bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“I Thanked God Right Then and There”
Authors: Irons Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter tells the stories of the Black parents and children who challenged school segregation in the five cases decided by the Supreme Court in 1954 under the caption Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The first case, chosen by Thurgood Marshall to show the unequal facilities for Black and White students, came from the small town of Summerton, South Carolina, in which Black children walked to schools in former sharecroppers’ cabins while White children rode buses to schools with four times the funding of Black schools. The next case, in rural Prince Edward County, Virginia, began with a strike by Black high school students to protest conditions at their overcrowded schools, where classes were held in unheated tar-paper shacks. The third case challenged segregation in the nation’s capital, led by a Black parent whose daughter was turned away from the all-White junior high nearest her home and sent to an overcrowded all-Black school. The fourth case, from New Castle County, Delaware, began when two Black mothers each protested the inferior schools their children were forced to attend. The final, and most famous, case began in Topeka, Kansas, whose four elementary schools were the only ones segregated in the state, when a father tried to enroll his nine-year-old daughter in the all-White school nearest her home rather than the Black school, a long walk and bus ride away. A federal appeals court cited the Plessy case as binding precedent but almost invited the Supreme Court to overrule it.
“Two Cities—One White, the Other Black”
Authors: Irons Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at Black struggles for equal rights during the 1960s and 1970s, first assessing the impact of the Vietnam War on Blacks, with Muhammad Ali drawing the link between the war and the denial of civil rights to Blacks. The chapter looks closely at the sit-in movement that started in the 1940s and spread across the country, followed by convoys of buses in Freedom Rides marked by White mob violence, beatings, and hundreds of arrests. Activists from the Congress of Racial Equality and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee launched a “Freedom Summer” campaign in 1964 to register Black voters in Deep South states; the fierce White resistance included the murders of more than twenty Black and White volunteers. The chapter then shifts focus to Detroit, as the city became progressively more Black with the flight of several hundred thousand Whites from city to suburbs. The racial segregation of Black children in Detroit schools, while the suburban schools were virtually all-White, led to an NAACP lawsuit that resulted in a judicial order for large-scale busing between Detroit and its suburbs. This case, Milliken v. Bradley, ended in 1974 with a 5–4 Supreme Court decision that banned busing across school district lines, with a passionate dissent by Justice Thurgood Marshall; that year also saw violent White resistance to a busing order in Boston.
“The Basic Minimal Skills”
Authors: Irons Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the impact of segregated housing and schools on the performance of Black children on tests of academic skills, finding them lagging far behind White children. It shows that majority-Black school districts receive significantly less funding for education than majority-White districts. It then discusses in detail the 1973 Supreme Court case of San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez, brought by Demetrio Rodriguez and other Hispanic parents of children in the Edgewood district of San Antonio, Texas, whose schools received less funding than majority-White districts because of state laws that based school funding largely on property taxes. Statistics showed that poor and largely Hispanic and Black districts with low property values could not match the funding of affluent White districts. The Supreme Court ruled 5–4 against this challenge, with Justice Lewis Powell writing for the majority in stating that Texas (and other states) need provide minority students only with “the basic minimal skills” to participate in civic affairs, with a passionate dissent by Justice Thurgood Marshall. The chapter then returns to Detroit, where Black students came in last in the nation in test scores; more than two-thirds could not even grasp fundamental skills in reading and arithmetic. This barrier to advanced education and good jobs stems from the systemic racism that places Black children far behind Whites in school readiness, raising the question: How can Blacks catch up with Whites when they start so far behind?
Introduction: Aim and Scope of the Book and Its Structure
Authors: Lantschner Emma 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The introduction lays out the two main aims pursued by the research carried out in the book, its methodology, and its structure. One aim is to investigate how implementation and compliance with norms and policies relating to equality and non-discrimination adopted in the course of EU enlargement could be improved and the likelihood of sustainability (or continuation) of reforms after enhanced accession be enhanced. The central hypothesis is that conditionality is not able to achieve these goals and that reflexive governance is the mode of governance most conducive to an effective and sustainable implementation of the equality acquis through its emphasis on cooperation between all relevant actors and a reflexive learning process. A case study on Croatia has revealed that the lack of consistent and transparent monitoring, as well as insufficient attention to the pooling of results and learning from successes and failures, are among the elements of reflexive governance that have not yet been sufficiently developed. The second aim of this research is, therefore, to make a contribution to both these issues. On the basis of a comparative review of transposition and practical implementation of selected parts of the RED and the EED in EU Member States, it identifies good practices and challenges in the implementation and enforcement of the selected policy options. Drawing from this, indicators are proposed, on the basis of which the progress in the transposition and practical implementation of the EU acquis in the field of equality and non-discrimination can be evaluated.
The Development of the EU Non-Discrimination Regime
Authors: Lantschner Emma 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 1 the development of the EU non-discrimination regime is introduced, first in terms of legal developments. It recapitulates the steps starting from the founding Treaties, which only dealt with discrimination on the grounds of nationality and gender, up until the Treaty of Amsterdam, introducing the competence for the discrimination grounds of racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, age, disability, and sexual orientation, and the adoption of the two Directives which are the focus of the book: Directive 2000/43/EC and Directive 2000/78/EC. It also points at financial instruments and institutions set up in parallel to support the implementation of these Directives and the recent adoption of a series of Strategic Documents and Action Plans in the Commission’s attempts to achieve a Union of equality. The second sub-chapter then discusses the shift from non-discrimination to substantive equality on the basis of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and closes with some considerations regarding the different levels of impact of EU anti-discrimination law in national constitutional systems.
Killing Ourselves
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This essay notes varying definitions of suicide, reviews different perspectives on the morality of suicide, and describes a modified Kantian alternative that emphasizes human dignity. Then a relevant ideal of appreciation is introduced, going beyond the Kantian value of functioning as a rational agent. Appreciation of the good things in life is an ideal attitude that may give reasons for self-preservation even as rational agency diminishes, and it is not the same as wanting pleasure or comfort. The essay comments briefly on the special concerns relevant to public policies permitting assisted suicide.
Problems for Alternative Analyses
Authors: Whittle Ann 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, an inference to the best explanation for a contextualist account of regulative freedom is completed by arguing that this analysis has significant advantages over other views. The chapter begins by looking at rival contextualist analyses, offered by Hawthorne and Rieber. After this, the contextualist account is compared to incompatibilist and compatibilist invariant analyses. In particular, the chapter offers a critical discussion of some recent developments of compatibilist analyses’ of freedom, namely, a new conditional analysis, List’s account of agential possibilities and dispositional compatibilism. It is argued that, in all cases, a contextualist account of regulative freedom is preferable.
Conclusion
Authors: Whittle Ann 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes the book’s key themes and argument. In addition, the limits of the conclusion is highlighted. If the argument offered is correct, then contextualism is a foundational element within a theory of freedom and moral responsibility, but it is not a complete theory in and of itself. In particular, the theory leaves unresolved the question of what it is an agent deserves. Does an agent deserve blame in light of their wrongdoing? Are punitive sanctions appropriate? Despite these limitations, however, the significant implications of the argument for how we should go about thinking about these difficult questions are outlined.
Face-to-face meetings
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 questions how necessary it was for a senator to be present at Rome if he wanted to be an active player in this world of conversation and meetings (spoiler: very necessary). Senators had to work hard to stay well informed about the senatorial agenda, the issues that were present and the opinions of their most influential peers. All this demanded lots of time: visiting people was crucial, a social protocol that had its own rules. They reproduced such patterns when they stayed in their villae. Despite all the letters that have arrived to us, the chapter argues that if they could, senators and their entourages preferred to meet face-to-face than to establish contact through writing. This chapter also analyses the so-called ‘conference of Luca’ within this wider perspective. I argue that the notion that hundreds of senators travelled to the city while Pompey, Caesar and Crassus met is a historiographical myth.
Tsoukalis and the Political Economy of European Integration
Authors: Koutsiaras Nikos 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a review study of Loukas Tsoukalis’ published work on the political economy of European integration. A reverse chronological order is followed, its benchmarks being provided by Tsoukalis’ books; his journal articles and chapters in edited volumes are also reviewed, albeit selectively. Tsoukalis’ main research interests lie with the issues of money, monetary unification, and macroeconomic policy in the EU (and the euro area). Tsoukalis has especially been concerned with structural asymmetries, macroeconomic imbalances, and economic and social inequalities frustrating the European project, while being also reinforced by European economic integration and globalization. Yet, he has never confined his research within the limits of conventional economic analysis. Tsoukalis has, instead, sought to make sense of the political perplexities inherent in European economic integration; and he has constantly looked at the bigger picture. At the methodological level, Tsoukalis has been rather sceptical of mainstream economic theory; and he has often set himself free from the rigours of formal methodology, while having adopted an empirical approach. Sometimes he has embraced a normative rather than strictly analytical perspective, thereby articulating policy suggestions—and feeding ideas into the European political discourse. Tsoukalis has, thus, been influenced by Keynes’ ideal stereotype of economists as men of affairs: philosophers, politicians, and pragmatists. Above all, Loukas Tsoukalis has unequivocally been making the case for European integration, while also taking into account objective constraints and subjective sensibilities—a European idealist and a realist at one and the same time.
The End of Multilateralism?
Authors: Woods Ngaire 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The international system is rapidly being reshaped by the growing strategic rivalry between the USA and China. They are competing for control over resources (and access to resources and markets) as well as for dominance of the new technologies which will define economic power. They are also vying for control over the rules of the game. As China seeks more influence in international cooperation, the USA is turning sharply away from multilateralism, acting unilaterally in security, economic policy, and global health. Existing international organizations will likely be marginalized or used as pawns in the superpower competition. The consequences for Europe are profound. This chapter uses history to explore the ways multilateralism can be reinvented against this backdrop, and with what consequences for Europe.
Making the Turn to Kant
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Introducing Part Two of the book, this chapter sets the program for a revisionary interpretation of Kant’s ethics, broadly understood. The new interpretation aims to defuse standard objections, to offer a compelling reading of key texts, and to justify its method by giving us a better moral theory, in both Kant’s terms and ours. A first task for a moral theory with ambitions of application is to make a case for its value to those whom it would direct. For Kantian morality it is the creation of a morally shaped social environment made and managed over time by free, equal, and self-directing persons, an environment suited to the expression of their human rational nature: a moral habitat. To suit such a project, theorizing about moral practice should be hermeneutical, abstract first principles interpreted to render intelligible what morality is actually like for moral agents and moral subjects. We should come to see our duties as vehicles for habitat construction.
Tracking Value and Extending Duties
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows how both perfect and imperfect duties require both agents and institutions to take responsibility for tracking moral value across their respective contexts of right and duty. The casuistry that belongs to perfect duties is contrasted with the exercise of discretion essential to acting on an imperfect duty. A defense of juridical imperfect duties is offered. Citizens and officials of the state acting under the auspices of a juridical right or duty may need to exercise the kind of discretion that is the mark of an imperfect duty. Questions about moral change in the content and locus of duties are introduced.
The Nature of Appearances
Authors: McCain Kevin , Moretti Luca 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter defends the view that seemings are experiences which have phenomenal force. It then examines different kinds of seemings and explains why some seemings have the potential to provide more justification than others. Three broad classes of seemings (and some variations among members of these classes) are distinguished: mere seemings, paired appearances, and presentational appearances. It is suggested that the strongest (i.e., most justifying) variety of seemings is the last one: those that have what Elijah Chudnoff calls “presentational phenomenology.” These seemings present the truth-maker for their content to the agent. Paired appearances––i.e., appearances that incorporate or are accompanied by sensations but lack presentational phenomenology––are less justifying. Finally, mere seemings—those that lack both sensations and presentational phenomenology––are the least justifying (though, it is argued, they still bestow a very weak positive epistemic status upon their contents).
Phenomenal Explanationism
Authors: McCain Kevin , Moretti Luca 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter incorporates a sophisticated version of PC (one that draws on the distinctions between kinds of appearances that explained in Chapter 3) into a broader explanationist framework to produce the view that is defended in this book: Phenomenal Explanationism (PE). Explanationism is an account of evidential support, i.e., of how and when evidence supports particular doxastic attitudes toward propositions. However, on its own, Explanationism does not say what evidence is or when one has a particular bit of information as evidence. This is true even when Explanationism is construed, as this chapter does, in terms of mentalist evidentialism. As a theory of evidential support, mentalist Explanationism leaves open which mental states constitute one’s evidence. Explanationism can thus be readily combined with different theories of evidence and evidence possession. If PC is understood as a theory of basic evidence, the sophisticated version of PC can be combined with Explanationism. This chapter introduces a specific version of Explanationism and describes how this variant of PC can be incorporated into it to produce PE. It also describes how PE accounts for both non-inferential and inferential justification (both deductive and inductive). Finally, it explores how PE overcomes the challenges to PC raised in Chapter 2.
Competition and Credit Control
Authors: Copley Jack 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the 1971 Competition and Credit Control financial liberalization, which saw the British state relinquish most of its direct controls over credit creation and instead rely on interest rates to govern lending. In the 1960s, Britain’s worsening trade performance had resulted in a series of currency crises, to which Harold Wilson’s government responded in 1967 by devaluing sterling. In aid of devaluation, the government enacted a series of contractionary measures. An important element of this disciplining strategy was the tightening of monetary policy through state-imposed lending ceilings. However, people proved resistant to this reduction in their living standards, and thus endeavoured to combat income losses by extending their bank borrowing. Further, due to falling profitability, companies faced a liquidity crisis that threatened to derail the export recovery. As such, the state authorities sought to use the lending ceilings to both restrict credit to persons and extend credit to companies. This hybrid disciplining/palliation strategy was extremely difficult to operate with the blunt monetary instruments at hand. In addition, the lending ceilings were becoming increasingly politicized. Consequently, the Treasury and Bank sought to discover a better system of monetary governance. It was the Bank that designed the uniquely arm’s-length CCC proposals. Yet these proposals were accepted by the Treasury and government in significant part because they appeared to offer a depoliticized mechanism through which the state could redistribute credit resources from persons to companies in aid of augmenting Britain’s world market competitiveness in a moment of intensifying crisis.
Geology Emerges as a Science
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of American geology. Starting with Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Silliman, and Louis Agassiz, who spent the latter portion of his career in the United States and proceeding to geological greats such as John Wesley Powell and others, the New World offered unique insights impacting how geology advanced. This difference is related to the immense size of the continent, its wealth of resources, and the variable geologic settings found within. The geologic principles discovered in Europe and other parts of the world were applied to North America as the continent was explored. Contributions to the growing field of geology from American and Canadian geologists of the time, including the further understanding of glacial periods, advancements in mineralogy, and exploration of the natural wonders and economic minerals of North America, including the westward expansion and further study of coal deposits and paleobotany.
Plate Tectonics
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the most significant revolution in the understanding of the Earth discovered in the last 75 years, plate tectonics. The theory of plate tectonics is the second overarching precept of the field of geology (after the geologic time scale). Plate tectonics and its history as a theory are traced in this chapter. Early explorers and others had noticed the apparent fit in the shapes of the continents, but these ideas were not explicitly stated until Alfred Wegener detailed his evidence for the drift of the continents, though he had no viable mechanism on how the drift would have occurred. World War II technology, including sonar and radar, allowed scientists to understand the ocean floor. Rather than a flat, featureless plain, they found a vast undersea mountain range known as the mid-oceanic ridge that wraps around the world like seams on a baseball. Harry Hess proposed a new mechanism for continental drift through mantle convection cells, causing seafloor spreading. These ideas were confirmed by magnetic surveys and subsequent research, leading to the theory of plate tectonics. A final section looks at the maturation of the theory as geologists continue to learn more details about the movement and intricacies of the tectonic plates.
Life on the Earth
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Change in life forms over the long span of the Earth’s history, and the theory of evolution are discussed in chapter 7. Along with the tenets of geologic time (chapters 3 and 4) and plate tectonics (chapters 5 and 6), evolution encompasses another foundational idea in geology. This chapter examines the history of evolutionary thought and theory, starting with Charles Darwin and his work on natural selection. The historic “Bone Wars” that occurred with the discovery of the dinosaur fossils is an example of how fossils are used and sometimes misused to unravel the evolution of a significant branch in the Earth’s history of life. So too, the story of horses and their ancestors is portrayed in the Cenozoic era, as early equine ancestor species responded in their body size and tooth and foot structure to changes in climate and the opening of grasslands. The number and variety of life forms waxes and wanes over geologic time, through evolution and sometimes extinction events, only to re-emerge over eons, eras, periods, and epochs, leading to pulses of biodiversity in the fossil record. The theory of evolution was forged after the work by Darwin and others by later developments in molecular biology and DNA research which support modern evolutionary theory.