bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chromosomes, Heredity and Sex: A Review of the Present State of the Evidence with regard to the Material Basis of Hereditary Transmission and Sex-Determination
Authors: Doncaster L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
IT is now rather over ten years since the hypothesis was first put forward that the segregation of Mendelian allelo-morphic characters is caused by the pairing in “synapsis” of chromosomes of paternal and maternal origin, and their sub-sequent separation into different gametes (58, 59, 64). At about the same time, the discovery of an “accessory chromo-some” in the spermatocytes of several Orthopterous and Hemipterous insects, which passes undivided into half the spermatids, led to the suggestion that this body was a sex-determiner (31), and shortly afterwards Castle (13) put forward the hypothesis that sex-determination is due to a pair of Mendelian factors, which segregate in gametogenesis in such a way that every germ-cell bears one or other. In this paper it is not proposed to review the earlier work, nor to give an account of all the papers which have added to our knowledge of the subject, but to summarise some of the more important lines of evidence which have become available in the last few years, so as to show as far as possible the present state of our knowledge.1 Further, it is not proposed to deal at all com-pletely with the various theoretical speculations to which the matter has given rise, except in so far as is necessary for the understanding of the way in which the facts referred to are related to the general question of the material basis of here-ditary transmission and of sex-determination.
A Cytological Study of Œnothera mut. lata and Œ. mut. semilata in Relation to Muta-tion
Authors: Gates R. Ruggles , Thomas Nesta 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The special interest which attaches to the genus Œnothera at the present time arises from the description by de Vries of the mutation phenomena in these forms. The observations of de Vries have subsequently been confirmed by various investigators, but there has been much difference of opinion concerning the nature, causes and significance of the mutations themselves as they occur in Œ.Lamarckiana and Œ. biennis.
Double Hydrocœle in the Development and Metamorphosis of the Larva of Asterias rubens, L.
Authors: Gemmill James F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
As is well known, the hydrocœle or water vascular system of Echinoderms arises from a portion of the left cœlom. The early larvae being bilaterally symmetrical, a great deal of discussion has taken place as to whether any definite portion of the right cœlomic cavity corresponds with the hydrocœle, and if so, whether this portion gives rise to any adult structure which can be identified. There has also been much speculation regarding the bilateral ancestor. On both of these problems a study of double hydrocœle—that is, the condition in which a right as well as a left hydrocœle appears—is calculated to throw light. While this is true for any kind of Echinoderm, it applies particularly in the case of A. rubens, since there is evidence that the ontogenetic history of our species belongs to the least modified type of larval development we yet know of within the phylum (4, p. 279). Again, various points in normal development are difficult to determine with certainty, on account of the great and rapid change of symmetry which occurs at metamorphosis. Welcome additional light on a. number of these points (p. 72) has accrued from a study of double hydrocœle.
On the Embryology of Stratiodrilus
Authors: Haswell W. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The development of the Histriobdellidæ is practically unknown. In fact, so far as I am aware, the only statements regarding it which have been published are contained in P. J. van Beneden’s original description of Histriobdella homari (1). These are very brief and superficial, and the figures given, except in so far as they show a process of complete segmentation and the absence of any metamorphosis, do not throw much light on the essentials of the development.
The Development of the Sperm Duct, Oviduct, and Spermatheca in Tubifex rivulorum
Authors: Gatenby J. Bronté 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Some months ago Mr. E. S. Goodrich kindly suggested that I should investigate the developmental history of the sperm duct in Tubifex. In this paper I have also described the formation of the oviduct and spermatheca. There is no modern description of the organogeny of the genital ducts of any Oligochæte of the Tubificid type. In 1886 Bergh (1) described, by means of the serial section method, the development of the genitalia of some Lumbricid worms ; but histological detail of the kind, made possible by modern instruments and technique, is naturally lacking. Nevertheless, Bergh’s results are, in the main, quite in agreement with my own. When Bergh wrote his paper comparative anatomists believed that the genital ducts of Annelids were always, in some way or other, connected phylogenetically with the nephridia. Even as late as 1895, F. E. Beddard (2), in his admirable monograph on the Oligochæta, wrote : “The generative ducts of the Oligochæta have for a long time been believed to have some connection with the nephridia, but the precise nature of this relation has only quite recently been cleared up.” The belief in the phylogenetic relation between nephridium and gonoduct was at that time one of the important doctrines of the comparative anatomist, being applied to the Hirudinea and Polychæta as well; but was soon to be completely upset by Mr. E. S. Goodrich (3 and 3a) in a series of important papers published in the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science? The main results derived from a study of the genital duct and nephridium in the Polychæta are summed up in a paper published in 1900 (36). Though Bergh nearly thirty years ago contributed evidence for the modern view of the nature and phylogenetic significance of the gonoduct and nephridium of Oligochæta, a view applying, to all Annelida, and showed how completely independent were these structures in Lumbricus, investigators preferred almost to ignore his work, and to search in other types of Oligochæta for evidence of the supposed phylogenetic relation of genital duct and nephridium. Thus, though the modern view of the relation of these organs has been worked out first in the Polychæta, it will be seen that some evidence for Mr. Goodrich’s views had already been accumulated in Oligochæta.
On the Development of the Cape Cephalodiscus (C. gilchristi, Ridewood)
Authors: Gilchrist J. D. F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In October, 1915, I recorded some observations on living specimens of the Cape Cephalodiscus, its eggs and larvæ (4). I had hoped in the following summer to be able to procure additional specimens, more especially of advanced larvæ, showing the process of metamorphosis. Contrary however, to all expectations, not a single living specimen was procured by the trawlers during the summer months. One colony, very much damaged, and with the zooid cavities filled with sand grains, was found on a sandy bottom, some six or eight miles from the usual habitat of the animal, of value only as indicating that the animal may be carried some distance by currents. The reason for this scarcity probably was, as suggested by the captains of the trawlers, that there had been no heavy seas, and no great “drawback ” or strong currents to detach the colonies from the rocky ground which, there is reason to believe, is their natural habitat.
Note on the Sex of a Tadpole raised by Artificial Parthenogenesis
Authors: Gatenby J. Brontè 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
With the object of ascertaining what is the sex of tadpoles of R. temporaria raised by artificial parthenogenesis I undertook some experiments last April. As my intention was to procure as many tadpoles as possible, I adhered to the method of smearing the eggs with a mixture of blood and lymph and then pricking each one with a very fine glass needle. The usual precautions were taken in this work, even the water in which the eggs were raised being drawn from a tank where it had remained for several days; the frogs were carefully washed in alcohol before opening, and the eggs were not allowed to touch the skin while being withdrawn from the swollen uterus.
An Easy Way of Demonstrating the Nuclei of Nerve Fibres
Authors: Reborn Henry E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While attending the histology class this summer, I, in common with my neighbours, found great difficulty in rendering visible the nuclei of teased, fresh nerve fibres. Using gentian violet as recommended in Sir Edward Schäfer’s ‘Essentials of Histology,’ the nerve fibres were almost uniformly stained, and the nuclei did not stand out convincingly. I tried other stains with equally disappointing results, and at last, in desperation, I used a mixture of nearly all the stains on the table (Ehrlich’s hæmatoxylin, methylene blue, and alcoholic solution of eosin) and thus obtained a preparation in which blue nuclei stood out prominently on a reddish background. The preparation was shown to Dr. de Souza and Prof. Halliburton, who suggested to me that I should proceed to investigate the matter and ascertain what was the cause of success in this “blunderbuss” experiment.
The Degenerate (Apyrene) Sperm-formation of Moths as an Index to the Inter-relation-ship of the Various Bodies of the Spermatozoon
Authors: Brouté Oaten J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
(1) In Lepidoptera degeneration of cell elements take place at all stages of spermatogenesis.
(2) Degeneration of the chromosomes just after the second maturation division leads to what has been called “apyrene “spermatozoa.
(3) “Apyrene,” “oligopyrene,” and “enpyrene “spermatozoa are not separate kinds in Lepidoptera, but all intermediate stages are to be found.
(4) It is suggested that in Lepidoptera these terms lack the significance which has been attached to them.
(5) Degeneration may set in just when the cell elements are about to be properly orientated before spermiogenesis, and in such cases the nucleus and head centrosome fail to join. The former sinks down the lengthening sperm.
(6) The acroblasts almost always accompany the nucleus and form a normal acrosome.
(7) In degenerate spermatids where the chromsomcs fail to join up normally, the macromitosome (nebenkern) may be normally formed,
(8) The macromitosome may become normally elongated in sperms in which the nuclei are degenerate.
(9) It is suggested that the abnormal sperms are unable to bring about fertilisation.
(10) Individual nuclei can be reconstituted from separate chromosomes.
(11) At least partial inter-dependence of some cell elements is indicated by degenerate stages.
(12) Two centres of force, lodged respectively in the nucleus and in the centrosome, seem to be present.
Note on the Development of Trichogramma evanescens.
Authors: Gatenby J. Bronte 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this short note is to correct some errors which were overlooked in a recent paper by me. These-mistakes, which are in my text references to the figures of the development of Trichogramma, are as follows, and occur in my paper on “The Embryonic Development of Trichogramma Evanescens, a Monembryonic Egg Parasite of Donacia Simplex,” (‘Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci.,’ vol. 62,. part 2, February, 1917).
On Some New Phelliinæ From New Guinea
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The genus Phellia, instituted by Gosse (14) and placed in the family Sagartiadæ, was originally defined by him as follows: “Base adhering to rocks; little exceeding the column. Column pillar-like in expansion; the margin tentaculate, without parapet or fosse. Surface smooth, pierced with loop-holes; partly clotted with a tough epidermis, which is rough externally, firmly adherent to the skin. Disc concave; the edge not undulate. Tentacles few, in more than one row; barred. Mouth not raised on a cone; lip thickened. Acontia discharged but reluctantly.”
Some Observations on the Early Development of Didelphys Aurita. (Contributions to the Embryology of the Marsupialia.—V.)
Authors: Hill J. P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The observations recorded in this paper are the outcome of the examination of a small amount of early material of (abstract) Didelphys aurita collected by the Percy Sladen Expedition in Brazil in 1913. The chief object of that expedition was the collection of embryological material of South American mammals, and more especially of the Didelphyidæ. Up to the beginning of 1916, our knowledge of the early development of the latter rested on the well-known account given by the late Emil Selenka in 1886 of that of the Virginian opossum (Didelphys virginian a). Selenka’s conclusions, as I have pointed out in my paper on the early development of Dasyurus (‘10), were derived from the study of a relatively small amount of material, much of it of very doubtful value, and differ in essential respects from my own, based on the study of an abundant material of Dasyurus, and as we should not expect à priori to find fundamental differences in the early development of two animals so closely related as Didelphys and Dasyurus undoubtedly are, the need for a re-investigation of the early development of the former was sufficiently obvious.
A Revision of Certain Points in the Early Development of Peripatus capensis.
Authors: H. Glen Edith 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Some valuable material of Peripatus capensis and Peripatus Balfouri was very kindly presented to the Zoological Laboratory of the Imperial College of Science by the widow of the late Prof. Adam Sedgwick, and at the suggestion of Prof. MacBride, who handed over the material to me, I have revised two points in Prof. Sedgwick’s “Monograph of the Development of Peripatus capensis,” which had raised a great deal of controversy when the paper was published.
The Somatic Mitosis of Stegomyia fasciata
Authors: Carter Lucy A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The diploid number of chromosomes in Stegomyia fasciata is four. A varying degree of parasyndesis (pairing of the chromosomes) is exhibited in the somatic cells, extreme parasyndesis giving a haploid count. Bach telophasic mass of chromatin gives rise directly to a synizetic nucleus instead of the usual “resting” nucleus. The nuclear membrane persists throughout mitosis. The homologous chromosomes pair either in anaphase or in telophase.
On the Cytomorphosis of the Enamel Organ in the Hake
Authors: Carter J. Thornton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the Gadidæ each tooth is surmounted by a pointed cap of enamel which rests on a platform of dentine, whose central area extends into the enamel cap, thus affording a firm support without increasing the outside dimensions of the tooth over this area. The development of this enamel cap is associated with certain marked changes in the enamel cells investing it.
On the Orientation of Minute Objects for the Microtome
Authors: Newth H. G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
For some time past the work I have been engaged upon lias necessitated the sectioning of large numbers of minute larvæ, whose small size and lack of obvious symmetry or external “landmarks “made them extraordinarily difficult things to prepare for the microtome, and in no degree amenable to the ordinary methods of embedding. None of the various devices that are current will give, in my experience, anything approaching exact orientation—upon which often depends the very possibility of interpreting the sections when they are cut; and this is because in none of them are the essential operations conducted at leisure, at the ordinary temperature, and with the object plainly seen under the microscope. A method which combines the satisfaction of these requirements with the advantages of double-embedding in collodion and wax is given below. By its use I have been able to obtain precise orientation of such small objects as the early larval stages of Amphioxus, Ciona and Cucumaria,.and of the cleavage stages of Echinus and Ascidiella.
The Effects of Ions upon Ciliary Movement
Authors: Gray J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The experiments described in this paper constitute an attempt to determine the necessary external conditions which support ciliary action. Concerning the mechanism of the cell itself practically nothing is known, and comparatively little work has been done to determine the factors involved by the external medium. In 1902-1906 R,. S. Lillie published a series of papers dealing with ciliary action; since then our knowledge of the physical chemistry of solutions of electrolytes has greatly increased, and it seemed desirable to re-open this line of investigation.
Some Observations on Caudal Autotomy and Regeneration in the Gecko (Hemidactylus flaviviridis, Rüppel), with Notes on the Tails of Sphenodon and Pygopus.
Authors: Woodland W. N. F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the rainy seasons (July to October) of 1914 and 1918 I made a large number of observations and experiments on the facts of caudal autotomy and regeneration in the common Indian Gecko, Hemidactylus flaviviridis1 (Rüppel), a very familiar and useful ‘snapper-up of unconsidered [insect] trifles ‘found on the walls of every bungalow in the United Provinces. In January 1915 I read a brief paper2 on the subject at Madras on the occasion of the second meeting of the Indian Science Congress, but until the present year I have not had an opportunity of writing up a complete description of the results obtained by me.
The Occurrence of Situs inversus among artificially-reared Echinoid Larvae
Authors: Ohshima Hiroshi 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A Remarkable case, where a hydrocoele and its associated structure had developed only on the right side instead of on the left side of the body, as in normal specimens, came under my notice among the artificially reared larvae of Echinus m i 1 i a r i s.
A Critical Study of the Facts of Artificial Fertilization and Normal Fertilization
Authors: Gray J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Facts concerning the process of fertilization and of artificial parthenogenesis have steadily accumulated during the past thirty years, and although numerous suggestions have been put forward as partial explanations of this imposing mass of experimental evidence, yet there are only two theories which claim to give an adequate picture of even a majority of the known facts. These theories we owe to J. Loeb (24) and to F. R. Lillie (20). According to Loeb, the activation of an unfertilized egg is effected by the introduction into the egg of two substances, (i) a specific cytolysin, which brings about the destruction of the surface layer of the egg, and (ii) a substance which limits or controls the destructive influence of the cytolysin. On the other hand, Lillie holds that the union of the egg and spermatozoon is only possible in the presence of a specific substance or fertilizin which is secreted by the unfertilized egg ; if all three elements are present fertilization and normal development take place.
The Nature of certain Ovum-like Bodies found in the Seminiferous Tubules
Authors: Crew F. A. E. , Fell Honor B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the systematic examination of a goat with, an abnormal reproductive system sent to this Department by Mr. T. H. Gillespie, Director-Secretary of the Scottish Zoological Park, certain peculiar ovum-like bodies were found within the seminiferous tubules of the ectopic testes.1 In order to decide as to the exact nature of these, it was necessary to extend the investigation so as to include an examination of other abnormal gonads. To Mr. M. S. Pease, of the School of Agriculture, Cambridge, we are indebted for an undescended testis from a rabbit in which he had found bodies exactly similar to those found by us in the case of the goat, and also for permission to include a description of his series in this paper. An undescended testis from the human was sent to this Department by Sir Edward Sharpey Schafer, and one from a cat by Mr. A. Cameron, of the Royal (Dick) Veterinary College. Without this material our work must have remained very incomplete, and in acknowledging our debt we wish to render our grateful thanks.
Glossobalanus marginatus, a new species of Enteropneusta from the North Sea
Authors: Meek Alexander 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The only species of Enteropneusta which have been recorded from the area of the British Isles are two species of the genus Dolichoglossus, one from the west coast of Ireland (Ballynakill Harbour—Tattersail, 1905), the other from the west coast of Scotland (Sound of Mull—Assheton, 1908). These presumably, like other species of the genus, have an embryonic development. The occasional capture of Tornaria off the coast of Ireland, in the Irish Sea, in the Channel, and at St. Andrews have indicated that Balano-glossus and its allies occur also in the area, but hitherto such have evaded capture. The specimen about to be described was captured off the Fame Islands and thus extends the range of the group to the east coast and the North Sea, and it has the further importance of belonging to a genus and a family the members of which more than probably pass through a larval phase. The specimen was obtained during a survey made off the coast of Northumberland by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries at a depth of about 52 fathoms off the Longstone, the instrument in use being a small Petersen grab. The position of the boat at the time (9 a.m. on August 22, 1921) was 55° 83′ N., 1° W. I have to thank the scientific staff for kindly submitting the specimen to me for description.
On the Biology and Structure of the Larvae of Hydrophilus caraboides L
Authors: Pavlovsky E. N. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In May 1918 I captured in the vicinity of Petrograd some cocoons of a hydrophilus beetle, one of which I kept for breeding purposes. On June 13 there emerged about fifty small larvae very similar to Hydrophilus caraboides. These latter are characterized by the presence of a pair of lateral (pleural) appendages covered with a dense brush of hairs on each of the seven abdominal segments (Text-fig. 13, pla).
On some remarkable new Forms of Caryophyl-laeidae from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, and a Revision of the Families of the Cestodaria
Authors: Woodland W.N.F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Four remarkable new species of Caryophyllaeidae from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan are described, three of which (from Siluroid fishes) are referred to a new genus, Wenyonia —W. virilis, W. acuminata, and W. minuta—and the fourth (from M o r m y r u s c a s c h i v e) to the original genus Caryophyllaeus—C, filiformis. The chief characteristics of the new genus are the situation of the sexual apertures in the anterior half of the body, and the elongated uterus. The family Caryophyllaeidae, after deletion of the genera Diporus, Monobothrium, and Glaridacris, thus contains three genera—Caryophyllaeus, Archigetes, and W e n y o n i a—all of which are re-defined, with their known species. Very young immature forms of Wenyonia occur in the same (Siluroid) host as the adult and are devoid of a ‘caudal ‘appendage, whence it would appear that the life-history of these new forms is different from that of C. laticeps. The three families of the Cestodaria—Caryophyllaeidae, Gyrocotylidae, and Amphilinidae—are re-defined. The Cestodaria, after eliminating Bangui ni cola (a Trematode ?), are provisionally grouped into two Orders : the Amphilinidea (with one family, the Amphilinidae) and the Paralinidea (with two families, the Caryophyllaeidae and the Gyrocotylidae), the latter being closely allied to the Bothriocephalidae. These two Orders are defined.