bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influenza myocarditis in paediatric patients
Authors: Dolader Paola , Balcells Joan , Gran Ferran 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAcute myocarditis is a rare but potentially fatal disease. Endomyocardial biopsy and histologic examination are key to an accurate diagnosis. Despite being an uncommon cause, Influenza A and B viruses are a well-documented aetiology. Myocarditis may complicate about 0 to 10% of influenza virus infections (0.4 to 5% in paediatric cases). The clinical presentation varies widely, from ischemic-like chest pain to fulminant myocarditis with acute hemodynamic compromise, requiring mechanical circulatory support, with high mortality in the acute phase. We report a series of paediatric patients with myocarditis due to Influenza virus, to emphasize the importance of considering this uncommon aetiology.
Comparison of Computerised and Pencil-and-Paper Neuropsychological Assessments in Older Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Australians
Authors: Page Zara A. , Croot Karen , Sachdev Perminder S. , Crawford John D. , Lam Ben C.P. , Brodaty Henry , Miller Amberber Amanda , Numbers Katya , Kochan Nicole A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectives:Computerised neuropsychological assessments (CNAs) are proposed as an alternative method of assessing cognition to traditional pencil-and-paper assessment (PnPA), which are considered the “gold standard” for diagnosing dementia. However, limited research has been conducted with culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) individuals. This study investigated the suitability of PnPAs and CNAs for measuring cognitive performance in a heterogenous sample of older, Australian CALD English-speakers compared to a native English-speaking background (ESB) sample.Methods:Participants were 1037 community-dwelling individuals aged 70–90 years without a dementia diagnosis from the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study (873 ESB, 164 CALD). Differences in the level and pattern of cognitive performance in the CALD group were compared to the ESB group on a newly developed CNA and a comprehensive PnPA in English, controlling for covariates. Multiple hierarchical regression was used to identify the extent to which linguistic and acculturation variables explained performance variance.Results:CALD participants’ performance was consistently poorer than ESB participants on both PnPA and CNA, and more so on PnPA than CNA, controlling for socio-demographic and health factors. Linguistic and acculturation variables together explained approximately 20% and 25% of CALD performance on PnPA and CNA respectively, above demographics and self-reported computer use.Conclusions:Performances of CALD and ESB groups differed more on PnPAs than CNAs, but caution is needed in concluding that CNAs are more culturally-appropriate for assessing cognitive decline in older CALD individuals. Our findings extend current literature by confirming the influence of linguistic and acculturation variables on cognitive assessment outcomes for older CALD Australians.
Pre-pandemic to early-pandemic changes in risk of household food insecurity among Maryland families with children
Authors: Kowalski Alysse J , Kuhn Ann Pulling , Lane Hannah G , Trude Angela CB , Selam Helina , Hager Erin R , Black Maureen M 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjective:The objective was to examine risk and protective factors associated with pre- to early-pandemic changes in risk of household food insecurity (FI).Design:We re-enrolled families from two statewide studies (2017–2020) in an observational cohort (May–August 2020). Caregivers reported on risk of household FI, demographics, pandemic-related hardships, and participation in safety net programmes (e.g. Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) stimulus payment, school meals).Setting:Maryland, USA.Participants:Economically, geographically and racially/ethnically diverse families with preschool to adolescent-age children. Eligibility included reported receipt or expected receipt of the CARES stimulus payment or a pandemic-related economic hardship (n 496).Results:Prevalence of risk of FI was unchanged (pre-pandemic: 22 %, early-pandemic: 25 %, p = 0·27). Risk of early-pandemic FI was elevated for non-Hispanic Black (adjusted relative risk (aRR) = 2·1 (95 % CI 1·1, 4·0)) and Other families (aRR = 2·6 (1·3, 5·4)) and families earning ≤ 300 % federal poverty level. Among pre-pandemic food secure families, decreased income, job loss and reduced hours were associated with increased early-pandemic FI risk (aRR = 2·1 (1·2, 3·6) to 2·5 (1·5, 4·1)); CARES stimulus payment (aRR = 0·5 (0·3, 0·9)) and continued school meal participation (aRR = 0·2 (0·1, 0·9)) were associated with decreased risk. Among families at risk of FI pre-pandemic, safety net programme participation was not associated with early-pandemic FI risk.Conclusions:The CARES stimulus payment and continued school meal participation protected pre-pandemic food secure families from early-pandemic FI risk but did not protect families who were at risk of FI pre-pandemic. Mitigating pre-pandemic FI risk and providing stimulus payments and school meals may support children’s health and reduce disparities in response to pandemics.
Basis for changes in the disease burden estimates related to vitamin A and zinc deficiencies in the 2017 and 2019 Global Burden of Disease Studies
Authors: Hess Sonja Y , McLain Alexander C , Lescinsky Haley , Brown Kenneth H , Afshin Ashkan , Atkin Reed , Osendarp Saskia JM 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground:The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study provides estimates of death and disability from eighty-seven risk factors, including some micronutrient deficiencies.Objectives:To review methodological changes that led to large differences in the disease burden estimates for vitamin A and Zn deficiencies between the GBD 2017 and 2019 Studies.Methods:GBD publications were reviewed; additional information was provided by GBD researchers.Results:Vitamin A deficiency prevalence is based on plasma retinol concentration, whereas the estimate for Zn deficiency prevalence uses dietary adequacy as a proxy. The estimated global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency for children aged 1–4 years in the year 2017 decreased from 0·20 (95 % CI 0·17, 0·24) in GBD 2017 to 0·16 (95 % CI 0·15, 0·19) in GBD 2019, while the global prevalence of Zn deficiency did not change between the two studies (0·09 (95 % CI 0·04, 0·17) and 0·09 (95 % CI 0·03, 0·18)). New to 2019 was that meta-analyses were performed using Meta Regression – Bayesian, Regularized, Trimmed, a method developed for GBD. Due to this and multiple other methodological changes, the estimated number of deaths due to vitamin A deficiency dropped from 233 000 (179 000–294 000) to 24 000 (3000–50 000) from GBD 2017 to 2019, and for Zn deficiency from 29 000 (1000–77 000) to 2800 (700–6500), respectively.Conclusion:The changes in the estimated disease burdens due to vitamin A and Zn deficiencies in the GBD reports from 2017 to 2019 are due primarily to changes in the analytical methods employed, so may not represent true changes in disease burden. Additional effort is needed to validate these results.
Evaluation of the impact of teaching on delineation variation during a virtual stereotactic ablative radiotherapy contouring workshop
Authors: Slevin Finbar , Rieu Romélie , Beasley Matthew , Speight Richard , Aitken Katharine , Good James , McDonald Fiona , Rackley Thomas , Radhakrishna Ganesh , Haridass Anoop , Murray Louise J. , Tree Alison C. , Henry Ann M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
Variation in delineation of target volumes/organs at risk (OARs) is well recognised in radiotherapy and may be reduced by several methods including teaching. We evaluated the impact of teaching on contouring variation for thoracic/pelvic stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) during a virtual contouring workshop.

Materials and methods:
Target volume/OAR contours produced by workshop participants for three cases were evaluated against reference contours using DICE similarity coefficient (DSC) and line domain error (LDE) metrics. Pre- and post-workshop DSC results were compared using Wilcoxon signed ranks test to determine the impact of teaching during the workshop.

Results:
Of 50 workshop participants, paired pre- and post-workshop contours were available for 21 (42%), 20 (40%) and 22 (44%) participants for primary lung cancer, pelvic bone metastasis and pelvic node metastasis cases, respectively. Statistically significant improvements post-workshop in median DSC and LDE results were observed for 6 (50%) and 7 (58%) of 12 structures, respectively, although the magnitude of DSC/LDE improvement was modest in most cases. An increase in median DSC post-workshop ≥0·05 was only observed for GTVbone, IGTVlung and SacralPlex, and reduction in median LDE > 1 mm was only observed for GTVbone, CTVbone and SacralPlex. Post-workshop, median DSC values were >0·7 for 75% of structures. For 92% of the structures, post-workshop contours were considered to be acceptable or within acceptable variation following review by the workshop faculty.

Conclusions:
This study has demonstrated that virtual SABR contouring training is feasible and was associated with some improvements in contouring variation for multiple target volumes/OARs.
Slow Particle Remineralization, Rather Than Suppressed Disaggregation, Drives Efficient Flux Transfer Through the Eastern Tropical North Pacific Oxygen Deficient Zone
Authors: Cram Jacob A. , Fuchsman Clara A. , Duffy Megan E. , Pretty Jessica L. , Lekanoff Rachel M. , Neibauer Jacquelyn A. , Leung Shirley W. , Huebert Klaus B. , Weber Thomas S. , Bianchi Daniele , Evans Natalya , Devol Allan H. , Keil Richard G. , McDonnell Andrew M. P. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractModels and observations suggest that particle flux attenuation is lower across the mesopelagic zone of anoxic environments compared to oxic environments. Flux attenuation is controlled by microbial metabolism as well as aggregation and disaggregation by zooplankton, all of which shape the relative abundance of differently sized particles. Observing and modeling particle spectra can provide information about the contributions of these processes. We measured particle size spectrum profiles at one station in the oligotrophic Eastern Tropical North Pacific Oxygen Deficient Zone (ETNP ODZ) using an underwater vision profiler (UVP), a high‐resolution camera that counts and sizes particles. Measurements were taken at different times of day, over the course of a week. Comparing these data to particle flux measurements from sediment traps collected over the same time‐period allowed us to constrain the particle size to flux relationship, and to generate highly resolved depth and time estimates of particle flux rates. We found that particle flux attenuated very little throughout the anoxic water column, and at some time points appeared to increase. Comparing our observations to model predictions suggested that particles of all sizes remineralize more slowly in the ODZ than in oxic waters, and that large particles disaggregate into smaller particles, primarily between the base of the photic zone and 500 m. Acoustic measurements of multiple size classes of organisms suggested that many organisms migrated, during the day, to the region with high particle disaggregation. Our data suggest that diel‐migrating organisms both actively transport biomass and disaggregate particles in the ODZ core.
Sea Surface Temperature–Salinity Covariability and Its Scale‐Dependent Characteristics
Authors: Kido Shoichiro , Nonaka Masami , Tanimoto Youichi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSea surface temperature and salinity (SST/SSS) are critical to understanding the ocean's role in the climate system. Because seawater density is controlled by temperature and salinity, characterizing the relationship between these two variables is particularly important for oceanography, climate science and other related fields. By analyzing observational data, we provide the first global picture of covariability between SST and SSS and associated physical processes at interannual timescales. A notable feature of such SST‐SSS covariability is its distinct spatial‐scale dependence; at small spatial scales (<1,000 km), their covariability is attributed to fluctuations in ocean currents and the associated heat and salt transport, whereas large‐scale covariability result from combinations of changes in local atmospheric conditions and large‐scale ocean circulations. It is found that the current generation of climate models underestimate such distinct SST–SSS covariations, suggesting that physical processes involving in variations of these variables are not faithfully represented as observed.
A Meandering Lunar Wake Produced by the Pickup of Reflected Solar‐Wind Ions
Authors: Zhang Hui , Zhong Jun , Zhang Tianxin , Liu Libo , Cao Jinbin , Fu Suiyan , Wei Yong , Chen Yiding 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBy establishing two solar‐wind convection electric field‐associated coordinate systems, the magnetic and plasma properties in the lunar wake are examined. In the plane perpendicular to the interplanetary magnetic field, all the properties exhibit asymmetric distributions related to the electric field, and they are even periodically modulated every two lunar radii but only along the flank which the electric field points to. Evidences show that the solar‐wind ions, reflected over the dayside lunar magnetic anomalies, have produced these asymmetries and periodical modulations. These ions, undergoing both the electric drift and large‐radius gyration, bypass the Moon body and periodically penetrate into the wake flank, during which they exchange momentum with the refilling solar‐wind plasma, thereby resulting in the oscillations of the plasma and the periodical modulations of the wake.
Modeling Snow Saltation: The Effect of Grain Size and Interparticle Cohesion
Authors: Melo D. B. , Sharma V. , Comola F. , Sigmund A. , Lehning M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe surface of the Earth is snow‐covered at least seasonally over large areas. This snow surface is highly dynamic, particularly under the influence of strong winds. The motion of snow particles driven by the wind not only changes the snow cover but has important consequences for the atmosphere in that it adds mass and moisture and extracts heat. Large scale meteorological and climatological models neglect these surface dynamics or produce conflicting results from too simplified process representation. With recent progress in the detailed understanding of the saltation process, in particular with respect to sand saltation, and the advancement of numerical models, we can systematically investigate the influence of snow properties on saltation. This contribution uses a Large Eddy Simulation model with full surface particle dynamics to investigate how snow cohesion and size distribution influence saltation dynamics and in particular the total mass flux. The model reproduces some known characteristics of the saltation system such as a focus point or a constant near surface particle speed. An interesting result is that cohesion and grain size heterogeneity can increase the overall saltation mass flux at high friction velocities. Moreover, some simplified models agree reasonably well with the simulations for given bed characteristics, while others clearly do not. These results are valid for continuous saltation while intermittent saltation, which often occurs in nature, needs further investigation. In order to successfully parameterize saltation in large scale models, progress must be made in correctly representing snow surface properties in these models, in particular cohesion.
Joint‐Rupture Pattern and Newly Generated Structure of Fault Intersections on the Northern Margin of the Linhe Basin, Northwestern Ordos Block, China
Authors: Liang Kuan , He Zhongtai , Ma Baoqi , Tian Qinjian , Liu Shao 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe activity of major active faults around the Ordos Block is of great interest to seismologists, as at least fourM ≥ 8 earthquakes have been recorded. However, the Linhe Basin, which has the thickest Cenozoic sediments, has no record of large earthquakes. Does this basin have the structural conditions required for large earthquakes? The northern boundary fault of the Linhe Basin is composed of the NE‐striking Langshan piedmont fault (LPF), E‐W‐striking western section of the Seertengshan piedmont fault (WSPF), and NW‐striking eastern section of the Seertengshan piedmont fault (ESPF). Based on large‐scale active fault mapping, this article analyzes data from 23 trenches, using an unmanned aerial vehicle to measure the faulted landform, and combines these data with Quaternary dating methods to acquire the paleoearthquake sequences of the LPF, WSPF, and ESPF. Furthermore, this article explores their rupture modes and discusses the structural evolution of two intersection points. Through paleoseismic comparison, seven trenches revealed historical earthquakes from 7 BC, with a common magnitude ofM8.1. The trenches also revealed seven paleoseismic events since the Holocene, which conformed to the periodic model with a period of 1.37 ± 0.11 ka. The elapsed time since the latest event (2.0 ka) has exceeded the earthquake recurrence period; thus, the area is currently at risk of anM7.4–8.0 earthquake. The NE‐striking LPF and E‐W‐striking WSPF are connected by two left‐stepping small fault segments. The E‐W‐striking WSPF and NW‐striking ESPF are connected by a large triangular relay ramp.
HMGA1 stimulates MYH9-dependent ubiquitination of GSK-3β via PI3K/Akt/c-Jun signaling to promote malignant progression and chemoresistance in gliomas
Authors: Que Tianshi , Zheng Haojie , Zeng Yu , Liu Xinru , Qi Ge , La Qingcuo , Liang Tuo , Li Zhiyong , Yi Guozhong , Zhang Shichao , Li Junjie , Nie Jing , Tan Jian-er , Huang Guanglong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMyosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9) plays an essential role in human diseases, including multiple cancers; however, little is known about its role in gliomas. In the present study, we revealed that HMGA1 and MYH9 were upregulated in gliomas and their expression correlated with WHO grade, and HMGA1 promoted the acquisition of malignant phenotypes and chemoresistance of glioma cells by regulating the expression of MYH9 through c-Jun-mediated transcription. Moreover, MYH9 interacted with GSK-3β to inhibit the expression of GSK-3β protein by promoting its ubiquitination; the downregulation of GSK-3β subsequently promoted the nuclear translocation of β-catenin, enhancing growth, invasion, migration, and temozolomide resistance in glioma cells. Expression levels of HMGA1 and MYH9 were significantly correlated with patient survival and should be considered as independent prognostic factors. Our findings provide new insights into the role of HMGA1 and MYH9 in gliomagenesis and suggest the potential application of HMGA1 and MYH9 in cancer therapy in the future.
Enhanced apoptosis as a possible mechanism to self-limit SARS-CoV-2 replication in porcine primary respiratory epithelial cells in contrast to human cells
Authors: Nelli Rahul K. , Phadke Kruttika-S , Castillo Gino , Yen Lu , Saunders Amy , Rauh Rolf , Nelson William , Bellaire Bryan H. , Giménez-Lirola Luis G. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe ability of SARS-CoV to infect different species, including humans, dogs, cats, minks, ferrets, hamsters, tigers, and deer, pose a continuous threat to human and animal health. Pigs, though closely related to humans, seem to be less susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. Former in vivo studies failed to demonstrate clinical signs and transmission between pigs, while later attempts using a higher infectious dose reported viral shedding and seroconversion. This study investigated species-specific cell susceptibility, virus dose-dependent infectivity, and infection kinetics, using primary human (HRECs) and porcine (PRECs) respiratory epithelial cells. Despite higher ACE2 expression in HRECs compared to PRECs, SARS-CoV-2 infected, and replicated in both PRECs and HRECs in a dose-dependent manner. Cytopathic effect was particularly more evident in PRECs than HRECs, showing the hallmark morphological signs of apoptosis. Further analysis confirmed an early and enhanced apoptotic mechanism driven through caspase 3/7 activation, limiting SARS-CoV-2 propagation in PRECs compared to HRECs. Our findings shed light on a possible mechanism of resistance of pigs to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and it may hold therapeutic value for the treatment of COVID-19.
Generalized stacking fault energy surface mismatch and dislocation transformation
Authors: Feng Longsheng , Mills Michael J. , Wang Yunzhi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEven though the fundamental rules governing dislocation activities have been well established in the past century, we report a phenomenon, dislocation transformation, governed by the generalized-stacking-fault energy surface mismatch (GSF mismatch for short) between two co-existing phases. By carrying out ab-initio-informed microscopic phase-field simulations, we demonstrate that the GSF mismatch between a high symmetry matrix phase and a low symmetry precipitate phase can transform an array of identical full dislocations in the matrix into an array of two different types of full dislocations when they shear through the precipitates. The precipitates serve as a passive Shockley partial source, creating new Shockley partial dislocations that are neither the ones from the dissociation of the full dislocation. This phenomenon enriches our fundamental understanding of partial dislocation nucleation and dislocation-precipitate interactions, offering additional opportunities to tailor work-hardening and twinning processes in alloys strengthened by low-symmetry precipitate phases.
Proposal for a mechanical model of mobile shales
Authors: Soto Juan I. , Heidari Mahdi , Hudec Michael R. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractStructural systems involving mobile shale represent one of the most difficult challenges for geoscientists dedicated to exploring the subsurface structure of continental margins. Mobile-shale structures range from surficial mud volcanoes to deeply buried shale diapirs and shale-cored folds. Where mobile shales occur, seismic imaging is typically poor, drilling is hazardous, and established principles to guide interpretation are few. The central problem leading to these issues is the poor understanding of the mechanical behaviour of mobile shales. Here we propose that mobile shales are at critical state, thus we define mobile shales as “bodies of clay-rich sediment or sedimentary rock undergoing penetrative, (visco-) plastic deformation at the critical state”. We discuss how this proposition can explain key observations associated with mobile shales. The critical-state model can explain the occurrence of both fluidized (no grain contact) shales (e.g., in mud volcanoes) and more viscous shales flowing with grain-to-grain contact (e.g., in shale diapirs), mobilization of cemented and compacted shales, and the role of overpressure in shale mobility. Our model offers new avenues for understanding complex and fascinating mobile-shale structures.