bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GENETIC BASIS OF THE MAJOR MALATE DEHYDROGENASE ISOZYMES IN MAIZE
Authors: Newton Kathleen J , Schwartz Drew 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The mitochondrial MDH isozymes in the scutellum of the mature maize (Zen mays L.) kernel are encoded by three independently inherited nuclear genes. Mdhl is located on chromosome 8, close to the breakpoint (8L.35) of a waxy-marked reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 8 and 9. Mdh2 is located in the distal region of the long arm of chromosome 6. Mdh3 is on the long arm of chromosome 3, approximately 2.6 map units from sh2. A modifier of the mitochondrial MDH isozymes (Mmm) maps approximately 27.5 units proximal to Adh1 in the central portion of the long arm of chromosome 1. Independently assorting duplicate genes code for the soluble MDH isozymes. Mdh4 is located in the same region of chromosome 1 as Mmm, approximately 29 map units proximal to Adh1. Mdh5 maps approximately 20 units distal to a2 in the short arm of chromosome 5.——Intergenic and interallelic heterodimer formation occurs among gene products that occupy the same subcellular compartment. MDH isozymes were purified and analyzed by native-SDS two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The proposed mitochondrial MDH intergenic heterodimer bands were found to be composed of two subunits, which differ in their migrations on SDS gels; whereas, genetically defined homodimers contained only one type of subunit.——This evidence is discussed in terms Of two genetic models proposed for the maize mitochondrial MDH isozymes.
New verbs and dictionaries: A method for the automatic detection of neology in Spanish verbs
Authors: Castro Ana , Nazar Rogelio , Renau Irene 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe appearance of new verbs can be observed regularly, but verbs are not frequently investigated in neology, and they are difficult to detect automatically. In this study, a corpus-based method is proposed to detect Spanish verbs with a series of algorithms that analyse the morphology of regular verbs. The vocabulary was drawn from a large corpus and contrasted with a major dictionary of Spanish. Then, a series of filters were applied to distinguish between valid neologism candidates and spelling mistakes. Around 88% of the neologisms proposed by the method were correct and we estimate that the system detected 76% of the neologisms present in the corpus. This procedure can be included in the workflow of a lexicographic project as a regular part of the task, as a systematic way of collecting new verbs from the data and avoiding under-representation or bias.
Reduction in Anxiety and Depression Scores Associated with Improvement in Quality of Life in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Farbod Yasamin , Popov Jelena , Armstrong David , Halder Smita , Marshall John K , Tse Frances , Pinto-Sanchez Maria Ines , Moayyedi Paul , Chauhan Usha 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to examine the associations among depression, anxiety and health-related quality of life and predictors of improvement of quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Methods
This was a prospective cohort study conducted in the gastroenterology clinic at McMaster University Medical Center in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada from May 2014 to March 2015. We included 60 adult patients above the age of 18 years old with a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. We assessed anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) using the Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease questionnaire (SIBDQ) at baseline and after 6 months. Linear regression was performed to estimate the associations among depression, anxiety and predictors of improvement in health-related quality of life.

Results
The anxiety scores decreased over the span of 6 months (median HADS-A baseline 9.00 [interquartile range {IQR} 6 to 12], and median HADS-A 6 months 7.00 [IQR 3.75 to 7.00]). There was a moderate negative correlation between anxiety (baseline r = −0.510, and 6-month r = −0.620; P &lt; 0.001), depression (baseline r = −0.630, and 6-month r = −0.670; P &lt; 0.001) and HRQoL scores. Using a multivariate linear regression model, elevated HADS score were associated with lower SIBDQ scores at baseline (Beta coefficient −0.696 [95% confidence interval {CI} −1.51 to −0.842]; P &lt; 0.001). Lower SIBDQ score at baseline predicted decreased SIBDQ at 6 months (Beta coefficient 0.712 [95% CI 0.486 to 1.02]; P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
Anxiety and depression are frequently seen in inflammatory bowel disease patients and lead to poor HRQoL. Psychological comorbidities may contribute to maladaptive behaviours and difficult disease management.
How Are Emerging Data Translated Into Clinical Practice? A Mixed Methods Investigation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Institutional Treatment Protocols
Authors: Asundi Archana , Resnik Jack , Benedict Peter A , Shin Marlena , Rani Elwy A , Branch-Elliman Westyn 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundEarly in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there was minimal data to guide treatment, and we lacked understanding of how clinicians translated this limited evidence base for potential therapeutics to bedside care. Our objective was to systematically determine how emerging data about COVID-19 treatments was implemented by analyzing institutional treatment protocols.MethodsTreatment protocols from North American healthcare facilities and recommendations from guideline-issuing bodies were collected. Qualitative data on treatment regimens and their applications were extracted using an adapted National Institutes of Health/US Food and Drug Administration experimental therapeutics framework. Structured data on risk factor and severity of illness scoring systems were extracted and analyzed using descriptive statistics.ResultsWe extracted data from 105 independent protocols. Guideline-issuing organizations published recommendations after the initial peak of the pandemic in many regions and generally recommended clinical trial referral, with limited additional guidance. Facility-specific protocols favored offering some treatment (96.8%, N = 92 of 95), most commonly, hydroxychloroquine (90.5%), followed by remdesivir and interleukin-6 inhibitors. Recommendation for clinical trial enrollment was limited largely to academic medical centers (19 of 52 vs 9 of 43 community/Veterans Affairs [VA]), which were more likely to have access to research studies. Other themes identified included urgent protocol development, plans for rapid updates, contradictory statements, and entirely missing sections, with section headings but no content other than “in process.”ConclusionsIn the COVID-19 pandemic, emerging information was rapidly implemented by institutions into clinical practice and, unlike recommendations from guideline-issuing bodies, heavily favored administering some form of therapy. Understanding how and why evidence is translated into clinical care is critical to improve processes for other emerging diseases.
Activism and Takeovers
Authors: Burkart Mike , Lee Samuel 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We compare activism and takeovers from the perspective of a blockholder who can provide effort to improve firm value. We show that free-riding behavior by dispersed shareholders has the following implications: First, activism can be more profitable than a hostile takeover even if it is less efficient. Second, activism is most efficient when it brokers, rather than substitutes for, takeovers. Third, such takeover activism earns superior returns. More broadly, our theory implies that activists specialize in governance reforms with limited, temporary ownership being a strength rather than a shortcoming of activism.
Gray matter correlates of impulsivity in psychopathy and in the general population differ by kind, not by degree: a comparison of systematic reviews
Authors: Korponay Cole , Koenigs Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A fundamental question in neuropsychiatry is whether a neurobiological continuum accompanies the behavioral continuum between subclinical and clinical traits. Impulsivity is a trait that varies in the general population and manifests severely in disorders like psychopathy. Is the neural profile of severe impulsivity in psychopathy an extreme but continuous manifestation of that associated with impulsivity in the general population (different by degree)? Or is it discontinuous and unique (different by kind)? Here, we compare systematic reviews of the relationship between impulsivity and gray matter in psychopathy and in the general population. The findings suggest that the neural profile associated with extreme impulsivity in psychopathy (increased gray matter in rostral and ventral striatum and prefrontal cortexes) is distinct from that associated with impulsivity in the general population (decreased gray matter in rostral and ventral prefrontal cortexes). Severe impulsivity in psychopathy may therefore arise from a pathophysiological mechanism that is unique to the disorder. These findings prompt the need for future studies to directly test the effect of group on the impulsivity–gray matter relationship in samples comprised of healthy individuals and individuals with psychopathy. The results caution against the use of community samples to examine impulsive psychopathic traits in relation to neurobiology.
A pathogenic cycle between insomnia and cognitive arousal fuels perinatal depression: exploring the roles of nocturnal cognitive arousal and perinatal-focused rumination
Authors: Kalmbach David A , Cheng Philip , Drake Christopher L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Study Objectives
Depression is among the most prevalent perinatal complications, yet modifiable risk factors remain elusive. Over half of perinatal women endorse clinical insomnia symptoms, which are etiologically implicated in depression in nonperinatal samples. Yet, prospective data on perinatal insomnia and depression are mixed. We sought to clarify temporal associations of insomnia and depression during peripartum, and to investigate cognitive arousal as a potential mechanism facilitating this relationship.

Methods
Seventy pregnant women completed sociodemographic information and baseline sleep and mood symptoms between gestational weeks 25 and 30. Beginning at gestational week 30, participants completed 17 weekly online surveys assessing insomnia, depression, and three cognitive arousal indices (nocturnal cognitive arousal, perseverative thinking, and perinatal-focused rumination). Mixed effects models were conducted to test hypotheses.

Results
Women were at risk for depression when experiencing insomnia (odds ratio [OR] = 2.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.28 to 4.35), nocturnal cognitive arousal (OR = 3.05, 95% CI = 1.60 to 5.79), perinatal-focused rumination (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.11 to 3.79), and perseverative thinking (OR = 7.48, 95% CI = 3.90 to 14.32). Prospective analyses revealed bidirectional effects between insomnia and cognitive arousal, and both predicted future depression. Nocturnal cognitive arousal mediated 23–43% of the effect of insomnia on depression. Insomnia mediated 12%–18% of the effect of nocturnal cognitive arousal on depression. A similar pattern was observed with perinatal-focused rumination. Depression did not predict insomnia.

Conclusion
Nocturnal cognitive arousal, including ruminating on perinatal concerns while trying to fall asleep, fuels insomnia. In turn, lying awake at night provides an opportunity for nocturnal cognitive arousal. This cycle feeds perinatal depression. Daytime cognitive arousal may indirectly disrupt sleep as perseverating during the day persists into the night.
Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid (PFOS) Thwarts the Beneficial Effects of Calorie Restriction and Metformin
Authors: Salter Deanna M , Wei Wei , Nahar Pragati P , Marques Emily , Slitt Angela L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A combination of calorie restriction (CR), dietary modification, and exercise is the recommended therapy to reverse obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In the liver, CR shifts hepatic metabolism from lipid storage to lipid utilization pathways, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), a fluorosurfactant previously used in stain repellents and anti-stick materials, can increase hepatic lipids in mice following relatively low-dose exposures. To test the hypothesis that PFOS administration interferes with CR, adult male C57BL/6N mice were fed ad libitum or a 25% reduced calorie diet concomitant with either vehicle (water) or 100 μg PFOS/kg/day via oral gavage for 6 weeks. CR alone improved hepatic lipids and glucose tolerance. PFOS did not significantly alter CR-induced weight loss, white adipose tissue mass, or liver weight over 6 weeks. However, PFOS increased hepatic triglyceride accumulation, in both mice fed ad libitum and subjected to CR. This was associated with decreased phosphorylated AMPK expression in liver. Glucagon (100 nM) treatment induced glucose production in hepatocytes, which was further upregulated with PFOS (2.5 μM) co-treatment. Next, to explore whether the observed changes were related to AMPK signaling, HepG2 cells were treated with metformin or AICAR alone or in combination with PFOS (25 μM). PFOS interfered with glucose-lowering effects of metformin, and AICAR treatment partially impaired PFOS-induced increase in glucose production. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, metformin was less effective with PFOS co-treatment. Overall, PFOS administration disrupted hepatic lipid and glucose homeostasis and interfered with beneficial glucose-lowering effects of CR and metformin.
A parsimonious mechanistic model of reproductive and vegetative growth in fruit trees predicts consequences of fruit thinning and branch pruning
Authors: Bevacqua Daniele , Melià Paco , Cividini Martina , Mattioli Francesca , Lescourret Françoise , Génard Michel , Casagrandi Renato 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Productivity of fruit tree crops depends on the interaction between plant physiology, environmental conditions and agricultural practices. We develop a mechanistic model of fruit tree crops that reliable simulates the dynamics of variables of interest for growers and consequences of agricultural practices while relying on a minimal number of inputs and parameters. The temporal dynamics of carbon content in the different organs (i.e., shoots—S, roots—R and fruits—F) are the result of photosynthesis by S, nutrient supply by R, respiration by S, R and F, competition among different organs, photoperiod and initial system conditions partially controlled by cultural practices. We calibrate model parameters and evaluate model predictions using unpublished data from a peach (Prunus persica) experimental orchard with trees subjected to different levels of branch pruning and fruit thinning. Fiinally, we evaluate the consequences of different combinations of pruning and thinning intensities within a multi-criteria analysis. The predictions are in good agreement with the experimental measurements and for the different conditions (pruning and thinning). Our simulations indicate that thinning and pruning practices actually used by growers provide the best compromise between total shoot production, which impacts next year’s abundance of shoots and fruits, and current year’s fruit production in terms of quantity (yield) and quality (average fruit size). This suggests that growers are not only interested in maximizing current year’s yield but also in its quality and its durability. The present work provides for modelers a system of equations based on acknowledged principles of plant science easily modifiable for different purposes. For horticulturists, it gives insights on the potentialities of pruning and thinning. For ecologists, it provides a transparent quantitative framework that can be coupled with biotic and abiotic stressors.
Factors Affecting the Infection of Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium) Fruit by Podosphaera cerasi
Authors: Probst Claudia , Pandey Binod , Swamy Prashant , Grove Gary 
Published: April 2021

Powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera cerasi is the most important fungal disease of sweet cherries in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. In this study, several factors related to disease epidemiology were evaluated. The experiments were conducted to investigate flower susceptibility to P. cerasi infection by in planta and in vitro inoculation. The susceptibility of fruit at various developmental stages was investigated using defined concentrations of P. cerasi conidia. Furthermore, the threshold of conidial concentration required for fruit infection was determined. The pathogen activity during full bloom was limited and not related to fruit disease incidence and severity at harvest. Foliar infections always preceded fruit infections by an average of 42 days during the 3 years of the study. The onset of fruit infection followed, on average, 66 days after full bloom and appeared simultaneously on all susceptible cherry cultivars in the research orchard. Disease symptoms were only observed on fruit in Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, and Chemical Industry scale 8 (maturity) in all cultivars examined. During this stage, a concentration of 500 conidia/ml was sufficient to cause fruit infection at harvest. Interaction between the inoculation dates and conidial concentration revealed a dependency of disease development on the host stage at the time of inoculation; the younger the fruit, the more conidia are needed to cause disease at harvest. Molecular studies showed a rapid increase in conidia viability at the transition from asymptomatic to the symptomatic disease of fruit. No evidence of ontogenic resistance of fruit to powdery mildew infection was observed.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF CORTISOL LEVELS WITH HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN RESIDENTS OF ST. PETERSBURG
Authors: Erin Anastasia , Rotar O. , Kolesova E. , Boyarinova M. , Alieva A. , Moguchaia E. , Baranova E. , Konradi A. , Shlyakhto E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective:
Introduction. Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands which can reflects stress and contributes to the development of elevated blood pressure. The aim of our work was to assess the association of increased morning cortisol with normal high blood pressure (BP) and hypertension (HT) in St. Petersburg residents.

Design and method:
Methods. A epidemiological survey of cardiovascular risk was performed in a multi-step stratified random sample of approximately 1600 participants of Saint = Petersburg in 2012–2013. 1600 participants aged 25–65 years were recruited. All subjects signed informed consent and filled validated questionnaires regarding lifestyle, concomitant disease and medication. Fasting blood sampling was performed according to standard procedures. Office BP was registered by OMRON (Japan) twice on right hand in sitting position with calculation of mean BP. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics 20.

Results:
Results. Data analysis was possible in 1591 participants (566 (35,6%) males and 1025 (64,4%) females). The prevalence of different BP levels varies statistically significantly depending on gender, p less 0,0001. The average level of morning cortisol was significantly higher in males 526.65 [405.05;633.23] vs females 470.90 [362.55;597.25], p less 0,0001. Increased morning cortisol more than 536 nmol/l was significantly more often determined among males 263 (46.8%) comparing with females 371 (36.5%), p less 0,0001. The table 1 shows the prevalence of increased cortisol levels in groups different in BP.
According to the binary regression analysis adjusted for sex, age, abdominal obesity the association of cortisol level (morning) > 536 nmol/l with presence of normal high BP (OR 1.48 [1.04;2.11], p = 0.028) and HT (OR 1.59 [1.25;2.05], p less 0.0001) was revealed.

Conclusions:
Conclusions. Among the residents of St. Petersburg elevated cortisol levels was associated not only with hypertension but also with normal high blood pressure. Men had higher levels of the cortisol which was accompanied by higher prevalence of normal high blood pressure and hypertension compared to women.
Emerging Challenges in COVID-19 With Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Salahuddin Mohammed , Manzar Md Dilshad , Pandi-Perumal Seithikurippu R. , Bahammam Ahmed S. 
Published: April 2021

Background and Objective:
People with substance use disorder (SUD) may be easily vulnerable to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Given the impaired lung function caused by COVID-19 may exacerbate the symptoms of patients already having preexisting opioids or central nervous system stimulants use disorder. This narrative review highlights the risks of interactions between COVID-19 and SUD.

Methods:
This article has systematically reviewed and collated relevant papers and articles identified through PubMed focusing on SUD and COVID-19.

Results:
SUD is characterized by an array of combined mental, physical, and behavioral symptoms, which is undoubtedly of great public health concern especially in the context of the recent advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. The myriad of physiological changes caused by COVID-19 and SUD may be additive or synergistic on various organ functions, hence this review has highlighted potential challenges and possible outcomes because of these interactions. Systematic delineation to parse out the combined COVID-19 and SUD pathology on a given organ function is crucial. Moreover, the primary measures to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic like home confinement and lack of social support may be a significant predictor of relapse in already sober individuals, thus alternate methodologies may be needed to confine this problem.

Conclusion:
This review highlights the importance of the intertwined epidemics interactions and proposes early measures to recognize the scope of problem at the individual level to prevent future challenges.
Outcomes of Women Undergoing Excision of the Retained Cervix After Supracervical Hysterectomy
Authors: McHale Melissa P. , Smith Anna Jo B. , Fader Amanda N. , Wethington Stephanie L. 
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To characterize the indications for and complication rates of excision of the retained cervix after supracervical hysterectomy.

METHODS:
We performed a retrospective cohort study of women undergoing excision of the retained cervix after supracervical hysterectomy in the 2010–2014 National Inpatient Sample. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes were used to identify indication for the procedure and surgical complications. We weighted the hospital-level data to obtain nationwide estimates of patient characteristics, surgical complications, and length of stay.

RESULTS:
Nationwide, 1,140 women underwent excision of the retained cervix after hysterectomy. Their mean age was 49 years, and the majority were White and privately insured. Leiomyomas were the most commonly coded indication (35%, 95% CI 29–42), followed by prolapse (14%, 95% CI 9–18). Eighteen percent (95% CI 13.0–23.1) were performed for malignancy, including 5.3% (95% CI 2.3–8.2) for cervical cancer. Only 11.5% (95% CI 7.3–15.6) of cases were performed laparoscopically. The overall complication rate was high (38%, 95% CI 32–45), particularly for bleeding complications (26%, 95% CI 20–31) and transfusion (15%, 95% CI 11–20). Gastrointestinal complication rates were second highest (8%, 95% CI 5–12); ileus was the most common gastrointestinal complication (7.0%, 95% CI 3.7–10.4). The median length of stay was 2 days (range 0–34).

CONCLUSION:
Women who undergo excision of the retained cervix after supracervical hysterectomy experience high rates of complications, the most common of which was bleeding. Patient counseling regarding removal of the cervix at the time of hysterectomy should include this information.