bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic variation in adults of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) from diverse ecological regions of India
Authors: Dhillon Mukesh K. , Tanwar Aditya K. , Hasan Fazil , Bhadauriya Amarpal S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGeographic distance and ecological conditions are important factors for phenological differentiation, and the adult morphological characters play significant role in several biological functions in insects. Present study showed significant intraspecific and intersex variation in colour pattern, number of spots and stripes on the forewings of Chilo partellus adults of different ecological populations. Females were comparatively light in colour with less black spots and stripes than the males across populations. Length and width of head, thorax and abdomen, wingspan, and various parts of male and female genitalia varied significantly across C. partellus populations. Abdomen, corpus bursae and papillae anales were significantly longer in females of Hisar as compared to other populations. However, the length of aedeagus was significantly longer in males of Coimbatore and Delhi as compared to other populations. Range of wingspan: body size and body size: genitalia ratios across C. partellus populations were wider in females than males. Wingspan: body size ratio was significantly lower in males of Raichur and females of Hisar and Parbhani as compared to other populations. Body size: genitalia ratio was significantly lower in males of Coimbatore and Hyderabad, and females of Coimbatore, Raichur and Surat as compared to other ecological populations. These findings suggest phenotypic plasticity in C. partellus having implications for phenotypic expression and greater fitness in response to changing climatic conditions.
Antihistamine‐related deaths in England: Are the high safety profiles of antihistamines leading to their unsafe use?
Authors: Oyekan Princess J. , Gorton Hayley C. , Copeland Caroline S. 
Published: March 2021

AimsAntihistamines are routinely taken to control allergic reactions or sedation to induce sleep. There are, however, growing concerns regarding sedating antihistamine misuse. This research aims to evaluate deaths related to antihistamines in England occurring during 2000–2019.MethodsCases reported to the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths from England occurring in 2000–2019 with antihistamine detections at postmortem were extracted for analysis.ResultsIn total, 1666 antihistamine postmortem detections were identified from 1537 cases. Sedating antihistamines available for purchase under pharmacist supervision but without need for a prescription (pharmacy‐only medications) were present in a significant majority of cases (85.2%, P < .01). Despite an increasing trend for antihistamine‐related deaths over time, the proportion of deaths where an antihistamine was implicated declined over the same period. Specific concerns with regards to the misuse of these pharmacy‐only sedating antihistamines are raised with regards to the significant proportion of cases that were concluded as suicide (20.9%, P < .01), and the high prevalence of their use in combination with other central nervous system depressants (94.8% of cases).ConclusionThis is the first report in over 40 years regarding antihistamine‐related mortality from England. The rising trend in sedating antihistamine‐related deaths may be contributed to by their increasing availability and the perceived negligible dangers associated with antihistamines, both from the general public and learned professionals. Awareness of the dangerous sedative properties that some antihistamines possess is, however, heightened in individuals deliberately seeking these effects. Urgent review of sedating antihistamines currently assigned under the pharmacy‐only classification is needed to achieve antihistamine harm reduction.
The ALK inhibitors, alectinib and ceritinib, induce ALK‐independent and STAT3‐dependent glioblastoma cell death
Authors: Kawauchi Daisuke , Takahashi Masamichi , Satomi Kaishi , Yamamuro Shun , Kobayashi Tatsuya , Uchida Eita , Honda‐Kitahara Mai , Narita Yoshitaka , Iwadate Yasuo , Ichimura Koichi , Tomiyama Arata 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGlioblastoma (GBM) is the most common, but extremely malignant, brain tumor; thus, the development of novel therapeutic strategies for GBMs is imperative. Many tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been approved for various cancers, yet none has demonstrated clinical benefit against GBM. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that is confirmed only during the embryonic development period in humans. In addition, various ALK gene alterations are known to act as powerful oncogenes and therapeutic targets in various tumors. The antitumor activity of various TKIs was tested against three human GBM cell lines (U87MG, LN229, and GSC23), which expressed substantially low ALK levels; second‐generation ALK inhibitors, alectinib and ceritinib, effectively induced GBM cell death. In addition, treatment with either alectinib or ceritinib modulated the activation of various molecules downstream of RTK signaling and induced caspase‐dependent/‐independent cell death mainly by inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation in human GBM cells. In addition, alectinib and ceritinib also showed antitumor activity against a U87MG cell line with acquired temozolomide resistance. Finally, oral administration of alectinib and ceritinib prolonged the survival of mice harboring intracerebral GBM xenografts compared with controls. These results suggested that treatment with the second‐generation ALK inhibitors, alectinib and ceritinib, might serve as a potent therapeutic strategy against GBM.
Guiding principles for rewilding
Authors: Carver Steve , Convery Ian , Hawkins Sally , Beyers Rene , Eagle Adam , Kun Zoltan , Van Maanen Erwin , Cao Yue , Fisher Mark , Edwards Stephen R. , Nelson Cara , Gann George D. , Shurter Steve , Aguilar Karina , Andrade Angela , Ripple William J. , Davis John , Sinclair Anthony , Bekoff Marc , Noss Reed , Foreman Dave , Pettersson Hanna , Root‐Bernstein Meredith , Svenning Jens‐Christian , Taylor Peter , Wynne‐Jones Sophie , Featherstone Alan Watson , Fløjgaard Camilla , Stanley‐Price Mark , Navarro Laetitia M. , Aykroyd Toby , Parfitt Alison , Soulé Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThere has been much recent interest in the concept of rewilding as a tool for nature conservation, but also confusion over the idea, which has limited its utility. We developed a unifying definition and 10 guiding principles for rewilding through a survey of 59 rewilding experts, a summary of key organizations’ rewilding visions, and workshops involving over 100 participants from around the world. The guiding principles convey that rewilding exits on a continuum of scale, connectivity, and level of human influence and aims to restore ecosystem structure and functions to achieve a self‐sustaining autonomous nature. These principles clarify the concept of rewilding and improve its effectiveness as a tool to achieve global conservation targets, including those of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Finally, we suggest differences in rewilding perspectives lie largely in the extent to which it is seen as achievable and in specific interventions. An understanding of the context of rewilding projects is the key to success, and careful site‐specific interpretations will help achieve the aims of rewilding.
Protective role of Gremlin‐1 in myocardial function
Authors: Müller Iris I. , Schneider Martina , Müller Karin A. L. , Lunov Oleg , Borst Oliver , Simmet Thomas , Gawaz Meinrad 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundGremlin‐1 is a cystine knot protein and is expressed in organs developing fibrosis. Transient ischaemia leads to myocardial fibrosis, a major determinant of impaired myocardial function.Materials and methodsExpression of Gremlin‐1 was investigated in infarcted myocardium by real‐time PCR, Western blot analysis, histological and immunohistochemistry staining. We further elaborated the colocalization of Gremlin‐1 and TGF‐β proteins by confocal microscopy and co‐immunoprecipitation experiments. The interaction between Gremlin‐1 and TGF‐β was analysed by photon correlation spectroscopy. Gremlin‐1 modulation of the TGF‐β‐dependent collagen I synthesis in fibroblasts was investigated using ELISA and immunohistochemistry experiments. The effect of prolonged administration of recombinant Gremlin‐1 on myocardial function following ischaemia/reperfusion was accessed by echocardiography and immunohistochemistry.ResultsGremlin‐1 is expressed in myocardial tissue and infiltrating cells after transient myocardial ischaemia (P < .05). Gremlin‐1 colocalizes with the pro‐fibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) expressed in fibroblasts and inflammatory cell infiltrates (P < .05). Gremlin‐1 reduces TGF‐β‐induced collagen production of myocardial fibroblasts by approximately 20% (P < .05). We found that Gremlin‐1 binds with high affinity to TGF‐β (KD = 54 nmol/L) as evidenced by photon correlation spectroscopy and co‐immunoprecipitation. intravenous administration of mGremlin‐1‐Fc, but not of equivalent amount of Fc control, significantly reduced infarct size by approximately 20%. In the mGremlin‐1‐Fc group, infarct area was reduced by up to 30% in comparison with mice treated with Fc control (I/LV: 4.8 ± 1.2% vs 6.0 ± 1.2% P < .05; I/AaR: 15.2 ± 1.5% vs 21.1 ± 5%, P < .05).ConclusionsThe present data disclose Gremlin‐1 as an antagonist of TGF‐β and presume a role for Gremlin‐1/TGF‐β interaction in myocardial remodelling following myocardial ischaemia.
A microanalysis of expert‐student dialogue videos: Supporting preparation and learning for clinical competence assessment
Authors: Botelho Michael G. , Chan Albert K. M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this qualitative study was to analyse students’ perceptions and impact of using a novel video genre designed to support their learning and preparation for a clinical competence assessment. The videos demonstrate expert‐student dialogue (ESD) of authentic, one‐on‐one discourse between the teacher and student, relating to the case presentation and self‐evaluation of the assessment.MethodsStudents who were about to perform a competence assessment were invited to participate in the study. Students were asked to watch a relevant ESD video they had not previously had access to, which showed the examiner‐examinee dialogue relating to a peer's tooth preparation for the competence assessment. Immediately after watching the video, a video simulated recall approach was performed to analyse students’ perceptions. Thematic analysis was performed to induce relevant themes.ResultsFive themes were identified: analysis and judgement, observational learning from expert dialogue, observational learning from student dialogue, self‐efficacy and empathy. Positive responses from interviews suggested high cognitive engagement with this video genre with an affective component that was also valued as an informative learning resource. Students reported the video could stimulate them to think, make it easier to remember knowledge, avoid errors observed, and gain insights into assessment process and examiner's expectations. Empathy was also reported towards the examinee in the video.ConclusionsThe ESD videos facilitated students’ active and analytical thinking as well as improved their assessment preparedness. This video genre has shown how observing ESD can support students’ learning and preparation for a clinical competence assessment.
Healthcare resource utilisation and sickness absence in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients who did not undergo autologous stem cell transplantation: Trends in Sweden with the changing treatment landscape
Authors: Borgsten Fredrik , Gatopoulou Xenia , Pisini Marta , Tambour Magnus , Schain Frida , Jones Christina V. , Kwok Kelvin Ho Man , Batyrbekova Nurgul , Björkholm Magnus 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe introduction of novel drugs has significantly improved outcomes for multiple myeloma (MM) patients. This study describes survival, healthcare resource utilisation and sickness absence in association with the changing MM treatment landscape over time, focussing on patients who did not undergo autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT).MethodsPopulation‐based, retrospective registry study in Sweden, where 7012 non‐ASCT patients diagnosed between 2001 and 2015 were stratified into diagnosis periods 2001‐2005 (n = 2053), 2006‐2010 (n = 2372) and 2011‐2015 (n = 2587).ResultsMedian survival increased from 2.5 to 3.4 years from 2001‐2005 to 2011‐2015. During the first 3 years of follow‐up, patients diagnosed during 2011‐2015 spent 29% and 12% less time in health care (55 days; inpatient admissions and outpatient visits) than patients diagnosed during 2001‐2005 (78 days) and 2006‐2010 (63 days), respectively. This was associated with less inpatient and more outpatient healthcare usage. Average 3‐year sickness absence (362 days) was 31% and 12% less than for patients diagnosed during 2001‐2005 (522 days) and 2006‐2010 (410 days), respectively.ConclusionsThese findings of improved survival, reduced healthcare needs and greater productivity in non‐ASCT MM patients with access to improved treatment practices and novel drugs provide important real‐world cost‐benefit insights for the continued development and introduction of treatments for MM.
Climate change transforms the functional identity of Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages
Authors: Gómez‐Gras Daniel , Linares Cristina , Dornelas Maria , Madin Joshua S. , Brambilla Viviana , Ledoux Jean‐Baptiste , López‐Sendino Paula , Bensoussan Nathaniel , Garrabou Joaquim 
Published: March 2021

AbstractQuantifying changes in functional community structure driven by disturbance is critical to anticipate potential shifts in ecosystem functioning. However, how marine heatwaves (MHWs) affect the functional structure of temperate coral‐dominated communities is poorly understood. Here, we used five long‐term (> 10 years) records of Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages in a multi‐taxa, trait‐based analysis to investigate MHW‐driven changes in functional structure. We show that, despite stability in functional richness (i.e. the range of species functional traits), MHW‐impacted assemblages experienced long‐term directional changes in functional identity (i.e. their dominant trait values). Declining traits included large sizes, long lifespans, arborescent morphologies, filter‐feeding strategies or calcified skeletons. These traits, which were mostly supported by few sensitive and irreplaceable species from a single functional group (habitat‐forming octocorals), disproportionally influence certain ecosystem functions (e.g. 3D‐habitat provision). Hence, MHWs are leading to assemblages that are deficient in key functional traits, with likely consequences for the ecosystem functioning.
Partial and nonresponders to onabotulinumtoxinA can benefit from anti‐CGRP monoclonal antibodies preventive treatment: A real‐world evidence study
Authors: Alpuente Alicia , Gallardo Victor J. , Caronna Edoardo , Torres‐Ferrús Marta , Pozo‐Rosich Patricia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeMonoclonal antibodies targeting CGRP or its receptor, anti‐CGRP mAbs, are proven to be effective treatments in migraine prevention. Real‐world evidence studies assessing their efficacy are scarce.MethodsOur objective was to assess the efficacy of anti‐CGRP mAbs in our clinical cohort resistant to onabotulinumtoxinA. We prospectively analyzed ≥50% response rate in patients who initiated treatment with anti‐CGRP mAbs and who were partial or nonresponders to onabotulinumtoxinA.ResultsOne hundred fifty‐five patients completed treatment with anti‐CGRP mAbs at 3 months of follow‐up. No statistically significant differences were found in ≥50% response in headache frequency in patients with prior onabotulinumtoxinA treatment partial or complete failure. Regarding dual therapy with onabotulinumtoxinA and anti‐CGRP mAbs, no statistically significant differences were found in ≥50% response in headache frequency between monotherapy or dual therapy.ConclusionsPatients with prior treatment failure or partial efficacy to onabotulinumtoxinA respond to anti‐CGRP mAbs. After 3 months, in our cohort, dual therapy does not seem to add more benefit than anti‐CGRP mAbs in monotherapy.
Systemic antimicrobial therapy in foals
Authors: Floyd E. F. , Easton‐Jones C. A. , Theelen M. J. P. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryAntimicrobial agents are commonly used in neonatal foals for the treatment or prevention of sepsis. However, due to concerns about the development of antimicrobial resistance and increasing pressure on veterinarians to rationalise antimicrobial use, we should be trying to reduce the unnecessary use of antimicrobials. This article reviews many of the important considerations when selecting an antimicrobial for use in neonatal foals. Firstly, we consider general differences in neonatal pharmacology and physiology. Secondly, we review common antimicrobial drugs and their indications. Finally, we review antimicrobial stewardship.
MOSQUITO‐NET: A deep learning based CADx system for malaria diagnosis along with model interpretation using GradCam and class activation maps
Authors: Kumar Aayush , Singh Sanat B. , Satapathy Suresh Chandra , Rout Minakhi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMalaria is considered one of the deadliest diseases in today's world, which causes thousands of deaths per year. The parasites responsible for malaria are scientifically known as Plasmodium, which infects the red blood cells in human beings. Diagnosis of malaria requires identification and manual counting of parasitized cells in microscopic blood smears by medical practitioners. Its diagnostic accuracy is primarily affected by extensive scale screening due to the unavailability of resources. State of the art Computer‐Aided Diagnostic techniques based on deep learning algorithms such as CNNs, which perform an end to end feature extraction and classification, have widely contributed to various image recognition tasks. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of Mosquito‐Net, a custom made convnet to classify the infected and uninfected blood smears for malaria diagnosis. The CADx system can be deployed on IoT and mobile devices due to its fewer parameters and computation power, making it wildly preferable for diagnosis in remote and rural areas that lack medical facilities. Statistical analysis demonstrates that the proposed model achieves greater accuracy than the previous SOTA architectures for malaria diagnosis despite being 10 times lighter in parameters and inference time. Mosquito‐Net achieves an AUC of 99.009% and an F‐1 score of 96.7% on the validation set.
Motoneuron‐specific loss of VAChT mimics neuromuscular defects seen in congenital myasthenic syndrome
Authors: Joviano‐Santos Julliane V. , Kljakic Ornela , Magalhães‐Gomes Matheus P. S. , Valadão Priscila Aparecida C. , de Oliveira Leonardo R. , Prado Marco A. M. , Prado Vania F. , Guatimosim Cristina 
Published: March 2021

Motoneurons (MNs) control muscle activity by releasing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at the level of neuromuscular junctions. ACh is packaged into synaptic vesicles by the vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT), and disruptions in its release can impair muscle contraction, as seen in congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS). Recently, VAChT gene mutations were identified in humans displaying varying degrees of myasthenia. Moreover, mice with a global deficiency in VAChT expression display several characteristics of CMS. Despite these findings, little is known about how a long‐term decrease in VAChT expression in vivo affects MNs structure and function. Using Cre‐loxP technology, we generated a mouse model where VAChT is deleted in select groups of MNs (mnVAChT‐KD). Molecular analysis revealed that the VAChT deletion was specific to MNs and affected approximately 50% of its population in the brainstem and spinal cord, with alpha‐MNs primarily targeted (70% in spinal cord). Within each animal, the cell body area of VAChT‐deleted MNs was significantly smaller compared to MNs with VAChT preserved. Likewise, muscles innervated by VAChT‐deleted MNs showed atrophy while muscles innervated by VAChT‐containing neurons appeared normal. In addition, mnVAChT KD mice had decreased muscle strength, were hypoactive, leaner and exhibited kyphosis. This neuromuscular dysfunction was evident at 2 months of age and became progressively worse by 6 months. Treatment of mutants with a cholinesterase inhibitor was able to improve some of the motor deficits. As these observations mimic what is seen in CMS, this new line could be valuable for assessing the efficacy of potential CMS drugs.
Effects of fish stocking and fishing pressure on fish community structures in French lakes
Authors: Daupagne Léa , Rolan‐Meynard Marlène , Logez Maxime , Argillier Christine 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFish stocking and regulation of fishing activities are widely implemented by freshwater fisheries authorities who have to protect aquatic communities. The effects of fish management on fish communities have not received sufficient attention. As a result of two datasets, one from EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) monitoring surveys, and one from a French survey targeting angler's associations, this study investigated the impacts of both fishing intensity and fish stocking on fish communities in French lakes. Both co‐inertia analysis and community size spectra analysis, showed that: (i) stocking does not contribute to the standing stocks for five of the six most stocked fish species in France; and (ii) neither fishing intensity nor fish stocking lead to a change in the proportion of large and small fish. The results support alternative methods being promoted to enhance native fish populations.
Footprints of fixed‐gear fisheries in relation to rising whale entanglements on the U.S. West Coast
Authors: Feist Blake E. , Samhouri Jameal F. , Forney Karin A. , Saez Lauren E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOn the U.S. West Coast, reports of whales entangled in fishing gear increased dramatically in 2014. In this study, a time series of fishing activity maps was developed from 2009 to 2016 for the four fixed‐gear fisheries most commonly implicated in entanglements. Maps were generated using vessel monitoring system (VMS) data linked to port‐level landings databases, which were related to entangled whale reports over the same time period and with modelled distributions of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae Borowski. Over the full study period, neither marked increases in fishing activity nor changes in fisheries footprints within regions with high whale densities were detected. By contrast, a delayed fishery opening in California due to a harmful algal bloom in spring of 2016 led to ~5–7 times average levels of Dungeness crab Metacarcinus magister (Dana) fishing activity, which was consistent with a high rate of entanglement in that year. These results are consistent with current hypotheses that habitat compression caused by a marine heatwave increased the overlap of whales with fishing activity, despite minimal changes in the fisheries themselves. This study adds to literature on bycatch of protected species in otherwise sustainable fisheries, highlighting the value of using VMS data for reducing human–wildlife conflict in the ocean.