bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unmasking the mask studies: why the effectiveness of surgical masks in preventing respiratory infections has been underestimated
Authors: Kollepara Pratyush K , Siegenfeld Alexander F , Taleb Nassim Nicholas , Bar-Yam Yaneer 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: Pre-pandemic empirical studies have produced mixed statistical results on the effectiveness of masks against respiratory viruses, leading to confusion that may have contributed to organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) initially not recommending that the general public wear masks during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
Methods: A threshold-based dose–response curve framework is used to analyse the effects of interventions on infection probabilities for both single and repeated exposure events. Empirical studies on mask effectiveness are evaluated with a statistical power analysis that includes the effect of adherence to mask usage protocols.
Results: When the adherence to mask usage guidelines is taken into account, the empirical evidence indicates that masks prevent disease transmission: all studies we analysed that did not find surgical masks to be effective were under-powered to such an extent that even if masks were 100% effective, the studies in question would still have been unlikely to find a statistically significant effect. We also provide a framework for understanding the effect of masks on the probability of infection for single and repeated exposures. The framework demonstrates that masks can have a disproportionately large protective effect and that more frequently wearing a mask provides super-linearly compounding protection.
Conclusions: This work shows (1) that both theoretical and empirical evidence is consistent with masks protecting against respiratory infections and (2) that non-linear effects and statistical considerations regarding the percentage of exposures for which masks are worn must be taken into account when designing empirical studies and interpreting their results.
Depression and Schizophrenia
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Depression and schizophrenia dragged down psychiatry's scientific status in the twenty-first century due to psychiatry’s inability to get beyond these two big diseases. Depression and schizophrenia formed the backbone of psychiatry since therapeutics are divided mainly into “antidepressants” and “antischizophrenics.” All forms of depression were accompanied by anxiety, and most forms of anxiety, except the psychotic variety, were accompanied by depression. The problem of psychopharmacology today was caused by the invention of new diagnoses that soon became profit centers for the pharmaceutical industry. The great river of diagnosis that flowed from nineteenth-century German psychiatry dominated the global picture of diagnosis and was considered heavily biological because it saw mental illness as brain disease.
Industry
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry began in 1858, with August Kekulé’s discovery of the benzene ring, which formed the basis of the dye industry that eventually turned into the pharmaceutical industry. Merck and Pfizer bought medicinal chemicals in bulk and processed them into pharmaceuticals for sale to pharmacies or directly to physicians, who dispensed them to patients. The idea of selling medicine was to displace the compounding pharmacist as the manufacturer of pharmaceuticals. The pharmaceutical industry accelerated with the introduction of a new pill-making technology: in 1900, with the aspirin, Bayer in Leverkusen became the first drug company to market a major product in tablet form. Drug manufacture transitioned into an industry that went into full swing in the 1920s.
Trials Begin
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Most knowledge about disease, drug treatment, and drug toxicity has come from naturalistic observations by smart physicians using their past learning and experience as controls. Paul Leber, chief of psychopharmacology at FDA, made a career out of saying that controlled trials are needed to tell if a drug works. The history of clinical trials is significant because clinical trials gave psychopharmacology the appearance of science. This chapter elaborates that the reason clinicians have been so ready to prescribe medications of doubtful efficacy to patients with such questionable diagnoses as “major depression” is that the voice of science seems to speak from the doctor's chair. The chapter examines the two approaches to knowing if a drug works: to look for the “wow” factor or to run a randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) and look at the numbers.
Marketing
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the association of Pharma advertising with manipulativeness, indicating how benefits were always exaggerated, and the side effects downplayed. It describes medical advertising before the Second World War, which was not seen as a model of integrity, but for ad experts like Claude Hopkins, marketing medicine placed men on their mettle. It also examines whether medical advertising is really needed, since an effective new drug will sell itself. The chapter explores the problem in psychiatry, wherein marketing is deployed to create the deceitful impression of efficacy and safety for compounds that offer little true therapeutic advance, such as the campaign to sell the atypical antipsychotics. It explains how marketing is deployed to trash effective old drugs that are off patent, such as the marketing-induced desuetude of lithium in mood disorders.
Atypicals
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
“Major depression,” a non-existent disease, was the barrier to the development of new drugs for mood disorders, while “schizophrenia” was the stumbling block for the development of new drugs for disabling disorders of connectivity and mobilization. Psychopharmacology failed as a scientific paradigm when depression and schizophrenia became pipelines for billions of dollars in profit for the pharmaceutical industry. Also, antipsychotics like Smith Kline’s chlorpromazine, which marketed in the United States in 1954, caused movement disorders as a significant side effect. Finally, the real story of the atypicals shows how psychopharmacology was downgraded through the conversion of science into commerce. Clozapine, the first of the true atypical antipsychotics, turned out to be the most effective and the most dangerous.
The Fall of Psychopharmacology
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In 2012, Mickey Nardo forecast the end of an era during the height of the Age of Psychopharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience. Skeptical observers like Nardo asked the disquieting question of why SSRI/SNRIs, SGAs, and mood stabilizers were needed when psychiatrists were just prescribing ineffective drugs for non-existent conditions. Susanna Every-Palmer, a psychiatrist at the Otago Medical School in New Zealand, argued that evidence-based medicine in general was being discredited by the invasion of the pharmaceutical industry. Psychopharmacology was doomed as a scientific concept when it became a vehicle for promoting the pharmaceutical industry. Psychopharmacology’s scientific concept died when it became a trope for selling drugs.
'All manner of ingenuity and industry'
Authors: Compston Alastair 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book celebrates the quatercentenary of the birth of Thomas Willis on 27 January 1621. As a physician in Oxford, Willis’s work in the 1650s provides an example of rural medical practice in early modern England. As a member of the Oxford Philosophical Club that met from the 1640s, he was central to the development of new ideas on anatomy and physiology. As Sedleian professor of natural philosophy in Oxford, the surviving records of his lectures from the 1660s provide an example of teaching in medicine at that time. And, after moving to London in 1667, Willis continued to interact with a community of scientists and physicians who transformed ideas on respiration, muscular movement, and the nervous system.
Psychological interventions for cognitive dysfunction in MDD
Authors: Baune Bernhard T. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter psychological interventions for cognitive function in MDD outlines promising cognitive training interventions that may yield neuropsychological, cognitive, emotional, and functional benefits for patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD). The chapter reviews how psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioural therapy are aimed to address cognitive biases, which include distorted information appraisal or attentional allocation towards negative and away from positive stimuli. It emphasizes that specific cognitive interventions target cognitive deficits and that the use of cognitive training represents a promising and novel therapeutic option which may yield neuropsychological, affective, functional, and behavioural improvements in patients with MDD.
Nonpharmacological biological interventions for emotional and cognitive dysfunction
Authors: Baune Bernhard T. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Nonpharmacological biological interventions for emotional and cognitive dysfunction extensively reviews the effects of stimulation-based therapies including electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and transcranial direct current stimulation on affective cognition. Several types and protocols of neurostimulation interventions can influence affective information-processing in patients with depression. For example, there is some evidence to suggest that electroconvulsive therapy increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and therefore induces neuroplasticity. The chapter identifies several types and protocols of neurostimulation interventions with the ability to influence affective information-processing in patients with major depressive disorder. It discusses current research on stimulation-based therapies and highlights the need for further research on whether these protocol variations can counterbalance negative biases and whether they are causally involved in the clinical effects of the different treatments.
Management of congenital limb deficiency
Authors: Monsell Fergal 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A broad range of abnormalities can affect the developing human limb. This chapter includes an overview of limb bud development, the mechanisms involved in normal growth, and congenital skeletal deficiencies of the lower limb. The use of ultrasonography in antenatal screening and the clinical and radiological features in childhood are also discussed in addition to management including surgical reconstruction and prosthetic use.
Clinical efficacy of belimumab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and headache. A report of two cases
Authors: Kodera Takao , Tsutsumi Tomomi , Oka Yumiko , Takeda Tomoki , Shirota Yuko , Kameoka Junichi 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Intractable headache, one of the manifestations of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is difficult to diagnose and decide on an appropriate treatment. In addition to conventional therapy based on the type of headache, the treatment should be conducted considering the disease activity of SLE rather than the headache. We report two patients with intractable headache who were successfully treated using belimumab therapy. The headaches in both patients were relieved after 2 weeks of belimumab administration. The neutralisation of B lymphocyte stimulator and reduced production of cytokines from B lymphocytes might contribute to the early effects. The potential benefits of using belimumab as an additional immunosuppressant for treating intractable headache complicated with SLE have been discussed.
Successful treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with secukinumab in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis and Familial Mediterranean Fever
Authors: Unal Enginar Ayse , Gundogdu Mustafa 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by pain, inflamed nodules, abscess, sinus tract, and fistula. HS is more common in patients with axial spondyloarthritis and Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) compared to the normal population. Mediterranean fever gene mutations are thought to be responsible for the relationship between these three diseases. Case reports of secukinumab treatment in HS have been reported. In this article, a case of successful treatment of HS with secukinumab in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis and FMF is presented.
Secukinumab therapy in reactive arthritis: Report of two cases
Authors: Padhan Prasanta , Maikap Debashis 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an immune-mediated aseptic synovitis resulting either from genitourinary or gastrointestinal tract, commonly presenting as oligoarthritis of the lower limbs and rarely urethritis and conjunctivitis. The treatment options include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and biologics in severe cases. We report successful use of secukinumab in two cases of chronic severe ReA who initially failed to treatment with tumour necrosis factor inhibitor.
Predominant mesangial IgM, C3, and λ light chain depositions and interstitial nephritis in a patient with overlap syndrome and positivity for anti-mitochondrial M2 antibody: a case report
Authors: Yamada Saeko , Kanda Hiroko , Abe Hiroyuki , Domoto Yukako Shintani , Yoshida Ryochi , Harada Hiroaki , Kubo Kanae , Ushiku Tetsuo , Fujio Keishi 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Overlap syndrome refers to a group of conditions that have clinical features of more than one well-characterised rheumatic disease and meet the respective classification criteria. There are no typical renal histological findings in overlap syndrome. When patients with overlap syndrome develop renal dysfunction, various potential causes, including lupus nephritis (LN), renal crisis by systemic sclerosis, interstitial nephritis, and so on, need to be distinguished. Here, we report a 44-year-old woman with overlap syndrome involving systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diffuse cutaneous systemic scleroderma, and Sjogren’s syndrome, who was also positive for anti-mitochondrial M2 antibody. She developed glomerular haematuria, proteinuria, and increase in creatinine appeared gradually. Suspecting LN, renal biopsy was performed. However, in the interstitium, mild infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells and very partial fibrosis were observed. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed predominant mesangial immunoglobulin M, C3, and λ light chain staining. Overall, LN was not diagnosed based on these findings. Renal dysfunction was normalised by glucocorticoid treatment for 3 months. This case suggests the importance of a renal diagnosis based on renal pathological findings, especially in a case of overlap syndrome including SLE.
F-box protein MdAMR1L1 regulates ascorbate biosynthesis in apple by modulating GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase
Authors: Ma Songya , Li Huixia , Wang Lan , Li Baiyun , Wang Zhengyang , Ma Baiquan , Ma Fengwang , Li Mingjun 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Ascorbate (Asc) is an important antioxidant in plants and humans that plays key roles in various physiological processes. Understanding the regulation of Asc content in fruit plants is important for improving plant resiliency and optimizing Asc in food. Here, we found that both the transcript level and protein abundance of Asc Mannose pathway Regulator 1 Like 1 (MdAMR1L1) was negatively associated with Asc levels during the development of apple (Malus × domestica) fruit. The overexpression or silencing of MdAMR1L1 in apple indicated that MdAMR1L1 negatively regulated Asc levels. However, in the leaves of MdAMR1L1-overexpressing apple lines, the transcript levels of the Asc synthesis gene Guanosine diphosphate-mannose pyrophosphorylase MdGMP1 were increased, while its protein levels and enzyme activity were reduced. This occurred because the MdAMR1L1 protein interacted with MdGMP1 and promoted its degradation via the ubiquitination pathway to inhibit Asc synthesis at the post-translational level. MdERF98, an apple ethylene response factor, whose transcription was modulated by Asc level, is directly bound to the promoter of MdGMP1 to promote the transcription of MdGMP1. These findings provide insights into the regulatory mechanism of Asc biosynthesis in apples and revealed potential opportunities to improve fruit Asc levels.
Using Internet-Derived Data to Measure Religion: Understanding How Google Can Provide Insight into Cross-National Religious Differences
Authors: Adamczyk Amy , Scott Jacqueline , Hitlin Steven 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Internet and social media data provide new sources of information for examining social issues, but their potential for scholars interested in religion remains unclear. Focusing on cross-national religion data, we test the validity of measures drawn from Google and Twitter against well-known existing data. We find that Google Trend (GT) searches for the dominant religions’ major holidays, along with “Buddhism,” can be validated against traditional sources. We also find that GT and traditional measures account for similar amounts of variation, and the GT measures do not differ substantially from established ones for explaining several cross-national outcomes (e.g., fertility, circumcision, and alcohol use), as well as new ones (e.g., interest in religious buildings and sex). The Twitter measures do not perform as well. Our study provides insight into best practices for generating and using these measures, and offers evidence that internet-generated data can replicate existing measures that are less accessible and more expensive.
Greater Number of Microglia in Telencephalic Proliferative Zones of Human and Nonhuman Primate Compared with Other Vertebrate Species
Authors: Penna Elisa , Cunningham Christopher L , Saylor Stephanie , Kreutz Anna , Tarantal Alice F , Martínez-Cerdeño Verónica , Noctor Stephen C 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Microglial cells, the innate immune cells of the brain, are derived from yolk sac precursor cells, begin to colonize the telencephalon at the onset of cortical neurogenesis, and occupy specific layers including the telencephalic proliferative zones. Microglia are an intrinsic component of cortical germinal zones, establish extensive contacts with neural precursor cells (NPCs) and developing cortical vessels, and regulate the size of the NPC pool through mechanisms that include phagocytosis. Microglia exhibit notable differences in number and distribution in the prenatal neocortex between rat and old world nonhuman primate telencephalon, suggesting that microglia possess distinct properties across vertebrate species. To begin addressing this subject, we quantified the number of microglia and NPCs in proliferative zones of the fetal human, rhesus monkey, ferret, and rat, and the prehatch chick and turtle telencephalon. We show that the ratio of NPCs to microglia varies significantly across species. Few microglia populate the prehatch chick telencephalon, but the number of microglia approaches that of NPCs in fetal human and nonhuman primate telencephalon. These data demonstrate that microglia are in a position to perform important functions in a number of vertebrate species but more heavily colonize proliferative zones of fetal human and rhesus monkey telencephalon.
Fusarium Head Blight of Small Grains in Pennsylvania: Unravelling Species Diversity, Toxin Types, Growth, and Triazole Sensitivity
Authors: Duffeck Maíra R. , Bandara Ananda Y. , Weerasooriya Dilooshi K. , Collins Alyssa A. , Jensen Philip J. , Kuldau Gretchen A. , Del Ponte Emerson M. , Esker Paul D. 
Published: September 2021

Fusarium graminearum is the main causal species of Fusarium head blight (FHB) globally. Recent changes in the trichothecene (toxin) types in the North American FHB pathogens support the need for continued surveillance. In this study, 461 isolates were obtained from symptomatic spikes of wheat, spelt, barley, and rye crops during 2018 and 2019. These were all identified to species and toxin types using molecular-based approaches. An additional set of 77 F. graminearum isolates obtained from overwintering crop residues during winter 2012 were molecularly identified to toxin types. A subset of 31 F. graminearum isolates (15 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol [15ADON] and 16 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol [3ADON]) were assessed for mycelial growth, macroconidia, perithecia, and ascospore production, and sensitivity to two triazoles. Ninety percent of isolates obtained from the symptomatic spikes (n = 418) belonged to F. graminearum, with four other species found at a lower frequency (n = 39). The F. graminearum isolates from symptomatic spikes were mainly of the 15ADON (95%), followed by 3ADON (4%), nivalenol (0.7%), and NX-2 (0.3%) toxin types. All F. graminearum isolates obtained from overwintering residue were of the 15ADON type. The toxin types could not be differentiated based on the multivariate analysis of growth and reproduction traits. All isolates were sensitive to tebuconazole and metconazole fungicides in vitro. This study confirms the dominance of F. graminearum and suggests ecological and environmental factors, to be further identified, that lead to similar composition of toxin types in the northern United States. Our results may be useful to assess the sustainability of FHB management practices and provide a baseline for future FHB surveys.