bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine‐scale genetic diversity and putative ecotypes of oxymonad protists coinhabiting the hindgut of Reticulitermes speratus
Authors: Igai Katsura , Kitade Osamu , Fu Jieyang , Omata Kazumi , Yonezawa Takahiro , Ohkuma Moriya , Hongoh Yuichi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe hindgut of lower termites is generally coinhabited by multiple morphologically identifiable protist species. However, it is unclear how many protist species truly coexist in this miniaturized environment, and moreover, it is difficult to define the fundamental unit of protist diversity. Species delineation of termite gut protists has therefore been guided without a theory‐based concept of species. Here, we focused on the hindgut of the termite Reticulitermes speratus, where 10 or 11 morphologically distinct oxymonad cell types, that is, morphospecies, coexist. We elucidated the phylogenetic structure of all co‐occurring oxymonads and addressed whether their diversity can be explained by the “ecotype” hypothesis. Oxymonad‐specific 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing analyses of whole‐gut samples, combined with single‐cell 18S rRNA sequencing of the oxymonad morphospecies, identified 210 one‐nucleotide‐level variants. The phylogenetic analysis of these variants revealed the presence of microdiverse clusters typically within 1% sequence divergence. Each known oxymonad morphospecies comprised one to several monophyletic or paraphyletic microdiverse clusters. Using these sequence data sets, we conducted computational simulation to predict the rates of ecotype formation and periodic selection, and to demarcate putative ecotypes. Our simulations suggested that the oxymonad genetic divergence is constrained primarily by strong selection, in spite of limited population size and possible bottlenecks during intergenerational transmission. A total of 33 oxymonad ecotypes were predicted, and most of the putative ecotypes were consistently detected among different colonies and host individuals. These findings provide a possible theoretical basis for species diversity and underlying mechanisms of coexistence of termite gut protists.
Environmental resistance and habitat quality influence dispersal of the saltwater crocodile
Authors: Fukuda Yusuke , Moritz Craig , Jang Namchul , Webb Grahame , Campbell Hamish , Christian Keith , Lindner Garry , Banks Sam 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLandscape genetics commonly focuses on the effects of environmental resistance on animal dispersal patterns, but there is an emerging focus on testing environmental effects on emigration and settlement choices. In this study, we used landscape genetics approaches to quantify dispersal patterns in the world's largest crocodilian, the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), and demonstrated environmental influences on three processes that comprise dispersal: emigration, movement and settlement. We found that both environmental resistance and properties of the source and destination catchments (proportion of breeding habitat) were important factors influencing observed dispersal events. Our habitat quality variables related to hypotheses about resource competition and represented the ratio of breeding habitat (which limits carrying capacity), suggesting that competition for habitat influences emigration and settlement choices, together with the strong effect of environmental resistance to movement (where high‐quality habitat was associated with greatest environmental permeability). Approximately 42% of crocodiles were migrants from populations other than their sampling locations and some outstandingly productive populations had a much higher proportion of emigration rather than immigration. The distance most commonly travelled between source and destination was 150–200 km although a few travelled much longer distances, up to 600–700 km. Given the extensive dispersal range, individual catchments or hydrographic regions that combine two or three adjacent catchments are an appropriate scale for population management.
Making things work: Using Bourdieu's theory of practice to uncover an ontology of everyday nursing in practice
Authors: Lake Sarah , West Sandra , Rudge Trudy 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSeeking to answer the question of what it is that nurses do, scholars researching nursing have worked with theoretical approaches ranging from the more abstract to the concrete: from philosophizing the nature of nursing to emphasizing the interpersonal nature of nursing practice to exploring processes of clinical decision‐making. In this paper, we engage with Bourdieu's theory of practice as an alternative approach that helps to understand the finer points of nurses' everyday practices of nursing as being grounded in an ontology of practice. We first outline the foundations of Bourdieu's thinking as he established both a relational philosophy of science and an embodied philosophy of action to develop the theory of practice around notions of habitus, capital and field. Then, using the inter‐relationships of these key elements of the theory of practice as a ‘toolkit to think with’, we explore an instance of nursing in practice in an acute care setting and show how, in taking account of social context, the dialectics between the elements reveal the social interactions that are accomplished in the doing. Moving to the relationships of these three elements with Bourdieu's further notions of illusio, symbolic power and symbolic violence, we uncover an ontology of nursing practices in the everyday. We conclude by summarising what this ontology of practice has to offer investigations into practices of nursing in any social context.
Persuasive discourses in editorials published by the top‐five nursing journals: Findings from a 5‐year analysis
Authors: Iob Giovanna , Visintini Chiara , Palese Alvisa 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe aim is to describe which persuasive tool from the triad of Aristotle (Ethos, Pathos and Logos) is most commonly used in editorials to convey visions and ideas in the nursing journals of the last 5 years (2014–2019). A descriptive qualitative study, based on content analysis, was performed in 2020 and summarized according to the COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research principles. Two hundred and eighty‐five editorials were included in the study, all of which were published in the top‐five nursing journals, specifically, the International Journal of Nursing Studies (5‐years Journal Impact Factor [5‐Y JIF] = 5.022), the Journal of Nursing Scholarship (=3.374), the Journal of Advanced Nursing (=3.010), the Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing (2.990) and the Nursing Outlook (=2.867). Logos was the most widely used tool in 148 editorials (51.9%). Ethos was used in a quarter of them (n = 72, 25.3%) and the Pathos tool was used to a similar extent (n = 65, 22.8%). Logic is the most used tool for persuasion in nursing editorials; however, nurses who would capture the attention of the nursing community by writing an editorial should also consider the profiles of the potential readers, who might be attracted in different ways by logical‐objective, ethical–moral, or emotional discourses.
Effects of interproximal enamel reduction techniques used for orthodontics: A systematic review
Authors: Gómez‐Aguirre Jessica Nataly , Argueta‐Figueroa Liliana , Castro‐Gutiérrez María Eugenia Marcela , Torres‐Rosas Rafael 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis systematic review aimed to determine the effects of the interproximal enamel reduction (IPR) techniques used in orthodontics. Six databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, ScienceDirect and Clinical Trials. Grey literature was sourced from Google Scholar. The risk of bias was assessed by Risk of Bias 2, Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale and Robins‐I depending on the design of the evaluated study. Additionally, the quality of the included studies was determined using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. This systematic review included randomized clinical trials, non‐randomized clinical trials and observational studies with a control group that reported the effects of IPR for orthodontic purposes on the teeth and periodontium. Case reports, and in vitro and in vivo studies were excluded. Eight clinical studies match the eligibility criteria. As a result, no demineralization of the enamel, no increase in caries incidence, no periodontal changes or dental sensitivity was found after IPR. Also, considering the duration of orthodontic treatment, IPR resulted in a quicker technique than dental extractions. At the risk‐of‐bias assessment, all observational studies showed low risk, the non‐randomized clinical trial had a critical bias, and all randomized clinical trials exhibited some concerns. The overall quality of the studies was found to be between low and very low. After the analysis of the data from included studies, it was concluded that the IPR procedures could be useful to treat dental crowding in orthodontic clinical practice without negative effects. However, more randomized controlled clinical trials with a longer follow‐up time and high‐quality studies are required to generate robust statements.
On the crossroad – renewable energy sources or shale oil? Understanding patterns of social attitudes in Jordan
Authors: Komendantova Nadejda , Marashdeh Leena , Al‐Salaymeh Ahmed , Al Twassi Sara , AlBeek Rasha , Hassouneh Kholoud 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEnergy policy in Jordan is a contested issue as several options for deployment of technologies exist. Shale oil and renewable energy sources are two energy generation technologies which are currently being intensively considered by the Jordanian energy policy process and there are shale oil and renewable energy projects which are currently in operation, in planning or in construction. Each of these options relates to various perceptions of risks and benefits of a given technology and has its opponents and supporters. Understanding of how inhabitants of communities where infrastructure is planned perceive these energy generation technologies is crucial as infrastructure will impact the life of the community and the feedback from the community can improve the deployment of infrastructure. The major focus of this paper is on attitudes of local communities where shale oil and renewable energies are in operation. To identify of how various environmental, technical, social and environmental factors influence attitudes including awareness and perceptions of these two energy generation technologies we conducted large scale surveys in four different communities of Jordan. Two of these communities (Ma’an and Tafileh) had renewable energy projects and other two communities (Lajoun and Attarat) had projects on shale oil extraction and power generation.
Local anesthetic toxicity following erector spinae plane block in a neonate: A case report
Authors: Crowe Ann‐Marie , Mislovič Branislav 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA 6‐day‐old, 4.0 kg neonate presented with intestinal malrotation, necessitating laparotomy. Intra‐operatively, an ultrasound‐guided erector spinae plane block was performed under general anesthesia with administration of 1 mg/kg levobupivacaine. Minutes following this, acute cardiac compromise was evident from a tapering end‐tidal carbon dioxide, falling oxygen saturations, and low blood pressure. Intravenous epinephrine 1 mcg/kg was administered, with some hemodynamic improvement. Intralipid (1.5 ml/kg) was given, with a return to normal hemodynamic parameters. This is the first case report of suspected local anesthetic toxicity in a neonate following an erector spinae plane block.
Ventilatory management of critically ill children in the emergency setting, during transport and retrieval
Authors: Riphagen Shelley , Bird Ruth 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCritical illness in children is uncommon. The acute stabilization and resuscitation of critically ill children remains challenging to even the most experienced operator. Cardiorespiratory illness represents the largest subgroup of diseases causing critical illness and, thus adds a layer of complexity and additional challenge to the safe intubation and establishment of effective ventilation of this group of children. Children have unique physiological and anatomical differences to adults, and present the team involved in their resuscitation and stabilization with challenges exaggerated by critical illness. The consideration of pathophysiological implications of disease and the equipment available during transport and retrieval from the roadside or nonspecialist setting to pediatric intensive care allows the clinician involved in resuscitation, stabilization, and establishment of ventilation to employ targeted strategies to optimize ventilatory success. This review focuses on the types of ventilatory challenges that must be addressed when managing critically ill children in the local settings in which they present, and the resources available to optimize the outcome prior to and during transfer to a higher level of care.
Respiratory prehabilitation in pediatric anesthesia in children with muscular and neurologic disease
Authors: St‐Laurent Aaron , Zysman‐Colman Zofia , Zielinski David 
Published: December 2021

AbstractChildren with neuromuscular, chronic neurologic, and chest wall diseases are at increased risk of postoperative respiratory complications including atelectasis, pneumonia, and respiratory failure with the possible need for reintubation or even tracheostomy. These complications negatively impact patient outcomes, including increased healthcare resource utilization and increased surgical mortality. In these children, the existing respiratory reserve is often inadequate to withstand the stresses brought on during anesthesia and surgery. A thorough clinical assessment and objective evaluation of pulmonary function and gas exchange can help identify which children are at particular risk for poor postoperative outcomes and thus merit preoperative interventions. These may include initiation and optimization of non‐invasive ventilation and mechanical insufflation‐exsufflation. Furthermore, such an evaluation will help identify children who may require a postoperative extubation plan tailored to neuromuscular diseases. Such strategies may include avoidance of pre‐extubation lung decruitment by precluding continuous positive airway pressure trials, aggressively weaning to room air and directly extubating to non‐invasive ventilation with a high inspiratory to expiratory pressure differential of at least 10 cm H20. Children with cerebral palsy and other neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental disorders are a more heterogeneous group of children who may share some operative risk factors with children with neuromuscular disease; they may also be at risk of sleep‐disordered breathing, may also require non‐invasive ventilation or mechanical insufflation‐exsufflation, and may have associated chronic lung disease from aspirations that may require perioperative treatment.
Dreams, Morality and the Waking World
Authors: Cowan Robert 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIs it ever wrong to cheat in a dream? It has been argued that the conjunction of reasonable claims about dreams with Evaluational Internalism (the view that moral evaluation is determined by factors ‘internal’ to agency, such as intentions) entails a positive answer. This implausible result seemingly provides reason to favour an alternative theory of moral evaluation. I here argue that a wide range of Evaluational Externalist views (which base moral evaluation on factors ‘external’ to agency, such as harms produced) are similarly committed to morality in dreams. I end by identifying implications for theorising about dreams and morality.
Closed‐PICU perioperative management of congenital tracheal stenosis
Authors: Aoki Kazunori , Kurosawa Hiroshi , Seino Yusuke , Morita Keiichi , Matsuhisa Hironori , Oshima Yoshihiro 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundPerioperative management of congenital tracheal stenosis (CTS) is challenging. In the present study, compared the effect of closed‐pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) perioperative management by pediatric intensivists and open‐PICU management by surgeons. Outcomes in terms of ventilator‐free days (VFD) and length of postoperative PICU stay in children with CTS were evaluated.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study was conducted in a PICU in Japan. Children with CTS who underwent slide tracheoplasty were grouped according to whether they were perioperatively managed in an open (January 2015 to April 2016) or a closed (May 2016 to August 2019) PICU. Data were extracted from patients' medical records.ResultsIn total, 13 and 38 patients were included in the open‐ and closed‐PICU groups, respectively. Compared to the open‐PICU group, the closed‐PICU group had shorter duration of muscle relaxant administration (median 4 vs 5 days; P < 0.001), earlier enteral nutrition (34/38 [90%] vs 1/13 [8%]; P < 0.001), more 28‐day VFD (median 21 vs 20 days; P = 0.04), and shorter duration of postoperative PICU stay (median 16 vs 36 days; P = 0.002), but mortality did not differ significantly between the two groups (0/38 [0%] vs 1/13 [8%]; P = 0.25).ConclusionsClosed‐PICU perioperative management with pediatric intensivists' participation significantly increased 28‐day VFD and reduced the length of postoperative PICU stay in patients with congenital tracheal stenosis.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Encapsulated Heterocycles by Cavitands
Authors: Bojesomo Rukayat S. , Saleh Na’il 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTHost−guest complexation of small heterocyclic (guest) and macrocyclic cavitands (hosts) organic molecules is still to date a very popular, inexpensive approach that bypasses the burdens of conventional covalent synthesis. Understanding the selection criteria of these chemicals is crucial to the design and potential applications of their supramolecular assemblies. This review surveys examples within the last 15 years (2005–2020) of supramolecular complexes in which the interacting photoinduced electron transfer (PET)‐based chromophore and quencher fragments are commonly used in the market with reported CAS numbers. It appears from this survey that the supramolecular effects can be directed to specifically disrupt PET when the nonemissive macrocycles separately encapsulate the fluorescent acceptor or donor molecules, among other specific factors, such as when inducing conformational changes or pKa shift of the donor. On the contrary, synergetic encapsulation of both donor and acceptor molecules, formation of ternary self‐assembly at the rim or encapsulation of one component while grafting the other onto the macrocycle, among other specific factors such as the modulation of the excited‐state structure of donor, will lead to the enhancement of PET process. In the event the donor or acceptor molecules have multitopic structures, the PET process can repeatedly be switched on and off. It is generally concluded that understanding the criteria for the combination of these available products for the purpose of manipulating their PET efficiency should pave the way for the facile alternative generation of new noncovalently bonded host−guest supramolecular assemblies with a more specific design tailored for more advanced, diverse and economic applications such as chemical sensing, molecular gates, drug delivery and biolabeling.
Hair transparency decoding in Asia: From stylists’ perception to in vitro measurement
Authors: Zheng Lu , Matsumoto Noriko , Galliano Anthony , Basu Shuchismita , Wunsch Karl , Isard Olivia , Nakao Chikayo , Nicolas Alexandre , Velleman Damien 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe concept of hair transparency has been claimed widely in the Japan (and now it is spreading to Asian) hair color market. Despite the general use of this concept, to date, there is no clear and objective description to accurately explain what it is. In this work, we have decoded and gave clarity to the concept of hair transparency via a technical model (validated for both Japan and China markets) composed of measurable parameters of hair property using a single device.Methodology and ResultsA comprehensive study composed of various tests was used, starting with a qualitative identification of key parameters via in‐depth workshop discussions with over 40 Japanese stylists and a panel of 12 consumers. These identified parameters (luminosity, color visibility, and Shine) were then translated into technically measurable parameters of the hair fiber (Diffused light intensity, ratio of RGB channel intensities of Diffused light, and luster) via a single instrument—Hair SAMBA (a dual‐polarized imaging system). Afterward, 10 carefully selected anchor shades were used as visual stimuli in an online pairwise comparison (PC) study with 100 Japanese stylists to generate quantitative transparency perception data of the swatches. Technical parameters of these swatches were measured by SAMBA and consolidated with the PC output, for the creation and validation of the mathematical model. After, with another PC study (N = 100) in China, with seven shades from Japan study and 6 additional Chinese market shades, the applicability of the model in China market was validated.ConclusionWe have clarified and quantified the concept of hair transparency through a consumer centric approach and with objective data. Our findings will enable the development of optimum transparent shades which better suits consumer needs. Lastly, we would like to highlight the beauty of digitalization in the study: The digital evaluation pathways chosen allowed us to collect quantitative consumer data from two countries for the creation of a robust model under the impact of COVID‐19 and would definitely be the way to go for our future consumer evaluation studies.
A comparative study of melanocytic nevi classification with dermoscopy and high‐frequency ultrasound
Authors: Wang Yu‐Kun , Gao Yuan‐Jing , Liu Jie , Zhu Qing‐Li , Wang Jun‐cheng , Qin Jing , Jin Hong‐Zhong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundMelanocytic nevi (MN) can be classified into three subtypes according to the depth of the nests of nevus cells which is important for management. High‐frequency ultrasound (HF‐US) can clearly reveal the lesion size, contour, depth, and internal structures. However, the HF‐US studies of MN according to subtypes are limited. We aimed to describe the HF‐US features of MN and explore its value in accurate classification.Materials and methodsThis retrospective study was conducted from January 2018 to November 2019. Eighty‐five patients with MN were included and examined by 50 and 20 MHz HF‐US. The HF‐US features were recorded including morphological flatness, depth, shape, boundary, internal echogenicity, hyperechoic spots, lateral acoustic shadow, posterior echoic patterns, mushroom signs, and straw‐hat signs. Each image was evaluated by two physicians independently, and the consistency was tested.ResultsEleven lesions could not be detected by HF‐US. The rest 74 lesions underwent ultrasonic analysis. MN appeared as strip‐shaped or oval, hypoechoic areas localized in the epidermis and dermis under ultrasonography. A strong consistency between HF‐US and dermoscopy of determining the lesion depth was achieved (κ = 0.935, p < 0.001). The hyperechoic spots were found in 57.6% intradermal nevi. The mushroom signs were seen in 34.8% intradermal nevi, and the straw‐hat signs were seen in all the compound nevi.ConclusionMN can be correctly classified using HF‐US, and it had a strong correlation with dermoscopic and clinical classification. HF‐US could further reveal the internal morphological features of MN, which may support more precise classification and management.