bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Heat Transfer Study Inside a Steam Turbine Valve: Experiment, Numerical Simulation, and Simplified Model
Authors: Zhang Xu , Shao Hongyi , Zhou Wenwu , Wang Weizhe , Liu Yingzheng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In a steam turbine system, one of the main factors limiting the operational flexibility is the thermal stress associated with a high-temperature gradient within the control valves, which often leads to structural damage during frequent startup and shutdown cycles. One possible solution is to utilize an electric heating system with appropriate insulation to decrease the warm-up time. Here, an experiment and a numerical simulation were performed using a scaled turbine valve equipped with an electric heating system to understand the heat transfer process. The experiment, which was conducted at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, had a duration of 100 h and included three heating–cooling cycles and two heat preservation states. The results showed that the temperature distribution of the scaled valve was uniform, which is due to the high thermal conductivity of the valve body and the low conductivity of the insulation layer. The simulation, which used the commercial software ansysfluent 2019 R1, was performed to model the experimental heat transfer process and showed less than 10% deviation from the measured temperatures. A sensitivity study revealed that the valve temperature is very insensitive to the heat transfer coefficient of the outer surface of the insulation layer, which is attributed to the negative feedback regulation of radiation heat transfer. To further improve the computing efficiency, a simplified model based on the lumped parameter method and the quasi-steady-state assumption was proposed and validated. This model can predict the 100 h valve temperature history in less than 1 min and showed good agreement for all of the studied cases. The ability of the simplified model to simulate the valve heating–cooling cycles at a high efficiency could accelerate the thermal design process to improve the operational flexibility of steam turbines in the future.
Impact of DSMES app interventions on medication adherence in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Enricho Nkhoma Dumisani , Jenya Soko Charles , Joseph Banda Kondwani , Greenfield David , Li Yu-Chuan (Jack) , Iqbal Usman 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesTo conduct systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies to investigate the impact of diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) apps on adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).MethodsPubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Web of Science, Scopus and ProQuest were searched, in addition to references of identified articles and similar reviews. Experimental studies, reported in English, assessing DSMES app intervention’s impact on adherence and clinical outcomes of patients with T2D compared with usual care were included. Study bias was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias V.2.0 tool. Analysis plan involved narrative synthesis, moderator and meta-analysis.ResultsSix randomised controlled trials were included, involving 696 participants (average age 57.6 years, SD 10.59). Mobile apps were mostly used for imputing clinical data, dietary intake or physical activity, and transmitting information to the provider. At 3 months, DSMES apps proved effective in improving medication adherence (standardized mean difference (SMD)=0.393, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.61), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (mean difference (MD)=−0.314, 95% CI −0.477 to –0.151) and Body Mass Index (BMI) (MD=−0.28, 95% CI −0.545 to –0.015). All pooled estimates had low heterogeneity (I20%). Four studies had moderate risk of bias while one each was judged to be low and high risks, respectively.ConclusionDSMES apps had significant small to moderate effects on medication adherence, HbA1c and BMI of patients with T2D compared with usual care. Apps were described as reliable, easy to use and convenient, though participants were required to be phone literate. Evidence comes from feasibility trials with generally moderate risk of bias. Larger trials with longer follow-up periods using theory-based interventions are required to improve current evidence.
Determinants of childhood vaccination in Nagaland, India: a cross-sectional study with multilevel modelling
Authors: Kim Young Eun 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesChildhood vaccination coverage in Nagaland has lagged almost all states in India for more than two decades. This study aims to find drivers and barriers of childhood vaccination in Nagaland from the perspective of demand, supply and local health governance.DesignA cross-sectional study was designed using a survey conducted by the Directorate of Health and Family in 2015.SettingHouseholds, community-based health centres and health committees were surveyed.Participants285 children aged under 2 years with vaccination cards and data on households, health centres and health committees were included.OutcomesVariables indicating whether a child received each of bacillus
calmette–guérin (BCG), diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP3), oral polio (OPV3) and measles vaccination and all of them were outcome variables. Associated factors were identified using multilevel logistic regressions.ResultsAntenatal care at least three times was significantly associated with BCG, DTP3, OPV3 and full vaccination with adjusted ORs ranging from 2.4 (95% CI 1.1 to 5.1) to 3.3 (1.1 to 9.9). The availability of bus to health centre was slightly significant for BCG and OPV3 with the adjusted ORs of 2.0 (0.9 to 4.5) and 2.1 (0.9 to 4.8), respectively. Health committees’ budget provision to health centres was significant for OPV3 and full vaccination with the respective adjusted ORs of 15.7 (1.0 to 234.1) and 15.9 (1.2 to 214.7), the wide 95% CIs of which were driven by a small sample size. Health committees’ review of expenditure of health centres was significant for measles and full vaccination with the adjusted ORs of 4.0 (1.4 to 11.4) and 5.2 (1.4 to 19.4), respectively.ConclusionThis study suggests that enhancing the utilisation of antenatal care and providing reliable transportation between villages and health centres are required to improve childhood vaccination coverage. Also, the significant association of budget administration of health committees suggests that supporting local health committees for effective financial management is important.
Cluster randomised controlled trial of a menu box delivery service for Australian long day care services to improve menu guideline compliance: a study protocol
Authors: Kashef Shabnam , Zarnowiecki Dorota , Brown Victoria , Arguelles Jennifer C , Cox David N , Golley Rebecca K 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionGlobally, children are not meeting the recommended serves of the five food group foods, particularly vegetables. Childcare is an opportune setting to improve children’s diet quality. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a menu box delivery service tailored to the long day care setting to improve menu compliance with recommendations and improve children’s food intake while in care.Methods and analysisThis study will employ a cluster randomised controlled trial and will recruit eight long day care centres, randomly allocated to the intervention or comparison groups. The intervention group will trial the delivery of a weekly menu box service that includes all ingredients and recipes required to provide morning snack, lunch and afternoon snack. The menu boxes are underpinned by a 4-week menu developed by dietitians and meet menu planning guidelines. The comparison group will receive access to online menu planning training and a menu assessment tool for cooks. The primary outcomes are child dietary intake and menu guideline compliance. Secondary outcomes include within-trial cost-effectiveness and process evaluation measures including intervention acceptability, usability and fidelity. If effective, the menu box delivery will provide an easy strategy for childcare cooks to implement a centre menu that meets menu planning guidelines and improves child intake of five food group foods, including vegetables.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Flinders University Social and Behavioural Research Ethics Committee. Study outcomes will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications, via local, national and international presentations. Non-traditional outputs including evidence summaries and development of a business case will be used to disseminate study findings to relevant stakeholder groups. Data will be used in a doctoral thesis.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12620000296932).
Virtual learning collaboratives to improve urine culturing and antibiotic prescribing in long-term care: controlled before-and-after study
Authors: Chambers Andrea , Chen Cynthia , Brown Kevin Antoine , Daneman Nick , Langford Bradley , Leung Valerie , Adomako Kwaku , Schwartz Kevin L , Moore Julia E , Quirk Jacquelyn , MacFarlane Sam , Cronsberry Tim , Garber Gary E 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundUrine culturing practices are highly variable in long-term care and contribute to overprescribing of antibiotics for presumed urinary tract infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of virtual learning collaboratives to support long-term care homes in implementing a quality improvement programme focused on reducing unnecessary urine culturing and antibiotic overprescribing.MethodsOver a 4-month period (May 2018–August 2018), 45 long-term care homes were self-selected from five regions to participate in virtual learning collaborative sessions, which provided an orientation to a quality improvement programme and guidance for implementation. A process evaluation complemented the use of a controlled before-and-after study with a propensity score matched control group (n=127) and a difference-in-difference analysis. Primary outcomes included rates of urine cultures performed and urinary antibiotic prescriptions. Secondary outcomes included rates of emergency department visits, hospital admission and mortality. An 18-month baseline period was compared with a 16-month postimplementation period with the use of administrative data sources.ResultsRates of urine culturing and urinary antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 resident days decreased significantly more among long-term care homes that participated in learning collaboratives compared with matched controls (differential reductions of 19% and 13%, respectively, p<0.0001). There was no statistically significant changes to rates of emergency department visits, hospital admissions or mortality. These outcomes were observed with moderate adherence to the programme model.ConclusionsRates of urine culturing and urinary antibiotic prescriptions declined among long-term care homes that participated in a virtual learning collaborative to support implementation of a quality improvement programme. The results of this study have refined a model to scale this programme in long-term care.
Reaction of ammonia and dioxygen in solid neon excited with far-ultraviolet radiation investigated with electronic and vibrational spectra
Authors: Chou Sheng-Lung , Ogilvie J.F. , Lo Jen-Iu , Peng Yu-Chain , Cheng Bing-Ming 
Published: April 2021

Irradiation of dilute mixtures of NH3 and O2 dispersed in solid Ne at 3.6 K with light of wavelengths 200, 192.5, 173, and 143 nm from a synchrotron initiated photochemical dissociation of those precursors and the production of N, NH, NH2, O, O3, HO2, NO, NO2, N2O, H2O, HONO in both s-cisoid and s-transoid rotational isomers, and HONO2, detected according to their spectra in mid-infrared absorption from 450 to 4000 cm−1 and in absorption and emission from 200 to 1100 nm.
A considerable proportion of metabolic syndrome–free adults from Bratislava Region, Slovakia, display an increased cardiometabolic burden
Authors: Miláček Dávid , Volkovová Katarína , Gajdoš Martin , Šebeková Katarína 
Published: April 2021

Although the dichotomous classification of metabolic syndrome (MS) enables the classification of individuals as MS-free or presenting MS, it is inconvenient for assessing cardiometabolic risk in MS-free individuals. Continuous MS score allows for estimation of cardiometabolic burden even in MS-free subjects. We used the scores to estimate the proportion of MS-free subjects on high cardiometabolic risk. A total of 876 subjects (62% females) of Central European descent, aged 20–81 years, were included. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria were employed to classify MS. Continuous scores were calculated. We used the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis to estimate the cutoff value to determine the proportion of MS-free subjects on increased risk. Using the waist circumference, 38% of males and 23% of females presented MS. ROC area under the curves (90%–98%) showed an acceptable performance of both scores to classify the presence of MS. Up to 18% of MS-free males and up to 10% of females displayed continuous score ≥ the relevant cutoff point. The waist-to-height ratio performed similar results. Both continuous scores were proven credible for assessing cardiometabolic risk in MS-free subjects. Clinically, this is important for earlier intervention. Despite minor differences between waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio, it would be appropriate to objectify it using reference population. Novelty: The first study using Z-MSS/siMSS (population-specific Z-score/continuous score of MS) to estimate cardiometabolic risk in Slovak adults. A proportion of MS-free Slovak adults is on high cardiometabolic risk. Difference between using waist circumference and the waist-to-height ratio does not seem to be major in our cohort.
Behaviours and attitudes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from a cross-national Facebook survey
Authors: Perrotta Daniela , Grow André , Rampazzo Francesco , Cimentada Jorge , Del Fava Emanuele , Gil-Clavel Sofia , Zagheni Emilio 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
In the absence of medical treatment and vaccination, individual behaviours are key to curbing the spread of COVID-19. Here we describe efforts to collect attitudinal and behavioural data and disseminate insights to increase situational awareness and inform interventions.

Methods
We developed a rapid data collection and monitoring system based on a cross-national online survey, the “COVID-19 Health Behavior Survey”. Respondent recruitment occurred via targeted Facebook advertisements in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We investigated how the threat perceptions of COVID-19, the confidence in the preparedness of organisations to deal with the pandemic, and the adoption of preventive and social distancing behaviours are associated with respondents’ demographic characteristics.

Results
We analysed 71,612 questionnaires collected between March 13-April 19, 2020. We found substantial spatio-temporal heterogeneity across countries at different stages of the pandemic and with different control strategies in place. Respondents rapidly adopted the use of face masks when they were not yet mandatory. We observed a clear pattern in threat perceptions, sharply increasing from a personal level to national and global levels. Although personal threat perceptions were comparatively low, all respondents significantly increased hand hygiene. We found gender-specific patterns: women showed higher threat perceptions, lower confidence in the healthcare system, and were more likely to adopt preventive behaviours. Finally, we also found that older people perceived higher threat to themselves, while all respondents were strongly concerned about their family.

Conclusions
Rapid population surveys conducted via Facebook allow us to monitor behavioural changes, adoption of protective measures, and compliance with recommended practices. As the pandemic progresses and new waves of infections are a threatening reality, timely insights from behavioural and attitudinal data are crucial to guide the decision-making process.
On the Irreducibility of Polynomials Associated with the Complete Residue Systems in any Imaginary Quadratic Fields
Authors: Phetnun Phitthayathon , Kanasri Narakorn Rompurk , Singthongla Patiwat 
Published: April 2021

For a Gaussian prime

π

and a nonzero Gaussian integer

β
=
a
+
b
i
∈
ℤ

i

with

a
≥
1

and

β

≥
2
+

2

, it was proved that if

π
=

α

n

β

n

+

α

n
−
1

β

n
−
1

+
⋯
+

α

1

β
+

α

0

≕
f

β

where

n
≥
1

,

α

n

∈
ℤ

i

\

0

,

α

0

,
…
,

α

n
−
1

belong to a complete residue system modulo

β

, and the digits

α

n
−
1

and

α

n

satisfy certain restrictions, then the polynomial

f

x

is irreducible in

ℤ

i

x

. For any quadratic field

K
≔
ℚ

m

, it is well known that there are explicit representations for a complete residue system in

K

, but those of the case

m
≡
1

mod
4

are inapplicable to this work. In this article, we establish a new complete residue system for such a case and then generalize the result mentioned above for the ring of integers of any imaginary quadratic field.
Abstract IA-008: Etiology of chromosomal rearrangements, and other DNA double-strand break repair outcomes
Authors: Stark Jeremy M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Defining the factors that influence chromosomal double-strand breaks (DSBs) outcomes important for developing radiosensitization strategies that target the DNA damage response (DDR). In a main project in the lab, we have used Cas9 to study mechanisms of end joining (EJ) repair that affect diverse outcomes, ranging from short insertion/deletion (indels) mutations, to large chromosomal rearrangements. In particular, we have sought to define the relative contributions of canonical non-homologous end joining (C-NHEJ), and alternative end joining (ALT-EJ), on such DSB repair outcomes. For instance, I will present evidence that C-NHEJ is absolutely required for EJ between distal ends of two Cas9-induced chromosomal breaks that are joined without causing insertion/deletion mutations (No Indel EJ). Namely, C-NHEJ does not appear to be intrinsically prone to causing indels, relative to the ALT-EJ pathway. Furthermore, using No Indel EJ as a hallmark of C-NHEJ, I will present our current directions for understanding the mechanism and regulation of C-NHEJ and ALT-EJ, and targeting these pathways by DDR inhibitors. I suggest that establishing how the DDR affects distinct EJ events will reveal the ideal contexts for using DDR inhibitors during cancer therapy and inform the development of biomarkers of response.
Citation Format: Jeremy M. Stark. Etiology of chromosomal rearrangements, and other DNA double-strand break repair outcomes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Radiation Science and Medicine; 2021 Mar 2-3. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(8_Suppl):Abstract nr IA-008.
Abstract IA-013: Integrating radiation therapy with immunotherapy
Authors: Crittenden Marka 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We have shown that when studied in isolation, radiation therapy functions poorly as an endogenous vaccine, and that many of the promising therapeutic approaches of radiation in combination with immunotherapy depends on a pre-existing immune response. Therefore, focusing primarily on radiation as an in situ vaccine strategy may yield limited results. We have identified that the ability of radiation therapy to function as a vaccine is dependent on its ability to activate the cDC1 subpopulation of dendritic cells in the tumor and that a lack of endogenous adjuvant and/or active suppression following radiation resulting in lack of maturation of cDC1 may be a major factor that limits control of poorly radioimmunogenic tumors. However, where radiation therapy and immunotherapy combinations work well, radiation therapy cannot be adequately replaced by a potent tumor vaccine, demonstrating that radiation therapy provides critical effects beyond priming new T cell responses. In addition to potential vaccine effects of radiation, it also modifies the cancer cells in the field to make them a better target for control by immune cells. We recently demonstrated that one of the major roles that radiation can play in controlling tumors when combined with immunotherapy is to increase the susceptibility of surviving cancer cells to CD8+ T cells through induction of MHC-I through genetic upregulation of the MHC-I transactivator NLRC5. These data support the critical role of local modulation by radiation in improved tumor control with combination immunotherapy.
Citation Format: Marka Crittenden. Integrating radiation therapy with immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Radiation Science and Medicine; 2021 Mar 2-3. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(8_Suppl):Abstract nr IA-013.
Abstract IA-026: Gaps alone kill BRCA deficient cancer cells
Authors: Cantor Sharon B. , Panzarino Nicholas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Defects in DNA repair and/or the protection of stalled DNA replication forks are thought to underlie the chemosensitivity of tumors deficient in the hereditary breast cancer genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA). Challenging this assumption, recent findings indicate that chemotherapies such as cisplatin used to treat BRCA-deficient tumors do not initially cause DNA double-strand-breaks (DSBs). Here, we show that single stranded DNA (ssDNA) replication gaps underlie the hypersensitivity of BRCA-deficient cancer, and we propose that defects in homologous recombination (HR) or fork protection (FP) do not. Specifically, in BRCA-deficient cells, ssDNA gaps develop because replication is not effectively restrained in response to stress. Gap suppression by either restoration of fork restraint or gap filling confers therapy resistance in tissue culture and BRCA patient tumors. In contrast, restored FP and HR can be uncoupled from therapy resistance when gaps are present. Moreover, we find that DSBs are not detected after therapy when apoptosis is inhibited, supporting a framework in which DSBs are not directly induced by genotoxic agents, but rather from cell death nucleases. Together, this data indicate that ssDNA replication gaps underlie the BRCA cancer phenotype, “BRCAness,” and we propose are fundamental to the mechanism-of-action of genotoxic chemotherapies.
Citation Format: Sharon B. Cantor, Nicholas Panzarino. Gaps alone kill BRCA deficient cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Radiation Science and Medicine; 2021 Mar 2-3. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(8_Suppl):Abstract nr IA-026.
Abstract IA-028: Interaction of radiotherapy and immunotherapy: Maybe not what you think
Authors: Weichselbaum Ralph R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Immunotherapy has altered the cancer therapy landscape and has engendered significant investigative interest in the context of the basic mechanisms and clinical applications of radiotherapy/immunotherapy combinations from accomplished investigators, many of whom have presented at this conference. Despite high quality preclinical data and some intriguing hints of efficacy, most of the clinical trials to date have failed to show a benefit to radiotherapy/immunotherapy combinations except for small subsets of patients treated in phase 1 clinical trials. The often cited “PACIFIC” trial in stage 3 lung cancer shows that immunotherapy can safely be given after chemoradiotherapy and provides significant patient benefit in terms of progression free and overall survival but does not demonstrate a positive dependent interaction between radiotherapy and immunotherapy. I will critically review select clinical trials and present data from our (and other) laboratories that may in part explain the discrepancies between the encouraging preclinical data and the somewhat disappointing clinical results.
Citation Format: Ralph R. Weichselbaum. Interaction of radiotherapy and immunotherapy: Maybe not what you think [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Radiation Science and Medicine; 2021 Mar 2-3. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(8_Suppl):Abstract nr IA-028.