bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-model mapping of phonemic fluency
Authors: Cipolotti Lisa , Xu Tianbo , Harry Bronson , Mole Joe , Lakey Grace , Shallice Tim , Chan Edgar , Nachev Parashkev 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe voluntary generation of non-overlearned responses is usually assessed with phonemic fluency. Like most frontal tasks, it draws upon different complex processes and systems whose precise nature is still incompletely understood. Many claimed aspects regarding the pattern of phonemic fluency performance and its underlying anatomy remain controversial. Major limitations of past investigations include small sample size, scant analysis of phonemic output and methodologically insufficient lesion analysis approaches. We investigated a large number of patients with focal unilateral right or left frontal (n = 110) or posterior (n = 100) or subcortical (n = 65) lesions imaged with magnetic resonance or computed tomography and compared their performance on the number of overall responses, words produced over time, extremely infrequent/unknown words and inappropriate words generated. We also employed, for the first time parcel-based lesion-symptom mapping, tract-wise statistical analysis as well as Bayesian multi-variate analysis based on meta-analytically defined functional region of interest, including their interactions. We found that left frontal damage was associated with greater impairment than right frontal or posterior damage on overall fluency performance, suggesting that phonemic fluency shows specificity to frontal lesions. We also found that subcorticals, similar to frontals, performed significantly worse than posteriors on overall performance suggesting that subcortical regions are also involved. However, only frontal effects were found for words produced over time, extremely infrequent/unknown and inappropriate words. Parcel-based lesion-symptom mapping analysis found that worse fluency performance was associated with damage to the posterior segment of the left frontal middle and superior gyrus, the left dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus and caudate nucleus. Tract-wise statistical analysis revealed that disconnections of left frontal tracts are critical. Bayesian multi-variate models of lesions and disconnectome maps implicated left middle and inferior frontal and left dorsomedial frontal regions. Our study suggests that a set of well localized left frontal areas together with subcortical regions and several left frontal tracts are critical for word generation. We speculate that a left lateralized network exists. It involves medial, frontal regions supporting the process of ‘energization’, which sustains activation for the duration of the task and middle and inferior frontal regions concerned with ‘selection’, required due to the competition produced by associated stored words, respectively. The methodology adopted represents a promising and empirically robust approach in furthering our understanding of the neurocognitive architecture underpinning executive processes.
Optimal minimax rates against nonsmooth alternatives
Authors: Hitomi Kohtaro , Iwasawa Masamune , Nishiyama Yoshihiko 
Published: October 2021

Summary
This study investigates optimal minimax rates for specification testing when the alternative hypothesis is built on a set of nonsmooth functions. The set consists of bounded functions that are not necessarily differentiable with no smoothness constraints imposed on their derivatives. In the instrumental variable regression set up with an unknown error variance structure, we find that the optimal minimax rate is $n^{-1/4}$, where n is the sample size. The rate is achieved by a simple test based on the difference between nonparametric and parametric variance estimators. Simulation studies illustrate that the test has reasonable power against various nonsmooth alternatives. The empirical application to Engel curves specification emphasizes the good applicability of the test.
Distributional robustness of K-class estimators and the PULSE
Authors: Jakobsen Martin Emil , Peters Jonas 
Published: October 2021

SummaryWhile causal models are robust in that they are prediction optimal under arbitrarily strong interventions, they may not be optimal when the interventions are bounded. We prove that the classical K-class estimator satisfies such optimality by establishing a connection between K-class estimators and anchor regression. This connection further motivates a novel estimator in instrumental variable settings that minimizes the mean squared prediction error subject to the constraint that the estimator lies in an asymptotically valid confidence region of the causal coefficient. We call this estimator PULSE (p-uncorrelated least squares estimator), relate it to work on invariance, show that it can be computed efficiently, as a data-driven K-class estimator, even though the underlying optimization problem is nonconvex, and prove consistency. We evaluate the estimators on real data and perform simulation experiments illustrating that PULSE suffers from less variability. There are several settings, including weak instrument settings, where it outperforms other estimators.
Importance of diagnostic setting in determining mortality in patients with new-onset heart failure: temporal trends in Denmark from 1997 to 2017
Authors: Arulmurugananthavadivel Anojhaan , Holt Anders , Parveen Saaima , Lamberts Morten , Gislason Gunnar H , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Madelaire Christian , Andersson Charlotte , Zahir Deewa , Butt Jawad H , Petrie Mark C , McMurray John , Fosbol Emil L , Kober Lars , Schou Morten 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aim
To investigate temporal trends in inpatient vs. outpatient diagnosis of new-onset heart failure (HF) and the subsequent risk of death and hospitalization.

Methods and results
Using nationwide registers, 192 581 patients with a first diagnosis of HF (1997–2017) were included. We computed incidences of HF, age-standardized mortality rates, and absolute risks (ARs) of death and hospitalization (accounting for competing risk of death) to understand the importance of the diagnosis setting in relation to subsequent mortality and hospitalization. The overall incidence of HF was approximately the same (170/100 000 persons) every year during 1997–2017. However, in 1997, 77% of all first diagnoses of HF were made during a hospitalization, whereas the proportion was 39% in 2017. As inpatient diagnoses decreased, outpatient diagnoses increased from 23% to 61%. Outpatients had lower mortality and hospitalization rates than inpatients throughout the study period, although the 1-year age-standardized mortality rate decreased for each inpatient (24 to 14/100-person) and outpatient (11 to 7/100-person). One-year and five-year AR of death decreased by 11.1% and 17.0%, respectively, for all HF patients, while the risk of hospitalization for HF did not decrease significantly (1.13% and 0.96%, respectively).

Conclusion
Between 1997 and 2017, HF changed from being primarily diagnosed during hospitalization to being mostly diagnosed in the outpatient setting. Outpatients had much lower mortality rates than inpatients throughout the study period. Despite a significant decrease in mortality risk for all HF patients, neither inpatients nor outpatients experienced a reduction in the risk of an HF hospitalization.
The survival of blown pack spoilage associatedClostridium estertheticumandClostridium gasigenesspores during the ensiling of grass
Authors: Esteves Eden , Whyte Paul , Gupta Tanushree B , Bolton Declan 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTBlown pack spoilage (BPS) of vacuum packaged primals, caused by Clostridium estertheticum and Clostridium gasigenes, is a serious issue for the beef industry. There are multiple sources of these bacteria on beef farms, including grass and associated feed preparations. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival of C. estertheticum and C. gasigenes spores during the ensiling of grass and the subsequent opening of the silos. Grass, harvested from fields, with and without cattle slurry amendment, was inoculated with approximately 100 spores/g and ensiled using a laboratory (silo) model system at 20°C in the dark. Adding formic acid or sucrose resulted in six treatment combination as follows: no slurry (NS), no slurry plus formic acid (NSFA), no slurry plus sucrose (NSS), slurry (S), slurry plus formic acid (SFA) and slurry plus sucrose (SS). During the silage fermentation, samples were removed periodically and tested for C. estertheticum, C. gasigenes, total viable, Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts. The pH, ethanol, volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactic acid and ammonia concentrations were also monitored throughout the experiment. C. estertheticum did not survive the ensiling process, regardless of treatment. In contrast, C. gasigenes grew in the early stages and was detected during the entirety of the fermentation for all treatments. Based on these observations, it was concluded that the silage fermentation process described would not remove C. gasigenes and contaminated grass may result in contaminated feed for animals.
Ongoing Refinement and Innovation in the Data Collection Protocols of the Third Round of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project
Authors: O’Doherty Katie , Lawrence Daniel , Wiencrot Anna , Walsh Sara , Satorius Jennifer , Burgess Erin , Sedlak Lauren , Koepp Kriston , Smith Stephen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The third round (R3) of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, a nationally representative, longitudinal survey of community-residing older adults, consisted of 4,777 in-person interviews and 6,100 completed visits to households to identify newly eligible respondents. It revisited respondents from the first rounds (Cohort 1), born in the years 1920 through 1947, and added new respondents (Cohort 2) born in the years 1948 through 1965. Coresidential romantic partners of both cohorts were also eligible. Data collection included in-person questionnaires, up to 11 biomeasures, and a self-administered, postinterview paper questionnaire.

Methods
Questionnaire domains included social network and social support, elder mistreatment, physical health, cognitive function, romantic partners and sexuality, fertility and menopause, mental health, and employment and finances. Biomeasure collection included height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure and heart rate, timed walk, balance, chair stands, smell, saliva passive drool in a tube (cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone), dried blood spots (C-reactive protein, Epstein–Barr virus antibodies, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c], total cholesterol), and accelerometry (sleep patterns and physical activity). A brief questionnaire also collected data on respondents who were deceased or in too poor health to participate.

Results
Measures such as response and cooperation rates are provided to evaluate the design and implementation.

Discussion
This article describes innovation in the development and implementation of R3, the recruitment of a new cohort of respondents, and fidelity to prior rounds’ study design and data collection procedures.
Caenorhabditis elegans provides an efficient drug screening platform for GNAO1-related disorders and highlights the potential role of caffeine in controlling dyskinesia
Authors: Di Rocco Martina , Galosi Serena , Lanza Enrico , Tosato Federica , Caprini Davide , Folli Viola , Friedman Jennifer , Bocchinfuso Gianfranco , Martire Alberto , Di Schiavi Elia , Leuzzi Vincenzo , Martinelli Simone 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Dominant GNAO1 mutations cause an emerging group of childhood-onset neurological disorders characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, movement disorders, drug-resistant seizures and neurological deterioration. GNAO1 encodes the α-subunit of an inhibitory GTP/GDP-binding protein regulating ion channel activity and neurotransmitter release. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying GNAO1-related disorders remain largely elusive and there are no effective therapies. Here, we assessed the functional impact of two disease-causing variants associated with distinct clinical features, c.139A &gt; G (p.S47G) and c.662C &gt; A (p.A221D), using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. The c.139A &gt; G change was introduced into the orthologous position of the C. elegans gene via CRISPR/Cas9, whereas a knock-in strain carrying the p.A221D variant was already available. Like null mutants, homozygous knock-in animals showed increased egg laying and were hypersensitive to aldicarb, an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, suggesting excessive neurotransmitter release by different classes of motor neurons. Automated analysis of C. elegans locomotion indicated that goa-1 mutants move faster than control animals, with more frequent body bends and a higher reversal rate and display uncoordinated locomotion. Phenotypic profiling of heterozygous animals revealed a strong hypomorphic effect of both variants, with a partial dominant-negative activity for the p.A221D allele. Finally, caffeine was shown to rescue aberrant motor function in C. elegans harboring the goa-1 variants; this effect is mainly exerted through adenosine receptor antagonism. Overall, our findings establish a suitable platform for drug discovery, which may assist in accelerating the development of new therapies for this devastating condition, and highlight the potential role of caffeine in controlling GNAO1-related dyskinesia.
Impact of pretransplant left ventricular assist device support duration on outcome after heart transplantation
Authors: Immohr Moritz Benjamin , Aubin Hug , Erbel-Khurtsidze Sophiko , Dalyanoglu Hannan , Bruno Raphael Romano , Westenfeld Ralf , Tudorache Igor , Akhyari Payam , Boeken Udo , Lichtenberg Artur 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Heart transplantation after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation remains challenging. It is still unclear whether its support duration impacts the outcome after transplantation.

METHODS
All patients undergoing heart transplantation between 2010 and 2021 at a single department after previous left ventricular assistance were retrospectively reviewed and divided into 4 different study groups with regard to the duration of LVAD support to examine the impact on the postoperative morbidity and mortality.

RESULTS
A total of n = 198 patients were included and assigned to the 4 study groups (group 1: &lt;90 days, n = 14; group 2: 90 days to 1 year, n = 31; group 3: 1–2 years, n = 29; group 4: &gt;2 years, n = 24). Although there were no differences between the 4 groups concerning relevant mismatch between the recipients and donors, the incidence of primary graft dysfunction was numerically increased in patients with the shortest support duration, and also those patients with &gt;1 year of support (group 1: 35.7%, group 2: 25.8%, group 3: 41.4%, group 4: 37.5%, P = 0.63). The incidence of acute graft rejection was by trend increased in patients of group 1 (group 1: 28.6%, group 2: 3.3%, group 3: 7.1%, group 4: 12.5%, P = 0.06). Duration of LVAD support did not impact on perioperative adverse events (infections, P = 0.79; acute kidney injury, P = 0.85; neurological events, P = 0.74; thoracic bleeding, P = 0.61), neither on postoperative survival (1-year survival: group 1: 78.6%, group 2: 66.7%, group 3: 80.0%, group 4: 72.7%, P = 0.74).

CONCLUSION
We cannot identify a significant impact of the duration of pretransplant LVAD support on postoperative outcome; therefore, we cannot recommend a certain timeframe for transplantation of LVAD patients.
Meaningful Engagement from the Bottom-Up? Taking Stock of Participation in Transitional Justice Processes
Authors: Firchow Pamina , Selim Yvette 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
This article surveys the literature on participation in transitional justice (TJ) focusing primarily on victims and bottom-up actors. We argue that often the preoccupation in TJ has been with greater rather than more meaningful participation, and that there needs to be a concerted effort to focus on everyday actors, including their voices, needs and priorities. Consideration also needs to be given as to whether meaningful participation can occur without genuine obligation and commitment to heeding participants’ input, and greater consideration is required to measure and build an evidence-base regarding participatory TJ efforts and their outcomes. We advocate for further discussion in theory and in practice about how participation in TJ can be reimagined toward actor oriented, bottom-up led processes that lead to meaningful outcomes. We suggest that TJ specific participation considerations are required and refer to existing theoretical considerations and models from other disciplines and sectors as helpful departure points.
Use of clinical data to augment healthcare worker contact tracing during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Hong Peter , Herigon Joshua C , Uptegraft Colby , Samuel Bassem , Brown D Levin , Bickel Jonathan , Hron Jonathan D 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective
This work examined the secondary use of clinical data from the electronic health record (EHR) for screening our healthcare worker (HCW) population for potential exposures to patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Materials and Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study at a free-standing, quaternary care pediatric hospital comparing first-degree, patient-HCW pairs identified by the hospital’s COVID-19 contact tracing team (CTT) to those identified using EHR clinical event data (EHR Report). The primary outcome was the number of patient-HCW pairs detected by each process.

Results
Among 233 patients with COVID-19, our EHR Report identified 4116 patient-HCW pairs, including 2365 (30.0%) of the 7890 pairs detected by the CTT. The EHR Report also revealed 1751 pairs not identified by the CTT. The highest number of patient-HCW pairs per patient was detected in the inpatient care venue. Nurses comprised the most frequently identified HCW role overall.

Conclusions
Automated methods to screen HCWs for potential exposures to patients with COVID-19 using clinical event data from the EHR (1) are likely to improve epidemiological surveillance by contact tracing programs and (2) represent a viable and readily available strategy that should be considered by other institutions.
Ultrasonic-Assisted Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction Combined with Macroporous Resin Enrichment of Lignans from Flaxseed Meal and Their Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Zhang Zhizhou , Zhang Yongchao , Wu Yichao , Xu Yongxiang , Jiang Yuanyuan , Zhang Yunsong , Wang Long , Zhang Li 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is a natural antioxidant generally extracted from flaxseed, which is one of the most important oil crops in China, the by-product of the flaxseed oil, i.e., flaxseed meal still contains a lot of lignans. However, flaxseed meal is generally treated as waste, resulting in a huge waste of resources.

Objective
To establish an efficient and convenient method for extraction and purification of lignans from flaxseed meal.

Methods
First, we used response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the extraction conditions of the ultrasonic-assisted (UA) aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), and we obtained the purified extracts by macroporous resin purification (MRP). Second, the antioxidant ability of the extracts was studied in vitro.

Results
The best extraction conditions obtained were as follows: 9.0% (w/w) sodium hydroxide; 30.0% (w/w) isopropanol; extraction time, 39 min; liquid-to-solid ratio, 52.0 mL/g; ultrasonic wave, 560 W; and extraction temperature, 40°C. Under the optimal conditions, the purity of crude extracts (SDG-APTS-C) reached 21.5%. The desorption conditions of MRP were as follows: eluting 3 BV with ultrapure water, and then eluting with 25% ethanol at 2 BV (bed volume)/h to collect eluents. The purified extracts (SDG-ATPS-P) had a purity quotient of 73.9%, which was 52.4% higher than that of SDG-ATPS-C. Additionally, experiments conducted revealed that SDG-ATPS-C and SDG-ATPS-P could effectively remove DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS （2,-Azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate）, and hydroxyl free radicals in vitro.

Conclusions
The method was validated for extracting SDG from flaxseed meal, thus achieving the reuse of flaxseed meal.

Highlights
This research provides some references for the application of UAATPS combined with MRP in natural products.
How a trematode parasite (MicrophallusWard, 1901) impacts the grazing behavior of an aquatic keystone species, the rusty crayfishFaxonius rusticusGirard, 1852 (Decapoda: Decapoda: Astacidea: Cambaridae)
Authors: MacKay Rebecca Noel , Moore Paul A 
Published: October 2021

AbstractParasites can alter a wide range of host behaviors resulting in changes in organismal interactions and ecosystem processes. One of the most important behaviors that controls food web dynamics is herbivore grazing because an alteration in grazing behavior leads to changes in trophic dynamics and ecosystem processes by changing the abundance and diversity of primary producers. To test whether parasite load can alter host grazing levels and choices, feeding trials were conducted using the keystone species, the rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus (Girard, 1852), grazing on a selection of macrophyte species. The rusty crayfish is a keystone species because its grazing significantly alters the abundance of macrophytes in freshwater ecosystems. We used a total of 165 wild-caught, naturally-infected crayfish individuals with a wide range of parasite loads by species of the digenetic trematode Microphallus Ward, 1901. Crayfish were presented with 1 g each of the macrophytes Elodea canadensis (Michaux), Ceratophyllum demersum (L), Chara sp., and Potamogeton richardsonii (A. Benn.) in a 23-hr foraging assay. Subsequently, crayfish were dissected, and parasite loads were calculated. Mixed models were then utilized to determine how parasite load affected consumption. As infection of Microphallus increased in the crayfish hepatopancreas, consumption of all four macrophytes significantly decreased. Melanization of Microphallus spp. within the hepatopancreas, the immune response to. infection, did not significantly reduce crayfish macrophyte consumption. These results indicate that macrophyte consumption in the crayfish was affected by Microphallus. This impact on crayfish grazing could alter macrophyte abundances in aquatic ecosystems. Because of the many ecosystem functions macrophytes play, an alteration in their abundances could lead to community-level ramifications by impacting nutrient flow and organismal abundances in aquatic ecosystems.