bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abnormal regulation of microRNAs and related genes in pediatric β‐thalassemia
Authors: Wang Haiwei , Chen Meihuan , Xu Shiyi , Pan Yali , Zhang Yanhong , Huang Hailong , Xu Liangpu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundMicroRNAs (miRNAs) participate in the reactivation of γ‐globin expression in β‐thalassemia. However, the miRNA transcriptional profiles of pediatric β‐thalassemia remain unclear. Accordingly, in this study, we assessed miRNA expression in pediatric patients with β‐thalassemia.MethodsDifferentially expressed miRNAs in pediatric patients with β‐thalassemia were determined using microRNA sequencing.ResultsHsa‐miR‐483‐3p, hsa‐let‐7f‐1‐3p, hsa‐let‐7a‐3p, hsa‐miR‐543, hsa‐miR‐433‐3p, hsa‐miR‐4435, hsa‐miR‐329‐3p, hsa‐miR‐92b‐5p, hsa‐miR‐6747‐3p and hsa‐miR‐495‐3p were significantly upregulated, whereas hsa‐miR‐4508, hsa‐miR‐20a‐5p, hsa‐let‐7b‐5p, hsa‐miR‐93‐5p, hsa‐let‐7i‐5p, hsa‐miR‐6501‐5p, hsa‐miR‐221‐3p, hsa‐let‐7g‐5p, hsa‐miR‐106a‐5p, and hsa‐miR‐17‐5p were significantly downregulated in pediatric patients with β‐thalassemia. After integrating our data with a previously published dataset, we found that hsa‐let‐7b‐5p and hsa‐let‐7i‐5p expression levels were also lower in adolescent or adult patients with β‐thalassemia. The predicted target genes of hsa‐let‐7b‐5p and hsa‐let‐7i‐5p were associated with the transforming growth factor β receptor, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/AKT, FoxO, Hippo, and mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathways. We also identified 12 target genes of hsa‐let‐7a‐3p and hsa‐let‐7f‐1‐3p and 21 target genes of hsa‐let‐7a‐3p and hsa‐let‐7f‐1‐3p, which were differentially expressed in patients with β‐thalassemia. Finally, we found that hsa‐miR‐190‐5p and hsa‐miR‐1278‐5p may regulate hemoglobin switching by modulation of the B‐cell lymphoma/leukemia 11A gene.ConclusionThe results of the study show that several microRNAs are dysregulated in pediatric β‐thalassemia. Further, the results also indicate toward a critical role of let7 miRNAs in the pathogenesis of pediatric β‐thalassemia, which needs to be investigated further.
The validity and reliability of the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics‐9 items Scale in Turkish health care professionals
Authors: Uzun Necati , Akça Ömer Faruk , Bilgiç Ayhan , Chung Seockhoon 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThere is a need for a valid and reliable measurement tool that will detect the psychological symptoms of health care workers in the epidemic and pandemic periods that have been effective worldwide in recent years. This study has aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics‐9 items Scale (SAVE‐9) in Turkish health care professionals. The study was carried out with 150 health care professionals. All participants were asked to complete the SAVE‐9, Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7 (GAD‐7), Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). The Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated. Also, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to evaluate the factor structure. The SAVE‐9 scores positively correlated with the PHQ‐9, GAD‐7, and negatively correlated with the BRS. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported two‐factor structure similar to the original scale. The first factor consists of five items (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8), and the second factor consists of three items (6, 7, 9). The Cronbach's α coefficient was found as 0.77. The Turkish version of SAVE‐9 is a valid and reliable tool for Turkish health care professionals.
Gabapentinoid Pharmacology in the Context of Emerging Misuse Liability
Authors: Evoy Kirk E. , Peckham Alyssa M. , Covvey Jordan R. , Tidgewell Kevin J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article will review the epidemiology and pharmacology of gabapentinoids (gabapentin and pregabalin) relevant to their emerging misuse potential and provide guidance for clinical and regulatory management. Gabapentinoids are γ‐aminobutyric acid analogues that produce their therapeutic effects by inhibiting voltage‐gated calcium channels and decreasing neurotransmitter release. Recently gabapentinoid prescribing and use have increased tremendously. Although traditionally thought to possess a favorable safety profile, gabapentinoid misuse has also risen significantly. Gabapentinoid misuse generally occurs in combination with other substances, most notably opioids, and may be for purposes of eliciting euphoric effects, enhancing the effects of other substances, or self‐treating conditions such as withdrawal, pain, anxiety, or insomnia. Given its faster onset, increased bioavailability and potency, and nonsaturable absorption, pregabalin's pharmacokinetics theoretically enhance its misuse liability versus gabapentin. However, gabapentin can produce similar euphoric effects, and epidemiologic studies have identified higher rates of gabapentin misuse in the United States, likely because of greater availability and less regulated prescribing. Although adverse events of gabapentinoid‐only ingestion are relatively benign, a growing body of evidence indicates that gabapentinoids significantly increase opioid‐related morbidity and mortality when used concomitantly. In addition, significant withdrawal effects may occur on abrupt discontinuation. As a result of these trends, several US states have begun to further regulate gabapentinoid prescribing, reclassifying it as a controlled substance or mandating reporting to local prescription drug‐monitoring programs. Although increased regulation of gabapentin prescribing may be warranted, harm reduction efforts and increased patient and provider education are necessary to mitigate this concerning gabapentinoid misuse trend.
Clinical Pharmacology of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS): Implications for Benefits and Risks in the Promotion of the Combusted Tobacco Endgame
Authors: Benowitz Neal L. , St.Helen Gideon , Liakoni Evangelia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractElectronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) such as e‐cigarettes and heated tobacco products are novel battery‐operated devices that deliver nicotine without combustion of tobacco. Because cigarette smoking is sustained by nicotine addiction and the toxic combustion products are mainly responsible for the harmful effects of smoking, ENDS could be used to promote smoking cessation while exposing users to lower levels of toxicants compared with conventional cigarettes. The currently available evidence from clinical and observational studies indicates a potential role of e‐cigarettes as smoking cessation aids, although many continue to use e‐cigarettes long after quitting smoking. Nicotine and toxicant delivery vary considerably by device and depend on the characteristics of the e‐liquid formulation. Because smokers tend to titrate their nicotine intake to maintain their desired pharmacologic effects, device and liquid characteristics need to be considered when using ENDS as an aid to quit smoking. Factors potentially limiting their use are the currently still unknown long‐term safety of these products and concerns regarding widespread use among youth. Implications of clinical pharmacology data on ENDS for the cigarette endgame and regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug administration are discussed.
Pharmacologic Similarities and Differences Among Hallucinogens
Authors: Waters Kristin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHallucinogens constitute a unique class of substances that cause changes in the user's thoughts, perceptions, and mood through various mechanisms of action. Although the serotonergic hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and N,N‐dimethyltryptamine have been termed the classical hallucinogens, many hallucinogens elicit their actions through other mechanisms such as N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonism, opioid receptor agonism, or inhibition of the reuptake of monoamines including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. The aim of this article is to compare the pharmacologic similarities and differences among substances within the hallucinogen class and their impact on physical and psychiatric effects. Potential toxicities, including life‐threatening and long‐term effects, will be reviewed.
Clinical utility and cost‐effectiveness analysis of chromosome testing concomitant with chromosomal microarray of patients with constitutional disorders in a U.S. academic medical center
Authors: Su Meng , Page Stephanie , Haag Mary , Swisshelm Karen , Hennerich Deborrah , Graw Sharon , LeRoux Jamie , Brzeskiewicz Peter , Svihovec Shayna , Bao Liming 
Published: August 2021

AbstractChromosomal microarray (CMA) is now widely used as first‐tier testing for the detection of copy number variants (CNVs) and absence of heterozygosity (AOH) in patients with multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), developmental delay (DD), and/or intellectual disability (ID). Chromosome analysis is commonly used to complement CMA in the detection of balanced genomic aberrations. However, the cost‐effectiveness and the impact on clinical management of chromosome analysis concomitant with CMA were not well studied, and there is no consensus on how to best utilize these two tests. To assess the clinical utility and cost‐effectiveness of chromosome analysis concomitant with CMA in patients with MCA, ASD, DD, and/or ID, we retrospectively analyzed 3,360 postnatal cases for which CMA and concomitant chromosome analysis were performed in the Colorado Genetic Laboratory (CGL) at the University Of Colorado School Of Medicine. Chromosome analysis alone yielded a genetic diagnosis in two patients (0.06%) and contributed additional information to CMA results in 199 (5.92%) cases. The impact of abnormal chromosome results on patient management was primarily related to counseling for reproductive and recurrence risks assessment (101 cases, 3.01%) while a few (5 cases, 0.15%) led to changes in laboratory testing and specialist referral (25 cases, 0.74%). The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of combined testing demonstrated the cost of each informative chromosome finding was significantly higher for patients with clinically insignificant (CI) CMA findings versus clinically significant (CS) CMA results. Our results suggest that a stepwise approach with CMA testing with reflex to chromosome analysis on cases with CS CMA findings is a more cost‐effective testing algorithm for patients with MCA, ASD, and/or DD/ID.
New‐onset atrial fibrillation in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)
Authors: Ergün Bişar , Ergan Begüm , Sözmen Melih Kaan , Küçük Murat , Yakar Mehmet Nuri , Cömert Bilgin , Gökmen Ali Necati , Yaka Erdem 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundMortality in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is high, therefore, it is essential to evaluate the independent effect of new‐onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) on mortality in patients with COVID‐19. We aimed to determine the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of NOAF in a cohort of critically ill patients with COVID‐19.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study on patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with a diagnosis of COVID‐19. NOAF was defined as atrial fibrillation that was detected after diagnosis of COVID‐19 without a prior history. The primary outcome of the study was the effect of NOAF on mortality in critically ill COVID‐19 patients.ResultsNOAF incidence was 14.9% (n = 37), and 78% of patients (n = 29) were men in NOAF positive group. Median age of the NOAF group was 79.0 (interquartile range, 71.5‐84.0). Hospital mortality was higher in the NOAF group (87% vs 67%, respectively, P = .019). However, in multivariate analysis, NOAF was not an independent risk factor for hospital mortality (OR 1.42, 95% CI 0.40‐5.09, P = .582).ConclusionsThe incidence of NOAF was 14.9% in critically ill COVID‐19 patients. Hospital mortality was higher in the NOAF group. However, NOAF was not an independent risk factor for hospital mortality in patients with COVID‐19.
Myth of the Eternal State: Armenian Outlaws, American Outsiders, and the Ottoman Search for Order
Authors: Sahin Emrah 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFocusing on violent Ottoman contexts, this study explores state behavior, charts criminal taxonomy, and contributes to the state‐outlaw paradigm an analytical conduit through which to explain state responses to the outlaws on discursive and institutional levels. At the center of this study are several cases that demonstrate the engagement of local outlaws with evangelical outsiders named George Knapp, George White, and Ellen Stone. It is my contention that, while mitigating specific activities involving these outlaws and outsiders, the state under study invents new traditions, empowers security networks, claims unaccountability, and executes double standards in pursuit of social order within its borders.
Gingival tissue as a reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Preliminary results of a cross‐sectional observational study
Authors: Sereme Youssouf , Pólvora Tábata Larissa S. , Rochereau Nicolas , Teixeira Lucas Ribeiro , Santana Rodrigo Carvalho , Paul Stephane , da Fonseca Benedito Antonio Lopes , Bourlet Thomas , Pozzetto Bruno , Lourenço Alan Grupioni , Motta Ana Carolina F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundDespite combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), total cure of immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) infection remains elusive. Chronic periodontitis (CP) is strongly associated with HIV‐1 infection. This condition is characterized by an intense inflammatory infiltrate mainly constituted of immune cells which in turn may be a valuable source of HIV‐1 reactivation. This study aimed to determine if gingival tissue could act as a reservoir for HIV‐1.MethodsTwelve patients with HIV‐1 and CP and 12 controls (no HIV‐1‐infection and no CP) were evaluated in a cross‐sectional study. RNA viral load and interleukin (IL) levels were determined in blood plasma and saliva. Histological sections of gingival tissue were stained with fluorescent antibodies against p24 antigen and different cellular biomarkers.ResultsIn six of the 12 patients, HIV RNA load was detected, despite cART; in three of them, expression of viral RNA was also detected in saliva. The levels of IL‐2, IL‐6, and IL‐12 were higher in blood and saliva of patients with HIVand CP than controls. HIV‐1 p24 antigen was detected by immunostaining in gingival biopsies of 10 of the 12 patients but in no controls. Immune markers for T cells and antigen‐presenting cells were also identified in most patients and some controls.ConclusionThese preliminary data showing the detection of HIV‐1 p24 antigen in the gingival biopsies of a significant part of patients with HIV‐1 and CP under cART together with the presence of immune cells, plead for the existence of a HIV‐1 reservoir in the gingival tissue of this population.
A review of artificial intelligence methods combined with Raman spectroscopy to identify the composition of substances
Authors: Pan Liangrui , Zhang Peng , Daengngam Chalongrat , Peng Shaoliang , Chongcheawchamnan Mitchai 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn general, most of the substances in nature exist in mixtures, and the noninvasive identification of mixture composition with high speed and accuracy remains a difficult task. However, the development of Raman spectroscopy, machine learning, and deep learning techniques has paved the way for achieving efficient analytical tools capable of identifying mixture components, thus leading to an apparent breakthrough in the identification of mixtures beyond traditional chemical analysis methods. This review summarizes the work of Raman spectroscopy in identifying the composition of substances; reviews the preprocessing process of Raman spectroscopy, artificial intelligence analysis methods, and analysis procedures; and examines the application of artificial intelligence. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages and development prospects of Raman spectroscopy are discussed in detail.
Fruit tree leaves as valuable new source of tocopherol and tocotrienol compounds
Authors: Wojdyło Aneta , Turkiewicz Igor Piotr , Tkacz Karolina , Hernandez Francisca 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDNowadays it is highly important to find new, cheap and widely available sources of tocopherol and tocotrienol compounds, and leaves are promising unconventional sources. The main goal of this study was to extend the currently limited knowledge concerning tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers composition determined using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection analysis for various fruit tree leaves such as apple, pear, quince, apricot, peach, plum, sour cherry and sweet cherry. The leaves were collected 2 weeks after tree blooming and after fruit collection. Tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers were identified and quantified for the first time in all fruit tree leaves.RESULTSThe total tocopherol content ranged from 203.34 to 260.86 μg g−1 dry weight for spring leaves and from 23.83 to 235.62 μg g−1 dry weight for autumn leaves and consisted mainly of α‐tocopherol. The rest of the isomers of tocopherol and tocotrienols were also found, but in trace amounts. A significantly lower content of tocopherols and tocotrienols was detected in leaves after autumn collection of fruits compared to leaves collected after blooming. Among the analyzed leaves, time collected and species were significantly more important than their cultivars. Regarding quantification analysis, apricot > peach > > plums > apples leaves were identified as the best sources of tocopherols, and sweet and sour cherry leaves exhibited a lower content.CONCLUSIONFruit tree leaves are a novel significant source and good material for isolation of α‐tocopherol for application in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals or in the food industry – for example, production of beverages or other functional foods. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
A Burning Question: What are the Implications of Forest Fires for Woodland Caribou?
Authors: Konkolics Sean , Dickie Melanie , Serrouya Robert , Hervieux Dave , Boutin Stan 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTCanada's federal recovery strategy for boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) classifies areas burned by forest fire as disturbed habitat. This assignment of fire as a disturbance has potential economic and social implications across Canada, and influences plans and actions to achieve caribou conservation and recovery. Previous researchers have reported caribou avoid burned habitat, but these studies did not typically consider unburned residual patches within fire perimeters. Additionally, the implications of burned habitat on individual caribou survival is unclear. We examined resource selection by boreal woodland caribou of burns, and unburned residual patches, using global positioning system (GPS) locations for 201 caribou across 6 caribou populations in Alberta, Canada. We also examined if burned habitat affected the survival of adult female caribou. Caribou avoided burns and unburned residual patches. Increased use of burned habitats, however, did not lower the survival of adult caribou. Collectively, these results provide evidence to support current assertions that burns, and the embedded unburned residual patches are not preferred caribou habitat and increase our understanding of the implications of forest fire for caribou vital rates. Our investigation offers important information about the role of forest fire in caribou ecology and enhances the identification of disturbed habitat under recovery strategy guidelines to effectively address caribou population declines. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Elk Responses to Management Hunting and Hazing
Authors: Jones Jennifer D. , Proffitt Kelly M. , Paterson J. Terrill , Almberg Emily S. , Cunningham Julie A. , Loveless Karen M. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTHuman‐wildlife conflicts are widespread around the world and result in property damage, disease spillover, financial loss, and decreased tolerance of wildlife. Increasing elk (Cervus canadensis) populations and land‐use changes in the western United States are challenging resource managers tasked with managing conflict. Lethal and non‐lethal management actions are commonly used to remove elk from conflict zones where they are not desired. We used radio‐collar location data collected from female elk in 2 study areas in Montana, USA, from 2017–2020 to evaluate population‐ and individual‐level responses to management actions (i.e., hunting, hazing) and environmental factors (i.e., weather, season, time of day). First, we used a generalized linear model with a logit link to evaluate the effects of hunting, hazing, time period, seasonality, and weather on the proportion of collared elk that used a conflict zone. Second, we used an ordinary linear model to assess the influence of hunting, hazing, seasonality, and weather on the duration of time that individual elk remained away from conflict zones. The proportion of elk using conflict zones was reduced by hunting, modestly reduced by hazing and increasing snowpack for 1 study area, increased at night, and decreased by a seasonal trend across months. The time individual elk remained away from conflict zones increased with the number of hazing events that occurred during an event and showed a modest seasonal trend increasing across months. For 1 study area, time away increased with the number of hunting days during an event and increasing snowpack, but the increase was biologically trivial. Our results indicate mixed responses of elk to hunting and hazing actions and provide evidence that management actions can influence elk use of conflict areas. Agencies trying to reduce conflicts may want to consider a combination of hunting and hazing, while accounting for site‐specific characteristics to keep elk away from conflict zones. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Geometric Phase in Optics: From Wavefront Manipulation to Waveguiding
Authors: Jisha Chandroth Pannian , Nolte Stefan , Alberucci Alessandro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGeometric phase is a unifying and central concept in physics, including optics. As a matter of fact, optics played a pivotal role from the inception of this new paradigm, as some of the first experimental demonstrations have been carried out in optics. A specific type of geometric phase was first introduced by Pancharatnam while investigating interference effects between different polarizations. This specific type of geometric phase, nowadays called the Pancharatnam–Berry phase, is related to the variation of light polarization, encompassing exotic properties when compared with the dynamic phase associated with the optical path. The most widespread manifestation of the Pancharatnam–Berry phase occurs in the presence of a twisted anisotropic material, yielding a point‐wise phase modulation proportional to the local rotation angle of the material. Here the basic mechanism behind the Pancharatnam–Berry phase is discussed. The various applications of this relatively original concept in photonics are then reviewed, presenting both the most important results and manufactured devices reported in literature. The interplay between geometric phase and diffraction occurring in bulk structures is discussed in detail. In the latter case it is shown how geometric phase can be harnessed to generate a new kind of optical waveguide without the necessity of any index gradient.