bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Convective core sizes in rotating massive stars
Authors: Martinet S. , Meynet G. , Ekström S. , Simón-Díaz S. , Holgado G. , Castro N. , Georgy C. , Eggenberger P. , Buldgen G. , Salmon S. , Hirschi R. , Groh J. , Farrell E. , Murphy L. 
Published: March 2021

Context. Spectroscopic studies of Galactic O and B stars show that many stars with masses above 8 M⊙ have been observed in the Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram just beyond the main-sequence (MS) band, as predicted by stellar models computed with a moderate overshooting. This may be an indication that the convective core sizes in stars in the upper part of the HR diagram are larger than predicted by these models.
Aims. Combining stellar evolution models and spectroscopic parameters derived for a large sample of Galactic O and B stars with the inclusion of brand-new information about their projected rotational velocities, we reexamine the question of the convective core size in MS massive stars.
Methods. We computed a grid of 120 different stellar evolutionary tracks with three initial rotations at solar metallicity (Z = 0.014), spanning a mass range from 7 to 25 M⊙, and combining different values for the initial rotation rate and overshooting parameter. For the rotating models, we considered two cases, one with a moderate and one with a strong angular momentum transport, the latter imposing a solid body rotation during most of the MS phase. We confront the results with two observed features: the position of the terminal age main sequence (TAMS) in the HR diagram and the decrease of the surface rotation when the surface gravity decreases at the end of the MS phase.
Results. We confirm that for stars more massive than about 8 M⊙, the convective core size at the end of the MS phase increases more rapidly with the mass than in models computed with a constant step overshoot chosen to reproduce the main sequence width in the low mass range (around 2 M⊙). This conclusion is valid for both the cases of non-rotating models and rotating models either with a moderate or a strong angular momentum transport. The increase of the convective core mass with the mass obtained from the TAMS position is, however, larger than the one deduced from the surface velocity drop for masses above about 15 M⊙. Although the observations that are available at present cannot determine the best choice between the core sizes given by the TAMS and the velocity drop, we discuss various methods of escaping this dilemma. At the moment, comparisons with eclipsing binaries seem to favor the solution given by the velocity drop.
Conclusions. While we confirm the need for larger convective cores at higher masses, we find tensions among different methods for stars more massive than 15 M⊙. The use of single-aged stellar populations (non-interacting binaries or stellar clusters) would be a great asset in resolving this tension.
Driven oscillations of a curved object under a laminar jet of water
Authors: Pagaud Francis , Delance Léa 
Published: March 2021

By putting a ball on a flat surface under a jet of water, one may observe spontaneous oscillations of the ball of well-defined amplitude and frequency. As a simpler conformation, the study of a cylinder shows that the mere effect of the jet is sufficient to observe an oscillation for a certain range of parameters such as the curvature of the object and the characteristics of the jet. An empirical model of the forces strengthened by direct measurements of the forces and torque allowed us to predict a theoretical period of 0.64 s when the experimental one was 0.80 s. Further, the origin of the oscillation was determined to be a dynamic hysteresis of the torque as it is deflected on one side of the can even when the jet hits its center. This phenomenon results in a gain of energy that counterbalances the losses by friction and leads to oscillations. Domain of oscillation is also shortly addressed while improvements of the theoretical model and other experiments are suggested as well.
Aux confins des paradoxes de la protection de l’enfance
Authors: Ghozlan Éric 
Published: March 2021

La pandémie mondiale du coronavirus est une crise sanitaire et sociétale majeure qui nous confronte tous, sans distinction et de façon globale, à la maladie, à la crainte de la mort et interroge l’ensemble des pratiques professionnelles.
Des signifiants, donnant une interprétation confuse de la réalité se sont imposés avec fulgurance sur la scène sociétale : « confinement », « distanciation sociale », « gestes barrières », « masques », « gels hydro-alcooliques », imposant de nouvelles règles sociales comme impératives. Des injonctions sanitaires bouleversent nos habitudes et nos repères les plus fondamentaux dans une temporalité hésitante et indéfinie. Des incertitudes contradictoires ont été assénées par des experts à longueur de journée, dans l’immédiateté des chaines d’information continue, provoquant au mieux une anxiété diffuse parmi la population. Des pratiques professionnelles ont émergé, avec l’apparition de techniques numériques qui se sont révélées indispensables à la continuité de l’enseignement, ou de soins psychologiques.
Nous questionnons ici, les effets dans le champ de la protection de l’enfance de cette crise sanitaire sans précédent, mais aussi des décisions politiques face à la complexité de l’organisation de la protection de l’enfance faisant intervenir de multiples acteurs, effets qui nous sont apparus comme paradoxaux pendant la durée du premier confinement et dont il faudra ensuite analyser les effets d’après-coup dans les mois à venir.
Migratory pattern and larval duration of an amphidromous goby (
Authors: Iida Midori , Kido Kyoka , Shirai Kotaro 
Published: March 2021

The larval period is a critical stage for many aquatic organisms, because larvae are small, fragile, and have high mortality rates. Amphidromous fish spend their larval stages in the sea, and larval durations vary, possibly reflecting their dispersal tendencies. The genus Rhinogobius (suborder Gobioidei) is widely distributed throughout Asia and exhibits a variety of migratory patterns. Despite some studies of their migratory histories, larval durations of Rhinogobius species are uncertain. This study used analyses of otolith microstructure and trace-elemental chemistry to investigate habitat use throughout the life history of R. nagoyae. Twenty-six adult gobies were collected from seven rivers on Sado Island, in northern Japan, and otolith Sr : Ca ratios were quantified using electron microprobe analysis to infer amphidromous movement. All individuals showed shifts in Sr : Ca ratio across the otolith transect, which indicated movement between freshwater and saltwater. Marine larval duration was estimated by otolith increment counting, combined with Sr : Ca ratio. Larval duration ranged from 29 to 45 days (mean, 35.3), and there were no significant differences among rivers on the island. The relatively short larval duration of R. nagoyae, compared with other amphidromous fish such as ayu and galaxids, may reflect environmental factors such as island size, cool weather or species characteristics.
Fine-scale genetic structure of suckermouth Hypostomus ancistroides populations: the importance of Neotropical streams for fish conservation
Authors: Apolinário-Silva Caroline , Galindo Bruno Ambrozio , Nascimento Raul Henrique Cardoso , Frantine-Silva Wilson , Kotelok-Diniz Thais , Sofia Silvia Helena , Ferreira Dhiego Gomes 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the Neotropics, freshwater streams harbour high fish diversity and are constantly threatened by anthropogenic disturbance. However, there are few studies on the genetic diversity of fish populations inhabiting these streams. We aimed to assess, based on microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA markers, the population structure and genetic diversity of the suckermouth catfish, Hypostomus ancistroides, a Neotropical species widely distributed across the Upper Paraná River Basin in South America. Twenty-five locations were sampled, distributed across 18 sites in six tributary streams and another seven sites in the main river channel. Our analyses revealed a spatial heterogeneity in genetic diversity within the basin, indicating fine-scale genetic structuring. Samples from all streams showed exclusive haplotypes and private alleles, reinforcing the importance of preserving the tributaries for the conservation of the genetic diversity of the studied populations. The fine-scale genetic structuring of H. ancistroides is probably related to the limited displacement capacity of this species.
An earthquake, a damaged painting, an unknown motet, and a lost Petrucci edition
Authors: Bernstein Jane A , Slim H Colin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In 1519 Girolamo Alibrandi completed an altarpiece depicting the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple for the Compagnia of the Church of Santa Maria Candelora dei Verdi in Messina. The painting celebrates the service of Candlemas, the titular feast of the church and confraternity. One arresting detail, an open music book, appears in the lower-right quadrant of the work. Despite considerable damage sustained by the altarpiece in Messina’s 1908 earthquake, enough of the text and musical notation in the book is decipherable, allowing us to reconstruct the beginning of a hitherto unknown four-voice setting of Nunc dimittis. No concordant source of this motet has been found, but the artist’s accurate depiction of the music book enables us to identify it as a lost edition issued by Ottaviano Petrucci sometime before the end of 1504. Furthermore, the format, mise-en-page and text underlay suggest that the volume portrayed in the painting was a lauda edition—the kind of publication marketed for and used by confraternities such as the Compagnia della Candelora in Messina.
Predicted Input of Uncultured Fungal Symbionts to a Lichen Symbiosis from Metagenome-Assembled Genomes
Authors: Tagirdzhanova Gulnara , Saary Paul , Tingley Jeffrey P , Díaz-Escandón David , Abbott D Wade , Finn Robert D , Spribille Toby 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Basidiomycete yeasts have recently been reported as stably associated secondary fungal symbionts of many lichens, but their role in the symbiosis remains unknown. Attempts to sequence their genomes have been hampered both by the inability to culture them and their low abundance in the lichen thallus alongside two dominant eukaryotes (an ascomycete fungus and chlorophyte alga). Using the lichen Alectoria sarmentosa, we selectively dissolved the cortex layer in which secondary fungal symbionts are embedded to enrich yeast cell abundance and sequenced DNA from the resulting slurries as well as bulk lichen thallus. In addition to yielding a near-complete genome of the filamentous ascomycete using both methods, metagenomes from cortex slurries yielded a 36- to 84-fold increase in coverage and near-complete genomes for two basidiomycete species, members of the classes Cystobasidiomycetes and Tremellomycetes. The ascomycete possesses the largest gene repertoire of the three. It is enriched in proteases often associated with pathogenicity and harbors the majority of predicted secondary metabolite clusters. The basidiomycete genomes possess ∼35% fewer predicted genes than the ascomycete and have reduced secretomes even compared with close relatives, while exhibiting signs of nutrient limitation and scavenging. Furthermore, both basidiomycetes are enriched in genes coding for enzymes producing secreted acidic polysaccharides, representing a potential contribution to the shared extracellular matrix. All three fungi retain genes involved in dimorphic switching, despite the ascomycete not being known to possess a yeast stage. The basidiomycete genomes are an important new resource for exploration of lifestyle and function in fungal–fungal interactions in lichen symbioses.
Berger’s Inequality in the Presence of Upper Sectional Curvature Bound
Authors: Kokarev Gerasim 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We obtain inequalities for all Laplace eigenvalues of Riemannian manifolds with an upper sectional curvature bound, whose rudiment version for the 1st Laplace eigenvalue was discovered by Berger in 1979. We show that our inequalities continue to hold for conformal metrics, and moreover, extend naturally to minimal submanifolds. In addition, we obtain explicit upper bounds for Laplace eigenvalues of minimal submanifolds in terms of geometric quantities of the ambient space.
Evolution of Aid in the EU
Authors: Kreuschitz Viktor , Nehl Hanns Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the evolution of (non-crisis) aid in the EU-27 since 1992, which serves as a basis to assess the similarities and differences between the practices of granting aid in EU Member States. Aggregate data for the EU-27 as a whole suggests that Member States have given a smaller percentage of their GDP as aid over time, which might be regarded as reflective of the view that they are accepting the need for its reduction and its control in the single European market. While declining in the first half of the 1990s, aid levels peaked in 1997, only to be reduced by 1999. This can be explained based on the new regulations that were pursued during the time period, which resulted in broader definitions by the Commission and tighter control.
Criterion of Advantage
Authors: Kreuschitz Viktor , Nehl Hanns Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the notion of advantage, which is key in State aid law. To qualify a measure as State aid, an advantage should be established, that is, an economic benefit that an undertaking would not have obtained in the absence of State intervention. The notion of advantage crystallizes the distinct and complex issues raised in State aid law and reflects the difficulties in assessing a sound balance between political interest, economic constraints, and legal requirements. In this regard, the intervention of public authorities in economic transactions or the support for services of general interest is one of the ever-growing areas which leaves room for debate. The chapter then looks at the subtle issues of the market economy operator test and the services of public interest.
Public Procurement and State Aid
Authors: Kreuschitz Viktor , Nehl Hanns Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between public procurement and State aid. The symbiotic relation of public procurement with State aid regulation reveals the commonality of features inherent to the notion of public sector. This notion, in its incarnations, is pivotal for the applicability of both public procurement and State aid regulation. The symbiosis of the two regimes also reveals the flexibility embedded in the public procurement acquis, which is translated as discretion conferred to contracting authorities to introduce public policy considerations in dispersing public services. In parallel to the flexibility of public procurement, State aid regulation projects flexibility either as regional development considerations, or as part of a national EU-wide industrial policy. On the other hand, the conceptual interrelation of public procurement with the financing of services of general interest reveals the policy and jurisprudence links between public procurement and State aid, which show that the two regimes are mutually exclusive.
Introduction: EU State Aid Litigation in a Quasi-Federal System
Authors: Kreuschitz Viktor , Nehl Hanns Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the EU State aid litigation in a quasi-federal system. Accordingly, a cursory look at the basic parameters of this hybrid system is helpful, in which judicial powers are shared between various actors and where effective judicial protection in line with Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the Union needs to be granted via the interplay of supranational and national judicial remedies. Generally, in EU competition law, this system is referred to as one of centralized and decentralized review and enforcement. Its essential characteristics are first and foremost designed to be mutually reinforcing and complementary in nature, but they also give rise to numerous issues of conflict of laws—both procedural and substantive—as well as issues of conflict of jurisdiction and competence between the supranational and the national legal orders.
Decentralized Judicial Review and Enforcement of EU State Aid Rules
Authors: Kreuschitz Viktor , Nehl Hanns Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the enforcement of EU State aid rules. The Commission is not the only authority involved in the monitoring of State aid. As regards the supervision of Member States' compliance with their obligations under Articles 107 and 108 TFEU, the national courts also have an important role to play. The implementation of that system of control is a matter for both the Commission and the national courts, their respective roles being complementary but separate. Whilst assessment of the compatibility of aid measures with the common market falls within the exclusive competence of the Commission, subject to review by the Courts of the European Union, it is for national courts to ensure the safeguarding, until the final decision of the Commission, of the rights of individuals faced with a possible breach by State authorities of the prohibition laid down by Article 108(3) TFEU.
Ireland
Authors: Lucey Mary Catherine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the transposition of the Antitrust Damages Directive in Ireland. It first considers the transposition procedure, focusing on regulations contained in Statutory Instrument (SI) European Union (Actions for Damages for Infringements of Competition Law) Regulations 2017, before discussing the regime set out in this implementing SI. It then describes the scope of the national regime on competition law and the implementing regulations that govern full compensation, disclosure of evidence, the effect of decisions by National Competition Authorities, limitation periods, joint and several liability, the issues of ‘passing on’, the presumption and quantification of damages by cartels, and consensual dispute resolution. Finally, the chapter analyses incorrect or incomplete transposition and possible legal disputes with regard to the Directive and the implementing regulations.
Portugal
Authors: Ferro Miguel Sousa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the transposition of the Antitrust Damages Directive in Portugal. It first provides a general overview of the transposition procedure, focusing on the unified Bill that was adopted by the Plenary of the Parliament on 20 April 2018 and configured as the Transposition Act. It then describes the scope of private enforcement of competition law in Portugal before considering specific issues that arose from the transposition of the Directive, such as those relating to rights to pre-trial discovery, partial centralization of private enforcement at the specialized Court, access to evidence, time-barring deadlines, protecting failed settlement talks, the binding force of public enforcement decisions, concepts of undertaking and parent company liability, the presumed proportion of responsibility for joint liability, the quantification of damages, the Portuguese opt-out regime (actio popularis), and the effect on trade between Member States.
Commencing Proceedings
Authors: Brealey Mark , George Kyla 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the procedural rules that govern how different types of competition law claims are commenced. It first considers private actions in the High Court, where procedure is governed by the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR), as amended, and the procedure in the Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT), which is governed by the Competition Appeal Tribunal Rules 2015 (CAT Rules). It then examines private actions in the CAT as well as appeals to the CAT, focusing on issues relating to jurisdiction, procedure for commencing both individual claims and collective actions, appeals under the Competition Act 1998, appeals in telecommunications cases, proceedings under the Civil Aviation Act 2012, and appeal on merits. Finally, it explains judicial review both in the Administrative Court and in the CAT, taking into account applications for review of merger and market investigation decisions in the CAT as well as grounds of review.
Arbitration
Authors: Brealey Mark , George Kyla 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of arbitration in competition law as well as its advantages and disadvantages when it comes to resolving disputes compared to other approaches. It provides examples of competition law issues resolved through arbitration and how arbitration has been used by authorities such as the European Commission to police and enforce commitments. It also discusses the jurisdictional competence of arbitrators in relation to competition law disputes and issues, such as challenging the extent and validity of an arbitration clause. The chapter proceeds by analysing the arbitrability of competition law issues, the construction and use of arbitration clauses in competition cases, the doctrine of ‘separability’ and the illegality of agreement containing arbitration clause, and the anti-competitive effect of an arbitration agreement. Finally, it describes the practicalities of resolving competition law issues through arbitration, along with the rules governing appeals and enforcement of arbitral awards.
Corporate Governance and Disclosure
Authors: Muchlinski Peter T 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes corporate governance and disclosure in multinational enterprises (MNEs). Corporate governance is the system of rules and practices by which the corporation is directed and controlled. It is a multifaceted concept, emerging from divergent views over the corporation’s legitimate objectives and complex interactions between corporate behaviour and national cultural and social influences. Accordingly, MNE affiliates will encounter divergent corporate governance principles in their countries of operation. Corporate governance, influenced by economic globalization, appears to be moving towards a rough, and imperfect, consensus based on variants of the ‘enlightened shareholder value’ model. The chapter then focuses on the key issue of how to make the corporation accountable. Adequate corporate disclosure, based on corporate reports and independently audited accounts, remains ‘the bed-rock of company law’. The chapter considers developments in disclosure and accounting requirements, alongside accountability enhancing internal corporate governance structures. It assesses external accountability and oversight, including through regulatory bodies and professional standard setting agencies, as well as disclosure and accounting practices.
Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer
Authors: Muchlinski Peter T 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in multinational enterprise (MNE) operations. The predominant issue remains the ability of developing countries to access, and benefit from, the transfer of technology. In more recent years, issues of distributional justice, sustainable development and human rights protection have also arisen in relation to IPRs held by MNEs. The chapter focuses on two selected areas that illustrate the evolving debate on IPRs and the power of global business. These include the right of access to patented medicines, especially in developing countries, and the role of IPRs in the control of biotechnology and cultural knowledge. The adoption of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) in the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the emergence of certain technologically more advanced developing countries, has emphasized the free exploitation of IPRs in global markets, and has raised questions as to the limits of such freedom. As the chapter shows, a delicate balancing act must be performed between the freedom of IPR owners to exploit their rights and the public interest in access to technology and know-how.