bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracellular membrane vesicles and nanotubes in Archaea
Authors: Liu Junfeng , Soler Nicolas , Gorlas Aurore , Cvirkaite-Krupovic Virginija , Krupovic Mart , Forterre Patrick 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTMembrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by cells from all three domains of life and their implication in various biological processes is increasingly recognized. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on archaeal EVs and nanotubes, and emphasize their biological significance. In archaea, the EVs and nanotubes have been largely studied in representative species from the phyla Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. The archaeal EVs have been linked to several physiological processes such as detoxification, biomineralization and transport of biological molecules, including chromosomal, viral or plasmid DNA, thereby taking part in genome evolution and adaptation through horizontal gene transfer. The biological significance of archaeal nanotubes is yet to be demonstrated, although they could participate in EV biogenesis or exchange of cellular contents. We also discuss the biological mechanisms leading to EV/nanotube biogenesis in Archaea. It has been recently demonstrated that, similar to eukaryotes, EV budding in crenarchaea depends on the ESCRT machinery, whereas the mechanism of EV budding in euryarchaeal lineages, which lack the ESCRT-III homologues, remains unknown.
Beyond a ‘survivor-centred approach’ to conflict-related sexual violence?
Authors: Clark Janine Natalya 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In Resolution 2467 (2019), the most recent addition to the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda, the UN Security Council embraced the idea of a ‘survivor-centred approach’ to preventing and responding to conflict-related sexual violence. While this terminology is now widely used in international policy circles, the general lack of critical reflection on the concept of survivor-centrism is striking. Addressing this gap, this interdisciplinary article seeks to demonstrate that a survivor-centred approach, by itself, is too narrow. It utilizes the ecological concept of connectivity—which refers to connections that enable and facilitate vital ecological processes—and repurposes it in a social science context to develop the article's core argument: that survivor-centred discourse marginalizes, or neglects, the fundamental webs of connectivity in which the everyday lives of those who have suffered conflict-related sexual violence are intricately interwoven. The article draws on qualitative interviews with victims/survivors of conflict-related sexual violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia and Uganda to empirically develop two particular ‘connectivity critiques’ of survivor-centred discourse, focused on resources and health respectively. Ultimately, it is not advocating the abandonment of a survivor-centred approach, but, rather, a social-ecological reframing of it. It presents connectivity as a new conceptual approach for thinking about and dealing with conflict-related sexual violence.
Convergence of a multidimensional Glimm-like scheme for the transport of fronts
Authors: Gallouët Thierry , Hurisse Olivier 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper is devoted to the numerical analysis of a numerical scheme for the simulation of front advection. The scheme has been recently proposed and it is based on the ideas used for Glimm’s scheme. It relies on a two-step approach: a convection step is followed by a projection step, which is based on a random choice. The main advantage of this scheme is that it is applicable to multidimensional problems. In the present paper, a convergence result for this scheme is provided for a particular class of multidimensional problems.
Field Research: A Graduate Student's Guide
Authors: Irgil Ezgi , Kreft Anne-Kathrin , Lee Myunghee , Willis Charmaine N , Zvobgo Kelebogile 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
What is field research? Is it just for qualitative scholars? Must it be done in a foreign country? How much time in the field is “enough”? A lack of disciplinary consensus on what constitutes “field research” or “fieldwork” has left graduate students in political science underinformed and thus underequipped to leverage site-intensive research to address issues of interest and urgency across the subfields. Uneven training in Ph.D. programs has also left early-career researchers underprepared for the logistics of fieldwork, from developing networks and effective sampling strategies to building respondents’ trust, and related issues of funding, physical safety, mental health, research ethics, and crisis response. Based on the experience of five junior scholars, this paper offers answers to questions that graduate students puzzle over, often without the benefit of others’ “lessons learned.” This practical guide engages theory and praxis, in support of an epistemologically and methodologically pluralistic discipline.
Patchwork of Counterterrorism: Analyzing European Types of Cooperation in Sahel
Authors: D'Amato Silvia 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The overlapping of a series of events in the region has brought the Sahel under the spotlight of many European countries. It has been argued that the peculiar transnational nature of many terrorist groups of the area represents a concrete threat to European security. France, specifically, has led and encouraged a series of European initiatives, which aim to stabilize the region, calling for different degrees of counterterrorism cooperation with its European allies. Many European countries, such as Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, or Italy, have indeed increased their engagement in the area. Yet, not only a variety of new actors are now involved in the response to terrorism, but European cooperation among key actors is also developing along political-strategic, organizational, and procedural dimensions largely unexplored by the existing literature. This paper specifically accounts for the different multilevel configurations of European counterterrorism cooperation in the Sahel between 2012 and 2018. More specifically, the aim of this contribution is twofold. First, theoretically, through the concept of “patchwork” the paper proposes a conceptual framework able to investigate and analyze the apparently confusing multidimensional and multi-actor European cooperation in counterterrorism. Second, it empirically researches and analyzes the types of cooperation and the actors that fulfil key strategic positions in the patchwork. Overall, this paper provides a first complete account of the universe of European actors involved in the region and the types of cooperative patterns.
Antimicrobial Resistance Trends at a Pediatric Hospital in Guatemala City, 2005-2019
Authors: Graff Kelly E , Windsor William Jon , Calvimontes Diva M , Melgar Mario A , Galvez Nancy , Rivera Jose G , Dominguez Samuel R , Asturias Edwin J , Gordillo Maria Remei 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasing worldwide. We analyzed AMR rates for bacterial species identified from pediatric blood cultures between 2005 and 2019 at a single institution in Guatemala. We found significantly increased rates in Gram-negative resistance, with a high prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter and Klebsiella harboring the New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase gene.
Species-Wide Transposable Element Repertoires Retrace the Evolutionary History of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Host
Authors: Bleykasten-Grosshans Claudine , Fabrizio Romeo , Friedrich Anne , Schacherer Joseph 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Transposable elements (TE) are an important source of genetic variation with a dynamic and content that greatly differ in a wide range of species. The origin of the intraspecific content variation is not always clear and little is known about the precise nature of it. Here, we surveyed the species-wide content of the Ty LTR-retrotransposons in a broad collection of 1,011 Saccharomyces cerevisiae natural isolates to understand what can stand behind the variation of the repertoire that is the type and number of Ty elements. We have compiled an exhaustive catalog of all the TE sequence variants present in the S. cerevisiae species by identifying a large set of new sequence variants. The characterization of the TE content in each isolate clearly highlighted that each subpopulation exhibits a unique and specific repertoire, retracing the evolutionary history of the species. Most interestingly, we have shown that ancient interspecific hybridization events had a major impact in the birth of new sequence variants and therefore in the shaping of the TE repertoires. We also investigated the transpositional activity of these elements in a large set of natural isolates, and we found a broad variability related to the level of ploidy as well as the genetic background. Overall, our results pointed out that the evolution of the Ty content is deeply impacted by clade-specific events such as introgressions and therefore follows the population structure. In addition, our study lays the foundation for future investigations to better understand the transpositional regulation and more broadly the TE–host interactions.
Addressing the parents’ mental wellness during their kids’ online learning
Authors: Macaraan Willard Enrique R 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In a letter to Carreon and Manansala, the authors have stressed the urgency to address the psychosocial needs of the students in an online learning platform. But I argue that it is also crucial not to ignore its impact on parents who have to adapt and adopt strategies to guide their kids in their online learning process while also looking after their responsibilities as career persons. Online learning has caused a significant impact on their mental well-being, and this letter aims to address this particular concern.
Taxonomic Revision of the Banana Fusarium Wilt TR4 Pathogen Is Premature
Authors: Torres Bedoya Eliana , Bebber Daniel P. , Studholme David J. 
Published: June 2021

Taxonomic revisions for pathogens of crops should be based on robust underpinning evidence. Recently, a substantial revision was proposed for the taxonomy of the causative agent of Fusarium wilt on banana. We reanalyzed the data on which this revision was based and discovered that the data do not robustly support the proposals. Several apparent discrepancies and errors in the published phylogenies cast further doubt on the conclusions drawn from them. Although we do not assert that the authors’ conclusions are incorrect, we posit that the taxonomic changes are premature, given the data currently in the public domain. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Nutrition Education for Low Income Population through Social Marketing: Insight from Cooperative Extension Agents
Authors: Hagues Rachel , Stotz Sarah , Childers Austin , Lee Jung Sun , Phua Joe , Hibbs Judy , Murray Deborah 
Published: June 2021

Social Marketing (SM) is emerging as a promising method to deliver targeted nutrition and public health messages, but the current usage of SM in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP‐Ed) programs is still limited across the nation. The purpose of this study was to conduct focus group interviews to learn from Cooperative Extension Agents (CEAs) perceptions of barriers, benefits, content, and media channels for a SM intervention designed for SNAP‐Ed eligible participants in the state of Georgia (southeastern USA). One focus group took place in each of the four Cooperative Extension Districts for a total of 4 groups. Thirty‐six female CEAs representing a range of rural – urban counties were recruited via convenience sampling. A semi‐structured interview guide was used. Focus groups were digitally recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis was used for analysis. To ensure validity of findings, a member‐check was conducted by sending district level reports to participants from each district to review and provide feedback. CEAs had varied perceptions of SM, and tended to first think social media marketing. They expressed that SNAP‐Ed eligible individuals and families could benefit through participation in a SM intervention; however, they identified both individual level (e.g., lack of literacy and retention challenges) and community level barriers (e.g., lack of transportation, lack of available and affordable healthy food, and unreliable Internet) for a SM intervention reflecting unique social, economic, and population characteristics of urban and rural areas across the state. Agents suggested several geographic and audience segmentation strategies to address the identified barriers including recruiting participants at the places they frequent; using radio, TV, or in‐person communication (e.g., in churches, schools, libraries) in areas with unreliable Internet; and using incentives to get and maintain participation They also emphasized the use of visual methods (videos, posters, etc.) containing nutrition tips such as how to pick out produce that is in season, new food preparation methods, and how to budget food dollar resources, delivered by someone to whom low‐income population can relate. The findings of this study suggest that CEAs consider SM as a feasible SNAP‐Ed approach that has a high potential to deliver tailored nutrition education message to low‐income Georgians, which will inform a statewide SNAP‐Ed SM plan in Georgia.Support or Funding InformationThis project was funded by USDA SNAP‐Ed
Self‐reported vs. Measured Height and Weight in Young Adults
Authors: Famodu Oluremi A , Charlier Camille M , Barr Makenzie L , Colby Sarah E , Zhou Wenjun , Mathews Anne E. , Olfert Melissa Diann 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionObesity is recognized as a worldwide public health concern. It is most commonly assessed and classified using Body Mass Index (BMI). Historical data says that adults tend to under‐report their own weight and that the gap between self‐reported weight and actual weight increases with obesity. Few studies have examined how well young adults report their own height and weight.ObjectiveThis study investigates self‐reported height, weight and subsequent BMI versus actual measurements in young adults.MethodsOver 1,500 students across 8 U.S. universities provided their height and weight via a survey. Measurements were subsequently taken by trained professionals; both self‐reported and measured BMI were then calculated for each participant. Correlations between self‐reported and measured BMI were assessed using Spearman's rho. Kappa coefficient was used to test agreement between categorical variables of self‐reported and actual calculated BMI (i.e. underweight, normal, overweight, obese).ResultsMale and female students both underestimated their height, with males overall under‐reporting more than males. Males reported an average height of 166.4 ± 12.1 cm versus an actual average height of 175.3 ± 7.8. Females reported an average height of 157.1 ± 7.2 cm versus an actual average height of 164.6 ± 7.1 cm. Males slightly overestimated their weight, with an average self‐reported weight of 76.8 ±14.5 kg versus an actual average weight of 76.2 ± 15.7 kg. Females slightly underestimated their weight with an average self‐reported weight of 65.2 ± 14.4 kg versus an actual average weight of 65.7 ± 15.3 kg. However, the self‐reported measurements remained statistically correlated to the actual height, weight and BMI in both genders (males rs = 0.79, <0.0001, rs = 0.91, <0.0001 and rs = 0.83, <0.0001 respectively; females rs = 0.78, <0.0001, rs = 0.91, <0.0001 and rs = 0.76, <0.0001 respectively). Additionally, categorical variables of BMI from both self‐reported and actual height and weight resulted in significant agreement for both genders (Males κ = −0.09 (95% CI, −0.12 to −0.04), p < .0001; Females κ = −0.04 (95% CI, −0.07 to −0.01), p = .004).ConclusionsThis study suggests self‐reported anthropometric measurements in young adults can be used to calculate BMI for weight classification purposes. Further investigation is needed to better assess self‐reported vs. measured height and weight discrepancies across populations.Support or Funding InformationApproval to use the data set was granted by the University of Tennessee Institutional Review Board prior to study implementation. This material is based upon work that is supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under award number 2014‐67001‐21851.
Polysaccharide lentinan extracted from the stipe of Lentinus edodes mushroom exerts anticancer activities through the transcriptional regulation of cell cycle progression and metastatic markers in human colon cancer cells
Authors: Wang Yanhui , Xu Guanying , Tang Xinyu , Chen Hong 
Published: June 2021

The edible mushroom Lentinus edodes has been shown to offer medicinal effects including antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, as well as anticancer activities. Assessment of bioactivities of extracts of the mushroom indicated that the polysaccharide lentinan possesses the potential bioactivities. Currently, the stipe portion of the mushroom is mostly discarded during industrial food processing, generating a large amount of residues. The hypothesis is that the stipe as the industrial byproduct from the mushroom processing contains the similar bioactive polysaccharide that could be utilized to produce mushroom extracts for treatment of cancer. Therefore the current study was designed to examine the polysaccharide extract from the mushroom stipe and its anticancer bioactivities in human colon cancer cells. The preparation and storage methods used in the production of lentinan polysaccharide were also optimized in the study. An aqueous phase extraction method was used for the lentinan production from the stipe as well as the pileus of Lentinus edodes mushroom (LeS vs LeP). Results showed that the lentinan yield from the stipe is comparable to the pileus. WST‐1 assay indicated that at as little as 125 ug/ml, lentinan extracts from both LeS and LeP exerted inhibitory effects against cell proliferation of human colon cancer cells. Cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry indicated that the anti‐proliferative effect is partly due to the induction of cell cycle arrest at the G0/1 phase. Further analysis of gene expression showed that the cell cycle arrest induced by lentinan treatment was associated with a decrease in the mRNA level of cyclin D1 gene. This is accompanied by the reduction of transcription of oncogenes such as c‐myc and induction of gene expression for stress‐responsive pathways. Moreover, NDRG1 gene, a key regulator of cancer metastasis that was often silenced in metastatic colon cancer cells, was increased by lentinan treatment. Together, the current study demonstrates that Letinous edodes stipe is a valuable source of lentinan. Lentinan from Letinous edodes stipe extract is stable when stored under the freeze‐dried condition or at refrigeration. The anti‐proliferative effects of lentinan in colon cancer cells are the results of cell cycle arrest that was induced by the inhibition of cyclin production, combined with the induction of cellular stress‐responsive pathways as well as the transcription of metastasis suppressor genes.Support or Funding InformationThe research is supported by the Office of International Programs of College of ACES at University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign and USDA HATCH fund.
Clinical Evaluation of a Minimally Invasive Technique Using a Free Semitendinosus Tendon Graft for Reconstruction of a Chronic Achilles Tendon Tear With Wide Gap
Authors: Bansal Nitish , Dev Parik , Tiwari Punit , Jain Ayush 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
The conventional approach to treat a chronic Achilles tendon tear with a wide gap is associated with many problems, primarily difficulty in filling the gap and skin complications. We used a minimally invasive technique to circumvent the problems.

Materials and Methods:
The study included 10 patients with chronic Achilles tendon tears with a wide gap (>6 cm, Kuwada type 4), who underwent reconstruction using free semitendinosus tendon graft transfer by a minimally invasive technique. Patients were followed up for 12 months. Toe walking, loss of dorsiflexion, and the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Score were assessed. The technique was also evaluated for any complications.

Results:
The age of the patients ranged from 40 to 53 years. The time since injury varied from 18 to 33 weeks. Full weight-bearing was achieved by 8 weeks in all the patients. All patients were able to walk on toes without assistance at 6 months. The mean American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Score increased from 40.8 to 80.4 after the operation. Only 1 patient developed a superficial skin infection, which resolved with treatment.

Conclusions:
Semitendinosus graft transfer is a reliable method to treat chronic Achilles tendon rupture with a wide gap, as this wide gap can be covered easily, has a low risk of donor-site morbidity, and can be used even in tears at the insertion site, with good results. With the minimally invasive technique, the intervening skin bridge is maintained, leading to fewer skin complications.
Effect of intravenous dexmedetomidine and remifentanil on neonatal outcomes after caesarean section under general anaesthesia
Authors: Lee Myeongjong , Kim Hyungtae , Lee Cheol , Kang Hyun 
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND
Various strategies have been used to mitigate haemodynamic instability during general anaesthesia for caesarean section. However, the safety of these strategies for neonates remains controversial.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine and remifentanil on neonatal outcomes during caesarean section under general anaesthesia.

DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

DATA SOURCES
Databases of PubMed, EMBASE and CENTRAL were searched until March 2020 and updated in February 2021.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials were included if they compared dexmedetomidine and remifentanil infusion on neonatal outcomes after elective caesarean section under general anaesthesia. Primary outcomes were 1 and 5 min Apgar scores. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of neonatal mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation, and pH of the umbilical artery and vein. Studies that did not report primary outcomes were excluded.

RESULTS
Five studies with 258 patients in total were included. The Apgar score at 1 min in the remifentanil group was lower than that in the dexmedetomidine group for both quantitative [weighted mean difference (WMD): 0.75; 95% CI, 0.44 to 1.07;
τ

2
= 0.00] and categorical outcomes (≥Apgar 7 vs. <Apgar 7) (risk ratio: 0.76; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.99;
τ

2
= 0.01). When trial sequential analysis (TSA) for Apgar score at 1 min was performed, the cumulative Z curve crossed both the conventional test boundary and the trial sequential monitoring boundary for the quantitative outcome but did not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundary for the categorical outcome. For both conventional meta-analysis and TSA, there were neither differences in the Apgar score at 5 min for either quantitative or categorical outcomes nor were there differences in the incidence of mask ventilation or intubation, or pH values of the umbilical artery and vein.

CONCLUSION
In our study, Apgar score at 1 min reported using both quantitative and categorical variables were lower in the remifentanil group than in the dexmedetomidine group but TSA showed that these differences were inconclusive for categorical variables. Data for other outcomes were scarce and did not allow any conclusions to be drawn. Thus, further studies with larger numbers of parturients and with neonatal outcomes as a primary endpoint are warranted to clarify the effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine and remifentanil.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
The protocol of this study has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019141102).