bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short‐term changes in cortical physiological arousal measured by electroencephalography during thalamic centromedian deep brain stimulation
Authors: Martin Reese A. , Cukiert Arthur , Blumenfeld Hal 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe intralaminar thalamus is well implicated in the processes of arousal and attention. Stimulation of the intralaminar thalamus has been used therapeutically to improve level of alertness in minimally conscious individuals and to reduce seizures in refractory epilepsy, both presumably through modulation of thalamocortical function. Little work exists that directly measures the effects of intralaminar thalamic stimulation on cortical physiological arousal in humans. Therefore, our goal was to quantify cortical physiological arousal in individuals with epilepsy receiving thalamic intralaminar deep brain stimulation.MethodsWe recorded scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) during thalamic intralaminar centromedian (CM) nucleus stimulation in 11 patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Participants underwent stimulation at 130 Hz and 300 µs for periods of 5 min alternating with 5 min of rest while stimulus voltage was titrated upward from 1 to 5 V. EEG signal power was analyzed in different frequency ranges in relation to stimulus strength and time.ResultsWe found a progressive increase in broadband gamma (25–100 Hz) cortical EEG power (F = 7.64, p < .05) and decrease in alpha (8–13 Hz) power (F = 4.37, p < .05) with thalamic CM stimulation. Topographic maps showed these changes to be widely distributed across the cortical surface rather than localized to one region.SignificancePrevious work has shown that broadband increases in gamma frequency power and decreases in alpha frequency power are generally associated with states of cortical activation and increased arousal/attention. Our observed changes therefore support the possible role of cortical activation and increased physiological arousal in therapeutic effects of intralaminar thalamic stimulation for improving both epilepsy and attention. Further investigations with this approach may lead to methods for determining optimal deep brain stimulation parameters to improve clinical outcome in these disorders.
Patterns and drivers of global gross nitrogen mineralization in soils
Authors: Elrys Ahmed S. , Ali Ahmad , Zhang Huimin , Cheng Yi , Zhang Jinbo , Cai Zu‐Cong , Müller Christoph , Chang Scott X. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSoil gross nitrogen (N) mineralization (GNM), a key microbial process in the global N cycle, is mainly controlled by climate and soil properties. This study provides for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the role of soil physicochemical properties and climate and their interactions with soil microbial biomass (MB) in controlling GNM globally. Through a meta‐analysis of 970 observations from 337 published papers from various ecosystems, we found that GNM was positively correlated with MB, total carbon, total N and precipitation, and negatively correlated with bulk density (BD) and soil pH. Our multivariate analysis and structural equation modeling revealed that GNM is driven by MB and dominantly influenced by BD and precipitation. The higher total N accelerates GNM via increasing MB. The decrease in BD stimulates GNM via increasing total N and MB, whereas higher precipitation stimulates GNM via increasing total N. Moreover, the GNM varies with ecosystem type, being greater in forests and grasslands with high total carbon and MB contents and low BD and pH compared to croplands. The highest GNM was observed in tropical wet soils that receive high precipitation, which increases the supply of soil substrate (total N) to microbes. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic activities that affect soil microbial population size, BD, soil substrate availability, or soil pH may interact with changes in precipitation regime and land use to influence GNM, which may ultimately affect ecosystem productivity and N loss to the environment.
Insights into the relations between the molecular structures and physicochemical properties of normal and waxy wheat B‐starch after repeated and continuous annealing
Authors: Shen Huishan , Xu Meijuan , Su Chunyan , Zhang Bo , Ge Xiangzhen , Zhang Guoquan , Li Wenhao 
Published: August 2021

SummaryThe effect of repeated annealing treatment (RANN) and continuous annealing treatment (CANN) on the structure, physicochemical properties and digestibility of wheat B‐starch were studied. Annealing degraded the starch molecules, disrupted amylopectin and amylose structures, and decreased the molecular weight and the long chain of amylopectin. Meanwhile, the double helix structure and the crystalline and amorphous region were broken, the starch and water molecules were rearranged after RANN and CANN. As a result, annealing increased the crystallinity, gelatinisation temperature, resistant starch and slowly digestible starch content, while decreased the solubility, swelling power and pasting viscosity. The different changes of structural and physicochemical properties for normal and waxy B‐starch upon annealing treatment were because of the different amylose contents and amylopectin chain mobility. The RANN exhibited greater advantages than CANN in the modification of the structural, physicochemical, and digestible properties of normal B‐starch; while CANN significantly affected properties of waxy B‐starch.
Uptake and impact of vaccinating primary school children against influenza: Experiences in the fourth season of the live attenuated influenza vaccination programme, England, 2016/2017
Authors: Sinnathamby Mary A. , Warburton Fiona , Andrews Nick , Boddington Nicola L. , Zhao Hongxin , Ellis Joanna , Tessier Elise , Donati Matthew , Elliot Alex J. , Hughes Helen E. , Byford Rachel , Smith Gillian E. , Tripathy Manasa , de Lusignan Simon , Zambon Maria , Pebody Richard G. 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundIn the 2016/2017 influenza season, England was in its fourth season of the roll‐out of a live‐attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) targeted at healthy children aged two to less than 17 years. For the first time, all healthy children aged 2 to 8 years were offered LAIV at national level in 2016/2017. Since the commencement of the programme in 2013/2014, a series of geographically discrete pilot areas have been in place where quadrivalent LAIV was also offered to all school age children. In 2016/2017, these were children aged 8 to 11 years, other than those targeted by the national programme.MethodsWe evaluated the overall and indirect impact of vaccinating primary school age children, on the population of England, by measuring vaccine uptake levels and comparing cumulative disease incidence through various influenza surveillance schemes, in targeted and non‐targeted age groups in pilot and non‐pilot areas in 2016/2017.ResultsOur findings indicate that cumulative primary care influenza‐like consultations, primary and secondary care swab positivity, influenza confirmed hospitalisations and emergency department attendances in pilot areas were overall lower than those observed in non‐pilot areas; however, significant differences were not always observed in both targeted and non‐targeted age groups. Excess mortality was higher in pilot areas compared with non‐pilot areas.ConclusionsThese results are similar to earlier seasons of the programme indicating the importance and continuing support of vaccinating all primary school children with LAIV to reduce influenza related illness across the population, although further work is needed to understand the differences in excess mortality.
In situ tensile behavior of Hi‐Nicalon silicon carbide fibers exposed to high‐temperature argon plasma
Authors: Liu Zhuang , Meyers Jason M. , Schindler Jeffrey , Sansoz Frederic , Tan Ting , Fletcher Douglas G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDirect mechanical characterization of silicon carbide fibers in extreme hypersonic aerothermal environment is critical to the development of next‐generation inflatable thermal protection systems that could enable delivery of large payloads to planetary surfaces. In this article, we report direct measurements of tensile properties in Hi‐Nicalon silicon carbide fibers exposed to high‐temperature argon plasma exceeding 1100°C using an in situ mechanical testing system integrated into a 30‐kW inductively coupled plasma torch chamber simulating the hypersonic atmospheric entry conditions. As a comparison, ex situ tensile tests were performed on virgin Hi‐Nicalon silicon carbide fibers in both ambient air and vacuum conditions. In situ thermal and optical imaging was used to obtain a real‐time resolution of the thermo‐mechanical events occurring on the fibers during the high‐temperature argon plasma exposure. It is found that the high‐temperature tensile strength of Hi‐Nicalon fiber tows exposed to argon plasma is 0.74 ± 0.19 GPa, which denotes a 59% reduction from the virgin fiber strength in ambient air (1.81 ± 0.19 GPa). Fractographic characterization by scanning electron microscopy shows that the substantial degradation of tensile strength in Hi‐Nicalon fibers results from a reduction of fiber cross‐section due to active surface attack from high‐temperature argon plasma.
Factors influencing the aesthetics of smile: An observational study on clinical assessment and patient's perception
Authors: Rotundo Roberto , Nieri Michele , Lamberti Elena , Covani Ugo , Peñarrocha‐Oltra David , Peñarrocha‐Diago Miguel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimTo clinically assess the aesthetics of smile and the possible influencing factors.Materials and methodsIn this explorative study, an initial questionnaire on demographic variables and perception of own quality of smile (Visual Analogue Scale) was administered by a first examiner. A second blinded assessor examined all patients and recorded clinical data. In addition, for each patient, the Smile Aesthetic Index (SEI) was calculated. Descriptive statistics and multilevel logistic models were performed.ResultsOne hundred consecutive subjects were enrolled. The mean SEI was 8.4 ± 1.2, while the mean patient's perception of smile was 7.1 ± 2.0. However, they did not correlate (r = 0.16 from −0.04 to 0.34; p = .12). Gingival recessions were perceived by 21.9% of subjects, tooth alignment by 38.6%, tooth dyschromia by 34.3%, and missing papilla/diastema by 26.7%. In particular, gingival recessions were perceived when they were deeper (p = .0342), located in the upper jaw (p = .0223), and corresponding to incisors (p < .0001) and canines (p = .0159) with respect to molars.ConclusionsClinical assessment and patient perception represent two important diagnostic phases. However, there is no correlation between them. Attention should be given to specific variables to provide the most comprehensive aesthetic analysis of smile.
Levels of myeloid‐related proteins in saliva for screening and monitoring of periodontal disease
Authors: Lira‐Junior Ronaldo , Bissett Susan M. , Preshaw Philip M. , Taylor John J. , Boström Elisabeth A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimTo evaluate the salivary levels of myeloid‐related markers in relation to periodontal disease and their potential screening capability, as well as the effects of periodontal treatment on these markers in periodontitis patients.Materials and methodsParticipants with a healthy periodontium (n = 60) and with gingivitis (n = 63) and periodontitis (n = 72) were recruited. Periodontitis patients received non‐surgical treatment and were re‐examined after 3 and 6 months. Unstimulated saliva was collected at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months after therapy for the periodontitis patients. Levels of colony‐stimulating factor‐1 (CSF‐1), interleukin‐34 (IL‐34), S100A8/A9, S100A12, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), IL‐1β, and matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) were analysed by immunoassays.ResultsCSF‐1, S100A8/A9, S100A12, IL‐1β, MMP‐8, and HGF were significantly elevated in saliva from periodontitis and gingivitis patients in comparison to healthy individuals, whereas IL‐34 was significantly lower in periodontitis compared to both healthy individuals and gingivitis patients. IL‐34 increased significantly 3 months after treatment, while IL‐1β and MMP‐8 decreased 1 month after therapy. Additionally, periodontitis patients clustered in high and low levels of S100A8/A9, whereby those with high levels had more bleeding, deeper pockets, and higher S100A12.ConclusionsSalivary levels of myeloid‐related markers are altered in periodontitis and are partially modulated by periodontal treatment. Measuring S100A8/A9 in saliva may identify distinct groups of periodontitis patients.
Multimorbid disease trajectories for people with periodontitis
Authors: Larvin Harriet , Kang Jing , Aggarwal Vishal R. , Pavitt Sue , Wu Jianhua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimPeriodontitis is a multifactorial condition linked to increased risk of systemic diseases. This study aimed to identify disease trajectories of people with periodontitis using the process mining technique as a heuristic approach.Materials and methodsA total of 188,863 participants from the UK Biobank cohort were included. Self‐reported oral health indicators (bleeding gums, painful gums, loose teeth) were surrogates for periodontitis at baseline. Systemic disease diagnoses and dates formed the process mining event log. Relative risk (RR) of systemic diseases, disease trajectories, and Cox proportional hazard ratio models for mortality were compared to age‐ and sex‐matched controls who did not report a history of periodontitis.ResultsParticipants with loose teeth had shorter median time to most systemic diseases, and crude RR was increased for several diseases including cardiovascular disease (crude RR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.03–1.28), hypertension (crude RR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.05–1.24), and depression (crude RR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.09–1.61). Participants with loose teeth had increased RR for 20 disease trajectories, though these were not significant after adjustments. Participants with bleeding/painful gums had similar disease trajectories as those of matched controls.ConclusionsSelf‐reported periodontitis may be associated with early and frequent multimorbidity development, though further evidence is required to confirm this hypothesis. People with periodontitis should be informed of the risks of disease progression and be targeted in prevention initiatives.
PCR, in‐situ hybridization, and phylogenetic analysis suggest that ‘big belly’ disease in barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), is caused by a novel Vibrio species
Authors: Gibson‐Kueh Susan , Terence Celestine , Chew Xian Zhe , Uichanco Joseph Angelo , Shen Xueyan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract‘Big belly’ disease is a chronic, granulomatous bacterial enteritis and peritonitis, first reported in 3‐ to 4‐week‐old Asian seabass or barramundi, Lates calcarifer Bloch fry. Affected fry are emaciated and have a swollen abdomen, and the condition is referred to as ‘skinny pot‐belly’ or ‘big belly’ disease. In this study, histopathological examinations of diseased fish from a batch of 2‐month‐old, 6‐ to 8‐cm L. calcarifer fingerlings, kept in seawater recirculating aquaculture systems, showed pathology resembling ‘big belly’ disease. Ethanol‐fixed tissues were tested positive using specific PCR primers based on 16S rRNA genes. In situ hybridization using dioxygenin‐labelled positive PCR products on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues showed positive reactions with intralesional, clusters of the large, ‘big belly’ coccobacilli. A phylogenetic tree constructed based on analyses of these 16S rRNA gene PCR products from five positive fish suggests that the ‘big belly’ bacterium is most likely a novel Vibrio species.
Effect of tongue‐hold swallow on posterior pharyngeal wall using dynamic area detector computed tomography
Authors: Aihara Keiko , Inamoto Yoko , Kanamori Daisuke , González‐Fernández Marlís , Shibata Seiko , Kagaya Hitoshi , Hirano Satoshi , Kobayashi Hiroko , Fujii Naoko , Saitoh Eiichi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of the tongue‐hold swallow (THS) on the pharyngeal wall by quantifying posterior pharyngeal wall (PPW) anterior bulge during the THS. In addition, the effect of tongue protrusion length on the extent of pharyngeal wall anterior bulge was analysed.MethodsThirteen healthy subjects (6 males and 7 females, 23–43 years) underwent 320‐row area detector CT during saliva swallow (SS) and THS at two tongue protrusion lengths (THS1 protrude the tongue as much as 1/3 of premeasured maximum tongue protrusion length (MTP‐L) and THS2 protrude the tongue as much as 2/3 of MTP‐L). To acquire images of the pharynx at rest, single‐phase volume scanning was performed three times during usual breathing with no tongue protrusion (rest), protrusion of the tongue at 1/3 of MTP‐L (rTHS1) and protrusion of the tongue at 2/3 of MTP‐L (rTHS2). Length from cervical spine to PPW (PPW‐AP) and the volume of pharyngeal cavity was measured and was compared between rest, rTHS1 and rTHS2 and between SS, THS1 and THS2. Correlation between MTP‐L and PPW‐AP was calculated in three conditions, SS, THS1 and THS2.ResultsPPW‐AP at rest, rTHS1 and rTHS2 was 2.9 ± 0.6 mm, 3.0 ± 0.5 mm and 3.0 ± 0.5 mm, respectively, showing no significant differences across swallows. PPW‐AP at the maximum pharyngeal constriction was 8.1 ± 2.0 mm, 9.1 ± 2.4 mm and 8.7 ± 2.0 mm in SS, THS1 and THS2, respectively. Compared to SS, PPW‐AP in THS1 was significantly larger (p = 0.04) and PPW‐AP in THS2 was not significantly different (p = 0.09). Pharyngeal volume at rest, rTHS1 and rTHS2 was 16.4 ± 5.2 mm3, 18.4 ± 4.5 mm3 and 21.3 ± 6.2 mm3, respectively. It was significantly larger during rTHS2 compared with rest or rTHS1 (rTHS2‐rest p = 0.007, rTHS2‐rTHS1 p = 0.007). Pharyngeal volume was completely obliterated (zero volume) at maximum pharyngeal contraction in all except one subject. There was no correlation between MTP‐L and PPW‐AP in any of the three conditions (SS, THS1 and THS2).DiscussionThis study demonstrated that the expanded pharyngeal cavity due to the tongue protrusion was completely obliterated by the increase in anterior motion of pharyngeal wall during THS. It also became clear that the degree of tongue protrusion did not linearly correlate with the movement of PPW during THS. There was no relationship between PPW motion and the MTP‐L, suggesting that the effect of tongue protrusion is better determined in each subject by analysing the motion of PPW using imaging tools.
DISABLED BODIES ON EARTH AND IN HEAVEN
Authors: Kamitsuka Margaret D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA vigorous ethical debate is underway about disability rights and selective abortion. One prodisability group criticizes the ableism of abortion based on prenatal screening. Another group supports legalized abortion but harbors serious concerns about disability bias. This essay moves the debate forward by reflecting on the ethics of selective abortion from a particular theological perspective: eschatology. I critically examine the claim that selective abortion contradicts the principle of Samaritan hospitality and the claim that envisioning disabled people in heaven means that selective abortion is an illegitimate use of women’s moral agency. This essay proposes a view of the resurrection using what philosopher call emergence theory, which I argue is prodisability because it conceptualizes how the bodies of beings affected with a disability who die in utero might attain heaven. I also present a view of divine providence that is supportive of women’s self‐determination and self‐trust in reproductive issues, including selective abortion.
Barriers to urban spatial development: Evidence from the 2010–2011 Christchurch earthquakes
Authors: Fu Yuming , Shi Song 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRational urban spatial development with durable structural capital entails discontinuous central densification. Such densification can be held back by interdependent redevelopment incentives among adjacent landowners—a market failure that distorts spatial development. We investigate such distortion in Christchurch, New Zealand, by studying land‐value change across neighborhoods in the city before and after the 2010‐2011 earthquakes. We show that neighborhood‐wide loss in structural capital due to seismic hazard exposure raised land value in central neighborhoods but reduced it in non‐central ones. These divergent land‐value changes reflect the mitigation of spatial‐development distortion because of reduced barriers to neighborhood redevelopment.
Binding between elongation factor 1A and the 3ʹ‐UTR of Chinese wheat mosaic virus is crucial for virus infection
Authors: Chen Xuan , He Long , Xu Miaoze , Yang Jin , Li Juan , Zhang Tianye , Liao Qiansheng , Zhang Hengmu , Yang Jian , Chen Jianping 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) genome consists of two positive‐strand RNAs that are required for CWMV replication and translation. The eukaryotic translation elongation factor (eEF1A) is crucial for the elongation of protein translation in eukaryotes. Here, we show that silencing eEF1A expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants by performing virus‐induced gene silencing can greatly reduce the accumulation of CWMV genomic RNAs, whereas overexpression of eEF1A in plants increases the accumulation of CWMV genomic RNAs. In vivo and in vitro assays showed that eEF1A does not interact with CWMV RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that eEF1A can specifically bind to the 3ʹ‐untranslated region (UTR) of CWMV genomic RNAs. By performing mutational analyses, we determined that the conserved region in the 3ʹ‐UTR of CWMV genomic RNAs is necessary for CWMV replication and translation, and that the sixth stem‐loop (SL‐6) in the 3ʹ‐UTR of CWMV genomic RNAs plays a key role in CWMV infection. We conclude that eEF1A is an essential host factor for CWMV infection. This finding should help us to develop new strategies for managing CWMV infections in host plants.
Proteomic characterisation of polyglucosan bodies in skeletal muscle in RBCK1 deficiency
Authors: Thomsen Christer , Malfatti Edoardo , Jovanovic Ana , Roberts Mark , Kalev Ognian , Lindberg Christopher , Oldfors Anders 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimsSeveral neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders are characterised by storage of polyglucosan, consisting of proteins and amylopectin‐like polysaccharides, which are less branched than in normal glycogen. Such diseases include Lafora disease, branching enzyme deficiency, glycogenin‐1 deficiency, polyglucosan body myopathy type 1 (PGBM1) due to RBCK1 deficiency and others. The protein composition of polyglucosan bodies is largely unknown.MethodsWe combined quantitative mass spectrometry, immunohistochemical and western blot analyses to identify the principal protein components of polyglucosan bodies in PGBM1. Histologically stained tissue sections of skeletal muscle from four patients were used to isolate polyglucosan deposits and control regions by laser microdissection. Prior to mass spectrometry, samples were labelled with tandem mass tags that enable quantitative comparison and multiplexed analysis of dissected samples. To study the distribution and expression of the accumulated proteins, immunohistochemical and western blot analyses were performed.ResultsAccumulated proteins were mainly components of glycogen metabolism and protein quality control pathways. The majority of fibres showed depletion of glycogen and redistribution of key enzymes of glycogen metabolism to the polyglucosan bodies. The polyglucosan bodies also showed accumulation of proteins involved in the ubiquitin‐proteasome and autophagocytosis systems and protein chaperones.ConclusionsThe sequestration of key enzymes of glycogen metabolism to the polyglucosan bodies may explain the glycogen depletion in the fibres and muscle function impairment. The accumulation of components of the protein quality control systems and other proteins frequently found in protein aggregate disorders indicates that protein aggregation may be an essential part of the pathobiology of polyglucosan storage.