bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solving fuzzy $(1+ n)$-dimensional Burgers’ equation
Authors: Osman Mawia , Gong Zengtai , Mustafa Altyeb Mohammed , Yang Hong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we study the comparison of fuzzy differential transform method (FDTM), fuzzy Adomian decomposition method (FADM), fuzzy homotopy perturbation method (FHPM), and fuzzy reduced differential transform method (FRDTM) to obtain the solutions of fuzzy$(1 + n)$(1+n)-dimensional Burgers’ equation under gH-differentiability. We have investigated many new results to solve the above problem, and the methods have been implemented. The four illustrative numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and also to demonstrate the efficiency and simplicity of the ways they were developed and derived. The results also show that the methods are powerful mathematical tools for solving fuzzy$(1 + n)$(1+n)-dimensional Burgers’ equation.
Randomized observation periods for compound Poisson risk model with capital injection and barrier dividend
Authors: Yu Wenguang , Guo Peng , Wang Qi , Guan Guofeng , Huang Yujuan , Yu Xinliang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we model the insurance company’s surplus by a compound Poisson risk model, where the surplus process can only be observed at random observation times. It is assumed that the insurer observes its surplus level periodically to decide on dividend payments and capital injection at the interobservation time having an $\operatorname{Erlang}(n)$
Erlang
(
n
)
distribution. If the observed surplus level is greater than zero but less than injection line $b_{1} > 0$

b
1

>
0
, the shareholders should immediately inject a certain amount of capital to bring the surplus level back to the injection line $b_{1}$

b
1

. If the observed surplus level is larger than dividend line $b_{2}$

b
2

($b_{2} > b_{1}$

b
2

>

b
1

), any excess of the surplus over $b_{2}$

b
2

is immediately paid out as dividends to the shareholders of the company. Ruin is declared when the observed surplus level is negative. We derive the explicit expressions of the Gerber–Shiu function, the expected discounted capital injection, and the expected discounted dividend payments. Numerical illustrations are also given to analyze the effect of random observation times on actuarial quantities.
Nearly constant Q models of the generalized standard linear solid type and the corresponding wave equations
Authors: Hao Qi , Greenhalgh Stewart 
Published: April 2021

Time-domain seismic forward and inverse modeling for a dissipative medium is a vital research topic for investigating the attenuation structure of the earth. Constant [Formula: see text], also called the frequency independence of the quality factor, is a common assumption for seismic [Formula: see text] inversion. We have developed first- and second-order nearly constant [Formula: see text] dissipative models of the generalized standard linear solid type, using a novel [Formula: see text]-independent weighting function approach. The two new models, which originate from the Kolsky model (a nearly constant [Formula: see text] model) and the Kjartansson model (an exactly constant [Formula: see text] model), result in the corresponding wave equations in differential form. Even for extremely strong attenuation (e.g., [Formula: see text]), the quality factor and phase velocity for the two new models are close to those for the Kolsky and Kjartansson models, in a frequency range of interest. The wave equations for the two new models explicitly involve a specified [Formula: see text] parameter and have compact and simple forms. We provide a novel perspective on how to build a nearly constant [Formula: see text] dissipative model, which is beneficial for time-domain large-scale wavefield forward and inverse modeling. This perspective could also help obtain other dissipative models with similar advantages. We also discuss the extension beyond viscoacousticity and other related issues, for example, extending the two new models to viscoelastic anisotropy.
Impact of Oral Chemotherapy Management Program on Capecitabine Toxicity Management
Authors: Nhean Salin , Kostoff Diana , Yang Jessica J. , Vogel Vishnuprabha , Rybkin Igor I. 
Published: April 2021

PURPOSE: Increasing use of oral chemotherapy has created unique challenges related to patient safety and compliance. To address this issue, the Henry Ford Cancer Institute at Henry Ford Health System developed and implemented a system-wide, multidisciplinary program named the Oral Chemotherapy Management Program (OCMP). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of OCMP on patient outcomes in those receiving capecitabine. METHODS: This was a retrospective, quasi-experimental study that compared outcomes in patients receiving capecitabine before and after OCMP implementation. The co-primary outcomes were incidence(s) of grade 1-4 and grade 3-4 adverse effects (AEs) associated with capecitabine. Secondary outcomes were emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations because of toxicity, and adherence rate. RESULTS: OCMP patients had significantly lower overall incidence of AE of any grade (58.9% v 70.3%; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.94; P = .03). OCMP implementation significantly lowered incidence of any grade and grade 3-4 nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea, and grade 3-4 hand-foot syndrome. It resulted in the decreased number of ED visits (8.9% v 18.9%; P = .005) and hospitalizations (6.3% v 17.1%; P = .002), as well as improved medication adherence rates (0.94 v 0.97; P = .03). CONCLUSION: Most patients who developed capecitabine-related AE required intervention by OCMP. Implementation of OCMP reduced the incidence of high-grade AE, decreased the number of ED visits and hospitalizations because of AE, and improved the medication adherence rate.
[18F]-FDG-PET/CT Correlates With the Response of Radiorefractory Thyroid Cancer to Lenvatinib and Patient Survival
Authors: Valerio Laura , Guidoccio Federica , Giani Carlotta , Tardelli Elisa , Puccini Giulia , Puleo Luciana , Minaldi Elisa , Boni Giuseppe , Elisei Rossella , Volterrani Duccio 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Context
18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography–computed tomography ([18F]-FDG-PET/CT)–positive metastatic lesions in radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (RAI-R DTC) have a poor prognosis and lenvatinib represents the best therapy.

Objective
We investigated the role of [18F]-FDG-PET/CT in the evaluation of metabolic response and prediction of the outcome of RAI-R DTC patients treated with lenvatinib.

Methods
Patients (n = 33) with progressive metastatic RAI-R DTC who were treated with lenvatinib were investigated at baseline and during follow-up with biochemical (thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin antibodies), morphological (whole-body CT scan) and metabolic ([18F]-FDG-PET/CT) evaluation.

Results
Nineteen (57.6%) patients showed the greatest metabolic response at the first [18F]-FDG-PET/CT scan, performed after 4 weeks of lenvatinib, while 5/33 (15.1%) patients had this response later. Moreover, 66.7% of patients had both a metabolic response at the first [18F]-FDG-PET/CT scan and a morphological response at the first CT scan. We observed a correlation between the metabolic response at [18F]-FDG-PET/CT scan performed after 4 weeks of treatment and the biochemical response at the same time in 60.6% of patients. The median overall survival (OS) was significantly longer in patients with either a metabolic response at last [18F]-FDG-PET/CT (40.00 vs 8.98 months) or a morphological response at last CT scan (37.22 vs 9.53 months) than in those without response. Moreover, the OS was longer in patients with a metabolic response at [18F]-FDG-PET/CT performed after 4 weeks of treatment (36.53 vs 11.28 months).

Conclusions
Our data show that [18F]-FDG-PET/CT can early predict the response to lenvatinib and correlates with the OS of RAI-R DTC patients treated with this drug.
The Influence of Lens Antibodies on the Development of Lens Antigen-containing Tissues in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Maisel Jan Langman, Harry , Squires James 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this experiment was to analyse the effect of treatment with antibodies prepared against total lens or against alpha, beta, and gamma crystallin separately on the development of 24-, 32-, and 42-hour chick embryos. The following observations were made after an additional incubation period of 50-70 hours.When 32-hour chick embryos were treated with the different antibodies, cellular degeneration and gross abnormalities such as anencephalus, rachischisis, and anophthalmia were observed only in embryos treated with total lens or with alpha crystallin antiserum, but not in those treated with beta or gamma crystallin antiserum. Since the result of treatment with total lens and with alpha crystallin antibodies was identical in nature, it is concluded that the antibody effect is due exclusively to the interaction of alpha crystallin antibodies and their corresponding cellular antigens. The cellular degeneration and gross abnormalities were restricted to brain and eye, that is those organs in which the presence of lens antigens had been demonstrated earlier by means of immunological and fluorescent antibody techniques. None of the other tissues and organs in the abnormal embryos showed any effect of antibody treatment, thus indicating a high specificity of the alpha crystallin antigen-antibody reaction. Abnormalities found in the 24-hour series were identical to those obtained in the 32-hour series, indicating that in both cases the alpha crystallin antibodies had interfered with the same developmental processes. Treatment of 42-hour embryos was ineffective, suggesting that at this stage of development the antigen-antibody interaction either has become impossible, or is no longer able to interfere with morphological development. Since in many of the grossly abnormal embryos no indication of cellular degeneration was found, it seems likely that an antigen-antibody interaction not necessarily leads to cellular degeneration and necrosis, but may also interfere with cell life in a less damaging manner, such as inhibition of growth and rechannelling of normal differentiation capacities.
Experimental analysis of the extension of the dorsal marginal zone in Pleurodeles waltl gastrulae
Authors: Shi De-Li , Delarue Michel , Darribére Thierry , Riou Jean-François , Boucaut Jean-Claude 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The capacity for extension of the dorsal marginal zone (DMZ) in Pleurodeles waltl gastrulae was studied by scanning electron microscopy and grafting experiments. At the onset of gastrulation, the cells of the animal pole (AP) undergo important changes in shape and form a single layer. As gastrulation proceeds, the arrangement of cells also changes in the noninvoluted DMZ: radial intercalation leads to a single layer of cells. Grafting experiments involving either AP or DMZ explants were performed using a cell lineage tracer. When rotated 90° or 180°, grafted DMZ explants were able to involute normally and there was extension according to the animal–vegetal axis of the host. In contrast, neither single nor bilayered explants from AP involutes completely, and neither extends when grafted in place of the DMZ. Furthermore, when inside of the host, these AP grafts curl up and inhibit the closure of the blastopore. Once transplanted to the AP region, the DMZ showed no obvious autonomous extension. DMZs cultured in vitro showed little extension and this only from the late gastrula stage onward. Removal of blastocoel roof blocked involution to a varied extent, depending on the developmental stage of the embryos. From these results, it is argued that differences could well exist in the mechanism of gastrulation between anuran and urodele embryos. That migrating mesodermal cells play a major role in urodele gastrulation is discussed.
Abortive development in the crested newt Triturus cristatus
Authors: Wallace H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Crested newts exhibit a balanced lethal system which causes development to abort in 50 % of tailbud embryos. The main features of arrested embryos are described, shown to be constant in a range of culture conditions and found to be unchanged by parabiosis or extirpation of the central nervous system or heart. Two categories of abortive embryos can be distinguished in some spawnings. A corresponding segregation of an easily identified marker chromosome confirms previous reports that chromosome 1 carries the recessive lethal factors. The marker chromosome is tentatively associated with the blistered form of abortive embryo.
Two possible modes of origin for the balanced lethal system are discussed, either from ancestral autosomes or from sex chromosomes. The latter is favoured because it involves fewer assumptions. The subsequent evolution of the system should inevitably lead to progressively earlier embryonic mortality by an accumulation of multiple recessive lethal factors on each chromosome variant.
Determinative properties of muscle lineages in ascidian embryos
Authors: Meedel Thomas H. , Crowther Robert J. , Whittaker J. R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTBlastomeres removed from early cleavage stage ascidian embryos and reared to ‘maturity’ as partial embryos often elaborate tissue-specific features typical of their constituent cell lineages. We used this property to study recent corrections of the ascidian larval muscle lineage and to compare the ways in which different lineages give rise to muscle. Our evaluation of muscle differentiation was based on histochemical localization and quantitative radiometric measurement of a muscle-specific acetylchol-inesterase activity, and the development of myofilaments and myofibrils as observed by electron microscopy. Although the posterior-vegetal blastomeres (B4.1 pair) of the 8-cell embryo have long been believed to be the sole precursors of larval muscle, recent studies using horseradish peroxidase to mark cell lineages have shown that small numbers of muscle cells originate from the anterior-vegetal (A4.1) and posterior-animal (b4.2) blastomeres of this stage. Fully differentiated muscle expression in isolated partial embryos of A4.1-derived cells requires an association with cells from other lineages whereas muscle from B4.1 blastomeres develops autonomously. Clear differences also occurred in the time acetylcholinesterase activity was first detected in partial embryos from these two sources. Isolated b4.2 cells failed to show any muscle development even in combination with anterior-animal cells (a4.2) and are presumably even more dependent on normal cell interactions and associations. Others have noted an additional distinction between the different sources of muscle: muscle cells from non-B4.1 lineages occur exclusively in the distal part of the tail, while the B4.1 descendants contribute those cells in the proximal and middle regions. During the course of ascidian larval evolution tail muscle probably had two origins: the primary lineage (B4.1) whose fate was set rigidly at early cleavage stages and secondarily evolved lineages which arose later by recruitment of cells from other tissues resulting in increased tail length. In contrast to the B4.1 lineage, muscle development in the secondary lineages is controlled less rigidly by.processes that depend on cell interactions.
Vasculogenesis in the early quail blastodisc as studied with a monoclonal antibody recognizing endothelial cells
Authors: Pardanaud Luc , Altmann Curtis , Kitos Paul , Dieterlen-Lievre Francoise , Buck Clayton A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
QH1, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes quail endothelial and haemopoietic cells, was applied to quail blastodiscs in toto, in order to analyse by immunofluorescence the emergence of the vascular tree. The first endothelial cells were detected in the area opaca at the headfold stage and in the area pellucida at the 1-somite stage. Single cells then interconnected progressively, especially in the anterior intestinal portal and along the somites building up the linings of the heart and dorsal aortas. This study demonstrates that endothelial cells differentiate as single entities 4h earlier in development than hitherto detected and that the vascular network forms secondarily. The horseshoe shape of the extraembryonic area vasculosa is also a secondary acquisition. A nonvascularized area persists until later (at least the 14-somite stage) in the region of the regressing primitive streak.
The formation of the area centralis of the retinal ganglion cell layer in the chick
Authors: Straznicky Charles , Chehade Mark 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In adult domestic chickens, the neurones in the retinal ganglion cell layer are very unevenly disposed such that there is a sixfold increase in neurone density from the retinal edge to the retinal centre. The formation of the high ganglion-cell-density area centralis was studied on chick retinal wholemounts from the 8th day of incubation (E8) to 4 weeks after hatching (4WAH). The density of viable neurones and the number and the distribution of pyknotic neurones in the ganglion cell layer were estimated across the whole retina.
Between E8 and E10, the distribution of neurones in the ganglion cell layer was anisodensitic with 53000 mm-2 in the centre compared to 34000 mm-2 in the periphery of the retina. Thereafter, a progressively steeper gradient of neurone density developed, which decreased from 24000 mm-2 in the retinal centre to 6000 mm-2 at the retinal periphery by 4WAH. Neuronal pyknosis in the ganglion cell layer was observed between E9 and E17. From Ell onwards, consistently more pyknotic neurones were found in the peripheral than in the central retina. It was estimated that over the period of cell death approximately twice as many neurones died per unit area in the retinal periphery than in the centre. Retinal area measurements and estimation of neurone densities in the ganglion cell layer after the period of neurone generation and neurone death indicated differential retinal expansion, with more expansion in the peripheral than in the central retina.
These observations allow us to conclude that the formation of the area centralis of the chick retina involves (1) slightly higher cell generation in the retinal centre, (2) higher rate of cell loss in the retinal periphery and (3) differential retinal expansion.
Basal lamina is not a barrier to neural crest cell emigration: documentation by TEM and by immunofluorescent and immunogold labelling
Authors: Martins-Green M. , Erickson C. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
One of the factors proposed to control initiation of migration of neural crest (NC) cells is disruption of the basal lamina (BL) that is presumed to exist over the dorsal portion of the neural tube. Previously, we discovered that, in the mouse embryo, a continuous BL is not deposited over the dorsal portion of the neural tube until emigration of the NC cells is terminated. Here, we show that the pattern of BL deposition in chick embryos is similar, but not identical, to that in the mouse. In particular, (i) patches of BL are deposited on the premigratory NC cells in the chick but not in the mouse and (ii) BL is thicker and more interstitial matrix is deposited at the same stage of development in the chick. In addition, immunofluor escent and immunogold labelling of collagen IV, laminin and fibronectin show that (i) patches of young BL contain all three molecules; (ii) collagen IV and laminin are present in BL throughout neurulation but fibronectin either disappears or becomes masked in more mature BL and (iii) collagen IV and especially fibronectin are present in the interstitial matrix, but the relative abundance of fibronectin changes with time. The simultaneous use of immunolabelling for both light and TEM sections has allowed us to determine unambiguously that presence of a basement membrane (light microscopy) does not necessarily imply presence of basal lamina. We conclude that, as in mouse, the BL cannot be involved in the timing of the initiation of migration of NC cells. Our evidence in both the mouse and the chick, together with work in the axolotl, suggests that the basic pattern of BL deposition during neurulation may be a general phenomenon in embryonic development. Moreover, these results, in conjunction with the work of others, suggest that the critical step for initiation of migration of NC cells may be the loss of adhesions between cells.
Cell fate, morphogenetic movement and population kinetics of embryonic endoderm at the time of germ layer formation in the mouse
Authors: Lawson Kirstie A. , Pedersen Roger A. , Geer Sara Van De 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe fate of the embryonic endoderm (generally called visceral embryonic endoderm) of prestreak and early primitive streak stages of the mouse embryo was studied in vitro by microinjecting horseradish peroxidase into single axial endoderm cells of 6·7-day-old embryos and tracing the labelled descendants either through gastrulation (1 day of culture) or to early somite stages (2 days of culture).Descendants of endoderm cells from the anterior half of the axis were found at the extreme cranial end of the embryo after 1 day and in the visceral yolk sac endoderm after 2 days, i.e. they were displaced anteriorly and anterolaterally. Descendants of cells originating over and near the anterior end of the early primitive streak, i.e. posterior to the distal tip of the egg cylinder, were found after 1 day over the entire embryonic axis and after 2 days in the embryonic endoderm at the anterior intestinal portal, in the foregut, along the trunk and postnodally, as well as anteriorly and posteriorly in the visceral yolk sac. Endoderm covering the posterior half of the early primitive streak contributed to postnodal endoderm after 1 day (at the late streak stage) and mainly to posterior visceral yolk sac endoderm after 2 days. Clonal descendants of axial endoderm were located after 2 days either over the embryo or in the yolk sac; the few exceptions spanned the caudal end of the embryo and the posterior yolk sac.The clonal analysis also showed that the endoderm layer along the posterior half of the axis of prestreak- and early-streak-stage embryos is heterogeneous in its germ layer fate. Whereas the germ layer location of descendants from anterior sites did not differ after 1 day from that expected from the initial controls (approx. 90 % exclusively in endoderm), only 62 % of the successfully injected posterior sites resulted in labelled cells exclusively in endoderm; the remainder contributed partially or entirely to ectoderm and mesoderm. This loss from the endoderm layer was compensated by posterior-derived cells that remained in endoderm having more surviving descendants (8·4 h population doubling time) than did anterior-derived cells (10-5 h population doubling time). There was no indication of cell death at the prestreak and early streak stages; at least 93 % of the cells were proliferating and more than half of the total axial population were in, or had completed, a third cell cycle after 22 h culture.We suggest that the visceral embryonic endoderm, derived from the primitive endoderm of the late blastocyst, is displaced onto the yolk sac by a new population of endoderm inserted from epiblast at the anterior end of the early primitive streak. This cell population has colonized the axial endoderm by the neural plate stage and contributes to the embryonic endoderm of the early somite embryo.