bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Literary History of the Sahel
Authors: Sow Alioune 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the singular relation between literature and politics as developed in the Sahel, and traces the specific literary configurations and cultural developments that derived from this relationship. In the wake of decolonization, and perhaps in contrast to other regions of the continent, the literary has dominated the cultural and political milieus of the Sahel, determined the political orientations of the newly emancipated territories at independence, and defined their cultural and social evolution. This relation to the literary has translated into the multiplication of solid literary networks, noticeable literary affinities and communities, and stimulated distinctive literary practices with the ambition of creating spaces in which literary dynamics and practices served social and political developments.
Negotiating Secularism in the Sahel
Authors: Thurston Alex 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
French-style secularism or laïcité is part of the constitutional order and the elite political culture in most of the Sahel. Yet in this region, laïcité—sometimes defined as the effort to protect the state from religion, as opposed to the American style of protecting religion from the state—does not entail complete aloofness on the part of the state. Rather, Sahelian laïcité has tended to involve: (i) state regulation of religion; (ii) strategic partnerships between politicians and religious leaders; and (iii) recurring renegotiation of the role that religious ideas and actors will play in political culture, elections, and policymaking. The foremost explicit and implicit defenders of Sahelian laïcité include French-educated politicians and intellectuals, while various clerics, activists, and politicians have questioned the meaning of laïcité or even the need for it. Conversations surrounding laïcité involve and affect a number of actors, including ordinary Muslims, Sufis, Islamists, jihadists, and Christians.
Democracy and Capitalism
Authors: Iversen Torben 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The welfare state is at the centre of a long-standing debate about the relationship between capitalism and democracy. One view holds that democracy and capitalism are in tension with each other, and that footloose capital undermine redistribution; another view holds that democracy and capitalism are complements, and that democracy compensates for inequalities in the distribution of property and income. This chapter provides a critical review of the literature on advanced democracies and capitalism, and how the two coexist and co-evolve. It explores several topics: (a) approaches to the study of democratic redistribution and how democratic institutions shape distributive outcomes; (b) the relationship between democracy and capitalism, and in particular whether democracy is constrained by footloose capital; and (c) the historical origins and co-evolution of advanced capitalist democracies.
Parties
Authors: Schmidt Manfred G. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses attention on short-term and long-term impacts of political parties on social policy in advanced democracies. According to a wide variety of both comparative research and in-depth country studies, partisan effects have influenced the structure and expansion of the welfare state in the post-Second World War period to a large extent. Particularly strong have been these effects in the ‘Golden Age’ of the welfare state in the 1960s, 1970s, and in some countries also in the 1980s—mainly due to policy choices of leftist and Christian democratic parties. More mixed has been the explanatory power of partisan theory after the ‘Golden Age’. In view of critical circumstances, such as a major fiscal crisis of the state and the pressure generated by demographic ageing, but also due to massive changes in their social constituencies, a considerable number of pro-welfare state parties accepted recalibration and cutbacks in social policy in order to consolidate budgets.
Unemployment Insurance
Authors: Sjöberg Ola , Carroll Eero , Palme Joakim 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Unemployment is one of the ‘old risks’ that modern welfare states can be seen to have responded to, but continues to be of great importance in the twenty-first century. Unemployment insurance also appears to be more ridden by political conflicts than other social policy programmes. This chapter describes the evolution of unemployment insurance schemes in eighteen long-standing welfare states. It dates the emergence of the first laws and traces the expansion of the coverage and replacement levels of benefits during the ‘Golden Age’ to more recent periods marked by economic crisis and retrenchment in the quality of unemployment protection. Four models of unemployment insurance are identified: voluntary state-subsidized, targeted, state corporatist, and comprehensive schemes. These models sum up institutional differences that are important for understanding the cross-national variation in a broad set of outcomes—ranging from individual conditions and behaviours, such as poverty and labour supply, to macroeconomic stabilization. The quality of unemployment insurance contributes to explain, among other things, differences in poverty rates over time and among nations.
The Critics of Welfare
Authors: Hooijer Gerda , King Desmond 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how the welfare state’s critics, from the political right and the left, have contributed to institutional change through their ideas and advocacy. It discusses the neoliberal, conservative, social democratic, and right-wing populist critiques on the welfare state. These ideas are important to understand changes to the welfare state because they create the momentum for institutional disturbance. The chapter’s focus on the critics emphasizes the endogenous undercurrents disrupting welfare states, as well as the path-shaping capacity of new ideas. It shows that political reforms of the welfare state are not only driven by functional needs, vested interests, institutional habits, and public opinion, but also by ideas and their political advocates.
Gendered Outcomes
Authors: Hook Jennifer , Ruppanner Leah 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the quantitative, cross-nationally comparative literature investigating the effects of welfare states on gendered social landscapes in high-income OECD countries. It begins by reviewing the data, measures, and methodological approaches used in the literature. It then reviews research on the ‘effects’ of welfare states on gendered (a) labour market outcomes; (b) divisions of household labour and childcare; and (c) well-being. The authors conclude that welfare states play a key role in shaping gender inequality within the labour market and the home, with important consequences for well-being. Finally, the authors conclude with an assessment of limitations and prospects for future research.
The Nordic Countries
Authors: Kautto Mikko , Kuitto Kati 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the descriptive premises of the notion of a distinctive Nordic welfare model. It asks in what sense the Nordic welfare states constitute a distinctive type, and whether its core features have remained stable in recent decades. The global interest in the Nordic model is best explained by Nordic countries’ long record of good economic and social performance, as well as its anticipated ideological foundations of egalitarianism and universalism. Despite the continuous challenges of past decades, and in part differing welfare policy responses to those, the Nordic countries still bear some ‘family resemblance’, especially when viewed in a broader comparative framework. The empirical assessment provided in this chapter shows that the strong emphasis on public services and social investment still distinguishes the Nordic welfare states from others. The inbuilt emphasis on labour market participation of the Nordic countries lays the foundation and continuity for the tax-based welfare state.
The English-Speaking Countries
Authors: Castles Francis G. , Pierson Christopher 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the extent to which it is possible to speak of a commonality in the welfare state experience of English-speaking welfare states (Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States). At one level, the expectation that these tend to be comparatively small, low-spending, market-focused (‘liberal’) welfare states proves to be true. But, upon closer inspection, that commonality tends to break down. Some have been more redistributive than others and the Antipodean cases (Australia and New Zealand) with distinctive labour market institutions suggest the possibility of a different way of managing distributional outcomes. The widely canvassed US ‘exceptionalism’ proves to be true to some extent, though less so after Obama’s health-care reforms. In the wake of the Great Financial Crisis of 2008, both commonalities and differences remained.
The Emergence of the Western Welfare State
Authors: Kuhnle Stein , Sander Anne 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The chapter provides a perspective on the early development of the welfare state in the countries of the European cultural complex, including the European (English) settler nations. The focus is on the emergence of the institutions of social insurance since the 1880s until 1945. First, an overall picture of early collective solutions to social problems is presented, followed by a depiction and discussion of why state-initiated social insurance came about, why Germany was a forerunner, and why national authorities reacted differently to the new challenge of social policy. The second part of the chapter covers the phase of consolidation, expansion, and geographical diffusion of social insurance and protection legislation after the First World War. A comprehensive tabular overview of the first statutory social security schemes in the forty-two ILO member countries that had introduced at least three out of five insurance pillars by 1945 is included. The chapter ends with a brief look at the Second World War experience.
Research Methods
Authors: Amenta Edwin , Hicks Alexander M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews research methods in the study of welfare states and social policy, focusing on causal research. It addresses both comparative studies, which address the experiences of two or more country or subnational cases and historical studies, which address over-time variation, often with deep knowledge of cases, based on primary research. It also addresses combined comparative and historical studies. The chapter highlights the variety of methodological work in the welfare state area and delineates the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches employed. These methods range from in-depth historical analyses of a single-country case, historical analyses of a few countries, and Boolean Qualitative Comparative Analyses (QCA) across medium-N samples of countries to cross-sectional, event history, and pooled cross-sectional and time-series analyses of large numbers of countries. The chapter concludes with suggestions for synthesizing, triangulating, and combining methods in order to minimize the disadvantages and maximize the advantages of different approaches.
Religion and Europe after the Fall of the Iron Curtain
Authors: Turcescu Lucian , Stan Lavinia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the situation regarding religion in the former communist countries of Eastern Europe and Russia after 1989. In much of the region, religious groups refused to sit back and watch passively as the politicians shaped their countries into Western-style liberal democracies, preferring instead to be actively involved in the process. Thus, religion has become an important actor in societies which otherwise could have secularized relatively fast, following the example of the Western democracies that the former communist countries were trying to emulate. Several issues are examined in order to illustrate how religion evolved after the fall of the Iron Curtain: these include dealing with the past, living with newly acquired religious freedom, nationalism and religion, religion and refugees, religious education in state schools, and sexuality and religion.
Religion and the European Parliament
Authors: Foret François 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the salience, relevance, and effects of religion at the European Parliament (EP) across a range of issues. These are: the allocation of power (religion and European elections); the profile of political elites (members of the EP and religion); the structuring of political forces (religion and party politics, using the example of Christian democracy); and religion and public policy (with cases studies of identity politics and counter-radicalization). The chapter concludes that, when dealing with religion, the EP mirrors what happens in European societies more generally in terms of the secularization and culturalization of faith. The EP also duplicates a frequently found feature of EU policy making: that is, to hollow out the normative and controversial content from religion and to address the topic through the repertoire of human rights, while respecting the national diversity of Member States.
The Commission of the Bishops’ Conferences of the European Community (COMECE)
Authors: Turner Frank 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the work of the Commission of the Bishops’ Conferences of the European Community (COMECE), its evolving relationship with central institutions of the European Union, and with its partners in the Catholic world. The chapter then considers particular challenges, both intrinsic (arising from the character of COMECE itself) and extrinsic (focusing on those entailed by the EU’s culture of secularity). For example, the Treaty of Lisbon assures religious organizations, like non-religious ones, both access to and dialogue with EU institutions. COMECE’s advocacy, however, is necessarily grounded in Catholic beliefs and principles, in particular those of Catholic social thought. Such foundational principles cannot be coherently articulated in the language of secularity alone.
Religion, Belief, and the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Cumper Peter , Lewis Tom 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the interpretation of the right to freedom of religion or belief under Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (1950) by the European Court of Human Rights. The topic is examined with reference to legal bans on items of Islamic dress such as headscarves and face-veils. It is argued that both the structure of Article 9, and the way in which it has been interpreted, has resulted in weak levels of protection for applicants bringing such claims, and that the reasons for this lie deep in European history and politics. The Court’s approach may, arguably, be justifiable in that the protection it offers is subsidiary to that offered by states. Nevertheless, the scant hope that such applicants have raises questions as to the effectiveness of the Convention and threatens to undermine much of the laudable work that has been undertaken elsewhere by the Court.
Religion and Orthodox Eastern Europe, 700–1500
Authors: Briel Matthew C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Taking the Byzantine (East Roman) Empire as its focus, this chapter paints in broad brush strokes the theological developments over the course of eight centuries, from the outbreak of Iconoclasm in the eighth century to the Hesychast debates of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It was from Byzantium that the earliest Christian missionaries spread the Gospel and Byzantine Christian culture to the various Slavic lands. The chapter also includes a note on the role of the Jews and Manichean sects in Orthodox Europe. Overall the chapter argues that it was the Orthodox Church, and especially the Patriarchate of Constantinople, that was the primary creator of culture in Eastern Europe during the Middle Ages.
A novel semi-automated classifier of hip osteoarthritis on DXA images shows expected relationships with clinical outcomes in UK Biobank
Authors: Faber Benjamin G , Ebsim Raja , Saunders Fiona R , Frysz Monika , Lindner Claudia , Gregory Jennifer S , Aspden Richard M , Harvey Nicholas C , Davey Smith George , Cootes Timothy , Tobias Jonathan H 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
Conventional scoring methods for radiographic hip OA (rHOA) are subjective and show inconsistent relationships with clinical outcomes. To provide a more objective rHOA scoring method, we aimed to develop a semi-automated classifier based on DXA images and confirm its relationships with clinical outcomes.

Methods
Hip DXAs in UK Biobank (UKB) were marked up for osteophyte area from which acetabular, superior and inferior femoral head osteophyte grades were derived. Joint space narrowing (JSN) grade was obtained automatically from minimum joint space width (mJSW) measures. Clinical outcomes related to rHOA comprised hip pain, hospital diagnosed OA (HES OA) and total hip replacement. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard modelling were used to examine associations between overall rHOA grade (0–4; derived from combining osteophyte and JSN grades) and the clinical outcomes.

Results
A toal of 40 340 individuals were included in the study (mean age 63.7), of whom 81.2% had no evidence of rHOA, while 18.8% had grade ≥1 rHOA. Grade ≥1 osteophytes at each location and JSN were associated with hip pain, HES OA and total hip replacement. Associations with all three clinical outcomes increased progressively according to rHOA grade, with grade 4 rHOA and total hip replacement showing the strongest association [57.70 (38.08–87.44)].

Conclusions
Our novel semi-automated tool provides a useful means for classifying rHOA on hip DXAs, given its strong and progressive relationships with clinical outcomes. These findings suggest DXA scanning can be used to classify rHOA in large DXA-based cohort studies supporting further research, with the future potential for population-based screening.
Medication, Healthcare Follow-up, and Lifestyle Nonadherence: Do They Share the Same Risk Factors?
Authors: Ng Yue-Harn , Litvinovich Igor , Leyva Yuridia , Ford C. Graham , Zhu Yiliang , Kendall Kellee , Croswell Emilee , Puttarajappa Chethan M. , Dew Mary Amanda , Shapiro Ron , Unruh Mark L. , Myaskovsky Larissa 
Published: December 2021

Background.
Barriers to medication adherence may differ from barriers in other domains of adherence. In this study, we assessed the association between pre–kidney transplantation (KT) factors with nonadherent behaviors in 3 different domains post-KT.

Methods.
We conducted a prospective cohort study with patient interviews at initial KT evaluation (baseline—nonadherence predictors in sociodemographic, condition-related, health system, and patient-related psychosocial factors) and at ≈6 mo post-KT (adherence outcomes: medications, healthcare follow-up, and lifestyle behavior). All patients who underwent KT at our institution and had ≈6-mo follow-up interview were included in the study. We assessed nonadherence in 3 different domains using continuous composite measures derived from the Health Habit Survey. We built multiple linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for baseline characteristics, to predict adherence outcomes.

Results.
We included 173 participants. Black race (mean difference in adherence score: −0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.12 to −0.32) and higher income (mean difference: −0.34; 95% CI, −0.67 to −0.02) predicted lower medication adherence. Experience of racial discrimination predicted lower adherence (odds ratio, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.12–0.76) and having internal locus of control predicted better adherence (odds ratio, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.06–2.03) to healthcare follow-up. In the lifestyle domain, higher education (mean difference: 0.75; 95% CI, 0.21–1.29) and lower body mass index (mean difference: −0.08; 95% CI, −0.13 to −0.03) predicted better adherence to dietary recommendations, but no risk factors predicted exercise adherence.

Conclusions.
Different nonadherence behaviors may stem from different motivation and risk factors (eg, clinic nonattendance due to experiencing racial discrimination). Thus adherence intervention should be individualized to target at-risk population (eg, bias reduction training for medical staff to improve patient adherence to clinic visit).
Butyrate-producing gut bacteria are associated with protection from allergic symptoms after Hurricane Harvey
Authors: Panthagani Kristen M. , Hoffman Kristi L. , Oluyomi Abiodun , Sotelo Jesus , Stewart Christopher , Armstrong Georgina , Luo Dan Na , Bondy Melissa , Walker Cheryl Lyn , Petrosino Joseph F. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHurricane Harvey caused record-breaking, catastrophic flooding across the city of Houston. After floodwaters receded, several health concerns arose, including the potential adverse impact of exposure to mold in flooded homes. We rapidly launched the Houston Hurricane Harvey Health Study to evaluate if microbiome sampling in the wake of a disaster could inform flood-associated environmental exposures and adverse health outcomes. We enrolled a total of 347 subjects at 1-month and 12-months post-Harvey, collecting human (stool, nasal, saliva) and environmental (house swab) samples to profile the bacterial and fungal microbiota. Here we show reported exposure to mold was associated with increased risk of allergic symptoms for up to one year post-disaster, and that butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut were linked to protection from allergic symptoms in mold-exposed individuals. Together, these data provide new insights into how microbiome:environment interactions may influence health in the setting of a flood-related disaster.
Oscillations of pause-burst neurons in the STN correlate with the severity of motor signs in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Belova Elena M. , Filyushkina Veronika I. , Dzhalagoniia Indiko , Gamaleya Anna A. , Tomskiy Alexey A. , Neumann Wolf-Julian , Sedov Alexey 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundOscillatory activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is under extensive study. While rhythmic features of local field potentials are implicated in the manifestation of PD motor signs, less is known about single unit activity (SUA). SUA parameters inside the STN show significant heterogeneity, and various firing patterns may contribute unequally to PD pathophysiology.ObjectivesWe searched for correlations between SUA parameters and PD motor signs, taking neuronal activity patterns into account.Methods829 spike trains for STN SUA were recorded during 25 DBS surgeries. We have isolated three firing patterns (tonic, irregular burst and pause-burst) and, using mixed linear models, examined several ISI parameters and burst descriptors (for the last two patterns) for their correlation with the UPDRS 3 score and bradykinesia and rigidity scores on the contralateral body side.ResultsThe predominance of pause-burst as opposed to tonic activity was associated with an increase in UPDRS 3 score. Oscillation scores in the alpha range correlated with bradykinesia and rigidity scores, and oscillation scores in the beta range correlated with bradykinesia score only for pause-burst neurons, while other patterns showed no correlation with PD motor signs. There was also significant negative correlation between bradykinesia score and theta oscillations for pause-burst pattern.ConclusionsPause-burst pattern and rhythmic neurons oscillating in the alpha range may affect motor processing in the basal ganglia more prominently than other activity patterns, probably reflecting progressive switching from tonic to burst to rhythmic activity in the parkinsonian state.