PATTERNS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AMONG MAJOR BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES IN TWO TERTIARY’S HOSPITALS, IN SANA'A, YEMEN
Authors: Al-Shami Huda Zaid , Al-Haimi Muhamed Ahmed , Al-dossary Omar Ahmed Esma’il , Nasher Abeer Abdulmahmood Mohamed , Al-Najhi Mohammed Mohammed Ali , Al-Shamahy Hassan Abdulwahab , Al-Ankoshy Azhar Azher Mohammed 
Published: November 2021

Background and objectives: At the present time, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health hazard, with antimicrobial resistance bacteria increasing exponentially. This study estimates the epidemiological profiles and antimicrobial resistance of Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) and Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolated from clinical samples among patients admitted to two University hospitals in Sana'a city for one year (2019).
Methods: This was a retrospective study of clinical samples of patients collected from January 1, 2019 to December 30, 2019. All samples were appraised to determine presence of infectious agents using standard methods for isolation and identification of bacteria and yeasts from clinical samples of patients admitted to Al-Gumhouri University Hospital and Al-Kuwait University Hospital in Sana'a city. Antibiotic resistance was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion methods.
Results: 2,931 different pathogenic bacteria were detected from 24,690 different clinical specimens. The samples had an overall detection rate of 11.9% (2931/24,690). Among the bacterial pathogens isolated from clinical samples, 52.4% (n=1536) had GPB and 41.2% (n=1207) had GNB. The predominant GNB isolates were E.coli (22.04%), Klebsiella spp (6.03%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.1%), Acinetobacter baumannii (1.46%), Enterobacter spp. (1.09%), Citrobacter spp. (1.16%), respectively. Among the GPB, S.aureus was the most common (26.3%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (8.1%), Non-hemolytic Streptococcus (9.1%), Other alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus (3.9%), Streptococcus pyogenes (1.9%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (0.5% ). A high rate of antibiotic resistance was recorded for sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (85.5%), ceftazidime (81.07%), ampicillin (70.4%), cefuroxime (66.4%).
Conclusions: The current study results revealed that the rate of resistance between GNB and GPB is associated with the incidence of different infections in patients attending two major tertiary hospitals in Sana'a city is very high. These results indicate ongoing screening and follow-up programs to detect antibiotic resistance, and also suggest the development of antimicrobial stewardship programs in Sana'a, Yemen.

Peer Review History:
Received: 9 September 2021; Revised: 11 October; Accepted: 23 October, Available online: 15 November 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com
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Received file: Reviewer's Comments:
Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10
Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10
Reviewers:
Rima Benatoui, Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, BP12 E L Hadjar–Algeria, benattouiryma@gmail.com
Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, edress2020@gmail.com
Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, rola@aauj.edu
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