bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity
Authors: Saxena Bhavna , Sinha Ashish C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the physiology and pathophysiology of obesity and provides an overview of its medical management. In spite of recognizing the medical problems associated with obesity, it was 2013 when the American Medical Association acknowledged it as a disease; thereafter, medical societies began treating it as such. Understanding body weight regulation requires an understanding of energy balance. There are three main factors that affect and maintain energy balance and a steady body weight—the homoeostatic, environmental, and behavioural processes. Alterations in any of these may lead to weight changes. Although weight loss can usually be achieved through restriction of caloric intake and/or increased physical activity, most individuals have a tendency to regain the lost weight. A plausible hypothesis is that body weight is maintained at a particular set level, and deviations from this set point are resisted and minimized by a feedback control system. Diet, exercise, and behavioural modifications should be all parts of obesity management, with adjunctive pharmacotherapy as necessary. In patients with extreme obesity, however, bariatric surgery is the best alternative treatment.
Cardiorespiratory physiology including airway changes in obesity
Authors: Porhomayon Jahan , Papadakos Peter J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Obese patients may present for an elective procedure, for bariatric surgery, for emergency surgery, or for obstetric anaesthesia or analgesia. The anaesthesiologist and surgical personnel are routinely involved in the care of obese surgical patients. It is therefore necessary to understand the complex physiology of this group of patients and respond appropriately to manage this population. Additional, special equipment is often necessary and its availability and use must be planned in advance. Preoperative assessment and preparation, anaesthesia technique, patient positioning, and postoperative care all require special consideration and differ qualitatively as well as quantitatively.
Thoracoabdominal surgeries in obese patients
Authors: Ushakumari Deepu S. , Callison Stephanie Rayos 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Obesity carries a unique set of physiological changes and increased risks that impact thoracic surgery. Obese patients have reductions in expiratory reserve volume and functional residual capacity, decreased lung and chest wall compliance, and increased work of breathing. Preoperative assessment should include evaluation for signs of difficult airway management and review of studies assessing pre-thoracotomy respiratory function. Invasive lines may be required in addition to standard American Society of Anesthesiologists monitors. Positive pressure ventilation, optimal positioning, and passive oxygen may assist in adequate preoxygenation before induction. Lung isolation may be achieved via double-lumen tube or bronchial blocker placement through a single-lumen tube, or via exchange to a double-lumen tube. Lateral decubitus positioning can be challenging and carries a risk of brachial plexus injury. Hypoxaemia during one-lung ventilation may be managed with continuous positive airway pressure, positive end-expiratory pressure, or periodic re-inflation of specific lungs. Thoracic epidural analgesia or paravertebral block may assist postoperative pain management. Hypoxaemia, dysrhythmias, haemorrhage, and acute kidney injury must be monitored for postoperatively.
Obesity and anaesthesia for spine and neurosurgery
Authors: Tewari Anurag , Ghazanwy Mahmood , Ayrian Eugenia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Obesity has nearly doubled in the world since 1980. Obesity is a common, serious, and costly problem. More than 10% of the world’s adult population is suffering from obesity. In 2009–2010, more than one-third of adults in the United States (35.7%) were obese. The prevalence of obesity is continuously increasing and causing problems in all aspects of healthcare including anaesthesiology. Obesity is an energy imbalance and is linked with increased morbidity and mortality and associated with a wide spectrum of medical and surgical issues. Fat-containing intracranial tumours and developmental lesions such as lipomas, dermoid and epidermoid cysts, and teratomas are common. An increased prevalence of obesity in patients undergoing craniotomy for meningiomas suggests an increased incidence of meningiomas in obese men. In this chapter, physiological changes associated with obesity, pharmacology, and the anaesthetic considerations and challenges for spine and neurosurgery are addressed.
Outcomes in bariatric surgery
Authors: Mekel Gabriel , Renza-Stingone Elizabeth , Castellanos Andres 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Multiple procedures have been developed since the early beginnings of bariatric surgery in the 1950s. Some outcome measures used to evaluate success in bariatric surgery include percentage of excess weight loss, length of hospital stay, and resolution of comorbid diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and obstructive sleep apnoea. Surgery is considered successful for an individual patient if he or she loses more than 50% of their excess weight and resolves preoperative comorbid conditions.
Perioperative analgesia
Authors: Mangla Dipty 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Postoperative pain remains a major cause of patient dissatisfaction and increased hospital costs. Obese patients with their increased sensitivity to narcotics and poor wound healing mechanisms are at a greater risk than non-obese individuals having a similar surgical procedure. The aims of this chapter are to understand the mechanism of pain, identify patients at risk of developing chronic pain, and realize the need of interdisciplinary pain management teams using multimodal pain management. The multimodal pain management approach includes oral analgesics, intravenous drugs, infiltrations, regional anaesthesia, and nerve blocks.
Postoperative complications in the obese patient and their management
Authors: Bowman Sara , Moonesinghe S. R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses surgical, medical, and management challenges faced by the clinicians involved in the care of obese or bariatric surgical patients in the postoperative period. Obesity itself is an independent risk factor for postoperative morbidity and mortality. This is, in part, due to the direct impact of obesity and also to the increased prevalence of comorbidities in obese patients, including cardiovascular, respiratory, and endocrine disease, all of which may also be independently associated with adverse outcomes. More specifically, with the worldwide increase in obesity and increasing evidence of their benefits, greater numbers of weight loss operations are being undertaken, most commonly, laparoscopic gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy procedures. Surgery is commonly undertaken in specialist centres and length of stay is generally short; therefore, these patients may present with late complications at non-specialist hospitals, where general surgeons, anaesthetists, or physicians may not be familiar with the techniques of bariatric surgery. Thus, generalists may be faced with the management of acute or chronic complications of weight reduction surgery in an emergency setting and therefore an understanding of the surgery and the care of the obese patient is important for subsequent management.
Fluid management in the obese patient
Authors: Cole Michelle , Gilhooly David , Moonesinghe S. R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Fluid management is a fundamental aspect of safe perioperative care for any surgical patient. This can present with several challenges when applied in the obese surgical patient, mainly because of differences in baseline fluid homeostasis and physiological responses to fluid administration, when compared to the non-obese patient. Obese patients often have cardiorespiratory dysfunction whereby their physiological responses to hypervolaemia or hypovolaemia can lead to further pathology. As such, the threshold for perioperative echocardiography should be lower in obese patients to fully evaluate the dynamic cardiovascular changes to fluid imbalance. Despite the challenges in terms of volume and rate of fluid administration in obese patients, the principles of fluid maintenance remain the same as one would adopt in the non-obese population. The nature of the fluid loss determines whether a resuscitative or maintenance approach is adopted, together with the type of fluid used, be that crystalloids, colloids, or blood products.
Cutaneous involvement and management of Sjögren’s syndrome
Authors: Tull Thomas J , Benton Emma , D’Cruz David 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune condition characterized by sicca symptoms affecting mucosal surfaces with or without a spectrum of systemic manifestations. The skin acts as a remarkable window for the diagnosis of systemic autoimmune disease. SS has many diverse cutaneous manifestations, which occur in approximately 16% of patients, making skin involvement one of the most common extra-glandular manifestations of the disease. However, cutaneous manifestations of SS remain understudied. The most common cutaneous manifestations of SS are thought to be xerosis, cutaneous vasculitis, and annular erythema, the clinical and histopathological of which will be described in the chapter. Clinicians managing patients with SS should be mindful that cutaneous manifestations, such as purpura, are an important sign of systemic complications of the disease. It is therefore important for clinicians to undertake a full skin examination at each clinic visit.
Musculoskeletal disease—presentation and management
Authors: Price Elizabeth J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Musculoskeletal manifestations are amongst the commonest extra-glandular manifestations seen in Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), affecting over half of patients. Arthralgia (joint pain without signs of inflammation) is a common manifestation (&gt; 50%), with arthritis (joint pain with clinically detectable inflammation) being present in 16%. The arthritis is predominantly peripheral, symmetrical, polyarticular, and intermittent. Metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal joints, and wrists are the most commonly affected. It is usually nondeforming and nonerosive, and synovitis, when present, is generally mild and may be subclinical but detected on ultrasonography. In up to 20% the joint symptoms precede the diagnosis, in about 50% they are coincident with the diagnosis, and in 30% they occur later. Raynaud’s affects between a third and half of patients with SS. Although myalgia is common, myositis is rare. Chronic pain and fatigue are common.
Fatigue in Sjögren’s syndrome
Authors: Yeoh Su-Ann , Ciurtin Coziana 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Fatigue is a common symptom described by people with Sjögren’s syndrome. There are different patterns of fatigue, and people with Sjögren’s syndrome may experience tiredness of a different nature compared to a healthy individual. The aetiology of fatigue is not fully understood and is likely to be multifactorial. There are a number of fatigue outcome measures and disease-activity scores used to assess and monitor fatigue. We discuss pharmacological therapies which have been studied in the context of fatigue and allude to nonpharmacological interventions to address fatigue. We also highlight the importance of incorporating assessment of fatigue due to the significant impact on the quality of life of patients and their abilities to carry out activities of daily living.
Signalling Standards for Progress: Bridging the Divide Between a Valid Consent to Use Patient Data Under Data Protection Law and the Common Law Duty of Confidentiality
Authors: Dove Edward S , Taylor Mark J 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
In this article, we analyse the legal components of disclosing confidential patient information under the UK’s common law duty of confidentiality (CLDoC) and processing personal (health) data under the UK’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Data Protection Act 2018. We describe the ostensible divide between the CLDoC and data protection law when it comes to the requirements of a valid signal of consent by a patient to use and disclose patient information, obtained by a health professional in the context of direct care, for health care and health research purposes. Ultimately, our analysis suggests that we are saddled, at least in the medium term, with two regimes operating with different standards of a valid consent—while putatively protecting similar interests. There is, however, opportunity for progress. It is possible to improve professional guidance on the interaction between the regimes and to achieve significant normative alignment without aligning the signalling standard for consent; this would promote consistent protection of reasonable expectations of patients across both regimes. Further coherence would require aligning not only the standard, but also the role played by consent under each regime. Here we argue that, in relation to direct care, any such shift should be away from consent as the normal justification. In relation to health research, on the contrary, it should be toward consent as the normal justification for use and disclosure of patient information under both the CLDoC and data protection law.
Galaxy formation with L-GALAXIES: modelling the environmental dependency of galaxy evolution and comparing with observations
Authors: Ayromlou Mohammadreza , Kauffmann Guinevere , Yates Robert M , Nelson Dylan , White Simon D M 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a variation of the recently updated Munich semi-analytical galaxy formation model, L-Galaxies, with a new gas stripping method. Extending earlier work, we directly measure the local environmental properties of galaxies to formulate a more accurate treatment of ram-pressure stripping for all galaxies. We fully recalibrate the modified L-Galaxies model using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method with the stellar mass function and quenched fraction of galaxies as a function of stellar mass at 0 ≤ z ≤ 2 as constraints. Due to this recalibration, global galaxy population relations, including the stellar mass function, quenched fractions versus galaxy mass, and H i mass function are all largely unchanged and remain consistent with observations. By comparing to data on galaxy properties in different environments from the SDSS and HSC surveys, we demonstrate that our modified model improves the agreement with the quenched fractions and star formation rates of galaxies as a function of environment, stellar mass, and redshift. Overall, in the vicinity of haloes with total mass 1012 to $10^{15}\, \rm M_{\odot }$ at z = 0, our new model produces higher quenched fractions and stronger environmental dependencies, better recovering observed trends with halocentric distance up to several virial radii. By analysing the actual amount of gas stripped from galaxies in our model, we show that those in the vicinity of massive haloes lose a large fraction of their hot halo gas before they become satellites. We demonstrate that this affects galaxy quenching both within and beyond the halo boundary. This is likely to influence the correlations between galaxies up to tens of megaparsecs.
Planet Hunters TESS III: two transiting planets around the bright G dwarf HD 152843
Authors: Eisner N L , Nicholson B A , Barragán O , Aigrain S , Lintott C , Kaye L , Klein B , Miller G , Taylor J , Zicher N , Buchhave L A , Caldwell D A , Horner J , Llama J , Mortier A , Rajpaul V M , Stassun K , Sporer A , Tkachenko A , Jenkins J M , Latham D , Ricker G , Seager S , Winn J , Alhassan S , Baeten E M L , Bean S J , Bundy D M , Efremov V , Ferstenou R , Goodwin B L , Hof M , Hoffman T , Hubert A , Lau L , Lee S , Maetschke D , Peltsch K , Rubio-Alfaro C , Wilson G M 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We report on the discovery and validation of a two-planet system around a bright (V = 8.85 mag) early G dwarf (1.43  R⊙, 1.15  M⊙, TOI 2319) using data from NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Three transit events from two planets were detected by citizen scientists in the month-long TESS light curve (sector 25), as part of the Planet Hunters TESS project. Modelling of the transits yields an orbital period of $11.6264 _{ - 0.0025 } ^ { + 0.0022 }$ d and radius of $3.41 _{ - 0.12 } ^ { + 0.14 }$ R⊕ for the inner planet, and a period in the range 19.26–35 d and a radius of $5.83 _{ - 0.14 } ^ { + 0.14 }$ R⊕ for the outer planet, which was only seen to transit once. Each signal was independently statistically validated, taking into consideration the TESS light curve as well as the ground-based spectroscopic follow-up observations. Radial velocities from HARPS-N and EXPRES yield a tentative detection of planet b, whose mass we estimate to be $11.56 _{ - 6.14 } ^ { + 6.58 }$ M⊕, and allow us to place an upper limit of 27.5 M⊕ (99 per cent confidence) on the mass of planet c. Due to the brightness of the host star and the strong likelihood of an extended H/He atmosphere on both planets, this system offers excellent prospects for atmospheric characterization and comparative planetology.
Absorption spectra from the n = 3 manifold states of Li atoms in magnetic fields of white dwarfs
Authors: Zhao L B 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The two-dimensional B-spline approach recently developed has been applied to calculations of absorption spectra from the n = 3 manifold states of Li atoms in magnetic fields of white dwarfs. A total of 28 magnetized atomic states of five symmetries, 20±, 2(− 1)±, and 2(− 2)+, for this atomic system are involved in the current calculations. Wavelengths and oscillator strengths are presented for 60 transitions as a function of magnetic fields ranging from 2.35 to 2350 MG, typical of magnetic white dwarfs. Zeeman spectral lines of all these transitions lie in the region of ultraviolet, visible light, and infrared except for the six transitions, in which energy levels of the initial and final states are inversed at some magnetic field strength. Our results in the field-free case are compared to available data in the literature. Excellent agreement is observed between our spectral data and those from the NIST data base as well as the other theoretical calculations in the field-free case. The present spectral data are applicable to modelling discrete atomic spectral lines in the magnetic white dwarf atmospheres with lithium included.
Characterizing hydrostatic mass bias with mock-X
Authors: Barnes David J , Vogelsberger Mark , Pearce Francesca A , Pop Ana-Roxana , Kannan Rahul , Cao Kaili , Kay Scott T , Hernquist Lars 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Surveys in the next decade will deliver large samples of galaxy clusters that transform our understanding of their formation. Cluster astrophysics and cosmology studies will become systematics limited with samples of this magnitude. With known properties, hydrodynamical simulations of clusters provide a vital resource for investigating potential systematics. However, this is only realized if we compare simulations to observations in the correct way. Here we introduce the mock-X analysis framework, a multiwavelength tool that generates synthetic images from cosmological simulations and derives halo properties via observational methods. We detail our methods for generating optical, Compton-y and X-ray images. Outlining our synthetic X-ray image analysis method, we demonstrate the capabilities of the framework by exploring hydrostatic mass bias for the IllustrisTNG, BAHAMAS, and MACSIS simulations. Using simulation derived profiles we find an approximately constant bias b ≈ 0.13 with cluster mass, independent of hydrodynamical method, or subgrid physics. However, the hydrostatic bias derived from synthetic observations is mass-dependent, increasing to b = 0.3 for the most massive clusters. This result is driven by a single temperature fit to a spectrum produced by gas with a wide temperature distribution in quasi-pressure equilibrium. The spectroscopic temperature and mass estimate are biased low by cooler gas dominating the emission, due to its quadratic density dependence. The bias and the scatter in estimated mass remain independent of the numerical method and subgrid physics. Our results are consistent with current observations and future surveys will contain sufficient samples of massive clusters to confirm the mass dependence of the hydrostatic bias.
A first glimpse at the Galactic plane with the ASKAP: the SCORPIO field
Authors: Umana G , Trigilio C , Ingallinera A , Riggi S , Cavallaro F , Marvil J , Norris R P , Hopkins A M , Buemi C S , Bufano F , Leto P , Loru S , Bordiu C , Bunton J D , Collier J D , Filipovic M , Franzen T M O , Thompson M A , Andernach H , Carretti E , Dai S , Kapińska A , Koribalski B S , Kothes R , Leahy D , Mcconnell D , Tothill N , Michałowski M J 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
In the broad context of the Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) early-science phase and preparation for the related surveys, we report the first radio observations towards the Galactic plane. The targeted field was chosen to encompass the entire SCORPIO survey, one of the several pathfinder projects for the Evolutionary Map of the Universe survey planned with the ASKAP. The observations were carried out in 2018 January at a central frequency of 912 MHz, with 15 operational antennas, and covered a total area of about 40 square degrees in three different pointings. The final image has a resolution of 24.1 × 21.1 arcsec2 and a median rms of $541\ \mu \mathrm{Jy\ beam}^{-1}$. We were able to extract 3545 candidate sources, 75 per cent of them point sources. For a preliminary validation, a comparison with the 843 MHz Molonglo Galactic Plane Survey is presented. Although the present observations were obtained with the ASKAP only partially deployed, its unique capability to map complex sources, such as those inhabiting the Galactic plane, at different angular scales, is highlighted. Within the SCORPIO field all the previously classified H ii regions, Planetary Nebulae (PNe), and supernovae remnants (SNRs), previously known to be radio sources, were detected. We also report new radio detections from several H ii regions previously classified as ‘candidates’ or ‘radio quiet’ and from half of all the PNe in the SCORPIO field with robust classification. Most notably, we find numerous unclassified, extended sources which constitute a promising sample of candidates H ii regions and SNRs.