bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functionalist Interrelations among Human Psychological States Inter Se, Ditto for Martians
Authors: Shea Nicholas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Functionalism is designed to allow that psychological states can be multiply realized. Mark Sprevak has argued that, for a functionalist account of psychological states to apply to creatures that are organized in a very different way from humans (call them Martians), the way a psychological state is functionally individuated has to be relatively coarse-grained (Sprevak 2009). The argument for coarse-grained individuation fails if we distinguish functionalism about what it takes to be a psychological state in general from functionalism about a particular state type such as belief. Theorists are not precluded from including functional relations to consciousness or deliberate judgment in their account of (human) belief, consistent with allowing that Martians would have their own collection of functionally interrelated psychological states. Sprevak’s coarse-grained functionalism implies an implausibly liberal form of extended cognition. The point about functional interrelations allows us to avoid that conclusion without jettisoning functionalism (as Sprevak suggests we should): records in a human notebook may not enter into the right interrelations with other human psychological states to count as beliefs; nor do they enter into any interrelations with Martian psychological states.
Why Should We Teach Ethics and Civics?
Authors: Schrier Karen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 reviews the reasons for learning ethics and civics. Why do these skills matter and why should they be taught—now? This chapter dives into 10 reasons why ethics and civics education should be prioritized, and why it is currently lacking. It includes evidence-based research and data-driven perspectives. These reasons include the need to navigate an increasingly interconnected, global, and diverse world; the need to close the gaps in civics knowledge and skills; the fact that ethics and civics skills prepare students for success more generally; the need to navigate disinformation, trolling, and other disruptive communication; and the need to reduce hate, harassment, and toxicity, both online and offline.
Bioprinting
Authors: Douglas Kenneth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Abstract: This book describes how bioprinting emerged from 3D printing and details the accomplishments and challenges in bioprinting tissues of cartilage, skin, bone, muscle, neuromuscular junctions, liver, heart, lung, and kidney. It explains how scientists are attempting to provide these bioprinted tissues with a blood supply and the ability to carry nerve signals so that the tissues might be used for transplantation into persons with diseased or damaged organs. The book presents all the common terms in the bioprinting field and clarifies their meaning using plain language. Readers will learn about bioink—a bioprinting material containing living cells and supportive biomaterials. In addition, readers will become at ease with concepts such as fugitive inks (sacrificial inks used to make channels for blood flow), extracellular matrices (the biological environment surrounding cells), decellularization (the process of isolating cells from their native environment), hydrogels (water-based substances that can substitute for the extracellular matrix), rheology (the flow properties of a bioink), and bioreactors (containers to provide the environment cells need to thrive and multiply). Further vocabulary that will become familiar includes diffusion (passive movement of oxygen and nutrients from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration), stem cells (cells with the potential to develop into different bodily cell types), progenitor cells (early descendants of stem cells), gene expression (the process by which proteins develop from instructions in our DNA), and growth factors (substances—often proteins—that stimulate cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation). The book contains an extensive glossary for quick reference.
Printing Paradigms
Authors: Douglas Kenneth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter introduces the invention of 3D printing in the mid-1980s and discusses how bioprinting emerged from that technology some 15 years later, the significantly more formidable requirements that bioprinting presents compared to 3D printing, and the scientists who were the trailblazers of bioprinting. Mention is made of several medical successes of 3D printing prior to the advent of bioprinting. The chapter describes three of the principal bioprinting techniques and the steps that comprise the fundamental process regardless of the specific technique employed. It provides an introduction to some of the basic lexicon of bioprinting—words such as bioinks, bioreactors, extracellular matrices, rheology, and scaffolds. The chapter acquaints the reader with new and novel developments such as the Kenzan method style of bioprinting as well as the innovation of rotational 3D printing and its possible use in bioprinting.
Bioprinted Cartilage
Authors: Douglas Kenneth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter chronicles the difficulties in bioprinting any of the three types of cartilage, with emphasis on the articular cartilage, which is so often damaged in our knees and hips. The chapter sets out the disparity between the apparent simplicity of cartilage (no blood vessels, no nerves, and composed of a single, sparse cell type) and the complexity of its zonal architecture (disparate cell structure and orientation in different regions of the same cartilage tissue). The chapter presents examples of the bioprinting of all three cartilage types: articular cartilage (belonging to the hyaline family of cartilage), elastic cartilage (such as is found in our ears), and fibrocartilage (such as the meniscus in our knees). The chapter discusses the promise of decellularized extracellular matrix (which is extracellular matrix—the cells’ immediate environment—with the cells removed) as a bioink.
Innervation
Authors: Douglas Kenneth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter informs the reader of the discovery of nerve growth factor, how it plays an important role in bioprinting by directing the growth of the axons of nerve cells along specific paths to repair peripheral nerve injuries, and of the nascent efforts in bioprinting spinal cord scaffolds that may aid in the repair of spinal cord injuries. The chapter apprises the reader of the glial family of cells that provide myelination (insulation) for nerves in the central nervous system. Glial cells are as numerous in the central nervous system (i.e., the brain and spinal cord) as neurons (nerve cells). The chapter also explains fluorescently tagged calcium ion flow within bioprinted nerve tissue. Intracellular calcium—calcium within cells—controls key cellular functions in all types of neurons. For example, nerve cells cause a release of calcium ions that initiate muscle contraction.
Skin and Bones—and Muscle Too
Authors: Douglas Kenneth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter recounts bioprinting studies of skin, bone, skeletal muscle, and neuromuscular junctions. The chapter begins with a study of bioprinted skin designed to enable the creation of skin with a uniform pigmentation. The chapter relates two very different approaches to bioprinted bone: a synthetic bone called hyperelastic bone and a strategy that prints cartilage precursors to bone and then induces the conversion of the cartilage to bone by judicious choice of bioinks. Muscles move bone, and the chapter discusses an investigation of bioprinted skeletal muscle. Finally, the chapter considers an attempt to bioprint a neuromuscular junction, a synapse—a minute gap—of about 20 billionths of a meter between a motor neuron and the cell membrane of a skeletal muscle cell. A motor neuron is a nerve in the central nervous system that sends signals to the muscles of the body.
The Liver
Authors: Douglas Kenneth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter reports on efforts to bioprint liver tissue, including the important types of liver cells and also the liver’s cytoarchitecture—the typical pattern of cellular arrangement within liver tissue. The chapter gives an account of the liver’s remarkable regenerative ability, its over 500 vital functions, its unusual blood supply, and the difficulty of growing liver cells in vitro (in the laboratory). The chapter includes a description of a hybrid printing/casting method employing human hepatocytes (liver cells) encapsulated in a hydrogel called a “liver tissue seed.” Implanted into mice with a liver injury, the seed tissue provided functional support to the failing liver and expanded in size by 50-fold over the course of 11 weeks. The chapter also mentions Organovo, the first commercial bioprinting company and a pioneer in bioprinting commercially available human tissues, notably their lead product, liver tissue.
The Kidney
Authors: Douglas Kenneth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter puts forward a series of experiments in which scientists bioprinted one of the critical components of a kidney’s nephron (the filtering unit of the kidney), namely the proximal convoluted tubule where the majority of nutrient absorption back into the bloodstream takes place (and where most drug-induced toxicities of the kidney occur). The same team of researchers bioprinted colocalized (printed very close together) proximal tubules and blood vessels and, with the use of fluorescence microscopy, were able to observe vectorial transport, the process in which valuable nutrients such as serum albumin are selectively reabsorbed into the bloodstream. They also induced a state of hyperglycemia and administered a countermeasure drug, thus demonstrating the ability of their bioprinted kidney tissue to functionally respond as native kidney tissue does to an overdose of glucose and to a drug designed to mitigate this undesirable condition.
Thinking In and About Music
Authors: Bernstein Zachary 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Milton Babbitt (1916–2011) was, at once, one of the century’s foremost composers and a founder of American music theory. These two aspects of his creative life—“thinking in” and “thinking about” music, as he would put it—nourished each other. Theory and analysis inspired fresh compositional ideas, and compositional concerns focused theoretical and analytical inquiry. Accordingly, this book undertakes an excavation of the sources of his theorizing as a guide to analysis of his music. Babbitt’s idiosyncratic synthesis of ideas from Heinrich Schenker, analytic philosophy, and cognitive science—at least as much as more obviously relevant, and more frequently cited, predecessors such as Arnold Schoenberg—provide insight into his aesthetics and compositional technique. Examination of Babbitt’s newly available sketch materials sheds additional light on his procedures. But a close look at his music reveals a host of concerns unaccounted for in his theories, some of which seem to directly contradict theoretical expectations. New analytical models are needed to complement those suggested by Babbitt’s theories. Departing from the serial logic of Babbitt’s writings, his compositional procedures, and most previous work on the subject—and in an attempt to discuss Babbitt’s music as it is actually heard rather than just deciphered—the book brings to bear theories of gesture and embodiment, rhetoric, text setting, and temporality. The result is a richly multifaceted look at one of the twentieth century’s most fascinating musical minds.
The Basis of Political Equality
Authors: Christiano Thomas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter vindicates democracy against recent criticism and shows how democracy can be improved and made more egalitarian. Critics argue that democracy is rule by the ignorant or by those who must appease the ignorant, basing this idea on an economic theory of information, backed by data suggesting widespread ignorance among citizens. They argue either for radically diminishing the size of the state or for rule by experts. But this pessimism is unfounded. There are good grounds for thinking that democracy can work well despite having to work in a context of low information decision-making. The critics point usefully to an underdeveloped aspect of political equality: the theory of citizen participation. To remedy this shortcoming, this chapter first argues for the instrumental and intrinsic values of democracy, relying on the expectation that citizens can act on the basis of adequate information about politics. Second, it critiques the crude model of citizen participation which is meant to undermine the expectation that citizens act on the basis of adequate information. Third, it proposes a collaborative conception of how citizens participate in a democracy and fourth, it suggests how democracy can be made more effective and egalitarian.
Introduction
Authors: Dougherty Tom 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces this book’s investigation into the question of which normative principle governs the scope of consent. The scope of someone’s consent is the range of actions that they permit by giving consent. The ultimate conclusion of this book is that the scope of consent is determined by certain evidence that bears on the appropriate interpretation of the consent. To reach this conclusion, this book’s investigation involves taking a stance on what constitutes consent. By appealing to the idea that someone can justify their behaviour by appealing to another person’s consent, this book defends the view that consent consists in behaviour that expresses a consent-giver’s will for how a consent-receiver behaves. Discovering the principle for consent scope’s is important for a variety of practical applications, including sexual deception: by engaging in deception, a perpetrator can unwittingly manipulate their victim into taking part in a sexual encounter that lies outside the scope of their consent.
The Available Reliable Evidence Principle
Authors: Dougherty Tom 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops a principle that grounds the scope of consent in the appropriate interpretation of the consent. The appropriate interpretation is determined not by conventions but by certain evidence about what the consent-giver intends to authorize with their consent. To formulate a precise principle for the scope of consent, the chapter introduces the notion of ‘reliable evidence’. This is the evidence such that both the consent-giver and the consent-receiver must reasonably accept that this evidence bears on the appropriate interpretation of the consent. According to ‘Available Reliable Evidence Principle’, an action falls within the scope of someone’s consent when the reliable evidence that is actually available sufficiently supports interpreting the consent-giver’s behaviour as motivated by an intention to authorize this action. This principle is almost correct, but requires an important modification that comes in Chapter 11.
Trinitarian Grace in Martin Luther's The Bondage of the Will
Authors: Ruokanen Miikka 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Professor Miikka Ruokanen reveals the powerfully Trinitarian and participatory nature of Martin Luther’s conception of divine grace in his magnum opus The Bondage of the Will, largely ignored in the previous research. The study establishes a genuinely new understanding of Luther’s major treatise opening up its ecumenical potential. Luther’s debate with Erasmus signifies not only a disagreement concerning free will, but the dispute reveals two contrasting understandings of the very core idea of the Christian faith. For Erasmus, the relationship of the human being with God is based on the rationally and morally acceptable principles of fair play. For Luther, the human being is captivated by the overwhelming power of unfaith and transcendental evil, Satan; only the monergistic grace of the Triune God and the power of the Holy Spirit can liberate him/her. Ruokanen verifies the Trinitarian vision of salvation “by grace alone” as the center of Luther’s theology. This doctrine has three dimensions: (1) The conversion of the sinner and the birth of faith in Christ are effected by prevenient divine grace; justification “through faith alone,” is the sole work of God’s Spirit, comparable to creation ex nihilo. (2) Participation in the person, life, and divine properties of Christ, as well as participation in his salvific work, his cross, and resurrection, are possible solely because of the presence of the Holy Spirit in the believer. Justification means simultaneously the forensic declaration of the guilty non-guilty on the basis of the atonement by Jesus’ cross, as well as a union with Christ in the Holy Spirit. (3) Sanctification means the gradual growth of love for God and neighbor enabled by the believer’s participation in divine love in the Holy Spirit. Ruokanen’s work offers a crucial modification and advance to the world-renowned Finnish school of Luther interpretation: Luther’s classic use of Pneumatological language avoids the problems caused by using an ontological language.
Introduction
Authors: Ruokanen Miikka 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The debate between Luther and Erasmus was basically about to what degree, if any, a sinner can freely prepare him/herself for the reception of divine grace. When rejecting the bull of Pope Leo X, Luther had used an exaggerating deterministic or necessitarian theological language which alarmed Erasmus. Erasmus concentrated on the application of God’s grace into the human situation “from below”; Luther, on the contrary, focused on the theocentric nature of grace “from above.” Erasmus promoted the commonly accepted rational view of Late Medieval Catholic soteriology: “to those who do what they can God does not deny his grace,” God’s justice requires that he necessarily grant grace to anyone who freely prepares him/herself to receive it, while Luther spoke the language of Biblical realism: Although human will is free in relation to the natural world, the human being is captivated by the overwhelming power of unfaith, sin, and Satan, being incapable of changing his/her ultimate psychic orientation. In his criticism Luther rehabilitated Augustine’s teaching on the radical limits of human freedom and on the Pneumatological dynamism of divine grace, the view neglected in Medieval theology. Research on Luther’s The Bondage of the Will has not recognized the strong Pneumatological and Trinitarian accent of his theology. Instead, the contradiction between Luther and Erasmus has been explained in philosophical terms such as free will, determinism, necessity, and predestination; this has not revealed the true nature of the profoundly theological conflict between the two “forms of Christianity.” The work at hand makes critical comments on Luther research of the last hundred years and launches the task of a detailed and thorough systematic-theological analysis of the major treatise of Luther.
A Comprehensive View of Luther’s Doctrine of Grace
Authors: Ruokanen Miikka 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a comprehensive presentation of the three dimensions of Luther’s Trinitarian doctrine of grace. (1) The conversion of the sinner and the birth of faith in Christ, justification “through faith alone,” is effected by prevenient grace, the sole work of God’s Spirit. (2) Participation in (2a) the cross and resurrection of Christ as well as in his (2b) person, life, and divine properties, are possible solely because of the presence of the Holy Spirit in the believer. Justification means simultaneously (2a) the forensic declaration of the guilty non-guilty on the basis of the atonement by Jesus’ cross (favor), as well as (2b) a union with Christ in the Holy Spirit (donum). The believer participates both in the person and life of the incarnated Son of God and in the historical facts of salvation in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. (3) Sanctification means the gradual growth of love for God and neighbor enabled by participation in divine love in the Holy Spirit who also enables the believer to cooperate with grace. Luther’s dependence on Augustine’s doctrine of grace is pointed out. The three-dimensional structure of Trinitarian grace offers an advancement to the Finnish school of Luther interpretation initiated by Tuomo Mannermaa. His fundamental finding of the participatory nature of justification, rooted in Patristic soteriology, is verified in the present study, but an amendment is also offered, based on a critical analysis of Mannermaa’s interpretation of Luther’s Lectures on Galatians (1531/1535).
Wellbeing Cost-effectiveness Analysis and Existing Approaches
Authors: Frijters Paul , Krekel Christian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The fourth chapter is targeted mainly at readers who wish to quantify how much benefits and costs are generated by future or existing policies and programmes. The chapter compares the authors’ basic methodology for wellbeing cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) with existing approaches to decide on public resource allocations. The main comparison is with cost-benefit analysis (CBA), but they also compare it with multi-criterion approaches, social rates of return analyses, and business case scenarios or impact assessments. The authors start with a quick reminder of their basic methodology for wellbeing CEA, after which they sketch the current practice of CBA, highlighting the differences in a stylized, non-technical manner. They also sketch the relationship between WELLBYs (wellbeing years) and QALYs (quality-adjusted life-years), deriving a proper translation between the two measures, which will culminate in the important distinction between the individual willingness-to-pay for a WELLBY and the social costs of producing a WELLBY. They then answer some crucial questions as to how more wellbeing knowledge can be incorporated into existing approaches, including the question of the monetization of wellbeing effects for current-practice CBA. Apart from analysts, this chapter is also of interest to academics in the fields of health and wellbeing as it discusses in depth the differences between WELLBYs and QALYs. The discussion on wellbeing approaches from around the world is of importance to all those tasked with embedding wellbeing into their own country’s public-sector systems.
Applying Wellbeing Insights to Existing Policy Evaluations and Appraisals
Authors: Frijters Paul , Krekel Christian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The fifth chapter shows how insights from wellbeing could complement existing policy evaluations and appraisals, using real-world case studies from government departments and agencies. For each case study, it first summarizes the current evaluation or appraisal approach, including its internal logic. It also makes general remarks to give some academic and policy context. The chapter goes on to show how insights from wellbeing could be brought to bear on these cases. In most cases, the authors sketch what a wellbeing-augmented cost-benefit analysis (CBA) or a fully fledged wellbeing cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) might look like. A final case study applies a wellbeing CBA at the global level for illustrative purposes to assess two very different policy responses during the Covid-19 crisis, one the being a laissez-faire, business-as-usual response to the pandemic and one being a containment and eradication response involving the kind of lockdowns and preventive measures we have seen in most countries worldwide.