bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘What does professional curiosity mean to you?’: an exploration of professional curiosity in probation
Authors: Phillips Jake , Ainslie Sam , Fowler Andrew , Westaby Chalen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This article explores the concept of professional curiosity in relation to probation practice. We synthesise existing relevant literature to develop a theoretical framework of how professional curiosity is understood, arguing that professional curiosity can be used to manage risk, develop the therapeutic alliance, and facilitate knowledge building. We then present analysis of how the concept has been used in probation policy and analyse data generated in the first study of professional curiosity amongst probation workers in England and Wales. We conduct a content analysis of the meanings that probation staff (n = 445) attribute to the term professional curiosity by analysing responses to an open-ended question, which asked participants ‘What does professional curiosity mean to you?’. Our analysis is exploratory in nature and sheds some light on how probation workers in England and Wales understand professional curiosity. Respondents were more likely to associate the term with managing risk, although there is considerable heterogeneity between the way it is understood. We draw on existing research about probation training, culture and values to explore the reasons for these findings. We conclude by considering the limitations of the research and highlighting policy implications.
Symptoms of traumatic encephalopathy syndrome are common in the US general population
Authors: Iverson Grant L , Gardner Andrew J 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
There are no validated criteria for diagnosing chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or traumatic encephalopathy syndrome, in a living person. The purpose of this study is to examine symptom reporting resembling the research criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome in men and women from the US general population. This is a retrospective analysis of publicly available data from a cross-sectional epidemiological study. The National Comorbidity Survey Replication was designed to examine the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders in the USA. The study included a nationally representative sample of 9282 adults (4139 men and 5143 women). An in-person interview and survey were conducted in the homes of men and women from the general population. The study was conducted with participants residing in New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San Francisco, Washington DC, Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston, Boston, Nassau-Suffolk NY, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Minneapolis and Atlanta. Symptoms from the research criteria for the diagnosis of traumatic encephalopathy syndrome were applied to men and women in the general population and in sub-groups of people with health problems and mental health problems. A small percentage of the US general population met symptom criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (6.6–11.9%, depending on the definition applied). People with chronic pain were much more likely to meet criteria (i.e. 14.8–30.5%), and two out of three people who have experienced suicidality in the past year met symptom criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (65.2–72.2%). The majority of women with a mood disorder and chronic pain met criteria (62.7–89.8%). This is the largest study, to date, examining the aspects of the research criteria for the diagnosis of traumatic encephalopathy syndrome in the general population, and the first study to examine these criteria in women. This study has important clinical and public health implications. The potential rate for misdiagnosing traumatic encephalopathy syndrome in adults who are experiencing chronic pain, idiopathic mental health problems or both is high.
Diminished Cortical Excitation and Elevated Inhibition During Perceptual Impairments in a Mouse Model of Autism
Authors: Del Rosario Joseph , Speed Anderson , Arrowood Hayley , Motz Cara , Pardue Machelle , Haider Bilal 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Sensory impairments are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These impairments affect visual perception and have been hypothesized to arise from imbalances in cortical excitatory and inhibitory activity. There is conflicting evidence for this hypothesis from several recent studies of transgenic mouse models of ASD; crucially, none have measured activity from identified excitatory and inhibitory neurons during simultaneous impairments of sensory perception. Here, we directly recorded putative excitatory and inhibitory population spiking in primary visual cortex (V1) while simultaneously measuring visual perceptual behavior in CNTNAP2−/− knockout (KO) mice. We observed quantitative impairments in the speed, accuracy, and contrast sensitivity of visual perception in KO mice. During these perceptual impairments, stimuli evoked more firing of inhibitory neurons and less firing of excitatory neurons, with reduced neural sensitivity to contrast. In addition, pervasive 3–10 Hz oscillations in superficial cortical layers 2/3 (L2/3) of KO mice degraded predictions of behavioral performance from neural activity. Our findings show that perceptual deficits relevant to ASD may be associated with elevated cortical inhibitory activity along with diminished and aberrant excitatory population activity in L2/3, a major source of feedforward projections to higher cortical regions.
Eradication of Staphylococcus aureus Post-Sternotomy Mediastinitis Following the Implementation of Universal Preoperative Nasal Decontamination With Mupirocin: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis
Authors: San-Juan Rafael , Gotor-Pérez Consuelo Alejandra , López-Medrano Francisco , Fernández-Ruiz Mario , Lora David , Lizasoain Manuel , Silva José Tiago , Ruiz-Ruigómez María , Corbella Laura , Rodríguez-Goncer Isabel , Viedma Esther , Orellana María Angeles , Renes Carreño Emilio , Pérez-Vela José Luis , Benito-Arnaiz Victoria , López-Gude María Jesús , Cortina-Romero José María , Aguado José María 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Although presurgical nasal decontamination with mupirocin (NDM) has been advocated as a measure for preventing postsurgical mediastinitis (PSM) due to Staphylococcus aureus, this strategy is not universally recommended due to lack of robust supporting evidence. We aimed to evaluate the role of preoperative NDM in the annual incidence of S. aureus PSM at our institution.

Methods
An interrupted time-series analysis, with an autoregressive error model, was applied to our single-center cohort by comparing preintervention (1990–2003) and postintervention (2005–2018) periods. Logistic regression was performed to analyze risk factors for S. aureus PSM.

Results
12 236 sternotomy procedures were analyzed (6370 [52.1%] and 5866 [47.9%] in the pre- and postintervention periods, respectively). The mean annual percentage adherence to NDM estimated over the postintervention period was 90.2%. Only 4 of 127 total cases of S. aureus PSM occurred during the 14-year postintervention period (0.68/1000 sternotomies vs 19.31/1000 in the preintervention period; P &lt; .0001). Interrupted time-series analysis demonstrated a statistically significant annual reduction in S. aureus PSM of –9.85 cases per 1000 sternotomies (−13.17 to −6.5; P &lt; .0001) in 2005, with a decreasing trend maintained over the following 5 years and an estimated relative reduction of 84.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89.25–74.09%). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was the single independent risk factor for S. aureus PSM (odds ratio, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.72–7.93) and was equally distributed in patients undergoing sternotomy during pre- or postintervention periods.

Conclusions
Our experience suggests the implementation of preoperative NDM significantly reduces the incidence of S. aureus PSM.
Establishment of a new sex-determining allele driven by sexually antagonistic selection
Authors: Sakamoto Takahiro , Innan Hideki 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The turnover of sex-determining loci has repeatedly occurred in a number of species, rather than having a diverged pair of sex chromosomes. We model the turnover process by considering a linked locus under sexually antagonistic selection. The entire process of a turnover may be divided into two phases, which are referred to as the stochastic and deterministic phases. The stochastic phase is when a new sex-determining allele just arises and is still rare and random genetic drift plays an important role. In the deterministic phase, the new allele further increases in frequency by positive selection. The theoretical results currently available are for the deterministic phase, which demonstrated that a turnover of a newly arisen sex-determining locus could benefit from selection at a linked locus under sexually antagonistic selection, by assuming that sexually antagonistic selection works in a form of balancing selection. In this work, we provide a comprehensive theoretical description of the entire process from the stochastic phase to the deterministic phase. In addition to balancing selection, we explore several other modes of selection on the linked locus. Our theory allows us make a quantitative argument on the rate of turnover and the effect of the mode of selection at the linked locus. We also performed simulations to explore the pattern of polymorphism around the new sex-determining locus. We find that the pattern of polymorphism is informative to infer how selection worked through the turnover process.
Insights from the reanalysis of high-throughput chemical genomics data for Escherichia coli K-12
Authors: Wu Peter I-Fan , Ross Curtis , Siegele Deborah A , Hu James C 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Despite the demonstrated success of genome-wide genetic screens and chemical genomics studies at predicting functions for genes of unknown function or predicting new functions for well-characterized genes, their potential to provide insights into gene function has not been fully explored. We systematically reanalyzed a published high-throughput phenotypic dataset for the model Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli K-12. The availability of high-quality annotation sets allowed us to compare the power of different metrics for measuring phenotypic profile similarity to correctly infer gene function. We conclude that there is no single best method; the three metrics tested gave comparable results for most gene pairs. We also assessed how converting quantitative phenotypes to discrete, qualitative phenotypes affected the association between phenotype and function. Our results indicate that this approach may allow phenotypic data from different studies to be combined to produce a larger dataset that may reveal functional connections between genes not detected in individual studies.
Genome analysis ofPlectus murrayi, a nematode from continental Antarctica
Authors: Xue Xia , Suvorov Anton , Fujimoto Stanley , Dilman Adler R , Adams Byron J 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPlectus murrayi is one of the most common and locally abundant invertebrates of continental Antarctic ecosystems. Because it is readily cultured on artificial medium in the laboratory and highly tolerant to an extremely harsh environment, P. murrayi is emerging as a model organism for understanding the evolutionary origin and maintenance of adaptive responses to multiple environmental stressors, including freezing and desiccation. The de novo assembled genome of P. murrayi contains 225.741 million base pairs and a total of 14,689 predicted genes. Compared to Caenorhabditis elegans, the architectural components of P. murrayi are characterized by a lower number of protein-coding genes, fewer transposable elements, but more exons, than closely related taxa from less harsh environments. We compared the transcriptomes of lab-reared P. murrayi with wild-caught P. murrayi and found genes involved in growth and cellular processing were up-regulated in lab-cultured P. murrayi, while a few genes associated with cellular metabolism and freeze tolerance were expressed at relatively lower levels. Preliminary comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses suggest that the observed constraints on P. murrayi genome architecture and functional gene expression, including genome decay and intron retention, may be an adaptive response to persisting in a biotically simplified, yet consistently physically harsh environment.
Using a genetic algorithm to optimize a data-limited catch rule
Authors: Fischer Simon H , De Oliveira José A A , Mumford John D , Kell Laurence T 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMany data-limited fish stocks worldwide require management advice. Simple empirical management procedures have been used to manage data-limited fisheries but do not necessarily ensure compliance with maximum sustainable yield objectives and precautionary principles. Genetic algorithms are efficient optimization procedures for which the objectives are formalized as a fitness function. This optimization can be included when testing management procedures in a management strategy evaluation. This study explored the application of a genetic algorithm to an empirical catch rule and found that this approach could substantially improve the performance of the catch rule. The optimized parameterization and the magnitude of the improvement were dependent on the specific stock, stock status, and definition of the fitness function. The genetic algorithm proved to be an efficient and automated method for tuning the catch rule and removed the need for manual intervention during the optimization process. Therefore, we conclude that the approach could also be applied to other management procedures, case-specific tuning, and even data-rich stocks. Finally, we recommend the phasing out of the current generic ICES “2 over 3” advice rule in favour of case-specific catch rules of the form tested here, although we caution that neither works well for fast-growing stocks.
Microdrop Human Immunodeficiency Virus Sequencing for Incidence and Drug Resistance Surveillance
Authors: Park Sung Yong , Faraci Gina , Murphy Gary , Pilcher Christopher , Busch Michael P , Lee Ha Youn 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Precise and cost-efficient human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence and drug resistance surveillances are in high demand for the advancement of the 90-90-90 “treatment for all” target.

Methods
We developed microdrop HIV sequencing for the HIV incidence and drug resistance assay (HIDA), a single-blood-draw surveillance tool for incidence and drug resistance mutation (DRM) detection. We amplified full-length HIV envelope and pol gene sequences within microdroplets, and this compartmental amplification with long-read high-throughput sequencing enabled us to recover multiple unique sequences.

Results
We achieved greater precision in determining the stage of infection than current incidence assays, with a 1.2% false recency rate (proportion of misclassified chronic infections) and a 262-day mean duration of recent infection (average time span of recent infection classification) from 83 recently infected and 81 chronically infected individuals. Microdrop HIV sequencing demonstrated an increased capacity to detect minority variants and linked DRMs. By screening all 93 World Health Organization surveillance DRMs, we detected 6 pretreatment drug resistance mutations with 2.6%–13.2% prevalence and cross-linked mutations.

Conclusions
HIDA with microdrop HIV sequencing may promote global HIV real-time surveillance by serving as a precise and high-throughput cross-sectional survey tool that can be generalized for surveillance of other pathogens.
Incorporating realistic trait physiology into crop growth models to support genetic improvement
Authors: Boote K J , Jones J W , Hoogenboom G 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In silico plant modelling is the use of dynamic crop simulation models to evaluate hypothetical plant traits (phenology, processes and plant architecture) that will enhance crop growth and yield for a defined target environment and crop management (weather, soils, limited resource). To be useful for genetic improvement, crop models must realistically simulate the principles of crop physiology responses to the environment and the principles by which genetic variation affects the dynamic crop carbon, water and nutrient processes. Ideally, crop models should have sufficient physiological detail of processes to incorporate the genetic effects on these processes to allow for robust simulations of response outcomes in different environments. Yield, biomass, harvest index, flowering date and maturity are emergent outcomes of many interacting genes and processes rather than being primary traits directly driven by singular genetics. Examples will be given for several grain legumes, using the CSM-CROPGRO model, to illustrate emergent outcomes simulated as a result of single and multiple combinations of genotype-specific parameters and to illustrate genotype by environment interactions that may occur in different target environments. Specific genetically influenced traits can result in G × E interactions on crop growth and yield outcomes as affected by available water, CO2 concentration, temperature, and other factors. An emergent outcome from a given genetic trait may increase yield in one environment but have little or negative effect in another environment. Much work is needed to link genetic effects to the physiological processes for in silico modelling applications, especially for plant breeding under future climate change.
Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): updated guidelines from the UK
Authors: Brown Nicholas M , Brown Erwin M ,   the Guideline Development Group, Brown Nicholas M , Goodman Anna L , Horner Carolyne , Jenkins Abi , Brown Erwin M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The UK guidelines for the treatment of infections caused by MRSA have been updated and are published in JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance. The update reviews new evidence published since the previous UK guidelines were published over 10 years ago. It includes evidence relating to antimicrobial agents that have been licensed since then for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections including MRSA. It also considers the impact on treatment of the changing epidemiology of MRSA in the UK, especially relating to circulating community strains. A striking finding from the current literature review was the paucity of good quality evidence. The current guidelines therefore represent a hybrid of varying degrees of evidence and expert opinion. Where there was no new published evidence, we have retained some of the existing recommendations. We were unable to find strong evidence of the superior efficacy of newer agents compared with that of vancomycin.
Case series of intradural disc in recurrence of lumbar disc prolapse
Authors: Alhani Bashar , Nagappa Satish , Baird Charles , Botchu Rajesh , Hughes Simon , Mehta Jewalant , Hassan Faizul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Intradural disc herniation is a rare entity reported at 0.04–1.1% that occurs most commonly in the lumbar spine particularly at L4–L5 region.
There is a paucity of literature due to the rarity of this condition. Intradural disc herniations must be considered in the differential diagnosis of prolapsed intervertebral disc disease especially with recent worsening of symptoms and mismatch of unenhanced magnetic resonance induction (MRI) findings. The confirmation is made with intraoperative findings.
An intradural disc herniation is most often diagnosed intraoperatively. Contrast enhanced MRI scan is mandatory for pre-operative diagnosis.
We report on two cases presenting to our unit in the form of recurrent intradural disc disease following previous lumbar surgery occurring within 3 months of the index procedure in both cases.
A Novel Application of Head Tracking Data in the Analysis and Assessment of Operational Cervical Spine Range of Motion for Army Aviators
Authors: Williams Steven T , Madison Adrienne M , Brozoski Frederick T , Chancey Valeta Carol 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Neck pain among rotary-wing aviators has been established as an important issue in the military community, yet no U.S. Army regulation defines exactly what cervical spine range of motion (CROM) is adequate for flight. This lack of regulation leaves flight surgeons to subjectively determine whether an aviator affected by limited CROM is fit to maintain flight status. The U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory is conducting a study among AH-64 and UH-60 pilots to define CROM requirements in simulated and actual flight using optical head tracking equipment. Presented here is a preliminary analysis of head position data from a pilot and co-pilot in two AH-64 missions.

Methods
Maintenance data recorder (MDR) files from two AH-64 missions were provided by the Apache Attack Helicopter Project Management Office. Data were filtered down to three-dimensional pilot and co-pilot head position data and each data point was analyzed to determine neck posture. These neck postures were then categorized as neutral, mild, and severe for flexion/extension, lateral bending, and twist rotation postural categories.

Results
Twist rotation postures reached 90 degrees, particularly early in the flight; additionally, a few instances of 90-degree lateral bends were observed. Co-pilots spent more time than pilots in mild and severe twist rotation posture for both flights. Co-pilots also spend a high percentage of time in mild flexion and twist rotation.

Conclusion
This investigation provides a proof of concept for analysis of head tracking data from MDR files as a surrogate measure of neck posture in order to estimate CROM requirements in rotary-wing military flight missions. Future studies will analyze differences in day and night flights, pilot versus co-pilot CROM, and neck movement frequency.