bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Het succes van lokale nieuwkomers. Een verkenning naar het ontstaan en de succesfactoren van nieuwe lokale politieke partijen
Authors: van Ostaaijen Julien , Peeters Milou , Jennissen Sander 
Published: November 2021

The success of local newcomers. An exploration of the origin and success factors of new local political parties
In this study, the authors analyse the development of the 46 Dutch local parties that received at least ten per cent of the vote in the 2014 municipal elections as a new party. The aim is to determine which factors are most relevant to the successful entry and survival of this group of parties. To this end, they conduct interviews with leaders of these parties, but also, for comparison, with the leaders of parties who failed to win a seat. An important common feature of the most successful local parties is that they express dissatisfaction with local politics in an appealing way and offer voters perspective. They do this by putting people on the list who are known in the small communities and who are actively involved. The following factors are present in varying compositions among the parties that even exceeded their election victory four years later: unity in the party or at least no ‘hassle’ visible to society, visible and appealing to residents, having clearly achieved something and being able to transmit that to society. Most founders of the most successful newcomers were previously politically active for a local branch of a political party. It is also striking that three quarters of the most successful newcomers come from municipalities with a maximum of 40,000 inhabitants.
Waar staan lokale partijen? De programmatische positionering van lokale partijen
Authors: Otjes Simon 
Published: November 2021

Where are local parties? The programmatic positioning of local parties
Local political parties are an important factor in local politics in the Netherlands. These parties, which participate in municipal elections but are not affiliated with national political parties, are currently the largest ‘political family’ in the municipal councils. Yet surprisingly little is known about these parties. The existing research indicates that this ‘party family’ has a protest character. But at the same time, more precise analyses indicate that this party family is more diverse: and that the label ‘local party’ describes all kinds of different movements. However, a comprehensive analysis of the programmatic positioning of all parties in this family in relation to national parties is lacking. That is the purpose of this article. For this research, all election manifestoes of the departments and parties that participated in the municipal elections in November 2013, March and November 2014, November 2017 and March and November 2018 were collected. On this basis, the positions of all these parties are estimated on the left-right dimension, a scale that measures anti-elitist rhetoric and a scale that measures localism, based on modern quantitative text analysis techniques (bag-of-words approaches). In this way, for the first time, a picture is obtained of the programmatic cohesion and diversity of this party family as a whole.
Hoe werken lokale politieke partijen in interbestuurlijke netwerken?
Authors: Boogers Marcel , Eckardt Franziska 
Published: November 2021

How do local political parties work in intergovernmental networks?
Because local political parties are by definition only active in one municipality, the assumption is that they are less effective compared to national parties because they have no representation at other levels of government and in other municipalities. It is then expected that aldermen of local parties will have more difficulty advocating the interests of their municipality in the region or province, the national government or the European Union. Interviews with aldermen of local parties and a survey among aldermen show that this picture needs some nuance. Aldermen from local parties say they can compensate for the lack of party political contacts by investing in personal relationships. It is striking that the non-partisan role of these aldermen also benefits them: because they do not have to take party political interests into account, they can more forcefully propagate the interests of their municipality if they are at odds with provincial or national policy. Because of their party-politically neutral role, they also acquire key positions more quickly in the region. The only disadvantage that aldermen of local parties do experience is the lack of support in the form of professionalisation and of knowledge exchange. They see that aldermen of national parties, who usually receive support from their national party bureau, sometimes have an advantage in this regard. This sheds new, and relatively little mentioned, light on the importance of party-political contacts.
Barack Obama: Een beloofd land
Authors: Nelissen Nico 
Published: November 2021

Barack Obama: A promised land
Barack Obama’s autobiography ‘A Promised Land’, of which the Dutch translation was published in 2020, is a clearly and vividly written (political) life story devoted to the first term of his US presidency. Of course it also mentions the journey to the top and the efforts he had to make to achieve it. Not an easy task for a young, inexperienced newcomer, who is also African-American. The book is a candid account of what happened during the primaries and his first term in office. It gives the impression that it is based on diary notes, which he later processed, and then turned into a successful story by the editors of the publishing house. The book is also pedantic to a certain extent: it points out what is worth pursuing, how to approach things, and what you can learn from your experiences (and mistakes). By extension, it contains numerous (intended) messages and (life) lessons. Above all, it provides a fascinating insight into the immense struggle that Obama had to fight to be able and allowed to hold the highest office in his country as a black man. Nico Nelissen also discusses the question of what local politicians and local administrators can gain from this autobiography.
Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species
Authors: Fonseca-Ferreira Rafael , Guadanucci José Paulo Leite , Yamamoto Flávio Uemori , Brescovit Antonio Domingos 
Published: November 2021

Neotropical species of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 are reviewed, and four new species are described from Brazil: I. duocordibus Fonseca-Ferreira, Guadanucci & Brescovit sp. nov., I. guri Fonseca-Ferreira, Guadanucci & Brescovit sp. nov., I. mocambo Fonseca-Ferreira, Guadanucci & Brescovit sp. nov. and I. sertania Fonseca-Ferreira, Guadanucci & Brescovit sp. nov. The majority of species are redescribed based on the examination of the types and extensive material. Males of I. petiti (Guérin, 1838), I. rastratus (Pickard-Cambrige, 1889), I. rohdei Karsch, 1886 and I. nilopolensis Mello-Leitão, 1923, and females of I. fuscus Perty, 1833 and I. pirassununguensis Fukami & Lucas, 2005, hitherto unknown, are described for the first time. Idiops nilopolensis, considered a nomen dubium, is revalidated. Idiops fulvipes Simon, 1889 is synonymized with I. argus Simon, 1889, and I. santaremius (Pickard-Cambrige, 1896) is synonymized with I. petiti. Neotypes are designated for Idiops fuscus, I. nilopolensis and I. siolii (Bücherl, 1953). Idiops bonapartei Hasselt, 1888 is considered species inquirendae, since the type is an immature female. Finally, an updated distribution map of Neotropical species is included. The genus now has 24 species in the Neotropical region.
Quadriceps femoris cross-sectional area and specific leg strength: relationship between different muscles and squat variations
Authors: Kojic Filip , Ðurić Saša , Ranisavljev Igor , Stojiljkovic Stanimir , Ilic Vladimir 
Published: November 2021

Background
The aim was to determine the relationship between the cross-sectional area of the quadriceps femoris and strength performance in the deep and parallel barbell squat.

Methods
The sample included 16 university students (seven female, 24.1 ± 1.7 years). Muscle strength was expressed as external load, including the one-repetition maximum and the body mass segments involved (calculated according to Dempster’s method). The cross-sectional area of the quadriceps femoris muscles was determined using ultrasound, while leg muscle mass was measured using the Bioelectrical Impedance method.

Results
The cross-sectional areas of the three vastii muscles and leg muscle mass showed moderate to strong correlation with external load in both squat types (r = 0.509–0.873). However, partial correlation (cross-sectional area of quadriceps femoris muscles were controlled) showed significant association only between leg muscle mass and deep squat (r = 0.64, p < 0.05). The cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis showed a slightly higher correlation with external load in the parallel than in the deep squat (r = 0.67, p < 0.01 vs. r = 0.59, p < 0.05). The regression analysis extracted the vastus medialis cross-sectional area as the most important factor in manifesting strength (parallel squat: R2 = 0.569; deep squat: R2 = 0.499, both p < 0.01). The obtained results suggest that parallel squat strength depends mainly on the cross-sectional area of the vastii muscles, while it seems that the performance in the deep squat requires an additional engagement of the hip and back extensor muscle groups.
Ultra‐Stable Phase Change Coatings by Self‐Cross‐Linkable Reactive Poly(ethylene glycol) and MWCNTs
Authors: Cui Junshuo , Li Wenkang , Wang Yuejiao , Yu Haibiao , Feng Xiaogeng , Lou Zhenning , Shan Weijun , Xiong Ying 
Published: November 2021

AbstractForm‐stable phase change materials (PCMs) have great potential to regulate the unbalanced heat demand and supply, yet most of the PCMs are in powder, plate, or bulk rigid forms, difficult to adhere to the heat source or target substrates. Herein, PCMs coatings based on reactive poly(ethylene glycol) (RPEG) are developed for direct thermal energy exchange and storage. RPEG with highly reactive silanol groups is obtained by reaction of PEG with 3‐isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (IPTS), followed by hydrolyzation in weak acid. Cross‐linked PCMs coatings are obtained on various substrates, including cotton fabric, wood, tinplate, and even irregular objects. The coatings show obvious solid‐solid phase transition properties and high energy storage densities (142.8 J g−1). Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are further doped into the coatings aided by a self‐cross‐linkable dispersant. The composite coatings exhibit excellent high‐temperature form stability and rapid thermal exchange properties owing to the formation of the cross‐linked network between RPEG and MWCNTs. Thermal regulation clothes are prepared by a spray coating method, which show no performance deterioration after washing three times, indicating good washing durability.
Understanding the Ferroelectric Polymer–Metal Contact Electrification for Triboelectric Nanogenerator from Molecular and Electronic Structure
Authors: Li Lizhou , Wang Xiaoli , Hu Yanqiang , Li Zhihao , Wang Chenfei , Zhao Zirui 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe contact electrification of ferroelectric polymer can be more complicated due to its ordered permanent molecular dipoles and dipole–dipole interactions. Herein, the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)‐Cu is taken as an example to investigate the mechanism of ferroelectric polymer‐metal contact electrification via first‐principles calculations. It is revealed that different from non‐ferroelectric polymers, when ferroelectric polymers are in contact with metals, the charge transfer occurs not only at the interface but also inside the polymer due to the existence of polar phases. Specifically, the polar phases in the crystallization region can effectively enhance the charge transfer between the ferroelectric polymer and metal because the polar molecules in PVDF possess the stronger electrostatic potential, more delocalized lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and additional dipole–dipole interactions compared with nonpolar molecules. In addition, the coupling mechanism of piezoelectricity and triboelectricity in ferroelectric polymer‐metal contact electrification under compression is also investigated. It is demonstrated that the deformation increases the degree of noncoincidence between positive and negative charge centers in polar phases and causes charge transfer between the polar molecular chains of PVDF, thus producing the extra charge transfer between the ferroelectric polymer and metal. This study provides a theoretical basis for the material design of triboelectric nanogenerators based on ferroelectric polymers.
Fabrication of Alkali Metal Boride: Honeycomb‐Like Structured NaB4 with High Hardness and Excellent Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Zhao Bo , Wang Xiaojun , Yu Linchao , Liu Yunxian , Chen Xin , Yang Bingchao , Yang Guochun , Zhang Shoutao , Gu Lin , Liu Xiaobing 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe design and fabrication of novel hard materials with excellent electrical conductivity is attractive in scientific and technological application under extreme conditions. Metal borides have brought substantial interest for decades in material science because of their strong covalent BB bonding network for intrinsic incompressibility and MM bonding for electron transportation. Here the successful synthesis of a novel hard alkali metal boride as NaB4 with high thermal stability (873 K) and metallic behaviors is reported. The relatively low synthetic P/T conditions (lowest at 1.5 GPa and 1000 K) enable the easy fabrication of large bulk materials (several centimeters in diameter). The studies reveal that the Vickers hardness value of NaB4 can reach up to 26 GPa, associated with superior incompressibility along (001) direction of honeycomb‐like boron structure that exhibits the highest shear modulus up to 96 GPa for borides. The NaB4 structure undergoes an interesting metallic‐semiconducting transition under compression up to 61 GPa. This new form of hard metal boride material with pressure‐tunable electrical properties enables the development of industrial applications as future electrical devices.
Translating Therapeutic Microgels into Clinical Applications
Authors: Kittel Yonca , Kuehne Alexander J. C. , De Laporte Laura 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMicrogels are crosslinked, water‐swollen networks with a 10 nm to 100 µm diameter and can be modified chemically or biologically to render them biocompatible for advanced clinical applications. Depending on their intended use, microgels require different mechanical and structural properties, which can be engineered on demand by altering the biochemical composition, crosslink density of the polymer network, and the fabrication method. Here, the fundamental aspects of microgel research and development, as well as their specific applications for theranostics and therapy in the clinic, are discussed. A detailed overview of microgel fabrication techniques with regards to their intended clinical application is presented, while focusing on how microgels can be employed as local drug delivery materials, scavengers, and contrast agents. Moreover, microgels can act as scaffolds for tissue engineering and regeneration application. Finally, an overview of microgels is given, which already made it into pre‐clinical and clinical trials, while future challenges and chances are discussed. This review presents an instructive guideline for chemists, material scientists, and researchers in the biomedical field to introduce them to the fundamental physicochemical properties of microgels and guide them from fabrication methods via characterization techniques and functionalization of microgels toward specific applications in the clinic.
Encapsulating Semiconductor Quantum Dots in Supramolecular Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Superior Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Pan Chen , Chao Jinyu , Niu Fushuang , Xie Songhai , Gu Haoyang , Su Tianhui , Hu Ke , Zhang Dan‐Wei , Liu Ke , Liu Guangfeng , Xie Tengfeng , Li Zhan‐Ting , Zhang Liming 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSolar‐to‐hydrogen conversion is a sustainable way of producing renewable fuels, yet the efficiency is limited by the poor photo‐induced charge‐carrier separation on electrode surface. Developing active and stable hydrogen evolution photocatalysts is challenging and entails intelligent material structure design and tailoring. Here, a novel water dispersible supramolecular metal organic framework (SMOF) is employed as a general and high‐performance platform to encapsulate CdS quantum dots (QDs) for achieving highly improved solar‐induced H2‐production activity. Particularly, the CdS QDs@SMOF heterostructure exhibits an excellent H2 generation activity of 49.4 µmol h−1 (TOF = 47.0/h), exceeding those of most reported heterogeneous metal organic frameworks‐based photocatalytic systems. Advanced characterizations disclose that the strong electrostatic interaction and light‐induced charge transfer between SMOF and CdS QDs, combined with the high surface area, water dispersible nature, and abundant reactive centers synergistically contribute to this distinguished photocatalytic performance. The work not only demonstrates the water dispersible SMOF can serve as a versatile and effective platform supporting semiconductor to boost the photocatalytic H2‐production performance without co‐catalysts, but also paves avenues to the design and synthesis of SMOF‐based heterostructures for general catalysis applications.
Photothermal Chemistry Based on Solar Energy: From Synergistic Effects to Practical Applications
Authors: Hong Jianan , Xu Chenyu , Deng Bowen , Gao Yuan , Zhu Xuan , Zhang Xuhan , Zhang Yanwei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWith the development of society, energy shortage and environmental problems have become more and more outstanding. Solar energy is a clean and sustainable energy resource, potentially driving energy conversion and environmental remediation reactions. Thus, solar‐driven chemistry is an attractive way to solve the two problems. Photothermal chemistry (PTC) is developed to achieve full‐spectral utilization of the solar radiation and drive chemical reactions more efficiently under relatively mild conditions. In this review, the mechanisms of PTC are summarized from the aspects of thermal and non‐thermal effects, and then the interaction and synergy between these two effects are sorted out. In this paper, distinguishing and quantifying these two effects is discussed to understand PTC processes better and to design PTC catalysts more methodically. However, PTC is still a little far away from practical. Herein, several key points, which must be considered when pushing ahead with the engineering application of PTC, are proposed, along with some workable suggestions on the practical application. This review provides a unique perspective on PTC, focusing on the synergistic effects and pointing out a possible direction for practical application.
Advances of Organosulfur Materials for Rechargeable Metal Batteries
Authors: Guo Wei , Wang Dan‐Yang , Chen Qiliang , Fu Yongzhu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBattery materials have become a hotspot in the academic research. Organosulfur compounds are considered as a promising class of cathode materials for rechargeable metal batteries. They have attracted increasing attention in recent years after a long‐term stagnancy since 1980s. Recent studies have focused on the understanding of redox mechanism of linear organosulfur molecules R‐Sn‐R with defined structures. In addition, some new organosulfur compounds are developed. The reversible sulfursulfur (SS) bond breakage/formation of organosulfur in batteries makes them applicable as functional materials in batteries. In this review, new organosulfur materials including molecules, polymers, and composites are introduced. In the following, organosulfur‐inorganic hybrid materials are discussed, which have shown unique redox process and enhanced battery performance. In the third part, organosulfur additives are used in Li‐S batteries, which can improve the formation of solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) and alter the redox pathways of sulfur cathodes. In the fourth part, organosulfur materials used in other metal batteries are introduced. Lastly, a summary and some perspectives are given. This review presents an overview of the recent advances of organosulfur materials in batteries and provides guidance for the future development of these materials.
Mechanical Properties of Organic Electronic Polymers on the Nanoscale
Authors: Panchal Vishal , Dobryden Illia , Hangen Ude D. , Simatos Dimitrios , Spalek Leszek J. , Jacobs Ian E. , Schweicher Guillaume , Claesson Per M. , Venkateshvaran Deepak 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOrganic semiconducting polymers have attractive electronic, optical, and mechanical properties that make them materials of choice for large area flexible electronic devices. In these devices, the electronically active polymer components are micrometers in size, and sport negligible performance degradation upon bending the centimeter‐scale flexible substrate onto which they are integrated. A closer look at the mechanical properties of the polymers, on the grain‐scale and smaller, is not necessary in large area electronic applications. In emerging micromechanical and electromechanical applications where the organic polymer elements are flexed on length scales spanning their own micron‐sized active areas, it becomes important to characterize the uniformity of their mechanical properties on the nanoscale. In this work, the authors use two precision nanomechanical characterization techniques, namely, atomic force microscope based PeakForce quantitative nanomechanical mapping (PF‐QNM) and nanoindentation‐based dynamical mechanical analysis (nano‐DMA), to compare the modulus and the viscoelastic properties of organic polymers used routinely in organic electronics. They quantitatively demonstrate that the semiconducting near‐amorphous organic polymer indacenodithiophene‐co‐benzothiadiazole (C16‐IDTBT) has a higher carrier mobility, lower modulus, and greater nanoscale modulus areal uniformity compared to the semiconducting semicrystalline organic polymer poly[2,5‐bis(3‐tetradecylthiophen‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene] (C14‐PBTTT). Modulus homogeneity appears intrinsic to C16‐IDTBT but can be improved in C14‐PBTTT upon chemical doping.