bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation and Design of Stainless Steel Columns under Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Martins André Dias , Camotim Dinar , Gonçalves Rodrigo , Dinis Pedro Borges 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper presents and discusses the first results of an ongoing Abaqus numerical (shell finite element) investigation on stainless steel columns under elevated temperatures and prone to local or global buckling, performed in the context of the project “StaSteFi ‐ Fire Design of Stainless Steel Members”. In particular, geometrically and materially non‐linear shell finite element models are employed to obtain the failure loads of columns (i) with several cross‐section shapes (SHS, RHS, CHS, EHS and I‐section), (ii) prone to local or global buckling, (iii) made from three stainless steel grades (ferritic 1.4003, austenitic 1.4301 and duplex 1.4462), (iv) subjected to various elevated temperatures (θ=100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 and 800°C) and (v) containing both initial geometrical imperfections and residual stresses. The failure loads gathered are then used to assess the prediction quality of the Eurocode 3 stainless steel design rules and explore the development and calibration of novel design approaches.
The Continuous Strength Method for the design of stainless steel members under combined loading
Authors: Arrayago Itsaso , Real Esther , Gardner Leroy , Mirambell Enrique 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Continuous Strength Method (CSM) provides accurate cross‐section resistance predictions since allowance is made for the partial spread of plasticity and the beneficial effects of strain hardening. Although CSM design provisions for different loading conditions are available, the method was limited to the determination of cross‐sectional resistance until recent research by Arrayago et al. (2020) proposed a consistent new approach to the design of stainless steel hollow section members subjected to compression. Extension of the CSM to the design of stainless steel members subjected to combined compression and bending moment is presented in this paper. The analysis is based on numerical results generated in the current study and existing results collected from the literature on stainless steel hollow section members. The results demonstrate that the adoption of the CSM design equations to predict column strength considerably improves the accuracy of the calculated beam‐column capacities. The reliability of the proposed approach is demonstrated through statistical analyses performed in accordance with EN 1990.
Modelling of Stainless Steel AISI 316L in Finite Element Simulations
Authors: S⊘nstab⊘ Johan Kolst⊘ , Faksvåg Kristian Ullern , Jakobsen Lars Omland , Clausen Arild Holm 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper addresses numerical modelling of a rolled, austenitic stainless steel of grade AISI 316L, corresponding to EN 1.4404. The study comprises uniaxial tension tests at a range of temperatures (from –20°C to 200°C) and at two different strain rates (10–3 s–1 and 10–1 s–1). It appears that the material is very ductile and hardens significantly. The strength and hardening depend on temperature, while the strain‐rate effect is minor. The results from the tension tests are used to calibrate two different material models. The first one is a fully parametrized elasto‐viscoplastic model of Johnson‐Cook type, incorporating temperature and strain rate as variables, and including the one‐parameter Cockcroft‐Latham failure criterion. The other model is defined through direct input of the true stress‐strain curve at a given temperature and rate. This model does not incorporate failure. In the validation part of the study, the models are employed in numerical simulations of plane‐strain tension tests on notched specimens. It appears that both models capture the main features of the tests.
Effects of galvanization on the mechanical properties of high and ultra‐high strength steel tubes
Authors: Najafabadi Esmaeil Pournamazian , Heidarpour Amin , Raina Sudhir , Arashpour Mehrdad , Zhao Xiao‐Ling 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA widely used corrosion protection technique for steel structures is hot‐dip galvanizing. This method increases the life of steel structures and reduces maintenance costs. In this technique, steel elements are cleansed through caustic cleaning, rinsing, pickling, and dipping in flux solutions. After cleaning, components are dipped in molten zinc until a protective layer is formed. The galvanizing procedure and its effects on structural mild steel materials have been studied. However, the effects of galvanizing on mechanical properties of high and ultra‐high‐strength steels (HSS and UHSS) have received limited attention. This mechanical investigation is vital since UHSS, and HSS steels are sensitive to heating and cooling cycles, and their mechanical behavior may change when exposed to high‐temperature during hot‐dip galvanizing. To this end, an experimental program was designed and carried out to find out the mechanical behavior of standard coupons taken from UHSS and HSS tubes after galvanizing. HSS and UHSS tubes were cleansed and dipped in a molten zinc bath (460 °C) for 3.0 and 10.0 minutes. For comparison, a mild steel tube with the same dimensions was also galvanized by dipping in zinc for 10.0 minutes. After galvanizing, dog‐bones and short tubes were cut out from the tubes for standard tensile and compressive tests, respectively. The tests revealed that the ultimate tensile strength of HSS and UHSS tubes decreased noticeably while the changes in their yield strengths were not significant. These changes were more significant for longer molten zinc bath dipping times. For HSS and mild steel specimens, the heat exposure had a similar effect as normalizing or annealing done after casting steel. For mild steel, normalizing or annealing increases yield, and ultimate strength and the same thing happened here. It was shown how the observed behaviors and changes were related to the grade of steel materials and their manufacturing process. Finally, optical microscopy was conducted to inspect the micro‐scale properties of the zinc layer. Microscopic results show that under the same zinc dipping time the zinc layer thickness on UHSS and HSS is almost double of that on mild steel which can increase the lifespan of the galvanized parts while decreasing the adhesion of the zinc layer to the steel base.
Application of Continuous Strength Method in high strength steel sections
Authors: Lin Hui , Hu Ying , Qian Song‐Ting , Sulaiman Maher 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHigh strength steel has been employed in modern steel‐framed building structures. It should be highlighted that these steel structures may be built‐up through fabrication of hot‐rolled steel sections or welded high strength steel plates. This study performed an extensive series of compression tests on high strength stub columns. These columns were made of Q620E steel plates through welded steel plates. The ultimate loads and displacements were extracted from the load‐displacement curves observed from the tests. The continuous strength method (CSM) was employed for analysis of the local buckling behavior of stub columns. In addition, a series of tensile strength tests were performed for standard steel coupons. A modified stress‐strain constitutive model was then proposed for design purpose for high strength steels. The predicted ultimate loads were compared with the recorded ultimate loads. It can be found that a reliable predication may be achieved in application of CSM in high strength steel sections.
Bending response of three‐layers sandwich panels with steel skins and aluminium foam core
Authors: Capone Paolo , Latour Massimo , D'Aniello Mario , Babcsan Norbert , Landolfo Raffaele , Rizzano Gianvittorio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe introduction in the market of metal foams represents a significant opportunity to increase the use of metal in the construction market. In fact, the development of new products made of metal foams and steel could allow improving the performances of conventional buildings in terms of stiffness and resistance. The first structural applications of these materials have already shown the potentialities of composites made of foam and steel, verifying the possibility to realize mono‐dimensional and bi‐dimensional elements with high resistance‐weight ratio. The reduction of the structural weight can represent a significant advantage in many cases, such as for buildings in seismic zone or infrastructures. Within this framework, the objective of the preliminary work presented in this paper is to analyze the response of composite sandwich panels made of steel and aluminium foam with a set of tests which will serve as the basis of development for a new system of dry assembled composite floors. The tests have been carried out at the laboratory StrEngTH of the University of Salerno, verifying the mechanical properties of only‐foam panels and of double skin glued sandwich panels. The tests have allowed to obtain the basic mechanical properties of both foams and sandwich panels.
Seismic response of a steel resilient frame equipped with self‐centering column bases with friction devices
Authors: Elettore Elena , Freddi Fabio , Latour Massimo , Rizzano Gianvittorio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn the last two decades many researchers focused on the development of innovative building structures with the aim of achieving seismic resilience. Among others, steel Moment Resisting Frames (MRFs) equipped with friction devices in beam‐to‐column joints have emerged as an effective solution able to dissipate the seismic input energy while also ensuring the damage‐free behaviour of the system. However, to date, little attention has been paid to their column bases, which represent fundamental components in order to achieve resilience. In fact, column bases designed by current conventional approaches lead to significant seismic damage and residual drifts leading to difficult‐to‐repair structures. The present paper evaluates the seismic performance of steel MRFs equipped with an innovative damage‐free, self‐centring, rocking column base joints. The proposed column base consists of a rocking splice joint where the seismic behaviour is controlled by a combination of friction devices, providing energy dissipation capacity, and pre‐loaded threaded bars with disk springs, introducing restoring forces in the joint. The design procedure of the column base is presented, a numerical OpenSees model is developed to simulate the seismic response of a perimeter seismic‐resistant frame, including the hysteretic behaviour of the connection. Non‐linear dynamic analyses have been carried out on a set of ground motions records to investigate the effectiveness of the column base in protecting the first storey columns from yielding and in reducing the residual storey drifts. Incremental Dynamic Analyses are used to investigate the influence of the record‐to‐record variability and to derive fragility curves for the whole structure and for several local engineering demand parameters of the frame and of the column base connection. The results show that the damage‐free behaviour of the column bases is a key requirement when self‐centering of MRFs is a design objective.
Response Behaviour of High‐Rise Modular Building under Wind and Seismic Loads
Authors: Yee Shiou Shen , Kong Kian Hau , Liew J Y Richard , Dai Ziquan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSingapore has adopted modular construction method known as Prefabricated Prefinished Volumetric Construction (PPVC), where this method requires modules to be prefabricated in a factory environment and subsequently transported to site for installation. A 40‐storey steel‐concrete composite PPVC building consisting of a modular structural frame and a central reinforced concrete (RC) core wall subjected to wind and seismic loading combinations are studied on the global response behavior building drift behavior. The case study is used to investigate the structural response behavior throughout the working life of the building under the service limit state. The adjacent modules are connected horizontally using a tie steel plate idealized by a pin‐pin connection while upper and lower modules are connected vertically using a vertical steel thread rod secured with locking nut idealized by a pin‐ended connection. The modules are braced to a central RC core wall. Continuous semi‐rigid floor diaphragm action is also considered in each floor. The study reveals the importance of inter‐module connection and the floor diaphragm action for the structural interaction between modules and central RC core wall.
New Design Proposal for Stiffened Curved Plates under Compression
Authors: Piculin Sara , Može Primož 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this paper, the stability behaviour of longitudinally stiffened, transversally curved steel plates under uniform compressive stresses is investigated and new design guidelines are proposed to extend the scope of the current European standards for flat plated structures to stiffened curved plates. For this purpose, a numerical model is built in Abaqus, which is verified with own test results and numerical results from the literature. It incorporates geometric imperfections based on the modification of node coordinates using sinusoidal functions, and is further used in a comprehensive parametric study based on nonlinear numerical analysis (GMNIA). The parametric study investigates the effects of curvature, slenderness of the plate, size of stiffeners and shape of initial imperfections on the ultimate resistance of the stiffened curved plates. From the results, some important conclusions are drawn regarding the structural behaviour and the positive effects of curvature on the cross‐sectional resistance. In particular, it is found that stiffened curved plates are less sensitive to the shape of the initial imperfections compared to flat stiffened plates, and the introduction of curvature generally adds a reserve of resistance to the stiffened panel under compressive stresses. Based on numerical results, design rules are proposed for longitudinally stiffened curved plates subjected to compressive stresses. The rules are in accordance with the formalism of EN 1993‐1‐5 for flat plated structures and follow the effective width concept. The maximum loads obtained from numerical analysis are compared with the new design rules and a good correlation is obtained.
Assessment of the Imperfections for Plate Buckling of Unstiffened Plates
Authors: Schönfeld Larissa , Naujoks Bernd , Ludwig Christian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this study different approaches and combinations of imperfections using GMNIA of unstiffened plates are examined. The imperfections have a crucial influence for the determination of the load bearing capacity of thin plates. According to EN 1993‐1‐5 Annex C, when using GMNIA, the user can choose between equivalent geometric imperfections and a combination of the geometrical and the structural imperfections. The exact influence of the individual imperfections and their combination on the load bearing behavior has not been conclusive clarified. Furthermore, EN 1993‐1‐5 Annex C does not recommend a suitable residual stress model. This study aims to compare the ultimate loads due to compression loading using different imperfection approaches. Ten different combinations are investigated by using GMNIA. The results show that for larger plate slenderness, many of the ultimate loads are above the Winter‐Curve. The influence of the structural imperfections on the ultimate load is higher than the influence of the geometrical imperfections. An appropriate residual stress model is recommended. The geometrical imperfections should be given as a function of the plate slenderness.
Optimisation and compressive testing of additively manufactured stainless steel corrugated shells
Authors: Zhang Ruizhi , Gardner Leroy , Meng Xin , Buchanan Craig , Matilainen Ville‐Pekka , Piili Heidi , Salminen Antti 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAxially compressed circular cylindrical shells with large diameter‐to‐thickness ratios are known to be highly sensitive to initial geometric imperfections, which can drastically reduce their load‐carrying capacity. Their design typically involves the application of severe knock‐down factors on their theoretical buckling loads, which greatly impair their structural efficiency. In this paper, with the aim of reducing sensitivity to imperfections and enhancing load‐bearing resistance, optimised corrugated cylindrical shells are designed, additively manufactured, tested and analysed. Two corrugated shells with different equivalent diameter‐to‐thickness ratios, along with a reference circular cylindrical shell, were produced by powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing from martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel powder. The structural performance of the PBF corrugated and circular shells was experimentally investigated, including tensile coupon tests, initial geometric measurements and compression tests. Numerical analyses were also carried out in parallel with the testing. The experimental and numerical results demonstrate that the optimised corrugated cross‐sections have lower imperfection sensitivity and higher axial resistances compared with their reference circular sections.
Evaluation of the Seismic Response of an Innovative Hybrid Steel‐Timber Structure
Authors: Mowafy Ahmed , Imanpour Ali , Chui Ying Hei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study evaluates the seismic response of an advanced hybrid steel‐timber structure using a nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. A three‐story prototype building located in Vancouver, BC, Canada was designed first. The gravity load resisting system (GLRS) consists of cross‐laminated timber (CLT) floor slabs, glulam beams, and glulam columns. The lateral load resisting system (LLRS) includes a chevron‐type steel Concentrically Braced Frame. The numerical model of the structure was then developed in the OpenSees program. Nonlinear hysteresis response of steel braces and timber joints were explicitly simulated. The results of the analysis revealed that the hybrid structure possess an acceptable lateral stiffness while providing sufficient ductility to dissipate seismic energy. No unsatisfactory response was observed in the timber system.
Experimental Validation of Detachable Links for Eccentrically Braced Frames
Authors: Bozkurt Mehmet Bakır , Topkaya Cem 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEccentrically braced frames (EBFs) subjected to seismic actions dissipate energy through yielding of link members. Other members of the framing are on the other hand designed to remain mainly elastic during a seismic event. The framing can be reused after an earthquake if the link members can be replaced. In line with this, the last decade has witnessed development of replaceable links. However, most of the proposed details are not well suited for replacement under residual drift conditions. Consequently, this paper presents details of an experimental validation of a detachable link concept where a splice connection is introduced at the mid‐length of the link to facilitate replacement under residual frame drift. The concept was studied by conducting six nearly full scale EBF tests under quasi‐static cyclic loading. Different splice details employing bolted connections with vertical slotted or site drilled holes and welded connections were developed. The link length ratio, type of mid‐splice connection and the amount of residual drift were considered as the variables of the testing program. The specimens were subjected to the loading protocol recommended in AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC‐341). The experimental results suggested that the detachable links with the proposed connection details can satisfy the link rotation capacity limits of AISC‐341. The detachable links performed similar to conventional links while their replaceability under residual drift was demonstrated.
Human Induced Vibration of Long Rectangular Steel and Composite Floors
Authors: Pap Zsuzsa B. , Kollár László P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRecently several light‐weight, long span floors are built (e.g. steel‐framed structural systems), where the design is governed by vibration control. In these cases the acceleration due to human‐ or machine‐induced vibration can be very high, which may cause human discomfort. Long rectangular plates subjected to concentrated loads are often investigated by a replacement beam with a so called “effective width”, and the amplification factor is calculated according to a SDOF system, which in the case of resonance is equal to 1/2ξ, where ξ is the damping ratio. Since damping in lightweight, steel‐framed structural systems is very low (1–3%), dynamic amplification (calculated according to an SDOF system) can be rather high. However, the steady‐state dynamic response of beams and long plates subjected to periodic loads are significantly different. The steel‐framed floors are mechanically long even in that case when the ratio of the sides of the floor is around one due to the high orthotropy. For long plates, the response and the amplification factor are substantially different from those of beams. Hence, design based on effective width may lead to 2‐4 times higher acceleration than the real values. As an example the roof of a gymnasium under construction is examined, where different sport activities (walking, running, aerobic) will take place. The natural frequency of the floor supported by steel joists is small, close to the frequency of walking, therefore a detailed vibration analysis was performed.
Investigation of the Seismic Performance of a Special Truss Moment Frame with SMAs Incorporated
Authors: Ntina Maria , Sophianopoulos Dimitrios 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe present work deals with the improvement of the seismic performance of Special Truss Moment Frames (STMFs) by incorporating Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) as dissipation devices in the special segment, which have the ability to recover their initial geometry after mechanical distortion by unloading through the phase transformation (martensitic‐austenitic phase). STMFs were initially designed with a special segment located in the middle of the truss to dissipate the input energy through the formation of plastic hinges at the four corners of the chord members. This mechanism is replaced with the input energy dissipation through the SMA deformation in a pin‐ended special segment. In what follows, a single‐story single‐bay frame is examined incorporating 1, 12 and 25 SMAs per diagonal, simulated via a 4‐DOF mechanical model consisting of two lumped masses, under selected ground motions. To further evaluate the performance of the frame with SMAs incorporated and at the same time verify the 4‐DOF model, a non‐linear dynamic time‐history analysis was conducted using SeismoStruct 2018 finite element software. The response of the proposed system is compared with the response of the conventional one. Results showed that the proposed system leads to decrease of the maximum displacement and would potentially allow a much lighter construction.