bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IgM ANTIBODIES IN ACUTE TOXOPLASMOSIS: I. DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE IN CONGENITAL CASES AND A METHOD FOR THEIR RAPID DEMONSTRATION
Authors: Remington Jack S. , Miller Michael J. , Brownlee I. 
Published: December 2021

The present study was undertaken to develop a simple technique for demonstration of IgM-toxoplasma antibodies in acute congenital toxoplasmosis. Such antibodies were demonstrable by each of the four methods used, but their sensitivities varied considerably. The underlying difficulty in interpretation of results obtained in the dye and hemagglutination tests following reductive cleavage appeared to be the high titer of IgG-toxo-plasma antibodies in all sera tested, which "hides" the effect of 2-ME on the IgM-toxoplasma antibodies. Because IgG-toxoplasma antibodies do not interfere with the demonstration of IgM-toxoplasma antibodies in fractions obtained by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation or with the IgM-fluorescent antibody test, these two methods proved the most sensitive for demonstration of IgM-toxoplasma antibodies in congenital cases. Whereas the former of these two methods is a laborious procedure requiring facilities rarely available in clinical laboratories, the IgM-fluorescent antibody test is easily learned and it can be performed in 2 hours.
Serologic diagnosis of infection in newborns is often complicated by the presence in the infant of maternal antibodies. The difficulty in interpretation of serologic results in cases of suspect congenital toxoplasmosis is magnified by the high prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in the normal childbearing population (and thus in their offspring). Demonstration of IgM antibodies in newborn infants (in the absence of a placental leak) appears to be diagnostic of congenital toxoplasmosis. Because of the difficulty encountered in recognition of congenital cases which do not appear to have the "classical" signs and because of the infrequency with which the diagnosis can be established, even in these latter cases, the IgM-fluorescent antibody test will hopefully prove simple enough to perform to be useful as a test for the definitive diagnosis of acute congenital toxoplasmosis.
THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH
Authors: Wallace Helen M. , Dooley Samuel , Eisner Victor , Fraser Constance 
Published: December 2021

Studies have indicated a need to recruit and train young physicians with specialty board training for positions in the field of maternal and child health. To meet this need, a program has been established at the University of California School of Public Health at Berkeley in conjunction with the departments of pediatrics of three schools of medicine. The program consists of 2 years of pediatric clinical training and 1 year of public health training with a major in maternal and child health, and it is designed to encourage young physicians to complete specialty training in pediatrics while obtaining the degree of master of public health.
Evaluation after 4 years of operation indicates that the program is meeting its objectives.
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ENGLISH CHILDREN ARE TOLD HOW TO BEHAVE CORRECTLY
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Children's books during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in both England and this country frequently contained detailed instructions on what polite society considered to be good manners for children.
This passage from an English children's book written in 1762 was read and committed to memory by many children in England and also in this country:
Of Behavior
Before you speak make a Bow or Curtesy, and when you have received your Answer make another.
Be careful how you speak to those who have not spoke to you.
Nothing shows the difference between a young Gentleman and a vulgar Boy so much as Behavior in eating.
Never touch your Meat with your Fingers.
Pick your Bones clean and leave them on your plate; they must not be thrown down.
Seldom blow your Nose and use your Handkerchief for that Purpose, making as little noise as you can.
Never spit in a Room.
Never sing or whistle in Company: these are the idle tricks of vulgar children.
Take care not to make Faces nor Wink.
Keep your Hands quiet, and use no antick Motions.
Never laugh immoderately at a Story told by another Person. Never laugh at all at what you tell yourself.
Never talk about any Thing but what you know.
How foreign all this would seem to the contemporary child!
DOCTOR HUGH SMITH DESCRIBES THE CLINICAL INDICATIONS FOR PRESCRIBING GENUINE ESSENCE OF BALM OF GILEAD—A WONDER DRUG TWO CENTURIES AGO
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

A book which obtained much vogue during the last third of the eighteenth century in England was Hugh Smith's Letters to Married Women on Nursing and the Management of Children.1 This book passed through at least six English editions and was translated into French and Dutch. Dr. Smith's book contained a great deal of common sense about child rearing practices. Few pediatricians are aware that he was the first writer in England to teach that breast milk alone was sufficient for the feeding of infants up to the age of 6 or 7 months.
But like other practitioners of his time he did not think it unethical to sell his own pharmaceutical preparations as is evident by this advertisement on the last page of his book.
Of C. and G. Kearsley, no. 46, Fleet-Street, may be had Genuine Essence of Balm of Gilead (A Recipe of the Author of this Work)
Being a chemical preparation, whose balsamic virtues of the most eminent physicians of every age have allowed to esceed all other things yet discovered in the Materia Media, for COUGHS, HOARSENESS, and TIGHTNESS across the BREAST. It opens the CHEST, and loosens the PHLEGM; relieves Pains in the Side, and Weakness of the Reins; cleanses internal ULCERS, such as those of the LUNGS and BLADDER, brings them into a proper state of digestion; removes hectic Heats, creates an appetite, and helps digestion; and in ASTHMATIC and CONSUMPTIVE Cases, when every other prescription had failed, this had been known repeatedly to perform a Cure.
New Use of Simple Equipment to Treat Dyspneia in Infants
Authors: Chusid Emanuel 
Published: December 2021

There is a special kind of joy in discovering for oneself the dramatic use of simple equipment.
At Mount Vernon Hospital, Dr. Norman Becker and I have recently found that placing a small baby in a semi-recumbent position in a plastic seat such as Infanseat within a Cnoupette can give substantial relief to the dyspneic baby. In both Dr. Becker's patient (a small infant with pertussis) and my patient (a 3-month-old infant with bronchiolitis), the change in position from supine to that of semirecumbency in the seat was marked by a sudden and obvious improvement of the babies' respiratory status.
Facial Palsy Following Measles Vaccination, a Possible Connection
Authors: Snyder Russell D. 
Published: December 2021

I recently had the opportunity to see a peculiar neurologic problem which occurred following measles vaccination. This letter is written to call the attention of other physicians to this apparent complication, to encourage physicians to watch for the complication, and hopefully, to obtain a response from physicians who may have encountered a similar problem.
In February 1968, a 14-nlonth-old boy presented with a mild, left lower facial weakness. The weakness had a sudden onset 8 days following vaccination with a live measles virus vaccine (Lirugen), 0.5 cc subcutaneously.
A STUDY OF STORAGE, CHILD BEHAVIORAL TRAITS, AND MOTHER'S KNOWLEDGE OF TOXICOLOGY IN 52 POISONED FAMILIES AND 52 COMPARISON FAMILIES
Authors: Baltimore Charles L. , Meyer J. 
Published: December 2021

A study of 52 families with children under 6 years ingesting poison was conducted in a defined population of Albemarle County, Virginia.
Fifty-two comparison families were randomly selected from neighbors of the poisoned families. The poisoned and comparison groups were the same in distribution among such categories as race, family size, mean age of poisoned and comparison children, sex, urban-mixed-rural residency, and socioeconomic class. By definition, the groups differed in that the comparison group had no histories of accidental poisonings in comparison children or their siblings.
A statistically significant relationship was found between "pica" and "daredevilness" in children and poisoning accidents.
There was no statistically significant difference in mother's knowledge of toxicity of medicines and household products, nor in the number and storage pattern of potentially toxic substances accessible to children who are 2½ years old and have average abilities.
The study suggests that parental ignorance of toxicity, and carelessness in storage are merely secondary environmental factors which may be manipulated to decrease the ease and frequency with which the accident occurs. Emphasis upon child development and family attitude aspects would appear to deserve much higher priority in view of the existing evidence.
GRANULOMATOUS COLITIS IN CHILDREN: A STUDY OF 25 CASES AND COMPARISON WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Authors: Korelitz Burton I. , Gribetz Donald , Kopel Frederic B. 
Published: December 2021

Twenty-five children with granulomatous colitis were followed for a mean of 17 years to determine natural history and late results. In all the children the rectum was initially free of disease. Complications occurred in 84% and only three patients responded favorably to a medical program. Surgery was required in 68% (74 operations in 17 patients). Following 14 ileocolostomies there was proximal spread of disease in 7 and distal spread in 8 after varying periods. Nine ultimately required ileostomy, which also was no protection against proximal extension. The prognosis was worse when the terminal ileum was originally involved.
The high incidence of postoperative complications and proximal extension encourages persistence in medical therapy, contrary to the attitude in managing ulcerative colitis in children. The surgical procedure of choice when the rectum is free of disease is an ileocolostomy, since anticipated extension might not occur for a prolonged period of time.
The Effect of Exogenous Pancreatic Enzymes on Fat Absorption
Authors: Mullinger Margaret 
Published: December 2021

Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas is an inherited disorder in which progressive pulmonary disease is combined with malabsorption resulting from pancreatic insufficiency. In recent years the management of most children with this disorder has included the prescription of various preparations of exogenous pancreatic enzymes in an attempt to correct malabsorption.
There have been numerous reports of methods used in the measurement of the degree of malabsorption. Using fat balance measurements where 4-day fecal fat collections were employed as the reference standard, Goldbloom, et al.1 compared the reliability of the absorption of vitamin A, I131 triolein, and butterfat absorption as determined by the rise in serum optical density.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Haggerty Robert J. 
Published: December 2021

I am glad to have Dr. Yankauer correct my error of history. In checking with old-timers about Rochester, it is clear that Kaiser was the dove of his day. But, failing to put the brakes on the massive community-wide tonsil and adenoid program, he had the perceptiveness to organize the follow-up study.
A further sidelight on history: Kaiser was the butt of a good deal of hostility from the academic profession who felt he had instituted the study in Rochester and who, because of this, kept him from membership in the American Pediatric Society for many years.
Pathology of Infancy and Childhood, by John M. Kissane, M.D., and Margaret G. Smith, M.D. St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Company, 1967, 1082 pp., $39.50
Authors: Vawter Gordon F. 
Published: December 2021

This large, sound, direct, and unemotional book represents a much closer approach to a definitive text of pediatric pathology than has yet been available (outside of the field of neonatology). The format is pleasing to the eye, the illustrations are well selected and of high quality, and the bibliography is unusually complete.
In view of the explosion of knowledge in the biochemical and genetic diseases, those who expect detailed up-to-the-minute discussion of these areas will be somewhat disappointed, although the material covered is well done.
LUNG ASPIRATE PUNCTURE AS A DIAGNOSTIC AID IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Augusto Schuster C. , Gaston Duffau T. , Eric Nicholls R. , Mario Pino C. 
Published: December 2021

Ten infants and children suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis were submitted to lung puncture in an effort to recover tubercle bacilli. From eight infants the organisms were recovered on culture or guinea pig inoculation, and were identified on smear in seven of the eight immediately. Bronchial aspirates, performed in five of these eight patients, were positive in four. Gastric washings from the eight patients positive by lung puncture were negative in all but two. No complications consequent to lung puncture were seen.
This preliminary study suggests that lung puncture may be a safe diagnostic procedure which offers increased likelihood of recovering the organism. In addition, a more rapid diagnosis may be made because of a high rate of positive stained smears.
VENTILATION-PERFUSION RELATIONSHIPS IN CHILDREN WITH HEART DISEASE AND DIMINISHED PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW
Authors: Lees Martin H. , Burnell Richard H. , Morgan Clarence L. , Ross Benjamin B. 
Published: December 2021

Pulmonary function of infants and children with diminished pulmonary blood flow was studied by measurement of alveolar ventilation and alveolar-arterial gas tension differences of O2, CO2, and N2. The increased ventilation of these subjects was found to be effective in CO2 elimination (arterial CO2 tension, 31 mm Hg), but there was evidence of considerable unevenness of distribution of ventilation/perfusion ratios (VAQ). A measure of the degree of VA/Q unevenness was obtained by use of the urine-alveolar nitrogen tension difference.
It is likely, under the prevailing conditions of hyperventilation and hypoperfusion, that maldistribution of perfusion is the major abnormality. Uneven distribution of perfusion is most probably due to the effects of gravity enhanced by low pulmonary artery pressure and blood flow—an exaggenation of the normal physiologic relative overperfusion of the lower-most parts of the lung.
FAILURE TO INDUCE SCURVY BY ASCORBIC ACID DEPLETION IN A PATIENT WITH HURLER'S SYNDROME
Authors: DeJong Bernard P. , van B. Robertson W. , Schafer Irwin A. 
Published: December 2021

An infant with Hurler's syndrome was placed on an ascorbic acid-deficient diet at age 10 weeks. The clinical, radiological, and chemical changes that occurred during 1 year on this diet are described. Although the disease was progressive in the skeleton, there was little clinical involvement of the liver, spleen, cornea, and brain. Physical growth and psychomotor development were within normal limits during the year. The urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans was not altered by ascorbic acid depletion. The clinical variability observed in Hurler patients precludes any conclusions as to the effect of this diet on the natural history of this disease.
Ascorbic acid levels became undetectable in the plasma and buffy coat, respectively, at 16 and 32 weeks of the diet. Even after 52 weeks on the scorbutogenic diet, the patient did not demonstrate any clinical or chemical evidence of scurvy, and wounds healed normally. This raises the question whether isolated ascorbic acid deficiency with an otherwise adequate diet will produce infantile scurvy, or whether patients with Hurler's syndrome have a unique requirement for vitamin C.
THE ICHTHYOSIFORM DERMATOSES
Authors: Esterly Nancy B. 
Published: December 2021

The Term ichthyosis describes a group of heritable disorders which are characterized by cutaneous scaling. The visible scale differentiates these disorders from xeroderma in which the skin is dry but does not visibly desquamate. Many classifications of the ichthyoses have been proposed, but most are descriptive and contribute little to an understanding of etiology and pathogenesis. Often clinical variants or patients with minor associated anomalies have been categorized separately on an empirical basis and, in some cases, several names have been used for one entity to indicate severity of involvement.
The most useful classification appears to be that of Wells and Kerr,1 who segregated the various types by their pattern of inheritance and retained the nomenclature in common usage. Differences in clinical features and histologic patterns also correlate with these genetically distinguishable types. Thus, with careful attention to the distribution and type of scale, family history, and skin histology, the physician will be able to classify patients in a meaningful way. Such an approach is helpful for several reasons. The prognosis, troublesome features, and degree of handicapping differ for the various ichthyoses. Sensible genetic counseling, an important part of the management of such patients, is possible only with the correct diagnosis. Moreover, clinical investigation of affected individuals will be further confused unless the entity under study is well defined. The need for an understanding of the physiologic and biochemical defects of ichthvotic skin is underscored by the limitations of currently available therapy.
The four major types of ichthyosis include: (1) ichthyosis vulgaris, transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait; (2) sexlinked ichthyosis, transmitted as an Xlinked trait; (3) bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (CIE), inherited as an autosomal dominant trait; and (4) nonbulbus congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, autosomal recessive mode of inheritance (Table I).
INTRAPERICARDIAL TERATOMA: A CAUSE OF ACUTE PERICARDIAL EFFUSION IN INFANCY
Authors: Reynolds James L. , Donahue John K. , Pearce Charles W. 
Published: December 2021

On the basis of personal experience with two patients and a review of the 35 previously reported cases, we described the pathologic and clinical features of intrapericardial teratoma. This tumor is single, large, encapsulated, multicystic, and pedunculated. It is attached by a short fibrous stalk or pedicle to the adventitia of one or both great arteries.
Only 2 of the 37 intrapericardial teratomas were malignant. The tumor is found predominantly in children, usually during early infancy, and among cardiac tumors of childhood it is second only to rhabdomyoma in frequency. Acute or chronic pericardial effusion commonly accompanies the teratoma. All young infants reported have had acute pericardial effusion with tamponade. Typically, the associated fluid is serous, sterile, copious, and recurrent; it usually obscures the presence of the tumor. Intrapericardial teratoma is a likely diagnosis in any young infant having such penicardial effusion; other cardiac tumors do not have these clinical features. Artificial pneumopericardium will demonstrate the teratoma, and operation is curative if the tumor is benign. Uncontrollable bleeding from the aorta on dissection of the tumor stalk has been an operative hazard; but, if anticipated, it can be avoided.
Newborn Infants of Tuberculous Mothers, Further Comment
Authors: Cohen Sanford N. , Weber Wendell W. 
Published: December 2021

In their recent article, Avery and Wolfsdorf discussed INH prophylaxis of infants of tuberculous mothers and stated, "The unusual reactions of infants to many pharmacologic agents, with respect to absorption and excretion, have necessitated great care in matters of dosage and indications in infancy." The Committee on Drugs commented, in the same issue, that the pharmacology of INH has not been systematically studied in the newborn infant.
We have been studying the characteristics of the hepatic enzyme which catalyzes the acetylation of INH and sulfonamides.
LIVER BIOPSY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF INFANTILE OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
Authors: Brough A. Joseph , Bernstein Jay 
Published: December 2021

Slides of 97 liver biopsies performed in 87 infants with obstructive jaundice due to neonatal hepatitis and extrahepatic biliary duct atresia were reviewed in order to evaluate the histopathologic criteria for establishment of the diagnosis. Biopsies were interpreted in the absence of clinical information and were designated as representing either hepatitis or biliary atresia. Adequate followup data were available in 64 cases to establish the validity of the diagnosis. Twenty-three of 23 patients diagnosed as having hepatitis either recovered or had demonstration of the patency of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Thirty-nine of 41 patients designated as having atresia were shown to have an obstructive lesion. Of these, 36 were, on the basis of the clinical course, surgical findings, and cholangiographic data, considered to be examples of extrahepatic bile duct atresia. Three patients had liver biopsy changes identical to those of atresia: two choledochal cysts and one obstructive plug of bile in the common bile duct. Two other patients subsequently became anicteric. Diagnostic error, which was based on histopathologic interpretation of both needle and open liver biopsies, was 3.5%.
While 80% of the biopsies were obtained at laparotomy, the application of the cited histopathologic criteria should result in a similarly high degree of accuracy in interpretation of percutaneous needle biopsies.
PEDIATRIC PERCEPTIONS: PEDIATRICS IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Authors: Bates Talcott 
Published: December 2021

On May 22 and 23, 1968, I visited the Health Ministry of Prague, C.S.S.R. A clinic and day nursery were visited, and interviews with physicians and health workens were held. In the light of social and political trends in both the C.S.S.R. and the United States, this visit, informally reported, may be of interest.
On entering the Ministry, which I did without appointment or introduction, I was met by a Miss Anna Vislocka, an attorney, whose job it was to see that I met the proper staff member from a standpoint of mutual interest and linguistic ability, Dr. Jiri Dunovsky.
Dr. Dunovsky is a pediatrician who started his career in practice, developed special interest in abandoned children, became a district pediatrician, and was recently appointed to the Health Ministry. His special responsibilities at the Health Ministry are the social problems of pediatrics, adoption, abandonment, nurseries, and orphanages. He is currently developing a postgraduate course in social pediatrics for doctors in pediatric practice. Dr. Dunovsky and I spent the morning at his office. The following evening, having said he would meet us at our hotel, he took Mrs. Bates and myself out for an evening, which included a visit with several colleagues with whom we talked until the early morning hours. There is a great reservoir of friendship for the United States in Czechoslovakia. The following morning Dr. Amalie Gutman, pediatrician in charge of District 9, Prague, picked me up in her chauffeurdriven car, and we visited a district clinic and a nursery school.
Lewis Webb Hill
Authors: Buffum William F. 
Published: December 2021

The spirit moves me to write about a friend of ours-and of many readers of Pediatricsdr. Dr. Lewis Webb Hill.
Lew Hill died June 30, 1968. Nearly 60 years before, in the class of 1913 at the Haryard Medical School, he and I were together not only at work but also in our few hours of relaxation. From the first, his wry sense of humor added to the enjoyment of those about him. His education continued with a medical internship at the Massachusetts General, the Floating, and the Children Hospitals, all in Boston.