bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Interactive Effects of Row Arrangement, Plant Geometry and Mulching on Yield of Early Maturity Maize Hybrid under Traditional Rainfed Conditions
Authors: Manjulatha G. , Rajanikanth E. , Sumalini K. , Sravani D. , Usharani G. , Mallaiah B. 
Published: June 2021

Aim: To study the grain yield performance of early maturity maize hybrid under rainfed conditions in relation to row arrangement, plant geometry and mulching.
Place of Study: A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural research station, Karimnagar during kharif 2011-12.
Methodology: The experiment was carried out in red sandy loam soils, in a split- split plot design with main plots as row arrangement (2) i.) Equal rows at 67cm ii). Paired row at 84: 50cm (Between and within paired rows), Sub plots as plant geometry (3) i.) with 40000 Plants/ha (intra row spacing of 37 cm) ii.) with 50000 Plants /ha (intra spacing of 30cm) iii.) with 60000 Plants/ha (intra row spacing of 25cm) and Sub- sub plots as mulching treatments (2) i.) without mulching ii.) with surface mulch @ 5 t/ha. The results indicated that there is no significant difference in grain yield of early maturity maize hybrid, when the crop is grown in equal row spacing of 67cm (5148 kg/ha) or paired row spacing of 84:50cm (4962 kg/ha). The grain yield of maize crop with 60000 Plants /ha (i.e., 25 cm intra row spacing) recorded higher grain yield of 5339 kg/ha followed by maize crop with 50000 Plant /ha (i.e., 30 cm intra row spacing) with 5097 kg/ha grain yield and 4729 kg/ha with 40000 Plant/ha (i.e., 37 cm intra row spacing). When crop rows were mulched with grass and dried weed material @ 5t/ha significantly increased the maize grain yield (5724 kg/ha) by 23 % than compared to the crop kept without mulch (4386 kg/ha). Consequently, the maize crop with surface mulching resulted in higher net returns (Rs.31770/ha) and benefit cost ratio of 1.7 over no mulching. While, the interaction for all parameters was non significant.
Results: It can be concluded that farmers can either follow equal row spacing or paired row spacing based on situation, as there is no significant difference in terms of yield by either method. Mulching of inter row of maize crop under rainfed conditions has resulted in 23% increased yield than that of crop kept without mulch.
Physiological evaluation of premature neonates submitted to bath and humanized bath / Avaliação fisiológica de neonatos prematuros submetidos ao banho de imersão em banheira e banho humanizado
Authors: Araújo Bárbara Bertolossi Marta de , Martins Thamires Aparecida de Souza , Miranda Ana Flávia Rêgo de , Morais Angela Sousa de , Mesquita Bárbara de Castro , Souza Vitorine Andrade Gonçalves de 
Published: June 2021

Objetivos: descrever e comparar os sinais fisiológicos apresentados pelos bebês prematuros durante o banho de imersão em banheira e banho humanizado. Método: estudo quantitativo, transversal e observacional, realizado através da filmagem e análise dos banhos. Participaram do estudo todos os prematuros hemodinamicamente estáveis. A coleta de dados ocorreu de junho de 2018 até junho de 2019. A análise de dados ocorreu por estatística descritiva. Resultados: o banho de imersão em banheira apresentou uma grande perda na temperatura corporal de 50% (15) dos prematuros. O banho humanizado não apresentou perda de significativa de temperatura em nenhum neonato. Conclusão: a técnica humanizada promove uma melhor assistência ao recém-nascido prematuro, gerando menos alterações fisiológicas.
Pier Luigi Nervi’s design process of hangars
Authors: Kimura Satoru , Taji Takahiro 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe objectives of this paper are to report the construction process of hangars in Orvieto and Orbetello by the construction company of Nervi and Bartoli, and to analyze the formation process of the design philosophy proposed by Nervi through a model experiment conducted on both hangars. Nervi initially attempted to design a hangar with pin joints. This indicates that although Nervi was initially uncertain of the structural safety of a vault roof with rigid joints, he eventually understood its structural safety through experiments. In conclusion, Nervi arrived at a hyperstatic structure of the diagonal rib vault which consisted of crossing each arch in the design process of the hangar in three phases. Furthermore, the joint between the roof composed of them and the pillar is ultimately rigidly joined instead of pin junctions after sketching the relevant plans. Nervi’s design philosophy is to connect each member with a rigid joint, a solid monolithic structure, that is, to constitute a hyperstatic structure, which was seen in the design process of the airplane hangar.
Mammalian Embryo: Establishment of the Embryonic Axes
Authors: Thowfeequ Shifaan , Srinivas Shankar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

In most mammals, due to implantation and the requirement for extraembryonic tissues during embryogenesis, the development of the foetal axes is a relatively late event. Consequently, the definitive body axes of the organism are established in the founder tissue of the foetus well after polarised asymmetries have arisen in the conceptus. Anterior–posterior axial polarity in the foetus has its origin in an extraembryonic tissue, the visceral endoderm. Directional cell movements in the visceral endoderm help position the primitive streak – a structure that plays a key role in gastrulation and establishing the pattern of the primary body axes. Subsequently, asymmetries along the left–right axis are generated, mediated by a specialised organiser called the node. Since these are fundamental events that the remainder of embryonic development is predicated on, defects in these processes generally lead to embryos that fail to develop further.

Key Concepts

The mammalian embryo first generates structures and tissues that contribute to the placenta; therefore, there are various axes of asymmetry in the early conceptus that are not present in the final foetus.

There is a progressive increase in the degree of asymmetry in the pre‐implantation conceptus from an approximately spherically symmetrical zygote, to a radially symmetrical early blastocyst and finally a bilaterally symmetrical late blastocyst.

The epiblast, which gives rise to the foetus, does not appear to have intrinsic axial information but receives axial patterning cues from an extraembryonic tissue called the anterior visceral endoderm.

The anterior visceral endoderm defines the site of gastrulation by restricting the formation of the primitive streak to the opposite end of the epiblast.

The migratory movement of the anterior visceral endoderm is crucial to the proper orientation of the anterior–posterior axis.

A specialised structure called the node, located at the distal end of the primitive streak, plays a central role not only in the organisation of the primary body axes but also in generating left–right asymmetries.
Covalent Nucleophilic Catalysis: Structures of Enzyme Intermediates in Covalent Enzyme Catalysis
Authors: Ringe Dagmar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Enzyme catalysis relies on several factors, such as proper fit of the substrate to the enzyme active site and interactions between substrate and residues that will aid in the chemical reaction. The overall effect is to lower the energy barrier for the reaction. One factor that is observed in some reactions is the formation of an intermediate covalent adduct to a residue in the active site in what is considered the first half of the reaction.
This intermediate then goes on to react with another substrate to finish the overall reaction. Sometimes these covalent intermediates can be captured and characterised structurally. The chemical structure of an intermediate can define how a reaction proceeds, how the enzyme responds to binding of substrate, which residues of the active site are involved in the chemical transformation and how the substrate undergoes the rearrangements needed to produce the products.
Capture of intermediates is not straightforward and requires different strategies, such as trapping with altered reaction conditions, use of low temperature and the use of mutants that prevent the second half of the reaction to proceed. A number of residues are able to form adducts to a ligand, depending on the nucleophilicity of the atom which undergoes the addition to a substrate (or part of a substrate).

Key Concepts

Covalent intermediates can lower the energy barrier in an enzyme‐catalysed reaction.

Catalysis by an enzyme allows a reaction to occur under conditions that would be unfavourable or exceedingly slow in the absence of the enzyme. Strategies to accomplish this feat depend on the structure and physical properties of the protein to promote precise orientation of a substrate relative to the catalytic residues in an active site and stabilising unstable species with polarising bonds and forming covalent adducts.

Structures of covalent intermediates help to define the mechanism by which an enzyme achieves its catalytic power.

The structure of covalent intermediates can be trapped by a number of strategies, such as altering reaction conditions such as pH, by drastically lowering the temperature in order to prevent the second half of the reaction to occur or using mutants that prevent the second half of the reaction to occur.

The most common covalent intermediates involve acylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation and Schiff base formation.

Formation of a covalent adduct can lower the energy barrier of a reaction.
Alternative Lone‐Pair ns2‐Cation‐Based Semiconductors beyond Lead Halide Perovskites for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Li Tianshu , Luo Shulin , Wang Xinjiang , Zhang Lijun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLead halide perovskites have emerged in the last decade as advantageous high‐performance optoelectronic semiconductors, and have undergone rapid development for diverse applications such as solar cells, light‐emitting diodes , and photodetectors. While material instability and lead toxicity are still major concerns hindering their commercialization, they offer promising prospects and design principles for developing promising optoelectronic materials. The distinguished optoelectronic properties of lead halide perovskites stem from the Pb2+ cation with a lone‐pair 6s2 electronic configuration embedded in a mixed covalent–ionic bonding lattice. Herein, we summarize alternative Pb‐free semiconductors containing lone‐pair ns2 cations, intending to offer insights for developing potential optoelectronic materials other than lead halide perovskites. We start with the physical underpinning of how the ns2 cations within the material lattice allow for superior optoelectronic properties. We then review the emerging Pb‐free semiconductors containing ns2 cations in terms of structural dimensionality, which is crucial for optoelectronic performance. For each category of materials, the research progresses on crystal structures, electronic/optical properties, device applications, and recent efforts for performance enhancements are overviewed. Finally, the issues hindering the further developments of studied materials are surveyed along with possible strategies to overcome them, which also provides an outlook on the future research in this field.
Visco‐Poroelastic Electrochemiluminescence Skin with Piezo‐Ionic Effect
Authors: Lee Jong Ik , Choi Hanbin , Kong Seok Hwan , Park Sangsik , Park Dongmok , Kim Joo Sung , Kwon Sung Hyun , Kim Jungwook , Choi Soo Hyung , Lee Seung Geol , Kim Do Hwan , Kang Moon Sung 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFollowing early research efforts devoted to achieving excellent sensitivity of electronic skins, recent design schemes for these devices have focused on strategies for transduction of spatially resolved sensing data into straightforward user‐adaptive visual signals. Here, a material platform capable of transducing mechanical stimuli into visual readout is presented. The material layer comprises a mixture of an ionic transition metal complex luminophore and an ionic liquid (capable of producing electrochemiluminescence (ECL)) within a thermoplastic polyurethane matrix. The proposed material platform shows visco‐poroelastic response to mechanical stress, which induces a change in the distribution of the ionic luminophore in the film, which is referred to as the piezo‐ionic effect. This piezo‐ionic effect is exploited to develop a simple device containing the composite layer sandwiched between two electrodes, which is termed “ECL skin”. Emission from the ECL skin is examined, which increases with the applied normal/tensile stress. Additionally, locally applied stress to the ECL skin is spatially resolved and visualized without the use of spatially distributed arrays of pressure sensors. The simple fabrication and unique operation of the demonstrated ECL skin are expected to provide new insights into the design of materials for human–machine interactive electronic skins.
Large‐Area Semi‐Transparent Luminescent Solar Concentrators Based on Large Stokes Shift Aggregation‐Induced Fluorinated Emitters Obtained Through a Sustainable Synthetic Approach
Authors: Corsini Francesca , Nitti Andrea , Tatsi Elisavet , Mattioli Giuseppe , Botta Chiara , Pasini Dario , Griffini Gianmarco 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this study, the design, fabrication, and characterization of semi‐transparent large‐area luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) in thin‐film configuration is reported, incorporating a novel organic luminophore (PFPBNT) emitter based on a π‐conjugated core flanked by two naphthothiophene units obtained through a chemically sustainable synthetic approach. As found experimentally and validated through computational modeling, PFPBNT exhibits aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) behavior, broad absorption in the UV–vis spectrum and significant Stokes shift (≈4632 cm–1), thereby making it an excellent candidate as luminophore in thin‐film LSCs based on a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix, where it is found to show good compatibility, homogeneous distribution, and excellent photostability. After extensive device optimization, PFPBNT/PMMA LSCs with suitable luminophore concentration (12.5 wt%) showed an internal photon efficiency of 17.3% at a geometrical gain of 6.25 under solar‐simulated illumination. The size scalability of these systems was also evaluated by means of ray‐tracing simulations on devices of up to 1 m2 surface area. This work demonstrates semi‐transparent large‐area thin‐film LSCs incorporating chemically sustainable AIEgen luminophores, thus opening the way to the development of synthetically affordable, efficient, and stable emitters for the photovoltaic field.
The “cognitive clock”: A novel indicator of brain health
Authors: Boyle Patricia A. , Wang Tianhao , Yu Lei , Wilson Robert S. , Dawe Robert , Arfanakis Konstantinos , Schneider Julie A. , Beck Todd , Rajan Kumar B. , Evans Denis , Bennett David A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionWe identified a “cognitive clock,” a novel indicator of brain health that provides person‐specific estimates of cognitive age, and tested the hypothesis that cognitive age is a better predictor of brain health than chronological age in two independent datasets.MethodsThe initial analyses were based on 1057 participants from the Rush Memory and Aging Project and the Religious Orders Study who began without impairment and underwent cognitive assessments up to 24 years. A shape invariant model characterized the latent pattern of cognitive decline, conceptualized here as the “cognitive clock,” and yielded person‐specific estimates of cognitive age. Survival analyses examined cognitive versus chronological age for predicting Alzheimer's disease dementia, mild cognitive impairment and mortality, and regression analyses examined associations of cognitive versus chronological age with neuropathology and brain atrophy. Finally, we applied the cognitive clock to an independent validation sample of 2592 participants from the Chicago Health and Aging Project, a biracial population‐based study, to confirm the predictive utility of cognitive age.ResultsThe “cognitive clock” showed that cognition remained stable until a cognitive age of about 80, then declined moderately until 90, then declined precipitously. In the initial dataset, cognitive age was a better predictor of dementia, mild cognitive impairment and mortality than chronological age, and was more strongly associated with neuropathology and brain atrophy. Application of the cognitive clock to the independent validation sample provided further support for the utility of cognitive age as a strong prognostic indicator of adverse outcomes.DiscussionCognitive age is a robust prognostic indicator of adverse health outcomes and may serve as a useful biomarker in aging research.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Acid‐Free Neutral Oxoborane
Authors: Wang Hanqiang , Zhang Jie , Yang Jingting , Xie Zuowei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of an acid‐free neutral oxoborane of the type carboranyl‐B(carbene)=O has been developed via a serendipitous discovery from the reaction of 1,2‐[BBr(carbene)]‐o‐carborane with AgOTf. This represents a new type of oxoborane. The stabilization of this oxoborane may be attributed to 1) kinetic stabilization provided by a bulky 3D carboranyl ligand and 2) thermodynamic stabilization offered by a carbene ligand. Crystallographic analyses support the presence of the shortest terminal B=O double bond ever reported thus far. Its reactivity has also been examined.
Design of a Waste Paper‐Derived Chemically ‘Reactive’ and Durable Functional Material with Tailorable Mechanical Property Following an Ambient and Sustainable Chemical Approach
Authors: Shome Arpita , Rather Adil M. , Borbora Angana , Srikrishnarka Pillalamarri , Baidya Avijit , Pradeep Thalappil , Manna Uttam 
Published: June 2021

AbstractControlled tailoring of mechanical property and wettability is important for designing various functional materials. The integration of these characteristics with waste materials is immensely challenging to achieve, however, it can provide sustainable solutions to combat relevant environmental pollutions and other relevant challenges. Here, the strategic conversion of discarded and valueless waste paper into functional products has been introduced following a catalyst‐free chemical approach to tailor both the mechanical property and water wettability at ambient conditions for sustainable waste management and controlling the relevant environmental pollution. In the current design, the controlled and appropriate silanization of waste paper allowed to modulate both the a) porosity and b) compressive modulus of the paper‐derived sponges. Further, the association of 1,4‐conjugate addition reaction between amine and acrylate groups allowed to obtain an unconventional waste paper‐derived chemically ‘reactive’ sponge. The appropriate covalent modification of the residual reactive acrylate groups with selected alkylamines at ambient conditions provided a facile basis to tailor the water wettability from moderate hydrophobicity, adhesive superhydrophobicity to non‐adhesive superhydrophobicity. The embedded superhydrophobicity in the waste paper‐derived sponge was capable of sustaining large physical deformations, severe physical abrasions, prolonged exposure to harsh aqueous conditions, etc. Further, the waste paper‐derived, extremely water‐repellent sponges and membranes were successfully extended for proof‐of‐concept demonstration of a practically relevant outdoor application, where the repetitive remediation of oil spillages has been demonstrated following both selective absorption (25 times) of oils and gravity‐driven filtration‐based (50 times) separation of oils from oil/water mixtures at different harsh aqueous scenarios.
Melatonin: A regulator of the interplay between FoxO1, miR96, and miR215 signaling to diminish the growth, survival, and metastasis of murine adenocarcinoma
Authors: Oshiba Rehab T. , Touson Ehab , Elsherbini Yasser M. , Abdraboh Mohamed E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMelatonin (Mel.), also known as the magic hormone, is a nocturnally secreted hormone orchestrates the clearance of free radicals that have been built up and cumulated during day. This study aims to detect the impact of pineal gland removal on the incidence of tumor development and to assess the signaling pathways via which exogenous melatonin counteract cancer growth. This goal has been achieved by novel approach for pineal destruction using dental micromotor which validated by melatonin downregulation in blood plasma. Mice were injected sub‐cutenously with Ehrlich cells to develop solid tumor as a murine model of breast cancer. The increase at tumor markers carcino embryonic antigen, TNFα, and nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells was over countered by exogenous melatonin supplementation (20 mg/kg) daily for 1 month. The anticancer effects of melatonin were significantly mediated by scavenging H2O2 and NO and diminishing of lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde. The real‐time polymerase chain Rx analyses indicated a significant effect of Melatonin in upregulating the expression of miR215, fork head box protein O1 (foxO1), and downregulation of miR96. Flowcytometric analyses indicated a significant effect of melatonin on induction of cell cycle arrest at G1 phase which was further confirmed by Ki67 downregulation. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated the role of melatonin in upregulating P53‐dependent apoptosis and downregulating CD44 signaling for survivin, matrix metallo‐protein kinase 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor to inhibit cell survival and metastasis. In conclusion, this study sheds the light on M./P53/miR215/CD44 with an emphasis on M./miR96//foxO1 signaling cascades, as a novel pathway of melatonin signaling in adenocarcinoma to diminish cancer cell growth, survival and metastasis.
Simultaneous determination of meropenem and imipenem in rat plasma by LC–MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Peng Li , Wang Xinyu , Dang Hongwan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAn efficient and reliable method using LC–MS/MS was established and validated for the simultaneous quantification of meropenem and imipenem in rat plasma. An electronic spray ion source in the positive multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for the detection and the transitions were m/z 384.6 → m/z 141.2 for meropenem, m/z 300.1 → m/z 141.8 for imipenem and m/z 423.4 → m/z 207.1 for matrine (IS). The calibration curves of meropenem and imipenem were linear in the range of 0.50–200 μg/mL. Satisfactory separation was achieved with a total run time of 3.0 min, the injection volume was 3 μl. The retention times of meropenem, imipenem and IS were 1.19, 1.14 and 1.13 min, respectively. Meropenem and imipenem are easily hydrolyzed in plasma. HEPES was used as a stabilizer and added to the plasma samples immediately after centrifugation. Extractions of meropenem, imipenem and IS were carried out by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. The specificity, precision and accuracy, stability, recovery and matrix effects were within acceptance limits. This method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of intravenous injection of meropenem and imipenem single administration or combined with sulbactam in rats. We found that sulbactam has no influence on the pharmacokinetics behavior of meropenem or imipenem.