bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypothyreose beim Hund: eine Übersicht
Authors: Strey Sina , Mischke Reinhard , Rieder Johanna 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Hypothyreose stellt eine der häufigsten Endokrinopathien des Hundes dar. In seltenen Fällen ist sie mit anderen Endokrinopathien assoziiert, am häufigsten mit einem Hypoadrenokortizismus. Die Diagnose einer Hypothyreose wird durch die Bestimmung der Konzentration der Schilddrüsenhormone (T4, fT4) und des Thyreoidea-stimulierenden Hormons (TSH) gestellt. Da Schilddrüsenhormonkonzentrationen im Blut durch viele andere Faktoren wie systemische Erkrankungen und Medikamente beeinflusst werden, ist es wichtig, die Befunde zusammen mit klinischen Symptomen zu beurteilen. Gegebenenfalls müssen Stimulationstests und bildgebende Verfahren (Ultraschalluntersuchung, Szintigrafie) durchgeführt werden, um die Diagnose zu erhärten. Die Diagnostik und Therapie einer Hypothyreose erfolgt durch die Substitution des Schilddrüsenhormons Thyroxin. Bestehen weitere Symptome (z. B. Polyurie, Polydipsie oder Gewichtsverlust) bzw. bleibt eine entsprechende Besserung nach Therapiebeginn aus, sollte an das kombinierte Vorliegen anderer Endokrinopathien wie Morbus Addison oder Diabetes mellitus gedacht bzw. die Diagnose der Schilddrüsenunterfunktion kritisch hinterfragt werden. Dieser Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über die aktuelle Therapie und Diagnostik der Hypothyreose.
Eye Banks: Future Perspectives
Authors: Menzel-Severing Johannes , Salla Sabine , Geerling Gerd 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTechnological progress and societal change are transforming medicine, and cornea banks are no exception. New infectiological factors, statutory requirements, management concepts, globalisation and digitalisation are also influencing how such facilities will operate in the future. The goal of providing high quality material to patients with corneal disease remains unaltered. The present article seeks to shed light on the type of material this will involve and under what circumstances it is to be obtained.
Extended Middle Fossa Approach for Trigeminal Schwannoma Resection
Authors: Muhsen Baha'eddin A. , Najera Edinson , Borghei-Razavi Hamid , Adada Badih 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTrigeminal schwannomas are rare benign tumors, it is second most common intracranial schwannomas after vestibular schwannomas. The management includes not limited to observation, stereotactic radiosurgery/radiotherapy, and/or surgical resection. Tumor size and patient clinical status are the most important factors in management.In this video, we describe the technical nuances of an extended middle fossa approach for large trigeminal schwannoma with cavernous sinus extension resection. A 44-year-old right-handed female with several months' history of progressive right facial paresthesia and pain in the distribution of V3 mainly. On physical examination, she had decreased sensation to light touch over the right V1 to V3 distribution with loss of cornel reflex. The brain MRI showed 3.5 cm bilobed mass extends from the pontine root entry zone to the cavernous sinus. Craniotomy was performed and followed by middle fossa dural peeling, peeling of temporal lobe dura away from the wall of the cavernous sinus, extradurally anterior clinoidectomy, drilling of the petrous apex, coagulation of superior petrosal sinus followed incision of the tentorium up to the tentorial notch with preservation the fourth cranial nerve, and tumor dissected away from V1 and then gradually removed from the superior wall of the cavernous sinus.The technique presented here allows for complete tumor resection, safe navigation through the relative cavernous sinus compartments, and minimizes the possibility of inadvertent injury to the cranial nerves.The postoperative course was uneventful except for right eye incomplete ptosis from the swelling. Her facial pain subsided after the surgery without any extra ocular movement impairment.The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/zxi2XK2R9QU.
Cohort of Phenotype, Genotype, and Outcome of SCN Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies from Southern Part of India
Authors: Gowda Vykuntaraju K. , Battina Manojna , Vegda Hemadri , Srinivasan Varunvenkat M. , Chikara Surendra K. , Mishra Adrija , Shivappa Sanjay K. , Benakappa Naveen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe SCN encephalopathies are one of the rare early childhood intractable epileptic encephalopathies associated with pleomorphic seizures, cognitive decline, motor, and behavioral abnormalities that begin in early infancy. There is a dearth of data on phenotype and genotype of SCN encephalopathies from the Indian subcontinent, hence we are reporting clinical and molecular profile and outcome of SCN developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. This is a retrospective chart review of SCN developmental and epileptic encephalopathies in a tertiary care center, Bangalore, India between January 2015 and March 2020. All children with clinical features of SCN developmental and epileptic encephalopathies and confirmed with pathogenic variants were included. A total of 50 cases of SCN developmental and epileptic encephalopathies were analyzed, 31 of them were male and the mean age of presentation was 7.8 months. Precipitating factors for the first episode of seizure were fever and vaccination accounting for 33 and 8 children, respectively. Forty (80%) children had prolonged seizures and 15 (30%) had epileptic spasms. All children had a normal birth history and normal development before the onset of seizures, which was followed by developmental delay and regression. Thirty (60%) children had behavioral difficulties, notable hyperactivity, and autistic features. Neuroimaging and the initial electroencephalogram (EEG) were normal in all patients. The mean age of abnormal EEG was 14 months. The various subtypes of SCN variants were SCN1A in 31 children followed by SCN2A and SCN9A in eight children each and SCN1B in three children. Frameshift and nonsense mutations were associated with more severe phenotype and poor outcome compared with missense mutations. Thirty-four patients partially responded to treatment and the rest were refractory. The results of genetic testing were used to guide treatment; sodium channel blocking antiepileptic drugs were discontinued in 15 patients and sodium channel blocking agents were started in 3 patients with partial response. Three out of four children on stiripentol had a partial response. The SCN developmental and epileptic encephalopathies can present with epileptic spasms in addition to other types of seizures. Epileptic spasms are more common in nonsense and frameshift mutations. The outcome is poor in children with epileptic spasms compared with those without epileptic spasms. Genetic testing helps to select antiepileptic drugs that lead to seizure reduction.
Bacterial Etiology of Neonatal Sepsis, Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile, and Associated Factors at Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
Authors: Das Tapas , Saha Jinia , Pal Kuhu , Barik Kanai L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjective Neonatal sepsis remains to be a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in developing countries like India. This study was aimed to identify the bacterial isolates and study antimicrobial profile among admitted babies with neonatal sepsis.Methods A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted in the sick neonatal wards and neonatal intensive care unit of Burdwan Medical College from March 2017 to February 2018. A total of 299 neonates suspected of neonatal sepsis was evaluated. Diagnosis of neonatal sepsis was made through positive blood culture. Positive samples were subcultured on specific media like blood, chocolate agar, nutrient, Muller–Hinton agar, and MacConkey plates, and the organisms were identified by gram staining and biochemical reactions. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method.Results Overall, 118 blood cultures out of 299 patients (39.46%) were bacteria-positive. Of these, 31.3% cases had early-onset septicemia (EOS), while 68.6% had late-onset septicemia (LOS). The prevalence of sepsis was higher in males (55.9%), preterm babies (58.47%), and low birth weight neonates (37.29%). The highest bacterial strains isolated were Klebsiella spp. (33.8%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (25.8%), Escherichia coli (22.8%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (12.5%), Pseudomonas spp. (2.5%), Enterococcus spp. (1.6%), Acinetobacter spp. (0.8%), and Burkholderia spp. (0.8%). Resistance is high among the gram-negative bacteria, like Enterobacter and Pseudomonas, for piperacillin–tazobactam and cephalosporins but they are mostly sensitive to meropenem, colistin, and levofloxacin. Gram-positive bacteria, like S. aureus, are mostly resistant to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid but highly sensitive to linezolid, vancomycin, azithromycin, and teicoplanin.Conclusion K. spp. and S. aureus are the most common isolates in our study. The level of resistance among the organisms toward conventional antibiotics like amoxicillin, cephalosporins, and piperacillin–tazobactum is alarmingly high. This warrants formulation of a hospital-specific guideline for antibiotic use and periodic review of the same.
Is routine preoperative computed tomography imaging justified in otosclerosis? A retrospective single-centre analysis
Authors: Bassiouni Mohamed , Bauknecht Hans-Christian , Stölzel Katharina , Dommerich Steffen , Olze Heidi 
Published: June 2021

Objectives
The improvement in the quality of CT imaging in recent years has led to increasing use in the preoperative workup before primary stapedotomy. The aim of this study is to determine whether routine CT scanning is justified by analysing whether the detectability of otoclerotic foci in the CT imaging is associated with a different clinical picture or surgical outcome.

Methods
Retrospective analysis of patient charts, CT data sets, preoperative and postoperative audiograms of 41 patients who underwent 47 primary stapedotomies. The preoperative and short-term postoperative audiometric thresholds were analysed at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz.

Results
In 36 of 47 ears (76.5%), fenestral otosclerosis was observed in the CT scans. Among those 36 ‘CT-positive’ ears, five ears (13.8%) showed additional signs of retrofenestral (cochlear) otosclerosis. The preoperative audiogram results showed no significant differences in the air conduction threshold, bone conduction threshold or air-bone gap between the CT-positive and CT-negative groups. The overall average preoperative air-bone gap (26.4 dB ± 8.3 dB) improved to 12 dB (±7.6 dB) postoperatively, without a significant difference between the CT-positive and CT-negative groups.

Conclusion
The detectability of otosclerotic foci on CT scans did not correlate with the preoperative audiogram or the ability to close the air-bone gap postoperatively. The CT scans did not reveal new information that influenced the decision to operate or which side to operate. The findings do not support routine preoperative CT scanning in suspected otosclerosis cases. CT imaging may complement audiological tests in atypical cases. Even in straightforward cases, preoperative CT scanning may be offered to patients in order to guide the preoperative counselling. However, the patients should be made aware of the associated radiation risks.
Impacts of climate change and distribution of precipitation on hydroelectric power generation in Turkey
Authors: Bulut U , Sakalli A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The growing energy demand besides the rapidly developing consumer sector is of great importance on a global scale. In this study, hydroelectric energy recovery in Turkey, which is affected by the negative consequences of climate change, were taken into account. Increased irregular rainfall patterns and drought events as a consequence of global climate change pose a significant danger to hydroelectric power potential. Kızılırmak River has an important position on account of hydroelectric energy. In this study, the yearly flow rates of 2 stations determined by months in the Kızılırmak basin were supplied from the State Water Works (DSI) current and observation annuals. Analysis was conducted for two stations between 2005 and 2015. In addition, using ERA5 Ensemble satellite data, the group was analyzed using “ climate data operators” (CDO), a map of Turkey’s total annual average rainfall and annual average temperature with a resolution of 12.5 km x 12.5 km between 1979 and 2019. According to our analysis, Turkey’s average annual precipitation between 1979-2019 was 527.61 mm, and the highest annual average temperature in the 30-year data set between 1979-2019 was 15.31°C in 2010 and 2018. The average temperature in 2019 is 14.96°C.
Effect of secondary carbides on the core-rim structure evolution of TiC-based cermets
Authors: Chen Min , Zhang Xuefeng , Xiao Xuan , Zhao Haiquan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Herein, the effect of adding VC with different contents and Mo2C, WC and TaC on the core-rim structure evolution of TiC-based cermets was investigated using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Results show that the added secondary carbides exhibiting the same crystal stucture as TiC are prone to solid dissolution in TiC grains and change the core-rim stuctures of TiC-based cermets. With the addition of only VC, (Ti,V)C is the main component in the black core-grey rim structure and increasing the VC content is beneficial for promoting the dissolution process of cores. With the addition of multiple carbides, the core-rim structure in cermet Ta-7 is effectively improved, showing a high percentage of white core-grey rim structures, and the mechanical properties are improved.
The Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker on the Outcome of Hospitalization of Patients With Hypertension and COVID-19
Authors: Zhuang Xi-jing , Wang Wen-jun , Zhao Xiao-hui , Wei Wei , Fan Wei-wang , Gao Kai , He Sheng-xiu , Lin Hai-long 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
To study the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) on the outcome of hospitalization in patients with hypertension and novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Methods
A retrospective analysis was performed in 202 COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in Thunder-God Hospital, Wuhan from 12 February 2020 to 30 March 2020. According to whether taking ACEI or ARB, 67 (33.0%) patients with hypertension were divided into 3 groups: A, patients received ACEI or ARB after admission (n = 22); B, patients received ACEI or ARB before admission but interrupted after admission (n = 24); and C, patients were not treated with ACEI or ARB before or after admission (n = 21). Changes of therapeutic indicators in all groups of patients and their application relationship with ACEI/ARB were compared and analyzed.

Results
There were no significant differences in age, gender, blood pressure, underlying disease severity, or serum biochemical indicators (ALT, LDH, creatinine, and creatine kinase levels) at admission among 3 groups (all P &gt; 0.05). During hospitalization, there were no significant differences in COVID-19-related treatment, oxygen use, hospital mortality, recovery and discharge rate, or days of throat swab nucleic acid turning negative among 3 groups (all P &gt; 0.05). The proportion of calcium channel blocker in groups B and C was higher than group A (95.8% and 85.7% vs. 40.9%, P &lt; 0.01), but there was no significant difference in blood pressure or compliance rates at discharge (P &gt; 0.05). Group A, B, and C patients were hospitalized for 27.4 ± 6.4, 30.0 ± 8.8, and 30.1 ± 9.3 days, respectively (all P &gt; 0.05). Compared with admission values, there were no significant differences in serum ALT, LDH, creatinine, or creatine kinase levels among all 3 groups during hospitalization (all P &gt; 0.05).

Conclusions
ACEI or ARB has no significant effect on the outcome of hospitalization in patients with hypertension and COVID-19.
XII—A New Method for Value Aggregation
Authors: Easwaran Kenny 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Many axiological theories ground the goodness or badness of options in the aggregate of the goodness or the badness of these options for individuals. Most commonly, this works by summing (or averaging), and taking the expectation of this result if there is uncertainty. Such theories face problems dealing with infinite populations, for which sums or averages are infinite or undefined. They fetishize certain mathematical operations, in a subject that is not inherently mathematical. The fact that the sum is the target of maximization is said to mean that the theory ignores the separateness of persons. I propose an extension of my 2014 paper, ‘Decision Theory without Representation Theorems’. I illustrate how the resulting theory can account for a case involving an infinite population, dealing with the objections. I connect this to the theory of measurement, and explain why the mathematical operations are co-extensive with the result without grounding it. Because there is no sum in these infinite populations, it avoids the worry that aggregative theories treat individuals as secondary to some aggregate.
Functional Connectivity in Infancy and Toddlerhood Predicts Long-Term Language and Preliteracy Outcomes
Authors: Yu Xi , Ferradal Silvina L , Sliva Danielle D , Dunstan Jade , Carruthers Clarisa , Sanfilippo Joseph , Zuk Jennifer , Zöllei Lilla , Boyd Emma , Gagoski Borjan , Ou Yangming , Grant P Ellen , Gaab Nadine 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Functional connectivity (FC) techniques can delineate brain organization as early as infancy, enabling the characterization of early brain characteristics associated with subsequent behavioral outcomes. Previous studies have identified specific functional networks in infant brains that underlie cognitive abilities and pathophysiology subsequently observed in toddlers and preschoolers. However, it is unknown whether and how functional networks emerging within the first 18 months of life contribute to the development of higher order, complex functions of language/literacy at school-age. This 5-year longitudinal imaging project starting in infancy, utilized resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and demonstrated prospective associations between FC in infants/toddlers and subsequent language and foundational literacy skills at 6.5 years old. These longitudinal associations were shown independently of key environmental influences and further present in a subsample of infant imaging data (≤12 months), suggesting early emerged functional networks specifically linked to high-order language and preliteracy skills. Moreover, emergent language skills in infancy and toddlerhood contributed to the prospective associations, implicating a role of early linguistic experiences in shaping the FC correlates of long-term oral language skills. The current results highlight the importance of functional organization established in infancy and toddlerhood as a neural scaffold underlying the learning process of complex cognitive functions.
Lateralized Decrease of Parvalbumin+ Cells in the Somatosensory Cortex of ASD Models Is Correlated with Unilateral Tactile Hypersensitivity
Authors: Deemyad Tara , Puig Stephanie , Papale Andrew E , Qi Hang , LaRocca Gregory M , Aravind Deepthi , LaNoce Emma , Urban Nathaniel N 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInhibitory control of excitatory networks contributes to cortical functions. Increasing evidence indicates that parvalbumin (PV+)-expressing basket cells (BCs) are a major player in maintaining the balance between excitation (E) and inhibition (I). Disruption of E/I balance in cortical networks is believed to be a hallmark of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we report a lateralized decrease in the number of PV+ BCs in L2/3 of the somatosensory cortex in the dominant hemisphere of Shank3−/− and Cntnap2−/− mouse models of ASD. The dominant hemisphere was identified during a reaching task to establish each animal’s dominant forepaw. Double labeling with anti-PV antibody and a biotinylated lectin (Vicia villosa lectin [VVA]) showed that the number of BCs was not different but rather, some BCs did not express PV (PV−), resulting in an elevated number of PV− VVA+ BCs. Finally, we showed that dominant hindpaws had higher mechanical sensitivity when compared with the other hindpaws. This mechanical hypersensitivity in the dominant paw strongly correlated with the decrease in the number of PV+ interneurons and reduced PV expression in the corresponding cortex. Together, these results suggest that the hypersensitivity in ASD patients could be due to decreased inhibitory inputs to the dominant somatosensory cortex.
Rectal Hypersensitivity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Roberts Christopher , Albusoda Ahmed , Farmer Adam D , Aziz Qasim 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Abdominal pain is a key symptom of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly in active IBD, but also occurs in patients with quiescent disease suggesting that mechanisms other than active inflammation may be responsible. Putative hypothesis to explain chronic abdominal pain in patients with quiescent IBD includes crossover with irritable bowel syndrome where rectal hypersensitivity is common and has pathophysiological implications. In contrast, in IBD, the role of rectal hypersensitivity has not been established. We aimed to determine if rectal hypersensitivity was more common in IBD compared to a healthy control population. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (1970–2018). Prospective studies that measured pain/discomfort thresholds to mechanical rectal stimuli in IBD and healthy controls were included. Data were pooled for meta-analysis and effect sizes were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Our search strategy identified 222 citations of which 8 met the inclusion criteria, covering 133 individuals with IBD (67 men), aged between 10 and 77 compared to 99 healthy controls (55 men), aged between 10 and 67. The prevalence of rectal hypersensitivity in IBD compared to healthy controls was similar with an effect size of 0.59 (95% CIs: −0.27 to 1.44, P = .16, I2 = 87.3%). Subgroup analysis did show a significant effect size for patients compared to healthy controls with active disease (1.32) but not for quiescent disease (−0.02). These results suggest that reduced rectal pain thresholds to experimental stimulation are not seen in IBD populations except during active flares of the disease. Further research is required to understand the pathophysiology of chronic abdominal pain in quiescent IBD populations with and without chronic abdominal pain to identify appropriate management strategies.