bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A feasibility study evaluating lisdexamfetamine dimesylate for the treatment of adults with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Keshen Aaron R. , Dixon Laura , Ali Sarrah I. , Helson Thomas , Nunes Abraham , Milliken Heather , Gamberg Susan , Sadek Joseph , Kaplan Allan , McElroy Susan L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined the feasibility, safety, and potential efficacy of lisdexamfetamine (LDX) as a treatment for adults with bulimia nervosa (BN).MethodAn open‐label 8‐week feasibility study was conducted in participants with BN. Enrollment rate, dropout rate, safety outcomes, and eating disorder symptom change were examined.ResultsEighteen of 23 participants completed the study per protocol. There was no participant‐initiated dropout due to adverse drug reactions and no severe and unexpected adverse drug reactions. An average increase in heart rate of 12.1 beats/min was observed. There was a mean weight reduction of 2.1 kg and one participant was withdrawn for clinically significant weight loss. In the intent‐to‐treat sample, there were reductions in objective binge episodes and compensatory behaviors from Baseline to Post/End‐of‐Treatment (mean difference = −29.83, 95% confidence interval: −43.38 to −16.27; and mean difference = −33.78, 95% confidence interval: −48.74 to −18.82, respectively).DiscussionResults of this study indicate that a randomized controlled trial would be feasible with close monitoring of certain safety parameters (especially over a longer time period as long‐term safety is unknown). However, the results should not be used as evidence for clinicians to prescribe LDX to individuals with BN before its efficacy and safety are properly tested.Trial Registration NumberNCT03397446.
Predator community and resource use jointly modulate the inducible defense response in body height of crucian carp
Authors: Meo Ilaria de , Østbye Kjartan , Kahilainen Kimmo K. , Hayden Brian , Fagertun Christian H. H. , Poléo Antonio B. S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPhenotypic plasticity can be expressed as changes in body shape in response to environmental variability. Crucian carp (Carassius carassius), a widespread cyprinid, displays remarkable plasticity in body morphology and increases body depth when exposed to cues from predators, suggesting the triggering of an antipredator defense mechanism. However, these morphological changes could also be related to resource use and foraging behavior, as an indirect effect of predator presence. In order to determine whether phenotypic plasticity in crucian carp is driven by a direct or indirect response to predation threat, we compared twelve fish communities inhabiting small lakes in southeast Norway grouped by four categories of predation regimes: no predator fish, or brown trout (Salmo trutta), perch (Perca fluviatilis), or pike (Esox lucius) as main piscivores. We predicted the body shape of crucian carp to be associated with the species composition of predator communities and that the presence of efficient piscivores would result in a deeper body shape. We use stable isotope analyses to test whether this variation in body shape was related to a shift in individual resource use—that is, littoral rather than pelagic resource use would favor the development of a specific body shape—or other environmental characteristics. The results showed that increasingly efficient predator communities induced progressively deeper body shape, larger body size, and lower population densities. Predator maximum gape size and individual trophic position were the best variables explaining crucian carp variation in body depth among predation categories, while littoral resource use did not have a clear effect. The gradient in predation pressure also corresponded to a shift in lake productivity. These results indicate that crucian carp have a fine‐tuned morphological defense mechanism against predation risk, triggered by the combined effect of predator presence and resource availability.
Fine root dynamic characteristics and effect on plantation’s carbon sequestration of three Salix shrub plantations in Tibetan Plateau alpine sandy land
Authors: He Lingxianzi , Jia Zhiqing , Li Qingxue , Zhang Youyan , Wu Rina , Dai Jie , Gao Ya 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDesertification land in Gonghe Basin of Tibetan Plateau, China accounts for 91.9% of the total land area. Vegetation restoration and reconstruction with desert shrubs in degraded ecosystem are effective ways to prevent and control desertification. However, the evaluation studies of fine root dynamic characteristics of desert shrubs and their contribution to carbon sequestration of plantation are limited. To gain a better understanding of vegetation restoration, the vertical distribution of fine root biomass, fine root decomposition, fine root turnover was investigated, as well as their coupling effect on carbon sequestration of plantation in three desert vegetation. The results estimated that the total decomposition time of fine roots of Salix cheilophila (S. cheilophila), Salix psammophila (S. psammophila), and Salix microstachya (S. microstachya) are 39.00, 27.99 and 35.95 years. Biomass carbon density for three Salix plantations ranged from 1.42 to 2.39 t/hm2, which showed that three Salix plantations in alpine sandy land are an important carbon pool. In addition, fine root biomass carbon density for the three shrub plantations varied significantly. Fine root biomass carbon density for S. psammophila reached the largest among the three plantations, which was 1.48 t/hm2, accounting for the ratio of 62% of the plantation total biomass carbon density. The results indicated that the root system of S. psammophila, especially the fine roots, was very developed, which was conducive to soil water transportation and carbon sequestration. Therefore, S. psammophila might be a better species for carbon sequestration of plantation in alpine sandy areas. The carbon input from the fine roots of the three shrub plantations through decomposition and turnover into the plantations accounts for 11.5% to 15.5% of total carbon sequestration of plantations. Therefore, the fine roots dynamics must be considered for long‐term carbon pool estimations in three Salix plantations, otherwise the total carbon sequestration of plantations would be underestimated.
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate amplifies Treg differentiation via increased IL‐2 expression to ameliorate DSS‐induced colitis
Authors: Pandit Mahesh , Acharya Suman , Gu Ye , Seo Sang‐Uk , Kweon Mi‐Na , Kang Ben , Chang Jae‐Hoon 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBlocking the mevalonate pathway for cholesterol reduction by using statin may have adverse effects including statin‐induced colitis. Moreover, one of the predisposing factors for colitis is an imbalanced CD4+ T cell, which can be observed on the complete deletion of HMG‐CoA reductase (HMGCR), a target of statins. In this study, we inquired geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) is responsible for maintaining the T‐cell homeostasis. Following dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis, simvastatin increased the severity of disease, while cotreatment with GGPP, but not with cholesterol, reversed the disease magnitude. GGPP ameliorated DSS‐induced colitis by increasing Treg cells. GGPP amplified Treg differentiation through increased IL‐2/STAT 5 signaling. GGPP prenylated Ras protein, a prerequisite for extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway activation, leading to increased IL‐2 production. Higher simvastatin dose increased the severity of colitis. GGPP ameliorated simvastatin‐increased colitis by increasing Treg cells. Treg cells, which have the capacity to suppress inflammatory T cells and were generated through IL‐2/STAT5 signaling, increased IL‐2 production through prenylation and activation of the Ras/ERK pathway.
Gallium(III) Corrole Complexes as Near‐Infrared Emitter – Synthesis, Computational and Photophysical Study
Authors: Haas Michael , Krisch Dominik , Gonglach Sabrina , Bechmann Matthias , Scharber Markus C. , Ertl Martin , Monkowius Uwe , Schöfberger Wolfgang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe report on the chemical synthesis and characterization of free‐base A2B‐ and A3‐meso‐TIPS ethynyl corroles, which serve as a precursor for metalation with gallium(III)chloride and subsequent in‐situ sila Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction. Under ambient conditions and with a common catalyst system the reaction with different aryliodides proved to be successful. Compared to the well‐known Ga(III)‐pyr‐5,10,15‐trispentafluorophenylcorrole complex, the emission wavelengths of such gallium(III) corroles complexes could be shifted bathochromically by up to ∼3100 cm−1 to the near‐infrared region (NIR). The described synthetic procedure establishes a facile way to obtain organic near‐infrared‐emitters based on gallium(III) meso‐aryl‐ethynyl corrole complexes.
Combining psychrometrics and fluid dynamics in a cyclone: A sustainable indirect evaporative cooling design
Authors: Ribeiro Dias Daiane , Ullmann Grégori , de Oliveira Silva Danylo , Martins Vieira Luiz Gustavo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBrazilian countryside has well‐defined dry seasons that are mainly characterized by low relative humidity. The warm, dry air provides a thermal cooling effect when it interacts with wet porous structures (psychrometric effect). Depending on temperature conditions and relative humidity, it is possible to achieve up to 18.0 K reduction in the temperature of the structure, caused by water evaporation. Thus, the objective of this study was to propose and numerically investigate a low cost and sustainable air conditioning system by combining the potential of warm, dry air and characteristics of the flow within cyclones covered with thin wet cotton fabric. A validated mathematical model was developed, and the numerical results indicate that the cyclonic‐psychrometric system can provide up to 7.0 K reduction in a 20.0 m2 room on a warm day (305.0 K) with low relative humidity (20.0%). Energy balances and technical estimates showed that the electric power consumed by the proposed system would represent only 19.8% of the power required by a conventional 18,000 Btu air conditioner to promote the same reduction of temperature. This energy‐saving would have a direct and positive impact on the budget of users, especially those with low income and that live in dry regions.
Effect of polyamine on growth, intermediates and 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline formation by Aspergillus awamori
Authors: Wongsadee Thippharak , Vatanyoopaisarn Savitri , Rungsardthong Vilai , Thumthanaruk Benjawan , Puttanlek Chureerat , Uttapap Dudsadee , Wetprasit Nuanchawee 
Published: February 2021

Abstract2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2AP) is a typical food flavour found in aromatic rice, pandan leaf and coconut. Though the extraction from pandan leaf can be made, the amount obtained was low. This research showed the potential 2AP production by Aspergillus awamori and the enhancement occurred in the presence of polyamine supplement. Using different nitrogen sources (2 g/L of putrescine or ammonium sulphate) did not affect cell growth, but existence of putrescine was essential for 2AP production. In addition, supplying polyamine (20 mg/L of spermine, spermidine or putrescine) after 24 h of primary growth led to significant enhancement of cell growth as well as 2AP formation. The dry weight was 7.4 and 6.9 g/L and amount of 2AP was 4.50 and 3.08 mg/L when spermine or spermidine, respectively, was added. As compared to the control, only 6.2 g/L dry weight and 1.51 mg/L 2AP was detected. In contrast, the same medium using ammonium sulphate as the sole N‐source did not produce 2AP. Only when a polyamine (spermine, spermidine or putrescine) was supplied, then small detectable amounts of 2AP were found (1.06, 0.67 and 0.31 mg/L). Furthermore, putrescine was measurable in mycelial cells grown in the medium adding only spermine or spermidine without putrescine, indicating that spermine or spermidine can be converted into putrescine intracellularly. In vitro reaction between crude enzyme, extracted from mycelia, and individual precursors showed that 2AP occurred in the presence of each polyamine. Likewise, 1‐pyrroline was observed as an intermediate for 2AP production, while putrescine was an intermediate found in the reaction flask where the substrate was spermine or spermidine. Thus, in A awamori, polyamine addition resulted in higher production of 2AP.
Interrater agreement in dementia diagnosis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cerullo Enzo , Quinn Terry J. , McCleery Jenny , Vounzoulaki Elpida , Cooper Nicola J. , Sutton Alex J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesDementia remains a clinical diagnosis with a degree of subjective assessment and potential for interrater disagreement. We described interrater agreement of clinical dementia diagnosis for various diagnostic criteria.MethodsWe conducted a PROSPERO‐registered (CRD42020168245) systematic review and meta‐analysis. We searched multiple cross‐disciplinary databases from inception until April 2020 for relevant papers, extracted data and described study quality in duplicate. Study quality was assessed using the Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies. We used random‐effects models to obtain summary estimates of interrater agreement using kappa and, where possible, Gwet's AC1/2 coefficients.ResultsWe found 7577 titles and 22 eligible studies. Meta‐analysis was possible for all‐cause dementia using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders third edition revised (DSM‐III‐R) criteria (kappa = 0.66, 95% CI = [0.53,0.78]), Alzheimer's disease using the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS‐ADRDA) criteria (kappa = 0.71, 95% CI = [0.65,0.77] for presence/absence and AC2 = 0.61, 95% CI = [0.53,0.70] when distinguishing probable/possible cases), and vascular dementia using the International Classification of Diseases version 10 (ICD‐10) criteria kappa = 0.79 (95% CI = [0.70,0.87]). Data was more limited for other criteria and dementia types. AC1/2 coefficients generally indicated higher agreement. One study was rated as high quality.ConclusionsDiagnostic criteria for clinical dementia may have good but imperfect agreement. This has important implications for clinical practice and research studies, which frequently assume these criteria are perfect tests, such as diagnostic test accuracy studies frequently conducted for biomarkers and neuropsychological tests, and for trials where incident dementia is the outcome.
Predictive nomograms for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma applying the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union Internationale Contre le Cancer 8th edition staging system
Authors: Balasubramanian Deepak , Subramaniam Narayana , Missale Francesco , Marchi Filippo , Dokhe Yogesh , Vijayan Smitha , Nambiar Ajit , Mattavelli Davide , Calza Stefano , Bresciani Lorenzo , Piazza Cesare , Nicolai Piero , Peretti Giorgio , Thankappan Krishnakumar , Iyer Subramania 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundNomograms applying the 8th edition of the TNM staging system aimed at predicting overall (OS), disease‐specific (DSS), locoregional recurrence‐free (LRRFS) and distant recurrence‐free survivals (DRFS) for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) are still lacking.MethodsA training cohort of 438 patients with OTSCC was retrospectively enrolled from a single institution. An external validation set of 287 patients was retrieved from two independent institutions.ResultsInternal validation of the multivariable models for OS, DSS, DRFS and LRRFS showed a good calibration and discrimination results with optimism‐corrected c‐indices of 0.74, 0.75, 0.77 and 0.70, respectively. The external validation confirmed the good performance of OS, DSS and DRFS models (c‐index 0.73 and 0.77, and 0.73, respectively) and a fair performance of the LRRFS model (c‐index 0.58).ConclusionsThe nomograms herein presented can be implemented as useful tools for prediction of OS, DSS, DRFS and LRRFS in OTSCC.
Proposal of a scoring system for predicting pathological risk based on a semiautomated analysis of whole slide images in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Sung Yeoun Eun , Kim Min‐Sik , Lee Youn Soo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe study aimed to evaluate the risk factors based on pathological findings comprehensively in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using image analysis.MethodsScanned images of hematoxylin and eosin‐, pan‐cytokeratin‐, CD3‐, and CD8‐stained slides of OSCC cases from 256 patients were analyzed, and six variables were obtained including the tumor–stroma ratio, tumor budding per tumor bed area, and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes‐associated variables. We determined the “score” of all cases based on the variables, and all cases were classified into low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk groups.ResultsA significant difference in prognosis was confirmed between the risk groups (p < 0.001), and even when evaluated within different tumor‐node‐metastasis (TNM) stages, the high‐risk groups were associated with poor survival.ConclusionsWe report our work on a possible descriptive model that can predict prognosis based on pathological and imaging findings regardless of the TNM stage.
Model of theta frequency perturbations and contextual fear memory
Authors: Castegnetti Giuseppe , Bush Daniel , Bach Dominik R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTheta oscillations in the hippocampal local field potential (LFP) appear during translational movement and arousal, modulate the activity of principal cells, and are associated with spatial cognition and episodic memory function. All known anxiolytics slightly but consistently reduce hippocampal theta frequency. However, whether this electrophysiological effect is mechanistically related to the decreased behavioral expression of anxiety is currently unclear. Here, we propose that a reduction in theta frequency affects synaptic plasticity and mnemonic function and that this can explain the reduction in anxiety behavior. We test this hypothesis in a biophysical model of contextual fear conditioning. First, we confirm that our model reproduces previous empirical results regarding the dependence of synaptic plasticity on presynaptic firing rate. Next, we investigate how theta frequency during contextual conditioning impacts learning. These simulations demonstrate that learned associations between threat and context are attenuated when learning takes place under reduced theta frequency. Additionally, our simulations demonstrate that learned associations result in increased theta activity in the amygdala, consistent with empirical data. In summary, we propose a mechanism that can account for the behavioral effect of anxiolytics by impairing the integration of threat attributes of an environment into the cognitive map due to reduced synaptic potentiation.
The stereoscopic spatial connectivity of wetland ecosystems: Evaluation method and regulation measures
Authors: Yang Qin , Hu Peng , Wang Jianhua , Zeng Qinghui , Yang Zefan , Liu Huan , Dong Yiyang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCurrently, the weakened connectivity of wetland ecosystems is the most important factor leading to the destruction, degradation, and disappearance of wetlands. Studying changes in wetland ecosystems connectivity enables the understanding the hydrological processes in wetland ecosystems and provides significant support for the study of ecological water demand. However, recent research on the connectivity of wetland ecosystems has primarily focused on intuitive Heilongjiang River Basin in China (HRBC) connectivity in terms of hydrology and geomorphology, while the impact of wetland ecosystems on habitats has been ignored. The present study applied an innovative method to evaluate and regulate the stereoscopic spatial connectivity (SSC) of the wetland ecosystems in the HRBC. In this method, the water requirements of typical organisms in the region were considered, and the hydrological trends in the wetland ecosystems along with the status of the SSC were analysed using remote sensing images. A regulation mode for improving the stereoscopic spatial connectivity index (SSCI) was proposed. The results revealed that over the past 35 years, the wetland ecosystems in the study area shrank significantly, with the SSCI decreasing from 41.30% in 1980 to 35.08% in 2015. By comparing the correlations among temperature, precipitation, agricultural land, construction land, and the wetland ecosystems during the same period, it was proven that human activity serves as the major driving force behind the observed loss of wetlands in the system. Subsequently, the key protected areas needing protection to maintain the SSC of the wetland ecosystems were clarified, and the key recovery areas were determined based on three scenarios featuring high, medium, and low feasibility, which greatly improved the SSCI and generalization route after regulation. In general, the proposed SSC evaluation and regulation method is widely applicable to all kinds of wetland ecosystems located on animal habitat and migration routes, which can fully reflect the ecological effects of wetland ecosystems, and this method has certain reference significance for the evaluation and regulation of wetland ecosystems in other regions.
Disaggregated mortality from gastrointestinal cancers in Asian Americans: Analysis of United States death records
Authors: Huang Robert J. , Sharp Nora , Talamoa Ruth , Kapphahn Kristopher , Sathye Vedant , Lin Bryant , Srinivasan Malathi , Palaniappan Latha P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAsian Americans (AAs) are heterogeneous, and aggregation of diverse AA populations in national reporting may mask high‐risk groups. Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers constitute one‐third of global cancer mortality, and an improved understanding of GI cancer mortality by disaggregated AA subgroups may inform future primary and secondary prevention strategies. Using national mortality records from the United States from 2003 to 2017, we report age‐standardized mortality rates, standardized mortality ratios and annual percent change trends from GI cancers (esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver and pancreatic) for the six largest AA subgroups (Asian Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese, Koreans and Vietnamese). Non‐Hispanic Whites (NHWs) are used as the reference population. We found that mortality from GI cancers demonstrated nearly 3‐fold difference between the highest (Koreans, 61 per 100 000 person‐years) and lowest (Asian Indians, 21 per 100 000 person‐years) subgroups. The distribution of GI cancer mortality demonstrates high variability between subgroups, with Korean Americans demonstrating high mortality from gastric cancer (16 per 100 000), and Vietnamese Americans demonstrating high mortality from liver cancer (19 per 100 000). Divergent temporal trends emerged, such as increasing liver cancer burden in Vietnamese Americans, which exacerbated existing mortality differences. There exist striking differences in the mortality burden of GI cancers by disaggregated AA subgroups. These data highlight the need for disaggregated data reporting, and the importance of race‐specific and personalized strategies of screening and prevention.