bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Inconsistent Pairs Between In Situ Observations of Near Surface Salinity and Multiple Remotely Sensed Salinity Data
Authors: Yan Hengqian , Wang Huizan , Zhang Ren , Bao Senliang , Chen Jian , Wang Gongjie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study employs three remotely sensed Sea Surface Salinity products to diagnose the “inconsistent pairs” between the in situ observations of the Near Surface Salinity from delayed‐mode tropical moored buoys and Argo floats and the satellite salinity in the temporal range of April 2015–December 2018. By means of an adapted 3‐Sigma criterion and unanimous voting strategy, 11 (636) moored buoys (Argo floats) have at least one inconsistent observation pairs in their time series and 1 (41) have more than five. Besides, the time series of 1 (25) moored buoy (Argo floats) is diagnosed as inconsistent series due to the large bias of the whole series. Corresponding to a wide range of shifted observations, the continuous inconsistent values of moored buoy 8n38w can be flagged as bad observations. In terms of Argo, the combined analysis of time series, trajectories, profiles, and analyzed fields implies that the inconsistent pairs between Argo and satellite products are closely related to the mesoscale motions. The results suggest that sub‐footprint variability plays a dominant role in the inconsistent pairs of Argo, as most inconsistencies are characterized by the near‐surface mixed layer. Furthermore, the continuous positive inconsistencies of Argo 4901466 highlight the temporal under‐sampling of the existing satellite salinity products.
Identification of Electron Diffusion Regions with a Machine Learning Approach on MMS Data at the Earth's Magnetopause
Authors: Lenouvel Q. , Génot V. , Garnier P. , Toledo‐Redondo S. , Lavraud B. , Aunai N. , Nguyen G. , Gershman D. J. , Ergun R. E. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Giles B. , Burch J. L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article presents 18 magnetic reconnection electron diffusion region (EDR) candidates found using a neural network algorithm with the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission phase 1a data at the Earth's dayside magnetopause. These new candidates are compared to the 32 previously reported dayside EDRs listed in Webster et al. (2018), https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ja025245, which constitute the training database of our algorithm. One of the main parameters used is a scalar quantity called “MeanRL” which is based on the asymmetry of the electron velocity distribution function and better identifies electron agyrotropy in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. In the light of the new EDR candidates found, we discuss and analyze the sign of the energy dissipation during the reconnection process and the distinction between the inner and outer EDRs, with 40% of the candidates showing negative or oscillating dissipation. We also present in details one of the new identified EDR candidates.
Early Stage and Main Ruptures of the 2015 Mw8.3 Illapel, Chile, Megathrust Earthquake: Kinematic Elliptical Inversions and Dynamic Rupture Simulations
Authors: Aochi Hideo , Ruiz Sergio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe apply kinematic and dynamic modeling to the 2015 Mw8.3 Illapel, Chile, earthquake constrained by continuous high‐rate GPS and strong motion data. Kinematic inversion by elliptical patches allows us to rapidly outline the ruptured area with different time windows and frequency ranges. The preferred solution indicates that the main large patch in the north is preceded by a small one in the south close to the hypocenter with a time shift no greater than 20 s. The rupture directivity on the main patch suggests that the origin is at depth, away from the initial small hypocentral patch. We then construct dynamic rupture models to be consistent with the geometry obtained from the kinematic inversion. We estimate the fracture energy of the main patch to be ∼7.5 MJ/m2. The initial rupture of the small hypocentral patch does not trigger the main patch due to the gap in fracture energy, and thus another nucleation is set at depth. This can be regarded as a foreshock‐mainshock sequence rather than a direct cascade rupture growth. The ruptured area corresponds to the preexisting zone of large interseismic coupling prior to the Illapel earthquake. The historical seismicity of the previous century suggests a possible reconstruction of the asperity map, assuming that every earthquake represents a characteristic seismogenic patch. Therefore, the construction of dynamic ruptures with geodetic and seismological knowledge is possible and useful not only for reproducing known earthquakes but also for providing a physically constrained model for quantitative seismic hazard study.
Competition Among Limestone Depressions Leads to Self‐Organized Regular Patterning on a Flat Landscape
Authors: Dong Xiaoli , Murray A. Brad , Heffernan James B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSelf‐organized pattern formation is widespread and functionally significant. Scale‐dependent feedback in space (short‐distance positive feedback coupled with long‐distance negative feedback) has been embraced as an arguably universal mechanism of ecological self‐organization. Recently, intraspecific territorial competition has been proposed as a complementary mechanism contributing to spatial self‐organization in ecology. In geomorphology, regular patterning is also widespread and has often been attributed to competition among geomorphic features. This mechanism has never been integrated into the framework of ecological pattern formation. Using the regularly patterned landscape of Big Cypress National Preserve in South Florida as a case study, we formalize a third mechanism of spatial self‐organization: competition among pattern elements of finite amplitude stabilized by scale‐dependent feedback in time. Depressions first accelerate their expansion rate via the positive feedback between depression volume and weathering rate. Later negative feedbacks become stronger, and eventually stabilize the size of depressions. While scale‐dependent feedback in time provides a mechanism to stabilize individual depressions, it is the competition among depressions that induces spatial regularity. A relatively smaller depression could have a greater expansion rate than larger ones in its development. Higher weathering rate on the side of a divide toward the smaller depression causes migration of the divide to the larger depression. Consequently, the smaller depression expands its catchment area while the catchment area of the neighboring larger depression contracts, resulting in depressions achieving similar size and distance from each other. The diversity of regular patterns dictates the need to integrate perspectives from multiple disciplines.
Habitual coffee drinkers display a distinct pattern of brain functional connectivity
Authors: Magalhães Ricardo , Picó-Pérez Maria , Esteves Madalena , Vieira Rita , Castanho Teresa C. , Amorim Liliana , Sousa Mafalda , Coelho Ana , Fernandes Henrique M. , Cabral Joana , Moreira Pedro S. , Sousa Nuno 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCoffee is the most widely consumed source of caffeine worldwide, partly due to the psychoactive effects of this methylxanthine. Interestingly, the effects of its chronic consumption on the brain’s intrinsic functional networks are still largely unknown. This study provides the first extended characterization of the effects of chronic coffee consumption on human brain networks. Subjects were recruited and divided into two groups: habitual coffee drinkers (CD) and non-coffee drinkers (NCD). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was acquired in these volunteers who were also assessed regarding stress, anxiety, and depression scores. In the neuroimaging evaluation, the CD group showed decreased functional connectivity in the somatosensory and limbic networks during resting state as assessed with independent component analysis. The CD group also showed decreased functional connectivity in a network comprising subcortical and posterior brain regions associated with somatosensory, motor, and emotional processing as assessed with network-based statistics; moreover, CD displayed longer lifetime of a functional network involving subcortical regions, the visual network and the cerebellum. Importantly, all these differences were dependent on the frequency of caffeine consumption, and were reproduced after NCD drank coffee. CD showed higher stress levels than NCD, and although no other group effects were observed in this psychological assessment, increased frequency of caffeine consumption was also associated with increased anxiety in males. In conclusion, higher consumption of coffee and caffeinated products has an impact in brain functional connectivity at rest with implications in emotionality, alertness, and readiness to action.
Decreased DNA methylation at promoters and gene-specific neuronal hypermethylation in the prefrontal cortex of patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Bundo Miki , Ueda Junko , Nakachi Yutaka , Kasai Kiyoto , Kato Tadafumi , Iwamoto Kazuya 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental disorder characterized by repeated mood swings. Although genetic factors are collectively associated with the etiology of BD, the underlying molecular mechanisms, particularly how environmental factors affect the brain, remain largely unknown. We performed promoter-wide DNA methylation analysis of neuronal and nonneuronal nuclei in the prefrontal cortex of patients with BD (N = 34) and controls (N = 35). We found decreased DNA methylation at promoters in both cell types in the BD patients. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of differentially methylated region (DMR)-associated genes revealed enrichment of molecular motor-related genes in neurons, chemokines in both cell types, and ion channel- and transporter-related genes in nonneurons. Detailed GO analysis further revealed that growth cone- and dendrite-related genes, including NTRK2 and GRIN1, were hypermethylated in neurons of BD patients. To assess the effect of medication, neuroblastoma cells were cultured under therapeutic concentrations of three mood stabilizers. We observed that up to 37.9% of DMRs detected in BD overlapped with mood stabilizer-induced DMRs. Interestingly, mood stabilizer-induced DMRs showed the opposite direction of changes in DMRs, suggesting the therapeutic effects of mood stabilizers. Among the DMRs, 12 overlapped with loci identified in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of BD. We also found significant enrichment of neuronal DMRs in the loci reported in another GWAS of BD. Finally, we performed qPCR of DNA methylation-related genes and found that DNMT3B was overexpressed in BD. The cell-type-specific DMRs identified in this study will be useful for understanding the pathophysiology of BD.
FOXO3a protects glioma cells against temozolomide-induced DNA double strand breaks via promotion of BNIP3-mediated mitophagy
Authors: He Chuan , Lu Shan , Wang Xuan-zhong , Wang Chong-cheng , Wang Lei , Liang Shi-peng , Luo Tian-fei , Wang Zhen-chuan , Piao Mei-hua , Chi Guang-fan , Ge Peng-fei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFOXO3a (forkhead box transcription factor 3a) is involved in regulating multiple biological processes in cancer cells. BNIP3 (Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3) is a receptor accounting for priming damaged mitochondria for autophagic removal. In this study we investigated the role of FOXO3a in regulating the sensitivity of glioma cells to temozolomide (TMZ) and its relationship with BNIP3-mediated mitophagy. We showed that TMZ dosage-dependently inhibited the viability of human U87, U251, T98G, LN18 and rat C6 glioma cells with IC50 values of 135.75, 128.26, 142.65, 155.73 and 111.60 μM, respectively. In U87 and U251 cells, TMZ (200 μM) induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and nuclear translocation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), which was accompanied by BNIP3-mediated mitophagy and FOXO3a accumulation in nucleus. TMZ treatment induced intracellular ROS accumulation in U87 and U251 cells via enhancing mitochondrial superoxide, which not only contributed to DNA DSBs and exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction, but also upregulated FOXO3a expression. Knockdown of FOXO3a aggravated TMZ-induced DNA DSBs and mitochondrial damage, as well as glioma cell death. TMZ treatment not only upregulated BNIP3 and activated autophagy, but also triggered mitophagy by prompting BNIP3 translocation to mitochondria and reinforcing BNIP3 interaction with LC3BII. Inhibition of mitophagy by knocking down BNIP3 with SiRNA or blocking autophagy with 3MA or bafilomycin A1 exacerbated mitochondrial superoxide and intracellular ROS accumulation. Moreover, FOXO3a knockdown inhibited TMZ-induced BNIP3 upregulation and autophagy activation. In addition, we showed that treatment with TMZ (100 mg·kg−1·d−1, ip) for 12 days in C6 cell xenograft mice markedly inhibited tumor growth accompanied by inducing FOXO3a upregulation, oxidative stress and BNIP3-mediated mitophagy in tumor tissues. These results demonstrate that FOXO3a attenuates temozolomide-induced DNA double strand breaks in human glioma cells via promoting BNIP3-mediated mitophagy.
Loss of α2-6 sialylation promotes the transformation of synovial fibroblasts into a pro-inflammatory phenotype in arthritis
Authors: Wang Yilin , Khan Aneesah , Antonopoulos Aristotelis , Bouché Laura , Buckley Christopher D. , Filer Andrew , Raza Karim , Li Kun-Ping , Tolusso Barbara , Gremese Elisa , Kurowska-Stolarska Mariola , Alivernini Stefano , Dell Anne , Haslam Stuart M. , Pineda Miguel A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn healthy joints, synovial fibroblasts (SFs) provide the microenvironment required to mediate homeostasis, but these cells adopt a pathological function in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Carbohydrates (glycans) on cell surfaces are fundamental regulators of the interactions between stromal and immune cells, but little is known about the role of the SF glycome in joint inflammation. Here we study stromal guided pathophysiology by mapping SFs glycosylation pathways. Combining transcriptomic and glycomic analysis, we show that transformation of fibroblasts into pro-inflammatory cells is associated with glycan remodeling, a process that involves TNF-dependent inhibition of the glycosyltransferase ST6Gal1 and α2-6 sialylation. SF sialylation correlates with distinct functional subsets in murine experimental arthritis and remission stages in human RA. We propose that pro-inflammatory cytokines remodel the SF-glycome, converting the synovium into an under-sialylated and highly pro-inflammatory microenvironment. These results highlight the importance of glycosylation in stromal immunology and joint inflammation.
Prostaglandin in the ventromedial hypothalamus regulates peripheral glucose metabolism
Authors: Lee Ming-Liang , Matsunaga Hirokazu , Sugiura Yuki , Hayasaka Takahiro , Yamamoto Izumi , Ishimoto Taiga , Imoto Daigo , Suematsu Makoto , Iijima Norifumi , Kimura Kazuhiro , Diano Sabrina , Toda Chitoku 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe hypothalamus plays a central role in monitoring and regulating systemic glucose metabolism. The brain is enriched with phospholipids containing poly-unsaturated fatty acids, which are biologically active in physiological regulation. Here, we show that intraperitoneal glucose injection induces changes in hypothalamic distribution and amounts of phospholipids, especially arachidonic-acid-containing phospholipids, that are then metabolized to produce prostaglandins. Knockdown of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), a key enzyme for generating arachidonic acid from phospholipids, in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH), lowers insulin sensitivity in muscles during regular chow diet (RCD) feeding. Conversely, the down-regulation of glucose metabolism by high fat diet (HFD) feeding is improved by knockdown of cPLA2 in the VMH through changing hepatic insulin sensitivity and hypothalamic inflammation. Our data suggest that cPLA2-mediated hypothalamic phospholipid metabolism is critical for controlling systemic glucose metabolism during RCD, while continuous activation of the same pathway to produce prostaglandins during HFD deteriorates glucose metabolism.
SMART transfer method to directly compare the mechanical response of water-supported and free-standing ultrathin polymeric films
Authors: Galuska Luke A. , Muckley Eric S. , Cao Zhiqiang , Ehlenberg Dakota F. , Qian Zhiyuan , Zhang Song , Rondeau-Gagné Simon , Phan Minh D. , Ankner John F. , Ivanov Ilia N. , Gu Xiaodan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntrinsic mechanical properties of sub-100 nm thin films are markedly difficult to obtain, yet an ever-growing necessity for emerging fields such as soft organic electronics. To complicate matters, the interfacial contribution plays a major role in such thin films and is often unexplored despite supporting substrates being a main component in current metrologies. Here we present the shear motion assisted robust transfer technique for fabricating free-standing sub-100 nm films and measuring their inherent structural–mechanical properties. We compare these results to water-supported measurements, exploring two phenomena: 1) The influence of confinement on mechanics and 2) the role of water on the mechanical properties of hydrophobic films. Upon confinement, polystyrene films exhibit increased strain at failure, and reduced yield stress, while modulus is reduced only for the thinnest 19 nm film. Water measurements demonstrate subtle differences in mechanics which we elucidate using quartz crystal microbalance and neutron reflectometry.
Higher-order and fractional discrete time crystals in clean long-range interacting systems
Authors: Pizzi Andrea , Knolle Johannes , Nunnenkamp Andreas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDiscrete time crystals are periodically driven systems characterized by a response with periodicity nT, with T the period of the drive and n > 1. Typically, n is an integer and bounded from above by the dimension of the local (or single particle) Hilbert space, the most prominent example being spin-1/2 systems with n restricted to 2. Here, we show that a clean spin-1/2 system in the presence of long-range interactions and transverse field can sustain a huge variety of different ‘higher-order’ discrete time crystals with integer and, surprisingly, even fractional n > 2. We characterize these (arguably prethermal) non-equilibrium phases of matter thoroughly using a combination of exact diagonalization, semiclassical methods, and spin-wave approximations, which enable us to establish their stability in the presence of competing long- and short-range interactions. Remarkably, these phases emerge in a model with continous driving and time-independent interactions, convenient for experimental implementations with ultracold atoms or trapped ions.
Unexpected organic hydrate luminogens in the solid state
Authors: Zhou Feng , Gu Peiyang , Luo Zhipu , Bisoyi Hari Krishna , Ji Yujin , Li Youyong , Xu Qingfeng , Li Quan , Lu Jianmei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDeveloping organic photoluminescent materials with high emission efficiencies in the solid state under a water atmosphere is important for practical applications. Herein, we report the formation of both intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds in three tautomerizable Schiff-base molecules which comprise active hydrogen atoms that act as proton donors and acceptors, simultaneously hindering emission properties. The intercalation of water molecules into their crystal lattices leads to structural rearrangement and organic hydrate luminogen formation in the crystalline phase, triggering significantly enhanced fluorescence emission. By suppressing hydrogen atom shuttling between two nitrogen atoms in the benzimidazole ring, water molecules act as hydrogen bond donors to alter the electronic transition of the molecular keto form from nπ* to lower-energy ππ* in the excited state, leading to enhancing emission from the keto form. Furthermore, the keto-state emission can be enhanced using deuterium oxide (D2O) owing to isotope effects, providing a new opportunity for detecting and quantifying D2O.
Seasonal dynamics of diet–gut microbiota interaction in adaptation of yaks to life at high altitude
Authors: Guo Na , Wu Qunfu , Shi Fuyu , Niu Jiahuan , Zhang Tao , Degen A. Allan , Fang Qiangen , Ding Luming , Shang Zhanhuan , Zhang Zhigang , Long Ruijun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDietary selection and intake affect the survival and health of mammals under extreme environmental conditions. It has been suggested that dietary composition is a key driver of gut microbiota variation; however, how gut microbiota respond to seasonal dietary changes under extreme natural conditions remains poorly understood. Sequencing plant trnL (UAA) region and 16S rRNA gene analysis were employed to determine dietary composition and gut microbiota in freely grazing yaks on the Tibetan plateau. Dietary composition was more diverse in winter than in summer, while Gramineae and Rosaceae were consumed frequently all year. Turnover of seasonal diet and gut microbiota composition occurred consistently. Yaks shifted enterotypes in response to dietary change between warm and cold seasons to best utilize nitrogen and energy, in particular in the harsh cold season. Our findings provide insights into understanding seasonal changes of diet–microbiota linkages in the adaptation of mammals to high altitudes.
Two-step machine learning enables optimized nanoparticle synthesis
Authors: Mekki-Berrada Flore , Ren Zekun , Huang Tan , Wong Wai Kuan , Zheng Fang , Xie Jiaxun , Tian Isaac Parker Siyu , Jayavelu Senthilnath , Mahfoud Zackaria , Bash Daniil , Hippalgaonkar Kedar , Khan Saif , Buonassisi Tonio , Li Qianxiao , Wang Xiaonan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn materials science, the discovery of recipes that yield nanomaterials with defined optical properties is costly and time-consuming. In this study, we present a two-step framework for a machine learning-driven high-throughput microfluidic platform to rapidly produce silver nanoparticles with the desired absorbance spectrum. Combining a Gaussian process-based Bayesian optimization (BO) with a deep neural network (DNN), the algorithmic framework is able to converge towards the target spectrum after sampling 120 conditions. Once the dataset is large enough to train the DNN with sufficient accuracy in the region of the target spectrum, the DNN is used to predict the colour palette accessible with the reaction synthesis. While remaining interpretable by humans, the proposed framework efficiently optimizes the nanomaterial synthesis and can extract fundamental knowledge of the relationship between chemical composition and optical properties, such as the role of each reactant on the shape and amplitude of the absorbance spectrum.
The prevalence and outcome of short-acting β2-agonists overuse in asthma patients in Taiwan
Authors: Wang Cheng-Yi , Lai Chih-Cheng , Wang Ya-Hui , Wang Hao-Chien 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the prevalence of short-acting β2-agonist (SABA) overuse in asthma and the associated risk of acute exacerbation and mortality in Taiwan. We used the Taiwanese pay-for-performance asthma program database, which included patients aged between 12 and 100 years who were enrolled in the program between 2001 and 2015. Among a total of 218,039 patients, 34,641 (15.9%) patients are classified as SABA over-users. Compared with patients who did not receive inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and collected ≤2 canisters, SABA over-users had a higher risk of severe exacerbations. SABA over-users had a higher risk of all-cause mortality compared with patients who did not receive ICS and collected ≤2 canisters. The overall prevalence of SABA overuse in Taiwan is 15.9%, and this is even higher in concomitant ICS users. In addition, the overuse of SABA is associated with an increased risk of severe exacerbation and death.