bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low FT3 is an independent marker of disease severity in patients hospitalized for COVID-19
Authors: Dutta Aditya , Jevalikar Ganesh , Sharma Rutuja , Farooqui Khalid J , Mahendru Shama , Dewan Arun , Bhudiraja Sandeep , Mithal Ambrish 
Published: October 2021

Aim
To study the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its association with disease severity in hospitalized patients of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).

Methods
In this retrospective cohort study, thyroid function tests (TFT) of 236 hospitalized patients of COVID-19 along with demographic, comorbid, clinical, biochemical and disease severity records were analysed. Patients were divided into previous euthyroid or hypothyroid status to observe the effect of prior hypothyroidism on the severity of COVID-19.

Results
TFT abnormalities were common. Low free T3 (FT3), high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and low TSH were seen in 56 (23.7%), 15 (6.4%) and 9 (3.8%) patients, respectively. The median levels of TSH (2.06 vs 1.26 mIU/mL, P = 0.001) and FT3 (2.94 vs 2.47 pg/mL, P < 0.001) were significantly lower in severe disease. Previous hypothyroid status (n = 43) was associated with older age, higher frequency of comorbidities, higher FT4 and lower FT3. TFT did not correlate with markers of inflammation (except lactate dehydrogenase); however, FT3 and TSH negatively correlated with outcome severity score and duration of hospital stay. Cox regression analysis showed that low FT3 was associated with severe COVID-19 (P = 0.032, HR 0.302; CI 0.101–0.904), irrespective of prior hypothyroidism.

Conclusions
Functional thyroid abnormalities (low FT3 and low TSH) are frequently seen in hospitalized patients of COVID-19. Although these abnormalities did not correlate with markers of inflammation, this study shows that low FT3 at admission independently predicts the severity of COVID-19.
Associations between TG/HDL ratio and insulin resistance in the US population: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Gong Rongpeng , Luo Gang , Wang Mingxiang , Ma Lingbo , Sun Shengnan , Wei Xiaoxing 
Published: October 2021

Background
Clinical data on the relationship between triglycerides (TG)/HDL ratio and insulin resistance (IR) suggest that TG/HDL ratio may be a risk factor for IR. However, there is evidence that different races have different risk of developing IR. The relationship on TG/HDL ratio and IR in various populations needs to be improved. Therefore, we investigated whether TG/HDL ratio was linked to IR in different groups in the United States after controlling for other covariates.

Methods
The current research was conducted in a cross-sectional manner. From 2009 to 2018, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) had a total of 49,696 participants, all of whom were Americans. The target-independent variable was TG/HDL ratio measured at baseline, and the dependent variable was IR. Additionally, the BMI, waist circumference, education, race, smoking, alcohol use, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and other covariates were also included in this analysis.

Results
The average age of the 10,132 participants was 48.6 ± 18.4 years, and approximately 4936 (48.7%) were males. After correcting for confounders, fully adjusted logistic regression revealed that TG/HDL ratio was correlated with IR (odds ratio = 1.51, 95% CI 1.42–1.59). A nonlinear interaction between TG/HDL ratio and IR was discovered, with a point of 1.06. The impact sizes and CIs on the left and right sides of the inflection point were 6.28 (4.66–8.45) and 1.69 (1.45–1.97), respectively. According to subgroup analysis, the correlation was strong in females, alcohol users, and diabetes patients. Meanwhile, the inverse pattern was observed in the aged, obese, high-income, and smoking populations.

Conclusion
In the American population, the TG/HDL ratio is positively associated with IR in a nonlinear interaction pattern.
Optimal Any-Angle Pathfinding on a Sphere
Authors: Rospotniuk Volodymyr , Small Rupert 
Published: October 2021

Pathfinding in Euclidean space is a common problem faced in robotics and computer games. For long-distance navigation on the surface of the earth or in outer space however, approximating the geometry as Euclidean can be insufficient for real-world applications such as the navigation of spacecraft, aeroplanes, drones and ships. This article describes an any-angle pathfinding algorithm for calculating the shortest path between point pairs over the surface of a sphere. Introducing several novel adaptations, it is shown that Anya as described by Harabor & Grastien for Euclidean space can be extended to Spherical geometry. There, where the shortest-distance line between coordinates is defined instead by a great-circle path, the optimal solution is typically a curved line in Euclidean space. In addition the turning points for optimal paths in Spherical geometry are not necessarily corner points as they are in Euclidean space, as will be shown, making further substantial adaptations to Anya necessary. Spherical Anya returns the optimal path on the sphere, given these different properties of world maps defined in Spherical geometry. It preserves all primary benefits of Anya in Euclidean geometry, namely the Spherical Anya algorithm always returns an optimal path on a sphere and does so entirely on-line, without any preprocessing or large memory overheads. Performance benchmarks are provided for several game maps including Starcraft and Warcraft III as well as for sea navigation on Earth using the NOAA bathymetric dataset. Always returning the shorter path compared with the Euclidean approximation yielded by Anya, Spherical Anya is shown to be faster than Anya for the majority of sea routes and slower for Game Maps and Random Maps.
Temporomandibular joint disorders in children and adolescent: A review
Authors: Urukalan Haritha , Ahmed Nausheer , Shetty K Sherya , Nikhil P M  , Younus Abrar , Joseph Rithika 
Published: October 2021

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of joint and muscular dysfunctions affecting the Cranio-orofacial area. Historically, TMDs were once believed to solely affect adults; however, recent studies have discovered an increased prevalence of TMD signs and symptoms in children and adolescents. The reported prevalence of these disorders in pediatric patients varies significantly due to methodological variations among studies; as a result, standardized diagnostic criteria for children are required. In this age group, TMDs can cause pain in the masticatory muscles and TMJs, as well as limited or asymmetric mouth opening and TMJ sounds. Rather than a single causative element, TMDs are produced by a combination of factors such as trauma, occlusion, systemic and developmental problems, and psychological disorders. A complete history and examination, which may include imaging, are essential to obtain a precise diagnosis and assure successful treatment of many disorders. For these issues, there is a range of therapeutic interventions available, although reversible treatments should be favored.
The comparison between the lower airway space, mandibular body, mandibular ramus, chin thickness and chin throat length in vertical and horizontal growers among skeletal class I and skeletal class II patterns – Retrospective cephalometric study
Authors: Kadam Vighanesh , Aphale Hrushikesh , Nagmode Sunil Kumar , Pawar Vasant , Patil Kunal , Sahane Deepak , Shinde Vivek 
Published: October 2021

The vertical and horizontal growth influences the height of mandibular ramus and length of the mandibular body. The soft tissue chin thickness, the lower airway space and the chin throat length can vary in different growth patterns and different skeletal patterns. Lateral cephalograms of non-growing patients seeking orthodontic treatment (n=120) were included in the study. The samples were divided into two subgroups based on skeletal pattern (Cl I & Cl II) according to ANB angle and Wit’s appraisal. Further sub divided into four groups based on cephalometric mandibular plane inclination to anterior cranial base (SN-GoGn) and Frankfort’s mandibular plane (FMA) angle in hypodivergent and hyperdivergent patterns. The parameters lower airway space, mandibular body, mandibular ramus, chin thickness and chin throat length were measured. Results showed maximum lower airway space, mandibular body, mandibular ramus, chin thickness, and chin throat length in the hypodivergent skeletal Class I group. The minimum lower airway space, mandibular body, mandibular ramus, chin thickness, and chin throat length observed in the hyperdivergent skeletal Class II group. The inter-group comparison of all samples indicates that there was a statistically significant difference between various groups and the measures of the hypodivergent samples are more than the hyperdivergent samples irrespective of the skeletal pattern. The study concludes that the lower airway, mandibular ramus, mandibular body, soft tissue chin thickness, chin throat length was less in hyperdivergent skeletal Class I and skeletal Class II samples than the skeletal Class I and skeletal Class II hypodivergent.
Comparative characterization study of plant based calcium versus synthetic calcium
Authors: Raut Supriya H , Gadani Mihir C 
Published: October 2021

Calcium is an essential mineral which supports bone health as well as serves as a major therapeutic intervention that can prevent and delay the incidence of osteoporosis.Multicellular aquatic plants like are a rich source of plant based calcium. To characterize Plant based calcium and Synthetic calcium sources using sophisticated analytical techniques. Plant based Calcium and Synthetic Calcium sources were subjected to instrumental analysis such as SEM, ICP-OES and XRD, and comparisons were done followed by interpretation.In this study, three different instrument techniques like SEM, ICP-OES and XRD were used for the characterization of plant based calcium and synthetic calcium. The results showed that plant based calcium were smaller isotropic crystals as compared to synthetic calcium crystals which were larger and anisotropic. Further, in case of XRD results, plant based calcium is shown to possess two 2θ values, whereas in case of synthetic calcium, it showed a single 2θ value. Further, Magnesium and Boron content were higher in case of plant based calcium as compared to synthetic calcium. Both Plant based and Synthetic Calcium can be distinguished using SEM, ICP-OES and XRD techniques. Outcomes of this study enlightens the probable reasons for enhanced bioavailability in case of plant based calcium sources as compared to synthetic calcium sources.
ENHANCING EUROPEAN SECURITY: MODERN CHALLENGES POSED BY NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Authors: Patussi T. , Kurando M. 
Published: October 2021

The proposal of Europeanising French deterrence was revived by French President Emmanuel Macron, who declared in February 2020 that French nuclear forces reinforce European security simply by existing and suggested a strategic dialogue with all EU partners regarding the role of French nuclear weapons in European security. Macron further reasoned that this issue is increasingly urgent nowadays as the EU must jointly realise that, because of the lack of a legal structure, they may easily find themselves vulnerable to the resumption of a traditional, even nuclear, arms race on their land. The prospects of global control of weapons and disarmament efforts are very blurry in the times of rising political tensions, revived nuclear arms races, and weakening trust in multilateralism. Nevertheless, this all leads to the necessity to support active actions towards nuclear risk reductions, whichhave recently appeared in some of the multilateral forums. The elimination of nuclear risk is nothing but an intermediate measure to reduce nuclear proliferation dangers until they are liquidated. It is essential to review the risks of accidents involving nuclear weapons and their influence on European security, along with focusing on the role of European nuclear weapon states (NWS), their place in global security and possible scenarios for their future: the authors considered the possible prospects of the EU as another entity with nuclear weapons, as well as the likelihood of the EU as another regional nuclear-free zone and discussed whether the real change is possible.
ЖИЗНЕННЫЙ МИР МОЛОДОЙ СЕМЬИ В РОССИИ: МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ КОНСТРУКТ СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
Authors: Артамонова Яна Викторовна 
Published: October 2021

В рамках статьи автор обращается к теоретико-методологическим основам исследования молодой семьи. Автор отмечает, что изучение молодой семьи является популярной отраслью социологии с различной методологией социологического познания, куда можно отнести структурно-функциональный подход, консервативно-кризисный, либерально-прогрессистский теоретико-методологические подходы, концепцию модернизации семьи, теорию обмена, социально-психологическую теорию, а также концепцию семейного жизненного пути, феноменологическую теорию. По мнению автора статьи, для более глубокой социологической рефлексии жизнедеятельности молодой семьи необходимо обратиться к ее жизненному миру, для рассмотрения которого необходимо разработать специальный методологический конструкт социологического изучения. В связи с этим цель работы − выявление теоретико-методологических оснований социологической рефлексии жизненного мира молодой семьи. В результате проведенного анализа автор приходит к выводу, что наиболее подходящий методологический конструкт изучения жизненного мира молодых супругов складывается на основе неоклассической модели научного исследования, которая базируется на идеях конструктивизма. Для наиболее глубокой рефлексии при рассмотрении жизненного мира автор предлагает использовать теоретическую концепцию социологии жизни и рискологическую концепцию молодежи, которая позволит найти болевые точки молодой семьи, нарушающие стабильное функционирование ее жизненного мира.
Comparación y concordancia de las ecuaciones más recomendadas de estimación de filtrado glomerular para el diagnóstico de enfermedad renal crónica en una población de Lima, Perú
Authors: Cieza Zevallos Javier Antonio , Uriol Lescano Celene Taís , Chang Dávila Domingo 
Published: October 2021

Objetivo: Determinar la correlación y concordancia de fórmulas recomendadas para calcular la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) con el aclaramiento de creatinina medido (Clcr) en una población hospitalaria peruana. Material y métodos: Estudio de correlación y concordancia de personas con estados diferentes de función renal. Fueron estudiados 175 pacientes agrupados según el Clcr: Grupo 1: valores mayores de 140, Grupo 2: entre 140 a 90, Grupo 3: entre 90 a 60 y Grupo 4 cuyos valores fueron menores de 60 ml/min/1,73 m2 de SC. Se excluyeron los pacientes obesos (IMC>29). En una junta de orina de 24 horas y una muestra de sangre matutina se midió el Clcr (normalizado a 1,73 m2 de superficie corporal). Las fórmulas consideradas fueron: Cockcroft y Gault, MDRD, CDK- EPI y una fórmula peruana propuesta por Vásquez. Se analizó la correlación de Pearson entre las diversas fórmulas consideradas y el Clcr medido y su concordancia mediante el estudio de Bland Altman, de las diversas fórmulas usando la diferencia entre el resultado de cada fórmula para cada sujeto estudiado y el Clcr medido. Resultados: Todas las fórmulas propuestas tuvieron buen grado de correlación con el Clcr pero la fórmula CKD-EPI mostró importante imprecisión. Las fórmulas de Vásquez y MDRD mostraron leves diferencias favorables en pacientes con Clcr<60 ml/min. Conclusión: Recomendamos en nuestra población el uso de cualquiera de las fórmulas propuestas excepto CKD-EPI.
Potensi Vegetasi Semak di Kelurahan Bangkal, Palam dan Sungai Tiung, Kecamatan Cempaka, Banjarbaru
Authors: Rahmani Dienny Redha , Gunawan Gunawan 
Published: October 2021

A good urban structure and activity need a green spaces to increase its ecological function. However, trees will not fully be able to fill an important space in urban areas while the shrub woody vegetation has the potential to fill that space. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the potential of shrub as a constituent of urban vegetation so it can be used as material information about the planning of land use in the district of Cempaka. This sudy was conducted by determining the three sampling stations and 3 plots of 4m x 4m in wide on each station with data based on a map of shrub green space in District of Cempaka using purposive sampling method, the analysis performed includes the analysis of shrub canopy, measured environmental parameters, and data were analyzed with analysis of canopy volume, Pearson correlation analysis and analysis of Importance Value Index (IVI). Shrub vegetation estimation results indicate that the shrub canopy volume in the district of Cempaka is up to 22,462,878.50 m3 in the bush land area of 5675.116 hectares. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the shrub canopy volume in the district Cempaka effect on changes in environmental factors. Besides the most dominant species is Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Bl with IVI of 56.1%. Based on the results obtained can be concluded that the shrub has potential as a constituent of vegetation in urban green space.
Effects of Currently Used Antifouling Booster Biocides on Green Fluorescent Proteins in Anemonia Viridis
Authors: Ünver Batuhan , Evingur Gulsen Akin , Cavaş Levent 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Some of the antifouling booster biocides affects the marine ecosystem negatively. The booster biocides which are resistant to degradation are accumulated in the sediment of the oceans. One of the sedentary organisms in the Mediterranean Sea is Anemonia viridis. The aim of this study is to show the toxicities of common biocides such as irgarol, seanine-211, zinc omadine, and acticide on the fluorescence by GFPs of A.viridis. The decreases in the fluorescence intensities of the GFP were measured within different booster biocide concentrations. The results show that fluorescent intensities of GFP proteins decreased more than 50 percent when they are exposed to different concentrations of irgarol, zinc omadine, acticide. In conclusion, ecosystem health should be prioritized when new antifouling paint compositions are proposed. From the results, it seems that A.viridis can be considered as a vulnerable organism and also it is sensitive to booster biocides within self-polishing antifouling paint formulations.
A comparative study of ionothermal treatment of rice straw using triflate and acetate-based ionic liquids
Authors: Jisha K.J. , Rajamani Sunita , Singh Dharmendra , Sharma Gyanendra , Gardas Ramesh L. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have found applications in the pretreatment of waste lignocellulosic biomass by interacting with the carbohydrate molecules present in the biomass materials. Pretreatment is an essential step prior to biomass conversion into valuable chemicals, fuels, and many other value-added products. This comparative study mainly focused on the pretreatment ability of four ILs having acetate or triflate as a common anion with different cations. Among various studied ILs, diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)-based acidic ionic liquid when used as a dual solvocatalyst showed significant structural modifications of the rice straw (RS) sample, through C6-O bond breakage assisted by the tertiary nitrogen in DBU cation. Structural modifications due to the pretreatment were confirmed through SEM, PXRD, and FTIR analysis. Elemental analysis confirmed that carbon content in original RS is reduced to 29% and 20% upon ionothermal treatment of RS with IL at 90 °C and 120 °C, respectively. Additionally, TGA indicated that further pyrolysis could be easier with the pretreated rice straw yielding biochar upto 9% thereby reducing wastes. Conversion of RS was found to be 60 % which reduced marginally to 50 % after three cycles of recycling IL. The findings of this work provide the proof of concept that studied ILs with high thermal stability and recyclability should act as a potential solvocatalyst in sustainable pretreatment and other biomass applications.
Greenhouse gas emissions from global production and use of nitrogen synthetic fertilisers in agriculture
Authors: Menegat Stefano , Ledo Alicia , Tirado Reyes 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The global agri-food system relies on synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilisation to increase crop yields, yet the use of synthetic N fertiliser is unsustainable. In this study we estimate global greenhouse (GHG) emissions due to synthetic N fertiliser manufacture, transportation, and field use in agricultural systems. By developing the largest field-level dataset available on N2O soil emissions we estimate national, regional and global N2O direct emission factors (EFs), while we retrieve from the literature the EFs for indirect N2O soil emissions, and for N fertiliser manufacturing and transportation. We find that the synthetic N fertiliser supply chain was responsible for estimated emissions of 1.25 GtCO2e in 2018, representing 21.5% of agriculture direct emissions and 2.4% of global GHG emissions. Synthetic N fertiliser production accounted for 35.2% of total synthetic N fertiliser-associated emissions, while field emissions accounted for 62.4% and transportation accounted for the remaining 2.4%.The top four emitters together, China, India, USA and EU28 accounted for 63% of the total. Historical trends reveal the great disparity in total and per capita N use and efficiency in regional food production. Reducing overall production and use of synthetic N fertilisers offers large mitigation potential and in many cases realisable potential to reduce emissions.
World War II Effects on Prevalence and Pattern of Multimorbidity in Older Adults: Results From the KORA-Age Study
Authors: Arshadipour Ava , Thorand Barbara , Linkohr Birgit , Rospleszcz Susanne , Ladwig karl-heinz , Heier Margit , Peters Annette 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
BackgroundWhile risk factors for age-related diseases may increase multimorbidity (MM), early life deprivation may also accelerate the development of chronic diseases and MM.MethodsThis study explores the prevalence and pattern of MM in 65-71 year-old individuals born before, during, and after World War II in Southern Germany based on two KORA (Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg) -Age studies. MM was defined as having at least two chronic diseases, and birth periods were classified into five phases: pre-war, early war, late war, famine, and after the famine period. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the effect of the birth phases on MM with adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle risk factors. Furthermore, we used agglomerative hierarchical clustering to investigate the co-occurrence of diseases.ResultsParticipants born during the late war phase had the highest prevalence of MM (62.2%) and single chronic diseases compared to participants born during the other phases. Being born in the late war phase was significantly associated with a higher odds of MM (OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.15-2.91) after adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. In women, the prevalence of joint, gastrointestinal, eye diseases, and anxiety was higher, while heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were more common in men. Moreover, three main chronic disease clusters responsible for the observed associations were identified: joint and psychosomatic, cardiometabolic and, internal organs diseases.ConclusionsOur findings imply that adverse early-life exposure may increase the risk of MM in adults aged 65-71 years. Moreover, identified disease clusters are not coincidental and require more investigation.