bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Two Multisatellite Algorithms for Estimation of Tropical Cyclone Precipitation in the United States and Mexico: TMPA and IMERG
Authors: Yuan Shanshui , Zhu Laiyin , Quiring Steven M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTropical cyclone precipitation (TCP) contributes a significant amount of precipitation each year in the contiguous United States and Mexico, and it can cause damaging floods. In this study, we evaluate the ability of two precipitation estimates from the latest Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG Final Run V06, hereafter referred to as IMERG-F) and its predecessor, the TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA research product 3B42V7, hereafter referred to as TMPA), to capture TCP at daily, event, and annual scales by comparing the satellite observations with gauge measurements based on data from 2014 to 2018. The results show that both TMPA and IMERG-F are able to accurately capture the general TCP patterns. IMERG-F provides a noticeable improvement in accuracy over TMPA, especially for times and locations with light and heavy TCP. However, both IMERG-F and TMPA still systematically underestimate TCP during extreme events. At the annual scale, both TMPA and IMERG-F slightly underestimate annual TCP, but IMERG-F to a lesser degree. For individual TC events, IMERG-F has lower bias and a higher Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency than TMPA in the majority of the events. The differences between IMERG-F and TMPA are especially pronounced for extreme TCP events, such as Hurricane Harvey in 2017. At the daily scale, both IMERG-F and TMPA underestimate TCP when daily TCP exceeds ~150 mm. However, IMERG-F shows closer agreements with gauge-based measurements than TMPA. This study demonstrates that IMERG-F can more accurately measure TCP than TMPA. However, there are still systematic biases in IMERG-F when it comes to heavy TCP at all of the time scales.
Broadband Submesoscale Vorticity Generated by Flow around an Island
Authors: Zeiden Kristin L. , MacKinnon Jennifer A. , Alford Matthew H. , Rudnick Daniel L. , Voet Gunnar , Wijesekera Hemantha 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAn array of moorings deployed off the coast of Palau is used to characterize submesoscale vorticity generated by broadband upper-ocean flows around the island. Palau is a steep-sided archipelago lying in the path of strong zonal geostrophic currents, but tides and inertial oscillations are energetic as well. Vorticity is correspondingly broadband, with both mean and variance O(f) in a surface and subsurface layer (where f is the local Coriolis frequency). However, while subinertial vorticity is linearly related to the incident subinertial current, the relationship between superinertial velocity and superinertial vorticity is weak. Instead, there is a strong nonlinear relationship between subinertial velocity and superinertial vorticity. A key observation of this study is that during periods of strong westward flow, vorticity in the tidal bands increases by an order of magnitude. Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of velocity show this nonstationary, superinertial vorticity variance is due to eddy motion at the scale of the array. Comparison of kinetic energy and vorticity time series suggest that lateral shear against the island varies with the subinertial flow, while tidal currents lead to flow reversals inshore of the recirculating wake and possibly eddy shedding. This is a departure from the idealized analog typically drawn on in island wake studies: a cylinder in a steady flow. In that case, eddy formation occurs at a frequency dependent on the scale of the obstacle and strength of the flow alone. The observed tidal formation frequency likely modulates the strength of submesoscale wake eddies and thus their dynamic relationship to the mesoscale wake downstream of Palau.
The Impacts of Temporal Variation and Individual Differences in Driver Cognitive Workload on ECG-Based Detection
Authors: Yang Shiyan , Kuo Jonny , Lenné Michael G. , Fitzharris Michael , Horberry Timothy , Blay Kyle , Wood Darren , Mulvihill Christine , Truche Carine 
Published: February 2021

Objective This paper aimed to investigate the robustness of driver cognitive workload detection based on electrocardiogram (ECG) when considering temporal variation and individual differences in cognitive workload. Background Cognitive workload is a critical component to be monitored for error prevention in human–machine systems. It may fluctuate instantaneously over time even in the same tasks and differ across individuals. Method A driving simulation study was conducted to classify driver cognitive workload underlying four experimental conditions (baseline, N-back, texting, and N-back + texting distraction) in two repeated 1-hr blocks. Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were compared among the experimental conditions and between the blocks. Random forests were built on HR and HRV to classify cognitive workload in different blocks and for different individuals. Results HR and HRV were significantly different between repeated blocks in the study, demonstrating the time-induced variation in cognitive workload. The performance of cognitive workload classification across blocks and across individuals was significantly improved after normalizing HR and HRV in each block by the corresponding baseline. Conclusion The temporal variation and individual differences in cognitive workload affects ECG-based cognitive workload detection. But normalization approaches relying on the choice of appropriate baselines help compensate for the effects of temporal variation and individual differences. Application The findings provide insight into the value and limitations of ECG-based driver cognitive workload monitoring during prolonged driving for individual drivers.
Net zero carbon: Energy performance targets for offices
Authors: Cohen Robert , Desai Karl , Elias Jennifer , Twinn Richard 
Published: February 2021

The UKGBC Net Zero Carbon Buildings Framework was published in April 2019 following an industry task group and extensive consultation process. The framework acts as guidance for achieving net zero carbon for operational energy and construction emissions, with a whole life carbon approach to be developed in the future. In consultation with industry, further detail and stricter requirements are being developed over time. In October 2019, proposals were set out for industry consultation on minimum energy efficiency targets for new and existing commercial office buildings seeking to achieve net zero carbon status for operational energy today, based on the performance levels that all buildings will be required to achieve by 2050. This was complemented by modelling work undertaken by the LETI network looking into net zero carbon requirements for new buildings. In January 2020 UKGBC published its guidance on the levels of energy performance that offices should target to achieve net zero and a trajectory for getting there by 2035. This paper describes the methodology behind and industry perspectives on UKGBC’s proposals which aim to predict the reduction in building energy intensity required if the UK’s economy is to be fully-powered by zero carbon energy in 2050. Practical application: Many developers and investors seeking to procure new commercial offices or undertake major refurbishments of existing offices are engaging with the ‘net zero carbon’ agenda, now intrinsic to the legislative framework for economic activity in the UK. A UKGBC initiative effectively filled a vacuum by defining a set of requirements including energy efficiency thresholds for commercial offices in the UK to be considered ‘net zero carbon’. This paper provides all stakeholders with a detailed justification for the level of these thresholds and what might be done to achieve them. A worked example details one possible solution for a new office.
Inflammatory indicator levels in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement via median sternotomy with preoperative anxiety and postoperative complications: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Gao Qiang , Mok Hsiao-Pei , Zhang Hong-Yu , Qiu Hai-Long , Liu Jian , Chen Ze-Rui , Teng Yun , Li Xiao-Hua , Cen Jian-Zheng , Chen Ji-Mei , Zhuang Jian 
Published: February 2021

Objective This study was performed to evaluate the association of preoperative anxiety with inflammatory indicators and postoperative complications in patients undergoing scheduled aortic valve replacement surgery. Methods A prospective cohort study was performed. The Hamilton Anxiety Scale was used to assess preoperative anxiety. The serum white blood cell (WBC) count and concentrations of C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 were measured 1 day preoperatively and 3 and 7 days postoperatively. Postoperative complications were also recorded. Results Seventy-three patients were included. The incidence of preoperative anxiety was 30.1% (22/73). The payment source was the only independent risk factor for preoperative anxiety. The incidence of postoperative complications was lowest in the mild anxiety group. The WBC count 3 days postoperatively was significantly lower in the mild than moderate-severe anxiety group. The IL-8 concentration 1 day preoperatively was highest in the no anxiety group. Conclusions Mild preoperative anxiety might help to improve clinical outcomes. However, further investigations with more patients are warranted. Patients with different degrees of anxiety may have different levels of inflammatory cytokines.
Can the combined treatment of solifenacin and imipramine has a role in desmopressin refractory monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis? A prospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study
Authors: Samir Mohamed , Mahmoud Mahmoud A , Elawady Hossam 
Published: February 2021

Background: Nocturnal enuresis is a common disease of childhood. It can be classified into monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) or nonmonosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (NMNE). Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant used to treat enuresis with initial success rates are high as 50% but some studies record a high relapse rate and it has a cardiotoxic effect when overdosed. Anticholinergics may be effective in the treatment of children with bladder storage dysfunction, including daytime incontinence. However, anticholinergics monotherapy is not effective in treating MNE. In our study, we used a low dose (25 mg) of imipramine in order to avoid its potential side effects and combined it with the synergistic anticholinergic action of solifenacin. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the combination of solifenacin and imipramine compared with placebo in the treatment of desmopressin refractory MNE. Methods: One hundred children aged 6 years or more with primary MNE unresponsive to desmopressin treatment were included. The children were randomly divided into two equal groups. Group A received imipramine 25 mg and solifenacin 5–10 mg oral tablets and group B received placebo once 1 h before bedtime for 3 months. The primary end point was to investigate the efficacy of the combined treatment of solifenacin and imipramine and the secondary end point was the safety of the drugs. Results: Our study showed that the mean post treatment wet nights per month was significantly lesser in the treatment group than placebo group ( p < 0.001) and cure rate was significantly higher in treatment group than placebo group ( p < 0.001). The relapse rate was statistically significantly lower in treatment group than placebo group ( p = 0.032). No significant side effects related to the drugs were reported. Conclusion: The combination treatment of solifenacin and imipramine is a useful and safe treatment for nocturnal enuresis after failure of everything else.
Cutaneous, systemic features and laboratory characteristics of late- versus adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus in 1006 Thai patients
Authors: Chanprapaph Kumutnart , Tubtieng Ittipon , Pratumchat Nathathai , Thadanipon Kunlawat , Rattanakaemakorn Ploysyne , Suchonwanit Poonkiat 
Published: February 2021

Background Age at disease onset may modulate systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but its relation to cutaneous/extracutaneous manifestation remains understudied. Objective To compare the cutaneous, systemic features, laboratory characteristics, and disease severity between late- and adult-onset SLE patients Methods Analyses of the cutaneous, systemic involvement, laboratory investigations, SLE disease activity index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K), and disease damage were performed to compare between groups. Results Of 1006 SLE patients, 740 and 226 had adult- (15–50 years) and late-onset (>50 years), respectively. Among 782 with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), acute CLE (ACLE) and chronic CLE (CCLE) were more common in the adult- and late-onset SLE, respectively ( p = 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that male patients and skin signs, including papulosquamous subacute CLE, discoid lupus erythematosus, and lupus profundus, were associated with late-onset SLE (all p < 0.05). Late-onset SLE had lower lupus-associated autoantibodies, and systemic involvement (all p < 0.05). ACLE, CCLE, mucosal lupus, alopecia, and non-specific lupus were related to higher disease activity in adult-onset SLE (all p < 0.001). There was no difference in the damage index between the two groups. Conclusions Late-onset SLE had a distinct disease expression with male predominance, milder disease activity, and lower systemic involvement. Cutaneous manifestations may hold prognostic values for SLE.
Multiparametric ultrasound imaging characteristics of multiple testicular adrenal rest tumours in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Mansoor Nina M , Huang Dean Y , Sidhu Paul S 
Published: February 2021

Introduction Testicular adrenal rest cell tumours (TART) are rare benign adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent testicular tumours, which can develop in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. If left untreated, they can cause testicular tissue damage and infertility. Ultrasound is the imaging modality of choice allowing for non-invasive diagnosis provided that characteristic features are seen. In recent times, magnetic resonance imaging characteristics have also been described to aid diagnosis. Case Report This case describes the imaging features of multiple bilateral TART in a young patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Traditional greyscale and colour Doppler ultrasound demonstrated intratesticular, predominantly hypoechoic areas, with increased surrounding colour Doppler flow. In addition, contrast-enhanced ultrasound and strain elastography were performed, showing increased TART vascularisation and increased stiffness in the hypoechoic areas. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging confirmed bilateral lobulated, well demarcated, intratesticular lesions, which appeared predominantly isointense on T1-weighted imaging, hypointense on T2-weighted imaging, with heterogeneous enhancement following gadolinium administration. Discussion This case illustrates the sonographic features including greyscale, colour Doppler, contrast and elastography ultrasound of TART in a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Both contrast-enhanced ultrasound and elastography can provide information about tissue properties not normally derived from conventional ultrasound and aid accurate diagnosis. Additional magnetic resonance imaging is not normally required with typical ultrasound appearances. The unusual findings seen on the ultrasound examination were likely secondary to poor compliance with treatment. Conclusion Familiarity and recognition of characteristic and uncommon imaging features of these tumours are important to avoid misdiagnosis and surgical intervention.
Is Golf a Contact Sport? Protection of the Spine and Return to Play After Lumbar Surgery
Authors: Haddas Ram , Pipkin William , Hellman Dan , Voronov Leonard , Kwon Young-Hoo , Guyer Richard 
Published: February 2021

Study Design: Narrative review. Objective: To address the gap in the literature on specific return to play protocols and rehabilitation regimens for golfers undergoing lumbar spine surgery with a high impact swing. Methods: This review did not involve patient care or any clinical prospective or retrospective review of patient information and thus did not warrant institutional review board approval. The available literature of PubMed, Medline, and OVID was utilized to review the existing literature. Results: Studies have shown that the forces through the lumbar spine in the modern-era golf swing are like other contact sports. Methods of protecting the lumbar spine include proper swing mechanics, abdominal and paraspinal musculature strengthening and flexibility as well as physical fitness. There are a variety of treatment options available to treat lumbar spine pathology each with a different return to play recommendations from doctors in the field. Conclusions: With the introduction of a high impact, modern-era swing to the game of golf, the pathology is seen in the lumbar spine of both young, old, professional, and amateur golfers with low back pain are similar to other athletes in contact sports. Surgery is effective in returning athletes to a similar level of play even though no protocols exist for an effective and safe return. There have been many studies conducted to determine appropriate treatment and return to play for these injuries, but there is a gap in the literature on specific return to play protocols and rehabilitation regimens for golfers undergoing lumbar spine surgery with a high impact swing. As return to competitive play is important, especially with professional golfers, studies combining the use of swing mechanics changes, rehabilitation regimens and the type of surgery performed would be able to provide some insight into this topic now that golf may begin to be considered a contact sport.
Kinase inhibitors developed for treatment of hematologic malignancies: implications for immune modulation in COVID-19
Authors: Jacobs Chaja F. , Eldering Eric , Kater Arnon P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are used to target dysregulated signaling pathways in virtually all hematologic malignancies. Many of the targeted signaling pathways are also essential in nonmalignant immune cells. The current coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic catalyzed clinical exploration of TKIs in the treatment of the various stages of COVID-19, which are characterized by distinct immune-related complications. Most of the reported effects of TKIs on immune regulation have been explored in vitro, with different class-specific drugs having nonoverlapping target affinities. Moreover, many of the reported in vivo effects are based on artificial animal models or on observations made in symptomatic patients with a hematologic malignancy who often already suffer from disturbed immune regulation. Based on in vitro and clinical observations, we attempt to decipher the impact of the main TKIs approved or in late-stage development for the treatment of hematological malignancies, including inhibitors of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase, spleen tyrosine kinase, BCR-Abl, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ mammalian target of rapamycin, JAK/STAT, and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3, to provide a rationale for how such inhibitors could modify clinical courses of diseases, such as COVID-19.
Analytical Model for the Channel Maximum Temperature in Ga2O3 MOSFETs
Authors: Jia Xiaole , Hu Haodong , Han Genquan , Liu Yan , Hao Yue 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this work, we proposed an accurate analytical model for the estimation of the channel maximum temperature of Ga2O3 MOSFETs with native or high-thermal-conductivity substrates. The thermal conductivity of Ga2O3 is anisotropic and decreases significantly with increasing temperature, which both are important for the thermal behavior of Ga2O3 MOSFETs and thus considered in the model. Numerical simulations are performed via COMSOL Multiphysics to investigate the dependence of channel maximum temperature on power density by varying device geometric parameters and ambient temperature, which shows good agreements with analytical model, providing the validity of this model. The new model is instructive in effective thermal management of Ga2O3 MOSFETs.
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Composite Materials for Batch or Chromatographic Biomolecule Separation
Authors: Schwaminger Sebastian P. , Brammen Markus W. , Zunhammer Florian , Däumler Nicklas , Fraga-García Paula , Berensmeier Sonja 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCarbon-based materials are the spearhead of research in multiple fields of nanotechnology. Moreover, their role as stationary phase in chromatography is gaining relevance. We investigate a material consisting of multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles towards its use as a mixed-mode chromatography material. The idea is to immobilize the ion exchange material iron oxide on CNTs as a stable matrix for chromatography processes without a significant pressure drop. Iron oxide nanoparticles are synthesized and used to decorate the CNTs via a co-precipitation route. They bind to the walls of oxidized CNTs, thereby enabling to magnetically separate the composite material. This hybrid material is investigated with transmission electron microscopy, magnetometry, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, we determine its specific surface area and its wetting behavior. We also demonstrate its applicability as chromatography material for amino acid retention, describing the adsorption and desorption of different amino acids in a complex porous system surrounded by aqueous media. Thus, this material can be used as chromatographic matrix and as a magnetic batch adsorbent material due to the iron oxide nanoparticles. Our work contributes to current research on composite materials. Such materials are necessary for developing novel industrial applications or improving the performance of established processes.