bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Martian Atmospheric CO2 and Pressure Profiling With Differential Absorption Lidar: System Consideration and Simulation Results
Authors: Lin B. , Liu Z. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study explores a new concept of Martian differential absorption Lidar operating at the 2‐μm CO2 absorption band for atmospheric CO2 and pressure observations. For the considered system, two or more closely spaced wavelengths are selected, so that environmental factors such as surface reflection, atmospheric scattering, and absorptions from other trace gases on the lidar return signals are very similar for all selected wavelengths, but the difference in CO2 absorption is substantial. Thus, Martian CO2 amount and air pressure could be retrieved from the measured CO2 differential absorption optical depth at the selected wavelengths. Simulations based on Mars's environmental conditions and technically feasible lidar systems show that lidar returns from the surface could have sufficient signal strengths that allow surface air pressure measurements with 1 Pa precision after a horizontally 5‐km averaging when dust optical depth is smaller than 1.5. Even when the dust optical depth increases to 3, the uncertainty in the air pressure and column CO2 amount measurements with a random error is still smaller than 1%. In the presence of moderate dust aerosol loads and with the optimal selection of offline and online wavelengths, atmospheric CO2 and pressure profiles could also be retrieved from the surface up to an ∼13‐km altitude with the random error smaller than 1% for a horizontal resolution of 100 km and a vertical resolution of 100 m during night or 400 m during day. These CO2 and pressure measurements would significantly improve weather and climate modeling and prediction.
The Energy Spectra of Electron Microbursts Between 200 keV and 1 MeV
Authors: Johnson A. T. , Shumko M. , Sample J. , Griffith B. , Klumpar D. , Spence H. , Blake J. B. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the energy spectrum of electron microbursts observed by the Focused Investigations of Relativistic Electron Burst Intensity, Range, and Dynamics II (FIREBIRD‐II, henceforth FIREBIRD) CubeSats. FIREBIRD is a pair of CubeSats, launched in January 2015 into a low Earth orbit, which focuses on studying electron microbursts. High‐resolution electron data from FIREBIRD‐II consist of 5 differential energy channels between 200 keV and 1 MeV and a 1 MeV integral channel. This covers an energy range that has not been well studied from low Earth orbit with good energy and time resolution. This study aims to improve the understanding of the scattering mechanism behind electron microbursts by investigating their spectral properties and their relationship with the equatorial electron population under different geomagnetic conditions. Microbursts are identified in the region of the North Atlantic where FIREBIRD only observes electrons in the bounce loss cone. The electron flux and exponential energy spectrum of each microburst are calculated using a FIREBIRD instrument response modeled in GEANT4 (GEometry ANd Tracking) and compared with the near‐equatorial electron spectra measured by the Van Allen Probes. Microbursts occurring when the Auroral Electrojet (AE) index is enhanced tend to carry more electrons with relatively higher energies. The microburst scattering mechanism is more efficient at scattering electrons with lower energies; however, the difference in scattering efficiency between low and high energy is reduced during periods of enhanced AE.
Troposphere‐Mesosphere Coupling by Convectively Forced Gravity Waves During Southern Hemisphere Monsoon Season as Viewed by AIM/CIPS
Authors: Forbes Jeffrey M. , Zhang Xiaoli , Randall Cora E. , France Jeff , Harvey V. Lynn , Carstens Justin , Bailey Scott M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA new data set consisting of Rayleigh Albedo Anomaly variance data resulting from measurements by the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size instrument on the Aeronomy for Ice in the Mesosphere satellite is introduced, and is used to illustrate the lower‐mesospheric (50–55 km) gravity wave (GW) response to tropospheric convection during Southern Hemisphere monsoon season (December‐February). The correspond to GWs with vertical wavelengths 15 km and horizontal wavelengths between about 23 and 600 km. It is shown that these scales encompass most of the convectively generated GW spectrum at 50–55 km altitude due to both plume overshoot and diabatic heating, and include those GWs most likely to impact the overlying ionosphere‐thermosphere‐mesosphere system. The GWs originate from convective sources associated with the African and South American land masses, the maritime continent/Australia, and the South Pacific Convergence Zone. The regions of enhanced convection are identified according to half‐hourly rainfall rate (RR) distributions from the Global Precipitation Measurement mission. The GW exhibits spatial, inter‐monthly, and inter‐annual variabilities connected with RR and propagation conditions. A ∼ southward shift of longitudinal structures in with respect to RR longitudinal structures is interpreted in terms of wave focusing toward the middle atmosphere summer easterly jet core. For the South American Monsoon System, a linear regression analysis shows variability to be expressible in terms of upper‐stratosphere zonal wind speeds (correlation coefficient R = −0.91) with magnitude of RR playing a much lesser role (R = 0.16).
A Global and Seasonal Perspective of Martian Water Vapor From ExoMars/NOMAD
Authors: Crismani M. M. J. , Villanueva G. L. , Liuzzi G. , Smith M. D. , Knutsen E. W. , Daerden F. , Neary L. , Mumma M. J. , Aoki S. , Trompet L. , Thomas I. R. , Ristic B. , Bellucci G. , Piccialli A. , Robert S. , Mahieux A. , Lopez Moreno J.‐J. , Sindoni G. , Giuranna M. , Patel M. R. , Vandaele A. C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSlightly less than a Martian Year of nominal science (March 2018–January 2020) with the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter has furthered the ongoing investigation of dayside water vapor column abundance. These dayside observations span latitudes between 75°S and 75°N, and all longitudes, which can provide global snapshots of the total water column abundances. In addition to tracking the seasonal transport of water vapor between poles, geographic enhancements are noted, particularly in the southern hemisphere, both in Hellas Basin, and in other regions not obviously correlated to topography. We report consistent water vapor climatology with previous spacecraft observations, however, note a difference in total water vapor content is noted. Finally, we are unable to find evidence for substantial diurnal variation in the total dayside water vapor column.
Changes in Paleovegetation and Climate Seasonality in Central China Over Last Two Glacial Cycles: A Stable Isotope Perspective From Land Snails
Authors: Qin Ben , Wu Yan , Cui Linlin , Wu Naiqin , Du Shuisheng , Wang Xu , Ding Zhongli 
Published: October 2021

AbstractModern investigations have shown that oxygen and carbon isotopes of land snail shells are useful indicators of climate and vegetation in monsoonal regions. However, stable isotope studies on snail fossil shells have seldom been done, and the reliability of those indicators needs further verification. Moreover, intrashell stable isotope analysis of individual snails is rather scarce, and seasonal variation in the glacial‐interglacial monsoonal climate remains unclear. Therefore, we performed δ18O and δ13C analyses on fossil shells of cold‐aridiphilous Cathaica pulveratrix and subhumidiphilous Metodontia yantaiensis from the loess section over the last two glacial cycles at the Beiyao site on the southern Chinese Loess Plateau. The δ18O values of fossil shells reflected monsoonal rainfall amounts and more rainfall during MIS3 and MIS7 than during MIS4 and MIS6. Meanwhile, the δ13C values of fossil shells indicated the relative abundance of C3/C4 plants and more C4 biomass during MIS3 and MIS7 than during MIS4 and MIS6. The δ18O and δ13C values of the two species from the same horizon are significantly different, reflecting differences in their growing season and/or physiological habits. Intrashell variations in stable isotopes showed that climatic seasonality was much stronger during the glacial periods than during the interglacials. Our findings provide an environmental background for explaining past human activities at the Beiyao site. The investigation of stone artifacts showed that ancient human activities were relatively strong during MIS3 and MIS7. During these stages, the warm and humid climate with smaller seasonal contrast was favorable for the regional expansion of human activities.
XBP1 regulates the protumoral function of tumor-associated macrophages in human colorectal cancer
Authors: Zhao Yahui , Zhang Weina , Huo Miaomiao , Wang Peng , Liu Xianghe , Wang Yu , Li Yinuo , Zhou Zhixiang , Xu Ningzhi , Zhu Hongxia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMacrophages are among the most abundant immune cells in colorectal cancer (CRC). Re-educating tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to switch from protumoral to anti-tumoral activity is an attractive treatment strategy that warrants further investigation. However, little is known about the key pathway that is activated in TAMs. In this study, infitrating CD206+ TAMs in CRC were sorted and subjected to RNA-seq analysis. Differentially expressed genes were found to be enriched in unfolded protein response/endoplasmic reticulum stress response processes, and XBP1 splicing/activation was specifically observed in TAMs. XBP1 activation in TAMs promoted the growth and metastasis of CRC. Ablation of XBP1 inhibited the expression of the pro-tumor cytokine signature of TAMs, including IL-6, VEGFA, and IL-4. Simultaneously, XBP1 depletion could directly inhibit the expression of SIRPα and THBS1, thereby blocking “don’t eat me” recognition signals and enhancing phagocytosis. Therapeutic XBP1 gene editing using AAV2-sgXBP1 enhanced the anti-tumor activity. Together, XBP1 activation in TAMs drives CRC progression by elevating pro-tumor cytokine expression and secretion, as well as inhibiting macrophage phagocytosis. Targeting XBP1 signaling in TAMs may be a potential strategy for CRC therapy.
Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women
Authors: Wang Ziyi , Liu Jiaye , Shuai Huan , Cai Zhongxiang , Fu Xia , Liu Yang , Xiao Xiong , Zhang Wenhao , Krabbendam Elise , Liu Shuo , Liu Zhongchun , Li Zhihui , Yang Bing Xiang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPostpartum depression (PPD) is the most common psychological condition following childbirth, and may have a detrimental effect on the social and cognitive health of spouses, infants, and children. The aim of this study was to complete a comprehensive overview of the current literature on the global epidemiology of PPD. A total of 565 studies from 80 different countries or regions were included in the final analysis. Postpartum depression was found in 17.22% (95% CI 16.00–18.51) of the world’s population. Meta-regression analysis showed that study size, country or region development, and country or region income were the causes of heterogeneity. Multivariable meta-regression analysis found that study size and country or area development were the most important predictors. Varied prevalence rates were noted in geographic regions with the highest rate found in Southern Africa (39.96%). Of interested was a significantly lower rate of PPD in developed countries or high-income countries or areas. Furthermore, the findings showed that there was a substantial difference in rates of PPD when marital status, educational level, social support, spouse care, violence, gestational age, breast feeding, child mortality, pregnancy plan, financial difficulties, partnership, life stress, smoking, alcohol intake, and living conditions were considered in the pooled estimates. Our results indicated that one out of every five women experiences PPD which is linked to income and geographic development. It is triggered by a variety of causes that necessitate the attention and committed intervention of primary care providers, clinicians, health authorities, and the general population.
LncRNA SNHG17 interacts with LRPPRC to stabilize c-Myc protein and promote G1/S transition and cell proliferation
Authors: Liu Jin-Yu , Chen Ya-Jing , Feng Huan-Hui , Chen Zhan-Li , Wang Yun-Long , Yang Jin-E , Zhuang Shi-Mei 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOncogenic c-Myc is a master regulator of G1/S transition. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) emerge as new regulators of various cell activities. Here, we found that lncRNA SnoRNA Host Gene 17 (SNHG17) was elevated at the early G1-phase of cell cycle. Both gain- and loss-of function studies disclosed that SNHG17 increased c-Myc protein level, accelerated G1/S transition and cell proliferation, and consequently promoted tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the 1-150-nt of SNHG17 physically interacted with the 1035-1369-aa of leucine rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing (LRPPRC) protein, and disrupting this interaction abrogated the promoting role of SNHG17 in c-Myc expression, G1/S transition, and cell proliferation. The effect of SNHG17 in stimulating cell proliferation was attenuated by silencing c-Myc or LRPPRC. Furthermore, silencing SNHG17 or LRPPRC increased the level of ubiquitylated c-Myc and reduced the stability of c-Myc protein. Analysis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues revealed that SNHG17, LRPPRC, and c-Myc were significantly upregulated in HCC, and they showed a positive correlation with each other. High level of SNHG17 or LRPPRC was associated with worse survival of HCC patients. These data suggest that SNHG17 may inhibit c-Myc ubiquitination and thus enhance c-Myc level and facilitate proliferation by interacting with LRPPRC. Our findings identify a novel SNHG17-LRPPRC-c-Myc regulatory axis and elucidate its roles in G1/S transition and tumor growth, which may provide potential targets for cancer therapy.
Elaiophylin reduces body weight and lowers glucose levels in obese mice by activating AMPK
Authors: Bao Ruoxuan , Meng Yongmei , Zhang Haibo , Yang Chen , Li Wei , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Jinye , Sun Renqiang , Li Zengxia , Jiang Wei , Zhang Chensong , Zhang Changsheng , Yuan Hai-Xin , Dang Yongjun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObesity is an epidemic affecting 13% of the global population and increasing the risk of many chronic diseases. However, only several drugs are licensed for pharmacological intervention for the treatment of obesity. As a master regulator of metabolism, the therapeutic potential of AMPK is widely recognized and aggressively pursued for the treatment of metabolic diseases. We found that elaiophylin (Ela) rapidly activates AMPK in a panel of cancer-cell lines, as well as primary hepatocytes and adipocytes. Meanwhile, Ela inhibits the mTORC1 complex, turning on catabolism and turning off anabolism together with AMPK. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that Ela does not activate AMPK directly, instead, it increases cellular AMP/ATP and ADP/ATP ratios, leading to AMPK phosphorylation in a LKB1-dependent manner. AMPK activation induced by Ela caused changes in diverse metabolic genes, thereby promoting glucose consumption and fatty acid oxidation. Importantly, Ela activates AMPK in mouse liver and adipose tissue. As a consequence, it reduces body weight and blood glucose levels and improves glucose and insulin tolerance in both ob/ob and high-fat diet-induced obese mouse models. Our study has identified a novel AMPK activator as a candidate drug for the treatment of obesity and its associated chronic diseases.
Structural and functional analysis of target recognition by the lymphocyte adaptor protein LNK
Authors: Morris Rhiannon , Zhang Yaoyuan , Ellyard Julia I. , Vinuesa Carola G. , Murphy James M. , Laktyushin Artem , Kershaw Nadia J. , Babon Jeffrey J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe SH2B family of adaptor proteins, SH2-B, APS, and LNK are key modulators of cellular signalling pathways. Whilst SH2-B and APS have been partially structurally and biochemically characterised, to date there has been no such characterisation of LNK. Here we present two crystal structures of the LNK substrate recognition domain, the SH2 domain, bound to phosphorylated motifs from JAK2 and EPOR, and biochemically define the basis for target recognition. The LNK SH2 domain adopts a canonical SH2 domain fold with an additional N-terminal helix. Targeted analysis of binding to phosphosites in signalling pathways indicated that specificity is conferred by amino acids one- and three-residues downstream of the phosphotyrosine. Several mutations in LNK showed impaired target binding in vitro and a reduced ability to inhibit signalling, allowing an understanding of the molecular basis of LNK dysfunction in variants identified in patients with myeloproliferative disease.
Emergence and control of photonic band structure in stacked OLED microcavities
Authors: Allemeier David , Isenhart Benjamin , Dahal Ekraj , Tsuda Yuki , Yoshida Tsukasa , White Matthew S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe demonstrate an electrically-driven metal-dielectric photonic crystal emitter by fabricating a series of organic light emitting diode microcavities in a vertical stack. The states of the individual microcavities are shown to split into bands of hybridized photonic energy states through interaction with adjacent cavities. The propagating photonic modes within the crystal depend sensitively on the unit cell geometry and the optical properties of the component materials. By systematically varying the metallic layer thicknesses, we show control over the density of states and band center. The emergence of a tunable photonic band gap due to an asymmetry-introduced Peierls distortion is demonstrated and correlated to the unit cell configuration. This work develops a class of one dimensional, planar, photonic crystal emitter architectures enabling either narrow linewidth, multi-mode, or broadband emission with a high degree of tunability.
IHC-based Ki67 as response biomarker to tamoxifen in breast cancer window trials enrolling premenopausal women
Authors: Joosten Stacey E. P. , Wellenstein Marius , Koornstra Rutger , van Rossum Annelot , Sanders Joyce , van der Noort Vincent , Ferrandez Maria C. , Harkes Rolf , Mandjes Ingrid A. M. , Rosing Hilde , Huitema Alwin , Beijnen Jos H. , Wesseling Jelle , van Diest Paul J. , Horlings Hugo M. , Linn Sabine C. , Zwart Wilbert 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWindow studies are gaining traction to assess (molecular) changes in short timeframes. Decreased tumor cell positivity for the proliferation marker Ki67 is often used as a proxy for treatment response. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based Ki67 on tissue from neo-adjuvant trials was previously reported to be predictive for long-term response to endocrine therapy for breast cancer in postmenopausal women, but none of these trials enrolled premenopausal women. Nonetheless, the marker is being used on this subpopulation. We compared pathologist assessed IHC-based Ki67 in samples from pre- and postmenopausal women in a neo-adjuvant, endocrine therapy focused trial (NCT00738777), randomized between tamoxifen, anastrozole, or fulvestrant. These results were compared with (1) IHC-based Ki67 scoring by AI, (2) mitotic figures, (3) mRNA-based Ki67, (4) five independent gene expression signatures capturing proliferation, and (5) blood levels for tamoxifen and its metabolites as well as estradiol. Upon tamoxifen, IHC-based Ki67 levels were decreased in both pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer patients, which was confirmed using mRNA-based cell proliferation markers. The magnitude of decrease of Ki67 IHC was smaller in pre- versus postmenopausal women. We found a direct relationship between post-treatment estradiol levels and the magnitude of the Ki67 decrease in tumors. These data suggest IHC-based Ki67 may be an appropriate biomarker for tamoxifen response in premenopausal breast cancer patients, but anti-proliferative effect size depends on estradiol levels.
Direct observation of polarization-induced two-dimensional electron/hole gases at ferroelectric-insulator interface
Authors: Huyan Huaixun , Addiego Christopher , Yan Xingxu , Gadre Chaitanya A. , Melville Alexander , Schlom Darrell G. , Pan Xiaoqing 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTwo-dimensional electron gas or hole gas (2DEG or 2DHG) and their functionalities at artificial heterostructure interfaces have attracted extensive attention in recent years. Many theoretical calculations and recent experimental studies have shown the formation of alternating 2DEG and 2DHG at ferroelectric/insulator interfaces, such as BiFeO3/TbScO3, depending on the different polarization states. However, a direct observation based on the local charge distribution at the BiFeO3/TbScO3 interface has yet to be explored. Herein we demonstrate the direct observation of 2DHG and 2DEG at BiFeO3/TbScO3 interface using four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy and Bader charge analysis. The results show that the measured charge state of each Fe/O columns at the interface undergoes a significant increase/reduction for the polarization state pointing away/toward the interface, indicating the existence of 2DHG/2DEG. This method opens up a path of directly observing charge at atomic scale and provides new insights into the design of future electronic nanodevices.
The interaction of lipids and inflammatory markers predict negative symptom severity in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Goldsmith David R. , Massa Nicholas , Miller Brian J. , Miller Andrew H. , Duncan Erica 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFinding biological predictors and novel mechanisms underlying negative symptoms of schizophrenia is of significant importance given the lack of effective treatments. Increasing data support a role for metabolic dysfunction and inflammation in reward processing deficits in psychiatric illness. Herein, we found an interaction between lipids and inflammation as a predictor of worse negative symptom severity in individuals with schizophrenia. Future studies may seek to further elucidate this relationship and thereby reveal novel treatment targets for negative symptoms.
NERO: a biomedical named-entity (recognition) ontology with a large, annotated corpus reveals meaningful associations through text embedding
Authors: Wang Kanix , Stevens Robert , Alachram Halima , Li Yu , Soldatova Larisa , King Ross , Ananiadou Sophia , Schoene Annika M. , Li Maolin , Christopoulou Fenia , Ambite José Luis , Matthew Joel , Garg Sahil , Hermjakob Ulf , Marcu Daniel , Sheng Emily , Beißbarth Tim , Wingender Edgar , Galstyan Aram , Gao Xin , Chambers Brendan , Pan Weidi , Khomtchouk Bohdan B. , Evans James A. , Rzhetsky Andrey 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMachine reading (MR) is essential for unlocking valuable knowledge contained in millions of existing biomedical documents. Over the last two decades1,2, the most dramatic advances in MR have followed in the wake of critical corpus development3. Large, well-annotated corpora have been associated with punctuated advances in MR methodology and automated knowledge extraction systems in the same way that ImageNet4was fundamental for developing machine vision techniques. This study contributes six components to an advanced, named entity analysis tool for biomedicine: (a) a new, Named Entity Recognition Ontology (NERO) developed specifically for describing textual entities in biomedical texts, which accounts for diverse levels of ambiguity, bridging the scientific sublanguages of molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and medicine; (b) detailed guidelines for human experts annotating hundreds of named entity classes; (c) pictographs for all named entities, to simplify the burden of annotation for curators; (d) an original, annotated corpus comprising 35,865 sentences, which encapsulate 190,679 named entities and 43,438 events connecting two or more entities; (e) validated, off-the-shelf, named entity recognition (NER) automated extraction, and; (f) embedding models that demonstrate the promise of biomedical associations embedded within this corpus.