bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
China
Authors: Lin Jolene 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates international environmental law (IEL) in the courts of China. It is noteworthy that the first international conference that the People's Republic of China (PRC) participated in after it was formally recognized by the United Nations (UN) in 1971, was the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm). It is widely recognized that this conference brought environmental protection onto the Chinese government's radar and led to the promulgation of the Environmental Protection Law in 1979. Since then, China has signed or ratified nearly all multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) and is an active participant in global environmental diplomacy. However, Chinese courts do not play a significant role in interpreting or developing IEL. Even if environmental litigation were to flourish due to the steps taken to encourage environmental public interest litigation (EPIL), it is unlikely that IEL will feature prominently in the jurisprudence.
European Union/United Kingdom
Authors: Scotford Eloise 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates international environmental law (IEL) in the courts of the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom. This topic potentially covers many different kinds of courts, considering that the EU comprises many member states, each with its own court system, and the United Kingdom itself is a system of devolved government with different court systems. To draw out some key themes, the chapter focuses on decisions of the EU courts and the UK courts in England and Wales, as well as particularly notable decisions of other EU member state courts (available in English). The different experiences of IEL in these three sets of courts demonstrate that the doctrines of different legal systems and their legal cultures are critical to the experiences of their courts in implementing IEL. The chapter examines the reception and application of IEL in these different courts in two steps. It first looks at cases in which IEL has been directly applied by courts, considering the complex EU law in this area, and the EU's special role in implementing IEL in member states. The chapter then addresses cases where IEL applies indirectly in judicial reasoning.
Introduction
Authors: Shelton Dinah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the doctrine of peremptory norms (jus cogens). Publicists have long sought to develop a theory that would serve to constrain the claimed unlimited State discretion, in the exercise of sovereignty, to accept or reject an international treaty norm or developing customary international law. The doctrine of peremptory norms (jus cogens) is the primary theory developed in this effort. Notably, however, the norms most often cited as jus cogens have been universally accepted as customary international law or are contained in treaties adhered to by all or nearly all States. Breach of any such norm is a violation of international law; calling the norm jus cogens seems to add little—unless the consequences of violating such norms are enhanced or differ in other ways from breaches of ‘normal’ international law. The only references to peremptory norms in positive law are found in the Vienna conventions on the law of treaties.
Vibrational and rotational spectral data for possible interstellar detection of AlH3OH2, SiH3OH, and SiH3NH2
Authors: Watrous A G , Westbrook B R , Davis M C , Fortenberry Ryan C 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTThis work provides the first full set of vibrational and rotational spectral data needed to aid in the detection of AlH3OH2, SiH3OH (silanol), and SiH3NH2 (silylamine) in astrophysical or simulated laboratory environments through the use of quantum chemical computations at the CCSD(T)-F12b level of theory employing quartic force fields for the three molecules of interest. Previous work has shown that SiH3OH and SiH3NH2 contain some of the strongest bonds of the most abundant elements in space. AlH3OH2 also contains highly abundant atoms and represents an intermediate along the reaction pathway from H2O and AlH3 to AlH2OH. All three of these molecules are also polar with AlH3OH2 having the largest dipole of 4.58 D and the other two having dipole moments in the 1.10–1.30 D range, large enough to allow for the detection of these molecules in space through rotational spectroscopy. The molecules also have substantial infrared intensities with many of the frequencies being over 90 km mol−1 and falling within the currently uncertain 12–17 μm region of observed infrared spectra. The most intense frequency for AlH3OH2 is ν9 that has an intensity of 412 km mol−1 at 777.0 cm−1 (12.87 μm). SiH3OH has an intensity of 183 km mol−1 at 1007.8 cm−1 (9.92 μm) for ν5, and SiH3NH2 has an intensity of 215 km mol−1 at 1000.0 cm−1 (10.00 μm) for ν7.
Quantifying stochasticity-driven uncertainties in H ii region metallicities
Authors: Arora Raghav , Krumholz Mark R , Federrath Christoph 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
With the advent of integral field units (IFUs), surveys can now measure metallicities across the discs of nearby galaxies at scales ≲100 pc. At such small scales, many of these regions contain too few stars to fully sample all possible stellar masses and evolutionary states, leading to stochastic fluctuations in the ionizing continuum. The impact of these fluctuations on the line diagnostics used to infer galaxy metallicities is poorly understood. In this paper, we quantify this impact for six most commonly used diagnostics. We generate stochastic stellar populations for galaxy patches with star formation rates varying over a factor of 1000, compute the nebular emission that results when these stars ionize gas at a wide range of densities, metallicities, and determine how much inferred metallicities vary with fluctuations in the driving stellar spectrum. We find that metallicities derived from diagnostics that measure multiple ionization states of their target elements (e.g. electron temperature methods) are weakly affected (variation &lt;0.1 dex), but that larger fluctuations (∼0.4 dex) occur for diagnostics that depend on a single ionization state. Scatter in the inferred metallicity is generally largest at low star formation rate and metallicity, and is larger for more sensitive observations than for shallower ones. The main cause of the fluctuations is stochastic variation in the ionization state in the nebula in response to the absence of Wolf–Rayet stars, which dominate the production of ≳2−3 Ryd photons. Our results quantify the trade-off between line brightness and diagnostic accuracy, and can be used to optimise observing strategies for future IFU campaigns.
How to inflate a wind-blown bubble
Authors: Pittard J M , Wareing C J , Kupilas M M 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Stellar winds are one of several ways that massive stars can affect the star formation process on local and galactic scales. In this paper, we investigate the numerical resolution needed to inflate an energy-driven stellar wind bubble in an external medium. We find that the radius of the wind injection region, rinj, must be below a maximum value, rinj,max, in order for a bubble to be produced, but must be significantly below this value if the bubble properties are to closely agree with analytical predictions. The final bubble momentum is within 25 per cent of the value from a higher resolution reference model if χ = rinj/rinj,max = 0.1. Our work has significance for the amount of radial momentum that a wind-blown bubble can impart to the ambient medium in simulations, and thus on the relative importance of stellar wind feedback.
Seeds don’t sink: even massive black hole ‘seeds’ cannot migrate to galaxy centres efficiently
Authors: Ma Linhao , Hopkins Philip F , Ma Xiangcheng , Anglés-Alcázar Daniel , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Kelley Luke Zoltan 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Possible formation scenarios of supermassive black holes (BHs) in the early universe include rapid growth from less massive seed BHs via super-Eddington accretion or runaway mergers, yet both of these scenarios would require seed BHs to efficiently sink to and be trapped in the Galactic Centre via dynamical friction. This may not be true for their complicated dynamics in clumpy high-z galaxies. In this work, we study this ‘sinking problem’ with state-of-the-art high-resolution cosmological simulations, combined with both direct N-body integration of seed BH trajectories and post-processing of randomly generated test particles with a newly developed dynamical friction estimator. We find that seed BHs less massive than $10^8\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ (i.e. all but the already-supermassive seeds) cannot efficiently sink in typical high-z galaxies. We also discuss two possible solutions: dramatically increasing the number of seeds such that one seed can end up trapped in the Galactic Centre by chance, or seed BHs being embedded in dense structures (e.g. star clusters) with effective masses above the mass threshold. We discuss the limitations of both solutions.
Investigating the evolution of PKS B1144−379: comparison of VLBI and scintillation techniques
Authors: Said N M M , Ellingsen S P , Shabala S , Orosz G , Liu J , Bignall H E , McCallum J N , Reynolds C 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We have investigated the evolution of the BL Lac object PKS B1144−379 using the University of Tasmania Ceduna 30-m radio telescope at a frequency of 6.7 GHz and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) data at 8.6 GHz. Variability time-scales associated with two flares detected in 2005 November and 2008 August were derived from long-term variations in total flux density monitored by Ceduna between 2003 and 2011. A kinematic study of the parsec-scale jet of PKS B1144−379 was performed using VLBI data obtained between 1997 and 2018. Quasi-periodic flarings with a period of ∼3–4 yr were observed. Over the 20-yr interval, the average jet position angle was found to be ~150°.
Diverse functional elements in RNA predicted transcriptome-wide by orthogonal RNA structure probing
Authors: Chan Dalen , Feng Chao , England Whitney E , Wyman Dana , Flynn Ryan A , Wang Xiuye , Shi Yongsheng , Mortazavi Ali , Spitale Robert C 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
RNA molecules can fold into complex structures and interact with trans-acting factors to control their biology. Recent methods have been focused on developing novel tools to measure RNA structure transcriptome-wide, but their utility to study and predict RNA-protein interactions or RNA processing has been limited thus far. Here, we extend these studies with the first transcriptome-wide mapping method for cataloging RNA solvent accessibility, icLASER. By combining solvent accessibility (icLASER) with RNA flexibility (icSHAPE) data, we efficiently predict RNA-protein interactions transcriptome-wide and catalog RNA polyadenylation sites by RNA structure alone. These studies showcase the power of designing novel chemical approaches to studying RNA biology. Further, our study exemplifies merging complementary methods to measure RNA structure inside cells and its utility for predicting transcriptome-wide interactions that are critical for control of and regulation by RNA structure. We envision such approaches can be applied to studying different cell types or cells under varying conditions, using RNA structure and footprinting to characterize cellular interactions and processing involving RNA.
Binding of DNA origami to lipids: maximizing yield and switching via strand displacement
Authors: Singh Jasleen Kaur Daljit , Darley Esther , Ridone Pietro , Gaston James P , Abbas Ali , Wickham Shelley F J , Baker Matthew A B 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Liposomes are widely used as synthetic analogues of cell membranes and for drug delivery. Lipid-binding DNA nanostructures can modify the shape, porosity and reactivity of liposomes, mediated by cholesterol modifications. DNA nanostructures can also be designed to switch conformations by DNA strand displacement. However, the optimal conditions to facilitate stable, high-yield DNA–lipid binding while allowing controlled switching by strand displacement are not known. Here, we characterized the effect of cholesterol arrangement, DNA structure, buffer and lipid composition on DNA–lipid binding and strand displacement. We observed that binding was inhibited below pH 4, and above 200 mM NaCl or 40 mM MgCl2, was independent of lipid type, and increased with membrane cholesterol content. For simple motifs, binding yield was slightly higher for double-stranded DNA than single-stranded DNA. For larger DNA origami tiles, four to eight cholesterol modifications were optimal, while edge positions and longer spacers increased yield of lipid binding. Strand displacement achieved controlled removal of DNA tiles from membranes, but was inhibited by overhang domains, which are used to prevent cholesterol aggregation. These findings provide design guidelines for integrating strand displacement switching with lipid-binding DNA nanostructures. This paves the way for achieving dynamic control of membrane morphology, enabling broader applications in nanomedicine and biophysics.
Impact of the methylation classifier and ancillary methods on CNS tumor diagnostics
Authors: Wu Zhichao , Abdullaev Zied , Pratt Drew , Chung Hye-Jung , Skarshaug Shannon , Zgonc Valerie , Perry Candice , Pack Svetlana , Saidkhodjaeva Lola , Nagaraj Sushma , Tyagi Manoj , Gangalapudi Vineela , Valdez Kristin , Turakulov Rust , Xi Liqiang , Raffeld Mark , Papanicolau-Sengos Antonios , O’Donnell Kayla , Newford Michael , Gilbert Mark R , Sahm Felix , Suwala Abigail K , von Deimling Andreas , Mamatjan Yasin , Karimi Shirin , Nassiri Farshad , Zadeh Gelareh , Ruppin Eytan , Quezado Martha , Aldape Kenneth 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Accurate CNS tumor diagnosis can be challenging, and methylation profiling can serve as an adjunct to classify diagnostically difficult cases.

Methods
An integrated diagnostic approach was employed for a consecutive series of 1258 surgical neuropathology samples obtained primarily in a consultation practice over 2-year period. DNA methylation profiling and classification using the DKFZ/Heidelberg CNS tumor classifier was performed, as well as unsupervised analyses of methylation data. Ancillary testing, where relevant, was performed.

Results
Among the received cases in consultation, a high-confidence methylation classifier score (&gt;0.84) was reached in 66.4% of cases. The classifier impacted the diagnosis in 46.7% of these high-confidence classifier score cases, including a substantially new diagnosis in 26.9% cases. Among the 289 cases received with only a descriptive diagnosis, methylation was able to resolve approximately half (144, 49.8%) with high-confidence scores. Additional methods were able to resolve diagnostic uncertainty in 41.6% of the low-score cases. Tumor purity was significantly associated with classifier score (P = 1.15e−11). Deconvolution demonstrated that suspected glioblastomas (GBMs) matching as control/inflammatory brain tissue could be resolved into GBM methylation profiles, which provided a proof-of-concept approach to resolve tumor classification in the setting of low tumor purity.

Conclusions
This work assesses the impact of a methylation classifier and additional methods in a consultative practice by defining the proportions with concordant vs change in diagnosis in a set of diagnostically challenging CNS tumors. We address approaches to low-confidence scores and confounding issues of low tumor purity.
Changes of healthy brain tissue after salvage radiotherapy of glioblastoma
Authors: de la Cruz Leandra , Chen Xiaoran , Konugoglu Ender , Ciernik I Frank 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Salvage radiotherapy (SRT) with photons is a valid treatment option for patients suffering from recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). However, the tolerance of healthy brain to ionizing radiation (IR) is limited. The aim of this study was to determine to what extent brain structures in the radiographically tumor-free hemisphere change after repeated radiotherapy.

Methods
Five of 26 patients treated with SRT for local recurrence of GBM were found to have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies available for complete volumetric analysis before and after primary chemo-radiation and after SRT. Manual segmentation and joint segmentation (JS) based on a convolutional neural network were used for the segmentation of the gray matter, the white matter and the ventricles in T1 MRIs.

Results
Qualitative results of manual segmentation and JS were comparable. After primary chemo-radiation and SRT, the volume of the contralateral ventricles increased steadily by 1.3–4.75% (SD ± 2.8 %, R2 = 0.82; P = &lt;.01) with a manual segmentation and by 1.4–7.4% (SD 2.1%, R2 = 0.48; P = .025) with JS. The volume of the cortex decreased by 3.4–7.3% except in one patient, the cortex volume increased by 2.5% (SD ± 2.9%, R2 = 0.18; P = .19) when measured manually. When measured with JS GM decreased by 1.0–7.4%, in one case it increased by 3.0% (SD = 3.2%, P = .22, R2 = 0.18). The white matter remained stable when assessed with manual segmentation (P = .84, R2 = 0.004) or JS (P = .44, R2 = 0.07).

Conclusion
SRT of relapsed GBM leads to continuous changes of the tumor-free contralateral brain by means of manual segmentation or JS. The cortex seems more susceptible to repeated RT compared to the white matter. Larger cohort studies and complementary functional analysis are encouraged.
Comparative analysis of variation in the quality and completeness of local outbreak control plans for SARS-CoV-2 in English local authorities
Authors: Yu Xinming , Li Mengye , Lawson-Portuphy Laurie , Chowdhury Avirup , Badrinath Padmanabhan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundLocal outbreak control plans (LOCPs) are statutory documents produced by local authorities (LAs) across England. LOCPs outline LAs’ response to Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID19) outbreaks and the coordination of local resources, data and communication to support outbreak response. LOCPs are therefore crucial in the nation’s response to COVID-19. However, there has been no previous systematic assessment of these documents. We performed this study to systematically assess the quality of LOCPs and to offer recommendations of good practice.MethodsAll published LOCPs were assessed for basic characteristics. A framework based on Department of Health and Social Care guidelines was used to assess a random sample of LOCPs. Qualitative analysis was undertaken for LOCPs with highest completeness.ResultsHundred and thirty-seven of 150 LAs publicly published a full LOCP; 9 were drafts. Statistical analysis demonstrated the significant difference between reporting of mainstream schools, care homes and the homeless population and other educational settings, high-risk settings and other vulnerable groups. LOCPs varied in approach when structuring outbreak response information and focused on different areas of outbreak management.ConclusionsThe majority of LAs are publicly accessible. There is significant variation between the reporting of high-risk settings and groups. Suggested recommendations may help to improve future LOCP updates.
Seasonal variation in the management and outcomes of cardiac arrest complicating acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Patlolla S H , Kanwar A , Sundaragiri P R , Cheungpasitporn W , Doshi R P , Singh Mandeep , Vallabhajosyula S 
Published: September 2021

Summary

Background
There are limited data on the influence of seasons on the outcomes of acute myocardial infarction-cardiac arrest (AMI-CA).

Aim
To evaluate the outcomes of AMI-CA by seasons in the United States

Design
Retrospective cohort study

Methods
Using the National Inpatient Sample from 2000 to 2017, adult (&gt;18 years) admissions with AMI-CA were identified. Seasons were defined by the month of admission as spring, summer, fall and winter. The outcomes of interest were prevalence of AMI-CA, in-hospital mortality, use of coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), hospital length of stay, hospitalization costs and discharge disposition.

Results
Of the 10 880 856 AMI admissions, 546 334 (5.0%) were complicated by CA, with a higher prevalence in fall and winter (5.1% each) compared to summer (5.0%) and spring (4.9%). Baseline characteristics of AMI-CA admissions admitted in various seasons were largely similar. Compared to AMI-CA admissions in spring, summer and fall, AMI-CA admissions in winter had slightly lower rates of coronary angiography (63.3–64.3% vs. 61.4%) and PCI (47.2–48.4% vs. 45.6%). Compared to those admitted in the spring, adjusted in-hospital mortality was higher for winter {46.8% vs. 44.2%; odds ratio (OR) 1.08 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06–1.10]; P &lt; 0.001}, lower for summer [43% vs. 44.2%; OR 0.97 (95% CI 0.95–0.98); P &lt; 0.001] and comparable for fall [44.4% vs. 44.2%; OR 1.01 (95% CI 0.99–1.03); P = 0.31] AMI-CA admissions. Length of hospital stay, total hospitalization charges and discharge dispositions for AMI-CA admissions were comparable across the seasons.

Conclusions
AMI-CA admissions in the winter were associated with lower rates of coronary angiography and PCI, and higher rates of in-hospital mortality compared to the other seasons.
Trust and Insurance Contracts
Authors: Gennaioli Nicola , La Porta Rafael , Lopez-de-Silanes Florencio , Shleifer Andrei 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We assemble homeowner insurance claims from 28 independently operated country subsidiaries of a multinational insurance firm. We propose a new insurance model, in which consumers can make invalid claims and firms can deny valid claims, as is common in the data. In the model, trust and honesty shape equilibrium insurance contracts, disputes, and claim payments, especially when disputes are too small for courts. We test the model by investigating claim incidence, dispute, rejection, and payment, as well as insurance costs and pricing across countries. The evidence is consistent with the centrality of trust for insurance markets, as our model predicts.
Authors have furnished data/code, which are available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Early and late neural correlates of mentalizing: ALE meta-analyses in adults, children and adolescents
Authors: Fehlbaum Lynn V , Borbás Réka , Paul Katharina , Eickhoff Simon B , Raschle Nora M 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe ability to understand mental states of others is referred to as mentalizing and enabled by our Theory of Mind. This social skill relies on brain regions comprising the mentalizing network as robustly observed in adults but also in a growing number of developmental studies. We summarized and compared neuroimaging evidence in children/adolescents and adults during mentalizing using coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses to inform about brain regions consistently or differentially engaged across age categories. Adults (N = 5286) recruited medial prefrontal and middle/inferior frontal cortices, precuneus, temporoparietal junction and middle temporal gyri during mentalizing, which were functionally connected to bilateral inferior/superior parietal lobule and thalamus/striatum. Conjunction and contrast analyses revealed that children and adolescents (N = 479) recruit similar but fewer regions within core mentalizing regions. Subgroup analyses revealed an early continuous engagement of middle medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus and right temporoparietal junction in younger children (8–11 years) and adolescents (12–18 years). Adolescents additionally recruited the left temporoparietal junction and middle/inferior temporal cortex. Overall, the observed engagement of the medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus and right temporoparietal junction during mentalizing across all ages reflects an early specialization of some key regions of the social brain.