bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The metabolic cost of birdsong production
Authors: Oberweger Kerstin , Goller Franz 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
The metabolic cost of birdsong production has not been studied in detail but is of importance in our understanding of how selective pressures shape song behavior. We measured rates of oxygen consumption during song in three songbird species, zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), Waterslager canaries (Serinus canaria) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). These species sing songs with different acoustic and temporal characteristics: short stereotyped song (zebra finch), long song with high temporal complexity (canary) and long song with high acoustic, but low temporal, complexity (starling).
In all three species, song slightly increased the rate of oxygen consumption over pre-song levels (1.02–1.36-fold). In zebra finches, the metabolic cost per song motif averaged 1.2 μl g–1. This cost per motif did not change over the range of song duration measured for the four individuals. Surprisingly, the metabolic cost of song production in the species with the temporally most complex song, the canary, was no greater than in the other two species. In starlings, a 16 dB increase in sound intensity was accompanied by a 1.16-fold increase in the rate of oxygen consumption. These data indicate that the metabolic cost of song production in the songbird species studied is no higher than that for other types of vocal behavior in various bird groups. Our analysis shows that the metabolic cost of singing is also similar to that of calling in frogs and of human speech production. However, difficulties with measurements on freely behaving birds in a small respirometry chamber limit the depth of analysis that is possible.
Electroreception in Gymnotus Carapo: Differences Between Self-Generated and Conspecific-Generated Signal Carriers
Authors: Aguilera Pedro A. , Castelló María E. , Caputi Angel A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Local electric fields generated by the electric organ discharge of Gymnotus carapo were explored at selected points on the skin of an emitter fish (‘local self-generated fields’) and on the skin of a conspecific (‘local conspecific-generated fields’) using a specially designed probe. Local self-generated fields showed a constant pattern along the body of the fish. At the head, these fields were collimated, much stronger than elsewhere on the fish, and had a time waveform that was site-independent. This waveform consisted of a slow head-negative wave followed by a faster head-positive wave. In contrast, time waveforms in the trunk and tail regions were site-specific, with field vectors that changed direction over time. Local conspecific-generated fields were similar to the head-to-tail field, but their spatio-temporal pattern at the skin depended on the relative orientation between the receiving fish and the emitting fish. Because self-generated fields had a slow early component at the head region, they displayed a low-frequency peak in their power spectral density histograms. In contrast, the conspecific-generated fields had time waveforms with a sharper phase reversal, resulting in a peak at higher frequency than in the self-generated field. Lesions in emitting fish demonstrated that waveform components generated by the trunk and tail regions of the electric organ predominate in conspecific-generated fields, whereas waveform components generated by the abdominal region prevail in self-generated fields. Similar results were obtained from Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus. These results suggest that, in pulse-emitting gymnotids, electrolocation and electrocommunication signals may be carried by different field components generated by different regions of the electric organ.
Description and comparison of physical activity from self-reports and accelerometry among primary school children in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: a pilot study
Authors: Mosha Mary Vincent , Kasagama Elizabeth , Ayieko Philip , Todd Jim , Msuya Sia E. , Grosskurth Heiner , Filteau Suzanne 
Published: April 2021

Background: Self-reports are commonly used to assess physical activity in children. Existing self-reports for physical activity have not been validated for primary school children in Tanzania. To understand if primary school children can accurately report their physical activity, we examined the validity of self-reported physical activity against accelerometer measured physical activity. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to July 2018. We conveniently selected four primary schools in Moshi municipal and Moshi rural districts in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. From these districts, 51 children aged 9 – 11 years were randomly selected. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect physical activity-related variables. Children wore accelerometers for seven consecutive days to capture physical activity movements. Spearman’s rank test and Bland Altman plots were used for assessing validity and agreement between self-reports and accelerometer moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Results: The study participants' mean age was 10 (SD=0.8) years, and 32 (63%) were girls. A significant positive correlation was found between self-reports and accelerometer MVPA (rho=0.36, p=0.009). The mean total of weekday minutes in MVPA from accelerometers was higher than from self-reports, 408 (SD = 66) versus 261 (SD = 179). Conclusions: This study found a significant positive correlation between self-reports and accelerometers. Self-reports are prone to errors due to recall bias, which interferes with their validity. More research is needed to develop better self-reported measures with specific activities that children can easily remember. Also, researchers should carefully consider the inherent limitations in the validity of self-reports.
Eye-related emergencies incidence at a tertiary referral center in Southern Italy during COVID-19 related lockdown
Authors: Niro Alfredo , Sborgia Giancarlo , Favale Rossella , Sborgia Alessandra , Pastore Valentina , Iaculli Cristiana , Boscia Francesco , Alessio Giovanni 
Published: April 2021

Background: In order to contain the community spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Italy, a stringent lockdown was imposed, which also impacted the healthcare services. The purpose of this study is to investigate the drop in the number of outpatients in the Ophthalmic Emergency Service (OES) in the Eye Clinic of University of Bari during the COVID-19 lockdown. Methods: A retrospective analysis of electronic medical records from a tertiary referral center in Southern Italy was performed. Demographics and medical characteristics of patients examined in the OES between March 10th, 2020 and May 3rd, 2020 were assessed and compared with records from the same period in 2019. We categorized the patients by sex, age group, and by the type of eye disease that was recorded as the principal diagnosis. The change (%) in the number of patients and diseases between the study periods was analyzed. Results: We observed a reduction in the number of OES visits during the lockdown (-63.4%) compared to the number of visits in 2019. The greatest changes were observed in the youngest (≤20 years; -76.6%) and the most elderly patients (≥81 years; -70.9%). The decrease in the number of patients presenting with each pathology ranged from -82% to -28.5%, depending on the pathology, and mainly involved the orbital and palpebral pathologies, anterior segment disorders, non-specific visual symptoms, and minor injuries. The diagnosis of chronic pathologies, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and vitreous haemorrhage increased by 134%, 100%, and 75%, respectively. Conclusions: Our results revealed the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on OES activities in the Eye Clinic of University of Bari. A drop in number of visits across all age groups was observed. The number of patients presenting with minor and nonurgent conditions decreased, whereas the number of patients presenting with chronic diseases and urgent but deferrable conditions increased.
Substantial impact of post-vaccination contacts on cumulative infections during viral epidemics
Authors: Rochman Nash , Wolf Yuri , V. Koonin Eugene 
Published: April 2021

Background: The start of 2021 was marked by the initiation of a global vaccination campaign against the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Formulating an optimal distribution strategy under social and economic constraints is challenging. Optimal distribution is additionally constrained by the potential emergence of vaccine resistance. Analogous to chronic low-dose antibiotic exposure, recently inoculated individuals who are not yet immune play an outsized role in the emergence of resistance. Classical epidemiological modelling is well suited to explore how the behavior of the inoculated population impacts the total number of infections over the entirety of an epidemic. Methods: A deterministic model of epidemic evolution is analyzed, with seven compartments defined by their relationship to the emergence of vaccine-resistant mutants and representing three susceptible populations, three infected populations, and one recovered population. This minimally computationally intensive design enables simulation of epidemics across a broad parameter space. The results are used to identify conditions minimizing the cumulative number of infections. Results: When an escape variant is only modestly less infectious than the originating strain within a naïve population, there exists an optimal rate of vaccine distribution. Exceeding this rate increases the cumulative number of infections due to vaccine escape. Analysis of the model also demonstrates that inoculated individuals play a major role in the mitigation or exacerbation of vaccine-resistant outbreaks. Modulating the rate of host–host contact for the inoculated population by less than an order of magnitude can alter the cumulative number of infections by more than 20%. Conclusions: Mathematical modeling shows that optimization of the vaccination rate and limiting post-vaccination contacts can perceptibly affect the course of an epidemic. The consideration of limitations on post-vaccination contacts remains relevant for the entire duration of any vaccination campaign including the current status of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
Unit costs for non-acute care in Ireland 2016—2019
Authors: Smith Samantha , Jiang Jingjing , Normand Charles , O’Neill Ciaran 
Published: April 2021

Background: This paper presents detailed unit costs for 16 healthcare professionals in community-based non-acute services in Ireland for the years 2016—2019. Unit costs are important data inputs for assessments of health service performance and value for money. Internationally, while some countries have an established database of unit costs for healthcare, there is need for a more coordinated approach to calculating healthcare unit costs. In Ireland, detailed cost analysis of acute care is undertaken by the Healthcare Pricing Office but to date there has been no central database of unit costs for community-based non-acute healthcare services. Methods: Unit costs for publicly employed allied healthcare professionals, Public Health Nurses and Health Care Assistant staff are calculated using a bottom-up micro-costing approach, drawing on methods outlined by the Personal Social Services Research Unit in the UK, and on available Irish and international costing guidelines. Data on salaries, working hours and other parameters are drawn from secondary datasets available from Department of Health, Health Service Executive and other public sources. Unit costs for public and private General Practitioner, dental, and long-term residential care (LTRC) are estimated drawing on available administrative and survey data. Results: The unit costs for the publicly employed non-acute healthcare professionals have changed by 2–6% over the timeframe 2016–2019 while larger percentage changes are observed in the unit costs for public GP visits and public LTRC (14-15%). Conclusions: The costs presented here are a first step towards establishing a central database of unit costs for non-acute healthcare services in Ireland. The database will help ensure consistency across Irish health costing studies and facilitate cross-study and cross-country comparisons. Future work will be required to update and expand on the range of services covered and to incorporate new data and methodological developments in cost estimation as they become available.
Die Programmentwicklung und die Strategie der FDP in der Ostpolitik in den Jahren 1969-1974 im Lichte der neuen Quellen des Archivs des Deutschen Liberalismus
Authors: Węc Janusz Józef 
Published: April 2021

The Program Evolution and the Strategy of the FDP in Ostpolitik in 1969- 1974 in the Light of New Resources of the Archive of German Liberalism
The main objective of the article is to analyze the program activities and the strategy of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) in the Eastern policy (Ostpolitik) of the Federal Republic of Germany in the years 1969-1974. The author has used in this work new resources from the archive of German Liberalism in Gummersbach, which is of great importance. This enabled him to present a new assessment of the influence of the FDP on the Eastern policy of the Federal Republic of Germany during the period presented.
Prevalence and determinants of severity levels of anemia among children aged 6–59 months in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis
Authors: Tesema Getayeneh Antehunegn , Worku Misganaw Gebrie , Tessema Zemenu Tadesse , Teshale Achamyeleh Birhanu , Alem Adugnaw Zeleke , Yeshaw Yigizie , Alamneh Tesfa Sewunet , Liyew Alemneh Mekuriaw 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundAnemia is a major public health problem affecting more than half of children under the age of five globally. It has serious short- and long-term consequences including growth retardation, impaired motor and cognitive development, and increased morbidity and mortality. Despite anemia is the leading cause of child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, there is limited evidence on the prevalence and determinants of anemia among under-five children in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence and determinants of severity levels of anemia among children aged 6–59 months in sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsThis study was based on the most recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data of 32 sub-Saharan African countries. A total weighted sample of 135,619 children aged 6–59 months was included in the study. Considering the hierarchical nature of DHS data and the ordinal nature of anemia, a multilevel ordinal logistic regression model was applied. Proportional odds assumption was tested by Brant test and it was satisfied (p-value = 0.091). Besides, deviance was used for model comparison. Variables with a p-value ≤0.2 in the bivariable analysis were considered for the multivariable analysis. In the multivariable multilevel proportional odds model, the Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were reported for potential determinant factors of severity levels of anemia.ResultsThe overall prevalence of anemia among children aged 6–59 months in sub-Saharan Africa was 64.1% [95% CI: 63.9%, 64.4%]. Of which, 26.2% were mildly anemic, 34.9% moderately anemic and 3% severely anemic. Poor maternal education, lower household wealth status, large family size, being male child, multiple births, having fever in the last two weeks, having diarrhea in the last two weeks, higher-order birth, maternal anemia, underweight, wasted, and stunted were significantly associated with increased odds of higher levels of anemia. Whereas, being 24–59 months age, taking drugs for an intestinal parasite, and born from mothers aged ≥ 20 years were significantly associated with lower odds of higher levels of anemia.ConclusionSeverity levels of anemia among children aged 6–59 months in sub-Saharan Africa was a major public health problem. Enhancing maternal education, providing drugs for an intestinal parasite, designing interventions that address maternal anemia, febrile illness, and diarrheal disease, and strengthening the economic status of the family are recommended to reduce childhood anemia. Furthermore, it is better to strengthen the strategies of early detection and management of stunted, wasted, and underweight children to decrease childhood anemia.
Sleep and subjective happiness between the ages 40 and 59 in relation to presbyopia and dry eye
Authors: Negishi Kazuno , Ayaki Masahiko , Kawashima Motoko , Tsubota Kazuo 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
The aim of this study was to explore the status of quality of life between the ages 40–59 in relation to presbyopia and dry eye.

Methods
Near add power and preferred contact lens power were examined in 219 participants at three clinics. 2000 participants completed a web-based survey on presbyopic symptoms, symptomatic dry eye, sleep quality, and subjective happiness.

Results
Mean preferred corrected visual acuity was less than 20/20 in women (vs men, P<0.01) who were more often prescribed under-corrected contact lenses, whereas men preferred full correction. According to the annual progression rate of near add power in men (0.1468D/year), the estimated difference in presbyopia progression between men and women was 0.75 years in the right eye, and 1.69 years in the left eye, implying men might suffer presbyopia earlier than women due to higher myopic power of daily use contact lenses. The web-based survey revealed that men reported lower subjective happiness than women (P<0.001) and earlier onset of presbyopic symptoms by 1.1–1.7 years (P<0.05). Men received their first reading glasses 0.8 years earlier than women (P = 0.066). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that awareness of presbyopic symptoms, visual burden, and dry eyes were significantly correlated with poor sleep quality and subjective happiness.

Conclusion
Presbyopia and dry eye were significantly associated with sleep quality and subjective happiness in middle-adulthood.
Prediction of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Liver Stiffness Measurements Using Magnetic Resonance Elastography After Eradicating Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Kumada Takashi , Toyoda Hidenori , Yasuda Satoshi , Sone Yasuhiro , Ogawa Sadanobu , Takeshima Kenji , Tada Toshifumi , Ito Takanori , Sumida Yoshio , Tanaka Junko 
Published: April 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Liver fibrosis stage is one of the most important factors in stratifying the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We evaluated the usefulness of liver stiffness measured by magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) to stratify the risk of developing HCC in patients who underwent MRE before receiving direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and subsequently achieved sustained virological response (SVR).

METHODS:
A total of 537 consecutive patients with persistent hepatitis C virus who underwent initial MRE before DAA therapy and achieved SVR were enrolled. Factors associated with HCC development were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS:
Albumin-bilirubin score ≥ −2.60 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 6.303), fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score >3.25 (aHR 7.676), and MRE value ≥4.5 kPa (aHR 13.190) were associated with HCC development according to a univariate Cox proportional hazards model. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model showed that an MRE value ≥4.5 kPa (aHR 7.301) was the only factor independently associated with HCC development. Even in patients with an FIB-4 score >3.25, the cumulative incidence rate of HCC development in those with an MRE value <4.5 kPa was significantly lower than that in patients with an MRE value ≥4.5 kPa.

DISCUSSION:
Liver stiffness measured by MRE before DAA therapy was an excellent marker for predicting subsequent HCC development in patients with hepatitis C virus infection who achieved SVR. The same results were observed in patients with high FIB-4 scores.
KAJIAN ARSITEKTUR INDUSTRIAL PADA BANGUNAN HOTEL (STUDI KASUS: CHARA HOTEL, BANDUNG)
Authors: Hamdani Larastika Nur , Hantono Dedi 
Published: April 2021

Perkembangan bidang industri di Indonesia berperan penting dalam perekonomian nasional. Perkembangan industri pariwisata juga terlihat pada pembangunan hotel. Hotel yang sering dijumpai merupakan hotel dengan nuansa mewah sehingga dalam perawatannya memakan biaya yang mahal. Untuk itu, konsep Arsitektur Industrial merupakan suatu konsep yang mengedepankan aspek fungsional dan efisien dengan menggunakan material yang tidak difinishing namun tetap mempertimbangkan estetika design sehingga dapat menekan biaya yang dikeluarkan. Arsitektur Industrial merupakan langgam yang muncul dan berkembang di era modern yang berhubungan dengan penyesuaian dan pemanfaatan kembali suatu barang bekas bangunan pabrik menjadi furniture interior. Karakteristik Arsitektur Industrial adalah penggunaan bentuk geometris dan garis tegas, penggunaan warna alami dan warna monokrom dari material aslinya, kejujuran dalam penggunaan material dan ekspos sistem utilitas. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat penerapan karakteristik Arsitektur Industrial pada Bangunan Hotel dengan cara melakukan studi literatur dan mengkaitkannya dengan studi kasus. Studi kasus yang dipilih merupakan bangunan Chara Hotel, dari studi kasus tersebut akan dianalisis dengan mengkaitkan data studi kasus dengan karakteristik Arsitektur Industrial. Dari analisis tersebut didapatkan hasil berupa penerapan karakteristik konsep Arsitektur Industrial pada Chara Hotel dari segi eksterior maupun interior.
On sub-Riemannian geodesic curvature in dimension three
Authors: Barilari Davide , Kohli Mathieu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We introduce a notion of geodesic curvature

k
ζ

k_{\zeta}

for a smooth horizontal curve 𝜁 in a three-dimensional contact sub-Riemannian manifold, measuring how much a horizontal curve is far from being a geodesic.
We show that the geodesic curvature appears as the first corrective term in the Taylor expansion of the sub-Riemannian distance between two points on a unit speed horizontal curve

d
SR
2

⁢

(

ζ
⁢

(
t
)

,

ζ
⁢

(

t
+
ε

)

)

=

ε
2

-

k
ζ
2

⁢

(
t
)

720

⁢

ε
6

+

o
⁢

(

ε
6

)

.

d_{\mathrm{SR}}^{2}(\zeta(t),\zeta(t+\varepsilon))=\varepsilon^{2}-\frac{k_{\zeta}^{2}(t)}{720}\varepsilon^{6}+o(\varepsilon^{6}).

The sub-Riemannian distance is not smooth on the diagonal; hence the result contains the existence of such an asymptotics.
This can be seen as a higher-order differentiability property of the sub-Riemannian distance along smooth horizontal curves.
It generalizes the previously known results on the Heisenberg group.
On the nomenclatural reinstatement and lectotypification of Spyridia americana Durant (1850)
Authors: Schneider Craig W. , Wynne Michael J. , Saunders Gary W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Southern New England and New York specimens of Spyridia ‘filamentosa’ were sequenced for the mitochondrial COI-5P and chloroplastic rbcL genes and determined to be distinct from Mediterranean (type locality) specimens of the same taxon. A little-known species name, Spyridia americana Durant, is applied to specimens collected from the northeastern coast of the United States.