bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control, Security, and Risk in the Cloud
Authors: Kuan Hon W , Millard Christopher , Singh Jatinder 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the risks in cloud computing. Concerns are often raised about decreased customer control and increased provider control of data in clouds, particularly regarding data security (confidentiality, integrity, and availability), fuelled perhaps by the relative lack of information available to customers regarding details of providers' components, suppliers, and mechanics. Colocation risks may also exist. One concern is the leakage of data to others sharing the infrastructure. Another consideration is that if hardware thought to contain a third party's target data is seized by authorities, data of other tenants sharing that hardware may be exposed also. Ultimately, cloud services differ in the degree of control and flexibility afforded to customers (and accordingly in their responsibility for security), and the extent to which providers or sub-providers can access user data. Much depends on a service's type and design. Prospective cloud users may manage their cloud risks not just through technological or contractual means, but also through insurance.
Offensive Speech, Religion, and the Limits of the Law
Authors: Hatzis Nicholas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Is the government ever justified in restricting offensive speech? This question has become particularly important in relation to communications which offend the religious sensibilities of listeners. It is often argued that insulting a person’s beliefs is tantamount to disrespecting the believer; that insults are a form of hatred or intolerance; that the right to religious freedom includes a more specific right not to be insulted in one’s beliefs; that religious minorities have a particularly strong claim to be protected from offence; and that censorship of offensive speech is necessary for the prevention of social disorder and violence. None of those arguments is convincing. Offence is an unpleasant mental state caused when our expectations of being treated in a particular way are frustrated. Drawing on law and philosophy, the book argues that there is no moral right to be protected from offence and that, while freedom of religion is an important right which grounds negative and positive obligations for the state, it is unpersuasive to interpret constitutional and human rights provisions as including a right not to be caused offence. Rather, we have good reasons to think of public discourse as a space for the expression of all viewpoints about the ethical life, including those which some listeners will find offensive, as this is necessary to sustain a society’s capacity for self-reflection and change.
Introduction
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concerns and the argument of this volume. It situates the volume in relation to the previous three volumes. The chapter suggests this volume will explore the content and coherence of God as an agent. Theology raises deep questions about the central concepts we use in our thinking about God. Occasionally we need to step back and analyze the concepts that are so central to theological discourse. This volume will do this by attending to the concept of God as an agent as it appears in different traditional problems in systematic theology, like the relationship of freedom and grace as well as divine revelation and historical explanation. It argues that seeking the concept of God as an agent and looking at issues of divine agency and divine action should form the basis of a research agenda to extend beyond the author’s own work.
Divine Agency, Divine Freedom, and Divine Suffering
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that traditional concepts of God as pure act, impassible, atemporal, and simple should be rethought in light of the canonical claims the Christian tradition makes about divine action. First, it examines why we should hold to a strong account of divine agency. On this basis, it argues that we cannot avoid predicating such concepts as choice, mercy, rational deliberation, love, suffering, wrath, and patience to God. The chapter calls this divine “agentism.” Second, it argues that the central claims of agentism are incompatible with the thought of Thomas Aquinas (“Thomism”) and some of its major exponents. Third, it argues why Thomism is unpersuasive. Finally, it indicates some directions for future research in this area.
Divine Action and Divine Identity in Christianity and Islam
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The chapter seeks to answer the question about whether the God Christians worship is the same as that of Islam. It argues that Christians and Muslims believe in the same God and under certain agreed descriptions worship the same God. It explores and defends this notion philosophically, in conversation with recent analytic philosophy, linguistic philosophy, and recent studies of the relation of Christianity and Islam. It offers a rejection of the author’s previous view that Christians and Muslims believe in the same God but worship different Gods. It concludes by analyzing the political and theological consequences of this view, and suggests a retrieval of a natural theology at the heart of the American political project to make more room for Muslims in American society.
Genome and Epigenome
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role that genes play in the formation of human consciousness. While the genome has generally been defined as the sum of the genes in an organism, the more we study real genomes, the more we realise that viewing them in this way is a major oversimplification of their true complexity. Perhaps the most surprising outcome of the Human Genome Project was the realization that genes only represent a small fraction of the total DNA sequence. More recently, evidence has been accumulating to show that a significant proportion of the ‘non-coding’ DNA plays key roles in gene regulation—that is, determining which genes get switched on or off and when. In addition, instead of DNA being seen as the sole controller of cellular function, there is now growing recognition that RNA also plays a key role. Meanwhile, the new science of ‘epigenetics’ is revealing that the DNA ‘recipe’ for each organism appears far more responsive to the environment than previously thought, both to changes in the cellular environment, and those outside the organism itself. These new ways of looking at the genome have important implications for the understanding of how the human brain works, and of some of the factors that might make it unique compared to those of other species.
Conscious and Unconscious
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter determines the relationship between the conscious and unconscious aspects of brain function. The unconscious consists of those mental processes that occur automatically and are not available to introspection. Increasingly, studies of brain function are revealing that a surprising amount of that function is automatic, and therefore, unconscious. However, there are controversial aspects to discussions about the unconscious, particularly the idea that it may play a far more contradictory role in consciousness, even acting in opposition to conscious thoughts. Such a viewpoint sees the unconscious as a force that may suppress unwelcome thoughts, but which might also make us carry out actions that do not appear to have been planned by our rational minds, and may even appear wholly irrational. This view of the unconscious mind is most associated with Sigmund Freud. Freud viewed the unconscious as the epicentre of people's repressed thoughts, traumatic memories, and fundamental drives of sex and aggression. This chapter reconsiders this view of the unconscious by relating to Mind Shift’s central theme about the importance of language in shaping consciousness.
Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights clinical depression and anxiety. What seemed like a major step forward both in the understanding of depression, and how to treat it, occurred in the 1950s, when evidence emerged that depression might be due to low levels of the neurochemical serotonin. In particular, neuroscientists discovered that certain chemicals that alleviated the symptoms of depression appeared to work by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin into certain neurons in the brain. The chapter then looks at the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are now used to treat far more conditions than clinical depression. Recently, doubts have surfaced about the appropriateness of doctors prescribing SSRIs for such different conditions, the effectiveness of these drugs, and the mechanisms by which they affect brain function. One problem in determining the true effectiveness of SSRIs for the treatment of depression is how little is understood about the biological basis of this disorder and how drugs like SSRIs alleviate it. A complicating factor for any attempt to identify a biological basis to depression, or for that matter any mental disorder, is the important role that the social environment plays in the genesis of such disorders.
Normality and Diversity
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by arguing that the different approaches to mental disorders are united in viewing such mental conditions as abnormal. Yet is it really the case that everything termed a mental ‘disorder’ is indeed so? Or could it be that in diagnosing conditions that affect the mind, we are ignoring the possibility that some ‘disorders’ may be part of the normal spectrum of human diversity? To take this argument further, could it even be the case that such diversity is an important component of human society and a source of some of its richness and achievements? The chapter looks at these possibilities, with particular reference to two quite different mental conditions—autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder. Autism spectrum disorders have been described as characterized by 'impairments in social interaction and both verbal and non-verbal communication, along with restricted, repetitive or stereotyped behaviour'. Meanwhile, the high and low phases of bipolar disorder are often so extreme that they interfere with everyday life; consequentially this can be a highly debilitating disorder. However, there is also an association of both types of mental disorder with great creativity, and high levels of intelligence.
Crime and Punishment
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the criminally insane, assessing whether brain biology is significantly different in a serial killer. One of the first people to suggest that criminality arose from abnormalities in the brain was Cesare Lombroso, an Italian surgeon, who in 1871 conducted a postmortem of a serial murderer and rapist. While Lombroso's theories can be dismissed as a product of a misunderstanding of evolutionary mechanisms and the prejudices of his time, this does not mean that the belief that criminality has a biological basis is no longer held. Indeed, there has been a recent resurgence in this view, focusing on the claim that criminality is a product of biological differences in the brain. The claim is based on genetic analysis, and study of the brain itself. One gene linked to criminal behaviour is monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), which encodes an enzyme that destroys a particular type of neurotransmitter as a way of controlling its activity. The chapter then considers the idea of a link between brain injuries and criminal behaviour. The problem in looking for biological differences as the primary cause of criminality is that this could mean less acknowledgment of the role of social environment in the development of a criminal personality.
Class and Division
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the structure of current society is relevant to discussions about human brain function. One feature of the human brain that might explain why many working people can accept and even acquiesce in their state of exploitation, and even sometimes see other workers as the primary threat, rather than as allies in campaigns for better pay and conditions at work, is the way our brains have evolved to respond to living in a potentially hostile natural environment. There is increasing evidence that many unconscious fears about a perceived threat of people of a different skin colour, sexual persuasion, or even male fears about female equality, involve the amygdala. Because of this, although inflammatory speeches by politicians or media articles may enhance such fears, thereby dividing people who have much to gain by working together for better pay and conditions, they are helped by being able to trigger deep-seated impulses in the human brain. Ultimately, the divisions in current society, by ethnicity and gender as well as class, exert a heavy toll on mental health. This chapter also looks at the phenomenon of alienation, and how this both affects our relationship to modern society and is linked to our wider state of self-conscious awareness.
Resistance and Rebellion
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how ideas can change in a mass movement such as a strike, and why in some periods of history such activities can seem few and far between, while in others widespread industrial militancy is a central feature. It looks at moments in history when resistance to the status quo reached such a scale that a fundamental shift occurred in the structure of society—so-called revolutions. In so doing, the chapter relates the actions of a mass movement to what might be going on in the heads of its individual participants. It also asks what mental processes might underlie the apparently rapid shifts in social consciousness that seem to be a key feature of any genuine mass progressive movement of the people. A survey of past protest movements reveals a number of typical characteristics that may provide clues as to how human consciousness—here particularly meaning conscious awareness of oneself and one’s place in society—develops in such circumstances. The chapter also looks at how reactionary social movements can come to power, such as in Nazi Germany, and asks why some people join or acquiesce to such movements, while others actively resist them, and how this might reflect different aspects of human brain function.
Art and Design
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how the birth of figurative art marked a significant shift in our species’ ability to represent the world around us, and presumably, a step forward in our capacity for conscious awareness. The ability to draw a familiar object such as a cat or dog develops so naturally in children that it is easy to forget what a remarkable human capacity this is. For unlike tool use, spoken language, or perhaps even the capacity to make music, which may all have evolutionary precedents in the actions or sounds made by other species, the ability to draw appears to have no relationship to anything found in the rest of the animal kingdom. And certainly for the view presented in this book of the uniqueness of human conscious awareness, the ability of humans to both produce and appreciate visual art is something that deserves a wider discussion. In particular, abstract symbols, mathematical systems, planning diagrams, and other forms that constitute visual art, can all be viewed as further examples of the 'cultural tools' that shape our minds besides language.
Mind and Meaning
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses how religion might have originated and why it still maintains such a strong hold on the human mind, even amidst the science and technology of the twenty-first century. Since this book is concerned primarily with aspects of consciousness that can be examined scientifically, the approach here is to ask what material reasons one can find to explain belief in the supernatural, and link this to this book’s theme, which is how culture has shaped the human mind. One suggestion is that such belief arose as a by-product of response mechanisms that evolved to protect our species in its first phase of existence. Another feature of human beings is what has been called our ‘theory of mind’—the capacity to understand that other humans have thoughts and desires, and have some idea what these might be. Yet while helping humans to survive, such attributes may have led to supernatural beliefs. This chapter looks at the relationship between religion and other changes in society and social consciousness. It also looks at the question of how non-religious individuals find meaning in life, and why meaning is so central to the unique ways in which human beings navigate life.
Historical (i.e. Defunct) European Party Systems
Authors: Casal Bértoa Fernando , Enyedi Zsolt 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe fourth chapter presents the profile and the condensed history of the 21 historical party systems that ceased to be democratic. Here we discuss the dynamics of the changes, and relate them to the ideological configurations and alliance structures. We show that the changes in closure figures indicate well the transformations of party politics, we link developments in the governmental arena to the conflicts in the party system in general, and we associate each party system with a specific trajectory of closure development and a specific party system type. We show how, in clear contrast to currently functioning European party systems, the plurality of historical party systems fit into a multi-polar configuration that impeded them from reaching higher levels of systemic stability. Tellingly, we find no instances of consistent growth and high-level stabilization or grand coalitions. Two-party and two-plus-one party systems, so common in currently functioning party systems, were also extremely rare among the collapsed systems.
From Time to Time
Authors: Casal Bértoa Fernando , Enyedi Zsolt 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe sixth chapter relates the changes in closure and volatility to general political developments, but it mainly concerns itself with opposing the birth year of party systems to their age. Of course, within the group of currently existing systems these two coincide, but if one adds to the pool historical cases, then one can investigate whether those systems were more closed that were established earlier, or those which had a higher age. We check the importance of these two features not only for closure but also for volatility. While we question the ability of the volatility index to tap systemic features of party politics, we consider it as a relevant indicator of demand-side stability. By relating volatility to closure, the chapter reveals how the demand and supply sides of party politics, the electoral and governmental arenas, connect to each other.
Inflammatory bowel disease and colonic disorders
Authors: McGregor Colleen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers core curriculum topics relating to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colonic disorders. A diagnostic approach to IBD is covered including the role of imaging, endoscopy, histopathology and clinical features. Pathophysiology and epidemiology of IBD is detailed. Management of Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease includes assessment of disease severity, imaging modalities and therapeutic management. Particular focus is given to therapeutic drug monitoring and indications for biologic therapies. Surgical management of IBD is broadly covered including indications, timing and approach. Coverage is also given to the diagnosis and management of extra-intestinal manifestations of IBD, IBD in special situations (pregnancy, elderly, transition) and the prevention of cancer in IBD. Colorectal cancer and benign conditions including constipation, functional gut disorders and other colitides are also featured.
Miscellaneous
Authors: Marjot Thomas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter includes a range of miscellaneous curriculum topics including endoscopy, anorectal disorders and gastrointestinal (GI) investigations. Questions discussing the role and indications for antibiotic prophylaxis in endoscopy, sedation, performance measures and consent will provide education on best practice in endoscopy. Coverage is also given to the management of anticoagulation pre- and post-endoscopy together with commonly encountered procedural complications: post-polypectomy syndrome, post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis and caustic injury. The presentation and management of key anorectal disorders (haemorrhoids, anal fissures, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, infectious proctitis) are also presented here. Finally, principles of salient GI investigations including anorectal manometry and breath tests are well described. Additional curriculum material regarding miscellaneous gastrointestinal conditions and investigations will be covered in the mock examination chapter.
Quantum statistical physics: Functional integration formalism
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The functional integral representation of the density matrix at thermal equilibrium in non-relativistic quantum mechanics (QM) with many degrees of freedom, in the grand canonical formulation is introduced. In QM, Hamiltonians H(p,q) can be also expressed in terms of creation and annihilation operators, a method adapted to the study of perturbed harmonic oscillators. In the holomorphic formalism, quantum operators act by multiplication and differentiation on a vector space of analytic functions. Alternatively, they can also be represented by kernels, functions of complex variables that correspond in the classical limit to a complex parametrization of phase space. The formalism is adapted to the description of many-body boson systems. To this formalism corresponds a path integral representation of the density matrix at thermal equilibrium, where paths belong to complex spaces, instead of the more usual position–momentum phase space. A parallel formalism can be set up to describe systems with many fermion degrees of freedom, with Grassmann variables replacing complex variables. Both formalisms can be generalized to quantum gases of Bose and Fermi particles in the grand canonical formulation. Field integral representations of the corresponding quantum partition functions are derived.
Renormalization of local polynomials. Short-distance expansion (SDE)
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses two related topics: the renormalization of local polynomials (or local operators) of the field, and the short-distance expansion (SDE) of the product of local operators, in space dimension 4 for simplicity. Both problems are related, since one can consider the insertion of a product of operators at different point as a regularization by point splitting of the product at the same points. Therefore, in the limit of coinciding points, one expects that the product is dominated by a linear combination of the local operators which appear in the renormalization of the product, with singular coefficients, functions of the separation, replacing the usual cut-off dependent renormalization constants. We first discuss the renormalization of local polynomials is first discussed from the viewpoint of power counting. Callan–Symanzik (CS) equations are derived for the insertion of operators of dimension 4 in the φ4 quantum field theory (QFT). Field equations are shown to imply linear relations between operators. The existence of a SDE for the product of two basic fields is established. A CS equation is derived for the Fourier transform of the coefficient of the expansion at leading order. The generalization of this analysis to the SDE beyond leading order, to the SDE of arbitrary operators and to the light-cone expansion (LCE), which appears in the study of the large momentum behaviour of real-time correlation function, are briefly discussed.