bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Framing More Effective Than Regulating Disclosures? The Effects of Risk Disclosure Frame and Regime on Managers' Disclosure Choices*
Authors: Yeo Feng 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTI conduct an experiment with senior executives (CEOs, CFOs, controllers) to examine how their risk disclosure quality, with respect to disclosure volume and specificity, is influenced by three factors: first, whether the disclosure behavior is framed internally by the firm as obtaining a gain or avoiding a loss from disclosure; second, whether the external disclosure regime mandates risk mitigation disclosures that explain how a risk is handled; and third, whether the risk under consideration for disclosure is weakly or strongly mitigated. This research question is important because high‐quality risk disclosures are challenging to regulate and changing how disclosure behavior is framed could substitute for costly disclosure regulations. I predict and find that a gain frame prompts managers to make more detailed risk disclosures than a loss frame, regardless of the disclosure regime. I also predict and find that a loss frame leads to less detailed and more boilerplate disclosure of weakly mitigated risks when risk mitigation plans are mandated. Given that the SEC is considering mandating risk mitigation disclosures similar to the practice in other regimes, my findings provide insights on the limitations of mandating these disclosures. My results suggest that changing managers' disclosure frame internally through firm initiatives could be more effective in prompting higher‐quality risk disclosures.
Activation of trace amine‐associated receptor 1 attenuates nicotine withdrawal‐related effects
Authors: Wu Ruyan , Liu Jianfeng , Johnson Bernard , Huang Yufei , Zhang Yanan , Li Jun‐Xu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNicotine addiction is a leading avoidable brain disorder globally. Although nicotine induces a modest reinforcing effect, which is important for the initial drug use, the transition from nicotine use to nicotine addiction involves the mechanisms responsible for the negative consequences of drug abstinence. Recent study suggested that trace amine‐associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a promising pharmacological target for the modulation of positive reinforcing effects of nicotine. However, whether TAAR1 plays a part in the negative reinforcement of nicotine withdrawal remains to be determined. Here, using a long‐access (LA) self‐administration model, we investigated whether LA rats show increased nicotine intake and withdrawal symptoms in comparison with saline and ShA rats and then tested the effect of TAAR1 partial agonist RO5263397 on nicotine withdrawal effects. We found that rats from long‐access group showed significant abstinence‐induced anxiety‐like behaviour, mechanic hypersensitivity, increased number of precipitated withdrawal signs and higher motivation for the drug, while rats from short‐access did not differ from saline group. TAAR1 partial agonist RO5263397 significantly reduced the physical and motivational withdrawal effects of nicotine in LA rats, as reflected by increased time spent on the open arm in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, normalized paw withdrawal threshold, decreased withdrawal signs and motivation to self‐administer nicotine. This study indicates that activation of TAAR1 attenuates the negative‐reinforcing effects of nicotine withdrawal and further suggests TAAR1 as a promising target to treat nicotine addiction.
miRNA‐31 increases radiosensitivity through targeting STK40 in colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Zhang Weiwei , Zhu Yuequan , Zhou Yuan , Wang Junjie , Jiang Ping , Xue Lixiang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo propose and verify that miRNA‐31 increases the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer and explore its potential mechanism.MethodA bioinformatics analysis was performed to confirm that the expression of miRNA‐31 was higher in colorectal cancer than in normal colorectal tissue. The expression of miRNA‐31 was detected to verify the change in its expression in a radiotherapy‐resistant cell line. Methylation was detected to explore the cause of the decrease in miRNA‐31 expression. Overexpression or inhibition of miRNA‐31 further confirmed the change in its expression in colorectal cancer cell lines. Bioinformatics methods were used to screen the downstream target genes and for experimental verification. A luciferase assay was performed to determine the miRNA‐31 binding site in STK40. Overexpression or inhibition of STK40 in colorectal cancer cell lines further confirmed the change in STK40 expression in vitro.ResultsThe bioinformatics results showed higher expression of miRNA‐31 in tumors than in normal tissue, and miRNA‐31 mainly participated in the pathway related to cell replication. Next, we observed the same phenomenon: miRNA‐31 was expressed at higher levels in colorectal tumors than in normal colorectal tissue and its expression decreased in radiation‐resistant cell lines after radiation, implying that miRNA‐31 increased the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer cell lines. No significant change in upstream methylation was observed. miRNA‐31 regulated the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer cell lines by inhibiting STK40. Notably, miRNA‐31 played a role by binding to the 3′ untranslated region of SK40. STK40 negatively regulated the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells.ConclusionsmiRNA‐31 increases the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells by targeting STK40; miRNA‐31 and STK40 are expected to become potential biomarkers for increasing the sensitivity of tumor radiotherapy in clinical treatment.
Recurrent cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis secondary to Purpureocillium lilacinum in an immunocompetent individual
Authors: McGeachie Danielle L , Boyce Aaron E , Miller Robert M 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurpureocillium lilacinum, previously classified as Paecilomyces lilacinus, is a ubiquitous hyaline hyphomycete considered to be an emerging opportunistic human pathogen that is resistant to traditional antifungal agents. This case report describes what is to our knowledge the only published case of P. lilacinum recrudescence in an immunocompetent host despite initial best‐practice treatment with 10 weeks of voriconazole and surgical excision.
CD8+ tissue‐resident memory T cells recruit neutrophils that are essential for flare‐ups in contact dermatitis
Authors: Funch Anders B. , Mraz Veronika , Gadsbøll Anne‐Sofie Ø. , Jee Mia H. , Weber Julie F. , Ødum Niels , Woetmann Anders , Johansen Jeanne D. , Geisler Carsten , Bonefeld Charlotte M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundAllergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is classically described as a delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction. However, patients often experience flare‐ups characterized by itching erythema, edema, and often vesicles occurring within hours after re‐exposure of previously sensitized skin to the specific contact allergen. Recent studies have indicated that skin‐resident memory T (TRM) cells play a central role in ACD. However, the pathogenic role of TRM cells in allergen‐induced flare‐ups is not known.MethodsBy the use of various mouse models and cell depletion protocols, we investigated the role of epidermal TRM cells in flare‐up reactions to the experimental contact allergen 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene. The inflammatory response was measured by changes in ear thickness, and the cellular composition in epidermis was determined by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Finally, adaptive transfer and inhibitors were used to determine the role of TRM cells, neutrophils, and CXCL1/CXCL2 in the response.ResultsWe show that CD8+ TRM cells initiate massive infiltration of neutrophils in the epidermis within 12 h after re‐exposure to the contact allergen. Depletion of neutrophils before re‐exposure to the allergen abrogated the flare‐up reactions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CD8+ TRM cells mediate neutrophil recruitment by inducing CXCL1 and CXCL2 production in the skin, and that blockage of the C‐X‐C chemokine receptor type 1 and 2 inhibits flare‐up reactions and neutrophil infiltration.ConclusionAs the first, we show that epidermal CD8+ TRM cells cause ACD flare‐ups by rapid recruitment of neutrophils to the epidermis.
Trajectories of IgE sensitization to allergen molecules from childhood to adulthood and respiratory health in the EGEA cohort
Authors: Siroux Valérie , Boudier Anne , Bousquet Jean , Dumas Orianne , Just Jocelyne , Le Moual Nicole , Nadif Rachel , Varraso Raphaëlle , Valenta Rudolf , Pin Isabelle 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundLongitudinal studies assessing the association of profiles of allergen‐specific IgE (sIgE) sensitization to a large range of allergen molecules and respiratory health are rare. We aimed to assess trajectories of molecular sIgE sensitization profiles from childhood to adulthood and their associations with respiratory health.MethodsIgE reactivity to microarrayed allergen molecules were measured in childhood (EGEA1) and 12 years later in adult life (EGEA2) among 291 EGEA participants (152 with asthma). At each time point, sIgE sensitization profiles were identified by latent class analysis (LCA) by considering IgE‐reactivity to the 38 most prevalent respiratory allergens. The LCA‐defined profiles were then studied in association with respiratory health.ResultsAt baseline, the mean (min‐max) age of the population was 11 (4.5–16) years. The LCA identified four sIgE sensitization profiles which were very similar at both time points (% at EGEA1 and EGEA2); A: "no/few allergen(s)" (48%, 39%), B: "pollen/animal allergens" (18%, 21%), C: "most prevalent house dust mite allergens" (22%, 27%) and D: "many allergens" (12%, 13%). Overall, 73% of the participants remained in the same profile from childhood to adulthood. The profiles were associated with asthma and rhinitis phenotypes. Participants of profiles C and D had lower FEV1% and FEF25‐75% as compared to profile A. Similar patterns of associations were observed for participants with asthma. There was no association with change in lung function.ConclusionUsing high‐resolution sIgE longitudinal data, the LCA identified four molecular sensitization profiles, mainly stable from childhood to adulthood, that were associated with respiratory health.
Editorial: tissue findings fail to predict disease activity or prognosis in microscopic colitis: an opportunity to look at the molecular level
Authors: Lucendo Alfredo J. 
Published: June 2021

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Olsen et al and papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16381 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16409
Editorial: recognising the efficacy of licensed drug therapies for IBS on bloating—a step in the right direction for targeted treatment?
Authors: Vasant Dipesh H. 
Published: June 2021

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Nelson et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16437 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16443
Editorial: is there a ‘precursor’ HCC lesion and can it be detected by hepatobiliary contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging? Authors' reply
Authors: Toyoda Hidenori , Yasuda Satoshi , Shiota Shohei 
Published: June 2021

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Toyoda et al and Vutien & Ioannou papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16382 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16455
Editorial: finding the ideal prokinetic for gastroparesis—we are not there yet. Authors' reply
Authors: Camilleri Michael , Kuo Braden 
Published: June 2021

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Kuo et al and Mahadeva papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16451 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16470
A novel frameshift ACTN2 variant causes a rare adult‐onset distal myopathy with multi‐minicores
Authors: Chen Lei , Chen Dian‐Fu , Dong Hai‐Lin , Liu Gong‐Lu , Wu Zhi‐Ying 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionDistal myopathies are a group of rare muscle disorders characterized by selective or predominant weakness in the feet and/or hands. In 2019, ACTN2 gene was firstly identified to be a cause of a new adult‐onset distal muscular dystrophy calling actininopathy and another distinctly different myopathy, named multiple structured core disease (MsCD). Thus, the various phenotypes and limited mutations in ACTN2‐related myopathy make the genotype‐phenotype correlation hard to understand.AimsTo investigate the clinical features and histological findings in a Chinese family with distal myopathy. Whole exome sequencing and several functional studies were performed to explore the pathogenesis of the disease.ResultsWe firstly identified a novel frameshift variant (c.2504delT, p.Phe835Serfs*66) within ACTN2 in a family including three patients. The patients exhibited adult‐onset distal myopathy with multi‐minicores, which, interestingly, was more like a combination of MsCD and actininopathy. Moreover, functional analysis using muscle samples revealed that the variant significantly increased the expression level of α‐actinin‐2 and resulted in abnormal Z‐line organization of muscle fiber. Vitro studies suggested aggregate formations might be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.ConclusionOur results expanded the phenotypes of ACTN2‐related myopathy and provided helpful information to clarify the molecular mechanisms.
The Incomplete Tyranny of Dynamic Stimuli: Gaze Similarity Predicts Response Similarity in Screen‐Captured Instructional Videos
Authors: Levin Daniel T. , Salas Jorge A. , Wright Anna M. , Seiffert Adrianne E. , Carter Kelly E. , Little Joshua W. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlthough eye tracking has been used extensively to assess cognitions for static stimuli, recent research suggests that the link between gaze and cognition may be more tenuous for dynamic stimuli such as videos. Part of the difficulty in convincingly linking gaze with cognition is that in dynamic stimuli, gaze position is strongly influenced by exogenous cues such as object motion. However, tests of the gaze‐cognition link in dynamic stimuli have been done on only a limited range of stimuli often characterized by highly organized motion. Also, analyses of cognitive contrasts between participants have been mostly been limited to categorical contrasts among small numbers of participants that may have limited the power to observe more subtle influences. We, therefore, tested for cognitive influences on gaze for screen‐captured instructional videos, the contents of which participants were tested on. Between‐participant scanpath similarity predicted between‐participant similarity in responses on test questions, but with imperfect consistency across videos. We also observed that basic gaze parameters and measures of attention to centers of interest only inconsistently predicted learning, and that correlations between gaze and centers of interest defined by other‐participant gaze and cursor movement did not predict learning. It, therefore, appears that the search for eye movement indices of cognition during dynamic naturalistic stimuli may be fruitful, but we also agree that the tyranny of dynamic stimuli is real, and that links between eye movements and cognition are highly dependent on task and stimulus properties.
Human Self‐Domestication and the Evolution of Pragmatics
Authors: Benítez‐Burraco Antonio , Ferretti Francesco , Progovac Ljiljana 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAs proposed for the emergence of modern languages, we argue that modern uses of languages (pragmatics) also evolved gradually in our species under the effects of human self‐domestication, with three key aspects involved in a complex feedback loop: (a) a reduction in reactive aggression, (b) the sophistication of language structure (with emerging grammars initially facilitating the transition from physical aggression to verbal aggression); and (c) the potentiation of pragmatic principles governing conversation, including, but not limited to, turn‐taking and inferential abilities. Our core hypothesis is that the reduction in reactive aggression, one of the key factors in self‐domestication processes, enabled us to fully exploit our cognitive and interactional potential as applied to linguistic exchanges, and ultimately to evolve a specific form of communication governed by persuasive reciprocity—a trait of human conversation characterized by both competition and cooperation. In turn, both early crude forms of language, well suited for verbal aggression/insult, and later more sophisticated forms of language, well suited for persuasive reciprocity, significantly contributed to the resolution and reduction of (physical) aggression, thus having a return effect on the self‐domestication processes. Supporting evidence for our proposal, as well as grounds for further testing, comes mainly from the consideration of cognitive disorders, which typically simultaneously present abnormal features of self‐domestication (including aggressive behavior) and problems with pragmatics and social functioning. While various approaches to language evolution typically reduce it to a single factor, our approach considers language evolution as a multifactorial process, with each player acting upon the other, engaging in an intense mutually reinforcing feedback loop. Moreover, we see language evolution as a gradual process, continuous with the pre‐linguistic cognitive abilities, which were engaged in a positive feedback loop with linguistic innovations, and where gene‐culture co‐evolution and cultural niche construction were the main driving forces.
Intuitive Dualism and Afterlife Beliefs: A Cross‐Cultural Study
Authors: Barrett H. Clark , Bolyanatz Alexander , Broesch Tanya , Cohen Emma , Froerer Peggy , Kanovsky Martin , Schug Mariah G. , Laurence Stephen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIt is widely held thatintuitive dualism—an implicit default mode of thought that takes minds to be separable from bodies and capable of independent existence—is a human universal. Among the findings taken to support universal intuitive dualism is a pattern of evidence in which “psychological” traits (knowledge, desires) are judged more likely to continue after death than bodily or “biological” traits (perceptual, physiological, and bodily states). Here, we present cross‐cultural evidence from six study populations, including non‐Western societies with diverse belief systems, that shows that while this pattern exists, the overall pattern of responses nonetheless does not support intuitive dualism in afterlife beliefs. Most responses of most participants across all cultures tested were not dualist. While our sample is in no way intended to capture the full range of human societies and afterlife beliefs, it captures a far broader range of cultures than in any prior study, and thus puts the case for afterlife beliefs as evidence for universal intuitive dualism to a strong test. Based on these findings, we suggest that while dualist thinking is a possible mode of thought enabled by evolved human psychology, such thinking does not constitute a default mode of thought. Rather, our data support what we will callintuitive materialism—the view that the underlying intuitive systems for reasoning about minds and death produce as a default judgment that mental states cease to exist with bodily death.
Memory and Counterfactual Simulations for Past Wrongdoings Foster Moral Learning and Improvement
Authors: Stanley Matthew L. , Cabeza Roberto , Smallman Rachel , De Brigard Felipe 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn four studies, we investigated the role of remembering, reflecting on, and mutating personal past moral transgressions to learn from those moral mistakes and to form intentions for moral improvement. Participants reported having ruminated on their past wrongdoings, particularly their more severe transgressions, and they reported having frequently thought about morally better ways in which they could have acted instead (i.e., morally upward counterfactuals; Studies 1–3). The more that participants reported having mentally simulated morally better ways in which they could have acted, the stronger their intentions were to improve in the future (Studies 2 and 3). Implementing an experimental manipulation, we then found that making accessible a morally upward counterfactual after committing a moral transgression strengthened reported intentions for moral improvement—relative to resimulating the remembered event and considering morally worse ways in which they could have acted instead (Study 4). We discuss the implications of these results for competing theoretical views on the relationship between memory and morality and for functional theories of counterfactual thinking.
Do Humans and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks Use Visual Information Similarly for the Categorization of Natural Scenes?
Authors: De Cesarei Andrea , Cavicchi Shari , Cristadoro Giampaolo , Lippi Marco 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe investigation of visual categorization has recently been aided by the introduction of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which achieve unprecedented accuracy in picture classification after extensive training. Even if the architecture of CNNs is inspired by the organization of the visual brain, the similarity between CNN and human visual processing remains unclear. Here, we investigated this issue by engaging humans and CNNs in a two‐class visual categorization task. To this end, pictures containing animals or vehicles were modified to contain only low/high spatial frequency (HSF) information, or were scrambled in the phase of the spatial frequency spectrum. For all types of degradation, accuracy increased as degradation was reduced for both humans and CNNs; however, the thresholds for accurate categorization varied between humans and CNNs. More remarkable differences were observed for HSF information compared to the other two types of degradation, both in terms of overall accuracy and image‐level agreement between humans and CNNs. The difficulty with which the CNNs were shown to categorize high‐passed natural scenes was reduced by picture whitening, a procedure which is inspired by how visual systems process natural images. The results are discussed concerning the adaptation to regularities in the visual environment (scene statistics); if the visual characteristics of the environment are not learned by CNNs, their visual categorization may depend only on a subset of the visual information on which humans rely, for example, on low spatial frequency information.