bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where will it end? Pathways to care and catastrophic costs following negative TB evaluation in Uganda
Authors: Samuels Thomas H. A. , Shete Priya B. , Ojok Chris , Nalugwa Talemwa , Farr Katherine , Turyahabwe Stavia , Katamba Achilles , Cattamanchi Adithya , Moore David A. J. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction
Catastrophic costs incurred by tuberculosis (TB) patients have received considerable attention, however little is known about costs and pathways to care after a negative TB evaluation.

Materials and methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study of 70 patients with a negative TB evaluation at four community health centres in rural and peri-urban Uganda. Patients were traced 9 months post-evaluation using contact information from TB registers. We collected information on healthcare visits and implemented locally-validated costing questionnaires to assess the financial impact of their symptoms post-evaluation.

Results
Of 70 participants, 57 (81%) were traced and 53 completed the survey. 31/53 (58%) surveyed participants returned to healthcare facilities post-evaluation, making a median of 2 visits each (interquartile range [IQR] 1–3). 11.3% (95%CI 4.3–23.0%) of surveyed patients and 16.1% (95%CI 5.5–33.7%) of those returning to healthcare facilities incurred catastrophic costs (i.e., spent >20% annual household income). Indirect costs related to lost work represented 80% (IQR 32–100%) of total participant costs.

Conclusions
Patients with TB symptoms who experience financial catastrophe after negative TB evaluation may represent a larger absolute number of patients than those suffering from costs due to TB. They may not be captured by existing definitions of non-TB catastrophic health expenditure.
Not discussed: Inequalities in narrative text data for suicide deaths in the National Violent Death Reporting System
Authors: Mezuk Briana , Kalesnikava Viktoryia A. , Kim Jenni , Ko Tomohiro M. , Collins Cassady 
Published: July 2021

Background
The rate of suicide in the US has increased substantially in the past two decades, and new insights are needed to support prevention efforts. The National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), the nation’s most comprehensive registry of suicide mortality, has qualitative text narratives that describe salient circumstances of these deaths. These texts have great potential for providing novel insights about suicide risk but may be subject to information bias.

Objective
To examine the relationship between decedent characteristics and the presence and length of NVDRS text narratives (separately for coroner/medical examiner (C/ME) and law enforcement (LE) reports) among 233,108 suicide and undetermined deaths from 2003–2017.

Methods
Generalized estimating equations (GEE) logistic and quasi-Poisson modeling was used to examine variation in the narratives (proportion of missing texts and character length of the non-missing texts, respectively) as a function of decedent age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, military history, and homeless status. Models adjusted for site, year, location of death, and autopsy status.

Results
The frequency of missing narratives was higher for LE vs. C/ME texts (19.8% vs. 5.2%). Decedent characteristics were not consistently associated with missing text across the two types of narratives (i.e., Black decedents were more likely to be missing the LE narrative but less likely to be missing the C/ME narrative relative to non-Hispanic whites). Conditional on having a narrative, C/ME were significantly longer than LE (822.44 vs. 780.68 characters). Decedents who were older, male, had less education and some racial/ethnic minority groups had shorter narratives (both C/ME and LE) than younger, female, more educated, and non-Hispanic white decedents.

Conclusion
Decedent characteristics are significantly related to the presence and length of narrative texts for suicide and undetermined deaths in the NVDRS. Findings can inform future research using these data to identify novel determinants of suicide mortality.
Mycobacterial heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA)-induced interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) for discrimination of latent and active tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tang Jinhua , Huang Yuan , Cai Zheng , Ma Yueyun 
Published: July 2021

Background
The Mycobacterial heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) is an important latency-associated antigen that can be used to distinguish between latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active tuberculosis (ATB). Although many studies were explored the efficiency of the HBHA-induced interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) in different populations, the clinical differential value of HBHA-IGRA is still controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether the HBHA-IGRA can be used as an efficient test for the discrimination of LTBI and ATB by a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods
Relevant articles were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library on Oct 18, 2020, with no start date limitation. The quality of each study was evaluated using Review Manager 5.4. The Stata MP v.14.0 software was used to combine sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio (LR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve, and area under SROC (AUC) to evaluate the diagnostic value of HBHA-IGRA for discrimination of LTBI and ATB. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were performed for the sources of heterogeneity based on the selection criteria for active TB, the population, the TB burden, the type of antigen, the type of sample, and the time of antigen stimulation.

Results
A total of 13 studies (14 results) were included in this meta-analysis, including 603 ATB patients and 514 LTBI individuals. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the HBHA-IGRA for discrimination of the LTBI and ATB were 0.70 (95% CI, 0.57~0.80) and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.71~0.84), respectively. The pooled positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were 3.15 (95%CI, 2.43~4.09), 0.39 (95% CI, 0.27~0.56), and 8.11 (95% CI, 4.81~13.67), respectively. The AUC was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.77~0.84). The subgroup analysis showed that the main source of heterogeneity was due to the HIV-infected population incorporated, and the different selection criteria of active TB subjects would also lead to the variation of the pooled sensitivity and specificity. Different TB burdens, HBHA antigen types, sample types, antigen stimulation time and BCG vaccination did not affect the heterogeneity in this analysis.

Conclusion
The HBHA-IGRA is a promising immunodiagnostic test for discrimination of latent and active TB, which can be added in commercial IGRAs to enhance the differential diagnostic performance.
Health care utilization at end of life among patients with lung or pancreatic cancer. Comparison between two Swedish cohorts
Authors: Ullgren Helena , Fransson Per , Olofsson Anna , Segersvärd Ralf , Sharp Lena 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesThe purpose was to analyze trends in intensity of care at End-of-life (EOL), in two cohorts of patients with lung or pancreatic cancer.SettingWe used population-based registry data on health care utilization to describe proportions and intensity of care at EOL comparing the two cohorts (deceased in the years of 2010 and 2017 respectively) in the region of Stockholm, Sweden.Primary and secondary outcomesMain outcomes were intensity of care during the last 30 days of life; systemic anticancer treatment (SACT), emergency department (ED) visits, length of stay (LOS) > 14 days, intensive care (ICU), death at acute care hospital and lack of referral to specialized palliative care (SPC) at home. The secondary outcomes were outpatient visits, place of death and hospitalizations, as well as radiotherapy and major surgery.A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used for associations. A moderation variable was added to assess for the effect of SPC at home between the cohorts.ResultsIntensity of care at EOL increased over time between the cohorts, especially use of SACT, increased with 10%, p<0.001, (n = 102/754 = 14% to n = 236/972 = 24%), ED visits with 7%, p<0.001, (n = 25/754 = 3% to n = 100/972 = 10%) and ICU care, 2%, p = 0.04, (n = 12/754 = 2% to n = 38/972 = 4%). High intensity of care at EOL were more likely among patients with lung cancer. The difference in use of SACT between the years, was moderated by SPC, with an increase of SACT, unstandardized coefficient β; 0.87, SE = 0.27, p = 0.001, as well as the difference between the years in death at acute care hospitals, that decreased (β = 0.69, SE = 0.26, p = 0.007).ConclusionThese findings underscore an increase of several aspects regarding intensity of care at EOL, and a need for further exploration of the optimal organization of EOL care. Our results indicate fragmentation of care and a need to better organize and coordinate care for vulnerable patients.
Distortion inequality for a Markov operator generated by a randomly perturbed family of Markov Maps in ℝd
Authors: Bugiel Peter , Wędrychowicz Stanisław , Rzepka Beata 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAsymptotic properties of the sequences(a){Pj}j=1∞$\{P^{j}\}_{j=1}^{\infty}$and(b){j−1∑i=0j−1Pi}j=1∞$\{ j^{-1} \sum _{i=0}^{j-1} P^{i}\}_{j=1}^{\infty}$are studied forg∈G= {f∈L1(I) :f≥ 0 and ‖f‖ = 1}, whereP:L1(I) →L1(I) is a Markov operator defined byPf:=∫Pyfdp(y)$Pf:= \int P_{y}f\, dp(y) $forf∈L1; {Py}y∈Yis the family of the Frobenius-Perron operators associated with a family {φy}y∈Yof nonsingular Markov maps defined on a subsetI⊆ ℝd; and the indexyruns over a probability space (Y,Σ(Y),p). Asymptotic properties of the sequences (a) and (b), of the Markov operatorP, are closely connected with the asymptotic properties of the sequence of random vectorsxj=φξj(xj−1)$x_{j}=\varphi_{\xi_{j}}(x_{j-1})$forj= 1,2, . . .,where{ξj}j=1∞$\{\xi_{j}\}_{j=1}^{\infty}$is a sequence ofY-valued independent random elements with common probability distributionp.An operator-theoretic analogue of Rényi’s Condition is introduced for the family {Py}y∈Yof the Frobenius-Perron operators. It is proved that under some additional assumptions this condition implies theL1- convergence of the sequences (a) and (b) to a uniqueg0∈G. The general result is applied to some families {φy}y∈Yof smooth Markov maps in ℝd.
Subharmonic Solutions of Indefinite Hamiltonian Systems via Rotation Numbers
Authors: Wang Shuang , Qian Dingbian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We investigate the multiplicity of subharmonic solutions for indefinite planar Hamiltonian systems

J
⁢

z
′

=

∇
⁡
H

⁢

(
t
,
z
)

{Jz^{\prime}=\nabla H(t,z)}

from a rotation number viewpoint. The class considered is such that the behaviour of its solutions near zero and infinity can be compared two suitable positively homogeneous systems. Our approach can be used to deal with the problems in absence of the sign assumption on

∂
⁡
H

∂
⁡
x

⁢

(
t
,
x
,
y
)

{\frac{\partial H}{\partial x}(t,x,y)}

, uniqueness and global continuability for the solutions of the associated Cauchy problems. These systems may also be resonant. By the use of an approach of rotation number, the phase-plane analysis of the spiral properties of large solutions and a recent version of Poincaré–Birkhoff theorem for Hamiltonian systems, we are able to extend previous multiplicity results of subharmonic solutions for asymptotically semilinear systems to indefinite planar Hamiltonian systems.
Anisotropic 𝑝-Laplacian Evolution of Fast Diffusion Type
Authors: Feo Filomena , Vázquez Juan Luis , Volzone Bruno 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We study an anisotropic, possibly non-homogeneous version of the evolution 𝑝-Laplacian equation when fast diffusion holds in all directions. We develop the basic theory and prove symmetrization results from which we derive sharp

L
1

L^{1}

-

L
∞

L^{\infty}

estimates. We prove the existence of a self-similar fundamental solution of this equation in the appropriate exponent range, and uniqueness in a smaller range. We also obtain the asymptotic behaviour of finite mass solutions in terms of the self-similar solution. Positivity, decay rates as well as other properties of the solutions are derived. The combination of self-similarity and anisotropy is not common in the related literature. It is however essential in our analysis and creates mathematical difficulties that are solved for fast diffusions.
Successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation resuscitation of patient with cardiogenic shock induced by phaeochromocytoma crisis mimicking hyperthyroidism: A case report
Authors: Wang Tao , Xu Qiancheng , Jiang Xiaogan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A 29-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with the acute onset of palpitations, shortness of breath, and haemoptysis. She reported having an abortion (56 days of pregnancy) 1 week before admission because of hyperthyroidism diagnosis during pregnancy. The first diagnoses considered were cardiomyopathy associated with hyperthyroidism, acute left ventricular failure, and hyperthyroidism crisis. The young woman’s cardiocirculatory system collapsed within several hours. Hence, venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) was performed for this patient. Over the next 3 days after ECMO was established, repeat transthoracic echocardiography showed gradual improvements in biventricular function, and later the patient recovered almost completely. The patient’s blood pressure increased to 230/130 mm Hg when the ECMO catheter was removed, and then the diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma was suspected. Computed tomography showed a left suprarenal tumour. The tumour size was 5.8 cm × 5.7 cm with central necrosis. The vanillylmandelic acid concentration was 63.15 mg/24 h. Post-operation, pathology confirmed phaeochromocytoma. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a patient with cardiogenic shock induced by phaeochromocytoma crisis mimicking hyperthyroidism which was successfully resuscitated by VA ECMO.
Optimization of Murrayafoline A ethanol extraction process from the roots of Glycosmis stenocarpa, and evaluation of its Tumorigenesis inhibition activity on Hep-G2 cells
Authors: Tran Quoc Toan , Pham The Dan , Nguyen Thanh Duong , Luu Van Huyen , Nghi Do Huu , Duy Le Xuan , Nguyen Phi Hung , Nguyen Manh Cuong , Luu Van Chinh , Pham Minh Quan , Huyen Vu Thi , Pham Tri Nhut , Pham Dung Thuy Nguyen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Glycosmis stenocarpa is a species of shrub found in the Northern provinces of Vietnam. Its roots contain different carbazolic derivatives, mainly Murrayafoline A (Mu-A), which exhibits valuable biological activities. In this study, we performed an extraction of Mu-A from the roots of G. stenocarpa and optimized this process using response surface methodology (RSM) according to a central composite design, with three independent parameters including extraction time (min), extraction temperature (°C), and solvent/material ratio (mL/g). Two dependent variables were the Mu-A content (mg/g raw materials) and extraction efficiency (%). The optimal conditions to extract Mu-A were found to be as follows: extraction temperature, 67°C; extraction time, 165 min; and solvent/material ratio, 5:1. Under these conditions, the Mu-A content and extraction efficiency were 38.94 ± 1.31 mg/g raw materials and 34.98 ± 1.18%, respectively. Mu-A exhibited antiproliferation and antitumor-promoting activity against the HepG-2 cell line. The present optimization work of Mu-A extraction from G. stenocarpa roots contributed to the attempt of designing a large-scale extraction process for the compound and further exploitation of its potential in vivo applications.
Design of high-efficiency Hybrid Power Amplifier with concurrent F&F−1 class operations for 5G application
Authors: Tahmasbi Meisam , Razaghian Farhad , Roshani Sobhan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a novel structure of Hybrid Power Amplifier (HPA) to operate in two arbitrary classes of operation at two desirable frequencies. The proposed HPA is designed in concurrent F&F−1 classes, simultaneously for 5G application. Presented HPA can solve the harmonics interference problem for concurrent F and F−1 classes and also for any arbitrary class of operation in desired frequencies. The designed HPA operates at 1.5 GHz frequency in the F class mode, while operates at 2.1 GHz frequency in the F−1 class mode. A new method is presented by using two diplexers to provide two paths for signal in different frequencies. Two parallel paths are used at the output of the HPA circuit, so the proposed HPA can operate at two classes. Two diplexers are used in the HPA to make proper isolation between the designed paths. In design of the proposed HPA, according to the utilized diplexers, the amplifier can operate between two arbitrary classes of operation at desired frequencies without any specific switch. The measured drain efficiency (DE) and power added efficiency (PAE) parameters are 57 and 51%, respectively at 2.1 GHz, while measured DE and PAE are 64 and 54%, respectively at 1.5 GHz.
Digitalization, Industry Concentration, and Productivity in Germany
Authors: Ferschli Benjamin , Rehm Miriam , Schnetzer Matthias , Zilian Stella 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates the links of digitalization and industry concentration with labor productivity at the sectoral level in Germany. Combining data for digitalization and labor productivity from the EU KLEMS database with firm-level data from the CompNet and Orbis Bureau Van Dijk databases to construct industry concentration measures between 2000 and 2015, we show that (1) the German economy appears to have digitized since 2000, and (2) there is no clear-cut relationship between digitalization and market concentration at the industry level. Using a time and sector fixed effects model and controlling for capital intensity, however, we find evidence for (3) a positive effect of both lagged industry concentration and lagged digitalization on productivity at the sectoral level in Germany. This finding is robust to alternative measures of digitalization and industry concentration as well as to their interaction but sensitive to the sector sample and to scale effects from the capital intensity. We, therefore, cautiously conclude that recent technological change appears to have been labor-saving and that productivity-enhancing aspect of a partial “superstar firm” effect may be identified in the German economy, in particular in its manufacturing sector.
Diet composition of Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) from the Han River Estuary Wetland in Korea using fecal DNA
Authors: Kim Jihee , Joo Sungbae , Park Sangkyu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
To investigate the foraging preferences of the Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) from the Janghang wetlands located in Han River estuary in South Korea, we elucidated their diet compositions using DNA extracted from their fecal samples. Samples were collected from the Janghang wetlands from June 2013 to January 2015. For dietary analysis, we amplified the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) regions, followed by cloning and sequencing. We were able to detect 20 families and 35 genera of plants from 77 fecal samples, showing that water deer in the Janghang wetlands mainly preferred Salicaceae (27.5%), Fabaceae (17.5%), and Poaceae (14.2%). In winter, the relative frequency of woody plant detection (81.3%) was much higher than that in other seasons. Our results suggest that Korean water deer in Janghang wetlands browse or graze depending on the locally-available plants species in their habitat as intermediate feeders. Non-invasive approaches using fecal samples could be applied to study food webs of various species and ecosystems for conservation and management of wildlife.
Local field effects in ultrafast light–matter interaction measured by pump-probe spectroscopy of monolayer MoSe2
Authors: Rodek Aleksander , Hahn Thilo , Kasprzak Jacek , Kazimierczuk Tomasz , Nogajewski Karol , Połczyńska Karolina Ewa , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Kuhn Tilmann , Machnikowski Paweł , Potemski Marek , Wigger Daniel , Kossacki Piotr 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Using ultrafast resonant pump-probe spectroscopy in an unconventional experimental setup we investigate the spectral shape and dynamics of absorption features related to the A exciton in an hexagonal boron nitride (hBN)/MoSe2/hBN van der Waals heterostructure. While in a pure two-level system a pump-probe experiment measures the occupation or the polarization dynamics, depending on the time ordering of the pulse pair, in the transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) system both quantities get thoroughly mixed by strong exciton–exciton interaction. We find that for short positive delays the spectral lines experience pronounced changes in their shape and energy and they relax to the original situation on a picosecond time scale. For negative delays, distinctive spectral oscillations appear indicating the first-time observation of perturbed free induction decay for a TMD system. The comparison between co-circular and cross-circular excitation schemes further allows us to investigate the rapid inter-valley scattering. By considering a three-level system as a minimal model including the local field effect, excitation-induced dephasing (EID), and scattering between the excited states we explain all phenomena observed in the experiment with excellent consistency. Our handy model can be even further reduced to two levels in the case of a co-circular excitation, for which we derive analytic expressions to describe the detected signals. This allows us to trace back the spectral shapes and shifts to the impact of local field effect and EID thus fully reproducing the complex behavior of the observed effects.
A review of the alpha radiolysis of extractants for actinide lanthanide separation in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing
Authors: Wang Ying , Wan Yaoshuang , Cai Yimin , Yuan Lihua , Feng Wen , Liu Ning 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Radiation stability is one of the key properties to enable the efficient use of extractants in spent nuclear fuel with high radioactivity. The last several decades have witnessed a rapid progress in the radiation chemistry of extractants. A variety of studies and reviews pertinent to the radiation stability of extractants have been published. However, a thorough summary for the alpha radiolysis results of extractants is not available. In this review, we survey the development of alpha radiolysis of extractants for actinide lanthanide separation and compare their radiolysis behaviors induced by alpha particles and gamma rays. The discussion of alpha radiolysis of extractants is divided into three parts according to the functional groups of extractants (i.e., phosphine oxide, amide and bis-triazinyl bipyridines). Given the importance of radiation source to carry out alpha irradiation experiment, we first give a brief introduction to three practicable alpha radiation sources including alpha emitting isotopes, helium ion beam and reactor. We hope this review will provide useful information and unleash a broad palette of opportunities for researchers interested in radiation chemistry.