bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speech Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Integrative Review of Auditory Neurophysiology Findings
Authors: Key Alexandra P. , D'Ambrose Slaboch Kathryn 
Published: September 2021

Purpose
Investigations into the nature of communication disorders in autistic individuals increasingly evaluate neural responses to speech stimuli. This integrative review aimed to consolidate the available data related to speech and language processing across levels of stimulus complexity (from single speech sounds to sentences) and to relate it to the current theories of autism.

Method
An electronic database search identified peer-reviewed articles using event-related potentials or magnetoencephalography to investigate auditory processing from single speech sounds to sentences in autistic children and adults varying in language and cognitive abilities.

Results
Atypical neural responses in autistic persons became more prominent with increasing stimulus and task complexity. Compared with their typically developing peers, autistic individuals demonstrated mostly intact sensory responses to single speech sounds, diminished spontaneous attentional orienting to spoken stimuli, specific difficulties with categorical speech sound discrimination, and reduced processing of semantic content. Atypical neural responses were more often observed in younger autistic participants and in those with concomitant language disorders.

Conclusions
The observed differences in neural responses to speech stimuli suggest that communication difficulties in autistic individuals are more consistent with the reduced social interest than the auditory dysfunction explanation. Current limitations and future directions for research are also discussed.
Machine learning and microstructure design of polymer nanocomposites for energy storage application
Authors: Feng Yu , Tang Wenxin , Zhang Yue , Zhang Tiandong , Shang Yanan , Chi Qingguo , Chen Qingguo , Lei Qingquan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFilm dielectric capacitors have been widely used in high‐power electronic equipment. The design of microstructure and the choice of fillers play an important role in nanocomposites' energy storage density. Machine learning methods can classify and summarise the limited data and then explore the promising composite structure. In this work, a dataset has been established, which contained a large amount of data on the maximum energy storage density of nanocomposites. Though using processed visual image information to express the internal information of composite, the prediction accuracy of the prediction models built by three machine learning algorithms increase from 84.1% to 91.9%, 80.9% to 68.9%, 70.6% to 81.6%, respectively. By calculating the branch weight in the random forest prediction model, the influence degree of different descriptors on the energy storage performance of nanocomposites is analysed. A total of 10 groups of composites with different structure and filler amount were prepared in the laboratory, which were used to verify the reliability of prediction models. Finally, the effective filler's structure is explored by three prediction models and some suggestions for the interface design of filler are given.
Heterogeneous face detection based on multi‐task cascaded convolutional neural network
Authors: Yang XianBen , Zhang Wei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFacial target detection is an important task in computer vision. Because heterogeneous face detection shows broad prospects, it has attracted extensive attention from the academic community. In recent years, with the rise of deep learning and its applications in computer vision, face detection technology has made great strides. This paper uses multi‐task cascaded convolutional neural network (MTCNN) for heterogeneous face feature detection. This algorithm makes full use of the advantages of image pyramid, boundary regression, fully convolutional attention networks and non‐maximum suppression. The main idea of this paper is to use candidate frame plus classifier for fast and efficient face detection. Specifically, the candidate window is generated by the proposal network (P‐Net), and the high‐precision candidate window is filtered and selected by the reduced network (R‐Net), and the final bounding box and facial key points are generated by the output network (O‐Net). In order to prove the effectiveness of this method in visible light, near‐infrared and sketch face recognition scenes, it was verified in the datasets of CUFS, CUFSF and CASIA NIR‐VIS 2.0. Experiments show that this method is effective for face images in heterogeneous face and is better than the latest algorithms.
An Analysis of the Effect of selected Factors on microsurgical Performance
Authors: Zyluk Andrzej , Czernikiewicz Konrad , Antoniak Joanna , Abramczyk Urszula 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background Microsurgery is a specific surgical expertise that involves operating on very small structures, and requires the assistance of a magnifying device: a microscope or loupes. Several factors have been identified that could affect the quality of microsurgical performance in training or surgical procedures.
Objective The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the selected factors – caffeine, alcohol and physical exercise – on a microsurgical task prior its performance.
Methods Ten students from the 5th and 6th years of medical studies who had completed the advanced microsurgical course performed a “6-stitches test” on a latex glove spanned over a cup prior to and after consumption of caffeine, alcohol and performing physical exercises. The times taken to complete the task at baseline and post-exposure were recorded.
Results The results of the study show a statistically significant positive effect of caffeine and a statistically significant negative effect of physical exercise on microsurgical performance when performed shortly before the task. Small dose of alcohol taken before the task showed had little effect on performance.
Zahnärztlich-chirurgische Vorbereitung und Unterstützung kieferorthopädischer Maßnahmen
Authors: Seeberger Robin , Weickum Rolf 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Ziel chirurgischer Maßnahmen während oder vor einer kieferorthopädischen Therapie ist die Erleichterung der Einstellung und der langfristige Erhalt einer stabilen Okklusion sowie die Ausformung der Zahnbögen, wenn dies mit kieferorthopädischen Mitteln allein nicht realisierbar ist.Die in diesem Artikel beschriebenen Eingriffe können unter der Voraussetzung entsprechender Kompetenz des Behandlers und der erforderlichen technischen Ausstattung auch in der hauszahnärztlichen Praxis durchgeführt werden.
Zähneputzen und akute respiratorische Infektionen in
Kindertageseinrichtungen (ZINFEKT): Eine ökologische Studie in
ausgewählten Regionen Niedersachsens (2013–2018)
Authors: Karow Anja , Bruns-Philipps Elke , Holle Ina , Jahn Nicola , von Lengerke Thomas 
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Die zahnmedizinische Gruppenprophylaxe in
Kindertageseinrichtungen (Kitas) und das in dieser Studie als einer ihrer
Bausteine untersuchte Zähneputzen sollen Kariesinzidenz reduzieren und
Zahngesundheit fördern. Bei der Umsetzung dieser Maßnahme treten
allerdings verschiedene Barrieren auf. So wird ein erhöhtes
Übertragungsrisiko respiratorischer Infektionskrankheiten in den Kitas
befürchtet. In der ZINFEKT-Studie sollte überprüft
werden, ob und in welchem Ausmaß Unterschiede in der Häufigkeit
akuter respiratorischer Erkrankungen (ARE) zwischen Kitas auftreten, die
Zähneputzen implementieren, und Kitas, die die Maßnahme nicht
umsetzen.
Methodik In einer ökologischen Studie wurden für
N=33 Kitas aus der kreisfreien Stadt Braunschweig, der Region Hannover
und dem Landkreis Osnabrück Daten der ARE-Surveillance des
Niedersächsischen Landesgesundheitsamts 2013–2018 mit Angaben
des Zahnärztlichen Dienstes zum Zähneputzen verknüpft.
Als Beobachtungseinheiten wurden (in Anlehnung an das Konzept der
„Patiententage“ der Infektions-Surveillance im Krankenhaus)
„kranke Kinderwochen“ als Wochen definiert, in denen für
ein in der Kita angemeldetes Kind eine ARE berichtet wurde. Neben Kreuztabellen
wurden relative Risiken für kranke Kinderwochen in Abhängigkeit
vom Zähneputzen sowie Breslow-Day-Tests für Interaktionen mit
Ort, Kita-Größe, ARE-Saison und Zeitfenster innerhalb von
ARE-Saisons durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse Insgesamt war der Anteil an kranken Kinderwochen in den Kitas,
die Zähne putzten, um 4,6% höher als in Kitas ohne
Zähneputzen (17,9 vs. 13,3%; p<0,0001). Die Richtung
dieses Unterschiedes änderte sich in den nach den räumlichen und
zeitlichen Ko-Variablen stratifizierten Analysen mit einer Ausnahme (Kitas mit
50 oder weniger angemeldeten Kindern) nicht.
Schlussfolgerung Die Annahme, dass regelmäßiges
Zähneputzen in Kitas mit höheren ARE-Raten einhergeht, scheint
angesichts der Ergebnisse eine empirische Entsprechung zu haben. Allerdings
spricht der gefundene Unterschied trotz der Limitationen der Studie (vor allem
das ökologische Studiendesign und mögliche
Einschränkungen der Repräsentativität der Kitas) sowohl
angesichts seiner Größe als auch der möglicherweise noch
optimierbaren Hygiene-Compliance unseres Erachtens nicht gegen das
Zähneputzen als Teil der zahnmedizinischen Gruppenprophylaxe in
Kitas.
COVID-19 zwischen Disruption und Transformation der
öffentlichen Gesundheit: Erste Lehren aus Perspektive des
Nachwuchses
Authors: Sell Kerstin , Kuhn Eva , Arnold Laura , Boehm Claudia , Gepp Sophie , Havemann Matthias , Herrmann Lukas , Hommes Franziska , Jung Laura , Mathé Philipp , Mörschel Katharina , Stratil Jan , Fischer Florian 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungDie COVID-19-Pandemie hat vielfältige Herausforderungen für
Public Health und den Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst (ÖGD) in
Deutschland offenbart bzw. verstärkt. Sie bietet jedoch auch ein
Gelegenheitsfenster für eine langfristig wirksame Transformation im
Bereich der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Vor diesem Hintergrund erfolgte im
Oktober und November 2020 eine Online-Befragung der Mitglieder des
Nachwuchsnetzwerkes Öffentliche Gesundheit (NÖG), in welcher die
Erfahrungen mit und der Blick auf Public Health während der
COVID-19-Pandemie eruiert wurden und sich erste Erkenntnisse aus der Pandemie
für den deutschen Public-Health-Kontext abzeichneten. In diesem Beitrag
werden diese vorgestellt und ausgehend von den Ergebnissen der Befragung
Desiderate formuliert, welche zielgerichtete und konkrete Anhaltspunkte
für die Weiterentwicklung und Förderung der öffentlichen
Gesundheit geben sollen. Zentrale Themen, welche die befragten
Nachwuchsfachkräfte beschäftigten, waren die erhöhte
öffentliche und politische Aufmerksamkeit für
öffentliche Gesundheit mit einer Fokussierung auf den Infektionsschutz,
der Stellenwert von Public Health in Deutschland sowie Stärken und
Schwächen von Public-Health-Strukturen und -Fachkräften. Die
Desiderate zielen auf eine langfristige und holistische Stärkung von
Public Health ab, in der die Ausbildung interdisziplinärer
Nachwuchsfachkräfte einen hohen Stellenwert einnimmt.
Impact of Body Mass Index, Age and Tobacco Use on the Outcomes of Immediate Breast Reconstruction with Implants and Acellular Dermal Matrix
Authors: Ribeiro L. Mata , Meireles Rita P. , Brito Irís M. , Costa Patrícia M. , Rebelo Marco A. , Barbosa Rui F. , Choupina Miguel P. , Pinho Carlos J. , Ribeiro Matilde P. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background This study aimed to analyze the effect of body mass index (BMI), age, and tobacco use on alloplastic breast reconstruction.
Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients who submitted to immediate breast reconstructions with an anatomical implant and acellular dermal matrix in a single center between 2016 and 2018. Outcomes evaluated included immediate complications, early complications, reinterventions, readmissions, and reconstruction failure. Patients were divided into two groups concerning each potential risk factor (BMI < or ≥25; age < or ≥ 50 years; and smokers vs nonsmokers). Simple descriptive statistics and univariate analysis were performed.
Results A total of 101 breast reconstructions (73 patients) were included in the analysis. The mean BMI was 24, and the mean age was 44.5 years old. Smokers accounted for 14 breast reconstructions (13.9%). The rate of early infections, mastectomy flap necrosis, and implant removal was significantly higher in overweight patients. The total volume of breast drainage was higher in the age ≥ 50 years group. Smoking did not alter the outcomes.
Conclusions A BMI ≥ 25 is a risk factor for early infections and reconstructive failure. Age ≥ 50 years is associated with a higher volume of breast drainage but does not seem to impact the success of the reconstruction. Smoking does not appear to affect the outcomes significantly in this type of reconstruction. Surgeons should consider delaying the reconstruction or using autologous tissue when patients are overweight.
Repair of Fractures of the Lateral Aspect of the Humeral Condyle in Skeletally Mature Dogs with Locking and Non-Locking Plates
Authors: Eayrs Matthew K. , Guerin Vincent , Grierson James , Moores Andrew P. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to report the functional outcome and complications following transcondylar screw and epicondylar plate fixation of skeletally mature dogs with fractures of the lateral aspect of the humeral condyle using a string of pearls, limited contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) or locking compression plate (LCP).
Study Design This study was a retrospective review of clinical records, radiographic images and canine brief pain inventory evaluation with a supplementary non-validated questionnaire.
Results Thirty-one fractures in 29 dogs were included. The majority of dogs were Spaniels (23/29). Thirty fractures had evidence of humeral intracondylar fissure. Sixteen fractures had string of pearls, eight LCP and seven LC-DCP. There were two minor complications and three major complications. Perioperative (median: 6 weeks, range: 6–12) outcome was considered fully functional for 24 fractures and acceptable for 6 fractures. One dog had an unacceptable outcome due to the failure of an LCP that healed following revision surgery. Fractures with radiographic follow-up had a persistent visible intracondylar fracture line in 20/26. Twenty-six of twenty-seven owners perceived an excellent outcome (median: 135 weeks, range: 25–246).
Conclusion Repair of fractures of the lateral aspect of the humeral condyle with a transcondylar screw and epicondylar plate has a good perioperative, mid- and long-term outcome with 10% major complication rate, despite incomplete or non-union of the intracondylar fracture in 20/26 elbows.
A revised action spectrum for vitamin D synthesis by suberythemal UV radiation exposure in humans in vivo
Authors: Young Antony R. , Morgan Kylie A. , Harrison Graham I. , Lawrence Karl P. , Petersen Bibi , Wulf Hans Christian , Philipsen Peter A. 
Published: September 2021

SignificanceSolar UV radiation (UVR) causes sunburn but initiates the first step of vitamin D synthesis, which is the formation of previtamin D3(pre-D3) in skin. The gold standard for assessing vitamin D is serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3[25(OH)D3]. Public health advice for optimal solar exposure requires UVR wavelength-dependence (action spectrum) data on risks and benefits. An action spectrum for pre-D3in human ex vivo skin was established over 30 y ago, but its validity has been questioned. We tested this action spectrum in healthy volunteers using serum 25(OH)D3as the endpoint. Our analysis shows that the pre-D3action spectrum can be improved with a systematic correction. This will result in better risk–benefit calculations for public health advice on solar exposure.
Anthropogenic transitions from forested to human-dominated landscapes in southern Macaronesia
Authors: Castilla-Beltrán Alvaro , de Nascimento Lea , Fernández-Palacios José-María , Whittaker Robert J. , Willis Kathy J. , Edwards Mary , Nogué Sandra 
Published: September 2021

Significance
Assessing the ecological consequences of human settlement can help preserve island forests and their ecosystem services, but to understand the legacy of these interactions requires datasets that span centuries. We used paleoecological data (e.g. fossil pollen) to show that prehuman Holocene forests were dynamic in response to climatic changes, and that human colonization led to increased incidence of fire, soil erosion, and grazing impacts in the Canary Islands and Cabo Verde. Humans have driven compositional convergence within the thermophilous woodland zone of Cabo Verde but in the Canary Islands relictual fragments of laurel forests persist. Our long-term view highlights the legacy of past human impacts and which tree species to restore and conserve in thermophilous woodlands within these biodiversity hotspots.
Human impacts and Anthropocene environmental change at Lake Kutubu, a Ramsar wetland in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Long Kelsie E. , Schneider Larissa , Connor Simon E. , Shulmeister Niamh , Finn Janet , Roberts Georgia L. , Zawadzki Atun , Enge T. Gabriel , Smol John P. , Ballard Chris , Haberle Simon G. 
Published: September 2021

Significance
Wetland environments are increasingly threatened by climate change, population expansion, resource extraction, forest clearance, and pollution. The Ramsar Convention aims to monitor internationally important wetlands to ensure their ongoing maintenance and survival through wise use and management. However, many wetlands have undergone substantial human-induced changes prior to being listed with Ramsar. In the case of Lake Kutubu, a Ramsar wetland situated in the tropical rainforests of Papua New Guinea, paleoecological indicators preserved in lake sediments have been used to identify baseline conditions and to track anthropogenic impacts over time. This methodology can be applied to wetlands around the world to determine baseline environmental conditions and to track historic ecological changes in areas where constant monitoring has not been possible.
Photoprotection during iron deficiency is mediated by the bHLH transcription factors PYE and ILR3
Authors: Akmakjian Garo Z. , Riaz Nabila , Guerinot Mary Lou 
Published: September 2021

Significance
Iron deficiency has many adverse effects on photosynthesis, which is not surprising given that 90% of foliar iron is found in the chloroplast. Although many iron-sparing mechanisms have been documented, a mechanistic understanding of how chloroplasts adapt to iron deficiency was lacking. Here, we show that the bHLH transcription factors ILR3 and PYE are required for photoprotection during iron deficiency. Changes in chloroplast morphology under the control of these transcription factors prevents the production of harmful reactive oxygen species and allows for repair of photosystem II. Understanding how plants adapt the photosynthetic machinery during iron deficiency may allow us to optimize plant growth in soils where iron is not bioavailable.
Cosmopolitan morality trades off in-group for the world, separating benefits and protection
Authors: Bai Xuechunzi , Gauri Varun , Fiske Susan T. 
Published: September 2021

SignificanceContemporary world challenges—pandemic response, climate change, migration, global poverty, and trade policy—require comparative moral judgments (tradeoffs) between one’s own and other nations. Such choices distribute benefits and protect security for just the national in-group or the whole world. In representative surveys from eight countries, most respondents are willing to sacrifice national well-being to aid foreigners, more to protect from harms than to redistribute benefits. This disaggregates two dimensions of moral cosmopolitanism (benefiting versus protecting), distinguishes it from adjacent constructs (such as group identity), and demonstrates links to attitudes and behaviors. Cognitive associations (global, inclusive words) reflect cosmopolitan thinking; making the world salient can elicit cosmopolitan behavior, at least temporarily. Understanding this global perspective can guide its enhancement.
Physical processes controlling the rifting of Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctica, prior to the calving of iceberg A68
Authors: Larour E. , Rignot E. , Poinelli M. , Scheuchl B. 
Published: September 2021

Significance
The stability of Antarctica and its contribution to sea-level rise are determined by the evolution of its ice shelves, which are vast expanses of floating ice that buttress the continent. Ice shelves have been undergoing major changes in recent decades, many of them collapsing. The presumption is that these events are caused by hydrofracturing and unusual wave forcing. We find that a main control on fracturing is the thickness of the ice mélange encased in and around preexisting rifts that penetrate the entire ice shelf thickness. If the ice mélange thins beyond a threshold value, the rifts reactivate and trigger iceberg calving. This process linking climate forcing and ice shelf retreat is missing from models and does not require hydrofracture.
Eocene animal trace fossils in 1.7-billion-year-old metaquartzites
Authors: Bengtson Stefan , Rasmussen Birger , Zi Jian-Wei , Fletcher Ian R. , Gehling James G. , Runnegar Bruce 
Published: September 2021

SignificanceStrained 1.7-billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks in southwestern Australia contain traces of burrowing animals, structures only known from the last half billion years of Earth history. As metamorphic events had made the sediment too hard for burrowing by ∼1.2 billion years ago, it has been suggested that the burrows were made during the Paleoproterozoic by early animals with no other fossil record. We found, however, that the quartzite had been deeply weathered by about 50 Mya, allowing burrowing during an Eocene flooding. Subsequent rehardening of the sediment by silica precipitation restored the impenetrable quartzite with its metamorphic fabric. However, the burrows lack that fabric and contain detrital grains that are much younger than the matrix in which they occur.
False discovery rate control in genome-wide association studies with population structure
Authors: Sesia Matteo , Bates Stephen , Candès Emmanuel , Marchini Jonathan , Sabatti Chiara 
Published: September 2021

SignificanceGenome-wide association studies compare a phenotype to thousands of genetic variants, searching for associations of potential biological interest. Standard analyses rely on linear models of the phenotype given one variable at a time. However, their assumptions are difficult to verify and their univariate approaches make it hard to recognize interesting associations from spurious ones. Our work takes a different path: We analyze all variants simultaneously, modelling the randomness in the genotypes, which is better understood, instead of the phenotype. Our solution accounts for linkage disequilibrium and population structure, controls the false discovery rate, and leverages powerful machine-learning tools. Applications to the UK Biobank data indicate increased power compared to state-of-the-art alternatives and high replicability.
China's low fertility may not hinder future prosperity
Authors: Marois Guillaume , Gietel-Basten Stuart , Lutz Wolfgang 
Published: September 2021

Significance
China has the world’s largest national population and is rapidly catching up with the United States in terms of having the status as the world's largest economy. In this context, recent reports about unexpectedly low levels of fertility have given rise to speculation that the resulting population stagnation/decline and rapid aging may pose a major obstacle to continued prosperity in the future. We show that, depending on the indicator of demographic dependency used, the future may look very different. When associated with rapid increases in human capital, low fertility rates may not pose such a significant obstacle to continued development over the coming decades. Whether this will be the case may have profound geopolitical and global economic consequences.