bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Character displacement in two New World monkey genera, Cebus and Alouatta
Authors: Villamil Catalina I 
Published: June 2021

As a result of recent fossil and genetic finds, paleoanthropologists have realized that hominin evolution is characterized by substantial geographical and temporal overlaps among species, as well as pervasive hybridization. However, the role of these interactions in our evolution is not well understood. One evolutionary process, character displacement, may have shaped the long‐term effects of these encounters. Character displacement occurs when hybridization is detrimental to survival, so that natural selection favors divergence between populations, typically in traits with reproductive or ecological functions such as species recognition or diet. However, divergence occurs only among the overlapping and potentially hybridizing populations, so that the two species are more different in areas where they overlap than in areas where they do not. This process has recently been suggested as a factor in the divergence of Paranthropus and Homo around 2–3 Ma, particularly in regards to their dentitions. However, character displacement in the primate skeleton has not been well characterized generally. Here, I assess character displacement in three platyrrhine groups that potentially hybridize in the wild: Alouatta palliata (N=38) and A. pigra (N=35), A. guariba (N=16) and A. caraya (N=31), and Cebus libidinosus (N=36) and C. nigritus (N=41). I collected 46 linear measurements on the skull and performed t‐Tests between overlapping and non‐overlapping groups. In all three groups, I found multiple traits that vary in ways consistent with character displacement. These traits are primarily facial and mandibular features that are potentially linked to diet. I also found that Cebus males and females display more consistent divergence patterns compared to Alouatta, suggesting that sex‐specific selection pressures play a role. These results indicate that character displacement directly affects the primate skeleton. They also provide a guideline of divergence patterns that could be identified in hominin fossils to determine whether character displacement has occurred.Support or Funding InformationThis project was supported by a grant for a scholarly project from Dickinson College.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Newly‐discovered craniomandibular remains preserve the first known incisors of the extinct Dominican monkey Antillothrix bernensis
Authors: Klukkert Zachary S , Halenary‐Price Lauren B , Almonte Juan , Shevchuk Oleg , Lehman Phillip , Cooke Siobhán B 
Published: June 2021

Antillothrix bernensis, an extinct platyrrhine primate from the Dominican Republic, has been under intensive study following a series of new finds from two flooded cave sites. To date, three nearly complete crania and one mandible have been described, but none of them preserve the anterior dentition. This study reports the first discovery of Antillothrix incisor teeth from two crania and three mandibles from a new flooded cave site in the Altagracia region of the Dominican Republic. The new fossils provide valuable data on the diet and phyletic affinities of Antillothrix.The craniodental traits of Antillothrix suggest a phyletic assignment within the family Pitheciidae due to similarities with the sclerocarpic harvester, Callicebus. Platyrrhine sclerocarpic harvesters are hard‐skinned‐fruit specialists that apply their anterior teeth to break down the outer husks of these foods to access the pulp and/or seeds within. Two hallmarks of this strategy are specialized anterior teeth and a vertically deep jaw that distributes stresses resulting from loads at the incisors and canine teeth during ingestion. Previously described Antillothrix material resembles Callicebus by sharing relatively short canine teeth and posteriorly expanded rami in their mandibles. Upper incisors in the new fossils are broad and spatulate but relatively small and short, more similar to those of atelids than sclerocarpic harvesters. The lower incisor crowns are also relatively short and lack the signature mesiodistally‐narrow shape found in pitheciids.In sum, the newly discovered fossils illustrate an anterior dental battery that is inconsistent with sclerocarpic harvesting or close affiliation with the extant pitheciids despite other similarities in the jaw and molar teeth. These results expand upon the conclusions from molar crown morphology – Antillothrix was a generalized frugivore that likely fed on soft and/or small fruits without intensive ingestive steps. The lack of derived features in the dentition accords with previous interpretations of various aspects of Antillothrix cranial morphology, e.g., small relative brain size and a vertically oriented nuchal plane, as being primitive for pitheciids or even for platyrrhines more generally. Altogether the craniodental traits of this enigmatic primate continues to preclude direct analogy with any extant platyrrhine.Support or Funding InformationThis work is supported by an Explorers Club Exploration Fund grant to ZSK.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Evolution and Morphology of the Tetrapod Brachial Plexus
Authors: Meers Mason B. , Cook Rebecca M. 
Published: June 2021

The brachial plexus is formed by interconnected spinal nerves that give rise to branches which innervate the muscles associated with the pectoral limb. Historically, the utility of this anatomical structure has largely been associated with practical medical and veterinary interests, although recently the utility of the plexus in understanding mammalian evolution has been explored. In this study, we examine published and novel dissections of the brachial plexus across a broad range of tetrapod taxa for common traits using character optimization, sometimes known as trait mapping. Each of the major clades of tetrapods is included in the analysis, as are major clades of mammals following from published records. Our results indicate that the overall dorso‐ventral patterning of the brachial plexus is a highly conserved trait, while other features of seem to characterize large clades. Autapomorphies are common throughout the plexus. The traits that characterize large clades may be indicative of developmental or functional constraints on brachial plexus morphology.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
NEW PROPOSED CLASSIFICATION OF RETROMANDIBULAR AND EXTERNAL JUGULAR VENOUS VARIANTS – TWO CASE REPORTS WITH REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Sanyal Sanjoy 
Published: June 2021

Typically the retro‐mandibular vein contributes to formation of common facial and external jugular veins, via its anterior and posterior divisions. However, cervico‐facial venous variants are rather common.The cervico‐facial veins were studied in two successive dissections. In both cases the retromandibular vein was undivided. The first had external jugular vein draining into subclavian vein, but no common facial vein. The second had no external jugular vein, but had common facial vein draining into internal jugular vein.The first variant was characterized as Posterior Dominant Retromandibular External Jugular Vein with no Common Facial Vein. The second variant was characterized as Anterior Dominant Retromandibular Common Facial Vein with no External Jugular Vein. Each was sub‐classified as Typical or Atypical based on its final drainage pattern.Cervico‐facial venous variants often vary from case to case and side to side. Since these veins are used for clinical and surgical interventions, accurate preoperative classification of variations may preclude intra‐operative surprises and consequent complications.Support or Funding InformationNot applicable

New proposed classification of retromandibular external jugular and common facial venous variants*

RMV Characterization
Divisions of Retromandibular Vein (RMV)
External Jugular Vein (EJV)
Common Facial Vein (CFV)

Typical Retromandibular Vein (RMV)
Divisions present
Anterior Division: Unites with Facial Vein to form CFV
Posterior Division: Unites with Posterior Auricular Vein to form EJV

EJV present
Drains into Subclavian Vein***

CFV present
Drains into Internal Jugular Vein (IJV)***

Variant Retromandibular Vein (RMV)
NO Division
Posterior Auricular Vein unites with main RMV, but may drain elsewhere

**Posterior Dominant: Whole RMV goes toward Posterior Triangle of Neck superficial to Sternocleidomastoid Muscle as External Jugular Vein (EJV)
Typical:

EJV present
Drains into Subclavian Vein

Atypical: Drains elsewhere
Typical:

CFV ABSENT
Original Facial Vein drains into IJV

Atypical: Drains elsewhere

**Anterior Dominant: Whole RMV goes toward Anterior Triangle of Neck and forms Common Facial Vein (CFV)
Typical

EJV ABSENT

Atypical: Other variation(s)
Typical

CFV present
Drains into IJV

Atypical: Drains elsewhere

This Characterization of variant Retromandibular Vein is proposed for adoption in clinical practice
Anterior/Posterior Dominance of Undivided RMV is the linchpin of the Classification because of its clinical significance
Copyright © Sanjoy Sanyal 2018–2019

This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Anatomical variants of the aortic arch using CT angiography
Authors: Quiroga‐Garza Alejandro , Tapia‐Nañez Mariana , Guzman‐Lopez Santos , Elizondo‐Omaña Rodrigo Enrique 
Published: June 2021

population. Variants have been widely studied in different populations, with a general prevalence between 5% and 35% however, data in Latino population is limited. The purpose of our study was to determine the prevalence of variants in the ramification of the aortic arch in our populationMaterials and methodsA retrospective, observational, comparative and transversal study was performed. A sample size calculation was made, with a result of 202 individuals. Using computed tomography angiography (CTA), the number of arteries that originated within the limits of the aortic arch was quantified; the branching pattern, the most cranial vertebral level of the aortic arch, luminal diameters of the proximal, middle, and distal segments were recorded. The diameter of each branch originated in the arch of the aorta was also evaluated.ResultsA total of 220 individuals were sampled, of which 52% (n 114) were men. The mean age was 55 years. The classical branching was present in 77.7%, followed by a common carotid trunk and left subclavian pattern (13.6%), the classic branching adding the left vertebral artery (7.3%), and others (1.5%). Highest vertebral was T3 in 32.3%, between T2–T3 in 26.8%, and between T3–T4 in 23.2%. Mean luminal diameter were 92.10±12.35, 76.75±10.32, and 73.85±12.27mm2 in the proximal, middle, and distal segments, respectively. Statistical differences were found between men and women in the middle and distal portions.ConclusionOur population showed an anatomical variation of the typical branching pattern of the aortic arch in 22.3% (n 49). The most cranial point of the aortic arch is found between T2 and T4 in 82.3% of the cases.Support or Funding InformationNoneThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Side and Sexual Dimorphism of the Anterior Crest of the Mandibular Fossa
Authors: Teaff Noah James , Zdilla Mathew 
Published: June 2021

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex and constantly moving part of the human body with over 2000 movements a day. Because of the joint's complex movements, symptomatic temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) occurs in 5–12% of the population. Prosthetics may be used to treat TMD; yet, with potential anatomic variation, prosthetics may suffer from not being specific enough to a patient. Identifying and categorizing anatomical variations may result in improved treatment. This study analyzed the anterior crest of the mandibular fossa by landmarking 40 equidistant points from the most medial to lateral aspects of the crest, on both the left and right sides of the crania. The points were used to compare both side and sexual dimorphism of the fossa's anterior margin. Principle component analysis showed that 84.0 % of morphological variance is accounted for by the first two principle components (PC1= 66.4% PC2= 17.6%). Canonical variate analysis showed a significant difference between the sexes and sides (Side: Mahalanobis distance= 2.5399, p<0.0001) (Sex: Mahalanobis distance= 1.7350, p<0.0001). The information assessed from this study provides insight with regard to side and sexual dimorphism of the anterior crest of the mandibular fossa. The results of this study may aid in creating a TMJ prosthetic with a higher success rate than the stock models available today.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
The Contour of the Glenoid Fossa: Variance in Concavity
Authors: French Evan Dean , Alfaro‐Gomez Uriel , Guzman‐Lopez Santos , Elizondo‐Omaña Rodrigo , Quiroga‐Garza Alejandro , Zdilla Matthew J 
Published: June 2021

The glenohumeral joint, by nature of its freedom in range of motion, is particularly vulnerable to injury. Though many aspects of the joint, such as rotator cuff musculature and the glenoid labrum, have been assessed, there is a paucity of data regarding the variation in the contour of the glenoid fossa, the bony support for the humeral head. Therefore, this study applied geometric morphometric techniques to demonstrate the variance in the contours of glenoid fossae. A total of 76 shoulder CT scans, with planes oriented through the glenoid cavity, coronally, were assessed. Principle component analysis explained 80.1% of the cumulative variance in the glenoid fossa shape with the first two principle components (PC1 = 65.7%; PC2 = 14.4%). The first principle component revealed the shape variance to range from a pronounced concave shape to a minimally concave, nearly linear, shape. The results of this study suggest that, varied concavity of the glenoid cavity might influence both the range of motion and the structural integrity of the glenohumeral joint.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
The Extensor Pollicis et Indicis Communis Muscle: A Rare Muscular Variation
Authors: Souder Kendall S , Petrone Ashley B , Lambert H. Wayne , Zdilla Matthew J 
Published: June 2021

Extension of the index finger and thumb are typically independent movements that are not tethered by muscular attachment. This report demonstrates a case of an extensor pollicis et indicis communis found during the dissection of an 84 year‐old female body donor. The extensor pollicis et indicis communis is a rare muscular variation that originates in the posterior compartment of the forearm, traverses the fourth extensor compartment of the extensor retinaculum, and then bifurcates in the dorsum of the hand to insert at both the thumb and index finger. The action of this muscle is to extend the index and thumb simultaneously in addition to performing thumb reposition. Further, this variation is unique in that it would antagonize and potentially impede the act of pinching as well as opposition of the thumb— both functions that are well‐developed in humans.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
A Multi‐Year Quantitative Analysis of Semispinalis Capitis Morphological Variations in the Neck
Authors: Bee Mary Tracy , Ciavaglia Marco , Elturk Adam , Aljerdi Ibrahim , Mehrabi Negar 
Published: June 2021

The semispinalis capitis muscle is located in the posterior neck of humans. This muscle allows us to extend our head and neck. The semispinalis capitis muscle is also known as the biventer cervicis muscle. The majority of anatomy textbooks and atlases depict this muscle as containing two bellies of muscle with a linear intervening white tendinous band that neatly separates the muscle into upper and lower parts. We dissected the posterior neck and upper back of 48 cadavers with a total of 96 individual muscles in order to isolate this muscle and gain better clarification of this muscle's appearance. We found that this muscle does not appear as commonly depicted in most anatomy books. Instead we found that its intervening tendon is not linearly horizontal. Its tendon consists of multiple different parts that are commonly disconnected and lie either superior or inferior to each other in three different categories. The three main classifications include two uniform vertical bands, one vertical with one curved band, and an other group. We found that 56.9 percent falls in the two uniform vertical band classification, 23.2 percent falls in the one vertical one curved band classification, and 19.9 percent falls in the other classification. We recommend that artists change the way in which this muscle is drawn in anatomical textbooks.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Rare anatomical variant of the pudendal neurovascular bundle: Description of its course and potential clinical importance
Authors: Pagano Anthony Santino , Titunick Michelle B. , Metzger Keith , Marquez Samuel 
Published: June 2021

Anatomical variations in the course of the pudendal nerve have been implicated in clinical conditions related to neuralgia and nerve compression. A transgluteal approach has been advocated previously for surgical access to the pudendal nerve as it enters the lesser sciatic foramen. However, as with any surgical approach, one must be aware of anatomical variants that complicate treatment. We performed 20 gluteal dissections on 10 cadavers at the Hackensack‐Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University and an additional 48 gluteal dissections on 24 cadavers at the SUNY Downstate College of Medicine for a total of 68 pudendal nerves. Results confirmed that most individuals possessed a pudendal neurovascular bundle lying directly over the ischial spine. None of the cadavers exhibited the transligamentous route (through the sacrospinous ligament) reported previously in the clinical literature. However, one individual out of 68 exhibited a rare anatomical variation of a pudendal bundle lying over the sacrotuberous ligament. This same individual exhibited the normal anatomical configuration on the contralateral side. Such a configuration could complicate a surgical approach when, lying over the sacrotuberous ligament, it may be mistaken for a secondary or tertiary branch of the inferior gluteal neurovascular bundle. Despite the rare nature of the anatomical variant found in this study, its presence should be documented to reduce the chances of injury to a patient undergoing pudendal release surgery. Further work should be done to increase sample size and better reflect the true occurrence of this variant among asymptomatic individuals. Additionally, further information is needed to document the clinical impact of this variant on the patient population.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Journal Club 2.0: A reproducible, high yield, self‐propagating method of training students to analyze primary literature via student‐to‐student training
Authors: McGraw Kyle , Lange Jenna , Meike Elise , van der Rijn Eli , Celli Amanda , Stein Sydney , Putman Claire , Present Adam , De Luke 
Published: June 2021

Individuals are asked to make high‐impact decisions that become the world we live in, informing the treatment of addiction, gun violence, bioethics laws, and global climate change. Decisions of this magnitude should be made with evidence from primary source research. Yet few methods effectively teach this skill to high school students. Here we describe a highly coordinated system of 7 teams of students that train others with little scientific training or presentation skill to present research topics that are relevant and controversial. These presenters have little to no scientific or presentation training. The teams are capable of training one presenter a week over the course of a year. The system is self‐propagating and can be maintained with minimal faculty involvement. Our data indicate that a single faculty member can engage a team of 12 that in turn engages a student body of 30–70 students weekly. Further details will be shared at www.project80.orgThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Innovative Biochemistry Course Redesign to Integrate Basic and Clinical Sciences
Authors: Nusair Nisreen 
Published: June 2021

The Biochemistry course is redesigned to include both service learning and clinical experiences. This innovative approach promotes the integration of basic and clinical sciences in the pre‐professional science curriculum. The redesigned course includes the following components:(1) Clinical case studies, that are complementary to the course material, have been implemented. Group discussions of case studies, pre‐case questions and post‐case reflections have motivated students and enhanced their learning, material retention, and academic success. (2) Students have volunteered in a medical center and a community clinic to reinforce both service learning and clinical experiences. (3) In a written report and an oral presentation, each student has described this volunteering experience and has also addressed examples that correlate between basic and clinical sciences. The students pointed that this experience has opened their eyes to multiple health issues. As future healthcare providers, students believe they should be proactive and make a difference through providing sustainable health system change that will result in better health outcomes. (4) Students have presented posters in the annual college research symposium. Then, these posters are displayed in the community clinic to serve as a tool to educate the patients, patient's families, and the community on preventing, managing and improving various illnesses.The goals of the novel course redesign along with its impact on students learning outcomes and development of their professional and graduate capabilities have been met. This course redesign has offered a significant change in class dynamics, promoted application of learned materials, and encouraged social interactions among students and students with their instructor and the community.Support or Funding InformationNoneThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.