bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ghost in the machine or monkey with a typewriter—generating titles for Christmas research articles inThe BMJusing artificial intelligence: observational study
Authors: Marlow Robin , Wood Dora 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether artificial intelligence (AI) can generate plausible and engaging titles for potential Christmas research articles inThe BMJ.DesignObservational study.SettingEurope, Australia, and Africa.Participants1 AI technology (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3, GPT-3) and 25 humans.Main outcome measuresPlausibility, attractiveness, enjoyability, and educational value of titles for potential Christmas research articles inThe BMJgenerated by GPT-3 compared with historical controls.ResultsAI generated titles were rated at least as enjoyable (159/250 responses (64%)v346/500 responses (69%); odds ratio 0.9, 95% confidence interval 0.7 to 1.2) and attractive (176/250 (70%)v342/500 (68%); 1.1, 0.8 to 1.4) as real control titles, although the real titles were rated as more plausible (182/250 (73%)v238/500 (48%); 3.1, 2.3 to 4.1). The AI generated titles overall were rated as having less scientific or educational merit than the real controls (146/250 (58%)v193/500 (39%); 2.0, 1.5 to 2.6); this difference, however, became non-significant when humans curated the AI output (146/250 (58%)v123/250 (49%); 1.3, 1.0 to 1.8). Of the AI generated titles, the most plausible was “The association between belief in conspiracy theories and the willingness to receive vaccinations,” and the highest rated was “The effects of free gourmet coffee on emergency department waiting times: an observational study.”ConclusionsAI can generate plausible, entertaining, and scientifically interesting titles for potential Christmas research articles inThe BMJ; as in other areas of medicine, performance was enhanced by human intervention.
The isolated effect of age on the risk of COVID-19 severe outcomes: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Romero Starke Karla , Reissig David , Petereit-Haack Gabriela , Schmauder Stefanie , Nienhaus Albert , Seidler Andreas 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionIncreased age has been reported to be a factor for COVID-19 severe outcomes. However, many studies do not consider the age dependency of comorbidities, which influence the course of disease. Protection strategies often target individuals after a certain age, which may not necessarily be evidence based. The aim of this review was to quantify the isolated effect of age on hospitalisation, admission to intensive care unit (ICU), mechanical ventilation and death.MethodsThis review was based on an umbrella review, in which Pubmed, Embase and preprint databases were searched on 10 December 2020, for relevant reviews on COVID-19 disease severity. Two independent reviewers evaluated the primary studies using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results were extracted, and each study was assessed for risk of bias. The isolated effect of age was estimated by meta-analysis, and the quality of evidence was assessed using Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework.ResultsSeventy studies met our inclusion criteria (case mortality: n=14, in-hospital mortality: n=44, hospitalisation: n=16, admission to ICU: n=12, mechanical ventilation: n=7). The risk of in-hospital and case mortality increased per age year by 5.7% and 7.4%, respectively (effect size (ES) in-hospital mortality=1.057, 95% CI 1.038 to 1.054; ES case mortality=1.074, 95% CI 1.061 to 1.087), while the risk of hospitalisation increased by 3.4% per age year (ES=1.034, 95% CI 1.021 to 1.048). No increased risk was observed for ICU admission and intubation by age year. There was no evidence of a specific age threshold at which the risk accelerates considerably. The confidence of evidence was high for mortality and hospitalisation.ConclusionsOur results show a best-possible quantification of the increase in COVID-19 disease severity due to age. Rather than implementing age thresholds, prevention programmes should consider the continuous increase in risk. There is a need for continuous, high-quality research and ‘living’ reviews to evaluate the evidence throughout the pandemic, as results may change due to varying circumstances.
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in The Gambia: health impact, cost effectiveness and budget implications
Authors: Pecenka Clint , Usuf Effua , Hossain Ilias , Sambou Sana , Vodicka Elisabeth , Atherly Deborah , Mackenzie Grant 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionIntroducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in many low-income countries has contributed to reductions in global childhood deaths caused byStreptococcus pneumoniae. Many low-income countries, however, will soon reach an economic status leading to transition from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance vaccine funding support and then face increased expenditure to continue PCV programmes. Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of PCV in low-income countries will inform such country decisions.MethodsWe used empiric data on the costs of vaccine delivery and pneumococcal disease and PCV programme impact on disease among children less than 5 years old in The Gambia. We used the UNIVAC cost-effectiveness modelling tool to compare the impact and cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination to no vaccination over 20 birth cohorts starting in 2011. We calculated costs per disability-adjusted-life-year (DALY) averted from government and societal perspectives and undertook scenario and probabilistic sensitivity analysis.ResultsWe projected that, over 20 years, PCV in The Gambia could avert 117 000 total disease episodes in children less than 5 years old, including outpatient and hospitalised pneumonia, pneumococcal sepsis and meningitis (including sequelae). Vaccination could avert 9000 outpatient pneumonia visits, 88 000 hospitalisations and 3300 deaths due to pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis. Approximately 100 000 DALYs are expected to be averted. Averted visits and hospitalisations represent US$4 million in healthcare costs expected to be saved by the government and US$7.3 million if household costs are included. The cost of the vaccination programme is estimated at US$2 million. In the base scenario, most alternative scenarios and nearly 90% of the probabilistic scenarios, pneumococcal vaccination is cost saving in The Gambia.ConclusionPneumococcal conjugate vaccination is expected to generate substantial health gains and is likely to be cost saving in The Gambia. Policymakers in similar settings should be confident to maintain their PCV programmes.
Costs of hand hygiene for all in household settings: estimating the price tag for the 46 least developed countries
Authors: Ross Ian , Esteves Mills Joanna , Slaymaker Tom , Johnston Richard , Hutton Guy , Dreibelbis Robert , Montgomery Maggie 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionDomestic hand hygiene could prevent over 500 000 attributable deaths per year, but 6 in 10 people in least developed countries (LDCs) do not have a handwashing facility (HWF) with soap and water available at home. We estimated the economic costs of universal access to basic hand hygiene services in household settings in 46 LDCs.MethodsOur model combines quantities of households with no HWF and prices of promotion campaigns, HWFs, soap and water. For quantities, we used estimates from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme. For prices, we collated data from recent impact evaluations and electronic searches. Accounting for inflation and purchasing power, we calculated costs over 2021–2030, and estimated total cost probabilistically using Monte Carlo simulation.ResultsAn estimated US$12.2–US$15.3 billion over 10 years is needed for universal hand hygiene in household settings in 46 LDCs. The average annual cost of hand hygiene promotion is US$334 million (24% of annual total), with a further US$233 million for ‘top-up’ promotion (17%). Together, these promotion costs represent US$0.47 annually per head of LDC population. The annual cost of HWFs, a purpose-built drum with tap and stand, is US$174 million (13%). The annual cost of soap is US$497 million (36%) and water US$127 million (9%).ConclusionThe annual cost of behavioural change promotion to those with no HWF represents 4.7% of median government health expenditure in LDCs, and 1% of their annual aid receipts. These costs could be covered by mobilising resources from across government and partners, and could be reduced by harnessing economies of scale and integrating hand hygiene with other behavioural change campaigns where appropriate. Innovation is required to make soap more affordable and available for the poorest households.
Usefulness of metabolic score for insulin resistance index in estimating the risk of mildly reduced estimate glomerular filtration rate: a cross-sectional study of rural population in China
Authors: Wang Pengbo , Li Qiyu , Guo Xiaofan , Zhou Ying , Li Zhao , Yang Hongmei , Yu Shasha , Sun Guozhe , Zheng Liqiang , Sun Yingxian , Zhang Xingang 
Published: December 2021

ObjectivesThis study aimed to reveal the association between metabolic score for insulin resistance (MetS-IR) and the risk of mildly decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and explore the evaluation effect of MetS-IR on the progress of eGFR decline.Study designA cross-sectional study.Setting and participantsA total of 11 956 rural participants (aged ≥35 years) from northeastern China were enrolled in the study. After excluding the subjects whose data were not integrated or who met the exclusion criteria, we finally obtained 11 042 participants in the present study.Main outcome measuresMildly decreased eGFR was defined as 60–90 mL/min/1.73 m2.ResultsThe prevalence of mildly decreased eGFR in the general population was 36.9%. After adjustment of covariates, each SD increment of MetS-IR could bring 26.3% additional risk of mildly decreased eGFR (OR: 1.263, 95% CI: 1.066 to 1.497, p=0.007). When MetS-IR was classified into four levels by quartile, we observed participants in the top level had 3.032-fold risk of mildly decreased eGFR (OR: 3.032, 95% CI: 1.841 to 4.991, p<0.001) compared with those from the bottom level. Further, we found the participants with higher MetS-IR score were more likely to aggravate into a worse renal state which presented as higher risk of accelerated decline of eGFR, by additional 28.3% risk in whole participants (OR: 1.283, 95% CI: 1.150 to 1.430, p<0.001) and 41.9% in men (OR: 1.419, 95% CI: 1.183 to 1.701, p<0.001).ConclusionHigh MetS-IR was associated with high risk of mildly reduced eGFR and often accompanied by a high risk of accelerated decline in eGFR. Hence, we believed MetS-IR was a suitable indicator to evaluate the risk of early-stage renal dysfunction.
Accessibility and quality of drug company disclosures of payments to healthcare professionals and organisations in 37 countries: a European policy review
Authors: Ozieranski Piotr , Martinon Luc , Jachiet Pierre-Alain , Mulinari Shai 
Published: December 2021

ObjectivesTo examine the accessibility and quality of drug company payment data in Europe.DesignComparative policy review of payment data in countries with different regulatory approaches to disclosure.Setting37 European countries.ParticipantsEuropean Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations, its trade group and their drug company members; eurosfordocs.eu, an independent database integrating payments disclosed by companies and trade groups; regulatory bodies overseeing payment disclosure.Main outcome measuresRegulatory approaches to disclosure (self-regulation, public regulation, combination of the two); data accessibility (format, structure, searchability, customisable summary statistics, downloadability) and quality (spectrum of disclosed characteristics, payment aggregation, inclusion of taxes, recipient or donor identifiers).ResultsOf 30 countries with self-regulation, five had centralised databases, with Disclosure UK displaying the highest accessibility and quality. In 23 of the remaining countries with self-regulation and available data, disclosures were published in the portable document format (PDF) on individual company websites, preventing the public from understanding payment patterns. Eurosfordocs.eu had greater accessibility than any industry-run database, but the match between the value of payments integrated in eurosfordocs.eu and summarised separately by industry in seven countries ranged between 56% and 100% depending on country. Eurosfordocs.eu shared quality shortcomings with the underlying industry data, including ambiguities in identifying payments and their recipients. Public regulation was found in 15 countries, used either alone (3), in combination (4) or in parallel with (8) self-regulation. Of these countries, 13 established centralised databases with widely ranging accessibility and quality, and sharing some shortcomings with the industry-run databases. The French database, Transparence Santé, had the highest accessibility and quality, exceeding that of Disclosure UK.ConclusionsThe accessibility and quality of payment data disclosed in European countries are typically low, hindering investigation of financial conflicts of interest. Some improvements are straightforward but reaching the standards characterising the widely researched US Open Payments database requires major regulatory change.
Novel observational study protocol to develop a prediction model that identifies patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy insensitive to intravenous glucocorticoids pulse therapy
Authors: Wang Yi , Wang Hui , Li Lunhao , Li Yinwei , Sun Jing , Song Xuefei , Zhou Huifang 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionIntravenous glucocorticoids pulse therapy is the first-line treatment for moderate-to-severe and active Graves’ ophthalmopathy, with a large proportion of patients having poor efficacy and exposed to the risk of glucocorticoids adverse effects. We introduce a novel protocol to develop a prediction model designed to identify patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy who are not likely to benefit from intravenous glucocorticoids pulse therapy before administration, so that these patients can advance the time to receive appropriate treatment. Existing prediction models for prognosis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy have usually focused on traditional clinical indicators without adequate consideration of orbital soft tissue changes. Our protocol for model development will address this limitation by using artificial intelligence models to quantify facial morphological changes.Methods and analysisThis study is a single-centre, prospective and observational study. A sample size of 278 patients with moderate-to-severe and active Graves’ ophthalmopathy will be prospectively recruited at ophthalmology clinic of Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital to collect clinical and artificial intelligence model’s baseline data as potential variables to develop the prediction model. They will receive 12-week intravenous glucocorticoids pulse therapy according to the 2021 European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy treatment guideline. After standard medication course and following 12-week observation, patients will be evaluated for the effectiveness of treatment in our ophthalmology clinic and divided into glucocorticoids-sensitive and glucocorticoids-insensitive groups. The model will be developed by means of multivariate logistic regression to select the best variables for the prediction of glucocorticoids treatment efficacy before administration. The result of the study will provide evidence for the use of a prediction model to personalise treatment options for patients with moderate-to-severe and active Graves’ ophthalmopathy.Ethics and disseminationThe study received approval from the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital (ethical approval number: SH9H-2020-T211-1. Findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.Trial registration numberChiCTR2000036584 (Pre-results).
Self-reported health literacy and medication adherence in older adults: a systematic review
Authors: Schönfeld Moritz Sebastian , Pfisterer-Heise Stefanie , Bergelt Corinna 
Published: December 2021

ObjectivesTo give an overview over the associations between self-reported health literacy and medication adherence in older adults.DesignA systematic literature review of quantitative studies published in English and German.Data sourcesMEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos and LIVIVO were searched.Eligibility criteriaIncluded studies had to examine the associations between self-reported health literacy and medication adherence in the elderly (samples including ≥66% of ≥60 years old) and had to use a quantitative methodology and had to be written in English or German.Data extraction and synthesisAll studies were screened for inclusion criteria by two independent reviewers. A narrative synthesis was applied to analyse all included studies thematically. Quality assessment was conducted using the NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies.ResultsWe found 2313 studies, of which nine publications from eight studies were included in this review. Five studies reported a majority of participants with limited health literacy, one study reported a majority of participants with adequate health literacy, and three publications from two studies only reported mean levels of health literacy. Eight publications from seven studies used self-reports to measure medication adherence, while one study used the medication possession ratio. Overall, six publications from five studies reported significantly positive associations between health literacy and medication adherence while two studies reported positive but non-significant associations between both constructs and one study reported mixed results.ConclusionIn this review, associations between self-reported health literacy and medication adherence are rather consistent, indicating positive associations between both constructs in older adults. However, concepts and measures of health literacy and medication adherence applied in the included studies still show a noteworthy amount of heterogeneity (eg, different use of cutoffs). These results reveal the need for more differentiated research in this area.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019141028.
Effect of yoga on health-related outcomes in people at risk of fractures: a systematic review
Authors: Kim Kawon V. , Bartley Joan , Ashe Maureen C. , Bardai Zahra , Butt Debra A. , Chilibeck Philip D. , Ponzano Matteo , Rodrigues Isabel B. , Stapleton Jackie , Thabane Lehana , Wark John D. , Giangregorio Lora 
Published: December 2021

We summarized the effects of yoga on health-related outcomes and adverse events in men and postmenopausal women ≥50 years-old at increased risk of fracture, to inform the updated Osteoporosis Canada clinical practice guidelines. Six databases were searched for observational studies, randomized controlled trials and case series. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation handbook. Nine studies were included and reported using narrative syntheses due to the limited available evidence. Overall, the available evidence was of very low certainty. There was no effect of yoga on health-related quality of life in randomized trials. Effects on other health-related outcomes were mixed or not available in the literature. Five studies reported no adverse events directly related to the study intervention, and 2 studies did not report whether adverse events occurred. However, 2 case series reported vertebral fractures related to yoga participation, possibly due to excessive spinal flexion. Due to the limited and very low certainty evidence, guideline developers will need to draw indirect evidence from yoga studies among middle aged or older adults that are not at fracture risk. PROSPERO: CRD42019124898. Novelty: Evidence in general was of very low certainty. Yoga had no effect on health-related quality of life in randomized trials. Evidence was mixed or unavailable for other outcomes. Case studies reported yoga poses involving spinal flexion coincided with incidents of vertebral compression fracture among older adults with increased fracture risk.
The challenge of monochromatization
Authors: Faus-Golfe Angeles , Valdivia Garcia Marco Alan , Zimmermann Frank 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe FCC-ee could measure the electron Yukawa coupling in a dedicated run at$$\sim $$∼125 GeV collision energy, provided that the center-of-mass (CM) energy spread can be reduced by means of monochromatization, e.g., through introducing nonzero horizontal dispersion of opposite sign at the interaction point (IP), for the two colliding beams. If the IP dispersion is nonzero, beamstrahlung blows up the horizontal emittance, and self-consistent IP parameters need to be determined. Two configurations are being studied. The first uses crab cavities to establish effective head-on collisions. The second configuration maintains the standard FCC-ee crossing angle, which, together with the IP dispersion, introduces a correlation between the local collision energy and the longitudinal location inside the detector, thereby allowing for an integrated scan of the Higgs resonance curve. We compare both approaches.
Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Using Zero-P System for Treatment of Cervical Spondylosis: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Guo Zhaoyang , Wu Xiaolin , Yang Shuai , Liu Chang , Zhu Youfu , Shen Nana , Guo Zhu , Su Weiliang , Wang Yan , Chen Bohua , Xiang Hongfei 
Published: December 2021

Objective. The current study aimed to explore the efficacy of Zero profile intervertebral fusion system (Zero-P) and traditional anterior plate cage system (PC) in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Further, the present study evaluated effects of the treatments on medical security, height of intervertebral disc, adjacent-level ossification development (ALOD), and adjacent segmentation disease (ASD) through a systematic retrospective analysis. Methods. Studies on Zero-P system and traditional anterior plate cage system for ACDF in the treatment of CSM were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. Two independent researchers screened articles, extracted data, and evaluated the quality of the articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the current study. RevMan5.3 software was used for meta-analysis following the guidelines of Cochrane collaboration network. Cervical curvature, interbody fusion rate, preoperative and postoperative disc height index (DHI), fusion cage sinking rate, postoperative dysphagia, ASD, ALOD, and loosening of screw were compared between the two groups. Results. A total of 17 literatures were included in the present study, including 6 randomized controlled trials and 11 observational studies. The studies comprised a total of 1204 patients with CSM, including 605 patients in the Zero-P system group (Zero-P group) and 599 patients in the traditional animal plate cage group (PC group). Results of this meta-analysis showed that postoperative dysphagia [OR = 0.40, CI (0.28, 95% 0.58),

P

< 0.00001], ALOD [OR = 0.09, CI (0.02, 95% 0.39),

P

= 0.001], ASD [OR = 0.42, CI (0.20, 95% 0.86),

P

= 0.02], and screw loosening [OR = 0.20, CI (0.08, 95% 0.52),

P

= 0.0009] of the Zero-P group were significantly lower compared with the PC group. On the other hand, preoperative cervical curvature [WMD = −0.23, CI (−1.38, 95% 0.92),

P

= 0.69], postoperative cervical curvature [WMD = −0.38, CI (−1.77, 95% 1.01),

P

= 0.59], cage sinking rate [OR = 1.41, CI [0.52, 95% 3.82],

P

= 0.50], intervertebral fusion rate [OR = 0.76, CI (0.27, 95% 2.48),

P

= 0.38], preoperative DHI [WMD = −0.04, CI (−0.14, 95% 0.22),

P

= 0.65], and postoperative DHI [WMD = 0.06, CI (−0.22, 95% 0.34),

P

= 0.675] were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion. It was evident that the Zero-P system used in ACDF is superior compared with the traditional anterior plate cage system in postoperative dysphagia, avoiding ALOD, ASD, and screw loosening.