bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatio-temporal clustering of earthquakes based on distribution of magnitudes
Authors: Yamagishi Yuki , Saito Kazumi , Hirahara Kazuro , Ueda Naonori 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIt is expected that the pronounced decrease inb-value of the Gutenberg–Richter law for some region during some time interval can be a promising precursor in forecasting earthquakes with large magnitudes, and thus we address the problem of automatically identifying such spatio-temporal change points as several clusters consisting of earthquakes whoseb-values are substantially smaller than the total one. For this purpose, we propose a new method consisting of two phases: tree construction and tree separation. In the former phase, we employ one of two different declustering algorithms called single-link and correlation-metric developed in the field of seismology, while in the later phase, we employ a variant of the change-point detection algorithm, developed in the field of data mining. In the later phase, we also employ one of two different types of objective functions, i.e., the average magnitude which is inversely proportional to theb-value, and the likelihood function based on the Gutenberg–Richter law. Here note that since the magnitudes of most earthquakes are relatively small, we formulate our problem so as to produce one relatively large cluster and the other small clusters having substantially larger average magnitudes or smallerb-values. In addition, in order to characterize some properties of our proposed methods, we present a method of analyzing magnitude correlation over an earthquake network. In our empirical evaluation using earthquake catalog data covering the whole of Japan, we show that our proposed method employing the single-link strategy can produce more desirable results for our purpose in terms of the improvement of weighted sums of variances, average logarithmic likelihoods, visualization results, and magnitude correlation analyses.
Refugee Integration and Globalization: Ugandan and Zimbabwean Perspectives
Authors: Wamara Charles Kiiza , Muchacha Munyaradzi , Ogwok Benard , Dudzai Cornelius 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article examines refugee integration in a globalizing world through the example of the efforts made, and challenges faced, by refugees, communities, and governments in Zimbabwe and Uganda. Using documentary analysis, the article shows how the two countries have striven to integrate refugees through encampment and non-camp settlement policies despite structural challenges such as restrictions on movement, economic crises, high unemployment, and limited state funding and resources. The article begins by conceptualizing globalization and integration and then reviews the perspectives on refugee integration in the two countries. It concludes with some recommendations to improve refugee integration in both countries.
Development of a Plasma Chemistry Model for Helicon Plasma Thruster analysis
Authors: Majorana Enrico , Souhair Nabil , Ponti Fabrizio , Magarotto Mirko 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe present work is part of a wider project aimed at improving the description of the plasma dynamics during the production phase of a Helicon Plasma Thruster. In particular, the work was focused on the development of a chemical model for Argon- and Xenon-based plasma. The developed model consists of a collisional radiative model suitable to describe the dynamics of the 1s and 2p excited levels. The model is meant to be complementary to 3D-VIRTUS, a numerical tool which enforces a fluid description of plasma, developed by the University of Padova to analyse helicon discharges. Once identified, the significant reactions for both propellants, the reaction rate coefficients, have been integrated exploiting cross sections from literature and assuming a Maxwellian velocity distribution function for all the species. These coefficients have been validated against experimental measurements of an Argon Inductively Coupled Plasma and compared with a well-established code. For Argon, the selected reactions have been reduced through a proposed lumping methodology. In this way, it was possible to reduce the number of equations of the system to solve, and implement them into 3D-VIRTUS. A validation against an experimental case taken from literature was performed, showing good agreement of the results. Regarding the Xenon model, only a verification has been performed against the results of another collisional-radiative model in literature. Finally, a predictive analysis of the propulsive performances of a Helicon Plasma Thruster for both Argon and Xenon is presented.
Conjuring the Ghost: A Call and Response to Haints
Authors: brown drea 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article discusses haunting as a condition and strategy for Black women in their lived and literary experiences. I use the haint as a key figure for understanding Black women's liminal state as both the ones haunted and the thing haunting and focus on one of the haint's primary manifestations: the hag. Throughout the essay I unpack maligning myths of this specter and center the works of Phillis Wheatley and Lucille Clifton to refigure the hag as a spiritual and ancestral presence.
Intergenerational differences in dietary acculturation among Ghanaian immigrants living in New York City: a qualitative study
Authors: Horlyck-Romanovsky Margrethe F. , Huang Terry T.-K. , Ahmed Ramatu , Echeverria Sandra E. , Wyka Katarzyna , Leung May May , Sumner Anne E. , Fuster Melissa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDietary acculturation may explain the increasing risk of diet-related diseases among African immigrants in the United States (US). We interviewed twenty-five Ghanaian immigrants (Youthn13, Age (Mean ±sd) 20 y ± 5⋅4, Parents (n6) and Grandparents (n6) age 58⋅7 ± 9⋅7) living in New York City (NYC) to (a) understand how cultural practices and the acculturation experience influence dietary patterns of Ghanaian immigrants and (b) identify intergenerational differences in dietary acculturation among Ghanaian youth, parents and grandparents. Dietary acculturation began in Ghana, continued in NYC and was perceived as a positive process. At the interpersonal level, parents encouraged youth to embrace school lunch and foods outside the home. In contrast, parents preferred home-cooked Ghanaian meals, yet busy schedules limited time for cooking and shared meals. At the community level, greater purchasing power in NYC led to increased calories, and youth welcomed individual choice as schools and fast food exposed them to new foods. Global forces facilitated nutrition transition in Ghana as fast and packaged foods became omnipresent in urban settings. Adults sought to maintain cultural foodways while facilitating dietary acculturation for youth. Both traditional and global diets evolved as youth and adults adopted new food and healthy social norms in the US.
Characterisation of body size phenotypes in a middle-aged Maltese population
Authors: Agius Rachel , Pace Nikolai Paul , Fava Stephen 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Obesity is increasingly recognised as being a heterogeneous disease. Some obese individuals may present a metabolically healthy profile (metabolically healthy obese (MHO)), while some normal weight individuals exhibit an adverse cardiometabolic phenotype (metabolically unhealthy normal weight individuals (MUHNW)). The objectives of the present study were to examine the prevalence and associated characteristics of the different body composition phenotypes within a Maltese cohort. This was a cross-sectional analysis involving 521 individuals aged 41 ± 5 years. The metabolically unhealthy state was defined as the presence of ≥2 metabolic syndrome components (NCEP-ATPIII parameters), while individuals with ≤1 cardiometabolic abnormalities were classified as metabolically healthy. Overall, 70 % of the studied population was overweight or obese and 30⋅7 % had ≥2 cardiometabolic abnormalities. The prevalence of MHO and MUHNW was 10⋅7 and 2⋅1 %, respectively. Individuals with the healthy phenotype were more likely to consume alcohol, participate in regular physical activity and less likely to be smokers. While the MHO phenotype had similar values for waist, hip and neck circumferences, waist–hip ratio and insulin resistance when compared with MUHNW individuals, there was a lower proportion of MHO subjects having a high fasting plasma glucose, hypertriglyceridaemia or low HDL-C when compared with the unhealthy lean individuals. A high prevalence of the metabolically unhealthy phenotype was observed in this relatively young population which may result in significant future cardiovascular disease burden if timely assessment and management of modifiable risk factors are not implemented. Furthermore, the present study suggests that the MHO phenotype is not totally benign as previously thought.
In vitro effects of nutraceutical treatment on human osteoarthritic chondrocytes of females of different age and weight groups
Authors: Amr Mahmoud , Mallah Alia , Abusharkh Haneen , Van Wie Bernard , Gozen Arda , Mendenhall Juana , Idone Vincent , Tingstad Edwin , Abu-Lail Nehal I. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The in vitro effects of four nutraceuticals, catechin hydrate, gallic acid, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid, on the ability of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes of two female obese groups to form articular cartilage (AC) tissues and to reduce inflammation were investigated. Group 1 represented thirteen females in the 50–69 years old range, an average weight of 100 kg and an average body mass index (BMI) of 34⋅06 kg/m2. Group 2 was constituted of three females in the 70–80 years old range, an average weight of 75 kg and an average BMI of 31⋅43 kg/m2. The efficacy of nutraceuticals was assessed in monolayer cultures using histological, colorimetric and mRNA gene expression analyses. AC engineered tissues of group 1 produced less total collagen and COL2A1 (38-fold), and higher COL10A1 (2⋅7-fold), MMP13 (50-fold) and NOS2 (15-fold) mRNA levels than those of group 2. In comparison, engineered tissues of group 1 had a significant decrease in NO levels from day 1 to day 21 (2⋅6-fold), as well as higher mRNA levels of FOXO1 (2-fold) and TNFAIP6 (16-fold) compared to group 2. Catechin hydrate decreased NO levels significantly in group 1 (1⋅5-fold) while increasing NO levels significantly in group 2 (3⋅8-fold). No differences from the negative control were observed in the presence of other nutraceuticals for either group. In conclusion, engineered tissues of the younger but heavier patients responded better to nutraceuticals than those from the older but leaner study participants. Finally, cells of group 2 formed better AC tissues with less inflammation and better extracellular matrix than cells of group 1.
Comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and safer sex negotiation among adolescent girls and young women in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Frimpong James Boadu , Budu Eugene , Adu Collins , Mohammed Aliu , Tetteh Justice Kanor , Seidu Abdul-Aziz , Ahinkorah Bright Opoku 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGlobally, HIV/AIDS remains a public health issue, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Despite the increased advocacy and dissemination of comprehensive HIV/AIDS information in SSA, it appears that little progress has been made to reduce the incidence of HIV/AIDS in the sub-region. This study, therefore, examined the association between comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and safer sex negotiation among adolescent girls and young women in SSA. Data were taken from the Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2010 and 2019 in 30 countries in SSA. The study sample comprised 37,364 adolescent girls and young women aged 15–24. A multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was done to test the hypothesis that there is a positive association between comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and safer sex negotiation. Adolescent girls and young women who had comprehensive knowledge on HIV/AIDS were more likely to negotiate for safer sex compared with those who had no comprehensive knowledge on HIV/AIDS (AOR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.22–1.41). At the country level, the positive association between comprehensive knowledge on HIV/AIDS and safer sex negotiation was significant in Chad, Congo DR, Gambia, Guinea, Liberia, Ethiopia and Malawi. On the other hand, in Togo, adolescent girls and young women who had comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge were less likely to negotiate for safer sex. These findings can inform policies and programmes on the crucial role of comprehensive HIV/AIDS education and knowledge in increasing safer sex negotiation among adolescent girls and young women in SSA. The study recommends that Togo needs to address certain practices such as intimate partner violence against adolescent girls and young women, which prevent them from negotiating for safer sex, despite their higher knowledge on comprehensive HIV/AIDS. Lessons can be learnt from Chad, Congo DR, Gambia, Guinea, Liberia, Ethiopia and Malawi about the scale-up of programmes and interventions targeted at young women.
Strong complete minors in digraphs
Authors: Axenovich Maria , Girão António , Snyder Richard , Weber Lea 
Published: September 2021

AbstractKostochka and Thomason independently showed that any graph with average degree
$\Omega(r\sqrt{\log r})$
contains a
$K_r$
minor. In particular, any graph with chromatic number
$\Omega(r\sqrt{\log r})$
contains a
$K_r$
minor, a partial result towards Hadwiger’s famous conjecture. In this paper, we investigate analogues of these results in the directed setting. There are several ways to define a minor in a digraph. One natural way is as follows. A strong
$\overrightarrow{K}_{\!\!r}$
minor is a digraph whose vertex set is partitioned into r parts such that each part induces a strongly connected subdigraph, and there is at least one edge in each direction between any two distinct parts. We investigate bounds on the dichromatic number and minimum out-degree of a digraph that force the existence of strong
$\overrightarrow{K}_{\!\!r}$
minors as subdigraphs. In particular, we show that any tournament with dichromatic number at least 2r contains a strong
$\overrightarrow{K}_{\!\!r}$
minor, and any tournament with minimum out-degree
$\Omega(r\sqrt{\log r})$
also contains a strong
$\overrightarrow{K}_{\!\!r}$
minor. The latter result is tight up to the implied constant and may be viewed as a strong-minor analogue to the classical result of Kostochka and Thomason. Lastly, we show that there is no function
$f\;:\;\mathbb{N} \rightarrow \mathbb{N}$
such that any digraph with minimum out-degree at least f(r) contains a strong
$\overrightarrow{K}_{\!\!r}$
minor, but such a function exists when considering dichromatic number.
Standard CPR versus interposed abdominal compression CPR in shunted single ventricle patients: comparison using a lumped parameter mathematical model
Authors: Stromberg Daniel , Carvalho Karen , Marsden Alison , Mery Carlos M. , Immanuel Camille , Mizrahi Michelle , Yang Weiguang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroduction:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the shunted single-ventricle population is associated with poor outcomes. Interposed abdominal compression-cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or IAC-CPR, is an adjunct to standard CPR in which pressure is applied to the abdomen during the recoil phase of chest compressions.Methods:A lumped parameter model that represents heart chambers and blood vessels as resistors and capacitors was used to simulate blood flow in both Blalock-Taussig-Thomas and Sano circulations. For standard CPR, a prescribed external pressure waveform was applied to the heart chambers and great vessels to simulate chest compressions. IAC-CPR was modelled by adding phasic compression pressure to the abdominal aorta. Differential equations for the model were solved by a Runge-Kutta method.Results:In the Blalock-Taussig-Thomas model, mean pulmonary blood flow during IAC-CPR was 30% higher than during standard CPR; cardiac output increased 21%, diastolic blood pressure 16%, systolic blood pressure 8%, coronary perfusion pressure 17%, and coronary blood flow 17%. In the Sano model, pulmonary blood flow during IAC-CPR increased 150%, whereas cardiac output was improved by 13%, diastolic blood pressure 18%, systolic blood pressure 8%, coronary perfusion pressure 15%, and coronary blood flow 14%.Conclusions:In this model, IAC-CPR confers significant advantage over standard CPR with respect to pulmonary blood flow, cardiac output, blood pressure, coronary perfusion pressure, and coronary blood flow. These results support the notion that single-ventricle paediatric patients may benefit from adjunctive resuscitation techniques, and underscores the need for an in-vivo trial of IAC-CPR in children.
Design and Construction of an Optical TEM Specimen Holder
Authors: Martis Joel , Zhang Ze , Li Hao-Kun , Marshall Ann , Kim Roy , Majumdar Arun 
Published: September 2021

Abstract:Electron microscopy has enabled atomic resolution imaging of matter. However, unlike optical spectroscopic imaging, traditional electron microscopes provide limited spectroscopic information in terms of their energy resolution. Only recently, owing to advances in monochromated STEM-EELS, have transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) been able to attain a high energy resolution. We recently proposed combining spectrally selective photoexcitation with HRTEM to achieve sub-nanometer scale optical imaging, a technique we called photoabsorption microscopy using electron analysis (PAMELA). To realize PAMELA-TEM experimentally, we constructed a TEM holder with an optical feedthrough, capable of photoexciting materials with different wavelengths. In this article, we describe our process for designing and fabricating an optical TEM specimen holder, highlighting important aspects of the design.
Probabilistic Evaluation of Drought in CMIP6 Simulations
Authors: Papalexiou Simon Michael , Rajulapati Chandra Rupa , Andreadis Konstantinos M. , Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi , Clark Martyn P. , Trenberth Kevin E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAs droughts have widespread social and ecological impacts, it is critical to develop long‐term adaptation and mitigation strategies to reduce drought vulnerability. Climate models are important in quantifying drought changes. Here, we assess the ability of 285 CMIP6 historical simulations, from 17 models, to reproduce drought duration and severity in three observational data sets using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). We used summary statistics beyond the mean and standard deviation, and devised a novel probabilistic framework, based on the Hellinger distance, to quantify the difference between observed and simulated drought characteristics. Results show that many simulations have less than error in reproducing the observed drought summary statistics. The hypothesis that simulations and observations are described by the same distribution cannot be rejected for more than of the grids based on our distance framework. No single model stood out as demonstrating consistently better performance over large regions of the globe. The variance in drought statistics among the simulations is higher in the tropics compared to other latitudinal zones. Though the models capture the characteristics of dry spells well, there is considerable bias in low precipitation values. Good model performance in terms of SPI does not imply good performance in simulating low precipitation. Our study emphasizes the need to probabilistically evaluate climate model simulations in order to both pinpoint model weaknesses and identify a subset of best‐performing models that are useful for impact assessments.
Longitudinal Dependence of Ionospheric Poynting Flux in the Northern Hemisphere During Quite Times
Authors: Yu Chao , Zhang Xiao‐Xin , Wang Wenbin , He Fei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study reports the longitudinal dependence of the field‐aligned Poynting flux in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) based on 11 years' (1999–2009) observations at ∼800 km altitude by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F13 satellite. Seasonal variations of the longitudinal distributions of the Poynting flux in both geographic and geomagnetic coordinates were statistically investigated. The net Poynting flux, which is the sum of downward and upward fluxes, is downward and peaks in the magnetic local time pre‐noon sector and near the geomagnetic pole. In geographic coordinates there is a longitudinal peak of the net Poynting flux that occurs between ∼130° and 160°W. The net Poynting flux is, in general, stronger in the western hemisphere than in the eastern hemisphere and larger in summer than in winter. These results indicate that the magnetospheric energy deposition into the northern polar upper atmosphere has obvious longitudinal and seasonal variations.
Thermal Alteration History of the Fenghuoshan Group, Hoh Xil Basin, Northern Tibetan Plateau: Insights From Clumped Isotope Thermometry
Authors: Kong Kai , Deng Wenfeng , Guo Yangrui , Jin Chunsheng , Liu Qingsong , Wei Gangjian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe carbonate clumped isotope (Δ47) thermometer has been widely used for paleoclimatic and paleo‐elevation reconstructions in sedimentary basins. Its reliable use requires that carbonates are free from later diagenetic alteration and retain their depositional Δ47 compositions, which is not always the case during the burial history of a basin. Therefore, identifying the alteration mechanisms that occurred during burial is essential for the correct interpretation of Δ47 signatures. In this study, we used the Δ47 thermometer to investigate possible carbonate alteration during burial of the Fenghuoshan Group (FHSG) in the Hoh Xil Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, China. The Δ47 temperatures [T(Δ47)] of 30 carbonate samples through the ∼4.5 km thickness of the FHSG range from 51 to 132°C and exceed the surface temperature, implying the effects of thermal alteration on FHSG carbonates. The T(Δ47) values combined with the water‐rock exchange model, indicating that the alteration occurred under closed burial conditions at low water:rock ratios. The solid‐state reordering model fails to predict the Δ47 values, even with a modified time‐temperature history. In contrast, most measured Δ47 values are in agreement with predictions from recrystallization models. Therefore, the proposed alteration scenario is that FHSG carbonates underwent progressive microscale recrystallization during deep burial and subsequent exhumation, during which process recrystallized carbonate equilibrated with ambient burial temperature and therefore modified Δ47 values. This study highlights the potential of Δ47 thermometry and related models for evaluating the burial history and diagenesis of carbonates in sedimentary basins.