bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Search Patterns of Abdominal Imaging Subspecialists for Abdominal Computed Tomography: Toward a Foundational Pattern for New Radiology Residents
Authors: Kliewer Mark A. , Hartung Michael , Green C. Shawn 
Published: January 2021

Objectives:
The routine search patterns used by subspecialty abdominal imaging experts to inspect the image volumes of abdominal/pelvic computed tomography (CT) have not been well characterized or rendered in practical or teachable terms. The goal of this study is to describe the search patterns used by experienced subspecialty imagers when reading a normal abdominal CT at a modern picture archiving and communication system workstation, and utilize this information to propose guidelines for residents as they learn to interpret CT during training.

Material and Methods:
Twenty-two academic subspecialists enacted their routine search pattern on a normal contrast-enhanced abdominal/pelvic CT study under standardized display parameters. Readers were told that the scan was normal and then asked to verbalize where their gaze centered and moved through the axial, coronal, and sagittal image stacks, demonstrating eye position with a cursor as needed. A peer coded the reported eye gaze movements and scrilling behavior. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between years of professional experience and the numbers of passes through the lung bases, liver, kidneys, and bowel.

Results:
All readers followed an initial organ-by-organ approach. Larger organs were examined by drilling, while smaller organs by oscillation or scanning. Search elements were classified as drilling, scanning, oscillation, and scrilling (scan drilling); these categories were parsed as necessary. The greatest variability was found in the examination the body wall and bowel/mesentery. Two modes of scrilling were described, and these classified as roaming and zigzagging. The years of experience of the readers did not correlated to number of passes made through the lung bases, liver, kidneys, or bowel.

Conclusion:
Subspecialty abdominal radiologists negotiate through the image stacks of an abdominal CT study in broadly similar ways. Collation of the approaches suggests a foundational search pattern for new trainees.
Kooperatif Bankacılığı ve Türkiye'de Uygulanabilirliği
Authors: SÜMER Gökhan 
Published: January 2021

Ortak hedeflere ulaşılması ve ekonomik çıkarların korunması adına yardımlaşma yoluyla oluşturulan örgütler olarak tanımlanan kooperatiflerin asıl amacı, ortakların ihtiyaçlarının dayanışma yoluyla ve en az maliyetle karşılanmasıdır. Kooperatiflerin de diğer bütün kuruluşlar gibi kaynak ve finansman ihtiyaçları bulunmaktadır. Öz kaynakların yetersizliği ve kredi imkânlarının yetersiz olması kooperatif bankalarının kurulmasına neden olmuştur.
Günümüzde neredeyse tüm dünyada bulunan kooperatif bankaları, bankacılık sektörü içerisinde önemli bir konumda bulunmaktadır. Kooperatif bankaları, ortaklarına uygun koşullarla kredi kullanımı sunmanın yanı sıra, ortakların çıkarları gözetilerek yürütülmesi kooperatif yapılanmalarının güçlenmesine ve gelişmesine katkı sağlamaktadır.
Türkiye’ de ise kooperatifler başta tarım olmak üzere çeşitli sektörlerde faaliyet göstererek bireylerin kalkınmalarını ve ekonomiye katılmalarını sağlamaktadır. Bununla birlikte, kooperatifler finansmanları devlet bankaları aracılığıyla kredi kullanarak gerçekleştirmektedir. Kooperatif bankacılığı uygulamalarının Türkiye’ de yapılması kooperatiflerin finansman olanaklarını artırarak, kooperatifçilik müessesesinin gelişmesine katkı sağlayacaktır.
Psychological Characteristics of Athletes at Student’s Education and Training Center in Bengkulu
Authors: Nopiyanto Yahya Eko , Raibowo Septian , Prabowo Gilang Ugo 
Published: January 2021

The study of athletes’ psychological characteristics in the education and students training center (PLPP) Bengkulu needs to be conducted as an effort to fix athletes’ training and achievement in PLPP Bengkulu. The purpose of this study was to determine the psychological difference between male and female athletes in the education and student training center (PPLP) of Bengkulu. Type of this research was quantitative with a comparative design. The subjects in this research were 26 athletes, namely 6 athletic athletes, 4 weight lifting athletes, 8 wrestling athletes, 4 karate athletes, and 4 boxing athletes. The data collection technique was conducted with the psychological skills inventory for sports that adopted from Mahoney, Gabriel & Perkins, (1987). Validity of the instrument is 0,21–0,35 and the reliability is 0,890. Data were analyzed using t-test with a significant level of 0.05. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be seen that male athletes have a mean of 133.52 while female athletes have a mean value of 142.72 and significant value 0f 0,60>0.05. From results of this research, it was concluded that there were no difference in the psychological characteristics between male and female athletes in the education and students training center (PPLP) of Bengkulu. For the next researcher is expected to able using more samples and adding other research variables such as training of psychological skill and athletes personalities.
Użycie siły fizycznej przez Policję na podstawie ustawy o środkach przymusu bezpośredniego i broni palnej a prawa człowieka
Authors: Kapusta Monika 
Published: January 2021

Przedmiot badań: Prezentowane opracowanie dotyczy użycia siły fizycznej przez Policję w świetle przepisów ustawy z dnia 24 maja 2013 r. o środkach przymusu bezpośredniego i broni palnej. Ten środek przymusu bezpośredniego może być bardzo skuteczny. Niekiedy jest wręcz niezbędny podczas interwencji policyjnych. W przypadku bezpodstawnego bądź nieadekwatnego zastosowania może on jednak prowadzić do naruszenia wolności i praw osób, wobec których jest używany. W praktyce pojawiają się przypadki przekroczenia granic stosowania siły fizycznej. Niniejsze opracowanie stanowi analizę przepisów wymienionej wyżej ustawy oraz orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka w zakresie dopuszczalności użycia siły fizycznej przez Policję.
Cel badawczy: W artykule podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy rozwiązania prawne zawarte w ustawie o środkach przymusu bezpośredniego i broni palnej i dotyczące użycia siły fizycznej są wystarczające, a jeżeli nie, to dlaczego i czy istnieją zasady, które ułatwiłyby policjantom korzystanie z tego środka w granicach prawa oraz czy mogą temu służyć standardy wypracowane przez Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka.
Metoda badawcza: Badania opierają się na dogmatyczno-prawnej analizie przepisów ustawy z dnia 24 maja 2013 r. o środkach przymusu bezpośredniego i broni palnej oraz wypowiedzi doktryny i orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka.
Wyniki: Przepisy ustawy o środkach przymusu bezpośredniego i broni palnej oraz dotychczasowe analizy dotyczące stosowania siły fizycznej nie są rozległe i są niewystarczające do określenia standardów jej używania przez Policję. Brak jest wytycznych, które ułatwiłyby policjantom przestrzeganie granic działania przy użyciu siły fizycznej. Pewną pomoc w tym zakresie mogą stanowić zasady wypracowane przez Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka.
Consequences of elderly people’s financial decisions of illustrated by the example of capital release by means of reverse mortgage
Authors: Buzałek Przemysław , Czechowska Iwona D. 
Published: January 2021

Background: Effective functioning requires households to take financial decisions. It is essential that these decisions are rational. It was indicated in the empirical studies that customers are sometimes unable to take decisions requiring mathematical calculations and economic evaluations. Customers from the 60+ age group are considered elderly people who need financial support. Such a possibility can be offered by reverse mortgage. The main objective of the paper is to assess consequences of financial decisions made by elderly people illustrated by the example of capital release by means of reverse mortgage, and to indicate whether such mechanisms are efficient and provide an appropriate level of financial support.
Research purpose: The main objective of this study was to assess consequences of financial decisions of elderly people illustrated by the case of capital release by means of reverse mortgage, as well as to indicate whether such mechanisms are efficient and ensure an appropriate level of support life.
Methods: The authors make an attempt to evaluate to what extent values of monthly payments obtained for the period of ten years from reverse mortgage in such Polish cities as Warsaw, Cracow, Gdansk, Poznan, Wroclaw, Lodz might ensure an achievement of minimum subsistence level. As the hypothesis for empirical verification, it was assumed that potential ten-year monthly payments obtained within equity release in a form of reverse mortgage ensures an achievement of minimum subsistence level for one-person pensioner households. In order to calculate estimated payments from reverse mortgage, an account of terminated allowance was used. To make the assessment, the potential amounts of reverse mortgage benefits were compared with the indicator of minimum subsistence calculated in 2018 for one-person pensioner household in a property located in a city of above 500 thousand residents.
Conclusion: The results obtained show that reverse mortgage is a service that works best as an instrument supporting a household budget with additional money, not its basis. It can be concluded that regardless of whether a senior citizen (a woman or a man) is 65 or 75, they will obtain a benefit within the framework of ten-year reverse mortgage in an amount exceeding a minimum subsistence figure if they possess a property of the area of 60 square meters in Warsaw, Cracow or Gdansk. Besides, a level of minimum subsistence will be achieved in case of a woman signing a contract at the age of 75 and living in Wroclaw as well as in case of a man between 71–75 with a property in Poznan and a man between 68–75 with a property in Wroclaw. However, regardless of a senior’s age (between 65–75) and gender, a minimum subsistence level will not be exceeded if a flat is located in Lodz.
Czechosłowacka reforma walutowa z 1919 roku
Authors: Pracný Martin 
Published: January 2021

Przedmiot badań: Reforma walutowa jest skomplikowanym i kosztownym procesem ekono­micznym, który polega na tym, że wartość waluty lub też sama waluta zmieniają się na danym terytorium w wyniku interwencji władzy państwowej lub innych organów posiadających władzę. Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy reformy walutowej, która miała miejsce w 1919 r. w Czechosłowacji. Warto zauważyć, że w źródłach polskich niewiele jest informacji na temat opisywanej reformy. Z tego wynikała motywacja do podjęcia wspomnianego tematu. 1
Cel badawczy: Celem pracy jest analiza czechosłowackiej reformy walutowej z 1919 r. oraz próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy jej przeprowadzenie było niezbędne w okresie powojennym. Opracowanie uwzględnia również wyjaśnienie prawnych i technicznych aspektów reformy. Przedstawiono, w jaki sposób została przeprowadzona, a także dokonano oceny, czy udało się osiągnąć założenia wypracowane przez jej głównego autora – pierwszego czechosłowackiego Ministra Skarbu Aloisa Rašína.
Metoda badawcza: Głównymi metodami badawczymi wykorzystywanymi w pracy są analizy prawno-dogmatyczna oraz historyczno-prawna aktów prawnych wprowadzonych w trakcie reali­zacji reformy oraz innych rządowych dokumentów.
Wyniki: Reformy z 1919 r. w Czechosłowacji nie dało się uniknąć. Potrzeba odizolowania się od nieuporządkowanego ustroju monetarnego pokonanej monarchii Austro-Węgierskiej i wytwo­rzenie własnej silnej waluty było, wraz z powstaniem nowego państwa, oczywistym priorytetem. Pomimo krytyki reformy oraz trudności w osiągnięciu wszystkich wyznaczonych jej celów stwo­rzyła ona podwaliny nowo powstałej Republice.
Subsidiarity, fiscal decentralisation and financial autonomy of local and regional governments in Poland – the past and the future
Authors: Turała Maciej 
Published: January 2021

Background: Past changes in Polish local and regional governments’ financial autonomy give rise to the question whether local and regional governments in Poland still have sufficient finan­cial autonomy to perform in line with the requirements of the principle of subsidiarity. Dimen­sions of special concern are revenue as well as selected recent legislation changes’ potential future impact on Polish local and regional governments’ financial autonomy in terms of both revenue and expenditure.
Research purpose: The main objective of the article is to reflect upon the notion of local and regional self-governance, and to critically assess the current degree of financial autonomy of local and regional governments in Poland.
Methods: The article starts with a review of literature covering key concepts – subsidiarity, fiscal decentralisation, and local governments’ financial autonomy. Some of the approaches used to operationalise and measure financial autonomy are also highlighted and later used in the analysis and discussion.
Conclusions: The article ends with a call for general debate on the future of local and regional governments in Poland as the past trends and expected future developments – in light of discussed legislation changes as well as the potential impacts of the covid-19 pandemic – demonstrate the gradual erosion of the local governance model, which was founded three decades ago on a prem­ise of strong financial autonomy.
Mediacja jako sposób ochrony praw konsumenckich we Francji
Authors: Lemonnier Mariola 
Published: January 2021

Przedmiot badań: Artykuł dotyczy zjawiska mediacji we francuskim porządku prawnym. Opisuje typy mediacji, nadzór nad transakcjami na rynku finansowym we Francji i współpracę między organami nadzoru nad rynkiem. Przedmiotem szczególnego zainteresowania jest mediacja na rynku finansowym rozumiana jako narzędzie ochrony praw, jak również jako proces społeczny.
Cel badawczy: Analiza zagranicznych przepisów dotyczących funkcjonowania mediacji na rynku finansowym ma wskazać, jak należy w warunkach coraz większych zagrożeń odnosić się do mediacji sektorowej i wyspecjalizowanej. Zrozumienie rozwiązań francuskich pozwoli na lepsze poznanie możliwości polskiego prawa w zakresie mediacji na rynku finansowym. Jest także źródłem pytań, refleksji i otwarcia się na nowe rozwiązania.
Metoda badawcza: W artykule wykorzystano metody historyczną i dogmatyczną. Analiza prowadzona jest w porządku chronologicznym.1
Wyniki: Mediacja jest zjawiskiem społecznym. Na rynku finansowym we Francji podlega kilku zasadniczym przepisom kodeksowym, chociaż jej wprowadzanie do praktyki raczej wyprzedzało proces regulacyjny. Obecnie mamy do czynienia z regulacją i nadzorem mającymi przeciwdziałać negatywnym zjawiskom na rynku finansowym. Mediacja jest jednym ze sposobów, które mogą służyć do ochrony konsumenta na rynku finansowym
Sprawiedliwość podatkowa w zakresie kosztów uzyskania przychodów w podatku dochodowym od osób fizycznych
Authors: Mariański Adam 
Published: January 2021

Przedmiot badań: Ustawodawca podatkowy ma dużą swobodę w kształtowaniu obciążeń podatkowych. Nie powinno to jednak prowadzić do nieuzasadnionego różnicowania sytuacji podatników, zwłaszcza do odmiennego opodatkowania osób znajdujących się w takiej samej sytuacji. Skutkowałoby to bowiem naruszeniem zasady sprawiedliwości podatkowej. W doktrynie prawa podatkowego powszechnie uznaje się zasadę zdolności płatniczej jako fundament sprawiedliwego opodatkowania. Ustawodawca powinien poszukiwać indywidualizacji osobistej sytuacji podatnika, aby pobór podatku nastąpił z uwzględnieniem możliwości poniesienia tego ciężaru.
Cel i metoda badawcza: Celem badawczym było sprawdzenie, jak założenia sprawiedliwego opodatkowania są realizowane na gruncie podatku dochodowego od osób fizycznych. Przedmiotem analizy jest przy tym jeden z elementów kształtujących podstawę opodatkowania, czyli koszty uzyskania przychodów. W tym celu zastosowano metodę empiryczno-dogmatyczną.
Wyniki: Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała, że zasada zdolności płatniczej nie jest uwzględniana przez ustawodawcę w procesie kształtowania dochodu, a tym samym indywidualnego obciążenia podatkowego. Zasady rozliczania kosztów podatkowych są arbitralnie określane przez ustawodawcę w ramach władztwa daninowego. Prowadzi to do niesprawiedliwego opodatkowania już w układzie horyzontalnym (sprawiedliwość pozioma).
A COMMUNITY SURVEY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) IN THE PROVINCE OF ALBAY
Authors: Deri Ritzelda A. , Gilbas Sherill A. , Dio Ryan V. 
Published: January 2021

This paper highlights the trust, respect, safety and security ratings of the community to the Philippine National Police (PNP) in the Province of Albay. It presents the sectoral ratings to PNP programs. The survey utilized a structured interview with 200 sample respondents from Albay coming from different sectors. Male respondents outnumbered female respondents. The majority of the respondents are 41-50 years old, at least high school graduates and are married. The respondents gave the highest net rating on respect, followed by net rating on trust and the lowest net rating on safety and security on the performance of the PNP. Moreover, a high net rating on commitment of support to the identified programs of the PNP was also attained from the respondents. The highest net rating of support is given to the PNP’s anti-illegal drugs program, followed by anti-terrorism, anti-riding in tandem and anti-illegal gambling programs. The ratings of the PNP obtained from the different sectors of the community may be explained by the respondents’ nature of work or professions. Moreover, recommendations given by most of the respondents are focused on safety and security. The negative comments from the respondents may be considered to improve the PNP as an organization.
NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND OPTICAL POWER LIMITING OF POLY (3HT- Co - Th) - PMMA POLYMER BLEND FILMS
Authors: Al-Saidi Imad Al-Deen Hussein Ali , Hussein Hussein Falih , Hashim Numan Sleem 
Published: January 2021

Poly (3 - Hexylthiophene - Co - Thiophene) copolymer was prepared by using the addition polymerization method. The Nonlinear optical properties and the behavior of the optical power limiting of the prepared polymer blend poly (3HT- Co - Th) - PMMA films were studied by using the z - scan technique for different weight ratios of the copolymer poly (3HT- Co - Th). In the present work, a continuous wave (CW) diode - pumped solid - state laser (DPSSL) of wavelengths 532 nm was used for the irradiation of the prepared film samples. The nonlinear optical parameters such as, the nonlinear refractive index (n2), the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), and the third - order - nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ (3)) of the polymer blend poly (3HT- Co - Th) - PMMA films were determined for different weight ratios of the copolymer poly (3HT- Co - Th). It is observed that the polymer blend poly (3HT - Co - Th) - PMMA films exhibit saturable absorption (SA) and self - defocusing effects, and this gives an indication that both, the nonlinear refractive index (n2) and the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), have negative values. The obtained results indicate that the prepared polymer blend poly (3HT - Co - Th) - PMMA films are promising materials and can be considered as suitable materials for different optical and electronic applications.
Evaluation of silymarin and berberine efficiencies in the self-emulsifying drug delivery systemin paracetamol-induced experimental toxic liver injury
Authors: Sutsko I. P. , Shlyahtun A. G. , Titko A. V. , Yankevich N. V. , Kolodko A. V. , Telegin P. G. , Zverinsky I. V. , Semenenya I. N. 
Published: January 2021

The hepatoprotective properties of the silymarin and the plant alkaloid berberine combinationin experimental paracetamol-inducedliver damage were studied. Silymarin was obtained from milk thistle seeds. The conditions for extraction of flavonolignans (silymarin) were optimized. 70 % ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate and water were used as extractants. It was shown that the optimal conditions for the extraction of flavonolignans in order to obtain the maximum yield of flavonolignans were alcohol extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus. The experiment showed that the combined of silymarin and berberine was greater than their individual actions, which most effectively permitted stabilization of hepatocyte membranes and prevented altering their integrity in paracetamol-induced toxic liver damage. The self-emulsifying system with silymarin and berberine to a greater extent a significant extent prevented dystrophic changes in hepatocytes and necrosis in liver tissue, reduced hyperfermentemia in rat blood serum, prevented disturbance in the activity of thioredoxin reductase and enzymes of the glutathione antioxidant system and there by more effectively prevented hepatocyte functional impairment.
New breeding and genetic methods in pig breeding in Belarus
Authors: Sheyko I. P. , Timoshenko T. N. , Pristupa N. V. , Yanovich E. A. , Zayats V. N. , Sheyko R. I. , Kazarovets I. N. , Burnos A. C. , Kosko I. S. 
Published: January 2021

Six pig breeds: Belarusian large white, Belarusian meat, Belarusian black and white, landrace, Yorkshire and Duroc are involved in breeding and hydridization of pig breeding in Belarus. More than 85 % of pigs supplied to meat processing plants of the Republic are provided by different combinations of interbreed hydridization.For the effective development of this branch in the Republic, the Scientific-Practical Center on Animal Husbandry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus organized the system of selection and breeding work in pig breeding directed to create new competitive breeds, types, and hydrides of pigs adapted to the industrial production conditions and not inferior to the productivity of the analogs of the world selection.The main link of this system is the first-order breeding plants (nucleus units) as new-type plants dealing with the selection and breeding of the best animals with the outstanding genetically conditioned breeding and productive qualities. The second link of this system is the first-order breeding breeders that are completed with high-valuable breeding pigs from the leading nucleus unit and are engaged in their reproduction to obtain grandparents (GP).Assessing the level of the technological development of pig breeding in Belarus during the period to the 2030 year, we predicted the indices for the all predictable years (2020–2030). The existing level of the technological development of the pig breeding branch is assessed as the mean one. During 2020–2021 the pig breeding level will be moderate-high, during 2022– 2023 – high, and since 2025–2030 – intensive.