bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on mammals at tourism destinations: a systematic review
Authors: Usui Rie , Sheeran Lori K. , Asbury Ashton M. , Blackson Maurice 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

The COVID‐19 outbreak is having an unprecedented effect on human society, but how is it affecting the mammals that people live with? Mammals that were part of tourism experiences are of concern, because they impact on people’s health and livelihoods and, since many of them are now dependent on people, we urge consideration of the status of these mammals as a result of the pandemic.

We provide a systematic review of the impacts the COVID‐19 outbreak has had on mammals in tourism venues. We examine reports of diverse species in various settings responding to changes in their environments that are occurring because of the pandemic.

We searched the scholarly literature, preprints, and online news sources using combinations of the search terms ‘tourism’, ‘animals’, ‘wildlife’, ‘coronavirus’, and ‘COVID‐19’. We searched Web of Science, SCOPUS, EBSCOHost, JSTOR, bioRxiv, OSFPREPRINTS, GDELT, Google News, and National Public Radio, and analysed a total of 39 news articles, one peer‐reviewed article, and six preprints.

In total, we identified 92 distinct animal reports representing 48 mammal species. We used an existing tourism classification schema to categorise each article based on the situation reported, with the new addition of one context. We classified 92 separate animal reports in 46 articles into four (of six possible) contexts: mammals as attractions (n = 40 animal reports), mammals as commodities (n = 33), mammals as threats (n = 2), and unusual sightings of mammals (n = 17). Shortage of food, in danger of losing home, having an enriched/relaxed environment, spatial expansion, disease transmission, and poaching are the major impacts or events reported in these contexts.

We suggest changes for each context with respect to how people interface with mammals, with the goal of improving the lives of mammals and the people dependent on them.
‘Hope as a lighthouse’ A meta‐synthesis on hope and hoping in different nursing contexts
Authors: Lohne Vibeke 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundHope has a contextual dimension and experiences of hope seem to be an important part of everybody's life irrespective of changing and challenging health conditions. However, less focus has been placed on the similarities and differences in the experiences of hope among patients and family caregivers in different contexts of suffering and health, such as the nursing contexts of acute and critical care, rehabilitation and long‐term care and prevention and health promotion.AimThis paper focuses on experiences of hope and hoping in different clinical nursing contexts, based on a meta‐synthesis of seventeen empirical studies on hope and hoping. These studies highlight experiences of hope and advance our theoretical and clinical understanding of the phenomenon.Methodological frameworkThis study on hope and hoping from seventeen empirical research studies was based on a meta‐synthesis, by clarifying and modifying the essence of hope and hoping, aiming to identify the unique conditions in the different clinical contexts.ResultsA new understanding of the empirical findings emerged from the text: Hope means transformation and hope is indispensable in the acute and critical nursing context, and hope as an inner flame and hope as a lighthouse related to rehabilitation and long‐term care. Hope means pushing limits and expanding hope was experienced in the context of prevention and health promotion.ConclusionsAccording to the findings, dimensions of hope and hoping were always present but also influenced by contextual suffering and losses.Implications for practiceHope means metaphorically a lighthouse, meaning a bright and shining centre, which must be promoted and protected in patients and their families.
Study on soil compaction and its causative factors at apple orchards in the Weibei Dry Highland of China
Authors: Wei Binmeng , Li Zhonghui , Wang Yiquan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the extent and causes of soil compaction of the apple orchards in the Weibei Dry Highland. Nine ‘Red Fuji’ apple orchards with number of planting years in the ranges of <10‐year, 10–20‐year and >20‐year were included. Soil bulk density, porosity, penetration resistance, organic matter (SOM), clay, water and soil aggregate size distribution were determined. The results showed that the subsoil (20–30 cm) of apple orchards was compacted. The bulk density and packing density (PD) of subsoil increased sharply by an average of 17.9% and 18.0%, respectively, relative to topsoil (0–10 cm), and the porosity decreased by 17.0%. The depths of the soil layer with penetration resistance exceeding 1,000 kPa became shallower with increased planting years. Compared with <10‐year apple orchards, the bulk density, PD and soil penetration resistance in 10–20‐year and >20‐year apple orchards were increased, respectively, by 5.3%, 5.3% and 29.3%, but the porosity decreased by an average of 8.2%. Compared with topsoil, the water‐stable aggregates of >0.25 mm and the mean weight diameter of wet sieve aggregates (MWDW) of compacted soil were 57.6% and 25.4% lower, respectively. Soil clay content increased with soil depth from 0 to 60 cm, but the SOM showed an opposite trend. Additionally, there was a dry soil layer at a depth of 20–40 cm. Thus, the factors affecting the soil compaction process were determined to be inferior agglomeration ability of soil, internal soil desiccation, and the downward migration of soil clay particles.
Interplay of four auxiliary factors is required for the assembly of photosystem I reaction center subcomplex
Authors: Nellaepalli Sreedhar , Kim Rick G. , Grossman Arthur R. , Takahashi Yuichiro 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYThe photosystem I (PSI) complex consisting of reaction center (RC) subunits, several peripheral subunits and many co‐factors, is present in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. The assembly of RC subunits (PsaA/B) that bind electron transfer co‐factors and antenna pigments is an intricate process, and is mediated by several auxiliary factors such as Ycf3, Y3IP1/CGL59, Ycf4 and Ycf37/PYG7/CGL71. However, their precise molecular mechanisms in RC assembly remain to be addressed. Here we purified four PSI auxiliary factors by affinity chromatography, and characterized co‐purified PSI assembly intermediates. We suggest that Ycf3 assists the initial assembly of newly synthesized PsaA/B subunits into an RC subcomplex, while Y3IP1 may be involved in transferring the RC subcomplex from Ycf3 to the Ycf4 module that stabilizes it. CGL71 may form an oligomer that transiently interacts with the PSI RC subcomplex, physically protecting it under oxic conditions until association with the peripheral PSI subunits occurs. Together, our results reveal the interplay among four auxiliary factors required for the stepwise assembly of the PSI RC.
Oscillations of Suspension Bridges
Authors: Reissner Hans 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The author has developed a theory of oscillations of stiffened cable systems which is applicable to the design of suspension bridges. Dealing with free oscillations in the first part of the paper the author established a system of linear differential equations with variable coefficients taking into account the horizontal displacements and inertia forces, the change of thrust along the cable, the slope of the cable, and the torsional stiffness of the girder. An approximate integration by the Rayleigh energy method is shown and is numerically exemplified for the lowest antisymmetric mode.
The results show that, in general, it is allowed to neglect horizontal displacements, change of thrust, and cable sag for the dynamic problem as well as for the static problem and they bring out the fact that for all practical proportions of relative cable sag and girder stiffness the frequencies and modes are essentially independent of the relative cable sag and dead load and only dependent upon the absolute cable sag h so that, for instance, for the lowest antisymmetric mode the equivalent pendulum length is 2h/π2.
The second part of the paper treating self-excited oscillations has been prepared under the influence of observations, experiments, and conclusions reached in connection with an (official) report on the Tacoma bridge failure. This report demonstrated that the aerodynamic and structural damping—the first acting through the width of the roadway, the second by the internal friction—plays an important part in the safety of a suspension bridge. It showed further that the dangerous oscillations are of somewhat higher frequency than the free oscillations with logarithmic decrement a linear function of the reduced velocity so that not elastic instability under wind forces nor resonance from wind gusts but the bridge as a self-exciting mechanism absorbing energy out of a steady wind flow had to be assumed as the cause of the failure.
This experimental linear decrement law is utilized by the author to derive in conjunction with the dynamic equations formulas intended to serve as the basis for the dynamic requirements for suspension bridges.
Measurement of Dynamic Strain
Authors: Dohrenwend C. O. , Mehaffey W. R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The measurement of dynamic strains of both high and low frequency give rise to a variety of problems in instrumentation. Two types of equipment and circuits designed and used by the authors are discussed in detail. The first type based on the amplitude-modulated method is for low frequencies from zero to about 15 per cent of the carrier frequency of 1025 cycles per sec. The equipment has application to strain measurements varying from static values to those produced in moving vehicles, various machine parts, structures such as crane bridges, in fact all strain measurements where the frequency is 150 cycles per sec or less. The second type of equipment discussed is a potentiometer type and is for high-frequency strain measurements from 100 cycles per sec to 8000 cycles per sec. This high-speed equipment is conveniently used for impact strain, such as produced in hammer blows, shock loading, forging equipment, and impact-factor determination. Both units are designed to be used with a cathode-ray oscillograph which lends itself to a variety of recording methods. The methods discussed include both the type where the time axis is obtained by sweeping the oscilloscope beam on a stationary film and where the time axis is obtained mechanically.
A Photoelastic Study of Bolt and Nut Fastenings
Authors: Hetényi M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Six different nut designs have been investigated by the three-dimensional “stress freezing” photoelastic method, obtaining the maximum stress values at the bottom of the threads for each design. It has been found that by the application of either a tapered-thread nut or a nut with a tapered lip the strength of the fastening can be increased by more than 30 per cent. This improvement in strength can be expected only in cases where the type of loading or conditions of application are conducive to brittle failure, i.e., dynamic loads or static loads at elevated temperatures.
Increase of Stress With Permanent Strain and Stress-Strain Relations in the Plastic State for Copper Under Combined Stresses
Authors: Davis E. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Annealed-copper specimens in the shape of hollow cylinders have been tested by subjecting them to combined axial tension and internal pressure. A given ratio of the internal pressure to the axial load has been maintained throughout each test, but for different tests this ratio was changed so as to cover the range from pure tension at one extreme to the case of equal biaxial tensions at the other. The results have been used to study the manner in which the plastic strains increase with increasing stress and also to determine the relationships between the three principal strains at any instant during the test. Also, a few observations are made on the types of fracture obtained under various conditions of loading.
A Time–Space Multigrid Method for Efficient Solution of the Harmonic Balance Equation System
Authors: Wu Hangkong , Wang Dingxi , Huang Xiuquan , Xu Shenren 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this article, an efficient time–space multigrid (TS-MG) method for solving the harmonic balance (HB) equation system is proposed. The principle of the time–space multigrid method is to coarsen grids in both space and time dimensions simultaneously when coarse grids are formed. The inclusion of time in the time–space multigrid is to address the instability issue or diminished convergence speedup of the spatial multigrid (S-MG) due to larger grid reduced frequencies on coarse grids. With the proposed method, the unsteady flow governing equation will still be solved on all grid levels. Comparing to the finest grid, fewer harmonics and thus fewer equations will be solved consequently on coarse grids. Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) are used to achieve solution prolongation and restriction between different time grid levels. Results from the proposed method are compared with those obtained from the traditional S-MG and time domain methods. It is found that the TS-MG method can increase solution stability, reduce analysis central processing unit (CPU) time cost required for convergence, save memory usage and has no adverse effect on solution accuracy.
Prevalence and Correlates of Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines Among Colombian Children and Adolescents
Authors: González Silvia A. , Sarmiento Olga L. , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Chaput Jean-Philippe , Camargo-Lemos Diana M. , Tremblay Mark S. 
Published: March 2021

Background: Global estimates have shown that a small proportion of children and adolescents are physically active. However, the evidence on physical activity (PA) among Colombian children and adolescents is limited. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence and correlates of meeting PA guidelines among Colombian children and adolescents. Methods: Data were collected as part of the National Survey of Nutrition 2015. A national sample of 16,612 children and adolescents (3–17 y) was included. Prevalence estimates of meeting PA and active play guidelines were calculated, and Poisson regression models were conducted to identify correlates of PA. Results: Low proportion of Colombian children and adolescents met the PA guidelines. Low engagement in active play was observed among preschoolers. Correlates varied by age group. Female sex was a consistent negative correlate of meeting PA guidelines across all age groups. Conclusions: Urgent actions are needed to promote active play and PA among Colombian children and adolescents. The correlates identified in our study can help inform the development of actions to overcome the disparities and provide opportunities for children to achieve their full potential for healthy growth and development.
Morphological features and prognostic significance of multilayered pigment epithelium detachment in age-related macular degeneration
Authors: Kim Inhye , Ryu Gahyung , Sagong Min 
Published: March 2021

AimsTo investigate the structure of multilayered pigment epithelial detachment (m-PED) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration, and its association with visual prognosis and the progression of fibrotic scars at 12 months.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed 68 eyes of 63 patients with m-PED that included a prechoroidal cleft. The compartments within m-PED were divided into neovascular tissue (layer 1), a hyper-reflective band (layer 2), and a prechoroidal cleft (layer 3). Clinical variables were compared between patients manifesting layer 2 and those who did not. Multiple regression analyses were used to find the factors related to visual outcome and fibrotic scar formation.ResultsLayer 2 was detected in 38 (55.9 %) of 68 eyes. With continuous treatment, the group with layer 2 showed gradual visual deterioration (p<0.001 at month 12), while the group without layer 2 showed visual improvement (p<0.001 at month 12). In the group with layer 2, the thickness of layer 2 significantly increased, and in the group without layer 2, if it formed, it increased gradually (p=0.004 at month 12). In both groups, other layers significantly decreased by month 12. The presence of layer 2 at baseline was significantly associated with a poor visual outcome (p=0.009) and fibrotic scar formation (p=0.023).ConclusionsThe m-PED with layer 2 had a higher risk of fibrotic scar formation and was associated with a poor visual prognosis. Layer 2 may be an early stage precursor of a fibrotic scar.
Systematic review of factors influencing decisions to limit treatment in the emergency department
Authors: Walzl Nathan , Sammy Ian A , Taylor Paul M , Smith Jason E , Lowe David J 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundEmergency physicians are frequently faced with making decisions regarding how aggressive to be in caring for critically ill patients. We aimed to identify factors that influence decisions to limit treatment in the Emergency Department (ED) through a systematic search of the available literature.DesignProspectively registered systematic review of studies employing any methodology to investigate factors influencing decisions to limit treatment in the ED. Medline and EMBASE were searched from their inception until January 2019. Methodological quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, but no studies were excluded based on quality. Findings were summarised by narrative analysis.Results10 studies published between 1998 and 2016 were identified for inclusion in this review, including seven cross-sectional studies investigating factors associated with treatment-limiting decisions, two surveys of physicians making treatment-limiting decisions and one qualitative study of physicians making treatment-limiting decisions. There was significant heterogeneity in patient groups, outcome measures, methodology and quality. Only three studies received a methodology-specific rating of ‘high quality’. Important limitations of the literature include the use of small single-centre retrospective cohorts often lacking a comparison group, and survey studies with low response rates employing closed-response questionnaires. Factors influencing treatment-limiting decisions were categorised into ‘patient and disease factors’ (age, chronic disease, functional limitation, patient and family wishes, comorbidity, quality of life, acute presenting disorder type, severity and reversibility), ‘hospital factors’ (colleague opinion, resource availability) and ‘non-patient healthcare factors’ (moral, ethical, social and cost factors).ConclusionsSeveral factors influence decisions to limit treatment in the ED. Many factors are objective and quantifiable, but some are subjective and open to individual interpretation. This review highlights the complexity of the subject and the need for more robust research in this field.
Incidence and risk factors of delirium in surgical intensive care unit
Authors: Ali Muhammad Asghar , Hashmi Madiha , Ahmed Waqas , Raza Syed Amir , Khan Muhammad Faisal , Salim Bushra 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundTo evaluate the incidence and modifiable risk factors of delirium in surgical intensive care unit (SICU) of tertiary care hospital in a low-income and middle-income country.MethodsWe conducted a single cohort observational study in patients over 18 years of age who were admitted to the SICU for >24 hours in Aga Khan University Hospital from January to December 2016. Patients who had pre-existing cognitive dysfunction were excluded. Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist was used to assess delirium. Incidence of delirium was computed, and univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to observe the relationship between outcome and associated factors.ResultsThe average patient age was 43.29±17.38 and body mass index was 26.25±3.57 kg/m2. Delirium was observed in 19 of 87 patients with an incidence rate of 21.8%. Multivariable analysis showed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pain score >4 and hypernatremia were strong predictors of delirium. Midazolam (adjusted OR (aOR)=7.37; 95% CI 2.04 to 26.61) and propofol exposure (aOR=7.02; 95% CI 1.92 to 25.76) were the strongest independent predictors of delirium while analgesic exposures were not statistically significant to predict delirium in multivariable analysis.ConclusionDelirium is a significant risk factor of poor outcome in SICU. There was an independent association between pain, sedation, COPD, hypernatremia and fever in developing delirium.Level of evidenceIV.
Global Left Ventricular Myocardial Work Efficiency and Long-Term Prognosis in Patients After ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Lustosa Rodolfo P. , Butcher Steele C. , van der Bijl Pieter , El Mahdiui Mohammed , Montero-Cabezas Jose M. , Kostyukevich Marina V. , Rocha De Lorenzo Andrea , Knuuti Juhani , Ajmone Marsan Nina , Bax Jeroen J. , Delgado Victoria 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain has demonstrated incremental prognostic value over LV ejection fraction in patients with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction. However, LV global longitudinal strain does not take into consideration the effect of afterload. Novel speckle-tracking echocardiographic indices of myocardial work integrate blood pressure measurements (afterload) with LV global longitudinal strain. The present study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of global LV myocardial work efficiency (GLVMWE; reflecting LV performance) obtained from pressure-strain loops with echocardiography in patients with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction.

Methods:
A total of 507 ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction patients (mean age, 61±11 years; 76% men) were retrospectively analyzed. LV ejection fraction and GLVMWE were measured by transthoracic echocardiography within 48 hours of admission. GLVMWE was defined as the ratio of constructive work divided by the sum of constructive and wasted work in all LV segments and expressed as a percentage. Spline curve analysis was used to define the association between reduced GLVMWE and all-cause death.

Results:

After a median follow-up of 80 months (interquartile range, 67–97 months), 40 (8%) patients died. Patients with reduced GLVMWE (<86%) showed higher cumulative rates of all-cause mortality (17.5% versus 4.7%; log-rank
P
<0.001) in comparison with patients with preserved GLVMWE (≥86%). Reduced GLVMWE (<86%) showed an independent association with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 3.167 [95% CI, 1.679–5.972];
P
<0.001).

Conclusions:
Reduced GLVMWE (<86%) measured by transthoracic echocardiography within 48 hours of admission in ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction patients is associated with worse long-term survival.
Induced Forgetting Is the Result of True Forgetting, Not Shifts in Decision-making Thresholds
Authors: Megla Emma , Woodman Geoffrey F. , Maxcey Ashleigh M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Induced forgetting occurs when accessing an item in memory appears to harm memory representations of categorically related items. However, it is possible that the actual memory representations are unharmed. Instead, people may just change how they make decisions. Specifically, signal detection theory suggests this apparent forgetting may be due to participants shifting their decision criterion. Here, we used behavioral and electrophysiological measures to determine whether induced forgetting is truly due to changes in how items are represented or simply due to a shifting criterion. Participants' behavior and brain activity showed that induced forgetting was due to changes in the strength of the underlying representations, weighing against a criterion shift explanation of induced forgetting.