bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dhauliganga, Uttarakhand, India Coalescent Natural Disaster: A Geoinformatics Perspective
Authors: Dwivedi Deepti Km. , Goswami Ajanta , Panchal Hardeep , Das J.D. , Saraf Arun K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
On 07 February 2021 around 10:30 hrs local time catastrophic flash flood occurred in the Dhauliganga River (a tributary of Ganga River) near Rini village at 2000m above msl (mean sea level) (Chamoli District), which killed 79 people and about 125 people are still missing. Part of the area belongs to Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve which is completely protected from human interventions. Further, on Dhauliganga River, there were two run-of-river hydroelectric power Rishiganga Small Hydro (13.2 MW) at 1975m above msl and Tapovan Vishnugad (520 MW) at 1795m above msl projects which were also severely damaged due to the devastating flash flood. More than 150 workers were also trapped in the under construction power tunnel of Tapovan Vishnugad project. Further, it is important to note that the study area belongs to highly seismically active region and Zone-V Seismic Zoning Map of India which comes under highly vulnerable category. During last thirty years the region has also witnessed about 53 earthquakes (within 100km) of magnitude ranging Mw 3.2–6.6. Similarly, landslide hazard zonation map of Uttarakhand also shows that the study area belongs to very high to severe category. Initial assessment on the day of event suggested that there was a glacial burst. However, later series of remote sensing images revealed that initially there was heavy snow fall during 03-05th February 2021 in the region. Later, it has been evaluated through time series high spatial resolution remote sensing images of various satellites that a large part of a north facing triangular shaped slope (having about 660m base and about 1100m height, estimated total volume 18.1 million m3 which includes rocks, snow and ice) at 5540m above msl has failed which was also supporting a small hanging glacier. This landslide and consequently massive debris flow into the Raunthi Gadhera initially blocked flow of Dhauliganga near Rini village [at 2000m above msl (mean sea level)] which later failed around 10:30 hrs on 07 February 2021 and has brought a catastrophic flash flood in the Dhauliganga river. Further, remote sensing images acquired around 10:33 hrs of 07th February 2021 revealed a large dust cloud which clearly unravels the sequence of events from high-altitude landslide, collapse of a small hanging glacier, snow avalanche to catastrophic flooding. Even after the catastrophic flash flood of 07th February 2021, an elongated lake (length about 800m, width at the front is about 100m and having depth of about 46m including freshly deposited debris and silt of about 10m, an estimated total volume of water might be ≈ 800000 m3) was created due to blocking of flow of Rishi Ganga River which still postures flash flood hazard for the downstream areas.
The Effect of Co-Administration of Portulaca Oleracea and Plantago Psyllium Plus Submaximal Swimming Training on Memory Deficit in Streptozotocin/Nicotinamide-Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats
Authors: Parsa Hesam , Ghasemi Fateme , Ranjbar Kamal , Komaki Alireza 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Many studies have assessed the effect of exercise training and the use of various herbs on the cognitive deficit in type-2 diabetic patients. The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of a combination of two traditional plants, Portulaca oleracea and Plantago psyllium, and swimming training on cognitive decline in type 2 diabetic rats. Fifty male Wistar rats (weight: 275±25g) were selected. Type-2 diabetes was induced by a single IP injection of streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Then, the subjects were randomly assigned to the following groups: control-healthy (Con), control-diabetic (D), diabetic-training (D+Tr), diabetic-P.oleracea plus P. psyllium (D+PO+PP), and diabetic- P.oleracea plus P. psyllium plus training groups (D+PO+PP+Tr). Training groups were subjected to submaximal swimming training for 12 weeks (5 days per week). Learning abilities and memory retention were evaluated using shuttle box, elevated plus maze, open field, and novel recognition object tests. Step-through latency period in retention phase in the shuttle box test and discrimination index in the novel recognition object test increased in response to the simultaneous use of two herbal medicines. Swimming training had no effect on learning and memory indices in diabetic rats, but co-administration of P. oleracea and P. psyllium with swimming training for 12 weeks ameliorated passive avoidance memory, general locomotor activity, and exploratory behavior in diabetic rats. These results indicated that co-administration of P. oleracea and P. psyllium with submaximal swimming training for 12 weeks can reverse the cognitive impairment present in type-2 diabetic rats.
Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditures of Households Living With Rare Diseases
Authors: Oğuzhan Gülpembe , Ökçün Selin , Kurnaz Mustafa , Çalışkan Zafer , Koçkaya Güvenç , Karahan Ekin Begüm , Atakay Deniz 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Economic impact of rare diseases for both individuals and family members, in addition to many expenditures such as disease-related medication, use of healthcare, access to treatment, special medical and nutritional requirements; it also causes indirect effects such as loss of productivity, loss of wages, health insurance and inability to find work. In this study, it is aimed to determine the out-of-pocket health expenditures and economic burden of households where individuals with rare diseases live in Turkey.Methods: The research population consists of registered members of associations that are members of the Rare Diseases Network. The questionnaire was developed based on literature review and expert opinion and the online survey was made available between 01.05.2020- 31.05.2020. After obtaining data on out-of-pocket expenditures in rare diseases, the necessary analysis was carried out through the Microsoft Office Excel application. In addition to the general analysis involving all participants, expenditures on the basis of disease group and disease were calculated. The costs calculated in Turkish Liras (₺/TL) have been converted to Euros (€) according to the average exchange rate for 2020. Results: 456 participants were included in the analysis. Accordingly, 233 patients were included in the metabolic diseases category, 178 in the neuromuscular system diseases category and 41 in the others category. It was determined that special nutrition were the highest expenditure group and emergency department were the lowest expenditure group. The lowest amount of out-of-pocket expenditure is in the metabolic diseases group. It has been observed that 47.35% of all participants allocate more than 10% of the annual average household income and 4.65% more than 100% of the annual average household income for medical expenses. It is seen that the average out-of-pocket expenses in DMD, SMA, cystinosis and cystic fibrosis diseases are close to each other.Conclusion: Since individuals with rare diseases are often unable to work, out-of-pocket expenditures related to the disease lead to financial difficulties and even impoverishment. Their already difficult lives get even more difficult by the financial sacrifices made for treatment. Treatments for rare diseases need to go beyond special exclusivity for patient access and reimbursement.
Whole Genome Sequence of Wilsonomyces Carpophilus, the Causal Agent of Shot Hole of Stone Fruits: Insights Into Secreted Proteins of a Necrotrophic Fungal Repository
Authors: Farooq Mahiya , Shah Mehraj D. , Padder Bilal A. , Sofi T.A. , Masoodi Khalid k. , Nabi Asha , Hamid Sumaira , Ahmad Mushtaq 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Wilsonomyces carpophilus is a necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungus with a wide host range infecting all stone fruits such as peach, plum, apricot and cherry, and almonds among the nut crops. Necrotrophs are more devastating with a complex pathogenicity mechanism and least known effector repositories. Here, we report a 29.9 megabase draft genome assembly of W. carpophilus. We explored the hybrid technology of Illumina HiSeq and PacBio sequencing technologies to get the unbiased results of sequence reads. We aligned short Illumina reads against the long PacBio reads. A total of 10,901 protein-coding genes were predicted that includes varied set of genes such as HET genes, cytochrome-p450 genes, kinases etc. We mined 2851 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in the genome assembly. We also predicted the diverse inventory of secretory proteins, transporters, primary and secondary metabolic enzymes. A total of 225 secreted proteins, hydrolases, polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, esterolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes were the most significant proteins reflecting the necrotrophic lifestyle of the W. carpophilus. We also identified 146 tRNAs and 52 rRNAs in the pathogen genome.
Protection of Supraclavicular Nerve in the Surgical Procedures of Clavicle Fracture Fixation
Authors: Abula Abulaiti , Liu Yanshi , Liu Kai , Cai Feiyu , Abulaiti Alimujiang , Maimaiti Xiayimaierdan , Ren Peng , yusufu Aihemaitijiang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: The present study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the protection of the supraclavicular nerve in the treatment of clavicle fracture using fracture reduction and percutaneous external locking plate fixation or open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF).Methods: A total of 27 patients suffered clavicle fracture and underwent fracture reduction and external or internal fixation with reserved clavicular epithelial nerve in our department from January 2015 to January 2020 were retrospectively collected, including 19 males and 8 females with a mean age of 42 years (range 21 to 57 years). Among them, 17 patients were treated with the fracture reduction and percutaneous external locking plate fixation, while the other 10 patients were treated with ORIF. The sensory function of the affected shoulder area and the superior lateral thoracic area after surgery was collected and analyzed, as well as the satisfaction rate after the fixation was removed.Results: All the 27 patients were successfully followed with a mean duration of 1.3 years (1 to 5.8 years). There were significant differences in sensory dysfunction in the shoulder area and superior lateral thoracic area, pricking in the operation area and neck and shoulder, tactile hyperalgesia, and local numbness between the two groups after surgery (P<0.05). All the fractures achieved bone union. The satisfaction rate in the percutaneous external locking plate fixation group was higher than that in the ORIF group after the fixation was removed (P<0.05).Conclusions: Percutaneous external locking plate fixation with reservation of the supraclavicular nerve in the treatment of clavicle fractures can reduce the incidence of postoperative paresthesia in the affected shoulder and superior lateral thoracic area, and improve the satisfaction rate of the surgical effect.
Überlegungen zum Lernen mit und über Medien im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung
Authors: Moser Heinz 
Published: May 2021

Auch wenn die Medienpädagogik als erziehungswissenschaftliche Disziplin erst seit den 70er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts existiert, sind Fragen nach dem Lernen mit und über Medien schon weit früher diskutiert worden. Schule als Institution des Lernens war immer schon mit Medien verbunden, welche die direkte Anschaulichkeit der Welt über Fibeln und Lesebücher mit den darauf bezogenen kognitiven Strukturen verbanden und so «Lernen» ermöglichten. Lesen und Vorlesen beruhen auf Medien, mit denen Erfahrungen mit der Welt versprachlicht und damit gleichsam auf der Basis von Buchstaben «abstrakt» gemacht werden können. Der Abacus als didaktisches Hilfsmittel ist z. B. ein Medium, um den Begriff der Zahlen anschaulich zu machen und das Lernen von Zahlen zu unterstützen. Die Entwicklung der Medienpädagogik als eigene Fachdisziplin ist dann aber erst mit den technischen Medien aufgekommen – dies zuerst auf einer analogen Basis wie Film, Radio, Fernseher, Kinderkassetten etc. in diesem Beitrag soll aufgezeigt werden, wie sich die Situation der Medienpädagogik im Rahmen der Digitalisierung nochmals verändert hat und welche neuen Konzepte und Perspektiven damit verbunden sind. Dabei soll deutlich werden, wie manche der alten Überlegungen wie z. B. das Programmieren in neuem Gewand wieder erscheinen, und wie sich Medienpädagogik im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung verändern muss, wenn sie eine Zukunft haben will.
Hexagonal magnetite in Algoma-type banded iron formations of the ca. 2.52 Ga Baizhiyan Formation, North China: Evidence for a green rust precursor?
Authors: Sun Longfei , Lechte Maxwell , Shi Xiaoying , Zhou Xiqiang , Zhou Limin , Fang Hao , Xie Baozeng , Wu Mengting , Tang Dongjie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Banded iron formations (BIFs) are iron-rich marine chemical sedimentary rocks, and their mineralogy and geochemistry can be used to gain insights into ancient ocean chemistry and biospheric evolution. Magnetite is the major iron-bearing mineral in many BIFs (particularly in the Archean) and is variably interpreted to be of primary, early diagenetic, or metamorphic origin. Different genetic interpretations for magnetite lead to divergent pictures of the Precambrian Earth system and its evolutionary models through time. The Baizhiyan Formation of the Neoarchean Wutai Group (Shanxi, North China) features magnetite-bearing, Algoma-type BIFs deposited ca. 2.52 Ga, in the lead-up to a major period of global iron formation deposition in the Paleoproterozoic. Abundant magnetite crystals found in the silica-rich bands of these BIFs show euhedral, hexagonal morphology. We suggest that this hexagonal magnetite likely represents pseudomorphs after green rust, a mixed-valence iron hydroxy-salt formed in the water column. The rare earth element composition of the BIFs shows negligible to slightly positive Ce anomalies (CeSN/CeSN* = 1.03 ± 0.07), which is characteristic of a dominantly anoxic water column. The presence of positive Eu anomalies (EuSN/EuSN* &lt;3.9) suggests a substantial influence from proximal hydrothermal fluids. The co-occurrence of siderite layers associated with the magnetite-bearing strata may indicate iron cycling associated with ferruginous bottom seawater conditions. Geochemical signatures of the Baizhiyan BIFs are consistent with the interpretation that the magnetite was transformed from metastable green rust. This green rust could have formed via several processes, including the partial oxidation of Fe(II) by molecular oxygen/photoferrotrophs, the reaction of settling ferrihydrite with Fe(II)-rich hydrothermal fluids under anoxic conditions, or local dissimilatory iron reduction. In all cases, the contribution of primary green rust to BIF formation requires iron redox cycling, and similar pseudomorphs in the form of hexagonal magnetite may be more common in the geological record. Our findings support the models in which green rust was an important primary constituent of the Precambrian iron cycle, and the potential interactions of green rust with other elements (e.g., phosphorus) should be taken into consideration when reconstructing Precambrian biogeochemical cycles.
Pyrogallol Induces Antimicrobial Effect and Cell Membrane Disruption
on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Authors: Chew Yik-Ling , Arasi Chairunnisa , Goh Joo-Kheng 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Pyrogallol is present naturally in numerous plants. It is also an important
functional group in many polyphenol compounds.

Objectives:
The antibacterial activity, efficacy, and mechanism of pyrogallol towards MRSA
strains were evaluated.

Methods:
Microbroth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Time-kill kinetic assay was adopted
to determine the killing pattern of pyrogallol towards MRSA. The antibacterial mechanism was determined
using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
and crystal violet assay.

Results:
Pyrogallol exhibited strong antibacterial activity against MRSA with MIC and MBC 15.6
μg/mL. Pyrogallol could inhibit the exponential growth of MRSA and kill the bacterial cells at
higher concentrations. Pyrogallol was found targeting the cell membrane fatty acids, proteins/peptides,
polysaccharides/carbohydrates and peptidoglycan of cell walls in the antibacterial mechanism.
This has been confirmed through SEM, FT-IR spectroscopy and crystal violet assay.

Conclusion :
Overall, the findings suggest that pyrogallol has the potential to be used as antibiotics
which are used to treat multidrug-resistant bacteria.
ARMY SYSTEM OF THE BATTLES IN BALI IN THE PHYSICAL REVOLUTION OF THE NICA 1945-1950
Authors: Pidada Astika 
Published: May 2021

Cornellis de Houtman is a Dutch sailor who first came to meet the Balinese people. Then followed by the second Dutch visit, namely Cornellis Heemskerck. The purpose of this second visit was to bring Prince Maurits Van Nasau's letter to King Dalem Bekung at the Gelgel palace. The contents of the letter conveyed, namely stating friendship and asking for permission to trade with the king. It turned out that he received permission from Raja Dalem Bekung. In the 19th century this condition changed, the Dutch, who at first declared friendship and asked for permission to trade, instead wanted to control this island. As a result, there was resistance from the kings in Bali, and this resistance continued under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai. The weapons used by the fighters in Bali to fight against the Dutch (NICA) were of limited nature both in terms of quality and quantity. The weapons used to fight during the physical revolution in Bali were formerly owned by prayodas, aid from Java, booty belonging to the Dutch (NICA), and made by themselves. The types of weapons that were used by the fighters in Bali during the physical revolution against the Dutch (NICA), such as: Keris, sharpened bamboo, samurai, firecrackers, kitchen ashes, kentongan, yellow iron, bayonet, command knife, keki, stengun, firearms, mortars, hand grenades, carbines, bren, handguns, and heavy submachine guns (12.7). Even though the weapons they had were limited, the Dutch did not dare to underestimate the abilities of the Balinese fighters because they had experience in military education. It is proven that almost every battle was won by Balinese fighters, not a few Dutch soldiers (NICA) died during the physical revolution in Bali.
Keywords: NICA; weapons; physical revolution;
THE (VIRTUE) EPISTEMOLOGY OF POLITICAL IGNORANCE
Authors: Boult Cameron 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
One typical aim of responsibilist virtue epistemology is to employ the notion of intellectual virtue in pursuit of an ameliorative epistemology. This paper focuses on “political inquiry” as a case study for examining the ameliorative value of intellectual virtue. The main claim is that the case of political inquiry threatens to expose responsibilist virtue epistemology in a general way as focusing too narrowly on the role of individual intellectual character traits in attempting to improve our epistemic practices.
Investigating the landing kinetics factors and preparatory knee muscle activation in female handball players with and without dynamic knee valgus while performing single leg landing
Authors: Mansouri Reyhaneh , Bahrami Fariba , Rajabi Reza , Minoonejad Hooman , Kaczmarczyk Katarzyna 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Study aim: to examine the differences in landing kinetics factors (LKF) to assess the whole body stability and preparatory muscle activation (PMA) in female handball players with and without dynamic knee valgus.

Material and methods: Twenty-four professional female handball players (11 with (DKV) and 13 without (Control) dynamic knee valgus) were asked to perform three trials of a single-leg landing. LKF and surface EMG were recorded. Initial contact knee valgus angle (IC KVA), vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), confidence ellipse area of center of pressure (CEA), time to stability (TTS) and EMG from 100 ms prior to ground contact were used in the data analyses.

Results: Multivariate analyzing of LKF showed significant differences between two groups (p = 0.001) while for PMA the result was not significant (p = 0.361).

Conclusion: Altered landing mechanism considered as a predictor of non-contact knee injuries such as ACL rupture. Therefore according to current study it seems important to focus on reducing valgus angle in designing injury prevention program.
The Emergence of New States in Eastern Europe in 1918—Lessons for All of Europe
Authors: Balcer Adam 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The year of 1918 was a crucial point in the history of Europe. Its importance does not only stem from the end of World War I, but also from the establishment of new states. Eastern Europe was particularly an arena where many new states emerged after the dissolution of tsarist Russia. The abovementioned process was correlated with the outcome of World War I (the defeat of the Central Powers on the Western Front and their victory on the Eastern Front against the tsarist Russia resulting in imposing their protectorate over Eastern Europe) but simultaneously it was influenced by the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution originating from a structural crisis of Russia.
The legacy of nation-building processes, taking place in the period of 1917–1921 in the European part of the tsarist Russia— even when some of the states did not manage to survive— occupies a key role in the historical memories of those countries. The importance of this legacy originates from the fact that these states often constituted the most progressive nation-building efforts in the world. The wider context of these developments and the important interlinkages existing between them are very often unfamiliar to many Europeans today. Despite that, the state-building attempts, undertaken in Eastern Europe between 1917 and 1921, had a huge impact on the trajectory of European history. Contextualising this particular academic enquiry with the events of 1918 and benefiting from methodological advantages of process tracing, our project represents an attempt to restore (or, if necessary, build from scratch) a communicational system for sending a historical message to a wider Europe. A century after, while celebrating the Finnish, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian and Polish truly big anniversaries in 2017–2018, Europeans have already forgotten how interconnected and interlinked the 1918-bound events had been and by how much those events had affected the entire European continent as well as the international system.