bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lightweight Hybrid Encryption System with FPGA Design Proposal
Authors: Mostafaa H , Eisaa S M , Issaa H H , Shaker N H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Security and privacy issues of limited resources communications such as the internet of things (IoT) applications have caught significant attention. Traditional security solutions are not optimal for limited resources devices due to resource constraints in terms of computing capacity and memory and energy. Elliptic curves cryptosystems (ECC) is efficient for limited resources devices more than other public-key cryptosystems as it provides the same security level with reduced key sizes compared with other security techniques. In this paper, we introduce a lightweight hybrid encryption system that uses a key exchange algorithm based on the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) protocol. In addition, a lightweight version of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as a block cipher is proposed in order to use the exchanged key for data encryption. The simulation is done using SageMath Tool and the results show that the proposed lightweight AES provide an accepted security level with lower computing capacity. Finally, we proposed a hardware top level design for FPGA implementation.
Performance Enhancement of Massive MIMO Using Deep Learning-Based Channel Estimation
Authors: Helmy H M N , Daysti S El , Shatila H , Aboul-Dahab M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (massive MIMO) system relies on channel state information (CSI) feedback to perform precoding and achieve performance gain in frequency division duplex (FDD) networks. However, transmission of massive MIMO system is subject to excessive feedback overhead. In this paper, we propose a Deep Learning (DL) approach-based channel estimation technique to enhance the performance of massive MIMO system. This technique is used to enhance recovery quality and improve trade-off between compression ratio (CR) and complexity of massive MIMO system. The proposed technique is based upon using the Channel State Information Network combined with gated recurrent unit (CsiNet-GRU). Moreover, the dropout method is used in the proposed technique to reduce overfitting during the learning process. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed CsiNet-GRU technique results in a significant improvement in performance when compared with existing techniques used in conjunction with massive MIMO systems.
Characterization of Objects based on the Polarization Tensor: Nature versus Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Ahmad Khairuddin Taufiq Khairi , Yunos Nurhazirah Mohamad , Sukri Suzarina Ahmed 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDescribing the perturbation in electric or electromagnetic fields due to conductivity contrast could be essential to improve many industrial applications. The applications include electrical imaging such as electrical impedance tomography, electrical resistivity tomography and metal detectors. In this case, understanding the perturbation helps, for examples, to improve reconstruction of images for medical purposes or reduce the possibility of detecting nonthreat objects during security screening with metal detectors. One way to describe the perturbation in electric or electromagnetic fields due to the presence of a conducting object in the region of the field is to use the terminology called as polarization tensor, where, polarization tensor can then be used to describe and characterize the presented object. Mathematically, polarization tensor can be defined in terms of boundary value problems of a PDE or also as integral equations in an asymptotic series. In this paper, the applications of polarization tensor are highlighted specifically to characterize object. The examples included are in the natural electric fish and also in an artificial intelligence. It is proposed to relate all studies in the future to improve the related applications using polarization tensor.
Enhancing the efficiency of electric vehicle’s motor using electro-mechanical continuously variable transmission
Authors: Shakizar W A S W , Mazali I I , Daud Z H C , Kob M S C , Paimon A S , Asus Z , Doumin A M , Talib M. H. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Over the last decades, significant progress has been made on the technologies of battery electric vehicle (BEV) powertrain system. As a result, the driving mileage of the latest EVs has been improved tremendously, making the ownership of BEV more viable now. Nevertheless, even with the latest progress, the driving mileage of a BEV is still generally lower as compared to the vehicle with an advanced internal combustion engine. Thus, this paper investigates the potential of increasing the mileage of a BEV further by using electro-mechanical continuously variable transmission (EMCVT) in its powertrain system. The purpose of the EMCVT is to allow the electric motor used in the BEV powertrain system to operate in its most efficient condition for a wide range of vehicle’s speeds. This condition is defined using the efficiency mapping of a typical electric motor applied in the existing BEVs. Based on this mapping, the motor’s efficiency when used with EMCVT is compared with the efficiency of the same motor when used with a single speed transmission for various vehicle speeds. In this investigation, the efficiency of the EM CVT is considered at 75% to 95%, and the BEV with EMCVT is considered to be 80 kg heavier than the BEV using a single speed transmission. The comparison between the BEV with and without EMCVT shows that the application of EMCVT allows the motor to operate in its most efficient condition for a wider range of the vehicle’s velocity. However, the improved motor’s efficiency is compromised by the losses in the EMCVT, making it challenging to achieve lower power consumption during driving. Therefore, to achieve meaningful improvement in terms of power consumption, the efficiency of the EMCVT has to be higher than 85%.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Vibration Power Flow of Thin Plate Using Cross Power Spectral Density Based Technique
Authors: Nyein O K , Aminudin B A , Asnizah S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The application of thin plates as elements of machines and vehicles component working under various operational condition causes degradation and occurrence of damage. Hence, it is extremely important to identify the dynamic characteristic and the vibration power flow of the thin structure that indicates magnitude and direction of vibration power distribution, and transmission path. This study aims to examine the potential changes in the dynamic characteristics and the vibration power flow of the thin plate at its’ first four natural frequencies. The numerical modal analysis and the experimental modal analysis of the thin plate was conducted in the first step. The vibration power flow was measured utilizing the cross power spectral density-based technique which was validated with the results from calculation. The power flow maps of the plate at the first four natural frequencies are presented. The visualization utilizing vector plot and streamline shows the vibration power flow direction, magnitude, and transmission paths in the plate. The results show that the higher frequency, the path of the vibration power flow become more complicated. This research proposed a measuring method, through simple calculation and visualization of vibration power flow of the plate that may give a contribution to the design phase in manufacturing sectors, the manufacturer, and structural health monitoring.
Soil Erosion Morphology of An Embankment Failure
Authors: Mohamed Yusof Z , Abd. Wahab A K , Ismail Z , Amerudin S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Embankments are essential infrastructure, are built to provide flood control. It also presents risks to property and life due to their potential to fail and cause catastrophic flooding. To mitigate these risks, authorities and regulators need to carefully analyse and inspect dams to identify potential failure modes and protect against them. This paper presents an embankment failure morphology, and the amount of erosion occurred due to overtopping flow. The breached morphology is analysed for an embankment slope of 1V:3H, using a medium sand grain size of non-cohesive soil in the laboratory. The embankment height is 0.1 m and tested with inflows rate of Q = 0.8 ×10−3 m3/s. Experimental results showed that the breached peak discharge is affected by the morphology of the embankment breached. The volume lost calculation of the embankment erosion was calculated using SURFER 8, indicating the volume of 0.0096 m3 with the peak breached discharge of 3.63 x 10−3 m3/s. The study concludes that the embankment volume lost is about 41%, and the characteristics of the embankment failures influence its morphology patterns.
GIS-Based Crisis Response System for Electric Distribution Utility: A Case Study Of Covid-19 Pandemic In Malaysia
Authors: Kamil N M F N M , Razak K A , Mat Yatim F , Hidzir A H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has impacted 188 countries, with more than 6 million infected people, and Malaysia is not exceptional. With stringent control measures and rapid action by multi-sectoral agencies, Malaysia is only a few countries that collectively managed to reduce the number of human and economic losses, far better than the projection. Critical infrastructure remained intact and full of functionality during the unprecedented crisis. The supply and demand by the electric utility companies are of utmost critical to support the Government of Malaysia’s decision in infective prevention and control, rapid response, epidemiological forecasting, pandemic supply chain coordination, continuity of essential service, surveillance, and risk communication. To survive on this new normal, the business and operations of the utilities must rely on good data, advanced technology, and science-based decision support. This article presents local practices and experiences by GIS Distribution Network (GISDN), a project unit in the Distribution Network (DN) division of Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) to co-support the decisions mentioned above. GISDN has supported the TNB Crisis Management Team (CMT) of the Kuala Lumpur and Selangor state, starting from the Movement Control Order (MCO) for COVID-19 pandemic response in Klang Valley. Maps and statistics of TNB assets in the areas of Enhanced Movement Control Order (EMCO) intelligently delivered by GISDN for use by the CMT groups. In the case of EMCO at Selangor Mansion and Malayan Mansion, geographical information provided to ensure the reliable electricity supply from 40 substations in the total lockdown area that involving around 6,000 residents in 365 residential and commercial units. The web-GIS application dashboard for CMT also developed by GISDN to monitor the status of more than 214 gazetted quarantine stations in Kuala Lumpur. Besides, the web-GIS dashboard application for the situational awareness of COVID-19 based on administrative boundaries in Klang Valley delivered to support the Standard of Operating Procedure (SOP) for Return to Work (RTW) program in GISDN, especially for the use of for site-work approval. These geospatial deliverables and web-GIS dashboard applications aid better visualization, risk-informed forecasting, and response planning for TNB to cope with COVID-19 clusters and zones updated by MOH on the daily basis. In conclusion, this study provides a new insight into the future advancement of spatiotemporal GIS capability, its intelligent architecture design, and an evidence-based decision support system to reduce pandemic risk in the future.
Prevention of Soil Erosion Using Microalgae in Malaysia
Authors: Kuwabara T , Iwamoto K , Hara H , Yamaguchi T , Mohamad S E , Abdullah N , Khudzari J Md , Othman F S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
With rapid urbanization and economic development, soil erosion may occur at an alarming rate causing serious environmental problems globally including Malaysia. The current control methods such as ground covers and slope drains are expensive and not eco-friendly. Therefore, Biological Soil Crust (BSC) method can be a better alternative to prevent the soil erosion. However, most studies were focusing on in temperate and dry areas. In this work, our objectives were i) to cultivate Malaysia’s indigenous species BSC forming algae, ii) to culture the algal strain in POME medium at different concentrations, and iii) to test soil erosion in the presence of BSC. Our results have shown that algal growth had increased with the decrease of POME concentration; the algal growth was highest at the concentration of 20%. Also, the results from soil erosion tests have demonstrated that soil covered with BSC has improved soil stability by 135% compared to the soil without BSC. This suggests that BSC application is promising in preventing soil erosion. This paper is the first of its kind with the aim of providing an information on the isolation of Malaysia’s local strain in palm oil mill effluent (POME) for BSC application in the tropical climate region.
Performance Characteristics of Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine with Tidal Current Interaction
Authors: Hannan M A , Ahmed Y A , Zaid N D B , Kamal I Z M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This study presents results from the numerical analysis of the performance of the Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine under the influence of current from various directions. The sliding mesh in ANSYS Fluent is used to simulate the rotating turbine. The realizable K-ε model is used to model the turbulence. The ANSYS model is verified against experimental data by comparing the power coefficient for various velocities of tidal current coming from zero-degree direction. After that, the effects of tidal current directions are investigated by considering nine approaching angles. It is found that the maximum Power Coefficient occurs when the direction of incoming flow is parallel to the rotational axis of the turbine, regardless of incoming flow velocity. Thrust coefficient, on the other hand, found to reach the maximum when deflection of incoming flow is 15°. In an actual marine environment, it is difficult to ensure that the incoming flow of water will always be parallel to the rotating axis of the turbine. Therefore, to ensure efficient energy capturing, it is suggested that the flow directions should be kept within 15° from the rotational axis of the turbine, especially for low incoming velocity.
Power Coefficient Estimation of Floating Axis Wind Turbine by Lifting Line Theory
Authors: Senga H , Akimoto H , Fukai K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the development of the offshore wind turbine, the horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) with fixed foundation is the mainstream in the world. However, the floating type wind turbine is advantageous for Japan because the seas near Japan are deep. It is difficult for the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) to utilize its advantages on land. Meanwhile, VAWT is suitable for the floating type wind turbine because its gravity center is low. Besides, the performance of VAWT is hard to decrease if the rotor inclines. Among the VAWTs, the target of this research is the floating axis wind turbine (FAWT) which is expected to further reduction of the electricity cost. In this research, the performance of FAWT is estimated by QBlade which is based on the lifting line theory. The estimated power coefficient (Cp) of the 5MW FAWT is 0.49 and it is comparable with that of HAWT.
Natural Cellulosic Adsorbent for Recovery of Nitrate from Aquaculture Effluent
Authors: Chong M M , Tan L S , Jusoh N W C , Goto M , Tsuji T 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Nitrogen based nutrients are among the main components in aquaculture effluent to cause eutrophication condition, as it may cause algal bloom and depletion in oxygen once its concentration reaches the threshold. Nitrogen based nutrients are released into water in a form of nitrate after going through nitrification and denitrification. Cellulose based adsorbent are increasingly gaining attention due to its adsorption capability which comes in useful for recovery of nitrogen based nutrients. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of powder cellulose as a potential natural cellulosic adsorbent for the recovery of nitrate ions in water under a constant pH 6.6. The uptake of nitrate by natural cellulosic adsorbent was investigated with variation of parameters such as initial concentration of 5.0 mg L−1 and 30.0 mg L−1, adsorbent dosage of 5.0 mg and 40.0 mg, temperature of 25.0 °C and 45.0 °C, and contact time of 10 minutes and 60 minutes. The experiment was conducted based on the experiment design by Design Expert Version 11 software in order to observe the recovery percentage of powder cellulose in different condition. The best recovery percentage was achieved at the condition of 5.0 mg L−1, 5.0 mg, 25.0 °C and 10 minutes with 96.50 % of recovery. This shows that the electrostatic force of attraction between powdered cellulose and nitrate anion nutrients have the potential to occur without heat and vacant pores around powdered cellulose was filled by nitrate anions in a limited amount of time. The model for the experiment which is most suited in this experiment is a natural log with a significant R2 value of 0.9982. This indicates that the adsorption of nitrate anion nutrients using natural cellulose adsorbent is indeed feasible. Therefore, there are potential of using cellulose extracted from biomasses in Malaysia, which will expand its product-value.
Landfill Leachate Treatment Methods and Its Potential for Ammonia Removal and Recovery - A Review
Authors: Haslina H , NorRuwaida J , Dewika M , Rashid M , Md Ali Abd Halim , Khairunnisa M P , Afiq Daniel Azmi M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
As a fast-developing country, the population, urbanization and industrialization have developed rapidly in Malaysia. The growth in population increases human activities, leading to a rise in the generation of waste. Municipal solid waste in Malaysia is currently estimated to rise from 23,000 tons/day in 2010 to 30,000 tons/day in 2020. Due to its simplicity and low costs, landfilling is the most common method in the country. However, there are various environmental drawbacks associated with landfills that have attracted social and environmental attention in recent decades. One of the key issues is the generation of leachate from the percolation of rainwater by waste disposal in a landfill. Landfill leachate contains many pollutants including ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) which is a particular concern due to its high concentration in leachate. High concentration of ammonia not only causes health and environmental problems but also affects the efficiency of leachate treatment. Therefore, a pre-treatment to remove ammonia is required before downstream treatment to prevent contamination to the surrounding ground and surface water. In general, leachate can be characterized by physico-chemical and biological parameters. Leachate characterization is essential to evaluate the leachate pollution potentials in the landfill site and to determine the treatment methods. Hence, the present review highlights the recent development of landfill leachate treatment methods and its potential for ammonia removal and recovery. Rather than releasing the extracted ammonia directly into the environment that causes air pollution, ammonia from the stripping process can be recovered and used to produce fertilizers. This review also contributes to the body of knowledge of the ammonia stripping treatment in terms of its efficiency and its application for leachate treatment.
Electrocoagulation Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate in Malaysia
Authors: Taib M R , Mook B N , Tahir M I H M , Aziz M A A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The tropical climate condition and high moisture of solid waste characteristic in Malaysia led to the increase of leachate generation from landfill. Current leachate treatment showed less efficient to treat leachate due to various refractory pollutants in the leachate. This study employed electrocoagulation (EC) to investigate the effects of electrode material, current density and initial pH condition in reducing total suspended solid (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), ammonia-nitrogen and colour from the leachate. The result showed that aluminium electrode was able to remove all the parameters more effectively as compared to iron electrode. The optimum current density and pH condition were found to be 100 mA/cm2 and at pH 7, respectively. The COD in the leachate was predominantly exist as particulate matter and it was removed in the form of suspended solids. Although all the pollutant parameters still exceeded the standard discharge limit after the treatment, the electrocoagulation is proposed to act as pretreatment prior to biological treatment in sanitary landfill. The electrocoagulation also can treat leachate from open dumping landfill sites in order to reduce the leachate contamination into the environment.
Eichhornia Crassipes Transformation from Problems to Wide Unique Source of Sustainable Materials in Engineering Application
Authors: Opia A C , Mohd Kameil A H , Syahrullail S , Abd Rahim A B , Johnson C A N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Eichhornia crassipes (EC) is an aquatic plant with a massive growth rate. The massive growth nature made it a threat because of its negative effect to the aquatic organisms, economic activities and others. However, with the help of researchers and technology, the negative effect would be turn into economic potential, whereby the EC was being transformed fromproblematic concept to huge benefit towards sustainability of mankind. The EC was observed to be similar to fossil feedstock in terms of industrial usage but of less or no emission effect, thus considered eco-friendly. The present paper gives the insight of vital hidden opportunities from EC towards economy expansion. The EDX characterization apart from cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin indicate great potential of EC useful element, polymer, surfactant and carbonaceous strength. The EDX analysis indicated percentage values of carbon as 70.4% and 64.8% for carbon nanotubes and CMC polymer respectively. It shows good engineering properties both in mechanical strength and high young’s modulus due to the flexible hexagonal structure of the dominated carbon content. This makes it suitable in many engineering application including production of additives, electrical/electronic parts and development of microchips for telecommunication industry. With the help of nanotechnology, EC would be of high potential and predominant in the global market thereby reducing the dependent on the non -renewable material and the effect of fossil pollution will be reduced. Thus, the aqua-environment issue would be solved through steady utilization of the EC material.