bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Community Violence Exposure among African American Adolescents Living in Low‐Resourced Urban Neighborhoods
Authors: Whipple Christopher R. , Robinson Willie LaVome , Jason Leonard A. , Kaynak Övgü , Harris Chelsea W. , Grisamore Simone P. , Troyka Melinda N. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAfrican American adolescents living in neighborhoods with concentrated economic disadvantage are disproportionately exposed to community violence. This study builds upon previous research and examines patterns, severity, and chronicity of violence exposure, within a sample of African American adolescents living in low‐resourced, urban neighborhoods (n = 327). The influence of both individual‐ and contextual‐level factors on community violence exposure (CVE) is examined. Data were collected across four time points at 6‐month intervals. Latent transition analysis identified three patterns of CVE at each time point: low witnessing and low victimization (LW‐LV), high witnessing and low victimization (HW‐LV), and high witnessing and high victimization (HW‐HV), as well as transitions between each class. Although a stable LW‐LV class membership over time was the most prevalent pattern, most adolescents experienced some change in exposure. Nearly one‐third of the participants were classified in the HW‐HV group at some point in time. Analyses on individual‐ and contextual‐level factors revealed that more depressive symptoms, community problems (e.g., drugs, graffiti, noise), or community resources (e.g., schools, parks, recreational facilities) were associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing high levels of violent victimization. Implications for intervention and prevention of CVE are discussed.
The effect of coincidental SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on pre‐operative cardiopulmonary exercise testing
Authors: Whitfield C. , Adamson M. , Davies R. 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThis case report demonstrates the significant impact active infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 can have on functional capacity evaluated by cardiopulmonary exercise testing, even in minimally symptomatic individuals. A 75‐year‐old man underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing before a right hemicolectomy; SARS‐CoV‐2 was incidentally diagnosed following his test. The patient underwent a period of isolation and recovery before a second pre‐operative cardiopulmonary exercise test 6 weeks later. His resting pulmonary function tests did not vary between tests but his peak work, anaerobic threshold, oxygen pulse, pulse oximetry nadir, ventilation perfusion matching and heart rate response to exercise all improved significantly after this recovery period. These are unique results that add to the existing knowledge of the pathophysiology and management of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the peri‐operative setting. While our patient demonstrated dramatic improvement in his functional capacity following 6 weeks of recovery, he remained in a high‐risk group for surgery according to our local guidelines. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing has a valuable role in individualised risk assessment and shared decision‐making in complex, urgent surgical cases where the benefits of delaying surgery to recover from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection should be balanced against the potential risks.
Allelic losses and gains during translocations of a high conservation value fish, Coregonus lavaretus
Authors: Præbel Kim , Bean Colin W. , Dodd Jennifer A. , Etheridge Elizabeth C. , Gowans Andrew R.D. , Knudsen Rune , Lyle Alexander A. , Maitland Peter S. , Winfield Ian J. , Adams Colin E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

The use of translocations to establish new or ‘refuge’ populations for species with high conservation value is controversial but widely used in conservation management. One of the risks of this approach is that an establishing population does not adequately capture the genetic diversity of the donor gene pool. This effect, rarely examined, is tested here.
In this study the genetic consequences of two conservation translocations after five generations (16 years) of the European whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, were quantified. Both translocations were made using almost the same genetic groups and thus represent a partly replicated natural study.
Analysis of 12 informative microsatellites showed that expected heterozygosity, the mean number of alleles per locus and allelic richness did not differ between donor and translocated populations. There was also no loss of heterozygosity in the translocated populations, nor deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium expectations, nor signs of linkage disequilibrium.
All populations were genetically differentiated but pairwise FST values were low, indicating that the magnitude of divergence was small.
There was no evidence of inbreeding but there were significant differences in private allelic richness between donor and translocated populations. Of 50 alleles found in the donor population, 16% of the rarer alleles were lost in one translocated population and 8% in the other.
Allele loss without a reduction in heterozygosity strongly points to stochastic drift effects having occurred following translocation. The evidence indicates that alleles that were not detected in the donor population have arisen de novo in the translocated populations.
It is concluded that conservation translocations comprising even a modest number of propagules can successfully capture a high proportion of genetic variation of the host population, and that reduced genetic variation in the translocated population may be mitigated by the emergence of new variation over short time periods.
Shallow and ploughed settlement sites in forested environment: Opportunities to multilevel prospection (an example of a prehistoric site in eastern Lithuania)
Authors: Simniškytė Andra , Selskienė Aušra , Vaičiūnienė Jūratė , Pakštas Vidas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article presents the results of geochemical survey performed at one of the shallow and ploughed prehistoric settlement sites in eastern Lithuania. The goal of the survey was to delineate the territory of the prehistoric settlement based on a multilevel survey, and geochemical patterns were analysed relative to the stratigraphy of the site. This research explores how particular aspects of the built environment might be visible in layer‐specific data sets produced by soil coring and a range of different geochemical analyses and how the results from different levels correspond to each other and relate to test excavation results. The study also has value in adding to the discussion of the geochemical properties that could be indicative of prehistoric human activity in Lithuanian sites and how they contribute to understandings of the site's overall size and structural arrangement. The results have demonstrated the lack of consistent correspondence between layer‐specific geochemical data sets and calls into question the validity of single‐level surveys for ploughed sites. Distinct anthropogenic sediments do not always reproduce the expected elevation of the allegedly anthropogenic geochemical markers. A thick cultural layer could represent the traces of post‐deposition in secondary zones rather than primary occupied parts of the settlement. Conversely, the number of geochemical properties indicative of human occupation may survive in their original position in different strata even if the cultural layer is very fragmentary or not preserved.
Pharmacokinetic and metabolism study of ginsenoside Rb2 in rat by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Wan , Ha Li , Li Xinyuan , Zheng Weiwan , Yang Encheng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this study, a simple and rapid ultra‐fast liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was established and validated to determine ginsenosides Rb2 in rat plasma. Acetonitrile‐mediated protein precipitant was applied to the sample preparation. Chromatographic separation was carried out on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm). The analytes were monitored using multiple reactions monitoring mode with precursor‐to‐product ion transitions at m/z 1077.4–945.3 and m/z 799.8 → 637.8 for ginsenoside Rb2 and internal standard, respectively. The mobile phase was composed of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile. The assay showed excellent linearity over the concentration range of 2–1,000 ng/ml, with correlation coefficient >0.995. The method was further validated for selectivity, precision, accuracy, recovery, and stability according to the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The validated method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies of ginsenoside Rb2 in rat plasma. Based on the pharmacokinetic results, ginsenoside Rb2 showed slow clearance and low oral bioavailability (0.15%). In addition, the metabolites of ginsenoside Rb2 in rat urine and feces were characterized according to their accurate masses and fragment ions. The proposed metabolic pathway was deglycosylation.
Crizotinib‐associated renal cyst development may be associated with prolonged progression‐free survival in patients with ALK‐positive non‐small‐cell lung cancer: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Wiest Nathaniel E. , Tzou Katherine S. , Olson Matthew T. , Herchko Steven M. , Bajalia Essa M. , Thiel David D. , Lou Yanyan , Zhao Yujie , Manochakian Rami 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNon‐small cell lung cancer patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase or c‐ros oncogene 1 mutations who are treated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor crizotinib rarely develop crizotinib‐associated renal cysts (CARCs). Here, we present a case report and review of the literature supporting the hypothesis that CARCs may correlate positively with progression‐free survival.
A gelatinous veil inside the abdomen of a pancreatic cancer patient. What lies beneath it?
Authors: Vailas Michail , Benetatos Nikolaos , Maroulis Ioannis , Kaplanis Charalampos , Drakos Nikolaos , Mulita Francesk , Sotiropoulou Maria , Germanos Stylianos 
Published: June 2021

AbstractChylous ascites following pancreatic surgery results from surgical damage to the cisterna chyli or tributaries, with an incidence in pancreatic surgery of 1.8%‐11%. Usually, conservative treatment is effective.
Successful management of fetal atrial flutter at term pregnancy with postnatal electrocardioversion
Authors: Igbokwe Nnadozie , Ibrahim Aisha F. , Mutalab Samy , Cleland Oonagh 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFetal atrial flutter is a lethal tachyarrhythmia with a 10% mortality rate. Diagnosis is made with echocardiography, and management should be multidisciplinary with obstetricians, fetal cardiologists, and specialist neonatologists.
Assessment of Drugs Approved by Public Knowledge‐Based Applications (Kouchi‐shinsei) During the Last Two Decades in Japan
Authors: Maeda Hideki , Fukuda Yuka , Uchida Marika 
Published: June 2021

Public knowledge‐based application (“Kouchi‐shinsei” in Japanese) is unique to Japan, implemented to eliminate the off‐label use of unapproved indications, dosages, and administrations because of drug lag. The guidance for public knowledge‐based application was issued in 1999. This study comprehensively investigated the trends of items approved by public knowledge‐based application in Japan during the last 2 decades. Prescription drugs approved from January 2000 to December 2019 were surveyed. In Japan, 1,855 drugs were approved within the target survey period. Among them, 219 (11.8%) were approved by public knowledge‐based application. Considering the changes in the number of items approved by public knowledge‐based application over the years, the number of items approved in 2000 was 7, reaching a maximum of 34 items in 2011, and decreased after that, 8 items were approved in 2019. The regulatory characteristics of drugs approved by public knowledge‐based application and those of other drugs were compared. By public knowledge‐based application, more anticancer and pediatric drugs were approved (P < 0.001), and only one drug for orphan diseases was approved (P < 0.001). In addition, the review time of public knowledge‐based applications was significantly shorter than that of normal applications regardless of time point. The approval system using public knowledge‐based application began in 2000, following issuance of the “Guidance for off‐label use of prescription drugs.” Furthermore, the approved items were mostly drugs for cancer, infectious diseases, and pediatric drugs. We anticipate the promotion of public knowledge‐based application to accommodate the approval of drugs for orphan diseases.
Computational systems‐biology approaches for modeling gene networks driving epithelial–mesenchymal transitions
Authors: Katebi Ataur , Ramirez Daniel , Lu Mingyang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEpithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important biological process through which epithelial cells undergo phenotypic transitions to mesenchymal cells by losing cell–cell adhesion and gaining migratory properties that cells use in embryogenesis, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. An important research topic is to identify the underlying gene regulatory networks (GRNs) governing the decision making of EMT and develop predictive models based on the GRNs. The advent of recent genomic technology, such as single‐cell RNA sequencing, has opened new opportunities to improve our understanding about the dynamical controls of EMT. In this article, we review three major types of computational and mathematical approaches and methods for inferring and modeling GRNs driving EMT. We emphasize (1) the bottom‐up approaches, where GRNs are constructed through literature search; (2) the top‐down approaches, where GRNs are derived from genome‐wide sequencing data; (3) the combined top‐down and bottom‐up approaches, where EMT GRNs are constructed and simulated by integrating bioinformatics and mathematical modeling. We discuss the methodologies and applications of each approach and the available resources for these studies.
Humus microhabitat affects distributions of soil fungi and bacteria in a temperate mountain forest
Authors: Wang Nan , Fu Qiang , Zhou Ziyu , Shao Yizhen , Wang Jing , Li Wang , Ye Yongzhong , Chen Yun , Yuan Zhiliang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHumus layer has an important effect on the diversity and spatial distribution of microbes. However, the role of partitioning of humus layer microhabitats for soil microbial diversity has been poorly documented. In this study, 120 soil samples were collected from a 5‐ha forest dynamic monitoring sample plot in a deciduous broad‐leaved forest. Clustering analysis was used to delineate microhabitats by humus layer. We explored diversity and community composition of soil fungi and bacteria using Illumina sequencing of the ITS rRNA gene and 16S rRNA gene region on the MiSeq platform. We investigated the diversity, species composition, and the microhabitat preferences of fungi and bacteria and then analyzed the effects of environmental factors on soil fungi and bacteria. Our results showed that the diversity, species composition, and the indicator species of the fungal and bacterial community varied among different humus layer microhabitats. In network analysis, the specialization indexes showed that 16.20%/22.30% of the fungal/bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) had the characteristics of distribution specialization for humus layer microhabitats. Mantel test showed that the main environmental drivers of fungi and bacteria were not consistent among the four microhabitats. Our findings indicated that the distribution of soil microbes among humus layer microhabitats is not random, but specialized. We furthermore found that there were differences in the relationship between soil microbes and environment among microhabitats defined by humus layer. Together, these findings suggest the importance of partitioning of humus layer microhabitats in maintaining local diversity in a soil microbial community.
Aerobic exercise, cardiorespiratory fitness, and the human hippocampus
Authors: Aghjayan Sarah L. , Lesnovskaya Alina , Esteban‐Cornejo Irene , Peven Jamie C. , Stillman Chelsea M. , Erickson Kirk I. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe hippocampus is particularly susceptible to neurodegeneration. Physical activity, specifically increasing cardiorespiratory fitness via aerobic exercise, shows promise as a potential method for mitigating hippocampal decline in humans. Numerous studies have now investigated associations between the structure and function of the hippocampus and engagement in physical activity. Still, there remains continued debate and confusion about the relationship between physical activity and the human hippocampus. In this review, we describe the current state of the physical activity and exercise literature as it pertains to the structure and function of the human hippocampus, focusing on four magnetic resonance imaging measures: volume, diffusion tensor imaging, resting‐state functional connectivity, and perfusion. We conclude that, despite significant heterogeneity in study methods, populations of interest, and scope, there are consistent positive findings, suggesting a promising role for physical activity in promoting hippocampal structure and function throughout the lifespan.
Mantle cell lymphoma—Advances in molecular biology, prognostication and treatment approaches
Authors: Silkenstedt Elisabeth , Dreyling Martin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is clinically characterized by its heterogenous behavior with courses ranging from indolent cases that do not require therapy for years to highly aggressive MCL with very limited prognosis. A better understanding of the complex biology of MCL has already led to the approval of several innovative agents, expanding the landscape of MCL therapies and improving therapeutic options especially for refractory or relapsed disease. Nevertheless, to further optimize MCL treatment, early identification of individual risk profile and risk‐adapted, patient‐tailored choice of therapeutic strategy needs to be prospectively incorporated in clinical patient management. This review highlights recent advances in deciphering the molecular background of MCL, the definition of prognostically relevant factors and the identification of potential druggable targets and summarizes current treatment recommendations for primary and relapsed/refractory MCL including novel targeted therapies.
Effect of HEG biofeedback on selected cognitive functions—Randomized study in children with ADHD and neurotypical children
Authors: Skalski Sebastian , Pochwatko Grzegorz , Balas Robert 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCommonly proven abnormalities in the structure and functioning of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are related to cognitive deficits in children with ADHD. The purpose of the randomized controlled study was to assess the efficacy of intervention using hemoencephalographic biofeedback (HEG BFB) in PFC in ADHD and neurotypical children. The final cohort consisted of 120 children aged 9–15 years, including 60 children with ADHD. The individuals were randomized in 10 HEG BFB or physical activity (PA) training sessions. Children with ADHD exhibited lower cognitive capacity in terms of vigilance, visual search, multitasking, inhibitory control and working memory compared to neurotypical children. The performance of children with ADHD and neurotypical children in cognitive functions improved under the influence of HEG BFB (the PA training did not have a statistically significant impact on the results). The important gain predictors in HEG BFB involved: intrinsic motivation, internal locus of control and positive mood.
Exact arithmetic, computational estimation and approximate arithmetic are different skills: Evidence from a study with 5‐year‐olds
Authors: Sekeris Elke , Verschaffel Lieven , Luwel Koen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractResearch distinguishes three types of arithmetic: exact arithmetic, computational estimation and approximate arithmetic. Little is, however, known about the interrelationship among these three arithmetic skills and the general cognitive and early numeracy skills that underlie these arithmetic skills. The current study investigates this interrelationship and underlying processes in 389 kindergartners. Exact arithmetic and computational estimation skills were assessed using a manipulative task, while approximate arithmetic was measured using a computerized task. Correlational analysis showed significant relations among the three arithmetic skills. At the same time, confirmatory factor analyses showed that they are different constructs. In addition, regression analysis showed that different general cognitive and early numeracy skills are predictive of the three arithmetic skills. Since the different arithmetic skills are related but distinct constructs and because they are driven by different processes, teaching and learning each of these skills ask for a different approach.
Two cases of immunoglobulin G4‐related disease diagnosed by transvaginal urethral needle biopsy
Authors: Murata Shiori , Inoue Koji , Makita Noriyuki , Suzuki Issei , Kubota Masashi , Tohi Yoichiro , Sugino Yoshio , Kawakita Mutsushi 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionImmunoglobulin G4‐related disease is a systemic disease characterized by multifocal systemic involvement. We report two cases of women diagnosed with immunoglobulin G4‐related disease in the urethra.Case presentationCase 1: A 67‐year‐old woman presented with discomfort around her perineum. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well‐defined mass around the urethra. She underwent an ultrasound‐guided core needle biopsy of the mass. The pathologic specimen showed immunoglobulin G4 positive cells. Steroid therapy was initiated, causing improvement of symptoms, decreased serum immunoglobulin G4 levels, and shrinking of the mass. Case 2: An 89‐year‐old woman was accidentally diagnosed with renal pelvic wall thickening on computed tomography. The pathologic specimen captured by ultrasound‐guided needle biopsy showed immunoglobulin G4 positive cells. She had no symptoms and received no medical treatment.ConclusionThe frequency of urethral mass formation in female patients with immunoglobulin G4‐related disease may also be high, and an echo‐guided transvaginal urethral biopsy may be performed as a definitive diagnostic tool for immunoglobulin G4‐related disease.
Determination of canal seepage loss in Arrah Main Canal: A case study*
Authors: Singh Vivekanand , Raj Chandan , Sandilya Shashank Shekhar 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this study, seepage losses have been determined by the direct inflow–outflow method at four selected reaches of the unlined Arrah Main Canal. Grain size analyses of bed materials of all reaches have been carried out, and in situ hydraulic conductivities have been computed using the Guelph permeameter method in all the reaches. The inflow and outflow discharges of all the reaches have been measured using the area–velocity method. The cross‐section and velocity profiles at the corresponding canal sections have been measured using an echo sounder and a digital current meter, respectively, upstream and downstream of all the selected reaches. Seepage loss in each reach has been computed using the continuity equation assuming the evaporation losses are negligible. Also, the empirical equations (Molesworth, Offengenden, and Moritz) have been used to calculate the seepage losses in these reaches and compared with the seepage losses determined by the experimental observations. The measured seepage losses in the unlined Arrah Main Canal varied from 3.66 to 13.4 m3/s/106 m2. The percentage of seepage losses varied from 2.2% to 8.35%, and seepage losses measured and estimated using empirical equations were comparable.