bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-10 The effect of a direct-fed microbial (10-G) on live animal performance and carcass characteristics of fed beef heifers
Authors: Mayer Lauren M , Martens Kevin , Lucherk Loni W , Lawrence Ty E , Tennant Travis C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Heifers (n = 1,394; 291 ± 9.9 kg) were used to test the effects of a direct-fed microbial (10-G) on live growth performance and carcass characteristics. Heifers were blocked by arrival day and randomly allocated to treatment (0 or 2g/animal/d; CON and 10-G, respectively) in a randomized complete block design with ten pens per treatment. Heifers were fed for an average of 192 days. Growth and carcass outcomes were analyzed using mixed models with pen as experimental unit and block as random effect. Dry matter intake (P = 0.63), average daily gain (P = 0.69), gain:feed (P = 0.95) and final body weight (P = 0.79) did not differ between treatments. Neither deads and removals (P = 0.52) nor first or second treatment morbidity rates (P ≥ 0.84) were different between treatments. Hot carcass weight (P = 0.19), dressed carcass yield (P = 0.33), 12th rib fat depth (P = 0.73), ribeye area (P = 0.13), calculated empty body fat (P = 0.71) or marbling score (P = 0.20) were not different between treatments. Yield grade distributions did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.44), however cattle fed 10-G tended (P = 0.09; 15.78 vs 20.34%) to be represented by fewer USDA Select carcasses. Livers from cattle fed 10-G tended (P = 0.10; 1.02 vs 2.19%) to have a lower frequency of abscesses when compared to CON. Heifers fed 10-G also had fewer (P &lt; 0.05; 5.27 vs 8.51%) severe liver abscesses. These results suggest that supplementing fed beef heifers with 10-G decreased rates of severe liver abscesses without altering live animal performance or carcass characteristics.
PSIII-9 Supplementation of beta-carotene or fatty acids alters production of prostaglandins in bovine endometrial epithelial cells
Authors: Harman Allison R , Swanson Rebecca 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Differential prostaglandin secretion from the bovine endometrium can be used as a marker for an embryotropic or embryotoxic uterine environment. Beta-carotene has antioxidant properties and is the precursor for retinol, which has been shown to improve early embryonic development in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, dietary fatty acid supplementation, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and decosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been shown to alter prostaglandin production. The objective of this study was to determine prostaglandin production of endometrial cells following treatment with beta-carotene, EPA, or DHA. Bovine endometrial epithelial cells were treated for 24 hours with serum-free media supplemented with either 10 µM beta-carotene, 10 µM EPA, 10 µM DHA or ethanol (&gt;1% volume/volume) vehicle control. After treatment, concentrations of PGE2 and PGF2a were analyzed in media via commercially available ELISA kits. Concentrations and ratios of prostaglandins were analyzed via ANOVA using the mixed procedure in SAS version 9.4. Beta-carotene treatment decreased PGE2 (P &lt; 0.0001) and PGF2a (P = 0.0003) concentrations in media compared to controls. However, the ratio of PGE2:PGF2a was not different (P = 0.1203) between beta-carotene and controls. DHA treatment decreased PGE2 (P &lt; 0.0001) concentrations in media but did not alter (P = 0.1079) PGF2a concentrations in media compared to controls. The ratio of PGE2:PGF2a was not different (P = 0.6343) between DHA and controls. EPA treatment did not alter (P = 0.1503) PGE2 concentrations in media compared to controls. Conversely, PGF2a concentrations were decreased (P = 0.0088) in media treated with EPA compared to controls. Therefore, the ratio of PGE2:PGF2a was increased (P = 0.0116) between EPA versus controls. These studies demonstrate that in vitro supplementation of EPA may alter the endometrial synthesis of prostaglandins to be more embryotropic. Therefore, EPA may be therapeutic for in vivo trials to influence the early uterine environment.
PSIII-8 Sire breed differences for carcass attributes in feedlot steers using ultrasound technology
Authors: Buie Harley , Jesko Noah P 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Live animal ultrasound measurements were taken on thirty-two feedlot steers and heifers for estimation of carcass endpoints including 12th rib fat thickness (FTU), ribeye area (REAU) and intramuscular fat (%FatU). Ultrasound measurements were collected by an inexperienced technician using an Aloka 500 ultrasound unit using Beef Image Analysis (BIA) software. The objective of the study was to evaluate carcass differences of four sire breed types including Angus (n = 11), Ultrablack (n = 6), Nelore (n = 6), Braunvieh (n = 1) and Angus X Nelore X Braunvieh hybrid (n = 8). Carcass data collected at harvest included 12th rib fat Thickness (FTC), Ribeye area (REAC), marbling score (MS), Yield Grade (YG), and Quality Grade (QG). The data were analyzed using SAS to determine breed effects. Means for FTU, FTC, REAU, REAC, %FatU and MS were 0.59 cm, 0.57 cm, 90.80 cm2, 83.53 cm2, 4.83%, and 483.75, respectively. There was no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) in YG and FT due to breed of sire. However, there was a trend for sire breed for ribeye area (P = 0.0728) for Angus X Nelore X Braunvieh cross and MS (P = 0.0786) for Ultrablack. Pearson correlation values between FTU and FTC, REAU and REAC, and %FatU and MS were 0.1217 (P = 0.05068), 0.3545 (P = .0465) and 0.5161 (P = 0.0025), respectively. These data suggest little differences existed in carcass attributes between various sire breeds out of a set of crossbred commercial cows.
PSIII-3 Metabolizable utilization of energy and protein for egg production by addition of dried citrus pulp and eggshell into diet for laying quails (coturnix japonica)
Authors: Rodríguez Carlos Alfredo Gaona , Barragán Hugo Bernal , Aguilar Nydia Corina Vásquez , Brenner Estela Garza , Vázquez Néstor Arce , Dávila Fernando Sánchez 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding 0% (T1), 6% (T2), 12% (T3) and 18% (T4) of a mixture (83% dried citrus pulp (DCP) and 17% eggshell) into a sorghum-soybean meal-limestone based diet for laying quails, on production efficiency and quality of egg. Thirty-two quails were individually housed and randomly assigned (n = 8) to the four experimental diets, during the first 5 week of the laying cycle. Quail LW and feed intake were recorded weekly. Produced eggs were weighed (n = 457) and egg mass production recorded. Proportions of albumen, yolk and shell, egg yolk color, and shell thickness, were determined (n = 55/treatment). On week 5, total excreta of 24 laying quails (n = 6) were collected throughout 96 h, to determine metabolizable utilization of DM, energy, crude protein and ash. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS® software. Initial and final LW, feed intake and egg production were similar (P &gt;0.05) among treatments. Egg mass was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in T2 than T4. Egg weight of quails fed T1 and T2 was higher than others (P &lt; 0.05). The eggshell of quails fed T2 was thicker (248 vs 236 μm; P &lt; 0.05) than T1. Eggshell proportion of quails fed the mixture was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than in T1 (11.3 vs 10.5%). Yolk proportion of T1 was higher (P &lt; 0.05). The b* parameter was lower (P &lt; 0.05) for T1. Metabolizable utilization of dietary DM (72.1%) and energy (68.8%) of T1 was 13% higher (P &lt; 0.05) than T4, however protein (avg 41.4%) and ash (avg 46.7%) utilization were similar (P &gt; 0.05) among treatments. In conclusion, adding up to 12% of the mixture (83% DCP and 17% eggshell) in quail diets, resulted in similar egg production parameters, and metabolizable utilization of dietary DM, crude protein, energy and ash, however improved thickness of eggshell, compared to the control diet.
PSIII-2 Infrared technology: A potential tool for improved pork production
Authors: Ereke Samuel O , Brown Jennifer , Roy Cyril , Phyllis Shand , Predicala Bernardo , Cook Nigel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study investigated infrared technology (IRT) as a non-invasive tool for identifying febrile or stressed pigs before slaughter. A total of 120 market pigs (BW= 105.1 ± 4.9 kg) were transported in five replicate trips (20–25 pigs/replicate) for ~2 hr to an abattoir during summer 2020. Ocular and body temperatures of the pigs were recorded using a consumer grade digital infrared camera (FLIR C3, FLIR Systems) in lairage immediately after transport. Thermographic images were taken from 0.25m and 2m from pigs’ eyes and body (back/flank), respectively. At slaughter, blood samples were collected from each animal for cortisol, glucose and lactate analyses. Carcass pH measures were taken at 1 and 3 h post-mortem and loin samples were collected for meat quality assessment. Linear regression models (SAS 9.4) were used to evaluate whether post-transport temperature was predictive of blood and meat quality responses using ambient temperature and relative humidity as covariates. There were significant relationships between pigs’ ocular and body temperatures and blood measures. The regression coefficient (r2) of ocular temperatures for blood cortisol, glucose and lactate were 0.15, 0.15 and 0.04, respectively (P ≤0.03). There were significant relationships between pig ocular temperatures and pH taken at 1, 3 and 24 h post-mortem (r2=0.32, 0.18 and 0.51 respectively, P &lt; 0.001). Meat yellowness (b*) and drip loss increased with body temperatures [r2=0.12 (P =0.0002) and 0.05 (P = 0.024), respectively]. Results for Warner-Bratzler shear force showed that higher temperatures were associated with tougher meat (ocular temperature: r2=0.51, P &lt; 0.0001). In conclusion, as pig temperature increased, blood stress markers and drip loss increased and pH at 1 and 3 h post-mortem decreased, indicative of pale, soft and exudative (PSE) meat traits. IRT shows potential for identifying diseased/stressed pigs prior to slaughter and could be a valuable tool for improved food safety and meat quality.
PSIV-9 Effective ruminal degradability of steam-flaked corn is influenced by flake density and starch retrogradation
Authors: Trotta Ronald J , Kreikemeier Kelly K , Royle Randy F , Milton Todd , Harmon David L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate in situ ruminal digestion characteristics of steam-flaked corn with large differences in starch availability (SA) using two different models: 1) increasing flake density and 2) exposure to 55°C temperatures to induce starch retrogradation. Five ruminally-cannulated steers (body weight = 390 ± 7.86 kg) were pen-fed a starter diet. In Exp. 1, sifted flakes with flake densities of 257, 296, 335, 373, and 412 g/L (SA: 87%, 76%, 66%, 43%, and 49%, respectively) were evaluated. In Exp. 2, three steam-flaked corn fractions were evaluated: flakes + fines (not sifted), sifted flakes (&gt;4-mm), and sifted fines (&lt; 4-mm). Feed fractions were stored for 3-d at either 23°C or 55°C (average SA across steam-flaked corn fractions: 53.3% and 25.5% respectively). Treatments of Exp. 2 were arranged with a 3 × 2 factorial. Both experiments were duplicated and analyzed as randomized complete block designs. In Exp. 1, the fractional rate of degradation linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.001) and effective ruminal dry matter degradability (ERD) linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.001) from 80.8% to 60.3% as flake density increased from 257 to 412 g/L. In Exp. 2, storage of steam-flaked corn samples at 55ºC for 3-d decreased (P &lt; 0.001) the fractional rate of degradation and ERD by 38.6% and 21.7% across all feed fractions, respectively. Using data from Exp. 1 and 2, SA of sifted flakes was positively correlated (Pearson = 0.8435; R2 = 0.71; P &lt; 0.001) to ERD. The results of the current study demonstrate that decreased SA resulting from starch retrogradation or increased flake density is associated with decreased ERD. Decreases in SA and ERD may indicate that increasing flake density or starch retrogradation could potentially alter the site of digestion in cattle, by increasing postruminal starch flows.
PSIV-2 A comparison of feedlot growth and performance of beef x Holstein crossbred steers and Holstein steers
Authors: Basiel Bailey L , Dechow Chad D , Felix Tara L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Objectives were to compare feedlot performance and carcass traits of F1 beef × Holstein steers and Holstein steers. Angus or Limousin × Holstein crossbred [n = 27; age = 12 ± 3 months; body weight (BW) = 435 ± 8 kg] and Holstein (n = 20; age = 11 ± 2 months; BW = 400 ± 9 kg) steers were fed at the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Livestock Evaluation Center for 111 days. Feed intake was recorded using the GrowSafe Feed Intake Monitoring System (Model 4000E, GrowSafe Systems Ltd., Calgary AB, Canada). The diet contained corn silage, dried distillers grains, soybean meal, and cracked corn and was formulated to meet or exceed the requirements of beef cattle (NASEM, 2016). Growth performance variables of interest and carcass measurements were analyzed with the Mixed procedure of SAS (SAS 9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). USDA assigned quality grades (QG) and yield grades (YG) were analyzed the with GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Breed was a fixed effect in all models. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) between breeds in average daily gain or feed efficiency. Crossbreds exceeded Holsteins in initial (P &lt; 0.01) and final BW (P = 0.01), dry matter intake (P = 0.03), hot carcass weight (P &lt; 0.01), backfat (P = 0.03), and ribeye area (REA; P &lt; 0.01). Thirty-five percent (35%) of the Holsteins received a QG of Choice or above while 74% of crossbreds graded USDA Choice or above (P = 0.01). However, 75% of Holsteins were YG 2 or lower while only 45% of crossbreds achieved YG 2 or less (P = 0.05). There was no improvement in efficiency when crossbreds were compared to Holsteins; however, carcasses from crossbreds were more likely to grade USDA Choice or above while yielding greater REA and backfat than Holsteins.
PSIV-11 Effects of feeding a 50% cranberry vine pellet on milk components during lactation in sheep
Authors: Smith Delaney , Thonney Michael , Petersson Katherine , Hoffman Maria L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of feeding cranberry vine (CV) on milk components during early lactation as part of a larger study on the antiparasitic efficacy of CV supplementation on ewes during the periparturient period. Ewes were fed a 50% CV pellet (CVP; n = 12) or a control pellet (CON; n = 13) beginning at 102±1 d of pregnancy until d 65±1 postpartum. The CV pellet fed was formulated to be equivalent in digestible dry matter to the control pellet. BW was determined weekly during the study and milk samples were collected weekly during lactation. Data were analyzed in SAS with repeated measures. Ewe BW were similar at the start of study (180.36lbs ± 4.70lbs; P = 0.43) however by wk 8 postpartum CVP ewes weighed less than CON ewes (CON: 212.31lbs±7.86lbs; CVP: 185.58lbs±8.00lbs; P = 0.04). There was a treatment*wk effect observed for milk fat, protein and MUN (P ≤ 0.05). Ewes fed CVP exhibited reduced milk fat at wks 2 (CON: 6.75%±0.63%; CVP: 6.06%±0.58%; P = 0.03) and 5 (CON: 6.66%±0.37%; CVP: 5.54%±0.26%; P = 0.05), milk protein was reduced in CVP ewes at wk 2 (CON: 4.92%±0.12%; CVP: 4.72%±0.19%; P = 0.05) and MUN was greater at weeks 4 (CON: 22.89±0.7mg/dL; CVP: 27.93±0.85mg/dL; P = 0.01) and 8 (CON: 24.80±0.51mg/dL; CVP: 26.64±0.86mg/dL; P &lt; 0.01) in CVP ewes. Somatic cell analysis is pending. In conclusion, CVP supplementation during lactation affects milk composition in sheep. Studies are underway to determine the effect of CV supplementation on additional metabolic parameters in pregnant and lactating ewes.
PSV-7 Sire fecal egg count EBV are predictive of offspring response to an artificial gastrointestinal nematode infection in Rambouillet sheep
Authors: Thorne Jacob W , Bowdridge Scott A , Murdoch Brenda M , Redden Reid 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) pose a significant risk to the health and productivity of Rambouillet sheep, a noted wool and meat producing breed, in the United States. Capturing phenotypic measurements of Rambouillet while infected with GIN is essential for the calculation of estimated breeding values (EBV) as a selection tool to improve host resistance to GIN. Weaned (age= ~120 d.) Rambouillet lambs (n = 75) were each inoculated with 10,000 Haemonchus contortus L3 larvae and placed in a feedlot. Lambs were offspring of two representative sires, A (n = 26) and B (n = 49), with post-weaning fecal egg count EBV (PFEC) from LAMBPLAN, of -9.94 and +9.20%, respectively. Lamb fecal egg count (FEC), packed-cell volume (PCV) and body weight (BWT) measurements were captured at 7-day intervals for 6 subsequent weeks. Actual FEC were loge transformed (lnFEC) to meet normality and then backtransformed least squares means (LSM) are reported. lnFEC, PCV and BWT were analyzed using a mixed model with repeated measures including fixed effects of sex, sire and average daily gain (ADG) classification (for lnFEC and PCV), and sex and sire (for BWT). Significant differences (P = 0.0216) in average lnFEC were observed between offspring from sires A [2242 eggs per gram (epg)] and B (2914 epg). Weekly lnFEC differed (P &lt; 0.0001) and a trend identified between sexes (females = 3414 epg vs males = 2712 epg, P = 0.0909). Interestingly, females exhibited a higher average PCV than males, (34.93% v. 31.15%, P &lt; 0.0001), suggesting potential pathological differences by sex in response to GIN infection. Artificial GIN infections offer a more controlled test than under natural conditions and are a viable option to aid in identifying Rambouillet sheep more resistant to GIN. These results indicate EBV calculated with FEC from a natural GIN infection are predictive of the response of Rambouillet lambs to an artificial infection of H. contortus.
Responses to an intra-articular lipopolysaccharide challenge following dietary supplementation ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaefermentation product in young horses
Authors: Martinez Rafael E , Leatherwood Jessica L , Arnold Carolyn E , Glass Kati G , Walter Kelly W , Valigura Hannah C , Norton Sharon A , White-Springer Sarah H 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDietary intervention may be a valuable strategy to optimize the intra-articular environment in young horses to prolong their performance career. To test the hypothesis that dietary supplementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product would reduce markers of joint inflammation and increase markers of cartilage metabolism following a single inflammatory insult, Quarter Horse yearlings (mean ± SD; 9 ± 1.0 mo) were balanced by age, sex, body weight (BW), and farm of origin and randomly assigned to the following treatment groups: 1.25% BW/d (dry matter basis) custom-formulated concentrate only (CON; n = 9) or concentrate top-dressed with 21 g/d S. cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP; n = 10) for 98 d. Horses had ad libitum access to Coastal bermudagrass hay. On day 84, one randomly selected radial carpal joint from each horse was injected with 0.5 ng lipopolysaccharide (LPS) solution. The remaining carpal joint was injected with sterile lactated Ringer’s solution as a contralateral control. Synovial fluid obtained before supplementation (day 0) and on day 84 at preinjection hour 0 and 6, 12, 24, 168, and 336 h postinjection was analyzed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), carboxypropeptide of type II collagen (CPII), and collagenase cleavage neopeptide (C2C) by commercial assays. Rectal temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, carpal surface temperature, and carpal circumference were recorded prior to each sample collection and for 24 h postinjection. Data were analyzed using linear models with repeated measures. From day 0 to 84, synovial C2C declined (P ≤ 0.01) and the CPII:C2C ratio increased (P ≤ 0.01) in all horses with no effect of diet. In response to intra-articular LPS, synovial PGE2 increased by hour 6 (P ≤ 0.01) and returned to baseline by hour 336; CPII increased by hour 12, remained elevated through hour 168 (P ≤ 0.01), and returned to baseline by hour 336; and C2C increased by hour 6 (P ≤ 0.01) but did not return to baseline through hour 336 (P ≤ 0.01). Post-intra-articular injection, PGE2 levels were lower in SCFP than CON horses (P = 0.01) regardless of injection type. Synovial CPII and the CPII:C2C ratio demonstrated stability during the LPS challenge in SCFP compared with CON horses (P ≤ 0.01). Clinical parameters were not influenced by diet but increased in response to repeated arthrocentesis (P ≤ 0.01). Dietary SCFP may favorably modulate intra-articular inflammation following an acute stressor and influence cartilage turnover in young horses.
Greenhouse Rearing Methods for Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Live Cowpea Plants
Authors: Abrams Adelaine E , Alvarez Alfredo , Rodriguez Matthew S , Kron Cindy R , Bellamy Dave E , Walse Spencer S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a pest of concern that must be controlled for market access of host material and regulated articles to certain countries. This work outlines a rearing system for BMSB on live cowpea plants, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabales: Fabaceae), including methods to induce adults to both enter and exit diapause. This scalable system affords continuous access to &gt;600 specimens per week of each life stage and/or age group, which is particularly advantageous when developing treatment efficacy data.
Implementing Reparations in the Al Mahdi Case
Authors: Lostal Marina 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The city of Timbuktu evokes remoteness and, since 2012, chaos and destruction. During an armed conflict in the north of Mali, radicals took over the city and destroyed several of its mausoleums. One of the perpetrators, Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, was convicted at the International Criminal Court (ICC) for his participation in the destruction of 10 religious and historic buildings. The unprecedented nature of the Al Mahdi case led to an equally unprecedented question at the reparations phase: who are the victims of cultural heritage destruction and how should their harm be addressed? Drawing from the author’s personal involvement in the case as an appointed expert, this article is a journey into how this question was resolved and the practical challenges it posed during the implementation phase. These challenges, while specific to the Al Mahdi case, provide a framework to demonstrate the level of complexity involved in the implementation of reparations. The article focuses on three ‘monumental’ challenges: (i) whether ‘unborn children’ should be included in the pool of victims given that cultural heritage is meant to be preserved for the benefit of future generations; (ii) what place women ought to occupy in the implementation of reparations, despite the customary practices of side-lining them; and (iii) the decision of whether to memorialize events surrounding the crime. On the latter challenge, the article introduces the concept of ‘restorative agency’, a working principle that was adopted to ensure memorialization practices reflect the experience of victims. Incidentally, this article reveals some of the work of the Trust Fund for Victims, one of the ICC’s least comprehended creations, and briefly discusses the role of experts during implementation moving forward.