bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing an Online Training Session on Couples’ Perinatal Sexual Changes Among Health Care Professionals and Paraprofessionals
Authors: de Pierrepont Catherine , Brassard Audrey , Lessard Isabelle , Gingras Anne‐Sophie , Péloquin Katherine 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionDuring and after pregnancy, couples have to adapt to sexual changes. Although many couples have questions and preoccupations regarding those changes, they are rarely addressed by professionals and paraprofessionals in perinatal health care, mainly because of lack of knowledge and training. An online training session that addressed couples’ perinatal sexual changes tailored for health care perinatal professionals (nurses and midwives) and paraprofessionals (doulas) was developed, implemented, and evaluated.MethodsParticipants completed 4 steps: (1) a baseline online questionnaire assessing training needs and measures on knowledge, attitudes, and perceived counseling skills regarding couples’ perinatal sexual changes; (2) a 2‐hour online training session on the topic with theoretical and practical content; (3) an online post‐training satisfaction questionnaire; and (4) a one‐month follow‐up assessment using the same measures as at baseline.ResultsOf the 74 participants (20 nurses, 20 midwives, 34 doulas) who completed the study, 37.8% had previous training in sexuality and 18.9% in perinatal sexuality. Results showed pre‐ to post‐training significant increases in knowledge and attitudes toward couples’ perinatal sexual changes, characterized by more positivity, flexibility, openness, and sense of competence regarding the topic. There were also significant pre‐ to post‐training increases in perceived utility, comfort, intention, and sense of self‐efficacy related to counseling skills regarding couples’ perinatal sexual changes. After training, more participants discussed couples’ sexual changes with couples during and after pregnancy. After training, significantly fewer participants reported lack of knowledge, lack of training, and lack of discomfort as barriers to discussions on couples’ perinatal sexual changes, whereas more reported lack of time as a barrier. Global satisfaction with the training was high.DiscussionThis training can help foster more discussions on the topic from perinatal professionals and paraprofessionals to better meet couples’ needs for information and support.
Tracking the pulse of a city—3D real estate price heat maps
Authors: Agarwal Sumit , Fan Ying , McMillen Daniel P. , Sing Tien Foo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes the use of a semiparametric model based on a locally weighted approach that controls for dynamic agglomeration and diffusion effects in constructing localized housing price indices. Based on residential transaction records in Singapore, we create three‐dimensional interactive heat maps that allow for better measurement and visualization of spatial variations and heterogeneity in price appreciation. The heat map captures regional variations and temporal dispersions in price appreciation rates in the business cycle. Our methodology provides high‐resolution information about price dynamics that could aid individual buyers, investors, and policy makers in making objective and informed decisions.
Self‐affirmation and test performance in ethnically diverse schools: A new dual‐identity affirmation intervention
Authors: Celeste Laura , Baysu Gülseli , Phalet Karen , Brown Rupert 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLower ethnic minority achievement (relative to national average achievement levels) remains a concern in many countries, and affirmation interventions offer a promising approach to help reduce the relative achievement gap. We compared the effects of a conventional self‐affirmation intervention with a dual‐identity affirmation on test performance in a super‐diverse school that primarily served students from ethnic and cultural minority backgrounds (56% Black), in London, UK (N = 179, Mage = 12.29). A randomized design consisted of a new dual‐identity condition, a traditional self‐affirmation condition, and two control conditions—a “one‐group” condition and a non‐affirmation control condition. Teachers implemented the interventions in class, and test performance was the outcome measure. As expected, Black pupils outperformed non‐Black pupils when they undertook a dual‐identity affirmation exercise, while non‐Black pupils outperformed Black pupils in the traditional self‐affirmation condition. Stereotype threat partially mediated this effect: dual‐identity was less threatening for Black pupils than for non‐Black pupils, increasing the test performance of Black pupils. We propose dual‐identity affirmation as a promising affirmation intervention to reduce threat and improve the academic performance of lower achieving ethnic minorities in ethnically diverse settings. Implications for teachers as key players in affirmation interventions are discussed.
Does the law recognize legal socialization?
Authors: Justice Benjamin , Meares Tracey 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSince its emergence as a coherent field of study a half century ago, legal socialization has moved to the forefront of conversations about legal reform across multiple fields. Amidst all this work, however, there is surprisingly little scholarship on an obvious, but understudied question: Does the law itself recognize legal socialization? Knowing whether, and how, American law recognizes its need to legally socialize the citizenry toward democratic norms is a critical step for bridging the divide between legal socialization scholarship and social policy reform. For this essay, we consider all 50 state constitutions, including all previous versions. Our analysis focuses on several specific areas where the text explicitly or implicitly addresses the law as a socializing agent. What we find is a diverse landscape of state law that ranges from silence to indirect and direct endorsement of legal socialization as a purpose of law, an obligation of the state, and a right of the individual citizen. Yet we also find that these acknowledgments are complex and at times contradictory, reflecting deep fissures between the law's commitments to democratic republicanism and its anti‐democratic commitments to the maintenance of privilege and overt oppression.
Mitochondrial function is controlled by melatonin and its metabolites in vitro in human melanoma cells
Authors: Bilska Bernadetta , Schedel Fiona , Piotrowska Anna , Stefan Joanna , Zmijewski Michal , Pyza Elżbieta , Reiter Russel J. , Steinbrink Kerstin , Slominski Andrzej T. , Tulic Meri K. , Kleszczyński Konrad 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMelanoma is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Although immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment for some patients, resistance towards therapy and unwanted side effects remain a problem for numerous individuals. Broad anti‐cancer activities of melatonin are recognized; however, additional investigations still need to be elucidated. Herein, using various human melanoma cell models, we explore in vitro the new insights into the regulation of melanoma by melatonin and its metabolites which possess, on the other side, high safety profiles and biological meaningful. In this study, using melanotic (MNT‐1) and amelanotic (A375, G361, Sk‐Mel‐28) melanoma cell lines, the comparative oncostatic responses, the impact on melanin content (for melanotic MNT‐1 melanoma cells) as well as the mitochondrial function controlled by melatonin, its precursor (serotonin), a kynuric (N1‐acetyl‐N2‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine, AFMK) and indolic pathway (6‐hydroxymelatonin, 6(OH)MEL and 5‐methoxytryptamine, 5‐MT) metabolites were assessed. Namely, significant disturbances were observed in bioenergetics as follows: (i) uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), (ii) attenuation of glycolysis, (iii) dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (mtΔΨ) accompanied by (iv) massive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and (v) decrease of glucose uptake. Collectively, these results together with previously published reports provide a new biological potential and make an imperative to consider using melatonin or its metabolites for complementary future treatments of melanoma‐affected patients; however, these associations should be additionally investigated in clinical setting.
Donald Trump and the Norms of the Presidency
Authors: Pfiffner James P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDonald Trump was the first person to come to the presidency with no experience in government or the military. Thus, he did not absorb the values of public service or military discipline and respect for the Constitution. Most behavior that is considered central to the presidency is not spelled out in the Constitution, which lays out the formal authority of the presidency. This article begins with common civility and other customs of the presidency, then turns to major political and civil institutions of the American polity, and concludes with Trump’s unprecedented undermining of national security institutions (the military and intelligence communities).
Polls and Elections Accuracy and Bias in the 2020 U.S. General Election Polls
Authors: Panagopoulos Costas 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis report examines accuracy and bias in national and state‐level preelection polls conducted during the 2020 U.S. general election cycle. Overall, national and statewide polls in 2020 were considerably less accurate than in 2016. In fact, there is evidence the final, national presidential preelection polls were less accurate than in any cycle since 1996. Polls across the board underestimated Republican support in the presidential, U.S. Senate, and gubernatorial races. The results show the pro‐Democratic biases reflected in the final 2020 preelection polls were systematic.
The expanding repertoire of immune‐related molecules with antimicrobial activity in penaeid shrimps: a review
Authors: Aweya Jude Juventus , Zheng Zhihong , Zheng Xiaoyu , Yao Defu , Zhang Yueling 
Published: March 2021

AbstractShrimps live in a complex aquatic ecosystem with numerous other biotic and abiotic factors, especially pathogenic microorganisms, which require the adaptation of prudent protective and survival strategies. As invertebrates, shrimps reply on humoral and cellular innate immune response mechanisms for protection against pathogens. One integral part of the humoral innate immune defence mechanism involves many biomolecules that are constitutively expressed or induced by pathogens. Shrimps, therefore, produce various biomolecules and secondary metabolites for physiological and pathophysiological purposes, most of which also act as effector molecules in immune‐related functions. A growing number of molecules have been identified as essential constituents of the immune arsenal of biomolecules in penaeid shrimps. This review provides a synthesis of important information on penaeid shrimp‐encoded immune‐related molecules with antimicrobial activities, their molecular regulation and importance in shrimp innate immune response. Research gaps would be identified and proposed research themes emphasized for future studies.
The Paradox of Constrained Well‐being: Childhood Autonomy, Surveillance and Inequality*
Authors: Dinsmore Brooke , Pugh Allison J. 
Published: March 2021

With some exceptions, children’s lives in the United States and other developed nations have become more intensely surveilled over the last 30 years, thanks to the intensification of parenting, the spread of surveillance technology in schools, and increased restrictions upon children’s use of public space. Yet childhood scholars argue that children’s autonomy and self‐efficacy are important not just as basic human rights, but also because they help children improve coping skills, learn better, and, and become trusting and trustworthy. Existing scholarship, then, might predict that trends of heightened surveillance negatively impact children’s well‐being. Instead, contemporary children are doing better, as measures of abuse and assault, physical health, educational achievement, and other outcomes attest. Given childhood studies scholarship, how do we understand children’s decreasing autonomy and increasing well‐being? We call this puzzle the “paradox of constrained well‐being.” We explore four possible explanations: stratification of childhood, safe bondage/risky freedom, mental‐health‐as‐SOS‐signal, and mental‐health‐as‐harbinger. Presenting evidence, we evaluate the capacity of each to explain the paradox of constrained well‐being. We conclude by suggesting all four have considerable purchase, and that our penchant for easily measurable and reportable metrics blinds us to the costs of constraints on children’s agency, liberty, mental health, and equity.
A mechanism‐based approach to the comparison of national pension systems in Vietnam and Sri Lanka
Authors: Kuhlmann Johanna , Nullmeier Frank 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe article argues that a mechanism‐based approach is a promising way for comparative analyses of social policy developments, as it allows to focus on specific sequences within broader processes, and to draw inspiration from elements of different theoretical approaches to explain these sequences. The article analyses the developments of the social insurance pension system in Vietnam and the national provident fund in Sri Lanka, which present two variants of a contribution‐based pension system. Despite different starting points and institutional and economic backgrounds, the article reveals that both countries are characterised by maintenance and expansion of their pension systems on the policy level, and limitations in expanding effective coverage on the implementation level. We identify three causal mechanisms that are crucial for understanding these developments: The policy‐areas‐interdependence mechanism explains how, in an integrated political system, policies are being maintained despite dysfunctions, because they have important stabilizing functions for other policy areas. The evasion mechanism explains how national policy actors on the surface follow International Organisations' recommendations and support further cooperation, while conducting reforms in line with national political considerations. The limited‐compliance mechanism explains how reforms that are being adopted on the policy level are not being implemented.
Blood perfusion in hypertrophic scars and keloids studied by laser speckle contrast imaging
Authors: Yang Yuting , Liu Lan , Yang Ruxi , Ding Xiaobing , Li Ying , Liu Hongjun , Yan Hong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study used laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) to evaluate the difference in blood perfusion between hypertrophic scars and keloids.Materials and MethodsA total of 30 keloids, 21 early hypertrophic scars, 20 proliferative hypertrophic scars, 20 regressive hypertrophic scars, and 20 mature hypertrophic scars were enrolled into this study. Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) was assessed by a plastic surgeon. LSCI was used to evaluate perfusion of the whole (W), marginal (M), central (C) regions, and surrounding normal skin of the scars, and ratios (M/N, C/N) were calculated.ResultsThe perfusion of the marginal region in the keloid was significantly higher than that of the central region. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in perfusion between the central and marginal regions in the early, proliferative, regressive, and mature hypertrophic scars. The degree of perfusion and perfusion ratio in the marginal region of keloid was similar to that of proliferative hypertrophic scars, and the degree of perfusion and perfusion ratio in central region of keloid group was similar to that of early and regressive hypertrophic scars.ConclusionsThe difference in perfusion distribution in keloids and hypertrophic scars may provide ideas for their identification. LSCI may be a useful method for differentiating between keloids and hypertrophic scars.
Validation of a flow cytometric assay to detect intraerythrocytic reactive oxygen species in horses
Authors: Serpa Priscila B.S. , Woolcock Andrew , Taylor Sandra D. , Pires dos Santos Andrea 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundOxidative stress refers to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Most assays for ROS detection are costly, laborious, and usually use indirect markers. The use of 2’,7’‐dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH‐DA) is a possible alternative. This substance becomes a fluorochrome when oxidized by ROS, with the resultant fluorescence proportional to ROS concentration. Erythrocytes are highly exposed to ROS, resulting in cell damage and consequently impaired oxygen delivery. The effects of this exposure in physiologic and pathologic conditions necessitate an improvement in ROS detection methods.ObjectiveWe aimed to validate intraerythrocytic ROS detection by flow cytometry using DCHF‐DA in healthy horses.MethodsErythrocytes from 31 healthy horses were isolated, incubated with DCFH‐DA, and either left unstimulated or stimulated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). For specificity, each cellular component of blood was separated and plotted according to its size and complexity. Samples were run in triplicate for intra‐assay precision and five consecutive times for inter‐assay repeatability. Stability was determined by analyzing the same sample up to 48 hours after blood collection. The acceptable coefficient of variation (CV) was ≤20%.ResultsThe intra‐assay CV was 1.7% and 13.3%, and the inter‐assay CV was 4.8% and 17.8% for unstimulated and stimulated samples, respectively. Unstimulated and stimulated samples were stable for up to 48 and 24 hours, respectively. Stimulated samples had greater fluorescence than unstimulated samples (P < .0001).ConclusionsThis flow cytometric assay demonstrated adequate specificity, precision, and stability and is, therefore, a promising technique with multiple applications for studying oxidative stress in horses.
A Method of Calculating Energy Losses During Impact
Authors: Zener C. , Feshbach H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
When an elastic sphere collides with another perfectly elastic body, part of the initial kinetic energy is lost in starting elastic waves in the two bodies. The energy thus dissipated can be calculated by previous analytical methods only when it is a small fraction of the initial kinetic energy. This paper develops an approximate analytical method for this calculation which is applicable even when the greater part of the energy is dissipated. Thus in a particular case where the energy dissipated is 90 per cent of the original kinetic energy, an error of only 0.7 per cent is made. The new element in this analysis is the introduction of a “normalized” interaction force which is necessarily quite insensitive to one’s ignorance of the exact interaction force.
The powerfulness of the method is illustrated by a complete survey of the problem of impact of spheres with beams fixed at each end. Graphs are constructed showing the variation of the coefficient of restitution with the length of the beam and the mass of the sphere. Impacts with multiple blows are excluded. It is found that when the mass of the sphere is kept constant, the coefficient of restitution has a minimum for a certain optimal beam length, and is independent of the beam length for values greater than twice the optimal length. The coefficient is a minimum when the period of the fundamental mode of vibration is approximately equal to 2.4 times the time of contact.
The method is also applied to the impact of spheres with large thin plates. The semiempirical formula of Raman is derived.
Although this analytical method cannot be applied to impacts with multiple blows, it nevertheless gives the conditions for such multiple blows.
The Spring Clutch
Authors: Wiebusch C. F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The mathematical theory is developed for the spring clutch which consists of two coaxial cylinders placed end to end and coupled torsionally by a coil spring fitted over them. Relations are derived whereby it is possible to design spring clutches in terms of the requirements and the constants of the spring material. Experimental verification of the relations is given. The theory of residual and active stresses as applied to the springs is discussed.
Solution of Rectangular Clamped Plate With Lateral Load by Generalized Energy Method
Authors: Pickett Gerald 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The author gives formulas by which the energy method may be readily applied for obtaining the moments and deflections for any lateral load on a clamped rectangular plate. He not only gives mathematical computations illustrating the application of the formulas, but also discusses the accuracy of the method compared to others, and points out its limitations.
A Theoretical Investigation of Plastic Torsion in an I-Beam
Authors: Christopherson D. G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The distribution of stress in an I-beam in torsion is investigated by a method of successive approximation, and the regions of initial yielding are determined for several values of the angle of twist. Formulas are given for elaborating the methods of Southwell (1) and of Shortley and Weller (2) in order to facilitate this determination.
The value of the stress-concentration factor in the fillets is found to agree well with results obtained by soap-film tests, and regions of plastic flow approximate closely those observed by MacGregor and Hrones (3) by the use of the etching method.
Stress-Concentration Factors Around a Central Circular Hole in a Plate Loaded Through Pin in the Hole
Authors: Frocht M. M. , Hill H. N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with factors of stress concentrations in plates of finite width with central circular holes loaded through pins or rivets. Two sets of results are presented, one from oversize aluminum specimens in which the stresses were determined from strain-gage measurements, the other, from photoelastic tests with small bakelite models. The two investigations were conceived and executed independently. The tests involving the use of strain gages were made at Aluminum Research Laboratories and the photoelastic tests were made at the Photoelastic Laboratory of the Carnegie Institute of Technology.
While most of the tests involved plates loaded through a single pin in a hole on the longitudinal center line of the plate, several tests were made on plates loaded through two pins symmetrically situated about the center line of the plate. Numerical values for the stress-concentration factor k are given for ratios of hole diameter to width of plate (2r/D) ranging from 0.086 to 0.76.
A Rational Representation of the Flow Performance of Reaction Steam-Turbine Blading
Authors: Egli Adolf 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper gives a condensed method of representing flow performance of reaction-type turbine blading which is applicable to an extensive range of flow conditions including those widely different from the conditions of maximum efficiency. The method is of particular value in analyzing flow in by-pass blade groups of central-station turbines or of mixed-pressure or bleeder turbines. It is based on dimensional analysis and empirical data are presented in the condensed form suggested by the analysis.
Analysis of Clamped Rectangular Plates
Authors: Young Dana 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper attempts to solve the problem of the bending action of rectangular plates clamped at all four edges and subjected to lateral loading. Analytical in nature, the author’s investigation is based upon the ordinary theory of bending of thin plates as treated in Lagrange’s equation of the middle surface. The superposition method is used and applied to a number of loadings not hitherto studied.