bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How often are others participating in infant‐feeding? An exploratory analysis of secondary objectives of the Baby‐Mine study
Authors: Bower Katherine M , Nicklas Jennifer C , Helvey Jennifer J , Sberna Angela N , Burney Janie L , Greer Betty P , Kavanagh Katherine F 
Published: June 2021

Desire to share the infant‐feeding task is commonly offered as reason for lack of breastfeeding initiation, duration and/or exclusivity. Describing who is primarily responsible for preparation of infant formula was a secondary objective of a larger, longitudinal study assessing impact of bottle contents on rate of infant weight gain. Mothers of healthy, term, formula‐fed infants (< 3 months), were recruited via fliers, web ads, and a birth registry. At two time points, mothers recorded infant intake for 48 hours, including who prepared each bottle. Preliminary analysis of 31 mothers with complete data at both time point 1 (TP1: infants ~ 2.4 mo) and time point 2 (TP2: infants ~4.1 mo) indicate that, though others (e.g., fathers, extended family members, and childcare personnel) were involved with preparation, mothers remained primarily responsible for this preparation. Mothers prepared 87.4% of bottles at TP1, increasing to 89.7% at TP2, with father involvement in preparation declining over time, from 8% (TP1) to 5.7% (TP2). This preliminary analysis triggered the addition, to the TP2 interview, of exploratory, open‐ended questions regarding expectations of infant‐feeding support (both prior to and after birth). Results of this qualitative exploration will be presented and contrasted with actual infant‐feeding support, possibly suggesting future areas of inquiry among formula‐feeding mothers.Grant Funding Source: USDA/NIFA/AFRI Award‐2010‐85215‐20663
Clinical Application of Measurement of Breastmilk
Authors: Kent Jacqueline Coral , Langton Diana , Hepworth Anna , Hartmann Peter 
Published: June 2021

We aimed to assess whether measurement of 24‐h milk production (MP) affects breastfeeding (BF) confidence, which may in turn affect BF exclusivity and duration.Mothers (n=105) reported their BF confidence and perception of milk supply before and after measuring MP by test‐weighing (BabyWeigh scales, Medela AG) and being advised of the normal range of MP (478–1298g). A second measurement of MP was done 3.7 ± 2.9 weeks later in a self‐selected sub‐group (n=19, MP 237–863g) after advice from a lactation consultant.Of 76 mothers initially confident in their BF, only 4 lost confidence, and these 4 had MP<700g. Of 29 mothers initially not confident in their BF, 18 gained confidence. Of the 11 still not confident, 6 had MP<700g. BF confidence was not related to actual MP either before (P=0.787) or after (P=0.236) measurement of MP.Mothers who initially perceived that their milk supply was normal gained confidence in their BF after measurement (P=0.009). Mothers who perceived that their milk supply was low had no change in BF confidence before and after measurement (P=0.658).Mothers who repeated measurement of MP showed an increase of 154±128g (P=0.013). The majority (n=11) remained confident throughout, and 7 gained confidence.We conclude that BF confidence is improved by measuring MP when MP is >700g. Moreover, measurement can quantitate improvement in MP.Research support was an unrestriced grant from Medela AG.
Association between oral health and nutrient intake in twelve‐year old Puerto Rican children
Authors: Palacios Cristina , Torres Roxana , Santos Elvia , Rivas-Tumanyan Sona , Orraca Luis , Elias Augusto 
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the association between oral health and nutrient intake in 12 year‐old Puerto Ricans.METHODSAn islandwide study in 1550 children was conducted in 2010–11 using a probabilistic sample. NIDCR diagnostic criteria were used for DMFT assessment. Exams were conducted by 3 calibrated examiners; 24‐h diet recall interview were performed in a subset and analyzed with NDSR. Subjects were grouped according to DMFT, number of decayed (DT) and missing teeth (MT) using the cut‐off point of 1 for each index (≥1 vs. 0). Differences between groups were evaluated with Wilcoxon test.RESULTSPreliminary results in 338 children show a median DMFT of 2.0; 65% had DMFT ≥1; 36% had DT ≥1 and 3% had MT ≥1. Children with a DMFT of ≥1 compared to those with 0 had higher intake of CHO (213 vs. 197 g), sucrose (39 vs. 28 g), total sugars (104 vs. 93 g) and fruit juice (1.3 vs. 0.9 servings) (p<0.05). Compared with children without any decayed teeth, those with at least 1 decayed tooth had higher intake of calories (1670 vs. 1570 kcals), sugars (109 vs. 96 g), fruit juice (1.6 vs. 1 serving), and refined foods (4.5 vs. 4.2 servings) (p<0.05). Those with a MT score of ≥1 compared with 0 had higher intake of calories (2269 vs. 1619 kcals), CHO (312 vs. 204 g), sugars (177 vs. 98 g), and added sugars (105 vs. 68 g) (p<0.05).CONCLUSIONCarbohydrate quality intake was associated with the oral health status in Puerto Rican children.
Who is Cooking? US patterns and trends on food preparation and consumption of home‐cooked food between 1965 and 2008
Authors: Smith Lindsey Patricia , Ng Shu Wen , Slining Meghan M , Popkin Barry M 
Published: June 2021

Little research has been done on cooking trends and their effects on US diets. One 24‐hr diet recall from nationally representative surveys in 1965, 1977–78, 1989–91, 1994–96, and 2003–2008 was used to examine daily energy intake by food source (home v. away) among individuals >2 years. Nationally representative time use data from the American Heritage Time Use Study {surveys in 1965, 1975, 1985, 1992, 1994, and 2003 (updated soon with 2010)} was used to examine trends on time spent preparing food and meal‐related cleaning among individuals aged 18–64 years. T‐tests were conducted to compare if differences over time were significant. The proportion of kcal/d consumed from the home food supply fell from 92.4% in 1965 to 69.1% in 2007 in children and adults (p <0.01). Among adults, cooking time decreased from 4.7 hr/wk in 1965 to 2.9 hr/wk in 2003 (p <0.01) while time spent cleaning decreased from 2.3 hr/wk to <1 hr/wk (p <0.01). The proportion of adults who engaged in any cooking activity on a given day decreased from 59% in 1965 to 51% in 2003 (p <0.01), while the proportion of adults who participated in cleaning fell from 47% to 22% in the same period (p <0.01). Important differences by gender, age‐group, race‐ethnic status and education are presented. We explore the healthfulness of these trends by presenting the sources of calories, sugar intake and saturated fat intake over time.Grant Funding Source: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (68793) and the National Institutes of Health (R01 HL104580 and CPC 5R24HD050924)
In situ quantification of macrophage AIM2 inflammasome activation during Francisella tularensis infection by fluorescence proximity ligation
Authors: DeLoid Glen , Kobzik Lester 
Published: June 2021

The AIM2 inflammasome is activated in cells infected with Francisella tularensis (FT), and required for clearance of FT in mice. Existing assays of inflammasome activation include measurement of caspase‐1 activity or co‐precipitation of inflammasome proteins in cell lysates, but do not provide quantification or localization of specific inflammasomes within individual cells. We developed a fluorescence proximity ligation method for in situ detection of AIM2 inflammasome assembly within intact cells. Antibodies conjugated to specific oligonucleotides bind to self‐associated AIM2 proteins; their proximity allows the creation of a DNA scaffold that is then decorated with complementary fluorescent oligonucleotides. We tested the method in macrophages infected with FT using both high‐throughput fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Marked increases in AIM2 assembly were observed by both microscopy and FACS analysis following FT infection, consistent with FT‐mediated AIM2 assembly previously reported in the literature, and also corroborated by IL1‐β ELISA. This method is being extended to additional inflammasome types and has potentially broad utility, including use in genomic and small molecule screens.Supported by NIH/NIEHS 5P30ES00002‐48
Influence of excess postexercise leucine ingestion on mTORC1 signaling and gene expression in skeletal muscle of older men: a 24 hr time‐course
Authors: Dickinson Jared M , Gundermann David M , Walker Dillon K , Reidy Paul T , Drummond Micah J , Arora Mohit , Volpi Elena , Rasmussen Blake B 
Published: June 2021

Essential amino acid (EAA) ingestion enhances postexercise muscle protein synthesis, and in particular leucine is thought to promote a greater stimulatory effect. The purpose of this preliminary study was to determine the effect of ingesting excess leucine following resistance exercise (RE) on skeletal muscle signaling and gene expression in older adults over a 24h time‐course. Older men performed a bout of RE and at 1h postexercise ingested 10g of EAA containing either a leucine content similar to high quality protein (CTRL, 1.8g leucine) or excess leucine (LEU, 3.5g leucine). Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained at basal and at 2, 5 and 24h postexercise for examination of mTORC1 signaling (western blot) and expression levels of genes (qPCR) involved with muscle growth (MyoD) and atrophy (MuRF‐1), amino acid transport (LAT1/SLC7A5, SNAT2/SLC38A2), and mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC‐1α). Both groups experienced similar increases in mTORC1 signaling and gene expression at 2 and 5h postexercise, which were more pronounced at 2h. However, at 24h postexercise LEU appeared to maintain higher expression levels of MyoD and amino acid transporters. These preliminary data suggest that excess leucine ingestion following RE may prolong the anabolic response and sensitivity to amino acids in skeletal muscle of older adults.NIAMS R01AR049877, NIA P30AG024832, NIH T32HD07539, NCRR 1UL1RR029876
Buccal Swab IL‐1ra in Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Predictive Biomarker
Authors: Torrazza Roberto Murgas , Li Nan , Mai Volker , Chen Sixue , Chow Marjorie , Kim Ee-Kyung , Neu Josef 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundNecrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is a major cause of death and morbidity in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. IL‐1ra is the competitive receptor antagonist for IL‐1 a cytokine that promotes inflammation and causes an increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability.HypothesisBuccal sample proteomic analysis will provide biomarker proteins for NEC prediction.Methodbuccal swab samples one, two and three weeks prior to the development of NEC of 3 NEC and 3 matched controls (n=6) <32 wk gestational age and <1250g were subjected to 2D‐DIGE and LC‐MS/MS analysis. After identification of 37 altered proteins we chose 3 candidate proteins using a broad systems biologic analysis approach. Western blot analysis showed lower IL‐1ra in patients with NEC.ResultsIL‐1ra was decreased in VLBW infants with NEC compared to controls (p <0.01).Conclusionsour results suggest that IL‐1ra could be a predictive biomarker for NEC.Grant Funding Source : NIH RO1 HD 059143
When evolution hurts: height, arthritis risk, and the regulatory architecture of GDF5 function
Authors: Capellini Terence Dante , Chen Hao , Kingsley David 
Published: June 2021

The Growth and Differentiation Factor 5 (GDF5) gene controls both epiphyseal chondrocyte maturation and synovial joint formation. Recent studies have shown that high frequency genetic variants in GDF5 are significantly associated with stature and osteoarthritis risk in human populations. Although these associations have been highly replicated, the causal base pairs controlling height and arthritis risk are still unknown. Here we use studies in transgenic and knockout mice to identify the regulatory regions controlling normal GDF5 expression and function. Scanning studies with large Bacterial Artificial Chromosome clones shows that key GDF5 regulatory sequences are located over a large physical interval both 5 and 3 prime of the gene. Multiple enhancers map within these regions, each controlling expression in separate skeletal structures, including limb growth plates or individual synovial joints. Several of these enhancers map in the genetic interval that is strongly associated with both height and arthritis risk in humans. Molecular signatures suggest that a variant regulatory block at the GDF5 locus has been the target of strong natural selection during recent human evolution, particularly in out‐of‐Africa populations. Past selection at the locus has driven some human regulatory variants to very high frequency, with important consequences for the overall risk of arthritis in modern populations.Grant Funding Source: national institute of health
Molecular dynamics of epigenetic transitions
Authors: Hager Gordon L 
Published: June 2021

Eukaryotic transcription factors (TFs), regulate gene expression by interacting with chromatinized DNA response elements (REs). These interactions are strongly influenced by localized chromatin structures that modulate access of regulatory proteins to their recognition sites (epigenetics). Cell‐specific reorganization of these elements represents a major level of cell selective gene regulation. The underlying molecular mechanisms that govern the status of these elements are remarkably complex and dynamic [EMBO J 30:1459; Mol. Cell 43:145; EMBO J 30:3028; Cell 146:Aug 19, 2011]. Transcription factors require the assistance of multiple ATP‐dependent remodeling proteins to effect these reorganization events; numerous remodeling systems have now been characterized. We will discuss a general model for genome wide access to these regulatory elements.This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research.
Replacing laboratory animals by alternative material for teaching diabetes in practical classes
Authors: Rocha Maria Jose A , Tazinafo Lucas F , Basso Paulo J , Silva Mauro F 
Published: June 2021

We developed alternative material for practical classes substituting laboratory animals to teach diabetes. For each group of students we used three small toy rats made of cloth. These had a ventral zipper that allowed stuffing with glass marbles to reach different weights. We then put the toy rats into metabolic cages with real food and water to simulate the real situation, and with recipients containing artificial urine simulating a sample collection after 24 hours. For each cage we had also prepared a recipient containing artificial blood consisting of a solution containing congo red, sodium fluoride, amide, and different amounts of anhydric glucose to simulate normal glycemia, hyperglycemia and very high hyperglycemia. The artificial urine contained acetone, yellow methanyl and anhydric glucose in different amounts so as to simulate two different levels of glycosuria. To simulate urine of a normal rat this was prepared without adding glucose. An ACCUCHECK Advantage (ACCU‐CHECK) system was used to measure glycemia levels. Ketonuria levels were analyzed by means of the uricolor bioassay.The students were asked to enter the following values into a table, weight of the animal, amount of the urine and food collected, glycemia level, and presence or absence of ketonuria. Based on these data the students were asked to discuss the different types of diabetes.
Simulation activities increase medical student question performance compared to paper clinical case conferences
Authors: Harris David M , Laudadio Rachel , Campos Diego , Ryan Kathleen 
Published: June 2021

The use and effectiveness of high fidelity patient simulators (PS) in preclinical medical education has not been as well studied as during the clinical years. The goal of this study was to determine whether a simulation activity (SIM) would enhance learning of cardiovascular function curves and acid base physiology better than a paper, clinical case conference (Con). Both the SIM and Con focused on the same clinical cases (heart failure in the CV module and COPD in the pulmonary module).MethodsThe Year 1 medical student class (n=192) was divided approximately into two halves with half doing a Con (group A) and the other half doing a SIM during the CV module (group B). During the pulmonary module group A did the SIM while group B did the Con. Switching of the groups allowed student participation in both modes of learning and served as a control. Student learning was assessed by performance on a quiz/exam question pertaining to the modules. We also asked a survey question to assess student perception of learning.ResultsA higher % of students in the SIM groups got the correct answer on both the cardiac module quiz (64.6% vs. 56.0%) and on the pulmonary module exam (77.6% vs. 72.3%) than students participating in the Con. Despite the higher % of students getting the answer correct following the SIM, student perception was that they had not learned the material as well in the SIM center. The only outstanding exception was that they felt that the SIM helped them to realize the importance of teamwork more than the Con.ConclusionThese data suggest that SIM activities may facilitate student understanding of CV function curves and acid base physiology better than a paper, clinical case Con. Additionally, SIM activities may be an avenue to develop team building skills in the preclinical years.
Receptor mediated signaling regulates subcellular gravin‐PKA distribution through calcium and PKC
Authors: Schott Micah , Grove Bryon 
Published: June 2021

Gravin (AKAP12), a multivalent A‐kinase anchoring protein, anchors cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) and likely other signaling proteins to the plasma membrane, but undergoes redistribution to an intracellular compartment in response to PKC activation or increased [Ca2+]i. We postulate that Ca2+ mediated redistribution of gravin represents a novel cross‐talk mechanism between Ca2+ dependent and cAMP dependent signaling pathways. To assess this, we examined the effect of Ca2+‐elevating agents on gravin and gravin‐dependent PKA distribution in cells expressing EGFP‐ or EYFP‐tagged gravin constructs. Ionomycin and thapsigargin each initiated rapid gravin redistribution into the cytosol, an event which was inhibited by Ca2+ chelation using BAPTA‐AM. Treatment of cells coexpressing gravin‐EYFP and PKA RII‐ECFP with Ca2+‐elevating agents also resulted in PKA redistribution, but only when gravin was present. Consistent with this, treatment with ATP in a Ca2+ free medium also resulted in rapid gravin redistribution in concert with a rise in [Ca2+]i, suggesting that this change is mediated by purinergic P2Y receptors. ATP also caused PKA redistribution in cells coexpressing gravin and PKA constructs. However, inhibition studies using BAPTA‐AM and bisindolylmaleimide indicated that PKC activation also contributed to ATP mediated changes in gravin distribution. These studies confirm that receptor mediated signaling events involving changes in intracellular calcium and PKC activation alter gravin distribution and support the hypothesis that gravin mediates cross‐talk between cAMP dependent signaling events and both calcium and PKC dependent signaling events. Future studies are underway to assess the effect of gravin dynamics on cAMP‐dependent signaling events. This work was supported by funding from UNDSMHS and NIH P20RR017699.Grant Funding Source: UNDSMHS and NIH P20RR017699
User experience and the influence on the evaluation of information presentation in an online brachial plexus module
Authors: Turgeon James G , Armstrong Kevin , Wilson Timothy D 
Published: June 2021

E‐learning through computer modules is a growing trend amongst anatomical educators. However, little research has explored the translation of design components between users of different experience levels. This study explored the role of prior knowledge and its effect on user rating of an online learning module. Due to the brachial plexus’ complexity, difficulty in learning and the continued application within the medical field, a three‐dimensional model of the brachial plexus and surrounding structures was created. This model was integrated into two interactive interfaces demonstrating equivalent information in distinct presentation modes, guided and self‐guided. For a distribution of low (LK) and high (HK) prior knowledge participants, recruitment occurred from undergraduate and resident populations. Pre‐test scores verified participants as high or low prior knowledge. It is hypothesized that HK users prefer self‐guided module characteristics while LK users prefer the direction inherent in the guided module. It is expected that all users will show improvement between pre‐ and post‐test scores, and greater improvement will correspond with the higher rated module.Grant Funding Source: Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology
Teaching students to teach: a medical student teaching assistant perspective on the effectiveness of learning through apprenticeship
Authors: Erie Andrew Jay , Starkman Sidney , Pawlina Wojciech , Lachman Nirusha 
Published: June 2021

Significant increase in literature regarding “residents as teachers” highlights the importance of providing opportunities and implementing guidelines for continuing medical education and professional growth. Structured teaching assistant (TA) experiences are not uncommon. Programs, both nationally and internationally, have implemented and continue to provide established opportunities for under‐ and post‐ graduate students to develop teaching skills. However, due to the nature of undergraduate medical curricula, there is neither sufficient time nor an abundance of opportunity for medical students to develop teaching skills. The TA program at Mayo Clinic incorporates learning through apprenticeship and mentoring during a 7‐week anatomy block. This study explores the impact of the TA experience and the effectiveness of its facilitation by faculty mentors. Structured questionnaires obtained feedback regarding improvement in teaching and communication skills, as well as, experiences in curriculum development and educational research. Preliminary data revealed that teaching opportunities, mentoring from course faculty, and exposure to educational research and curriculum development improved the TA's ability to teach and fostered an increased interest in teaching. Medical student TA's perceive learning through apprenticeship and mentoring as an effective way to learn how to teach.Grant Funding Source : Department of Anatomy
Cigarette smoke induces DNA damage and inhibits cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair pathways
Authors: Thai Philip , Chen Daniel , Wu Reen 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionTobacco smoke is a major cause of lung cancer. Smoke's many reactive chemicals can to lead to carcinogenesis through DNA damage and genomic instability. However, how it affects the DNA damage response (DDR) pathways has not been clearly delineated.ObjectiveTo determine the mechanism of cigarette smoke induced toxicity and carcinogenesis in airway epithelial cells.MethodsIn vitro exposure of airway epithelial cells (A549 and HBE1) to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) induces significant DNA strand breaks as assessed by Comet Assay. However this DNA damage induced by smoke doesn't activate key DDR pathways suggesting that smoke may actively inhibit these pathways. In particular, immunoblotting reveals minimal activation of ATM (ataxia telangiectasia, mutated) and ATR (ATM and Rad3‐related) protein kinases and corresponding downstream proteins BRCA‐1 and p53 following CSE exposure. In contrast, DNA damage induced by Cisplatin, a potent anti‐cancer drug that causes DNA crosslinks, activates all of these pathways in airway epithelial cells.ConclusionWe propose that cigarette smoke has a unique effect in simultaneously inducing DNA damage but also inhibiting key DDR pathways in lung cells. This suggests that smoke induced carcinogenesis is not just due to direct damage of DNA, but also inhibition of cell cycle arrest and cell death pathways to enhance propagation cells with genomic instability.