bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscle Activation in Specific Regions of the Trapezius During Modified Kendall Manual Muscle Tests
Authors: Henderson Zachariah J. , Bohunicky Sarah , Rochon Josee , Dacanay Mark , Scribbans Trisha D. 
Published: February 2021

Context
Manual muscle tests (MMTs) are often used when assessing shoulder injuries. For the trapezius, individual MMTs are used to selectively test the upper trapezius region (UTR), middle trapezius region (MTR), and lower trapezius region (LTR). The MMTs for each region are assumed to preferentially recruit the corresponding muscle fibers and produce a maximal contraction; however, whether this is true is unknown.

Objective
To determine if maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) for the upper trapezius (UT-MVIC), middle trapezius (MT-MVIC), and lower trapezius (LT-MVIC), adapted from the Kendall MMTs, recruited the corresponding trapezius regions.

Design
Crossover study.

Setting
Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
A total of young, healthy individuals (10 men, 9 women, 1 not listed; age = 23.9 ± 1.7 years, height = 171.4 ± 9.6 cm, mass = 75.7 ± 11.6 kg).

Intervention(s)
Participants performed 3 repetitions of each MVIC. High-density surface electromyography measurements were collected from the UTR, MTR, and LTR.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Root mean square (excitation) of the UTR, MTR, and LTR.

Results
We observed an increase in UTR excitation during the LT-MVIC compared with the UT-MVIC (P = .016) and MT-MVIC (P &lt; .001). The MTR excitation increased during the MT-MVIC (P = .001) and the LT-MVIC (P &lt; .001) compared with the UT-MVIC. We also noted an increase in MTR excitation during the LT-MVIC compared with the MT-MVIC (P &lt; .001). The LTR excitation increased during the MT-MVIC and LT-MVIC (P values &lt; .001) compared with the UT-MVIC.

Conclusions
The UT-MVIC and MT-MVIC did not necessarily recruit the corresponding trapezius regions more than the other MVICs did. Rather, the LT-MVIC appeared to produce the greatest excitation of all trapezius regions. Additional research is needed; however, clinicians should be aware that maximal contractions may not always recruit the desired muscle region.
Normative Measures of Hip Strength and Relation to Previous Injury in Collegiate Cross-Country Runners
Authors: Vannatta Charles N. , Kernozek Thomas W. 
Published: February 2021

Context
Running-related injury occurs frequently in collegiate cross-country runners. Hip strength is one factor that may be important in the rehabilitation and training of cross-country runners. However, no normative values exist to inform these strategies.

Objective
To establish normative values for hip-abduction and external-rotation isometric strength in collegiate cross-country runners and explore the association between strength and previous injury.

Design
Mixed methods using descriptive epidemiology and retrospective cross-sectional designs.

Setting
University laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
Eighty-two National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III cross-country runners (38 males, 44 females).

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Isometric hip strength and reported injury.

Results
Males demonstrated greater absolute hip strength than females. Measures of hip strength were not different between sexes when normalized to height and mass. Hip-abduction asymmetry was associated with a previous injury in males. A combination of at least 1 leg with hip-abduction weakness and bilateral external-rotation weakness was associated with a previous injury in females.

Conclusions
Knowledge of normative values of hip strength may help inform rehabilitation strategies in collegiate cross-country runners. Males and females may demonstrate different strength profiles after running-related injury.
A Study of Correlates of Social Networking Site Addiction among the Undergraduate Health Professionals
Authors: Patel Vishal Kanaiyalal , Chaudhary Pradhyuman , Kumar Parveen , Vasavada Disha Alkeshbhai , Tiwari Deepak Sachidanand 
Published: February 2021

Introduction:
Social networking sites (SNSs) are popular, and there is a concern regarding its addiction among the young adults. The present study aimed to find the correlates of SNS addiction among the undergraduate health professionals.

Methods:
This was a 6-month, cross-sectional, and observational study of 730 undergraduate health professionals of government medical, dental, and physiotherapy colleges of Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. Participants were selected using stratified random sampling from the medical, dental, and physiotherapy government colleges. The Social Media Disorder Scale was used to detect the SNS addiction, the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) Scale was used to find the severity of FOMO, the Perceived Stress Scale was used to detect the severity of stress, and the Insomnia Severity Index was used to detect the severity of insomnia in health professionals. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and multiple regression analysis were used for analysis of data.

Results:
The prevalence rate of SNS addiction was 15.02% among the undergraduate health professionals. Participants with addiction were using SNS widely (hostel, home, college, and leisure hours), spent more time and money on Internet, started SNS use before 5 years, and reported FOMO. They also reported moderate-to-severe stress and insomnia.

Conclusion:
SNS addiction is prevalent in undergraduate health professionals. High level of FOMO, perceived stress, and insomnia among the health professionals are important correlates with SNS addiction.
Leisure Activity Engagement as a Predictor for Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Marufkhani Valiollah , Mohammadi Fatemeh , Mirzadeh Monirsadat , Allen Kelly-Ann , Motalebi Seyedeh Ameneh 
Published: February 2021

Introduction:
Participation in leisure activities is greatly associated with the health and well-being of older adults. This study investigated the role of leisure activities in predicting the quality of life of community-dwelling older adults.

Methods:
In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, 141 older adults were selected by cluster sampling method from public places. Data were collected through demographic characteristics, leisure time activities, and Lipad QoL questionnaires. The questionnaires were completed through face-to-face interviews. A regression model was used for data analysis.

Results:
The mean age of older adult participants was 70.36 years (standard deviation = 8.99; range: 60–100 years) and 63.8% were male. The results also showed a low level of leisure time engagement and high level of QoL among older adults. The results of the current study indicated that education level and leisure time activity engagement were associated with a better QoL.

Conclusion:
According to the results of this study, engagement in leisure activities is related to improvements in the QoL of community-dwelling older adults. It is recommended that policymakers and families plan for and implement leisure time activities for older adults.
Examining the Prevalence of Hypertension by Urban–Rural Stratification
Authors: Khan Md. Salauddin , Naznin Sabira , Halder Henry Ratul , Khan Umama , Hossain Md. Murad , Siddiquee Tanjim 
Published: February 2021

Introduction:
Nepal has one of the highest prevalences of hypertension in South Asia, which also causes other cardiovascular diseases. However, no studies investigated the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension by urban-rural stratification.

Methods:
We used a machine learning, Boruta algorithm to select risk factors and a tenfold random forest classifier to evaluate their performance. Finally, multivariate logistic regression estimated crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for knowledge generation.

Results:
The study included 7825 participants (urban: 4939; rural: 2886), where rural participants were slightly older (median: 37 years; interquartile range: 26–53) and females were more hypertensive (urban: n = 606, 34.5%; rural: n = 308, 31.2%). The prevalence of hypertension was 35.6% in urban and 34.1% in rural regions. The odds of hypertension increased in rural regions for advancing age, provinces (province 4 and 5), and ecological zones (hill and terai). Overweight and obese participants were more likely to have hypertension in both regions.

Conclusion:
The study recommends the rigorous improvement of public health programs in rural regions of province 4 and 5, concentrating on Dalit and Janajati older males from hill and terai ecological zones. Overweight and obese people from both regions also need special focus. Finally, policymakers and government officials have to tailor campaigns differently for robust implementation of the essential health-care package and multisectoral action plans to prevent and control hypertension.
LIBERALISME PENDIDIKAN DAN IMPLEMENTASINYA DALAM PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM
Authors: Syukran Syukran 
Published: February 2021

Untuk mewujudkan semangat liberalisme, Rogers telah menjadikan metode yang lebih praktis didalam pembelajaran, sementara Islam tidak memiliki konsep (metode praktis) pendidikan yang benar-benar mencerminkan pendidikan liberal. Namun, perbedaan dan keuntungan dari satu sama lain, tidak menghalangi untuk menggabungkan dua konsep tersebut. Karena jika dua konsep digabungkan, maka pendidikan akan menghasilkan output berkualitas tinggi: master pengetahuan umum (non - agama) dan pengetahuan agama, mampu berpikir otonom, kreatif, bijaksana dan mampu untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang dihadapi. Penggabungan dua konsep ini tidak boleh lengkap, melainkan hanya melengkapi. Pendidikan Islam sudah mempuyai semangat liberalisme, filosofi dan tujuan yang jelas, tidak perlu mengadopsi tujuan dan semangat liberalisme yang ditawarkan Rogers. Sebaliknya, sistem pendidikan Islam harus mengadopsi cara mengajar (metode praktis) liberalisme pendidikan Rogers .
Kata Kunci: Liberalisme Pendidikan, PAI, Analisis Pemikiran
Virgin Coconut Oil Attenuates Deficits in Rats Undergoing Transient Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Diestro Jose Danilo B. , Omar Abdelsimar T. , Climacosa Fresthel Monica M. , Mondia Mark Willy L. , Arbis Czarina Catherine H. , Collantes Therese Marie A. , Khu Kathleen Joy O. , Roxas Jr. Artemio A. , Estacio Maria Amelita C. 
Published: February 2021

Background and Objectives. Neuroprotection agents may help improve the outcomes of large vessel ischemic stroke. This study aims to explore the role of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), with its well-documented anti-oxidant properties, in neuroprotection after transient occlusion of the extracranial internal carotid artery in a rat model of stroke.
Methods. Twenty-three Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into two groups: 1) control group (n=11) given distilled water, and 2) treatment group (n=12) given virgin coconut oil at 5.15 ml/kg body weight for seven days. Subsequently, the rats underwent transient right extracranial internal carotid artery occlusion (EICAO) for 5 minutes using non-traumatic aneurysm clips. At 4 and 24 hours after EICAO, the animals were examined for neurologic deficits by an observer blinded to treatment groups, then sacrificed. Eight brain specimens (4 from each group) were subjected to histopathologic examination (H & E staining) while the rest of the specimens were processed using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining to determine infarct size and area of hemispheric edema.
Results. VCO treatment significantly improved the severity of neurologic deficit (1.42 ± 2.31) compared to the control distilled water group (4.09 ± 2.59) 24 hours after EICAO. Whereas, infarct size and percent hemispheric edema did not significantly differ between the two groups.
Conclusion. Prophylactic treatment of VCO is protective against EICAO-induced neurologic deficits in a rat model. VCO shows great potential as a neuroprotective agent for large vessel ischemic stroke. However, more studies are necessary to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanisms of VCO therapy in ischemic stroke.
Survey de Experiência como Pesquisa Qualitativa Básica em Administração.
Authors: Gil Antonio Carlos , Reis Neto Aline Crespo dos 
Published: February 2021

O survey de experiência tem sido utilizado no campo da Administração – provavelmente mais do que nas demais áreas do conhecimento - com propósitos profissionais e acadêmicos. Constitui um dos procedimentos mais recomendados na realização de estudos exploratórios, já que sua utilidade é amplamente reconhecida para proporcionar uma nova visão do problema proposto, para sugerir hipóteses de pesquisa e para aprimorar os procedimentos a serem adotados em pesquisas futuras. Constata-se, no entanto, que os manuais de pesquisa em Administração, embora recomendando sua utilização em estudos exploratórios, não enfatizam suas bases epistemológica, teóricas e metodológicas. Assim, elaborou-se o presente ensaio que tem como objetivo apresentar o survey de experiência como modalidade de pesquisa qualitativa básica e esclarecer acerca dos procedimentos adotados em seu planejamento e execução.
Seasonal dependence of the Earth's radiation belt – new insights
Authors: Hajra Rajkumar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Long-term variations in the relativistic (∼MeV) electrons in the Earth's radiation belt are explored to study seasonal features of the electrons. An L-shell dependence of the seasonal variations in the electrons is reported for the first time. A clear ∼6 month periodicity, representing one/two peaks per year, is identified for 1.5–6.0 MeV electron fluxes in the L shells between ∼3.0 and ∼5.0. The relativistic electron flux variation is strongest during solar cycle descending to minimum phases, with weaker/no variations during solar maximum. If two peaks per year occur, they are largely asymmetric in amplitude. The peaks essentially do not have an equinoctial
dependence. Sometimes the peaks are shifted to solstices, and sometimes only one annual peak is observed. No such seasonal features are prominent for L<3.0 and L>5.0. The results imply varying solar/interplanetary drivers of the radiation belt electrons at different L shells. This has a potential impact on the modeling of the space environment. Plausible solar drivers are discussed.
Multi-sensor analysis of monthly gridded snow precipitation on alpine glaciers
Authors: Gugerli Rebecca , Guidicelli Matteo , Gabella Marco , Huss Matthias , Salzmann Nadine 
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Accurate and reliable solid precipitation estimates for high mountain regions are crucial for many research applications. Yet, measuring snowfall at high elevation remains a major challenge. In consequence, observational coverage is typically sparse, and the validation of spatially distributed precipitation products is complicated. This study presents a novel approach using reliable daily snow water equivalent (SWE) estimates by a cosmic ray sensor on two Swiss glacier sites to assess the performance of various gridded precipitation products. The ground observations are available during two and four winter seasons. The performance of three readily-available precipitation data products based on different data sources (gauge-based, remotely-sensed, and re-analysed) is assessed in terms of their accuracy compared to the ground reference. Furthermore, we include a data set, which corresponds to the remotely-sensed product with a local adjustment to independent SWE measurements. We find a large bias of all precipitation products at a monthly and seasonal resolution, which also shows a seasonal trend. Moreover, the performance of the precipitation products largely depends on in situ wind direction during snowfall events. The varying performance of the three precipitation products can be partly explained with their compilation background and underlying data basis.
A novel causal structure-based framework for comparing a basin-wide water–energy–food–ecology nexus applied to the data-limited Amu Darya and Syr Darya river basins
Authors: Shi Haiyang , Luo Geping , Zheng Hongwei , Chen Chunbo , Hellwich Olaf , Bai Jie , Liu Tie , Liu Shuang , Xue Jie , Cai Peng , He Huili , Ochege Friday Uchenna , Van de Voorde Tim , de Maeyer Philippe 
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The previous comparative studies on watersheds were mostly based on the comparison of dispersive characteristics, which lacked systemicity and causality. We proposed a causal structure-based framework for basin comparison based on the Bayesian network (BN) and focus on the basin-scale water–energy–food–ecology (WEFE) nexus. We applied it to the Syr Darya River basin (SDB) and the Amu Darya River basin (ADB), of which poor water management caused the Aral Sea disaster. The causality of the nexus was effectively compared and universality of this framework was discussed. In terms of changes in the nexus, the sensitive factor for the water supplied to the Aral Sea changed from the agricultural development during the Soviet Union period to the disputes in the WEFE nexus after the disintegration. The water–energy contradiction of the SDB is more severe than that of the ADB, partly due to the higher upstream reservoir interception capacity. It further made management of the winter surplus water downstream
of the SDB more controversial. Due to this, the water–food–ecology conflict between downstream countries may escalate and turn into a long-term chronic problem. Reducing water inflow to depressions and improving the planting
structure prove beneficial to the Aral Sea ecology, and this effect of the SDB is more significant. The construction of reservoirs on the Panj River of the upstream ADB should be cautious to avoid an intense water–energy conflict such as the SDB's. It is also necessary to promote the water-saving drip irrigation and to strengthen the cooperation.
Mapping avalanches with satellites – evaluation of performance and completeness
Authors: Hafner Elisabeth D. , Techel Frank , Leinss Silvan , Bühler Yves 
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The spatial distribution and size of avalanches are essential parameters for
avalanche warning, avalanche documentation, mitigation measure design and
hazard zonation. Despite its importance, this information is incomplete
today and only available for limited areas and limited time periods. Manual
avalanche mapping from satellite imagery has recently been applied to reduce
this gap achieving promising results. However, their reliability and
completeness have not yet been verified satisfactorily. In our study we attempt a full validation of the completeness of visually
detected and mapped avalanches from optical SPOT 6, Sentinel-2 and radar
Sentinel-1 imagery. We examine manually mapped avalanches from two avalanche
periods in 2018 and 2019 for an area of approximately 180 km2 around
Davos, Switzerland, relying on ground- and helicopter-based photographs as
ground truth. For the quality assessment, we investigate the probability of
detection (POD) and the positive predictive value (PPV). Additionally, we
relate our results to conditions which potentially influence avalanche
detection in the satellite imagery. We statistically confirm the high potential of SPOT for comprehensive
avalanche mapping for selected periods (POD = 0.74, PPV = 0.88) as well
as the reliability of Sentinel-1 (POD = 0.27, PPV = 0.87) for which the
POD is reduced because mainly larger avalanches are mapped. Furthermore, we
found that Sentinel-2 is unsuitable for the mapping of most avalanches due
to its spatial resolution (POD = 0.06, PPV = 0.81). Because we could
apply the same reference avalanche events for all three satellite mappings,
our validation results are robust and comparable. We demonstrate that
satellite-based avalanche mapping has the potential to fill the existing
avalanche documentation gap over large areas, making alpine regions safer.
MEMBANGUN CLIENT SERVER DI UNIVERSITAS SATRIA MAKASSAR DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN RADMIN DAN NETWORK LOOKOUT MONITOR FOR EMPLOOYES PRO
Authors: Ibrahim Ismail 
Published: February 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk membangun sebuah hubungan yang dapat memberikan informasi setiap fakultas di Universitas Satria Makassar. Client-server adalah suatu bentuk arsitektur, dimana client adalah perangkat yang menerima yang akan menampilkan dan menjalankan aplikasi (software komputer) dan server adalah perangkat yang menyediakan dan bertindak sebagai pengelola aplikasi, data, dan keamanannya. Server biasanya terhubung dengan client melalui kabel UTP dan sebuah kartu jaringan (network card). Kartu jaringan ini biasanya berupa kartu PCI. Dalam teknologi informasi, client-server merujuk kepada cara mendistribusikan aplikasi ke pihak client dan pihak server. Dalam model client-server, sebuah aplikasi dibagi menjadi dua bagian yang terpisah yakni client dan server. Selain itu kami ingin mengaktifkan kembali jaringan LAN yang telah terputus, agar mempermudah pengaksesan data antar fakultas bahkan antar fakultas dan mahasiswanya. metode yang kami gunakan adalah metode penelitian deskriptif dimana kami berusaha menggambarkan dan menginterpretasikan objek sesuai dengan apa adanya. Hasil penelitian ini adalah Resource sharing, Reliabilitas tinggi dan Menghemat uang. Peran seorang mahasiswa yaitu harus bisa melihat peluang-peluang yang bisa di kerjakan sehingga apapun yang dibuatnya dapat bermanfaat dan bisa digunakan oleh orang lain yang memanfaatkannya., , dan .
The Afterimage of John Wayne and the Shape of Masculinity in the Landscape
Authors: Shorter Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this article I consider how my performance work The Afterimage of John Wayne (2020) creates a framework drawn from Conceptual Art methodologies to critique and reconsider gendered masculinity and representations of the landscape in the Western genre of cinema. The legacies of Conceptual Art practice that emerged in the 1960s produced creative modes that enabled new ways to engage with contemporary culture across multiple disciplines. An example of these modes was the “Instructional Statement,” which forms the basis for The Afterimage of John Wayne. The Instructional Statement enabled performance to be understood as an art form that could both produce and critique culture. This article will consider how such performance art forms have the capacity to shift and loosen the mythologies that underpin the performance of masculinity within “The Western.”
Tributação e propriedade: uma alternativa ao admirável mundo novo
Authors: Canuto Coelho André Felipe , Borba Bruna Estima 
Published: February 2021

Este artigo pretende apresentar uma alternativa para a questão da legitimidade da tributação. No contexto do Estado fiscal social de direito capitalista e em que o direito à propriedade privada é juridicamente reconhecido e protegido, propõe-se que o pagamento dos tributos deva corresponder à parcela do patrimônio social em relação ao qual o particular é mero depositário, sendo efetivamente privada apenas a parcela pós-tributária dos bens e rendas do contribuinte. A tributação se legitima consequentemente pela constatação de que a propriedade efetivamente privada é, somente, a propriedade pós-tributária. Essa concepção opõe-se à ideia de que o pagamento de tributos deriva de um dever de solidariedade ou de uma retribuição contraprestacional a que o indivíduo se submete para viver em determinada sociedade. Espera-se que esta análise lance nova luz sobre o fundamento de legitimidade da tributação ou que ao menos sirva de ponto de partida para a formação de um admirável mundo novo em que Estado e liberdade convivam em harmonia.