bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of extended supplementation of quebracho extract to beef steers consuming a hay diet on digestion, ruminal, and blood parameters
Authors: Dias Batista Luiz Fernando , Rivera Madeline E , Norris Aaron B , Muir James P , Fonseca Mozart A , Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The addition of natural plant secondary compounds to ruminant feed has been extensively studied because of their ability to modify digestive and metabolic functions, resulting in a potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, among other benefits. Condensed tannin (CT) supplementation may alter ruminal fermentation and mitigate methane (CH4) emissions. This study’s objective was to determine the effect of quebracho CT extract [QT; Schinopsis quebracho-colorado (Schltdl.) F.A. Barkley & T. Meyer] within a roughage-based diet on ruminal digestibility and kinetic parameters by using the in situ and in vitro gas production techniques, in addition to blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and ruminal (volatile fatty acid [VFA], NH3-N, and protozoa count) parameters. Twenty rumen-cannulated steers were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: QT at 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% of dry matter (DM; QT0: 0% CT, QT1: 0.70% CT, QT2: 1.41% CT, and QT3: 2.13% CT). The in situ DM digestibility increased linearly (P = 0.048) as QT inclusion increased, whereas in situ neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) was not altered among treatments (P = 0.980). Neither total VFA concentration nor acetate-to-propionate ratio differed among dietary treatments (P = 0.470 and P = 0.873, respectively). However, QT3 had lower isovalerate and isobutyrate concentrations compared with QT0 (P ≤ 0.025). Ruminal NH3 and BUN tended to decline (P ≤ 0.075) in a linear fashion as QT inclusion increased, suggesting decreased deamination of feed protein. Ruminal protozoa count was reduced in quadratic fashion (P = 0.005) as QT inclusion increased, where QT1 and QT2 were lower compared with QT0 and QT3. Urinary N excretion tended to reduce in a linear fashion (P = 0.080) as QT increased. There was a treatment (TRT) × Day interaction for in vitro total gas production and fractional rate of gas production (P = 0.013 and P = 0.007, respectively), and in vitro NDFD tended to be greater for QT treatments compared with no QT inclusion (P = 0.077). There was a TRT × Day interaction (P = 0.001) on CH4 production, with QT3 having less CH4 production relative to QT0 on day 0 and QT2 on days 7 and 28. Feeding QT up to 3% of the dietary DM in a roughage-based diet did not sacrifice the overall DM digestibility and ruminal parameters over time. Still, it is unclear why QT2 did not follow the same pattern as in vitro gas parameters. Detailed evaluations of amino acid degradation might be required to fully define CT influences on ruminal fermentation parameters and CH4 production.
Quadrilateral multiblock decomposition via auxiliary subdivision
Authors: Sun Liang , Armstrong Cecil G , Robinson Trevor T , Papadimitrakis Dimitrios 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Automatic quadrilateral (quad) or hexahedral (hex) multiblock decomposition has been a topic of research for many years. The key challenges are to automatically determine where to place mesh singularities and how to generate a decomposition based on the mesh singularities to get the desired mesh orientation and distribution. In this work, a new idea of achieving these is proposed based on an auxiliary subdivision of the domain into smaller subdomains, followed by applying an equation, which calculates the net number of mesh singularities of a surface, to locate the quad mesh singularities. Under this idea, two different methods are presented based on the medial axis and the inward boundary offset. Both methods are conformal to the vertex classifications of the original domain, which guarantees a good mesh quality at the boundary. The mesh results are compared with a paving method and a cross-field method.
Emotionally Numb: Expertise Dulls Consumer Experience
Authors: Rocklage Matthew D , Rucker Derek D , Nordgren Loran F 
Published: March 2021

AbstractExpertise provides numerous benefits. Experts process information more efficiently, remember information better, and often make better decisions. Consumers pursue expertise in domains they love and chase experiences that make them feel something. Yet, might becoming an expert carry a cost for these very feelings? Across more than 700,000 consumers and 6 million observations, developing expertise in a hedonic domain predicts consumers becoming more emotionally numb—that is, having less intense emotion in response to their experiences. This numbness occurs across a range of domains—movies, photography, wine, and beer—and across diverse measures of emotion and expertise. It occurs in cross-sectional real-world data with certified experts, and in longitudinal real-world data that follows consumers over time and traces their emotional trajectories as they accrue expertise. Furthermore, this numbness can be explained by the cognitive structure experts develop and apply within a domain. Experimentally inducing cognitive structure led novice consumers to experience greater numbness. However, shifting experts away from using their cognitive structure restored their experience of emotion. Thus, although consumers actively pursue expertise in domains that bring them pleasure, the present work is the first to show that this pursuit can come with a hedonic cost.
Warm millimetre dust in protoplanetary discs near massive stars
Authors: Haworth Thomas J 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Dust plays a key role in the formation of planets and its emission also provides one of our most accessible views of protoplanetary discs. If set by radiative equilibrium with the central star, the temperature of dust in the disc plateaus at around 10–20 K in the outer regions. However, sufficiently nearby massive stars can heat the outer disc to substantially higher temperatures. In this paper, we study the radiative equilibrium temperature of discs in the presence of massive external sources and gauge the effect that it has on millimetre dust mass estimates. Since millimetre grains are not entrained in any wind, we focus on geometrically simple 2D axisymmetric disc models using radiative transfer calculations with both the host star and an external source. Recent surveys have searched for evidence of massive stars influencing disc evolution using disc properties as a function of projected separation. In assuming a disc temperature of 20 K for a disc a distance D from a strong radiation source, disc masses are overestimated by a factor that scales with D−1/2 interior to the separation that external heating becomes important. This could significantly alter dust mass estimates of discs in close proximity to θ1C in the Orion Nebular Cluster (ONC). We also make an initial assessment of the effect upon snow lines. Within a parsec of an O star like θ1C a CO snow line no longer exists, though the water snow line is virtually unaffected except for very close separations of $\le 0.01\,$pc.
The point spread function reconstruction – II. The smooth PCA
Authors: Nie Lin , Li Guoliang , Peterson John R , Wei Chengliang 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Accurate shear measurement is a key topic in weak lensing community. Point spread function (PSF), which smears the observed galaxy image, plays one of the main roles in the systematic errors in shear measurement and must be treated carefully to avoid bias and errors in cosmological parameters. In this paper, we present new PSF measurement methods, Smooth-PCA (SPCA) and Improved-SPCA (iSPCA), which can reconstruct smooth PSFs with high efficiency. Our methods decompose the star images into smooth principal components by using the Expectation-Maximization-PCA (EMPCA) method, and the smooth principal components are composed by Moffatlets basis functions, which are derived from the Moffat function. We demonstrate our approaches based on simulated Moffat PSFs and phosim star images. The constructed smooth principal components show flexible and efficient as the same as EMPCA, and have more stable patterns than EMPCA under noises contamination. We then check the reconstruction accuracy on the shape of PSFs. We find that our methods are able to reconstruct the PSFs at the same precision as the EMPCA method that indicates and iSPCA are promising for weak lensing shear measurement.
Optical properties of elongated conducting grains
Authors: Huang X M , Li Qi , Li Aigen , Chen J H , Liu F Z , Xiao C Y 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Extremely elongated, conducting dust particles (also known as metallic ‘needles’ or ‘whiskers’) are seen in carbonaceous chondrites and in samples brought back from the Itokawa asteroid. Their formation in protostellar nebulae and subsequent injection into the interstellar medium have been demonstrated, both experimentally and theoretically. Metallic needles have been suggested to explain a wide variety of astrophysical phenomena, ranging from the mid-infrared interstellar extinction at $\sim \,$3–8$\, {\rm \mu m}$ to the thermalization of starlight to generate the cosmic microwave background. To validate (or invalidate) these suggestions, an accurate knowledge of the optics (e.g. the amplitude and the wavelength dependence of the absorption cross sections) of metallic needles is crucial. Here we calculate the absorption cross sections of iron needles of various aspect ratios over a wide wavelength range, by exploiting the discrete dipole approximation, the most powerful technique for rigorously calculating the optics of irregular or nonspherical grains. Our calculations support the earlier findings that the antenna theory and the Rayleigh approximation, which are often taken to approximate the optical properties of metallic needles, are indeed inapplicable.
Searching for gravitational waves via Doppler tracking by future missions to Uranus and Neptune
Authors: Soyuer Deniz , Zwick Lorenz , D’Orazio Daniel J , Saha Prasenjit 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
The past year has seen numerous publications underlining the importance of a space mission to the ice giants in the upcoming decade. Proposed mission plans involve a ∼10 yr cruise time to the ice giants. This cruise time can be utilized to search for low-frequency gravitational waves (GWs) by observing the Doppler shift caused by them in the Earth–spacecraft radio link. We calculate the sensitivity of prospective ice giant missions to GWs. Then, adopting a steady-state black hole binary population, we derive a conservative estimate for the detection rate of extreme mass ratio inspirals (EMRIs), supermassive black hole (SMBH), and stellar mass binary black hole (sBBH) mergers. We link the SMBH population to the fraction of quasars fbin resulting from Galaxy mergers that pair SMBHs to a binary. For a total of 10 40-d observations during the cruise of a single spacecraft, $\mathcal {O}(f_\mathrm{bin})\sim 0.5$ detections of SMBH mergers are likely, if Allan deviation of Cassini-era noise is improved by ∼102 in the 10−5 − 10−3 Hz range. For EMRIs the number of detections lies between $\mathcal {O}(0.1) \ \mathrm{ and} \ \mathcal {O}(100)$. Furthermore, ice giant missions combined with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) would improve the localization by an order of magnitude compared to LISA by itself.
Androgen and glucocorticoid receptor direct distinct transcriptional programs by receptor-specific and shared DNA binding sites
Authors: Kulik Marina , Bothe Melissa , Kibar Gözde , Fuchs Alisa , Schöne Stefanie , Prekovic Stefan , Mayayo-Peralta Isabel , Chung Ho-Ryun , Zwart Wilbert , Helsen Christine , Claessens Frank , Meijsing Sebastiaan H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The glucocorticoid (GR) and androgen (AR) receptors execute unique functions in vivo, yet have nearly identical DNA binding specificities. To identify mechanisms that facilitate functional diversification among these transcription factor paralogs, we studied them in an equivalent cellular context. Analysis of chromatin and sequence suggest that divergent binding, and corresponding gene regulation, are driven by different abilities of AR and GR to interact with relatively inaccessible chromatin. Divergent genomic binding patterns can also be the result of subtle differences in DNA binding preference between AR and GR. Furthermore, the sequence composition of large regions (&gt;10 kb) surrounding selectively occupied binding sites differs significantly, indicating a role for the sequence environment in guiding AR and GR to distinct binding sites. The comparison of binding sites that are shared shows that the specificity paradox can also be resolved by differences in the events that occur downstream of receptor binding. Specifically, shared binding sites display receptor-specific enhancer activity, cofactor recruitment and changes in histone modifications. Genomic deletion of shared binding sites demonstrates their contribution to directing receptor-specific gene regulation. Together, these data suggest that differences in genomic occupancy as well as divergence in the events that occur downstream of receptor binding direct functional diversification among transcription factor paralogs.
Effect of small molecule eRF3 degraders on premature termination codon readthrough
Authors: Baradaran-Heravi Alireza , Balgi Aruna D , Hosseini-Farahabadi Sara , Choi Kunho , Has Cristina , Roberge Michel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Premature termination codon (PTC) readthrough is considered a potential treatment for genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations. High concentrations of aminoglycosides induce low levels of PTC readthrough but also elicit severe toxicity. Identifying compounds that enhance PTC readthrough by aminoglycosides or reduce their toxicity is a continuing challenge. In humans, a binary complex of eukaryotic release factors 1 (eRF1) and 3 (eRF3a or eRF3b) mediates translation termination. They also participate in the SURF (SMG1-UPF1-eRF1-eRF3) complex assembly involved in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). We show that PTC readthrough by aminoglycoside G418 is considerably enhanced by eRF3a and eRF3b siRNAs and cereblon E3 ligase modulators CC-885 and CC-90009, which induce proteasomal degradation of eRF3a and eRF3b. eRF3 degradation also reduces eRF1 levels and upregulates UPF1 and selectively stabilizes TP53 transcripts bearing a nonsense mutation over WT, indicating NMD suppression. CC-90009 is considerably less toxic than CC-885 and it enhances PTC readthrough in combination with aminoglycosides in mucopolysaccharidosis type I-Hurler, late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and junctional epidermolysis bullosa patient-derived cells with nonsense mutations in the IDUA, TPP1, DMD and COL17A1 genes, respectively. Combination of CC-90009 with aminoglycosides such as gentamicin or ELX-02 may have potential for PTC readthrough therapy.
Local structure of DNA toroids reveals curvature-dependent intermolecular forces
Authors: Barberi Luca , Livolant Françoise , Leforestier Amélie , Lenz Martin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In viruses and cells, DNA is closely packed and tightly curved thanks to polyvalent cations inducing an effective attraction between its negatively charged filaments. Our understanding of this effective attraction remains very incomplete, partly because experimental data is limited to bulk measurements on large samples of mostly uncurved DNA helices. Here we use cryo electron microscopy to shed light on the interaction between highly curved helices. We find that the spacing between DNA helices in spermine-induced DNA toroidal condensates depends on their location within the torus, consistent with a mathematical model based on the competition between electrostatic interactions and the bending rigidity of DNA. We use our model to infer the characteristics of the interaction potential, and find that its equilibrium spacing strongly depends on the curvature of the filaments. In addition, the interaction is much softer than previously reported in bulk samples using different salt conditions. Beyond viruses and cells, our characterization of the interactions governing DNA-based dense structures could help develop robust designs in DNA nanotechnologies.
Choice of fluorophore affects dynamic DNA nanostructures
Authors: Jahnke Kevin , Grubmüller Helmut , Igaev Maxim , Göpfrich Kerstin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe ability to dynamically remodel DNA origami structures or functional nanodevices is highly desired in the field of DNA nanotechnology. Concomitantly, the use of fluorophores to track and validate the dynamics of such DNA-based architectures is commonplace and often unavoidable. It is therefore crucial to be aware of the side effects of popular fluorophores, which are often exchanged without considering the potential impact on the system. Here, we show that the choice of fluorophore can strongly affect the reconfiguration of DNA nanostructures. To this end, we encapsulate a triple-stranded DNA (tsDNA) into water-in-oil compartments and functionalize their periphery with a single-stranded DNA handle (ssDNA). Thus, the tsDNA can bind and unbind from the periphery by reversible opening of the triplex and subsequent strand displacement. Using a combination of experiments, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and reaction-diffusion modelling, we demonstrate for 12 different fluorophore combinations that it is possible to alter or even inhibit the DNA nanostructure formation—without changing the DNA sequence. Besides its immediate importance for the design of pH-responsive switches and fluorophore labelling, our work presents a strategy to precisely tune the energy landscape of dynamic DNA nanodevices.
International Status and Japan
Authors: Leheny David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Beyond material power, states and people have shown themselves to be also interested in status, claiming and demonstrating their ostensibly rightful place atop (or near the top of) some kind of acknowledged hierarchy. Because status signaling is so pervasive, even ubiquitous, in global politics, it would be difficult to say that status matters especially to Japan. But it does seem to matter particularly to Japan, in the sense that there are particular motifs and themes that have been astonishingly consistent, not to mention widely exploitable and open-ended, in Japanese social debates about the country’s place as a potential global leader. This chapter traces debates about status, and argues that narrative is essential to understanding how status claims work and why they matter. It then sets three highly charged episodes—all of them involving arguments about Japan’s international position—against the backdrop of a widely shared postwar narrative about Japan.
Introduction to Research with Human Participants
Authors: Coleman Carl H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Research with human participants is conducted for a variety of reasons, including developing drugs, medical devices, or other medical interventions; understanding human cognition and behavior; and evaluating the impact of public policy interventions. It can provide enormous social benefits, but it also raises significant ethical dilemmas. These dilemmas stem from a tension that is inherent in the nature of the activity: the goal is to generate knowledge for the potential benefit of persons in the future, but achieving this goal often requires exposing individuals in the present to the possibility of harm. This tension is particularly pronounced in clinical trials involving investigational drugs, devices, or other medical interventions, where the risks of participation may be particularly significant. The chapter presents a brief sketch of the legal framework surrounding research with human participants in two important centers of research: the United States and the European Union.
Hearing Film Music Topics outside the Movie Theatre
Authors: Bourne Janet 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes a cognitively informed framework based on analogy for theorizing cinematic listening; in this case, it tests the hypothesis that contemporary listeners might use associations learned from film music topics to make sense of western art music (WAM). Using the pastoral topic as a case study, a corpus of film scores from 1980–2014 determines common associations for this topic based on imagery, emotion, and narrative contexts. Then, the chapter outlines potential narratives a modern moviegoer might make by listening “cinematically” to a Sibelius movement. The hypothesis is empirically tested through an experiment where participants record their imagined narratives and images while listening to WAM and film music. The meaning extraction method, a statistical analysis for identifying associational themes, is used to analyze people’s responses.
“Deeds of Music” in Bourgeois Opera (What the Listener Sees…)
Authors: Franklin Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The internalized visualization of symphonic music was validated by “New German School” programmaticism. Wagner’s mature music-dramas, with their symphonic “underscores,” were even theorized by him as “deeds of music made visible.” By locating dramatic agency in his concealed orchestra, Wagner problematized in advance his later disparagement by critics for whom the cinema downgraded music to the role of redundant accompaniment. Recent work on music in popular melodrama further complicates our understanding of critical battles fought over music and meaning in mass-entertainment theatre, where its melodramatic use seems initially to have served to repress socially disruptive “meaning.” Implications for film music-study of discoveries about melodramatic music are traced here with reference to a 1989 film realization of Delius’s opera A Village Romeo and Juliet (1901), whose last orchestral interlude (“The Walk to the Paradise Garden”) is turned there into a fully realized, “silent” cinematic narrative.
Fist to Face
Authors: Coulthard Lisa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In his recent Sound: An Acoulogical Treatise, Michel Chion coins the term “corporeal covibrations” to describe the much discussed but imprecisely defined phenomena of sound’s corporeal impact. From low and high frequencies to intense loudness, sound has direct vibratory impact on the body, an association that aligns with the recent “sensory turn” in criticism. This chapter considers covibratory corporeal listening as crucial to the impact aesthetics of the cinematic punch in action cinema today. Tracing the sonic history of the cinematic punch, it interrogates the corporeal, haptic, and uncanny effects of this hyperreal sound object. With the cinematic punch, violence on screen is heard, never fully seen: and yet, in the digital era, the punch has taken on a meatier, louder, more complex role in audiovisual violence, a shift that transforms this sonic effect into a fleshy, material, and corporeally felt object.
The Erotics of Cinematic Listening
Authors: Kulezic-Wilson Danijela 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores cinematic listening by bringing together ideas from contemporary musical and sound studies, the concept of erotics in art championed in the 1970s feminist discourse, and ideas of “new materialism” in film studies. It emphasizes the sensuousness of film form as something distinct from sensory overload, and suggests that a sensuous mode of listening is inherently musical. Focusing on films including Arrival (2016), Under the Skin (2013), Elephant (2003), and Tree of Life (2011), the chapter shows that the erotics of cinematic listening is facilitated by the practice of foregrounding the materiality of music and an increasingly integrated approach to the soundtrack.