bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of cross-section geometry on air demand ratio in high-head conduits with a radial gate
Authors: Aydin Alp Bugra , Baylar Ahmet , Ozkan Fahri , Tuna Muhammed Cihat , Ozturk Mualla 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
When the gate of a high-head conduit is partly opened, negative pressure draws the air in through the air vent. Air that is entrained into the water is instantly forced downstream in the form of air bubbles. When studies on high-head gated conduits were examined, it was determined that the air demand ratio varied depending on many hydraulic and geometric parameters. This work has focused on determining the effect of conduit cross-section geometry on the air-demand ratio. A series of experiments were carried out on high-head radial gated conduits having different cross-section geometries. Experimental results showed that conduit cross-section geometry had an important effect on the air demand ratio especially in small gate opening rates. Further, design equations for the air demand ratio are presented relating the air demand ratio to Froude number, gate opening rate, and the ratio of gate opening to conduit length.
Mapa de Araújo para andar nas encruzilhadas entre a tecnologia e a moral: Resenha de Novas tecnologias e dilemas morais, de Marcelo de Araújo
Authors: Adriano Araújo Luana 
Published: June 2021

Resenha da obra ARAUJO, Marcelo de. Novas tecnologias e dilemas morais. São Paulo: KDP (Amazon), 2019.
Errors, faults and failures
Authors: Shubinsky I. В. , Schäbe Hendrik 
Published: June 2021

Aim. To harmonize the definitions of errors, faults, failures in the Russian and English languages. The Object of the paper is one of the most important subject matters of the dependability theory and functional safety. The Subject of the paper is the concepts and definitions of failures, errors, faults.Results of the research: analysis of the definitions of the concepts describing the dependability and functional safety of items in the Russian and international standards, such as GOST 27.002-2015, GOST R/IEC 61508-2012, IEC 60050, DIN 40041, as well as in publications by a number of authors. The analysis shows that failure is always associated with the loss of function, i.e., the ability to perform as required by all standards. It should be noted that wrong user expectation does qualify as failure. A failure should be distinguished from unintended functions. A fault is defined as a system’s inability to perform the required operation to the full extent that, under certain conditions, may escalate into a failure. An error as a discrepancy between a calculated, observed or measured value or condition and a true, specified or theoretically correct value or condition is a deviation that is present and, under certain conditions, would probably turn into a failure. A typical example is non-critical software errors. The so-called systematic failures are actually errors that can turn into critical errors (failures). Let us note that the definitions in the IEC 60050 international electrotechnical vocabulary can be used, as they show general agreement, which is not surprising for an international standard.
Safety model construction for a complex automatic transportation system
Authors: Ozerov А. V. , Olshansky А. М. 
Published: June 2021

The Aim of the paper is to consider approaches to the analysis of a safety model of complex multi-loop transportation systems comprising not completely supervised subsystems. Method. For the description of a safety model, the paper uses systems theoretic process analysis (STPA) methods and the principles specified in ISO/PAS 21448:2019 (SOTIF). Result. The paper shows drawbacks of the FTA and FMEA local risk analysis methods and demonstrates a demand for some universal approach based on the combination of STPA and control theory. It gives an overview of the major stages of such analysis for the safety model of complex transportation systems exemplified by the Moscow Central Circle, which provide a feedback for safety evaluation of a transport control system under development. The paper analyzes the feasibility of using a virtual model for control purposes in the form of a so-called “supervised artificial neural network”.Conclusion. Today, railways are actively testing autonomous systems (with no driver onboard) that apply as their subsystems automatic perception modules using machine learning. The introduction of the latter into the control loop complicates the task of hazard analysis and safety evaluation of such systems using conventional FTA and FMEA methods. The construction of a safety model of such complex multi-loop transportation systems comprising not completely supervised subsystems that use machine learning methods with not completely predictable behavior requires the application of a systems approach to the analysis of unsafe scenarios along with the compilation of a scenario library and the formalization of a hazard model’s description, pertaining to the boundaries of various control loops as well, in order to reduce the regions of unknown unsafe scenarios for autonomous transportation systems under development.
A Review: Computational Approaches to Design sgRNA of CRISPR-Cas9
Authors: Nasir Mohsin Ali , Nawaz Samia , Huang Jian 
Published: June 2021

:
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats along with CRISPR-associated protein
mechanisms preserve the memory of previous experiences with DNA invaders, in particular spacers
that are embedded in CRISPR arrays between coordinate repeats. There has been a fast progression in
the comprehension of this immune system and its implementations; however, there are numerous points
of view that anticipate explanations to make the field an energetic research zone. The efficiency of
CRISPR-Cas depends upon well-considered single guide RNA; for this purpose, many bioinformatics
methods and tools are created to support the design of greatly active and precise single guide RNA. Insilico
single guide RNA architecture is a crucial point for effective gene editing by means of the
CRISPR technique. Persistent attempts have been made to improve in-silico single guide RNA formulation
having great on-target effectiveness and decreased off-target effects. This review offers a summary
of the CRISPR computational tools to help different researchers pick a specific tool for their work according
to pros and cons, along with new thoughts to make new computational tools to overcome all existing
limitations.
Identification of Cancer Trait Genes and Association Analysis Under Pan-Cancer
Authors: Wang Shudong , Zhang Yuanyuan , Mu Hongting , Pang Shanchen 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Different cancers have different sites of origin, cell types, and forms of genetic
mutations that manifest different forms of cancers. Therefore, identifying genes associated with cancer
traits and analyzing their functions in different cancers is important for understanding the mechanisms
of cancer.

Objective:
The purpose of this paper is to make up for the shortcomings of single tumor analysis and realize
the discovery and identification of genes related to each cancer trait at the level of multiple tumors,
and their association analysis.

Methods:
In this paper, we use structural equation model to quantitatively identify genes associated
with cancer traits for five cancers. We verify the correctness and effectiveness of the method through
correlation analysis. Then we analyze the functions of genes and the biological processes involved
through GO and KEGG pathways. Finally, we further analyze and verify the experimental results
through protein interaction network and survival analysis.

Results:
Through five types of cancer data, we identify 44 genes related to cancer traits. We verify the
combined effects of these genes and the biological processes they participate in. Moreover, we find key
gene pathways and two significant gene functional modules.

Conclusion:
The results show that the structural equation model has unique advantages in quantifying
the combined effects of genes. Many of the genes we have identified are tumor metastasis genes and are
related to many cancers. There are strong potential commonalities among cancers. Four cancer genes
are not only related to protein metabolism but also related to the regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside,
nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism, which are of great significance for cancer treatment.
Evaluation of Dual Inhibitory Effect of Anagliptin, Ramipril and Lisinopril
on Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and DPP-4 Activities
Authors: Abouelkheir Mohamed 
Published: June 2021

Background:
We previously tested two angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
and two dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors for dual enzyme inhibitory effect. Only two
DPP-4 inhibitors, linagliptin and sitagliptin, were able to inhibit ACE.

Objective:
In the present study, we investigated if other inhibitors of ACE or DPP-4 could simultaneously
inhibit the activities of both DPP-4 and ACE.

Methods:
Forty Sprague Dawley rats were used. The control group received only saline. The other
three groups were treated with anagliptin, ramipril, or lisinopril. Two different doses were tested separated
with a 6-day drug-free interval. Angiotensin II (Ang II) levels and the activities of ACE
and DPP-4 were measured from blood samples at baseline and days 1, 10, and 14. After the oral
glucose challenge test, levels of the active form of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured.

Results:
Regardless of the dose, anagliptin did not show any inhibitory effect on the activity of
ACE or Ang II levels. Concerning ramipril and lisinopril, only a high dose of lisinopril was able to
produce a modest reduction of the DPP-4 activity but not enough to inhibit the inactivation of
GLP-1.

Conclusion:
It seems that while most of the ACE inhibitors cannot affect DPP-4 activity, inhibitors
of DPP-4 vary in their effects on ACE activity. The selection of DPP-4 inhibitors under different
clinical situations should take into account the action of these drugs on ACE.
Frequency of Self-Weighing and Weight Change: Cohort Study With 10,000 Smart Scale Users
Authors: Vuorinen Anna-Leena , Helander Elina , Pietilä Julia , Korhonen Ilkka 
Published: June 2021

Background
Frequent self-weighing is associated with successful weight loss and weight maintenance during and after weight loss interventions. Less is known about self-weighing behaviors and associated weight change in free-living settings.

Objective
This study aimed to investigate the association between the frequency of self-weighing and changes in body weight in a large international cohort of smart scale users.

Methods
This was an observational cohort study with 10,000 randomly selected smart scale users who had used the scale for at least 1 year. Longitudinal weight measurement data were analyzed. The association between the frequency of self-weighing and weight change over the follow-up was investigated among normal weight, overweight, and obese users using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and linear models. The association between the frequency of self-weighing and temporal weight change was analyzed using linear mixed effects models.

Results
The eligible sample consisted of 9768 participants (6515/9768, 66.7% men; mean age 41.5 years; mean BMI 26.8 kg/m2). Of the participants, 4003 (4003/9768, 41.0%), 3748 (3748/9768, 38.4%), and 2017 (2017/9768, 20.6%) were normal weight, overweight, and obese, respectively. During the mean follow-up time of 1085 days, the mean weight change was –0.59 kg, and the mean percentage of days with a self-weigh was 39.98%, which equals 2.8 self-weighs per week. The percentage of self-weighing days correlated inversely with weight change, r=–0.111 (P<.001). Among normal weight, overweight, and obese individuals, the correlations were r=–0.100 (P<.001), r=–0.125 (P<.001), and r=–0.148 (P<.001), respectively. Of all participants, 72.5% (7085/9768) had at least one period of ≥30 days without weight measurements. During the break, weight increased, and weight gains were more pronounced among overweight and obese individuals: 0.58 kg in the normal weight group, 0.93 kg in the overweight group, and 1.37 kg in the obese group (P<.001).

Conclusions
Frequent self-weighing was associated with favorable weight loss outcomes also in an uncontrolled, free-living setting, regardless of specific weight loss interventions. The beneficial associations of regular self-weighing were more pronounced for overweight or obese individuals.
Perspectiva de mujeres mexicanas sobre lactancia materna asociada al cambio del modelo cultural
Authors: Torres-Montalvo A. , Suárez-Conejero J.E. , Cerros-Aristorena M.R. 
Published: June 2021

Introducción: La lactancia materna es importante para el desarrollo saludable del recién nacido. A pesar de sus beneficios, la decisión de no amamantar se incrementa entre las mujeres de la Ciudad de México debido a la influencia de la globalización y del cambio de modelo cultural moderno al posmoderno.
Objetivo: Comprender la perspectiva de las mujeres mexicanas sobre el ofrecer y abandonar la lactancia materna asociada al cambio del modelo cultural.
Metodología: Se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo con enfoque exploratorio, descriptivo: participaron 12 diadas (madre-hijo lactante), residentes de la Ciudad de México, quienes ofrecieron y abandonaron la lactancia materna. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad. Los datos obtenidos se grabaron, transcribieron y codificaron para garantizar el rigor de la investigación.
Resultados: Se reconocieron dos categorías que sustentan el por qué las mujeres brindan o abandonan la lactancia materna, vistas desde el modelo cultural. En el modelo moderno las mujeres consideran una convicción sentida el ofrecer lactancia materna, reconocen los beneficios de dicho alimento para su hijo; mientras que, en el modelo posmoderno, las mujeres tienen una convicción negativa de amamantar.
Conclusiones: Al asociar la lactancia materna con modelos culturales, en el moderno se considera la lactancia como un deber, mientras que en el posmoderno un derecho. Al encontrarnos en transición entre ambos modelos, las mujeres están influenciadas por discursos y prácticas culturales que en ocasiones son contradictorias. Comprender estos fenómenos permitirá diseñar estrategias efectivas desde la enfermería para fomentar la lactancia materna.
Distribución del tiempo en materia de cuidado crítico por profesionales de enfermería, analizado mediante TISS-28
Authors: Alarcón-Chávez E. , De Luna-López M.C. , Flores-Padilla L. , Jaramillo-Beltrán M. , Gómez-Juarado L.J. , Brito-Cerino M.I. 
Published: June 2021

Introducción: Hoy en día, las intervenciones terapéuticas son más especializadas y complejas. Se ha identificado que el Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-28 (TISS-28) es un instrumento adecuado para planear las actividades de enfermería.
Objetivo: Determinar mediante la aplicación del instrumento TISS-28 el grado de complejidad de las intervenciones realizadas al brindar cuidados de enfermería a pacientes en estado crítico.
Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, 270 pacientes (adultos, pediátricos y neonatales) en estado crítico; se recabó información sociodemográfica tanto del personal de enfermería como de los pacientes a través de un instrumento, se aplicó el TISS-28 para identificar el grado de complejidad de las intervenciones que se le brindaron al paciente. El análisis estadístico fue descriptivo para variables sociodemográficas y laborales, para las acciones realizadas por enfermería mediante niveles de grados de complejidad se hizo uso del análisis bivariado y la regresión logística.
Resultados: Las intervenciones brindadas por el personal de enfermería en el servicio de medicina interna en el Grado II es de 9.8 veces más que en el resto de los pacientes, grado III aumenta en 68 veces cuando el paciente tiene una sobre estancia hospitalaria.
Discusión: Los pacientes que se encuentran en los servicios de cuidados intensivos o quirúrgicos requieren mayores cuidados.
Conclusión: El TISS-28 permite predecir el estado del paciente crítico y su evolución. Determina el tiempo de atención requerido según la gravedad de este, además facilita la asignación idónea de enfermera-paciente.
Panorama Social en América Latina 2020
Authors: Pedroza Luengas Martha Elena 
Published: June 2021

El libro Panorama Social en América Latina 2020 es una edición anual de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), que en esta ocasión ofrece una detallada perspectiva del continente americano acerca de la situación causada por el nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, en específico por la enfermedad producida por este y llamada COVID-19, así como las prospectivas o propuestas para mitigar o enfrentar las nuevos entornos sociales y económicos de la región.
Esta compilación digital está conformada por una introducción general y seis capítulos (cada uno con su propia introducción), que contextualizan magníficamente el contenido abordado y lo enriquecen con diversas fuentes bibliográficas, entre las que se incluyen investigaciones realizadas en años recientes, en conjunto con otras organizaciones y programas del Sistema de las Naciones Unidas; así como recursos gráficos atractivos.
Earthquakes in the Gulf of California recorded using land-based recordings of moored hydrophone arrays
Authors: Brune James N. , De La Cruz Servando , Bradner Hugh , Villegas Cesar , Reid Ian , Reichle Mike , Nava Alejandro , Lozada Manuel , Silva Pedro 
Published: June 2021

En este trabajo se informa acerca de los resultados obtenidos mediante el registro telemétrico de pequeños sismos locales en el Golfo de California, utilizando sonoboyas como hidrófonos. Las·señales fueron registradas con radioreceptores comunes y registradores visibles tanto en tierra, en Guaymas, como en el barco de la ''Scripps Institution of Oceanography" R/V Melville. Aquí se presentan los resultados preliminares de los registros de la base terrestre de Guaymas. Los resultados de los registros obtenidos a bordo del Melville serán discutidos en una publicación separada. Los intentos de registros en tierra, desde Topolobampo, resultaron infructuosos debido a la interferencia de la radio y a la imposibilidad de encontrar un sitio de registro suficientemente elevado.
Patient Management in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Bagriy A. E. , Zubov A. D. , Khomenko M. V. , Mikhailichenko E. S. , Pylaeva E. A. , Khaustova N. A. , Bryukhovetskaya E. V. 
Published: June 2021

Aim.A current overview of non-pharmacological and drug-based approaches to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).Key points.NAFLD is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk (due to association with “metabolic syndrome”) and the risks of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Macro- and microvascular complications in T2D comorbidity entail a higher overall mortality. A conjunction of lifestyle change and rational medication strategies to reach the target levels of glycosylated haemoglobin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure is key in management of such patients. A body weight loss by 5–7 % or more (through caloric restriction or a bariatric surgery) promotes a marked reduction in liver fat and even reversal of steatohepatitis. Metered exercise exerts this effect even at insignificant weight loss. Minimising alcohol consumption and smoking is critical. A hepatotropic drug therapy is most essential in moderate fibrotic NAFLD. It includes antidiabetic agents (metformin, thiazolidinediones, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors), bile acid preparations (e.g., 24-nor-ursodeoxycholic acid), farnesoid X receptor agonists (obeticholic acid, tropifexor), statins, acetylsalicylic acid. Combinations are superior to individual-drug schemes.Conclusion.The management of combined NAFLD-T2D requires a close inter-specialty involvement from hepatology, gastroenterology, endocrinology and cardiology. This interdisciplinary problem can be tackled through persuasive lifestyle recommendations and choosing rational medication strategies with a proved hepatoprotective efficacy.
First Use of Superpulsed Fibre Thulium Laser-Based Contact Stone Ablation in Common Bile and Main Pancreatic Ducts
Authors: Budzinskiy S. A. , Shapovalyants S. G. , Fedorov E. D. , Vorobyeva E. A. , Svirin M. Yu. , Malyarov M. G. , Chernyakevich P. L. , Platonova E. N. 
Published: June 2021

Aim. A clinical demonstration of the feasibility of novel superpulsed thulium fibre laser in contact intraductal lithotripsy in patients with choledocholithiasis and pancreatic lithiasis.Key points. We describe two clinically successful ablations of large biliary and pancreatic calculi using a FiberLase U2 superpulse fibre thulium laser appliance (IRE-Polus, Russia) during oral transpapillary cholangiopancreaticoscopy in patients with technically unfeasible conventional minimally invasive treatment for choledocho- and pancreatic lithiasis. A 72-yo patient was urgently admitted with acute mechanical jaundice, cholangitis and a history of endoscopic papillosphincterotomy (EPST) and bilioduodenal stenting with a plastic implant for technically impractical lithotripsy and lithoextraction. An ineffective extracorporeal lithotripsy attempt was followed on day 3 by a second retrograde intervention and endoscopic contact laser lithotripsy controlled in oral transpapillary cholangioscopy with FiberLase U2. A 50-yo patient was admitted with clinical signs of chronic calculous pancreatitis and a history of EPST, pancreatic ductotomy and plastic pancreatic stenting. The first endoscopy stage comprised the encrusted pancreatic stent removal, retrograde pancreaticography, pancreatic ductotomy, narrowed terminal Wirsung’s duct bougienage with mechanical dilators and additional balloon-assisted dilation of the excision area and pancreatic stricture. Mechanical intraductal lithotripsy was unsuccessful. Contact lithotripsy with a novel superpulsed fibre thulium laser has been rendered. The technique presented ensures a complete sanation of the duct at no mucosal damage.Conclusion. We present the fully successful first national and world experience of the superpulsed fibre thulium laser application in contact lithotripsy of large calculi in common bile and main pancreatic ducts.