bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wetland restoration yields dynamic nitrate responses across the Upper Mississippi river basin
Authors: Evenson Grey R , Golden Heather E , Christensen Jay R , Lane Charles R , Rajib Adnan , D’Amico Ellen , Mahoney David Tyler , White Elaheh , Wu Qiusheng 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Wetland restoration is a primary management option for removing surplus nitrogen draining from agricultural landscapes. However, wetland capacity to mitigate nitrogen losses at large river-basin scales remains uncertain. This is largely due to a limited number of studies that address the cumulative and dynamic effects of restored wetlands across the landscape on downstream nutrient conditions. We analyzed wetland restoration impacts on modeled nitrate dynamics across 279 subbasins comprising the ∼0.5 million km2 Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB), USA, which covers eight states and houses ∼30 million people. Restoring ∼8,000 km2 of wetlands will reduce mean annual nitrate loads to the UMRB outlet by 12%, a substantial improvement over existing conditions but markedly less than widely cited estimates. Our lower wetland efficacy estimates are partly attributed to improved representation of processes not considered by preceding empirical studies − namely the potential for nitrate to bypass wetlands (i.e., via subsurface tile drainage) and be stored or transformed within the river network itself. Our novel findings reveal that wetlands mitigate surplus nitrogen basin-wide, yet they may not be as universally effective in tiled landscapes and because of river network processing.
Blasphemy and media
Authors: Sherwood Yvonne 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
‘Blasphemy and media’ studies how blasphemy has been profoundly changed by media revolutions: first, print, woodcuts, pamphlets, and newspapers; then, in a massive wave of transformation from the late nineteenth century, telegraph, radio, photography, film, and television; and finally, the age of digital technology and social media. The media revolutions of 1880–2020 have greatly expanded capacities for making, amplifying, spreading, monitoring, and prosecuting ‘blasphemies’. New media supports new forms of blasphemy. Blasphemous cartoons, ‘blasphemous’ plays and musicals, blasphemy memes, and ‘blasphemies’ and insults which are being auto-generated by algorithms, are important elements in the media revolution. Blasphemy has become an explicit form of advertising and promotion.
A case report: cardiac dysphagia—a ghost of the past?
Authors: Deschepper Céline , Devos Daniel , DePauw Michel 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Rheumatic heart disease has become rare in developed countries and physicians have grown unfamiliar with the disease and its clinical course. The mitral valve is most commonly affected leading to mitral regurgitation and/or stenosis. The chronic volume and/or pressure overload leads to atrial remodelling and enlargement, driving the development of atrial fibrillation and thrombo-embolic events.

Case summary
A 87-year-old patient with a history of rheumatic mitral stenosis and mitral valve replacement was admitted to the neurology department for vertigo. A stroke was suspected, and she underwent a transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE) which was complicated by dysphagia. Oesophageal manometry and computed tomography revealed oesophagogastric junction outflow obstruction due to extrinsic compression by a giant left atrium (GLA).

Discussion
Dysphagia due to a GLA is rare. Various diagnostic criteria exist and the prevalence thus depends on which criterium is used. It is mostly encountered in rheumatic mitral disease, although there are reports of non-rheumatic aetiology. When the left atrium assumes giant proportions it can compress adjacent intrathoracic structures. Compression of the oesophagus can lead to dysphagia, as in our case. A TOE in these cases is relatively contraindicated and should only be performed if there is considerable reason to believe that it may change patient management.
Fertility and Modernity
Authors: Spolaore Enrico , Wacziarg Romain 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe investigate the determinants of the fertility decline in Europe from 1830 to 1970 using a newly constructed data set of linguistic distances between European regions. The decline resulted from the gradual diffusion of new fertility behaviour from French-speaking regions to the rest of Europe. Societies with higher education, lower infant mortality, higher urbanisation and higher population density had lower levels of fertility during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. However, the fertility decline took place earlier in communities that were culturally closer to the French, while the fertility transition spread only later to societies that were more distant from the frontier. This is consistent with a process of social influence, whereby societies that were culturally closer to the French faced lower barriers to learning new information and adopting novel attitudes regarding fertility control.
Intraspecific Transcriptome Variation and Sex-Biased Expression inAnopheles arabiensis
Authors: Jayaswal Vivek , Ndo Cyrille , Ma Hsiu-Ching , Clifton Bryan D , Pombi Marco , Cabrera Kevin , Cohuet Anna , Mouline Karine , Diabaté Abdoulaye , Dabiré Roch , Ayala Diego , Ranz José M 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe magnitude and functional patterns of intraspecific transcriptional variation in the anophelines, including those of sex-biased genes underlying sex-specific traits relevant for malaria transmission, remain understudied. As a result, how changes in expression levels drive adaptation in these species is poorly understood. We sequenced the female, male, and larval transcriptomes of three populations of Anopheles arabiensis from Burkina Faso. One-third of the genes were differentially expressed between populations, often involving insecticide resistance-related genes in a sample type-specific manner, and with the females showing the largest number of differentially expressed genes. At the genomic level, the X chromosome appears depleted of differentially expressed genes compared with the autosomes, chromosomes harboring inversions do not exhibit evidence for enrichment of such genes, and genes that are top contributors to functional enrichment patterns of population differentiation tend to be clustered in the genome. Further, the magnitude of variation for the sex expression ratio across populations did not substantially differ between male- and female-biased genes, except for some populations in which male-limited expressed genes showed more variation than their female counterparts. In fact, female-biased genes exhibited a larger level of interpopulation variation than male-biased genes, both when assayed in males and females. Beyond uncovering the extensive adaptive potential of transcriptional variation in An. Arabiensis, our findings suggest that the evolutionary rate of changes in expression levels on the X chromosome exceeds that on the autosomes, while pointing to female-biased genes as the most variable component of the An. Arabiensis transcriptome.
Clinical Profiles of Childhood Astrovirus-, Sapovirus-, and Norovirus-Associated Acute Gastroenteritis in Pediatric Emergency Departments in Alberta, 2014–2018
Authors: Tarr Gillian A M , Downey Emily , Pang Xiao-Li , Zhuo Ran , Strickland Ali J , Ali Samina , Lee Bonita E , Chui Linda , Tarr Phillip I , Freedman Stephen B 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Infections by previously underdiagnosed viruses astrovirus and sapovirus are poorly characterized compared with norovirus, the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis.

Methods
Children &lt;18 years old with acute gastroenteritis were recruited from pediatric emergency departments in Alberta, Canada between 2014 and 2018. We described and compared the clinical course of acute gastroenteritis in children with astrovirus, sapovirus, and norovirus.

Results
Astrovirus was detected in 56 of 2688 (2.1%) children, sapovirus was detected in 146 of 2688 (5.4%) children, and norovirus was detected in 486 of 2688 (18.1%) children. At illness onset, ~60% of astrovirus cases experienced both diarrhea and vomiting. Among sapovirus and norovirus cases, 35% experienced diarrhea at onset and 80% of 91% (sapovirus/norovirus) vomited; however, diarrhea became more prevalent than vomiting at approximately day 4 of illness. Over the full course of illness, diarrhea was 18% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8%– 29%) more prevalent among children with astrovirus than norovirus infections and had longer duration with greater maximal events; there were a median of 4.0 fewer maximal vomiting events (95% CI, 2.0–5.0). Vomiting continued for a median of 24.8 hours longer (95% CI, 9.6–31.7) among children with sapovirus versus norovirus. Differences between these viruses were otherwise minimal.

Conclusions
Sapovirus infections attended in the emergency department are more similar to norovirus than previously reported, whereas astrovirus infections have several distinguishable characteristics.
Racial Oppression and Racial Projects in Consumer Markets: A Racial Formation Theory Approach
Authors: Crockett David 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe dominant theoretical approach to exploring ethnic and racial inequality in marketing and consumer research focuses on discrete acts of discrimination that stem from social psychological causes (e.g., prejudice, stereotypes, and negative racial attitudes). It holds limited explanatory power for meso- and macro-structural phenomena that also generate racialized outcomes. An implication is that ethnic and racial inequality can be portrayed as something imposed on market systems rather than a routine feature of their functioning. In response, I introduce and synthesize two variants of Racial Formation Theory (RFT) and propose it as a useful theoretical approach for addressing whether and how organizational and institutional actors in market systems engage in goal-directed action that allocates resources in ways that challenge (or reinforce) ethnic and racial oppression.
Envenomation by Steatoda borealis (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Connecticut, USA
Authors: Vossbrinck Charles R , Krinsky William L 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We report a case of envenomation by Steatoda borealis (Hentz, 1850) in Connecticut in late spring 2021. The bitten subject was a 60-yr-old female Caucasian. The bite occurred upon disturbing some books in her basement. She reported a painful stinging bite on her finger followed by the formation of an erythematous macule at the site of the bite which was gone the next day. There was no sign of necrosis. The spider was recovered directly at that time. The victim reported that later that night she experienced heart palpitations. This is the first report of envenomation by S. borealis, a common spider in Connecticut.
Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Infection-Related Mortality: A Cohort Study
Authors: Cheong Hae Suk , Chang Yoosoo , Joo Eun-Jeong , Ryu Seungho 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of death worldwide and is associated with various diseases. However, studies addressing its impact on infection-related deaths are limited. This study examined the relationship between smoking and infection-related mortality.

Aims and Methods
A cohort of 583 034 South Korean adults who underwent annual or biennial health examinations were followed up for infection-related deaths using national records. Cox proportional hazards regression assessed hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for infection-related mortality.

Results
The median follow-up was 9.1 years (maximum 18 years), and 335 infection-related deaths were identified. Current smoking, but not former smoking, was positively associated with an increased risk of infection-related mortality. After adjusting for possible confounders, the multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for infection-related mortality comparing former and current smokers with never smokers were 0.94 (0.68–1.30) and 1.45 (1.05–2.02), respectively; and those for infection-related mortality by number of pack-years comparing 10–19.9 and ≥20 pack-years to &lt;10 pack-years were 1.26 (0.81–1.96) and 1.47 (1.03–2.09), respectively, while those comparing 10–19 and ≥20 cigarettes/day to &lt;10 cigarettes/day were 1.35 (0.86–2.11) and 1.54 (1.13–2.11), respectively (p for trend &lt;.05). Individuals with ≥20 pack-years had a 2.06 times greater risk of infection-related mortality when changes in smoking status and confounders during follow-up were updated in the analysis as time-varying covariates.

Conclusions
Current smoking status, intensity, and pack-years were associated with an increased risk of infection-related death, with the highest risk of infection-related mortality found consistently in individuals with ≥20 pack-years.

Implications
In this large-scale cohort study of relatively young and middle-aged South Korean adults, current smoking, smoking intensity, and pack-years were associated with an increased risk of death due to infections; in particular, a significantly increased risk of infection-related mortality was consistently found in individuals with ≥20 pack-years. When appropriate, infection-related mortality should be included in smoking-attributable mortality burdens, and effective smoking control measures should be considered to improve infection-related mortality.
Efficacy, Safety, and Durability of Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine in Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection: 5-Year Results From the LATTE-2 Study
Authors: Smith Graham H R , Henry W Keith , Podzamczer Daniel , Masiá Maria Del Mar , Bettacchi Christopher J , Arasteh Keikawus , Jaeger Hans , Khuong-Josses Marie-Aude , Montes-Ramírez Maria Luisa , Stellbrink Hans-Jürgen , Yazdanpanah Yazdan , Richmond Gary J , Sutton Kenneth C , Zhang Feifan , McCoig Cynthia C , St Clair Marty H , Vandermeulen Kati , Van Solingen-Ristea Rodica , Smith Kimberly Y , Margolis David A , Spreen William R 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
In the Long-Acting Antiretroviral Treatment Enabling Trial 2 (LATTE-2) phase 2b study, long-acting (LA) injectable cabotegravir + rilpivirine dosed every 8 weeks (Q8W) or every 4 weeks (Q4W) demonstrated comparable efficacy with daily oral antiretroviral therapy (ART) through 96 weeks in ART-naive adults with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Here we report efficacy, tolerability, and safety of cabotegravir + rilpivirine LA over approximately 5 years.

Methods
After 20 weeks of oral cabotegravir + abacavir/lamivudine, participants were randomized to cabotegravir + rilpivirine LA Q8W or Q4W or continue oral ART through the 96-week maintenance period. In the extension period through week 256, participants continued their current LA regimen (randomized Q8W/Q4W groups) or switched from oral ART to Q8W or Q4W LA therapy (extension-switch groups). Endpoints assessed included proportion of participants with HIV-1 RNA &lt;50 copies/mL (Snapshot algorithm) and adverse events (AEs).

Results
At week 256, 186 of 230 (81%) participants in randomized Q8W/Q4W groups and 41 of 44 (93%) participants in extension-switch groups had HIV-1 RNA &lt;50 copies/mL. No protocol-defined virologic failures occurred after week 48. Injection wsite reactions infrequently resulted in discontinuation (4 [2%] and 1 [2%] participants in randomized Q8W/Q4W and extension-switch groups, respectively). Three participants in randomized Q8W/Q4W groups experienced drug-related serious AEs, including 1 fatal serious AE (Q4W group); none occurred in extension-switch groups. Of 25 participants with AEs leading to withdrawal, 20 were in the randomized Q4W group; no AE leading to withdrawal occurred in &gt;1 participant.

Conclusions
Cabotegravir + rilpivirine LA exhibited long-term efficacy and tolerability, demonstrating its durability as maintenance therapy for HIV-1 infection.
Clinical Trials Registration. NCT02120352.
Minimally Invasive L5-S1 Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion With Simultaneous Robotic Single Position Posterior Fixation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Pham Martin H , Gupta Mihir , Stone Lauren E , Osorio Joseph A , Lehman Ronald A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The unique anatomy at L5-S1 presents different challenges and considerations to be made when compared to other areas in the lumbar spine. In this way, the oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) is more closely related to a supine anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) except that the former is performed in a lateral position down a smaller minimally invasive retroperitoneal corridor. This lateral positioning at L5-S1, however, provides an opportunity for single-position surgery simultaneously with posterior fixation, which is not afforded by other approaches.
We present here a case of a 57-yr-old male with a prior right-sided L5-S1 microdiscectomy who presents with worsening lumbar radiculopathy and foot drop. He subsequently underwent a minimally invasive L5-S1 OLIF with posterior instrumentation placed bilaterally while remaining in a single lateral position (Mazor X Stealth Edition, Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland). Both the anterior OLIF surgeon and posterior instrumentation surgeon were able to work simultaneously. There is currently a need for further high-quality operative videos showing the L5-S1 OLIF technique, and to our knowledge, this is the first video demonstrating a 2-surgeon near-simultaneous workflow approach using a spinal robotics platform at this level.
There is no identifying information in this video. A patient consent was obtained for the surgical procedure and for publishing of the material included in the video.
How Reliable Is the Intraoperative Computed Tomography Angiography in Assessing Complete Surgical Resection of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations?
Authors: Alotaibi Fahad Saud , Ntyl Sondous Raid , Almuhaini Tafla Saleh , Bin Abdulqader Sarah , Alotaibi Naif M , Soulami Lahbib , Bafaquh Mohammad , Al Yamany Mahmoud , Alturki Abdulrahman Y , Alzhrani Gmaan , Orz Yasser , Alobaid Abdullah 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is still considered the gold standard test to evaluate arteriovenous malformation's (AVM) residual after microsurgical resection.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the safety and reliability of intraoperative computed tomography angiography (iCTA) as an immediate method of evaluating the surgical results of AVM resection.

METHODS
We performed a retrospective review for all cases of cerebral AVMs at our institute from January 2015 to April 2020 who underwent surgical resection of cerebral AVM and had iCTA. All included patients underwent a postoperative DSA, and the results were compared with iCTA.

RESULTS
Twenty-eight cases were included. All cases showed complete resection (100%) in the iCTA, and the results were consistent with the postoperative DSA results. The sensitivity of iCTA was 100%. The added operative time ranged from 25 to 30 min. There were no complications related to the use of iCTA.

CONCLUSION
Intraoperative assessment of AVMs surgical results with an iCTA is safe and reliable. The sensitivity of iCTA following AVM resection merits further investigations.
Microsurgical Resection of Hybrid Nerve Sheath Tumor Involving the Orbit and Lateral Wall of the Cavernous Sinus: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Matsuo Satoshi , Higaki Rio , Matsukado Koichiro 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Surgical removal of the tumor involving both the orbital and cavernous sinus remains challenging. Hybrid nerve sheath tumors (HNSTs) are defined as benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors with combined features of more than one type of benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors, including schwannoma, neurofibroma, and perineurinoma.
1
They rarely arise from the orbit.
1-3
This video shows the microsurgical resection of HNST involving both the orbit and lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. A 43-yr-old woman presented with 1-yr history of a slowly growing painless mass in her left medial eyelid. Neuroimaging examinations demonstrated a multilobulated and well-demarcated mass with a heterogeneous enhancement located in the extraconal region, just above the levator muscle, and extending from the eyelid to the middle fossa through the superior orbital fissure. Based on the neuroimaging features, we diagnosed it as trigeminal schwannoma involving the orbit and lateral wall of the cavernous sinus preoperatively. We performed left frontotemporal craniotomy with superolateral orbitotomy to gain access to the tumor. The tumor was grayish yellow and relatively firm. No intact nerve fibers of the frontal and ophthalmic nerves could be identified, making the diagnosis of the tumor originating from both nerves. Finally, we completely resected the tumor, which was confirmed by postoperative magnetic resonance images. Her postoperative course was uneventful, except for transient diplopia and expected left forehead hypesthesia. The pathology returned to HNST containing schwannoma and neurofibroma with no malignancy. The patient consented to the procedure prior to the surgery. And, the patient consented to the publication of their image.
Homeostatic regulation of NREM sleep, but not REM sleep, in Australian magpies
Authors: Johnsson Robin D , Connelly Farley , Vyssotski Alexei L , Roth Timothy C , Lesku John A 
Published: August 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesWe explore non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep homeostasis in Australian magpies (Cracticus tibicen tyrannica). We predicted that magpies would recover lost sleep by spending more time in NREM and REM sleep, and by engaging in more intense NREM sleep as indicated by increased slow-wave activity (SWA).MethodsContinuous 72-h recordings of EEG, EMG, and tri-axial accelerometry, along with EEG spectral analyses, were performed on wild-caught Australian magpies housed in indoor aviaries. Australian magpies were subjected to two protocols of night-time sleep deprivation: full 12-h night (n = 8) and first 6-h half of the night (n = 5), which were preceded by a 36-h baseline recording and followed by a 24-h recovery period.ResultsAustralian magpies recovered from lost NREM sleep by sleeping more, with increased NREM sleep consolidation, and increased SWA during recovery sleep. Following 12-h of night-time sleep loss, magpies also showed reduced SWA the following night after napping more during the recovery day. Surprisingly, the magpies did not recover any lost REM sleep.ConclusionsOnly NREM sleep is homeostatically regulated in Australian magpies with the level of SWA reflecting prior sleep/wake history. The significance of emerging patterns on the apparent absence of REM sleep homeostasis, now observed in multiple species, remains unclear.
Virtual Clinical Experiences in Nursing Education: Applying a Technology-Enhanced Storyboard Technique to Facilitate Contextual Learning in Remote Environments
Authors: Roberts Michele Livich , Mazurak Julia O. E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Many schools of nursing were not prepared to transition to remote instruction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Virtual and computer-based simulation can offer a substitution for in-person clinical learning. This article describes the use of storyboards, created by faculty, to provide context during remote clinical experiences. The theoretical basis for the design and implementation of the activity is discussed. Faculty observations of student behaviors (i.e., clinical decision-making, reflection on performance, and engagement) were consistent between computer-based and laboratory-based simulation settings.