bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION
Authors: LOWE CHARLES U. , COURSIN DAVID BAIRD , HEALD FELIX P. , HOLLIDAY MALCOLM A. , O'BRIEN DONOUGH , OWEN GEORGE M. , PEARSON HOWARD A. , SCRIVER CHARLES R. , FILER L. J. , KLINE O. L. 
Published: December 2021

"BABY FOODS" have been regarded as "Food for Special Dietary Uses" under federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act regulations that have been in effect since 1942. The current revision of the FDA regulations proposes to continue this classification (Federal Register, December 14, 1966; 31 F.R. 15730).
A recent article in the New England Journal of Medicine objects to classifying infant foods as "Food for Special Dietary Uses" in the recently proposed revision of the federal Food and Drug regulations. The authors appear to be unaware that "baby foods" have been regarded as "Food for Special Dietary Uses" for a quarter of a century. The proposed revisions make no substantive changes in the current regulations affecting "baby foods."
In practical terms, this section of the regulations provides that if a food represented by the manufacturer for use by infants. specifically those less than 12 months of age, contains two or more ingredients, these shall be listed on the label. The label needs to indicate the specific plant or animal source of each ingredient and the common or usual name of each ingredient, including spices, flavorings, and colorings. This is important since typical "baby foods" may contain as many as 10 to 12 ingredients in addition to the principal one. They may combine a variety of additives, including flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, emulsifiers, nutrients, and special fat ingredients.
Special feeding problems are of common occurrence in pediatric practice. It is impossible for the physician to identify the cause of food idiosyncrasy unless he has knowledge of the specific nature of all food consumed.
Hyperbilirubinemia, Streptomycin, and Hearing Loss
Authors: KRACKE A. D. 
Published: December 2021

In the article, "Erythroblastosis Fetalis and Hyperbilirubinemia," I noticed several cases described of hearing loss which was ascribed to erythroblastosis or kernicterus of mild degree. I note that a number of these children had what would now be considered excessive doses of streptomycin. I would appreciate any comments that the authors might have on how they eliminated the possible effect of streptomycin and ascribed it all to that of hyperbilirubinemia.
They do make a comment, of course, that their controls had received similar doses of dihydrostreptomycin and/or streptomycin, etc., but this is difficult to know whether the actual levels were comparable from the information presented.
THE SCHOOL PHYSICIAN: A STUDY OF SATISFACTION WITH HIS ROLE
Authors: Wagner Marsden G. , Levin Lowell S. , Heller Marian H. 
Published: December 2021

IN 1965 an in-depth study of school physicians in Los Angeles was undertaken The object of this study was to describe personal and professional characteristics of Los Angeles City School physicians and to relate these characteristics to various aspects of physician performance in the school health program. This report presents findings on a cluster of attitudes which, in association, may describe the school physician's satisfaction with his work.
Job satisfaction has to do with the environment which surrounds the doing of the job. The assumption is often given that poor job attitudes would serve to reduce the effectiveness of the physician or in some degree restrict his functions. While on the face of it this seems to be a plausible position, questions may be raised with regard to what a state of satisfaction obscures in a work setting. It is possible that there are situations where satisfaction is a totally inappropriate response. For example, satisfaction with brief routine health examinations may actually represent a measure of a physician's settling for less than effective case finding procedures. An analysis of job satisfaction data provides a basis for such speculation, which, in turn, is believed to have direct implications for policies related to pediatric education, the employment of school physicians, and utilization of school physicians.
STUDY SETTING
The Los Angeles City Unified School District, the second largest school district in the United States, served a population of 3,324,390 in 1965. The schools contained 364,657 elementary pupils and 254,311 secondary pupils (618,968 total kindergarten through twelfth grade).
"Small for Dates" Infants have Lower Average Serum Bilirubin Concentrations than Normal Low Birth Weight Infants of Similar Weight
Authors: LUCEY JEROLD F. , HEWITT JEAN , FERREIRO MARIO 
Published: December 2021

Many factors are known to influence physiologic jaundice in premature infants. However no studies have been reported of the effect intra-uterine growth retardation or malnutrition has upon the average serum bilirubin concentrations in "small for dates" infants.
It has been a policy in the nurseries of the University of Vermont Hospitals to do serum bilirubins on all low birth weight infants (2,500 gm or less) on the fourth to sixth day of life. Any infant with a positive Coomb's test or clinical evidence of A.B.O. incompatibility was excluded from this review.
Fun Society
Authors: SCHOWALTER R. P. 
Published: December 2021

In these days of "mixed up kids" who often become hippies and beatniks, I do believe that the paragraph entitled "Fun Society" at the bottom of page 4 in the Newsletter of August 1 deserves much attention.
Bakwin and Bakwin's conclusions about the factors that breed delinquency could be brought to the attention of the National Parent-Teacher Association.
When we ask the 17-year-old boy in the office what his purpose in life is, he gives such naive answers.
THE EXCESSIVE PROPORTION OF MALE OVER FEMALE DEATHS UNDER THE AGE OF PUBERTY IN PHILADELPHIA BETWEEN 1821 AND 1830
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Ever since John Graunt (1620-1674) established the statistical science of epidemiology, physicians have been aware of the greater vulnerability of the male to disease than the female. Graunt also called attention to the excess of males over females at birth; he further commented on the greater mortality rate of the male throughout his life. The following observations upon the mortality of infants and children in Philadelphia were probably the first published in this country to support Graunt's observations:
Of the children born in Philadelphia during the ten years included between 1821 and 1830, amounting according to the returns made to the Board of Health, to 66,642; there were 2,496 more males than females. But notwithstanding the males at birth thus exceed the females about 7½ per cent, a reference to the census of 1830, shows that by the fifth year of childhood, the male excesss is reduced to about 5 per cent; and at ten years to only 1 per cent; and that the reduction still going on, the females between the ages of ten and fifteen, exceed the males about 8 per cent; and between fifteen and twenty, 7.3 per cent.
Here then we find, that during the early stages of life, there are agencies operating to reduce unduly the proportion of the male sex, and to trace out and identify these, forms a highly interesting subject of inquiry.
It has commonly been supposed that the greater exposure of males to accidents furnished a sufficient explanation of their greater mortality. But our inquiry (in 1830) shows the fallacy of this reasoning, the deaths reported under the head of casualties consisting but a small proportion of the whole mortality, in which when burns and scalds are included, the female deaths are found to exceed the male. The truth is that with very few exceptions, all the morbid influences to which the early periods of life are exposed, operate with peculiar fatality among the males, showing unequivocally that the true cause of the disparity resides in some physiological peculiarity.
RESPONSE OF INFANTS TO TRIVALENT POLIOVIRUS VACCINE (SABIN STRAINS)
Authors: Murphy William 
Published: December 2021

An initial dose of live, oral, trivalent poliovirus vaccine was fed to 137 infants at the age of 6 to 8 weeks. Eight weeks later they were given a second dose. They received a third dose at the age of 1 year and a fourth dose 8 weeks later.
Efficacy was judged by antibody levels in serum samples.
Results showed that general sero-immunity was conferred by this program.
Analysis of the data revealed that a significant response followed the first two doses but that antibody levels for type 1 were not maintained at the age of 1 year. Response to the third dose was prompt and significant for type 1. The fourth dose apparently was unnecessary.
There was some evidence of interference by maternal antibodies. However, their presence, even in high concentrations, did not preclude effective immunization.
CONTAMINATION OF SOFT TISSUES OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN WITH RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT AS EXEMPLIFIED BY Cs137 AND I131
Authors: Hanson Wayne C. 
Published: December 2021

Fallout iodine131 in children's thyroid glands has resulted from local fallout associated with nuclear weapons tests and the Windscale reactor accident. Milk is recognized as the principal means of transport into human populations, and very young children are considered to be the critical age group as far as exposure hazards are concerned. Environmental factors influence the deposition of the iodine131 and the subsequent rate of transfer to dairy cattle and into humans. Maximum exposures within the continental United States have generally occurred among Utah children. During the period 1952-1962, some 40,000 to 50,000 children in Utah were estimated to have received doses to the thyroid glands of a few rads of iodine131 on several occasions; and, during 1953 about 700 infants at St. George, Utah, received an estimated dose of 84 rads. This was about five times the maximum dose received by English children immediately following the Windscale accident and about one-tenth the iodine131 dose estimated to have resulted in thyroid nodules in a few Marshallese children several years after exposure.
Cesium137 is most important in arctic regions, where whole-body burdens are several orders of magnitude greater than those of temperate North America and Europe. This results from ecologic factors which facilitate the effective transfer of cesium137 through the lichen to caribou (reindeer) to man food web. The distribution of cesium137 body burdens within Alaskan native populations showed important influences of ethnic background and cultural practices of the people. Maximum values were consistently found in those persons who consumed the greatest amounts of caribou flesh and reflected the seasonal cycle of cesium137 concentrations in caribou flesh. Adults had the greatest cesium137 whole-body burdens and concentrations, minors (15-20 years old) contained median amounts and children (less than 15 years old) contained the least. Comparison of male and female cesium137 body burdens at times of the seasonal maximum indicated there was no difference between the sexes until about the age of 20, males then consistently had more cesium137 than females; maximum difference occurred at about the age of 40, and then the difference decreased with advancing age.
Whole-body radiation dosage to the Anaktuvuk Pass people from cesium body burdens during 1964, the period of maximum values, were calculated to be about 30% of the amount suggested as a radiation protection guide for that population group.
Clinical Observations on Ketonurias
Authors: Noguchi Takeshi 
Published: December 2021

It is a common observation that pediatric patients often present with ketonuria not accompanied by vomiting, and that some adults may show ketonuria and vomiting together, or either of them separately and without discoverable cause. The present letter deals with such cases encountered by the writer.
An analysis of the symptoms of 46 children with ketonuria has revealed that 23 (50%) may be diagnosed as recurrent vomiting, whereas the remaining 23 cases (50%) are not accompanied by vomiting.
OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASE OF THE AIRWAYS IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: Mellins Robert B. , Levine O. Robert , Ingram Roland H. , Fishman Alfred P. 
Published: December 2021

A study of the interrelationships of instantaneous air flow, lung volume, and transpulmonary pressure over the range of the vital capacity has demonstrated striking differences in the determinants of maximum expiratory flow in cystic fibrosis and asthma. At high lung volumes, maximum expiratory flow rates in asthma are limited by the mechanical characteristics of the lungs and airways, whereas in cystic fibrosis and in the normal they are dependent on effort. At lower lung volumes, maximum expiratory flow rates are relatively more reduced in cystic fibrosis than in asthma and pressures in excess of those required to produce maximum flow actually depress flow. Also, forced expiration is associated with a transient reversal in the slope of the single breath nitrogen curve in cystic fibrosis and not in asthma.
From these studies it is concluded that: (1) airway obstruction is less uniform and involves larger airways in cystic fibrosis than in asthma, and (2) increased expiratory pressure is associated with collapse of some of the larger airways over most of the range of the vital capacity in cystic fibrosis.
A major clinical implication of these studies is that the effectiveness of cough is impaired by large airway collapse in cystic fibrosis.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: SOME SYNDROMES, DISEASES, AND CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL COLORATION OF THE URINE OR DIAPER
Authors: Cone Thomas E. 
Published: December 2021

This Abbreviated Quotation from the writings of Hippocrates is evidence that he shared with the modern physician an awareness of and concern for the color of the urine. Parents often seek professional advice because of their anxiety about the color of their child's urine or diaper. The physician often finds himself wondering whether the parents' description of what they believe is an abnormally colored urine represents either an inconsequential finding or one manifestation of a serious illness.
Uroscopy by both parents and physicians has led to the discovery of a number of commonly, as well as rarely, encountered diseases of childhood. It was Sir Archibald Garrod's2 interest in the color changes in the urine of patients with alcaptonuria that led him to develop his whole concept of inheritable metabolic diseases. More recenfly, the finding of a bluish discoloration of the diapers in two male siblings led to the description of a new and rare familial disease known as thee "blue diaper syndrome."3
Before discussing syndromes associated with abnormally colored urine, a brief description of the normal color of children's urine seems appropriate.
Normal Color of Urine and Causes for it Being Unduly Pale or Dark
The normal amber color of urine is due to the pigment urochrome, the excretion of which is roughly correlated with basal metabolism.1 The normal amber or yellow color may be diminished, increased, or altered in character.
Unduly Pale Urine
Urine may he unduly pale due to a temporary diuresis resulting from (1) a large fluid intake or or (2) a sudden absorption of edema fluid (e.g., children receiving treatment for nephrosis, congestive heart failure, acute glornerulonephritis, or chronic nephritis), or to either (3) diabetes insipidus or (4) mellitus.
A Foster Grandchild Program
Authors: Mendelsohn Robert S. , Gold Jacob C. 
Published: December 2021

In his continuing efforts to promote optimum child growth and development, the peditrician often finds social action to be one of his most effective tools. The "foster grandparent" program properly falls in this category. The purpose of this communication is to describe another such social action program that the pediatrician can initiate and help develop. We have called this the "foster grandchild program."
Serving as a consultant to the foster grandparent program at Dixon State School (for the inception and development of which the Illinois State Department of Mental Health and others deserve great praise), one of us (R.S.M.) participated in the successful creation of artificial families.
Pediatrics at a Crossroad (Continued)
Authors: Steigman Alex J. 
Published: December 2021

There was published recently a Commentary in Pediatrics1 which addressed itself to some general aspects of the present state of our specialty ("Pediatrics at a Crossroad"). The publication will by now have had the critical attentive reading and reflection it deserves.
The Commentary may have conveyed an erroneous impression. It was based on very general statements unsupported by pertinent available facts. It avoided taking into account historical perspective appropriate to the subject under discussion.
Sweeping statements are seldom illuminating.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: SOME DISEASES, SYNDROMES, AND CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH AN UNUSUAL ODOR
Authors: Cone Thomas E. 
Published: December 2021

This Quotation from the writings of one of the founders of ancient Hindu or Ayurvedic medicine, is evidence that Suśruta was aware of the diagnostic significance of odors in many diseases.
For most contemporary physicians an awareness of the importance of the sense of smell in clinical medicine was rekindled largely by the discovery of phenylketonuria by Følling ill 1934.2 He, as has almost every other student of this disease, called attention to a distinctive odor of patients with PKU.
With the burgeoning of our knowledge of inborn errors of metabolism during the last decade, we are now aware of at least five additional conditions in which the patient's odor is unusual; these conditions include disorders of amino acid as well as fatty acid metabolism.
ODORS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE
The quality or character of odors described ill clinical medicine for the same disease varies from author to author. Although an odor may be defined as a volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell, the precise description of a particular odor is extremely difficult. This may be because most of us, unlike almost all other mammals, pay little attention to the odors around us. It is not that we are anosmic but rather that our faculty for discniminating smell in clinical practice has atrophied from disuse.
Sources of Patients' Odors
Odors arise chiefly from the secreta and excreta of the body: sweat, sebum from the skin; secreta from the nose, mouth, throat, bronchi, and lungs; urine, stool and vaginal discharges; wound suppuration; and from necrotic tissue.
HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA AND KERNICTERUS IN GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE-DEFICIENT INFANTS IN SINGAPORE
Authors: Brown William R. , Boon Wong Hock 
Published: December 2021

Hyperbilirubinemia among glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient infants in Singapore is a common and serious problem. Sixty-nine G-6-PD-deficient newborns were studied throughout the neonatal period. A total of seven infants (10%) required exchange transfusions or developed kernicterus. Kernicterus occurred in two infants. The incidence of similarly severe hyperbilirubinemia in G-6-PD-normal newborns of Singapore is probably less than 0.3%. Hyperbilirubinemia in G-6-PD-deficient Chinese infants appears to result from slightly excessive hemolysis superimposed upon a moderately severe hyperbilirubinemia of a nonhemolytic type. In the average infant excessive hemolysis contributes relatively little to the total bilirubinemia. Exposure to exogenous agents occasionally may be important.
Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia may vary considerably among ethnic groups, and it is suggested that the incidence of severe hyperbilirubinemia in G-6-PD-deficient members of an ethnic group may be influenced by their "baseline" or "physiologic" hyperbilirubinemia.
Early-detection of G-6-PD deficiency and close surveillance of affected newborns has substantially reduced the incidence of kernicterus associated with G-6-PD deficiency in Singapore.
Improving the Manual on Standards of Child Health Care
Authors: Christy Raymond A. 
Published: December 2021

It has been one year since the American Academy of Pediatrics published Standards of Child Health Care. During this time, 16,000 copies of this manual have been distributed. The recipients have varied from individual pediatricians to federal government agencies, state departments of health and welfare, and insurance companies.
The Subcommittee on Standards of the Council on Pediatric Practice has begun preliminary considerations for revision of the manual. We are eager to learn of the uses to which it has been put as well as comments and criticisms which may be helpful in the revision process.
Prevention of Smoking
Authors: Staub Henry P. 
Published: December 2021

In the Newsletter of January 1, 1968, the American Academy of Pediatrics reported that the executive board strongly endorsed time American Cancer Society's anti-smoking resolution.
Personally, I cannot agree with the approach of the resolution to the public health hazard of smoking. If the American Academy of Pediatrics (or for that matter, the American Cancer Society) wanted to back effective measures, an entirely different type of resolution would have been adopted, one that would have put the emphasis On reaciling the younger generation.
Toys and Learning
Authors: Feinbloom Richard I. , Wolff Peter 
Published: December 2021

In a current advertising campaign, a wellknown toy manufacturer (Creative Playthings, Inc.) seeks to enlist the cooperation of the pediatric profession in promoting its product by asking that its catalogues be exhibited in the doctor's office.
The alleged superiority of these toys, implied if not actually stated by the advertisement, is based on a deliberate effort to exploit the inherent potential of each infant and young child during certain critical periods of development. The advertisement further implies that the loss resulting from a failure to stimulate children maximally during these critical periods (presumably by such toys) cannot be fully redeemed by subsequent experience; in other words, what is lost (or never attained) is lost forever.
Sex and Morals, by C. H. Whiteley and Winifred M. Whiteley. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1967, 135 pp., $3.95
Authors: Doyle Brian B. 
Published: December 2021

Few subjects command as much intrinsic interest as does sex. Few controversies rage more actively than that over morality, particularly now when effective contraception heralds increased sexual freedom. Those concerned with attitudes of children toward sex, be they parents, pediatricians, or the children themselves, will find this book useful. Sex and Morals addresses itself forthrightly to the subjects of its title.
The Whiteleys' opening discussion of the reasons for a sexual morality shows clearly their tempered, pragmatic approach.
ELEVATION OF SERUM COPPER FOLLOWING COPPER SULFATE AS AN EMETIC
Authors: Holtzman Neil A. , Haslam Robert H. A. 
Published: December 2021

Copper sulfate in a dose equivalent to 100 mg of copper was administered orally to six young children who came to the outpatient department because of ingestion of substances in toxic amounts. As a control, six other children presenting with the same complaint received 10 to 15 ml of syrup of ipecac. Although vomiting occurred within 5 minutes after administering the copper sulfate, significant elevations of serum copper occurred in each child. Only one of the children receiving ipecac had any rise in serum copper concentration.
Because of hazards associated with copper sulfate, its use as an emetic appears questionable.