bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benefits of Digital Monitoring of Flowback Returns During Coiled Tubing Milling and Cleanout Operations
Authors: Payne Courtney , Yip Wilson , Rondon Fajardo Sergio , Leroux Ryan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Cleanouts and milling make up most of the common coiled tubing (CT) operations around the globe. The objective of each is to remove debris from a wellbore, such as sand, scale, cement, or fracture plugs, to promote an unobstructed flow path for fluids. For decades, operators and service companies have focused heavily on methods to optimize removal of debris through the development of specialized tools, fluids, techniques, and predictive models. These are coupled with wellsite equipment digital acquisition systems to capture CT behavior, pump rates, and chemical additive rates; very little attention has been given to the rates of the fluid and solids being returned to surface.
The composition and quality of fluids being pumped into the well are often well characterized, and the pump rate is recorded digitally to the second. By contrast, information on the fluid being returned is frequently limited to intermittent, manual surveys of the flowback tank fluid level that often go unrecorded. Fluid samples are rarely analyzed, even by inexact measurements, to provide feedback to the predictive model. This results in a missed opportunity to optimize the operation as well as to recognize and respond to undesirable trends and actions in real time.
This paper describes a simple digital acquisition system developed and implemented in the field to digitally record, plot, and monitor critical wellsite parameters including flowback rate, solids returns, annular velocities, and downhole Reynolds numbers. The system provides a real-time visual aid to observe the direct impact that operational decisions have on cleanout efficiency and the opportunity to correct and optimize the cleanout operation. Furthermore, the system offers the opportunity to rapidly recognize and respond to unexpected trends such as a gradual or sudden loss in return rate or a decrease of solids returns which could rapidly result in serious consequences such as a stuck-pipe situation.
Remedial Cementing Through Reclosable Sleeves
Authors: Gouthaman Varun , Cheeseman Brenton , Smith Bradley , Gowisnock Brandon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Unconventional reservoirs, specifically shale formations, require stimulation by means of hydraulic fracturing to extract hydrocarbons buried deep beneath the Earth's surface. Stimulation requires fluid and in most cases proppant to enter the wellbore via a pressure-pumping operation to create fractures in tight, hydrocarbon-bearing formations. Currently, there are two dominant methodologies for unconventional completions: plug-and-perf (PnP), and sliding sleeves. PnP requires the use of plugs and perforating guns, which are pumped to designated depths in the well, to create perforations in the casing, allowing fluid to be conveyed into the formation. This method leaves casing permanently perforated and unable to isolate certain portions of the wellbore for future intervention or remediation. In contrast, the use of reclosable sliding sleeves allows operators to selectively function, stimulate, and remediate different portions of the wellbore without introducing inner diameter casing restrictions or reductions. This paper aims to highlight the use of reclosable sliding sleeves not only as a means for primary reservoir stimulation, but also to conduct remedial cement operations in wells.
Avoiding Erosion: Best Practices for Coiled Tubing Annular Frac Operations
Authors: Yekta Kaveh , Fenwick Jamie , Elliott Kevin , Albaugh John 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Annular Frac operations performed with Coiled Tubing (CT) offer many advantages for unconventional completions, particularly wells with long laterals and many pay zones (frequently in excess of 100 stages). The primary disadvantage to annular frac is erosion of the coiled tubing due to impinged, high pressure fluids containing abrasive frac sand. This paper will describe a methodology to detect erosion of the CT to provide consistent, reliable operations.
When designing equipment and writing operational procedures to detect erosion in annular frac through coiled tubing, the following considerations may be considered: CT string design and pumped fluid flow rate when fracturing. From a CT service company perspective, the fluid dynamics of the pumped fluid may contain uncontrolled variables such as fluid density, viscosity, and slurry from job-to-job.
As a result of the limitations noted above, the onset of erosion may be difficult to predict. However non-destructive electromagnetic inspection can be utilized to highlight possible locations of erosion within CT strings to develop "field-tested" guidelines for pumping against tubing size.
Electromagnetic inspection using Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) and/or Hall Effect Sensors can highlight localized variations in wall thickness. However, this information alone does not give a clear indication if the tubing has been damaged by erosion without a baseline inspection to compare to, since there can be variations in wall due to the CT manufacturing process and the prevalence of tapered CT string designs.
If the CT string is inspected either when new or very early on in its life, a comparison of wall variation by electromagnetic methods can "rule out" wall thickness variations that were present at the time of manufacturing. Evaluation of CT strings with electromagnetic inspections performed when new and after retirement will be presented in this paper. The inspection results will then be supplemented by pumping parameters from annular frac jobs performed with these strings.
This paper describes a methodology of verifying that CT strings have not been subject to erosion due to annular frac operations. An exploration of pumping rates used on these strings in operations also provides some "field-tested" practical guidelines for avoiding erosion when performing annular frac jobs.
Design Optimization for Hydraulically Driven Agitation Tool in Extended Coiled Tubing Reach Application
Authors: Saiood Hussain , Duthie Laurie , Albaqshi Ahmed , Ahsan Muhammad 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
As the boundaries are pushed with increased length of horizontal wells, coiled tubing (CT) well intervention capabilities are challenged requiring new technologies to expand existing capabilities. When utilizing coiled tubing, standard best practice is to first utilize CT modeling software to optimize CT size and weight for maximum reach. After choosing the right CT size, the next and most critical factor to address in extending the reach is, drag and frictional forces between the CT and the wellbore. Reducing friction and delaying helical buckling will significantly increase the reach. Several versions have been created utilizing various pressure pulse tools in the CT bottom hole assemble (BHA) to accomplish this task.
These tools work by creating vibration or pressure pulses that allow for a delay in the onset of the helical buckling of CT and are widely utilized and accepted as solutions. However, existing agitation tool limitations have been reached. A newly designed and developed, hydraulically driven agitation tool (HDAT) to extend CT reach delivers continuous frequency pressure waves along the entire length of the CT. The HDAT provides a reduction in static friction and converts that to a dynamic friction form along the CT string. The continuous hydraulic agitation reduces the onset of helical buckling and thus reduces CT helical contact points, resulting in lower resistance force.
The development, design, and lab testing for the HDAT has been through extensive development stages resulting in three generations of the tool, with each version providing an incrementally improved performance. The latest generation HDAT has been designed to function at optimum operational frequencies and produce excitation that works on a longer section of the CT. The performance advancement of the newly designed HDAT generation was achieved after extensive lab testing with a field run reaching a total depth of 24,500 ft over a 4,600 ft open hole lateral section.
The new HDAT was redesigned to improve performance and reliability to achieve an effective matrix acid stimulation treatment. The lessons learned from previous generations were imbedded to extend the reach of the CT in the most challenging extended reach wells.
Bicentric Milling Approach Enables the Recovery of the Horizontal Section of an Unconventional Well in Turkey
Authors: Franco Delgado Ernesto , Jahn Felix , Weir Liam , Bruce Brian , Carreno Nestor 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
During the completion phase of an unconventional well in Turkey, casing deformation represented a challenge to the operator and Coiled Tubing (CT) service provider due to the potential loss of almost 70% of the horizontal section. The deformation obstructed the path to continue the milling the remaining plugs. The implementation of bicentric mills and Multi-Cycling Circulation Valve (MCCV) incorporated in the milling assembly allowed efficient recovery of the horizontal section.
The tubing condition analysis done by the engineering team showed that symmetric mills would not be beneficial. Conformance tubing was not an option. Bicentric milling approach was deemed the most viable solution. This approach consists of using offset mills where rotation causes the cutting head to cover an area larger than the mill's frontal face. However, this approach could lead the CT pipe getting stuck due to big junk left. The use of a MCCV, limiting the number of milled plugs, and performing a fishing run between milling runs were key to the success of the bicentric milling approach.
The Turkish well was completed with ten stages isolated by nine aluminum plugs. During the fracturing of stage seven, an abnormal pressure drop was observed while keeping the same pump rate, indicating possible casing damage. After all the stages were fractured, the CT proceeded to mill the plugs using a 4.63-in Outside Diameter (OD) mill. After three plugs were milled, an obstruction was detected, indicated by frequent aggressive motor stalls at the same depth.
A tapered mill was run to perform a tubing conformance, and after several hours of unsuccessful penetration, the tool was recovered. At the surface, the tool showed signs of wear around 4.268 in. A 4.0-in OD mill was used to drift this section, and it passed free.
An analysis of both the plug anatomy and the casing condition was done to determine the most viable solution. A 4-in OD bicentric mill was designed to pass across the restriction with an adjusted eccentricity to allow higher contact area. Three bicentric milling runs were made with the limit of a maximum of two plugs per run to avoid a CT stuck situation due to the larger cuttings as a result of the mill's asymmetry.
The sparsity of information on using bicentric mills for plug milling required research into unpublished practices for such scenarios. This paper documents bicentric milling approach, the use of offset mills, and the mitigation measurements taken during this project to avoid a stuck situation due to large debris generated.
Application of Real-Time Solid Measurement and Return Flow Rate During Coiled Tubing Milling Operations
Authors: Yekta Kaveh , Phung Ray , Stang Benjamin , Woitas Tyler 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Among the many applications of Coiled Tubing (CT) services, milling plugs and wellbore sand cleanout are two of the major applications. The transport of solids to the surface, as well as monitoring the return rates, are two sources of information which can have a significant impact on the execution of these jobs. Traditionally the flowback crew communicates this information to the CT control cab upon request. However, by utilizing an acoustic monitor and ultrasonic flowmeter, it can reduce the dependence on flowback operators and provide real-time solid measurement and return flow rate. The acoustic monitor is a passive, non-intrusive device that is designed to measure the acoustic noise induced into the pipe wall as solids impact the inside wall of the pipe. The ultrasonic flowmeter is a clamp-on device that is designed with two transducers that serve as both a transmitter and receiver.
In order to prove the concept, five stages of trials were planned and executed. In stage one, CT was rigged into a 150m vertical test well. The equipment included CT mast unit, CT pump, choke manifold, and acoustic monitoring device. Several debris piles from previous milling operations were introduced to the test well, and a CT cleanout was performed. The acoustic monitor system measured the amount of solid to surface, and the results were evaluated. Solids retrieved were then compared to the initial debris piles and correlated to the data received by the acoustic monitor. On the 2nd stage, the acoustic monitoring device was utilized in actual milling operation. The 3rd stage was a yard trial of ultrasonic flowmeter using a CT pump and data acquisition system to evaluate the working envelope of this device, followed by a field trial, in stage 4, utilizing the flowmeter in actual milling operations. The final stage of this trial was planned and executed in milling operations on a five wells pad, utilizing the combined applications of acoustic monitoring (solid measurement) and ultrasonic flowmeter (return rate) devices.
All five stages contributed to proof of concept for the applications of solid measurement and return flow rate devices. These trials were successfully planned, executed, and evaluated. The acquired data throughout the five stages of these trials were utilized during and post job operations as lessons learned to optimize the process for future applications.
The real-time measurement of solids and flow rate monitoring, independent of flowback operators, enables the CT operator to make informed decisions throughout milling and cleanout operations. The real-time streaming of solids to surface and return flow rate enables the operator and service company’s Engineering team to evaluate and optimize the execution of milling and sand cleanout operations.
Del malestar a la depresión: dinámicas en la construcción del significado personal de la experiencia de la depresión
Authors: Vásquez Daniel , Altimir Carolina , Ocampo Lopera Diana María , Reinel Pineda Mahaira Catalina , Espinosa Daniel , Mesa Posada Camila , Montenegro Cristian R. , Fernández Olga María , Krause Mariane 
Published: March 2021

Objetivo. Comprender las dinámicas mediante las cuales los pacientes significan su experiencia de la depresión. Metodología. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa, basada en la Teoría Fundamentada. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 10 pacientes diagnosticados de un trastorno del ánimo con episodio depresivo, por el que habían estado en tratamiento psicoterapéutico previamente. Las entrevistas fueron analizadas desde un enfoque descriptivo-relacional, para reconocer las principales unidades temáticas referidas por los participantes y luego identificar sus relaciones y significados subyacentes. Resultados. El significado de la experiencia de la depresión se reveló como un proceso denominado “Construcción subjetiva de la experiencia de la depresión”, caracterizado por tres momentos. (1) “La experiencia de un malestar sin nombre”; (2) “Anclaje de la experiencia del paciente en la palabra depresión”; (3) “Apropiación de la experiencia de la depresión”. Conclusión. la experiencia de la depresión se presenta como un proceso dinámico de interacción entre el malestar subjetivo y la construcción de significados asociados a él; transitando de una experiencia desconcertante observada en el cuerpo, el ánimo y/o lo conductual, hacia una experiencia elaborable discursivamente, a través de una referencia semántica (depresión) que integra los significados y origina un proceso de apropiación de lo que implica para cada individuo tener depresión o estar deprimido.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Acoustic and Perceptual Changes in Voice During
Pregnancy
Authors: Balasubramanium Radish Kumar , Jacob Anitta Susan , Krishnamurthy Rahul 
Published: March 2021

Introduction:
Voice is one of the many systems which may show deviancies during pregnancy. The present study aimed to profile the acoustic and perceptual characteristics of voice during pregnancy.

Methods:
Pregnant women in the age range of 18-30 years were divided into seven groups starting from the third month of pregnancy to the ninth month of pregnancy, with 30 participants in each group. Praat software was used to collect the phonation and narration sample from each participant at their most comfortable pitch and loudness. The acoustic and perceptual analyses were performed on recorded voice samples.

Results:
Results revealed that fundamental frequency (F0) is affected by the 6th month of pregnancy until the 9th month of pregnancy. However, jitter and shimmer abnormalities are evident from the 3rd month of pregnancy. The results of the perceptual analysis indicated the presence of roughness and breathiness from the third month of pregnancy until the 9th month of pregnancy.

Discussion:
The results indicated that fundamental frequency (F0) was affected by the 6th month of pregnancy and continued until the 9th month of pregnancy. The jitter and shimmer abnormalities were evident from the 3rd month of pregnancy. These findings were further supported by perceptual deviations on the Grade Roughness Breathiness Asthenia Strain (GRBAS) scale.

Conclusions:
These findings are of value for a pregnant woman who is sensitive to the vocal deviations and also for a professional voice user as they are more prone to voice changes or disorders due to their extensive voice usage.
Prediction of Potential Targets of an Emerging Zoonotic Paramyxovirus: An Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis
Authors: Sai Minnikanti Venkata Satya , Subeesh Viswam , GNS Hema Sree , Saraswathy Ganeshan Rajalakshmi , Gouri Nair 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus that can cause severe respiratory
illness and encephalitis in humans, with no effective targets and treatment.

Objective:
To investigate potential targets involved in the progression of NiV infection by bioinformatics
studies.

Methods:
To identify the key gene involved in NiV infection, a microarray dataset (GSE32902)
was downloaded from the National Centre of Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The differentially
expressed genes were unraveled by using Geo2Enrichr, and the functional enrichment analysis
was facilitated by using Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery
(DAVID). Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) was used to construct the
Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and visualized by using Cytoscape.

Results:
A total of 500 genes (262 up-regulated and 238 down-regulated) were identified among
NiV infected cells. Nineteen upregulated genes were found with a node degree of more than 10,
Among which MX1, ISG15, and IFIT1 were found to have the highest node degree (degree=20),
followed by RSAD2 and IRF7 with node degree 18 and MX2 and IFIT3 with node degree 17.

Conclusion:
The above results explicitly demonstrate that the expressed genes attribute to a defensive
response against the virus. Henceforth finding agonists for these genes would help in the effective
management of Niv infection.
Sociocultural Relevance of Communication Strategies of Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Programmes in Mozambique: A Study of Programa Geraçao Biz Activities in Nampula Province
Authors: Da Silva Lurdes 
Published: March 2021

Adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) challenges in Mozambique include early marriages, early pregnancies and HIV/AIDS. In 1999 the Programa Geração Biz (PGB) was created to address youths’ problems and improve their sexual and reproductive health (SRH). However, studies show Mozambican youths continue to be exposed to risks related to their SRH. Mozambique is a multicultural country but only 40% of Mozambicans speak Portuguese, the official language, while 93.5% of the population uses a Bantu language as their mother tongue. This raises an important issue – should PGB communication strategies (CS) take into account the country’s complex cultural reality? Studies recognise the role of culture in enhancing effective delivery of communication programmes. Concurrently, studies point to a lack of research analyzing CS of health campaigns.
This paper’s aims are: (i) to examine PGB communication strategies; (ii) identify cultural challenges to these strategies; and (iii) determine the implications of these impediments for the PGB.
Research methods included non-participant observation, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Research questions were based on the McGuire Communication/Persuasion Model, and data analyzed thematically using Nvivo Pro11.
Results revealed the following: (i) interpersonal methods are used to deliver preventive messages, with sociocultural approaches often ignored or not used to reduce cultural barriers; (ii) cultural challenges identified include initiation rites, taboos surrounding sexuality, language and health terminologies, and parents’ attitudes towards early marriages; and (iii) these factors hinder effective delivery of programme messages.
The conclusion is that the CS used by PGB does not sufficiently take into account the Mozambican sociocultural context. Taboos around sexuality have silenced open communication in this regard. Ideas of sexual abstinence, condom use and campaigns against early marriage stand in opposition to certain orientations of traditional initiations.
KEY WORDS: COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES, SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, PROGRAMA GERAÇÃO BIZ, McGUIRE’S COMMUNICATION/PERSUASION MODEL, CULTURAL CHALLENGES
Implications of the Failure to pay the Required Electoral Deposit in South Africa: Analysing National Freedom Party v Electoral Commission
Authors: Dube Angelo 
Published: March 2021

The right to participate in elections is one of the cornerstones of any democratic country. This is true of South Africa’s electoral process, which was put to the test in the case of National Freedom Party v Electoral Commission in 2016. To promote free and fair elections, certain safeguards must be put in place. These include notifying the Electoral Commission of an intention to participate in elections through the payment of a deposit on a specified date by the party intending to participate in elections, and the publication of an election timetable by the government. This research has found that once published, the Electoral Commission has no power to change the electoral timetable.
The only remedy for a party that fails to comply with the electoral prescripts such as the payment of an electoral deposit lies under section 11(2)(a) of the South African Local Government: Municipal Electoral Act. Additionally, it found that the concept of free and fair elections takes into account the interests of all parties concerned, and not just that of the party that alleges unfairness stemming from the exclusion. Whilst the exclusion of a party can lead to the violation of certain fundamental rights, such as the right to regular free and fair elections, and the right to vote, it is important to note that this case clearly establishes the legal position that a party’s failure to comply with the legal prescripts, will bar that political party from obtaining a remedy for exclusion.
KEY WORDS: ELECTORAL COMMISSION, ELECTORAL TIMETABLE, FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS, CONDONATION, NON-COMPLIANCE.