bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
175 Analysis of Cryopreserved Semen Quality: With the Tools Available, What Is Possible to Be Interpreted
Authors: de Andrade André F 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Identifying doses of post-thawed semen with high and low fertility potential is the main objective pursued by professionals and companies involved in commercializing frozen semen. In post-thaw semen, we can evaluate the motility characteristics and the integrity of the spermatozoa membranes and their DNA so that we can identify the number of cells that have the minimum characteristics to be considered with the potential to fertilize the oocyte. However, even with these analyzes using fluorescent probes, flow cytometry, and a computerized semen analysis system, it is impossible to predict the dose’s fertilizing potential accurately. The spermatozoa and seminal plasma originate from an individual (e.g., boar, bull, stallion), and even the spermatozoa and seminal plasma from this individual are different between different ejaculates. Factors such as genetics, age, ambiance, nutrition, and semen manipulation can alter the cryotolerance capacity of a given ejaculate, thus affecting its fertility potential. However, recent studies with assessments of proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, and miRNAs have associated cryotolerance and semen fertility with markers that can be evaluated before the ejaculate cryopreservation process—in this way, creating the possibility of selecting high fertility doses before the freezing process. Suppose these biological markers will conclusively make it possible to inform whether post-thawed semen dose has high or low fertility potential. In that case, only future research work verifying fertility will allow us to know. In the meantime, it is highly recommended to evaluate the post-thaw semen by assessing characteristics of motility, the integrity of the plasma and acrosomal membranes, and the integrity of DNA. Thus, ensuring that inseminations are carried out with the minimum number of sperm able to provide a high potential for fertility. These minimum numbers are related to the species and type of cryopreserved semen: conventional or sexed.
209 Large Offspring Syndrome: Effects of in vitro Production on Embryo Epigenetics and Development
Authors: Rivera Rocio Melissa 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In cattle, the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) can result in a congenital overgrowth condition known as large/abnormal offspring syndrome (LOS/AOS). The phenotypic characteristics of LOS include; somatic overgrowth, abdominal wall defects, large organs, breathing difficulties, skeletal defects, hypoglycemia, abnormal placentas, difficulty suckling, and perinatal death. LOS can have detrimental effects on the offspring and dam and also pose managerial and financial challenges to the producer. Research from the Rivera laboratory has demonstrated that LOS is an epigenetic syndrome. As in cattle, ART can promote the development of congenital overgrowth in humans, a condition known as Beckwith Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS). For the past 13 years, the Rivera laboratory has been characterizing LOS and we have shown that LOS and BWS are phenotypically and epigenotypically similar. In our studies, using gestation day ~105 Bos taurus taurus x Bos taurus indicus F1 hybrids, we showed global misregulation of imprinted and non-imprinted transcripts, micro RNAs and global misregulation of DNA methylation. In brief, LOS fetuses displayed variable loss-of-imprinting in kidney, liver, muscle and brain, when compared to controls. Biallelic expression of imprinted genes in LOS was associated with tissue-specific hypomethylation of the normally methylated parental allele. Not only was there loss of allele-specific expression of imprinted genes in LOS, but we also observed differential transcript amounts of these genes between control and overgrown fetuses. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between bodyweight and the number of biallelically expressed imprinted genes in LOS fetuses. From this work, we concluded that LOS is a multi-locus loss-of-imprinting condition. Current work, aims to determine if LOS is identifiable during pregnancy using day 55 fetal ultrasonography and day 55 and 105 maternal blood. In addition, we aim to determine how serum supplementation of culture medium can program preimplantation embryos to develop LOS. Findings will be discussed.
76 Growth and Health of Limousin Crossbred Dairy-beef Calves in an Automated Feeding System
Authors: Heins Brad J , Sharpe Kirsten 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine growth and health of Limousin crossbred dairy-beef calves fed alternative milk allowances in an automated group feeding system. The study was conducted at the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center’s, Morris, MN dairy. Forty-eight Limousin-sired crossbred calves were assigned to feeding groups by birth order during two calving seasons from September to December 2019 and March to July 2020. Calves were introduced to the Holm & Laue HL100 Programmable Calf Feeder (Holm & Laue GmbH & Co KG, Westerronfeld, Germany) at 5 d and were randomly assigned to one of two treatments. Treatments for calves were 8 L/d (8L) or ad libitum (AL) milk allowance. Calves were weaned from the automated feeder at 56 d. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Independent variables for analyses were the fixed effects of season of birth, sex of calf (M or F), treatment group and sex of calf nested within season of birth was a random effect. No differences (P &gt; 0.05) were found between 8L or AL groups for birth weight. The AL calves (109.4 kg) had higher (P &lt; 0.01) weaning weight than 8L calves (95.3 kg). Furthermore, the AL calves had higher (P &lt; 0.01) hip height (95.6 cm) and greater (P &lt; 0.01) heart girth (110.2) compared with 8L calves (93.8 cm and 104.8 cm, respectively). The AL calves (1.14 kg/d) had higher average daily gain at weaning compared to 8L calves (0.91 kg/d). Males calves were not different (P = 0.39) for average daily gain compared to female calves (1.07 kg/d versus 0.98 kg/d). Drinking speeds of AL calves were lesser (P &lt; 0.05; 1,222 mL/min) than the 8L calves (1,453 mL/min). The AL calves and 8L calves were not different for hygiene scores or health scores. The results from this study indicate advantages to feeding dairy-beef calves ad libitum whole milk during the pre-weaning period.
75 Management of the Young Calf When Dams Are Limit-fed in Confinement
Authors: Grabau Morgan , Wilke Karla , Drewnoski Mary E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Limit-feeding cows in confinement can lower feed costs; however, calves have limited time to access feed. This study was designed to evaluate management options to economically improve calf performance. Calves (n = 54) were stratified by age (105 ± 16 DOA) and assigned randomly to one of nine groups, then each group assigned randomly to one of three treatments: 1) kept with dam with access to cow diet only (PAIRS) 2) early-weaned (EW) or 3) kept with dam with access to creep (CREEP). The cow diet was 54% wet distillers grains (WDGS), 37% straw, and 8% corn. This diet was fed to meet dry cow requirements (7.7 kg DM/d) for EW, lactation requirements (10.9 kg DM/d) in CREEP, and lactation requirements plus allow for some calf intake (14.8 kg DM/d) in PAIRS. The calf diet consisted of 51% alfalfa hay, 25% WDGS, and 22% corn. Calves in the EW had greater (P &lt; 0.01) intake (5.0 kg DM/d) than CREEP (4.1 kg DM/d) from 105 to 203 DOA. Calf ADG differed (P &lt; 0.01) among treatments from 105 to 203 DOA, with CREEP (1.29 kg/d) being greater (P = 0.02) than EW (1.01 kg/d) and both being greater (P ≤ 0.02) than PAIRS (0.74 kg/d). At ~203 DOA, PAIRS and CREEP were weaned and all calves were fed a growing diet. Calf intakes during the growing phase (223 to 314 DOA) did not differ (P = 0.39). However, calf ADG tended (P &lt; 0.06) to differ. The ADG of PAIRS (1.13 kg/d) and EW (1.10 kg/d) did not differ (P = 0.67) but were greater (P ≤ 0.05) than CREEP (0.92 kg/d). However, when calf value and total feed costs were considered, creep resulted in the most return over feed costs at weaning as well as at the end of growing.
78 Winter Hardy Small Cereal Cover Crops for Grazing and Silage in Nebraska
Authors: Calus Kallie , Drewnoski Mary E , Redfearn Daren , Grabau Morgan , Mitchell Robert 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Cereal rye, winter wheat, and winter triticale are commonly planted cover crops in corn and soybean systems and have the potential to provide early spring grazing. The three cover crops differ in growth pattern. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the grazing potential of the three species, including the timing of the start of grazing and nutritive value of forage as measured by growing calf gain. A 7.3 hectare field was divided into 9, 0.81-hectare paddocks. Three paddocks (n = 3 replicates per treatment) were randomly assigned to each treatment: variety not stated cereal rye, Pronghorn winter wheat, or NT11406 triticale. Pastures were seeded in Mid-September following early maturity soybean harvest and received no fertilizer. Fifty-four steers (305 kg SD ± 5 kg) were stratified by weight and assigned to one of nine groups which were then assigned to a paddock. The paddocks were split in half. Steers were turned out when forage reached a 12.7 cm height and rotated to the other half once the occupied half reached 5 cm. Grazing began April 3 for rye pastures and April 9 for triticale and wheat pastures. Two groups of cattle grazing rye were pulled April 29 due to limited forage. All remaining cattle were pulled May 8 to allow for soybean planting. Throughout the grazing period pre and post-graze biomass did not differ (P ≥ 0.36) among treatments. Average daily gain did not differ among treatments (P = 0.88) averaging 1.79, 1.86, 1.84 kg/day for rye, wheat and triticale, respectively. Likewise, gain per hectare did not differ (P = 0.80) among treatments with 378, 399, 394 kg/ha for rye, wheat, and triticale, respectively. Rye offered grazing a full week before triticale and wheat, but all three small grain cereal species resulted in desirable animal performance.
156 Effect of Anti-yeast on Sugarcane Silage Gas Production
Authors: Neto Geraldo Balieiro , Rosa Carlos Augusto , Sampaio José Paulo , de Moraes José Evandro , Junior Carlos Alberto Toquini , Salgueiro Laís Galerani , Freitas Acyr Wanderley De Paula 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Although sugarcane produces a large amount of energy per hectare, its ensiled storage leads to losses, which makes it one of the most expensive options for animal feeding. These losses occur due to fermentation of sugars and organic acids by yeasts, producing alcohol and gas. Inoculants containing Lactobacillus buchneri increase acetic acid production, which has effect against yeast. In this study, we produced egg yolk antibodies (IgY) against yeasts that ferment lactate (Candida glabrata, Pichia kudriavzevii, and Pichia manshurica) and sugar (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulospora delbrueckii, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Debaryomyces etchellsii) isolated in sugarcane silage. Shortly before ensiling, doses of 0, 175, 350, and 700 g/t IgY, and Lactobacillus buchneri were applied to chopped forage. Gas losses were calculated using experimental silos in triplicate, according to the equation: G = (PCf - PCa)/(MFf) × 100, in which: G = gas losses (kg/t); PCf = weight of full silo (equipped with a Bunsen valve to allow gas outflow) at sealing (kg); PCa = weight of full bucket at opening (kg); MFf = forage mass at sealing (kg). The data were analyzed as a completely randomized design and submitted to analysis of variance and regression using the SAS (SAS, 1998), which was chosen because of the significance of the regression parameters, tested by Tukey’s test (P &lt; 0.05) and the values of the coefficients of determination. Thirty days after sealing the L. buchneri inoculant and doses of 350 and 700 g/t IgY promoted less gas losses than control that had no any product (12.74; 15.59 and 15.28 versus 27.74, respectively, P &lt; 0.05) and the L. buchneri did not differ from IgY doses. The gas losses decreased quadratically with the anti-yeast addition, estimating maximum of 530 g/t fresh forage. We conclude that anti-yeast use reduces gas production during fermentation. With continuity of this research, we may obtain a roughage with higher nutritional value, as its mode of action in yeast control does not involve consumption of sugars or organic acids.
163 Relative Bioavailability of Bis-glycinate Bound Copper in Beef Steers Fed a High Antagonist Growing Diet
Authors: Deters Erin L , VanDerWal Allison , VanValin Katherine , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
To assess relative bioavailability of an organic Cu source, 90 Angus-cross steers (265 ± 21 kg) were blocked by body weight to pens with GrowSafe bunks and randomly assigned to dietary Cu treatments (14–18 steers/treatment): 0 mg Cu/kg dry matter (DM; CON), 5 or 10 mg Cu/kg DM as Cu sulfate (CS5; CS10) or chelated bis-glycinate Cu (GLY5; GLY10). Steers were fed a common high antagonist growing diet (0.48% S; 5.3 mg Mo/kg DM; 4.9 mg Cu/kg DM). Blood was collected from all steers on d 0, 28, 56, 84 and 124. Liver samples were collected at trial beginning (d -3/-2) and end (d 125/126). Data were analyzed using ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = steer; fixed effect = treatment; random effect = block). Plasma Cu was analyzed as repeated measures (repeated effect = day). Plasma and liver Cu concentrations were regressed against Cu intake using ProcGLM to calculate relative bioavailability of GLY. Initial liver Cu did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.63), but final liver Cu was lesser in CON versus steers supplemented 5 or 10 mg Cu/kg DM from either source (P ≤ 0.09). Final liver Cu was greater for CS versus GLY (P &lt; 0.01). Plasma Cu for all treatments decreased through d 28; final plasma Cu was greatest for steers supplemented either source at 10 mg Cu/kg DM (treatment × day P &lt; 0.01). Relative bioavailability of GLY was 82% compared to CS (P &lt; 0.01) based on liver Cu but did not differ based on plasma Cu (P = 0.60). High concentrations of dietary antagonists and lower solubility of GLY (68.9% relative to CS) in rumen-like conditions (pH 5.2) may have resulted in free thiomolybdate absorption across the rumen wall and subsequent depletion of liver Cu stores in GLY supplemented steers.
157 Effects of Monensin and Protein Type on Performance of Yearling Steers Grazing Smooth Brome
Authors: Carlson Zachary E , Butterfield Kylie , McPhillips Levi J , Erickson Galen E , MacDonald James C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A two-yr study was conducted to evaluate the effects of monensin on sparing ruminal degradable protein in yearling steers grazing smooth bromegrass pastures (n = 288, initial BW = 332 kg, SD = 7). Treatment design was a 2 x 3 factorial with the following factors: 1) 0 or 200 mg monensin/steer daily; 2) no protein supplement, 1.25 kg soybean meal (SBM) as a source of RDP, or 1.31 kg non-enzymatically browned SBM as a source of RUP. Steers receiving supplemental protein were provided isonitrogenous amounts equivalent to dried distillers grains plus solubles at 0.50% BW. Steers were weighed approximately every 34 d to adjusted the amount of protein supplement. There was no interaction (P &gt; 0.41) of monensin by protein type for average daily gain (ADG). Rate of gain for steers supplemented monensin was not different (P = 0.26) from steers not supplemented monensin. However, monensin supplemented steers numerically gained 7.9% more than steers not provided monensin when no supplemental protein was provided. Compared to steers supplemented with no protein, supplementing RDP increased ADG by 0.19 kg/steer (P &lt; 0.001). Likewise, RUP supplementation increased ADG by 0.24 kg/steer (P &lt; 0.001) compared to steers supplemented no protein. Supplementing RUP increased ADG by 0.05 kg/steer (P &lt; 0.001) compared to steers supplemented RDP. Supplementing protein, especially rumen undegradable protein, improved yearling steer rate of gain on smooth bromegrass pastures. Monensin supplementation did not improve rate of gain. These data do not support the protein-sparing effects of monensin for steers supplemented with RDP.
252 Effects of Increasing Urea in Corn Silage Diets and Duration of Ensiling on the Rumen Undegradable Protein Content of Corn Silage
Authors: Spore Tyler , Jolly-Breithaupt Melissa L , Meier Nolan , Erickson Galen E , Klopfenstein Terry J , MacDonald James C , Watson Andrea K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing urea in a corn silage cattle diet and ensiling time (ET) impact on rumen undegradable crude protein (RUP) content of corn silage. In Exp. 1, ten ruminally- and duodenally cannulated heifers (body weight 265 ± 16 kg) were utilized in a 4 × 4 Latin square design and treatments were urea included at 0, 0.5, 1, or 1.5% of dietary dry matter (DM). In Exp. 2, corn silage samples were collected during feedout at 32-d intervals from the time of ensiling (d 0) to 160 d post-ensiling followed by separation in water to forage and grain components. Forage and grain samples were ruminally incubated in two steers to calculate RUP content of corn silage. In Exp. 1, DM intake increased linearly from 5.7 to 6.8 kg/d as urea inclusion increased (P &lt; 0.001). Apparent total tract digestibility of DM and organic matter increased linearly from 55.8% to 60.8%, and 60.1% to 64.9%, respectively (P &lt; 0.001). Total tract digestibility of neutral and acid detergent fiber increased linearly with increasing urea inclusion (P ≤ 0.004). In Exp. 2, the RUP content of the corn grain component decreased from 43.7% of CP at day 0 to 15.8% and 10.0% of CP after 32 and 96 d of ensiling, respectively (quadratic, P &lt; 0.01). The RUP content of the forage averaged 19.3% of CP across ET ranging from 21.5 to 17.8% of CP (P ≥ 0.28). Estimated from the individual components, the RUP content of whole corn silage decreased from 32% to 17.1% of CP after 160 d in storage, a portion of which is digestible. Urea supplementation improved digestibility of corn silage diets and RUP content of corn silage decreased with storage time, primarily driven by changes in the corn grain component.
253 Impact of Corn Hybrid Selection for Fiber and Starch Traits on in Vivo Nutrient Digestion in Beef Cattle
Authors: Xiong Jiehua , Norman Mitch , Wilson Hannah , Crabtree Caleb , Erickson Galen E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Evaluation of corn silage digestibility is normally done using laboratory techniques to predict the performance if fed to cattle, which may or may not predict actual performance when fed to cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate two Masters Choice corn silage hybrids previously selected for improved fiber and starch digestion on nutrient intake and digestion in cattle. In a 126-day digestion study, six ruminally fistulated beef steers were utilized in a 3×6 Latin rectangle design with three dietary treatments and six periods (21 days in length with 14 days of adaptation and 7 days of collection). Diets consisted of 80% corn silage (dry matter basis) of Masters Choice hybrid MCT6365 RIB (MC1; selected for greater fiber and starch digestion) and MCT6733 GT3000 (MC2; older hybrid selected for greater fiber digestion) and were compared to a conventional corn hybrid (CON; commonly grown in Eastern Nebraska). The remainder of the diet included 15% modified distillers grains plus solubles and 5% supplement. Corn silage hybrid did not impact dry matter or organic matter (OM) intake (P ≥ 0.68), but hybrid treatment impacted OM, starch, and energy digestibility (P &lt; 0.02). Steers fed MC1 corn silage had greater (P &lt; 0.01) total tract OM and energy digestibility, as well as digestible energy (DE, P = 0.02) content of the diet when compared to MC2, with steers fed CON being intermediate (P ≥ 0.09). Feeding MC1 also resulted in greater (P = 0.03) total tract starch digestibility than MC2, with no difference (P = 0.12) when compared to CON. Results indicated that feeding MC1 corn silage improved digestion and energy availability to the steers, which allowed for greater average daily gain and improved feed efficiency observed in the corresponding growing trial, while the opposite was true for MC2.
251 Effects of Roughage Source on Rumination Time and Ruminal Ph in Steers Fed a Steam-flaked Corn Finishing Diet
Authors: Smith Wyatt , Lockard Catherine , Lockard Caleb , Homolka Megan , Karr Kendall , Holland Ben , Word Alyssa , Jennings Jenny 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Research is limited on how physically effective fiber from various roughage sources aids in rumination time and ruminal pH of finishing beef cattle. This experiment’s objective was to evaluate rumination time and ruminal pH of beef steers consuming finishing diets with varying roughage sources (corn stalks, cotton burrs, or wheat silage). We hypothesized that roughage type would not impact rumination time and ruminal pH if different sources provide similar dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Ruminally cannulated steers (n = 6; average BW = 644.56 + 13.15 kg) were used in a 3 × 3 replicated Latin square with 3 dietary treatments and 3, 21-d periods (20-d diet adaptation, 1-d sampling). Steers consumed a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet containing corn stalks (CS), cotton burrs (CB), or wheat silage (WS) included at 7% (DM basis) of the diet. Dietary NDF was similar across treatments. Steers were fitted with a sensory collar to record daily rumination (Allflex Livestock Intelligence). Ruminal pH was measured using a handheld pH probe on d-21 at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 hr postprandial. The NDF and dry matter intake (DMI) were greatest for steers consuming the WS diet (P &lt; 0.01) while CS and CB diets did not differ (P = 0.81). While dietary NDF and estimated physically effective NDF (peNDF) were similar among roughage sources, CB had the lowest actual peNDF, consistent with lower rumination time (P &lt; 0.01) and lower ruminal pH (P = 0.29). This experiment’s results indicate that roughage source impacted rumination time despite feeding steers a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet with similar roughage and NDF levels. Using rumination time (min/d) to determine peNDF was a better indicator of rumen function parameters than particle size measured via the Penn State Particle Separator equation.