bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ancient Ideal and the New World
Authors: Rybak Jan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter investigates the two simultaneous but in many respects contradictory promises of national and social emancipation given in 1917 by the Russian Revolution and the Balfour Declaration. It analyses how activists perceived these two events, how they responded to them, and what conclusions they drew for their own work. Both events gave local activists a boost in self-confidence and energy and let them turn towards mass work—albeit in very different forms. At the end of the war many activists struggled with the two practical alternatives of emigration to Palestine or participating in a revolution in Europe. The chapter examines closely the various forms of revolutionary activism and the relations between left-wing Zionists and their fellow non-Jewish revolutionaries. It shows how both revolutionary activism and attempts to organize emigration to Palestine worked on a practical level in local contexts, and what these efforts implied for the future evolution of both Zionist political practice and ideology. While for many the Balfour Declaration spurred the move to emigrate, emigration was not necessarily an ideological choice—much to the frustration of many activists. At the same time, the emancipatory promise of revolution led a number of activists to question whether a homeland in Palestine was even necessary, and whether Zionism maintained its validity in this new period.
A Methodological Approach to Deep Seabed Mining by Non-state Actors
Authors: Dingwall Joanna 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 places this study within its broader methodological framework. Firstly, it offers a method of analysis for evaluating the deep seabed mining regime, drawing on the international legal system more generally, and including elements of formalism and the New Haven approach. Secondly, it provides a methodological perspective on one of this study’s key strands: the role of non-state actors (specifically, corporations). It does so by addressing the terminology concerning non-state actors and corporate entities; considering the means by which corporate nationality can be established as a matter of international law (including by reference to the law of diplomatic protection, international investment law and the concept of flag state nationality); assessing the role of corporations within the international legal system; and providing an initial analysis of the necessary conditions for corporate rights and corporate obligations under international law. This analysis provides the necessary conceptual backdrop against which this book can evaluate the role of corporate activities within deep seabed mining.
Common Management through Institutional Architecture – What is the Scope of the UNCLOS Deep Seabed Mining Regime and the Role of the ISA within it?
Authors: Dingwall Joanna 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 evaluates the role of common management in securing a common heritage framework for deep seabed mining beyond national jurisdiction (in the Area). To this end, Chapter 4 assesses the common management system for deep seabed mining within the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). UNCLOS provides a system of common rules applicable to the Area, together with the regulatory flexibility for this system to be developed and enforced, in practice, by a unique, unprecedented form of institutional power, wielded by the International Seabed Authority (ISA). The chapter includes analysis of the ISA’s progress towards development of the Mining Code, and the functioning of its contract-based licensing process, in practice. Chapter 4 addresses the means by which corporations may become participants in the regime (through state sponsorship, nationality and effective control requirements) and the extent to which the regime filters down to apply to them directly.
Preventing Unilateral Deep Seabed Mining Activities – To What Extent Does the UNCLOS Regime Constrain External Actors?
Authors: Dingwall Joanna 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 determines whether the common heritage prohibition of unilateral mining activities in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) prevents external actors from undertaking deep seabed mining activities unilaterally. In order to ascertain whether this prohibition binds corporate actors outside of UNCLOS, this chapter determines whether the procedural reach of UNCLOS extends to include non-States Parties and their nationals. It does so by considering, firstly, the reach of the regime as a matter of treaty law, including by assessing whether UNCLOS imposes third state obligations or creates an objective regime in relation to deep seabed mining. It also evaluates the status of the regime under customary law, with particular consideration of US practice and the role of the persistent objector doctrine. Finally, it addresses the extent to which the regime imposes direct obligations upon external corporate actors in the form of corporate obligations.
Concluding Remarks on Corporate Entity Involvement in Deep Seabed Mining
Authors: Dingwall Joanna 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The conclusion addresses the findings reached throughout this study on the role of private corporate actors in the deep seabed mining regime under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the impact of this upon realisation of the common heritage of mankind. It notes that the ISA is facing significant challenges in devising a workable payment mechanism that will deliver tangible benefits to humanity, while also ensuring sufficient marine environmental protections. The regime’s achievement of the common heritage will be dependent on the regulatory regime of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) fulfilling its potential, and implementing a comprehensive Mining Code to govern the life cycle of deep seabed mining operations. The study concludes by finding that, on balance, the regime is developing in a manner that may render it capable of realising its common heritage goals of securing communitarian benefits to humanity, alongside market-focused objectives. It also concludes that corporate participation may assist in achievement of the common heritage, to the extent that it may provide the commercial means for deep seabed mining to commence.
Various Forms of Differentiation and Majority Voting as an Alternative
Authors: Heber Caroline 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter sets out the different forms of differentiation and asks whether qualified majority voting in the field of taxation would be a practical and suitable alternative to differentiated law-making. The first sections show that enhanced cooperation is not the only flexibility mechanism within the European Union. Member States can also establish differentiation through primary EU law, secondary EU law, or by using partial international agreements. Partial international agreements may be a real alternative to enhanced cooperation law-making as they grant Member States the possibility to introduce rules which are only binding between some Member States. However, these sections reveal the clear differences between enhanced cooperation laws and partial international agreements which allow a protection of enhanced cooperation laws within the EU’s legal framework. Based on constitutional legal theory, in particular consociational democracy, the second part of this chapter argues that qualified majority voting should not be pursued in the field of taxation because it may lead to a European Union plagued by internal frustration and conflicts. The people of Europe are too heterogeneous, and unlike many other subject areas, taxation is a vehicle to pursue sensitive national policy objectives. Taxation is not only a revenue raiser, it is also a nuanced tool to steer taxpayers’ behaviour, achieve justice and equal opportunities through redistribution, and address economic needs.
Enhanced Cooperation and its Impact on the European Internal Market—Art 326 of the TFEU
Authors: Heber Caroline 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores how the enhanced cooperation procedure interacts with the European internal market. The chapter is divided into three parts: Part I (Fundamental Freedoms) discusses the relationship between the fundamental freedoms and the differentiation established between the Member States. This part of the book focuses particularly on the question of whether or not participating Member States are allowed to protect their harmonised values by way of protective obstacles against non-participating Member States. In the case of trade liberalisation or trade-strengthening enhanced cooperation, we will explore whether the principle of reciprocity can be used to align trade-hampering effects of enhanced cooperation laws with the fundamental freedoms. Part II addresses state aid law issues. The plain wording of the EU Treaties on the prohibition of state aid may give the impression that any form of secondary EU law does not fall within its scope. Since enhanced cooperation law does not bind all Member States, state aid law has to be applied to protect competition between participating and non-participating Member States. Part III explores the compliance of enhanced cooperation law with the European acquis. A particular focus is placed on potential conflict between ordinary secondary EU law and enhanced cooperation laws.
Conclusions and Outlook
Authors: Heber Caroline 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides an outlook and a conclusion. The outlook is based on an analysis of the legal requirements for establishing enhanced cooperation and in particular addresses the question of how the existing provisions in the EU Treaties can be reformed to allow the enhanced cooperation procedure to succeed fully. This chapter suggests amendments to the constitutional framework of enhanced cooperation in particular concerning the right to withdraw from enhanced cooperation and the safeguarding measures. These amendments would not change the aim and purpose of the European flexibility mechanism but would provide more clarity on the limits and options for enhanced cooperation.
Underdetermination and Perceptual Skepticism
Authors: Bergmann Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter motivates narrowing the book’s focus to a particular kind of argument for perceptual skepticism (the underdetermination argument) and to two main kinds of response to it (inferential anti-skepticism and noninferential anti-skepticism). The first half of the chapter sets aside skeptical arguments (e.g. closure-based arguments) and responses to them (e.g. contextualism, contrastivism, and closure-denial) that overestimate skepticism’s appeal by taking for granted that we don’t know that skeptical hypotheses are false. It also sets aside disjunctivist and “knowledge first” responses to skepticism, both of which underestimate skepticism’s appeal by rejecting the intuitions supporting the New Evil Demon Problem. The second half of the chapter highlights the relative strength of underdetermination arguments for perceptual skepticism, according to which our sensory evidence underdetermines the truth of our perceptual beliefs based on it. This underdetermination problem requires us to be able to infer the likely truth of our perceptual beliefs via good arguments from our sensory evidence, if our perceptual beliefs are to be justified. Given that we aren’t able to make such inferences, the underdetermination argument concludes that our perceptual beliefs aren’t justified. The inferential anti-skeptic’s response insists that we are able to make such inferences. The noninferential anti-skeptic’s response says that, despite the underdetermination problem, our perceptual beliefs can be justified even if we aren’t able to infer their likely truth via good arguments from our sensory evidence.
Inferential Anti-skepticism about Perception
Authors: Bergmann Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines multiple kinds of deductive and nondeductive anti-skeptical arguments from our sensory experience to the likely truth of our perceptual beliefs based on that evidence and finds them all wanting. In the first two sections, it briefly considers deductive anti-skeptical arguments (of the theological and transcendental variety), inductive anti-skeptical arguments from past correlations of sensory experience with true perceptual beliefs based on it, and anti-skeptical arguments based on a priori knowledge of probabilistic principles saying that our sensory evidence for our perceptual beliefs makes probable the truth of those beliefs. In the final three sections, the focus turns to abductive or inference to the best explanation (IBE) arguments, which are currently the most popular anti-skeptical arguments. IBE anti-skeptical arguments conclude that our sensory experience, or some feature of it, is best explained by the truth of our perceptual beliefs. These three sections argue that we lack good reasons for thinking that our sensory experience is better explained by a Standard Hypothesis (saying that the world is approximately as it seems) than by a skeptical hypothesis, such as the hypothesis that a deceptive demon wants to mislead us into falsely believing the world is as it seems.
Global and Memory Skepticism
Authors: Bergmann Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by briefly considering some direct arguments for global skepticism (according to which none of our beliefs are justified) and finding them unacceptable. It then outlines a piecemeal (underdetermination-based) case for global skepticism, which argues that underdetermination problems afflict not only perception but also memory, a priori intuition, introspection, and reasoning, thereby undermining the justification for all of our beliefs. It also explains what’s wrong with self-undermining objections (e.g. Susanna Rinard’s), according to which the conclusion of arguments for global skepticism (i.e. that none of our beliefs are justified) undermines the rationality of belief in the premises of such arguments, thereby neutering their skeptical force. Finally, it lays out an underdetermination argument for memory skepticism and explains why anti-skeptical arguments from our memory evidence to the likely truth of the memory beliefs based on that evidence are unsuccessful. Although a discussion of the underdetermination problems for a priori intuition, introspection, and reasoning is required to complete the presentation of the piecemeal argument for global skepticism, that discussion is postponed until the following chapter.
Ecumenical Noninferential Anti-skepticism
Authors: Bergmann Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter employs the intuitionist particularist approach laid out in Chapters Six and Seven to develop an ecumenical noninferential anti-skeptic’s response to the underdetermination arguments (considered earlier in the book) for radical skepticism about perception, memory, a priori intuition, introspection, and reasoning. The sense in which this response is ecumenical is that it can easily be endorsed by both internalists and externalists in epistemology. The chapter concludes by arguing that, despite the ecumenical nature of this anti-skeptical response to radical skepticism, one lesson of the book so far is that there is a sense in which “externalism” of a certain kind (acceptable to both internalists and externalists alike) wins the day.
Ridiculous Beliefs, Irresponsible Beliefs, and Anti-skeptical Evidence
Authors: Bergmann Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter identifies three more potential problems (in addition to the one discussed in Chapter Nine) for the commonsense intuitionist particularist response to radical skepticism laid out in Chapters Six through Eight, and argues that none of these three alleged problems constitutes an insurmountable objection to commonsense anti-skepticism. The first additional problem is the Problem of Ridiculous Beliefs, according to which noninferential anti-skepticism is committed to approving of a way of responding to skepticism even if that way of responding to skepticism were used to defend ridiculous beliefs. The second is the Problem of Irresponsible Beliefs, according to which unperturbed persistence in endorsing beliefs undefended by argument (e.g. perceptual beliefs), in the face of obvious skeptical possibilities, is epistemically irresponsible. The third is the Problem of Anti-skeptical Evidence, which objects to the view (endorsed by the intuitionist particularism laid out in Chapters Six through Eight) that many of our justified beliefs in anti-skeptical propositions are based on good evidence. The worry behind this last alleged problem is that, even if people can have justified belief in anti-skeptical propositions (i.e. propositions that assert the falsity of radical skeptical hypotheses), there are good reasons for concluding that these sorts of beliefs cannot be based on good evidence. The chapter concludes that, after careful examination of all three problems, commonsense intuitionist particularism emerges unscathed.
Epistemic Intuition and Underdetermination
Authors: Bergmann Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
After briefly considering (in Section 1) the self-undermining worry that arguments for skepticism about epistemic intuition themselves rely on epistemic intuition, this chapter responds to underdetermination-based arguments for skepticism about epistemic intuition. Section 2 lays out the rationale for underdetermination-based skepticism about epistemic intuition and presents the noninferential anti-skeptic’s response. Section 3 highlights the epistemic circularity that is so obvious in that response and explains why, instead of causing trouble for that response, it provides us with a paradigm case of unproblematic epistemic circularity. Section 4 identifies several worries about the possibility of our having duplicates who are victims of deceptive demons (worries connected with disjunctivism, the New Evil Demon Problem, and the positions defended in Sections 2 and 3), and responds to the alleged problems these worries cause for epistemic intuition.
Starting a Conversation about Trans and Gender-Expansive Persons
Authors: Garrett Matthew L. , Palkki Joshua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores the need for music teachers to honor trans and gender-expansive (TGE) students participating in school music programs. Diversity enriches arts engagement, in part, by uniting individuality through communal and collaborative music experiences. School music diversity includes the LGBTQA population and, more specifically, TGE young persons. Music educators benefit from knowing and understanding the lived experiences of TGE young persons as a way to honor and celebrate their individuality. Concepts of gender identity, gender expression, sexuality, and attraction are discussed in an effort to frame a glossary of terms used throughout the book. The authors acknowledge historical contexts in which this text was written. A brief primer of intersectionality is provided to contextualize the complex identities of TGE persons.
Understanding School Climate for Trans and Gender-Expansive Persons
Authors: Garrett Matthew L. , Palkki Joshua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter investigates why school music teachers should consider gender diversity—to honor all students, including trans and gender-expansive (TGE) youth. The question “How does the gender binary manifest in school music programs?” is addressed in an effort to raise teacher awareness and examine bias. Three theories are described as grounding principles for the book: (a) gender complexity, (b) gender affirmative model, and (c) transgender theory. The authors identity specific challenges faced by TGE youth in school learning environments. Readers gain a more complete image of TGE persons as individuals by acknowledging the resiliency of these young persons and understanding the challenges they face, rather than viewing them as only victims. This insight allows teachers to better understand how participation in school music programs can play a positive role in the development of these young persons.
Celebrating TGE Singers in Choral Classrooms
Authors: Garrett Matthew L. , Palkki Joshua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTrans and gender-expansive (TGE) singers experience music-making challenges specific to their vocal instruments. This chapter is devoted solely to choirs and the TGE students who sing in them. A brief opening discussion contextualizes how vocal music can be a gendered art form. Challenges and potential solutions are described for singers participating in single-gender choirs. The middle section of the chapter focuses on inclusive vocal pedagogy, including discussions of congruence of voice identity and gender identity, voice part identification, and the application of Universal Design for Learning to choral classrooms. Voice masculinization and voice feminization are described, with a focus on how they might impact singers’ voices. Healthy group vocal technique exercises are discussed, with examples provided in Appendix D. Additional suggestions for inclusive choral techniques include ideas for standing and seating rehearsal arrangements and working with heteronormative and cisnormative texts.
The Limits of Antitrust
Authors: Posner Eric A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
While antitrust law is an important response to labor market monopsony, it cannot solve all the problems of labor monopsony. A significant degree of labor market power is “frictional,” that is, without artificial barriers to entry or excessive concentration of employment. The two major sources of such friction are search costs and job differentiation. Search costs refer to the costs a worker must incur in order to find a job. Job differentiation refers to the variations in amenities and other conditions that distinguish otherwise similar-seeming jobs. A simple mathematical exercise, drawing on estimates of concentration and aggregate and firm-specific labor supply elasticities, shows that even if labor market concentration were eliminated, workers would be paid less than 60% of the competitive wage.
Piquing Political Interest, Forging Political Engagement
Authors: Hinojosa Magda , Kittilson Miki Caul 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
How do sizable and visible gains in women’s officeholding affect women’s and men’s political engagement? This chapter examines how women’s political presence shapes gender differences in political knowledge, interest, discussion, and citizens’ beliefs about their own efficaciousness. The authors draw on their unique survey in Uruguay before quota implementation and after the resulting increase in women’s descriptive representation to track gender differences over time. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses reveal a consistent pattern of rising engagement for women as a consequence of the changing face of descriptive representation. After the election, previously statistically significant gender gaps in favor of men evaporate for political interest, political knowledge, perceptions of understanding issues, and political discussion.
“Standing Tall and Seeing Far”
Authors: Doshi Rush 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 12 examines the “ways and means” of China’s global grand strategy of expansion, discussing in concrete terms how it is building forms of control globally while weakening those of the United States. It examines this effort across three domains of statecraft, describing how Beijing has put forward global institutions and illiberal norms at the political level, sought to seize the “fourth industrial revolution” and weaken US financial power at the economic level, and increasingly acquired global capabilities and facilities at the military level—all as part of a broader effort to achieve its nationalistic vision of rejuvenation and displace US order.