bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the numerical accuracy in finite‐volume methods to accurately capture turbulence in compressible flows
Authors: Motheau Emmanuel , Wakefield John 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe goal of the present article is to understand the impact of numerical schemes for the reconstruction of data at cell faces in finite‐volume methods, and to assess their interaction with the quadrature rule used to compute the average over the cell volume. Here, third‐, fifth‐ and seventh‐order WENO‐Z schemes are investigated. On a problem with a smooth solution, the theoretical order of convergence rate for each method is retrieved, and changing the order of the reconstruction at cell faces does not impact the results, whereas for a shock‐driven problem all the methods collapse to first‐order. Study of the decay of compressible homogeneous isotropic turbulence reveals that using a high‐order quadrature rule to compute the average over a finite‐volume cell does not improve the spectral accuracy and that all methods present a second‐order convergence rate. However the choice of the numerical method to reconstruct data at cell faces is found to be critical to correctly capture turbulent spectra. In the context of simulations with finite‐volume methods of practical flows encountered in engineering applications, it becomes apparent that an efficient strategy is to perform the average integration with a low‐order quadrature rule on a fine mesh resolution, whereas high‐order schemes should be used to reconstruct data at cell faces.
Long‐term effects of two 24‐hour moisturizing products on skin barrier structure and function: A biometric and molecular study
Authors: Samadi Aniseh , Nasrollahi Saman Ahmad , Rostami Mahmoud Nateghi , Rezagholi Zahra , Abolghasemi Farideh , Firooz Alireza 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionRecently, there are a few moisturizers showing hydrating effects up to 24 hours after single application. Aquaporin 3 might be associated with the degree of skin hydration. We aimed to assess the effects of two brands of 24‐hour moisturizers on the skin barrier function, as well as the AQP3 gene expression.MethodTwo moisturizers were applied once daily by 20 participants age 36.15 ± 9.55 years. Upper right and left forearms were randomly assigned to application of each product, whereas the right lower forearm served as control site for application of a cream base formulation. Biophysical assessments including trans epidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, pH, surface lipids, and elasticity parameters were performed before intervention, 1, 4, and 24 hours after single application, following 2 weeks daily application and 1 week after termination of use. Also 5‐mm punch biopsies were performed from application sites of product B and cream base formulation in for five participants after 2 weeks of application.ResultsA single treatment with both products led to 24‐hour increase in skin moisture in comparison with the control site (P‐value <.01). Daily application of both products for 14 days also led to significant improvement in skin moisture (P‐value <.01), TEWL (P‐value <.01), and elasticity parameters. The increase in skin hydration was associated with upregulation of AQP3 gene expression in treated area for one of the formulations (P‐value = .04).ConclusionThe tested 24‐hour moisturizers only need to be applied once daily to improve skin barrier function and hydration and up‐regulate AQP3 mRNA expression.
Lymph node metastases in breast cancer: Investigating associations with tumor characteristics, molecular subtypes and polygenic risk score using a continuous growth model
Authors: Isheden Gabriel , Grassmann Felix , Czene Kamila , Humphreys Keith 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe investigate the association between rate of breast cancer lymph node spread and grade, estrogen receptor (ER) status, progesteron receptor status, decision tree derived PAM50 molecular subtype and a polygenic risk score (PRS), using data on 10 950 women included from two different data sources. Lymph node spread was analyzed using a novel continuous tumor progression model that adjusts for tumor volume in a biologically motivated way and that incorporates covariates of interest. Grades 2 and 3 tumors, respectively, were associated with 1.63 and 2.17 times faster rates of lymph node spread than Grade 1 tumors (P < 10−16). ER/PR negative breast cancer was associated with a 1.25/1.19 times faster spread than ER/PR positive breast cancer, respectively (P = .0011 and .0012). Among the molecular subtypes luminal A, luminal B, Her2‐enriched and basal‐like, Her2‐enriched breast cancer was associated with 1.53 times faster spread than luminal A cancer (P = .00072). PRS was not associated with the rate of lymph node spread. Continuous growth models are useful for quantifying associations between lymph node spread and tumor characteristics. These may be useful for building realistic progression models for microsimulation studies used to design individualized screening programs.
Induced subgraphs of product graphs and a generalization of Huang's theorem
Authors: Hong Zhen‐Mu , Lai Hong‐Jian , Liu Jianbing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRecently, Huang showed that every ‐vertex induced subgraph of the ‐dimensional hypercube has maximum degree at least . In this paper, we discuss the induced subgraphs of Cartesian product graphs and semistrong product graphs to generalize Huang's result. Let be a connected signed bipartite graph of order and be a connected signed graph of order . By defining two kinds of signed product of and , denoted by and , we show that if and have exactly two distinct adjacency eigenvalues and , respectively, then every ‐vertex induced subgraph of (resp., ) has maximum degree at least (resp., ). Moreover, we discuss the eigenvalues of and and obtain a sufficient and necessary condition such that the spectrum of and is symmetric with respect to 0, from which we obtain more general results on maximum degree of the induced subgraphs.
Primary mobile vertebral column sarcomas: Prognostic factors vary by histologic subtypes
Authors: Jawad Muhammad U. , Farhan Saif , Haffner Max R. , Le Hai Van , Thorpe Steven W. , Klineberg Eric O. , Randall R. Lor 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrimary sarcomas originating from the mobile spine portends a particularly sinister outcome. Rarity of the disease process has resulted in inconsistent data due to small sample size and heterogeneity in patient selection and analytics.MethodsSurveillance, Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) database from 1975 to 2017 was queried to report incidence and survival data in 712 patients in the United States. Kaplan–Meier and Cox Regression were used to determine the prognostic factors affecting survival.ResultsIncidence of spinal sarcoma was 0.019 per 100,000 persons in 2017 and has not significantly changed since 2000 (p > 0.05). Disease‐specific 5‐year survival for the entire cohort was 57%. Osteosarcoma has the worst 5‐year survival (39%) and chondrosarcoma has the best 5‐year survival (69%). Independent predictors of survival for the entire cohort included age, grade, and stage. Stage was an independent predictor of survival for every histologic subtype. Additional predictors of survival for spinal osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma included age, size, and grade, respectively.ConclusionsThe current study is an analysis of a population‐based registry reporting incidence survival data for patients with sarcoma of mobile vertebral column. Survival and prognostic factors vary by histologic subtypes. There is lack of improvement in survival over the last three decades.
Fast 3D MR elastography of the whole brain using spiral staircase: Data acquisition, image reconstruction, and joint deblurring
Authors: Peng Xi , Sui Yi , Trzasko Joshua D. , Glaser Kevin J. , Huston John , Ehman Richard L. , Pipe James G. 
Published: June 2021

PurposeTo address the need for a method to acquire 3D data for MR elastography (MRE) of the whole brain with substantially improved spatial resolution, high SNR, and reduced acquisition time compared with conventional methods.MethodsWe combined a novel 3D spiral staircase data‐acquisition method with a spoiled gradient‐echo pulse sequence and MRE motion‐encoding gradients (MEGs). The spiral‐out acquisition permitted use of longer‐duration motion‐encoding gradients (ie, over two full oscillatory cycles) to enhance displacement SNR, while still maintaining a reasonably short TE for good phase‐SNR. Through‐plane parallel imaging with low noise penalties was implemented to accelerate acquisition along the slice direction. Shared anatomical information was exploited in the deblurring procedure to further boost SNR for stiffness inversion.ResultsIn vivo and phantom experiments demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed method in producing brain MRE results comparable to the spin‐echo–based approaches, both qualitatively and quantitatively. High‐resolution (2‐mm isotropic) brain MRE data were acquired in 5 minutes using our method with good SNR. Joint deblurring with shared anatomical information produced SNR‐enhanced images, leading to upward stiffness estimation.ConclusionA novel 3D gradient‐echo–based approach has been designed and implemented, and shown to have promising potential for fast and high‐resolution in vivo MRE of the whole brain.
Grocery distribution plans in urban networks with street crossing penalties
Authors: Cerrone Carmine , Cerulli Raffaele , Sciomachen Anna 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFollowing the emergency caused by the Covid‐19 pandemic, there is the need, among other measures, to modify urban mobility plans in order to reduce the use of collective public transport, reducing the crowding of people while also preventing traffic congestion through discouraging the use of private vehicles. From this perspective, retail companies operating within cities must also reorganize themselves, considering both the unpredictable requirements of environmental sustainability and the new mobility needs calling for the promotion of bicycles and electric scooters. In this context, we deal with the need to determine minimum cost routes in urban areas for delivering orders placed through e‐channels. More precisely, we face a variant of the green vehicle routing problem of heterogeneous fleets, in which the objective function includes environmental impact cost components that differ by vehicle type. Moreover, as a novel issue, attention must be paid to avoid crossing and passing close to bicycle lanes; therefore, penalties are associated with the transit of vehicles near bicycle lanes. To address this problem, we propose a mixed integer linear programming model and a matheuristic associated with it. The proposed approach is then used to analyze different scenarios derived from the transportation network of the city of Milan, Italy. Milan is one of the smartest cities in Europe from the mobility point of view but also one of the most affected by the Covid‐19 pandemic, and the municipality is making a big investment to promote the use of bicycles.
Direct measurement of key exciton properties: Energy, dynamics, and spatial distribution of the wave function
Authors: Dong Shuo , Puppin Michele , Pincelli Tommaso , Beaulieu Samuel , Christiansen Dominik , Hübener Hannes , Nicholson Christopher W. , Xian Rui Patrick , Dendzik Maciej , Deng Yunpei , Windsor Yoav William , Selig Malte , Malic Ermin , Rubio Angel , Knorr Andreas , Wolf Martin , Rettig Laurenz , Ernstorfer Ralph 
Published: June 2021

AbstractExcitons, Coulomb‐bound electron–hole pairs, are the fundamental excitations governing the optoelectronic properties of semiconductors. Although optical signatures of excitons have been studied extensively, experimental access to the excitonic wave function itself has been elusive. Using multidimensional photoemission spectroscopy, we present a momentum‐, energy‐, and time‐resolved perspective on excitons in the layered semiconductor WSe2. By tuning the excitation wavelength, we determine the energy–momentum signature of bright exciton formation and its difference from conventional single‐particle excited states. The multidimensional data allow to retrieve fundamental exciton properties like the binding energy and the exciton–lattice coupling and to reconstruct the real‐space excitonic distribution function via Fourier transform. All quantities are in excellent agreement with microscopic calculations. Our approach provides a full characterization of the exciton properties and is applicable to bright and dark excitons in semiconducting materials, heterostructures, and devices.Key points
The full life cycle of excitons is recorded with time‐ and angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
The real‐space distribution of the excitonic wave function is visualized.
Direct measurement of the exciton‐phonon interaction.
Modified three‐dimensional true proportional navigation and its inverse optimal form
Authors: Liao Fei , Zhang Sheng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA novel three‐dimensional modified true proportional navigation (MTPN) guidance and its inverse optimal form are proposed for the interception of the nonmaneuvering and maneuvering targets, and the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of pursuit situations and target maneuvers are taken into full account. The proposed approach is feasible without knowing any prior information or estimate of the target maneuvers, which are regarded as the unknown disturbance input. Therefore, the TPN‐type guidance is extended to intercept the maneuvering targets with bounded unknown accelerations. Moreover, the explicit physical significance is given for each component of the navigation gain expression of MTPN. The inverse optimal control approach and the input‐to‐state stability are introduced to the MTPN design. Using the MTPN, the homing missile can conduct the terminal homing guidance phase in any particular direction with respect to their nonmaneuvering or maneuvering targets through choosing an appropriate inertial reference coordinate system in practice. Using the proposed schemes, the line‐of‐sight (LOS) rate is globally exponentially stable for nonmaneuvering targets, and is input‐to‐state stability (ISS) for maneuvering targets with bounded unknown accelerations. Performed simulation results have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Identification of related impurities in an oral pharmaceutical formulation of tebipenem pivoxil using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Xi Pengxuan , Cao Wanxue , Li Li , Shi Weimin , Li Fuxin , Xu Haitao , Xu Xiaojie , Ke Yu , Zhang Jianye 
Published: June 2021

RationaleTebipenem pivoxil (TBPM‐PI) has been developed as the first oral carbapenem drug in the world to treat otolaryngological and respiratory infections in pediatric patients. Due to its structural properties and external factors, some related impurities, which may cause side effects in patients, might be formed during the synthesis and storage of TBPM‐PI. It was vital to rapidly separate and identify the related impurities to guarantee the safe use of TBPM‐PI.MethodsA method using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (QTOF‐MS/MS) was developed to separate and detect TBPM‐PI and related impurities in an oral pharmaceutical formulation. LC/MS and MS/MS spectra of these compounds in the formulation were acquired to confirm their elemental compositions and propose their structures based on LC/MS data and fragmentation pathways of available reference substances.ResultsLC/MS parameters and MS/MS fragmentation pathways of reference substances of TBPM‐PI and related impurities were summarized in detail. Based on this, a total of 23 related impurities were found and characterized in the oral pharmaceutical formulation. Eight of these were verified by comparison with reference substances and the structures of the other 15 were proposed for the first time. In addition, four of these compounds were produced by the reaction of excipients and pre‐existing related impurities.ConclusionsA UHPLC/QTOF‐MS method was established and used for the separation and identification of 23 related impurities in a TBPM‐PI oral pharmaceutical formulation. Moreover, it was proved that new related impurities could be produced by the reaction of excipients in the pharmaceutical formulation and related impurities in the corresponding active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).
Rapid detection of sulfur mustard hydrolysis products based on microextraction by packed sorbent combined with nano‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Baoqiang , Wei Jianan , Kong Jinglin , Yang Liu , Li Cuiping 
Published: June 2021

RationaleSulfur mustard is a blister agent prohibited by the Chemical Weapons Convention, and the detection of its hydrolysis product, thiodiglycol (TDG), is an important indicator of blister agent contamination. Due to the poor volatility and low extraction efficiency of TDG, derivatization gas chromatography or liquid chromatography is required for conventional methods, and the detection process is cumbersome and time‐consuming.MethodsA microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) device and a nano‐electrospray ionization (nano‐ESI) device were used. The central composite design (CCD) model of Response Surface Methodology was used to optimize the elution procedure; the variance analysis under equal repeated trials with multiple factors was used to quantitatively analyze the significance of the impact of related factors on the nano‐ESI efficiency. The MEPS‐nano‐ESI‐MS experimental conditions were optimized.ResultsA new detection method of sulfur mustard hydrolysis products in water based on MEPS‐nano‐ESI‐MS was established; the detection limit was 1 ng/mL and was linear between 5 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL (R2 = 0.9911) with a precision of ≤7.2%, and the recovery rate was 107.89% when the sample concentration was 40 ng/mL.ConclusionsThe experimental results showed that the proposed method could quickly detect the contaminated water samples without chromatographic separation and derivatization, thereby verifying the contamination of sulfur mustard on site.
Assessing the effects of lipid extraction and lipid correction on stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) of blubber and skin from southern hemisphere humpback whales
Authors: Groß Jasmin , Fry Brian , Burford Michele A. , Bengtson Nash Susan 
Published: June 2021

RationaleThe coupled analysis of δ13C and δ15N stable isotope values of blubber and skin biopsy samples is widely used to study the diet of free‐ranging cetaceans. Differences in the lipid content of these tissues can affect isotopic variability because lipids are depleted in 13C, reducing the bulk tissue 13C/12C. This variability in carbon isotope values can be accounted for either by chemically extracting lipids from the tissue or by using mathematical lipid normalisation models.MethodsThis study examines (a) the effects of chemical lipid extraction on δ13C and δ15N values in blubber and skin of southern hemisphere humpback whales, (b) whether chemical lipid extraction is more favourable than mathematical lipid correction and (c) which of the two tissues is more appropriate for dietary studies. Strategic comparisons were made between chemical lipid extraction and mathematical lipid correction and between blubber and skin tissue δ13C and δ15N values, as well as C:N ratios. Six existing mathematical normalisation models were tested for their efficacy in estimating lipid‐free δ13C for skin.ResultsBoth δ13C and δ15N values of lipid‐extracted skin (δ13C: −25.57‰, δ15N: 6.83‰) were significantly higher than those of bulk skin (δ13C: −26.97‰, δ15N: 6.15‰). Five of the six tested lipid normalisation models had small error terms for predicting lipid‐free δ13C values. The average C:N ratio of lipid‐extracted skin was within the lipid‐free range reported in other studies, whereas the average C:N ratio of blubber was higher than previously reported.ConclusionsThese results highlight the need to account for lipids when analysing δ13C and δ15N values from the same sample. For optimised dietary assessments using parallel isotope analysis from a single sample, we recommend the use of unextracted skin tissue. δ15N values should be obtained from unextracted skin, whereas δ13C values may be adequately lipid corrected by a mathematical correction.
Emerging Energy Harvesting Materials and Devices for Self‐Powered Water Disinfection
Authors: Huo Zheng‐Yang , Lee Dong‐Min , Wang Si , Kim Young‐Jun , Kim Sang‐Woo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractContaminated drinking water is one of the main pathogen transmission pathways making waterborne illnesses such as diarrheal diseases and gastroenteritis a huge threat to public health, especially in the areas where sanitation facilities and gird power are inadequate such as rural and disaster hit areas. Self‐powered water disinfection systems are a promising solution in these cases. In this review paper, the authors provide an overview of the new and emerging methods of applying energy harvesting materials and devices as a source of power for water disinfection systems microbial disinfection in water by harnessing ambient forms of energy such as mechanical motion, light, and heat into electricity. The authors begin with a brief introduction of the different energy harvesting technologies commonly applied in water disinfection; triboelectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and photovoltaic effects. Various microbial disinfection mechanisms and types of device construction are summarized. Then, a detailed discussion of the energy harvester‐driven water disinfection process is provided. Finally, challenges and perspectives regarding the future development of self‐powered water disinfection are described.
Retrospective assessment of the relationship between intraoperative nociception and postoperative analgesia requirements in dogs undergoing thoracic surgery
Authors: Corrêa Luis M. , Grados Felipe M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe analgesia management of thoracic surgery can be challenging and debate exists regarding the efficacy of pre‐emptive analgesia and its relationship with postoperative pain. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between intraoperative nociception and postoperative pain in dogs undergoing thoracic surgery. If proven, effective prevention of intraoperative nociception could imply prospective lower postoperative analgesia requirements.MethodsThe study was retrospective and observational. Clinical records from dogs undergoing thoracic surgery (2015–2019) were reviewed and cases were allocated to one of two groups: NOCI‐FREE – dogs with no evidence of intraoperative nociception; NOCI – dogs that required intraoperative rescue analgesia to address a nociceptive response. Pre‐anaesthetic medication, locoregional analgesia, intraoperative infusions and rescue analgesia were used. Additionally, postoperative pain scores and analgesia plans were registered and compared between groups.ResultsOur study failed to identify a difference in the postoperative pain scores and analgesia requirements between dogs having signs of intraoperative nociception and those without. Additionally, the use of postoperative analgesic preventive infusions and rescue analgesia was similar for both NOCI and NOCI‐FREE.Being on an intraoperative infusion of opioids, dexmedetomidine or lidocaine was identified as a protective factor for nociception [OR = 11; (4.15–29.7)].ConclusionsIn the population studied, it appears that dogs showing signs of nociception intraoperatively do not necessarily show higher pain scores nor do they need additionally pain relief in the postoperative period.