bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inlet shape optimization of pneumobile engine pneumatic cylinder using CFD analysis
Authors: Černák M. , Michalec M. , Valena M. , Ranuša M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study is to minimize minor losses in cap-end ports of a pneumatic cylinder used in pneumobil vehicle engine. Six geometry arrangements of intake ports, including the currently used version, were designed assuming conventional machining technology. Boundary conditions for the analysis were acquired from experimental measurement. The air flow was analyzed by 3D stationary CFD analysis in ANSYS Fluent for all designs. Pressure drop was used as the evaluation criteria. Two best configurations according to the obtained results were optimized using ANSYS Fluent Adjoint Solver. The pressure drop was reduced by 81.1% using this method. The obtained results will be used for design of solid geometry customized for production by lost wax casting process.
The potential of vehicle cooling systems
Authors: Bencs P , Alktranee M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Vehicle engine cooling systems have several functions. Excess heat removal from the engine helps to rapidly cool it, quickly reach operating temperature, maintain a constant engine operating temperature, and provide heat to the vehicle’s passenger compartment. Developments in the automotive industry, such as hybrid and electric vehicles, now also involve the temperature management of battery packs. Currently, the coolant used in cooling systems is water or an equivalent substance. Water as a coolant has low thermal conductivity. Therefore, researchers are trying to use nano-liquid as a coolant in the cooling system. Better results are expected by use of this alternative. Nano-liquids contain metal particles that enhance thermal transfer properties, so current and future cooling systems could operate more efficiently. Adding phase change materials to the cooling and air handling systems will result in better efficiency in future vehicles. In the case of hybrid and electric vehicles, the addition of thermoelectric generators to cooling and exhaust systems increase efficiency. Present developments help increase a vehicles’ usability and the possibility of achieving greater efficiency.
AVL Boost: a powerful tool for research and education
Authors: Bellér G , Árpád I , Kiss J T , Kocsis D 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
AVL Boost is a fully integrated simulation software in the field of internal combustion engines. At the University of Debrecen, it has been roughly a year since the launch of the Partnership Program with AVL Advanced Simulation Technologies. Although 2020 made us face unusual and unexpected challenges, the use of Boost has begun both in research projects and in engineering courses. The software provides a wide range of applications in engine performance, tailpipe emissions and acoustics. It is inherently appropriate only for internal combustion engines including both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines. However, with a link to other AVL software packages (e.g. Cruise or Fire), hybrid vehicles can be studied too. Boost enables the user to perform a solely computational approach, as well as the comparison of experimental findings with simulation results. The software offers a high level of flexibility of the fuel type and fuel composition, including the possibility to use both conventional and alternative fuels. Our paper provides an overview of the software including a general introduction, a review of selected publications from recent years and a discussion of the application of Boost, in engineering courses and student projects.
Comparative carbon footprint analysis of residents of wooden and non-wooden houses in Finland
Authors: Ottelin Juudit , Amiri Ali , Steubing Bernhard , Junnila Seppo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Sustainable forest management and harvested wood products together can create a growing carbon sink by storing carbon in long-lived products. The role of wood products in climate change mitigation has been studied from several perspectives, but not yet from a consumer’s view. In this study, we examine the impact of wooden housing on consumer carbon footprints in Finland. We use the 2016 Finnish Household Budget Survey and Exiobase 2015, a global multi-regional input-output model. The sample size is 3700 households, of which 45% live in a wooden house. We find that residents of wooden houses have a 12(±3)% (950 kg CO2-eq/year) lower carbon footprint on average than residents of non-wooden houses, when income, household type, education of the main income provider, age of the house, owner-occupancy and urban zone are controlled in regression analysis. This is not fully explained by the impact of the construction material, which suggests that the residents of wooden houses may have some features in their lifestyles that lower their carbon footprints further. In addition, we find that an investment in a new wooden house in an urban area has a strong reducing impact on a consumer’s carbon footprint, while investments in other types of housing have a weaker or no reducing impact. Our findings support wooden housing as a meaningful sustainable consumption choice.
Quantifying the indirect effects of urbanization on urban vegetation carbon uptake in the megacity of Shanghai, China
Authors: Wei Shuyun , Chen Qiuji , Wu Wanben , Ma Jun 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Urbanization causes the expansion of urban land and changes to urban environments, both of which have significant impacts on the carbon uptake of urban vegetation. Although previous studies have proposed that the impact of the changes in the environmental conditions of vegetation carbon uptake by urban expansion are generally indirect, the processes of this impact are still unclear. In this study, we quantified the indirect effects of urbanization on urban vegetation carbon uptake for unchanged vegetation areas. We extracted unchanged vegetation areas based on multisource remote sensing data from the Google Earth Engine cloud computing platform. The influence of urbanization on vegetation carbon uptake and urban environmental factors in 2004, 2010, and 2016 along with the urban–rural gradient was calculated. In addition, we investigated the relative contribution of urban environmental factors to vegetation carbon uptake to study the relationship between them using a boosted regression tree method. The results showed that urbanization promoted vegetation carbon uptake, which varied with different years in Shanghai. Besides, the promoting effect of urbanization on the carbon uptake of vegetation was mainly due to the increase in temperature and the fragmentation of vegetation landscape patterns in Shanghai. The changes of soil moisture and radiation had little effect on the vegetation carbon uptake. Among the influencing factors, the relative contribution of the vegetation landscape pattern to vegetation carbon uptake was about 85%. Considering the crucial role of landscape patterns in the carbon uptake of vegetation, urban managers should consider reducing the negative influence of urbanization on vegetation through landscape design, which will further promote the sustainable development of urban ecology.
Application of Dynamic Control Theory in Intelligent Control System for Asphalt Pavement Construction
Authors: Zhang Lili , Huang Jianping , Wang Shuai 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The intelligent control system for asphalt pavement construction can achieve the data collection, transmission, analysis and early warning during the entire construction process, including mixing, transporting, paving and rolling, by installing data collecting equipment and building the remote monitoring platform. It can effectively improve the construction quality control level. However, the quality control method adopted by the system still has some shortcomings and can’t meet the requirements of dynamic quality control. Therefore, this paper infuses dynamic control theory to improve the existing system quality control method. And, the practicability and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through case analysis in this paper.
Construction and Application of Virtual Experiment Teaching System for Integrated Mapping of Unmanned Ship
Authors: He Yuanrong , Sun Ruping , Wang Yuli , Nie Dewei , Wang Weisen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
At present, China’s water pollution situation is still very serious, and water pollution prevention is an important part of ecological environment protection, and water quality monitoring and pollution traceability are the basis of prevention and control work. Unmanned ship system uses GNSS intelligent navigation and positioning technology, automatic obstacle avoidance technology, real-time communication technology, sonar sounding technology and manual control technology, etc., by collecting underwater terrain, water quality information and underground pipe detection, it can complete water quality detection unmanned, intelligent and efficient. In this paper, the system architecture and measurement principle of unmanned equipment are comprehensively expounded, and based on WebGL and virtual simulation technology, an open unmanned equipment virtual simulation training system is constructed, which can directly carry out assembly training of unmanned aircraft and unmanned ship and flight control training of unmanned aircraft on the Web side. Finally, the feasibility and development prospect of unmanned equipment in sewage monitoring are discussed with an application example.
A Method of Identifying the Critical Source Areas for Phosphorus Loss in Geological Phosphorus-rich Watersheds
Authors: Wang Chensheng , Xue Qianqian , Chen Honghan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The principal cause of eutrophication in some freshwater systems is diffuse phosphorus (P) loss. The identification of critical source areas (CSAs) is identified to be the most effective way to minimize the difficulty of nonpoint source (NPS) P pollution management in watersheds. How to efficaciously identify CSAs for phosphorus loss in geological phosphorus-rich (GPR) watersheds is still a challenging hassle. An assessment approach primarily based on QGIS was applied to assess the risk of P loss and identified CSAs for a case study in the Huangbai River watershed of south China, which is a typical geological P-rich (GPR) watershed. In the modified P ranking scheme, total soil P (TP) content in various land use types was used as a source factor; the topographic index (TI) and distance-to-streams were considered as transport factors. P index calculation results showed that 92.2% of the watershed was low risk area, while 7.8% for medium and high risk of P loss. Meanwhile, higher risk areas were associated with the shorter distances from the stream, higher TI, and higher soil P content. Also, CSAs are normally located in phosphate mining sites and concentrated arable land in the karst mountainous areas. The introduction of a simplified P index scheme provides a convenient and practical tool to target CSAs for P loss from GPR areas in data-poor watersheds, thus assisting decision makers to implement remediation actions as to reduce P loss to sensitive waterbodies.
Optimal Configuration Method for EV Charging Station in Distribution Network Considering User Adjustment under V2G mode
Authors: Huang Minfa , Xiang Baolin , Peng Juanjuan , Zhang Lu 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The existing charging piles planning method of distribution network does not consider the influence of user participation in regulation. Hence, an optimal planning method of electric vehicle charging piles in V2G mode is proposed, considering users’ influence of regulation. An EV charging pile planning model is established to minimize the investment and operation cost of distribution network and charging station, and the genetic algorithm with elitist retention strategy is used to solve the model. The examples show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Analysis of temperature threshold in flight test
Authors: Zhang Ying , Wang Bin , Liu Xinyu , Ni Ping , Yan Wenhui 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The annual, seasonal, monthly and daily distribution characteristics, as well as the occurrence and duration of air temperature at Yan Liang Airport were statistical analysis by Matlab software using surface meteorological observation air temperature data from May 2014 to May 2019. It is discussed that the average temperature threshold distribution ranges from 10-25°C in spring, 25-35°C in summer, 15-25°C in autumn and 0-15°C in winter. It showed a good negative correlation with the temperature and relative humidity and it passed the significance test. The daily difference of temperature is positively correlated with the cloud amount. When the total cloud cover is 8-10 amounts, the daily difference of temperature is about 4°C. When the total cloud cover is less than 7 amounts, the daily difference of temperature is 9-10°C. When the total cloud cover is 0-3 amounts, the daily difference of temperature is 9-10°C. Statistics founds that the lowest temperature of Yan Liang Airport in the past 5 years was -13.2 °C, and the highest temperature was 41.8 °C. The minimum temperature occurred in January and the maximum temperature occurred in July. The daily minimum temperature occurred from 05:00 to 07:00 and the daily maximum temperature occurred from 15:00 to 16:00. The corresponding conclusions can provide a scientific basis for the decision of the “window” for a certain subject of flight test. Improve the utilization of meteorological resources and the efficiency that also ensure the progress of the test flight.
Preparation and properties of polystyrene composites modified by macromolecule flame retardant DOPO-HQ
Authors: Chen Qi , Xu Wei , Zhang Yingqiang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA macromolecular flame retardant was firstly the group reaction of DOPO-HQ. The modified polystyrene ADOPO-HQ-co-PS was prepared by copolymerization of macromolecular flame retardant and styrene. Its chemical structure was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). PS composite was prepared by adding it to the experimental formula, and the cone-shaped calorimetry experiment was carried out on the material. The results show that it has a better flame retardant performance than DOPO-HQ. The smoke generation rate is very small, the highest is 0.2m2/s, the CO production is very small, the highest is 0.007g/s, and the mass loss is the highest is 0.14g/s, which shows that the material is more environmentally friendly and stable during combustion.
Gasification Characteristics of Lignite in a Fluidized Bed Gasifier
Authors: Li Xuefeng , Yan Zhenhua , Zhang Qingping , Gao Bo , Chen Hao , Luo Hairong 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Steam gasification experiment of lignite was carried out in a fluidized-bed gasifier, Effects of bed temperature, steam flow rate and particle size on the gasification behaviors were explored. Gasification behaviors of lignite with/without minerals were compared. When the bed temperature increased, the carbon conversion and gasification efficiency increased, H2 and CO Content increased, CO2 content decreased, and CH4 content kept essentially unchanged. When steam flow increased, the carbon conversion, gas yield and gasification efficiency increased, the content of H2, CO and CO2 in the syngas increased while the CH4 content decreased. In this experiment, compared to the bed temperature and the steam flow, particle size showed only slightly influence on the gasification process. After removing the minerals, weight loss of lignite sample was almost same as the raw lignite, but the pyrolysis rate of the lignite with no minerals accelerated. In the experiment, although the carbon conversion kept no change, the content of H2 and CO2 decreased, CO content increased and CH4 content fallen slightly. From the above, the inherent minerals in the lignite showed a positive influence on the gasification process, which improved the composition of the syngas.
Analysis and Evaluation of Power Grid Loss Reduction from the Perspective of Operation Inspection Based on Risk Theory
Authors: Tao He , Wanli Zhai , Yihuan Feng 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The use of electric energy has become an indispensable and important part in people’s daily life and production, but there is a certain line loss rate in the process of electric energy transmission. Line loss is the power consumption of transmission lines and equipment in power grid, which is an important skillful index to measure the power loss level of power supply enterprises, and also reflects the power system design, operation, management and economic benefit level of enterprises. Line loss is an important skillful index to measure the power loss level of power supply enterprises, and it is also the embodiment of power system design, operation, management and economic benefit level of enterprises. At present, the scale and scope of power grid construction are constantly expanding, which makes the loss of power and energy increase, and affects the economic benefits of distribution network operation. Based on risk theory, this paper analyzes and evaluates the existence and composition of power loss in the process of power transmission and theft, and puts forward effective measures to reduce power loss in the operation and inspection, so as to more effectively improve the utilization rate of power and economic benefits.
Research and application of profile control and water shutoff technology in fractured sandstone reservoir based on system analysis method
Authors: Pei Guohui 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Huoshaoshan Oilfield is a sandstone reservoir with severe heterogeneity. After years of enhanced water flooding, the reservoir conditions have changed greatly. Based on the research results of fine reservoir description, the key to successful industrial application of large-scale water shutoff and profile control is to select suitable water shutoff and profile control agents and improve injection technology and evaluation technology. This technology has become a leading technology for improving water flooding recovery in the development of extra-high water cut stage in Huoshaoshan Oilfield, with remarkable economic benefits. In this paper, the main factors affecting the performance of pre-gel system and the flow experiment used to test its performance index are described by systematic analysis method, and the construction effect of well group H1194 is briefly introduced.
Study on the Mechanism of the Influence of Soil Water Content on Cold Resistance of Thermophilic Crops Based on Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Chen Xuehong 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Soil water content is one of the external factors of plant life, and the cold tolerance of plants is often transferred by this factor. The purpose of this paper is to study the mechanism of soil moisture content affecting the cold resistance of thermophilic crops based on principal component analysis. This paper uses MODIS1B data to obtain the day and night surface temperature difference and albedo parameters; combined with the soil moisture data measured by meteorological stations during the same period, the thermal inertia method is used to establish an empirical model of thermal inertia-soil water content. In addition, the mechanism of the influence of soil water content on the cold resistance of temperature-loving crop rubber and citrus during the low temperature period is discussed, which provides a basis for winter irrigation and antifreeze. The experimental results of this paper show that the vegetation index has a greater impact on the model, so the thermal inertia method has a higher accuracy in monitoring bare soil moisture content. Among them, when the temperature-loving crop rubber soil moisture content is 30%, the cold resistance mechanism reaches the maximum Good, and when the citrus soil water content reaches 22%, its cold resistance mechanism is the best.
Domestic Waste Management in Chengdu from the Perspective of Environmental Governance
Authors: Zhan Ti , Liu Xinjie 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Classification, recovery and disposal of domestic garbage at source has become an international popular garbage disposal method. Domestic waste classification management has become an important part of urban environmental governance, and improving domestic waste classification management is also an important prerequisite for building a green ecological city. Based on the investigation of domestic waste classification management in Chengdu in recent years, this paper recognizes the understanding and practice of domestic waste classification in Chengdu residents. Therefore, it is known that there are some problems in Chengdu’s domestic waste classification management, such as limited coverage, unclear classification standards, disunity of classification collection containers, insufficient publicity and guidance, and weak awareness of domestic waste classification among citizens. According to the existing problems in the management of domestic waste classification in Chengdu, some measures are put forward, such as perfecting the system design, clarifying the standard of waste classification, strengthening publicity and improving the enthusiasm and initiative of people to participate in waste classification.
HER2-Low Breast Cancers
Authors: Zhang Huina , Katerji Hani , Turner Bradley M , Hicks David G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Recent clinical trials have demonstrated significant clinical benefits from novel therapeutic compounds in breast cancer patient with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) immunohistochemical (IHC) score of 1+ or 2+ and negative in situ hybridization (ISH) result. A new concept of “HER2-low” breast cancer has been proposed and applied in the recent and ongoing clinical trials. In this article, we review the literature on the topic of HER2-low breast cancer.

Methods
A literature search in PubMed was performed using key words related to HER2-low breast cancer. Major relevant studies that were presented in international breast cancer conferences were also included.

Results
HER2-low breast cancer is currently defined as breast cancer with HER2 IHC score of 1+ or 2+ and negative ISH result. It likely represents a group of tumors with significant biological heterogeneity. Reports of clinical activity using the next generation of HER2-targeting antibody-drug conjugates in HER2-low breast cancers suggest that some strategies of targeting HER2 might be effective in this patient population while raising considerable concerns over limitations in our current testing methodologies and our ability to accurately identify such patients.

Conclusions
The promising efficacy of novel HER2-targeted therapy in advanced HER2-low breast cancers has raised the possibility for changing the clinical interpretation of HER2 status in breast cancer to include a HER2-low category; however, the definition of HER2-low breast cancer, the corresponding reliable and accurate quantitative HER2 testing methodology, and the biology of HER2-low breast cancer remain poorly defined.