bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary stable isotope analyses for propellant discrimination in shotshells
Authors: Kim Nam Yee , Song Byeong‐Yeol , Kim Dong‐Hwan , Jung Min‐ji 
Published: February 2021

RationaleThis study aimed to develop methods to determine the identity and trace the origin of propellants used in shotshells. Specifically, the use of organic component and stable isotope analysis techniques, such as bulk stable isotope analysis (BSIA) and compound‐specific isotope analysis (CSIA) techniques, for the study of shotshell propellants was investigated.MethodsNine samples of shotshell propellants from different manufacturing countries and brands were analyzed for explosive and additive components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and thin‐layer chromatography. BSIA of the propellants was achieved using elemental analysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry without a pretreatment process. For the CSIA of nitroglycerin, double‐base powder propellants were extracted with ether, and the isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen were measured by gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry.ResultsNine samples drawn from seven brands in four countries were classified into five groups by organic component analysis, while eight classification groups were identified by BSIA. Thus, two samples could not be distinguished from each other by either BSIA or organic component analysis. Subsequently, with the use of results obtained with CSIA for nitroglycerin, all the samples could be classified into different groups. These findings suggest that the nine propellant samples were all composed of different ingredients or raw materials from different sources.ConclusionsStable isotope ratio analyses were performed for propellant discrimination. The combined BSIA, CSIA and organic component analysis techniques were able to successfully distinguish the nine shotshell propellants from seven brands sourced from four different countries, and the results suggested that the samples contained different ingredients or raw materials from different sources. We therefore can conclude that reliable results can be obtained using combined isotope analysis methods such as CSIA and BSIA for origin tracing and identity determination.
Unusual presentation of recurrent follicular lymphoma as diffuse granular shadow
Authors: Ito Takayasu , Okachi Shotaro , Ishikawa Yuichi , Shimada Satoko , Wakahara Keiko , Hashimoto Naozumi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA 75‐year‐old man was diagnosed with advanced follicular lymphoma because of enlarged cervical lymph nodes. He received chemotherapy and was in complete remission for four years. However, after four years, he developed diffuse lymphadenopathy in the abdominal and iliac area suspected to be recurrent follicular lymphoma. At the time, he was asymptomatic and did not have any accompanying lung lesions. Due to his asymptomatic state, careful monitoring was chosen. Later, he developed diffuse granular shadow in the lung fields. A definite diagnosis was difficult to achieve without histological findings. Therefore, transbronchial lung biopsy of the lesions was performed. The pathology and immunohistochemistry of the lesions revealed recurrent follicular lymphoma. Although the frequency of recurrent follicular lymphoma presenting with diffuse granular shadow is uncommon, recurrent malignant lymphoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in case with a history of malignant lymphoma.
Mycobacterium simiae pulmonary infection: a case series and literature review
Authors: Lotfi Hadi , Sankian Mojtaba , Meshkat Zahra , Khalifeh Soltani Ahmad , Aryan Ehsan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIncidence of Mycobacterium simiae pulmonary infection is increasing and diagnosis and treatment are challenging. We surveyed the clinical features, risk factors, diagnosis, and management in 20 patients from northeastern Iran diagnosed by line probe assay and confirmed by sequencing the ITS (16S‐23S) rRNA region and carried out a literature review using the keywords “pulmonary infection” and “Mycobacterium simiae.” The mean age of patients was 55.1 years, with 80% female and 90% diagnosed by sputum. Clinical symptoms included severe cough (90%), sputum production (70%), haemoptysis (50%), and chest pain (35%). Comorbidities included a history of tuberculosis (60%), smoking (40%), or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (20%). Patients were treated with levofloxacin, clarithromycin, and co‐trimoxazole. Except for two patients, the clinical symptoms improved. Mycobacterium simiae pulmonary infection is increasing in people with underlying diseases. Although choosing the most appropriate treatment remains a challenge, combining successful treatments could be useful in treating these patients.
Influence of oxytetracycline on boron adsorption at the hematite–water interface: A macroscopic and in situ ATR–FTIR study
Authors: Anuo Christopher O. , Rakshit Sudipta , Essington Michael E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe veterinary antibiotic (VA) oxytetracycline (OTC) is used widely in confined animal feeding operations for treating animal diseases, as a prophylactic, and as a growth promoter. Oxytetracycline can enter the environment via various pathways, including runoff from stored manure stockpiles, and applications of manure or contaminated irrigation water to agricultural lands. Once present, OTC may potentially interfere with the biogeochemical cycling of micronutrients, such as boron (B). Iron oxides are known to control the phytoavailability of B via adsorption reactions. Here, we evaluated the influence of OTC on B retention on hematite under various solution properties using macroscopic and in situ attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR) spectroscopic experiments. We found that the extent of B adsorption was reduced in the presence of OTC, whereas OTC retention was not affected by B. The spectroscopic results suggested B retention through the formation of trigonal and tetragonal inner sphere surface species on hematite. These results also indicated that in the presence of OTC the B adsorption mechanisms were altered. Surface complexation modeling, coupled with inner sphere surface complexation of both B and OTC, successfully predicted the B adsorption on hematite and the decrease of B adsorption in the presence of OTC. Our results will improve understanding the biogeochemical cycling of B in the presence of VAs.
Novel Multifunctional Hybrid Molecules Constructed from β‐Carboline and Naphthalene Anhydride: Aggregation, Deaggregation and Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Lin Yonggang , Zhang Dan , Li Le , Zhang Yuanzheng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA series of hybrid molecules (CA‐1, CA‐2, CA‐3 and CA‐4) containing carbazole, β‐carboline, naphthalene anhydride linked together by triazole ring were synthesized via click chemistry reaction. The photophysical properties of four hybrid molecules showed that aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) phenomenon was discovered as the water‐phase ratio increases. According to X‐ray single crystal diffraction date of CA‐3, it was clearly revealed that CA‐3 and CA‐4 with β‐carboline unit aggregated in water solution through π‐π stacking and hydrogen bonding. Significantly, the coordination of CA‐3 and CA‐4 to metal ions effectively promoted molecular deaggregation. In addition, CA‐3 successfully developed into a ratio fluorescent probe for Al3+ detection in tap water due to its fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect, providing a feasible way for sensing applications of multifunctional hybrid molecules.
Radio‐ and Fluorescent‐Labeling of Rituximab Based on the Inverse Electron Demand Diels‐Alder Reaction
Authors: Fernanda García María , de Souza Junqueira Mara , da Silva Mororó Janio , Camacho Ximena , de Paula Faria Daniele , de Godoi Carneiro Camila , Gallazzi Fabio , Chammas Roger , Quinn Thomas , Cabral Pablo , Cerecetto Hugo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe bioorthogonal reaction between[1,2,4,5]tetrazines with trans‐cyclooctene through the inverse electron demand Diels‐Alder (IEDDA) has been described as powerful bioconjugation tool. In this work, we explore the IEDDA as a modular conjugation strategy for in vitro and in vivo labeling of Rituximab for the generation of radioactive and fluorescently label immunoconjugates. The strategy allowed the generation, in vitro and in vivo, of conjugated Rituximab with cyanine 5 and 7 and the gamma emmiter technetium‐99m.
Thermal Driven High Crystallinity of Bismuth as Robust Catalyst for CO2 Electroreduction to Formate
Authors: Guo Dianliang , Wang Xiaoshan , Yang Zhongxue , Wang Wenhang , Ning Hui , Wu Mingbo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractElectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) can convert greenhouse gases into high value‐added carbon‐based fuels and chemicals, providing a sustainable way to solve energy and environmental crises. Bismuth based catalysts have been found with excellent performance towards CO2 electroreduction to formate but facing great challenge in exploring simple synthesis methods. Herein, the bismuth nanospheres (Bi NSs) with controlled crystallinity were synthesized through a facile solvothermal method following by annealing treatment under Argon protection. For the first time, we demonstrate the catalytic performance of Bi NSs was closely related to the crystallinity. High crystallinity endows Bi NSs with more distinct grain boundaries, providing more active sites for CO2 electroreduction. In a broad potential range from −1.0 to −1.4 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), a high faradaic efficiency of 91∼95 % towards formate was achieved on the high crystallinity Bi NSs.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization of NaCoO2 as Cathode Material in 2 M NaOH Aqueous Electrolyte
Authors: Shiprath Kudekallu , Manjunatha Hanumanthrayappa , Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram , Anil Babu Tadiboyina , Ramesh Singampalli , Chandra Babu Naidu Kadiyala , Ramesha Muniyappa 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis work reports an electro‐analytical study of NaCoO2 as cathode material synthesized by a low‐temperature combustion method for aqueous sodium‐ion batteries. The synthesized cathode material was electrochemically characterized in 2 M NaOH aqueous electrolyte. The obtained material‘s physical characteristics are investigated by X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), Thermo‐Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to evaluate its crystal structure, crystal size, composition, and surface morphology. From SEM images, the crystal size of the synthesized NaCoO2 is found to be varying between 50–100 nm with good crystallinity. From TGA studies, the material shows thermal stability up to around 300 °C with maximum weight loss at about 375 °C. Electrochemical behaviour of NaCoO2 in 2 M aqueous sodium electrolytes are evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge‐discharge techniques. The cell, NaTi2(PO4)3/2 M NaOH/NaCoO2 constructed in aqueous 2 M NaOH is found to deliver a discharge capacity of 89 mAh g−1 at C/10 rate. It retains its initial capacity over 55 cycles and at a high Crate of 1 C a discharge capacity of 34 mAh g−1 was obtained which can be compared with that obtained for NaCoO2 in non‐aqueous battery systems.
In Situ Porphyrin Substitution in a Zr(IV)‐MOF for Stability Enhancement and Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Kong Xiang‐Jing , He Tao , Zhou Jian , Zhao Chen , Li Tong‐Chuan , Wu Xue‐Qian , Wang Kecheng , Li Jian‐Rong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDespite numerous inherent merits of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), structural fragility has imposed great restrictions on their wider involvement in many applications, such as in catalysis. Herein, a strategy for enhancing stability and enabling functionality in a labile Zr(IV)‐MOF has been proposed by in situ porphyrin substitution. A size‐ and geometry‐matched robust linear porphyrin ligand 4,4′‐(porphyrin‐5,15‐diyl)dibenzolate (DCPP2−) is selected to replace the 4,4′‐(1,3,6,8‐tetraoxobenzo[lmn][3,8]phenanthroline‐2,7(1H,3H,6H,8H)‐diyl)dibenzoate (NDIDB2−) ligand in the synthesis of BUT‐109(Zr), affording BUT‐110 with varied porphyrin contents. Compared to BUT‐109(Zr), the chemical stability of BUT‐110 series is greatly improved. Metalloporphyrin incorporation endows BUT‐110 MOFs with high catalytic activity in the photoreduction of CO2, in the absence of photosensitizers. By tuning the metal species and porphyrin contents in BUT‐110, the resulting BUT‐110‐50%‐Co is demonstrated to be a good photocatalyst for selective CO2‐to‐CO reduction, via balancing the chemical stability, photocatalytic efficiency, and synthetic cost. This work highlights the advantages of in situ ligand substitution for MOF modification, by which uniform distribution and high content of the incoming ligand are accessible in the resulting MOFs. More importantly, it provides a promising approach to convert unstable MOFs, which mainly constitute the vast MOF database but have always been neglected, into robust functional materials.
Influence of Pore Architecture and Chemical Structure on the Sodium Storage in Nitrogen‐Doped Hard Carbons
Authors: Schutjajew Konstantin , Pampel Jonas , Zhang Wuyong , Antonietti Markus , Oschatz Martin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHard carbon is the material of choice for sodium ion battery anodes. Capacities comparable to those of lithium/graphite can be reached, but the understanding of the underlying sodium storage mechanisms remains fragmentary. A two‐step process is commonly observed, where sodium first adsorbs to polar sites of the carbon (“sloping region”) and subsequently fills small voids in the material (“plateau region”). To study the impact of nitrogen functionalities and pore geometry on sodium storage, a systematic series of nitrogen‐doped hard carbons is synthesized. The nitrogen content is found to contribute to sloping capacity by binding sodium ions at edges and defects, whereas higher plateau capacities are found for materials with less nitrogen content and more extensive graphene layers, suggesting the formation of 2D sodium structures stabilized by graphene‐like pore walls. In fact, up to 84% of the plateau capacity is measured at potentials less than 0 V versus metallic Na, that is, quasimetallic sodium can be stabilized in such structure motifs. Finally, gas physisorption measurements are related to charge–discharge data to identify the energy storage relevant pore architectures. Interestingly, these are pores inaccessible to probe gases and electrolytes, suggesting a new view on such “closed pores” required for efficient sodium storage.
“This Is Crazy…She’s Real”: How Fourth‐Grade Readers Establish Source Authority
Authors: Walsh‐Moorman Elizabeth , Hovick Kate 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA classroom teacher and a university researcher examined what criteria fourth‐grade students use to examine text authority and how traditional and new literacy skills may support such evaluation. Results of this case study indicate that students rely heavily on traditional reading skills, including background knowledge and vocabulary skill, to evaluate digital sources. Furthermore, the concept of expert is complex for students, who view it as an interaction between personal experience and objective evidence of authority, such as experience and education. The study shows how explicit instruction and continual practice are necessary to prepare students for web‐based reading and research.
On Certain Sums of Arithmetic Functions Involving the GCD and LCM of Two Positive Integers
Authors: Heyman Randell , Tóth László 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe obtain asymptotic formulas with remainder terms for the hyperbolic summations $$\sum _{mn\le x} f((m,n))$$

∑

m
n
≤
x

f

(

(
m
,
n
)

)

and $$\sum _{mn\le x} f([m,n])$$

∑

m
n
≤
x

f

(

[
m
,
n
]

)

, where f belongs to certain classes of arithmetic functions, (m, n) and [m, n] denoting the gcd and lcm of the integers m, n. In particular, we investigate the functions $$f(n)=\tau (n), \log n, \omega (n)$$

f
(
n
)
=
τ
(
n
)
,
log
n
,
ω
(
n
)

and $$\Omega (n)$$

Ω
(
n
)

. We also define a common generalization of the latter three functions, and prove a corresponding result.
Coronakinderstudien „Co-Ki“: erste Ergebnisse eines deutschlandweiten Registers zur Mund-Nasen-Bedeckung (Maske) bei Kindern
Authors: Schwarz Silke , Jenetzky Ekkehart , Krafft Hanno , Maurer Tobias , Martin David 
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Bei Kindern- und Jugendlichen häufen sich Narrative über Beschwerden durch das Tragen eines Mund-Nasen-Schutzes (Maske). Weltweit existiert bisher kein Register für mögliche Nebenwirkungen von Masken.

Methode
Im Rahmen des www.Co-Ki.de Multi-Studienkomplexes wurde ein Online-Register aufgebaut, im dem Eltern, Ärzt*innen, Pädagog*innen und andere ihre Beobachtungen zu den Auswirkungen des Tragens einer Maske bei Kindern und Jugendlichen eintragen können. Am 20.10.2020 wurden 363 Ärzt*innen eingeladen, Eintragungen zu tätigen und auf das Register hinzuweisen.

Ergebnisse
Bis zum 26.10.2020 hatten 20.353 Personen an der Umfrage teilgenommen. Allein die Gruppe der Eltern gab Daten zu 25.930 Kindern ein. Die angegebene durchschnittliche Tragedauer der Maske lag bei 270 min am Tag. Die Eingebenden berichten zu 68 %, dass Kinder über Beeinträchtigungen durch das Maskentragen klagen. Zu den Nebenwirkungen zählten Gereiztheit (60 %), Kopfschmerzen (53 %), Konzentrationsschwierigkeiten (50 %), weniger Fröhlichkeit (49 %), Schul‑/Kindergartenunlust (44 %), Unwohlsein (42 %), Beeinträchtigungen beim Lernen (38 %) und Benommenheit/Müdigkeit (37 %).

Diskussion
Dieses weltweit erste Register zur Erfassung von Auswirkungen des Tragens eines Mund-Nasen-Schutzes bei Kindern und Jugendlichen widmet sich einer neuen Forschungsfrage. Eine Verzerrung im Hinblick auf die präferenzielle Dokumentation besonders schwer betroffener Kinder oder den Schutzmaßnahmen grundsätzlich kritisch gegenüberstehenden Personen lässt sich nicht ausschließen. Die Nutzungshäufigkeit und das Symptomspektrum weisen auf die Wichtigkeit des Themas hin und rufen nach repräsentativen Surveys, randomisierten kontrollierten Studien mit verschiedenen Maskensorten und nach einer Nutzen-Risiko-Abwägung der Maskenpflicht bei der vulnerablen Gruppe der Kinder.
High union rates following surgical treatment of proximal fifth metatarsal stress fractures
Authors: Hollander Julian J. , Rikken Quinten G. H. , Dahmen Jari , Stufkens Sjoerd A. S. , Kerkhoffs Gino M. M. J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The primary purpose of this study was to determine the union rate and time for surgical- and non-surgical treatment of stress fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal (MT5). The secondary purpose was to assess the rate of adverse bone healing events (delayed union, non-union, and refractures) as well as the return to sports time and rate.

Methods
A literature search of the EMBASE (Ovid), MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases until March 2020 was conducted. Methodological quality was assessed by two independent reviewers using the methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS) criteria. The primary outcomes were the union time and rate. Secondary outcomes included the delayed union rate, non-union rate, refracture rate, and return to sport time and rate. A simplified pooling technique was used to analyse the different outcomes (i.e. union rate, time to union, adverse bone healing rates, return to sport rate, and return to sport time) per treatment modality. Additionally, 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the union rate, adverse bone healing rates, and the return to sport rate.

Results
The literature search resulted in 2753 articles, of which thirteen studies were included. A total of 393 fractures, with a pooled mean follow-up of 52.5 months, were assessed. Overall, the methodological quality of the included articles was low. The pooled bone union rate was 87% (95% CI 83–90%) and 56% (95% CI 41–70%) for surgically and non-surgically treated fractures, respectively. The pooled radiological union time was 13.1 weeks for surgical treatment and 20.9 weeks for non-surgical treatment. Surgical treatment resulted in a delayed union rate of 3% (95% CI 1–5%), non-union rate of 4% (95% CI 2–6%) and refracture rate of 7% (95% CI 4–10%). Non-surgical treatment resulted in a delayed union rate of 0% (95% CI 0–8%), a non-union rate of 33% (95% CI 20–47%) and a refracture rate of 12% (95% CI 5–24%), respectively. The return to sport rate (at any level) was 100% for both treatment modalities. Return to pre-injury level of sport time was 14.5 weeks (117 fractures) for surgical treatment and 9.9 weeks (6 fractures) for non-surgical treatment.

Conclusion
Surgical treatment of stress fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal results in a higher bone union rate and a shorter union time than non-surgical treatment. Additionally, surgical and non-surgical treatment both showed a high return to sport rate (at any level), albeit with limited clinical evidence for non-surgical treatment due to the underreporting of data.

Level of evidence
Level IV, systematic review.
Spectra of Jacobi Operators via Connection Coefficient Matrices
Authors: Webb Marcus , Olver Sheehan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe address the computational spectral theory of Jacobi operators that are compact perturbations of the free Jacobi operator via the asymptotic properties of a connection coefficient matrix. In particular, for Jacobi operators that are finite-rank perturbations we show that the computation of the spectrum can be reduced to a polynomial root finding problem, from a polynomial that is derived explicitly from the entries of a connection coefficient matrix. A formula for the spectral measure of the operator is also derived explicitly from these entries. The analysis is extended to trace-class perturbations. We address issues of computability in the framework of the Solvability Complexity Index, proving that the spectrum of compact perturbations of the free Jacobi operator is computable in finite time with guaranteed error control in the Hausdorff metric on sets.