bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Prior Voluntary Hyperventilation on the 3-min All-Out Cycling Test in Men
Authors: JOHNSON MICHAEL A. , SHARPE GRAHAM R. , NEEDHAM ROBERT S. , WILLIAMS NEIL C. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The ergogenic effects of respiratory alkalosis induced by prior voluntary hyperventilation (VH) are controversial. This study examined the effects of prior VH on derived parameters from the 3-min all-out cycling test (3MT).

Methods
Eleven men (

= 46 ± 8 mL·kg−1·min−1) performed a 3MT preceded by 15 min of rest (CONT) or VH (

= 38 ± 5 L·min−1) with PETCO2 reduced to 21 ± 1 mm Hg (HYP). End-test power (EP; synonymous with critical power) was calculated as the mean power output over the last 30 s of the 3MT, and the work done above EP (WEP; synonymous with W′) was calculated as the power–time integral above EP.

Results
At the start of the 3MT, capillary blood PCO2 and [H+] were lower in HYP (25.2 ± 3.0 mm Hg, 27.1 ± 2.6 nmol·L−1) than CONT (43.2 ± 2.0 mm Hg, 40.0 ± 1.5 nmol·L−1) (P < 0.001). At the end of the 3MT, blood PCO2 was still lower in HYP (35.7 ± 5.4 mm Hg) than CONT (40.6 ± 5.0 mm Hg) (P < 0.001). WEP was 10% higher in HYP (19.4 ± 7.0 kJ) than CONT (17.6 ± 6.4 kJ) (P = 0.006), whereas EP was 5% lower in HYP (246 ± 69 W) than CONT (260 ± 74 W) (P = 0.007). The ΔWEP (J·kg−1) between CONT and HYP correlated positively with the PCO2 immediately before the 3MT in HYP (r = 0.77, P = 0.006).

Conclusion
These findings suggest that acid–base changes elicited by prior VH increase WEP but decrease EP during the all-out 3MT.
Risk factors for intimate partner violence and abuse among adolescents and young adults: findings from a UK population-based cohort
Authors: Herbert Annie , Heron Jon , Barter Christine , Szilassy Eszter , Barnes Maria , Howe Laura D. , Feder Gene , Fraser Abigail 
Published: January 2021

Background: Approximately one-third of young people in the UK have suffered intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) on reaching adulthood. We need interventions to prevent IPVA in this population, but there is a lack of evidence on who is at greatest risk. Methods: We analysed questionnaire data from 3,279 participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children population-based birth cohort. We estimated the prevalence of IPVA victimisation and perpetration by age 21, by sex, demographic, parenting, mental health, externalising behaviour (e.g. smoking), educational, employment, and adverse childhood factors. Results: Overall, 29% of males and 41% of females reported IPVA victimisation, with 20% and 25% reporting perpetration, respectively (16% and 22% both). The most common type of IPVA was emotional, followed by physical, then sexual. History of anxiety, self-harm, anti-social behaviour, cannabis or illicit (non-cannabis) drug use, or risky sexual behaviour among males and females were associated with a 50% increase in likelihood of IPVA (victimisation or perpetration). Males reporting depression, sexual abuse (not by an intimate partner), witnessing domestic violence, or parental separation were also more likely to experience IPVA. Extreme parental monitoring, high academic achievement during adolescence, and NEET (not being in education, employment, or training) status in young adulthood were associated with reduced risks of IPVA. Conclusions: A range of demographic, mental health, and behavioural factors were associated with increased prevalence of IPVA victimisation or perpetration. Further study of likely complex pathways from these factors to IPVA, to inform primary prevention, is needed.
The Gambia National Eye Health Survey 2019: survey protocol
Authors: Hydara Abba , Bastawrous Andrew , Bell Suzannah , Boggs Dorothy , Bright Tess , Bobat Hannaa , Eaton Julian , Faal Hannah , Jobe Modou , Kim Min J. , Kirkpatrick Ben , McCormick Ian , Okoh John Atta , Olaniyan Segun Isaac , Prentice Andrew M. , Ramke Jacqueline , Taylor Ruth , Burton Matthew J , Mactaggart Islay 
Published: January 2021

Two national surveys of vision impairment and blindness were undertaken in The Gambia in 1986 and 1996. These provided data for the inception of The Gambia’s National Eye Health Programme (NEHP) within the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. There have been important developments in the eye health services provided by the NEHP in the last 20 years. At the same time, the population has also undergone major demographic changes that may have led to substantial changes in the burden of eye disease. We conducted a National Eye Health Survey of vision impairment, blindness and its comorbidities in adults in The Gambia in 2019. We examined a nationally representative population-based sample of adults 35 years and above to permit direct comparison with the data available from the previous surveys. Alongside a comprehensive vision and eye examination, the survey provides nationally representative data on important comorbidities in this population: diabetes, hypertension, obesity, hearing impairment, disability and mental health. Secondly, it estimates access to assistive technologies and eye health services. Thirdly, it is powered to allow a five-year follow up cohort study to measure the incidence and progression of eye disease.
Generalized topologies with associating function and logical applications
Authors: Witczak Tomasz 
Published: January 2021

The whole universe of a generalized topological space may not be open. Hence, some points may be beyond any open set. In this paper we assume that such points are associated with certain open neighbourhoods by means of a special function F. We study various properties of the structures obtained in this way. We introduce the notions of F-interior and F-closure and we discuss issues of convergence in this new setting. It is possible to treat our spaces as a semantical framework for modal logic.
O niektórych cechach swoistych ewolucji współczesnego rosyjskiego sytemu politycznego
Authors: Gutorow Władimir 
Published: January 2021

On some peculiarities of evolution of the contemporary Russian political system
The article deals with the problem of Russian political system evolution at the turn of the 20th and 21th centuries. The author attempts to answer the following question: if contemporary Russian state system does not fit a classical model of liberal democracy, is it reasonable to talk about hopeless stagnation of political system in Russia, generated by the process of new bureaucratic deformation, or is it possible to outline some tendencies of Russian state system evolution that fit the process of global degradation of democratic institutions in every region all over the world without any exceptions? The answer implies a quite important verification and statement concerning the situation: does the level of political government in Russian „imperial center” meet that contemporary criteria, obeyed in the development of civilized states. At the beginning of the 21st century, after long period of chaotic decentralization, Russia has entered the stage, when the federal center attempts to „establish order” in the country by means of tough administrative decisions. New stage of Russian politics connected with the Ukrainian crisis and the referendum in the Crimea signifies the explicit tendency of political elite to start a new page of national history.
System wzajemnych relacji między centrum i regionami: lekcja rodzimej tradycji politycznej
Authors: Kowalenko Walerij 
Published: January 2021

System of mutual relations between the center and regions: lessons of domestic political tradition
The main focus of interest in the text is the influence of geographical environment, geopolitics, mentality, tradition on state system building in Russia. The Author stresses that the Russian state is influenced by general mechanisms of history, but on the other hand, some specific features of Russian history have been voiced by many Russian historians who noticed that due to inner and outer circumstances the state development in Russia generally was forced by the authority, from above. Due to historical experiences of Russia the necessity of powerful state, based on good relations between the Center and regions is concerned.
Polityczna i obywatelska aktywność ludności współczesnej Rosji
Authors: Radikow Iwan 
Published: January 2021

Political and civic activity of people in contemporary Russia
The Author proceeds from the issue that in developed society citizens’ participation in politics is regarded to be standard. It is maintained in the paper that impetuous political activity of Russian citizens happen to be the result of hybrid level of political culture of Russian society, as well as endevours undertaken by the authorities in order to minimize and control the phenomenon. The above mentioned activity is limited by relatively low level of political institutionalization and certain disillusionment in democracy. The Author predicts new tendencies of citizens’ activity manifestations and concludes that mixture of autonomous, rational, self‑dependent and encouraged activity of people seem to be optimal in contemporary circumstances.
Effects of Income Distribution Changes on Assortment Size in the Mainstream Grocery Channel
Authors: Becerril-Arreola Rafael , Bucklin Randolph E. , Thomadsen Raphael 
Published: January 2021

The authors study the effect of changes in the United States income distribution on assortment size in the mainstream grocery channel. Census demographics for 1,711 counties are matched to local assortment data from Nielsen in 944 grocery product categories from 2007 to 2013. The authors show that holding other demographics constant, assortment size increases with higher average income but decreases with greater income dispersion. This pattern holds for several specifications of assortments at the local level: the number of category Universal Product Codes (UPCs), number of brands, number of products per brand, and horizontal and vertical dimensions of assortments. The results suggest that increased income dispersion (holding other factors constant) reduces both horizontal and vertical differentiation. The effect sizes are similar for private labels and branded products, but large brands lose proportionally more UPCs than small brands when income dispersion rises. Potential mechanisms underlying the results are also explored, with evidence that a hollowing out of the middle class along with Engel’s law of expenditure explain a significant portion of this effect. The findings also offer insights for consumer packaged goods manufacturers that might help them allocate resources to expand shelf presence or defend current positions. This paper was accepted by Matthew Shum, marketing.
Management of Anterior Crossbite due to Splinting for Dental Trauma: A Case Report with 4-year Follow-up
Authors: Nuñez Camila Corral , Ramirez Andrea Veliz , Schade Sigrid , Navarrete Cristian , von Mühlenbrock Hans , Gamonal Braulio Catalan , Alani Aws 
Published: January 2021

This report describes the sequelae and subsequent management of a 7-year-old boy who failed to attend follow-up visits after a dental trauma and was initially managed with an active splint. The splint was maintained for 9 months, resulting in an anterior cross-bite, caused by retroclination of the upper incisors. The splint was removed and occlusal build-ups were placed on the molars. Nine months later, the form and shape of the upper dental arch were re-established and the cross-bite was corrected. Four years after the dental trauma, the injured teeth were asymptomatic and had continued root development. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Splints for dental trauma management should be passive and removed at the requisite time, to avoid the risk of the splint generating a malocclusion.
An Orthodontic Spring Coil and Soft Tissue Complication
Authors: Nandra Baljeet K , Thind Bikram S 
Published: January 2021

This case report describes a scenario where a 14-year-old patient during orthodontic treatment at Solihull Hospital, West Midlands, presented with a rare soft tissue orthodontic complication. On routine examination, the spring coil from the orthodontic appliance was found to be located in the parotid gland duct. This was extracted by the oral and maxillofacial team at Solihull Hospital. The patient was followed post-operatively for any signs of sialadenitis, sialolithiasis and strictures. After 3 years of follow up, no post-operative complications were noted. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Soft tissue and orthodontic complications are common, usually due to trauma from sharp components. Clinicians should be aware of complications that can also occur.
Palatal Lift Appliance in a Case of Palatal Incompetence Secondary to Motor Neurone Disease
Authors: Daly Alex 
Published: January 2021

Velopharyngeal deficiencies are challenging conditions to manage, often requiring input from a number of different specialties including restorative dentistry. Palatal incompetence, that is, the inability of a structurally intact palate to elevate and close the nasopharynx from the oropharynx can result in hypernasality and air escape, compromising speech sounds as well as causing swallowing difficulty. The palatal lift appliance is a prosthesis designed to elevate the palate to aid velopharyngeal closure, and has been used to manage patients with neurological disorders affecting the palate. This report presents such management in a patient with motor neurone disease. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Dentists should be integral in the management of patients with motor neurone disease to help maintain oral health and prevention of dental disease, but also to provide speech prostheses and liaise with speech and language therapists. Patients with motor neurone disease may present to a generalist for routine dental care, and GDPs should be aware of the challenges of managing the dental work for this group of people.
Gluteal atrophy and fatty infiltration in end-stage osteoarthritis of the hip
Authors: Kivle Kjetil , Lindland Elisabeth S. , Mjaaland Knut Erik , Svenningsen Svein , Nordsletten Lars 
Published: January 2021

AimsThe gluteus minimus (GMin) and gluteus medius (GMed) have unique structural and functional segments that may be affected to varying degrees, by end-stage osteoarthritis (OA) and normal ageing. We used data from patients with end-stage OA and matched healthy controls to 1) quantify the atrophy of the GMin and GMed in the two groups and 2) describe the distinct patterns of the fatty infiltration in the different segments of the GMin and GMed in the two groups.MethodsA total of 39 patients with end-stage OA and 12 age- and sex frequency-matched healthy controls were prospectively enrolled in the study. Fatty infiltration within the different segments of the GMin and the GMed was assessed on MRI according to the semiquantitative classification system of Goutallier and normalized cross-sectional areas were measured.ResultsThe GMin was smaller in the OA-group (p < 0.001) compared to the control group, but there was no group difference in the size of the GMed (p = 0.101). Higher levels of fatty infiltration were identified in the anterior segment of the GMin (p = 0.006) and the anterior (p = 0.006) and middle (p = 0.047) segments of the GMed in the OA group. All subjects in the control group had fatty infiltration of the anterior segment of the GMin, but all except one had no fatty infiltration in the entire GMed.ConclusionEnd-stage OA was associated with significant atrophy of the GMin and higher levels of fatty infiltration, particularly in the anterior segments of the GMin and GMed. Minor fatty infiltration of the anterior segment of GMin appears to be a normal part of ageing. Our study has demonstrated different patterns of atrophy and fatty infiltration between patients with end-stage OA and healthy matched peers. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(1):40–47.
Water Exchanges and Phosphorus Flux between a Reservoir and Eutrophic Littoral Zone
Authors: McCarty James A. , Hudson Cody B. 
Published: January 2021

HighlightsConvective currents led to hydraulic flux and transport of P between bottom and surface waters of the littoral zone.Hydraulic flux was primarily into the bottom of the cove and out of the cove along the surface.Eutrophic littoral areas are a significant source of P to the photic zone of reservoirs, supporting algal growth.Abstract. Eutrophication of surface waters is defined by excessive algal growth, with consequences for drinking water treatment. The sources of phosphorus (P) in southern U.S. reservoirs that fuel peak algal productivity in late summer are still not fully understood. One potential source is reservoir littoral zones, which have been described as the most productive zone of a waterbody. A shallow cove named Granny Hollow in Beaver Lake, northwest Arkansas, was selected as an isolated and semi-controlled location to measure and model sources of P and its transport in a littoral area for the month of July 2018. Hydraulic and P fluxes between the reservoir and littoral area were quantified through field measurements and a 3D lake model. In quantifying hydraulic flux for the month of July, the model indicated that water tended to move into the cove along the bottom and out along the top, with a net hydraulic flux out of the cove of -723,000 m3. Peak surface velocity in the cove averaged 2.09 cm s-1 for the month of July, while peak bottom velocity was 1.29 cm s-1. Diurnally, water movement switched directions, moving out of the cove along the surface during differential heating and into the cove along the surface during differential cooling due to thermoconvective flow. During differential heating, the water velocity and hydraulic flux to the main reservoir channel along the surface of the cove were greater than the velocity and flux in the opposite direction during differential cooling. The sources of P within the cove during July included P released from bottom sediments within the cove and littoral zone and transport of P from the reservoir channel to the cove. Transport of P from the main reservoir into the cove was a result of thermoconvective flow. During differential heating, bottom waters from the main reservoir channel were transported to the surface within the littoral zone by thermoconvective currents flowing upslope from deeper to shallower waters. This resulted in P exchange between the reservoir and littoral area and is significant because it represents movement of P from the bottom of the reservoir upward into the photic zone, where it can be used for algal productivity. During July 2018, it was estimated that 13.3 kg of P were transported from the bottom of the cove to the surface by convective currents and subsequently out of the cove. This study shows that eutrophic coves represent a significant source of P to the reservoir and more importantly to the photic zone, supporting algal growth. Keywords: 3D reservoir model, Eutrophication, Internal loading, Thermoconvective flow.
Runout tracking in gear motors using a microsensor based on all-fiber Fabry–Perot interferometry
Authors: Jiang Chunlei , Xu Kaichuan , Zhang Zihua , Wang Weicheng 
Published: January 2021

A novel radial runout measurement method for gear motors using a microsensor based on all-fiber Fabry–Perot interferometry is investigated. In order to achieve the fault diagnosis, in this method, a single-mode fiber is put forward as a sensor to measure radial runout of the rotating shaft. The performance of the proposed sensor has been compared to a Portable Digital Vibrometer–100 laser vibrometer for validation purposes, and the results show that the difference between them is approximately

±

0.55

µ

m

.
Leprosy perceptions and knowledge in endemic districts in India and Indonesia: Differences and commonalities
Authors: van’t Noordende Anna Tiny , Lisam Suchitra , Ruthindartri Panca , Sadiq Atif , Singh Vivek , Arifin Miftahol , van Brakel Willem Herman , Korfage Ida J. 
Published: January 2021

Background
Understanding how knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding leprosy differ in endemic countries can help us develop targeted educational and behavioural change interventions. This study aimed to examine the differences and commonalities in and determinants of knowledge, attitudes, practices and fears regarding leprosy in endemic districts in India and Indonesia.

Principle findings
A cross-sectional mixed-methods design was used. Persons affected by leprosy, their close contacts, community members and health workers were included. Through interview-administered questionnaires we assessed knowledge, attitudes, practices and fears with the KAP measure, EMIC-CSS and SDS. In addition, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted. The quantitative data were analysed using stepwise multivariate regression. Determinants of knowledge and stigma that were examined included age, gender, participant type, education, occupation, knowing someone affected by leprosy and district. The qualitative data were analysed using open, inductive coding and content analysis.
We administered questionnaires to 2344 participants (46% from India, 54% from Indonesia) as an interview. In addition, 110 participants were interviewed in-depth and 60 participants were included in focus group discussions. Knowledge levels were low in both countries: 88% of the participants in India and 90% of the participants in Indonesia had inadequate knowledge of leprosy. In both countries, cause, mode of transmission, early symptoms and contagiousness of leprosy was least known, and treatment and treatability of leprosy was best known. In both countries, health workers had the highest leprosy knowledge levels and community members the highest stigma levels (a mean score of up to 17.4 on the EMIC-CSS and 9.1 on the SDS). Data from the interviews indicated that people were afraid of being infected by leprosy. Local beliefs and misconceptions differed, for instance that leprosy is in the family for seven generations (Indonesia) or that leprosy is a result of karma (India). The determinants of leprosy knowledge and stigma explained 10–29% of the variability in level of knowledge and 3–10% of the variability in level of stigma.

Conclusion
Our findings show the importance of investigating the perceptions regarding leprosy prior to educational interventions in communities: even though knowledge levels were similar, local beliefs and misconceptions differed per setting. The potential determinants we included in our study explained very little of the variability in level of knowledge and stigma and should be explored further. Detailed knowledge of local knowledge gaps, beliefs and fears can help tailor health education to local circumstances.