bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Xanthomonas campestris pv. arrhenatheri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas campestris pv. arrhenatheri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Arrhenatherum elatius
. By inoculation strain 705 gave much less severe symptoms on
Alopecuruspratensis
and
Dactylis glomerata
, but other grasses tested were not diseased (Egli
et al.
, 1975) Three other strains (711, 719, and 725) gave mild symptoms on
Lolium multiflorum
, and one (730) gave a slight reaction on
Phleum pratense
. The reactions on
Festuca pratensis
and
Poa trivialis
were negative or negligible (Egli & Schmidt 1982). It is unlikely that the above inoculated hosts would be infected naturally. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of tall oat grass. The symptoms are identical to those caused by
X. campestris
pv.
graminis
on other forage grasses. They are first seen at the heading stage when young leaves curl and wither and shoots remain stunted or may die. In some plants poor growth continues and small distorted inflorescences are produced. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form on older leaves along the vascular bundles, often extending into the sheaths. Bacterial streaming may be seen under the microscope from cut ends of vascular bundles of infected tissue mounted in water. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Switzerland. All of Egli's isolates came from that country and the pathogen has not yet been reported from elsewhere. TRANSMISSION: As with
X. campestris
pv.
graminis
transmission within the crop is thought to be mainly by mowing machinery.
Diachora onobrychidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Diachora onobrychidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Known from species of
Onobrychis, Hedysarum, Lathyrus
and
Vicia
. DISEASE: Attacks living leaves and stems of
Leguminosae
. The anamorph matures at various times of the year, presumably dependent on climatic conditions. Collections of mature conidiomata made from Rhodes, Malta and Iraq in April to May, and from Germany in September, have been seen. The ascomata develop from the same stromata after overwintering. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Known from many places in the north temperate zone. Reported from Asia; Iraq, Iran. Europe: Germany, Greece, Italy, Malta, USSR. North America: Canada. TRANSMISSION: This has not been studied in detail, but it almost certainly occurs through air dispersal of ascospores which directly infect the leaves and stems. The mode of dispersal of conidia is unknown.
Phyllachora bakeriana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phyllachora bakeriana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Known from Cassia fistula, C. hoffinanseggiana and C. inaequilatera. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot of Cassia species. The disease is not significant in economic terms; it appears to be unsightly and not seriously damaging to the host plant. Little is known of its ecology. Being a tropical species it probably does not show marked seasonality, but ascomata seem to be most often mature in January or February. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Central America: Grenada, Jamaica, Puerto Rico. South America: Brazil; probably more widespread. TRANSMISSION: This has not been studied, but ascospores are probably dispersed in the air and directly infect leaves, in common with other Phyllachora species.
Phyllachora canavaliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phyllachora canavaliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Only recorded from
Canavalia villosa
. DISEASE: Infects living leaves of
Canavalia
, causing an inconspicuous leaf spot. Nothing is known about the development of the disease, but in Costa Rica, ascomata are mature in February. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Only known from the type locality in Costa Rica. TRANSMISSION: This has not been studied, but probably occurs by direct infection of leaves from air-dispersed ascospores, in common with other species of
Phyllachora
. On landing on the new host leaf, the ascospore germinates to produce an appressorium and infection peg.
Phyllachora desmodii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phyllachora desmodii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded on
Desmodium mauritianum, D. repandum
and
D
.
scalpe
. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot of
Desmodium
species. This fungus, in common with almost all other species of
Phyllachora
, is not a strong pathogen, as though it develops and matures in living leaves, it appears to cause only insignificant damage to the host. However, the biology of P.
desmodii
has not been studied in detail. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda. Asia: Burma, India, Pakistan. TRANSMISSION: Little is known of this subject, but other species of
Phyllachora
are transmitted through airborne dispersal of ascospores, which germinate on the host leaf to produce an appressorium and an infection peg, which penetrates the epidermis.
Cercospora pappaea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Little S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora pappaea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Caricapappaea
(pawpaw). DISEASE: Leaf spot of pawpaw. Leaf spots are circular at first, but become irregular with age, 3-10 mm diam., pale brown on the upper surface, indistinct on the lower. The fungus may also cause small shallow black dots on the fruit; these lesions may enlarge up to 3 mm, but do not cause fruit decay (Weber 1973). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Mauritius, Malawi, Sudan Uganda, Asia: Burma, India Indonesia, Nepal; Australasia and Oceania: Papua New Guinea, Tonga; South America: Venezuela.
Cylindrocarpon carneum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocarpon carneum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus maximinoi
. DISEASE: Associated with galls, but pathogenicity not yet demonstrated. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America: Honduras. TRANSMISSION: Spores exuded in slimy tendrils dispersed by water and, possibly, by insects.
Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acacia, Alfalfa, Apium, Camellia, Ceanothus, Fragaria, Gerbera, Grevillea, Lupinus, Lycopersicon, Malus, Phaseolus, Picea, Pinus, Prunus, Pseudopanax, Rubus, Saintpaulia, Solanum, Viola, Vitis
, nematodes, soil. DISEASE: Root rots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Tanzania; Asia: India, Iran; Australasia: Australia, New Zealand; Europe: Cyprus, France, Italy, Great Britain, .Norway, Poland: North America: Canada, USA (California, Utah). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne; slimy spores are probably spread by water.
Hypodermella rhamni
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Hypodermella rhamni
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rhamnus
sp. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Rhamnus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: India (Tamil Nadu). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores in humid conditions.
Thecaphora solani
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Thecaphora solani
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species of
Solanum
, including
S. tuberosum, S. andigenum
and
S. stoloniferum
; found on clones of
S. ajanhuiri, S
.
curtilobum, S. chaucha, S. goniocalyx, S. phureja, S. stenotomum
and
S. tuberosum
subsp.
andigena
in the Potato Germ Plasm Bank, Peru (59, 2318); also on
Lycopersicon
.DISEASE: Potato smut. Infection normally commences in meristematic regions in young shoots, underground portions of stems (commonly at the base of a stem, where it joins the roots), stolons and eventually in tubers, and the resultant galls increase in size throughout the growing season (59, 5337). In tomato plants, hypertrophy and gall formation occur at the junction of stems and roots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America: Mexico. South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela. See CMI Distribution Map 214 (ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: By infected tubers, also soilborne, the ustilospores released into soil by disintegration of infected plant parts and surviving there.
Plasmopara halstedii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Plasmopara halstedii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Over 80 hosts from a wide range of genera in the
Compositae
have been reported, including wild and cultivated species of
Helianthus
. For lists see Leppik (1966) and Novotel'nova (1977). DISEASE: Downy mildew of sunflower (
Helianthus annuus
var.
macrocarpus
); the fungus is an obligately biotrophic plant pathogen. Leaves of infected plants develop chlorotic mottling which spreads from the veins near the petiole across the lamina, and increases in area and intensity as leaves age. Plants become stunted, having thin stems, very much smaller capitula without seeds, and smaller and darker roots. The disease is primarily systemic and mycelium can be found throughout the plant from roots to capitulum and achenes, in all except meristematic tissues. Under humid conditions, a white felt of sporangiophores develops on the undersurface of chlorotic areas. Localized secondary infection of the leaves and heads occasionally develops, resulting in spots, delimited by veins. Such secondary infection may also become systemic. Some infected plants show no disease symptoms, but produce lower yields of poorer quality seeds, which lose vitality and have lower germination rates (latent infection). Cotyledons are also infected causing damping-off in seed beds. A basal gall may also be produced. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
Plasmopara halstedii
is a fungus characteristic of the Americas, its putative origin, It has spread throughout Europe to parts of Africa and Asia, and has recently been reported from New Zealand. See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 286. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne oospores and mycelium (in systemically infected roots) overwinter, infecting subsequent crops. Sporangia form on the surface of infected seedling roots, releasing zoospores which encyst and germinate c root hairs of other seedlings, producing a systemic infection. Sporangia are dispersed by rain-splash from leaves, producing a secondary infection in plants up to the six-leaf stage, but infect only the apical growing points of olde plants. Transmission by oospores in seeds has been responsible for the spread of this fungus around the world, especially since these spores can germinate to produce only a latent infection in the host plant (53, 4545).
Mycosphaerella rosicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella rosicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rosa
spp. DISEASE:
Cercospora
spot of rose. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe. Asia: Burma, Cyprus, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan. West Indies: Trinidad. Australasia: Australia. Europe. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by windborne ascospores and conidia, water splash and contact with naturally infected plants.
Aspergillus alutaceus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aspergillus alutaceus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES:
On Insects. Aspergillus alutaceus
can attack some insects, e.g. silkworms and colorado beetles, directly by entrance through their hind gut (Raper & Fennell, 1965). It has also been isolated from different genera of wild and domesticated bees (Batra
et al.
, 1973) and the dead imagoes of Colorado beetles (Bajan & Kwitowa, 1974).
On Man
. Although not known to be a human pathogen, it has been isolated from sputum of patients with pulmonary disturbances (Almeida, 1939). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, particularly in tropical soils.
Aspergillus tamarii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aspergillus tamarii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES:
On Insects. Aspergillus tamarii
has been isolated on
Spodoptera littoralis
(Kenneth
et al.
, 1971), various genera of bees (Batra
et al.
, 1973), and other insects (Raper & Fennell, 1965). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, but mostly from tropical and subtropical areas.
Phyllachora ramosii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phyllachora ramosii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Derris scandens, Derris
sp.,
Millettia merrillii, Millettia
sp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Philippines. TRANSMISSION: No studies are available, but the ascospores are almost certainly transmitted from one host plant to another on air currents.
Bipolaris micropus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Bipolaris micropus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Leptochloa
and
Paspalum
. DISEASE: Leaf spot and leaf blight (51: 3036a). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil, India, Japan, USA. TRANSMISSION: By airborne conidia.
Microdochium panattonianum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Holderness M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Microdochium panattonianum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lactuca sativa, L. serriola, L. scariola, Cichorium endivia
. DISEASE: Anthracnose, shot-hole, leaf perforation or rust (in USA) and ring spot (in Europe and Australasia) of lettuce and endive. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: See CMI Distribution Map 82, 3rd edn, 1976. Africa: Libya, Mauritius. Asia: Japan, Lebanon, Philippines, Turkey. Australasia and Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. Europe: Austria, Britain, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR, Yugoslavia. North America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: Rain, water and wind dispersed. Primary inoculum is soil-borne, and the fungus overwinters in soil, on debris and native
Lactuca
spp. Occasionally transmitted by seed. Soil-borne microsclerotia reported as persisting and capable of infecting directly.
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Zea mays
is the natural host. By inoculation
Euchlaena mexicana, Saccharum officinarum, Sorghum bicolor, S. sudanense
and
Tripsacum dactyloides
are infected (Schuster
et al.
, 1973). DISEASE: Leaf freckles and wilt, or Goss's bacterial wilt and blight. The disease is characterized by the appearance of discrete, water-soaked spots, dark green to blackish at first, becoming brown and more freckle-like, then coalescing and inducing a leaf scorch. The spots may arise from direct infection or via systemic infection from roots and stems (Schuster
et al.
, 1973). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (IA, IL, KS, NE). (
IMI Distribution Map
549, ed. 1, 1982; 67, 4495). TRANSMISSION: The bacterium can overwinter in debris from diseased corn, particularly stubble and this is a source of primary inoculum in the new growing season. It is also present within the seed where it can remain viable for more than a year. However, experiments suggest that seed transmission is rare (Schuster
et al.
, 1973).
Spiroplasma citri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Spiroplasma citri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: There are many natural hosts in the
Rutaceae
, including
Citrus aurantifolia
(sweet lime),
C. aurantium
(sour orange),
C. clementina
(clementine),
C. jambhiri
(rough lemon),
C. limon
(lemon),
C. madurensis
(syn.
C. mitts
, calamondin),
C. maxima
(syn.
C. grandis
, pummelo),
C. paradisi
(grapefruit),
C. paradisi
×
C. reticulata
(tangelo),
C. sinensis
(sweet orange),
C. sinensis
×
Poncirus trifoliata
(citrange),
C. unshiu
(satsuma) and
Fortunella
spp. (kumquats). Non-rutaceous natural hosts include
Armoracia rusticana, Barbarea vulgaris, Brassica geniculata, B. kaber, B. nigra, B. oleracea
var.
botrytis, B. oleracea
var.
capitata, B. oleracea
var.
gemmifera, B. rapa, B. tournefortii, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Catharanthus roseus, Digitalis purpurea, Plantago ovata, Prunus avium, P. persica, Pyrus communis, Raphanus sativus, Sedum praealtum, Sisymbrium irio, S. orientale, Tagetes erecta, Viola cornuta, Zinnia elegans
(63, 3239; 62, 2777; 59, 3154). A wide variety of plants has been infected artificially by transmission from inoculated leafhoppers. Symptoms are milder under cool conditions. Under warm conditions only
Citrus
spp. and hybrids survive infection more than a few months (59, 3154). DISEASE: Citrus stubborn or 'little leaf'. Affected trees are slightly to severely stunted and give low yields. Leaves are shorter, broader, upturned at the edges and may be mottled or chlorotic. Internodes of twigs are shorter and multiple axillary buds are produced. Fruits may be small, lopsided or acorn-shaped, caused by formation of very thin smooth rind at the blossom end. In horseradish, infection causes brittle root disease, in which leaves are stunted, chlorotic or necrotic and roots show a darkened ring of phloem (61, 2596). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Present in many citrus growing areas. Reports include: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Madagascar, Morocco, Tunisia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Corsica, Cyprus, Greece, Sardinia, Sicily, Mexico, United States (AR, CA), Argentina (Tucuman), Brazil (Sao Paulo), Peru, Surinam (
IMl Distribution Map
375, ed. 2, 1970; 49, 1876b; 50, 1228a; 51, 1253b, 3247; 56, 5056; 63, 1797; 68, 367). TRANSMISSION: The insect vectors are leafhoppers and the following have been shown to transmit the disease:
Neoaliturus tenellus
[Circulifer tenellus]
(sugar beet leafhopper),
N. haematoceps
(
N. opacipennis
),
Scaphytopius nitridus
and
S. delongi
. The disease is also spread in budwood, although not very consistently (68, 367).
Acrophialophora fusispora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Acrophialophora fusispora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Arachis, Bambusa, Brassica, Cajanus, Citrus, Cicer, Cyamopsis, Dolichos, Elaeis, Gliricidia, Gossypium, Hordeum, Lycopersicon, Oryza, Papaver, Pennisetum, Phaseolus, Pinus, Saccharum, Syzygium, Tephrosia, Trigonella, Triticum, Vigna, Zea, Zingiber
; also from air, animals (including man), soil, and wood. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; frequently encountered as a secondary invader or as a saprophyte. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Zaire. ASIA: India, Pakistan Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka. EUROPE: Belgium. NORTH AMERICA. Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: By unknown means.
Phytophthora clandestina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora clandestina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Trifolium subterraneum
. DISEASE: Root rot of subterranean clover; a facultatively necrotrophic plant pathogen. In field plants, black necrotic lesions develop 1-4 cm below the soil surface extending into the stele and causing orange-brown to brown tissue discoloration. Dry matter can be reduced by 71% (69, 5030). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia & Oceania; Australia (NSW, WA, Vic.) TRANSMISSION: Presumably by zoospores released in moist soil. Oospores may act as perennating structures.
Alternaria eichhorniae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria eichhorniae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Eichhornia crassipes, Monochoria vaginalis. Hibiscus sabdariffa
has been reported to be infected when inoculated with
A. eichhorniae
(69, 4166). DISEASE: Leaf spot of Water Hyacinth. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Bangladesh, India. TRANSMISSION: Not known, most likely by water and by air.