bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Chakraborty Tia , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Anoxic-ischemic brain injury occurs when no blood is flowing to the brain. Neurologists commonly encounter this clinical state when evaluating comatose patients who have had a cardiac arrest and prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts. Anoxic-ischemic injury may also occur in primary respiratory arrest or severe hypoxemia (eg, asphyxia, anaphylaxis, drug intoxication), but it is less well understood in these circumstances. This chapter reviews the pathophysiologic factors, clinical management, and prognostic factors in anoxic-ischemic brain injury.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Carlstrom Lucas P. , Wijdicks Eelco F. M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) continues to be a leading cause of long-term morbidity and death worldwide. Each year, an estimated 1.7 million persons in the United States sustain TBIs, leading to 275,000 hospitalizations and 52,000 deaths annually. In addition to high personal costs, the direct and indirect societal expenditures are estimated to be $60 billion per year. This chapter reviews the diagnostic approach to head trauma and prognosis in brain injury and addresses specific conditions, such as concussions and intracranial hemorrhages.
Pathologic Factors and Spectrum of Central Nervous System Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases
Authors: Lucchinetti Claudia F. , Guo Yong 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of nontraumatic disability in young adults. It is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Traditionally, MS has been considered an autoimmune disorder consisting of myelin autoreactive T cells that drive an inflammatory process, leading to secondary macrophage recruitment and subsequent myelin destruction. However, accumulating data based on increasing numbers of probes that can be effectively applied to MS tissue have indicated that the events involved in the immunopathogenesis of MS may be more complicated.
Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Tipton Philip W. , Ertekin-Taner Nilüfer 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Many patients who have Alzheimer disease (AD) present initially with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This chapter reviews the clinical features of MCI and AD, the clinical evaluation of patients with these entities, and the approaches to management. MCI is defined by cognitive decline that is more than expected by aging alone but does not meet criteria for dementia because the person has the ability to perform activities of daily living. MCI is considered to be a prodrome to dementia, especially AD, given the increased risk of progression to dementia. MCI, which probably represents the earliest stages of dementia in many patients, requires clinical follow-up and is expected to become an important intervention point in future clinical trials of novel preventive therapies.
Acquired Muscle Disorders
Authors: Liewluck Teerin , Milone Margherita 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Muscle diseases consist of various disorders that primarily affect skeletal muscle, but they can also affect cardiac or smooth muscle. The disorders may be inherited or acquired. The pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic pathways, and treatment options will vary for each disorder. This chapter reviews common acquired muscle disorders. Inflammatory myopathies are characterized by muscle weakness and inflammatory reaction in muscle, and often, but not always, are accompanied by elevated creatine kinase values. They can occur with infections, systemic inflammatory diseases, or they may be idiopathic. On the basis of clinical, histologic, and immunopathologic criteria, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies can be distinguished as dermatomyositis, polymyositis, or inclusion body myositis. When dermatomyositis or polymyositis occurs in association with a connective tissue disease, the disorder is called overlap syndrome.
Neuro-ophthalmology: Visual Fields
Authors: Leavitt Jacqueline A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Visual field testing is an important part of the assessment of the afferent visual system. This chapter reviews the clinical process of visual field evaluation and the localization of lesions that affect the visual system. The visual field can be thought of as an island with an outer edge beyond which one cannot see and with an elevated center. The normal extent of the peripheral field of vision from the center is 90° to 100° temporally, 75° inferiorly, and 60° nasally and superiorly. Visual fields are subjective and should be considered only 1 part of the examination of the visual pathways.
Neurologic Complications of Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy
Authors: Schlosser Covell Gretchen E. , Sharma Akanksha , Porter Alyx B. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Separate from neurosurgery, radiation and chemotherapy have been used in the treatment of malignant and benign tumors of the brain and spinal cord. Although effective, the treatments can be associated with serious neurologic adverse effects. This chapter reviews the adverse effects of these treatments. External beam radiation therapy (RT) is a common mode of radiation and is most effective for high-grade glioma. Intensity-modulated RT and stereotactic radiosurgery are usually reserved for pituitary tumors, skull-base masses, metastatic disease, and primary parenchymal tumors.
Retroviral Infections of the Nervous System
Authors: Toledano Michel , Aksamit Jr Allen J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Retroviruses are a family of RNA viruses that replicate by reverse transcription. The family includes HIV and human T-lymphotropic virus. This chapter reviews neurologic manifestations of these retroviruses. A retrovirus in the genus Lentivirus, HIV has 2 forms, HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is associated with the global AIDS pandemic, whereas HIV-2 causes an AIDS-like illness primarily in West Africa, although pockets of infection exist globally.
Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Yost Micah D. , Toledano Michel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Parasitic infections make up a small but important subset of central nervous system (CNS) infections. Although necessary to be considered in the comprehensive differential diagnosis for patients presenting with suspected neurologic infections, these conditions are particularly important in regions where parasitic infections are endemic and for immunocompromised patients. Among the most common parasitic infections of the CNS are neurocysticercosis, echinococcosis (hydatid cyst), toxoplasmosis, amebic meningoencephalitis, and cerebral malaria.
Neurology and Pregnancy
Authors: Jackson Lauren M. , Nasr Deena M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Pregnancy is a time of many physiologic and systemic changes that may predispose women to new neurologic diseases or alter the course of preexisting disease. Management of neurologic diseases during pregnancy is complicated by the risks and benefits to both mother and fetus that must be weighed when diagnostic tests and therapeutic options are selected.
Variation in the stellar mass function along stellar streams
Authors: Webb Jeremy J , Bovy Jo 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Stellar streams are the inevitable end product of star cluster evolution, with the properties of a given stream being related to its progenitor. We consider how the dynamical history of a progenitor cluster, as traced by the evolution of its stellar mass function, is reflected in the resultant stream. We generate model streams by evolving star clusters with a range of initial half-mass relaxation times and dissolution times via direct N-body simulations. Stellar streams that dissolve quickly show no variation in the stellar mass function along the stream. Variation is, however, observed along streams with progenitor clusters that dissolve after several relaxation times. The mass function at the edges of a stream is approximately primordial, as it is populated by the first stars to escape the cluster before segregation occurs. Moving inwards the mass function steepens as the intermediate parts of the stream consist of mostly low-mass stars that escaped the cluster after some segregation has occurred. The centre of the stream is then marked by a flatter mass function, as the region is dominated by high-mass stars that quickly segregated to the progenitor cluster’s centre and were the last stars to become unbound. We further find that the maximum slope of the mass function along the stream and the rate at which it decreases with distance from the dissolved progenitor serve as proxies for the dynamical state reached by the progenitor cluster before dissolution; this may be able to be applied to observed streams with near-future observations.
Multiwavelength optical and NIR variability analysis of the Blazar PKS 0027-426
Authors: Guise E , Hönig S F , Almeyda T , Horne K , Kishimoto M , Aguena M , Allam S , Andrade-Oliveira F , Asorey J , Banerji M , Bertin E , Boulderstone B , Brooks D , Burke D L , Carnero Rosell A , Carollo D , Carrasco Kind M , Carretero J , Costanzi M , da Costa L N , Davis T M , De Vicente J , Doel P , Everett S , Ferrero I , Flaugher B , Frieman J , Gandhi P , Goad M , Gruen D , Gruendl R A , Gschwend J , Gutierrez G , Hinton S R , Hollowood D L , Honscheid K , James D J , Johnson M A C , Kuehn K , Lewis G F , Lidman C , Lima M , Maia M A G , Malik U , Menanteau F , Miquel R , Morgan R , Ogando R L C , Palmese A , Paz-Chinchón F , Pereira M E S , Pieres A , Plazas Malagón A A , Sanchez E , Scarpine V , Serrano S , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Seymour N , Smith M , Soares-Santos M , Suchyta E , Swanson M E C , Tarle G , To C , Tucker B E 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
We present multiwavelength spectral and temporal variability analysis of PKS 0027-426 using optical griz observations from Dark Energy Survey between 2013 and 2018 and VEILS Optical Light curves of Extragalactic TransienT Events (VOILETTE) between 2018 and 2019 and near-infrared (NIR) JKs observations from Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy Extragalactic Infrared Legacy Survey (VEILS) between 2017 and 2019. Multiple methods of cross-correlation of each combination of light curve provides measurements of possible lags between optical–optical, optical–NIR, and NIR–NIR emission, for each observation season and for the entire observational period. Inter-band time lag measurements consistently suggest either simultaneous emission or delays between emission regions on time-scales smaller than the cadences of observations. The colour–magnitude relation between each combination of filters was also studied to determine the spectral behaviour of PKS 0027-426. Our results demonstrate complex colour behaviour that changes between bluer when brighter, stable when brighter, and redder when brighter trends over different time-scales and using different combinations of optical filters. Additional analysis of the optical spectra is performed to provide further understanding of this complex spectral behaviour.
Gemini NIFS survey of feeding and feedback in nearby active galaxies – V. Molecular and ionized gas kinematics
Authors: Bianchin M , Riffel R A , Storchi-Bergmann T , Riffel R , Ruschel-Dutra D , Harrison C M , Dahmer-Hahn L G , Mainieri V , Schönell A J , Dametto N Z 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
We study the gas distribution and kinematics of the inner kpc of six moderately luminous (43.43 ≤ log Lbol ≤ 44.83) nearby (0.004 ≤ z ≤ 0.014) Seyfert galaxies observed with the Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS) in the J ($1.25\,\mu$m) and K ($2.2\,\mu$m) bands. We analyse the most intense emission lines detected on these spectral wavebands: [Fe ii] $1.2570\, \mu$m and Paβ, which trace the ionized gas in the partially and fully ionized regions, and $\mathrm{ H}_2 \ 2.1218\, \mu$m, which traces the hot (∼2000 K) molecular gas. The dominant kinematic component is rotation in the disc of the galaxies, except for the ionized gas in NGC 5899 that shows only weak signatures of a disc component. We find ionized gas outflow in four galaxies, while signatures of H2 outflows are seen in three galaxies. The ionized gas outflows display velocities of a few hundred km s−1, and their mass outflow rates are in the range 0.005–12.49 M⊙ yr−1. Their kinetic powers correspond to 0.005–0.7 per cent of the active galactic nuclei (AGN) bolometric luminosities. Besides rotation and outflows signatures in some cases, the H2 kinematics also reveals inflows in three galaxies. The inflow velocities are 50–80 km s−1 and the mass inflow rates are in the range 1–9 × 10−4 M⊙ yr−1 for hot molecular gas. These inflows might be only the hot skin of the total inflowing gas, which is expected to be dominated by colder gas. The mass inflow rates are lower than the current accretion rates to the AGN, and the ionized outflows are apparently disturbing the gas in the inner kpc.
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: trends in [α/Fe] as a function of morphology and environment
Authors: Watson Peter J , Davies Roger L , Brough Sarah , Croom Scott M , D’Eugenio Francesco , Glazebrook Karl , Groves Brent , López-Sánchez Ángel R , van de Sande Jesse , Scott Nicholas , Vaughan Sam P , Walcher Jakob , Bland-Hawthorn Joss , Bryant Julia J , Goodwin Michael , Lawrence Jon S , Lorente Nuria P F , Owers Matt S , Richards Samuel 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a new set of index-based measurements of [α/Fe] for a sample of 2093 galaxies in the SAMI Galaxy Survey. Following earlier work, we fit a global relation between [α/Fe] and the galaxy velocity dispersion σ for red sequence galaxies, $[\alpha /\text{Fe}]=(0.378\pm 0.009)\rm {log}_{10}\left(\sigma /100\right)+(0.155\pm 0.003)$. We observe a correlation between the residuals and the local environmental surface density, whereas no such relation exists for blue cloud galaxies. In the full sample, we find that elliptical galaxies in high-density environments are α-enhanced by up to 0.057 ± 0.014 dex at velocity dispersions σ &lt; 100 km s−1, compared with those in low-density environments. This α-enhancement is morphology-dependent, with the offset decreasing along the Hubble sequence towards spirals, which have an offset of 0.019 ± 0.014 dex. At low velocity dispersion and controlling for morphology, we estimate that star formation in high-density environments is truncated ∼1 Gyr earlier than in low-density environments. For elliptical galaxies only, we find support for a parabolic relationship between [α/Fe] and σ, with an environmental α-enhancement of at least 0.03 dex. This suggests strong contributions from both environment and mass-based quenching mechanisms. However, there is no evidence for this behaviour in later morphological types.
China’s Industrial Development Strategies and Policies
Authors: Lin Justin Yifu , Zhou Jianjun 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
China has adopted a transition strategy and industrial policies pragmatically according to its economic reality since the reform and opening up started in 1979. The organic combination of an effective market with a facilitating state was the main reason for the success of China’s economy in the past four decades. In the process of China’s economic development, industrial policies have played a crucial role in both industrial upgrading and technological progress. Relying on the comparative advantage—following strategy, China has fully utilized its latecomer advantage. Chinese enterprises learn advanced technologies from developed countries when the opportunities exist and do indigenous innovation when needed. Pragmatism and learning capacity has been the most important endowments and comparative advantages of the Chinese government and enterprises. With learning capacity, the government and enterprises can pragmatically explore the comparative advantage of the existing factor endowments and convert latent comparative advantages into competitive advantages to promote continuous transformation, upgrading, and sustainable development.
Concentration-Response Model of Immediate Release Oxycodone Drug Liking by Different Routes of Abuse
Authors: Nallani Srikanth C , Li Wenjing , Calderon Silvia N , Fields Ellen , Roca Rigoberto A , Xu Yun , Zhao Liang , Fang Lanyan , Sahajwalla Chandrahas G , Zineh Issam 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objective
To understand the correlation between oxycodone concentration and drug liking response for immediate-release formulations as they relate to different doses and different routes of administration following manipulation involved in opioid misuse and nontherapeutic use.

Methods
Concentration-response and noncompartmental analyses of drug liking and plasma oxycodone data from Category 3 human abuse potential studies (n = 15–29 per study) were conducted, using Phoenix 6.0 software. Time to onset of a set threshold of subjective effects (Tonset) and offset of subjective effects (Toffset) were estimated based on a baseline pharmacodynamic response set at 50 on a bipolar Drug Liking visual analog scale of 0–100 and the threshold for drug liking set at ≥65, based on study qualification criteria. Partial Area Under the Concentration (AUCTonset-Toffset) and Effect (AUETonset-Toffset) profiles were calculated and their correlation with individual partial AUE vs partial AUC was assessed.

Results
The oxycodone concentration-response (drug liking) was best described by a sigmoidal-effect Emax model (S-shaped). Using a defined threshold, drug liking was closely associated with the rate of rise in concentration and the onset of action for oxycodone administered via oral or intranasal route. Partial AUCTonset-Toffset and AUETonset-Toffset showed a strong linear correlation.

Conclusions
Results indicate that oxycodone concentration-response and duration of drug liking following manipulation via different routes of administration may be an approach for further exploring drug liking effects of opioids.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease: Current Evaluation and Management
Authors: Soper J.T. 
Published: November 2021

(Obstet Gynecol. 2021;137:355–370)
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) refers to rare disease processes originating from the placenta that require timely and appropriate management. GTD includes partial or complete hydatidiform moles (HM), as well as severe gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) and related tumors. Obstetrician-gynecologists are more likely to be involved in the care of women with HM or who have unclear diagnosis related to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
Postpartum Hemorrhage Requiring Transfusion and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Later in Life: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Cho G.J. , Lee K.M. , Kim H.Y. , Han S.W. , Oh M.J. , Chiec L. , Chae Y.K. 
Published: November 2021

(BJOG. 2021;128:738–744. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16515)
Roughly 20% of worldwide maternal deaths are due to postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Currently occurring in 6% to 11% of births worldwide, the incidence of PPH is on the rise. PPH severely impacts maternal mortality and morbidity rates, leading to outcomes such as increased intensive care unit (ICU) admission, increased risk of stroke, and increased risk for heart disease. Most current research identifies risks immediately following childbirth or during the puerperium while long-term risks are relatively unstudied. This study aimed to identify whether PPH is associated with long-term cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as cerebrovascular disease (CV) and ischemic heart disease (IHD).
Spinal Epidural Hematoma and Abscess After Neuraxial Anesthesia: A Historical Cohort Study Using the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination Database
Authors: Makito K. , Mouri H. , Matsui H. , Michihata N. , Fushimi K. , Yasunaga H. 
Published: November 2021

(Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth. 2021;68:42–52)
Spinal epidural hematoma and spinal epidural abscess can lead to severe complications, including permanent paraplegia. Both occur rarely in neuraxial anesthesia, though the incidences are unclear. It is important to clearly understand and weigh the risks and benefits when making the decision to perform neuraxial anesthesia on a patient. This study aimed to identify risk factors and determine the incidences of spinal epidural hematoma and spinal epidural abscess following neuraxial anesthesia.
Association of First Trimester Prescription Opioid Use With Congenital Malformations in the Offspring: Population-based Cohort Study
Authors: Bateman B.T. , Hernandez-Diaz S. , Straub L. , Zhu Y. , Gray K.J. , Desai D.J. , Mogun H. , Gautam N. , Huybrechts K.F. 
Published: November 2021

(BMJ. 2021;372:n102)
Opioids are commonly prescribed to treat pain during pregnancy, with ~5% of pregnant women in Europe, Canada, and Australia receiving opioids for pain. In the United States, ~22% women insured through Medicaid are prescribed opioids during pregnancy. Opioids may have a teratogenic effect, but evidence around this topic is limited and unclear. This study aimed to determine the association between prescription opioids in the first trimester and risk of congenital malformations while controlling for confounding factors.
Bradycardia-to-Delivery Interval and Fetal Outcomes in Umbilical Cord Prolapse
Authors: Wong L. , Tse W.T. , Lai C.Y. , Hui A.S.Y. , Chaemsaithong P. , Sahota D.S. , Poon L.C. , Leung T.Y. 
Published: November 2021

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2021;100:170–177)
Umbilical cord prolapse is an emergency with risk for significant complications, including prematurity and birth asphyxia. As cord compression and umbilical arterial vasospasm can lead to fetal hypoxia and birth asphyxia, rapid delivery is required to prevent fetal brain injury, cerebral palsy and death. However, studies have found improved Apgar scores associated with longer decision-to-delivery intervals in some cases of umbilical cord prolapse. Bradycardia-to-delivery interval may be a better predictor of perinatal outcomes because cord prolapse and onset of fetal hypoxia may occur before the decision to deliver. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between bradycardia-to-delivery interval or decision-to-delivery interval and adverse neonatal outcomes, specifically focusing on the range of fetal heart rate abnormalities in cases of umbilical cord prolapse.
Gestational Anemia and Severe Acute Maternal Morbidity: A Population-based Study
Authors: Guignard J. , Deneux-Tharaux D. , Seco A. , Beucher G. , Kayem G. , Bonnet M.P. 
Published: November 2021

(Anaesthesia. 2021;76:61–71)
Gestational anemia (GA) has been associated with preterm birth, low birth weight, and maternal morbidity. However, the connection between maternal morbidity and GA is based on studies that focused on specific maternal complications, used interventions as proxies for complications, or lacked data about the timing of anemia and severe maternal complication. This prospective, population-based study aimed to investigate the association between GA and severe acute maternal morbidity (SMM).
Immediate “Kangaroo Mother Care” and Survival of Infants With Low Birth Weight
Authors: Arya S. , Naburi H. , Kawaza K. , Newton S. , Anyabolu C.H. , Bergman N. , Rao S.P.N. , Mittal P. , Assenga E. , Gadama L. , Larsen-Reindorf R. , Kuti O. , Linnér A. , Yoshida S. , Chopra N. , Ngarina M. , Msusa A.T. , Boakye-Yiadom A. , Kuti B.P. , Morgan B. , Minckas N. , Suri J. , Moshiro R. , Samuel . , Wireko-Brobby N. , Rettedal S. , Jaiswal H.V. , Sankar M.J. , Nyanor . , Tiwary H. , Anand P. , Manu A.A. , Nagpal K. , Ansong D. , Saini . , Aggarwal K.C. , Wadhwa N. , Bahl R. , Westrup B. , Adejuyigbe E.A. , Plange-Rhule G. , Dube Q. , Chellani H. , Massawe A. 
Published: November 2021

(N Engl J Med. 2021;384:2028–2038. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2026486. PMID: 34038632; PMCID: PMC810848)
While preterm, low–birth-weight infants make up ~15% of neonates, they account for the vast majority of neonatal deaths (70%). “Kangaroo Mother Care,” where the mother or caregiver provides continuous skin-to-skin contact with the neonate, has been shown to decrease mortality in infants with a birth weight below 2.0 kg. This study aimed to determine when to initiate continuous kangaroo mother care and if it is safe.