bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bifusella linearis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Bifusella linearis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus albicaulis, P. flexilis, P. monticola, P. strobus
. DISEASE: Needle blight and needle cast of white pines, tar spot needle cast,
Bifusella
blight. The disease apparently occurs only under moist conditions, and since its effects are usually limited to defoliation of needles two or three years old, it is not devastating. Probably infects young needles but macrosymptoms do not show up until the following spring when needles become blighted from the tip part-way to the base. The disease tends to occur principally in the lower crown (47, 2867). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada: British Columbia, Ontario, U.S.A. : California, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Washington, Wisconsin). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.
Lophodermium agathidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermium agathidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Agathis australis
. DISEASE: This species is very recently described, and little is known about its ecology. It has been surmised that it is, for much of its existence, a leaf endophyte, inhabiting apparently healthy leaves, and fruiting only after death of the host from some other cause. If this is the case, and it has not yet been demonstrated, the species must be regarded as a potential hazard, since other members of the same family which are pathogenic on other conifers also normally exist as harmless endophytes, and their pathogenic behaviour usually follows some other predisposing stress factor. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather. Peak dispersal occurs during November and December, and declines towards the end of March.
Lophomerum ponticum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophomerum ponticum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rhododendron ponticum
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of rhododendron. In general
Lophomerum ponticum
appears to be saprophytic. Its ascocarps are usually not produced until the leaves have senesced, become detached and fallen to the litter. Occasionally, however, ascocarps can be found on browned regions of otherwise green leaves, and it seems possible, therefore, that the species is facultatively parasitic. It is important to distinguish this species from
Lophodermium vagulum (CMI Descriptions
789) which is the causal agent of a leaf spot disease of chinese rhododendrons, but which does not occur on
R. ponticum
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Great Britain), probably much more widespread. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.
Rhytisma Acerinum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rhytisma Acerinum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Many
Acer
spp., particularly
A. pseudoplatanus
in Europe and
A. rubrum
in North America. DISEASE: Causes tar spot of
Acer
spp. Stromata appear on living leaves during the summer, and the ascomata mature the following spring on the fragile decomposed fallen leaves. It apparently does not cause serious damage to the tree, but the black stromata are unsightly on ornamental trees. Many species of
Acer
are of horticultural importance. The disease can be controlled using copper and dithiocarbamate preparations (60, 2789), though burning of fallen leaves in autumn is simple and effective. In Italy, incidence of the disease is lower after a cold dry winter than a warm wet one (58, 5032). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Very widely distributed in north temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: Unknown: probably through ascospore dispersal into the air and direct infection of the leaves in humid weather.
Lirula macrospora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lirula macrospora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Picea
spp. Reported from
P
.
abies
(syn.
P. excelsa), P. pungens
and
P
.
rubens
. Records on
Abies
(e.g. 45, 1228d) are probably of
Lirula nervisequia
(DC.) Darker. DISEASE: Causes a needle disease of spruce (
Picea
spp.). The original description of the fungus (Hartig, 1874) contains a detailed description of the development of the disease. Needles start browning in the spring or autumn (apparently dependent on climatic conditions), and the needle gradually becomes brown over its entire length. The disease apparently does not cause premature shedding, but prolongs the attachment of the needles due to the disruption of the zone of abscission by the fungus (Campbell & Vines, 1938). However, the disease is frequently referred to as needle cast. It is particularly prevalent in young stands of spruce (46, 1131; 48, 2039, 3198), and can be absent from surrounding older plantations (47, 357). This was attributed to better light conditions. It is also particularly common in areas with thick undergrowth (48, 2039). A control measure has been described involving two sprays with a 2% Cu/Ca mixture (46, 1131). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in northern and eastern Europe. Recorded from Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, USA: Vermont (probably introduced), european USSR, Yusgoslavia. TRANSMISSION: Unknown: probably through air dispersal of ascospores.
Lophodermium baculiferum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermium baculiferum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus jeffreyi, P. ponderosa, P. resinosa, P. sabiniana
. DISEASE: Mayr (1890) described the fungus as causing needle cast in 1- to 2-year old plantations of the
Pinus taeda
group. The degree of pathogenicity of this fungus is not known. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada: Ontario, USA: California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming. TRANSMISSION: Unknown: probably through direct infection by the air-dispersed ascospores.
Lophodermium durilabrum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermium durilabrum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus aristata, P. balfouriana, P. monticola, P. strobus
. DISEASE: Causes a needle disease of
Pinus
spp. Little is known of the pathogenicity of this fungus; Darker (1932) reported it from browned needles, where it appeared to him to be weakly parasitic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA: California, Oregon, Wisconsin. TRANSMISSION: probably through airborne dispersal of ascospores.
Lophodermium mangiferae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermium mangiferae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Mangifera indica
. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot of mango, at least in some instances appearing as a secondary invader following
Coccomyces vilis
(see sheet no. 792). The fungus is probably not strongly pathogenic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from India, Java and Puerto Rico. TRANSMISSION: Unknown, probably through direct infection of leaves by the air-dispersed ascospores.
Urocystis anemones
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Urocystis anemones
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species of
Anemone
and
Ranunculus
(especially common on
A. nemorosa
and
R. repens
); occasionally on other
Ranunculaceae: Trollius, Pulsatilla, Traurvetteria
. DISEASE:
Anenome
and
Ranunculus
smut. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in continental Europe, (including UK, Scandinavia), extends east into USSR and Japan, occurs around eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea (Cyprus, Caucasia), Turkestan, and has been recorded in Libya; N. America (Canada, USA); S. America (Colombia); Australia and New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies reported.
Urocystis gladiolicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Urocystis gladiolicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cultivated
Gladiolus
species, including
G. segetum
and
G. tristis
. DISEASE:
Gladiolus
smut. Contamination or infection of corms occurs during first growing season, sori develop in corms during storage or after planting, and symptoms develop above ground in second season. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (including Kenya, Zaire), Europe (including Netherlands, Germany, GB, Italy, USSR), USA. TRANSMISSION: Ustilospores released from sori are distributed in soil and on surfaces of corms and cormels.
Pseudogibellula formicarum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudogibellula formicarum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Mainly on ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), also on Homoptera, Coleoptera, and Arachnida. Samson and Evans (1973) list the host range in Ghana. It has been found causing local epizootics on hoppers in Central and South America (Evans, personal communication). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Ghana (Samson & Evans, 1973), Uganda (specimens in Herb. K and in Herb. IMI), Ecuador, Nicaragua, Brazil.
Tolypocladium cylindrosporum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Tolypocladium cylindrosporum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS AND SUBSTRATA: Diptera:
Aedes sierrensis
and
A. australis
(Culicidae);
Plecia neararctica
(Bibionidae). Experimental infection of
A. aegypti, A. caspius, Anopheles stephansi
and
Culex pipiens
was successful (Soares 1982). Also found on bracken debris,
Eucalyptus
sp. and in soil. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Soil in Europe (Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, UK), Nepal, Canada; Diptera in USA (California, Florida), N.Z. ;
Eucalyptus
sp., Australia;
Picea mariana
, Canada. DISEASE: Natural infections of treehole populations of
A. sierrensis
cause over 70% mortality. Infection of mosquito larvae occurs both through the external cuticle and the gut, mostly the midgut (Soares, 1982). The fungus multiplies in the host by mycelial growth and by forming blastospores. In some hosts encapsulation of invading hyphae occurs, the host dying only after the haemocoel is extensively invaded. Conidia are formed enteroblastically only if the infected larva is at the water surface, when a small mycelial mat is produced which sporulates actively. Adult females spread the disease from tree holes to other tree holes when laying and are themselves susceptible to the fungus (Federici
et al.
, 1980). Experimental infection of
Culex molestus
[Culex pipiens form molestus]
followed the same pattern, first symptoms appearing 5 days after infection, all exposed larvae being dead within 7 days (Weiser & Pillai, 1982).
Phaeoseptoria vermiformis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phaeoseptoria vermiformis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Triticale (
Triticum
×
Secale
),
Avena
(oats) and
Triticum
(wheat). DISEASE: Leaf spot of Triticale, wheat and oats. Lesions on leaves are irregular to elliptical, light brown to straw yellow. As infection progresses lesions enlarge to form blotches extending to the margins of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: East Africa and North America (Mexico, Patzcuaro). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia dispersed by water splash in wet weather or heavy dews. So far the mode of infection under natural conditions and the spread of the disease have not been investigated. It has been suggested that
P. vermiformis
might persist on native grasses in the field and this could serve as a source of inoculum in addition to the infected stubble or debris left over from previous years crop.
Phomopsis anacardii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phomopsis anacardii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Anacardium occidentale
and
Semecarpus anacardium (= Anacardium orientale
). DISEASE: Drying of shoots and leaf blotches of cashew. Also associated with inflorescence blight (Ohler, 1979). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Zambia); Asia (Bangladesh, Burma, India, Malaysia); Central America and West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica). TRANSMISSION: It is probable that the fungus remains viable on dead or decaying leaves and the conidia are disseminated by water splash or contact.
Phomopsis cocoina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phomopsis cocoina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cocos nucifera
and
Corypha umbraculifera
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of coconut and recently found to be associated with stem bleeding of coconut palms (personal communication). Also perhaps involved in the rot of coconut husk. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Mauritius, Seychelles); Asia (India, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Nepal, Sri Lanka); Australasia and Oceania (Guam Island, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands); West Indies (Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported; presumably by conidia spread by rain splash.
Septoria humuli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria humuli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Humulus lupulus
(hop). DISEASE: Leaf spot of hop leading to premature defoliation. The disease has been reported initially to be confined to older and lower leaves and subsequently spreading to younger and upper leaves (Putto, Koul & Saraf, 1975). Female plants have been reported as being more susceptible than male plants. The visible symptoms are minute circular or irregular lesions, 1-3 mm wide and prominent on both surfaces of the leaves. With the progress of infection these lesions enlarge to form well defined spots, up to 6 mm wide, with ash white centres. Occasionally spots coalesce to form leaf blotches. Often severely infected leaves are killed and one report claims leaves on vines up to a height of 2-3 m have been affected (5, 1985). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Himachal Padesh, Kashmir); Europe (Czechoslovakia, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, USSR); North America (USA, Kansas, New Hampshire). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported. Presumably by conidia disseminated by water splash during hot weather.
Phytophthora botryosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora botryosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Hevea
rubber; cacao and other species of cultivated plants on inoculation (50, 1689; 51, 1276). DISEASE: Leaf fall and black stripe of
Hevea
rubber. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Malaysia, Thailand, Andaman Islands). (CMI Map 534, ed.1, 1980). TRANSMISSION: To the bark by spores washed down from the leaf canopy. Recovered from soil in affected areas (49, 2165).
Phytophthora primulae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora primulae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Primula
, parsley. DISEASE: Brown core root rot of
Primula
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand), Europe (Denmark, UK). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne carried from
Primula
seedling boxes to the field in soil adhering to roots or in roots of young plants (32, 315).
Phaeoisariopsis melanochaeta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phaeoisariopsis melanochaeta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species of
Celastrus
including
C. paniculata, C senegalensis
, and
Maytenus heterophylla
. DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (South Africa, Zimbabwe), Asia (India (Madhya Padesh)). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air borne conidia. Survival mechanisms unknown.
Phaeoisariopsis robiniae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phaeoisariopsis robiniae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Robinia pseudoacacia
(Locust tree). DISEASE: Leaf spot, the effected leaves soon turning yellow and falling. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (U.S.A. (VA, IA, WI)). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air borne conidia. Survival mechanisms unknown.
Ramularia pratensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilson S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia pratensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rumex acetosa, R. aquaticus, R. acetosella, R. hydrolapathum, R. longifolius, R. obtusifolius, R. thyrsiflorus
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Rumex
spp. Round or oval lesions, from (1-) 2 (-3) mm diam., with a distinct purple-brown border and buff centre. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
Europe
: Channel Islands, Eire, Great Britain, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Sweden. TRANSMISSION: Probably wind-dispersal by air-borne spores.
Ramularia pakistanica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilson S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia pakistanica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Polygonum dentatus
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
P. dentatus
, lesion characteristics variable from indistinct, watery brown-grey to buff with purple border, size varies from 1-9 mm (usually 5 mm) wide. Some leaves have no visible lesions but sporulation occurs on both sides to give a frosted appearance. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
Asia
: India, Pakistan. TRANSMISSION: Not known, probably wind dispersal by air-borne spores.
Ramularia astragali
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia astragali
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Astragalus carolinianus
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
A. carolinianus
. The lesions are mainly circular, but occasionally fuse and become irregular. Tufts of conidiophores emerging through the stomata give the leaf spots a frosted appearance. Sporulation is known to occur in July and August. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada, USA: Dakota). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Ramularia trifolii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia trifolii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Trifolium rybergii
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
T. rybergii
. The lesions tend to be elongated, being restricted by larger veins, but several infections together can give the lesion a more irregular appearance. Small tufts of conidiophores can be seen on either leaf surface. Sporulation is known to occur in July. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia.
Mycovellosiella phaseoli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycovellosiella phaseoli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Phaseolus vulgaris
, the french bean. DISEASE: Floury spot of bean or Mancha harinosa. The name derives from the white tufty growth of the fungus on the lower leaf surfaces. Yellowish spots develop on the leaves and in severe infections these appear as a yellow mottling. In old infections the spots become brown with a yellow margin. Infection is confined to the leaves and progresses upwards from the base where it can cause severe defoliation (37, 749). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Europe, South America (CMI Map No. 436, ed. 2, 1977). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia.