bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pelagic Methane Sink Enhanced by Benthic Methanotrophs Ejected From a Gas Seep
Authors: Jordan S. F. A. , Gräwe U. , Treude T. , van der Lee E. M. , Schneider von Deimling J. , Rehder G. , Schmale O. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCold seeps represent hot spots of seabed‐derived methane emissions to the water column, where physical and biological barriers regulate transport of methane to the atmosphere. In our study, we used a methane point source in the North Sea to investigate water‐column methane dynamics within the dispersing plumes. The study is based on methane concentration, distribution and activity of methane‐oxidizing bacteria (MOB), and oceanographic observations. Our findings suggest the ejection of benthic MOB into the water column by sediment resuspension and gas‐bubble‐mediated transport. An applied particle‐tracking model demonstrated that the ejection of 4.29 ± 1.9 × 1012 MOB cells s−1 from the seep site would produce the MOB abundance detected in the down‐current water body. The benthic MOB inoculant accelerated methane oxidation rates by a factor of five. Our study highlights the importance of the bentho‐pelagic transport of microorganisms at seep sites and their feedback on the pelagic methane sink.
Short Periodic VLF Emissions Observed Simultaneously by Van Allen Probes and on the Ground
Authors: Demekhov A. G. , Titova E. E. , Manninen J. , Nikitenko A. S. , Pilgaev S. V. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe present simultaneous observations of very low‐frequency emissions with periodic bursts by Van Allen Probe near geomagnetic equator and Kannuslehto and Lovozero ground‐based sites. The repetition period and ground–spacecraft delay are consistent with guided whistler wave propagation between conjugate ionospheres. In contrast to lightning whistlers, the group velocity dispersion is not accumulated from one burst to another, thus implying a nonlinear mechanism of its compensation. Two regimes are observed. In one regime, Poynting flux direction alternates in the magnetosphere, and the burst period (2 s) is half of that detected on the ground (4 s), corresponding to single‐wave packet bouncing along the field line. This regime is switched to the other one, with burst period unchanged in the magnetosphere but halved on the ground. In this second regime, no alternating Poynting flux direction is observed. The second regime corresponds to two symmetrically propagating wave packets synchronously meeting at the equator.
Erosion of Penitentes Under Experimental Conditions Relevant to Ice‐Covered Airless Worlds
Authors: Berisford D. F. , Foster J. T. , Kosberg J. A. , Furst B. I. , Poston M. J. , Daimaru T. , Lang M. , Backman L. , Macias A. , Hand K. P. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe submeter‐scale surface morphology of ice‐covered worlds is poorly constrained by observations, but is important for understanding their physics and chemistry. In this experiment, we exposed preformed snow structures to temperature, pressure, and solar irradiance conditions similar to those on Europa and Enceladus. The sample consisted of 2‐D sinusoidal penitente‐like ridges, 2.5 cm tall with 1.25 cm spacing. Over 1 month at 165–175 K, and 10−4 Pa, the ridges decreased in height by 20% and became more triangular and less sinusoidal, evolving toward a more flat surface. This despite the fact that the troughs appear brighter than the peaks, indicating focusing of light into the troughs. This suggests that penitentes are unlikely to be stable on airless worlds with free‐molecular flow conditions, which is significant for understanding the spectral and thermal properties of these worlds, and for understanding risks for future landed spacecraft.
Constraining Dynamic Sediment‐Discharge Relationships in Cold Environments: The Sediment‐Availability‐Transport (SAT) Model
Authors: Zhang Ting , Li Dongfeng , Kettner Albert J. , Zhou Yinjun , Lu Xixi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAccelerated glacier‐snow‐permafrost erosion due to global warming amplifies the sediment availability in cold environments and affects the time‐varying suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and discharge (Q) relationship. Here, the sediment‐availability‐transport (SAT) model is proposed to simulate dynamic SSC‐Q relationships by integrating the sediment availability coupled by thermal processes, fluvial processes and long‐term storage exhaustion into a sediment rating curve (SSC = a × Qb with a and b as fitting parameters). In the SAT‐model, increased sediment sources from glacier‐snow‐permafrost erosion are captured by changes in basin temperature, showing an exponential amplification of SSC when basin temperature increases. Enhanced fluvial erosion by the elevated water supply from rainfall and meltwater is captured by the factor of runoff surge, which results in a linear amplification of SSC. The SAT‐model is validated for the permafrost‐dominated Tuotuohe basin on Tibetan Plateau utilizing multi‐decadal daily SSC/Q in‐situ observations (1985–2017). Results show that sediment rating curves for Tuotuohe display significant inter‐annual variations. The higher parameter‐b in a warmer and wetter climate confirms the increased sediment availability due to the expanded erodible landscapes and gullying‐enhanced connectivity between channels and slopes. Through capturing such time‐varying sediment availability, the SAT‐model can robustly reproduce the long‐term evolution, seasonality, and various event‐scale hysteresis of SSC, including clockwise, counter‐clockwise, figure‐eight, counter‐figure‐eight, and more complex hysteresis loops. Overall, the SAT‐model can explain over 75% of long‐term SSC variance with stable performance under hydroclimate abrupt changes, outperforming the conventional and static sediment rating curve approach by 20%. The SAT‐model not only advances understanding of sediment transport mechanisms by integrating thermal‐ and fluvial‐erosion processes, but also provides a model framework to simulate and project future sediment loads in other cold basins.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of nanowire growth in a microfluidic reactor
Authors: Erfan Mazen , Gnambodoe-Capochichi Martine , Sabry Yasser M. , Khalil Diaa , Leprince-Wang Yamin , Bourouina Tarik 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCo-integration of nanomaterials into microdevices poses several technological challenges and presents numerous scientific opportunities that have been addressed in this paper by integrating zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO-NWs) into a microfluidic chamber. In addition to the applications of these combined materials, this work focuses on the study of the growth dynamics and uniformity of nanomaterials in a tiny microfluidic reactor environment. A unique experimental platform was built through the integration of a noninvasive optical characterization technique with the microfluidic reactor. This platform allowed the unprecedented demonstration of time-resolved and spatially resolved monitoring of the in situ growth of NWs, in which the chemicals were continuously fed into the microfluidic reactor. The platform was also used to assess the uniformity of NWs grown quickly in a 10-mm-wide microchamber, which was intentionally chosen to be 20 times wider than those used in previous attempts because it can accommodate applications requiring a large surface of interaction while still taking advantage of submillimeter height. Further observations included the effects of varying the flow rate on the NW diameter and length in addition to a synergetic effect of continuous renewal of the growth solution and the confined environment of the chemical reaction.
Language function following preterm birth: prediction using machine learning
Authors: Valavani Evdoxia , Blesa Manuel , Galdi Paola , Sullivan Gemma , Dean Bethan , Cruickshank Hilary , Sitko-Rudnicka Magdalena , Bastin Mark E. , Chin Richard F. M. , MacIntyre Donald J. , Fletcher-Watson Sue , Boardman James P. , Tsanas Athanasios 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Preterm birth can lead to impaired language development. This study aimed to predict language outcomes at 2 years corrected gestational age (CGA) for children born preterm.

Methods
We analysed data from 89 preterm neonates (median GA 29 weeks) who underwent diffusion MRI (dMRI) at term-equivalent age and language assessment at 2 years CGA using the Bayley-III. Feature selection and a random forests classifier were used to differentiate typical versus delayed (Bayley-III language composite score <85) language development.

Results
The model achieved balanced accuracy: 91%, sensitivity: 86%, and specificity: 96%. The probability of language delay at 2 years CGA is increased with: increasing values of peak width of skeletonized fractional anisotropy (PSFA), radial diffusivity (PSRD), and axial diffusivity (PSAD) derived from dMRI; among twins; and after an incomplete course of, or no exposure to, antenatal corticosteroids. Female sex and breastfeeding during the neonatal period reduced the risk of language delay.

Conclusions
The combination of perinatal clinical information and MRI features leads to accurate prediction of preterm infants who are likely to develop language deficits in early childhood. This model could potentially enable stratification of preterm children at risk of language dysfunction who may benefit from targeted early interventions.

Impact

A combination of clinical perinatal factors and neonatal DTI measures of white matter microstructure leads to accurate prediction of language outcome at 2 years corrected gestational age following preterm birth.

A model that comprises clinical and MRI features that has potential to be scalable across centres. It offers a basis for enhancing the power and generalizability of diagnostic and prognostic studies of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with language impairment.

Early identification of infants who are at risk of language delay, facilitating targeted early interventions and support services, which could improve the quality of life for children born preterm.
Apatinib inhibits glioma cell malignancy in patient-derived orthotopic xenograft mouse model by targeting thrombospondin 1/myosin heavy chain 9 axis
Authors: Yao Hui , Liu Jiangang , Zhang Chi , Shao Yunxiang , Li Xuetao , Yu Zhengquan , Huang Yulun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe determined the antitumor mechanism of apatinib in glioma using a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) glioma mouse model and glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines. The PDOX mouse model was established using tumor tissues from two glioma patients via single-cell injections. Sixteen mice were successfully modeled and randomly divided into two equal groups (n = 8/group): apatinib and normal control. Survival analysis and in vivo imaging was performed to determine the effect of apatinib on glioma proliferation in vivo. Candidate genes in GBM cells that may be affected by apatinib treatment were screened using RNA-sequencing coupled with quantitative mass spectrometry, data mining of The Cancer Genome Atlas, and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas databases, and immunohistochemistry analysis of clinical high-grade glioma pathology samples. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blotting, and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) were performed to assess gene expression and the apatinib-mediated effect on glioma cell malignancy. Apatinib inhibited the proliferation and malignancy of glioma cells in vivo and in vitro. Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) was identified as a potential target of apatinib that lead to inhibited glioma cell proliferation. Apatinib-mediated THBS1 downregulation in glioma cells was confirmed by qPCR and western blotting. Co-IP and mass spectrometry analysis revealed that THBS1 could interact with myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9) in glioma cells. Simultaneous THBS1 overexpression and MYH9 knockdown suppressed glioma cell invasion and migration. These data suggest that apatinib targets THBS1 in glioma cells, potentially via MYH9, to inhibit glioma cell malignancy and may provide novel targets for glioma therapy.
MicroRNA in extracellular vesicles regulates inflammation through macrophages under hypoxia
Authors: Li Ye , Tan Jin , Miao Yuyang , Zhang Qiang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractExtracellular vesicle (EV), critical mediators of cell-cell communication, allow cells to exchange proteins, lipids, and genetic material and therefore profoundly affect the general homeostasis. A hypoxic environment can affect the biogenesis and secrete of EVs, and the cargoes carried can participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In hypoxia-induced inflammation, microRNA(miRNA) in EV participates in transcriptional regulation through various pathways to promote or reduce the inflammatory response. Meanwhile, as an important factor of immune response, the polarization of macrophages is closely linked to miRNAs, which will eventually affect the inflammatory state. In this review, we outline the possible molecular mechanism of EV changes under hypoxia, focusing on the signaling pathways of several microRNAs involved in inflammation regulation and describing the process and mechanism of EV-miRNAs regulating macrophage polarization in hypoxic diseases.
Rapid and unconditional parametric reset protocol for tunable superconducting qubits
Authors: Zhou Yu , Zhang Zhenxing , Yin Zelong , Huai Sainan , Gu Xiu , Xu Xiong , Allcock Jonathan , Liu Fuming , Xi Guanglei , Yu Qiaonian , Zhang Hualiang , Zhang Mengyu , Li Hekang , Song Xiaohui , Wang Zhan , Zheng Dongning , An Shuoming , Zheng Yarui , Zhang Shengyu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractQubit initialization is a critical task in quantum computation and communication. Extensive efforts have been made to achieve this with high speed, efficiency and scalability. However, previous approaches have either been measurement-based and required fast feedback, suffered from crosstalk or required sophisticated calibration. Here, we report a fast and high-fidelity reset scheme, avoiding the issues above without any additional chip architecture. By modulating the flux through a transmon qubit, we realize a swap between the qubit and its readout resonator that suppresses the excited state population to 0.08% ± 0.08% within 34 ns (284 ns if photon depletion of the resonator is required). Furthermore, our approach (i) can achieve effective second excited state depletion, (ii) has negligible effects on neighboring qubits, and (iii) offers a way to entangle the qubit with an itinerant single photon, useful in quantum communication applications.
Fine cubic Cu2O nanocrystals as highly selective catalyst for propylene epoxidation with molecular oxygen
Authors: Xiong Wei , Gu Xiang-Kui , Zhang Zhenhua , Chai Peng , Zang Yijing , Yu Zongyou , Li Dan , Zhang Hui , Liu Zhi , Huang Weixin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPropylene epoxidation with O2to propylene oxide is a very valuable reaction but remains as a long-standing challenge due to unavailable efficient catalysts with high selectivity. Herein, we successfully explore 27 nm-sized cubic Cu2O nanocrystals enclosed with {100} faces and {110} edges as a highly selective catalyst for propylene epoxidation with O2, which acquires propylene oxide selectivity of more than 80% at 90–110 °C. Propylene epoxidation with weakly-adsorbed O2species at the {110} edge sites exhibits a low barrier and is the dominant reaction occurring at low reaction temperatures, leading to the high propylene oxide selectivity. Such a weakly-adsorbed O2species is not stable at high reaction temperatures, and the surface lattice oxygen species becomes the active oxygen species to participate in propylene epoxidation to propylene oxide and propylene partial oxidation to acrolein at the {110} edge sites and propylene combustion to CO2at the {100} face sites, which all exhibit high barriers and result in decreased propylene oxide selectivity.
Three chromosome-level duck genome assemblies provide insights into genomic variation during domestication
Authors: Zhu Feng , Yin Zhong-Tao , Wang Zheng , Smith Jacqueline , Zhang Fan , Martin Fergal , Ogeh Denye , Hincke Maxwell , Lin Fang-Bing , Burt David W. , Zhou Zheng-Kui , Hou Shui-Sheng , Zhao Qiang-Sen , Li Xiao-Qin , Ding Si-Ran , Li Guan-Sheng , Yang Fang-Xi , Hao Jing-Pin , Zhang Ziding , Lu Li-Zhi , Yang Ning , Hou Zhuo-Cheng 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDomestic ducks are raised for meat, eggs and feather down, and almost all varieties are descended from the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Here, we report chromosome-level high-quality genome assemblies for meat and laying duck breeds, and the Mallard. Our new genomic databases contain annotations for thousands of new protein-coding genes and recover a major percentage of the presumed “missing genes” in birds. We obtain the entire genomic sequences for the C-type lectin (CTL) family members that regulate eggshell biomineralization. Our population and comparative genomics analyses provide more than 36 million sequence variants between duck populations. Furthermore, a mutant cell line allows confirmation of the predicted anti-adipogenic function of NR2F2 in the duck, and uncovered mutations specific to Pekin duck that potentially affect adipose deposition. Our study provides insights into avian evolution and the genetics of oviparity, and will be a rich resource for the future genetic improvement of commercial traits in the duck.
Tailoring plasticity mechanisms in compositionally graded hierarchical steels fabricated using additive manufacturing
Authors: Sridharan Niyanth , Gussev Maxim , Babu Sudarsanam 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhile there exists in nature abundant examples of materials with site-specific gradients in microstructures and properties, engineers and designers have traditionally used monolithic materials with discrete properties. Now, however, additive manufacturing (AM) offers the possibility of creating structures that mimic some aspects of nature. One example that has attracted attention in the recent years is the hierarchical structure in bamboo. The hierarchical architecture in bamboo is characterized by spatial gradients in properties and microstructures and is well suited to accommodate and survive complex stress states, severe mechanical forces, and large deformations. While AM has been used routinely to fabricate functionally graded materials, this study distinguishes itself by leveraging AM and physical metallurgy concepts to trigger cascading deformation in a single sample. Specifically, we have been successful in using AM to fabricate steel with unique spatial hierarchies in structure and property to emulate the structure and deformation mechanisms in natural materials. This study shows an improvement in the strength and ductility of the nature-inspired “hierarchical steel” compared with conventional cast stainless steels. In situ characterization proves that this improvement is due to the sequential activation of multiple deformation mechanisms namely twinning, transformation-induced plasticity, and dislocation-based plasticity. While significantly higher strengths can be achieved by refining the chemical and processing technique, this study sets the stage to achieve the paradigm of using AM to fabricate structures which emulate the flexibility in mechanical properties of natural materials and are able to adapt to in-service conditions.
Atmospheric ionization and cloud radiative forcing
Authors: Svensmark Henrik , Svensmark Jacob , Enghoff Martin Bødker , Shaviv Nir J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAtmospheric ionization produced by cosmic rays has been suspected to influence aerosols and clouds, but its actual importance has been questioned. If changes in atmospheric ionization have a substantial impact on clouds, one would expect to observe significant responses in Earth’s energy budget. Here it is shown that the average of the five strongest week-long decreases in atmospheric ionization coincides with changes in the average net radiative balance of 1.7 W/m$$^2$$

2

(median value: 1.2 W/m$$^2$$

2

) using CERES satellite observations. Simultaneous satellite observations of clouds show that these variations are mainly caused by changes in the short-wave radiation of low liquid clouds along with small changes in the long-wave radiation, and are almost exclusively located over the pristine areas of the oceans. These observed radiation and cloud changes are consistent with a link in which atmospheric ionization modulates aerosol's formation and growth, which survive to cloud condensation nuclei and ultimately affect cloud formation and thereby temporarily the radiative balance of Earth.
Humans use minimum cost movements in a whole-body task
Authors: Liu Lijia , Ballard Dana 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHumans have elegant bodies that allow gymnastics, piano playing, and tool use, but understanding how they do this in detail is difficult because their musculoskeletal systems are extraordinarily complicated. Nonetheless, common movements like walking and reaching can be stereotypical, and a very large number of studies have shown their energetic cost to be a major factor. In contrast, one might think that general movements are very individuated and intractable, but our previous study has shown that in an arbitrary set of whole-body movements used to trace large-scale closed curves, near-identical posture sequences were chosen across different subjects, both in the average trajectories of the body’s limbs and in the variance within trajectories. The commonalities in that result motivate explanations for its generality. One explanation could be that humans also choose trajectories that are economical in cost. To test this hypothesis, we situate the tracing data within a forty eight degree of freedom human dynamic model that allows the computation of movement cost. Using the model to compare movement cost data from nominal tracings against various perturbed tracings shows that the latter are more energetically expensive, inferring that the original traces were chosen on the basis of minimum cost.
Transcriptome analysis and connectivity mapping of Cissampelos pareira L. provides molecular links of ESR1 modulation to viral inhibition
Authors: Haider Madiha , Dholakia Dhwani , Panwar Aleksha , Garg Parth , Gheware Atish , Singh Dayanidhi , Singhal Khushboo , Burse Shaunak A. , Kumari Surekha , Sharma Anmol , Ray Arjun , Medigeshi Guruprasad R. , Sharma Upendra , Prasher Bhavana , Mukerji Mitali 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBioactive fractions obtained from medicinal plants which have been used for the treatment of multiple diseases could exert their effects by targeting common pathways. Prior knowledge of their usage could allow us to identify novel molecular links. In this study, we explored the molecular basis of action of one such herbal formulation Cissampelos pareira L. (Cipa), used for the treatment of female hormone disorders and fever. Transcriptomic studies on MCF7 cell lines treated with Cipa extract carried out using Affymetrix arrays revealed a downregulation of signatures of estrogen response potentially modulated through estrogen receptor α (ERα). Molecular docking analysis identified 38 Cipa constituents that potentially bind (ΔG <  − 7.5) with ERα at the same site as estrogen. The expression signatures in the connectivity map (https://clue.io/;) revealed high positive scores with translation inhibitors such as emetine (score: 99.61) and knockdown signatures of genes linked to the antiviral response such as ribosomal protein RPL7 (score: 99.92), which is a reported ERα coactivator. Further, gene knockdown experiments revealed that Cipa exhibits antiviral activity in dengue infected MCF7 cells potentially modulated through estrogen receptor 1. This approach reveals a novel pathway involving the ESR1-RPL7 axis which could be a potential target in dengue viral infection.