bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidermal T cell subsets—Effect of age and antigen exposure in humans and mice
Authors: Gadsbøll Anne‐Sofie Østergaard , Jee Mia Hamilton , Ahlström Malin Glindvad , Dyring‐Andersen Beatrice , Woetmann Anders , Ødum Niels , Johansen Jeanne Duus , Geisler Carsten , Bonefeld Charlotte Menné 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundEpidermal T cells play a central role in immune surveillance and in inflammatory skin diseases. Major differences in the epidermal T cell composition are found between adult humans and antigen‐inexperienced laboratory mice. Whether this is due to inborn species differences, to different environmental exposures, or a combination of the two is a matter of debate.ObjectivesTo investigate the role of age and exposure to antigens on epidermal T cell subsets in human and mouse skin.MethodsWe isolated T cells from the epidermis from 19 infants and 26 adults, and determined the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T cells and γδ T cells by flow cytometry. In addition, we determined the epidermal T cell composition in antigen‐inexperienced and antigen‐experienced mice.ResultsWe found that humans are born with very few epidermal T cells. The number increases and the composition changes with age. In antigen‐inexperienced mice, the epidermal T cell composition is unaffected by age, but it is dramatically affected by antigen exposure.ConclusionTaken together, we show that antigen exposure, as opposed to age, is the major factor determining the composition of epidermal T cells, suggesting that the skin of antigen‐experienced mice better reflects the immunological conditions in human skin.
Memory T helper cells identify patients with nickel, cobalt, and chromium metal allergy
Authors: Blom Lars H. , Elrefaii Sali A. , Zachariae Claus , Thyssen Jacob P. , Poulsen Lars K. , Johansen Jeanne D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundPatch testing is the gold standard for identifying culprit allergens in allergic contact dermatitis; however, it is laborious and positive reactions are difficult to quantitate. Development of complementary in vitro tests is, therefore, of great importance.ObjectivesThis study aimed to improve the in vitro lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) to detect allergic responses to nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and chromium (Cr).MethodsTwenty‐one metal allergic patients with a positive patch test to Ni (n=16), Co (n=8), and Cr (n=3) and 13 controls were included. All were tested by a flow cytometric LPT.ResultsMetal‐reactive cells were identified as T helper (Th) cells with high expression of the memory marker CD45RO. Skin‐homing (cutaneous lymphocyte‐associated antigen positive [CLA+]) Ni‐reactive memory Th (Thmemhi) cells identified individuals with a positive patch test for Ni with 100% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI] 81%‐100%) and 92% specificity (95% CI 67%‐100%). Moreover, Co‐specific Thmemhi cells expressing CCR6 identified patients with a positive patch test for Co with 63% sensitivity (95% CI 31%‐86%) and 100% specificity (95% CI 77%‐100%). In Cr allergic individuals, Cr‐reactive Thmemhi cells tended to increased CLA and CCR6 expression.ConclusionMetal‐reactive Th cells with high expression of CD45RO and coexpression of CLA and CCR6 improved the LPT, making it an attractive supplement to the patch test.
A simulation study of the economic and health impact of a diabetes prevention programme in Ireland
Authors: Pierse Tom , O'Neill Stephen , Dinneen Sean F. , O'Neill Ciaran 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimsType 2 diabetes is a major public health issue that has a large effect on society including its health and social services. The aims of this paper are to generate a projection of the number of cases and explore the potential impact of a preventive intervention targeted at people with pre‐diabetes on disease prevalence, complications, mortality and cost.MethodsA Markov simulation model of diabetes and pre‐diabetes in Ireland, for the period 1991 to 2036, was generated based on international epidemiological data. The simulation was calibrated with the available Irish data on the prevalence of pre‐diabetes, diabetes and diabetic complications. The economic and health impact of a hypothetical nationwide preventive intervention programme, which reduces the incidence by a factor consistent with the international literature, was estimated under three scenarios of alternative effectiveness and uptake.ResultsThe estimated number of people over 40 years of age with type 2 diabetes in Ireland is projected to increase from 216,000 in 2020 to 414,000 in 2036. A prevention programme, based on the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme, is estimated to result in a reduction of between 2000 (0.5%) and 19,000 (4.6%) in the number of prevalent cases of diabetes in 2036 resulting in substantial health and quality of life benefits.ConclusionsA wide range of initiatives with uncertain outcomes will be required to reduce the impact of obesity and type 2 diabetes. A diabetes prevention programme seems likely to be worth pursuing as one element of this set of initiatives.
Impact of ambivalent attitudes on green purchase intentions: The role of negative moods
Authors: Wang Dahai , Weisstein Fei L. , Duan Shen , Choi Pilsik 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhile negative moods (e.g., anxiety and depression) deriving from environmental problems have become a common public concern, little is known about how consumers’ negative mood states affect their green purchase intentions, especially when consumers hold ambivalent attitudes toward buying green products. This paper addresses these issues through four studies of Chinese consumers. Our findings demonstrate that highly ambivalent attitudes toward green products decrease green purchase intentions (Study 1). This negative effect is weakened when consumers are in a more (as opposed to less) anxious mood (Studies 2 and 3) but strengthened when consumers are in a more (as opposed to less) depressed mood (Study 4). Both effects are more prominent among low‐ambivalence consumers than high‐ambivalence consumers. This research shows that not all negative mood states have the same influence on consumers’ green purchase decision making.
Environmental Conscious Design: An Introduction to EDST
Authors: Yu Steven Y. , Zhang Hong-Chao , Ertas Atila 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Industrial companies are facing more pressure to improve the recyclability performance of their new designed products. The concept of Environmental Conscious Design (ECD) has been adopted to assist more concerning about the environmental impact of the products at the early stage of designing. This new trend requires that the design strategy should be modified to integrate environmental constraints. This paper develops an Environmental Design Support Tool (EDST) to help designers improve their product in aspect of the environment. The proposed EDST is capable of evaluating the new designed product in terms of environmental sustainability, i.e., material selection, recyclability evaluation, and disassemblability analyses.
CAD Training Using Interactive Computer Sessions Emphasizing Design Intent
Authors: Rodriguez Jorge , Ridge James , Dickinson Amy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This project addresses the need to train CAD users on proper modeling methodology. New CAD software empowers designers with the flexibility of parametric or variational design. These feature-based parametric modeling packages allow modification of a solid model by changing its dimensional parameters; however, incorrect modeling methodology may cause failure in the design stage. Failures occur when modified dimensions cause a conflict within the geometry of the model. An option being used is to train designers on capturing the Design Intent of a system through proven techniques in the modeling process. This training is based on interactive computer sessions that guide the designer and allow him/her to explore what-if scenarios. This project sought to identify proven techniques in the modeling process for capturing the Design Intent of mechanical systems. The familiar components of a bicycle provided a basis for exploration. Pro/Enginner™ software was used in this study. Nine lessons were created and tested by professionals. Beta testing was conducted at Steelcase-Chair Division with positive feedback from novice and advanced CAD users.
Object-Oriented Implementation of Finite Element Methodology
Authors: Kumar Ashok V. , Yu Lichao 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A modular object-oriented framework for finite element method is presented. The framework represents an abstract implementation of the finite element methodology. This ensures that minimal changes are required when extending the software to add new element type and analysis capability. The modular nature of the framework enables easy maintanence and reuse of the software. Furthermore, it ensures that the changes required for extension and maintanence of the software are local in nature. The framework was implemented to show the effectiveness of the approach and tested by implementing simple elements and solvers. The potential for easy extension of the software to cover all varieties of boundary value problems and solver algorithms is discussed.
Computational Modeling for the Dynamic Simulation of Paper and its Application to Some Paper Handling Problems
Authors: Sekimoto Shinya , Ukai Makoto 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the paper handling problems in highspeed labor saving machines. Non-linear finite element analyses are done for a lightweight and flexible plate or beam leaping from a sliding constraint and colliding against a rigid wall. The fluid force of air and the paper elasticity are taken into account. The elastic property of paper is identified by comparing the “self-bending test” and the finite element analysis. The effect of geometrical stiffness with an initial deformation is studied. The change of the flying orbit is shown with flat paper and geometrically stiffened paper. The behavior of paper after colliding against a rigid wall is also simulated with the parameters of the paper velocity and the friction coefficient between the paper and the wall. The simulation results agree well with the designers’ experiences and help the designers design new machines with higher speed.
FACILE: A Clean Interface for Design and Fabrication
Authors: Jerard Robert B. , Cox Stanley J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Currently, it is possible to buy almost anything from books (Amazon.com) to airplane tickets (travelocity.com) using the world wide web. The purpose of this project is to explore the use of the web for the fabrication of mechanical prototype parts, i.e. parts that can be fabricated using standard machine tools like milling machines. The current mechanism for production of prototype parts requires a process of part description preparation, bidding, contract award, and finally fabrication and delivery of the part. This is a substantially more complex process than buying a book or an airplane ticket. In order to achieve “e-commerce” in this field it will be necessary to develop a “clean interface” between the design and fabrication of mechanical prototype parts. This requires an unambiguous description of the part along with an automated method for bidding on the job. A new system called FACILE (Fast Associative Clean Interface Language and Environment) has been proposed to meet this need.
Virtual Assembly Using Two-Handed Interaction Techniques on the Virtual Workbench™
Authors: Antonishek Brian , Egts David D. , Obeysekare Upul R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Virtually prototyping and verifying products before their manufacture reduces the time to create cost-effective products. This paper describes an environment in which a developer uses two-handed gesture techniques, tracked contact gloves, and the horizontal display of the CTC Virtual Workbench™ to intuitively interact with and verify complex product assemblies. Details are provided for implementation of a virtual assembly application, lessons learned from using it with two assembly scenarios, and suggestions for future enhancements.
A Bi-Directional Reflectance Function for Woven Textiles
Authors: Hunting Brad , Derby Stephen , Puffer Raymond 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a novel bi-directional reflectance function for woven textile substrates. The new reflectance function models a broad class of woven substrates, including substrates with significant anisotropic reflectance. Isotropic behavior is handled as a special case of the anisotropic model. The new model recognizes fiber surface properties, thread geometry, and weave geometry. Experimental reflectance data is presented.
Application of an Evolutionary Modeling Approach to Automotive Bumper System Design and Analysis
Authors: Lu Stephen C.-Y. , Ge Christine Ping , Wang Nanxin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Both empirical and mechanistic models are needed to design complex engineering systems. Empirical models play a particularly important role in design especially at the early stage. Large amounts of information, in terms of prior knowledge and experimental data, are needed for statistical analysis and machine learning methods to build empirical models with high quality. However, in some engineering domains, such as vehicle bumper system design, information is very limited due to the time/cost constraints and unknown physics of the problem. Methods are needed to construct reliable empirical models with limited amounts of available information. An Evolutionary Modeling Approach (EMA) has been developed as a first attempt to address this problem. In this approach, empirical model construction is viewed as a multistage, iterative learning process, in which the inaccurate and/or incomplete models gradually evolve into more accurate ones through a heuristically guided data selection procedure. This paper describes the EMA methodology and its initial application to an automotive bumper design and analysis problem.
A Heuristic Search Approach for Deadlock-Free Scheduling in FMSS Using Petri Nets and AI Techniques
Authors: ElMekkawy Tarek Y. , Abdallah Imed Ben , ElMaraghy Hoda A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A performance evaluation of a developed search algorithm using Petri nets, extended with dispatching rules and AI techniques, is conducted. The search algorithm is based on the branch-and-bound principle and backtracking. A user control factor, based on AI techniques, is defined and added to the search algorithm to provide a trade-off between the solution quality and the search effort. The effects of extending the algorithm with dispatching rules and the user control factor (UCF) on the system and search performances are investigated. Two examples from the literature are used for illustration and comparison.
Robustness Optimization of FMS Under Production Plan Variations: Preliminary Results
Authors: Saitou Kazuhiro , Qvam Helge 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A method for robustness optimization of flexible manufacturing systems is presented which undergoes forecasted product plan variations. A configuration of an FMS is modeled by a colored Petri net and the associated transition firing sequence. The robustness optimization of the colored Petri net model is formulated as an multi-objective optimization problem which minimizes production costs under multiple production plans, and reconfiguration cost due to production plan changes. As a first attempt, machines with limited flexibility are considered, and a genetic algorithm, coupled with a simple FIFO dispatching rule, is used to simultaneously find an semi-optimal resource allocation and event-driven schedule of a colored Petri net. The resulting Petri nets are then compared with the Petri nets optimized for a particular production plan in order to address the effectiveness of the robustness optimization for simultaneous production of products with different similarities. The simulation results suggest that the robustness optimization should be considered when the products are moderately different in their manufacturing processes.
A Potential Field Method for Path Planning Into Cavities Defined by B-Splines
Authors: Butler Alley C. , LeClair Steven R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a potential field approach to robot path planning into cavities defined by B-splines. It discusses existing methods, and describes the development of a Voronoi tree using intersecting hodographs. The Voronoi tree is similar to the Voronoi diagram in that it is maximally distant from all objects in the robot’s environment, but the Voronoi tree is developed for cavities modeled by splines. By adding a potential field to the robot manipulator, a robot path can be found by seeking the manipulator position with the minimum value of the potential function. This position as defined by the potential field is also maximally distant from cavity walls. Results with the potential field method are discussed and conclusions are drawn.
Compensating Cleanup Tool Path
Authors: Zhu Xiaohong , Riesenfeld Richard F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Today’s part geometries are becoming ever more complex and require more accurate tool path to manufacture. Machining process efficiency is also a major consideration for designers as well as manufacturing engineers. Although the current advanced CAD/CAM systems have greatly improved the efficiency and accuracy of machining with the introduction of Numerically–Controlled machining, excessive material may still be left on the finished part due to machining constraints, including the inaccessibility of the designed part geometry with respect the cutter, machine motion constraints like ramp angles, specific cutting patterns, etc. Polishing operations such as grinding and hand finishing are quite time consuming and expensive, and may damage the surface of the part or introduce inaccuracies because of human errors. While most of the existing machining approaches attempt to reduce such excessive restmaterials by modifying NC tool paths, none of them is satisfactory. They can be time–consuming, error prone, computationally intensive, too complicated to implement, and limited to certain problem domains. A compensating cleanup tool path will be developed in this research to automatically remove these excessive material from the finish part. This method greatly reduces the burden of hand finishing and polishing, and also reduces the error and complexities introduced in manually generating cleanup tool paths in the shop floor. More important, the tool path generated by this method will reduce the machining time, and increase tool life compared with optimized tool path which left no excessive material behind.
Support of Disassembly / Reassembly Evaluation Within Total Life Cycle Modeling Through Feature Neighborhoods
Authors: Otto Harald E. , Kimura Fumihiko , Mandorli Ferruccio 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Current research trends are extending from partially integrated product and process modeling to life cycle modeling, in order to provide a framework and methodologies based on a holistic approach for the support of sustainable product development.
Within given scope we are interested to investigate, if feature technology, introduced in the late seventies and developed over the paste twenty years provides the potential, if further enhanced, to be used as a means to provide basic integration for geometry related processes and models over different product life cycle stages. In a first approach, feature neighborhoods are developed and introduced as an extension, to foster evaluation of disassembly / reassembly on grounds of feature-based product descriptions. An attempt to support product maintenance and material recycling within life cycle modeling while investigating structural dimension and limits of improved feature models as a means of geometry-based model integration.
An Architecture for Interoperability of Layered Manufacturing Data
Authors: Qian Xiaoping , Dutta Debasish 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we address the lack of interoperability of data in commercial layered manufacturing systems. Since it is a new field, all machines require users to deal with vendor specific softwares and data formats. We propose a simple architecture, one that already exists in the NC machining domain, to address this issue. Analogous to CLData, we propose LMData that is not vendor specific and can be used on a variety of LM machines. Implementation and examples are presented.
Simulation of Engine Assembly Clamping With a Detailed Cylinder-Head Multilayered Steel Gasket
Authors: Coquery Marie-Hélène , Polit Olivier , Touratier Maurice , Duysens Jacques , Magoni Pierre 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A unique analytical and hierarchic methodology for mastering the clamping and the sealing analysis of an automotive engine block assembly is presented. The different levels of finite element modelisations are described; a flowchart of the entire process analysis focused on the cylinder-head multilayered metallic gasket technology is presented. Numerical results and correlation between these results and engine reliability tests and specific static tests are illustrated using the industrial application of a Renault engine to demonstrate the efficiency of the approach.
Optimal Structural Design of Compliant Mechanisms Considering a Quantitative Displacement Constraint
Authors: Ejima Susumu , Nishiwaki Shinji , Sekiguchi Minako , Kikuchi Noboru 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Compliant mechanisms are a relatively new breed of jointless mechanisms in which the elastic deformation is intended to be a source of motion. In the past, flexible structural design optimization was considered only for the direction of the flexible point by using the material density or the homogenization method to identify the optimum layout. Here we shall extend this design theory to the case of a two dimensional design for compliant mechanisms which can specify the amount of deformation of the flexible portion. Finally, some examples are presented to confirm that the verification of optimal configuration using an image-based design method.
Globally Independent Coordinates for Real-Time Vehicle System Simulation
Authors: Serban Radu , Haug Edward J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Models of the dynamics of multibody systems generally result in a set of differential–algebraic equations (DAE). State–space methods for solving the DAE of motion are based on reduction of the DAE to ordinary differential equations (ODE), by means of local parameterizations of the constraint manifold that must be often modified during a simulation. In this paper it is shown that, for vehicle multibody systems, generalized coordinates that are dual to suspension and/or control forces in the model are independent for the entire range of motion of the system. In addition to the immediate advantage of avoiding the computationally expensive redefinition of local parameterization, the existence of globally independent coordinates leads to efficient algorithms for recovery of dependent generalized coordinates. A topology based approach to identify efficient computational sequences is presented. Numerical examples demonstrate the improved performance of the proposed approach, relative to the conventional Cartesian coordinate formulation.