bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of automated clinical trial recruitment and enrolment using patient-facing technology
Authors: Bardach Naomi S , Lam Regina , Jasik Carolyn B 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveInteractive patient care systems (IPCS) at the bedside are becoming increasingly common, but evidence is limited as to their potential for innovative clinical trial implementation. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the IPCS could feasibly be used to automate recruitment and enrolment for a clinical trial.MethodsIn medical-surgical units, we used the IPCS to randomise, recruit and consent eligible subjects. For participants not interacting with IPCS study materials within 48 hours, study staff-initiated recruitment in-person. Eligible study population included all caregivers and any patients >6 years old admitted to medical-surgical units and oncology units September 2015 to January 2016. Outcomes: randomisation assessed using between-group comparisons of patient characteristics; recruitment success assessed by rates of consent; paperless implementation using successful acquisition of electronic signature and email address. We used χ2analysis to assess success of randomisation and recruitment.ResultsRandomisation was successful (n=1012 randomised, p>0.05 for all between-group comparisons). For the subset of eligible, randomised patients who were recruited, IPCS-only recruitment (consented: 2.4% of n=213) was less successful than in-person recruitment (61.4% of n=87 eligible recruited, p<0.001). For those consenting (n=61), 96.7% provided an electronic signature and 68.9% provided email addresses.ConclusionsOur results suggest that as a tool at the bedside, the IPCS offers key efficiencies for study implementation, including randomisation and collecting e-consent and contact information, but does not offer recruitment efficiencies. Further research could assess the value that interactive technologies bring to recruitment when paired with in-person efforts, potentially focusing on more intensive user-interface testing for recruitment materials.Trial registration numberNCT02491190.
Sexual and reproductive health and attitudes towards sex of young adults in China
Authors: Zou Siyu , Cao Wenzhen , Jia Yawen , Wang Zhicheng , Qi Xinran , Shen Jiashu , Tang Kun 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundThe study aimed to discuss the importance of socioeconomic status (SES) and family sexual attitudes and investigate their association with sexual and reproductive health in a large sample of Chinese young adults.MethodsWe analysed a large sample of 53 508 youth aged 15–24 years from an internet-based survey from November 2019 to February 2020. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to examine the association between SES, family sexual attitudes, and sexual and reproductive health (SRH), stratified by sex and adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsIndividuals with the highest expenditure were more likely to engage in early sexual intercourse (female: OR 4.19, 95% CI 3.00 to 5.87; male: OR 3.82, 95% CI 2.84 to 5.12). For both sexes, the likelihood of young adult sexual risk-taking such as first intercourse without using a condom, acquiring sexually transmitted infections, and pregnancy was lower in those with higher maternal educational attainment, whereas it was higher in those with open family sexual attitudes.ConclusionsLower SES and open family attitudes toward sex had a significant association with a range of adverse young adulthood SRH outcomes. Public health policies should focus on more deprived populations and advocate suitable parental participation to reduce risky sexual behaviours in youth.
Brick in the wall? Linking quality of debriefing to participant learning in team training of interprofessional students
Authors: Paige John T , Garbee Deborah D , Yu Qingzhao , Zahmjahn John , Baroni de Carvalho Raquel , Zhu Lin , Rusnak Vadym , Kiselov Vladimir J 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundThe evidence for the conventional wisdom that debriefing quality determines the effectiveness of learning in simulation-based training is lacking. We investigated whether the quality of debriefing in using simulation-based training in team training correlated with the degree of learning of participants.MethodsForty-two teams of medical and undergraduate nursing students participated in simulation-based training sessions using a two-scenario format with after-action debriefing. Observers rated team performance with an 11-item Teamwork Assessment Scales (TAS) instrument (three subscales, team-based behaviours (5-items), shared mental model (3-items), adaptive communication and response (3-items)). Two independent, blinded raters evaluated video-recorded facilitator team prebriefs and debriefs using the Objective Structured Assessment of Debriefing (OSAD) 8-item tool. Descriptive statistics were calculated, t-test comparisons made and multiple linear regression and univariate analysis used to compare OSAD item scores and changes in TAS scores.ResultsStatistically significant improvements in all three TAS subscales occurred from scenario 1 to 2. Seven faculty teams taught learners with all scores ≥3.0 (except two) for prebriefs and all scores ≥3.5 (except one) for debriefs (OSAD rating 1=done poorly to 5=done well). Linear regression analysis revealed a single statistically significant correlation between debrief engagement and adaptive communication and response score without significance on univariate analysis.ConclusionsQuality of debriefing does not seem to increase the degree of learning in interprofessional education using simulation-based training of prelicensure student teams. Such a finding may be due to the relatively high quality of the prebrief and debrief of the faculty teams involved in the training.
Disrupted spermatogenesis in a metabolic syndrome model: the role of vitamin A metabolism in the gut–testis axis
Authors: Zhang Teng , Sun Peng , Geng Qi , Fan Haitao , Gong Yutian , Hu Yanting , Shan Liying , Sun Yuanchao , Shen Wei , Zhou Yang 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveEffects of the diet-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis reach far beyond the gut. We aim to uncover the direct evidence involving the gut–testis axis in the aetiology of impaired spermatogenesis.DesignAn excessive-energy diet-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) sheep model was established. The testicular samples, host metabolomes and gut microbiome were analysed. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) confirmed the linkage between gut microbiota and spermatogenesis.ResultsWe demonstrated that the number of arrested spermatogonia was markedly elevated by using 10× single-cell RNA-seq in the MetS model. Furthermore, through using metabolomics profiling and 16S rDNA-seq, we discovered that the absorption of vitamin A in the gut was abolished due to a notable reduction of bile acid levels, which was significantly associated with reduced abundance of Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group. Notably, the abnormal metabolic effects of vitamin A were transferable to the testicular cells through the circulating blood, which contributed to abnormal spermatogenesis, as confirmed by FMT.ConclusionThese findings define a starting point for linking the testicular function and regulation of gut microbiota via host metabolomes and will be of potential value for the treatment of male infertility in MetS.
A review of the diagnosis and management of sudden hearing loss in the military population
Authors: Henderson A , Waddell A , Pearson C 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSudden hearing loss can be both an immediately debilitating and long-term career-threatening condition within the military population. Careful assessment is key, particularly in an environment where heightened occupational risk factors may contribute to or confound diagnoses, and where access to basic investigation may be limited.This article looks at the patient with a new presentation of sudden hearing loss in a military setting and, by providing key features and a structured approach to examination and basic investigation, how to consider key diagnoses through clinical assessment alone.The acute management of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) remains a difficult issue, particularly regarding the efficacy of treatment regimes to restore hearing. We have reviewed the evidence to help military medical personnel make well-informed decisions when treating and making occupational assessment of those they have diagnosed with sudden hearing loss.
Acute shoulder injuries: A clinical review of diagnosis and management in the deployed Naval environment
Authors: Thomas RL , Penn-Barwell JG , Hand CJ 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMusculoskeletal injuries of the shoulder are a common presentation in primary care. Injuries to this highly mobile region can have a profound impact on the range of movement, resulting in severe functional limitation. The shoulder can also be one of the more complicated regions to examine due to its high mobility, poor localisation of pain and numerous supporting structures. This article aims to review the anatomy of the shoulder, examination technique and the pathology underlying common acute injuries in order to provide guidance to medical personnel deployed with the Royal Navy and Royal Marines.
Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome: an important differential diagnosis to consider in young military personnel presenting with calf claudication
Authors: Reid J , Ablett D J 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPopliteal artery entrapment syndrome is a rare but important condition, which all military health practitioners should be aware of. It should be considered in all young military personnel presenting with symptoms of calf claudication.This article explains the condition, its classification and the key examination findings, allowing differentiation from other diagnoses, as well as advice on management, definitive treatment and prognosis.
Prospective multicentre cohort study of transthoracic echocardiography provision in the South West of the UK during the first wave of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Authors: Crook Rebecca Lucy , Williams Howell , Green Mary , Brown Stewart , Morris Richard , Fletcher Hannah , Walters Sarah , Walsh Catherine , Price Anna , King Samantha , McAloon Christopher James 
Published: January 2021

AimsIt was predicted internationally that transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) would be vital during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. We therefore, designed a study to report the demand for TTE in two large District General Hospitals during the rise in the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the UK. A primary clinical outcome of 30-day mortality was also assessed.MethodsThe TTE service across two hospitals was reconfigured to maximise access to inpatient scanning. All TTEs of suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients over a 3-week period were included in the study. All patients were followed up until at least day 30 after their scan at which point the primary clinical outcome of mortality was recorded. Comparative analysis based on mortality was conducted for all TTE results, biochemical markers and demographics.Results27 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 had a TTE within the inclusion window. Mortality comparative analysis showed the deceased group were significantly older (mean 68.4, SD 11.9 vs 60.5, SD 13.0, p=0.03) and more commonly reported fatigue in their presenting symptoms (29.6% vs 71.4%, p=0.01). No other differences were identified in the demographic or biochemical data. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction was noted in 7.4% of patients and right ventricular impairment or dilation was seen in 18.5% patients. TTE results were not significantly different in mortality comparative analysis.ConclusionThis study demonstrates an achievable approach to TTE services when under increased pressure. Data analysis supports the limited available data suggesting right ventricular abnormalities are the most commonly identified echocardiographic change in SARS-CoV-2 patients. No association can be demonstrated between mortality and TTE results.
Lung clearance index predicts pulmonary exacerbations in individuals with primary ciliary dyskinesia: a multicentre cohort study
Authors: Singer Florian , Schlegtendal Anne , Nyilas Sylvia , Vermeulen François , Boon Mieke , Koerner-Rettberg Cordula 
Published: January 2021

Background
Lung clearance index (LCI) is a promising lung function outcome in individuals with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The impact of events clinically important for individuals with PCD, such as pulmonary exacerbations, on LCI is unknown.

Methods
We conducted an international, multicentre, observational cohort study to assess the association of LCI and risk of pulmonary exacerbation, specific changes in LCI during pulmonary exacerbation and global variability of LCI across four visits every 4 months. Ninety individuals with PCD, aged 3–41 years, underwent nitrogen multiple-breath washout (MBW) and spirometry measurements. The association of LCI and pulmonary exacerbations was assessed by Cox proportional hazards and random-effects regression models.

Results
We obtained 430 MBW and 427 spirometry measurements. In total, 379 person-years at risk contributed to the analysis. Per one unit increase (deterioration) in LCI, the risk of future pulmonary exacerbation increased by 13%: HR (95% CI), 1.13 (1.04 to 1.23). If LCI changed from a range of values considered normal to abnormal, the risk of future pulmonary exacerbations increased by 87%: 1.87 (1.08 to 3.23). During pulmonary exacerbations, LCI increased by 1.22 units (14.5%). After pulmonary exacerbations, LCI tended to decline. Estimates of variability in LCI suggested lower variation within individuals compared with variation between individuals. Findings were comparable for forced expiratory volume in 1 s.

Conclusion
On a visit-to-visit basis, LCI measurement may add to the prediction of pulmonary exacerbations, the assessment of lung function decline and the potential lung function response to treatment of pulmonary exacerbations.
‘If not TB, what could it be?’ Chest X-ray findings from the 2016 Kenya Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey
Authors: Mungai Brenda Nyambura , Joekes Elizabeth , Masini Enos , Obasi Angela , Manduku Veronica , Mugi Beatrice , Ong’angò Jane , Kirathe Dickson , Kiplimo Richard , Sitienei Joseph , Oronje Rose , Morton Ben , Squire Stephen Bertel , MacPherson Peter 
Published: January 2021

Background
The prevalence of diseases other than TB detected during chest X-ray (CXR) screening is unknown in sub-Saharan Africa. This represents a missed opportunity for identification and treatment of potentially significant disease. Our aim was to describe and quantify non-TB abnormalities identified by TB-focused CXR screening during the 2016 Kenya National TB Prevalence Survey.

Methods
We reviewed a random sample of 1140 adult (≥15 years) CXRs classified as ‘abnormal, suggestive of TB’ or ‘abnormal other’ during field interpretation from the TB prevalence survey. Each image was read (blinded to field classification and study radiologist read) by two expert radiologists, with images classified into one of four major anatomical categories and primary radiological findings. A third reader resolved discrepancies. Prevalence and 95% CIs of abnormalities diagnosis were estimated.

Findings
Cardiomegaly was the most common non-TB abnormality at 259 out of 1123 (23.1%, 95% CI 20.6% to 25.6%), while cardiomegaly with features of cardiac failure occurred in 17 out of 1123 (1.5%, 95% CI 0.9% to 2.4%). We also identified chronic pulmonary pathology including suspected COPD in 3.2% (95% CI 2.3% to 4.4%) and non-specific patterns in 4.6% (95% CI 3.5% to 6.0%). Prevalence of active-TB and severe post-TB lung changes was 3.6% (95% CI 2.6% to 4.8%) and 1.4% (95% CI 0.8% to 2.3%), respectively.

Interpretation
Based on radiological findings, we identified a wide variety of non-TB abnormalities during population-based TB screening. TB prevalence surveys and active case finding activities using mass CXR offer an opportunity to integrate disease screening efforts.

Funding
National Institute for Health Research (IMPALA-grant reference 16/136/35).
Do health halos and conspicuous consumption influence the appeal and risk perceptions of e-cigarettes among young Cambodian men?
Authors: Stubbs Thomas , Thomas Samantha , Pitt Hannah , Daube Mike 
Published: January 2021

IntroductionReduced risk perceptions influence young people’s consumption behaviours of e-cigarettes, suggesting that a health halo effect may be associated with these devices. Product, performative, and social factors contribute to the appeal of e-cigarettes, with young people using e-cigarettes with friends as part of social interactions. This study explored the factors that influence the appeal and risk perceptions associated with e-cigarettes among young Cambodian men.MethodsA mixed-method, interviewer-administered survey with 147 young men in Cambodia, who were aged between 18 and 24 years and identified as cigarette smokers. Participants described their attitudes and consumption behaviours surrounding e-cigarettes, recalled e-cigarette promotions, and described their risk perceptions towards e-cigarettes. Descriptive statistics were calculated for quantitative data, and thematic analysis was conducted for qualitative data.ResultsSome participants associated e-cigarettes with affluence and exclusivity, describing these devices as products that rich and/or younger people use. Participants also described product attributes that were appealing about e-cigarettes, such as variety of flavours, vapour, and performing smoke ‘styles’ with friends, which differentiated the product from combustible cigarettes. Participants also had reduced risk perceptions towards e-cigarettes, with some commenting that e-cigarettes were not harmful or might be health-enhancing.ConclusionSome young people may perceive e-cigarettes as a form of conspicuous consumption, which they associated with social status and identity. A health halo effect appears to be associated with e-cigarettes among some young people. This may influence young people to underestimate the potential health risks associated with these devices.
An online radon monitor for low-background detector assembly facilities
Authors: Pelczar K. , Zuzel G. , Wójcik M. , Pocar A. , Ianni An. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgrounds from long-lived radon decay products are often problematic for low-energy neutrino and rare-event experiments. These isotopes, specifically $${}^{210}\hbox {Pb}$$

210

Pb

, $${}^{210}\hbox {Bi}$$

210

Bi

, and $${}^{210}\hbox {Po}$$

210

Po

, easily plate out onto surfaces exposed to radon-loaded air. The alpha emitter $${}^{210}\hbox {Po}$$

210

Po

is particularly dangerous for detectors searching for weakly-interacting dark matter particles. Neutrons produced via ($$\upalpha $$
α
, n) reactions in detector materials are, in some cases, a residual background that can limit the sensitivity of the experiment. An effective solution is to reduce the $${}^{222}\hbox {Rn}$$

222

Rn

activity in the air in contact with detector components during fabrication, assembly, commissioning, and operation. We present the design, construction, calibration procedures and performance of an electrostatic radon detector made to monitor two radon-suppressed clean rooms built for the DARKSIDE-50 experiment. A dedicated data acquisition system immune to harsh operating conditions of the radon monitor is also described. A record detection limit for $${}^{222}\hbox {Rn}$$

222

Rn

specific activity in air achieved by the device is $$0.05\,\hbox {mBqm}^{-3}$$

0.05

mBqm

-
3

(STP). The radon concentration of different air samples collected from the two DARKSIDE-50 clean rooms measured with the electrostatic detector is presented.
Fermionic degeneracy and non-local contributions in flag-dipole spinors and mass dimension one fermions
Authors: Lee Cheng-Yang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe construct a mass dimension one fermionic field associated with flag-dipole spinors. These spinors are related to Elko (flag-pole spinors) by a one-parameter matrix transformation $${\mathcal {Z}}(z)$$

Z
(
z
)

where z is a complex number. The theory is non-local and non-covariant. While it is possible to obtain a Lorentz-invariant theory via $$\tau $$
τ
-deformation, we choose to study the effects of non-locality and non-covariance. Our motivation for doing so is explained. We show that a fermionic field with $$|z|\ne 1$$

|
z
|
≠
1

and $$|z|=1$$

|
z
|
=
1

are physically equivalent. But for fermionic fields with more than one value of z, their interactions are z-dependent thus introducing an additional fermionic degeneracy that is absent in the Lorentz-invariant theory. We study the fermionic self-interaction and the local U(1) interaction. In the process, we obtained non-local contributions for fermionic self-interaction that have previously been neglected. For the local U(1) theory, the interactions contain time derivatives that renders the interacting density non-commutative at space-like separation. We show that this problem can be resolved by working in the temporal gauge. This issue is also discussed in the context of gravity.
Critical exponents of the O(N)-symmetric $$\phi ^4$$ model from the $$\varepsilon ^7$$ hypergeometric-Meijer resummation
Authors: Shalaby Abouzeid M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe extract the $$\varepsilon $$
ε
-expansion from the recently obtained seven-loop g-expansion for the renormalization group functions of the O(N)-symmetric model. The different series obtained for the critical exponents $$\nu ,\ \omega $$

ν
,

ω

and $$\eta $$
η
have been resummed using our recently introduced hypergeometric-Meijer resummation algorithm. In three dimensions, very precise results have been obtained for all the critical exponents for $$N=0,1,2,3$$

N
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
3

and 4. To shed light on the obvious improvement of the predictions at this order, we obtained the divergence of the specific heat critical exponent $$\alpha $$
α
for the XY model. We found the result $$-0.0123(11)$$

-
0.0123
(
11
)

which is compatible with the famous experimental result of $$-0.0127(3)$$

-
0.0127
(
3
)

from the specific heat of zero gravity liquid helium superfluid transition while the six-loop Borel with conformal mapping resummation result in literature gives the value $$-0.007(3)$$

-
0.007
(
3
)

. For the challenging case of resummation of the $$\varepsilon $$
ε
-expansion series in two dimensions, we showed that our resummation results reflect a significant improvement to the previous six-loop resummation predictions.
Theoretical and experimental status of rare charm decays
Authors: Gisbert Hector , Golz Marcel , Mitzel Dominik Stefan 
Published: January 2021

Rare charm decays offer the unique possibility to explore flavor-changing neutral-currents in the up-sector within the Standard Model and beyond. Due to the lack of effective methods to reliably describe its low energy dynamics, rare charm decays have been considered as less promising for long. However, this lack does not exclude the possibility to perform promising searches for New Physics per se, but a different philosophy of work is required. Exact or approximate symmetries of the Standard Model allow to construct clean null-test observables, yielding an excellent road to the discovery of New Physics, complementing the existing studies in the down-sector. In this review, we summarize the theoretical and experimental status of rare charm [Formula: see text] transitions, as well as opportunities for current and future experiments such as LHCb, Belle II, BES III, the FCC-ee and proposed tau-charm factories. We also use the most recent experimental results to report updated limits on lepton-flavor conserving and lepton-flavor violating Wilson coefficients.