bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID‐19 and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: experiences as a patient, general practitioner, wife and mother
Authors: Gupta A. 
Published: May 2021

SummaryI contracted SARS‐CoV‐2 early in the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the UK and, following nine days of mechanical ventilation, was one of the first few patients to be accepted for venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. I remained in hospital for 150 days, 34 of which I spent with full extracorporeal respiratory support. I have no recollection of my time on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, but liberation from it was not the end of my story; I had to overcome numerous physical and mental challenges during recovery and rehabilitation. I hope my story is read by others who are recovering from COVID‐19 or critical illness more generally, and that it provides hope that the challenges of rehabilitation can be overcome. This reflection is a personal view of my illness as a patient. In it, I focus upon the aspects of my care that I can remember, predominantly around the time I became unwell but also during the recovery and rehabilitation period, which remains ongoing despite my discharge from hospital and subsequent return to work as a general practitioner.
Thermal conversion behavior and nitrogen‐containing gas products evolution during co‐pyrolysis of cow manure and coal: A thermal gravimetric analyzer/differential scanning calorimetry–mass spectrometer investigation
Authors: Ma Meng , Bai Yonghui , Wang Jiaofei , Song Xudong , Su Weiguang , Wang Fuchen , Yu Guangsuo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe kinetics and thermal behaviors of cow manure (CM) and Meihuajing bituminous coal (MHJ) blending from room temperature to 950°C were investigated by thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mass spectrometer (MS). TG curves show that the high heating rate accelerates thermal decomposition rate, and the position of differential thermal gravity (DTG) peaks shifts to a higher temperature. Owing to the heat transfer limitation phenomenon, the residual weight of CM is only 40.38% with the heating rate of 1°C/min in comparison with other heating rate. DSC takes more time to reach a steady state than TGA. Gaseous evolution curves of HCN and NH3 were obtained during the pyrolysis of blends based on TG–MS experiments. With the increased heating rate, the emissions increased a lot due to the secondary reaction of volatiles. The Eα of 1C1M obtained using Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), Friedman, and Kissinger methods is within 124.58–317.18, 121.97–321.11, 150.28–331.64, and 209.26 kJ/mol, respectively. The kinetic parameters calculated based on four model‐free kinetic modeling methods shows good agreement. And the thermodynamic parameters were obtained and discussed under different conversion rates. This work is greatly important to understand the co‐prolysis mechanism of CM and coal and to design the pyrolysis reactors.
In situ generation of sulfur using silica as a carrier in the wet mixing of natural rubber latex
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Xiao Yao , Zhu Donglin , Qu Shengqi , Wang Chuansheng , Wang Zhifei , Bian Huiguang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUsing sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid as the raw materials and a silica aqueous dispersion as the carrier, sulfur is generated in situ by a chemical precipitation method, and an in situ sulfur‐silica/natural rubber (in situ S‐Silica/NR) composite is prepared. The in situ sulfur is characterized, and its effects on the natural rubber composites' cross‐linking density, vulcanization characteristics, mechanical properties, aging properties, dynamic mechanical properties, and Payne effect are studied. The experimental results show that the particle size of in situ sulfur is small, with a maximum of 5 μm, and the cross‐linking ability is stronger than commercial sulfur. Due to the strong surface adsorption force of silica, the interfacial bonding strength is enhanced, and the dispersion of the two components in the rubber matrix is improved. Compared with commercial sulfur‐silica/natural rubber (S‐Silica/NR) composites, the tensile strength is 20.3% higher, the elongation at break is 28.5% higher, and it better retains its aging properties and has a lower rolling resistance. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of functional rubber vulcanizing agents and the preparation of high‐performance rubber composites.
Influences of 4ZnO·B2O3·H2O whisker based intumescent flame retardant on the mechanical, flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of polypropylene composites
Authors: Dang Li , Lv Zhihui , Liu Xin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this work, the influences of 4ZnO·B2O3·H2O zinc borate (ZB) whisker based intumescent flame retardant (IFR) containing ammonium polyphosphate and dipentaerythritol on the mechanical, flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of polypropylene (PP) composites were characterized by the universal testing machine, UL‐94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and cone calorimeter tests, respectively. The results indicate that only 1 phr of ZB could effectively improve the LOI value and slow down the burning rate of PP composite. The peak heat release rate, average of HRR, total heat release, peak smoke production rate, and total smoke production values are all decreased from 413.8 kW/m2, 166.3 kW/m2, 82.3 MJ/m2, 0.0995 m2/s, and 17.9 m2 for PPc/20IFR composite to 267.8 kW/m2, 128.3 kW/m2, 66.8 MJ/m2, 0.0478 m2/s, and 12.6 m2 for PPc/20IFR/1ZB composite, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy images, energy dispersive spectrometry, and Raman spectra of char residue reveal that ZB is helpful to form a compact and graphitized intumescent char residue so that the heat diffusion and oxygen transmission are greatly hindered. The thermogravimetry analysis‐fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA‐FTIR) results show that less combustible volatiles and more H2O vapor are generated with the appearance of ZB. Hence, the combustion mechanism in gas phase is suppressed.
Target sequence capture in orchids: Developing a kit to sequence hundreds of single‐copy loci
Authors: Eserman Lauren A. , Thomas Shawn K. , Coffey Emily E. D. , Leebens‐Mack James H. 
Published: May 2021

PremiseUnderstanding relationships among orchid species and populations is of critical importance for orchid conservation. Target sequence capture has become a standard method for extracting hundreds of orthologous loci for phylogenomics. Up‐front cost and time associated with design of bait sets makes this method prohibitively expensive for many researchers. Therefore, we designed a target capture kit to reliably sequence hundreds of orthologous loci across orchid lineages.MethodsWe designed an Orchidaceae target capture bait set for 963 single‐copy genes identified in published orchid genome sequences. The bait set was tested on 28 orchid species, with representatives of the subfamilies Cypripedioideae, Orchidoideae, and Epidendroideae.ResultsBetween 1,518,041 and 87,946,590 paired‐end 150‐base reads were generated for target‐enriched genomic libraries. We assembled an average of 812 genes per library for Epidendroideae species and a mean of 501 genes for species in the subfamilies Orchidoideae and Cypripedioideae. Furthermore, libraries had on average 107 of the 254 genes that are included in the Angiosperms353 bait set, allowing for direct comparison of studies using either bait set.DiscussionThe Orchidaceae963 kit will enable greater accessibility and utility of next‐generation sequencing for orchid systematics, population genetics, and identification in the illegal orchid trade.
Strategies for Improving the Catalytic Performance of 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks for Hydrogen Evolution and Oxygen Evolution Reactions
Authors: Deng Yang , Wang Yue , Chen Yibo , Zhang Zhen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) have been deemed as clean and sustainable strategies to solve the energy crisis and environmental problems. Various catalysts have been developed to promote the process of HER and OER. Among them, two‐dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) have received great attention due to their diverse and designable structure. In this minireview, we mainly summarize the diverse linkages of 2D COFs and strategies for enhancing the catalytic performance of 2D COFs for HER and OER, such as introducing active building blocks, metal ions and tailored linkages. Furthermore, a brief outlook for the development directions of COFs in the field of HER and OER is provided, expecting to stimulate new opportunities in future research.
Bi(OTf)3‐catalyed One‐pot Synthesis of α‐Halo‐β‐amino Ketones and Acyl Aziridines from 3‐Aryl Propargyl Alcohols
Authors: Zhang Qinglin , Duan Yongbin , Guo Huifeng , Yang Hong , Zhai Jiulong , Li Tiantian , Wang Zhihai , Lu Xiaolei , Wang Yan , Yin Yan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA Bi(OTf)3‐catalyed reaction of 3‐aryl propargyl alcohols with sulfonamide and halogen source was firstly investigated, which provided a facile route for the synthesis of a large variety of α‐halo‐β‐amino ketones. The key intermediates, β‐amino ketones, were obtained through tandem Meyer‐Schuster rearrangement reaction of propargyl alcohols and intermolecular Michael addition of α, β‐unsaturated ketones and sulfonamide. Then the in situ generated α‐halo‐β‐amino ketones underwent the base‐promoted intramolecular cyclization to give diverse acyl aziridines in a one‐pot fashion. These transformations are reliable on a large scale. The high yields and convenient experimental operations make it a valuable method for the construction of α‐halo‐β‐amino ketones and acyl aziridine derivatives.
Closing the species gap: Translational approaches to studying sensory processing differences relevant for autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Scott Kaela E. , Schulz Samantha E. , Moehrle Dorit , Allman Brian L. , Oram Cardy Janis E. , Stevenson Ryan A. , Schmid Susanne 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe study of sensory phenotypes has great potential for increasing research translation between species, a necessity to decipher the neural mechanisms that contribute to higher‐order differences in neurological conditions such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Over the past decade, despite separate advances in our understanding of the structural and functional differences within the brain of autistic and non‐autistic individuals and in rodent models for ASD, researchers have had difficulty translating the findings in murine species to humans, mostly due to incompatibility in experimental methodologies used to screen for ASD phenotypes. Focusing on sensory phenotypes offers an avenue to close the species gap because sensory pathways are highly conserved across species and are affected by the same risk‐factors as the higher‐order brain areas mostly responsible for the diagnostic criteria for ASD. By first reviewing how sensory processing has been studied to date, we direct our focus to electrophysiological and behavioral techniques that can be used to study sensory phenotypes consistently across species. Using auditory sensory phenotypes as a template, we seek to improve the accessibility of translational methods by providing a framework for collecting cohesive data in both rodents and humans. Specifically, evoked‐potentials, acoustic startle paradigms, and psychophysical detection/discrimination paradigms can be created and implemented in a coordinated and systematic fashion across species. Through careful protocol design and collaboration, sensory processing phenotypes can be harnessed to bridge the gap that exists between preclinical animal studies and human testing, so that mutually held questions in autism research can be answered.Lay SummaryIt has always been difficult to relate results from animal research to humans. We try to close this gap by studying changes in sensory processing using careful protocol design and collaboration between clinicians and researchers. Sensory pathways are comparable between animals and humans, and are affected in the same way as the rest of the brain in ASD. Using changes in hearing as a template, we point the field in an innovative direction by providing a framework for collecting cohesive data in rodents and humans.
Stabilisation of the Fatty Acid Decarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis by Caprylic Acid
Authors: Wu Yinqi , Paul Caroline E. , Hollmann Frank 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe fatty acid photodecarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis NC64 A (CvFAP) catalyses the light‐dependent decarboxylation of fatty acids. Photoinactivation of CvFAP still represents one of the major limitations of this interesting enzyme en route to practical application. In this study we demonstrate that the photostability of CvFAP can easily be improved by the administration of medium‐chain length carboxylic acids such as caprylic acid indicating that the best way of maintaining CvFAP stability is ‘to keep the enzyme busy’.
Metal Complexes as Antiviral Agents for SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Karges Johannes , Cohen Seth M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe severe acute respiratory syndrome – coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the infectious agent responsible for COVID‐19 – has caused more than 2.5 million deaths worldwide and triggered a global pandemic. Even with successful vaccines being delivered, there is an urgent need for novel treatments to combat SARS‐CoV‐2, and other emerging viral diseases. While several organic small molecule drug candidates are in development, some effort has also been devoted towards the application of metal complexes as potential antiviral agents against SARS‐CoV‐2. Herein, the metal complexes that have been reported to show antiviral activity against SARS‐CoV‐2 or one of its target proteins are described and their proposed mechanisms of action are discussed.
Mass Transport in Nanoporous Gold and Correlation with Surface Pores for EC1 Mechanism: Case of Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Gonçalves Josue M. , Furtado Vinicius L. , Araki Koiti , Angnes Lucio , Bouvet Marcel , Bertotti Mauro , Meunier‐Prest Rita 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe present work correlates the mass transport of ascorbic acid (AA), which undergoes an electrochemical reaction accompanied by a first‐order chemical reaction (EC1 mechanism), with the size of surface pores of nanoporous gold (NPG) films. NPG films were electrodeposited on gold microelectrodes, generating polycrystalline, and highly porous surfaces. Studies of AA electrooxidation reveal mainly diffusional mass transport driven by EC1 pathways on the NPG electrodes prepared by changing the deposition potential. Similar studies on the NPGs prepared by changing the deposition time exhibit mainly diffusional transport at shorter deposition times, and largely an adsorption process driven by EC1 at longer deposition times. Such transition in the reaction pathways from diffusion EC1 to adsorption EC1 is correlated with the evolution of micrometer large surface pores in NPG films prepared at longer deposition times, allowing the diffusion of AA from the bulk solution to the volume of NPG, which enhances the adsorption probability.
Electron Transfer and Electrocatalytic Properties of the Immobilized Met80Ala Cytochrome c Variant in Dimethylsulfoxide
Authors: Di Rocco Giulia , Bighi Beatrice , Borsari Marco , Bortolotti Carlo Augusto , Ranieri Antonio , Sola Marco , Battistuzzi Gianantonio 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe electrode‐immobilized Met80Ala variant of yeast iso‐1 cytochrome c in mixed water/dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solutions up to 60 % v/v DMSO shows thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of electron exchange and electrocatalytic properties towards O2 reduction fully comparable to those in water. This is the result of moderate protein conformational changes thanks to immobilization that, to a certain extent, preserves protein structure, possibly due to the constraints on protein mobility/flexibility induced by the electrostatic interactions with the electrode‐coating SAM. Upon increasing the DMSO content of the mixed solution beyond 60 %, a much larger perturbation occurs that leads to the progressive loss of the electrocatalytic ability. Therefore, under these conditions, the organic solvent remarkably affects the structure and properties of the protein probably involving major conformational changes or even the replacement of the 6th axial hydroxide ligand of the heme iron with a strong protein ligand, possibly a lysine residue.
Ground motions induced by wind turbines
Authors: Nagel Sven , Zieger Toni , Luhmann Birger , Knödel Peter , Ritter Joachim , Ummenhofer Thomas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWind flow transfers forces to the wind turbine's rotor blades. These then set the rotor in motion. The hub and the gearbox, where present, transfer this rotational energy to the generator for conversion into electrical power. All the rotating components have significant mass and are located at the head of a slender, elastic load‐bearing tower in which they induce dynamic effects. The resulting vibrations, generated at the upper end of the tower, are modified by the dynamic properties of the tower structure and pass through the foundations into the ground. Broadband seismometers record these ground vibrations not only directly adjacent to the wind turbine but also at greater distances of (up to) several kilometers from the turbine. We are aware that local residents and opponents of wind power consider that these vibration phenomena bear potential negative health effects. In the context of this paper, seismic vibrations were measured at the foundation of a 2 MW reference turbine. These seismic signals were compared to numerical simulations. Based on this, we explain the physical background. In the past, any ground vibrations measured have usually been attributed exclusively to the excitation frequencies from the rotor. However, the investigations presented here show that the structural properties of the tower structure significantly influence the type and intensity of the vibrations induced in the ground and dominate the ground motion amplitudes. Finally, we show that the targeted use of absorbers can significantly reduce the vibrations induced in the ground.
Nucleophilicities and Nucleofugalities of Thio‐ and Selenoethers
Authors: Maji Biplab , Duan Xin‐Hua , Jüstel Patrick M. , Byrne Peter A. , Ofial Armin R. , Mayr Herbert 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRate constants for the reactions of dialkyl chalcogenides with laser flash photolytically generated benzhydrylium ions have been measured photometrically to integrate them into the comprehensive benzhydrylium‐based nucleophilicity scale. Combining these rate constants with the previously reported equilibrium constants for the same reactions provided the corresponding Marcus intrinsic barriers and made it possible to quantify the leaving group abilities (nucleofugalities) of dialkyl sulfides and dimethyl selenide. Due to the low intrinsic barriers, dialkyl chalcogenides are fairly strong nucleophiles (comparable to pyridine and N‐methylimidazole) as well as good nucleofuges; this makes them useful group‐transfer reagents.
Donor‐Acceptor Type Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Zhao Jinwei , Ren Junyu , Zhang Guang , Zhao Ziqiang , Liu Shiyong , Zhang Wandong , Chen Long 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntermolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect has been widely studied in both small molecules and linear polymers. Covalently‐bonded donor‐acceptor pairs with tunable bandgaps and photoelectric properties endow these materials with potential applications in optoelectronics, fluorescent bioimaging, and sensors, etc. However, owing to the lack of charge transfer pathway or effective separation of charge carriers, unfavorable charge recombination gives rise to inevitable energy loss. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) can be mediated with various geometry‐ and property‐tailored building blocks, where donor (D) and acceptor (A) segments are connected by covalent bonds and can be finely arranged to form highly ordered networks (namely D−A COFs). The unique structural features of D−A COFs render the formation of segregated D−A stacks, thus provides pathways and channels for effective charge carriers transport. This review highlights the significant progress on D−A COFs over the past decade with emphasis on design principles, growing structural diversities, and promising application potentials.
Einsatz von Lamellen‐Tropfenabscheidern in Trennkolonnen
Authors: Maćkowiak Jerzy , Maćkowiak Jan F. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTropfenabscheider sind ein wichtiger Bestandteil von Trennkolonnen. Sie werden vertikal angeströmt am Kopf von Packungs‐ oder Bodenkolonnen für Gas/Flüssigsysteme eingesetzt, um Tropfenmitriss in die Umwelt oder nachfolgende Anlagenteile zu verhindern. Die Abscheider tragen dabei auch zur Steigerung der Trenneffizienz von Kolonnen bei. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Entwicklung einer neuen Abscheidergeometrie durch Kombination von experimentellen Untersuchungen und CFD‐Studien vorgestellt. Das Ergebnis ist ein neuer Lamellenabscheider, der im Vergleich zu Standardabscheidern eine verbesserte Trennleistung bei vergleichbaren Strömungsdruckverlusten aufweist.
Risks of subsequent primary cancers among breast cancer survivors according to hormone receptor status
Authors: Sung Hyuna , Freedman Rachel A. , Siegel Rebecca L. , Hyun Noorie , DeSantis Carol E. , Ruddy Kathryn J. , Jemal Ahmedin 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundThis study was aimed at examining the risks of subsequent primary cancers (SPCs) among breast cancer survivors by hormone receptor (HR) status and age at diagnosis.MethodsData from 12 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries were used to identify 431,222 breast cancer survivors (at least 1 year) diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 84 years from 1992 to 2015. Risks of SPCs were measured as the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and the excess absolute risk (EAR) per 10,000 person‐years. Poisson regression was used to test the difference in SIRs by HR status.ResultsIn comparison with the general population, the risk of new cancer diagnoses among survivors was 20% higher for those with HR‐positive cancers (SIR, 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19‐1.21; EAR, 23.3/10,000 person‐years) and 44% higher for those with HR‐negative cancers (SIR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.41‐1.47; EAR, 45.2/10,000 person‐years), with the risk difference between HR statuses statistically significant. The higher risk after HR‐negative cancer was driven by acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and breast, ovarian, peritoneal, and lung cancers. By age at diagnosis, the total EAR per 10,000 person‐years ranged from 15.8 (95% CI, 14.1‐17.5; SIR, 1.11) among late‐onset (age, 50‐84 years) HR‐positive survivors to 69.4 (95% CI, 65.1‐73.7; SIR, 2.24) among early‐onset (age, 20‐49 years) HR‐negative survivors, with subsequent breast cancer representing 73% to 80% of the total EAR. After breast cancer, the greatest EARs were for ovarian cancer among early‐onset HR‐negative survivors, lung cancer among early‐ and late‐onset HR‐negative survivors, and uterine corpus cancer among late‐onset HR‐positive survivors.ConclusionsRisks of SPCs after breast cancer differ substantially by subtype and age. This suggests that more targeted approaches for cancer prevention and early‐detection strategies are needed in survivorship care planning.