bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Evener Vincent 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Sixteenth-century church reformers needed not only to define the content and sources of truth, but also to teach Christians how to discern between truth and falsehood and how to shape their lives accordingly. This study of Martin Luther and his first intra-Reformation critics, Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt and Thomas Müntzer, shows that each connected suffering and truth, drawing upon teachings about annihilation of the self and union with God found in the Eckhartian mystical tradition. At the same time, Luther, Karlstadt, and Muntzer understood the concepts of annihilation and union differently, and each worked to form Christians into distinct kinds of ecclesial-political actors. The reformers not only democratized mysticism, as some scholars have recognized, but they used mysticism in the service of division—to define true versus false faith and doctrine, and to teach discernment of true versus false teaching and teachers. Such arguments required a sophisticated conception of false suffering that dismissed opponents’ suffering as a mere show or as suffering in the service of falsehood. This book seeks to bridge a gap between classical Reformation scholarship and more recent studies of discipline, asking how reformers wanted to equip Christians for discernment and self-discipline. Suffering especially threatened to unmoor self-discipline and cloud discernment.
Introduction
Authors: McManus Laurie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter establishes foundations of the book: who formed the priesthood of art (Johannes Brahms, Clara Schumann, Amalie Joachim, Joseph Joachim) and the birth of artistic priesthood from the art-religious spirit of German Romanticism in the early nineteenth century. In particular, this chapter introduces the notion that the artistic priesthood occupied a kind of alternative gendered space—neither fully masculine nor feminine—and that desirable characteristics of an artistic priest (devotion, humility, spiritial leadership) could be gendered in various ways in musical-critical discourse. After midcentury, changes in music aesthetics and gender roles created pressure to understand Romantic notions of musical priesthood as antiquated and outmoded. In short, Brahms offers a case study in the intersection of art-religious values with a gender dichotomy that became increasingly prescriptive over the second half of the nineteenth century.
Epilogue
Authors: McManus Laurie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This brief epilogue addresses the relationship—historical and present—between the exclusivity of the priestly performing persona and the development and perpetuation of canonical compositions. The author suggests that the two reinforce each other; Clara Schumann’s status as a priestess was informed by her selection of certain repertoire, but at the same time her “restrained” performance of the pieces helped mark them as serious works worthy of preservation. Jumping to today’s world of performance, the author analyzes the rhetoric in a New York Times article by Anthony Tommasini comparing two young pianists. The juxtaposition of these sources suggests that some nineteenth-century values of priestly performance, such as “seriousness” and “modesty,” still inform music criticism today.
What the Ur-crustacean Looked Like
Authors: Richter Stefan , Wirkner Christian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Crustaceans are a paraphyletic assemblage within arthropods. Hexapoda (insects) are nested within crustaceans, with the Remipedia the most likely sister group to Hexapoda. Together, crustaceans and hexapods comprise the monophyletic Tetraconata (also called Pancrustacea). Herein, we “reconstruct” the last common ancestor of crown group Tetraconata, calling it the ur-crustacean. We base our reconstruction on knowledge of extant crustaceans. We tentatively suggest that the ur-crustacean displayed certain characters: The ur-crustacean was a free-living marine species with a distinct head and equipped with two pairs of sensory limbs (antennule and antenna), mandibles, and two more pairs of mouthparts (maxillule and maxilla). We suggest that no further segments were fused to the head and that no maxilliped was present. The ur-crustacean may or may not have possessed a carapace. Its brain was complex, with an extended olfactory system, possibly a central complex, and a lateral protocerebrum containing at least two optical neuropils. The protocerebrum was connected to a nauplius eye as well as to compound eyes. The ur-crustacean might have had a uniformly segmented trunk posterior to its five-segmented head or (less probably) may have possessed two tagmata, a limb-bearing thorax and a limb-less abdomen. It had a heart that might have extended right through the trunk independently of tagmatization. Its thoracopodal appendages were true arthropodal (consisting of podomeres) with a protopod (probably subdivided into coxa and basis), an exopod, and an endopod. Larval development started with a nauplius larva (probably an orthonauplius).
Conquering the Ocean Depths Over Three Geological Eras
Authors: Riehl Torben , Brandão Simone Nunes , Brandt Angelika 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The deep sea is the largest habitat on Earth, but it is the least accessible and comprehensible. This apparently harsh environment is inhabited by Crustacea of diverse evolutionary lineages that have, to various degrees, evolved uniquely specialized morphologies and lifestyles. Following a century of debate about the antiquity of the deep-sea fauna, studies of Crustacea reveal that the faunas of the deep and shallow oceans have been continuously and repeatedly exchanged, probably since the Mid-Paleozoic. Deep-sea colonization and subsequent diversification has occurred across many crustacean lineages, during several periods, and may still be underway. Despite a commonly held view that shallow–deep phylogenetic relationships are unidirectional, there is also evidence for evolutionary emergence from the abyss into shallower zones. As a result, the present-day fauna represents an amalgamation of clades of various ages. Environmental factors such as pressure, temperature, and energy supply differ substantially between shallow- and deep-water layers, creating gradients that pose important ramifications for crustacean physiology. Consequently, depth-range expansions require adaptations, which may lead to peculiar phenomena such as gigantism and dwarfism, as well as diverse crustacean radiations.
Biogeography and Host Usage of Coral-Associated Crustaceans: Barnacles, Copepods, and Gall Crabs as Model Organisms
Authors: Chan Benny K. K. , Wong Kingsley J. H. , Cheng Yu-Rong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Most of the diverse groups of crustaceans associated with scleractinian and fire corals form symbiotic relationship with their coral hosts. Coral-associated barnacles include species from the orders Acrothoracica and Thoracica. Most of the coral-associated barnacles belong to the family Pyrgomatidae in Thoracica. Within Pyrgomatidae, the subfamily Ceratoconchinae contains mostly extant species and is present from Florida through the Caribbean to Brazilian waters. The subfamily Megatrematinae has lower species diversity and has a cosmopolitan distribution (except the Eastern Pacific). The Pyrgomatinae are the most species-rich subfamily and distributed only in Indo-West Pacific waters. Host usage of pyrgomatinid barnacles varies spatially, probably related to coral host diversity. Copepods are the most common and most abundant coral-associated crustaceans, often associated with scleractinian, gorgonian, and alcyonacean corals. More than 90% of coral-associated copepods are endemic to the Indo-West Pacific. In contrast, only a few species (&lt;10%) have been discovered from the Atlantic due to several historical perturbations reducing the diversity of their coral hosts. The communities of coral-associated copepods thus show dramatic differences between geographic regions, notably between the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans. Brachyurans of the family Cryptochiridae (gall crabs) are obligate associates or parasites, of scleractinian coral hosts in tropical and subtropical seas, being a monophyletic group of only 52 species, from the intertidal to the deep sea (to 512 m) habitats with most (46) recorded in the seas of the tropical Indo-West Pacific and none being cosmopolitan. Atlantic species of Cryptochiridae, apparently not phylogenetically related, display less strict host specificity than their Indo-West Pacific counterparts. Current phylogenetic understandings of the group remain preliminary, while one consistent Indo-West Pacific clade reflects rapid species diversification during the last ~15 million years.
Invasion of the Poles
Authors: Legeżyńska Joanna , De Broyer Claude , Węsławski Jan Marcin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Polar Crustacea show high taxonomic and functional diversity and hold crucial roles within regional food webs. Despite the differences in the evolutionary history of the two Polar regions, present data suggest rather similar species richness, with over 2,250 taxa recorded in the Antarctic and over 1,930 noted in the Arctic. A longer duration of isolated evolution resulted in a high percentage of endemic species in the Antarctic, while the relatively young Arctic ecosystem, subjected to advection from adjacent seas, shows a very low level of endemism. Low temperatures and seasonal changes of food availability have a strong impact on polar crustacean life histories, resulting in their slow growth and development, extended life cycles, and reproduction well synchronized with annual peaks of primary production. Many species, Antarctic amphipods in particular, exhibit a clear tendency to attain large size. In both regions, abundant populations of pelagic grazers play a pivotal role in the transport of energy and nutrients to higher trophic levels. The sea-ice habitat unique to polar seas supports a wide range of species, with euphausiids and amphipods being the most important in terms of biomass in the Antarctic and Arctic, respectively. Deep sea fauna remains poorly studied, with new species being collected on a regular basis. Ongoing processes, namely a decline of sea-ice cover, increasing levels of ultraviolet radiation, and invasions of sub-polar species, are likely to reshape crustacean communities in both Polar regions.
Colonization of Coastal and Estuarine Environments
Authors: Staton Joseph L. , Canada Brian A. , Borgianini Stephen A. , Barkel Karen M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Coastal and estuarine environments are some of the best-known and most well-studied ecosystems in the world in that these regions lie in close proximity to much of the world’s human population. The crustaceans that inhabit these environments, both as adults and larvae, are adapted to the high productivity that characterizes such areas. We summarize their adaptations and behaviors and the physical characteristics of coastal zones and estuaries in shallower waters (&lt;200 m). In an attempt to objectively review worldwide diversity and endemism within the Crustacea from coastal and estuarine environments, we have used open access global collection data and developed a novel application of an informatics principle (term frequency-inverse document frequency [TF-IDF]) to identify regions with unique faunal assemblages that typify some coastal, shallow waters to assess potential endemism (as assessed by our technique) across groups at differing taxonomic levels. Crustaceans, as a whole, show highest species richness and endemism in three clusters (using the TF-IDF assessment): the eastern temperate north Atlantic, the western temperate north Atlantic, and the western tropical south Pacific. Peracarid and decapod species dominate the collection data, making up 94% of all species analyzed. Peracarids dominate species richness across all temperate zones, yet their highest predicted coastal endemism appears in the eastern north Atlantic by our index. Our analyses using this new method focused on species from less than 200 m depth worldwide. Upcoming impacts of changing sea levels and increases in global temperature will likely have their greatest impact on the fauna of these zones.
Intertidal to Abyss: Crustaceans and Depth
Authors: McCallum Anna , Riehl Torben 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Crustaceans occur from the shelf to hadal depths, but the immense environmental change that occurs along this depth gradient results in significant faunal change. One well-established pattern is the dramatic decline in biomass with depth, a result of an exponential decline in food availability. Average body size becomes smaller, despite observations of deep-sea gigantism in some crustaceans. Crustacean species tend to occupy a limited depth range, resulting in high faunal turnover. The depths of the greatest faunal turnover vary widely throughout the oceans, and there do not appear to be distinct bathymetric “zones” at ocean-wide scales. Molecular research at the species level confirms that small bathymetric changes are often more significant at promoting population differentiation than geographic distance. Observation of crustaceans in the laboratory demonstrates that the interaction between pressure and temperature is likely to act together in limiting the bathymetric range of many species. Debate continues around species richness and diversity gradients, and it remains unclear whether there are more crustacean species on the shelf compared to bathyal depths. Diversity patterns vary between taxa. Decapods are species rich on the shelf and upper slope and less so in the abyss. Isopods show high bathyal diversity, although this pattern varies between regions. For other crustaceans, it is difficult to make generalizations on diversity gradients as there are fewer studies, and results vary depending on geographic region and the method used to estimate diversity and richness. In cumaceans, amphipods. and harpacticoids, species richness is often highest on the shelf, while maximum species diversity occurs in deeper water. Food availability and temperature are good correlates for depth-diversity gradients.
Population Connectivity and Phylogeography of Crustaceans
Authors: Ewers-Saucedo Christine , Wares John P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Crustacea display diverse life histories and occur in all marine habitats. This makes them particularly useful when thinking about how we can predict geographical distribution from life history and ecology. As would be expected from such diversity, crustaceans exhibit various population connectivity patterns, from panmictic, well-connected populations to small and isolated populations. Here we ask first what can be learned from exploring crustacean phylogeography and connectivity around well-understood vicariance events with known ages. We find that vicariance events are generally useful in calibrating molecular rates of evolution, but that there is substantial variation between taxa. This variation can be linked, on the one hand, to habitat differences (which determine when gene flow between populations actually ceased) and, on the other hand, to population size differences (which determine how fast genetic differences accumulate). In a few instances, populations must have diverged much earlier or later than the hypothesized vicariance event, providing evidence of earlier or later dispersal or more ancient separation. Second, we ask when comparative studies of multiple taxa show consistent results, predictable from their similar life history, and when not. For example, species that disperse little, such as brooding peracarids, have smaller, more isolated populations than species with planktonic larvae, such as decapods. Less consistent are the patterns across biogeographic breaks. While gene flow is clearly limited across such breaks in some species, other species do not seem to perceive them. This to-date-unexplained variation challenges our understanding of marine phylogeography.
Outlook: Crustaceans in the Anthropocene
Authors: Bącela-Spychalska Karolina , Poore Gary C. B. , Grabowski Michał 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Since the mid-20th century we have been living in a new geological epoch, Anthropocene, characterized by an overwhelming impact of human activity on the Earth’s ecosystems, leading to mass species extinction by habitat destruction, pollution, global climate warming, and homogenization of biota by intra- and intercontinental transfer of species. Crustaceans are among the most diverse and species-rich animal groups inhabiting predominantly aquatic ecosystems, listed as among the most threatened ecosystems. Global threats include ocean and freshwater acidification, eutrophication, pesticide, hormone and antibiotic load, coastline modification, habitat destruction, overharvesting, and the introduction of invasive species. Many crustaceans are threatened by human-induced modifications of habitats, while others are themselves threats—crustaceans are among the most common invasive species. Those non-indigenous species, when established and integrated, become important components of existing communities, strongly influencing other components directly and indirectly, including by species replacement. They are a threat mostly to species with similar ecological niches, most often to other crustaceans. It is hard to be optimistic about the future of crustacean biodiversity. We may rather expect that growing human pressure will variously further accelerate the non-natural dispersal and extinction rate.
Hot Contention, Cool Abstention
Authors: Dornschneider Stephanie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Why did people mobilize for the Arab Spring? While existing research has focused on the roles of authoritarian regimes, oppositional structures, and social grievances in the movement, these explanations fail to address differences in the behavior of individuals, overlooking the fact that even when millions mobilized for the Arab Spring, the majority of the population stayed at home. To investigate this puzzle, this book traces the reasoning processes by which individuals decided to join the uprisings or to refrain from doing so. Drawing from original ethnographic interviews with protestors and non-protestors in Egypt and Morocco, Dornschneider utilizes qualitative methods and computational modeling to identify the main components of reasoning processes: beliefs, inferences (directed connections between beliefs), and decisions. Bridging the psychology literature on reasoning and the political science literature on protest, this book systematically traces how decisions about participating in the Arab Spring were made. It shows that decisions to join the uprisings were “hot,” meaning they were based on positive emotions, while decisions to stay at home were “cool,” meaning they were based on safety considerations. Hot Contention, Cool Abstention adds to the extensive literature on political uprisings, offering insights on how and why movements start, stall, and evolve.
An Extraordinary Experience
Authors: Dornschneider Stephanie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main research puzzle and the analytical framework of the book. To determine what motivated people to mobilize for the Arab Spring, the analysis applies belief systems and traces the reasoning processes of protesters and non-protesters. The chapter discusses what this application adds to the psychology literature on reasoning as well as the political science literature on contentious politics. The chapter outlines the main argument presented by the analysis—that mobilization for the uprisings was hot, meaning people decided to join the Arab Spring based on reasoning processes including emotions, whereas non-participation was cool, meaning people decided to refrain from joining the protests based on reasoning processes not including emotions.
Similar States, Opposite Outcomes
Authors: Dornschneider Stephanie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the research design—a double-paired comparison of protestors and non-protestors from Egypt and Morocco—and discusses how this design serves the investigation of mobilization for the Arab Spring. The chapter introduces the two case studies, Egypt and Morocco, and the research sample of 121 individuals, which was obtained from ethnographic interviews during field research in the Middle East, and a textual analysis of Facebook posts (in Arabic and French). The author observes that although Egypt and Morocco have similar features, they experienced opposite outcomes of the Arab Spring. Both were authoritarian, elaborated mobilization structures, and were suffering from economic hardship. Yet only Egypt experienced protests leading to the fall of its head of state.
Tracing Reasoning Processes
Authors: Dornschneider Stephanie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the computational model developed to analyze the data constructed by the textual analysis. The model formalizes belief systems as Boolean circuits to systematically trace reasoning processes that connect various types of beliefs to decisions about participating in the Arab Spring (belief → belief → . . . → decision). The model permits the systematic analysis of the data to identify key beliefs and inferences related to decisions. The author first discusses how this model contributes to existing studies of belief systems and then describes the model in detail. The chapter thus sets the stage for the next chapter, which presents the results.
Hot Contention, Cool Abstention
Authors: Dornschneider Stephanie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the findings of the computational analysis. Confirming the literature on hot cognition and emotions in general, it shows that decisions to mobilize for the Arab Spring were primarily motivated by beliefs about positive emotions (solidarity, courage, hope, national pride). On the contrary, decisions to stay at home were not motivated by beliefs about emotions but instead were triggered by beliefs about living in safety, improving living conditions, and state approval. The author organizes the results around the particular findings related to protestors and non-protesters and the key antecedents of their decision to protest or stay at home.
Introduction
Authors: Holtzman Benjamin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Long Crisis explores the origins and implications of one of the most significant developments across the globe over the last fifty years: the diminished faith in government as capable of solving public problems. The origins of this transformation are found in city-dwellers’ efforts to preserve liberal commitments of the postwar period. New York faced an economic crisis beginning in the late 1960s that disrupted long-standing assumptions about the services city government could provide. In response, New Yorkers—organized within block associations, nonprofits, and professional organizations—embraced an ethos of private volunteerism and, eventually, of partnership with private business in order to save their communities from neglect. Local liberal and Democratic officials came over time to see such alliances not as stopgap measures but as legitimate and ultimately permanent features of modern governance. Local people and officials, this book argues, built neoliberalism from the ground up.