bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘The Most Valuable National Fund’
Authors: Rybak Jan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
At the heart of Zionists’ nation-building project was the care and education of Jewish children in East-Central Europe. Young people were particularly affected by the war, often having lost family and home. Zionists saw them as the future of the nation, and the struggle for their well-being and education came to be a key element of their efforts during the war. This chapter shows how Zionists built orphanages and kindergartens, schools, and summer camps, and how these institutions functioned on a day-to day basis. These efforts in particular demonstrate that the war was also a time of great opportunity and experimentation for education activists. They tried to apply new pedagogical theories within their institutions based on their ideas of Jewish childhood and its role in producing upright, nationally conscious Jews who were the future of the nation. Gender relations are particularly key in this context: young women played an ever-increasing role in the movement through their involvement with childcare and education. The war opened up a range of new possibilities for young people, and particularly for young women to attain hitherto unheard-of roles within the Zionist movement. These changing gender and age relations within the Zionist movement mirrored changed relations within the wider society, due to the pressure of the war, and shaped the movement for decades to come.
Genre and Extravagance in the Novel
Authors: Rasula Jed 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This book addresses an anomaly in the novel as genre: the generic promise to readers—that “reading a novel” is a familiar and repeatable experience—is challenged by the extravagant exceptions to this rule. Furthermore, these exceptions (like Moby-Dick, Ulysses, or To the Lighthouse) are sui generis, hybrid concoctions that cannot be said to be typical novels. The novel, then, as literary form, succeeds by extravagantly disregarding or even disavowing the protocols of its own genre. Examining a number of famous examples from Don Quixote to Nostromo, this book offers an anatomy of exceptions that illustrate the structural role of their exceptionality for the prestige of the novel as literary form.
International Law and Corporate Actors in Deep Seabed Mining
Authors: Dingwall Joanna 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Corporate participation within deep seabed mining raises unique challenges for international law. Commercial investment by private corporate actors in deep seabed mining is increasing. The deep seabed beyond national jurisdiction (the Area) comprises almost three-quarters of the entire surface area of the oceans, and it is home to an array of prized commodities including valuable metals and rare earth elements. These resources constitute the common heritage of mankind. Acting under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the International Seabed Authority (ISA) is responsible for regulating the Area for the benefit of humanity and granting mining contracts. Although mining activities in the Area remain at the exploration stage, in recent years, there has been a marked growth in investment by private corporate actors, and an increasing impetus towards exploitation. This increasing corporate activity presents challenges, including in relation to matters of common management, benefit sharing, marine environmental protection and investment protection. In part, these challenges stem from the often-contentious role of non-state actors, such as corporations, within the international legal system. A product of its history, the UNCLOS deep seabed regime is an unlikely hybrid of capitalist and communist values, embracing the role of private actors while enshrining principles of resource distribution. As technological advances begin to outstrip legal developments, this study advances the discourse by addressing the extent of any tension between corporate commercial activity in the Area and the achievement of the common heritage of mankind.
Introduction
Authors: Bergmann Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
After concisely highlighting the book’s main themes, this chapter explains why it is important to think about responses to radical skepticism, and provides an overview of the book and its key concepts. First, it identifies three reasons it is worthwhile to devote time to thinking about how best to respond to radical skepticism. These reasons are that it enables us to consider (in a more informed way) our options for dealing with less radical forms of skepticism (e.g. moral or religious skepticism), it affects our stance on a multitude of other positions in epistemology and other subfields in philosophy, and it is intrinsically interesting. Second, this chapter provides a detailed overview of the book’s contents, noting that Part I objects to argument-based resistance to radical skepticism, Part II defends noninferential commonsense epistemic-intuition-based resistance to radical skepticism, and Part III responds to objections to epistemic intuition (on which the approach to skepticism, developed in Part II, heavily relies). Third, it clarifies three key concepts that play an important role in the book—skepticism, justification, and evidence—by distinguishing a variety of understandings of each concept and highlighting the ones that are relevant to the book’s content.
Epistemic Intuition and Experimental Philosophy
Authors: Bergmann Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the skeptical objection to epistemic intuition that is based on experimental philosophy, which aims to use the methods of cognitive science to conduct experimental investigations of the psychological processes underlying people’s intuitions about central philosophical issues. Section 1 carefully lays out this objection, identifying the crucial premises on which it relies. Section 2 considers how strong this objection needs to be if it is to be successful, arguing that stronger objections are needed if the beliefs the objections are intended to undermine are rationally held with a high degree of confidence (as appears to be the case with the beliefs based on epistemic intuition that are targeted by this objection). Section 3 examines the objection from experimental philosophy in detail, noting that each of its crucial premises faces serious challenges, with the result that it is not strong enough to undermine the intuitionist particularist anti-skeptic’s reliance on epistemic intuitions. Section 4 draws together the various argumentative strands in the book and situates the book’s conclusions in a moderate commonsense tradition that avoids the extremes of both dogmatism and radical skepticism.
“Toward the World’s Center Stage”
Authors: Doshi Rush 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 11 discusses the dawn of China’s strategy of global expansion, its perception of American decline, and the arrival of a new Party concept—the “great changes unseen in a century”—associated with both. It argues that China’s strategy of expansion emerged following another “trifecta,” this time consisting of Brexit, the election of Donald Trump, and the West’s initial response to the coronavirus pandemic. In this period, the Chinese Communist Party reached a paradoxical consensus: it concluded that the United States was in decline globally but at the same time was waking up to the China challenge bilaterally. It argues that Beijing now perceives an opportunity to displace the United States as the leading global state by 2049, with the next decade deemed the most critical to this objective.
“I’m Nervous about the Jump Scares”
Authors: Clasen Mathias 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Most horror films contain several jump scares, which are sudden audiovisual stimuli that elicit a startle response. Many people who are nervous about horror films point to the jump scare as a dreaded element. The jump scare usually follows a predictable formula, but jump scares can be complex and artful, and the science of the startle response reveals an ancient defensive system designed by evolution for survival. While it is difficult to protect oneself from the jump scare, the chapter offers science-based advice on how to attenuate its effect—including coping strategies—and suggests some horror movies with low jump-scare frequency.
“I’m Nervous about Horror Films and My Mental Health”
Authors: Clasen Mathias 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Some people are nervous about the psychological effects of horror films, and researchers have demonstrated both short- and long-term negative psychological effects of such films, including mild behavioral disturbances and sleep disturbances such as nightmares. However, most documented cases of cinematic neurosis involve individuals with preexisting mental problems. The mild fright reactions produced by horror movies are not only widespread, but predictable and generally harmless. Both troubling images and disturbing ideas can produce such reactions. However, horror film–induced fear is crucial to the pleasure many people derive from horror, and there may even be positive psychological and social effects of horror movie watching, such as mood improvement, bonding with co-viewers, and improved coping skills.
“I’m Nervous about What the Popularity of Horror Says about Society”
Authors: Clasen Mathias 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Some people may be concerned that the explosion in horror movie production is a symptom of a sick society, but that is not the case. Not only is movie production in general increasing, but horror movies specifically fulfill an important function of addressing widespread, topical anxieties. Horror movies work on two levels: a literal and a metaphorical level. On the literal level, the horror movie induces fear and anxiety through primitive cues that might frighten a monkey, but on the metaphorical level, it can address more abstract worries such as concerns over conformity or racism or other aspects of cultural context. Moreover, horror movies seem to thrive in periods of cultural and social unrest. Horror films are not just symptoms of cultural unrest, however, but may also be a cure for pervasive sociocultural anxieties—a means for people to cope with a scary world.
Why Study Atheism among Scientists?
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
New Atheism—a provocative and derisive anti-religious form of secularity—has established a central place in public thought through public intellectuals and scientists such as Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Daniel Dennett, and Christopher Hitchens. Science figures prominently in New Atheism, due in large part to such New Atheist thought leaders. And while the New Atheists have played an important role in giving voice to marginalized groups and promoting science, the rhetoric of New Atheism in the public sphere departs from the reality of atheism among day-to-day scientists. By studying what everyday atheist scientists in the U.S. and U.K. actually think about religion, we gain a more nuanced understanding of the varieties of atheism in science and the science-faith interface more broadly.
From Rhetoric to Reality
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
What are the implications of our results for scientific and religious communities? Drawing on the core empirical patterns discussed in the book, this chapter explains how the rhetoric of New Atheism espoused by celebrity scientists does not square with the reality of atheism experienced by atheist scientists in the U.S. and U.K. Religious communities may not be aware of atheist scientists’ actual views of faith, scientism, their moral orientations, or—for atheists who grew up religious—the reasons why they abandoned past faith. And, there is more common ground between the scientific and religious communities than either group is aware, offering fertile ground for dialogue. A diverse array of stakeholders should be involved in such pursuits, including national organizations, universities, churches, and science communicators. The success of these efforts have implications for public confidence in science and diversity within the profession.
Highly Irregular
Authors: Okrent Arika , O'Neill Sean 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This book presents an illustrated history of English as told through all the things that are weird about it. Maybe you have been speaking English all your life, or maybe you learned it later on. But whether you use it just well enough to get your daily business done, or you are an expert who never omits a comma or misplaces a modifier, you must have noticed that there are some things about this language that are just weird. Why are there so many silent letters? Why do we have irregular verbs? The book answers these questions and many more. Along the way, it tells the story of the many influences—from invading French armies to stubborn Flemish printers—that made the English language the way it is today. Both an entertaining send-up of linguistic oddities and a deeply researched history of English, the book is essential reading for anyone who has paused to wonder about this marvelous mess of a language.
Taking Stock of Shock
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Using an interdisciplinary approach, this book evaluates the social consequences of the post-1989 transition from state socialism to free market capitalism across Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Blending ethnographic accounts with economic, demographic, and public opinion data, it provides insight into the development of new, unequal, social orders. It explores the contradictory narratives on transition promoted by Western international institutions and their opponents, one of qualified success and another of epic catastrophe, and surprisingly shows that data support both narratives, for different countries, regions, and people. While many citizens of the postsocialist countries experienced significant progress in living standards and life satisfaction, enabling them to catch up with the West after a relatively brief recession, others suffered demographic and social collapses resulting from rising economic precarity; large-scale degradation of social welfare that came with privatization; and growing gender, class, and regional disparities that have accompanied neoliberal reforms. Transition recessions lasted for decades in many countries, exceeding the US Great Depression in severity. Some countries still have not returned to pre-1989 levels of economic production or mortality; some have lost more than one-fifth of their population and are projected to lose more. Thirty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, this book deploys a sweeping array of data from different social science fields to provide a more holistic perspective on the successes and failures of transition while unpacking the failed assumptions and narratives of Western institutions, Eastern policymakers, and citizens of former socialist states.
The Plan for a J-Curve Transition
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 shows how economic reforms advocated by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)—the international financial institutions that oversaw transition—planned for the construction of free market systems across the postsocialist world. It shows they relied heavily on reforms designed for Latin America after the debt crisis of the 1980s, placing great faith in market mechanisms and underestimating the postcommunist social context. The most innovative reform, mass privatization, enabled corrupt institutions and individuals to act as predators in asymmetric exchanges. While policymakers planned to mitigate the impacts of neoliberal reforms on the poor through targeted social policies, reforms created an economic and social order based on widespread inequality.
Plan Meets Reality
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 evaluates the implementation of the reforms offered by international financial institutions and shows the propensity of these plans to foster corruption and extreme wealth inequality and, in many cases, an economic collapse that was far greater than what had been foreseen. Those connected to the old regimes or with significant outside financial backing were able to capitalize on misguided and poorly implemented privatization plans. The chapter also explores how corrupt incentive structures created the oligarch class that is the primary driver of economic inequality in the postsocialist world. Finally, it considers the depth and length of transitional recessions, analyzing economic data to show that, in many cases, recovery took decades, and for the worst hit countries, productive capacity has yet to reach pre-1989 levels. Highlighting the dramatic rise of poverty during transition, this chapter points to the failure of the international organizations’ “targeted” poverty-prevention strategy.
Parenting Made Complicated
Authors: Rettew David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Parenting Made Complicated: What Science Really Knows About the Greatest Debates in Early Childhood addresses many of the long-standing parenting controversies that new mothers and fathers face. These include topics related to screens, daycare, praise, sleep training, spanking, time-outs, helicopter versus “old school” parenting, and others. Each chapter is devoted to a different parenting controversy, and a synthesis of what is known scientifically about each topic is presented, written in a nontechnical and conversational style. Parenting Made Complicated, however, doesn’t assume that the “correct” answer for each parenting dilemma is the same for each child and instead provides a roadmap for how the best approach may vary according to a child’s temperament or other important factors. Many case vignettes and boxed practical suggestions are provided. Accounts are also given regarding how scientific information on a particular topic is applied and sometimes manipulated toward political aims. The book is written by child psychiatrist David Rettew, an expert in child temperament who has conducted research in child development and worked clinically with families for over 20 years.
Circulating Objects
Authors: Gochberg Reed 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter explores how early American collections were consistently preoccupied with threats of loss and decay. It focuses on the American Philosophical Society’s cabinet, which was developed through the society’s networks of members and correspondents and included specimens, antiquarian artifacts, models, maps, and books. This chapter examines writings by J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur and Charles Willson Peale to show how the uncertainties of attempting to build museum collections informed ongoing conversations about preservation and potential loss. By narratively experimenting with the possibilities of lost or missing information in Letters from an American Farmer and other writings, Crèvecoeur reveals ongoing concern with the longevity and survival of fragile manuscripts and printed texts. Peale similarly takes up questions of preservation, using his skill at taxidermy to promote his relationship with the Society and to link public museums to national stability.
Specimen Collectors
Authors: Gochberg Reed 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the early history of Harvard’s Museum of Comparative Zoology and broader conversations about the representation of the natural world as fixed and stable. While the museum’s founder, Louis Agassiz, emphasized the value of preserved specimens to research and teaching, many collectors and writers questioned such practices. After donating turtles to the museum, Henry David Thoreau contemplated the ethical and scientific implications of freezing nature for extended study. In children’s fiction, Louisa May Alcott emphasized the relationship between collecting specimens and moral order, while highlighting the growing gendered divide between scientific practice in the museum and the parlor. And in philosophical writings, William James drew on classification to consider more flexible possibilities to fixed theories. These accounts show how writers sought to promote a deeper understanding of flux and change both within the museum and beyond.
Future Publics
Authors: MacKenzie Michael K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This book challenges the idea that democratic processes are functionally short-sighted. Many observers assume that long-term issues will be ignored or discounted in democratic systems because of the myopic preferences of voters, the political dynamics of short electoral cycles, the exclusion (or absence) of future others in decision-making processes, and the reality that democratic processes are often captured by powerful actors with dominant short-term interests. The evidence is clear: we have poorly managed many long-term issues, including climate change, nuclear waste disposal, plastics pollution, natural disaster preparedness, infrastructure maintenance, and budget deficits. This idea—which Michael K. MacKenzie calls the “democratic myopia thesis”—is a sort of conventional wisdom: It is one of those things that scholars and pundits take for granted as a truth about democracy without subjecting it to adequate critical scrutiny. This book challenges this conventional wisdom and articulates a deliberative, democratic theory of future-regarding collective action. It is argued that each part of the democratic myopia problem can be addressed through democratic—rather than authoritarian—means. At a more fundamental level, the book argues that if democratic practices are world-making activities that empower us to make our shared worlds together, they should also be understood as future-making activities. Despite the short-term dynamics associated with electoral democracy, MacKenzie argues that inclusive and deliberative democratic processes are the only means we have for making our shared futures together in collectively intentional, mutually accommodating ways.
Introduction
Authors: MacKenzie Michael K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines four interrelated but conceptually distinct claims that have been made by proponents of the democratic myopia thesis. It has been argued that democratic systems are functionally short-sighted because of (1) the myopic preferences of voters; (2) the political dynamics of short electoral cycles; (3) the fact that future others who will be affected by our decisions cannot be included in our decision-making processes; and (4) the reality that democratic processes are often captured by powerful actors with dominant short-term objectives. When taken together these four arguments make a persuasive case for why democracies might be functionally short-sighted. This chapter—and the book as a whole—argues that we do not need to choose between our normative commitments to democracy and the well-being of our future selves and future others, because there are democratic responses to each of these components of the democratic myopia thesis.