bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping the determinants of carbon-related CEO compensation: a multilevel approach
Authors: Winschel Julija 
Published: August 2021

PurposeIn view of the current climate change emergency and the growing importance of the climate-related accountability of companies, this paper aims to advance a comprehensive understanding of the determinants of carbon-related chief executive officer (CEO) compensation.Design/methodology/approachBuilding on the agency-theoretical perspective on executive compensation and existing work in the fields of management, corporate governance, cultural studies, and behavioral science, this paper derives a multilevel framework of the determinants of carbon-related CEO compensation.FindingsThis paper maps the determinants of carbon-related CEO compensation at the societal, organizational, group, and individual levels of analysis. It also provides research propositions on the determinants that can support and challenge the implementation of this instrument of environmental corporate governance.Originality/valueIn the past literature, the determinants of carbon-related CEO compensation have remained largely unexplored. This paper contributes to the academic discussion on environmental corporate governance by showcasing the role of interlinkages among the determinants of carbon-related CEO compensation and the possible countervailing impacts. In view of the complex interdisciplinary nature of climate change impact, this paper encourages businesses practitioners and regulators to intensify their climate change mitigation efforts and delineates the levers at their disposal.
Experimental study on blast damage of RC T-beam bridge
Authors: Peng Sheng , Cai Lu-jun , Jiang Tian-hua , Kai Xu 
Published: August 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the explosive performance and explosion damage mechanism of T-beam bridge structure.

Design/methodology/approach
On the basis of the existing specification, two T-beam bridge models were designed and fabricated. Test specimens of different explosive dosage and different blast height were carried out. The mechanical process, failure mode, blast damage model, damage identification mechanism and blast evolution law and quantitative evaluation were taken into account.

Findings
The results revealed that the web plate fracture failure is the key to the unstable failure of the whole T-beam bridge. The explosion failure phenomenon and blast damage evaluation criterion of RC T-beam bridge was divided into five stages: the original cracks stage of concrete material (D = 0 ∼ 0.1), the fractures initiation stage of concrete material (D = 0.1 ∼ 0.3), the stable expansion stage of cracks in concrete material (D = 0.3 ∼ 0.55), the unstable expansion stage of cracks in concrete material (D = 0.55 ∼ 0.8), the explosion fracture of steel bars and the overall instability and damage of the bridge (D = 0.8 ∼ 1.0), which can also be described as basically intact, slight damage, moderate damage, severe damage and collapsed.

Social implications
The research result will provide basis for the antiknock evaluation and damage repair technical specifications of the RC T-beam bridge.

Originality/value
The research results of damage evaluation serve as a basis for damage repair and reinforcement of bridge structures after explosion.
Reframing language, disrupting aging: a corpus-assisted multimodal critical discourse study
Authors: Maglie Rosita Belinda , Centonze Laura 
Published: August 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore two channels of communication (i.e. texts and images) from a non-governmental organization website called #DisruptAging with the aim of finding how multimodal knowledge dissemination contributes to dismantling misconceptions about the aging process.Design/methodology/approachThis analysis is based on an integrated approach that combines corpus-assisted discourse analysis (cf. Semino and Short, 2004; Bakeret al., 2008, Baker, 2010) and multimodal critical discourse analysis (Machin and Mayr, 2012) via the American Medical Association format (2007) and the suite of FrameWorks tools (2015, 2017), which are applied to the collection of texts and images taken from #DisruptAging.FindingsA total of 69 stories corresponding with 218 images of older adults have shown to be powerful textual and semiotic resources, designed both for educational and awareness-raising purposes, to promote the so-called “aging well discourse” (cf. Looset al., 2017).Social implicationsThis discursive approach to the textual and visual material found in #DisruptAging hopes to influence the governing institutions that we construct, and the people who are given power to run them, with the goal of fostering fair treatment of older people within society.Originality/valueThere is a lack of studies investigating counter-discourse forms available online, which use textual and visual language to change the way society conceives the idea of aging.
The rice foot rot pathogen Dickeya zeae alters the in‐field plant microbiome
Authors: Bez Cristina , Esposito Alfonso , Thuy Hang Dinh , Nguyen Hong Minh , Valè Giampiero , Licastro Danilo , Bertani Iris , Piazza Silvano , Venturi Vittorio 
Published: August 2021

SummaryStudies on bacterial plant diseases have thus far been focused on the single bacterial species causing the disease, with very little attention given to the many other microorganisms present in the microbiome. This study intends to use pathobiome analysis of the rice foot rot disease, caused by Dickeya zeae, as a case study to investigate the effects of this bacterial pathogen to the total resident microbiome and to highlight possible interactions between the pathogen and the members of the community involved in the disease process. The microbiome of asymptomatic and the pathobiome of foot‐rot symptomatic field‐grown rice plants over two growing periods and belonging to two rice cultivars were determined via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Results showed that the presence of D. zeae is associated with an alteration of the resident bacterial community in terms of species composition, abundance and richness, leading to the formation of microbial consortia linked to the disease state. Several bacterial species were significantly co‐presented with the pathogen in the two growing periods suggesting that they could be involved in the disease process. Besides, culture‐dependent isolation and in planta inoculation studies of a bacterial member of the pathobiome, identified as positive correlated with the pathogen in our in silico analysis, indicated that it benefits from the presence of D. zeae. A similar microbiome/pathobiome experiment was also performed in a symptomatically different rice disease evidencing that not all plant diseases have the same consequence/relationship with the plant microbiome. This study moves away from a pathogen‐focused stance and goes towards a more ecological perception considering the effect of the entire microbial community which could be involved in the pathogenesis, persistence, transmission and evolution of plant pathogens.
A Women's Health Issue?: Framing Post‐Abortion Syndrome in the 1980s
Authors: Moran Rachel Louise 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTIn the 1980s, a subset of anti‐abortion activists in the US claimed the existence of ‘post‐abortion syndrome’ (PAS), a mental illness resulting from the trauma of abortion. Appropriating vocabulary from 1970s feminist health activism, these anti‐abortion activists argued against the main goal of that movement, reproductive justice. Instead, conservative and essentialist PAS activists argued ‘aborted women’ needed to take control of their health by telling their stories of victimisation. Using interviews, congressional hearings and contemporary texts, this article uses PAS to discuss tensions over women's mental health amid the 1980s' backlash.
Kidney Transplantation and South African Medical Hierarchies: Nursing Innovations and Inequities, 1960s–1990s
Authors: Horwitz Simonne 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article focuses on female kidney transplant nurses, whose contributions, while often overlooked and underappreciated, were critical to the success of transplantation. It reveals that white and, from the 1980s onwards, Black kidney transplant nurses made two central contributions. First, they developed specialised skills in dialysis that were vital to transplant success. Second, through countless hours of close observation of post‐transplant patients, nurses gained confidence and knowledge that enabled them to improve medical and care procedures initially established by medical doctors. At the same time, this article recognises that nurses's contributions were powerfully shaped by inequities of gender, race and language.
Residues of glyphosate in food and dietary exposure
Authors: Vicini John L. , Jensen Pamela K. , Young Bruce M. , Swarthout John T. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGlyphosate is the active ingredient in Roundup® brand nonselective herbicides, and residue testing for food has been conducted as part of the normal regulatory processes. Additional testing has been conducted by university researchers and nongovernmental agencies. Presence of residues needs to be put into the context of safety standards. Furthermore, to appropriately interpret residue data, analytical assays must be validated for each food sample matrix. Regulatory agency surveys indicate that 99% of glyphosate residues in food are below the European maximum residue limits (MRLs) or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency tolerances. These data support the conclusion that overall residues are not elevated above MRLs/tolerances due to agricultural practices or usage on genetically modified (GM) crops. However, it is important to understand that MRLs and tolerances are limits for legal pesticide usage. MRLs only provide health information when the sum of MRLs of all foods is compared to limits established by toxicology studies, such as the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Conclusions from dietary modeling that use actual food residues, or MRLs themselves, combined with consumption data indicate that dietary exposures to glyphosate are within established safe limits. Measurements of glyphosate in urine can also be used to estimate ingested glyphosate exposure, and studies indicate that exposure is <3% of the current European ADI for glyphosate, which is 0.5 mg glyphosate/kg body weight. Conclusions of risk assessments, based on dietary modeling or urine data, are that exposures to glyphosate from food are well below the amount that can be ingested daily over a lifetime with a reasonable certainty of no harm.
Ultrasound‐assisted foreign body extraction (U‐SAFE): Review of technique and technical pearls
Authors: White Roland Z , Rezaian Pouria , Parasuramar Amaran , Sampson Matthew J 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroductionSoft tissue foreign bodies are a common presentation to emergency departments and primary care. They have variable presentations and associated morbidity depending on their acuity, location, functional impairment and neurovascular involvement. Traditional removal has utilised blind technique or surgical exploration. Their removal can be difficult secondary to induration, inflammation, granulation and scar tissue. Ultrasonography has emerged as a minimally invasive and inexpensive method of examination and retrieval. This article entails ultrasound‐guided foreign body extraction with associated pearls of experience.MethodsFrom March 2017 to August 2020, a fellowship trained interventional radiologist and a fellowship trained musculoskeletal radiologist performed 52 foreign body extractions under ultrasound guidance at a single institution.Results52 foreign body extractions occurred over 3‐year time period with a 95% success rate. The most common location of foreign body was the finger (62%) and feet/toes (17%). Foreign bodies identified include wood (31%), plant‐based material (29%), metal (17%), glass (17%) and synthetic material (6%). Two unsuccessful cases were secondary to delayed presentation with significant foreign body reaction and the 2nd due to patient psychiatric issues. There were no identified complications.ConclusionUltrasonography‐guided foreign body extraction is a minimally invasive, efficient and targeted technique for foreign body removal.
Auditing Non‐GAAP Measures: Signaling More Than Intended*
Authors: Anderson Spencer B. , Hobson Jessen L. , Sommerfeldt Ryan D. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTMany companies regularly disclose non‐GAAP performance measures to communicate firm‐specific information that does not fit within the mold of GAAP reporting. However, these non‐GAAP measures may have low information content or even be misleading to investors. Thus, the question arises of whether auditors should play a larger role in the reporting of non‐GAAP measures, which currently are not audited. We run an experiment to provide ex ante evidence on the effect of auditing non‐GAAP measures. Specifically, we present investor‐participants with a non‐GAAP measure that should be used when making investment judgments (more informative) or should not be used when making investment judgments (less informative) and is either audited or is not audited. As predicted, we find that, when participants view a non‐GAAP measure that is more informative, they appropriately use the non‐GAAP measure in their investment‐related judgments, regardless of whether the measure is audited. However, also as predicted, we find that, while participants appropriately do not use a less informative non‐GAAP measure when it is not audited, participants inappropriately do use the less informative non‐GAAP measure in their investment‐related judgments when it is audited. Mediation results provide evidence consistent with audits affecting investors' reliance on non‐GAAP measures. Specifically, our results are consistent with audits of non‐GAAP measures signaling more than is intended, evidenced by investors perceiving an audited non‐GAAP measure as being useful in their investment decisions when the measure is less informative to them. Our findings suggest that regulators should exercise caution when it comes to prescribing assurance over non‐GAAP measures.
The influence of retinal oxygen saturation and choroidal volume on postoperative outcomes in patients with epiretinal membrane
Authors: Weigert Günther , Georgopoulos Michael , Buehl Wolf , Maccora Katia , Aliyeva Leyla , Steiner Irene , Schmidt‐Erfurth Ursula , Sacu Stefan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the effects of vitrectomy (Vy) with or without same time cataract surgery and membrane plus internal limiting membrane peeling (MP+ILMP) on retinal oxygenation and choroidal volume and their role on postoperative outcome.MethodsThirty‐two eyes were included in this prospective clinical study. All patients received 23 gauge Vy+MP+ILMP without endotamponade. Additional cataract surgery was performed in 14 patients. Follow‐up visits were scheduled at day 1, week 1, month 1 and month 3. At each visit, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using ETDRS charts (except at day 1), oxygenation of retinal vessels using the Oxymap T1, and optical coherence tomography (OCT, Heidelberg Spectralis) was performed.ResultsMean BCVA increased significantly from 73 ± 11 letters to 77 ± 7 letters at month 3 (p = 0.02). Mean central retinal thickness (CRT) decreased from 456 ± 84 µm at baseline to 418±58µm (p = 0.01 baseline versus month 3). In the cataract surgery group, CRT was higher at month 3 than in the group without (400 ± 58 µm versus 441 ± 51 µm; p = 0.007). There was no statistically significant difference in choroidal volume or oxygenation of retinal vessels between groups (additional cataract surgery versus vitrectomy alone). Oxygenation of retinal arteries tended to decrease at day 1 followed by an increase, but the changes did not reach the level of significance (p = 0.29 baseline versus month 3). Oxygenation of retinal veins increased significantly (p = 0.02 baseline versus month 1; p = 0.04 baseline versus month 3, accordingly). There was a significant negative correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient rs = −0.35, p = 0.047) between visual acuity and oxygenation of retinal veins at month 3. No statistically significant correlation was found between CRT and oxygenation of neither retinal arteries nor veins. Choroidal volume (CV) of the central mm did not change significantly during the study period (baseline: 0.203 ± 0.04 mm3, median: 0.206, month 3: 0.205 ± 0.04 mm3, p = 0.54). There was no statistically significant effect of choroidal volume at baseline on postoperative clinical outcomes (change in BCVA estimate [95% CI]: 7 [−76; 90], p = 0.86; change in CRT: 147 [−577; 871], p = 0.68).ConclusionOxygen saturation may affect the visual acuity outcome but not the CRT in patients after vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane. Choroidal thickness had no statistically significant influence on the study outcomes. Further studies are needed to evaluate if the measurement of retinal oxygenation may be helpful in the decision for surgery.
Taspine is a natural product that suppresses P2X4 receptor activity via phosphoinositide 3‐kinase inhibition
Authors: Nadzirin Izzuddin Bin , Fortuny‐Gomez Anna , Ngum Neville , Richards David , Ali Seema , Searcey Mark , Fountain Samuel J. 
Published: August 2021

Background and PurposeP2X4 is a ligand‐gated cation channel activated by extracellular ATP involved in neuropathic pain, inflammation and arterial tone.Experimental ApproachNatural products were screened against human or mouse P2X4 activity using fura‐2 loaded 1321N1 cells for measurement of intracellular Ca2+ responses. Whole‐cell currents were measured by patch clamp. Human primary macrophage chemokine release was used to assess effect of taspine on inflammatory cell function. An enzymatic assay was performed to assess the effect of taspine on recombinant PI3‐kinase.Key ResultsA natural product screen identified taspine as an inhibitor of human P2X4 activity. Taspine inhibits human and mouse P2X4‐mediated Ca2+ influx in 1321N1 cells expressing receptors but lacked activity at human P2X2, P2X3, P2X2/3 and P2X7 receptors. Taspine inhibited the maximal response at human and mouse P2X4 but effective on ATP potency. Taspine has a slow onset rate (~15 min for half‐maximal inhibition), irreversible over 30 min of washout. Taspine inhibits P2X4‐mediated Ca2+ signalling in mouse BV‐2 microglia cells and human primary macrophage. Taspine inhibited P2X4‐mediated CXCL5 secretion in human primary macrophage. Taspine reversed ivermectin‐induced potentiation of P2X4 currents in 1321N1 stably expressing cells. The PI3‐kinase inhibitor LY294002 mimicked the properties of taspine on P2X4‐mediated Ca2+ influx and whole‐cell currents. Taspine directly inhibited the enzymatic activity of recombinant PI3‐kinase in a competitive manner.Conclusion and ImplicationsTaspine is a novel natural product P2X4 receptor inhibitor, mediating its effect through PI3‐kinase inhibition rather than receptor antagonism. Taspine can inhibit the pro‐inflammatory signalling by P2X4 in human primary macrophage.
The flavonoid Astragalin shows anti‐tumor activity and inhibits PI3K/AKT signaling in gastric cancer
Authors: Wang Zhongqing , Lv Jian , Li Xiufang , Lin Qing 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGastric cancer is a common malignant cancer, which is one of the most affected cancers by PI3K/AKT signaling. Here, we investigated the anti‐tumor role of Astragalin, a natural flavonoid compound, in gastric cancer and explored the underlying molecular mechanism. Three well‐established gastric cancer cell lines and xenograft mouse model were used to examine the anti‐tumor effect of Astragalin by using CCK‐8, transwell assays, and Western blot. Tumor burden of xenograft mice with Astragalin administration was monitored and determined during and at end of the experiments. Astragalin could effectively inhibit cell viability of gastric cancer cells and possessed good anti‐tumor activity in xenograft mice. In addition, astragalin induced the expression of apoptotic signaling proteins, suppressed the migration and invasion cancer cells, and inhibited the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway significantly. In contrast, epidermal growth factor stimulation was able to block the anti‐tumor activity of Astragalin. In conclusion, astragalin exerts its anticancer activities through inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling, which highlights its potential for the treatment of gastric cancer.
Nonthrombotic internal jugular venous stenosis may facilitate cerebral venous thrombosis
Authors: Wu Xiaoqin , Ya Jingyuan , Zhou Da , Ding Yuchuan , Ji Xunming , Meng Ran 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimsTo explore the effect of nonthrombotic internal jugular venous stenosis (IJVS) exerted on cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT).MethodsPatients with imaging confirmed CVT were enrolled into this real‐world case–control study consecutively from January 2018 through April 2021, and were divided into CVT and IJVS‐CVT groups, according to whether or not with non‐thrombotic IJVS. Chi‐square and logistic regression models were utilized for between‐group comparison of thrombotic factors.ResultsA total of 199 eligible patients entered into final analysis, including 92 cases of CVT and 107 cases of IJVS‐CVT. Chi‐square revealed that thrombophilic conditions were found in majority of CVT, while only minority in the IJVS‐CVT group (83.7% vs. 20.6%, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that most identified thrombophilia were negatively related to IJVS‐CVT (all p < 0.05), including oral contraceptive use (β = −1.38), hyperhomocysteinemia (β = −1.58), hematology (β = −2.05), protein C/S deficiency (β = −2.28), connective tissue disease (β = −1.18) and infection (β = −2.77). All recruited patients underwent standard anticoagulation, 10 cases in IJVS‐CVT group also received jugular angioplasty for IJVS correction. Most participants obtained alleviations during 1‐year follow‐up. However, both clinical and imaging outcomes in IJVS‐CVT group were not as good as those in CVT group (both p < 0.05). Moreover, 8 cases with CVT and 7 cases with IJVS‐CVT were rehospitalized for CVT recurrences and underwent customized treatment.ConclusionNonthrombotic IJVS may be one of the risk factors of CVT. Anticoagulation might need to be suggested for IJVS patients.
Mismatch between bird species sensitivity and the protection of intact habitats across the Americas
Authors: Cazalis Victor , Barnes Megan D. , Johnston Alison , Watson James E. M. , Şekercioğlu Cagan H. , Rodrigues Ana S. L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractProtected areas are highly heterogeneous in their effectiveness at buffering human pressure, which may hamper their ability to conserve species highly sensitive to human activities. Here, we use 60 million bird observations from eBird to estimate the sensitivity to human pressure of each bird species breeding in the Americas. Concerningly, we find that ecoregions hosting large proportions of high‐sensitivity species, concentrated in tropical biomes, do not have more intact protected habitat. Moreover, 266 high‐sensitivity species have little or no intact protected habitat within their distributions. Finally, we show that protected area intactness is decreasing faster where high‐sensitivity species concentrate. Our results highlight a major mismatch between species conservation needs and the coverage of intact protected habitats, which likely hampers the long‐term effectiveness of protected areas at retaining species. We highlight ecoregions where protection and management of intact habitats, complemented by restoration, is urgently needed.