bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Emotional Intelligence in College Students Participating in Different Levels of Exercise
Authors: LI Gladys Shuk Fong , WANG Hsiu Hua , LIAO Chang Ning 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
Emotions are an integral and significant aspect of human nature and the motivation for behavior. Regular Exercise participation substantially help individual to maintain and increase positive mood. Purposes: to compare the differences of EQ in the following variables: different level of exercise participation, PE class and non-PE class. Methods: BarOn EQ-I measured the EQ of 326 college students, the data was analyzed by Independent group t ratio, Independent Group ANOVA, and Independent Group MANOVA, using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 10.0. Results: The major findings were as follows: 1) College students participated in higher levels of exercise was significantly (p< .05) higher than lower levels exercisers in total EQ score, the five composite scores, and the 15 EQ subscale scores; and 2) Students attending physical education class was significantly (p< .05) higher than the non physical education students in the scores of 'intrapersonal skill', 'interpersonal skill’, 'adaptability’，’stress management’, and 'general mood’. Conclusion: From the above findings, the more the exercise and the physical education participation, the higher the EQ in the college students was ascertained. The importance of increasing exercise participation and physical education should be reinforced and implemented in the college level. Furthermore, the mind-body linkage has been proved through this research.
情緒智力(Emotional Intelligence, El)是察覺，整合，瞭解，及管理情緖之智力；也是関於瞭解自己及別人，與別人建立關係，適應及因應週遭環境，更能成功的應付環境需求的自覺能力。透過從事規律運動所帶來的正面回饋，個人之正向情緒感受會大為提昇。目的：旨在探討不同運動參與程度與體育課參與情況，對大學生情緒智力表現是否有差異。方法：使用BarOn EQi測量326名大學生之情緒智力，統計方法分別採用獨立樣本t考驗、單因子變異數與多因子變異數等加以分析。結果：一、運動參與程度較高之大學生在情緒智商(Emotional Quotient, EQ)總分、五個量表、及15項EQ因子之分數、皆顯著(p< .05)高於運動參與程度較低之大學生。二、參與體育課程之大學生在EQ總分、五個EQ分量表之得分，皆顯著 (p< .05)高於無參與體育課程之大學生。結論：大學生運動參與時間愈多，比運動參與時間較少之大學生有更高的EQ；再者，參與體育課程比沒有參與體育課程之大學生有較高的EQ，因此，本研究中顯示出運動參與及體育課對大學生之重要性，更進而強化身心一元之理論。
Validation of Parent Proxy Report with Pedometry on Preschool Children's Physical activity
Authors: CHOW Bik C. , AU Yung Ching 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The objective of this study was to assess the validity of the Habitual Activity Estimation Scale (HAES) as parent proxy report about the physical activity levels of five- to six-years-old children. Twenty-three children were randomly selected from upper classes in a preschool in Hong Kong. The children's physical activity levels on one typical weekday and one typical weekend were obtained by having their parents completed the HAES questionnaire. And daily steps taken by children on four consecutive days including weekdays and weekend were collected by the pedometer (Yamax, SW-700). The pedometer data were used to assess its agreement with the HAES parent proxy report of the children's physical activity levels. The results showed that the step counts of children between weekdays and weekend as well as between genders were not significantly different. The result also indicated that there was no significant correlation between the HAES proxy report and the daily step counts of children on both weekdays and weekend. To conclude, the validity of HAES parent proxy report in assessing five-years-old preschool children's physical activity levels was low when compared with pedometer data.
本研究旨在評估由家長觀察兒童使用「Habitual Activity Estimation Scale (HAES)日常活動推算表」的有效度，邀請了二十三名五至六歲的幼稚圍生參與作為觀察之用，他們的父母觀察及記錄兒童於上課日和非上課日的日常活動，並以步行計記錄身體活動量來作分析。結果顯示：Habitual Activity Estimation Scale (HAES)和步行計的相關系數沒有出現顯著的相關，指出了Habitual Activity Estimation Scale (HAES)的效度不高。
Can the Center of Mass Reflect the Metabolic Expenditure?
Authors: FUNG Ying ki , SHIANG Tyzz yuang 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
In the past studies, the movement of center or mass (COM) was one of the descriptor to estimate the metabolic expenditure. However, the sensitivity of this method among the wide range speed, the locomotion pattern and during the Energetically Optimal Transition Speed (EOTS) is still unexplored. Hence that, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the metabolic and COM pattern differences between walk and run among the EOTS with a reflective marker motion analysis system and indirect pulmonary ventilation machine. The results showed that there is a metabolic intersection on two locomotion patterns (walk and run) between 100 and 125% Preferred Transition Speed (PTS), which coincides with the past EOTS studies, whereas, COM result showed that the variation of vertical COM displacement for running is significantly higher than walking among the entire tested speed. The pattern between the metabolic and COM variables is an inverse relation after the EOTS. Hence, the present investigator doubted that there would be a reliability problem for those instruments which use the COM displacement to estimate the metabolic cost or the intensity of physical activity among 5.15 to 9.82km/h for walk and run.
在過去的研究，身體質量中心移動常常被用作評估身體耗能的一種方法。可是這種方法在不同速度、動作型態及最佳轉換速度(EOTS)之可信範圍一直都沒有作出深入探討。因此本研究目的希望利用動作及生理分析系統對身體中心及身體耗能在兩種動作型態(走和跑)和在EOTS的情況底下的趨勢上作出分析及探討。結果顯示在兩個動作型態上在100及125%自然轉換速度情況下身體耗能出現交叉點(EOTS)，而此發現與過去EOTS之文獻相吻合，反之身體質量中心結果顯示，跑步在身體質量中心之穩定性在所有測試速度情況下都比走路有統計上之差異，跑步的垂直位移變異量明顯比走路大。由此可見身體耗能及身體質量中心變異量顯示出兩者在EOTS出現後是反比關係。因此本研究結果可推斷現在有利用身體質量中心變異量去推估身體耗能或身體活動量的儀器在速度5.15—9.82公里的情況底下可能會出現信度問題。
Team Sport Players' Perception of Imagery Use and Confidence in Sport
Authors: ADEGBESAN Olufemi Adegbola 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The relationship of imagery use and confidence were examined on forty-eight elite male team sport players in volleyball, basketball and football from Botswana with mean age {M=22.50; 1.32} using Sport Imagery Questionnaire {SIQ} and the Sources of Sport Confidence Questionnaire {SSCQ} The result of the correlation matrix indicated a positive but moderate relationship of perceived imagery use and sport confidence with correlation value ranging from r=.30 to .77. The result further revealed an apparent significant {P<.05} composite effect of the imagery use on the team sport players' sport confidence. The reflection of the dual motivational and cognitive functions of imagery use for the prediction of the team sport players' sport confidence was also revealed in the study.
本文旨在探討博茨瓦納青年人參與排球、籃球和足球等隊際運動對意象及信心的關係，結果顯示兩者存有明顯的正相關。
Study on Gender Differences in Food Habits and Sport Performance among Secondary School Boys and Girls in Sri Lanka
Authors: SENEVIRATHNE Walter 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The objectives of this research were to identify the significant difference between students food habits at different periods of sport activity, to identify gender differences in food habits and to identify sport performance in food habits and, sport performance among secondary school boys and girls. A descriptive survey method was adopted. The situation sampling method (non-randomized) was used to select 10 secondary schools and 100 students (N=100) including 50 girls and 50 boys who are aged between 17-19. Data were obtained by distribution questionnaires to the sample and the data were analyzed using a bi-nominal probability test and Pearson's chi-square test and descriptive method. The mixed results were revealed in this research (both significant difference and no significant difference) in food habits and sport performance. The bi-nominal probability test implies that in the pre exercise period, those who got good food habits shows high level of performance among girls than boys. However for the water intake no significant difference was recorded During the exercise period those who got good food habits instead of showing high level of performance among girls than boys. However no significant difference in other drinks habits. Regarding post exercise period significant difference was recorded with interruptions for food habits and protein intake. Pearson’s chi squire test, shows DF (12) P value = 0.839 twelve cells with expected counts less than 5.0. According to the chi test, no significant difference of sport performance with two habits were found in terms of gender and nature of game (indoor and outdoor). This study also reveals that the food habits of both boys and girls were quite traditional.
本文旨在探討斯里蘭卡中學生的飲食行為與運動表現，採用問卷形式共調查了一百位男女中學生，結果顯示他們的飲食行為與運動表現都較為傳統的。
Dynamic Pedagogy of Physical Education Teacher Preparation: Linking Practice with Theory
Authors: EDGINTON Christopher R. , KIRKPATRICK Beth , SCHUPBACH Rick , PHILLIPS Carol , CHIN Ming-kai , CHEN Peter 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
Physical education teacher preparation programs are being called into question, failing to inspire, motivate or adequately prepare the needs of learners in the 21st Century. The application of the technical-rationality model for preparing teachers, where gaining theoretical knowledge as a prelude to practice, is being questioned. The problem is that the teaching of theoretical knowledge has not been adequately tied to actual practice of physical education in an effective fashion. This paper presents a frame work for a unique master’s degree program focused on preparing physical education teachers with an emphasis on technology. Known as the POLAR Scholar program, the uniqueness of the program emerges from the unique blend of seven curricular components in a holistic fashion. These include: 1) linking practice with theory, not the reverse; 2) creation of a total immersion, contextually based learning environment; 3) emphasis on the use of technology; 4) daily ongoing engagement with a master physical education teacher; 5) opportunities to use reflection as a strategy to improve professional practice; 6) extension of learning environments to partner organizations beyond the school, leading to greater community engagement; and 7) recruitment and selection of students to operate within cohort groups.
面對21世紀教育的發展趨勢，體育教師的培養面臨挑戰，如何鼓舞，激勵和迎合學生的需要成為關注的重點。以技術理性為主，從理論到實踐的教師培訓模式正在受到質疑。問題是，理論知識在體育教學中並沒有得到有效的實踐和應用。本文闡述了一 種獨特、創新的大學與社區合作的體育碩士培訓課程 -- POLAR Scholars，由美國北愛荷華大學，格蘭迪中心社區學校和芬蘭Polar Electro, Inc.合辦。該課程運用以科技為主的沉浸式教學方法，使用POLAR心率監控器為依據來觀測小學生體育課的運動負荷量，提高學生終身體育與健康意識。課程設計以綜合全面的培訓模式作為重點，包括七個方面: 1) 參加課程培訓的教師從實踐到理論來獲得的直接體育教學經驗，而不是理論到實踐; 2) 採用沉浸式教學方法在學校和社區進行實踐學習；3) 科技教學手段的實際運用; 4) 實習教師與輔導教師的之間的日常協作與夥伴關係；5) 通過實踐學習，提高反思能力；6) 學校和社區相結合，提供與社區交流的機會，讓學生走進社區進行實踐學習; 7) 每年進行全國的招募，審核和挑選優秀的學生參加課程培訓。
Primary School Teacher' Perceptions towards the Physical Education Component of Creative and Performing Arts Curriculum in Botswana
Authors: KASALE Lobone L. , MOKGWATHI Martin M. 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
Creative and Performing Arts is a new subject that has been introduced at the primary school level in Botswana. The subject draws its contents from various disciplines such as Arts and Craft, Design and technology, Home Economics, Business Studies, Drama, Dance, Music and Physical Education. The aim of the study is to evaluate the perceptions of the primary school teachers with regards to teaching of the Physical Education component of Creative and Performing Arts curriculum. Nine primary schools in the greater Gaborone area were randomly selected for the purpose of this study. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire that was designed for the purpose of this study. The Cronbach Alpha was used to test the reliability of the instrument and a value of 0.73 was obtained in the test. The questionnaire was distributed among the primary school teachers who responded to it. Data analysis revealed that teachers were not adequately trained to demonstrate physical education skills and therefore had difficulties in teaching the subject. It is hence recommended that teachers who are required to teach the physical education component of Creative and Performing Arts must be qualified physical education professionals who will be able to correctly demonstrate physical education skills to the learners. In this way, students may be able to benefit from creative and performing arts as a curriculum subject.
本文旨在探討博茨瓦納小學的體育科與創意藝術科的融合，結果顯示需要培訓足夠的教師去教授這些融合的課程。
Effects of Psychological Interventions on Regulating Pre-Competition Mood States in Malaysian Volleyball Players
Authors: LIM BH , BALBIR SG , CHONG KY 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of three psychological intervention strategies in regulating the pre-competition mood states among volleyball players with matching hypothesis. The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) was employed to examine the pre-competition mood states patterning of its six sub-scales during the time leading up to competition. Participants were the youth state volleyball players (N=96; boys = 48, girls = 48; Age: M=16.35 yr., SD = .89 yr.) competing in the Under 18 National School Sport Council of Malaysia Volleyball Tournament 2008. The Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised (CSAI-2R) was employed to collect the baseline data two months prior to the official competition during the first meeting. The group with the highest group mean scores in cognitive anxiety component was assigned to a cognitive intervention group (n = 24) in which participants underwent breathing technique & autogenic relaxation with music lasting for 30 minutes per session; the group with the highest group mean scores in somatic anxiety component (n=24) completed the somatic intervention with progressive muscular relaxation lasting for 30 minutes; the selfconfidence intervention group which rated the lowest mean group scores in self-confidence component carried out the intervention with positive self-talk and goal setting exercises lasting 30 minutes; and a control group (n = 24). Results of this study revealed that the cognitive intervention was the most effective intervention followed by the somatic intervention in regulating the bad mood states and facilitating the good mood states prior to competition. Similarly, the self-confidence intervention was able to facilitate the vigour sub-scale prior to competition.
本研究的目的是探討三項心理調節策略的成效，對排球運動員賽前情緒狀態調節之間的匹配假說。在即將面對激烈的競賽期間採用布魯內爾情緒量表(BRUMS)，以觀察賽前情緒狀態模式的六個因素。參與者是參加18歲以下全國學校體育委員會2008年馬來西亞排球錦標賽的各州少年排球運動員(N = 96；男生 = 48，女生= 48；年齡：M = 16.35歲，SD = .89歲。)。在正式比賽前兩個月的第一次會議中，採用競賽狀態焦慮量表第二修訂版(CSAI-2R)收集了基線資料。在認知焦慮部分獲平均得分最高的組別， 其參與者被分配到認知調節組 (n = 24)，在每節30分鐘的音樂播放下經歷呼吸技巧和自生放鬆; 在軀體焦慮部分獲平均得分最高的組別(n = 24)以持續30分鐘的漸進性肌肉放鬆完成了軀體調節；在自信心部分平均數排名最低的自信心調節組，則開展了持續30分鐘以積極的自我對話和目標設置練習作調節; 對照組 (n = 24)。本研究結果顯示，認知調節能於比賽前最有效地介入調節不良情緒狀態和促進良好的情緒狀態，其次是軀體調節。同樣，自信心調節能夠在比賽前促進活力因素。
Effects of Reciprocal Style on Junior Secondary Students’ Learning Interest, Collaboration Skill and Communication Skill in Volleyball Lessons
Authors: LAM Chi Yung , CRUZ Alberto 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
Mosston and Ashworth (1994) introduced the spectrum of teaching styles in physical education. Research findings indicated that reciprocal teaching style brought positive benefits to student learning. This study aimed at examining the effects of reciprocal style on junior secondary students’ learning interest, collaboration skills and communication skills in volleyball lessons. Participants were 32 female junior secondary students and they were taught in ten volleyball lessons with reciprocal teaching style. Mixed methods were employed to collect both quantitative and qualitative data in the study. The collaboration skill and communication skill analysis checklists, participant observation field notes and individual interview were used as to understand the learning process and the students’ perceptions on the teaching style within the lessons. Findings indicated that there were positive effects on students’ learning interest, collaboration and communication skills under this teaching style. Results were discussed in the following aspects: (1) how did the students enhance learning interest, (2) how did the students develop collaboration skills, and (3) how did the students develop communication skills under this teaching style. The findings of this study have implications on the practice of physical educators.
本研究旨在探討互惠式排球教學對學生的學習興趣、協作能力及溝通能力的影響。三十二位女學生接受十堂互惠式排球課。 透過協作及溝通能力分析表、參與式觀察及個人訪談，了解學生的學習過程及對此模式的感受及意見。結果顯示此教學法對學生的學習興趣、協作及溝通能力都有正面的影響。討論包括此教學法:(一) 如何提升學生學習興趣; (二) 如何發展學生協作能 力; 及(三) 如何發展學生溝通能力。研究結果帶給體育教師教學啓示。
Analysis of the Use of Exercise Imagery Functions by Exercisers in Nigeria
Authors: ADEGBESAN Olufemi Adegbola , OLADIPO Isiaka Oludele 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
It is a general position that imagery plays a cognitive behavioral role in enhancing the performance of sport skills as noted in Short and Short (2005), the use of imagery is also more equally significant in exercise activities and can bring to fruition the performance of an individual exerciser because of its unique motivational function. Research studies has been conducted examining imagery use by different categories of participants related to sport and exercise in the developed world, there have been dearth of literature on imagery use on similar participants in the developing countries, hence the purpose of this study. Participants (482) male and female students were recruited from universities of Nigeria (mean age 24.0 ±SD4.7; male, n=256) and (mean age 23.0±SD5.2, female, n=226). A demographic questionnaire and the Exercise Imagery Questionnaire (EIQ) Hausenblas et. al (1999) were used for data collection. Results indicated that no significant difference (p>0.5) was found on the three imagery functions by sex. But significant difference (p<0.5) was located on the appearance imagery function based on the criterion independent variables of three exercise activity groups of the exercise participants.
本研究旨在探討表象訓練對尼日利亞大學生運動行為的改變，共邀請了482名大學生進行比較分析，結果顯示沒有明顯的運動行為改變。
General Attitudes of Middle School Students Towards Physical Education
Authors: BARNEY David , Christenson Robert 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
Attitudes are formed by beliefs and experiences a person has had in their life (Silverman & Subramanian, 1999). This principle applies to middle school students’ attitudes in physical education. The purpose of this study was to determine middle school students’ attitudes towards physical education. For this study 227 middle school students in the Midwest of the United States were surveyed, then 28 students were interviewed regarding the attitudes towards physical education. It was found that middle school students tend to have positive attitudes towards physical education more specifically, the student felt that physical education is important their education and that the activities they participate in are fun and the physical education class is an important aspect of a students’ school day.
態度是由個人生活的信念和經驗所形成的(Silverman和Subramanian, 1999)。這一原則適用於初中學生的對體育課的態度。本研究的目的是要確定中學生對體育課的態度。本研究有227名中學生參與，在美國中西部地區進行調查，然後28名學生再進行面訪對體育的態度。結果發現，中學生往往對體育課有積極的態度，學生認為體育是重要的教育，參加活動感覺很有趣，體育課是學生的一個重要學習天。
Instructional Pyramid: Expanding Coach Wooden’s “Pyramid of Success” to Guide P.E.T.E. Professionals
Authors: CHRISTENSON Robert , BARNEY David 
Published: March 2021

What in the teaching-learning process can PETE (Physical Education Teacher Education) faculty identify as being effective and a critical part of this multifaceted practice? Which of the physical activity learning experiences best serves the student? Finally, how does a future-professional physical education teacher, who is inexperienced and intimidated by their first job circumstances, wade through all the information and responsibilities to perform up to expectations? As described by Veal (2011), “Teachers operate in an intensely complicated and demanding world. They face 30 or more students at once - each one different from the other, demanding individualized attention and treatment. Teachers must respond to a continuous and rapid succession of events, many of which are unanticipated, leaving little time for thoughtful decision making.” (Abstract taken from first part of Introduction)
Respiratory Health and Nutritional Strategy for Competitive Swimmers
Authors: LEE Shu Lin , LEE Yi Fang 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
There is growing interest in the potentially harmful effects in swimming pools, and the potential for swimming-related health hazards, which is gaining importance in competitive swimmers. This review was focused to discuss the following topics: (1) prevalence of respiratory difficulties in swimmers; (2) the possible factors and mechanisms which lead to the development of airway disorders in elite swimmers; (3) diet and nutrient supplementation for the management and prevention of airway problems. Summaries were concluded in this review according to the current knowledge of the respiratory problems in swimmers: (1) a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms and respiratory diseases in the elite swimmer population; (2) the potentially harmful effects in airway epithelial damage and lung permeability may caused by exposure in cold air, chlorinated products in swimming pools, and high intensity training in swimmers. (3) Observational studies have reported associations between airway symptoms and nutritional intervention (i.e. polyunsaturated fatty acid, dietary antioxidants, and vitamin D), which may have application for promoting health and sports performance for swimmers.
運動選手(如游泳選手)發生呼吸系統疾病問題逐漸受到重視，本篇綜評旨在討論下列課題：(1)選手發生呼吸道疾病之發生率；(2)發生呼吸疾病之可能原因及機轉；(3)飲食與營養補充對減低呼吸疾病症狀之探討。統整相關文獻後，獲以下結語：(1)游泳選手發生呼吸道疾病之情形高於其他運動者(如：冬季運動項目、短跑與長跑等)；(2)長期處於含氯物質及其氯產物環境，對吸呼道黏膜及肺組織將有所傷，而冷空氣環境及高強度訓練模式，亦是增加游泳選手發生呼吸道不適症狀的影響因素；(3)多元不飽和脂肪酸、抗氧化物質及維生素D等營養素，在減低呼吸疾病臨床研究上證實有改善效益，對於呼吸道疾病發生率較高的游泳選手而言，應是不錯的飲食及營養補充介入不錯的選擇。
Comparative Study of Graduate Physical Education Teacher Preparation Program among Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan
Authors: GAO Lulu , WU Ting 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The purposes of this study were to use the teacher preparation models of graduate programs from Capital Sports University, Education University of Hong Kong, and National Taiwan Normal University as examples, to analyze and compare the differences in the aspects of program development, aims of program, recruitment policies and curriculum system these four difference regions. The results of this study illustrated the diverse teacher preparation models from three different educational systems, cultures, and teacher preparation models, would greatly help experts to understand these differences, and learn from each other.
本研究以首都體育學院、香港教育大學、臺灣師範大學的體育專業研究生培養模式為例，從三所高校的發展歷程、培養目標、招生制度、課程體系四個方面做比較研究，從而分析和對比中國大陸與香港、臺灣地區高校體育專業研究生培養模式的差異及優缺點，通過比較與借鑒擁有“中西合璧”風格的香港、臺灣地區的體育學研究生教育方式，優化和改革中國大陸體育研究生教育的課程結構、內容、培養方式等措施，以提高我國體育專業研究生的教育品質。
Circuito productivo sojero y conflicto agrario en la Argentina. El año 2008 como hito y punto de inflexión
Authors: Varesi Gastón Ángel 
Published: March 2021

El artículo analiza el circuito productivo sojero, abordando sus dinámicas socio-económicas y territoriales, como parte de un subsistema de agronegocios más amplio. Asimismo, a partir de comprender dichos anclajes estructurales, se analiza el conflicto agrario de 2008 caracterizándolo como un hito en tanto estableció un punto de inflexión en la Argentina post-convertibilidad. Para ello, se propone un marco teórico-metodológico que recupera conceptos del enfoque de análisis regional y de la tradición marxista, conformando una mirada holística y relacional que hace foco en los procesos productivos y en la dinámica del conflicto, delineando un análisis de relaciones de fuerzas.