bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frühe Diagnose und Therapie von Großgefäßvaskulitiden
Authors: Zeisbrich Markus , Venhoff Nils 
Published: October 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGGroßgefäßvaskulitiden führen zu einer Entzündung großer und mittelgroßer Arterien. Zu ihnen zählen die Riesenzellarteriitis (RZA) und die Takayasu-Arteriitis (TAK). An der RZA erkranken vorwiegend ältere Menschen in der 7. und 8. Lebensdekade, während die TAK überwiegend junge Frauen im Alter zwischen 20 und 40 Jahren betrifft. Die RZA stellt die häufigste Vaskulitisform der westlichen Welt dar; die TAK tritt hingegen deutlich seltener im europäischen Raum auf. Die Entzündung der Gefäßwände führt zu ischämischen Komplikationen, wobei bei der RZA häufiger die Kopfarterien inklusive Augenarterien betroffen sind. Es besteht dann die Gefahr einer akuten Erblindung, die nur durch eine frühzeitige Diagnose und Therapieeinleitung verhindert werden kann. Beide Vaskulitisformen sind zudem durch eine ausgeprägte Entzündungskonstellation in Verbindung mit Fieber, Abgeschlagenheit und Gewichtsverlust gekennzeichnet. Zur Diagnosesicherung kommen bildgebende und histopathologische Verfahren zum Einsatz, wobei sich zur frühen Diagnostik einer RZA vor allem die Sonografie bewährt hat. Glukokortikoide stellen die Basis der medikamentösen Therapie dar und werden bei der RZA zunehmend häufig und bei der TAK regelmäßig um weitere Immunsuppressiva ergänzt.
Kawasaki-Syndrom
Authors: Neudorf Ulrich , Jakob André , Hospach Toni 
Published: October 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas Kawasaki-Syndrom ist eine inflammatorische Systemerkrankung unklarer Ätiologie und wird den Vaskulitiden zugeordnet. Es betrifft überwiegend Kinder unter 5 Jahren. Die Diagnose wird klinisch gestellt. Die seit 2004 existierende und zuletzt 2014 überarbeitete S1-Leitlinie der Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendrheumatologie (GKJR) sollte mit Beteiligung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für pädiatrische Kardiologie und angeborene Herzfehler (DGPK) und Einschluss der Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin (DGKJ) überarbeitet werden. Dies ist in den Jahren 2018 und 2019 erfolgt 1. Die wesentlichen Neuerungen betreffen die Definition von Risikogruppen, die Einordnung der Therapieformen (Steroide, Biologika) und die Spezifizierung der Anforderungen an die Echokardiografie. Die Empfehlungen zum Langzeit-Follow-up wurden konkretisiert. Im laufenden Prozess der Feinabstimmung der Leitlinie wurde das Interesse an der Kawasaki-Erkrankung durch die Berichte von Kawasaki-ähnlichen Krankheiten im Rahmen von COVID-19-Infektionen dramatisch hoch. Damit hat sich eine neue Krankheit – Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystemic Syndrome (PIMS) oder Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) – zur Differenzialdiagnose entwickelt.
Covalently Templated Syntheses of Mechanically Interlocked Molecules
Authors: van Maarseveen Jan H. , Cornelissen Milo D. , Pilon Simone 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMechanically interlocked molecules (MiMs), such as catenanes and rotaxanes, exhibit unique properties due to the mechanical bond which unites their components. The translational and rotational freedom present in these compounds may be harnessed to create stimuli-responsive MiMs, which find potential application as artificial molecular machines. Mechanically interlocked structures such as lasso peptides have also been found in nature, making MiMs promising albeit elusive targets for drug discovery. Although the first syntheses of MiMs were based on covalent strategies, approaches based on non-covalent interactions rose to prominence thereafter and have remained dominant. Non-covalent strategies are generally short and efficient, but do require particular structural motifs which are difficult to alter. In a covalent approach, MiMs can be more easily modified while the components may have increased rotational and translational freedom. Both approaches have complementary merits and combining the unmatched efficiency of non-covalent approaches with the scope of covalent syntheses may open up vast opportunities. In this review, recent covalently templated syntheses of MiMs are discussed to show their complementarity and anticipate future developments in this field.1	Introduction2	Tetrahedral Templates2.1	A Carbonate Template for Non-Rusty Catenanes2.2	All-Benzene Catenanes on a Silicon Template2.3	Backfolding from Quaternary Carbon3	Planar Templates3.1	Rotaxanes Constructed in a Ring3.2	Hydrindacene as a Dynamic Covalent Template3.3	Templating on Tri- and Tetrasubstituted Benzenes4	Conclusion
Intermolecular Nucleophilic Addition Reaction of a C-7 Anion from N-[Bis(dimethylamino)phosphoryl]indole to Electrophiles/Arynes: Synthesis of 7-Substituted Indoles
Authors: Singh Kamal Nain , Sharma Esha , Kaur Manjot , Kaur Babaldeep , Kaur Amarjit , Singh Paramjit 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA novel approach to the C-7 substitution of N-[bis(dimethylamino)phosphoryl]indole by nucleophilic addition of the corresponding C-7 carbanion to electrophiles or arynes is described. The directing group can be easily removed, providing a simple route to the synthesis of 7-functionalized indoles.
Early Readmission following NICU Discharges among a National Sample: Associated Factors and Spending
Authors: Bernardo Janine , Keiser Amaris , Aucott Susan , Yanek Lisa R. , Johnson Clark T. , Donohue Pamela 
Published: October 2021

Objective Infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are at increased likelihood of hospital readmission when compared with non-NICU admitted infants, resulting in appreciable financial and emotional burdens. Early readmission, days to weeks, following NICU discharge, may be preventable. Population-based data identifying potentially modifiable factors and spending associated with early readmission are lacking.
Study Design We conducted a secondary data analysis of privately insured infants in the IBM MarketScan Research Database born from 2011 to 2017 in all 50 states and admitted to the NICU. We examined demographic and clinical characteristics of early readmission within 7 days and between 8 and 30 days following NICU discharge and the payments of NICU and readmission care. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression.
Results Of the 86,741 NICU survivors analyzed, 3,131 infants (3.6%) were readmitted by 7 days and 2,128 infants (2.5%) between 8 and 30 days. Preterm infants had reduced odds of readmission by 7 days compared with term infants. Infants transferred to a step-down facility (vs. discharge home) and those with congenital anomalies had higher independent odds of readmission by 7 and 8 to 30 days. A higher percentage of NICU infants within the lowest quartile of initial NICU length of stay (LOS) were readmitted by 7 days compared with NICU infants in the middle and highest LOS quartiles (64 vs. 36%, p < 0.01). Median payments of readmissions at 7 and 8 to 30 days was $12,785 and 14,380, respectively.
Conclusion Being term, being transferred to a step-down facility, and having a congenital anomaly were risk factors for early readmission. Shorter initial NICU LOS may be a contributing factor to readmission by 7 days, especially among term infants. These findings identify factors associated with readmission with the hope of preventing early readmission, minimizing spending, and optimizing ideal timing of NICU discharge.
Key Points
Handwashing Results in Incomplete Nicotine Removal from Fingers of Individuals who Smoke: A Randomized Controlled Experiment
Authors: Northrup Thomas F. , Stotts Angela L. , Suchting Robert , Khan Amir M. , Klawans Michelle R. , Green Charles , Hoh Eunha , Hovell Melbourne F. , Matt Georg E. , Quintana Penelope J. E. 
Published: October 2021

Objective Tobacco residue, also known as third-hand smoke (THS), contains toxicants and lingers in dust and on surfaces and clothes. THS also remains on hands of individuals who smoke, with potential transfer to infants during visitation while infants are hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), raising concerns (e.g., hindered respiratory development) for vulnerable infants. Previously unexplored, this study tested handwashing (HW) and sanitization efficacy for finger-nicotine removal in a sample of adults who smoked and were visiting infants in an NICU.Study Design A cross-sectional sample was recruited to complete an interview, carbon monoxide breath samples, and three nicotine wipes of separate fingers (thumb, index, and middle). Eligible participants (n = 14) reported current smoking (verified with breath samples) and were randomly assigned to 30 seconds of HW (n = 7) or alcohol-based sanitization (n = 7), with the order of finger wipes both counterbalanced and randomly assigned. After randomization, the first finger was wiped for nicotine. Participants then washed or sanitized their hands and finger two was wiped 5 minutes later. An interview assessing tobacco/nicotine use and exposure was then administered, followed by a second breath sample and the final finger wipe (40–60 minutes after washing/sanitizing).Results Generalized linear mixed models found that HW was more effective than sanitizer for nicotine removal but failed to completely remove nicotine.Conclusions Without proper protections (e.g., wearing gloves and gowns), NICU visitors who smoke may inadvertently expose infants to THS. Research on cleaning protocols are needed to protect vulnerable medical populations from THS and associated risks.Key Points
Female Hyperandrogenism in Elite Sports and the Athletic Triad
Authors: Hirschberg Angelica Lindén 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEssential hyperandrogenism seems to be overrepresented in female elite athletes. This applies to mild forms such as polycystic ovary syndrome, as well as rare differences/disorders of sex development (DSD). The reason is likely a selection bias since there is increasing evidence that androgens are beneficial for athletic performance by potent anabolic effects on muscle mass and bone mass, and stimulation of erythropoiesis. XY DSD may cause a greatly increased production of testosterone in the male range, that is, 10 to 20 times higher than the normal female range. The established regulations concerning the eligibility of female athletes with severe hyperandrogenism to compete in the female classification remain controversial. The most common cause of menstrual disorders in female athletes, however, is probably an acquired functional hypothalamic disturbance due to energy deficiency in relation to energy expenditure, which could lead to low bone mineral density and increased risk of injury. This condition is particularly common in endurance and esthetic sports, where a lean body composition is considered an advantage for physical performance. It is important to carefully evaluate endocrine disturbances and menstrual disorders in athletes since the management should be specific according to the underlying cause.
Predissociation measurements of the bond dissociation energies of EuO, TmO, and YbO
Authors: Merriles Dakota M. , Tomchak Kimberly H. , Ewigleben Joshua C. , Morse Michael D. 
Published: October 2021

The observation of a sharp predissociation threshold in the resonant two-photon ionization spectra of EuO, TmO, and YbO has been used to measure the bond dissociation energies of these species. The resulting values, D0(EuO) = 4.922(3) eV, D0(TmO) = 5.242(6) eV, and D0(YbO) = 4.083(3) eV, are in good agreement with previous values but are much more precise. In addition, the ionization energy of TmO was measured by the observation of a threshold for one-color two-photon ionization of this species, resulting in IE(TmO) = 6.56(2) eV. The observation of a sharp predissociation threshold for EuO was initially surprising because the half-filled 4f7 subshell of Eu in its ground state generates fewer potential energy curves than in the other molecules we have studied by this method. The observation of a sharp predissociation threshold in YbO was even more surprising, given that the ground state of Yb is nondegenerate (4f146s2, 1Sg) and the lowest excited state of Yb is over 2 eV higher in energy. It is suggested that these molecules possess a high density of electronic states at the energy of the ground separated atom limit because ion-pair states drop below the ground limit, providing a sufficient electronic state density to allow predissociation to set in at the thermochemical threshold.
Determination of the SmO+ bond energy by threshold photodissociation of the cryogenically cooled ion
Authors: Lachowicz Anton , Perez Evan H. , Shuman Nicholas S. , Ard Shaun G. , Viggiano Albert A. , Armentrout P. B. , Goings Joshua J. , Sharma Prachi , Li Xiaosong , Johnson Mark A. 
Published: October 2021

The SmO+ bond energy has been measured by monitoring the threshold for photodissociation of the cryogenically cooled ion. The action spectrum features a very sharp onset, indicating a bond energy of 5.596 ± 0.004 eV. This value, when combined with the literature value of the samarium ionization energy, indicates that the chemi-ionization reaction of atomic Sm with atomic oxygen is endothermic by 0.048 ± 0.004 eV, which has important implications on the reactivity of Sm atoms released into the upper atmosphere. The SmO+ ion was prepared by electrospray ionization followed by collisional breakup of two different precursors and characterized by the vibrational spectrum of the He-tagged ion. The UV photodissociation threshold is similar for the 10 K bare ion and the He tagged ion, which rules out the possible role of metastable electronically excited states. Reanalysis and remeasurement of previous reaction kinetics experiments that are dependent on D0(SmO+) are included, bringing all experimental results in accord.
All-nitrogen spiropentadiene—N5+
Authors: Tian Xiao , Bo Xiao-xu , Ding Yi-hong 
Published: October 2021

Of the pentanitrogen cation (N5+) family, the only experimentally known isomer is the V-shaped structure 01. Here, we showed that a super-high-energy (∼100 kcal/mol above 01) all-nitrogen spiropentadiene 02 with considerable σ-delocalization deserves pursuit as the first spirocyclic all-nitrogen molecule, at least spectroscopical.
When adaptive radiations collide: Different evolutionary trajectories between and within island and mainland lizard clades
Authors: Patton Austin H. , Harmon Luke J. , del Rosario Castañeda María , Frank Hannah K. , Donihue Colin M. , Herrel Anthony , Losos Jonathan B. 
Published: October 2021

SignificanceIsolated and infrequently colonized, islands harbor many of nature’s most renowned evolutionary radiations. Despite this evolutionary exuberance, island occupation has long been considered irreversible: The much tougher competitive and predatory milieu on mainlands prevents colonization, much less evolutionary diversification, from islands to continents. To test these postulates, we examined neotropicalAnolislizards, asking what happens when mainland and island evolutionary radiations collide. Far from being a dead end, we show that island-to-mainland colonization seeded an extensive radiation that achieved its ecomorphological disparity in ways distinct from their island ancestors. Moreover, when the incumbent and island-derived radiations collided, the ensuing interactions favored the latter, together highlighting a persistent role of both historical contingency and determinism in adaptive radiation.
Density-dependent mating behaviors reduce male mating harassment in locusts
Authors: Maeno Koutaro Ould , Piou Cyril , Ould Ely Sidi , Ould Mohamed Sid’Ahmed , Jaavar Mohamed El Hacen , Ghaout Saïd , Babah Ebbe Mohamed Abdallahi Ould 
Published: October 2021

SignificanceIn animal societies, social life often generates male mating harassment. How do communal animals manage such conflicts without escalating antagonistic relationships? In the Sahara Desert, we studied the mating system of gregarious-behaving desert locusts, the world’s most destructive locust. Despite being widespread and abundant during plagues, its populations are otherwise difficult to access, and its reproductive behaviors in the field are understudied. We show that female locusts behaviorally overcome the costs of male mating harassment: females occupy separate sites before and after mating. Only females with ripe ovaries arrive at male-biased lekking groups. Hence, substantial social conflicts can be simply managed by behaviors. These findings invite to explore the evolutionary hypotheses behind lekking with a density-dependent plastic species.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide promotes host defense against enteric pathogens by modulating the recruitment of group 3 innate lymphoid cells
Authors: Yu Hong Bing , Yang Hyungjun , Allaire Joannie M. , Ma Caixia , Graef Franziska A. , Mortha Arthur , Liang Qiaochu , Bosman Else S. , Reid Gregor S. , Waschek James A. , Osborne Lisa C. , Sokol Harry , Vallance Bruce A. , Jacobson Kevan 
Published: October 2021

Significance
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells enriched in the gut mediate host resistance against intestinal pathogens. Their function and development can be regulated by diverse factors, including neuropeptides secreted by the enteric nervous system. We show that the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) promotes the recruitment of these innate lymphoid cells and other immune cells to the gut through a receptor. Mice lacking VIP or its receptor were highly susceptible to an enteric pathogen infection. Replenishing the innate lymphoid cells or their secreted products into these mice was able to partially or fully restore host resistance to the infection. Thus, the enteric nervous system, through VIP, regulates the recruitment of innate lymphoid cells to the gut, offering protection against enteric pathogens.
Roles of verb and construction cues
Authors: Shin Gyu-Ho , Kim Hyunwoo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study investigates how speakers of English and Korean, two typologically distinct languages, derive information from a verb and a construction to achieve sentence comprehension. In a sentence-sorting task, we manipulated verb semantics (real versus nonce) in each language. The results showed that participants from both languages were less inclined to sort sentences by a verb cue when the lexical-semantic information about a verb was obscured (i.e., nonce verb). In addition, the Korean-speaking participants were less likely affected by the verb semantics conditions than the English-speaking participants. These findings suggest the role of an argument structure construction in sentence comprehension as a co-contributor of sentence meaning, supporting the constructionist approach. The findings also imply language-specific mechanisms of sentence comprehension, contingent upon the varied impact of a verb on sentence meaning in English and Korean.
Cultural conceptualisations ofloong(龙) in Chinese idioms
Authors: Wen Xu , Chen Chuanhong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the abundant metaphorical meanings of the termloong(‘dragon’) in Chinese idioms and the cognitive and cultural factors that influence those meanings from the perspective of Cultural Linguistics. To this end, we present a systematic categorisation of the idiomatic expressions involving the termloongin Mandarin Chinese based on three conceptual metaphors:a human being is a loong, a concrete entity is a loong, andan abstract object is a loong. We then elaborate on the cultural conceptualisations ofloongfrom three perspectives: cultural schemas, cultural categories, and cultural metaphors. The results of the study show how the metaphorical conceptualisations ofloongare profoundly influenced by Chinese culture. The resulting study is intended to add to the pool of studies which lend support to the view that a fine-grained study of the metaphors of a particular culture and their linguistic realisation can shed light on how culture influences human cognition. Finally, the study calls for a clearer integration of cultural approaches into conceptual metaphor theory and it explores some possibilities in this regard.
Photoreflectance studies of temperature and hydrostatic pressure dependencies of direct optical transitions in BGaAs alloys grown on GaP
Authors: Kopaczek J , Dybała F , Zelewski S J , Sokołowski N , Żuraw W , McNicholas K M , El-Jaroudi R H , White R C , Bank S R , Kudrawiec R 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
BGaAs layers with boron concentrations of 4.1%, 7.4%, and 12.1% are grown by molecular beam epitaxy on a GaP substrate and studied by optical absorption and photoreflectance (PR) spectroscopy with both temperature and hydrostatic pressure dependence. The direct optical transitions from the bands composing the valence band—namely heavy-hole, light-hole, and spin–orbit split-off—to the conduction band are clearly observed in the PR spectra. For the abovementioned optical transitions, their temperature dependencies are obtained in the range from 20 K to 300 K, and analyzed by Varshni and Bose–Einstein relations. Furthermore, the BGaAs alloys are also studied with hydrostatic pressure up to ∼18 kbar, revealing pressure coefficients of direct optical transitions. The obtained results are discussed within the framework of the band anticrossing model and chemical trends.
Mode engineering of semiconductor lasers with vertical periodic layered structures
Authors: Zhang Jing , Ma Xiaolong , Zhou Xuyan , Liu Anjin , Zheng Wanhua 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
High-power and low-divergence semiconductor lasers are useful in light detection and ranging, as well as material processing and so on. In this paper, an efficient approach is presented to explain the physics of mode selection in semiconductor lasers with vertical periodic layers for high power and low vertical beam divergence. The transmission matrix method is used to obtain the allowed band and forbidden band of the vertical periodic layered structure, and the band diagram of the layered structure of the semiconductor laser. The fundamental mode of the layered structure of the semiconductor laser lies in the forbidden band of the vertical periodic layered structure. Tapered lasers based on the designed layered structure are fabricated and can achieve an output power of 2.45 W. The measured vertical divergence angle of the tapered laser is below 10°, consistent well with the calculated result of 9.5°.
Magnetic gradiometry using frequency-domain filtering
Authors: Ream Jodie B , Weiss Benjamin P , Oran Rona , Raymond Carol A , Polanskey Carol A , Wenkert Daniel D , Elkins-Tanton Linda T , Hart Richard A , Russell Christopher T , Merayo Jose M G 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Accurate measurements of ambient planetary and interplanetary magnetic fields using spacecraft magnetometers typically require accounting for interfering magnetic fields generated by the flight system (FS). The most common method for removing FS-generated time-variable magnetic fields is narrow-band and low-pass filtering of magnetic field data in the frequency domain. However, if fluctuations in the ambient field contain frequencies overlapping those in the FS field, it can be difficult to construct a filter that will not affect both signals. Here we present an alternate method for removing FS time-variable signatures from magnetic field measurements. For spacecraft that make use of a magnetic gradiometer (i.e. with two or more instruments on a boom at different distances from the center of the spacecraft), the dominant frequencies in the FS field can be identified using spectra of the differenced field components. The amplitudes of the FS field at those frequencies can then be suppressed without removing spectral peaks present in the ambient field. We demonstrate the successful application of this method, referred to as gradiometry peak suppression, both to modeled data sets and to 128 Hz Venus Express magnetometer data.