bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation settlement for unsaturated soil AL-NAJAF upon matric suction and different loading using Oedometer
Authors: Mohammad Thurgam A , Aziz Laith J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This research aims to conduct investigations on the settlement using an Oedometer matric suction device for unsaturated soil. The type of soil taken from the city of Najaf is as one model, a sandy gypsum soil, the percentage of gypsum content is 29% and the moisture content of the soil is 3%. The research includes experimenting by choosing three relative densities 95%, 85% and 75% with an amount of 150 KPA constant pore air pressure and three pore water pressure. 100 KPA, 130 KPA and 150 KPA where the matric suction values are 50 KPA, 20 KPA and 0 KPA respectively. Also, the soil is tested in the partially saturated state and fully saturated state under the influence of placing multiple loads 1kg, 2kg, 4kg, 8kg and 16 kg at a different matric suction (50 KPA, 20 KPA and 0 KPA) and relative densities. The settlement is measured by the LVDT device to measure the vertical displacement, where the data is recorded through a program installed on the calculator to measure the settlement data every second, where the results are then analyzed by excel program. The analysis of the experimental results achieves that the highest settlement ratio of 5.5% was achieved when loading (1kg) when applying matric (20 KPA) within 500 sec. The settlement increases with increasing time and stabilizes at the lowest interval of 76 sec., in the case initial of matric suction (50 KPA) at the relative density of 95% and 25 sec., in the case matric suction (0 KPA) at the relative density of 85%.
Artificial neural network for prediction of liquefaction triggering based on CPT data
Authors: Alzahamie Zaid Hazim , Abdul-Husain Husain A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The prediction of the liquefaction potential of soil due to an earthquake is an essential task in civil engineering. In this paper, the artificial neural networks (ANNs) technique is introduced in the prediction of liquefaction potential of soil based on the cone penetration test (CPT) data. ANNs model was developed and validated using a database of 174 field case histories. Six parameters were assigned as input parameters of the model which were earthquake magnitude (M), effective vertical stress (☐′), cone resistance (qc), normalized peak horizontal acceleration at the ground surface (☐/g), soil mean grain size (D50), and cyclic stress ratio (CSR). The output of the model was liquefaction index (LI) which in turn was used to determine whether liquefaction was taking place or not. The developed ANN model gave well-matched results when compared with the actual results. Also, the study for the relative importance of the input parameters was performed. It showed that qc and M exhibited the highest importance of approximately 33% and 23% respectively while the value of (☐/g) yielded the lowest value of 9.7%. Finally, based on the sensitivity analysis of the model, it was found that the results of the ANN model were compatible with prior geotechnical knowledge. Accordingly, it can be concluded that neural networks can be used to simulate the problem of soil liquefaction with high accuracy.
The effect of hollow polyester fiber additive on expansive clay soil
Authors: Aghili Farzaneh , Isfahani Hajar Share , Azhari Amin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Controlling the swelling of expansive clay soils is always challenging for geotechnicians. In this study, the effect of hollow polyester fiber as an additive on the free swelling percentage and pressure reduction of bentonite clay is investigated experimentally. The fibers are employed in two forms of spread and concentrated. Fiber dosages of 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 are employed for the spread form and fiber columns with diameters of 1.2, 2 and 3.2 cm, are considered for the concentrated form with fiber column densities of 30 and 60 kg/m3. The obtained results show a significant improvement in the swelling behaviour of bentonite for both the spread and concentrated forms, with better performance for the later form. In which, higher densities and larger diameters of the fiber columns generally decreases the swelling percentage and pressure. The best improvement was observed in the concentrated form sample, with 60 kg/cm3 density and 3.2 cm diameter, with 19 and 57 percent reduction in swelling percentage and pressure, respectively.
Numerical study on the effect of excavation dewatering on the contaminant emission in sandy soil
Authors: Beyraki Moein Ashofteh , Fardoust Fariborz , Akhtarpour Ali , Soleimanian Narges 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In recent years, construction has increased widely throughout the world, and the need for excavation and dewatering has increased dramatically. The potential for pollutants to enter soil and groundwater including chemical fertilizers, municipal landfill leachate, and hydrocarbons has also increased. The dewatering process used in the excavation can detrimentally affect the spread of contamination in the soil. In this study, the effect of different parameters on the emission of pollutants in different excavation depths has been investigated. Two software products SEEP/W and CTRAN/W are used for numerical modelling. The results show that the physical properties of soil have a significant influence on the contaminant movement. Also, it is indicated that the change in water level depth and the excavation depth have a massive effect on the contaminant migration process. Moreover, the vertical barrier can be an effective way to reduce the migration of contaminants to the excavation zone.
The behaviour of piled raft foundation in loose sandy soil
Authors: Al Masoodi R. S. , Al Gharrawi A. M. , Hussein H. H. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The conducts of pile raft basis depend on piles, raft, as well as soil. When designing a pile group, it is expected that only the piles carry out the applied loading. No contribution is given to soils underneath the raft because of the complicated interacting amid the piles and their cap with soils. When the soil under the raft foundation shares carrying the applied loads, this interaction will increment the piled raft system’s bearing capability as well as decrease the settlements. To comprehend the piled raft system’s complicated conduct, testing for twenty-seven experimental models was done within loose sands with a load applied to the piled raft foundation via a compressing jack then the measurement was done using a loading cell. Wide parametrical examinations had been executed with the variables number of piles, pile length, raft dimension ratio. The soil under the raft contributed a certain percentage in carrying the applied weights in the piled raft foundation. Similarly, there is an increase in the loading taken via piles to the overall load executed on pile raft with the growth of the number of piles in the series, and there is a decrease in the share of the soil under the raft for the applied loads when there is increasing within the piles’ amounts. The increment within the piles’ lengths causes an increase in the soil’s share underneath the raft, and the maximum settlement of the piled raft system does not exceed 5% of the raft width in all cases.
Study on the Effect of Distribution of Viscous Damper for Steel Frame Structure
Authors: Alataby E K , Kadhim J A , Ahmed M A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The main objective of the current study is to reduce the structural response after a steel ten floors building was exposed to earthquakes by using viscous fluid dampers. The building response is studied for two conditions in which the first is without damper and the second by using damper and for tow conditions four seismic excitement earthquakes were selected in this study. Parametric study is employed which include the type of damper, the vertical and horizontal distribution of d, the engineering properties of finder, and the support effect of building. The software used for the analysis is SAP2000 v14 using linear time history analysis. The dampers are installed in the outer frames of the structure and in six different shapes (single one, single two, cross one, cross two, chevron one, chevron two bay damper) and compare between them and choose the best shape, which is a cross two bay damper, which noted a high decrease in seismic response. Then, the number of dampers in the structure is reduced by placing it in five floors, which achieves a decrease in the seismic response as well as a decrease in the cost. The parameters that are used to define the seismic response are the maximum displacement, drift ratio and base shear.
The combined effect of lightweight coarse aggregate and steel fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete
Authors: Abdul Sada Yasameen Azeez , Rasheed Laith Sh. , Al-Mahaidi Riadh 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The most evident properties of LWAC by which it is differentiated from normal weight concrete are its lower density and better insulating potential. The aim of this study is to examine the combined effect of lightweight coarse aggregate and steel fibers on concrete’s mechanical properties. In this study, three different types of coarse aggregate (normal weight, crushed clay brick and Attapulgite) with different percentages of steel fiber (0%, 0.5%, and 1%) were used. The results show that replacing normal weight concrete with lightweight concrete leads to a decrease in unit weight, compressive strength, splitting-tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, while water absorption increases. With the increase of steel fiber ratios in the mixtures, the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete improve significantly compared with the control sample with no fiber. When 1% steel fiber is used, the splitting-tensile strength increases by about 115.6% and 55.7% and compressive strength decreases by about 7.4% and 22.2% for crushed clay brick and Attapulgite, respectively, compared with normal weight concrete.
Traffic operations at the approaches to the highway checkpoint sites
Authors: Nassrullah Z , AbdulJaleel L 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In recent years, more use of security and traffic safety checkpoints on Iraqi highways were made. Add to this, the huge increase in the numbers of vehicles using these highways (with increased numbers of heavy goods vehicles). This situation could lead to traffic congestion, higher delays and higher operational costs to motorists and also could lead to an increase in the rate of traffic accidents. This study tries to investigate the traffic operations at the approaches to the highway checkpoint sites in the Southern of Iraq (in Basrah Governorate) and focuses on some of the parameters that affecting both safety and capacity. For the purpose of this study, field data have been collected by using camcorders from two highway sites, each site has three lanes with a checkpoint. Both sites were at highway 31 near the interchange between highway 6 and highway 31. Several traffic parameters were observed such as traffic flow, average speed, lane utilization, speed differential, traffic congestion and queuing. The observations revealed that for both sites the traffic flow condition was free to moderate, ranging from 750 to 1750 (pcu/hr), with an average speed ranging from 70 to 120 (km/hr). Lane utilization behavior has also been observed for both sites and the results suggest that there is similarity between both sites with lower traffic flow in the nearside lane in comparison with the other lanes (i.e. middle lane and offside lane). For both sites, the lane utilization for the nearside lanes was around 10% – 20%, whereas, the lane utilization for the middle lane and offside lane were around 40% – 50%. Traffic congestion and queuing have been observed as well and the results suggest that there are some differences in queuing length between two sites. In addition, an increased number of speed differentials amongst motorists and late merging with accepting smaller gaps behavior have been observed for both sites. Other site observation is represented by a very lack implementation of traffic management measures (such as traffic schemes and signage) at the checkpoint sites.
Estimation of the impact of Planned Light Rail Transit On accessibility patterns
Authors: Hussein Ayah A , Asmael Noor M 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Baghdad elevated train is one of the projects that has been suggested to improve accessibility in the city. This paper is dedicated to state the impacts of the planned train line on the accessibility in the selected study area, where the train is meant to be built in to connect the major cities in the capital (Al-Karkh and Al-Risafa). The Geographical Information System (GIS) has been used to build the existing networks (highway, public transport, and the train), to analyze them by the Network analyst tool, and to create an O-D matrix between the selected districts and a direct connection between two locations. The accessibility changes have been measured by measuring the travel time difference, checking the connection between the zones, and the direct connection between six origins in Al-Risafa for different districts to one destination in Al-Karkh before and after adding the elevated train. The results showed that the train could make a remarkable change to the accessibility in the area by reducing the travel time and make a direct connection between the mentioned districts.
Investigation of Possible Improving of Bitumen Properties Using Nano-Materials
Authors: Mahan Hanaa Mohammed 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In Iraq, asphalt roads suffer a lot of problems because of the high traffic and climatic conditions represented by high temperatures in the summer, which reduce the service life of the road, so it became necessary to improve the rheological and physical properties of asphalt and thus improve the performance of asphalt paving. Nanotechnology is one of the methods used for improvement has been adopted in the research. The possibility of improving the properties of asphalt was studied using Nano silica)NS) and Nano hydrated lime (NHL)with percentages (1,3,5and7)% by total weight of asphalt. Tests were performed to evaluate the enhance in softening point, penetration, kinematic viscosity and penetration index of the asphalt with penetration grade (60-70). The results of the laboratory study show the improvements in the properties of asphalt By reducing the amount of penetration and increasing the softening point of the asphalt, thus it becomes more stiffer and less sensitive to temperatures than the original asphalt, in addition to that, the results showed that an improvement in the values of viscosity and penetration index, and this in turn leads to an increase in the adhesion and cohesion of asphalt and asphalt mixture as well as the possibility of using modified asphalt with Nano-materials in areas with high temperatures and traffic load.
Mechanical And Physical Properties Of Recycled Concrete Aggregates For Road Base Materials
Authors: Saberi Saber Shah , Mohamed Azman , Eltwati Ahmed Salama 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The utilization of recycling recycled concrete aggregates (R-RCA) in road base construction is an option of value-added waste materials. The evaluation of R-RCA appropriateness as a road base material need to study. The use of massive amount of RCA in construction projects has acquired wide notoriety. The use of RCA is due to decrease- of amount natural rock as the original aggregate. The main objectives of this study are to characterize properties of R-RCA as road material, to determine mechanical and physical properties as a road base material, and to identify the R-RCA bearing capacity for road base comparison to natural aggregates. The mechanical and physical properties tests conducted according to standard, including particle size distribution Los Angeles Abrasion, Aggregate Crushing Value, Aggregate Impact Aggregate Density, Flakiness Index, Water Absorption, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The results show that the aggregates have an excellent distribution particle size, durability, and shapes as required by specifications R-RCA also produced appropriate CBR and strength for road base applications. These results stipulate exclusive information to utilize R-RCA as aggregates for road base construction. R-RCA can be used as road base construction materials, and its engineering properties transform from waste materials to value-added road base construction. Recycling of RCA not only can diminish the road base construction cost and decrease landfill space needed for disposal, but it engineering properties prone as road base construction, and considered a renewable resource.
Evaluating Modified Asphalt Binder Comprising Waste Paper Fiber and Recycled Low-Density Polyethylene
Authors: Hameed Ayat , Al-Busaltan Shakir , Dulaimi Anmar , Kadhim Mustafa Amoori , Al-Yasari Rand 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe main concept of using waste and recycled materials as modifiers for construction materials, is to improve their performance, keep the resources, and conserve the environment from pollution problems. This investigation is tended to evaluate the effect of using two different types of modifiers on the physical properties of asphalt binder. The modifiers are Recycled-Low-Density-Polyethylene (R-LDPE) polymer and waste-Paper Fiber (w-PF), they were mixed individually and collectively with neat asphalt binder. The first set of modified binders comprised neat binder with 3% R-LDPE alone, the second is comprised 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.7% of w-PF alone, while the third comprised collective modifiers of 3% R-LDPE and 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.7% w-PF. The influence of these modifiers on neat asphalt binder was evaluated in terms of penetration (Pen.), softening point (SP), penetration index (PI), ductility, rotational viscosity (RV), penetration aging index (PAI) and softening point index (SPI). The obtained results indicate that the utilization of modifiers helps in improving the physical properties of asphalt binders by different levels. the modification by collective modifiers leads to an increase SP, RV, PI, PAI, and SPI to 65%, 2 times, 1.044, 0.93, 2.5 respectively compared to neat bitumen. As well, leads to a decrease in both Pen. and ductility to the levels 45% and 79% respectively. This indicates that the use of waste and recycled modifiers especially in the combined form encourage the production of comparative modified asphalt binder.
Characterisation of Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mixtures Using Microwave Heating Process
Authors: Al-Busaltan Shakir , Nageim Hassan Al , Dulaimi Anmar , Shanbara Hayder Kamil , Kadhim Mustafa Amoori , Al-Kafaji Muna 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A previous study conducted by the authors proved that the inferiority of the mechanical properties of Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mixtures (CBEMs) could be overcome by incorporating a waste or by-product material, namely Paper Sludge Ash (PSA). The new CBEMs have demonstrated comparative mechanical and durability properties compared to conventional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). Furthermore, the new CBEMs have less impact on the economy, environment, and safety. However, the air void content of the new CBEMs is still high – to a stage unacceptable by pavement engineers. Thus, this study introduces a treatment method to reduce the air void without affecting the improvement achieved in mechanical properties and other environmental and economic issues. This study presents microwave energy treatment as a unique post-mix treatment method to overcome high air void content in CBEMs. Test results showed that microwave energy improves the stiffness modulus and air void content. However, new post-mix microwave treatment CBEMs still have comparative mechanical, volumetric, economic, and environmental characteristics to HMA.
Impact of Traffic Flow on Pollution at Urban Intersections
Authors: Theyab Narjis Basil , Al-Jameel Hamid Athab Eedan , Almuhanna Raid R. A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Intersections are mainly considered as critical elements of road networks in terms of air quality impact, and their control type and geometric configuration can affect significantly vehicular emissions. This study aims mainly to investigate the effect of traffic flow on the level of pollution at a selected intersection in Kerbela city. Hence, the video camera has been installed for three normal days to investigate the traffic flow fluctuation for 24h. Then, Gasmet has been used for investigating the amount of emission for both CO2 and CO within the peak hour. A well-known SIDRA 8.0 has been used for analyzing the intersection. The results indicated that the CO2 is exceeded the acceptable limit with worse traffic operations for both selected intersections.
A laboratory study of the effect of fiberglass additive on the behavioural properties of RAP asphalt mixtures
Authors: Eltwati A S , Enieb M , Mohamed A , Al-Saffar Z H , Al-Jumaili M. A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The increase in the amount of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and environmental concerns for bitumen production have contributed to the use of RAP in road construction and maintenance. The use of higher than 15% of RAP adversely affects the physical and rheological properties of the asphalt binder and the mechanical properties of mixtures. Therefore, the use of bitumen and asphalt mixture improver were necessary to reduce the negative effects generated with the use of RAP. This paper aims to study the effect of fiberglass (FG) (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2%) on the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete containing 25%, 50% RAP and 9% waste engine oil. The performance of RAP asphalt mixtures incorporated with FG was evaluated using the Marshall stability test, moisture susceptibility test, and immersion wheel rutting test. The results indicated that the use of FG and RAP materials to rejuvenated asphalt mixtures resulted in an increase in the values of Marshall stability and rutting resistance. Moreover, the study revealed that increasing the content of RAP material and FG results in increased resistance of asphalt to moisture damage. This paper concluded that using 0.15% of FG and 50% RAP materials gives the best results.
Design and Implementation of Hybrid Asymmetric 15-Level Cascaded Modified H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter(CMHB-MLI) to reduce the Total Harmonics Distortion
Authors: Bhaskar K B , Vijayaprabhu A , Kumaresan R , Kokila E 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis new cascaded modified H-bridge asymmetrical multilevel inverter (CMHB-MLI) module proposes a 15 levels with three unequal dc sources and 10 switches. The design approaches with preferable advantage with greater quality comparatively to similar modules with minimum number of semiconductor switches utilizing lower switching frequency and less dc sources. Opposite phase disposition pulse width modulation (OPD-PWM) switching technique is utilized for controlling the Semiconductor switches in CMHB-MLI. In asymmetrical topology the input source are designed with unequal magnitude is done deliberately with binary nature of voltages such as 10Vdc, 20Vdc and 40Vdc. In asymmetrical designing of MLI produces a number of different output levels with the similar number of power semiconductor switches. The results are designed using MATLAB and hardware implementation validates improved quality performance with lower total harmonicsdistortion without utilizing any filtering circuit in the output with reduced switching stress.