bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An enhanced plasma injection method for triggering a 10 cm-magnitude high-pressure SF6 gas gap for a megavolt ultrafast bypass switch
Authors: Li Xiaoang , Gao Gan , Jiang Pan , Zhang Ningbo , Li Zhibing , Zhang Qiaogen 
Published: October 2021

Aiming at developing a megavolt ultrafast bypass switch (UFBPS) that operates at a very low working coefficient, an enhanced plasma injection (EPI) method was proposed, which ejected high-density plasmas up to several centimeters in height in a high-pressure SF6 and thus has an extremely strong triggering ability. The EPI method employed a thin polytetrafluoroethylene microcavity embedded inside the ground electrode and a metal wire electrically exploded inside the microcavity, generating a high-density metal vapor plasma that was rapidly ejected outward from the nozzle and inducing a breakdown of the residual gas gap. In this study, the ejected plasma properties by EPI and main influencing factors were examined and the EPI triggering ability was experimentally verified. The results showed that EPI evolution presented three stages: ellipsoid-shaped, mushroom-shaped, and dissipation stages. In 0.5-MPa SF6, when the trigger energy was 960 J and the exploded aluminum wire was 300 µm in radius, the EPI maximum height reached over 9 cm within 0.7 ms, with an initial evolution velocity &gt;800 m/s. Then, an EPI cavity array was set to repetitively trigger a 10 cm-magnitude SF6 gas gap at 0.5 MPa, with a theoretical breakdown voltage &gt;2 MV. The gas gap was successfully triggered with an average trigger delay of 538 µs when a DC 100 kV voltage (undervoltage ratio &lt;5%) was applied. These results indicated that EPI was an effective method for triggering megavolt-magnitude high-pressure SF6 gas gaps at a low undervoltage ratio and meeting the submillisecond trigger requirement of the UFBPS.
Slowed canonical progress in large fields of science
Authors: Chu Johan S. G. , Evans James A. 
Published: October 2021

Significance
The size of scientific fields may impede the rise of new ideas. Examining 1.8 billion citations among 90 million papers across 241 subjects, we find a deluge of papers does not lead to turnover of central ideas in a field, but rather to ossification of canon. Scholars in fields where many papers are published annually face difficulty getting published, read, and cited unless their work references already widely cited articles. New papers containing potentially important contributions cannot garner field-wide attention through gradual processes of diffusion. These findings suggest fundamental progress may be stymied if quantitative growth of scientific endeavors—in number of scientists, institutes, and papers—is not balanced by structures fostering disruptive scholarship and focusing attention on novel ideas.
Detecting insulitis in type 1 diabetes with ultrasound phase-change contrast agents
Authors: Ramirez David G. , Ciccaglione Mark , Upadhyay Awaneesh K. , Pham Vinh T. , Borden Mark A. , Benninger Richard K. P. 
Published: October 2021

Significance
Methods to detect type 1 diabetes (T1D) progression prior to clinical diagnosis are needed. T1D results from autoreactive T cells infiltrating the islets of Langerhans, destroying insulin-producing β-cells. Overt disease takes years to present, and at diagnosis, there is substantial β-cell loss. Therapeutic intervention to preserve β-cell mass is hampered by an inability to follow presymptomatic T1D progression. Several immunotherapies can delay T1D development. However, identifying “at-risk” individuals and tracking whether therapeutic interventions are impacting disease progression, are lacking. We present ultrasound imaging of nanodroplet (ND) contrast-agent accumulation within the islet. ND accumulation is dependent on immune infiltration; therefore, it tracks presymptomatic T1D development and progression to diabetes. This provides an opportunity to guide therapeutic treatments to prevent T1D.
Decreasing Phanerozoic extinction intensity as a consequence of Earth surface oxygenation and metazoan ecophysiology
Authors: Stockey Richard G. , Pohl Alexandre , Ridgwell Andy , Finnegan Seth , Sperling Erik A. 
Published: October 2021

SignificanceThe decline in extinction rates through geologic time is a well-established but enigmatic feature of the marine animal fossil record. We hypothesize that this trend is driven largely by secular changes in the oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans, as physiological principles predict that marine animals would have been more vulnerable to ocean warming during intervals of geological time with limited atmospheric oxygenation. We test this at a global oceanographic scale by combining models of ocean biogeochemistry and animal physiology. We show that atmospheric oxygen exerts a first-order control on the simulated extinction vulnerability of marine animals, highlighting its likely importance in controlling extinction trends through geologic time.
Recent increases in tropical cyclone precipitation extremes over the US east coast
Authors: Maxwell Justin T. , Bregy Joshua C. , Robeson Scott M. , Knapp Paul A. , Soulé Peter T. , Trouet Valerie 
Published: October 2021

Significance
Using a tree-ring–based reconstruction of tropical cyclone precipitation summed over June 1 through October 15, we found that extremely high tropical cyclone precipitation amounts have increased over the past 300 years. By looking at other characteristics of tropical cyclones, we find that this increase is linked to the longer average duration of tropical cyclones. The extremes (≥0.95 quantile) of summed tropical cyclone precipitation have increased by 2 to 4 mm/decade since 1700, resulting in an increase of 64 to 128 mm compared to extremes in the early 1700s. This study documents increases in extremes of summed tropical cyclone precipitation, which provides another line of evidence that the speed of movement of tropical cyclones is slowing.
Climate change facilitated the early colonization of the Azores Archipelago during medieval times
Authors: Raposeiro Pedro M. , Hernández Armand , Pla-Rabes Sergi , Gonçalves Vítor , Bao Roberto , Sáez Alberto , Shanahan Timothy , Benavente Mario , de Boer Erik J. , Richter Nora , Gordon Verónica , Marques Helena , Sousa Pedro M. , Souto Martín , Matias Miguel G. , Aguiar Nicole , Pereira Cátia , Ritter Catarina , Rubio María Jesús , Salcedo Marina , Vázquez-Loureiro David , Margalef Olga , Amaral-Zettler Linda A. , Costa Ana Cristina , Huang Yongsong , van Leeuwen Jacqueline F. N. , Masqué Pere , Prego Ricardo , Ruiz-Fernández Ana Carolina , Sanchez-Cabeza Joan-Albert , Trigo Ricardo , Giralt Santiago 
Published: October 2021

Significance
We use a diverse set of lake and landscape proxy indicators to characterize initial human occupation and its impacts on the Azores Archipelago. The occupation of these islands began between 700 and 850 CE, 700 years earlier than suggested by documentary sources. These early occupations caused widespread ecological and landscape disturbance and raise doubts about the islands' presumed pristine nature during Portuguese arrival. The earliest explorers arrived at the end of the early Middle Ages, when temperatures were higher than average, and the westerly winds were weaker, facilitating arrivals to the archipelago from northeastern Europe and inhibiting exploration from southern Europe. This is consistent with archaeological and genetic research suggesting the Norse were the first to colonize the Azores Archipelago.
Cis
-acting lnc-Cxcl2 restrains neutrophil-mediated lung inflammation by inhibiting epithelial cell CXCL2 expression in virus infection
Authors: Liu Shuo , Liu Jiaqi , Yang Xue , Jiang Minghong , Wang Qingqing , Zhang Lianfeng , Ma Yuanwu , Shen Zhongyang , Tian Zhigang , Cao Xuetao 
Published: October 2021

Significance
Epithelial cell–mediated chemokine production and subsequent neutrophil recruitment are important for pathogen clearance, which, however, are also closely related to severe inflammatory tissue damage during lung infection, especially influenza virus infection and the current pandemic coronavirus infection. Certain regulation and underlying mechanisms of chemokine expression in epithelial cells remain largely unknown. Here, by identifying the mouse long noncoding RNA lnc-Cxcl2 and human lnc-CXCL2-4-1 in virus-infected lung epithelial cells, we demonstrated a self-protecting mechanism in host lung epithelial cells for restraining viral infection–induced lung inflammation through feedback-suppressing chemokine expression. These findings provide better understandings of chemokine regulation and epithelial cell function during lung viral infection and will benefit the treatment of related lung infectious diseases.
Robust and prototypical immune responses toward influenza vaccines in the high-risk group of Indigenous Australians
Authors: Hensen Luca , Nguyen Thi H. O. , Rowntree Louise C. , Damelang Timon , Koutsakos Marios , Aban Malet , Hurt Aeron , Harland Kim L. , Auladell Maria , van de Sandt Carolien E. , Everitt Anngie , Blacker Cath , Oyong Damian A. , Loughland Jessica R. , Webb Jessica R. , Wines Bruce D. , Hogarth P. Mark , Flanagan Katie L. , Plebanski Magdalena , Wheatley Adam , Chung Amy W. , Kent Stephen J. , Miller Adrian , Clemens E. Bridie , Doherty Peter C. , Nelson Jane , Davies Jane , Tong Steven Y. C. , Kedzierska Katherine 
Published: October 2021

SignificanceIndigenous populations worldwide are highly susceptible to influenza virus infections. Vaccination with inactivated virus is highly recommended to protect Indigenous populations, including Indigenous Australians. There is no study to date that assessed immune responses induced by the inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine in the Indigenous population. Vaccine recommendations are thus based on data generated for non-Indigenous populations and might not be representative for Indigenous people. We found robust antibody responses to influenza vaccination induced in Indigenous Australians, with activation profiles of cTFH1 cells at the acute response strongly correlating with total change of antibody vaccine titers induced by vaccination. Our work strongly supports the recommendation of influenza vaccination to protect Indigenous populations from severe seasonal influenza virus infections and subsequent complications.
El compromiso social de Jean-Claude Izzo en Le Soleil des mourants
Authors: Díaz Alarcón Soledad 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Jean-Claude Izzo, an author committed to reality, recreates in his work Le Soleil des mourants
the life of an indigent condemned to exclusion and loneliness. His critique also extends to contemporary society, both urban and
dehumanized, and to the institutions and organisms that govern it, incapable of coping with social stigmas. This paper aims to
disentangle, through a semantic-stylistic analysis, the homeless figure who stands as the cornerstone around which the story
revolves. This paper also tries to identify the textual, linguistic, and cultural singularities that, from a translation studies
approach, are regarded as specific translation challenges in this novel. This study puts forth a proposal for the Spanish
translation of a selection of passages that support our arguments. The translation decisions are made according to the concept of
communicative equivalence (Wotjak 2015) and to the taxonomy of techniques compiled by
Hurtado Albir (2008, 269–271). The paper concludes that the concept of communicative
equivalence has become a relevant methodology for the translation of Le Soleil des mourants, as it enables the
translator to render the denotative elements of the message, the connotative and expressive use of the language, and the author’s
communicative intention.
A methodology of translatological and sociological cooperation in data collection, analysis, and interpretation
Authors: Zehnalová Jitka , Kubátová Helena 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study is to present a methodology of joint translatological–sociological cooperation in data collection, analysis, and interpretation to study translation strategies and norms. In order to identify norms, research cannot be restricted to translations: it is imperative to include translators and their practice as well. Thus, key research methods drawn on in this study are textual analyses and semi-structured interviews. The use of these two methods allows for the merging of the observable results of translation practice with translators’ social contextualisation and their reflection on practice (doxa). This method aims to answer the following questions: How do translators translate? Why do they translate the way they do? What do they really do when translating?
Workforce planning and safe workload in sterile compounding hospital pharmacy services
Authors: Chaker Ahmed , Omair Israa , Mohamed Weam Hazem , Mahomed Shuaib Haroon , Siddiqui Mohammad Aslam 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Purpose
A prospective observational study was conducted to assess sterile compounding time and workforce requirements in a hospital pharmacy, resulting in development of staff benchmarking metrics.

Methods
The study was conducted in the IV room of a quaternary hospital over 2 periods totalling 7 weeks. Compounding was directly observed and timing data collected for each compounded sterile preparation (CSP). The primary objective was to assess CSP workload, compounding time requirements, and workforce requirements to enable development of a data-driven staffing benchmark.

Results
A total of 320 sterile product preparations were directly observed during the study. Overall, the average time to compound 1 CSP (including small- and large-volume parenteral solutions, chemotherapy CSPs, batched CSPs, and syringes) was 3.25 minutes. Chemotherapy CSPs had the longest average preparation time (17.74 minutes); batched CSPs had the shortest preparation time, at 1.90 minutes per unit. A safe workload analysis indicated that in an 8-hour shift, 1 pharmacy technician can safely prepare 253 batched CSPs; 148 preparations of SVP solutions, LVP solutions, and syringes combined; 31 parenteral nutrition solutions prepared using an automated device; or 29 chemotherapy preparations. Through extrapolation of these results, it was calculated that a hospital with a capacity of 100 beds would require 1.4 pharmacist full-time equivalents (FTEs) and 2.7 technician FTEs to meet its sterile compounding needs, with proportionate increases in those estimates for a 300-bed hospital.

Conclusion
Organizations wishing to use external benchmarking information need to understand data characterization, pharmacy services offered, automation, workflows, and workload before utilizing that information for workforce planning.
The effectiveness of eyespots and masquerade in protecting artificial prey across ontogenetic and seasonal shifts
Authors: Postema Elizabeth G 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
When constraints on antipredator coloration shift over the course of development, it can be advantageous for animals to adopt different color strategies for each life stage. Many caterpillars in the genus Papilio exhibit unique ontogenetic color sequences: for example, early instars that masquerade as bird feces, with later instars possessing eyespots. I hypothesize that larvae abandon feces masquerade in favor of eyespots due to ontogenetic changes in signaler size. This ontogenetic pattern also occurs within broader seasonal shifts in background color and predator activity. I conducted predation experiments with artificial prey to determine how potential signaling constraints (specifically size and season) shape predation risk, and consequently the expression of ontogenetic color change in Papilio larvae. Seasonally, both predation and background greenness declined significantly from July to September, though there was little evidence that these patterns impacted the effectiveness of either color strategy. Caterpillar size and color strongly affected the attack rate of avian predators: attacks increased with prey size regardless of color, and eyespotted prey were attacked more than masquerading prey overall. These results may reflect a key size-mediated tradeoff between conspicuousness and intimidation in eyespotted prey, and raise questions about how interwoven aspects of behavior and signal environment might maintain the prevalence of large, eyespotted larvae in nature.
On the delayed worse-than-minimal repair model and its application to preventive replacement
Authors: Cha Ji Hwan , Finkelstein Maxim , Levitin Gregory 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Minimal repair and other imperfect repair models have been intensively studied in the literature. Much less attention has been payed to the ‘worse than minimal’ repair problem, although it often occurs in practice due to the adverse effects of previous repairs, environmental and internal shocks, etc. To model this type of repair, we define a new point process that behaves as the non-homogeneous Poisson process up to a certain event or time (minimal repairs) and then it becomes the generalized Polya process of repairs (worse than minimal repairs). The corresponding replacement policy is defined and the optimal solutions that minimize the long run expected cost rate are analyzed. The replacement can be executed univariately either after the given time T or the given number of repairs (on the k-th failure). Moreover, the system can be also replaced by implementing the bivariate strategy, that is, after the time T or on the k-th failure, whichever comes first. The detailed numerical examples illustrate our findings. It is shown that the k-strategy outperforms the T -strategy (lower cost rates), whereas the bivariate strategy is not worse than the best univariate strategy.
CST does not evict elongating telomerase but prevents initiation by ssDNA binding
Authors: Zaug Arthur J , Lim Ci Ji , Olson Conner L , Carilli Maria T , Goodrich Karen J , Wuttke Deborah S , Cech Thomas R 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The CST complex (CTC1-STN1-TEN1) has been shown to inhibit telomerase extension of the G-strand of telomeres and facilitate the switch to C-strand synthesis by DNA polymerase alpha-primase (pol α-primase). Recently the structure of human CST was solved by cryo-EM, allowing the design of mutant proteins defective in telomeric ssDNA binding and prompting the reexamination of CST inhibition of telomerase. The previous proposal that human CST inhibits telomerase by sequestration of the DNA primer was tested with a series of DNA-binding mutants of CST and modeled by a competitive binding simulation. The DNA-binding mutants had substantially reduced ability to inhibit telomerase, as predicted from their reduced affinity for telomeric DNA. These results provide strong support for the previous primer sequestration model. We then tested whether addition of CST to an ongoing processive telomerase reaction would terminate DNA extension. Pulse-chase telomerase reactions with addition of either wild-type CST or DNA-binding mutants showed that CST has no detectable ability to terminate ongoing telomerase extension in vitro. The same lack of inhibition was observed with or without pol α-primase bound to CST. These results suggest how the switch from telomerase extension to C-strand synthesis may occur.
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for restless legs syndrome in end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review and component network meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Jia-Jin , Lee Tao Han , Tu Yu-Kang , Kuo George , Yang Huang-Yu , Yen Chieh-Li , Fan Pei-Chun , Chang Chih-Hsiang 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is common among patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and is associated with poor outcomes. Several recently published studies had focused on pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments of RLS, but an updated meta-analysis has not been conducted.

Methods
The study population was adult ESKD patients on dialysis with RLS. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected. The primary outcome was reduction in RLS severity. The secondary outcomes were improvement in sleep quality and treatment-related adverse events. Frequentist standard network meta-analysis (NMA) and additive component NMA were performed. The evidence certainty was assessed using the Confidence in NMA (CINeMA) framework.

Results
A total of 24 RCTs with 1252 participants were enrolled and 14 interventions were compared. Cool dialysate produced the largest RLS severity score reduction {mean difference [MD] 16.82 [95% confidence interval (CI) 10.635–23.02]} and a high level of confidence. Other potential non-pharmacological interventions include intradialytic stretching exercise [MD 12.00 (95% CI 7.04–16.97)] and aromatherapy massage [MD 10.91 (95% CI 6.96–14.85)], but all with limited confidence of evidence. Among the pharmacological interventions, gabapentin was the most effective [MD 8.95 (95% CI 1.95–15.85)], which also improved sleep quality [standardized MD 2.00 (95% CI 0.47–3.53)]. No statically significant adverse events were detected.

Conclusions
The NMA supports that cool dialysate is appropriate to treat patients with ESKD and RLS. Gabapentin is the most effective pharmacological intervention and also might improve sleep quality. Further parallel RCTs with sufficient sample sizes are required to evaluate these potential interventions and long-term effects.
Cultural conformity and persistence in Dickcissel song are higher in locations in which males show high site fidelity
Authors: Parker Timothy H , Sousa Bridget , Leu Stephan T , Edmondson Stacy , Foo Cecily , Strauss Amy , Kahl Hanna , Ballinger Kristen , Ross Eric , Große Ruse Mareile , Sandsten Maria , Verheijen Bram H F , Jensen William 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Dickcissel (Spiza americana) males occupying territories in cropland sites produced songs that were less similar on average to other Dickcissel songs in their neighborhood than did Dickcissels living in grasslands, where conformity to the local vocal culture was higher. Further, Dickcissel vocal culture changed more quickly over time in cropland sites relative to grassland sites. These differences may have resulted from the lower site fidelity we observed in Dickcissel males in cropland sites relative to grassland sites. We expected this link with site fidelity because we hypothesized that conformity to local culture in Oscine songbirds and the persistence of culture over time and space are promoted by habitats that facilitate stable populations. In contrast, sites in which habitat features cause rapid population turnover provide more territory vacancies and so more opportunities for colonization. Colonization should drive cultural change, either through adult colonists importing foreign cultural variants or young colonists making errors as they learn the local song. This potential link between population turnover and cultural stability may apply to animal cultures more broadly and so may be a fruitful area for further research. Besides the link between site fidelity and cultural change over time, we also investigated the possibility that habitats with different levels of site fidelity might show differences in the spatial scale of song similarity. However, we found no evidence of such a difference. Finally, although our conclusions regarding conformity and change in vocal culture were based on many recorded songs, automated assessments of song similarity imprecisely estimated the overall degree of song similarity. Thus, we may have underestimated the strength of the effects of time and distance on song similarity.