bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) in Chronically Prescribed Severe Chronic Opioid Probands Attending Multi-pain Clinics: an Open Clinical Pilot Trial
Authors: Moran Mark , Blum Kenneth , Ponce Jessica Valdez , Lott Lisa , Gondré–Lewis Marjorie C. , Badgaiyan Sampada , Brewer Raymond , Downs B. William , Fynman Philip , Weingarten Alexander , Cadet Jean Lud , Smith David E. , Baron David , Thanos Panayotis K. , Modestino Edward J. , Badgaiyan Rajendra D. , Elman Igor , Gold Mark S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMillions of Americans experience pain daily. In 2017, opioid overdose claimed 64,000 lives increasing to 84,000 lives in 2020, resulting in a decrease in national life expectancy. Chronic opioid use results in dependency, drug tolerance, neuroadaptation, hyperalgesia, potential addictive behaviors, or Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) caused by a hypodopaminergia. Evaluation of pain clinic patients with the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) test and the Addiction Severity Index (ASI- Media Version V) revealed that GARS scores equal to or greater than 4 and 7 alleles significantly predicted drug and alcohol severity, respectively. We utilized RT-PCR for SNP genotyping and multiplex PCR/capillary electrophoresis for fragment analysis of the role of eleven alleles in a ten-reward gene panel, reflecting the activity of brain reward circuitry in 121 chronic opioid users. The study consisted of 55 males and 66 females averaging ages 54 and 53 years of age, respectively. The patients included Caucasians, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. Inclusion criteria mandated that the Morphine Milligram Equivalent (MME) was 30–600 mg/day (males) and 20 to 180 mg/day (females) for treatment of chronic pain over 12 months. Ninety-six percent carried four or more risk alleles, and 73% carried seven or more risk alleles, suggesting a high predictive risk for opioid and alcohol dependence, respectively. These data indicate that chronic, legally prescribed opioid users attending a pain clinic possess high genetic risk for drug and alcohol addiction. Early identification of genetic risk, using the GARS test upon entry to treatment, may prevent iatrogenic induced opioid dependence.
Corporate social responsibility in unionised network industries
Authors: Fanti Luciano , Buccella Domenico 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn a duopoly network industry with decentralised union wage setting, this paper studies the impact of the firms’ engagement in consumer-friendly corporate social responsibility (CSR) on profitability and welfare. It is shown that, regardless of whether the wage setting occurs prior to or after the choice of the CSR levels, being a CSR-type firm rather than a simple profit-maximiser can lead to larger profits and thus higher welfare for their owners/stakeholders. However, the welfare analysis reveals that there is always conflict of interest between the firms’ owners on the one side and consumers, unions, and society on the other side, with respect for the timing of the decision about CSR relative to that of the wage setting.
Understanding transitions in farming systems and their effects on livestock rearing and smallholder livelihoods in Telangana, India
Authors: Kuchimanchi Bhavana Rao , De Boer Imke J. M. , Ripoll-Bosch Raimon , Oosting Simon J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIncreasing food demands are causing rapid transitions in farming systems, often involving intensified land and resource use. While transitioning has benefits regarding poverty alleviation and food outputs, it also causes environmental and social issues over time. This study aims to understand the transitions in farming systems in a region in Telangana, from 1997 to 2015, and their effect on livestock rearing and smallholder livelihoods. We also examine the impact of the transitions on lower caste groups and women in particular. We collected data using a combination of methods, i.e., a household survey, focus group discussions, and secondary data sources, to build a comprehensive picture of the transitions in the region. We found that subsistence mixed farming systems transitioned to market-orientated specialized systems over a short time span. As the transition process gained momentum, households either intensified their production or got marginalized. Technological interventions, development programs with integrated approaches, and market demand for certain agricultural produce triggered increased regional production but also led to the scarcity of water, land, and labor. The transitions marginalized some of the households, changed the role of livestock in farming, and have been inclusive of both lower caste groups and women in terms of increased ownership of large ruminants and access to technologies. However, for women specifically, further increase in workload in the context of farming is also found.
An improved framework for brain tumor analysis using MRI based on YOLOv2 and convolutional neural network
Authors: Sharif Muhammad Irfan , Li Jian Ping , Amin Javeria , Sharif Abida 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBrain tumor is a group of anomalous cells. The brain is enclosed in a more rigid skull. The abnormal cell grows and initiates a tumor. Detection of tumor is a complicated task due to irregular tumor shape. The proposed technique contains four phases, which are lesion enhancement, feature extraction and selection for classification, localization, and segmentation. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images are noisy due to certain factors, such as image acquisition, and fluctuation in magnetic field coil. Therefore, a homomorphic wavelet filer is used for noise reduction. Later, extracted features from inceptionv3 pre-trained model and informative features are selected using a non-dominated sorted genetic algorithm (NSGA). The optimized features are forwarded for classification after which tumor slices are passed to YOLOv2-inceptionv3 model designed for the localization of tumor region such that features are extracted from depth-concatenation (mixed-4) layer of inceptionv3 model and supplied to YOLOv2. The localized images are passed toMcCulloch'sKapur entropy method to segment actual tumor region. Finally, the proposed technique is validated on three benchmark databases BRATS 2018, BRATS 2019, and BRATS 2020 for tumor detection. The proposed method achieved greater than 0.90 prediction scores in localization, segmentation and classification of brain lesions. Moreover, classification and segmentation outcomes are superior as compared to existing methods.
Photonic applications of azobenzene molecules embedded in amorphous polymer
Authors: De Martino S. , Mauro F. , Netti P. A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe incorporation of azobenzene chromophores into polymer systems gives rise to a number of unique effects under UV and visible light irradiation. The light-driven isomerization of the azobenzene element acts as a light-to-mechanical energy converter, translating the nanoscopic structural movement of the isomerization azobenzene into macroscopic topographic film modulation in the form of surface relief. This review focuses on the study of reversible changes in shape in various systems incorporating azobenzene, including large-scale superficial photo-patterned glassy materials, light-driven reshaping of tridimensional superficial azo-textures and contractions of stimuli-responsive liquid crystalline networks (LCNs). Further, promising applications of azo systems are investigated as smart biointerfaces able to mimic time-varying biological systems.
Evaluation of tramadol human pharmacokinetics and safety after co-administration of magnesium ions in randomized, single- and multiple-dose studies
Authors: Rudzki Piotr J. , Jarus-Dziedzic Katarzyna , Filist Monika , Gilant Edyta , Buś-Kwaśnik Katarzyna , Leś Andrzej , Sasinowska-Motyl Małgorzata , Nagraba Łukasz , Bujalska-Zadrożny Magdalena 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Magnesium ions (Mg2+) increase and prolong opioid analgesia in chronic and acute pain. The nature of this synergistic analgesic interaction has not yet been explained. Our aim was to investigate whether Mg2+ alter tramadol pharmacokinetics. Our secondary goal was to assess the safety of the combination.

Methods
Tramadol was administered to healthy Caucasian subjects with and without Mg2+ as (1) single 100-mg and (2) multiple 50-mg oral doses. Mg2+ was administered orally at doses of 150 mg and 75 mg per tramadol dosing in a single- and multiple-dose study, respectively. Both studies were randomized, open label, laboratory-blinded, two-period, two-treatment, crossover trials. The plasma concentrations of tramadol and its active metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol, were measured.

Results
A total of 25 and 26 subjects completed the single- and multiple-dose study, respectively. Both primary and secondary pharmacokinetic parameters were similar. The 90% confidence intervals for Cmax and AUC0-t geometric mean ratios for tramadol were 91.95–102.40% and 93.22–102.76%. The 90% confidence intervals for Cmax,ss and AUC0-τ geometric mean ratios for tramadol were 93.85–103.31% and 99.04–105.27%. The 90% confidence intervals for primary pharmacokinetic parameters were within the acceptance range. ANOVA did not show any statistically significant contribution of the formulation factor (p > 0.05) in either study. Adverse events and clinical safety were similar in the presence and absence of Mg2+.

Conclusions
The absence of Mg2+ interaction with tramadol pharmacokinetics and safety suggests that this combination may be used in the clinical practice for the pharmacotherapy of pain.

Graphic abstract
Uniformly factoring weakly compact operators and parametrised dualisation
Authors: Antunes L. , Beanland K. , Braga B. M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article deals with the problem of when, given a collection

$\mathcal {C}$

of weakly compact operators between separable Banach spaces, there exists a separable reflexive Banach space Z with a Schauder basis so that every element in

$\mathcal {C}$

factors through Z (or through a subspace of Z). In particular, we show that there exists a reflexive space Z with a Schauder basis so that for each separable Banach space X, each weakly compact operator from X to

$L_1[0,1]$

factors through Z.
We also prove the following descriptive set theoretical result: Let

$\mathcal {L}$

be the standard Borel space of bounded operators between separable Banach spaces. We show that if

$\mathcal {B}$

is a Borel subset of weakly compact operators between Banach spaces with separable duals, then for

$A \in \mathcal {B}$

, the assignment

$A \to A^*$

can be realised by a Borel map

$\mathcal {B}\to \mathcal {L}$

.
Prevalence of low protein intake in 80+-year-old community-dwelling adults and association with dietary patterns and modifiable risk factors: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Buhl Sussi F. , Beck Anne M. , Christensen Britt , Kock Gry , Boyle Eleanor , Caserotti Paolo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLow protein intake may accelerate age-related loss of lean mass and physical function. We investigated the prevalence of low protein intake (<1·0 g/kg/day) and the associations between dietary patterns, modifiable risk factors and low protein intake in self-reliant community-dwelling adults ≥ 80 years. This cross-sectional study consisted of two home visits. Data collection consisted of physical measurements (e.g. physical function, physical activity) and self-report of nutritional intake (4-d food records), appetite, eating symptoms and medical conditions. Binary analyses were performed to compare participants with low and normal protein intake. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate associations between low protein intake, dietary patterns and modifiable risk factors adjusted for age, sex, BMI categories and diseases. One hundred twenty-six were included in the study. Prevalence of low protein intake was 54 %. A greater day-to-day variation in protein intake was associated with low protein intake (adjusted OR 2·5; 95 % CI 1·14, 5·48). Participants with low protein intake had a higher prevalence of nausea, diarrhoea and mouth dryness. Reduced appetite, mouth dryness and pain increased odds of low protein intake (adjusted OR 3·06, 95 % CI 1·23, 7·63; OR 3·41, 95 % CI 1·51, 7·7; OR 1·54, 95 % CI 1·00, 2·36, respectively). There was a high prevalence of low protein intake in community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 80 years. Day-to-day variability, appetite, mouth dryness and pain may be potentially modifiable risk factors. Targeting dietary patterns and risk factors in primary prevention strategies may potentially improve intake of protein and minimise risk of physical frailty.
The State's Developmentalist Illusion and the Origins of Illegal Coca Cultivation in Peru's Alto Huallaga Valley (1960–80)
Authors: Paredes Maritza , Manrique Hernán 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe origin of illicit economies has been understood as a consequence of ‘low stateness’ (i.e. low reach of the state). Given the limited stateness in many regions, however, this article seeks to explain how only some sub-national territories have become vulnerable to illegal drug trafficking. To make this case, the representative example of the Alto Huallaga valley, in the Peruvian Amazon, is analysed. This article argues that ineffective development and settlement efforts by the Peruvian state in the Alto Huallaga, rather than the absence of the state, produced socio-ecological conditions in the region, in the late 1970s, that made it more vulnerable to the illegal economy. At the same time as international demand for illegal cocaine was expanding, two conditions resulting from frustrated state development plans came together: an enclave of poor peasants who were not self-sufficient and a natural environment impoverished by soil degradation and intensive deforestation, paradoxically not suitable for any crop except coca.
Childhood adversity, pubertal timing and self-harm: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Russell Abigail Emma , Joinson Carol , Roberts Elystan , Heron Jon , Ford Tamsin , Gunnell David , Moran Paul , Relton Caroline , Suderman Matthew , Mars Becky 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe occurrence of early childhood adversity is strongly linked to later self-harm, but there is poor understanding of how this distal risk factor might influence later behaviours. One possible mechanism is through an earlier onset of puberty in children exposed to adversity, since early puberty is associated with an increased risk of adolescent self-harm. We investigated whether early pubertal timing mediates the association between childhood adversity and later self-harm.MethodsParticipants were 6698 young people from a UK population-based birth cohort (ALSPAC). We measured exposure to nine types of adversity from 0 to 9 years old, and self-harm when participants were aged 16 and 21 years. Pubertal timing measures were age at peak height velocity (aPHV – males and females) and age at menarche (AAM). We used generalised structural equation modelling for analyses.ResultsFor every additional type of adversity; participants had an average 12–14% increased risk of self-harm by 16. Relative risk (RR) estimates were stronger for direct effects when outcomes were self-harm with suicidal intent. There was no evidence that earlier pubertal timing mediated the association between adversity and self-harm [indirect effect RR 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.00 for aPHV and RR 1.00, 95% CI 1.00–1.01 for AAM].ConclusionsA cumulative measure of exposure to multiple types of adversity does not confer an increased risk of self-harm via early pubertal timing, however both childhood adversity and early puberty are risk factors for later self-harm. Research identifying mechanisms underlying the link between childhood adversity and later self-harm is needed to inform interventions.
Changes of profession, employer and work tasks in later working life: an empirical overview of staying and leaving
Authors: Garthe Nina , Hasselhorn Hans Martin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOccupational change encompasses change of profession, employer and work tasks. This study gives an overview on occupational change in later working life and provides empirical evidence on voluntary, involuntary and desired occupational changes in the older workforce in Germany. The analyses were based on longitudinal data from 2,835 participants of the German lidA Cohort Study, a representative study of employees born in 1959 or 1965. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed in order to characterise the change groups in their previous job situation. The findings indicate that occupational change among older workers is frequent. In four years, 13.4 per cent changed employer, 10.5 per cent profession and 45.1 per cent work tasks. In addition, the desire for change often remains unfulfilled: the share of older workers who wanted to but did not change was 17.6 per cent for profession, 13.2 per cent for employer and 8.9 per cent for work tasks. The change groups investigated differ in terms of their socio-demographic background, health and job factors such as seniority and leadership quality. In times of ageing populations, the potential of occupational change among older workers requires more consideration in society, policy and research. Special attention should also be paid to the group of workers who would have liked to change but feel that they cannot leave.
Developing contextually aware ship domains using machine learning
Authors: Rawson Andrew , Brito Mario 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDeveloping risk models to predict where collisions between vessels might occur is hindered by the relative sparsity of collisions. To address this, vessel encounters and near-misses have been used as a surrogate indicator of collision risk, referred to as ‘domain analysis’. When constructed empirically, using historical information, previous work is challenged by the multitude of factors which influence the passing distances between vessels. Within this paper, we conduct data mining of big vessel traffic datasets to determine the encounter characteristics across different waterways, vessel types and speeds, weather conditions and other exploratory variables. To achieve this, we utilise a novel approach of machine learning through a random forest algorithm to predict the critical passing distance between vessels in a multitude of conditions. We contribute a far greater range of influencing factors on domain size and shape than previous studies. Finally, we investigate the potential advantages of this approach to assess the spatial risk of collision across a large region. The results help to establish the factors that influence collision risk between navigating vessels and enable empirical maritime risk assessments.
Risk factors of pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Lei Yunxia , Zhang Xiao , Feng Yuan , Wang Jieying , Luo Riqiang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectives:Pulmonary arterial hypertension symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus patients are non-specific and early diagnosis and intervention are challenging. It remains essential to explore risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus patients to identify high risk patients and allow intensive monitoring.Methods:From January 2010 to December 2018, 84 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and pulmonary arterial hypertension and 160 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus but without pulmonary arterial hypertension were enrolled. Clinical manifestations and laboratory test results were compared between the two groups to identify predictors of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Candidate pulmonary arterial hypertension risk factors were further compared among systemic lupus erythematosus-pulmonary arterial hypertension patients with different characteristics.Results:Among collected patient characteristics, Raynaud’s phenomenon (OR 2.32, 95% CI: 1.17–4.61), digital vasculitis (OR 4.12, 95% CI: 1.48–11.49), pericardial effusion, pulmonary interstitial lesions, positive anti-u1 ribonucleoprotein antibodies, and positive anticardiolipin antibodies immunoglobulin G were associated with significantly higher risk of pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Among these candidate risk factors, positive anti-u1 ribonucleoprotein antibody was independently associated with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and more active disease. Digital vasculitis was independently associated with systemic lupus erythematosus alleviation, while pericardial effusion was associated with systemic lupus erythematosus deterioration. Pericardial effusion was associated with longer pulmonary arterial hypertension duration.Conclusion:The significant association between studied clinical and laboratory indicators and risk of pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension and systemic lupus erythematosus characteristics suggested that these factors can be used to identify patients at higher risk of pulmonary arterial hypertension and adverse outcomes. Close monitoring may be indicated in patients with these risk factors, especially with more than one risk factor.
Surgical treatment of isolated unilateral absence of pulmonary artery with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Hasegawa Moyu , Iwai Shigemitsu , Ishimaru Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA one-and-a-half-month-old patient with isolated unilateral absence of the right proximal pulmonary artery with prominent left pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed using CT. Medication therapy was initiated first. Left pulmonary artery pressure decreased after the initiation of medication therapy, and single-stage reconstruction of the right pulmonary artery was performed. The patient is asymptomatic 14 months postoperatively.
Tetralogy of Fallot: stent palliation or neonatal repair?
Authors: Banjoko Adeolu , Seyedzenouzi Golnoush , Ashton James , Hedayat Fatemeh , Smith Natalia N. , Nixon Henry , Tarmahomed Abdulla , Ashry Amr , Harky Amer 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSurgical repair of Tetralogy of Fallot has excellent outcomes, with over 90% of patients alive at 30 years. The ideal time for surgical repair is between 3 and 11 months of age. However, the symptomatic neonate with Tetralogy of Fallot may require earlier intervention: either a palliative intervention (right ventricular outflow tract stent, ductal stent, balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty, or Blalock-Taussig shunt) followed by a surgical repair later on, or a complete surgical repair in the neonatal period. Indications for palliation include prematurity, complex anatomy, small pulmonary artery size, and comorbidities. Given that outcomes after right ventricular outflow tract stent palliation are particularly promising – there is low mortality and morbidity, and consistently increased oxygen saturations and increased pulmonary artery z-scores – it is now considered the first-line palliative option. Disadvantages of right ventricular outflow tract stenting include increased cardiopulmonary bypass time at later repair and the stent preventing pulmonary valve preservation. However, neonatal surgical repair is associated with increased short-term complications and hospital length of stay compared to staged repair. Both staged repair and primary repair appear to have similar long-term mortality and morbidity, but more evidence is needed assessing long-term outcomes for right ventricular outflow tract stent palliation patients.