bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Latent Factor Analysis of the PROMIS and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation in Patients Undergoing Shoulder Surgery
Authors: Anderson Ashley B , Tenan Matthew S , Dickens Jonathan F 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are reporting tools that quantify patients’ perceptions of their mental and physical health. Many PROs may inadvertently measure the same or overlapping theoretical constructs (e.g., pain, function, depression, etc.), which is both inefficient and a patient burden. The purpose of this study was to examine the functional relationship of the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) score and general constructs measured with the NIH Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) in young patients undergoing shoulder surgery.

Material and Methods
This study was an institutional review board approved retrospective case control of the Military Orthopaedics Tracking Injuries and Outcomes Network using 805 patients and 1,373 observations. All patients underwent shoulder surgery and had multiple observations ranging from 28 days pre-surgery to 428 days post-surgery. Correlation matrices and exploratory factor analysis were used to examine how each of the measured variables (PROMIS physical function, PROMIS pain interference, PROMIS sleep disturbance, PROMIS anxiety, PROMIS depression, and SANE surveys) contribute or “weigh” on latent factors, which are then mapped to a theoretical construct. This statistical method helps uncover structural relationships between measured variables.

Results
The PROMIS and SANE surveys collectively weigh on two latent factors: psychological health (measured variables: PROMIS anxiety [0.95] and PROMIS depression [0.86]) and physical capabilities (measured variables: PROMIS physical function [0.81], PROMIS pain interference [−0.82], PROMIS sleep disturbance [−0.51], and SANE [0.68]). Although the physical capability construct is functionally related to psychological health (−0.45), there is no direct relation between SANE and measures of depression or anxiety.

Conclusions
This study supports the use of the SANE as a valid single question to assess physical function providing similar information to the PROMIS in regard to measuring physical capabilities. Its simplicity makes it easy to use and implement with minimal uplift or change in workflow.
A fast radio burst in a globular cluster: why is this neutron star different from (almost) all other neutron stars?
Authors: Katz J I 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Most fast radio burst (FRB) models are built from comparatively common astronomical objects: neutron stars, black holes, and supernova remnants. Yet FRB sources are rare, and most of these objects, found in the Galaxy, do not make FRB. Special and rare circumstances may be required for these common objects to be sources of FRB. The recent discovery of a repeating FRB in a globular cluster belonging to the galaxy M81 suggests a model involving a neutron star and a close binary companion, likely a white dwarf; both neutron stars and close binaries are superabundant in globular clusters. Magnetic interaction is a plausible, though unproven, mechanism of acceleration of relativistic particles that may radiate coherently as FRB. In such a model, the energy source is the orbital kinetic energy, and not limited by the magnetostatic energy of a neutron star. Double neutron star binaries cannot be the observed long-lived repeating FRB sources, but might make much shorter lived sources, and perhaps non-repeating FRB.
Spontaneous perception: a framework for task-free, self-paced perception
Authors: Baror Shira , He Biyu J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Flipping through social media feeds, viewing exhibitions in a museum, or walking through the botanical gardens, people consistently choose to engage with and disengage from visual content. Yet, in most laboratory settings, the visual stimuli, their presentation duration, and the task at hand are all controlled by the researcher. Such settings largely overlook the spontaneous nature of human visual experience, in which perception takes place independently from specific task constraints and its time course is determined by the observer as a self-governing agent. Currently, much remains unknown about how spontaneous perceptual experiences unfold in the brain. Are all perceptual categories extracted during spontaneous perception? Does spontaneous perception inherently involve volition? Is spontaneous perception segmented into discrete episodes? How do different neural networks interact over time during spontaneous perception? These questions are imperative to understand our conscious visual experience in daily life. In this article we propose a framework for spontaneous perception. We first define spontaneous perception as a task-free and self-paced experience. We propose that spontaneous perception is guided by four organizing principles that grant it temporal and spatial structures. These principles include coarse-to-fine processing, continuity and segmentation, agency and volition, and associative processing. We provide key suggestions illustrating how these principles may interact with one another in guiding the multifaceted experience of spontaneous perception. We point to testable predictions derived from this framework, including (but not limited to) the roles of the default-mode network and slow cortical potentials in underlying spontaneous perception. We conclude by suggesting several outstanding questions for future research, extending the relevance of this framework to consciousness and spontaneous brain activity. In conclusion, the spontaneous perception framework proposed herein integrates components in human perception and cognition, which have been traditionally studied in isolation, and opens the door to understand how visual perception unfolds in its most natural context.
Understanding the effect of categorization of a continuous predictor with application to neuro-oncology
Authors: Gupta Ruchi , Day Courtney N , Tobin Wlliam O , Crowson Cynthia S 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Many neuro-oncology studies commonly assess the association between a prognostic factor (predictor) and disease or outcome, such as the association between age and glioma. Predictors can be continuous (eg, age) or categorical (eg, race/ethnicity). Effects of categorical predictors are frequently easier to visualize and interpret than effects of continuous variables. This makes it an attractive, and seemingly justifiable, option to subdivide the continuous predictors into categories (eg, age &lt;50 years vs age ≥50 years). However, this approach results in loss of information (and power) compared to the continuous version. This review outlines the use cases for continuous and categorized predictors and provides tips and pitfalls for interpretation of these approaches.
CXCL13 expression in mouse 4T1 breast cancer microenvironment elicits antitumor immune response by regulating immune cell infiltration
Authors: Ma Qizhi , Chen Yue , Qin Qing , Guo Fuchun , Wang Yong-sheng , Li Dan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer type and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Previous studies have reported contradictory performance of chemokine CXC motif ligand 13 (CXCL13) in breast cancer. In this study, The Cancer Genome Atlas database analysis revealed that CXCL13 was overexpressed in various human cancers including breast carcinoma, and associated with good clinical prognosis in breast cancer. Flow cytometry detection also found upregulated intracellular CXCL13 expression in human breast cancer cell lines. To explore the possible role of CXCL13 in the breast cancer microenvironment, mouse triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) was lentivirally transfected to stably overexpress mouse CXCL13 (4T1-CXCL13). Both parental 4T1 and 4T1-CXCL13 strains showed no in vitro or in vivo endogenous cell surface CXCR5 expression. In immune-competent BALB/c mice, the in vivo tumor growth of 4T1-CXCL13 was significantly inhibited and even completely eradicated, accompanied with increased infiltrations of CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes and CD11b+CD11c+ DCs. Further investigations showed that CXCL13 expression in the 4T1 tumor microenvironment elicited long-term antitumor immune memory, and rejection of distal parental tumor. The antitumor activity of CXCL13 was remarkedly impaired in BALB/cA-nu nude mice, or in BALB/c mice with CD8+ T lymphocyte or NK cell depletion. Our investigation indicated that CXCL13 expression in TNBC triggered effective antitumor immunity by chemoattracting immune cell infiltrations and could be considered as a novel prognostic marker for TNBC.
The Cross-Section of Bank Value
Authors: Egan Mark , Lewellen Stefan , Sunderam Adi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We study the determinants of value creation in U.S. commercial banks. We develop novel measures of individual banks’ productivities at collecting deposits and making loans that we relate to bank market values. We find that deposit productivity is responsible for two-thirds of the value of the median bank and most variation in value across banks. Variation in productivity is driven by differences across banks in technology, customer demographics, and market power. We also find evidence of synergies between deposit-taking and lending. Our findings suggest that there is significant heterogeneity in banks’ ability to capture value by manufacturing safe assets.
Being a NEET before and after the Great Recession: persistence by gender in Southern Europe
Authors: Malo Miguel Á , Mussida Chiara , Cueto Begoña , Baussola Maurizio 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article adds to the scant literature on the time persistence of being a young Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) by including four main novelties: we distinguish short- and long-term persistence; we use estimations before (2004–2007) and after the Great Recession (2013–2016); we analyse four Southern European countries that are relatively similar and were significantly affected by the Great Recession (Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain); and all analyses are disaggregated by gender. The descriptive analysis shows a convergence in NEET rates by gender in the four countries due to a worsening of the male NEET rate and no improvement among young females. The econometric estimations show that long-term persistence is smaller than short-term persistence and that the latter increased after the Great Recession, especially for male NEETs. Policy implications for the design of the Youth Guarantee and lessons from the coronavirus pandemic are also discussed.
The Four Domain Food Insecurity Scale (4D-FIS): development and evaluation of a complementary food insecurity measure
Authors: Johnson Cassandra M , Ammerman Alice S , Adair Linda S , Aiello Allison E , Flax Valerie L , Elliott Sinikka , Hardison-Moody Annie , Bowen Sarah K 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Security Survey Module (FSSM) is a valuable tool for measuring food insecurity, but it has limitations for capturing experiences of less severe food insecurity. To develop and test the Four Domain Food Insecurity Scale (4D-FIS), a complementary measure designed to assess all four domains of the food access dimension of food insecurity (quantitative, qualitative, psychological, and social).Low-income Black, Latina, and White women (n = 109) completed semi-structured (qualitative) and structured (quantitative) interviews. Interviewers separately administered two food insecurity scales, including the 4D-FIS and the USDA FSSM adult scale. A scoring protocol was developed to determine food insecurity status with the 4D-FIS. Analyses included a confirmatory factor analysis to examine the hypothesized structure of the 4D-FIS and an initial evaluation of reliability and validity. A four-factor model fit the data reasonably well as judged with fit indices. Results showed relatively high factor loadings and inter-factor correlations indicated that factors were distinct. Cronbach’s alpha (ɑ) for the overall scale was 0.90 (subscale ɑ ranged from 0.69 to 0.91) and provided support for the scale’s internal consistency reliability. There was fair overall agreement between the 4D-FIS and USDA FSSM adult scale, but agreement varied by category. Findings provide preliminary support for the 4D-FIS as a complementary measure of food insecurity, with implications for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working in U.S. communities.
Uplifting the voices of rural American Indian older adults to improve understanding of physical activity behavior
Authors: Pedersen Maja , Harris Kari Jo , Lewis Jordan , Grant Mattea , Kleinmeyer Chelsea , Glass Ashley , Graham Niki , Brown Blakely , King Diane 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
American Indian (AI) older adults experience pronounced health disparities and demonstrate one of the lowest levels of physical activity (PA) among racial and ethnic groups. Nearly half of AI older adults live in rural areas, indicating distinct challenges to participation in PA. Research to identify factors influencing PA in this population is missing from the literature, yet is critical to informing culturally relevant PA intervention development and implementation. The purpose was to identify barriers to and facilitators of PA among rural AI older adults using the ecological model and qualitative methods. A community-based approach was used to conduct semi-structured interviews with rural AI older adults. Interview questions were based on a multi-level ecological model. Content analysis was performed, using an iterative coding process to identify findings. The mean age of participants (n = 21) was 66 years. Barriers to and facilitators of PA were identified across ecological model levels. Barriers included factors such as caregiving and community responsibilities, lack of acceptable areas for walking, and overall lack of community-level support for older adult health. Facilitators included a personal connection to the land and ancestors through PA, multigenerational participation, and supportive tribal policies. This study addressed a gap in the literature by identifying barriers to and facilitators of PA among rural AI older adults, which can inform PA intervention development. With barriers and facilitators identified by AI older adults themselves, the voices of those directly affected are uplifted to shape efforts toward addressing longstanding health disparities through relevant public health interventions.
Dictyostelium discoideum:An Alternative Nonanimal Model for Developmental Toxicity Testing
Authors: Baines Robert P , Wolton Kathryn , Thompson Christopher R L 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA critical aspect of toxicity evaluation is developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) testing. Traditionally, DART testing has been conducted in vivo in mammalian model systems. New legislation aimed at reducing animal use and the prohibitive costs associated with DART testing, together with a need to understand the genetic pathways underlying developmental toxicity means there is a growing demand for alternative model systems for toxicity evaluation. Here we explore the potential of the eukaryotic social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, which is already widely used as a simple model system for cell and developmental biology, as a potential nonanimal model for DART testing. We developed assays for high-throughput screening of toxicity during D. discoideum growth and development. This allowed the toxicity of a broad range of test compounds to be characterized, which revealed that D. discoideum can broadly predict mammalian toxicity. In addition, we show that this system can be used to perform functional genomic screens to compare the molecular modes of action of different compounds. For example, genome-wide screens for mutations that affect lithium and valproic acid toxicity allowed common and unique biological targets and molecular processes mediating their toxicity to be identified. These studies illustrate that D. discoideum could represent a predictive nonanimal model for DART testing due to its amenability to high-throughput approaches and molecular genetic tractability.
Breaking out of the system and moving to strengths-based care
Authors: MacDonald Barbara J. , Dickinson Jane K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract:
Strengths-based approaches focus on identifying an individual's assets and resources to find solutions that support their health. These principles are already inherent in nursing philosophies and processes. This article presents a call to reshape the current deficit-based, provider-centric model by formalizing inclusion of holistic, strengths-based approaches into nursing care.
Medical Student Experiences With Electronic Health Records Nationally: A Longitudinal Analysis Including School-Level Effects
Authors: Cuddy Monica M. , Foster Lauren M. , Wallach Paul M. , Hammoud Maya M. , Swanson David B. 
Published: August 2021

PurposeIncreasingly, medical school graduates have been expected to be competent in the knowledge and skills associated with effective electronic health record (EHR) use. Yet little is known about how student experiences with EHRs have changed over time or how these trends vary by medical school. This study examined shifts in U.S. medical student interactions with EHRs during their clinical education, 2012–2016, and how these interactions varied by clerkship within and across medical schools.MethodData came from an online survey about EHR use administered to medical students after completing the Step 2 Clinical Knowledge portion of the United States Medical Licensing Examination. For a sample of 17,202 medical students from 140 U.S.-based Liaison Committee on Medical Education accredited medical school campuses, multilevel modeling techniques were used to estimate overall and school-specific trends in student access to and entry of information into EHRs for 7 core inpatient clerkships.ResultsResults showed upward trajectories in likelihood of student EHR experiences, with smaller increases found for information entry compared with access. These trends varied by inpatient clerkship rotation, with some disciplines exhibiting more rapid increases than others. For both access and information entry, estimated clerkship-specific trajectories differed by medical school in terms of size and direction. For all clerkships, greater school-to-school variation in the likelihood of student entry, compared with student access, remained at the end of the study period.ConclusionsIncreases in medical student interactions with EHRs suggest a growing commitment to educating students on safe and effective EHR use. Nonetheless, at some schools and in some clerkships, students may receive inadequate educational opportunities to practice using EHRs. In turn, medical students may be differentially prepared to effectively engage with EHRs upon entering residency, particularly with the knowledge and skills needed to effectively document and transmit information in EHRs.
Frequency of Social Media and Digital Scholarship Keywords in U.S. Medical Schools’ Promotion and Tenure Guidelines
Authors: Maldonado Graciela , Smart Jonathan , Wiechmann Warren , Kaplan Sherrie H. , Billimek John , Wray Alisa , Toohey Shannon , Boysen-Osborn Megan 
Published: August 2021

Purpose
Medical schools must have clear policies and procedures for promotion and tenure (P&T) of faculty. Social media and digital scholarship (SMDS) is an emerging form of scholarship capable of reaching audiences quickly, conveniently, and in a wide variety of formats. It is unclear how frequently SMDS is considered during P&T reviews. The authors sought to determine whether current P&T guidelines at medical schools consider SMDS.

Method
The authors acquired P&T guidelines from any U.S. Liaison Committee on Medical Education–accredited medical school (or their governing university) that were available online between October and December 2020. Using an iterative process, they developed a bank of keywords that were specific to SMDS or that could include SMDS between October and December 2020. The authors searched each school’s guidelines for each keyword and determined whether the word was being used in relation to crediting faculty for SMDS in the context of P&T procedures. The primary outcome measure was the dichotomous presence or absence of SMDS-specific keywords in each school’s P&T guidelines.

Results
The authors acquired P&T guidelines from 145/154 (94%) medical schools. After removing duplicate documents, the authors considered 139 guidelines. The keyword bank included 59 terms, of which 49 were specific to SMDS and 10 were umbrella terms that could be inclusive of SMDS. Of the 139 guidelines, 121 (87%) contained at least 1 SMDS-specific keyword. Schools had a median of 3 SMDS-specific keywords in their P&T guidelines.

Conclusions
As the presence and impact of SMDS increase, schools should provide guidance on its role in the P&T process. Faculty should receive clear guidance on how to document quality SMDS for their promotion file.
Single-Site Retrospective Assessment of Surgical Outcomes in Non-Ambulatory Patients with Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy
Authors: Boehm Blake A. , Njoku Innocent , Furey Christopher G. 
Published: August 2021

Study Design.
A retrospective study of surgical outcomes in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM).

Objective.
To better characterize outcomes following cervical decompression in those with severe, non-ambulatory forms of DCM.

Summary of Background Data.
DCM represents a collection of age-related degenerative processes of the cervical spine that can result in motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction, leading to significant reductions in quality of life. Individuals with severe, non-ambulatory forms of DCM are often treated with spinal decompression although the extent of neurological improvement for this patient population is unclear.

Methods.
A retrospective analysis of 48 non-consecutive non-ambulatory patients who underwent cervical decompression surgery between January 2007 and December 2018. Paired t tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to compare Nurick grade and modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) score before and after surgery. Patient demographics, operative details, and postsurgical complications were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results.
Patients experienced significant improvements in both Nurick grade and mJOA score following cervical decompression surgery. The mean Nurick grade improved from 4.10 ± 0.31 to 2.21 ± 0.82 (P < 0.001, paired t test; 95% confidence interval [CI] –2.08 to –1.71), while the mean mJOA score improved from 10.58 ± 1.51 to 13.60 ± 1.58 (P < 0.001, paired t test; 95% CI 2.59–3.45). The average follow-up duration was 2.50 ± 1.83 years. Following surgery, 44 of the 48 patients in the study gained the ability to ambulate without the aid of a walking frame or someone else's assistance.

Conclusion.
This study demonstrated that patients with severe forms of DCM experienced significant improvement in neurological function following cervical decompression surgery. These improvements indicate that cervical decompression surgery is effective in this patient population and has the potential to improve neurological status.

Level of Evidence: 3