bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skin‐like Elastomer Embedded Zinc Oxide Nanoarrays for Biomechanical Energy Harvesting
Authors: Jin Congran , Dong Lin , Xu Zhe , Closson Andrew , Cabe Andrew , Gruslova Aleksandra , Jenney Scott , Escobedo Danny , Elliott James , Zhang Michael , Hao Nanjing , Chen Zi , Feldman Marc D. , Zhang John X. J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEnergy harvesting (EH) technologies have been rapidly developed to replace the batteries of biomechanical electronics, but efforts are still needed to close the technology gaps in achieving flexible and biocompatible energy harvesters. Current flexible energy harvesters based on ZnO nanoarrays require complex fabrication processes, and they are non‐stretchable as they are usually fabricated on hard substrates. In this work, a facile approach is reported for fabricating a substrate‐free energy harvester with ZnO nanoarrays directly and fully embedded in a skin‐like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomeric matrix that shares a similar mechanical property with that of human skin. The flexible device, with an elastic modulus of 3.3 MPa, can be stretched to 250% of its original length, generates an open‐circuit voltage up to 9.2 Vpp and power LEDs from finger‐hand motions. Further, the device collects energy from hand‐finger motions and heartbeats through ex and in vivo tests. A ≈0.3 Vpp open circuit voltage is generated from the device installed on a leadless pacemaker in a porcine model. This work suggests a generic design strategy that overcomes the mechanical mismatch between the energy materials and soft tissues for a wide range of biomechanical EH applications from wearables to implantable ones.
Ultrathin 2D/2D ZnIn2S4/g‐C3N4 Nanosheet Heterojunction with Atomic‐Level Intimate Interface for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution under Visible Light
Authors: Dang Xinyu , Xie Mingsen , Dai Fangfang , Guo Jinna , Liu Jia , Lu Xiaoquan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDesignation of high‐efficiency water splitting photocatalyst is still a challenge in converting solar energy into chemical fuels. Heterojunction can inhibit recombination of carriers which is considered to be a reliable strategy to improve photocatalytic performance on water splitting. In this work, a “face‐to‐face” 2D tight heterostructure is constructed by growing ZnIn2S4 nanosheets on g‐C3N4 nanosheets. Due to the ultrathin 2D structure and large amounts of NS bonds forming at the interface of heterojunction affording charge transferring tunnel, the synthesized 2D heterojunction photocatalysts successfully accelerate the carrier migration rate and decrease recombination probability of photogenerated electrons and holes. As a result, the optimized ZISCN‐50 sample has excellent photocatalytic H2 production activity (10.92 mmol h−1 g−1) under visible light, which is ≈5.2 times of ZnIn2S4 (2.09 mmol h−1 g−1) and 136.5 times of pure g‐C3N4 nanosheets (0.08 mmol h−1 g−1). Cycle experiments show that the composite material has excellent stability and recyclability. This work provides fresh insights into atomic‐level structure and interface design in order to synthesize high‐efficiency 2D/2D heterojunction photocatalysts.
Paired Electrosynthesis of Aromatic Azo Compounds from Aryl Diazonium Salts with Pyrroles or Indoles
Authors: He Mu‐Xue , Wu Yu‐Zheng , Yao Yan , Mo Zu‐Yu , Pan Ying‐Ming , Tang Hai‐Tao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn efficient paired electrosynthesis of functionalized aromatic azo compounds through a diazenyl radical pathway has been developed. The paired electrolysis simultaneously uses the anode and cathode reactions to avoid the electricity expense of oxidation/reduction of sacrificial substances, thereby maximizing energy efficiency and achieving high atom economy. The in vitro cytotoxicity of all compounds was evaluated against four cancer cell lines by MTT assay. Results showed that the aromatic azo compounds exhibited good antitumor activity in vitro, and one of the compounds induced tumor cell apoptosis.magnified image
Visible‐Light‐Induced Decarboxylative Acylation of Pyridine N‐Oxides with α‐Oxocarboxylic Acids Using Fluorescein Dimethylammonium as a Photocatalyst
Authors: Hou Chuanfu , Sun Shouneng , Liu Ziqi , Zhang Hui , Liu Yue , An Qi , Zhao Jian , Ma Junjie , Sun Zhizhong , Chu Wenyi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHerein, the development of a visible‐light‐induced catalytic system to achieve the decarboxylative acylation of pyridine N‐oxides with α‐oxocarboxylic acids, at room temperature and using the organic dye fluorescein dimethylammonium as a new type of photocatalyst, is reported. A series of 2‐arylacylpyridine N‐oxides were selectively synthesized in moderate to good yields by controlling the polarity of the reaction solvent. The developed strategy was successfully applied in the synthesis of an important intermediate of the drug, acrivastine, on a gram scale. Notably, this is the first time that fluorescein dimethylammonium has been used to catalyze the Minisci‐type C−H decarboxylative acylation reaction. The mechanism of decarboxylative acylation was studied by capturing adducts of acyl radicals and 1,1‐diphenylethylene to confirm a radical mechanism. The disclosed catalytic system provides a green synthetic strategy for decarboxylative acylation without the use of additional oxidants or metal catalysts.magnified image
Magnetic Response of Magnetoactive Elastomers with Allowance for Slippage at the Particle‐Matrix Interfaces
Authors: Vaganov Mikhail V. , Borin Dmitry Yu. , Odenbach Stefan , Raikher Yuriy L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA new model to describe magnetization of a magnetoactive elastomer (MAE) filled with magnetically hard powder is proposed. The magnetization process is treated as a result of a joint contribution of an assembly of single‐domain particles each of which dwells inside its own elastomer cavity. Magnetization of such a particle is a complex magnetomechanical process that combines intrinsic magnetization reversal and particle mechanical rotation. Possible slippage of the particles, in the course of which they disconnect from the matrix and, on their move, rub against the cavity wall, is explicitly taken into account. The influence of the slippage effect on the macroscopic magnetization of the composite is analyzed by means of computer simulation. Occurrence of asymmetrical magnetization loops of single‐domain particles located in an elastic medium is demonstrated. It is shown that by allowing for the slippage, it becomes possible to explain the experimentally observed anomalously low but non‐zero half‐width (coercivity) of the hysteresis loops of the MAE samples.
Adipocyte Fatty Acid Binding Protein Promotes the Onset and Progression of Liver Fibrosis via Mediating the Crosstalk between Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells and Hepatic Stellate Cells
Authors: Wu Xiaoping , Shu Lingling , Zhang Zixuan , Li Jingjing , Zong Jiuyu , Cheong Lai Yee , Ye Dewei , Lam Karen S. L. , Song Erfei , Wang Cunchuan , Xu Aimin , Hoo Ruby L. C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDevelopment of liver fibrosis results in drastic changes in the liver microenvironment, which in turn accelerates disease progression. Although the pathological function of various hepatic cells in fibrogenesis is identified, the crosstalk between them remains obscure. The present study demonstrates that hepatic expression of adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A‐FABP) is induced especially in the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in mice after bile duct ligation (BDL). Genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of A‐FABP attenuate BDL‐ or carbon tetrachloride‐induced liver fibrosis in mice associating with reduced collagen accumulation, LSEC capillarization, and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. Mechanistically, elevated A‐FABP promotes LSEC capillarization by activating Hedgehog signaling, thus impairs the gatekeeper function of LSEC on HSC activation. LSEC‐derived A‐FABP also acts on HSCs in paracrine manner to potentiate the transactivation of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) by activating c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK)/c‐Jun signaling. Elevated TGFβ1 subsequently exaggerates liver fibrosis. These findings uncover a novel pathological mechanism of liver fibrosis in which LSEC‐derived A‐FABP is a key regulator modulating the onset and progression of the disease. Targeting A‐FABP may represent a potential approach against liver fibrosis.
Fabrication of Oriented n‐Type Thermoelectric Polymers by Polarity Switching in a DPP‐Based Donor–Acceptor Copolymer Doped with FeCl3
Authors: Zeng Huiyan , Mohammed Mohammed , Untilova Viktoriia , Boyron Olivier , Berton Nicolas , Limelette Patrice , Schmaltz Bruno , Brinkmann Martin 
Published: March 2021

Abstractn‐Type‐doped polymers are key elements to fabricate all‐polymer thermoelectric generators but they are challenging to produce. Herein, a new strategy is proposed, which is based on polarity switching upon doping of a donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymer based on diketopyrrolopyrrol (DPP) and quintethiophene (5T) with FeCl3. Polarity switching from p‐type to n‐type is observed upon increasing the doping concentration of FeCl3. An analysis based on nonmonotonic density of states is proposed, which accounts for the main experimental trends and demonstrates that the polarity switch is governed by the electronic band filling that is determined by the dopant concentration. The influence of the curvature of the density of states is in addition discussed and a complete description of the doping induced transport regimes is proposed. This polarity switching depends on the molecular weight Mn of the polymer and shifts to higher FeCl3 concentrations with increasing Mn. This behavior is attributed to the change of the width of the density of states with Mn. The combination of polarity switching and alignment is a means to produce n‐type‐like oriented and conducting polymers with enhanced power factors up to 10 µW K−2 m−1 along the chain direction.
Graphene in 2D/3D Heterostructure Diodes for High Performance Electronics and Optoelectronics
Authors: Wang Zhenxing , Hemmetter Andreas , Uzlu Burkay , Saeed Mohamed , Hamed Ahmed , Kataria Satender , Negra Renato , Neumaier Daniel , Lemme Max C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDiodes made of heterostructures of the 2D material graphene and conventional 3D materials are reviewed in this manuscript. Several applications in high frequency electronics and optoelectronics are highlighted. In particular, advantages of metal–insulator–graphene (MIG) diodes over conventional metal–insulator–metal diodes are discussed with respect to relevant figures‐of‐merit. The MIG concept is extended to 1D diodes. Several experimentally implemented radio frequency circuit applications with MIG diodes as active elements are presented. Furthermore, graphene‐silicon Schottky diodes as well as MIG diodes are reviewed in terms of their potential for photodetection. Here, graphene‐based diodes have the potential to outperform conventional photodetectors in several key figures‐of‐merit, such as overall responsivity or dark current levels. Obviously, advantages in some areas may come at the cost of disadvantages in others, so that 2D/3D diodes need to be tailored in application‐specific ways.
Contribution of Ferromagnetic Medium to the Output of Triboelectric Nanogenerators Derived from Maxwell's Equations
Authors: Li Yahui , Li Guizhong , Zhang Penglei , Zhang Haodong , Ren Chao , Shi Xian , Cai Han , Zhang Yanxin , Wang Yusen , Guo Zhanfeng , Li Hongfang , Ding Guifu , Cai Haogang , Yang Zhuoqing , Zhang Chi , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) use the displacement current as a driving force to convert mechanical energy into electric power, which has made great contributions to micro‐nano energy harvesting, self‐powered systems, and the sustainable development of mankind. To date, it is accepted that the output of TENGs is only dependent on the polarization effect. This study reveals that this view is incomplete and, in reality, the magnetization effect also makes a significant contribution to the output of TENGs. For the first time, a novel insight on the output of TENGs is discovered through the theoretical derivation and analysis of Maxwell's equations in ferromagnetic medium. Experimentally, TENGs based on ferromagnetic media are constructed, which exhibit higher output than that of non‐ferromagnetic media based. Interestingly, the output behavior of ferromagnetic media based TENGs is strongly related to the external magnetic field ambient, which is well demonstrated. The discovered output characteristics of TENGs are precisely derived from the working principle of TENGs, simultaneously, a completed and unified theoretical system is constructed for TENGs. This significant discovery and theory will be an indispensable supplement to the existing research on TENGs and also provide a general guidance and deeper understanding of the TENG.
A new approach toward social licensing of data analytics in the public sector
Authors: O’Loughlin Timothy , Bukowitz Rachel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGovernments using data analytics will be increasingly drawn into creating social licence for these applications. The need will be greatest where two conditions are present. First, where data analytics are used to predict rather than describe or prescribe. Second, where such prediction is used by governments when exercising their coercive powers. Two examples of using predictive risk modelling are identifying children at risk of neglect and abuse; and assessing recidivism risk in the criminal justice system. Each has drawn criticism, precipitating discussion around the requirements for social licence. Much of this discussion focusses on transparency as both an intrinsic virtue and an instrumental virtue for achieving social licence. The paper contends that transparency is unachievable as an intrinsic virtue for such purposes and that its conceptions as an instrumental virtue fall short of that required for users and subjects as well as the public to have “sufficient to approve or disapprove of the algorithm's performance”. The conclusion is that unconventional democratic forms, including deliberative and direct democracy, are likely to prove more successful than representative democracy in establishing that licence and thereby realising more fully the potential contribution of data analytics to better government.
Systematic review of measures of disease severity in rhinitis
Authors: Li Andraia R. , Zhang Kathy , Reddy Priyanka D. , Nguyen Shaun A. , Miglani Amar , Fried Jacob , Nguyen Mariam I. , Schlosser Rodney J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundRhinologists often encounter a broad spectrum of allergic rhinitis (AR) and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) patients, who can be variably classified based upon timing and severity of disease. Our understanding of the varied quality of life (QOL) impact in different classifications of rhinitis is limited. Thus a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of rhinitis upon our patients, as measured by both patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) and clinical physiologic measures, as well as unique factors associated with disease severity is needed.MethodsA systematic search of databases was performed to identify AR and NAR studies reporting Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ), total nasal symptom score (TNSS), or visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, and physiologic measures including peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) and nasal airflow. Relationships between PROMs, physiologic measures, and associated factors (e.g., allergic status, disease duration) were assessed by weighted correlations and meta‐regressions.ResultsA total of 171 studies reporting on 33,843 patients were included. Symptoms were more severe in AR than NAR on VAS (p < 0.001). Classification based upon Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines demonstrated differences in PROM severity. There was no significant correlation between PROMs and demographic factors, comorbidities, or physiologic measures. Meta‐regression identified a correlation between worse RQLQ scores and shorter disease duration (r = −0.4, p < 0.001).ConclusionRhinitic patients have more severe impact upon QOL in the presence of allergy with variable impact upon specific symptom subdomains. PROMs do not correlate with common demographic factors, comorbidities, or physiologic measures of nasal airflow.
An Aromatic Oligomer Micelle: Large Enthalpic Stabilization and Selective Oligothiophene Uptake
Authors: Tsuchida Yamato , Aratsu Keisuke , Hiraoka Shuichi , Yoshizawa Michito 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn aromatic oligomer micelle, featuring both high stability and high uptake ability, was quantitatively formed in water from amphiphilic oligomers, composed of three bent polyaromatic amphiphiles connected alternately by two hydrophilic chains. The well‐defined micelle, with a diameter of ca. 2 nm, remains intact even under highly diluted conditions (ca. 3 μM) and at elevated temperature (>130 °C), due to the polyaromatic chelate effect. The thermodynamic studies reveal that large enthalpic gain (ΔH=−110 kJ mol−1) is the key for the micelle formation. The oligomer micelle selectively encapsulates unsubstituted oligothiophenes (≥4‐mer) to a high degree and the resultant, aqueous host‐guest complexes display unusual emission derived from the multiply stacked oligomers. Furthermore, facile uptake and release of unsubstituted polythiophenes can be achieved using the oligomer micelle.
Design of a Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Aqueous Zn Batteries
Authors: Li Dan , Cao Longsheng , Deng Tao , Liu Sufu , Wang Chunsheng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAqueous Zn batteries are challenged by water decomposition and dendrite growth due to the absence of a dense Zn‐ion conductive solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) to inhibit the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Here, we design a low‐concentration aqueous Zn(OTF)2‐Zn(NO3)2 electrolyte to in situ form a robust inorganic ZnF2‐Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6‐organic bilayer SEI, where the inorganic inner layer promotes Zn‐ion diffusion while the organic outer layer suppresses water penetration. We found that the insulating Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2⋅2 H2O layer is first formed on the Zn anode surface by the self‐terminated chemical reaction of NO3− with Zn2+ and OH− generated via HER, and then it transforms into Zn‐ion conducting Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6, which in turn promotes the formation of ZnF2 as the inner layer. The organic‐dominated outer layer is formed by the reduction of OTF−. The in situ formed SEI enables a high Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.8 % for 200 h in Ti∥Zn cells, and a high energy density (168 Wh kg−1) with 96.5 % retention for 700 cycles in Zn∥MnO2 cells with a low Zn/MnO2 capacity ratio of 2:1.
Quantitative Evaluation of Oxidative Stability of Biomembrane Lipids in the Presence of Vitamin E
Authors: Takahashi Atsushi , Takahashi Ryota , Hiromori Kousuke , Shibasaki‐Kitakawa Naomi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this report, the oxidation of biomembrane lipids, phospholipid and cholesterol (ChH), was examined experimentally in the presence of vitamin E (VEH) by using a liposome system, which is widely used as a biomembrane model. A kinetic model was constructed by taking into account mechanisms of antioxidation and pro‐oxidation by VEH and the co‐oxidation mechanisms of biomembrane lipids reported previously. The model quantitatively described oxidation behavior in the liposome system under various VEH addition conditions. The model also predicted oxidation behavior in vivo under various oral ingestion conditions of VEH. The results suggest that ChH oxidation, which causes various diseases, can be suppressed effectively by taking a certain amount of VEH once a day to avoid a reduction in the VEH concentration present in the biomembrane. The proposed kinetic approach should be a useful tool for quantitatively characterizing complicated reaction systems, such as biomembrane oxidation.
Tack properties and adhesion mechanism of two different crosslinked polyacrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesives
Authors: Sasaki Mariko , Kashihara Yusuke , Urahama Yoshiaki , Hirai Tomoyasu , Fujii Syuji , Nakamura Yoshinobu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTack properties of cross‐linked random poly(n‐butyl acrylate‐acrylic acid) (A) and poly(2‐ethylhexyl acrylate‐acrylic acid) (B) copolymers as pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs) were compared by a probe tack test to know the optimal application in the industrial field. Tack increased remarkably with temperature, reached a peak, then decreased. The peak of tack appeared at higher temperature for B. Tack increased with increasing contact time and decreasing crosslinking agent level. The fracture energy at higher temperature was higher for B than A. From the observation of debonding behavior, the fibrillation occurred at the edge of probe. The wettability and deformability of PSA were larger for B than A. From a dynamic mechanical analysis, the shear storage modulus (G') in the rubbery plateau region was lower for B than for A. The good wettability and deformability were improved as a result of its lower G'. The relaxation behaviors of PSAs and vulcanized isoprene rubber were measured by 1H pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance. This technique is found to be useful for estimating the degree of intermolecular interactions. The crosslinking degree hardly influenced. The intermolecular interaction was weaker for B. This was the reason of the lower G' for B.
A political tsunami hits Amazon conservation
Authors: Pelicice Fernando Mayer , Castello Leandro 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

The history of conservation of the Amazon can be viewed as a war involving many battles with interests in agribusiness on one side and in biodiversity conservation and sustainability on the other side. Trends in large‐scale deforestation in the 1970s spurred a series of policies, stakeholder alliances and international and grass‐roots movements, which decades later led to the establishment of protected areas and interventions in soy and beef supply chains of agribusiness. Together, these advances epitomized a conservation framework for the Amazon, which at one point nearly curbed deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, although it included very few protections for freshwater ecosystems.
While those conservation advances were taking place, however, a series of policy changes started to undermine them through expansions in deforestation, river regulation and mining activities. The election of Brazil's President Jair Bolsonaro in 2019 then hit the Amazon conservation framework much like a tsunami of policy setbacks and the re‐establishment of the economic policies that sparked the Amazon war in the past.
The current trajectory is one of large‐scale degradation of Amazonian ecosystems and biodiversity with consequent impacts on local people. Because freshwater ecosystems are highly sensitive to human activities on water and on land, these growing impacts are particularly large.
It is too early to know, but four decades of institutional and policy developments to conserve the Brazilian Amazon may soon be pushed past the point from which they will be able to recover. Four conditions will be pivotal to allowing the Amazon conservation framework to recoup: (a) the end of Bolsonaro’s mandate in 2022 or earlier; (b) remobilization of stakeholders; (c) investments in environmental research, policy and multiple collaborations; and (d) moving conservation beyond terrestrial landscapes to also encompass freshwater ecosystems and their people.