bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental demonstration of high-gain CMOS inverter operation at low V

dd
down to 0.5 V consisting of WSe2 n/p FETs
Authors: Kawanago Takamasa , Matsuzaki Takahiro , Kajikawa Ryosuke , Muneta Iriya , Hoshii Takuya , Kakushima Kuniyuki , Tsutsui Kazuo , Wakabayashi Hitoshi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we report on the device concepts for high-gain operation of a tungsten diselenide (WSe2) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) inverter at a low power supply voltage (V

dd
), which was realized by developing a doping technique and gate stack technology. A spin-coating with a fluoropolymer and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) results in the doping of both electrons and holes to WSe2. A hybrid self-assembled monolayer/aluminum oxide (AlO
x
) gate dielectric is viable for achieving high gate capacitance and superior interfacial properties. By developing the doping technique and gate stack technology, we experimentally realized a high gain of 9 at V

dd
of 0.5 V in the WSe2 CMOS inverter. This study paves the way for the research and development of transition metal dichalcogenides-based devices and circuits.
Recent progress on AC poling of relaxor-PbTiO3 ferroelectric single crystals: a review
Authors: Sun Yiqin , Karaki Tomoaki , Yamashita Yohachi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Compared to conventional DC poling (DCP) treatment, in 2014 a novel technology, AC poling (ACP) treatment, was found to be a low-cost, time-saving and smart-process method to significantly enhance the properties of relaxor-PbTiO3 (PT) ferroelectric single crystal (SC) transducers. In total, over 35 papers have been reported since 2018 in which researchers achieved a piezoelectric coefficient of (d
33) > 4000 pC/N and electromechanical coupling factors of (k
33) > 96% for the ACP SCs. In this review, we introduce the history of ACP study on relaxor-PT SCs, and our research group’s ACP study during the past three years. In particular, we focus on ACP conditions and their mechanisms of binary (1-x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PMN-PT) and ternary (1-x-y)Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-yPb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) SCs near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). Furthermore, we provide insight for further studies on optimal ACP conditions and the reduction of spurious-mode vibrations (SMVs). This work offers promising prospects and practical value for high-end ultrasonic imaging probe transducers.
The Impact of External Risks on Project Implementation in the Transport Sector
Authors: Borodulina S. A. , Kostin G. A. , Trofimova L. S. 
Published: November 2021

Aim. The presented study aims to examine the elements of assessing projects for the development of the transport sector of the Russian economy in terms of external risk assessment.Tasks. The authors formulate the problem of the relevance of assessing external risks that have a significant impact on the development of the transport industry in the context of a pandemic and describe a risk assessment model through the example of transport infrastructure projects.Methods. The methods of accounting and assessment of risk factors are analyzed. The proposed model is developed based on the use of the fuzzy sets method.Results. The nature and scale of the pandemic’s impact on the major performance indicators of transport industry enterprises and the development of the transport business in 2020-2021 are determined. The impact of restrictive measures on the efficiency of transport companies has been identified and their development has been assessed as part of the implementation of industry-specific development projects. The risks of non-implementation of transport projects are discovered and described through the example of the infrastructure component. The authors focus on the assessment of environmental risks during the implementation of transport projects under unstable conditions. A model for assessing the risks of possible non-implementation of projects based on a variety of risk types and parameters is presented.Conclusions. The results of the study can be used in the justification and selection of transport projects, helping to reduce the share of non-implemented projects under complex dynamic external conditions.
Comparison of Central Corneal Thickness Measurements Using Specular Microscope, Optical Biometer and Corneal Topographer
Authors: Waseem Madiha , Hussain Mehvash , Quraishy Muhammad Muneer , Sultan Zaheer 
Published: November 2021

Purpose: To compare the Central Corneal Thickness (CCT) measurements by three different devices in normal eyes.
Study Design: Cross sectional observational study.
Place and Duration of Study: Dow University of Health Sciences and Dr. Ruth K.M. Pfau Civil Hospital, Karachi, from October 2020 to January 2021.
Methods: 80 eyes of healthy subjects aged between 20 to 50 years were included in the study. Patients with corneal pathologies, systemic disease, history of ocular surgery or trauma, high intraocular pressure and high refractive error were excluded. Subjects underwent full ophthalmic examination. Central Corneal Thickness was measured by specular microscope (Shin-Nippon SPM-700; Rexxam Co. Ltd, Takamatsu, Japan), optical biometer (AL-Scan; Nidek, Gamagori, Japan) and corneal topographer (TMS-5; Tomey corporation, Nagoya, Japan). All data entry and analysis was done on SPSS version 23. For correlation among devices, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. Scatter plot was drawn for graphical presentation.
Results: 80 eyes of 80 healthy subjects (50 males, 30 females) were recruited in the study by convenient sampling. The mean age was 37.76 ± 8.35 years. Mean Central Corneal Thickness values were 515.57 ± 31.54 µm, 510.21 ± 30.11 µm, 522.03 ± 29.78 µm with specular microscope, optical biometer and corneal topographer respectively. Measurements by these devices strongly correlate with each other using Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.927 to 0.966, p ≤ 0.001).
Conclusion: The results of Central Corneal Thickness measurements obtained from these three devices positively correlate with each other so any of these devices can be used for its measurement.
Key Words: Central Corneal Thickness (CCT), Specular microscope, Optical biometer, Corneal topographer.
Comparison of Mean Axial Length Measured by Acoustic Biometry versus Optical Biometry
Authors: Shakir Munira , Memon Ronak Afza , Azam Mariyam , Wasim Sahira , Ali Waqas 
Published: November 2021

Purpose: To compare the mean axial length measured by acoustic biometry with optical biometry.
Design: Descriptive observational study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi from November 2018 to April 2019.
Methods: were 246 patients with visually significant cataract who were recruited in this study by consecutive sampling. Axial lengths were measured by non-contact optical method using Carl Zeiss IOL master. After instillation of local anesthetic, axial lengths were re-measured by contact method with A-Scan probe. All readings were taken by a single observer to avoid data collection bias. Mean and standard deviation was computed for quantitative variable i.e. age, axial length by Applanation ultra sound and axial length by optical biometry. Frequency and percentage was calculated for qualitative variables i.e. gender. Differences of axial length between the Applanation and optical biometry were compared by using pair T-test. Effect modifiers like age and gender were addressed through stratification, post stratification independent test for two groups and ANOVA for more than two groups was applied.
Results: The average age of the patients was 58.09 ± 7.27 years. Mean axial length by optical biometry was 23.744 ± 0.74mm as compared to 22.29 ± 0.76 mm by acoustic method and this difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0005).
Conclusion: Results of axial length with Optical and acoustic biometry are significantly different with p value less than 0.05. However, optical biometers fail in cases of dense media opacities where acoustic biometry in needed.
Key Words: Cataract, Axial length, Applanation ultrasound, Optical Biometry.
Loss of Vision after Laser Peripheral Iridotomy: A Case Report
Authors: Mahar P S , Rehman Asma , Memon Abdul Sami 
Published: November 2021

Laser Peripheral Iridotomy (LPI) is a common laser procedure carried out in patients with narrow or occluded irido-corneal angles at risk of developing angle closure glaucoma. Nd-YAG and Argon laser are used sequentially in our local population to create an iridotomy. Posterior segment complications are rare after this procedure and generally can occur due to direct laser induced damage. We report a 44-year old patient, who had LPI performed on his both eyes. Post laser patient complained of reduced vision in his left eye and was evaluated in our glaucoma clinic. On examination, his vision was 20/25 unaided in his right eye and 20/60 in his left eye with no further improvement. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed presence of cystoid macular edema (CME) in his left eye responsible for his reduced vision.
Key Words: Laser Peripheral Iridotomy, Cystoid Macular Edema, Argon Laser.
Demographic Characteristics and Causes of Low Vision in Children: A Hospital–Based Study from Khartoum, Sudan
Authors: Alrasheed Saif Hassan , Awad Eslah Saeed , Mohamed Zoelfigar Dafalla 
Published: November 2021

Purpose: To determine the demographic characteristics and causes of low vision in children who attended Alfaisal eye center, Khartoum Sudan.
Place and Duration of Study: Alfaisal eye Center, Khartoum, Sudan, from February 2018 to October 2020.
Study Design: Cross sectional observational study.
Methods: Clinical record of 105 patients who visited the low vision clinic were retrieved. Demographic features, history, ocular examination, cause of low vision, refractive state of the eye (by self-luminance streak retinoscope, and auto refractometer), and type of low vision devices used by the patients were noted. Data was analyzed by using SPSS software version 20.
Results: Mean age was 11.70 ± 2.19. Seventy three percent patients had Visual Acuity(VA) less than 6/60. Majority (59%) were male patients. Commonest refractive error associated with low vision was myopia (65.71%). Retinitis Pigmentosa, congenital glaucoma, and albinism were other major causes of pediatric low vision (19.5%). Progressive Myopia was seen in 15%. About 9.5% of children presented with cataracts, nystagmus in 9.5%, and congenital refractive error in 9.5%.The cause of low vision among children was not statistically different between males and females P=0.890. More than half of the children 78.1% used glasses and about 21.9% were corrected by telescope.
Conclusion: Retinitis pigmentosa, albinism, and congenital glaucoma were the most common causes of pediatric low vision. Common low vision devices prescribed to these children were glasses and telescopes.
Key Words: Retinitis Pigmentosa, Congenital glaucoma, Albinism, Myopia, Cataract.
STATIC AND KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A PLANAR REGULAR BEAM TRUSS WITH A DOUBLE LATTICE
Authors: Кирсанов М. Н. 
Published: November 2021

Предлагается схема статически определимой регулярной балочной фермы решетчатого вида. Обнаружен и исследован случай кинематического вырождения конструкции от числа панелей. Для сосредоточенной и распределенной по нижнему поясу нагрузок методом индукции с привлечением системы символьной математики выводится зависимость прогиба фермы от числа ее панелей. Прогиб вычисляется по формуле Максвелла-Мора. Полученная зависимость имеет вид полинома по числу панелей с переменными, зависящими от четности числа панелей. Получена также формула зависимости величины горизонтального сдвига подвижной опоры.
A scheme of a statically determinate regular girder truss of a lattice type is proposed. The case of kinematic degeneration of the structure from the number of panels is discovered and investigated. For concentrated and distributed loads over the lower belt, the dependence of the deflection of the truss on the number of its panels is derived by induction with the involvement of a system of symbolic mathematics. The deflection is calculated using the Maxwell - Mohr formula. The resulting dependence has the form of a polynomial in the number of panels with variables depending on the parity of the number of panels. A formula for the dependence of the magnitude of the horizontal shift of the movable support is also obtained.
Evolution of Mercury’s Earliest Atmosphere
Authors: Jäggi Noah , Gamborino Diana , Bower Dan J. , Sossi Paolo A. , Wolf Aaron S. , Oza Apurva V. , Vorburger Audrey , Galli André , Wurz Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
MESSENGER observations suggest a magma ocean formed on proto-Mercury, during which evaporation of metals and outgassing of C- and H-bearing volatiles produced an early atmosphere. Atmospheric escape subsequently occurred by plasma heating, photoevaporation, Jeans escape, and photoionization. To quantify atmospheric loss, we combine constraints on the lifetime of surficial melt, melt composition, and atmospheric composition. Consideration of two initial Mercury sizes and four magma ocean compositions determines the atmospheric speciation at a given surface temperature. A coupled interior–atmosphere model determines the cooling rate and therefore the lifetime of surficial melt. Combining the melt lifetime and escape flux calculations provides estimates for the total mass loss from early Mercury. Loss rates by Jeans escape are negligible. Plasma heating and photoionization are limited by homopause diffusion rates of ∼106 kg s−1. Loss by photoevaporation depends on the timing of Mercury formation and assumed heating efficiency and ranges from ∼106.6 to ∼109.6 kg s−1. The material for photoevaporation is sourced from below the homopause and is therefore energy limited rather than diffusion limited. The timescale for efficient interior–atmosphere chemical exchange is less than 10,000 yr. Therefore, escape processes only account for an equivalent loss of less than 2.3 km of crust (0.3% of Mercury’s mass). Accordingly, ≤0.02% of the total mass of H2O and Na is lost. Therefore, cumulative loss cannot significantly modify Mercury’s bulk mantle composition during the magma ocean stage. Mercury’s high core:mantle ratio and volatile-rich surface may instead reflect chemical variations in its building blocks resulting from its solar-proximal accretion environment.
Reproduction of Ooencyrtus submetallicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in egg densities of Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Sanomia Willian Yoshio , Pereira Fabricio Fagundes , da Silva Ivana Fernandes , Cardoso Carlos Reinier Garcia , Lucchetta Jéssica Terilli 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Knowledge about the ideal host ratio per female parasitoid reared in glass tubes is important for obtaining descendants with better biological quality. The study aimed to evaluate the reproduction of Ooencyrtus submetallicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) females in egg densities of Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to find the most adequate relationship between parasitoids and hosts aiming at the parasitoid multiplication. The experiment was conducted with E. heros eggs at densities (parasitoid:host) of 1:3, 1:6, 1:9, 1:12, 1:15, or 1:18 with 24 hours of parasitism by O. submetallicus. The parasitoid females and the egg carton were placed in glass tubes and kept in a climate-controlled chamber. The percentage of parasitism was affected by the nonparasitised eggs. The emergence of adult parasitoids, number of parasitised eggs, number of individual parasitoids emerging per egg, the length of the parasitoids’ posterior tibiae, and the parasitoids’ longevity, life cycle, and sex ratio were not affected by the different densities of nonparasitised eggs subjected to treatments. Ooencyrtus submetallicus parasitised and developed in E. heros eggs in all evaluated densities, with 1:6 presenting the best combination of parasitoid and host.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Frequency, Clinical Spectrum and Outcomes of Pediatric Guillain-Barré Syndrome in India
Authors: Garg Divyani , Dhamija Rajinder K. , Choudhary Aditya , Shree Ritu , Kumar Sujit , Samal Priyanka , Pathak Abhishek , Vijaya Pamidimukkala , Sireesha Yareeda , Nair Sruthi S. , Sharma Sanjay , Desai Soaham , Sinha Human P. , Agarwal Ayush , Upadhyay Ashish , Padma Srivastava MV , Bhatia Rohit , Pandit Awadh K. , Singh Rajesh K. , Reyaz Alisha , Yogeesh PM , Salunkhe Manish , Lal Vivek , Modi Manish , Singh Gagandeep , Singla Monika , Panda Samhita , Gopalakrishnan Maya , Puri Inder , Sharma Sudhir , Kumar Bismay , Kushwaha Prashant K. , Chovatiya Harshadkumar , Ferreira Teresa , Bhoi Sanjeev K. , Bhartiya Manish , Kaul Subhash , Patil Anuja , Mathukumalli Neeharika L. , Nagappa Madhu , Sharma P Praveen , Basheer Aneesh , Ramachandran Dileep , Balaram Neetha , Sebastian Jospeh , Vishnu Venugopalan Y. 
Published: November 2021

Objective:
To study impact of COVID-19 pandemic on frequency, clinical/electrophysiological profile and treatment outcomes in pediatric Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).

Background:
GBS is the most frequent cause of pediatric acute flaccid paralysis. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on pediatric GBS is unclear in the literature.

Methods:
We conducted an ambispective, multicentric, cohort study involving 12 of 27 centres in GBS Consortium, during two periods: pre-COVID-19 (March-August 2019) and during COVID-19 (March-August 2020). Children ≤12 years who satisfied National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke criteria for GBS/variants were enrolled. Details pertaining to clinical/laboratory parameters, treatment and outcomes (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at discharge, GBS Disability score at discharge and 3 months) were analysed.

Results:
We enrolled 33 children in 2019 and 10 in 2020. Children in 2020 were older (median 10.4 [interquartile range 6.75–11.25] years versus 5 (2.5–8.4) years; P = 0.022) and had more sensory symptoms (50% versus 18.2%; P = 0.043). The 2020 group had relatively favourable mRS at discharge (median 1 (1–3.5) versus 3 (2–4); P = 0.042) and GBS disability score at 3 months (median 0 (0–0.75) versus 2 (0–3); P = 0.009) compared to 2019. Multivariate analysis revealed bowel involvement (P = 0.000) and ventilatory support (P = 0.001) as independent predictors of disability. No child in 2020 had preceding/concurrent SARS-CoV2 infection.

Conclusions:
The COVID-19 pandemic led to a marked decline in pediatric GBS presenting to hospitals. Antecedent illnesses, clinical and electrophysiological profile of GBS remained largely unchanged from the pre-pandemic era.
Emergence of OXA-833 in Proteus Species at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Jannat Hasnatul , Shamsuzzaman S. M. , Faisal Md. Abu 
Published: November 2021

Context:

Proteus species are liable for multitude of infections and associated with resistance to routinely used antibiotics even to reserve drugs such as carbapenems.

Aims:
The aim of this study was to detect the presence of MBL producers, including blaOXA-833 gene in Proteus spp. along with their antibiotic resistance pattern.

Settings and Design:
This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh during July 2018 to June 2019.

Subjects and Methods:

Proteus spp. was isolated from a total of 500 samples. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by disk-diffusion technique. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of imipenem was determined by agar dilution method. Carbapenemase producers were phenotypically detected by double disc synergy (DDS) test, combined disc (CD) assay, and modified Hodge test (MHT). Carbapenemase genes (blaKPC, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-48-like/blaOXA-833, and blaOXA-58) among imipenem-resistant Proteus spp. were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequencing was performed to differentiate OXA-833 from OXA-48-like gene by capillary method, and the nucleotide sequence of OXA-833 has been deposited to GenBank.

Results:
Ten (25%) imipenem-resistant isolates were detected during disk-diffusion technique, among them 60%, 70%, 50% carbapenemase producers were detected by DDS test, CD assay, MHT, respectively, and 70% by PCR. A significant increase in MIC was found between 8 and ≥128 μg/ml to imipenem. PCR revealed that 40% imipenem-resistant isolates were positive for blaNDM-1 and blaVIM followed by 20% for blaOXA-48-like/blaOXA-833 and blaOXA-23, respectively. Sequencing of blaOXA-48-like gene established the OXA-833 variant of class D carbapenemase encoding gene.

Conclusion:
The results of this study showed the presence of high proportion of carbapenemase enzyme-producing Proteus spp. in Bangladesh. blaOXA-833 is emerging in Bangladesh.
The Dominance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 B.1.617 and Its Sublineages and Associations with Mortality during the COVID-19 Pandemic in India between 2020 and 2021
Authors: Venkatraja Bakilapadavu , Srilakshminarayana Gali , Krishna Kumar Ballamoole 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT.
As the COVD-19 pandemic spreads, several new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) variants with various mutations across the genome have arisen, and they appear to be the greater risk to global public health. In this study, we have performed molecular characterization of SARS-COV-2 circulating in India between January 2020 and May 2021. Phylogenetic analysis of the SARS-COV-2 reported in the first and second waves of the outbreak showed the evolutionary hierarchy of SARS-COV-2 that was dispersed across the evolutionary tree of SARS-COV-2 with six major next strain clades: 19A (5.3%), 20A (29.9%), 20B (24.9%), 20I-Alpha, V1 (7.4%), 21A-Delta (17.2%), and 21B-Kappa (12.7%). Among the observed clades, 21A-Delta and 21B-Kappa belonging to the B.1.617 and its sublineages are the two notable clades that dominated approximately 78% of the total SARS-COV-2 genomes reported during April and May 2021. This study has also established a link between different SARS-COV-2 variants and risk of mortality during the COVID-19 epidemic using multivariable logistic regression model for patient-level data. The estimated model demonstrates that the risk of mortality of the COVID 19 patients infected by variant B.1.617 and/or its sublineages is much higher than the other preexisting SARS-COV-2 variants, especially among individuals over 45 years of age, regardless of gender. Considering the transmissibility of the B.1.617 and its sublineages and its potential impact to the public health, real-time analysis of COVID-19 cases coupled with stringent genomics surveillance are promising tools to develop and adapt stringent measures to contain and reduce the impact of SARS-COV-2.