bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vaccine-enhanced disease: case studies and ethical implications for research and public health
Authors: Jamrozik Euzebiusz , Heriot George , Bull Susan , Parker Michael ,   Oxford-Johns Hopkins Global Infectious Disease Ethics (GLIDE)
Published: June 2021

Vaccination is a cornerstone of global public health. Although licensed vaccines are generally extremely safe, both experimental and licensed vaccines are sometimes associated with rare serious adverse events. Vaccine-enhanced disease (VED) is a type of adverse event in which disease severity is increased when a person who has received the vaccine is later infected with the relevant pathogen. VED can occur during research with experimental vaccines and/or after vaccine licensure, sometimes months or years after a person receives a vaccine. Both research ethics and public health policy should therefore address the potential for disease enhancement. Significant VED has occurred in humans with vaccines for four pathogens: measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Staphylococcus aureus, and dengue virus; it has also occurred in veterinary research and in animal studies of human coronavirus vaccines. Some of the immunological mechanisms involved are now well-described, but VED overall remains difficult to predict with certainty, including during public health implementation of novel vaccines. This paper summarises the four known cases in humans and explores key ethical implications. Although rare, VED has important ethical implications because it can cause serious harm, including death, and such harms can undermine vaccine confidence more generally – leading to larger public health problems. The possibility of VED remains an important challenge for current and future vaccine development and deployment. We conclude this paper by summarising approaches to the reduction of risks and uncertainties related to VED, and the promotion of public trust in vaccines.
WOMAN-PharmacoTXA trial: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial to assess the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intramuscular, intravenous and oral administration of tranexamic acid in women giving birth by caesarean section
Authors: Arribas Monica , Roberts Ian , Chaudhri Rizwana , Geer Amber , Prowse Danielle , Lubeya Mwansa Ketty , Kayani Aasia , Javaid Kiran , Grassin-Delyle Stanislas , Shakur-Still Haleema 
Published: June 2021

Background: Intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) within 3 hours of birth significantly reduces death due to bleeding in women with postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). Most PPH deaths occur in the first hours after giving birth and treatment delay decreases survival. One barrier to rapid TXA treatment is the need for intravenous injection. Intramuscular injection and oral solution of TXA would be easier and faster to administer and would require less training. However, the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics and safety of TXA administered by different routes in pregnant women have not been established. The main aim of this study is to ascertain whether IM and oral solution of TXA will be absorbed at levels sufficient to inhibit fibrinolysis in pregnant women. Methods: WOMAN-PharmacoTXA is a prospective, randomised, open label trial to be conducted in Zambia and Pakistan. Adult women undergoing caesarean section with at least one risk factor for PPH will be included. Women will be randomised to receive one of the following about 1 hour prior to caesarean section: 1-gram TXA IV, 1-gram TXA IM, 4-grams TXA oral solution or no TXA. Randomisation will continue until 120 participants with at least six post randomisation PK samples are included. TXA concentration in maternal blood samples will be measured at baseline and at different time points during 24 hours after receipt of intervention. Blood TXA concentration will be measured from the umbilical cord and neonate. The primary endpoint is maternal blood TXA concentrations over time. Secondary outcomes include umbilical cord and neonate TXA concentration D-dimer concentration, blood loss and clinical diagnosis of PPH, injection site reactions and maternal and neonate adverse events. Discussion: The WOMAN-PharmacoTXA trial will provide important data on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of TXA after IV, intramuscular and oral administration in women giving birth by caesarean section. Trial registration: ClincalTrials.gov, NCT04274335 (18/02/2020).
The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children - A resource for COVID-19 research: Questionnaire data capture November 2020 – March 2021
Authors: Smith Daniel , Bowring Claire , Wells Nicholas , Crawford Michael , Timpson Nicholas John , Northstone Kate 
Published: June 2021

The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) is a prospective population-based cohort study which recruited pregnant women in 1990-1992 and has followed these women, their partners (Generation 0; G0) and their offspring (Generation 1; G1) ever since. The study has reacted rapidly and repeatedly to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, deploying online questionnaires throughout the pandemic. In November/December 2020, a fourth questionnaire was deployed asking about physical and mental health, lifestyle and behaviours, employment and finances. G0 participants were offered an online questionnaire between 17th November 2020 and 7th February 2021, while G1 participants were offered both online and paper questionnaires between 1st December 2020 and 19th March 2021. Of 15,844 invitations, 8,643 (55%) participants returned the questionnaire (3,101 original mothers [mean age 58.6 years], 1,172 original fathers/partners [mean age 61.5 years] and 4,370 offspring [mean age 28.4 years]). Of these 8,643 participants, 2,012 (23%) had not returned a previous COVID-19 questionnaire, while 3,575 (41%) had returned all three previous questionnaires. In this questionnaire, 300 participants (3.5%) reported a previous positive COVID-19 test, 110 (1.3%) had been told by a doctor they likely had COVID-19, and 759 (8.8%) suspected that they had had COVID-19. Based on self-reported symptoms, between October 2020 and February 2021 359 participants (4.2%) were predicted COVID-19 cases. COVID data is being complemented with linkage to health records and Public Health England pillar testing results as they become available. Data has been released as an update to the previous COVID-19 datasets. It comprises: 1) a standard dataset containing all participant responses to both questionnaires with key sociodemographic factors; and 2) as a composite release coordinating data from the existing resource, thus enabling bespoke research across all areas supported by the study. This data note describes the fourth questionnaire and the data obtained from it.
Seasonal deformation monitoring of the northern Yellow River Delta based on InSAR technology
Authors: Jing Shaodong , Zhong Chuhan , Wang Qiang , Wang Xiaying , Zhang Shuangcheng , Niu Yufen 
Published: June 2021

Due to overexploitation of natural resources in the northern Yellow River Delta and the resulting land subsidence, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology is utilized to analyze the deformation trend. Based on Advanced Land Observation Satellite PHASE Array Type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar and Sentinel-1 data, this paper obtains the annual subsidence rate in two time periods (2007–2010 and 2017–2020) and verifies the correctness by comparing the ascending and descending orbit results. Subsequently, the 11 deformation interference pairs of the three-month interval are extracted to analyze the time series displacement of deformation areas. The results show that there are three large-scale subsidence areas with maximum annual subsidence of 250 mm, all of which are located in the oil or brine exploitation areas, and each deformation area displays a larger linear rate from January to May and then displays different nonlinear deformation from June to December.
Adjustable multichannel terahertz resonator
Authors: Li Da , Li Jiu-sheng 
Published: June 2021

Most reported terahertz devices are relatively simple to control by means of external
applied electricity, light, heat, magnetism, etc. In the practical
application of a terahertz system, the devices with a variety of
adjustable methods are promising. In this paper, we design a
rectangular-ambulatory-plane metal groove structure on apolymer
polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate with graphene embedded in the
metal grooves. The resonance performance of the proposed structure can
be controlled by changing the external force and graphene chemical
potential. Three electromagnetic-induced reflection peaks of the
structure are achieved at 0.54, 0.60, and 0.63 THz with reflectivity
of 89.6%, 77.1%, and 75.7%, respectively. Under the change of the
applied bias voltage and external force, the reflectivity of the three
reflection peaks of the resonator can be regulated freely. In
addition, the proposed structure is polarization-insensitive and
maintains stable terahertz reflection peaks with incident angles up to
25°.
Suppressing stimulated Raman scattering by adopting a composite cavity in a narrow linewidth fiber oscillator
Authors: Zhang Song , Zhang Wanru , Jiang Man , Liu Wei , Ma Pengfei , Li Can , Su Rongtao , Zhou Pu , Jiang Zongfu 
Published: June 2021

The master oscillator power amplifier structure has been widely employed to realize high-power and narrow-linewidth output in fiber lasers. However, the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) effect would appear in high-power operation and even become an important limitation on further power scaling, especially when the seed lasers are based on a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) pair. In order to improve SRS suppressing ability, a composite cavity structure was demonstrated by employing an additional wide-bandwidth low-reflectivity FBG outside the conventional oscillator. After passing through a piece of 50 m SMF-28e fiber, thanks to the improved temporal stability of the composite oscillator, the proportion of Raman Stokes light dropped dramatically compared with the proportion in a conventional fiber oscillator. This composite cavity design could provide a simple and compact approach for SRS suppression in a high-power narrow-linewidth fiber laser system.
On-sky results for the integrated microlens ring tip-tilt sensor
Authors: Hottinger Philipp , Harris Robert J. , Crass Jonathan , Dietrich Philipp-Immanuel , Blaicher Matthias , Bechter Andrew , Sands Brian , Morris Timothy , Basden Alastair G. , Bharmal Nazim Ali , Heidt Jochen , Anagnos Theodoros , Neureuther Philip L. , Glück Martin , Power Jennifer , Pott Jörg-Uwe , Koos Christian , Sawodny Oliver , Quirrenbach Andreas 
Published: June 2021

We present the first on-sky results of the microlens ring tip-tilt sensor. This sensor uses a 3D printed microlens ring feeding six multimode fibers to sense misaligned light, allowing centroid reconstruction. A tip-tilt mirror allows the beam to be corrected, increasing the amount of light coupled into a centrally positioned single-mode (science) fiber. The sensor was tested with the iLocater acquisition camera at the Large Binocular Telescope in Tucson, Arizona, in November 2019. The limit on the maximum achieved rms reconstruction accuracy was found to be

0.19
λ

/

D

in both tip and tilt, of which approximately 50% of the power originates at frequencies below 10 Hz. We show the reconstruction accuracy is highly dependent on the estimated Strehl ratio and simulations support the assumption that residual adaptive optics aberrations are the main limit to the reconstruction accuracy. We conclude that this sensor is ideally suited to remove post-adaptive optics noncommon path tip-tilt residuals. We discuss the next steps for concept development, including optimization of the lens and the fiber, tuning of the correction algorithm, and selection of optimal science cases.
Broadband (8.5–13.5  µm) intra-pulse difference frequency generation in a LiGaS2 crystal of a 90  fs 744  nm laser pulse after its continuous redshift in air
Authors: Grudtsyn Ya. V. , Kinyaevskiy I. O. , Koribut A. V. , Seleznev L. V. , Gerasimova Yu. A. , Rogashevskii A. A. , Ionin A. A. 
Published: June 2021

Broadband frequency downconversion of a 90 fs 744 nm Ti:sapphire laser pulse into the mid-infrared (IR) was demonstrated via its filamentation-induced self-frequency shift in air and subsequent intra-pulse difference frequency generation in a

L
i
G
a
S

2

crystal. The filamentation of the laser pulse in air provided its continuous spectral broadening to the Stokes wing with spectral humps separated by

∼

1000

c
m

−
1

that was appropriate for the laser pulse difference frequency conversion into the mid-IR. The difference frequency emission spectrum spanned from 8.5 to 13.5 µm at the

e

−
2

level. The transform limited pulse duration of the mid-IR pulse was 47 fs, which corresponded to a 1.3-cycle laser pulse. Energy conversion efficiency was up to

10

−
4

and

5
⋅
10

−
4

without and with chirp compensation, respectively.
Generating X-rays with orbital angular momentum in a free-electron laser oscillator
Authors: Huang Nanshun , Deng Haixiao 
Published: June 2021

Light with orbital angular momentum (OAM) provides new insights into a wide range of physical phenomena and has engendered advanced applications in various fields. Additionally, interest in X-ray OAM has been rapidly rising. We present a straightforward method to generate intense OAM beams from an X-ray free-electron laser oscillator (XFELO). The method leverages Bragg mirrors and longitudinal-transverse mode coupling to enable mode selection in a conventional XFELO configuration, thereby natively producing the fully coherent hard X-ray beams carrying OAM. Furthermore, simulation results demonstrate that fully coherent hard X-ray OAM beams at 1 MHz with a pulse energy of about 120 µJ can be generated without the optical mode converters. This simple approach could significantly advance the creation of X-ray OAM while stimulating the development of experimental methods.
Neonatal thyrotropin levels and auditory neural maturation in full-term newborns
Authors: Pallone Leticia Valerio , Navarra Laura Carvalho , Gonçalves Gleice Aline , de Jesus Felipe Alves , Melo Debora Gusmão , Ferreira Rodrigo Alves , Germano Carla Maria Ramos 
Published: June 2021

Objective
This study aimed to look for a possible relationship between thyrotropin (TSH) values from neonatal bloodspot screening testing and newborn lower auditory pathway myelinization evaluated using the brainstem evoked response audiometry (ABR) test.

Methods
Sixty-two healthy full-term newborns without perinatal problems were enrolled in the study. TSH results were collected from neonatal bloodspot screening data and were below the test cut-off level (15μUI/mL). The TSH test was performed between three and seven days, and the ABR test was performed in the first 28 days of life. The newborns were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 35), TSH between 0 and 5μUI/mL, and group 2 (n = 27), TSH between 5 and 15μUI/mL. Data are presented as mean ± SD, median, or percentage, depending on the variable.

Results
Wave latency and interpeak interval values for Groups 1 and 2 were as follows: Wave I: 1.8 ± 0.1 and 1.7 ± 0.1; Wave III: 4.4 ± 0.1 and 4.4 ± 0.1; Wave V: 6.9 ± 0.1 and 6.9 ± 0.1; interval I–III: 2.6 ± 0.1 and 2.6 ± 0.1; interval I–V: 5.1 ± 0.1 and 5.1 ± 0.1; interval III–V: 2.4 ± 0.1 and 2.4 ± 0.1. There were no significant differences in ABR parameters between groups 1 and 2 (p > 0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed a slight significant negative correlation between TSH and wave I values (standardized β = −0.267; p = 0.036), without observing any relationship with the other ABR waves recorded.

Conclusions
This study investigated the relationship of TSH and auditory myelinization evaluated by ABR. It did not show a significant change in lower auditory pathway myelinization according to TSH levels in newborns with TSH screening levels lower than 15 μUI/mL.
Fridays for Future in der Corona-Krise
Authors: Hunger Sophia , Hutter Swen 
Published: June 2021

Zusammenfassung
Die Corona-Krise hat Fridays for Future (FFF) – wie auch andere soziale Bewegungen – mit nicht absehbaren und einschneidenden Einschränkungen konfrontiert. Inwiefern kam es aufgrund dieser radikal veränderten Situation zu einer Anpassung des Handlungsrepertoires von FFF? Und ermöglichen online bzw. hybride Protestaktionen eine Ausweitung des Mobilisierungspotentials durch die Einbindung von geographischen Einheiten, die bisher nicht an die Bewegung angeschlossen waren? Diesen Fragen nähern wir uns in diesem Beitrag mittels neuer online-generierter Datenquellen. Dabei greifen wir auf Informationen zu den Teilnehmer*innen und Protestformen des Online-Streiks vom 24. April und des Klimastreiks vom 25. September 2020 zurück. Unsere deskriptiven Analysen zeigen regionale Varianzen in der Protestintensität und Innovationen in den Protestformen. Darauf aufbauend nutzen wir die geographisch kleinteilige Struktur der Daten, um in Regressionsanalysen etablierte Erklärungsfaktoren für die Mobilisierungskraft von FFF zu testen. Generell weisen die Ergebnisse auf keine deutliche Erweiterung der Mobilisierung hin: FFF konnte während der Pandemie besonders stark in urbanen, grün wählenden Gebieten mit hohem Bildungsniveau und Frauenanteil in Bevölkerung und Politik mobilisieren.
The beginning of the Carian inscription of Euromos C.Eu 2. A new reading and interpretation
Authors: Adiego Ignasi-Xavier 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article presents a new reading and interpretation of the beginning of the Carian inscription of Euromos C.Eu 2. This new reading allows us to find a new example of the Carian word for priest, qmoλ. The beginning of the inscription is analysed as a dating formula by means of the name of an eponymous priest.
Adolescence as a “critical period” in the heritage language use. Polish in Germany
Authors: Pułaczewska Hanna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the article, we consider the impact of adolescence upon the usage of Polish in Polish-German bilinguals raised and living in Germany and demonstrate how adolescence surfaces as a socially based “critical period” in this usage using results from a survey and interviews conducted with 30 teenagers. In the quantitative part of the study, we seek to establish whether adolescents’ age affected the pattern and quantity of their usage of Polish in the media and contacts with age peers, whether the latter two facets of growing up with Polish were interrelated, and which other factors affected peer-relevant activities in Polish. Both age and peer contact turned out to significantly affect the use of the media in Polish, while peer contact in Polish was affected by the parental use of Polish in parent-child communication. The qualitative part presents the context and motivation for using Polish by the youths in peer-relevant activities. We integrate the results with insights provided by child development psychology from the perspective of language socialisation theory and interpret the age-related decline of interest in the Polish media as an effect of a diminishing role of parents and the increasing role of age peers as role models in personal development.
El marcador conversacional ahre en memes: hacia la definición del marcador-meme en interacciones digitales de dos comunidades de práctica juveniles
Authors: De Luca Natalia 
Published: June 2021

Resumen
El presente artículo busca describir y analizar, desde un enfoque multimodal (Kress y van Leeuwen, 2001; Kress, 2005, 2009; Jewitt, 2009), las relaciones entre los marcadores del discurso (Martín Zorraquino y Portolés, 1999) y los memes (Knobel y Lankshear, 2005; Varis y Blommaert, 2015), a partir de una selección de memes que fueron compartidos en dos grupos de Whatsapp de estudiantes de dos escuelas secundarias de Buenos Aires. Para ilustrar esta relación, nos detendremos en el marcador ahre, marcador de gran frecuencia de uso en el habla de los estudiantes, con el fin de, en primer lugar, describir las funciones comunicativas que mantiene en los memes, y, en segundo lugar, indagar en qué medida este marcador desempeña solo una función discursiva verbal dentro del meme, o si se configura de manera autónoma como marcador-meme. Esta categoría novedosa y aporte de esta investigación nos permitirá evidenciar cómo un marcador oral puede constituirse en meme y, simultáneamente, cómo un meme puede funcionar como marcador en los intercambios en línea. Por último, discutiremos los resultados en torno al modal ontinuum (Tannen, 1982), y cómo los marcadores conversacionales en géneros digitales se inscriben como un recurso dentro del repertorio lingüístico de los estudiantes.
Kinetic and Kinematic Analysis of Various Drop Jump Performances in Army Reserve Officer Training Corps Cadets
Authors: Merrigan Justin J. , O'Toole Kyle B. , Wutzke Clinton J. , Jones Margaret T. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Merrigan, JJ, O'Toole, KB, Wutzke, CJ, and Jones, MT. Kinetic and kinematic analysis of various drop jump performances in army reserve officer training corps cadets. J Strength Cond Res 36(3): 738–746, 2022—The purpose was to examine effects of sex, drop height, and external loads on drop jump mechanics in Reserve Officer Training Corps cadets and whether findings were associated with strength. Males (n = 14) and females (n = 12) completed maximal isokinetic concentric (slow-C and fast-C) and eccentric (slow-E and fast-E) knee extensions and flexions at 60°·s−1 and 180°·s−1. After 72 hours, 3 drop jumps were performed under 3 conditions (i.e., 30 cm unloaded [30UL], 30 cm loaded 15 kg [30L], and 60 cm unloaded [60UL]). No sex × condition interactions existed for any metric (p > 0.05). The 30L condition resulted in slower eccentric and concentric center of mass (COM) and angular velocities, reduced concentric vertical ground reaction forces (vGRF), and lower jump performances. Although 60UL resulted in greater eccentric COM and angular velocities, peak vGRF, impulse, and rate of force development (p < 0.008), no differences existed in jump performances. Males had faster COM and angular concentric velocities and smaller knee valgus angles, but no different vGRF compared with females. The change in the peak hip angle, because of 60UL, was associated with knee extension eccentric and concentric strength, whereas changes in knee angles were associated with eccentric strength. Likewise, eccentric strength influenced the effects of 30L on landing vGRF more so than concentric strength. Initial strength training is recommended, specifically emphasizing eccentric actions, before performing loaded (15 kg) drop jumps to reduce the increase of landing forces. However, caution may be required when performing drops from 60 cm because of increased forces, although no decline in jump performances were noted.