bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumer-Based Activity Trackers as a Tool for Physical Activity Monitoring in Epidemiological Studies During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Development and Usability Study
Authors: Henriksen André , Johannessen Erlend , Hartvigsen Gunnar , Grimsgaard Sameline , Hopstock Laila Arnesdatter 
Published: April 2021

Background
Consumer-based physical activity trackers have increased in popularity. The widespread use of these devices and the long-term nature of the recorded data provides a valuable source of physical activity data for epidemiological research. The challenges include the large heterogeneity between activity tracker models in terms of available data types, the accuracy of recorded data, and how this data can be shared between different providers and third-party systems.

Objective
The aim of this study is to develop a system to record data on physical activity from different providers of consumer-based activity trackers and to examine its usability as a tool for physical activity monitoring in epidemiological research. The longitudinal nature of the data and the concurrent pandemic outbreak allowed us to show how the system can be used for surveillance of physical activity levels before, during, and after a COVID-19 lockdown.

Methods
We developed a system (mSpider) for automatic recording of data on physical activity from participants wearing activity trackers from Apple, Fitbit, Garmin, Oura, Polar, Samsung, and Withings, as well as trackers storing data in Google Fit and Apple Health. To test the system throughout development, we recruited 35 volunteers to wear a provided activity tracker from early 2019 and onward. In addition, we recruited 113 participants with privately owned activity trackers worn before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown in Norway. We examined monthly changes in the number of steps, minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and activity energy expenditure between 2019 and 2020 using bar plots and two-sided paired sample t tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.

Results
Compared to March 2019, there was a significant reduction in mean step count and mean activity energy expenditure during the March 2020 lockdown period. The reduction in steps and activity energy expenditure was temporary, and the following monthly comparisons showed no significant change between 2019 and 2020. A small significant increase in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was observed for several monthly comparisons after the lockdown period and when comparing March-December 2019 with March-December 2020.

Conclusions
mSpider is a working prototype currently able to record physical activity data from providers of consumer-based activity trackers. The system was successfully used to examine changes in physical activity levels during the COVID-19 period.
Predicting Intensive Care Transfers and Other Unforeseen Events: Analytic Model Validation Study and Comparison to Existing Methods
Authors: Cummings Brandon C , Ansari Sardar , Motyka Jonathan R , Wang Guan , Medlin Jr Richard P , Kronick Steven L , Singh Karandeep , Park Pauline K , Napolitano Lena M , Dickson Robert P , Mathis Michael R , Sjoding Michael W , Admon Andrew J , Blank Ross , McSparron Jakob I , Ward Kevin R , Gillies Christopher E 
Published: April 2021

Background
COVID-19 has led to an unprecedented strain on health care facilities across the United States. Accurately identifying patients at an increased risk of deterioration may help hospitals manage their resources while improving the quality of patient care. Here, we present the results of an analytical model, Predicting Intensive Care Transfers and Other Unforeseen Events (PICTURE), to identify patients at high risk for imminent intensive care unit transfer, respiratory failure, or death, with the intention to improve the prediction of deterioration due to COVID-19.

Objective
This study aims to validate the PICTURE model’s ability to predict unexpected deterioration in general ward and COVID-19 patients, and to compare its performance with the Epic Deterioration Index (EDI), an existing model that has recently been assessed for use in patients with COVID-19.

Methods
The PICTURE model was trained and validated on a cohort of hospitalized non–COVID-19 patients using electronic health record data from 2014 to 2018. It was then applied to two holdout test sets: non–COVID-19 patients from 2019 and patients testing positive for COVID-19 in 2020. PICTURE results were aligned to EDI and NEWS scores for head-to-head comparison via area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and area under the precision-recall curve. We compared the models’ ability to predict an adverse event (defined as intensive care unit transfer, mechanical ventilation use, or death). Shapley values were used to provide explanations for PICTURE predictions.

Results
In non–COVID-19 general ward patients, PICTURE achieved an AUROC of 0.819 (95% CI 0.805-0.834) per observation, compared to the EDI’s AUROC of 0.763 (95% CI 0.746-0.781; n=21,740; P<.001). In patients testing positive for COVID-19, PICTURE again outperformed the EDI with an AUROC of 0.849 (95% CI 0.820-0.878) compared to the EDI’s AUROC of 0.803 (95% CI 0.772-0.838; n=607; P<.001). The most important variables influencing PICTURE predictions in the COVID-19 cohort were a rapid respiratory rate, a high level of oxygen support, low oxygen saturation, and impaired mental status (Glasgow Coma Scale).

Conclusions
The PICTURE model is more accurate in predicting adverse patient outcomes for both general ward patients and COVID-19 positive patients in our cohorts compared to the EDI. The ability to consistently anticipate these events may be especially valuable when considering potential incipient waves of COVID-19 infections. The generalizability of the model will require testing in other health care systems for validation.
CANreduce 2.0 Adherence-Focused Guidance for Internet Self-Help Among Cannabis Users: Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Baumgartner Christian , Schaub Michael Patrick , Wenger Andreas , Malischnig Doris , Augsburger Mareike , Walter Marc , Berger Thomas , Stark Lars , Ebert David Daniel , Keough Matthew T , Haug Severin 
Published: April 2021

Background
Despite increasing demand for treatment among cannabis users in many countries, most users are not in treatment. Internet-based self-help offers an alternative for those hesitant to seek face-to-face therapy, though low effectiveness and adherence issues often arise.

Objective
Through adherence-focused guidance enhancement, we aimed to increase adherence to and the effectiveness of internet-based self-help among cannabis users.

Methods
From July 2016 to May 2019, cannabis users (n=775; male: 406/575, 70.6%, female: 169/575, 29.4%; age: mean 28.3 years) not in treatment were recruited from the general population and were randomly assigned to (1) an adherence-focused guidance enhancement internet-based self-help intervention with social presence, (2) a similar intervention with an impersonal service team, and (3) access to internet as usual. Controls who were placed on a waiting list for the full intervention after 3 months underwent an assessment and had access to internet as usual. The primary outcome measurement was cannabis-use days over the preceding 30 days. Secondary outcomes included cannabis-dependence severity, changes in common mental disorder symptoms, and intervention adherence. Differences between the study arms in primary and secondary continuous outcome variables at baseline, posttreatment, and follow-up were tested using pooled linear models.

Results
All groups exhibited reduced cannabis-use days after 3 months (social presence: –8.2 days; service team: –9.8 days; internet as usual: –4.2 days). The participants in the service team group (P=.01, d=.60) reported significantly fewer cannabis-use days than those in the internet as usual group; the reduction of cannabis use in the social presence group was not significant (P=.07, d=.40). There was no significant difference between the 2 intervention groups regarding cannabis-use reduction. The service team group also exhibited superior improvements in cannabis-use disorder, cannabis-dependence severity, and general anxiety symptoms after 3 months to those in the internet as usual group.

Conclusions
The adherence-focused guidance enhancement internet-based self-help intervention with an impersonal service team significantly reduced cannabis use, cannabis-use disorder, dependence severity, and general anxiety symptoms.

Trial Registration
ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN11086185; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN11086185
Patients’ Experiences of a Nurse-Led, Home-Based Heart Failure Self-management Program: Findings From a Qualitative Process Evaluation
Authors: Jiang Ying , Koh Karen Wei Ling , Ramachandran Hadassah Joann , Tay Yee Kian , Wu Vivien Xi , Shorey Shefaly , Wang Wenru 
Published: April 2021

Background
Heart failure (HF) is a major public health problem that places a significant disease burden on society. Self-care is important in the management of HF because it averts disease progression and reduces the number of hospitalizations. Effective nursing interventions promote HF self-care.

Objective
This study aims to explore participants’ perspectives on a nurse-led, home-based heart failure self-management program (HOM-HEMP) in a randomized controlled trial conducted in Singapore to gain insight into the effectiveness of the study intervention.

Methods
A descriptive, qualitative approach was used. English- or Chinese-speaking participants from the intervention arms were recruited through a purposive sampling method from January 2019 to July 2019. Individual, face-to-face, semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 participants. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim, with the participant identifiers omitted to ensure confidentiality. The thematic analysis approach was used to identify, analyze, and report patterns (themes) within the data.

Results
A total of six themes emerged from the process evaluation interviews and were categorized according to the Donabedian structure-process-outcome framework as intervention structure, intervention process, and intervention outcome. These six themes were manageability of the intervention, areas for improvement, benefits of visiting, personal accountability in self-care, empowered with knowledge and skills in self-care after the intervention, and increased self-efficacy in cardiac care.

Conclusions
The findings of the process evaluation provided additional information on participants’ perceptions and experiences with the HOM-HEMP intervention. Although a home visit may be perceived as resource intensive, it remains to be the preferred way of engagement for most patients. Nurses play an important role in promoting HF self-care. The process of interaction with the patient can be an important process for empowering self-care behavior changes.
Diasporic Palestinian Communities in Brazil and Hierarchies of Belonging
Authors: Munem Bahia M. , Hamid Sônia Cristina 
Published: April 2021

In this article, we examine the historical migration of Palestinians to Brazil, while also exploring the resettlement of a group of just over 100 Palestinian refugees in the country. We seek to focus on this group to attend to specificities in the migratory designations of immigrant and refugee and the complex ways these are activated, their gendered-class formation and distinctions, and important nuances in the overarching category “Arab” (or “turco” or “Sírio-Libanês”) in which differences are subsumed and particularities flattened. Neste artigo, examinamos a histórica migração de palestinos para o Brasil e exploramos o reassentamento de um grupo de pouco mais de 100 refugiados palestinos no país. Focamos nestes grupos com o intuito de entender as especificidades das designações migratórias de imigrantes e refugiados e o modo como são acionadas; suas formações e distinções de classe e gênero; e as nuances existentes na abrangente categoria “árabe” (“turco” ou “sírio-libanês”), a partir da qual as diferenças e particularidades dos grupos não são consideradas.
Letramento(s) histórico(s): Uma proposta plural para o ensino e a aprendizagem de História
Authors: Bastos Rocha Helenice Aparecida 
Published: April 2021

O artigo aborda os termos letramento e letramento histórico, registrando que sua acepção está em construção e sujeita a disputas. Demonstra que há, ao menos duas tendências predominantes em sua compreensão e defende uma proposta pluralista de letramento histórico, em que o mesmo ocorre na relação com diferentes instâncias sociais, culturas escritas e históricas. Nessa proposta, defende o investimento em letramentos históricos sustentados em diferentes eixos e dimensões, oportunizando uma formação histórica ampla aos alunos da escola brasileira.
A estrada perdida: as transformações na Amazônia setentrional provocadas pela construção inacabada da rodovia Perimetral Norte.
Authors: Ribeiro da Costa Paulo Nilber , Martins deSouza César 
Published: April 2021

Resumo:O presente artigo busca compreender o processo de construção da Rodovia BR-210 mais conhecida como Perimetral Norte, que nunca foi concluída. A análise de jornais e de decretos evidencia que os grandes projetos da ditadura para a Amazônia, planejados sob a lógica desenvolvimentista da década de 1970, nos governos dos generais-presidentes Emílio Garrastazu Médici (1969-1974) e Ernesto Geisel (1974-1979) como a rodovia Perimetral Norte, pensavam o progresso como algo advindo de fora da região. Ao analisarmos as fontes e a historiografia, podemos perceber que a construção contribui para entendermos aspectos importantes das políticas adotadas durante os governos dos generais para a região amazônica. Palavras-chave: Integração; colonização; ditadura militar; Perimetral Norte. Abstract:This article seeks to understand the construction process of the BR-210 Highway, better known as Perimetral Norte, which was never completed. The analysis of newspapers and decrees shows that the great projects of the dictatorship for the Amazon, planned under the developmentalist logic of the 1970s, under the governments of general presidents Emílio Garrastazu Médici (1969-1974) and Ernesto Geisel (1974-1979) like the Perimetral Norte highway, they thought of progress as coming from outside the region. When analyzing the sources and the historiography, we can see that the construction contributes to understanding important aspects of the policies adopted during the governments of generals to the Amazon region.Keywords: Integration; colonization; military governments; Perimetral Norte.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Biheterocyclic -amino Acid Precursor of the Triazole-Tetrazole Type, via the Copper (I) Catalyzed Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition Reaction (CuAAC)
Authors: Dioukhane Khadim , Aouine Younas , Boukhssas Salaheddine , Nakkabi Asmae , Faraj Hassane , Alami Anouar 
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we describe the regioselective synthesis of a novel tri-heterocyclic compound, a biheterocyclic amino acid precursor, derived from both triazole and tetrazole. The key step of our synthesis approach was the Huigsen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, catalyzed by the copper (I) formed in situ by reduction of Cu(II) salts (CuSO4), 5H2O) by sodium ascorbate, and using as dipole the oxazoline azide derivative 4-(azidomethyl)-4-ethyl-2-phenyl-4,5-dihydrooxazole (4) and as dipolarophile 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2H-tetrazole (3). The Cu(I) catalysis allowed us to carry out the cycloaddition at room temperature during a reaction time of only 8 hours and also to selectively obtain the 1,4-regioisomer; one of the two possible isomers, with a yield of 90% after chromatography on a silica gel column (ether/hexane: 1/2), and recrystallization in an ether/acetone mixture. The desired compound, 4-ethyl-4-((4-((5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-2-phenyl-4,5-dihydrooxazole (5) was analyzed by 1D magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H, 13C), and characterized physico-chemically by mass spectrometry and elemental analysis.
Does withholding tax on interest limit international profit-shifting by FDI?
Authors: Białek-Jaworska Anna , Klapkiv Lyubov 
Published: April 2021

Research background: Poland is a significant recipient of intercompany loans as a part of foreign direct investment (FDI) debt instruments reported in the Balance of Payments. Most of them come from the developed West European countries ? Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Germany, and Belgium. Igan et al. (2020) confirm debt-based FDI inflows to emerging markets had a higher impact on the industries? growth in the pre-crisis period 1998?2007 than after (till 2010).
Purpose of the article: We aim to identify withholding tax (WHT) impact on intercorporate loans inflow to Poland and analyse the relationship between trade credit and intercompany loans to assess the importance of the profit-shifting role of FDI after 2010.
Methods: To reflect the impact of withholding tax and trade credit on inter-company loans (inward debt-based FDI) in 2011?2017 to Poland, we use Arellano-Bond and random effects panel model estimators. The estimated specification is derived from the knowledge-capital model and includes two types of capital: human and physical.
Findings & value added: We show that WHT on interests reduces profit-shifting by multinational companies? intercompany lending to Poland. But intercompany loans are positively related to foreign trade credit. Unlike in the case of total FDI inward to Poland (Cieślik, 2019), we identified that vertically integrated multinational enterprises are more likely to provide loans to Polish firms. This study is the first to confirm that withholding tax of interests reduces international profit-shifting by FDI and to provide evidence on the relation-ship between foreign trade credit and intercompany loans provided by multi-national companies.
Readability, efficiency and costliness of individual retirement products in Poland
Authors: Pieńkowska-Kamieniecka Sylwia , Rutecka-Góra Joanna , Kowalczyk-Rólczyńska Patrycja , Hadryan Milena 
Published: April 2021

Research background: The role of supplementary pension systems in providing adequate income in old-age is increasing significantly. They are frequently analysed, but rather in terms of architecture, product forms, assets under management or tax incentives than in terms of their efficiency, costliness or readability for individuals. Purpose of the article: The first aim of this paper is to evaluate individual retirement products in Poland regarding their linguistic readability and transparency, investment efficiency and costliness. Moreover, we examine whether there is any correlation between the analyzed characteristics of contracts that would suggest an intentional strategy by financial institutions to hide low efficiency and high costs. The second aim of the article is to assess which individual retirement products are similar to each other and which are significantly different. The research covers two types of individual retirement products (IKE and IKZE) offered at the beginning of 2017. Methods: We used the ?Jasnopis? linguistic analysis tool to assess the difficulty level of the language used in the contracts and we conducted desk-research to analyse their transparency. We indicated the costliness and efficiency of the products by calculating the 5-year cost ratios and real average 5-year rates of return. To examine the relations between the characteristics of pension contracts, we used the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and then verified its significance with a non-parametric test. Moreover, to identify groups of products that are similar to or different from each other, Ward's method was used. The study includes nearly 90% of all individual retirement products offered in Poland. Findings & value added: For both types of retirement products studied (IKE and IKZE), we found that the more readable a contract is, the higher its rate of return is and the higher the costs charged are. Moreover, the more readable a contract is, the more transparent it is. The findings of the study provide financial institutions, the supervisor and creators of social policy with information on market imperfections and recommendations how to improve the individual retirement products offered on the market. Our research makes a unique contribution to the multidimensional research of supplementary pension systems. It also develops the understanding of how to successfully use linguistic tools in complex analyses of financial services. The results of the hierarchical cluster analysis proved that both IKE and IKZE products differ substantially and their features generally do not depend on the type of the financial provider.
Multi-dimensional analysis of regional investment attractiveness in Poland
Authors: Roszko-Wójtowicz Elżbieta , Grzelak Maria M. 
Published: April 2021

Research background: A given region's investment attractiveness is a set of conditions that depend primarily on the policy of the country that is the recipient of direct foreign investment, encouraging or discouraging foreign investors from making decisions about locating investments in a given area. These conditions include the economic conditions, the infrastructure, the political and legal system, the business environment, and the sociocultural environment. a foreign investor, the motive for exporting capital abroad is the search for benefits that can be derived from the business activity conducted there, including easier entry into new markets.
Purpose of the article: The main aim of the paper is to distinguish groups of voivodeships (NUTS 2 level) that are relatively homogeneous in terms of investment attractiveness, which is conducive to the inflow of foreign capital and the implementation of investment projects involving foreign capital.
Methods: Distinguishing groups of voivodeships similar to each other in terms of the level of investment attractiveness is made by applying hierarchical cluster analysis. The dendrogram illustrates the hierarchical structure of clusters of similar objects according to the analysed set of variables. The quality of the clustering result is also assessed by determining the silhouette index. Comparative and descriptive analysis of CSO statistics are additional methods used that have contributed to the achievement of the aim of the paper. The research period covers the years 2000?2018.
Findings & value added: The investment attractiveness of a voivodeship is closely related to the level of its economic development. Therefore, the following voivodeships are listed at the top of the investment attractiveness rankings: Mazowieckie, Dolnośląskie, Śląskie, Małopolskie, and Pomorskie. The conducted study has confirmed that the creation of special economic zones and the development of regional smart specialisations contribute to the inflow of foreign capital. It is worth noting that the assessment of investment attractiveness is relative. The comparison of the innovative attractiveness of voivodeships is based on the use of the average value, overestimated by cities, i.e. central hubs, attracting investors. The regional perspective on investment attractiveness using multi-dimensional statistical analysis methods is the added value of the article.