bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The micro‐shear bond strength of resin cements to aged laser bleached enamel after using different desensitizing agents
Authors: Samaha Aya E. , ElFadl Ahmad K. , Anwar Mohammed N. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the micro‐shear bond strength of two resin cements to aged laser bleached enamel after the application of three different desensitizing agents.Materials and methodsForty extracted human central and lateral incisors were prepared and bleached using laser activation bleaching protocol. The teeth were assigned randomly into four groups for desensitization; G1: No post‐bleaching treatment, G2: GC MI Paste Plus, G3: Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (n‐HAP) and G4: Flor‐Opal. Specimens were subjected to aging for 6 months. All groups were subdivided into two subgroups according to the resin cements used (dual‐curing resin cement and light‐curing resin cement).ResultsFlor‐Opal groups showed the highest statistically significant micro‐shear bond strength (MSBS), followed by GC MI Paste Plus and n‐HAP groups with no statistically significant difference between them. The light‐curing resin cement had statistically higher MSBS than dual‐curing resin cement in case of no‐post bleaching treatment and n‐HAP groups, and no statistical difference in case of GC MI Paste Plus and Flor‐Opal groups.ConclusionUsage of desensitizing agents containing, CPP‐ACP, n‐HAP or fluoride after laser bleaching can enhance the bond strength of the resin cements to enamel.Clinical significanceThe composition of the desensitizing agents applied after laser bleaching could interfere in bond strength values.
Expression of oxytocin receptors in the zebra finch brain during vocal development
Authors: Davis Matthew T. , Grogan Kathleen E. , Fraccaroli Isabel , Libecap Timothy J. , Pilgeram Natalie R. , Maney Donna L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLike human language, song in songbirds is learned during an early sensitive period and is facilitated by motivation to seek out social interactions with vocalizing adults. Songbirds are therefore powerful models with which to understand the neural underpinnings of vocal learning. Social motivation and early social orienting are thought to be mediated by the oxytocin system; however, the developmental trajectory of oxytocin receptors in songbirds, particularly as it relates to song learning, is currently unknown. This gap in knowledge has hindered the development of songbirds as a model of the role of social orienting in vocal learning. In this study, we used quantitative PCR to measure oxytocin receptor expression during the sensitive period of song learning in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). We focused on brain regions important for social motivation, attachment, song recognition, and song learning. We detected expression in these regions in both sexes from posthatch day 5 to adulthood, encompassing the entire period of song learning. In this species, only males sing; we found that in regions implicated in song learning specifically, oxytocin receptor mRNA expression was higher in males than females. These sex differences were largest during the developmental phase when males attend to and memorize tutor song, suggesting a functional role of expression in learning. Our results show that oxytocin receptors are expressed in relevant brain regions during song learning, and thus provide a foundation for developing the zebra finch as a model for understanding the mechanisms underlying the role of social motivation in vocal development.
An Australian perspective on “clean” dietary labels: Commentary on Negowetti et al. (2021)
Authors: Sharp Gemma , McLean Courtney P. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Clean eating” is an increasingly popular diet trend in Western countries with links to disordered eating behaviors. However, the definition of “clean” is a highly contentious issue. Negowetti, Ambwani, Karr, Rodgers, and Austin explore this important issue from a U.S. perspective conducting a scoping review of the public health implications of the use of “clean” labels on food, including legal and policy implications. The review showed that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has taken little action to address regulation of the use of “clean” dietary labels. Our own brief investigations suggest that the landscape in Australia under the Food Standards Australia New Zealand authority is similar. We discuss recommendations made by Negowetti et al. to address this issue in the United States, such as the FDA providing industry guidance on the term “clean,” and the issuing of warning letters to companies who contravene this guidance. However, we predict that educating consumers to be more critical of unsubstantiated food labels in public health campaigns will be the most efficient way to change consumer behavior and address the “clean eating” diet trend. We also encourage eating disorder researchers and clinicians to be an influential part of this discussion.
The functional role and diversity of soil nematodes are stronger at high elevation in the lesser Himalayan Mountain ranges
Authors: Kouser Yasmeen , Shah Ali Asghar , Rasmann Sergio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSoil nematodes are a foremost component of terrestrial biodiversity; they display a whole gamut of trophic guilds and life strategies, and by their activity, affect major ecosystem process, such as organic matter degradation and carbon cycling. Based on nematodes' functional types, nematode community indices have been developed, and can be used to link variation in nematodes community composition and ecosystem processes. Yet, the use of these indices has been mainly restricted to anthropogenic stresses. In this study, we propose to expand the use of nematodes' derived ecological indices to link soil and climate properties with soil food webs, and ecosystem processes that all vary along steep elevation gradients. For this purpose, we explored how elevation affects the trophic and functional diversity of nematode communities sampled every 300 m, from about 1,000 m to 3,700 m above sea level, across four transects in the lesser Himalayan range of Jammu and Kashmir. We found that (a) the trophic and functional diversity of nematodes increases with elevation; (b) differences in nematodes communities generate habitat‐specific functional diversity; (c) the maturity index (ΣMI) increases with elevation, while the enrichment index decreases, indicating less mature and less productive ecosystems, enhanced fungal‐based energy flow, and a predominant role of nematodes in generating carbon influxes at high‐elevation sites. We thus confirm that the functional contribution of soil nematodes to belowground ecosystem processes, including carbon and energy flow, is stronger at high elevation. Overall, this study highlights the central importance of nematodes in sustaining soil ecosystems and brings insights into their functional role, particularly in alpine and arctic soils.
Randles circuit model for characterizing a porous stimulating electrode of the retinal prosthesis
Authors: Nomura Shuhei , Tashiro Hiroyuki , Terasawa Yasuo , Nakano Yukari , Haruta Makito , Sasagawa Kiyotaka , Takehara Hironari , Ohta Jun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTo develop a visual prosthesis, it is necessary to understand the changes in the electrochemical properties of stimulating electrodes implanted in the body. To evaluate these properties, we examined three types of equivalent circuit models that represented the electrode interface 23 weeks after the stimulation began. The results indicated that the Randles circuit model with Warburg impedance exhibited the difference in the electrochemical properties of the active and inactive electrodes, which might have been caused by the desorption of adsorbed protein from the electrode surface owing to the stimulation current. This model can be used to characterize the changes in the properties of porous stimulating electrodes.
Behavioural response of brown trout (Salmo trutta) to total dissolved gas supersaturation in a regulated river
Authors: Lennox Robert J. , Thiemer Kirstine , Vollset Knut Wiik , Pulg Ulrich , Stranzl Sebastian , Nilsen Cecilie Iden , Haugen Thrond Oddvar , Velle Gaute 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTotal dissolved gas supersaturation from dams and power stations is a chronic freshwater pollutant that is toxic to animals with aquatic respiration. Laboratory ecotoxicology experiments have revealed capacity for captive fishes to saturoregulate by moving deeper, but field ecotoxicology research is largely lacking. We instrumented 94 brown trout in the Rysstad basin of the Otra River, Norway, with depth sensor acoustic transmitters and monitored their movements for 10 months. We found that the depths used by the trout largely protected them from the effects of total dissolved gas supersaturation, which ranged from 96% to 133% total gas pressure during the study. The depth use of fish was affected by sun position, lunar phase and spatial position in the river (i.e., available depth), and there was an extremely weak effect of total dissolved gas supersaturation that was counterintuitive (i.e., positive slope, movement toward surface). Depth traces of the fish revealed that nine fish died during the study, mostly coinciding with the first wave of supersaturation, consistent with observations of untagged dead fish with signs of gas bubble trauma found on the river bottom during this period (May‐June). Overall, tagged trout exposure to total dissolved gas supersaturation depended on their use of depth, but responses to waves of extreme supersaturation at supraphysiological levels were weak and biologically insignificant, with individual variation and spatial position in the river most important in the model. Exposure to total dissolved gas supersaturation was mediated by individual differences in habitat use, which may be linked to activity and other traits that determine overall vulnerability to exposure to total dissolved gas supersaturation.
Using health check data to investigate cognitive function in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders living with diabetes in the Torres Strait, Australia
Authors: Thompson Fintan , Harriss Linton R. , Russell Sarah , Taylor Sean , Cysique Lucette A. , Strivens Edward , Maruff Paul , McDermott Robyn 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundType 2 Diabetes (T2DM) has a subtle deleterious effect on cognition and imposes a higher lifetime risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. In populations where both T2DM and dementia are highly prevalent, understanding more about the early effects of T2DM on cognition may provide insights into the lifetime risks of this disease.MethodsIn 2016, 186 Australian Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander residents of the Torres Strait (54% female, mean age =38.9 years, SD =15.9, range =15–74) participated in a community health check. The effect of diabetes (Type 1 or Type 2) on speed of thinking and working memory was assessed with the Cogstate Brief Battery (CBB) during the health check.ResultsOne third of participants had diabetes (n = 56, 30.1%). After adjusting for age, education and previous iPad/Tablet experience, participants with diabetes had a small, yet significant reduction in accuracy on the One Back working memory task (β = −.076, p = .010, r2 = .042). The effect was most pronounced among participants with diabetes aged 20–49 years (n = 20), who also had evidence of poorer diabetes control (eg HbA1c% ≥6.5, 76.6%), relative to participants with diabetes aged 50 years and over (n = 31) (HbA1c% ≥6.5, 32.0%, p = .005).ConclusionsEarly and subtle decrements in working memory may be a potential complication of diabetes among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander residents of the Torres Strait. Several potentially influential variables were not captured in this study (eg medication and diabetes duration). Greater preventative health resources are required for this population, particularly given the emerging elevated dementia rates linked to chronic disease.
Thioureidocalix[6]arenes Pseudorotaxanes
Authors: Cera Gianpiero , Bazzoni Margherita , Andreoni Leonardo , Cester Bonati Federica , Massera Chiara , Silvi Serena , Credi Alberto , Secchi Andrea , Arduini Arturo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHeteroditopic calix[6]arenes are extensively exploited as synthetic receptors and as molecular components of supramolecular threaded and interlocked structures. We describe the synthesis of two novel calix[6]arene macrocycles, the upper rim of which is functionalized with either two or three phenylthioureido groups. These moieties are excellent hydrogen‐bond donors and largely affect the conformation of the macrocycle, both in solution and in the solid state. Alternate conformers are observed in solution, and they give rise to supramolecular chains in the solid state. Moreover, and because of this conformational freedom, also the recognition properties toward the formation of pseudorotaxanes with bipyridinium‐based axles are strongly affected. The number of phenylthioureido units of the macrocyclic host and the nature of the counterions of the bipyridinium guest determine the stability of the complexes. NMR, UV‐Vis and electrochemical measurements revealed that very stable 1 : 1 inclusion complexes are formed between the triphenylthioureido calix[6]arene and a bipyridinium guest with tosylate counterions, whereas no complex is observed between the diphenylthioureido macrocycle and a hexafluorophosphate bipyridinium salt.
TFA‐Prompted/Rh(III)‐Catalysed Chemoselective C3− or C2−H Functionalization of Indoles with Methylenecyclopropanes
Authors: Wu Min , Wang Shengdong , Wang Yi , Gao Hui , Yi Wei , Zhou Zhi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe TFA‐prompted/Rh(III)‐catalysed chemoselective C3−H alkylation, C2−H dienylation and cyclopropylation of indoles have been realized by virtue of methylenecyclopropanes as the versatile coupling partners. This protocol features broad substrate/functional group compatibility and tunable regio‐/chemoselectivity. Diversified derivatization of the obtained products has been also successfully demonstrated, which further strengthened the potential for the synthetic utility of the developed protocols.
Voltammetric immunosensor for selective thyroxine detection using Cu‐MOF@PANI composite
Authors: Mradula  , Raj Rocky , Mishra Sunita 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA label‐free electrochemical immunosensor was fabricated for the detection of thyroxine hormone by immobilizing thyroxine‐specific monoclonal antibody (Ab) onto copper metal‐oxide framework (Cu‐MOF) and polyaniline (PANI) composite modified screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The Cu‐MOF@PANI@Ab‐modified SPCE was used as a sensing platform. Cu‐MOF and its composite were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, RAMAN spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The immunosensor possessed a dynamic linear range (10–105 pM) with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.33 pM (0.25 pg/mL) for CV and 0.17 pM (0.13 pg/mL) for DPV. The evaluation study of immunosensor displayed a good analytical recovery of ≥90%, when different concentrations of thyroxine were added in the serum sample. In addition, to determine the reproducibility for working electrode between and within batch, the relative standard deviation calculated were 3.87% and 6.04%, respectively, and represent its good reproducibility. The immunosensor retained 90% of its initial activity after its regular use for 40 days, while being stored at 4 °C.
Maximum power extraction from a switched reluctance generator based wind power generating system using optimization techniques
Authors: Mapa Swagata , Gurumoorthy Bhuvaneswari 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article advocates the use of two different optimization techniques, namely, gravitational search algorithm (GSA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), to obtain suitable combinations of firing angles for the asymmetric half bridge converter (AHBC) to ensure optimum power extraction from a switched reluctance generator (SRG) based wind power generating system, at any given wind speed. As optimum power generation from an SRG turns out to be a multi‐dimensional search problem due to the nonlinear magnetic behavior of the machine, optimization techniques can be aptly employed for obtaining suitable values of control parameters. The techniques considered in this work, GSA and PSO, do not require any information about the geometrical features of the machine. Both techniques are implemented with an outer power control loop to propel the machine to perform optimally at variable wind speeds. Simulated results obtained by modeling these techniques in MATLAB environment are validated with the experimental results from a laboratory prototype consisting of a 1 hp, 2000 rpm, 8/6 SRM, and an AHBC. The results presented bring out the relative merits and demerits of the optimization techniques, thus highlighting their suitability for actual field implementation.
Estimation of the spatial weighting matrix for regular lattice data—An adaptive lasso approach with cross‐sectional resampling
Authors: Merk Miryam S. , Otto Philipp 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSpatial autoregressive models typically rely on the assumption that the spatial dependence structure is known in advance and is represented by a deterministic spatial weights matrix, although it is unknown in most empirical applications. Thus, we investigate the estimation of sparse spatial dependence structures for regular lattice data. In particular, an adaptive least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) is used to select and estimate the individual nonzero connections of the spatial weights matrix. To recover the spatial dependence structure, we propose cross‐sectional resampling, assuming that the random process is exchangeable. The estimation procedure is based on a two‐step approach to circumvent simultaneity issues that typically arise from endogenous spatial autoregressive dependencies. The two‐step adaptive lasso approach with cross‐sectional resampling is verified using Monte Carlo simulations. Eventually, we apply the procedure to model nitrogen dioxide concentrations and show that estimating the spatial dependence structure contrary to using prespecified weights matrices improves the prediction accuracy considerably.
A combined estimate of global temperature
Authors: Craigmile Peter F. , Guttorp Peter 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRecently, several global temperature series have been updated using new data sets, new methods, and importantly, assessments of their uncertainties. This enables us to produce a timely estimate of the annual global mean temperature with a smaller combined estimate of uncertainty. We describe the hierarchical model we propose, and a Bayesian scheme for fitting the model, allowing for dependence between the data sets, which all use some of the same observations. The discrepancy between individual data series and the combined estimate illustrates potential sources of deviation between them. In addition, we test the sensitivity of the results to each of the series, using a leave‐one‐out approach. This is a way of combining all the data sets in a way that improves on the straight or precision weighted ensemble mean, thus providing a more authoritative global temperature series with corresponding standard errors, which are smaller than that of individual products. Using the combined estimate of the global temperature series, we estimate that the global temperature has increased 1.2°C with a standard error of 0.03°C over the 1880–1900 average. By taking into account the uncertainties of the estimates rather than just comparing the estimates, we find that the probability that 2020 was the warmest year on record is 0.44, while the years 2015–2020 are virtually certain to have been the six warmest years in recorded history. We show that our estimate performs similarly to the reanalysis product ERA5, and that the satellite record from University of Alabama does not agree very well neither with ERA5 nor with our product.
Recurrence risk after a first remote symptomatic seizure in adults: Epilepsy or not?
Authors: Zelano Johan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe ILAE practical definition of epilepsy has a one seizure possibility to diagnose epilepsy after a first seizure if the recurrence risk is very high. The recurrence risk after a first seizure in brain disorders (first remote seizure) is often high, but varies with etiology, so more specific information is needed for clinical practice. This review describes etiology‐specific recurrence risks in adults with a first remote seizure in stroke, traumatic brain injury, infections, dementia, multiple sclerosis, and tumors. Most studies are short, single center, and retrospective. Inclusion criteria, outcome ascertainment, and results vary. Few patient categories are clearly above the epilepsy threshold of recurrence risk, and there are surprisingly little data for important etiologies like brain infections. Beside stroke, severe TBI could have a sufficiently high recurrence risk for early epilepsy diagnosis, but more studies are needed, preferably prospective ones. The literature is uninformative regarding which seizures qualify as remote. The clinical implication of the low level of available evidence is that for other etiologies than stroke, seizure recurrence remains the most appropriate indicator of epilepsy for most patients with a first remote seizure. Nonetheless, there are worrying indications of a diagnostic drift, which puts patients with a preexisting brain disorder at risk of misdiagnosis. Although there are drawbacks to an intermediate term like “possible epilepsy,” it could perhaps be useful in cases when the recurrence risk is high, but epilepsy criteria are not definitely met after a first remote seizure.
Energy, exergy, exergo‐environmental, and exergetic sustainability analyses of a gas engine‐based CHP system
Authors: Hassan Rakibul , Barua Hridoy , Das Barun K. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe electricity demand is ever increasing, and the worldwide power generation is largely dependent on the rapidly dwindling fossil fuel resources. It is no different in Bangladesh as well where the prevailing dynamic in the energy sector projects to a certain lack of sustainability. This makes the performance evaluation to determine and improve the efficiency of energy conversion systems an unavoidable requisite. This study investigates the energetic and exergetic performance of a gas engine‐based (4 MW) combined heat and power system situated at Rajshahi District in Bangladesh. Different thermodynamic performance parameters along with the exergo‐environmental effect and the sustainability of the system are also assessed additionally. The overall system and individual components are analyzed based on the actual data measured on site at 48% engine load and a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. The results reveal that the maximum energy loss and exergy destruction occur in the reciprocating engine with values of 656.54 kW and 1835.04 kW, respectively, followed by the heat recovery steam generator with 465.51 kW energy loss and 671.51 kW exergy destruction. The overall system has energy and exergy efficiency of 29.95% and 23.12%, respectively. The exergetic sustainability index of the system is found to be 1.30.