bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Venezuela
Authors: Martínez Claudia Madrid 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses Venezuelan perspectives on the Hague Principles. In Venezuela, the law applicable to international contracts depends on two main sources: the Inter-American Convention on Law Applicable to International Contracts, ratified in 1995 (the Mexico Convention), and the Venezuelan Act on Private International Law. Both the Mexico Convention and the Venezuelan Act adopt solutions that reflect the modern tendencies in the field of contract conflicts. Indeed, these instruments recognize the primacy of party autonomy and the subsidiary application of the proximity principle. The gaps of the Venezuelan Act could be filled, of course, with the solutions of the Mexico Convention. That would be welcome because no possible reform of the Act has been raised as yet. In fact, when scholars comment on the Venezuelan system of Private International Law, they analyse both the Mexico Convention and the Venezuelan Act, because, in short, the three rules of the Act reproduce, with some minor differences, the main rules of the Mexico Convention. Courts could even refer to the Hague Principles as persuasive authority.
Canada
Authors: Saumier Geneviève 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Canadian perspectives on the Hague Principles. Canada is a federal state, with legislative competence over constitutionally designated fields divided between the federal and provincial level. Although private international law is not a listed field of competence, all three areas of private international law—jurisdiction, choice of law, and enforcement of foreign judgments—fall within the provincial competences over civil procedure or private law. The general provincial competence over choice of law means that each of the ten Canadian provinces could, theoretically, develop distinct regimes. In reality, however, the division is apparent only between Quebec and the other nine provinces. Indeed, Quebec is the only province within Canada to have a comprehensive codification of its private international law, which was adopted as part of the new Civil Code of Quebec in 1991. There is, therefore, a sharp contrast regarding the level of detail associated with the applicable regime in Quebec versus the rest of the country. Despite this, it remains accurate to say that, throughout Canada, the rules governing choice of law in contract, in particular party autonomy, are largely congruent with the Hague Principles.
Decide + Be Ready: A Contraceptive Decision-Making Mobile Application for Servicewomen
Authors: Witkop Catherine T , Torre Dario M , Maggio Lauren A 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Women in the military have a high rate of unintended pregnancies, which is an issue both personally and with respect to the warfighting mission. One strategy to help servicewomen achieve family planning goals includes increasing education about and access to contraception. Research suggests that preference-sensitive decisions about contraceptives benefit from shared decision-making, and decision aids have been shown to facilitate this patient-centered approach. In this article, we describe the process by which we enhanced an existing evidence-based tool to meet the needs of military servicewomen and created Decide + Be Ready, a contraceptive decision-making mobile application. After extensive research into challenges faced by servicewomen with respect to contraceptive knowledge and access, we developed content for the decision aid and determined that a mobile app format would provide the privacy and convenience needed. Our team developed a prototype that, in collaboration with the Defense Health Agency Connected Health Branch, was tested with servicewomen and providers. User feedback shaped the final version, which can be accessed free from the App Store and Google Play. Early implementation has demonstrated patient and provider satisfaction. Obstacles to full implementation of Decide + Be Ready remain within the Military Health System. We lay out a roadmap for dissemination, implementation, and evaluation and explore the applications of the decision aid for health professions education in the realm of shared decision-making. Finally, we recommend consideration of decision aids for other health care decisions as a way to achieve patient-centered care, improve health outcomes, and potentially reduce costs.
Implications of surface roughness in models of water desorption on the Moon
Authors: Davidsson Björn J R , Hosseini Sona 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The observed presence of water molecules in the dayside lunar regolith was an unexpected discovery and remains poorly understood. Standard thermophysical models predict temperatures that are too high for adsorbed water to be stable. We propose that this problem can be caused by the assumption of locally flat surfaces that is common in such models. Here, we apply a model that explicitly considers surface roughness, and accounts for solar illumination, shadows cast by topography, self-heating, thermal reradiation, and heat conduction. We couple the thermophysical model to a model of first-order desorption of lunar surface water and demonstrate that surface roughness substantially increases the capability of the Moon to retain water on its sunlit hemisphere at any latitude, and within 45○ of the poles, at any time of the lunar day. Hence, we show that lunar surface roughness has a strong influence on lunar water adsorption and desorption. Therefore, it is of critical importance to take account of surface roughness to get an accurate picture of the amount of water on the Moon’s surface and in its exosphere.
I3T: Intensity Interferometry Imaging Telescope
Authors: Gori Pierre-Marie , Vakili Farrokh , Rivet Jean-Pierre , Guerin William , Hugbart Mathilde , Chiavassa Andrea , Vakili Adrien , Kaiser Robin , Labeyrie Guillaume 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We propose a new approach, based on the Hanbury Brown and Twiss intensity interferometry, to transform a Cherenkov telescope to its equivalent optical telescope. We show that, based on the use of photonics components borrowed from quantum-optical applications, we can recover spatial details of the observed source down to the diffraction limit of the Cherenkov telescope, set by its diameter at the mean wavelength of observation. For this, we propose to apply aperture synthesis techniques from pairwise and triple correlation of sub-pupil intensities, in order to reconstruct the image of a celestial source from its Fourier moduli and phase information, despite atmospheric turbulence. We examine the sensitivity of the method, i.e. limiting magnitude, and its implementation on existing or future high energy arrays of Cherenkov telescopes. We show that despite its poor optical quality compared to extremely large optical telescopes under construction, a Cherenkov telescope can provide diffraction limited imaging of celestial sources, in particular at the visible, down to violet wavelengths.
Effect of mass-loss due to stellar winds on the formation of supermassive black hole seeds in dense nuclear star clusters
Authors: Das Arpan , Schleicher Dominik R G , Basu Shantanu , Boekholt Tjarda C N 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The observations of high-redshifts quasars at z ≳ 6 have revealed that supermassive black holes (SMBHs) of mass $\sim 10^9\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$ were already in place within the first ∼Gyr after the big bang. Supermassive stars (SMSs) with masses $10^{3-5}\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$ are potential seeds for these observed SMBHs. A possible formation channel of these SMSs is the interplay of gas accretion and runaway stellar collisions inside dense nuclear star clusters (NSCs). However, mass-loss due to stellar winds could be an important limitation for the formation of the SMSs and affect the final mass. In this paper, we study the effect of mass-loss driven by stellar winds on the formation and evolution of SMSs in dense NSCs using idealized N-body simulations. Considering different accretion scenarios, we have studied the effect of the mass-loss rates over a wide range of metallicities Z* = [.001–1]Z⊙ and Eddington factors $f_{\rm Edd}=L_\ast /L_{\mathrm{Edd}}=0.5,0.7,\, \,\mathrm{ and}\, 0.9$. For a high accretion rate of $10^{-4}\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }yr^{-1}}$, SMSs with masses $\gtrsim 10^3\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }yr^{-1}}$ could be formed even in a high metallicity environment. For a lower accretion rate of $10^{-5}\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }yr^{-1}}$, SMSs of masses $\sim 10^{3-4}\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$ can be formed for all adopted values of Z* and fEdd, except for Z* = Z⊙ and fEdd = 0.7 or 0.9. For Eddington accretion, SMSs of masses $\sim 10^3\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$ can be formed in low metallicity environments with Z* ≲ 0.01 Z⊙. The most massive SMSs of masses $\sim 10^5\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$ can be formed for Bondi–Hoyle accretion in environments with Z* ≲ 0.5 Z⊙. An intermediate regime is likely to exist where the mass-loss from the winds might no longer be relevant, while the kinetic energy deposition from the wind could still inhibit the formation of a very massive object.
Intrinsic and extrinsic correlations of galaxy shapes and sizes in weak lensing data
Authors: Ghosh Basundhara , Durrer Ruth , Schäfer Björn Malte 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The subject of this paper is to build a physical model describing shape and size correlations of galaxies due to weak gravitational lensing and due to direct tidal interaction of elliptical galaxies with gravitational fields sourced by the cosmic large-scale structure. Setting up a linear intrinsic alignment model for elliptical galaxies that parametrizes the reaction of the galaxy to an external tidal shear field is controlled by the velocity dispersion; we predict intrinsic correlations and cross-correlations with weak lensing for both shapes and sizes, juxtaposing both types of spectra with lensing. We quantify the observability of the intrinsic shape and size correlations and estimate with the Fisher formalism how well the alignment parameter can be determined from the Euclid weak lensing survey. Specifically, we find a contamination of the weak lensing convergence spectra with an intrinsic size correlation amounting to up to 10 per cent over a wide multipole range (ℓ = 100…300), with a corresponding cross-correlation exhibiting a sign change, similar to the cross-correlation between weak lensing shear and intrinsic shapes. A determination of the alignment parameter yields a precision of a few per cent forecasted for Euclid, and we show that all shape and many size correlations should be measurable with Euclid.
New cosmological bounds on hot relics: axions and neutrinos
Authors: Giaré William , Di Valentino Eleonora , Melchiorri Alessandro , Mena Olga 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Axions, if realized in nature, can be copiously produced in the early universe via thermal processes, contributing to the mass-energy density of thermal hot relics. In light of the most recent cosmological observations, we analyse two different thermal processes within a realistic mixed hot dark matter scenario which includes also massive neutrinos. Considering the axion–gluon thermalization channel, we derive our most constraining bounds on the hot relic masses ma &lt; 7.46 eV and ∑mν &lt; 0.114 eV both at 95 per cent CL; while studying the axion–pion scattering, without assuming any specific model for the axion–pion interactions, and remaining in the range of validity of the chiral perturbation theory, our most constraining bounds are improved to ma &lt; 0.91 eV and ∑mν &lt; 0.105 eV, both at 95 per cent CL. Interestingly, in both cases, the total neutrino mass lies very close to the inverted neutrino mass ordering prediction. If future terrestrial double beta decay and/or long-baseline neutrino experiments find that the nature mass ordering is the inverted one, this could rule out a wide region in the currently allowed thermal axion window. Our results therefore, strongly support multi messenger searches of axions and neutrino properties, together with joint analyses of their expected sensitivities.
Cherenkov Telescope Array sensitivity to the putative millisecond pulsar population responsible for the Galactic Centre excess
Authors: Macias Oscar , van Leijen Harm , Song Deheng , Ando Shin’ichiro , Horiuchi Shunsaku , Crocker Roland M 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The leading explanation of the Fermi Galactic Centre γ-ray excess is the extended emission from an unresolved population of millisecond pulsars (MSPs) in the Galactic bulge. Such a population would, along with the prompt γ-rays, also inject large quantities of electrons/positrons (e±) into the interstellar medium. These e± could potentially inverse-Compton (IC) scatter ambient photons into γ-rays that fall within the sensitivity range of the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). In this article, we examine the detection potential of CTA to this signature by making a realistic estimation of the systematic uncertainties on the Galactic diffuse emission model at TeV-scale γ-ray energies. We forecast that, in the event that e± injection spectra are harder than E−2, CTA has the potential to robustly discover the IC signature of a putative Galactic bulge MSP population sufficient to explain the Galactic Centre excess for e± injection efficiencies in the range of ≈2.9–74.1 per cent, or higher, depending on the level of mismodelling of the Galactic diffuse emission components. On the other hand, for spectra softer than E−2.5, a reliable CTA detection would require an unphysically large e± injection efficiency of ${\gtrsim} 158{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. However, even this pessimistic conclusion may be avoided in the plausible event that MSP observational and/or modelling uncertainties can be reduced. We further find that, in the event that an IC signal were detected, CTA can successfully discriminate between an MSP and a dark matter origin for the radiating e±.
On the population III binary black hole mergers beyond the pair-instability mass gap
Authors: Hijikawa Kotaro , Tanikawa Ataru , Kinugawa Tomoya , Yoshida Takashi , Umeda Hideyuki 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We perform a binary population synthesis calculation incorporating very massive population (Pop.) III stars up to 1500 M⊙ and investigate the nature of binary black hole (BBH) mergers. Above the pair-instability mass gap, we find that the typical primary black hole (BH) mass is 135–340 M⊙. The maximum primary BH mass is as massive as 686 M⊙. The BBHs with both of their components above the mass gap have low effective inspiral spin ∼ 0. So far, no conclusive BBH merger beyond the mass gap has been detected, and the upper limit on the merger rate density is obtained. If the initial mass function (IMF) of Pop. III stars is simply expressed as ξm(m) ∝m−α (single power law), we find that α ≳ 2.8 is needed in order for the merger rate density not to exceed the upper limit. In the future, the gravitational wave detectors such as Einstein Telescope and Pre-DECIGO will observe BBH mergers at high redshift. We suggest that we may be able to impose a stringent limit on the Pop. III IMF by comparing the merger rate density obtained from future observations with that derived theoretically.
The role of income and substitution in commodity demand
Authors: Baffes John , Kabundi Alain , Nagle Peter 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We estimate income elasticities of demand for three energy and six base metal commodities and their group aggregates. The elasticities, which vary with income levels, are estimated using a panel autoregressive distributed lag model covering the period 1965–2017, for up to 63 countries. We report three findings. First, most income elasticities are inversely proportional to income and decline rapidly as income rises. This implies commodity demand growth slows as economies develop, consistent with the dematerialization hypothesis. At median per capita income levels, the elasticity for metals (in aggregate) was 0.9, while that of energy was 0.7. Second, there is significant heterogeneity between commodities, both in terms of income elasticities and in terms of the performance of the model, with larger commodities and group aggregates performing better. Finally, we find evidence of substitution between commodities (e.g. oil/coal, aluminum/copper), estimated by the inclusion of the prices of similar commodities.
How Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Are Transforming Repression
Authors: Feldstein Steven 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how artificial intelligence (AI) and big-data technology are reshaping repression strategies and why they are a boon for autocratic leaders. It explores two in-depth scenarios that describe potential state deploy AI and big-data techniques to accomplish political objectives. It presents a global index of AI and big-data surveillance that measures the use of these tools in 179 countries. It then presents a detailed explanation for specific types of AI and big-data surveillance: safe cities, facial recognition systems, smart policing, and social media surveillance. Subsequently, it examines China’s role in proliferating AI and big-data surveillance technology, and it reviews public policy considerations regarding use of this technology by democracies.
Introduction The Birth and Growth of Judicial Review: 1607–2020
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses how judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation has usually emerged historically for a combination of four reasons. First, judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation is a response to a nation’s need for an umpire to resolve federalism or separation of powers boundary line disputes. The second main cause of the origins and growth of judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation is what can be called the rights from wrongs hypothesis; judicial review very often emerges as a response to an abominable deprivation of human rights. The third major cause is the out-and-out borrowing of the institution of judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation from either the United States’ model; the German Civil Law model; and, most recently, from the Canadian Second Look judicial review constitutional model. The fourth major cause is the existence of a system of checks and balances, which gives Supreme Courts and Constitutional Courts political space to grow in. Revolutionary charismatic constitutionalism can also lead to the growth of judicial review as Professor Bruce Ackerman has explained in an important new book, Revolutionary Constitutions: Charismatic Leadership and the Rule of Law (2019).
The Diffuse and Second Look Models of Judicial Review
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the two models of judicial review that exist in the common law countries: the Diffuse Model and the Second Look Model. The Diffuse Model of judicial review originated in the United States and has spread to India, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, most of the countries of Latin America, the Scandinavian countries (except for the Netherlands), and Japan. It is premised on the idea that a country’s written constitution is its supreme law and that courts, when deciding cases or controversies that are properly before them, are thus duty-bound to follow the constitution, which is supreme law, and not a contrary statute whenever those two items conflict. Meanwhile, the essence of the Second Look Model of judicial review is that a Supreme or Constitutional Court ought to have the power of judicial review, subject to some kind of legislative power of override. This, it is said, best harmonizes the advantages of a written constitution and a bill of rights enforced by courts with the imperatives of democratic self-government. The underlying goal is to obtain the advantages of both constitutional government and also of democratic government.
Trade and the Roots of Disaffection
Authors: Jones Kent 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the issue of populism and trade. Populism is defined as a political movement based on social, economic, and political discontents, based on conflict between a ruling elite and the genuine people. It discusses the sources of populist anger, including disruptions of import competition, changes in technology, cultural influences, governmental corruption, and immigration. It proposes an assessment of populist regimes based on their impact on economic welfare and democratic processes. The chapter briefly reviews current trends in populist regimes and provides a historical review of populist movements, concluding with a brief overview of the book’s chapters.
Populism and Trade Around the World
Authors: Jones Kent 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter uses a regression study to attempt to identify the link between populist governments and the country’s degree of trade openness, based on data from 1995 to 2018. The degree of protectionism associated with populism depends in part on its left-wing, right-wing, or anti-establishment orientation. Left-wing populist regimes tend to be more protectionist, and anti-establishment regimes more favorable to open trade, for example, but the results are often inconsistent and insignificant. Trade policy in populist regimes appears to depend in large part on the national context, export profile, and populist leader. A review of trade policy in several recent populist regimes reveals that Latin American populist governments tend to be the most protectionist. Smaller open economies, or those either participating in or seeking integration trade agreements with larger countries, tend to have more open trade policies.
Assessing the Cost of Populism to Global Trade
Authors: Jones Kent 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the cost of populist protectionism, beginning with the traditional measures of welfare cost from trade restrictions, as well as the institutional disruption it often entails, which amplifies these costs. One distinctive impact of Trump’s trade policies as well as from Brexit, for example, is the uncertainty it creates in the business environment, which itself tends to diminish business investment and trade. Populist protectionism, by flouting established rules, also tends to provoke retaliation, further compounding its cost. The systemic cost of eroding long-standing trade practices and norms also diminishes trust between populist governments and other countries, which may move global trade toward discriminatory, defensive trade blocs. Reduced trust may spill over into nontrade issues in which cooperation is required to solve cross-border or global problems, such as with the coronavirus crisis. Populist restrictions on immigration also have negative trade effects in terms of inefficient labor allocation, reduced output, and diminished trade opportunities.
Hotelling Conservation
Authors: Perrings Charles 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the Hotelling theory of conservation. It shows how the Hotelling arbitrage condition provides a test for whether it is optimal to convert or conserve a resource in some state. If the value of a resource when conserved is expected to grow faster than its value when converted, it will be optimal to conserve it. The chapter shows how the arbitrage condition applies to both nonrenewable and renewable resources, and how it is embodied in the conditions required for the optimal conversion/conservation of natural resources of both kinds. It also introduces Hamiltonian methods commonly used to optimize natural resource management, and shows the relation between Lagrangian and Hamiltonian methods. Finally, it discusses the relation between Hotelling conservation and the methods applied in conservation biology.