bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Air Pollutions Caused by Exhaust Gases Emitted from Gasoline Vehicles in Erbil City
Authors: Barwari Ramzi Raphael Ibraheem 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The environmental pollution caused by exhaust gas during parking in Erbil City’s Periodic Vehicle Inspection (PVI) was studied. The purpose of this research is to measure vehicle exhaust emissions from Erbil (PVI) gasoline vehicles. Tested the carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of gasoline vehicles. The statistical results show that there are significant differences between emission rates based on vehicle characteristics (such as fuel type, model year, engine fuel supply system, and regular maintenance). In addition, these factors will also affect the emission level test results based on the Iraqi vehicle emission standards. In addition, the emissions of these exhaust gases also depend on factors such as engine combustion design and operating conditions, fuel grade, lubricants, local road conditions and other factors, and continue to affect the concentration of pollutants emitted by vehicles (such as carbon dioxide and unburned hydrocarbons) These pollutants are very toxic to the human body and cause environmental pollution. Accurate estimates of pollutant emissions are needed to ensure proper design and implementation of air quality plans. Emission factors (EFs) are empirical functions between pollutant emissions and their activities. In this review article, in connection with the development of EFs found in emission models used to generate emission inventories, techniques for measuring emissions from road vehicles are studied. The emission measurement technologies covered include those most widely used for road vehicle emission data collection, namely chassis and engine dynamometer measurements, remote sensing, road tunnel research, and portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). The main advantages and disadvantages of each method with regard to emission modeling are presented. It also reviews ways in which EF can be derived from test data, with a clear distinction between data obtained under controlled conditions (engine and chassis dynamometer measurements using standard driving cycles) and measurements under real conditions.
The Effect of Different Transient Trigger Methods on the Performance of Double Controlled Hydraulic System
Authors: Mery Hadi O , Hassan Jafer M , Ekaid Ali L 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Most of pressurized liquid pipelines are threatened by the hazards of a physical phenomenon that likely occurred in the hydraulic system when flow characteristic is rapidly changed. This change will make local energy imbalance which induced pressure wave travelling along the hydraulic system. Further, many devices are designed to control the hydraulic transients event. But, these devices still have incomplete performance because they dont be verified under different transient trigger conditions. In this paper, the performance of double controlled hydraulic system is verified by changing the transient trigger methods. Where, the double control of this system consisting of air vessel and HDPE forward configuration bypass. Moreover, four transients trigger scenarios are performed in this study and the performance of the hydraulic system for each scenario is investigated experimentally and numerically. Further, the experiments are revealed that the performance of hydraulic control system is highly affected by the way of the hydraulic transient is generated. Finally, the experimental and numerical results are well convergent by a total percentage is (92%).
Computer Vision for Elderly Care Based on Deep Learning CNN and SVM
Authors: Oudah M , Al-Naji A , Chahl J 
Published: July 2021

AbstractComputer vision has wide application in medical sciences such as health care and home automation. This study on computer vision for elderly care is based on a Microsoft Kinect sensor considers an inexpensive, three dimensional, non-contact technique, that is comfortable for patients while being highly reliable and suitable for long term monitoring. This paper proposes a hand gesture system for elderly health care based on deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) that is used to extract features and to classify five gestures according to five categories using a support vector machine (SVM). The proposed system is beneficial for elderly patients who are voiceless or deaf-mute and unable to communicate with others. Each gesture indicates a specific request such as “Water”, “Meal”, “Toilet”, “Help” and “Medicine” and translates as a command sending to a Microcontroller circuit that sends the request to the caregiver’s mobile phone via the global system for mobile communication (GSM). The system was tested in an indoor environment and provides reliable outcomes and a useful interface for older people with disabilities in their limbs to communicate with their families and caregivers.
Design and Implementation of Upper Prosthetic Controlled remotely by Flexible Sensor Glove
Authors: Zaidan Alaa Hussein , Wail Mousa K. , Yaseen Amer Atta 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The structuring and the employment for a wireless prosthetic hand adjusted by a flex sensor has been suggested. The prosthetic hand has been constructed for emulating the individual arm motion utilizing a hand mitt. The hand mitt subsists of 5 flexible sensors concerning overseeing the finger motions. The animator’s design utilized to prosthetic arm has servo-motors. The fingers motions are adjusted utilizing wires which operate similarly to the tissue for an individual hand. The prosthetic hand dominates from a faraway position utilizing using remotely unit. Prosthetic hand-design equipped with many sensors; these sensors make the prosthetic hand more intelligent. The first sensor is the force sensor resistance. The second sensor is an infrared temperature sensor. This hand contains many medical applications that can be modified to become wearable for people with missing upper limbs, and the possibility of being used by doctors to perform surgeries remotely within the specified range or much further by connecting it to the internet system in addition to industrial and military applications, which is practical and low-cost. Practically tested to imitate human hand freedom movements and holding with high accuracy.
Evaluation of photovoltaic potential application in urban environments using GIS-based method: the particular case of Baghdad / Iraq
Authors: Ibraheem Israa Fadhil , Al-Jaafari Mamoon A A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper aims to develop a multi-criteria technique that originated in Geo-Information Systems ( GIS), horizontal radiation data and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) to discover the installation potential of photovoltaic systems in an urban area and assess the output of yearly generation of electricity. In a small area in the center of Baghdad (Iraq), data that were obtained from LIDAR provide a precise representation of the urban environments through the development of a Digital Surface Model (DSM) that was utilized for computing the degree of the roofs of building local inclination and orientation using the impact of shadow for the different elements (other construction and trees). The paper introduces the possibility of distinguishing two forms of roof: for the first one, PV panels were situated parallel with the roofs, while for the second, the optimum position was obtained through the utilization of the structures to mount them. For the second case, the self-shading was considered. Incident radiation on the surface of panels is computed using a geometric technique that depends on horizontal radiation per hour, including direct and diffuse components. Finally, the evaluation of the effective production also includes panels efficiency and various sources of waste, particularly temperature.
Enhancing the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete using mono and hybrid fibers
Authors: Ismael Tuqa M , Mohammed Shatha D 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This investigation aims to study some properties of lightweight aggregate concrete reinforced by mono or hybrid fibers of different sizes and types. In this research, the considered lightweight aggregate was Light Expanded Clay Aggregate while the adopted fibers included hooked, straight, polypropylene, and glass. Eleven lightweight concrete mixes were considered, These mixes comprised of; one plain concrete mix (without fibers), two reinforced concrete mixtures of mono fiber (hooked or straight fibers), six reinforced concrete mixtures of double hybrid fibers, and two reinforced concrete mixtures of triple hybrid fibers. Hardened concrete properties were investigated in this study. Generally, mono and hybrid fiber specimens showed a significant increase in the splitting tensile strength compared to the plain specimen while they had a slight improvement in compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. The outcomes of the experimental results illustrated that hybrid fibers had the most significant advanced effect on concrete hardened properties. Moreover; the optimization procedure revealed that the best performance in terms of maximum mechanical properties achieved in the mixture reinforced by hybrid fibers[straight + hooked + glass]. The maximum achieved advantage reached (14.18%), (91.97%), and (36.70%) for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity respectively.
Evaluation of the factors affecting for selection the optimal site for construction & demolition waste recycling
Authors: Mohammed Al-Dhaheri Salman A , Burhan Abbas M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Iraq suffers from a large proportion of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) not exploited and causes a lot of environmental and health problems, therefore it is necessary to recycle this waste. The researcher used five point Likert scale to find out the degree of influence for the concluded factors on choosing an optimum site for recycling (C&DW) in Baghdad Governorate. The researcher received 40 of (44) distributed questionnaire. The results showed that all factors have a high (RII). The sequences of the main and sub-factors in terms of the importance were environmental: (distance to surface water, distance to reserves and natural attraction areas, distance to natural and national parks, distance to airports, distance to the military bases), economical: (the distance to the secondary sorting sites for (C&DW), the distance to the sanitary landfill of (C&DW), the distance from the highway taboo, land ownership, the distance to the rail network, the distance to the areas which constructed more than 50 years ago, the distance to the quarries in the region, the degree of inclination or slope of the land), social: (distance to the population groupings, distance to cultural and religious milestones, distance to historical monuments), technical: (available land area, land type).
Review on applications of RAP in civil engineering
Authors: Al-Shujairi Abbas O , Al-Taie Abbas J , Al-Mosawe Hasan M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The use of “Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement” waste (RAP) has begun to be needful in different industries. These industries works needs more development and new infrastructure construction. The roads, highways, airports, etc. are among these infrastructures. As a result, huge quantities of RAP waste are generated and require special processes including reuse and recycle. Such processes for RAP reduce the quantities of this waste and, also, reduce the consumption of the energy. Recycling RAP material has been utilized in a way that covers large civil engineering applications, e.g., roadbed layers, road surfacing, bituminous mixtures, road shoulders as embankment, back-filling material, retaining walls, slope protection, landfill capping systems, pothole filler material, and drainage works. In this paper, the definition of RAP, properties affecting the efficiency of the RAP, and factors controlling the recycling of RAP has been presented. Typical ranges and average properties of RAP has been summarized and presented. The applications of RAP in the construction of roadbed layers and the design of bituminous mixtures have been discussed with typical RAP contents. It appears that the basic properties of RAP are varied widely from country to others. RAP waste is accepted by civil engineers to improve roadbed layers and asphalt mixture design.
The percentage of humanization in the main walkway of the old city of Najaf, using GIS technique
Authors: Hadi Dhuha Waheed , Alwan Kareem Hassan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The realization of the concept of humanizing cities was linked to the study of pedestrian behaviors and needs. Since the street was the first element of the urban space that defined the Old City, were used as multi-use spaces to include places of shopping, meeting, work and picnic. However, with the rapid and changing development in human needs, the streets lost some of their functional and urban characteristics, and thus affected the extent of them being an urban space for pedestrians. In this regard, the research examines the principles of humanization of cities, include (connectivity, accessibility, mixed land use, comfort, protection, attraction, vitality, and human scale). The purpose of the research is to find out the old city center of Najaf can be considered a humane pedestrian-friendly city And calculate the ratio of its areas. The research identifies six main streets in the city center as a case study, namely Street (Al-Khournak, Al-Sadiq, Al-Tusi, Zain Al-Abidin, Al-Rasoul, and The big market). The study uses the (GIS) technique to determine the percentage of these features the street provides. Concludes that the pedestrian streets of the study area differ in the percentage that achieves the principles of humanism, as it needs improvement.
Reinforced Concrete Curved Beams in Literature
Authors: Khaleel Wisam H. , Dawood Asala A. , Abdul-Razzaq Khattab S. , Talal Abdullah A. , Al-Karawi Sultan N. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The current paper presents a review of some previous experimental and theoretical studies concerning reinforced concrete (RC) curved or ring beams, behavior and strength. Due to curvature, it is necessary to include torsional effects in the analysis and design. The most effective parameters worth to be reviewed are; ring diameter, number of supports, width of beam, concrete compressive strength, and width of bearing plate. There are different analysis methods to estimate the load capacity and behavior in addition to finite element analysis. From the previous studies it was concluded that increasing ring diameter decreases the load capacity, while increasing number of supports, width of beam, concrete compressive strength, and width of bearing plate increases the load capacity due to the increase in beam section or its properties. RC ring beams fail in flexure, while the deep ring beams fail in shear in a manner similar to straight beams. Plastic analysis and strut and tie model (STM) are useful tools to analyze curved or ring deep beams effectively. Furthermore, the three-dimensional, nonlinear finite element modelling is ideal for predicting the behavior of RC curved deep beams.
Productivity enhancement through coating of core box - A Review
Authors: Bhuvaneswari V , Amarnath V , Balaji D , Andrew Meshach H , Aravinth A , Dineshkumar S , Saravanan V S 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Coating of core box is normally done to enhance the surface finish of the cast component. Thermal resistance among the molten metal and mould is balance by means of mould. It is used to decrease the temperature effect through the sand. Increase in temperature effect results the following failures like, formation of pattern lines; penetrate to metal, outer layer formation, corrosion which creates failure to the surface. Major contribution of core box coating is to minimize or eliminate the above-mentioned issues. In order to enhance the coating technology first we need to go through the various types of core, core box and existing coating technology. In this review, the above-mentioned topics are discussed with enough samples for easy understanding.
Laboratory Study of Residual Oil Mobilization by Induce Vibration in Porous Media
Authors: Abdulkareem Ali Nooruldeen , Hussien Mudhfer Yacoub , Mashkoor Hanoon H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The evolution of techniques required to mobilize reservoir fluids at critical saturation is important because of global petroleum needs because of the necessity to conserve the underground water that deteriorated because of the slowness of persistent organic pollutants’ dismantling. The acoustic waves of low-frequency are one of these methods, but the absence of understanding of the vibration effect to displace Oil prevents vibration application in the field until recently. This paper proves that oil permeability increased when the vibration induced in porous media; vibration makes resorting to the rock grains, which stimulates passage for liquid moving through the reservoir. The capillary pressure and reservoir pressure should be taken into consideration to make optimum validation for vibration stimulation.
50mv/Bar Sensitivity; Piezoresistive MEMS Altimeter Design for The Agricultural Drones
Authors: Sunkari Prathyusha , Sharma Avinash , Sushanth Babu M , Undrakonda Jyothsna , Ijjada Sreenivasa Rao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The technology innovations and adoptions outbreaks in the field of agriculture for the ease of forming and productivity improvement. Particularly, drones usage in this sector is very necessary for several activities like spraying pesticides and monitoring the crop growth all over the farm without human intervention. Earlier, the rules of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Sheldon the use of drones for the form fields. Now, the FAA liberalized their guidelines in order to encourage the technology to be part of the farming. Usually, drones should be operated at a specific altitude and thedrones flying above 130m from the ground level having security and privacy concerns. Hence, in order measure altitude of the drone, Micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) based Altimetry pressure sensors usually preferred in the drone, but in order to decrease the payload of the drone, a miniaturized MEMS based altimetry pressure sensor with high figure of merit design are highly need. In this paper, an attempt is made to design an Edge Centric Polycrystalline Piezoresistive MEMS(ECPP-MEMS) pressure sensor of 1000µm x 1000µm square structure, 1µm membrane thickness and X shaped strain gauge to achieve the sensitivity of 50mV/bar. This model should support to measure the pressure at low altitude ( < 50m above sea level) in the pressure range of 0.1-1 bar at ambient temperature.
Corrigendum: Formation of corundum-rich alumina coatings on low-carbon steel by plasma electrolytic oxidation (2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater Sci Eng. 1147 012007)
Authors: Simchen F , Masoud-Nia N , Mehner T , Lampke T 
Published: July 2021

The surface area of the test sample depicted in figure 2 was calculated wrong (without the contribution of the lateral area). Thats why the current densities in Table 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5 were wrong also. We adjusted the mentioned article elements as well as the corresponding statement within the abstract:
As a result of this, it was possible to obtain alumina layers of 80 micrometers in thickness, with a high corundum content of approximately 50 to 90%, after 37 minutes of treatment time, at a current density below 10 (instead of 25) A/dm2 on C8C-steel.
Morphology, nano-mechanical properties and bending fracture stress of hind leg material of Cybister japonicus beetle
Authors: Yang Zhixian , Zhang Ming , Zhang Chao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Biomaterials are complex composites with hierarchical structure and multi-function. The mechanical properties of biomaterials are often outstanding, especially considering their weak constituents. After evolving for millions of years to adapt to water surroundings, the diving beetles Cybister japonicus possess a pair of relatively large flattened hind legs which are optimized for sliding and rowing functions for swimming. In this paper, the morphology and microstructures of the hind leg biomaterial of Cybister japonicus are observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The nano-mechanical properties of the hind leg cuticle are measured with a nano-indentation system and the bending fracture stress is investigated by employing a multi-functional mechanical properties testing machine. The results of this study provide an appropriate biological pattern for the structural design of novel advanced lightweight composites with high specific strength.
Effects of fuel cost and driving behaviors on operational costs of gasoline and electric vehicles in the US
Authors: Schmidt Isaac , Grubert Emily 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Internal combustion engine vehicles have long dominated personal vehicle sales in the United States. As electric vehicles gain market share, understanding fuel costs of gasoline versus electric vehicles (EVs) is increasingly relevant for potential buyers and for researchers. In particular, understanding the influence of fuel price volatility on fuel costs is of interest. Although it is well known that fueling an EV is cheaper than fueling a gasoline vehicle, costs are less commonly expressed in explicit spatially and temporally resolved terms. This note presents an Excel model that includes state-specific gasoline and residential electricity price data for US states between 2015–2020, including both average overall electricity prices and lowest-cost time-of-use electricity rates (measured over a consecutive 8-hour potential residential charging period) for each state. This model, which we call the Fuel Cost Calculator, also allows users to evaluate the impact of several major external and driver behavior factors on fuel costs for gasoline versus electric vehicles. These combinations of these factors result in unique scenarios which make price differences for the fuel costs more variable. With the Fuel Cost Calculator, the user can create specific scenarios reflecting potential real-world conditions to create cost estimates for gasoline and residential EV fueling over user-determined time periods and distances. Fuel costs for gasoline vehicles are generally higher than for electric vehicles in the US, consistent with prior studies. We also explicitly show that fuel cost budgets are much more volatile for gasoline versus electric vehicles charged at a residence, given the much less stable price of oil versus electricity. This volatility is sufficiently large so as to be relevant for vehicle owner budgets. The FCC also shows carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with vehicle use, resolved at the state level.
Swarm v3: towards tera-scale amplicon clustering
Authors: Mahé Frédéric , Czech Lucas , Stamatakis Alexandros , Quince Christopher , de Vargas Colomban , Dunthorn Micah , Rognes Torbjørn 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Motivation
Previously we presented swarm, an open-source amplicon clustering programme that produces fine-scale molecular operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that are free of arbitrary global clustering thresholds. Here, we present swarm v3 to address issues of contemporary datasets that are growing towards tera-byte sizes.

Results
When compared with previous swarm versions, swarm v3 has modernized C++ source code, reduced memory footprint by up to 50%, optimized CPU-usage and multithreading (more than 7 times faster with default parameters), and it has been extensively tested for its robustness and logic.

Availability and implementation
Source code and binaries are available at https://github.com/torognes/swarm.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.