bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiogenomic modeling predicts survival-associated prognostic groups in glioblastoma
Authors: Nuechterlein Nicholas , Li Beibin , Feroze Abdullah , Holland Eric C , Shapiro Linda , Haynor David , Fink James , Cimino Patrick J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Combined whole-exome sequencing (WES) and somatic copy number alteration (SCNA) information can separate isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1/2-wildtype glioblastoma into two prognostic molecular subtypes, which cannot be distinguished by epigenetic or clinical features. The potential for radiographic features to discriminate between these molecular subtypes has yet to be established.

Methods
Radiologic features (n = 35 340) were extracted from 46 multisequence, pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of IDH1/2-wildtype glioblastoma patients from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA), all of whom have corresponding WES/SCNA data. We developed a novel feature selection method that leverages the structure of extracted MRI features to mitigate the dimensionality challenge posed by the disparity between a large number of features and the limited patients in our cohort. Six traditional machine learning classifiers were trained to distinguish molecular subtypes using our feature selection method, which was compared to least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) feature selection, recursive feature elimination, and variance thresholding.

Results
We were able to classify glioblastomas into two prognostic subgroups with a cross-validated area under the curve score of 0.80 (±0.03) using ridge logistic regression on the 15-dimensional principle component analysis (PCA) embedding of the features selected by our novel feature selection method. An interrogation of the selected features suggested that features describing contours in the T2 signal abnormality region on the T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI sequence may best distinguish these two groups from one another.

Conclusions
We successfully trained a machine learning model that allows for relevant targeted feature extraction from standard MRI to accurately predict molecularly-defined risk-stratifying IDH1/2-wildtype glioblastoma patient groups.
A date pit induced aorto-oesophageal fistula: a case report and concise literature review
Authors: Lichtenstein Kevin M , Russell Thomas B , Lichtenstein Julia B , Brar Harinderpal S 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Aorto-oesophageal fistula (AEF) is rare and fatal without intervention. Having consumed a date pit 2 weeks prior, the patient in this case presented with the ‘Chiari’ triad of chest pain, sentinel arterial upper gastro-intestinal haemorrhage and exsanguination after an asymptomatic interval. Following resuscitation, the patient was managed with a Blakemore tube with both oesophageal and gastric balloons inflated to systemic pressures. An aortic stent graft was planned but the patient died on the operating table.
AEFs can be treated surgically with either open or endovascular repair. Open repair is highly risky and involves combined replacement/bypass of the thoracic aorta along with resection/repair of the involved oesophagus. Endovascular repair can prevent fatal exsanguination and increase the likelihood of survival but is associated with a significant rate of secondary infection, recurrence of fistula, mediastinitis and sepsis. Further studies are required to inform on management.
I-FAST Intervention for Trauma
Authors: Grove David R. , Greene Gilbert J. , Lee Mo Yee 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Integrative family and systems treatment (I-FAST) family intervention procedures are described in this chapter. How to integrate intervention procedures from any trauma-related treatment approach into I-FAST is shown. How to organize a family treatment approach when trauma symptoms are the direct focus of treatment is described. When survivors and or families request help on problems other than trauma, how to indirectly address trauma symptoms on a family treatment level is outlined. Several case examples showing how to focus on trauma both directly and indirectly are offered.
Introduction
Authors: Robin William 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This introduction outlines the starting point for this study: the rise of Bang on a Can, a large-scale contemporary music organization that started as a marathon concert in downtown New York overseen by composers David Lang, Michael Gordon, and Julia Wolfe in 1987. Bang on a Can’s success in the 1980s and 1990s was a product not only of their individual ingenuity, but also a broader marketplace turn in new music: an ideological project, driven by institutions and musicians who contended that in order for contemporary composition to survive and flourish, it must reach a broad, non-specialist audience. This chapter surveys the postwar history of American composition through the lenses of uptown academicism and downtown experimentalism, describes how this book grapples with Bang on a Can’s institutional practices, and briefly outlines subsequent contents.
Conclusion
Authors: Natale Simone 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The historical trajectory examined in this book demonstrates that humans’ reactions to machines that are programmed to simulate intelligent behaviors represent a constitutive element of what is commonly called AI. Artificial intelligence technologies are not just designed to interact with human users: they are designed to fit specific characteristics of the ways users perceive and navigate the external world. Communicative AI becomes more effective not only by evolving from a technical standpoint but also by profiting, through the dynamics of banal deception, from the social meanings humans project onto situations and things. In this conclusion, the risks and problems related to AI’s banal deception are explored in relationship with other AI-based technologies such as robotics and social media bots. A call is made for initiating a more serious debate about the role of deception in interface design and computer science. The book concludes with a reflection on the need to develop a critical and skeptical stance in interactions with computing technologies and AI. In order not to be found unprepared for the challenges posed by AI, computer scientists, software developers, designers as well as users have to consider and critically interrogate the potential outcomes of banal deception.
Conclusion
Authors: Daxecker Ursula , Prins Brandon 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews what has been learned from the extensive research conducted by the authors and how the findings speak to the current state of knowledge about maritime piracy operations. It then considers theoretical and empirical extensions of the study that go beyond piracy, exploring implications of the conceptual framework for other types of crime and political violence. The chapter proceeds to policy implications of the findings, explaining why naval patrols and state-level capacity enhancements remain insufficient to eradicating maritime piracy completely. The chapter ends by examining recent and future trends in maritime piracy.
Grocery Workers
Authors: Cummings Scott L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the labor movement’s challenge to retail giant Wal-Mart, which in 2002 announced plans to open forty Supercenters in California—threatening to undermine labor standards, and union strength, in the grocery sector. It focuses on the confrontation with Wal-Mart in the separately incorporated city of Inglewood, a historically working-class African American community in South Los Angeles. There, a community-labor coalition, led by LAANE, organized to stop Supercenter development through legislative and legal challenges—a technique known as a “site fight” because it aimed to block Wal-Mart at a specific location. The chapter examines three phases of the fight, tracing how the coalition mobilized law to defeat the Inglewood proposal, design innovative policies to limit Wal-Mart’s entry into the Los Angeles market, and thwart Wal-Mart’s effort to bypass those policies by opening a small-format grocery store in historic Chinatown. In evaluating the campaign, the chapter suggests that the outcome was, in part, a product of Wal-Mart’s political miscalculation: The company’s drive for a Supercenter in Inglewood failed despite evidence of public support, in large measure because of an ill-conceived attempt to gain voter approval through a city initiative that would have completely circumvented the local planning process. Yet Wal-Mart’s defeat was not merely self-inflicted. The company’s miscalculation of the local response to the initiative was politically consequential precisely because there was a sophisticated team of activists and lawyers who used Wal-Mart’s disregard of public input to successfully mobilize community opposition to the Supercenter and build new anti-big-box policy. In that sense, the presence of a political-legal support structure, with experience mounting development-oriented campaigns from the community benefits context, was essential to Wal-Mart’s defeat—strengthening grocery labor standards in Los Angeles going forward.
Truck Drivers
Authors: Cummings Scott L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the monumental campaign to raise labor and environmental standards in the trucking industry at the Los Angeles and Long Beach ports. Building on the blue-green coalition launched in the CBA and big-box contexts—and incorporating central lessons from a decade of community–labor organizing in Los Angeles—the Campaign for Clean Trucks emerged as a fight over air quality but ultimately advanced as a local policy struggle over working conditions for roughly sixteen thousand short-haul port truck drivers. For these drivers, the central problem was their misclassification as independent contractors. Misclassification forced drivers to bear all the costs of operation—contributing to poorly maintained dirty diesel trucks causing air pollution—while depriving them of the right to organize unions to improve labor conditions. Restoring drivers to the status of employees was the mutual goal bringing together the labor and environmental movements in this campaign. It rested on a novel legal foundation: The ports, as publicly owned and operated entities, had the power to define the terms of entry for trucking companies through contracts called concession agreements. The campaign—led by LAANE, the Teamsters union, and NRDC—leveraged this contracting power to win passage of the landmark 2008 Clean Truck Program, which committed trucking companies seeking to enter the Los Angeles port to a double conversion: of dirty to clean fuel trucks (thus reducing pollution) and of independent contractor to employee drivers (thus enabling unionization). However, the program’s labor centerpiece—employee conversion—was invalidated by an industry preemption lawsuit that went all the way to the United States Supreme Court. As a result, the policy gains from a blue-green campaign built on mutual interest were split apart and reallocated, resulting in environmental victory but labor setback. Why the coalition won the local policy battle but lost in court—and how the labor movement responded to this legal setback through an innovative strategy to maneuver around preemption—are the central questions this chapter explores.
Theosophy, Cultural Nationalism, and Home Rule
Authors: Bevir Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of Theosophists in mobilizing Indian politics or the home rule movement, especially in the form of “cultural nationalism.” The first section shows how Western Theosophists simplified and appropriated Indian thought, deploying it to resolve dilemmas confronting occult and other religious traditions. The second section explores the ways in which Theosophical ideas then provided inspiration for a tradition of cultural nationalism within India itself. The third section briefly shows how this cultural nationalism transformed Congress in the years immediately surrounding Gandhi’s return from South Africa. It is argued that Theosophy was one strand feeding into cultural nationalism, as Theosophy introduced important and largely novel themes to cultural nationalism, including a principled commitment to non-violence and an alternative to liberal subjectivities.
Experiments with Theosophical Truth
Authors: Bergunder Michael 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that there is strong textual evidence to suggest that M. K. Gandhi’s notion of Hinduism, his specific view of Christianity, and his general belief that all religions refer to the same truth were shaped by the ideas of the Theosophical Society. The chapter presents the respective sources, discusses their plausibility, and puts these findings into perspective. This perspective is provided by a global history approach, which holds that the religious concepts in play since the nineteenth century were already products of globally “entangled histories.” Furthermore, it is argued that the impact of esotericism on global religious history, from the nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries, needs to be investigated with more academic rigor.
The Diaspora and Returnee Entrepreneurship
Authors: Williams Nick 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This book analyses the role that the diaspora play when returning as entrepreneurs to their homeland. Returnee entrepreneurs are defined as individuals who have moved away from their home country and lived as part of the diaspora, and have later returned home to live, invest, or both. With increased movements of people around the world, the role of transnational economic activity is becoming ever more significant, yet little is still understood about the motivations and contribution of those who return to their homeland to undertake entrepreneurial activity. The book examines return to post-conflict economies, with the returnees initially forced to move due to war. In doing so, it examines policy approaches to return and the intentions of returnees, and highlights the important role that emotional attachment plays in harnessing return. The book recognises the undoubted potential of diaspora entrepreneurs to benefit their homeland. Yet it also recognises the challenges in doing so. Not all diaspora entrepreneurship will be beneficial. Not all policy interventions will be effective, despite good intentions. Yet the lessons contained within this book are that by understanding the challenges and opportunities associated with diaspora return entrepreneurship, more effective strategies can be put in place.
Universal Education
Authors: Rothstein Bo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Widespread education has been linked to lower levels of corruption. This chapter shows a surprisingly strong correlation between levels of mass education in 1870 and corruption levels in 2010 for 78 countries. This correlation remains strong when controlling for change in the level of education, GDP/capita, and democracy. A model for the causal mechanism between universal education and control of corruption is presented. Firstly, societies with more equal education gave citizens more opportunities and power for opposing corruption. Secondly, universal education leads to other factors that seem to promote decreased corruption, such as a high level of generalized trust, and a sense nationalism leading people to identify with an entire country rather than with specific sects, clans, or ethnic/religious groups. Thirdly, losing wars seem to have led elites to strive for increased state capacity and was a strong motivation for the introduction of universal education in many countries.
Gender Equality, Impartiality, and Meritocracy
Authors: Rothstein Bo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A substantial number of studies show that increased gender equality is one important factor behind getting corruption under control. Men are hugely overrepresented in serious criminality and since most corruption is illegal, we should expect the same gender bias in this area. Also, impartiality in the exercise of public power has a powerful effect on lowering corruption and meritocracy and gender equality will increase competence in the public administration. This implies that there is a causal link between impartiality, gender equality, and control of corruption. Going from these results to policy recommendations is fraught with many difficulties. One is how to handle problems of legitimacy in the implementation process for various forms of preferential treatment of discriminated groups. Meritocracy may be far from an ideal solution for lowering corruption and thereby promoting human wellbeing, but it may be the least bad of existing alternatives.
Giving the Land a Kick
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
When it became clear that nutrients cause the rise of dead zones, scientists next examined the possible sources of the nutrients. This chapter argues the biggest source today is agriculture. The expansion of the Gulf of Mexico dead zone directly follows the huge increase in agricultural productivity, especially for corn. Yields increased over six times since 1930 in part because farmers used more fertilizer, “to give the land a kick.” As the chapter explains, Nancy Rabalais and Gene Turner found a direct link between fertilizer use and nutrient levels in the Mississippi River. In spite of opposition from agribusinesses, their work led to the formation of a White House committee and passage of legislation to support work on the hypoxia problem. Agriculture is also the main source of nutrients feeding dead zones in other regions of the world. The chapter later points out that the biggest user of fertilizer is now China, where excessive nutrients have caused massive harmful algal blooms and other environmental problems.
Silence andUpāya
Authors: Garfield Jay L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines the paradox developed in the Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa-sūtra regarding the limits of language. The sūtra argues that ultimate reality is ineffable, and that regarding it one must be silent. But that is to say something about it, and the silence one maintains, if it is to express ultimate reality, must also be a kind of speech. Speech and silence, and the expressible and the ineffable, are hence paradoxically related.
New Countries, Old Problems
Authors: Hoy Benjamin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on the Great Lakes in the 1860s and 1870s to argue that the border’s importance shifted in response to Reconstruction and Confederation. National consolidation encouraged each nation to rethink how African Americans, Indigenous people, immigrants, and settlers fit into each country. By dividing those who constituted the nation from those who threatened it, battles over belonging helped to usher in new immigration laws and extradition provisions. Debates over suffrage required each country to outline the core tenants of the socieities they intended to create. This forced them to weigh the relative importance of cultural beliefs, gendered norms, contract freedom, racial background, and private property against one another. In this uncertain environment, sexual morality, suffrage rights, citizenship, and ideas about the family created the terrace that border control grew from.
Borders of Stones, Guns, and Grass
Authors: Hoy Benjamin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on the Prairies to show how violence served as both a motivation and a tool for federal control. During the 1860s and 1870s, the Red River Resistance (1869), Fenian raids (1866–1871), the continuation of the whiskey trade, and the Cypress Hills Massacre (1873) provided a series of humiliating reminders of the limited power both countries maintained along their shared border. As the Métis resistance and Fenian movements suggested, the Canada–US border was home to more than just two national stories of self-determination and expansion. Securing land cessions, curtailing violence, and controlling space required colonial governments to either understand Indigenous boundaries or destroy them.
Where It All Went Wrong
Authors: Hoy Benjamin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Violence across the Prairies helped to develop new ideas about border control and made them possible. Canadian and American conceptions of territory required erasing all other pre-existing forms of territorial organization. That process relied on a kind of violence and suffering that occurred in parallel to warfare. Erasure of Lakota, Dakota, Cree, and Métis boundaries became possible as famine, drought, deprivation, and demographic disruption forged a new order across the West. In the span of only a few decades, the geopolitics of thousands of miles of territory shifted. In 1874, Canada and the United States had just finished surveying and placing boundary markers across the Plains. Less than two decades later, the Canada–US border had become one of the most significant boundaries in the region.
Borders of Salt and Rock
Authors: Hoy Benjamin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
On the Pacific Coast, the transition from boundary survey to day-to-day control took half a century. Canadian and American dependence on Indigenous labor limited the restrictions they could implement. By the mid-1880s, the immigration of hundreds of thousands of settlers shifted the balance of power. Both governments drove the Coast Salish out of the work force and imposed a new geographic order on top of existing Indigenous ones. At the same time, Chinese immigration drove grassroots pressure to reform federal border controls. In the wake of riots, protest, and vigilante justice, the United States passed Chinese Exclusion Acts in 1882 and 1888 and Canada developed a head tax.
The Chaos of Control
Authors: Hoy Benjamin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
At the end of the nineteenth century, the Canada–US border operated as an inconsistent patchwork from one end of the continent to the other. Ottawa and Washington bankrolled the agencies that guarded the international line, but never controlled what happened day to day. In a world filled with ambiguity, individual agents (rather than the federal government more broadly) became the key arbiters of how the border felt to surrounding communities. Corruption and misunderstandings proliferated. Federal agents misclassified, undervalued, and overenforced cargoes for personal profits. Merchants found loopholes of their own to exploit the economic environment created by the border.