do vírus. Portanto, é importante considerar, que as matrizes de sentido, família e escola, devem assumir um diálogo amoroso e esclarecedor com os adolescentes e jovens, pautado em evidências e comprometida com a saúde sexual contemporânea em prol de uma melhor qualidade de vida afetivo-sexual de todos/todas brasileiros/brasileiras.
Novel Therapies in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Beyond JAK Inhibitor Monotherapy
Authors: Lee Sophia S. , Verstovsek Srdan , Pemmaraju Naveen 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal hematopoietic disorders that consist classically of polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and myelofibrosis (MF). Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have become the standard of therapy in treating patients with intermediate- to higher-risk MF. However, JAK inhibitor (JAKi) treatment can be associated with development of resistance, suboptimal response, relapse, or treatment-related adverse effects. With no approved therapies beyond the JAKi class, the estimated median survival, post JAKi failure, is approximately two years or less; therefore, novel therapies are urgently needed in the MF field. In this review, we discuss ruxolitinib use in MPNs as well as causes of ruxolitinib failure or discontinuation. In addition, we review novel therapies being investigated alone or in combination with JAKi administration. We summarize concepts and mechanisms behind emerging novel therapies being studied for MPNs. This review of emerging novel therapies outlines several novel mechanisms of agents, including via promotion of apoptosis, alteration of the microenvironment, activation or inactivation of various pathways, targeting fibrosis, and telomerase inhibition.
Analisis Sektor Unggulan Di Kabupaten Sleman dan Kabupaten Gunungkidul
Authors: Sharazati Karima , Primandhana Wiwin Priana , Wahed Mohammad 
Published: June 2021

Pembangunan daerah semakin kompleks pada era otonomi daerah, mengakibatkan persaingan antar daerah menjadi semakin ketat. Agar kesejahteraan masyarakat tetap terjaga dan bahkan semakin meningkat pemerintah daerah harus meningkatkan daya saing wilayahnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi sektor-sektor ekonomi yang akan menjadi prioritas pembangunan daerahnya berdasar pengaruh regional, spesialisasi daerah, dan keunggulan daya saing ekonomi sektoral di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui sektor unggulan dalam perekonomian daerah Kabupaten Sleman dan Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu data BPS dan literature terkait. Sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan 17 sektor ekonomi pembentuk PDRB (Produk Domestik Regional Bruto) Kabupaten Sleman dan Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Teknik analisis yang digunakan yaitu menggunakan analisis Shift Share, Location Quotient,Tipologi Klassen. Berdasarkan hasil analisis ditemukan sektor akomodasi dan makan minum ialah sektor unggulan Kabupaten Sleman dan sektor jasa lainnya adalah sektor unggulan Kabupaten Gunungkidul.
Testing the Limits of Precise Subgiant Characterization with APOGEE and Gaia: Opening a Window to Unprecedented Astrophysical Studies
Authors: Godoy-Rivera Diego , Tayar Jamie , Pinsonneault Marc H. , Rodríguez Martínez Romy , Stassun Keivan G. , van Saders Jennifer L. , Beaton Rachael L. , García-Hernández D. A. , Teske Johanna K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Given their location on the Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram, thoroughly characterized subgiant stars can place stringent constraints on a wide range of astrophysical problems. Accordingly, they are prime asteroseismic targets for the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission. In this work, we infer stellar properties for a sample of 347 subgiants located in the TESS Continuous Viewing Zones, which we select based on their likelihood of showing asteroseismic oscillations. We investigate how well they can be characterized using classical constraints (photometry, astrometry) and validate our results using spectroscopic values. We derive luminosities, effective temperatures, and radii with mean 1σ random (systematic) uncertainties of 4.5% (2%), 33 K (60 K), and 2.2% (2%), as well as more model-dependent quantities such as surface gravities, masses, and ages. We use our sample to demonstrate that subgiants are ideal targets for mass and age determination based on H-R diagram location alone, discuss the advantages of stellar parameters derived from a detailed characterization over widely available catalogs, show that the generally used 3D extinction maps tend to overestimate the extinction for nearby stars (distance ≲500 pc), and find a correlation that supports the rotation–activity connection in post-main-sequence stars. The complementary roles played by classical and asteroseismic data sets will open a window to unprecedented astrophysical studies using subgiant stars.
“Super GZK” Particles in a Classic Kramers’ Diffusion-over-a-barrier Model. I. The Case of Protons
Authors: Alnussirat S. T. , Barghouty A. F. , Webb G. M. , Biermann P. L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In interactions of ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) protons with cosmic microwave background photons, we focus in this work on photopion production reactions and the effects of the measured, broad, energy-loss distributions in these reactions on the evolution of the protons’ density functions in energy space. We rely on a Fokker–Planck transport equation in energy space whose transport coefficients are calculated using laboratory measurements. We also derive a Fokker–Planck potential that accounts for both systematic (drift) and stochastic (dispersive) energy losses due to photopion production reactions. Our results show that dispersive energy losses have significant effects on estimating the protons’ horizon distance and their energy spectrum, as well as to elucidate a broadness in the GZK cutoff. We use the derived Fokker–Planck potential to assign a characteristic probability for a proton to clear the potential barrier as a function of energy. This estimate of probability can be used to assist observations in distinguishing between protons and heavy ions as charged particles. Our model is able to account for the so-called super GZK particles as a classic diffusion-over-a-barrier manifestation of the transport of UHECR protons in energy space in quantifying the extent and broadness of the GZK cutoff.
Distribution, excretion and metabolic pathways of a single parenteral administration of kappa-opioid receptor agonist RU-1205
Authors: Spasov Alexander A. , Smirnova Lyudmila A. , Grechko Olesya Iu. , Eliseeva Natalya V. , Lifanova Yuliya V. , Rashchenko Andrey I. , Zhukovskaya Olga N. , Morkovnik Anatoly S. , Anisimova Vera A. , Syrvacheva Olga E. 
Published: June 2021

Introduction: The purpose was to study the pharmacokinetic properties of RU-1205 with the previously identified kappa-agonistic and analgesic effects after parenteral administration.
Materials and methods: Pharmacokinetic parameters of RU-1205 after intravenous and subcutaneous administration at doses of 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, respectively, were investigated, using the method of high-performance liquid chromatography with measurement of the compound according to a pre-established calibration curve. The indices of the area under the pharmacokinetic curve, clearance, half-life, residence time of the drug molecule in the body, total (apparent) volume of distribution, as well as the indicator of absolute bioavailability for subcutaneous administration were calculated. Tissue distribution and excretion of RU-1205 were also studied. Evaluation of metabolism of RU-1205 was conducted in silico, using the PALLAS 3.00 software, with the use of specific tests with CYP 450 substrates and by studying the ability of RU-1205 to form conjugates with endogenous acids.
Results and discussion: It was found that after a single intravenous administration, the investigated substance was determined in the blood for 12 h; the half-life was 8.49 hours. The absolute bioavailability after subcutaneous administration is 57.35%. RU-1205 is eliminated within 3–4 days. The main route of excretion is extrarenal. The biotransformation of the substance probably proceeds mainly with the formation of oxidized forms of the initial molecule according to the reactions of the first phase of metabolic transformation, so the chance to observe phase 2 of the metabolism could be very low.
Conclusion: The test substance undergoes a long process of elimination, has the highest tropism to the elimination organs and undergoes active biotransformation processes in the body of animals.
L’inexorable déclin du pétrole
Authors: Auzanneau Matthieu 
Published: June 2021

Voilà des décennies que l’on annonce l’imminence d’un pic de la production pétrolière (le fameux peak oil ) sans pour autant que cette annonce ait suscité un investissement massif dans un changement de modèle énergétique. Pourtant, le peak oil a été atteint (en 2008 d’après l’Agence internationale de l’énergie, bien qu’une petite remontée ait pu être observée en 2018) et cette information n’a guère modifié la donne. C’est la lutte contre le changement climatique qui a finalement motivé les efforts de transition énergétique, plus que la perspective de manquer de pétrole très prochainement. Comme le montre ici Matthieu Auzanneau, directeur du Shift Project, ce déclin de la production de pétrole semble inexorable au vu de l’état des réserves et du niveau des investissements des compagnies pétrolières. Et il aura très probablement de lourdes conséquences sociales, économiques et géopolitiques, en particulier dans les pays européens, très dépendants des approvisionnements extérieurs et encore insuffisamment avancés dans le développement de ressources énergétiques alternatives. Or, le déclin de la production de pétrole se faisant sous forme de courbe en cloche, il risque de se produire brutalement et massivement, et l’on aura beau jeu de regretter de n’avoir pas prêté attention aux annonces de ce déclin qui datent du milieu des années 1950 et que des géologues très investis dans le secteur pétrolier ont fermement accréditées dès 1998… S.D.
Vers un monde plus contesté ?
Authors: Delcroix Geoffrey 
Published: June 2021

Le National Intelligence Council (NIC) des États-Unis, organe connexe de la CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), publie tous les quatre ans, à l’occasion du changement de président à la Maison Blanche, un rapport prospectif sur les grandes tendances géopolitiques à l’horizon des 15-20 années suivantes. Intitulé Global Trends , ce rapport présente donc les préoccupations que la communauté américaine du renseignement choisit de rendre publiques et sur lesquelles elle entend attirer l’attention des responsables politiques pour guider leurs décisions stratégiques. L’édition 2021, la septième depuis le premier rapport paru en 1997, est sortie ce printemps. Geoffrey Delcroix en présente ici les grandes lignes et en profite surtout, avant cela, pour porter un regard rétrospectif sur les précédents rapports. En particulier, il souligne le caractère assez conventionnel de ces rapports qui, finalement, cherchent assez peu à anticiper les ruptures ou surprises stratégiques des années à venir, comme en témoigne le traitement du risque pandémique au fil des 25 dernières années. S.D.
Penser l’avenir sous l’emprise du présent
Authors: Scavardo Quentin 
Published: June 2021

Dans notre revue, la rubrique Futurs d’antan a vocation à pointer des écrits passés ayant fait preuve de clairvoyance (ou au contraire s’étant fourvoyés) quant à l’anticipation de l’avenir. L’article de Quentin Scavardo est d’une nature un peu différente. Revisitant la manière selon laquelle l’avenir, et notamment l’an 2000, avait été anticipé au cours des quatre décennies précédant cette date emblématique, il souligne combien la conjoncture d’alors a exercé une influence importante sur les anticipations du futur, ces anticipations se révélant sujettes à des biais directement induits par les événements qui ont marqué cette période. Cet article est tiré du mémoire de l’auteur Une histoire au futur antérieur : les peurs de l’an 2000 au XX e siècle , élaboré sur la base de travaux de prospective, de sondages, et d’analyse des médias, qui révèle la diversité des points de vue au travers de récits utopiques, dystopiques et eschatologiques, ces derniers témoignant davantage de craintes que d’espoirs. Une leçon s’en dégage quant à la nécessité pour les prospectivistes de prendre de la hauteur vis-à-vis des problèmes contemporains lorsqu’ils travaillent sur le temps long et donc, dans la période actuelle marquée par tant d’incertitudes et d’angoisses, de considérer que le pire n’est pas certain… H.J.