bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Little Peter C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTo conclude the book, it will be argued that a pyropolitical ecology of e-waste informed by ethnography, while imperfect, constitutes a possible route for renewing and rethinking e-waste management and intervention. Engaging a situated anthropology and political ecology of e-waste shows that certain toxic truths and struggles drift and link to truths and justice struggles beyond Agbogbloshie and Ghana. Despite the hyper-negativity and toxic colonialism that fuel Ghana’s e-wasteland narrative, the author concludes the book with a challenging exploratory question: how can a pyropolitical ecology of e-waste provide a new starting point to develop a global e-waste perspective attuned to possibilities and sparks of hope informed by ethnographic attention and evidence?
Reaction to Discrimination by Judicial Mechanisms
Authors: Lantschner Emma 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 sets out to pool the results of more than fifteen years of implementation of those provisions of RED and EED that give interested organizations an important role in providing a more effective level of protection to victims of discrimination. The chapter comparatively assesses the legal standing of NGOs in discrimination disputes and to what extent Member States have introduced also collective forms of redress. It then carries out in-depth case studies on the implementation practice in Romania, Hungary, and Germany to understand which factors (legal framework or implementation practice) influence the success or failure of a system. The research finds that the positive results of NGO litigation at individual and societal level could not be achieved because of, but despite of the role played by state authorities. Legal challenges relate to limited legal standing, sometimes restricted to certain levels of jurisdiction or certain bodies, and the fact that collective redress is foreseen only in about half of the Member States. Even where legislation is permissive, practical challenges involve an insufficient territorial coverage with NGOs acting in support of victims of discrimination, lack of funding, lack of awareness among victims about being able to turn to NGOs, lack of referencing systems, and an increasingly hostile environment vis-à-vis NGOs working for vulnerable groups. On the basis of these findings, structural, process, and outcome indicators to monitor the effective implementation of the provisions giving a role to NGOs in judicial dispute resolution are deduced.
The Rise of Juvenile Courts and the Consolidation of Child Removal
Authors: Anderson Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the late nineteenth century, demands to curb parental sovereignty merged with campaigns for prison reform. As a result, calls gathered pace for juvenile courts which would remove children from the adult, criminal justice system and protect children from abusive parents and adults. The juvenile-court movement developed in the context of the growth of child-protection societies and child-protection legislation. Nevertheless, reformers remained frustrated by the enduring power of parental sovereignty and pushed for greater change. In 1899, reformers in Illinois achieved their ambition of creating courts that removed children from the criminal justice system, ensured children could be placed in reformatories, and empowered judges to curb guardianship rights. The courts also worked with family visitors and frequently preferred to place families and children on probation rather than move directly to child removal. Spaniards followed these developments in the USA and countries such as Belgium, and created their own courts.
The Spanish Courts and the Poor, 1926–1936
Authors: Anderson Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the growth of juvenile courts in Spain and the support they attracted from across the political spectrum. Under the surface of this support lay conflict between Catholic, liberals, and socialists over the degree to which secular principles and practices should govern the courts. With the support of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship, the Catholic viewpoint proved ascendant and did not come under serious threat after the democratic Second Republic arrived in 1931. The chapter studies the personnel and practices adopted by the largely Catholic-dominated courts. It also offers a case study of social conditions in Madrid and explores the vulnerability of poor families to removal, the role of support networks, and the agency of poor families who turned to the courts to take children into care as a stop-gap measure while they put their lives in order.
Conclusion
Authors: Anderson Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Conclusion highlights some of the text’s main arguments. These include the importance of the discourse of the dangerous parent and superior state guardianship in paving the way to the age of mass child removal. The juvenile courts are shown to sit centre stage in this history. The Spanish case helps reveal the transnational origins of these courts. It also sheds light on the political agreement and conflict that underpinned the creation and operation of the courts. The documentary record left by the courts reveals much about the processes behind removal and helps us move away from the binary of coercion and victimhood which frequently characterizes discussion of removals. By exploring these processes we can recognize the suffering, agency and resilience of poor families, displaced families and political families. This approach provides a more complex context for understanding the debate around ‘lost children of Francoism’ and child removal more widely.
Kantian Autonomy and Contemporary Ideas of Autonomy
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Kant argued that autonomy of the will is a necessary presupposition of all morality. His idea of autonomy is abstract, foundational, normative, and a key to his defense of the rationality of moral commitment. In contemporary ethics philosophers often appeal to autonomy, more specifically, as a moral right to make one’s own decisions or as a psychological ideal of independence and rational self-control. Kantian and contemporary ideas of autonomy are not the same, but how are they related? Arguably, Kantian autonomy, when applied realistically to common human circumstances, tends to not only support but also limit the particular claims made in the name of autonomy. Kantian autonomy is a crucial part of the moral point of view from which specific principles can be assessed, not an ideal of living independently of others. Derivative principles must take into account ways in which various physical and social conditions inhibit the capacity for self-determination.
Kantian Ethics and Utopian Thinking
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Is Kantian ethics guilty of utopian thinking? Good and bad uses of utopian ideals are distinguished, an apparent path is traced from Rousseau’s unworkable political ideal to Kant’s ethical ideal, and three versions of Kant’s Categorical Imperative (and counterparts in common moral discourse) are examined briefly with special attention on the kingdom of ends formulation. Following summary of previous development of this central idea, several objections suggesting that this idea encourages bad utopian thinking are briefly addressed: that we cannot count on everyone to follow ideal rules, that even conscientious people disagree in their moral judgments, and that theories that allow exceptions to familiar moral rules create a “slippery slope” to consequentialism.
Beyond Respect and Beneficence
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This essay focuses on ideal moral attitudes in close personal relationships, respect for persons as human beings and as particular individuals, beneficence or “caring,” and appreciation that is distinct from both respect and beneficent caring for another’s happiness and well-being. In good friendships, for example, one not only respects the friend but appreciates good things about the friend and in the friend’s life. Appreciation is not the same as gratitude, though to be grateful is in part to appreciate the evident good will of another person. The essay notes several merits of supplementing standard accounts by including appreciation as an ideal.
Ideals of Appreciation and Expressions of Respect
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes and illustrates ideals of appreciation and positive expressions of respect in personal relationships and argues that these are distinct from beneficence, that they are aspects of a full recognition of human dignity, and that they have important general and special implications for relationships involving persons with disabilities. With sketches of characters to illustrate, the chapter emphasizes that especially among family, friends, and care-givers, the ideal of proper respect calls for positive affirmations of persons, not merely dutiful constraint, and the ideal of appreciation calls for being open and responsive to the good in life, in other persons, and in oneself. Among other things, respect and appreciation for and by us, as persons with disabilities, requires confronting and changing cultural stigmas that undermine these morally important attitudes.
A Contextualist Account of Moral Responsibility
Authors: Whittle Ann 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
If the ability analysis of control is correct, it demonstrates that abilities are pivotal to an account of the control required for moral responsibility. But the precise details do not matter for the argument of the last two chapters. All that requires is the much less contentious claim that abilities to do otherwise are part of an analysis of robust control. If this is so, then the issue of the consequences of a contextualist theory of agential modals for a theory of moral responsibility arises. The aim of this chapter is to begin exploring these consequences. The first four sections outline a positive case for the view that our attributions of moral responsibility have different semantic values relative to different contexts of utterance. This argument draws upon the preceding considerations, semantic evidence, the argument from manipulation, and experimental data regarding our folk intuitions. The chapter ends by contrasting the resulting contextualist analysis of moral responsibility with an alternative proposal, offered by Björnsson and Persson.
Introduction
Authors: Everest Kelvin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains the linkage between Shelley and Keats in the general culture since the 1820s. It then argues that this conventional pairing obscures the strong differences between the two poets in the nature and scale of their poetic achievement, and in their characteristic poetic styles and themes. This argument is exemplified through detailed analysis of the composition techniques of the two poets, with reference to the manuscript drafts that survive for The Eve of St Agnes and The Triumph of Life. The contrasting poetical manner of the poets is further examined in close reading of the opening stanzas of the ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’, and the ‘Ode to the West Wind’.
‘Ozymandias’
Authors: Everest Kelvin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The textual history of Shelley’s famous, much-anthologized sonnet ‘Ozymandias’ is brought into relationship with the poem’s own central concern with the ironies accumulating around a monument which long outlasts the occasion and moment of its first creation. A detailed analysis of the poem’s rhetorical structure, poetic technique, and ramifying ironies leads in to a meditation on the status of the literary work of art, and its reliance for transmission through time on an editorial tradition. Successive early versions of the poem, both manuscript and print, are compared, and the significance of their differences considered as exemplifying a variation of the ironies at play within the poem. The lesson taught to tyranny by the survival of the ruined statue has affinity with the dependence of the poem itself on the editorial tradition which has maintained its existence.
Political Conversations in Late Republican Rome
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We are familiar with the notion that the Roman political world of the Late Republic included lofty speeches and sessions of the Senate, but also need to remember that another important aspect of Late Republican politics revolved around senators talking among themselves, chatting in the corner. The present book intends to analyse senatorial political conversations and illuminate the oral aspects of Roman politics. It argues that Roman senators and their entourages met in person to have conversations in which they discussed politics, circulated political information, and negotiated strategies; this extra-institutional sphere had a relevant impact both on politics and institutions, as well as determining how the Roman Republic functioned. The main point of this book is to offer a new perspective on Roman politics through the proxy of conversations and meetings. Orality has represented an important component in analysis of Roman institutions: oratory before the people in assemblies and contiones, addresses and discussions in the Senate, speeches in the law courts. Orality was also crucial in rumours and public opinion. The present research posits that, in Rome, oral was the default mode of communication in politics, especially outside institutions. Only when they could not reach each other in person did Roman senators and their peers resort to letters. The book suggests that the study of politics should not be restricted to the senatorial group, but that other persons should be considered as important actors with their own agency (albeit in different degrees), such as freedmen and elite women.
Introduction
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The introduction outlines the book and analyses previous historiography and perspective regarding senatorial relationships and Roman politics. This book offers a new way of understanding elite relationships, based upon face-to-face communication and the circulation of information through personal oral contact between members of the elite and their entourage. Roman politics, based upon ever-changing and short-lived alliances established over a particular issue, were constructed through the constant transmission and circulation of political information. For the proper functioning of the system, Roman senators had to be constantly informed about their peers’ opinions and intentions.
A wider definition of politics and political participation
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The first chapter focuses on outlining the study of politics in Rome beyond institutions. It reviews who participated in politics, going beyond the classic model of the adult male citizen with full political and legal rights, and including many other groups that were active in politics through their participation in the network of meetings and conversations, especially women and freedmen. The chapter argues that political participation also happened outside institutions, so the number of people who took part in politics becomes much larger. Both extra-institutional and institutional politics, both of which were used by the elite and the people in their own ways, constituted the body of Roman politics.
Oral circulation of information
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 studies the circulation of information and how senators sought out certain types of it: insider knowledge, reliable information, and speculations about what could happen. As they could not reach everybody, senators and their entourages attempted to fish for information (expiscor in Latin). All these practices tried to avoid the risk of not being connected, which were high and could have political consequences. Being disconnected from conversations and the flow of information, from the community of practice which exchanged information, might entail political isolation and loss of status. Survival in Rome meant being as widely and as strongly linked to others as possible. At the same time, information travelled so quickly that controlling it was a very difficult feat; leaks took place and they were not innocuous.
The Range of Reasons
Authors: Whiting Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This book contributes to two debates and it does so by bringing them together. The first is a debate in metaethics concerning normative reasons, the considerations that serve to justify a person’s actions and attitudes. The second is a debate in epistemology concerning the norms for belief, the standards that govern a person’s beliefs and by reference to which they are assessed. The book starts by developing and defending a new theory of reasons for action, that is, of practical reasons. The theory belongs to a family that analyses reasons by appeal to the normative notion of rightness (fittingness, correctness); it is distinctive in making central appeal to modal notions, specifically, that of a nearby possible world. The result is a comprehensive framework that captures what is common to and distinctive of reasons of various kinds: justifying and demanding; for and against, possessed and unpossessed; objective and subjective. The framework is then generalized to reasons for belief, that is, to epistemic reasons, and combined with a substantive, first-order commitment, namely, that truth is the sole right-maker for belief. The upshot is an account of the various norms governing belief, including knowledge and rationality, and the relations among them. According to it, the standards to which belief is subject are various, but they are unified by an underlying principle.
Reasons and Their Roles
Authors: Whiting Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines a job description for practical reasons—they justify actions, guide deliberation, and explain normative facts, such as facts about what a person ought to do. Reflection on this job description leads to a provisional answer to the question of what being a reason consists in: A reason for a person to act is evidence of a respect in which it is right for them to act. The chapter compares this view critically with two alternatives—that reasons are explanations of right-makers, rather than evidence of them, and that reasons are premises of good reasoning. It also defends the evidence-based account against objections.
Truth
Authors: Whiting Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter generalizes the modal theory of reasons to the epistemic domain and combines it with an independently motivated and substantive commitment, namely, that truth and truth alone makes for right belief. The result is a novel theory of epistemic reasons, according to which a reason for believing a proposition is a fact which stands in a modally robust relation to the truth of that proposition, hence, a reliable indicator of its truth. The chapter then explores and defends a consequence of this, namely, that a person may believe all and any truths. It asks whether reflection on Moorean beliefs counts for or against the view.
Growth and Competitiveness
Authors: Sapir André 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
After two prosperous decades, the European Union suffered a serious setback in the late 1970s and early 1980s, with sluggish growth and weak competitiveness in high-tech sectors compared to the USA and Japan. The creation of the single European market in 1993 was a major boost to growth and competitiveness in Europe. Yet, today, even abstracting from the coronavirus crisis, the European Union again faces some economic troubles. Growth has been subdued for a while and the EU is suffering yet again from weak competitiveness in high-tech sectors compared to the USA and to China, which has replaced Japan as the main Asian powerhouse. At the same time, however, the geopolitical situation has changed dramatically. In the earlier days, the world was divided between East and West, and all three main economic powers, the EU, Japan, and the USA, were in the same political camp. Their rivalry was therefore purely economic. Today, there are political dividing lines between the three main economic powers. The EU’s competitiveness problem vis-à-vis China and the USA in some key technologies is therefore not just economic but also geopolitical. Yet, the European Union remains largely an economic entity, though it has started to think and even to act geopolitically. The obvious question is whether Europe will be able to repeat its achievement of nearly 30 years ago and come up with a new design that will boost its growth and competitiveness in this new geopolitical era, or whether this quest will prove elusory.
Europe’s (Euro) Crisis of Legitimacy
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Europe’s (euro) crisis of legitimacy stems from the European Union’s ‘governing by rules and ruling by numbers’ during the sovereign debt crisis. Rules-based governance focused on austerity and structural reform played havoc with the Eurozone economy while fuelling political discontent. Subsequent reinterpretation of the rules ‘by stealth’ may have improved performance, but it did nothing to change the suboptimal rules and only further contributed to EU and national politicization. Although general acknowledgement of increasing flexibility came as of 2015, along with quantitative easing and investment, the damage had been done. Legitimacy remained in question, understood not only with regard to economic performance (output) and political responsiveness (input), but also in terms of the quality of the governance procedures (throughput). The chapter begins by conceptualizing legitimacy, and then explores EU institutional actors’ different pathways to legitimacy, and the ways in which they responded to the Eurozone crisis over time. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the EU appears to have learned the lessons of the Eurozone crisis during the Covid-19 crisis.
The East–West Divide Revisited 30 Years On
Authors: Rupnik Jacques 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Thirty years after the end of the Cold War and the division of the continent, are we witnessing a renewed east–west divide in Europe? Fifteen years following the enlargement of the European Union to countries of central and eastern Europe, are we witnessing mere political differences or is there an emerging divergence between the ‘old’ and ‘new’ EU member states on issues as fundamental as democracy and the rule of law? The triggering of Article 7 of the Lisbon Treaty against Poland and Hungary suggests the latter. This is the interpretation favoured in the media or in declarations of political figures on both sides of a newly restored dividing line. In the west, it tends to be perceived as a challenge to the European project and sometimes even as a justification for reservations regarding the very idea of the EU’s eastward expansion. In the Visegrád Group, there are claims of being treated as second-class members of the EU and resentment of alleged double standards and interference from Brussels, sometimes compared to pre-1989 control from Moscow. How can this triple divide on democracy, migration, and societal issues—three aspects of European liberalism—be accounted for after a quarter-century of unprecedented economic, political, and institutional convergence? One place to start is the misunderstandings concerning the process and meaning given to the post-1989 EU integration process (‘enlargement to the east’ or ‘European unification’). Different security concerns and threat perceptions (east versus south) also remain an obstacle in shaping a Common Foreign and Security Policy. There are deeper historical and cultural differences, the understanding of which is important to avoid recent divisions becoming fault lines. Finally these trends should be understood not as irreconcilable differences, but as a specific and acute version of a transeuropean crisis of democracy.