bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘More sensual Delights’
Authors: Winn James A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
There is a palpable difference between Addison’s stimulating and thoughtful remarks on literature or the visual arts and his scattered, unconvincing, and dismissive comments on music. His unease about music, the chapter argues, stemmed from ignorance, disappointment, and a tendency to link musical pleasure with secret or illicit sexual pleasure. By basing his aesthetic theory on sight, Addison was able to make contact with scientific discourse, indirectly express his political ideology, and avoid extensive discussions of music, the art about which he knew least. His attempt at an English opera (Rosamond, 1707) failed, and the libretto does not suggest that Addison gave much thought to what it might be like to set or sing his words. As a young man, he wrote two St Cecilia odes, closely following the conventions established in Dryden’s ode for 1687. Printed in the Annual miscellany for 1694 is his translation of an episode from Ovid that purports to explain ‘the secret Cause’ that makes the River Salmacis weaken those who bathe in it. Something about the power of music, its emotional and sensual influence on the body and the mind, was evidently connected in his mind with secret pleasures that he did not wish to acknowledge or reveal. Same-sex love was probably among such pleasures. While there is no definitive evidence that Addison had strong homosexual feelings, or that he acted upon them, there is reason to believe that he associated such feelings with music, an association which shaped his consciousness and therefore his aesthetics.
Intellectual Property Law and Extra-Contractual Liability
Authors: Frosio Giancarlo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses intellectual property (IP) and extra-contractual liability by highlighting general comparative analysis issues within civil and common law systems, with some consideration given also to major theoretical clusters that might influence the different legal regimes. The chapter focuses on emerging issues of extra-contractual liability for intellectual property infringement in the platform economy, with special emphasis on copyright and trademark infringement, seeking to co-ordinate miscellaneous approaches from the United States (US), the European Union (EU), and selected European countries’ experiences. In doing so, this chapter highlights research and methodological issues related to limited harmonization at a regional level in secondary and extra-contractual liability doctrines when applied to IP. Finally, this chapter describes the World Intermediary Liability Maps (WILMap) as an attempt to provide consistency within a fragmented research framework while also presenting other miscellaneous endeavours seeking the same goal.
The Relationship Between Intellectual Property and Administrative Law
Authors: Manderieux Laurent 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Intellectual property and administrative law entertain a long-standing, though ambiguous relationship. Intellectual property rights (IPR) depend on a number of institutions, and primarily from intellectual property offices granting several of them, which fall into the administrative structure of each country. The direct consequence of the relevance of administrative law for the research, analysis, and understanding of intellectual property law is that certain IP-related questions cannot be properly addressed without using the tool provided by administrative law. Indeed, intellectual property and administrative law partly overlap, as both branches of law are nationally characterized and country-specific, changing from country to country, and both have experienced significant changes related to globalization from the national to the international level. The growing regulation of intellectual property at the international level has somehow brought about an expansion of the intersection between intellectual property and administrative law and procedures. Therefore, complete, thorough research on intellectual property law and policy must take into account the conceptual tools and categories elaborated in administrative law.
Intellectual Property and Privacy Law
Authors: Richardson Megan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the intersections between intellectual property (IP) and privacy law. It notes that while the scope of what we may consider to be ‘intellectual property’ continues to expand to cover new creative and innovative practices, so too the meaning and scope of what we may consider to be ‘privacy’—traditionally understood as allowing the individual to enjoy a private sphere free from the public gaze—has come under pressure to expand to address new situations where loss of control over personal information and incursions on personal identity are seen to undermine human dignity and liberty. Thus ‘privacy’ and ‘intellectual property’ become ever more imbricated in our modern digital world, and we can expect to see ever more interchange between the laws that regulate these domains.
A Research Framework for Intellectual Property and Environmental Law
Authors: Sarnoff Joshua D. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter seeks to situate some methodologies for research at the intersection of intellectual property (IP) law and environmental law within a broader context of methodological analyses that are brought to law and legal problems. These methodological forms include historical, doctrinal, theoretical, empirical (often economic, psychological, and sociological), and other types of analyses (including public choice theory and big data analyses). Both fields are situated within a broader context of legal understanding, which requires extensive familiarity with, among other things: (1) legislation and administrative regulation and practices; (2) individual and market behaviours; (3) how laws and regulatory actions affect those behaviours; and (4) the consequences of such legal and regulatory interventions. The chapter emphasizes the problem of selecting problems to study, the method of choosing research methods, and the solution to the lack of solutions to date for the identified problems. It provides personal examples of the (necessarily) idiosyncratic choices made along each of these dimensions. The chapter concludes that such choices invariably are based on personal values and theoretical commitments, which others in the relevant evaluative communities will invariably dispute and contest.
Intersections Between Intellectual Property and Dispute Resolution
Authors: Marsoof Althaf 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Dispute resolution takes an important place within the intellectual property (IP) framework. This chapter explores the intersection between the two and highlights some of the key challenges and issues that have emerged with respect to IP dispute resolution. By focusing on both civil adjudication and alternative dispute resolution (ADR), the chapter seeks to inspire research in a broad spectrum of topics of practical significance. In the context of civil adjudication, the chapter focuses on natural justice and proportionality, which are fundamental principles of procedural law that have gained a renewed interest in recent times, especially with regard to IP enforcement. In the context of ADR, the chapter focuses on the issue of arbitrability and interim measures, which are not new concerns but continue to pose challenges for IP-related ADR.
Innovation Economics Approach to Intellectual Property Law Scholarship
Authors: van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie Bruno 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Be it through theoretical modelling, empirical analysis, or qualitative investigations, innovation economics aims to better understand how policy-making could better stimulate technical change, innovation, and growth. Stimulating innovation is always part of the political agenda, as markets rarely reach the socially optimal level of innovation due to important ‘market failures’ associated with the innovation process. Governments thus revert to innovation economics to stimulate the creation of new knowledge and its diffusion, as well as to promote those innovative and creative processes beneficial for their economies. In fact, innovation economics provides policy tools to policy-makers that aim to foster technological change and innovation. This short chapter focuses on patent policies, as they are of major interest for intellectual property (IP) scholars. I first cover patent policy effectiveness, a key concept in innovation economics. I then analyse the main areas of inquiry of patent economics and indicate for each the main investigations that have been carried out and their implications.
Intellectual Property, Information Science, and Quantitative Legal Analysis
Authors: Seng Daniel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Advancements in data analysis and the growing wealth of data regarding various innovations and their uses make it increasingly feasible to apply robust mathematical, statistical, and computational techniques to empirically investigate phenomena, analyse issues and make policies in intellectual property (IP). This chapter gives a brief outline of the six steps to quantitative legal analysis, namely formulating the research question, conducting a literature review, designing the research methodology, managing the data, analysing the data, and presenting the analysis and conclusions. There is discussion about how information science techniques can improve the processes of methodology design and the collection and management of data when applied to IP matters. This chapter ends with an examination into the possible limitations of the quantitative legal analysis process as applied to legal issues in general and to IP issues in particular, and provides suggestions as to how these may be overcome.
A Content Analysis Approach to Intellectual Property Research
Authors: Bar-Ziv Sharon 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter aims to demonstrate the implementation of the content analysis approach in the legal discipline; it argues that this approach is suitable for use by legal scholars, enabling analysis of various legal texts to uncover their connection and to learn about their meaning. Moreover, systematic analysing of legal texts yields insights that fine-tune the various challenges policy-makers and decision-makers are facing. This issue is particularly important in intellectual property (IP) research—a rapidly developing and dynamic legal field that calls for an up-to-date legal response to issues emanating from speedy technological developments. Specifically, the chapter sets forth a content analysis approach to analysing the judicial process in the context of online copyright enforcement cases. I argue that this approach facilitates advanced analysis of the legal process in a way that will help us understand and follow the development of the legal norm and contribute to legal certainty, despite the rapid changes taking place in the online copyright enforcement arena.
Computational Legal Methods: Text and Data Mining in Intellectual Property Research
Authors: Margoni Thomas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Text and Data Mining (TDM) can generally be defined as the process of deriving high-quality information from text and data by using digital analytical tools . The impact that TDM may have on science, humanities, and the arts is invaluable. This is because by identifying the correlations and patterns that are often concealed to the eye of a human observer TDM allows for the discovery of knowledge that would have otherwise remained hidden. After a brief introduction, Section II of this chapter illustrates the state of the art in the nascent field of TDM applied to intellectual property (IP) research. It formulates some proposals of systematic classification in an area that suffers from a degree of terminological vagueness. In particular, the chapter argues that TDM, together with other types of data-driven analytical tools, should be autonomously classified as ‘computational legal methods’. Section III of the chapter offers concrete examples of the application of these methods in IP research. This is achieved by discussing a recent project on TDM, which required the development of dedicated approaches in order to address certain problems that emerged during the project’s execution.. The discussion identifies some of the most promising advances in terms of automation and predictive analysis that the use of TDM in intellectual property research could enable. At the same time, the partial success of the experiment shows that there are a number of training and skill-related issues that legal researchers and practitioners interested in the use of TDM should consider. Accordingly, the second argument advanced in this chapter is that law school programmes should include mandatory courses in computational legal methods in order to equip future lawyers with the skillsets needed in the digital (legal) environment.
A Research Framework on Intellectual Property and Morality
Authors: Farley Christine Haight 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the role of morality in intellectual property (IP) law by outlining the scholarship that addresses what extent, if any, the law does or should reflect moral judgments. Scholars have investigated this question, either explicitly or implicitly, in all of the categories of IP including patent law, trademark law, and copyright law, and to a lesser extent, trade secret law and right of publicity law. In surveying the robust scholarship and diverse perspectives about whether morality has a place in IP law, the chapter reveals an academic dispute surrounding the degree to which law should rely on morality. Some scholars look at IP through the lens of morality; some see only a disconnect between IP law and morality. For some, morality serves as a basis for IP rights, while others find law and morality to be so conceptually distinct as to be irreconcilable. Some see a danger in IP laws being in conflict with morality, while others view the introduction of morality as a danger. The chapter organizes the scholarship by the position it takes on the appropriateness of the juxtaposition of IP and morality while recognizing that the complexity of IP scholars’ relationship to morality is matched only by the complexity of morality itself as a concern of law.
Transmission, infection, and pathogenesis
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTransmission is a key process for parasites. Different routes (e.g. faecal–oral) and modes (e.g. by aerosols or vectors) exist. A major context is vertical (to offspring) or horizontal (all other) transmission. All components of the transmission process evolve. Successful transmission includes the infection of a new host. Macroparasites typically infect as individuals, but microparasites need an infective dose. Doses vary enormously among parasites. Various models describe variation in infective dose. Process-based models assume random colonization, co-operative parasite manipulation, or are focused on early dynamics. With the processes of pathogenesis (e.g. tissue destruction, reducing host capacities), damage to the host emerges. Virulence factors are important mediators of parasite success and often involved in host manipulation and pathogenesis, including immunopathology.
Between-host dynamics (Epidemiology)
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEpidemiology is the population dynamics of host–parasite systems. The spread of an infective disease is analysed with several tools. The SIR model (susceptible, infected, recovered hosts) is a standard model, with the basic reproductive number (R0) as a characteristic. Diseases, in general, spread if R0 &gt; 1, which suggests a threshold size for host populations, and also for endemic maintenance or periodic outbreaks. Furthermore, spatial heterogeneity or the distribution of infections among hosts affects an epidemic. Individual-based models can follow the fate of infections more closely. Network analysis provides insights into transmission and contact rates. Models also describe the epidemics of vectored diseases, or of macroparasitic infections. Molecular epidemiology uses genetic markers or genomes to follow the spread of an infectious disease; phylodynamics reconstructs transmission chains, especially for viral diseases. Immunoepidemiology studies how immune defences affect an epidemic and identifies immunological markers for the study of infectious disease dynamics.
Within-host dynamics and evolution
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractInfections typically spread from a primary site to target organs. Rapid early defences are critical to contain an infection. However, recognition is not error-free and shows a trade-off between specificity and sensitivity. The within-host dynamics of an infection can be studied in various ways, e.g. with target cell-limited models. The disease space can trace within-host infection trajectories and predict the eventual outcome. Also, computational and systems immunology identify important defence elements and predict the course of an infection. Infecting populations evolve within their hosts. Horizontal transfer of genetic elements, recombination, and mutations thereby allow pathogens to escape host defences; examples are escape mutants or antigenic variation. The evolution of antimicrobial resistance is of special concern. Co-infecting parasites, such as bacteria, can cooperate to exploit a host (e.g. by production of siderophores) or compete for access (e.g. by releasing bacteriocins). Multiscale models combine within- and between-host episodes.
The Doctor
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the doctor model of leadership. In ancient Greek medicine, doctors saw their role as finding a balance between the different bodily ‘humours’. Analogously, leadership on this model involves balancing either the different objectives of an organization, or the groups and factions within it. This often involves restraining stakeholders prone to give excessive weight to seemingly attractive, but short-term objectives. The first part analyses passages in Plato’s Gorgias and Republic that develop this medical analogy. The second part illustrates the model with two modern-day examples: Roy Vagelos, CEO of Merck in the 1980s, who persuaded the company not to focus excessively on shareholder return, but to balance it against wider stakeholder concerns; and Jean Monnet, one of the founders of the EEC, who helped rebalance European nations away from the pursuit of nationalist goals, and hence put them on a long-term sustainable path to peace.
Captains and Navigators
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the comparison between a leader and a navigator, implicit in the well-known ‘ship of state’ image, which Plato uses in the Republic. A core component of the navigator model is that the leader helps a country or organization that has opted to take a new direction and that needs someone with a distinctive kind of expertise to get them there. As with the doctor model, the decisions of the leader may often appear unpalatable and, when the going gets tough, the leader also needs to be able to command unity on board. The chapter illustrates the model with two examples: Frederick Douglass, who helped steer America towards the abolition of slavery; and James McGill, who tried to steer AT&T from being a company heavily based around engineering and manufacturing towards a digital future, more reliant on marketing.
The Artist
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Plato also models the leader on an artist trying to realize a vision. Looking to a model of how things could be, they seek to transform their organization or state. It is important that leaders who do this mould their own lives around the vision before trying to impose it on anyone else. Also, they have a willingness to ‘wipe the slate clean’, which may involve ruthlessness in removing people who do not conform to the vision. The first part looks at Plato’s account of the political artist and at the way his proposal to wipe the slate clean raises the spectre of totalitarianism, a criticism made by Karl Popper. In the second part, the chapter turns to two case studies: Elon Musk, visionary CEO and entrepreneur, and Ataturk, who tried to wipe the slate clean in founding modern Turkey.
Conclusion
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The conclusion briefly rounds off the book, summarizing the different models and re-emphasizing the need to take a variegated approach to leadership. Despite this approach, there are some themes that run through many of the models: the importance of ethics and the need for expertise. Plato was emphatic about this need, but also very honest about the problem to which it gives rise: how can a leader simultaneously immerse themselves in the technicalities required for decision-making, and be able to relate to their non-expert followers? The conclusion also stresses that the focus of the book is first and foremost about leadership, rather than a celebration of Plato’s achievements: the priority has been to present a rich and variegated approach to leadership, in order to stimulate readers to draw on their own experience and find further applications of the study.
Outline of the Upcoming Proof
Authors: Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘Outline of the Upcoming Proof’ provides a comprehensive outline of the proof of the disc embedding theorem. The disc embedding theorem for topological 4-manifolds, due to Michael Freedman, underpins virtually all our understanding of topological 4-manifolds. The famously intricate proof utilizes techniques from both decomposition space theory and smooth manifold topology. The latter is used to construct an infinite iterated object, called a skyscraper, and the former to construct homeomorphisms from a given topological space to a quotient space. The detailed proof of the disc embedding theorem is the core aim of this book. In this chapter, a comprehensive outline of the proof is provided, indicating the chapters in which each aspect is discussed in detail.
The Schoenflies Theorem after Mazur, Morse, and Brown
Authors: Behrens Stefan , Miller Allison N. , Nagel Matthias , Teichner Peter 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘The Schoenflies Theorem after Mazur, Morse, and Brown’ provides two proofs of the Schoenflies theorem. The Schoenflies theorem states that every bicollared embedding of an (n – 1)-sphere in the n-sphere splits the n-sphere into two balls. This chapter provides two proofs. The first is due to Mazur and Morse; it utilizes an infinite ‘swindle’ and a classical technique called push-pull. The second proof, due to Brown, serves as an introduction to shrinking, or decomposition space theory. The latter is a beautiful, but outmoded, branch of topology that can be used to produce non-differentiable homeomorphisms between manifolds, especially from a manifold to a quotient space. Techniques from decomposition space theory are essential in the proof of the disc embedding theorem.
A Decomposition That Does Not Shrink
Authors: Behrens Stefan , Davis Christopher W. , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘A Decomposition That Does Not Shrink’ gives a nontrivial example of a decomposition of the 3-sphere such that the corresponding quotient space is not homeomorphic to the 3-sphere. The decomposition in question is called the Bing-2 decomposition. Similar to the Bing decomposition from the previous chapter, it consists of the connected components of the intersection of an infinite sequence of nested solid tori. However, unlike the Bing decomposition, the Bing-2 decomposition does not shrink. This indicates the subtlety of the question of which decompositions shrink. The question of when certain decompositions of the 3-sphere shrink is central to the proof of the disc embedding theorem.