bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double adenomas of the pituitary reveal distinct lineage markers, copy number alterations, and epigenetic profiles
Authors: Hagel Christian , Schüller Ulrich , Flitsch Jörg , Knappe Ulrich J. , Kellner Udo , Bergmann Markus , Buslei Rolf , Buchfelder Michael , Rüdiger Thomas , Herms Jochen , Saeger Wolfgang 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Pituitary adenoma (PA) constitutes the third most common intracranial neoplasm. The mostly benign endocrine lesions express no hormone (null cell PA) or the pituitary hormone(s) of the cell lineage of origin. In 0.5–1.5% of surgical specimens and in up to 10% of autopsy cases, two or three seemingly separate PA may coincide. These multiple adenomas may express different hormones, but whether or not expression of lineage-restricted transcription factors and molecular features are distinct within multiple lesions remains unknown.

Methods
Searching the data bank of the German Pituitary Tumor Registry 12 double pituitary adenomas with diverse lineage were identified among 3654 adenomas and 6 hypophyseal carcinomas diagnosed between 2012 and 2020. The double adenomas were investigated immunohistochemically for expression of hormones and lineage markers. In addition, chromosomal gains and losses as well as global DNA methylation profiles were assessed, whenever sufficient material was available (n = 8 PA).

Results
In accordance with the literature, combinations of GH/prolactin/TSH–FSH/LH adenoma (4/12), GH/prolactin/TSH–ACTH adenoma (3/12), and ACTH–FSH/LH adenoma (3/12) were observed. Further, two out of 12 cases showed a combination of a GH/prolactin/TSH adenoma with a null-cell adenoma. Different expression pattern of hormones were confirmed by different expression of transcription factors in 11/12 patients. Finally, multiple lesions that were molecularly analysed in 4 patients displayed distinct copy number changes and global methylation pattern.

Conclusion
Our data confirm and extend the knowledge on multiple PA and suggest that such lesions may origin from distinct cell types.
Amplitude estimation via maximum likelihood on noisy quantum computer
Authors: Tanaka Tomoki , Suzuki Yohichi , Uno Shumpei , Raymond Rudy , Onodera Tamiya , Yamamoto Naoki 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRecently we find several candidates of quantum algorithms that may be implementable in near-term devices for estimating the amplitude of a given quantum state, which is a core subroutine in various computing tasks such as the Monte Carlo methods. One of those algorithms is based on the maximum likelihood estimate with parallelized quantum circuits. In this paper, we extend this method so that it incorporates the realistic noise effect, and then give an experimental demonstration on a superconducting IBM Quantum device. The maximum likelihood estimator is constructed based on the model assuming the depolarization noise. We then formulate the problem as a two-parameters estimation problem with respect to the target amplitude parameter and the noise parameter. In particular we show that there exist anomalous target values, where the Fisher information matrix becomes degenerate and consequently the estimation error cannot be improved even by increasing the number of amplitude amplifications. The experimental demonstration shows that the proposed maximum likelihood estimator achieves quantum speedup in the number of queries, though the estimation error saturates due to the noise. This saturated value of estimation error is consistent to the theory, which implies the validity of the depolarization noise model and thereby enables us to predict the basic requirement on the hardware components (particularly the gate error) in quantum computers to realize the quantum speedup in the amplitude estimation task.
The proportion of the population never hearing a rumour
Authors: Duan Y. , Ganesh A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSudbury (J Appl Prob 22:443–446, 1985) showed for the Maki–Thompson model of rumour spreading that the proportion of the population never hearing the rumour converges in probability to a limiting constant (approximately equal to 0.203) as the population size tends to infinity. We extend the analysis to a generalisation of the Maki–Thompson model.
How Do We Assess How Agentic We Are? A Literature Review of Existing Instruments to Evaluate and Measure Individuals' Agency
Authors: Cavazzoni Federica , Fiorini Alec , Veronese Guido 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe importance and centrality of the construct of agency is wellknown amongst social scientists. Yet, there is still little agreement on how this construct should be understood and defined, as demonstrated by the diversity of instruments that are used to investigate it. Indeed, there is no current consensus or standardized methodology to assess agency. This paper provides a synthetic overview of the studies that have evaluated and measured individuals' agency. More specifically, the purpose is to review research that quantitatively investigates the agency of adults, as well as children and youth, across different social contexts. In the process, it offers recommendations to inform future research, practice, and policy. We identified published peer-reviewed studies relating to the assessment of agency across countries and across age through a narrative literature review. The findings were grouped according to whether agency was measured in its most comprehensive conception or in a precise single domain or dimension, which was then discussed separately for children, adults, and women. Of the 3879 studies identified from online searches of the literature and the five additional sources gathered through bibliography mining, 106 qualified for full review, with 34 studies included in the final synthesis. Multiple different instruments were found to be currently adopted or developed to assess agency. The present review offers an exhaustive overview of the different conceptualizations of agency and of the available instruments to assess it, providing critical information for researchers and policymakers to improve intervention and empowerment programs.
Motivational and personality variables distinguish academic underachievers from high achievers, low achievers, and overachievers
Authors: Dings Alexander , Spinath Frank M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPrevious studies have associated several variables concerning motivation and other domains with underachievement, i. e. a student's academic achievement falling short of what their cognitive abilities, as the best predictor of academic performance, would indicate. The present study extends these findings using a more rigorous approach in defining underachievers and suitable control groups. Using discriminant analysis, underachievers identified in a German twin family study were compared not only to achievers with comparable IQ scores, but also with students of lower aptitude, but comparably low grades, as well as overachieving students. Results confirm previous findings that compared to successful students, underachievers report lower levels of motivation and parental support; beyond this comparison, underachievers also differed from other low achievers, mostly in terms of their personality. In total, 40% of the variance between the groups were explained. Additionally, the data shed doubt on the common assumption that underachievers are an unusually heterogenous group of students.
Aluminosilicates at different levels in rye litter and feed affect the growth and meat quality of broiler chickens
Authors: Banaszak Mirosław , Biesek Jakub , Adamski Marek 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLitter sanitation treatments and feed supplements that stimulate bird growth. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of zeolite (z) and halloysite (h) in feed and rye straw litter on growth performance, meat quality in chickens. 500 males Ross 308 were allocated to 5 groups (10 replicates). Feed for groups 2–5 was supplemented with halloysite and zeolite (25:75). The content of aluminosilicates in the feed was different depending on the feeding phase: 0.5, 1, 1.5, or 2%. The following doses were used in litter: 2, 0.800 kg/m2 h; 3, 0.400 kg/m2 h and 0.400 kg/m2 z; 4, 0.800 kg/m2 z; 5, 0.200 kg/m2 h, and 0.600 kg/m2 z. Growth, and meat quality were analysed. Body weight and body weight gain were higher in groups 2–5 than in group 1, while feed intake was lower in groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.05). Body weight, the weight of carcass, and most of its elements were higher in the experimental groups (p < 0.05). Breast muscles from group 1 were characterised by better water-holding capacity and higher protein content, while those from 4 had higher content of collagen and water (p < 0.05). Breast muscles from group 3 were characterized by lower yellowness than in 2 (p < 0.05). Leg muscles from group 1 were characterized by lower redness than in 4 (p < 0.05). Water-holding capacity was better in group 3 and protein content was higher in 2 (p < 0.05). The content of fat in leg muscle was lower in all experimental groups compared to control (p < 0.05). This indicates the suitability of aluminosilicates in poultry management practice, with better growth and meat quality.
Guidelines for surfactant selection to treat petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils
Authors: Ritoré Emilio , Coquelet Bruno , Arnaiz Carmen , Morillo José , Usero José 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe present study determined the most effective surfactants to remediate gasoline and diesel-contaminated soil integrating information from soil texture and soil organic matter. Different ranges for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (> C6–C8, > C8–C10, > C10–C12, > C12–C16, > C16–C21, and > C21–C35) in gasoline and diesel fuel were analyzed. This type of analysis has been investigated infrequently. Three types of soils (silty clay, silt loam, and loamy sand) and four surfactants (non-ionic: Brij 35 and Tween 80; anionic: SDBS and SDS) were used. The results indicated that the largest hydrocarbon desorption was 56% for silty clay soil (SDS), 59% for silt loam soil (SDBS), and 69% for loamy sand soil (SDS). Soils with large amounts of small particles showed the worst desorption efficiencies. Anionic surfactants removed more hydrocarbons than non-ionic surfactants. It was notable that preferential desorption on different hydrocarbon ranges was observed since aliphatic hydrocarbons and large ranges were the most recalcitrant compounds of gasoline and diesel fuel components. Unlike soil texture, natural organic matter concentration caused minor changes in the hydrocarbon removal rates. Based on these results, this study might be useful as a tool to select the most cost-effective surfactant knowing the soil texture and the size and chemical structure of the hydrocarbons present in a contaminated site.
Micropropagation of Hibiscus moscheutos L. ‘Luna White’: effect of growth regulators and explants on nuclear DNA content and ploidy stability of regenerants
Authors: Sakhanokho Hamidou F. , Islam-Faridi Nurul , Babiker Ebrahiem M. , Smith Barbara J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHibiscus moscheutos L., also known as hardy hibiscus, is valued for its medicinal and ornamental attributes. It is usually propagated via seeds or cuttings. The purpose of this investigation was to develop a dependable micropropagation for H. moscheutos ‘Luna White’. To that end, the effect of four explant types (leaf, root, node, shoot tip) and two growth regulators 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and meta-Topolin (mT) (6-(3-hydroxybenzylamino) purine) on in vitro growth of H. moscheutos was investigated. Genetic stability of the in vitro grown plants was assessed using flow cytometry, and chromosome count was investigated. No shoots were obtained from leaf or root explants. An efficient protocol for micropropagation of H. moscheutos using two explant types, 2-node and shoot tip explants, and two cytokinins (BA and mT) capable of producing true-to-type regenerants was established. Both BA and mT can be used at 2 μM or 4 μM using either 2-node or shoot tip explants. No significant difference was found between the nuclear DNA contents of seed-derived and in vitro grown plants (P < 0.05). The mean 2C DNA and monoploid 1Cx-values of seed-derived plants were 3.25 ± 0.08 pg and 1.62 ± 0.04 pg, respectively, compared with 3.26 ± 0.06 pg and 1.63 ± 0.02 pg, respectively, for in vitro grown plants. The chromosome number of both seed-derived plants and regenerants was determined to be 2n = 2x = 38. The mature regenerants obtained were fertile and phenotypically similar to seed-derived plants.
Performance of HR-pQCT, DXA, and FRAX in the discrimination of asymptomatic vertebral fracture in postmenopausal Chinese women
Authors: Huang Meiling , Hung Vivian Wing-yin , Li Tsz Kiu , Law Sheung Wai , Wang Yulong , Chen Shangjie , Qin Ling 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSummaryVolumetric bone density (vBMD) and trabecular microarchitecture measured by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) can discriminate the patients with high risk of asymptomatic vertebral fracture (VF) in postmenopausal Chinese women. These findings suggested that HR-pQCT could provide additional information on bone quality of the patients with asymptomatic VF.IntroductionAlthough there were several studies using HR-pQCT to investigate asymptomatic VF, it remains uncertain if HR-pQCT parameters can discriminate asymptomatic VF patients, especially in Chinese population. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether bone quality measured by HR-pQCT could discriminate asymptomatic VF independent of hip areal bone mineral density (aBMD) measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and fracture risks evaluated using built-in Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAXBMD).MethodsThis is a nested case–control study. One hundred seventy-five ambulatory Chinese postmenopausal women aged 60–79 years were retrieved from Normative Reference Standards (NRS) cohort in Hong Kong. DXA was used to identify VF from lateral spine images (VFA) using Genant’s semi-quantitative method. Major osteoporotic fracture risk was calculated using FRAX tool. HR-pQCT was used to assess vBMD, microarchitecture, and estimated strength at both distal radius and tibia. Comparison of HR-pQCT parameters between asymptomatic VF and control was performed using covariance analysis. Logistic regression analysis was performed for calculating the adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of fracture status as per SD decrease in HR-pQCT parameters.ResultsWomen with asymptomatic VF were older than those of the control in our NRS cohort. Nevertheless, after adjusted for covariance, asymptomatic VF showed significantly lower trabecular vBMD (Tb.vBMD) at radius but higher SMI at tibia as compared with those of the control. Tb.vBMD at radius yielded the highest value of area under the curve (AUC) as compared with total hip aBMD and FRAXBMD. However, no significant difference was found among each other.ConclusionTb.vBMD at the radius and SMI at the tibia provided by HR-pQCT can discriminate asymptomatic VF independent of hip aBMD and FRAXBMDby DXA in postmenopausal women.
Fe Nitride Formation in Fe–Si Alloys: Crystallographic and Thermodynamic Aspects
Authors: Kante Stefan , Leineweber Andreas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A Fe–3wt pctSi alloy was gas nitrided to study the effect of Si on the Fe nitride formation. Both ε-Fe3N1+x
and γ′-Fe4N were observed at nitriding conditions only allowing to form single-phase γ′ layers in pure α-Fe. During short nitriding times, ε and γ′ simultaneously grow in contact with Si-supersaturated α-Fe(Si). Both nitrides almost invariably exhibit crystallographic orientation relationships with α-Fe, which are indicative of a partially displacive transformation of α-Fe being involved in the initial formation of ε and γ′. Due to Si constraining the Fe nitride growth, such transformation mechanism becomes highly important to the nitride layer formation, causing α-Fe-grain-dependent variations in the nitride layer morphology and thickness, as well as microstructure refinement within the nitride layer. After prolonged nitriding, α-Fe is depleted in Si due the pronounced precipitation of Si-rich nitride in α-Fe. The growth mode of the compound layer changes, now advancing by conventional planar-type growth. During nitriding times of 1 to 48 hours, ε exists in contact with the NH3/H2-containing nitriding atmosphere at a nitriding potential of 1 atm−1/2 and 540 °C, only allowing for the formation of γ′ in pure Fe, indicating that Si affects the thermodynamic stability ranges of ε and γ′.
Influence of the Evolution of 9CrMoCoB Steel Precipitates on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties during High-Temperature Aging
Authors: Ma Yulin , Kuang Chengyang , Cheng Jun , Yang Changdi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this study, the short-term aging was carried out to reveal the evolution of precipitates and mechanical properties of heat resistant 9CrMoCoB steel during the early creep, replacing the conventional creeping. The tempered martensite lath structure (TMLS) and precipitates were observed in the as-aged 9CrMoCoB steel. TMLS in the matrix underwent a transition to the polygonal ferrite after aging only for 300 h. In comparison, the mean diameter of the precipitates increased from 183 to 267 nm after aging at 650 °C for 300 h. Also, the mean diameter of the precipitates increased from 183 to 302 nm at 700 °C. The room-temperature and high-temperature strength of 9CrMoCoB steel decreased after high-temperature aging, which may be mainly due to precipitates coarsening. Many M23C6 phases precipitate in the prior austenite grain boundary (PAGB) and lath boundary. After aging 100 h, TMLS transformed into polygonal ferrite, and the size of the precipitate at the subgrain boundary was about 100 nm, while after 300 h of high-temperature aging, large precipitates appear (400 nm) in the matrix. After 200 h of high-temperature aging, the obvious growth of precipitates on the PAGB and lath boundary weakens the pinning effect on the PAGB and martensite lath boundary and accelerates the transformation of microstructure and mechanical properties.
Quasi Static and Fatigue Properties of Long Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyamide
Authors: Tiemann Jan-Marc , Mola Javad , Land Philipp , Krumpholz Thorsten , Krupp Ulrich 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this experimental work, the quasi static and fatigue properties of a 40 wt.% long carbon fiber reinforced partially aromatic polyamide (Grivory GCL-4H) were investigated. For this purpose, microstructural parameter variations in the form of different thicknesses and different removal directions from injection-molded plates were evaluated. Mechanical properties decreased by increasing misalignment away from the melt flow direction. By changing the specimen thickness, no change in the general fiber distribution pattern transversal and normal to the axis of melt flow was observed. It has shown that with increasing specimen thickness the quasi static properties along the melt flow direction decreased and vice versa resulting in superior properties normal to the melt flow axis. At around 5 mm, an intersection suggests quasi-isotropic behavior. In addition, the fatigue strength of the material was significantly higher in the flow direction than normal to the flow direction. No change in fatigue life was observed while changing specimen thickness. The Basquin equation seems to describe the effect of stress amplitude on the fatigue strength of this composite. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate fracture surfaces of tested specimens. Results show that mechanical properties and morphological structures depend highly on fiber orientation.
Performance measurement for offline inspections under variable interactions and inspection errors in low-volume production
Authors: Verna Elisa , Genta Gianfranco , Galetto Maurizio , Franceschini Fiorenzo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe assessment of the performance of inspection strategies is a crucial element in the design phase of product quality inspections of manufacturing companies. The aspects that inspection designers need to consider include: (1) the typology of quality inspection, (2) the inspection variables involved, (3) the potential interaction between variables and (4) the presence of inspection errors. In particular, low-volume inspection design is critical due to the lack of historical data and the inadequacy of traditional statistical approaches. By considering these issues, this paper proposes a novel approach to support inspection designers in the prediction of offline quality inspection performance. The development of a probabilistic model based on the analysis of the possible variable interactions and inspection errors and the definition of some performance measures may successfully help designers in the early design stages of inspection process planning. The approach is supported by a practical application in the Additive Manufacturing field.
Designing meta-resources for mathematics teachers in the context of curriculum reforms: the case of digital technology use and student autonomy in France
Authors: Gueudet Ghislaine , Pepin Birgit , Lebaud Marie-Pierre 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe study presented in this paper concerns the design and evaluation of curriculum material that supports mathematics teachers’ understanding and enactment of reform curricula and innovative teaching practices. Our focus is on curriculum material supporting mathematics teachers’ practices combining the use of digital technology and the development of student autonomy. We refer to the theoretical framework of the Documentational Approach to Didactics, which considers teachers’ documentation work as a central lever for the evolution of teachers’ practices. Our study took place in the context of curriculum reforms in France, which called on teachers to combine the use of digital technology with the development of student autonomy in their practices. We investigate in this paper the design of a meta-resource with the aim of supporting teachers’ documentation work in this context. The documentation work ranged from choosing a lesson plan offered on a website to designing a completely new lesson. Using a design research approach, we conducted two design and evaluation cycles, involving different groups of researchers and teachers, and we analysed these design processes and their outcomes. The researchers used particular categories to distinguish between different forms of autonomy, and criteria concerning the articulation between student autonomy and digital technologies. The teachers provided elements concerning the features of a lesson plan facilitating its appropriation, and more generally related to their actual design work. Our results illustrate how a multidisciplinary team of researchers can collaborate with teachers to design ‘meta-resources’ supporting teachers’ documentation work in a context of education reform.
Role of the PD‐1/PD‐L1 Signaling in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Recent Insights and Future Directions
Authors: Mi Yan , Han Jinming , Zhu Jie , Jin Tao 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmunity-related chronic demyelination disease of the central nervous system (CNS), causing young disability. Currently, highly specific immunotherapies for MS are still lacking. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is an immunosuppressive co-stimulatory molecule, which is expressed on activated T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and other immune cells. PD-L1, the ligand of PD-1, is expressed on T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages. PD-1/PD-L1 delivers negative regulatory signals to immune cells, maintaining immune tolerance and inhibiting autoimmunity. This review comprehensively summarizes current insights into the role of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The potentiality of PD-1/PD-L1 as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for MS will also be discussed.