bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiomics and deep learning in liver diseases
Authors: Sung Yu Sub , Park Bumwoo , Park Hyo Jung , Lee Seung Soo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecently, radiomics and deep learning have gained attention as methods for computerized image analysis. Radiomics and deep learning can perform diagnostic or predictive tasks using high‐dimensional image‐derived features and have the potential to expand the capabilities of liver imaging beyond the scope of traditional visual image analysis. Recent research has demonstrated the potential of these techniques in various fields of liver imaging, including staging of liver fibrosis, prognostication of malignant liver tumors, automated detection and characterization of liver tumors, automated abdominal organ segmentation, and body composition analysis. However, because most of the previous studies were preliminary and focused mainly on technical feasibility, further clinical validation is required for the application of radiomics and deep learning in clinical practice. In this review, we introduce the technical aspects of radiomics and deep learning and summarize the recent studies on the application of these techniques in liver radiology.
Artificial intelligence in precision medicine in hepatology
Authors: Su Tung‐Hung , Wu Chih‐Horng , Kao Jia‐Horng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe advancement of investigation tools and electronic health records (EHR) enables a paradigm shift from guideline‐specific therapy toward patient‐specific precision medicine. The multiparametric and large detailed information necessitates novel analyses to explore the insight of diseases and to aid the diagnosis, monitoring, and outcome prediction. Artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and deep learning (DL) provide various models of supervised, or unsupervised algorithms, and sophisticated neural networks to generate predictive models more precisely than conventional ones. The data, application tasks, and algorithms are three key components in AI. Various data formats are available in daily clinical practice of hepatology, including radiological imaging, EHR, liver pathology, data from wearable devices, and multi‐omics measurements. The images of abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging can be used to predict liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and differentiation of benign tumors from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Using EHR, the AI algorithms help predict the diagnosis and outcomes of liver cirrhosis, HCC, NAFLD, portal hypertension, varices, liver transplantation, and acute liver failure. AI helps to predict severity and patterns of fibrosis, steatosis, activity of NAFLD, and survival of HCC by using pathological data. Despite of these high potentials of AI application, data preparation, collection, quality, labeling, and sampling biases of data are major concerns. The selection, evaluation, and validation of algorithms, as well as real‐world application of these AI models, are also challenging. Nevertheless, AI opens the new era of precision medicine in hepatology, which will change our future practice.
The efficacy of linked color imaging for the endoscopic diagnosis of mucosal healing in quiescent ulcerative colitis
Authors: Takagi Tomohisa , Uchiyama Kazuhiko , Kajiwara‐Kubota Mariko , Kashiwagi Saori , Toyokawa Yuki , Hotta Yuma , Tanaka Makoto , Inoue Ken , Dohi Osamu , Yoshida Naohisa , Kamada Kazuhiro , Ishikawa Takeshi , Konishi Hideyuki , Kishimoto Mitsuo , Yagi Nobuaki , Naito Yuji , Itoh Yoshito 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground and AimThe Mayo Endoscopic Subscore (MES) and the Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS) are used to assess endoscopic mucosal healing in patients suffering from ulcerative colitis. Although mucosal healing is defined by MES 0, relapse of ulcerative colitis is often observed. Over a 48‐month period, this study investigated the efficacy of linked color imaging (LCI) in predicting the long‐term prognosis of ulcerative colitis patients diagnosed with MES 0.MethodsOverall, 26 patients in ulcerative colitis remission, diagnosed with MES 0, were enrolled. Using a LASEREO endoscopic system (Fujifilm Co., Tokyo, Japan), endoscopic colonic images were assessed with linked color imaging and the colitis endoscopic index of severity. Endoscopic LCI images were separated into three subgroups (A, no redness; B, redness with visible vessels; and C, redness without visible vessels). The Geboes score was used to evaluate histology; active mucosa was defined as GS > 2B.1.ResultsLinked color imaging classification subdivided colonic mucosa, which had been diagnosed with MES 0, into two classes. The LCI‐A group did not relapse, and the non‐relapse rate was significantly higher (P = 0.018) than that in the LCI‐B group. No difference in relapse rates was observed between patients with a colitis endoscopic index of severity of 0 and 1 (P = 0.655). There was no statistical difference between the composition of LCI‐A group and the relapse rate between active and inactive mucosa diagnosed by Geboes score.ConclusionsThis methodology can be used to evaluate mucosal healing and predict long‐term outcomes in ulcerative colitis patients.
Region‐specific effects of the cysteine protease papain on gastric motility
Authors: Annaházi Anita , Schröder Alexandra , Schemann Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundPapaya is a traditional remedy for gastrointestinal complaints in the folk medicine. On this basis, papain, a cysteine protease of the fruit, is sold as a nutritional supplement, although scientific data on its effects in the gastrointestinal tract are lacking. We aimed to explore the effect of papain on gastric motility in vitro.MethodsGuinea pig antrum and corpus strips were mounted in organ bath.Key resultsPapain reversibly increased the amplitude of ongoing phasic contractions in both circular and longitudinal antrum strips without having an effect on the frequency or on the muscle tone. All three tested doses of papain (end cc.: 12.5 mg L−1, 50 mg L−1, 100 mg L−1) were similarly effective. Contrarily, in the corpus circular and longitudinal muscle strips, papain caused a dose‐dependent relaxation, which was preceded by a transient contraction in most tissues. The effect was resistant to tetrodotoxin (1 µM), but diminished by the cysteine protease inhibitor E64 (4.5 µM) in both regions. In the corpus, L‐NAME (100 µM) and the protease‐activated receptor (PAR)‐1 antagonist SCH79797 (5 µM) or the PAR‐2 antagonist GB 83 (3 µM) did not change the effect of papain significantly. This demonstrates that the effects of papain are not neurally mediated and nitrergic pathways are not involved in the mechanism. The effects are linked to the enzymatic activity, but not executed via PAR‐1 or 2.Conclusions and inferencesPapain alters gastric motility in a region‐specific manner, which could at least partly explain its claimed beneficial effects in functional gastrointestinal disorders.
Association between maternal diabetes mellitus and allergic diseases in children — A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Zhi , Yu Mei , Wang Pin , Qian Hong , Fan Yun , Li Xiuzhu , Xu Qiaoqiao , Wang Xinru , Wang Xu , Lu Chuncheng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundExisting knowledge suggests that gestational diabetes mellitus was inconsistently associated with offspring allergic diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the association between maternal diabetes mellitus and the risk of offspring allergic diseases by systematic review.MethodsWe searched and retrieved three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) for articles on the association between maternal diabetes mellitus and offspring allergic diseases published before December 31, 2019. Stata software version 16.0 was used for statistical analysis.ResultsEight published studies were included in this meta‐analysis. The pooled effect estimates showed the association between maternal diabetes mellitus and allergic outcomes, including asthma (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01‐1.27), wheezing (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.07‐1.21), and atopic dermatitis (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.22‐1.57). Maternal diabetes mellitus was not associated with the risk of allergic sensitization, with a pooled effect estimate of 1.07 (95% CI: 0.45, 2.58).ConclusionMaternal diabetes mellitus may increase the risk of allergic diseases in their children. However, this finding should be validated with future large‐sample epidemiological studies covering a wider spectrum of allergic diseases.
NordAqua, a Nordic Center of Excellence to develop an algae‐based photosynthetic production platform
Authors: Allahverdiyeva Yagut , Aro Eva‐Mari , van Bavel Bert , Escudero Carlos , Funk Christiane , Heinonen Jarna , Herfindal Lars , Lindblad Peter , Mäkinen Sari , Penttilä Merja , Sivonen Kaarina , Skogen Chauton Matilde , Skomedal Hanne , Skjermo Jorunn 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNordAqua is a multidisciplinary Nordic Center of Excellence funded by NordForsk Bioeconomy program (2017–2022). The research center promotes Blue Bioeconomy and endeavours to reform the use of natural resources in a environmentally sustainable way. In this short communication, we summarize particular outcomes of the consortium. The key research progress of NordAqua includes (1) improving of photosynthetisis, (2) developing novel photosynthetic cell factories that function in a “solar‐driven direct CO2 capture to target bioproducts” mode, (3) promoting the diversity of Nordic cyanobacteria and algae as an abundant and resilient alternative for less sustainable forest biomass and for innovative production of biochemicals, and (4) improving the bio‐based wastewater purification and nutrient recycling technologies to provide new tools for integrative circular economy platforms.
Regional Scale Risk to the Ecological Sustainability and Ecosystem Services of an African Floodplain System
Authors: O'Brien Gordon , Smit Nico J , Wepener Victor 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Phongolo floodplain is one of southern Africa's most important systems. In this study, we carried out a regional scale ecological risk assessment to evaluate the risk of multiple stressors associated with the use of the aquatic resources in the floodplain to selected social and ecological endpoints representing its sustainability. The floodplain has undergone significant changes as a result of the impacts of multiple stressors. This includes high risk of impact and threatened sustainability between the Pongolapoort Dam and the Ndumo Game Reserve (NGR). This compares to relatively low risk to the maintenance of the endpoints within the NGR. The reserve provides a protection and refuge function for regional biodiversity maintenance and ecosystem sustainability processes. In the study a range of scenarios were considered and demonstrate that the system will respond to protection measures and or increased resource use options. Should flood reductions or water quality pollution drivers continue on increasing trajectories, the condition of the Phongolo River and floodplain will probably deteriorate into an unacceptable, unsustainable state. Removal of the protection services of the NGR would result in an unsustainable ecosystem and loss of ecosystem services for regional vulnerable African communities. Additional evidence should be obtained from monitoring and research to refine, validate, and update the assessment in an adaptive management context. The risk assessment framework approach implemented in the Phongolo floodplain can contribute to the management of other floodplains ecosystems and the sustainability management of social and ecological attributes and processes of these important ecosystems.
The role of double‐step advancement genioplasty and bilateral coronoidectomy in Nager Syndrome: A case report
Authors: Trindade Paulo Alceu Kiemle , Bueno Patricia Martins , Scomparin Leandro , Marzano‐Rodrigues Maria Noel , Trindade‐Suedam Ivy Kiemle 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimTo report the surgical management of bilateral mandibular coronoid processes hyperplasia and mandibular retrognathism associated with trismus and convex facial profile in an individual diagnosed with Nager syndrome (NS).Case reportA 21 years old female was referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, presenting limited mouth opening and an unpleasant convex facial profile. The tomography exhibited hyperplasia of mandibular coronoid processes with no evidence of intracapsular ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint. The treatment objectives were to increase mouth opening through a bilateral coronoidectomy and gain chin projection using the double‐step advancement genioplasty technique. The 9‐month postoperative follow‐up revealed a 22.22% (6 mm) gain in jaw opening, improved masticatory function, and facial profile.ConclusionsThe NS is a complex craniofacial anomaly due to its clinical heterogeneity. Thus, treatment planning must be done individually, considering the patients' main complaints and respecting the limitations regarding anatomy and availability of proper surgical materials. In the present case, a bilateral coronoidectomy associated with immediate physiotherapy improved the patient's mouth opening, and the double‐step genioplasty promoted a much more significant chin advancement than would be obtained with the single‐step traditional osteotomy.
Intravenous lipid emulsion treatment in rabbits with ivermectin toxicosis
Authors: Branco Stephanie Elise Muniz Tavares , Mattoso Claudio Roberto Scabelo , Botelho Ana Flávia Machado , Soto‐Blanco Benito , Melo Marília Martins 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effect and safety of IV lipid emulsion in rabbits with acute ivermectin toxicosis.DesignRandomized controlled trial.SettingUniversity research facility.AnimalsTwenty‐four healthy male adult New Zealand rabbits.InterventionsThree groups of rabbits (IV, IV_RL, and IV_LE) received 80 mg/kg of ivermectin (8 mL/kg) through a nasogastric tube, and 1 group (LE) received an equivalent volume (8 mL/kg) of 0.9% sodium chloride. Group IV_RL was treated with Ringer's lactate (2 mL/kg bolus, followed by 0.25 mL/kg/min for 60 minutes), whereas groups IV_LE and LE received 20% lipid emulsion. The rabbits were submitted to clinical and neurological evaluation, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. All animals were euthanized, and tissue samples were collected and processed for histopathological evaluation and ivermectin quantification.Measurements and main resultsAll animals exposed to ivermectin manifested clinical changes consistent with toxicosis, but the ones that received IV lipid emulsion infusion showed no significant clinical improvement. Intense increase in serum glucose and triglyceride concentrations was seen after ivermectin exposure, along with increased urea and creatinine concentrations, but the last 2 remained within the reference range. Lipid emulsion caused an intense increase in triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations. No pathological abnormalities were seen in the organs sampled. Toxicological analysis showed greater ivermectin concentration in adipose tissue and liver, followed by kidney and, finally, brain. The treatments did not change ivermectin tissue concentration.ConclusionsWhen given to rabbits intoxicated with ivermectin, IV lipid emulsion was biochemically and histologically safe but was not effective in treating, delaying, or reversing clinical signs and progression, nor did it alter ivermectin tissue concentration.
Comparison of left fourth and fifth intercostal space thoracotomy for open‐chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs
Authors: Warang Anushri M. , Mann F. A. , Middleton John R. , Wagner‐Mann Colette , Branson Keith 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether ease of access to thoracic structures for performing open‐chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OC‐CPR) differed between fourth and fifth intercostal space (ICS) left lateral thoracotomies in dogs, and to determine if “shingling” improved access for OC‐CPR manipulations.DesignProspective single‐blinded study.SettingLaboratory.AnimalsTwelve mixed breed canine cadavers weighing approximately 20 kg.InterventionsLeft lateral thoracotomies were performed at the 4th ICS (n = 6) or 5th ICS (n = 6). Shingling at the 4th or 5th ICS, as applicable, was performed after initial data collection and outcomes were reassessed.Measurements and main resultsThree evaluators blinded to the surgical approach scored the following parameters on a 0 to 10 scale (0 = easiest, 10 = most difficult): ease of access of the phrenicopericardial ligament, ease of pericardial incision, ease of appropriate hand position, ease of aortic access, ease of Rumel tourniquet application, and ease of proper placement of defibrillation paddles. Objective measurements (time to completion or number of attempts) were made for all but ease of pericardial incision and ease of appropriate hand position. Outcomes were reassessed after shingling.The 5th ICS was superior for ease of aortic access (P = 0.042), time to visualization of aorta (P = 0.009), and ease of application of a Rumel tourniquet (P = 0.019). When comparing scores pre‐ and post‐shingling, shingling improved time to visualization of the aorta (P < 0.001), time to placement of Rumel tourniquet (P < 0.001), ease of paddle placement (P = 0.017), and time to paddle placement (P < 0.001).ConclusionsEither 4th or 5th ICS thoracotomy may provide adequate access to intrathoracic structures pertinent to performing OC‐CPR in dogs weighing approximately 20 kg, but 5th ICS was preferred for most manipulations, and shingling improved access for most of the measured parameters.
Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation into the spinal cord of healthy adult horses undergoing cervical ventral interbody fusion
Authors: François Isé , Lepage Olivier M. , Carpenter Elaine , Desjardins Isabelle , De Guio Cécile , Benedetti Inga‐Catalina Cruz , Maddens Stéphane , Saulnier Nathalie , Grant Barrie D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the feasibility of umbilical cord‐derived mesenchymal stem cell (UC‐MSC) transplantation into the cervical spinal cord of horses by using fluoroscopy with or without endoscopic guidance and to evaluate the neurological signs and tissue reaction after injection.Study designExperimental study.AnimalsEight healthy adult horses with no clinical signs of neurological disease.MethodsAfter cervical ventral interbody fusion (CVIF), ten million fluorescently labeled allogeneic UC‐MSC were injected into the spinal cord under endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance (n = 5) or fluoroscopic guidance only (n = 3). Postoperative neurological examinations were performed, and horses were humanely killed 48 hours (n = 4) or 14 days (n = 4) postoperatively. Spinal tissues were examined after gross dissection and with bright field and fluorescent microscopy.ResultsNeedle endoscopy of the cervical canal by ventral approach was associated with intraoperative spinal cord puncture (2/5) and postoperative ataxia (3/5). No intraoperative complications occurred, and one (1/3) horse developed ataxia with cell transplantation under fluoroscopy alone. Umbilical cord‐derived MSC were associated with small vessels and detected up to 14 days in the spinal cord. Demyelination was observed in six of eight cases.ConclusionFluoroscopically guided intramedullary UC‐MSC transplantation during CVIF avoids spinal cord trauma and decreases risk of ataxia from endoscopy. Umbilical cord‐derived MSC persist in the spinal cord for up to 14 days. Cell injection promotes angiogenesis and induces demyelination of the spinal tissue.Clinical significanceUmbilical cord‐derived MSC transplantation into the spinal cord during CVIF without endoscopy is recommended for future evaluation of cell therapy in horses affected by cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy.
The Absolute Calibration of Electro-Mechanical Pickups
Authors: Trent H. M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A new method of calibrating electromechanical pickups is presented in this paper. Given two linear indicators, one of which is bilateral, it is shown that the sensitivities of the units can be established in both magnitude and phase by three experiments which do not involve the direct measurement of oscillating mechanical quantities. It is shown, also, that the technique does not depend upon the specific designs of the units.
Square Plates Fixed at Points
Authors: Thorne C. J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Deflection functions for thin plates with symmetric loads are given as a sum of biharmonic polynominals with coefficients determined by the slopes and deflections at five equally spaced points on each edge of the plate. The coefficients are given numerically for a point load and a uniform load, for zero slope and deflection at the five points, for the tangential slope at two of the five points not specified, for a particular slope, and for a particular deflection at the mid-points of the edges. Deflections are plotted at the edges, the center line, and the diagonal. Slopes are plotted at the edges. Moments and stresses are given at the mid-point of the edges.
The Hydrosphere—A New Hydrodynamic Bearing
Authors: Shaw M. C. , Strang C. D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A fitted spherical bearing has been found to operate hydrodynamically when subjected to large values of thrust or radial-thrust load. An examination of the geometry of this bearing fails to reveal the usual wedge-shaped oil film in the direction of motion of the moving bearing surface. However, a wedge does exist normal to the direction of motion. When Reynolds differential equation is applied to the bearing it is not evident whether this normal wedge is capable of producing positive pressure. When the differential equation for pressure is written with respect to co-ordinates directed along and perpendicular to a “mean streamline,” it is apparent that a wedge normal to the direction of motion may produce positive pressure, provided there is flow in the normal direction. The results of several experimental tests are analyzed with respect to the qualitative theory presented, and the unique characteristics of this bearing are compared with those of other existing hydrodynamic bearings.
Some Properties of a Mechanical Model of Plasticity
Authors: Bohnenblust H. F. , Duwez Pol 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Various mechanical models explaining the plastic deformation of metals have been proposed. One of the present authors has shown that in some cases an analytical expression for the stress-strain curve and the hysteresis curve of a metal in the plastic range can be deduced from such a model. The present investigation is a further analysis of the model leading to the computation of the change in potential energy of the metal due to work-hardening.
The Stress-Strain Laws of the Mathematical Theory of Plasticity—a Survey of Recent Progress
Authors: Prager William 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Typical stress-strain laws of flow and deformation types are discussed with particular reference to the conditions of continuity and uniqueness which these laws must fulfill if they are to make sense physically. Alternative forms of some of these laws are presented, and conditions are discussed under which different laws yield identical results. It is shown how these laws may be generalized so as to fit test data more readily. Methods of integration are indicated and the use of variational principles is stressed.