bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ignorance matters
Authors: Royka Amanda , Jara-Ettinger Julian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The ability to reason about ignorance is an important and often overlooked representational capacity. Phillips and colleagues assume that knowledge representations are inevitably accompanied by ignorance representations. We argue that this is not necessarily the case, as agents who can reason about knowledge often fail on ignorance tasks, suggesting that ignorance should be studied as a separate representational capacity.
Do knowledge representations facilitate learning under epistemic uncertainty?
Authors: Handley-Miner Isaac J. , Young Liane 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Phillips and colleagues argue that knowledge representations are more fundamental than belief representations because they better facilitate social learning. We suggest that existing theory of mind paradigms may be ill-equipped to adequately evaluate this claim. Future study should explore learning in situations where there is uncertainty about one's own and others’ knowledge, which better mirror real-world social learning contexts.
Theory of mind in context: Mental-state representations for social evaluation
Authors: Woo Brandon M. , Tan Enda , Hamlin J. Kiley 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWhereas Phillips and colleagues argue that knowledge representations are more basic than belief representations, we argue that an accurate analysis of what is fundamental to theory of mind may depend crucially on the context in which mental-state reasoning occurs. Specifically, we call for increased study of the developmental trajectory of mental-state reasoning within socially evaluative contexts.
No way around cross-cultural and cross-linguistic epistemology
Authors: Machery Edouard , Barrett H. Clark , Stich Stephen P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Phillips and colleagues claim that the capacity to ascribe knowledge is a “basic” capacity, but most studies reporting linguistic data reviewed by Phillips et al. were conducted in English with American participants – one of more than 6,500 languages currently spoken. We highlight the importance of cross-cultural and cross-linguistic research when one is theorizing about fundamental human representational capacities.
Semantic memory before episodic memory: How memory research can inform knowledge and belief representations
Authors: Rosenbaum R. Shayna , Halilova Julia G. , Pathman Thanujeni 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Knowledge and belief attribution are discussed in the context of episodic and semantic memory theory and research, with reference to patient-lesion and developmental studies under naturalistic conditions. Consideration of how episodic and semantic memory relate to each other and intersect in the real world, including how they fail, can illuminate the approach to studying how people represent others' minds.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COGNITIVE-LINGUISTIC TASK DIFFICULTY AND L1-L2 INTERACTION FOR ACADEMIC LISTENING COMPREHENSION IN TURKISH–DUTCH EMERGENT BILINGUALS
Authors: Sierens Sven , Van Gorp Koen , Slembrouck Stef , Van Avermaet Piet 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship between the level of cognitive-linguistic difficulty of task input and the size of the cross-linguistic relationship for academic listening comprehension in emergent bilinguals. It was theoretically motivated by task-dependent cross-linguistic interaction frameworks. We hypothesized that task item sets that involve a higher level of cognitive-linguistic difficulty, drawing on a number of sources of item difficulty, would show a smaller strength of interaction than sets involving a lower level. Using a task-based assessment instrument, listening comprehension was measured in 75 Turkish–Dutch bilingual children at first-grade entry (Mage= 6;7). Partial L1-L2 correlations indicated that cognitively more demanding item sets tended to coincide with smaller L1-L2 correlations. This finding was, in part, consistent for cognitive difficulty, yet inconclusive for linguistic difficulty. An explanation is discussed that, in line with information-processing theory, highlights a trade-off between cognitive-linguistic task demands and cross-linguistic influence.
A value-at-risk approach to mis-estimation risk
Authors: Richards Stephen J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Parametric mortality models permit detailed analysis of risk factors for actuarial work. However, finite data volumes lead to uncertainty over parameter estimates, which in turn gives rise to mis-estimation risk of financial liabilities. Mis-estimation risk can be assessed on a run-off basis by valuing the liabilities with alternative parameter vectors consistent with the covariance matrix. This run-off approach is especially suitable for tasks like pricing portfolio transactions, such as bulk annuities, longevity swaps or reinsurance treaties. However, a run-off approach does not fully meet the requirements of regulatory regimes that view capital requirements through the prism of a finite horizon, such as Solvency II’s one-year approach. This paper presents a methodology for viewing mis-estimation risk over a fixed time frame, and results are given for a specimen portfolio. As expected, we find that time-limited mis-estimation capital requirements increase as the horizon is lengthened or the discount rate is reduced. However, we find that much of the so-called mis-estimation risk in a one-year value-at-risk assessment can actually be driven by idiosyncratic variation, rather than parameter uncertainty. This counter-intuitive result stems from trying to view a long-term risk through a short-term window. As a result, value-at-risk mis-estimation reserves are strongly correlated with idiosyncratic risk. We also find that parsimonious models tend to produce lower mis-estimation risk than less-parsimonious ones.
COVID-19 in Pakistan and Papua New Guinea: reflections on mass testing and challenges
Authors: Ali Inayat , Ali Shahbaz 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe 2020 COVID-19 pandemic continues during 2021. Some countries are revisiting their containment measures to be eased or re-imposed after massive testing programs. Yet is testing itself a solution? Testing may be an important containment step, yet in low-income countries (LICs), it may be substantially challenging to carry out. This is because the situation in LICs is complexified by inadequate and corrupt economic, political, and healthcare systems in which testing is often beyond reach. Focusing on Pakistan and Papua New Guinea (PNG), we contend that the sparse number of recorded COVID-19 infections may demonstrate that both countries lack the required resources to conduct effective testing and deal with the pandemic. To appropriately tackle the pandemic, such countries need focus on implementing the measures they can and on public education about how viruses work and why it is so important to seek to contain their spread. Furthermore, we invite thorough studies to examine and analyze massive testing from various perspectives.
Slide‐Hold‐Slide Protocols and Frictional Healing in Discrete Element Method (DEM) Simulations of Granular Fault Gouge
Authors: Ferdowsi Behrooz , Rubin Allan M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe empirical constitutive modeling framework of rate‐ and state‐dependent friction (RSF) is commonly used to describe the time‐dependent frictional response of fault gouge to perturbations from steady sliding. In a previous study (Ferdowsi & Rubin, 2020), we found that a granular‐physics‐based model of a fault shear zone, with time‐independent properties at the contact scale, reproduces the phenomenology of laboratory rock and gouge friction experiments in velocity‐step and slide‐hold (SH) protocols. A few slide‐hold‐slide (SHS) simulations further suggested that the granular model might outperform current empirical RSF laws in describing laboratory data. Here, we explore the behavior of the same Discrete Element Method (DEM) model in SH and SHS protocols over a wide range of sliding velocities, hold durations, and system stiffnesses, and provide additional support for this view. We find that, similar to laboratory data, the rate of stress decay during SH simulations is in general agreement with the “Slip law” version of the RSF equations, using parameter values determined independently from velocity step tests. During reslides following long hold times, the model, similar to lab data, produces a nearly constant rate of frictional healing with log hold time, with that rate being in the range of ∼0.5 to 1 times the RSF “state evolution” parameterb. We also find that, as in laboratory experiments, the granular layer undergoes log‐time compaction during holds. This is consistent with the traditional understanding of state evolution under the Aging law, even though the associated stress decay is similar to that predicted by the Slip and not the Aging law.
A novel geometry image to accurately represent a surface by preserving mesh topology
Authors: Zeng Sheng , Geng Guohua , Gao Hongjuan , Zhou Mingquan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGeometry images parameterise a mesh with a square domain and store the information in a single chart. A one-to-one correspondence between the 2D plane and the 3D model is convenient for processing 3D models. However, the parameterised vertices are not all located at the intersection of the gridlines the existing geometry images. Thus, errors are unavoidable when a 3D mesh is reconstructed from the chart. In this paper, we propose parameterise surface onto a novel geometry image that preserves the constraint of topological neighbourhood information at integer coordinate points on a 2D grid and ensures that the shape of the reconstructed 3D mesh does not change from supplemented image data. We find a collection of edges that opens the mesh into simply connected surface with a single boundary. The point distribution with approximate blue noise spectral characteristics is computed by capacity-constrained delaunay triangulation without retriangulation. We move the vertices to the constrained mesh intersection, adjust the degenerate triangles on a regular grid, and fill the blank part by performing a local affine transformation between each triangle in the mesh and image. Unlike other geometry images, the proposed method results in no error in the reconstructed surface model when floating-point data are stored in the image. High reconstruction accuracy is achieved when the xyz positions are in a 16-bit data format in each image channel because only rounding errors exist in the topology-preserving geometry images, there are no sampling errors. This method performs one-to-one mapping between the 3D surface mesh and the points in the 2D image, while foldovers do not appear in the 2D triangular mesh, maintaining the topological structure. This also shows the potential of using a 2D image processing algorithm to process 3D models.
The influence of vitality forms on action perception and motor response
Authors: Lombardi G. , Zenzeri J. , Belgiovine G. , Vannucci F. , Rea F. , Sciutti A. , Di Cesare G. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDuring the interaction with others, action, speech, and touches can communicate positive, neutral, or negative attitudes. Offering an apple can be gentle or rude, a caress can be kind or rushed. These subtle aspects of social communication have been named vitality forms by Daniel Stern. Although they characterize all human interactions, to date it is not clear whether vitality forms expressed by an agent may affect the action perception and the motor response of the receiver. To this purpose, we carried out a psychophysics study aiming to investigate how perceiving different vitality forms can influence cognitive and motor tasks performed by participants. In particular, participants were stimulated with requests made through a physical contact or vocally and conveying rude or gentle vitality forms, and then they were asked to estimate the end of a passing action observed in a monitor (action estimation task) or to perform an action in front of it (action execution task) with the intention to pass an object to the other person presented in the video. Results of the action estimation task indicated that the perception of a gentle request increased the duration of a rude action subsequently observed, while the perception of a rude request decreased the duration of the same action performed gently. Additionally, during the action execution task, accordingly with the perceived vitality form, participants modulated their motor response.
Early elimination of uremic toxin ameliorates AKI-to-CKD transition
Authors: Chen Jia-Huang , Chao Chia-Ter , Huang Jenq-Wen , Hung Kuan-Yu , Liu Shing-Hwa , Tarng Der-Cherng , Chiang Chih-Kang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI)-related fibrosis is emerging as a major driver of chronic kidney disease (CKD) development. Aberrant kidney recovery after AKI is multifactorial and still poorly understood. The accumulation of indoxyl sulfate (IS), a protein-bound uremic toxin, has been identified as a detrimental factor of renal fibrosis. However, the mechanisms underlying IS-related aberrant kidney recovery after AKI is still unknown. The present study aims to elucidate the effects of IS on tubular damage and its involvement in the pathogenesis of AKI-to-CKD transition. Our results showed that serum IS started to accumulate associated with the downregulation of tubular organic anion transporter but not observed in the small-molecule uremic toxins of the unilateral ischemia–reperfusion injury (UIRI) without a contralateral nephrectomy model. Serum IS is positively correlated with renal fibrosis and binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and CAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) expression induction in the UIRI with a contralateral nephrectomy model (UIRI+Nx). To evaluate the effects of IS in the AKI-to-CKD transition, we administered indole, a precursor of IS, at the early stage of UIRI. Our results demonstrated IS potentiates renal fibrosis, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is attenuated by synergistic AST-120 administration. Furthermore, we clearly demonstrated that IS exposure potentiated hypoxia–reperfusion (H/R) induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and aggravated ER stress induction in vitro. Finally, the ER chemical chaperon, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), successfully reversed the above-mentioned AKI-to-CKD transition. Taken together, early IS elimination in the early stage of AKI is likely to be a useful strategy in the prevention and/or treatment of the AKI-to-CKD transition.
No detection of SO2, H2S, or OCS in the atmosphere of Mars from the first two Martian years of observations from TGO/ACS
Authors: Braude A. S. , Montmessin F. , Olsen K. S. , Trokhimovskiy A. , Korablev O. I. , Lefèvre F. , Fedorova A. A. , Alday J. , Baggio L. , Irbah A. , Lacombe G. , Forget F. , Millour E. , Wilson C. F. , Patrakeev A. , Shakun A. 
Published: November 2021

Context. The detection of sulphur species in the Martian atmosphere would be a strong indicator of volcanic outgassing from the surface of Mars.
Aims. We wish to establish the presence of SO2, H2S, or OCS in the Martian atmosphere or determine upper limits on their concentration in the absence of a detection.
Methods. We perform a comprehensive analysis of solar occultation data from the mid-infrared channel of the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite instrument, on board the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, obtained during Martian years 34 and 35.
Results. For the most optimal sensitivity conditions, we determine 1σ upper limits of SO2 at 20 ppbv, H2S at 15 ppbv, and OCS at 0.4 ppbv; the last value is lower than any previous upper limits imposed on OCS in the literature. We find no evidence of any of these species above a 3σ confidence threshold. We therefore infer that passive volcanic outgassing of SO2 must be below 2 ktons day−1.
PISTIL, a reactivity modulation device to probe the transfer function of the nuclear reactor CROCUS
Authors: Jiang Yifeng , Geslot Benoit , Lamirand Vincent , Leconte Pierre , Godat Daniel , Braun Laurent , Frajtag Pavel , Coquelet-Pascal Christine , Pautz Andreas 
Published: November 2021

The present article summarizes the development and testing of a reactivity modulation device developed by the French Atomic and Alternative Energies Commission (CEA). It was installed in the CROCUS reactor of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL). Experimental tests were performed in the framework of a collaboration between CEA and EPFL.
The so-called PISTIL device aims at measuring the nuclear reactor transfer function in the frequency range of interest between 1 mHz and 200 Hz, in order to probe the in-core kinetic behavior of prompt and delayed neutrons. The reactivity modulation is obtained from the rotation of cadmium foils.
The design of the system was driven with the objective of installing PISTIL at the center of the CROCUS reactor. Neutronic simulations with TRIPOLI-4 Monte Carlo code were performed to select the suitable design parameters and meet the safety requirements of the reactor operation.
The total reactivity worth of the device, as estimated by TRIPOLI-4 Monte Carlo calculation, was approximately 0.16 $ and the maximum amplitude of the reactivity modulation was about 0.013 $. In-core reactivity calibration was then performed and were consistent as compared to TRIPOLI-4 estimations.
Analysis of the Signal over Noise Ratio of the hodoscope determined by Monte Carlo calculation
Authors: Di Salvo J. , Mirotta S. , Chevalier V. 
Published: November 2021

The CABRI experimental pulse reactor, located at the Cadarache nuclear research center, southern France, is devoted to the study of Reactivity Initiated Accidents (RIA) for the purpose of the CABRI International Program (CIP), managed by IRSN in the framework of an OECD/NEA agreement. The hodoscope equipment installed in the CABRI reactor is an almost unique online fuel motion monitoring system, thanks to the measurement of the fast neutrons emitted during a power pulse by a tested rod positioned inside a dedicated test loop reproducing PWR conditions. This system is dedicated to the analysis of fuel displacement. Hence, one of the most important parameter measured by the hodoscope detectors is the Signal over Noise Ratio (SNR), characterizing the fraction of neutrons directly coming from the test rod (“signal”) over neutrons coming from the core (“noise”).
It is interesting to calculate the SNR in order to define some quantitative criterions to improve hodoscope measurements and to understand if any modification linked to the test loop may significantly change this essential parameter.
Another parameter of interest is the so-called “scattering coefficient”, which corresponds to the fraction of neutrons coming from the test rod and being scattered between their birth and their detection. This parameter is used to enhance the analysis of the fuel displacement which may happen during the power transient.
In this article, the method used to calculate the SNR using MCNP6.2 Monte Carlo code will be detailed. Because the hodoscope detectors are located far away from the test rod (up to 4 meters), a 2D model of CABRI core and instrumentation has been implemented. No variance reduction techniques have been used to solve this problem in order to record the place of birth of neutron which contributes to the different scores with the goal to perform a detailed analysis of the SNR. This strategy allows to access numerically to the “scattering coefficient”.
Finally, the comparison between calculated and measured SNR for a case study will be carried out. A quite good agreement between the 2D simulations and experiments recently performed in the CABRI reactor has been obtained.
Tests of Various Scintillator Detectors in Selected Mono-Energetic Neutron Beams
Authors: Jančář Aleš , Čulen Jiří , Mravec Filip , Košťál Michal , Dlhopolček Daniel , Pirovano Elisa , Nolte Ralf , Cvachovec František , Přenosil Václav , Matěj Zdeněk 
Published: November 2021

In this paper we study quality of three types of organic scintillators stilbene, p-terphenyl and EJ-299-33. We used monoenergetic neutron fields with a wide range of neutron energies in PTB Braunschweig. All the tests were carried out with NGA-01 spectrometer. The results of the measurements are evaluated spectra from the spectrometer.
We discuss the quality of each scintillator, such as the FWHM of the peaks.
Herpes-zoster-Update – was gibt es Neues?
Authors: Müller Cornelia S.L. , Bialas Patric , Becker Sören L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractShingles are triggered by the reactivation of an infection with the varicella zoster virus (VZV) and are characterized by specific vesicular skin lesions. Mostly, elderly patients are affected. Depending on the affected dermatome, some serious complications can be observed. The introduction of a vaccine against shingles in Germany offers a great potential for reducing the frequency and severity of this disease. There are both a live vaccine, which is no longer recommended, and an inactivated vaccine, which, however, is still not sufficiently recommended to the authorized patient groups and is also only available to a limited extent due to delivery bottlenecks. HZ neuralgia is a serious complication of the disease that requires rapid and effective therapy and should be handed over to experienced pain therapists rather too early than too late. Unfortunately, in everyday clinical practice only a few people are familiar with VZV vasculopathy, which is associated with a significantly increased risk of cerebral insults.
Zehn Jahre Hautkrebsscreening in Deutschland – Leuchtturmfunktion, Probleme und Verbesserungsansätze – Daten einer großen Hautarztpraxis
Authors: Ziegler P. 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungVon 2008–2018 wurden ca. 40 000 Hautkrebsscreenings durchgeführt und die Daten analysiert. Es zeigte sich zum einen eine hochsignifikant steigende Zunahme von epithelialen malignen Tumoren um mehr als das Doppelte zwischen 2009–2018. Bei Patienten des gesetzlichen Hautkrebsscreenings konnte bei jedem 10. Patienten „weißer Hautkrebs“ diagnostiziert werden, 1,2 % der Patienten litten unter einem malignen Melanom, wobei 50 % davon in situ waren. Eine statistische Analyse der dysplastischen Nävi erbrachte eine höchst signifikante Differenz zwischen Patienten des gesetzlichen Screenings (54,2 Jahre) und Patienten unter 35 Jahren (23,4 Jahre). Die jüngere Patientengruppe (< 35 Jahre) wies fast doppelt so häufig histologisch nachgewiesene dysplastische Nävi als die Patienten des gesetzlichen Screenings (> 35 Jahre) auf. Dies könnte ein früheres Screening ab 20 Jahren befürworten, um mögliche Risikogruppen rechtzeitig zu identifizieren. Die Senkung der Melanommortalität als einziger Erfolgsparameter ist allerdings kritisch zu hinterfragen.