bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial and Class Inequality in US Incarceration in the Early Twenty-First Century
Authors: Muller Christopher , Roehrkasse Alexander F 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The relative importance of racial and class inequality in incarceration in the United States has recently become the subject of much debate. In this paper, we seek to give this debate a stronger empirical foundation. First, we update previous research on racial and class inequality in people’s likelihood of being imprisoned. Then, we examine racial and class inequality in people’s risk of having a family member imprisoned or living in a high-imprisonment neighborhood. We find that racial inequality in prison admissions has fallen in the twenty-first century, while class inequality has surged. However, in recent years, Black people with high levels of education and income were more likely than white people with low levels of education and income to experience the imprisonment of a family member or to live in a neighborhood with a high imprisonment rate. These seemingly contradictory conclusions can be reconciled by the fact that enduring structures of racial domination have made class boundaries among Black people more permeable than they are among white people. Imprisonment in the United States is increasingly reserved for the poor. But because Black Americans are disproportionately connected to the poor through their families and neighborhoods, racial inequality exceeds class inequality in people’s indirect experiences with imprisonment.
Strengthening Healthy Work Environment Outcomes Via Interprofessional Direct Care Champion Roles
Authors: Doherty Dennis P. , Wood Laura J. , Durkin Gregory J. 
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVE
To provide an organization-wide, systematic approach to creating and sustaining healthy work environments (HWEs) through frontline interprofessional staff education and coaching engagement.

BACKGROUND
HWE has been an overarching concept in the organization's nursing professional practice model since 2014; however, few practice settings routinely translated survey findings to improve the work environment's health via local interprofessional direct care team members.

METHODS
The program used a participatory approach where HWE champions committed to participate in centralized professional development activities and local quality improvement initiatives to bolster the health of area work environments.

RESULTS
Fifty-one champions representing 44 practice settings participated in the professional development program. Mean HWE scores for all standards increased from year 1 to 2, with 15 practice settings seeing categorical improvement. Meaningful recognition and true collaboration were the standards most often targeted for improvement.

CONCLUSION
The HWE champion role appears to be a promising strategy for engaging frontline interprofessional staff in the assessment and implementation of initiatives to improve the health of work environments.
Two- and Three-Segment Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion: A Clinical Trial
Authors: Prado Gabriela P. R. , Koga Alexandre F. , Furtado Fabianne M. G. P. , Ferreira Lydia M. , Pereira Max D. 
Published: October 2021

Background:
The literature shows no consensus on whether two- or three-segment surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion is the best operative technique.

Methods:
The present clinical trial was designed to compare the outcome of two- and three-segment osteotomy surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion. Thirty-two adult patients with transverse maxillary deficiency greater than or equal to 5 mm were randomly assigned to two- and three-segment groups (n = 16). Dimensional and psychological assessments (Oral Health Impact Profile and Brazilian Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire) were carried out before surgical intervention and at one of the following time points: completion of expansion, removal of expanding device, 6 months after completion of expansion, or 10 months after completion of expansion. Dimensional assessments for asymmetric expansion of the maxilla and for changes in the area and volume of the palatine vault were performed on digital data from tomographic and laser scanning with the aid of an engineering inspection software.

Results:
No statistically significant differences were found in asymmetry or stability outcomes between groups. The psychological benefit provided by the three-segment technique did not spread through the domains of the quality-of-life questionnaires.

Conclusions:
The current findings suggest that three-segment surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion outcomes do not exceed those obtained with its two-segment counterpart regarding symmetry of maxillary expansion and stability of area and volume of the palatine vault. Furthermore, psychological nuances evidenced in two- and three-segment groups with the tools used play a limited, short-lasting role, or a specific, more sensitive assessment tool needs to be developed.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, II.
Why Primary Rhinoplasty Fails
Authors: Rohrich Rod J. , Savetsky Ira L. , Avashia Yash J. 
Published: October 2021

Summary:
Rhinoplasty remains one of the most challenging operations performed by plastic surgeons. The complexity lies in the ability to have a consistent and predictable aesthetic result. The unpredictability is mainly attributable to the interplay of manipulated internal structures and wound healing dynamics. In addition, setting realistic expectations with the patient is essential for achieving high postoperative patient satisfaction. An open rhinoplasty approach enables an accurate and in-depth evaluation and intervention. The authors provide a detailed analysis and discussion on why primary rhinoplasty fails, along with the surgical approach for preventing these failures.
How to Host a Virtual Educational Conference
Authors: Lisiecki Jeffrey L. , Rohrich Rod J. , Chung Kevin C. 
Published: October 2021

Summary:
Virtual education is a promising tool for expanding surgical training and continuing education. The authors present their preferred platforms for virtual surgical education, and discuss security and privacy concerns. Maintaining communication and keeping sessions engaging require special consideration when education is done virtually. The limitations to virtual education may soon be mitigated by new technologies. In this article, the authors aim to describe the benefits, current modalities, tips for use, and future directions for virtual education as it pertains to plastic surgeons and trainees during the current coronavirus pandemic.
Addressing Social Determinants While Social Distancing: The Development of an Evidence-Based Social Needs Screening for a Telehealth Setting
Authors: Reed Ruby E. , Suárez-Nieto María Valentina , Lee Jiwoo , Wary Neil K. , Wang Songnan , Koo Rachel Minseo , Osterberg Lars , Caceres Wendy , Charon Mina , Filsoof Amy , Montacute Tamara , Singh Baldeep 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEffectively addressing social determinants of health in clinical care can be challenging, and screening for such social needs is often overlooked. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated health disparities and the impacts of social determinants of health, increasing the importance of both effective screening and intervention to address social needs. In response, the student-run free clinics at Stanford University sought to meet this need amongst our patient population by developing an evidence-based social needs screening (SNS) and referral protocol and integrating it into our novel telehealth model. The new protocol was implemented significantly more consistently compared to our previous checklist-based SNS, and more need was identified amongst our patient population than with the checklist-based, pre-pandemic screen. The new screening and referral protocol facilitated comprehensive patient care that addresses the social determinants of health in the clinical setting by improving our ability to identify patient social needs and refer such patients to community organizations. In describing the development, design, and implementation of this SNS, we hope to provide an example strategy for addressing social determinants of health within a student-run free clinic setting, and to encourage other student-run clinics and/or free clinics to similarly expand locally relevant social needs services.
Spike in asthma healthcare presentations in eastern England during June 2021: a retrospective observational study using syndromic surveillance data
Authors: Elliot AJ , Bennett C , Hughes HE , Morbey RA , Todkill D , Thompson R , Landeg O , OConnell E , Seltzer M , Lang W , Edeghere O , Oliver I 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundThunderstorm asthma is often characterised by a sudden surge in patients presenting with exacerbated symptoms of asthma linked to thunderstorm activity. On 17 June 2021, Public Health England (PHE) observed a large spike in health care seeking behaviour by patients presenting with asthma and difficulty breathing symptoms across parts of England.ObjectivesTo describe the epidemiology of the observed asthma spike and explore available meteorological and environmental data to understand potential causes of this episode.DesignA retrospective observational study was conducted of patient visits to health care services in England as monitored through surveillance systems routinely operated by PHE. The number of presentations during the asthma event was compared to expected levels for the overall population and across specific regions.SettingHealthcare services in England.Main outcome measuresNumber of patients presenting to healthcare services for asthma- and difficulty breathing-type symptoms.ResultsSpikes in asthma and difficulty breathing were detected across several PHE syndromic surveillance systems. Across affected areas ED attendances for asthma increased by 560% on 17 June compared to the average number of weekday daily attendances during the previous 4 weeks. GP out of hours contacts increased by 422%, NHS 111 calls 193%, NHS 111 online assessments 581% and ambulance call outs 54%. Increases were particularly noted in patient age groups 5-14 and 15-44 years. In non-affected regions, increases were small (<10%) or decreased, except for NHS 111 online assessments where there was an increase of 39%. A review of the meteorological conditions showed several localised, weak or moderate thunderstorms specifically across parts of South East England on the night of June 16.ConclusionsAn unprecedented episode of asthma was recorded in England, characterised by significant surges in health care seeking behaviour. However, the links to meteorologically defined thunderstorm activity were not as clear as previous episodes, with less evidence of severe thunderstorm activity in those areas affected, prompting further discussion about the causes of these events and implications for public health management of the risk.
Assessing the Impact of Race on Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Prediction
Authors: Zhang Linying , Richter Lauren R. , Hripcsak George 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe appropriate use and the implications of using variables that attempt to encode a patient’s race in clinical predictive algorithms remain unclear. The clinical algorithm for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) adjusts for race, but the observed difference between Black and non-Black participants lacks biologically substantiated evidence. We investigated the impact of using a race variable on GFR prediction by race-stratified error analysis.MethodsWe implemented three predictive algorithms with varied amount of input information from an electronic health record database to estimate GFR. We compared the prediction error of the estimated GFR with and without the variable race between Black patients and White patients.ResultsThe prediction error for patients coded as Black was higher than that for patients coded as White across all three algorithms. Removing race from the prediction algorithm did not lower the prediction error for patients coded as Black, neither did it decrease the difference in error between the two groups. The algorithm that included the most information with thousands of variables but excluding race produced the most accurate estimate for both groups and minimized the difference in performance between the two groups.ConclusionThe prediction error for patients coded as Black was higher compared to those coded as White, regardless of inclusion of race as a variable. Using a large amount of information represented in electronic health record variables achieved a more accurate prediction of GFR and the least difference in prediction error across racial groups.
COVCOG 1: Factors predicting Cognitive Symptoms in Long COVID. A First Publication from the COVID and Cognition Study
Authors: Guo Panyuan , Ballesteros Alvaro Benito , Yeung Sabine P , Liu Ruby , Saha Arka , Curtis Lyn , Kaser Muzaffer , Haggard Mark P , Cheke Lucy G 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSince its first emergence in December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has evolved into a global pandemic. Whilst often considered a respiratory disease, a large proportion of COVID-19 patients report neurological symptoms, and there is accumulating evidence for neural damage in some individuals, with recent studies suggesting loss of gray matter in multiple regions, particularly in the left hemisphere. There are a number of mechanisms by which COVID-19 infection may lead to neurological symptoms and structural and functional changes in the brain, and it is reasonable to expect that many of these may translate into cognitive problems. Indeed, cognitive problems are one of the most commonly reported symptoms in those suffering from “Long COVID”—the chronic illness following COVID-19 infection that affects between 10–25% of sufferers. The COVID and Cognition Study is a part cross-sectional, part longitudinal, study documenting and aiming to understand the cognitive problems in Long COVID. In this first paper from the study, we document the characteristics of our sample of 181 individuals who had suffered COVID-19 infection, and 185 who had not. We explore which factors may be predictive of ongoing symptoms and their severity, as well as conducting an in-depth analysis of symptom profiles. Finally, we explore which factors predict the presence and severity of cognitive symptoms, both throughout the ongoing illness and at the time of testing. The main finding from this first analysis is that that severity of initial illness is a significant predictor of the presence and severity of ongoing symptoms, and that some symptoms during the acute illness—particularly limb weakness—may be more common in those that have more severe ongoing symptoms. Symptom profiles can be well described in terms of 5 or 6 factors, reflecting the variety of this highly heterogenous condition suffered by the individual. Specifically, we found that neurological and fatigue symptoms during the initial illness, and that neurological, gastro-intestinal, and cardiopulmonary symptoms during the ongoing illness, predicted experience of cognitive symptoms.
Dissecting gating mechanisms of Orai calcium channel paralogs using constitutively active Orai mutants that mimic STIM1-gated state
Authors: Augustynek Bartłomiej , Gyimesi Gergely , Dernič Jan , Sallinger Matthias , Albano Giuseppe , Klesse Gabriel J. , Kandasamy Palanivel , Grabmayr Herwig , Frischauf Irene , Fuster Daniel G. , Peinelt Christine , Hediger Matthias A. , Bhardwaj Rajesh 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn humans, there are three paralogs of the Orai Ca2+ channel, which lie at the heart of the store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) machinery. While the STIM-mediated gating mechanism of Orai channels is still being actively investigated, several artificial and natural variants are known to cause constitutive activity of the human Orai1 channel. Surprisingly, little is known about the conservation of the gating mechanism among the different human Orai paralogs and orthologs in other species. In our work, we show that the mutation corresponding to the activating mutation H134A in transmembrane helix 2 (TM2) of human Orai1 also activates Orai2 and Orai3, likely via a similar mechanism. However, this cross-paralog conservation does not apply to the “ANSGA” nexus mutations in TM4 of human Orai1 which mimic the STIM1-activated state of the channel. Investigating the mechanistic background of these differences, we identified two positions, H171 and F246 in human Orai1, which directly control the channel activation triggered by the “ANSGA” mutations in Orai1. Our results shed new light on these important gating checkpoints and show that the gating mechanism of the Orai channels is affected by multiple factors that are not necessarily evolutionarily conserved, such as the TM4-TM3 coupling.
Focal adhesion membrane is dotted with protein islands and partitioned for molecular hop diffusion
Authors: Fujiwara Takahiro K. , Takeuchi Shinji , Kalay Ziya , Nagai Yosuke , Tsunoyama Taka A. , Kalkbrenner Thomas , Chen Limin H. , Shibata Akihiro C.E. , Iwasawa Kokoro , Ritchie Ken P. , Suzuki Kenichi G.N. , Kusumi Akihiro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUsing the ultrafast camera system and new theories for hop diffusion described in the companion paper, we for the first time demonstrated that membrane molecules undergo hop diffusion among the compartments in the bulk basal plasma membrane (PM), with virtually the same compartment sizes (108 nm) as those in the bulk apical PM and the same dwell lifetimes within a compartment (10 and 24 ms for the phospholipid and transferrin receptor, respectively), suggesting that the basic structures and molecular dynamics are very similar in the bulk regions of the apical and basal PMs. Ultrafast PALM and single-molecule imaging revealed that the focal adhesion (FA) is mostly a fluid membrane, partitioned into ∼74-nm compartments where transferrin receptor and β3 integrin undergo hop diffusion, and that the FA membrane is sparsely dotted with 51-nm diameter paxillin islands, where many other FA proteins probably assemble (compartmentalized archipelago model). β3 integrin intermittently associates with the paxillin islands, dynamically linking them to the extracellular matrix.SummaryAn ultrafast camera with single fluorescent-molecule sensitivities developed by Fujiwara et al. reveals that the focal adhesion membrane is dotted with protein islands and partitioned for molecular hop diffusion, and integrin β3 molecules become temporarily immobilized at the islands.
A novel role for the extraembryonic area opaca in positioning the primitive streak of the early chick embryo
Authors: Lee Hyung Chul , Stern Claudio D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractClassical studies have established that the marginal zone, a ring of extraembryonic epiblast immediately surrounding the embryonic epiblast (area pellucida) of the chick embryo is important in setting embryonic polarity by positioning the primitive streak, the site of gastrulation. The more external extraembryonic region (area opaca) was only thought to have nutritive and support functions. Using experimental embryology approaches, this study reveals three separable functions for this outer region: first, juxtaposition of the area opaca directly onto the area pellucida induces a new marginal zone from the latter; this induced domain is entirely posterior in character. Second, ablation and grafting experiments using an isolated anterior half of the blastoderm and pieces of area opaca suggest that the area opaca can influence the polarity of the adjacent marginal zone. Finally, we show that the loss of the ability of such isolated anterior half-embryos to regulate (re-establish polarity spontaneously) at the early primitive streak stage can be rescued by replacing the area opaca by one from a younger stage. These results uncover new roles of chick extraembryonic tissues in early development.Summary statementTwo adjacent extraembryonic tissues, the area opaca and the marginal zone, interact to influence the polarity of the early chick embryo.
The endoplasmic reticulum adopts two distinct tubule forms
Authors: Wang Bowen , Zhao Zhiheng , Xiong Michael , Yan Rui , Xu Ke 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a versatile organelle with diverse functions. Through super-resolution microscopy, we show that the peripheral ER in the mammalian cell adopts two distinct forms of tubules. Whereas an ultrathin form, R1, is consistently covered by ER-membrane curvature-promoting proteins, e.g., Rtn4 in the native cell, in the second form, R2, Rtn4 and analogs are arranged into two parallel lines at a conserved separation of ∼105 nm over long ranges. The two tubule forms together account for ∼90% of the total tubule length in the cell, with either one being dominant in different cell types. The R1-R2 dichotomy and the final tubule geometry are both co-regulated by Rtn4 (and analogs) and the ER sheet-maintaining protein Climp63, which respectively define the edge curvature and lumen height of the R2 tubules to generate a ribbon-like structure of well-defined width. Accordingly, the R2 tubule width correlates positively with the Climp63 intralumenal size. The R1 and R2 tubules undergo active remodeling at the second/sub-second time scales as they differently accommodate proteins, with the former effectively excluding ER-luminal proteins and ER-membrane proteins with large intraluminal domains. We thus uncover a dynamic structural dichotomy for ER tubules with intriguing functional implications.
An integrated lean and ISO 14001 framework for environmental performance: an assessment of New Zealand meat industry
Authors: Ahmed Aqeel , Mathrani Sanjay , Jayamaha Nihal 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
The aim of this paper is to explore the implementation of an integrated lean and ISO 14001 approach in meat industry for environmental performance and examine a proposed conceptual framework by capturing insights from lean and ISO 14001 experts in New Zealand (NZ).

Design/methodology/approach
Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with a group of consultants (lean and ISO 14001) to evaluate the suitability of an integrated lean and ISO 14001 approach in the meat industry for environmental performance. A conceptual framework from literature has guided this study leading to its further development based on the empirical evidence collected.

Findings
Findings have illustrated a synergistic positive impact of lean and ISO 14001 implementation as an integrated approach for sustaining environmental performance in the meat industry. A joint implementation program provides more clarity in aligning ISO 14001 operational procedures with lean tools and techniques for an enhanced environmental performance outcome.

Practical implications
The application of an integrated lean and ISO 14001 framework is proposed in this paper, which can help industry practitioners and academia in developing a joint implementation strategy and conducting future research.

Originality/value
To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first to assess the effective implementation of lean and ISO 14001 as an integrated approach in the NZ meat industry.