bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological and biochemical effects of food deprivation during the early development of Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru
Authors: Peña Renato , Moguel‐Hernández Ivette , Haro‐Ballesteros Gretchen M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe report the effects of food deprivation on the early development of Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru during the first days of development. The point of no return (PNR) was determined using the feeding incidence after a delay in first feeding. The gradual deterioration of the larvae during food deprivation was recorded using morphometric, histological, enzymatic and biochemical analysis. The time to reach the PNR was 120 h after hatching. Morphologically, the total length, muscle height, head length, tail length and pectoral angle showed the biggest reductions and their growth coefficients changed significantly during food deprivation. Histologically, enterocyte height also was reduced significantly. The protein concentration and activities of the digestive enzymes trypsin, cathepsin‐like and lipase showed a significant decrease; meanwhile, amylase activity remained constant during food deprivation. The concentration of total essential free amino acids (EFAAs) decreased significantly while that of the nonessential free amino acids (NEFAAs) remain stable during food deprivation. The most abundant EFAAs were lysine, leucine, isoleucine and valine; the most abundant NEFAAs were alanine, glycine and glutamate, suggesting a more prominent role as energy substrates. At the time of the PNR the concentration of almost all the free amino acids showed a significant decrease. Early food deprivation has a significant impact on the morphology and biochemical characteristics of L. peru. These results suggest that initial feeding of L. peru should begin within 3 days of yolk sac depletion to avoid the PNR. Further studies are necessary to confirm and validate the characters identified in this study as biomarkers of starvation under culture conditions and evaluate their possible utility in ichthyoplankton surveys.
Immunotherapy in cutaneous warts: comparative clinical Study between MMR vaccine, tuberculin, and BCG Vaccine
Authors: Shaker Engi Seif E. , Doghim Noha N. , Hassan Arwa Mhammad , Musafa Samia S. , Fawzy Mohamed M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundWarts are common viral infection of the skin. Treating warts are still an ongoing challenge and no general agreement is reached, on the best treatment, despite different therapeutic approaches. Intralesional (IL) immunotherapy has recently been shown to be effective in treating various wart forms.AimsTo assess the efficacy and safety of IL tuberculin, IL MMR vaccine, and intradermal (ID) BCG vaccination in treating viral warts.Patients and MethodsSixty patients with single or multiple warts were divided equally into three groups. Group A received IL MMR vaccine, and group B received IL tuberculin every 3 weeks (maximum 3 times). Group C received ID BCG vaccination in the arm with one month interval (maximum 3 times). Recurrence was followed up for 6 months.ResultsIn group A, complete response occurred in 30%, partial response in 5%, and no response in 65%. In group B, complete response occurred in 45%, partial response in 20%, minimal response in 10% and no response in 25%. In group C, complete response occurred in 70%, partial response in 5%, minimal response in 5%, and no response in 20%. No recurrence was observed in group A and B but occurred in one patient in group C with the same lesion.ConclusionsImmunotherapy by IL tuberculin and ID BCG vaccination are safe, effective, and inexpensive techniques in treating all types of warts even if recalcitrant or multiple but immunotherapy by IL MMR vaccine has shown less effectiveness and less safety technique.
Hypoalbuminemia in COVID‐19: assessing the hypothesis for underlying pulmonary capillary leakage
Authors: Wu M. A. , Fossali T. , Pandolfi L. , Carsana L. , Ottolina D. , Frangipane V. , Rech R. , Tosoni A. , Lopez G. , Agarossi A. , Cogliati C. , Meloni F. , Marchini B. , Nebuloni M. , Catena E. , Colombo R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundSince the first observations of patients with COVID‐19, significant hypoalbuminaemia was detected. Its causes have not been investigated yet.ObjectiveWe hypothesized that pulmonary capillary leakage affects the severity of respiratory failure, causing a shift of fluids and proteins through the epithelial–endothelial barrier.MethodsOne hundred seventy‐four COVID‐19 patients with respiratory symptoms, 92 admitted to the intermediate medicine ward (IMW) and 82 to the intensive care unit (ICU) at Luigi Sacco Hospital in Milan, were studied.ResultsBaseline characteristics at admission were considered. Proteins, interleukin 8 (IL‐8) and interleukin 10 (IL‐10) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analysed in 26 ICU patients. In addition, ten autopsy ultrastructural lung studies were performed in patients with COVID‐19 and compared with postmortem findings in a control group (bacterial pneumonia‐ARDS and H1N1‐ARDS). ICU patients had lower serum albumin than IMW patients [20 (18–23) vs 28 (24–33) g L−1, P < 0.001]. Serum albumin was lower in more compromised groups (lower PaO2‐to‐FiO2 ratio and worst chest X‐ray findings) and was associated with 30 days of probability of survival. Protein concentration was correlated with IL‐8 and IL‐10 levels in BALF. Electron microscopy examinations of eight out of ten COVID‐19 lung tissues showed loosening of junctional complexes, quantitatively more pronounced than in controls, and direct viral infection of type 2 pneumocytes and endothelial cells.ConclusionHypoalbuminaemia may serve as severity marker of epithelial–endothelial damage in patients with COVID‐19. There are clues that pulmonary capillary leak syndrome plays a key role in the pathogenesis of COVID‐19 and might be a potential therapeutic target.
Maintaining normal sleep patterns, lifestyles and emotion during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The stabilizing effect of daytime napping
Authors: Dai Wenjuan , Zhou Jieying , Li Guangming , Zhang Bin , Ma Ning 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to assess changes in sleep pattern and their influence on people's daily life and emotion during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Self‐developed questionnaires were used to measure changes in nocturnal sleep, daytime napping, lifestyles and negative emotions in individuals before and after the COVID‐19 pandemic. Nine hundred and thirty effective questionnaires were collected in this study. Repeated measures analysis of variance and hierarchical regression analysis were applied. We found that individuals' sleep rhythms were delayed, and sleep duration and sleep latency were increased during the stay‐at‐home orders. Meanwhile, their exercise levels and learning/working efficiency were decreased, and electronic device use time, annoyance levels and anxiety levels were increased. Delayed sleep patterns affected lifestyles and emotions. Moreover, sleep quality positively predicted learning/working efficiency and exercise levels, and negatively predicted use of electronic devices and negative emotions. Sleep patterns became delayed on weekdays during stay‐at‐home orders in all four daytime napping groups (no daytime napping, daytime napping as before, more daytime napping and less daytime napping), and the group taking daytime naps as before had a minimal variation, and their lifestyles and emotions were significantly better than those of the other groups. This study demonstrated that under the influence of stress caused by the pandemic, maintaining regular daytime napping was an effective way to stabilize sleep patterns and biological rhythms, keep good lifestyles and alleviate the effect of acute psychological stress, and to prevent and control mental disorders during the pandemic.
Post‐epizootic microbiome associations across communities of neotropical amphibians
Authors: Jervis Phillip , Pintanel Pol , Hopkins Kevin , Wierzbicki Claudia , Shelton Jennifer M.G. , Skelly Emily , Rosa Gonçalo M. , Almeida‐Reinoso Diego , Eugenia‐Ordoñez Maria , Ron Santiago , Harrison Xavier , Merino‐Viteri Andrés , Fisher Matthew C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMicrobiome–pathogen interactions are increasingly recognized as an important element of host immunity. While these host‐level interactions will have consequences for community disease dynamics, the factors which influence host microbiomes at larger scales are poorly understood. We here describe landscape‐scale pathogen–microbiome associations within the context of post‐epizootic amphibian chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by the panzootic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. We undertook a survey of Neotropical amphibians across altitudinal gradients in Ecuador ~30 years following the observed amphibian declines and collected skin swab‐samples which were metabarcoded using both fungal (ITS‐2) and bacterial (r16S) amplicons. The data revealed marked variation in patterns of both B. dendrobatidis infection and microbiome structure that are associated with host life history. Stream breeding amphibians were most likely to be infected with B. dendrobatidis. This increased probability of infection was further associated with increased abundance and diversity of non‐Batrachochytrium chytrid fungi in the skin and environmental microbiome. We also show that increased alpha diversity and the relative abundance of fungi are lower in the skin microbiome of adult stream amphibians compared to adult pond‐breeding amphibians, an association not seen for bacteria. Finally, stream tadpoles exhibit lower proportions of predicted protective microbial taxa than pond tadpoles, suggesting reduced biotic resistance. Our analyses show that host breeding ecology strongly shapes pathogen–microbiome associations at a landscape scale, a trait that may influence resilience in the face of emerging infectious diseases.
Timing strains of the marine insect Clunio marinus diverged and persist with gene flow
Authors: Kaiser Tobias S. , von Haeseler Arndt , Tessmar‐Raible Kristin , Heckel David G. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGenetic divergence of populations in the presence of gene flow is a central theme in speciation research. Theory predicts that divergence can happen with full range overlap – in sympatry – driven by ecological factors, but there are few empirical examples of how ecologically divergent selection can overcome gene flow and lead to reproductive isolation. In the marine midge Clunio marinus (Diptera: Chironomidae) reproduction is ecologically restricted to the time of the lowest tides, which is ensured through accurate control of development and adult emergence by circalunar and circadian clocks. As tidal regimes differ along the coastline, locally adapted timing strains of C. marinus are found in different sites across Europe. At the same time, ecologically suitable low tides occur at both full and new moon and twice a day, providing C. marinus with four nonoverlapping temporal niches at every geographic location. Along the coast of Brittany, which is characterized by a steep gradient in timing of the tides, we found an unusually large number of differentially adapted timing strains, and the first known instances of sympatric C. marinus strains occupying divergent temporal niches. Analysis of mitochondrial genotypes suggests that these timing strains originated from a single recent colonization event. Nuclear genotypes show strong gene flow, sympatric timing strains being the least differentiated. Even when sympatric strains exist in nonoverlapping temporal niches, timing adaptations do not result in genome‐wide genetic divergence, suggesting timing adaptations are maintained by permanent ecological selection. This constitutes a model case for incipient ecological divergence with gene flow.
Gear modifications reduced humpback whale entanglements in a commercial rock lobster fishery
Authors: How Jason R. , de la Mare William K. , Coughran Douglas K. , Double Michael C. , de Lestang Simon 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEntanglement of whales in fishing gear occurs globally and where populations are recovering from past exploitation, entanglement frequency is likely to increase. The Western Australian population of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) is growing rapidly, yet from 1990 to 2010 the number of whales reported entangled in gear from the pot‐based western rock lobster fishery was relatively stable at around one per year. However, from 2010, reported entanglements increased, reaching a maximum of 17 in 2013. This increase occurred immediately after a shift to a year‐round quota‐based fishery that eliminated the annual 4½‐month closure that coincided with the whale migration. Gear modifications that eliminated surface rope, shortened rope lengths, and reduced float numbers were implemented in June 2014 to reduce whale entanglements. The effectiveness of these modifications was evaluated using a Bayesian model that incorporated changes in humpback whale population size, entanglement reporting probability, fishing effort, and whale migration timing. Our analyses indicate that gear modifications reduced entanglement in fishing gear from the rock lobster fishery by at least 25% (with 95% probability), with a median reduction of 64%. The model also showed that the greatest entanglement risk occurs on the northward migration and in water depths of 55–73 m.
Functional traits and symbiotic associations of geoxyles and trees explain the dominance of detarioid legumes in miombo ecosystems
Authors: Gomes Amândio L. , Revermann Rasmus , Meller Paulina , Gonçalves Francisco M. P. , Aidar Marcos P. M. , Lages Fernanda , Finckh Manfred 
Published: January 2021

Summary

The miombo region in Africa is covered by a mosaic of woodlands and geoxylic grasslands and is subject to disturbances such as fires, frost and drought, and low nutrient availability. The dominance of Fabaceae Detarioideae species in miombo ecosystems is remarkable but little understood. We therefore compared plant functional traits (PFTs) of common woody species of the Angolan plateau, grouped by life form (trees, geoxyles), lineage (Fabaceae: Detarioideae, non‐Detarioideae) and symbiont association (ectomycorrhiza, rhizobia).

PFTs reflect group‐specific adaptations to prevalent environmental conditions. To analyse the impact of environmental drivers, we selected PFTs reflecting ecophysiological aspects of leaf morphology, nutrient content and water transport. Traits were measured following standardized protocols.

We found differences in key PFTs between trees and geoxyles reflecting both life form‐specific adaptations to environmental conditions and lineage‐specific strategies to cope with environmental stresses. We interpret higher leaf thickness and higher wood density of geoxyles as responses to harsher open environments. Fabaceae in general and ectomycorrhizal species showed better nutrient status.

Symbiotic associations of detarioid legumes with ectomycorrhiza show specific advantages for phosphorous uptake as compared to Rhizobia‐associated Fabaceae and to non‐Fabaceae and thus may be crucial for the stunning dominance of Detarioideae in miombo landscapes.
Approaches for the integration of big data in translational medicine: single‐cell and computational methods
Authors: Amirmahani Farzane , Ebrahimi Nasim , Molaei Fatemeh , Faghihkhorasani Ferdos , Jamshidi Goharrizi Kiarash , Mirtaghi Seyede Masoumeh , Borjian‐Boroujeni Marziyeh , Hamblin Michael R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTranslational medicine describes a bench‐to‐bedside approach that eventually converts findings from basic scientific studies into real‐world clinical research. It encompasses new treatments, advanced equipment, medical procedures, preventive and diagnostic approaches creating a bridge between basic studies and clinical research. Despite considerable investment in basic science, improvements in technology, and increased knowledge of the biology of human disease, translation of laboratory findings into substantial therapeutic progress has been slower than expected, and the return on investment has been limited in terms of clinical efficacy. In this review, we provide a fresh perspective on some experimental and computational approaches for translational medicine. We cover the analysis, visualization, and modeling of high‐dimensional data, with a focus on single‐cell technologies, sequence, and structure analysis. Current challenges, limitations, and future directions, with examples from cancer and fibrotic disease, will be discussed.
THE HALLATON INGOT: SILVER IN IRON AGE BRITAIN
Authors: Farley Julia 
Published: January 2021

SummaryThis article is a case study of the detailed contextual and scientific analysis of a single object, moving beyond a conventional object biography to consider flows of materials and shifts in meaning and value. The object is a simple triangular silver ingot from the Late Iron Age shrine site at Hallaton, Leicestershire, UK. Scientific analysis is used to uncover the biography of the ingot, and the raw materials from which it was created. The results suggest that the metal which eventually formed the ingot circulated through both Iron Age and Roman social networks, being reworked and transformed several times before it was deposited. Silver emerges as a material which mediated between the Mediterranean world and Iron Age communities in Britain, allowing translation and transmutation between different systems of value in conquest‐period Britain.
An exploration of factors associated with food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome: Birth, infant feeding and food triggers
Authors: Lee Eric , Barnes Elizabeth H. , Mehr Sam , Campbell Dianne E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundFood protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non–IgE‐mediated food allergic disorder with a well‐characterized phenotype, but limited understanding of factors associated with food cross‐reactivity, severity and tolerance.MethodsA retrospective cohort study spanning 20 years on children with acute FPIES from a single paediatric tertiary centre in New South Wales, Australia, focusing on identifying food trigger co‐associations and factors associated with reaction severity, multiple trigger FPIES and/or tolerance was performed.ResultsA total of 168 individuals with 329 recorded FPIES episodes between 1997 and 2017 were included. 49% were male. The median age at first reaction was 5 months, and median age at diagnosis was 9 months. 73% experienced at least one severe FPIES reaction. Rice (45%), cow's milk (30%) and soya (13%) were the most common triggers. Rice or cow's milk FPIES was strongly associated with increased odds of having multiple trigger FPIES. The odds of having multiple food FPIES and severe reactions were slightly decreased with vaginal delivery. No factors were associated with increased risk of severe reactions. Infants with rice and grains FPIES outgrew their reactions at an earlier age, compared to those with fish FPIES.ConclusionsRice remains the most common trigger in Australia with co‐associations between rice/oats and cow's milk/soya observed. This suggests that taxonomically related foods may share similar protein structure and trigger similar mechanisms of antigen recognition. Vaginal delivery may have a mild protective effect on the development of multiple FPIES and severe reactions. No other features from birth or infant‐feeding history influenced outcomes in FPIES.
Acute urticaria preceding other COVID‐19–associated manifestations—A case report
Authors: Chen Vivien , Escandon Brehm Julia , Bellodi Schmidt Fernanda 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 has been associated with a variety of dermatologic manifestations, often the predominant finding in otherwise asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic patients. Urticarial eruption is one example, but few cases have been reported among pediatric patients. We present a case of acute urticaria in a 6‐month‐old boy preceding other COVID‐19 symptoms. The suspicion of a possible COVID‐19–associated cutaneous manifestation prompted timely testing and diagnosis of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
Automated Registration of SfM‐MVS Multitemporal Datasets Using Terrestrial and Oblique Aerial Images
Authors: Parente Luigi , Chandler Jim H. , Dixon Neil 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAccurate alignment of 3D models is critical for valid change‐detection analysis from multitemporal photogrammetric datasets. This paper assesses an automated registration strategy which uses the scale‐invariant feature transform (SIFT) algorithm implemented in modern photogrammetric software. This registration solution, also known as “Time‐SIFT”, was tested at two study sites featuring vertical surfaces, including a sea cliff (~500 m2) and a quarry face (~50 000 m2). Tests demonstrated that the investigated registration strategy can achieve accurate alignments between multitemporal point clouds even when using multisource and multi‐perspective data, captured across widely varying spatial and temporal scales and under a range of weather and illumination conditions. The combination of the Time‐SIFT approach with an ICP algorithm produced moderate improvements in the alignment. Furthermore, the use of an innovative direct georeferencing technique, which used the tracking feature of a robotic total station, allowed for accurate georectification of 3D models.
Recurrent Events Modelling of Haemophilia Bleeding Events
Authors: Titman Andrew C. , Wolfsegger Martin J. , Jaki Thomas F. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) approach is developed for modelling the recurrent bleeding events in patients with severe haemophilia to investigate the relationship between factor VIII plasma activity level and the instantaneous risk of a bleed. The model incorporates patient-level pharmacokinetic (PK) information obtained through measurements taken prior to the study which are used to fit a non-linear mixed-effects two-compartment PK model. Dosing times within the study are combined with the PK model to provide the estimated factor VIII plasma level for all patients, which is used as a time-dependent covariate within the recurrent events model. Methods are developed to correct the attenuation in covariate effects that would otherwise arise due to the discrepancy between estimated and true factor VIII. In contrast to existing methods proposed for such data, such as count data regression or time-to-event analysis, the new method allows all the bleeding times to be used to investigate the relationship between current factor VIII and risk of a bleed. The performance of the proposed estimators are assessed via simulation and found to outperform the naive estimator, which treats the estimated factor VIII levels as if they were measured without error, both in terms of bias and mean squared error.