bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Ballet” is a Dirty Word
Authors: Rochelle Henrique 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Professional dancing in São Paulo, Brazil, developed from the 1950s on, with a constant and strong influence from modern dance. As modernism looked disapprovingly at ballet, seeing it as something from the past, prejudice grew in the city toward the form. Directors and choreographers of dance companies currently speak about ballet and contemporary ballet as something that is done, but always by others, never themselves. Even the word “ballet” is avoided, since it seems to diminish the works being discussed, as it became something strictly associated with dance training, and not professional dance. This chapter investigates the roots of ballet in São Paulo, discussing both its origins and the origins of its rejection, while pointing to the recent indications of its newfound public interest.
Long-Term Non-anthropocentric Ethics
Authors: Nolt John 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Homo sapiens is Earth’s most intelligent species—and its most destructive. This intelligence has wrought wonders, but among them are astounding feats of arrogance, acquisitiveness, denial, and self-deception. Much harm has already been done. Current trajectories of growth in population and consumption insure the inevitability of more. Yet the inevitability of great harm does not justify acquiescence to greater harm. Cultivation and practice of a broad and objective ethic could help to counter these tendencies. Ethics can be expanded in at least two ways: (1) spatiotemporally, across the planet and into the distant future (long-term ethics) and (2) beyond the human species (non-anthropocentric ethics). This chapter concerns the union of the two.
Justice Between Coexisting Generations
Authors: Bidadanure Juliana 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The field of intergenerational ethics has been largely centered on the question of what we owe those who are temporally distant. This interest was prompted by the growing awareness that many natural resources were nonrenewable and that future generations risked being disadvantaged or harmed in a variety of central respects. This understandable emphasis on temporal distance should, however, not lead one to disregard matters of justice between contemporary generations (between baby boomers and millennials, for instance) as straightforward or uninteresting. Inequalities between young and old crystallize significant and complex political and economic tensions in the sphere of employment, pensions, healthcare, housing, and political representation. This chapter introduces and responds to significant philosophical puzzles about the fair distribution of resources between individuals at different stages of their lives. The author provides a conceptual framework to approach matters of both age group and birth cohort justice and looks at how one of the chief values of distributive justice—equality—plays out in the field of justice between coexisting generations.
Accountability Courts and Diversion Programs
Authors: Shomade Salmon 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on prosecutors’ roles in accountability courts and diversion programs, details their participation in creating these specialized courts and programs, explains their gate-keeping responsibilities, and discusses ethical rules raised by their participation. Specifically, the chapter describes drug courts and veterans courts, which are two of the most prominent specialized courts. Using these two specialized courts as representatives of other similarly situated courts, the chapter explains the history behind the creation of these courts, their structures, operations, and their specific goals of addressing the underlying causes of criminal defendants’ criminal behaviors. In the United States specialized court settings, the prosecutor, rather than being adversarial, tends to be collaborative with other court practitioners. In non-U.S. specialized courts, the prosecutors’ roles are not that significantly different from those of their U.S. counterparts. With ongoing efforts on reforming the U.S. criminal justice system, especially as it concerns issues addressed by specialty courts, U.S. prosecutors are likely to continue their support of these courts.
Victims and Prosecutors
Authors: Konradi Amanda , Ochrach-Konradi Tirza Jo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores crime victims’ experiences in U.S. trial courts in relation to the passage, application, and adjudication of state and federal victims’ rights legislation (VRL). It reviews victims’ current rights established through legislation and case law: to privacy, information, and notification; to be present; and to be heard in pre-trial hearings, in trials, in plea bargaining, and in victim impact statements. It reviews qualitative research documenting how and why prosecutorial discretion is often exercised to limit victims’ participation in trials and pleas, highlighting incentives for emotion management. It also reviews proposals, which are counter to this standard, designed to achieve greater victim participation and to produce higher quality testimony, including extensive pre-court preparation and courtroom intermediaries. It assesses the efficacy of practices to protect victims from secondary victimization in court, including shielding (close circuit video and screens) and support dogs. It explores use of private attorneys to (1) ensure that prosecutors and judges comply with VRL and (2) pursue victim-directed, private prosecution of sexual assault in the United States and elsewhere. It concludes that the promise of VRL—to provide therapeutic justice outcomes, achieve victim satisfaction, and enact procedural justice—is yet to be realized in the United States; however, an evidence-based approach toward prosecutorial practice would be advantageous for victims.
Youth Employment, Informality, and Precarity in the Global South
Authors: Fennell Shailaja 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Characteristics of labor markets are often assumed to be universal, when in fact they are peculiar to patterns of employment in Europe and North America. This essay makes these universalist assumptions about labor markets for youth explicit, challenging their foundational claims in relation to trends in parts of the Global South. Urbanization, the Standard Employment Relationship (SER), and the notions of precarity are all analyzed for their Northern biases. The work of early labor market theorist W. Arthur Lewis is then explored, critiquing how his theory was reduced to one aspect—rural labor migration to urban factory work to increase productivity—when it had complex social, political, educational, and policy-related implications. Southern scholars should not be interpreted in terms of their relevance to Northern processes. They should be grappled with on their own terms, in relation to the Southern contexts from which they speak. Finally, an agenda for Southern labor market theory building is offered.
Digital Media in Grassroots Anti-Corruption Mobilizations
Authors: Mattoni Alice 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Corruption is a global problem that affects millions of people, and activists all over the world mobilize against it. When they do so, they increasingly employ various types of digital media. First, the chapter discusses two leading roles that digital media might have in grassroots anti-corruption struggles, each of them linked to one specific approach to corruption. On the one hand, they are in line with a view of corruption as a principal–agent problem, hence assisting activists in enlarging the monitoring and denouncing capacity of people concerning corruption. On the other hand, they can sustain a view of corruption as a collective action problem, hence helping activists in increasing the public awareness on corruption to change the normative understanding of what corruption is and does to societies. Second, the chapter addresses digital media as they entangle with big data. While anti-corruption activists have always relied on data of all kinds to support their struggles, this section tackles three specific types of data-related practices (data production, data embedment, and data transformation). It also shows how they are in tune with either the collective action or the principal–agent approach to corruption. Third, the chapter discusses another, more pragmatic, and situated approach to corruption and, in its framework, the potential role of digital media for anti-corruption activists, arguing for the development of comparative studies on the subject matter. Finally, conclusions revisit the previous sections, taking into consideration three main directions toward which research on anti-corruption from the grassroots and its relationship with digital media might develop in the near future.
Transnational Antitrust Law
Authors: Buxbaum Hannah L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In light of the significant diversity that remains among legal systems regarding the purpose and substance of market regulation, it is no surprise that efforts to develop a body of international antitrust law have failed. Instead, we rely on a diverse set of norms and transnational practices to regulate the increasingly globalized economy. This chapter discusses those practices, focusing on the actors and institutions involved. Section II addresses the production of substantive antitrust law at different levels (national, regional, and international) and discusses some of the ways in which these norms spread across legal systems. Section III turns to mechanisms for improving cooperation among legal systems in the enforcement of divergent regulatory norms, as well as to continuing sites of contestation among regimes. Section IV concludes with an analysis of the prospects for increased convergence in the field of antitrust law and policy.
Transnational Law and Conflict of Laws: A Japanese Perspective
Authors: Yokomizo Dai 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the relation between transnational law and conflict of laws. Whereas the methodology of transnational law is, to a certain extent, in line with new approaches on conflict of laws seeking to find solutions for conflict of laws in a context of increasing global governance, the transnational method seems less compatible with classical choice-of-law methodology used in Japan and would therefore bring serious challenges to Japanese conflict of laws. To respond to these challenges, the chapter proposes identifying the specific situations in which a classical approach might still work and those in which it might bring an undesirable solution for global governance, before considering a complete change of the choice-of-law method. Finally, the chapter suggests that conflict of laws as a methodology could provide transnational law with fresh techniques to resolve conflict of norms in an era of global legal pluralism.
Transnational Property Law
Authors: Gupta Priya S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Transnational property law offers an account of common law property doctrines as they emerged through transnational encounters between people and legal regimes. It places property at the intersection of global economic governance, international political economy, and law by offering both a historical account of property regimes and a methodological argument for understanding property in context. It proposes that common law property regimes around land should be understood not just as compartmentalized into domestic jurisdictional realms, but rather as spaces in which different concepts, claims, and contestations of property—local, national, and transnational—are constantly in conflict with each other. Instead of tracing the development of common law property thought as a linear trajectory without regard to concrete historical and geographical circumstances, it suggests looking for answers instead by taking a closer look at the new settings in which property law regimes are grounded today through interdisciplinary methods of analysis.
Transnational Family Law
Authors: Fenton-Glynn Claire 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Family law is no longer an isolated field that simply represents the traditions and values of an individual culture. Transnational influences, including human rights, regional and international institutions, and social movements, have played a crucial role in opening family law to widening perspectives. At the same time, individuals and families are moving across borders in a manner not seen in previous eras. This chapter will revisit the traditional understanding of the family and family law, tied exclusively to domestic norms, and generate a greater understanding of the modern regulatory framework through a transnational lens.
Transnational Migration Law: Authority, Contestation, Decolonization
Authors: Dehm Sara 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter trace how “transnational migration law” has come to construct human mobility. It argues that transnational migration law is best conceived of as a useful methodological approach, rather than a distinct area of legal doctrine or spatial domain of law. Conceived as a method, transnational migration law can reveal the juridical assemblage of practices, subjects, and relations for regulating migration. This chapter illuminates some of the core and potentially rival sites, forms, and practices of transnational migration lawmaking, drawing attention to the productive and coercive forces of transnational migration law that have resulted in the maintenance of a “global hierarchy of mobility.” Yet, recognizing that state attempts to monopolize “the legitimate means of movement” are incomplete and contested, the chapter argues that scholars of “transnational migration law” must pay attention to diverse and situated Indigenous legal traditions as sources of authority. In doing so, the chapter critically unpacks the relationship between migration and struggles for decolonization and global justice.
Queering the Transnational: Notes on an Emerging Politics of Law and Sexuality
Authors: Jain Dipika 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that transnational law holds significant potential as a methodological lens to study the intersection of gender, sexuality, and law. The discourse on gender and sexual rights has been cultivated by transnational dialogue and deliberation, and serves as an apt site to study the regulation of gender and sexuality. “Law and sexuality” as an academic discipline is meaningful when explored through the lens of transnational law and legal scholarship. Law schools ought to incorporate the dynamic interaction between domestic decision-making, foreign jurisprudence, and the international legal system and critical perspectives on each into their curricula. The first section of this chapter provides a primer to the study of law and sexuality through feminist and queer perspectives to critically engage with the legal regulation of gender identity and sexuality. Following this, the second section discusses the relevance of bringing transnational perspectives to the legal curriculum, particularly in the context of gender and sexuality studies.
Climate Change Governance, International Relations, and Politics: A Transnational Law Perspective
Authors: Minas Stephen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter applies a transnational law perspective to climate change governance. Climate change is increasing the interdependence of different states and economic activities, as the consequences of greenhouse gas emissions from somewhere are felt everywhere. This has prompted an international climate politics in which diverse actors grapple with growing interdependencies. The transnational nature of the climate crisis is however but partially reflected in international climate law. The chapter argues that the Paris Agreement has the potential, as a central node in a still-heterarchical climate governance, to interlink instruments and mechanisms from different levels of law and from the public and private sectors. The chapter also draws attention to interactions with often-overlooked sites of climate governance, including transnational commercial law, private international law, and contractual dispute resolution. It concludes with suggestions for further work in the domains of scholarship and practice.
Transnational Law and Legal Positivism
Authors: Giudice Michael , Scarffe Eric 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the theoretical adequacy of legal positivism in explanation of several forms and features of transnational law. We suggest that while legal positivism emerged as a philosophical account of state law in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, its connection to state law is best viewed as historical and contingent rather than conceptual and necessary. Among the two core commitments of legal positivism, while the separation thesis requires no modification from its original form, the social fact thesis must be revised and developed to explain the character of transnational law. We also show how the exercise of revising a philosophical theory of law such as legal positivism provides an opportunity to illustrate the continuity between conceptual, empirical, and evaluative studies of transnational law.
Representing Transnational Law: Drone Warfare and Transnational Legal Text
Authors: Rajah Jothie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
What can entertainment media tell us about a contemporary concept of law that is being transnationalized, and why should scholars pay attention to ostensibly fictional representations of law in transnational contexts? In this chapter, I consider representations of transnational law through an analysis of Gavin Hood’s 2016 film on drone warfare, Eye in the Sky (Eye). Eye is driven by a compelling narrative tension: a child is likely to be harmed if a missile is launched at a room occupied by terrorists loading suicide vests with explosives. But if this child is not risked (sacrificed?) and the terrorists conduct their suicide mission, a minimum of eighty civilian deaths is the probable result. With lives at stake, we watch a transnational alliance of American and British state actors debate law, the rules governing drone strikes, and accountability to publics, as the decision is made to conduct the targeted killing. Dramatizing questions of law in relation to the secretive workings of drone warfare, Eye offers a valuable representation of how a very specific account of law as security is being transnationalized.
Transnational Criminal Law: A Field in the Making
Authors: Kotiswaran Prabha , Palmer Nicola 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Twenty years into the current phase of globalization, a new field of transnational criminal law is in the making, expanding to cover issues as diverse as money laundering, counterterrorism, global banking, human trafficking, infringements of intellectual property rights, and cybercrime. The chapter introduces the concept of transnational criminal law (TCL) and deliberates on the dilemmas of TCL as applied to empirical legal phenomena before suggesting a sociolegal approach to further develop the field of TCL. In particular, the chapter brings to bear on TCL the rich debates within global governance and transnational legal theory. The chapter does this by decentering formal state law and examining the full range of technologies of governance, that nonstate actors increasingly propose in order to address transnational social problems.
Towards a New Vision for Australian Politics
Authors: Tiernan Anne 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Australian politics is often characterized as derivative, pragmatic, and utilitarian—as insufficiently interesting or important to devote much time to. This Handbook challenges that contention, arguing it reflects a narrow, colonial perspective and ignores the richness and diversity of the deep-time history of the Australian continent and the unique inheritance the blending of Australia’s many histories and traditions has produced. Australian political studies encompasses a broad family of research disciplines, whose diverse and methodologically plural efforts have transformed our understanding of Aboriginal cultures and of European settlement. This volume’s thematic approach captures the politics, policies, and societies that have evolved in Australia’s many different landscapes and places. Its chapters present a theoretically rigorous, empirically informed, and historically nuanced account of what is distinctive about Australian politics, its capacity for democratic innovation and what accounts (its many shortcomings notwithstanding), for the resilience of its political traditions and Australia’s relative success.
Pantomimic Conceptions of Language Origins
Authors: Wacewicz Sławomir , Żywiczyński Przemysław 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Could pantomime have been the key step in the evolutionary emergence of symbolic communication? Such a possibility has been consistently present in the intellectual reflection on language origins. What makes pantomime interesting from this perspective is its rich expressive potential, since it can convey open-ended, semantically universal and displaced meanings without relying on semiotic conventions, so that spontaneous pantomimes can be recognized as such and successfully interpreted. Definitions are important in classifying a particular scenario as “pantomimic.” In this chapter, the authors employ a “rich” definition of pantomime: it is described as bodily-mimetic communication which is non-conventional, improvised, performed with the whole body, holistic, and communicatively and semantically complex. Based on this foundation, the authors review and evaluate pantomimic accounts of language origins, from the past to the present, and particularly focus on the contemporary pantomime accounts given by Michael Arbib, Michael Tomasello, and Jordan Zlatev.
A Timeline for the Acquisition of Symbolic Cognition in the Human Lineage
Authors: Tattersall Ian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Human beings are symbolic in the sense that they—uniquely—partition the world into a vocabulary of mental symbols that can be recombined to make statements not only about things as they are, but as they might be. An appraisal of the archaeological and fossil records shows that this unusual way of manipulating information was a recent acquisition, and one that occurred within the tenure of Homo sapiens on the planet. Almost certainly, the necessary neural underpinnings were exaptively acquired along with the distinctive skeletal structure of Homo sapiens, although the new potential was only subsequently released by a necessarily cultural stimulus. This stimulus was most likely the spontaneous and sudden invention of language, the quintessential symbolic activity. That the algorithmic change in brain function involved was more frugal metabolically than its intuitive predecessor is strongly supported by the observed 12.7 percent diminution in average human brain volumes since the late Pleistocene.
Medicine
Authors: Tonelli Natascia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
From the outset of his career as a writer Dante demonstrated a profound and not at all predictable expertise in the medical field, particularly when it came to the physiology of the human body, and especially with respect to the pathologies linked to amorous passion. This study argues that it was precisely on this physiological and scientific foundation related to the humoral complexion of a person that Dante, beginning with the Vita Nuova, built his intellectual self-portrait. We encounter here an evolving yet coherent self-portrait of a visionary poet-figure, with physical and psychological characteristics that over time were ever more clearly identified as specifically prophetic, so much so that they were featured as assets in his journey through the afterlife and his final vision of God. In this way, Dante’s own authorial path appears unified under the aegis of a certain ‘humoral determinism’.