bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Aktion »Verwüstung«
Authors: Bonenkamp Daniel R. 
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung
Im Herbst 1968 startete das ostdeutsche Ministerium für Staatssicherheit eine Desinformationskampagne gegen die Bundesrepublik. Darin wurde der Regierung in Bonn vorgeworfen, für eine europäische Grenzrevision die Entwicklung und Herstellung von biologischen und chemischen Kampfstoffen anzustreben und somit in die Verfügungsgewalt von Massenvernichtungswaffen zu gelangen. Die ostdeutsche Propagandakampagne zielte dabei vorrangig auf die Torpedierung der Beziehungen der westlichen Bündnispartner ab, insbesondere zwischen der Bundesrepublik und den USA. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zur Aktion »Verwüstung« weist dabei auf ein bislang fast vergessenes Forschungsfeld ostdeutscher Desinformationskampagnen hin, die das deutsch-deutsche Verhältnis während des Kalten Krieges maßgebend beeinflussten.
Spiraling light: from donut modes to a Magnus effect analogy
Authors: Spreeuw Robert J. C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The insight that optical vortex beams carry orbital angular momentum (OAM), which emerged in Leiden about 30 years ago, has since led to an ever expanding range of applications and follow-up studies. This paper starts with a short personal account of how these concepts arose. This is followed by a description of some recent ideas where the coupling of transverse orbital and spin angular momentum (SAM) in tightly focused laser beams produces interesting new effects. The deflection of a focused light beam by an atom in the focus is reminiscent of the Magnus effect known from aerodynamics. Momentum conservation dictates an accompanying light force on the atom, transverse to the optical axis. As a consequence, an atom held in an optical tweezer will be trapped at a small distance of up to λ/2π away from the optical axis, which depends on the spin state of the atom and the magnetic field direction. This opens up new avenues to control the state of motion of atoms in optical tweezers as well as potential applications in quantum gates and interferometry.
Research on speed sensor fusion of urban rail transit train speed ranging based on deep learning
Authors: Zhan Xuemei , Mu Zhong Hua , Kumar Rajeev , Shabaz Mohammad 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The speed sensor fusion of urban rail transit train speed ranging based on deep learning builds a user-friendly structure but it in-turn increases the risk of traffic that significantly challenges its safety and transportation efficacy. In order to improve the operation safety and transportation efficiency of urban rail transit trains, a train speed ranging system based on embedded multi-sensor information is proposed in this article. The status information of the train is acquired by the axle speed sensor and the Doppler radar speed sensor; however, the query transponder collects the status information of the train, and is used in the embedded system. Various other modules like adaptive correction, idling/sliding detection and compensation of speed transition/sliding are used in the proposed methodology to reduce the vehicle speed positioning errors due to factors such as wheel wear, idling, sliding, and environment. The results show that the running time of the train is 1000s, the output period of the axle speed sensor is 0.005s and the accelerometer output period is 0.01s. The output cycle of doppler radar is observed to be 0.1s, the output cycle of the transponder is 1s and the fusion period of the main filter is observed as 1s. The train speed ranging system of the embedded multi-sensor information fusion system proposed in this article can effectively improve the accuracy of the train speed positioning.
Behavioral Economics in Plea-Bargain Decision-Making: Beyond the Shadow-of-Trial Model
Authors: Clatch Lauren , Borgida Eugene 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLegal scholars have long assumed that plea bargains are contracts negotiated between rational actors who adhere to the dictates of the normative shadow-of-trial model. The two key features that rational actors presumably haggle over in the shadow of trial are the criminal charge (and associated sentence) and the probability of trial conviction. The behavioral economics theory ofdiscounting, however, offers a theoretical foundation for testing the shadow-of-trial model. This article summarizes findings from experimental discounting studies in behavioral economics and psychological science – showing that these paradigms can be successfully applied to the plea-bargaining decision context wherein the likelihood of trial is uncertain and delayed, and the plea bargain is relatively certain and immediate. We suggest that the implications of applying discounting to plea bargaining are three-fold: (1) empirical evidence suggests that the shadow-of-trial model is too narrow; (2) the discounting of non-monetary losses may involve slightly different psychological processes than contexts involving monetary outcomes; and (3) probability of conviction and delay until trial constitute situational features that elicit guilty pleas despite a defendant’s factual innocence.
Dialogical functions of metaphors in medical interactions
Authors: Rossi Maria Grazia , Macagno Fabrizio , Bigi Sarah 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a method for analyzing the dialogical functions of metaphors in communicative interactions, and more specifically in the context of medical interviews. The dialogical goals proposed and pursued by the interlocutors are coded using a coding scheme that captures seven mutually exclusive categories of dialogical moves. The functions of the moves, including metaphors, can be identified and correlated with other variables relevant to the type of communication under analysis. The coding scheme is used to analyze a corpus of 39 interactions between healthcare providers and patients affected by Type 2 diabetes. The exploratory quantitative analysis, for the purpose of determining the different distributions of metaphor uses between patients and providers, is combined with qualitative analysis in which the thematic areas of the metaphors are considered. The findings show how patients and providers use metaphors for pursuing different dialogical goals and meeting distinct communicative needs.
Approximate analytical solution for the propagation of shock wave in a mixture of small solid particles and non-ideal gas: isothermal flow
Authors: Nath Gorakh 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the development of mathematical model to obtain the approximate analytical solutions for isothermal flows behind the strong shock (blast) wave in a van der Waals gas and small solid particles mixture. The small solid particles are continuously distributed in the mixture and the equilibrium conditions for flow are maintained. To derive the analytical solutions, the physical variables such as density, pressure, and velocity are expanded using perturbation method in power series. The solutions are derived in analytical form for first approximation, and for second order approximation the set of differential equations are also obtained. The effects of an increase in the problem parameters value on the physical variables are investigated for first order approximation. A comparison is also, made between the solution of cylindrical shock and spherical shock. It is found that the fluid density and fluid pressure become zero near the point or axis of symmetry in spherical or cylindrical symmetry, respectively, and therefore a vacuum is created near the point or axis of symmetry which is in tremendous conformity with the physical condition in laboratory to generate the shock wave.
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter EAAT5 Improves Temporal Resolution in the Retina
Authors: Gehlen Jana , Aretzweiler Christoph , Mataruga Anja , Fahlke Christoph , Müller Frank 
Published: November 2021

AbstractExcitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft. In the retina, EAAT1 and EAAT2 are considered the major glutamate transporters. However, it has not yet been possible to determine how EAAT5 shapes the retinal light responses because of the lack of a selective EAAT5 blocker or EAAT5 knock-out (KO) animal model. In this study, EAAT5 was found to be expressed in a punctate manner close to release sites of glutamatergic synapses in the mouse retina. Light responses from retinae of wild-type (WT) and of a newly generated model with a targeted deletion of EAAT5 (EAAT5−/−) were recordedin vitrousing multielectrode arrays (MEAs). Flicker resolution was considerably lower in EAAT5−/−retinae than in WT retinae. The close proximity to the glutamate release site makes EAAT5 an ideal tool to improve temporal information processing in the retina by controlling information transfer at glutamatergic synapses.
Prediction of Learned Resistance or Helplessness by Hippocampal-Prefrontal Cortical Network Activity during Stress
Authors: Marques Danilo Benette , Ruggiero Rafael Naime , Bueno-Junior Lezio Soares , Rossignoli Matheus Teixeira , Leite João Pereira 
Published: November 2021

The perception of control over a stressful experience may determine its impacts and generate resistance against future stressors. Although the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus (HPC) are implicated in the encoding of stressor controllability, the neural dynamics underlying this process are unknown. Here, we recorded HPC and PFC neural activities in male rats during the exposure to controllable, uncontrollable, or no shocks and investigated electrophysiological predictors of escape performance upon exposure to subsequent uncontrollable shocks. We were able to accurately discriminate stressed from nonstressed animals and predict resistant (R) or helpless (H) individuals based on hippocampal-cortical oscillatory dynamics. Remarkably, R animals exhibited an increase in theta power during CS, while H exhibited a decrease. Furthermore, R exhibited higher HPC to PFC θ synchronization during stress. Notably, HPC-PFC θ connectivity in the initial stress exposure showed strong correlations with escape performance evaluated days later. R rats also showed stronger θ coupling to both γ oscillations and neuronal firing in the PFC. Finally, we found that these distinct features of network dynamics collectively formed a pattern that accurately predicted learned resistance and was lacking in H individuals. Our findings suggest that hippocampal-prefrontal network θ activity supports cognitive mechanisms of stress coping, whose impairment may underlie vulnerability to stress-related disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe appraisal of adversities as controllable or uncontrollable is key in determining resilience or risk for stress-related disorders. Here, we performed the first electrophysiological investigation during controllable or uncontrollable stress. Pharmacological studies showed that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus (HPC) encode stressor controllability, and here we identified the neural activity underlying this process. This “neural signature of stressor controllability” accurately predicted resistance to future stressors and was characterized by increased HPC-PFC oscillatory activity in the θ frequency (4–10 Hz). Our findings suggest a new role of frontal θ oscillations in adaptive stress coping, integrating its emotional and cognitive functions. We also endorse the potential of this biomarker to guide neurophysiologically-informed and rhythm-based stimulation therapies for depression.
Gli1 Regulates the Postnatal Acquisition of Peripheral Nerve Architecture
Authors: Zotter Brendan , Dagan Or , Brady Jacob , Baloui Hasna , Samanta Jayshree , Salzer James L. 
Published: November 2021

Peripheral nerves are organized into discrete compartments. Axons, Schwann cells (SCs), and endoneurial fibroblasts (EFs) reside within the endoneurium and are surrounded by the perineurium, a cellular sheath comprised of layers of perineurial glia (PNG). SC secretion of Desert Hedgehog (Dhh) regulates this organization. In Dhh nulls, the perineurium is deficient and the endoneurium is subdivided into small compartments termed minifascicles. Human Dhh mutations cause a neuropathy with similar defects. Here we examine the role of Gli1, a canonical transcriptional effector of hedgehog signaling, in regulating peripheral nerve organization in mice of both genders. We identify PNG, EFs, and pericytes as Gli1-expressing cells by genetic fate mapping. Although expression of Dhh by SCs and Gli1 in target cells is coordinately regulated with myelination, Gli1 expression unexpectedly persists in Dhh null EFs. Thus, Gli1 is expressed in EFs noncanonically (i.e., independent of hedgehog signaling). Gli1 and Dhh also have nonredundant activities. Unlike Dhh nulls, Gli1 nulls have a normal perineurium. Like Dhh nulls, Gli1 nulls form minifascicles, which we show likely arise from EFs. Thus, Dhh and Gli1 are independent signals: Gli1 is dispensable for perineurial development but functions cooperatively with Dhh to drive normal endoneurial development. During development, Gli1 also regulates endoneurial extracellular matrix production, nerve vascular organization, and has modest, nonautonomous effects on SC sorting and myelination of axons. Finally, in adult nerves, induced deletion of Gli1 is sufficient to drive minifascicle formation. Thus, Gli1 regulates the development and is required to maintain the endoneurial architecture of peripheral nerves.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPeripheral nerves are organized into distinct cellular/ECM compartments: the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium. This organization, with its associated cellular constituents, is critical for the structural and metabolic support of nerves and their response to injury. Here, we show that Gli1, a transcription factor normally expressed downstream of hedgehog signaling, is required for the proper organization of the endoneurium but not the perineurium. Unexpectedly, Gli1 expression by endoneurial cells is independent of, and functions nonredundantly with, Schwann Cell-derived Desert Hedgehog in regulating peripheral nerve architecture. These results further delineate how peripheral nerves acquire their distinctive organization during normal development, and highlight mechanisms that may regulate their reorganization in pathologic settings, including peripheral neuropathies and nerve injury.
Development of Circular Economy Concept: Historical Background
Authors: Maksymiv Yuliia , Yakubiv Valentyna , Hryhoruk Iryna , Kravtsiv Viktoriia 
Published: November 2021

Nowadays, sharp economic growth has increasingly depended on utilizing different resources causing environmental issues and hindering sustainable development. Consequently, governments of developed countries, the public sector, representatives of business structures, and scientists look at the circular economy as a way to support achieving sustainable development goals. The article aims at researching the historical background of the development of circular economy, analyzing the basic approaches and their possible usage for spreading this concept in developing countries, such as Ukraine. It is mentioned that the concept of circular economy cannot be traced back to a single author or date when it appeared. The concept of circular economy was inspired by several schools of thought with overlapping approaches, which demonstrates the relevance of distinguishing evolutionary phases and framings of a concept. The article presents a historical overview of the development of the concept of circular economy since the 1960s. The stages of adoption of regulations in the EU in the field of promoting the transition to a circular economy are highlighted, key milestones and key actions that actively began in 2015 and continue to this day, are described. This positive experience should be taken as a basis in developing countries, where the circular economy is in its infancy. The article also analyzes the highly cited scientific papers in the Scopus Scientometric Database and the basic definitions of the concept of "circular economy". Our findings indicate that the circular economy necessitates a systemic shift in the state policy of Ukraine, as well as economic science, and it should be aimed at developing a clear strategy and improving basic regulations in this area to increase the social responsibility of both businesses and local communities. The growth of a circular economy will benefit everyone within the limits of this planet.
Torticollis
Authors: Jacob Thomas 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Congenital muscular torticollis is the most common cause of torticollis in the infant and young child.Craniofacial asymmetry is usually a key distinguishing feature between congenital and acquired torticollis.Ultrasound is the imaging modality of choice for initial evaluation.Manual stretching, caregiver education, and environmental modifications represent the primary initial treatments in infants and young children. Referral for surgical evaluation should be considered if torticollis persists beyond 12 months of age, there is severe deformity, or there are radiographic abnormalities of the cervical spine.
Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Duan Susan 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Cerebral palsy describes a group of disorders affecting movement, balance, and posture that are caused by a variety of static conditions affecting the brain.Occurs in about 2 in 1,000 live births annually; major risk factor is preterm birth.Diagnosis is often made between 12 and 24 months of age based on a combination of history/risk factors, abnormal muscle tone, abnormal reflexes, developmental delay, and poor feeding.Treatment is team based and will generally include a primary care physician, orthopedist, physical therapist, orthotist, and more. Family/caregiver involvement is critical.
Anaphylaxis
Authors: Rossetti Allison 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Anaphylaxis is a systemic reaction that could be mediated by immunologic as well as non-immunologic mechanisms.Anaphylaxis can present with mild symptoms, such as facial swelling and abdominal cramping, to severe symptoms with life-threatening complications, such as respiratory distress and hemodynamic compromise.Diagnosis is clinical and laboratory evaluation is rarely required.Patient may be referred to allergist to identify the inciting or triggering agents and for immunotherapy.Mainstay of treatment is epinephrine 0.01 mg/kg/dose of the 1 mg/mL concentration with maximum dose of 0.3 mg in the prepubertal child and 0.5 mg in the adolescent given intramuscularly, and should be repeated every 5 to 15 minutes as needed.H1-receptor antagonist may be used to treat cutaneous manifestations.Steroids may be useful in patients with lower airway obstruction, asthma, rebound anaphylaxis, or severe anaphylaxis.
Temper Tantrums and Breath-Holding Spells
Authors: Adam Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
As preverbal expressions of frustration, anger, or fear, temper tantrums and breath-holding spells are usually benign.Temper tantrums are almost inevitable during the second through fourth years after birth and can be considered a developmentally normal behavior.Breath-holding spells can be cyanotic (usually a response to anger or frustration) or pallid (more often from fear or minor injury).Anticipatory guidance, strategies for how to respond, and reassurance are keys to management.
Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Wissow Lawrence S. , Green Cori M. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Depressive symptoms are often but not always triggered by a loss, disappointment, or traumatic experience(s) and typically include irritability, low mood, demoralization, or a combination of these symptoms; they often also include fearfulness, poor concentration and/or school performance, low confidence, withdrawal from friends, somatic concerns, weight loss or gain, poor or excessive sleep, and impaired functioning, even in the absence of a diagnosable disorder.Depressive symptoms undisclosed to the family or clinician may be detectable by general psychosocial screening and/or specific depression screening—the latter recommended routinely by the US Preventive Services Task Force and Bright Futures for youths 12 years and older.Pediatric clinicians can meaningfully intervene, even in the absence of a diagnosis, through expressions of hope, empathy, and support to the youth and family; recognition and care of trauma-related symptoms; brief interventions derived from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT); and referral for emergency mental health care if the youth is found to have either severe functional impairment or suicide risk.For youths diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), pediatric clinicians can comanage care with a provider of CBT and either prescribe medication or monitor medication prescribed by a mental health specialist; evidence demonstrates that combined treatment with CBT and medication results in the largest rate of remission, although either modality alone can work at times if combined therapy is inaccessible or desired by families.
Psychiatric Emergencies in Pediatrics
Authors: Walter Heather J. , DeMaso David R. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
A youth’s mental health is highly dependent on the functioning of the family, school, and community; any disturbance in the functioning of these systems has the potential to precipitate an emergency requiring immediate mental health evaluation.Common types of psychiatric emergencies include suicidal threats or behavior; assaultive, destructive, otherwise violent behavior; and acute mental status changes (ie, intoxication, agitation, psychosis, delirium, or extreme anxiety with physical symptoms when a medical etiology has not been excluded).Circumstances warranting urgent (within 48–72 hours), but not necessarily emergent, evaluation include significant exacerbation of symptoms, distress, and/or functional impairment, which may be accompanied by highly concerning contextual circumstances, and/or overwhelming caregiver distress.Exposure to trauma (eg, violence, disaster) may precipitate a spectrum of psychological effects that vary according to developmental stage and, in some circumstances, present as a psychiatric emergency.Preparation of the pediatric practice for an effective emergency response includes an office emergency protocol (equivalent to a "code") and well-established connections to community mental health specialists and emergency service providers.The pediatric clinician’s roles may includeScreening for symptoms warranting emergent or urgent assessmentGathering of data from multiple informants (as available) when a youth is identified with potentially emergent or urgent symptomsConsensus with the caregiver, other referring party, and the patient on the nature of the encountered problem, its precipitants, and optimal next stepsReferral for emergency or urgent assessment and ongoing specialty management, as indicatedFollow-up to ensure completion of the referral and to support specialty management