bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autistic Adults May Be Erroneously Perceived as Deceptive and Lacking Credibility
Authors: Lim Alliyza , Young Robyn L. , Brewer Neil 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe hypothesized that autistic adults may be erroneously judged as deceptive or lacking credibility due to demonstrating unexpected and atypical behaviors. Thirty autistic and 29 neurotypical individuals participated in video-recorded interviews, and we measured their demonstration of gaze aversion, repetitive body movements, literal interpretation of figurative language, poor reciprocity, and flat affect. Participants (N = 1410) viewed one of these videos and rated their perception of the individual’s truthfulness or credibility. The hypothesis was partially supported, with autistic individuals perceived as more deceptive and less credible than neurotypical individuals when telling the truth. However, this relationship was not influenced by the presence of any of the target behaviors, but instead, by the individual’s overall presentation.
Teachers’ potential to promote students’ deeper learning in whole-class teaching: An observation study in Norwegian classrooms
Authors: Sølvik Randi M. , Glenna Anne E. H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTeachers worldwide are challenged to adjust their teaching to meet students’ needs for deeper learning. The lack of mutual understanding among researchers, policymakers and teachers tends to blur the discussion on how to enhance deeper learning through teaching, which further challenges teachers in making changes in their classroom practices. This qualitative observation study aims to explore how five skilled and experienced Norwegian teachers facilitate 10–16-year-old students’ potential deeper learning in whole-class teaching. The teachers are videotaped four times during a school year, and observations show how teachers enhance or undermine students’ active involvement, facilitate or hinder positive learning environments, support or impede deeper understanding, and stimulate or inhibit metacognitive reflection. The observations are discussed within a framework of the literature and research on how deeper learning is understood and promoted. The findings indicate how teachers’ facilitation of a supportive learning environment is essential to actively involve students in the classroom interactions and dialogue needed to promote deeper content understanding and metacognitive reflection. We explore the potential for deeper learning within whole-class teaching and argue that such potential arises when teachers facilitate collective, reciprocal, supportive, cumulative and purposeful classroom interactions. Nevertheless, we acknowledge the importance of employing varied teaching practices to further address students’ need for deeper learning. The study presents examples of whole-class teaching practices framed by theory and the earlier research on deeper learning, which may contribute to the concretization of policy changes in support of deeper learning in education.
Mechanics of the small punch test: a review and qualification of additive manufacturing materials
Authors: Torres Jonathan , Gordon Ali P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe small punch test (SPT) was developed for situations where source material is scarce, costly or otherwise difficult to acquire, and has been used for assessing components with variable, location-dependent material properties. Although lacking standardization, the SPT has been employed to assess material properties and verified using traditional testing. Several methods exist for equating SPT results with traditional stress–strain data. There are, however, areas of weakness, such as fracture and fatigue approaches. This document outlines the history and methodologies of SPT, reviewing the body of contemporary literature and presenting relevant findings and formulations for correlating SPT results with conventional tests. Analysis of literature is extended to evaluating the suitability of the SPT for use with additively manufactured (AM) materials. The suitability of this approach is shown through a parametric study using an approximation of the SPT via FEA, varying material properties as would be seen with varying AM process parameters. Equations describing the relationship between SPT results and conventional testing data are presented. Correlation constants dictating these relationships are determined using an accumulation of data from the literature reviewed here, along with novel experimental data. This includes AM materials to assess the fit of these and provide context for a wider view of the methodology and its interest to materials science and additive manufacturing. A case is made for the continued development of the small punch test, identifying strengths and knowledge gaps, showing need for standardization of this simple yet highly versatile method for expediting studies of material properties and optimization.
Nudging to donate organs: do what you like or like what we do?
Authors: Beraldo Sergio , Karpus Jurgis 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn effective method to increase the number of potential cadaveric organ donors is to make people donors by default with the option to opt out. This non-coercive public policy tool to influence people’s choices is often justified on the basis of the as-judged-by-themselves principle: people are nudged into choosing what they themselves truly want. We review three often hypothesized reasons for why defaults work and argue that the as-judged-by-themselves principle may hold only in two of these cases. We specify further conditions for when the principle can hold in these cases and show that whether those conditions are met is often unclear. We recommend ways to expand nationwide surveys to identify the actual reasons for why defaults work and discuss mandated choice policy as a viable solution to many arising conundrums.
The role of the learning environment in adolescents’ motivational development
Authors: Raufelder Diana , Kulakow Stefan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPast research has continuously shown that motivation in school declines across adolescence. To counteract potential declines in educational practice, the present study examines the motivational development of early and middle adolescent students within one school year and across two distinctive learning environments: a conventional teacher-directed learning environment and an individualized student-directed learning environment based on competency matrices. Based on a sample of 1153 (Mage = 13.97, SD = 1.37, 49% girls) students from grades 7 to 10, latent change analyses were conducted to examine within-school year changes in general self-efficacy and intrinsic value. Significant interaction effects of age and learning environment suggest that motivational trajectories may diverge from the consistent motivational declines that have been demonstrated by past research. Students from both learning environments differed in their general self-efficacy, but not in their intrinsic value.
An Inelastic Neutron Scattering Investigation of the Temporal Behaviour of the Hydrocarbonaceous Overlayer of a Prototype Fischer-Tropsch to Olefins Catalyst
Authors: Davidson Alisha L. , Webb Paul B. , Parker Stewart F. , Lennon David 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA dual sodium and sulfur promoted haematite, representative of a candidate Fischer-Tropsch to olefins (FTO) catalyst, is prepared and contrasted with the performance of an unpromoted hematite sample in the ambient pressure CO hydrogenation reaction at 623 K as a function of time-on-stream (0–24 h). In-situ post-reaction temperature-programmed oxidation measurements show the carbon evolutionary phase of the catalyst conditioning process to be retarded for the FTO catalyst. Ex-situ inelastic neutron scattering measurements show the promoters perturb the formation of a previously described hydrocarbonaceous overlayer. Specifically, whilst the sp3 hybridised C–H modes of the hydrocarbonaceous overlayer are almost unaffected by the additives, the formation of the overlayer’s sp2 hybridised C–H modes are noticeably impeded. The results are discussed in terms of the Na/S promoters disturbing the formation of an ordered hydrocarbonaceous overlayer that is thought to constrain the supply of adsorbed hydrogen atoms, which favours the formation of unsaturated hydrocarbons associated with the FTO process.
Counteracting detrimental effects of misconceptions on learning and metacomprehension accuracy: The utility of refutation texts and think sheets
Authors: Prinz Anja , Golke Stefanie , Wittwer Jörg 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPrevious research has shown that misconceptions impair not only learners’ text comprehension and knowledge transfer but also the accuracy with which they predict their comprehension and transfer. In the present experiment withN = 92 university students, we investigated to what extent reading a refutation text or completing a think sheet compared with a control condition counteracts these adverse effects of misconceptions. The results revealed that both reading a refutation text and completing a think sheet supported learners with misconceptions in acquiring and accurately predicting their comprehension. Completing a think sheet additionally supported the learners in transferring their newly acquired knowledge, even though they were underconfident in their ability to do so. Moreover, learners who completed a think sheet were generally more accurate in discriminating between correctly and incorrectly answered test questions. Finally, delayed testing showed that the learning effects were quite stable, independent of the instructional method. This study reinforces the effectiveness of refutation texts and think sheets and provides important practical implications and avenues for future research.
Young children’s embodied interactions with a social robot
Authors: Kim Yanghee , Tscholl Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study examined the affordances of an embodied humanoid robot to engage children in play and learning from the perspective of embodied cognition in two studies as part of multiyear design research. In Study One, we observed how the robot’s embodiment, accompanied by its sensors and movements, elicited embodied reactions of eleven children (aged 3 to 6) while they played and learned with the robot one-on-one at home and in school. Two distinct patterns emerged: rich multimodal interaction and fluid learning space. Additionally, the children demonstrated extended attention in the interactions and invited peers into voluntary collaboration. In Study Two, we implemented an interaction triad with ten pairs of children, in which each pair collaborated to help a robot, and observed their collaborative communication while they solved problems involving early academic topics. Three embodied phenomena were noted: (i) embodiment of early mathematics and science knowledge and reasoning, (ii) appropriation of physical space, and (iii) embodied collaboration. Importantly, it was clear in both studies that embodiment occurred not only in thinking but also in social and emotional experiences. We discuss the implications of the findings in relation to the potential of humanoid robots for enabling embodied learning experiences.
Is the English writing system phonographic or lexical/morphological? A new look at the spelling of stems
Authors: Berg Kristian , Aronoff Mark 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe graphemic distinctiveness of simple word stems in written English (henceforth stems) is usually discussed in terms of the discrimination of homophones: Two or more distinct stems that share a phonological form each have a unique graphemic form (e.g., meat / meet; pair / pear / pare) and in some cases we cannot ascribe the different spellings to etymology: scent ‘should’ be spelled sent given its history (borrowed from French sentir and Latin sentire). The lists in Carney (1994) and Venezky (1999) of heterographic words show that there is a considerable number of homophones that are discriminated in spelling. But there are also many homographic cases (e.g., bank, can), so any stipulated ‘principle of heterography’ is not universal. In this paper, we determine the scope and limitations of this principle empirically. Using the CELEX corpus as well as printed dictionaries, we first determine the number of homophonous simple stems in our data (like bank / bank or pair / pear / pare). Of these, we determine the fraction that has a distinct spelling (like pair / pear / pare). The overall ratio is well below 50%, which means that the principle is not as far-reaching as often assumed. Historically, it appears that in many cases we are not dealing with a graphemic differentiation of stems, but with a conservation of spellings. As a consequence, most distinctive spellings probably corresponded to distinctive sound forms at some point in their history. Sound change then led to homophony, but the graphemic form often remained distinct (as with e.g. loan / lone). Expressing lexical differences in the written form of stems does not seem to be overly important to English writers; there is no widespread lexical or morphological principle at work when it comes to the spelling of English stems.
Die Metaphorik des Neuen Autoritarismus
Authors: Yildiz Taylan Özgür 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Untersuchung leistet einen Beitrag zur metaphorologischen Analyse des Neuen Autoritarismus. Ausgangspunkt ist die Annahme, dass Autokratisierungsprozesse unter der Schwelle rationaler Bewegungsmomente durch die Erneuerung politischer Verkörperungsmythen gekennzeichnet sind. Am Beispiel der Türkei wird gezeigt, dass ihr zentraler Mechanismus eine unter Krisenbedingungen vollzogene Aktivierung der häuslichen Ordnungsmetaphorik und ihre Übersetzung in eine foucaultsche Pastoralmacht ist. Schien dieser Mechanismus mit wachsendem Abstand zur kemalistischen Revolution abgenutzt, hat er mit der Bewältigung des gescheiterten Putschversuchs eine transformative Aktualität erfahren. Der Beitrag schließt mit allgemeinen Überlegungen zu den elementaren Operationen, die den Erneuerungsprozess des autoritären Mythos vorantreiben.
Pitting Corrosion of Type 316L Stainless Steel Elaborated by the Selective Laser Melting Method: Influence of Microstructure
Authors: Vignal V. , Voltz C. , Thiébaut S. , Demésy M. , Heintz O. , Guerraz S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe microstructure of two sets of 316L alloys (SLM and wrought structure) is determined using SPECTROMAXx stationary metal analyzer, FE-SEM/EDS and XRD. The physical–chemical properties of the passive films are also investigated by means of XPS, Auger after sputtering and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Differences and similarities between the two sets of alloys are then identified. The corrosion behavior of alloys is investigated in NaCl solution at the macro- and microscale (microcapillary technique). It was found that the inclusion/particles cleanliness is the first-order parameter explaining differences between 316L(WS) and 316L(SLM). In the absence of particles (pure matrix), the two sets of alloys have the same corrosion behavior. Residual stresses, the average grain size, the PREN and the passive films properties are of second order.
Assessment of heavy metal pollution in groundwater with respect to distance from ash pond by using heavy metal evaluation index
Authors: Verma Chanchal , Hussain Athar , Madan Sangeeta , Kumar Vinit 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn order to assess the quality of groundwater near ash pond of Parichha Thermal Power Plant (Jhansi), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI)was calculated. An unlined ash pond is being used for a long time to dispose fly ash generated by thermal power plant. To assess the level of groundwater contamination due to ash slurry disposal, both groundwater and ash slurry samples were collected and analysed in terms of their chemical concentration. In the present study, it was observed that significant amount of trace elements can leach out from ash slurry and may contaminate groundwater due to downward percolation through soil strata in an unlined ash pond. Obtained results revealed the range of heavy metals concentration in groundwater as [Ni (0.02–0.07 mg/l), Pb (0.14–0.41 mg/l), Fe (0.20–7.21 mg/l), Mn (0.01–0.14 mg/l), Cr (0.03–0.05 mg/l) and Al (0.05–0.26 mg /l)]. HEI showed a heavy load of metal pollution within the range of 5 km from the ash pond while moderate pollution within the range of 7 km and very low at a distance of 15 km.
The court of arbitration for sport jurisprudence on match-fixing: a legal update
Authors: Diaconu M. , Kuwelkar S. , Kuhn A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) jurisprudence on manipulation of sports competitions has vastly evolved from its initial award in RSC Anderlecht in 1998, to now Labuts in August 2020. Alongside, international and national regulations, as well as sporting regulations, including, most recently, the Council of Europe’s Macolin Convention on the Manipulation of Sports Competitions, have sought to effectively tackle the omnipresent, ever-growing phenomenon of competition manipulation. Against this backdrop, this article briefly outlines the existing legal landscape on manipulation, followed by a chronological detailing of each CAS issued award. The key aspects of defining such sanctionable behaviour, select issues of standard of proof and types of evidence which are admissible and relied on, as well as the manner and quantum of sanction are then analysed. Ultimately, noting empirical trends across these awards, questions on ne bis in idem, proportionality of sanctions and legal certainty across CAS jurisprudence are raised.
Racial Disparities and COVID-19: the Social Context
Authors: Marrett Cora B. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe coronavirus continues to take a devastating toll on the population of the USA. But that toll is not identical across all segments of the population. Specifically, Black citizens are more likely than their White counterparts to experience the dislocations associated with the coronavirus. Nor is the extent of racial differences fully known, given limitations to the testing, hospitalization, and other data currently compiled. What does emerge, however, is an understanding that the reported outcomes reflect social inequities rather than biological predispositions. The inequities flow from both historical forces and contemporary ones that leave sizeable fractions of the Black population without access to quality healthcare or safe environments. The discrepancies suggest that the development of safe and effective vaccines might not eliminate the racial disparities associated with COVID-19, for that development will not alone erode levels of structural racism in the society. Concerted actions that engage multiple segments and participants are demanded.
Functional limit theorems for the euler characteristic process in the critical regime
Authors: Thomas Andrew M. , Owada Takashi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study presents functional limit theorems for the Euler characteristic of Vietoris–Rips complexes. The points are drawn from a nonhomogeneous Poisson process on
$\mathbb{R}^d$
, and the connectivity radius governing the formation of simplices is taken as a function of the time parameter t, which allows us to treat the Euler characteristic as a stochastic process. The setting in which this takes place is that of the critical regime, in which the simplicial complexes are highly connected and have nontrivial topology. We establish two ‘functional-level’ limit theorems, a strong law of large numbers and a central limit theorem, for the appropriately normalized Euler characteristic process.
Optimally Stopping at a Given Distance from the Ultimate Supremum of a Spectrally Negative Lévy Process
Authors: Carvajal Pinto Mónica B. , van Schaik Kees 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe consider the optimal prediction problem of stopping a spectrally negative Lévy process as close as possible to a given distance $b \geq 0$ from its ultimate supremum, under a squared-error penalty function. Under some mild conditions, the solution is fully and explicitly characterised in terms of scale functions. We find that the solution has an interesting non-trivial structure: if b is larger than a certain threshold then it is optimal to stop as soon as the difference between the running supremum and the position of the process exceeds a certain level (less than b), while if b is smaller than this threshold then it is optimal to stop immediately (independent of the running supremum and position of the process). We also present some examples.
Discounted Optimal Stopping Problems for Maxima of Geometric Brownian Motions With Switching Payoffs
Authors: Gapeev Pavel V. , Kort Peter M. , Lavrutich Maria N. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe present closed-form solutions to some discounted optimal stopping problems for the running maximum of a geometric Brownian motion with payoffs switching according to the dynamics of a continuous-time Markov chain with two states. The proof is based on the reduction of the original problems to the equivalent free-boundary problems and the solution of the latter problems by means of the smooth-fit and normal-reflection conditions. We show that the optimal stopping boundaries are determined as the maximal solutions of the associated two-dimensional systems of first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The obtained results are related to the valuation of real switching lookback options with fixed and floating sunk costs in the Black–Merton–Scholes model.
Portable Ultrasonography Onboard Deployment in the PLA(N) Peace Ark Hospital Ship in Mission Harmony 2018
Authors: Zhao Jiaqi , Zhou Yi , Wang Jiafeng , Zhang Chong , Cai Zhuhong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFrom June 28 to November 22, 2018, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy – PLA(N) – Peace Ark hospital ship had conducted Mission Harmony 2018, providing humanitarian medical assistance and carrying out international cooperation, in 4 Pacific island countries and 6 Central and South American countries. Compared with its application only in onshore outreach medical teams in the previous Mission Harmony, portable ultrasonography was used both onboard and onshore in Mission Harmony 2018. The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of onboard portable ultrasonography in PLA(N) Peace Ark hospital ship during Mission Harmony-2018, share our onboard working experience, and provide a reference for humanitarian assistance missions in the future. A retrospective review was performed on a cohort of patients checked by onboard portable ultrasonography. Patients’ gender, age, the distribution of examined organs, and multiple applications of the portable ultrasonography were analyzed. Some limitations of portable ultrasonography on the mission and possible improvements in the future were also discussed. A total of 5277 cases (mean age: 43.74 years; range: 2 months–105 years) of ultrasound examinations were performed during the mission; among them, 3126 (59.2%) cases were performed by portable ultrasonography, including 3024 onboard cases and 102 onshore cases. The portable ultrasonography had been applied in many scenarios, for example, onboard emergency triage process, onboard bedside medical support, and onshore outreach medical service, which had become one of the indispensable auxiliary examination methods for its compatibility, portability, and flexibility. The onboard deployment of portable ultrasonography played a versatile and irreplaceable role in the humanitarian medical assistance and medical cooperation carried out by the PLA(N) Peace Ark hospital ship, and will contribute to such kind of missions in the future.