bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verticillium dahliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. , Talboys P. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Verticillium dahliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of herbaceous and woody dicotyledonous plants. Engelhart (1957) gives a host index for
V. albo-atrum
which includes hosts of
V. dahliae
, but many reports attributing disease to
V. albo-atrum
almost certainly refer to
V. dahliae
. Moore (1959) lists the British records. Economically significant diseases are caused in cotton, strawberry, stone fruits and various solanaceous crops. DISEASES: Causes 'wilt' diseases: diurnal flaccidity followed by pemnanent wilting
often
indicate the onset of these diseases, but do not
always
occur. In herbaceous plants the symptoms normally affect the leaves in acropetai succession (but basipetal in mint), often showing one-sided pattems of chlorosis and necrosis that result from infection of only a few vascular bundles. Infected xylem commonly shows brown discoloration. Heavy infection in some hosts (e.g. tobacco) causes foliar chlorosis with progressive marginal and interveinal necrosis and defoliation. In trees and shrubs, individually affected branches show either rapid collapse and death of leaves or gradual yellowing and premature defoliation. For detailed discussion of symptom patterns in vascular diseases see Talboys (1968). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widesptead in temperate and sub-tropical regions (see CMI Map 366, ed. 2, 1969). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen persists in the soil for long periods, initially in debris of infected host-plants, possibly iater as free microsclerotia, infecting roots after contact. Disease problems commonly arise from repeated cropping with susceptible species, e.g. potato, tomato, strawberry. Activity of certain tylenchid nematodes may predispose some hosts to infection by
Verticillium
(40: 261). Spread of disease can result from dissemination of debris from infected plants and the use of planting stock vegetatively propagated on infested land. Transmission by superficial infection of seed has been reported for cotton (30: 367) and sunflower (39: 417).
Uromyces geranii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Uromyces geranii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On over 20 species of
Geranium
. DISEASE: Rust of geranium. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, U.K., U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia); Asia (China, Japan, Pakistan); North America (Canada, U.S.A.).
Ascochyta gossypii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ascochyta gossypii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Gossypium
spp. and
Nicotiana tabacum
. Also by inoculation on
Althaea rosea, Capsicum annuum, Glycine max, Hibiscus esculentus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Phaseolus
spp.,
Solanun melongena
and
Vigna sinensis
[Vigna unguiculata]
. DISEASE: Wet weather blight of cotton causing leaf spot and stem canker. Small, round, whitish spots first appear on the cotyledons and lower leaves. They have a deep purplish-brown border and enlarge with the centre becoming light brown, papery and bearing the pycnidia. The centre may fall out, and severe spotting results in defoliation of the lower leaves. Stem infection leads to lesions sometimes several cm long with cracks and ragged edges. Flowers are not attacked, but mature lint is destroyed and in the half open bolls may be discoloured grey with pycnidia. In severe attacks plants are killed. A similar leaf spot occurs on tobacco where the darker peripheral area may have concentric zonations. Leaf lesions may develop more frequently on the midrib causing it to fracture. Lenticular, dark spots are found on the stem. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 259, ed. 2, 1967). Additional records not yet mapped are: Australia (Qd), Dahomey, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Kenya and Laos. TRANSMISSION: Presumably through rain splash. Seed infection may be internal and only partly controlled by treatment but is not considered serious; pycnidia with viable spores can overwinter and most seedling infection arises from soil debris-borne inoculum.
Puccinia apii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Puccinia apii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Apium graveolens
(celery). DISEASE: Celery rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe including UK and Scandinavia. Also recorded from Nova Scotia (3: 320). TRANSMISSION: No information available but presumably by wind-blown spores. There is some evidence that it may be seed transmitted (2: 20; 3: 320) but this has not been confirmed.
Uromyces mucunae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Uromyces mucunae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On various species of
Mucuna
including several cultivated species. DISEASE: Velvet bean rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Congo, Ivory Coast, Malawi, Rhodesia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda); Asia (Ceylon, India, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan). TRANSMISSION: No information available but presumably by wind-blown spores.
Puccinia striiformis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Puccinia striiformis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On cereals
Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale, Triticum vulgare
and on over 40 genera of wild grasses including species of
Agropyron, Brachypodium, Bromus
and
Elymus
. DISEASE: Usually known as yellow rust in Europe because of its bright yellow uredia. In N. America it is known as stripe or glume rust because of the arrangement of the uredia on the leaves or glumes. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe; Asia (Central, Eastern and Western and to some extent South Eastern); North America (Mid West and West Coast of Canada and USA); Central and South America, Central Africa and Malagasy Republic, apparently absent from Australasia (CMI Map 97, ed. 3, 1971). TRANSMISSION: No aecial stage is known and abundant evidence occurs of overwintering on the host plant or, with some races, on wild grasses (48, 2312; 47, 1377b, 2684). Massive spread of inoculum over long distances by air currents has been demonstrated in Europe, India and N. America (45, 1784; 46, 582; 48, 410). The fact that most races cover a wide area demonstrates that widespread dispersal of inoculum takes place. The new race Heiner which caused an epidemic in the Netherlands in 1955 was found to extend from N. Ireland to Germany and S. Sweden in the following years (Zadoks, 1965).
Entyloma oryzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Entyloma oryzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Oryza sativa
. DISEASE: Leaf smut of rice appears as linear, rectangular or angular-elliptical, leaden black spots, not usually confluent and on both surfaces; 0.5-2 mm long and 0.5-1.5 mm wide. The spots are at first covered by the epidermis which ruptures when wet. The chlamydospores adhere closely. Where infection is heavy the leaves turn chlorotic and become split. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Fairly widespread in Asia, also in Australia (NT) and Papua New Guinea, in parts of America, and in Africa only from Egypt and Ghana. It also occurs in S. France (CMI Map 451, ed. 1, 1969). Additional records not mapped are Cambodia and Guyana. TRANSMISSION: No details have been reported.
Trichometasphaeria turcica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Trichometasphaeria turcica
[Setosphaeria turcica]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Zea mays, Sorghum
spp.,
Euchlaena mexicana
and other
Gramineae
(RAM 41: 40). DISEASE: Northern leaf blight of maize and sorghum forming larger and fewer lesions than
Cochlioholus heterostrophus
(
CMI
Descript. 301), mostly on the leaves. They begin as small, dark, water-soaked areas, becoming irregular or elliptical, sometimes linear, brown then straw coloured or greyish, with red-purple or tan borders, often 4 × 10 cm or larger, coalescing and leading to death of leaves. Tassel infection on maize is less conspicuous, ear and crown rots and seedling infection occur (16: 450; 34: 716). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 257, ed. 3, 1968). Additional records not yet mapped are: Australia (NT), Cameroon, Ecuador, Fiji, Haiti, Indonesia, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan (E.) and Saudi Arabia. TRANSMISSION: Air-dispersed, probably violently discharged conidia and showing a diurnal periodicity with a forenoon max. (45, 795; 46, 114). The fungus occurs in seed and survives in host debris (15: 289; 19: 602).
Micronectriella nivalis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Micronectriella nivalis
[Monographella nivalis]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The fungus is a serious pathogen of cereals (barley, wheat, rye) and grasses, especially in temperate regions where it may cause total loss of winter sown wheat and rye (43, 1873; 48, 3456). Tropical records, especially those on rice, need to be confirmed. DISEASE: Pre-emergence blight, root rot and occasionally head blight of cereals. Snow mould of turf. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, extremely widespread, USSR, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, N.E. and N.W. USA and Canada. Records have also been cited of its occurrence in India and West Africa (CMI Map 432, ed. 1, 1967). TRANSMISSION: By seed, soil, water and in summer by aerial dissemination of ascospores (48, 1628).
Gibberella baccata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gibberella baccata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Buxus, Citrus, Juglans, Pinus
and many other, usually woody, hosts but it may attack cereals and cause leaf spots and ultimate dieback on some ornamental shrubs. DISEASES: Dieback, bud blight, twig blight or canker, pitch canker of
Pinus
species (Berry & Hepting, 1969), collar rot of coffee, fusariosis of olive, megare or bud blight of
Morus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide on woody hosts, infrequently recorded on seeds or from soil. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores (chiefly ascospores) or by water splash.
Leptosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenaria
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenaria
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Avena
spp. DISEASE: Speckle blotch of oats. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide (CMI Map 323, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne or wind-borne by ascospores and macropycnidiosporesa.
Pestalotiopsis palmarum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pestalotiopsis palmarum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Palmae
, including
Borassus flabellifer, Chamaerops humulis, Capsicum, Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis, Phoenix dactylifera, P. canariensis, Areca catechu, Arenga, Caryota, Howea, Manilkara hexandra, Musa, Roystonia, Diospyros, Eichhornia, Flacourtia, Pimenta, Pinus
, rubber, tea. DISEASE: A minor leaf spot probably restricted to the
Palmae
and reported as causing disease in
Areca catechu, Borassus flabellifer, Cocos nucifera, Chamaerops humulis
and
Elaeis guineensis
. Small yellow-brown spots, becoming whitish to grey with a dark brown border, oval, more than 1 cm long and elongating parallel to the veins, sometimes coalescing, with the dark acervuli on the upper surface within the central part. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Andaman Islands, Australia, Bermuda, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Ceylon, Congo Republic, Colombia, Cuba, Diego Garcia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Fiji, Ghana, Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, Laos, Malagasy Republic, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mozambique, Morocco, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Papua-New Guinea, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Surinam, Solomon Islands, Samoa, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Thailand, Uganda, USA (California, Florida), Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies reported.
Armillariella mellea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pegler D. N. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Armillariella mellea
[Armillaria mellea]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The fungus has been recorded as a pathogen on an extremely wide range of dicotyledonous and coniferous trees and shrubs (Raabe, 1962; Browne, 1968). It has also been found on potato (1: 357), narcissus (11: 376), strawberry (8: 727), bamboo (40: 436), geranium (12: 5227), sugarcane and banana (25: 355), but attack of monocotyledons and herbaceous plants is rare. DISEASE:
Armillaria
root rot.
Armillaria
root disease. Honey fungus.
Armillariella mellea
has two roles as a plant pathogen. It may act as a lethal pathogen by invading and destroying the cambium of the root and lower stem, following which it may colonize and rot the woody tissues of the host after its death, or it may cause a butt rot without attacking the living tissues of the host. Both types of disease have a patchy distribution in the field, characteristically spreading from inoculum centres in the soil, so that the hosts which have been most recently attacked are found at the edge of the patch. Where lethal attack occurs the host dies rapidly and (in the case of conifers and certain dicotyledonous trees) the bark of the roots and stem base is cracked and covered with gum or resin exudate. Thick, creamy-white, fan-like sheets of mycelium are found under the bark and these are frequently accompanied by flattened, dark brown rhizomorphs (
forma subcorticalis
). These rhizomorphs may also be epiphytic on roots and grow out into the soil, where their form is more cylindrical (
forma subterranea
). Sporophores may be formed on the host in advanced stages of the disease. The butt rot is a typical soft white rot with pronounced black zone lines. It seldom advances more than 1-2 m up the stem. The rotten wood is often luminous.
Armillariella mellea
also forms balanced mycorrhizal associations with the orchids
Galeola septentrionalis
and
Gastrodia elata
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide, throughout forests of the temperate and tropic regions (CMI Map 143, ed. 3, 1969). TRANSMISSION: By infection of woody debris and stumps by air-borne basidiospores, by the growth of rhizomorphs through the soil, by root contact with infected soil debris and transport of infected plant material.
Herpotrichia juniperi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Herpotrichia juniperi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Coniferae
(
Abies, Juniperus, Picea, Pinus, Tsuga
). DISEASE: Black snow mould of conifers. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Siberia), North America, Europe (Austria, Bavaria, Britain, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia). TRANSMISSION: Unknown, but presumably by air-borne ascospores.
Cercospora pini-densiflorae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora pini-densiflorae
[Mycosphaerella gibsonii]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On pines, including
Pinus radiata, P. pinaster, P. canariensis, P. massoniana, P. densiflorae, P. thunbergii, P
.
luchuensis, P. strobus, P. caribaea
. DISEASE:
Cercospora
pine blight. Causes yellowish-brown to grey lesions, appearing generally towards the distal part of the needles. These coalesce to give complete needle necrosis and cast in the course of time. Dark brown stromata, bearing dense conidiophores, are formed in stomatal cavities, from which conidia are dispersed. This is a disease of the later nursery stages and first few years in plantation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Rhodesia, Tanzania (45, 2615), Zambia); Asia (Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, West Malaysia). TRANSMISSION: Air-borne conidia dispersed by splash take-off mechanism.
Phomopsis vexans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phomopsis vexans
[Diaporthe vexans]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Solanum melongena, S. wendlandii
. DISEASE: The only economic host is eggplant or brinjal (
Solanum melongena
) and the disease is variously known as tip over, stem blight or canker, leaf blight or spot and fruit rot; damping-off can also take place. Leaf spots (up to 3 cm diam.) are conspicuous, irregular in outline and may coalesce; lower leaves may be affected first. In stem lesions the cortex dries and cracks, plants become stunted and girdling cankers cause death. Fruit spots are pale, sunken, conspicuous and may affect the whole fruit; fruit may drop or remain attached, becoming mummified after a soft decay. Pycnidia are abundant. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in N. America, the West Indies, and E. and central Asia, also in Africa (Senegal, Tanzania, Zambia) and Mauritius (CMI Map 329, ed. 2, 1968). The record from Australia (NSW) should be deleted. Additional records not yet mapped are: Brunei, Haiti, Iran, Iraq, Rumania. TRANSMISSION: Host debris and seed from infested fruit are primary sources of inoculum. Naturally infected seed germinates less well and more slowly (20: 621; 22: 511).
Cochliobolus nodulosus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus nodulosus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Eleusine coracana
[Eleusine indica]
and
E
.
indica
. Also on
Echinochloa frumentacea, Panicum miliaceum, Pennisetum typhoideum Saccharum
spp.,
Sorghum
spp. and
Zea mays
. DISEASE: Seedling blight, foot rot and leaf blight of finger millet (
Eleusine coracana
[Eleusine indica]
and
E. indica
). Elliptical to long rectangular spots form on the leaves, becoming coalescent, straw coloured with narrow red-brown margins. Spikes are infected and may collapse; grain does not form or is undeveloped. Systemic infection has been described for
E
.
indica
(37: 78). Many infected plants die in the seedling stage but others show the stunting caused by this type of infection. When older plants were inoculated systemic infection occurred in the new growth only; such plants may show some tillers to be infected and stunted whilst others are normal and healthy. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in E. and S. Africa, also Nigeria and Sierra Leone, in India, Formosa, Malaysia (Sarawak), Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka and USA (Ga, Md, Miss., S. Carol. and Va) (CMI Map 454, ed. 1, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne.
Cordana musae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cordana musae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Musa sapientum
. DISEASE: Leaf blotch or spot of banana (
Musa
). Small brown spots enlarge to an oval or sometimes a diamond shape, a darker red-brown margin and zonation becomes quite marked with age. A chlorotic halo is conspicuous, especially on the lower surface. Necrotic tissue may occur as strips from edge to midrib, and a marginal necrosis with an uneven, zigzag, chlorotic edge separating healthy from diseased tissue may develop. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics with host (CMI Map 168, ed. 3, 1971). Additional records not mapped are: Cape Verde Islands, Cuba, US Trust Territory. TRANSMISSION: Air-dispersed; a diurnal periodicity with a peak near 0700 hr was found in Jamaica (42: 37) and spore discharge has been described in detail (41: 666).
Ustulina deusta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ustulina deusta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On stumps, butts and dead roots of many genera of trees and shrubs. Particularly common on
Fagus sylvatica
in Europe. Host genera of economic importance include
Camellia, Citrus, Cocos, Coffea, Elaeis, Hevea, Nicotiana
and
Theabroma
. Wilkins (1934) provides a host index. DISEASES: Cause of 'charcoal base rot' of
Elaeis
and
Hevea
; 'charcoal stump rot' and root disease of
Camellia
; 'collar rot' of
Hevea
; butt rott of
Fagus
; 'white rot' of
Tilia
; etc. In
Elaeis
the base is affected by a hard dry rot resulting in the progressive death of the fronds leading to death (Turner, 1971). Attacks the cell walls of tracheids so that infected wood is permeated with conspicuous black lines. Reported as responsible for the death of young
Tectona grandis
in Tanzania (42: 224). Usually now regarded as of little economic importance but often serious locally. The pathogenic tendencies are less pronounced in temperate than subtropical and tropical regions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (CMI Map 417, ed. 1, 1966). In every country
fide
Miller (1961). TRANSMISSION: In temperate regions wind-borne conidia are probably the most important cause of infection (Wilkins, 1938, 1939) and enter through wounds, including areas which have been scorched, and pruned branches (41: 479). Infection may also arise from ascospores and through the contact of lateral roots (Fetch, 1928), and nearby infected trees and shrubs of other genera (Fetch, 1923).