bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politik/Gesetzgebung & Reglementierungen
Authors: Hein Rüdiger 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungAus den Äußerungen der Befragten lassen sich für die Kategorie „Politik, Gesetzgebung und Reglementierungen“ folgende Unterkategorien herausarbeiten, die nachfolgend in dieser Reihenfolge dargestellt und diskutiert werden: staatliche Verantwortungsübernahme, politische Entscheidungsfindungsprozesse und Ressourcenverteilung/-bindung; bürokratische Hürden und Unflexibilität in Verwaltungsstrukturen; Unterstützung durch Politiker; Konflikte für Politiker; Instrumentalisierungsfallen der Politik und Korruption sowie ressourcenbezogene Dilemmata und Entscheidungskonflikte bei Social Entrepreneuren. Zur Illustration werden dabei Schilderungen der Interviewpartner zu generierten Kodes wieder als Endnotenverweis eingearbeitet. Kapitelabschließend wird aufgezeigt, welche Bedeutung die dargestellten Erkenntnisse für das Wirkungsmodell zur Arbeitsgestaltung von SE besitzen.
Genome-wide mapping of genomic DNA damage: methods and implications
Authors: Amente Stefano , Scala Giovanni , Majello Barbara , Azmoun Somaiyeh , Tempest Helen G. , Premi Sanjay , Cooke Marcus S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractExposures from the external and internal environments lead to the modification of genomic DNA, which is implicated in the cause of numerous diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular, pulmonary and neurodegenerative diseases, together with ageing. However, the precise mechanism(s) linking the presence of damage, to impact upon cellular function and pathogenesis, is far from clear. Genomic location of specific forms of damage is likely to be highly informative in understanding this process, as the impact of downstream events (e.g. mutation, microsatellite instability, altered methylation and gene expression) on cellular function will be positional—events at key locations will have the greatest impact. However, until recently, methods for assessing DNA damage determined the totality of damage in the genomic location, with no positional information. The technique of “mapping DNA adductomics” describes the molecular approaches that map a variety of forms of DNA damage, to specific locations across the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. We propose that integrated comparison of this information with other genome-wide data, such as mutational hotspots for specific genotoxins, tumour-specific mutation patterns and chromatin organisation and transcriptional activity in non-cancerous lesions (such as nevi), pre-cancerous conditions (such as polyps) and tumours, will improve our understanding of how environmental toxins lead to cancer. Adopting an analogous approach for non-cancer diseases, including the development of genome-wide assays for other cellular outcomes of DNA damage, will improve our understanding of the role of DNA damage in pathogenesis more generally.
Neues zur Diagnostik und Therapie der Herzinsuffizienz
Authors: Wintrich Jan , Berger Ann-Kathrin , Bewarder Yvonne , Emrich Insa , Slawik Jonathan , Böhm Michael 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungInzidenz und Prävalenz der Herzinsuffizienz steigen weltweit. Trotz zahlreicher wissenschaftlicher und klinischer Innovationen ist sie weiterhin mit einer hohen Morbidität und Mortalität behaftet, sodass eine leitliniengerechte Diagnostik und Therapie von entscheidender Bedeutung sind. Die kardiale Dekompensation zählt zu den häufigsten Aufnahmegründen in deutschen Krankenhäusern. Somit stellt die Behandlung herzinsuffizienter Patienten eine erhebliche Herausforderung für das deutsche Gesundheitssystem dar. Dieser Artikel fasst die neuesten wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse zur akuten und chronischen Herzinsuffizienz der Jahre 2018 bis 2020 zusammen.
Moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy as definitive treatment for localized prostate cancer: Pattern of practice in German-speaking countries
Authors: Shelan Mohamed , Aebersold Daniel M. , Albrecht Clemens , Böhmer Dirk , Flentje Michael , Ganswindt Ute , Höcht Stefan , Hölscher Tobias , Müller Arndt-Christian , Niehoff Peter , Pinkawa Michael , Schmidt-Hegemann Nina-Sophie , Sedlmayer Felix , Wolf Frank , Zamboglou Constantinos , Zips Daniel , Wiegel Thomas , Ghadjar Pirus 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Various randomized phase III clinical trials have compared moderately hypofractionated to normofractionated radiotherapy (RT). These modalities showed similar effectiveness without major differences in toxicity. This project was conducted by the Prostate Cancer Expert Panel of the German Society of Radiation Oncology (DEGRO) and the Working Party on Radiation Oncology of the German Cancer Society. We aimed to investigate expert opinions on the use of moderately hypofractionated RT as a definitive treatment for localized prostate cancer in German-speaking countries.

Methods
A 25-item, web-based questionnaire on moderate-hypofractionation RT was prepared by an internal committee. The experts of the DEGRO were asked to complete the questionnaire.

Results
Fourteen active members of DEGRO completed the questionnaire. The questions described indications for selecting patients eligible to receive moderate hypofractionation based on clinical and pathological factors such as age, urinary symptoms, and risk-group. The questions also collected information on the technical aspects of selection criteria, including the definition of a clinical target volume, the use of imaging, protocols for bladder and rectal filling, the choice of a fractionation schedule, and the use of image guidance. Moreover, the questionnaire collected information on post-treatment surveillance after applying moderately hypofractionated RT.

Conclusion
Although opinions varied on the use of moderate-hypofractionation RT, the current survey reflected broad agreement on the notion that moderately hypofractionated RT could be considered a standard treatment for localized prostate cancer in German-speaking countries.
Experimental investigation of shock–shock interactions with variable inflow Mach number
Authors: Laguarda L. , Santiago Patterson J. , Schrijer F. F. J. , van Oudheusden B. W. , Hickel S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractExperiments on shock–shock interactions were conducted in a transonic–supersonic wind tunnel with variable free-stream Mach number functionality. Transition between the regular interaction (RI) and the Mach interaction (MI) was induced by variation of the free-steam Mach number for a fixed interaction geometry, as opposed to most previous studies where the shock generator angles are varied at constant Mach number. In this paper, we present a systematic flow-based post-processing methodology of schlieren data that enables an accurate tracking of the evolving shock system including the precise and reproducible detection of RI$$\rightleftarrows $$
⇄
MI transition. In line with previous experimental studies dealing with noisy free-stream environments, transition hysteresis was not observed. However, we show that establishing accurate values of the flow deflections besides the Mach number is crucial to achieve experimental agreement with the von Neumann criterion, since measured flow deflections deviated significantly, up to $$1.2^{\circ }$$

1
.

2
∘

, from nominal wedge angles. We also report a study conducted with a focusing schlieren system with variable focal plane that supported the image processing by providing insights into the three-dimensional side-wall effects integrated in the schlieren images.
Early environmental enrichment and impoverishment differentially affect addiction-related behavioral traits, cocaine-taking, and dopamine D2/3 receptor signaling in a rat model of vulnerability to drug abuse
Authors: Bellés Lidia , Dimiziani Andrea , Herrmann François R. , Ginovart Nathalie 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRationaleRisk factors for drug addiction include genetics, environment, and behavioral traits such as impulsivity and novelty preference (NP), which have been related to deficits in striatal dopamine (DA) D2/3-receptors (D2/3R) and heightened amphetamine (AMPH)-induced DA release. However, the influence of the early rearing environment on these behavioral and neurochemical variables is not clear.ObjectivesWe investigated the influence of early rearing environment on striatal D2/3R availabilities and AMPH-induced DA release in relation to impulsivity, NP, and propensity to drug self-administration (SA) in “addiction-prone” Roman high- (RHA) and “addiction-resistant” Roman low-avoidance (RLA) rats.MethodsAnimals were reared post-weaning in either environmental enrichment (EE) or impoverishment (EI) and were assessed at adulthood for impulsivity, NP, and propensity to cocaine SA. EE and EI rats were also scanned using single-photon emission computed tomography to concurrently measure in vivo striatal D2/3R availability and AMPH-induced DA release.ResultsEE vs. EI was associated with heightened impulsivity and a lack of NP in both rat lines. Higher dorsal striatal D2/3R densities were found in RHA EE and higher AMPH-induced DA release in RLA EE. Both impulsivity and NP were negatively correlated to dorsal striatal D2/3R availabilities and positively correlated with AMPH-induced DA release in EI but not in EE. EE vs. EI was related to a faster rate of cocaine intake and elevated active timeout responses in RHAs.ConclusionOur results suggest non-monotonic, environment-dependent, relationships between impulsivity, NP, and D2/3R-mediated signaling, and suggest that EI vs. EE may decrease the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in predisposed individuals.
CT imaging-based approaches to cochlear duct length estimation—a human temporal bone study
Authors: Breitsprecher Tabita , Dhanasingh Anandhan , Schulze Marko , Kipp Markus , Dakah Rami Abu , Oberhoffner Tobias , Dau Michael , Frerich Bernhard , Weber Marc-André , Langner Soenke , Mlynski Robert , Weiss Nora M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objectives
Knowledge about cochlear duct length (CDL) may assist electrode choice in cochlear implantation (CI). However, no gold standard for clinical applicable estimation of CDL exists. The aim of this study is (1) to determine the most reliable radiological imaging method and imaging processing software for measuring CDL from clinical routine imaging and (2) to accurately predict the insertion depth of the CI electrode.

Methods
Twenty human temporal bones were examined using different sectional imaging techniques (high-resolution computed tomography [HRCT] and cone beam computed tomography [CBCT]). CDL was measured using three methods: length estimation using (1) a dedicated preclinical 3D reconstruction software, (2) the established A-value method, and (3) a clinically approved otosurgical planning software. Temporal bones were implanted with a 31.5-mm CI electrode and measurements were compared to a reference based on the CI electrode insertion angle measured by radiographs in Stenvers projection (CDLreference).

Results
A mean cochlear coverage of 74% (SD 7.4%) was found. The CDLreference showed significant differences to each other method (p < 0.001). The strongest correlation to the CDLreference was found for the otosurgical planning software-based method obtained from HRCT (CDLSW-HRCT; r = 0.87, p < 0.001) and from CBCT (CDLSW-CBCT; r = 0.76, p < 0.001). Overall, CDL was underestimated by each applied method. The inter-rater reliability was fair for the CDL estimation based on 3D reconstruction from CBCT (CDL3D-CBCT; intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.43), good for CDL estimation based on 3D reconstruction from HRCT (CDL3D-HRCT; ICC = 0.71), poor for CDL estimation based on the A-value method from HRCT (CDLA-HRCT; ICC = 0.29), and excellent for CDL estimation based on the A-value method from CBCT (CDLA-CBCT; ICC = 0.87) as well as for the CDLSW-HRCT (ICC = 0.94), CDLSW-CBCT (ICC = 0.94) and CDLreference (ICC = 0.87).

Conclusions
All approaches would have led to an electrode choice of rather too short electrodes. Concerning treatment decisions based on CDL measurements, the otosurgical planning software-based method has to be recommended. The best inter-rater reliability was found for CDLA-CBCT, for CDLSW-HRCT, for CDLSW-CBCT, and for CDLreference.

Key Points
• Clinically applicable calculations using high-resolution CT and cone beam CT underestimate the cochlear size.
• Ten percent of cochlear duct length need to be added to current calculations in order to predict the postoperative CI electrode position.
• The clinically approved otosurgical planning software-based method software is the most suitable to estimate the cochlear duct length and shows an excellent inter-rater reliability.
Correlation of liver enhancement in gadoxetic acid–enhanced MRI with liver functions: a multicenter-multivendor analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients from SORAMIC trial
Authors: Öcal Osman , Peynircioglu Bora , Loewe Christian , van Delden Otto , Vandecaveye Vincent , Gebauer Bernhard , Zech Christoph J. , Sengel Christian , Bargellini Irene , Iezzi Roberto , Benito Alberto , Schütte Kerstin , Gasbarrini Antonio , Seidensticker Ricarda , Wildgruber Moritz , Pech Maciej , Malfertheiner Peter , Ricke Jens , Seidensticker Max 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objectives
To evaluate the correlation between liver enhancement on hepatobiliary phase and liver function parameters in a multicenter, multivendor study.

Methods
A total of 359 patients who underwent gadoxetic acid–enhanced MRI using a standardized protocol with various scanners within a prospective multicenter phase II trial (SORAMIC) were evaluated. The correlation between liver enhancement on hepatobiliary phase normalized to the spleen (liver-to-spleen ratio, LSR) and biochemical laboratory parameters, clinical findings related to liver functions, liver function grading systems (Child-Pugh and Albumin-Bilirubin [ALBI]), and scanner characteristics were analyzed using uni- and multivariate analyses.

Results
There was a significant positive correlation between LSR and albumin (rho = 0.193; p < 0.001), platelet counts (rho = 0.148; p = 0.004), and sodium (rho = 0.161; p = 0.002); and a negative correlation between LSR and total bilirubin (rho = −0.215; p < 0.001) and AST (rho = −0.191; p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed independent significance for each of albumin (p = 0.022), total bilirubin (p = 0.045), AST (p = 0.031), platelet counts (p = 0.012), and sodium (p = 0.006). The presence of ascites (1.47 vs. 1.69, p < 0.001) and varices (1.55 vs. 1.69, p = 0.006) was related to significantly lower LSR. Similarly, patients with ALBI grade 1 had significantly higher LSR than patients with grade 2 (1.74 ± 0.447 vs. 1.56 ± 0.408, p < 0.001); and Child-Pugh A patients had a significantly higher LSR than Child-Pugh B (1.67 ± 0.44 vs. 1.49 ± 0.33, p = 0.021). Also, LSR was negatively correlated with MELD-Na scores (rho = −0.137; p = 0.013). However, one scanner brand was significantly associated with lower LSR (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
The liver enhancement on the hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid–enhanced MRI is correlated with biomarkers of liver functions in a multicenter cohort. However, this correlation shows variations between scanner brands.

Key Points
• The correlation between liver enhancement on the hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid–enhanced MRI and liver function is consistent in a multicenter-multivendor cohort.
• Signal intensity–based indices (liver-to-spleen ratio) can be used as an imaging biomarker of liver function.
• However, absolute values might change between vendors.
Equilibria of Plane Convex Bodies
Authors: Allemann Jonas , Hungerbühler Norbert , Wasem Micha 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe obtain a formula for the number of horizontal equilibria of a planar convex body K with respect to a center of mass O in terms of the winding number of the evolute of $$\partial K$$

∂
K

with respect to O. The formula extends to the case where O lies on the evolute of $$\partial K$$

∂
K

and a suitably modified version holds true for non-horizontal equilibria.
Influence of the NAO on Wintertime Surface Air Temperature over East Asia: Multidecadal Variability and Decadal Prediction
Authors: Li Jianping , Xie Tiejun , Tang Xinxin , Wang Hao , Sun Cheng , Feng Juan , Zheng Fei , Ding Ruiqiang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the influence of the winter NAO on the multidecadal variability of winter East Asian surface air temperature (EASAT) and EASAT decadal prediction. The observational analysis shows that the winter EASAT and East Asian minimum SAT (EAmSAT) display strong in-phase fluctuations and a significant 60–80-year multidecadal variability, apart from a long-term warming trend. The winter EASAT experienced a decreasing trend in the last two decades, which is consistent with the occurrence of extremely cold events in East Asia winters in recent years. The winter NAO leads the detrended winter EASAT by 12–18 years with the greatest significant positive correlation at the lead time of 15 years. Further analysis shows that ENSO may affect winter EASAT interannual variability, but does not affect the robust lead relationship between the winter NAO and EASAT. We present the coupled oceanic-atmospheric bridge (COAB) mechanism of the NAO influences on winter EASAT multidecadal variability through its accumulated delayed effect of ∼15 years on the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and Africa–Asia multidecadal teleconnection (AAMT) pattern. An NAO-based linear model for predicting winter decadal EASAT is constructed on the principle of the COAB mechanism, with good hindcast performance. The winter EASAT for 2020–34 is predicted to keep on fluctuating downward until ∼2025, implying a high probability of occurrence of extremely cold events in coming winters in East Asia, followed by a sudden turn towards sharp warming. The predicted 2020/21 winter EASAT is almost the same as the 2019/20 winter.
Attitudes and behaviour regarding dose reduction of biologics for psoriasis: a survey among dermatologists worldwide
Authors: van Muijen M. E. , van der Schoot L. S. , van den Reek J. M. P. A. , de Jong E. M. G. J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDose reduction (DR) of biologics, where possible, seems promising for more efficient use of expensive biologics. For implementation of DR strategies, it is essential to get insight in factors that influence implementation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the attitudes and behaviour regarding dose reduction of biologic therapies for psoriasis among psoriasis expert dermatologists worldwide. A 27-question e-survey was sent through the International Psoriasis Council (IPC) to its 114 dermatologist councilors worldwide. The survey assessed demographics, general and DR prescription behaviour, and motivations for and barriers against application of DR. Of 57 respondents, 53 respondents who prescribed biologics were included for analysis. Thirty-seven (69.8%) applied DR (i.e., ‘DR dermatologists’), and 16 (30.2%) did not (i.e., ‘Non-DR dermatologists’). DR strategies varied among respondents. Regarding criteria for starting DR, differences were reported in required treatment duration, and interpretation and duration of stable low disease activity. In addition, the prolongation of intervals between injections varied between respondents. For most ‘DR dermatologists’ (n = 32/37, 86.5%), cost savings were one of the main reasons to apply DR. Fifteen out of 16 ‘Non-DR dermatologists’ (94%) did not apply DR due to lack of scientific evidence. In conclusion, DR of biologics for psoriasis is part of clinical practice in psoriasis experts globally. Barriers for applying DR included lack of evidence or guidelines, and uncertainty on DR effects and risks. Although growing evidence shows DR feasibility, future studies are needed to accumulate and broaden evidence, along with development of (inter)national guidelines on DR strategies.
LigaSure Impact™ reduces complications after abdominoplasty in weight loss patients
Authors: Radunz Sonia , Salem Haider , Houben Philipp , Pascher Andreas , Büsing Martin , Utech Markus 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Bariatric surgery is on the rise worldwide. With the desired weight loss after bariatric surgery, patients frequently develop massive skin flaps resulting in the need of abdominoplasty. In these patients, this surgical technique is frequently associated with perioperative complications. Strategies to minimize complications are sought after. The objective of our study was to compare two different dissection techniques and their impact on postoperative outcome.

Methods
We included 66 patients in our study who underwent abdominoplasty after massive weight loss following bariatric surgery. In group 1, abdominoplasty was performed using the conventional technique of diathermia (n = 20). In group 2, abdominoplasty was performed using LigaSure Impact™ (n = 46). The duration of the surgical procedure and perioperative complications were recorded as primary endpoints. Secondary endpoints were length of hospital stay and assessment of additional risk factors.

Results
Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. The duration of surgery was significantly shorter in group 2. Postoperative complications were significantly less frequent in group 2 (p = 0.0035). Additional risk factors, e.g., smoking and diabetes mellitus, were not associated with increased rates of perioperative complications.

Conclusions
The choice of technical device for dissection in abdominoplasty alone will not guarantee minimized complication rates. Yet, the utilization of LigaSure Impact™ in refined surgical techniques may facilitate reduced rates of complications, especially wound infections, and a shortened duration of surgery.
Comparing Germany and Israel regarding debates on policy-making at the beginning of life: PGD, NIPT and their paths of routinization
Authors: Raz Aviad E. , Nov-Klaiman Tamar , Hashiloni-Dolev Yael , Foth Hannes , Schües Christina , Rehmann-Sutter Christoph 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDefinitionThe routinization of prenatal diagnosis is the source of bioethical and policy debates regarding choice, autonomy, access, and protection. To understand these debates in the context of cultural diversity and moral pluralism, we compare Israel and Germany, focusing on two recent repro-genetic “hot spots” of such policy-making at the beginning of life: pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and non-invasive prenatal genetic testing (NIPT), two cutting-edge repro-genetic technologies that are regulated and viewed very differently in Germany and Israel, reflecting different medicolegal policies as well as public and bioethical considerations.ArgumentsFirst, we compare policy-making in the context of PGD for HLA (human leukocyte antigen) typing, used to create sibling donors, approved in Israel under specific conditions while prohibited in Germany. Second, we compare policy-making in the context of NIPT, which came under fire in Germany, while in Israel there has been little public debate about it.ConclusionBoth countries justify their contrasting policies as reflecting a concern for the well-being and care of the embryo/child, thus highlighting different concepts of embryo/child protection, (relational) autonomy, family relations, and the impact of religion and history on the promotion/protection of life. We use the juxtaposition of PGD and NIPT to highlight some inconsistencies in policies concerning the protection of extra- and intra-corporeal embryos. We conclude by drawing on the comparison to show how national variations exist alongside co-evolution.