bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On seizure semiology
Authors: McGonigal Aileen , Bartolomei Fabrice , Chauvel Patrick 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe clinical expression of seizures represents the main symptomatic burden of epilepsy. Neural mechanisms of semiologic production in epilepsy, especially for complex behaviors, remain poorly known. In a framework of epilepsy as a network rather than as a focal disorder, we can think of semiology as being dynamically produced by a set of interconnected structures, in which specific rhythmic interactions, and not just anatomical localization, are likely to play an important part in clinical expression. This requires a paradigm shift in how we think about seizure organization, including from a presurgical evaluation perspective. Semiology is a key data source, albeit with significant methodological challenges for its use in research, including observer bias and choice of semiologic categories. Better understanding of semiologic categorization and pathophysiological correlates is relevant to seizure classification systems. Advances in knowledge of neural mechanisms as well as anatomic correlates of different semiologic patterns could help improve knowledge of epilepsy networks and potentially contribute to therapeutic innovations.
Optimal deep learning based fusion model for biomedical image classification
Authors: Mansour Romany F. , Alfar Nada M. , Abdel‐Khalek Sayed , Abdelhaq Maha , Saeed Rashid A. , Alsaqour Raed 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAutomated examination of biomedical signals plays a vital role to diagnose diseases and offers useful data to several applications in the areas of physiology, sports medicine, and human–computer interface. The latest advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have the ability to manage and analyse enormous biomedical datasets resulting in clinical decision making and real time applications. At the same time, Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most deadly disease affecting people over the globe. The utilization of AI techniques for the earlier identification of CRC has gained significant interest among the research communities. Therefore, this paper presents a novel AI based fusion model for CRC disease diagnosis and classification, named AIFM‐CRC. The presented AIFM‐CRC model primarily undergoes Gaussian filtering based noise removal and contrast enhancement as a preprocessing stage. In addition, a fusion based feature extraction process takes place where the SIFT based handcrafted features and Inception v4 based deep features are fused together. Besides, whale optimization algorithm tuned deep support vector machine model is employed as a classification technique to determine the existence of CRC. In order to highlight the proficient results analysis of the AIFM‐CRC model, a comprehensive simulation analysis takes place. The resultant experimental values pointed out the betterment of the AIFM‐CRC model by accomplishing a maximum accuracy of 96.18%.
Reporting the whole story: Analysis of the ‘out‐of‐scope’ questions from the James Lind Alliance Teenage and Young Adult Cancer Priority Setting Partnership Survey
Authors: Gibson Faith , Fern Lorna A. , Phillips Bob , Gravestock Helen , Malik Sonia , Callaghan Amy , Dyker Karen , Groszmann Mike , Hamrang Leila , Hough Rachael , McGeachy Demi , Morgan Sue , Smith Sam , Upadhyaya Sheela , Veitch Helen , Williamson Max , Whelan Jeremy , Aldiss Susie 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe conducted a UK‐wide survey to identify the top 10 research questions for young people's cancer. We conducted secondary analysis of questions submitted, which were ‘out‐of‐scope’ of the original survey aim. We sought to disseminate these questions, to inform practice, policy and the development of potential interventions to support young people with cancer.DesignJames Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership.ParticipantsYoung people aged 13‐24 with a current/previous cancer diagnosis, their families/friends/partners and professionals who work with this population.MethodsEight hundred and fifty‐five potential research questions were submitted, and 326 were classified as ‘out‐of‐scope’. These questions, along with 49 ‘free‐text’ comments, were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThe 375 out‐of‐scope questions and comments were submitted by: 68 young people, 81 family members/partners/friends and 42 professionals. Ten overarching themes were identified: diagnostic experience; communication; coordination of care; information needs and lack of information; service provision; long‐term effects and aftercare support; family support; financial impact; end‐of life care; and research methods and current research.ConclusionsThe need to tailor services, information and communication is a striking thread evidenced across the ‘out‐of‐scope’ questions. Gaps in information highlight implications for practice in revisiting information needs throughout the cancer trajectory. We must advocate for specialist care for young people and promote the research priorities and these findings to funding bodies, charities, young people and health and social care policymakers, in order to generate an evidence base to inform effective interventions across the cancer trajectory and improve outcomes.Patient/public contributionsPatients and carers were equal stakeholders throughout.
Nonuse of antimicrobial prophylaxis in clean surgeries for adrenal and renal tumors: Results of the risk‐based strategy in 1362 consecutive patients
Authors: Maruyama Riko , Fukushima Hiroshi , Fukuda Shohei , Yasuda Yosuke , Uehara Sho , Tanaka Hajime , Kijima Toshiki , Yoshida Soichiro , Yokoyama Minato , Matsuoka Yoh , Saito Kazutaka , Kihara Kazunori , Fujii Yasuhisa 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesTo evaluate the incidence of perioperative infections without antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients undergoing clean surgeries for adrenal and renal tumors.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 1362 consecutive patients who underwent minimally invasive adrenalectomy (n = 303), radical nephrectomy (n = 499), and partial nephrectomy (n = 560) using the gasless laparoendoscopic single‐port surgery technique between 2005 and 2019. In 1059 patients, antimicrobial prophylaxis was not administered. The remaining 303 patients were considered at high risk for infection and received single‐dose antimicrobial prophylaxis. The endpoint was the incidence of perioperative infections within 1 month from the surgery date. Perioperative infections were classified into surgical site infections, urinary tract infections, and remote infections.ResultsSeventy‐four patients whose collecting systems were opened during partial nephrectomy were excluded, and the remaining 1013 patients with nonuse of antimicrobial prophylaxis and 275 patients with single‐dose antimicrobial prophylaxis were retrospectively analyzed. The incidence of superficial surgical site infections, deep/organ‐space surgical site infections, urinary tract infections, and remote infections was 1.6%, 0.7%, 2.8%, and 1.3%, respectively, in patients with nonuse of antimicrobial prophylaxis and 0.4%, 1.8%, 1.5%, and 1.5%, respectively, in patients with single‐dose antimicrobial prophylaxis. All patients who developed perioperative infections were successfully treated. No clinical or surgical variables were significantly associated with the incidence of surgical site infections. One limitation of the present study was its nonrandomized and noncontrolled design.ConclusionsIn minimally invasive clean surgeries for adrenal and renal tumors, antimicrobial prophylaxis is not necessary when individual risk of infection is considered low.
Binding specificity of OBPs in the yellow peach moth Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée)
Authors: Guo Honggang , Meng Li , Zhang Minzhao , Ren Zhengguang , Qin Xiaochun , Du Yanli 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOdorant‐binding proteins (OBPs) are translators of the external chemical signals, which are critical for maintaining insect life. However, few OBPs were reported in the yellow peach moth (YPM), Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée). In the current study, five OBPs (CpunOBP1, CpunOBP2, CpunOBP7, CpunPBP2 and CpunPBP4) were expressed and purified from the antennae of the YPM. The results showed that the proteins encoded by five CpunOBPs had six conserved cysteine residues, which were typical structural features of classic OBPs. Moreover, the fluorescence competitive binding assays indicated that the binding affinity of five CpunOBPs to the selected YPM female sex pheromones, host plant volatiles and Penicillium‐inoculated apple volatiles was obviously different. The binding affinities of CpunOBP1 and CpunOBP2 with β‐ionone were the strongest. CpunOBP7 could bind with 12 host plant volatiles but was unable to interact with any one of the three tested female sex pheromones. CpunPBP2 and CpunPBP4 exhibited the highest binding affinity to female sex pheromone trans‐10‐hexadecenal among 30 tested compounds. In conclusion, these results suggest the functional differentiation of the CpunOBPs in recognizing sex pheromones, host plant volatiles and fungus‐infected host plant volatiles, which will provide new insights into selecting target proteins for YPM biocontrol.
Running on empty? Freshwater feeding by spawning anadromous alewife Alosa pseudoharengus
Authors: Stewart Sarah I. D. , Spares Aaron D. , Varela José L. , McLellan Nic R. , Stokesbury Michael J. W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAnadromous alewife Alosa pseudoharengus (n = 202; mean ± s.d. fork length = 231 ± 14 mm) were captured from 10 May to 27 June 2018 in an upper watershed lake on the Isthmus of Chignecto, Canada (45°57′N, 64°14′W). Thirty individuals (mean ± s.d. fork length = 250 ± 12 mm) were captured in an adjacent estuary downstream of a tide gate on 25 April 2018. Comparing estuarine to freshwater specimens, mean gonad mass and gonadosomatic indices in males and females decreased approximately 40% and 60%, and 31% and 50%, respectively. Individuals were characterized as pre‐spawners in the estuary and spawners in the lake. Males maintained similar body condition throughout the spawning run whereas female condition decreased 9.4% between the estuary and lake. Stomach fullness decreased comparing estuarine and freshwater specimens, yet 93% of stomachs examined from individuals captured in the lake contained prey. Most males fed throughout all spawning stages (3%–17% empty stomachs), while all females fed during pre‐ and post‐spawning stages and some fasted during spawning (11% empty stomachs). Cumulative prey curve never reached an asymptote, either weekly or for the entire sampling period, so freshwater diet may not have been completely described. Calanoid copepods (79.3%IA) were a diet staple, with the secondary prey of mayfly nymphs (O. Ephemeroptera) consumed more by females (13.6%IA) than males (6.2%IA). PERMANOVA and PERMDISP analyses revealed significant dietary differences in freshwater were weekly and not due to dispersion effects, thus most likely due to feeding on various development stages of insect species. Our results challenge the long‐held paradigm that anadromous A. pseudoharengus fast during the spawning migration.
Feeding habits and seasonal trophic guilds structuring fish community in the bay mouth region of a tropical estuarine habitat
Authors: Soe Kay Khine , Pradit Siriporn , Hajisamae Sukree 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUnderstanding trophic relationships of fish in estuarine ecosystem is an important element for sustainable resource management. This study examined the feeding habits of 29 dominant fish species, characterized the trophic guilds, assessed the impact of season and clarified the role of diets in structuring the fish community in the mouth region of Pattani Bay, Thailand. Samples of 5792 fishes collected monthly by gillnets from March 2019 to February 2020 were used for stomach content analyses. It was found that the number of food types and fullness index differed between fish taxa (P < 0.001). Most fishes were specialist feeders feeding on specific food components and were categorized into five trophic guilds: piscivore, shrimp‐fish feeder, polychaete feeder, zooplanktivore and planktivore. Six species were piscivorous, considered as apex predators, that fed almost entirely on fishes. High diet overlaps among some species (>0.6) were recorded. Not much variation in seasonal guilds was observed: four guilds in the dry season, three in the moderate rainy season and four in the rainy season. Some species remained in the same guild the whole year round, but some fishes changed seasonally. Two fish communities from different regions of the bay were segregated based on feeding habits. The inner bay community comprised mainly copepod and plankton feeders, but there were more piscivores in the deeper bay mouth area. Results from this study help us to understand the feeding habits and trophic guilds of dominant fish species at the mouth of this tropical estuarine bay.
Supporting and Expanding Statewide CASA Programs
Authors: Brocious Heidi , Trawver Kathi R. , Griffin Rebecca 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCourt Appointed Special Advocate (CASA) programs around the U.S. are searching for ways to increase the number of volunteers they can recruit and retain so more youth in care can be served. Through focus groups and interviews, study authors collected and analyzed qualitative data on the essential tasks of CASA volunteers, while also soliciting ideas regarding program expansion. Four themes were identified: (1) CASA volunteers do what others on the case can’t always do; (2) CASA volunteers make an impact on case outcomes; (3) Statewide structures and resources are essential to the program’s success; and (4) Program innovations that will improve CASA practice.
The epidemiology of social isolation and loneliness among older adults during the last years of life
Authors: Kotwal Ashwin A. , Cenzer Irena S. , Waite Linda J. , Covinsky Kenneth E. , Perissinotto Carla M. , Boscardin W. John , Hawkley Louise C. , Dale William , Smith Alexander K. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundSocial isolation and loneliness are critical to the health of older adults, but they have not been well‐described at the end of life.ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence and correlates of social isolation and loneliness among older adults in the last years of life.DesignNationally representative, cross‐sectional survey.SettingHealth and Retirement Study, 2006–2016 data.ParticipantsAdults age > 50 interviewed once in the last 4 years of life (n = 3613).MeasurementsWe defined social isolation using a 15‐item scale measuring household contacts, social network interaction, and community engagement, and frequent loneliness using the 3‐item UCLA Loneliness Scale. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine their adjusted prevalence by time prior‐to‐death and by subgroups of interest.ResultsApproximately 19% experienced social isolation, 18% loneliness, and 5% both in the last 4 years of life (correlation = 0.11). The adjusted prevalence of social isolation was higher for individuals nearer to death (4 years: 18% vs 0–3 months: 27%, p = 0.05) and there was no significant change in loneliness (4 years: 19% vs 0–3 months: 23%, p = 0.13). Risk factors for both isolation and loneliness included (p < 0.01): low net‐worth (Isolation: 34% vs 14%; Loneliness: 29% vs 13%), hearing impairment (Isolation: 26% vs 20%; Loneliness: 26% vs 17%), and difficulty preparing meals (Isolation: 27% vs 19%; Loneliness: 29% vs 15%). Factors associated with loneliness, but not social isolation, included being female, pain, incontinence, and cognitive impairment.ConclusionsSocial isolation and loneliness are common at the end of life, affecting 1 in 4 older adults, but few experience both. Rates were higher for older adults who were poor and experienced functional or sensory impairments. Results can inform clinical efforts to identify and address end‐of‐life psychosocial suffering and health policies which prioritize social needs at the end of life.
Feeding the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus L.)—risks of commercial diets for wildlife
Authors: Gimmel Angela , Eulenberger Ulrike , Liesegang Annette 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThe supplemental feeding of wildlife is a worldwide phenomenon. The most widespread and socially accepted example is bird feeding. Commercial hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus L.) diets are readily available in Switzerland. To test the hypothesis that commercial hedgehog diets are nutritionally inadequate, the following parameters (as taken from the label) of five commercial diets (three dry and two wet) were compared to the natural diet of E. europaeus: List of feed materials, crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE) and nitrogen‐free extracts (NfE). To test the second hypothesis, that feed labels of commercially available hedgehog diets in Switzerland are in accordance with Swiss and European law, the following parameters were assessed: Type of feed, net quantity, moisture content, instructions for proper use, list of the feed materials and claims. In all dry diets, the first ingredient was cereals (38.8%–50%), whereas in both wet diets, it was meat and meat by‐products (51% in one product). Only one product had a CP content comparable to that of the natural diet and four products had a higher NfE content. Overall, the wet products were more comparable to the natural diet, especially regarding CP and NfE content. Of the five examined diets, three were labelled as complete feeds and two as compound feeds. The label analysis revealed inaccuracies and possible misleading information on two products. In conclusion, the use of commercial dry hedgehog diets should be discouraged as they do not resemble the natural diet of E. europaeus and are likely nutritionally inadequate. The commercial wet hedgehog diets should only be used supplementary. The feed labels of commercially available hedgehog diets were not always in compliance with Swiss and European law. The public should be educated about feeding E. europaeus and the risks of commercial diets for wildlife.
Resource concealment and the evolution of parental care in burying beetles
Authors: Trumbo S. T. , Sikes D. S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractComparative experimental study of species can provide insight into behavioral transitions in evolution. The insects offer many such examples for the analysis of parental care. We examined three distantly related species of Nicrophorus and two non‐Nicrophorus silphid beetles for their ability to conceal odors from a carcass that cue competitors that attempt to usurp the resource. We predicted that species with well‐developed parental care would exhibit a heightened ability to conceal a resource from competitors, even when differences in burying behavior and direct defense were experimentally eliminated. Carcasses were provided to male–female pairs in the laboratory for 3 days and then experimentally buried in the field, without parents, to assess discovery by Nicrophorus and vertebrate scavengers. The burying beetles Ni. orbicollis, Ni. sayi and Ni. pustulatus were far more successful in hiding a prepared resource (>76%) from free‐flying Nicrophorus than the less parental Ptomascopus morio or Necrophila americana (<25%). Carcasses provided to P. morio and Ne. americana were also more likely to be discovered by Nicrophorus than non‐prepared control carcasses, suggesting that microbially derived odor cues available to competitors were increased by non‐Nicrophorus interaction with carcasses. In the absence of burial, carcass preparation had no effect on vertebrate scavenging. We hypothesize that the evolution of burying and carcass modification to conceal a discovered resource from diverse competitors, more so than control of microbial decay, was a critical step in the evolutionary transition to monopolization of a small carcass, nesting and extended parental care in the Silphidae.
Text Readability and Processing Effort in Second Language Reading: A Computational and Eye‐Tracking Investigation
Authors: Nahatame Shingo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlthough text readability has traditionally been measured based on simple linguistic features, recent studies have employed natural language processing techniques to develop new readability formulas that better represent theoretical accounts of reading processes. This study evaluated the construct validity of different readability formulas, including both traditional and newer formulas, by examining their ability to predict the processing effort involved during L2 reading as evidenced by eye movements. Two studies (an experimental study and a corpus‐based study) were conducted in which the readability of target texts was calculated using different formulas and then utilized to develop models that predict particular eye movement patterns during reading. These studies revealed that although traditional formulas showed reliable performance in predicting particular eye movement patterns, in many cases, the newer formulas outperformed them. These findings support the newer readability formulas as more theoretically valid and accurate measures of the processing effort involved in L2 reading.
Novel Word Learning Among Bilinguals Can Be Better Through the (Dominant) First Language Than Through the Second Language
Authors: Hirosh Zoya , Degani Tamar 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhen learning novel vocabulary in a third language (L3) through translations in the first language (L1), bilinguals may have more available cognitive resources and more accumulated experience in language regulation compared to when learning through translations in the second language (L2). In a study designed to test language of instruction (LOI) effects, 59 Hebrew–English bilinguals auditorily learned over two sessions 55 words in German, including three word types: cognates, overlapping in form and meaning between English and German; false cognates, overlapping in form but not meaning; and controls. Critically, half of the participants learned through their (dominant) L1 Hebrew, and half through their L2 English (which is also more similar to German). Results showed a significant LOI effect, with better learning through the (less similar) L1, especially for control items. Cognates were learned better in both LOIs, but false cognates were learned better relative to controls to a greater extent when the LOI was English. Together, results highlight the importance of LOI and item‐based language similarity during multilingual novel word‐learning.
Desirable Difficulties in Language Learning? How Talker Variability Impacts Artificial Grammar Learning
Authors: Bulgarelli Federica , Weiss Daniel J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractContending with talker variability has been found to lead to processing costs but also benefits by focusing learners on invariant properties of the signal, indicating that talker variability acts as a desirable difficulty. That is, talker variability may lead to initial costs followed by long‐term benefits for retention and generalization. Adult participants learned an artificial grammar affording learning of multiple components in two experiments varying in difficulty. They learned from one, two, or eight talkers and were tested at three time points. The eight‐talker condition did not impact learning. The two‐talker condition negatively impacted some aspects of learning, but only under more difficult conditions. Generalization of the grammatical dependency was difficult. Thus, we discovered that high and limited talker variability can differentially impact artificial grammar learning. However, talker variability did not act as a desirable difficulty in the current paradigm as the few evidenced costs were not related to long‐term benefits.