bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Old Norse Mythology
Authors: Lindow John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Old Norse Mythology treats the mythology of Scandinavia: the gods Þórr (Thor) with his hammer, the wily and duplicitous Óðinn (Odin), the sly Loki, and other mythological figures. They create the world, battle their enemies, and die at the end of the world, which arises anew with a new generation of gods. These stories were the mythology of the Vikings, but they were not written down until long after the conversion to Christianity, mostly in Iceland. The mythology of the Vikings was an oral mythology, without canonical or even fixed texts. Following contemporary research trends, this book recognizes that variation in time and space are to be expected, and it notes rather than tries to resolve inconsistencies. In addition to a broad overview of Nordic myths, the book presents a case study of one myth, which tells of how Þórr (Thor) fished up the World Serpent analysing the myth as a sacred text of the Vikings. Old Norse mythology also explores the debt we owe to medieval intellectuals, who were able to incorporate the old myths into new paradigms that helped the myths to survive when they were no longer part of a religious system, and it traces the use of the mythology in ideological contexts, from the Viking Age until the twenty-first century.
In Search for Meaning Through Survivors’ Memoirs
Authors: Duchin Adi , Wiseman Hadas 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The authors studied intergenerational processing and search for meaning in families in which the Holocaust survivor wrote and published a memoir. Survivors’ writing of their traumatic narrative and the reading encounters of their children and grandchildren involve the search for meaning in passing on the family legacy. Survivor-writers and the second (child) and third (grandchild) generations in 12 Israeli families were interviewed. Qualitative analysis led to identification of two axes: family cohesion surrounding the traumatic narrative and familial communication about Holocaust experiences. Mapping the families along these two axes led to a three intergenerational family types: (1) high family cohesion and open communication, (2) low family cohesion and silence, and (3) partial cohesion and survivor–third generation open communication, with “knowing-not knowing” in the second generation. In the Israeli context, processing the tensions between the overt and covert legacies transmitted through the generations facilitates searching and creating integrated meaning for family members.
On Secular and Religious Politics of Belonging
Authors: Agbaria Ayman K. , Mustafa Mohanad , Mahajnah Sami 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the search for meaning and belonging of the Arab-Palestinian minority in Israel by discussing how belonging is framed in Arab politics in Israel. More specifically, the chapter maps and analyzes three narratives in the Arab politics of belonging: the romantic, the practical, and the visionary. The first advocates belonging to what the authors term a “lost paradise” of Palestine and Islam. This nostalgic type of belonging yearns for idealized places, times, and characters in the history of Palestine and Islam. The second narrative, the practical, defines belonging first and foremost as a developmental act, practiced at the community level through voluntary and charity programs. The third, the visionary, promotes belonging as an ideological position to be articulated and educated for at the national level. These three concepts are circulated and mobilized by both secular Arab political and Muslim religious actors but in different versions and to different extents.
An Arctic Lens for American Migration
Authors: O’Rourke Dennis H. , Tackney Justin , Norman Lauren 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The timing and mode of arrival of the first people in the Western Hemisphere have consumed scholars and the general public for centuries. Increasingly, molecular genetic data have become a common metric by which we reconstruct past events, while archaeology provides the “ground truth” of population history and migration scenarios. As more genomic data have become available, the genetic and archaeological records have become increasingly discordant, particularly with respect to the timing of population migrations and dispersals. Recent work in population genetics suggests that undersampling of genomes and use of genomes from populations with nonstable population histories may lead to estimation errors in the timing of population origins, source population sizes, and other population genetic parameters, likely increasing the discordance between the genetic and archaeological records. However, new archaeological and paleoecological evidence of human presence in northern North America during the Last Glacial Maximum holds promise to bring these disparate records of human history into closer concordance.
A Sociogenetic Approach to Migration and Urbanization in Peruvian Amazonia
Authors: David Randy E. , Dean Bartholomew 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses what is termed “sociogenetic cosmopolitanism,” the dynamic interplay of social and genetic forces underpinning migration and urbanization. The constant movement of people and communities in Peru’s Huallaga River Valley is influenced by the variegated ecosystems of the Amazon, the vagaries of regional labor markets, and the exigencies of sociopolitical life in Peru. Four primary causes of migration in the Huallaga Valley are addressed: (1) environment and political economy, (2) infrastructure, (3) lifeways, and (4) violence and social upheaval. The consequences of modern migration and urbanization in Peruvian Amazonia include a marked transition in biodemography, an increase in genetic diversity markers, and a discernable shift in nucleotide-level population architecture. Profound sociocultural transformations, namely a move from rural and agrarian-based lifeways to urban, market-driven experiences, have accompanied such trends.
Theoretical Continuity, Approximate Truth, and the Pessimistic Meta-Induction: Revisiting the Miasma Theory
Authors: Tulodziecki Dana 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with the pessimistic meta-induction (PMI), which seeks to undercut the realist’s alleged connection between success and (approximate) truth by arguing that highly successful, yet wildly false theories are typical of the history of science and shows how realist responses to the PMI try to rehabilitate this connection by stressing various kinds of continuity between earlier and later theories. It then goes on to argue that the extant realist responses are inadequate, by showing—through the example of the 19th century miasma theory of disease—that there are cases of genuinely successful, yet false theories that do not exhibit any of the required realist continuities. The chapter then suggests that this case is problematic for realists regardless of whether the miasma theory is approximately true or not.
What Can the Discovery of Boron Tell Us About the Scientific Realism Debate?
Authors: Hricko Jonathon 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the work in chemistry that led to the discovery of boron and explores the implications of this episode for the scientific realism debate. This episode begins with Lavoisier’s oxygen theory of acidity and his prediction that boracic acid contains oxygen and a hypothetical, combustible substance that he called the boracic radical. The episode culminates in the work of Davy, Gay-Lussac, and Thénard, who used potassium to extract oxygen from boracic acid and thereby discovered boron. This chapter shows that Lavoisier’s theory of acidity, which was not even approximately true, exhibited novel predictive success. Selective realists attempt to accommodate such false-but-successful theories by showing that their success is due to the fact that they have approximately true parts. However, this chapter argues that this episode poses a strong challenge to selective realism because the parts of Lavoisier’s theory that are responsible for its success are not even approximately true.
Structure not Selection
Authors: Ladyman James 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that structural realism should not be thought of as a form of selective realism, because the latter involves criteria that ought to be applicable to our best current theories to select in advance what of their ontology will be preserved. Neither epistemic nor ontic structural realism (OSR) offer such criteria. Ontic structural realism is a metaphysics that also responds to ontological problems for scientific realism other than the problem of theory-change. These include the lack of a fundamental level and scale-relativity. The theory of real patterns addresses these problems, emphasizing the centrality of the idea of objective modal structure that makes OSR a form of realism and differentiates it from van Fraassen’s structural empiricism, making an account of causation and other modal aspects of scientific knowledge possible. The chapter concludes with some remarks about the relationship between structural realism and the historiography of science.
Models of Emotionality in Action in Religious and Lay Sources on Criminal Justice
Authors: Zanetti Domingues Lidia Luisa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 3, attention is paid to the way religious people presented emotions and Christian virtues, such as humility, penance, and mercy, as strategic and ‘manly’ tools to ensure that conflicts would not degenerate into feuds but instead engendered the repentance of the parties involved in them. It is argued that such a ‘practical’ model of behaviour presented by religious actors was at least in part appropriated by the Sienese government in political decisions such as that of banning violent games, which were very popular in medieval Italy. The presence of emotion-words in the Sienese legislation and court cases is also examined to show that the political elite had adopted a conception of feelings similar to that expressed by Mendicant preachers, and which imposed serious limits to acceptable forms of anger.
Conclusion
Authors: Zanetti Domingues Lidia Luisa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Conclusion provides a comparison between the discourses of criminal justice described in the course of this book and other ternary models which have been suggested to explain the variety of possible responses to violent crime that are found in human societies across time and space. The outcomes presented in this work are interpreted in the light of current debates regarding the relative importance of nature or of nurture in influencing human reactions to violent deviance from community norms. It suggests that similar discourses of criminal justice might go through phases of resurgence, obsolescence, and change that can create totally different theorizations and practical applications, and even make them hardly recognizable.
Introduction
Authors: Young Alasdair R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets out the International Relations debate about the impact of international institutions on state behavior and the methodological challenges that have hampered it. Drawing on the emerging domestic-politics-of-compliance literature, the chapter specifies causal mechanisms through which the rationalist and constructivist motivations for compliance identified in the International Relations literature—retaliation, reciprocity, reputation, and legitimacy—might translate into policy change. It also establishes some expectations for when policy change is more and less likely to occur, which are tested in the rest of the book. It then introduces the volume’s analytical framework, which is designed to circumvent the shortcomings that have bedeviled the literature. The chapter concludes with an overview of the rest of the volume.
Experiential Modes and Face Value Contents (a Framework)
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines a framework for thinking about intentional experiences, in terms of their being distinct experiential modes with contents. First, the notion of an experiential mode is discussed, clarifying what such modes are. Next the discussion focuses on the notion of face value content, which is developed to reflect central ideas about the role of intentional content. The notion of the ‘particular object’ of intentional experience is introduced and face value content is defined as ‘the particular object represented as being as certain way’. This notion of content is then tied to notions of accuracy, epistemic exploitability, phenomenal character, action, and introspection. Finally, some thoughts are offered on the notion of representation as operative in the study.
The Evaluative Content of Emotional Experience
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues at length for a central positive aspect of the view of emotions as feelings-towards-values, namely that the content of emotional experience—understood along the lines of face value content from Chapter 1—is evaluative (hereafter the ECV). It first defends the ‘content-dependency’ claim, namely the idea that emotions are not self-standing relations to their particular objects. It then goes on to argue that emotional experiences, at least in paradigm cases, represent determinate higher-order thick evaluative properties of their objects (e.g. the beautiful, admirable, amusing, disgusting, dangerous). It is then shown how in virtue of having evaluative content emotional experiences have a kind of content that can satisfy the roles outlined for face value content in Chapter 1. The ECV is then defended against several objections and shown to be preferable to certain non-evaluative views.
Urban Rehearsals and Novel Plots in the Early American City
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Urban Rehearsals and Novel Plots in the Early American City sheds new light on the literature of the early US by exploring how texts, theater, architecture, and images worked together to allow readers to imagine themselves as urbanites even before cities developed. In the four decades following the Revolutionary War, the new nation was a loose network of nascent cities connected by print. Before a national culture could develop, local city cultures took shape; literary texts played key roles in helping new Americans become city people. Drawing on extensive archival research, Urban Rehearsals argues that literature, particularly novels and plays, allowed Bostonians to navigate the transition from colonial town to post-revolution city, enabled Philadelphians to grieve their experiences of the 1793 Yellow Fever epidemic and rebuild in the epidemic’s aftermath, and showed New Yorkers how the domestic practices that reinforced their urbanity could be opened to the broader public. Throughout, underrepresented voices and texts call attention to the possibilities for women, immigrants, and Black Americans in developing urban spaces, while showing how those possibilities would be foreclosed as the nation developed. Balancing new readings of canonical texts of the early Republic, including The Power of Sympathy, Charlotte Temple, and Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography, with novels whose depictions of early cities deserve wider readership, such as Ormond, The Boarding-School, Monima, and Kelroy, Urban Rehearsals shows how US cities developed on the pages and stages of the early Republic, building the urban imaginations that would construct the nation’s early cities.
Urban Illuminations in Ormond
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Concerned that the city’s water supply might have contributed to the devastating 1793 yellow fever outbreak, Philadelphia embarked on the nation’s first urban public works project, a waterworks that connected its citizens to one another even as it raised new fears about these links. Charles Brockden Brown dramatizes these fears in Ormond; his surprising connections to the waterworks shed new light on the novel and on the dirty work behind urban improvement. Chapter 4 explores whether a novel might play a role in shaping a city’s infrastructure. Five years after the 1793 epidemic, and after having suffered his own bout with yellow fever in New York, Brockden Brown published Ormond (1799), a novel that tracks its heroine Constantia’s emergence from enclosed domestic space to city streets of connection and contagion, characterized by deceptions, concealment, and architectural trompe l’oeil. Ormond straddles the worlds of the theatre and infrastructure, exposing a new urban ideology that covers the mechanics of urban engineering with illusionistic design, a dynamic especially visible in two Philadelphia buildings: Mathew Carey’s old haunt, the Chestnut Street Theatre, which Benjamin Henry Latrobe renovated between 1801 and 1805, and Latrobe’s neoclassical Centre Square pump house, which housed the steam engines that powered the city’s new municipal waterworks. In Ormond, urban connection takes on a threatening cast, but paradoxically offers the only hope for Philadelphia’s future. As he reflects on Philadelphia’s recovery, Brockden Brown reveals that the neighborliness the epidemic engenders is tenuous and fleeting.
Obliged to Wander
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Urbanity did not just travel through pipes or print. It also spread via the mobile bodies of people who immersed themselves in unfamiliar cultures, carried their versions of these new cultures to other settings, and adapted them anew. Chapter 5, “Obliged to Wander,” focuses on two largely forgotten novels that explore women’s movement within and among cites: Sally Sayward Barrell Keating Wood’s Dorval, or the Speculator (1800), and Martha Read’s Monima, or the Beggar Girl (1802). Through mobility both free and forced, these novels’ protagonists traverse numerous developing cities including Boston, New York, and Philadelphia; inhabit a variety of urban domestic and institutional settings ranging from palaces to prisons; and call attention to the complex causes of urban poverty. They also move outside of the US to Europe, the Americas, and San Domingo, positioning women as key participants in the dissemination and transformation of urbanity. In so doing, Dorval and Monima revise gender and genre expectations to construct the liminal city as a space of active self-making for women as writers, readers, and characters; the texts both highlight this space’s potential and foreshadow its end.
Kelroy’s Shifting City
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6, “Kelroy’s Shifting City,” centers on Rebecca Rush’s 1812 Philadelphia novel Kelroy, which charts Philadelphia’s transition from a cosmopolitan urbanity where family, blood, and inheritance are reliable indicators of class and status, to a more fluid and performative urbanity. In Kelroy, Rebecca Rush constructs—and distorts—a Philadelphia of the past that offers a useful window on fantasies and anxieties about US urban life and urban spaces on the cusp of great political and cultural change. Set in 1790s Philadelphia, which by 1812 was fading into memory, Kelroy actively frames and fictionalizes a vision of a past Philadelphia that looks toward a different future than earlier authors imagined. Kelroy teaches cosmopolitan codes of gentility but violently undermines them as well. The novel thus reveals and emphasizes the limits of self-making, especially for the women, immigrants, and working-class people who might benefit most from performative modes of status and power. Kelroy gestures toward a developing US urbanity that includes characters of diverse classes, races, and ethnicities, but paradoxically reasserts the power of white men, foreshadowing dynamics that would structure the literature and culture of the Jacksonian period.
Introduction
Authors: Cowen Orlin Lena 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
To introduce both the subject of the book and its methodological approach, the Introduction takes up the case study of the date of Shakespeare’s baptism: 26 April 1564. Those who want to believe that the national poet was born on the national feast day (23 April, or St George’s Day), have compiled ‘evidence’ to prove it, but under close analysis the evidence disintegrates. We know his day of baptism but cannot know his birthday. Much of Shakespeare’s biography has been built out of similar ‘evidence clusters’. The book interrogates many of these old clusters and also assembles new ones. This involves close reading familiar historical documents contextually, referring to other examples from the same record classes to show how their conventions and textual practices shape their meaning. A further strategy is to include mini-biographies for some of Shakespeare’s cognates in Stratford-upon-Avon, the stories of parallel lives through which we can learn more about his own. The chapter also introduces the members of Shakespeare’s natal family.
23 January 1577
Authors: Cowen Orlin Lena 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The chapter tells the story of William Shakespeare’s father John, the aspirational son of a tenant farmer who moved to the market town of Stratford-upon-Avon and trained to become a skilled glove maker. He married an heiress to some arable lands, himself acquired property in Stratford (including the building known as ‘Shakespeare’s Birthplace’), and expanded his businesses to include moneylending and wool wholesaling (or ‘brogging’). He became a civic leader, serving a term as Stratford’s chief justice and bailiff (essentially, the mayor). In 1577, as Shakespeare turned 13, John Shakespeare suffered a financial collapse, sold Mary Arden’s legacy, and withdrew from public life. For the next twenty years John Shakespeare was pursued by creditors, including the Crown, continually at risk of being jailed for debt. Shakespeare may have spent his earliest years imagining that he would emulate his successful father, but the crash of 1577 set him on a different path. In Stratford’s King Edward VI grammar school he was given a classical education, reading Virgil and Ovid, and learned to write.
25 March 1616
Authors: Cowen Orlin Lena 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a close reading of William Shakespeare’s last will of 25 March 1616. The three-page document, signed by Shakespeare on each page, comprises one page from an earlier will and two new pages. Thorough revision was required in consequence of the February marriage of Shakespeare’s daughter Judith to Thomas Quiney, the son of Richard and Elizabeth Quiney. Shakespeare ensured that Judith was provided for and protected in the eventuality of her husband’s death. His principal heir was his older daughter Susanna, who had married the physician John Hall. The chapter reviews many aspects of early modern inheritance, including the duties of executors, customs surrounding children’s ‘portions’, and dower rights for widows. While other biographers doubt that Anne Shakespeare would have been protected by dower law, in fact her dower rights in the family’s property holdings were assured. Shakespeare also bequeathed her his second-best bed, and the chapter reviews evidence from other wills of the period about best beds, second-best beds, third- and fourth-best beds, and worst beds; it concludes that these were identifying terms (how to tell one bed from another) and not expressions of approval or disapproval. Like all men of property, Shakespeare concentrated on the distribution of property, and he made very few direct chattel gifts. For this reason, the goods he gave may have had personal meaning, and the chapter speculates about what that significance may have been.