bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How should the neonatal retrieval team respond to the neonate referred with bilious vomiting?
Authors: Nundeekasen Sunaina , Dalrymple Hannah , Moustafa Ahmed , Thomas Gordon , Carmo Kathryn Browning 
Published: November 2021

AimBilious vomiting (BV) in the neonatal period may herald malrotation with life‐threatening volvulus. In New South Wales, contrast fluoroscopy is not available in non‐tertiary paediatric centres; therefore, transfer is required. An infant with BV referred to Newborn and Paediatric Emergency Transport Service is prioritised for urgent retrieval to a surgical centre for contrast fluoroscopy and paediatric surgical review. This study analysed how many neonates with BV needed retrieval to prevent bowel loss or to save one life and to identify predictors of malrotation and/or volvulus.MethodsAll neonatal referrals (<29 days) to Newborn and Paediatric Emergency Transport Service between 31 July 2014 and 31 July 2020 with BV or aspirates were examined. Data on time of onset of BV, time of call for retrieval, vital signs, lactate level and blood glucose at referral, time of arrival at the surgical centre and outcome were analysed.ResultsOf 391 neonates referred with BV, 113 (28.9%) had a surgical cause and 31 (7.9%) had a time‐critical malrotation and/or volvulus. All 31 neonates were well at referral with normal vital signs including three neonates who subsequently died. Lactate levels at referral (1–7.5 mmol/L) were not predictive of outcome. The odds of a time‐critical diagnosis increased with every day of age (odds ratio = 1.097), heart rate >140 (P = 0.04) and decreased for each kilogram of birthweight (odds ratio 0.475; confidence interval 0.294–0.768).ConclusionsNeonates with BV require urgent referral to paediatric surgery and contrast fluoroscopy. Thirteen urgent transfers are required to preserve the bowel integrity and life in one baby.
Infants’ prenatal exposure to opioids and the association with birth outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Graeve Richard , Balalian Arin A. , Richter Matthias , Kielstein Heike , Fink Astrid , Martins Silvia S. , Philbin Morgan M. , Factor‐Litvak Pam 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrenatal exposure to opioids (PEO) is a worldwide public health issue. Opioids cross the placental barrier and may affect the developing foetus and the birth outcomes.ObjectivesThis review aimed to explore newborns’ weight, length and head circumference, preterm birth, and perinatal death as primary outcomes in relation to PEO. The secondary outcomes were gestational age at birth, Apgar scores and length of hospitalisation after delivery.Data sourcesPubMed, Embase, PsycInfo and the Web of Science.Study selection and data extractionInclusion criteria were (i) cohort, case‐control or cross‐sectional peer‐reviewed studies published in English through 1 March 2021; (ii) comparing outcomes between prenatal exposed and unexposed groups to opioids (prescribed or obtained illegally). Exclusion criteria were foetal alcohol syndrome and non‐opioid primary exposure.SynthesisData were extracted by two authors. The Newcastle‐Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used for study quality assessment. Due to heterogeneity across studies, we used random effects models to obtain pooled standardised mean difference (SMD), pooled risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsData from 80 studies were extracted. In meta‐analyses, opioid‐exposed neonates had lower birthweight (SMD −0.77, 95% CI −0.90, −0.64, I2 = 82%), smaller head circumference (SMD −0.67, 95% CI −0.86, −0.48, I2 = 84%), shorter birth length (SMD −0.97, 95% CI −1.24, −0.70, I2 = 91%) and gestational age (SMD −0.45, 95% CI −0.60, −0.30, I2 = 80%) than unexposed neonates. Pooled risks of neonatal death and preterm birth were higher among opioid‐exposed compared to unexposed neonates (RR 4.05, 95% CI 2.12, 7.72, I2 = 73%; and RR 1.92, 95% CI 1.57, 2.35, I2 = 99%).ConclusionsWe found increased risks of adverse birth outcomes in relation to PEO. Caution should be used in interpreting the findings, as many studies were rated as poor quality, and with substantial inter‐study heterogeneity. Future studies should ensure comparability of opioid‐exposed and ‐unexposed group to strengthen internal validity.
Comparative study of the collapsed cone convolution and Monte Carlo algorithms for radiation therapy planning of canine sinonasal tumors reveals significant dosimetric differences
Authors: Lee Ber‐In , Boss Mary‐Keara , LaRue Susan M. , Martin Tiffany , Leary Del 
Published: November 2021

AbstractComputer‐based radiation therapy requires high targeting and dosimetric precision. Analytical dosimetric algorithms typically are fast and clinically viable but can have increasing errors near air‐bone interfaces. These are commonly found within dogs undergoing radiation planning for sinonasal cancer. This retrospective methods comparison study is designed to compare the dosimetry of both tumor volumes and organs at risk and quantify the differences between collapsed cone convolution (CCC) and Monte Carlo (MC) algorithms. Canine sinonasal tumor plans were optimized with CCC and then recalculated by MC with identical control points and monitor units. Planning target volume (PTV)air, PTVsoft tissue, and PTVbone were created to analyze the dose discrepancy within the PTV. Thirty imaging sets of dogs were included. Monte Carlo served as the gold standard calculation for the dosimetric comparison. Collapsed cone convolution overestimated the mean dose (Dmean) to PTV and PTVsoft tissue by 0.9% and 0.5%, respectively (both P < 0.001). Collapsed cone convolution overestimated Dmean to PTVbone by 3% (P < 0.001). Collapsed cone convolution underestimated the near‐maximum dose (D2) to PTVair by 1.1% (P < 0.001), and underestimated conformity index and homogeneity index in PTV (both P < 0.001). Mean doses of contralateral and ipsilateral eyes were overestimated by CCC by 1.6% and 1.7%, respectively (both P < 0.001). Near‐maximum doses of skin and brain were overestimated by CCC by 2.2% and 0.7%, respectively (both P < 0.001). As clinical accessibility of Monte Carlo becomes more widespread, dose constraints may need to be re‐evaluated with appropriate plan evaluation and follow‐up.
Failure of Composites Under Combined Loading
Authors: Yerramalli Chandra S. , Waas Anthony M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The response of polymer matrix composites under combined proportional axial and torsional loading has been studied. Experiments were performed on solid cylindrical specimens of glass/vinylester and carbon/vinylester composites at a fiber volume fraction, Vf equal to 50%. The specimens were loaded under displacement and rotation control in a proportional manner. The Budiansky-Fleck kinking model was specialized to the case of a solid cylindrical specimen and the predictions were compared to the experimental results. It was found that the compression strength of carbon composites is approximately a linear function of the applied rotation but in the case of glass composites the compression strength is initially unaffected due to shear. At a critical value of shear, the compression strength is seen to diminish rapidly. This suggests that the Budiansky-Fleck model might not be suitable for predicting the effect of shear on compression strength of glass fiber composites.
A Target-Driven Development Process of Frontal Crashworthiness in Extruded Aluminum Space Frame for Electric Vehicle
Authors: Hong Seung Jun , Park Young Won 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A successful target-driven development process of frontal crashworthiness crucial to the best practice of systems engineering environment was described to design the front structure of extruded aluminum space frame (ASF) for an electric vehicle development. System analysis and optimization tasks to support requirement analysis, functional analysis and synthesis work were performed. An average acceleration pulse level in a frontal crash is defined to determine front structure target for crashworthiness. Both the axial and bending collapse characteristics of rectangular and circular aluminum extruded members are examined statically and dynamically. Also, material stress-strain property for aluminum 6061T6 and 6063T6 is presented. Concurrent engineering approach taking into account mount functions and package requirement determines the force distribution and energy absorption concept of front structure for frontal crashworthiness. The average acceleration, effective crash space, and the collapse characteristics of aluminum tubes provide the idealization of the plastic collapse stiffness curve of ASF front longitudinal member. The dimensions of rectangular and circular front longitudinal members in axial collapse zone are determined using mean crushing force database of aluminum extrusion. Also, quasi-static simulation is performed to determine the dimensions of front rail in bending collapse zone. The study demonstrates the results of the full vehicle crash simulation and the limitations of aluminum vehicle crash analysis. The development process of this study is applied to vehicle manufacture. Full vehicle crash test is conducted to verify CAE prediction and to provide a successful accomplishment of proposed process.
Finite Element Modeling and Simulation of Inflatable Tubular Structure Airbag
Authors: Omar Tarek A. , Rehm Wolfgang , Bedewi Nabih E. , Al-Fraiji Ali 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Inflatable Tubular Structure (ITS) airbag is a potentially life-saving device that has been implemented recently in some luxury passenger vehicles. When deployed, the ITS-airbag provides primarily protection of the front seat occupant’s head and face against upper side-interior car components. In the current research, a nonlinear Finite Element (FE) model for ITS-airbag system was proposed, developed, and tested in a side impact using dummy-head and neck FE model. The modeling technique of the unique behavior of the outer layer of the ITS-airbag is explained in details. Modeling such a complicated behavior of the ITS (axial shrinkage and radial expansion) was successfully performed by using a combination of diagonal truss elements combined with an isotropic fabric material.
Nonlinear FE side-impact simulations for a Hybrid-III dummy-head and neck model impacting a vehicle’s side glassing, roof-rail, and B-pillar using the ITS airbag system were conducted using the explicit FE code LS-DYNA. The developed ITS model has reduced the Head Injury Criteria (HIC) and the peak-acceleration of the dummy-head significantly. The results indicated the ability of the developed finite element model to represent the real ITS airbag system and therefore provide a reliable nonlinear FE simulation results that could be used to test, improve, and validate the implementation of the ITS airbag systems in more vehicles.
Dynamic Model and Control Law for a Low Storage Requirement Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Cikanek Susan R. , Baraszu Robert C. , Bailey Kathleen E. , Sureshbabu N. , Brackx Matt 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper describes mathematical modeling, analysis, simulation, and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) results of a Low Storage Requirement Hybrid Electric Vehicle powertrain and control system. The hybrid powertrain is synthesized using a conventional spark-ignited internal combustion engine, an alternating current induction traction motor, a converterless automatic transmission, and a differential and halfshafts that drive front wheels. Component models are summarized and a complete powertrain model is presented. An operating strategy is also discussed together with HIL simulation results that demonstrate system performance.
Automatic Engine Modeling for Failure Detection
Authors: Schrempf A. , Re L. del , Groißböck W. , Lughofer E. , Klement E. P. , Frizberg G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Fast detection of abnormal plant operation is critical for many applications. Fault detection requires some kind of comparison between actual and “normal” behavior, which implies the use of models. Exact modeling of engine systems is probably impossible and even middle-complexity models are very time-consuming. In some few cases, as for on board diagnostics, the very limited amount of cases to be treated and the usually large production volumes allow to develop models suitable to detect an abnormal behavior, but, in general, however, this approach cannot be followed. As fast detection of abnormal plant operation is often critical, alternative low-effort approaches are required. This paper presents a procedure suitable for engine fault detection based on parallel automatic modeling. It is shown that this approach yields a flexible and reliable tool for automatic modeling for this goal, while keeping the effort for the operator rather low.
Adaptive Iterative Learning Control for Systems With Non-Smooth Nonlinearities
Authors: Zheng Danian , Alleyne Andrew 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents preliminary investigations into a novel approach to circumventing a classic tradeoff between robustness and performance in Iterative Learning Control. The tradeoff is usually performed by designing an appropriate filtering mechanism to compensate for non-perfect resetting and noise. Time-Frequency analysis is used to examine the frequency content of error signals over the compact time support of the reference signal. This then allows the filter to effectively change its bandwidth as a function of time thereby allowing high frequency system dynamics to enter into the learning process at the appropriate time instants. At the same time, robustness is maintained by reducing the bandwidth of the filter when the system dynamics do not exhibit high frequency characteristics so as to attenuate the effect of noise on the learning stability. This Adaptive Iterative Learning controller is needed for systems that have non-smooth nonlinearities and the advantages are demonstrated here in simulation and experiment.
Robust Machining Force Control With Process Compensation
Authors: Kim Sung I. , Landers Robert G. , Ulsoy A. Galip 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Force control is an effective means of improving the quality and productivity of machining operations. Force process models are difficult to accurately generate and, thus, there are large variations in the model parameters. This has lead to investigations into robust control techniques; however, these approaches have not directly accounted for process effects. A robust force controller is developed in this paper based on Quantitative Feedback Theory. This controller is novel in that it accounts for the inherent force-feed nonlinearity in metal cutting processes and it explicitly compensates for process effects. The controller is verified via simulations and experiments, and the results demonstrate that process compensation allows for tighter performance bounds to be achieved and greatly reduced performance variation as process parameters vary.
Optimal Trajectories With Respect to a Sthenic Criterion for Three Quadruped Walking Gaits
Authors: Muraro A. , Chevallereau C. , Aoustin Y. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper, optimal cyclic reference trajectories are designed for three walking gaits of a quadruped robot, the curvet, the amble, the trot, taking into account the actuators characteristics and for a given motion robot velocity. The objectives of this study are multiple:
• Automatic design of admissible reference trajectories,
• Definition of the maximal speed of the robot for given actuators,
• Study of the evolution of the torque cost for various motion velocities,
• Comparison of three different gaits with respect to a sthenic criterion.
For the gaits studied, during some phases the system is underactuated. The design of the cyclic gaits takes this fact into account. The optimization problem is solved with an algebraic optimization technique. The actuated joint evolution is chosen as a polynomial function of time. The coefficients of the polynomial functions are optimization parameters. The evolution of the passive joint is defined using the dynamic model to have admissible trajectory. During the optimization process, the constraints on the ground reactions, the validity of impact, the torques, the joints velocities of the robot are taken into account. Simulation results are presented for the three gaits. All motions are realistics. Curvet is the less efficient gait with respect to the criterion studied. For slow motion, trot is the more efficient gait. But amble permits the fastest motion with the same actuators.
Silicon Carbide Wafer Polishing With Gas Cluster Ion Beams
Authors: DiFilippo V. , Bennett J. A. , Fenner D. B. , Hirvonen J. K. , Feldman L. C. , Saigal A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A novel technology utilizing energetic ionized gas cluster ion beams (GCIB) has been successfully used to reduce the surface roughness of SiC for electronic applications. In GCIB, a high-pressure gas, such as argon, is supersonically expanded through a nozzle into vacuum. This adiabatic expansion results in the condensation of clusters consisting of tens to thousands of gas atoms weakly held together by Van der Waals forces. These clusters are then ionized and accelerated towards the target substrate. Upon impact, they create a strong lateral sputtering effect resulting in a net smoothing of the surface. The surfaces of commercial, single-crystal, research grade SiC wafers were exposed to a series of Ar and O2 gas cluster ion treatments of varying doses and energies. After processing, atomic force microscope measurements indicated a reduction of surface roughness and removal of pre-existing CMP polishing scratches. Enhanced GCIB smoothing was achieved by using sequential doses of gas clusters with different energies, and in some cases different gases. Higher cluster energies removed scratches but added a high spatial-frequency roughness component, which could be in turn reduced by lower energy clusters. It was found that oxygen clusters produced a greater degree of smoothing than argon clusters. RBS ion channeling measurements were also conducted, and showed that processing with lower energy clusters as the final step of a series of doses minimized the creation of defects near the surface.
Heat Loss Analysis of Flamelets in Near-Limit Spread Over Solid Fuel Surfaces
Authors: Vance Robert , Wichman Indrek S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The profile of a spreading flamelet is analyzed by examining the heat losses to surrounding surfaces. The study addresses the reasons why flamelets have shapes ranging from round hemispherical “caps” to flat “coin-like” discs. A parabolic shape profile is used for the thin flame sheet, which provides both flame length and flame curvature. A third parameter specifies the height of the flame from the surface beneath it. Radiation and conduction heat losses from the flame sheet are calculated for various flame shapes. Overall heat losses as well as heat losses to the surface beneath the flamelet are examined. Some of the heat “losses” are misnamed because they produce the necessary surface decomposition for subsequent gaseous flame fuel vapors. Strictly, then, “losses” do not contribute appreciably to the maintenance of the flame. Physical arguments are made to explain observed flame spread behavior and flame shapes in response to prevailing flow and environmental conditions.
Solution of Three-Dimensional Transient Heat Transfer During Polymer Injection Molding
Authors: Ilinca Florin , Hétu Jean-François 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a three-dimensional transient finite element analysis code for solving the flow and heat transfer during polymer injection molding. The problems of interest present important challenges for both the physical modeling and the solution algorithm. The free surface flow of molten polymer moving inside the filling cavity has to be computed as well as the heat transfer between the polymer and the mold. During filling, heat transfer occurs at high Prandtl numbers because of the low material conductivity, resulting in sharp temperature gradients close to the walls. In this work the momentum, energy and front tracking equations are solved in a segregated manner. The energy equation is solved in an operator splitting approach. The methodology is robust and effective in solving three-dimensional industrial parts.
A Numerical Investigation of the Free Surface Flow During Optical Fiber Coating Process
Authors: Liu C. S. L. , Lee S. H.-K. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Optical fiber has increasingly played a crucial role in the information transmission area nowadays. The elevated demand makes it necessary to manufacture high quality light-guide fibers that have proper mechanical properties to endure the stresses induced during installations and operations. Optical fiber coating process provides a protection layer to shield the fiber from surface abrasion and also to increase the fiber’s tensile strength. However, there are problems encountered during this process which reduce the coating quality. One of the major problems is air entrainment, which may lead to eccentrical or incomplete coating. Apparently, it is of great interest to study this problem to improve the coating quality. Many experimental studies have been performed on the dynamic contact angle, air entrainment velocity and their correlation with various parameters, such as the viscosity and the surface tension of coating materials, fiber drawing speed, etc. Nevertheless, how the coating flow affects the upper meniscus (directly related with dynamic contact angle and air entrainment) has not been intensively studied. Understanding of the effects is essential to improve the coating quality. To fulfill this requirement, the present work focused on investigating the relation of upper meniscus and fiber drawing speed. This is just the first part of the serial study on the optical fiber coating process. Firstly, a numerical code was developed with finite volume formulation. The results showed that the code had the capacity to deal with this free surface fluid flow problem. The simulated free surface shape was validated with experimental data available. The trend of the upper meniscus shape and dynamic contact angle developments at high drawing velocity was simulated. The results showed, as expected, that the dynamic contact angle would approach 180° with the increase of the fiber-drawing speed.
Experimentation and Modeling for the Investigation of Fast Remotely Actuated Channeling in the VARTM Process
Authors: Mathur Roopesh , Heider Dirk , Advani Suresh G. , Walsh Shawn , Rigas Elias J. , Tackitt Kirk , Allende Mel , Fink Bruce K. , Gillespie John W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding Process is a composite manufacturing process that is widely used for the manufacture of large and complex three-dimensional composite structures such as bridges, ground vehicles, hull structures and ship sections. Fast remotely actuated channeling (FASTRAC) uses a unique double-vacuum bag, which creates distribution channels for optimal resin flow during impregnation. By controlling the application of the second vacuum bag it is possible to control the surface resin flow and the impregnation of the preform thus allows a significant reduction in labor and waste Process modeling and simulation are necessary in order to optimize this novel process for large-scale applications. Experiments were conducted using a VARTM test-bed for single channel injection and the resin flow was measured using sensors. An analytical model was developed for the flow of resin in the FASTRAC process. The results of the experiments and analytical model are presented in this paper.