bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Home environment of 11-year-old children born to parents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder – a controlled, 4-year follow-up study: The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study – VIA 11
Authors: Krantz Mette Falkenberg , Hjorthøj Carsten , Brandt Julie Marie , Prøsch Åsa Kremer , Rohd Sinnika Birkehøj , Wilms Martin , Veddum Lotte , Steffensen Nanna Lawaetz , Knudsen Christina Bruun , Andreasen Anna Krogh , Stadsgaard Henriette , Hemager Nicoline , Burton Birgitte Klee , Gregersen Maja , Søndergaard Anne , Greve Aja , Gantriis Ditte Lou , Melau Marianne , Ohland Jessica , Mortensen Preben Bo , Bliksted Vibeke , Mors Ole , Thorup Anne A. E. , Nordentoft Merete 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe home environment has a major impact on child development. Parental severe mental illness can pose a challenge to the home environment of a child. We aimed to examine the home environment of children of parents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and controls longitudinally through at-home assessments.MethodsAssessments were conducted within The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study, a nationwide multi-center cohort study of children of parents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and population-based controls. The level of at-home stimulation and support was measured at age 7 (N = 508 children) and age 11 (N = 430 children) with the semi-structured HOME Inventory. Results from the 11-year follow-up study were analyzed and compared with 7-year baseline results to examine change across groups.ResultsAt age 11, children of parents with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder had lower levels of stimulation and support than controls (mean (s.d.) = 46.16 (5.56), 46.87 (5.34) and 49.25 (4.37) respectively, p < 0.001). A higher proportion of children with parental schizophrenia or bipolar disorder lived in inadequate home environments at age 11, compared with controls (N (%) = 24 (15.0), 12 (12.2) and 6 (3.5) respectively, p < 0.003). The changes in home environment scores did not differ across groups from age 7 to age 11.ConclusionsAssessed longitudinally from the children's age of 7 to 11, children of parents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder had lower levels of stimulation and support in their homes than controls. Integrated support which can target practical, economic, social and health issues to improve the home environment is indicated.
Understanding the psychological therapy treatment outcomes for young adults who are not in education, employment, or training (NEET), moderators of outcomes, and what might be done to improve them
Authors: Buckman Joshua E. J. , Stott Joshua , Main Nicole , Antonie Daniela M. , Singh Satwant , Naqvi Syed A. , Aguirre Elisa , Wheatley Jon , Cirkovic Mirko , Leibowitz Judy , Cape John , Pilling Stephen , Saunders Rob 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo determine: whether young adults (aged 18–24) not in education, employment or training (NEET) have different psychological treatment outcomes to other young adults; any socio-demographic or treatment-related moderators of differential outcomes; and whether service-level changes are associated with better outcomes for those who are NEET.MethodsA cohort was formed of 20 293 young adults treated with psychological therapies in eight Improving Access to Psychological Therapies services. Pre-treatment characteristics, outcomes, and moderators of differential outcomes were compared for those who were and were not NEET. Associations between outcomes and the following were assessed for those that were NEET: missing fewer sessions, attending more sessions, having a recorded diagnosis, and waiting fewer days between referral and starting treatment.ResultsThose who were NEET had worse outcomes: odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for reliable recovery = 0.68 (0.63–0.74), for deterioration = 1.41 (1.25–1.60), and for attrition = 1.31 (1.19–1.43). Ethnic minority participants that were NEET had better outcomes than those that were White and NEET. Living in deprived areas was associated with worse outcomes. The intensity of treatment (high or low) did not moderate outcomes, but having more sessions was associated with improved outcomes for those that were NEET: odds (per one-session increase) of reliable recovery = 1.10 (1.08–1.12), deterioration = 0.94 (0.91–0.98), and attrition = 0.68 (0.66–0.71).ConclusionsEarlier treatment, supporting those that are NEET to attend sessions, and in particular, offering them more sessions before ending treatment might be effective in improving clinical outcomes. Additional support when working with White young adults that are NEET and those in more deprived areas may also be important.
An update on the conservation status of the Little Bustard Tetrax tetrax: global and local population estimates, trends, and threats
Authors: MORALES MANUEL B. , BRETAGNOLLE VINCENT 
Published: November 2021

Summary
The Little Bustard Tetrax tetrax is an iconic species and an indicator of healthy grassland and farmland ecosystems. It formerly ranged almost continuously from north-western Africa and Iberia to central Asia, encompassing France, Italy, southern Russia, and the Middle East, occupying natural grass steppes, pastured grasslands, and extensive cereal farmland. Today, two main distribution sub-ranges persist: a western one comprising the Iberian Peninsula, France, and Sardinia, and an eastern one encompassing mainly southern Russia and Kazakhstan but reaching north-western China and isolated spots in Turkey. We describe the changes that occurred across the species’ range and were documented during the last and current centuries and revise the status and trends of Little Bustard populations throughout that range. We provide the first global estimate of the world population, as well as those of the two sub-ranges, discussing the main threats and global conservation implications of these estimates. Historically abundant in Europe and northern Africa, the Little Bustard has strongly declined over the second half of the 20th century, becoming extinct in at least 15 countries. Such spectacular regression is mainly associated with land-use change and agricultural intensification. Other threats are legal hunting, poaching, and collision with powerlines. In the last two decades, the species has severely declined (c.6% yearly rate) in its traditional population stronghold, the Iberian Peninsula. Conversely, there is evidence of recent population growth in some areas of the Eastern range, but increases are unquantified and require further study. Many populations are probably small and scattered, with no reliable information on size and trends. Nevertheless, the Eastern range may now be considered the species’ stronghold with more than half the world’s population. The diverging dynamics and ecological differences between the two sub-ranges require a global conservation strategy that treats each as a different conservation unit to assure the species’ recovery.
Impacts of long-term composted manure and straw amendments on rice-associated weeds in a rice–wheat rotation system
Authors: Gao Pinglei , Hong Aimei , Han Min , Song Minghan , Duan Yunhui , Zhang Haiyan , Li Yong , Sun Yicheng , Sun Guojun , Dai Qigen , Ran Wei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs part of a long-term experiment to determine the impacts of composted manure and straw amendments (replacing 50% of chemical fertilizer with composted pig manure, wheat straw return combined with chemical fertilizer, and setting no fertilizer and chemical fertilizer-only as controls) on rice-associated weeds in a rice (Oryza sativaL.)–wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) rotation system, species richness, abundance, density, and biomass of weeds were assessed during years 8 and 9. Fertilization decreased the species richness and total density of rice-associated weeds but increased their total biomass. The species richness and densities of broadleaf and sedge weeds decreased with fertilization, while species richness of grass weeds increased only with straw return and density was not significantly affected. The shoot biomass per square meter of grass and broadleaf weeds was significantly higher with fertilization treatments than with the no-fertilizer control, while that of sedge weeds declined with fertilizer application. With fertilization, the densities of monarch redstem (Ammannia bacciferaL.) and smallflower umbrella sedge (Cyperus difformisL.) decreased, that of Chinese sprangletop [Leptochloa chinensis(L.) Nees] increased, and those of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) P. Beauv.] and monochoria [Monochoria vaginalis(Burm. f.) C. Presl ex Kunth] were not significantly affected.Ammannia bacciferawas the most abundant weed species in all treatments. Whereas composted pig manure plus fertilizer resulted in higher density ofA. bacciferaand lower shoot biomass per plant than chemical fertilizer only, wheat straw return plus chemical fertilizer caused lower density and shoot biomass ofA. baccifera. Therefore, it may be possible that fertilization strategies that suppress specific weeds could be used as improved weed management program components in rice production systems.
Characterization and inheritance of dicamba resistance in a multiple-resistant waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) population from Illinois
Authors: Bobadilla Lucas K. , Giacomini Darci A. , Hager Aaron G. , Tranel Patrick J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWaterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus(Moq.) Sauer] is one of the most troublesome agronomic weeds in the midwestern United States. The rapid evolution and selection of herbicide-resistance traits inA. tuberculatusis a major challenge in managing this species. AnA. tuberculatuspopulation, designated CHR, was identified in 2012 in Champaign County, IL, and previously characterized as resistant to herbicides from six site-of-action groups: 2,4-D (Group 4), acetolactate synthase inhibitors (Group 2), protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors (Group 14), 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitors (Group 27), photosystem II inhibitors (Group 5), and very-long-chain fatty-acid synthesis inhibitors (Group 15). Recently, ineffective control of CHR was observed in the field after dicamba application. Therefore, this research was initiated to confirm dicamba resistance, quantify the resistance level, and investigate its inheritance in CHR. Multiple field trials were conducted at the CHR location to confirm poor control with dicamba and compare dicamba treatments with other herbicides. Greenhouse trials were conducted to quantify the resistance level in CHR and confirm genetic inheritance of the resistance. In field trials, dicamba did not provide more than 65% control, while glyphosate and glufosinate provided at least 90% control. Multiple accessions were generated from controlled crosses and evaluated in greenhouse trials. Greenhouse dicamba dose–response experiments indicated a resistance level of 5- to 10-fold relative to a sensitive parental line. Dose–response experiments using F1lines indicated that dicamba resistance was an incompletely dominant trait. Segregation analysis with F2and backcross populations indicated that dicamba resistance had moderate heritability and was potentially a multigenic trait. Although dicamba resistance was predominantly inherited as a nuclear trait, minor maternal inheritance was not completely ruled out. To our knowledge, CHR is one of the first cases of dicamba resistance inA. tuberculatus. Further studies will focus on elucidating the genes involved in dicamba resistance.
GPR and EMI Characterization of the Hyperarid Study Site of Yungay, Chile: Implications of Applying Geophysical Methods on Mars
Authors: Dal Bo I. , Klotzsche A. , Bol R. , Moradi G. , Weihermüller L. , Vereecken H. , van der Kruk J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTo unequivocally discover the actual presence of life or even of near surface liquid water on extraterrestrial planetary bodies would be a key scientific breakthrough for humankind. For this reason, studying similar environments on Earth is essential to understanding the processes shaping such extraterrestrial objects. The Yungay area in the Chilean part of the Atacama Desert is deemed to be particularly suitable as a terrestrial analog of Mars (TAM). In this study, we deployed multi‐frequency ground penetrating radar (GPR) and a six‐coil electromagnetic induction (EMI) system with a maximum depth of investigation of 1.8 m over an area of 0.66 hectares (110 x 60 m). By applying a LOWESS algorithm to the GPR envelope data, we aimed to extrapolate the strongest amplitudes indicating physical contrasts to 3D. The results were constrained with two existing pits 100 m apart. Whereas clay content was mostly responsible for GPR signal attenuation, changes in texture and stratigraphy were linked with strong amplitude reflections. EMI showed very low apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) values between 0 and 5 mS/m. The ECa variability could be linked to changes in clay content with depth. This agreed with the surface obtained from the LOWESS algorithm. Although soil samples are still necessary to constrain the measured signals, we showed the benefits of applying geophysics for large‐scale characterization and can conclude that these two methods are suitable for such hyperarid TAM environments. A similar routine if applied on the surface of Mars could deliver promising results for similar characteristics.
Observations of Nutrient Supply by Mesoscale Eddy Stirring and Small‐Scale Turbulence in the Oligotrophic North Atlantic
Authors: Spingys Carl P. , Williams Richard G. , Tuerena Robyn E. , Naveira Garabato Alberto , Vic Clément , Forryan Alexander , Sharples Jonathan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSustaining biological export over the open ocean requires a physical supply of nutrients to the mixed layer and thermocline. The relative importance of diapycnal mixing, diapycnal advection, and isopycnal stirring by mesoscale eddies in providing this nutrient supply is explored using a field campaign in oligotrophic waters in the subtropical North Atlantic, consisting of transects over and off the mid‐Atlantic ridge. Eddy stirring rates are estimated from the excess temperature variance dissipation relative to the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation, and using eddy statistics from satellite observations combined with 9‐month‐long mooring data. The vertical nutrient fluxes by diapycnal mixing, diapycnal advection, and isopycnal mesoscale eddy stirring are assessed using nitrate measurements from observations or a climatology. Diapycnal mixing and advection provide a nutrient supply within the euphotic zone, but a loss of nutrients within the upper thermocline. Eddy stirring augments, and is comparable to, the diapycnal transfer of nutrients within the summertime upper thermocline, while also acting to replenish nutrients within the deeper parts of the thermocline. The eddy supply of nitrate is relatively small in the center of the subtropical gyre, reaching up to 0.06 mol N m−2yr−1, but is likely to be enhanced on the flanks of the gyre due to larger isopycnal slopes and lateral nitrate gradients. The nutrient supply to the euphotic zone is achieved via a multistage mechanism: a diapycnal transfer of nutrients by small‐scale turbulence to the euphotic zone, and an isopycnal stirring of nutrients by mesoscale eddies replenishing nutrients in the upper thermocline.
Melting and Evolution of Amphibole‐Rich Back‐Arc Abyssal Peridotites at the Mado Megamullion, Shikoku Basin
Authors: Sen A. , Snow J. E. , Ohara Y. , Hirauchi K. , Kouketsu Y. , Sanfilippo A. , Basch V. , Harigane Y. , Fujii M. , Okino K. , Akizawa N. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Mado Megamullion is an oceanic core complex (OCC) in the Shikoku back‐arc basin within the Philippine Sea Plate. Mantle peridotites (serpentinized) recovered by six dredge and submersible cruises exhibit signatures of extensive deformation. Amorphous pseudomorphs after plagioclase in many of the samples, as well as plagioclase‐spinel intergrowths, are clear evidence of melt stagnation and mantle reaction. Spinels show a wide range of compositions in terms of their Cr#, Mg#, and TiO2 content. The presence of apparently magmatic high‐temperature pargasitic amphibole in veins and as replacement of clinopyroxene suggests that it may be a primary or near‐primary mineral crystallized from a hydrous melt which is unusual for abyssal peridotites. Two trace‐element populations of clinopyroxenes are in equilibrium with depleted and enriched basaltic melts, respectively. Rare‐earth element (REE) in the most depleted clinopyroxenes are modeled by 10% fractional melting except for a ubiquitous La‐Ce “kick.” Multiple models of open system melting combined with subsequent mixing of an enriched melt can explain the REE data. Broadly it appears that the peridotites underwent variable degrees of partial melting with moderate influx of enriched melts, which agrees with the other textural and chemical evidence of melt‐rock reaction and re‐fertilization. The compositions of the accumulated melts simulated by the open system models reproduce the enrichments in fluid mobile elements (Ba, U, and Pb) observed in basalts dredged from the Shikoku basin. Back‐arc basin peridotites at Mado Megamullion appear to have a unique petrographic and geochemical character that is distinct from those of peridotites exposed at the seafloor after formation from mid‐ocean ridges.
Optical, Structural and Kinematic Characteristics of Freshwater Plumes Under Landfast Sea Ice During the Spring Freshet in the Alaskan Coastal Arctic
Authors: Okkonen Stephen R. , Laney Samuel R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRivers deliver freshwater and entrained terrestrial materials into the coastal ocean from adjacent continental landmasses. In the coastal Arctic, a large fraction of terrestrially sourced dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) is delivered by snowpack meltwaters of the spring freshet, when many coastal ocean regions remain covered by landfast ice. Here we report on an array of moored sensors and telemetering ice buoys deployed in advance of the 2018 spring freshet in Stefansson Sound near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. This instrumented array monitored temporal and spatial variations in hydrographic properties before and during the freshet, as well as optical properties that serve as proxies for DOC and POC contained in the freshet plumes. The temporal evolution of these optical signals occurred in five stages, each associated with characteristic water column structural and kinematic characteristics. Spatial differences among fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) and optical backscatter (OBS) signals across the ice buoy array, evident later during the freshet, allowed identification of plume waters sourced from the Kuparuk, Sagavanirktok, and Shaviovik drainage basins.
Active Layer Thickness Variation on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau: Historical and Projected Trends
Authors: Xu Xiaoming , Wu Qingbai 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs the buffer layer between the atmosphere and permafrost, the active layer is vulnerable to climate change. The variation in the active layer thickness (ALT) has important effects on surface energy balance, ecosystem, hydrological cycle, vegetation cover, and engineering construction in permafrost regions. The goal of this study is to discuss the active layer variation under different shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) for specific warming levels and to reveal the potential interactions between the ALT and the associated driving factors in typical hydrological basins. We revised the Stefan solution using the edaphic factor and the thawing index calculated by multimodel data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 to estimate the variation in the ALT. During 2015 to 2100, the ALT will increase by 14 cm (SSP1‐2.6), 43 cm (SSP2‐4.5), and 1.44 m (SSP5‐8.5), with average increase rates of 2.5 cm/decade, 5.8 cm/decade, and 17.5 cm/decade, respectively. The rates of increase of the ALT in the Hexi basin, Inner basin, Mekong basin, Yangtze basin, and Yellow basin are 12.6 cm/decade, 6.7 cm/decade, 5.2 cm/decade, 8.0 cm/decade, and 5 cm/decade, respectively. These results illustrate that air temperature is the primary determinant of ALT variation and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and snow depth may influence the ALT change. The most significant correlations are between the ALT and NDVI in the Yangtze basin. In different seasons, the spring snow depth has the greatest impact on the ALT in the Hexi basin.
The Role of Mesoscale Convective Systems in Precipitation in the Tibetan Plateau Region
Authors: Kukulies Julia , Chen Deliang , Curio Julia 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMesoscale convective systems (MCSs) have been identified as an important source of precipitation in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) region. However, the characteristics and structure of MCS‐induced precipitation are not well understood in this location. Infrared (IR) satellite imagery has been used for MCS tracking, but cirrus clouds or cold surfaces can lead to false MCS classification over mountain regions. Here, we combine brightness temperatures from IR imagery with satellite precipitation estimates from GPM IMERG and track MCSs over the TP, at the boundary of the TP (TPB), and in the surrounding lower‐elevation plains (LE), between 2000 and 2019. In most parts of LE and TPB, MCSs produced 50%–80% of the total summer precipitation (60%–90% of summer heavy precipitation), whereas MCSs over the TP account for below 10% of the total summer precipitation (10%–30% of summer heavy precipitation). Our results also show that MCSs that produce the largest amounts of heavy precipitation are characterized by longevity and large extents rather than by high intensities. These are mainly located in the populous areas south and east of the TP. A tracking of meso‐β convective systems over the TP shows that small‐scale convection makes a large contribution to total and heavy precipitation. This suggests that more localized convective systems are important for the regional water cycle over the higher terrain and highlights the importance of convective‐scale modeling to improve our understanding of precipitation dynamics in the TP region.
Tectonism and Enhanced Cryovolcanic Potential Around a Loaded Sputnik Planitia Basin, Pluto
Authors: McGovern P. J. , White O. L. , Schenk P. M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSputnik Planitia on Pluto is a vast plain consisting of a nitrogen ice deposit filling a broad topographic depression, likely an impact basin. The basin displays a broad, raised rim and is surrounded by numerous extensional fault systems, each with characteristic orientations with respect to the basin center. The nitrogen ice exerts a large mechanical load on the water ice outer shell crust (here also containing the lithosphere). We calculate models of stress and deformation related to this load, varying dimensional, mechanical, and boundary condition properties of the load and Pluto's lithosphere, in order to constrain the conditions that led to the formation of the observed tectonic and topographic signals. We demonstrate that the tectonic configuration is diagnostic of a particular set of conditions that hold for the Sputnik basin and Pluto, including moderate elastic lithosphere thickness (40–75 km, with higher values favored if initial basin topography is compensated) and a basin that was pan‐shaped and shallow (∼3 km) at the time of nitrogen deposition initiation. These tectonic systems show the contributions of both flexural (bending) and membrane (stretching) responses of the lithosphere, with the latter dominating in proportion to the importance of spherical geometry effects. Rim topography may also show an influence of primordial annular trans‐basin ice shell thickening from the impact process. Analysis of stress‐driven cryomagma transport shows that loading stresses can facilitate ascent of cryomagmas in annular zones around the basin, the locations of which overlap the observed distances from Sputnik of several candidate cryovolcanic sites.