bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation and Application of Bio-Inspired Microscale Structures to Turbine Endwall for Enhancing Film Cooling Performance
Authors: Yang Xing , Zhao Qiang , Feng Zhenping 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, inspired by micro-scale surface structure patterns of birds’ flight feather, a novel thermal-protection enhancement technique is proposed for a turbine endwall with cavity air leaked from an upstream realistic rim seal. The potential application of the micro-scale surface structures is demonstrated by using well-validated numerical simulations. Overall film cooling performance and total thermodynamic loss are examined to comprehensively evaluate the feasibility of the micro-scale surface patterns for three cavity air flowrates. Detailed thermal fields and flow structures involved in the coolant–mainstream interactions are also presented to reveal physical flow mechanisms behind. Comparisons with a smooth endwall and previously used ribbed endwall cases show that applying the micro-scale structures onto the turbine endwall generates a substantial increase in cooling effectiveness with a very slight aerodynamic penalty. Despite of enhanced heat transfer levels, the resulting heat loads into the endwall are significantly reduced. Detailed thermal fields and flow structures revealed that the addition of the micro-scale structures induces counter-rotating vorticities that mitigate the passage vortex and hence prevents the accumulation of coolant near the suction side. Besides, it is also noted that the grooves of the micro-scale structures have a transport effect that can convey the coolant to the far downstream areas of the endwall, and thus considerably increase the coverage in the chordwise direction. The findings of this work provide an evidence that the bio-inspired, micro-scale surface structures could be an alternative for enhancing turbine endwall cooling performance.
Eddy Current Flow Meter Performance in Liquid Metal Flows Inclined to the Sensor Axis
Authors: Krauter Nico , Galindo Vladimir , Wondrak Thomas , Eckert Sven , Gerbeth Gunter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The eddy current flow meter (ECFM) is a reliable and robust inductive sensor for the measurement of flow rates in liquid metal flows. This kind of sensor is usually being used in pipe flows where the flow is mostly parallel to the sensor axis. When this sensor is used as part of the safety instrumentation above the subassemblies in liquid metal cooled fast reactors, the flow angle may change rapidly according to the conditions within the reactor. In this paper, we investigate the performance of the ECFM in flows inclined to the sensor axis by numerical simulations as well as model experiments. We demonstrate that the ECFM yields reliable results for flow angles up to 30 deg while the sensitivity of the sensor is significantly reduced for larger angles.
In-Depth Exploration of the Multigrid Method to Simulate Elastohydrodynamic Line Lubrications With Smooth, Wavy, and Rough Surfaces
Authors: Liu Shuangbiao , Qiu Liangwei , Chen Xiaoyang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Due to high efficiency, multigrid (MG) algorithms developed by Lubrecht and Venner or others have been widely applied to solve the Reynolds equation in lubrication simulations. However, such algorithms are complex in nature and in-depth understandings and further development are of interest. This work proposes a new restriction operator of pressure to simplify the relaxation of the load balance equation and constructs several new relaxation processes based on key options of relaxations when either pressures or changes of pressure are evaluated from the Reynolds equation. In addition, effects of cycle types, treatments of cavitation boundary, line-solvers, relaxation factors, and differential schemes are revealed. This paper further implements a mass conservation algorithm into the MG code in order to deal with micro-cavitations. Characteristics of film thickness, pressure, flow continuity, and residuals, resulting from smooth, wavy, or rough surfaces are discussed. Finally, the results from the last correction cycles at various levels are recommended to be used for better accuracy.
A Double Portrait: The Contributions G.S. Golitsyn and P.J. Crutzen Made to Studying the Physics and Chemistry of the Atmosphere
Authors: Brenninkmeijer K. A. M. , Ginzburg A. S. , Elansky N. F. , Mokhov I. I. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis is the introductory article for the special issue ofIzvestia, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physicsdedicated to the 2019 Lomonosov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences awarded to Academician Georgy Golitsyn “for making an outstanding contribution to the study of atmospheric physics of the Earth and planets and the development of the theory of climate and its changes” and to foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Professor Paul Joseph Crutzen “for making an outstanding contribution to the chemistry of the atmosphere and assessing the role and biogeochemical cycles in climate formation.” This issue includes an article highlighting the contributions Golitsyn and Crutzen made to the study of physics and chemistry of the atmosphere, climate, and biogeochemical cycles, as well as articles written for this special issue with the participation or recommendation of the laureates.
Economic, clinical and social impact of simple limbal epithelial transplantation for limbal stem cell deficiency
Authors: Thokala Praveen , Singh Aastha , Singh Vijay Kumar , Rathi Varsha M , Basu Sayan , Singh Vivek , MacNeil Sheila , Sangwan Virender Singh 
Published: March 2021

AimsTo report the global uptake of simple limbal epithelial transplantation (SLET) and compare the economic, clinical and social outcomes of SLET with those of cultured limbal epithelial transplantation (CLET).MethodsA comprehensive literature review and an online survey of eye surgeons were conducted to understand the efficacy and current uptake of SLET surgery. A de novo economic model was developed to estimate the cost savings with SLET compared with CLET. Our economic analysis is conducted from an Indian perspective, as this is where the technique originated. A scenario analysis using the UK cost data and a user-friendly Excel model is included to allow users to input the costs from their setting to estimate the cost savings with using SLET compared with using CLETResultsThe anatomical success with SLET in adults (72.6% (range 62%–80%)) was the same as CLET (70.4% (range 68%–80.9%)). For children, the outcome for SLET (77.8% (range 73%–83%)) was better than with CLET (44.5% (range 43%–45%)). In response to our informal questionnaire, 99 surgeons reported to have performed SLET on 1174 patients in total. They appreciated that SLET negates the requirement for costly tissue engineering facilities. Results of economic analysis suggested that SLET provided an estimated cost-savings of US$6470.88 for adults and US$6673.10 for children. In broad terms, the cost of SLET is approximately 10% of the cost of CLET for adults and 8% for children.ConclusionSLET offers a more accessible and financially attractive alternative to CLET to treat limbal stem cell deficiency.
Rapid implementation of Inpatient eConsult Programme addresses new challenges for patient care during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Rikin Sharon , Epstein Eric J , Gendlina Inessa 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionAt the early epicentre of the COVID-19 crisis in the USA, our institution saw a surge in the demand for inpatient consultations for areas impacted by COVID-19 (eg, infectious diseases, nephrology, palliative care) and shortages in personal protective equipment (PPE). We aimed to provide timely specialist input for consult requests during the COVID-19 pandemic by implementing an Inpatient eConsult Programme.MethodsWe used the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance implementation science framework and run chart analysis to evaluate the reach, adoption and maintenance of the Inpatient eConsult Programme compared with traditional in-person consults. We solicited qualitative feedback from frontline physicians and specialists for programme improvements.ResultsDuring the study period, there were 46 available in-person consult orders and 21 new eConsult orders. At the peak of utilisation, 42% of all consult requests were eConsults, and by the end of the study period, utilisation fell to 20%. Qualitative feedback revealed subspecialties best suited for eConsults (infectious diseases, nephrology, haematology, endocrinology) and influenced improvements to the ordering workflow, documentation, billing and education regarding use.DiscussionWhen offered inpatient eConsult requests as an alternative to in-person consults in the context of a surge in patients with COVID-19, frontline physicians used eConsult requests and decreased use of in-person consults. As the demand for consults decreased and PPE shortages were no longer a major concern, eConsult utilisation decreased, revealing a preference for in-person consultations when possible.ConclusionsLessons learnt can be used to develop and implement inpatient eConsults to meet context-specific challenges at other institutions.
Efficacy and safety of aliskiren combination therapy: a protocol for an umbrella review
Authors: Shen Jiantong , Feng Wenming , Wang Yike , Zhao Qiyuan , Flavorta Billong Laura , Lu Jingya 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionEfficacy of aliskiren combination therapy with other antihypertensive has been evaluated in the treatment of patients with hypertension in recent systematic reviews. However, most previous reviews only focused on one single health outcome or one setting, none of them made a full summary that assessed the impact of aliskiren combination treatment comprehensively. As such, this umbrella review based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses is aimed to synthesise the evidences on efficacy, safety and tolerability of aliskiren-based therapy for hypertension and related comorbid patients.Methods and analysisA comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CNKI published from inception to August 2020 will be conducted. The selected articles are systematic reviews which evaluated efficacy, safety and tolerability of aliskiren combination therapy. Two reviewers will screen eligible articles, extract data and evaluate quality independently. Any disputes will be resolved by discussion or the arbitration of a third person. The quality of reporting evidence will be assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews V.2 tool tool. We will take a mixed-methods approach to synthesising the review literatures, reporting summary of findings tables and iteratively mapping the results.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for the study, as we would only collect data from available published materials. This umbrella review will be also submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication after completion.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020192131.
Sex differences and factors associated with disability among Ghana’s workforce: a nationally stratified cross-sectional study
Authors: Tetteh John , Asare Isaac Ofori , Adomako Isaac , Udofia Emilia Asuquo , Seneadza Nana Ayegua Hagan , Adjei-Mensah Evelyn , Calys-Tagoe Benedict N L , Swaray Swithin Mustapha , Ekem-Ferguson George , Yawson Alfred 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of disability and associated factors and further quantify the associated sex differential among Ghana’s workforce aged 15+ years.DesignA nationally stratified cross-sectional study.SettingGhana.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 15 years and above.Outcome measureDisability that limits full participation in life activities.MethodsThree predictive models involving Poisson, logistic and probit regression were performed to assess the association between disability and covariates. Modified Poisson multivariate decomposition analysis method was employed to assess sex differential and associated factors using Stata V.16.ResultsThe prevalence of disability was 2.1% (95% CI 1.2 to 2.4), and the risk of disability among males was approximately twice compared with females (Poisson estimate: adjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI)=1.94 (1.46 to 2.57); logistic estimate: aOR (95% CI)=2.32 (1.73 to 3.12)). Male sex increased the log odds of disability by 0.37 (probit estimate, aβ (95% CI)=0.37 (0.23 to 0.50)). The variability in age group, marital status, household (HH) size, region, place of residence, relationship to HH head, hours of work per week and asset-based wealth were significantly associated with disability-based sex differential. (Significant increased endowment: β×10−3(95% CI×10−3)=−37.48 (−56.81 to −18.16) and significant decreased coefficient: β×10−3(95% CI×10−3)=42.31 (21.11 to 63.49).) All disability participants were challenged with activities of daily living, limiting them in full participation in life activities such as mobility, work and social life.ConclusionThe magnitude of experiencing disability among working males was nearly twice that of females. Sex differentials were significantly associated with age groups, marital status, HH size, region of residence, relationship to HH head, hours of work per week and wealth. Our findings amass the provisional needs of persons living with a disability that are indicators to consider to achieve the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Article 10. In addition, formulation of workplace policies should adopt a gender-sensitive approach to reduce disparities and eliminate disability in the target population.
Brain structural alterations in MOG antibody diseases: a comparative study with AQP4 seropositive NMOSD and MS
Authors: Duan Yunyun , Zhuo Zhizheng , Li Haiqing , Tian De-Cai , Li Yuxin , Yang Liqin , Gao Chenyang , Zhang Tian , Zhang Xinghu , Shi Fu-Dong , Barkhof Frederik , Liu Yaou 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundBrain structural alterations and their clinical significance of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) have not been determined.MethodsWe recruited 35 MOGAD, 38 aquaporin 4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum diseases (AQP4+ NMOSD), 37 multiple sclerosis (MS) and 60 healthy controls (HC) who underwent multimodal brain MRI from two centres. Brain lesions, volumes of the whole brain parenchyma, cortical and subcortical grey matter (GM), brainstem, cerebellum and cerebral white matter (WM) and diffusion measures (fractional anisotropy, FA and mean diffusivity, MD) were compared among the groups. Associations between the MRI measurements and the clinical variables were assessed by partial correlations. Logistic regression was performed to differentiate MOGAD from AQP4+ NMOSD and MS.ResultsIn MOGAD, 19 (54%) patients had lesions on MRI, with cortical/juxtacortical (68%) as the most common location. MOGAD and MS showed lower cortical and subcortical GM volumes than HC, while AQP4+ NMOSD only demonstrated a decreased cortical GM volume. MS demonstrated a lower cerebellar volume, a lower FA and an increased MD than MOGAD and HC. The subcortical GM volume was negatively correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale in MOGAD (R=−0.51; p=0.004). A combination of MRI and clinical measures could achieve an accuracy of 85% and 93% for the classification of MOGAD versus AQP4+ NMOSD and MOGAD versus MS, respectively.ConclusionMOGAD demonstrated cortical and subcortical atrophy without severe WM rarefaction. The subcortical GM volume correlated with clinical disability and a combination of MRI and clinical measures could separate MOGAD from AQP4+ NMOSD and MS.
DRB1–environment interactions in multiple sclerosis etiology: results from two Swedish case–control studies
Authors: Hedström Anna Karin , Hillert Jan , Brenner Nicole , Butt Julia , Waterboer Tim , Strid Pernilla , Kockum Ingrid , Olsson Tomas , Alfredsson Lars 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the influence of environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis (MS) in different genetic contexts, and study if interactions between environmental factors and human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes differ in magnitude according to heterozygocity and homozygocity forHLA-DRB1*15:01.MethodsUsing population-based case–control studies (6985 cases, 6569 controls), subjects with different genotypes and smoking, EBNA-1 status and adolescent Body Mass status, were compared regarding MS risk, by calculating OR with 95% CI employing logistic regression. The interaction between different genotypes and each environmental factor was evaluated on the additive scale.ResultsThe effect of eachDRB1*15:01allele on MS risk was additive on the log-odds scale for each additional allele. Interaction betweenDRB1*15:01and each assessed environmental factor was of similar magnitude regardless of the number ofDRB1*15:01alleles, although ORs were affected. When any of the environmental factors were present inDRB1*15:01carriers without the protectiveA*02:01allele, a three-way interaction occurred and rendered high ORs, especially amongDRB1*15:01homozygotes (OR 20.0, 95% CI 13.1 to 30.5 among smokers, OR 21.9, 95% CI 15.0 to 31.8 among those with elevated EBNA-1 antibody levels, and OR 44.3, 95% CI 13.5 to 145 among those who reported adolescent overweight/obesity).ConclusionsThe strikingly increased MS risk amongDRB*15:01homozygotes exposed to any of the environmental factors is a further argument in favour of these factors acting on immune-related mechanisms. The data further reinforce the importance of preventive measures, in particular for those with a genetic susceptibility to MS.
COVID-19 impact on junior doctor education and training: a scoping review
Authors: Seifman Marc Adam , Fuzzard Sibon K , To Henry , Nestel Debra 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCOVID-19 has had a significant impact on healthcare resources and the medical workforce. Clinically-based medical education is the principal source of learning, and this has been profoundly impacted by restrictions due to COVID-19. It follows that junior medical staff and their education would be significantly impacted due to the altered volume and breadth of their clinical exposure. Some literature has been published regarding the impact to medical training during COVID-19. This study sought to review junior medical staff perceptions and their reported impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their education and training.Nine databases (three Ovid MEDLINE databases, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Educational Resources Information Centre and PsychINFO) were searched for studies published in 1 January 2020 through 24 August 2020. Via a scoping review protocol, an iterative process was used to perform the identification, review and charting analysis of the reported outcomes and themes. Descriptive analysis was performed using quantitative and qualitative methods.Of the 25 343 sources identified, 32 were included in the review. There were studies published from nearly all continents, predominantly in surgical journals, with a wide spread of specialties. Themes identified included the current impact of the pandemic in relation to continuation of and modifications to training programmes, as well as the future impact due to training requirements and career progression.Junior medical staff report that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on their education and training. Whether the changes imposed by the pandemic on education are temporary measures or permanent fixtures, and whether standards of competence may be impacted, is not yet known. This scoping review forms a basis for further investigation in the field.
Use of deep learning for detection, characterisation and prediction of metastatic disease from computerised tomography: a systematic review
Authors: Shivakumar Natesh , Chandrashekar Anirudh , Handa Ashok Inderraj , Lee Regent 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCT is widely used for diagnosis, staging and management of cancer. The presence of metastasis has significant implications on treatment and prognosis. Deep learning (DL), a form of machine learning, where layers of programmed algorithms interpret and recognise patterns, may have a potential role in CT image analysis. This review aims to provide an overview on the use of DL in CT image analysis in the diagnostic evaluation of metastatic disease. A total of 29 studies were included which could be grouped together into three areas of research: the use of deep learning on the detection of metastatic disease from CT imaging, characterisation of lesions on CT into metastasis and prediction of the presence or development of metastasis based on the primary tumour. In conclusion, DL in CT image analysis could have a potential role in evaluating metastatic disease; however, prospective clinical trials investigating its clinical value are required.
Spectral properties of local gauge invariant composite operators in the SU(2) Yang–Mills–Higgs model
Authors: Dudal D. , Egmond D. M. van , Guimarães M. S. , Palhares L. F. , Peruzzo G. , Sorella S. P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe spectral properties of a set of local gauge (BRST) invariant composite operators are investigated in theSU(2) Yang–Mills–Higgs model with a single Higgs field in the fundamental representation, quantized in the ’t Hooft$$R_{\xi }$$Rξ-gauge. These operators can be thought of as a BRST invariant version of the elementary fields of the theory, the Higgs and gauge fields, with which they share a gauge independent pole mass. The two-point correlation functions of both BRST invariant composite operators and elementary fields, as well as their spectral functions, are investigated at one-loop order. It is shown that the spectral functions of the elementary fields suffer from a strong unphysical dependence from the gauge parameter$$\xi $$ξ, and can even exhibit positivity violating behaviour. In contrast, the BRST invariant local operators exhibit a well defined positive spectral density.
Long-Term Surveillance and Laparoscopic Management of Zinner Syndrome
Authors: Kelly Niall P. , Fuentes-Bonachera Adrian , Shields William P. , Cullen Ivor M. , Daly Padraig J. 
Published: March 2021

Zinner syndrome was first described in 1914 and represents the triad of unilateral renal agenesis and ipsilateral seminal vesicle cyst and ipsilateral ejaculatory duct obstruction. Seminal vesicle cysts are often asymptomatic but can also present with pain, haematospermia, or other lower urinary tract symptoms. Treatment strategies include observation and surgical excision. We present the laparoscopic management of an enlarged seminal vesicle cyst, consistent with Zinner syndrome, 14 years after the initial diagnosis. A 58-year-old male patient was diagnosed with a left-sided seminal vesicle cyst while undergoing assessment for renal transplant due to progressively worsening renal function in his solitary right kidney. The otherwise asymptomatic cyst enlarged from the time of initial diagnosis in 2004 (

11.3

cm
×
9.7

cm
×
13.1

cm

) to nearly double the size in 2018 (

12.8

cm
×
11.9

cm
×
14.2

cm

). This cyst size ultimately precluded renal transplant, and the patient was referred for excision. Laparoscopic excision of the cyst was performed, histopathology confirmed seminal vesicle cyst tissue, and there has been no recurrence of the cyst to date. The patient remains active on the renal transplant waitlist. Zinner syndrome is a rare syndrome, with the seminal vesicle cysts being managed by observation or surgical excision. We report the longest documented observation of a seminal vesicle cyst, culminating in a safe and successful laparoscopic excision.