bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Widespread Hydration of the Back Arc and the Link to Variable Hydration of the Incoming Plate in the Lesser Antilles From Rayleigh Wave Imaging
Authors: Harmon Nicholas , Rychert Catherine A. , Goes Saskia , Maunder Benjamin , Collier Jenny , Henstock Timothy , Lynch Lloyd , Rietbrock Andreas ,   the VoiLA Working Group
Published: June 2021

AbstractSubduction zone dynamics are important for a better understanding of natural hazards, plate tectonics, and the evolution of the planet. Despite this, the factors dictating the location and style of volcanism are not well‐known. Here we present Rayleigh Wave imaging of the Lesser Antilles subduction zone using the ocean bottom and land seismic data collected as a part of the VoiLA experiment. This region is an important global endmember that represents a slow (<19 mm/yr) convergence rate of old (80–120 Ma), Atlantic lithosphere formed at a slow spreading ridge. We image the fast slab, the fast‐overriding plate and the slow mantle wedge across the entire arc. We find slow velocity anomalies (∼4.1 km/s) in the mantle wedge directly beneath the arc with local minima beneath Dominica/Martinique, Montserrat and the Grenadines. We observe that slow velocities in the wedge extend 200 km into the back arc west of Martinique. The slowest mantle wedge velocity anomaly is more muted than several global wedges, likely reflecting the lower temperatures and less partial melt predicted for the Antilles. Subducted fracture zones and plate boundaries are a potential source of hydration, since they are located near the anomalies, although not directly beneath them. To match our observations, geodynamic models with a broadly hydrated mantle wedge are required, which can be achieved via deep hydration of the slab, and fluid release further into the back arc. In addition, 3‐D flow and melt migration or ponding are required to explain the shape and location of our anomalies.
Reduced Ocean Carbon Sink in the South and Central North Sea (2014–2018) Revealed From FerryBox Observations
Authors: Macovei V. A. , Petersen W. , Brix H. , Voynova Y. G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSurface seawater carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) in the south‐central North Sea was measured between 2014 and 2018 using FerryBox‐integrated membrane sensors on ships‐of‐opportunity. Average annual pCO2 variability was biologically controlled, with thermal effects modulating its amplitude. Deseasonalized winter trends of seawater pCO2 were positive (4.4 ± 2.0–8.4 ± 2.9 µatm yr−1), biogeochemically driven, stronger than the atmospheric pCO2 trend, and more pronounced than previous analyses. The trends calculated including all deseasonalized monthly averages were even higher (9.7 ± 2.8–12.2 ± 1.4 µatm yr−1). During our investigation, the southern study area became a stronger source and the northern part became a weaker sink for atmospheric carbon. Overall, average sea‐air CO2 flux in our study area, from the Skagerrak to the Southern Bight (53°N), changed from −0.75 ± 0.61 mmol m−2 day−1 in 2014 to +0.20 ± 0.96 mmol m−2 day−1 in 2018.
The Impact of COVID‐19 on CO2 Emissions in the Los Angeles and Washington DC/Baltimore Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Yadav Vineet , Ghosh Subhomoy , Mueller Kimberly , Karion Anna , Roest Geoffrey , Gourdji Sharon M. , Lopez‐Coto Israel , Gurney Kevin R. , Parazoo Nicholas , Verhulst Kristal R. , Kim Jooil , Prinzivalli Steve , Fain Clayton , Nehrkorn Thomas , Mountain Marikate , Keeling Ralph F. , Weiss Ray F. , Duren Riley , Miller Charles E. , Whetstone James 
Published: June 2021

AbstractResponses to COVID‐19 have resulted in unintended reductions of city‐scale carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Here, we detect and estimate decreases in CO2 emissions in Los Angeles and Washington DC/Baltimore during March and April 2020. We present three lines of evidence using methods that have increasing model dependency, including an inverse model to estimate relative emissions changes in 2020 compared to 2018 and 2019. The March decrease (25%) in Washington DC/Baltimore is largely supported by a drop in natural gas consumption associated with a warm spring whereas the decrease in April (33%) correlates with changes in gasoline fuel sales. In contrast, only a fraction of the March (17%) and April (34%) reduction in Los Angeles is explained by traffic declines. Methods and measurements used herein highlight the advantages of atmospheric CO2 observations for providing timely insights into rapidly changing emissions patterns that can empower cities to course‐correct CO2 reduction activities efficiently.
Catalpol ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in CUMS mice via oxidative stress-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome and neuroinflammation
Authors: Wang Ya-lin , Wu Hao-ran , Zhang Shan-shan , Xiao Hong-lei , Yu Jin , Ma Yuan-yuan , Zhang Yao-dong , Liu Qiong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to investigate whether catalpol exhibited neuroprotective effects in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice through oxidative stress-mediated nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin-domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and neuroinflammation. Deficits in behavioral tests, including open field test (OFT), forced swim test (FST), and elevated plus-maze test (EPM), were ameliorated following catalpol administration. To study the potential mechanism, western blots, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis and immunofluorescence imaging were performed on the hippocampus samples. We found that the defects of behavioral tests induced by CUMS could be reversed by the absence of NLRP3 and NLRP3 inflammasome might be involved in the antidepressant effects of catalpol on CUMS mice. Similar to the NLRP3 inflammasome, the expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and inducible nitride oxide synthase (iNOS) were increased after CUMS. The current study demonstrated that catalpol possessed anti-inflammatory effect on CUMS mice and inhibited microglial polarization to the M1 phenotype. In addition, the activity of mitochondrial oxidative stress might be involved in the NLRP3 activation, which was proved by the downregulation of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), and cleaved IL-1β, after the administration of mitochondrion-targeted antioxidant peptide SS31. Taken together, we provided evidence that catalpol exhibited antidepressive effects on CUMS mice possibly via the oxidative stress-mediated regulation of NLRP3 and neuroinflammation.
Genome wide study of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia
Authors: Lim Keane , Lam Max , Zai Clement , Tay Jenny , Karlsson Nina , Deshpande Smita N. , Thelma B. K. , Ozaki Norio , Inada Toshiya , Sim Kang , Chong Siow-Ann , Lencz Todd , Liu Jianjun , Lee Jimmy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTardive dyskinesia (TD) is a severe condition characterized by repetitive involuntary movement of orofacial regions and extremities. Patients treated with antipsychotics typically present with TD symptomatology. Here, we conducted the largest GWAS of TD to date, by meta-analyzing samples of East-Asian, European, and African American ancestry, followed by analyses of biological pathways and polygenic risk with related phenotypes. We identified a novel locus and three suggestive loci, implicating immune-related pathways. Through integratingtrans-ethnic fine mapping, we identified putative credible causal variants for three of the loci. Post-hoc analysis revealed that SNPs harbored inTNFRSF1BandCALCOCO1independently conferred three-fold increase in TD risk, beyond clinical risk factors like Age of onset and Duration of illness to schizophrenia. Further work is necessary to replicate loci that are reported in the study and evaluate the polygenic architecture underlying TD.
Crisis in care homes: the dentists don’t come
Authors: Patel Rakhee , Mian Mamoona , Robertson Claire , Pitts Nigel B. , Gallagher Jennifer E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Aim/Objectives
To present the findings of the challenges relating to access to dental care for older people in care homes from the Fluoride Interventions in Care Homes (FInCH) Trial.

Methods
Thematic analysis of 11 interviews / focus groups with care home managers and care staff were carried out against a framework informed by the literature drawing on lived experiences.

Results
The challenges identified mapped to Penchanksy and Thomas’s (1981) five dimensions of access but also highlighted themes specifically relevant to the care home population. These include a lack of suitable services for routine and urgent domiciliary and clinic care, complex referral processes, operational challenges in the need for appropriate care chaperones, expectations of information for dental charge exemption and capacity / consent processes within the home.

Discussion
There is a malalignment of dental services offered to meet the needs of care home residents which has resulted in a reactive dental care system that is not fit for purpose and an entire generation of older people living in care with dental neglect.

Conclusion
Urgent action is needed to commission not only the appropriate quantities of both routine and urgent dental care, but ensure it is delivered by clinicians who are appropriately skilled to meet the high levels of dental needs in an increasingly medically and behaviourally complex care home population. In line with eye tests and prescribing at the very least, free routine dental examinations should be offered to all care home residents, creating the opportunity for advice and prevention, and enabling care home residents to function and be free of pain.

Trial Registration
The FinCH Trial registration EudraCT number 2017-002248-34.
Integrating longitudinal clinical laboratory tests with targeted proteomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the landscape of host responses in COVID-19
Authors: Tan Yun , Zhang Wei , Zhu Zhaoqin , Qiao Niu , Ling Yun , Guo Mingquan , Yin Tong , Fang Hai , Xu Xiaoguang , Lu Gang , Zhang Peipei , Yang Shuangshuang , Fu Ziyu , Liang Dongguo , Xie Yinyin , Zhang Ruihong , Jiang Lu , Yu Shuting , Lu Jing , Jiang Fangying , Chen Jian , Xiao Chenlu , Wang Shengyue , Chen Shuo , Bian Xiu-Wu , Lu Hongzhou , Liu Feng , Chen Saijuan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) involves a multitude of host responses, yet how they unfold during the course of disease progression remains unclear. Here, through integrative analysis of clinical laboratory tests, targeted proteomes, and transcriptomes of 963 patients in Shanghai, we delineate the dynamics of multiple circulatory factors within the first 30 days post-illness onset and during convalescence. We show that hypercortisolemia represents one of the probable causes of acute lymphocytopenia at the onset of severe/critical conditions. Comparison of the transcriptomes of the bronchoalveolar microenvironment and peripheral blood indicates alveolar macrophages, alveolar epithelial cells, and monocytes in lungs as the potential main sources of elevated cytokines mediating systemic immune responses and organ damages. In addition, the transcriptomes of patient blood cells are characterized by distinct gene regulatory networks and alternative splicing events. Our study provides a panorama of the host responses in COVID-19, which may serve as the basis for developing further diagnostics and therapy.
Therapeutic vaccine for chronic diseases after the COVID-19 Era
Authors: Nakagami Hironori , Hayashi Hiroki , Shimamura Munehisa , Rakugi Hiromi , Morishita Ryuichi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThere is currently a respiratory disease outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). After rapid development, RNA vaccines and adenoviral vector vaccines were approved within a year, which has demonstrated the strong impact of preventing infectious diseases using gene therapy technology. Furthermore, intensive immunological analysis has been performed to evaluate the efficiency and safety of these vaccines, potentially allowing for rapid progress in vaccine technology. After the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era, the novel vaccine technology developed will expand to other vaccines. We have been developing vaccines for chronic diseases, such as hypertension, for >10 years. Regarding the development of vaccines against self-antigens (i.e., angiotensin II), the vaccine should efficiently induce a blocking antibody response against the self-antigen without activating cytotoxic T cells. Therefore, the epitope vaccine approach has been proposed to induce antibody production in response to a combination of a B cell epitope and exogenous T cell epitopes through major histocompatibility complex molecules. When these vaccines are established as therapeutic options for hypertension, their administration regimen, which might be a few times per year, will replace daily medication use. Thus, therapeutic vaccines for hypertension may be a novel option to control the progression of cerebrovascular diseases. Hopefully, the accumulation of immunological findings and vaccine technology advances due to COVID-19 will provide a novel concept for vaccines for chronic diseases.
Experimental quantum kernel trick with nuclear spins in a solid
Authors: Kusumoto Takeru , Mitarai Kosuke , Fujii Keisuke , Kitagawa Masahiro , Negoro Makoto 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe kernel trick allows us to employ high-dimensional feature space for a machine learning task without explicitly storing features. Recently, the idea of utilizing quantum systems for computing kernel functions using interference has been demonstrated experimentally. However, the dimension of feature spaces in those experiments have been smaller than the number of data, which makes them lose their computational advantage over explicit method. Here we show the first experimental demonstration of a quantum kernel machine that achieves a scheme where the dimension of feature space greatly exceeds the number of data using 1H nuclear spins in solid. The use of NMR allows us to obtain the kernel values with single-shot experiment. We employ engineered dynamics correlating 25 spins which is equivalent to using a feature space with a dimension over 1015. This work presents a quantum machine learning using one of the largest quantum systems to date.
The stem cell revolution: on the role of CD164 as a human stem cell marker
Authors: Watt Suzanne M. , Bühring Hans-Jörg , Simmons Paul J. , Zannettino Andrew W. C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAccurately defining hierarchical relationships between human stem cells and their progeny, and using this knowledge for new cellular therapies, will undoubtedly lead to further successful treatments for life threatening and chronic diseases, which represent substantial burdens on patient quality of life and to healthcare systems globally. Clinical translation relies in part on appropriate biomarker, in vitro manipulation and transplantation strategies. CD164 has recently been cited as an important biomarker for enriching both human haematopoietic and skeletal stem cells, yet a thorough description of extant human CD164 monoclonal antibody (Mab) characteristics, which are critical for identifying and purifying these stem cells, was not discussed in these articles. Here, we highlight earlier but crucial research describing these relevant characteristics, including the differing human CD164 Mab avidities and their binding sites on the human CD164 sialomucin, which importantly may affect subsequent stem cell function and fate.
Peganum harmala enhanced GLP-1 and restored insulin signaling to alleviate AlCl3-induced Alzheimer-like pathology model
Authors: Saleh Rofida A. , Eissa Tarek F. , Abdallah Dalaal M. , Saad Muhammed A. , El-Abhar Hanan S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPeganum harmala (P. harmala) is a folk medicinal herb used in the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) as a remedy for central disorders. The main constituents, harmine and harmaline, have displayed therapeutic efficacy against Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, the P. harmala potential on sensitizing central insulin to combat AD remains to be clarified. An AD-like rat model was induced by aluminum chloride (AlCl3; 50 mg/kg/day for six consecutive weeks; i.p), whereas a methanolic standardized P. harmala seed extract (187.5 mg/kg; p.o) was given to AD rats starting 2 weeks post AlCl3 exposure. Two additional groups of rats were administered either the vehicle to serve as the normal control or the vehicle + P. harmala seed extract to serve as the P. harmala control group. P. harmala enhanced cognition appraised by Y-maze and Morris water maze tests and improved histopathological structures altered by AlCl3. Additionally, it heightened the hippocampal contents of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and insulin, but abated insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation at serine 307 (pS307-IRS-1). Besides, P. harmala increased phosphorylated Akt at serine 473 (pS473-Akt) and glucose transporter type (GLUT)4. The extract also curtailed the hippocampal content of beta amyloid (Aβ)42, glycogen synthase (GSK)-3β and phosphorylated tau. It also enhanced Nrf2, while reduced lipid peroxides and replenished glutathione. In conclusion, combating insulin resistance by P. harmala is a novel machinery in attenuating the insidious progression of AD by enhancing both insulin and GLP-1 trajectories in the hippocampus favoring GLUT4 production.
Gene expression changes and DNA damage after ex vivo exposure of peripheral blood cells to various CT photon spectra
Authors: Kaatsch Hanns Leonhard , Becker Benjamin Valentin , Schüle Simone , Ostheim Patrick , Nestler Kai , Jakobi Julia , Schäfer Barbara , Hantke Thomas , Brockmann Marc A. , Abend Michael , Waldeck Stephan , Port Matthias , Scherthan Harry , Ullmann Reinhard 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDual-energy CT provides enhanced diagnostic power with similar or even reduced radiation dose as compared to single-energy CT. Its principle is based on the distinct physical properties of low and high energetic photons, which, however, may also affect the biological effectiveness and hence the extent of CT-induced cellular damage. Therefore, a comparative analysis of biological effectiveness of dual- and single-energy CT scans with focus on early gene regulation and frequency of radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) was performed. Blood samples from three healthy individuals were irradiated ex vivo with single-energy (80 kV and 150 kV) and dual-energy tube voltages (80 kV/Sn150kV) employing a modern dual source CT scanner resulting in Volume Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDIvol) of 15.79–18.26 mGy and dose length product (DLP) of 606.7–613.8 mGy*cm. Non-irradiated samples served as a control. Differential gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was analyzed 6 h after irradiation using whole transcriptome sequencing. DSB frequency was studied by 53BP1 + γH2AX co-immunostaining and microscopic evaluation of their focal accumulation at DSBs. Neither the analysis of gene expression nor DSB frequency provided any evidence for significantly increased biological effectiveness of dual-energy CT in comparison to samples irradiated with particular single-energy CT spectra. Relative to control, irradiated samples were characterized by a significantly higher rate of DSBs (p < 0.001) and the shared upregulation of five genes, AEN, BAX, DDB2, FDXR and EDA2R, which have already been suggested as radiation-induced biomarkers in previous studies. Despite steadily decreasing doses, CT diagnostics remain a genotoxic stressor with impact on gene regulation and DNA integrity. However, no evidence was found that varying X-ray spectra of CT impact the extent of cellular damage.
A convolutional neural network for estimating synaptic connectivity from spike trains
Authors: Endo Daisuke , Kobayashi Ryota , Bartolo Ramon , Averbeck Bruno B. , Sugase-Miyamoto Yasuko , Hayashi Kazuko , Kawano Kenji , Richmond Barry J. , Shinomoto Shigeru 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe recent increase in reliable, simultaneous high channel count extracellular recordings is exciting for physiologists and theoreticians because it offers the possibility of reconstructing the underlying neuronal circuits. We recently presented a method of inferring this circuit connectivity from neuronal spike trains by applying the generalized linear model to cross-correlograms. Although the algorithm can do a good job of circuit reconstruction, the parameters need to be carefully tuned for each individual dataset. Here we present another method using a Convolutional Neural Network for Estimating synaptic Connectivity from spike trains. After adaptation to huge amounts of simulated data, this method robustly captures the specific feature of monosynaptic impact in a noisy cross-correlogram. There are no user-adjustable parameters. With this new method, we have constructed diagrams of neuronal circuits recorded in several cortical areas of monkeys.
Spin polarized density functional theory calculations of the electronic structure and magnetism of the 112 type iron pnictide compound $$\hbox {EuFeAs}_2$$
Authors: Nejadsattari Farshad , Stadnik Zbigniew M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUsing density-functional theory, we investigate the electronic, magnetic, and hyperfine-interaction properties of the 112-type iron-pnictide compound $${\hbox {EuFeAs}}_2$$

EuFeAs
2

, which is isostructural to the high-temperature iron-based superconductor $${\hbox {Ca}}_{1-x}{\hbox {La}}_x{\hbox {FeAs}}_2$$

Ca

1
-
x

La
x

FeAs
2

. We show that the band structure of $${\hbox {EuFeAs}}_2$$

EuFeAs
2

is similar to that of the 112-type compounds’ family, with hole-like and electron-like bands at the Brillouin-zone center and corners, respectively. We demonstrate that the bands near the Fermi level originate mainly from the Fe atoms. The presence of a mixture of ionic and covalent bonding is predicted from the charge-density and atom-resolved density-of-states calculations. There is good agreement between the calculated hyperfine-interaction parameters with those obtained from the $$^{57}$$

57

Fe and $$^{151}$$

151

Eu Mössbauer measurements. The spatial distribution of atoms in $${\hbox {EuFeAs}}_2$$

EuFeAs
2

leads to an in-plane 2D magnetism. Moreover, ab-initio calculations predict the compound’s magnetic moment and the magnetic moments of each constituent atom. Also, the density of states profile provides insight into the relative magnitude of these moments. Electronic structure calculations and Fermi surface topology reveal various physical and chemical properties of $${\hbox {EuFeAs}}_2$$

EuFeAs
2

. Valence electron density maps indicate the co-existence of a wide range of chemical bonds in this system, and based on structural properties, the transport characteristics are deduced and discussed. A thorough analysis of the atomic structure of $${\hbox {EuFeAs}}_2$$

EuFeAs
2

and its role in the bond formation is presented.