bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catalysts for Li−CO2 Batteries: From Heterogeneous to Homogeneous
Authors: Hao Qian Qian , Zhang Zhen , Mao Ya , Wang Kai Xue 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLi−CO2 batteries attract extensive attention owing to their high energy density, fixation and utilization of CO2. However, the practical application of Li−CO2 batteries is greatly limited by the inferior electrochemical performance. The development of highly efficient electrocatalysts is the key to improve the performance of Li−CO2 batteries. This minireview focuses on both heterogeneous and homogeneous electrocatalysts for Li−CO2 batteries, which are introduced from the aspects of characteristics, mechanisms and design principles. Compared with heterogeneous catalysts, homogeneous catalysts can simplify the reaction interface, promoting the reaction kinetics and consequently resulting in the high electrochemical performance of Li−CO2 batteries. Finally, the issues of Li−CO2 batteries need to be addressed are outlined and corresponding perspectives of Li−CO2 batteries are also prospected.
Lightness perception of structured surfaces
Authors: Muth Felicitas V. , Heilig Michael , Marquardt Dorothea , Mittelberg Linda , Sebald Albrecht , Kunde Wilfried 
Published: October 2021

AbstractVisual perception of surfaces is of utmost importance in everyday life. Therefore, it comes naturally, that different surface structures evoke different visual impressions in the viewer even if the material underlying these surface structures is the same. This topic is especially virulent for manufacturing processes in which more than one stakeholder is involved, but where the final product needs to meet certain criteria. A common practice to address such slight but perceivable differences in the visual appearance of structured surfaces is that trained evaluators assess the samples and assign a pass or fail. However, this process is both time consuming and cost intensive. Thus, we conducted two studies to analyze the relationship between physical surface structure parameters and participants visual assessment of the samples. With the first experiment, we aimed at uncovering a relationship between physical roughness parameters and visual lightness perception while the second experiment was designed to test participants' discrimination sensitivity across the range of stimuli. Perceived lightness and the measured surface roughness were nonlinearly related to the surface structure. Additionally, we found a linear relationship between the engraving parameter and physical brightness. Surface structure was an ideal predictor for perceived lightness and participants discriminated equally well across the entire range of surface structures.
Leveraging Human Plasma‐Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles as Liquid Biopsy to Study the Induction of Cytochrome P450 3A4 by Modafinil
Authors: Rodrigues A. David , Wood Linda S. , Vourvahis Manoli , Rowland Andrew 
Published: October 2021

Preparations of plasma‐derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) were deployed as liquid biopsy to study cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 (CYP3A4) induction following modafinil 400 mg once daily × 14 days (young healthy volunteers, N = 10 subjects). Induction was confirmed using the 4β‐hydroxycholesterol‐to‐cholesterol (4βHC/C) ratio, a plasma CYP3A4/5 biomarker, with a mean 2.1‐fold increase (Day 15 vs. Day 1; 90% confidence interval (CI) = 1.8–2.3; P value = 0.0004). Proteomic analysis revealed the induction (mean Day 15 vs. Day 1 fold‐increase (90% CI)) of both liver (1.3 (1.1–1.5), P value = 0.014) and nonliver (1.9 (1.6–2.2), P value = 0.04) sEV CYP3A4 protein expression. In CYP3A5 nonexpresser subjects, the baseline (pre‐dose) 4βHC/C plasma ratio was more highly correlated with liver sEVs (r = 0.937, P value = 0.001) than nonliver sEVs (r = 0.619, P value = 0.101) CYP3A4 protein expression. When CYP3A5 expressers (CYP3A5*1/*3) were included, the correlation with liver sEVs (r = 0.761, P value = 0.011) and nonliver sEVs (r = 0.391, P value = 0.264) CYP3A4 protein was weaker. Although modafinil‐induced changes in plasma 4βHC/C ratio did not correlate with sEVs CYP3A4 protein expression, the individual subject sEVs proteomic data were used successfully to predict victim drug (midazolam, triazolam, dextromethorphan, 17α‐ethinylestradiol, and abemaciclib) area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) ratios (AUCRs) following modafinil. Based on the AUCR values, modafinil was classified as a weak to moderate CYP3A4 inducer (vs. rifampicin). For the first time, it was possible to deploy plasma‐derived sEVs to study CYP3A4 induction beyond rifampicin, a more potent CYP3A4 inducer.
Big data applications on the Internet of Things: A systematic literature review
Authors: Ahmadova Ulkar , Mustafayev Mustafa , Kiani Kalejahi Behnam , Saeedvand Saeed , Rahmani Amir Masoud 
Published: October 2021

SummaryThe Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of physical objects embedded with various sensors to receive information, software, chips, and other technologies that allow connecting and transferring data to other devices through the Internet without human intervention. As the number of smart devices increase, IoT has started to be applied in many more fields. Therefore, there is a lot of information that should be processed. To manage this amount of data, some researchers proposed the usage of big data techniques. Big data are a collection of structured and unstructured data incoming with a high speed and large amounts. This paper investigates big data applications in IoT to comprehend the different published approaches using the systematic literature review (SLR) technique. This paper systematically studies the latest research methods on big data in IoT approaches published between 2016 and August 2021. A methodical taxonomy is shown for big data in IoT‐related fields consistent with the content of existing articles chosen with the SLR process in this research like healthcare, smart city, algorithms, industry, and general aspects in those environments. The advantages and drawbacks of each paper are presented, with specific proposals for stating their pros and cons open issues and advising possible research challenges in big data implementation in the IoT. The evaluation factors of big data applications in IoT are distributed as follows: security (18%), throughput (17%), cost (17%), energy consumption (15%), reliability (15%), response time (9%), and availability (9%).
Troxerutin regulates HIF‐1α by activating JAK2/STAT3 signaling to inhibit oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes induced by H2O2
Authors: Li Hui , Yang Min , Lou Danfei 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHeart failure (HF) is greatly threatening human health and affecting morbidity and mortality worldwide. Troxerutin can alleviate myocardial injury induced by ischemia and hypoxia. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of troxerutin on H2O2‐induced cardiomyocytes and the underlying molecular mechanism. Primary mouse cardiomyocytes morphology induced by H2O2 in a different duration time was observed by a microscope. After indicated treatment, the viability and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes were detected by CCK‐8 assay and flow cytometry analysis. The expression of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress biomarkers was detected by Reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) and assay kits. Hypoxia inducible factor‐1a (HIF‐1α) expression was determined by western blot analysis, RT‐qPCR analysis and immunofluorescence staining. The apoptosis‐related protein expression and the phosphorylation level of janus‐activated kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were detected by the western blot analysis. As a result, after the H2O2 treatment in a different duration time, the primary mouse cardiomyocytes gradually stopped beating and the morphology of cardiomyocytes treated with H2O2 was changed significantly from fusiform shape to round shape. The viability of cardiomyocytes was decreased after H2O2 induction. The HIF‐1α expression was increased after the H2O2 treatment within 30 min while decreased over 30 min. In addition, troxerutin improved viability and suppressed apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress of H2O2‐induced cardiomyocytes, which was reversed by KC7F2 (a HIF‐1α inhibitor) or CHZ868 (a JAK inhibitor). To sum up, troxerutin could regulate HIF‐1α by activating JAK2/STAT3 signaling to inhibit oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes induced by H2O2.
LC‐HRMS/MS study of the prodrug ciclesonide and its active metabolite desisobutyryl‐ciclesonide in plasma after an inhalative administration to horses for doping control purposes
Authors: Trevisiol Stéphane , Moulard Yves , Kaabia Zied , Delcourt Vivian , Loup Benoit , Garcia Patrice , Boyer Sophie , Dauriac Karine , Groseille Guillaume , Rouger Sébastien , Narbe Ruediger , Popot Marie‐Agnès , Bailly‐Chouriberry Ludovic 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCiclesonide (CIC) is the first inhaled highly potent corticosteroid that does not cause any cortisol suppression. It has been developed for the treatment of asthma in human and more recently in equine. CIC is the active compound of Aservo® EquiHaler® (Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH), the pre‐filled inhaler generating a medicated mist based on Soft Mist™ technology. This prodrug is rapidly converted to desisobutyryl‐ciclesonide (des‐CIC), the main pharmacologically active compound. Due to its anti‐inflammatory properties, CIC is prohibited for use in horse competitions. To set up an appropriate control, the determination of detection times and screening limits are required. Therefore, a highly sensitive analytical method based on supported liquid extraction (SLE) combined with liquid chromatography–high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMS/MS) was developed to detect CIC and its active metabolite des‐CIC in plasma. The lower limit of detection of CIC and des‐CIC was approximately 1 pg/ml in plasma. After a pilot study conducted on a single horse at the recommended dose (eight actuations twice daily corresponding to 5.5 mg/day for the first 5 days, followed by 12 actuations once daily corresponding to 4.1 mg/day in the last 5 days), the same protocol was applied in the main study using six horses. In all horses, CIC and des‐CIC levels were less than 5 and 10 pg/ml, respectively, at 36 h after the end of the administration. The outcome of this risk assessment study should be useful to draw any recommendations for horse competitions.
Experimental validation of taxon‐specific mini‐barcode primers for metabarcoding of zooplankton
Authors: Govender Ashrenee , Singh Sohana , Groeneveld Johan , Pillay Sureshnee , Willows‐Munro Sandi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMetabarcoding to determine the species composition and diversity of marine zooplankton communities is a fast‐developing field in which the standardization of methods is yet to be fully achieved. The selection of genetic markers and primer choice are particularly important because they substantially influence species detection rates and accuracy. Validation is therefore an important step in the design of metabarcoding protocols. We developed taxon‐specific mini‐barcode primers for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene region and used an experimental approach to test species detection rates and primer accuracy of the newly designed primers for prawns, shrimps and crabs and published primers for marine lobsters and fish. Artificially assembled mock communities (with known species ratios) and unsorted coastal tow‐net zooplankton samples were sequenced and the detected species were compared with those seeded in mock communities to test detection rates. Taxon‐specific primers increased detection rates of target taxa compared with a universal primer set. Primer cocktails (multiple primer sets) significantly increased species detection rates compared with single primer pairs and could detect up to 100% of underrepresented target taxa in mock communities. Taxon‐specific primers recovered fewer false‐positive or false‐negative results than the universal primer. The methods used to design taxon‐specific mini‐barcodes and the experimental mock community validation protocols shown here can easily be applied to studies on other groups and will allow for a level of standardization among studies undertaken in different ecosystems or geographic locations.
Wilderness areas in a changing landscape: changes in land use, land cover, and climate
Authors: Aycrigg Jocelyn L. , Mccarley T. Ryan , Belote R. Travis , Martinuzzi Sebastian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWilderness areas are not immune to changes in land use, land cover, and/or climate. Future changes will intensify the balancing act of maintaining ecological conditions and untrammeled character within wilderness areas. We assessed the quantitative and spatial changes in land use, land cover, and climate predicted to occur in and around wilderness areas by (1) quantifying projected changes in land use and land cover around wilderness areas; (2) evaluating if public lands surrounding wilderness areas can buffer future land‐use change; (3) quantifying future climate conditions in and around wilderness areas; and (4) identifying wilderness areas expected to experience the most change in land use, land cover, and climate. We used projections of land use (four variables), land cover (five variables), and climate (nine variables) to assess changes for 707 wilderness areas in the contiguous United States by mid‐21st century under two scenarios (medium‐low and high). We ranked all wilderness areas relative to each other by summing and ranking decile values for each land use, land cover, and climate variable and calculating a multivariate metric of future change. All wilderness areas were projected to experience some level of change by mid‐century. The greatest land‐use changes were associated with increases in agriculture, clear cutting, and developed land, while the greatest land cover changes were observed for grassland, forest, and shrubland. In 51.6% and 73.8% of wilderness areas, core area of natural vegetation surrounding wilderness was projected to decrease for the medium‐low and high scenarios, respectfully. Presence of public land did not mitigate the influence of land‐use change around wilderness areas. Geographically, projected changes occurred throughout the contiguous U.S., with areas in the northeast and upper Midwest projected to have the greatest land‐use and climate change and the southwestern U.S. projected to undergo the greatest land cover and climate change. Our results provide insights into potential future threats to wilderness areas and the challenges associated with wilderness stewardship and climate adaptation. Despite the high degree of protection and remoteness of wilderness areas, effective management and preservation of these lands must consider future changes in land use, land cover, and climate.
Detectability and impact of repetitive surveys on threatened West African crocodylians
Authors: Ahizi Michel N. , Kouman Christine Y. , Ouattara Allassane , Kouamé N’Dri Pascal , Dede Azani , Fairet Emilie , Shirley Matthew H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWest African crocodylians are among the most threatened and least studied crocodylian species globally. Assessing population status and establishing a basis for population monitoring is the highest priority action for this region. Monitoring of crocodiles is influenced by many factors that affect detectability, including environmental variables and individual‐ or population‐level wariness. We investigated how these factors affect detectability and counts of the critically endangeredMecistops cataphractusand the newly recognizedCrocodylus suchus. We implemented 195 repetitive surveys at 38 sites across Côte d’Ivoire between 2014 and 2019. We used an occupancy‐based approach and a count‐based GLMM analysis to determine the effect of environmental and anthropogenic variables on detection and modeled crocodile wariness over repetitive surveys. Despite their rarity and level of threat, detection probability of both species was relatively high (0.75 forM. cataphractusand 0.81 forC. suchus), but a minimum of two surveys were required to infer absence of either species with 90% confidence. We found that detection ofM. cataphractuswas significantly negatively influenced by fishing net encounter rate, while high temperature for the previous 48 h of the day of the survey increasedC. suchusdetection. Precipitation and aquatic vegetation had significant negative and positive influence, respectively, onM. cataphractuscounts and showed the opposite effect forC. suchuscounts. We also found that fishing encounter rate had a significant negative effect onC. suchuscounts. Interestingly, survey repetition did not generally affect wariness for either species, though there was some indication that at leastM. cataphractuswas more wary by the fourth replicate. These results are informative for designing future survey and monitoring protocols for these threatened crocodylians in West Africa and for other endangered crocodylians globally.
Periodic cylindrical structure of micro‐swelling silicone rubber fabricated by ArF excimer laser
Authors: Okoshi Masayuki 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCylindrical structure of micro‐swelling silicone rubber of approximately 1 μm diameter and 1.5 to 2 μm height was fabricated by the 193‐nm ArF excimer laser‐induced photodissociation of Si‐O bonds of silicone rubber. To be periodically, single layer of silica glass microspheres was aligned on aluminum‐coated silicone rubber during laser irradiation. The silicone rubber underneath each microsphere photochemically swelled, after laser‐ablating aluminum to limit a diameter of the swelling. The aluminum also adjusted a focal point to the surface of silicone rubber to form a hole approximately 0.5 µm diameter centered at each the swelled silicone rubber. A purging O2 molecules in the laser beam path by N2 gas and lowering the laser pulse repetition rate were effective for fabricating the regular cylindrical structure. The regular cylindrical structure of micro‐swelling silicone rubber showed superhydrophobicity.
Magnetic nondestructive evaluation using higher sensitive magnetic field sensor for thermally aged Inconel 600 alloy
Authors: Kikuchi Hiroaki , Takahashi Hideki , Tschuncky Ralf , Szielasko Klaus 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNi base alloy, Inconel 600, has high strength and high corrosion resistance, and is therefore widely used for steam generators tubing in power generation plant. During long‐term plant operation at higher temperature, sensitization occurs along grain boundary, which will induce stress corrosion cracking. The alloy is paramagnetic basically; however, it transforms into ferromagnetic along grain boundaries when Cr depletion occurs. Since Cr depletion is attributed to sensitization of the material, nondestructive testing for sensitization using changes in magnetic properties will be possible. Here, Inconel 600 alloy was heat treated at 600°C from 0 to 400 hours to occur sensitization. Then, the magnetic field sensor with relatively higher sensitivity scanned over the sensitized specimen. The change in the magnetic field near the surface of specimen is related to the degree of chromium carbides progressing sensitization. The obtained results suggest that scanning with magnetic field sensor is effective to assess sensitization due to heat treatment for Ni base alloy.
Four‐level compensation standards and calculation techniques for water ecological protection in the river source regions in China
Authors: Zhang Mengjie , Hu Peng , Wang Jianhua , Lall Upmanu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe water ecological environment problem in water resources management of river basins mainly lies in the incoordination between the utilization and protection of water resources among different regions. Ecological compensation, therefore, is needed in order to solve this problem. The measurement of reasonable compensation standard plays a vitally important role in the successful establishment of ecological compensation. In this study, a four‐level compensation standard called ‘minimum‐basic‐complete‐maximum’ (MBCM) is proposed, which is based on the calculation of direct cost, the equalization of essential public service for water, opportunity loss and the comprehensive benefit of water ecological environment protection in the source region. MBCM method provides a multi‐level platform for the establishment of the compensation mechanism, which enables different departments to know their respective costs and benefits clearly. The Sanjiangyuan region (SR) in China is chosen as the study area. The results show that (1) the minimum compensation standard for the SR is 300 million RMB per year; (2) the basic compensation standard is 1.7 billion RMB per year; (3) the complete compensation standard is about 3.75 billion RMB per year; (4) the maximum compensation standard creates the total economic value of 181.6 billion RMB for the downstream water output. The proposed MBCM four‐level compensation standard can also be applied to other river source regions.
A riverscape approach reveals downstream propagation of stream thermal responses to riparian thinning at multiple scales
Authors: Roon David A. , Dunham Jason B. , Torgersen Christian E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHydrological connectivity in river networks influences their response to environmental changes as local effects may extend downstream via flowing water. For example, localized changes in riparian forest conditions can affect stream temperatures, and these effects may propagate downstream. However, studies evaluating stream temperature responses to riparian forest management have not considered cumulative effects across entire watersheds. Improved understanding at these scales is needed because land managers are increasingly required to consider broad‐scale consequences of their actions. To address this question, we deployed a high‐density network of sensors across watersheds to examine stream temperature responses to experimental thinning of riparian forests. A riverscape approach that combined high‐resolution data throughout the study watersheds made it possible to examine local and downstream patterns of stream temperature at multiple spatial and temporal scales. We found that local responses of temperature to thinning varied widely depending on the intensity of thinning treatments. Downstream propagation of local responses extended from 100 m to over 1000 m and depended on the magnitude of the local response. We characterized these responses as a series of waveforms. In the watersheds with more intensive thinning, thermal responses occurred most often as an extended pulse where downstream increases in temperature attenuated gradually at variable distances. Although we observed no evidence of cumulative effects associated with thinning at the downstream extent of stream networks, effects emerged where thinning treatments were closely spaced (<400 m apart) and local warming did not dissipate with downstream distance. In a watershed with less intensive thinning, there was either no response or a localized pulse with no downstream propagation. Collectively, these patterns suggest that riparian forest thinning influenced downstream thermal conditions to varying extents depending on the intensity, scale, and spatial proximity of treatments. We found that a multiscale riverscape approach and conceptual framework based on contrasting waveforms provided a foundation for understanding the cumulative watershed effects of riparian thinning. The approach developed here can be adapted more broadly when evaluating downstream propagation of local changes in river networks and has direct implications for guiding restoration in riparian ecosystems.