bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amniotic fluid stem cells and the cell source repertoire for non-invasive prenatal testing
Authors: Rosner Margit , Kolbe Thomas , Voronin Viktor , Hengstschläger Markus 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA)-based non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is considered to be a very promising screening tool for pregnant women with an increased risk of fetal aneuploidy. Already millions of women worldwide underwent NIPT. However, due to the observed false-positive and false-negative results, this screening approach does not fulfil the criteria of a diagnostic test. Accordingly, positive results still require risk-carrying invasive prenatal testing, such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS), for confirmation. Such hurdles need to be overcome before NIPT could become a diagnostic approach widely used in the general population. Here we discuss new evidence that besides the placenta amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) could also represent an origin of cffDNA in the mother’s blood. A comprehensive picture of the involved cell source repertoire could pave the way to more reliable interpretations of NIPT results and ameliorate counselling of advice-seeking patients.
Graphical abstract
Two graded rings of Hermitian modular forms
Authors: Williams Brandon 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe give generators and relations for the graded rings of Hermitian modular forms of degree two over the rings of integers in $${\mathbb {Q}}(\sqrt{-7})$$

Q
(

-
7

)

and $${\mathbb {Q}}(\sqrt{-11})$$

Q
(

-
11

)

. In both cases we prove that the subrings of symmetric modular forms are generated by Maass lifts. The computation uses a reduction process against Borcherds products which also leads to a dimension formula for the spaces of modular forms.
Evaluation of induced polarization measurements using a new inversion method
Authors: Fancsik Tamás , Turai Endre , Szabó Norbert Péter , Molnár Judit Somogyiné , Dobróka Tünde Edit , Dobróka Mihály 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a new inversion method is proposed to process laboratory-measured induced polarization (IP) data. In the new procedure, the concept of the series expansion-based inversion is combined with a more general definition of the objective function. The time constant spectrum of the IP effect is assumed a line spectrum approximated by a series of Dirac’s delta function resulting in a square-integrable forward problem formula. This gives the applicability of the generalized objective function. The expansion coefficients as unknowns represent the model parameters of the inversion procedure. We use the new inversion procedure on an apparent polarizability dataset measured on a rock sample originated from the Recsk ore complex, northeast Hungary. The inversion results was compared to those of three additional laboratory datasets, which were measured on samples rich in ore minerals collected from the same area. The results are compared to those given by the traditional series expansion-based least squares method. It is shown that the newly proposed method gives more accurate and stable parameter estimation.
Two-stage stochastic programming approach for limited medical reserves allocation under uncertainties
Authors: Zhang Yuwei , Li Zhenping , Jiao Pengbo , Zhu Shen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAt the early stage of public health emergencies, when the conventional medical reserves prepared are insufficient, and productivity could temporarily not meet the surge in demand, donations can be used to cover excess demand for medical supplies to a large extent. This paper explicitly considers the allocation problem of limited medical reserves during a public health emergency, incorporating uncertainty in demand and donated supplies and the priorities of health care centers. The problem is formulated as a two-stage stochastic program that regards the donated supplies as an efficient recourse action, aiming to minimize the total losses. The optimal allocation strategy of limited medical reserves and donations is obtained by solving the model using Gurobi solver. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by a series of computational results, which show that the solutions of our method not only benefit the emergency demand fulfill rate but reduce the total losses as well.
TOD Typology Based on Urban Renewal: A Classification of Metro Stations for Ningbo City
Authors: Yang Liu , Song Xiaoyu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn recent decades, the transit-oriented development (TOD) concept has been widely used all over the world, especially in China, for the massive construction of urban public transportation systems with rail transit as the backbone. However, it is not easy to make significant changes in a city while building a transportation system, and the transit-guided urban development expected by the TOD concept has not been completely realized. The transformation of nearby areas with the guidance of transit is also becoming the choice of many Chinese cities, especially for cities that have only had subways for a few years. Unlike other international metropolitan cities, with metro systems of considerable scale, the modernization process of most of the small and medium-sized cities in China is being carried out simultaneously with metro-based public transportation guidance. For cities which are still in their initial stage of the backbone public transportation system, there is not enough previous experience and evidence to support the suitability of TOD typological analysis based on the node-place model. More research based on the node-place model has also shown practical applications of the TOD in developed cities. However, there are very few studies that analyse cities in which rail transit and urban development are both in a period of rapid growth. The goal of this research is to identify which metro stations in these cities are suitable for TOD improvement and optimization. This article attempts to expand the willingness of residents on the basis of the traditional node-place model as one of the judgment indicators for evaluating whether existing stations and surrounding areas are suitable for TOD improvement. At the same time, traditional statistical analysis is combined with GIS and machine learning technology. Using this method, we propose the TOD improvement-oriented station area classification and identification method based on TOD typology theory. The results show that Ningbo's subway stations can be divided into four categories according to the suitability for TOD improvement, and we selected seven stations suitable for TOD improvement according to the characteristics of the node-place model. The practice in Ningbo has proved that this method is effective for identifying sites suitable for TOD improvement, especially for cities that have recently built subways.
NOTES ON SOME ERDŐS–HAJNAL PROBLEMS
Authors: KOMJÁTH PÉTER 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe make comments on some problems Erdős and Hajnal posed in their famous problem list. Let X be a graph on
$\omega _1$
with the property that every uncountable set A of vertices contains a finite set s such that each element of
$A-s$
is joined to one of the elements of s. Does then X contain an uncountable clique? (Problem 69) We prove that both the statement and its negation are consistent. Do there exist circuitfree graphs
$\{X_n:n<\omega \}$
on
$\omega _1$
such that if
$A\in [\omega _1]^{\aleph _1}$
, then
$\{n<\omega :X_n\cap [A]^2=\emptyset \}$
is finite? (Problem 61) We show that the answer is yes under CH, and no under Martin’s axiom. Does there exist
$F:[\omega _1]^2\to 3$
with all three colors appearing in every uncountable set, and with no triangle of three colors. (Problem 68) We give a different proof of Todorcevic’ theorem that the existence of a
$\kappa $
-Suslin tree gives
$F:[\kappa ]^2\to \kappa $
establishing
$\kappa \not \to [\kappa ]^2_{\kappa }$
with no three-colored triangles. This statement in turn implies the existence of a
$\kappa $
-Aronszajn tree.
Tankyrase inhibitors hinder Trypanosoma cruzi infection by altering host-cell signalling pathways
Authors: Lafon-Hughes Laura , Fernández Villamil Silvia H. , Vilchez Larrea Salomé C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractChagas disease is a potentially life-threatening protozoan infection affecting around 8 million people, for which only chemotherapies with limited efficacy and severe adverse secondary effects are available. The aetiological agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, displays varied cell invading tactics and triggers different host cell signals, including the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) can be synthetized by certain members of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family: PARP-1/-2 and Tankyrases-1/2 (TNKS). PAR homoeostasis participates in the host cell response to T. cruzi infection and TNKS are involved in Wnt signalling, among other pathways. Therefore, we hypothesized that TNKS inhibitors (TNKSi) could hamper T. cruzi infection. We showed that five TNKSi (FLALL9, MN64, XAV939, G007LK and OULL9) diminished T. cruzi infection of Vero cells. As most TNKSi did not affect the viability of axenically cultivated parasites, our results suggested that TNKSi were interfering with parasite–host cell signalling. Infection by T. cruzi induced nuclear translocation of β-catenin, as well as upregulation of TNF-α expression and secretion. These changes were hampered by TNKSi. Further signals should be monitored in this model and in vivo. As a TNKSi has entered cancer clinical trials with promising results, our findings encourage further studies aiming at drug repurposing strategies.
Biotic and abiotic drivers affect parasite richness, prevalence and abundance inMytilus galloprovincialisalong the Northern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Bommarito C. , Wahl M. , Thieltges D.W. , Pansch C. , Zucchetta M. , Pranovi F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAlthough it is generally known that a combination of abiotic and biotic drivers shapes the distribution and abundance of parasites, our understanding of the interplay of these factors remains to be assessed for most marine host species. The present field survey investigated spatial patterns of richness, prevalence and abundance of parasites inMytilus galloprovincialisalong the coast of the northern Adriatic Sea. Herein, the relationships between biotic (host size, density and local parasite richness of mussel population) and abiotic (eutrophication and salinity) drivers and parasite richness of mussel individuals, prevalence and abundance were analysed. Local parasite richness was the most relevant factor driving parasite species richness in mussel individuals. Prevalence was mainly driven by eutrophication levels in three out of four parasite species analysed. Similarly, abundance was driven mainly by eutrophication in two parasite species. Mussel size, density and salinity had only minor contributions to the best fitting models. This study highlights that the influence of abiotic and biotic drivers on parasite infections in mussels can be differentially conveyed, depending on the infection measure applied, i.e. parasite richness, prevalence or abundance. Furthermore, it stresses the importance of eutrophication as a major factor influencing parasite prevalence and abundance in mussels in the Adriatic Sea.
Angola and Mozambique: Ways to Peace
Authors: Kokorev Vladimir B. 
Published: August 2021

The situations in Angola and Mozambique are very much alike. How can one define them: civil war, foreign intervention, economic breakdown, or destabilization?There is a grain of truth in each of these definitions. Still, none of them fully reflects the developments in these countries. What we find in Angola and Mozambique is a unique crisis which has hit weak, nationally disunited countries. (By contrast, Afghans are united by a religious culture, and Nicaraguans by national sentiments.)
Rwanda: The Rationality of Genocide
Authors: Lemarchand René 
Published: August 2021

The image of Rwanda conveyed by the media is that of a society gone amok. How else to explain the collective insanity that led to the butchering of half a million civilians, men, women and children? As much as the scale of the killings, the visual impact of the atrocities numbs the mind and makes the quest for rational motives singularly irrelevant. Tribal savagery suggests itself as the most plausible subtext for the scenes of apocalypse captured by television crews and photojournalists.Ironically, just as “tribalism” is being reaffirmed by the media as the bane of the continent, Rwanda’s descent into hell makes it a society not unlike others in Europe and Asia where genocide has been intrinsic to their recent historical experience.
“Tonguing the Body”: Placing Female Circumcision within African Feminist Discourse
Authors: Gordon Natasha M. 
Published: August 2021

This paper focuses primarily on current debates regarding the place of female circumcision in Third World and western feminist discourse. In examining these debates, I will also draw from its fictional and autobiographical depictions as presented and discussed in contemporary African literature. While female circumcision (FC) is not practiced solely in Africa, I will be limiting my analysis to the effects of the practice within the continent. The paper is divided into three sections. Part one places the discussion on FC within current feminist discourse. Part two provides a historical and cultural background on the practice. The final section wades into the debate on FC and African Feminism.Chandra Mohanty, in her article “Under Western Eyes,” presents a rather intriguing “Third World Woman’s” argument, reflecting as well something of the debate on African feminism.
Lesbian Activism in Zimbabwe
Authors: Clark Bev 
Published: August 2021

“I don’t believe they (lesbians and homosexuals) have any rights at all.”President Robert Mugabe, 2 August 1995I remember that it was a Monday. I had been running with my partner over lunch time and we had just returned to my office in town. The doorbell rang and standing outside were about nine policemen and women. Demanding entry, one of the senior officers brandished a search warrant for “pornographic material.”I was so angry I didn’t know what to do with myself. I had been targeted simply because I worked for the national Zimbabwean lesbian and gay organization. Furthermore, the police had no broader agenda other than to intimidate and harass me under the pretext of searching for pornography.
Collective Memory and Selective Amnesia in a Transmutational Paradox
Authors: Soyinka-Airewele Peyi 
Published: August 2021

Akin to myth, only tangentially related to the empirical truth, collective memory plays a key role in the symbolic discourse of politics, in the legitimation of political structures and action and in the justification of collective behavior.This article is a tentative incursion into the making and workings of collective memory in the recent Nigerian elections. The crisis of memory—construction, distortion, exploitation, and suppression—is evident in the Nigerian “transmutation” process—the perpetuation in power, through civilianization, of a military regime. The term “transmutation” is used here to convey the sense of a political mutation, a process of uncertain nature or progeny, certainly a transition, but one emanating from an unlikely parentage, a brutal and militarized past.
The 1999 Presidential Elections in Nigeria: The Unresolved Issues
Authors: Ihonvbere Julius O. 
Published: August 2021

One can say with certainty that all the contradictions that had bedeviled previous democratic experiments in Nigeria were present and magnified in the February 27, 1999 election: divided loyalties, manipulation of primordial identities and loyalties, corruption and other election malpractices, lack of political discipline, and limited attention to serious structural questions.Why did Chief Olu Falae lose the election to General Olusegun Obasanjo? Several reasons can be advanced. First, Obasanjo’s People’s Democratic Party (PDP) clearly had more money. Obasanjo was able to donate N 130 million and several cars to his party.
The 1999 Election and South Africa’s Postapartheid Political Culture
Authors: Johnston Alexander 
Published: August 2021

The result of South Africa’s first democratic election in 1994 had something in common with a successful children’s birthday party. It was clear from the beginning whose day it was and where the bulk of the spoils would go, but the failure of the African National Congress (ANC) to win a two-thirds majority consoled the others. And those guests who might have spoiled the occasion with tears and tantrums were rewarded too, with control of provincial parliaments in Kwa-Zulu-Natal and the Western Cape, as well as positions in a government of national unity. These factors helped to make the 1994 election an occasion for general, not just partisan, rejoicing.Divorced from the euphoria and sense of relief that attended the 1994 poll and robbed of any uncertainty about the outcome, observers of 1999’s election have had to work much harder to read its significance.
A late diagnosis of Pseudohypoaldosteronism type I in an infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome presenting with failure to thrive
Authors: McVadon Deani H. , Costello John M. , Twombley Katherine E. , Zyblewski Sinai C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPseudohypoaldosteronism type I is caused by a peripheral resistance to aldosterone and can present with electrolyte abnormalities, poor growth, or dehydration. Although a rare disease, several case reports have been published regarding Pseudohypoaldosteronism type I in neonates and infants. We report a case of failure to thrive and hyponatremia in an infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who was subsequently found to have Pseudohypoaldosteronism type I.
Land rights and the economic impacts of climatic anomalies on agriculture: evidence from Ethiopia
Authors: Bezabih Mintewab , Di Falco Salvatore , Mekonnen Alemu , Kohlin Gunnar 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper shows that strengthening land rights via a land certification program may reduce the negative economic impact of climatic anomalies in the highlands of Ethiopia. The results support the hypothesis that certification enhances the likelihood of adapting some of the land-related investments, thus supporting adaptation enhancing mechanisms and the resilience of the farming sector. Institutional factors may play a key role in supporting farmers’ adaptive capacity to climatic challenges.
On the Transition From Precursors to the Initial Upward Positive Leader in Negative Rocket‐Triggered Lightning
Authors: Li Xiao , Lu Gaopeng , Jiang Rubin , Zhang Hongbo , Fan Yanfeng , Shi Tao , Qie Xiushu , Zhang Yang , Ren Huan , Zhang Chenxiao , Zhang Yijun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPrecursory current pulses (precursors) and initial upward leader pulses are examined to characterize the charge transfer of precursors and the sustained upward leader during the early stage of rocket‐triggered lightning. According to the analysis of six negative triggered flashes, it is found that both precursors and the initial upward positive leader (iUPL) pulse are led by a small deflection that appears at about 25 μs prior to the major pulses. The characteristics of precursors and iUPL pulses are very similar except that the precursors generally transfer less electric charge (35.07 μC on average) than iUPL pulses do (64.73 μC on average). Some marginal differences in the parameters (e.g., rise time, duration) may be attributed to the modification of the current pulses caused by the different impedances of the leader channel and the steel wire. The ascending rocket causes the enhancement of electric field (E‐field) in the close vicinity of the wire tip, and therefore the breakdown of the iUPL is initiated by a stronger E‐field than that of the precursors. The step lengths of the precursors (defined as the extended length of the wire tip lifted by the rocket between two adjacent isolated precursors) are similar to that of iUPL pulses. Our analyses indicate that the transition from precursors to the iUPL occurs when the E‐field around the wire tip is strong enough, by the accumulation of more positive charge, to launch a meter‐scale breakdown and the ensuing charge transfer to ground.
Temperatures Near the Lunar Poles and Their Correlation With Hydrogen Predicted by LEND
Authors: Gläser Philipp , Sanin Anton , Williams Jean‐Pierre , Mitrofanov Igor , Oberst Jürgen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe lunar polar regions offer permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) representing the only regions which are cold enough for water ice to accumulate on the surface. The Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) has mapped the polar regions for their hydrogen abundance which possibly resides there in the form of water ice. Neutron suppression regions (NSRs) are regions of excessive hydrogen concentrations and were previously identified using LEND data. At each pole, we applied thermal modeling to three NSRs and one unclassified region to evaluate the correlation between hydrogen concentrations and temperatures. Our thermal model delivers temperature estimates for the surface and for 29 layers in the sub‐surface down to 2 m depth. We compared our temperature maps at each layer to LEND neutron suppression maps to reveal the range of depths at which both maps correlate best. As anticipated, we find the three south polar NSRs which are coincident with PSRs in agreement with respective (near)‐surface temperatures that support the accumulation of water ice. Water ice is suspected to be present in the upper ≈19 cm layer of regolith. The three north polar NSRs however lie in non‐PSR areas and are counter‐intuitive as such that most surfaces reach temperatures that are too high for water ice to exist. However, we find that temperatures are cold enough in the shallow sub‐surface and suggest water ice to be present at depths down to ≈35–65 cm. Additionally we find ideal conditions for ice pumping into the sub‐surface at the north polar NSRs. The reported depths are observable by LEND and can, at least in part, explain the existence and shape of the observed hydrogen signal. Although we can substantiate the anticipated correlation between hydrogen abundance and temperature the converse argument cannot be made.
The Global Range of Temperatures on Convergent Plate Interfaces
Authors: England Philip C. , May Dave A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe present accurate analytical expressions for temperatures on the upper parts of convergent plate boundaries where there are rigid plates both above and below the subduction interface. We expand on earlier formulations, which considered planar interfaces of small dip, to give expressions suitable for use on all present plate interfaces, which have both curved cross sections and maximum dips of up to 30°. We also explain the errors in studies that have asserted the inapplicability of such analytical approximations to temperatures near curved plate boundaries, or where young oceanic lithosphere is subducted. We show, by comparing these expressions with numerical solutions to the full equations, that the approximations agree with the numerical calculations to within a few percent—appreciably smaller than the uncertainties associated with the physical parameters of actual plate interfaces. The common equating of “warm” subduction interfaces with the subduction of young lithosphere, and “cold” with old lithosphere, is not valid. In the absence of dissipation, thermal gradients on the plate interface vary inversely with the product of age of the subduction ocean plate and its descent speed. Where shear stresses during slip on the plate interface exceed a ~10 MPa, the temperature gradients along the interface vary with the product of full convergence rate and shear stress during slip on the interface.