bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence and Effects of Ion Transfer at Active‐Material/Electrode Interfaces in Solution‐Fabricated Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Auroux Etienne , Sandström Andreas , Larsen Christian , Zäll Erik , Lundberg Petter , Wågberg Thomas , Edman Ludvig 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe light‐emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) allows for energy‐ and cost‐efficient printing and coating fabrication of its entire device structure, including both electrodes and the single‐layer active material. This attractive fabrication opportunity is enabled by the electrochemical action of mobile ions in the active material. However, a related and up to now overlooked issue is that such solution‐fabricated LECs commonly comprise electrode/active‐material interfaces that are open for transfer of the mobile ions, and it is herein demonstrated that a majority of the mobile anions in a common spray‐coated active material can transfer into a spray‐coated poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene‐sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) positive electrode during LEC operation. Since it is well established that the mobile ion concentration in the active material has a profound influence on the LEC performance, this significant ion transfer is an important factor that should be considered in the design of low‐cost LEC devices that deliver high performance.
Emerging Indoor Photovoltaic Technologies for Sustainable Internet of Things
Authors: Pecunia Vincenzo , Occhipinti Luigi G. , Hoye Robert L. Z. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Internet of Things (IoT) provides everyday objects and environments with “intelligence” and data connectivity to improve quality of life and the efficiency of a wide range of human activities. However, the ongoing exponential growth of the IoT device ecosystem—up to tens of billions of units to date—poses a challenge regarding how to power such devices. This Progress Report discusses how energy harvesting can address this challenge. It then discusses how indoor photovoltaics (IPV) constitutes an attractive energy harvesting solution, given its deployability, reliability, and power density. For IPV to provide an eco‐friendly route to powering IoT devices, it is crucial that its underlying materials and fabrication processes are low‐toxicity and not harmful to the environment over the product life cycle. A range of IPV technologies—both incumbent and emerging—developed to date is discussed, with an emphasis on their environmental sustainability. Finally, IPV based on emerging lead‐free perovskite‐inspired absorbers are examined, highlighting their status and prospects for low‐cost, durable, and efficient energy harvesting that is not harmful to the end user and environment. By examining emerging avenues for eco‐friendly IPV, timely insight is provided into promising directions toward IPV that can sustainably power the IoT revolution.
Unveiling Roles of Tin Fluoride Additives in High‐Efficiency Low‐Bandgap Mixed Tin‐Lead Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Qiyu , Luo Jincheng , He Rui , Lai Huagui , Ren Shengqiang , Jiang Yiting , Wan Zhenxi , Wang Wenwu , Hao Xia , Wang Ye , Zhang Jingquan , Constantinou Iordania , Wang Changlei , Wu Lili , Fu Fan , Zhao Dewei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLow‐bandgap mixed tin–lead perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been attracting increasing interest due to their appropriate bandgaps and promising application to build efficient all‐perovskite tandem cells, an effective way to break the Shockley–Queisser limit of single‐junction cells. Tin fluoride (SnF2) has been widely used as a basis along with various strategies to improve the optoelectronic properties of low‐bandgap SnPb perovskites and efficient cells. However, fully understanding the roles of SnF2 in both films and devices is still lacking and fundamentally desired. Here, the functions of SnF2 in both low‐bandgap (FASnI3)0.6(MAPbI3)0.4 perovskite films and efficient devices are unveiled. SnF2 regulates the growth mode of low‐bandgap SnPb perovskite films, leading to highly oriented topological growth and improved crystallinity. Meanwhile, SnF2 prevents the oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+ and reduces Sn vacancies, leading to reduced background hole density and defects, and improved carrier lifetime, thus largely decreasing nonradiative recombination. Additionally, the F− ion preferentially accumulates at hole transport layer/perovskite interface with high SnF2 content, leading to more defects. This work provides in‐depth insights into the roles of SnF2 additives in low‐bandgap SnPb films and devices, assisting in further investigations into multiple additives and approaches to obtain efficient low‐bandgap PSCs.
Water Oxidation under Modal Ultrastrong Coupling Conditions Using Gold/Silver Alloy Nanoparticles and Fabry–Pérot Nanocavities
Authors: Suganami Yoshiki , Oshikiri Tomoya , Shi Xu , Misawa Hiroaki 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe developed a photoanode consisting of Au‐Ag alloy nanoparticles (NPs), a TiO2 thin film and a Au film (AATA) under modal strong coupling conditions with a large splitting energy of 520 meV, which can be categorized into the ultrastrong coupling regime. We fabricated a photoanode under ultrastrong coupling conditions to verify the relationship between the coupling strength and photoelectric conversion efficiency and successfully performed efficient photochemical reactions. The AATA photoanode showed a 4.0 % maximum incident photon‐to‐current efficiency (IPCE), obtained at 580 nm, and the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) was 4.1 %. These results were attributed to the high hot‐electron injection efficiency due to the larger near‐field enhancement and relatively negative potential distribution of the hot electrons. Furthermore, hybrid mode‐induced water oxidation using AATA structures was performed, with a Faraday efficiency of more than 70 % for O2 evolution.
Oxygen Vacancy‐Driven Reversible Free Radical Catalysis for Environment‐Adaptive Cancer Chemodynamic Therapy
Authors: Yuan Xi , Wang Linlin , Hu Miaomiao , Zhang Lili , Chen Hong , Zhang Dailiang , Wang Zhimin , Li Ting , Zhong Minjuan , Xu Liujun , Wang Dan , Liu Yanlan , Tan Weihong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAmplifying free radical production by chemical dynamic catalysis to cause oxidative damage to cancer cells has received extensive interest for cancer‐specific therapy. The major challenge is inevitable negative modulation on the tumor microenvironment (TME) by these species, hindering durable effectiveness. Here we show for the first time an oxygen vacancy‐rich Bi‐based regulator that allows environment‐adaptive free radical catalysis. Specifically, the regulator catalyzes production of highly toxic O2.− and .OH in cancer cells via logic enzymatic reactions yet scavenges accumulation of free radicals and immunosuppressive mediators in TME‐associated noncancerous cells. Atomic‐level mechanistic studies reveal that such dual‐modal regulating behavior is dominated by oxygen vacancies that well fit for free radical catalytic kinetics, along with distinguished cellular fates of this regulator. With this smart regulator, a “two birds with one shot” cancer dynamic therapy can be expected.
Investigation of the hardener with latent and rapid curing based on phenol‐amine salts for applications to cyanate ester resins
Authors: Ueyama Junji , Ogawa Ryo , Tsuge Akihiko , Endo Takeshi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe have developed the curing agents that have good storage stability for cyanate ester resins. It should be noted that these agents can be given rapid and efficient curing at low temperatures around 100°C. Even though the nucleophilicity was reduced by a phenol‐amine salts consisting of basic aliphatic amines and weakly acidic phenols, the curing reaction with the cyanate ester occurred immediately. It means that the control of the curing reaction with cyanate esters is not easy due to the equilibrium between phenol and amine. In order to overcome this difficultly cyanate esters reactivity, the molecular motions suppression by polymer was applied in addition to the phenol‐amine salts. The effect of the suppression for hardeners was studied in terms of the storage stability and reactivity to cyanate esters. It has been found out that PSM‐EPEDA composed of ethylenediamine‐epoxy adducts and novolac phenolic resin exhibits a large storage stability against cyanate esters by its effective suppression of molecular motions accompanied with efficient and rapid curing around 100°C.
Average‐tempered stable subordinators with applications
Authors: Xia Weixuan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this article, the running average of a subordinator with a tempered stable distribution is considered. We investigate a family of previously unexplored infinite‐activity subordinators induced by the probability distribution of the running average process and determine their jump intensity measures. Special cases including gamma processes and inverse Gaussian processes are discussed. Then we derive easily implementable formulas for the distribution functions, cumulants, and moments, as well as provide explicit estimates for their asymptotic behaviors. Numerical experiments are conducted for illustrating the applicability and efficiency of the proposed formulas. Two important extensions of the running average process and its equi‐distributed subordinator are subsequently examined, with concrete applications to structural degradation modeling with memory and financial derivatives pricing in the presence of enhanced asymmetric leptokurtic feature, where their advantages relative to various existing models are highlighted together with the mention of Euler discretization and compound Poisson approximation techniques.
Neutron star collisions and gravitational waves
Authors: Hanauske Matthias , Weih Lukas R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe long‐awaited detection of a gravitational wave from the merger of a binary neutron star in August 2017 (GW170817) marked the beginning of the new field of multi‐messenger gravitational wave astronomy. By exploiting the extracted tidal deformations of the two neutron stars from the late inspiral phase of GW170817, it was possible to constrain several global properties of the equation of state of neutron star matter. By means of fully general‐relativistic hydrodynamic simulations, it is possible to get an insight into the hydrodynamic evolution of matter and into the structure of the space–time deformation caused by the remnant of binary neutron star merger. Neutron star mergers represent an optimal astrophysical laboratory to investigate the phase transition from confined hadronic matter to deconfined quark matter. With future gravitational wave detectors, it will most likely be possible in the near future to investigate the hadron‐quark phase transition by analyzing the spectrum of the post‐merger gravitational wave of the differentially rotating hypermassive hybrid star. In contrast to hypermassive neutron stars, these highly differentially rotating objects contain deconfined strange quark matter in their slowly rotating inner region.
A rapid aptamer‐based fluorescence assay for the detection of lipopolysaccharides using SYBR Green I
Authors: N. K. Radhika , Kamali R. Vishaalini , Gorthi Sai Siva 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLipopolysaccharides (endotoxins), found on Gram‐negative bacteria, can trigger a severe immune response in humans leading to septic shock and in extreme cases, even death. Therefore, the detection and neutralization of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is of utmost importance in the pharmaceutical and medical industries. The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) recommended detection method for LPS, the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, is expensive, time consuming, complex, and is prone to interference from proteases. As an alternative, this paper proposes a rapid, label‐free fluorescence‐based assay using LPS‐specific aptamers and the SYBR Green DNA stain. The proposed method has a detection limit of 0.1 ng/ml, which is sufficient to detect the permissible levels of LPS in many pharmaceutical drugs and medical products. The fluorescence signal was found to be a linear function of the concentration of LPS in the range from 0.1 ng/ml to 105 ng/ml.
Juvenile homicide offenders: Why they were involved in serious crime
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe perpetration of murders by juveniles (individuals under age 18) has been a serious concern in the United States since the 1960s. As a result of four decisions by the United States Supreme Court during the 21st century, the likelihood that juvenile homicide offenders will be released back into society is substantially higher than it was in the year 2000. Given these changes in sentencing policies and practices, understanding why youths under 18 engage in homicidal behavior is more important than ever for two reasons: to prevent juveniles from killing in the first place and to determine whether their reasons for killing are related to post‐release outcome. This research is a part of a 35‐year follow‐up study of 59 boys, age 14 to 17, who were convicted of murder or attempted murder, and sentenced to adult prisons in a southeastern state. Twenty of these men discussed the reasons for their involvement in murder in person in a second interview conducted by the author 35 years after her first interview with them. These men's reasons for engaging in serious homicidal behavior reflected both psychological and sociological factors. Although the type of explanation for criminal involvement was not significantly related to post‐release outcome, some interesting patterns were discernible. The implications of these findings, limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Render‐based factorization for additive light field display
Authors: Deng Nianchen , He Zhenyi , Yang Xubo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAugmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) applications enable viewers to experience 3D graphics immersively. However, current hardware either fails to provide multiple viewpoints like projectors or cause conflicts between vergence and accommodation like consumable headsets. Prior researchers have designed multi‐view displays to solve the problem by enabling view‐dependent images and focus cues. Nevertheless, it requires minutes to calculate one frame, which is critical for real‐time AR/VR applications. In this paper, we propose a new render‐based factorization for additive light field display and further improve the performance by optimizing the initialization of layers. We next compare our work with the state of the art and the results show that our solution has competitive results while the calculation takes less than 20 ms for each frame.
Carbon Monoxide is an Inhibitor of HIF Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain 2
Authors: Mbenza Naasson M. , Nasarudin Nawal , Vadakkedath Praveen G. , Patel Kamal , Ismail A. Z. , Hanif Muhammad , Wright L. James , Sarojini Vijayalekshmi , Hartinger Christian G. , Leung Ivanhoe K. H. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHypoxia‐inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2) is an important oxygen sensor in animals. By using the CO‐releasing molecule‐2 (CORM‐2) as anin situCO donor, we demonstrate that CO is an inhibitor of PHD2. This report provides further evidence about the emerging role of CO in oxygen sensing and homeostasis.
The Allegra transcatheter heart valve: Short term results from a multicenter registry
Authors: Wolfrum Mathias , Moccetti Federico , Piuhola Jarkko , Lehtola Heidi , Baz José Antonio , Iñiguez Andrés , van Nunen Lokien X. , Tonino Pim A. L. , Niemelä Matti , Toggweiler Stefan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectivesWe aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of the Allegra transcatheter heart valve (THV) for the treatment of severe aortic valve stenosis in a large patient population treated under real‐world conditions.BackgroundThe Allegra is a novel self‐expanding THV with supra‐annular bovine leaflets. The valve is available in three different sizes (23, 27, and 31 mm), all are delivered through an 18F sheath.MethodsConsecutive patients undergoing TAVR with the Allegra THV were enrolled in a multicenter‐registry. Data were collected throughout initial hospital‐stay and at 30‐day follow‐up. Clinical endpoints were defined according to the updated definitions of the Valve‐Academic‐Research‐Consortium.ResultsThis registry included 255 patients (mean age 83 ± 6 years, 48% women) from four European centers. Median European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II score (EuroSCORE II) was 3.3% (IQR 1.9–5.8%). Acute device success was 95.7%. The remaining 11 patients had either moderate paravalvular regurgitation immediately after the procedure (7 patients) or the device could not be optimal positioned requiring implantation of a second THV (4 patients). Major vascular complications and major/life‐threatening bleedings occurred in 10 (3.9%) and 12 (4.7%) patients, respectively. At 30 day follow‐up, mean effective orifice area was 2.2 ± 0.5 cm2, mean gradient was 6.9 ± 3.8 mmHg, 7 (3.3%) patients had more than mild paravalvular leakage, 3 patients (1.2%) had died, 6 patients (2.4%) had a stroke and 30 (12.8%) patients had required implantation of a new permanent pacemaker.ConclusionsTransfemoral implantation of the Allegra THV resulted in favorable clinical and echocardiographic outcomes during hospitalization and short‐term follow up.
Ein experimentell‐numerischer Ansatz zur Entwicklung von Staubfreisetzungsfunktionen
Authors: Woschny Nadja , Schulz Daniel , Kruggel‐Emden Harald , Schmidt Eberhard 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBei der Beanspruchung von Schüttgütern werden durch den Energieeintrag Partikeln freigesetzt, die dann fein verteilt in der Luft vorliegen. Dies ist sowohl aus prozess‐ als auch aus sicherheitstechnischen Gründen ein zu vermeidender Vorgang. Daher soll in dem hier geschilderten Forschungsvorhaben auf experimenteller und parallel dazu auf numerischer Ebene eine Berechnungsmethode zur Vorhersage der während eines Prozessschritts aufkommenden Staubemissionen entwickelt werden. So können erforderliche Gegenmaßnahmen vor dem Bau und Betrieb einer Anlage zur Schüttgutverarbeitung vorgenommen werden.
Internal Illumination to Overcome the Cell Density Limitation in the Scale‐up of Whole‐Cell Photobiocatalysis
Authors: Hobisch Markus , Spasic Jelena , Malihan‐Yap Lenny , Barone Giovanni Davide , Castiglione Kathrin , Tamagnini Paula , Kara Selin , Kourist Robert 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCyanobacteria have the capacity to use photosynthesis to fuel their metabolism, which makes them highly promising production systems for the sustainable production of chemicals. Yet, their dependency on visible light limits the cell‐density, which is a challenge for the scale‐up. Here, it was shown with the example of a light‐dependent biotransformation that internal illumination in a bubble column reactor equipped with wireless light emitters (WLEs) could overcome this limitation. Cells of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 expressing the gene of the ene‐reductase YqjM were used for the reduction of 2‐methylmaleimide to (R)‐2‐methylsuccinimide with high optical purity (>99 % ee). Compared to external source of light, illumination by floating wireless light emitters allowed a more than two‐fold rate increase. Under optimized conditions, product formation rates up to 3.7 mm h−1 and specific activities of up to 65.5 U gDCW−1 were obtained, allowing the reduction of 40 mm 2‐methylmaleimide with 650 mg isolated enantiopure product (73 % yield). The results demonstrate the principle of internal illumination as a means to overcome the intrinsic cell density limitation of cyanobacterial biotransformations, obtaining high reaction rates in a scalable photobioreactor.
Short‐term exposure to silicon rapidly enhances plant resistance to herbivory
Authors: Waterman Jamie M. , Cibils‐Stewart Ximena , Cazzonelli Christopher I. , Hartley Susan E. , Johnson Scott N. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSilicon (Si) can adversely affect insect herbivores, particularly in plants that evolved the ability to accumulate large quantities of Si. Very rapid herbivore‐induced accumulation of Si has recently been demonstrated, but the level of protection against herbivory this affords plants remains unknown.Brachypodium distachyon, a model Si hyperaccumulating grass, was exposed to the chewing herbivore,Helicoverpa armigera,and grown under three conditions: supplied Si over 34 d (+Si), not supplied Si (−Si), or supplied Si once herbivory began (−Si → +Si). We evaluated the effectiveness of each Si treatment at reducing herbivore performance and measured Si‐based defenses and phenolics (another form of defense often reduced by Si). Although Si concentrations remained lower, within 72 h of exposure to Si, −Si → +Si plants were as resistant to herbivory as +Si plants. Both +Si and −Si → +Si treatments reduced herbivore damage and growth, and increased mandible wear compared to −Si. After 6 h, herbivory increased filled Si cell density in −Si → +Si plants, and within 24 h, −Si → +Si plants reached similar filled Si cell densities to +Si plants, although decreased phenolics only occurred in +Si plants. We demonstrate that plants with short‐term Si exposure can rapidly accumulate Si‐based antiherbivore defenses as effectively as plants with long‐term exposure.
Diagnosis of wild‐type transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy in Japan: red‐flag symptom clusters and diagnostic algorithm
Authors: Inomata Takayuki , Tahara Nobuhiro , Nakamura Kazufumi , Endo Jin , Ueda Mitsuharu , Ishii Tomonori , Kitano Yoshinobu , Koyama Jun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWild‐type transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTRwt‐CM) is caused by the deposition of wild‐type transthyretin (TTR) amyloid fibrils in the heart. The age at diagnosis of ATTRwt‐CM is reported to be approximately 70–80 years, and patients commonly present with non‐disease‐specific cardiac abnormalities, such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and diastolic dysfunction. The disease can be fatal if left untreated, with an approximate survival of 3–5 years from diagnosis. An oral TTR stabilizer, tafamidis, has enabled early intervention for the treatment of ATTRwt‐CM. However, awareness of ATTRwt‐CM remains low, and misdiagnosis and a delay in diagnosis are common. This review discusses the epidemiology, characteristics, treatment strategy, and red‐flag symptoms and signs of ATTRwt‐CM based on the published literature, as well as recent advances in diagnostic modalities that enable early and accurate diagnosis of the disease. We also discuss an algorithm for early and accurate diagnosis of ATTRwt‐CM in daily clinical practice. In our diagnostic algorithm, a suspected diagnosis of ATTRwt‐CM should be triggered by unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which is LVH that cannot be explained by an increased afterload due to hypertension or valvular disease. In addition, heart failure symptoms, laboratory test results (N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide, high‐sensitivity troponin T, or high‐sensitivity troponin I), electrocardiogram and imaging (echocardiogram or cardiac magnetic resonance) data, age (≥60 years), and medical history suggestive of ATTRwt‐CM (e.g. carpal tunnel syndrome) should be examined. Detailed examinations using bone scintigraphy and monoclonal protein detection tests followed by tissue biopsy, amyloid typing, and TTR genetic testing are warranted for a definite diagnosis of ATTRwt‐CM.