bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oblique interaction of electrostatic nonlinear structures in relativistically degenerate dense magnetoplasmas
Authors: Hasan Usman , Masood Waqas , Jahangir Rabia , Majid Mirza Arshad 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe have investigated the interaction of obliquely propagating ion acoustic solitary waves in a magnetoplasma with relativistically degenerate electrons. Using the quantum hydrodynamics model and by employing the extended Poincaré–Lighthill–Kuo technique, we have derived a set of Korteweg de Vries equations for two solitons. We have observed that the system under consideration allows the formation of only compressive solitons and their velocities remain in the sub‐acoustic limit. Furthermore, phase shifts of solitons as a result of their interaction have been calculated. The phase shifts have been observed to be dependent on the obliqueness and the physical parameters of plasma. It has also been noticed that phase shifts remain negative for the whole range of parameters generally found in white dwarf stars. We have observed that the phase shifts enhance with the enhancement in number density, however, the converse happens when the magnetic field is enhanced. It has also been observed that the phase shift is slightly greater for the solitons that are less oblique as compared to their more oblique counterparts. Furthermore, we have estimated the spatial scales of interaction of solitons using the parameters found in white dwarf stars.
Electrochemical profiling and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry characterization of synthetic cathinones: From methodology to detection in forensic samples
Authors: Schram Jonas , Parrilla Marc , Sleegers Nick , Van Durme Filip , van den Berg Jorrit , van Nuijs Alexander L. N. , De Wael Karolien 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe emergence of new psychoactive drugs in the market demands rapid and accurate tools for the on‐site classification of illegal and legal compounds with similar structures. Herein, a novel method for the classification of synthetic cathinones (SCs) is presented based on their electrochemical profile. First, the electrochemical profile of five common SC (i.e., mephedrone, ethcathinone, methylone, butylone, and 4‐chloro‐alpha‐pyrrolidinovalerophenone) is collected to build calibration curves using square wave voltammetry on graphite screen‐printed electrodes (SPEs). Second, the elucidation of the oxidation pathways, obtained by liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry, allows the pairing of the oxidation products to the SC electrochemical profile, providing a selective and robust classification. Additionally, the effect of common adulterants and illicit drugs on the electrochemical profile of the SC is explored. Interestingly, a cathodic pretreatment of the SPE allows the selective detection of each SC in presence of electroactive adulterants. Finally, the electrochemical approach is validated with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry by analyzing 26 confiscated samples from seizures and illegal webshops. Overall, the electrochemical method exhibits a successful classification of SC including structural derivatives, a crucial attribute in an ever‐diversifying drug market.
Drivers of population divergence and species differentiation in a recent group of indigenous orchids (Vanilla spp.) in Madagascar
Authors: Andriamihaja Cathucia F. , Ramarosandratana Aro V. , Grisoni Michel , Jeannoda Vololoniaina H. , Besse Pascale 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWith over 25,000 species, orchids are among families with remarkable high rate of diversification. Since Darwin's time, major advances attributed the exceptional diversity of orchids to plant–pollinator interactions. However, unraveling the processes and factors that determine the phenotypic and genotypic variation of natural orchid populations remains a challenge. Here, we assessed genetic population structure and floral differentiation in recently diverged leafless Vanilla species in a world biodiversity hotspot, Madagascar, using seven microsatellite loci and 26 morphometric variables. Additionally, analyses were performed to test for the occurrence of any patterns of isolation by distance, isolation by environment, and isolation by adaptation and to detect possible physical barriers that might have caused genetic discontinuities between populations. Positive inbreeding coefficients detected in 22 populations were probably due to the presence of null alleles, geitonogamy and/or some admixture (sympatric species). In contrast, the only high‐altitude population showed an important rate of clonality leading to heterozygote excess. Genetic diversity was maximum in western populations, suggesting a postglacial colonization to the north and south. Clustering analyses identified seven genetic groups characterized by specific floral traits that matched five botanical descriptions in the literature. A contribution of montane refugia and river barriers on population differentiation was detected. We also detected combined effects of IBD/IBE and IBE/IBA on genetic differentiation and suggested this pattern is more likely determined by ecological isolation, although pollinator‐mediated divergent selection could not be ruled out for some of the species. Overall, this study provides further insights on speciation in orchids, a group for which Madagascar shows one of the world's highest level of endemism and confirms the importance of the peculiar biogeography of the island in shaping species differentiation.
COVID‐19: Learning from the HIV/AIDS pandemic response in Africa
Authors: Olufadewa Isaac , Oduguwa Ifeoluwa , Adesina Miracle , Ibiang Koton , Eke Nnenne , Adewumi Blessing , Ebong Inimfon , Abudu Funmilayo , Adeyelu Nancy 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAbout 74.9 million persons were infected during the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome HIV/AIDS global pandemic with nearly half of them succumbing to the disease. In 2018 alone, Africa recorded over 400,000 AIDS‐related deaths which is more than half of the global total. This reflects years of inequality in the global pandemic response. Also, the international response to AIDS in the early years was very slow, with a global programme only developed 6 years into the pandemic. Many African countries still lack pandemic preparedness plans to handle a global pandemic. Thus, this paper highlights the important lessons that can be learnt from the response to the AIDS pandemic and recommends how they can be applied during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Some of the important lessons include: HIV reversed the previous success recorded in health systems of developing countries; the antiretroviral drug development process was prolonged and required long term commitment; and primary healthcare was crucial in preventing and controlling the disease. These lessons can be utilised in the fight against COVID‐19 pandemic. It is recommended that: there should be solidarity among the nations of the world to fight COVID‐19; health authorities should be proactive in curbing misinformation; and interventions should prioritise human rights and focus on vulnerable communities. HIV treatment services should not be discontinued as it is still an ongoing pandemic. A balance needs to be achieved in combating both pandemics as discontinuation of HIV treatment during the coronavirus pandemic could result in more than 500,000 deaths.
Combined effect of chrysin and apigenin on inhibiting the development and progression of colorectal cancer by suppressing the activity of P38‐MAPK/AKT pathway
Authors: Zhang Xiaozhan , Zhang Wen , Chen Fei , Lu Zhaohui 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEither apigenin or chrysin alone has been found to exert anti‐inflammatory and tumor suppressive effect. However, the combined effect of apigenin and chrysin on colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been fully clarified. We attempted to explore the effect of chrysin and apigenin on CRC and its related mechanism. SW480 and HCT‐116 cells were treated with either apigenin or chrysin alone or two‐drug combination at different doses of 5, 25, 50, 100 μM for optimal concentration determination. Then, we focused on the individual and combined effect of apigenin and chrysin on clonogenicity, apoptosis, metastasis‐related behaviors of CRC cells by colony formation assay, cell scratch assay, flow cytometry, and transwell assay. The changes of the activation of P38‐MAPK/AKT pathway were evaluated underlying apigenin and chrysin intervention, further after co‐treated with P38‐MAPK agonist anisomycin. Apigenin (25 μM) combined with chrysin (25 μM) were determined to be optimal. Treatment with the combination of apigenin (25 μM) and chrysin (25 μM) significantly reduced cell clone numbers, migration, and invasion ability, while increased the cell apoptosis in both CRC cell lines. The combined effect was higher than chrysin or apigenin alone. Meanwhile, p‐P38 and p‐AKT were significantly downregulated by chrysin and apigenin treatment. The tumor inhibitive effect of apigenin combined with chrysin was obviously reversed by adding P38 agonist, anisomycin. Apigenin (25 μM) combined with chrysin (25 μM) showed synergetic effect in inhibiting the growth and metastasis of CRC cells by suppressing the activity of P38‐MAPK/AKT pathway.
A case study of the iodine‐mediated cyclization of C2′‐OH‐ and C2‐OH‐chalcones toward the synthesis of flavones: Reinvestigation of the mechanisms
Authors: Tsai Hsin Yen , Huang Yu‐Tzu , Kuo Cing‐Ling , Kuo Chia‐Jou , Hu Anren , Chen Jih‐Jung , Shih Tzenge‐Lien 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSynthesis of flavones from chalcones via the iodine‐mediated cyclization required at least one hydroxy group at their C2′‐positions. On the contrary, the ring oxidative cyclization from C2‐OH‐chalcones under the same condition was unusual and reported only once. We evaluated the aforementioned method and found different results. The mechanisms in detail were discussed.
The interaction of exposure to adverse childhood and combat experiences on the current mental health of new post‐9/11 veterans
Authors: Morgan Nicole R. , Aronson Keith R. , Perkins Daniel F. , Doucette Carly E. , Bleser Julia A. , Davenport Katie , Vogt Dawne , Copeland Laurel A. , Finley Erin P. , Gilman Cynthia L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMilitary veterans have greater exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) than civilians and many also encounter warfare exposures, which can increase the likelihood of mental health problems. The purpose of this study was to test an interaction between childhood traumas and warfare exposures on the mental health of a sample of nearly 10,000 new post‐9/11 veterans. Results revealed that male veterans exposed to one or two ACEs, but no warfare, were more likely to experience anxiety, depression, suicidal thinking, and angry outbursts than the reference group (i.e., no ACEs and no warfare exposure). Female veterans exposed to one or two ACEs, but no warfare, were only more likely to experience suicidal thinking. Male and female veterans exposed to three or more ACEs and no warfare were more likely to experience probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, suicidality, and angry outbursts. Among those veterans who experienced corollaries of combat only (e.g., seeing someone killed or seriously wounded), male, but not female veterans were more likely to have probable PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Veterans exposed to warfare (i.e., combat and the corollaries of combat), irrespective of ACEs exposure, were the most likely to report mental health symptoms. Implications for community‐based mental health services are discussed.
Fabrication of ternary CoO/g‐C3N4/Co3O4 nanocomposite with p‐n‐p type heterojunction for boosted visible‐light photocatalytic performance
Authors: Zhang Wenqiang , Shi Weilong , Sun Haoran , Shi Yuxing , Luo Hao , Jing Shirong , Fan Yingqiang , Guo Feng , Lu Changyu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDPhotocatalytic water treatment by using semiconductor material with low‐cost, along with green and environmental features, is the main candidate for the actual application of photocatalytic reactions.RESULTSThe ternary CoO/g‐C3N4/Co3O4 nanocomposite with p‐n‐p type heterojunction was fabricated through a one‐step solvothermal method follow‐up water washing process. The as‐prepared CoO/g‐C3N4/Co3O4 nanocomposite photocatalyst exhibited high visible‐light photocatalytic efficiency (92% within 80 min) during the degradation of tetracycline (TC). The degradation rate constant of CoO/g‐C3N4/Co3O4 nanocomposite is 0.025 min−1, which is 8.3, 4.3 and 2.3 times higher than that of single CoO, g‐C3N4 and binary CoO/g‐C3N4, respectively.CONCLUSIONA series of characterization experiments further confirmed that the photocatalytic performance of the synthesized CoO/g‐C3N4/Co3O4 composite materials was improved due to the following two points: (i) improved separation and migration ability of photo‐induced electron–hole pairs, and (ii) enhanced visible light absorption range. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Molecular characterization of two Chinese pedigrees with maternally inherited hypertension
Authors: Ding Yu , Yu Jinfang , Guo Qinxian , Gao Beibei , Huang Jinyu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundMutations in mitochondrial tRNA (mt‐tRNA) genes are associated with hypertension, although their pathogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood.MethodsIn the present study, two Han Chinese families with maternally transmitted hypertension were interviewed. The mtDNA mutations of matrilineal relatives were screened by polymerase chain reaction‐Sanger sequencing. Mitochondrial ATP, membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also analyzed in polymononuclear leukocytes carrying these mt‐tRNA mutations. Additionally, the levels of oxidative stress‐related biomarkers [malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG)] were analyzed.ResultsNine of 13 adult matrilineal relatives of these pedigrees exhibited a wide range of severity of hypertension. The age at onset of hypertension was 30–62 years (average 46 years). Mutational screening of mitochondrial genomes revealed tRNAArg T10410C and T10454C mutations. Indeed, the m.T10454C and m.T10410C mutations occurred at conserved bases of TΨC‐loop and acceptor arm of tRNAArg (positions 55 and 6), which are critical for tRNAArg post‐transcriptional modification. Thus, the defects in tRNA modification may cause failure in tRNA metabolism, impairing mitochondrial translation. Biochemical analysis revealed that m.T10454C or m.T10410C mutation significantly reduced mitochondrial ATP and membrane potential and also increased ROS production in mutant cell lines (all p < 0.05). In addition, the levels of MDA and 8‐OHdG in hypertensive patients markedly increased, whereas those of SOD and GSH‐Px decreased (all p < 0.05).ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that m.T10410C and m.T10454C mutations affect the structure and function of tRNAArg and consequently alter mitochondrial function and lead to oxidative stress, which are involved in the pathogenesis of maternally inherited hypertension.
Systematic Review of Magnetic Resonance Lymphangiography From a Technical Perspective
Authors: Mills Michael , van Zanten Malou , Borri Marco , Mortimer Peter S. , Gordon Kristiana , Ostergaard Pia , Howe Franklyn A. 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundClinical examination and lymphoscintigraphy are the current standard for investigating lymphatic function. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) facilitates three‐dimensional (3D), nonionizing imaging of the lymphatic vasculature, including functional assessments of lymphatic flow, and may improve diagnosis and treatment planning in disease states such as lymphedema.PurposeTo summarize the role of MRI as a noninvasive technique to assess lymphatic drainage and highlight areas in need of further study.Study TypeSystematic review.PopulationIn October 2019, a systematic literature search (PubMed) was performed to identify articles on magnetic resonance lymphangiography (MRL).Field Strength/SequenceNo field strength or sequence restrictions.AssessmentArticle quality assessment was conducted using a bespoke protocol, designed with heavy reliance on the National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool for case series studies and Downs and Blacks quality checklist for health care intervention studies.Statistical TestsThe results of the original research articles are summarized.ResultsFrom 612 identified articles, 43 articles were included and their protocols and results summarized. Field strength was 1.5 or 3.0 T in all studies, with 25/43 (58%) employing 3.0 T imaging. Most commonly, imaging of the peripheries, upper and lower limbs including the pelvis (32/43, 74%), and the trunk (10/43, 23%) is performed, including two studies covering both regions. Imaging protocols were heterogenous; however, T2‐weighted and contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted images are routinely acquired and demonstrate the lymphatic vasculature. Edema, vessel, quantity and morphology, and contrast uptake characteristics are commonly reported indicators of lymphatic dysfunction.Data ConclusionMRL is uniquely placed to yield large field of view, qualitative and quantitative, 3D imaging of the lymphatic vasculature. Despite study heterogeneity, consensus is emerging regarding MRL protocol design. MRL has the potential to dramatically improve understanding of the lymphatics and detect disease, but further optimization, and research into the influence of study protocol differences, is required before this is fully realized.Level of Evidence2Technical EfficacyStage 2
Reliability of Changes in Brain Volume Determined by Longitudinal Voxel‐Based Morphometry
Authors: Takao Hidemasa , Amemiya Shiori , Abe Osamu ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: February 2021

BackgroundLongitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have become increasingly important to assess the changes in brain morphology during normal aging and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the reliability of longitudinal morphometric changes has not been fully evaluated.PurposeTo examine the reliability of longitudinal (2‐year) changes in brain morphology determined by longitudinal voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) in healthy elderly subjects, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).Study TypeRetrospective analysis.SubjectsTwenty‐four healthy elderly subjects, 28 MCI patients, and 16 AD patients.Field Strength/SequenceA 1.5 T, magnetization‐prepared rapid gradient‐echo.AssessmentLongitudinal (2‐year) changes in gray matter volume determined by longitudinal VBM processing, and visual assessment of image quality.Statistical TestsIntraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Kruskal–Wallis test.ResultsThe ICC maps differed among the three groups. The mean ICC was 0.81 overall (0.86 for healthy elderly subjects, 0.75 for MCI patients, and 0.76 for AD patients). The reliability was good to excellent (ICC, 0.60–1.00) for 92% of voxels (99% for healthy elderly subjects, 83% for MCI patients, and 83% for AD patients). The image quality differed significantly among the three groups (P < 0.05).Data ConclusionThese results indicate that the reliability of longitudinal gray matter volume changes by VBM is good to excellent for most voxels. However, reliability may be affected by the disease, possibly due to differences in head motion during imaging.Evidence Level3Technical EfficacyStage 1
Biogeochemical control points of connectivity between a tidal creek and its floodplain
Authors: Regier Peter , Ward Nicholas D. , Indivero Julia , Wiese Moore Cora , Norwood Matt , Myers‐Pigg Allison 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAs global climates shift, coastal systems experience changes that alter function within the tidal zone. However, it remains uncertain how changes in tidal extent and magnitude will alter coastal biogeochemical cycling. We present high‐frequency data collected in situ along two transects across a tidal creek and floodplain to capture how vertical and lateral connectivity changes act as biogeochemical control points. Using wavelet coherence analysis, we identified short periods of vertical tide–floodplain connectivity during spring tides followed by extended periods of floodplain isolation from tides. During a drier period, neap tides were linked to lateral creek–floodplain connectivity, detected by discharge of saline, oxygen‐depleted groundwater to the creek on ebb tides. We estimate that up to half of creek water throughout the tidal cycle was associated with floodplain drainage. From point measurements of carbon, nitrogen, and greenhouse gases along the creek–floodplain transect, we infer that lateral connectivity functions as a biogeochemically significant control point.
Learning Enabled Continuous Transmission of Spatially Distributed Information through Multimode Fibers
Authors: Fan Pengfei , Ruddlesden Michael , Wang Yufei , Zhao Luming , Lu Chao , Su Lei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMultimode fibers (MMF) are high‐capacity channels and are promising to transmit spatially distributed information, such as an image. However, continuous transmission of randomly distributed information at a high‐spatial density is still a challenge. Here, a high‐spatial‐density information transmission framework employing deep learning for MMFs is proposed. A proof‐of‐concept experimental system is presented to demonstrate up to 400‐channel simultaneous data transmission with accuracy close to 100% over MMFs of different types, diameters, and lengths. A scalable semi‐supervised learning model is proposed to adapt the convolutional neural network to the time‐varying MMF information channels in real‐time to overcome the instabilities in the lab environment. The preliminary results suggest that deep learning has the potential to maximize the use of the spatial dimension of MMFs for data transmission.
Preparation of 3D Printed Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol Double Network Hydrogel Scaffolds
Authors: Liu Fei , Li Wenyu , Liu Hongting , Yuan Teng , Yang Yu , Zhou Wen , Hu Yang , Yang Zhuohong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this work, a 3D printed double‐network (DN) hydrogel scaffold is designed with chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the framework matrix. The addition of PVA into the CS‐based hydrogel clearly enhances the mechanical properties and lowers the swelling behaviors of the hydrogels. The crosslinking of CS with genipin can perform the pre‐crosslinking to improve the viscosity and 3D printability of the hydrogel precursor, while increasing the PVA content results in lowering the viscosity and 3D printability of the pre‐crosslinked hydrogel. The antibacterial property results of the DN hydrogel display that the hydrogel have favorable long‐lasting antibacterial ability. The appropriate pre‐crosslinked hydrogel with the CS/PVA mass ratio of 3:10 and pre‐crosslinking time of 7 h is used for 3D printing to prepare the 3D printed porous DN hydrogels. Moreover, the anti‐tumor drug doxorubicin (DOX) is loaded into the 3D printed porous DN hydrogels and the in vitro release study displays the sustainable drug release behavior. And the DOX release from hydrogel scaffold can be adjusted by the pH value of release environment. All of the results indicate that the porous DN CS/PVA hydrogel scaffolds have great application potential for tissue regeneration.