bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Income Developing Countries, FDI Outflows and the International Investment Agreement Regime
Authors: Haftel Yoram Z. , Kim Soo Yeon , Bassan-Nygate Lotem 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe international investment agreement regime (IIA Regime) is composed of thousands of IIAs and a system of investor–state dispute settlement. Historically, high-income developing countries (HIDCs) were part of the global South and thus ‘hosts’ of foreign direct investment (FDI). Increasingly, however, these countries have become ‘home’ to investors who are hosted and exposed to political risk abroad. Representing both home and host country interests simultaneously, how do HIDCs balance these crosscutting pressures? We argue that as the position of an HIDC shifts from mostly a recipient towards a sender of significant amounts of FDI, it will be more willing to provide protection to foreign investors at the expense of state regulatory space in its IIAs, thereby increasing its exposure to the IIA Regime. Employing an original data set that measures this exposure for sixty-four HIDCs over six decades, we first show that the degree of HIDC exposure to the IIA Regime varies a great deal. Using a general method of moments (GMM) analysis and controlling for a host of confounding factors, we demonstrate that, indeed, higher levels of FDI outflows as a share of the national economy result in greater exposure to the IIA Regime.
The experiences of health professionals, patients, and families with truth disclosure when breaking bad news in palliative care: A qualitative meta-synthesis
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M. , Porter Joanne E. , Barbagallo Michael S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveDisclosing the truth when breaking bad news continues to be difficult for health professionals, yet it is essential for patients when making informed decisions about their treatment and end-of-life care. This literature review aimed to explore and examine how health professionals, patients, and families experience truth disclosure during the delivery of bad news in the inpatient/outpatient palliative care setting.MethodsA systemized search for peer-reviewed, published papers between 2013 and 2020 was undertaken in September 2020 using the CINAHL, Medline, and PsycInfo databases. The keywords and MeSH terms (“truth disclosure”) AND (“palliative care or end-of-life care or terminal care or dying”) were used. The search was repeated using (“bad news”) AND (“palliative care or end-of-life care or terminal care or dying”) terms. A meta-synthesis was undertaken to synthesize the findings from the eight papers.ResultsEight papers were included in the meta-synthesis and were represented by five Western countries. Following the synthesis process, two concepts were identified: “Enablers in breaking bad news” and “Truth avoidance/disclosure.” Several elements formed the concept of Enablers for breaking bad news, such as the therapeutic relationship, reading cues, acknowledgment, language/delivery, time/place, and qualities. A conceptual model was developed to illustrate the findings of the synthesis.Significance of resultsThe conceptual model demonstrates a unique way to look at communication dynamics around truth disclosure and avoidance when breaking bad news. Informed decision-making requires an understanding of the whole truth, and therefore truth disclosure is an essential part of breaking bad news.
Divergent Responses of Summer Precipitation in China to 1.5°C Global Warming in Transient and Stabilized Scenarios
Authors: Jiang Zhihong , Hou Qiyao , Li Tim , Liang Yongxiao , Li Laurent 
Published: August 2021

AbstractResponses of summer precipitation in China to global 1.5°C warming with transient and stabilized pathways are investigated through the analysis of the Common Earth System Model climate simulations. Precipitation increases more significantly in southeast China in the stabilized scenario compared with the transient one. The difference is primarily attributable to dynamic factors related to circulation changes and driven by differences of land‐ocean thermal contrast between the two scenarios. The stabilized warming favors conditions of larger ocean warming and smaller land warming, leads to enhanced meridional temperature gradient and ultimately speeds up the jet stream over East Asia. Ageostrophic wind at the entrance of the accelerated jet strengthens ascending motion and precipitation along the coast of Asia from southeast China to India. The enhanced heating over India further induces a Kelvin‐wave response with an anomalous anticyclone that contributes to the enhanced westward shifted of the western North Pacific Subtropical High. Southerly winds at the west flank of the anticyclone transport moisture northward from tropical oceans, and strengthen precipitation in southeast China.
Remote Sensing of Seasonal Climatic Constraints on Leaf Phenology Across Pantropical Evergreen Forest Biome
Authors: Li Qian , Chen Xiuzhi , Yuan Wenping , Lu Haibo , Shen Ruoque , Wu Shengbiao , Gong Fanxi , Dai Yuhang , Liu Liyang , Sun Qingling , Zhang Chaoqun , Su Yongxian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractClimatic drivers for canopy leaf shedding and flush of evergreen broadleaved forest biome are still unclear at the continental scale across tropical and subtropical region. This imposes a challenge for modeling pantropical photosynthesis seasonality in Earth system models. Here, we examined three potential climatic triggers, vapor pressure deficit–a proxy of atmospheric water deficit, downward shortwave incoming solar radiation–a proxy of sunlight availability, and terrestrial water storage–a proxy of soil water availability observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, by comparing with two satellite phenological proxies–the Enhanced Vegetation Index and Continuous Solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence. Results show that tropical leaf phenology varies greatly from equatorial bimodal seasonality to higher‐latitude unimodal seasonality. Sunlight availability dominantly controls the whole seasonal leaf phenology across the pantropical region. Atmospheric dryness is one main type of water stress for leaf phenology during the first half year. However, soil water stress strongly inhibits the first‐half of leaf phenology in tropical Asia and the second‐half of leaf phenology in Congo, but shows rare constraint on the leaf phenology in Amazon. Ignoring these various roles of soil moisture availability and atmospheric dryness in influencing tropical leaf phenology might lead to unexpected uncertainty for predicting the water and carbon cycles of tropical forest ecosystem in Earth system models.
Duration of Individual Relativistic Electron Microbursts: A Probe Into Their Scattering Mechanism
Authors: Shumko M. , Blum L. W. , Crew A. B. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe used the Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer to identify and quantify the duration of relativistic, MeV, electron microbursts. A typical relativistic microburst has a millisecond (ms) duration, and the interquartile range of the duration distribution is 70–140 ms. We investigated trends in the microburst duration as a function of geomagnetic activity, L‐shell, and magnetic local time (MLT). The clearest trend is in MLT: the median microburst duration doubles from 75 milliseconds at midnight to 140 milliseconds noon MLT. This trend is similar to the whistler mode chorus rising tone element duration trend, suggesting a possible relationship.
The Mercury Isotopic Composition of Earth's Mantle and the Use of Mass Independently Fractionated Hg to Test for Recycled Crust
Authors: Moynier Frédéric , Jackson Matthew G. , Zhang Ke , Cai Hongming , Halldórsson Sæmundur Ari , Pik Raphael , Day James M. D. , Chen Jiubin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe element mercury (Hg) can develop large mass‐independent fractionation (MIF) (Δ199Hg) due to photo‐chemical reactions at Earth's surface. This results in globally negative Δ199Hg for terrestrial sub‐aerially‐derived materials and positive Δ199Hg for sub‐aqueously‐derived marine sediments. The mantle composition least affected by crustal recycling is estimated from high‐3He/4He lavas from Samoa and Iceland, providing an average of Δ199Hg = 0.00 ± 0.10, Δ201Hg = −0.02 ± 0.0.09, δ202Hg = −1.7 ± 1.2; 2SD, N = 11. By comparison, a HIMU‐type lava from Tubuai exhibits positive Δ199Hg, consistent with altered oceanic crust in its mantle source. A Samoan (EM2) lava has negative Δ199Hg reflecting incorporation of continental crust materials into its source. Three Pitcairn lavas exhibit positive Δ199Hg which correlate with 87Sr/86Sr, consistent with variable proportions of continental (low Δ199Hg and high 87Sr/86Sr) and oceanic (high Δ199Hg and low 87Sr/86Sr) crustal material in their mantle sources. These observations indicate that MIF signatures offer a powerful tool for examining atmosphere‐deep Earth interactions.
Decreased Stratification in the Abyssal Southwest Pacific Basin and Implications for the Energy Budget
Authors: Zhang Helen J. , Whalen Caitlin B. , Kumar Nirnimesh , Purkey Sarah G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs the abyssal oceans warm, stratification is also expected to change in response. This change may impact mixing and vertical transport by altering the buoyancy flux, internal wave generation, and turbulent dissipation. In this study, repeated surveys of three hydrographic sections in the Southwest Pacific Basin between the 1990s and 2010s are used to estimate the change in buoyancy frequency . We find that below the °C isotherm, is on average reduced by a scaling factor of , a 12% reduction, per decade that intensifies with depth. At °C, we observe the biggest change: , or a 29% reduction per decade. Within the same period, the magnitude of vertical diffusive heat flux is also reduced by about , although this estimate is sensitive to the choice of estimated diffusivity. Finally, implications of these results for the heat budget and global ocean circulation are qualitatively discussed.
Hemispheric Asymmetries in Poynting Flux Derived From DMSP Spacecraft
Authors: Knipp Delores , Kilcommons Liam , Hairston Marc , Coley W. Robin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe provide high‐resolution maps of quasi‐static Poynting flux (PF) in each hemisphere based on nine‐satellite years of Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) data. Conjugate comparisons from ∼850 km reveal more quasi‐static PF arriving in the northern hemisphere (NH) than the southern hemisphere (SH). This tendency is clear in the dawn‐dusk sectors and during intervals when Kp < 3, which accounts for ∼80% of the study interval. Summer‐to‐summer comparisons indicate this asymmetry is partially associated with more NH solar illumination, which supports stronger NH field‐aligned currents (FAC). Differing hemispheric FAC configurations may also play a role. Our findings support and broaden earlier reports of similar NH preference for the deposition of Alfvenic PF. Regionally the NH has stronger dusk‐region PF, while the SH has stronger mid‐morning PF. We find PF deposition in the near‐cusp regions that rivals and often exceeds the PF intensity in the auroral zones.
Mesoscale Convective Systems Dominate the Energetics of the South Asian Summer Monsoon Onset
Authors: Chen Xingchao , Leung L. Ruby , Feng Zhe , Song Fengfei , Yang Qiu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe rapid onset of the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) is featured as an abrupt increase of rainfall and atmospheric column‐integrated moist static energy (MSE). Using convection‐permitting simulations, a novel cloud tracking technique, and an MSE budget, the relative roles of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and non‐MCS deep convection in the SASM onset energetics are studied. The analysis shows MCSs greatly contribute to the sudden increases of rainfall, diabatic MSE sources, and the subsequent enhanced export of column‐integrated MSE during the rapid onset phase. A “diabatic sources‐energy export” plane analysis delineates the different roles of MCSs and non‐MCS deep convection. Although deep convection always leads to a net energy export, mesoscale organization of deep convection dominates the convection‐associated positive feedbacks that accelerate the energy cycle of the SASM onset. Sensitivity experiment shows that the results are insensitive to the model resolutions.
Characteristics of Jupiter's X‐Ray Auroral Hot Spot Emissions Using Chandra
Authors: Weigt D. M. , Jackman C. M. , Vogt M. F. , Manners H. , Dunn W. R. , Gladstone G. R. , Kraft R. , Branduardi‐Raymont G. , Louis C. K. , McEntee S. C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTo help understand and determine the driver of jovian auroral X‐rays, we present the first statistical study to focus on the morphology and dynamics of the jovian northern hot spot (NHS) using Chandra data. The catalog we explore dates from December 18, 2000 up to and including September 8, 2019. Using a numerical criterion, we characterize the typical and extreme behavior of the concentrated NHS emissions across the catalog. The mean power of the NHS is found to be 1.91 GW with a maximum brightness of 2.02 Rayleighs (R), representing by far the brightest parts of the jovian X‐ray spectrum. We report a statistically significant region of emissions at the NHS center which is always present, the averaged hot spot nucleus (AHSNuc), with mean power of 0.57 GW and inferred average brightness of 1.2 R. We use a flux equivalence mapping model to link this distinct region of X‐ray output to a likely source location and find that the majority of mappable NHS photons emanate from the pre‐dusk to pre‐midnight sector, coincident with the dusk flank boundary. A smaller cluster maps to the noon magnetopause boundary, dominated by the AHSNuc, suggesting that there may be multiple drivers of X‐ray emissions. On application of timing analysis techniques (Rayleigh, Monte Carlo, Jackknife), we identify several instances of statistically significant quasi‐periodic oscillations (QPOs) in the NHS photons ranging from 2.3 to 36.4 min, suggesting possible links with ultra‐low frequency activity on the magnetopause boundary (e.g., dayside reconnection, Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities).
Enhanced Late Miocene Chemical Weathering and Altered Precipitation Patterns in the Watersheds of the Bay of Bengal Recorded by Detrital Clay Radiogenic Isotopes
Authors: Bretschneider Lisa , Hathorne Ed C. , Bolton Clara T. , Gebregiorgis Daniel , Giosan Liviu , Gray Emmeline , Huang Huang , Holbourn Ann , Kuhnt Wolfgang , Frank Martin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe late Miocene was a period of declining CO2levels and extensive environmental changes, which likely had a large impact on monsoon strength as well as on the weathering and erosion intensity in the South Asian Monsoon domain. To improve our understanding of these feedback systems, detrital clays from the southern Bay of Bengal (International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1443) were analyzed for the radiogenic isotope compositions of Sr, Nd, and Pb to reconstruct changes in sediment provenance and weathering regime related to South Asian Monsoon rainfall from 9 to 5 Ma. The 100 kyr resolution late Miocene to earliest Pliocene record suggests overall low variability in the provenance of clays deposited on the Ninetyeast Ridge. However, at 7.3 Ma, Nd and Pb isotope compositions indicate a switch to an increased relative contribution from the Irrawaddy River (by ∼10%). This shift occurred during the global benthic δ13C decline, and we suggest that global cooling and increasing aridity resulted in an eastward shift of precipitation patterns leading to a more focused erosion of the Indo‐Burman Ranges. Sr isotope compositions were decoupled from Nd and Pb isotope signatures and became more radiogenic between 6 and 5 Ma. Grassland expansion generating thick, easily weatherable soils may have led to an environment supporting intense chemical weathering, which is likely responsible for the elevated detrital clay87Sr/86Sr ratios during this time. This change in Sr isotope signatures may also have contributed to the late Miocene increase of the global seawater Sr isotope composition.
T6SS secretes an LPS-binding effector to recruit OMVs for exploitative competition and horizontal gene transfer
Authors: Li Changfu , Zhu Lingfang , Wang Dandan , Wei Zhiyan , Hao Xinwei , Wang Zhuo , Li Tengfei , Zhang Lei , Lu Zhiqiang , Long Mingxiu , Wang Yao , Wei Gehong , Shen Xihui 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) can function as nanoscale vectors that mediate bacterial interactions in microbial communities. How bacteria recognize and recruit OMVs inter-specifically remains largely unknown, thus limiting our understanding of the complex physiological and ecological roles of OMVs. Here, we report a ligand-receptor interaction-based OMV recruitment mechanism, consisting of a type VI secretion system (T6SS)-secreted lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding effector TeoL and the outer membrane receptors CubA and CstR. We demonstrated that Cupriavidus necator T6SS1 secretes TeoL to preferentially associate with OMVs in the extracellular milieu through interactions with LPS, one of the most abundant components of OMVs. TeoL associated with OMVs can further bind outer membrane receptors CubA and CstR, which tethers OMVs to the recipient cells and allows cargo to be delivered. The LPS-mediated mechanism enables bacterial cells to recruit OMVs derived from different species, and confers advantages to bacterial cells in iron acquisition, interbacterial competition, and horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Moreover, our findings provide multiple new perspectives on T6SS functionality in the context of bacterial competition and HGT, through the recruitment of OMVs.
Effects of the sigma-1 receptor agonist blarcamesine in a murine model of fragile X syndrome: neurobehavioral phenotypes and receptor occupancy
Authors: Reyes Samantha T. , Deacon Robert M. J. , Guo Scarlett G. , Altimiras Francisco J. , Castillo Jessa B. , van der Wildt Berend , Morales Aimara P. , Park Jun Hyung , Klamer Daniel , Rosenberg Jarrett , Oberman Lindsay M. , Rebowe Nell , Sprouse Jeffrey , Missling Christopher U. , McCurdy Christopher R. , Cogram Patricia , Kaufmann Walter E. , Chin Frederick T. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFragile X syndrome (FXS), a disorder of synaptic development and function, is the most prevalent genetic form of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. FXS mouse models display clinically-relevant phenotypes, such as increased anxiety and hyperactivity. Despite their availability, so far advances in drug development have not yielded new treatments. Therefore, testing novel drugs that can ameliorate FXS’ cognitive and behavioral impairments is imperative. ANAVEX2-73 (blarcamesine) is a sigma-1 receptor (S1R) agonist with a strong safety record and preliminary efficacy evidence in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and Rett syndrome, other synaptic neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. S1R’s role in calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function, cellular functions related to synaptic function, makes blarcamesine a potential drug candidate for FXS. Administration of blarcamesine in 2-month-old FXS and wild type mice for 2 weeks led to normalization in two key neurobehavioral phenotypes: open field test (hyperactivity) and contextual fear conditioning (associative learning). Furthermore, there was improvement in marble-burying (anxiety, perseverative behavior). It also restored levels of BDNF, a converging point of many synaptic regulators, in the hippocampus. Positron emission tomography (PET) and ex vivo autoradiographic studies, using the highly selective S1R PET ligand [18F]FTC-146, demonstrated the drug’s dose-dependent receptor occupancy. Subsequent analyses also showed a wide but variable brain regional distribution of S1Rs, which was preserved in FXS mice. Altogether, these neurobehavioral, biochemical, and imaging data demonstrates doses that yield measurable receptor occupancy are effective for improving the synaptic and behavioral phenotype in FXS mice. The present findings support the viability of S1R as a therapeutic target in FXS, and the clinical potential of blarcamesine in FXS and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Mechanisms linking multi-year La Niña with preceding strong El Niño
Authors: Iwakiri Tomoki , Watanabe Masahiro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEl Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), characterized by anomalous sea surface temperature in the central-eastern equatorial Pacific, is a dominant interannual variability, impacting worldwide weather and socioeconomics. The ENSO cycle contains irregularity, in which La Niña often persists for more than two years, called “multi-year La Niña”. Observational records show that multi-year La Niña tends to accompany strong El Niño in the preceding year, but their physical linkage remains unclear. Here we show using reanalysis data that a strong El Niño excites atmospheric conditions that favor the generation of multi-year La Niña in subsequent years. Easterly wind anomalies along the northern off-equatorial Pacific during the decay phase of the strong El Niño are found crucial as they act to discharge ocean heat content (OHC) via an anomalous northward Ekman transport. The negative OHC anomaly is large enough to be restored by a single La Niña and, therefore, causes another La Niña to occur in the second year. Furthermore, analyses of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate models support the abovementioned mechanisms and indicate that the occurrence frequencies of multi-year La Niña and strong El Niño are highly correlated.
Hierarchical Bayesian estimation of covariate effects on airway and alveolar nitric oxide
Authors: Weng Jingying , Molshatzki Noa , Marjoram Paul , Gauderman W. James , Gilliland Frank D. , Eckel Sandrah P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractExhaled breath biomarkers are an important emerging field. The fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a marker of airway inflammation with clinical and epidemiological applications (e.g., air pollution health effects studies). Systems of differential equations describe FeNO—measured non-invasively at the mouth—as a function of exhalation flow rate and parameters representing airway and alveolar sources of NO in the airway. Traditionally, NO parameters have been estimated separately for each study participant (Stage I) and then related to covariates (Stage II). Statistical properties of these two-step approaches have not been investigated. In simulation studies, we evaluated finite sample properties of existing two-step methods as well as a novel Unified Hierarchical Bayesian (U-HB) model. The U-HB is a one-step estimation method developed with the goal of properly propagating uncertainty as well as increasing power and reducing type I error for estimating associations of covariates with NO parameters. We demonstrated the U-HB method in an analysis of data from the southern California Children’s Health Study relating traffic-related air pollution exposure to airway and alveolar airway inflammation.