bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of scientists held by US students can be broadened through inclusive classroom interventions
Authors: Sheffield Sarah L. , Cook Meghan L. , Ricchezza Victor J. , Rocabado Guizella A. , Akiwumi Fenda A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMore diverse representation in undergraduate classrooms may be an important step towards turning science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines into more inclusive communities. In the United States of America, the individuals whose work is discussed in typical introductory science courses collectively do not represent the diversity of students’ identities in the classroom and further reinforce existing stereotypes of scientists as male, white, and aged. Here we report on the implementation of a semester-long intervention in an introductory-level geoscience course at the University of South Florida, USA. We introduced students to individuals with marginalized identities who are either scientists or have had a major influence on science and conducted semi-structured interviews with students from the course’s previous semesters. Analyses of these interviews indicate that participants with marginalized and non-marginalized identities broadened their preconceptions of who belongs in science and the range of identities among scientists. We suggest that interventions like these could foster feelings of belonging in the STEM community and, with repeated efforts, reduce harmful stereotyping and microaggressions against underrepresented scientists.
Non-noble metallic Cu with three different roles in a Cu doped ZnO/Cu/g-C3N4 heterostructure for enhanced Z-scheme photocatalytic activity
Authors: Bajiri Mohammed Abdullah , Hezam Abdo , Namratha K. , Al-Maswari Basheer M. , BhojyaNaik H. S. , Byrappa K. , Al-Zaqri Nabil , Alsalme Ali , Alasmari Raghad 
Published: May 2021

Cu serves as a co-catalyst, an electron mediator, and a dopant leading to a high enhancement in the photocatalytic activity of Cu-ZnO/Cu/g-C3N4 Z-scheme photocatalyst.
Chemoselective synthesis of 5,4′-imidazolinyl spirobarbiturates via NBS-promoted cyclization of unsaturated barbiturates and amidines
Authors: Xu Hui , Huang Rong-Lu , Shu Zhu , Hong Ran , Zhang Ze 
Published: May 2021

The cyclization of unsaturated barbiturates and amidines promoted by N-bromosuccinimide furnished a variety of structurally novel 5,4′-imidazolinyl spirobarbiturates with high chemoselectivity, good yields and remarkable functional group tolerance.
Plastische Deckung eines ausgedehnten Defekts nach Entfernung zweier kutaner Plattenepithelkarzinome mittels doppeltem vaskularisierten Brückenlappen am Skalp
Authors: Heim Nils , Wilms Christian Tim 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungGenerell stellt die Deckung von ausgedehnten Defekten am Skalp eine große Herausforderung dar. Bei großen Defekten spielen ästhetische und funktionelle Faktoren wie Kompromittierung der Perfusion der Lappenplastiken nach Tumorresektion, natürliches Angebot an Gewebe zur Deckung bei Rotationslappenplastiken aber auch der Verlauf der natürlichen Haargrenze eine Rolle, die die erfolgreiche Deckung erschweren. Wir berichten über den interessanten Fall eines Patienten, der sich mit einem etwa 8 × 9 cm großen kutanen Plattenepithelkarzinom des Skalps vorstellte. Nach histologischer Sicherung und Bestimmung von Größe und Topografie des Befunds mittels Schichtbildgebung erfolgte die chirurgische Entfernung des bis in den Sinus sagittalis superior reichenden Befundes. Die Deckung des großen Defekts erfolgte mit zwei doppelt gestielten Brückenlappen welche in fronto-occipitaler und occipito-frontaler in gegenläufiger Richtung in den zentralen Defekt geschwenkt wurden. Diese Art der doppelten Brückenlappenplastik stellt eine suffiziente Möglichkeit der Defektdeckung für Defekte der beschriebenen Art dar.
Doubling Recruitment of Pediatric Low-grade Glioma within Two Decades
does not change Outcome – Report from the German LGG
Studies
Authors: Gnekow Astrid Katharina , Kandels Daniela , Pietsch Torsten , Bison Brigitte , Warmuth-Metz Monika , Thomale Ulrich W. , Kortmann Rolf-D. , Timmermann Beate , Driever Pablo Hernàiz , Witt Olaf , Schmidt René , Spix Claudia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background Successive multicenter studies for pediatric low-grade glioma
(LGG) in Germany were accompanied by a doubling of annual recruitment over 2
decades. We investigated whether this increase conveyed a change of
epidemiologic characteristics or survival.
Methods and results Participating centers reported 4634 patients with the
radiologic/histologic diagnosis of LGG (1996–2018), rising from
109 to 278/year. Relating these numbers to all pediatric CNS tumors
registered at the German Childhood Cancer Registry, the LGG fraction and annual
crude incidence rates increased (32% to 51%; 0.94 to
2.12/100,000 children/adolescents<15 years). The
consecutive LGG studies recruited 899 (HIT-LGG 1996), 1592 (SIOP-LGG 2004), and
1836 (LGG-registry) patients with similar distribution of tumor-sites,
histology, and dissemination. 5-year overall survival was
96%-98% at median observation time of 8.1 years. Acknowledging
unequal follow-up periods, 589/899 (66%), 1089/1582
(69%), and 1387/1836 (76%) patients remained under
observation, while 1252/4317 received adjuvant treatment with decreasing
frequency of front-line radiotherapy from 16% to 5%.
Conclusion Pediatric LGG incidence rates in Germany are now comparable to
other European countries. The rise in patient numbers followed implementation of
standard-of-care treatment protocols, but did not result in relevant changes of
epidemiologic or clinical parameters or survival. Shifts in patient distribution
between treatment arms reflect growing acceptance of the LGG therapy
algorithm.
Synthesis of Highly Functionalized 4-Amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrroles
Authors: Zanatta Nilo , Zachow Lucimara L. , Mittersteiner Mateus , Aquino Estefania C. , Bonacorso Helio G. , Martins Marcos A. P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this work, the reactivity of 5-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoro-4-methoxypent-3-en-2-one toward primary aliphatic amines was studied. The reaction was found to be extremely selective to synthesize a series of 1-alkyl-4-(aminoalkyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrroles (13 examples, up to 90% yield) and a series of highly functionalized β-enaminones (6 examples, up to 78% yield), with only the amount of amine and the reaction conditions needing to be controlled. The structure of the products was unambiguously determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and 2D NMR experiments.
[Cu(bcp)(DPEphos)]+: A Versatile and Efficient Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst and Photosensitizer
Authors: Moucheron Cécile , Evano Gwilherm , Oger Samuel , Baguia Hajar , Phan Tuan-Anh , Teunens Titouan , Beaudelot Jérôme 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Synthesis of Cyclic Phosphinates by Microwave-Assisted Ionic-Liquid-Promoted Alcoholysis
Authors: Keglevich György , Harsági Nikoletta , Kiss Nóra Zsuzsa , Drahos László 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA series of 1-alkoxy-3-methyl- and 3,4-dimethyl-3-phospholene 1-oxides, as well as 1-alkoxy-3-methylphospholane 1-oxides were prepared in good yields by the microwave (MW)-assisted [bmim][PF6]-catalyzed transesterification of the corresponding methyl or ethyl esters. The alcoholyses studied represent another case, where MW irradiation has had a crucial role on the course of the reaction. The method developed is an alternative possibility to other esterifications starting from the corresponding phosphinic chlorides and acids.
Recent Advances in Metal-Nanoparticle-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions Assisted by Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Arisawa Mitsuhiro , Sako Makoto 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTransition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions are among some of the most important processes in synthetic chemistry as they are reliable tools for carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond formation. This short review focuses on recent advances in microwave-assisted­ coupling reactions using transition-metal-nanoparticle catalysts.1	Introduction2	Microwave-Assisted Coupling Reactions in Polar Solvents3	Microwave-Assisted Coupling Reactions in Nonpolar Solvents4	Conclusion
Risk of Bleeding during Implant Surgery in Patients Taking Antithrombotics: A Systematic Review
Authors: Miziara Luciano Nascimento Braga , Sendyk Wilson Roberto , Ortega Karem López , Gallottini Marina , Sendyk Daniel Isaac , Martins Fabiana 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe objective of this systematic review is to assess the risk of postoperative bleeding in oral surgery for implant placement in individuals taking antithrombotics (i.e., anticoagulants and/or antiplatelet agents). A literature search was performed in PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, Scopus, and EMBASE databases for articles published until August 2020, with no date restriction, and manually completed. We included prospective clinical studies that provided information regarding the presence of an experimental group (i.e., implant placement), a control group (patients not under treatment with antithrombotics), and a well-established protocol for evaluating bleeding. Meta-analysis determined the risk of bleeding during the placement of implants in antithrombotic-treated patients. Of the 756 potentially eligible articles, 5 were included in the analysis with 4 ranked as high and 1 as medium quality. Antithrombotic treatment comprised the following drug classes: (1) anticoagulants: vitamin K antagonists, (2) nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants, (3) low-molecular-weight heparin, and (4) antiplatelet agents (not specified). The results suggest that the risk of bleeding is not substantially higher in antithrombotic-treated patients (odds ratio = 2.19; 95% confidence interval: 0.88–5.44, p = 0.09) compared with nontreated patients. This systematic review suggests that the absolute risk is low and there is no need to discontinue or alter the dose of the antithrombotic treatment for implant placement surgery.
The Historical Role of the Plastic Surgeon in Spine Reconstruction
Authors: Do Annie , Davis Matthew J. , Abu-Ghname Amjed , Winocour Sebastian J. , Reece Edward M. , Holmes Scott , Xu David S. , Ropper Alexander E. , Hansen Scott L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWound complications occur in up to 19% of patients undergoing complex spine surgery. The role of the plastic surgeon in complex and redo spine surgery is important and evolving. Classically, plastic surgeons have been involved in the management of patients who develop wound complications following surgery. This involves reconstruction of posterior trunk defects with locoregional fasciocutaneous, muscle, and free tissue transfers. There has also been an increasing role for plastic surgeons to become involved in prophylactic closures of complex and/or redo spine surgeries for high-risk populations. Identification of patients with comorbidities and likelihood for multiple reoperations who are prophylactically treated with complex closure with or without local muscle flaps could significantly decrease the postoperative wound complications.
Failures in Thoracic Spinal Fusions and Their Management
Authors: Prablek Marc , McGinnis John , Winocour Sebastian J. , Reece Edward M. , Kakarla Udaya K. , Raber Michael , Ropper Alexander E. , Xu David S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInstrumented fixation and fusion of the thoracic spine present distinct challenges and complications including pseudarthrosis and junctional kyphosis. When complications arise, morbidity to the patient can be significant, involving neurologic injury, failure of instrumentation constructs, as well as iatrogenic spinal deformity. Causes of fusion failure are multifactorial, and incompletely understood. Most likely, a diverse set of biomechanical and biologic factors are at the heart of failures. Revision surgery for thoracic fusion failures is complex and often requires revision or extension of instrumentation, and frequently necessitates complex soft tissue manipulation to manage index level injury or to augment the changes of fusion.
Vascularized Scapular Bone Grafting: Indications, Techniques, Clinical Outcomes, and Alternatives
Authors: Reece Edward M. , O'Neill Rebecca C. , Davis Matthew J. , Abu-Ghname Amjed , Ropper Alexander E. , Bohl Michael , Xu David S. , Winocour Sebastian J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSpinal fusion can be challenging to obtain in patients with complex spinal pathology. Medial scapular vascularized bone grafts (S-VBGs) are a novel approach to supplement cervicothoracic arthrodesis in patients at high risk of failed spinal fusion. In this article, we discuss the benefits of using VBGs compared with both nonvascularized bone grafts and free vascularized bone flaps and the surgical technique, feasibility, and limitations specific to the S-VBG.
System-on-chip upgrade of millimeter-wave imaging diagnostics for fusion plasma
Authors: Zhu Y. , Yu J.-H. , Yu G. , Ye Y. , Chen Y. , Tobias B. , Diallo A. , Kramer G. , Ren Y. , Tang W. , Dong G. , Churchill R. , Domier C. W. , Li X. , Luo C. , Chen M. , Luhmann N. C. 
Published: May 2021

Monolithic, millimeter wave “system-on-chip” technology has been employed in chip heterodyne radiometers in a newly developed Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) system on the DIII-D tokamak for 2D electron temperature and fluctuation diagnostics. The system employs 20 horn-waveguide receiver modules each with customized W-band (75–110 GHz) monolithic microwave integrated circuit chips comprising a W-band low noise amplifier, a balanced mixer, a ×2 local oscillator (LO) frequency doubler, and two intermediate frequency amplifier stages in each module. Compared to previous quasi-optical ECEI arrays with Schottky mixer diodes mounted on planar antennas, the upgraded W-band array exhibits &gt;30 dB additional gain and 20× improvement in noise temperature; an internal eight times multiplier chain is used to provide LO coupling, thereby eliminating the need for quasi-optical coupling. The horn-waveguide shielding housing avoids out-of-band noise interference on each module. The upgraded ECEI system plays an important role for absolute electron temperature and fluctuation measurements for edge and core region transport physics studies. An F-band receiver chip (up to 140 GHz) is under development for additional fusion facilities with a higher toroidal magnetic field. Visualization diagnostics provide multi-scale and multi-dimensional data in plasma profile evolution. A significant aspect of imaging measurement is focusing on artificial intelligence for science applications.
Feasibility of nuclide-identified imaging based on the back-streaming white neutron beam at the China Spallation Neutron Source
Authors: Tian Binbin , Jing Hantao , Wang Sheng , Li Qiang , Gao Xiaolong , Yang Xiaoyun 
Published: May 2021

Back-streaming neutrons through the incoming proton channel at the spallation target station of the China Spallation Neutron Source have been studied as a white neutron source (Back-n). We report a physical study on white neutron imaging based on the Back-n beamline. The wide neutron energy spectrum spanning from 1 eV to 100 MeV was very suitable for nuclide-identified imaging as well as measurements of nuclear data and other applications. We calculated the back-streaming white neutron energy spectrum using the Monte Carlo N-Particle code. A comparison of the results of calculation with those of the FLUktuierende KAskade code and experimental measurements were carried out. The energy resolution of the Back-n beam was close to 5% depending on the neutron energy and the modes of operation, and its spatial resolution could attain the order of tens of micrometers.
Scale-free movement patterns in termites emerge from social interactions and preferential attachments
Authors: Paiva Leticia R. , Marins Alessandra , Cristaldo Paulo F. , Ribeiro Danilo Miranda , Alves Sidiney G. , Reynolds Andy M. , DeSouza Og , Miramontes Octavio 
Published: May 2021

SignificanceWhen searching for food or conspecifics with whom to interact or merely meandering in a Petri dish, termites perform small displacements interspersed with a few long strides. This is known as Lévy walk, a pervasive movement pattern in animals. The extent to which this pattern is modifiable by the context is still under debate. We show that Lévy walks emerge from collective actions, being modified as the density of individuals in the group changes and absent when individuals interact with inert obstacles. Moreover, our data suggest strongly that preferential attachments, a phenomenon not reported previously, and favorite interactions with a limited number of acquaintances are responsible for the generation of Lévy movement patterns in these social insects.
Death rates at specific life stages mold the sex gap in life expectancy
Authors: Zarulli Virginia , Kashnitsky Ilya , Vaupel James W. 
Published: May 2021

Significance
Female life expectancy exceeds male life expectancy. Males at ages 15 to 40 die at rates that are often three times female levels, but this excess mortality is not the main cause of the life expectancy gap. Few deaths occur at younger adult ages compared with mortality after age 60 or, historically, among newborns. Our demographic analysis shows that, up through the early decades of the 20th century, the life expectancy gap largely resulted from excess deaths of infant boys. Afterward, higher mortality among men 60+ became crucial. The higher mortality of males at ages 15 to 40 has played a modest role.
Continuous learning of emergent behavior in robotic matter
Authors: Oliveri Giorgio , van Laake Lucas C. , Carissimo Cesare , Miette Clara , Overvelde Johannes T. B. 
Published: May 2021

SignificanceIn the last century, robots have been revolutionizing our lives, augmenting human actions with greater precision and repeatability. Unfortunately, most robotic systems can only operate in controlled environments. While increasing the complexity of the centralized controller is an instinctive direction to enable robots that are capable of autonomously adapting to their environment, there are ample examples in nature where adaptivity emerges from simpler decentralized processes. Here we perform experiments and simulations on a modular and scalable robotic platform in which each unit is stochastically updating its own behavior to explore requirements needed for a decentralized learning strategy capable of achieving locomotion in a continuously changing environment or when undergoing damage.
TSG101 negatively regulates mitochondrial biogenesis in axons
Authors: Lin Tzu-Huai , Bis-Brewer Dana M. , Sheehan Amy E. , Townsend Louise N. , Maddison Daniel C. , Züchner Stephan , Smith Gaynor A. , Freeman Marc R. 
Published: May 2021

Significance
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with many age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, yet understanding how a neuron maintains a pool of functional mitochondria in sufficient density and location throughout axons in vivo still remains enigmatic. Through an unbiased in vivo forward genetic screen, we identified an endosomal sorting complexes required for transport component, TSG101, as a modulator of mitochondrial number and size in neurons and provide evidence to place TSG101 as a negative regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. We further find that TSG101 does not contribute to Parkin/Pink1-mediated mitophagy and discovered that macroautophagy regulators ATG1 and ATG6 are dispensable in axonal mitochondrial number regulation. Through in vivo screening, it is possible to unravel translatable mechanisms of axonal mitochondrial maintenance.
Hot carrier multiplication in plasmonic photocatalysis
Authors: Zhou Linan , Lou Minhan , Bao Junwei Lucas , Zhang Chao , Liu Jun G. , Martirez John Mark P. , Tian Shu , Yuan Lin , Swearer Dayne F. , Robatjazi Hossein , Carter Emily A. , Nordlander Peter , Halas Naomi J. 
Published: May 2021

Significance
Photochemical processes on the surfaces of illuminated metallic nanoparticles have shown outstanding efficiencies and may provide new, light-based strategies for inducing chemical transformations that consume far less energy than do conventional heat-driven catalysts. Energetic, or “hot” electrons, play an important role in these types of processes, although their short lifetime has made this interpretation somewhat controversial. In this work, we report a photochemical reaction with an unusually high efficiency that points toward thermalized hot carriers as being the driving force. This study broadens our interpretation of hot-electron–mediated chemical processes and may pave the way for even higher efficiencies in this emerging field of chemistry.
Summer warmth of the past six interglacials on Greenland
Authors: Cluett Allison A. , Thomas Elizabeth K. 
Published: May 2021

Significance
Recurring glacial retreat and advance eroded most sedimentary records of pre-Holocene interglacials around Greenland, hindering development of long terrestrial paleoclimate records and leading to questions about what climate conditions caused past Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) retreat. We infer changes in summer temperature on Greenland from terrestrial biomarkers preserved in marine sediments through the past six interglacials. We find that exceptionally warm summers occurred during MIS5e when the GrIS remained relatively large, in contrast with moderate warmth through MIS11, when the GrIS was likely substantially reduced. Our results suggest that sustained summer warmth, a likely future if anthropogenic carbon emissions are not dramatically reduced, will be more detrimental to future stability of the GrIS than a brief period of exceptional warmth.
Maximizing power and velocity of an information engine
Authors: Saha Tushar K. , Lucero Joseph N. E. , Ehrich Jannik , Sivak David A. , Bechhoefer John 
Published: May 2021

Significance

Around 100 y ago, Szilard imagined how to raise a weight without doing any work, just using the information gained by “looking” at a single gas molecule bouncing inside a box. Here, we designed an engine that stores energy by raising a bead against gravity, driven purely by information about the bead position. No work is done directly on the bead; instead, all dissipation occurs in the measuring apparatus. By choosing the right size of bead and through careful design, we improved information-engine performance by more than a factor of 10 over the best previous designs. We achieve a maximum velocity of 190 μm/s and maximum power of

1

0

3

k

B

T
/
s

, numbers comparable to those measured in microorganisms.
Weak selection on synonymous codons substantially inflatesdN/dSestimates in bacteria
Authors: Rahman Shakibur , Kosakovsky Pond Sergei L. , Webb Andrew , Hey Jody 
Published: May 2021

SignificanceThe ratio of the nonsynonymous codon-substitution rate to that for synonymous codons(dN/dS)is widely used to estimate the strength and direction of selection. However, many synonymous changes are under selection, particularly in genes with high expression levels. We developed a model to include both neutral and selected synonymous substitutions and applied it to a large order of bacteria. The analysis revealed that the conventional estimate ofdSis usually well below the strictly neutral rate (80% on average). It follows that conventionaldN/dSestimates that are less than 1 substantially underestimate the level of negative selection and that cases of apparent positive selection (dN/dS> 1), as well as other applications ofdN/dS, should be reconsidered.