bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Opacity of Law: On the Hidden Impact of Experts’ Opinion on Legal Decision-making
Authors: Canale Damiano 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIt is well known that experts’ opinion and testimony take on a decisive weight in judicial fact-finding, raising issues and perplexities that have long been under scholarly scrutiny. In this paper I argue that expert’s opinions have a much wider impact on legal decision-making. In particular, they may generate a problem that I will call ‘the opacity of law’. A legal text, such as a statute or regulation, becomes opaque if a legal authority is not able to grasp its full linguistic content but is nevertheless in a position to use it, thanks to an expert’ opinion, in legal decision-making. When this occurs, not only do experts contribute to fact-finding but also to determining the content of the law. In the paper I analyse the linguistic and cognitive sources of this phenomenon, its characteristics and troublesome consequences, and the different kinds of opacity that may affect legal decision-making.
Concurrent predictors of word reading and reading comprehension for 9-year-olds with Williams syndrome
Authors: Mervis Carolyn B. , Greiner de Magalhães Caroline , Cardoso-Martins Cláudia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe examined the cognitive, language, and instructional factors associated with reading ability in Williams syndrome (WS). Seventy 9-year-olds with WS completed standardized measures of real-word reading, pseudoword decoding, reading comprehension, phonological skills, listening comprehension, nonverbal reasoning, visual-spatial ability, verbal working memory, rapid naming, and vocabulary. Reading instruction method was determined from school records and interviews with parents and teachers. Similar to prior findings for individuals with WS, reading ability varied widely, ranging from inability to read any words to reading comprehension at age level. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the primary concurrent predictor of word reading ability was reading instruction method, with a systematic phonics approach associated with considerably better performance than other reading instruction approaches. Phonological processing skills—as assessed by a composite of phonological awareness and verbal short-term memory—also contributed significant unique variance to word reading ability, as did visual-spatial ability. The concurrent predictors of reading comprehension were single-word reading and listening comprehension. These findings indicate that the factors that predict concurrent early word reading and reading comprehension abilities for children with WS are consistent with previous findings for typically developing children and that the Simple View of Reading applies to children with WS. Children with WS benefit strongly from systematic phonics instruction regardless of IQ. Instruction focused on improving listening comprehension is likely to improve reading comprehension, especially as word reading skills increase.
Key CO2 capture technology of pure oxygen exhaust gas combustion for syngas-fueled high-temperature fuel cells
Authors: Wang Hanlin , Lei Qilong , Li Pingping , Liu Changlei , Xue Yunpeng , Zhang Xuewei , Li Chufu , Yang Zhibin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntegrated gasification fuel cells (IGFCs) integrating high-temperature solid oxide fuel cell technology with CO2 capture processes represents highly-efficient power systems with negligible CO2 emissions. Flame burning with pure oxygen is an ideal method for fuel cell exhaust gas treatment, and this report describes experimental and numerical studies regarding an oxy-combustor for treating the exhaust gas of a 10 kW IGFC system anode. The applied simulation method was verified based on experiments, and the key performance indices of the combustor were studied under various conditions. It was determined that 315 K was the ideal condensation temperature to obtain flame stability. Under these pure oxygen flame burning conditions, CO was almost completely converted, and the dry mole fraction of CO2 after burning was ≥ 0.958 when there was up to 5% excess O2. Overall, 5% excess O2 was recommended to maximize CO2 capture and promote other environmental considerations. Additionally, the optimal tangential fuel jet angle to control the liner temperature was approximately 25°. The total fuel utilization had to be high enough to maintain the oxygen flame temperature of the anode exhaust gas below 1800 K to ensure that the system was environmentally friendly. The results presented herein have great value for designing IGFCs coupled with CO2 capture systems.
Evidence for a Highly Dynamic West Antarctic Ice Sheet During the Pliocene
Authors: Gohl Karsten , Uenzelmann‐Neben Gabriele , Gille‐Petzoldt Johanna , Hillenbrand Claus‐Dieter , Klages Johann P. , Bohaty Steven M. , Passchier Sandra , Frederichs Thomas , Wellner Julia S. , Lamb Rachel , Leitchenkov German ,   IODP Expedition 379 Scientists
Published: July 2021

AbstractMajor ice loss in the Amundsen Sea sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is hypothesized to have triggered ice sheet collapses during past warm periods such as those in the Pliocene. International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 379 recovered continuous late Miocene to Holocene sediments from a sediment drift on the continental rise, allowing assessment of sedimentation processes in response to climate cycles and trends since the late Miocene. Via seismic correlation to the shelf, we interpret massive prograding sequences that extended the outer shelf by 80 km during the Pliocene through frequent advances of grounded ice. Buried grounding zone wedges indicate prolonged periods of ice‐sheet retreat, or even collapse, during an extended mid‐Pliocene warm period from ∼4.2–3.2 Ma inferred from Expedition 379 records. These results indicate that the WAIS was highly dynamic during the Pliocene and major retreat events may have occurred along the Amundsen Sea margin.
Spatial Extents of Tropical Droughts During El Niño in Current and Future Climate in Observations, Reanalysis, and CMIP5 Models
Authors: Perez Arango Juan D. , Lintner Benjamin R. , Carvalho Leila M. V. , Lyon Bradfield 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDrought conditions significantly impact human and natural systems in the Tropics. Here, multiple observational and reanalysis products and ensembles of simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) are analyzed with respect to drought areal extent over tropical land regions and its past and future relationships to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). CMIP5 models forced with prescribed sea surface temperatures compare well to observations in capturing the present day time evolution of the fraction of tropical land area experiencing drought conditions and the scaling of drought area and ENSO, that is, increasing tropical drought area with increasing ENSO warm phase (El Niño) strength. The ensemble of RCP8.5 simulations suggests lower end‐of‐the‐century El Niño strength‐tropical drought area sensitivity. At least some of this lower sensitivity is attributable to atmosphere‐ocean coupling, as historic coupled model simulations also exhibit lower sensitivity compared to the observations.
Statistics on Omega Band Properties and Related Geomagnetic Variations
Authors: Vokhmyanin M. , Apatenkov S. , Gordeev E. , Andreeva V. , Partamies N. , Kauristie K. , Juusola L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUsing the list of the omega structures based on the Magnetometers‐Ionospheric Radars‐All‐sky Cameras Large Experiment network (Partamies et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1069-2017), we obtained a number of important statistical characteristics describing the surface magnetic field. Based on 438 events, typical magnetic variations associated with the passage of the single omega were obtained. The typical variation, obtained using superposed epoch analysis, is associated with a local bending of the westward electrojet and statistically confirms the distribution of equivalent ionospheric currents obtained in earlier observations of single omegas. It was found that during low and moderate geomagnetic activity, the appearance of the omega structures in the dark morning magnetic local time (MLT) sector results in two times higher than average dB/dt on the ground surface. Also, the velocity, direction of movement, and area of omega structures were calculated. It is shown that faster and bigger omegas produce larger time derivatives of the ground magnetic field. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in the 03–08 MLT sector, superposed magnetic variations for the arbitrary events of very high time derivatives |dB/dt| > 10 nT/s, reveal magnetic signatures similar to omegas. Our findings, together with the results described by Apatenkov et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl086677), emphasize the important role of omega structures in the formation of large geomagnetically induced currents.
Changes in sleep phase and body weight of mobile health App users during COVID-19 mild lockdown in Japan
Authors: Tahara Yu , Shinto Takae , Inoue Kosuke , Roshanmehr Farnaz , Ito Akito , Michie Mikiko , Shibata Shigenobu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objective and method
The stay-at-home order during the COVID-19 pandemic has restricted individuals’ social behaviors, and therefore, effected their lifestyle including sleep, diet, and physical activity. Using the cross-sectional study design with a large sample size (N = 30,275) from the mobile health App users in Japan, we show age-dependent lifestyle changes during a nonpunitive “mild lockdown” (from April to May 2020).

Results
Sleep onset and offset were delayed on work-days but not on free-days with increased sleep duration and decreased social jetlag, and the changes were more evident in the younger population. Although average weight change was close to none because of the users’ characteristic (95% of App users try to lose weight), we investigated an association between lifestyle change and body-weight change. Participants who reported advanced sleep phase during mild lockdown described a weight decrease. In contrast, the delayed sleep phase reported a weight gain. The results were significant after adjustment of confounding factors including physical activity and meal changes.

Conclusions
Although there is cumulative evidence showing a relationship between late chronotype and obesity, it is still unclear about the potential benefit of the chronotype management to control body weight. Thus, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the association between chronotype and weight changes by leveraging a large cohort.
SFPQ promotes an oncogenic transcriptomic state in melanoma
Authors: Bi O. , Anene C. A. , Nsengimana J. , Shelton M. , Roberts W. , Newton-Bishop J. , Boyne J. R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe multifunctional protein, splicing factor, proline- and glutamine-rich (SFPQ) has been implicated in numerous cancers often due to interaction with coding and non-coding RNAs, however, its role in melanoma remains unclear. We report that knockdown of SFPQ expression in melanoma cells decelerates several cancer-associated cell phenotypes, including cell growth, migration, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, apoptosis, and glycolysis. RIP-seq analysis revealed that the SFPQ-RNA interactome is reprogrammed in melanoma cells and specifically enriched with key melanoma-associated coding and long non-coding transcripts, including SOX10, AMIGO2 and LINC00511 and in most cases SFPQ is required for the efficient expression of these genes. Functional analysis of two SFPQ-enriched lncRNA, LINC00511 and LINC01234, demonstrated that these genes independently contribute to the melanoma phenotype and a more detailed analysis of LINC00511 indicated that this occurs in part via modulation of the miR-625-5p/PKM2 axis. Importantly, analysis of a large clinical cohort revealed that elevated expression of SFPQ in primary melanoma tumours may have utility as a prognostic biomarker. Together, these data suggest that SFPQ is an important driver of melanoma, likely due to SFPQ–RNA interactions promoting the expression of numerous oncogenic transcripts.
FTO downregulation mediated by hypoxia facilitates colorectal cancer metastasis
Authors: Ruan Dan-Yun , Li Ting , Wang Ying-Nan , Meng Qi , Li Yang , Yu Kai , Wang Min , Lin Jin-Fei , Luo Li-Zhi , Wang De-Shen , Lin Jun-Zhong , Bai Long , Liu Ze-Xian , Zhao Qi , Wu Xiang-Yuan , Ju Huai-Qiang , Xu Rui-Hua 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), an N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase, participates in tumor progression and metastasis in many malignancies, but its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) is still unclear. Here, we found that FTO protein levels, but not RNA levels, were downregulated in CRC tissues. Reduced FTO protein expression was correlated with a high recurrence rate and poor prognosis in resectable CRC patients. Moreover, we demonstrated that hypoxia restrained FTO protein expression, mainly due to an increase in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. The serine/threonine kinase receptor associated protein (STRAP) might served as the E3 ligase and K216 was the major ubiquitination site responsible for hypoxia-induced FTO degradation. FTO inhibited CRC metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, FTO exerted a tumor suppressive role by inhibiting metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) expression in an m6A-dependent manner. Methylated MTA1 transcripts were recognized by an m6A “reader”, insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2), which then stabilized its mRNA. Together, our findings highlight the critical role of FTO in CRC metastasis and reveal a novel epigenetic mechanism by which the hypoxic tumor microenvironment promotes CRC metastasis.
Steroid-refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease: treatment options and patient management
Authors: Wolff Daniel , Fatobene Giancarlo , Rocha Vanderson , Kröger Nicolaus , Flowers Mary E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is one of the major causes of late mortality after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Moderate-to-severe cGVHD is associated with poor health-related quality of life and substantial disease burden. While corticosteroids with or without calcineurin inhibitors comprise the first-line treatment option, the prognosis for patients with steroid-refractory cGVHD (SR-cGVHD) remains poor. The mechanisms underlying steroid resistance are unclear, and there are no standard second-line treatment guidelines for patients with SR-cGVHD. In this review, we provide an overview on current treatment options of cGVHD and use a series of theoretical case studies to elucidate the rationale of choices of second- and third-line treatment options for patients with SR-cGVHD based on individual patient profiles.
Integrated analysis of long non-coding RNAs and mRNAs associated with malignant transformation of gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Authors: Yin Xiaonan , Yin Yuan , Dai Lei , Shen Chaoyong , Chen Na , Li Junshu , Cai Zhaolun , Jiang Zhiyuan , Wang Jian , Zhao Zhou , Chen Xin , Deng Hongxin , Zhang Bo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMalignant transformation of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) is correlated with poor prognosis; however, the underlying biological mechanism is not well understood. In the present study, low-risk (LR) GISTs, GISTs categorized as high-risk based on tumor size (HBS), and on mitotic rate (HBM) were collected for RNA sequencing. Candidate hub lncRNAs were selected by Oncomine analysis. Expression of a selected hub lncRNA, DNM3OS, and its correlation with patients’ prognosis were analyzed using FISH staining, followed with the determination of function and underlying mechanism. Our results revealed a series of key pathways and hub lncRNAs involved in the malignant transformation of GISTs. Oncomine analysis revealed a tight association between clinical signatures and DNM3OS and suggested that DNM3OS is a hub lncRNA that is involved in the Hippo signaling pathway. In addition, DNM3OS was upregulated in HBS, HBM, and HBS/M GIST and correlated with worse prognosis in patients with GISTs. In addition, DNM3OS promoted GIST cell proliferation and mitosis by regulating the expression of GLUT4 and CD36. Collectively, these results improve our understanding of the malignant transformation of GISTs and unveil a series of hub lncRNAs in GISTs.
Suitable claw shape design for improving the magnetic properties of forged claw pole parts in generator
Authors: Zhao Jiaxin , Hu Chengliang , Zhao Zhen , Tang Minjun , Tang Xiaofeng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHigh power‐generation efficiency can be achieved by optimising the shape of the claw pole used as automobile generators. The working process of the stator and rotor in the claw pole generator was simulated using the finite‐element method. First, one of the eight typical claw pole types commonly used in industry was selected. Then, orthogonal optimisation was performed based on the simulation results, yielding an optimal claw shape design. To examine the adaptability of the designed claw pole to shape change, the non‐destructive test for evaluating the magnetic properties of claw pole (NDTEM) was employed. Finally, a claw pole with an optimal shape was forged, and its magnetic induction intensity was assessed using the NDTEM. The results indicated that compared with the unoptimised claw pole, the magnetic induction intensity of the optimised claw pole increased by a maximum of 8.11% and its weight reduced by 4.86%. This optimisation effectively improved the efficiency of power generation and achieved the lightweight of the claw pole.
Improve adaptive cruise control under driver distraction: Time headway compensation based on a random‐effect crash risk model
Authors: Li Penghui , Hu Mengxia , Chen Feng , Xu Chengliang , Dong Chunjiao , Li Yibing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHuman drivers conduct compensatory behaviour to counteract the increased risk while being distracted. This kind of compensation strategy should be learned for a safer and smart design of adaptive cruise control system (ACC). Hence, a simulator study was conducted, requiring performance visual, cognitive, and combined secondary tasks during a car following scenario. An increased time headway (THW) was found in all of the three distraction conditions, which confirmed that drivers compensated an extra THW to counteract the increased crash risk. Furthermore, crash probability models using binary logistic regression with random intercept were constructed where driver distraction and dynamic traffic situations were embodied as inputs. Results showed that crash risk increased with reduced THW, increased lead vehicle deceleration, and unopened brake light of the lead vehicle. Besides, visual‐related distractions increased crash risk, while pure cognitive distraction lowered crash risk in low THW (lower than 1.8 s) condition and increased crash risk in high THW (larger than 1.8 s) condition. Based on the authors' proposed models, theoretical compensation in THW to fully counteract the increased crash risk by distraction was derived, which could be used for the design of a human‐like ACC with automatic adjustment of THW setting considering driver distraction.
Recent Advances in the Transition-Metal-Free Arylation of Hetero­arenes
Authors: Uçar Sefa , Daştan Arif 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTransition-metal-free arylation reactions have attracted considerable attention for economic and environmental reasons over the past 40 years. In recent years, much effort has been made to develop efficient transition-metal-free approaches for the arylation of heteroarenes. Covering the literature from 2015 to early 2021, this review aims to provide a thorough overview of the synthetic and mechanistic aspects of these atom-economical and environmentally benign reactions.1	Introduction2	Arylation of Pre-functionalized Heteroarenes2.1	Arylation of Heteroaryl Halides2.2	Decarboxylative Arylation of Heteroarenes3	Direct C–H Arylation of Heteroarenes3.1	C(sp2)–H Arylation3.2	C(sp3)–H Arylation4	N-Arylation of Heteroarenes5	Summary and Outlook
Visible-Light Photocatalytic Ugi/Aza-Wittig Cascade towards 2-Aminomethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole Derivatives
Authors: Giustiniano Mariateresa , Russo Camilla , Cannalire Rolando , Luciano Paolo , Brunelli Francesca , Tron Gian Cesare 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA new visible-light photocatalytic multicomponent reaction (MCR) involving N-alkyl-N-methylanilines, N-isocyanoiminotriphenylphosphorane, and carboxylic acids leading to 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives is reported. The developed mild reaction conditions enable a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance, as further highlighted in the late-stage functionalization of amino acids and drugs. Additionally, a two-step one-pot protocol for the synthesis of non-symmetrical diacylhydrazines is also reported.
Contusion Index is an Important Tool for the Management of Traumatic Intracerebral Hematoma
Authors: Khaliq Adnan , Ali Mumtaz , Azam Farooq , Gul Nayab , Chaurasia Bipin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objective This article evaluates outcome of traumatic intracerebral hematomas in terms of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) after medical or surgical management according to contusion index.
Materials and Methods This descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Neurosurgery, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from January 2017 to December 2018. Total number of patients with traumatic intracerebral contusions included in this study was 60 with age between 5 and 75 years. Both male and female were included. Patients with other coexisting traumatic intracranial hematomas like extradural hematoma, subdural hematoma, and polytrauma were excluded from this study. Contusion index of patients were calculated by noncontrast-enhanced computed tomography brain. On arrival patient GCS was documented. The management protocol, that is, conservative or surgical, was provided to individual patient according to contusion index as calculated. Outcome of management was assessed in terms of GCS.
Results Patients with contusion index of 0 to 4 were managed conservatively. Patients with contusion index of 6 were offered surgical management. Patients with contusion index of 9 had poor outcome with both conservative and surgical management.
Conclusion Contusion index can be used reliably as a tool for management of isolated traumatic intracerebral hematomas
Modernism’s Others: Literary Realisms in an Age of Incomplete Emancipation
Authors: Holbo Christine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Modernism’s Others explores how a transformation in traditions of realist representation laid the grounds for the emergence of the multicultural and avant-garde constructions of modern American literature. At the heart of this investigation is the way the “right to privacy” articulated at the end of the nineteenth century reshaped visions of separate spheres, differential rights, and public duties. It examines a moment at which writers placed, at the heart of literature’s ethics and its epistemology, the right to not be known. Tracing the career of this idea from its roots in late nineteenth-century realism through the emerging canons of modernist and multicultural literature, this project explores the interplay between new categories of legal right, new categories of social analysis, and new measures of literary value.
“Selling somebody out” slouches into American literature, more or less, on the heels of Bartley Hubbard.