bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Nutrient Foramen in Humerus
Authors: Sintakala Chandan , Manandhar Prabina 
Published: December 2021

Background
Nutrient foramen is the gateway for the nutrient artery to provide nutrition in different parts of the bone which play important role in healing during fracture, trauma and also important for bone grafting. The aim the study is to identify the number of nutrient foramen in dry humerus and to observe direction as well as allocation of the nutrient foramen in surfaces and borders.
Methods
The sample for the study were collected from medical and dental colleges of Nepal in years ranging from 2018 to 2020 AD and the height were measured by the help of using vernier caliper, probe was introduced in nutrient foramen to confirmed its direction. The numbers of nutrient foramen were noted in copy and analyzed the statistics by using software called the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 20.
Results
In the study of 200 sample of humerus from the department of anatomy from different medical and dental college of Nepal includes Nepal Medical College, Kathmandu University School of Medical Science, M.B. kedia Dental College and Lumbini Medical College. Out of 200 sample, 74 were right and 126 were left Humerus of human body. In 143 bone (i.e. 71.5%) a single nutrient foramen is present, in 44 bone (i.e. 22.0%) double nutrient foramen is present and triple nutrient foramen was also observed in 9 bone (i.e. 4.5%)whereas in 4 bone (i.e. 2.0%) no nutrient foramen were noticied. It was also noticed that nutrient foramen in 173, 15 and 3 bones were observed at medial, lateral and posterior border respectively. According to the foraminal index 1(0.5%) bone comes under Zone I, 182(91%) in zone II and zone III consists of 13(6.5%) bone and average foramina index of bone is calculated as 56.18 and the average length of Humerus is calculated as 27cm. Pearson correlation is significant at the 0.05 level which is significant for bone having single, double and triple nutrient foramen. In the study the nutrient foramen of 98.47% (193) Humerus directed downward toward the distal end of bone whereas in 1.53% (3) of bone nutrient foramen is directed vertically downward and no nutrient foramen is directed upward toward the proximal end.
Conclusions
Most of the nutrient foramen of humerus follows as per rule where as some of the bone with no nutrient foramen were founded and our result support the former researchers too.
Assessment and Correlation of Uric Acid Concentration in Saliva and Serum of Patients Attending Tertiary Care Centre
Authors: Gautam Surakchhya , Thapa Sangita , Khapung Anju 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Background
Serum uric acid (UA) is associated with many health conditions, including renal, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Diagnosis and monitoring often require painful invasive procedures which will add undue stress to the patients. The aim of this study was to correlate salivary and serum UA, so that, salivary sampling will help to bypass these measures and evaluate the condition of both healthy and the diseased.
Methods
This hospital based descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in 100 participants between age groups 21 to 82 years. Demographic data including height, weight and blood pressure were recorded. Serum and salivary samples were collected and UA level in both type of samples were estimated and correlation statistics was carried out.
Results
Total participants are categorized in three groups, 20-40, 41-60 and more than 60 years, among which maximum participants 43% are between 41-60 years of age. Average of body mass index (BMI) was found to be 24.46, where 50% were within normal range. Mean serum and salivary UA(mg/dl) was 4.15 and 1.90 respectively, exhibiting moderate positive correlation. They were correlated with significant “p-value” according to gender, age groups and disease conditions. Paired t- test was done between the measured and calculated salivary UA and no statistically significant difference in mean of these two values was obtained.
Conclusions
Salivary and serum UA are associated in our study so salivary UA can be used as a biomarker. Salivary UA was found to be more gender specific and specific among adults. Salivary UA can also be used as a screening tools for young and adult population.
Pattern of Injury among Orthopaedic Inpatients in a Teaching Hospital in Central Nepal
Authors: Bidary Suraj , Pandey Suresh , Gupta Hemant Kumar , Aryal Roshani , Bhattarai Kushal 
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Injury is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally with the majority of them being orthopaedic in nature and are the resultants of fall, road traffic accidents (RTA), physical assault amongst others. The aim of this study was to determine the patterns of musculoskeletal injury among orthopaedic inpatients in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Nepal.
Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted in the department of orthopaedic surgery at College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital (COMS-TH), Bharatpur from January to December 2019. Patients presenting with orthopaedic injury and admitted and treated as inpatients were assessed for their demographic details, mode of injury and other patterns of injury and descriptive analysis was done.
Results: In a total of 1027 patients, the mean age was 33.4 years (range: 1.0 - 95.0). Most of them (74.5%) were male. Right side was the most predominant side of injury (53.8%). Students were most commonly affected groups (34.8%). RTA was the most common mode of injury (66.9%). The commonest pattern of injury was fracture (70.1%). Closed bony injuries were sustained by 74.1%. Head injury was the most commonly associated injury.
Conclusions: The commonest mode of injury was RTA. Closed fracture was the most common type of fracture. Extremity injury was the most common site and head injury was the commonest associated injury. These patterns can serve as valuable tools in clinical decision making and further research studies.
Histological Studies on Foetal Thyroid Gland of Developing Human Foetuses
Authors: Mukhia Rajeev , Mansur Dil Islam , Pandey Mahendra Raj 
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Thyroid gland is the first endocrine gland to develop. It is one of the organs of interest for researchers since a long time. Though, detailed study about adult thyroid is there in the literature but histological study of thyroid gland at different stages in the foetal period is far and few. The present study aims to assess the histogenesis of thyroid gland and also to correlate the functional activity with structural changes in thyroid gland.
Methods: The study was carried out on 30 foetal thyroid gland of known gestational age ranging from 10 to 38 weeks foetuses. The midline dissection of neck was done to expose the thyroid gland. After tissue processing, paraffin blocks were prepared. All sections were stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin stain.
Results: In the foetuses, below 12th gestational week no colloid was detected in thyroid gland. First appearance of colloid was observed at 14th gestational week. Parafollicular cells were found after 17th gestational week. Capsule thickness and gland vascularity increased with advancement of gestational age. The size of the peripheral follicles is larger than the central follicles.
Conclusions: The study concluded the developmental stage of foetal thyroid as Precolloidal stage, Colloid formation stage, Follicular stage and Maturation stage in different gestational weeks. The knowledge on the growth and differentiation of foetal thyroid will be helpful to the clinicians to judge the thyroid structure in preterm babies.
Prevalence of Anxiety and its Associated Factors Among Patients Admitted at a Tertiary Neurosurgical Center in Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Gajuryal Sharad Hari , Pant Basant , Chandra Avinash , Acharya Sameer , Rajbhandari Pravesh , Shrestha Gambhir , Ghimire Navalok Sharma 
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The co-existence of anxiety disorders in patients with neurological and neurosurgical disease is in association with barriers to treatment and worsening medical outcomes. This study aims to identify the prevalence and correlation of anxiety in a tertiary neurological center in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary neurological center in Kathmandu in patients undergoing major neurosurgical procedure. A semi-structured questionnaire including socio-demographic characteristics and medical history were used to collect data. Nepali translated Hospital Anxiety Scale, AUDIT, and Fragesterum Questionnaire were used to assess the anxiety level, alcohol dependence and tobacco dependence among the participants respectively. Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression were used to test the association of anxiety with independent variables.
Results: A total of 260 patients participated in this study with the mean age of 45.7 ( SD 17.9) years. Out of total participants, 174 (66.9%) were found to have anxiety. Anxiety was found to be associated with older age group (OR=0.333, 95% CI=0.19-0.58), low education level (OR=2.176, CI=1.28-3.70) and presence of at least one chronic disease other than neurological condition (OR=2.034, 95% CI=1.14-3.63).
Conclusions: This study revealed a high prevalence of anxiety in patient who are undergoing neurosurgical procedure. The need for a focused approach to mental health care within the hospital should be implemented with a friendly environment making better relationships between patient and healthcare staff.
Role of Ultrasonography in Predicting Gastro-oesophageal Varices in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Gyawali Merina , Acharya Ramesh Raj 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionUpper Gastrointestinal endoscopy is considered the best screening tool in detecting gastroesophagealvarices in patients with cirrhosis. Ultrasonography of the abdomen can be used forassessment of liver and portal system. This research was undertaken to demonstrate that theportal vein diameter and splenic size by ultrasonography can be used as a non-invasive predictorof gastro-esophageal varices.
MethodsA cross-sectional hospital based study comprising of 290 consecutive patients with liver cirrhosiswere enrolled between November 2019 to November 2020. Clinical profile at admission andsonological splenic size and portal vein diameter were studied in all cirrhotic patients. Patientswere classified into 2 groups: one with presence of varices and second without varices. Data entrywas done in Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences version 20.
ResultsThe mean age of subjects was 52±13.26 years with a range of 27 – 82 years of age (M:F=2:1). Thecommonest etiology of cirrhosis was chronic alcohol consumption. The prevalence of varices incirrhotics was 42.8%. Average portal vein diameter of patients without gastro-esophageal variceswas 11.12 ± 1.36 mm, while it was 12.81 ± 1.62 mm in patients with varices (p < 0.001). Averagespleen size in cirrhotics without varices was 12.44 ± 1.32 cm and with varices was 14.32 ± 2.42 cm.This difference was also statistically significant (p < 0.001).
ConclusionsMeasurement of portal vein diameter and spleen size by ultrasonography can be recommendedas a non invasive predictor for gastro-oesophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis .
Keywords: cirrhosis; portal vein diameter; spleen size; ultrasonography; gastro-oesophageal varices
Demographic Profile of Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy at a Tertiary Care Centre in Central Nepal
Authors: Belbase Narayan Prasad , Karki Mukesh , Dewan Kush Raj , Mishra Rohit 
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Colonoscopy is one of the useful diagnostic tool to evaluate lower gastrointestinal tract. Theaim of this study was to evaluate patient characteristics, common symptoms, colonoscopicfindings and histopathology findings by reviewing colonoscopy procedures.
Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at College of Medical Sciences and teaching hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal over a period of three years (1st January 2017 – 31st December 2019). Census sampling method was used to retrieve the data. Patients characteristics, indications, duration of symptoms and findings were retrieved from the endoscopy record register and histopathology finding of those patients whose biopsy were taken were retrieved from the pathology department record file.
Results: Over a three years period 324 colonoscopy were reviewed.The mean age of the study populationwas 48.77+/-17.35 years. Male to female ratio was 1.38:1. The most common indication forcolonoscopy was pain abdomen with mucus in stool in 25.3% patients followed by bleedingper rectum in 21.3% patients. Other than normal colonoscopy the most common findings wereHaemorrhoids in 20.1% patients and inflammatory or ulcerative lesions in 17.6% patients.Colorectal malignancy was seen in 6.48% patients. Colonoscopic biopsy was done in 114patients. The common biopsy findings were ulcerative colitis in 12.7%, adenomatous polypin 6.8%, adenocarcinoma in 6.5% of the total study patients.Poorly differentiated carcinomawas found more in the younger age group and males were more commonly affected withcolorectal cancers than females.Conclusions: The most common indication for colonoscopy was pain abdomen with mucus in stool in25.3% patients. The common findings were Haemorrhoids in 20.1% patients and inflammatoryor ulcerative lesions in 17.6% patients. Colorectal malignancy was seen in 6.48% patients.The common biopsy findings were ulcerative colitis in 12.7%, adenomatous polyp in 6.8%,adenocarcinoma in 6.5% of the total study patients. Males were more commonly affected withcolorectal cancers than females.Keywords: Colonoscopy, lower gastrointestinal tract, colorectal cancer, ulcerative colitis,haemorrhoids.
Patient-reported Satisfaction Among Psychiatry Admission In A Tertiary-Care Teaching Hospital In Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Joshi S , Thakur T , Shakya R 
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Satisfaction among the patients reflects the quality of care provided. Patient demographics, diagnosis, and chronicity of illness, institutional, and/or medical factors have been found as contributing factors in different studies. This study aims to evaluate the satisfaction among psychiatric inpatients in a tertiary care center.
Material and Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study on the inpatients at the Department of Psychiatry of a tertiary care` teaching hospital in Nepal during a one-year study period from May 2015 to June 2016. We interviewed the inpatients at the time of discharge and collected data on the demographic and clinical characteristics, the satisfaction of treatment received, and sought any suggestions to improve the services. We summarized the numerical variables with the median and inter-quartile range (IQR) and the categorical variables as proportion.
Results: Of the 286 patients admitted during the study period, 122 patients responded (42.6%). The median age was 32 years (IQR 22-43) and the majority were male (73, 59.8%), married (78, 63.9%), skilled labor or student (26, 21.3%) by occupation, and had secondary level education (31, 25.4%). Most of the patients reported satisfaction (115, 94.2%) with the care received. Among the different domains of satisfaction, most positive responses were seen in the treatment (116, 95.08%) and the least in the treatment cost (57, 46.7%). Suggestions on the improvement of infrastructure of the ward and subsidy in the treatment cost were received.
Conclusion: Most of the inpatients reported satisfaction with the care they received. Further exploration into different domains of satisfaction is needed.
Relationship Between Stressful Life Events And Depression
Authors: Subedi A , Khattri JB , Tirkey S , Lamichhane RP 
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Stressful life events are associated with mental health breakdown. Many researches had shown that depression was preceded by stressful life events. The objective of this study was to measure the prevalence of significant score of stress scale in patients diagnosed as depressive episode. The next objective was to find out the association between the different sociodemographic variables and stress score and whether age is the predictor of stress score or not.
Material And Method: The patients diagnosed as depressive episodes were selected from the out-patient unit of Department of Psychiatry of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. The proforma was used to collect the sociodemographic profile of the patient and Holmes and Rahe’s stress scale was applied. The diagnosis of depressive episode was made according to the International Classification of Disease-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. The stress score more than 150 was considered as significant stress score in this study.
Results: The prevalence of significant stressful life events was 42%. The sociodemographic variables found that prevalence of stressful life events was found higher in female gender, illiterate individual, married and business/employed individual. The age of the patient was not the predictors of stress score in this study.
Conclusion: These findings help us to understand that stressful life events were associated with depression. Effective coping skills and psychological interventions will improve quality of life in stressed individual.
Кроскультурні особливості репрезентації концепту «старість» у мовній картині сучасного світу
Authors: Tokareva Natalya , Kolly-Shamne Anzhelika , Makarenko Natalya 
Published: December 2021

Вступ. Стаття презентує результати кроскультурного аналізу проблеми когнітивно˗семантичного моделювання суб’єктивного образу старості в сучасному соціокультурному просторі. Робота була виконана в рамках авторського дослідницького проекту, спрямованого на визначення тенденцій концептуалізації вікових періодів генези буття в мовній свідомості респондентів різних вікових та соціокультурних груп.
Мета статті передбачала виявлення кросскультурних особливостей мовленнєво-розумової об’єктивації концепту «Старість» в мовній картині сучасного інформаційного світу. Предмет дослідження набуває особливої актуальності в умовах демографічного старіння людства.
Методи дослідження. Психолінгвістичний контент дослідження зумовив використання методу концептуального аналізу словникових дефініцій для отримання вихідного переліку інтегрованих значень базового рівня концепту «Старість». Спрямований асоціативний експеримент, контент-аналіз і семантико-інтерпретаційний аналіз даних дозволили окреслити асоціативне поле лексеми-стимулу із зазначенням абсолютної частотності кожного асоціата в площині кросскультурного вимірювання.
Вибірка була представлена різновіковими респондентами (від 17 до 93 років), котрі проживають у країнах із різним рівнем соціокультурної та економічної захищеності старіння (в Україні, США, Швейцарії).
Результати. За результатами вивчення 1845 асоціативних відповідей-реакцій і текстових фрагментів респондентів були виділені одиниці квантифікації семантичного поля досліджуваного концепту: ядро фізіологічний сегмент значень) і периферійна частина (соціокультурний та психологічний сегменти значень). Доведено, що соціокультурний континуум позначення феноменології старості в міжкультурному вимірі мовної картини світу моделює особливу семантичну зону мовної свідомості особистості.
Висновки. Статистично підтверджено, що основні трансформації суб’єктивного образу старості в семантичному просторі мовної особистості відбуваються в сегменті соціокультурних маркерів, який в цілому обумовлює варіативні стратегії старіння особистості.
Отримані результати суттєво доповнюють представлені науковим співтовариством матеріали щодо кросскультурних тенденцій концептуалізації індикаторів старіння людини в сучасному суспільстві.
Комунікативна толерантність vs комунікативна інтолерантність як генеративна проблема
Authors: Kalmykov Heorhii , Dobroskok Stefaniya , Chyzhma Diana , Endeberia Irina , Kyhtuik Oksana 
Published: December 2021

Вступ. У статті з позицій постулатів і положень психолінгвістики обговорюються результати оцінки сучасних досліджень, присвячених комунікативній толерантності (КТ) та комунікативній інтолерантності (КІ) представників соціономічних професій.
Мета. Метою статті є: (а) обговорення результатів систематичного огляду і системної оцінки сучасних досліджень з КТ, які презентують наукові погляди вчених з різних країн світу на цю проблему; (б) виявлення, наскільки в розвідках, які за своєю назвою претендують на вирішення проблеми КТ, справді розкривається мовленнєво-мовний аспект комунікації, що відноситься до компетенції психолінгвістики і слугує подальшому її розвитку як прикладної науки.
Методи і методики. У процесі моніторингу сучасних досліджень з означеної проблематики використовувався комплекс теоретичних методів: (а) систематичний огляд і системний аналіз публікацій, надрукований в журналах, що входять у “Scopus” і “Web of Science”; (б) класифікація проаналізованих досліджень; (в) систематизація отриманих якісних показників і узагальнення результатів огляду й аналізу; (г) дослідницький синтез і формулювання висновків. Концепція дослідження містить низку психолінгвістичних положень, які висвітлюють авторське розуміння феноменів, що обсервуються, розкриває методологічні підходи, на яких ґрунтується методика цієї розвідки, і передбачає дослідницькі дії за евристичним, аналітичним і оціночним алгоритмами. Згідно з означеними алгоритмами методика дослідження реалізується за етапами: (1) пошуковий; (2) відбірковий; (3) аналітичний; (4) класифікаційний; (5) системоутворювальний; (6) оцінювальний; (7) узагальнювально-синтезувальний.
Результати. У результатах дослідження висвітлюються різні підходи дослідників до КТ і КІ, висловлюється думка авторів цієї статті про релевантність / нерелевантність виконаних розвідок проблематиці комунікації, доцільність/недоцільність, здійснених дослідницьких процедур, підсумовуються результати аналізу й наданої оцінки, подаються дискусійні положення щодо неправомірного ототожнення окремими науковцями комунікації й інтеракції, комунікації і спілкування.
Висновки. Здійснений систематичний огляд і системний аналіз дав змогу: (а) критично, за об’єктивними науковими (якісними) даними оцінити сучасні дослідження з КТ/КІ як такі, що неправомірно і необґрунтовано тлумачать комунікацію як інтеракцію, не звертаючись до властивих їй психолінгвістичних ознак; (б) презентувати власне наукове розуміння КТ / КІ як психолінгвістичних феноменів та визначити відповідні їм поняття. Ототожнення комунікації з ітеракцією (складовою спілкування) спричиняє нетермінологічне використання терміносполучень “комунікативна толерантність/комунікативна інтолерантність”, термінологічну неупорядкованість, підміну понять, зміщення акцентів в емпіричних розвідках комунікації в бік іншого предмету дослідження.