bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ACUTE DIARRHEA IN INFANCY
Authors: ARIZTÍA ANÍBAL , GARCÉS CARLOS 
Published: December 2021

An analysis of acute diarrheas in infancy is made, based on the clinical study of two groups of patients: the first is made up of 1,505 infants who had 3,391 diarrheal episodes in a period of six years; and the second, of 199 infants who had a dysentery-like diarrhea in a period of one year's observation.
Out of the 3,391 diarrheal episodes 3,020 showed an infection of parenteral origin, 210 enteral, and 161 no demonstrable infection.
We consider every acute diarrhea in infancy as having an infectious origin either parenteral or caused by specifically enteric exogenous germs as well as the nonspecific intestinal flora.
In the great majority of our diarrhea cases (2,060 or 60.7%) there was a coexisting metabolic impairment and this was almost general in the enteral infection group, having a mortality rate of 17%.
The isolation of a specific enteric germ (salmonella, shigella) was only possible in approximately 30% in both groups, the first one with 210 cases of enteral infection, and the other of 199 children with dysentery-like diarrhea.
The highest incidence of diarrhea in this country is in spring and summer seasons. Most of the affected children were previously undernourished.
Postmortem examinations in fatal cases failed to show a relationship between the severity of intestinal lesions and the type and origin of the infection. Neither could we demonstrate a definite parallelism between cause and character of the diarrhea, although specific enteric infections had certain predominance of inflammatory stools (salmonella, shigella).
From a diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic standpoint, we have indicated the importance of two main elements in any given case of diarrhea: its metabolic impairment and the infectious etiologic factor. We think neither element alone justifies the denomination and classification of acute diarrhea in infancy.
The preservation of a good nutritional state and the sanitary control of food, water. sewage, etc., as well as the elimination of carriers, seem to be of the foremost prophylactic importance.
In the individual case treatment should correct the metabolic impairment and infection.
Re: Anaerobic Metabolism in the Newborn Infant. I. On the Resistance of the Fetus and Newborn to Oxygen Lack, James L. Wilson, M.D., et al, PEDIATRICS 1:581, 1948
Authors: RAPOPORT SAMUEL 
Published: December 2021

In their recent article Drs. Wilson et al have undertaken a reinvestigation of the problem of the acid-base balance of the premature infant. The authors conclude from a review of the literature and their own findings that a "paradox" exists. On the one hand, the effect of oxygen on the respiration would indicate a condition of inadequate pulmonary respiration, while, on the other, the data on plasma CO2 and pH, "interpreted in the usual way," would point to overventilation. They reject as improbable the thought that a difference might exist between oxygen and CO2 in their rate of diffusion through the alveolar membrane. Instead, they propose that an incomplete metabolism might lead to a lower production of CO2.
The purpose of this letter is to direct attention to studies by M. Krogh and A. Krogh (J. Physiol. 49:271; 52:391) in which a great difference in the diffusibility of the two gases through biologic membranes was demonstrated, with the CO2 diffusing at a 20-30 fold rate compared with oxygen.
A CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL OF THE EFFECTS OF WATER VAPOR MIST ON RESPIRATORY DISTRESS AMONG INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS
Authors: Hsia David Yi-Yung , Peterson Herbert G. , Gellis Sydney S. 
Published: December 2021

A controlled clinical trial of the effects of water vapor mist on respiratory distress has been undertaken in a group of 100 newborn infants of diabetic mothers.
Half of the group was placed in an incubator in which the atmosphere was supersaturated with water vapor mist (over 100% humidity). The other half was placed in a similar incubator with 50 to 70% humidity. The infants in the two groups were comparable with respect to sex, weight, severity of maternal diabetes, etc.
The two groups were compared with regard to mortality, clinical evidence of respiratory distress, respiratory rates, and roentgenographic evidence of pulmonary hyaline membranes. No striking difference could be found in the course and outcome of the infants in the two groups.
FOOD ALLERGY
Authors: Kessler Walter R. 
Published: December 2021

A VARIETY of disorders and symptom complexes have been ascribed to allergy—often to hypersensitivity to foods. In the majority of instances, however, it has not been possible to produce objective evidence for the existence of an antigen-antibody reaction and such a mechanism has been assumed rather than demonstrated. Instances of true food allergy occur. Their frequency however is difficult to determine with any degree of accuracy. Dr. Pratt (Pediatrics, 26:642, 1958) has properly called attention to the inadequate evidence on which practitioners as well as laymen frequently ascribe signs and symptoms to allergy to foods.
Even when the diagnosis is based on good clinical observation, it may not be possible to demonstrate an immunologic mechanism.
STUDIES IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS: PROTEIN PATTERN IN MECONIUM ILEUS
Authors: Green Morris N. , Clarke John T. , Shwachman Harry 
Published: December 2021

Aqueous extracts of meconium obtained from normal children and from patients with meconium ileus were examined by means of chemical precipitation, paper electrophoresis and precipitin tests.
All the extracts from patients with meconium ileus were found to contain protein which was readily precipitated by trichloracetic acid. In 59 extracts of meconium from normal infants no protein could be demonstrated by the use of trichloracetic acid.
In the abnormal extracts, the major constituent was found to be identical with serum albumin, both by paper, electrophoretic-migration studies at two pH levels and by precipitin tests with anti-albumin horse serum. Other protein components were found on electrophoresis that were similar, but not necessarily identical with, the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globulins of human serum.
The extracts from normal meconium gave only a very faint reaction for protein. The electrophoretic pattern did not in any way resemble that obtained with the abnormal extract.
Precipitin tests showed that the albumin content of the normal extract was about 1-2% of that of the abnormal extract.
After electrophoretic separation of the components of extracts of meconium from patients with meconium ileus, the stainable carbohydrate was found to be greater in the "alpha" region than in the corresponding area for normal serum.
The possible role of plasma proteins in the formation of abnormal meconium in meconium ileus is discussed.
FAMILIAL THALASSEMIA AND ERYTHREMIC MYELOSIS
Authors: Olshin Irving , Sawitsky Arthur 
Published: December 2021

A patient with familial thalassemia who developed a myeloproliferative disorder with bidirectional involvement has been studied. It is suggested that because of the inherited red cell defect predominant expression was in the erythroid system.
Some of the hazards attendant upon prolonged adrenal-steroid and antibiotic therapy and splenectomy are discussed.
A NURSERY SCHOOL FOR CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
Authors: Koch Fremont P. 
Published: December 2021

Obviously 13 cases is too small a number on which to base firm conclusions, particularly when we consider the different types of cerebral palsy, variations in degree, mental abilities, emotional status, economic background, social status and type of follow-up program. A few tentative conclusions could be made, realizing the above mentioned limitations:
Intelligence is a major factor in determining the physical progress that can be anticipated in a child with cerebral palsy.
Intelligence can be determined quite accurately in a child with cerebral palsy as young as 18 months of age.
A cerebral palsy nursery school should have facilities for emotional guidance of children and parents. Lacking this, some children may fail to make the expected physical progress.
Because consistent follow-up therapy and programming is very important, a skilled social service department can be very helpful.
In general, parents and staff members felt that this cerebral palsy nursery school was very worthwhile when considered in retrospect 5 years later.
A CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Authors: Joos Howard A. 
Published: December 2021

The pediatric clinician enjoys a responsible position in the evaluation and management of cardiac problems in early life.
The diagnosis of congenital heart disease is facilitated by an understanding of the functional meaning of cyanosis, the physical work of the heart and its chambers, and the significance of the pulmonary vascular bed. Medical history and physical findings may be interpreted to suggest the presence or absense of a shunt, its predominant direction and gross magnitude, and its effect on volume flow and pressure in the pulmonary circulation. Similarly, many obstructive lesions and anomalous vascular arrangements may be identified, localized and their severity grossly evaluated from historic and physical observations.
A malformation is significant to the extent that circulatory function is disturbed. The resulting stresses are manifest as clinical abnormality. Clinical evaluation incorporating appreciation of abnormal function leads logically to differential identification of anatomic alternatives.
Innocent murmurs, commonly a cause of needless parental anxiety and iatrogenic cardiac disability, may be confidently identified in large majority by their own physical characteristics.
Electrocardiographic and roentgenographic study are essential for complete evaluation. Complex and severe cases may require the skill of a consultant and the assistance of definitive investigative procedures, particularly if the differential diagnosis includes an operable malformation. Indications for cardiac catheterization and angiographic study may vary, but indiscriminate use at any age is discouraged. Even when such methods are necessary, searching clinical appraisal is required in order to define the most profitable direction and optimum time for study. For simpler problems, such procedures may be unnecessary and even misleading as well as significantly hazardous and expensive.
Diagnosis is often most difficult and most critical in early infancy, partly because of characteristics of circulatory function peculiar to this period, partly because of the larger number of bizarre, complex and lethal malformations encountered.
The Normal Child: Some Problems of the First Five Years and Their Treatment
Authors: HARPER PAUL A. 
Published: December 2021

The first edition of this readable and valuable volume, published in 1953, described the problems, other than diseases, which arise in the normal child in his first 3 years; this revision extends the age period to 5 years. It has the same chapter headings except that the sections on accidents and play have now been given chapter status and a new chapter has been added on the sick child and the child in hospital.
Section 1, Feeding Problems, devotes about two-thirds of its 80 pages to breast feeding and is well done; the treatment of artificial feeding and related problems is outlined much more briefly.
A Nasal Aspirator for Home Use
Authors: CHASTAIN PHILIP J. 
Published: December 2021

A nasal aspirator is now available based upon the Venturi principle of water pressure suction. By means of simple adaptors this apparatus may be easily attached to kitchen water faucets in more than than 90% of homes. It has a long plastic hose and plastic, bulb-type nasal tip designed to fit securely in the ostia of the nose. The nasal tip has a safety vent on time side so that pressure can be controlled easily by the finger.[See figure in source pdf.]
This aspirator is inexpensive.
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
Authors: Rudolph Abraham M. , Mayer Florence E. , Nadas Alexander S. , Gross Robert E. 
Published: December 2021

Twenty-three infants less than 1 year of age with symptoms due to patent ductus arteriosus have been studied clinically and by cardiac catheterization. In view of the absence of a characteristic clinical picture in this age group, it is suggested that the diagnosis be considered in any infant with clinical evidence of a large left-to-right shunt.
Cardiac catheterization has proved to be a useful and reliable method for establishing the diagnosis and providing detailed hemodynamic observations.
The problem of arterial oxygen unsaturation, present in over one-half the patients, is discussed in its relation to pulmonary disease and right-to-left shunting of blood.
A large atrial left-to-right shunt may occur through a dilated foramen ovale in infants with patent ductus arteriosus. The significance of this is considered.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension of mild to severe degree was present in the majority of patients but pulmonary vascular resistance was elevated in only five infants.
The absence of a continuous murmur in infants with patent ductus arteriosus is discussed in relation to time pressure gradient between the aorta and pulmonary artery.
Surgical treatment of infants with severe symptoms due to patent ductus arteriosus has produced gratifying results.
THERAPY OF SALICYLATE POISONING
Authors: WINTERS ROBERT W. 
Published: December 2021

SALICYLATE intoxication presents as complex a metabolic disturbance as the pediatrician is likely to be called upon to treat. This disorder is frequently accompanied by a) one of several disturbances of acid-base equilibrium, b) depletion of body potassium, c) fever, d) disturbed mental state and coma, e) bleeding due to hypoprothrombinemia, thrombocytopenia or to other causes, and f) variable degrees of dehydration. In very severe cases, acute pulmonary edema, respiratory depression or acute renal failure may occur.
The nature of the acid-base disturbances is considered in this issue of Pediatrics. The typical disturbance in children is a mixed state involving primary respiratory stimulation, manifested by hyperventilation, and a primary metabolic disturbance, manifested by ketosis. The sequential nature of these two disturbances has been stressed in the past but without adequate documentation. However, it is clear that many patients do present with both disturbances occurring simultaneously.
Infant-Mother Relations in Ancient Greece
Authors: VOLLMER HEBMANN 
Published: December 2021

The Fifth Century in Greece, specifically the Pericleic Period in Athens, is regarded as the Golden Age in the history of Western culture. Pericles, a magnanimous statesman with a passion for beauty and sublimity, inspired ingenious forces in others and attracted great men to Athens. Architecture, drama, philosophy, science and medicine flourished and the spirit of Athens profoundly influenced the world.
One would like to know how children fared in so great an epoch: their importance within the society; the principles of education; or the concept of an ideal mother-child relationship which we regard as so basic for human development.
LUNG VOLUMES OF NORMAL AND ASTHMATIC CHILDREN
Authors: Andrewes John F. , Simmons Daniel H. 
Published: December 2021

Measurements of the various lung volumes were carried out with 27 normal children, 21 asthmatic children and 4 with allergic rhinitis. The asthmatic children had increases in functional residual capacity and residual volume.
There was a significant increase in the time required for intrapulmonary mixing of gas in the asthmatic subjects.
A biphasic character to the "wash-out" curves in both normal and asthmatic subjects was shown.
It was considered, though not proved, that the increases in lung volume were due to the presence of bronchial obstruction.
CONTROL OF PERSISTENT VOMITING IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: Gibson John P. 
Published: December 2021

An infant or a child with persistent vomiting is thirsty, crying, and the vomiting excites him. Intramuscular administration of secobarbital sodium quiets the patient, including the vomiting center; it also quiets his family. One injection usually is enough. For a few hours after the sedative has been given, the upset alimentary tract is granted complete rest. Neither nourishment nor medication is introduced at either end of it. At the close of the few hours, most patients can retain small quantities of swallowed fluid. Thus, oral rehydration begins. The method is safe, simple, effective and usually can be applied at home.
In a review of a series of 110 cases of persistent vomiting in infants and children, results were considered satisfactory if, after one intramuscular injection of secobarbital sodium, the patient vomited no more than three times and ceased to vomit on the day of the injection. In 99 cases (90%) these conditions were met; actually, after the sedative had been given, only 1 patient vomited as many as three times; 5 vomited only twice; 23, only once, and 70 not at all.
IDIOPATHIC HYPERCALCEMIA OF INFANCY
Authors: O'BRIEN DONOUGH 
Published: December 2021

SINCE the first descriptions in 1952, idiopathic hypercalcemia of infancy has come to be a well-recognized and not uncommon entity in Europe, especially in the United Kingdom—a contrast to the sparse and more recent observations from North America.
The clinical features of the disease first appear between the second and eighth months of age and are commonly described as developing into mild and severe forms. In the benign type, where full recovery can usually be expected after a few weeks of treatment, the early signs are not specific: an insidious onset of vomiting, loss of appetite, constipation and irritability. The infant becomes listless and hypotonic and plainly fails to thrive; the appearances indeed are indistinguishable from those of hyperchloremic renal acidosis which is an occasionally associated complication. Bands of increased density are sometimes seen in roentgenograms at the metaphyseal margins of the long bones and metacarpals.
CAROTID ARTERY OCCLUSION IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Stevens Harold 
Published: December 2021

The inclusive term "infantile hemiplegia" usually implies cerebral venous thrombosis. However, arterial occlusion may cause hemiplegia in childhood and infancy. The internal carotid artery may be the site of the occlusion. Three such eases are reported, two of which were "spontaneous"; one carotid artery thrombosis was associated with endocardial fibroelastosis.
The clinical manifestations and course were identical with those of carotid artery occlusion in adults. Diagnosis can be suspected from the history of "stuttering" pattern of recurrent, stereotyped, focal neurologic involvement, appearing hours to months before the hemiplegia appears. Other diagnostic points are enumerated.
The cause of spontaneous nontraumatic carotid artery occlusion in childhood remains a mystery. Only few instances have been reported. Disseminated vascular degeneration may involve the carotid artery in some instances, or an isolated atheromatous plaque may be responsible. Investigation for underlying disease, including hematologic, metabolic or infectious disease, and for congenital malformations should be pursued.
With the segregation of occlusion of the carotid artery from venous thrombosis in "infantile hemiplegia" the possibility of specific therapy is discussed.
Leukämie im Kindesalter. Bettrage zur Morphologie, Klinik Pathophysiologie und Therapie
Authors: SMITH CARL H. 
Published: December 2021

Based on an experience of 191 cases of leukemia in the past 13 years, the authors have prepared a well-organized book dealing with the essential features of leukemia in childhood. As would be expected the bulk of cases are the acute leukemias which they term acute leukocytic, undifferentiated or paraleukoblastosis; a small number are acute promyelocytic, chronic myelocytic and rare types. In common with the experience from other clinics the incidence of leukemia rose from 0.159% in 1946 to 0.546% in 1956.
The authors have written a readable and timely text dealing concisely with the following subjects: pathologic anatomy and hematology, clinical aspects, individual organ changes, leukemia and infection, differential diagnosis, the newer knowledge relating to etiology and therapy, metabolic aspects, prognosis and psychologic aspects in management. In each chapter current information has been assembled, this being especially noticeable in discussion of etiology and therapy.
A Physician Looks at Psychiatry
Authors: BAKWIN HARRY 
Published: December 2021

From time to time the physician finds it necessary to consult a colleague about his own health or that of his family. When the author's twin sons were in their second year of life it became evident that they were not developing in normal fashion. They were greatly retarded in speech and social orientation yet much of their behavior showed evidence of superior intelligence. At the time, 1947, early infantile autism had only recently been described by Kanner and was not widely recognized.
When Dr. May and his wife consulted psychiatrists, hopefully anticipating kindly understanding and wise insight, they were met, instead, by aloofness and distrust. They were the culprits who had produced the psychologic aberrations in their children; they were irresponsible persons who, through deceit, rejection and an insincere emotional veneer, had injured them.
CLINICAL CONFERENCE
Authors: Sedlis Emilia , Prose Philip 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Sedlis: A brief review of the clinical features of a group of patients with eczema will be followed by a report of special studies of the pathology of the skin. Eczema is a frequent, important skin disease in early life. It has been a puzzling problem for the physician and an exasperating one for parents and patients alike.
We began our study of eczema about 1 year ago. During this year, we have accumulated and organized the study material, and we have tried to learn about the clinical picture of eczema and to evaluate certain concepts of its etiology, pathogenesis and therapy.
Our study is far from complete, and I will therefore try to avoid drawing definite conclusions from the data presented.
Our material to date consists of a clinic population of 169 patients, 91 males and 78 females, who made a total of 646 clinic visits. Fifty-four of these patients required hospitalization in the University Hospital. Thirty of the hospitalized patients were males, 24 were females. I do not know whether the prevalence of boys in our census is significant.
The distribution of the patients by race is:
Puerto Ricans, 102;
Negro, 40;
White, 25;
Others, 2.
The distribution by age shows that the majority of patients were under 1 year of age on their first visit to the clinic:
91 patients were 1 year or less;
36 patients were between 1 and 2 years, making a total of 127 patients under 2 years;
42 patients were over 2 years, the oldest child being 6½ years.
Certain Language Skills in Children: Their Development and Interrelationships
Authors: DARLEY FREDERIC L. 
Published: December 2021

Every specialist in child behavior—every practitioner of the pediatric approach—will find in this detailed descriptive report the most comprehensive body of normative language data pertaining to children yet published. It is a valuable contribution to all whose work requires a grasp of the complexities of physical, intellectual, and social growth of children, including growth in language production and comprehension.
Dr. Templin and her co-workers studied 480 children—white, urban, monolingual singletons of normal intelligence presenting no gross evidence of hearing impairment. Sixty children 30 boys and 30 girls), constituting a representative group socio-economically, were selected from the public schools, kindergartens, and nursery schools of Minneapolis and St. Paul at each of eight age levels 3, 3½, 4, 4½, 5, 6, 7, and 8 years).