bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seeing the green cucumber: Reflections on variation theory and teaching plant identification
Authors: Sanders Dawn , Eriksen Bente , Gunnarsson Catherine MacHale , Emanuelsson Jonas 
Published: December 2021

Societal Impact StatementOvercoming ‘plant blindness’ is a critical goal for society and especially for education. In this article, we suggest variation theory can be a useful approach to plant identification training and evaluation in higher education contexts. We discuss an example from Swedish higher education in which we reflect on our teaching. We propose that the conscious use of variation theory may be useful in developing pedagogical tools and processes in the teaching of plant identification.Summary

Given the importance of the ecological functions of plants and current extinction rates, overcoming ‘plant blindness’, the inability to notice plants in our environment, is a critical goal for society as a whole, and for education in particular.
In response to this social challenge, we suggest that a theoretical approach to learning can be a useful lens through which plant identification training and evaluation in higher education contexts can be understood on a deeper level, informed by theoretical tools from the learning sciences.
In this article, we discuss an example from Swedish higher education in which we reflect upon our teaching using the principles of the variation theory of learning, which emphasises the ability to discern different features or aspects of what is being learned.
We also propose that a deliberate use of learning theories, especially variation theory, may be useful in developing pedagogical tools and processes in botanical education.
Lignans dramatically enhance the resistance of Fraxinus velutina Torr. by adjusting the dominant bacterium group of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire
Authors: Liu Jianfeng , Feng Runxia , Fu Xiaohong , Zhao Jie , Zhang Sufang , Wang Jianjun , Wang Xiaoyi , Wei Jianrong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDVelvet ash (Fraxinus velutina Torr.) is an important wood and ornamental tree species. Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, is a major wood borer of velvet ash. The aim of this study was to identify the secondary metabolites of velvet ash involved in regulating the dominant bacterium group of EAB.RESULTSThe amount of lignans in the phloem of infested trees had increased by 290.96% because of A. planipennis infection. The addition of lignans to the artificial diet significantly reduced the weight of the larvae and decreased the dominant bacterial group in the larval midgut, such as Pseudomonadaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae. The FvPLR1, a key gene for lignan synthesis, was obtained based on the phloem transcriptome of velvet ash. The expression of FvPLR1 in the phloem of the infested tree was significantly higher than that in the noninfested tree. Meanwhile, FvPLR1 silenced by virus‐induced gene silencing showed that its expression level and the lignan content were decreased by 69.91% and 31.65%, respectively. Interestingly, silencing FvPLR1 induced alterations in the dominant bacteria group in the larvae, with the reverse trend in the lignan‐fed treatment.CONCLUSIONThe evidence showed that FvPLR1 was a positive regulator. The increasing synthesis of lignans leads to resistance improvement in velvet ash, which will provide comprehensive insights into the tree defense system to wood borer infestation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Sensitivity of Meloidogyne enterolobii and M. incognita to fluorinated nematicides
Authors: Watson Tristan T 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDMeloidogyne enterolobii (Yang and Eisenback) was recently introduced into Louisiana on contaminated sweetpotato planting material. Given the known variation in sensitivity to nematicides within the genus Meloidogyne, there is question as to whether fluorinated nematicides will be as efficacious toward M. enterolobii as they are with M. incognita (Chitwood). Using a series of in vitro and growth cabinet experiments, this study compared the sensitivity of M. enterolobii and M. incognita to four synthetic non‐fumigant nematicides (fluopyram, fluensulfone, fluazaindolizine, and oxamyl).RESULTSMeloidogyne enterolobii had lower sensitivity to nematicides than M. incognita in the majority of the in vitro exposure assays. Similar levels of reduction in root infectivity were observed after nematicide exposure among both nematode species. Fluopyram showed high hatching inhibition for both Meloidogyne species at low concentrations [median effective concentration (EC50) values of 0.273 to 0.018 mg L−1], whereas fluensulfone showed high root penetration inhibition at low concentrations (EC50 values of 0.151 to 0.065 mg L−1) relative to that of other evaluated nematicides. For both Meloidogyne species, each of the four non‐fumigant nematicides reduced root galling (58–96% reduction for M. enterolobii, 71–100% reduction for M. incognita) and egg production (63–99% reduction for M. enterolobii, 58–96% reduction for M. incognita) on sweetpotato when applied at the label recommended rate.CONCLUSIONFluorinated nematicides and oxamyl show capacity to suppress M. enterolobii on sweetpotato. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Baroclinic instability and large‐scale wave propagation in a planetary‐scale atmosphere
Authors: Moon Woosok , Manucharyan Georgy E. , Dijkstra Henk A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMidlatitude atmospheric variability is dominated by the dynamics of the baroclinically unstable jet stream, which meanders and sheds eddies at the scale of the Rossby deformation radius. The eddies interact with each other and with the jet, affecting the variability on a wide range of scales, but the mechanisms of planetary‐scale fluctuations of the jet are not well understood. Here, we develop a theoretical framework to explore the stability of planetary‐scale motions in an idealized two‐layer model of the atmosphere. The model is based on a combination of vertical shear and the Sverdrup relation, providing the dynamic link between the two layers, with meridional eddy heat fluxes parameterized as a diffusive process with the memory of past baroclinicity of the jet. We find that a planetary‐scale instability exists if the vertical shear of the jet does not exceed a particular threshold. The inclusion of the eddy‐memory effect enables westward or eastward propagation of planetary waves relative to the barotropic mean flow. Importantly, we find growing planetary waves that propagate slowly westward or are stationary, which could have important implications for the formation of atmospheric blocking events. Our theoretical results suggest that, with ongoing polar amplification due to global warming and the corresponding reduction of the vertical shear of the mean wind, the background conditions for the growth of planetary‐scale waves via planetary‐scale baroclinic instability are becoming more favorable.
Adaptive resilient control design for nonlinear time‐delay systems against unknown state‐dependent deception attacks
Authors: Song Shuai , Zhang Baoyong , Park Ju H. , Song Xiaona 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article investigates the adaptive resilient control problem for a class of nonlinear time‐delay systems (TDSs) with unknown state‐dependent deception attacks. For the purpose of overcoming the issue of “explosion of complexity” existing in the traditional backstepping control design and improving filter performance, an improved fractional‐order command filtered backstepping technique is adopted to obtain the filtered signals of the virtual control laws. Furthermore, the corresponding auxiliary system and attack compensator are constructed to compensate the effects of input delay and unknown sensor deception attacks. Stability results prove that all the signals in the closed‐loop systems are semi‐globally uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB) by using the proposed adaptive resilient controller. Finally, two simulation examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the developed control method.
State observation in microbial consortia: A case study on a synthetic producer‐cleaner consortium
Authors: dos Reis de Souza Alex , Efimov Denis , Polyakov Andrey , Gouzé Jean‐Luc , Cinquemani Eugenio 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this article, the problem of state estimation of a microbial consortium is discussed. This microbial consortium is composed of two strains, called producer and cleaner, in continuous culture. The producer strain grows by consuming glucose, while the cleaner grows by consuming the acetate excreted by the producer and toxifies the environment. Considering two available measurements, the total biomass and a fluorescent reporter, an observability analysis is cast and state estimators are proposed for each state component of this system. Although the system is shown to be detectable using solely the total biomass as measurement, the advantage of measuring the fluorescent reporter on the observer design is highlighted. A numerical experiment illustrates the methodology.
Highly optimized Q‐learning‐based bees approach for mobile robot path planning in static and dynamic environments
Authors: Bonny Talal , Kashkash Mariam 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a new novel approach to find an optimal path for a mobile robot in a two‐dimensional environment. Finding the optimal path is done using the Bees Algorithm (BA) with the Q‐Learning Algorithm. A new method to build the initial population is proposed to find the initial population regardless of the number and location of obstacles in the environment. Q‐Learning is implemented as a local search function of the BA. The hybridization of the BA and the Q‐Learning aims to find the optimal path with a fewer number of iterations of the BA. This method takes advantage of the BA to solve the problem without constraints and the sterilization in the Q‐Learning to find the shortest path. The experiment is run on some different maps to validate the proposed method in the static and dynamic case. The experimental results show the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method in finding the optimal path. The comparison is executed to view the superiority of this method in finding the shortest path in the comparison of the results of other algorithms.
A Safe, Fibrosis‐Mitigating, and Scalable Encapsulation Device Supports Long‐Term Function of Insulin‐Producing Cells
Authors: Liu Wanjun , Flanders James A. , Wang Long‐Hai , Liu Qingsheng , Bowers Daniel T. , Wang Kai , Chiu Alan , Wang Xi , Ernst Alexander U. , Shariati Kaavian , Caserto Julia S. , Parker Benjamin , Gao Daqian , Plesser Mitchell D. , Grunnet Lars G. , Rescan Claude , Pimentel Carletto Rodrigo , Winkel Louise , Melero‐Martin Juan M. , Ma Minglin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEncapsulation and transplantation of insulin‐producing cells offer a promising curative treatment for type 1 diabetes (T1D) without immunosuppression. However, biomaterials used to encapsulate cells often elicit foreign body responses, leading to cellular overgrowth and deposition of fibrotic tissue, which in turn diminishes mass transfer to and from transplanted cells. Meanwhile, the encapsulation device must be safe, scalable, and ideally retrievable to meet clinical requirements. Here, a durable and safe nanofibrous device coated with a thin and uniform, fibrosis‐mitigating, zwitterionically modified alginate hydrogel for encapsulation of islets and stem cell‐derived beta (SC‐β) cells is reported. The device with a configuration that has cells encapsulated within the cylindrical wall, allowing scale‐up in both radial and longitudinal directions without sacrificing mass transfer, is designed. Due to its facile mass transfer and low level of fibrotic reactions, the device supports long‐term cell engraftment, correcting diabetes in C57BL6/J mice with rat islets for up to 399 days and SCID‐beige mice with human SC‐β cells for up to 238 days. The scalability and retrievability in dogs are further demonstrated. These results suggest the potential of this new device for cell therapies to treat T1D and other diseases.
Atomically Dispersed Heteronuclear Dual‐Atom Catalysts: A New Rising Star in Atomic Catalysis
Authors: He Tianwei , Santiago Alain R. Puente , Kong Youchao , Ahsan Md Ariful , Luque Rafael , Du Aijun , Pan Hui 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAtomic catalysts (AC) are gaining extensive research interest as the most active new frontier in heterogeneous catalysis due to their unique electronic structures and maximum atom‐utilization efficiencies. Among all the atom catalysts, atomically dispersed heteronuclear dual‐atom catalysts (HDACs), which are featured with asymmetric active sites, have recently opened new pathways in the field of advancing atomic catalysis. In this review, the up‐to‐date investigations on heteronuclear dual‐atom catalysts together with the last advances on their theoretical predictions and experimental constructions are summarized. Furthermore, the current experimental synthetic strategies and accessible characterization techniques for these kinds of atomic catalysts, are also discussed. Finally, the crucial challenges in both theoretical and experimental aspects, as well as the future prospects of HDACs for energy‐related applications are provided. It is believed that this review will inspire the rational design and synthesis of the new generation of highly effective HDACs.
Bond behavior between reinforcing bar and reactive powder concrete
Authors: Wang Dehong , Han Lei , Ju Yanzhong , Zeng Cong , Li Zhenyu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTo study the bond–slip behavior between reinforcing bars and reactive powder concrete (RPC), eccentric pull‐out tests of 20 groups of bonding specimens were conducted, and the variables in the test specimens included RPC strength, cover thickness, bond length, and reinforcing bar diameter. The effects of various parameters on the bond stress and peak slip were analyzed. A formula for calculating the average bond stress and between the reinforcing bar and RPC were established, and the bond–slip relationship between reinforcing bar and RPC was determined. The results indicated that the bond length had the most significant effect on the bond performance, followed by the strength of concrete, cover thickness, and reinforcing bar diameter. When the bond length increased from 3d to 4d, the average bond stress decreases by 13.2% to 23.7%. When reinforcing bar diameter increased from 16 to 20 and 25 mm, the average bond stress increased by 6.58% and 15.9%, respectively. The average bond stress increased with increase of the cover thickness. When the RPC strength increased from 105.2 to 124.8 MPa, the average bond stress increased by 7.0% to 13.2%.
Thermal Analysis of Modular Fault‐Tolerant Permanent Magnet Motor Based on Electromagnetic‐Thermal Bi‐Directional Coupling
Authors: Gan Baoping , Zhang Bingyi , Liu Yunfei , Feng Guihong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCompared with multi‐phase single‐module permanent magnet motors, three‐phase multi‐modularized permanent magnet motors have stronger fault tolerance ability, widely used in aerospace, ship propulsion, and other special fields. Especially in ship direct‐drive propulsion, low speed and high torque modular combined stator fault‐tolerant permanent magnet motor (MCS‐FTPMSM) has high torque density, and fault‐tolerant operation conditions may appear in actual operation, so it is essential to analyze the temperature of the fault‐tolerant motor accurately. This paper analyzes the temperature of MCS‐FTPMSM under different operating conditions and determines the longest operating time of the motor under different fault‐tolerant operating conditions based on the 3D electromagnetic‐temperature bi‐directional coupling method. Among them, the loss of the motor is calculated by the 3D electromagnetic field, which is added to the 3D temperature field as an excitation, and then the material properties in the 3D electromagnetic field are updated according to the calculated temperature distribution. The cyclic iteration method is used to make the calculated temperature deviation less than the given error value. When analyzing the electromagnetic loss of the motor, the field‐circuit coupling method is adopted to consider the influence of the current time‐harmonics of the controller on the loss of the motor during actual operation. Finally, the 12kw100r/min 3 × 3 modular prototype was tested. By comparing the results of experiments, one‐way coupling method (OWCM) and bi‐directional coupling method (BDCM), it is found that the electromagnetic‐thermal bi‐directional coupling can more accurately predict the temperature of the fault‐tolerant motor. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
An Improved Synthesis of Bromotetrazole
Authors: Wozniak Dominique R. , Zeller Matthias , Byrd Edward C. , Piercey Davin G. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA new efficient synthesis of 5‐bromotetrazole is presented. The free acid bromotetrazole was synthesized in a straightforward reaction analogous to the production of nitrotetrazole. Its sodium salt was readily produced via acid/base salt metathesis. Both products were characterized chemically and as energetic materials by 1H and 13C NMR, IR, High Resolution Mass Spectrometry, x‐ray crystallography, TGA, impact and friction tests.
The United States: The First Formalization of Banking Supervision
Authors: Hotori Eiji , Wendschlag Mikael , Giddey Thibaud 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines the formalization of banking supervision in the United States (US), focusing on the federal level. During the “free banking era” from the late 1830s to 1864, several state governments created banking supervisory systems at the state level. Triggered by the fiscal needs of the Civil War, as well as the demand for a national currency, the US became the first country to introduce uniform nationwide banking supervision with the creation of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and the national banking system. The main purpose of the OCC was to ensure that the national banks did not violate the regulations related to the new currency, the US dollar. From a historical perspective, the rapid social and economic development of the US from the 1850s provided the background for this institutional change. Although the US case demonstrates that financial crises have not always driven the formalization of banking supervision, the crises of 1907 and the Great Depression served to further strengthen the formalization of banking supervision by prompting the introduction of multi-agency banking supervision in the US.
Belgium: Formalization and Incremental Development of a Supervisor with Increasing Powers and Authority
Authors: Hotori Eiji , Wendschlag Mikael , Giddey Thibaud 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe formalization process of Belgian banking supervision provides an interesting case. Mixed international influences as well as major domestic reforms influenced the direction of formalizing the supervisory system. It began in the middle of the 1930s as a consequence of the economic and financial crisis at the beginning of the decade. The reforms undertaken in 1934 and 1935 transformed the Belgian banking system from a free and unrestricted market, featuring very influential financial groups operating universal banking, to a supervised and more specialized banking system. However, based on our understanding of “formalization,” the process was not completed until the mid-1970s, because newly created formal supervision agency—the Banking Commission—initially functioned with very little resources and powers on a similar basis as its Swiss equivalent. In the post-Second World War era, the Belgian banking supervisor developed significantly, and its influence reached beyond mere prudential supervision. By the mid-1970s, the Banking Commission got involved in monetary and state financing policy, and the agency obtained the supervision of additional financial institutions.
Smooth 1-Dimensional Algebraic Quantum Field Theories
Authors: Benini Marco , Perin Marco , Schenkel Alexander 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a refinement of the usual concept of algebraic quantum field theories (AQFTs) to theories that are smooth in the sense that they assign to every smooth family of spacetimes a smooth family of observable algebras. Using stacks of categories, this proposal is realized concretely for the simplest case of 1-dimensional spacetimes, leading to a stack of smooth 1-dimensional AQFTs. Concrete examples of smooth AQFTs, of smooth families of smooth AQFTs and of equivariant smooth AQFTs are constructed. The main open problems that arise in upgrading this approach to higher dimensions and gauge theories are identified and discussed.
Time–Frequency Analysis in $$\mathbb {R}^n$$
Authors: Vuojamo Vesa , Turunen Ville , Orelma Heikki 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA time–frequency transform is a sesquilinear mapping from a suitable family of test functions to functions on the time–frequency plane. The goal is to quantify the energy present in the signal at any given time and frequency. The transform is further specified by imposing conditions such as those stemming from basic transformations of signals and those which an energy density should satisfy. We present a systematic study on how properties of a time–frequency transform are reflected in the associated evaluation at time–frequency origin, integral kernel and quantization and discuss some examples of time–frequency transforms.
Impact of lunch with carbohydrates differing in glycemic index on children's cognitive functioning in the late postprandial phase: a randomized crossover study
Authors: Drozdowska Alina , Sinningen Kathrin , Falkenstein Michael , Rudolf Henrik , Libuda Lars , Buyken Anette E. , Lücke Thomas , Kersting Mathilde 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Studies about effects of lunch dietary Glycemic Index (GI) on cognition of schoolchildren are scarce. Our previous CogniDo GI study found no changes of cognition in the early postprandial phase after consumption of two rice types with medium vs. high dietary GI for lunch (i.e., 45 min after starting lunch). This study investigated whether the dietary GI of lunch has an impact on cognition of schoolchildren in the late postprandial phase, 90 min after lunch.

Methods
A randomized, 2 × 2 crossover intervention study was conducted at a comprehensive school with 5th and 6th grade students. Participants (n = 212) were randomly assigned to either sequence 1 or 2. In the first period, participants of sequence 1 received a dish with high GI rice (GI: 79), those of sequence 2 with medium GI rice (GI: 64)—in the second period, 1 week later, vice versa. Computer-based cognitive testing was performed 90 min after lunch examining tonic alertness, visual search and task switching, and working memory. Treatment effects and treatment effects adjusted for estimated lunch glycemic load (GL) were analyzed using a linear mixed model.

Results
The selected cognitive parameters were not affected by the GI of lunch 90 min after lunch, neither after intention-to-treat nor in the per-protocol analysis. Adjustment for GL also did not change results.

Conclusion
The present study revealed no notable differences after the consumption of two rice types with medium vs. high dietary GI for lunch in children’s cognitive function in the late postprandial phase, 90 min after lunch.

Clinical trial registration
German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00013597); date of registration: 16/04/2018, retrospectively registered.