bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of the healthcare cost of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Humayun Jhangir , Löfqvist Chatarina , Ley David , Hellström Ann , Gyllensten Hanna 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesTo determine the costs directly or indirectly related to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. The secondary objective was to stratify the costs based on gestational age and/or birth weight.DesignSystematic literature review.SettingPubMed and Scopus were searched on 3 February 2020. Studies were selected based on eligibility criteria by two independent reviewers. Included studies were further searched to identify eligible references and citations.Two independent reviewers extracted data with a prespecified data extraction sheet, including items from a published checklist for quality assessment. The costs in the included studies are reported descriptively.Primary outcome measureCosts of BPD.ResultsThe 13 included studies reported the total costs or marginal costs of BPD. Most studies reported costs during birth hospitalisation (cost range: Int$21 392–Int$1 094 509 per child, equivalent to €19 103–€977 397, in 2019) and/or during the first year of life. One study reported costs during the first 2 years; two other studies reported costs later, during the preschool period and one study included a long-term follow-up. The highest mean costs were associated with infants born at extremely low gestational ages. The quality assessment indicated a low risk of bias in the reported findings of included studies.ConclusionsThis study was the first systematic review of costs associated with BPD. We confirmed previous reports of high costs and described the long-term follow-up necessary for preterm infants with BPD, particularly infants of very low gestational age. Moreover, we identified a need for studies that estimate costs outside hospitals and after the first year of life.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020173234.
Multilevel ecological analysis of the predictors of spanking across 65 countries
Authors: Ward Kaitlin Paxton , Grogan-Kaylor Andrew , Pace Garrett T , Cuartas Jorge , Lee Shawna 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveEnding violence against children is critical to promote the health and socioemotional development of children across the globe. To this end, the UNICEF and the WHO have called for the abolishment of spanking, which is the most pervasive form of physical violence against children worldwide. This study used an ecological perspective to examine micro-level and macro-level predictors of parental spanking across 65 countries.ParticipantsData came from the fourth and fifth rounds of the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, which were administered between 2009 and 2017 (N=613 861 households). We examined the predictors of spanking using multilevel logistic regression analysis.ResultsMicro-level factors (ie, those observed at the familial level) were stronger predictors of spanking in comparison to macro-level factors (ie, those observed at the community and country level). Caregiver belief that children need physical punishment in order to be raised properly was the largest risk factor for spanking (OR=2.55, p<0.001). Older child age, the child being female, the head of the household having a secondary education or higher, and higher household wealth were protective factors against spanking, while a higher number of people living in the household was a risk factor for spanking. Living in an urban community was the only macro-level factor associated with spanking.ConclusionsIntervention at the micro-level and macro-level are important to reduce violence against children across the globe.
Sleep, biological rhythms and anxiety in the perinatal period: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Cunningham Jasmyn E A , Qureshi Aljeena R , Green Sheryl M , Frey Benicio N , Slyepchenko Anastasiya 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionPregnancy and new parenthood is an exciting time, but also a stressful life event that can predispose to mental health challenges. Perinatal anxiety is one such challenge, and is an important contributor to parental distress and other negative outcomes. Sleep and biological rhythms are often disrupted in the perinatal period. These disruptions have been associated with postpartum depression, and in some cases with perinatal anxiety. However, the literature concerning the association with perinatal anxiety is inconsistent and may be methodologically limited. To our knowledge, there has been no comprehensive review published characterising the relationships between sleep, biological rhythms, and perinatal anxiety and related disorders to date. In this systematic review, we will summarise the current state of the literature concerning these relationships, allowing us to highlight gaps and potentially inform clinical understanding of perinatal anxiety, sleep and biological rhythms.Methods and analysisPrimary research articles will be eligible for inclusion if they assess perinatal anxiety or related disorders using validated criteria (self-report or diagnostic), assess sleep and biological rhythms in the perinatal period, include >4 participants and meet other inclusion/exclusion criteria. We will conduct comprehensive searches of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase and CINAHL, with coverage spanning from database conception to search date (August 1, 2021). Key search concepts include (1) the perinatal period, (2) sleep/biological rhythms and (3) anxiety. Risk of bias will be evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Data will be narratively synthesised, with quantitative synthesis included if possible. When relevant, strength of evidence will be assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria, and potential publication bias will be assessed.Ethics and disseminationResearch ethics approval is not required. Study results will be reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Results will be disseminated to relevant stakeholders as conference presentation(s) and submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration number200166.
Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial assessing the impact of pulmonary rehabilitation on maximal exercise capacity for adults living with post-TB lung disease: Global RECHARGE Uganda
Authors: Katagira Winceslaus , Orme Mark W. , Jones Amy V. , Kasiita Richard , Jones Rupert , Barton Andy , Miah Ruhme B. , Manise Adrian , Matheson Jesse A. , Free Robert C. , Steiner Michael C. , Kirenga Bruce J. , Singh Sally J. 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionThe burden of post-tuberculosis (TB) lung disease (PTBLD) is steadily increasing in sub-Saharan Africa, causing disability among TB survivors. Without effective medicines, the mainstay of PTBLD treatment evolves around disease prevention and supportive treatment. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), a low-cost, non-pharmacological intervention has shown effectiveness in a group of PTBLD individuals but has not been tested in a clinical trial. This study aims to assess the impact of a 6-week PR programme on maximal exercise capacity and other outcomes among adults in Uganda living with PTBLD.Methods and analysisThis is a randomised waiting-list controlled trial with blinded outcome measures, comparing PR versus usual care for patients with PTBLD. A total of 114 participants will be randomised (1:1) to receive either usual care (on the waiting list) or PR, with follow-up assessments at 6 weeks and 12 weeks postintervention. The primary outcome is change in walking distance measured by the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test from baseline to the end of 6 weeks of PR. All secondary outcomes will be compared between the PR and usual care arms from baseline to 6-week and 12-week follow-ups. Secondary outcomes include self-reported respiratory symptoms, physical activity, psychological well-being, health-related quality of life and cost–benefit analysis. All randomised participants will be included in the intention-to-treat analysis population. The primary efficacy analysis will be based on both per-protocol and modified intention-to-treat populations.Ethics and disseminationThe trial has received ethical clearance from the Mulago Hospital Research and Ethics Committee (MHREC 1478), Kampala, Uganda as well as the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (SS 5105). Ethical approval has been obtained from the University of Leicester, UK research ethics committee (Ref No. 22349). Study findings will be published in appropriate peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at appropriate local, regional and international scientific meetings and conferences.Trial registration numberISRCTN18256843.Protocol versionVersion 1.0 July 2019.
Integration of symptomatic, demographical and diet-related comorbidities data with SARS-CoV-2 antibody rapid diagnostic tests during epidemiological surveillance: a cross-sectional study in Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Agustina Rina , Syam Ari Fahrial , Wirawan Fadila , Widyahening Indah S , Rahyussalim Ahmad Jabir , Yusra Yusra , Rianda Davrina , Burhan Erlina , Salama Ngabila , Daulay Rebekka , Halim Ahmad Rhyza Vertando , Shankar Anuraj H 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesAffordable options for COVID-19 epidemiological surveillance are needed. Virus detection by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) is sensitive but costly, and antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are cheap but with reduced sensitivity; both detect current infection but not exposure. RDT-IgM/IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 detect exposure but have poor sensitivity for current infection. We investigated if the integration of symptomatic, demographical and diet-related comorbidities data with antibody RDTs improves their potential to assess infection rates in addition to exposure, thereby broadening their utility for surveillance.DesignWe conducted a cross-sectional study using data from community surveillance for SARS-CoV-2. Health workers collected nasopharyngeal swabs for RT-PCR and RDT antigen assessments and venous blood for RDT-IgM/IgG from symptomatic and asymptomatic persons. Data on age, gender, contact history, symptoms (ie, fever, cough, runny nose, sore throat, headache, dyspnoea and diarrhoea), diet-related comorbidities (ie, diabetes and hypertension) and chest radiology were collected.SettingHigh-risk communities in Jakarta, Indonesia, in May 2020.Participants343 community members’ data were included.Outcome measuresRDT-IgM/IgG sensitivity, specificity and predictive values and area under receiver operating characteristic curve for RT-PCR positivity using RDT results alone and in combination with other predictors, including symptom components derived from principal component analysis.ResultsThere were 24 PCR-confirmed infections. RDT-IgM/IgG-positive tests were associated with infection (OR 10.8, 95% CI 4.43 to 26.4, p<0.001) with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.708% and 50% sensitivity, 91.5% specificity, 30.8% positive predictive value (PPV) and 96.1% negative predictive value (NPV). RDT results combined with age, gender, contact history, symptoms and comorbidities increased the AUC to 0.787 and yielded 62.5% sensitivity, 87.0% specificity, 26.6% PPV and 96.9% NPV.ConclusionsSARS-CoV-2 RDT-IgM/IgG results integrated with other predictors may be an affordable tool for epidemiological surveillance for population-based COVID-19 exposure and current infection, especially in groups with outbreaks or high transmission.
Ethnic and social inequalities in COVID-19 outcomes in Scotland: protocol for early pandemic evaluation and enhanced surveillance of COVID-19 (EAVE II)
Authors: Henery Paul , Vasileiou Eleftheria , Hainey Kirsten J , Buchanan Duncan , Harrison Ewen , Leyland Alastair H , Alexis Thomas , Robertson Chris , Agrawal Utkarsh , Ritchie Lewis , Stock Sarah Jane , McCowan Colin , Docherty Annemarie , Kerr Steven , Marple James , Wood Rachael , Moore Emily , Simpson Colin R , Sheikh Aziz , Katikireddi Srinivasa Vittal 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionEvidence from previous pandemics, and the current COVID-19 pandemic, has found that risk of infection/severity of disease is disproportionately higher for ethnic minority groups, and those in lower socioeconomic positions. It is imperative that interventions to prevent the spread of COVID-19 are targeted towards high-risk populations. We will investigate the associations between social characteristics (such as ethnicity, occupation and socioeconomic position) and COVID-19 outcomes and the extent to which characteristics/risk factors might explain observed relationships in Scotland.The primary objective of this study is to describe the epidemiology of COVID-19 by social factors. Secondary objectives are to (1) examine receipt of treatment and prevention of COVID-19 by social factors; (2) quantify ethnic/social differences in adverse COVID-19 outcomes; (3) explore potential mediators of relationships between social factors and SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 prognosis; (4) examine whether occupational COVID-19 differences differ by other social factors and (5) assess quality of ethnicity coding within National Health Service datasets.Methods and analysisWe will use a national cohort comprising the adult population of Scotland who completed the 2011 Census and were living in Scotland on 31 March 2020 (~4.3 million people). Census data will be linked to the Early Assessment of Vaccine and Anti-Viral Effectiveness II cohort consisting of primary/secondary care, laboratory data and death records. Sensitivity/specificity and positive/negative predictive values will be used to assess coding quality of ethnicity. Descriptive statistics will be used to examine differences in treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Poisson/Cox regression analyses and mediation techniques will examine ethnic and social differences, and drivers of inequalities in COVID-19. Effect modification (on additive and multiplicative scales) between key variables (such as ethnicity and occupation) will be assessed.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from the National Research Ethics Committee, South East Scotland 02. We will present findings of this study at international conferences, in peer-reviewed journals and to policy-makers.
Occupational exposure and risk of colon cancer: a nationwide registry study with emphasis on occupational exposure to zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogens
Authors: Duijster Janneke , Mughini-Gras Lapo , Neefjes Jacques , Franz Eelco 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesWhile colon cancer (CC) risk is associated with several lifestyle-related factors, including physical inactivity, smoking and diet, the contribution of occupation to CC morbidity remains largely unclear. Growing evidence indicates that gastrointestinal infections like salmonellosis could contribute to CC development. We performed a nationwide registry study to assess potential associations between occupation (history) and CC, including also those occupations with known increased exposure to gastrointestinal pathogens likeSalmonella.MethodsPerson-level occupational data for all residents in The Netherlands were linked to CC diagnosis data. Differences in the incidence of (overall, proximal and distal) CC among occupational sectors and risk groups were tested for significance by calculating standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95% CIs using the general population as reference group. Effects of gender, age, exposure duration and latency were also assessed.ResultsSignificant differences in CC incidence were observed only for a few occupational sectors, including the manufacturing of rubber and plastics, machinery and leather, the printing sector and the information service sector (SIRs 1.06–1.88). No elevated risk of CC was observed among people with increased salmonellosis risk through occupational exposure to live animals, manure or among those working in the sale of animal-derived food products (SIRs 0.93–0.95, 0.81–0.95 and 0.93–1.09 for overall, proximal and distal CC, respectively).ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that occupation in itself provides a relatively small contribution to CC incidence. This is consistent with previous studies where a similar degree of variation in risk estimates was observed. The lack of an association with the high-risk occupations for salmonellosis might be due to higher levels of physical activity, a known protective factor for CC and other diseases, of people working in the agricultural sector, which might outweigh the potentialSalmonella-associated risk of CC.
Oncogene-specific differences in tumor mutational burden, PD-L1 expression, and outcomes from immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Negrao Marcelo V , Skoulidis Ferdinandos , Montesion Meagan , Schulze Katja , Bara Ilze , Shen Vincent , Xu Hao , Hu Sylvia , Sui Dawen , Elamin Yasir Y , Le Xiuning , Goldberg Michael E , Murugesan Karthikeyan , Wu Chang-Jiun , Zhang Jianhua , Barreto David S , Robichaux Jacqulyne P , Reuben Alexandre , Cascone Tina , Gay Carl M , Mitchell Kyle G , Hong Lingzhi , Rinsurongkawong Waree , Roth Jack A , Swisher Stephen G , Lee Jack , Tsao Anne , Papadimitrakopoulou Vassiliki , Gibbons Don L , Glisson Bonnie S , Singal Gaurav , Miller Vincent A , Alexander Brian , Frampton Garrett , Albacker Lee A , Shames David , Zhang Jianjun , Heymach John V 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundNon-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients bearing targetable oncogene alterations typically derive limited benefit from immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), which has been attributed to low tumor mutation burden (TMB) and/or PD-L1 levels. We investigated oncogene-specific differences in these markers and clinical outcome.MethodsThree cohorts of NSCLC patients with oncogene alterations (n=4189 total) were analyzed. Two clinical cohorts of advanced NSCLC patients treated with ICB monotherapy [MD Anderson (MDACC; n=172) and Flatiron Health-Foundation Medicine Clinico-Genomic Database (CGDB; n=894 patients)] were analyzed for clinical outcome. The FMI biomarker cohort (n=4017) was used to assess the association of oncogene alterations with TMB and PD-L1 expression.ResultsHigh PD-L1 expression (PD-L1 ≥50%) rate was 19%–20% in classicEGFR,EGFRexon 20 andHER2-mutant tumors, and 34%–55% in tumors withALK,BRAFV600E,ROS1,RET, orMETalterations. Compared withKRAS-mutant tumors,BRAFnon-V600E group had higher TMB (9.6 vsKRAS7.8 mutations/Mb, p=0.003), while all other oncogene groups had lower TMB (p<0.001). In the two clinical cohorts treated with ICB, molecular groups withEGFR,HER2,ALK,ROS1,RET, orMETalterations had short progression-free survival (PFS; 1.8–3.7 months), whileBRAFV600E group was associated with greater clinical benefit from ICB (CGDB cohort: PFS 9.8 months vsKRAS3.7 months, HR 0.66, p=0.099; MDACC cohort: response rate 62% vsKRAS24%; PFS 7.4 vsKRAS2.8 months, HR 0.36, p=0.026).KRASG12C and non-G12C subgroups had similar clinical benefit from ICB in both cohorts. In a multivariable analysis,BRAFV600E mutation (HR 0.58, p=0.041), PD-L1 expression (HR 0.57, p=0.022), and high TMB (HR 0.66, p<0.001) were associated with longer PFS.ConclusionsHigh TMB and PD-L1 expression are predictive for benefit from ICB treatment in oncogene-driven NSCLCs. NSCLC harboringBRAFmutations demonstrated superior benefit from ICB that may be attributed to higher TMB and higher PD-L1 expression in these tumors. MeanwhileEGFRandHER2mutations andALK,ROS1,RET, andMETfusions define NSCLC subsets with minimal benefit from ICB despite high PD-L1 expression in NSCLC harboring oncogene fusions. These findings indicate a TMB/PD-L1-independent impact on sensitivity to ICB for certain oncogene alterations.
Macrocalcification of intracranial vertebral artery may be related to in-stent restenosis: lessons learned from optical coherence tomography
Authors: Xu Ran , Yang Bin , Li Long , Wang Tao , Lu Xia , Luo Jichang , Zhang Xiao , Dong Jia , Wang Yabing , Hua Yang , Ma Yan , Jiao Liqun 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundCalcification has been proven to be a marker of atherosclerosis and is related to an increased risk of ischemic stroke. Additionally, calcification was reported to be prevalent in patients with stenotic lesions of the intracranial vertebral artery. Thus, reliable imaging facilities for evaluating plaque calcification have remarkable significance in guiding stenting and predicting patient outcomes. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has a unique advantage in its ability to detect calcium and to achieve three-dimensional volumetric calcium characterization.MethodsFrom March 2017 to September 2018, seven cases of calcified lesions with intracranial vertebral artery stenosis were investigated using OCT, before and after the placement of an Apollo balloon-mounted stent. Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography was performed to identify restenosis with a mean follow-up time of 13.3 months in this case series.ResultsAll calcified lesions were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively using OCT. Among all cases, five had macrocalcifications and two had spotty calcifications. Severe in-stent restenosis was observed in two cases, both with macrocalcifications.ConclusionsThis study suggests a potential relationship between macrocalcifications and the risk of in-stent restenosis of the intracranial vertebral artery. These preliminary findings obtained from a limited sample should be verified by prospective large-scale studies.
Systematic study of the chiral magnetic effect with the AVFD model at LHC energies
Authors: Christakoglou Panos , Qiu Shi , Staa Joey 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe present a systematic study of the correlators used experimentally to probe the Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME) using the Anomalous Viscous Fluid Dynamics (AVFD) model in Pb–Pb and Xe–Xe collisions at LHC energies. We find a parametrization that describes the dependence of these correlators on the value of the axial current density ($$n_5/{\mathrm {s}}$$n5/s), which dictates the CME signal, and on the parameter that governs the background in these measurements i.e., the percentage of local charge conservation (LCC) within an event. This allows to deduce the values of$$n_5/{\mathrm {s}}$$n5/sand the LCC percentage that provide a quantitative description of the centrality dependence of the experimental measurements. We find that the results in Xe–Xe collisions at$$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm {NN}}} = 5.44$$sNN=5.44 TeV are consistent with a background only scenario. On the other hand, the model needs a significant non-zero value of$$n_5/{\mathrm {s}}$$n5/sto match the measurements in Pb–Pb collisions at$$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm {NN}}} = 5.02$$sNN=5.02 TeV.
Temporal evolution of a radiating star via Lie symmetries
Authors: Paliathanasis Andronikos , Govender Megandhren , Leon Genly 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this work we present for the first time the general solution of the temporal evolution equation arising from the matching of a conformally flat interior to the Vaidya solution. This problem was first articulated by Banerjee et al. (Phys Rev D 40:670, 1989) in which they provided a particular solution of the temporal equation. This simple exact solution has been widely utilised in modeling dissipative collapse with the most notable result being prediction of the avoidance of the horizon as the collapse proceeds. We study the dynamics of dissipative collapse arising from the general solution obtained via the method of symmetries and of the singularity analysis. We show that the end-state of collapse for our model is significantly different from the widely used linear solution.
Stability Theory for Nullity and Deficiency of Linear Relations
Authors: Kito Silas Luliro , Wanjala Gerald 
Published: August 2021

Let

A

and

B

be two closed linear relations acting between two Banach spaces

X

and

Y

, and let

λ

be a complex number. We study the stability of the nullity and deficiency of

A

when it is perturbed by

λ
B

. In particular, we show the existence of a constant

ρ
>
0

for which both the nullity and deficiency of

A

remain stable under perturbation by

λ
B

for all

λ

inside the disk

λ

<
ρ

.