bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subglacial Channels, Climate Warming, and Increasing Frequency of Alpine Glacier Snout Collapse
Authors: Egli Pascal E. , Belotti Bruno , Ouvry Boris , Irving James , Lane Stuart N. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlpine glacier retreat has increased markedly since the late 1980s and is commonly linked to the effects of rising temperature on the surface melt. Less considered are processes associated with glacier snout‐marginal surface collapse. A survey of 22 retreating Swiss glaciers suggests that collapse events have increased in frequency since the early 2000s, driven by ice thinning and reductions in glacier‐longitudinal ice flux. Detailed measurement of a collapse event at one glacier showed 0.02 m/day vertical surface deformation above a meandering main subglacial channel. However, with low rates of longitudinal flux (<1.3 m/year), this was insufficient to close the channel in the snout marginal zone. We hypothesize that an open channel maintains contact between subglacial ice and the atmosphere, allowing greater incursion of warm air up‐glacier, thus enhancing melt from below. The associated meandering of subglacial channels at glacier snouts leads to surface collapse and removal of ice via fluvial processes.
The Role of Fluid Seepage in the Erosion of Mesozoic Carbonate Escarpments
Authors: Micallef Aaron , Paull Charles K. , Saadatkhah Nader , Bialik Or 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMesozoic submarine carbonate escarpments are erosional features that host box canyons, the formation of which had been attributed to seepage erosion in view of their similarity to subaerial box canyons. The latter had been cited as diagnostic of groundwater activity, although the efficacy of fluid seepage as an erosive agent in bedrock remains controversial. Here we use multibeam echosounder data from the Blake, Campeche, Malta and Florida Escarpments to demonstrate that box canyon formation is, in general, a significant process eroding carbonate escarpments. Numerical modeling based on parameters from the Florida Escarpment shows that box canyons can initiate and retrogressively evolve by fluid seeping via joints, which causes a reduction in rock strength due to fluid pressure and dissolution, resulting in periodic block failure at the canyon head. Box canyon elongation is promoted by an exponential distribution of joint density, an increase in joint density, joints oriented perpendicular and parallel to the escarpment, or an increase in the thickness of the flowing groundwater zone and slope gradient of the escarpment. The angularity of the canyon head decreases with a decrease in joint density and when joint density is uniform, whereas the canyon width is regulated by the extent of the joint set zone. Since the key factors contributing to box canyon formation along the Florida Escarpment appear to characterize the Blake, Campeche and Malta Escarpments, the groundwater model for box canyon formation should be applicable to these escarpments as well.
Solar Flare X‐Ray Impacts on Long Subionospheric VLF Paths
Authors: Belcher Samuel R. G. , Clilverd Mark A. , Rodger Craig J. , Cook Sophie , Thomson Neil R. , Brundell James B. , Raita Tero 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSolar flares increase the electron number concentration in the daytime ionosphere, potentially affecting radiowave propagation over several frequency ranges. In this study, we use ionospheric observations to determine both peak magnitudes and time variations of solar flare X‐rays without using the direct measurement from the flare. Ground‐based observations of VLF transmitter phase perturbations are compared against measured X‐ray flux levels during solar flares. Flare fluxes derived here from VLF phases on a west‐east subionospheric path are compared with those from a previously analyzed north‐south path. Using a wider selection of solar flares, including M‐class flares for the first time, the best‐fit equations and root mean square (RMS) errors are computed with improved standard deviation (SD) uncertainty estimates for the peak fluxes. Good agreement is found between peak long X‐ray wavelength fluxes (XL, 0.1–0.8 nm) derived for M‐class and X‐class flares and those measured by the GOES satellites. Linear regression analysis on the two paths shows the uncertainties increase in inverse proportion to the path length. Investigations were made with a limited set of “operational” parameters that could be used to derive XL fluxes. No increases in RMS or SD uncertainty levels were introduced by the removal of satellite‐based regression parameters such as the XL flux level measured before the flare onset. As such, these techniques support the idea of nowcasting M‐class and X‐class flares from entirely ground‐based measurements.
Concentration‐Discharge Relationships of Dissolved Rhenium in Alpine Catchments Reveal Its Use as a Tracer of Oxidative Weathering
Authors: Hilton Robert G. , Turowski Jens M. , Winnick Matthew , Dellinger Mathieu , Schleppi Patrick , Williams Kenneth H. , Lawrence Corey R. , Maher Katharine , West Martin , Hayton Amanda 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOxidative weathering of sedimentary rocks plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. Rhenium (Re) has been proposed as a tracer of rock organic carbon (OCpetro) oxidation. However, the sources of Re and its mobilization by hydrological processes remain poorly constrained. Here, we examine dissolved Re as a function of water discharge, using samples collected from three alpine catchments that drain sedimentary rocks in Switzerland (Erlenbach and Vogelbach) and Colorado, USA (East River). The Swiss catchments reveal a higher dissolved Re flux in the catchment with higher erosion rates, but have similar [Re]/[Na+] and [Re]/[SO42−] ratios, which indicate a dominance of Re from OCpetro. Despite differences in rock type and hydro‐climatic setting, the three catchments have a positive correlation between river water [Re]/[Na+] and [Re]/[SO42−] and water discharge. We propose that this reflects preferential routing of Re from a near‐surface, oxidative weathering zone. The observations support the use of Re as a proxy to trace rock‐organic carbon oxidation, and suggest it may be a hydrological tracer of vadose zone processes. We apply the Re proxy and estimate CO2 release by OCpetro oxidation of 5.7 +6.6/−2.0 tC km−2 yr−1 for the Erlenbach. The overall weathering intensity was ∼40%, meaning that the corresponding export of unweathered OCpetro in river sediments is large, and the findings call for more measurements of OCpetro oxidation in mountains and rivers as they cross floodplains.
Fin56-induced ferroptosis is supported by autophagy-mediated GPX4 degradation and functions synergistically with mTOR inhibition to kill bladder cancer cells
Authors: Sun Yadong , Berleth Niklas , Wu Wenxian , Schlütermann David , Deitersen Jana , Stuhldreier Fabian , Berning Lena , Friedrich Annabelle , Akgün Seda , Mendiburo María José , Wesselborg Sebastian , Conrad Marcus , Berndt Carsten , Stork Björn 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFerroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that emerges to be relevant for therapy-resistant and dedifferentiating cancers. Although several lines of evidence suggest that ferroptosis is a type of autophagy-dependent cell death, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Fin56, a type 3 ferroptosis inducer, triggers ferroptosis by promoting glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) protein degradation via a not fully understood pathway. Here, we determined that Fin56 induces ferroptosis and autophagy in bladder cancer cells and that Fin56-triggered ferroptosis mechanistically depends on the autophagic machinery. Furthermore, we found that autophagy inhibition at different stages attenuates Fin56-induced oxidative stress and GPX4 degradation. Moreover, we investigated the effects of Fin56 in combination with Torin 2, a potent mTOR inhibitor used to activate autophagy, on cell viability. We found that Fin56 synergizes with Torin 2 in cytotoxicity against bladder cancer cells. Collectively, our findings not only support the concept that ferroptosis is a type of autophagy-dependent cell death but imply that the combined application of ferroptosis inducers and mTOR inhibitors is a promising approach to improve therapeutic options in the treatment of bladder cancer.
Nrf2 attenuates ferroptosis-mediated IIR-ALI by modulating TERT and SLC7A11
Authors: Dong Hui , Xia Yangyang , Jin Shanliang , Xue Chaofan , Wang Yanjun , Hu Rong , Jiang Hong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAcute lung injury (ALI) carries a mortality rate of ~50% and is a hot topic in the world of critical illness research. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a critical modulator of intracellular oxidative homeostasis and serves as an antioxidant. The Nrf2-related anti-oxidative stress is strongly associated with ferroptosis suppression. Meanwhile, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), the catalytic portion of the telomerase protein, is reported to travel to the mitochondria to alleviate ROS. In our study, we found that TERT was significantly reduced in lung tissue of Nrf2−/−mice in the model of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute lung injury (IIR-ALI). In addition, MDA levels showed marked increase, whereas GSH and GPX4 levels fell drastically in ALI models. Moreover, typical-related structural changes were observed in the type II alveolar epithelial cells in the IIR model. We further employed the scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) to examine Fe levels and distribution within cells. Based on our observations, massive aggregates of Fe were found in the MLE-12 cells upon OGD/R (oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion) induction. Additionally, Nrf2 silencing dramatically reduced TERT and SLC7A11 levels, and further exacerbated cellular injuries. In contrast, TERT-overexpressing cells exhibited marked elevation in SLC7A11 levels and thereby inhibited ferroptosis. Collectively, these data suggest that Nrf2 can negatively regulate ferroptosis via modulation of TERT and SLC7A11 levels. The conclusion from this study brings insight into new candidates that can be targeted in future IIR-ALI therapy.
CD8+ T cells specific for cryptic apoptosis-associated epitopes exacerbate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Feizi Neda , Focaccetti Chiara , Pacella Ilenia , Tucci Gloria , Rossi Alessandra , Costanza Massimo , Pedotti Rosetta , Sidney John , Sette Alessandro , La Rocca Claudia , Procaccini Claudio , Matarese Giuseppe , Barnaba Vincenzo , Piconese Silvia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe autoimmune immunopathology occurring in multiple sclerosis (MS) is sustained by myelin-specific and -nonspecific CD8+ T cells. We have previously shown that, in MS, activated T cells undergoing apoptosis induce a CD8+ T cell response directed against antigens that are unveiled during the apoptotic process, namely caspase-cleaved structural proteins such as non-muscle myosin and vimentin. Here, we have explored in vivo the development and the function of the immune responses to cryptic apoptosis-associated epitopes (AEs) in a well-established mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), through a combination of immunization approaches, multiparametric flow cytometry, and functional assays. First, we confirmed that this model recapitulated the main findings observed in MS patients, namely that apoptotic T cells and effector/memory AE-specific CD8+ T cells accumulate in the central nervous system of mice with EAE, positively correlating with disease severity. Interestingly, we found that AE-specific CD8+ T cells were present also in the lymphoid organs of unprimed mice, proliferated under peptide stimulation in vitro, but failed to respond to peptide immunization in vivo, suggesting a physiological control of this response. However, when mice were immunized with AEs along with EAE induction, AE-specific CD8+ T cells with an effector/memory phenotype accumulated in the central nervous system, and the disease severity was exacerbated. In conclusion, we demonstrate that AE-specific autoimmunity may contribute to immunopathology in neuroinflammation.
Ionizing radiation downregulates estradiol synthesis via endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibits the proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells
Authors: Yang Pengfei , Feng Xiu , Li Jin , Zhang Tianyi , Sheng Chengyan , Zhang Liying , Hua Junrui , Wei Wenjun , Ding Nan , He Jinpeng , Zhang Yanan , Wang Jufang , Zhou Heng 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBreast cancer is a major threat to women’s health and estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer exhibits the highest incidence among these cancers. As the primary estrogen, estradiol strongly promotes cellular proliferation and radiotherapy, as a standard treatment, exerts an excellent therapeutic effect on ER+breast cancer. Therefore, we herein wished to explore the mechanism(s) underlying the inhibitory effects of radiation on the proliferation of ER+breast cancer cells. We used the ER+breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and T47D, and their complementary tamoxifen-resistant cell lines in our study. The aforementioned cells were irradiated at different doses of X-rays with or without exogenous estradiol. CCK8 and clone-formation assays were used to detect cellular proliferation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine estradiol secretion, western immunoblotting analysis and quantitative real-time PCR to evaluate the expression of proteins, and immunofluorescence to track endoplasmic reticulum stress-related processes. Finally, BALB/C tumor-bearing nude mice were irradiated with X-rays to explore the protein expression in tumors using immunohistochemistry. We found that ionizing radiation significantly reduced the phosphorylation of estrogen receptors and the secretion of estradiol by ER+breast cancer cells. CYP19A (aromatase) is an enzyme located in the endoplasmic reticulum, which plays a critical role in estradiol synthesis (aromatization), and we further demonstrated that ionizing radiation could induce endoplasmic reticulum stress with or without exogenous estradiol supplementation, and that it downregulated the expression of CYP19A through ER-phagy. In addition, ionizing radiation also promoted lysosomal degradation of CYP19A, reduced estradiol synthesis, and inhibited the proliferation of tamoxifen-resistant ER+breast cancer cells. We concluded that ionizing radiation downregulated the expression of CYP19A and reduced estradiol synthesis by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in ER+breast cancer cells, thereby ultimately inhibiting cellular proliferation.
Computational study of the interaction between natural rubber α-terminal groups and l-quebrachitol, one of the major components of natural rubber
Authors: Gimenez-Dejoz Joan , Tsunoda Katsuhiko , Fukushima Yasuo , Numata Keiji 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNatural rubber is a biomaterial with unique physical and chemical features that are indispensable for many industrial applications. It is widely accepted that the α-terminal groups of its biopolymer molecules play a critical role in its exceptional characteristics. Herein, we used molecular dynamics to model recently structurally defined α-terminal groups and their interaction with l-quebrachitol, which is the second most common compound found in natural rubber particles.
Subnanometer high-entropy alloy nanowires enable remarkable hydrogen oxidation catalysis
Authors: Zhan Changhong , Xu Yong , Bu Lingzheng , Zhu Huaze , Feng Yonggang , Yang Tang , Zhang Ying , Yang Zhiqing , Huang Bolong , Shao Qi , Huang Xiaoqing 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHigh-entropy alloys (HEAs) with unique physicochemical properties have attracted tremendous attention in many fields, yet the precise control on dimension and morphology at atomic level remains formidable challenges. Herein, we synthesize unique PtRuNiCoFeMo HEA subnanometer nanowires (SNWs) for alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). The mass and specific activities of HEA SNWs/C reach 6.75 A mgPt+Ru−1 and 8.96 mA cm−2, respectively, which are 2.8/2.6, 4.1/2.4, and 19.8/18.7 times higher than those of HEA NPs/C, commercial PtRu/C and Pt/C, respectively. It can even display enhanced resistance to CO poisoning during HOR in the presence of 1000 ppm CO. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the strong interactions between different metal sites in HEA SNWs can greatly regulate the binding strength of proton and hydroxyl, and therefore enhances the HOR activity. This work not only provides a viable synthetic route for the fabrication of Pt-based HEA subnano/nano materials, but also promotes the fundamental researches on catalysis and beyond.
Deep mitigation of CO2 and non-CO2 greenhouse gases toward 1.5 °C and 2 °C futures
Authors: Ou Yang , Roney Christopher , Alsalam Jameel , Calvin Katherine , Creason Jared , Edmonds Jae , Fawcett Allen A. , Kyle Page , Narayan Kanishka , O’Rourke Patrick , Patel Pralit , Ragnauth Shaun , Smith Steven J. , McJeon Haewon 
Published: October 2021

AbstractStabilizing climate change well below 2 °C and towards 1.5 °C requires comprehensive mitigation of all greenhouse gases (GHG), including both CO2and non-CO2GHG emissions. Here we incorporate the latest global non-CO2emissions and mitigation data into a state-of-the-art integrated assessment model GCAM and examine 90 mitigation scenarios pairing different levels of CO2and non-CO2GHG abatement pathways. We estimate that when non-CO2mitigation contributions are not fully implemented, the timing of net-zero CO2must occur about two decades earlier. Conversely, comprehensive GHG abatement that fully integrates non-CO2mitigation measures in addition to a net-zero CO2commitment can help achieve 1.5 °C stabilization. While decarbonization-driven fuel switching mainly reduces non-CO2emissions from fuel extraction and end use, targeted non-CO2mitigation measures can significantly reduce fluorinated gas emissions from industrial processes and cooling sectors. Our integrated modeling provides direct insights in how system-wide all GHG mitigation can affect the timing of net-zero CO2for 1.5 °C and 2 °C climate change scenarios.
Enhanced on-chip phase measurement by inverse weak value amplification
Authors: Song Meiting , Steinmetz John , Zhang Yi , Nauriyal Juniyali , Lyons Kevin , Jordan Andrew N. , Cardenas Jaime 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOptical interferometry plays an essential role in precision metrology such as in gravitational wave detection, gyroscopes, and environmental sensing. Weak value amplification enables reaching the shot-noise-limit of sensitivity, which is difficult for most optical sensors, by amplifying the interferometric signal without amplifying certain technical noises. We implement a generalized form of weak value amplification on an integrated photonic platform with a multi-mode interferometer. Our results pave the way for a more sensitive, robust, and compact platform for measuring phase, which can be adapted to fields such as coherent communications and the quantum domain. In this work, we show a 7 dB signal enhancement in our weak value device over a standard Mach-Zehnder interferometer with equal detected optical power, as well as frequency measurements with 2 kHz sensitivity by adding a ring resonator.
Self-wetting triphase photocatalysis for effective and selective removal of hydrophilic volatile organic compounds in air
Authors: He Fei , Weon Seunghyun , Jeon Woojung , Chung Myoung Won , Choi Wonyong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPhotocatalytic air purification is widely regarded as a promising technology, but it calls for more efficient photocatalytic materials and systems. Here we report a strategy to introduce an in-situ water (self-wetting) layer on WO3 by coating hygroscopic periodic acid (PA) to dramatically enhance the photocatalytic removal of hydrophilic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air. In ambient air, water vapor is condensed on WO3 to make a unique tri-phasic (air/water/WO3) system. The in-situ formed water layer selectively concentrates hydrophilic VOCs. PA plays the multiple roles as a water-layer inducer, a surface-complexing ligand enhancing visible light absorption, and a strong electron acceptor. Under visible light, the photogenerated electrons are rapidly scavenged by periodate to produce more •OH. PA/WO3 exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity for acetaldehyde degradation with an apparent quantum efficiency of 64.3% at 460 nm, which is the highest value ever reported. Other hydrophilic VOCs like formaldehyde that are readily dissolved into the in-situ water layer on WO3 are also rapidly degraded, whereas hydrophobic VOCs remain intact during photocatalysis due to the “water barrier effect”. PA/WO3 successfully demonstrated an excellent capacity for degrading hydrophilic VOCs selectively in wide-range concentrations (0.5−700 ppmv).
Prevalence of preeclampsia and the associated risk factors among pregnant women in Bangladesh
Authors: Mou Ananya Dutta , Barman Zitu , Hasan Mahmudul , Miah Rakib , Hafsa Jaasia Momtahena , Das Trisha Aporajita , Ali Nurshad 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPreeclampsia is a multi-organ system disorder of pregnancy and is responsible for a significant rate of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Bangladesh, a large number of obstetric deaths occur every year but the exact reasons are not well investigated. The data regarding preeclampsia and its associated risk factors are scarce or limited in pregnant women in Bangladesh. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of preeclampsia and identify the possible risk factors in a pregnant women cohort in Bangladesh. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 111 participants were enrolled and asked to include their anthropometric, socio-demographic, and other related lifestyle information in a standard questionnaire form. Blood samples were also collected from each participant to analyze serum levels of lipid profile, liver enzymes, uric acid, and creatinine by using standard methods. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with preeclampsia. The overall prevalence of preeclampsia was 14.4%. About 10% of the pregnancies were found to have preeclampsia after 20 weeks of gestation without a previous history of hypertension. On the other hand, the prevalence of preeclampsia that superimposed on chronic hypertension was found to be 5.4%. Serum levels of TC, LDL-C, ALT and uric acid were significantly higher and HDL-C was significantly lower in preeclamptic pregnancies than the non-preeclamptic pregnancies. Respondents who required to take antihypertensive medications (AOR 5.45, 95% CI [1.09, 27.31]) and who never took antenatal care (AOR 6.83, 95% CI [1.00, 46.48]) were more likely to be preeclamptic. In conclusion, the present study showed a comparatively high prevalence of preeclampsia among pregnant women in Bangladesh. Some programmatic interventions such as medication for hypertension, antenatal visits to doctors, delivery and postnatal care services should be considered to reduce and prevent the hypertensive pregnancy disorders in Bangladesh.