bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
Authors: Michels Andreas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis book provides the first extensive treatment of magnetic small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The theoretical background required to compute magnetic SANS cross sections and correlation functions related to long-wavelength magnetization structures is laid out; and these concepts are scrutinized based on the discussion of experimental neutron data. Regarding prior background knowledge, some familiarity with the basic magnetic interactions and phenomena, as well as scattering theory, is desired. The target audience comprises Ph.D. students and researchers working in the field of magnetism and magnetic materials who wish to make efficient use of the magnetic SANS method. Besides revealing the origins of magnetic SANS (Chapter 1), and furnishing the basics of the magnetic SANS technique (Chapter 2), much of the book is devoted to a comprehensive treatment of the continuum theory of micromagnetics (Chapter 3), as it is relevant for the study of the elastic magnetic SANS cross section. Analytical expressions for the magnetization Fourier components allow one to highlight the essential features of magnetic SANS and to analyze experimental data both in reciprocal (Chapter 4) and real space (Chapter 6). Chapter 5 provides an overview of the magnetic SANS of nanoparticles and so-called complex systems (e.g., ferrofluids, magnetic steels, spin glasses, and amorphous magnets). It is this subfield where major progress is expected to be made in the coming years, mainly via the increased use of numerical micromagnetic simulations (Chapter 7), which is a very promising approach for the understanding of the magnetic SANS from systems exhibiting nanoscale spin inhomogeneity.
The Jacquerie of 1358
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Historians of the Jacquerie have been divided in seeing it either as an unplanned explosion of peasant resentment or as an organized undertaking directed by urban rebels in Paris. These opposing conclusions are based on the illusory assumption that the revolt was a homogenous movement with a unitary purpose and fate. In fact, the Jacquerie was a constellation of many events that evolved over time and involved thousands of individuals in hundreds of places, who understood it in different and changing ways. The story of the Jacquerie is about how individuals reacted to a specific set of circumstances, how events both planned and accidental altered their course, and what and how they chose to remember (or to forget) in its aftermath.
New Marvels
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with Marcel’s decision on 22 February 1358 to murder two noble marshals of the royal army in the Dauphin’s bedchamber. It follows the story through the consolidation of a noble faction in reaction to this shocking event and the Dauphin’s recruitment to their cause at a meeting of nobles at Provins in April. After this meeting, the Dauphin garrisoned the castles of Montereau and Meaux on the Rivers Yonne and Marne, allowing him to blockade the fluvial routes that supplied Paris from the south and east. With the west occupied by Anglo-Navarrese troops and freebooters, all parties turned their attention north, where the towns were closely allied with the reformers and where the Oise River remained the only shipping route to or from Paris. On the eve of the Jacquerie, the territory that would soon see the majority of rebellious action was the only area that remained in contest. A final meeting of the Estates, now dominated by noble Valois loyalists, was held, issuing an ordonnance on 14 May that departed significantly from the reformers’ programme, especially regarding fiscal and military matters. The next day, news of peace with England reached Paris, up-ending the political calculus. No sources report what happened in the fortnight before the Jacquerie broke out on 28 May, but that (probably deliberate) silence must mask considerable activity on all sides.
Captains and Assemblies
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Far from an undirected mob action, the Jacquerie was steered by a hierarchical organization of leaders whose orders were communicated to the ‘rank and file’ at assemblies called for that purpose. While these leaders did employ coercion, they were also subject to it from the movement’s members and the movement was riven by disagreement about the use of violence and the possession of authority. The rebel’s supreme leader Guillaume Calle had a circle of close associates, and on the local level there were village captains, some of whom had their own subordinate assistants. Many of these leaders, including Calle, were men of substantial wealth and education and were often chosen by their communities rather than being imposed upon them. Massive assemblies, like the gathering that initiated the revolt itself, were vital to the movement’s communication and gave to it a grassroots character that sometimes conflicted with leaders’ wishes. The Jacquerie involved significant travel for many rebels, whose actions were coordinated by written messages, as well as non-verbal signals such as flags and bells. They were given food by those frightened of or sympathetic to the revolt, especially townspeople, whose participation in the revolt is further discussed in the next chapter.
The Non-Nobles
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Although the sources only offer information about a relatively small number of individual rebels, it is possible to surmise a great deal about the rebels, their families, and their communities, as well as the pre-existing relationships that both made the revolt possible and contributed to its eventual failure. The Jacquerie could not have taken place without the support of the rebels’ families, especially their wives, for someone had to look after the livestock, the crops, and the children. This means that women were vital to the revolt, even though the sources only name a few female individuals. While a significant minority of Jacques were artisans (or at least had artisanal surnames), a much greater proportion farmed or tended vines for a living. There were, however, significant differences of education and fortune between the revolt’s leaders and its rank-and-file members, which may have contributed to tensions within the movement. Provincial towns, especially Senlis, Beauvais, and Amiens, provided support to the Jacques, but urban–rural cooperation nevertheless rested on major inequalities and belied mutual suspicion. Most cities’ support was ambivalent and melted away when the tide turned against the Jacques after their defeats at Mello-Clermont and Meaux.
Prudential Language and Context (II)
Authors: Fletcher Guy 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines whether well-being talk is context-sensitive or pluralistic in a way that undermines theorizing about well-being. It examines recent arguments from Anna Alexandrova (2017) and Stephen Campbell (2016) who claim, respectively, that well-being talk is fundamentally context-sensitive or conceptually pluralistic in a manner hitherto neglected by well-being theorists. The chapter examines the sets of data that they provide. It concedes that some parts of well-being discourse—such as ‘doing well’ claims—are context-sensitive to some degree. However, it rejects the claim that well-being talk is fundamentally context-sensitive, or conceptually pluralistic, in a manner that undermines existing theorizing about well-being.
Estimating Mode Effects in Panel Surveys
Authors: Kroh Martin , Karmann Anna , Kühne Simon 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An increasing number of longitudinal studies worldwide cover societal change over decades. The fieldwork of these panel surveys experienced notable technological advancements and often switched modes of data collection over time. A large body of literature documents that the mode of data collection matters for respondent behaviour. However, empirical evidence of mode effects on estimates of reliability and validity is surprisingly scarce. This chapter proposes to adapt the experimental multitrait–multimethod (MTMM) approach to observational data. For this purpose, we use the longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), an annual panel study started in 1984 with interviewer-administered paper-and-pencil interviews and nowadays additionally using computer-assisted personal interviewing as well as self-administered questionnaires, both mailed and web-based. While mode changes in the SOEP are not randomly assigned to respondents, we augment our approach by propensity score weighting to reduce selection bias in estimates of mode effects. Our analysis suggests moderate but statistically significant differences in reliability and validity estimates between modes of data collection.
Introduction
Authors: Morton James 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The introductory chapter poses the central question of the book: why did the Greeks of medieval southern Italy continue to produce and read collections of Byzantine canon law even after they had ceased to be a part of the Byzantine church and had instead become subjects of the Roman papacy? The Norman conquest of the region took place in the 1040s–1070s, yet the Italo-Greeks were still copying Byzantine canon law manuscripts as late as the fourteenth century. What does this say about the nature of law and religion in southern Italy in the Middle Ages? The chapter then contextualises the book by discussing its place against the background of Byzantine legal scholarship, highlighting the potential of legal anthropology and the concept of legal pluralism to contribute to the field. It then moves on to discuss the significance of law for the study of religion and culture and sets out the rationale behind the way in which the book approaches the subject. Following this, the chapter introduces the thirty-six manuscripts that serve as the book’s primary sources, explaining how the approach of material philology informed its methodology. Finally, it provides an overview of the content and arguments of the rest of the book’s chapters.
Greek Christianity in Medieval Italy
Authors: Morton James 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 offers a historical narrative of Greek Christianity in medieval southern Italy from the era of Byzantine rule in the early Middle Ages to the fifteenth century. It begins with the transformation of Byzantine Italy during the era of Iconoclasm (8th–9th centuries) and the Macedonian dynasty (9th–11th centuries). Faced with the external crisis of Islamic invasion and the internal political crises that resulted, the Byzantine authorities placed southern Italy under the patriarchate of Constantinople and established a military government (the katepanikion) over the region, bringing settlers from Greece and Anatolia to reinforce the Greek presence there. It then describes the impact of the Norman invasion of the eleventh century, noting the hostilities that flared between Greek and Latin Christians in southern Italy as a result. Next, the chapter moves on to address the aftermath of the Norman conquest for the Italo-Greeks, discussing the so-called ‘Italo-Greek Renaissance’ of the twelfth century and Norman patronage of Greek ecclesiastical institutions such as the Patiron of Rossano and the Holy Saviour of Messina. It then details the changing circumstances of the thirteenth century, with the demise of the Norman Hauteville dynasty and the arrival of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. It also highlights the significance of the Fourth Crusade and the Fourth Lateran Council as developments that heralded increased papal interference in Italo-Greek affairs. Lastly, the chapter examines the impact of the Angevin conquest and the relegation of the southern Italian Greeks to an ethnic minority within the hierarchy of the Roman Church.
Patterns of Source Survival
Authors: Morton James 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 describes how the extant Italo-Greek nomocanons survived from the medieval period to the modern day, noting two main vectors: the monastic Order of St Basil (concentrated in Sicily, Calabria, and Lucania), and the Renaissance book market in the Salento peninsula. It also considers the implications of these patterns of source survival for what kind of evidence has survived and what sort of conclusions we can draw from it. Beginning in the late Middle Ages, it explains how the Council of Ferrara-Florence (1438–1445) inspired Pope Eugenius IV to create the monastic Order of St Basil to provide an institutional structure to Byzantine-rite monasticism in southern Italy; this would play a pivotal role in supporting the remaining Italo-Greek monasteries and preserving their manuscript collections into the early modern period. The chapter then turns to the Salento peninsula, observing that families of secular Greek clergy (rather than monasteries) played the most important role in copying and preserving manuscripts in the region. During the Renaissance, the Salento became a popular region for scholarly book collectors to purchase manuscripts, bringing them to great Renaissance libraries such as the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan. The chapter also looks at other ways that manuscripts survived, such as through the efforts of the seventeenth-century Russian monk Arsenii Sukhanov. For the most part, manuscripts that were not stored in Basilian monasteries or purchased from the Renaissance Salento have not been preserved.
The Byzantine Background
Authors: Morton James 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the surviving nomocanonical manuscripts from the period of Byzantine rule in early medieval southern Italy (tenth–eleventh centuries). Very few manuscripts survive from before the twelfth century, so their content must be reconstructed from later codices. Nonetheless, this chapter argues that enough evidence has been preserved to prove that Byzantine canon law was firmly established in southern Italy from the time of the empire’s ecclesiastical and administrative reorganisations of the ninth and tenth centuries. The chapter shows that, as the Byzantines reconquered territories from the Lombards and established new ecclesiastical centres in Reggio, S. Severina, and Otranto, they introduced the Nomocanon in Fourteen Titles, the Nomocanon in Fifty Titles, and the Synopsis of Canons to serve as legal reference works. It then focuses on the Carbone nomocanon (Vat. gr. 1980–1981), the only complete nomocanon to survive from the era of Byzantine rule, arguing that it was probably produced in the eleventh century for use by a Greek bishop in Lucania. The manuscript’s contents and marginalia indicate that its owner was fully aligned with the legal system of Constantinople and show no influences from neighbouring Latin jurisdictions. Finally, the chapter looks at evidence from the period of Norman conquest in the late eleventh century, revealing how the resulting tensions between Latin and Greek Christians in the region left traces of contemporary Byzantine polemic against the azyma (unleavened bread in the Eucharist) in Calabrian nomocanons of the twelfth century.
Conclusion
Authors: Morton James 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The conclusion summarises the principle arguments of the book. Despite the Norman conquest of southern Italy in the late eleventh century, the Italo-Greeks continued throughout the twelfth century to view themselves as an outpost of Byzantine Christianity in Western Europe. Law played an important role in the construction of their religious identity: they were orthodox not simply because they held the right beliefs, but because they followed Byzantine canon law. They were able to do so because of the pluralistic legal culture of southern Italy and because of the Norman monarchs’ resistance to papal authority, a combination that allowed Norman kings such as Roger II to act out a similar role to that of the Byzantine emperor as patrons of Greek churches and monasteries. The situation began to change in the thirteenth century, however. The end of the Hauteville dynasty, the Fourth Crusade, and the Fourth Lateran Council created conditions that led to the progressive erosion of Byzantine canon law as a juridical system in southern Italy as the papacy was increasingly successful in asserting its legal authority. Nonetheless, even as nomocanonical manuscripts lost their utility as legal sources, they provided important sources of legitimacy with the aura of antiquity to the Italo-Greeks’ distinctive religious rites and customs. In Robert Cover’s terminology, the nomocanons shifted from being sources of imperial law to sources of paideic law. The conclusion ends with observations on the important role of law in the formation of medieval religion and culture.
Southwood's Ecological Methods
Authors: Henderson Peter A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Ecological Methods, by the late T. R. E. Southwood and revised over the years by P. A. Henderson, has developed into a classic reference work for the field biologist. It provides a handbook of ecological methods and analytical techniques pertinent to the study of animals, with an emphasis on non-microscopic animals in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. It remains unique in the breadth of the methods presented and in the depth of the literature cited, stretching right back to the earliest days of ecological research. The universal availability of R as an open-source package has radically changed the way ecologists analyze their data. In response, Southwood’s classic text has been thoroughly revised to be more relevant and useful to a new generation of ecologists, making the vast resource of R packages more readily available to the wider ecological community. By focusing on the use of R for data analysis, supported by worked examples, the book is now more accessible than previous editions to students requiring support and ideas for their projects.
Trust in the Lord and Do Good, 1876‒1886
Authors: Wetzel Benjamin J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by exploring Roosevelt’s four years at Harvard College. The death of his father in 1878 prompted extended religious musings and the clearest evidence of youthful evangelical faith. Roosevelt married Alice Lee in 1880 and launched his political career in 1881. As a state assemblyman, Roosevelt advocated for reforms in economic and social life. The tragic death of Alice Lee and Martha Roosevelt on the same day in 1884 drove Roosevelt to the Dakota Badlands, where he became a rancher. In these years Roosevelt said much less about personal faith, a marked contrast from his upbringing. The chapter ends with his engagement to Edith Carow in 1886.
Wielding the Big Stick, 1901‒1909
Authors: Wetzel Benjamin J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter interprets Roosevelt’s foreign policies as president. It begins by examining the religious background of his support for imperialism—especially the Philippine-American War and the acquisition of the rights to build the Panama Canal. Roosevelt’s adoption of biological evolution and offensive racial theories (as justification for imperialism) are shown in the context of religion. The chapter concludes by examining at length the “Dear Maria” affair, in which conflicts between Catholic politics and church-state separation commitments ended in Roosevelt’s firing of an American ambassador. The “Dear Maria” affair is analyzed in light of ongoing Catholic-Protestant tensions in the United States.
Epilogue
Authors: Bromley James M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This Epilogue addresses the historicist criticism that theoretical and presentist approaches to literature are narcissistic. It responds to these critiques by showing that defenses of historicism engage in the obscurations and suppressions of difference that presentist approaches are accused of. It draws on the work of Michael Warner to identify a queer idealism within Freudian narcissism, and this idealism can motivate literary criticism’s engagement with the literature of the past. The Epilogue also reflects on why a queer rethinking of sexuality remains necessary in light of recent legal victories for the LGBTQ population in some countries and what role the sartorial plays in our thinking about toleration for nonnormative sexuality.
Comparing Tales of the Tribe
Authors: Paris Václav 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter compares two texts written in the same year, 1928, in very different geographical settings: Mário de Andrade’s Macunaíma and Virginia Woolf’s Orlando. Both works narrate, in peculiar allegorical form, the history of their nations embodied in one unusual hero. Macunaíma tells the story of Brazil’s modernization; Orlando begins in Elizabethan England and works its way up to the moment of composition. Although each is deeply idiosyncratic, they arrive at a similar set of conceits for national representation. Orlando famously changes sex halfway through Woolf’s narrative, while Macunaíma changes race, from black to white. To make sense of the contiguities between Macunaíma and Orlando, the chapter reads both as epics responding to the changing discourse of large-scale social Darwinism in the 1920s. In particular, it points out that both authors were aware of fascism’s increasingly rigid interpretations of evolution’s significance. Drawing out the similarities between Andrade and Woolf’s narratives, the chapter explains how Macunaíma and Orlando exemplify and expand this book’s methodology for reading modernist epic fiction comparatively against changing perceptions of evolution. It shows how such a bifocal reading allows us to see connections across traditional disciplinary borders of high and low, center and periphery, European and post-colonial.
Afterword
Authors: Paris Václav 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The afterword evaluates the potential ranges of the methodology for reading comparative modernism proposed in The Evolutions of Modernist Epic. Many more epic works than those discussed in detail could be analyzed in relation to the eclipse of Darwinism in the early twentieth century. These include, for instance, Marcel Proust’s In Search of Lost Time. In addition, there are a number of benefits promised by a thorough understanding of biocentric modernism. Hitherto, however, little attention has been paid to the eclipse and its impact on modernism. One reason for this is that for many years the eclipse was regarded as a scientific mistake. The afterword describes how scholars of evolution, including Lynn Margulis, Elizabeth Grosz, and others, have come to reconsider its place in relation to Neo-Darwinism. It is within this larger reconsideration that it is worthwile returning to modernist epic as a source for radical thinking about human and literary evolution.