bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, attitude, and practice survey on antimicrobial use and resistance among Indian clinicians
Authors: Chatterjee Suparna , Hazra Avijit , Chakraverty Raja , Shafiq Nusrat , Pathak Ashish , Trivedi Niyati , Sadasivam Balakrishnan , Kakkar Ashish Kumar , Jhaj Ratinder , Kaul Rajni , Kshirsagar Nilima 
Published: May 2021

Purpose:
This multicentric questionnaire-based study was undertaken to address the lack of systematic background data on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Indian physicians related to antimicrobial use and resistance.

Materials and Methods:
A validated structured study questionnaire was used for capturing respondent particulars, antimicrobial prescribing habits, knowledge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), ways of choosing and learning about antibiotics, agreement or disagreement with certain perceptions regarding antibiotics, selection of antibiotics in specific settings, and suggestions regarding rationalizing antimicrobial use in the practice setting. Summary statistical analysis of the pooled data was done.

Results:
Five hundred and six respondents with a mean (standard deviation) age of 31.4 (8.71) years participated in the study. Three hundred and twenty-seven were medical and 179 surgical discipline clinicians. Overall, the theoretical knowledge about antimicrobials was satisfactory, but areas of concern were noted in the attitude and practice domains. A substantial proportion of participants failed to identify the correct choice of antibiotics in the case-based scenarios. 38.33% reported not attending a single continuing medical education on antimicrobials during the past year. Statistically significant differences were not observed in the KAP quotient scores between medical and surgical discipline respondents.

Conclusions:
Despite satisfactory background knowledge regarding the rational use of antimicrobials and AMR patterns, there are discrepancies in the physicians’ prescribing attitude and thus strengthen the case for instituting specific interventions to improve antimicrobial prescribing.
Prevalence of anaemia in paediatric patients with HIV infection in Kano
Authors: Umar IU , Hassan-Hanga F , Ibrahim M 
Published: May 2021

Background: HIV infection affects virtually all systems of the body including the haematological system.Objective: To determine the prevalence of anaemia in HIV infected children and compare with apparently healthy HIV negative age-sex matched controls.Design: Case control hospitalbased study.Methods: A total of 60 confirmed HIV infected antiretroviral naïve children and 60 HIV negative children were enrolled in a case control study of baseline haematological indices. In all cases, haemoglobin, total white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelet counts were determined using SYSMEX XT- 2000i Haematologic auto-analyser. Children with HIV/AIDS were classified according to clinical disease stages using the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) staging criteria. Data was analysed using MINITAB 12.21 Atlanta USA statistical software.Result: Anaemia (˂110 g/L) was present in 88.0% of the HIVinfected children, compared to 15.0% of controls (p = 0.001). Mild anaemia (70 – 109 g/L) was observed in 85.0% of HIVinfected children, compared to 15.0% of controls. Moderate anaemia (50 – 69 g/L) was present in 3.3% of HIV-infected children, but in none of the control. Leucopenia (˂4 × 109/L) was seen in 11.6% of HIV-infected children and in 5.0% of controls. Neutropenia (˂1.5 × 109/L) affected13% of infected children and 5% of controls. Lymphocytopenia (˂1.2 × 109/L) was observed in 3.3% of infected children but in none ofcontrols. Corresponding figures for thrombocytopenia (˂100 × 109/L) were6.7% of HIV infected children and 1.7% of controls.Conclusion: All cells lines arereduced in HIV/AIDS and anaemia is the most frequent haematological manifestation seen in HIV/AIDS infection.Key words: Prevalence, Anaemia; HIV, Paediatrics, Patients
Non-accidental dettol poisoning in a 3 day old neonate : a rare form of child abuse
Authors: Belonwu R 
Published: May 2021

In Nigeria, Dettol® Antiseptic Solution poisoning is an uncommon occurrence in all age groups. In a registered child specialist clinic in Kano, a three – day old neonate presented with clinical features believed initially to be due to neonatal seizures and sepsis, but which turned out to be due to non-accidental dettol® poisoning by a single mother who contaminated the glucose D granules that was meant to supplement baby’s feed. Greater vigilance on single mothers and coordinated services to single mothers is highly advocated to improve maternal – infant bonding and hence reduce infanticidal ideas.Key words: Dettol® Poisoning, Neonate, socially disadvantaged mother, child abuse
Unexplained massive subdural haematoma in a newborn delivered by elective caesarian section: a case report
Authors: Audu LI , Mukhtar-yola M , Otunete AT , Mairami AB , Nwatah VE , Mahmud MR , Ugwuanyi CU , Umar AU 
Published: May 2021

Symptomatic subdural haematoma (SDH) in term infants typically occur following traumatic vaginal delivery. Emergency Caesarean Section (EmC/S) carried out after failed attempts at vaginal delivery may also be complicated by symptomatic SDH but spontaneous symptomatic SDH complicating Elective Caesarean Section (ElC/S) is a rarity. We describe a case of massive SDH in a term baby delivered by Elective C/S in the absence of risk factors for intracranial haemorrhage. The aim of this presentation is to highlight the significance of acute subdural haematoma in the diagnostic work up of neonates presenting with acute neurologic symptoms in the absence of traumatic delivery.Key words: Symptomatic subdural haematoma, Caesarean section, severe birth injuries, neonatal seizure
Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus transmission among children in Enugu, Nigeria
Authors: Uleanya ND , Obidike EO 
Published: May 2021

Background: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection has reached pandemic proportions all over the world with areas of highest prevalence being the sub- Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Most deaths related to HBV are due to complications from chronic infection. Acquisition of infection at a younger age is the most important predictor of chronicity. Eradication of HBV is an important but difficult tasks facing public health. HB immunization is the single most important factor in hepatitis B control and was commenced in 2004 in Nigeria.Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among children in the era of HB immunization, the risk factors of transmission and knowledge of mothers about their HB status.Methods: A cross sectional study carried out on one hundred and forty children aged 18 months to 15 years at the children outpatient clinic (CHOP) of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was determined using Determine Test Kits and a structured interviewer administered questionnaire administered.Results: Six were positive for HBsAg, giving a prevalence rate of 4.3%. HBsAg was least prevalent among children 1-5 years (2%). None of the children ≤ 5 years who received HB vaccination was positive for HBsAg though one child > 5 years who received the vaccine was positive. Sharing of toothbrushes among siblings was found to be a significantly associated risk factor. Only 6.4% of mothers knew their hepatitis B status.Conclusion: There is a gradual fall in the prevalence of HBsAg in our environment due to HB immunization. Sharing of toothbrushes may be a potent means of transmission of HBV infection.Keywords: HBV, Prevalence, Children, Transmission, HB immunization
Prevalence and pattern of intestinal parasites among pupils of private and public primary schools in an urban centre, Nigeria
Authors: Ajayi EO , Elechi HA , Alhaji MA , Adeniyi OF 
Published: May 2021

Background: Intestinal parasitic infection is highly prevalent among children in the tropics. Identifying the most at risk group and subsequent targeted intervention will lead to cost effective and easy to implement control programme. We thus aim to determine the prevalence and pattern of intestinal parasite among pupils from public and private schools.Material and Method: This was a cross-sectional survey. Participants were recruited through multistage stratified random sampling. Information were collected using a questionnaire and early morning freshly passed stool sample was collected and processed from each participating pupil. Stool microscopy was done using saline and iodine preparations. Eggs were counted using Stoll’s method. Data obtained was analyzed using EPI INFO version 3.5.1.Results: Four hundred and twenty pupils were studied, 210 pupils from each school type. Prevalence of 78.1% and 17.1% were recorded for the public and private schools respectively. The pupils from the public schools were 17.23 times more likely to have intestinal parasitic infestation compared to those from private schools (OR =17.23, 95% CI = 10.6-28.01, p = <0.0001). Ascaris lumbricoides was the most frequent isolate in both the public (62.8%) and private (66.7%) schools. The prevalence of multiple parasitic infestation was 14.8% in the public schools and none in the private schools. Socioeconomic status and source of water were the main factors with significant effect on the prevalence of intestinal parasite (p<0.0001).Conclusion: Intestinal parasitic infestation remains a very common health issue among the children particularly in the public schools. Distribution of free antiparasitic drugs to pupils at the beginning of every term should be incorporated into the school health program.Key words: Intestinal Parasites, Ascaris lumbricoides, public school, private school, socioeconomic status.
OPTIMAL EVAPORATING AND CONDENSING TEMPERATURES OF ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE IN A HOT AND HUMID ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Ihuoma UV , Diemuodeke EO 
Published: June 2021

This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) in a hot and humid environment. A theoretical procedure is proposed for the determination of the optimal evaporation temperature (OET) and optimal condensing temperature (OCT) of a subcritical ORC plant, which is based on thermodynamic theory; the heat input is selected as the objective function. The OETs and OCTs of 21 working ﬂuids, which comprise wet, isentropic and dry ﬂuids, are determined under given environmental conditions– hot and humid environment. The Engineering Equation Solver (EES) integrated development environment is used to optimize the heat input of the ORC plant. Results suggest that the wet fluids (namely R717, Methanol and Ethanol) have the potential of producing better thermodynamic figure of merit over the other fluid types. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.14
ENHANCEMENT OF GAMBE CLAY USING UN-FERMENTABLE POLYMERS FOR DRILLING MUD FORMULATION
Authors: Ibrahim AO , Momoh OR , Isa MT 
Published: June 2021

There is availability and large deposits of bentonite (700 million tons in North Eastern part) in Nigeria but the clays had not been abundantly harnessed and enhanced with polymer for drilling fluid formulation because they are mostly composed of calcium montmorillonite. This work was aimed at enhancing Gambe clay using un-fermentable polymers (three carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) with different average molecular weight). The clay was obtained from Gambe town in Adamawa State, Nigeria, beneficiated for quartz removal, as well as enhancement with Na2CO3 (6 wt.%). The mineral and oxides composition of the clay was determined using X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analyses respectively, and finally used to formulate the drilling fluid. The effect of the polymer on the rheological and physico-chemical properties of the formulated drilling fluid was investigated employing FANN 35SA viscometer. It was found that the carboxy methyl cellulose enhanced the plastic viscosity from 1.5 cP to 34 cP and the apparent viscosity from 2.25 cP to 44 cP. The higher the average molecular weight of the sodium carboxy methyl cellulose the higher the apparent and plastic viscosities of the formulated fluid. Similarly, the resultant viscosities compared well with that of commercial standard of 15 cP and 14 cP of apparent and plastic viscosities respectively. The sets of data generated from this work is going to be very useful for water and oil/gas drilling operations. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.15
WATER DEMAND PREDICTION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR SUPERVISORY CONTROL
Authors: Gwaivangmin BI , Jiya JD 
Published: June 2021

With increase in population growth, industrial development and economic activities over the years, water demand could not be met in a water distribution network. Thus, water demand forecasting becomes necessary at the demand nodes. This paper presents Hourly water demand prediction at the demand nodes of a water distribution network using NeuNet Pro 2.3 neural network software and the monitoring and control of water distribution using supervisory control. The case study is the Laminga Water Treatment Plant and its water distribution network, Jos. The proposed model will be developed based on historic records of water demand in the 15 selected demand nodes for 60 days, 24 hours run. The data set is categorized into two set, one for training the neural network and the other for testing, with a learning rate of 50 and hidden nodes of 10 of the neural network model. The prediction results revealed a satisfactory performance of the neural network prediction of the water demand. The predictions are then used for supervisory control to remotely control and monitor the hydraulic parameters of the water demand nodes. The practical application in the plant will cut down the cost of water production and even to a large extend provide optimal operation of the distribution networks solving the perennial problem of water scarcity in Jos. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.19
LANDSCAPING FOR PASSIVE SECURITY AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE IN CHURCH ENVIRONMENT, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Adedayo OF , Ailoyafen D , Adebayo OA 
Published: June 2021

Nigeria is faced with several risks ranging from problems of climate change to security challenges and this is not limited to a specific aspect of the built environment as all buildings and environment are affected. The places of worship are greatly affected in terms of security which affects the disposition of Christians during worship at churches. Many of the studied churches were seen to have made use of landscape elements but these were not placed with the aim of using them to deter intrusion as in the case of security but rather for beautifying the church. The challenge for architects and church administrator is how to cope with challenges of security and climate change. This paper examines landscaping as a catalyst for deterring intrusion of threats passively and enhancing climate adaptation in church environment in Nigeria. The research method adopted for this study is the descriptive survey method by collecting qualitative and quantitative data. The results were analyzed using descriptive tools in SPSS and are presented in tables and charts while the pictures are presented in plates. The study reveals that it is possible to achieve passive security and solve some climatic challenges in church environment using soft landscape elements. The paper is concluded by determining the aspects of the building where the architect can infuse the specific landscape elements to achieve the aim of the paper. It further states the type of landscape elements that could be used to achieve the aim of the study hence developing a responsive building design scheme. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.2
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF RESOURCE ALLOCATION ALGORITHMS IN LONG TERM EVOLUTION NETWORKS
Authors: Nwawelu UN , Ani CI , Ahaneku MA 
Published: June 2021

The growth in the good number of real-time and non-real-time applications has sparked a renewed interest in exploring resource allocation schemes that can be efficient and fair to all the applications in overloaded scenarios. In this paper, the performance of six scheduling algorithms for Long Term Evolution (LTE) downlink networks were analyzed and compared. These algorithms are Proportional Fair (PF), Exponential/Proportional Fair (EXP/PF), Maximum Largest Weighted Delay First (MLWDF), Frame Level Scheduler (FLS), Exponential (EXP) rule and Logarithmic (LOG) rule. The performances of these algorithms were evaluated using an open source simulator (LTE simulator) and compared based on network parameters which include: throughput, delay, Packet Loss Ratio (PLR), and fairness. This work aims at giving insight on the gains made on radio resource scheduling for LTE network and to x-ray the issues that require improvement in order to provide better performance to the users. The results of this work show that FLS algorithm outperforms other algorithms in terms of delay, PLR, throughput, and fairness for VoIP and video flow. It was also observed that for Best Effort (BE) flows, FLS outperforms other algorithms in terms of delay and PLR but performed least in terms of throughput and fairness. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.21
A SURVEY OF RICE PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING IN SOUTH EAST NIGERIA
Authors: Okeke CG , Oluka SI 
Published: June 2021

An assessment of rice production and processing in South-Eastern Nigeria was carried out by investigative survey approach. The survey was basically to ascertain the extent of mechanization applicable in the area to enable the agricultural policy makers device the modalities for improving rice production and processing in the area. According to the results obtained from the study, the planting period of rice in the area was mostly between May and August. Virtually 77% of the farmers raise the rice seedlings in the nursery bed before transplanting to the permanent seed bed while 23% sow the seeds directly to the seed bed where they germinate and grow to maturity. Results revealed that 75% of the farmers in the South-Eastern Nigeria use manual labour in the seed bed preparation while 25% use tractors. It was observable from the results that 15-15-15 NPK and urea fertilizers were predominantly used by the farmers in the area for rice production and the application method was mostly by manual broad casting over the planted area. Results also recorded that rice harvesting mostly took place from October – December; and about 69% of the farmers harvest their rice manually while 31% use mechanical means. More so, average of 49.6% of the farmers thresh their harvested rice manually while 50.4% of them use mechanized means. It was also observed that 93% of the farmers use both steam heating and total drenching method in parboiling the paddy rice while 3.4% and 3.6% use steam heating and total drenching respectively in parboiling the paddy rice. The milling method applicable in the area was mainly by mechanical means with 73.6% of the farmers who use the method while 10.4% of the farmers use manual method. The farmers generally use sacks in bagging and/or storing both the paddy and milled rice. Finally results showed that mechanization of rice production and processing has not received much attention as most of the farmers still use manual labour and traditional approach in the production and processing of rice. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.27
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF A TWO SPAN FLOOR DESIGNED ACCORDING TO EUROCODE 5
Authors: Ogork EN , Nakore AK 
Published: June 2021

This paper presents the structural reliability assessment of a two span timber floor of strength class D40 designed in accordance with Eurocode 5 (2004). The Structural analysis and design of the timber floor system was carried out using deterministic approach, considering both ultimate and serviceability limit states. Reliability analysis of the floor structural elements to ascertain its level of safety was carried out using first order reliability method (FORM) for the four modes of failure of bending shear, bearing and deflection. The reliability analysis involved investigation of the effects of variation of the applied dead to live load ratio and the cross sectional parameters of the floor. The results revealed that the deterministic design is satisfactory as limiting stresses and deflection were not exceeded. The primary floor joists had safety indices in shear and bending of 1.2 to 2.8 with decrease in dead to live load ratio and were below the recommended safety index of 3.8 specified in joint committee on structural safety (JCSS). The timber floor structural elements are more reliable in bearing, shear and deflection and critical in bending mode of failure. The section depth and span of floor elements are more sensitive in bending and deflection modes than shear and bearing modes. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.3
CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF VELVET TAMARIND FRUIT (DIALIUM GUINEENSE)
Authors: Asoiro FU , Ezeoha SL , Ezenne GI , Ugwu CB 
Published: June 2021

Information on chemical properties of fruits is crucial in processing it into different foods. Mechanical properties of fruits determine their susceptibility to mechanical damages that occur during harvest, transportation, and storage; and which eventually lead to a pronounced reduction in commercial value. This study was conducted to investigate the chemical and mechanical properties of unshelled (black), shelled (yellow) and kernel of Dialium guineense fruit. The chemical properties investigated include some proximate and mineral elements. The mechanical properties were bio-yield force, rupture force, deformation at rupture point, deformation ratio at rupture point, compressive strength and total strain energy. The fruit pulp was found to be composed of protein (9.4%), carbohydrate (75%), crude fat (5.2%), crude fibre (4.6%), and ash content (2.4%) at 19% moisture content (wb). The mineral composition of the pulp were sodium (3.2 g/kg), magnesium (2.9 g/kg), phosphorus (0.5 g/kg), calcium (0.5 g/kg), iron (0.1 g/kg), and vitamin C (0.3 g/kg) at a pH of 3.9. Less force is required to crack the fruit across the length, followed by across the thickness and then across the width. Velvet tamarind (Dialium guineense) fruit pulp is a promising source of food and essential minerals due to its nutritional values, hence facilitating its postharvest processing is inevitable. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.30