bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
School Experiences and Postschool Pathways in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Smyth Emer , McCoy Selina 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter draws on a mixed methods longitudinal study of a cohort of young adults in Ireland who were followed from their entry to secondary education to their outcomes three to four years after completing upper secondary education. In keeping with previous international research, the study findings show that the main pathways taken by young people reflect their gender, social class background, and academic performance. However, the analyses go further than previous work by indicating the way in which the nature of postschool transitions are firmly embedded in earlier school experiences. In particular, the chapter contributes to the ongoing debate on the effects of school composition to show that school social mix has a very significant impact on postschool outcomes, with those who attended middle-class schools having particularly high levels of participation in higher education. This is consistent with higher education assuming a ‘taken for granted’ quality in middle-class schools. In contrast, young people who had attended working-class schools are much more likely than those in middle-class or socially mixed schools to enter the labor market directly upon leaving school, even taking account of their exam grades. School climate plays an important role, with negative relations with teachers serving to discourage young people from remaining on in any form of education/training. The chapter concludes by highlighting the implications of the findings for our understanding of youth transitions and for policy designed to improve equity of outcomes.
Supporting the School-to-Work Transition for Young Adults Formerly in Care
Authors: King Rachel , Arsenault Chelsea , Larsen Denise 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter on supporting the school-to-work transition for young adults formerly in care provides hope-informed interventions for increasing resilience for youth who have aged out of government care. Because these youth face unique challenges, success in the school-to-work transition can constitute a resilient outcome. This chapter discusses the particular barriers faced by young adults formerly in care as well as summarizing the literature on how helping professionals can best intervene. Specifically, the authors look at hope theory and how it can provide a practical and effective framework for intervening in the face of uncertain outcomes to promote resilience and flourishing. They then outline specific interventions as informed by research and best practice.
University-to-Work Transition for Emerging Adult International Students in Canada
Authors: Popadiuk Natalee , Arthur Nancy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the contextual layers associated with emerging adult international students during their university-to-work transition. First, the authors examine the term, emerging adulthood, to consider the relevance for use with international students. Next, they discuss cultural identity development theories that can be applied to international students. Included is a look at how popular dualistic theories that position Western cultures as primarily individualistic and Eastern cultures as collectivist may be no longer relevant. Further, they explore theories that provide evidence that social identity is fluid and contingent on comparisons to both in-groups and out-groups. Thus, each time an international student finds themselves in a new context with different people, they need to renegotiate their identities and their sense of belonging. In this exploration, the authors also delve into how social capital theory—the benefit one derives from belonging to social groups, networks, or institutions—may be conceptualized with international students, and they show how social support and social capital are closely intertwined. In discussing the importance of personal ties, such as family and friends, they explore the nuances of local and home support. Regarding institutional support, they discuss the critical importance of university faculty and supervisors in becoming a new source of social capital and in creating new bridging relationships and social networks in the destination country. Through our examination of international students’ university-to-career transition, the authors broaden and deepen the current understanding by unpacking the contextual layers of emerging adulthood, identity development, social relationships, and social capital.
Requisite Metamorphoses
Authors: Halstead Tammy J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Emerging adults who are at the intersection of college and work face a complex and challenging transition. In addition to finding employment, graduates seek to define and explore long-term career paths, form personal and professional identities, develop new support systems, and learn the mores and culture of the new environment of work. They approach these challenges while also moving through emerging adulthood, a development phase that precedes the feeling of being fully adult. In short, a successful college-to-work transition requires graduates to move through a series of metamorphoses. This chapter explores these metamorphoses and the experiences of graduates who are experiencing them. It also suggests ways colleges and universities can support the needs of their students and graduates and things emerging adults can do themselves to foster their successful metamorphoses.
A New Adulthood
Authors: Wyn Johanna , Woodman Dan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter takes a critical lens to the field of youth transitions. The authors argue that the concept of youth as a period of transition has tended to ossify around school-to-work trajectories, obscuring the significance of other life spheres, such as leisure, friendship, and culture. Although youth transitions scholars can, and indeed are, beginning to account for a wider variety of transitions and do attempt to interrogate the impact of class, gender, and race on transition outcomes, the concept of transitions to adulthood underestimates the historically specific nature of youth, and adulthood, and is ill-suited to identifying the life course effects of youth experience. The authors draw on examples from their longitudinal research on two generations of young Australians to introduce a social generational framework that highlights the changing nature of youth and adulthood, as the stalwarts of transition patterns (education into work) are disrupted by trends toward lifelong learning and precarious work. The current generation of young Australians, like their counterparts in many other countries, have to navigate new transition regimes that involve a considerable investment of time and money in education. Yet globally competitive labor markets mean that the pay-off for education is often difficult to attain. These conditions, the authors argue, create a “new adulthood,” which is an outcome of a generational accommodation to the changing rules of the game of transition from education to work. They use this concept to move debate beyond claims that youth is simply an extended transition before adult status is reached.
Saving the News
Authors: Minow Martha 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This book argues that US democracy presumes a news industry but that industry currently is failing. It focuses on the contributions of digital platforms and legal rules to the current situation and on the government's responsibilities for alleviating the problem. As the book shows, the First Amendment of the US Constitution assumes the existence and durability of a private industry. Despite some concerns that government action now is not permitted, nothing in the Constitution forecloses government action to regulate concentrated economic power, to require disclosure of who is financing communications, or to support news initiatives where there are market failures. Moreover, the federal government always been involved in shaping the media environment; it has contributed financial resources, laws, and regulations to develop and shape media in the United States. The government has subsidized development of the internet and crafted legal immunities for digital platforms; the government has crafted the direction and contours of America's media ecosystem. The shift of people’s attention to media platforms that borrow news stories without paying for them and spread misinformation jeopardizes journalism, reliable news sources, and the very respect for truth-telling. To maintain government accountability and inform a public as required in a democracy, The book outlines an array of reforms, including a new fairness doctrine, regulating digital platforms as public utilities, using antitrust authority to regulate the media, policing fraud, and more robust funding of public media. As the text stresses, such reforms are not merely plausible ideas; they are the kinds of initiatives needed if the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of the press continues to hold meaning in the twenty-first century.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenblatt Jason P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
John Selden was a role model for John Milton, who called him “the chief of learned men reputed in this Land.” But one was primarily a scholar, the other a poet-polemicist, and although they both supported the reform of English family law and the parliamentary side in the civil war, their approaches differ. Milton was more impetuous and daring, Selden more circumspect, always adjusting his discourse to fit his audience, whether in Parliament, at table among friends, or in his scholarship. This introduces the important presence of Jewish law, ignored by editors, in Selden’s Table Talk, and it analyzes Selden’s use of rhetoric to prepare the readers of De Jure Naturali to acknowledge the validity of that law.
Conclusion
Authors: Rosenblatt Jason P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This draws conclusions based on John Selden’s acceptance of the Talmud as an authoritative source. His many references to Jewish ancestral custom and opinion reveal his understanding that ancient Talmudic traditions exist independent of the Bible, and of course these include the Adamic/Noachide laws. Despite its dubious historicity, Selden accepts the tradition of a seamless transmission of judicial authority in both sacred and civil issues from Moses to the time of the synedrion, which he regards as a model for Parliament. He regards the sages of the Talmud as legal scholars rather than as religious figures. In the fierce debates in the Westminster Assembly over Deuteronomy 17:8–10, the Presbyterians read the text literally, which gave priority in adjudication to the clergy, while Erastians like Selden followed the rabbinic interpretation, which favored those who were skilled in the law. The conclusion tries to explain why both Selden and Milton (at least in his divorce treatises and in the middle books of Paradise Lost) relied on simile and analogy rather than metaphor and typology. Milton would have found everything he needed to create the laws of paradise in Selden’s De Jure Naturali et Gentium , with its thousands of marginal references and its method of giving a fair hearing to all opinions.
The Moscos
Authors: Mérand Frédéric 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, I explain what a Commission cabinet is and how it works, focusing on the informal aspects, internal tensions, and relations with the external world (member states, journalists, Parliament, Council). The atmosphere and culture of the Berlaymont, the seat of the European Commission where they work in Brussels, is described in ethnographic detail. It is an opportunity to introduce members of the Moscovici cabinet, who belong to two groups: the Parisians and the Brussels people. They have all agreed that their real names are used in the story. The chapter also explains the book’s ethnographic approach and its limits.
Facing Varoufakis
Authors: Mérand Frédéric 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The threat of Grexit was the first crisis Moscovici and his staff had to handle during their term of office. Highly critical of the commissioner who was his counterpart in Brussels, former Greek minister Yanis Varoufakis has become the most influential commentator on this period. This first of two chapters dealing with Greece shows the other side of his story: how Moscovici and his staff tried—but failed—to find common ground at a challenging time, when they had just moved in the Berlaymont building in the winter of 2015.
Internal Party Democracy in Tanzania
Authors: Babeiya Edwin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the state of intraparty democracy in Tanzania. It traces the functioning and management of political parties since the country restored plural politics in 1992 by looking at both the ruling party and the opposition. Intraparty democracy is conceived of in this chapter as a key ingredient in ensuring social stability and harmony as well as the development of political parties. The chapter shows that intraparty democracy across all political parties is limited but that the situation is more disappointing in the case of the opposition. Using the two yardsticks of elections and decision-making, it maintains that limited internal party democracy can be attributed to several factors, including the undue influence of party founders, the dysfunctional nature of party structures, and the limited voice that ordinary members have as a result of their persistent disempowerment by senior leadership. Other factors include the influence of clientelistic networks and the weaknesses of oversight bodies and the legal framework. Against this backdrop, the chapter argues that making progress in promoting intraparty democracy would require a number of interventions. Among them are building the capacity of political parties and reviewing the legal framework so as to increase the rights and protection of members. The chapter also recommends actions to ensure greater representation of special groups—such as women and persons with disabilities—in decision-making, and suggests that civic education be provided to ordinary members of political parties to improve their ability to hold leadership to account.
Nigeria in Search of a Credible Electoral Administration
Authors: Suberu Rotimi T 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Recent elections in Nigeria have produced conflicting and ambiguous assessments regarding the quality, integrity and credibility of the country’s electoral governance. On one hand, widespread domestic and international criticisms of the farcical 2007 elections provoked remarkable constitutional, statutory, and administrative proposals, programmes, and policies for reforming Nigeria’s electoral processes. Those reforms led to electoral cycles that observers adjudged to be comparatively competitive, broadly acceptable, and generally indicative of a shift away from the country’s extended history of electoral maladministration, corruption, and chicanery. On the other hand, credible reports emphasize the persistence of significant levels of fraud, violence, and disorganization in Nigerian elections. This chapter shows that these contradictory outcomes and dual perspectives are consistent with the partial and incomplete nature of recent electoral reforms in Nigeria. Those reforms have extended the autonomy of the country’s election management commission, without guaranteeing the agency’s effective political insulation or addressing broader and deeper weaknesses in the country’s electoral landscape. Nigeria resembles a classic hybrid regime with increasingly competitive electoral contests that, however, continue to witness undemocratic levels of manipulation, corruption, and violence. More extensive reforms, along the lines proposed by a major official electoral reform committee, would have produced more substantial improvements in electoral integrity and quality.
The 1860s
Authors: Smith Gary Scott 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
During the 1860s, Twain worked as a journalist in Virginia City, Nevada, and San Francisco and traveled to Europe and the Middle East (most notably Palestine) on an excursion with a group of Americans, which enabled him to write his best-selling Innocents Abroad. Twain met Olivia (Livy) Langdon through her brother, a fellow traveler. His courtship of the religiously devout Livy prompted Twain to reassess his relationship with God and his understanding of Christianity, prayer, and Providence and to declare himself to be a Christian. During this decade, Twain developed friendships with several ministers, battled depression, and struggled to determine his vocation. He also strove to adopt Eastern mores and conventional ethical practices and reinvent himself as a Christian husband who could provide financial security and spiritual guidance for his family. Scholars debate whether his conversion was genuine, self-deluded, or fabricated to please his future wife and her parents.
The 1880s
Authors: Smith Gary Scott 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The 1880s were a productive decade for Twain as four of his books—The Prince and the Pauper (1881), Life on the Mississippi (1883), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1889)—were published. Huckleberry Finn is replete with religious themes. During the 1880s, Twain promoted social reform through his writing, speaking, and activities in Hartford and condemned racial discrimination. Although he did not share all their theological convictions, Twain applauded and supported the efforts of Social Gospelers to curb industrial ills, decrease poverty, and assist immigrants. Twain especially strove to improve politics, reduce racism, and improve the opportunities and status of women, and he denounced materialism, avarice, and fraudulent business practices.
The 1900s
Authors: Smith Gary Scott 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
During the final decade of his life, Twain received several devastating blows—the death of his beloved wife in 1904, the death of his daughter Jean in 1909, and his own declining health. These and other problems have led some scholars to portray him as a bitter, cynical, disillusioned codger who was hamstrung by his misfortunes and angry as his creative powers diminished and his health deteriorated. This, they say, led him to repudiate Christianity, adopt a deterministic worldview, and savagely rail against an implacable, depraved God, a hypocritical, heartless Christianity and the damned human race. Twain’s writings during his final decade allegedly displayed his relentless despair as he embraced social and spiritual nihilism. At the same time, his criticisms of various groups including missionaries, villains, especially Russian Czar Nicholas II and Belgian King Leopold II, and several ideologies—militarism, imperialism, anti-Semitism—became increasingly caustic.
Sovereignty, Subjectivity, Denial
Authors: Mnatsakanyan Tatevik 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter uses the case of the Armenian genocide as a via media for exploring a wider theoretical and political concern, namely, what can genocide and genocide denial reveal about ‘sovereignty’, ‘subjectivity’, and ‘violence’, and thereby, about postgenocide and possibilities for resistance. It suggests that denials should be examined in close relationship with the unfolding of the genocide. This claim is pursued via a two-pronged framework, conjunctural and relational, inviting attention to heterogeneous and contradictory forces in a historical conjuncture, and to the relational production of political processes. The analysis shows that denials were not only integral to, but generative of, the Armenian genocide. The implications of the argument for postgenocide—the state of the political in Turkey today—are that without treating denials as generative it is futile to attempt to understand postgenocide denials, and begin to imagine alternatives to current politics.
Remembering
Authors: Craik Fergus I. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter makes the case for understanding memory in terms of qualitatively different codes represented by active processes, as opposed to such memory systems as episodic and semantic memory. A distinction is made between primary memory (PM), viewed as active conscious processing, and secondary memory (SM), viewed as the long-term representations of events and knowledge. The notion that PM involves attention paid to the information held in mind is discussed in light of current views of working memory. SM is described in terms of a hierarchically organized set of analytic representations running from specific episodes to context-free knowledge, as an alternative description to Tulving’s account in terms of separate episodic and semantic systems. The role of the external context in supporting retrieval is emphasized, and also the role of executive processes in enabling self-initiated activities when such environmental support is absent. Following previous researchers, the chapter endorses the notion of remembering as a set of active analytic operations, and stresses the similarity between the processes of perceiving and remembering. These ideas are illustrated by empirical examples.
Spinoza and the Freedom of Philosophizing
Authors: Lærke Mogens 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the seventeenth century, a new kind of public sphere emerged in the Dutch Republic. Courtly structures of political advice made room for new, republican forms of public consultation between the sovereign powers and the general citizenry. Missing, however, were guidelines for how and when to address questions of public import, how to shape citizens sufficiently unprejudiced and in possession of their own free judgment to speak up for themselves in public deliberations, and how to ensure that citizens would candidly engage in public speech with the best interest of the republic in mind, and not simply pursue their private advantage with deception and flattery. This book argues that Spinoza’s freedom of philosophizing and the systematic theory he developed to defend it in his 1670 Tractatus theologico-politicus were conceived to provide just such guidelines. It shows how he understood the freedom of philosophizing as a collective style of reasoning and argument based on mutual teaching and advising, providing a model for the public sphere in a free republic. The book studies the conditions under which Spinoza believed such a public sphere of free philosophizing would flourish, including democratic-republican realignment of the structures of political counsel and sovereign command, popular reform of civic education and instruction in the arts and sciences, establishment of a national religion allowing better regulation of a multi-religious society, and the teaching of theological and political doctrines of universal faith and social contract designed to promote the practice of true religion and prevent citizens from persecuting each other.
Authority
Authors: Lærke Mogens 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Who has the authority to give brotherly advice and what kind of authority does such advice come with? In order to answer these questions, one must reconstruct Spinoza’s understanding of authoritas which takes many forms, including prophetic, Scriptural, private, public, divine, and priestly authority. The specific authority associated with free philosophizing is, however, an “authority to teach and advise.” This authority belongs to all human beings as an inalienable natural right. It is, moreover, a private authority which is exercised in relation to others and therefore also has a public dimension. It is shown how the association of free philosophizing with such natural authority to teach and advise sets it apart from a mere legal permission to speak one’s mind. Finally, the chapter discusses Spinoza’s conception of “violent rule,” defined as any political attempt to deprive citizens of their inalienable natural right to teach and advise.