bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein‐energy malnutrition in older Australians: A narrative review of the prevalence, causes and consequences of malnutrition, and strategies for prevention
Authors: Scholes Gemma 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIssue addressedProtein‐energy malnutrition (PEM) is a condition of involuntary weight and muscle loss caused by inadequate nutritional intake. In Australia, it is predominantly associated with chronic diseases, as are common in the older population. Given the ageing population of Australia, and the poor outcomes associated with PEM, there is a need to identify the contributing factors, and to explore strategies to prevent PEM.MethodsTwo databases were searched for pertinent keywords, including malnutrition, Australia and elderly, with relevant articles selected for inclusion. The citations and references of these articles were also searched for further articles.ResultsPEM is associated with increasing age and institutionalisation. The contributing factors are multifactorial, and include physiological, pathophysiological and structural causes. PEM is a significant public health issue for Australia, in terms of its consequences on both quality of life for older adults, and the burden on the healthcare system. However, there are strategies that can be implemented at the community, organisation and policy level to prevent PEM.ConclusionPEM is a common problem for older Australians, and this has important physiological and public health consequences, especially in the context of the ageing Australian population. However, there is significant scope for preventing PEM.So what?Readers can be advised that PEM is a significant public health issue that will increase in importance as the population continues to age. It is important that communities, organisations and governments develop strategies to prevent PEM.
Dietary inflammatory potential, oxidative balance score, and risk of breast cancer: Findings from the Sister Study
Authors: Park Yong‐Moon Mark , Shivappa Nitin , Petimar Joshua , Hodgson M. Elizabeth , Nichols Hazel B. , Steck Susan E. , Hébert James R. , Sandler Dale P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDiet, inflammation, and oxidative stress may be important in breast carcinogenesis, but evidence on the role of the inflammatory and prooxidative potential of dietary patterns is limited. Energy adjusted‐Dietary Inflammatory Index (E‐DII™) and dietary oxidative balance score (D‐OBS) were calculated for 43 563 Sister Study cohort participants who completed a Block 1998 food frequency questionnaire at enrollment in 2003–2009 and satisfied eligibility criteria. D‐OBS was validated using measured F2‐isoprostanes and metabolites. High E‐DII score and low D‐OBS represent a more proinflammatory and prooxidant diet, respectively, and associations of quartiles of each index with breast cancer (BC) risk were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. There were 2619 BCs diagnosed at least 1 year after enrollment (mean follow‐up 8.4 years). There was no overall association between E‐DII and BC risk, whereas there was a suggestive inverse association for the highest vs lowest quartile of D‐OBS (HR 0.92 [95% CI, 0.81‐1.03]). The highest quartile of E‐DII was associated with risk of triple‐negative BC (HR 1.53 [95% CI, 0.99‐2.35]). When the two indices were combined, a proinflammatory/prooxidant diet (highest tertile of E‐DII and lowest tertile of D‐OBS) was associated with increased risk for all BC (HR 1.13 [95% CI, 1.00‐1.27]) and for triple‐negative BC (1.72 [95% CI, 1.10‐2.70]), compared to an antiinflammatory/antioxidant diet (lowest tertile of E‐DII and highest tertile of D‐OBS). Diets with increased inflammatory potential and reduced oxidative balance were positively associated with overall and triple‐negative BC.
Seroprevalence of CMV IgG and IgM in Korean women of childbearing age
Authors: Choi Rihwa , Lee Sukjung , Lee Sang Gon , Lee Eun Hee 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection using the serologic status of CMV IgG and IgM antibodies in Korean women of childbearing age.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed CMV IgG and IgM test results from Korean women aged 15–49 years who underwent testing between January 2009 and December 2019. Seroprevalence of CMV IgG and IgM by year and age was investigated.ResultsThe study period was 11 years, and among 6837 samples tested, 95.8% were CMV IgG–positive. The seropositivity in women aged 15‐ <20 years was significantly lower (77.5%) than older age groups. Among 6837 total CMV IgG tests, 75.9% (5186) had concurrently measured CMV IgM results among which 2.4% were IgM‐positive.ConclusionConsidering the low CMV seropositivity of women younger than 20 years, they may need prenatal education for CMV infection.
RFC4 promotes the progression and growth of Oral Tongue squamous cell carcinoma in vivo and vitro
Authors: Zhang Jian , Wang Linlin , Xie Xiao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveCurrently, many studies have found that RFC4 was up‐regulated in various cancers, and related to the progression and development. While the effects of RFC4 in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma remain unclear, the main purpose of this research is to explore the role of RFC4 in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.MethodsThe expression of RFC4 in various cancers was analyzed in GEPIA database, and the results were further verified by IHC assay. The relationship between RFC4 and several clinical parameters was analyzed; the proliferation was further observed by knockdown RFC4 in vitro. Finally, we constructed related nude mouse models by planting cells subcutaneous of nude mice, and the discrepancy was observed.ResultsBased on GEPIA database, RFC4 was up‐regulated in various cancers, including colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and liver cancer. RFC4 was up‐regulated in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma compared with the normal tissue from GEPIA online database; we further found that the expression of RFC4 was tightly associated with TNM stage (p = 0.005), but not with age, gender, and differentiation (p > 0.05). We further found that the proliferation of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma was obviously restrained in vitro, and the carcinogenesis was also inhibited in vivo.ConclusionsWe found that RFC4 was up‐regulated and related to the progression of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma, and knockdown RFC4 could restrain the proliferation and progression. RFC4 might serve a potential biomarker and provide a new treatment strategy for lots of patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.
Protective factors in preventing delinquency: Caregiver support, caregiver monitoring, and school engagement
Authors: Lamari‐Fisher Alexandra , Bond Mark A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractYouth who are potential victims of maltreatment are more likely to commit delinquent acts, which may lead to incarceration. Applying a resiliency framework may shift the focus to positive adaptation. For instance, protective mechanisms promote social, academic, and conduct competencies for at‐risk youth. This analysis estimated the protective effects of caregiver perceived support, and caregiver monitoring, and school engagement. It used delinquency as a measure of conduct competence. A latent variable structural equation model was developed using a sample of 1054 youth aged 11–17 who were involved with Child Protective Services. Participants were drawn from the second National Survey for Child and Adolescent Well‐Being. Results indicated that perceived support and school engagement reduced minor offenses, and the latter additionally reduced crimes against persons and property. Perceived caregiver monitoring, in contrast, increased minor offenses and crimes against persons. Generally, delinquent acts were associated with lower levels of the protective mechanisms, which, in turn, led to future delinquent acts. Results highlight the important role schools play as a resource for at‐risk youth. Additionally, caregiver monitoring may better serve as a protective mechanism when youth voluntarily offer information. Strengths and limitations are discussed.
TRPV1 channels regulate the automaticity of embryonic stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes through stimulating the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger current
Authors: Zhao Rui , Liu Xianji , Qi Zenghua , Yao Xiaoqiang , Tsang Suk Ying 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCalcium controls the excitation–contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes. Embryonic stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (ESC‐CMs) are an important cardiomyocyte source for regenerative medicine and drug screening. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels are nonselective cation channels that permeate sodium and calcium. This study aimed to investigate whether TRPV1 channels regulate the electrophysiological characteristics of ESC‐CMs. If yes, what is the mechanism behind? By immunostaining and subcellular fractionation, followed by western blotting, TRPV1 was found to locate intracellularly. The staining pattern of TRPV1 was found to largely overlap with that of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) marker. By electrophysiology and calcium imaging, pharmacological blocker of TRPV1 and the molecular tool TRPV1β (which could functionally knockdown TRPV1) were found to decrease the rate and diastolic depolarization slope of spontaneous action potentials, and the amplitude and frequency of global calcium transients. By calcium imaging, in the absence of external calcium, TRPV1‐specific opener increased intracellular calcium; this increase was abolished by preincubation with caffeine, which could deplete SR calcium store. The results suggest that TRPV1 controls calcium release from the SR. By electrophysiology, TRPV1 blockade and functional knockdown of TRPV1 decreased the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) currents from both the forward and reverse modes, suggesting that sodium and calcium through TRPV1 stimulate the NCX activity. Our novel findings suggest that TRPV1 activity is important for regulating the spontaneous activity of ESC‐CMs and reveal a novel interplay between TRPV1 and NCX in regulating the physiological functions of ESC‐CMs.
Nanotechnology in plants: recent advances and challenges
Authors: Fiol Diego F , Terrile María C , Frik Jesica , Mesas Florencia A , Álvarez Vera A , Casalongué Claudia A 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNanotechnology application in agriculture has been increasing over recent years and constitutes a valuable tool to reach the goal of sustainable food production worldwide. A wide array of nanomaterials has been used to develop strategies of delivery of bioactive compounds aimed to boost the production and protection of crops. The controlled delivery of molecules from different sources including pesticides, fertilizers, DNA/RNA and proteins opens a field of vast opportunities to utilize nanovehicles in plants. However, their extensive use is being held back because of a limited understanding of their mechanism of action, as they may cause either growth‐promoting effects or cytotoxicity, depending on application dose. The interlinkages of nanomaterials with plant, soil and also holobiont systems are fundamental for interpreting their behavior in each complex ecosystem. In this review we summarize recent advances in the field, focusing on the uptake and translocation mechanisms and the omics studies that allow us to integrate data and provide insight into the nature of soil–plant–nanoparticle interactions. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Catalyst free synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐2H‐benzo[b][1,4]oxazines and 3‐Aryl‐2H‐benzo[b][1,4]thiazin‐2‐ones: An ultrasonication‐assisted strategy
Authors: Teli Bisma , Waseem Malik Abdul , Rashid Showkat , Ganaie Bilal Ahmad , Bhat Bilal A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn ultrasonication‐assisted synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐2H‐benzo[b][1,4]oxazines and 3‐aryl‐2H‐benzo[b][1,4]thiazin‐2‐ones has been established by reacting phenacyl bromides with 2‐aminophenol and 2‐aminothiophenol, respectively. This approach fosters flexibility in generating a diverse range of 1,4‐benzoxazines and 1,4‐benzothiazinones under catalyst‐free reaction conditions. Further scope toward the synthesis of rarely occurring bis‐benzoxazine adduct has also been explored, which enabled us to propose the reaction mechanism.
Real‐world re‐treatment outcomes of direct‐acting antiviral therapy failure in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Elhence Anshuman , Singh Achintya , Anand Abhinav , Kumar Ramesh , Ashraf Anzar , Kumar Sonu , Pradhan Dibyabhaba , Pathak Piyush , Vaishnav Manas , Rajput Mahendra Singh , Banyal Vikas , Nayak Baibaswata , Shalimar  
Published: March 2021

AbstractDirect‐acting antiviral (DAA) drugs are associated with high (>95%) sustained virological response at 12 weeks (SVR12) in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. There is a paucity of data regarding the characteristics and re‐treatment outcomes of DAA treatment failure patients. In a retrospective analysis of the prospectively collected database, we assessed the outcomes of re‐treatment among patients with previous DAA failure. Patients' characteristics, viral characteristics, including resistance‐associated substitutions (RAS) in a subgroup of patients, SVR12, and clinical outcomes were studied. Of 40 patients with DAA failure, among whom 36 were retreated, mean age was 45.7 years, 63.9% (n = 23) were male, 63.9% (n = 23) had a genotype‐3 infection and 63.9% (n = 23) were cirrhotic. The re‐treatment regimens included a combination of pan‐genotypic DAA, mainly sofosbuvir and velpatasvir with or without ribavirin. Three patients who declined retreatment and one who was still on treatment was excluded. For patients who completed re‐treatment, SVR12 was 100% irrespective of genotypes. SVR12 among genotype 3 was 75% (15 of 20) when lost to follow‐up was considered a treatment failure. Six patients died due to liver‐related causes, including five (83.3%) with hepatocellular carcinoma. RAS analysis in 17 randomly selected patients did not reveal any dominant substitutions in NS5A or NS5B region affecting SVR12, though several novel mutations were observed. In conclusion, re‐treatment of CHC patients with prior DAA failure using pan‐genotypic DAA is associated with high SVR12 rates irrespective of genotype or the presence of RAS.
Comparison of the simultaneous conjunctiva and oropharynx–nasopharynx swab results in patients applying to the SARS‐CoV‐2 outpatient clinic for the first time
Authors: Gunduz Ayten , Firat Murat , Turkoglu Gamze 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe aim is to comparatively evaluate the results of simultaneous conjunctiva and oropharynx–nasopharynx (ONP) swabs in patients who had presented to the outpatient department with a suspicion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). An ONP sample was obtained following bilateral conjunctiva swabs in 85 subjects with a contact history or symptoms but unknown SARS‐CoV‐2 status and with no ocular symptoms or findings. The results were evaluated according to the patient's symptoms and how the swab was taken. The conjunctiva swab was positive in 29 (34.1%) cases and the ONP swab in 20 (23.5%) cases. Both methods produced positive results in 11 (14.1%) cases. The mean cycle threshold (Ct) value was 30.15 ± 3.41 in symptomatic cases and 33.62 ± 1.76 in asymptomatic cases (p = .008). The mean Ct value was 24.37 ± 3.48 when only the ONP swab was positive and 31.22 ± 1.99 when only the conjunctiva swab was positive. In cases that were positive by both methods, the mean Ct value was 25.21 ± 4.94 for the ONP swab and 30.29 ± 5.05 for the conjunctiva swab. We found higher SARS‐CoV‐2 detection rates with the conjunctiva swab than the ONP swab in cases with unknown SARS‐CoV‐2 status in the early period. In addition, the conjunctival viral load seemed to be higher in symptomatic cases than in asymptomatic cases. We, therefore, believe a conjunctiva swab could be an alternative method to detect SARS‐CoV‐2 at the time of the first presentation to the outpatient department.
A chemosynthetic ecotone—“chemotone”—in the sediments surrounding deep‐sea methane seeps
Authors: Ashford Oliver S. , Guan Shuzhe , Capone Dante , Rigney Katherine , Rowley Katelynn , Orphan Victoria , Mullin Sean W. , Dawson Kat S. , Cortés Jorge , Rouse Greg W. , Mendoza Guillermo F. , Lee Raymond W. , Cordes Erik E. , Levin Lisa A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEcotones have been described as “biodiversity hotspots” from myriad environments, yet have not been studied extensively in the deep ocean. While physiologically challenging, deep‐water methane seeps host highly productive communities fueled predominantly by chemosynthetic pathways. We hypothesized that the biological and geochemical influence of methane seeps extends into background habitats, resulting in the formation of a “chemotone” where chemosynthesis‐based and photosynthesis‐based communities overlap. To investigate this, we analyzed the macrofaunal assemblages and geochemical properties of sediments collected from “active,” “transition” (potential chemotone), and “background” habitats surrounding five Costa Rican methane seeps (depth range 377–1908 m). Sediment geochemistry demonstrated a clear distinction between active and transition habitats, but not between transition and background habitats. In contrast, biological variables confirmed the presence of a chemotone, characterized by intermediate biomass, a distinct species composition (including habitat endemics and species from both active and background habitats), and enhanced variability in species composition among samples. However, chemotone assemblages were not distinct from active and/or background assemblages in terms of faunal density, biological trait composition, or diversity. Biomass and faunal stable isotope data suggest that chemotones are driven by a gradient in food delivery, receiving supplements from chemosynthetic production in addition to available photosynthetic‐based resources. Sediment geochemistry suggests that chemosynthetic food supplements are delivered across the chemotone at least in part through the water column, as opposed to reflecting exclusively in situ chemosynthetic production in sediments. Management efforts should be cognisant of the ecological attributes and spatial extent of the chemotone that surrounds deep‐sea chemosynthetic environments.
TEMOBIC: Phase II Trial of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Unresectable Anaplastic Gliomas: An ANOCEF Study
Authors: Tabouret Emeline , Fabbro Michel , Autran Didier , Hoang-Xuan Khe , Taillandier Luc , Ducray François , Barrie Maryline , Sanson Marc , Kerr Christine , Cartalat-Carel Stephanie , Loundou Anderson , Guillevin Remy , Mokhtari Karima , Figarella-Branger Dominique , Delattre Jean-Yves , Chinot Olivier 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Lessons Learned

Background
The optimal treatment for unresectable large anaplastic gliomas remains debated.

Methods
Adult patients with histologically proven unresectable anaplastic oligodendroglioma or mixed gliomas (World Health Organization [WHO] 2007) were eligible. Treatment consisted of BCNU (150 mg/m2) and temozolomide (110 mg/m2 for 5 days) every 6 weeks for six cycles before radiotherapy.

Results
Between December 2005 and December 2009, 55 patients (median age of 53.1 years; range, 20.5–70.2) were included. Forty percent of patients presented with wild-type IDH1 gliomas, and 30% presented with methylated MGMT promoter. Median progression-free survival (PFS), centralized PFS, and overall survival (OS) were 16.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.8–20.3), 15.4 (95% CI, 10.0–20.8), and 25.4 (95% CI, 17.5–33.2) months, respectively. Complete and partial responses under chemotherapy were observed for 28.3% and 17% of patients, respectively. Radiotherapy completion was achieved for 75% of patients. Preservation of functional status and self-care capability (Karnofsky performance status [KPS] ≥70) were preserved until disease progression for 69% of patients. Grade ≥ 3 toxicities were reported for 52% of patients, and three deaths were related to treatment. By multivariate analyses including age and KPS, IDH mutation was associated with better prognostic for both PFS and OS, whereas MGMT promoter methylation was associated with better OS.

Conclusion
The association of BCNU and temozolomide upfront is active for patients with unresectable anaplastic gliomas, but toxicity limits its use.
Designing of U‐shaped acceptor molecules for indoor and outdoor organic solar cell applications
Authors: Mehboob Muhammad Yasir , Hussain Riaz , Irshad Zobia , Adnan Muhammad 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEfficient molecular modeling approaches draw great attention from the scientific community to further boost the photovoltaic performances of the solar cell's materials. For this purpose, various end‐capped and bridged‐core modifications have been carried out to construct a suitable molecule best fitted for solar cell applications. Herein, we have designed a small‐molecule‐based fullerene‐free acceptor materials (IOD1–IOD7) for organic solar cells (OSCs) by doing end‐capped modifications and characterized them theoretically by employing various quantum chemical density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent (DFT) approaches. Designed molecules IOD1–IOD7 disclosed narrow band gap (Eg = 2.104 to 2.194 eV) as compared to reference molecule (2.197 eV). Further, red shifting in absorption spectrum of designed molecules (λmax = 751 to 771 nm) is noted as compared to reference molecule (λmax = 749 nm), which suggested that designed molecules are efficient near infrared light absorber. Low reorganizational energy of electron in designed molecules (λe = 0.0159 to 0.0189 Eh) offers high charge mobility as compared to reference molecule. Low excitation energies (Ex = 2.10 to 2.43 eV) and low binding energies (Eb = 0.034 to 0.084 eV) are noted in designed molecules as compared to reference molecule (Ex = 2.56 eV and Eb = 0.087 eV) which demonstrated that designed molecules are better candidates for high‐performance organic solar cells. Open‐circuit voltages (Voc) values, electronic structures, frontier molecular orbitals, and charge transfer phenomenon have also been studied theoretically. The outcomes of these theoretical characterizations revealed that all the newly designed non‐fullerene acceptor materials exhibit a wide‐ranging absorption efficiency and exciton dissociation constant values, with quite lower LUMO energy level, ensuring a boost in various photo‐physical and in optoelectronic properties of the designed materials, which will eventually improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the OSCs devices.
The effect of vacancy defect on quantum capacitance, electronic and magnetic properties of Sc2CF2 monolayer
Authors: Cui Xing‐Hao , Li Xiao‐Hong , Li Shan‐Shan , Cui Hong‐Ling 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) MXene materials have attracted much attention in recent years because of their excellent properties. In this paper, we theoretically investigated the quantum capacitance, electronic and optical properties of pristine Sc2CF2 and the vacancy‐doping Sc2CF2 monolayers by first principles calculations. Pristine Sc2CF2 is the most stable structure among the four investigated systems according to the analysis of binding energy, and the introduction of vacancy does not improve the stability of the system. The introduction of vacancy produced the defect energy levels, which pass through the Fermi energy level and result in the semiconductor–metal transition. For Pristine Sc2CF2, the introduction of VSc results in the strong magnetism with 1.0 μB, which is mainly from the contribution of C‐pz, Sc‐dz2, Sc‐dxz states. The analysis of optical properties indicates that the introduction of the vacancy not only makes the system more sensitive to the infrared light, but also improves the reflectivity, especially in the infrared region. The introduction of vacancy improves the Cdiff of the systems at 0 V, and drastically increases the maximum Cint of the vacancy‐doping systems. Charge transfer is further explored.