bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ideal Job‐Seeker Norm: Unemployment and Marital Privileges in the Professional Middle‐Class
Authors: Rao Aliya Hamid 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo understand how heterosexual US married parents interpret and respond to a spouse's unemployment and subsequent job‐searching.BackgroundThe pervasiveness of employment uncertainty, and unemployment, may propel families to embrace gender egalitarian norms. Quantitative research finds that this possibility is not borne out. Qualitative research has sought to illuminate mechanisms as to how gender norms persist even during a time that is optimal for dismantling them, but these mechanisms remain unclear.MethodSeventy‐two in‐depth interviews were conducted with a nonrandom sample of heterosexual, professional, dual‐earner, married, unemployed women, men, and their spouses in the United States. Follow‐up interviews were conducted with 35 participants. Intensive family observations were conducted with four families, two of unemployed men, and two of unemployed women.ResultsUnemployed women, men, and spouses acknowledge that a set of time‐intensive activities are key for reemployment (the ideal job‐seeker norm). Couples with unemployed men direct resources such as time, space, and even money to facilitate unemployed men's compliance with the ideal job‐seeker norm. Couples downplay the importance of women's reemployment and do not direct similar resources to help unemployed women job‐search.ConclusionCouples preserve a traditional gender status quo, often in defiance of material realities, by actively maintaining men's position at the helm of paid work and women's at unpaid work.ImplicationsLinking unemployment and job‐seeking with the institution of heterosexual marriage reveals novel insights into social and marital processes shaping job‐seeking.
Association between declines in objective masticatory performance and salivary stress markers: The Suita study
Authors: Kosaka Takayuki , Ono Takahiro , Kida Momoyo , Fushida Shuri , Nokubi Takashi , Kokubo Yoshihiro , Watanabe Makoto , Higashiyama Aya , Miyamoto Yoshihiro , Ikebe Kazunori 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDentists often encounter patients suffering from psychological and social stress due to declines in masticatory performance, making this a critical issue to manage. We aimed to clarify the relationships between salivary stress markers as objective indices of chronic stress and objective masticatory performance in a general urban Japanese population. Data from 880 participants (mean age, 65.8 years) in the Suita study were used. Salivary interleukin (IL)‐6 and cortisol concentrations were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Objective masticatory performance was determined by measuring the increase in surface area test gummy jelly after 30 times chewing. Participants were divided into two groups based on masticatory performance: a decreased group (lowest quartile) and a non‐decreased group (second to fourth quartiles). Odds ratios (ORs) of higher salivary levels of stress markers (highest quartile) according to masticatory performance were estimated using logistic regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, periodontal status, salivary flow rate and smoking habit. Salivary IL‐6 level was significantly higher in the decreased group than in the non‐decreased group. Logistic regression analysis showed the adjusted OR for higher salivary IL‐6 was significantly higher in the decreased group than in the non‐decreased group (OR = 1.92; 95% confidence interval = 1.33‐2.76; P < .001). No significant associations were found between salivary cortisol and decreased masticatory performance in any analyses. Declines in objective masticatory performance may correlate with higher salivary IL‐6 level as an objective index of chronic stress.
Can masticatory performance be predicted by using food acceptance questionnaire in elderly patients with removable dentures?
Authors: Suwanarpa Ketsupha , Hasegawa Yoko , Salazar Simonne , Kikuchi Satsuki , Yoshimoto Tasuku , Paphangkorakit Jarin , Hori Kazuhiro , Ono Takahiro 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough a food acceptance questionnaire is useful for subjective masticatory function assessments, its characteristics and limitations when applied to patients with removable dentures have been unclear. We therefore assessed the relationship between the subjective and objective masticatory function and explored whether or not a decreased masticatory function could be evaluated by food acceptance questionnaire.MethodsOne hundred and nineteen patients >60 years old with removable partial and/or complete dentures participated. Food acceptance score (FAS) was calculated by using Sato's questionnaire with 20 food items. Masticatory performance (MP) was assessed by a visual scoring method using a test gummy jelly (UHA Mikakuto). Simple/multiple regression analyses were performed to explain the objective masticatory function. The cut‐off value of FAS was determined to predict a decreased masticatory function by sensitivity, specificity and receiver operating characteristics curve.ResultsNo significant gender differences in MP or FAS were noted. Although both MP and FAS increased with the number of functional teeth, FAS was not significantly affected by age. The number of functional teeth, FAS and age had significant correlations with MP, with the number of functional teeth showing the strongest correlation. Multiple linear regression analyses identified the FAS as a significant explanatory variable for MP, and 70 was the optimal cut‐off value for detecting a decreased masticatory function (MP score ≤ 2) in the diagnosis of ‘oral hypofunction’.ConclusionsUsing FAS to assess the MP was deemed appropriate, and a score of 70 was the optimal cut‐off value for detecting a decreased masticatory function.
The Circumplex of Personality Metatraits and the HEXACO model: Toward refinement and integration
Authors: Strus Włodzimierz , Cieciuch Jan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveThere is a considerable body of evidence from the last 20 years, indicating the need for the reconceptualization of the highest level of the personality structure that the Big Five/Five‐Factor Model (FFM) was assumed to occupy. The main goal of the presented study was to test the relationships between two models that have been developed in this respect: The Circumplex of Personality Metatraits (CPM), based on the higher‐order factors of the Big Five, and the HEXACO model including a sixth basic personality dimension (Honesty‐Humility).MethodThe sample consisted of 500 respondents (56.8% females; Mage = 31.9, SDage = 14.0), all of whom completed the CPM, HEXACO, and FFM measures.ResultsThe results corroborated the expectation that the HEXACO model can be coherently located within the CPM model, despite the latter is rooted in the FFM research tradition. However, this substantial integration has been made possible by a relatively slight but crucial modification of the CPM, already suggested by previous research.ConclusionAfter the modification, which concerned the location of the Neuroticism/Emotional stability trait, the CPM enables a comprehensive integration of major models of personality structure encompassing the Two‐Factor Model, the FFM, and the HEXACO.
The Importance of Pedagogical and Social School Climate to Bullying: A Cross‐Sectional Multilevel Study of 94 Swedish Schools
Authors: Hultin Hanna , Ferrer‐Wreder Laura , Engström Karin , Andersson Filip , Galanti Maria Rosaria 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDBullying is a public health issue with long‐term effects for victims. This study investigated if there was an association between pedagogical and social school climate and student‐reported bullying victimization, which dimensions of pedagogical and social school climate were associated with bullying, and if these associations were modified by individual‐level social factors.METHODSThe study had a cross‐sectional multilevel design with individual‐level data on bullying from 3311 students nested in 94 schools over 3 consecutive school years. School climate was measured with student and teacher questionnaires, aggregated at the school level. The association between school climate and bullying victimization was estimated with multilevel mixed‐model logistic regression.RESULTSIn schools with the most favorable school climate, fewer students reported being bullied. This was especially evident when school climate was measured with the student instrument. Students in schools with favorable climate had an adjusted odds ratio of bullying of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.55‐1.00) compared to students in schools with the worst climate. Results from the teacher instrument were in the same direction, but less consistent.CONCLUSIONSImprovement in school climate has the potential to affect students both academically, and socially, as well as decrease the prevalence of bullying.
Hyperbolic discounting and the time‐consistent solution of three canonical environmental problems
Authors: Strulik Holger 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this paper I propose a time‐consistent method of discounting hyperbolically and apply it to three canonical environmental problems: (i) optimal renewable resource use, (ii) the tragedy of the commons, and (iii) economic growth and pollution. I show that, irrespective of potentially high initial discount rates, time‐consistent hyperbolic discounting leads always to a steady state of maximum yield, or, if the environment enters the utility function, a steady state where the Green Golden Rule applies. While (asymptotic) extinction is a real threat under exponential discounting it is impossible under time‐consistent hyperbolic discounting. This result is also confirmed for open‐access resources. In a model of economic growth and pollution, hyperbolic discounting establishes the Golden Rule of capital accumulation and the modified Green Golden Rule.
Melatonin protects inner retinal neurons of newborn mice after hypoxia‐ischemia
Authors: Huang Rong , Xu Yue , Lu Xi , Tang Xiaoyu , Lin Jianqiang , Cui Kaixuan , Yu Shanshan , Shi Yuxun , Ye Dan , Liu Yizhi , Liang Xiaoling 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRetinopathy of prematurity is a vision‐threatening disease associated with retinal hypoxia‐ischemia, leading to the death of retinal neurons and chronic neuronal degeneration. During this study, we used the oxygen‐induced retinopathy mice model to mimic retinal hypoxia‐ischemia phenotypes to investigate further the neuroprotective effect of melatonin on neonatal retinal neurons. Melatonin helped maintain relatively normal inner retinal architecture and thickness and preserve inner retinal neuron populations in avascular areas by rescuing retinal ganglion and bipolar cells, and horizontal and amacrine neurons, from apoptosis. Meanwhile, melatonin recovered visual dysfunction, as reflected by the improved amplitudes and implicit times of a‐wave, b‐wave, and oscillatory potentials. Additionally, elevated cleaved caspase‐3 and Bax protein levels and reduced Bcl‐2 protein levels in response to hypoxia‐ischemia were diminished after melatonin treatment. Moreover, melatonin increased BDNF and downstream phospho‐TrkB/Akt/ERK/CREB levels. ANA‐12, a TrkB receptor antagonist, antagonized these melatonin actions and reduced melatonin‐induced neuroprotection. Furthermore, melatonin rescued the reduction in melatonin receptor expression. This study suggests that melatonin exerted anti‐apoptotic and neuroprotective effects in inner retinal neurons after hypoxia‐ischemia, at least partly due to modulation of the BDNF‐TrkB pathway.
Targeted sequencing supports morphology and embryo features in resolving the classification of Cyperaceae tribe Fuireneae s.l.
Authors: Starr Julian R. , Jiménez‐Mejías Pedro , Zuntini Alexandre R. , Léveillé‐Bourret Étienne , Semmouri Ilias , Muasya Muthama , Baker William J. , Brewer Grace E. , Epitawalage Niroshini , Fairlie Isabel , Forest Félix , Sabino Kikuchi Izai A. B. , Pokorny Lisa , Larridon Isabel 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMolecular phylogenetic studies based on Sanger sequences have shown that Cyperaceae tribe Fuireneae s.l. is paraphyletic. However, taxonomic sampling in these studies has been poor, topologies have been inconsistent, and support for the backbone of trees has been weak. Moreover, uncertainty still surrounds the morphological limits ofSchoenoplectiella, a genus of mainly small, amphicarpic annuals that was recently segregated fromSchoenoplectus. Consequently, despite ample evidence from molecular analyses that Fuireneae s.l. might consist of two to four tribal lineages, no taxonomic changes have yet been made. Here, we use the Angiosperms353 enrichment panel for targeted sequencing to (i) clarify the relationships of Fuireneae s.l. with the related tribes Abildgaardieae, Eleocharideae, and Cypereae; (ii) define the limits of Fuireneae s.s., and (iii) test the monophyly of Fuireneae s.l. genera with emphasis onSchoenoplectusandSchoenoplectiella. Using more than a third of Fuireneae s.l. diversity, our phylogenomic analyses strongly support six genera and four major Fuireneae s.l. clades that we recognize as tribes: Bolboschoeneae stat.nov., Fuireneae s.s., Schoenoplecteae, and Pseudoschoeneae tr. nov. These results are consistent with morphological, micromorphological (nutlet epidermal cell shape), and embryo differences detected for each tribe. At the generic level, most sub‐Saharan African perennials currently treated inSchoenoplectusare transferred toSchoenoplectiella. Our targeted sequencing results show that these species are nested inSchoenoplectiella, and their treatment here is consistent with micromorphological and embryo characters shared by allSchoenoplectiellaspecies. Keys to recognized tribes and genera are provided.
Integrative taxonomy of herbaceous plants with narrow fragmented distributions: A case study on Primula merrilliana species complex
Authors: He Xiao , Cao Jing‐Jing , Zhang Wei , Li Yong‐Quan , Zhang Chao , Li Xiao‐Hong , Xia Guo‐Hua , Shao Jian‐Wen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAn accurate understanding of species diversity is essential to studies across a wide range of biological subdisciplines. However, species delimitation remains challenging in evolutionary radiations, particularly in those herbaceous plants associated with microendemic, naturally fragmented distribution systems, where genotypic and phenotypic traits likely evolved discordantly. The Primula merrilliana complex, which is endemic to eastern China and has high horticultural value, used to be treated as one species but several clues suggested it might be composed of multiple species. Here we used multiple lines of evidence, including molecular, morphological, reproductive isolation, and geographic data, to assess independently evolving lineages within this complex. Our results indicated that the species diversity in the complex was underestimated previously, and four species (independently evolving lineages) can be recognized, including two new species described here. The extensive variation of the breeding system, especially the floral morph transition from distyled (outcrossing) to homostyled (selfing) multiple times, possibly promoted the rapid speciation within such a small geographic scale. This study case indicated that the phenomenon of genetically highly divergent but morphologically indistinguishable is perhaps shown in herbs with fragmented distributions; the alternative extreme evolutionary phenomenon, in which complete reproductive barriers have been accumulated but with little genetic differentiation, also exists. Thus we highlight the importance of incorporating other characters, such as postzygotic reproductive isolation and geographic data, with commonly used molecular and morphological traits to infer species boundaries through an integrative taxonomic approach in such systems.
Recent advances in microencapsulation of drugs for veterinary applications
Authors: Ahmad Salah Uddin , Li Bing , Sun Jichao , Arbab Safia , Dong Zhen , Cheng Fusheng , Zhou Xuzheng , Mahfuz Shad , Zhang Jiyu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMicroencapsulation is a process where very minute droplets or particles of solid or liquid or gas are trapped with a polymer to isolate the internal core material from external environmental hazards. Microencapsulation is applied mostly for flavor masking, fortification, and sustained and control release. It improves palatability, absorption, and bioavailability of drugs with good conformity. Microencapsulation has been widely studied in numerous drug delivery systems for human health. The application of microcapsules in the veterinary pharmaceutical sciences is increasing day by day. The treatment systems for humans and animals are likely to be similar, but more complex in the veterinary field due to the diversity of the species, breeds, body size, biotransformation rate, and other factors associated with animal physiology. Commercially viable, economically profitable, and therapeutically effective microencapsulated vaccine, anthelmintic, antibacterial, and other therapeutics have a great demand for livestock and poultry production. Nowadays, researchers emphasize the controlled and sustained‐release dosage form of drugs in the veterinary field. This paper has highlighted the microencapsulation materials, preparation techniques, characteristics, roles, and the application of microcapsules in veterinary medicine.
Morbidity, risk of cancer and mortality in 3645 HFE mutations carriers
Authors: Hagström Hannes , Ndegwa Nelson , Jalmeus Molly , Ekstedt Mattias , Posserud Iris , Rorsman Fredrik , Nyhlin Nils , Klintman Daniel , Werner Mårten , Marschall Hanns‐Ulrich , Askling Johan , Stål Per ,   the Swedish Hepatology Study Group (SweHep)
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground & AimsMutations in the HFE gene can lead to hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) and have been suggested to increase the risk of extra‐hepatic diseases, especially breast and colorectal cancer. Here we investigated long‐term outcomes of Swedish patients with HFE mutations.MethodsWe identified 3645 patients with a homozygous p.C282Y (62%) or a compound heterozygous p.C282Y/p.H63D (38%) mutation from eight centres in Sweden between 1997 and 2017. These were matched 1:10 by age, sex and county of residence to reference individuals from the general population. We ascertained incident outcomes until the end of 2017 by linkage to national registers. Studied outcomes were HH, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), breast cancer (in women), colorectal cancer, type 1 and 2 diabetes, hypothyroidism, Parkinson’s disease and mortality. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios for these outcomes.ResultsMedian age at diagnosis was 52 years, 44% were females. During a mean follow‐up of 7.9 years, we found an increased risk for HCC, HH, cirrhosis, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis and death. Excess mortality was only seen in men. No increased risk was seen for colorectal or breast cancer. Liver‐related outcomes were rare, with a cumulative incidence of <1%.ConclusionsIndividuals found to be HFE mutation carriers in a university hospital setting had an increased risk for mortality in men, along with increased risks of cirrhosis, HCC, diabetes type 2, and osteoarthritis. In general, the absolute risk for adverse outcomes was low and no increased risk for colon or breast cancer was observed.
Assessment tools in pre‐licensure interprofessional education: A systematic review, quality appraisal and narrative synthesis
Authors: Almoghirah Hailah , Nazar Hamde , Illing Jan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectivesInterprofessional education (IPE) aims to provide students with the opportunity to develop and demonstrate the team working behaviours and skills that will lead to positive patient outcomes. This systematic review aims to identify and critically appraise the assessment tools used after a pre‐licensure IPE intervention and provide guidance on which tool to use according to the focus of the intervention.MethodsIn July 2019, the following electronic databases were searched: MEDLINE, ERIC, CINHAL, EMBASE and NEXUS website. All studies involving pre‐licensure health care students exposed to an IPE intervention and undertook an assessment measuring student knowledge, skills, behaviour, or change in organisational practice or a benefit to patients were included. Studies that used tools relying on self‐assessment only were excluded. Constructive alignment of the IPE intervention with the assessment was evaluated and quality assessment of the studies and critical appraisal of the validity evidence for the tools was undertaken.ResultsFrom 9502 returned studies, 39 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analysed. These were rated as good in terms of methodological quality. Acquisition of knowledge was the most commonly assessed outcome, mainly with pre/post knowledge tests, followed by behaviour change, which was measured by a range of validated tools. Patient benefit was defined as change in clinical effectiveness, patient safety or patient satisfaction. Constructive alignment of the IPE aim with the assessment was limited due to issues with study reporting. Tools measuring behaviour change demonstrate mixed adherence to quality standards around reliability, validity and scales and scoring.ConclusionsVarious methods have been used to identify change following IPE; however, choosing the most appropriate tool to support and align with the aim of the IPE intervention is crucial. We have critically appraised the available tools and offered an indication of their quality. This has informed the production of a decision aid to support the selection of the appropriate IPE assessment tool depending on the purpose of the intervention. More studies using these tools in rigorous study designs are required to substantiate the evidence base.
Significance of fucose in intestinal health and disease
Authors: Garber Jolene M. , Hennet Thierry , Szymanski Christine M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe deoxyhexose sugar L‐fucose is important for many biological processes within the human body and the associated microbiota. This carbohydrate is abundant in host gut mucosal surfaces, numerous microbial cell surface structures, and some dietary carbohydrates. Fucosylated oligosaccharides facilitate the establishment of a healthy microbiota and provide protection from infection. However, there are instances where pathogens can also exploit these fucosylated structures to cause infection. Furthermore, deficiencies in host fucosylation are associated with specific disease outcomes. This review focuses on our current understanding of the impact of fucosylation within the mucosal environment of the gastrointestinal tract with a specific emphasis on the mediatory effects in host–microbe interactions.