bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ti and C alloyants on the microstructure of laser cladded cobalt-chromium coatings
Authors: Poloczek T , Janicki D , Górka J , Kotarska A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The article presents the results of Ti and C additives on the microstructure of the Metcoclad 6 coating. Effect of chemical composition with optimal laser cladding parameters has been studied in the terms of modification of the carbide morphology. The experiments were carried out on TruDisk 3302 Yb:YAG disk, equipped with a disc powder feeder. As a deposited material Metcoclad 6 powder produced in inert gas-atomization process was used. To assess the impact of alloying elements on microstructure, SEM observations and EDS analysis were carried out. Vickers microhardness tests were provided on the cross-section of coatings on Wilson Wolpert 401 MVD device. It has been stated that addition of titanium changes the morphology of carbides from lamellar eutectic carbides to isolated primary TiC while addition of Ti and graphite allowed to maintain the structure typical for pure Stellite 6 alloy, but additional formation of primary carbides were observed.
Non-Destructive Determination of the Elastic and Acoustic Properties of Resonant Wood Used in the Manufacture of Violins
Authors: Stanciu M D , Gliga V G , Georgescu SV , Savin A , Dobrescu G 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim of the paper was to determine the acoustic characteristics (speed of sound propagation in wood) and elastic (modulus of elasticity) on the three directions of wood, using non-destructive methods. The samples studied were cubic in shape from spruce and maple wood species, resonant and common. To determine the Young’s modulus and shear modules as well as the Poisson’s ratios, the expression of the propagation of Lamb waves generated and received using US translators with Hertzian contact with fr = 100kHz was used. The experimental data obtained show that mainly the velocities in radial and tangential direction are about one third of the longitudinal velocity, with the radial velocity higher than the tangential one. The radial velocity can be up to almost 14% higher than the tangential velocity. The applicability of this study consists in establishing the acoustic quality of the resonant wood from the Romanian area, used in the manufacture of our violins from the country.
Numerical Modal Analysis of Kinked Bars –Triangle Case of Study
Authors: Stanciu M D , Trandafir M , Dron G , Munteanu M V , Bucur V 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The paper deals with numerical modal analysis of a kinked bars similar with an open triangle, with different sizes, angles and diameters of bar. Using SIMCENTER software, the first step was to design the geometry of each type of structure, then discretization of model in finite elements and assigning properties of material (in this case, Al alloy). The results in terms of eigenvalues and eigenmodes of each structure revealed that the angles of kinked bars influenced the value of natural frequency: with increase the tip angle from 30° to 60° and 90°, the eigenvalue decreased in ratio of 1:1.39:1.611. Also, the length of each side of the kinked bar influences the modal response of the structure: increasing the length from 200 mm to 450 mm, leads to decreases of eigenvalue of almost 5.6 times. The applicability of this study is linked to percussion instruments used in musical orchestra and also to explain the energy transfer and acoustic effect of different types of triangle instruments.
Dimensional measuring of parts as function of temperature variation and FEM study
Authors: Stanciu F , Nitoi D , Chivu O , Tăpȃrdea A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The components of astructure can be made in many different areas by many suppliers, before being brought together as a single final. Measuring geometry and geometric dimensions of a structure is an essential process in establishing product quality. Dimensional measurement is often affected by several human or physical factors, of which temperature is an essential factor in introducing deviations. Often the expected results are out of specification due to temperature variation. Paper aims to present the effects due to temperature variations in dimensional measurement as well as way to solve problems. One of the problems in the measurement process is the lack of repeatability in measuring tolerated dimensions. The study presents measurements in the conditions of volumetric thermal expansion of AMCs and measured parts, which are directly influenced by temperature. The need to verify the accuracy of measurements and control of equipment is an important step for quality departments in this industry because the quality of production is based on the target of “zero defects” so the need to know about the condition of equipment is extremely important. In specific cases in addition to the normal calibration which is according to international standard ISO 10360-2: 2009 as a mandatory application, the same standard determines the need to perform re-verification tests according to user specifications, looking for deviations that should not occurs in systematic errors. Also, the international standard ISO 17025: 2005 which defines the general requirements for testing and calibration components of laboratories, in point 5.5.10 of the technical requirements it is said that intermediate checks are necessary to maintain confidence in the calibration status of equipment, these checks having to be done according to a specific procedure. Three techniques for assessing measurement uncertainty are presented in ISO 15530-; they can be used alone or in combinations. The first of these is known as sensitivity analysis and is described in the ISO Guide for Expressing Uncertainty in Measurement. Modeling and simulation can help evaluate the size of a part as a function of temperature. The article presents in the second part this method which offers values very close to the experimental ones and which may in the future simulate the values of the measurements where the experimental part is difficult to be done.
Analysis of the turning efficiency of the Cu-Ni 70/30 ASTM B122 alloy under minimum quantity of lubricant conditions
Authors: García E , Miguel V , Martínez A , Manjabacas M C , Coello J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Traditional flood lubrication on machining processes involves a severe environmental risk due to the high quantity of contaminant that is deposited on the atmosphere. For this reason, the search of more sustainable lubrication methods is necessary. This paper analyses the minimum quantity of lubricant (MQL) procedure on the turning of copper-nickel ASTM B122 alloy in terms of cutting forces and surface integrity in comparison to dry cutting, using two different cutting oils: a synthetic vegetable oil and a synthetic mineral one. The aim is to find out the lower limit of cutting oil flow rate needed to improve the cutting condition. The results show that MQL conditions improve the efficiency of the turning process of this alloy, being effective in cutting force reduction and limiting the surface adhesions and defects. Besides, vegetable oil performance is better than mineral one. It has been found that flow rate needed depends on the depth of cut.
Turning process with ceramic inserts of ADI cast material, surface analysis
Authors: Fernández A , González H , Fernández P , Calleja A , Urbikain G , López De Lacalle L N 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Austempered ductile iron castings (ADI) are widely used due to their main characteristics, high resistance to fatigue, impacts, high strength and wear resistance, among others. These mechanical properties of ADI are achieved performing a heat treatment to produce an ausferrite microstructure, leading ADI to be considered to reduce the weight of industrial components and satisfy the most demanding mechanical requirements. The main challenge derived from these heat-treatments is the low machinability. Therefore, a precise control of the microstructure after turning is essential to optimize the cutting process. In this paper, some tests were performed using ceramic tools for dry turning of ADI castings. Based on previous works, cutting parameters are defined to perform an integrity analysis of the obtained surface: microstructure, residual stresses and microhardness were analysed.
Deep hole finishing of Inconel 718 SLMed features by endmilling and reaming
Authors: Pérez J D , Fernandez P , Del Olmo A , López De Lacalle L N 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Additive manufacturing by selective laser melting (SLM) allows significant flexibility in obtaining components with complex morphologies, which usually require finishing to correct the geometric distortions and roughness inherent in the process. This paper investigated surface quality by milling and reaming deep holes into ducts obtained by SLM technology. For this purpose, tools with different characteristics were tested, with a reaming stage necessary to obtain roughness levels of less than one μm. Dimensional distortions in SLMed ducts led to substantial variability in axial cutting forces. The helix angle of the endmill had a significant influence on the axial cutting force and roughness.
Design, manufacturing and validation of chip breakers in ceramic inserts for the machining of aeronautic nickel-based superalloys Inconel® 718
Authors: Fernández P , Villarón I , Pereira O , Amigo F J , Ukar E , López De Lacalle L N 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In a world were reducing manufacturing times of components is primordial, achieving not only increased cutting tool life but also the capacity to machine faster is a great advance in the technique. Furthermore, sectors, such as the aeronautic engine one, work with very low machinability materials as heat-resistant superalloys. The nature of these kinds of alloys prevents machining from high cutting speeds. There is only one way to do it by using ceramic tools that are harder than the traditional cemented carbide tools, but much more fragile, with a shorter tool life and too expensive. This work involves the design, the manufacturing and the validation of a chipbreaker in an alumina reinforced with whiskers of SiC turning insert for the machining of these heat-resistant superalloys (Inconel® 718), so used in sectors like the aeronautic. In view of the lack of chipbreakers in ceramic turning inserts, something unthinkable in nowadays-cemented carbide inserts, this works is intended to open a gate to a new generation of cutting tools.
Study and analysis of the wiredrawing of CuZn37 wires via numerical simulations and slab method
Authors: Rodríguez O , Santana G A , Del Rey J C , Guerrero G 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Improving efficiency and productivity of industrial manufacturing activities is crucial in today’s global economy and the advanced engineering methods they have proven to be an effective solution to better understand the operation of the processes. The technological problem in wiredrawing is conditioned by multiple factors such as drawing die geometry, tribological system, process speed and the state of the metal to be drawn, among others. A wire rod of CuZn37 alloy brass with Ø8 mm is obtained by continuous casting process from electrolytic materials. The structural state of the initial wire rod and the draft sequence conditions the deformations and residual stresses accumulated in its cross section, affecting the sequential process and final quality. The present work proposes a complete analytical-numerical study aided to the better understanding of the problem for the design of a process proposal for an adequate continuous wiredrawing sequence for the production of Ø2 mm brass wire. An industrial sequence without intermediate annealing was evaluated by the analytical-numerical procedure allowing to better understand the technological problems involved. This methodology has allowed to check that it is not possible to achieve such a high degree of reduction ratio above of r=0.70÷0.75, without applying intermediate annealing heat treatment.
The effect of different epoxidised vegetable oils on injection-moulded starch based thermoplastic polymer filled with almond shell powder
Authors: Ibáñez A , Ferrándiz S , Martínez A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article is focused on the development and characterization of biodegradable and eco-friendly biocomposites, based on starch thermoplastic polymer (TPS) filled with 20 wt% almond shell powder (ASP). Three epoxidised vegetable oils (EVOs) were added at 5, 10 and 20 parts per hundred resin (phr) of TPS/ASP biocomposite, as additive, to study the effect in the properties of injected biodegradable parts: epoxidised soybean oil (ESBO), epoxidised linseed oil (ELO) and epoxidised corn oil (ECO). The biocomposites are prepared in a twin-screw extruder and characterized in terms of their mechanical (tensile and Charpy impact tests) and thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)). In addition, disintegration tests were evaluated. Results showed the addition of EVOs successfully reduced the stiffness and brittleness produced by the incorporation of almond shell, whereas thermal stability increased. The addition of EVOs had a stabilising effect on the disintegration of the biocomposites. The most optimal performance was attained for biocomposites with ELO or ESBO between 10-20 phr.
Ball Burnishing effects on hardness and residual stresses in UDIMET 720 pieces
Authors: Rue J , Velazquez E , Marques J , Llumà J , Jerez R , Travieso J A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Ball burnishing can be used to increase superficial hardness in treated materials. The aim of this paper is to study its influence over a nickel-based superalloy, UDIMET 720. To do this, the specimens where burnished and their hardness is analyzed, before and after the process, in the micro and nanometric scales. To corroborate findings, residual stresses are measured by the X-ray diffraction technique. This process has been found to be able to increase superficial hardness values up to 31% in the superalloy. Results also show that the hardness differential between the micro and nanometric scale is around 13%. An increase in compressive stress has been measured after the procedure, which can help explain this increase in hardness.
A methodology for the study of Friction Stir Welded butt joints applied to unweldable aerospace aluminium alloys
Authors: Del Sol I , Piñero D , Caballero J , Astarita A , Salguero J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Weight reduction is a constant improvement point for the aerospace sector. The joining of difficult to weld materials such as 2xxx and 7xxx aluminium series alloys has attracted the attention to Friction Stir Welding (FSW) in this field. This solid state welding process has already been presented as an environmentally friendly alternative for riveted joints and conventional welding operation in the automobile sector. Unfortunately, its application on the aeronautical sector is not completely studied at the moment and concerns about its quality and in-service behaviour have delayed its implementation. This paper stablished a methodology to study the effect of the welding parameter and applied it to a structural aluminium AA2024-T3, covering the design of the testing bench, the tool, the process monitoring and the analysis of the quality and main mechanical properties of the joint. The results showed the impact of the welding parameters on the quality of the joint. The burr and the roughness were optimised for 850 rpm and the forces were reduced up to 30% for this rotational speed. Similarly, the mechanical properties were reduced by up to 61.5% and 45% compared to the base material for the UTS and microhardness respectively.
Ontological modelling of welding processes
Authors: Solano L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this work, an ontological model for welding processes is proposed and the need to manage the information and knowledge associated with such complex discipline is justified. First, an overview of the meaning and use of the models for this purpose and the concept of interoperability applied to the information contained in the welding standards is given. Next, an approach to the concept of ontology is made, the ontology applications for engineering, basic functionalities of ontologies and the way in which they are implemented. The work concludes showing some entities of the proposed ontology, focusing on the definition and classification of welding processes and knowledge inference based on the information contained in the ontology.
Study of the tribological performance of Ti6Al4V textured with pyramidal dimples by electro discharge machining
Authors: Salguero J , Piñero D , Del Sol I , Vazquez J M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Surface texturing has demonstrated to be a useful technique for improving the tribological performance of surfaces in contact. In particular, in this research it has been applied to the Ti6Al4V titanium alloy, with poor tribological behaviour, by creating different texturing densities with pyramidal geometries. Additionally, these geometries have been obtained through sinking electro-discharge machining processes, scarcely addressed in the scientific literature. In dry sliding conditions, the results obtained show an improvement of about 65% in the coefficient of friction, while in lubricated contact, the improvement in the lubricant retention capacity results in the formation of an abrasive paste formed by the lubricant and the wear debris, which worsens tribological behaviour.
Mechanical and electrical properties of additively manufactured copper
Authors: Rodriguez J , Vicente J I , Ezeiza J C , Zuriarrain A , Arrazola P J , Badiola X , Dominguez E , Soler D 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Additive Manufacturing (AM) has become the new paradigm of design and production strategies. While structural and functional materials are the most implemented ones, it is also possible to manufacture parts using precious metals, being copper one of the most interesting. Among AM technologies, the novel Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) has recently included this material between available ones. ADAM is free from thermal and energetic issues caused by high reflectivity and conductivity of copper which other AM encounter. Therefore, it could be a great alternative to manufacture pure copper. In this work ADAM was used to fabricate pure copper specimens in order to measure electrical and mechanical properties. The influence of a machining post processes in strength and ductility is also discussed. Results are compared with wrought C1 1000 copper and published results of other AM technologies. Despite the newness of ADAM, significant improvement in surface roughness and comparable results in other properties was observed. However, further research shall be done to optimize the manufacturing parameters in order to increase the relative density value, as it was found to be significantly lower than in other AM technologies.
Study of corrosion resistance in Ti 6Al 4V additive manufactured parts
Authors: Ruiz J E , Arrizubieta J I , Vega J M , Ostolaza M , Lamikiz A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Laser Directed Energy Deposition is an additive manufacturing process widely extended in industry, whose development is not free of challenges. The gaseous domain in which the process takes place, plays a major role in the resulting quality of the components, even bigger when the process involves a highly reactive materials like Ti 6Al 4V. Titanium alloys are extensively employed due to a combination of mechanical and chemical properties, being one of them their good corrosion resistance. The present work aims to provide an analysis of this corrosion resistance for LMD manufactured parts in comparison with raw material. For this purpose, a manufacturing methodology is described, using a local protective atmosphere to create the specimens, and a methodology for corrosion testing is presented. Results show similar corrosion resistance values for both raw and additively manufactured materials, therefore reinforcing the feasibility of manufacturing titanium parts by means of L-DED additive process.
Influence of printing conditions in Binder Jetting on the resin infiltration post-processing
Authors: Martínez S , Giganto S , Castro M A , Fernández A I , Barreiro J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The goal of this work is to study the influence of 3D Binder Jetting process in order to identify the best processing conditions for the resin infiltration post-process. In particular, a dimensional study is carried out to select the most suitable conditions for infiltration in terms of part location in the building bed. Also, the influence of infiltration time on dimensional changes of the processed parts is analysed. The results of this study let us conclude and verify the importance of part location on the bed, especially when it will be exposed to infiltration pros-processing. A good choice can improve the final result by shortening the infiltration times, and therefore time and cost of production.
Design for FDM of flexible tooling for manufacturing aeronautical components by incremental sheet forming
Authors: Flores G , Palomo D , Martínez A J , Borrego M , López J A , Morales D , Centeno G , Vallellano C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Nowadays, industrial production is required to reduce industrialization times and development costs for new products while maintaining high quality standards. In this context, the development of new flexible manufacturing technologies has gained relevance in the last few years. The use of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) additive technique has been recently proposed in different industrial sectors for manufacturing rapid tooling (dies) to be used in conventional sheet metal stamping or stretching processes with a significant decrease in costs and time savings. On the other hand, Incremental Sheet Forming (ISF) technology is characterized by an enhanced formability of the parts thus manufactured as well as for the need of a small number of tooling, reducing costs compared to conventional processes such as hydroforming or stamping. In particular, its simplest variant, Single-Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) requires the use of backing plates, which do not require tight tolerances as their only function is to collaborate in the deformation process acting as a support point. Furthermore, the strength requirements are also not a limitation since the forces involved in SPIF are very small given the local nature of the deformation. In this context, the main objective of this work is the design of a modular tooling system, manufactured using the FDM additive technique, that allows the flexible manufacturing of different aeronautical components by SPIF.