bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tourisme, patrimoine et islam : Fès, pôle touristique et pôle tijane
Authors: Anne Ouallet 
Published: December 2021

Dans un contexte de revivification des réseaux de la Tijaniyya, confrérie musulmane très vivace dans toute l’Afrique saharo-sahélienne, le tourisme religieux lié aux mouvements pèlerins vers Fès, « pôle » de la confrérie, imprime des marquages particuliers dans l’espace fassi et fortifie parallèlement d’autres topographies sacrées. L’essor du tourisme religieux est remarquable sur les hauts-lieux de la Tijaniyya de l’Afrique subsaharienne au Maghreb. Ce tourisme s’inscrit dans le cadre des pratiques vivantes de l’islam. Il croise aussi d’autres pratiques touristiques, profanes celles-là, dont l’essor a directement suivi la distinction de Fès au label UNESCO du Patrimoine mondial de l’Humanité. Touristes religieux et touristes profanes cheminent en quête du sacré ou en quête du patrimoine institutionnel sur des itinéraires balisés, mais ils ne se rencontrent guère. En effet, à Fès, la gestion touristique des lieux saints se fait sur la base d’une ségrégation par l’interdiction d’entrée dans les mosquées aux touristes profanes qui sont d’ailleurs les seuls à être désignés comme « touristes ».
Tourism, heritage and Islam: Fes, a tourism centre and a Tijani centre
Authors: Ouallet Anne 
Published: December 2021

Against the backdrop of the revival of networks of the Tijaniyya, a Muslim brotherhood flourishing right across Saharo-Sahelian Africa, religious tourism associated with pilgrim travel to Fes, the brotherhood’s “pole” (centre), sets down particular markers in the Fassi space and simultaneously reinforces other sacred topographies. The rise in religious tourism is particularly noteworthy in major Tijaniyya centres from sub-Saharan Africa to the Maghreb. This tourism is part of the living practice of Islam. It intersects with secular tourist practices directly boosted by the award of UNESCO World Heritage Site status to Fes. Religious tourists and secular tourists seek sacred or institutional heritage on designated routes, but their paths rarely cross. In Fes, tourism management of holy sites is based on segregation as secular tourists, the only group actually referred to as “tourists”, are banned from entering mosques.
Tourisme religieux : pour en finir avec l’oxymore ?
Authors: Chevrier Marie-Hélène 
Published: December 2021

L’expression « tourisme religieux » est employée majoritairement dans les recherches anglo-saxonnes mais ne fait pas consensus au sein des études touristiques francophones. Une certaine indétermination subsiste quant à sa conception, sa définition et son usage dans le champ scientifique. Dans une démarche épistémologique, sans prétendre trancher le nœud gordien de l’articulation entre tourisme et fait religieux, cet article vise à éclairer et discuter le concept de tourisme religieux et les concepts adjacents, afin de tenter d’aider à lever le malentendu qui persiste autour des pratiques articulant tourisme et religieux. Il revient sur la distinction de moins en moins effective entre tourisme et pèlerinage et propose d’examiner et d’approfondir l’idée d’un continuum de pratiques, représentations et valeurs pour appréhender plus finement les évolutions contemporaines de la dialectique tourisme/fait religieux.
Lourdes, haut-lieu du tourisme religieux, entre crise et transition ?
Authors: Jarraud Nathalie , Clarimont Sylvie 
Published: December 2021

L’obsolescence de certains lieux touristiques a été modélisée par les géographes R.W. Butler et M. Chadefaud par transposition du concept de cycle de vie d’un produit. Cette approche de la trajectoire des destinations a été appliquée à Lourdes, haut-lieu du tourisme religieux. La crise de la COVID‑19, en ébranlant le système lourdais, pourrait accélérer le changement de la destination et favoriser la transition. Inscrit dans une perspective à la fois diachronique et synchronique, cet article remet en perspective la crise actuelle. Même si le Sanctuaire propose certaines innovations, elles s’inscrivent plus dans une logique « d’adaptation-résilience » que dans une logique de transformation. Ces innovations ne font pas l’unanimité chez les professionnels du tourisme lourdais qui envisagent difficilement un repositionnement de la destination. Pour l’instant, la crise semble avoir plutôt exacerbé les tensions parmi les acteurs que suscité une fédération des énergies autour d’un projet commun de transition vers un tourisme plus durable.
Quand le pèlerin chrétien est-il devenu touriste ?
Authors: Michel Bonneau 
Published: December 2021

Les écrits sur les pèlerinages médiévaux sont nombreux et anciens, surtout ceux qui se rapportent à la Terre Sainte, donnant lieu à des analyses variées L’auteur aborde un thème rarement analysé, celui du comportement pèlerin vis-à-vis du monde profane, à travers les récits des pèlerins. Les récits dont on dispose à partir du IVe siècle montrent que le pèlerin n’accordait aucune place au monde profane qui l’entourait, entièrement tourné qu’il était vers le lieu sacré à atteindre. Les comportements vont progressivement évoluer à partir du XIIIe siècle et au XIVe siècle, les pèlerins s’intéressant de plus en plus au monde réel qui les entoure. L’évolution sera presque achevée au XVe siècle au point que, lors de leurs déplacements vers la Terre Sainte, les pèlerins auront à cœur de visiter des sites naturels, de beaux paysages, des monuments et des ruines, les marchés ou des hauts lieux emblématiques reconnus comme merveilles, comme les Pyramides. La recherche de ces « singularités » devient même l’élément moteur du déplacement qui n’est plus fait uniquement pour le seul souci du pèlerinage et de leur salut. Le tourisme avait pris naissance.
Prevalence and correlates of insomnia symptoms among older adults in India
Authors: Pengpid Supa , Peltzer Karl 
Published: December 2021

Background:
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and correlates of insomnia symptoms among older adults in India.

Methods:
The study included 72,262 individuals (45 years and older) from the cross-sectional 2017 to 2018 Longitudinal Ageing Study in India Wave 1.

Results:
The prevalence of insomnia symptoms was 12.7%, 13.2% among women and 11.9% among men. In the adjusted logistic regression analysis, food insecurity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25–1.59), feeling alone (AOR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.46–1.83), having 3–5 discrimination experiences (AOR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.32–1.78), having two or more chronic conditions (AOR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.46–1.86), high functional disability (AOR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.63–1.99), poor distant vision (AOR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.17–1.49), poor near vision (AOR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.07–1.33), edentulism (lost all teeth) (AOR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.06–1.55), underweight (AOR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.00–1.23), and pain (AOR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.54–1.89) were positively associated with insomnia symptoms. High subjective socioeconomic status (AOR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.76–0.96), urban residence (AOR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.81–0.99), and medium social network (AOR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.79–0.96) were negatively associated with insomnia symptoms.

Conclusions:
More than one in ten older adults in India had insomnia symptoms and several associated factors were identified.
Prevalence of Epstein–Barr virus in North-East Indian breast cancer patients' blood
Authors: Deka Kamalika Bhandari , Sarma Pallavi , Sarma Anupam , Das Gaurav , Karmakar Subhradip , Rath Goura Kishore , Rai Avdhesh Kumar 
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND:
Breast cancer (BC) has been the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women and it has multiple risk factors. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been shown to be associated with BC as one of the risk factors. Our aim was to detect EBV DNA in blood samples of BC patients of North-East India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
A total of 53 eligible BC patients' samples were analyzed by Nested polymerase chain reaction for EBV Antigen-1 (EBNA1) gene. All statistical analysis was carried out using the software of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.

RESULTS:
20.8% (11 of 53) BC patients' blood samples have EBNA1 gene DNA. The median age of BC patients was 42 and 43 years for EBV-positive and EBV-negative groups. 96.22% EBV-positive BC patients were diagnosed with high-grade malignancy. 54.54% of EBV-positive BC patients were diagnosed with T3 and T4 stage cancer. EBV-positive patients have not shown statistically significant association with ER positive (P-0.877, odds ratio [OR]: 1.111), PR positive (P-0.256, OR-2.16), Her-2/neu positive (P-0.93, OR-1.017), Ki-67 positive (P-0.487, OR: 1.8), and AR positive (p-1.000, OR-0.836).

CONCLUSION:
We conclude from our study that EBNA1 gene was found in the blood samples of subset of BC patients of North-East India. Further studies with BC tissue and adjacent normal tissue samples of BC patients will be required to provide evidence about EBV's role with BC of North-East India.
The Effect of Payment Methods on Dental Service Mix
Authors: Emrani Reza , Sargeran Katayoun , Hessari Hossein 
Published: December 2021

Introduction:
The number of dental services provided is related to the type of services needed by a population and treatment decision making by dentists. This descriptive study aimed to compare the dental service mix in two different payment systems.

Methods:
The dental records of a long-established dental clinic were reviewed. Treatment performed, during October 2018 and October 2019, by 36 dentists, 12 dentists worked in both payment method periods, 12 of them worked only in salary, and 12 of them worked in fee for service (FFS) period.

Results:
Preventive dental services and practices without treatment (visits, diagnostic radiography, and referrals) decreased, and practices included aggressive treatments (randomized controlled trial, extraction, and crown) and highly aggressive procedure (surgery) increased from salary to FFS period. The total activities of dentists were higher in FFS.

Conclusion:
According to our results, in a salary system, the dentist was more likely to refer and perform preventive treatments, whereas in the FFS payment system, the dentists choose more aggressive treatments. Payment method may change dental service mix.
Evaluation of Bonding Strength of Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement Modified with Micro- and Nano-Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Daokar Sadashiv G. , Patel Karishma Kishor , Pawar Kalpana S. , Wahane Kapil D. , Kulkarni Shraddha Shekhar , Mantri Aishwarya Rajesh 
Published: December 2021

Context:
With the dawn of esthetic dentistry, esthetic restorative materials are the preferred choice for various applications. Because of their limited strength and wear resistance, glass ionomer cement (GIC) is indicated generally for the restoration of low-stress areas where caries activity potential is of significant concern. Therefore, hydroxyapatite (HA) materials were added to improve the consistency, compressive, and bonding strength of GIC. In dentistry, the adhering ability of GIC to HA resulted in variety of clinical applications.

Aims:
The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the effects of incorporation of micro-HA and nano-HA on the bonding strength of conventional GIC to tooth structure.

Settings and Design:
There was an experimental randomized analytical in vitro study.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty-one extracted human permanent molars were divided into three groups (n = 7). Each specimen was buried in a cylinder-shaped epoxy resin, and coronal portion was sectioned to expose the dentin surface available for bonding GIC. The smear layer on the exposed dentin was removed by etching with 35% phosphoric acid. Mixed cement was placed on tooth in cylindrical form, and specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine with 1 mm/min crosshead speed.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Obtained shear bond strength values were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's Post hoc test.

Results:
Results showed that there are significant differences between GIC reinforced with HA than conventional GIC. The bonding strength is higher in nano-HA GIC compared to micro-HA and conventional GICs.

Conclusions:
The addition of 15% HA to conventional GIC increased its bond strength to dentin. Nano-HA added GIC showed the highest bonding strength to tooth structure.
Polysomnography findings of patients with overlap syndrome according to severity of lower airway obstruction
Authors: Sami Ramin , Hashemi Samaneh , Jalilolghadr Shabnam 
Published: December 2021

Background:
The concurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is known as overlap syndrome (OS). The obstruction of the upper airway leads to OSA and the obstruction of the lower airway leads to COPD. The aim of this study was to compare polysomnographic findings of patients with OS according to severity of lower airway obstruction.

Materials and Methods:
Seventy-two patients were included in this cross-sectional study. Patients with COPD referred to a sleep clinic with suspicion of OSA were evaluated by polysomnography (PSG). PSG findings were interpreted based on the American Academy of Sleep Association criteria (2012). COPD severity was categorized into four groups based on GOLD criteria using forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1). PSG findings also were compared between patients regarding severity of lower airway obstruction (FEV1 ≥50% and FEV1 <50%).

Results:
Sixty-eight of the patients had OS. Twenty-nine (42.6%) were male. The mean age was 62.3 ± 6.88 years. Thirty-two (54.4%) of the patients were in GOLD 2. The mean apnea/hypopnea index was 57.41 ± 36.16. Seventy-two percent of patients had severe OSA. Severe OSA was more prevalent in patients of GOLD 2 and 3 groups compared to the other groups. Among PSG findings, only N2 sleep stage was significantly longer in patients with FEV1 < 50% than in patients with FEV1 ≥50% (61.5 ± 11.2, 55.3 ± 13.4, P = 0.039).

Conclusion:
Polysomnographic findings (except N2 stage) are not different in patients with OS with respect to severity of lower airway obstruction.
The association between body mass index and risk of obstructive sleep apnea among patients with HIV
Authors: Asgari Samaneh , Najafi Arezu , Sadeghniiat Khosro , Gholamypour Zahra , Akbarpour Samaneh 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Although several studies show a positive association between body mass index (BMI) and a higher risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the general population, there are limited data on that in patients living with HIV (PLHIV). The objective of the current study is to determine the prevalence of high risk for OSA and the association between BMI and OSA in PLHIV.

Materials and Methods:
The study was conducted on 316 confirmed HIV cases aged ≥ 18 years who attended consulting centers in Tehran during 2019. For the diagnosis of OSA we used the Persian version of the modified Berlin questionnaire that includes ten questions broken down into three categories. A high risk for breathing problems was defined if the total score is ≥ 2. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between BMI and OSA risk groups.

Results:
Among PLHIV, 52.1% of men and 41.6% of women were considered as high risk for breathing problems during sleep at the time of the study. Patients with a higher risk for breathing problems had significantly higher BMI levels compared to those categorized as low-risk levels (25.2 vs. 24.3 kg/m2). Each unit increase in the BMI increased the odds of being high risk for OSA by 6% in the multivariable model. (odds ratio [OR]: 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06: 1.01–1.13). Considering BMI categories, compared to the normal weight, being obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) increased the high risk for OSA (OR [95% CI]: 2.54 [1.10–5.89]).

Conclusion:
We observed a significant association between general obesity and prevalence of OSA among PLHIV.
Awareness in the general population about binocular single vision and its importance
Authors: Thakre Snehal Rhishikesh , Nathani Karan R. , Deshmukh Pradnya Ashish , Mishrikotkar Jyotika Prasanna 
Published: December 2021

Introduction:
Stereo vision adds an extra dimension to aid depth perception and gives a binocular advantage in task completion.

Aim:
To study the perception of the presence and importance of binocular vision in the general population.

Materials and Methods:
A standard questionnaire in the local language was circulated amongst 500 people in the outpatient department (OPD). Group 1 had studied < 12th standard, and Group 2 had studied up to 12th standard or more.

Results:
More participants in Group 2 said that the purpose of having two eyes was to see, for aesthesis, and also for a better quality of vision than those in Group 1 (P = 0.011 s); they knew that it was advantageous to have both eyes work together as one unit than did those in Group 1. (P = 0.010 s) Similarly, Group 2 knew why a squint developed (P = 0.002) and that there was a relationship between a squint and binocular single vision (BSV) (P = 0.000). Group 2 knew that a squint could be treated (P < 0.0001 s). Group 1 did not know the importance of the early treatment of strabismus (P < 0.0001 s). Participants in both groups were aware that they could face difficulty in doing certain jobs due to less vision in one eye (P = 0.201 ns); as well as that visual impairment in children could be prevented in at least some children if vision testing was done during the preschool years.

Conclusion:
It is important to raise awareness among the general population of the concept of binocular vision and its relationship to strabismus.
Ocular manifestation of pregnancy-induced hypertension
Authors: Devaru Sheetal , Nagaraj Kalpana Badami , Shah Snehal Himmatlal 
Published: December 2021

Background and Objectives:
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is a challenging obstetric condition that can result in grave complications. The retina is a unique site where the vasculature in the human body is visualized directly with the help of an ophthalmoscope. Progression of retinal changes generally correlates with the progression of PIH. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and association of retinal changes with the progression of PIH.

Materials and Methods:
This is a hospital-based, prospective, observational study. A total of 100 admitted cases diagnosed with PIH was included in the study. Ocular and systemic history, age, blood pressure, and proteinuria were noted. A dilated indirect ophthalmic examination was done at the bedside of the patient.

Results:
A total of 100 patients with PIH were examined. The mean age of the patients was 24.8 years; the mean gestational age was 36.5 weeks. Out of the total 100 patients with PIH who were examined, retinal changes were noted in 43 patients. The prevalence of retinopathy changes was more pronounced among patients with severe preeclampsia (76.5%) and eclampsia (88.9%). As the severity of the PIH increased, the odds of women developing retinopathy also increased substantially and this association between the severity of PIH and the development of retinopathy changes was found to be statistically significant. A significant correlation was also seen between albuminuria and the severity of retinopathy.

Conclusion:
Cases of severe preeclampsia and eclampsia showed higher grades of retinal changes. Thus fundus examination plays an important role in assessing the severity of PIH.
A hospital-based cross-sectional study for assessment of immunization status of children in western Maharashtra, India
Authors: Bansod Vaishali Praful , Nannaware Maya Nilesh , Kulkarni Shraddha Shripad , Gore Harishchandra Dyanoba , Agawane Shubhangi Uttam , Chawla Parvinder Singh , Kalra Khyati Gagan 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Immunization against vaccine-preventable diseases is a fundamental right of children and a way to reduce childhood mortality and morbidity; thus, it is a way to improve the health of the community. Delayed vaccination increases the susceptibility of a child to vaccine-preventable diseases and also affects herd immunity. So this study was undertaken to assess the immunization status of children attending a tertiary care hospital that caters to urban as well as rural populations, focusing on the timeliness of vaccination, and to explore the predictors of vaccination delay.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was carried out among 302 immunization attendees of 12–23 months of age in the immunization outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital. Parents were interviewed, and vaccination dates were obtained from vaccination cards and assessed for vaccination delay.

Results:
From a total of 302 children of age 12 to 23 months who enrolled in the study, 165 (54.64%) children were vaccinated on time and 137 (45.36%) children had vaccination delays. When assessing vaccination delay, 24 (7.95%), 44 (14.57%), and 118 (39.07%) children were found to have vaccination delay for Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), pentavalent vaccine (PENTA1), and magnetic resonance imaging (MR1), respectively. Out of them, 49 (16.22%) children had vaccination delay for more than one vaccine. Age at first pregnancy, place of delivery, gender, birth order, and birth weight of the child were found to be statistically significant for delayed vaccination.

Conclusion:
Delays in vaccination can be addressed by offering mobile vaccination clinic facilities to migrant people as well as raising community knowledge about the importance of timely child vaccination through the targeted approach: Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) activities.
Missense variant in interleukin-6 signal transducer identified as susceptibility locus for rheumatoid arthritis in Chinese patients
Authors: Pang Leong Khai , Yun Yong Mei , Ling Goh Liuh , Mun Woo Chia , Wei Lim Chia , Koh Ee Tzun 
Published: December 2021

Objectives: This study aims to uncover variants of large effect size and allele frequency below 5% by sequencing all extant genes associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a homogeneous patient cohort.
Patients and methods: This retrospective study was conducted between January 2001 and December 2017. We selected Chinese RA patients positive for anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA). All the 128 known candidate genes identified through genome-wide association studies were sequenced in 48 RA patients (15 males, 33 females; mean age 53.32±8.98 years; range, 32 to 75 years) and 45 controls (11 males, 34 females; mean age 32.18±9.54; range, 21 to 57 years). The exonic regions of these genes were sequenced. The resultant data were analyzed for association using single variant association and pathway-based association enrichment tests. The genetic burden due to low-frequency variants was assessed with the C-alpha test. The candidate variants that showed significant association were validated in a larger cohort of 500 RA cases (71 males, 429 females; mean age 48.6±12.2 years; range, 24 to 92 years) and 500 controls (66 males, 434 females; mean age 32.3±10.1 years; range, 21 to 73 years).
Results: Thirty-nine variants in 21 genes were identified using single variant association analysis and C-alpha test, with stepwise filtering. Among these, the missense variant in interleukin-6 signal transducer (IL-6ST) 5:55260065 (p.Cys47Phe) was significantly associated with RA in Chinese patients in Singapore.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that a mutation in IL-6ST (5:55260065) confers risk of RA in Chinese patients in Singapore.