bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
External Lumbar Drainage following Traumatic Intracranial Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Badhiwala Jetan , Lumba-Brown Angela , Hawryluk Gregory W J , Ghajar Jamshid 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in elevations in intracranial pressure (ICP) that are refractory to standard therapies. Several studies have investigated the utility of external lumbar drainage (ELD) in this setting.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ELD or lumbar puncture with regard to immediate effect on ICP, durability of the effect on ICP, complications, and neurological outcomes in adults with refractory traumatic intracranial hypertension.

METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted beginning with a comprehensive search of PubMed/EMBASE. Two investigators reviewed studies for eligibility and extracted data. The strength of evidence was evaluated using GRADE methodology. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to calculate pooled estimates.

RESULTS
Nine articles detailing 6 studies (N = 110) were included. There was moderate evidence that ELD has a significant immediate effect on ICP; the pooled effect size was –19.5 mmHg (95% CI –21.0 to –17.9 mmHg). There was low evidence to indicate a durable effect of ELD on ICP up to at least 24 h following ELD. There was low evidence to indicate that ELD was safe and associated with a low rate of clinical cerebral herniation or meningitis. There was very low evidence pertaining to neurological outcomes.

CONCLUSION
Given preliminary data indicating potential safety and feasibility in highly selected cases, the use of ELD in adults with severe TBI and refractory intracranial hypertension in the presence of open basal cisterns and absence of large focal hematoma merits further high-quality investigation; the ideal conditions for potential application remain to be determined.
Japanese Politics
Authors: Pekkanen Robert J. , Pekkanen Saadia M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The study of Japanese politics has flourished over the past several decades. This Handbook provides a state-of-the-field overview for students and researchers of Japanese. The volume also serves to introduce Japanese politics to readers less familiar with Japan. In addition, the volume has a theme of “evaluating Japan’s democracy.” Taken as a whole, the volume provides a positive evaluation of the state of Japan’s democracy. The volume is divided into two parts, roughly corresponding to domestic Japanese politics and Japan’s international politics. Within the domestic politics part, there are four distinct sections: “Domestic Political Actors and Institutions,” covering the Japanese Constitution, electoral systems, prime minister, Diet, bureaucracy, judiciary, and local government; “Political Parties and Coalitions,” covering the Liberal Democratic Party, coalition government, Kōmeitō, and the political opposition; “Policymaking and the Public,” covering the policymaking process, public opinion, civil society, and populism; and, “Political Economy and Social Policy,” covering industrial, energy, social welfare, agricultural, monetary, and immigration policies, as well as social inequality. In the international relations part, there are four sections: “International Relations Frameworks,” covering grand strategy, international organizations, and international status; “International Political Economy,” covering trade, finance, foreign direct investment, the environment, economic regionalism, and the linkage between security and economics; “International Security,” covering remilitarization, global and regional security multilateralism, nuclear nonproliferation, naval power, space security, and cybersecurity; and, “Foreign Relations” covering Japan’s relations with the United States, China, South Korea, ASEAN, India, the European Union, and Russia.
Japan and Nuclear Nonproliferation
Authors: Mochizuki Mike 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the evolution of Japanese policies toward nuclear weapons, nuclear nonproliferation, and nuclear disarmament. It traces the development of Japan’s Three Non-Nuclear Principles and examines how these principles relate to Japan’s security alliance with the United States. By examining the interaction of domestic politics and changes in the international environment, the chapter shows how Japan has reaffirmed its status as a non-nuclear-weapons state. Japan’s promotion of nuclear power to meet its energy needs has rested on an explicit policy to forgo nuclear weapons and a commitment to the international nuclear nonproliferation regime. At the same time, Japan’s reliance on US extended nuclear deterrence and its concerns about regional security threats have tempered its support for nuclear disarmament initiatives.
Music Recording and the Recording Industry
Authors: Gronow Pekka 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Records have become an essential source for popular music history. The article discusses the technical development and global expansion of the international recording industry from the 1890s to the 2010s. Production peaked in 1929 and started to grow again after the Second World War. As the technology developed, independent recording studios were established, and the infrastructure for making records became widely available. The article also discusses the special case of record production in the Soviet Union. In the early days of radio, stations produced music themselves, but since the 1960s, radio has mostly relied on records. Many public broadcasters still have large music archives. Television has also been important for documenting and marketing music. Since 2000, the recording industry has made a successful transition to the internet. Access to social networks has given birth to a large number of microproducers, and the role of music videos has increased.
The Palestine Question
Authors: Ghanim Honaida 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The colonial framework introduced a central perspective into Palestinian studies in the context of addressing Zionism, Zionist relations with the Palestinian entity, and the creation of the question of Palestine. This chapter explores the rise and shifts of the Palestinian question from the Balfour Declaration to the “deal of the century.” Informed by a sociohistorical approach, the chapter discusses historical shifts and analyzes the Palestine question within relations of interplay and entanglement with the Zionist project and, later, with the state of Israel. It focuses on the sociological dimensions of the Palestine question at the intersection of settler colonialism, theology, and state-making, on the one hand, and indigenous resistance, national struggle, and pragmatism, on the other.
2 Maccabees
Authors: Duggan Michael W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
2 Maccabees describes a unique synergy between martyrs and militants that empowers the Jewish polity to wrest Jerusalem and its temple from Seleucid control. The dramatization of events between ca. 176 and 161 bce profiles the reactions to the Hellenization of Jerusalem by three segments of the Jewish populace: the priests who promote the initiative, the observant Jews who resist it at the cost of their lives, and the guerrilla force that defeats the Seleucids on the battlefield. The unfolding of events illustrates that adherence to the ancestral traditions is essential to shaping Jerusalem into a unique Jewish polis in the Hellenistic world. The refined Hellenistic texture of the narrative is designed to address an audience in the diaspora. The two prefatory letters invite Jews in Egypt to view the temple, Jerusalem, and Judea as the ultimate meeting ground for all the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
4 Maccabees
Authors: van Henten Jan Willem 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
4 Maccabees is the oldest Jewish writing entirely devoted to martyrdom and one of the four Maccabean books that are part of the Septuagint. It is an anonymous work that combines a philosophical treatise about the autonomy of reason based on religion with praise for the Maccabean martyrs, heroes whose heroic death is already reported in 2 Maccabees 6–7. This chapter offers a survey of the introductory issues (transmission of the text, date, provenance, literary features) and a detailed discussion of the book’s extensive reinterpretation of the Maccabean martyrdoms and important themes: beneficial death, vindication of the martyrs, and political significance of the martyrdoms.
The Wisdom of Solomon
Authors: Zurawski Jason M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Wisdom of Solomon is a rhetorically sophisticated composition written near the turn of the era in Alexandria, Egypt. While early scholars saw the text as a product of several authors from different times and places, more recent studies have gone a long way in demonstrating the unity of the text. The unique confluence of diverse elements, whether apocalyptic and sapiential themes, Stoic and Platonic philosophy, or multiple literary forms, has provided scholars ample opportunity to debate the main arguments and purpose of the text, the audience at which it was aimed, and the position of the text with respect to wider Hellenistic culture. One of the more unique features of Wisdom is the uncertainty surrounding many of its core concepts and figures. This crafted ambiguity offers a multiplicity of meaning that draws the reader in to engage more closely with the central lessons of the text on how to be a righteous person and secure the future immortal life of the soul.
The Additions to Daniel
Authors: DiTommaso Lorenzo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The ancient Greek versions of Daniel contain three extended passages that are not included in the Hebrew-Aramaic (MT) version of the book. These “Additions” to Daniel consist of the tale of Susanna (= LXX Daniel 1), the Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men (LXX Dan 3:24–90), and the tales of Bel and the Dragon (LXX Daniel 14). Daniel is one of several biblical books that contain additional material in their Greek versions (cf. Esther, Jeremiah, and Psalms). As with the court tales of the Book of Daniel, the three Additions to Daniel describe a model life-style that stresses covenantal fidelity and assures divine reciprocity. The message of the model is clear: just as Daniel, Susanna, and the three young men Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego prosper in the face of hostility and the threat of death, so Jews who live in foreign lands could survive and even thrive by maintaining their traditional identity and trust in God. Whatever the circumstance, justice will prevail, the righteous will be rewarded, and the wicked will be punished.
Psalms 151–155
Authors: Pajunen Mika S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article deals with Psalms 151–155 that are frequently referred to with the problematic designation “apocryphal psalms.” This study takes part in and advances the most recent scholarly discussions concerning each of these psalms. It takes up matters related to textual history, such as the relation between the preserved Greek and Hebrew version of Psalm 151, the origins of Psalms 152 and 153, manuscript 4Q448 as a witness to Psalm 154, and the possible acrostic nature of Psalm 155. The different literary settings of these psalms in manuscript 11QPsa, the Septuagint, and Syriac psalm collections are also briefly examined, and the pseudepigraphic attributions of these psalms to biblical persons and events are discussed in relation to general tendencies evident in the broader study of psalms.
Sexuality in the Apocrypha
Authors: Loader William 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This piece examines references to sexuality in the diverse writings of the Apocrypha. It uses the term “sexuality” broadly to encompass matters pertaining to sexuality, rather than in the more confined sense that is found in discussions of sexual orientation and sexual theory. It will therefore consider a range of ways in which sexual drive or desire finds expression in various contexts, from marriage to sex work, same-sex relations to celibacy, and beyond. It will do so by examining such references in the particular context of the writings being considered and in the light of the broader social context. It discusses each writing or set of writing in turn: 1 Esdras, Baruch, Judith, the Books of the Maccabees, 2 Esdras, Ben Sira/Sirach, Tobit, Wisdom of Solomon, Susanna, the Additions to Esther, and the Letter of Jeremiah. There are sexual elements common to many of these works: male stereotypes about women in their sexuality as dangerous, associated with mockery of men who lose control to women; male predatory behavior; rape and sexual violence in war; linkage of idolatry to profligate sexuality; gender role reversals, which as exceptions confirm the norms; affirmation of sexual attractiveness when not abused and of (arranged) marriage and the processes of procreation and nurture; and disapprovals of sex work and marriage to foreigners or exogamy.
Biblical Theology and the Apocrypha
Authors: deSilva David A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The books of the Apocrypha contain extensive reflection on the theologies of earlier Jewish writings, particularly in regard to election, the Torah, and the Deuteronomistic theology of history, in the face of several critical situations facing the Jewish people (the advance and advantages of Hellenization, the repression of Judaism under Antiochus IV, ongoing life as a minority culture throughout the Diaspora, and domination and devastation under Rome). They also bear witness to important developments both in personal and national eschatology and in the identification of supernatural forces impacting human existence (e.g., angels and demons). Early Christians, in turn, found these texts to provide important resources for their reflection upon the person and work of Jesus, applying developments within the Wisdom tradition in their delineation of the relationship of the Son to God and within the Jewish martyrological traditions to their professions about the atoning force of Jesus’ death. These texts thus exercised an important influence on the theologies articulated in the New Testament and the development of the doctrines and creeds embraced by the universal church, despite the ongoing discussions within the church concerning their canonical status.
2 Esdras
Authors: Sheinfeld Shayna 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, Shayna Sheinfeld introduces and analyzes the text and history of the apocryphal book known as 2 Esdras. 2 Esdras is a composite work, comprised of three separate works. The earliest portion, called 4 Ezra, can be found in chapters 3–14 of 2 Esdras. It is a Jewish apocalypse written after the destruction of the second temple around 100 ce. While 4 Ezra claims that it is part of seventy secret books meant for “the wise,” Sheinfeld argues that the text was meant to reach out to a broader Jewish audience. Two Christian additions—5 Ezra (2 Esdras 1–2) and 6 Ezra (2 Esdras 15–16)—bookend 4 Ezra, changing its function from an apocalypse meant to provide meaning for Jews following the destruction of the Second Temple to a narrative that focuses on the rise of Christianity as superseding Israel and on those who will experience persecution because of their beliefs.
The Epistle of Jeremiah
Authors: Docherty Susan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Epistle of Jeremiah, one of the shortest extant deutero-canonical writings, offers a strong critique of idolatry, describing it as the worship of impotent and lifeless idols. This article explores the theology of the text, as well as significant aspects of its composition and literary structure, engaging with it as a genuine letter, an example of a well-attested and authoritative form of communication among Diaspora Jews. It highlights in particular the epistle’s pervasive connections with the Jewish scriptures, arguing that, despite its brevity and perceived lack of originality, it offers valuable insights into the exegetical techniques and principles characteristic of the Second Temple period.
The Apocrypha, the Septuagint, and Other Greek Witnesses
Authors: de Troyer Kristin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
As for the Apocrypha, the Septuagint and Other Greek witnesses, there are four different groups of canons or Bibles to consider. Group one comprises the books and additions (to Esther and Daniel) that are in the Roman Catholic, Greek, and Slavonic Bibles: Tobit, Judith, Additions to Esther, Wisdom of Solomon, Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach, Baruch, the Letter of Baruch, the Letter of Jeremiah (which is Baruch, chapter 6), the Additions to the Book of Daniel (with the Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Jews, Susanna, and Bel and the Dragon), 1 Maccabees, and 2 Maccabees; the second group consists of the books in the Greek and Slavonic Bibles, which are not in the Roman Catholic canon (1 Esdras, also called 2 Esdras in Slavonic or 3 Esdras in the Appendix to the Vulgate), the Prayer of Manasseh (in an appendix to the Vulgate), Psalm 151, and 3 Maccabees; the third group contains the book that is in the Slavonic Bible and in the Latin Vulgate Appendix, but not in the Greek Bible: 2 Esdras (also called 3 Esdras in the Slavonic Bible or 4 Esdras in the Vulgate Appendix); and the fourth group contains 4 Maccabees, which can only be found in an appendix to the Greek Bible.
The Apocrypha in the History of Early Christianity
Authors: Nicklas Tobias 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Whereas the New Testament never actually quotes from any of the Apocrypha, we can, however, find evidence that at least some of the Apocrypha were indeed of impact for several New Testament writings. The same can be said about the Apostolic Fathers, some pieces of early Christian Apocrypha and, of course, many later authors. Whereas it is clear that neither Judith nor the books of the Maccabees were used only as historical sources—and that a text like 4 Maccabees never referred to by any writer—a full and detailed overview of the use and impact of the Old Testament Apocrypha remains a desideratum.
The Book of Judith
Authors: Levine Gera Deborah 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article surveys the story told in the Septuagint Book of Judith, its historicity and date, and the characters and structure of the work. It discusses biblical influences on the apocryphal book, the debated issue of the work’s original language, and theories about the author’s identity. The article also looks at the different approach to Judith found in Jerome’s influential Vulgate version, and points to the moral and feminist questions raised by the figure of Judith. As for the latter, at first sight, Judith, the savior of her people, seems to have the makings of a feminist heroine. She is undoubtedly superior to all the men who surround her, superior in wisdom as well as in action. Judith is strong and self-reliant, controlled and calm, and in many ways she seems to be an androgynous figure, an honorary male, so to speak. However, Judith’s role in the plot requires that she be without family ties, attractive, and deceptive, while her role as a religious authority and mouthpiece for the author’s theological ideas requires that she be wise, pious, and observant. This makes Judith a complex and sometimes contradictory figure, but not a feminist one.
The article ends with a very brief account of the book’s reception history.
1 Maccabees
Authors: Mendels Doron 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The main theme of the book of 1 Maccabees is the war of the Hasmonaean family against the Seleucids and their gradual participation in the political games of the neighboring Hellenistic kings and claimants to kingship, until the declaration of Jewish independence by Simeon and its aftermath. Subthemes are interwoven in the main subject of the book, which play a significant role within the narrative and are closely related to it. They are the conquest of parts of the Land of Israel, the refoundation of the Temple and its renovation, the relationship of the first Hasmonaeans with their neighboring kings and princes as well as with more remote but important states (Sparta and Rome), and various ethical and theological issues that seem to have had a major role in the creation of a new Jewish identity in Palestine. The book’s climax is the Jewish independence in the land of Israel achieved by Simeon; its anticlimax is the death of the latter.
Discursive Justice in and With Future Generations
Authors: Blake Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Most discussions of intergenerational justice focus on distributive justice between generations. Much of contemporary thinking about justice, though, focuses on how people might reason together in a respectful and egalitarian manner—with, that is, justice in political discourse. This chapter seeks to apply this latter sort of theorizing to the intergenerational context. It identifies two ways in which discursive justice might be applicable to that context. First, the present generation might wrong future generations by making discursive justice more difficult in the future; it might, for instance, create a future in which political agents must display greater virtue—both intellectual and moral—than present generations have had to demonstrate. Second, if we accept that agents may have interests that outlive themselves, then one generation might wrong another by failing to listen to the claims that persist through time and across generations. This discussion is compatible with the conclusion that moral claims generally diminish in importance over time; as the world in which a given generation’s moral commitments were made changes, so too does the moral pull of those commitments diminish.
Intergenerational Justice and Debt
Authors: Taylor Smith Patrick 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Discussions of public debt often take on an intergenerational character. Balanced budget amendments and austerity policies are justified by appeal to the idea that high levels of national or state debt represent an unfair burden on the future. Conversely, debt forgiveness campaigns that appeal to the International Monetary Fund and World Bank often suggest that debt harms the interests of the future citizens of the indebted nation. In response to these issues, this chapter makes three significant points. First, it argues that, somewhat controversially, states are often more likely to undermine substantive justice by taking on too little debt rather than by taking on too much. This section looks at the best available evidence from macroeconomics on the relationship between debt and economic growth. Second, the chapter examines the procedural issues for making debt policy decisions and how they can more reliably reflect the interests of the future; it argues in favor of a guardianship paradigm for intergenerational procedural justice. The chapter also shows that sustainable infrastructure is necessary to complement the guardianship paradigm by generating a convergence between justice-based motivations and economic self-interest. Finally, the chapter argues that questions of global and intergenerational justice are inextricably linked in the context of public debt because global injustice often limits the ability of some states to properly manage their fiscal affairs.