bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precipitation–temperature relationships over Europe in CORDEX regional climate models
Authors: Lhotka Ondřej , Kyselý Jan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe studied spatial and temporal patterns of precipitation–temperature (P–T) relationships through correlations between monthly standardized precipitation index (SPI) and monthly temperature anomalies in individual climatic seasons over Europe. In the observed data (represented by E‐OBS), positive correlations (wet–warm/dry–cold relationships) prevail during winter over most of Europe, while negative values (dry–warm/wet–cold) are dominant in summer. In the next step, an ensemble of seven regional climate models (RCMs) from the CORDEX project driven by the ERA‐Interim reanalysis were examined as to their reproduction of the regional patterns of the P–T correlations. In winter, the RCMs yielded overly strong positive P–T correlations over northern Europe, while the correlations were too weak in the south compared to observed data. During summer, the biases were generally larger; the RCMs were able to capture the overall negative P–T correlations but these tended to be too weak over northern Europe. This deficiency was found to be linked to simulated differences in shortwave radiation (a proxy for cloud cover) between dry and wet months. In western, central, and southeastern Europe, by contrast, most RCMs yielded too strong negative correlations in summer, and overly large decreases of relative humidity during dry months probably contributed to these errors. The results pointed up issues that should be addressed as the reported RCMs' deficiencies may lower credibility of projected compound dry–hot events in climate change scenarios.
Habitat quality and drought effects on breeding mallard and other waterfowl populations in California, USA
Authors: Kahara Sharon N. , Skalos Daniel , Madurapperuma Buddhika , Hernandez Kaitlyn 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAs many as 500,000 waterfowl reside in California, USA, during summer, but little is known about the availability or quality of their habitats. Wetland size and distribution serve as proximate cues for habitat selection by breeding waterfowl in other parts of North America such as the Prairie Pothole Region. In heavily modified landscapes such as California's Central Valley, disturbance from factors like crop cultivation and urban development may limit access, affect survival, and decrease reproductive success. Water limitations due to recurring seasonal droughts pose another potential threat to breeding waterfowl. Spatial and temporal disparities in environmental resources may provide clearer indications of ultimate habitat selection. We addressed waterfowl habitat selection in 9 regions surveyed annually by California's Department of Fish and Wildlife to determine relative importance of drought severity, wetland area, and habitat quality on mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and other waterfowl population dynamics from 2007–2019. High‐quality habitat supports long‐term population persistence of waterfowl. This study period included an extended drought (2012–2015) and flooding (2016–2017). Statewide, habitat quality was the best predictor of mallard and other waterfowl population fluctuations. The model that included intermediate habitat quality, which accounted for influence of adjacent land‐use, outperformed models that included wetland area alone. At the regional level, drought severity out‐ranked other variables in most regions, suggesting management at regional scales must account for climate. Drought accounted for bird declines in some regions and possible increases in others. This information could be used to identify areas for conservation priority based on projected drought frequency and severity.
Pharyngo‐Esophageal Modulatory Swallow Responses to Bolus Volume and Viscosity Across Time
Authors: Nollet Joeke L. , Cajander Per , Ferris Lara F. , Ramjith Jordache , Omari Taher I. , Savilampi Johanna 
Published: December 2021

Objectives/HypothesisModulation of the pharyngeal swallow to bolus volume and viscosity is important for safe swallowing and is commonly studied using high‐resolution pharyngeal manometry (HRPM). Use of unidirectional pressure sensor technology may, however, introduce variability in swallow measures and a fixed bolus administration protocol may induce time and order effects. We aimed to overcome these limitations and to investigate the effect of time by repeating randomized measurements using circumferential pressure sensor technology.Study DesignSub‐set analysis of data from the placebo arm of a randomized, repeated measures trial.MethodsHRPM with impedance was recorded using a solid‐state catheter with 36 circumferential pressure sensors and 18 impedance segments straddling from hypopharynx to stomach. Testing included triplicates of 5, 10, and 20 ml thin liquid and 10 ml thick liquid boluses, the order of the thin liquid boluses was randomized. The swallow challenges were repeated approximately 10 minutes after finishing the baseline measurement.ResultsWe included 19 healthy adults (10/9 male/female; age 24.5 ± 4.1 year). Intrabolus pressure, all upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening and relaxation metrics, and flow timing metrics increased with larger volumes. A thicker viscosity decreased UES relaxation time, UES basal pressure, and flow timing metrics, whereas UES opening extent increased. Pre‐swallow UES basal pressure and post‐swallow UES contractile integral decreased over time.ConclusionUsing circumferential pressure sensor technology, the effects of volume and viscosity were largely consistent with previous reports. UES contractile pressures reduced over time. The growing body of literature offers a benchmark for recognizing aberrant pharyngo‐esophageal motor responses.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 132:1817–1824, 2022
Experimental investigation on flame morphology and improved flame radiation model of rectangular heptane pool fire
Authors: Li Manhou , Han Guangzhao , Yang Shenlin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe safety process and effectiveness of in situ burning (ISB) method dealing with spilling liquids depend on flame morphology, mass burning rate and flame radiation. In this work, eight rectangular pools with a fixed area of 400 cm2 but different aspect ratios (length–width ratio, n = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16, respectively) are used. As the aspect ratio increases from n = 1 to n = 16, the flame height decreases from 105.6 to 72.9 cm, whereas the incident heat flux increases from 0.283 to 0.562 kW/m2. The mass burning rate decreases initially at n ≤ 6 and increases afterwards at n > 6. The traditional flame radiation model overestimates experimental measurement because the radiation model assumes that the flame surface is rectangular, but the actual flame shape shows a trapezoidal surface due to air entrainment. The mathematical linear interpolation method is proposed to make an improvement of rectangular radiation model. The new‐proposed flame radiation model is validated by experimental measurements with the relative error < 5%. The current work provides a good method to evaluate the magnitude of loss prevention of oil leakage.
A General Synthesis of Mesoporous Hollow Carbon Spheres with Extraordinary Sodium Storage Kinetics by Engineering Solvation Structure
Authors: Chen Yang , Zhao Si , Yu Yueyue , Wei Mingdeng , Mathur Sanjay , Hong Zhensheng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPorous and hollow carbon materials have great superiority and prospects in electrochemical energy applications, especially for surface charge storage due to the high active surface. Herein, a general strategy is developed to synthesize mesoporous hollow carbon spheres (MHCS) with controllable texture and compositions by the synergistic effect of dopamine polymerization and metal catalysis (Cu, Bi, Zn). Mesoporous MHCS–Cu and MHCS–Bi are regular spheres, while mesoporous MHCS–Zn possesses an inward concave texture, and simultaneously has a very high surface area of 1675.5 m2 g‐1 and lower oxygen content through the catalytic deoxygenation effect. MHCS–Zn displays an exceptional sodium storage kinetics and excellent long cycling life with 171.9 mAh g‐1 after 2500 cycles at 5 A g‐1 in compatible ether‐based electrolytes. Such electrolyte enables enhanced solvated Na+ transport kinetics with appropriate electrostatic interactions at the surface of carbon anode as revealed by molecular dynamics simulations and molecular surface electrostatic potential calculations. Such an anode also displays basically constant capacity working at 0 °C, and still delivers 140 mAh g‐1 at 3 A g‐1 under ‐20 °C. Moreover, MHCS–Zn anode is coupled with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode to construct a hybrid capacitor, which exhibits a high energy density of 145 Wh Kg‐1 at a very high power of 8009 W kg‐1.
Constraints to Waterfowl Hunting by Hunters and Anglers in the Central United States
Authors: Hinrichs Matthew P. , Gruntorad Matthew P. , A. Nawrocki Julia , Vrtiska Mark P. , Pegg Mark A. , Chizinski Christopher J. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTWaterfowl hunting participation has been on the decline since the mid‐1980s. We used a web‐based survey to better understand waterfowl hunting constraints (i.e., factors that limit or prohibit participation and enjoyment in leisure activities) among hunters and anglers that hunted or did not hunt waterfowl in the central United States. Forty‐eight constraint items were condensed into 10 constraint factors: Rules and Regulations, Waterfowl Identification, Cost, Waterfowl Hunting Skills, Land Access and Permissions, Interference by Other Hunters, Travel, Social, Waterfowl Populations, and Views of Others. We observed significant effects of both state of residence and activity type (i.e., frequent waterfowl hunters, sporadic waterfowl hunters, dissociated waterfowl hunters, non‐waterfowl hunters, and anglers) but the effect sizes were mostly small. There were few meaningful differences between constraints based on state of residence, indicating that the perception of constraints was largely consistent among the states included in our study. However, Social, Waterfowl Identification, and Waterfowl Hunting Skills constraints had greater differences, particularly between frequent waterfowl hunters and non‐waterfowl hunters. Our assessment of waterfowl constraints did not indicate a single constraint that was inhibiting (or prohibiting) participation of waterfowl hunting among waterfowl hunters or non‐waterfowl hunters. However, there were numerous constraints that were slightly to moderately limiting across all activity groups similarly, which suggests that constraints may act collectively to create a perception of an insurmountable impediment to participation to the individual. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
The geometry of Hermitian self-orthogonal codes
Authors: Ball Simeon , Vilar Ricard 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe prove that if $$n >k^2$$

n
>

k
2

then a k-dimensional linear code of length n over $${\mathbb F}_{q^2}$$

F

q
2

has a truncation which is linearly equivalent to a Hermitian self-orthogonal linear code. In the contrary case we prove that truncations of linear codes to codes equivalent to Hermitian self-orthogonal linear codes occur when the columns of a generator matrix of the code do not impose independent conditions on the space of Hermitian forms. In the case that there are more than n common zeros to the set of Hermitian forms which are zero on the columns of a generator matrix of the code, the additional zeros give the extension of the code to a code that has a truncation which is equivalent to a Hermitian self-orthogonal code.
The use of accessibility metadata in e-learning environments: a systematic literature review
Authors: Ingavélez-Guerra Paola , Otón-Tortosa Salvador , Hilera-González José , Sánchez-Gordón Mary 
Published: December 2021

AbstractE-learning environments constitute an essential element in education, as they help students to ensure their pass their courses and graduate on time. Although guidelines, techniques, and methods have been presented in some literature in recent years to contribute to the development of accessible e-learning environments that promote digital inclusion, their implementation is challenging. In this context, the use of accessibility metadata not only provides a way to enhance the description of adapted educational resources but also facilitates their search according to the needs and preferences of students, in particular those with disabilities. In this paper, a systematic review was conducted in order to provide the state of the art regarding the use of accessibility metadata in e-learning environments. A total of 746 documents were found during the period from 2012 to 2019, of which 31 were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria relevant to our review. The findings revealed an intensive use of models and standards of accessibility in e-learning environments, however, using accessibility metadata remains underused. In fact, the evaluation of accessibility and adaptability through the use of its metadata was not found. The findings obtained also helped to establish challenges and opportunities in this research field as well as to provide an overview that could support those who generate educational resources to keep their interest in making them accessible.
The role of different school organizational models in the psychological adaptation of refugee adolescents
Authors: Pagel Lisa , Edele Aileen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGiven the high number of refugee children and adolescents around the globe, it is critical to determine conditions that foster their adaptation in the receiving country. This study investigated the psychological adaptation of recently arrived adolescent refugees in Germany. We focused on whether psychological adaptation reflects the organizational approach taken by the school that refugee adolescents initially attended. School is an important context for the development and acculturation of young refugees. As in other European countries, the schooling of refugee adolescents in Germany is organized in different models: separate instruction in newcomer classes, direct immersion in regular classes, and mixed approaches. To answer our research questions, we used self-reported data from 700 refugee adolescents (12-, 14-, and 17-year-olds) in a representative survey of refugees in Germany. As indicators of their psychological adaptation, we analyzed their sense of school belonging, their emotional and behavioral problems, and their life satisfaction. Comparing them to non-refugee peers, the refugee adolescents showed similar levels of psychological adaptation, and an even higher level in the case of school belonging. Multiple regression analyses provide limited support for the assumed advantage of the mixed school organizational model: While students who initially attended a mixed approach reported higher levels of school belonging than those in other models, no differences emerged on the other indicators. We discuss the implications of our findings for the schooling of newly arrived refugees.
A new method for the in vivo identification of degenerated material property ranges of the human eye: feasibility analysis based on synthetic data
Authors: Muench Stefan , Roellig Mike , Balzani Daniel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a new method for in vivo and almost real-time identification of biomechanical properties of the human cornea based on non-contact tonometer data. Further goal is to demonstrate the method’s functionality based on synthetic data serving as reference. For this purpose, a finite element model of the human eye is constructed to synthetically generate full-field displacements from different data sets with keratoconus-like degradations. Then, a new approach based on the equilibrium gap method combined with a mechanical morphing approach is proposed and used to identify the material parameters from virtual test data sets. In a further step, random absolute noise is added to the virtual test data to investigate the sensitivity of the new approach to noise. As a result, the proposed method shows a relevant accuracy in identifying material parameters based on full-field displacements. At the same time, the method turns out to work almost in real time (order of a few minutes on a regular workstation) and is thus much faster than inverse problems solved by typical forward approaches. On the other hand, the method shows a noticeable sensitivity to rather small noise amplitudes rendering the method not accurate enough for the precise identification of individual parameter values. However, analysis show that the accuracy is sufficient for the identification of property ranges which might be related to diseased tissues. Thereby, the proposed approach turns out promising with view to diagnostic purposes.
Critical Rationalism and Trust in Science
Authors: Chmielewski Adam 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this paper, I consider whether the critical rationalist philosophy of science may provide a rationale for trusting scientific knowledge. In the first part, I refer to several insights of Karl Popper’s social and political philosophy in order to see whether they may be of help in offsetting the distrust of science spawned by the COVID-19 pandemic. In the second part, I address the more general issue of whether the theoretical principles of the critical rationalist philosophy of science may afford a foundation for building trust in science. Both parts of the discussion, confined for the sake of the argument largely to the repudiation of the concept of good reasons for considering a theory to be true, imply that this question would have to be answered negatively. Against this, I argue that such a conclusion is based on a misconception of the nature of scientific knowledge: critical rationalism views science as a cognitive regime which calls for bold theories and at the same time demands a rigorous and continuous distrust towards them, and it is precisely this attitude that should be adopted as a compelling argument for trusting science.
Effects of imidazolium- and ammonium-based ionic liquids on clay swelling: experimental and simulation approach
Authors: Rahman Md Tauhidur , Negash Berihun Mamo , Danso David Kwaku , Idris Alamin , Elryes Ahmed Abdulla , Umar Ibrahim Adamu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWater-based fracturing fluids without an inhibitor promote clay swelling, which eventually creates wellbore instability. Several ionic liquids (ILs) have been studied as swelling inhibitors in recent years. The cations of the ILs are crucial to the inhibitory mechanisms that take place during hydraulic fracturing. Individual studies were carried out on several ILs with various cations, with the most frequently found being ammonium and imidazolium cations. As a result, the goal of this study is to compare these two cations to find an effective swelling inhibitor. A comparison and evaluation of the clay swelling inhibitory properties of tetramethylammonium chloride (TMACl) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMCl) were conducted in this work. Their results were also compared to a conventional inhibitor, potassium chloride (KCl), to see which performed better. The linear swelling test and the rheology test were used to determine the inhibitory performance of these compounds. Zeta potential measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements were carried out to experimentally explain the inhibitory mechanisms. In addition, the COSMO-RS simulation was conducted to explain the inhibitory processes and provide support for the experimental findings. The findings of the linear swelling test revealed that the swelling was reduced by 23.40% and 15.66%, respectively, after the application of TMACl and EMIMCl. The adsorption of ILs on the negatively charged clay surfaces, neutralizing the charges, as well as the lowering of the surface hydrophilicity, aided in the improvement of the swelling inhibition performance.
Systematic synthesis and multi-criteria evaluation of transmission topologies for electric vehicles
Authors: Köller Sven , Schmitz Vincent 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe focus on the expansion of the electrification of vehicles becomes stronger. Thus, the development process of powertrains of those cars needs to be more dynamic to react to the new challenges. One way to accelerate the development is to automate predevelopment and evaluation at an early stage. An automated method to synthesize transmission topologies and pre-design gears for the generated topologies for electric vehicles is presented within this paper. The method contains two internal evaluations—one after the topology synthesis and the second after the initial design of the gears. The results of the method are gear ratios and gear data for the single transmission steps of each topology. The inputs and boundary conditions can be easily changed and fitted to specific requirements for all use-cases. Here, the process is explained, and the methods' results are validated using state-of-the-art passenger vehicle transmission. As for electric trucks, no state-of-the-art electric powertrains exist; the method is subsequently applied to find topologies for a heavy-duty truck. Extracts of the results are presented. The application for trucks is carried out within the publicly funded research project “Concept ELV2”. In general, the method is capable of synthesizing transmissions for any given vehicle and motor combination.
Responsible media technology and AI: challenges and research directions
Authors: Trattner Christoph , Jannach Dietmar , Motta Enrico , Costera Meijer Irene , Diakopoulos Nicholas , Elahi Mehdi , Opdahl Andreas L. , Tessem Bjørnar , Borch Njål , Fjeld Morten , Øvrelid Lilja , De Smedt Koenraad , Moe Hallvard 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe last two decades have witnessed major disruptions to the traditional media industry as a result of technological breakthroughs. New opportunities and challenges continue to arise, most recently as a result of the rapid advance and adoption of artificial intelligence technologies. On the one hand, the broad adoption of these technologies may introduce new opportunities for diversifying media offerings, fighting disinformation, and advancing data-driven journalism. On the other hand, techniques such as algorithmic content selection and user personalization can introduce risks and societal threats. The challenge of balancing these opportunities and benefits against their potential for negative impacts underscores the need for more research in responsible media technology. In this paper, we first describe the major challenges—both for societies and the media industry—that come with modern media technology. We then outline various places in the media production and dissemination chain, where research gaps exist, where better technical approaches are needed, and where technology must be designed in a way that can effectively support responsible editorial processes and principles. We argue that a comprehensive approach to research in responsible media technology, leveraging an interdisciplinary approach and a close cooperation between the media industry and academic institutions, is urgently needed.