bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and Management of Cognitive Concerns in the Oldest-Old
Authors: Borders Candace , Sajjadi Seyed Ahmad 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose of review
The fastest-growing group of elderly individuals is the “oldest-old,” usually defined as those age 85 years and above. These individuals account for much of the rapid increase in cases of dementing illness throughout the world but remain underrepresented in the body of literature on this topic. The aim of this review is first to outline the unique contributing factors and complications that must be considered by clinicians in evaluating an oldest-old individual with cognitive complaints. Secondly, the evidence for management of these cognitive concerns is reviewed.

Recent findings
In addition to well-established associations between impaired cognition and physical disability, falls, and frailty, there is now evidence that exercise performed decades earlier confers a cognitive benefit in the oldest-old. Moreover, though aggressive blood pressure control is critical earlier in life for prevention of strokes, renal disease, and other comorbidities, hypertension started after age 80 is in fact associated with a decreased risk of clinical dementia, carrying significant implications for the medical management of oldest-old individuals. The oldest-old are more likely to reside in care facilities, where social isolation might be exacerbated by a consistently lower rate of internet-connected device use. The COVID-19 pandemic has not only highlighted the increased mortality rate among the oldest-old but has also brought the increased social isolation in this group to the forte.

Summary
Differing from the “younger-old” in a number of respects, the oldest-old is a unique population not just in their vulnerability to cognitive disorders but also in the diagnostic challenges they can pose. The oldest-old are more likely to be afflicted by sensory deficits, physical disability, poor nutrition, frailty, and depression, which must be accounted for in the assessment of cognitive complaints as they may confound or complicate the presentation. Social isolation and institutionalization are also associated with impaired cognition, perhaps as sequelae, precipitants, or both. Ante-mortem diagnostic tools remain particularly limited among the oldest-old, especially given the likelihood of these individuals to have multiple co-occurring types of neuropathology, and the presence of neuropathology in those who remain cognitively intact. In addition to the symptomatic treatments indicated for patients of all ages with dementia, management of cognitive impairment in the oldest-old may be further optimized by use of assistive devices, augmentation of dietary protein, and liberalization of medication regimens for risk factors such as hypertension.
Investigating the Effect of Different Drying Strategies on the Quality Parameters of Daucus carota L. Using Dynamic Process Control and Measurement Techniques
Authors: Raut Sharvari , Md Saleh Rosalizan , Kirchhofer Phil , Kulig Boris , Hensel Oliver , Sturm Barbara 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe present work aims to improve the understanding of the effect of different drying strategies at varying temperatures on the dynamic drying behaviour and quality of organic products such as carrots using non-invasive measurement techniques. For this purpose, carrot slices of 3 mm thickness were dried under three different strategies namely air temperature controlled (A), product temperature controlled (P) and stepwise temperature controlled (S) at different temperatures (50 °C, 60 °C and 70 °C) to measure and analyse the changes in moisture content, colour, total carotenoid retention, water activity, rehydration ratio and specific energy consumption. From the investigation performed, it was incurred that the application of different drying strategies influences rather significantly both the product quality as well as the overall process efficiency. Modelling the drying curves deemed Page model to be a good fit for all the strategies with R2adj = 0.99 and RMSE = 0.01. The results also show that implementing strategy P not only led to shorter drying times but also led to higher total carotenoid retention within the samples (TCR = 0.59–0.73). Colour changes, however, were observed to be maximum with strategy P as compared to strategy A and strategy S. Furthermore, the use of a non-invasive measurement technique such as infrared camera proved to be reliable in order to detect the phase transition of the product during the drying process.
An Effective Method for Wetland Park Health Assessment: a Case Study of the Guangdong Xinhui National Wetland Park in the Pearl River Delta, China
Authors: Fang Xiao-Shan , Liu Shuang , Chen Wei-Zhi , Wu Ren-Zhi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Guangdong Xinhui National Wetland Park (GXNWP) in the Pearl River Delta is an important stopover for migratory birds in China and East Asia. Due to high levels of interference, high sensitivity and fragile environmental constraints, an efficient method to assess the health status of wetland parks such as the GXNWP is urgently needed for sustainable development. In this study, we proposed a habitat-landscape-service (HLS) conceptual model that can be used at the site scale to evaluate health status in terms of habitats, landscapes and services by considering the complex ecosystem of wetland parks. This HLS model included 28 evaluation indicators, and the indicator weights and health-grade divisions were based on expert scores using both the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehension evaluation (FCE) methods. The results showed that the health status of the GXNWP was at the “subhealthy” level, with a membership function of 0.4643. This study found that habitat indicators (0.5715) were the key factors affecting the GXNWP health status, followed by service indicators (0.2856) and landscape indicators (0.1429). The HLS-AHP-FCE method provides a holistic health evaluation indicator system and diagnostic approach for rapidly developing wetland parks in the Pearl River Delta, China.
Bounded resolutions for spaces $$C_{p}(X)$$ and a characterization in terms of X
Authors: Ferrando J. C. , Ka̧kol J. , Śliwa W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn internal characterization of the Arkhangel’skiĭ-Calbrix main theorem from [4] is obtained by showing that the space $$C_{p}(X)$$

C
p

(
X
)

of continuous real-valued functions on a Tychonoff space X is K-analytic framed in $$\mathbb {R}^{X}$$

R

X

if and only if X admits a nice framing. This applies to show that a metrizable (or cosmic) space X is $$\sigma $$
σ
-compact if and only if X has a nice framing. We analyse a few concepts which are useful while studying nice framings. For example, a class of Tychonoff spaces X containing strictly Lindelöf Čech-complete spaces is introduced for which a variant of Arkhangel’skiĭ-Calbrix theorem for $$\sigma $$
σ
-boundedness of X is shown.
Finite time extinction for the 1D stochastic porous medium equation with transport noise
Authors: Hensel Sebastian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe establish finite time extinction with probability one for weak solutions of the Cauchy–Dirichlet problem for the 1D stochastic porous medium equation with Stratonovich transport noise and compactly supported smooth initial datum. Heuristically, this is expected to hold because Brownian motion has average spread rate $$\smash {O(t^\frac{1}{2})}$$

O
(

t

1
2

)

whereas the support of solutions to the deterministic PME grows only with rate $$\smash {O(t^{\frac{1}{m{+}1}})}$$

O
(

t

1

m
+
1

)

. The rigorous proof relies on a contraction principle up to time-dependent shift for Wong–Zakai type approximations, the transformation to a deterministic PME with two copies of a Brownian path as the lateral boundary, and techniques from the theory of viscosity solutions.
WeCareAdvisor, an Online Platform to Help Family Caregivers Manage Dementia-Related Behavioral Symptoms: an Efficacy Trial in the Time of COVID-19
Authors: Gitlin Laura N. , Bouranis Nicole , Kern Vince , Koeuth Sokha , Marx Katherine A. , McClure Leslie A. , Lyketsos Constantine G. , Kales Helen C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Dementia-related behavioral and psychology symptoms (BPSD) are undertreated and have negative consequences. However, families do not have access to disease information, tailored problem-solving and effective management strategies, and with COVID-19, are more socially isolated and distressed. To address this dementia care gap, we describe a Phase III efficacy trial testing an online platform, WeCareAdvisor, and design modifications necessitated by COVID-19. WeCareAdvisor provides caregivers with disease information, daily tips, and a systematic approach for describing behaviors, investigating underlying causes, creating tailored strategies, and evaluating their effectiveness (DICE). The trial will enroll 326 caregivers nationwide, randomly assign them to immediately receive WeCareAdvisor (treatment), or a 3-month waitlist (control) and evaluate short (1- and 3-month) and long-term (6-month) outcomes for caregiver distress with and confidence managing BPSD, and BPSD occurrences. We will also evaluate utilization patterns with different prompting conditions: high-intensity (telephone and email reminders), low-intensity (email reminders), or no reminders to use WeCareAdvisor. COVID-19 necessitated design modifications resulting in greater inclusivity of caregivers from diverse races, ethnicities, and geographic areas. Key modifications include shifting from in-home, in-person interviewing to telephone; adjusting tool functionality from operating on a grant-funded iPad to caregivers’ personal internet-capable devices; and expanding recruitment from one metropolitan area to nationwide. Study modifications necessitated by COVID-19 facilitate national outreach, easier tool adoption, and enable more diverse caregivers to participate. This study addresses a critical dementia care need, and design modifications may shorten timeline from efficacy testing to commercialization.
Gender self‐confidence, scholastic stress, life satisfaction, and perceived academic achievement for adolescent New Zealanders
Authors: Watson Penelope W. St J. , Sotardi Valerie A. , Park Joohyun (Justine) , Roy Deepika 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionConfidence in one's gender self‐concept has been positively associated with subjective well‐being. Further, negative consequences for school life have occurred for adolescents with marginalised gender identities. As a central process variable of subjective well‐being, life satisfaction has been positively associated with educational outcomes and inversely associated with stress. Stress, life satisfaction, and academic achievement have been examined in terms of gender, but less is known about their relationship with gender self‐concept. Importantly, gender self‐concept has been rendered especially vulnerable in adolescence—a time when social self‐concept and life satisfaction are reportedly lower than in childhood.MethodThe current study was conducted with adolescents (N = 1601) from seven secondary schools comprising a range of socioeconomic backgrounds and ethnicities, in two major New Zealand metropolitan centres. Data were collected via self‐report survey. After checking the validity of each measurement model by using confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modelling was performed to explore associations between aspects of gender self‐concept, stress, life satisfaction (LS), and perceived academic achievement (PAA).ResultsGender self‐definition (GSD; one's self‐definition of one's own gender identity) was associated positively with stress, and negatively with perceived academic achievement. Gender self‐acceptance (GSA; contentment with one's self‐defined gender identity) was negatively associated with stress, and positively associated with LS. Both gender self‐acceptance and LS were associated positively with PAA. Two stressors mediated the relationship between LS and both GSD and GSA.ConclusionImplications are suggested for fostering gender‐identity safe school environments for adolescents to ensure positive wellbeing and scholastic outcomes.
Limited impact of climate forcing products on future glacier evolution in Scandinavia and Iceland
Authors: Compagno Loris , Zekollari Harry , Huss Matthias , Farinotti Daniel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDue to climate change, worldwide glaciers are rapidly declining. The trend will continue into the future, with consequences for sea level, water availability and tourism. Here, we assess the future evolution of all glaciers in Scandinavia and Iceland until 2100 using the coupled surface mass-balance ice-flow model GloGEMflow. The model is initialised with three distinct past climate data products (E-OBS, ERA-I, ERA-5), while future climate is prescribed by both global and regional climate models (GCMs and RCMs), in order to analyze their impact on glacier evolution. By 2100, we project Scandinavian glaciers to lose between 67 ± 18% and 90 ± 7% of their present-day (2018) volume under a low (RCP2.6) and a high (RCP8.5) emission scenario, respectively. Over the same period, losses for Icelandic glaciers are projected to be between 43 ± 11% (RCP2.6) and 85 ± 7% (RCP8.5). The projected evolution is only little impacted by both the choice of climate data products used in the past and the spatial resolution of the future climate projections, with differences in the ice volume remaining by 2100 of 7 and 5%, respectively. This small sensitivity is attributed to our model calibration strategy that relies on observed glacier-specific mass balances and thus compensates for differences between climate forcing products.
Efficacy of different hermetic bag storage technologies against insect pests and aflatoxin incidence in stored maize grain
Authors: Mutambuki Kimondo , Likhayo Paddy 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe performance of six grain storage technologies for the control of insect pests in maize was evaluated over a 36-week (9-month) storage period. The six technologies used were: two ZeroFly® hermetic bag brands (laminated and non-laminated); Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bag; non-hermetic ZeroFly® bag; woven polypropylene (PP) bag containing maize grain treated with Actellic Gold® Dust (pirimiphos-methyl 1.6% + thiamethoxam 0.3%) and woven PP bag containing untreated grain. Each bag was filled with 50 kg maize grain and four replicates of each were set up. With the exception of the non-hermetic ZeroFly® bag, 50 live adults of the larger grain borer Prostephanus truncatus and of the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais, were introduced into all the bags. Insects were not introduced into the non-hermetic ZeroFly® bag to assess its effectiveness in repelling infestation from outside. Parameters recorded were gas composition (oxygen and carbon dioxide) levels inside the bags; weight of flour generated by insect feeding activities; grain moisture level; live adult insect counts; grain damage and weight loss; grain germination rate and aflatoxin level. At termination, the plastic liners of the hermetic bags were examined for perforations. Results show that oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide evolution were faster in ZeroFly® hermetic compared to PICS bags. Throughout the 36-week storage trial, grain damage remained below 4% and weight loss below 3% in all the treatments except in the untreated PP bags in which it increased to 81.1 and 25.5%, respectively. The hermetic PICS, ZeroFly® and Actellic Gold dust-treated PP bags maintained grain germination at 60%, which was lower than the initial 90%, while in untreated control, it reduced to 4.7%. The mean aflatoxin levels fluctuated between 0.39 and 3.56 parts per billion (ppb) during 24 weeks of storage in all the technologies tested, which is below the acceptable maximum level of 10 ppb in maize. Based on the evaluation results, it can be concluded that hermetic PICS and ZeroFly® bags and woven PP bag with Actellic Gold dust-treated grain effectively protected stored maize grain from insect attack and weight losses. Appropriate strategies and mechanisms for the effective and efficient adoption of hermetic storage bag technology at scale would contribute towards global food security.
Reframing Antarctica’s ice loss: impacts of cryospheric change on local human activity
Authors: Provant Zachary , Elderbrock Evan , Willingham Andrea , Carey Mark , Antonello Alessandro , Moffat Carlos , Sutherland Dave , Shahid Sakina 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Physical scientists, social scientists, humanities scholars, and journalists have all framed Antarctica as a place of global importance—as a laboratory for scientific research, as a strategic site for geopolitical agendas, and more recently as a source of melting ice that could catastrophically inundate populations worldwide. Yet, the changing cryosphere impacts society within Antarctica as well, and this article expands the focus of Antarctic ice research to include human activities on and around the continent. It reframes Antarctica as a place with human history and local activities that are being affected by melting ice, even if the consequences are much smaller in scale than the effects of global sea level rise. Specifically focused on tourism and conservation along the west Antarctica Peninsula (wAP), this article demonstrates the impacts of changing glaciers and sea ice on the timing, location, and type of tourism as well as the ability of changing ice to mediate human experiences through conservation agendas. As future ice conditions influence Antarctic tourism and conservation, an attention to issues emerging within the wAP region offers a new perspective on climate change impacts and the management of Antarctic activities in the 21st-century Anthropocene.
Culture and psychopathology: An attempt at reconsidering the role of social learning
Authors: Fonagy Peter , Campbell Chloe , Constantinou Matthew , Higgitt Anna , Allison Elizabeth , Luyten Patrick 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a model for developmental psychopathology that is informed by recent research suggestive of a single model of mental health disorder (the p factor) and seeks to integrate the role of the wider social and cultural environment into our model, which has previously been more narrowly focused on the role of the immediate caregiving context. Informed by recently emerging thinking on the social and culturally driven nature of human cognitive development, the ways in which humans are primed to learn and communicate culture, and a mentalizing perspective on the highly intersubjective nature of our capacity for affect regulation and social functioning, we set out a cultural-developmental approach to psychopathology.
THE MAUSOLEUM ARCHITECTURAL PROJECT: REINTERPRETING PALENQUE'S TEMPLE OF THE INSCRIPTIONS THROUGH 3D DATA-DRIVEN ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Campiani Arianna , Liendo Stuardo Rodrigo , Lercari Nicola 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque, Mexico, is an outstanding example of Classic Maya architecture erected in the seventh century as the funerary building for ruler K'inich Janab Pakal. For decades, scholars have speculated on its construction sequence and the potential existence of hidden rooms on either side of Pakal's mortuary chamber. This article aims to advance understanding of the Temple's architectural context in light of new 3D data. After reviewing the application of drone-based photogrammetry and terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging in the Maya area, we argue that these techniques are capable of enhancing the architectural analysis of the Temple of the Inscriptions and showing that this structure was part of a larger architectural project, encompassing the adjacent Temple XIII, and the connecting stepped building platform. Our findings demonstrate that the basal platforms for the Temple of the Inscriptions and Temple XIII were erected contemporaneously and that the design of their mortuary chambers follows a tripartite layout we identified in Palenque's elite funerary architecture and associated mortuary practices. We conclude that these three buildings were part of a mausoleum architectural project, the construction of which was initiated by Pakal to reshape Palenque's site-core and enshrine the ruling family's power and ancestors.
Glacial Dust Surpasses Both Volcanic Ash and Desert Dust in Its Iron Fertilization Potential
Authors: Koffman Bess G. , Yoder Meg F. , Methven Taylor , Hanschka Lena , Sears Helen B. , Saylor Patrick L. , Wallace Kristi L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe subarctic Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea comprise the second‐largest high nitrate, low chlorophyll region in the world, where primary production is limited by the availability of iron (Fe). To estimate the potential impact of different terrestrial aerosol Fe sources on marine ecosystems, we performed a suite of laboratory assessments following established protocols, including: (1) leaching with Milli‐Q water, (2) sequential extractions, (3) complete acid digestions, (4) X‐ray diffraction, and (5) grain size analysis. Measurements were performed on 20 fine‐grained (<5 μm) glacier‐derived sediments from Alaska and the Yukon, two fresh, never‐wetted volcanic ashes (Redoubt 2009 and Pavlof 2016), and six weathered ashes (Redoubt and Augustine) which span the past ∼8,700 years. We compared results to published data on Asian desert‐derived sediments, finding that the glacier‐derived sediments have five times higher easily reducible Fe (median 2.3 ± 0.6 wt.%) than desert‐derived samples (0.49 ± 0.1 wt.%) and fourteen times higher easily reducible Fe than fresh ash (0.16 ± 0.1 wt.%). In addition, fractional Fe solubility was higher in glacial sediment (median cumulative 0.31 ± 0.11% FeS) than volcanic ash (0.04 ± 0.02% FeS). Glacial sediments contained higher concentrations of other bioactive metals including Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd, and Pb. Results suggest that glacier‐derived dust may provide the subarctic Pacific with more bioavailable iron per unit mass than either volcanic ash or Asian desert‐derived dust.
Mutability of demographic noise in microbial range expansions
Authors: Yu QinQin , Gralka Matti , Duvernoy Marie-Cécilia , Sousa Megan , Harpak Arbel , Hallatschek Oskar 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDemographic noise, the change in the composition of a population due to random birth and death events, is an important driving force in evolution because it reduces the efficacy of natural selection. Demographic noise is typically thought to be set by the population size and the environment, but recent experiments with microbial range expansions have revealed substantial strain-level differences in demographic noise under the same growth conditions. Many genetic and phenotypic differences exist between strains; to what extent do single mutations change the strength of demographic noise? To investigate this question, we developed a high-throughput method for measuring demographic noise in colonies without the need for genetic manipulation. By applying this method to 191 randomly-selected single gene deletion strains from the E. coli Keio collection, we find that a typical single gene deletion mutation decreases demographic noise by 8% (maximal decrease: 81%). We find that the strength of demographic noise is an emergent trait at the population level that can be predicted by colony-level traits but not cell-level traits. The observed differences in demographic noise from single gene deletions can increase the establishment probability of beneficial mutations by almost an order of magnitude (compared to in the wild type). Our results show that single mutations can substantially alter adaptation through their effects on demographic noise and suggest that demographic noise can be an evolvable trait of a population.