bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Setting empirically informed content knowledge policy benchmarks for physical science teaching
Authors: Lewis Elizabeth B. , Rivero Ana M. , Lucas Lyrica L. , Musson Aaron A. , Helding Brandon A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the United States, research on beginning science teachers provides little guidance regarding empirical minimum levels of discipline‐specific science coursework for sufficient subject matter knowledge to teach science. Accordingly, in this study we analyzed secondary physical science teachers' science coursework for subject matter knowledge (SMK) and resulting misconceptions of chemistry and physics concepts. Findings were compared with state‐level science teacher certification policies. Participants had either: (a) completed a master's level teacher preparation program with an undergraduate degree in science, (b) completed an undergraduate teacher preparation program with a minor degree or more in science, or (c) were undergraduate students enrolled in science courses required for chemistry and physics teacher certification. We analyzed participants' transcripts for discipline‐specific science coursework credit hours and GPAs and identified possible predictors of SMK predictors of the likelihood of passing chemistry and physics misconceptions tests. We categorized teachers' level of SMK and used multiple variable and logistic regressions (n = 212 participants; n = 109 chemistry and n = 103 physics). To identify teacher candidates' possible misconceptions, we analyzed chemistry (n = 97) and physics (n = 91) participants' item responses with the corresponding science credit hours and GPAs. With increasing numbers of credit hours teachers held fewer misconceptions. However, even with medium to high SMK levels, teachers still held misconceptions about chemical bonding, electromagnetism, and Newton's laws until they reached critical credit hour and GPA thresholds. Lastly, we provide recommendations for physical science teachers' programs of study and state‐level teaching certification policies, using empirical minimum quantity and quality of chemistry, physics, and mathematics coursework.
Redressing the Balance in the Native Speaker Debate: Assessment Standards, Standard Language, and Exposing Double Standards
Authors: Isaacs Talia , Rose Heath 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn his philosophical novel, Thus spoke Zarathustra, Nietzsche (1883–85), famously wrote, ‘God is dead,’ signifying that God is no longer credible as an absolute moral compass. Over a century later, Paikeday (1985), proclaimed that The native speaker is dead! in his book title, implying that the native speaker as the arbiter of what is correct in a language is obsolete. This paper discusses this complex, contentious ideological issue from language assessment and sociolinguistic standpoints against the backdrop of global Englishes. After highlighting difficulties identifying standard language norms, we discuss the practical need of having some assessment standard against which to evaluate language performance. Proposals as to what that standard should be are then critiqued in view of ways that second language proficiency has been operationalized in assessment systems. Next, we argue against vilifying those who use the term ‘native speaker’ and consider terminological problems introduced by some reconceptualizing efforts. We argue that we have a long way to go as a field before reaching a truly post‐native speaker era, which would seem to be a reasonable aspiration for most, but not necessarily all contexts, and propose recommendations for addressing pressing research problems. This includes standardizing terminology to incorporate semantically transparent terms, exploring assessment alternatives that focus more on language use than standard language adherence, improving scoring systems to remove nativeness from the equation when inappropriate, and acknowledging a place for accuracy‐focused research within a broad tent of applied linguistics research traditions.
1D, 2D, and 3D Coordination Polymers based on 2,3‐Pyrazinedithiolate and d10 Metal Ions (Ag+, Zn2+)
Authors: Henfling Stefan , Saputra Ozi Adi , Krautscheid Harald 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDithiolene based coordination polymers, due to their coordinative bonds with covalent character, feature interesting electrical properties. We present the syntheses and crystal structures of three coordination polymers based on the ligand 2,3‐pyrazinedithiolate (pdt2−) and Ag+ and Zn2+ ions. 2D[Ag3(Hpdt)2](ClO4) (1) and Cs1D[Ag(pdt)] ⋅ CH3OH (2) feature short Ag⋅⋅⋅Ag distances, 3D[Zn(pdt)] (3) has a 3D network structure and is stable up to 480 °C. The optical band gaps of the three coordination polymers are within the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The coordination polymer 1 has the smallest bandgap of 1.8 eV, 2 and 3, with the fully deprotonated ligand, exhibit wider bandgaps of 2.5 and 2.7 eV, respectively.
The primitive equations in the scaling-invariant space $$L^{\infty }(L^1)$$
Authors: Giga Yoshikazu , Gries Mathis , Hieber Matthias , Hussein Amru , Kashiwabara Takahito 
Published: May 2021

AbstractConsider the primitive equations on$$\mathbb {R}^2\times (z_0,z_1)$$R2×(z0,z1)with initial dataaof the form$$a=a_1+a_2$$a=a1+a2, where$$a_1 \in \mathrm{BUC}_\sigma (\mathbb {R}^2;L^1(z_0,z_1))$$a1∈BUCσ(R2;L1(z0,z1))and$$a_2 \in L^\infty _\sigma (\mathbb {R}^2;L^1(z_0,z_1))$$a2∈Lσ∞(R2;L1(z0,z1)). These spaces are scaling-invariant and represent the anisotropic character of these equations. It is shown that for$$a_1$$a1arbitrary large and$$a_2$$a2sufficiently small, this set of equations admits a unique strong solution which extends to a global one and is thus strongly globally well posed for these data providedais periodic in the horizontal variables. The approach presented depends crucially on mapping properties of the hydrostatic Stokes semigroup in the$$L^\infty (L^1)$$L∞(L1)-setting. It can be seen as the counterpart of the classical iteration schemes for the Navier–Stokes equations, now for the primitive equations in the$$L^\infty (L^1)$$L∞(L1)-setting.
Thermischer Einfluss urbaner Untergrundstrukturen auf die Grundwassertemperaturen im Kanton Basel-Stadt
Authors: Becker Dominic , Epting Jannis 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungIn Basel (CH) wurde mit Monitoringsystemen der thermische Einfluss unterschiedlicher Untergrundstrukturen, einschließlich fünf Tiefgaragen sowie einem Autobahntunnel, auf die urbanen Grundwasserressourcen untersucht. Die Daten wurden anschließend mit gemessenen Meteo- und Grundwassertemperaturdaten sowie Resultaten einer Wämetransportmodellierung zusammenhängend ausgewertet.In den Tiefgaragen wurden auch über die Wintermonate deutlich erhöhte durchschnittliche Temperaturen zwischen 18,8 und 21,1 °C erfasst. Über den weitaus größten Zeitraum emittieren die Tiefgaragen somit Wärme in den Untergrund. Die Messdaten im Autobahntunnel hingegen deuten darauf hin, dass in den Sommermonaten zwar auch Wärme in den Untergrund emittiert, im Winterhalbjahr aber Wärme aus dem Untergrund absorbiert wird.Zudem zeigen die Temperaturverläufe in den Tiefgaragen eine klare Abhängigkeit von der Nutzungsart: bei höherem Aufkommen täglicher Ein- und Ausfahrten konnten größere tägliche Temperaturanstiege nachgewiesen werden, mit Unterschieden von bis zu 2 °C in den Tagesmittelwerten. Besonders deutlich wird dies im Zeitraum des „Lockdowns“ während der COVID-19-Pandemie zwischen März und Mai 2020.
Recrystallization and size distribution of dislocated segments in cellulose microfibrils—a molecular dynamics perspective
Authors: Khodayari Ali , Hirn Ulrich , Spirk Stefan , Van Vuure Aart W. , Seveno David 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The arrangement of cellulose molecules in natural environment on the nanoscale is still not fully resolved, with longitudinal disorder in cellulose microfibrils (CMF) being one relevant question. Particularly the length of the dislocated cellulose segments in CMFs is still under debate. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we are first investigating the phenomenon of pseudo-recrystallization of dislocated cellulose regions after cleavage of CMFs. Based on our simulations we propose that 3–4 glucose residues bordering to each side of a cellulose nanocrystal are actually reorganizing to a quasi-crystalline state, which are corroborating recent analytical investigations reporting an increase in crystallinity after acid vapor hydrolysis of CMFs. Combining our molecular dynamics simulation results with these analytical data we can estimate the length of the dislocated cellulose segments in CMFs. We propose that, for the investigated sources of biomass (cotton and ramie), the dislocation lengths are between 3.1–5.8 nm equaling to 6–11 glucose residues in the cellulose crystallites.

Graphic abstract
Seeking Justice and Redress for Victim-Survivors of Image-Based Sexual Abuse
Authors: Rackley Erika , McGlynn Clare , Johnson Kelly , Henry Nicola , Gavey Nicola , Flynn Asher , Powell Anastasia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDespite apparent political concern and action—often fuelled by high-profile cases and campaigns—legislative and institutional responses to image-based sexual abuse in the UK have been ad hoc, piecemeal and inconsistent. In practice, victim-survivors are being consistently failed: by the law, by the police and criminal justice system, by traditional and social media, website operators, and by their employers, universities and schools. Drawing on data from the first multi-jurisdictional study of the nature and harms of, and legal/policy responses to, image-based sexual abuse, this article argues for a new joined-up approach that supports victim-survivors of image-based sexual abuse to ‘reclaim control’. It argues for a comprehensive, multi-layered, multi-institutional and multi-agency response, led by a government- and industry-funded online or e-safety organisation, which not only recognises the diversity of victim-survivor experiences and the intersection of image-based sexual abuse with other forms of sexual and gender-based violence and discrimination, but which also enables victim-survivors to reclaim control within and beyond the criminal justice system.
Volatile Anesthetic Sevoflurane Precursor 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-Propanol (HFIP) Exerts an Anti-Prion Activity in Prion-Infected Culture Cells
Authors: Shimizu Takuto , Nogami Emiko , Ito Yuka , Morikawa Kazuo , Nagane Masaki , Yamashita Tadashi , Ogawa Tsuyoshi , Kametani Fuyuki , Yagi Hisashi , Hachiya Naomi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPrion disease is a neurodegenerative disorder with progressive neurologic symptoms and accelerated cognitive decline. The causative protein of prion disease is the prion protein (PrP), and structural transition of PrP from the normal helix rich form (PrPC) to the abnormal β-sheet rich form (PrPSc) occurs in prion disease. While so far numerous therapeutic agents for prion diseases have been developed, none of them are still useful. A fluorinated alcohol, hexafluoro isopropanol (HFIP), is a precursor to the inhalational anesthetic sevoflurane and its metabolites. HFIP is also known as a robust α-helix inducer and is widely used as a solvent for highly aggregated peptides. Here we show that the α-helix-inducing activity of HFIP caused the conformational transformation of the fibrous structure of PrP into amorphous aggregates in vitro. HFIP added to the ScN2a cell medium, which continuously expresses PrPSc, reduced PrPSc protease resistance after 24-h incubation. It was also clarified that ScN2a cells are more susceptible to HFIP than any of the cells being compared. Based on these findings, HFIP is expected to develop as a therapeutic agent for prion disease.
Uncertainties of Sub-Scaled Supply and Demand in Agent-Based Mobility Simulations with Queuing Traffic Model
Authors: Saprykin Aleksandr , Chokani Ndaona , Abhari Reza S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAgent-based models for dynamic traffic assignment simulate the behaviour of individual, or group of, agents, and then the simulation outcomes are observed on the scale of the system. As large-scale simulations require substantial computational power and have long run times, most often a sample of the full population and downscaled road capacities are used as simulation inputs, and then the simulation outcomes are scaled up. Using a massively parallelized mobility model on a large-scale test case of the whole of Switzerland, which includes 3.5 million private vehicles and 1.7 million users of public transit, we have systematically quantified, from 6 105 simulations of a weekday, the impacts of scaled input data on simulation outputs. We show, from simulations with population samples ranging from 1% to 100% of the full population and corresponding scaling of the traffic network, that the simulated traffic dynamics are driven primarily by the flow capacity, rather than the spatial properties, of the traffic network. Using a new measure of traffic similarity, that is based on the chi-squared test statistic, it is shown that the dynamics of the vehicular traffic and the occupancy of the public transit are adversely impacted when population samples less than 30% of the full population are used. Moreover, we present evidence that the adverse impact of population sampling is determined mostly by the patterns of the agents’ behaviour rather than by the traffic model.
Management of a district heating network using model predictive control with and without thermal storage
Authors: Quaggiotto Davide , Vivian Jacopo , Zarrella Angelo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDistrict heating and cooling networks are a key infrastructure to decarbonise the heating and cooling sector. Besides the design of new networks according to the principles of the 4th and 5th generation, operational aspects may significantly contribute to improve the efficiency of existing networks from both economic and environmental standpoints. This article is the second step of a work that aims to exploit the flexibility of existing networks and improve their economic and environmental performance, using the district heating network of Verona as a case study. In particular, the first part of the research demonstrated through numerical simulations that the thermal inertia of the water contained in the pipes can be used to shift the heat production of the generators over time by acting on the flow rate circulating in the network. This article shifts the focus from the heat distribution side to the heat supply. A model predictive control strategy was formulated as a MILP optimization problem to schedule the heat supply of the cogeneration plants, heat pump and gas boilers as a function of heat load, waste heat production and electricity price forecasts. Computer simulations of considered district heating network were carried out executing the optimization with a rolling-horizon scheme over two typical weeks. Results show that the proposed look-ahead control achieves a reduction in the operational costs of about 12.5% and 5.8%, respectively in a middle season and a winter representative week. Increasing the flexibility of the system with a centralized heat storage tank connected to the CHP and HP units, these percentage rise to respectively 20% and 6.3%. In the warmest periods, when the total installed power of the CHP and HP plants is sufficient to supply the entire heat demand during the peak, and the modulation of these plants has a higher impact, the cost reduction related to the additional thermal energy storage is more relevant.
Arithmetic, enumerative induction and size bias
Authors: Paseau A. C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNumber theory abounds with conjectures asserting that every natural number has some arithmetic property. An example is Goldbach’s Conjecture, which states that every even number greater than 2 is the sum of two primes. Enumerative inductive evidence for such conjectures usually consists of small cases. In the absence of supporting reasons, mathematicians mistrust such evidence for arithmetical generalisations, more so than most other forms of non-deductive evidence. Some philosophers have also expressed scepticism about the value of enumerative inductive evidence in arithmetic. But why? Perhaps the best argument is that known instances of an arithmetical conjecture are almost always small: they appear at the start of the natural number sequence. Evidence of this kind consequently suffers from size bias. My essay shows that this sort of scepticism comes in many different flavours, raises some challenges for them all, and explores their respective responses.
Recent Trends on the Dehydrogenation Catalysis of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC): A Review
Authors: Sekine Yasushi , Higo Takuma 
Published: May 2021

AbstractConsidering the expansion of the use of renewable energy in the future, the technology to store and transport hydrogen will be important. Hydrogen is gaseous at an ambient condition, diffuses easily, and its energy density is low. So liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) have been proposed as a way to store hydrogen in high density. LOHC can store, transport, and use hydrogen at high density by hydrogenation and dehydrogenation cycles. In this review, we will focus on typical LOHCs, methylcyclohexane (MCH), 18H-dibenzyltoluene (DBT), and 12H-N-ethylcarbazole (NECZ), and summarize recent developments in dehydrogenation catalytic processes, which are key in this cycle.
CT radiomic models to distinguish COVID-19 pneumonia from other interstitial pneumonias
Authors: Cardobi Nicolò , Benetti Giulio , Cardano Giuseppe , Arena Cinzia , Micheletto Claudio , Cavedon Carlo , Montemezzi Stefania 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To classify COVID-19, COVID-19-like and non-COVID-19 interstitial pneumonia using lung CT radiomic features.

Material and Methods
CT data of 115 patients with respiratory symptoms suspected for COVID-19 disease were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the results of nasopharyngeal swab, patients were divided into two main groups, COVID-19 positive (C +) and COVID-19 negative (C−), respectively. C− patients, however, presented with interstitial lung involvement. A subgroup of C−, COVID-19-like (CL), were considered as highly suggestive of COVID pneumonia at CT. Radiomic features were extracted from the whole lungs. A dual machine learning (ML) model approach was used. The first one excluded CL patients from the training set, eventually included on the test set. The second model included the CL patients also in the training set.

Results
The first model classified C + and C− pneumonias with AUC of 0.83. CL median response (0.80) was more similar to C + (0.92) compared to C− (0.17). Radiomic footprints of CL were similar to the C + ones (possibly false negative swab test). The second model, however, merging C + with CL patients in the training set, showed a slight decrease in classification performance (AUC = 0.81).

Conclusion
Whole lung ML models based on radiomics can classify C + and C− interstitial pneumonia. This may help in the correct management of patients with clinical and radiological stigmata of COVID-19, however presenting with a negative swab test. CL pneumonia was similar to C + pneumonia, albeit with slightly different radiomic footprints.
A systematic review of pathophysiology and management of familial hyperaldosteronism type 1 in pregnancy
Authors: Sanga Viola , Seccia Teresa Maria , Rossi Gian Paolo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeFamilial hyperaldosteronism type 1 (FH-1) is a rare autosomal dominant form of primary aldosteronism, which features a marked phenotypic heterogeneity, ranging from mild to severe forms of arterial hypertension that can be complicated by stroke and cardiovascular events at a young age. As affected patients usually reach the fertile age, transmission of the disease to offspring is common. Notwithstanding this, reports of FH-1 in pregnancy are limited and there is a lack of treatment guidelines.Methods and resultsWe searched the PubMed and EuropePMC databases with a PICO strategy to retrieve available information on management of FH-1 patients during pregnancy. We could identify seven relevant articles, which are herein reviewed.ConclusionBased on available information on pathophysiology and treatment of FH-1 in pregnancy, recommendations for the rational management of FH-1 in pregnancy are provided.
Identification of novel plant architecture mutants in barley
Authors: Mohammadi Aghdam Sina , Abdollahi Mandoulakani Babak , Rossini Laura , Janiak Agnieszka , Shaaf Salar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn grasses, biomass and grain production are affected by plant architecture traits such as tiller number, leaf size and orientation. Thus, knowledge regarding their genetic basis is a prerequisite for developing new improved varieties. Mutant screens represent a powerful approach to identify genetic factors underpinning these traits: the HorTILLUS population, obtained by mutagenesis of spring two-row cultivar Sebastian, is a valuable resource for this purpose in barley. In this study, 20 mutant families from the HorTILLUS population were selected and evaluated for tiller number, leaf angle and a range of other plant architecture and agronomic traits using an unreplicated field design with Sebastian as a check cultivar. Principal Component Analysis revealed strong relationships among number of tillers, upper canopy leaf angle, biomass and yield-related traits. Comparison to the Sebastian background revealed that most mutants significantly differed from the wild-type for multiple traits, including two mutants with more erect leaves and four mutants with increased tiller number in at least one phenological stage. Heatmap clustering identified two main groups: the first containing the two erect mutants and the second containing Sebastian and the high-tillering mutants. Among the high-tillering mutants, two showed significantly higher biomass and grain yield per plant compared to Sebastian. The selected mutants represent promising materials for the identification of genetic factors controlling tillering and leaf angle in barley.
Parameterization of Submesoscale Symmetric Instability in Dense Flows Along Topography
Authors: Yankovsky Elizabeth , Legg Sonya , Hallberg Robert 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe develop a parameterization for representing the effects of submesoscale symmetric instability (SI) in the ocean interior. SI may contribute to water mass modification and mesoscale energy dissipation in flow systems throughout the World Ocean. Dense gravity currents forced by surface buoyancy loss over shallow shelves are a particularly compelling test case, as they are characterized by density fronts and shears susceptible to a wide range of submesoscale instabilities. We present idealized experiments of Arctic shelf overflows employing the GFDL‐MOM6 in z* and isopycnal coordinates. At the highest resolutions, the dense flow undergoes geostrophic adjustment and forms bottom‐ and surface‐intensified jets. The density front along the topography combined with geostrophic shear initiates SI, leading to onset of secondary shear instability, dissipation of geostrophic energy, and turbulent mixing. We explore the impact of vertical coordinate, resolution, and parameterization of shear‐driven mixing on the representation of water mass transformation. We find that in isopycnal and low‐resolution z* simulations, limited vertical resolution leads to inadequate representation of diapycnal mixing. This motivates our development of a parameterization for SI‐driven turbulence. The parameterization is based on identifying unstable regions through a balanced Richardson number criterion and slumping isopycnals toward a balanced state. The potential energy extracted from the large‐scale flow is assumed to correspond to the kinetic energy of SI which is dissipated through shear mixing. Parameterizing submesoscale instabilities by combining isopycnal slumping with diapycnal mixing becomes crucial as ocean models move toward resolving mesoscale eddies and fronts but not the submesoscale phenomena they host.