bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the (CP)TPP as a Model for Regulation of Chinese State-Owned Enterprises
Authors: Zhou Weihuan 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
This paper challenges the widespread view that the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) provides the most advanced rules for regulating China’s state-owned enterprises (SOEs). It argues that compared to China’s existing World Trade Organization (WTO) obligations, particularly those specifically tailored to it, the CPTPP SOE chapter does not provide more rigorous or workable rules but rather has narrower applications and more carve-outs. More recent US/EU free trade agreements (FTAs) are largely based on the CPTPP SOE chapter. While these FTAs also seek to address some deficiencies in the CPTPP SOE chapter and gradually expand the rules on subsidies and SOEs, the expanded rules are balanced by the inclusion of extensive exceptions. This balanced approach may be used to facilitate multilateral negotiations of SOE rules, but if this approach is adopted, WTO Members will need to be prepared to negotiate with China on replacing the potentially very broad and rigid China-specific WTO rules with more balanced new rules that apply to all members. The likely consequence would be softer rather than stronger disciplines on Chinese SOEs.
Biophysical Settings that Influenced Plantation Survival During the 2015 Wildfires in Northern Rocky Mountain Moist Mixed-Conifer Forests
Authors: Jain Theresa B , Nelson Andrew S , Bright Benjamin C , Byrne John C , Hudak Andrew T 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Fire suppression and the loss of western white pine (WWP) have made northern Rocky Mountain moist mixed-conifer forests less disturbance resilient. Although managers are installing hundreds of plantations, most of these plantations have not experienced wildfire since establishment. In 2015, wildfires burned through 100 WWP plantations in this region, providing an opportunity to evaluate the effects of wildfires on sapling survival. A Weibull distribution approach was used to characterize the variation of fire severity pixels, as indicated by the differenced normalized burn ratio. The distribution parameters provided a method to identify the biophysical setting and plantation characteristics influencing fire severity and sapling survival. Plantations located on lower slope positions were more resistant to wildfires than plantations located midslope or close to the ridges. Snow water equivalent was positively correlated with wildfire resistance and resilience. Results will help focus reforestation efforts and identify locations where future plantations can potentially survive wildfires.
Use of a pacemaker magnet to remove a broken suture needle during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Titus Derek , Rifenbery James 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPrompt removal of unintended surgical foreign bodies is essential for prevention of adverse consequences of retained surgical foreign bodies postop. Current practices utilizing radiographic images in combination with visual inspection and palpation to remove foreign bodies can lead to increased surgical times and tissue damage. A suture needle fragment broke off during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed on a morbidly obese adult female. After being unable to retrieve the fragment by increasing the midline incision by ~7 cm and undergoing an additional ~1 of intraoperative time, a pacemaker magnet wrapped in sterilized plastic was able to instantaneously remove the shard. Techniques utilizing magnetism could be researched and developed for the removal of surgical foreign bodies both intraoperatively and postop.
A rare lipoma site in a 1-year-old boy
Authors: Maree Gulan , Gawrieh Bardisan , Omran Ammar , Ali Wajih 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Lipomas are benign tumors composed of mature adipocytes. A 1-year-old-male baby was admitted to the hospital with a history of an abdominal mass, which had been incidentally detected by a local pediatrician. upon examining the child for a complaint of distention and chronic diarrhea. An ultrasound and computed tomography scan were performed, and findings revealed a fat mass, which was confirmed by laparotomy and microscopic results. At laparotomy, a soft yellow mass was found attached to the mesentery of the jejunum. The mass was enucleated without anastomosis, and the patient was followed up 4 months postoperatively with regular clinical examination and abdominal ultrasonography. This case was examined and reported in this study because lipomas are very rarely present in the mesentery of the intestine, especially at this early age.
The Definiteness Marker of Cypriot Arabic: A Phonological Account
Authors: Christodoulou Charalambos , Armostis Spyros , Karyolemou Marilena 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a description and analysis of both the morphophonological processes in which the definiteness marker /l/ of Cypriot Arabic is involved, and the rules that are proposed to describe these processes. More specifically, we offer a thorough account of the allomorphs of this marker and of its phonological behaviour regarding the preceding or the following word. The analysis was primarily based on naturalistic data obtained from interviews with native speakers.
Ammonium nutrition interacts with iron homeostasis in Brachypodium distachyon
Authors: De la Peña Marlon , Marín-Peña Agustín Javier , Urmeneta Leyre , Coleto Inmaculada , Castillo-González Jorge , van Liempd Sebastiaan M , Falcón-Pérez Juan M , Álvarez-Fernández Ana , González-Moro María Begoña , Marino Daniel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Most plant species develop stress symptoms when exposed to high ammonium (NH4+) concentrations. The root is the first organ in contact with high NH4+ and therefore the first barrier to cope with ammonium stress. In this work, we focused on root adaptation to ammonium nutrition in the model plant Brachypodium distachyon. Proteome analysis revealed changes associated with primary metabolism, cell wall remodelling, and redox homeostasis. In addition, it showed a strong induction of proteins related to methionine (Met) metabolism and phytosiderophore (PS) synthesis in ammonium-fed plants. In agreement with this, we show how ammonium nutrition impacts Met/S-adenosyl-Met and PS metabolic pathways together with increasing root iron content. Nevertheless, ammonium-fed plants displayed higher sensitivity to iron deficiency, suggesting that ammonium nutrition triggers impaired iron utilization and root to shoot transport, which entailed an induction in iron-related responses. Overall, this work demonstrates the importance of iron homeostasis during ammonium nutrition and paves a new way to better understand and improve ammonium use efficiency and tolerance.
Modelling spin evolution of magnetars
Authors: Jawor Jedrzej A , Tauris Thomas M 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
The origin and fate of magnetars [young, extremely magnetized neutron stars (NSs)] remains unsolved. Probing their evolution is therefore crucial for investigating possible links to other species of isolated NSs, such as the X-ray dim NSs (XDINSs) and rotating radio transients (RRATs). Here, we investigate the spin evolution of magnetars. Two avenues of evolution are considered: one with exponentially decaying B-fields, the other with sub- and superexponential decay. Using Monte Carlo methods, we synthesize magnetar populations using different input distributions and physical parameters, such as for the initial spin period, its time derivative, and the B-field decay time-scale. Additionally, we introduce a fade-away procedure that can account for the fading of old magnetars, and we briefly discuss the effect of alignment of the B-field and spin axes. Imposing the Galactic core-collapse supernova rate of ∼20 kyr−1 as a strict upper limit on the magnetar birthrate and comparing the synthetic populations to the observed one using both manual and automatic optimization algorithms for our input parameter study, we find that the B-field must decay exponentially or superexponentially with a characteristic decay time-scale of 0.5−10 kyr (with a best value of ∼4 kyr). In addition, the initial spin period must be less than 2 s. If these constraints are kept, we conclude that there are multiple choices of input physics that can reproduce the observed magnetar population reasonably well. We also conclude that magnetars may well be evolutionary linked to the population of XDINSs, whereas they are in general unlikely to evolve into RRATs.
Electrically charged black holes and the Blandford–Znajek mechanism
Authors: Komissarov Serguei S 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Recently, it was claimed by King & Pringle that accretion of electric charge by a black hole (BH) rotating in an aligned external magnetic field results in a ‘dead’ vacuum magnetosphere, where the electric field is totally screened, no vacuum breakdown is possible, and the Blandford–Znajek mechanism cannot operate. Here, we study in details the properties of the Wald solution for electrically charged BHs discussed in their paper. Our results show that the claim is erroneous as in the solution with the critical charge q0 = 2aB0, there exists a drop of electrostatic potential along all magnetic field lines except the one coinciding with the symmetry axis. It is also found that while uncharged rotating BHs expel external vacuum magnetic field from their event horizon (the Meissner effect), electric charging of BHs pulls the magnetic field lines back on it, resembling what has been observed in some previous force-free, Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics (RMHD), and Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations of BH magnetospheres. This suggests that accretion of electric charge may indeed be a feature of the BH electrodynamics. However, our analysis shows that the value q0 of the BH charge given by Wald is likely to be only an upper limit, and that the actual value depends of the details of the magnetospheric physics.
Simulating highly eccentric common envelope jet supernova impostors
Authors: Schreier Ron , Hillel Shlomi , Shiber Sagiv , Soker Noam 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We conduct three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of eccentric common envelope jet supernova (CEJSN) impostors, i.e. a neutron star that crosses through the envelope of a red supergiant star on a highly eccentric orbit and launches jets as it accretes mass from the envelope. Because of numerical limitations, we apply a simple prescription where we inject the assumed jets’ power into two opposite conical regions inside the envelope. We find the outflow morphology to be very complicated, clumpy, and non-spherical, having a large-scale symmetry only about the equatorial plane. The outflow morphology can substantially differ between simulations that differ by their jets’ power. We estimate by simple means the light curve to be very bumpy, to have a rise time of one to a few months, and to slowly decay in about a year to several years. These eccentric CEJSN impostors will be classified as ‘gap’ objects, i.e. having a luminosity between those of classical novae and typical supernovae (termed also ILOTs for intermediate luminosity optical transients). We strengthen a previous conclusion that CEJSN impostors might account for some peculiar ILOTs, in particular those that might repeat over time-scales of months to years.
Modelling spin-up episodes in accreting millisecond X-ray pulsars
Authors: Glampedakis Kostas , Suvorov Arthur G 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Accreting millisecond X-ray pulsars are known to provide a wealth of physical information during their successive states of outburst and quiescence. Based on the observed spin-up and spin-down rates of these objects, it is possible, among other things, to infer the stellar magnetic field strength and test models of accretion disc flow. In this paper, we consider the three accreting X-ray pulsars (XTE J1751–305, IGR J00291+5934 and SAX J1808.4–3658) with the best available timing data, and model their observed spin-up rates with the help of a collection of standard torque models that describe a magnetically threaded accretion disc truncated at the magnetospheric radius. Whilst none of these models is able to explain the observational data, we find that the inclusion of the physically motivated phenomenological parameter ξ, which controls the uncertainty in the location of the magnetospheric radius, leads to an enhanced disc-integrated accretion torque. These ‘new’ torque models are compatible with the observed spin-up rates as well as the inferred magnetic fields of these objects provided that ξ ≈ 0.1−0.5. Our results are supplemented with a discussion of the relevance of additional physics effects that include the presence of a multipolar magnetic field and general relativistic gravity.
Limits on long-time-scale radio transients at 150 MHz using the TGSS ADR1 and LoTSS DR2 catalogues
Authors: de Ruiter Iris , Leseigneur Guillaume , Rowlinson Antonia , Wijers Ralph A M J , Drabent Alexander , Intema Huib T , Shimwell Timothy W 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a search for transient radio sources on time-scales of 2–9 yr at 150 MHz. This search is conducted by comparing the first Alternative Data Release of the TIFR GMRT Sky Survey (TGSS ADR1) and the second data release of the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS DR2). The overlapping survey area covers 5570 $\rm {deg}^2$ on the sky, or 14 per cent of the total sky. We introduce a method to compare the source catalogues that involves a pair match of sources, a flux density cutoff to meet the survey completeness limit and a newly developed compactness criterion. This method is used to identify both transient candidates in the TGSS source catalogue that have no counterpart in the LoTSS catalogue and transient candidates in LoTSS without a counterpart in TGSS. We find that imaging artefacts and uncertainties and variations in the flux density scales complicate the transient search. Our method to search for transients by comparing two different surveys, while taking into account imaging artefacts around bright sources and misaligned flux scales between surveys, is universally applicable to future radio transient searches. No transient sources were identified, but we are able to place an upper limit on the transient surface density of &lt;5.4 × 10−4 deg−2 at 150 MHz for compact sources with an integrated flux density over 100 mJy. Here we define a transient as a compact source with flux density greater than 100 mJy that appears in the catalogue of one survey without a counterpart in the other survey.
The mean free path of ionizing photons at 5 &lt; z &lt; 6: evidence for rapid evolution near reionization
Authors: Becker George D , D’Aloisio Anson , Christenson Holly M , Zhu Yongda , Worseck Gábor , Bolton James S 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
The mean free path of ionizing photons, λmfp, is a key factor in the photoionization of the intergalactic medium (IGM). At z ≳ 5, however, λmfp may be short enough that measurements towards QSOs are biased by the QSO proximity effect. We present new direct measurements of λmfp that address this bias and extend up to z ∼ 6 for the first time. Our measurements at z ∼ 5 are based on data from the Giant Gemini GMOS survey and new Keck LRIS observations of low-luminosity QSOs. At z ∼ 6 we use QSO spectra from Keck ESI and VLT X-Shooter. We measure $\lambda _{\rm mfp} = 9.09^{+1.62}_{-1.28}$ proper Mpc and $0.75^{+0.65}_{-0.45}$ proper Mpc (68 per cent confidence) at z = 5.1 and 6.0, respectively. The results at z = 5.1 are consistent with existing measurements, suggesting that bias from the proximity effect is minor at this redshift. At z = 6.0, however, we find that neglecting the proximity effect biases the result high by a factor of two or more. Our measurement at z = 6.0 falls well below extrapolations from lower redshifts, indicating rapid evolution in λmfp over 5 &lt; z &lt; 6. This evolution disfavours models in which reionization ended early enough that the IGM had time to fully relax hydrodynamically by z = 6, but is qualitatively consistent with models wherein reionization completed at z = 6 or even significantly later. Our mean free path results are most consistent with late reionization models wherein the IGM is still 20 per cent neutral at z = 6, although our measurement at z = 6.0 is even lower than these models prefer.
ZOVER: the database of zoonotic and vector-borne viruses
Authors: Zhou Siyu , Liu Bo , Han Yelin , Wang Yuyang , Chen Lihong , Wu Zhiqiang , Yang Jian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases significantly threaten global public health and socioeconomic security. The majority of emerging infectious disease outbreaks are caused by zoonotic/vector-borne viruses. Bats and rodents are the two most important reservoir hosts of many zoonotic viruses that can cross species barriers to infect humans, whereas mosquitos and ticks are well-established major vectors of many arboviral diseases. Moreover, some emerging zoonotic diseases require a vector to spread or are intrinsically vector-borne and zoonotically transmitted. In this study, we present a newly upgraded database of zoonotic and vector-borne viruses designated ZOVER (http://www.mgc.ac.cn/ZOVER). It incorporates two previously released databases, DBatVir and DRodVir, for bat- and rodent-associated viruses, respectively, and further collects up-to-date knowledge on mosquito- and tick-associated viruses to establish a comprehensive online resource for zoonotic and vector-borne viruses. Additionally, it integrates a set of online visualization tools for convenient comparative analyses to facilitate the discovery of potential patterns of virome diversity and ecological characteristics between/within different viral hosts/vectors. The ZOVER database will be a valuable resource for virologists, zoologists and epidemiologists to better understand the diversity and dynamics of zoonotic and vector-borne viruses and conduct effective surveillance to monitor potential interspecies spillover for efficient prevention and control of future emerging zoonotic diseases.
Accurate annotation of protein coding sequences with IDTAXA
Authors: Cooley Nicholas P , Wright Erik S 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe observed diversity of protein coding sequences continues to increase far more rapidly than knowledge of their functions, making classification algorithms essential for assigning a function to proteins using only their sequence. Most pipelines for annotating proteins rely on searches for homologous sequences in databases of previously annotated proteins using BLAST or HMMER. Here, we develop a new approach for classifying proteins into a taxonomy of functions and demonstrate its utility for genome annotation. Our algorithm, IDTAXA, was more accurate than BLAST or HMMER at assigning sequences to KEGG ortholog groups. Moreover, IDTAXA correctly avoided classifying sequences with novel functions to existing groups, which is a common error mode for classification approaches that rely on E-values as a proxy for confidence. We demonstrate IDTAXA’s utility for annotating eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes by assigning functions to proteins within a multi-level ontology and applied IDTAXA to detect genome contamination in eukaryotic genomes. Finally, we re-annotated 8604 microbial genomes with known antibiotic resistance phenotypes to discover two novel associations between proteins and antibiotic resistance. IDTAXA is available as a web tool (http://DECIPHER.codes/Classification.html) or as part of the open source DECIPHER R package from Bioconductor.
Between Constituent Power and Constituent Authority
Authors: Duke George , Arcioni Elisa 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This review article offers a critical appraisal of Joel Colón-Ríos’s Constituent Power and the Law. It argues that while Colón-Ríos’s book is undoubtedly a major advance in scholarship on constituent power, it leaves the reader wanting more illumination in its treatment of the relationship between the descriptive and the normative dimensions of the concept.
Endoscopic Transorbital Approach to Mesial Temporal Lobe for Intra-Axial Lesions: Cadaveric Study and Case Series (SevEN-008)
Authors: Park Hun Ho , Roh Tae Hoon , Choi Seonah , Yoo Jihwan , Kim Woo Hyun , Jung In-Ho , Yun In-Sik , Hong Chang-Ki 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Endoscopic transorbital approach (ETOA) has been proposed as a minimally invasive technique for the treatment of skull base lesions located around mesial temporal lobe (MTL), mostly extra-axial pathology.

OBJECTIVE
To explore the feasibility of ETOA in accessing intraparenchymal MTL with cadaveric specimens and describe our initial clinical experience of ETOA for intra-axial lesions in MTL.

METHODS
Anatomic dissections were performed in 4 adult cadaveric heads using a 0° endoscope. First, a stepwise anatomical investigation of ETOA to intraparenchymal MTL was explored. Then, ETOA was applied clinically for 7 patients with intra-axial lesions in MTL, predominantly high-grade gliomas (HGGs) and low-grade gliomas (LGGs).

RESULTS
The extradural stage of ETOA entailed a superior eyelid incision followed by orbital retraction, drilling of orbital roof, greater and lesser wing of sphenoid bone, and cutting of the meningo-orbital band. For the intradural stage, the brain tissue medial to the occipito-temporal gyrus was aspirated until the temporal horn was opened. The structures of MTL could be aspirated selectively in a subpial manner without injury to the neurovascular structures of the ambient and sylvian cisterns, and the lateral neocortex. After cadaveric validation, ETOA was successfully performed for 4 patients with HGGs and 3 patients with LGGs. Gross total resection was achieved in 6 patients (85.7%) without significant surgical morbidities including visual field deficits.

CONCLUSION
ETOA provides a logical line of access for intra-axial lesions in MTL. The safe and natural surgical trajectory of ETOA can spare brain retraction, neurovascular injury, and disruption of the lateral neocortex.