bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic plasticity of clonal populations of the freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii (Lankester, 1880) in Southern Hemisphere lakes (Chile) and the potential role of the zooplankton diet
Authors: Caputo Luciano , Fuentes Romina , Woelfl Stefan , Castañeda Luis E. , Cárdenas Leyla 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii (Lankester, 1880) is a global invader of lakes. Empirical and experimental evidence indicate that the environmental factors that govern the global expansion of Craspedacusta and the development of jellyfish blooms are temperature, meso‐eutrophic character and food availability in lakes. In newly colonised lakes, the medusa stage of C. sowerbii feeds preferentially on medium‐sized (0.2–2.0 mm in diameter) microcrustaceans, for example Daphnids and copepods. Clonal populations of this invader have recently been recorded in several Andean lakes of northern Patagonia (40°S). Here, we report for the first‐time synchronous blooms of clonal populations of C. sowerbii in two nordpatagonian lakes with similar habitat and water quality but with different types of zooplankton as food supply for jellyfish. Jellyfish populations in these lakes showed notable differences in body size, as well as in the colour of the gonads. We speculate that the observed differences of the medusa populations reflect phenotypic plasticity and could be mediated by the quality of the diet, which was the main environmental factor that differed between the studied lakes. Both lakes are inhabited by microcrustaceans, but in one lake, the highly coloured symbiotic ciliate Stentor amethystinus was also present, amounting to almost 52% of total zooplankton biomass. This type of food source for jellyfish blooms of C. sowerbii is for the first time reported in the world. The invasion process of clonal jellyfish in north Patagonian lakes represents a unique opportunity to study the potential role of diet quality in inducing plasticity responses to environmental stress derived from climate change.
Accurate prediction and genome‐wide association analysis of digital intramuscular fat content in longissimus muscle of pigs
Authors: Xie L. , Qin J. , Rao L. , Tang X. , Cui D. , Chen L. , Xu W. , Xiao S. , Zhang Z. , Huang L. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryIntramuscular fat (IMF) content is a critical indicator of pork quality that affects directly the purchasing desire of consumers. However, to measure IMF content is both laborious and costly, preventing our understanding of its genetic determinants and improvement. In the present study, we constructed an accurate and fast image acquisition and analysis system, to extract and calculate the digital IMF content, the proportion of fat areas in the image (PFAI) of the longissimus muscle of 1709 animals from multiple pig populations. PFAI was highly significantly correlated with marbling scores (MS; 0.95, r2 = 0.90), and also with IMF contents chemically defined for 80 samples (0.79, r2 = 0.63; more accurate than direct analysis between IMF contents and MS). The processing time for one image is only 2.31 s. Genome‐wide association analysis on PFAI for all 1709 animals identified 14 suggestive significant SNPs and 1 genome‐wide significant SNP. On MS, we identified nine suggestive significant SNPs, and seven of them were also identified in PFAI. Furthermore, the significance (−log P) values of the seven common SNPs are higher in PFAI than in MS. Novel candidate genes of biological importance for IMF content were also discovered. Our imaging systems developed for prediction of digital IMF content is closer to IMF measured by Soxhlet extraction and slightly more accurate than MS. It can achieve fast and high‐throughput IMF phenotype, which can be used in improvement of pork quality.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Current concepts in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment
Authors: Barnes Hayley , Troy Lauren , Lee Cathryn T. , Sperling Anne , Strek Mary , Glaspole Ian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHypersensitivity pneumonitis is an immune‐mediated interstitial lung disease caused by an aberrant response to an inhaled exposure, which results in mostly T cell–mediated inflammation, granuloma formation, and fibrosis in some cases. HP is diagnosed by exposure identification, HRCT findings of ground‐glass opacities, centrilobular nodules, and mosaic attenuation, with traction bronchiectasis and honeycombing in fibrotic cases. Additional testing including serum IgG testing for the presence of antigen exposure, bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytosis, and lung biopsy demonstrating granulomas, inflammation, and fibrosis, increases the diagnostic confidence. Treatment for HP includes avoidance of the implicated exposure, immunosuppression, and anti‐fibrotic therapy in select cases. This narrative review presents the recent literature in the understanding of the immunopathological mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of HP.
Influence of patellar denervation on anterior knee pain and knee function following total knee replacement: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Qin Yongzhi , Pu Chuancheng , Zhou Yong , Yu Jiang , Tang Jing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have reached mixed results regarding the effects of patellar denervation with electrocautery (PD) on total knee replacement (TKR). This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to summarize all available literatures to investigate the influence of PD on postoperative anterior knee pain (AKP) and knee function after TKR.MethodsElectronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase, were searched from their inception to March 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and quasi‐randomized controlled trials (quasi‐RCT) comparing PD and non‐patellar denervation (NPD) in TKR were selected, and the Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the quality of included trials. AKP prevalence was defined as the primary outcome.ResultsA total of 12 RCTs and one quasi‐RCT enrolled 1895 knees proved eligible. PD knees had significantly lower AKP prevalence than NPD knees (odds ratio [OR] = 0.54; 95% confidence intervals [95% CI], 0.36–0.81; p = 0.003). There was no difference between PD and NPD in terms of visual analogue scale for knee pain and range of motion, American knee society knee score, American knee society function score, patellar feller score, Oxford knee score for knee function. The results of subgroup analysis based on follow‐up duration and patella resurfacing were in accordance with the results. PD knees were not associated with a higher risk of complication or revision.ConclusionPD can significantly reduce the AKP prevalence following TKR without increasing the risk of complication and revision. Although the pain relief effect of PD may not be associated with improved knee function after TKR, this procedure is preferred in both patella resurfacing and patella non‐resurfacing TKR.
Associations of near work time, watching TV, outdoors time, and parents’ myopia with myopia among school children based on 38‐year‐old historical data
Authors: Pärssinen Olavi , Kauppinen Markku 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeTo study the prevalence and risk factors of myopia with data from a questionnaire study conducted in 1983 among Finnish school children.MethodsSchool children (n = 4 961) from the 1st, 5th and 8th grades of school (7‐, 11‐ and 15‐year‐olds) in Central Finland were screened for vision followed by a questionnaire, which was returned by 4 352 (87.7%) participants. Myopia was categorized based on the questionnaire. Items concerned daily time spent on near work and outdoor activities, excluding time spent at school, watching TV and parental myopia and the associations of myopia with these factors were studied.ResultsThe prevalence of myopia was 3%, 15% and 27% among the 7‐, 11‐ and 15‐year‐olds, and if daily near work at home was ≤1 hr, myopia prevalence was 0.5%, 3.3% and 17.6%, respectively. The adjusted risk of myopia for each daily near work hour was OR 1.476 (95% confidence interval 1.099–1.984, p = 0.010), OR 1.346 (1.170–1.584, p < 0.001) and OR 1.206 (1.076–1.352, p = 0.001), in the 3 age groups, respectively. The adjusted risk of myopia for each daily hour spent outdoors was OR 0.764 (0.648–0.900, p = 0.001) in the 11‐year‐olds and OR (0.840, 0.743–0.950, p = 0.005) in the 15‐year‐olds. Outdoors time prevented myopia at different levels of near work, although less at the highest levels, and near work increased risk of myopia with the level of outdoors time. If the ratio between near work and outdoors time was ≤0. 5 or >1.5, the prevalence of myopia was 1.4% versus 5.6%, 6.3% versus 24.7% and 15.9% versus 36.9%, among the 7‐, 11‐ and 15‐year‐olds, respectively. The higher prevalence of myopia among the 11‐ and 15‐year‐old girls than boys was explained by more near work and less outdoor time among the girls. Having two myopic parents roughly doubled the risk of myopia compared to if one myopic parent in the 11‐ and 15‐year‐olds.ConclusionsMyopic parents, greater near work time, less outdoors time, a higher near work/outdoors ratio, and being a girl increased the risk of myopia. Myopia was rare in the 7‐ and 11‐year‐olds if daily near work at home did not exceed one hour or if the near work/outdoors ratio was not higher than 0.5. Outdoors time was associated with the prevalence of myopia at all levels of near work, although the association was weaker at the highest level.
Preoperative risk factors for technical difficulty in emergent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis
Authors: Ohya Hayato , Maeda Atsuyuki , Takayama Yuichi , Takahashi Takamasa , Seita Kazuaki , Kaneoka Yuji 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimWe have routinely performed emergent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) as soon as we diagnosed acute cholecystitis (AC), if patients could tolerate surgery. This study was conducted to identify the preoperative risk factors that predict the technical difficulty of emergent LC for AC.MethodsA retrospective review of patients with AC who underwent emergent LC between 2012 and 2019 was conducted. Technical difficulty was defined as the presence of the following conditions: open conversion, operative time ≥120 min, or blood loss ≥500 ml.ResultsIn all, 327 patients were included and divided into difficult LC (DLC, n = 61) and nondifficult LC (non‐DLC, n = 266). Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that symptom duration ≥72 h was the only independent risk factor for DLC. Comparison of late LC (beyond 72 h, LLC) and early LC (within 72 h, ELC) showed a lower rate of creation of the critical view of safety and a longer hospital stay, as well as a longer operative time, a larger amount of bleeding, and a higher open conversion rate in LLC. However, the postoperative complication rates were equivalent.ConclusionLC for AC with symptom duration ≥72 h tends to be technically difficult. However, it is acceptable regarding operative outcomes.
Activated macrophages promote invasion by early colorectal cancer via an interleukin 1β‐serum amyloid A1 axis
Authors: Sudo Gota , Aoki Hironori , Yamamoto Eiichiro , Takasawa Akira , Niinuma Takeshi , Yoshido Ayano , Kitajima Hiroshi , Yorozu Akira , Kubo Toshiyuki , Harada Taku , Ishiguro Kazuya , Kai Masahiro , Katanuma Akio , Yamano Hiro‐o , Osanai Makoto , Nakase Hiroshi , Suzuki Hiromu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSubmucosal invasion and lymph node metastasis are important issues affecting treatment options for early colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we aimed to unravel the molecular mechanism underlying the invasiveness of early CRCs. We performed RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) with poorly differentiated components (PORs) and their normal counterparts isolated from T1 CRC tissues and detected significant upregulation of serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) in PORs. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that SAA1 was specifically expressed in PORs at the invasive front of T1b CRCs. Upregulation of SAA1 in CRC cells promoted cell migration and invasion. Coculture experiments using CRC cell lines and THP‐1 cells suggested that interleukin 1β (IL‐1β) produced by macrophages induces SAA1 expression in CRC cells. Induction of SAA1 and promotion of CRC cell migration and invasion by macrophages were inhibited by blocking IL‐1β. These findings were supported by immunohistochemical analysis of primary T1 CRCs showing accumulation of M1‐like/M2‐like macrophages at SAA1‐positive invasive front regions. Moreover, SAA1 produced by CRC cells stimulated upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 in macrophages. Our data suggest that tumor‐associated macrophages at the invasive front of early CRCs promote cancer cell migration and invasion through induction of SAA1 and that SAA1 may be a predictive biomarker and a useful therapeutic target.
How can we improve the quality of cataract services for all? A global scoping review
Authors: Yoshizaki Miho , Ramke Jacqueline , Zhang Justine H. , Aghaji Ada , Furtado João M. , Burn Helen , Gichuhi Stephen , Dean William H. , Congdon Nathan , Burton Matthew J. , Buchan John 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundCataract is a leading cause of blindness and vision impairment globally. Cataract surgery is one of the most frequently performed operations worldwide, but good quality services are not universally available. This scoping review aims to summarise the nature and extent of published literature on interventions to improve the quality of services for age‐related cataract globally.MethodsWe used the dimensions of quality adopted by WHO—effectiveness, safety, people‐centredness, timeliness, equity, integration and efficiency—to which we added planetary health. On 17 November 2019, we searched MEDLINE, Embase and Global Health for manuscripts published since 1990, without language or geographic restrictions. We included studies that reported quality‐relevant interventions and excluded studies focused on technical aspects of surgery or that only involved children (younger than 18 years). Screening of titles/abstracts, full‐text review and data extraction were performed by two reviewers independently. Studies were grouped thematically and results synthesised narratively.ResultsMost of the 143 included studies were undertaken in high‐income countries (n = 93, 65%); 29 intervention groups were identified, most commonly preoperative education (n = 17, 12%) and pain/anxiety management (n = 16, 11%). Efficiency was the quality element most often assessed (n = 58, 41%) followed by people‐centredness (n = 40, 28%), while integration (n = 4) and timeliness (n = 3) were infrequently reported, and no study reported outcomes related to planetary health.ConclusionEvidence on interventions to improve quality of cataract services shows unequal regional distribution. There is an urgent need for more evidence relevant to low‐ and middle‐income countries as well as across all quality elements, including planetary health.
eFOCUS 2: A randomised crossover trial of smartphone fundoscopy and direct ophthalmoscopy aiming to improve optic disc interpretation by medical students with e‐learning support
Authors: Dunn Hamish P. , Marks Samuel , Teo Kai Z. , Dunn Stewart M. , Healey Paul R. , White Andrew J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundOphthalmoscopy and its interpretation are complex. We aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of smartphone fundoscopy with traditional direct ophthalmoscopy for optic disc interpretation, with e‐learning support.MethodsWe conducted a randomised, crossover study of 102 medical students. Students were offered e‐learning for optic disc interpretation. A fundoscopy objective structured clinical examination was conducted after an introductory lecture and 10‐min practical training session on smartphone fundoscopy and traditional ophthalmoscopy. Participants examined patients and simulator slides with a randomised crossover between smartphone [D‐eye (Padova, Italy) or iExaminer (Welch Allyn, Macquarie Park, Australia)] and traditional ophthalmoscopy (Welch Allyn). Optic discs were graded independently by three masked ophthalmologists. The primary outcome was the ability to interpret an optic disc as normal or abnormal. Secondary outcomes included other optic disc aspects; student preferences; and e‐learning performance.ResultsStudents' agreement with the gold standard for an abnormal or normal disc was significantly greater using a smartphone (74.4%) than with direct ophthalmoscopy (68.1%, p = 0.032). More students preferred smartphone (74%) over direct ophthalmoscopy (26%, p < 0.001). E‐learning led to an improvement in optic disc interpretation scores (mean improvement = 4.5%, 95% CI = 3.7–5.2, p < 0.001).ConclusionsMedical students are more accurate at recognising an abnormal optic disc using smartphone fundoscopy than traditional direct ophthalmoscopy, and have a strong preference for smartphone fundoscopy. E‐learning may improve the interpretation of optic disc abnormalities. Smartphone fundoscopy may mitigate some technical challenges of fundoscopy and reinvigorate use of this valuable clinical examination.
Effects of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analogue treatment in genetic obesity: A case series
Authors: Welling Mila S. , de Groot Cornelis J. , Kleinendorst Lotte , van der Voorn Bibian , Burgerhart Jan Steven , van der Valk Eline S. , van Haelst Mieke M. , van den Akker Erica L. T. , van Rossum Elisabeth F. C. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryObesity is highly prevalent and comes with serious health burden. In a minority, a genetic cause is present which often results in therapy‐resistant obesity. Liraglutide is a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) analogue, which has beneficial effects on satiety and weight in common obesity. We present the effects of GLP‐1 analogues in adults with a molecularly proven genetic cause of their overweight or obesity. All patients were treated with liraglutide 3.0 mg daily, in addition to intensive supportive lifestyle treatment. Anthropometrics, metabolic parameters, resting energy expenditure (REE), side effects, and subjectively reported satiety and quality of life were assessed. Two patients with 16p11.2 deletion syndrome and two patients with heterozygous pathogenic melanocortin‐4 receptor variants were treated. At baseline, their age ranged between 21 and 32 years and body mass index (BMI) ranged between 28.1 and 55.7 kg/m2. At follow‐up (ranges 43 weeks–12 years), a mean change in BMI and waist circumference was observed of −5.7 ± 3.8 kg/m2 and −15.2 ± 21.1 cm, respectively. All patients achieved ≥5% weight loss, three of them lost ≥10% of their body weight. All patients reported improved quality of life and three of them reported ameliorated satiety. Moreover, improvement of glycaemic control and dyslipidaemia were seen. In two patients, REE before and during treatment was measured, which either increased (+26% of predicted REE) or decreased (−18% of predicted REE). Two patients experienced mild side effects for a brief period. In conclusion, our case series shows beneficial effects of GLP‐1 analogues on weight, metabolic parameters and quality of life in all four patients with genetic obesity.
Comparative study of four different flavonoid compounds‐containing plant extracts functionalised waste wool for accelerating aqueous chromium(VI) reductive removal
Authors: Gu Jiayu , Dong Yongchun , Zhang Jiaxuan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFour different plant material extracts containing flavonoid compounds were prepared with fruits of Lycium ruthenicum Murray (LRM) and Vaccinium spp. (VS), Ginkgo biloba L. (GBL) leaves and grape seeds. On the basis of several characterisation, these extracts were then used for functionalising waste wool fibres by an exhaustion dyeing process. Content of deposited flavonoid compounds and aqueous chromium(VI) reductive removal capacity of four plant material extract dyed wool fibres were investigated and compared. The results indicated that LRM and VS extracts contained more flavonoid compounds (0.12‐0.15 mg ml−1) than the other two extracts (0.06‐0.08 mg ml−1), which led to high content of deposited flavonoid compounds and strong chromium(VI) reductive removal performance of their dyed wool fibres. Importantly, 0.10 mmol L−1 of chromium(VI) species could be almost completely removed by fallen GBL extract dyed wool fibre from water by increasing content of deposited flavonoid compounds up to 8.0 mg g−1, which offer a novel strategy to produce cost‐effective, environmental‐friendly and renewable chromium(VI) removal material based on waste control by waste.
Molecular evidence suggesting the persistence of residual SARS‐CoV‐2 and immune responses in the placentas of pregnant patients recovered from COVID‐19
Authors: Wu Hao , Liao Shujie , Wang Yiming , Guo Ming , Lin Xingguang , Wu Jianli , Wang Renjie , Lv Dan , Wu Di , He Mengzhou , Hu Bai , Long Rui , Peng Jing , Yang Hui , Yin Heng , Wang Xin , Huang Zhixiang , Lan Ke , Zhou Yanbin , Zhang Wei , Xiao Zhenyu , Zhao Yun , Deng Dongrui , Wang Hongmei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesRecent studies have shown the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the tissues of clinically recovered patients and persistent immune symptoms in discharged patients for up to several months. Pregnant patients were shown to be a high‐risk group for COVID‐19. Based on these findings, we assessed SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid and protein retention in the placentas of pregnant women who had fully recovered from COVID‐19 and cytokine fluctuations in maternal and foetal tissues.Materials and MethodsRemnant SARS‐CoV‐2 in the term placenta was detected using nucleic acid amplification and immunohistochemical staining of the SARS‐CoV‐2 protein. The infiltration of CD14+ macrophages into the placental villi was detected by immunostaining. The cytokines in the placenta, maternal plasma, neonatal umbilical cord, cord blood and amniotic fluid specimens at delivery were profiled using the Luminex assay.ResultsResidual SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid and protein were detected in the term placentas of recovered pregnant women. The infiltration of CD14+ macrophages into the placental villi of the recovered pregnant women was higher than that in the controls. Furthermore, the cytokine levels in the placenta, maternal plasma, neonatal umbilical cord, cord blood and amniotic fluid specimens fluctuated significantly.ConclusionsOur study showed that SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid (in one patient) and protein (in five patients) were present in the placentas of clinically recovered pregnant patients for more than 3 months after diagnosis. The immune responses induced by the virus may lead to prolonged and persistent symptoms in the maternal plasma, placenta, umbilical cord, cord blood and amniotic fluid.