bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of amylase and cellulase enzymes on biogas production from rice husk waste using solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) method
Authors: Nugraha W D , Wafiroh H , Syafrudin  , Junaidi  , Budihardjo M A , Safitri R P 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Biogas comes from an anaerobic biological decomposition process. Biogas is an alternative energy that potential to be developed in Indonesia. One of the various raw materials that can be used in biogas production is rice husk waste. This study analyzes the effect of pretreatment using amylase and cellulase enzymes on the production of biogas from rice husk waste in the Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion (SS-AD) method. Rice husk waste was used as a substrate with a C/N ratio of 25%, and the total solids used was 21%. Rice husk is biomass that is difficult to degrade because it has high lignin content; therefore, pretreatment is necessary. One of them is biological pretreatment using enzymes. The enzymes used are amylase and cellulase enzymes with various concentrations of 9%, 12%, 15%, and 18%. The biogas produced was then measured every two days for 40 days of the study with the volume of biogas as the observed parameter. The results showed that pretreatment with the addition of amylase and cellulase enzymes could increase biogas production. The highest biogas production was obtained by pretreatment of 18% amylase enzyme, namely 1466 mL, and by pretreatment of 18% cellulase enzyme, namely 1075 mL.
Cultivation process of microalgae using wastewater for biodiesel production and wastewater treatment: a review
Authors: Padri M , Boontian N , Piasai C , Phorndon T 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Combining microalgae cultivation with nutrient removal is a promising technique as it enables renewable energy generation with the additional potential removal of wastewater contaminants in a single process. Performance and total yield of this process are still below the standard for industrialization. Thus, optimization is needed to reach the feasibility and actualize the concept. Cultivation conditions and reactor design play essential roles in the application and feasibility of this process. Both aspects have been developed through the years to enable the industrial application of this concept. Cultivation conditions are usually categorized into trophic conditions in which each situation has its specific function and target of removal. These conditions, however, are also applied in various reactor systems. Closed photobioreactor and open pond are two central systems for the reactor. Two of the most applied reactor models in wastewater are reviewed here to create a broad picture of the algae cultivation process by emphasizing biomass production and considering different aspects.
Spatial quality of shallow groundwater in DAS Cijurey Regency of Majalengka, West Java
Authors: Mutiara T , Kusratmoko E , Marko K 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Considering when the water needs to surge, an alternative is required to obtain clean water—one of them by utilizing the presence of shallow groundwater. However, not all shallow groundwater has good quality to consume. Thus, the study aims to describe the groundwater quality spatial pattern and describe the link between the spatial pattern of groundwater quality with lithology, land use, and groundwater in DAS Cijurey, Majalengka regency. There are two types of parameters used, namely physical and chemical. The shallow groundwater Quality measurement was carried out in November 2019. The results showed the territorial distribution of groundwater quality and the connection between groundwater and the three influence factors at DAS Cijurey. The number of samples used is 41 points, groundwater quality sampling with a purposive random sampling method. As the parameters measured will be compared to 3 quality standards, namely, Ministerial Regulation No. 492/Menkes/PER/IV/2010, Government regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 82 2001, and Regulation of the Minister of Health RI No. 01/birhukmas/1975. After that, a decent water quality result (6 samples) is not feasible (35 samples) for consumption. The dominating factors of land use, i.e., settlement, for the dominating lithology are the unraveling volcanic rock and the depth of the water in its depths of 0-5 meters.
Spatial distribution of rice productivity utilizes sentinel-2A and NDVI algorithm in Nagrak Sub-district, Sukabumi Regency
Authors: Rahmanida Y , Shidiq I P A , Rokhmatuloh  , Supriatna  
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Rice is a commodity of rice-producing food crops that plays a vital role in the Indonesian economy. For anticipating increased food needs, accurate information about the amount of harvest becomes very important. Information on the number of harvests, one of which can be known by estimating rice productivity. Rice productivity estimation can be monitored by remote sensing. This study used a remote sensing approach by employing satellite imagery from Sentinel-2A sensors to generate vegetation index. This study used NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) to determine rice plants’ age and estimate rice productivity. This study analyzes rice productivity and the spatial distribution of rice crop productivity in the Nagrak Sub-district, Sukabumi Regency. The results of this study are Sentinel 2-A and algorithm could provide rice productivity estimation and know the range of the largest rice productivity is greater than 6 ton per hectare, which is widely spread at an altitude of 500 -1000 meter above sea level and a slope of 8 to 15 percent, and a distance of 0 - 150 meters from the river.
Measurement of water availability: understanding the relationship between the physics of water and the level of community welfare at Bumiaji District, Batu City, Indonesia
Authors: Ari I R D , Hariyani S , Waloeya B S 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This research attempts to be part of the Sustainable Development Goals movement goal, especially pillar number six. Bumiaji District Batu City, Indonesia is chosen as an empirical case, with the basic assumption that putting together physical and social infrastructures is a crucial success for poverty alleviation. Total respondents are 552 households proportionally distributed at nine villages classified into poor and non-poor families. Primary data was conducted through a face-to-face interview questionnaire. The first aim found that the non-poor households have better access to safe water than the poor by measuring the five components of Water Poverty Index (WPI), in range the WPI value of 55.26 – 80.12 44.98 – 64.91, respectively. However, the two have one similarity wherein the environment indicates the worst component (25.04 – 37.78). For the second question, applying Social Network Analysis with two indexes of participation and density index also depicts a similar result that the non-poor households have higher social ties than the poor. In conclusion, putting together the balanced development between physical infrastructure and human resources is indispensable, particularly on how important environmental education to prevent land-use conversion from green areas to the built-up area.
Carbon emission report: a review based on environmental performance, company age and corporate governance
Authors: Solikhah B , Wahyuningrum I F S , Yulianto A , Sarwono E , Widiatami A K 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This research aims to explore the practice of carbon emission disclosure in the manufacturing company. This paper also examines the factors that influence the disclosure of carbon emissions. The factors tested are environmental performance, company age, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, and independent commissioners. This study uses a sample of 40 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2012 - 2015. The data analysis methods included were descriptive statistical analysis and panel data regression analysis. The carbon emission disclosure level in Indonesia’s manufacturing companies is low because companies are less concerned about environmental reporting problems. The results of this study indicate that company age, institutional ownership, and independent commissioners have a positive effect on the disclosure of carbon emissions, while environmental performance and managerial ownership do not affect the disclosure of carbon emissions.
Spatial distribution and characteristics of destructive activities in Tahura Gunung Menumbing, West Bangka
Authors: Pratama M R , Marhaento H 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Taman Hutan Raya (Tahura) Gunung Menumbing is a well-known protected area in West Bangka, Indonesia for its uniqueness of plants and animals that represent the low-land forest ecosystems of Bangka-Belitung Island. However, the biodiversity of Tahura Gunung Menumbing is currently facing threats from illegal encroachments. This research aims to map the spatial distribution of those illegal encroachments and investigate their characteristics such as dominances, frequencies, and time of activity. We interviewed 48 respondents that were selected by the snowball sampling technique. These respondents consisted of farmers, illegal tin miners, and poachers. The results showed that the spatial distribution of illegal encroachments such as illegal tin mining, wildlife hunting, and illegal agriculture mainly occurred on the west side of Tahura Gunung Menumbing. Illegal agriculture practices for rubber and oil palm were the most dominant activities (69%), while illegal tin mining and wildlife hunting contributed 25% and 6%, respectively. Illegal tin mining and agriculture practices almost occurred every day throughout the day. The findings of our study showed that Tahura Gunung Menumbing is facing serious threats and thus the biodiversity is potentially declining in the future. Therefore, conservation actions to preserve the biodiversity in Tahura Gunung Menumbing are urgently needed.
Evaluation of community-based drinking water supply in Manyar Sub-District, Gresik Regency
Authors: Marsono B D , Pitaloka K D 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The differences of topography in Indonesia causes drinking water distribution by Municipal Waterworks (PDAM) can’t reach up some rural areas which are far from urban area, one of them is in the Manyar Subdistrict, Gresik Regency. In fact, this subdistrict has the potential for economic growth because it is close to the north coast and there is a national port. About 10,67% of drinking water supply in rural area is held through the Community-based Drinking Water Supply which is managed and maintained by Himpunan Penduduk Pemakai Air Minum (HIPPAM). The research aim to evaluate the system and make recommendation’s from the evaluation analysis for more optimal system performance. The evaluation consist of technical and non-technical aspects were conducted by the scoring and weighting method. Tanggulrejo Village got the highest score, 4,28 (85,50%), with a very good category, while Pongangan Village got the lowest score, 2,65 (53%), with a moderate category. In general, optimal performance for this evaluation can be obtained by optimizing the existing water treatment; involving the community as meter recorder; and improving the administrator knowledge and skills through HIPPAM training.
Study of commercial water losses in PDAM Maja Tirta, Mojokerto City
Authors: Marsono B D , Jannah I R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Water losses is a problem that often occurs in PDAM (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum), including PDAM Maja Tirta, Mojokerto City. Water meters at customer connections installed for a long time and have never been calibrated can decrease in accuracy, causing commercial water losses. This study starts with a literature study about water losses. It then collected secondary data from PDAM Maja Tirta Mojokerto City in the form of service maps, the number and address of customers, the volume of water input that enters the distribution system, the system output volume, and tariffs or prices water. An analysis can be done from the secondary data to determine the number and location of sampling using the method described in SNI 05-0666 of 1997. The primary data that will be taken is the accuracy of the customer’s water meter measurements. From the study results, the level of commercial water loss due to the accuracy of the water meter was 8,52% from input system volume (total distributed water) or 148.160 m3. Control of commercial water losses can be done by periodically measuring the customer’s water meter, replacing damaged water meter, and adding an input system water meter.
Escalating the small-sized community green spaces’ role as the carbon storage in the coastal town
Authors: Aini I N , Hasibuan H S , Waryono  
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The community green space type is well-known as a public place with a superior aesthetic value. In contrast, this green space type can also have the principal ecological value because of the vegetation cover. This study was estimated the above-ground biomass and carbon stock of each tree species within the community green spaces in both coastal and terrestrial habitat to select some potential species to be more developed within both community green spaces in order to escalate the ecological value of the green spaces (carbon storage in a town area). All woody plants with a diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 20 cm were identified by the census method within three sampling plots in both Laman Brenda Park (Site 1) and Pamedan Ahmad Yani Park (Site 2). This study found that the tree community in Site 2 stores a higher carbon stock (15,433 kg/ha) than in Site 1 (1,744 kg/ha). The number of individual trees is the main driving factor of the amount of carbon stock on both sites. Some species from Lauraceae, Fabaceae, and Meliaceae that are incredibly tolerant of small mineral content soils, salinity, and lack of water content should be more developed in Site 1, specifically.
Potential health risks of heavy metals pollution in the Downstream of Citarum River
Authors: Shara S , Moersidik S S , Soesilo T E B 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Citarum River is the most polluted river in the world. Heavy metals such as Zn, Cd, Cr, Mn and Fe are abundant in the environment and will disturb the sustainability and balance of the ecosystem caused by their toxicity. This is a major issue of concern in environmental science studies. This paper aims to determine the heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Cr, Mn dan Fe) levels of the Downstream Citarum River and has investigated the potential risk of heavy metals to human health from various components that pollute water by conducting literature studies. We found that the levels of cadmium and zinc exceed the quality standard threshold. Humans can be exposed to heavy metals from a variety of pathways. The risk of heavy metal poisoning depends on the amount of the dose that enters the body. Meanwhile, the dose increases with the concentration, duration and frequency of exposure and the way it enters the body. Meanwhile, the greater the exposure to heavy metals, the greater the risk of poisoning. Further efforts to reduce pollution and prevent the risk of pollution need to be made, not only by the government but also from all levels of society.
Community perceptions analysis of waste management in the Upper Citarum Watershed measured from attitudes, awareness, responsibilities, and norms using the SEM method
Authors: Mudjiardjo A S U , Moersidik S S , Darmajanti L 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Citarum River is a widely used river for community life; however, water pollution in the Citarum watershed, especially the upstream area, is increasing. Research shows that river water quality has decreased drastically, which has been heavily polluted and filled with various waste along the 127 km or 47.1% of the Citarum river. Waste and its management are now becoming an increasingly urgent problem in cities in Indonesia. It is feared that the high level of pollution in the upstream area of the Citarum watershed will impact the water quality conditions. Therefore, social analysis is needed. In this study, social analysis in the upstream region of the Citarum watershed was measured by the SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) method. This research is intended to analyze the community’s perceptions in the upstream area of the Citarum watershed towards waste management, measured by attitudes, awareness, responsibility, and norms. The correlation results show a significant relationship between waste management dimensions, where the highest correlation or relationship between norms and a sense of responsibility is (0.6667). It can be concluded that community norms and responsibilities are the main factors in waste management.
Agroforestry potential in CDK IX’s assisted areas of the Central Java Environment and Forestry Agency
Authors: Prabawani B , Warsono H , Dewi R S , Hapsari N R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Agroforestry is a form of sustainable farming that human needs, especially food, are met without jeopardizing future needs. Agroforestry is an urgent need, especially in highland areas in Central Java, which choose monoculture agriculture with high economic benefits but can damage the environment and endanger the ecosystem. Since 2017, the Government through the Regional Forestry Service Branch Office IX (CDK Wilayah IX), has guided farming communities in Magelang and Temanggung. However, the agroforestry output cannot be measured economically since the plant’s age was only three years old. Using in-depth interviews and field observations, this study found that the CDK IX farming community has implemented agrosilvopastoral farming that there are arrangements for cropping and spacing patterns and agricultural support livestock. In addition, there is a pattern of alternate spatial rows that the planting rows were arranged. The potential for agroforestry success in this region was identified due to the support of government development through field extension workers, local leadership, and local wisdom. However, low community participation, low education and knowledge, and seeds acceptance from donors were not in the planting period.
Utilization of tofu wastewater and sugar industry by-products as a medium for the production of antifungal metabolites by Paecylomyces Marquand StrainTP4
Authors: Andayani D G S , Andini D G T 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Paecilomyces Marquand strain TP4 is a saprophytic fungus isolated from soil taken from Tangkuban Perahu Mountain at West Java Province, Indonesia. This research aims to identify the growth profile of P. Marquand strain TP4 and the antifungal activity against Fusarium sp. The antifungal compound is produced by the liquid fermentation method using tofu wastewater and molasses media. The fermentation broth is extracted by liquid-liquid extraction using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvents. The result shows that the optimum activity achieved after 120 hours of fermentation. The fermentation broth has antifungal activity against Fusarium sp., where the inhibitory diameter was 20 mm. The total flavonoid content and total phenolic content of freeze-dry fermentation culture were 0.4839 mg/g and 1.171 mg/g, respectively. Ethyl acetate extract shows the highest antifungal activity with MIC 31.25 ppm and MFC 125 ppm. The FTIR spectrum shows the OH, aliphatic CH, CC, aromatic C=C, CH and C-O. Characterization of an antifungal compound based on phytochemical test and FTIR determine to be a phenolic group.
Analysis of government expenditure and environmental quality: an empirical study using provincial data levels in Indonesia
Authors: Oktavilia S , Setyadharma A , Wahyuningrum I F S , Damayanti N 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The improvement of environmental quality is expected to increase along with the delegation of financial management authority to regional governments by the decentralization policy. The policy is expected to affect the handling of environmental problems in the regions. This study analyzes the influence of regional government expenditure variables and aggregate economie output variables at the regional level on environmental quality. This study uses cross-section data of 33 provinces in Indonesia in the period 2013-2018. Empirical studies were analyzed using panel data regression models. The results show that government expenditure has a positive and significant effect on the environmental quality index. The economie aggregate output variable has a positive and significant effect on the environmental quality index in Indonesia. This may imply that a rise in the quality of Indonesia’s environment is indicated by economie growth through a surge in aggregate economie output.
Inventory of old buildings and land subsidence in Semarang Old Colonial City
Authors: Rukayah R S , Sardjono A B , Abdullah M , Aziz A M A 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThere have been many researches on the conservation efforts of historical cities. The building inventory stage is the first step in conservation efforts to protect buildings from the past in order to have benefits in the present. This paper provides some data on buildings that undergo land subsidence in historical areas. Semarang Old City is a historical area built by the Colonial government in the 17thcentury. After nearly 320 years, some of these buildings have been damaged. This research, which focuses on buildings damaged by land subsidence will collect data from 245 existing buildings in 40 ha area. The approach method uses historical buildings, photos of old buildings, and field surveys. Several old buildings have been detected to be decreased in height due to land subsidence. This can be seen by comparing photos of old buildings from the past and the present. The research analysis uses sketches and photoshop to provide information on how much the height is decreased visually. This inventory results will be able to give advice to the government regarding the appropriate conservation actions to take in an area experiencing land subsidence. This research will also help preserve buildings and environment according to current and future needs in order to preserve their cultural meaning.
The influence of building envelope design in energy efficiency: OTTV calculation of multi storey building
Authors: Pramesti P U , Ramandhika M , Hasan M I , Werdiningsih H 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study provides calculation of OTTV (Overall Thermal Transfer Value) to multi storey building in Semarang. Case study for this study is Suara Merdeka Tower with the height of 15 floors and dominated by glass on its façade. In addition to OTTV calculation, recommendation provides as well in this study in an effort to reach ideal OTTV value for its façade. To minimize external thermal loads, SNI 03-6389-2011 determines the design criteria for building envelope with the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) value must be less than or equal to 35 Watt/m2. The method used in this study is by direct measurement in the field using a measuring tool to get the effective temperature and relative humidity of the indoor space. As well as the use of Autodesk Ecotect Software 2011 as a tool that helps obtain Effective Shading Coefficient value with three-dimensional simulation by incorporating climatological data from weatherbase site.The result of this research is obtained OTTV value at each facade that is OTTV value on 9th floor southwest facade equal to 47,07 W/m2, on 10th floor southwest facade of 60,60 W/m2, at northwest facade 13,61 W/m2, on the northeast facade of 24.49 W/m2, on the southeast facade of 32.6vW/m2, on the eastern fasade of 32.32 W/m2, on the western fasade of 47.12 W/m2, and on the northern fasade of 32.32 W/m2.