bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the resilience of European farms using FADN
Authors: Slijper Thomas , de Mey Yann , Poortvliet P Marijn , Meuwissen Miranda P M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Agricultural policymakers call for the operationalisation of farm resilience as a dynamic concept. Therefore, we quantify farm resilience along the dimensions of robustness, adaptation and transformation. Using the rich Farm Accountancy Data Network panel data set, we explore which farm(er) characteristics affect resilience. We employ a control function approach to address the presence of endogeneity in correlated random effects (fractional) probit models. In general, we find that decoupled payments negatively affect robustness, while rural development payments have a positive effect on robustness. Both decoupled and rural development payments have no effect on adaptation and transformation in most European regions.
Tensorial elastodynamics for coupled acoustic/elastic anisotropic media: incorporating bathymetry
Authors: Sethi Harpeet , Shragge Jeffrey , Tsvankin Ilya 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARYCorrectly implementing the fluid/solid boundary conditions at the seafloor is important for accurate full-wavefield imaging and inversion of marine seismic data. Because bathymetric profiles are rarely flat, the associated undulations influence wave modes interacting with the seafloor and, therefore, the ensuing imaging and inversion results. The conventional method of using single-domain elastic finite-difference (FD) solutions assumes that the fluid/solid contact is welded, which leads to incorrect handling of the boundary conditions and introduces modelling errors. We present a mimetic finite-difference (MFD) approach to solve the equations of anisotropic elastodynamics in a non-orthogonal coordinate system conformal to the bathymetric interface. The vertically deformed coordinate mapping transforms the irregular Cartesian (physical) domain into a regularly sampled generalized computational domain. We partition the medium into the acoustic and elastic subdomains and explicitly satisfy the fluid/solid boundary conditions with a split-node approach involving high-order one-sided MFD operators that achieve uniform spatial accuracy throughout the computational domain. Fully staggered grids (FSGs) are used to solve the velocity–pressure and velocity–stress formulations of the acoustic and anisotropic elastic wave equations, respectively. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed MFD+FSG algorithm accurately simulates wavefields even for strongly undulating bathymetric surfaces overlying structurally complex anisotropic media, and produces no spurious numerical artefacts (e.g. staircasing) or unphysical wave modes often caused by improper handling of the strong-contrast bathymetric interface. The wavefields generated by the tensorial MFD scheme closely match those from the more computationally expensive spectral-element method used to validate our implementation. The developed MFD+FSG technique can be effectively employed as the modelling kernel in a variety of coupled acoustic/elastic imaging and inversion applications.
Reconciling lithospheric rheology between laboratory experiments, field observations and different tectonic settings
Authors: Bellas Ashley , Zhong Shijie , Watts Anthony B 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARYRecent modelling studies have shown that laboratory-derived rheology is too strong to reproduce observations of flexure at the Hawaiian Islands, while the same rheology appears consistent with outer rise—trench flexure at circum-Pacific subduction zones. Collectively, these results indicate that the rheology of an oceanic plate boundary is stronger than that of its interior, which, if correct, presents a challenge to understanding the formation of trenches and subduction initiation. To understand this dilemma, we first investigate laboratory-derived rheology using fully dynamic viscoelastic loading models and find that it is too strong to reproduce the observationally inferred elastic thickness, Te, at most plate interior settings. The Te can, however, be explained if the yield stress of low-temperature plasticity is significantly reduced, for example, by reducing the activation energy from 320 kJ mol−1, as in Mei et al., to 190 kJ mol−1 as was required by previous studies of the Hawaiian Islands, implying that the lithosphere beneath Hawaii is not anomalous. Second, we test the accuracy of the modelling methods used to constrain the rheology of subducting lithosphere, including the yield stress envelope (YSE) method, and the broken elastic plate model (BEPM). We show the YSE method accurately reproduces the model Te to within ∼10 per cent error with only modest sensitivity to the assumed strain rate and curvature. Finally, we show that the response of a continuous plate is significantly enhanced when a free edge is introduced at or near an edge load, as in the BEPM, and is sensitive to the degree of viscous coupling at the free edge. Since subducting lithosphere is continuous and generally mechanically coupled to a sinking slab, the BEPM may falsely introduce a weakness and hence overestimate Te at a trench because of trade-off. This could explain the results of recent modelling studies that suggest the rheology of subducting oceanic plate is stronger than that of its interior. However, further studies using more advanced thermal and mechanical models will be required in the future in order to quantify this.
The messiness of the menstruator: assessing personas and functionalities of menstrual tracking apps
Authors: Pichon Adrienne , Jackman Kasey B , Winkler Inga T , Bobel Chris , Elhadad Noémie 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study was to examine trends in the intended users and functionalities advertised by menstrual tracking apps to identify gaps in personas and intended needs fulfilled by these technologies.

Materials and Methods
Two types of materials were collected: a corpus of scientific articles related to the identities and needs of menstruators and a corpus of images and descriptions of menstrual tracking apps collected from the Google and Apple app stores. We conducted a scoping review of the literature to develop themes and then applied these as a framework to analyze the app corpus, looking for alignments and misalignments between the 2 corpora.

Results
A review of the literature showed a wide range of disciplines publishing work relevant to menstruators. We identified 2 broad themes: “who are menstruators?” and “what are the needs of menstruators?” Descriptions of menstrual trackers exhibited misalignments with these themes, with narrow characterizations of menstruators and design for limited needs.

Discussion
We synthesize gaps in the design of menstrual tracking apps and discuss implications for designing around: (1) an irregular menstrual cycle as the norm; (2) the embodied, leaky experience of menstruation; and (3) the varied biologies, identities, and goals of menstruators. An overarching gap suggests a need for a human-centered artificial intelligence approach for model and data provenance, transparency and explanations of uncertainties, and the prioritization of privacy in menstrual trackers.

Conclusion
Comparing and contrasting literature about menstruators and descriptions of menstrual tracking apps provide a valuable guide to assess menstrual technology and their responsiveness to users and their needs.
Really Rewarding Rewards: Strategic Licensing in Long-Term Healthy Food Consumption
Authors: Rishika Rishika , Feurer Sven , Haws Kelly L 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Licensing is a well-documented form of justifying individual indulgent choices, but less is known about how licensing affects food decision-making patterns over time. Accordingly, we examine whether consumers incorporate licensing strategically and deliberately in their long-term consumption patterns and identify reward programs as a context in which strategic licensing is likely to occur. We propose that members with lower-calorie consumption patterns strategically indulge more on reward purchase occasions and that forethought is required for such an effect to occur. A longitudinal study analyzing 272,677 real food purchases made by 7,828 consumers over a 14-month period provides striking evidence of our key proposition. An exploration of the interpurchase time-related aspect of purchase acceleration suggests that forethought on behalf of consumers is necessary for strategic licensing to occur. A subsequent experimental study (N = 605) comprising five consecutive choice occasions provides additional evidence of forethought by demonstrating that strategic licensing occurs only when expected (but not windfall) reward occasions are involved, and by showing that anticipated negative affect for not indulging is the driving mechanism. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our results for consumers, managers, and public policymakers.
On weak filters and ultrafilters: Set theory from (and for) knowledge representation
Authors: Koutras Costas D , Moyzes Christos , Nomikos Christos , Tsaprounis Konstantinos , Zikos Yorgos 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWeak filters were introduced by K. Schlechta in the ’90s with the aim of interpreting defaults via a generalized ‘most’ quantifier in first-order logic. They arguably represent the largest class of structures that qualify as a ‘collection of large subsets’ of a given index set $I$, in the sense that it is difficult to think of a weaker, but still plausible, definition of the concept. The notion of weak ultrafilter naturally emerges and has been used in epistemic logic and other knowledge representation (KR) applications. We provide a comprehensive exposition of weak filters and ultrafilters, comparing them with their classical counterparts that have found very important applications in logic, set theory and topology. Weak (ultra)filters capture the ‘majorities’ of social choice theory (which coincide with the commonsense understanding of a ‘large subset’) and in that respect, they outperform classical (ultra)filters in their role as ‘collections of large subsets’. Yet, they lack some of the elegant properties of classical (ultra)filters that make them an almost perfect match for logical theories. We investigate the extent to which some important classical results carry through in this new setting, and we focus on genuinely weak filters and genuinely weak ultrafilters. For weak ultrafilters, we proceed to provide concrete examples, answer questions of existence and characterize their construction. The class of weak (ultra)filters represents a genuine contribution of KR to set theory that might be of some interest to set theorists too and we initiate this study by providing a glimpse on natural set-theoretic questions.
Membrane dynamics of ATG4B and LC3 in autophagosome formation
Authors: Zhou Yuanyuan , Wang Zhenkun , Huang Yijia , Bai Chujie , Zhang Xianli , Fang Mengdie , Ju Zhenyu , Liu Bo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The biogenesis of autophagosomes provides the basis for macroautophagy to capture and degrade intracellular cargoes. Binding of the autophagy-related protein ATG8/LC3 to autophagic membranes is essential to autophagosome formation, which involves the specific and dynamic processing of ATG8/LC3 by cysteine protease ATG4. However, to date, the mechanism whereby ATG4 is recruited to the membranes, the interaction of ATG4 and ATG8/LC3 on the membranes, and its role in the growth of phagophore are not completely understood. Here, we used fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to monitor the turnover of GFP-tagged ATG4B and LC3B in living animal cells. The data show that ATG4B localizes to early autophagic membranes in an LC3B-dependent manner. During autophagy, ATG4B and LC3B undergo rapid cytosol/isolation membrane exchange but not at the cytosol/completed autophagosome. In addition, ATG4B activity controls the efficiency of autophagosome formation by impacting the membrane binding/dissociation of LC3B. These data suggest that ATG4 and LC3 play interdependent roles in the formation of autophagosomes.
Concept, Function, and Sources of International Criminal Law
Authors: Ambos Kai 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter lays the conceptual groundwork for the following chapters, and is written in a both philosophical and jurisprudential ink. It starts with a critical analysis of international criminal law as both concept, discipline and placeholder for an anti-impunity agenda. Certain types of crimes are separated into core crimes on the one hand and treaty-based/transnational crimes and supranational crimes on the other hand. The chapter then proceeds along the lines of the jurisprudential foundations of crime, criminal law and punishment. The author advocates for an autonomous punitive power of the international community as the basis of an autonomous international criminal law. Criminalization is based on the protection of fundamental legal interests or the prevention of serious harm. Punishment has an expressive, norm-stabilizing purpose and is intertwined with more general goals of International Criminal Justice. International Criminal Law’s sources range from customary international law over international treaty law to general principles. The DNA of the chapter is thus an amalgamation of comparative legal concepts with the peculiarities of a ius puniendi that lies at the hear of enterprise of international criminal law.
Attempt as a Special Form of Individual Criminal Responsibility
Authors: Ambos Kai 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter first explains why attempt – an incomplete offence lacking the fulfilment of the actus reus of the respective crime – should be punishable at all and whether/how it is punishable under International Criminal Law. This chapter develops the essential elements of attempt liability on the basis of comparative law with a view to most important national legal systems . It analyses in detail the provision in the Rome Statute and proposes a ‘formula of approximation’ with regard to ‘commencement of execution’ stage (that is the moment of punishability) of attempt. It then applies this attempt formular to the international core crimes. Last but not least, abandonment of attempt is also discussed.
The Refugee in International Law
Authors: Goodwin-Gill Guy S , McAdam Jane , Dunlop Emma 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the refugee in international law. The refugee in international law occupies a legal space characterized, on the one hand, by the principle of State sovereignty and the related principles of territorial supremacy and self-preservation and, on the other hand, by competing humanitarian principles deriving from general international law and from treaty. Refugee law nevertheless remains an incomplete legal regime of protection, imperfectly covering what ought to be a situation of exception. It goes some way to alleviate the plight of those affected by breaches of human rights standards or by the collapse of an existing social order in the wake of revolution, civil strife, aggression, or disaster; but it is incomplete so far as refugees and asylum seekers may still be denied even temporary protection, safe return to their homes, or compensation. The international legal status of the refugee necessarily imports certain legal consequences, the most important of which is the obligation of States to respect the principle of non-refoulement through time.
The
Concept of Asylum
Authors: Goodwin-Gill Guy S , McAdam Jane , Dunlop Emma 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the concept of asylum. The meaning of the word ‘asylum’ tends to be assumed by those who use it, but its content is rarely explained. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights refers to ‘asylum from persecution’, the UN General Assembly urges the grant of asylum and observance of the principle of asylum, and many States’ constitutions and laws offer the promise of asylum, yet nowhere is this act of States defined. A distinction may be made between the clear, discretionary, sovereign right of States to grant asylum without it being considered a hostile act, which other States are bound to respect; and the individual right to asylum, which thus far has only been explicitly recognized in some regional human rights instruments and national constitutions, but not in any treaty applying universally. While individuals may not be able to claim a right to be granted asylum, States have a duty under international law not to obstruct the individual’s right to seek asylum. This includes the obligation to provide access to an asylum procedure (refugee status determination), which necessarily calls into question the legality of non-arrival and non-admission policies increasingly employed by States as tools of migration control.
International Protection
Authors: Goodwin-Gill Guy S , McAdam Jane , Dunlop Emma 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses international protection. The lack or denial of protection is a principal feature of refugee character, and it is for international law, in turn, to substitute its own protection for that which the country of origin cannot or will not provide. Non-refoulement is the foundation stone of international protection. The first intergovernmental arrangements on behalf of refugees were contemporaneous with the establishment of various international institutions charged with their implementation. The chapter then looks at the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), and other organizations and agencies. It also considers the protection of groups of refugees who face particular vulnerabilities, including women refugees, child refugees, and refugees with disabilities. Each group is protected by one or more particular human rights treaties, which recognize their rights, and members of these groups are often subject to discrimination or otherwise marginalized.
The Principles of Emergency Arbitration
Authors: Sim Cameron 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the rationale for emergency arbitration, and the fifteen core principles that are identifiable from the convergence of emergency arbitration rules. The rationale for emergency arbitration is best understood by illustrating the dilemmas which may be faced if the procedure is unavailable and a party requires urgent relief prior to the constitution of the arbitral tribunal. In the absence of emergency arbitration, a party required to resolve a dispute by arbitration and that is in need of urgent relief typically has three options to obtain it. The first option is to request the urgent measures from a national court. The second option is to commence arbitration and, subject to the parties' agreement, applicable laws, and arbitration rules, apply for the urgent measures once the tribunal is in place. The third option is to utilise other procedures, if available, to obtain urgent relief.
The Conduct of an Emergency Arbitration
Authors: Sim Cameron 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter details the conduct of an emergency arbitration following its commencement and the appointment of the emergency arbitrator. Emergency arbitration is a flexible procedure. An emergency arbitrator has a wide discretion to conduct proceedings in the manner deemed appropriate for the circumstances of the case, provided that the parties have a reasonable opportunity to be heard, the decision is rendered within the short timeframe prescribed by the applicable arbitration rules, and the proceedings are conducted in accordance with the parties' agreement and any applicable mandatory laws. If inappropriate procedural decisions are taken, or the emergency arbitrator does not take control over the conduct of proceedings, the procedure has the potential to be derailed. Thus, in exercising the wide procedural discretion, the emergency arbitrator must seek to instil discipline and control over the proceedings from the outset.
The Applicable Standards in Emergency Arbitration
Authors: Sim Cameron 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the standards for granting emergency measures. The question of urgency is central to any emergency arbitration. Aside from the need for urgency, the majority of Emergency Arbitration Rules do not specify the standards to be applied in determining whether the application for emergency measures should be granted. While the majority of Emergency Arbitration Rules do not specify the standards applicable to the grant of relief, appropriate standards are identifiable by reference to those rules which do identify standards, emergency arbitration practice to date, and from jurisprudence on interim measures applications before arbitral tribunals, tailored as appropriate to the emergency arbitration context. Among leading Emergency Arbitration Rules, there appear to be similarities in the approach adopted by emergency arbitrators. Aside from the key urgency standards, emergency arbitrators have identified that the claimant must face the risk of irreparable or substantial harm; that the balancing of the parties' interests and proportionality favour preventing that harm; and that the claimant has a prima facie case on the merits.
Enforcement of the Emergency Arbitrator’s Decision
Authors: Sim Cameron 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the enforceability of the emergency arbitrator's decision. There is no doubt that the emergency arbitrator's decision is contractually binding on the parties. In consenting to emergency arbitration, the parties have also consented to be bound by the emergency arbitrator's decision. There has been a high incidence of compliance with emergency arbitrator decisions. Nonetheless, the risk of a party's non-compliance with the emergency arbitrator's decision cannot be discounted. Compliance cannot be guaranteed, and it may need to be compelled. If this need arises, the legal enforceability of the emergency arbitrator's decision becomes pivotal. The key issue is whether an emergency arbitration decision constitutes an award within the terms of the New York Convention, albeit whether an emergency arbitrator decision is enforceable is a question for the law of the place of enforcement. Presently, the enforceability of emergency arbitrator decisions is only expressly recognised in the arbitration laws of a handful of jurisdictions.
The Future of Emergency Arbitration
Authors: Sim Cameron 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the future of emergency arbitration. Emergency arbitration has been a welcome and beneficial addition to international arbitration, and achieved a great deal in a relatively short time. Yet the relative infancy of emergency arbitration is not a justification to delay consideration of needed reforms. The procedure has been tried and tested, and there are some identifiable shortcomings. Amidst the rapid proliferation in Emergency Arbitration Rules, and the striking similarities in the approaches adopted across Emergency Arbitration Rules, there is a risk that certain shortfalls in the procedure have been overlooked. The chapter then considers reforms which may be needed, both to arbitration rules and to arbitration laws, to improve the utility of the procedure. Such reforms have the potential to increase efficiency, reduce the scope for abuse of the procedure, protect and balance parties' due process rights against the demands of urgency, and safeguard the enforceability of emergency arbitrator decisions. Such reforms will also ensure the longevity of emergency arbitration by providing greater certainty and predictability for international arbitration users.