bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validating a novel algorithm to identify patients with autoimmune hepatitis in an administrative database
Authors: Bittermann Therese , Mahmud Nadim , Lewis James D. , Levy Cynthia , Goldberg David S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposePopulation‐level studies on the treatment practices and comparative effectiveness of therapies in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are lacking due to the absence of validated methods to identify patients with AIH in large databases, such as administrative claims or electronic health records. This study ascertained the performance of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for AIH, and developed and validated a novel algorithm that reliably identifies patients with AIH in health administrative data and claims.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study of patients with ≥1 inpatient or ≥2 outpatient ICD codes for AIH between 2008 and 2019 at a single health system. In a random sample of 250 patients, definite or probable AIH was determined using the Simplified AIH score, Revised AIH score or expert adjudication. The positive predictive value (PPV) was obtained. Variations of this base algorithm were evaluated using additional criteria to increase its performance.ResultsOf the 250 patients, 143 (57.2%) patients had sufficient records available for review. The PPV of the base algorithm was 77.6% (95% CI: 69.9–84.2%). Exclusion of patients with ≥1 ICD code for primary biliary cholangitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis yielded a PPV of 89.7% (95% CI: 82.8–94.6%). Further exclusion of patients with recent immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy increased the PPV to 92.9% (95% CI: 86.5–96.9%).ConclusionsThe use of ICD codes for AIH alone are insufficient to reliably identify patients with AIH in health administrative data and claims. Our proposed algorithm that includes additional diagnostic and medication‐related coding criteria demonstrates excellent performance.
Low amounts of heavy water increase the phase separation propensity of a fragment of the androgen receptor activation domain
Authors: Bielskutė Stasė , Garcia‐Cabau Carla , Frigolé‐Vivas Marta , Szulc Elzbieta , De Mol Eva , Pesarrodona Mireia , García Jesús , Salvatella Xavier 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe phase equilibria of intrinsically disordered proteins are exquisitely sensitive to changes in solution conditions and this can be used to investigate the driving forces of phase separation in vitro as well as the biological roles of phase transitions in live cells. Here we investigate how using D2O as co‐solvent in an aqueous buffer changes the phase equilibrium of a fragment of the activation domain of the androgen receptor, a transcription factor that plays a role in the development of the male phenotype and is a therapeutic target for castration resistant prostate cancer. We show how replacing even small fractions of H2O with D2O increases the propensity of this fragment to undergo liquid–liquid phase separation, likely reflecting a stabilization of the hydrophobic interactions that drive condensation. Our results indicate that it is necessary to take this effect into consideration when studying phase separation phenomena with biophysical methods that require using D2O as a co‐solvent. In addition, they suggest that additions of D2O may be used to enhance phase separation phenomena in cells, facilitating their observation.
Glutathione: Role in Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress, Antioxidant Defense, and Treatments
Authors: Raj Rai Sristi , Bhattacharyya Camelia , Sarkar Anwita , Chakraborty Surupa , Sircar Esha , Dutta Sreejita , Sengupta Rajib 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGlutathione (GSH) is the most abundant cellular tripeptide (L‐γ‐glutamate‐L‐cysteinyl‐glycine) which is as critical as oxygen and water. This low molecular mass antioxidant has a very high intracellular concentration that ranges from 1–10 mM and reaches extreme concentration points in malignant cell types. This defender of the cell is compartmentalized in mitochondria, nucleus, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and cytosol where it is synthesized. The enzymes involved in GSH redox cycling are important for both cellular free radical and non‐radical detoxification. The present review article is covering the crucial roles of GSH to combat oxidative/nitrosative stress related to different diseases/disorders and possible drug designing for new therapies.
Resveratrol improved hippocampal neurogenesis following lead exposure in rats through activation of SIRT1 signaling
Authors: Wang Ruike , Wu Zuntao , Bai Lin , Liu Rundong , Ba Yue , Zhang Huizhen , Cheng Xuemin , Zhou Guoyu , Huang Hui 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLead (Pb) poses a potential environmental risk factor for cognitive dysfunction during early life and childhood. Resveratrol is considered a promising antioxidant with respect to the prevention of cognitive deficits and act as a potent SIRT1 agonist. Herein, this study aims to investigate the profile of neurogenesis markers following Pb exposure and to determine the regulatory role of resveratrol in this process. We confirmed firstly the protective effects of resveratrol against Pb‐induced impairments of hippocampal neurogenesis in Male SD rats. Pb exposure early in life caused the altered expression of Ki‐67, NeuN, caspase‐3 and SIRT1 signaling, thereby resulting in spatial cognitive impairment of adolescent rats. As expected, resveratrol reduced cognitive damage and promoted neurogenesis in Pb‐induced injury by regulation of SIRT1 pathway. Collectively, our study establishes the efficacy of resveratrol as a neuroprotective agent and provides a strong rationale for further studies on SIRT1‐mediated mechanisms of neuroprotective functions.
Carnap and the Members of the Lvov–Warsaw School. Carnap’s Warsaw Lectures (1930) in the Polish context
Authors: Brożek Anna 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn March 1930, Alfred Tarski visited Vienna and delivered few lectures which presented the achievements of the logical branch of the Lvov-Warsaw School. Rudolf Carnap was one of the most careful listeners of these lectures. The same year, in November, Carnap, invited by the Warsaw Philosophical Society, visited Warsaw where he gave three lectures. This was an opportunity for him to meet such members the Lvov-Warsaw School as Jan Łukasiewicz, Stanisław Leśniewski, Tadeusz Kotarbiński, and others. Many years later, Carnap reminisced that he left Warsaw “grateful for many stimulating suggestions and the fruitful exchange of ideas”.In the paper, I reconstruct the details of Carnap’s visit in Warsaw based on Carnap’s diaries, reports published in the Polish Journal Ruch Filozoficzny [Philosophical Movement] and some correspondence. I also discuss some problems presented by Carnap in Warsaw lectures and compare his views to the positons of members of the Lvov-Warsaw School. These problems are: the foundations of psychology, the status of metaphysical sentences, and the character of reasoning.
Carnap und das Bauhaus
Authors: Bernhard Peter 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungHinsichtlich der Beziehungen zwischen dem Bauhaus und dem Wiener Kreis gilt Carnap als eine zentrale Figur. Tatsächlich war er mit mehreren Protagonisten des Bauhaus-Kreises über Jahrzehnte befreundet und hielt sowohl am Dessauer Bauhaus als auch am New Bauhaus in Chicago Vorträge. Dabei konnte er als Gemeinsamkeit jedoch nur die Übereinstimmung des Lebensgefühls konstatieren. Eine theoretische Fundierung der Bauhaus-Maximen schloss er vor dem Hintergrund seines nonkognitivistischen Standpunktes aus, kritisierte stattdessen sogar die Texte von Bauhäuslern als metaphysisch.
“The Root of All Evil is Inactivity”: The Response of French Psychiatrists to New Approaches to Patient Work and Occupation, 1918–1939
Authors: Freebody Jane 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFocusing on the varied responses of French psychiatrists to new theories of occupational therapy emerging after World War I, this chapter argues that the voices of psychiatrists in favour of the new methods were “drowned out” by those who continued to interpret mental disorder in purely organic terms, by the desire of many French psychiatrists to enhance their “scientific” credentials through the use of biological treatments, by the reliance on the funds generated by traditional forms of patients work, and by a lack of skilled staff to supervise occupational therapy. As a result, patients in French asylums continued to remain idle or to be occupied with tasks designed to benefit the institution rather than the patient.
Navigation und Robotik in der Knieendoprothetik
Authors: Moret Céline S. , Hirschmann Michael T. 
Published: May 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Langlebigkeit einer Knieprothese hängt von der korrekten Ausrichtung der Prothesenkomponenten und der mechanischen Achse des Beins sowie einer optimalen Weichteilbalancierung ab. Um dieses Ziel präziser und sicherer zu erreichen, wurde die computerassistierte Chirurgie entwickelt. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die Navigation und Robotik zu bewerten und die aktuellen Ergebnisse zu diskutieren.

Methode
Umfassende Literaturrecherche in der Datenbank PubMed und dem Suchdienst Google Scholar.

Ergebnisse
Die computerassistierte Chirurgie führt zu einer präziseren Ausrichtung der mechanischen Beinachse und der Positionierung der Prothesenkomponenten. Trotzdem sind die klinischen Ergebnisse zur Kniefunktion und die Resultate der patientenbezogenen Fragebögen (PROMs) kontrovers. Sie zeigen, wie für die Überlebensrate, keinen signifikanten Unterschied zur konventionellen Technik. Hohe Anschaffungs- und Unterhaltskosten limitieren zudem die Verbreitung dieser Systeme.

Schlussfolgerung
Momentan bietet die bildgestützte Navigation dem Chirurgen bei gewissen Operationsschritten eine wertvolle Unterstützung für ein präziseres und sichereres Arbeiten. Trotzdem sind Langzeitstudien zur Kniefunktion, zu den PROMs, zur Überlebensrate dringend erforderlich. In der Robotik zeigen nur kurzfristige Ergebnisse ähnliche Trends wie bei der Navigation. Die Robotiksysteme müssen und werden sich weiterentwickeln, um den Anforderungen der Nutzer und Patienten zu entsprechen (Kosten, Größe, Programmierung).
Reduced microglia activity in patients with long-term immunosuppressive therapy after liver transplantation
Authors: Dirks Meike , Buchert Ralph , Wirries Ann-Katrin , Pflugrad Henning , Grosse Gerrit M. , Petrusch Carlotta , Schütze Christian , Wilke Florian , Mamach Martin , Hamann Linda , Langer Laura B. N. , Ding Xiao-Qi , Barg-Hock Hannelore , Klempnauer Jürgen , Wetzel Christian H. , Lukacevic Mario , Janssen Eike , Kessler Mariella , Bengel Frank M. , Geworski Lilli , Rupprecht Rainer , Ross Tobias L. , Berding Georg , Weissenborn Karin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) can cause long-term impairment of brain function. Possible pathomechanisms include alterations of the cerebral immune system. This study used positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the translocator protein (TSPO) ligand 18F-GE-180 to evaluate microglial activation in liver-transplanted patients under different regimens of immunosuppression.

Methods
PET was performed in 22 liver-transplanted patients (3 CNI free, 9 with low-dose CNI, 10 with standard-dose CNI immunosuppression) and 9 healthy controls. The total distribution volume (VT) estimated in 12 volumes-of-interest was analyzed regarding TSPO genotype, CNI therapy, and cognitive performance.

Results
In controls, VT was about 80% higher in high affinity binders (n = 5) compared to mixed affinity binders (n = 3). Mean VT corrected for TSPO genotype was significantly lower in patients compared to controls, especially in patients in whom CNI dose had been reduced because of nephrotoxic side effect.

Conclusion
Our results provide evidence of chronic suppression of microglial activity in liver-transplanted patients under CNI therapy especially in patients with high sensitivity to CNI toxicity.
Sea-ice habitat minimizes grazing impact and predation risk for larval Antarctic krill
Authors: David Carmen L. , Schaafsma Fokje L. , van Franeker Jan A. , Pakhomov Evgeny A. , Hunt Brian P. V. , Lange Benjamin A. , Castellani Giulia , Brandt Angelika , Flores Hauke 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSurvival of larval Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) during winter is largely dependent upon the presence of sea ice as it provides an important source of food and shelter. We hypothesized that sea ice provides additional benefits because it hosts fewer competitors and provides reduced predation risk for krill larvae than the water column. To test our hypothesis, zooplankton were sampled in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence Zone at the ice-water interface (0–2 m) and in the water column (0–500 m) during August–October 2013. Grazing by mesozooplankton, expressed as a percentage of the phytoplankton standing stock, was higher in the water column (1.97 ± 1.84%) than at the ice-water interface (0.08 ± 0.09%), due to a high abundance of pelagic copepods. Predation risk by carnivorous macrozooplankton, expressed as a percentage of the mesozooplankton standing stock, was significantly lower at the ice-water interface (0.83 ± 0.57%; main predators amphipods, siphonophores and ctenophores) than in the water column (4.72 ± 5.85%; main predators chaetognaths and medusae). These results emphasize the important role of sea ice as a suitable winter habitat for larval krill with fewer competitors and lower predation risk. These benefits should be taken into account when considering the response of Antarctic krill to projected declines in sea ice. Whether reduced sea-ice algal production may be compensated for by increased water column production remains unclear, but the shelter provided by sea ice would be significantly reduced or disappear, thus increasing the predation risk on krill larvae.
Tool and Die Making, Surface Treatment, and Repair by Laser-based Additive Processes
Authors: Asnafi Nader 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper explores the possibilities to use laser-based additive processes to make, surface treat and repair/remanufacture tools, dies and molds for cold working, hot working, and injection molding. The failures encountered in these applications are described. The materials used conventionally and in the laser additive processes are accounted for. The properties of the tools, dies and molds made by Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) are as good as and in some cases better than the properties of those made in wrought materials. Shorter cycle time, reduced friction, smaller abrasive wear, and longer life cycle are some of the benefits of L‑PBF and Directed Energy Deposition with powder (DED-p) (or Laser Metal Deposition with powder, LMD‑p, or Laser Cladding, LC). L‑PBF leads to higher toolmaking costs and shorter toolmaking lead time. Based on a review of conducted investigations, this paper shows that it is possible to design and make tools, dies and molds for and by L‑PBF, surface functionalize them by DED-p (LMD‑p, LC), and repair/remanufacture them by DED-p (LMD‑p, LC). With efficient operational performance as the target for the whole tool life cycle, this combination of L‑PBF and DED-p (LMD‑p, LC) has the greatest potential for hot working and injection molding tools and the smallest for cold working tools (due to the current high L‑PBF and DED-p (LMD‑p, LC) costs).
Complementing the pulp proteome via sampling with a picosecond infrared laser (PIRL)
Authors: Feridouni Khamaneh Yaghoup , Kiani Parnian , Miller R. J. Dwayne , Schlüter Hartmut , Friedrich Reinhard E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this investigation was the detailed analysis of the human pulp proteome using the new picosecond infrared laser (PIRL)-based sampling technique, which is based on a completely different mechanism compared to mechanical sampling. Proteome analysis of healthy pulp can provide data to define changes in the proteome associated with dental disease.Material and methodsImmediately after extraction of the entire, undamaged tooth, 15 wisdom teeth were deep frozen in liquid nitrogen and preserved at −80°C. Teeth were crushed, and the excised frozen pulps were conditioned for further analysis. The pulps were sampled using PIRL, and the aspirates digested with trypsin and analyzed with mass spectrometry. Pulp proteins were categorized according to their gene ontology terminus. Proteins identified exclusively in this study were searched in the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) for gaining information about the main known localization and function.ResultsA total of 1348 proteins were identified in this study. The comparison with prior studies showed a match of 72%. Twenty-eight percent of the proteins were identified exclusively in this study. Considering HPA, almost half of these proteins were assigned to tissues that could be pulp specific.ConclusionPIRL is releasing proteins from the dental pulp which are not dissolved by conventional sampling techniques.Clinical RelevanceThe presented data extend current knowledge on dental pulp proteomics in healthy teeth and can serve as a reference for studies on pulp proteomics in dental disease.
A new method of hybrid time window embedding with transformer-based traffic data classification in IoT-networked environment
Authors: Kozik Rafał , Pawlicki Marek , Choraś Michał 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Internet of Things (IoT) appliances often expose sensitive data, either directly or indirectly. They may, for instance, tell whether you are at home right now or what your long or short-term habits are. Therefore, it is crucial to protect such devices against adversaries and has in place an early warning system which indicates compromised devices in a quick and efficient manner. In this paper, we propose time window embedding solutions that efficiently process a massive amount of data and have a low-memory-footprint at the same time. On top of the proposed embedding vectors, we use the core anomaly detection unit. It is a classifier that is based on the transformer’s encoder component followed by a feed-forward neural network. We have compared the proposed method with other classical machine-learning algorithms. Therefore, in the paper, we formally evaluate various machine-learning schemes and discuss their effectiveness in the IoT-related context. Our proposal is supported by detailed experiments that have been conducted on the recently published Aposemat IoT-23 dataset.
Orthographic depth and developmental dyslexia: a meta-analytic study
Authors: Carioti Desiré , Masia Marta Franca , Travellini Simona , Berlingeri Manuela 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCross-cultural studies have suggested that reading deficits in developmental dyslexia (DD) can be moderated by orthographic depth. To further explore this issue and assess the moderating role of orthographic depth in the developmental cognitive trajectories of dyslexic and typical readers, we systematically reviewed 113 studies on DD that were published from 2013 to 2018 and selected 79 in which participants received an official DD diagnosis. Each study was classified according to orthographic depth (deep vs. shallow) and participant age (children vs. adults). We assessed the difference between DD and control groups’ performance in reading tasks and in a wide range of cognitive domains associated with reading (phonological awareness (PA), rapid automatized naming (RAN), short-term working memory (WM), and nonverbal reasoning), including age and orthographies as moderators. We found an age-by-orthography interaction effect in word reading accuracy and a significant effect of age in pseudoword reading accuracy, but we found no effect of age and orthographic depth on the fluency parameters. These results suggest that reading speed is a reliable index for discriminating between DD and control groups across European orthographies from childhood to adulthood. A similar pattern of results emerged for PA, RAN, and short-term/WM. Our findings are discussed in relation to their impact on clinical practice while considering the orthographic depth and developmental level.
Replacement of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) by extruded feeds with different proximate compositions: effects on growth, nutritional condition and digestive capacity of juvenile European lobsters (Homarus gammarus, L.)
Authors: Goncalves Renata , Gesto Manuel , Teodósio Maria Alexandra , Baptista Vânia , Navarro-Guillén Carmen , Lund Ivar 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Extruded feeds are widely used for major aquatic animal production, particularly for finfish. However, the transition from fresh/frozen to extruded/pelleted feeds remains a major obstacle to progressing sustainable farming of European lobster (Homarus gammarus). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of using extruded feeds with different protein levels and lipid/carbohydrate ratios on growth, feed utilisation, nucleic acid derived indices (sRD) and digestive enzymatic activity of H. gammarus juveniles. Six extruded feeds were formulated to contain two protein levels (400 and 500 g/kg), with three lipid/carbohydrate ratios (LOW – 1:3; MEDium – 1:2; HIGH – 1:1). The extruded feeds were tested against Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) used as control (CTRL). Overall, the CTRL and 500MED feed supported the highest growth and nutritional condition estimated by means of sRD, while the poorest results were observed for the 400HIGH and 400MED groups. The FCR was significantly lower in the CTRL than all extruded feeds, among which the most efficient, i.e., lower FCR, was the 500MED. The highest activity of trypsin and amylase in lobsters fed the 400MED and 400HIGH feeds points to the activation of a mechanism to maximise nutrients assimilation. The highest lipase activity observed for the 500LOW and 500MED groups indicates a higher capacity to metabolise and store lipids. Overall, the results suggest that the 500MED feed (500 g/kg protein, 237 g/kg carbohydrates and 119 g/kg lipids) is a suitable extruded feed candidate to replace Antarctic krill, commonly used to grow lobster juveniles.
ON THE REGULAR GRAPH RELATED TO THE G-CONJUGACY CLASSES
Authors: B. R. ADAM , AKHLAGHI Z. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGiven a finite group G with a normal subgroup N, the simple graph
$\Gamma _{\textit {G}}( \textit {N} )$
is a graph whose vertices are of the form
$|x^G|$
, where
$x\in {N\setminus {Z(G)}}$
and
$x^G$
is the G-conjugacy class of N containing the element x. Two vertices
$|x^G|$
and
$|y^G|$
are adjacent if they are not coprime. We prove that, if
$\Gamma _G(N)$
is a connected incomplete regular graph, then
$N= P \times {A}$
where P is a p-group, for some prime p,
$A\leq {Z(G)}$
and
$\textbf {Z}(N)\not = N\cap \textbf {Z}(G)$
.
Ethnic Fundraising in America and the Irish and Lithuanian Wars of Independence, 1918–1923
Authors: Adams R. J. C. , Nikšaitė Vaida 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe close of the First World War signalled a proliferation of newly established nation-states across Europe. However, the unilateral proclamations of these states’ independence did not guarantee their international recognition, nor did it guarantee their financial viability. This article examines the funding of two such states: the unrecognized Lithuanian (1919–23) and Irish (1919–21) republics. Both funded their wars of independence by selling ‘war bonds’ to their respective diasporas in the United States; the Lithuanians raising almost $1.9m from c. 28,000 subscribers and the Irish raising $5.8m from c. 300,000 subscribers. Communication between the organizers of these bond drives was virtually non-existent, but following the example of the US Liberty Loans they employed remarkably similar tactics. Yet, issued by self-proclaimed nation-states with neither territorial integrity nor a credible history of borrowing, the Lithuanian and Irish war bonds promised a return only when the states had received international recognition. In this sense, they were examples of what the authors term Pre-Sovereign Debt. Practically, they were a focal point for agitation for governmental recognition and rousing of American public opinion. Symbolically, they were tangible representations of the Lithuanian and Irish pretensions to statehood.