bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GMP production of 6-[18F]Fluoro-l-DOPA for PET/CT imaging by different synthetic routes: a three center experience
Authors: Andersen Valdemar L. , Soerensen Mikkel A. , Dam Johan Hygum , Langkjaer Niels , Petersen Henrik , Bender Dirk Andreas , Fugloe Dan , Huynh Tri Hien Viet 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
The radiofluorinated levodopa analogue 6-[18F]F-l-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxy-6-18F-l-phenylalanine) is a commonly employed radiotracer for PET/CT imaging of multiple oncological and neurological indications. An unusually large number of different radiosyntheses have been published to the point where two different Ph. Eur. monographs exist depending on whether the chemistry relies on electrophilic or nucleophilic radiosubstitution of appropriate chemical precursors. For new PET imaging sites wishing to adopt [18F]FDOPA into clinical practice, selecting the appropriate production process may be difficult and dependent on the clinical needs of the site.

Methods
Data from four years of [18F]FDOPA production at three different clinical sites are collected and compared. These three sites, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Odense University Hospital (OUH), and Herlev University Hospital (HUH), produce the radiotracer by different radiosynthetic routes with AUH adopting an electrophilic strategy, while OUH and HUH employ two different nucleophilic approaches. Production failure rates, radiochemical yields, and molar activities are compared across sites and time. Additionally, the clinical use of the radiotracer over the time period considered at the different sites are presented and discussed.

Results
The electrophilic substitution route suffers from being demanding in terms of cyclotron operation and maintenance. This challenge, however, was found to be compensated by a production failure rate significantly below that of both nucleophilic approaches; a result of simpler chemistry. The five-step nucleophilic approach employed at HUH produces superior radiochemical yields compared to the three-step approach adopted at OUH but suffers from the need for more comprehensive synthesis equipment given the multi-step nature of the procedure, including HPLC purification. While the procedure at OUH furnishes the lowest radiochemical yield of the synthetic routes considered, it produces the highest molar activity. This is of importance across the clinical applications of the tracer discussed here, including dopamine synthesis in striatum of subjects with schizophrenia and congenital hyperinsulinism in infants.

Conclusion
For most sites either of the two nucleophilic substitution strategies should be favored. However, which of the two will depend on whether a given site wishes to optimize the radiochemical yield or the ease of the use.
New Horizons: Is Obesity a Disorder of Neurotransmission?
Authors: Caron Alexandre , Jane Michael Natalie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObesity is a disease of the nervous system. While some will view this statement as provocative, others will take it as obvious. Whatever our side is, the pharmacology tells us that targeting the nervous system works for promoting weight loss. It works, but at what cost? Is the nervous system a safe target for sustainable treatment of obesity? What have we learned—and unlearned—about the central control of energy balance in the last few years? Herein we provide a thought-provoking exploration of obesity as a disorder of neurotransmission. We discuss the state of knowledge on the brain pathways regulating energy homeostasis that are commonly targeted in anti-obesity therapy and explore how medications affecting neurotransmission such as atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants, and antihistamines relate to body weight. Our goal is to provide the endocrine community with a conceptual framework that will help expending our understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity, a disease of the nervous system.
Space-charge effect on photogenerated-current and -voltage in III-nitride optoelectronic semiconductors
Authors: Han Dong-Pyo , Iwaya Motoaki , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu 
Published: June 2021

In this study, we attempted to elucidate the carrier dynamics behind the abnormal characteristics of photogenerated current and voltage (

I

Ph

and

V

Ph

) at cryogenic temperature in III-nitride optoelectronic semiconductors by employing space-charge theory. To this end, we carefully investigated and analyzed excitation-power-dependent

I
–
V

(PDIV) curves operated by quasiresonant excitation of an AlGaInN-based

p
−
i
−
n

junction semiconductor at 300 K and 15 K. At 300 K, the curves exhibited typical characteristics and were well described by the conventional theory. However, the PDIV curves at 15 K could no longer be described by the conventional theory. To elucidate the mechanism behind this phenomenon, we proposed a model in which the space-charge effect (SCE) plays a key role. Based on this model, we proposed the modified Shockley diode equation, which can explain the PDIV characteristic at 15 K, including the SCE. We also discussed the SCE on the efficiency of devices.
Non-pharmacological pain management practice and barriers among nurses working in Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia
Authors: Zeleke Shegaw , Kassaw Amare , Eshetie Yeshambaw 
Published: June 2021

Background
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with or resembling that actual or potential tissue damage. Different study findings show that about 55% to 78.6% of inpatients experience moderate-to-severe pain. Nurses are one of the health professional who may hear of pain suffered by the patients and who can manage patient suffering by themselves. Therefore, their correct skill is very important in non- pharmacology and pharmacology pain management methods.

Objective
To assess non-pharmacological pain management practice and barriers among nurses working in Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia.

Methods
Data were collected using structured observational check list with interviewer administered questionnaires that measure nurses’ practice on non-pharmacological pain management. Data were entered using Epi Data version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS (Stastical Package for Social Sciences) version 23. Bivariable and multivariable analysis were conducted to examine the association between independent and outcome variables.

Results
A total of 169 nurses participated in the study, with a response rate of 100%. Among the study participants 94 (55.6%) were females, and the mean age of nurses were 34.9(SD = 5.7) years. Only 44(26%) of nurses had good practice on non- pharmacology pain management methods. About 130(77.55%), 125(74.0%), and 123(72.8%) of nurses reported that inadequate cooperation of physicians, multiple responsibilities of nurses and insufficient number of nurses per patient ratio as barriers for practice of non -pharmacology pain management respectively.

Conclusion
Majority of nurses didn’t apply non-pharmacological pain management practices for their patients in pain and the overall practice level of nurses was very poor. The major identified obstacle factors for the poor practice of non–pharmacological pain management methods were nurses’ fatigue, inadequate cooperation of physicians, heavy workload, multiple responsibilities of nurses, and insufficient number of nurses per patient ratio and unfavorable attitude of nurse on non-pharmacology pain management. Even if nurses experiences different challenges, they shall use non‐pharmacological pain management methods complementary to pharmacological treatment of pain as they are low cost and safe. And also boosting nurse’s attitude towards the effect of non–pharmacological pain management methods is crucial.
Association among pterygium, cataracts, and cumulative ocular ultraviolet exposure: A cross-sectional study in Han people in China and Taiwan
Authors: Hatsusaka Natsuko , Yamamoto Naoki , Miyashita Hisanori , Shibuya Eri , Mita Norihiro , Yamazaki Mai , Shibata Teppei , Ishida Hidetoshi , Ukai Yuki , Kubo Eri , Cheng Hong-Ming , Sasaki Hiroshi 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
Pterygium is an ocular surface disorder mainly caused by ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. This study explored the relationships between six cataract types with pterygium and UV exposure.

Methods
We have previously studied cataracts in residents of three regions in China and Taiwan with different UV intensities. From that study, we identified 1,547 subjects with information on the presence or absence of pterygium. Pterygium severity was graded by corneal progress rate. Cataracts were graded by classification systems as three main types (cortical, nuclear, posterior subcapsular) and three subtypes (retrodots, waterclefts, fiber folds) with high prevalence in middle-aged and elderly people. We calculated the cumulative ocular UV exposure (COUV) based on subject data and National Aeronautics and Space Administration data on UV intensities and used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios for the associations of COUV, cataract, and pterygium.

Results
We found an overall pterygium prevalence of 23.3%, with significant variation among the three regions. Four cataract types (cortical, nuclear, posterior subcapsular, and retrodots) were significantly associated with the presence of pterygium.

Conclusions
There was a significant association between COUV and pterygium, indicating that COUV is associated with the risk of pterygium development and that pterygium is useful as an index of UV exposure. Furthermore, the type of cataract in eyes with pterygium may indicate the level of UV exposure.
The discrepancy between admission and discharge diagnoses: Underlying factors and potential clinical outcomes in a low socioeconomic country
Authors: Fatima Samar , Shamim Sara , Butt Amna Subhan , Awan Safia , Riffat Simra , Tariq Muhammad 
Published: June 2021

Objective
The discrepancy between admission and discharge diagnosis can lead to possible adverse patient outcomes. There are gaps in integrated studies, and less is understood about its characteristics and effects. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the frequency, characteristics, and outcomes of diagnostic discrepancies at admission and discharge.

Design and data sources
This retrospective study reviewed the admitting and discharge diagnoses of adult patients admitted at Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Internal Medicine Department between October 2018 and February 2019. The frequency and outcomes of discrepancies in patient diagnoses were noted among Emergency Department (ED) physician versus admitting physician, admitting physician versus discharge physician, and ED physician versus discharge physician for the full match, partial match, and mismatch diagnoses. The studied outcomes included interdepartmental transfer, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) transfer, in-hospital mortality, readmission within 30 days, and the length of stay. For simplicity, we only analyzed the factors for the discrepancy among ED physicians and discharge physicians.

Results
Out of 537 admissions, there were 25.3–27.2% admissions with full match diagnoses while 18.6–19.4% and 45.3–47.9% had mismatch and partial match diagnoses respectively. The discrepancy resulted in an increased number of interdepartmental transfers (5–5.8%), ICU transfers (5.6–8.7%), in-hospital mortality (8–11%), and readmissions within 30 days in ED (14.4%-16.7%). A statistically significant difference was observed for the ward’s length of stay with the most prolonged stay in partially matched diagnoses (6.3 ± 5.4 days). Among all the factors that were evaluated for the diagnostic discrepancy, older age, multi-morbidities, level of trainee clerking the patient, review by ED faculty, incomplete history, and delay in investigations at ED were associated with significant discrepant diagnoses.

Conclusions
Diagnostic discrepancies are a relevant and significant healthcare problem. Fixed patient or physician characteristics do not readily predict diagnostic discrepancies. To reduce the diagnostic discrepancy, emphasis should be given to good history taking and thorough physical examination. Patients with older age and multi-morbidity should receive significant consideration.
Immunological aspects of papillary thyroid cancer. What's new?
Authors: Troshina Ekaterina A. , Terekhova Maria A. , Akhmatova Ravida R. 
Published: June 2021

Studying of the common links of pathogenesis of endocrine, autoimmune and oncological diseases is the area of interest of researchers from all countries of the world. Comprehension of artificially created mutual influences of molecular-genetic, immune factors that underlie the development and progression of endocrine tumors, primarily thyroid cancer, is important for creation and application of innovative treatment methods in oncoendocrinology.Today, the question of considering autoimmune diseases as a potential cause of oncological processes or on the contrary to consider them as protective conditions in some types of malignant tumors, remains controversial.In particular, autoimmune thyropathies and papillary thyroid cancer is an interesting model for studying these complex relationships. . The purpose of this article is to discuss accumulated experience, review the literature devoted to the study of immunological aspects in the pathogenesis of papillary thyroid cancer, reconsider obtained material and form a conclusion.
Karakteristik Morfologi Kampung Kota Gandek Puspo Kelurahan Jagalan Semarang
Authors: Rustika Made Ria Anggrini 
Published: June 2021

Kemunculan kampung kota di Kota Semarang dimulai sejak masa kolonial Belanda, salah satunya adalah Kampung Kota Pribumi (penduduk asli Kota Semarang). Kampung Kota Pribumi di Kelurahan Jagalan, khususnya Kampung Gandekan, Kampung Kulitan, Kampung Banginggris, dan Kampung Pusporagan dikenal dengan sebutan Kampung Gandek Puspo memiliki nilai historikal, tentang kejayaan Tuan Tasripin sebagai Tuan Tanah Kota Semarang, kampung ini telah mengalami perkembangan baik fisik maupun nonfisik yang dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik morfologi kawasan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik morfologi Kampung Kota Gandek Puspo, metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif, dengan teknik pengumpulan data observasi dan wawancara. Data hasil wawancara akan diolah melalui pengkodean data, kategorisasi, dan reduksi data, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis deksriptif, analisis morfologi dengan pendekatan teori Urban Design, dan analisis spasial (peta komik). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dua karakteristik morfologi Kampung Gandek Puspo yaitu kampung bagian depan (sebagian Kampung Gandekan dan sebagian Kampung Kulitan yang berada dekat Jl. MT. Haryono), dan kampung bagian belakang (Kampung Banginggris; Kampung Pusporagan; sebagian Kampung Gandekan; dan sebagian Kampung Kulitan; yang berada dekat sungai Semarang).
Character and Perspective in Cosmic Horror: Lovecraft and Kiernan
Authors: Wilke Heinrich 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDespite their overt focus on inexplicable alien forces, cosmic horror stories are also determined by their human cast. Far from being merely fodder for horror, the characters significantly contribute to the generation of meaning, including that of the supernatural entity or phenomenon itself. The same holds for the narrators’ (implicitly) political perspectives on the world of which they are part. Much of the perspective propounded in Lovecraft’s cosmic horror stories partakes of myth, adopting in particular the latter’s universal view and pronounced sidelining of humanity as a whole, which it intensifies to the point of horror. Appearances to the contrary notwithstanding, this universal perspective is consistent with the racism permeating and structuring Lovecraft’s writing. Though eschewing racism and universalism, the cosmic horror of Kiernan’s “Tidal Forces” negotiates literary reflections of colonialism from an unreflective white perspective.
Development of a Digital Twin of a Local Road Network: A Case Study
Authors: Steyn Wynand JvdM , Broekman André 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Virtual replicas of infrastructure can be used to run simulations and optimize the construction, management, and maintenance of such assets throughout their entire lifecycle. These digital twins (defined as integrated multi-physics, multiscale, and probabilistic simulations of a complex product) mirror the behavior and environmental responses of its corresponding twin. Digital reconstruction techniques using optical sensor technologies and mobile sensor platforms are providing viable, low-cost alternatives to develop digital twins of physical infrastructure. In previous work, the digital twinning of asphalt pavement surfacings using visual simultaneous localization and mapping and the initiation of a digital twin of a local road network were investigated and successfully demonstrated. In this article, the further development of the concept, incorporating road surface temperatures collected over a 1-month period, as well as potential inferences based on these data, in the micro- and macro-twinning of a local road, are discussed. Light detection and ranging, unmanned aerial vehicles, and traffic counting artificial intelligence allows for quantification of the road geometry and infrastructure utilization over large areas (macro-twinning), whereas the photogrammetric reconstruction technique based on a neural network, a proprietary environmental condition sensor (SNOET, or SNiffing Omgewing / Environmental Tester) and commercial temperature sensors were used to acquire the surface texture and environmental conditions respectively (micro-twinning), as well as surface temperatures at four locations and different surfacing materials. The combination of advanced environmental monitoring data, physical data, and surface temperature data provide management data that can assist in the maintenance of such roads. This article expands (with the permission of the conference organizers) on a GeoChina 2021 article through the addition of further temperature data collected on the discussed digital twin, with substantial additional data analysis and discussion.
Duelos impressos: a circulação de notícias sobre duelos na imprensa brasileira. Rio Grande do Sul e Rio de Janeiro, 1910-1930
Authors: Da Cunha Thompson Flores Mariana Flores , Rodrigues Remedi José Martinho 
Published: June 2021

Objetivo: Este artigo analisa a circulação de notícias na imprensa brasileira de duelos nacionais e internacionais que indicam o quanto esse assunto compunha o escopo de interesses e formava parte de um substrato cultural nas décadas de 1920 e 1930. Metodologia: a investigação foi realizada a partir do acervo da Hemeroteca Digital Brasileira, no qual foram mapeadas as ocorrências e fluxo de notícias, entre 1910-1930, em jornais do Rio de Janeiro e Rio Grande do Sul, e foram analisados três eventos ocorridos em 1920 que mobilizaram as atenções da imprensa (duelo Batlle-Beltrán, desafio Lager-Saguier e Ley del Duelo). Originalidade: no disputado universo da circulação de notícias, com abundância de temas, públicos leitores diversos e meios de transmissões internacionais restritos, os duelos de diferentes países mereceram espaço de veiculação e demonstraram fazer parte de um rol de interesses que apontou para o individualismo burguês compartilhado e sua particular noção de honra. Conclusões: A análise indicou que a valorização da honra e dos duelos se legitimava, em grande medida, pela circulação de notícias na imprensa. Essa circulação funcionava como recurso de desagravo e de distinção para os envolvidos no âmbito nacional e internacional.
Dimorfismo Sexual em Tomografias Cranianas e Volume Craniano
Authors: Duran Gallassi Nívia Cristina , Stéfany De Lima Gomes  , Ulbricht Viviane , Souza Couto Diana Maria , Pereira Neto João Sarmento , Francesquini Júnior Luiz 
Published: June 2021

Buscou-se verificar o dimorfismo sexual em medidas lineares em Tomografias Computadorizadas (TCs) e volumétricas (de neurocrânios). Também visou gerar modelo de regressão logística para estimativa do sexo. Após a aprovação do CEP CAAE n°54171916.0.0000.5418, iniciou-se a calibração da pesquisadora seguindo-se a análise de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC) de acordo com Azklo e Nieto, em 2000. Foram medidos com o software OnDemand3D® as medidas: Glabela-Metalambda; Bregma-Básio e Eurio-Eurio (112 TC de homens e 87 TC de mulheres com idade entre 22 e 80 anos do Biobanco Osteológico e Tomográfico) e nos crânios dos quais foram obtidos as TCs avaliadas foi determinado o volume interno do neurocrânio utilizando-se sementes de soja. Além do cálculo do Índice Cefálico Horizontal e o Índice Cefálico Lateral. Após a análise estatística constatou-se que todas as medidas lineares em TCs e a avaliação do volume intra-neurocrânio, são dimórficos. Criou-se também modelo de regressão logística denominado SEX 2019= [-18,087+(5,937xVC) +(-0,076x(Br-Ba))]. Constatou-se que o método resulta em 80,4% de sensibilidade, 66,7% de especificidade e 74,4% de acurácia, se mostrando eficaz na predição do sexo. O modelo de regressão obtido pode ser utilizado como método auxiliar e permite a estimativa do sexo.
SOME THOUGHTS ON INTERSPECIFIC MANDIBULAR MORPHOLOGY IN FOSSIL AND MODERN ALLIGATOR
Authors: Stout Jeremy 
Published: June 2021

Alligator is diagnosed in the fossil record using discrete morphological characters. These characters are used with systematic analyses to determine hypothetical phylogenetic relationships. Examined here are two such characters for applicability in fossil species determination and relationship. One is the curvature of the dentary between the fourth and tenth alveoli (observed in several taxa), while the other is a further investigation into the anterior extent of the splenial (in modern Alligator mississippiensis and the early Pleistocene A. hailensis). In a small sample size, the curvature of the dentary exhibits wide variability in character states both intraspecifically and interspecifically, bringing into question its utility in fossil crocodylian systematic applications. The anatomy of the anterior extent of the splenial is phylogenetically informative, and a new method for inferring its presence as a basal or derived state (as a scar on the dentary) is described.
Human Rights and Strong Institutions: A Study of Amnesty International in Nigeria
Authors: Favour Ebieri , Folarin Sheriff 
Published: June 2021

Human right is a topical issue globally but attaining it has remained very difficult. Every day, people around the world face different forms of dehumanizing treatment from their governments, multinationals and other groups. For decade too, strong institutions have emerged to fight for the rights of the voiceless and the weak. One of these institutions is Amnesty International (AI). This paper examines the activities of Amnesty International in the promotion and protection of human rights vis-a-vis the nature of operations, contributions and challenges in Nigeria. The paper adopts desk research design, which is based on secondary sources from journals, books and other printed materials. Findings revealed that AI has significantly contributed to the promotion of human rights in Nigeria through different approaches such as advocacy/campaign, governance peer review, shaming-and-naming approach, and support for domestic civil rights groups, among others. However, findings also showed that the main challenges of AI are the negative perceptions of some sections toward the organization as a tool for promoting western ideology and the low awareness and involvement of individuals at the grassroots in developing nations like Nigeria. The paper recommends that the organization intensifies its promotional activities in a manner that would improve its reputation as well as help to educate and provide access for engagement of locals in developing countries.