bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transfer facilitation effects of morphological awareness on multicharacter word reading in Chinese as a foreign language
Authors: Ke Sihui (Echo) , Koda Keiko 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study examined the transfer facilitation effects from English morphological awareness on Chinese multicharacter word reading in English-speaking adult learners of Chinese as a foreign language (CFL). Fifty English-speaking American university CFL learners participated in our study who measured their English morphological awareness, Chinese morphological awareness, Chinese linguistic knowledge, Chinese word reading, and working memory. There were three major findings: (1) with approximately three years of formal Chinese instruction and limited Chinese print input, English-speaking adult learners of Chinese developed sensitivity to the internal morphological structure of multicharacter words in Chinese. (2) English morphological awareness did not directly contribute to Chinese bimorphemic three-character pseudoword reading yet contributed indirectly via the joint serial mediation by Chinese morphological awareness and Chinese monomorphemic two-character real word reading. (3) There was no additional influence from Chinese linguistic knowledge on Chinese word reading. And, English morphological awareness explained about 3.64% of the variance in second language Chinese bimorphemic three-character pseudoword reading. Discussion is provided regarding the transfer facilitation mechanism through which first language morphological awareness contributes to adult second language reading acquisition.
Examining the growth trajectories and cognitive predictors of reading in a consistent orthography: Evidence from a 10-year longitudinal study
Authors: Georgiou George K. , Inoue Tomohiro , Papadopoulos Timothy C. , Parrila Rauno 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe examined the growth trajectories of reading in a consistent orthography (Greek) in two developmental periods (from Grade 1 to Grade 4 and from Grade 4 to Grade 10) and what cognitive skills predict the growth patterns. Seventy-five Greek-speaking children were assessed in Grades 1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 on word-, nonword-, and text-reading fluency. In Grades 1 and 4, they were also assessed on phonological awareness, rapid naming, phonological memory, orthographic knowledge, and articulation rate. Results of growth curve modeling showed that during the first developmental period, there was a rapid initial growth from Grade 1 to Grade 2 followed by a less rapid growth from Grade 2 to Grade 4. In the second developmental period, the slow growth continued. In both developmental periods, rapid naming and orthographic knowledge predicted the initial status of all reading outcomes and phonological memory predicted the initial status of nonword-reading fluency. Phonological awareness predicted the initial status of nonword-reading fluency in the first developmental period and the initial status of word- and text-reading fluency in the second developmental period. None of the cognitive skills predicted the growth rate in reading skills. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Working memory training enhances complex syntax in children with Developmental Language Disorder
Authors: Delage Hélène , Stanford Emily , Durrleman Stephanie 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLinguistic deficits attested in children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) have been explained in terms of limitations in working memory (WM). The goal of this research is to assess whether a tailored WM program can improve the syntactic abilities of children with DLD and those with typical development (TD). We created a novel iPad application consisting of five activities specifically designed to train the components of WM that have been shown to be the most predictive of performance on tests assessing complex syntax. Thirty-two children with DLD (M = 9;0) and 18 with TD (M = 8;5) followed the WM training (lasting 12 hours). Results show significant improvement in verbal WM (direct effects) in both TD and DLD groups, and in sentence repetition (transfer effects) in the DLD group, with the most pronounced improvements observed for complex syntactic structures. This progression is not observed for 38 age-matched children of the same age who followed an alternative, global scholastic training (20 DLD, 18 TD), which proves the specific efficacy of our WM training. The logical next step will be to incorporate the training into the therapy of children with DLD in order to reinforce the potential benefit of their interventions.
Prenatal diagnosis of a right ventricular outpouching: a report of case
Authors: Subaşı Berivan , Akbaş Tolga , Demir Fadli 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe report a case of a right ventricular outpouching diagnosed during prenatal period. We defined it as an aneurysm because of its thin, hypokinetic wall, and wide neck connecting to the ventricle. Ventricular aneurysms, especially right ventricular aneurysms, are very rare cardiac malformations. Therefore, we describe a rare case of right ventricular aneurysm and the diagnostic features, differential diagnosis, and clinical features of ventricular aneurysms.
Spatiotemporal Trends and Variability in the Centroid of the Northern Hemisphere's Circumpolar Vortex
Authors: Bushra Nazla , Rohli Robert V. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecent previous research has established the “sharpest gradient” approach to defining the circumpolar vortex and has identified correlations of the area and circularity of the Northern Hemisphere's circumpolar vortex (NHCPV) to important atmospheric‐oceanic teleconnections. However, because geographical shifts in the NHCPV, independent of area or circularity changes, could affect surface environmental conditions, this research addresses the question of the extent to which the NHCPV centroid undergoes such shifts, both intra‐ and inter‐annually. Results show that during the 1979–2017 period, the centroid has moved less on a daily basis in more recent years, perhaps indicative of a stabilization in circulation, with annual and semi‐annual periodicities in the daily distance moved. A consistent preference toward the Eastern Hemisphere is evident by the displacement of the centroids toward the Pacific basin throughout the study period. Collectively, these results indicate the mid‐tropospheric response to the near‐surface warming.
Nonlinear Magnetic Gradients and Complete Magnetic Geometry From Multispacecraft Measurements
Authors: Shen Chao , Zhang Chi , Rong Zhaojin , Pu Zuyin , Dunlop Malcolm W. , Escoubet C. Philippe , Russell C. T. , Zeng Gang , Ren Nian , Burch James L. , Zhou Yufei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTopological configurations of the magnetic field play key roles in the dynamics of space plasmas. This study presents a novel algorithm that can estimate the quadratic magnetic gradient as well as the complete geometrical features of magnetic field lines, based on magnetic field and current density measurements by a multiple spacecraft constellation at four or more points. The explicit estimators for the linear and quadratic gradients, the apparent velocity of the magnetic structure and the curvature and torsion of the magnetic field lines can be obtained with well‐predicted accuracies. The feasibility and accuracy of the method have been verified with two demonstrations. The algorithm has been successfully applied to exhibit the geometrical structure of a flux rope. This algorithm has wide applications for studying a variety of magnetic configurations in space plasmas.
Detrital Zircon U‐Pb Age Distribution and Hf Isotopic Constraints From the Terrigenous Sediments of the Song Chay Suture Zone (NE Vietnam) and Their Paleogeographic Implications on the Eastern Paleo‐Tethys Evolution
Authors: Wang Yin , Lin Wei , Faure Michel , Lepvrier Claude , Chu Yang , Van Nguyen Vuong , Thu Hoai Luong Thi , Wei Wei , Liu Fei , Van Vu Tich 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe location of the suture zone between the South China Block (SCB) and the Indochina Block (IB) is disputed. Recently, along the Song Chay (Chay river) belt, a mélange zone was proposed as a potential suture zone of the SCB and IB. However, the provenance and age of the Song Chay mélange is poorly known. In order to better constrain the age and provenance of the elements forming the Song Chay mélange, nine samples of detrital material, and one orthogneiss were subjected to zircon U‐Pb and Hf isotope analysis. Detrital zircons from the silty matrix of the Song Chay mélange record three major Neoproterozoic age clusters at 580–650, 700–800, and 900–1,000 Ma, which correspond well to the substratum of the SCB. Two minor Late and Early Paleozoic age groups at 270–330, and 420–500 Ma, with mainly negative εHf(t) values were also recovered. We consider that the zircons in the matrix of the mélange were mainly derived from the subducting plate, namely the SCB. This interpretation is supported by the occurrence of lensoid sandstone blocks, representing the substratum of the SCB, included into the mélange. The deposition age of the Song Chay mélange is between 310 and 250 Ma. Our results demonstrate that in an ophiolitic mélange, the detrital material does not invariably come from the overriding plate, but at the onset of the collision, the subducting continental plate may also supply the terrigenous material.
Impact of Atmospheric Pressure Fluctuations on Nonequilibrium Transport of Volatile Organic Contaminants in the Vadose Zone: Experimental and Numerical Modeling
Authors: Qi Shengqi , Wang Yidong , Wang Liuwei , Luo Jian , Hou Deyi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAtmospheric pressure fluctuations can induce subsurface airflow, affecting Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) contaminant migration in the vadose zone. When modeling this process, traditional vapor intrusion models have relied on the assumption of local equilibrium conditions and neglected kinetic mass transfer processes among different phases. In this study, a nonequilibrium multiphase flow and transport model was developed to investigate the impact of atmospheric pressure fluctuations on VOC release from groundwater to the atmosphere. Kinetic mass transfer processes between vapor & liquid phases, and between liquid & solid phases were taken into consideration. A series of soil column experiments with downward/upward pumped gas flow were conducted to validate the model. The experimental results imply the necessity to use nonequilibrium models for quantifying the impact of atmospheric pressure fluctuation. The validated model was used to investigate the role of atmospheric pressure fluctuations for various practical hydrogeologic settings under daily pressure fluctuations. It was found that when the soil organic carbon content is relatively large, the nonequilibrium model more accurately represents VOC migration than a traditional equilibrium model. Therefore, this study suggests the need to apply nonequilibrium vapor intrusion models at sites with high soil organic matter content.
Stochastic Simulation of Tropical Cyclones for Risk Assessment at One Go: A Multivariate Functional PCA Approach
Authors: Yang Chi , Xu Jing , Yin Jianming 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA multivariate functional principal component analysis approach to the full‐track simulation of tropical cyclones (TCs) is developed for risk assessment. Elemental variables of TC along the track necessary for risk assessment, such as center coordinates, maximum wind speed, minimum central pressure and ordinal dates, can be simulated simultaneously at one go, using solely the best‐track data with no data supplemented from any other sources. The simulation model is optimally determined by means of the ladle estimator. A TC occurrence model using the Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution is proposed as well, by which different dispersion features of annual occurrence can be represented in a unified manner. With the occurrence model, TCs can be simulated on an annual basis. The modeling and simulation process is programmed and fully automated such that little manual intervention is required, which greatly improves the modeling efficiency and reduces the turnaround time, especially when newly available TC data are incorporated periodically into the model. Comprehensive evaluation shows that this approach is capable of generating high‐performance synthetic TCs in terms of distributional and extreme value features, which can be used in conjunction with wind field and engineering vulnerability models to estimate economic and insurance losses for governments and insurance/reinsurance industry.
High‐Resolution Elemental Record From the Holocene Sediments of an Alpine Lake in the Central Altai Mountains: Implications for Arctic Sea‐Ice Variations
Authors: Sun Qing , Daryin Andrei , Zhao Jiayu , Xie Manman , Darin Fedor , Rakshun Yakov , Su Youliang , Dong Haowei , Guoqiang Chu  , Wang Shuxian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIt is well known that Arctic sea ice and Arctic amplification have played an important role in recent climate change in middle to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. We present a high‐resolution elemental data set, spanning the past 9,000 years, obtained using in‐situ synchrotron radiation X‐ray fluorescence measurements of a lake sediment core from Lake Shuang in the Altai Mountains. Based on calibration against the local instrumental climatic record, the Rb/Sr ratio of the sediments is interpreted as an indicator of weathering intensity, which is related to precipitation and temperature variations. There is very little bromine in the granites and moyites in the catchment of Lake Shuang, and the sedimentary Br is derived primarily from wet deposition originating from precipitation and enriched by biogenic processes in this open lake system. The Br variation is positively correlated with local precipitation. The Rb/Sr and Br time series show distinct decadal‐scale to millennial‐scale cycles that are similar to those of Arctic sea‐ice variations, which implies the important role of Artic sea ice in modulating environmental change at Lake Shuang. Our results support a previous suggestion that sea ice loss would cause an increase in atmospheric water vapor content in the Arctic, resulting in the frequent incursion of cold air masses from the Arctic into middle latitudes, and leading to increased snow cover and precipitation, and vice versa.
Survey of Juno Observations in Jupiter's Plasma Disk: Density
Authors: Huscher E. , Bagenal F. , Wilson R. J. , Allegrini F. , Ebert R. W. , Valek P. W. , Szalay J. R. , McComas D. J. , Connerney J. E. P. , Bolton S. , Levin S. M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe explore the variation in plasma conditions through the middle magnetosphere of Jupiter with latitude and radial distance using Juno‐JADE measurements of plasma density (electrons, protons, sulfur, and oxygen ions) surveyed on Orbits 5–26 between March 2017 and April 2020. On most orbits, the densities exhibit regular behavior, mapping out a disk between 10 and 50 RJ (Jovian radii). In the disk, the heavy ions are confined close to the centrifugal equator which oscillates relative to the spacecraft due to the ∼10° tilt of Jupiter's magnetic dipole. Exploring each crossing of the plasma disk shows there are some occasions where the density profiles are smooth and well‐defined. At other times, small‐scale structures suggest temporal and/or spatial variabilities. There are some exceptional orbits where the outer regions (30–50 RJ) of the plasma disk show uniform depletion, perhaps due to enhanced ejection of plasmoids down the magnetotail, possibly triggered by solar wind compression events.
3D Geodynamic Models for HP‐UHP Rock Exhumation in Opposite‐Dip Double Subduction‐Collision Systems
Authors: Wang Xinxin , Kaus Boris J. P. , Yang Jianfeng , Wang Kun , Li Yang , Chen Ling , Zhao Liang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe dynamics of high pressure (HP) and ultra‐high pressure (UHP) rock exhumation in opposite‐dip double subduction‐collision systems remain enigmatic. Here, we present 3D thermo‐mechanical numerical models to study the geodynamics of continental‐margin subduction, collision, and crustal exhumation of HP‐UHP metamorphic rocks in oppositely dipping adjacent subduction zones. In our model setups, an initial transform‐fault separates a purely oceanic subduction zone from an adjacent oceanic subduction zone that in time transforms into continental‐margin subduction. The results show that most simulations cause continental‐margin deep subduction within the collisional belts. In contrast to the results of 2D and 3D single subduction‐collision systems, the slab‐slab interactions strongly modify the down‐channel Couette flow and the up‐channel Poiseuille flow in the interplate region when the plate edges are close to each other. This prevents the exhumation of UHP metamorphic rocks to the Earth's surface. However, far from the interplate region, rapid exhumation of UHP rocks occurs in Alpine‐type models with a low Moho temperature, strong lower crust, and fast upper‐plate divergence, whereas the Taiwan‐type models occur for a high Moho temperature, weak lower crust, fast convergence, fast erosion, and are likely to facilitate rapid dome‐like HP exhumation. Based on our results, we suggest that the main characteristics, such as deep crustal subduction and rapid exhumation of HP‐UHP metamorphic rocks during mountain building in Taiwan (∼8 Ma to present) and in the Western Alps (∼49–35 Ma), may be the result of opposite‐dip double subduction‐collision systems.
Toward Parametrization of Precipitating Shallow Cumulus Cloud Organization via Moisture Variance
Authors: Thomas Marius Levin , Bašták Ďurán Ivan , Schmidli Juerg 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe influence of the initial vertical moisture profile on precipitating shallow cumulus cloud organization in terms of the column‐averaged moisture variance is investigated using large‐eddy simulations. Five idealized simulations based on the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean field experiment with different initial moisture profiles are investigated. All cases simulate precipitating shallow cumulus convection in a marine sub‐tropical region under large‐scale subsidence. The results show that the moisture variance is mainly generated through the interaction of the moisture flux and the moisture gradient in the gradient production term at the top of the boundary layer. The development is characterized by three regimes: initial, transition, and quasi‐steady regime. During the initial regime, the moisture gradient is built up by moisture accumulation until precipitating convection starts. Within the transition regime, precipitation enables mesoscale cloud organization with enhanced convective activity and moisture fluxes. The moisture variance increases from the moist to the dry initial moisture profiles. In a following quasi‐steady regime, the moisture variance is approximately preserved. Thereby, the initial moisture gradient between the average sub‐cloud layer and the free atmosphere is found to be an important factor for the generation of the quasi‐steady column‐averaged moisture variance. The result suggests that a resolved‐scale variable like the moisture gradient can be used to estimate the quasi‐steady state conditions resulting from cloud organization. This finding may serve as a starting point for the parametrization of the subgrid scale cloud organization caused by precipitating shallow convection.
Event Scale Relationships of DOC and TDN Fluxes in Throughfall and Stemflow Diverge From Stream Exports in a Forested Catchment
Authors: Ryan Kevin A. , Adler Thomas , Chalmers Ann , Perdrial Julia , Shanley James B. , Stubbins Aron 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAquatic fluxes of carbon and nutrients link terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Within forests, storm events drive both the delivery of carbon and nitrogen to the forest floor and the export of these solutes from the land via streams. To increase understanding of the relationships between hydrologic event character and the relative fluxes of carbon and nitrogen in throughfall, stemflow and streams, we measured dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) concentrations in each flow path for 23 events in a forested watershed in Vermont, USA. DOC and TDN concentrations increased with streamflow, indicating their export was limited by water transport of catchment stores. DOC and TDN concentrations in throughfall and stemflow decreased exponentially with increasing precipitation, suggesting that precipitation removed a portion of available sources from tree surfaces during the events. DOC and TDN fluxes were estimated for 76 events across a 2‐year period. For most events, throughfall and stemflow fluxes greatly exceeded stream fluxes, but the imbalance narrowed for larger storms (>30 mm). The largest 10 stream events exported 40% of all stream event DOC whereas those same 10 events contributed 14% of all throughfall export. Approximately 2–5 times more DOC and TDN was exported from trees during rain events than left the catchment via streams annually. The diverging influence of event size on tree versus stream fluxes has important implications for forested ecosystems as hydrological events increase in intensity and frequency due to climate change.
Intensified Soil Moisture Extremes Decrease Soil Organic Carbon Decomposition: A Mechanistic Modeling Analysis
Authors: Liang Junyi , Wang Gangsheng , Singh Shikha , Jagadamma Sindhu , Gu Lianhong , Schadt Christopher W. , Wood Jeffrey D. , Hanson Paul J. , Mayes Melanie A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEarth system models have predicted that there will be more frequent and severe precipitation and drought events in terrestrial ecosystems. Microbially mediated decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) tends to increase as soils wet and decrease as soils dry. However, the long‐term SOC change under intensified moisture extremes remains poorly known as it depends on the frequency and intensity of soil drying and wetting. In this study, we explored long‐term SOC dynamics under scenarios of alternating drying‐wetting cycles using the Microbial‐ENzyme Decomposition model, a mechanistic microbial model. The model was parameterized with 11 years of observations from a temperate deciduous broadleaf forest site, showing satisfactory model performance in both model calibration (R2 = 0.67) and validation (R2 = 0.69) against heterotrophic respiration. We then used the model to simulate the long‐term SOC dynamics under five scenarios of alternating drying‐wetting cycles with different frequencies and severities over a period of 100 years. Results showed that the changes in active microbial biomass C and the corresponding turnover rates of SOC pools were more sensitive to soil drying than soil wetting. As a result, the cumulative soil carbon emission from microbial respiration decreased by 433.7 g C m−2 after the 100‐year simulation in the highest frequency and intensity moisture scenario, but was not significantly affected by the lowest frequency and intensity scenario. This study emphasizes the nonlinear response of SOC decomposition to soil moisture changes, which causes decreased decomposition by microbes under drying that is, not compensated by increased decomposition under wetting conditions.