bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual Orientations and Identities Among Sexual Minority Emerging Adults
Authors: Svensson Marc E. D. , Frost David M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the development of sexual orientations and identities among sexual minority emerging adults, such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, pansexual, and other non-heterosexual sexual identities. The importance of sociohistorical context when examining sexual orientations and identity development is considered in explaining why emerging adults increasingly question binary constructs of both sexuality and gender, and more often adopt fluid and shifting identities, compared to older generations. New psychological frameworks accounting for these more diverse ways of approaching sexual identity and gender identity are reviewed. Nevertheless, health disparities among sexual minority emerging adults still prevail, and the minority stress framework is utilized to explain and understand the underlying reasons. The chapter concludes with suggestions on directions for future research on sexual orientations and identities in emerging adulthood.
Generation Disaster
Authors: Vermeulen Karla 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Generation Disaster: Coming of Age Post-9/11 is an in-depth examination of the multiple stressors that shaped the developmental environment for today’s emerging adults in their youth and as they now take on adult responsibilities in an unprecedentedly complex world. Those stressors include all of the societal changes that occurred in the United States after the attacks of September 11, 2001, as well as other threats like the increase in school shootings and other human-caused disasters, worsening natural disasters and concerns about the future due to climate change, and the global pandemic. The omnipresence of social media amplifies these issues and heightens political divisiveness, while the difficult job market, growing wealth gap between rich and poor, and burden of student debt make many emerging adults doubt they’ll ever find a satisfying career, be able to start a family, or buy a home. As a result, many are stressed out and pessimistic about their futures, yet others are flourishing despite all of the challenges they face. Generation Disaster provides a detailed look into the many forces that are shaping this cohort of emerging adults, drawing on quantitative and qualitative research and including extensive quotations that allow its members to speak for themselves to counter the negative stereotypes older people often perpetuate about them.
Conclusion
Authors: Vermeulen Karla 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The “Conclusion” chapter summarizes key points from the book, emphasizing how complex and unstable the world has always been for Generation Disaster. While every generation faces its own challenges, there has never been a combination of social and political stressors shaping daily life to the degree this cohort has experienced, yet many demonstrate remarkable resilience and optimism. I know it’s not realistic to encourage older adults to retire from their lucrative jobs or powerful political positions to make way for the next generation or to voluntarily redistribute their assets to narrow the wealth gap, but older adults are encouraged to stop judging Generation Disaster and instead to allow them to demonstrate what they’re capable of when simply given the opportunity.
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Brittany E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The introduction begins with the bold claim that in some parts of the New Testament, God is a being who has a body and who can be seen. It briefly outlines why many Westerners today believe that God is invisible and incorporeal and discusses the role that Platonism in particular has had in forming that view. It also provides a brief overview of key scholars who discuss God’s body in the Hebrew Bible and highlights the importance of Jewish portrayals of God’s body for this project. The introduction then discusses the various ways in which embodiment can be conceived, both in recent theory and in ancient discourse, and it provides an overview of the book’s contents.
Glimpsing God
Authors: Wilson Brittany E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter turns to instances where God becomes visually manifest to humans in visions and epiphanies. The chapter argues that God’s visibility has long been a part of biblical tradition, despite modern assumptions that the “Judeo-Christian” God is heard but not seen. Seeing God is a key way to encounter God, and Luke-Acts exemplifies this tradition in particular, given that visions and epiphanies frequently occur as a means to communicate the divine will. The chapter focuses on theophanies, or instances where God specifically appears, and discusses both the verbal and visual aspects of these scenes. The chapter overall maintains that God’s form remains hidden in theophanies but that God is still visible and encounters humans in a manner that engages their senses, including their sense of sight.
Beholding the Human One
Authors: Wilson Brittany E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter brings together the previous two chapters by looking at how the ascended Jesus’s form is both epiphanic and embodied. It begins by discussing ancient accounts of heavenly ascent and how portrayals of human bodies entering (or not entering) heaven are linked to larger cosmological and anthropological views. The remainder of the chapter focuses on how Luke narrates Jesus’s ascension into heaven as an epiphany but also in a manner that suggests Jesus is taken up into heaven in bodily form. Throughout Acts, Luke depicts Jesus appearing to his followers in epiphanies, and he likewise depicts Jesus as a human who is located in heaven. With Luke’s depiction of Jesus in his ascended state, the greatest degree of overlap occurs between how humans visually experience Jesus and God. At the same time, Luke also conveys that bodies are worthy of the heavenly realm, since Jesus is a human in heaven.
Clutch Mass, Offspring Mass, and Clutch Size: Body Mass Scaling and Taxonomic and Environmental Variation
Authors: Glazier Douglas S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, I show how clutch mass, offspring (egg) mass, and clutch size relate to body mass among species of branchiopod, maxillipod, and malacostracan crustaceans, as well as how these important life history traits vary among major taxa and environments independently of body size. Clutch mass relates strongly and nearly isometrically to body mass, probably because of physical volumetric constraints. By contrast, egg mass and clutch size relate more weakly and curvilinearly to body mass and vary in inverse proportion to one another, thus indicating a fundamental trade-off, which occurs within many crustacean taxa as well. In general, offspring (egg) size and number and their relationships to body mass appear to be more ecologically sensitive and evolutionarily malleable than clutch mass. The body mass scaling relationships of egg mass and clutch size show much more taxonomic and ecological variation (log-log scaling slopes varying from near 0 to almost 1 among major taxa) than do those for clutch mass, a pattern also observed in other animal taxa. The curvilinear body mass scaling relationships of egg mass and number also suggest a significant, size-related shift in how natural selection affects offspring versus maternal fitness. As body size increases, selection apparently predominantly favors increases in offspring size and fitness up to an asymptote, beyond which increases in offspring number and thus maternal fitness are preferentially favored. Crustaceans not only offer excellent opportunities for furthering our general understanding of life history evolution, but also their ecological and economic importance warrants further study of the various factors affecting their reproductive success.
Semelparity and Iteroparity
Authors: Varpe Øystein , Ejsmond Maciej J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDiversity in reproduction schedules is a central component of life history variability, with life span and age at maturity as key traits. Closely linked is the number of reproductive attempts and if organisms reproduce only once followed by death (semelparity) or spread reproduction over multiple and separated episodes during the reproductive lifespan (iteroparity). Amphipoda and Isopoda are two crustacean groups with many semelparous species, but semelparity is also part of other groups such as Decapoda, Copepoda, and Lepostraca. We briefly review theories posited for the evolution of semelparity and iteroparity, covering models on demography in both deterministic and fluctuating environments, and examine models on optimal resource allocation. We provide predictions of these theories, a guide on how to test them in crustaceans, and illustrate how theory can help us understand the diversity within this major taxon. We also point out a few shortcomings of these theories. One is that immediate recruitment is usually assumed in studies of semelparity, which is a poor assumption for the many crustaceans that form egg banks with prolonged recruitment. Another is the lack of models where iteroparity versus semelparity emerge as a consequence of life history trade-offs, rather than the more common approach that assumes demographic parameters. Furthermore, we argue that treating semelparity and iteroparity as a dichotomy is sometimes problematic and that viewing these strategies as a continuum can be useful. We discuss life history correlates and the particularly relevant links between the semelparity-iteroparity axis and capital breeding and seasonality, parental care, and terminal molts. We also discuss some of the indirect methods used to conclude if a crustacean is semelparous or not, such as a rapid drop in adult abundance after reproduction or signs of growth or storage after reproduction. A central message in the chapter is the high value of life history theory as a guide when formulating explanations and projecting evolutionary changes in reproductive lifespan of crustaceans.
Life Cycle and Seasonal Migrations
Authors: Bauer Raymond T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSeasonal and life cycle migrations are mass movements in which individuals move horizontally for long distances to encounter favorable conditions for reproduction and development. Such migrations have been best studied in larger mobile decapod crustaceans, many of which are commercially important. Some decapod shrimps and brachyuran crabs are dependent on productive estuaries for completion of life cycles. In these species, planktonic larvae develop in oceanic waters. Postlarval stages utilize currents and appropriate behaviors to enter estuaries via selective tidal stream transport (STST). After growth, juveniles and subadults leave for the adult oceanic habitats, again using STST. Many subtropical and temperate zone neritic species make seasonal offshore migrations into deeper waters during the winter, with return nearshore in the spring; some high latitude species make these migrations but with seasons reversed. Numerous freshwater shrimps are amphidromic, that is, they live and reproduce in streams and rivers, but their planktonic larvae drift or are released directly into the sea for development and dispersal. Postlarvae find the mouths of streams, and then make spectacular mass migrations as juveniles back upstream to the adult habitat. Adults of terrestrial crabs live inland, but brooding females move into the littoral zone during new or full moon periods to hatch out larvae into high amplitude tides that carry the larvae out to sea for development and dispersal.
Daphniaas a Model for Eco-evolutionary Dynamics
Authors: Walsh Matthew R. , Packer Michelle , Beston Shannon , Funkhouser Collin , Gillis Michael , Holmes Julian , Goos Jared 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMuch research has shown that variation in ecological processes can drive rapid evolutionary changes over periods of years to decades. Such contemporary adaptation sets the stage for evolution to have reciprocal impacts on the properties of populations, communities, and ecosystems, with ongoing interactions between ecological and evolutionary forces. The importance and generality of these eco-evolutionary dynamics are largely unknown. In this chapter, we promote the use of water fleas (Daphnia sp.) as a model organism in the exploration of eco-evolutionary interactions in nature. The many characteristics of Daphnia that make them suitable for laboratory study in conjunction with their well-known ecological importance in lakes, position Daphnia to contribute new and important insights into eco-evolutionary dynamics. We first review the influence of key environmental stressors in Daphnia evolution. We then highlight recent work documenting the pathway from life history evolution to ecology using Daphnia as a model. This review demonstrates that much is known about the influence of ecology on Daphnia life history evolution, while research exploring the genomic basis of adaptation as well as the influence of Daphnia life history traits on ecological processes is beginning to accumulate.
The Origins of Overthrow
Authors: Ghalehdar Payam 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Why has regime change figured so recurrently in US foreign policy? Between 1906 and 2011, the United States forcibly intervened in at least sixteen states, targeting their domestic political authority structure. Accounts thus far in International Relations scholarship fail to provide sound explanations for this pattern. Their premise that the United States seeks national security, economic benefits, or democracy in the target state is put into doubt by studies that demonstrate the limited success of most US regime change interventions. Focusing on the emotional state of US presidents, this book presents a novel explanation for the recurrence of forcible regime change in US foreign policy. It argues that regime change becomes an attractive foreign policy tool to US presidents when emotional frustration grips them. Emotional frustration, the book’s core concept, is an emotional state that comprises hegemonic expectations, perceptions of hatred in target state obstructions, and negative affect. Once instigated, it shapes both presidential preferences and strategies, carrying with it both a desire for removing foreign leaders as the perceived source of frustration and a turn to military aggression. Based on a wealth of declassified government sources, the empirical part of the book illustrates how emotional frustration has time and again shaped US regime change decisions. Spanning two world regions—the Western Hemisphere and the Middle East—and roughly one hundred years of US foreign policy, the book traces the emotional state of US presidents in five regime change episodes—Cuba 1906, Nicaragua 1909–1912, the Dominican Republic 1963–1965, Iran 1979–1980, and Iraq 2001–2003.
Black Man’s Burden, White Man’s Liquor in Southern Africa
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the history of Britain’s colonization of South Africa as a clash between imperialists like Cecil Rhodes—who wielded liquor as a tool to get indigenous leaders drunk and sign away rights to their land—and native African tribal leaders. Rhodes’s greatest obstacle in his planned Cape Town–to-Cairo railroad were the prohibitionist leaders of Bechuanaland (present-day Botswana)—King Khama, Sebele I, and Bathoen—who in 1895 went so far as to travel to England to plead to Queen Victoria and the Colonial Office to maintain their sovereignty against white incursions and their prohibition against white liquor. Harnessing British temperance networks and building goodwill, the Bechuana kings emerged victorious: Bechuanaland would remain a protectorate, but not folded into Britain’s Cape Colony, foiling Rhodes’s machinations.
Gandhi, Indian Nationalism, and Temperance Resistance against the Raj
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 follows Mahatma Gandhi’s embrace of prohibitionism as resistance against Britain’s “narco-military empire,” first in South Africa and then in India. Gandhi understood that the British system of imperial dominance was built upon trafficking addictive opium and alcohol, the revenues from which paid for military occupation. Nationalists Gandhi and C. Rajagopalachari adopted temperance tactics such as picketing liquor stores as part of their noncooperation activism. Their Prohibition League of India—a “social” rather than “political” organization—provided organizational safe haven for nationalists of the Indian National Congress when the British clamped down on Gandhi’s nationalist efforts. Making common cause with transnational temperance norm entrepreneurs such as “Pussyfoot” Johnson added greater legitimacy to both Indian nationalism and prohibitionism, which became utterly synonymous in Gandhi’s quest for independence.
Of Arguments, Accidents, and Asks
Authors: Vaccari Cristian , Valeriani Augusto 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In Western democracies, most social media users are not part of political echo chambers but encounter a mix of views they agree and disagree with. It is mostly users who are heavily involved in politics and frequently discuss it online who predominantly see content that supports their views. Conversely, accidental exposure to political news on social media is widespread and reaches beyond the types of citizens who are typically more involved in politics. Substantial numbers of social media users are also targeted by electoral mobilization, and these users tend to be more politically involved than average. Different groups of users have distinctive types of political experiences on social media, and there are stark differences between the United States and other countries: American social media users are more likely to be exposed to politically supportive content, to accidentally encounter news, and to be targeted by electoral mobilization on social media.
Do Social Media Matter?
Authors: Vaccari Cristian , Valeriani Augusto 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Political experiences on social media—such as being targeted by electoral mobilization, seeing politically supportive messages, and accidentally encountering news—contribute to citizens’ repertoires of political participation. These associations are, on average, stronger for electoral mobilization than for accidental exposure, while exposure to supportive political content lies in between. Political experiences on social media do not disproportionally encourage participation in relatively easier, less resource-intensive activities, nor in activities primarily occurring in digital spaces, but foster hybrid participatory repertoires that combine higher-threshold and lower-threshold endeavors occurring both online and face to face. When placed amid the many different factors that affect participation, political experiences on social media play a distinctive and important role. However, their impact may be weaker than that of long-standing differences in resources and motivations among different groups of citizens.
Conclusion
Authors: Vaccari Cristian , Valeriani Augusto 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Social media can contribute to the quality of democratic life by expanding the scope of citizens’ political participation and broadening the pool of participants. However, the relationship between political experiences on social media and political participation is not so strong as to justify unmitigated enthusiasm. Social media cannot and will not “save democracy” from citizens’ political apathy and distrust. While political experiences on social media do not disproportionately stimulate participation among ideologically extremist citizens, nor among those who voted for populist political actors, treating all forms of participation as equally desirable obscures important nuances that are key to evaluating social media’s contribution to democracy. Still, social media can be part of the solution to at least two important democratic ills—citizens’ disconnection from politics and inequalities between those who choose to exercise their voice and those who remain silent.
Background
Authors: Barany Zoltan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets the stage for the study by calling attention to some of the key issues and turning points that are intrinsic parts of Arabia’s social and political history. The first is tribalism, which is integral to understanding these societies. The second is the atypical military force, the Ikhwan, that the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, King Ibn Saud (known in Arabia as Abdulaziz Al Saud), developed to conquer much of the territory that became the region’s largest country. The third is the British role in influencing the Gulf states’ security sector. The fourth is the creation of the United Arab Emirates and its military force. Finally, I probe two formative moments in recent history: the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and the country’s liberation by a US-led coalition, and the military-security dimension of the Arab uprisings that began in late 2010 and have influenced subsequent related developments.
Military Politics
Authors: Barany Zoltan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with military politics. It views the kingdoms as family states and weighs the domestic threats they face from conflicts pertaining to succession and intra-family divisions. The downsides of one of the structural aspects of these states—for example, the immense power of a few individuals to make weighty decisions—is critically examined. Attention is also devoted to the weakness of domestic political opposition, threats from abroad, and the methods GCC states have employed to repress them. In the last section, the focus shifts to civil-military relations as the methods Gulf monarchies have developed to keep their armies loyal are assessed such as the creation of privileged units and forces, the fostering of institutional rivalries between various elements, and the exclusion of certain sectarian communities from security sector employment. In short, this chapter is devoted to institutional analysis and explores how political and structural factors impede the Gulf armies’ effectiveness.
Military Performance
Authors: Barany Zoltan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 6 the various strands of the study come together as the actual performance of the Gulf armies is appraised. Given the limited involvement of GCC countries in military operations, the available evidence to base judgments upon their battlefield effectiveness is slender. Therefore, the analysis integrates lessons that may be learned from training and large-scale exercises GCC armies have participated in. To understand Gulf armies’ deficiencies, special attention is paid to the instruction and cultural aspects of the most prestigious military specialization, pilot training. In the second section the scant foreign deployment of Gulf militaries is examined, with special emphasis on the UAE, the only GCC army with extensive experience in this area. The bulk of this chapter centers on the ongoing civil war in Yemen in which the Saudi and Emirati armed forces have played a major role, thus allowing us the opportunity to assess their performance.