bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Makes Something Surprising?
Authors: Baras Dan , Na’aman Oded 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSurprises are important in our everyday lives as well as in our scientific and philosophical theorizing—in psychology, information theory, cognitive‐neuroscience, philosophy of science, and confirmation theory. Nevertheless, there is no satisfactory theory of what makes something surprising. It has long been acknowledged that not everything unexpected is surprising. The reader had no reason to expect that there will be exactly 190 words in this abstract and yet there is nothing surprising about this fact. We offer a novel theory that explains when and why an unexpected fact is surprising. We distinguish between descriptive and normative notions of what is surprising; clarify the sense in which surprising facts are unexpected; and, finally, develop and defend the significance account of surprise, according to which a fact is surprising to an agent if and to the extent that it is both unexpected and significant to the agent. Since a surprising fact can be significant to an agent in various ways—personal, moral, epistemic, and aesthetic—surprise is not merely or primarily epistemic. Fitting surprise reflects more than a person’s view of what is; it reflects a person’s view of what is significant.
Narrative policy images: Intersecting narrative & attention in presidential stories about the environment
Authors: Peterson Holly L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDrawing on ideas about how narratives focus attention, this paper develops a “narrative policy image” using the Punctuated Equilibrium Theory and Narrative Policy Framework explanations of the policy process. The concept of a narrative policy image is applied to test partisan expectations about presidential environmental policy stories in State of the Union Addresses over 73 years. This research finds that Democratic stories focus on problems like climate change and victims and Republican stories emphasize solutions like new programs and upholding the status quo. These trends point to potential story types and suggest a narrative policy image, including both narrative components and valence, may be a useful concept for understanding narrative attention in macropolitics.
Do exporters respond to both tariffs and nominal exchange rates? Evidence from Chinese firm‐product data
Authors: Chen Zhe , Kurokawa Yoshinori 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPast evidence on exchange rates and exports implies that nominal exchange rates might not matter for the extensive margin of exports. Using Chinese firm‐product data during 2000–2006, however, this paper finds that the effect of nominal exchange rates on exporter numbers is significant and even comparable with that of tariffs. The effects are larger for processing trade, low income destinations, and differentiated products. Financial constraints are a factor that significantly enlarges the effect of nominal exchange rates on exporter numbers.
Living through liminality? Situating the transitional experience of parents of children with mucopolysaccharidoses
Authors: Somanadhan Suja , Brinkley Aoife , Larkin Philip J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundMucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are rare inherited metabolic disorders that come under category three of life‐limiting conditions. Children born with this condition show no symptoms at birth, but its effects show as a progressive disease in subsequent years. The severity of the condition varies according to the specific type, ranging from very mild symptoms to, in most cases, complex healthcare needs, including mental and physical disabilities.AimsThis study aimed to elucidate the meanings of the transition experience of being a parent of a child with MPS. Van Gennep’s three‐stage rite of passage theory and Turner’s theory of liminality were utilised to understand these families’ transition experiences are learning to live with their child’s ongoing progressive illness trajectory.MethodsA qualitative design utilising hermeneutic phenomenology was used. Longitudinal qualitative in‐depth interviews were carried out with eight parents at a three‐time point over 17‐months period.ResultsThis study provided an interpretation of the lived experience of parents of children and young adults with MPS. As such, it embraces a liminal experience of living with a rare life‐limiting illness and the unique passage to becoming a parent of a child with MPS. Parents reported their experience of transition from being the parent of a normal healthy child to be the parent of a child with MPS. They described their transition experience as multi‐faceted and complex, neither linear nor time‐bound, but rather cyclical.ConclusionThe rites of passage conceptual framework helped to identify specific and significant unmet supportive and social care needs of these families and their children. This information will enhance the development of a substantial support system to meet the family’s emotional, psychological and social needs during the illness transitions from diagnosis and throughout their illness journey.
R&D intensity and income inequality in the G7: 1870–2016
Authors: Awaworyi Churchill Sefa , Peng Bin , Smyth Russell , Zhang Quanda 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe examine how R&D has contributed to income inequality in the Group of Seven countries from 1870 to 2016. Using newly developed panel data models that incorporate interactive fixed effects, we find that R&D is negatively associated with income inequality. Non‐parametric models that allow us to capture the time‐varying effect of R&D suggest that this average effect has been negative for most of this period. We find that economic growth and trade are important mechanisms through which R&D transmits to income inequality.
Influence of Laser Soldering Temperatures on Through-Hole Component
Authors: Zahiri Saifulmajdy A. , Abas Aizat , Sharif M. F. M. , Che Ani Fakhrozi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The conventional method of selective soldering has been practiced using wave soldering, convection reflow, and hand soldering. However, due to industry automation and high demand for quality, repeatability and flexibility, laser soldering process has been developed to meet these demands. This article investigates the effect of different temperature of laser soldering process on lead-free solder (SAC305) by means of numerical method that is validated by experiment. Finite volume method (FVM) was used for the three-dimensional simulation to simulate the filling flow of the lead-free solder. Experiments were carried out to complement simulation validity and the results of both methods show good agreement. The findings show that a better result can be achieved when the angle of component lead (θle) approaches 90 deg. Using optimized lead angle, five different temperature simulations were set in the range of 550 K &lt; T &lt; 700 K. The finding shows that 600 K has the best velocity and pressure distributions with average values of 63.3 mm/s and 101.13 kPa, respectively. The high-pressure regions are concentrated at the top and bottom surface of solder pad. High difference in pressure and velocity spots somehow lead to issue associated with possibility of incomplete filling or void formation. 650 K model shows less void formation since it produces high pressure filling flow within the solder region.
A Scalable Framework for Process-Aware Thermal Simulation of Additive Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Zhang Yaqi , Shapiro Vadim , Witherell Paul 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Many additive manufacturing (AM) processes are driven by a moving heat source. Thermal field evolution during the manufacturing process plays an important role in determining both geometric and mechanical properties of the fabricated parts. Thermal simulation of AM processes is challenging due to the geometric complexity of the manufacturing process and inherent computational complexity that requires a numerical solution at every time increment of the process. We propose a new general computational framework that supports scalable thermal simulation at path scale of any AM process driven by a moving heat source. The proposed framework has three novel ingredients. First, the path-level discretization is process-aware, which is based on the manufacturing primitives described by the scan path and the thermal model is formulated directly in terms of manufacturing primitives. Second, a spatial data structure, called contact graph, is used to represent the discretized domain and capture all possible thermal interactions during the simulation. Finally, the simulation is localized based on specific physical parameters of the manufacturing process, requiring at most a constant number of updates at each time step. The latter implies that the constructed simulation not only scales to handle three-dimensional (3D) printed components of arbitrary complexity but also can achieve real-time performance. To demonstrate the efficacy and generality of the framework, it has been successfully applied to build thermal simulations of two different AM processes, fused deposition modeling (FDM) and powder bed fusion (PBF).
A Model for Tilting Pad Thrust Bearings Operating With Reduced Flow Rate—Do Benefits Outweigh Risks?
Authors: Koosha Rasool , Andrés Luis San 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The literature on tilting pad thrust bearings (TPTB) calls for flow reduction as an effective means to reduce drag power losses as well as oil pumping costs. However, the highest level of flow reduction a bearing can undergo while maintaining reliable operation is a key question that demands comprehensive analysis. This paper implements a model into an existing thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic (TEHD) computational analysis tool to deliver load performance predictions for TPTBs operating with reduced flow rates. For bearings supplied with either a reduced flow or an overflow conditions, a sound model for the flow and thermal energy mixing in a feed groove determines the temperature of the lubricant entering a thrust pad. Under a reduced flow condition, the analysis reduces the effective arc length of a wetted pad until matching the available flow. Predicted discharge flow temperature rise and pad subsurface temperature rise from the present model match measurements in the archival literature for an eight-pad bearing supplied with 150% to 25% of the nominal flow rate, i.e., the minimum flow that fully lubricates the bearing pads. A supply flow above nominal rate increases the bearing drag power because the lubricant enters a pad at a lower temperature, and yet has little effect on a thrust pad peak temperature rise or its minimum film thickness. A reduced flow below nominal produces areas lubricant starvation zones, and thus the minimum film thickness substantially decreases while the film and pad's surface temperature rapidly increase to produce significant thermal crowning of the pad surface. Compared to the bearing lubricated with a nominal rate, a starved flow bearing produces a larger axial stiffness and a lesser damping coefficient. A reduction in drag power with less lubricant supplied brings an immediate energy efficiency improvement to bearing operation. However, sustained long-term operation with overly warm pad temperatures could reduce the reliability of the mechanical element and its ultimate failure.
Coupled Electromagnetic and Lattice Structure Optimization for the Rotor and Stator of Large Electric Machines
Authors: Hayes Austin C. , Whiting Gregory L. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Permanent magnet direct drive (PMDD) electric machines are advantageous due to higher efficiencies and lower maintenance concerns. For wind turbine generators, especially offshore turbines, this is advantageous to geared machines and is currently implemented by manufacturers such as GE, Siemens and Enercon. By nature, a direct drive machine must be larger than its geared counterpart in order to output the same power. As a result, the structural mass is larger and makes the machine prohibitively large. However, the structural mass and electromagnetic design is coupled and the electromagnetic criteria are an important consideration in the structural design. In this analysis, the electromagnetic design of a 5 MW PMDD generator was coupled to a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice generator through means of an evolutionary algorithm. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to determine the radial, torsional, and axial deformations under simulated wind turbine generator loading conditions subject to critical deflection criteria. Lattice functional grading was completed with the FEA deflection data in order to further optimize the structural mass. For the 5 MW test case, functional graded TPMS support structures maintained stiffness for a generator with a 32% higher force density with inactive mass 4% lower than baseline. This study suggests functional grading of TPMS lattice structures for wind turbine generators has the potential at significant mass savings.
Performance Optimization of Thermal Energy Storage Based Solar Collector
Authors: Pawar Vivek R. , Sobhansarbandi Sarvenaz 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The application of solar collectors in water heating systems has attracted attention in recent years, however, due to the inconsistency of solar radiation, performance of such systems will fluctuate over time. In this study, performance optimization of a heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector integrated with phase change materials (PCMs), is investigated under normal and on-demand operations. In phase-I, the effect of heat pipe position and in phase-II, the effect of various PCMs are investigated. The results from phase-I show phase change process of PCM was expedited by 48 minutes under on-demand operation compared with conventional system. Additionally, in normal operation, thermal storage enhancement is achieved by 24% increase in PCM’s melting fraction. In Phase-II, the selected PCMs are tritriacontane paraffin, xylitol, and erythritol. In normal mode, the paraffin tube exhibited highest total energy storage of 295.39 kJ/kg, however, the fin temperature of xylitol tube was around 10° C higher compared with the other tubes throughout the day. In on-demand operation, erythritol tube shows energy storage of 413.15 kJ/kg, however, the paraffin tube shows fin temperature difference of 14°C compared with other tubes. Consequently, utilization of paraffin/xylitol in normal and paraffin/erythritol in on-demand operation is recommended to enhance system’s thermal performance.
Through-Building Ducts for Mounting Wind Turbines: A Numerical Study
Authors: Mirian Hadi , Anbarsooz Morteza , Hoshyar Abbas , ArabGolarcheh Alireza 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Yet, several locations for mounting the wind turbines in urban areas have been proposed, which can be categorized into four main groups; (a) on the rooftops, (b) between the buildings, (c) integrated into the buildings’ skin and (d) inside a though-building hole. Through-building holes take advantage of the pressure difference between the windward and leeward facades of the building to generate a high-speed velocity zone for mounting the wind turbine. In the current study, three-dimensional numerical simulations of atmospheric turbulent boundary layer flow around high-rise buildings are carried out to determine the optimum location and size of the duct. For this purpose, square cross-section buildings (20 × 20 m) with heights of H0 = 60, 120 and 180 m are considered. Numerical results showed that the difference of the pressure coefficient on the windward and leeward facades of the building without the hole can predict the best location for mounting the wind turbine with acceptable accuracy. Then, circular holes with various diameters of D = 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5m are created at z/H0 = 0.8, where the maximum pressure difference is close to the maximum. It is found that the maximum velocity increment occurs for D = 10 m and it is 31% greater than the U10 velocity of the incident wind profile. This means that the available wind power inside the duct is 2.25 times greater than the incident wind power.
Experimental Investigation of a Novel Combined Rapid Compression-Ignition Combustion and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System Format Operating on Diesel
Authors: Ahn Andrew , Stone Welles Thomas , Akih-Kumgeh Benjamin , Milcarek Ryan J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Climate change concerns have forced the automotive industry to develop more efficient powertrain technologies, including the potential for fuel cell systems. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) demonstrate exceptional fuel flexibility and can operate on conventional, widely available hydrocarbon fuels with limited requirements for fuel reformation. Current hybrid powertrains combining fuel cell systems with internal combustion engines (ICEs) fail to mitigate the disadvantages of requiring fuel reformation by placing the engine downstream of the fuel cell system. This work, thus investigates the upstream placement of the engine, eliminating the need for fuel processing catalysts and the heating of complex fuel reformers. The ICE burns a fuel-rich mixture through rapid compression ignition, performing partial oxidation fuel reformation. To test the feasibility of a fuel cell system operating on such ICE exhaust, chemical kinetic model simulations were performed, creating model exhaust containing ∼43.0% syngas. A micro-tubular SOFC (μT-SOFC) was tested for power output with this exhaust, and generated ∼730 mW/cm2 (∼86% of its maximum output obtained with pure hydrogen fuel). Combustion testing was subsequently performed in a test chamber, and despite insufficient equipment limiting the maximum pressure of the combustion chamber, began to validate the model. The exhaust from these tests contained all of the predicted chemical species and, on average, ∼21.8% syngas, but would have resembled the model more closely given higher pressures. This work examines the viability of a novel combined ICE and fuel cell hybrid system, displaying potential for a more cost-effective/efficient solution than current fuel cell systems.
Influence of Some Emulsifiers in Improving the Biofuel Characteristics
Authors: Radulescu Victorita 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Molecules’ characteristics of the active surface, such as low molecular weight fatty acids, asphaltene, and naphthenic acids determine the properties of emulsified fuels. They can interact with surfaces from other oils, water from liquid mixtures, solid surfaces from mechanical systems, or with pipes walls in case of long distances transport. For heavy oils which contain large amounts of asphaltene, these effects are very important. The characteristics of the emulsified fuels are determined mainly by the properties and nature of the emulsifier. In the present paper, some tests for heavy fuels emulsification with monoglycerides and cosurfactants are mentioned, due to their significant contributions in clean fuels combustion. This first proposed solution, presented in this paper is generally preferred, due to its small cost. The second tested solution consists in nonionic polymer obtained from the solid wastes of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) conversion and glycol. The main advantages of this raw material are the PET’s low cost and its large availability. The PET has high content of oxygen so the combustion of emulsified fuels with this type of surfactants assures low pollution emission. The preparation of the nonionic polymer associated with the glycerol recovery as additives for emulsified fuels is also mentioned. As the first stage, the PET transesterification with glycol at 200°C–210°C with ethylene glycol elimination was mentioned. For experiments, ten samples of emulsified fuels with different emulsifying agents were prepared, being tested their influence on fuel characteristics. Some physical properties of the emulsified fuel as the density at 20°C, viscosity at 90°C, flash point, and the freezing points were also determined. If the emulsifier proportion or the water quantity increase in the emulsified fuel the flash point increases also. Other experiments were realized referring to the freezing point and viscosity’s dependence with temperature. Finally, are presented some remarks concerning the proper report between emulsifier and final fuel properties.
New Solution With Syntheses Inhibitors for the Chemical Cleaning of Organic Pollutants From the Water Supply System Of Generators
Authors: Radulescu Victorita 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In thermal power plants, during the boilers functioning, heterogeneous deposits of substances must often be removed in order to prolong their operation and avoid their deterioration. The nature, type and quantity of deposits depend on the characteristics of the water supply systems and the chemical operating regime. For boilers with high deposits of copper and iron, the utilization of mineral acids for chemical cleaning is not quite effective, because their surfaces may be covered with a metal copper film. Organic impurities in the water supply affect the operation of steam generators, increasing electrical conductivity and lowering the pH. The heterogeneous composition of the deposits is unevenly distributed in the combustion system, making its cleaning a complex problem. For efficient chemical cleaning, the agents must have a minimal corrosive action on the metal surfaces, ensuring only the dissolution of the compounds on the surface of the boilers. To prevent corrosion of metals, inhibitors are introduced to diminish the reactions on the metal surface or at least to delay the kinetics of the reaction. This paper analyzes the implications of organic pollutants in the corrosion phenomena and chemical processes where they are involved. As an example, the power plant Borzesti affiliated to the Petrochemical Platform, Bacau County, Romania is presented. The adopted solution uses as an inhibitor, a synthesis between amino alcohol and a thiazole, in the presence of water. This inhibitor has been tested in the laboratory on different steels used in energy pipes, in different areas of the thermal circuits in the boiler, as pure steel or with different alloys. The methods used to reduce the effects of corrosion are briefly presented. Four classes of organic substances with properties of corrosion inhibitors in the organic acid environment were analyzed. The experimental results obtained, associated with a comparative analysis of corrosion rates, for different concentrations of inhibitors for a time interval of 4 hours are mentioned. In the second stage, the inhibitor behavior was analyzed for 6h and 8h. Corrosion rates are estimated by measuring the weight loss of the tested probes. Finally, the most suitable types of inhibitors, adapted at different metal compositions are presented, with a result in the cleaning of more than 98% of the surface of the boilers.