bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DXA reference values of the humanoid sheep model in preclinical studies
Authors: Biehl Christoph , Schmitt Jakob , Stoetzel Sabine , Malhan Deeksha , Hassan Fathi , Knapp Gero , Heiss Christian , El Khassawna Thaqif 
Published: April 2021

Background
Merino land sheep are a popular pre-clinical large animal model in research on systemic skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis. Interpretation of studies is difficult because many reference parameters are missing or not established. This study aims to determine the reference parameters of the skeletal system (peak bone mass = PBM, T-Score). A defined standard allows an easier comparison of the study data of the animal model with human studies (T-Score).

Materials and methods
A total of 116 Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry DXA measurements were performed on 74 untreated sheep. The average age of the animals was 57 months. The BMD, BMC, and fat content of the sheep were determined by the relevant human region of interest (ROI). From this, the PBM and from this the T-score for each of the animals were calculated.

Results
Using 682 DXA measurements BMD and BMC were determined to provide an indication to PBM. For BMD a significant correlation to the age of the animals was observed (p = 0.043). A significant correlation was also seen for BMC (B) (p ≤ 0.001). In the age-dependent analysis, a widespread of values above the linear regression line was measured for both BMD and BMC between the 50th and 90th months of life. From an age of about 90 months, a wider spread of values below the linear regression line was found, although the average values continued to rise.

Discussion
The evaluation of the 116 DXA measurements allowed the determination of the PBM for merino land sheep. With the help of the PBM, a T-score was calculated for each animal. The statistical analysis shows significant differences in BMD values between the different animal groups in each of the four ROIs investigated. Individual control or sham groups per study are therefore not sufficient. To improve comparability, an independent reference group should be established.

Conclusion
An independent reference group for PBM and a T-score was established from four to six-year-old animals. The bone density increases with the age of the animals. Around the fourth year of life, a first peak could be observed. Also, after the seventh year of life, a further peak with the beginning plateau phase was observed. When compiling a group of animals for an osteoporosis model, animals from the age of seven years should, therefore, be used.
Identification of potential genes in upper tract urothelial carcinoma using next-generation sequencing with bioinformatics and in vitro analyses
Authors: Lee Hsiang-Ying , Li Ching-Chia , Li Wei-Ming , Hsu Ya-Ling , Yeh Hsin-Chih , Ke Hung-Lung , Yeh Bi Wen , Huang Chun-Nung , Li Chien-Feng , Kuo Po-Lin , Wu Wen-Jeng 
Published: April 2021

Background
We aimed to identify prognostic biomarkers of upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUCs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and genes which account for only 5% to 10% of all urothelial carcinomas (UCs). In Taiwan, this figure is markedly higher, where it can reach up to 30% of UC cases.

Materials and Methods
Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), we analyzed two pairs of renal pelvis tumors and adjacent normal urothelial tissues to screen miRNAs and messenger RNAs. By combining bioinformatics analysis from miRmap, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and Oncomine and Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis databases, we identified candidate genes. To search for upstream miRNAs with exact target binding sites, we used miRmap, TargetScan, and miRDB to enforce evidence. Then, we clarified gene and protein expression through an in vitro study using western blot analysis and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR.

Results
Interactions between selected target genes obtained using the NGS and miRmap methods were assessed through a Venn diagram analysis. Six potential genes, namely, PDE5A, RECK, ZEB2, NCALD, PLCXD3 and CYBRD1 showed significant differences. Further analysis of gene expression from the GEO dataset indicated lower expression of PDE5A, RECK, ZEB2, and CYBRD1 in bladder cancer tissue than in normal bladder mucosa, which indicated that PDE5A, RECK, ZEB2, and CYBRD1 may act as tumor suppressors in UTUC. In addition, we compared the expression of these genes in various UC cell lines (RT4, BFTC905, J82, T24, UMUC3, 5637, BFTC 909, UMUC14) and found decreased expression of PDE5A in muscle-invasive UC cells compared with the RT4 cell line. Furthermore, by using paired UTUC and normal tissues from 20 patients, lower PDE5A expression was also demonstrated in tumor specimens.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest these candidate genes may play some roles in UTUC progression. We propose that these markers may be potential targets clarified by in vitro and in vivo experiments. PDE5A also potentially presents tumor suppressor genes, as identified by comparing the expression between normal and tumor specimens.
Modeling the Effect of Inpatient Rehabilitation of Tobacco Smokers on Smoking Dynamics
Authors: Nyamai Amos Mwendwa , Mutuku Winifred N. 
Published: April 2021

Aims:

Develop and analyze a mathematical model of the effect of inpatient rehabilitation of tobacco smokers on tobacco smoking using Kenya as a case study.
Perform stability analysis on the smoking free equilibrium point and endemic equilibrium point of the model.
Use numerical simulation to investigate the impact of inpatient rehabilitation of tobacco smokers on smoking.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Mathematics and Actuarial Science, School of Pure and Applied Sciences (SPAS), Kenyatta University, Kenya, between May 2019 and September 2020.
Tobacco smoking is a serious burden in Kenya and the world at large. Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and affects the overall health of a person. Despite the overwhelming facts about the consequences of tobacco smoking, it remains a bad wont which is socially accepted and widely spread. In this research we numerically analyze the dynamics of smoking incorporating the impact of inpatient rehabilitation to curb the smoking habit. We first present a three-compartment model incorporating inpatient rehabilitation, then develop the system of ordinary differential equations governing the smoking dynamics. The basic reproduction number is determined using next generation matrix method. The model equilibria were computed and the stability analysis carried out. The results of stability analysis indicate that the disease-free equilibrium (DFE) is both locally and globally asymptotically stable for RS < 1 while the endemic equilibrium is both locally and globally asymptotically stable for RS > 1. Numerical simulations of model carried out with the help of MATLAB shows that, when rehabilitation is implemented effectively, it helps in minimization of smoking in the community.
Clinical and Biochemical Predictors of Endothelial Dysfunction in Egyptian Adolescents with Type 1 and those with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Zakaria EkramHamed , Ghazy MedhatAbdElmaged , Mohamed Wesam Salah , Kotb Nesreen Ahmed 
Published: April 2021

Aims: Since endothelial dysfunction precedes clinically significant diabetic vascular complications, circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have generated interest as a biomarker of endothelial function and are considered a mirror for endogenous vasculo-regenerative capacity. So we aimed to assess EPCs count in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in comparison to those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and extend these findings to assess their relationship to other clinical and biochemical risks of endothelial dysfunction.
Patients and Methods: Fifty Egyptian adolescents were included in this study, 20 with T1DM, 20 T2DM and 10 healthy control subjects. Patients are recruited from Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, outpatient clinic of internal medicine department Tanta University Hospital, in the period from 2017 to 2019. EPCs count was determined by Flowcytometry, anthropometric measurements and laboratory investigations were done for fasting and 2-hours post-prandial blood glucose, serum lipid profile, HbA1c, urinary albumin creatinine ratio, fasting C peptide, and homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA- IR).
Results: In T1DM, EPCs count was significantly higher compared to T2DM(0.032) and control group(p0.001) and it was negatively correlated with age of patients and duration of diabetes but was positively correlated with HbA1c. While, the count was higher in T2DM compared to control with no statistically significant difference(p0.063) and negatively correlated with body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure and HOMA-IR.
Conclusion: Adolescents with T2DM have distressing clinical and biochemical findings and significantly lower count of (EPCs) than adolescents with T1DM. This puts them at potential higher risk for early development of endothelial dysfunction and less power of vascular repair that may potentiate early harboring of vascular complications.
Personalized Radiation Attenuating Materials for Gastrointestinal Mucosal Protection
Authors: Byrne James D. , Young Cameron C. , Chu Jacqueline N. , Pursley Jennifer , Chen Mu Xian , Wentworth Adam J. , Feng Annie , Kirtane Ameya R. , Remillard Kyla A. , Hancox Cindy I. , Bhagwat Mandar S. , Machado Nicole , Hua Tiffany , Tamang Siddartha M. , Collins Joy E. , Ishida Keiko , Hayward Alison , Becker Sarah L. , Edgington Samantha K. , Schoenfeld Jonathan D. , Jeck William R. , Hur Chin , Traverso Giovanni 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCancer patients undergoing therapeutic radiation routinely develop injury of the adjacent gastrointestinal (GI) tract mucosa due to treatment. To reduce radiation dose to critical GI structures including the rectum and oral mucosa, 3D‐printed GI radioprotective devices composed of high‐Z materials are generated from patient CT scans. In a radiation proctitis rat model, a significant reduction in crypt injury is demonstrated with the device compared to without (p < 0.0087). Optimal device placement for radiation attenuation is further confirmed in a swine model. Dosimetric modeling in oral cavity cancer patients demonstrates a 30% radiation dose reduction to the normal buccal mucosa and a 15.2% dose reduction in the rectum for prostate cancer patients with the radioprotectant material in place compared to without. Finally, it is found that the rectal radioprotectant device is more cost‐effective compared to a hydrogel rectal spacer. Taken together, these data suggest that personalized radioprotectant devices may be used to reduce GI tissue injury in cancer patients undergoing therapeutic radiation.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zinc‐Doped Silica Nanospheres Simultaneously Featuring Stable Fluorescence and Long‐Lived Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence
Authors: Cui Mingyue , Li Manjing , Wang Jinhua , Chen Runzhi , Xu Zhaojian , Wang Jingyang , Han Junfei , Hu Guyue , Sun Rong , Jiang Xin , Song Bin , He Yao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFluorescence and phosphorescence are known as two kinds of fundamental optical signals, which have been used for myriad applications. To date, simultaneous activation of stable fluorescence and long‐lived room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) emission in the aqueous phase remains a big challenge. We prepare zinc‐doped silica nanospheres (Zn@SiNSs) with fluorescence and RTP properties using a facile hydrothermal synthetic strategy. For the as‐prepared Zn@SiNSs, the recombination of electrons and holes in defects and defect‐stabilized excitons derived from oxygen vacancy/C=N bonds lead to the production of stable fluorescence and long‐lived RTP (emission lasting for ≈9 s, quantum yield (QY): ≈33.6 %, RTP lifetime: ≈236 ms). The internal Si−O bonded networks and hydrophilic surface in Zn@SiNSs can reduce nonradiative decay to form self‐protective RTP, and also provide high water solubility, excellent pH‐ and photostability.
CeCl3/n‐BuLi: Enträtselung von Imamotos Organocer‐Reagenz
Authors: Berger Tassilo , Lebon Jakob , Maichle‐Mössmer Cäcilia , Anwander Reiner 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCeCl3(thf) reagiert bei niedrigen Temperaturen mit MeLi, t‐BuLi und n‐BuLi zu isolierbaren Organocer‐Komplexen. Eine lösemittelabhängige, z. T. stark ausgeprägte Dissoziation von n‐BuLi konnte durch7Li‐NMR‐Spektroskopie aufgeklärt werden. Dieses Verhalten deutet darauf hin, dass “Ce(n‐Bu)3(thf)x” oder Solvens‐separierte Ionenpaare wie “[Li(thf)4][Ce(n‐Bu)4(thf)y]” die dominanten Spezies des Imamoto‐Reagenzes sind. Die Stabilität der Komplexe Li3Ln(n‐Bu)6(thf)4steigt mit der Abnahme der LnIII‐Größe deutlich. Untersuchungen zum Lösungsverhalten von kristallinem Li3Lu(n‐Bu)6(thf)4und Mischungen von LuCl3(thf)2/n‐BuLi in THF deuten darauf hin, dass eine merkliche Dissoziation von n‐BuLi nur bei Molverhältnissen von <1:3 erfolgt. Der an n‐BuLi abgereicherte Komplex LiLu(n‐Bu)3Cl(tmeda)2wurde durch Behandlung von Li2Lu(n‐Bu)5(tmeda)2mit ClSiMe3gewonnen, jedoch auf Kosten einer Einlagerung von LiCl. Imamotos Transformation von Ketonen zu tertiären Alkoholen wurde mit 1,3‐Diphenylpropan‐2‐on untersucht und lieferte 99 % des Alkohols.
Precise Identification and Characterization of Catalytically Active Sites on the Surface of γ‐Alumina**
Authors: Khivantsev Konstantin , Jaegers Nicholas R. , Kwak Ja‐Hun , Szanyi Janos , Kovarik Libor 
Published: April 2021

Abstractγ‐alumina is one of the oldest and most important commercial catalytic materials with high surface area and stability. These attributes enabled its use as the first commercial large‐scale heterogeneous catalyst for ethanol dehydration. Despite progress in materials characterization the nature of the specific sites on the surface of γ‐alumina that are responsible for its unique catalytic properties has remained obscure and controversial. By using combined infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopy and solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements we identify the octahedral, amphoteric (O)5Al(VI)‐OH sites on the (100) segments of massively restructured (110) facets on typical rhombus‐platelet γ‐alumina as well as the (100) segments of irrational surfaces (invariably always present in all γ‐alumina samples) responsible for its unique catalytic activity. Such (O)5Al(VI)‐OH sites are also present on the macroscopically defined (100) facets of γ‐alumina with elongated/rod‐like geometry. The mechanism by which these sites lose ‐OH groups upon thermal dehydroxylation resulting in coordinatively unsaturated penta‐coordinate Al+3O5 sites is clarified. These coordinatively unsaturated penta‐coordinate Al sites produce well‐defined thermally stable Al‐carbonyl complexes. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the nature of coordinatively unsaturated Al sites on the surface of γ‐alumina and their role as catalytically active sites.
Further exploration of the reaction between cis‐[Fe(CO)4I2] and alkylamines: An aminium salt of fac‐[Fe(CO)3I3]− or an amine‐bound complex of fac‐[Fe(CO)3I2(NH2R)]?
Authors: Guo Jinzhong , Guo Zhuming , Xiao Zhiyin , Jin Jing , Yang Xiuqin , He Yi , Liu Xiaoming 
Published: April 2021

Four new monoiron (II) tricarbonyl complexes with the amine bound, fac‐[Fe(CO)3I2(NH2R)] (R = Et, 1; nPr, 2; nBu, 3; nPent, 4), were reported using cis‐[Fe(CO)4I2] as the precursor. All the complexes 1–4 were structurally confirmed by various techniques such as ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and elemental analysis of which complexes 1 and 2 are crystallographically determined. The reaction of the precursor with alkylamines proceeded in two main parallel pathways to form both aminium salts of fac‐[Fe(CO)3I3]− and the amine‐bound complexes (1–4). Their dominances altered with the reaction time. These complexes in DMSO undergo quick decomposition with complex 1 as the relatively most stable one (t1/2 = 7.3 min) although they are stable in solid status. Unlike the triiodo anion and pyridinyl analogs showing severe cytotoxicity due to the generation of iodine radical during the decomposition, no iodine radicals were detected from the fac‐[Fe(CO)3I2(NH2R)] complexes. Therefore, the cell viability of RT112 cells was not affected by the presence of the amine‐bound iron complex (1) up to 100 μmol L−1.
Effect of different drying methods on zein‐based microcapsules loaded with Artemisia argyis essence obtained by anti‐solvent precipitation
Authors: Xu Qunna , Bai Zhongxue , Ma Jianzhong , Huang Mengchen , Li Jiaojiao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMicroencapsulation is considered an efficient technique to protect functional materials from oxidization while enabling controlled release. In this study, anti‐solvent precipitation was used to prepare zein‐based microcapsules loaded with Artemisia argyis essence (AAE@ZMs). The impact of different drying methods, namely vacuum drying, freeze drying, and spray drying on AAE@ZMs was evaluated. Quality of AAE@ZMs was evaluated by the determination of color, moisture content, bulk density, chemical structure, and morphology evaluation. Freeze dried AAE@ZMs (F‐AAE@ZMs) and vacuum dried microcapsules (V‐AAE@ZMs) respectively showed stronger water and oil absorption capacities. The residual content of Artemisia argyis essence (AAE) in V‐AAE@ZMs was higher than those in F‐AAE@ZMs and spray dried microcapsules (S‐AAE@ZMs) after continuously releasing for 120 h. Meanwhile, heated from 30 to 600°C, the residues of V‐AAE@ZMs and F‐AAE@ZMs were lower than those of S‐AAE@ZMs. Therefore, drying methods greatly affected key quality parameters of AAE@ZMs. This study provides guidance on the use of drying methods in microcapsules delivery systems with zein or other materials.
Who gains and who loses? Sociodemographic disparities in access to special education services among autistic students
Authors: Sturm Alexandra , Williams Justin , Kasari Connie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLittle is known about differences in the allocation of special education services to students with autism compared with students with other primary learning differences (e.g., intellectual disability [ID], specific learning disability [SLD]) and the comparative impact of sociodemographic factors on special education service receipt. The present study aimed to compare allocation of services (i.e., quantity and types) between students eligible for special education services under autism, SLD and ID, and to identify differences in sociodemographic predictors (e.g., race, neighborhood income) of service allocation. Data were culled from special education administrative records from a large urban, primarily Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish‐serving school district from academic years 2011–2012 to 2016–2017. Participants included N = 76,428 students (Nautism = 18,151, NSLD = 54,001, NID = 4,276) ages 2–18. Results showed that autistic students received, on average, more services than students with SLD. Services received by students served under autism and SLD eligibility were more congruent with areas of need (e.g., language, occupational therapy) relative to students served under ID. Student‐level socioeconomic status (free and reduced lunch) was more positively predictive of the number of special education services received than the neighborhood income of the school the student attended. Finally, the most significant racial disparities in service allocation were observed among students served under autism eligibility. The present study demonstrates the critical role of economic resources in the quantity and types of services received, and the desirability of a public education for well‐resourced families who are possibly best situated to navigate special education services.Lay SummaryAn eligibility of autism in special education confers a significant advantage in the number of services a student receives. Disparity in the quantity of special education services exists among autistic students across many sociodemographic factors. Most notably, greater allocation of services to non‐Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish, White American, European American, or Middle Eastern American students and students who do not receive free and reduced lunch.
Overview on the current practices and future potential of bioenergy use in Palestine
Authors: Salah Wael A. , Abuhelwa Mai , Bashir Mohammed J.K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPalestine has considerable potential for bioenergy production, which can contribute to the independence of the nation's energy sector. However, few projects have been implemented for the production and utilization of bioenergy. In this study, the potential effects of using bioenergy from various sources, such as municipal solid waste, wastewater treatment plants, and animal farms are studied. Certain studies and successful projects in Palestine are evaluated. Different technologies that could be used effectively are introduced. The challenges facing the adoption of bioenergy are discussed. The effect of energy generation is studied, and an economic analysis is performed. Results show that if bioenergy is adopted in the cities of Palestine, then approximately 19% of the total energy demand can be covered. Based on successful, established projects, Palestine has promising potential to generate low‐cost energy from bioresources. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of Single and Double Azahelicene‐Like Molecules
Authors: Hanada Kyoichi , Nogami Juntaro , Miyamoto Kazunori , Hayase Norihiko , Nagashima Yuki , Tanaka Yusuke , Muranaka Atsuya , Uchiyama Masanobu , Tanaka Ken 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe enantioselective synthesis of aza[6] and [7]helicene‐like molecules have been achieved by the cationic rhodium(I)/axially chiral biaryl bisphosphine complex‐catalyzed intramolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition of cyanodiynes. This protocol was successfully applied to the diastereo‐ and enantioselective synthesis of an S‐shaped double aza[6]helicene‐like molecule with a higheevalue of 89 %. Although no epimerization and racemization were observed in the double carbo[6]helicene‐like molecule at 80 °C, epimerization and racemization of the double aza[6]helicene‐like molecule proceeded at 80 °C. This double aza[6]helicene‐like molecule showed good fluorescent quantum yields and chiroptical responses under both neutral and acidic conditions.
Advanced Acceptor‐Substituted S,N‐Heteropentacenes for Application in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Kraus Teresa , Lucas Sebastian , Wolff Pascal , Aubele Anna , Mena‐Osteritz Elena , Bäuerle Peter 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAmbifunctional heterpentacenes with the heteroatom sequence SSNSS in the ladder‐type backbone were used either as donor or as nonfullerenic acceptor in solution‐processed bulk‐heterojunction solar cells. Different acceptor moieties and side chains were inserted. Synthesis and characterization of the systematically varied structural motifs provided insight in structure‐property relationships. Moreover, a dimeric heteroacene was synthesized, and the optoelectronic properties were compared to those of its monomeric counterpart.