bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis on the effect of polyetherimide on energy distribution of radio frequency heating of viscous sauce
Authors: Shi Huojie , Chen Hui , Yan Zhiming 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Radio frequency (RF) sterilization of low-moisture, high-oil, high-protein, and viscous sauces for instant food (LHHVS) demonstrates many advantages, but uneven heating is a main problem that must be addressed. Main factors that affect heating uniformity are generally considered dielectric properties, shape and size of the sample and its position relative to the electrode plate, in addition the structure and voltage of RF electrode. A method based on texture characteristics of the solid–gel–liquid mixing system of LHHVS for adjustment and control of energy distribution in the RF field is proposed in this study to improve the heating uniformity. First, energy conversion principles and control equations of RF heating were analyzed on the basis of dielectric theory. Second, the influence of RF electromagnetic field-medium polyetherimide (PEI) on the RF heating of peanut butter (RHPB) was investigated on the basis of the numerical model of RHPB that was verified through experiments. Finally, the influence mechanism and its regulation and control effect were analyzed and discussed. The following conclusions can be drawn from this study: the increase of electrode gaps exerts minimal effect although it reduces the unevenness of the energy distribution. However, RF heating protocols must use the smallest possible electrode gap to heat agrifoods and increase the heating rate significantly. The energy distribution on the part of the sample close to PEI varies with the change of geometry and size of PEI when its placement is bias or symmetric. The area of energy enhancement continues to expand where the sample is in contact with PEI as PEI gradually increases. The area where the temperature increases under the influence of PEI will expand along the direction of the sample radius when the thickness of PEI remains unchanged and the radius gradually enlarges; otherwise, it will expand along the direction of the sample thickness. The influence of PEI on the energy distribution of RHPB demonstrates local characteristics. PEI significantly influences the energy distribution and heating mode of RHPB, which is easy to adjust and control, but does not reduce the processing speed and does not increases energy consumption. Hence, PEI is an effective means to interfere with energy distribution of RHPB. Uniform energy distribution can be obtained by selecting the appropriate PEI shape and size. Results of this study can help determine the experimental protocol for RHPB with the optimal uniform distribution and promote the fast commercial application of this technology.
Brain size evolution in small mammals: test of the expensive tissue hypothesis
Authors: Jiang Ying , Wang Jia Yu , Huang Xiao Fu , Mai Chun Lan , Liao Wen Bo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Brain size exhibits significant changes within and between species. Evolution of large brains can be explained by the need to improve cognitive ability for processing more information in changing environments. However, brains are among the most energetically expensive organs. Enlarged brains can impose energetic demands that limit brain size evolution. The expensive tissue hypothesis (ETH) states that a decrease in the size of another expensive tissue, such as the gut, should compensate for the cost of a large brain. We studied the interplay between energetic limitations and brain size evolution in small mammals using phylogenetically generalized least squares (PGLS) regression analysis. Brain mass was not correlated with the length of the digestive tract in 37 species of small mammals after correcting for phylogenetic relationships and body size effects. We further found that the evolution of a large brain was not accompanied by a decrease in male reproductive investments into testes mass and in female reproductive investment into offspring number. The evolution of brain size in small mammals is inconsistent with the prediction of the ETH.
An Early Bronze Age Burial with a Golden Spiral Ring from Ammerbuch-Reusten, Southwestern Germany
Authors: Krauß Raiko , Breuer Lea , Korolnik Simone , Pernicka Ernst , Schorer Birgit , Spatzier André , Stein Veronika , Bofinger Jörg 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A women’s burial of the Early Bronze Age that was uncovered near Ammerbuch-Reusten, Tübingen district in autumn 2020 shows clear relations to burial rites of the Final Neolithic in central Europe. The only grave good was in the rear of the burial. A small spiral ring made of gold wire at the left side of the burial at hip level, which can be considered to be the earliest securely dated precious metal find in southwestern Germany. The find fits into a small series of early spiral rings made of gold wire, which are among the oldest precious metal finds in central Europe. Its composition with c. 20 % silver and less than 2 % copper as well as traces of platinum and tin indicates the use of a naturally occurring gold alloy, most likely from so-called alluvial deposits obtained by panning from rivers. The trace element pattern strongly suggests that this type of gold derives from Cornwall, specifically from River Carnon. The burial matches a group of other burials from the Bronze Age on the plateau and is apparently related to a hilltop settlement on the nearby Kirchberg of Reusten.
Calix[4]arene-crown-5 as a selective extraction reagents for K+/H+, Rb+/H+ and Rb+/Cs+ separations
Authors: Vaňura Petr , Makrlík Emanuel , Selucký Pavel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
From extraction experiments, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibriums M+ (aq) + NaL+ (org) ⇔ ML+ (org) + Na+ (aq) or M+ (aq) + CsL+ (org) ⇔ ML+ (org) + Cs+ (aq), which take place in the two-phase water–nitrobenzene extraction system (M+ = Li+, H3O+, Ag+, K+, NH4
+, Tl+, Rb+; L = calix[4]arene-bis crown5(1,3-alternate), 26,28-dipropoxycalix[4]arene-crown-5(1,3-alternate), 11,23-dibromo-25,28-dipropoxycalix[4]arene-crown-5 (1,3-alternate) and 1,3-alternate-25,27-dihydroxycalix[4]arene-crown-5; aq = aqueous phase, org = organic phase), were evaluated. The stability constants of the NaL+ and CsL+ complexes were calculated from the extraction of the respective picrates in the system of water–nitrobenzene solution of L. Further, the stability constants of the ML+ complexes in nitrobenzene saturated with water were determined. High selectivities were found in some systems under study.
Influence of Bio-oil Modification on Moisture-Induced Damage Potential of Asphalt Binder and Mix
Authors: Girimath Shashibhushan , Singh Dharamveer , Showkat Burhan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Bio-oil (BO) derived from waste wood has the potential to be the modifier for asphalt binders. This study attempts to evaluate the effect of BO on the moisture damage potential of asphalt binder and mix by blending BO at two dosages (2 % and 4 %, by weight) in AC30. BO was obtained by fast pyrolysis of waste wood. To achieve this objective, surface free energy (SFE), bitumen bond strength, and indirect tensile strength tests were conducted for evaluating the cohesive and adhesive bond strength, the work of debonding, energy ratios (ERs), pull off tensile strength (POTS), and tensile strength ratio (TSR). The test results indicated that the addition of BO improves the cohesive and adhesive bond strength. Also, an increase in the work of debonding was observed by conducting the SFE test. Thereafter, ERs indicated that BO has compromised the moisture damage resistivity of AC30. A reduction in POTS was also observed on inclusion of BO. TSR of mixes reduced consistently on BO addition, thereby indicating that BO has compromised the moisture-induced damage resistivity of mixes. However, all mixes resulted in more than 80% TSR value, which is the minimum requirement to counter the moisture-induced damage. A “good” correlation was observed between ERs and TSR. This study concludes that although the inclusion of BO is a promising prospect, BO has the propensity to compromise the moisture-induced damage resistivity of the asphalt mix.
Deep Learning-based Mobile Tourism Recommender System
Authors: Fudholi Dhomas Hatta , Rani Septia , Arifin Dimastyo Muhaimin , Satyatama Mochamad Rezky 
Published: May 2021

A tourism recommendation system is a crucial solution to help tourists discover more diverse tourism destinations. A content-based approach in a recommender system can be an effective way of recommending items because it looks at the user's preference histories. For a cold-start problem in the tourism domain, where rating data or past access may not be found, we can treat the user's past-travel-photos as the histories data. Besides, the use of photos as an input makes the user experience seamless and more effortless. The current development in Artificial Intelligence-based services enable the possibilities to implement such experience. This research developed a Deep Learning-based mobile tourism recommender system that gives recommendations on local tourism destinations based on the user's favorite traveling photos. To provide a recommendation, we use cosine similarity to measure the similarity score between one's pictures and tourism destination's galleries through their label tag vectors. The label tag is inferred using an image classifier model that runs from a mobile user device through Tensorflow Lite. There are 40 label tags, which refer to local tourism destination categories, activities, and objects. The model is trained using state-of-the-art mobile deep learning architecture EfficientNet-Lite. We did several experiments and got an accuracy result of more than 85% on average, using EfficientNet-Lite as the base architecture. The implementation of the system as an Android application has been proved to give an excellent recommendation with Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) equals to 5%.
ARTE PARA TODOS (Y TODAS): LA MEDIDA 40 EN EL PROGRAMA DE LA UNIDAD POPULAR
Authors: Espinoza Cartes Carolina 
Published: May 2021

El gobierno de la Unidad Popular otorga un papel activo y protagonista a la cultura como elemento transformador de la sociedad. Su presidente, Salvador Allende, cree fervientemente en que los derechos de los ciudadanos van más allá de la resolución de sus necesidades básicas y equipara en su programa de gobierno —las 40 medidas— derechos vanguardistas, tales como, el medio litro de leche diario para luchar contra la desnutrición infantil, con el acceso de los ciudadanos a una cultura popular y descentralizada.
50 AÑOS EN PRIMERA VOZ
Authors: Espinoza Cartes Carolina , Rosenmann Marcos Roitman 
Published: May 2021

Quienes participaron en el programa de gobierno o compartieron los ideales de la Unidad Popular en Chile, vivieron un cambio en sus vidas que los marcó para siempre. Medio siglo después, actores desde diferentes disciplinas y áreas del saber, relatan cómo recuerdan aquellos días y las transformaciones que ha sufrido el país, desde ese entonces. Desde la victoria de Salvador Allende a las reivindicaciones del estallido social de octubre del año pasado, poetas, políticos, médicos, jugadores de fútbol, sociólogos y analistas revisan sus testimonios y rescatan similitudes y diferencias.
The Cemeteries and Grave Finds of Győr and Moson Counties from the Time of the Hungarian Conquest and the Early Árpádian Age
Authors: Horváth Ciprián 
Published: May 2021

Abstract of PhD thesis submitted in 2013 to the Archaeology Doctoral Programme, Doctoral School of History, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest under the supervision of Tivadar Vida.
The dissertation examines the burials of the territory of two counties, Győr and Moson in the west of the Hungarian Principality in the age of the Hungarian Conquest, and the Hungarian Kingdom in the Early Árpádian Age. Their analysis will be the ground for sketching the picture of the territory in the 10th-11th centuries. First the period’s sites are presented, then the assessment of individual phenomena and object types follows, providing ground for the examinations of the history of settlements, which partly leads through the examination of the borderland character of the territory. The territory of the former two counties forms the geographical frames. The temporal frames are formed by, on the one hand, the occupation of Transdanubia in – according to our present knowledge – 900 and on the other hand, the end of the 11th century and the beginning of the 12th century.
Televizyonun Teknik Gelişimi ve Tanımlanmasının Türkiye’deki Yansımaları: 1930’larda Televizyonu Tanıma Çabaları
Authors: İLASLAN Süleyman 
Published: May 2021

Televizyonun icadı ve teknik gelişimini tamamlayarak gündelik hayatta yer almaya başlaması uzun bir tarihsel süreci kapsamaktadır. Bu sürece en az bunlar kadar uzun süren onu anlamlandırma ve sosyal-kültürel hayatta konumlandırma çabaları eşlik etmiştir. Televizyonun kamusal söylemde yer alışı gündelik hayatın temel bir unsuru olarak kabul görmesinden ve yaygınlaşmasından çok önce gerçekleşmiştir. Televizyon hakkındaki söylemler yalnızca onu keşfeden ülkelerle sınırlı kalmamış, diğer ülkelere de yayılmıştır. Özellikle gelişmiş Batılı ülkelerden yayılan bu televizyon söylemi 1930’lu yıllarda Türkiye’de de karşılık bulmuştur. Bu yıllarda gazetelerde televizyonun gelişimi konusundaki haberlerin ve köşe yazılarının ortaya çıkışı bu yeni iletişim teknolojisine duyulan ilgiyi ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışmada televizyona dair gelişmelerin Türkiye’de 1920’li yılların sonlarından 1940’lı yıllara kadar olan süreçte kamusal söylemde kendisine nasıl yer bulduğuna odaklanılmaktadır. Televizyonu anlamlandırma biçiminin bu tekniği keşfeden ve geliştiren öncü ülkelerdeki hâkim televizyon söyleminden ve anlamlandırma biçiminden nasıl etkilendiği incelenmektedir. Bu çerçevede, televizyona dair söylemler üzerinden bir zihniyetler tarihi çalışması gerçekleştirilmektedir. Çalışmanın temel veri kaynaklarını ele alınan dönemdeki gazete arşivleri oluşturmaktadır. Milli Kütüphane’nin dijitalsüreli yayın arşivi “televizyon” anahtar kelimesiyle taranarak Akşam, Hâkimiyeti Milliye, Kurun, Ulus ve Vakit gibi gazetelerden ulaşılan haber ve köşe yazıları üzerinden bu yeni teknoloji ve iletişim biçimine dair dönemin kamusal söylemi nitel bir yorumlama temelinde tarihsel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, yeni bir iletişim teknolojisinin tanımlanmasının dönemin toplumsal koşulları ve mevcut iletişim biçimleri bağlamında gerçekleştirildiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca, Türkiye’de televizyonu anlamlandırmada bu yeni iletişim teknolojisi ve biçimine dair uluslararası söylem de temel bir rol oynamıştır.
Energy ratio of reflected and refracted seismic waves*
Authors: Gutenberg B. 
Published: May 2021

IV. Summary
The investigation of amplitudes of elastic waves passing through layers of the earth, either in earthquakes or from artificial explosions, requires a knowledge of the distribution of energy at points of reflection or refraction, and also of the ratio between the amplitudes arriving at the surface of the earth and the displacements of the ground there. Some fundamental theoretical problems involved are discussed (section II) and typical curves for the quantities mentioned are given (section III).
Magnitude determination for deep-focus earthquakes*
Authors: Gutenberg B. 
Published: May 2021

Summary
The magnitude of deep-focus earthquakes is so defined as to make the energy released in two shocks of the same magnitude equal, regardless of focal depth.—Charts are given which, in connection with the equations for the magnitude of shallow shocks, permit the calculation of the magnitude of a shock at any given depth if the maximum ground amplitude and the corresponding wave period of P, PP, or S at a given epicentral distance are known.—It is found that the energies released in the longitudinal and transverse waves of an earthquake are about equal, regardless of focal depth.—The “shadow zone” for P and S waves at epicentral distances near 10°, indicating a slight minimum in wave velocity at a depth near 100 km., has been confirmed, and quantitative results for amplitudes of P as a function of focal depth are given.—Earthquake magnitudes of 7 ¾ to 8 have been found throughout the range of focal depths, but, during the past forty years, seem to have been relatively less frequent in deep-focus than in shallow shocks. In contrast with shallow shocks, no deep-focus earthquakes of magnitudes 8 ¼ to 8 ½ have been established thus far. This indicates (but does not yet prove) that at depths of about 100 to 700 km. roughly one-tenth as much energy can be stored as at depths of 15 to 40 km. At a depth of about 700 km. earthquake activity seems to stop abruptly.—The amplitudes of surface waves in deep-focus shocks decrease with increasing focal depth approximately as given by the theory.
An electrostatic seismometer*
Authors: Gane P. G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Theory and description are given of sensitive capacity-type seismometers having small size, eddy-current damping, and an undamped period of 0.23 second. The voltage output is taken to the grid of a cathode-follower tube within the instrument and is thereafter amplified. The suspension of the mass (by torsion wire) is of identical character in both vertical- and horizontal-component instruments. Records are given of tremors observed with a magnification of 7,000.
The Dominguez Hills, California, earthquake of June 18, 1944*
Authors: Martner Samuel T. 
Published: May 2021

Summary
Two small earthquakes on June 18, 1944, were felt generally in the Los Angeles metropolitan area and did slight damage in the region of Compton and Gardena, California, which included collapse of sixteen wells in the Rosecrans oil field. Epicenters of these shocks have been determined to be near 33° 51′ N Lat. and 118° 15′ W Long., with origin times at 4:03:34 p.m. and 7:06:06 p.m., P.S.T. This occurrence is compared with a previous happening in 1941, and the parallel is so striking that it is strongly suggested that the mechanism was similar in both.
On the layer of relatively low wave velocity at a depth of about 80 kilometers*
Authors: Gutenberg B. 
Published: May 2021

Summary and Conclusions
Seismograms recorded at epicentral distances between 4° and 26° are investigated, and revised travel-time curves for P and S are given. Both consist of two branches, the first almost a straight line ending in a shadow zone, the second beginning with relatively large amplitudes and with a delay relative to the first branch. The end of the shadow zone for P seems to be near 15° in most regions; for S this distance seems to vary somewhat and to be usually a few degrees greater. The “20-degree discontinuity” of Lehmann and Jeffreys, following Byerly (1926), as well as observations by Neumann (1933) and others, probably can be referred to the same phenomenon. Differences in distance are partly due to local effects, partly to the difficulty of tracing the first branch of the travel-time curves of P and S across the shadow zone.
Huancayo, Peru, seismograms from near-by earthquakes at intermediate depth are used for studying the change of amplitude with focal depth at a given distance in and near the shadow zone. All observations are explained on the assumption that the velocity of P as well as S waves decreases somewhat (between 1/2 and 3 per cent?) at a depth below the Mohorovičić discontinuity to a minimum value at a depth near 80 to 100 km. The data do not permit decision whether the decrease in velocity is gradual over a range of about 50 km. or (almost) sudden at a given depth. The layer with lower velocity extends downward to a depth of about 150 to 180 km.; below, the velocities increase rather rapidly, but Poisson's ratio remains near 0.30, contrasting with a value of slightly less than 1/4 in the upper layers. Correspondingly, the rigidity remains relatively small as compared with the bulk modulus, apparently down to the surface of the core.
It is of interest to note that such a low-velocity layer has now been established for the solid earth, the ocean, and the atmosphere, providing shadow zones for elastic (sound) waves in all three. It is also noteworthy that only a relatively small decrease in velocity is required to produce a rather extensive and pronounced shadow zone. The theory of free waves connected with the surface of minimum wave velocity probably will throw some light on the relatively large amplitudes and persistence of surface waves with a velocity of about 4.45km/sec. in seismograms.
Vibrations from delay blasting*
Authors: Leet L. Don 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Systems of delay blasting are discussed with particular reference to their effectiveness in reducing vibrations in the vicinity. It has been established that short-delay blasting does in some cases reduce vibrations appreciably and increase rock breakage. The exact mechanism by which it operates, however, is not yet well enough understood to permit applications with uniform success under a variety of conditions.
A theory of the operation of short-delay blasting is offered as a working hypothesis to guide research and the engineering of shots until experimental data are available.
The Koroni (Messinia) earthquake of October 6, 1947*
Authors: Galanopoulos A. G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Brief report of the macroseismic effects. Comparison of the distribution of the seismic effects with the strongly shaken area of the previous widespread earthquake of August 27, 1886. Critical discussion of the perceptibly shaken area, with the resulting suggestion that the depth of the focus may have been between 28 and 42 kilometers, greater than that of most destructive earthquakes of Greece. There is emphasized the lack of conductibility in the crystalline mass of Cyclades and, conversely, the activity of the Ionian-Cretan conducting line. The perfect coincidence of the locus of origin with the west trench fault of the Gulf of Messinia is taken as suggesting a tectonic origin.
Unexplained phases in seismograms*
Authors: Gutenberg B. 
Published: May 2021

Summary
Seismograms of more than 100 deep-focus earthquakes originating at epicentral distances from 1° to about 30° from Huancayo, Peru, and recorded there, are used in an investigation of unexplained phases. Three groups of waves, following P after about 5, 10, and 20 seconds, are possibly waves which have changed from longitudinal to transverse at depths of roughly 40, 80, and 150 km., respectively. Other phases may be waves reflected at a depth of between 900 and 1,000 km. The possibility of a sudden small decrease in wave velocity there is discussed. Other observed unexplained phases are mentioned. Reasons are discussed for usually minor disagreements between observed and calculated times, as well as amplitudes of phases in seismograms.