bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ferrum phosphoricum D12 Treatment Affects J774A.1 Cell Proliferation, Transcription Levels of Iron Metabolism, Antioxidant Defense, and Inflammation-related Genes
Authors: Tasinov Oskan , Kiselova-Kaneva Yoana , Ivanova Desislava , Pasheva Milena , Vankova Deyana , Ivanova Diana 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background Ferrum phosphoricum (FP) is prescribed as a homeopathic remedy to treat the early stages of fever and inflammation in cases of colds or flu, muscle fatigue and anemia. We aimed to analyze the molecular mechanisms of action of FP D12 on cell proliferation and mRNA expression of iron metabolism, antioxidant defense and inflammation-related genes in mouse J774A.1 macrophages.
Methods Cell proliferation was examined using the MTT test. RT-qPCR analyses were performed to estimate gene expression changes. Relative gene expression levels were calculated using the 2–ΔΔCt method. The effect of treatment using FP D12 tablets was compared with that using placebo tablets (PT).
Results FP D12 in low concentrations (0.0125 mg/mL to 0.025 mg/mL) significantly stimulated proliferation of J774A.1 cells by up to 11% (p < 0.01) versus control untreated cells and by up to 40% (p < 0.01) versus PT-treated cells in the respective concentration. FP D12 versus PT induced a significant increase in mRNA expression of ferritin light chain (Ftl1) (by 8-fold, p < 0.01), β-2-microglobulin (B2m) (by 2.5-fold, p < 0.05) and iron-responsive element binding protein 2 (Ireb2) (by 4-fold, p < 0.05), and induced a slight decrease in myosin IE (Myo1e) mRNA expression levels (by 0.4-fold, p < 0.01) in macrophages. A highly significant (r2 = 0.99, p < 0.05) correlation was observed between Ireb2 and B2m transcription levels. Significant stimulation of antioxidant enzyme Gpx-1 (by 1.27-fold, p < 0.01) in cells by 0.025 mg/mL FP D12, but a slight decrease (by 0.12-fold, p < 0.05) in 0.0125 mg/mL-treated cells, was observed. A significant increase in the gene expression of IL-1β (by 3.5-fold, р < 0.05) in macrophages was also detected.
Conclusion Ferrum phosphoricum in D12 dilution potentially exhibits iron retention, antioxidant and immunomodulation activities, possibly by modulating transcription levels of related genes in non-stimulated mouse macrophages.
Lethality of Birth Defects in Live Born Infants Categorized by Gestational Age and Birth Weight
Authors: Rittler Monica , Campaña Hebe , Heisecke Silvina , Ratowiecki Julia , Elias Dario , Gimenez Lucas , Poletta Fernando A. , Gili Juan , Pawluk Mariela , Santos Maria Rita , Uranga Rocio , Cosentino Viviana , Camelo Jorge Lopez 
Published: October 2021

Objective This study aimed to describe lethality of birth defects (BDs) in newborns categorized by gestational age and birth weight and to identify BDs associated with prematurity.
Study Design Live born infants (n = 16,452) with isolated BDs classified by severity, and 42,511 healthy controls were assigned to categories: adequate growth, preterm, or small for gestational age (SGA). Proportion of cases and BDs' lethality rates were obtained by category and compared with controls.
Results Overall fewer malformed than nonmalformed infants were of adequate growth, while the opposite occurred in the preterm and SGA categories where gastroschisis and esophageal atresia were among the most outstanding defects. For most severe BDs, the early neonatal death rate was higher than control values in all categories; for mild defects, except cleft lip in the preterm category, they did not differ. Diaphragmatic hernia showed the highest lethality values, while those of spina bifida were among the lowest. Talipes, hypospadias, and septal heart defects were mild defects significantly associated with prematurity.
Conclusion Although reasons, such as induced preterm delivery of fetuses with certain anomalies, could partially account for their high prematurity rates, susceptibility to preterm birth might exist through underlying mechanisms related with the defects. The identification of BDs associated with prematurity should serve to improve measures that prevent preterm birth especially of fetuses at risk.
Key Points
Maternal Sepsis: A Review of National and International Guidelines
Authors: Stephens Angela J. , Chauhan Suneet P. , Barton John R. , Sibai Baha M. 
Published: October 2021

Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome caused by the body's response to infection. The Global Maternal Sepsis Study (GLOSS) suggests sepsis plays a larger role in maternal morbidity and mortality than previously thought. We therefore sought to compare national and international guidelines for maternal sepsis to determine their consistency with each other and the Third International Consensus for Sepsis and Septic Shock (SEPSIS-3). Using Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed, Google Scholar, and organization Web sites, we identified seven guidelines on maternal sepsis in the English language—The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Society of Obstetric Medicine of Australia and New Zealand, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Royal College of Physicians of Ireland Institute of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, and World Health Organization. Guidelines were reviewed to ascertain the commonality and variation, if any, in definitions of maternal sepsis, tools and criteria utilized for diagnosis, obstetric warning systems used, as well as evaluation and management of maternal sepsis. These variables were also compared with SEPSIS-3. All guidelines provided definitions consistent with a version of the SEPSIS, although the specific version utilized were varied. Clinical variables and tools employed for diagnosis of maternal sepsis were also varied. Evaluation and management of maternal sepsis and septic shock were similar. In conclusion, national and international maternal sepsis guidelines were incongruent with each other and SEPSIS-3 in diagnostic criteria and tools but similar in evaluation and management recommendations.
Key Points
Pediatric Facial Fractures
Authors: Lim Rachel B. , Hopper Richard A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFacial trauma is common in the pediatric population with most cases involving the soft tissue or dentoalveolar structures. Although facial fractures are relatively rare in children compared with adults, they are often associated with severe injury and can cause significant morbidity and disability. Fractures of the pediatric craniomaxillofacial skeleton must be managed with consideration for psychosocial, anatomical, growth and functional differences compared with the adult population. Although conservative management is more common in children, displaced fractures that will not self-correct with compensatory growth require accurate and stable reduction to prevent fixed abnormalities in form and function.
Diamond/β-Ga2O3 pn heterojunction diodes fabricated by low-temperature direct-bonding
Authors: Sittimart Phongsaphak , Ohmagari Shinya , Matsumae Takashi , Umezawa Hitoshi , Yoshitake Tsuyoshi 
Published: October 2021

Heterojunctions consisting of p-type diamond substrates and thin exfoliated n-type β-Ga2O3 layers were fabricated at a low temperature using a direct-bonding technique. We have fabricated p+-diamond/n-Ga2O3 (p+–n) and p-diamond/n-Ga2O3 (p–n) structures with different B concentrations in diamond. The p+–n heterojunction exhibited Ohmic behavior, resulting from p+-diamond behaving as a metallic layer. As for the p–n heterojunction, it showed clear rectifying action as a conventional bipolar action with a rectifying ratio &gt;108 at ±10 V and leakage current &lt;10−12 A. The ideality factor and barrier height of the p–n heterojunctions were estimated to be 2.7 and 1.5 eV, respectively. Formation of the p–n junction was evidenced by comparing it with the Schottky junction. An energy band diagram of the p–n heterojunctions with staggered (type-II) band alignment was derived based on electrical investigations.
An elliptical rail–mass–spring mechanism to realize multi-stable circulation motion for electromagnetic-energy harvesting
Authors: Zhao Wei , Nakano Kimihiko , Zhao Xilu , Zheng Rencheng 
Published: October 2021

This study proposes an elliptical rail–mass–spring mechanism to realize multi-stable circulation motion for electromagnetic energy harvesting. Unlike the conventional bistable vibration model, the moveable body can jump between multiple potential energy wells. Correspondingly, the elliptical rail–mass–spring prototype is deliberately exploited, and experimental investigation indicates that the response angular displacement range of the moveable body can be expanded to [0°–630°] as a circulation elliptical motion and the response angular displacement range can be expanded if the low-frequency vibrational excitation is continued. Comparing the average power obtained by the elliptical rail–mass–spring mechanism, 17.33 mW was obtained for the random signal, 45.40 mW was obtained for the periodic signal with the largest motion response of 0.8 Hz, and 77.99 mW was obtained when the two signals were combined. The average power obtained by a combined signal is greater than the sum of the results obtained by a separate signal, which confirms that the elliptical rail–mass–spring mechanism noticeably enhances power-generation efficiency.
The mechanisms underlying melatonin improved soybean seedling growth at different nitrogen levels
Authors: Wang Huamei , Ren Chunyuan , Cao Liang , Jin Xijun , Wang Mengxue , Zhang Mingcong , Zhao Qiang , Li He , Zhang Yuxian , Yu Gaobo 
Published: October 2021

To investigate the function of melatonin (MT) on nitrogen uptake and metabolism in soybean, six groups of treatments, with and without 100 μM melatonin were conducted at low, normal, and high nitrogen levels (1.5, 7.5, and 15 mM, respectively). The related indexes of nitrogen metabolism and the antioxidant system of seedlings were measured and analysed. Results indicated that MT could enhance the level of nitrogen metabolism by upregulating the coding genes of enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism and increasing total nitrogen content, especially under low nitrogen levels. Under high nitrogen conditions, the addition of MT not only accelerated ammonium assimilation and utilisation by enhancing the activity of glutamine synthetase involved in ammonium assimilation, but also reduced the extent of membrane lipid peroxidation to alleviate the degree of damage by improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, MT enhanced soybean growth with positive effects in morphological changes at different nitrogen levels, including significantly increased stem diameter, total leaf area, and root nodule number, and biomass accumulation. Finally, biomass accumulation increased under low, normal, and high nitrogen levels by 9.80%, 14.06%, and 11.44%, respectively. The results suggested that MT could enhance the soybean tolerance to low and excessive N treatments.
Trusted authorities can change minds and shift norms during conflict
Authors: Blair Graeme , Littman Rebecca , Nugent Elizabeth R. , Wolfe Rebecca , Bukar Mohammed , Crisman Benjamin , Etim Anthony , Hazlett Chad , Kim Jiyoung 
Published: October 2021

Significance
Violent extremist groups such as the Islamic State and Boko Haram have proliferated across the world in recent decades. While considerable scholarship addresses why people join violent extremist groups, much less attention has been paid to how former members reenter society. Yet successfully ending conflict requires reluctant communities to accept former members back home. In this research, we find that radio messages delivered by trusted authorities in Nigeria lead to large, positive changes in people’s willingness to accept former Boko Haram fighters back home and make people think their neighbors are more in favor of reintegration. Our results show that messages from leaders can create change on a mass scale at low cost, helping to end conflict and division.
Metaphoric chains
Authors: Navidi-Baghi Sakineh , Izanloo Ali , Qaeminia Alireza , Azad Alireza 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe molecular structure of a complex metaphor comprises two or more atomic metaphorical parts, known as primary metaphors. In the same way, several molecular structures of metaphors may combine and form a mixture, known as mixed metaphors. In this study, different types of metaphoric integrations are reviewed and illustrated in figures to facilitate understanding the phenomena. Above all, we introduce double-ground metaphoric chain, a new form of metaphoric integration that has not been identified in the previous literature. Also, a distinction is made between single-ground and double-ground metaphoric chains. In the former, which has already been introduced, two basic metaphors are chained with the same form and have the same ground, while the latter includes two chained metaphors, one main metaphor plus a supportive one, with different grounds. In this analysis, we benefited from Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) to analyse double-ground metaphoric chains. This study suggests that each metaphoric integration leads to a multifaceted conceptualization, in which each facet is related to one of the constituent micro-metaphors.
Potentials for grammaticalization
Authors: Li Fuyin Thomas , Liu Na 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses the grammaticalization of motion verbs in Mandarin. A class of motion verbs in Mandarin that regularly appears at either V1 or V2 position in the V1+V2 construction is only grammaticalized at the V2 position, where the verb becomes a directional complement. We provide a cognitive semantic account and propose a new hypothesis that we call the syntactic position and event type sensitivity hypothesis in grammaticalization. We analyze corpus data across five historical stages for 11 simplex directional complements. The analysis draws on Talmy’s macro-event theory and Lehmann’s grammaticalization parameters. It is concluded that motion verbs at the V1 position are most likely to have agentive subjects, which foregrounds the idea of motion in V1, while V2 focuses on the Agent’s purpose. Motion verbs at V2 are relatively more likely to have non-agentive subjects, which foregrounds the Path element in V2 and complements the action of V1, rather than the purpose of the Agent. What triggers the grammaticalization of the V2 is the foregrounding of the Path element in V2, which complements the action of V1, and its non-agentive subject.
Language evolution from a cognitive-grammar perspective
Authors: Aldokhayel Reyadh 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper considerslanguage evolutionfrom acognitive-grammar(CG) perspective taking Classical Arabic Case Marking (CACM) as a case in point and a departure point. It is argued that the accusative case is diachronically the baseline case mark, designating the Objective Scene (OS) and demarcating an object of perception in the initial stage of maximal subjectivity in which theground(G) is totally implicit. Such maximum is then attenuated through a process ofobjectificationsuch thatgentities are gradually put onstage to fulfill the functions ofidentificationandpredication. The nominative case, then, figures to mark such emerging entities in their baseline, immediate status. This conception of G with its functions is later extended to mark entities external to G, which gives rise to the full, nominative-marked, baselineexistential core(C∃) comprisingthe existential predicate(P∃) andthe existential subject(S∃). Thetruncation(T) of a verb’s nominative case is argued to fulfill the semantic function of situating a process out of existential reality yieldingthe existential predicate minus(P-∃), which represents a basic elaboration on baseline C∃. Processes being extensions from perception, the accusative case attenuates to mark entities (D) that demarcate processes, implementing the semantic function ofprocessual modification. Finally, a genitive-marked entity (RP) is proposed to implement the semantic function ofreferential modification,anchoring and referencing the conceptions of all those facets of reality.
Red-hot faces and burnt hearts
Authors: Menete Sérgio N. , Jiang Guiying 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPeople from different languages draw from the knowledge they have from the domain of heat (source domain) and apply it to the domain of anger (target domain) through metaphor. This was also found to be the case with Amharic and Changana. Our study investigates how anger is metaphorically conceptualized in these two languages. Many similarities were found even though variations do exist cross-linguistically. It is suggested that the similarities between these languages in conceptualizing anger lie in the fact that human beings share the same bodily experience:(physiology) embodiment, even though variations may arise due to the differences incultural embodiment(race, values and geographical localization, etc). The study seeks to demonstrate how these two dimensions contribute to the overall conceptual structure ofanger is heatmetaphor in these two (unrelated) African languages.
Berries: a review of flavonoids
Authors: Ayub Ricardo Antonio , Pessenti Isabela Leticia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Flavonoids occur naturally and are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. There is growing evidence of the preventive and protective roles of anthocyanins against a wide range of pathologies, including different types of cancer and metabolic diseases. However, most red fruits available to consumers typically contain only small amounts of anthocyanins, mainly limited to the epidermis of plant organs. Therefore, we reviewed the current literature on the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in berries, including the structural and regulatory genes involved in the differential pigmentation patterns of plant structures, as well as management and cultural treatments. Also, the genetic regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in different red fruits is explored to observe and create strategies to increase biosynthesis and anthocyanin accumulation. It is concluded that the regulation, transport and accumulation of flavonoids varies markedly between species, and is influenced by abiotic and biotic factors.
Zinc phthalocyanine conjugated cellulose nanocrystals for memory device applications
Authors: Chaulagain Narendra , Alam Kazi M , Kumar Pawan , Kobryn Alexander E , Gusarov Sergey , Shankar Karthik 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We present the electrical properties of zinc phthalocyanine covalently conjugated to cellulose nanocrystals (CNC@ZnPc). Thin films of CNC@ZnPc sandwiched between two gold electrodes showed pronounced hysteresis in their current–voltage characteristics. The layered metal–organic–metal sandwich devices exhibit distinct high and low conductive states when bias is applied, which can be used to store information. Density functional theory results confirmed wave function overlap between CNC and ZnPc in CNC@ZnPc, and helped visualize the lowest (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) and highest molecular orbitals (highest occupied molecular orbital) in CNC@ZnPc. These results pave the way forward for all-organic electronic devices based on low cost, earth abundant CNCs and metallophthalocyanines.
Development of plasma beam irradiation facility using applied-field MPD thruster to study plasma-surface interactions
Authors: Chai Kil-Byoung , Kwon Duck-Hee , Lee Minkyu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A plasma beam irradiation facility was developed based on the applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic (AF-MPD) thruster concept for studying plasma-surface interactions. The AF-MPD thruster was chosen because it can produce a plasma beam with high plasma density in continuous-wave mode. Two types of AF-MPD thruster were developed and used in this study: a type I source with a wide thruster channel was used for a heat flux test with Ar or Xe gas, while a type II source with a narrow thruster channel was used for an ion flux test with H2 or He gas. The plasma initially showed the characteristics of abnormal glow discharges and then a transition to arc occurred when the plasma current exceeded a threshold value. It was found that a cathode made of thoriated tungsten significantly lowered the threshold current for the transition from abnormal glow to arc. The maximum heat flux provided by our facility was measured to be 7 MW m−2 using a custom-made heat flux sensor, while the maximum hydrogen ion flux was measured to be 1 × 1023 m−2 s−1 using a Langmuir probe. The electron temperature ranged between (4–5) eV, while the electron density at the plasma plume (downstream) ranged between (1–4) × 1018 m−3.
Spectral investigations of low-temperature plasma induced in CO2 gas by nanosecond pulses of extreme ultraviolet (EUV)
Authors: Bartnik A , Skrzeczanowski W , Wachulak P , Fok T , Węgrzyński Ł , Szczurek M , Fiedorowicz H 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this work, low-temperature plasmas, induced in a gaseous CO2 by intense extreme ultraviolet (EUV) pulses were investigated with a purpose to determine their ionic/molecular composition and the resulting, potentially reactive species. Two laser-produced plasma EUV sources based on a xenon gas puff target were used to irradiate and ionize of the CO2 gas. The sources, driven by Nd:YAG lasers of different parameters, delivered EUV beams created using reflective, focusing collectors. The CO2-based, low-temperature plasmas induced using both systems, emitted radiation in a wide wavelength range, from vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) to visible light (VIS). The radiation was measured using spectrometers and a streak camera operating in these spectral ranges. In the VUV range, multiple emission lines corresponding to ionic and atomic species together with the CO molecular bands were acquired. Spectra from the UV–VIS range were mainly composed of the CO2
+ molecular bands. Numerical simulations of the molecular spectra allowed us to estimate rotational and vibrational temperatures of the EUV induced plasmas. As could be expected, plasmas created in both experimental systems were characterized by different temperatures and intensity ratios of the ionic–atomic spectral lines. The spatio-temporal measurements performed using the streak camera indicated a few times longer lifetime of the EUV induced plasmas, compared to the driving, EUV pulses.
An integrative model of cancer cell differentiation with immunotherapy*
Authors: Margarit David H , González Nadia S , Romanelli Lilia M , Fendrik Alejandro J , Scagliotti Ariel F , Reale Marcela V 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn order to improve cancer treatments, cancer cell differentiation and immunotherapy are the subjects of several studies in different branches of interdisciplinary sciences. In this work, we develop a new population model that integrates other complementary ones, thus emphasizing the relationship between cancer cells at different differentiation stages and the main immune system cells. For this new system, specific ranges were found where transdifferentiation of differentiated cancer cells can occur. In addition, a specific therapy against cancer stem cells was analysed by simulating cytotoxic cell vaccines. In reference to the latter, the different combinations of parameters that optimize it were studied.
Fixman problem revisited: when fluctuations of inflated ideal polymer loop are non-Gaussian?
Authors: Nechaev Sergei , Valov Alexander 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We consider statistics of a planar ideal polymer loop of length L in a large deviation regime, when a gyration radius, R
g, is slightly less than the radius of a fully inflated ring,

L

2
π

. Specifically, we study analytically and via off-lattice Monte-Carlo simulations relative fluctuations of chain monomers in an ensemble of Brownian loops. We have shown that these fluctuations in the regime with fixed large gyration radius are Gaussian with the critical exponent

γ
=

1

2

. However, if we insert inside the inflated loop the impenetrable disc of radius R
d = R
g, the fluctuations become non-Gaussian with the critical exponent

γ
=

1

3

typical for the Kardar–Parisi–Zhang universality class.