bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forever Prisoners
Authors: Young Elliott 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The United States locks up more than half a million non-citizens every year for immigration-related offenses; on any given day, more than 50,000 immigrants are held in detention in hundreds of ICE detention facilities spread across the country. This book provides an explanation of how, where, and why non-citizens were put behind bars in the United States from the late nineteenth century to the present. Through select granular experiences of detention over the course of more than 140 years, this book explains how America built the world’s largest system for imprisoning immigrants. From the late nineteenth century, when the US government held hundreds of Chinese in federal prisons pending deportation, to the early twentieth century, when it caged hundreds of thousands of immigrants in insane asylums, to World Wars I and II, when the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) declared tens of thousands of foreigners “enemy aliens” and locked them up in Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) camps in Texas and New Mexico, and through the 1980s detention of over 125,000 Cuban and almost 23,000 Haitian refugees, the incarceration of foreigners nationally has ebbed and flowed. In the last three decades, tough-on-crime laws intersected with harsh immigration policies to make millions of immigrants vulnerable to deportation based on criminal acts, even minor ones, that had been committed years or decades earlier. Although far more immigrants are being held in prison today than at any other time in US history, earlier moments of immigrant incarceration echo present-day patterns.
What Is Shareholder-Driven Corporate Governance?
Authors: Anand Anita Indira 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of shareholder-driven corporate governance (SCG). SCG is a broad-based analytical concept that refers to the trend in corporate governance whereby shareholders participate in the governance reforms that public corporations adopt. Participation is defined broadly: it does not merely refer to increases in shareholders’ direct voting power; rather, it encompasses reforms that reduce opportunities for managerial entrenchment (boards and management alike) that generally increase the ability of shareholders to become involved in the day-to-day operation of the business. After setting forth the framework for analyzing shareholders’ role in today’s corporation, the chapter outlines the distinctive features of SCG, such as majority voting and proxy access. It also looks at differences in governance regimes across a number of countries and the impact of these differences on shareholders’ interests.
Delightful Horror
Authors: Frank Jason 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Edmund Burke remains one of the great theorists of the aesthetic dimensions of political life, and this chapter focuses on his account of the sublime production of political authority. Burke’s theory of the sublime identifies an instinctive “delight” that human beings take in their own subordination: it is an affective device for naturalizing order and rank in human society and the psychological foundation of such distinctive Burkean formulations as “proud submission” and “dignified obedience.” However, the French Revolution, and its enthusiastic reception by British radicals during the 1790s, occasioned a revision of Burke’s political aesthetics, whereby the sublime was no longer associated with astonishment, novelty, and ennobling disorientation, but with the gravity of an historical inheritance transmitted across time by the ancient constitution. Burke’s antirevolutionary writings mark a transition in his thinking from a political aesthetics of sublime transcendence to one of historical immanence.
The Poetics of the Barricade
Authors: Frank Jason 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the most widely disseminated iconography and symbolism of the popular will during the age of democratic revolution: the poetics of the barricade. While the insurgent barricade dates back to the sixteenth century as a defensive tactic against the forces of state repression, it was only during the nineteenth century that it acquired its distinctly modern and democratic association with popular constituent power. After the July Revolution of 1830, the barricade spread rapidly throughout Europe as a symbolic condensation of revolutionary upheaval. This chapter examines the insurgent barricade as a space that enabled a distinctive form of political subjectivization in emergent democratic contexts, one that not only materialized the boundary of the political—the defining opposition between the people and the state—but that simultaneously enacted a self-organizing manifestation of popular will. The insurgent barricade is the site of the tangible formation of a collective intention.
Worrying
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Through personal narrative, this chapter details the approximately ten days between the author’s diagnosis by Dr. T and getting results of the brain scan, called a DaTscan, which would confirm the clinical diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). During this time, his family and he traveled to New York City, where his wife was running the New York City Marathon. The author recounts his struggles with anxiety about the future, especially as concerns the burdens PD could place on his family and on his ability to continue working. The chapter concludes with a phone call from Dr. T, who confirms that the author does have Parkinson’s.
Insincerely Yours
Authors: Phelps Charles E. , Madhavan Guru 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Every known voting method can be manipulated, hence the tactic of “strategic voting.” But some voting methods are harder to manipulate than others and therefore encourage “truthful revelation” of voters’ preferences. These interact with the problems that various voting systems have (following from Chapter 4) when voters are asked to choose between more than two options. Many organizations try to deal with the “problem” of many choices by breaking every decision down into a set of “yes/no” votes. The most famous of these “parliamentary process” procedures is Robert’s Rules of Order, widely used throughout the world. Controlling the sequence of “yes/no” votes can often manipulate the outcome, which is known in political science as “agenda control.” Other ways to manipulate outcomes includes how the choices are described (“framing” effects) and the biases (either explicit or implicit) of “decision facilitators.” This chapter discusses these issues and suggests ways to avoid their being used adversely in group decision-making.
Reading Minds
Authors: Wellman Henry M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The need to understand human social life is basic to human nature and fuels a lifelong quest that began in early childhood. Key is trying to fathom people’s inner mental states—their hopes, plans, wants, thoughts, and emotions. Scientists call this developing a “theory of mind,” and Reading Minds tells the story of our journey to that understanding. Each of us step by step creates a wide-ranging theory of mind used to understand how people work. Failure to learn these steps cripples a child, and ultimately an adult, in areas as diverse as interacting socially, creating a coherent life story, enjoying drama and movies, and living on one’s own. An understanding of these steps allows us to see our shared humanity, to understand our children and our childhood selves, to teach and to learn from others, and to better navigate and make sense of our social world. Theory of mind is basic to why some become religious believers and others atheists, some become novelists and all of us love stories, why some love scary movies and some hate them. Reading Minds shows how theory of mind develops as children and how that defines us as individuals and highlights us as human. Written by a scientist—himself a parent and a grandparent—who pioneered much of the research in this field, Reading Minds fuses insider science with everyday life to cement a whole new view of ourselves, our children, and the mysteries of our social minds.
Reading Minds 101
Authors: Wellman Henry M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the vital human ability of reading minds. Every day, people try to get into the minds of other people. They observe their words and actions to figure out their thoughts, feelings, hopes, and intentions. People can also read, interpret, and communicate their own mental states. This everyday, ordinary mind reading is something people begin to learn in infancy. Indeed, researchers have found its beginnings in babies only ten or twelve months old. The chapter then presents the idea of “theory of mind,” which pervades all of childhood development and allows us to read minds. It also briefly considers individuals with autism, providing a look at what it might be like to live without a theory of mind and without mind reading.
Possible Worlds, Possible Minds
Authors: Wellman Henry M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Across the world and across history, adults have developed widely divergent beliefs about people and their minds and actions, capacities and limits. Yet, these spring from, and depart from, early childhood theories, which are remarkably similar worldwide. This chapter considers what some of these divergent beliefs about people are like and how they arise from earlier understandings. How? Universal processes and beginnings allow and propel the development of vastly different belief systems, and theory of mind plays a particularly powerful role in these processes and outcomes. Human children worldwide share a framework theory of mind even when adults’ conceptions of people are less similar worldwide than children’s. Cultures have centuries in which to develop unique understandings of persons, selves, and societies. At the same time, all of them are grounded in the same initial framework of young children.
Agreement
Authors: Mitchell Neil J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Principals delegate in order to resolve disagreements. We would be unwilling to invest energy in any sort of enterprise or activity, without a method to resolve the disputes that may arise. We grant someone the authority to interpret rules. Whether disciplining players in the NFL, deciding which country will host the soccer World Cup or settling disputes between governments in the World Trade Organization, principals turn to a dispute-resolving agent to sort it out. This chapter discusses the use of delegation to solve disagreements. Some scholars depart from principal-agent theory to use the term trustee to describe the autonomy in this type of delegation relationship, but this is an unnecessary departure. The key to controlling this agent lies in the initial selection process.
Sensitivity and Safety
Authors: Stoltz Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter undertakes a deeper dive into the post-Dharmakīrtian understanding of knowledge episodes by focusing on Buddhist attempts to ensure that accidentally true cognitions not be counted as instances of knowledge. Much of the chapter is devoted to detailing Buddhist invocations of a principle of sensitivity in order to exclude accidentally correct cognitions from the realm of knowledge. The final portion of the chapter explores the theory of perceptual discrimination that is developed by some Tibetan Buddhist epistemologists and that can be understood as a path by which to further restrict knowledge to a narrower set of true/correct cognitions.
Boundaries
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains Article I of the Colorado Constitution, which defines the state’s boundaries. The constitution adopted the boundaries established by Congress under the Organic Act establishing Colorado Territory in 1861, ignoring earlier proposals that used the continental divide as a boundary. The state’s east-west limits are defined by two meridians measured from Washington, D. C. The north-south boundaries are set at 37 and 41 degrees of north latitude. A resurvey of the 37th parallel led to New Mexico’s suit to claim a significant slice of territory, but the Supreme Court rejected the revision based on the standard rule that a resurvey does not change a boundary that has been relied on.
Distribution of Powers
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter details Article III of the Colorado Constitution, which defines distribution of powers. The article separates the powers of Colorado’s state government into three departments: legislative, executive, and judicial. The separation doctrine’s general purpose is to prevent excessive concentration of power in a single arm of government. The constitution also pursues this end by dividing legislative power between two houses, providing for an executive veto, providing for direct democracy through the initiative and the veto referendum in Article V, and establishing home rule local governments in Articles XIV and XX. A basic form of separation in American government is for the three branches to have separate officers. Otherwise, the essential issue is whether an action of one branch of state government has overstepped constitutional boundaries.
Impeachments
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter details Article XIII of the Colorado Constitution, which defines and authorizes impeachments. Section 1 provides that the house of representatives has sole power to impeach officers identified in Section 2, by majority vote of all members. The senate has sole power to try impeachments, conviction to require votes of at least two-thirds “of the senators elected.”. Section 2 provides that the governor and other state and judicial officers are subject to impeachment and removal for “high crimes or misdemeanors or malfeasance in office.” Section 3 authorizes the general assembly to pass laws for removal of “officers not liable to impeachment” for misconduct or malfeasance in office.
Corporations
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses Article XV of the Colorado Constitution, concerning corporations. Section 2 forbids special corporate charters and requires the state to have a general incorporation code. Section 3 reserves legislative power to revoke, alter, or amend the charters of private corporations. Section 5 is an antitrust rule specific to railroads, and Section 6 forbids railroads’ discrimination among customers. Section 8’s guarantees the general assembly’s power of eminent domain over property held by corporations. Section 10 requires foreign corporations doing business in the state to have a place of business and resident agent in Colorado. Section 12’s ban on retrospective laws should be read with Article II, Section 11.
Amendments
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies Article XIX of the Colorado Constitution, which concerns amendments. Section 2 authorizes the general assembly to propose amendments to the constitution by vote of two-thirds of the full membership of each house and submit them to voters for approval or rejection at the next general election. Proposals are limited to a single subject, and amendments to add provisions need a 55% vote for adoption. Section 1 authorizes the general assembly to propose and submit to voters a recommendation to hold a convention to amend the constitution. No revising convention has yet been called; three attempts failed.
Intoxicating Liquor
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines former Article XXII of the Colorado Constitution, which governed intoxicating liquor. Original Article XXII, adopted in 1916, was a statewide prohibition law. National Prohibition followed in 1920. As repeal of the national ban loomed in 1932, Article XXII was amended to repeal state prohibition. The amended article gave the general assembly broad power to regulate intoxicating liquors. Statutes delegated significant authority to local governments, but under Article XXII, state law governed any conflict. Repeal of the article in 2009 removed the source of the state’s paramount authority. This raised questions about possible home rule authority of local governments, but so far no dispute has generated a reported judicial decision.
Campaign and Political Finance
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies Article XXVIII of the Colorado Constitution, which deals with campaign and political finance. A 1996 initiative had adopted similar rules as a state statute. It was gutted by the general assembly, and Article XXVIII was adopted in reaction. The article sets contribution and spending limits on campaigns for public office and for ballot measures. It also requires disclosure of persons who make defined political expenditures and who contribute to those who make them. Groups active in politics are required to register with the state and file reports. Although no constitutional text addresses the issue, the article is interpreted to exempt home rule local governments that have adopted laws that “address the matters covered” by the article.
Schedule
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the “Schedule” of the Colorado Constitution. Transition to statehood required that territorial institutions and law be retained until expressly replaced. At the end of the original constitution, twenty-two sections under the heading of Schedule detailed how the transition should work. Although almost entirely obsolete, none has been repealed. Schedule Section 1 was invoked by enterprising defense lawyers in efforts to get their clients off on a technicality. At least one succeeded. Section 20, requiring that presidential electors “be chosen by direct vote of the people,” could be read as obsolete or as a continuing constitutional rule. It is the only section with possible relevance to a current dispute.
Young Guns and Billionaires
Authors: Popkin Samuel L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines how the Republican Party’s crackup evolved over the course of Barack Obama’s two terms as president. As divided as the GOP may have been after the 2008 presidential election, its major donors were linked in their opposition to Obama. For the first time since McCain-Feingold, the full force of conservative wealth in America was united against healthcare reform and any spending to revive the perilous economy, rescue the auto industry, or provide relief for mortgage holders. The election of the first African American president made it easy for conservative commentators on talk radio and Fox News to call Obama’s healthcare plan “reparations.” This stoked racial resentment and boosted the plans of wealthy industrialists Charles and David Koch to move Republicans further to the right. Their main organization, Americans for Prosperity, raised hundreds of millions of dollars yearly and quietly provided training, infrastructure, and funding for many of the “spontaneous” Tea Party groups that helped restore Republican control of Congress. Donors may not have been willing to give millions of dollars for compromise, but the slash-and-burn tactics of the Tea Party became a catastrophic example of overreach. The 2012 presidential nominee, Mitt Romney, got caught up in a party tilting ever more to the right; he was only given financial support for his campaign against Obama when he renounced his Massachusetts healthcare program—the model for Obamacare—and put Ryan on his ticket.
How Does It Feel to Be
Authors: Kammay Aviv 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Beatles tribute concerts are visceral, experiential, and participatory arenas of Beatles fandom. This chapter covers principal aspects and characteristics of these shows. The caricaturization of Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, and Starr in impersonation acts is traced back to its roots in film and television portrayals of the individual Beatles. Discrepancies are pointed out between the Beatles’ own irreverent tendencies in the band’s career and the stereotypes presented on the tribute show stages. Various types of simulations, reenactments, and dreamed-up fantasy scenarios featured in Beatles tribute shows are paired with the fan-driven motivations behind them. Tribute shows that break away from the typical four-men-in-wigs model are noted for creating inclusive Beatles fan spaces on and off the stage. Finally, the pursuit of musical accuracy in producing note-for-note Beatles tribute shows is examined through a consideration of the challenges and possibilities presented by material from different recording periods of the Beatles.
Goddesses, a Whore-Wife, and a Slave
Authors: Hall Edith 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that Phaedra’s false accusation of rape, laid against her stepson in Euripides’ tragedy Hippolytus, has contributed to the widespread belief that women frequently lay such false allegations. The classic status of this play, as of its famous adaptations by Seneca and Racine, has kept the story of Phaedra’s lie at the center of the cultural radar and produced many imitations in popular culture. The gender stereotype that women are unreliable witnesses and custodians of truth has, however, been challenged recently both by the philosopher Miranda Fricker and by campaigns against workplace sexual harassment. By making Phaedra in this play virtuous in other respects, compared with her portrayal in Euripides’ lost Hippolytus Veiled and that of Stheneboea in his lost Stheneboea, Euripides threw the spotlight sharply on her vindictive act of perjury. But when studying and performing these ideologically laden dramas, we must remember that they are fictions.
Power and Patronage
Authors: Penrose Jr Walter D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Artemisia II is credited by all extant ancient sources with initiating the building of the Mausoleum, the tomb of her husband and brother, Mausolus, that was listed as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Yet a number of scholars have denied Artemisia’s agency and instead given credit to her husband-brother for planning the Mausoleum. This essay seeks to rethink such trends in modern historiography while simultaneously exploring Artemisia’s motives for building the Mausoleum and throwing lavish funerary contests for Mausolus. Mausolus had been an unpopular ruler who levied heavy taxes and repressed several rebellions. After his death, Artemisia sought to rehabilitate Mausolus’ reputation to ensure her own sovereignty as the ruler of ancient Caria.