bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of chemical extraction with heat on the bamboo fibre strength
Authors: Zariatin D L , Siregar A S , Suwandi A , Foster R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Bamboo is a renewable material widely used as a reinforced composite. One of the steps in making bamboo composites is soaking or heating using NaOH. The process is intended to eliminate small animals that may live in the bamboo. The attainment of strength and toughness is the most crucial requirement in structural material. This study compared the Apus, Atter, and Black bamboo fiber‘s strength by administering several methods and applying three different extraction times. The methods are the 5% NaOH chemical extraction method at a temperature of 70°C (heated), the 5% NaOH chemical extraction method (permeated) at room temperature, and the extraction method without treatment nor administering heat. The highest tensile strength among the three methods for each Apus, Atter, and Black bamboo is 194.25 N/mm2, 142.67 N/mm2, and 178.46 N/mm2, respectively. Among the mothed used in this research, heating the bamboo in 5% NaOH solution with a 70°C temperature is more effective than soaking it at room temperature. The strength was increased up to 112%, 98%, and 190% for Apus, Atter, and Black bamboo. Black bamboo shows a significant improvement by using a chemical extraction process.
Plant-based pesticide using citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L.) extract to control insect pests on rice plants
Authors: Telaumbanua M , Savitri E A , Shofi A B , Suharyatun S , Wisnu F K , Haryanto A 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe main enemy in rice production is the attack of stinky bugs, brown planthoppers, grasshoppers, ladybugs, aphids, and others. This attack inhibits the growth of rice plants, thereby reducing production or even thwarting the harvest. Chemical pesticide application can reduce pests and diseases. However, the long-term use of chemical pesticides can disrupt the ecosystem. This study aims to study the application of plant-based pesticides to the presence of pests and predatory insects for rice plants. The research was begun with the preparation of citronella-based pesticide from citronella extract obtained by mixing citronella with water at a weight ratio of 2:1. The extract was mixed with water at a ratio of 1 liter for 50 ml of citronella extract. The application of the prepared pesticide was carried out by spraying 21-DAP (day after planting) rice plants at two plots sizing 400 m2each. The types and numbers of pests and predatory insects were observed before every pesticide application. Spraying was repeated weekly for the following 4 weeks. Results showed a decrease of insects in experimental plots A and B after the application of pesticides. After the fourth application, only one type of insect (green grasshopper) was found in plot A, and no insect was found in plot B. However, four types of insects were found in the control plot. The application of citronella-based pesticides is also related to the decrease of predatory insects’ population.
Model of solar energy utilization in Bunaken Island Communities
Authors: Rumbayan M , Sompie S R U , Ruindungan D G S , Panjaitan N V 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The ambitious planning of renewable energy utilization in Indonesia to achieve 23% in the country’s energy mix by 2025 pushes the development of model community using a Photovoltaic (PV) stand-alone system. The issue about island electricity access is happening in Bunaken as one of the famous tourist spots in Indonesia. Island communities are facing limited access toward the availability of electrical energy day and night time. This article aims to develop a model for solar energy utilization in Bunaken island communities for tourism spots. The design and cost-benefit analysis have been done for Bunaken community for lighting and handphone charging. The result indicated that the utilization of PV stand-alone system in Bunaken can be introduced by solar luggage package for the communities who willing to support their small-medium enterprise.
Disease detection in banana trees using an image processing-based thermal camera
Authors: Anasta N , Setyawan F X A , Fitriawan H 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Banana is a fruit plant that is widely produced in Indonesia. Unfortunately, this plant is very susceptible to diseases, which can reduce the crop’s quality and quantity. This paper proposes disease detection in banana plants using a thermal camera. The detection is carried out using image processing techniques with multilevel thresholding methods. The image is captured using a thermal camera; then, the image is preprocessed to suit what is desired. After that, the image produced by the thermal camera is carried out by an image registration process so that the position is the same as the image taken using a digital camera. The image processing result is compared with the ground truth image obtained from a digital camera to determine the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed method’s effectiveness is measured using the parameters Recall, Precision, F-measure, and Accuracy. The effectiveness of the proposed method is quite effective because it produces parameter values above 80%, namely the recall value of 85.4%, the Precision of 89.35%, the F measure of 87.33%, and the accuracy of 92.8%.
Potential of PALSAR SCANSAR data for oil palm plantation in growth monitoring and mapping
Authors: Carolita I , Rosid M S , Ibrahim A , Dirgahayu D , Noviar H , Supriatna J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The main objective of this study is to analyze the potential use of L-band radar data with 100 meter spatial resolution for age estimation of oil palm. Age of oil palm are very important parameter to be investigated, because age and condition of oil palm are the main factors for yield forecasting, biomass estimation, replanting plan, fertilization plan, etc. As sensitive to roughness and moisture, the variations of oil palm backscatter that received by SAR satellite caused by the differences of oil palm age. This condition give possibility to investigate the relation between backscatter and age. Four radar images were acquired using the Scanning synthetic aperture radar/Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ScanSAR/ALOS)-2 sensor over the oil palm plantation in Tandun Riau, July 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. The information about ages from very young up to mature were gathered from oil palm plantation of PTP N V in Tandun.. The growth model equation was built to describes the development of backscatter of oil palm from young age to mature age. Method to get growth model is regression analysis. The growth model that has been obtained is logarithmic equation with R2 around 0,90 for HH SAR polarization. Growth model then can be used for age estimation and produce oil palm map based on it’s age that can be used for yield estimation, as well as for oil palm’s condition monitoring including it’s health.
Adopting sustainable development in reconstruction Post War City of Mosul Architecture-Case Study
Authors: Abdul Razzaq Mohsen Al-Samurai Ayad , Subhi Ramdan Al-Qaraghuli Anwar 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Reconstruction represents an opportunity to achieve sustainable development for each cities and buildings destroyed by wars and disasters. Many previous studies highlighted reconstruction although their presentation in most cases was general and selective in adopting some aspects but not others. The research problem was determined by the lack clear vision to the possibility for adopting sustainable development, with its multiple dimensions, is in reconstruction of both cities and buildings, so that the Objective of the Research is to present the most organized and clear knowledge in a way that serves the reality of the local situation by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach for several studies and applied experiences. The research has realized distinction for the importance of each of the organizational, institutional and Cultural dimensions in reconstruction along with all the economic, social and environmental dimensions in a way that achieves sustainable development based on multiple Basis, principles, and techniques that contribute in their entirety to the advancement of the reality of cities and buildings after wars and disasters, which therefore requires the necessity of taking them into account in the local experience of reconstruction.
The Importance of Sports Infrastructure for Residential Neighbourhoods’ Centres
Authors: Hadi Nassr Eman , Ghazi Al-Neaimi Khansaa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Sports infrastructure is considered to be the fundamental, physical, and design unit required to facilitate performing sport activities, and had become one of the important requirements in residential neighbourhoods’ centres and a complementary part of infrastructure that aims to serve all community groups. It’s also an important complementary part for residential neighbourhoods’ centres as it creates areas for the different activities, in addition to its great social and economic impact in the contemporary community. It’s also linked to the provision and type of sport institutes of a community (for example: gardens and recreation centres being utilized for sport uses). That’s why it’s important to search in the concepts that determine this structure in residential neighbourhoods’ centres, which represent the issue of this research that states: there is no clear perception about the importance of the sports infrastructure in the integration of residential neighbourhood centres, which make them suffer from shortage or neglect. This research aims to build a comprehensive theoretical framework that includes presenting the theoretical concepts and influencing variables of the sports infrastructure and its possible values and clarifying its role in the integration of residential neighbourhood centres. In addition to the sustainable vision for these centres where the research assumes that sports infrastructure is part of the integration of the growing residential neighbourhoods’ integrated centres.
Impact of physical expansion on community services
Authors: Hussein Ali Hamed , Hussein Al-Janabi Ali 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Community services are considering as the basic services for society, that the population increasing generates great pressure on those services. So, the research problem was represented, by increasing the population, the accompanying changes in land use, and physical expansion, which lead to an increase in the demand for community services. The research aims to study the reality of the community services and extent of their compliance with physical expansion and their conformity for planning criteria. The theoretical side deals with a number of concepts, including and physical expansion in the city, as well as the concept of community services and their types and planning criteria. While the practical side included presented the reality of the community services in the study area (Al-Shuala city), and measuring and analyzing the impact of physical expansion on those services. Finally, the research is reached to a number of conclusions, the most important one, which is study area, is satisfied clear deficit, and the actual need for community services. The research recommended, need to adopt approaches to sustainable urban planning, changing some land uses, and moving them in and outside the city.
Use the application of geographic information systems in the distribution of the electrical network
Authors: Kamel Al-Rawe Moheb 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The distribution of the electrical network on the spatial structure, especially within cities, and for the end-users to different spatial obstacles, through this research, the importance of using geographical information systems applications in the process of distributing and managing the electrical system can be identified. This study evaluates the spatial relationship between the electric distribution company and the nature of the link between them and among the end users in the study area (the city of Tal Afar), to find a way to optimize the distribution and management of how electricity is distributed. The study indicates that the study area contains only one transformer of 132KVA class distributed 16 lines of 11KV class and 5 lines of 33KV class, and a second transformer of 11KV class distributed 4 lines of 11KV class and one line of 33KV class to serve about 16,837 housing units, Which has an average consumption of 5.06KV, which indicates that the transformers are burdened with approximately 663KV, which confirms the importance of proper management according to modern technology through which to invest time and costs easily.
The axis of pedestrian movement between traditional and contemporary thought
Authors: Adnan Abdulmounaam Sally 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Traditional residential revival in the city of Baghdad has been characterized by achieving environmental, social and economic integration and meeting the humanitarian requirements, taking into consideration the compatibility between the material and spiritual sides, focusing primarily on achieving the safety of the pedestrian movement which provides the best protection. As well as walking on foot is one of the oldest means of transport necessary and necessary and indispensable for access to various events and so on their positive impact on human health. At a time when most of the modern residential neighborhoods are deficient in achieving this trend, which generated a clear confusion in the movement of pedestrian because there is no homogeneity facilitates the transition process. Therefore, the research will examine ways to achieve this homogeneity by developing appropriate solutions and treatments to reduce this confusion and reach conclusions and recommendations.
Drawbacks of Structural Fracture Control Approaches: A Case Study of Nigerian System
Authors: Okwilagwe O. , Akinlabi S. A. , Okokpujie I. P. , Ishola F. , Akinlabi E. T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFracture mechanics describes the susceptibility of structures and components to failure due to fracture, fatigue, creep, wear, or corrosion, as well as the prevention and control of crack propagation. Nigeria lacks sound fracture mechanics approaches. The frequent failure of structure is evident, particularly in the building sector, where there have been reported cases of building collapse resulting in the loss of lives and property. However, it is generally attributed to a design deficiency, the use of substandard materials or wrongful selection of materials, inferior quality control methods, inadequate maintenance programs, and the absence of standard regulatory bodies. There’s a growing need for structures that poses structural integrity to be able to withstand and support a given structural load without deforming or fracturing. This can be achieved through the meticulous selection of base materials, development, and implementation of a fracture control plan, the unique design process in the construction and manufacturing industry.
Estimating the effective bending rigidity of multi-layer graphene
Authors: Aljedani Jabr , Chen Michael J , Cox Barry J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We present a novel analytical prediction for the effective bending rigidity γ
eff of multi–layer graphene sheets. Our approach involves using a variational model to determine the folding conformation of multi–layer graphene sheets where the curvature of each graphene layer is taken into account. The Lennard–Jones potential is used to determine the van der Waals interaction energy per unit area and the spacing distance between graphene layers. The mid–line of the folded multi–layer graphene is described by a solution derived in previous work for folded single– and multi–layer graphene. Several curves are obtained for the single–layer solution using different values of the bending rigidity γ, and compared to the mid–line of the folded multi–layer graphene. The total area between these curves and the mid–line is calculated, and the value of γ
eff is determined by the single–layer curve for which this area is minimized. While there is some disagreement in the literature regarding the relationship between the bending rigidity and the number of layers, our analysis reveals that the bending rigidity of multi–layer graphene follows an approximate square–power relationship with the number of layers N, where N < 7. This trend is in line with theoretical and experimental studies reported in the literature.
Crown defoliation decreases reproduction and wood growth in a marginal European beech population
Authors: Oddou-Muratorio Sylvie , Petit-Cailleux Cathleen , Journé Valentin , Lingrand Matthieu , Magdalou Jean-André , Hurson Christophe , Garrigue Joseph , Davi Hendrik , Magnanou Elodie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
Abiotic and biotic stresses related to climate change have been associated with increased crown defoliation, decreased growth and a higher risk of mortality in many forest tree species, but the impact of stresses on tree reproduction and forest regeneration remains understudied. At the dry, warm margin of species distributions, flowering, pollination and seed maturation are expected to be affected by drought, late frost and other stresses, eventually resulting in reproduction failure. Moreover, inter-individual variation in reproductive performance versus other performance traits (growth, survival) could have important consequences for population dynamics. This study investigated the relationships among individual crown defoliation, growth and reproduction in a drought-prone population of European beech, Fagus sylvatica.

Methods
We used a spatially explicit mating model and marker-based parentage analyses to estimate effective female and male fecundities of 432 reproductive trees, which were also monitored for basal area increment and crown defoliation over 9 years.

Key Results
Female and male fecundities varied markedly between individuals, more than did growth. Both female fecundity and growth decreased with increasing crown defoliation and competition, and increased with size. Moreover, the negative effect of defoliation on female fecundity was size-dependent, with a slower decline in female fecundity with increasing defoliation for the large individuals. Finally, a trade-off between growth and female fecundity was observed in response to defoliation: some large trees maintained significant female fecundity at the expense of reduced growth in response to defoliation, while some other defoliated trees maintained high growth at the expense of reduced female fecundity.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that, while decreasing their growth, some large defoliated trees still contribute to reproduction through seed production and pollination. This non-coordinated decline of growth and fecundity at individual level in response to stress may compromise the evolution of stress-resistance traits at population level, and increase forest tree vulnerability.
Strand Orientation Bias Detector to determine the probability of FFPE sequencing artifacts
Authors: Diossy Miklos , Sztupinszki Zsofia , Krzystanek Marcin , Borcsok Judit , Eklund Aron C , Csabai István , Pedersen Anders Gorm , Szallasi Zoltan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, the most common tissue specimen stored in clinical practice, presents challenges in the analysis due to formalin-induced artifacts. Here, we present Strand Orientation Bias Detector (SOBDetector), a flexible computational platform compatible with all the common somatic SNV-calling pipelines, designed to assess the probability whether a given detected mutation is an artifact. The underlying predictor mechanism is based on the posterior distribution of a Bayesian logistic regression model trained on The Cancer Genome Atlas whole exomes. SOBDetector is a freely available cross-platform program, implemented in Java 1.8.
DECODE: a Deep-learning framework for Condensing enhancers and refining boundaries with large-scale functional assays
Authors: Chen Zhanlin , Zhang Jing , Liu Jason , Dai Yi , Lee Donghoon , Min Martin Renqiang , Xu Min , Gerstein Mark 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Motivation
Mapping distal regulatory elements, such as enhancers, is a cornerstone for elucidating how genetic variations may influence diseases. Previous enhancer-prediction methods have used either unsupervised approaches or supervised methods with limited training data. Moreover, past approaches have implemented enhancer discovery as a binary classification problem without accurate boundary detection, producing low-resolution annotations with superfluous regions and reducing the statistical power for downstream analyses (e.g. causal variant mapping and functional validations). Here, we addressed these challenges via a two-step model called Deep-learning framework for Condensing enhancers and refining boundaries with large-scale functional assays (DECODE). First, we employed direct enhancer-activity readouts from novel functional characterization assays, such as STARR-seq, to train a deep neural network for accurate cell-type-specific enhancer prediction. Second, to improve the annotation resolution, we implemented a weakly supervised object detection framework for enhancer localization with precise boundary detection (to a 10 bp resolution) using Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping.

Results
Our DECODE binary classifier outperformed a state-of-the-art enhancer prediction method by 24% in transgenic mouse validation. Furthermore, the object detection framework can condense enhancer annotations to only 13% of their original size, and these compact annotations have significantly higher conservation scores and genome-wide association study variant enrichments than the original predictions. Overall, DECODE is an effective tool for enhancer classification and precise localization.

Availability and implementation
DECODE source code and pre-processing scripts are available at decode.gersteinlab.org.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Graph transformation for enzymatic mechanisms
Authors: Andersen Jakob L , Fagerberg Rolf , Flamm Christoph , Fontana Walter , Kolčák Juri , Laurent Christophe V F P , Merkle Daniel , Nøjgaard Nikolai 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Motivation
The design of enzymes is as challenging as it is consequential for making chemical synthesis in medical and industrial applications more efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly. While several aspects of this complex problem are computationally assisted, the drafting of catalytic mechanisms, i.e. the specification of the chemical steps—and hence intermediate states—that the enzyme is meant to implement, is largely left to human expertise. The ability to capture specific chemistries of multistep catalysis in a fashion that enables its computational construction and design is therefore highly desirable and would equally impact the elucidation of existing enzymatic reactions whose mechanisms are unknown.

Results
We use the mathematical framework of graph transformation to express the distinction between rules and reactions in chemistry. We derive about 1000 rules for amino acid side chain chemistry from the M-CSA database, a curated repository of enzymatic mechanisms. Using graph transformation, we are able to propose hundreds of hypothetical catalytic mechanisms for a large number of unrelated reactions in the Rhea database. We analyze these mechanisms to find that they combine in chemically sound fashion individual steps from a variety of known multistep mechanisms, showing that plausible novel mechanisms for catalysis can be constructed computationally.

Availability and implementation
The source code of the initial prototype of our approach is available at https://github.com/Nojgaard/mechsearch

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.