bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indoor Air Quality in Nonindustrial Occupational Environments
Authors: Springston John P. , Horner Elliott , Lstiburek Joseph 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses indoor air quality (IAQ) in nonindustrial buildings. Historically, the concept of IAQ has included viewpoints that the introduction of outdoor air, via passive and mechanical ventilation, is required both to prevent the buildup of contaminants and the associated adverse health effects, as well as to provide for comfort of occupants. It has been observed that airborne contagious diseases and malodor are more prominent in crowded spaces with insufficient ventilation and poor or nonexistent control of contaminant sources. The International Building Code (IBC), the International Residential Code (IRC), the International Mechanical Code (IMC), and the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air‐Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standards 62.1 and 62.2 recommend approaches to the control of contaminant sources and the provision of outdoor air ventilation to lower the risk of occupant dissatisfaction and diseases. The varied approaches that can be used during IAQ evaluations reflect the multitude of different problems that can occur in buildings. In developing countries, higher morbidity and mortality have multifactorial causes, with contaminated food, water, and air as major risk factors. The chapter focuses on IAQ evaluation protocols and various guidelines.
Mathematical Modeling of Indoor Air Contaminant Concentrations
Authors: Nicas Mark , Armstrong Thomas W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPhysical–chemical mathematical models are an accepted exposure estimation method for occupational indoor air contaminants. Although direct air sampling is preferred traditionally for indoor air exposure assessments, there are situations in which such monitoring is not feasible. In such cases, mathematical modeling can be used to estimate exposure intensity. Because mathematical modeling is theoretical and based on explicit assumptions, many occupational hygienists believe that modeling exposure estimates are too uncertain. However, with appropriate model and parameter choices, the modeling techniques can provide valuable information. Three elements of physical–chemical models addressed are contaminant generation, dispersal in modeled space and time, and contaminant removal, primarily but not only by ventilation. Sources for many of the models discussed and implemented in software are presented. Additional models, including from European Union and US EPA sources are also briefly discussed. Additional information sources for modeling parameters and techniques are presented, as well as discussion of model validation and model selection.
Cold Stress
Authors: Ikäheimo Tiina M. , Kuklane Kalev , Jaakkola Jouni J.K. , Holmér, Ingvar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Owing to the steep temperature gradient between the warm human body and a cold environment, a potential for high heat losses prevails that may endanger heat balance and represent a threat to human health, function, and performance. Our physiological adaptive power is relatively is relatively low in the cold. Instead, humans rely on technique, organization, and protection to mitigate the effects of cold and create conditions for work that can be coped with, at least for some time. This chapter describes the physics of heat exchange between man and the cold environment. In particular, clothing is dealt with in more detail, as it is one of the most powerful and simple means of controlling body heat exchange and to preserve an optimal heat balance. When heat cannot be preserved, the body cools, starting with fingers, hands, toes, and feet. Whole‐body or local cooling, and the related physiological responses, leads to decreased work performance and adverse health effects. International standards intended for ergonomics of thermal environments are available for the assessment and management of cold‐related occupational effects. The chapter ends with a suggestion for a simplified risk‐assessment procedure and tables with numerous examples of preventive measures for alleviation cold stress.
Unraveling the Important Role of High‐Lying Triplet–Lowest Excited Singlet Transitions in Achieving Highly Efficient Deep‐Blue AIE‐Based OLEDs
Authors: Guo Xiaomin , Yuan Peisen , Fan Jianzhong , Qiao Xianfeng , Yang Dezhi , Dai Yanfeng , Sun Qian , Qin Anjun , Tang Ben Zhong , Ma Dongge 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAggregation‐induced emission (AIE) materials are attractive for achieving highly efficient nondoped organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) owing to their strong luminescence in the solid state. However, the electroluminescence efficiency of most AIE‐based OLEDs remains low owing to the waste of triplet excitons. Here, using theoretical calculations, photophysical dynamics, and magnetoluminescence measurements, the spin conversion process is demonstrated between the high‐lying triplet state (Tn) and the lowest excited singlet state (S1) in AIE materials. Moreover, the relative positions of Tn (n < 4) and S1 are shown to have a significant impact on the spin‐conversion efficiency, thus influencing the harvesting of triplet excitons and the device efficiency. Finally, by selecting an upconversion material with an appropriate energy level for further utilizing the triplet excitons, a deep‐blue fluorescent OLED with CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.08), a maximum external quantum efficiency of 10.2%, low efficiency roll‐off, and a high brightness of 16817 cd m−2 is developed. This is one of the most efficient deep‐blue OLEDs based on AIE materials reported so far. These findings also provide new insights into the design of more efficient AIE molecules and corresponding OLEDs by managing high‐lying triplet excitons.
High Optical Performance of Cyan‐Emissive CsPbBr3 Perovskite Quantum Dots Embedded in Molecular Organogels
Authors: Vallés‐Pelarda Marta , Gualdrón‐Reyes Andrés F. , Felip‐León Carles , Angulo‐Pachón César A. , Agouram Said , Muñoz‐Sanjosé Vicente , Miravet Juan F. , Galindo Francisco , Mora‐Seró Iván 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPerovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have fascinating optoelectronic properties, such as high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) for a broad range of materials, and the possibility to obtain different bandgaps with the same material or halide combinations. Nevertheless, blue‐emissive materials generally present limited PLQY or color instability. Here, two molecular organogels, based on a derivative of an amino acid and succinic acid, are used to embed CsPbBr3 quantum dots, obtaining green and blue emission. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) measurements are performed to confirm that there are no significant changes in the average size of the QDs and the crystal structure. A high near‐unity PLQY is achieved for the blue emission. This contribution opens the door to a postsynthetic treatment for synthesizing blue‐emissive PQDs with high optical performance, which can be attractive for optoelectronic applications.
Wellenlängengesteuerte photochemische Synthese von Phenalendiimiden
Authors: Feist Florian , Walden Sarah L. , Alves Jessica , Kunz Susanna V. , Micallef Aaron S. , Brock Aidan J. , McMurtrie John C. , Weil Tanja , Blinco James P. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWir stellen eine wellenlängengesteuerte Syntheseroute zu Phenalendiimiden vor. Zwei aufeinanderfolgende Diels‐Alder‐Reaktionen von Methylisophthalaldehyden und Maleimiden ergeben Hexahydrophenalen‐1,6‐dioldiimide über 5‐Formylhexahydrobenzo[f]isoindole als Intermediat. Beide Photoreaktionen sind hoch effizient (82–99 % Ausbeute) und weisen eine hohe Diastereoselektivität auf (62–98 % d.r.). Die Kontrolle der aufeinanderfolgenden Additionsreaktionen über die Wellenlänge ermöglicht die baukastenartige Konstruktion von Phenalendiimid‐Gerüsten aus einfachen Bausteinen. Damit eröffnet diese Synthesemethode einen einfachen Zugang zu einer neuen Klasse von stabilen Phenalenyldiimid‐Neutralradikalen.
Diverse Synthesis of Chiral Trifluoromethylated Alkanes via Nickel‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Reductive Cross‐Coupling Fluoroalkylation
Authors: Min Yue , Sheng Jie , Yu Jian‐Liang , Ni Shan‐Xiu , Ma Guobin , Gong Hegui , Wang Xi‐Sheng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe trifluoromethyl group represents one of the most functional and widely used fluoroalkyl groups in drug design and screening, while the drug candidates containing chiral trifluoromethyl‐bearing carbons are still few due to the lack of efficient methods for the asymmetric introduction of trifluoromethyl group into organic molecules. Herein, we described a nickel‐catalyzed asymmetric trifluoroalkylation of aryl iodides, for the first time, by utilizing reductive cross‐coupling in enantioselective fluoroalkylation. This novel method has demonstrated high efficiency, mild conditions, and excellent functional group tolerance, especially for substrates containing diverse pharmaceutical and bioactive molecules moieties. This strategy provided an efficient and facile way for diversity‐oriented synthesis of chiral trifluoromethylated alkanes.
Pyrimidin‐6‐yl Trifluoroborate Salts as Versatile Templates for Heterocycle Synthesis
Authors: Cousins David L. , Fricero Prisca , Kopf Kenji P. M. , McColl Elliot J. , Czechtizky Werngard , Lim Yee Hwee , Harrity Joseph P. A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe report a novel and general method to access a highly under‐studied privileged scaffold—pyrimidines bearing a trifluoroborate at C4, and highlight the broad utility of these intermediates in a rich array of downstream functionalization reactions. This chemistry is underpinned by the unique features of the trifluoroborate group; its robustness provides an opportunity to carry out chemoselective reactions at other positions on the pyrimidine while providing a pathway for elaboration at the C−B bond when suitably activated.
Optimization of the in Situ Transesterification of Grain Sorghum (Milo) DDGS to Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters
Authors: Wyatt Victor T. , Jones Kerby , Johnston David B. , Moreau Robert A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDistillers grains and solubles generated from the ethanol fermentation of grains contain acylglycerols (AG) that can be successfully converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), commonly known as biodiesel. However, when grain sorghum (milo) DDGS were used as a feedstock for in situ transesterification (IST) under the previously established optimal conditions for other AG‐bearing substrates, the yield plateaued at only 32.2% (corrected in this study to 24.2%). Several IST studies have reported significantly higher conversions of AG‐bearing substrates to FAME. Therefore, the goal of this IST study was to improve the conversion of the AG in milo DDGS to FAME and FAEE by varying the temperature of reaction, the concentrations of the base (sodium methylate, NaOMe), volume of methanol and ethanol, and the amount of moisture in DDGS. Methyl tert‐butyl ester was also evaluated as a co‐solvent intended to improve miscibility and reaction rate. Among these variables, the most effective change was an increase in temperature from 40 to 65 °C. The most successful reaction used a AG:NaOMe:MeOH molar ratio of 1.0:2.6:168.9. Those reaction conditions used 4.8 mmol NaOMe dissolved in 12.6 mL MeOH and resulted in a 79.8% conversion of AG to FAME.
Charmonium decay in the C3P0 Model
Authors: El‐Hameed Ahmed A. , Hassan Galal S. , da Silva Daniel T. , de Quadros Joseima N. , Hadjimichef Dimiter 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this work, we use the C3P0 model to calculate the decay widths of the low lying charmonium JPC = 1−− states, nominally J/ψ(1S) and ψ(2S), in the following common channels: ρ π, ω η, ω η′, K*+ K−, , ϕ η, ϕ η′.
A metabolic investigation of arterialized venous flaps in rabbits using mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics
Authors: Jin Zeyuan , Luo Xiaobin , Yuan Kaizong , Lin Damu , Cooper Tokai Biggerboy , Yan Hede 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAn arterialized venous flap (AVF) is an ideal choice of flap to repair wounds. However, the survival of these flaps remains the source of some concern. This study used metabolomic analysis to investigate the mechanisms underlying survival in AVF flaps in order to guide the clinical application of these flaps. Thirty‐six male Japanese rabbits were randomly divided into a sham group and an AVF group. They were used for histology and hemodynamic investigations. Three days after surgery, tissue samples were analyzed by mass spectroscopy‐based metabolomics. The results of the study revealed a reduction in blood flow, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and necrosis of flaps in the AVF group. In addition, notable changes were evident in the levels of several metabolites in the AVF group, including lactic acid, acetoacetic acid, inositol phosphate, arachidonic acid, and other metabolites. Our results indicate that the AVF group experienced changes in several biological pathways, including energy metabolism, cell membrane stability, and inflammatory response. There is a significant metabolic difference between AVFs and physiological flaps. The dysregulation in certain metabolites may be related to the specific hemodynamics and insufficient energy metabolism of the AVFs.
Risk–need–responsivity and its application in behavioral health settings: A feasibility study of a treatment planning support tool
Authors: Pinals Debra A. , Gaba Ayorkor , Shaffer Paige M. , Andre Michael A. , Smelson David A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe risk–need–responsivity (RNR) model suggests several key practices for justice‐involved populations under correctional supervision. Behavioral health treatment planning aligned with RNR principles for offender populations with co‐occurring mental health and substance use disorders (CODs) could be one method for integrating RNR into clinical care. To explore a unique approach to working with behavioral health and RNR principles, the authors implemented a mixed‐methods feasibility study of the acceptability, usability, and utility of a newly developed RNR treatment planning support tool (RNR TST). The tool was implemented in a re‐entry program serving adults with co‐occurring mental health and opioid use disorders. Chart reviews of RNR TSTs (N = 55) and a focus group (N = 14 re‐entry clinical staff) were conducted. Ninety‐six percent of the RNR TSTs incorporated the use of a validated risk–need assessment and 70% of the RNR TSTs were semi‐complete to complete. Focus group interviews highlighted behavioral health staff perspectives on the acceptability, usability, and utility of the RNR TST. This novel RNR TST has the potential to assist behavioral health providers in integrating RNR principles into treatment planning. Further development and testing are needed to determine its impact on client care and outcomes.
Learning and innovation among interventional cardiologists: Insights from an international survey
Authors: Vemmou Evangelia , Nikolakopoulos Ilias , Xenogiannis Iosif , Karacsonyi Judit , Rangan Bavana V. , Garcia Santiago , Burke Martin Nicholas , Jneid Hani , Croce Kevin J. , Bergmark Brian A. , Brilakis Emmanouil S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe willingness of interventional cardiologists to adopt innovation and implement changes in day‐to‐day practice has received limited study.MethodsOnline‐based survey on learning and innovation: 38 questions were distributed via email list to interventional cardiologists.ResultsThe survey was distributed to 8,110 e‐mails and completed by 621 (7.7%, 91.8% men, 60% in the 35 to 54‐year‐old age group). Of the respondents who perform coronary interventions, 45% perform >100 cases of noncomplex percutaneous coronary interventions per year and of the respondents who perform structural interventions, 15% perform more than >100 transcatheter aortic valve replacements per year. Most respondents (86.7%) rate themselves as highly likely/likely to introduce recently approved equipment in everyday practice and 47.5% have tried a new coronary guidewire in the past 6 months. The most common reasons for reluctance to use new equipment were high cost (64%) and uncertainty about whether it provides additional benefits compared with existing equipment (48.5%). Radial access in STEMI cases is always used by 43.6% of the respondents and 55% always use radial access for coronary angiography. Of those who use femoral access, 32% always use ultrasound guidance and 91% have used a closure device in the last 6 months. Most respondents (80%) read journals to keep up with current practice and believe that the most effective way to learn is through attendance of workshops/short courses (77.5%). Most respondents (69%) are involved in research.ConclusionInterventional cardiologists who participated in the survey are highly likely to adopt innovation in daily clinical practice.
Tracheocutaneous fistula ‐ A surgical challenge
Authors: Chirakkal Pramod , Al Hail Amira Nasser I H 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTracheocutaneous fistula presents a challenge to the surgeon as different factors affect its formation and healing. A multidisciplinary approach and proper patient counseling, duration of cannulation, and comorbidities help in prognosis and outcome.
Computational fluid dynamics simulation of pressure drop and macromixing in LL microreactors
Authors: D'Orazio Antonio O. , Haelssig Jan B. , Roberge Dominique M. , Macchi Arturo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to simulate single‐phase flow in LL microreactors using the open‐source software OpenFOAM. The k‐ω SSTLM turbulence model was implemented to account for the impact of small‐scale temporal and spatial fluctuations that emerge in the base LL mixing module (LLM) on the flow field and transport of a passive scalar. The CFD model was successfully validated based on excellent conformance to experimental pressure loss (R2 > 0.997) and residence time distribution (RTD) data (R2 > 0.97) at flow rates ranging from 10‐100 g/min. Streamlines, velocity, pressure, and turbulent viscosity profiles were mapped across the 3D domain of repeating reactor segments to analyze local fluid dynamics. In a continuous series of LLMs, the flow field becomes fully developed after the second module. A drastic change in flow behaviour in the LLM was identified at 30 g/min (Re = 643) based on the emergence of advective recirculation zones and significant turbulent dispersion. Recirculation zones in the LLM grow larger from 20‐50 g/min and are equal in size from 50‐100 g/min. Four LL reactor plates with differing configurations of spacing between LLMs were compared extensively by analyzing pressure drop and RTD. Plates with continuous or equally‐spaced LLMs demonstrated a near plug‐flow profile with minor dispersion (Pe > 100), albeit at a greater power dissipation. Plates with longer residence‐time channels between LLMs yielded a broader and right‐skewed RTD due to the intermittent attenuation of chaotic flow patterns.
Single‐Molecule Fluorescence Imaging of Nanocatalysis
Authors: Xiao Yi , Xu Weilin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSingle‐molecule fluorescence microscopy (SMFM) has been considered as a powerful tool to study nanocatalysis of single nanoparticles, due to its single‐molecule sensitivity and high spatiotemporal resolution. In this review, we discuss recent progresses on investigating nanocatalysis at single‐molecule/particle level by using SMFM. The discussion focuses on the applications of single‐molecule methods in probing the chemocatalysis, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis. Finally, we provide our opinions on limitations and prospects of the single‐molecule fluorescence approach for investigating nanocatalysis.What is the most favorite and original chemistry developed in your research groupOur most favorite chemistry is the single‐molecule nanocatalysis of the energy process.How do you get into this specific field? Could you please share some experiences with our readers?I got into this field firstly in 2007 as a postdoctoral in Prof. Peng Chen's lab at Cornell University. Due to the structural heterogeneity of nanoparticles, the structure‐activity relationship of nanocatalysts is challenging to characterize precisely in ensemble‐averaged measurements. At that time, the single‐molecule approach has been adopted extensively in biological field. Prof. Peng Chen wanted to extend such technique to the field of nanocatalysis, so what I first achieved in his lab was the first kinetic study of single‐molecule nanocatalysis of individual nanoparticles to reveal new catalytic properties at the single‐particle level with real‐time single‐turnover resolution, including the heterogeneous reactivity and selectivity of individual nanoparticles. At present, single‐molecule fluorescence microscopy (SMFM) has been applied to investigate all kinds of nanocatalysis, such as electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis, etc. While our group mainly focuses on the application of SMFM in energy process‐related basic research.What is the most important personality for scientific research?Enthusiasm, independent‐thinking, concentration and desire for knowledge.What are your hobbies? What's your favorite book(s)?Hiking, reading and listening to music at leisure time. I like Green Miles.Could you please give us some advices on improving Chinese Journal of Chemistry?Maybe you can pay more attention to young researchers.
Papillary lesions of the breast: A systematic evaluation of cytologic parameters
Authors: Jamidi Shirley Kristina , Li Joshua J. X. , Aphivatanasiri Chaiwat , Chow Maria B. C. Y. , Chan Ronald C. K. , Ng Joanna K. M. , Tsang Julia Y. , Tse Gary M. 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundThe cytologic diagnosis of papillary lesions of the breast is challenging because of the diverse morphology, including epithelial hyperplasia, atypia, low‐grade malignancy, and neuroendocrine differentiation; also, traditional malignant features such as necrosis and myoepithelial cell loss can be lacking. Thus, the diagnostic criteria for papillary lesions may differ from those for other breast lesions. This study evaluated various cytologic parameters in a large cohort to identify useful diagnostic features.MethodsCytologic preparations of papillary lesions with histologic follow‐up were reviewed for features related to cellularity, epithelial cohesiveness, cellular and stromal architecture, cytomorphology, and background. Corresponding histologic slides were also reviewed.ResultsIn all, 153 cases were included. Epithelial discohesion, solid and cribriform patterns, atypical nuclear features, and mitoses (P ≤ .001 to P = .017) were associated with malignancy. Cell balls, monolayer sheets, and features of cystic change (P < .001 to P = .016) were associated with benign lesions. Complex (P = .031) and slender (P = .026) papillae and neuroendocrine features (P < .001) were associated with malignancy. Hemorrhage, background, and infiltrating neutrophils (P < .001 to P = .025) were associated with malignancy; fibrotic broad papillary stromal fragments (naked papillary fronds [NPFs]; P = .043) were associated with benignity. The presence of any single parameter, including the absence of myoepithelial cells within epithelial structure, the presence of cytoplasmic granules, an increased amount of cytoplasm, and a nuclear to cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio greater than 0.7, which were identified by principal component analysis, yielded a sensitivity of 95.1% and a specificity of 100.0% in predicting malignancy.ConclusionsMethodological assessment of multiple features is recommended. Myoepithelial cells, cytoplasmic granules, the amount of cytoplasm, and the N/C ratio are key features for diagnosis.