bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heparanome-Mediated Rescue of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Quiescence following Inflammatory Demyelination
Authors: Saraswat Darpan , Welliver R. Ross , Ravichandar Roopa , Tripathi Ajai , Polanco Jessie J. , Broome Jacqueline , Hurley Edward , Dutta Ranjan , Feltri M. Laura , Sim Fraser J. 
Published: January 2021

The proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ, which is chronically elevated in multiple sclerosis, induces pathologic quiescence in human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) via upregulation of the transcription factor PRRX1. In this study using animals of both sexes, we investigated the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the modulation of IFN-γ signaling following demyelination. We found that IFN-γ profoundly impaired OPC proliferation and recruitment following adult spinal cord demyelination. IFN-γ-induced quiescence was mediated by direct signaling in OPCs as conditional genetic ablation ofIFNγR1(Ifngr1) in adult NG2+OPCs completely abrogated these inhibitory effects. Intriguingly, OPC-specific IFN-γ signaling contributed to failed oligodendrocyte differentiation, which was associated with hyperactive Wnt/Bmp target gene expression in OPCs. We found that PI-88, a heparan sulfate mimetic, directly antagonized IFN-γ to rescue human OPC proliferation and differentiationin vitroand blocked the IFN-γ-mediated inhibitory effects on OPC recruitmentin vivo. Importantly, heparanase modulation by PI-88 or OGT2155 in demyelinated lesions rescued IFN-γ-mediated axonal damage and demyelination. In addition to OPC-specific effects, IFN-γ-augmented lesions were characterized by increased size, reactive astrogliosis, and proinflammatory microglial/macrophage activation along with exacerbated axonal injury and cell death. Heparanase inhibitor treatment rescued many of the negative IFN-γ-induced sequelae suggesting a profound modulation of the lesion environment. Together, these results suggest that the modulation of the heparanome represents a rational approach to mitigate the negative effects of proinflammatory signaling and rescuing pathologic quiescence in the inflamed and demyelinated human brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe failure of remyelination in multiple sclerosis contributes to neurologic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. The activation and proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) is a necessary step in the recruitment phase of remyelination. Here, we show that the proinflammatory cytokine interferon-γ directly acts on OPCs to induce pathologic quiescence and thereby limit recruitment following demyelination. Heparan sulfate is a highly structured sulfated carbohydrate polymer that is present on the cell surface and regulates several aspects of the signaling microenvironment. We find that pathologic interferon-γ can be blocked by modulation of the heparanome following demyelination using either a heparan mimetic or by treatment with heparanase inhibitor. These studies establish the potential for modulation of heparanome as a regenerative approach in demyelinating disease.
Bidirectional Regulation of Cognitive and Anxiety-like Behaviors by Dentate Gyrus Mossy Cells in Male and Female Mice
Authors: Botterill Justin J. , Vinod K. Yaragudri , Gerencer Kathleen J. , Teixeira Cátia M. , LaFrancois John J. , Scharfman Helen E. 
Published: January 2021

The dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus is important for cognition and behavior. However, the circuits underlying these functions are unclear. DG mossy cells (MCs) are potentially important because of their excitatory synapses on the primary cell type, granule cells (GCs). However, MCs also activate GABAergic neurons, which inhibit GCs. We used viral delivery of designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) in mice to implement a gain- and loss-of-function study of MCs in diverse behaviors. Using this approach, manipulations of MCs could bidirectionally regulate behavior. The results suggest that inhibiting MCs can reduce anxiety-like behavior and improve cognitive performance. However, not all cognitive or anxiety-related behaviors were influenced, suggesting specific roles of MCs in some, but not all, types of cognition and anxiety. Notably, several behaviors showed sex-specific effects, with females often showing more pronounced effects than the males. We also used the immediate early gene c-Fos to address whether DREADDs bidirectionally regulated MC or GC activity. We confirmed excitatory DREADDs increased MC c-Fos. However, there was no change in GC c-Fos, consistent with MC activation leading to GABAergic inhibition of GCs. In contrast, inhibitory DREADDs led to a large increase in GC c-Fos, consistent with a reduction in MC excitation of GABAergic neurons, and reduced inhibition of GCs. Together, these results suggest that MCs regulate anxiety and cognition in specific ways. We also raise the possibility that cognitive performance may be improved by reducing anxiety.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe dentate gyrus (DG) has many important cognitive roles as well as being associated with affective behavior. This study addressed how a glutamatergic DG cell type called mossy cells (MCs) contributes to diverse behaviors, which is timely because it is known that MCs regulate the activity of the primary DG cell type, granule cells (GCs), but how MC activity influences behavior is unclear. We show, surprisingly, that activating MCs can lead to adverse behavioral outcomes, and inhibiting MCs have an opposite effect. Importantly, the results appeared to be task-dependent and showed that testing both sexes was important. Additional experiments indicated what MC and GC circuitry was involved. Together, the results suggest how MCs influence behaviors that involve the DG.
PSD-95 in CA1 Area Regulates Spatial Choice Depending on Age
Authors: Cały Anna , Śliwińska Małgorzata A. , Ziółkowska Magdalena , Łukasiewicz Kacper , Pagano Roberto , Dzik Jakub M. , Kalita Katarzyna , Bernaś Tytus , Stewart Michael G. , Giese K. Peter , Radwanska Kasia 
Published: January 2021

Cognitive processes that require spatial information rely on synaptic plasticity in the dorsal CA1 area (dCA1) of the hippocampus. Since the function of the hippocampus is impaired in aged individuals, it remains unknown how aged animals make spatial choices. Here, we used IntelliCage to study behavioral processes that support spatial choices of aged female mice living in a group. As a proxy of training-induced synaptic plasticity, we analyzed the morphology of dendritic spines and the expression of a synaptic scaffold protein, PSD-95. We observed that spatial choice training in young adult mice induced correlated shrinkage of dendritic spines and downregulation of PSD-95 in dCA1. Moreover, long-term depletion of PSD-95 by shRNA in dCA1 limited correct choices to a reward corner, while reward preference was intact. In contrast, old mice used behavioral strategies characterized by an increased tendency for perseverative visits and social interactions. This strategy resulted in a robust preference for the reward corner during the spatial choice task. Moreover, training decreased the correlation between PSD-95 expression and the size of dendritic spines. Furthermore, PSD-95 depletion did not impair place choice or reward preference in old mice. Thus, our data indicate that while young mice require PSD-95-dependent synaptic plasticity in dCA1 to make correct spatial choices, old animals observe cage mates and stick to a preferred corner to seek the reward. This strategy is resistant to the depletion of PSD-95 in the CA1 area. Overall, our study demonstrates that aged mice combine alternative behavioral and molecular strategies to approach and consume rewards in a complex environment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIt remains poorly understood how aging affects behavioral and molecular processes that support cognitive functions. It is, however, essential to understand these processes to develop therapeutic interventions that support successful cognitive aging. Our data indicate that while young mice require PSD-95-dependent synaptic plasticity in dCA1 to make correct spatial choices (i.e., choices that require spatial information), old animals observe cage mates and stick to a preferred corner to seek the reward. This strategy is resistant to the depletion of PSD-95 in the CA1 area. Overall, our study demonstrates that aged mice combine alternative behavioral and molecular strategies to approach and consume rewards in a complex environment. Second, the contribution of PSD-95-dependent synaptic functions in spatial choice changes with age.
Structural basis of transport and inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum transporter PfFNT
Authors: Lyu Meinan , Su Chih‐Chia , Kazura James W , Yu Edward W 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe intra‐erythrocyte stage of P. falciparum relies primarily on glycolysis to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the energy required to support growth and reproduction. Lactic acid, a metabolic byproduct of glycolysis, is potentially toxic as it lowers the pH inside the parasite. Plasmodium falciparum formate–nitrite transporter (PfFNT), a 34‐kDa transmembrane protein, has been identified as a novel drug target as it exports lactate from inside the parasite to the surrounding parasitophorous vacuole within the erythrocyte cytosol. The structure and detailed molecular mechanism of this membrane protein are not yet available. Here we present structures of PfFNT in the absence and presence of the functional inhibitor MMV007839 at resolutions of 2.56 Å and 2.78 Å using single‐particle cryo‐electron microscopy. Genetic analysis and transport assay indicate that PfFNT is able to transfer lactate across the membrane. Combined, our data suggest a stepwise displacement mechanism for substrate transport. The PfFNT membrane protein is capable of picking up lactate ions from the parasite’s cytosol, converting them to lactic acids and then exporting these acids into the extracellular space.
Determinants of Tax Planning: Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Matusevičienė Lina , Rudžionienė Kristina 
Published: January 2021

Annotation. Tax planning is a topic of interest for taxpayers, practitioners, public authorities and academics. Analyzing scientific literature on tax planning shows that some authors are looking at the tax planning process, while others are looking at the factors that determine tax planning. Although there are a number of scientific literature analysing these factors, it is noted that there is a need to systematize this literature. The purpose of the article is to identify the determinants of tax planning activities in companies and households. Methods used in the article: systematic analysis of scientific literature, systematization of information, comparison, generalization. After analyzing the scientific literature, authors provide a concept of tax planning and selected determinants that encourage and inhibit the involvement of both types of taxpayers in tax planning activities. After a theoretical analysis, it was found that corporate tax planning is influenced by the company's profitability, profit begor taxes, internationalisation, the scale of foreign operations, listing, capital receptivity and growth, development, size and leverage of the company, optimism of the company CEO, experience of his military service, lobbying, reputation and financial accounting issues. Household tax planning is influenced by taxpayers' age, income, intra-household income inequality, experience, a compendium tax system, its complexity, fines, the likelihood ofecassionisation. Religiousity is a factor that hampers the involvement of both businesses and households in tax planning activities.

Keywords: tax planning, determinants, tax avoidance, households, company.
JEL Code: H26
Syntactic Complexity of Learning Content in Italian for COVID-19 Frontline Responders: A Study on WHO’s Emergency Learning Platform
Authors: Samo Giuseppe , Yu Zhao Ursula , Gamhewage Gaya 
Published: January 2021

The goal of this paper is to offer a model to quantify the level of complexity of the linguistic content of a corpus in Italian extracted from OpenWHO, WHO’s health emergency learning platform (Rohloff et al. 2018; Zhao et al. 2019). The nature of the computational ranking costs of a typology of relativization strategies is investigated. To reach this goal, the results of the corpus are compared with other three syntactic annotated corpora from Italian belonging to different genres (news, social media, encyclopedic entries, legal). The results show that online learning contents in public health reduce complex structures in syntactic terms. The case study presented here provides a methodology to quantify syntactic and computational complexity in corpus studies.
Asymmetric hybridization of roach Rutilus rutilus and common bream Abramis brama in controlled backcrosses: Genetic and morphological patterns
Authors: Stolbunova V. V. , Pavlova V. V. , Kodukhova Y. V. 
Published: January 2021

In most cases in natural environments, hybrids of roach Rutilus rutilus L. and bream Abramis brama L. possess mitochondrial DNA of bream. Presumably, the genetic basis for unidirectional hybridization of roach and bream is the high level of divergence in the genes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunits I, III). Disruption of the interaction of the products of these genes leads to nuclear-cytoplasmic incompatibility of alien genomes, what is shown in a decrease of viability and developmental abnormalities in hybrids. In the present work we studied the viability and morphology of hybrid underyearlings obtained by crossing of hybrid females of first generation (RA and AR) with males of roach R. rutilus and bream A. brama. The method of genotyping (ITS1 ribosomal DNA, cytochrome b mtDNA) and comparative analysis of the complex of 23 plastic and meristic characteristics of backcrossed hybrids are used. All progenies showed an increase in morphological variability compared to parental species and F1 hybrids. In progenies with introgression of mtDNA, a violation of associations between traits and the formation of transgressive phenotypes that go beyond the parental populations were found. In RAA backcrosses (combining mtDNA of R. rutilus and nuclear genome of A. brama) a decrease in viability with impaired recovery of external traits of bream was found. Conversely, ARR backcrosses (combining mtDNA of A. brama and the nuclear genome of R. rutilus) have a high viability and completely restore the morphotype of roach, which indicates the stable development of hybrids when they include alien genetic material. The differences in viability and morphology between backcrossed hybrids with the mtDNA of R. rutilus and A. brama evidence varying degrees of nuclear-cytoplasmic compatibility of the genomes of roach and bream. The complete interaction between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA from different species (wild-type-like) happens in direction of introgression mtDNA of A. brama, the less polymorphic of the two parental genomes. In the direction of introgression of highly polymorphic mtDNA of R. rutilus the formation of a reproductive barrier occurs. Our results show that the main reason for the asymmetry of hybridization of R. rutilus and A. brama is unequal rates of mitochondrial evolution and the priority of the introgression of mtDNA belongs a species with a lower rate of changes in mtDNA.
Thermodynamics of formation of solid solutions between BaZrO3 and BaPrO3
Authors: Tsvetkov Dmitry S. , Sereda Vladimir V. , Malyshkin Dmitry A. , Sednev-Lugovets Anton L. , Zuev Andrey Yu. , Ivanov Ivan L. 
Published: January 2021

A linear relationship between the standard enthalpy of formation from binary oxides, ΔfHox, and the Goldschmidt tolerance factor, t, for some AIIBIVO3 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba; B = Ti, Zr, Hf, Ce, Pr, Tb, U, Pu, Am) perovskite oxides was used for estimation of ΔfHox of Pr-substituted barium zirconates BaZr1–xPrxO3. A dependence of the relative change of the standard entropies, S298, on the relative change of the molar volumes in the reactions of formation of AIIBIVO3 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba; B = Ti, Zr, Hf, Ce) from binary oxides was also found to be linear. Using this dependence, a relatively precise method of estimating S298 was proposed, and S298 of BaPrO3 was calculated as (162.8 ± 2.8) J·mol-1·K-1. Knowing S298 of BaPrO3 and using the literature data for S298 of BaZrO3, the values of S298 of BaZr1–xPrxO3 were predicted on the assumption that BaZr1–xPrxO3 is a regular or ideal solution of BaPrO3 in BaZrO3 as evidenced by the very small enthalpy of mixing calculated based on the estimated ΔfHox. The values of standard entropy changes, ΔfSox, and Gibbs energy changes, ΔfGox, for the reactions of formation of BaZr1–xPrxO3 from BaO, ZrO2 and PrO2 were also estimated. Substituting Pr for Zr in BaZr1–xPrxO3 results in ΔfHox and ΔfGox becoming more positive, indicating the decrease of the relative stability with respect to the corresponding binary oxides. Expanded uncertainties of the estimated values of ΔfHox and ΔfGox are equal to 14 kJ∙mol-1, and those of S298 and ΔfSox – less than 2.8 J∙mol-1·K-1 and 3.5 J∙mol-1·K-1, respectively, for BaZr1–xPrxO3 (x = 0.0–1.0).
Crystal structure of mono-β-alanine hydrochloride
Authors: Tsvetkov Dmitry S. , Mazurin Maxim O. 
Published: January 2021

Crystal structure of mono-β-alaninium chloride has been studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic system. The space group is Pbca, with the following lattice constants: a = 9.7414(5) Å, b = 7.4671(6) Å, c = 16.5288(11) Å, V = 1202.31(14) Å3, Z = 8. The asymmetric unit contains one β-alaninium cation (+NH3CH2CH2COOH) and one chloride anion. The structure was shown to consist of layers stacked along the c-axis and connected with each other by weak van der Waals forces. Each layer consists of two halves linked by hydrogen bonds between carbonyl and NH3+ groups and, also, between NH3+ groups and Cl- anions. Fourier transform infrared spectrum of β-alaninium chloride was recorded and analyzed. The spectroscopic results were found to support the conclusions of the structural study.
Phase complex of the system Na,Ca||SO4,CO3,HCO3-H2O at 100 ºC
Authors: Soliev L. , Jumaev M. T. 
Published: January 2021

The article discusses the results of determining the possible phase equilibria in geometric images of a five-component reciprocal water-salt system of sulfates, carbonates, sodium bicarbonates and calcium at 100 ºC with subsequent construction of its phase complex diagram. The laws that determine the structure of the phase complex diagram of this system are needed to be obtained for the production of scientific data used both as a reference material and also to create the optimal conditions for the recycling of liquid waste industrial production of aluminum-containing sulfate carbonate and bicarbonate salts of sodium and calcium. It was established that the system under study at 100ºC is characterized by the presence of 31 divariant double saturation fields, 25 monovariant trisaturation curves and 14 invariant points.
Art in the Age of Globalisation: Dialogue of Cultures (Ural Opera Ballet Theatre’s Production of the Opera Tri Sestry)
Authors: Shishkin Andrey G. , Morozova Olga O. 
Published: January 2021

The article explores the dialogics of art and the role of art as a tool of dialogue between cultures on the example of the Ural Opera Ballet Theatre’s recent stage production of the opera Tri Sestry (Three Sisters), which demonstrates a successful interaction between different cultural traditions.Interpreting Chekhov’s play from a late 20th century perspective, Hungarian composer Peter Eötvös presented new responses to the questions that tormented the play’s characters one hundred years ago. In his work, which blends French and German avant-garde techniques with structural elements drawn from film narrative and the Japanese Noh theatre tradition, he added a radically new dimension to Chekhov’s play. As a result, he was able to open up latent meanings the play within the great time space proposed by the Russian philosopher Mikhail Bakhtin. In turn, Christopher Alden (USA), the Artistic Director of the Ural Opera Ballet production, merged voices from different artistic traditions into a new contemporary musical image.
The Imbricated Foreshock and Aftershock Activities of the Balsorano (Italy) Mw 4.4 Normal Fault Earthquake and Implications for Earthquake Initiation
Authors: Sánchez-Reyes Hugo , Essing David , Beaucé Eric , Poli Piero 
Published: January 2021

AbstractForeshocks in the form of microseismicity are among the most powerful tools to study the physical processes that occur before main earthquakes. However, their detection and precise characterization is still sparse, especially for small-to-moderate-size earthquakes (Mw&lt;6). We present here a detailed foreshock analysis for the 7 November 2019, Balsorano, Italy, normal fault earthquake (Mw 4.4). To improve the detection of the microseismicity before and after the mainshock, we use six three-component broadband receivers at distances of less than 75 km from the targeted seismicity, through template matching. To improve the understanding of the physical mechanism(s) behind the earthquake initiation process, as well as other accompanying phenomena, we also detail the spatiotemporal evolution of the sequence associated with this medium-sized earthquake, using waveform clustering and hypocenter relocation. Clear differences between foreshocks and aftershocks are revealed by this analysis. Moreover, five distinct spatiotemporal patterns associated with the different seismic activities are revealed. The observed spatiotemporal behavior shown by the foreshocks highlights a complex initiation process, which apparently starts on an adjacent unmapped antithetic fault. Finally, the aftershock activity comprises four different clusters with distinct spatiotemporal patterns, which suggests that the different clusters in this sequence have distinct triggering mechanisms.