bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diet Quality is Lower and Energy Intake Greater on Weekends than Weekdays: A One‐Year Longitudinal Study of Midlife Women
Authors: Jahns Lisa , Johnson LuAnn K , Raatz Susan K , Scheett Angela J , Stote Kim 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo test differences in dietary intake by individual day and on weekends (Friday, Saturday, Sunday) compared to weekdays using energy and macronutrient intake, food groupings and Healthy Eating Index‐2010 diet quality scores.MethodsLongitudinal design; 52 women ages 40–60 y completed online diet recalls approximately every 10 days for one year using the Automated Self‐administered 24‐hour Recall system. Energy (kcal), macronutrient (%en) and food group portions were derived. Healthy Eating Index‐2010 (HEI‐2010) total and component scores were calculated. Differences were tested by mixed model analysis of variance.ResultsWomen completed a total of 1,866 diet recalls. Reported energy intake was greater on weekends than on weekdays (1990 ± 62 kcal vs 1832 ± 53 kcal; P<0.001). Reported %en from protein and carbohydrate was lower and %en from alcohol greater on weekends. There was no difference in the % energy from fat (34.3 ± 0.7 vs 33.4 ± 0.6, respectively; P = 0.07). On weekends, women reported consuming more alcohol, added sugar, fats and oils, eggs, potatoes, meats, and refined grains and less yogurt, whole fruits, orange vegetables, and whole grains than on weekdays. The total HEI‐2010 score was lower on weekends than weekdays (58.5 ± 1.5 vs 62.0 ± 1.4; P <0.001). Component scores were lower for Whole Fruits (P = 0.003), Greens and Beans (P = 0.017), Whole Grains (P = 0.002), and Dairy (P = 0.003). Energy intake was greatest on Saturday (2061 ± 78 kcal) and lowest on Tuesday (1756 ± 52 kcal). The %en from carbohydrate was greatest on weekdays and lowest on Friday. The %en from protein was lowest on Saturday. The %en consumed as alcohol was significantly greater on Friday and Saturday than all other days of the week.ConclusionsIn this population, weekend eating was associated with lower diet quality scores and different dietary patterns than weekdays. Maintaining weekday intakes of yogurt, whole fruits, orange vegetables and whole grains would be beneficial. Avoiding weekend overindulgence in alcohol, added sugars, and fats may help individuals maintain a healthy weight while consuming a variety of nutrient‐rich foods.Support or Funding InformationUSDA‐ARS 3062‐51000‐051‐00D.
Almond Form and Processing Impacts Metabolizable Energy Value in Humans
Authors: Baer David J , Gebauer Sarah K , Novotny Janet A 
Published: June 2021

We have previously demonstrated that the metabolizable energy (ME) of whole roasted almonds is less than that predicted by the Atwater factors, and thus lower than the value currently listed on the Nutrition Facts panel. Studies have shown that incomplete disruption of the cell wall during mastication of whole almonds leads to decreased lipid absorption, suggesting that the food matrix plays a role in determining the ME value of a food. However, data are lacking on how food structure and processing (roasting, slicing or grinding) impact the ME value of almonds. The objective of this research was to determine the ME value of different forms of almonds.We conducted a randomized, crossover design study in healthy individuals (n = 18) to measure the ME of the following forms of almonds, within the context of a completely controlled diet (18 days each): whole, natural almonds (42 g/day); whole, roasted almonds (42 g/day); diced almonds (42 g/day); almond butter (42 g/day); and control (0 g/day). After 9 days of adaptation to each diet, participants collected all urine and fecal samples for approximately 9 days. The gross energies of the diets, almonds, urine, and feces were measured by adiabatic bomb calorimetry. The ME value of the nuts was determined using the paired‐diet approach.Based on the measured chemical composition of the almonds fed, the estimated ME (kcal/g) by use of Atwater specific factors for whole natural almonds, whole roasted almonds, diced almonds, and almond butter was 5.91, 6.01, 6.04, and 6.18, respectively. The empirically measured ME value (kcal/g) for whole natural almonds, whole roasted almonds, and diced almonds was 4.42, 4.86, and 5.04, significantly lower than predicted (P < 0.001 for all); while the ME for almond butter was similar to predicted (6.53 kcal/g; P = 0.08). Available calories from almonds is dependent on the form in which they are consumed. Furthermore, the measured ME of whole natural almonds, whole roasted almonds, and diced almonds is significantly lower than that estimated by the Atwater factors (30.4%, 24.5%, and 22.1%, respectively).Atwater factors (general or specific) provide inaccurate estimates of ME for almonds whether they are consumed whole, whole roasted, or chopped, whereas they are accurate for butter. It is likely that estimates of macronutrient digestibility used to develop the Atwater factors are incorrect for nuts.Support or Funding InformationUSDA and Almond Board of California
MicroRNAs as a Novel Mechanism by which Eicosapentaenoic Acid Mediates Inflammation in Diet‐Induced Obesity
Authors: Yen Erin , Wijayatunga Nadeeja , Pahlavani Mandana , Ramalingam Latha , Kottapalli Kameswara Rao , Kalupahana Nishan Sudheera , Gunaratne Preethi , Rajapakshe Kimal , Coarfa Cristian , Dharmawardhane Suranganie , Moustaid‐Moussa Naima 
Published: June 2021

Obesity is associated with the expansion of adipose tissue that creates a system in which the body transitions into a prothrombotic and inflammatory state. This is in part due to an imbalance between reduced levels of anti‐inflammatory and increased levels of pro‐inflammatory adipokines secreted from adipose tissue, resulting in a chronic, low‐grade inflammation in adipose tissue. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that C57BL/6J mice fed high fat diets supplemented with the omega‐3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (HF‐EPA) exhibited lower adipose and systemic inflammation and macrophage infiltration into white adipose tissue compared to mice fed high fat diets without EPA supplementation (HF). To further dissect mechanisms mediating effects of EPA on adipocyte inflammation, we tested whether EPA regulates specific inflammatory genes (RNA‐Seq with Illumina® HiSeqTM) and microRNAs (miRNA profiling with Illumina® MiSeqTM) in visceral white adipose tissue (VAT) of mice. We identified 200 genes and 64 miRNAs that were differentially expressed (95% confidence and p<0.05) in VAT from two groups of mice fed either a HF or HF‐EPA diet for 11 weeks. QIAGEN's Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA®) was used to characterize mRNA‐miRNA pairs that were regulated by EPA. Among these, the proinflammatory miR‐221‐3p, a key miRNA determined by IPA® to be associated with diabetes mellitus, was found to be down regulated by EPA. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), pattern recognition receptors (PRR), and nuclear factor of activated T‐cells (NFAT) pathways were among the major canonical pathways that were reduced by EPA in VAT. Moreover, expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interferon gamma (INFγ), and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF‐α) were also significantly reduced in VAT of HF‐EPA compared to HF diets. We further confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction that EPA significantly reduced miR‐221 expression by 3‐fold in VAT (p<0.05). In future studies, we will conduct mechanistic experiments in cultured adipocytes treated with saturated fatty acids (to mice HF diets) and with or without EPA to confirm miRNAs and target genes regulated by these fatty acids, using miRNA mimics and inhibitors. We conclude that global genomic studies are valuable approaches to identify new pathways regulated by omega‐3 fatty acids that may pave the way for novel targets to prevent/treat metabolic complications associated with obesity and inflammation.Support or Funding InformationFunding Support: USDA NIFA Grant # 11672117 and startup funds from Texas Tech University
Plasma Metabolite Profiles in Ethiopian Women following Zinc Supplementation
Authors: Barton‐Wechsler Silena , Atwell Lauren L , Bogale Alemtsehay , Choi Jaewoo , Nkrumah‐Elie Yasmeen , Stoecker Barbara , Ho Emily 
Published: June 2021

Zinc is an essential mineral involved in many aspects of human health. Yet, information on the health impacts of marginal zinc deficiency is limited due to a lack of a sensitive, reliable biomarker for measuring zinc status. Previous studies have shown that serum zinc, the most commonly utilized human biomarker, does not adequately reflect zinc intake. The use of metabolomics is an emerging tool that has shown promise in biomarker discovery. A recent metabolomics analysis in Drosophila found several citric acid cycle intermediates were upregulated following zinc supplementation, but similar studies in humans are limited. The objective of this study is to identify endogenous metabolites associated with changes in zinc nutriture in humans using a novel, global (untargeted) metabolomics analysis. In a randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial, Ethiopian women (n=24) consuming low levels of zinc were supplemented with 20 mg zinc sulfate for 23 days. Plasma samples were obtained before and after supplementation (day 0 and day 23) for metabolomics analysis, metabolite quantification, and pathway validation. Preliminary analyses revealed significant differences in plasma metabolite profiles before and after zinc supplementation. Next steps involve identification and validation of endogenous metabolites as well as identification of associated biochemical pathways. Additional experiments will be conducted in vitro to investigate alterations in these biochemical pathways, including the citric acid cycle. These studies will provide information for novel functions of zinc and aid in characterizing a sensitive, reliable biomarker or biomarker panel for assessing zinc status in humans.Support or Funding InformationUSDA AES multistate W3002
Systemic Effects of AT‐121 as a Safe Analgesic without Abuse Liability in Primates
Authors: Ding Huiping , Kiguchi Norikazu , Czoty Paul , Nader Michael , Zaveri Nurulain , Ko Mei‐Chuan 
Published: June 2021

AT‐121 is a newly developed bifunctional nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP)/mu opioid peptide (MOP) receptor agonist that displays full efficacy on NOP receptors and partial efficacy on MOP receptors. The aim of this study was to establish the functional profile of AT‐121 as an analgesic by using several behavioral and physiological assays in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mutatta). Systemic administration of AT‐121 (0.003–0.03 mg/kg) dose‐dependently produced antinociceptive and antihypersensitive effects. Both NOP receptor antagonist J‐113397 (0.1 mg/kg) and MOP receptor antagonist naltrexone (0.03 mg/kg) equally attenuated AT‐121‐induced antinociception. These antagonist studies demonstrate that both NOP and MOP receptor components contribute to the antinociceptive effects exhibited by AT‐121 in primates. More importantly, a full antinociceptive dose (0.03 mg/kg) and a dose 10‐fold higher (0.3 mg/kg) of AT‐121 did not affect physiological functions including respiration, cardiovascular activities, and body temperature as measured by the telemetry probes (DSI, model D70‐PCTR). These findings indicate a wider therapeutic window afforded by AT‐121 as compared to MOP receptor agonists. In addition, AT‐121 did not produce reinforcing effects in monkeys under the progressive‐ratio schedule of drug self‐administration. Following repeated administration of AT‐121, monkeys did not show physiological withdrawal signs precipitated by both NOP and MOP receptor antagonists. Taken together, these translational nonhuman primate studies demonstrate that AT‐121 is an effective and safe analgesic without typical opioid‐associated side effects. Lack of reinforcing effects and acute physical dependence by AT‐121 strongly supports the therapeutic potential of selected bifunctional NOP/MOP agonists as innovative analgesics in humans.Support or Funding InformationSupported by the US‐PHS grants DA‐032568 and DA‐035359 and the US‐DOD grant W81XWH‐13‐2‐0045.
ATP‐binding cassette (Abc) transporters and cytoprotective genes respond differentially to a hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen in male and female mouse brain
Authors: Flores Katiria M , Renfro J Larry , Manautou Jose 
Published: June 2021

The choroid plexus (CP) or blood‐cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) and blood‐brain barrier (BBB) control the movement of drugs and metabolites between the brain and systemic circulation. Gender differences in drug excretion and detoxification mechanisms can affect therapeutic and toxic responses. For example, male mice are more susceptible to acetaminophen (APAP) induced hepatotoxicity. The Abc transporters and one of their transcription factors, nuclear factor erythroid‐2‐related factor (Nrf2), play roles in the susceptibility to APAP induced hepatotoxicity. Our aim was to examine gender differences in expression of Abc transporters, Nrf2 and related stress genes (NAD(P)H quionine oxidoreductase‐1, Nqo1, and heme oxigenase‐1, Ho‐1) in the brain and CP. We hypothesized that hepatic/renal gender‐specific patterns of these cytoprotective genes would also be present in the blood brain interfaces. In female mice, as compared to male, Abcc1‐2 and Abcc4 transporters are more strongly expressed brain, supporting our hypothesis. qRT‐PCR analysis revealed higher expression of Abcc1‐2 and Nrf2 in the female brain, but no differences in the CP. Abcc4, Ho‐1 and Nqo1 showed higher expression in female in both brain interfaces. These differences may contribute to APAP potential for neurotoxicity. We examined the differences in mRNA expression of cytoprotective genes at the brain interfaces of WT and Nrf2−/− mice following a hepatotoxic dose of APAP (400 mg/kg). APAP enhanced the expression of Abcc2 and Abcc4 in brains of male WT mice, but reduced the expression of these transporters in male Nrf2−/− mice. No changes were observed in the brains of either genotype of female mice. These data suggest that the expression of these transporters in the female mouse brain are not altered by a hepatotoxic dose of APAP and that transcription factors other than Nrf2 may be responsible for the regulation of Abc transporters in the female brain.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NSF and NIH
Protein markers and mechanisms of Bacterial Cold Water Disease in Rainbow Trout (Oncorynchus mykiss) revealed using mass spectrometry proteomic analysis
Authors: Root Larken 
Published: June 2021

Aquaculture is a rapidly expanding agricultural field, especially at the international level. One of the largest issues which arise from raising high densities of fish in a confined area is infection and rapid transmission of disease within the population. There are currently few federally approved pharmaceutical treatments for fish, making rapid and accurate diagnosis essential for maintaining healthy populations. The current study focuses on the infection of rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss) by the gram‐negative bacteria Flavobacterium psychrophilum which manifests as Bacterial Cold Water Disease (BCWD). The approach involves examining the physiological effects of infection in these fish at the protein level. Using LC‐MS techniques, the majority of proteins in the kidney, spleen, plasma, and muscles at site of infection are analyzed for differential abundance between infected and control populations. Artificially infected cohorts are compared against fish taken from an active hatchery to determine whether lab results are reflected in a real‐world context. Sets of proteins which change in abundance as a response to BCWD infection make ideal candidates as bio‐markers which can be used in the development of diagnostic tools. This method also reveals the underlying mechanisms of the infection and response through gene ontology and pathway analysis. Plasma was found to have the greatest regulation in terms of significantly different protein abundance. For this reason and the relative ease of sampling plasma without fish sacrifice, plasma appears to the best tissue for diagnostic purposes. The greatest protein regulation in the plasma was seen in enzymes involved in glycolysis, actin cytoskeletal regulation, immune response, and oxidation‐reduction regulation.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NSF Grant IOB‐1355098
The Value of Anthropometric Indices for Identifying Women with Features of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Welch Lucas C , Horn William , Krishnan Sridevi , Kishimura Kathleen , Que Excel , Holguin Evelyn , Keim Nancy L 
Published: June 2021

BMI is a widely used anthropometric measure for identifying CVD and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk. Two new anthropometric indices are A Body Shape Index (ABSI) and Body Roundness Index (BRI) that may provide better correlations to features of MetS.MethodsSubject data were obtained from 91 overweight or obese (BMI 31.8 kg/m2 ± 3.7) women who screened for participation in a dietary pattern intervention study (NCT02298725). The screening consisted of collecting anthropometric, blood biomarker, and blood pressure measures. The screening measures were performed to identify participants who have metabolic syndrome.ResultsNinety one participants were successfully screened for symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Three anthropometric indices, BMI, ABSI, and BRI, were used to find correlations with clinical measures of MetS. Fasting OGTT Glucose (FG), Two Hour OGTT Glucose (Gluc‐2Hr), Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) did not significantly correlate with any of these indices. All of these indices had a significant correlation with Triglyceride (TG) and log HOMA (Homeostatic Model Assessment). BRI and BMI had high correlations with several blood measures that are indicative of MetS.Out of the anthropometric indices studied, BRI was significantly correlated with TG (r=0.362), HDL (r=−0.418) and HOMA (r=0.303). BMI was significantly correlated with HOMA (r=0.400), log HOMA (r=0.405), and the Matsuda Index (r=−0.255). Although demonstrating significant correlations with several measures, ABSI had weaker correlations than both BRI and BMI in all cases.It is also of note that there is significant difference between the mean ABSI of participants who had one or less, two, or three or more primary parameters of MetS (p=0.0008). Similarly, the mean BRI of participants in these MetS groups were also different (p<0.001).ConclusionIn general, BRI showed a stronger relationship to dyslipidemic measures while BMI showed a stronger relationship to glucose intolerance. Both ABSI and BRI showed significant differences between participants who had ≤1 feature of MetS and those who had ≥3 features of MetS, suggesting a potential role of ABSI and BRI as anthropometric indices for predicting MetS. With our next 100 screened participants we will be using these indices to validate these relationships.Support or Funding InformationNational Dairy Council and USDA project #2032‐51530‐022.
HIV infection is associated with a lower rate of gestational weight gain and reduced neonatal length
Authors: Natamba Barnabas Kahiira , Vermeylen Francoise , Young Sera L , Griffiths Jeffrey K , Brannon Patsy M , Mehta Saurabh 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundAdequate gestational weight gain (GWG) and neonatal growth are important, respectively, for favorable birth outcomes and survival of infants through the first year. In sub‐Saharan Africa, underlying infections, such as HIV, may adversely impact GWG and neonatal growth. We investigated trends in GWG among HIV‐infected and ‐uninfected women in northern Uganda; and, examined growth parameters of their HIV‐exposed and ‐unexposed neonates.Methods403 (133 HIV‐infected and on treatment vs. 270 ‐uninfected) pregnant women were recruited into this study from the antenatal clinic of Gulu Hospital. Women's height and weight were measured at enrollment (mean (±SD) gestational age =19.4 (±−3.8) weeks) and weight was measured at each follow‐up visit. After delivery, a subsample (n=246) of dyads was enrolled into a postnatal cohort. At one month postpartum, length and weight were measured and growth indicators (HAZ, WAZ and WHZ) were evaluated using the 2006 WHO standards. Other important variables were documented at recruitment using a detailed questionnaire. Multivariate regression models were employed to determine whether HIV status was associated with 1) the weekly rate of GWG and 2) neonatal indicators of growth.ResultsAdjusted models indicated a quadratic trend in GWG in both HIV infected and uninfected pregnant women. The rate of GWG among HIV infected women was significantly lower than that of HIV uninfected women (p=0.001). Prenatal HIV exposure was associated with significantly lower HAZ (p=0.013) and a nonsignicant trend towards lower WAZ; but, HIV exposure was not associated with WHZ at one month postpartum. HIV‐exposed neonates were more likely to be stunted (HAZ≤−2) than those who were –unexposed (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) (95%CI): 3.48 (1.29; 9.40).ConclusionThese results provide strong justifications for studies to understand mechanisms that underlay the negative effects of HIV infection or exposure on gestational weight gain and linear growth of HIV exposed neonates in this context.Support or Funding InformationThis research was funded in part by Cornell University Weill Medical College Intercampus Seed Funds, K01 MH098902 from NIMH and USAID Cooperative Agreement AIDOAAL1000006