bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceived and actual risks of drought: household and expert views from the lower Teesta River Basin of northern Bangladesh
Authors: Salam Roquia , Ghose Bonosri , Shill Badhon Kumar , Islam Md. Aminul , Islam Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul , Sattar Md. Abdus , Alam G. M. Monirul , Ahmed Bayes 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDisaster risk perception and risk appraisal are essential in formulating an appropriate disaster risk reduction policy. This study examines the actual vs perceived drought risks by constructing risk indices at the household and expert levels using survey data from the lower Teesta River Basin in northern Bangladesh. The survey data were collected from 450 farmers using a structured questionnaire conducted between August and September 2019. A composite drought risk index was developed to understand households’ perceived and actual risks in the designated areas. The results show that the actual and perceived risk values differ significantly among the three case study sites locally known as Ganai, Ismail, and Par Sekh Sundar. The risk levels also differ significantly across the households’ gender, income, occupation, and educational attainment. People with insolvent socioeconomic status are more prone to drought risk compared to others. Results also reveal that the mean level of perceived risk agrees well with the actual risk, whereas females perceive comparatively higher risk than their male counterparts. Expert views on drought risk are similar to the individual household level perceived risk. The outcomes of this study would assist the policymakers and disaster managers to understand the concrete risk scenarios and take timely disaster risk reduction actions for ensuring a drought-resistant society.
An impossibility result on methodological individualism
Authors: Duijf Hein , Tamminga Allard , Putte Frederik Van De 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMethodological individualists often claim that any social phenomenon can ultimately be explained in terms of the actions and interactions of individuals. Any Nagelian version of methodological individualism requires that there be bridge laws that translate social statements into individualistic ones. We show that Nagelian individualism can be put to logical scrutiny by making the relevant social and individualistic languages fully explicit and mathematically precise. In particular, we prove that the social statement that a group of (at least two) agents performs a deontically admissible group action cannot be expressed in a well-established deontic logic of agency that models every combination of actions, omissions, abilities, and obligations of finitely many individual agents.
Pore-by-Pore Modelling, Validation and Prediction of Waterflooding in Oil-Wet Rocks Using Dynamic Synchrotron Data
Authors: Foroughi Sajjad , Bijeljic Branko , Blunt Martin J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe predict waterflood displacement on a pore-by-pore basis using pore network modelling. The pore structure is captured by a high-resolution image. We then use an energy balance applied to images of the displacement to assign an average contact angle, and then modify the local pore-scale contact angles in the model about this mean to match the observed displacement sequence. Two waterflooding experiments on oil-wet rocks are analysed where the displacement sequence was imaged using time-resolved synchrotron imaging. In both cases the capillary pressure in the model matches the experimentally obtained values derived from the measured interfacial curvature. We then predict relative permeability for the full saturation range. Using the optimised contact angles distributed randomly in space has little effect on the predicted capillary pressures and relative permeabilities, indicating that spatial correlation in wettability is not significant in these oil-wet samples. The calibrated model can be used to predict properties outside the range of conditions considered in the experiment.
Development of a robust transient expression screening system in protoplasts of Cannabis
Authors: Matchett-Oates L. , Mohamaden Ehab , Spangenberg G. C. , Cogan N. O. I. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTransient expression systems in mesophyll protoplasts have been utilised in many plant species as an indispensable tool for gene function analysis and efficacious genome editing constructs. However, such a system has not been developed inCannabisdue to the recalcitrant nature of the plant to tissue culture as well as its illegal status for many years. In this study, young expanding leaves from asepticin vitro Cannabisexplants were used for protoplast isolation. Factorial designs were used to optimise variables in viable protoplast isolation and transient expression of GFP, with a range analyses performed to determine, and quantify, significantly impacting variables. Viable protoplast yields as high as 5.7 × 106were achieved with 2.5% (w/v) Cellulase R-10, 0.3% (w/v) Macerozyme R-10 and 0.7 M mannitol, incubated for 16 h. As indicated by the transient expression of GFP, efficiency reached 23.2% with 30 μg plasmid, 50% PEG, 1 × 106protoplasts and a transfection duration of 20 min. Application of the optimised protocol for protoplast isolation was successfully evaluated on three subsequent unrelated genotypes to highlight the robustness and broad applicability of the developed technique.
„Schülerjob“ revisited: Zur Passung von Lehr- und Lernhabitus im Unterricht
Authors: Martens Matthias , Asbrand Barbara 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungDer „Schülerjob“ gilt seit der vielzitierten Publikation von Georg Breidenstein als eine der zentralen theoretischen Kategorien zur Beschreibung der Bewältigung von unterrichtlichen Anforderungen durch Schüler/innen. Der Beitrag verknüpft das in der ethnografischen Forschung erarbeitete Konzept mit der kultur- und wissenssoziologisch fundierten dokumentarischen Unterrichtsforschung. Dabei wird die grundlegende Frage weiterverfolgt, wie Schüler/innen mit den unterrichtlichen Anforderungen umgehen. In verschiedenen Studien haben wir eine an das Konzept des Schülerjobs angelehnte „Orientierung an der Aufgabenerledigung“ als Basistypik von Unterricht herausgearbeitet. In den auf unterschiedliche Forschungsfragen fokussierten Studien haben wir die empirische Perspektive geweitet und das Verhältnis der mit Bezug auf den Schülerjob beschreibbaren Lernhabitus der Schüler/innen einerseits und die im Unterricht rekonstruierbaren Lehrhabitus der Lehrpersonen andererseits in den Blick genommen. Auf diese Weise ist eine Ausdifferenzierung des Schülerjobs gelungen: Der Modus der Aufgabenerledigung variiert in Abhängigkeit von den etablierten Passungsverhältnissen von Lehr- und Lernhabitus. Der Aufsatz leistet eine Systematisierung von Ergebnissen, die in unterschiedlichen Studien vorliegen, in Form einer Typik und versteht sich somit als Beitrag zur Theoriebildung zum Schülerjob.
Teaching Effective Informed Consent Communication Skills in the Virtual Surgical Clerkship
Authors: Pang Joyce H. , Finlay Esme , Fortner Sally , Pickett Bradley , Wang Ming-Li 
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND:
The disruption by the COVID-19 pandemic on undergraduate medical education allowed for assessment of virtual curricular innovations. One of the difficulties encountered in the virtual curriculum is the teaching of clinical competencies that would traditionally require students to undergo in-person simulations and patient encounters. We implemented a novel informed consent activity module, with standardized patients, to improve self-efficacy in communication within our core surgery clerkship.

STUDY DESIGN:
All medical students who participated in the virtual surgery clerkship were recruited to participate in a retrospective survey study regarding the novel informed consent module. These questions evaluated their perceived competence in 4 domains relating to informed consent: identifying the key elements, describing common challenges, applying the New Mexico Clinical Communication Scale (NMCCS), and documenting.

RESULTS:
Thirty-four of 90 students participated in the study (38% of the cohort). Respondents to the survey reported that their self-efficacy in communication skills related to informed consent improved as a result of their participation in the activity in each of the 4 domains surveyed (p < 0.01), with the majority of students identifying as satisfactory or above in each domain post-module. Students generally viewed the virtual informed consent activity positively, but noted that it was not the same as an in-person clinical experience.

CONCLUSIONS:
A virtual module of communication skills training, using standardized patients and faculty, improved students' belief in their self-efficacy in obtaining informed consent. This communication module can be useful in a virtual or mixed curricular structure for both current and future medical students.
Trauma Laparotomy in the UK: A Prospective National Service Evaluation
Authors: Marsden Max E.R. , Vulliamy Paul E.D. , Carden Rich , Naumann David N. , Davenport Ross A. 
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND:
Trauma patients requiring abdominal operation have considerable morbidity and mortality, yet no specific quality indicators are measured in the trauma systems of the UK. The aims of this study were to describe the characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing emergency abdominal operation and key processes of care.

STUDY DESIGN:
A prospective multicenter service evaluation was conducted within all of the major trauma centers in the UK. The study was conducted during 6 months beginning in January 2019. Patients of any age undergoing laparotomy or laparoscopy within 24 hours of injury were included. Existing standards for related emergent conditions were used.

RESULTS:
The study included 363 patients from 34 hospitals. The majority were young men with no comorbidities who required operation to control bleeding (51%). More than 90% received attending-delivered care in the emergency department (318 of 363) and operating room (321 of 363). The overall mortality rate was 9%. Patients with blunt trauma had a greater risk of death compared with patients with penetrating injuries (16.6% vs 3.8%; risk ratio 4.3; 95% CI, 2.0 to 9.4). Patients in which the Major Hemorrhage Protocol (MHP) was activated and who received a blood transfusion (n = 154) constituted a high-risk subgroup, accounting for 45% of the study cohort but 97% of deaths and 96% of blood components transfused. The MHP subgroup had expedited timelines from emergency department arrival to knife to skin (MHP: median 119 minutes [interquartile range 64 to 218 minutes] vs no MHP: median 211 minutes [interquartile range 135 to 425 minutes]; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS:
The majority of trauma patients requiring emergency abdominal operation received a high standard of expedited care in a maturing national trauma system. Despite this, mortality and resource use among high-risk patients remains considerable.
State-Level Examination of Clinical Outcomes and Costs for Robotic and Laparoscopic Approach to Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair
Authors: Kulshrestha Sujay , Janjua Haroon M. , Bunn Corinne , Rogers Michael , DuCoin Christopher , Abdelsattar Zaid M. , Luchette Fred A. , Kuo Paul C. , Baker Marshall S. 
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND:
Published studies evaluating the effect of robotic assistance on clinical outcomes and costs of care in diaphragmatic hernia repair (DHR) have been limited.

STUDY DESIGN:
The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient and State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Databases for Florida were queried to identify patients undergoing transabdominal DHR between 2011 and 2018 and associated inpatient and outpatient encounters within 12 months after the index operation. Patients undergoing robotic DHR were 1:1:1 propensity score-matched for age, sex, race, Elixhauser comorbidity score, case priority, payer, and facility volume with patients undergoing open and laparoscopic DHR.

RESULTS:
There were 5,962 patients (67.3%) who underwent laparoscopic DHR, 1,520 (17.2%) who underwent open DHR, and 1,376 (15.5%) who underwent robotic DHR. On comparison of matched cohorts, median index length of stay (3 days; interquartile range [IQR] 2 to 5 days vs 2 days; IQR 1 to 4 days; p < 0.001) and index hospitalization costs ($17,236; IQR $13,231 to $22,183 vs $12,087; IQR $8,881 to $17,439; p < 0.001) for robotic DHR were greater than for laparoscopic DHR. Median length of stay for open DHR (6 days; IQR 4 to 10 days) was longer than that for both laparoscopic and robotic DHR. Median index hospitalization costs for open DHR ($16,470; IQR $11,152 to $23,768) were greater than those for laparoscopic DHR, but less than those for robotic DHR. There were no significant differences between cohorts in the overall rate of post-index care.

CONCLUSIONS:
Laparoscopic DHR is the most cost-effective approach to DHR. Robotic assistance provides clinical outcomes comparable with laparoscopic DHR, but is associated with increased index cost.
New examples of Bernoulli algebraic actions
Authors: LIND DOUGLAS , SCHMIDT KLAUS 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe give an example of a principal algebraic action of the non-commutative free group${\mathbb {F}}$of rank two by automorphisms of a connected compact abelian group for which there is an explicit measurable isomorphism with the full Bernoulli 3-shift action of${\mathbb {F}}$. The isomorphism is defined using homoclinic points, a method that has been used to construct symbolic covers of algebraic actions. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a Bernoulli algebraic action of${\mathbb {F}}$without an obvious independent generator. Our methods can be generalized to a large class of acting groups.
Antibiotic stewardship implementation at hospitals without on-site infectious disease specialists: A qualitative study
Authors: Livorsi Daniel J. , Stewart Steffensmeier Kenda R. , Perencevich Eli N. , Goetz Matthew Bidwell , Schacht Reisinger Heather 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground:Hospitals are required to have antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs), but there are few models for implementing ASPs without the support of an infectious disease (ID) specialist, defined as an ID physician and/or ID pharmacist.Objective:In this study, we sought to understand ASP implementation at hospitals that lack on-site ID support within the Veterans’ Health Administration (VHA).Methods:Using a mandatory VHA survey, we identified acute-care hospitals that lacked an on-site ID specialist. We conducted semistructured interviews with personnel involved in ASP activities.Setting:The study was conducted across 7 VHA hospitals.Participants:In total, 42 hospital personnel were enrolled in the study.Results:The primary responsibility for ASPs fell on the pharmacist champions, who were typically assigned multiple other non-ASP responsibilities. The pharmacist champions were more successful at gaining buy-in when they had established rapport with clinicians, but at some sites, the use of contract physicians and frequent staff turnover were potential barriers. Some sites felt that having access to an off-site ID specialist was important for overcoming institutional barriers and improving the acceptance of their stewardship recommendations. In general, stewardship champions struggled to mobilize institutional resources, which made it difficult to advance their programmatic goals.Conclusion:In this study of 7 hospitals without on-site ID support, we found that ASPs are largely a pharmacy-driven process. Remote ID support, if available, was seen as helpful for implementing stewardship interventions. These findings may inform the future implementation of ASPs in settings lacking local ID expertise.
Taking Money from Strangers: Traders’ Responses to Banknotes and the Risks of Forgery in Late Georgian London
Authors: Barker Hannah , Green Sarah 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSelling to strangers was a significant occupational hazard for retailers in late Georgian Britain, one that was hard to avoid. The dangers were especially great in larger towns and cities, where shopkeepers were dependent on a steady stream of passing trade composed of a large number of customers that they did not know. Though traders risked financial loss and even possible prosecution by accepting counterfeit banknotes, refusal to accept them meant losing vital custom. In areas of growing urban populations, tradesmen and women thus faced an increasingly tricky dilemma in their day-to-day business as they dealt with more strangers whose trustworthiness and personal credit were extremely hard to gauge, at a time when banknote forgery was on the rise. The decisions that retailers made about both banknotes and the individuals who presented them for payment illustrate some of the ways that town dwellers sought to navigate the rising anonymity of urban society in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. This article suggests that traders relied on a series of techniques that in previous experience usually worked: examining banknotes and those strangers who presented them with care, relying on the expertise of neighbors and members of their household, and dealing by preference with individuals who appeared to be linked to their local community. These behaviors demonstrate that “modernity” might have affected the lives and outlooks of ordinary Londoners in unexpected and contradictory ways, some strongly linked to older forms of society.
COVID-19 vaccine willingness amongst patients with mental illness compared with the general population
Authors: Jefsen Oskar Hougaard , Kølbæk Pernille , Gil Yael , Speed Maria , Dinesen Peter Thisted , Sønderskov Kim Mannemar , Østergaard Søren Dinesen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPatients with mental illness are at an increased risk of COVID-19 infection, morbidity, and mortality, and prioritisation of this group for COVID-19 vaccination programmes has therefore been suggested. Vaccine uptake may, however, be compromised by vaccine hesitancy amongst patients with mental illness, posing a critical public health issue. We conducted two surveys to provide weighted estimates of vaccine willingness amongst patients with mental illness and the general population of Denmark. Vaccine willingness was high in both groups, but slightly lower amongst patients with mental illness (84.8%), compared with the general population (89.5%) (p < .001). Based on these findings, vaccine hesitancy does not appear to be a major barrier for vaccine uptake amongst patients with mental illness in Denmark, but may be so in other countries with lower general vaccine willingness. Replication of the present study in other countries is strongly warranted.
ON THE CONNECTEDNESS OF THE CHABAUTY SPACE OF A LOCALLY COMPACT PRONILPOTENT GROUP
Authors: KADRI BILEL 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLet G be a locally compact group and let

${\mathcal {SUB}(G)}$
be the hyperspace of closed subgroups of G endowed with the Chabauty topology. The main purpose of this paper is to characterise the connectedness of the Chabauty space

${\mathcal {SUB}(G)}$
. More precisely, we show that if G is a connected pronilpotent group, then

${\mathcal {SUB}(G)}$
is connected if and only if G contains a closed subgroup topologically isomorphic to

${{\mathbb R}}$
.
Silicon dioxide nanofertilizers improve photosynthetic capacity of two Criollo cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.)
Authors: Gómez-Vera Pedro , Blanco-Flores Héctor , Francisco Ana Marta , Castillo Jimmy , Tezara Wilmer 
Published: May 2021

SummaryStudies on the effect of nanofertilizers (NF) in physiological performance of plants is scarce, especially that related to substances encapsulated into silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles in cocoa plants. The effect of foliar application of SiO2-NF on nutrient contents, gas exchange, photochemical activity, photosynthetic pigments, total soluble protein (TSP), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), and growth in seedlings of two cocoa clones (OC-61 and BR-05) in a greenhouse was assessed. Spraying with SiO2-NF increased net photosynthetic rate (A) by 16 and 60% and electron transport rate (J) by 52 and 162% in clones OC-61 and BR-05, respectively, without changes in photosynthetic pigment concentration in either clone. The SiO2-NF caused a decrease of 37 and 22% in stomatal conductance in OC-61 and BR-05, respectively; a similar trend was observed in transpiration rate, causing an increase of 42 and 100% in water use efficiency in OC-61 and BR-05, respectively. In both clones, diameter of graft increased on average 28% with SiO2-NF. Higher photosynthetic capacity was related to an increase in leaf N, P, and TSP. A significant reduction in PNUE (A/N ratio) was found in OC-61, whereas in BR-05 PNUE increased after spraying with SiO2-NF. Overall, spraying with SiO2-NF had a positive effect on photosynthetic processes in both cocoa clones, associated with an increase in nutrients content, which translated into improved growth. A differential physiological response to spraying with SiO2-NF between clones was also found, with BR-05 being the clone with a better physiological response during the establishment and development stages.
Lowermost Jurassic dinosaur ecosystem from the Bleymard Strait (southern France): sedimentology, mineralogy, palaeobotany and palaeoichnology of the Dolomitic Formation
Authors: Moreau Jean-David , Trincal Vincent , Deconinck Jean-François , Philippe Marc , Bourel Benjamin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe report the first Hettangian theropod tracksite (~200 Ma) yielding a rich accumulation of plant remains from the Bleymard Strait (southern France). It constitutes an excellent opportunity to reconstruct lowermost Jurassic ecosystems hosting dinosaurs and which are still poorly documented in this area. Two morphotypes of tridactyl tracks are distinguished. They share similarities withGrallatorandKayentapus. Plant-bearing beds yield abundant leafy axes (Pagiophyllum peregrinum), male cones (Classostrobussp.), wood (Brachyoxylonsp.) and pollen of conifers (Classopollis classoides). Sedimentological, petrological and mineralogical analyses demonstrated that, in the Dolomitic Formation from Bleymard, the palaeoenvironment progressively evolved from (1) a shoreface to a foreshore domain; to (2) a shallow environment that is restricted or occasionally open to the sea; then to (3) an intertidal to supratidal zone. The Hettangian theropod ecosystem of the Bleymard Strait was composed of tidal flats that were periodically emerged and bordered paralic environments inhabited by a littoral conifer-dominated forest in which Cheirolepidiaceae were the main component. The paucity of the palaeobotanical assemblage, as well as the xerophytic characteristics ofPagiophyllum, show that flora from Bleymard was adapted to withstand intense sunlight and coastal environments exposed to desiccant conditions coupled with salty sea spray, and dry conditions. These features are those of a conifer-dominated flora under a tropical to subtropical climate. The flora as well as the clay mineral analyses suggest contrasting seasons (cyclically dry then humid). This study supports that theropods were abundant and particularly adapted to this type of littoral environment bordering Cheirolepidiaceae-dominated forests.
Bene Pareza: A new talmudic lexeme
Authors: Gvaryahu Amit 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Persian lexemepahrēz-,pahrēxtan(inf.), “to avoid, to abstain” and also “to care, to protect”, is found in Jewish, Christian, and Mandaic magical literature. It is also current in Mandaic works, and is found in some Geonic works in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. It has not yet been found in the Babylonian Talmud itself. In this article I discuss a recently discovered occurrence of this word in a reconstructed codex of chapters of Babylonian Talmud, found in the Cairo Genizah (GM). I begin with a reading of the talmudicsugiya. I then discuss other uses ofpahrēzin Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, in other dialects of Eastern Aramaic, and in Middle Persian. I end with a re-reading of the talmudicsugiyain GM in light of the meaning ofpahrēz.