bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The emerging role of mast cells in skin cancers: involved cellular and molecular mechanisms
Authors: Elieh Ali Komi Daniel , Jalili Ahmad 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSkin cancers are the most common cancers worldwide. They can be divided into nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC) including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and less common lymphomas and merkel cell carcinoma, and melanomas. Melanomas comprise less than 5% of skin cancer rate but are responsible for more than 90% of skin cancer death. Mast cells (MCs) are multifunctional cells that play an important role in inflammatory and allergic reactions. They attract other key players of the immune system by releasing cytokines. Healthy human skin comprises MCs under physiological status, and the number can increase under certain conditions including skin malignancies postulating their possible role in pathogenesis of and immunity against skin cancers. MCs respond to cytokines released by tumor stromal cells, release mediators (including histamine and tryptase), and induce the neovascularization, degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), and induce mitogenesis. However, MCs may use molecular mechanisms to exert immunosuppressive activity including releasing complement C3, lower expression of CD40L, and overexpression of enzymes with vitamin D3 metabolizing activity including CYP27A1 and CYP27B1. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of MCs in pathogenesis and immunity against skin cancers.
Distance learning perceptions during the coronavirus outbreak: Freshmen versus more advanced students
Authors: Baruth Orit , Gabbay Hagit , Cohen Anat , Bronshtein Alla , Ezra Orit 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) at the beginning of 2020 forced most higher education institutions to shift immediately from traditional learning to distance learning and emergency remote teaching (ERT).ObjectivesThis research aimed to capture the authentic sounds of this unusual learning experience from the field while it was still fresh and to explore congruence with existing models of online learning success factors. We also aimed to examine the differences between freshman students and more advanced students (second year onwards) with regard to the emerging data and its respective model.MethodsDuring the second semester of 2020, 170 Tel Aviv university students majoring in various fields responded to an online questionnaire consisting of open‐ended questions.Results and conclusionsThe researchers classified the themes retrieved from 1559 statements into a framework of critical success factors for distance learning. The framework included five dimensions: course, student, instructor, learning environment and institution. Well‐known benefits of distance learning emerged, among them flexibility and personalized learning pace. Nevertheless, the findings revealed that the rapid transition to distance learning posed challenges and difficulties, mainly concerning the readiness of students and instructors for this form of teaching and learning. The number of statements in instructor dimension indicated the importance of providing support and training to instructors and staff. Significant differences were found in students' perceptions according to the year standing. More advanced students made more ‘internal’ references, attributing more statements to student and learning environment dimensions. In contrast, freshman made more ‘external’ references, attributing more statements to instructor and course dimensions than students in their second year and onwards.Major takeawaysThe results may help in planning and preparing for times of crisis. From a broader perspective, the findings may help in designing ways to incorporate distance learning.
The prevalence and characterization of self‐perceived sensitive facial skin among Freshmen in Urumqi, China
Authors: Feng Yanyan , Shi Qun , Ding Yuan , Xiang Fang , Liu Jianyong , Yu Junfeng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe clinical signs, symptoms, and the etiology of sensitive skin (SS) in general populations have been extensively studied over the last decades, but the characteristics of SS in Xinjiang, particularly the age‐related characteristics, still remain unknown.ObjectiveThis study aimed to characterize the SS facial skin in normal adolescents of Xinjiang.MethodsA questionnaire was developed based on SS and given to each participant. The clinical signs, symptoms, associated trigger factors, and DQLI of facial SS were compared in normal young Chinese males versus females.ResultsA total of 3584 freshmen were investigated, wherein 83 were diagnoses as self‐reported facial SS (2.3%). The prevalence of SS was found to be significantly higher in females than in males. Spicy food, mood change, and skin care products are the major contributors to facial SS (p < 0.01). Moreover, family history and sun exposure are closely related to the onset of SS (p < 0.05). More SS patients were sensitive to emotional factors and had a greater difficulty with shopping or housework, dressing, socializing, or other leisure activities. The main manifestations of SS are flushing, erythema, and dry skin on buccal, frontal, and temporal sputum. The symptoms mainly include skin burning and dry itching, and two or more symptoms at the same time. The absolute value of red area and pores of SS were higher than that of normal skin (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe prevalence, symptoms, clinical characteristics, and triggering factors of facial SS in normal young of Xinjiang, especially freshmen in the 17–21 age group, were not similar with SS, which might be due to racial and regional differences.
Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour to assess nursing and allied health students' knowledge and intention to care for patients with COVID‐19
Authors: Al Maskari Turkiya S. , Al Barwani Saada , Al Alawi Salwa S. , Al Reesi Hamed Khamis , Alshidi Amal S. , Al Maskari Mohammed A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAims and ObjectivesTo assess nursing and allied health students' demographics, knowledge and intentions to care for patients with an infectious disease, COVID‐19.BackgroundCOVID‐19 has caused a public health crisis and worldwide panic. Little is known about students' knowledge levels and intentions to care for infected patients during pandemics.DesignA quantitative, cross‐sectional study.MethodA cross‐sectional study with a convenience sample (N = 480) of nursing and allied health students was analysed using the Mann–Whitney and Spearman's correlation tests.ResultsAt least 60% of the participants attained high scores for 16 of the 22 items on the knowledge scale. Knowledge was positively associated with attitude (rs = .19, p < .01) and perceived behavioural control (rs = .38, p < .01) and negatively associated with subjective norms (rs = −.11, p < .05). Senior students had higher scores (p = .024) in knowledge. Intention was negatively correlated with knowledge (rs = −.24, p < .01) and perceived behavioural control (rs = −.16, p < .01). Male students (p = .031) and younger students had higher scores in intention (p = .040). Males had higher scores in subjective norms (p < .001), and older and senior students had higher scores in perceived behavioural control (p < .001).ConclusionsDespite the current knowledge on COVID‐19 available through multimedia‐communication channels, students had negative perceived behavioural controls and intentions to care for COVID‐19 patients. Formal education and training are required to enhance students' intentions to care for patients with infectious diseases. Additionally, demographics and belief variables influence students’ intentions to care, and further in‐depth analysis is required.Relevance to Clinical PracticeThis study suggests the importance of updating and contextualizing nursing and allied health curricula to meet global infectious disease guidelines and, ultimately, to support the healthcare system with efficient practitioners in future pandemics.
The pairedA‐NotA withABandBApairs
Authors: Bi Jian , Kuesten Carla 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article explores the two‐interval, two‐alternative forced‐choice (2I2AFC) paradigm in signal detection theory (SDT), which can also be called the paired A‐Not A with AB and BA pairs in the sensory and consumer fields. The article describes how to estimate the parameters and their variances from the psychometric function of the method. Tables and R codes were developed and are provided for the estimations. The performance of the method is evaluated. It shows that the paired A‐Not A with AB and BA pairs is more effective and powerful than the conventional A‐Not A and the A‐Not A with reminder (A‐Not AR) tests. An extension of the method, that is, the ratings of the paired A‐Not A with AB and BA pairs is also explored. A facial shine case study applying this method is provided.Practical applicationsAs one of the paired versions of sensory discrimination methods, the paired A‐Not A with AB and BA pairs has wide potential applications to detect and measure sensory difference, especially to detect and measure before‐after treatment effects of products. The method can be used to detect both product effects and serving order effects.
Role of Inhibitor SMADs in Stage 3 Grade B periodontitis before and after periodontal treatment
Authors: Çelen Selman , Öngöz Dede Figen , Avşar Candeğer 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the levels of transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) and inhibitory‐Smads (I‐Smads) in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with Stage 3 Grade B periodontitis before and after non‐surgical periodontal treatment.BackgroundRecently, it has been stated that Smads play an active role in all conditions where TGF‐β is involved, including periodontal inflammation.MethodsTwenty healthy participants (control) and 20 patients with Stage 3, Grade B periodontitis were recruited. GCF and saliva samples and clinical periodontal recordings were investigated at the baseline and 1 month after treatment. TGF‐β and I‐Smads (Smads 6 and 7) were determined by ELISA.ResultsSalivary Smad6 and Smad7 levels were significantly lower in the periodontitis group than healthy controls (p < .05), while there was no difference in salivary TGF‐β levels between groups at baseline (p > .05). The total amounts and concentrations of GCF TGF‐β, Smad6, and Smad7 were significantly lower in the periodontitis group than healthy controls at baseline (p < .05), and then decreased in concentration levels with treatment (p < .001). Positive correlations were found between total amounts and concentrations of GCF TGF‐β, Smad6, and Smad7 (p < .05).ConclusionOur findings revealed that Smad6 and Smad7 in GCF and saliva decreased in periodontitis and then increased after periodontal treatment. Our study suggests that I‐Smads act in parallel with TGF‐β in periodontal inflammation and may have a role in the development of periodontitis.
Repeated sampling of individuals reveals impact of tropical and temperate habitats on microbiota of a migratory bird
Authors: Skeen Heather R. , Cooper Nathan W. , Hackett Shannon J. , Bates John M. , Marra Peter P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMigratory animals experiencing substantial change in diet and habitat across the annual cycle may have corresponding shifts in host‐associated microbial diversity. Using automated telemetry and radio tags to recapture birds, we examined gut microbiota structure in the same population and often same individual of Kirtland's Warblers (Setophaga kirtlandii) initially sampled on their wintering grounds in The Bahamas and subsequently resampled within their breeding territories in Michigan, USA. Initial sampling occurred in March and April and resampling occurred in May, June and early July. The composition of the most abundant phyla and classes of the warblers’ microbiota is similar to that of other migratory birds. However, we detected notable variation in abundance and diversity of numerous bacterial taxa, including a decrease in microbial richness and significant differences in microbial communities when comparing the microbiota of birds first captured in The Bahamas to that of birds recaptured in Michigan. This is observed at the individual and population level. Furthermore, we found that 22 bacterial genera exhibit heightened abundance within specific sampling periods and are probably associated with diet and environmental change. Finally, we described a small, species‐specific shared microbial profile that spans multiple time periods and environments within the migratory cycle. Our research highlights that the avian gut microbiota is dynamic over time, most significantly impacted by changing environments associated with migration. These results support the need for full annual cycle monitoring of migratory bird microbiota to improve understanding of seasonal host movement ecologies and response to recurrent physiological stressors.
An analysis of Norwegian public health nursing curricula: Where is the nursing literature?
Authors: Laholt Hilde , Bergvoll Lise‐Marie , Fjelldal Sunniva Solhaug , Clancy Anne 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundNorwegian public health nurses prevent diseases and promote health in children and young people aged 0–20 and their families. Public health nursing programs prepare students for their practical role and provide relevant theoretical knowledge.ObjectivesTo gain knowledge of the literature in the Norwegian public health nursing curricula, and to examine further the nursing base in these curricula.DesignAn explorative and descriptive design was chosen.SampleReading lists based on syllabus documents from the 10 higher educational institutions in Norway offering programs in public health nursing.MeasurementsA summative content analysis and a categorization of content from reading lists were performed.ResultsNumerical information on the content and categorization of reading lists shows that social science and humanities literature dominates, followed by psychology and medicine. Nursing texts, theories and philosophy comprise only a minor part of the curricula.ConclusionThe paper provides valuable data on the theoretical focus in Norwegian public health nursing and raises important questions about the paucity of nursing texts in the curriculum. The imbalance in reading lists in Norway should be studied further and similar studies conducted in other countries to encourage reflection on the theoretical content of public health nursing education globally.
A primary thymic adenocarcinoma with two components that traced distinct evolutionary trajectories
Authors: Ishida Ayami , Yamada Yosuke , Ishida Yoshihiro , Yoshizawa Akihiko , Nakajima Daisuke , Date Hiroshi , Marx Alexander , Haga Hironori 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEven though it is a rare subtype, identifying the genetic features of thymic adenocarcinoma is valuable for a multifaceted understanding of thymic epithelial tumors. We experienced a female patient with thymic adenocarcinoma associated with thymic cysts. The tumor consisted of a solid whitish lesion (lesion‐1) and a large cystic lesion with small papillary nodules (lesion‐2). Microscopically, lesion‐1 exhibited poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma accompanying numerous inflammatory cell infiltrates, and lesion‐2 (the nodules within the cystic lesion) exhibited enteric‐type adenocarcinoma. Consistent with the histological difference, whole‐exome sequencing revealed that these two components exhibited distinct genetic features, except for only a few shared mutations, including CDKN2A truncation. Lesion‐1 exhibited microsatellite instability‐high signature with high mutation burden, for which immune checkpoint inhibitors might apply; and lesion‐2 exhibited whole‐genome doubling with KRAS hotspot mutation. Our case presents novel genetic features of thymic adenocarcinoma and demonstrates that distinct mutational processes can be operative within a single tumor.
Urnings: A New Method for Tracking Dynamically Changing Parameters in Paired Comparison Systems
Authors: Bolsinova Maria , Maris Gunter , Hofman Abe D. , van der Maas Han L. J. , Brinkhuis Matthieu J. S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe introduce a new rating system for tracking the development of parameters based on a stream of observations that can be viewed as paired comparisons. Rating systems are applied in competitive games, adaptive learning systems and platforms for product and service reviews. We model each observation as an outcome of a game of chance that depends on the parameters of interest (e.g. the outcome of a chess game depends on the abilities of the two players). Determining the probabilities of the different game outcomes is conceptualized as an urn problem, where a rating is represented by a probability (i.e. proportion of balls in the urn). This setup allows for evaluating the standard errors of the ratings and performing statistical inferences about the development of, and relations between, parameters. Theoretical properties of the system in terms of the invariant distributions of the ratings and their convergence are derived. The properties of the rating system are illustrated with simulated examples and its potential for answering research questions is illustrated using data from competitive chess, a movie review system, and an adaptive learning system for math.
Global value chain participation and its impact on industrial upgrading
Authors: Tian Kailan , Dietzenbacher Erik , Jong‐A‐Pin Richard 
Published: September 2021

AbstractParticipation in global value chains (GVCs) has become a central topic in trade and development policy. It has opened new ways to achieve industrial upgrading. However, some theoretical models suggest that not all countries will upgrade through participation in GVCs. Using panel data from the World Input‐Output Database, we examine the effects of backward and forward GVC participation on three dimensions of industrial upgrading (process, product and skill upgrading). We find that backward GVC participation provides more upgrading opportunities for developing countries as it enables a less developed country to import sophisticated inputs. This activates learning through embodied knowledge. In contrast, forward participation has higher level of upgrading effect on developed countries.
Detecting Multidimensional Pareto Fronts During the Optimization of a Return Channel Within a Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Bisping Jan , Jeschke Peter 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We explain the advantages of using big-data methods for evaluating numerical optimization. The investigation focuses on the performance potential of three-dimensional return channel vanes under realistic manufacturing constraints. Based on an analysis of an optimization database, this paper presents a systematic approach for analysis and design guidelines for three-dimensional return channel vanes. To this end, a validated numerical setup was developed on the basis of experimental investigations, followed by a numerical optimization using a genetic algorithm and an artificial neural network. The optimization database was analyzed with a dimension reduction method called t-stochastic neighbor embedding. This method enabled linking geometric design features with physical correlations and, finally, with the objective functions of the optimization. With the help of the detected correlations within the database, it has been possible to work out a method for deciding on the selection of a design on the Pareto front and to draw new relevant conclusions. The systematic use of big-data methods proposed enables a more penetrating insight to be gained into numerical optimization, which is more general and relevant than those gained by simply comparing a single optimized design with a reference design. An analysis of the Pareto front reveals that 0.6% efficiency can be exchanged for 20% more homogeneous outflow.
Prevalence of neurological problems in a community-based sample of paediatric coeliac disease: a cross-sectional study
Authors: O'Neill Thom , Gillett Peter M , Wood Philippa , Beattie David , Patil Deepa J , Chin Richard F 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundThe prevalence of and risk factors for neurological problems in childhood coeliac disease (CD) are unclear.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional, community-based audit of CD in children diagnosed from January 2010 to December 2016 in Lothian.Results79 (28%) of 284 children with CD (201, 70.8% female) (mean age 8.3 years, range of 1–16) had neurological problems. Fifteen (5.3%) had headaches/migraine, 10 (3.5%) anxiety, 8 (2.8%) motor/co-ordination problems / ataxia (there were no patients with ataxia), 7 (2.5%) had behavioural issues, 5 (1.8 %) with ASD, 5 (1.8%) low mood, 4 (1.4%) ADD/ ADHD, 3 (1.1%) seizures and 2 (0.7%) had neuropathy. Neurological problems were more common with later age at CD diagnosis (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.14) and male gender (OR 1.69, 95% CI 0.96 to 2.95).ConclusionPrevalence of neurological problems in children with CD in Lothian is lower than published adult CD studies and similar or lower to the reported prevalence in the general childhood population.
Recommendations following a modified UK-Delphi consensus study on best practice for referral and management of severe asthma
Authors: Jackson David J , Butler Claire , Chaudhuri Rekha , Pink Katie , Niven Robert , Prigmore Samantha , Renwick Charlotte , Calvert James 
Published: September 2021

IntroductionSevere asthma affects an estimated 3%–5% of people with asthma and is associated with frequent exacerbations, poor symptom control and significant morbidity from the disease itself, as well as high dose of inhaled and systemic steroids used to treat it. The introduction of specialist asthma services across the UK has attempted to improve quality of care and ensure that patients undergo a full systematic assessment prior to initiation of advanced biological therapies. However, improvements are required in the patient pathway to minimise avoidable harm.ObjectivesTo define standards of care in areas where the evidence base is lacking through patient and healthcare professional (HCP) consensus.MethodsThe precision UK National Working Group of asthma experts identified 42 statements formed from 7 key themes. An online four-point Likert scale questionnaire was sent to HCPs working in asthma throughout the UK to assess agreement (consensus) with these statements; a subset of the statements formed a patient questionnaire. Consensus was defined as high if ≥75% and very high if ≥90% of respondents agreed with a statement.ResultsA total of 117/197 responses (59.3% response rate) were received from severe asthma patients (n=15) and HCPs (n=102) including respiratory physicians, respiratory nurse specialists, respiratory pharmacists, specialist physiotherapists and general practitioners. Consensus was very high in 25 (60%) statements, high in 12 (29%) statements and was not achieved in 5 (12%) statements. Based on the consensus scores, the precision UK National Working Group derived 10 key recommendations. These focus on referrals from primary and secondary care, accessing specialist asthma services, homecare provision for severe asthma patients and outcome measures.ConclusionsImplementation of these 10 recommendations across the severe asthma pathway in the UK has the potential to improve outcomes for patients by reducing delays to assessment and initiation of advanced phenotype-specific therapies.