bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating Social Contacts in Mass Gatherings Through Agent-Based Simulation Modeling: Case of Hajj Pilgrimage
Authors: Tofighi Mohammadali , Asgary Ali , Tofighi Ghassem , Najafabadi Mahdi , Arino Julian , Amiche Amine , Rahman Ashrafur , McCarthy Zachary , Bragazzi Nicola , Thommes Edward , Coudeville Laurent , Bourouiba Lydia , Wu Jianhong 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Most mass gathering events have been suspended due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, with vaccination rollout, whether and how to organize some of these mass gathering events arises as part of the pandemic recovery discussions, and this calls for decision support tools. Hajj, one of the world's largest religious gatherings, was substantively scaled down in 2020 and it is still unclear if it will take place in 2021 and sub-sequent years. Considering the disease trends and vaccination conditions in the pilgrims’ country of origin, and the operational and logistical aspects of implementing public health measures, Hajj reopening conditions could be very complex. Simulating disease transmission dynamics during the Hajj season under differ-ent conditions can provide some insights for better decision-making. Since most disease risk assessment models require data on the number and nature of possible close contacts between individuals, we seek to use integrated agent-based modeling and discrete events simulation techniques to capture risky contacts among the pilgrims in one of the Hajj major sites, namely Masjid-Al-Haram. In particular, we assessed different scenarios concerning the total number of pilgrims and enforced physical distancing measures. Our simulation results show that a plethora of risky contacts may occur during the rituals. Also, as the total number of pilgrims increases at each site, the number of risky contacts increases, and physical distancing measures may be challenging to maintain beyond a certain number of pilgrims in the site.
Non-revenue water ratio prediction with serial triple diagram model
Authors: Kızılöz Burak , Şişman Eyüp 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Water administrations attempt to control the Non-Revenue Water Ratio (NRWR) values in sustainable and well-performing water distribution infrastructures. In this respect, the NRWR value prediction through appropriate models over a small number of controllable variables is significant. The collection, monitoring, and predictions of data on variables that are used in the NRWR calculations are not practical and required significant time besides financial resources. In this study, the NRWR predictions have been made through the suggested method over three parameters. The model prediction accuracies, in the literature obtained by using the Triple Diagram Model (TDM) over two parameters, have been increased through the Serial Triple Diagram Model (STDM) suggested in this study. This method shows that better predictions are possible in the NRWR modeling. Thanks to the model applications developed in this study, water administrations can make predictions with the least error (less than 10% relative error) and certain variables, according to the characteristics of each water distribution network.
Water-source contributions to barrier lakes and water-rock interactions in the Wudalianchi volcanic area, Northeast China
Authors: Zou Junyu , Song Zefeng , Duan Yamin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWudalianchi is a typical continental Cenozoic volcanic group rich in potassic volcanic rocks (Northeast China). Five hydrologically connected barrier lakes (Lakes 5 to 1) and upwelling cold mineral springs occur, forming a complex lake-groundwater system. Clarifying the water-source contributions and the role of water-rock interactions in the hydrological cycling for barrier lakes remains a challenge from scientific and engineering perspectives. In this study, seasonal variations of multiple isotopes were analyzed. δ18O and δD data indicate that the Wudalianchi lakes were mainly fed by mineral springs. The values, however, were greatly influenced by precipitation (rain and snow) and varying evaporation intensities. In contrast, 87Sr/86Sr ratios varied little between seasons (0.70701–0.7079), suggesting similar water-rock interactions through time. Nonetheless, Sr isotopic mixing models suggested that shallow mineral springs generally contributed &gt;50% of the water to lower reaches. In contrast, the upstream wetland contributed &gt;50% to Lake 5 and decreased down-valley (10.3–53.6%). Calculations based on the δ18O and δD Rayleigh fractionation equation suggest that evaporation in upper reaches was higher than the lower reaches. The evaporation in July was generally higher than in October. This study demonstrates the homogenous water-rock interactions and the associated water mixing effects on the terrestrial volcanic area.
Caracterización de bloques multinutricionales con bovinaza enriquecidos con un preparado BAL (bacterias ácido lácticas).
Authors: Rodriguez-Molano Carlos Eduardo 
Published: June 2021

Contextualización: Colombia es el cuarto mayor productor de ganado en América Latina, después de Brasil, Argentina y México, con aproximadamente 22,5 millones de cabezas de ganado, convirtiendo a la ganadería una de las actividades más importante en la economía del país, aportando 53% del producto interno pecuario; se ha apreciado un crecimiento de aproximadamente una tercera parte con el fin de producir alimentos que provean una fuente optima de proteína de origen animal y satisfagan las necesidades de los consumidores

Vacío de conocimiento: un problema serio que se presenta en la producción ganadera en Colombia son los altos costos de producción y la baja productividad a nivel de finca lo que ha generando la necesidad de buscar alternativas nutricionales de alta calidad y que sean económicamente rentables para el productor.

Propósito del estudio: esta investigación tuvo como propósito evaluar la composición nutricional y microbiológica de bloques multinutricionales elaborados con bovinaza y enriquecidos con un preparado BAL (bacterias ácido lácticas) con un proceso de fermentación, como posible alternativa de suplementación de rumiantes.

Metodología: el preparado microbiano esta basado en un cultivo de bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) heterofermentativa de mediana y rápida acidificación. En la elaboración de los bloques multinutricionales se empleó, sal mineralizada, excretas bovinas, harina de alfalfa, afrecho de café, harina de maíz, cemento, urea y melaza en diferentes porcentajes de inclusión; adicionalmente, al T2 y T3 se les añadió un preparado microbiano y el T3 tuvo un proceso de fermentación por 48 horas a temperatura ambiente. Las variables evaluadas fueron: Humedad (H), Materia seca (MS), Proteína Cruda (PC), fibra cruda (FC), fibra neutra detergente (FDN), fibra ácida detergente (FDA) y análisis microbiológico, empleándose un diseño de bloques completamente al azar.

Resultados y conclusiones: se presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas (P≤0,05) entre el T3 y los demás tratamientos en la PC, FC, FDA y FDN obteniendo los mayores valores, se evidenció un comportamiento inversamente proporcional entre la MS y la H para los distintos tratamientos; la concentración de aerobios para el T3 fue de 80 × 102 UFC/g, además de evidenciarse la ausencia de Salmonella en el T2 y T3. La inclusión de un preparado microbiano y la fermentación durante 48h mejora los parámetros nutricionales de los bloques multinutricionales.
Second Generation Biofuel – An Alternative Clean Fuel
Authors: Patel Shalu , Dixit Savita , Suneja Kavita Gidwani , Tipan Nilesh 
Published: June 2021

Renewable energy resources are in high demand to decrease dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuel industries, particularly bioethanol and biodiesel, have been rapidly increasing in tandem with agricultural production over more than a decade. First-generation biofuel manufacturing is heavily reliant on agriculture food sources like maize, sugarcane, sugar beets, soybeans, and canola. As a result, the intrinsic competitiveness among foods and fuels has been a point of contention in community for the past couple of years. Existing technological advancements in research and innovation have paved the way for the manufacturing of next-generation biofuels from a variety of feedstock’s, including agricultural waste materials, crops remnants and cellulosic biomass from high-yielding trees and bushes varieties. This report discusses the existing state of second-generation biofuel manufacturing as well as the feedstock utilized in fuel production, biofuel production globally and the current situation in India. This study also explores the current advancements in the findings and advancement of second-generation biofuel extraction from various feedstock’s. The forthcoming directions of agriculture and energy industrial sectors has also been addressed in order to feed the world 's growing population and to fuel the world's most energy-intensive industry, transportation.
Heat Dissipation Performance of Micro-channel Heat Sink with Various Protrusion Designs
Authors: Bai Siyuan , Guy Khalil , Jia Yuxiang , Li Weiyi , Li Qingxia , Yang Xinyao 
Published: June 2021

This research will focus on studying the effect of aperture size and shape of the micro-channel heat sink on heat dissipation performance for chip cooling. The micro-channel heat sink is considered to be a porous medium with fluid subject inter-facial convection. Derivation based on energy equation gives a set of governing partial differential equations describing the heat transfer through the micro-channels. Numerical simulation, including steady-state thermal analysis based on CFD software, is used to create a finite element solver to tackle the derived partial differential equations with properly defined boundary conditions related to temperature. After simulating three types of heat sinks with various protrusion designs including micro-channels fins, curly micro-channels fins, and Micro-pin fins, the result shows that the heat sink with the maximum contact area per unit volume will have the best heat dissipation performance, we will interpret the result by using the volume averaging theorem on the porous medium model of the heat sink.
Occurrence of Meloidogyne arenaria in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in the extreme south of the State of Bahia, Brazil
Authors: De Souza R. A. , Alves F. R. , De Oliveira C. M. G. , Rosa J. M. O. , De Assis Pinheiro J. , De Aguiar G. P. , Moraes W. B. 
Published: June 2021

Summary
Samples of black pepper root with the presence of galls from the most southern region of the State of Bahia, Brazil, were characterized biochemically and morphologically using three criteria: i) observation of the anterior region of the males; ii) analysis of female perineal configuration and iii) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique. Meloidogyne arenaria was found. This is the first report of this pathosystem in the State.
Physiological, immunological and genetic factors in the resistance and susceptibility to gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in the peripartum period: A review
Authors: González-Garduño R. , Arece-García J. , Torres-Hernández G. 
Published: June 2021

Summary
Parasitic diseases of sheep involving gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are one of the main problems that affect fl ock productivity, especially during the peripartum period. Around lambing, the ewes are immunosuppressed and the nematode faecal egg count (FEC) increases at four weeks before lambing, reaching a peak between the fourth and sixth week postpartum and subsequently decreasing towards weaning. Prolactin has been credited with a suppressive effect on immune system, along with other hormones that intervene in metabolism, such as leptin, which has an important role in the activation of other hormones. Cortisol has also been included; this is stimulated by any stressful event and inhibits the proliferation of T-cells and alters the function of immunoglobulins. Another related hormone is pepsinogen, which is considered a marker of the integrity of the abomasum mucosa, as well as the albumin concentration that increases in the presence of a GIN infection. The humoral and cellular immune response, as well as inflammatory reactions, are the main mechanisms of action against GIN. Lymphocytes direct the effector mechanisms in a Th2 cell response, including interleukins (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) together with immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE), which prevent the invasion of pathogens. Eosinophils with a cytotoxic effect are indicators of a parasitic infection, with importance in the immune protection of infected individuals. The genetic selection of resistant individuals measured by FEC is dependent on the heritability (h2), which is moderately inheritable and highly repeatable. Effects that influence the resistance or susceptibility of sheep to GIN infections in the peripartum period are determined by the interaction of various factors, such as genotype or breed, nutrition, age, type of birth, season and production system, etc., which are studied in this review.
Description of Chordodes anthophorus (Gordiida) for the first time in Iran with an emphasis on scanning electron microscopy characters
Authors: Mohtasebi S. , Abbaszadeh Afshar M. J. , Tabatabaie F. , Schmidt-Rhaesa A. 
Published: June 2021

Summary
We report a female Chordodes anthophorus from a Giant Asian Mantis (Hierodula membranacea) for the first time from Iran. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to describe the characters and substructures precisely. We demonstrate characteristic cuticular patterns for Chordodes anthophorus. The presence of five types of areoles including simple, tubercle, crowned and circumcluster areoles and also crowned areoles with long fi laments which is a common feature in females, confi rm our investigation.
Dampak Residu Pestisida Terhadap Keanekaragaman Jamur Tanah Pada Lahan Sayuran
Authors: Benu Martha Maria Magdalena , Adutae Anthonius S. J. , Mukkun Lince 
Published: June 2021

Pestisida memiliki efek negatif pada organisme tanah sebab mengandung senyawa beracun yang berbahaya. Penggunaan pestida oleh petani desa Noelbaki dalam budidaya sayuran cukup intensif dengan frekuensi penyemprotan 2-3 kali perminggu dengan masa tanam yang berlangsung terus-menerus sehingga memberikan dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan tanah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kandungan residu pestisida dan keanekaragaman komunitas biota tanah pada lahan sayuran yang diaplikasi pestisida dan tanpa pestisida. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode survey. Pengambilan sampel tanah dilakukan secara diagonal. Pengambilan sampel tanah bukan komposit dilakukan untuk pengamatan mikroba tanah, sedangkan komposit untuk analisis sifat fisika kimia tanah. Variabel yang diamati adalah kandungan residu pestisida, kepadatan populasi, keanekaragaman dan frekuensi kehadiran, jamur tanah serta sifat fisika kimia tanah pada lahan sayuran Vertisol dan Inceptisol yang diaplikasi pestisida dan tanpa pestisida. Analisis residu pestisida dilakukan dengan metode GC/MS, dan perhitungan jumlah mikroba dilakukan dengan metode Plate Counting Agar (PCA), sedangkan identifikasi mikroba dilakukan dengan pengamatan secara mikroskopis dan makroskopis. Residu pestisida berbahan aktif Lamda-cihalotrin pada contoh tanah jenis Vertisol yang diberi pestisida sebesar 0,060 ppm, dan pada contoh tanah Inceptisol dengan berbahan aktif Dimetoat sebanyak 0,042 ppm. Kepadatan populasi jamur tanah lebih tinggi pada lahan sayuran tanpa aplikasi pestisida sebanyak 71,6 cfu g-1, nilai indeks keanekaragaman jamur tanah lebih tinggi pada lahan sayuran aplikasi pestisida 1,609, frekuensi kehadiran spesies jamur Penicillium konstansi 100 % dan Mucor 90 %.
Economic growth and inequality of income distribution between regions: Evidence from Bali Province, Indonesia
Authors: Sukmaadi Dewa Putu Sudibya , Marhaeni A.A.Istri Ngurah 
Published: June 2021

Bali Province shows a prominent performance in the development of the tourism sector. However, essential problems were found related to inequality in the distribution of income between regions. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of locally-generated revenue, education spending, health spending, investment and infrastructure on economic growth and inequality in income distribution between districts/cities in the province Bali. This study uses a quantitative approach. The study explores panel data that combines time series and cross section data from the Regency / City of Bali Province during 2010 - 2017. The data analysis method uses path analysis. The results showed that local revenue, education spending, government spending on health, investment, and infrastructure had a positive effect on economic growth and reduced income inequality between regions. Economic growth is also able to mediate the influence of variables on inequality. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of planning coordination from each district and city to mutually commit to mobilizing all local resources such as human resources, finance, investment and infrastructure; to generate economic growth and reduce inequality between regions.JEL Classification E27; H75; R58
Assessing the social factors of place dependence and changes in land use in sustainable agriculture: Case of Pandaan District, Pasuruan Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Prayitno Gunawan , Rukmi Wara Indira , Ashari Muhammad Iqbal 
Published: June 2021

Times have led to changes in land functions and changes in environmental psychology's social, economic, and environmental aspects. Within Pandaan sub-district, there is a main road linking Surabaya and Malang to the road hierarchy as a national arterial road, and the Gempol-Pandaan toll road has changed the function of agricultural land, particularly in Durensewu and Plintah Village. This study aims to determine the land conversion that occurs in the Pandaan District by knowing the place dependence and the relationship between the place dependence and the residents' decision to change land use. The analytical method used is the analysis of land-use change, the analysis of place dependence, and the relationship between place dependence and land-use change. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that there is an indirect and positive relationship between place dependence and land-use change in the Pandaan District and that one of the dimensions of place dependence is environmental quality. The decision to change the land is connected to sustainable agriculture.JEL Classification: R11; R52; Q15
Indonesian coffee exports and its relation to global market integration
Authors: Fitriani Fitriani , Arifin Bustanul , Ismono Hanung 
Published: June 2021

Coffee price is an important indicator that stimulates farmers to advance their welfare. Unfortunately, coffee crisis makes the farm gate price uncertain and volatile. This study aims to explore the Indonesian coffee export situation related to price risks and coffee market integration between Indonesian coffee price and international price. The time series data were the coffee price from 1987 to 2014 in Indonesian domestic market and in global trade in London. Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) approach was applied to test market integration based on Ravallion’s equation. Based on the analysis, the results of the study revealed that Indonesian coffee export performed progressively in the last decade. Export destination countries for Indonesian coffee also developed broadly. There was market integration on the Indonesian coffee market and global price in the London terminal. Although not fully, the shock in the international price was somehow felt in the Indonesian coffee market. There were sufficient shreds of evidence to conclude that the Indonesian coffee market is well integrated with the international market in the long run. The changing coffee price in Indonesia and the International market adjusted in the next three years. In short term, Indonesian coffee price was 76% influenced by international price changes, but not vice versa.JEL Classification D49; Q02; Q17
The financial analysis of nitrogen fertilizers and planting systems and its implications on maize agribusiness: Evidence from Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Farhan , Sundari Ristina Siti , Ahmad Junaid , Arshad Adnan 
Published: June 2021

Maize is one of the staple foods that supply the world's food demand. The research aims to determine financial analysis of nitrogen fertilizers and planting systems and its implications on maize agribusiness. The research was conducted in experimental design with a split-plot arrangement comprising four replications. Maize plant density as a system treatment was allocated to main plots (65,000; 75,000; and 85,000 plant per ha). Integrated nitrogen was assigned to sub-plots: control; 0% yard manure (YM) + 100% urea; 100% YM + 0% urea; 50% YM + 50% urea; 75% YM + 25% urea; and 25% YM + 75% urea. Data were recorded on plant harvest, harvest index, and R/C ratio. The result showed that integrated N of 50% Farm Yard Manure + 50% urea in 85,000 plant per ha resulted in a higher harvest index of 31.5% and the highest R/C ratio of 6.2 and enhanced yield of 4,219 kg per ha. This yield almost meets the government's expectations. Total cost was 36,961 PKR, total income was 227,941 PKR, and economic net return reached 190,980 PKR. The government can support the maize crops farmers to activate decomposition household's waste to be organic fertilizer in their house and provide the place for decomposition activity in the crops field to fulfill production government target, food security, and environmental health.JEL Classification: Q01; Q12; Q18
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR PREDICTING THE GENERATION OF ACETALDEHYDE IN PET RESIN IN THE PROCESS OF INJECTION OF PLASTIC PACKAGES
Authors: Nascimento Mauro Reis , Alencar David Barbosa de , Nascimento Manoel Henrique Reis , Monteiro Carlos Alberto 
Published: June 2021

The industrial production of preforms for the manufacture of PET bottles, during the plastic injection process, is essential to regulate the drying temperature of the PET resin, to control the generation of Acetaldehyde (ACH), which alters the flavor of carbonated or non-carbonated drinks, giving the drink a citrus flavor and putting in doubt the quality of packaged products. In this work, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) of the Backpropagation type (Cascadeforwardnet) is specified to support the decision-making process in controlling the ideal drying temperature of the PET resin, allowing specialists to make the necessary temperature regulation decisions for the best performance by decreasing ACH levels. The materials and methods were applied according to the manufacturer's characteristics on the moisture in the PET resin grain, which may contain between 50 ppm and 100 ppm of ACH. Data were collected for the method analysis, according to temperatures and residence times used in the blow injection process in the manufacture of the bottle preform, the generation of ACH from the PET bottle after solid post-condensation stage reached residual ACH levels below (3-4) ppm, according to the desired specification, reaching levels below 1 ppm. The results found through the Computational Intelligence (IC) techniques applied by the ANNs, where they allowed the prediction of the ACH levels generated in the plastic injection process of the bottle packaging preform, allowing an effective management of the parameters of production, assisting in strategic decision making regarding the use of temperature control during the drying process of PET resin.