bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design investigations on a 2-speed gear reducer for agricultural application
Authors: Luces J L , Manuel M C E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A dual-speed gear reducer was designed to offer a broader application to the common single-speed reducers. However, in order to provide additional value to the design, an investigation was made to determine the effects of varying the normal module, center distance, and facewidth on the gear components of the dual-speed gear reducer. KISSsoft gear simulation software was used to perform the computation for each variation in the mentioned parameters. The optimized values were based on the calculated parameters of gears with the root and flank safeties of not less than one or greater than 3000 hours service life as minimum standard for designing gears used for agricultural application. Based on the investigations made the increase in normal module, center distance, and facewidth also increases the flank and root safeties of both drive and driven gears. However, increasing further the normal module decreases the flank safeties of both gears. Nevertheless, increase in normal module with corresponding increase in center distance considerably increases both the root and flank safeties of gears. Finally, a dual-speed gear reducer was fabricated that proved the data generated using KISSsoft was useful for efficient manufacturing and assembly of the gears and gearbox, respectively.
Design, fabrication, and testing of an automated machine for the processing of dried water hyacinth stalks for handicrafts.
Authors: Amante K , Ho L , Lay A , Tungol J , Maglaya A , Fernando A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper a portable machine that is capable of pressing and cutting dried water hyacinth stalks was designed, fabricated and tested. This prototype will help automate the laborious manual cutting of the water hyacinth dried stalks. The machine will flatten the dried stalks and cut stalks into three different widths of 0.5in, 0.25in, and 0.75in. This machine might improve the consistency and quality of the pre-cut stalks. This will also help workers focus on other handicraft processes such as weaving thus improving productivity and helping the local handicraft industry by providing a low-cost alternative equipment.
Performance evaluation and characterization of a locally designed water pump
Authors: Pascual A S , Fajardo A L , Zubia O F , R A Luyun Jr R A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Voltron, a locally designed water pump, is widely used among farmers in Central Luzon of the Philippines. The study aimed to evaluate the performance of the Voltron water pump. Voltron was tested at different pump shaft speed settings of 450, 600, and 700 rpm and with different blade (impeller vanes) numbers of 6, 8, 9, and 10 using V-belts and B-section pulleys transmission. The highest pump efficiency of 62.5% was observed using an 8-vane impeller under a 700-rpm setting. Currently, farmers utilized the 8-vane impeller under a 600-rpm setting. Statistical analysis showed that there is no significant difference between the pump efficiencies on the set pump shaft speeds, but there is a significant difference in the set number of vanes. On the other hand, the effects of pump shaft speed, the head, discharge, and fuel consumption increased as rotational speed was increased. The difference is around Php 17.61 per ha per day of operation favoring the usual setting upon the computation of the fuel cost. However, the 8-vane impeller under a 700-rpm setting will be more economical in the long run as it is determined to be more efficient than the normal setting being used by the farmers.
Reliability based design of shaft for gearbox
Authors: Loc N H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this article, the author presents research on the reliability-based design methods of mechanical systems, includes 3 stages: the first, the fault tree analysis (FTA) method is utilized for reliability analysis of single and double reducer into the logic diagram; the second that apply the probabilistic design methods, including moment matching method (MMM), first-order reliability method (FORM), and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) for reliability-based design and to analyze the components of the mechanical transmission systems, and the last sensitivity analysis is performed in the post-design stage after a design solution is identified. The study also aims to set up RADME (Reliability-based analysis and design of the mechanical systems) computer programs applying the aforementioned methods. The reliability design problem was surveyed as reliability-based design optimization with one design variable.
An innovative control system of a hybrid tankless water heaters using LabVIEW
Authors: Garcia R F , Chua A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an innovative control system of a hybrid tankless water heater that provides a rapid response to deliver hot water within a desired temperature range at lower energy consumption. The proposed tankless water heater provides a hybrid heating process that composes of a gas fired heater as primary heater and an electric heating system as secondary heater. LabVIEW designing software was used in designing the control system. A controller was designed using a PID controller which response with respect to given input parameter such as changes in water flow and the inlet temperature. Through alteration of heat source, this efficiently reduces the power consumption of the tankless water heater during low water demand, and eliminate overshoots. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed system has performed efficiently in a range of water flow and temperature demand while reducing power consumption for about 30%.
Analysis of the effects of geometry on the press fit application in automotive power modules
Authors: Ubando A T , Gonzaga J , Arriola E , Moran R L , Lim N R E , Mercado J P , Conversion A , Belarmino D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Semiconductors and electronics have been found to have an increasing use in automobile design. One key component of an automobile is the power module, which is a high voltage component that finds itself in extreme operating conditions. Due to this condition, the power module demands for highly effective terminal connections that can withstand the extreme operating condition specifically on the terminals that will connect the power module to the automobile system. Press fit technology has been a solution for cheap and reliable methods of creating interconnections since the 1980s; however, necessary innovations exist for more environmental design, and increase demand in quality and quantity. Press fits are simple, force-fitting connectors that allow permanent bonds without solder or adhesive bonding and a shortened process time. This research presents a unique methodology on the evaluation of the effects of the geometry to the insertion force and retention force using finite element analysis. The result showed that the geometry of the pin in a press fit pin configuration has a significant effect on the insertion force, retention force, as well as in the equivalent stress.
Design, Manufacture, and Testing of a Low-Cost Force Platform with 3-Axis Load Cell
Authors: Ferryanto F , Akbar M M , Wicaksono S , Mahyuddin A I 
Published: March 2021

AbstractForce platform is an instrument to measure Ground Reaction Force (GRF) and locate Center of Pressure (CoP) in motion analysis. Although it is very useful, the cost of the commercially available force platform is relatively high. Therefore, the objective of this work is to develop a low-cost force platform with 3-axis load cell. The development was initiated with Design Requirement and Objective (DR&O) of the force platform. To measure the force, four 3-axis loadcells were placed in each corner of the force platform to measure a maximum force of 1500 N. The dimension of the aluminum 5058 force platform was 500 x 500 mm. After the manufacturing process, the force platform was calibrated to obtain 12 correction factors for the four loadcells in the three-axes. It was obtained that the RMSE of the correction factors was 0.87% inzdirection and lower than 2% forxandydirection of GRF. The CoP was also tested to ensure the functionality of the developed force platform. The RMSE errors for the CoP were 5 mm and 5.9 mm inxandycoordinates, respectively. With relatively small RMSE, the force platform could be used to obtain GRF and locate the CoP in gait analysis.
Development of a local unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) pesticide sprayer for rice production system in the Philippines
Authors: De Padua E P , Amongo R C , Quilloy E P , Suministrado D C , Elauria J C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Currently, commercially available UAV Pesticide Sprayers in the Philippines are very expensive. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a locally made automated UAV Pesticide Sprayer for rice production system that is much cheaper than the current price in the market. Moreover, the One-liter Capacity UAV Pesticide Sprayer has an autopilot flight control system- allowing the pilot to fly the UAV without directly maneuvering the controls. Pixhawk 2 Cube and Arduino Uno were used as flight and spray controllers, respectively, while Mission Planner 1.3.68 was used as the UAV sprayer’s ground control station. The result from the UAV sprayer’s field performance test revealed that its effective field capacity was 750 m2 per 10 minutes, and its application rate was 3.2 liters per 1,000 m2 of the field. Meanwhile, it was observed that its battery’s life was too short to cover at least a tenth of a hectare. Nonetheless, it was found that relative to the tank capacity and field capacity of the UAV Pesticide Sprayer, the one that was developed in this study was the cheapest, compared to the current price of UAV Sprayers in the market.
Drop test analysis of ball grid array package using finite element method
Authors: Gonzaga J , Ubando A T , Arriola E , Moran R L , Lim N R E , Mercado J P , Conversion A , Belarmino D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Proper design of semiconductors is the most essential step in ensuring electronic product reliability during manufacturing. The adoption of design optimization approach enhances the performance and reliability of the semiconductor package, hence, minimizes product failure. Semiconductor reliability especially in the application to automobiles is very crucial. High product failure tolerance in semiconductors in automobiles is required due to problems such as defects and malfunctions that are directly linked to casualty accidents. Such high tolerance requires keen quality control up to the semiconductor solder component level. This study aims to do a sensitivity analysis of the solder balls’ material properties and its effect on the stresses experienced by the semiconductor component with respect to its reliability using drop test. A drop test analysis was simulated wherein a shorter distance of 5 mm between the package and platform was implemented to make the simulation time faster. The density and modulus of elasticity of the solder ball material were identified as the independent factors while the stresses experienced by the BGA package during the drop test is the dependent variable. The results have shown that the maximum stress for all runs was found in the same area in the package. Changing the modulus of elasticity showed greater effect on the impact stress compared to the alteration of material density.
Evaluation of the integration of recycling unit in an iron manufacturing plant
Authors: Arriola E , Gue I H V , Ubando A T , Tan R R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Manufacturing of new steel from virgin iron ore is not only an energy intensive process but also generates a considerable amount of annual carbon footprint with respect to the world’s total carbon generation. It is actually considered as the highest carbon footprint generated among the heavy industries. Considering these characteristics of steel making, recycling technologies from scrap metal had been an area of interest in the circular economy framework. Production of new steel from scrap metals only requires as little as 10% of the energy used in the production of steel from virgin materials. This study aims to integrate a scrap metal recycling unit in an existing iron manufacturing plant using an optimization model that evaluates the carbon footprint. LINGO is used for the optimization model. The results have shown that carbon emission was reduced by 10.35% and significantly reduced one of the raw materials, coal, by 35.44%. The total power consumption was also reduced by 15.42%.
Exploring simplification methods in reducing simulation time for drop test analysis
Authors: Ubando A T , Gonzaga J , Lim N R E , Mercado J P , Arriola E , Moran R L , Conversion A , Belarmino D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
- Automotive electronics can produce an unprecedented level of passenger comfort and optimized performance of engine and components. However, the increasing intricacy of these electronic devices makes them more susceptible to damage due to thermal loads, mechanical drops, and engine vibrations. While physical handling of automotive components is comparatively rare, the weight and complexity of specific components such as the ECU, power module, and sensor modules, makes any drop functionally fatal. Simulation approach is considered to be essential in solving these problems by minimizing costs and effort. This paper attempts to solve the issue of mechanical drops using an explicit dynamics finite element analysis solver. Moreover, simplification methods are applied to further minimize solution costs.
Influence of solar panel on wing aerodynamic characteristics of HALE UAV
Authors: Maliky Nu’man Amri , Moelyadi Mochammad Agoes , Amalia Ema 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
HALE UAV needs solar energy to maintain its flight in the day and night. The solar panel located on the upper surface may potentially affect aerodynamic characteristics of the HALE wing. The solar panel generates a heat resulted from solar radiation absorption and surface roughness which becomes parameters to be studied. To identify the phenomena of interaction of flow motion and the heat as well as the roughness, dimensionless numbers such as Reynolds Number (Re), Nusselt Number (Nu), and geometry reference (Ks/C) are used. The simulations for flows at the numbers are conducted using CFD method based on the solution of RANS equations. As a result, the heat transfer gives significant change in flow density near the surface which causes buoyancy effect and the change of flow velocity profile, while the roughness influences the flow characteristics disturbing the flow to become turbulent. They increase aerodynamic drag of 2.6 % and aerodynamic efficiency in the amount of 5%.
Object detection for drones on Raspberry Pi potentials and challenges
Authors: Khoi Tran Quang , Quang Nguyen Anh , Hieu Ngo Khanh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The paper presents preliminary research results about implementing an object detection program on a Single Board Computer. These results are used later to develop applications for drones. The object identification program is developed in Python using the TensorFlow library. The authors have succeeded in implementing and testing this object identification module using the artificial neural network model SSDMobileNet V2 on the Raspberry Pi 3B+. The results in this paper demonstrate the potential of this module for further development in the future. Based on the simulation and real-world results, the authors showed that a good outcome is achievable with limited resources for the AI module. Along with a high-precision object detection feature, this module can also estimate the distance and velocity of the “human” object with good accuracy. Besides, the paper also proposes several solutions to increase the performance and most importantly, the real-time feature of the developed module.
Velocity analysis of a six wheel modular mobile robot using MATLAB-Simulink
Authors: Fernando A , GanLim L 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the modelling and simulation of a six wheeled three body modular robot in MATLAB Simulink. The modules are modelled as an independent differential drive wheeled mobile robot. Velocity and distance were measured using three different configurations: two wheel, four wheel and six wheel configuration. The simulation result was able to predict the response of the modular body in different configurations in terms of velocity and distance with contact forces acting upon it.
Investigation of solution differences on natural convection in a tall cavity simulated by using the Boussinesq approximation and the real air density equation
Authors: Prasopchingchana Uthai 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Solution differences of natural convection in a tall cavity filled with air in which the density of the body force term are approximated by using the Boussinesq approximation (BA) and by using the real air density equation (RE) are numerically investigated. The main parameters for the investigation are Nusselt numbers and numbers of cells in the multi-cellular flow. The investigation is carried out for the Rayleigh number of 104, and the cavity aspect ratio equal to 60. The temperature differences of the vertical cavity walls are varied from 1 K to 200 K. These conditions are appropriate to form the multi-cellular flow in the tall cavity obviously, and close to the boundary of the laminar and turbulent flows. Consequently, the differences in both Nusselt numbers and numbers of the cells in the multi-cellular flow can be easily observed. The finite volume method with the Lagrange interpolating polynomial (LIP) scheme are selected to discretize the governing equations of the flow, and the Semi-implicit method for pressure linked equations (SIMPLE) algorithm is used to determine the pressure field of the flow. The maximum difference of the average Nusselt numbers of natural convection in the tall cavity simulated by using BA and RE is 0.436 % for the range of the investigation. This indicates that the difference of heat transfer solutions of natural convection in the tall cavity simulated by using BA and RE is insignificant for practical applications, but there is an obvious difference on the numbers of the cells in the multi-cellular flow, when the temperature difference of the vertical cavity walls is greater than or equal to 120 K.
Numerical modelling of freestream cavitating flow through ship propeller using OpenFOAM
Authors: Ngoc Truong Van , Luan Mai Ngoc , Hieu Ngo Khanh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In marine industry, cavitation has been a massive problem when dealing with ship propeller. One of the main effects caused by cavitation is thrust breakdown, which decreases the efficiency of propeller. It is difficult to completely avoid this phenomenon, but there are ways to reduce its occurrence. It is important to study the phenomenon in the process of designing propeller. For that reason, cavitation prediction on certain geometry is compulsory to give out the optimal ship propeller design. In this paper, the cavitation analysis on propeller VP1304 was conducted numerically utilizing OpenFOAM code. The motion of the propeller was represented by Arbitrary Mesh Interface (AMI) methodology with the aid of RANS turbulence models. The authors examined the differences between k-ε model and k-ω SST model in this case with the involvement of Schnerr-Saur, Merkle and Kunz cavitation model. The results achieved shows that the k-ω SST model performed more accurately in term of propeller thrust, torque and efficiency prediction. Furthermore, among the three employed cavitation models, Schnerr-Saur agrees best with empirical data, and hence, can be considered most suited for this analysis.
The effect of the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid in a rectangular latent heat energy storage
Authors: Naing Than Tun , Mon Mi Sandar , Twe Sai Kham 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Solar energy is available during the day only. The excess heat energy collected during sunshine hours can be stored in the thermal energy storage and it can be reused during off sunshine hours. Latent heat energy storage systems by using phase change materials (PCMs) can be used effectively for storing thermal energy. It has high-energy storage density and the constant temperature storage process. In this paper, the performance of the latent heat storage system and phase change characteristics of PCM inside a rectangular latent heat energy storage unit will be presented. In this study, purified water is used heat transfer fluid (HTF) which is passed through the copper tubes inside the test unit and commercial-grade paraffin wax is used as PCM and indirect contact heat transfer method is used to heat exchange from the HTF to PCM. It was found that the PCM at the upper layer of the test section first melted during the melting process. Moreover, the effects of inlet temperature of HTF on the charging process was investigated. It can be concluded that increasing the inlet temperature of HTF effectively decreases the total charging time of the melting process. The amounts of heat storage for the inlet temperature of HTF 70 °C and 80 °C are 7400 kJ and 6555 kJ respectively during the melting process.
Wind tunnel experiments on smoke diffusion from a chimney
Authors: Inthavideth X , Nobumasa S , Phommachanh S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The diffusion of heated and unheated jets from a chimney was investigated in cross flows with large-scale turbulence generated by a Makita-type active turbulence generator and with gird generated turbulence. The behavior of jet with smoke was observed by a high-speed camera. The smoke was dispersed more widely by meandering motion in the large-scale turbulence. The turbulent eddies corresponding to the integral scale should effectively contribute to the meandering smoke diffusion. The time-averaged smoke concentration distribution was obtained from the brightness values of instantaneous images. The stream-wise variations of the smoke diffusion width and the smoke flow center were evaluated from the distribution. Obtained data were compared with previous correlations.
Bamboo culm vertical lever flattening mechanism with sodium bicarbonate softening process
Authors: Atienza A H , Alba A , Respicio D A , Baratang M A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Some constructions require flattening bamboo culms to be used for constructing flat surfaces. With such need for flattened bamboo culms, the aim of this research is to develop a cost-effective and novel way of flattening bamboo culms for the species, Schizostachyum lumampao or buho, by integrating a softening process using sodium bicarbonate water solution and application of steam, then be pressed by a pressing mechanism using counter-bending technique to eliminate spring back effect of the bamboo culm. An open vessel was filled with sodium bicarbonate and water solution tested at concentrations between 15% and 26% by volume and then heated by 1.5 kW immersion heater. Pressure vessel partially filled with water and a 3-kW immersion heater were used to generate steam for the bamboo culm to maintain its flexibility as it is pressed. The bamboo culms reached a mean degree of flatness of 0.91. Thinner “Buho” (bamboo culm) submerged at around 20% of NaHCO3 concentration was successfully flattened within an average flattening time of ten (10) minutes, similar with thicker bamboo culm but submerged at concentration greater than 20% of NaHCO3. The machine had been incorporated with batch-type process and showed an efficiency of 90.75%.