bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Austria
Authors: Diesenreiter Carina , Wendt Claus 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the compulsory health insurance system in Austria. It traces the development of the Austrian healthcare system, characterized by its corporatist and federalist structures. Since the early 1990s, there has been a trend towards increased centralization of health planning, and, at several junctures, a departure from consensus politics to unilateral adoption of cost-containment measures, and the re-structuring of the health insurance system through a merger of the regional funds (despite a challenge in the Constitutional Court). Other healthcare issues have been long-term care, employment conditions of caregivers, and the quality of primary care.
Switzerland
Authors: Rüefli Christian 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the mandatory health insurance system in Switzerland. It traces the development of the Swiss healthcare system, characterized by the strong role of the cantons and private stakeholder organizations in managing the system as well as the reliance on voluntary private insurance for most of the twentieth century. Since 1994, when a law on mandatory health insurance was adopted, the main issues in Swiss healthcare politics have been increasing costs, managed competition, the introduction of case-based payment, and healthcare governance. Switzerland’s consociational political system, with its instruments of direct democracy, federalism, and corporatist interest representation, impedes the development of consensus across the left–right divide about whether the health system should rely more on market mechanisms and individual responsibility or on state control and universal coverage.
Hungary
Authors: Földes Mária Éva 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the social health insurance-based system in Hungary. It traces the development of the Hungarian healthcare system, characterized by seismic shifts from a Bismarckian, solidarity-based social health insurance to centrally planned healthcare pledging universal access to health services as a citizen’s right. After the fall of state socialism, Hungary returned to a social health insurance model, and since then the main policy efforts have focused on decentralization, strengthening of private provision and entrepreneurship, and financial consolidation of the health system. After the highly contested and ultimately failed attempt to introduce managed competition and user fees between 2006 and 2008, there has been a shift back to an increasingly centralized system with tax-based financing. As noted in the chapter, the consequences of recentralization for the solidarity, accessibility, affordability, and quality of healthcare in Hungary are still to be seen.
Slovakia
Authors: Popic Tamara 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the health system in Slovakia based on compulsory social health insurance. It traces the development of the Slovak healthcare system, characterized by the shift from a social health insurance model to a Semashko model of health provision under communism. Slovak post-communist health politics has been marked by strong left–right political conflict and institutional barriers to reforms. Nevertheless, health policy in Slovakia displays a dramatic shift to a market-oriented healthcare provision based on user fees and managed competition, introduced in 2003 and 2004. Attempts to reverse market-oriented reforms were partially successful and have involved supranational and international authorities of the European Commission and of the International Court of Arbitration. As outlined in the chapter, some of the main issues facing the Slovak healthcare system have been overcapacity in the hospital sector, a malfunctioning referral system, and corruption.
Serbia
Authors: Popic Tamara 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the universal health system in Serbia based on compulsory social health insurance. It traces the development of the Serbian healthcare system after the breakup of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, characterized by a move from the self-managed insurance model to a more standard Bismarckian health insurance system combined with passive privatization. Despite efforts to restructure healthcare provision through a reform in 2005, the system’s two-tier structure remains firmly entrenched, protected by professional interests. The chapter highlights other healthcare issues including long waiting lists and corruption.
Bosnia And Herzegovina
Authors: Hasić Jasmin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the social health insurance system in the separate entities that make up Bosnia and Herzegovina. It traces the development of the healthcare system in Bosnia and Herzegovina, marked by the introduction of self-managed insurance system during communism. After Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence in 1992 following the breakup of the SFRY, the health system deteriorated during the devastating Bosnian War, and the nation-building process dominated the political agenda. Since 1996, facilitated by international organizations, health politics has focused on remodeling the socialist self-managed insurance system towards a more standard social insurance system with market elements. While the Republika Srpska entity has a centralized social insurance system, in the Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine entity the social insurance is decentralized, governed independently by ten cantons. As described in the chapter, the main healthcare issues have been the significant portion of uninsured, inequalities in health access both across and within regions, the high cost of private health services, and difficulties with collecting sufficient insurance contributions due to high rates of unemployment and informal employment.
Lafcadio Hearn and Global Aestheticism
Authors: Evangelista Stefano 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Lafcadio Hearn’s writings provide a radically different understanding of literary cosmopolitanism from Wilde’s. This chapter studies Hearn’s attempts to translate and transpose aestheticism onto a global stage. It argues that Hearn’s works compound a commitment to preserving cultural differences with essentialism, exoticism, and even, paradoxically, elements of cultural nationalism. Hearn’s early translations of Théophile Gautier’s fantastic stories created a dialogue between metropolitan European aestheticism and the cosmopolitan culture of nineteenth-century New Orleans. In his writings on Japan, Hearn employed literary impressionism and ghost narratives (some of which look back to Gautier) to interrogate his own authority as Western essayist and to capture the peculiar temporality of turn-of-the-century Japan, a country caught between traditional culture and modernization, nationalist and cosmopolitan tendencies. In Japan, Hearn also lectured extensively on British aestheticism, encouraging his students to draw inspiration from it for the creation of a cosmopolitan Japanese literature of the future.
Controversies in the Periodical Press
Authors: Evangelista Stefano 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the periodical medium played a fundamental role in the construction of literary cosmopolitanism as a discursive phenomenon. It focuses on two periodicals launched in the fin de siècle: the American Cosmopolitan and the European Cosmopolis. The commercially oriented and middle-brow Cosmopolitan promoted cosmopolitanism as a female-gendered social identity linked to class privilege, as testified by the serialization of Elizabeth Bisland’s round-the-world trip in 1889. However, it also interrogated the cosmopolitan tendencies of modern American literature embodied by the writings of Henry James. By contrast, the short-lived Cosmopolis was a high-brow periodical that aimed to revive Kant’s Enlightenment ideal and Goethe’s notion of world literature. It was committed to multilingualism and to fighting nationalism. The chapter closes with an analysis of Cosmopolis as a competitor to the iconic 1890s English literary periodicals, the Yellow Book and The Savoy.
Practical Concepts
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper is a successor to the author’s ‘In Defence of Thick Concepts’. It asks first whether all thick concepts have a default valence. It then considers how to account for the combination of the descriptive and the evaluative (which is sometimes called ‘interpenetration’) in a thick concept, and suggests that the so-called ‘no-priority’ view fails to do this. We might also wonder why the descriptive element is not always capable of separate instantiation. Various alternative moves are considered. The paper offers a considerably more varied list of supposedly thick concepts than is normal. It ends by suggesting that thick concepts are evaluative because competence with them involves grasp of their evaluative point.
Arguments from Illusion
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper lays out in detail various versions of an argument from illusion in areas of philosophy other than the familiar one in the theory of perception. Those are the philosophy of action (doing vs. trying), the theory of motivation, the theory of knowledge, the theory of justification, and, in the philosophy of action, the distinction between act and agent. The suggestion is that we learn something about the force of such arguments, and about the best way to resist them, by seeing how they function in different contexts. There is also a suggestion (but no more than that) that if you are tempted by one instance, you should be equally tempted by the others. The paper also examines the much less familiar distinction between disjunctivism and non-conjunctivism.
Moore’s Account of Vindictive Punishment: A Test Case for Theories of Organic Unities
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses two conceptions of organic unities. Moore, who first brought the notion of an organic unity to prominence, argues for an intrinsicalist conception of the organic: items do not have different non-instrumental value in different contexts, but the value they contribute to a whole of which they are a part may vary according to other parts of that whole. In this sense, they can contribute value that they have not got. This paper contrasts that conception with a different, variabilist conception which is more friendly to a general holism in the theory of value. It argues that intrinsicalism gives an incoherent account of what Moore calls vindictive punishment.
Vagueness and the Evolution of Consciousness
Authors: Tye Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Either consciousness appeared suddenly in living beings so that its appearance is like that of a light switch being turned on or it arose through intermediate stages. On the former view, consciousness is an on/off matter, but once it arose, it became richer and richer through time rather as a beam of light may become brighter and broader in its sweep. On the latter view, consciousness is not an on/off matter. There are shades of gray. Consciousness arose gradually just as life did, becoming richer through time as animal brains became more complex. I argue that both these views encounter insuperable difficulties and thus that a kind of paradox arises. The way out of the paradox is to accept that the various species of consciousness are vague, admitting of borderline cases, and are to be accounted for within a representationalist view of conscious states but that consciousness itself, or rather a central element of consciousness I call “consciousness*”, is sharp. Consciousness*, I claim, is a fundamental feature of micro-reality, and thus it did not evolve, unlike conscious states. The view with which I end up presents novel solutions to three important problems (of undirected consciousness, of combination, and of tiny, psychological subjects). It also takes up the question of how consciousness can be causally efficacious with respect to animal behavior. The final chapter of the book turns to the question of where in the brain macro-consciousness is located and which animal brains so evolved as to support conscious states.
The Location of Consciousness
Authors: Tye Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Consciousness*, as I call it in Chapter 4, is everywhere, residing as it does wherever there is a quark or some other fundamental entity. But what about consciousness? Evidently, consciousness requires a brain. If creatures with brains had never evolved, there would have been no such thing as consciousness. But where in the brain is consciousness located? A proposal by Crick and Koch is considered, as is one by Damasio. It is shown that a puzzle arises for both of their proposals and a reconciliation offered. The further question of which brains support consciousness is also addressed. It is argued that honeybees and fruit flies are conscious but leeches and box jellyfish are not.
Introduction
Authors: Carter Laura 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The introduction proposes the key argument that the twentieth century was Britain’s educational century. It discusses how the democratization of historical knowledge in Britain between 1918 and 1979 occurred as a process of negotiation between policymakers, elites, and educationists on the one hand, and ordinary people on the other. The concept of the ‘history of everyday life’ is introduced and defined. The introduction then discusses the important role of women in the making of popular social history, and its relationship to classed, gendered, racial, imperial, and national categories. The ‘history of everyday life’ is briefly discussed in relation to other ‘origin stories’ of British social history, especially the new academic social history of the 1960s and the importance of the ‘everyday’ in mid-century social science. Finally, the introduction discusses the book’s methodological approach and provides an overview of each of the chapters.
Conclusion
Authors: Carter Laura 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The conclusion first summarises the book’s argument about the rise and fall of the ‘history of everyday life’ in British culture between 1918 and 1979. It then considers some educational connections between ‘history from below’ and the ‘history of everyday life’, suggesting that as universities became sites of mass education in the late twentieth-century, academic social history could more easily adopt the language of everyday life. Finally, the conclusion explores synergies between the ‘history of everyday life’ and feminist women’s histories of the 1970s and 1980s, re-asserting the centrality of women to the production and consumption of popular social history in twentieth-century Britain. An important legacy of the mid-century ‘history of everyday life’ is found in campaigns to bring women’s history into schools in London during the 1980s.
Introduction
Authors: Aliverti Ana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Introduction presents the main arguments advanced in the book, details the methodology used, and describes the structure followed. As an institutional ethnography of inland migration policing, the book examines the growing emphasis on borders in policing, and describes the range of challenges, dilemmas, and contradictions that the task of maintaining order and exercising state power in an interconnected and polarized world animate. State power, as wielded by the officers I observed, defies the Weberian rational paradigm of bureaucracy and unsettles conventional models, built on rigid rules and constrained discretion, since to a large extent it relies on non-rational, magic-like elements to solve policing problems in an increasingly complex world. The random, confusing, and informal nature of power in this domain also pervades questions of access and negotiations to research its institutions, and ultimately shaped the fate of this study. In attending to and making sense of these border paradoxes, I rely on an eclectic theoretical scaffold drawing from a wide range of sociological and anthropological accounts of the police and the state in diverse settings, including the bourgeoning policing literature on postcolonial societies in the global South, and place emphasis on the global and historical continuities and connections in the police’s institutional practices and cultural norms.
The Plastic Police: Professional Identity, Authority, and Legitimacy
Authors: Aliverti Ana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the history and professional culture of the operational arm of the immigration department, the Immigration Compliance and Enforcement teams (ICE). It examines this vernacular agency called upon to manage and control global mobility, and its ambivalent relationship with the police, attending to matters of authority and legitimacy, professional presentation and politics, morality and identity. It argues that while the police are recurrently referred as a comparator, the composition, institutional rules and practices, and the nature of the work of ICE set them apart. The chapter relies on first-hand accounts of long-term front-line officers to reconstruct and chart institutional changes to immigration enforcement in the UK. Their accounts offer insights into the mysterious world of immigration enforcement, its genesis, short turbulent history, and its fast-changing contours through the lens of those tasked with its making. The second part of the chapter explores what it is like to be an immigration officer: who are these people? Why have they chosen this career path? What are their aspirations and frustrations? What are their worldviews? How do they perceive themselves vis-à-vis their police colleagues? And what is it like to work in a highly controversial and sensitive area of public policy? Thus, the purpose of this chapter is to understand immigration enforcement, and its employees, through their own words and worlds.
The Moral Worlds of Migration Policing
Authors: Aliverti Ana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the moral worlds of migration policing. It reflects on the moral categories officers mobilize to understand the people they deal with, the moral meaning they attach to their actions, as well as to their job, and the range of emotional reactions that they express -including the moral pains involved in doing border work. The moral economy of immigration work is dominated by distinct and often conflicting logics and rationales (the bureaucratic, the punitive, and the compassionate), and underpinned by a political economy of immigration controls which simultaneously moralize and normalize immigration lawbreaking. In exploring how officers on the ground navigate and give content to this moral economy, we grasp the complex, ambivalent, and polyvalent sentiments mobilized in the policing of migration, and the distinct moral dilemmas that these officers encounter in their daily work. In the quest to produce a ‘bordered order’ (Aas 2013), they appreciate not only the arbitrariness of border control (and its inadequacy to confront the profound global disparities underpinning status illegality), but also its capricious operation, which does not deliver on the promises of getting rid of criminals, and letting in ‘good’ migrants. They convey the emotionally and morally draining nature of border controls and its human costs on both sides of state coercion, which exercise can equally brutalize and humanize those bestowing it. In conciliating the conflicting demands for care and order, empathy and suspicion, these officers often felt unable to achieve either.
The Problem of a Courtly Literature
Authors: Werlin Julianne 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the seventeenth-century shift from aristocratic forms of literary evaluation to the book market as a key source of prestige—from a courtly to a commercial model of literary judgment and value. Setting the literature of the Caroline court within larger debates about the monarchy’s authority over an increasingly powerful commercial sector, it argues that English courtly culture crystalized in response to the challenges to royal authority posed by market growth and autonomy. It thus returns to a Marxist interpretation of the causes of the English Revolution, while using recent research on the book market, print censorship, and coterie literary circulation to draw new connections between socioeconomic change and literary history.
Introduction to R
Authors: Touchon Justin C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Introductory chapter gets readers started in R, teaching them how to work in both a script window and the console, create objects, and execute basic functions. The chapter dives right in to learning the basic coding of R! In addition, we discuss important topics such as writing literate and well-annotated code and organizing your data in an appropriate manner before you even import it to R.
More Linear Models in R!
Authors: Touchon Justin C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 continues exploring the world of statistics that are covered within the linear model, namely two-way and three-way ANOVA, linear regression and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). In each type of model, a detailed description of how to interpret the summary output is undertaken, including understanding how to interpret and plot interactions. Conducting post-hoc analyses and using the predict() function are also covered. The chapter ends by reinforcing earlier plotting skills in ggplot2 by walking through an example of making a professional looking figure with multiple non-linear regression curves and confidence intervals.
Writing Loops and Functions in R
Authors: Touchon Justin C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Learning how to write your own functions can seem like a daunting task, but Chapter 10 demystifies this process and teaches readers how to think about when and why this is an important thing to do. Beginning with simple functions and progressing to complex data simulations, writing functions is useful skill that will greatly expand the horizons of even relatively beginner R users.
The Riddle of Vagueness
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This anthology includes fourteen of Crispin Wrights’s highly influential essays on the phenomenon of vagueness in natural language, collectively representing almost half a century of cutting-edge systematic research. Key issues addressed include whether or under what assumptions vague expressions’ apparent tolerance of marginal changes in things to which they apply indicates that they are governed by inconsistent semantic rules, the varieties of Sorites paradox and the roots of the plausibility of their respective major premises, what it is for something to be a borderline case of a vague expression, whether vagueness should be viewed as fundamentally a semantic or an epistemic phenomenon, whether there is ‘higher-order’ vagueness, and what should be the appropriate logic for vague statements. The essays reprinted here jointly document the development of a distinctively original treatment of the philosophy and logic of vagueness, broadly analogous to the intuitionistic philosophy and logic for pure mathematics. Richard Kimberly Heck contributes an extended introductory essay, providing both an insightful critical overview of the development of the distinctive elements of Wright’s thought about vagueness, and indeed an invaluable advanced introduction to the topic.