bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First detailed report on Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae virulence structure and Pg resistance genes effective in Poland
Authors: Sowa Sylwia , Toporowska Joanna , Koroluk Aneta , Paczos-Grzęda Edyta 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOccurrence of stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae, on oat fields in Europe may lead to significant yield losses. The last P. graminis virulence research in this region had been carried out in the years 1988 to 1996, therefore the aim of this study was the update of pathogen’s virulence structure as well as the evaluation of Pg race-specific resistance genes and their potential for use in practical breeding in central and eastern European growing conditions. To assess the pathotype structure of P. graminis in Poland and evaluate the potential of Pg resistance genes, 148 isolates were collected during 2017–2020. Their virulence structure was determined in laboratory conditions on 12 Pg differentials as well as oat lines ‘Pg-a’, ‘Alpha’, ‘Omega’ and ‘Wisconsin X-1588-2’. In total, 57 pathotypes were detected, of which the most dominant race was SSK. High frequency was also recorded for TSK, TKK and TTK. Puccinia graminis isolates were able to overcome from 5 to 11 Pg resistance genes with an average virulence complexity of 8.6. There was no isolate virulent to Pg12, ‘Pg-a’, ‘Alpha’ and ‘Omega’, hence these genes can be used in the breeding programmes. Gene Pg10 was also relatively effective, overcome by 33 out of 148 P. graminis isolates. The virulence profile observed may be representative of eastern Europe and beyond.
Inspection planning by defect prediction models and inspection strategy maps
Authors: Verna Elisa , Genta Gianfranco , Galetto Maurizio , Franceschini Fiorenzo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDesigning appropriate quality-inspections in manufacturing processes has always been a challenge to maintain competitiveness in the market. Recent studies have been focused on the design of appropriate in-process inspection strategies for assembly processes based on probabilistic models. Despite this general interest, a practical tool allowing for the assessment of the adequacy of alternative inspection strategies is still lacking. This paper proposes a general framework to assess the effectiveness and cost of inspection strategies. In detail, defect probabilities obtained by prediction models and inspection variables are combined to define a pair of indicators for developing an inspection strategy map. Such a map acts as an analysis tool, enabling positioning assessment and benchmarking of the strategies adopted by manufacturing companies, but also as a design tool to achieve the desired targets. The approach can assist designers of manufacturing processes, and particularly low-volume productions, in the early stages of inspection planning.
Risk Assessment of Infection by Airborne Droplets and Aerosols at Different Levels of Cardiovascular Activity
Authors: Wedel Jana , Steinmann Paul , Štrakl Mitja , Hriberšek Matjaž , Ravnik Jure 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSince end of 2019 the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is threatening humanity. Despite the fact that various scientists across the globe try to shed a light on this new respiratory disease, it is not yet fully understood. Unlike many studies on the geographical spread of the pandemic, including the study of external transmission routes, this work focuses on droplet and aerosol transport and their deposition inside the human airways. For this purpose, a digital replica of the human airways is used and particle transport under various levels of cardiovascular activity in enclosed spaces is studied by means of computational fluid dynamics. The influence of the room size, where the activity takes place, and the aerosol concentration is studied. The contribution aims to assess the risk of various levels of exercising while inhaling infectious pathogens to gain further insights in the deposition behavior of aerosols in the human airways. The size distribution of the expiratory droplets or aerosols plays a crucial role for the disease onset and progression. As the size of the expiratory droplets and aerosols differs for various exhaling scenarios, reported experimental particle size distributions are taken into account when setting up the environmental conditions. To model the aerosol deposition we employ$$\text{OpenFOAM}$$OpenFOAM by using an Euler-Lagrangian frame including Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes resolved turbulent flow. Within this study, the effects of different exercise levels and thus breathing rates as well as particle size distributions and room sizes are investigated to enable new insights into the local particle deposition in the human airway and virus loads. A general observation can be made that exercising at higher levels of activity is increasing the risk to develop a severe cause of the COVID-19 disease due to the increased aerosolized volume that reaches into the lower airways, thus the knowledge of the inhaled particle dynamics in the human airways at various exercising levels provides valuable information for infection control strategies.
Does Treatment for Sexual Offending Work?
Authors: Tyler Nichola , Gannon Theresa A. , Olver Mark E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
We review and synthesize the literature on the effectiveness of offense-focused treatment for sexual offending. Specifically, we consider whether the extant literature suggests treatment is effective in reducing sexual reoffending and features of effective interventions. We also consider how the design of program evaluations may influence treatment outcomes.

Recent Findings
Recent research suggests that offense-focused psychological treatment for sexual offending shows some level of effectiveness in reducing both sexual and general reoffending. Further, there appear to be key program, individual, and study design features associated with treatment effectiveness.

Summary
Although recent findings paint an optimistic outlook for offense-focused psychological treatment for sexual offending, further high-quality differential studies are needed to fully understand the range of content, delivery, and individual factors associated with successful treatment outcomes so as to establish what works best for whom.
Externalizing and internalizing symptoms and coping strategies in young victims of abuse
Authors: Moreno-Manso Juan Manuel , García-Baamonde Mª. Elena , Guerrero-Barona Eloísa , Godoy-Merino Mª. José , Guerrero-Molina Mónica , Barbosa-Torres Carlos 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis research analyses the internalizing and externalizing symptoms and the coping strategies of young victims of abuse. These young people are in residential care under protective measures due to abuse. The participants were 61 youths (32 male and 29 female) between 12 and 17 years of age. Different works of research stress the need for an early identification of the psychopathological symptomatology that these adolescents may present in order to provide an adequate psycho-educational intervention. The relationship between the adolescents’ psychopathological symptomatology and the coping strategies and styles they use to resolve problems is studied. It is also analyzed whether internalizing and externalizing problems predict the style and coping strategies of adolescents. Two tests were used: 1. Child and Adolescent Evaluation System (SENA); 2. Adolescent Coping Scales (ACS). The results indicate that young victims of abuse have internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These adolescents are characterized by an unproductive coping style, as well as by the use of coping strategies that are not very functional and ineffective for resolving conflicts. The psychopathological symptomatology is related to and predicts an unproductive coping style, badly adapted to solving daily problems (worrying, blaming oneself, not coping, ignoring the problem, or keeping it to oneself). This research has allowed us to identify the presence of several areas of vulnerability in these young persons which could be playing an important role in their psychosocial maladjustment. The research suggests the design of intervention strategies, for both groups and individuals, aimed at mitigating and modifying the sources of the problems in victims of child abuse.
Coupling of Complex Function Theory and Finite Element Method for Crack Propagation Through Energetic Formulation: Conformal Mapping Approach and Reduction to a Riemann–Hilbert Problem
Authors: Legatiuk Dmitrii , Weisz-Patrault Daniel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper we present a theoretical background for a coupled analytical–numerical approach to model a crack propagation process in two-dimensional bounded domains. The goal of the coupled analytical–numerical approach is to obtain the correct solution behaviour near the crack tip by help of the analytical solution constructed by using tools of complex function theory and couple it continuously with the finite element solution in the region far from the singularity. In this way, crack propagation could be modelled without using remeshing. Possible directions of crack growth can be calculated through the minimization of the total energy composed of the potential energy and the dissipated energy based on the energy release rate. Within this setting, an analytical solution of a mixed boundary value problem based on complex analysis and conformal mapping techniques is presented in a circular region containing an arbitrary crack path. More precisely, the linear elastic problem is transformed into a Riemann–Hilbert problem in the unit disk for holomorphic functions. Utilising advantages of the analytical solution in the region near the crack tip, the total energy could be evaluated within short computation times for various crack kink angles and lengths leading to a potentially efficient way of computing the minimization procedure. To this end, the paper presents a general strategy of the new coupled approach for crack propagation modelling. Additionally, we also discuss obstacles in the way of practical realisation of this strategy.
CFD analysis of asymmetric mixing at different inlet configurations of a split-and-recombine micro mixer
Authors: Frey Torben , Schlütemann Rieke , Schwarz Sebastian , Biessey Philip , Hoffmann Marko , Grünewald Marcus , Schlüter Michael 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the scope of the ENPRO II initiative (Energy Efficiency and Process Intensification for the Chemical Industry), a major challenge of process intensification of polymer synthesis in continuous systems is fouling. Pre-mixing is a key aspect to prevent fouling and is achieved through milli and micro structured devices (Bayer et al. 1). While equal volume flow ratios are well investigated in milli and micro systems, asymmetric mixing tasks have received less attention. This paper investigates the dependency of mixing phenomena on different flow rate ratios and modified inlet geometries. A split-and-recombine (SAR) mixer is modified by means of an injection capillary to facilitate the asymmetric mixing task. Asymmetric volume flows of ratios between 1:15 and 1:60 are investigated; the velocity ratios range from 0.5 to 2. The setup is simulated with the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool ANSYS®;Fluent. The species equation is solved directly without the use of micro mixing models. The simulation is validated by means of a concentration field in a mixing Tee using Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) with a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM). The three dimensional flow structures and the mixing quality are analyzed as a measure for micro mixing. The calculated concentration fields show good agreement with the experimental results and reveal the secondary flow structures and chaotic advection within the channel. The injection of the small feed stream is found to be very efficient when drawn into the secondary structures, increasing the potential of diffusive mixing. CFD simulations help to understand and locate such structures and improve the mixing performance.
Computational courtship understanding the evolution of online dating through large-scale data analysis
Authors: Dinh Rachel , Gildersleve Patrick , Blex Chris , Yasseri Taha 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this work, we examine the mate preferences and communication patterns of male and female users of the online dating site eharmony over a decade to identify how attitudes and behaviour have changed over this time period. While other studies have investigated disparities in user behaviour between male and female users, this study is unique in its longitudinal approach. We analyze how men and women differ in their preferences for certain traits in potential partners and how those preferences have changed over time. We report on the stronger yet declining emphasis that women put on income and education of their potential partners. We investigate to what extent physical attractiveness determines the rate of messages a user receives, and how this relationship varies between men and women; counterintuitively, the most self-reportedly physically attractive users are not the most popular ones. Third, we explore whether online dating practices between males and females have become more equal over time to find out biases and inequalities have indeed increased. Fourth, we study the behavioural traits in sending and replying to messages based on one’s own experience of receiving messages and being replied to and discover a robust positive relationship between attractiveness and selectivity. Finally, we found that similarity between profiles is not a predictor for success except for the number of children and smoking habits. This work has broader implications for shifting gender norms and social attitudes, reflected in online courtship rituals.
Le malattie autoimmuni di fegato nell’adulto
Authors: Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli Benedetta , De Gottardi Andrea , Vergani Diego , Mieli-Vergani Giorgina 
Published: July 2021

RiassuntoL’epatite autoimmune è una infiammazione cronica del fegato che colpisce tutte le età, caratterizzata da transaminasi e immunoglobuline G elevate, presenza di autoanticorpi, epatite dell’interfaccia alla biopsia epatica, e ottima risposta alla terapia con steroidi. Se non trattata, ha una sopravvivenza a 5 anni del 50 %.La colangite biliare primitiva è una patologia cronica colestatica autoimmune del fegato che colpisce i medi e piccoli dotti biliari, caratterizzata da preponderanza femminile, e positività dell’anticorpo anti-mitocondrio. La sopravvivenza media della malattia non trattata è 9‑10 anni. La terapia di scelta è l’acido ursodesossicolico, che ha un forte impatto sulla storia naturale della malattia.La colangite sclerosante primitiva è la più rara e la più grave delle malattie autoimmuni di fegato. Si caratterizza da forte associazione alle malattie infiammatorie intestinali. I pazienti con PSC hanno un rischio elevato di colangiocarcinoma. Non esistono terapie medicamentose efficaci, e la malattia richiede una presa a carico specialistica multidisciplinare.Questo articolo offre una panoramica per il clinico delle tre patologie nell’adulto.
Aircraft Dispute, Wine, and the US–EU Trade War: Implications for US Consumers and Wine Suppliers
Authors: Zhang Lisha , Onel Gulcan , Seale James L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper estimates changes in demand for imported wines by source country and resulting welfare effects due to Section 301 tariffs imposed on certain European wines in October 2019. A two-stage expenditure allocation scheme is used to estimate the import demand for red, white, and other wines in the first stage, and source-differentiated red wine and white wine demand in the second stage. From derived price elasticities measuring first and second stage interactions, welfare measures are simulated capturing effects of the new tariffs on both taxed and non-taxed exporters as well as the US importers of red and white wine.
How to avoid incorrect inferences (while gaining correct ones) in dynamic models
Authors: Philips Andrew Q. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA flurry of current interest in time series has focused on clarifying equation balance, fractional integration, and cointegration testing. Despite this, a number of recent suggestions may continue to lead scholars toward incorrect inferences. In this comment, I investigate the likelihood of drawing both correct and incorrect inferences under a variety of stationary and non-stationary data-generating processes. I extend previous work in this area by focusing on both short- and long-run effects using several popular model specifications. Given these findings, I conclude by offering a variety of recommendations to practitioners about how they can best specify their model.
Revising the Supernatural: Prospero Lambertini's Reconsideration of the Concept of Miracle
Authors: Laverda Alessandro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAccording to Thomas Aquinas, a miracle had to surpass the whole of the created nature, which meant the visible and corporeal, as well as the invisible and incorporeal nature. Prospero Lambertini (1675–1758), the future Pope Benedict XIV, when he was promoter of the faith, noticed that it was impossible to distinguish a cure that occurred beyond the boundaries of incorporeal and invisible nature (the whole nature) from one that exceeded just corporeal and visible nature. The issue was of utmost importance since it risked delegitimizing the whole system of miracle verification. Consequently, Lambertini, in the fourth book of his magnum opus De servorum Dei beatificatione et beatorum canonizatione (On the Beatification of the Servants of God and the Canonization of the Blessed, 1734–1738), developed a new classification of miracles, which included the works of angels, with the aim of solving the problem. Furthermore, to counteract Spinoza's denial of miracles, he claimed that miracles were not contrary to the laws of nature.
Trading Places, Trading Platforms: The Geography of Trade Policy Realignment
Authors: Schonfeld Bryan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhat motivates politicians and political parties to shift their positioning on an issue? Focusing on the case of trade policy in countries with advanced economies and plurality electoral systems, I argue that the relative positioning of parties on an existing issue can change even when the preferences of the key actors (voters and politicians) are held constant, and even when party leaders continue to represent the same constituencies. In advanced plurality countries, college-educated voters support free trade, and high-density constituencies are predominantly represented by Left incumbents. As college-educated workers migrate to high-density constituencies in pursuit of higher wages, Left incumbents increasingly embrace free trade, while Right incumbents take more protectionist positions. I provide empirical support for several observable implications of my theory.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of mangrove forest and association with strandings of Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus) calves in Paraíba, Brazil
Authors: Medeiros Iara Dos Santos , Rebelo Vanessa Araújo , Santos Sebastião Silva Dos , Menezes Rafael , Almeida Nadjacleia Vilar , Messias Leonardo Tortoriello , Nascimento João Luiz Xavier Do , Luna Fábia De Oliveira , Marmontel Miriam , Borges João Carlos Gomes 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEstuaries in Brazil are highly threatened environments and habitat loss is the main influential factor for the increase in the number of strandings of Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus) calves in the north-eastern region of the country. The aim of the present study was to analyse and quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of mangroves in the state of Paraíba and the association with manatee calf stranding events. The study area encompassed 10 remaining mangroves along the coast of the state, four of which were located within protected areas. Information on the mangrove forests was obtained from satellite images from the last four decades. Data on stranded Antillean manatee calves were obtained from a databank with records from 1980 to 2019. The data were analysed using geoprocessing techniques and statistical analyses. The results demonstrated changes in the mangrove forest over time, with larger areas existing during the 1980s, reductions in the following periods but a slight increase in the last decade. The number of stranded Antillean manatee calves increased over the years, with stranding events concentrated mainly on the northern coast of the state. The smallest number of stranding events occurred in the 1980s, when the mangrove forests were larger. Our findings confirm that the integrity of mangroves is of extreme importance to the maintenance and sustainability of Antillean manatee populations.
Foundations of early literacy among Arabic-speaking pre-school children
Authors: Abu Ahmad Hanadi , Share David L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe present study aimed to shed light on (i) the most accessible phonological unit and (ii) the nature of letter knowledge among native Arabic-speaking preschool children living in Israel. One hundred and sixty-seven children were assessed on phonological awareness with initial and final isolation tasks as well as knowledge of the standard names and sounds of Arabic letters. Children’s responses in these tasks were categorized in accordance with the phonological unit that the child supplied. Regarding phonological unit accessibility, the novel finding of this study was the prevalence of a tri-phonemic /ʔεC/ unit that begins with the prefix /ʔε-/ and ends with the target (consonantal) phoneme which we have termed the “demi-phoneme” (e.g., /ʔεs/ for the consonant /s/). Awareness of the consonant–vowel unit was the next most prevalent unit followed lastly by the “smallest unit” – the phoneme. It appears that the demi-phoneme functions as a psycholinguistic aid to facilitate phoneme perception and pronunciation (as proposed by the 8th-century scholar – Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi) and both phoneme and demi-phoneme responses are underpinned by the same knowledge. With regard to letter knowledge, the standard name for Arabic letters was the preferred response and letter sounds were retrieved as a demi-phoneme unit.
Impact of individual protected areas on deforestation and carbon emissions in Acre, Brazil
Authors: Koskimäki Teemu , Eklund Johanna , Moulatlet Gabriel M , Tuomisto Hanna 
Published: July 2021

SummaryProtecting tropical forests from deforestation is important for mitigating both biodiversity loss and anthropogenic climate change. In Amazonia, a common approach to protected area (PA) impact studies has been to investigate differences among broad PA categories, such as strictly protected, sustainable use and indigenous areas, yet these may be insufficient for the management of PAs at local scales. We used a matching method to compare impacts and carbon emissions avoided during 2011–2016 of individual PAs in the state of Acre (Brazil). Although most PAs had a positive impact and effectively prevented forest loss, we observed substantial variation among them in terms of impacts, pressures and emissions during our study period. The impacts varied from 3.6% avoided to 15.6% induced forest loss compared to expected levels of deforestation estimated for each PA using the matching method. All but a few PAs helped avoid substantial amounts of emissions. Our results emphasize the need for more PA impact studies that compare multiple PAs at the individual level in Amazonia and beyond.