bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of inhaled salbutamol in exercising non-asthmatic athletes
Authors: Goubault C , Perault M-C , Leleu E , Bouquet S , Legros P , Vandel B , Denjean A 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUNDBeta-2 agonists such as salbutamol are used, not only by asthmatic athletes to prevent exercise induced asthma, but also by non-asthmatic athletes as a potentially ergogenic agent. We have investigated whether inhaled salbutamol enhances endurance performance in non-asthmatic athletes.METHODSA prospective double blind, randomised, three way crossover design was used to study the effects of 200 μg and 800 μg inhaled salbutamol versus a placebo in 12 trained triathletes. The treatments were compared in three identical cycle ergometer sessions at 85% of the predetermined maximal oxygen uptake. Lung function, endurance time, metabolic parameters (glucose, potassium, lactate, free fatty acid, and glycerol), and psychomotor performance were evaluated.RESULTSNeither endurance time nor post-exercise bronchodilation were significantly different between the treatments. Metabolic parameters were affected by exercise but not by treatment.CONCLUSIONSInhaled salbutamol, even in a high dose, did not have a significant effect on endurance performance in non-asthmatic athletes, although the bronchodilating effect of the drug at the beginning of exercise may have improved respiratory adaptation. Our results do not preclude an ergogenic effect of β2agonists given by other routes or for a longer period.
Smoking cessation, decline in pulmonary function and total mortality: a 30 year follow up study among the Finnish cohorts of the Seven Countries Study
Authors: Pelkonen M , Notkola I-L , Tukiainen H , Tervahauta M , Tuomilehto J , Nissinen A 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUNDPermanent smoking cessation reduces loss of pulmonary function. Less is known in the long term about individuals who give up smoking temporarily or quitters with lower initial pulmonary function. Little is known also about the relationship between decline in pulmonary function and mortality. We examined these aspects and the association between smoking, decline in pulmonary function, and mortality.METHODSTwo middle aged male Finnish cohorts of the Seven Countries Study and their re-examinations on five occasions during a 30 year period of follow up were analysed.RESULTSDuring the first 15 years (n=1007) adjusted decline in forced expiratory volume in 0.75 seconds (FEV0.75) was 46.4 ml/year in never smokers, 49.3 ml/year in past smokers, 55.5 ml/year in permanent quitters, 55.5 ml/year in intermittent quitters, and 66.0 ml/year in continuous smokers (p<0.001 for trend). Quitters across the entire range of baseline FEV0.75had a slower decline in FEV0.75than continuous smokers. Among both continuing smokers and never smokers, non-survivors had a significantly (p<0.001) more rapid decline in FEV0.75than survivors. The adjusted relative hazard for total mortality was 1.73 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.41 to 2.11) and 1.24 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.52) in the lowest and middle tertiles of decline in FEV0.75. Never smokers, past smokers, and quitters had significantly lower total mortality than continuous smokers, partly because of their slower decline in FEV0.75.CONCLUSIONThese results highlight the positive effect of smoking cessation, even intermittent cessation, on decline in pulmonary function. Accelerated decline in pulmonary function was found to be a risk factor for total mortality. The beneficial effect of smoking cessation on mortality may partly be mediated through a reduced decline in pulmonary function.
Systemic anti-inflammatory mediators in COPD: increase in soluble interleukin 1 receptor II during treatment of exacerbations
Authors: Dentener M A , Creutzberg E C , Schols A M W J , Mantovani A , van‘t Veer C , Buurman W A , Wouters E F M 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUNDThe aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the chronic inflammatory process present in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is due to a defective endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanism.METHODSSystemic levels of the anti-inflammatory mediators soluble interleukin 1 receptor II (sIL-1RII), soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor p55 (sTNF-R55) and sTNF-R75, and of C reactive protein (CRP) and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) were analysed in 55 patients with stable COPD (median forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 34% predicted (range 15–78)) and compared with levels in 23 control subjects. In addition, changes in these mediators were studied in 13 patients with COPD (median FEV134% predicted (range 19–51)) during the first 7 days in hospital with an exacerbation of the disease.RESULTSPatients with stable COPD were characterised by a systemic inflammatory process indicated by an increased leucocyte count (7.2 (4.7–16.4)v4.8 (3.5–8.3) × 109/l), raised levels of CRP (11.8 (1.1–75.0)v4.1 (0.6–75.0) μg/ml) and LBP (45.6 (8.1–200.0)v27.9 (14.1–71.5) μg/ml), and moderate increases in both sTNF-Rs. In contrast, the sIL-1RII level did not differ between patients and controls (4.53 (2.09–7.60)v4.63 (3.80–5.93) ng/ml). During treatment of disease exacerbations, systemic levels of both CRP (at day 3) and LBP (at day 7) were significantly reduced compared with day 1, whereas sIL-1RII levels increased.CONCLUSIONSThese data suggest an imbalance in systemic levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in patients with stable COPD. The increase in the anti-inflammatory mediator sIL-1RII during treatment of exacerbations may contribute to the clinical improvement.
Sector subsampling for basal area ratio estimation: an alternative to big BAF sampling
Authors: Dai Xiao , Ducey Mark J. , Kershaw John A. , Wang Haozhou 
Published: July 2021

Big basal area factor (big BAF) sampling is a widely used subsampling method to select measure-trees. Several studies have shown big BAF sampling to be an efficient sampling scheme. In this study, we use sector sampling (Smith et al. 2008, For. Sci. 54: 67–76) as an alternative subsample selection method. Based on some simulated mapped stands derived from three balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) spacing trials in western Newfoundland, we show that sector subsampling is comparable to big BAF sampling in terms of estimated mean basal area ratios and their associated standard errors. Differences between big BAF sampling and sector sampling methods showed less than 1% difference across the three sites. As with big BAF sampling, changes in sample intensity had no significant (p < 0.05) effects on the accuracy of estimating mean biomass to basal area ratios and the resulting estimated mean biomasses per unit area.
Anthropogenic disturbance promotes the abundance of a newly introduced butterfly, the European common blue (Polyommatus icarus; Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), in Canada
Authors: Rivest Stephanie A. , Kharouba Heather M. 
Published: July 2021

The frequency of introductions of non-native species is increasing worldwide, but only a few introduced species undergo rapid population growth and range expansion, and even fewer become invasive, leading to negative impacts on native communities. Predicting which non-native species are likely to become widespread and abundant can be difficult when there is a lack of species’ information in the early stages of colonization. Here, we investigate the ecology of a newly introduced butterfly in Canada, the European common blue (Polyommatus icarus (Rottemberg, 1775)), by modelling its local- and landscape-scale habitat suitability in Montréal, Quebec, Canada, and the surrounding region, and by assessing its dispersal ability using a mark–release–recapture study. At a local scale, we found that P. icarus abundance was highest at sites with moderate levels of habitat disturbance (e.g., mowed every 2–3 years), the presence of their preferred larval host plant and low proportional cover of grasses. At a landscape scale, P. icarus abundance increased with an increasing proportion of urban area and decreasing proportion of forests. We also found that P. icarus is a low to moderate disperser relative to other butterflies. Our results suggest that P. icarus may become widespread in disturbed and urban areas across Canada, but that further investigation into additional potential range-constraining factors (e.g., microclimate), especially larval preferences, and modelling of the trajectory of P. icarus range expansion is needed.
Gray wolf (Canis lupus) predation patterns following recent recolonization in a multi-predator, multi-prey system
Authors: Orning Elizabeth K. , Dugger Katie M. , Clark Darren A. 
Published: July 2021

Predator–prey interactions are among the most fundamental of ecological relationships. Recolonizing gray wolf (Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758) populations present new challenges for wildlife management in multi-prey, multi-carnivore systems. We documented diet composition and kill rates for wolves in a recently recolonized area over winter and summer seasons (2014–2015). Elk (Cervus canadensis Erxleben, 1777) were the primary ungulate prey (63%) located at wolf kill sites. Deer (mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817)) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780))) were less prevalent than elk in wolf diets, but the amount of deer in diets (40%–50%) varied by pack and season. Juvenile elk were the most prevalent class of prey in wolf diets during summer (63.3%) and winter (36.3%), with adult elk (32.5%) observed nearly as often as juveniles in winter. Kill rates varied by season, with rates 2.3 times higher in summer (mean = 3.5 ungulates/week per pack) than winter (mean = 1.5 ungulates/week per pack), consistent with increased availability and use of neonate prey. Prey biomass acquisition did not vary by pack or season (summer = 243 kg/week per pack; winter = 182 kg/week per pack). Our study quantified predation patterns for a recolonizing wolf population, and patterns that we documented were similar to other multi-prey systems in North America.
The Prognostic Determinant of Interleukin-10 in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: An Analysis from the Perspective of Disease Management
Authors: Sun Wen , Wang Shuhui , Nan Shanji 
Published: July 2021

Background. In patients with ischemic stroke, the role of anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 (IL-10) in predicting risk and outcomes is not very clear. This study is aimed at prospectively assessing the prognostic determinant value of IL-10 in patients with acute ischemic stroke in a cohort of Chinese people. Methods. In a prospective cohort study, consecutive first-ever patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to our hospital were included from October 2019 to October 2020. The serum level of IL-10 was measured at baseline. A structured follow-up telephone interview was performed on day 90 after admission. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the prognostic value of IL-10 to predict the poor functional outcome (defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 3 to 6) and mortality. Results. The median age of the 236 enrolled patients was 65 years (interquartile range (IQR), 56-76), and 57.6% were male. There was a negative correlation between the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and IL-10 serum levels (

r

Spearman

=
−
0.221

,

P
=
0.001

). Patients with elevated IL-10 levels (> the highest

quartile
=
5.24

pg
/
mL

;

n
=
79

) were at significantly lower risk of poor functional outcomes (odds ratio (OR), 0.35; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.19 to 0.63;

P
<
0.001

) and mortality (

OR
=
0.24

; 95%

CI
=
0.11

–0.52;

P
<
0.001

) compared with patients with IL-10 levels in the lowest three quartiles. Conclusions. Reduced serum levels of IL-10 were independently associated with both the clinical severity at admission and a poor functional prognosis in ischemic stroke patients, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was an important prognostic determinant.
Em busca do limiar sonoro: gestos, sons e riscos na afinação das folias
Authors: Chaves Wagner Diniz 
Published: July 2021

O artigo aborda a afinação dos instrumentos musicais no contexto religioso e festivo das folias na Taboquinha, localidade rural pertencente ao município de São Francisco, norte de Minas Gerais. O texto chama a atenção para a dinâmica envolvida no processo de afinação, entendendo o fenômeno como uma prática coletiva realizada na interação entre pessoas por meio de uma economia expressiva e comunicativa, envolvendo gestos, objetos, movimentos corporais, olhares, palavras e sonoridades. Nessa direção, a pergunta que anima este exercício não é tanto qual é a afinação ou o que é afinação, mas: como se afinam os instrumentos? O que acontece quando a prática é realizada? Quais os efeitos produzidos pela afinação? Como a afinação se relaciona com outras situações e momentos do ciclo ritual das folias? O artigo sugere ainda que a afinação, se por um lado cria um enquadramento, um sentido de coletividade e integração; por outro, é permeada de perigos, riscos e incertezas, fazendo dela uma busca constante, um movimento contínuo, um limiar entre tensões, alturas e frequências.
Mobile Technology Improves Adherence to Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Propensity Score–Matched Study
Authors: Imran Tasnim F. , Wang Na , Zombeck Stephanie , Balady Gary J. 
Published: July 2021

Background
Despite its established effectiveness, adherence to cardiac rehabilitation remains suboptimal. The purpose of our study is to examine whether mobile technology improves adherence to cardiac rehabilitation and other outcomes.

Methods and Results

We identified all enrollees of the cardiac rehabilitation program at Boston Medical Center from 2016 to 2019 (n=830). Some enrollees used a mobile technology application that provided a customized list of educational content in a progressive manner, used the patient’s smartphone accelerometer to provide daily step counts, and served as a 2‐way messaging system between the patient and program staff. Adherence to cardiac rehabilitation was defined as the number of attended sessions and completion of the program. Enrollees had a mean age of 59 years; 32% were women, and 42% were Black. Using 3:1 propensity matching for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking status, transportation time, diagnosis, and baseline depression survey score, we evaluated change in exercise capacity, weight, functional capacity, and nutrition scores. Those in the mobile technology group (n=114) attended a higher number of prescribed sessions (mean 28 versus 22; relative risk, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.04–1.32;
P
=0.009), were 1.8 times more likely to complete the cardiac rehabilitation program (
P
=0.01), and had a slightly greater weight loss (pounds) following rehabilitation (−1.71; 95% CI, −0.30 to −3.11;
P
=0.02) as compared with those in the standard group (n=213); other outcomes were similar between the groups.

Conclusions
In a propensity‐matched, racially diverse population, we found that adjunctive use of mobile technology is significantly associated with improved adherence to cardiac rehabilitation and number of attended sessions.
Wartime Commercial Policy and Trade between Enemies
Authors: Grinberg Mariya 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Why do states trade with their enemies during war? States make deliberate choices when setting their wartime commercial policies, and tailoring policies to match the type of war the states are expecting to fight. Specifically, states seek to balance two goals–maximizing revenue from continued trade during the war and minimizing the ability of the opponent to benefit militarily from trade. As a result, states trade with the enemy in (1) products that their opponents take a long time to convert into military capability, and (2) products that are essential to the domestic economy. Furthermore, states revise their wartime commercial policies based on how well they are doing on the battlefield. An analysis of British wartime commercial policy in World War I finds that a product's conversion time into military capabilities determines if and when that product will be prohibited from trade during the war. Alternatively, domestic political pressures play only a marginal role in wartime commercial policy decisions.
Restricted Boltzmann Machines as Models of Interacting Variables
Authors: Bulso Nicola , Roudi Yasser 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We study the type of distributions that restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) with different activation functions can express by investigating the effect of the activation function of the hidden nodes on the marginal distribution they impose on observed binary nodes. We report an exact expression for these marginals in the form of a model of interacting binary variables with the explicit form of the interactions depending on the hidden node activation function. We study the properties of these interactions in detail and evaluate how the accuracy with which the RBM approximates distributions over binary variables depends on the hidden node activation function and the number of hidden nodes. When the inferred RBM parameters are weak, an intuitive pattern is found for the expression of the interaction terms, which reduces substantially the differences across activation functions. We show that the weak parameter approximation is a good approximation for different RBMs trained on the MNIST data set. Interestingly, in these cases, the mapping reveals that the inferred models are essentially low order interaction models.
Apologie der deutschen Sprache und Dichtkunst in Johann Fischarts Geschichtklitterung
Authors: Kellner Beate 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In competing with Rabelais’ French novel Garguanta, the German author Fischart aims to illustrate the richness of the German language and its poetry in his comic novel Geschichtklitterung. Focusing on the second chapter of this text, which has so far been viewed as nothing more than an absurd play on language, this article offers a new interpretation and demonstrates how the German author stylizes himself as a poeta vates in his Pantagruelian prophecy and presents himself as a being purified by wine in his poem “Glucktratrara”. In the end, inspired by Apollo and the Muses, he seems to create an epic poem praising both Germans and the German language.
Hippologischer Fachdiskurs und dialogische Fiktion
Authors: Stockhorst Stefanie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This contribution analyses the textual strategies in Danup’s literary dialogue, which is enriched in many ways with literary topoi and rhetorical devices. It is, in fact, a specialised text on the art of horsemanship, which proves to be surprisingly innovative in this regard. However, it is not only relevant to the hippological, but also to the political culture of the early modern period. For the author updates a literary genre pattern, takes up literary traditions and uses aesthetic means for successful self-promotion as an expert.
Der Atheismus in Enzyklopädien der Frühen Neuzeit
Authors: Spiekermann Björn 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article examines definitions and evaluations of as well as alternative terms for ‘atheism’ in encyclopedias of the early modern period. In a representative overview it will be shown that the early modern discourse about atheism must be interpreted in the light of the history of concepts, of ideas and of knowledge: Not only was the scope of the term ‘atheism’ much broader in the 16th and 17th centuries than it is today, but the sometimes highly ambitious attempts to classify the phenomenon of atheism according to the early modern orders of knowledge remained influential during the 18th and well into the 19th century.
Beyond Personalistic Politics: A Progressive Congresswoman’s Challenge to a Political Dynasty in Dinagat Islands, Philippines
Authors: Hara Tamiki 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Political dynasties remain powerful in Philippine politics to this day. However, in recent years, the Philippines has experienced some significant transformations in the realm of traditional politics. Some politicians have emerged at the local level willing to confront those supported by dynastic politics. Since most literature on Philippine politics have emphasized the durability of elite domination, such changes have not yet been fully studied. This article addresses how progressive politics evolves in contention with a political dynasty based on a qualitative, exploratory case study approach by highlighting the case of Dinagat Islands where a progressive congresswoman who ran for Congress defeated a candidate from an entrenched political dynasty by practicing programmatic governance. It explores how government capacity to respond to demands of the people can be improved. As a result of this, the article clarifies a new, though not common, dynamic of Philippine politics in the 2010s and provides important implications for the possibility of future political development and theorizing in the country.
Unpacking Presidential Satisfaction: Preliminary Insights from Survey Data on the Bottom Poor in Metro Manila
Authors: Canare Tristan A. , Mendoza Ronald U. , Yap Jurel K. , Jaminola Leonardo M. , Mendoza Gabrielle Ann S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Measures of presidential satisfaction have long been in the public’s attention, but the factors that drive them have brought about much discussion. As a contribution to the literature, this study empirically examines presidential approval data in the Philippines using a unique survey of 1200 low-income voting age residents of Metro Manila. Using individual-level data, this study unpacks the possible factors underpinning survey results on citizens’ satisfaction with leadership in the Philippines. While accounting for the personal circumstances of the respondents, this study finds evidence of bandwagoning among survey respondents; and partial evidence of personal economic conditions and disinformation possibly linked to presidential satisfaction. The findings here suggest there should be more caution in interpreting presidential satisfaction indicators.
Toward a Global History of Young Israel
Authors: Heilbronner Oded 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article argues that the first two decades of Israeli state-building can be compared structurally to some main processes in postwar Western-European societies, and that this approach productively situates Israel within a global perspective, uncovering new relationships between the local and the global. In addition, it proposes a methodological reading of the young Israeli society before the Six-Day War and a theoretical framework in which to place it. It provides an analysis of this young society from the perspective of Western history, constituting a new reference point that does not strive to negate other common approaches. If, until now, the history of the first two decades of Israel has been examined from a local and particular point of view – whether the state-building process or political, social, and national controversies – I propose to view the Israel of the 1950s–1960s as a postwar society that underwent the same structural processes as other Western European societies during those years, despite domestic differences.