bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamical Modelling and Simulation of Spur Gears with Flank Pitch Error
Authors: Tao Lizhuang , Tian De , Tang Shize , Wu Xiaoxuan , Li Bei 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Gearbox is commonly regarded as the most important power section of wind turbines which has been widely valued for its high malfunction rate. Gear fault researches mainly include wearing, pitting, spalling, breakage, falling off, etc, while little attention was paid to tooth Flank Pitch Error(FPE). Taking a single-stage parallel shaft spur gear as the research object, an 8-DOF gear transmission model and the FPE model were established in this paper and the gear’s time-varying meshing stiffness (TVMS) models with & without tooth FPE were obtained respectively, which the dynamic models with various tooth FPE values under different rotating speeds were simulated after. The simulation results showed that the TVMS mathematical model proposed in the paper under tooth FPE is practical at both low and high rotating speeds. Under the FPE model, side-bands are formed around each multiple of meshing frequency whose peaks are distributed by a fixed fault characteristic frequency ffp interval. The gearbox vibrates severely as the tooth FPE values and rotational speed grow. The peak value of the vibration signal is about 3 times that in case of fault-free state when the FPE value reaches 0.001rad, thus the impact of FPE on gearboxes cannot be neglected.
Correlation of Synovial Tissues Protein Abundance With Age and Menopause in Osteoarthritis and Knee Joint Injury of Female Patients
Authors: Yang Xiao , Fu Zhe , ren qiuyu , Wang Shuang , Yin Shuai , Liu Jun 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
BackgroundKnee injury and osteoarthritis (OA) are common articular disorders that affect numerous people of different ages, particularly menopausal women. Epidemiological surveys conclude that ladies gain a higher prevalence of OA than men, the menopausal women even get higher morbidity. However, studies about OA animal models suggest that the animals could remain a good joint function regardless of aging and menopause; age and menopause seem to have little effect on joint function. Thus, the study aimed to explore whether age and menopause will influence the clinical recovery of a knee joint in OA and injury women and the relevant mechanism by analyzing the proteome profile of synovial tissue (ST) samples.MethodsThe routine blood test and hormone levels were detected before the surgery. The ST samples of participants were collected during the surgery and 8 ST samples were used for proteome analysis. Just the day before and one month after the surgery, scores of Visual Analogue Score (VAS), Lysholm, The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) were used for assessing the functions of the affected knee. The relationship among proteome data, aging, estrogen level, and affected knee function were analyzed. ResultsAge, menopause and disorders of the knee were related to the clinical outcomes of knee OA and injuries of female patients. Proteome data revealed that the abundance of 174 proteins in old women was statistically different from those of young women. Similarly, compared to the menopausal women, about 120 proteins were significantly changed in the samples taken from premenopausal women. 58 proteins were shown to be insignificant different amounts in ST from knee OA women compared to knee injury ones. The reactions and pathways of these proteins were analyzed and visualized.ConclusionsAge and menopause showed a certain correlation with the protein profile of ST from OA or knee injury female patients, which indicated that the protein components might be affected by age and menopause. Besides, age and menopause also influenced the clinical outcomes of these patients after surgery therapy. Aging and menopause might take part in the regulation of remaining knee joint functions via modeling the ST protein expression.
One-Year Systolic Blood Pressure Trajectory After Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Lee Keon-Joo , Kim Beom Joon , Han Moon-Ku , Kim Joon-Tae , Choi Kang Ho , Shin Dong-Ick , Cha Jae-Kwan , Kim Dae-Hyun , Kim Dong-Eog , Ryu Wi-Sun , Park Jong-Moo , Kang Kyusik , Lee Soo Joo , Oh Mi-Sun , Yu Kyung-Ho , Lee Byung-Chul , Hong Keun-Sik , Cho Yong-Jin , Choi Jay Chol , Park Tai Hwan , Park Sang-Soon , Kwon Jee-Hyun , Kim Wook-Joo , Lee Jun , Sohn Sung Il , Hong Jeong-Ho , Lee Ji Sung , Lee Juneyoung , Gorelick Philip B. , Bae Hee-Joon , Lee Kyung Bok 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Although the effect of blood pressure on post-stroke outcome is well-recognized, the long-term trajectory of blood pressure after acute ischemic stroke and its influence on outcomes have not yet been fully elucidated. From a multicenter prospective registry of acute ischemic stroke patients, 5,514 patients with measurements of systolic blood pressure (SBP) at more than 2 of 7 prespecified time-points, up to 1-year after stroke onset, were analyzed. Outcome measures, a composite of stroke recurrence, myocardial infarction and mortality, and each stroke recurrence and mortality, were prospectively collected up to 1-year after stroke onset. The study subjects were categorized into 4 groups according to their SBP trajectories: Low (27.0%), Moderate (59.5%), Persistently high (1.2%), and Slowly dropping (12.4%). After adjustments for pre-determined covariates, the Slowly dropping SBP Group was at higher risk of the composite outcome (hazard ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.05‒1.65), and mortality (1.35; 1.03‒1.78) compared to the Moderate SBP Group. Four main 1-year longitudinal SBP trajectories were identified after acute ischemic stroke. One trajectory, slowly dropping SBP, was particularly prone to adverse outcomes after stroke. These findings provide possible leads for future investigations of SBP control targets after stroke.
A Scaffold-Level Genome Assembly of the Pirate Bug, Orius Laevigatus, and a Comparative Analysis of Insecticide Resistance-Related Gene Families with Hemipteran Crop Pests
Authors: Bailey Emma , Field Linda , Rawlings Christopher , King Rob , Mohareb Fady , Pak Keywan-Hassani , Hughes David , Williamson Martin , Zimmer Christoph , Ganko Eric , Buer Benjamin , Nauen Ralf 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: The pirate bug, Orius laevigatus, is a highly effective beneficial predator of crop pests including aphids, spider mites and thrips in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. No genomic information is currently available for O. laevigatus, as is the case for the majority of beneficial predators which feed on crop pests. In contrast, genomic information for crop pests is far more readily available. The lack of publicly available genomes for beneficial predators to date has limited our ability to perform comparative analyses of genes encoding potential insecticide resistance mechanisms between crop pests and their predators. These mechanisms include several gene/protein families including cytochrome P450s (P450s), ATP binding cassette transporters (ABCs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs) and carboxyl/cholinesterases (CCEs).Methods and findings: In this study, a high-quality scaffold level de novo genome assembly for O. laevigatus has been generated using a hybrid approach with PacBio long-read and Illumina short-read data. The final assembly achieved a scaffold N50 of 125,649bp and a total genome size of 150.98Mb. The genome assembly achieved a level of completeness of 93.6% using a set of 1,658 core insect genes present as full-length genes. The assembly was annotated with 15,102 protein-coding genes - 87% of which were assigned a putative function - and the resultant gene set achieved a completeness of 84.5%. Comparative analyses revealed gene expansions of sigma class GSTs and CYP3 P450s. Conversely the UGT gene family showed limited expansion. Differences were seen in the distributions of resistance-associated gene families at the subfamily level between O. laevigatus and some of its targeted crop pests. A target site mutation in ryanodine receptors (I4790M, PxRyR) which has strong links to diamide resistance in crop pests and had previously only been identified in lepidopteran species was found to also be present in hemipteran species, including O. laevigatus. Conclusion and significance: This assembly is the first published genome for the Anthocoridae family and will serve as a useful resource for further research into target-site selectivity issues and potential resistance mechanisms in beneficial predators. Furthermore, the expansion of gene families often linked to insecticide resistance may be an indicator of the capacity of this predator to detoxify selective insecticides. These findings could be exploited by targeted pesticide screens and functional studies to increase effectiveness of IPM strategies, which aim to increase crop yields by effectively controlling pests in a sustainable and environmentally-friendly manner, without impacting beneficial predator populations.
Contribution of a Multicomponent Intervention on Functional Capacity and Independence on Activities of Daily Living in Individuals With Neurocognitive Disorder
Authors: Borges-Machado Flávia , Barros Duarte , Teixeira Laetitia , Ribeiro Óscar , Carvalho Joana 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: To examine the effects of a 6-month multicomponent (MT) exercise intervention in the functional capacity and ability to independently perform activities of daily living (ADL) of individuals diagnosed with neurocognitive disorder (NCD). Methods: A quasi-experimental controlled trial with a parallel design. This study was conducted in multicentered community-based settings. Forty-three individuals (N Female: 30) were allocated to an exercise group (EG; N: 23; mean 75.09, SD=5.54 years) or a control group (CG; N:20; mean 81.90, SD=1.33 years). The EG engaged in a 6-month MT program (60-min sessions, twice a week). Exercise sessions were divided into a warm-up, specific training (e.g., coordination and balance, lower and upper body strength, and aerobics), and cool down. Lower body function, mobility, and gait speed were evaluated through Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Timed-Up and Go test (TUG) and 6-Meter Walk test, respectively. The Barthel Index (BI) was administered to assess individuals’ ADL independence. Evaluations were performed before and after the 6-month intervention. Results: Linear Mixed Models revealed a statistically significant interaction (time X group) effect factor on SPPB (B = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.39 – 3.28, p < 0.001), TUG (B = -11.15, 95% CI: -17.23 – -5.06, p = 0.001), and 6-Meter Walk test (B = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.08 – 0.25, p < 0.001). No differences between groups or assessment moments were found in the ability of individuals to independently perform ADL.Conclusions: The 6-month MT exercise intervention improves the functional capacity of older adults living with NCD.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov – identifier number NCT04095962; retrospectively registered on 19 September 2019.
The Impact of Travelling on the COVID–19 Infection Cases in Germany
Authors: Schäfer Moritz , Wijaya Karunia Putra , Rockenfeller Robert , Götz Thomas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
COVID–19 continues to disrupt social lives and the economy of many countries and challenges their healthcare capacities. In Germany, the number of cases increased exponentially in early March 2020. As a political reaction, social restrictions were imposed by closing e.g. schools, shops, cafés and restaurants, as well as borders for travellers. This reaped success as the infection rate descended significantly in early April. In mid July, however, the numbers started to rise again. Of particular reasons was that from 15 June onwards, the travel ban has widely been cancelled or at least loosened. Here, we present an extended susceptible–exposed–infected–recovered–deceased (SEIRD) model to describe the disease dynamics in Germany, taking into account German travellers which returned infected from abroad. Epidemiological parameters like transmission rate, lethality or detection rate of infected individuals, as well as a rate measuring the impact of these travellers, were estimated by fitting the model output to available data. Parameter estimation was performed via Bayesian inference with the aid of the Monte–Carlo–based Metropolis algorithm. We found that travellers had a strong impact on the overall infection cases. Until the end of August, roughly 50,000 cases directly or indirectly related to travellers were estimated. These obviously caused even higher infection cases later on, which among other causes lead to a second wave of infection cases in late 2020. We conclude that travel restrictions are an important tool for controlling infection cases during pandemics which can still have an impact on the upcoming summer in case the currently high vaccination rates can not prevent further infection waves.
The SD-OCT Characteristics After 577nm Laser Membranotomy of Sub-inner Limiting Membrane Hemorrhage
Authors: Zhang Yongpeng , Li Jipeng , Cao Xusheng , Zhou Haiying , Jia Liyun , Ma Kai , Peng Xiaoyan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background We investigate the SD-OCT features of sub-inner limiting membrane (sub-ILM) hemorrhage after 577nm laser membranotomy. Methods The ocular fundus photography and SD-OCT of patients who received 577nm laser membranotomy for sub-ILM hemorrhage were assessed from January 2017 to March 2021 in this retrospective cases series study. Results Total of 7 patients (7 eyes) were enrolled in this study, in which 3 were female and 4 were male. The SD-OCT of ILM after laser treatment showed two distinctive features: the ILM falling back to retina (4 cases) or persistent unsealed ILM which forming premacular cavity (3 cases). The SD-OCT of macular fovea after laser treatment showed three features: normal contour (3 cases), macular hole (1 cases) and epiretinal membrane (1 case). The outer retina showed “peg-like” or “patchy-like” structure on the site of ILM attached to retina.Conclusions 577nm laser is effective in treating of sub-ILM hemorrhage and SD-OCT is effective for diagnosis and following-up of sub-ILM hemorrhage.
Manufacturing Cellulose Nanofibers Using the Water Jet Method and Their Applications
Authors: Ogura Kota 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Sugino Machine Ltd. manufactures and sells equipment for cutting, washing, atomization, and fibrillation of objects using water jet technology. By applying this technology, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have been successfully and efficiently produced. The feature of CNFs manufactured by water jet is that the crystallinity and polymerization degree do not decrease. A drying method has also been developed because CNFs are obtained in the aqueous dispersion state. Herein, we present their use as particle dispersant and reinforcing filler for natural rubber (NR) as case studies of CNF aqueous dispersion applications. When CNFs was used as a particle dispersant, good dispersion of water-repellent TiO2, diamond powder and inorganic pigment was achieved. When CNFs was used as a filler for NR, a specific reinforcing effect was realized. As an example of CNF application as dry powders, their use with a resin additive is investigated. When CNF dry powders was used as a filler for resin, a specific reinforcing effect was realized.
Shouting Strengthens Maximal Voluntary Force with Pupillary Dilation
Authors: Takarada Yudai , Nozaki Daichi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that human maximal voluntary force is generally limited by neural inhibition. Indeed, producing a shout during maximal exertion efforts enhances the force levels of maximum voluntary contractions. However, the mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of force production remain unknown. We investigated the influence of a shout on the pupil-linked neuromodulatory system state by examining pupil size. We also examined its effect on the motor system state by examining motor evoked potentials in response to transcranial magnetic stimulation applied over the contralateral primary motor cortex, and by evaluating the handgrip maximal voluntary force. Analysis showed that a shout significantly increased the handgrip maximal voluntary force, followed by an increase in pupil size and a reduction of the cortical silent period. Our results indicate that a shout can increase handgrip maximal voluntary force through the enhancement of motor cortical excitability, possibly via the enhancement of noradrenergic system activity. This study provides evidence that the muscular force-enhancing effect of a shout during maximal force exertion is related to both the motor system state and the pupil-linked neuromodulatory system state.
ULK1 Promotes Mitophagy via Phosphorylation and Stabilization of BNIP3.
Authors: Poole Logan P. , Bock-Hughes Althea , Berardi Damian E. , Macleod Kay F. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
UNC51-like kinase-1 (ULK1) is the catalytic component of the autophagy pre-initiation complex that stimulates autophagy via phosphorylation of ATG14, BECLN1 and other autophagy proteins. ULK1 has also been shown to specifically promote mitophagy but the mechanistic basis of how has remained unclear. Here we show that ULK1 phosphorylates the BNIP3 mitochondrial cargo receptor on a critical serine residue (S17) adjacent to its amino terminal LIR motif. ULK1 similarly phosphorylates BNIP3L on S35. Phosphorylation of BNIP3 on S17 by ULK1 promotes interaction with LC3 and mitophagy. ULK1 interaction also promotes BNIP3 protein stability by limiting its turnover at the proteasome. The ability of ULK1 to regulate BNIP3 protein stability depends on an intact “BH3” domain and deletion of its “BH3” domain reduces BNIP3 turnover and increases BNIP3 protein levels independent of ULK1. In summary ULK1 promotes mitophagy by both stabilization of BNIP3 protein and via phosphorylation of S17 to stimulate interaction with LC3.
No Difference In The Incidence Or Location of Deep Venous Thrombosis According To Use of Pharmacological Prophylaxis Following Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Itou Junya , Kuwashima Umito , Itoh Masafumi , Okazaki Ken 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose: The incidence and characteristics of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) without pharmacologic prophylaxis have not been fully investigated. This study aimed to determine whether there are any differences in the incidence, location, and characteristics of DVT following TKA with pharmacologic prophylaxis and without pharmacologic prophylaxis.Methods: In total, 216 consecutive knees that underwent primary TKA were retrospectively evaluated. Enoxaparin was used postoperatively for pharmacologic prophylaxis. We excluded 60 knees because of use of antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants before surgery, history of venous thromboembolism, or bleeding risk. The remaining 156 knees were included in the analysis and divided into two groups: with pharmacologic prophylaxis (n = 79) and without pharmacologic prophylaxis (n = 77).Results: The overall incidence of DVT was 34% (54/156 knees). DVT was detected in 31.6% of knees in the group with pharmacologic prophylaxis and in 37.6% of knees in the group without pharmacologic prophylaxis; the difference was not statistically significant. Soleal vein thrombus was observed in 74.6% of the knees with DVT and non-floating thrombus was observed in 98.7%.Conclusion: No differences were found in the incidence, location, or characteristics of DVT following TKA with or without pharmacological prophylaxis.
Combining Enzymatic Antioxidant Overexpression and Short-term Low Oxygen Conditioning Hormesis to Improve Performance of Gamma-irradiated Anastrepha Suspensa Males
Authors: Dias Vanessa S. , Cáceres Carlos , Parker Andrew G. , Pereira Rui , Demirbas-Uzel Güler , Abd-Alla Adly M. M. , Teets Nicholas M. , Schetelig Marc F. , Handler Alfred M. , Hahn Daniel A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is a successful autocidal control method that uses ionizing radiation to sterilize insects. Unfortunately, irradiation in normal atmospheric conditions can be damaging for males, because it generates substantial oxidative stress that, combined with mass-rearing conditions, may reduce their sexual competitiveness and quality. In this study, oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity were experimentally manipulated in Anastrepha suspensa using a combination of low-oxygen conditions and transgenic overexpression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) to evaluate the role of oxidative stress and cellular antioxidants in the sexual behavior and quality of irradiated males. Our results showed that SOD2 overexpression enhances irradiated insect quality and improves male competitiveness in leks. However, the improvements in mating performance were modest, as normoxia-irradiated SOD2 males exhibited a 22% improvement in mating success compared to normoxia-irradiated wild type males. Additionally, SOD2 overexpression did not synergistically improve the mating success of males irradiated in either hypoxia or severe hypoxia. Short-term hypoxic and severe-hypoxic conditioning hormesis, per se, increased antioxidant capacity and enhanced sexual competitiveness of irradiated males relative to non-irradiated males in leks. Our study provides valuable new information that antioxidant enzymes, particularly SOD2, have potential to improve the quality and lekking performance of sterile males used in SIT programs.
Interfering with Host Proteases in SARS-CoV-2 Entry as a Promising
Therapeutic Strategy
Authors: Müller Patrick , Maus Hannah , Hammerschmidt Stefan Josef , Knaff Philip Maximilian , Mailänder Volker , Schirmeister Tanja , Kersten Christian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract:
Due to its fast international spread and substantial mortality, the coronavirus
disease COVID-19 evolved to a global threat. Since there is currently no causative drug
against this viral infection available, science is striving for new drugs and other approaches
to treat the new disease. Studies have shown that the cell entry of coronaviruses
into host cells takes place through the binding of the viral spike (S) protein to cell receptors.
Priming of the S protein occurs via hydrolysis by different host proteases. The
inhibition of these proteases could impair the processing of the S protein, thereby affecting
the interaction with the host-cell receptors and preventing virus cell entry. Hence,
inhibition of these proteases could be a promising strategy for treatment against SARSCoV-
2. In this review, we discuss the current state of the art of developing inhibitors
against the entry proteases furin, the transmembrane serine protease type-II
(TMPRSS2), trypsin, and cathepsin L.