bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Validity of the Smallest Oblique Sagittal Area of the Neural Foramen in Patients With Suspected Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy
Authors: Jia Yukun , Peng Zhan , Qin Yuantian , Li Jin , Wang Guangye 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objective To evaluate the smallest oblique sagittal area of the neural foramen in detecting cervical spondylotic radiculopathy and to determine its potential significance for treatment decisions. Methods The subjects of the study were patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy who visited the spine surgery from 2016 to 2019. All patients were compared according to the minimum oblique sagittal area and the cut-off point value, and they were divided into positive and negative parameters. The changes in neck disability index (NDI), Japanese Orthopaedic Association score (JOA) and visual analog scale (VAS) during the two treatment groups from baseline to at least 24 months of follow-up were compared.Results In the surgery group, there was no significant difference in symptom improvement between patients with positive and negative parameters. In the non-surgical group, for patients with positive parameters, NDI decreased by 2.35, JOA increased by 0.88, and neck VAS score improved by 0.42. For patients with negative parameters, NDI decreased by 10.32, JOA increased by 2.86 on average, and neck VAS score improved by 2.46 points on average (both p＜0.01 on t test).Conclusions In patients undergoing surgery, the symptoms of the patients have been significantly improved after surgery, and the smallest oblique sagittal area of the neural foramen seems to be unable to predict the outcome of the surgery. However, in non-surgical patients, the improvement of symptoms in the stenosis group was more limited. This may imply that surgery may be effective for patients who had positive parameters.
The Impact of E-learning During COVID-19 Pandemic on Body Aches Among Students in a Palestinian University
Authors: Yaseen Qais B. , Salah Heba 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: Musculoskeletal system pain is a major concern in our life due to its negative effects on our ability to perform our daily functions. During the COVID-19 pandemic several countries around the world switched their teaching programs into e-learning programs, where students spend long hour using desktop/ laptop or tablet devices. The use of these devices was associated with several complains among the students like neck, shoulder and back pain. The aim of this study is to evaluate the degree of different body aches associated with e-learning on university students and to find a link between the most common body posture, the duration of usage of desktop/ laptop or tablet devices with the negative health outcome on these students. Methods: The subjects of this study were students from An-Najah university in Palestine. 385 questionnaires were filled using Google forms as a web-based questionnaire and all the subjects were using e-learning approach due to COVID-19 pandemic. Upon completion of the study, descriptive statistics, correlation statistics with Pearson coefficient and Chi square analysis were used to study the sample.Results: Our study showed that a large percentage of participants used the desktop/ laptop or tablet devices for e-learning during the pandemic. The Duration of these devices use was correlated with the duration and degree of pain among the participants, and also associated with the difficulty in their ability to perform several daily activities. In addition, most of the students used the sitting position with the supine bent forward during the device usage. When comparing the pain level and duration associated with desktop/ laptop or tablet device usage in both genders, female tend to have higher duration and more severe pain compared to male. Conclusion: The university students that participated in this study had an increase in body aches during the e-learning process, and the aches duration and severity increases if the duration of desktop/laptop or tablet usage increase.
Comparison on two algorithms of skeletal muscle mass index: an observational study in 141,451 Chinese adults
Authors: zheng Yansong , huang zhen , Dong shengyong , zeng qiang 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background/AimsThere were two methods used for measuring skeletal muscle mass index (SMI); one is SMM (%) = skeletal muscle mass(kg) /body weight mass (kg)×100%, and the other is SMH (kg/m2) = skeletal muscle mass(kg)/ height (m)2. The aim of this study was to compare on the distribution of the two algorithms of SMI.MethodsThis study included 141,451 participants who accepted physical examination. Body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage (BFP) were estimated using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer. SMI was calculated by the two algorithms.ResultsLevels of BMI, BFP, SMM and SMH differed significantly among the sexes. BMI and BFP were significantly positively correlated with age, while SMM was significantly negatively correlated with age (β = -0.23, P < .001). There was no significant correlation between SMH and age. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between SMM and BMI (β = -0.53, P < .001), and a positive correlation between SMH and BMI (β = 0.79, P < .001). Both SMM (β= -0.98, P < .001) and SMH (β = -0.0642, P < .001) were negatively correlated with BFP. Nevertheless, the correlation coefficient of the former was significantly greater than that of the latter. In gender stratification, SMM maintained the analogous correlation, while the correlation between SMH and other indicators changed. SMM showed a gradual downward trend, but SMH and BFP showed a gradual upward trend from low body weight to grade Ⅲ obesity.ConclusionsSMM may be a more ideal algorithm for reflecting SMI, compared to SMH.
Application of structural allogenous bone graft in two-stage exchange arthroplasty for knee periprosthetic joint infection: a case control study
Authors: Chuang ChiehAn , Lee Sheng-Hsun , Chang Chih-Hsiang , Hu Chih-Chien , Shih Hsin-Nung , Ueng Steve W.N. , Chang Yuhan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background:
Knee prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a common but devastating complication after knee arthroplasty. The revision surgeries for knee PJI may become more challenging when it is associated with large bone defects. The application of structural bone allograft in knee revision surgeries with large bone defects is not a new technique. However, there is a lack of literature reporting its efficacy in PJI cases. This study aimed to investigate the outcome of structural fresh frozen allogenous bone grafts in treating patients in knee PJI with large bone defects.
Methods:
We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of knee PJI cases treated with two-stage exchange arthroplasty at our institution from 2010 to 2016. 12 patients with structural allogenous bone graft reconstructions were identified as the study group. 24 patients without structural allograft reconstructions matched with the study group by age, gender, and Charlson comorbidity index were enrolled as the control group. The functional outcome of the study group was evaluated with the Knee Society Score (KSS). Treatment success was assessed according to the Delphi-based consensus definition. The infection relapse rate and implant survivorship were compared between groups.
Results:
Revision knees with structural allograft presented excellent improvement in the KSS (33.1 to 75.4). There was no significant difference between infection relapse-free survival rate and prosthesis survival rate in two groups. The 8-year prosthesis survival rate was 90.9% in the study group and 91% in the control group (p = 0.913). The 8-year infection relapse-free survival rate was 80% and 83.3% in the study group and control group, respectively (p = 0.377).
Conclusion:
The structural fresh frozen allogenous bone graft provided an effective way for bone defect reconstruction in knee PJI with accountable survival rate. Meanwhile, using structural allografts did not increase the relapse rate of infection.
Aerosol Jet Printing of Nickel Oxide Nanoparticle Ink with Ultraviolet Radiation Curing for Thin Film Temperature Sensors
Authors: Chang Yi-Tse , Hung Kuan-Yi , Young Hong-Tsu , Li Kuan-Ming , Chen Roland 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this study, ultraviolet (UV) radiation curing process and furnace curing process for curing aerosol jet printed nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticle thin films were investigated. NiO has a negative temperature coefficient and can be used to fabricate temperature sensors. Four UV power settings (for 10 minutes) and four furnace temperatures (for one hour) were used to cure the aerosol jet printed sensors. The resultant sensor resistance at 100°C and 180°C were measured, and the sensor’s sensitivity was characterized by B value. Confocal microscopy was performed to characterize the sensor surface. The 60% UV power setting yields the lowest resistance and the highest B value among all sensors. The analysis of variations shows that the UV power setting is not a significant factor on the resistance and B value, while the furnace temperature is a significant factor. This indicates that UV curing is a more robust method and does not need to be optimized to achieve good results. The UV curing process not only reduces the required curing time but also improve the performance of the temperature sensor.
Screening of key biomarkers of tendinopathy based on bioinformatics and machine learning algorithms
Authors: Zhu Yaxi , Huang Jia Qiang , Zhou Yun Dong , Ming Yu Yang , Zhuang Zhao , Xia Hong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Tendinopathy is a complex, multifaceted tendon disease that is often associated with overuse and causes significant health care costs with its high prevalence. At present, the pathogenesis and effective treatment of tendinopathy cannot be fully elucidated. This study aims to deeply explore and analyze the key genes, functional pathways, and immune infiltration characteristics of the occurrence and development of tendinopathy.MethodsThe gene expression profiles of GSE106292, GSE26051 and GSE167226 were downloaded from GEO database. The WGCNA analysis was performed on GSE106292 data set by the R package in R software, and differential gene analysis was performed on GSE26051 and GSE167226 data sets by combining and screening. The gene enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG and immune cell infiltration analysis were performed. Lasso logistic regression, support vector machine (SVM-REF) and Gaussian mixture model (GMMS) algorithm were used to screen and identify early diagnostic genes.ResultsWe have obtained a total of 171 DEGs through WGCNA analysis and screening of different expressed genes. By GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, it was found that these malregulated genes were related to mTOR, HIF-1, MAPK, NF-κB and VEGF signaling pathways. Immunoinfiltration analysis showed that M1 macrophages, activated mast cells and activated NK cells had infiltration significance. MacroD1 may be an early diagnosis gene, and it was found based on Lasso, SVM-REF and GMMS algorithm.ConclusionsBased on comprehensive bioinformatics analysis, we identified the potential early diagnosis genes MACROD1, key regulatory pathways and immune infiltration characteristics of tendinopathy. These key genes and pathways may be used as biomarkers and molecular therapeutic targets for early tendon injury to guide drugs and basic research.
Uwagi metodologiczne na temat badań nad pochodzeniem człowieka
Authors: Bugajak Grzegorz 
Published: August 2021

Pytanie o początki człowieka, stawiane na gruncie nauk biologicznych, jest pytaniem o linię filogenetyczną, wiodącą do pojawienia się gatunku Homo sapiens. Dysponując jakąś hipotezą, dotyczącą przebiegu tej linii, biolog może starać się ustalić, kiedy i gdzie zaszła zmiana na tyle decydująca, że należy ją uznać za równoznaczną powstaniu naszego – prawdziwie nowego – gatunku. Problem polega jednak na tym, że kryteria, pozwalające jednoznacznie odróżnić jeden gatunek od drugiego, wydają się być trudne, a być może nawet niemożliwe do sformułowania. Oznacza to, że samo pojęcie „prawdziwie nowego” gatunku jest w pewnym sensie puste. W artykule zostały ukazane kluczowe problemy metodologiczne, występujące na gruncie antropologii przyrodniczej, mające znaczenie dla jej ustaleń.
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Zgłoszono: 12/08/2020. Zrecenzowano: 10/09/2020. Zaakceptowano do publikacji: 12/10/2020
The Pivotal Role of Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Oral
Physiology
Authors: Chalazias Andreas , Plemmenos Grigorios , Evangeliou Evangelos , Piperi Christina 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels constitute a large
family of non-selective permeable ion channels involved in the perception of environmental
stimuli with a central and continuously expanding role in oral tissue homeostasis. Recent
studies indicate the regulatory role of TRPs in pulp physiology, oral mucosa sensation,
dental pain nociception and salivary gland secretion. This review provides an update
on the diverse functions of TRP channels in the physiology of the oral cavity, with emphasis
on their cellular location, the underlying molecular mechanisms and clinical significance.

Methods:
A structured search of bibliographic databases (PubMed and MEDLINE) was
performed for peer-reviewed studies on the function of TRP channels on oral cavity physiology
in the last ten years. A qualitative content analysis was performed of screened papers
and a critical discussion on the main findings is provided.

Results:
TRPs expression has been detected in major cell types of the oral cavity, including
odontoblasts, periodontal ligament, oral epithelial, salivary gland cells, and chondrocytes
of temporomandibular joints, where they mediate signal perception and transduction
of mechanical, thermal, and osmotic stimuli. They contribute to pulp physiology through
dentin formation, mineralization, and periodontal ligament formation, along with alveolar
bone remodeling in the dental pulp and periodontal ligament cells. TRPs are also involved
in oral mucosa sensation, dental pain nociception, saliva secretion, swallowing reflex and
temporomandibular joints' development.

Conclusion:
Various TRP channels regulate oral cavity homeostasis, playing an important
role in the transduction of external stimuli to intracellular signals in a cell typespecific
manner and presenting promising drug targets for the development of pharmacological
strategies to manage oral diseases.
Research Progress on the Drug Resistance of ALK Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Li Zhen , Liu Fang , Wu Shuang , Ding Shi , Chen Ye , Liu Ju 
Published: August 2021

Background:
The fusion and rearrangement of the ALK gene of anaplastic lymphoma kinase
is an important cause of a variety of cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and
anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Since crizotinib first came out, many ALK inhibitors have
come out one after another, but the fatal flaw in each generation of ALK inhibitors is the body's resistance
to drugs. Therefore, how to solve the problem of drug resistance has become an important
bottleneck in the application and development of ALK inhibitors. This article briefly introduces the
drug resistance of ALK inhibitors and the modified forms of ALK inhibitors, which provide a theoretical
basis for solving the drug resistance of ALK inhibitors and the development of a new generation of
ALK kinase inhibitors.

Method:
We use relevant databases to query relevant literature, and then screen and select based on
the relevance and cutting edge of the content. We then summarize and analyze appropriate articles,
integrate and classify relevant studies, and finally write articles based on topics.

Result:
This article starts with the problem of ALK resistance, first introduces the composition of
ALK kinase, and then introduces the problem of resistance of ALK kinase inhibitors. Later, the structural
modification to overcome ALK resistance was introduced, and finally, the method to overcome
ALK resistance was introduced.

Conclusion:
This article summarizes the resistance pathways of ALK kinase inhibitors, and integrates
the efforts made to overcome the structural modification of ALK resistance problems, and hopes to
provide some inspiration for the development of the next generation of ALK kinase inhibitors.
Molecular Modeling Targeting Transmembrane Serine Protease 2
(TMPRSS2) as an Alternative Drug Target Against Coronaviruses
Authors: dos Santos Nascimento Igor José , da Silva-Júnior Edeildo Ferreira , de Aquino Thiago Mendonça 
Published: August 2021

:
Since December 2019, the new Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the etiological agent SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for several cases worldwide, becoming pandemic in March 2020. Pharmaceutical companies and academics have joined their efforts to discover new therapies to control the disease since there are no specific drugs to combat this emerging virus. Thus, several tar-gets have been explored; among them, the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) has gained greater interest in the scientific community. In this context, this review will describe the importance of TMPRSS2 protease and the significant advances in virtual screening focused on discovering new inhibitors. In this review, it was observed that molecular modeling methods could be powerful tools in identifying new molecules against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, this review could be used to guide re-searchers worldwide to explore the biological and clinical potential of compounds that could be promising drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2, acting by inhibition of TMPRSS2 protein.
Alzheimer's Disease and β-secretase Inhibition: An Update with a Focus
on Computer-aided Inhibitor Design
Authors: Ugbaja Samuel C. , Lawal Isiaka A. , Kumalo Hezekiel M. , Lawal Monsurat M. 
Published: August 2021

Introduction:
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an intensifying neurodegenerative illness due to its irreversible nature. Identification of β‐site Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) cleaving en-zyme1 (BACE1) has been a significant medicinal focus towards AD treatment, and this has opened ground for several investigations. Despite the numerous works in this direction, no BACE1 inhibitor has made it to the final approval stage as an anti-AD drug.

Method:
We provide an introductory background of the subject with a general overview of the pathogenesis of AD. The review features BACE1 inhibitor design and development with a focus on some clinical trials and discontinued drugs. Using the topical keywords BACE1, inhibitor design, and computational/theoretical study in the Web of Science and Scopus database, we retrieved over 49 relevant articles. The search years are from 2010 and 2020, with analysis conducted from May 2020 to March 2021.

Results and Discussion:
Researchers have employed computational methodologies to unravel po-tential BACE1 inhibitors with a significant outcome. The most used computer-aided approach in BACE1 inhibitor design and binding/interaction studies are pharmacophore development, quantita-tive structure-activity relationship (QSAR), virtual screening, docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. These methods, plus more advanced ones including quantum mechan-ics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) and QM, have proven substantial in the computational frame-work for BACE1 inhibitor design. Computational chemists have embraced the incorporation of in vitro assay to provide insight into the inhibition performance of identified molecules with potential inhibition towards BACE1. Significant IC50 values up to 50 nM, better than clinical trial com-pounds, are available in the literature.

Conclusion:
Researchers have employed computational methodologies to unravel po-tential BACE1 inhibitors with a significant outcome. The most used computer-aided approach in BACE1 inhibitor design and binding/interaction studies are pharmacophore development, quantita-tive structure-activity relationship (QSAR), virtual screening, docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. These methods, plus more advanced ones including quantum mechan-ics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) and QM, have proven substantial in the computational frame-work for BACE1 inhibitor design. Computational chemists have embraced the incorporation of in vitro assay to provide insight into the inhibition performance of identified molecules with potential inhibition towards BACE1. Significant IC50 values up to 50 nM, better than clinical trial com-pounds, are available in the literature.
Comprehensive Account on the Synthesis of (-)-Balanol and its Analogues
Authors: Ahmad Sajjad , Akhtar Rabia , Zahoor Ameer Fawad 
Published: August 2021

Background:
A variety of diseases have been associated with hyperactivation of
protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes such as cancer, diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular and central
nervous system disorders. There is a dire need to selectively inhibit these enzymes by
synthesizing new potent inhibitors. Balanol, a fungal metabolite belonging to the PKC inhibitor
family, is especially included in this aspect. Tremendous effort has been put towards the
synthesis of balanol by different research groups.

Objective:
The aim of this review is to provide a detailed description of synthetic approaches
adopted for the synthesis of key fragments of balanol (azepane and benzophenone). All the
factors that resulted in excellent yield and high enantioselectivity have also been mentioned.

Conclusion:
It has been shown throughout this review that the synthesis of hexahydroazepine
and benzophenone cores of balanol was achieved by employing a variety of important key steps
with commercially available starting precursors, which make this total synthesis more valuable.
Moreover, this article provides ideas to the synthetic as well as pharmaceutical chemists for the
synthesis of (-)-balanol and its analogues.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Early Dry Skin Disorder: A Comparison Study Between Primary and Tertiary Care in Indonesia
Authors: Legiawati Lili , Bramono Kusmarinah , Indriatmi Wresti , Yunir Em , Pratama Aditya Indra 
Published: August 2021

Background:
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Indonesia has continued
to increase over the years. Management of T2DM is challenging across clinical settings, including
primary and tertiary care. Uncontrolled T2DM puts patients at risk of the development of
T2DM complications, especially early-stage dry skin that is neglected by most of the patients. This
study aimed to investigate the comparison between the T2DM management profile and dry skin
clinical profile of T2DM patients in primary care and tertiary care settings.

Methods:
The study was conducted as a cross-sectional epidemiological study by comparing
T2DM patient profiles in primary and tertiary care. The data collected included sociodemographic,
clinical, and laboratory data that were correlated with T2DM and early dry skin related-T2DM.
This study included early dry skin within the SRRC score of 3-11 and excluded infection, ulcer,
and severe erythema.

Results:
The patients in primary and tertiary care presented poorly controlled T2DM with median
HbA1c levels of 7.8% and 7.6%. The patients in primary care also presented with high triglyceride,
179 mg/dl. Furthermore, several significant differences were found in the duration of T2DM, duration
of dry skin, and DM treatment (OAD and insulin).

Conclusions:
Significant differences in the duration of T2DM, duration of dry skin, and DM treatment
(OAD and insulin) might be affected by the parameter of T2DM glycemic control (Blood
pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), HbA1c, random blood glucose (RBG), and triglyceride).