bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anomaly detection in blockchain using network representation and machine learning
Authors: Martin Kevin , Rahouti Mohamed , Ayyash Moussa , Alsmadi Izzat 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe vast majority of digital currency transactions rely on a blockchain framework to ensure quick and accurate execution. As such, understanding how a blockchain works is vital to understanding the dynamics of cryptocurrency operations. One of the key benefits of this type of system is the exhaustive records captured in a given marketplace. The interwoven movement between agents can effectively be expressed as a graph via the extraction of historical data from the blockchain. By looking at a specific blockchain as an interaction of its agents, network representation learning can be leveraged to examine these relationships. Furthermore, the analysis of a graph structure can be enhanced through the application of modern and sophisticated machine learning techniques. Leveraging the automated nature of these methods can create meaningful observations of the input network. In this paper, we utilize several machine learning models to detect anomalous transactions in various digital currency markets. We find that supervised learning techniques yield encouraging results, whereas unsupervised learning techniques struggle more with the classification.
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Algae: 23
Authors: Andersen Robert A. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryThe name Peridinium splendor‐maris (Blepharocysta splendor‐maris) is not recommended for conservation with the proposed conserved type. The name “Alexandrium” Halim (Dinophyceae) could not be recommended for conservation because it is not a validly published name. The name Gracilariopsis is recommended for conservation. The name Chara flexilis (Nitella flexilis) is not recommended for conservation with the proposed conserved type.
Fast‐RRT*: An Improved Motion Planner for Mobile Robot in Two‐Dimensional Space
Authors: Li Qinghua , Wang Jiahui , Li Haiming , Wang Binpeng , Feng Chao 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPath planning for mobile robot aims to solve the problem of creating a collision‐free path from the start state to the goal state in the given space, which is a key supporting technology for unmanned work. In order to solve the problems of the asymptotic optimal rapidly extended random trees star (RRT*) algorithm, such as its slow convergence rate, the low efficiency of planning and the high cost of path, an improved motion planner (Fast‐RRT*) was proposed based on hybrid sampling strategy and choose parent based on backtracking. Firstly, the goal bias strategy and constraint sampling are combined in the sampling stage to reduce the blindness of sampling. Secondly, to obtain a path with lower cost than the RRT* algorithm, the ancestor of the nearest node is considered until the initial state in the process of choose parent for new node. To ensure the feasibility of the path, the path is smoothed by cubic B‐spline curve. The effectiveness of Fast‐RRT* algorithm was verified based on MATLAB and V‐rep platform. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Genetic loci associated with winter survivorship in diverse lowland switchgrass populations
Authors: Poudel Hari P. , Tilhou Neal W. , Sanciangco Millicent D. , Vaillancourt Brieanne , Kaeppler Shawn M. , Buell C. Robin , Casler Michael D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHigh winter mortality limits biomass yield of lowland switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) planted in the northern latitudes of North America. Breeding of cold tolerant switchgrass cultivars requires many years due to its perennial growth habit and the unpredictable winter selection pressure that is required to identify winter‐hardy individuals. Identification of causal genetic variants for winter survivorship would accelerate the improvement of switchgrass biomass production. The objective of this study was to identify allelic variation associated with winter survivorship in lowland switchgrass populations using bulk segregant analysis (BSA). Twenty‐nine lowland switchgrass populations were evaluated for winter survival at two locations in southern Wisconsin and 21 populations with differential winter survivorship were used for BSA. A maximum of 10% of the individuals (8–20) were bulked to create survivor and nonsurvivor DNA pools from each population and location. The DNA pools were evaluated using exome capture sequencing, and allele frequencies were used to conduct statistical tests. The BSA tests revealed nine quatitative trait loci (QTL) from tetraploid populations and seven QTL from octoploid populations. Many QTL were population‐specific, but some were identified in multiple populations that originated across a broad geographic landscape. Four QTL (at positions 88 Mb on chromosome 2N, 115 Mb on chromosome 5K, and 1 and 100 Mb on chromosome 9N) were potentially the most useful QTL. Markers associated with winter survivorship in this study can be used to accelerate breeding cycles of lowland switchgrass populations and should lead to improvements in adaptation within USDA hardiness zones 4 and 5.
Comprehensive analytical and empirical evaluation of genomic prediction across diverse accessions in maize
Authors: Dzievit Matthew J. , Guo Tingting , Li Xianran , Yu Jianming 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEfficiently exploiting natural genetic diversity captured by accessions stored in genebanks is crucial to genetic improvement of major crops. Selecting accessions of interest from genebanks has traditionally required information from extensive and expensive evaluation; however, low‐cost genotyping combined with genomic prediction have enabled us to generate predicted genetic merits for the entire set with targeted phenotypic evaluation of representative subsets. To explore this general approach, analytical assessment and empirical validation of the maize (Zea mays L.) association population (MAP) as a training population were conducted in the present study. Cross‐validation within the MAP revealed mostly modest to strong predictive ability for 36 traits, generally in parallel with the square root of heritability. The MAP was then used to train the prediction models to generate genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) for the Ames Diversity Panel. Empirical validation conducted for nine traits across two validation populations confirmed the accuracy level indicated by the cross‐validation of the training population. An upper bound for reliability (U value) was calculated for the accessions in the prediction population using genotypic data. The group of accessions with high U values generally had high predictive ability, even though the range of observed trait values was similar to the group of accessions with low U values. Our comprehensive analysis validated the general approach of turbocharging genebanks with genomics and genomic prediction. In addition, breeders and researchers can consider both GEBVs and U values to balance the needs of improving specific traits and broadening genetic diversity when selecting accessions from genebanks.
Superconducting ternary hydrides under high pressure
Authors: Zhang Xiaohua , Zhao Yaping , Yang Guochun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAchieving room‐temperature superconductivity is an important goal in chemistry and physics. Excitingly, pressure‐induced superconducting hydrides, a typical representative of LaH10 with a critical temperature (Tc) of 250–260 K around 180–200 GPa, bring this goal within reach, igniting an irresistible wave of discovering new H‐containing superconductors. Moreover, this breakthrough finding was achieved under the guidance of theoretical prediction. Thus far, the superconductivity of binary hydrides has been extensively explored. However, the high‐temperature superconductor, facilitating practical application, is still rare. Ternary hydrides can provide more abundant structures resulting from diverse chemical compositions and synergistic charge transfer, combine the merits of different elements, and induce strong electron–phonon coupling, which make them an appealing contender for superconductors. Recently, much research progress has been made in pressure‐induced superconducting ternary hydrides. In this regard, we summarize the recent development of superconducting ternary hydrides, highlighting the chemical composition, structure, pressure, and Tc value as well as the study of doping/substitution on the known superconducting binary hydrides. The recent state‐of‐the‐art of theoretical approaches for predicting superconductors and fundamental characters of ternary hydrides with high Tc are outlined. On the other hand, the problems, challenges, and opportunities are presented, providing an outlook for future research.This article is categorized under:
Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
An intuitive representation and analysis of multi‐rotor wind turbine whirling modes
Authors: Filsoof Oliver Tierdad , Zhang Xuping 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA multi‐rotor wind turbine (MRWT) is a concept that can reduce the size of the rotor blades compared to a single‐rotor wind turbine (SRWT). Making a cost‐optimized MRWT requires a detailed understanding of its stability properties. This paper aims to establish a physical and intuitive representation of whirling modes for three‐bladed isotropic SRWT and MRWT. An aeroelastic simulation of a nonlinear SRWT model is presented to empathize the importance of whirling. The whirling concept is introduced by simplifying the complexity of the wind turbine rotor into two models. From the models, edgewise and flapwise whirling modes are analyzed. An analytical model of a two‐rotor wind turbine is examined to present the edgewise whirling modes of MRWT. The flapwise whirling modes for MRWT are introduced by using results from edgewise whirling and findings from previous research. The MRWT whirling analysis shows whirling from multiple rotors creates reaction forces to the supporting structure when the rotors have the same speed. This results in whirling coupling modes at the same natural frequency. One is a rotor symmetric whirling mode where the rotors whirling are in phase and a rotor asymmetric mode where whirling of the rotors are out of phase. The whirling coupling effects are minimized in the case that the rotors have different speeds.
A mechanistic view of long noncoding RNAs in cancer
Authors: Winkler Lauren , Dimitrova Nadya 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important modulators of a wide range of biological processes in normal and disease states. In particular, lncRNAs have garnered significant interest as novel players in the molecular pathology of cancer, spurring efforts to define the functions, and elucidate the mechanisms through which cancer‐associated lncRNAs operate. In this review, we discuss the prevalent mechanisms employed by lncRNAs, with a critical assessment of the methodologies used to determine each molecular function. We survey the abilities of cancer‐associated lncRNAs to enact diverse trans functions throughout the nucleus and in the cytoplasm and examine the local roles of cis‐acting lncRNAs in modulating the expression of neighboring genes. In linking lncRNA functions and mechanisms to their roles in cancer biology, we contend that a detailed molecular understanding of lncRNA functionality is key to elucidating their contributions to tumorigenesis and to unlocking their therapeutic potential.This article is categorized under:
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Community college competencies for student educational leadership development and degree pathways
Authors: Camacho Lazaro , Burmicky Jorge , Cervantes Diana , Salinas Cristobal 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article highlights the gap in formal credit‐based community college student leadership development opportunities. The authors offer eight leadership competencies to guide the development of a stackable community college leadership development certificate. This certificate serves to enhance equitable workplace development skills for the large demographic of racially minoritized students who access postsecondary education through the community college system.
Composing leadership education by institutional type
Authors: Whitney Rich , Collins Jasmine D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis issue highlights leadership development approaches within institutional contexts that have not been well represented in leadership education research. As the first publication in the field to address racial equity through the lens of institutional type in this way, authors were given the challenging task of laying a conceptual, historical, and empirical foundation for readers in the absence of a robust body of literature. What follows is a synthesis of themes observed across each of the articles, concluding with implications for inclusive leadership research and practice.
On Algebra of Program Correctness and Incorrectness
Authors: Möller Bernhard , O’Hearn Peter , Hoare Tony 
Published: October 2021

AbstractVariants of Kleene algebra have been used to provide foundations of reasoning about programs, for instance by representing Hoare Logic (HL) in algebra. That work has generally emphasised program correctness, i.e., proving the absence of bugs. Recently, Incorrectness Logic (IL) has been advanced as a formalism for the dual problem: proving the presence of bugs. IL is intended to underpin the use of logic in program testing and static bug finding. Here, we use a Kleene algebra with diamond operators and countable joins of tests, which embeds IL, and which also is complete for reasoning about the image of the embedding. Next to embedding IL, the algebra is able to embed HL, and allows making connections between IL and HL specifications. In this sense, it unifies correctness and incorrectness reasoning in one formalism.
Manifest spacetime supersymmetry and the superstring
Authors: Berkovits Nathan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The algebra of spacetime supersymmetry generators in the RNS formalism for the superstring closes only up to a picture-changing operation. After adding non-minimal variables and working in the “large” Hilbert space, the algebra closes without picture-changing and spacetime supersymmetry can be made manifest. The resulting non-minimal version of the RNS formalism is related by a field redefinition to the pure spinor formalism.
Deriving the PEE proposal from the locking bit thread configuration
Authors: Lin Yi-Yu , Sun Jia-Rui , Zhang Jun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the holographic framework, we argue that the partial entanglement entropy (PEE) can be explicitly interpreted as the component flow flux in a locking bit thread configuration. By applying the locking theorem of bit threads, and constructing a concrete locking scheme, we obtain a set of uniquely determined component flow fluxes from this viewpoint, and successfully derive the PEE proposal and its generalized version in the multipartite cases. Moreover, from this perspective of bit threads, we also present a coherent explanation for the coincidence between the BPE (balanced partial entanglement)/EWCS (entanglement wedge cross section) duality proposed recently and the EoP (entanglement of purification)/EWCS duality. We also discuss the issues implied by this coincident between the idea of the PEE and the picture of locking thread configuration.
A reduced concentration femoral nerve block is effective for perioperative pain control following ACL reconstruction: a retrospective review
Authors: Muench Lukas N. , Wolf Megan , Kia Cameron , Berthold Daniel P. , Cote Mark P. , Fischler Adam , Arciero Robert A. , Edgar Cory 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Femoral nerve block (FNB) is a routinely used regional analgesic technique for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. One method to balance the analgesic effect and functional impairment of FNBs may be to control the concentration of local anesthetics utilized for the block.

Materials and methods
Retrospective chart review was performed on 390 consecutive patients who underwent ACL reconstruction between June 2014 and May 2017. Patients were divided into those who received a standard (0.5%-bupivacaine) or low (0.1–0.125%-bupivacaine) concentration single-shot FNB performed with ultrasound guidance. Maximum postoperative VAS, Post-Anaesthesia Care Unit (PACU) time prior to discharge, need for additional ‘rescue’ block, and intravenous postoperative narcotic requirements were recorded.

Results
A total of 268 patients (28.4 ± 11.9 years) were included for final analysis, with 72 patients in the low-concentration FNB group and 196 patients receiving the standard concentration. There were no differences in the maximum postoperative VAS between the low (6.4 ± 2.5) and standard (5.7 ± 2.9) concentration groups (P = 0.08). Similarly, the time from PACU arrival to discharge was not different between groups (P = 0.64). A sciatic rescue block was needed in 22% of patients with standard-dose FNB compared to 30% of patients receiving the low-concentration FNB (P = 0.20). Patients with a hamstring autograft harvest were more likely to undergo a postoperative sciatic rescue block compared to a bone-patellar tendon autograft (P = 0.005), regardless of preoperative block concentration. Quadriceps activation was preserved with low-concentration blocks.

Conclusions
Using 1/5th to 1/4th the standard local anesthetic concentration for preoperative femoral nerve block in ACL reconstruction did not significantly differ in peri-operative outcomes, PACU time, need for rescue blockade, or additional immediate opioid requirements.

Level of Evidence
III.
Frontal and parietal EEG alpha asymmetry: a large-scale investigation of short-term reliability on distinct EEG systems
Authors: Metzen Dorothea , Genç Erhan , Getzmann Stephan , Larra Mauro F. , Wascher Edmund , Ocklenburg Sebastian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEEG resting-state alpha asymmetry is one of the most widely investigated forms of functional hemispheric asymmetries in both basic and clinical neuroscience. However, studies yield inconsistent results. One crucial prerequisite to obtain reproducible results is the reliability of the index of interest. There is a body of research suggesting a moderate-to-good reliability of EEG resting-state alpha asymmetry, but unfortunately sample sizes in these studies are typically small. This study presents the first large-scale short-term reliability study of frontal and parietal EEG resting-state alpha asymmetry. We used the Dortmund Vital Study data set containing 370 participants. In each participant, EEG resting state was recorded eight times, twice with their eyes opened, twice with their eyes-closed, each on two different EEG systems. We found good reliability of EEG alpha power and alpha asymmetry on both systems for electrode pairs. We also found that alpha power asymmetry reliability is higher in the eyes-closed condition than in the eyes-open condition. The frontomedial electrode pair showed weaker reliability than the frontolateral and parietal electrode pairs. Interestingly, we found no population-level alpha asymmetry in frontal electrodes, one of the most investigated electrode sites in alpha asymmetry research. In conclusion, our results suggest that while EEG alpha asymmetry is an overall reliable measure, frontal alpha asymmetry should be assessed using multiple electrode pairs.
Tool wear development in gear skiving process of quenched and tempered internal gears
Authors: Arndt Tassilo , Klose Jan , Gerstenmeyer Michael , Schulze Volker 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGear skiving is a highly productive machining process, especially for manufacturing of high strength internal gears as required for high performance electric drive trains. However, the complex process kinematics cause intense variations of the effective cutting parameters during tool engagement. Thus, particularly the tool must meet high requirements to achieve long tool life at required workpiece quality. These requirements are amplified even more when machining quenched and tempered materials from the massive blank.In the presented study, the influence of various key factors on the tool wear development in gear skiving process are quantified. In several tests, the cutting speed, workpiece tensile strength, cooling lubricant strategy, as well as the cutting strategy are varied in order to optimize tool life. Therefore, single-tooth tests on quenched and tempered internal gears from 31CrMoV9 (AISI 4340) steel are conducted and wear flank land width evolution of the tools is examined. In addition, the workpiece is evaluated with regard to surface quality. Results reveal that different factor level combinations can have various effects on tool wear characteristics and therefore on tool life. The correlations presented provide recommendations for practical application and contribute to deeper process understanding.
Leg pain in neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome is associated with altered muscle membrane properties
Authors: Rodriguez Belén , Jost Karin , Larsen Lotte Hardbo , Tankisi Hatice , Z’Graggen Werner J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
In neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome, peripheral sympathetic dysfunction leads to excessive venous blood pooling during orthostasis. Up to 84% of patients report leg pain and weakness in the upright position. To explore possible pathophysiological processes underlying these symptoms, the present study examined muscle excitability depending on body position in patients with neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome and healthy subjects.

Methods
In ten patients with neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome and ten healthy subjects, muscle excitability measurements were performed repeatedly: in the supine position, during 10 min of head-up tilt and during 6 min thereafter. Additionally, lower leg circumference was measured and subjective leg pain levels were assessed.

Results
In patients with neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome, muscle excitability was increased in the supine position, decreased progressively during tilt, continued to decrease after being returned to the supine position, and did not completely recover to baseline values after 6 min of supine rest. The reduction in muscle excitability during tilt was paralleled by an increase in lower leg circumference as well as leg pain levels. No such changes were observed in healthy subjects.

Conclusions
This study provides evidence for the occurrence of orthostatic changes in muscle excitability in patients with neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome and that these may be associated with inadequate perfusion of the lower extremities. Insufficient perfusion as a consequence of blood stasis may cause misery perfusion of the muscles, which could explain the occurrence of orthostatic leg pain in neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome.