bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Formative Evaluation of a Feature Extraction and Process Planning Tool
Authors: Gaines Daniel M. , Hayes Caroline C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
It is a common problem that many computer tools intended to enhance human performance in design or manufacturing planning do not do so. In many cases they may actually degrade performance. One way to increase the probability that a tool will meet users needs is to include frequent periodic usability assessments in the development process so feedback from users can be incorporated in new iterations of the software design. This paper describes an example of one such assessment applied to a Mediator, a feature extraction and process planning tool for assisting process planners to explore plan options more quickly and thoroughly. There exists a wide variety of usability assessment techniques which can mostly be divided into two broad categories: summative evaluations which provide in-depth assessments in the final stages of software development, and formative evaluations which tend to be smaller in scale and are used to provide guidance for “forming” subsequent software versions during the development cycle. In this work, we describe a formative usability assessment. The study indicated that Mediator was meeting its design goal of broadening the users exploration of manufacturing options, in some cases producing high quality manufacturing options which the expert users had not considered on their own. The study also provided formative redesign information gleaned which will help future versions of Mediator to better meet the actual needs of process planners.
Comparing Designs: A Graphical Diff for Digital Mockups
Authors: Heisserman Jeff 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The design and manufacture of aircraft require management of a product that is both large and complex, with as many as live million parts, tens of gigabytes of geometric data, multiple functional systems, manufacturing plans, assembly sequences, and maintenance and operational information. The access and manipulation of the data by the designers is essential to developing an efficient and competitive product. In developing and manufacturing these products, there are a number of situations where there is a need to compare designs.
In this paper, we describe the problem of comparing and merging different versions of a design, discuss criteria for determining differences, and present novel and efficient algorithms for their computation.
We have developed facilities for computing the differences between complex assembly structures with large amounts of geometric data, and for interactively visualizing these differences. These facilities have been implemented in our Genesis generative design system.
Designing for Feature Preservation and Build Improvement in Fused Deposition Manufacture
Authors: Jamalabad Vikram R. , Gasdaska Charles J. , Chard Jeffrey A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A common problem facing designers utilizing Solid Freeform Fabrication techniques is the divergence between expected designs and obtained components. The causes range from processing issues (warpage and shrinkage) to discretization issues (reduction of 3-D components to 2-D or 1-D tool path plans). This problem is further compounded when post-processing issues (binder removal and sintering) are added on for applications like ceramic and metal part manufacture. Utilizing the build procedure to ensure that the part is built as expected is useful in reducing the time to manufacture. In addition, the preservation of features and resolution of feature conflict can be addressed. In this paper we specifically look at the toolpath generation procedures for Fused Deposition to extract information regarding the loss or alteration in original features. Further, we use this information to preserve, alter or resolve features. Due to the build procedures, the problems are inherently 2-dimensional in nature.
Web-Based, User-Friendly Design and Virtual Fabrication for Layered Manufacturing
Authors: Higgins Kathryn B. , Langrana Noshir A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Layered Manufacturing is a valuable tool for efficient and concurrent engineering. In order to maximize its effectiveness, a web-based user-friendly virtual design and fabrication system has been developed using a systematic knowledge-based approach. The large amount of information available on layered manufacturing has been organized into a modular format. Tables and appendices organize hardware and software information for the different methods. A linked dictionary defines unfamiliar terminology. Java applets allow users to create an individualized engineering specification for their part. Recommendations regarding machines and materials are made based on this input. Tutorials guide the LM build process from initial design through selection of build parameters. This comprehensive knowledge base will expose the individual to various rapid prototyping concepts, and should reduce the build iterations required to successfully build parts. The web pages concentrate mainly on stereolithography and fused deposition modeling, but provide introduction to other technologies. Due to the quickly developing nature of the RP industry, information changes periodically. With the modular structure, as new materials and technologies become available, their information can be easily added to the existing knowledge base. Industry feedback on the web site development is facilitated via an online guestbook.
Multimedia-Based Active Tutors: A New Approach to Teaching Design for Manufacturing
Authors: Poli Corrado , Grosse Ian , Woolf Beverly 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes multimedia based manufacturing tutors currently under development at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The purpose of these tutors to assist the user in better visualizing and understanding the relationship between part design and the ease or difficulty of creating the tooling needed to produce the part. Evaluation of these tutors by both freshman and junior engineering students is discussed as well. A finite element analysis tutor, also under development, is briefly described.
Evaluation of Mechanical Product Architecture Using Interaction Graphs to Model Part Connectivity and Joint Strength
Authors: Steiner Mark W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Product performance, variety, manufacturability, logistics and life cycle ultimately depend upon product architecture. Product architecture includes both the foundations and building blocks upon which a mechanical system is conceived. It is a key element of Design for Manufacture (DFM). Until recently relatively little work has been done to fully understand these ramifications. A first step toward this goal is to better quantify the attributes of product architecture for mechanical assemblies. Using interaction graphs and the mathematics of graph theory, this paper proposes metrics for evaluating product architecture. These metrics can be developed from information derived from the geometric design domain based upon part connectivity and joint strengths.
Process Capability Database Usage in Industry: Myth vs. Reality
Authors: Tata Melissa , Thornton Anna C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Process capability data (PCD) is used during design to assess manufacturability, allocate tolerances, and evaluate robustness. Process capability databases (PCDBs)1 have been developed by many design/manufacturing industries to capture their process capability and communicate it to the entire organization. While these databases are being used to monitor quality, they are not being effectively utilized by design.
A survey of design and manufacturing companies was used to determine both how PCD is being used and the barriers preventing design from fully utilizing PCD. Two key barriers were identified: lack of a company-wide vision for PCD usage and poor communication between manufacturing and design. Management support, training, database population, common databases, and common indexing schemes were identified as solutions to these barriers.
State-of-the-Art Report on Design for Manufacturing
Authors: van Vliet J. W. , van Luttervelt C. A. , Kals H. J. J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Often the designer has insufficient information and knowledge to effectively consider manufacturability aspects of the product design. To improve the efficiency of the product realisation process, i.e. to save time and costs, Design for Manufacturing-support must be offered in an effective way. Elements of DFM that must be considered for DFM support are identified in this literature study. The key towards effective computer based DFM support is integration of these elements, for which an architecture is proposed in this paper.
Use of Screw Theory to Detect Multiple Conflicting Key Characteristics in Complex Mechanical Products
Authors: Whitney Daniel E. , Mantripragada Ramakrishna , Adams Jeffrey , Cunningham Timothy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Complex mechanical products, such as automobiles and airplanes, must satisfy many customer requirements, commonly called Key Characteristics (KCs). Such products have many separate parts, all of which must cooperate to deliver these requirements. In many cases there are more requirements than degrees of freedom available to meet them all independently, requiring prioritization. This problem is called KC conflict. In a highly complex product, such conflicts can be difficult to detect during design. This paper defines this problem and shows how screw theory can be used to detect and potentially correct it.
Real and Perceived Limitations to Decision Based Design
Authors: Thurston Deborah L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Decision based design shows great promise in improving the design process, but is not a panacea. The design problem of interest here is tradeoffs between conflicting objectives, particularly under uncertainty. The focus is on multiattribute utility theory. This paper describes several real limitations to utility analysis in the context of engineering design, and attempts to clear up several common misconceptions about it. The real limitations are in the initial configuration and analytic design phases, and in overcoming difficulties in group decision making. The major misconceptions relate to independence conditions, the functional form and assessment biases.
Differential Entropy As a Measure of Information Content in Axiomatic Design
Authors: Jahangir Ebad , Frey Dan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Axiomatic design theory aims to put the design process on a more scientific footing and is based on two axioms, viz., the independence axiom and the information axiom. Several quantitative measures to determine the degree of independence between functional requirement have been defined in the past and their use illustrated through numerous examples. However, very little work exists on quantifying information content of a design. In this paper, we outline the existing measures of information content and propose a more general quantitative measure. This measure is based on the concept of entropy from information theory. The case of discrete as well as differential entropy is examined in the context of axiomatic design. Differential entropy is proposed as a measure of information content. A case study is presented which demonstrates and compares the use of quantitative measures of information content in a design. It is shown that differential entropy offers a more general measure of information content in a design than Sun’s information measure or Taguchi’s signal-to-noise ratio and, therefore, may serve as a decision criterion in engineering design.
Constrained Shape Scaling of Trimmed NURBS Surfaces
Authors: Zhang Pifu , Zhang Caiming , Cheng Fuhua (Frank) 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A method to scale and deform a trimmed NURBS surface while holding the shape and size of specific features (trimming curves) unchanged is presented. The new surface is formed by scaling the given surface according to the scaling requirement first; and then attaching the (original) features to the scaled NURBS surface at appropriate locations. The attaching process requires several geometric operations and constrained free-form surface deformation. The resulting surface has the same features as the original surface and same boundary curves as the scaled surface while reflecting the shape and curvature distribution of the scaled surface. This is achieved by minimizing a shape-preserving objective function which covers all the factors in the deformation process such as bending, stretching and spring effects. The resulting surface maintains a NURBS representation and, hence, is compatible with most of the current data-exchange standards. Test results on several car parts with trimming curves are included. The, quality of the resulting surfaces is examined using the highlight line model.
Quantitative Selection of Inspection Plans
Authors: Chen Tony J. , Thornton Anna C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Quality improvement methods such as robust design, statistical process control (SPC), and inspection have received significant attention over the past decade. Despite the plethora of research, there is very little work that describes how to allocate quality control methods in a complex system. This paper focuses on how to choose an inspection plan to remove the most variation at the lowest cost. This paper describes how to quantitatively allocate inspection locations in a complex assembly using a combination of modeling, simulation, and simulated annealing. It demonstrates the functionality of the theory using an example from the aircraft industry. The model provides three improvements over current methods: 1) methods to optimize both inspection limits and inspection locations, 2) the ability to mix both rework and scrap, 3) explicit calculation of the probability distributions for each point in the assembly.
A Product Platform Concept Exploration Method for Product Family Design
Authors: Simpson Timothy W. , Maier Jonathan R. A. , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Today’s highly competitive, global marketplace is redefining the way companies do business. Many companies are being faced with the challenge of providing as much variety as possible for the market with as little variety as possible between products in order to maintain economies of scale while satisfying a wide range of customer requirements. Developing a family of products — a group of related products derived from a common product platform — provides an efficient and effective means to realize sufficient product variety to satisfy a range of customer demands. In this paper the Product Platform Concept Exploration Method (PPCEM) is presented, providing a Method that facilitates the synthesis and Exploration of a common Product Platform Concept that can be scaled into an appropriate family of products. As an example, the PPCEM is employed to design a family of universal electric motors that are also compared against a benchmark group of individually designed motors. The focus in this paper, however, is on the PPCEM and not on the results, per se.
Transforming Functional Solutions Into Physical Solutions
Authors: Liu Y. C. , Chakrabarti A. , Bligh T. P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The problem addressed is an issue of developing physical embodiments from a set of spatial configurations. These configurations are generated by a software program, FuncSION, for generating a wide range of concepts for mechanical design problems in conceptual design.
The method for transforming functional solutions to physical embodiments, consists of three steps: (1) to develop the relationships between each functional element and its physical embodiments, (2) to build the rule for ensuring interface compatibility between any two connecting objects, and (3) to develop reasoning procedures to replace each functional element in a spatial configuration with all its possible physical embodiments. Using this method, alternative physical embodiments for this spatial configuration can be found.
The outcome of the method is the presentation of physical embodiments, which leads to an improved visualisation of the spatial configurations, and an increase in the number of possible concepts.
Estimating Target Values in Preliminary Design: An Automotive Case Study
Authors: Brackin Patricia , Colton Jonathan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Estimation modules have been developed for use with the House of Quality. These estimation modules are used to predict the performance of a proposed design based on the values of the Engineering Characteristics. This, paper describes the development of modules for an automotive case study. Specifically, modules for weight, price, acceleration time, and fuel economy are given. Comparison of estimated values to actual values show an average percent difference of less than 10%.
Design Team Roles
Authors: Wilde Douglass J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Methods used at Stanford to construct prize-winning student design teams are now available publically on a web site coded by graduate assistant Mike McNelly. Information supplied by the user is interpreted as interests in various roles a team member might assume. Then the site helps the user find potential team mates having different interests — the Stanford team construction strategy. The article shows how the team roles were developed from Jung’s Personality Theory.
Modeling Dependencies in Engineering Design
Authors: Wang Kai-Lu , Jin Yan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Collaborative engineering design involves coordination among designers. While coordination in most cases entails explicit communication between designers, the real reason for designers to coordinate with each other is not for communication but for resolving engineering dependencies. In the field of collaborative engineering research, various computer models and tools have been developed to facilitate communication among designers aiming to improve their communication efficiency for coordination. We argue that in order to provide effective and purposeful coordination support, one must understand how engineering dependencies evolve and propagate in different phases, of design, from problem definition, conceptual design, to detail design. In our research on collaborative design, we take a dependency-based approach, i.e., to explicitly capture and manipulate dependencies and create design processes and support tools based on explicit understanding of underlying dependencies. The long term goal of our research is to develop a dependency-based coordination framework that consists of a formal model of engineering dependencies and coordination mechanisms, mapping between the dependencies and coordination methods, and guidelines and procedures for dependency-based work process design and management. This paper describes our current status of developing a formal model of engineering dependencies.
Introducing a Use Perspective in Product Design Theory and Methodology
Authors: Warell Anders V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper it is argued that methods are needed for the design of a larger variety of product aspects than is feasible with mechanical engineering design methodology of today. Design methods found within the European schools of design are inadequate for the design of products other than machine systems of transforming character. The reason for this is that the underlying theories only describe the nature of ‘operand-transforming’ technical systems, and that the description of the process and function systems are too narrowly defined to be useful for the design of ‘non-transforming’ products, or for products where the human is involved as an active user.
The paper takes as the standpoint that the functional language, in accordance with established foundation in engineering design theory, is a successful means to treat usability aspects of human-product systems. An extended process modeling view based on product life-phase thinking including a ‘use-process’ is presented, focusing the attention towards the use, and not merely the workings, of the product. Also, extended definitions of a number of concepts are proposed, and function-classes of the human-product system, leading to a more generally applicable use of functions as a modeling tool when describing products, is introduced. The proposed functional language is illustrated in a product case example.
Educational Interactive Multimedia Software: Can it Effectively Teach Engineering Concepts?
Authors: Reamon Derek T. , Sheppard Sheri D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper provides a rigorous statistical analysis of the educational effectiveness of a curriculum module pertaining to direct current (DC) motors and motorized systems. Educational interactive multimedia software played an important role in the module, which also included lectures, a design project and other more traditional pedagogics. Pre- and post-tests were administered to measure learning during the module and individual test questions targeted specific areas of the curriculum to determine the contribution of the various resources to the entire learning environment. The data indicate that the module was indeed educationally successful and that the software contributed to the curriculum’s success. The module was particularly effective for promoting learning by female engineering students in the course and mitigated some discrepancies in prior knowledge. Students were also grouped into four preference groups based on analysis of students’ preference questionnaire responses. The data indicate that each preference group responded differently to the various teaching techniques employed in the curriculum.
A Framework for Modelling and Analysis of Engineering Information Management Systems
Authors: Svensson Daniel , Malmström Johan , Pikosz Peter , Malmqvist Johan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a framework for modelling and analysing complex Engineering Information Management systems (EIM systems1). Using the framework, a “holistic” model of an EIM system is constructed by four basic interrelated aspect models, respectively describing the process, the information, the role and the computer systems aspects of the EIM system. The framework further provides several methods for analysing the aspect models and the relationships between the models. The paper shows one example of such an EIM system model and discusses results from case studies in which the framework has been applied.