bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Educational Games as a Tool in the Teaching of Anatomy and Human Physiology
Authors: Campos Letícia Cavalcante , da Costa Antônio Lima Orcini , Ferreira Rafael Martins , de Sousa Fidelis Lázaro , da Costa Roberta Oliveira , Cerqueira Gilberto Santos , de Souza Emmanuel Prata 
Published: June 2021

Educational games are play activities that have specialized pedagogical objectives for the development of students' reasoning and learning. Thus games can be considered an educational resource that allows the integral and dynamic development of the individual, besides favoring the construction of autonomy, creativity, responsibility and cooperation. In this way the present research aims to evaluate the students' learning through an educational game in the teaching of human anatomy and physiology. A transversal, exploratory, descriptive study with a quantitative approach was carried out at a basic education school located in the interior of Brazil. Fifty high school students aged 14 to 19 years participated in the study. As a data collection instrument, a semi‐structured interview was used based on NEVES's work, 2010 containing elements for the identification and characterization of the participants, as well as 10 descriptive questions about games in anatomy teaching. The Mann Whitney test was used to analyze the data. Observed a statistically significant difference in the students' perception of learning after the application of the educational games, the students had a high score 5 (5–4) when compared with the one with low perception of learning 3 (3‐2). It was found that 74% of the students stated that the game was regular, 18% easy, 6% and 2% was classified in a complex context. It was observed that playful interventions proved to be effective as a new teaching proposal, because it favored the fixation and acquisition of knowledge in an atmosphere of playfulness and enthusiasm, becoming a relevant tool for teaching complex subjects such as Anatomy and Physiology Human.Support or Funding InformationThis study received funding of CAPESThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Learner Satisfaction with Peer‐to‐Peer Teaching in Virtual Dissection Laboratories
Authors: Jiang Andy , Forster Bruce B. , Ng Nicole , Nicolaou Savvas , Hu Jeff , Spouge Rebecca , Nugent James P. , Darras Kathryn E. 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionVirtual dissection is a novel method for teaching anatomy through radiological images. While the role of peer learning has been studied in cadaveric dissection, not much is known about the role of peer teaching in virtual dissection.AimTo determine first year medical students' satisfaction with peer‐to‐peer teaching using this emerging technology.MethodsSecond year medical students prepared and taught virtual dissection laboratories for their first‐year colleagues, which were voluntary and extra‐curricular. The case‐based laboratories were designed to expose participants to clinical radiology images. Participants completed a post‐laboratory survey based on the Kirkpatrick Hierarchy for curriculum evaluation and results were tabulated.Results34 first year students (24 females, 10 males) participated in this laboratory. All respondents found the cases were presented an appropriate level of difficulty, with 94% of participants believing the peer tutor facilitated the session effectively. Upon completing the session, the majority of participants felt that they understood the imaging findings (88%) and the clinical cases (91%), perceived the session as a valuable learning experience (97%), and would recommend the peer‐to‐peer virtual dissection laboratory to a colleague (94%). Almost all participants (97%) agreed or strongly agreed that the session was a valuable learning experience.ConclusionStudents reported that peer‐to‐peer teaching was a valuable learning experience in virtual dissection laboratories. Peer‐to‐peer based virtual dissection laboratories provide an innovative and collaborative mode of learning that can complement more traditional anatomy education methods.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
The 3D‐Printed Human Heart: Development of Inexpensive, Versatile, Three‐Dimensional Models of the Human Heart For Medical Education
Authors: Holloway Blake Walter , Ogdon Dorothy Megatron , Barger Bradley Simon , Resuehr David Megatron 
Published: June 2021

The human heart is an incredibly complex organ and its anatomical position in the mediastinum gives it a uniquely protected and central position in the thorax. In addition to understanding the general anatomy and physiology of the heart, it is important to understand the three dimensional (3D) position and relationships of the heart to the surrounding viscera as it plays a central role in many aspects of medical training. Preclinical ultrasound education has been shown to enhance the teaching of gross anatomy, which makes it a very useful tool in the UME setting, yet, many learners struggle with understanding the 3D position of the human heart in relation to the surrounding viscera, and often have difficulty envisioning, extrapolating and interpreting medical imaging views of the heart in ultrasound imaging. As the prevalence of ultrasound in UME is steadily increasing in medical colleges nationwide and the heart is a favorite and one of the first organs to be scanned by students. The heart is among the easier organs to locate sonographically, and provides a great deal of clinical information. We have previously shown that homemade, transparent ultrasound trainers often referred to as ballistic gel phantoms help students gain a better understanding of the 3D arrangement of structures in the heart on ultrasound. Our assumption was that a physical model that the learner could hold, rotate, inspect from multiple angles, and approximate in relation to his or her own body would facilitate improved learning by providing a multimodal approach not available through ultrasound alone. Using ideas drawn from our previous work with ballistic gel, we used a 3D printer to create models of, typical echo cardiography views of the heart to use as multimodal teaching tools. These models supplement and enriching the extant didactic materials currently in use for learning cardiac anatomy and cardiac ultrasound image interpretation.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Histology Across the Human Lifespan: A Photographic Atlas Project
Authors: Peterson Dana , Severt Sydney 
Published: June 2021

This project continues the development of an educational resource for students of higher education pursuing histology coursework in basic medical science programs. The pivotal design component for “Histology Across the Human Lifespan,” is the presentation of multiple samples of a single tissue type to novice learners. Students examine microscopic samples of the same tissue type from individuals in ten different age categories that include a pediatric exemplar, an adolescent exemplar, plus adult and geriatric samples. Medical science programs typically do not include age progression observations for students in traditional histology courses. However, comparisons made between tissue samples of individuals of different ages can reinforce similarities and highlight differences between tissues and organs. In addition, this atlas project will provide comparisons of adult tissue exemplars from all major organs between individuals with a normal body mass index (BMI) and those with an abnormally high BMI. Individuals with a BMI >40 kg/m2 are considered morbidly obese, and are at risk for serious health complications. Samples that have been analyzed demonstrate that with aging there is a diminished number of parenchymal cells and an increase in stromal cells and collagen deposition. A similar but more dramatic trend in diminished numbers was seen in males and females that were categorized as morbidly obese, even in the youngest age categories for both endocrine glands and heart tissue. Current work is focused on quantifying cell changes in organs of the cardiopulmonary systems. Changes in cell size and numbers have important implications for heart and lung function. Aging individuals of both genders, with normal and abnormal body mass indexes, have shown initial increases in cell numbers as organ size increases until puberty. However, morbidly obese, prepubertal individuals showed diminished cell numbers earlier than the non‐obese exemplars. This trend continues throughout their lifespan at an accelerated rate compared to non‐obese individuals. A systematic histological investigation of remaining organ systems will be completed over the next three years.Support or Funding InformationNortheast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio; Bio‐Med Science Academy, Rootstown, OhioThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
The Influence of Chemesthesis on Taste Bud Signal Transduction
Authors: Huang Anthony Y , Wu Sandy Y 
Published: June 2021

Chemesthesis, the general chemical sensitivity of the skin and mucus membranes in the oronasal cavities and being perceived as pungency, irritation or heat, impacts taste responsiveness. Previously, capsaicin‐mediated modulation of taste nerve responses was thought to be produced indirectly, via stimulation of peripheral sensory nerve terminals that have ability to release stored transmitters, e.g., calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP), onto taste cells. this implies a role in gustatory signaling, by efferent signals from somatosensory neurons. The underlying assumption has been that neuropeptides exert their effects on taste transmitter secretion in taste buds of mice, a well‐accepted model for studying taste bud functions, as theoretically may relate to the processing of the gustatory information. We reported that applying CGRP elicited Type III cells to secrete serotonin (5‐HT), which reduced ATP secretion from Type II cells during the gustatory stimulation. The complex interplay between taste cells and chemosensory neurons, via transmitters, may play an important role during the processing of the complex stimuli involving both spicy and tasty components. Furthermore, to test this assumption, using a combination of Ca2+ imaging with cellular biosensors – genetically‐engineered Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the specific taste cell type and immunostaining, we investigated the net effect of SP reduced taste‐evoked ATP secretion from mouse taste buds. Specifically, SP elicited phospholipase C (PLC) activation‐dependent intracellular Ca2+ transients in taste cells via neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors, most likely on glutamate‐aspartate transporter (GLAST)‐expressing Type I cells. Recently, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) as well as the associated synthetic enzyme have been identified in Type I cells. Consequently, Type I cells secrete GABA in respond to SP. Combined with the recent findings that GABA provides negative paracrine feedback onto Type II cells by activating GABAA and/or GABAB receptors and reducing taste‐evoked ATP secretion, our results showed that taste‐evoked ATP secretion from intact taste buds, which remain cell‐cell communication intact, was reduced when SP was co‐applied with taste stimuli in the bath medium. We conclude that SP plays a role as an inhibitory transmitter that shapes peripheral taste signals via GABAergic signaling during processing gustatory information in taste buds. This seemingly tangled complex represents a new concept of taste signaling and that neuropeptides released from afferent sensory terminals play a regulatory role in processing taste signals.Support or Funding InformationAAA FGAP (AAA‐3419) and SIUSOM Research Grants to AYH.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Sodium Acrylate‐Induced Differential Expansion of Cellular Organelles
Authors: Pernal Sebastian P , Kuhn Eric R , George Kathleen , Formosa Brent , Liyanaarachchi Asiri , Ramos Rafael , Naik Akshata R , Rajagopalan Carthic , Jena Bhanu P 
Published: June 2021

The physical expansion of biological samples in 3‐D to obtain nanoscale (~70 nm) resolution using light microscopy employing hydration‐competent polymers, an approach termed expansion microscopy (ExM), has not been applied to assess the extent of expansion between different tissues and subcellular organelles, critical to clinical pathological assessments. Ultrastructure of cellular organelles at the nanoscale using electron microscopy, and the distribution of associated antigens, can reflect cell health and is used in the detection and assessment of a wide range of pathologies. Using light microscopy, we performed organelle‐specific fluorescent immunocytochemistry on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded human and rabbit tissue slices, and formalin‐fixed primary human muscle cell cultures, to determine the extent of expansion between different tissues and subcellular organelles. Optical evaluation of subcellular expansion of various organelles in the same and in different tissues demonstrate differential expansion, critical to the rapid and inexpensive optical evaluation, as opposed to electron microscopy. The differential expansion of cellular organelles indicates a growing need to better understand the interactions of the polymers with subcellular structures, the composition of different cellular organelles, and the differences of organelle composition between tissues, before ExM can be applied as a replicable clinical tool.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
The Exocyst Protein Exo70, but not Sec6, is Recruited to Listeria Protrusions During Cell‐to‐Cell Spreading
Authors: Walker Brittany A , Guttman Julian Andrew 
Published: June 2021

Listeria monocytogenes bacteria kill ~25 % of people that they infect. This extends to a mortality rate of ~30% of infected unborn foetuses. Crucial to Listeria's infections are it's ability to move from one cell to its neighboring cells in order to infect entire organ systems while remaining undetectable to the immune system. It does this by hijacking the host cell's actin cytoskeleton, generating actin‐rich structures called comet tails and interacting with the host cell's plasma membrane forming bacterial protrusions referred to as listeriopods to push into their adjacent cells. The exocyst complex of proteins is used by cells to exocytose vesicles. This protein complex utilizes the proteins Exo70, Sec6 as well as six others to accomplish this task. Exo70 is a multifunctional protein that can engage with the actin cytoskeleton to promote branched actin filament formation through interactions with the Arp2/3 complex. To examine whether exocyst components are involved in the cell‐to‐cell spreading of Listeria we examined Exo70 and Sec6 localization. GFP‐Exo70 accumulated at the tip and along the length of growing listeriopods during live cell microscopy, while Sec6, was not found at elevated levels at the Listeria protrusions. This work suggests that Exo70 is independent of the exocyst complex and is recruited to listeriopods.Support or Funding InformationFunding provided through NSERC. (Grant No. 355316 to J. A. G.)This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Combination of the anti‐apoptotic and pro‐apoptotic microRNAs expression and the anti‐apoptotic protein XIAP with serum CA19‐9 in the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: de Assis Cirino Mucio Luiz , Neto Fermino Sanches Lizarte , Filiputti Vitor Barioni , Fadel Patricia Ciciliato , da Cunha Tirapelli Daniela Pretti , Kemp Rafael , Sankarankutty Ajith Kumar , dos Santos José Sebastião 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionPancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) remains one of the most aggressive malignant tumors of the digestive tract, with a five‐year survival rate of 5%. Although early detection offers the best chance to cure pancreatic adenocarcinoma, early stage disease presents little or no symptoms. The most commonly used marker for early detection of AP is serum CA19‐9, which has a sensitivity of 70% to 80%, however, with a specificity less than 50%. MiRNAs, endogenous small RNAs of approximately 17–25 nucleotides, present an altered expression in various cancers, suggesting its close relationship to disease processes, with the possibility of being a molecular biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of the combination of the association of anti‐apoptotic microRNAs: miR‐15a and miR‐16 and pro‐apoptotic microRNAs: miR‐21, miR‐221 and miR‐222 expression profile and the protein XIAP with serum CA19‐9 in diagnosis of diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.Patients and MethodsWe studied 23 samples of PA and 20 as control samples: 13 of normal pancreatic tissue adjacent to the tumor (PPT), collected during pancreatic resections and 7 normal pancreas (NP) from deceased donors or patients who have undergone pancreatectomy affected by trauma. CA19‐9 was measured in serum and checked for expression of the miRNAs and XIAP in PA, PPT and NP through amplification by real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐PCR). The usefulness of miRNAs and XIAP in the diagnosis of PA, alone or associated with CA19‐9, were analyzed by the construction of ROC curves.ResultsIt was observed significant differences in the expression of miR‐21 in the comparison between the PA and NP groups (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the expression of the protein XIAP between groups, as well as the expression of miR‐21 between groups NP and PPT. The combination of miR‐21 with CA19‐9 was more effective to discriminate the PA and NP (AUC‐ROC: 0.94; sensitivity: 78%, specificity: 99%) when compared with the assessments isolated.ConclusionThe expression of miR‐21 was demonstrated to be effective in discriminating between PA and NP and the association between miR‐21 and CA19‐9 increased the sensitivity and accuracy in the diagnosis of PA in the sample studied.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Gamma Delta T Cells and Its Interactions with Extracellular Vesicles during Malaria
Authors: Mbagwu Smart , Filgueira Luis , Walch Michael , Mantel Pierre‐Yves 
Published: June 2021

Background and ObjectiveExtracellular vesicles (EVs) have been described as microparticles produced by different cells in the body with the capacity of mediating cell‐cell communication. A clear mechanism of how various immune cells function during malaria infection is still undergoing investigations. With various states and roles of gamma delta T cells reported, its role in human cerebral malaria has not yet been defined as a study has suggested that it is essential in the development of murine cerebral malaria through its production of interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor. However, there is currently no report on interactions between EVs derived from Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells (iRC‐EVs) and human gamma delta T cells. Our aim therefore, was to investigate the interactions between iRBC‐EVs and gamma delta T cells and the resulting immunological responses that could play a role in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria.MethodBy using Ultracentrifugation, EVs derived from Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cell (iRBC‐EVs) culture were isolated and purified. The iRBC‐EVs were characterized by western blot, Fast protein liquid chromatography and electron microscopy. Gamma delta T cells were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) isolated from human blood and stimulated with Plasmodium falciparum culture supernatant and IL‐2 for 14 days. The generated gamma delta T cells were treated with the iRBC‐EVs and monitored for uptake, proliferation and activation using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry.Results and ConclusionWe found out that gamma delta T cells are capable of taking up iRBC‐EVs and were proliferating on co‐incubation with iRBC‐EVs and Plasmodium falciparum culture supernatant. In conclusion, our results show that there is an influence of iRBC‐EVs on gamma delta T cells which would form a basis for further investigations on the immunological responses mediated by these cells towards the development of cerebral malaria.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Bite morphology of erythrocytes with G6PD deficiency is or is not a reliable parameter for forensic identification
Authors: Cusimano Maurizio 
Published: June 2021

Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common enzyme deficiency in humans, affecting 400 million people worldwide. It has a high prevalence in persons of African descent. It is inherited as an X‐linked recessive disorder. G6PD deficiency is polymorphic, with more than 300 variants. 50 crime scenes were analyzed with microscopic examination of blood stains. The morphology of erythrocytes after controlled rehydration was examined under a microscope with May‐Grunwald Giemsa staining. In the 50 samples the RBC diameter, the morphology, the presence of Heinz's bodies and the presence of Bite erythrocytes were evaluated. On the samples the G6PD was analyzed. In 7 cases, typical changes in G6PD deficiency were identified. In the analyzed cases, DNA analysis was performed on other tests in the same scene. The result of the study was that in the 7 cases identified, these were black subjects. the conclusion is that the evaluation of the erythrocyte morphology is a reliable test (p <0.05) for the identification of black race of subjects without identity in the absence of other evidence.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.