bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legal Consequences of and Approaches to the Question of Recognition of a Government of a State: Disputes involving Venezuela
Authors: Rees-Evans Laura , Carvosso Rhys 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article examines the ongoing dispute over the presidency of Venezuela as a case study on the state of international law relating to the recognition of governments. Since the beginning of the presidential deadlock in Venezuela in 2019, ICSID tribunals and ad hoc Committees, as well as the courts of England and Wales, have found themselves embroiled in the dispute over the Venezuelan presidency between the rival Maduro and Guaidó administrations. ICSID tribunals and committees have had to determine whose legal representatives are entitled to represent Venezuela in proceedings before them, while the English courts have been called upon to determine which administration has control over Venezuelan gold and other assets held in the UK. These disputes have brought renewed arbitral and judicial attention to the concepts of ‘effective control’ and recognition. This article examines how each of the courts and tribunals has addressed these concepts, and what their decisions tell us about the legal consequences of recognition as a matter of international and domestic law.
Metrics for evaluating antibiotic use and prescribing in outpatient settings
Authors: Leung Valerie , Langford Bradley J , Ha Rita , Schwartz Kevin L 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Antimicrobial stewardship interventions in outpatient settings are diverse and a variety of outcomes have been used to evaluate these efforts. This narrative review describes, compares and provides specific examples of antibiotic use and other prescribing measures to help antimicrobial stewards better understand, interpret and implement metrics for this setting. A variety of data have been used including those generated from drug sales, prescribing and dispensing activities, however data generated closest to when an individual patient consumes an antibiotic is usually more accurate for estimating antibiotic use. Availability of data is often dependent on context such as information technology infrastructure and the healthcare system under consideration. While there is no ideal antibiotic use or prescribing metric for evaluating antimicrobial stewardship activities in the outpatient setting, the intervention of interest and available data sources are important factors. Common metrics for estimating antimicrobial use include DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) and days of therapy per 1000 inhabitants/day (DOTID). Other prescribing metrics such as antibiotic prescribing rate (APR), proportion of prescriptions containing an antibiotic, proportion of prolonged antibiotic courses prescribed, estimated appropriate APR and quality indicators are used to assess specific aspects of antimicrobial prescribing behaviour such as initiation, selection, duration and appropriateness. Understanding the context of prescribing practices helps to ensure feasibility and relevance when implementing metrics and targets for improvement in the outpatient setting.
Concordance of Umbilical Cord Drug Screening in Multiple Births: Experience from a Reference Laboratory and Academic Medical Center
Authors: Nelson Heather A , Wood Kelly E , McMillin Gwendolyn A , Krasowski Matthew D 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to review the results of umbilical cord drug screening in twins and triplets (multiples) to compare the detected drug(s) and/or drug metabolite(s). Results that did not agree between multiples were considered mismatched and investigated. A retrospective analysis was conducted using de-identified data from a national reference laboratory, and results were compared with data from an academic medical center, where detailed medical chart review was performed. Umbilical cord was analyzed for stimulants, sedatives, opioids and other drugs and metabolites. For the reference laboratory dataset, 23.3% (n = 844) of 3,616 umbilical cords from twins (n = 3,550) or triplets (n = 66) were positive for one or more drugs and/or metabolites. Of these, mismatched results were identified for 37 sets of twins (2.1%) and no sets of triplets. The most frequent mismatches were found in opioids (n = 24), with morphine (n = 5) being the most mismatched of any single analyte in the panel. Mismatches for the marijuana metabolite 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (9-COOH-THC) in the reference laboratory dataset occurred in 6 of 737 sets of twins (0.8%) and no triplets. For the academic medical center dataset, 21.9% (n = 57) of 260 umbilical cords tested positive for one or more drugs and/or metabolite(s). Of these, four mismatches (3.2%) were identified, including 9-COOH-THC (n = 2), phentermine (n = 1) and oxycodone (n = 1), all involving twins. All involved cases where the discrepant analyte was likely present in the negative twin but either slightly below the reporting cutoff threshold or failed analytical quality criteria. Mismatched results of umbilical cord drug screening occur in less than 4% of twins and most often occur when the analyte is slightly above the reporting cutoff in just one infant.
An ensemble soft weighted gene selection-based approach and cancer classification using modified metaheuristic learning
Authors: Tavasoli Niloofar , Rezaee Khosro , Momenzadeh Mohammadreza , Sehhati Mohammadreza 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Hybrid algorithms are effective methods for solving optimization problems that rarely have been used in the gene selection procedure. This paper introduces a novel modified model for microarray data classification using an optimized gene subset selection method. The proposed approach consists of ensemble feature selection based on wrapper methods using five criteria, which reduces the data dimensions and time complexity. Five feature ranking procedures, including receiver operating characteristic curve, two-sample T-test, Wilcoxon, Bhattacharyya distance, and entropy, are used in the soft weighting method. Besides, we proposed a classification method that used the support vector machine (SVM) and metaheuristic algorithm. The optimization of the SVM hyper-parameters for the radial basis function (RBF) kernel function is performed using a modified Water Cycle Algorithm (mWCA). The results indicate that the ensemble performance of genes-mWCA SVM (EGmWS) is considered an efficient method compared to similar approaches in terms of accuracy and solving the uncertainty problem. Five benchmark microarray datasets, including leukemia, MicroRNA-Breast, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, prostate, and colon, are employed for experiments. The highest and lowest numbers of genes are related to prostate with 12 533 genes and MicroRNA-Breast with 1926 genes, respectively. Besides, the highest and lowest numbers of samples are MicroRNA-Breast with 132 samples and colon with 62 samples, respectively. The results of classifying all data by applying effective genes of the EF-WS yielded high accuracies in microarray data classification. In addition to the robustness and simplicity of the proposed method, the model’s generalizability is another crucial aspect of the method that can be further developed to increase the accuracy while reducing classification error.
Unusual apical femoral head deformity treated by hip arthroscopy and tunnel drilling through femoral head: a case report
Authors: Morattel Boris , Bonin Nicolas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFemoro-acetabular impingement (FAI), is the result of an abnormal morphology of the hip joint. On the femoral side, asphericity of the head can be highlighted by an alpha angle measurement &gt;50° on computed tomography or MRI. However, some particular cephalic asphericities can make it difficult to measure the alpha angle, leading to a diagnostic pitfall. While in the classic cam effect, the deformity is peripheral and can be treated by arthroscopic femoroplasty, an apical head deformity remains a therapeutic challenge. We present the case of a 17-year-old male patient with a femoral head deformity, corresponding to an ISHA zone 6 overhang, significantly improved in everyday and sports life by arthroscopic trapdoor technique to resect the focal central deformity while enabling concomitant treatment of central compartment pathology, in this case, a hypertrophic ligamentum teres and femoral head chondral flap. Etiology of this femoral head deformity remains uncertain but could be a particular cam deformity, sequelae to pediatric disease or instability with repeated traction of the ligament teres on the femoral head apical insertion during cephalic growth.
Sharing genetic test results of germline pathogenic variants of hereditary cancer with relatives: A single-center cross-sectional study
Authors: Fukuzaki Naomi , Kiyozumi Yoshimi , Higashigawa Satomi , Horiuchi Yasue , Mizuguchi Maki , Matsubayashi Hiroyuki , Nishimura Seiichiro , Mori Keita , Notsu Akifumi , Suishu Izumi , Ohnami Sumiko , Kusuhara Masatoshi , Yamaguchi Ken , Doorenbos Ardith Z , Takeda Yuko 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective
This study aimed to determine whether Japanese cancer patients share test results of germline pathogenic variants of hereditary cancer with their relatives.

Methods
This single-center cross-sectional study enrolled 21 Japanese patients who received results of germline pathogenic variants of hereditary cancer at least 6 months prior.

Results
All patients shared their test results with at least one relative, with the following sharing rates: 85.7% for first-degree relatives, 10% for second-degree relatives and 8.3% for third-degree relatives. Patients most commonly shared the information with their children aged &gt;18 years (86.7%), followed by their siblings (73.6%), spouses (64.7%) and parents (54.5%). Three categories were extracted from qualitative analysis: ‘characteristics of my cancer’, ‘knowledge and caution about inheritability’ and ‘utilization of medical care.’

Conclusions
The rate of test result sharing with first-degree relatives was comparable with those in Europe and the USA. Patients with germline pathogenic variants also tended to share their test results more with their children and siblings than with their parents. Informing their relatives of the results was suggestive of the motivation to influence their relatives’ health outcome and contribute to the well-being of their children and siblings.
Armed Groups and Public Health Emergencies: A Cross-Country Look at Armed Groups’ Responses to Covid-19
Authors: Breslawski Jori 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In public health emergencies that take place in violent contexts, which non-state armed groups engage in public health interventions, and what do those interventions consist of? While a growing literature on rebel governance has increased our understanding of how these armed groups govern civilian populations day to day, less understood is how armed groups respond to emergencies, such as natural disasters or pandemics. In a world defined by an increasing number of unpredictable crises, it is important to understand the ways in which armed groups respond. The Covid-19 pandemic provides an unprecedented opportunity to examine how armed groups respond to crises across conflicts. Drawing upon new data from Geneva Call on armed groups’ responses to Covid-19, the article offers a descriptive analysis of the types of actions armed groups take and the characteristics of armed groups taking action.
Right-sided patent ductus arteriosus with bovine aortic arch, tetralogy of Fallot, dextrocardia and situs inversus
Authors: Sayuti Khairil Amir , Shamsuddin Ahmad Mahir , Mamat Ahmad Zuhdi , Zain Mohd Rizal Mohd , Ramli Noraida , Mokhtar Ariffin Marzuki , Ali Saedah 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A neonate with cyanosis at birth was found to have a rare type of tetralogy of Fallot. Echocardiography showed dextrocardia, left aortic arch with constricting and tortuous patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Computed tomography angiography thorax revealed visceroatrial situs inversus, mirror image dextrocardia, tetralogy anatomy and tortuous right PDA arising from bovine brachiocephalic artery. In view of severe cyanosis, emergency division of PDA and modified right Blalock-Taussig shunt through median sternotomy were performed under cardiopulmonary bypass. Post-operatively, the sternum was left open and he developed pulmonary overcirculation requiring prolonged ICU stay. He was discharged well at Day 26 post surgery. This case highlights a rare association tetralogy of Fallot, dextrocardia and situs inversus, with concomitant unilateral right PDA and bovine aortic arch.
The Politics of International Refugee Law and Protection
Authors: Hamlin Rebecca 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates how politics and power dynamics permeate the story of international refugee law and protection. Historically, scholars of politics have been more likely to study the causes of displacement; there have been fewer studies focused on the politics of reception, that is, how displaced people are treated, processed, and categorized when they flee. Part of the explanation for this puzzling feature of the scholarly literature is that the discipline of political science has tended to study immigration politics as part of domestic politics, assuming immigrants are economically motivated, and bracketing refugees as a niche foreign policy issue. A further explanation is that international refugee protection is often assumed to be simply a legal matter, not shaped by politics. The chapter argues that the global refugee regime looks the particular way it does because powerful political forces and dynamics have shaped and constrained it. In order to understand the politics of international refugee law and protection, one cannot just look at the law itself. To understand what the law means in practice, one must examine protection law in the context of both international geopolitics and the domestic politics of border control, state formation, and ongoing nation-building. The chapter then outlines seven key facets of the politics of international refugee law and protection.
Human Trafficking and Refugees
Authors: Briddick Catherine , Stoyanova Vladislava 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the interactions between the international trafficking regime and international refugee and human rights law. In practical terms, refugees and other forced migrants can fall victim to trafficking when they travel irregularly in search of protection, or when they seek livelihoods while lacking legal rights, as may arise when they await the outcome of protracted status determination, or live without the right to work. The chapter takes a feminist approach, highlighting the gendered nature of trafficking and the responses thereto. Women and girls are more likely than men and boys to be trafficked, and are also more likely to be trafficked for particular forms of exploitation. The chapter studies the international trafficking regime, a complex and multilayered regime with diverse legal sources; it explores its links with the suppression of mobility and compares the limited rules that protect some refugees and trafficked persons from criminalization. It also highlights the links between trafficking and refugee recognition and looks at the protections provided to both refugees and trafficking victims by ‘general’ international human rights law and the specialist legal regimes concerned with discrimination and violence against women.
Refugee Status Determination
Authors: Burson Bruce 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes refugee status determination (RSD), which is the post-Second World War-era term to describe a process by which the asylum norm, now expressed primarily through the Refugee Convention, is operationalized. While the concept of offering sanctuary from harm—‘asylum’—is old, little has been written about the surrounding decision-making processes in the Convention’s historical antecedents or precursors. The chapter begins by examining the origins of RSD. It charts how contemporary RSD reflects its historical antecedents and questions the robustness of a dichotomy between group and individual determination as a marker of development. The chapter then outlines the increased systemization of RSD through dedicated status determination structures comprising both State and mandate RSD, and juridification via an ever-denser body of law and guidance. It also considers inherent and contextual challenges faced by RSD before detailing various proposals for reform to ensure that RSD is a ‘fit-for purpose’ protection mechanism in the twenty-first century.
Credibility, Reliability, and Evidential Assessment
Authors: Noll Gregor 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores credibility, reliability, and evidential assessment in the asylum procedure. Credibility assessment in asylum appears to be constrained by a conceptual framework, as are other fields of law. Refugee law offers a particular constellation of the burden of proof, the standard of proof, and the benefit of the doubt. However, there are serious logical deficiencies in the way that these three concepts interact in asylum, with the result that they are unable to restrain discretion and regulate decision-making. If one looks beyond these legal concepts and rules in search of restraint in proxies for credibility, scientific studies in psychology and traumatology suggest that standard credibility criteria, such as behaviour or the coherence and plausibility of statements, are also deficient. These studies in effect undermine the validity of the standard criteria used in the UNHCR Handbook and the EU Qualification Directive. Without functioning legal constraints and valid credibility criteria, the discretion of decision-makers occupies too much space. Empirical studies confirm that the allocation of a case to an individual judge is the weightiest factor in dictating the outcome of an asylum case, leading to the conclusion that evidential assessment actually plays a minor role, suggesting that evidential assessment in asylum law is deeply dysfunctional.
The Internal Protection Alternative
Authors: Ní Ghráinne Bríd 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Internal Protection Alternative (IPA), which stems from the premise that if there is a safe place within an individual’s State of nationality or habitual residence where they can relocate, they are not a refugee. Examples of the application of the IPA could include relocating from the countryside to the city where an individual is less likely to be found by their persecutors; or relocating to an area where a clan, tribe, militia, or international organization could provide protection. As refugee law lacks an international mechanism capable of providing a common interpretation of the Refugee Convention, the IPA’s interpretation has primarily been left to Contracting States by means of domestic court decisions. Using the rules of treaty interpretation, it is nonetheless possible to distil a minimum binding standard of relevant IPA criteria from both State practice and the text of the Refugee Convention itself. These criteria are that (i) the proposed IPA must be accessible to the applicant, (ii) there is no risk of exposure to the original risk of persecution, and (iii) there must be no new risk of persecution or of refoulement in the proposed IPA, and the conditions there must not be so unreasonable as to risk driving the individual to a place where there is a risk of persecution.
Displacement in the Context of Climate Change and Disasters
Authors: McAdam Jane 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The links between climate change, disasters, and displacement are now undisputed. Yet, extant legal frameworks do not expressly address the movement of people across borders in response to or in anticipation of disasters or climate change-related harms. This chapter examines the limits and scope of existing international legal frameworks (refugee law, human rights law, and the law on statelessness) to address displacement in the context of disasters and climate change. It also briefly considers measures that would enable people to remain in their homes, where possible and desirable, or to migrate or relocate elsewhere, as an adaptation strategy in anticipation of potential future harm. While climate change will affect migration, it will not be the sole cause. Rather, climate change will interact with a range of economic, social, and political drivers, which themselves affect migration. For this reason, the chapter argues that it is conceptually sounder to view climate change-related movement as a part of global migration dynamics, rather than as a discrete, independent category.
Internal Displacement
Authors: Kälin Walter 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the protection of internally displaced persons (IDPs), who are all too often neglected, not only by their governments, but also by the international community. The experiences of refugees and IDPs have much in common. Thus, it is not surprising that social science approaches tend to lump refugees and IDPs together under the notion of ‘forced displacement’. By contrast, the chapter argues that refugee law and the law related to internal displacement are conceptually fundamentally different because IDPs remain citizens or habitual residents of their countries, and thus depend on the national protection of their governments, while refugees as foreigners are in need of international protection. Discussing the protection of IDPs from a comparative perspective, it analyses the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and their impact as a soft law instrument, as well as the legally binding Kampala Convention. Ultimately, IDP-related approaches to durable solutions can help to inform refugee law and policy, and there is already a degree of convergence between the two areas.
Non-refoulement
Authors: Mathew Penelope 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights the most fundamental of all obligations owed to refugees—that of non-refoulement. The raison d’être of the obligation continues to provoke debate about the validity of the lines drawn between refugees, other beneficiaries of the obligation, and other migrants, and the way the purported provider of surrogate protection—the State—is implicated in the production of forced migration. That background or deep structure of the State system assists in explaining the phenomenon explored in the chapter: the interaction between shrinking and expansive approaches to non-refoulement. The chapter first outlines the sources of the obligation, noting the obligation’s place in the Refugee Convention and other treaties as well as its status as customary international law, and the corresponding beneficiaries of the obligation. It then examines the scope of the obligation, with emphasis on States’ attempts to divest their responsibilities through legal fictions and extraterritorial immigration enforcement. The chapter also discusses the concept of constructive or disguised refoulement—that is, when an asylum seeker spontaneously leaves the country of asylum as a result of their treatment in that country.