bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hospitalization Costs From a Large Electronic Administrative Discharge Database, March 2020–July 2021
Authors: Shrestha Sundar S , Kompaniyets Lyudmyla , Grosse Scott D , Harris Aaron M , Baggs James , Sircar Kanta , Gundlapalli Adi V 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Information on the costs of inpatient care for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is very limited. This study estimates the per-patient cost of inpatient care for adult COVID-19 patients seen at &gt;800 US hospitals.

Methods
Patients aged ≥18 years with ≥1 hospitalization during March 2020–July 2021 with a COVID-19 diagnosis code in a large electronic administrative discharge database were included. We used validated costs when reported; otherwise, costs were calculated using charges multiplied by cost-to-charge ratios. We estimated costs of inpatient care per patient overall and by severity indicator, age, sex, underlying medical conditions, and acute complications of COVID-19 using a generalized linear model with log link function and gamma distribution.

Results
The overall cost among 654673 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 was $16.2 billion. Estimated per-patient hospitalization cost was $24 826. Among surviving patients, estimated per-patient cost was $13 090 without intensive care unit (ICU) admission or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), $21 222 with ICU admission alone, and $59 742 with IMV. Estimated per-patient cost among patients who died was $27 017. Adjusted cost differential was higher among patients with certain underlying conditions (eg, chronic kidney disease [$12 391], liver disease [$8878], cerebrovascular disease [$7267], and obesity [$5933]) and acute complications (eg, acute respiratory distress syndrome [$43 912], pneumothorax [$25 240], and intracranial hemorrhage [$22 280]).

Conclusions
The cost of inpatient care for COVID-19 patients was substantial through the first 17 months of the pandemic. These estimates can be used to inform policy makers and planners and cost-effectiveness analysis of public health interventions to alleviate the burden of COVID-19.
Mistaken Payments, Quasi-contracts, and the ‘Justice’ of Unjust Enrichment
Authors: Georgiou Alexander 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The law of unjust enrichment has often been described as the law of events materially identical to a mistaken payment. By this, lawyers often mean that the cause of action in unjust enrichment is somehow shaped and grounded by the reason why the recipient of (some) mistaken payments morally ought to refund the payor. The difficulty, however, is that the normativity of mistaken payments remains a challenge to explain. This article aims to reinvigorate the view that the moral duty to return mistaken payments is grounded by a tacit agreement between the payor and payee that the payment was conditional (coupled with the failure of that condition). To do so, it critically examines the ways in which our intentions can be conditioned, and how those conditions are communicated in our agreements. The article concludes by examining what implications a conditions-based understanding might have for the law of unjust enrichment.
Implementing Public Accounts Committee Recommendations: Evidence from the UK Government’s ‘Progress Reports’ since 2012
Authors: Elston Thomas , Zhang Yuxi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Public Accounts Committee is the oldest and, reputedly, most influential oversight committee in the British parliament. Since 2012, the government has published an unprecedented volume of data explaining its actions in response to the PAC’s inquiries. By tracking all 615 of the Committee’s recommendations from 2010 to 2012 across the first 14 of these ‘progress reports’, we explore how effectively this novel reporting mechanism serves to inform parliament about the executive’s responsiveness to scrutiny. We find the reports to yield rich data on the fate of many individual recommendations, but only limited information on the overall timeliness and quality of implementation. Flexibilities and inconsistencies in reporting style also make the arrangements vulnerable to gaming. We identify potential improvements and research opportunities.
On the Depth of Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems
Authors: Cheng Yong 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We use Gödel’s incompleteness theorems as a case study for investigating mathematical depth. We examine the philosophical question of what the depth of Gödel’s incompleteness theorems consists in. We focus on the methodological study of the depth of Gödel’s incompleteness theorems, and propose three criteria to account for the depth of the incompleteness theorems: influence, fruitfulness, and unity. Finally, we give some explanations for our account of the depth of Gödel’s incompleteness theorems.
Pelvic Floor Symptoms Are an Overlooked Barrier to Exercise Participation: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey of 4556 Women Who Are Symptomatic
Authors: Dakic Jodie G , Cook Jill , Hay-Smith Jean , Lin Kuan-Yin , Ekegren Christina , Frawley Helena C 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
This study aimed to: (1) investigate barriers to exercise in women with pelvic floor (PF) symptoms (urinary incontinence [UI], anal incontinence [AI], and pelvic organ prolapse [POP]); (2) determine factors associated with reporting PF symptoms as a substantial exercise barrier; and (3) investigate the association between reporting PF symptoms as an exercise barrier and physical inactivity.

Methods
In this cross-sectional survey, Australian women who were 18 to 65 years of age and had PF symptoms completed an anonymous online survey (May–September 2018) containing validated PF and physical activity questionnaires: Questionnaire for Female Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis, Incontinence Severity Index, Pelvic Floor Bother Questionnaire, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Participants reported exercise barriers and the degree to which the barriers limited participation. Binary logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with (1) identifying PF symptoms as a substantial exercise barrier and (2) physical inactivity.

Results
In this cohort (N = 4556), 31% (n = 1429) reported PF symptoms as a substantial exercise barrier; UI was the most frequently reported barrier. Two-thirds of participants who identified POP and UI as exercise barriers had stopped exercising. The odds of reporting PF symptoms as a substantial exercise barrier were significantly higher for women with severe UI (odds ratio [OR] = 4.77; 95% CI = 3.60–6.34), high symptom bother (UI OR = 10.19; 95% CI = 7.24–14.37; POP OR = 22.38; 95% CI = 13.04–36.60; AI OR = 29.66; 95% CI = 7.21–122.07), those who had a vaginal delivery (1 birth OR = 2.04; 95% CI = 1.63–2.56), or those with a third- or fourth-degree obstetric tear (OR = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.24–1.76). The odds of being physically inactive were greater in women who identified PF symptoms as an exercise barrier than in those who did not (OR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.1–1.59).

Conclusion
One in 3 women reported PF symptoms as a substantial exercise barrier, and this was associated with increased odds of physical inactivity.

Impact
Physical inactivity is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in women. Pelvic floor symptoms stop women participating in exercise and are associated with physical inactivity. Screening and management of PF symptoms could allow women to remain physically active across their life span.

Lay Summary
Pelvic floor symptoms are a substantial barrier to exercise in women of all ages, causing them to stop exercising and increasing the odds of being physical inactive. Physical therapists can screen and help women manage their PF symptoms so that they remain physically active.
Feasibility and Safety of Physical Exercise to Preserve Bone Health in Men With Prostate Cancer Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cagliari Maribel , Bressi Barbara , Bassi Maria Chiara , Fugazzaro Stefania , Prati Giuseppe , Iotti Cinzia , Costi Stefania 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
Men with prostate cancer (PCa) receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) experience the loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and lean body mass, which can increase their risk of falls and fractures. Physical exercise programs with appropriate components and dosage are suggested to preserve BMD and muscle strength, thereby potentially reducing accidental falls and fractures and associated morbidity and mortality. These benefits can be obtained if exercise programs are feasible and safe and if patient adherence is adequate. This systematic review investigates the feasibility and safety of exercise programs aimed at preventing the risk of accidental falls and fractures and BMD loss in men with PCa undergoing ADT.

Methods
MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library were searched from database inception to June 7, 2021. Randomized controlled trials were included when they analyzed the feasibility and safety of experimental exercise programs targeting bone health in men with PCa receiving ADT. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, assessed their methodological quality, and extracted the data. Exercise feasibility was measured through recruitment, retention, and adherence rates. Exercise safety was measured through the number, type, and severity of adverse events. Furthermore, the components, setting, intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise programs were extracted.

Results
Ten studies were included, with a total of 633 participants. Exercise consisted of a combination of aerobic, resistance, and impact-loading exercise or football training. Exercise is feasible in men with PCa undergoing ADT, although football training should be prescribed with caution for safety reasons.

Conclusion
Multicomponent exercise programs targeting bone health seem feasible and safe in this population; however, adverse events should be systematically documented according to current guidelines.

Impact
The study shows that men with PCa receiving ADT can safely perform exercise programs to preserve bone health and supports that those programs should become part of lifestyle habits.

Lay Summary
Men with PCa who are receiving ADT can safely perform exercise programs to preserve bone health and should make exercise an important part of their lifestyle.
Mindfulness and Acceptance–Based Interventions in Physical Therapist Practice: The Time Is Now
Authors: Tatta Joe , Willgens Annette M , Palombaro Kerstin M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

One in 5 adults in the United States lives with a mental illness, and many more struggle with stress-related chronic illnesses. Physical therapists often see the physical effects that stress has on the body, but there is an underutilization of evidence-based stress management strategies with patients and clients. Mindfulness and acceptance–based interventions (MABIs) constitute a family of methods that emphasize present-moment awareness, nonjudgment, and values-based living. They operate by teaching patients to cope with stressful thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations. MABIs are associated with improved health outcomes in areas commonly seen in physical therapist practice, including health promotion, physical function, injury prevention, pain management, immune function, and noncommunicable diseases. The purpose of this Perspective article is to (1) describe MABIs; (2) discuss the relevance of MABIs to physical therapist practice; (3) discuss the positive impact of MABIs for pain, sports, immune function, physical and mental health promotion, and wellness; and (4) identify MABI outcome measures related to health behavior change. It is time.

Impact
Contemporary practice requires that physical therapists manage patient care by addressing both the mind and body. Given the existing research on MABIs, it is time to translate the evidence into minimum accreditable standards for health promotion and prevention of chronic, noncommunicable disease. This approach would have far-reaching benefits for individuals, family units, communities, and society as a whole.

Lay Summary
Mindfulness instruction delivered by a physical therapist can help improve physical and mental well-being.
The Critical Role of Nutrition Care to Improve Pain Management: A Global Call to Action for Physical Therapist Practice
Authors: Tatta Joe , Nijs Jo , Elma Ömer , Malfliet Anneleen , Magnusson Dawn 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Physical therapists have unique education in the comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment and treatment of chronic pain and its mechanisms. Recently, physical therapists have raised awareness regarding the impact of nutrition on promoting health and managing noncommunicable diseases. Robust evidence supports the implementation of nutrition in physical therapist education and practice. Of particular interest for the physical therapist are investigations that use dietary interventions for the treatment of chronic pain. Yet physical therapists have received little guidance regarding their role in nutrition care for pain management and may pass on opportunities to counsel their patients on the connection between nutrition and pain. Therefore, a clinical paradigm shift and unified voice within the profession is called on to encourage physical therapists to develop tailored multimodal lifestyle interventions that include nutrition care for the management of chronic pain. This Perspective describes evidence supporting the implementation of nutrition care in physical therapist practice, supports the role of nutritional pain management for physical therapists, and encourages the use of nutrition care for primary, secondary, tertiary, prevention, health promotion, and wellness related to chronic pain. To achieve these aims, this Perspective offers suggestions for how physical therapists can (1) enhance clinical decision making; (2) expand professional, jurisdictional, and personal scope of practice; (3) evolve entry-level education; and (4) stimulate new investigations in nutrition care and pain science research. In doing so, physical therapists can assert their role throughout the pain management continuum, champion innovative research initiatives, and enhance public health by reducing the impact of chronic pain.

Impact
The nutrition care process for pain management is defined as the basic duty to provide adequate and appropriate nutrition education and counseling to people living with pain. Including the nutrition care process as part of a multimodal approach to pain management provides an opportunity for physical therapists to assert their role throughout the pain management continuum. This includes championing innovative research initiatives and enhancing public health by reducing the impact of chronic pain for over 50 million Americans.
Financial Regulation in a Quantitative Model of the Modern Banking System
Authors: Begenau J , Landvoigt T 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHow does the shadow banking system respond to changes in capital regulation of commercial banks? We propose a quantitative general equilibrium model with regulated and unregulated banks to study the unintended consequences of regulation. Tighter capital requirements for regulated banks cause higher convenience yield on debt of all banks, leading to higher shadow bank leverage and a larger shadow banking sector. At the same time, tighter regulation eliminates the subsidies to commercial banks from deposit insurance, reducing the competitive pressures on shadow banks to take risks. The net effect is a safer financial system with more shadow banking. Calibrating the model to data on financial institutions in the US, the optimal capital requirement is around 16$\%$.
A mathematical nutrition model adequately predicts beef and dairy cow intake and biological efficiency
Authors: Lancaster Phillip A , Davis Michael E , Tedeschi Luis O , Rutledge Jack J , Cundiff Larry V 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The beef cow-calf sector accounts for 70% of feed consumed and greenhouse gases emitted for the beef industry, but there is no straightforward method to measure biological efficiency in grazing conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate a mathematical nutrition model to estimate the feed intake and biological efficiency of mature beef cows. Data from dams (N = 160) and their second and third progeny (312 pairs) were collected from 1953 through 1980. Individual feed intake was measured at 28-d intervals year-round for dams and during 240-d lactation for progeny. Body weights of progeny were measured at 28-d intervals from birth to weaning, and of dams at parturition and weaning each production cycle. The milk yield of dams was measured at 14-d intervals. Dam metabolizable energy intake (DMEI) and milk energy yield (MEL) of each cow were predicted using the Cattle Value Discovery System beef cow (CVDSbc) model for each parity. Biological efficiency (Mcal/kg) was computed as the ratio of observed or predicted DMEI to observed calf weaning weight (PWW). Pearson correlation coefficients were computed using corr.test function and model evaluation was performed using the epiR function in R software. Average (SD) dam weight, PWW, DMEI, and observed MEL were 527 (86) kg, 291 (47) kg, 9584 (2701) Mcal/production cycle, and 1029 (529) Mcal, respectively. Observed and predicted DMEI (r = 0.93 and 0.91), and observed and predicted MEL (r = 0.58 and 0.59) were positively correlated for progeny 2 and 3, respectively. The CVDSbc model under-predicted DMEI (mean bias [MB] = 1,120 ± 76 Mcal, 11.7% of observed value) and MEL (MB = 30 ± 25 Mcal, 2.9% of observed value). Observed and predicted progeny feed intake were not correlated (r = 0.01, P-value = 0.79). Observed and predicted biological efficiency were positively correlated (r = 0.80 and 0.80, P-value ≤ 0.05) for parity 2 and 3, respectively, and the CVDSbc model under-predicted biological efficiency by 11% (MB = 3.59 ± 0.25 Mcal/kg). The CVDSbc provides reasonable predictions of feed intake and biological efficiency of mature beef cows, but further refinement of the relationship between calf feed intake and milk yield is recommended to improve predictions. Mathematical nutrition models can assist in the discovery of the biological efficiency of mature beef cows.
Apical Reference Stimulation: A Possible Solution to Facial Nerve Stimulation
Authors: van der Westhuizen Jacques , Hanekom Tania , Hanekom Johan J. 
Published: December 2021

Objectives:
Postimplantation facial nerve stimulation is a common side-effect of intracochlear electrical stimulation. Facial nerve stimulation occurs when electric current intended to stimulate the auditory nerve, spread beyond the cochlea to excite the nearby facial nerve, causing involuntarily facial muscle contractions. Facial nerve stimulation can often be resolved through adjustments in speech processor fitting but, in some instances, these measures exhibit limited benefit or may have a detrimental effect on speech perception. In this study, apical reference stimulation mode was investigated as a potential intervention to facial nerve stimulation. Apical reference stimulation is a bipolar stimulation strategy in which the most apical electrode is used as the reference electrode for stimulation on all the other intracochlear electrodes.

Design:
A person-specific model of the human cochlea, facial nerve and electrode array, coupled with a neural model, was used to predict excitation of auditory and facial nerve fibers. These predictions were used to evaluate the effectiveness in reducing facial nerve stimulation using apical reference stimulation. Predictions were confirmed in psychoacoustic tests by determining auditory comfort and threshold levels for the apical reference stimulation mode while capturing electromyography data in two participants.

Results:
Models predicted a favorable outcome for apical reference stimulation, as facial nerve fiber thresholds were higher and auditory thresholds were lower, in direct comparison to conventional monopolar stimulation. Psychophysical tests also illustrated decreased auditory thresholds and increased dynamic range during apical reference stimulation. Furthermore, apical reference stimulation resulted in lower electromyography energy levels, compared to conventional monopolar stimulation, which suggests a reduction in facial nerve stimulation. Subjective feedback corroborated that apical reference stimulation alleviated facial nerve stimulation.

Conclusion:
Apical reference stimulation may be a viable strategy to alleviate facial nerve stimulation considering the improvements in dynamic range and auditory thresholds, complemented with a reduction in facial nerve stimulation symptoms.
Clinical Spectrum of Positional Vertigo in an Outpatient Setting
Authors: Chen Chih-Chung , Wang Chen-Yu , Chen Po-Yueh , Chen Mei-Chien , Lee Ting-Yi , Lee Hsun-Hua 
Published: December 2021

Objectives:
To explore the clinical spectrum of positional vertigo (PV) and to study the causes of PV with atypical positional nystagmus (PN) and PV without PN.

Design:
We retrospectively analyzed the registry (2425 cases) in a university hospital. Patients who actively reported PV as their main dizziness pattern were included. Candidates were divided into three groups according to their PN: (1) benign paroxysmal PV (BPPV); (2) PV with atypical PN; and (3) PV without PN. The diagnoses and reported symptoms in each group were analyzed.

Results:
PV was the most commonly (n = 518, 28.3%) reported pattern in the registry. The two most common diagnoses of PV were BPPV (n = 146, 29.2%) and vestibular migraine (VM; n = 137, 27.4%). Fifty-seven (11.4%) patients had PV with atypical PN, the majority of which was caused by VM. Moreover, 297 (59.4%) patients had PV without PN. The two main diagnoses in this group were VM and functional dizziness, although the cause remained uncertain in 23.9% of the cases of PV without PN. The odds ratio of VM was 3.95 in patients with PV who reported headaches.

Conclusions:
PV is the most common self-reported dizziness pattern and is predominantly caused by BPPV and VM. VM is the most common cause of PV with atypical PN and PV without PN. Clinicians often erroneously assume the presence of PN in those with PV. Managing PV without PN can be challenging because of the uncertainty surrounding this phenomenon. Structured patient-oriented questionnaires assist clinicians in making timely diagnoses and adjusting treatment goals accordingly.
Phonological Priming as a Lens for Phonological Organization in Children With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Lund Emily 
Published: December 2021

Objectives:
To evaluate the subconscious knowledge of between-word phonological similarities in children with cochlear implants as compared with children with typical hearing.

Design:
Participants included 30 children with cochlear implants between the ages of five and seven who used primarily spoken English to communicate, 30 children matched for chronological age, and 30 children matched for vocabulary size. Participants completed an animacy judgment task in either a (a) neutral condition, (b) a phonological prime condition where the consonant and vowel onset of the pictured word was presented prior to the visual target’s appearance, (c) an inhibition prime condition where a consonant and vowel onset not matching the pictured word was presented prior to the target’s appearance. Reaction times were recorded.

Results:
Children with cochlear implants reacted differently and more slowly than children with typical hearing in both groups to the primes: children with typical hearing experienced a phonological facilitation effect in the phonological prime condition, whereas children with cochlear implants did not. Children with cochlear implants also had reaction times that, overall, were slower than children matched for chronological age but similar to children matched for vocabulary size.

Conclusions:
The different experience of children with cochlear implants with phonological facilitation and inhibition effects may indicate children with cochlear implants have phonological organization strategies that are different from those of children with typical hearing.