bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive communication and the law: a model for systemic risks and systemic interventions
Authors: Wszalek Joseph A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Legal contexts frequently impose steep communication barriers, but because the law’s ontological framework of communication views it as an atomized, transaction phenomenon, the law lacks the ability to conceptualize and describe the way in which it itself imposes systemic communication burden. To overcome this shortcoming, this article presents a model for a systemic analysis of communication within the law. Part One operationalizes a set of cognitive-communication resources necessary to navigate communication in legal contexts. Part Two uses the operational model to illustrate how systemic elements of the law pressure the cognitive resources that underlie communication. Finally, Part Three uses the model to predict how possible systemic interventions might improve communication outcomes by alleviating or reducing systemic communication burdens. Not only does this article provide a conceptual tool to articulate the law’s systemic impacts on communication, the subsequent analysis offers a framework for exploring interventions that could ultimately lead to better outcomes for persons, particularly vulnerable or at-risk persons, who must navigate legal contexts. By changing how it conceptualizes communication and working to modify the communication dynamics that it itself perpetuates, the law can reduce the weight of the communication burdens that it imposes on the people within it.
Itinerating Europe: Early Modern Spatial Networks in Printed Itineraries, 1545–1700
Authors: Midura Rachel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Before the advent of formal cartography, with its emphasis on observation and accuracy and its reliance on global standards, the itinerary was the height of geographic knowledge. These lists of cities and their relative distances, represented by many national “miles” or the location of postal waystations, opened European travel to a broad readership. This article traces the repetition and modification of route headings across a newly comprehensive bibliography of eighty-five itinerary books printed from the sixteenth through the eighteenth century. The application of Social Network Analysis (SNA) models the organizing logic of the itinerary genre and hierarchization of regions, cities, and routes. Digital methods prove to be key for moving between scales of consideration, from following the fate of one city, to many linked cities, to entire regions or the network as a whole. While the pilgrimage path of St. James and transalpine commercial routes were widely republished, dynamic networks based on the dates of first and last publication indicate the influence of new postal hubs, sea travel, and borders on early modern conceptions of a connected Europe. Instead of a sharp break brought by the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48), the 1620s saw the extension and diversification of routes, while the 1680s marked their curtailment. State-patronized cartography reshaped the genre, as authors and publishers increasingly incorporated maps into itinerary book production.
An artificial chromosome for data storage
Authors: Chen Weigang , Han Mingzhe , Zhou Jianting , Ge Qi , Wang Panpan , Zhang Xinchen , Zhu Siyu , Song Lifu , Yuan Yingjin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
DNA digital storage provides an alternative for information storage with high density and long-term stability. Here, we report the de novo design and synthesis of an artificial chromosome that encodes two pictures and a video clip. The encoding paradigm utilizing the superposition of sparsified error correction codewords and pseudo-random sequences tolerates base insertions/deletions and is well suited to error-prone nanopore sequencing for data retrieval. The entire 254 kb sequence was 95.27% occupied by encoded data. The Transformation-Associated Recombination method was used in the construction of this chromosome from DNA fragments and necessary autonomous replication sequences. The stability was demonstrated by transmitting the data-carrying chromosome to the 100th generation. This study demonstrates a data storage method using encoded artificial chromosomes via in vivo assembly for write-once and stable replication for multiple retrievals, similar to a compact disc, with potential in economically massive data distribution.
METI’s Miraculous Comeback and the Uncertain Future of Japanese Industrial Policy
Authors: Noble Gregory W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
If the industrial policy of Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) gained acclaim for having created an “economic miracle” in the 1950s and 1960s, a spirited counterattack arose in the 1980s, and by time of the bursting of the financial bubble in the 1990s, industrial policy increasingly looked like an outmoded and discredited relic. Events then took an unexpected turn: MITI (since 2001 called the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, or METI) managed to turn a series of bureaucratic and political reforms and upheavals into opportunities for institutional rebirth, while once-proud Japanese companies struggled. Yet in Japan’s aging, slow-growth economy, reigniting dynamism has proved difficult. Efforts to enhance economy-wide productivity have made some progress, but have yet to overcome the obstacles to growth. METI’s expanded jurisdiction and reinforced political support have been matched by demands to enhance the viability of Japanese firms to meet the new competitive pressures and security threats from China and Korea, and even the United States. In some cases, notably the electronics industry, industrial policy has ended up bailing out failing firms. In the crucial automobile industry, in contrast, industrial policy has made significant contributions even as the leading firms have gone global, but METI has received little credit. Continued political support is not guaranteed. Outside Japan, the international financial crisis of 2008–2009, the failure of many developing countries to surmount an apparent middle-income trap, and the rise of China have converged to spark renewed interest in industrial policy and the experience of Japan.
Japan and International Organizations
Authors: Lipscy Phillip Y. , Tamaki Nobuhiko 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Japan’s emergence as a great power and economic powerhouse coincided with the rise of international organizations in global politics. International organizations now facilitate cooperation in essentially all arenas of international relations. This article surveys major academic debates about Japan and international organizations across three time periods: from the Meiji Restoration until World War II; the postwar liberal international order; and the recent era of contestation. Japan has played a variety of roles—as creator, reformer, and disruptor of international organizations. After World War II, Japan contributed actively to the liberal international order as a key democratic ally of the United States. Recent shifts in the international system and Japanese domestic politics are reconfiguring Japan’s policy toward international organizations, opening exciting avenues for future research.
Japan-India Relations
Authors: Jain Purnendra 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter broadly examines the rather uneven development of Japan-India postwar relations, analyzing factors behind the almost half-century of low-intensity and at times mutual neglect and rocky engagement that followed the smooth takeoff in relations at the end of World War II, with re-ignition over the past two decades. It considers various push-and-pull factors, including changes in the two nations’ domestic and external circumstances that explain Japan’s transformation from neglecting India during the Cold War period to recognizing India as one of its key strategic partners today. This analysis recognizes that a realist perspective most usefully explains Japan’s response to the power structure in place during the Cold War that set the two nations apart, and to the subsequent transition in power relations regionally and globally that has brought about a convergence of the nations’ strategic interests. Both nations today uphold belief in the value of economic interdependence, international institutions, and democratic process, yet their primary concern with each other has remained strategic in the Indo-Pacific era. National leaders have been instrumental in steering these responses, as is especially evident in the diplomatic postures of former Prime Minister Shinzō Abe and his Indian counterpart and current Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
The Era of Coalition Government in Japan
Authors: Thies Michael F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For nearly four decades after its establishment in 1955, Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party formed every government alone. Since mid-1993, however, coalition government has been the norm in Japanese politics. Interestingly, every coalition since 1999 has included a party with a lower house majority by itself. Nonetheless, these majority parties have taken on coalition partners. This chapter shows that the logic of “oversized” coalition government in Japan is driven in part by parliamentary bicameralism, and partly by the mixed-member electoral system, which incentivizes the formation of long-lived pre-electoral coalitions.
The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Bureaucracy
Authors: Vogel Steven K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the postwar era, Japan benefited from an unusually competent, public-minded, and powerful central bureaucracy that contributed to rapid economic growth, high education and health standards, domestic stability, and peaceful international relations. The regime combined democratic politics with strong administrative capacity and partial insulation from interest group pressures. Central ministry officials developed a compromise between autonomy and inclusion whereby they played a distinctively political role of arranging bargains among key interest groups. Yet the bureaucracy’s power and insulation also restricted the participation of civic groups and minority interests in the policy process, limited accountability to the broader public, and fostered collusive partnerships with politicians and favored interest groups. Bureaucratic dominance began to wane in the 1970s as politicians pushed beyond Ministry of Finance budget limits to expand the welfare state and boost public works spending for their constituents. Bureaucrats confronted even greater challenges in the 1990s, including a devastating financial crisis that abruptly ended the high-growth period, an electoral system reform that transformed political dynamics, and a gradual erosion of prestige. Meanwhile, political leaders enacted administrative reforms to strengthen their control over the bureaucracy and to centralize power in the Prime Minister’s Office and the cabinet. Nevertheless, Japan’s elite civil servants have preserved some core powers, including control over substantial elements of the policy process, the capacity to forge political bargains, and a knack for manipulating politicians to pursue their own policy preferences.
Human Rights and Domestic Work in the Contemporary Gulf
Authors: Sabban Rima 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Gulf countries continue to develop national institutions, policies, and programs to address labor and human rights issues faced by migrant domestic workers, specifically on work conditions in the domestic labor market. While a plethora of academic and policy studies highlight rights groups’ political, legal, and social criticisms toward the Gulf countries, limited studies have examined the institutionalized responses of the states in addressing migrant domestic work exploitations and abuses. Using document analysis on the current academic, policy, and government publications, this chapter records formal efforts made by Gulf nations to improve the conditions of migrant and domestic work. While it is an important practice to document these institutionalized efforts toward improving the social welfare of these workers, a central argument in this chapter highlights a contingency on the future commitments of these governments to uphold standards of human rights through sustainable policies. Critical relevance lies within both empirical and theoretical perspectives on the Gulf states’ responses toward migration management.
Gender and Peaceful Change
Authors: Aggestam Karin , Bergman Rosamond Annika 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the interplay between gender and peaceful change. It elaborates on how the concept of peace is inherently gendered by drawing upon feminist scholarship. There are a number of ways to conceptualize gender and peaceful change. The “women-peace hypothesis” assumes a proximity between women’s peacefulness and their experiences of maternal care. However, such a construction needs to be treated with caution since transformative peace requires deconstruction of that assumption, while staying attentive to women’s contributions to peacemaking. Debates on strategic essentialism and inclusive peace are also assessed as a way of gaining deeper and more meaningful understandings of gender-just peaceful change. We argue that women’s unique experiences pertaining to peace and conflict should be considered alongside those of men. In addition, we examine the assumption about states with a poor record on gender inequality are more likely to be involved in intrastate conflicts. The last part of the chapter focuses on policy practice, including the adoption of UNSCR 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security and the reorientation in some states toward feminist foreign policy as a platform for peaceful change.
A Research Agenda for the Study of Peaceful Change in World Politics
Authors: Larson Deborah Welch , Paul T. V. , Trinkunas Harold A. , Wivel Anders , Emmers Ralf 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter offers a summary and evaluation of the key ideas contained in the chapters of this Handbook. The chapter discusses peaceful change in terms of conceptual clarity; historical evolution of scholarship in the area, especially the interwar, Cold War, and post–Cold War era efforts at analyzing the concepts; and the policy innovations in this realm. This is followed by an evaluation of the key umbrella theories of international relations—realism, liberalism, and constructivism—and how they approach peaceful change. Some important sources and mechanisms of change are analyzed. This is followed by discussion of the policy contributions of selected great and rising powers toward peaceful change. The chapter then offers a summary of contributions and progress that various regions have made in the area of peaceful change. It concludes with some ideas for future research while highlighting the significance of the subject matter for international relations and the world order.
Concluding Summary
Authors: Hangan Horia , Kareem Ahsan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book’s study on non-synoptic wind storms (NSWSs). The book covers aspects related the general vulnerability to NSWSs in terms of (1) incidence, including the flow field and intensity and the frequency and occurrence of these storms; and (2) exposure, including preparedness for NSWSs. In doing so, it presents the state of the art regarding full-scale data acquisition and analysis, mesoscale and microscale numerical modeling, physical simulations, structural analysis, risk modeling, building codes implementation, and insurance analysis. For each of these aspects, the presentation aims at being informative, reviewing a large palette of approaches and presenting their advantages and limitations. It also stresses the need for future research.
Regaining Ground
Authors: Herlihy Peter H. , Fahrenbruch Matthew L. , Tappan Taylor A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the geographies of indigenous populations and their territories in Central America, past and present. A brief discussion of previous archaeological research provides a context for the region’s pre-Columbian populations and settlement distributions prior to an examination of the territorial and demographic collapse precipitated by European conquest. The chapter chronicles a twenty-first-century resurgence of indigenous populations and their territorial rights in Central America, including the emergence of geopolitical units that we call indigenous territorial jurisdictions (ITJs), the likes of which represent new strategies for accommodating indigenous land ownership and governance within the context of modern states. Archival and census research, in situ field experience, and geographic information system (GIS)-based land use and cadastral mapping inform the understanding of indigenous peoples’ past and contemporary demographic trends, settlement patterns, and territorial challenges.
Family, Child Labor, and Social Welfare in Peru
Authors: Chávez Cruzado José Vidal 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The problematic effects of child labor are primarily caused by poverty and precarity, products of the social and economic inequality generated by the capitalist system in Southern societies. Approaches from the Global North generally deal with the issue of child labor by imposing the abolitionist stance promoted by the International Labour Organization and adopted by, for example, the Peruvian state. Abolitionism proposes that child labor must be eradicated because it limits the development of working children and adolescents. In this essay the abolitionist approach is contrasted with the value-based approach used by the Movement of Working Children and Adolescents and Children of Christian Workers. The latter approach is supported by the theory of the coloniality of power, which considers work to be an activity that dignifies and contributes to families’ economic and social well-being.
The Ethics of Studying the Origins of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identification
Authors: Murphy Timothy F. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractResearch has a complicated and problematic history when it comes to the study of sexual and gender minorities (SGMs). Some past researchers exerted a great deal of effort, for example, to identify ways to treat people for homosexuality and to prevent the emergence of same-sex sexual interests. The same approach has prevailed with regard to the study of gender-variant people, namely those people who express a gender at odds with the gender socially expected of them as a matter of body type. Reconceptualizing the nature of sexual orientations and gender in more inclusive ways has led to significant changes in research involving sexual gender minorities, for both adults and minors. As a way of protecting SGMs from the effect of historical misunderstanding and possible misuse of research, some commentators have called for bans against the study of the origins of sexual orientation and gender identification and/or against the study of interventions that could modify sexual orientation or gender. It is unclear that absolute bans on these kinds of research are entirely defensible philosophically, but it is also important to frame research programs and priorities in line with the requirements of social justice. One can argue that research important to the welfare of sex and gender minorities has a strong claim to moral priority and support as a matter of status equality. This chapter will review and evaluate criticism of study of the origins of sexual and gender identification and make the case for framing research agendas in a way that serves status equality for SGMs.
The Empirical Aesthetics of Music
Authors: Brattico Elvira 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides a structured overview of studies accounting for the aesthetic responses to music. Bottom-up accounts linking preference with determined stimulus features are distinguished from other cognitivist, emotivist, or contextual accounts putting more weight on nonappearance properties related to the individual life experience. Additionally, models of the musical aesthetic experience that emphasize psychological processes are illustrated as distinct from models that account also for the neural mechanisms involved. While most findings concentrate on the aesthetic response of pleasure or preference, fresh efforts are projected toward understanding other aesthetically tinged dimensions such as evaluative judgments and attitudes. Naturalistic approaches are promising toward understanding from the daily drive to musical activities to the life-changing peak experiences of music.
Cortical silent period
Authors: Kofler Markus , Ziemann Ulf , Kimiskidis Vasilios K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The cortical silent period (cSP) refers to a period of suppression or silencing of ongoing electromyographic (EMG) activity during voluntary muscle contraction induced by a magnetic stimulus over the contralateral primary motor cortex. This chapter summarizes the physiological basis of the cSP, discusses technical aspects and recommendations on how to record and analyze it, and provides an overview of useful clinical applications. Evidence is presented that multiple spinal mechanisms are implicated in the initial part of the cSP, but some may be also active further on, whereas long-lasting cortical inhibitory mechanisms operate throughout the entire cSP, with an emphasis during its later part. The cSP is a highly relevant and clinically useful tool to assess inhibitory corticomotoneuronal mechanisms in health and disease.
Pharmacology of TMS measures
Authors: Ziemann Ulf 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Application of a single dose of a central nervous system (CNS) active drug with a defined mode of action has been proven useful to explore pharmaco-physiological properties of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked electromyographic (EMG) measures of motor cortical excitability. With this approach, it is possible to demonstrate that TMS-EMG measures reflect axonal, or excitatory or inhibitory synaptic excitability in distinct interneuron circuits. On the other hand, the array of pharmaco-physiologically well-characterized TMS-EMG measures can be employed to study the effects of a drug with unknown or multiple modes of action, and hence to determine its main mode of action at the systems level of the motor cortex. Acute drug effects may be rather different from chronic drug effects, and these differences can also be studied in TMS experiments. Moreover, TMS or repetitive TMS (rTMS) may induce changes in endogenous neurotransmitter or neuromodulator systems. This offers the opportunity to study neurotransmission along defined neuronal projections. Finally, more recently, TMS-evoked electroencephalographic (EEG) responses have been developed to study cortical excitability and connectivity. Pharmaco-physiological testing can be employed to also characterize these TMS-EEG measures. All these aspects of the pharmacology of TMS measures in healthy subjects will be reviewed in this chapter.