bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural College Graduates: Who Comes Home?*
Authors: Sowl Stephanie , Smith Rachel A. , Brown Michael G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMany rural communities throughout the United States have experienced brain drain or the out‐migration of educated young people. Explanations for why college‐educated adults leave rural communities have relied on economic rationales; however, the effects of social identities, community context, and place attachment have also been shown to influence migration decisions. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), this study examines factors experienced during adolescence as well as postsecondary characteristics that promote college graduates' return to their rural communities when they are between the ages of 34 and 43. We find that among college graduates who had attended a rural public K‐12 school, those who had higher levels of school attachment were significantly more likely to return home compared with graduates who had lower levels of school attachment. The findings also suggest that graduates who came from a lower college‐educated community were more likely to return home than those from average or highly college‐educated communities. By analyzing long‐term outcomes, this study extends our understanding of the strengths of adolescent experiences and neighborhood context influencing the pull to return home and the support for policies strengthening rural communities as there may be long‐term effects to returning home, even if youth leave for college.
The story of “I” tracking: Psychological implications of self‐referential language use
Authors: Berry‐Blunt Amunet K. , Holtzman Nicholas S. , Donnellan M. Brent , Mehl Matthias R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe review extant research on the psychological implications of the use of first‐person singular pronouns (i.e., “I‐talk”). A common intuition is that I‐talk is associated with an overly positive, highly agentic, and inflated view of the self—including arrogance, self‐centeredness, and grandiose narcissism. Initial (small‐sample) research provided evidence that frequent I‐talk was associated with grandiose narcissism. More recent (large‐sample) research, however, has found that the correlation is near zero. Frequent I‐talk is, however, positively correlated with depressive symptoms, in particular, and negative emotionality (i.e., neuroticism), more broadly. Frequent I‐talk is also positively related to the neurotic variety of narcissism called vulnerable narcissism. In addition, frequent I‐talk has a positive association with sociodemographic characteristics such as (lower) status, (younger) age, and (female) gender; I‐talk has a conditional association with truth‐telling and authenticity—a correlation that appears to hinge on context. This review summarizes the literature on I‐talk, provides some speculations about the emergent psychological meanings of I‐talk, and provides a guide for future research.
Reclaiming the public space
Authors: Turner Kimberly , Crabtree Kiela 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe spread and energy of protests against racial injustice and police brutality throughout summer 2020 featured the forcible removal of monuments by members of the public. In this article, we argue that these “publicly initiated” monument removals are a novel tactic in the protest repertoire that can be differentiated from the removal of monuments by public officials.MethodsUsing data from the Confederate Monuments Project, we analyze whether factors such as protest momentum and state repression of demonstrators differentiate removal type.ResultsWe find that monuments in locations with a greater number of protests in June 2020 were more likely to be removed by the public. We do not find support for a relationship between the use of state repression and public monument removal.ConclusionOur findings suggest that scholars should continue to pursue the distinction between these two types of monuments, particularly in regards to the study of protest and political mobilization.
Income sorting by specialized services: Service differentiation by overlapping governments
Authors: Park HyungGun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe flexible boundaries of special districts allow for overlaps with each other that generate various specialized service bundles on a territorial basis. The combined overlapping boundaries may reveal willingness to have more services at additional costs as the special districts generally provide services selectively to those who reside within their boundaries.ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate whether overlapping special districts sort citizens by income level as reflected by the Tiebout model.MethodsThis study utilizes a cross‐sectional block group data of Ventura County in California, taking numbers of vertices of special districts as independent variable and household income as dependent variable.ResultsEstimation result demonstrates that a greater number of specialized services is associated with higher income levels and varies by service type.ConclusionFindings of this study imply that income segregation could be predetermined by jurisdictional boundary, and that other subjects of urban segregation may have similar pattern.
Earnings mobility and the Great Recession
Authors: Mullins Brett , Sjoquist David L. , Wallace Sally 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe Great Recession of 2007‐09 was a very significant economic event with substantial effects across the economy. An important but unexplored consequence of the Great Recession is its effect on income or earnings mobility. In this paper we explore the effect of the Great Recession on earnings mobility among low‐wage workers.MethodsUsing Georgia administrative data, we identify quarterly earnings of low‐income individuals over 14 years. We calculate earnings mobility indices for 7‐year periods and explore the differences in mobility between the pre‐ and post‐Great Recession periods. We also calculate earnings mobility indices for 51 overlapping three‐year (12‐quarter) intervals over the 2000 to 2015 period.ResultsWe find that mobility is greater in the post‐Great Recession period. We also find that there is substantial variation in mobility indices in the post‐2007 period and that the variation in three‐year mobility indices is closely related to the unemployment rate.ConclusionsThe magnitude of earnings mobility was affected by the Great Recession and by the unemployment rate in general. An understanding of earnings mobility during times of economic upheaval helps policy makers better evaluate the overall impact of recessions.
Why black women activists stay in the room when they are not being heard
Authors: Brown Karlia Nicole 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveDespite the vital roles that black women play in black activist organizations, they are often overlooked and mistreated within such spaces. The purpose of this article is to examine why black women remain engaged in black activist spaces given this treatment.MethodsI conducted in‐depth interviews with 25 black women engaged in activist organizations in the Chicagoland area.ResultsThis study found that black women remain engaged in black activist spaces where they experienced mistreatment because (1) they believed that the black community's fight for freedom was worth their radical sacrifice, and (2) they felt both empowered by the legacy of black activist women of past movements and responsible for continuing that legacy in order to improve the lives and path to liberation of the black women that will come after them.ConclusionI suggest that the sacrifices of black women activists are ultimately motivated by an ethic of care that stems from a love for their community and themselves. While some do find the legacy of black women activists to be burdensome, many aim to continue the legacy of their predecessors by establishing a foundation onto which future generations can build a path to black liberation.
Illumina whole genome sequencing indicates ploidy level differences within the Valenzuela flavidus (Psocodea: Psocomorpha: Caeciliusidae) species complex
Authors: de Moya Robert S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractValenzuela flavidus is a species of bark louse which is known to have asexual parthenogenetic populations in Europe but is believed to have sexual and asexual populations in North America as well. Historically, Valenzuela aurantiacus was the species epithet recognized for North American members until reports of asexual reproduction surfaced in certain North American populations. Cytogenetic studies have demonstrated European all‐female populations are triploid. However, males are often reported in North America suggesting diploidy for sexual populations. With the use of Illumina whole genome sequencing, genetic diversity among North American and European populations was explored with phylogenomic methods. Ploidy level was estimated by examining allele frequencies of read‐mapped homologous gene regions. Results indicate divergent populations between Europe and North America. North American populations containing males are estimated to be diploid suggesting a different mechanism of genomic reproduction. These results suggest divergent population structure among European asexual and North American sexual members of V. flavidus providing insight for future studies to understand patterns of asexuality reported within the complex.
Towards a Circular Bioeconomy? Pathways and Spatialities of Agri‐Food Waste Valorisation
Authors: Klein Oliver , Nier Stefan , Tamásy Christine 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe treatment of organic waste, by‐products and other residual materials from bio‐based industries is currently changing from disposing to recycling and reusing activities, which may create significant added values. However, these valorisation pathways as well as their institutional and geographical contexts are not yet sufficiently understood. From an actor‐centric perspective, we seek to shed light on extant practices of agri‐food waste valorisation using the examples of potato and rapeseed production in Lower Saxony, Germany. Drawing on conceptual thoughts on circular bioeconomies and the nexus approach, we will show that these practices not only depend on the availability of (technological) solutions but are affected by changing economic and political environments in combination with place‐specific conditions and local networks. We further describe the cross‐sectoral relations, synergies and externalities that come along with by‐product valorisation in multi‐use systems, while also revealing the fragile stability of circular bioeconomies that are linked to the food–feed–energy nexus.
Effects of hypoxic storage on the efficacy of gamma irradiation in abrogating lymphocyte proliferation and on the quality of gamma‐irradiated red blood cells in additive solution 3
Authors: Sowemimo‐Coker Samuel O. , Fast Loren D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundGamma irradiation of blood products is used to prevent transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease by inhibiting the proliferation of lymphocytes that are implicated in the disease. Gamma irradiation also damages the red blood cells (RBCs). It is unknown whether hypoxia reduces the efficacy of gamma irradiation in inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation (LP). The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of hypoxia on gamma irradiation‐induced inhibition of LP and on the in vitro properties of RBCs.Materials and methodsForty‐four units (300–340 ml each) of less than 8‐h‐old ABO‐matched leukocyte reduced red cell concentrates (LR‐RCC) in additive solution 3 were pooled in pairs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from non‐leukocyte reduced RCCs and added back to the pool at a final concentration of 2 × 105/ml. The pool was divided equally into a conventional storage bag A and a hypoxic processing and storage bag B. The units were gamma‐irradiated at 25Gy on day 7 for the LP experiment and on either day 7 or 14 for the RBC quality experiments. LP was measured using a limiting dilution assay, and several in vitro metrics of RBCs were measured.ResultsGamma irradiation inhibited T‐lymphocyte proliferation by 4.7 × 104‐fold reduction in both hypoxic and conventional storage. The in vitro metrics of RBC quality were better preserved in hypoxic storage.DiscussionT lymphocytes present in hypoxic RBC are equally susceptible to gamma irradiation as conventional storage. Hypoxic storage also reduces the deleterious effects of gamma irradiation on RBCs.
Effect of topical medication on the nasomaxillary skin‐fold microbiome in French bulldogs
Authors: Rexo Alissa , Hansen Bruce , Clarsund Mats , Krumbeck Janina A. , Bernstein Joseph 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundHost–microbe interactions may influence dermatitis pathogenesis in the nasomaxillary folds of French bulldogs, which is often complicated by secondary bacterial and fungal infections.ObjectiveTo assess the skin‐fold microbiome in systemically healthy French bulldogs and to determine the influence of topical medications on this microbiome.AnimalsNineteen healthy French bulldogs.Methods and materialsNext‐generation DNA sequencing was applied to characterise the microbiome composition in the nasomaxillary folds of systemically healthy French bulldogs. Subsequently, the effect of two topical products on the fold microbiome was assessed. Seven dogs were treated with a protease product (Kalzyme; enzyme) that inhibits biofilm formation without biocidal activity, six dogs were treated with a 2% chlorhexidine diacetate solution (Nolvasan; CHX) with biocidal activity, and six dogs were untreated. Dogs were randomly assigned to each group, and the investigator was blinded.ResultsThe primary skin bacterial phyla inhabiting the folds at inclusion were Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. The primary skin fungal phyla were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Topical treatment increased the diversity of bacterial and fungal compositions over time (increase in microbial diversity score: enzyme 38%, chlorhexidine 11%, control <5%) and the relative abundance of pathogens reduced significantly (enzyme, P = 0.028; CHX, P = 0.048). A clear correlation (r2 = 0.83) was observed between the abundance of clinically relevant pathogens and microbial diversity.ConclusionsThe nasomaxillary skin‐fold microbiome of healthy French bulldogs contained a high abundance of clinically relevant pathogens (mean 36.4%). Topical therapy with enzyme increased microbial diversity of skin folds and reduced the relative abundance of pathogens.
Humanized von Willebrand factor reduces platelet sequestration in ex vivo and in vivo xenotransplant models
Authors: Connolly Margaret R , Kuravi Kasinath , Burdorf Lars , Sorrells Lori , Morrill Benson , Cimeno Arielle , Vaught Todd , Dandro Amy , Sendil Selin , Habibabady Zahra A , Monahan Jeffery , Li Tiezheng , LaMattina John , Eyestone Willard , Ayares David , Phelps Carol , Azimzadeh Agnes M , Pierson Richard N 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe transplantation of organs across species offers the potential to solve the shortage of human organs. While activation of human platelets by human von Willebrand factor (vWF) requires vWF activation by shear stress, contact between human platelets and porcine vWF (pvWF) leads to spontaneous platelet adhesion and activation. This non‐physiologic interaction may contribute to the thrombocytopenia and coagulation pathway dysregulation often associated with xenotransplantation of pig organs in nonhuman primates. Pigs genetically modified to decrease antibody and complement‐dependent rejection (GTKO.hCD46) were engineered to express humanized pvWF (h*pvWF) by replacing a pvWF gene region that encodes the glycoprotein Ib‐binding site with human cDNA orthologs. This modification corrected for non‐physiologic human platelet aggregation on exposure to pig plasma, while preserving in vitro platelet activation by collagen. Organs from pigs with h*pvWF demonstrated reduced platelet sequestration during lung (p ≤ .01) and liver (p ≤ .038 within 4 h) perfusion ex vivo with human blood and after pig‐to‐baboon lung transplantation (p ≤ .007). Residual platelet sequestration and activation were not prevented by the blockade of canonical platelet adhesion pathways. The h*pvWF modification prevents physiologically inappropriate activation of human or baboon platelets by porcine vWF, addressing one cause of the thrombocytopenia and platelet activation observed with xenotransplantation.
Topology Morphing Lattice Structures
Authors: Sundararaman Venkatesh , O'Donnell Matthew P. , Chenchiah Isaac V. , Weaver Paul M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Planar cellular lattice structures subject to axial compression may undergo elastic bending or buckling of the unit cells. If sufficient compression is applied, the columns of adjacent cells make contact. This changes the topology of the lattice by establishing new load paths. This topology change induces a corresponding shift in the effective stiffness characteristics of the lattice — in particular, the shear modulus undergoes a step-change. The ability to embed adaptive stiffness characteristics through a topology change allows structural reconfiguration to meet changing load/operational requirements efficiently. The concept, of topological reconfiguration, can be exploited across a range of length scales, from (meta-)materials to components. Here we focus on macroscopic behaviour presenting results obtained from finite element analysis that shows excellent correlation with the observed response of 3D-printed PLA lattices. Through a parametric study, we explore the role of key geometric and stiffness parameters and identify desirable regions of the design space. The non-linear responses demonstrated by this topology morphing lattice structure may offer designers a route to develop bespoke elastic systems.
Understanding the Influence of Resonators on Frequency Band Gaps in Sonic Crystal Metamaterials
Authors: Ahmed Riaz , Ahmed Hossain 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Acoustic metamaterials are artificially engineered smart structures designed to achieve unusual properties that cannot be possible to obtain through natural materials. Hence, with the advancement of technology, metamaterials have received tremendous focus in recent days. Phononic and sonic crystals are the two classes of acoustic metamaterial. The frequency stopband is one of the common and primary features that can be attained from both the classes of acoustic metamaterials. Unit cell sonic crystals are composed of stiff resonators, placed inside comparatively softer matrix material. The frequency bandgap in a sonic crystal is a result of Bragg scattering and local resonance of the resonators in the unit cell. In this study, a comprehensive analysis is performed to understand the influence of resonators on frequency stopbands and the range/width of the bandgap. Two frequency bands in a dispersion curve form a bandgap. How and why those two bands shift up/down in a dispersion curve to increase/decrease the bandgap width, is studied extensively. It is established that resonator geometry and dimension in the unit cell possess a vital role in manipulating the frequency bands. To advance the understanding, this study is focused on analyzing the influence of volume percentage of resonators in a unit cell. Mode shapes are studied extensively to better understand the results and make conclusive arguments.
An Attempt to Topology Optimize 3D Printed Piezoelectric Composite Sensors for Highest D31 Output
Authors: Mitkus Rytis , Taleb Alashkar Ayat , Sinapius Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
By adopting topology optimization based on numerical solvers, the geometries of the piezoelectric sensors can be optimized to produce higher electrical output in a certain loading directions. 2D topology optimization and simulation studies are carried out with ANSYS using Piezo and MEMS extensions for coupled systems. Topology optimization is based on Solid isotropic material with the penalization method, where the design variables are the pseudo densities that control material distribution at each finite element. The optimization problem is solved using Sequential Convex Programming. The approximation of the objective function happens through a uniform convex function. The objective is to reduce the fundamental frequency of the piezoelectric sensor for given constraints and boundary conditions (maximum sensor size of 30 × 30 mm and reduction of sensor mass by 50%). Two optimized shapes are chosen for further analysis. All sensors are made of 10 vol% PZT piezoelectric ceramic in High-Temperature V2 photopolymer resin. Sensors are manufactured using a simulated Direct Light Processing (DLP) type 3D printing process by tape-casting them on glass and exposing them to UV light. The performance of sensors is measured on a 4-point bending setup. Experiments show the enhanced performance of the optimized sensors even when their mass is reduced by 50%.
The glial framework reveals white matter fiber architecture in human and primate brains
Authors: Schurr Roey , Mezer Aviv A. 
Published: October 2021

How to quantify local axonal orientations
Mapping the axonal trajectories of the brain’s white matter at cellular resolution is a long-standing goal of neuroscience. However, existing methods for mapping the axons are either limited to animal studies or require highly specialized equipment for data acquisition and processing. Nissl staining identifies cell nuclei and has been used extensively to investigate parcellations of the cortical gray matter, but the white matter has largely been neglected with this technique. Schurr and Mezer now show that Nissl staining, together with structure tensor analysis, can be used to study white matter architecture and the organization of the glial cell framework around axons over the whole brain. This technique greatly advances our knowledge regarding the organization of glial cells and the fine-grained organization of axonal projections in the brain. —PRS
Basin response to the Jurassic geodynamic turnover from flat subduction to normal subduction in South China
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhang Feng-Qi , Dilek Yildirim , Zhu Kong-Yang , Wu Hong-Xiang , Chen Dong-Xu , Chen Han-Lin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGrowing evidence supports that the early Mesozoic development of South China was deeply shaped by flat subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate. However, the Jurassic tectonic setting and processes remain controversial. Here, we present new detrital zircon U-Pb ages and sedimentary data from the Jurassic basin in northwestern Zhejiang to constrain the Jurassic tectonic evolution. The continuous Jurassic succession archives an abrupt sedimentary change from a high-energy coastal environment to a proximal and fast-filling terrestrial environment. This lithostratigraphic change was also accompanied by the shift of detrital provenance. Age spectra of the detrital zircons from the bottom of the Jurassic strata show strong 1.0–0.7 Ga and 500–400 Ma populations, which are inferred to be mainly derived from the Yangtze block. In contrast, samples from the overlying Lower–Middle Jurassic were dominated by age groups of 2.0–1.7 Ga and 300–170 Ma, which were probably sourced from the Cathaysia block. The switch of the sedimentary and provenance characteristics reveals that an earliest Jurassic broad sag basin in the inland shifted to an Early–Middle Jurassic retro-arc foreland basin along the coastal region. Abundant Jurassic-aged zircons are compatible with the re-initiation of “normal subduction” in the Early Jurassic. The re-initiation of “normal subduction” resulted in the generation of an accretionary orogeny, continental arcs, and a retroarc foreland basin along the eastern South China margin in contrast to the extensional regime in the inland. The basin response and distinct tectonic regimes of the inland and continental margin in the Early–Middle Jurassic support a geodynamic turnover from flat to normal subduction.