bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herbal Medicine used for the treatment of diarrhea and cough in Kampala city, Uganda
Authors: Walusansa Abdul , Asiimwe Savina , Ssenku Jamilu. E. , Anywar Godwin , Namara Milbert , Nakavuma Jesca. L. , Kakudidi Esezah. K. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: Globally, diarrheal and respiratory diseases are among the top ten causes of mortality, and are the major ailments for which humans seek treatment. Kampala, the capital city of Uganda is facing a proliferation of herbalists that sell herbal medicine (HM) used to manage ailments such as diarrhea and cough. The ethnopharmacological and economic aspects of HM sold in Uganda’s major cities such as Kampala are poorly understood, and this deters the HM sector from achieving its optimal capacity to adequately support health promotion and poverty reduction. The aim of this research was to: (i) profile the plant species used in the treatment of diarrhea and cough, and (ii) determine the basic economic aspects of HM trade in Kampala city. The purpose was to support the conservation of ethnopharmacological knowledge, and the design of strategic plans towards fostering optimal HM trade in urban settings.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a mixed methods approach. Sixty-five herbalists were selected in the five divisions of Kampala. The herbalists were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Field observations were used to collect qualitative data. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with STATA version-15.0. Results: Eighty-four plant species from 41 families were documented: Fabaceae and Myricaceae with the highest number of species (9, 10.7% each). Citrus limon was the most commonly cited for cough, with a relative frequency of citation (RFC) of 1.00, and its relative medical importance was not significantly different from the other top 5 species except for Azadirachta indica (RFC=0.87), (χ2 =8.923, p=0.0028). Entada abyssinica (RFC=0.97) was most cited for diarrhea. Trees (34, 40.5%) were mostly used, and mainly harvested from wild habitats (55.2%), found in 20 districts across Uganda. These HM were mainly sold as powders and concoctions, in markets, shops, pharmacies, and roadside or mobile stalls. The highest prices were Uganda Shillings (UGX) 48,000 ($ 13.15)/Kg for Allium sativum, and UGX 16,000 ($ 4.38)/Kg for C. limon. All participants used HM trade as a sole source of basic needs; majority (60.0%) earned net monthly profit of UGX. 730,000 ($ 200) ≤ 1,460,000 ($ 400). The main hindrances to HM trade were the; disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic (n=65, 100%), and the scarcity of medicinal plants (58, 89.2%). Conclusion There is a rich diversity of medicinal plant species traded in Kampala to treat diarrhea and cough. The HM trade significantly contributes to the livelihoods of the traders in Kampala, as well as the different actors along the HM value chain throughout the country
High-throughput segmentation of unmyelinated axons by deep learning
Authors: Plebani Emanuele , Biscola Natalia P. , Havton Leif A. , Rajwa Bartek , Shemonti Abida Sanjana , Jaffey Deborah , Powley Terry , Keast Janet R. , Lu Kun-Han , Dundar M. Murat 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Axonal characterizations of connectomes in healthy and disease phenotypes are surprisingly incomplete and biased because unmyelinated axons, the most prevalent type of fibers in the nervous system, have largely been ignored as their quantitative assessment quickly becomes unmanageable as the number of axons increases. Herein, we introduce the first prototype of a high-throughput processing pipeline for automated segmentation of unmyelinated fibers. Our team has used transmission electron microscopy images of vagus and pelvic nerves in rats. All unmyelinated axons in these images are individually annotated and used as labeled data to train and validate a deep instance segmentation network. We investigate the effect of different training strategies on the overall segmentation accuracy of the network. We extensively validate the segmentation algorithm as a stand-alone segmentation tool as well as in an expert-in-the-loop hybrid segmentation setting with preliminary, albeit remarkably encouraging results. Our algorithm achieves an instance-level F1 score of between 0.7 and 0.9 on various test images in the stand-alone mode and reduces expert annotation labor by 80% in the hybrid setting. We hope that this new high-throughput segmentation pipeline will enable quick and accurate characterization of unmyelinated fibers at scale and become instrumental in significantly advancing our understanding of connectomes in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems.
Hydrologic responses to climate and land-use/land-cover changes in the Bilate catchment, Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Kuma Hailu Gisha , Feyessa Fekadu Fufa , Demissie Tamene Adugna 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The likely effects of climate and land-use/land-cover (LULC) changes on hydrologic processes in Bilate catchment, Ethiopia were evaluated. The study emphasizes the evaluation of individual and combined impacts on hydrologic responses of climate and LULC changes. Climatic scenarios included a downscaled regional climate model from CORDEX-Africa. The CA–Markov model was used to project LULC. The results revealed that distinct changes on hydrologic responses occurred which follow the direction of climate and LULC changes. A 30.87% decline in rainfall resulted in about 4.09, 1.43 and 3.57% decline in runoff, groundwater and water yield, respectively. A rise in mean temperature by 1.3 °C resulted in a 7 and 0.8% increase in potential and actual evapotranspiration, respectively. Runoff, groundwater and water yield are projected to decrease by 11.24, 12.54 and 11.54%; however, potential and actual evapotranspiration are projected to increase by 19 and 14.7%, respectively, under combined climate and LULC changes. The joint effects of climate and LULC changes on hydrologic responses in the forthcoming were higher than the variation trend of climate or LULC change alone. Climate change compared with LULC change has a higher impact on hydrologic responses. The results obtained provide further insight into future water balance, and assistance in water resources planning and management.
Water scarcity and poverty: The lasting impact of a maintenance campaign at South African schools across the affluence divide
Authors: Booysen M. J. , Gerber S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Water features prominently in discussions on sustainability. The recent Cape Town ‘Day Zero’ drought heightened fears about global cities running dry as the climate changes. During that crisis a campaign was launched to save water at schools, consisting of a basic maintenance campaign and a behavioural campaign. The former was limited to easy fixes, and the latter comprised an information campaign and an information and competition campaign. The impacts of these were assessed immediately after the interventions. This paper revisits the maintenance results by assessing the difference in responses according to affluence levels of the schools, and by evaluating the impacts one year after the campaigns. We find that the poorer schools were not able to sustain the maintenance gains, especially at the primary schools.
Recent Updates on Sinularia Soft Coral
Authors: Elkhouly Hanaa Bahaa , Attia Eman Zekry , Khedr Amgad Ibrahim Mansour , Samy Mamdouh Nabil , Fouad Mostafa Ahmed 
Published: September 2021

Abstract:
Marine organisms are recognized as a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. The
remarkable abundance and diversity of bioactive small molecules isolated from soft corals displayed
their essential role in drug discovery for human diseases. Sterols and terpenes, particularly cembranolides,
14-membered cyclic diterpene, demonstrated numerous biological activities, such as antitumor,
antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-osteoporosis and anti-inflammatory. Accordingly,
continuous investigation of marine soft corals leads the way to discover a plentiful number of chemical
diverse natural products with various biological potentials for prospective pharmaceutical industrial
applications. Such review affords plenary inspection of the total secondary metabolites isolated
from the Sinularia, from 2008 until 2020, besides their natural sources as well as bioactivities whenever
possible.
Assesment of Iodine Deficiency in Patients with Nodular Goiter Living in the Precarpatian Region
Authors: Rybchak Lilija 
Published: September 2021

The objective of the research was to assess the state of iodine supply of patients with nodular goiter living in the Precarpathian region.
Materials and methods: 56 patients with nodular goiter were examined (38 women and 18 men), the average age of patients was 48 years. WHO / UNICEF / ICCIDD guidelines were used to assess the severity of iodine deficiency: goiter frequency according to palpation and ultrasound examinations, median of iodine excretion in urine, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroglobulin levels. Determination of iodine concentration in urine was conducted by the method of “blind”, closed randomized study in single portions of urine according to the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction by the method of Dunn et al. in the laboratory of epidemiology of endocrine diseases at the State Institution “V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism” (supervisor – Professor VI Kravchenko).
Results. According to the results of the study of iodine in the urine, the data with an average value of 85.9 μg/l were obtained. The median of thyroglobulin serum was in the range of 12.27 ng/L. Levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone were average in patients with nodular goiter of I and II grades constituting 3.13 mU/l (table 2). The level of thyroglobulin median was noted to be the highest in patients with thyroid size corresponding to grade II.
Conclusions. The results of the study of iodine in the urine of patients with nodular goiter of grades I and II living in the Precarpathian region indicated a mild level of iodine deficiency. The presence of iodine deficiency necessitated both mass (the use of iodized salt by the population) and individual iodine prevention (prescribing potassium iodide).
The Study of the Awareness of Healthcare Workers on Organizational Aspects of Vaccination
Authors: Bulavinova Kateryna , Detsyk Oryna , Tsikhon Zoya 
Published: September 2021

Aim. To analyze the awareness of healthcare workers on the organization of vaccination.
Materials and Methods. In 2018 – 2019 sociological survey was conducted among 1384 healthcare workers from 4 Ukrainian regions: 353 primary care physicians, 233 specialized medical care doctors, 88 healthcare managers, 700 nurses, and 10 others.
Results. Gaps in the knowledge and beliefs of health professionals associated with the organization of vaccination were founded: less than half of the surveyed health workers understand that vaccination is carried out with any certified vaccine, regardless of the country of origin; a significant part of respondents tend to prescribe drugs not recommended by international guidelines (53.6%), antihistamines (15.9%) and anti-inflammatory (8.0%) drugs before vaccination; do not know about the possibility of doing several vaccinations in one visit (47.3%) and that the cold chain breach affects the effectiveness of the vaccine (52.4%). It was found that the most knowledgeable about the organization of immunoprophylaxis of the population are the health care managers and medical personnel who have passed special training on vaccination vs the least informed specialized medical care doctors.
Conclusions. It is necessary to develop a set of scientifically based measures to improve the awareness of health professionals about the organization of vaccination in order to improve the coverage of the population with immunoprophylaxis.
The Changes of Prooxidant-Antioxidant and Energy Homeostasis in Rates with Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Guranych Serhii 
Published: September 2021

Topicality.Violation of glucose utilization leads to disruption of all types of metabolic processes. Particularly dangerous in the prognostic aspect is the combination of carbohydrate metabolism disorders and other endocrine pathologies, in particular hypothyroid dysfunction.
The objective of the study was to examine prooxidant-antioxidant changes ofblood serum, teeth pulp and oral mucosa in rats with impaired glucose tolerance on the background of iodine deficiency.
Materials and Methods. The studies were carried on 60 female rats, which were divided into two research groups - rats with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance on the background of iodine deficiency. Lipid peroxidation processes were evaluated due to the content of diene conjugates and active products that react with thiobarbituric acid in blood serum, teeth pulp and oral mucosa. Antioxidant defence of blood serum was characterized by catalase, ceruloplasmin, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase activity and iron transferrin saturation. Energy metabolism was examined by the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in blood serum.
Results.Impaired glucose tolerance was foundto lead to the activation of lipoperoxidation, mainly due to the accumulation of final products of lipid peroxidation in all studied tissues against the background of redistribution of the activity of antiradical enzymes. Under these experimental conditions, different changes in the activity of energy synthesis enzymes were observed. The development of combined endocrine pathology has led to more pronounced changes in the prooxidant-antioxidant system and significant suppression of serum dehydrogenase activity.
Conclusions.The development of insulin resistance on the background of iodine deficiency causes the activation of oxygen-dependent processes in periodontal tissues against the background of reduced antiradical defence and disruption of energy synthesis system.
Behavioral Health Professionals’ Perceptions on Patient-Controlled Granular Information Sharing (Part 2): Focus Group Study
Authors: Ivanova Julia , Tang Tianyu , Idouraine Nassim , Murcko Anita , Whitfield Mary Jo , Dye Christy , Chern Darwyn , Grando Adela 
Published: September 2021

Background
Patient-directed selection and sharing of health information “granules” is known as granular information sharing. In a previous study, patients with behavioral health conditions categorized their own health information into sensitive categories (eg, mental health) and chose the health professionals (eg, pharmacists) who should have access to those records. Little is known about behavioral health professionals’ perspectives of patient-controlled granular information sharing (PC-GIS).

Objective
This study aimed to assess behavioral health professionals’ (1) understanding of and opinions about PC-GIS; (2) accuracy in assessing redacted medical information; (3) reactions to patient rationale for health data categorization, assignment of sensitivity, and sharing choices; and (4) recommendations to improve PC-GIS.

Methods
Four 2-hour focus groups and pre- and postsurveys were conducted at 2 facilities. During the focus groups, outcomes from a previous study on patients’ choices for medical record sharing were discussed. Thematic analysis was applied to focus group transcripts to address study objectives.

Results
A total of 28 health professionals were recruited. Over half (14/25, 56%) were unaware or provided incorrect definitions of granular information sharing. After PC-GIS was explained, all professionals demonstrated understanding of the terminology and process. Most (26/32 codes, 81%) recognized that key medical data had been redacted from the study case. A majority (41/62 codes, 66%) found the patient rationale for categorization and data sharing choices to be unclear. Finally, education and other approaches to inform and engage patients in granular information sharing were recommended.

Conclusions
This study provides detailed insights from behavioral health professionals on granular information sharing. Outcomes will inform the development, deployment, and evaluation of an electronic consent tool for granular health data sharing.
Behavioral Health Professionals’ Perceptions on Patient-Controlled Granular Information Sharing (Part 1): Focus Group Study
Authors: Ivanova Julia , Tang Tianyu , Idouraine Nassim , Murcko Anita , Whitfield Mary Jo , Dye Christy , Chern Darwyn , Grando Adela 
Published: September 2021

Background
Patient-controlled granular information sharing (PC-GIS) allows a patient to select specific health information “granules,” such as diagnoses and medications; choose with whom the information is shared; and decide how the information can be used. Previous studies suggest that health professionals have mixed or concerned opinions about the process and impact of PC-GIS for care and research. Further understanding of behavioral health professionals’ views on PC-GIS are needed for successful implementation and use of this technology.

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in health professionals’ opinions on PC-GIS before and after a demonstrative case study.

Methods
Four focus groups were conducted at two integrated health care facilities: one serious mental illness facility and one general behavioral health facility. A total of 28 participants were given access to outcomes of a previous study where patients had control over medical record sharing. Participants were surveyed before and after focus groups on their views about PC-GIS. Thematic analysis of focus group output was paired with descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis of surveys.

Results
Behavioral health professionals showed a significant opinion shift toward concern after the focus group intervention, specifically on the topics of patient understanding (P=.001), authorized electronic health record access (P=.03), patient-professional relationship (P=.006), patient control acceptance (P<.001), and patient rights (P=.02). Qualitative methodology supported these results. The themes of professional considerations (2234/4025, 55.5% of codes) and necessity of health information (260/766, 33.9%) identified key aspects of PC-GIS concerns.

Conclusions
Behavioral health professionals agreed that a trusting patient-professional relationship is integral to the optimal implementation of PC-GIS, but were concerned about the potential negative impacts of PC-GIS on patient safety and quality of care.
An Open-Source, Standard-Compliant, and Mobile Electronic Data Capture System for Medical Research (OpenEDC): Design and Evaluation Study
Authors: Greulich Leonard , Hegselmann Stefan , Dugas Martin 
Published: September 2021

Background
Medical research and machine learning for health care depend on high-quality data. Electronic data capture (EDC) systems have been widely adopted for metadata-driven digital data collection. However, many systems use proprietary and incompatible formats that inhibit clinical data exchange and metadata reuse. In addition, the configuration and financial requirements of typical EDC systems frequently prevent small-scale studies from benefiting from their inherent advantages.

Objective
The aim of this study is to develop and publish an open-source EDC system that addresses these issues. We aim to plan a system that is applicable to a wide range of research projects.

Methods
We conducted a literature-based requirements analysis to identify the academic and regulatory demands for digital data collection. After designing and implementing OpenEDC, we performed a usability evaluation to obtain feedback from users.

Results
We identified 20 frequently stated requirements for EDC. According to the International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) 25010 norm, we categorized the requirements into functional suitability, availability, compatibility, usability, and security. We developed OpenEDC based on the regulatory-compliant Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium Operational Data Model (CDISC ODM) standard. Mobile device support enables the collection of patient-reported outcomes. OpenEDC is publicly available and released under the MIT open-source license.

Conclusions
Adopting an established standard without modifications supports metadata reuse and clinical data exchange, but it limits item layouts. OpenEDC is a stand-alone web app that can be used without a setup or configuration. This should foster compatibility between medical research and open science. OpenEDC is targeted at observational and translational research studies by clinicians.
Participatory Design in Health Research:
A Way to Change Clinical Practice (Preprint)
Authors: Clemensen Jane , Holm Kristina Garne , Jakobsen Pernille Ravn , Jensen Charlotte Myhre , Nielsen Charlotte , Danbjørg Dorthe Boe , Rothmann Mette Juel 
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

Participatory Design (PD) is a methodology that focuses on user participation in the design of new technologies to leverage organizational changes. PD emerged within the computer field in the 1970s and 1980s when new programs and technologies were developed to empower workers by involving them in matters that concerned them. The concept of ‘users’ emerged during the design and development of personal computers. Consequently, users became central and key decision-makers in the generation of new technology.
PD in health research has been proven to change clinical practice. Genuine user involvement that includes all stakeholders, and robust collaborations across sciences, sectors, and disciplines are basic elements of successful research to change clinical practice and to implement novel technical and organizational approaches.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this paper is to share knowledge, experiences, and reflections regarding the results and impact of 7 studies completed by our group by:
•	Describing how PD can be applied in health science.
•	Illustrating how PD facilitates organizational changes, new perspectives and new communication methods.
•	Explaining the relevance and suitability of PD as a research design in health science.
•	Providing recommendations for conducting PD studies in health research.

METHODS

We reviewed 7 PD-based health science research studies which our group completed over a 19-year span. The paper presents examples from the 3 phases of PD and finally offers recommendations for future PD researchers.

RESULTS

This paper presents examples from 7 PD studies and finally offers recommendations for future PD researchers. All of the described studies promoted organizational changes supported by health technology and have been implemented at either international, national, regional, or local levels. In all the studies the researcher supported and facilitated creative processes in which users were heard and could participate when aiming to change clinical practice supported by new health technologies or novel applications of extant technology developed in close collaboration. An important component of all the PD studies was the field study as an ideal method to observe needs and interventions in real-life settings.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of PD in clinical health research facilitates new ways of offering patient pathways supported by tailored technology. In PD mutual learning and co-creation is facilitated. Thus, learning from users, rather than studying them, corroborates extant information and reveals new knowledge.