bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interacting Corporate Political Activities with Evidence from the Tobacco Industry
Authors: Rao Kartik , Schaufele Brandon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractResearch on firm-level corporate political activity often treats firm-government interactions as independent of the market competition between firms. Yet, firms that compete in the market will consider rivals when making strategic nonmarket decisions. Ignoring market rivalry when studying nonmarket strategy introduces fundamental endogeneity problems and potentially overlooks a central mechanism explaining firms’ political choices. Our study demonstrates this by investigating the strategic nonmarket interactions of large US tobacco manufacturers, a case study that is independently interesting. From 1992 to 2008, the US tobacco industry experienced dramatic upheaval in its business environment as regulatory authority shifted from the state to federal level, under the Food and Drug Administration. Using firm-candidate–cycle data, a complete information campaign contributions game, played in the nonmarket environment, is estimated for two of the United States’ largest tobacco manufacturers. Results demonstrate that, rather than acting in isolation, US tobacco firms strategically coordinated their firm-level political campaign contributions.
A new species ofAspicilia(Megasporaceae), with a new lichenicolousSagediopsis(Adelococcaceae), from the Falkland Islands
Authors: Fryday Alan M. , Wheeler Timothy B. , Etayo Javier 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe new speciesAspicilia malvinaeis described from the Falkland Islands. It is the first species ofMegasporaceaeto be discovered on the islands and only the seventh to be reported from South America. It is distinguished from other species ofAspiciliaby the unusual secondary metabolite chemistry (hypostictic acid) and molecular sequence data. The collections of the new species support two lichenicolous fungi:Endococcus propinquuss. lat., which is new to the Falkland Islands, and a new species ofSagediopsiswith small perithecia and 3-septate ascosporesc.18–20 × 4–5 μm, which is described here asS. epimalvinae.A total of 60 new DNA sequences obtained from species ofMegasporaceae(mostlyAspicilia) are also introduced.
Shell growth and age determined from annual lines in the southern warm-water limpet Patella depressa at its poleward geographic boundaries
Authors: Oróstica Mauricio H. , Richardson Christopher A. , Estrella-Martínez Juan , Jenkins Stuart R. , Hawkins Stephen J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn shell-secreting molluscs, age and growth rate of individuals and hence their performance can normally be measured using growth lines that are deposited in the shell throughout their lives. An annual periodicity of growth line formation of the warm-water limpet Patella depressa was established using marked and recaptured individuals from north Wales, UK. Length at age from suitably prepared shell sections was determined in limpets from non-range-edge populations and at two range edges, where different demographic attributes have been recorded. Individuals collected from their poleward range-edge in north Wales were older when compared with individuals at their range-edge in southern England. Shells collected from southern England were characterized by rapid growth with most individuals reaching >30 mm in maximum length by the fourth or fifth year, contrasting with those from north Wales, where most shells only reached this size at 7–10 years of age. Von Bertalanffy growth coefficients (K-values) were negatively related to P. depressa density, showing faster growth in lower total densities of both P. depressa and Patella vulgata combined. Higher intra-specific effects on K-values were found in P. depressa compared with its congener P. vulgata, with stronger effects in north Wales than in southern England. These results confirm differences in population patterns and individual traits between the two leading edges of P. depressa. Understanding annual growth in P. depressa over large scales could help to disentangle the processes determining differences in shell growth and age structure seen at the two range edges of this limpet species.
An improved PDR system with accurate heading and step length estimation using handheld smartphone
Authors: Yan Dayu , Shi Chuang , Li Tuan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) is widely used in handheld indoor positioning systems. However, low-cost inertial sensors built into smartphones provide poor-quality measurements, resulting in cumulative error which consists of heading estimation error caused by gyroscope and step length estimation error caused by an accelerometer. Learning more motion features through limited measurements is important to improve positioning accuracy. This paper proposes an improved PDR system using smartphone sensors. Using gyroscope, two motion patterns, walking straight or turning, can be recognised based on dynamic time warp (DTW) and thus improve heading estimation from an extended Kalman filter (EKF). Joint quasi-static field (JQSF) detection is used to avoid bad magnetic measurements due to magnetic disturbances in an indoor environment. In terms of periodicity of angular rate while walking, peak–valley angular velocity detection and zero-cross detection is combined to detect steps. A step-length estimation method based on deep belief network (DBN) is proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed PDR system can achieve more accurate indoor positioning.
Mitigating childhood food insecurity during COVID-19: a qualitative study of how school districts in California’s San Joaquin Valley responded to growing needs
Authors: Jowell Ashley H , Bruce Janine S , Escobar Gabriela V , Ordonez Valeria M , Hecht Christina A , Patel Anisha I 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectives:To explore best practices and challenges in providing school meals during COVID-19 in a low-income, predominantly Latino, urban–rural region.Design:Semi-structured interviews with school district stakeholders and focus groups with parents were conducted to explore school meal provision during COVID-19 from June to August 2020. Data were coded and themes were identified to guide analysis. Community organisations were involved in all aspects of study design, recruitment, data collection and analysis.Setting:Six school districts in California’s San Joaquin Valley.Participants:School district stakeholders (n11) included food service directors, school superintendents and community partners (e.g. funders, food cooperative). Focus groups (n6) were comprised of parents (n29) of children participating in school meal programmes.Results:COVID-19-related challenges for districts included developing safe meal distribution systems, boosting low participation, covering COVID-19-related costs and staying informed of policy changes. Barriers for families included transportation difficulties, safety concerns and a lack of fresh foods. Innovative strategies to address obstacles included pandemic-electronic benefits transfer (EBT), bus-stop delivery, community pick-up locations, batched meals and leveraging partner resources.Conclusions:A focus on fresher, more appealing meals and greater communication between school officials and parents could boost participation. Districts that leveraged external partnerships were better equipped to provide meals during pandemic conditions. In addition, policies increasing access to fresh foods and capitalising on United States Department of Agriculture waivers could boost school meal participation. Finally, partnering with community organisations and acting upon parent feedback could improve school meal systems, and in combination with pandemic-EBT, address childhood food insecurity.
Correlation of the structural and morphological property of the formation of ZnO nanoparticles using Ricinus Communis extract as a ligand and synthesized through two different precipitating agents
Authors: Gutiérrez Nancy , Tiwari Dhirendra Kumar , Villegas Javier , Reynoso Francisco 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe present work defines the structural and morphological behavior of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONP) synthesized via using Ricinus Communis (Castor) extracts. Two precipitating agents (bases) were used to regulate the pH (10), in presence of this natural extract the determination of structural, morphological and functional groups availability was performed to evaluate the enhancement in crystallite size, shape formation and colloidal stability of the nanoparticle.
Birth weight and adult earnings: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lambiris Mark J. , Blakstad Mia M. , Perumal Nandita , Danaei Goodarz , Bliznashka Lilia , Fink Günther , Sudfeld Christopher R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhile substantial evidence has identified low birth weight (LBW; <2500 g) as a risk factor for early life morbidity, mortality and poor childhood development, relatively little is known on the links between birth weight and economic outcomes in adulthood. The objective of this study was to systematically review the economics (EconLit) and biomedical literature (Medline) and estimate the pooled association between birth weight and adult earnings. A total of 15 studies from mostly high-income countries were included. On average, each standard deviation increase in birth weight was associated with a 2.75% increase in annual earnings [(95% CI: 1.44 to 4.07); 9 estimates]. A negative, but not statistically significant, association was found between being born LBW and earnings, compared to individuals not born LBW [mean difference: −3.41% (95% CI: −7.55 to 0.73); 7 estimates]. No studies from low-income countries were identified and all studies were observational. Overall, birth weight was consistently associated with adult earnings, and therefore, interventions that improve birth weight may provide beneficial effects on adult economic outcomes.
Biologically effective dose of metribuzin applied preemergence and postemergence for the control of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) with different mechanisms of resistance to photosystem II–inhibiting herbicides
Authors: Westerveld David B. , Soltani Nader , Hooker David C. , Robinson Darren E. , Tranel Patrick J. , Laforest Martin , Sikkema Peter H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPhotosystem II (PS II)-inhibitor herbicide resistance in Ontario waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer] populations is conferred via target-site resistance (TSR) and non–target site resistance (NTSR) mechanisms. Metribuzin-resistant (MR) A. tuberculatus is due to TSR. Conversely, in other populations of PS II–inhibitor resistant A. tuberculatus, plants are resistant to atrazine but metribuzin sensitive (MS). The objective of this study was to determine the biologically effective dose of metribuzin applied preemergence and postemergence for the control of MS and MR A. tuberculatus. Ten field experiments were conducted in 2019 and 2020 to determine the effective doses of metribuzin for 50%, 80%, and 95% control of MS and MR A. tuberculatus. Metribuzin applied preemergence at the calculated doses of 133, 350, and 1,070 g ai ha−1 controlled MS A. tuberculatus 50%, 80%, and 95%, respectively, whereas the calculated doses of 7,868 and 17,533 g ai ha−1 controlled MR A. tuberculatus 50% and 80%, respectively, at 12 wk after application (WAA). Metribuzin applied postemergence at the calculated doses of 245 and 1,480 g ai ha−1 controlled MS A. tuberculatus 50% and 80%, respectively; the calculated dose for 50% MR A. tuberculatus control was greater than the highest dose (17,920 g ai ha−1) included in this study. Metribuzin at 560 and 1,120 g ha−1 and pyroxasulfone/flumioxazin (240 g ai ha−1) applied preemergence controlled MS A. tuberculatus 88%, 95%, and 98%, respectively, at 12 WAA, whereas the same treatments only controlled MR A. tuberculatus 0%, 4%, and 93%, respectively, at 12 WAA. Metribuzin at 560 and 1,120 g ha−1 and fomesafen (240 g ai ha−1) applied postemergence controlled MS A. tuberculatus 65%, 70%, and 78%, and MR A. tuberculatus 0%, 1%, and 49%, respectively, at 12 WAA. Based on these results, PS II–inhibitor resistant A. tuberculatus with NTSR (enhanced metabolism) is controlled with metribuzin applied preemergence and postemergence; in contrast, PS II–inhibitor resistant A. tuberculatus with TSR (glycine-264-serine altered target site) is not controlled with metribuzin.
More Persistent Summer Compound Hot Extremes Caused by Global Urbanization
Authors: Ma Feng , Yuan Xing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWorldwide urbanization has resulted in more hot extremes in urban areas than surrounding rural areas. Most studies focused on the contribution of urbanization to daytime hot extremes (DayHot), while the contribution to compound hot extremes (CoHot) that considers the concurrence of both daytime and nighttime heat is less understood. Here, we quantify the urbanization contributions across the world by comparing the characteristics of hot extremes between urban and rural areas from 3,401 meteorological stations classified by 30‐m resolution impervious area data. We find more significant increases in frequency, duration, and intensity of CoHot over most urban stations, where urbanization contributes to 12.5%, 15.4%, and 16.7% of the increases, respectively. Urbanization also contributes to the increase in frequency of DayHot, but has weaker impacts on the duration and intensity of Dayhot. This study implies that urbanization effects on the characteristics of hot extremes might be underestimated if only considers DayHot.
Energy Flux Densities at Dipolarization Fronts
Authors: Liu C. M. , Fu H. S. , Yu Y. Q. , Lu H. Y. , Liu W. L. , Xu Y. , Giles B. L. , Burch J. L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDipolarization fronts (DFs) have been suggested as crucial energy conversion sites contributing significantly to global energy transfer in the magnetosphere. However, energy partitioning of DF‐driven energy transfer remains hitherto elusive. Using high‐cadence data from MMS spacecraft, we present a detailed investigation of energy flux densities at two DFs with/without surface ripples. We find that during both DF intervals, electron enthalpy flux increases dramatically, carries the greatest energy, and well correlates with local energy conversion. Poynting flux also increases but contributes to a relatively smaller portion. Ion enthalpy flux which in magnitude is slightly smaller than electron enthalpy flux barely changes. Particle kinetic energy and heat fluxes are negligible. Strong difference in energy fluxes observed by different spacecraft is found at the rippled DF, indicating three‐dimensional energy transport. These results indicate that energy budgets at the DFs are dominated by electron physics, rather than ion dynamics suggested by previous studies.
Repetitive Emissions of Rising‐Tone Chorus Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Lu Quanming , Chen Lunjin , Wang Xueyi , Gao Xinliang , Lin Yu , Wang Shui 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChorus waves in the inner magnetospheres of the Earth and other magnetized planets typically occur in the form of discrete and repetitive quasi‐monochromatic emissions with a frequency chirping, which was discovered more than 50 years ago. However, until now there is still no satisfactory explanations for repetitive emissions of chorus waves. In this Letter, chorus emissions excited by energetic electrons with a temperature anisotropy are studied by a one‐dimensional PIC‐ simulation in a dipole magnetic field, and it is demonstrated that a continuous injection of energetic electrons caused by an azimuthal drift is essential for the repetitive emissions of chorus waves. Consistent with satellite observations, both discrete and continuous spectra can be reproduced. An intense injection of energetic electrons will lead to a decrease of the time separation between the chorus elements, and the chorus emissions evolve from a discrete to a continuous spectrum when the injection is sufficiently strong.
Characteristics of Energetic Oxygen Ions Escaping From Mars: MAVEN Observations
Authors: Lin R. T. , Huang S. Y. , Yuan Z. G. , Jiang K. , Xu S. B. , Wei Y. Y. , Xiong Q. Y. , Zhang J. , Zhang Z. H. , Yu L. , McFadden J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe used nearly 4 years of data from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN orbiter to map the distribution and motion of energetic O+ ions (2.3–30 keV) in the Martian environment. Our analysis reveals two typical features: a strong plume of energetic O+ ions in the +E hemisphere at dayside, driven by the convective electric field, and a less strong tailward gathering flow of energetic O+ ions in the –E hemisphere at nightside. Based on previous studies, this study reveals more details on energetic O+ ion escape: (a) velocities for energetic O+ ions between bow shock and induced magnetic boundary have much larger Y‐axis component, indicating that energetic O+ ions may not only escape along +Z‐axis but also slip away on the Y‐axis in MSE coordinates; (b) energetic O+ ions at low altitude in the –E hemisphere have little component along Y‐axis, and energetic O+ ions at nightside in the –E hemisphere “gather” along the tail and finally escape from the planet, driven by the convective electric field and the Martian current system. Comparing the fluxes and escape rates of energetic O+ at different distances away from the Sun and under different solar activities, we found that the heliocentric radial distance of Mars plays a more important role in ion escape than the solar activity level.
Multimodal single-cell omics analysis identifies epithelium–immune cell interactions and immune vulnerability associated with sex differences in COVID-19
Authors: Hou Yuan , Zhou Yadi , Gack Michaela U. , Lathia Justin D. , Kallianpur Asha , Mehra Reena , Chan Timothy A. , Jung Jae U. , Jehi Lara , Eng Charis , Cheng Feixiong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSex differences in the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity have been controversial, and the underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 in a sex-specific manner remain understudied. Here we inspected sex differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization, admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), sera inflammatory biomarker profiling, and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) profiles across nasal, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from COVID-19 patients with varying degrees of disease severities. Our propensity score-matching observations revealed that male individuals have a 29% elevated likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 positivity, with a hazard ratio (HR) 1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–1.48) for hospitalization and HR 1.51 (95% CI 1.24–1.84) for admission to ICU. Sera from male patients at hospital admission had elevated neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and elevated expression of inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and procalcitonin). We found that SARS-CoV-2 entry factors, includingACE2,TMPRSS2,FURIN, andNRP1, have elevated expression in nasal squamous cells from male individuals with moderate and severe COVID-19. We observed male-biased transcriptional activation in SARS-CoV-2-infected macrophages from BALF and sputum samples, which offers potential molecular mechanism for sex-biased susceptibility to viral infection. Cell–cell interaction network analysis reveals potential epithelium–immune cell interactions and immune vulnerability underlying male-elevated disease severity and mortality in COVID-19. Mechanistically, monocyte-elevated expression of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is associated with severe outcomes in males with COVID-19. In summary, these findings provide basis to decipher immune responses underlying sex differences and designing sex-specific targeted interventions and patient care for COVID-19.
Nature-inspired materials: Emerging trends and prospects
Authors: Katiyar Nirmal Kumar , Goel Gaurav , Hawi Sara , Goel Saurav 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe term “nature-inspired” is associated with a sequence of efforts to understand, synthesize and imitate any natural object or phenomenon either in a tangible or intangible form, which allows us to obtain improved insights into nature. Such inspirations can come through materials, processes, or designs that we see around us. Materials, as opposed to processes and designs found in nature, are tangible and can readily be used without engineering efforts. One such example is that of an aquaporin that is used to filter water. The scope of this work in nature-inspired materials is to define, clarify, and consolidate our current understanding by reviewing examples from the laboratory to industrial scale to highlight emerging opportunities. A careful analysis of “nature-inspired materials” shows that they possess specific functionality that relies on our ability to harness particular electrical, mechanical, biological, chemical, sustainable, or combined gains.
Highly sensitive and flexible pressure sensors using position- and dimension-controlled ZnO nanotube arrays grown on graphene films
Authors: Park Jun Beom , Song Minho S. , Ghosh Ramesh , Saroj Rajendra Kumar , Hwang Yunjae , Tchoe Youngbin , Oh Hongseok , Baek Hyeonjun , Lim Yoonseo , Kim Bosung , Kim Sang-Woo , Yi Gyu-Chul 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA facile and novel technique for the fabrication of pressure sensors is reported based on the hybridization of one-dimensional nanomaterials and two-dimensional graphene film. In particular, piezoelectric pressure sensors are fabricated by using vertically aligned and position- and dimension-controlled ZnO nanotube arrays grown on graphene layers. Graphene layers act not only as substrates for catalyst-free growth of high-quality ZnO nanotubes but also as flexible conduction channels connecting ZnO nanotubes and metal electrodes. Freestanding and flexible sensors have been efficiently obtained via mechanical lift-off of hybrid ZnO nanotube/graphene film structures and by exploiting the weak van der Waals forces existing between the graphene film and the original substrates. A prototype of such devices shows a high pressure sensitivity (−4.4 kPa−1), which would enable the detection of weak flows of inert gas. The relatively low wall thickness and large length of the ZnO nanotubes suggest a relatively high sensitivity to external pressures. The obtained nanotube sensors are attached to the philtrum and wrist of a volunteer and used to monitor his breath and heart rate. Overall, the prototype hybrid sensing device has great potential as wearable technology, especially in the sector of advanced healthcare devices.
Lytic archaeal viruses infect abundant primary producers in Earth’s crust
Authors: Rahlff Janina , Turzynski Victoria , Esser Sarah P. , Monsees Indra , Bornemann Till L. V. , Figueroa-Gonzalez Perla Abigail , Schulz Frederik , Woyke Tanja , Klingl Andreas , Moraru Cristina , Probst Alexander J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe continental subsurface houses a major portion of life’s abundance and diversity, yet little is known about viruses infecting microbes that reside there. Here, we use a combination of metagenomics and virus-targeted direct-geneFISH (virusFISH) to show that highly abundant carbon-fixing organisms of the uncultivated genus Candidatus Altiarchaeum are frequent targets of previously unrecognized viruses in the deep subsurface. Analysis of CRISPR spacer matches display resistances of Ca. Altiarchaea against eight predicted viral clades, which show genomic relatedness across continents but little similarity to previously identified viruses. Based on metagenomic information, we tag and image a putatively viral genome rich in protospacers using fluorescence microscopy. VirusFISH reveals a lytic lifestyle of the respective virus and challenges previous predictions that lysogeny prevails as the dominant viral lifestyle in the subsurface. CRISPR development over time and imaging of 18 samples from one subsurface ecosystem suggest a sophisticated interplay of viral diversification and adapting CRISPR-mediated resistances of Ca. Altiarchaeum. We conclude that infections of primary producers with lytic viruses followed by cell lysis potentially jump-start heterotrophic carbon cycling in these subsurface ecosystems.