bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the airway mechanics of modified toggle laryngoplasty constructs using a vacuum chamber airflow model
Authors: Gray Sarah M. , Gutierrez‐Nibeyro Santiago D. , Couëtil Laurent L. , Horn Gavin P. , Kesler Richard M. , McCoy Annette M. , Stewart Matt C. , Schaeffer David J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the airway mechanics of modified toggle LP constructs in an airflow chamber model and compare these to the airway mechanics of standard LP constructs.Study designEx‐vivo experimental study.Sample populationFifty‐one equine cadaveric larynges.MethodsBilateral LP constructs were performed using a modified toggle (n = 23) or a standard (n = 21) LP technique. Constructs were tested in an airflow model before and after cyclic loading which was designed to mimic postoperative swallowing. The cross‐sectional area (CSA), peak translaryngeal airflow (L/s), and impedance (cmH20/L/s) were determined and compared between LP constructs before and after cycling.ResultsThe mean CSA of the rima glottidis of the modified toggle LP constructs was 15.2 ± 2.6 cm2before and 14.7 ± 2.6 cm2after cyclic loading, and the mean CSA of the rima glottidis of the standard LP constructs was 16.4 ± 2.9 cm2before and 15.7 ± 2.8 cm2after cyclic loading. The modified toggle LP constructs had similar peak translaryngeal impedance before and after cyclic loading (p = .13); however, the standard LP constructs had higher peak translaryngeal impedance after cyclic loading (p = .02).ConclusionThe modified toggle and standard LP constructs had comparable airway mechanics in an ex‐vivo model.Clinical significanceFurther investigation is warranted to determine the extent to which the modified toggle LP technique restores normal airway function in horses with RLN.
Greenhouse Gas Emission Analysis of Integrated Production-Inventory-Transportation Supply Chain Enabled by Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Di Lei , Yang Yiran 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), owing to its unique layer-wise production method, can offer evident advantages such as faster production, lower cost, and less waste compared to traditional manufacturing (TM) technologies. The uses of AM in rapid tooling, prototyping, and manufacturing have been innovating the current manufacturing industry from the process level to the entire supply chain. Most existing research on AM is focused on process improvement and new materials, largely neglecting the potential economic and environmental benefits enabled by AM supply chains. This research investigates an innovative supply chain structure, i.e., the integrated production-inventory-transportation (PIT) structure that is uniquely enabled by AM because of its capability of fabricating the entire product with less or even no need for assembly and labor involvement. This paper quantifies and compares the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of TM and AM-enabled PIT supply chains. Since the manufacturing industry is a major source of GHG emissions in the U.S., it needs to be thoroughly studied to explore opportunities for reducing GHG emissions for environmental protection. Case study results suggest that a potential reduction of 26.43% of GHG emissions can be achieved by adopting the AM-enabled PIT supply chain structure. Sensitivity analysis results show that a 20% variation in GHG emission intensity (the amount of CO2eq emissions caused by generating a unit of electricity) can lead to a 6.26% change in the total GHG emissions from the AM-enabled PIT supply chain.
Caffeine Mouth Rinse Does Not Improve Time to Exhaustion in Male Trained Cyclists
Authors: Nabuco Lara Lima , Saunders Bryan , Sousa da Silva Renato André , Molina Guilherme Eckhardt , Reis Caio Eduardo Gonçalves 
Published: July 2021

This study investigated the effects of caffeine mouth rinse on cycling time to exhaustion (TTE) and physiological responses in trained cyclists. In a double-blinded randomized counterbalanced cross-over design, 10 recreationally trained male cyclists (mean ± SD: 32 ± 3 years, 72.8 ± 5.3 kg, 1.78 ± 0.06 m, 13.9% ± 3.3% body fat, peak power output = 289.4 ± 24.7 W) completed two TTE tests cycling at 75% of peak aerobic power following 24 hr of dietary and exercise standardization. Cyclists were administered 25-ml mouth rinses for 5 s containing either 85 mg of caffeine or control (water) every 5 min throughout the exercise tests. No significant improvement in TTE was shown with caffeine mouth rinse compared with control (33:24 ± 12:47 vs. 28:08 ± 10:18 min; Cohen’s dz effect size: 0.51, p = .14). Caffeine mouth rinse had no significant effect on ratings of perceived exertion (p = .31) or heart rate (p = .35) throughout the cycling TTE protocol. These data indicate that a repeated dose of caffeinated mouth rinse for 5 s does not improve cycling TTE in recreationally trained male cyclists. However, these findings should be taken with caution due to the small sample size and blinding ineffectiveness, while further well-design studies with larger samples are warranted.
Wetsuit Use During Open Water Swimming. Does It “Suit” Everybody? A Narrative Review
Authors: Quagliarotti Claudio , Cortesi Matteo , Gatta Giorgio , Bonifazi Marco , Zamparo Paola , Baldassarre Roberto , Vleck Veronica , Piacentini Maria Francesca 
Published: July 2021

Purpose: Although wearing a wetsuit while swimming, when permitted, is primarily for safety reasons (ie, to protect against hypothermia), changes in buoyancy, biomechanics, and exercise performance have been reported. This narrative review covers the benefits of different wetsuit models on performance in swimming and triathlon. Methods: A computer search of online databases was conducted to locate relevant published research until March 2021. After the screening process, 17 studies were selected for analysis. Results: Most of the selected studies involved pool swimmers or triathletes completing short or middle distances in a pool while using a full or a long sleeveless wetsuit. Swimming with wetsuit elicited significant improvements in performance (maximum 11%), mainly by decreasing drag and energy cost, by increasing buoyancy, and by affecting technique. Different rates of change in each factor were found according to swimming ability and wetsuit model. In addition, wearing a wetsuit was often rated as uncomfortable by athletes. Conclusions: Although improvement in swimming performance by wearing a wetsuit has been reported in the literature, the amplitude of the improvement remains questionable. The enhancement in swimming performance is attributable merely to improvements in propulsion proficiency and buoyancy, as well as a reduction in drag. The extent to which athletes are familiar with the use of a wetsuit, their swimming ability, and the wetsuit model may play important roles in this improvement. More studies simulating competition and comparing elite versus nonelite athletes are needed.
Long covid—mechanisms, risk factors, and management
Authors: Crook Harry , Raza Sanara , Nowell Joseph , Young Megan , Edison Paul 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSince its emergence in Wuhan, China, covid-19 has spread and had a profound effect on the lives and health of people around the globe. As of 4 July 2021, more than 183 million confirmed cases of covid-19 had been recorded worldwide, and 3.97 million deaths. Recent evidence has shown that a range of persistent symptoms can remain long after the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, and this condition is now coined long covid by recognized research institutes. Studies have shown that long covid can affect the whole spectrum of people with covid-19, from those with very mild acute disease to the most severe forms. Like acute covid-19, long covid can involve multiple organs and can affect many systems including, but not limited to, the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems. The symptoms of long covid include fatigue, dyspnea, cardiac abnormalities, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, muscle pain, concentration problems, and headache. This review summarizes studies of the long term effects of covid-19 in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients and describes the persistent symptoms they endure. Risk factors for acute covid-19 and long covid and possible therapeutic options are also discussed.
Assessment of surgical capacity in Chiapas, Mexico: a cross-sectional study of the public and private sector
Authors: Roa Lina , Moeller Ellie , Fowler Zachary , Carrillo Fernando , Mohar Sebastian , Williams Wendy , Meara John G , Riviello Robert , Uribe-Leitz Tarsicio , Macias Valeria 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionSurgical, anaesthesia and obstetric (SAO) care are essential, life-saving components of universal healthcare. In Chiapas, Mexico’s southernmost state, the capacity of SAO care is unknown. This study aims to assess the surgical capacity in Chiapas, Mexico, as it relates to access, infrastructure, service delivery, surgical volume, quality, workforce and financial risk protection.MethodsA cross-sectional study of Ministry of Health public hospitals and private hospitals in Chiapas was performed. The translated Surgical Assessment Tool (SAT) was implemented in sampled hospitals. Surgical volume was collected retrospectively from hospital logbooks. Fisher’s exact test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare public and private hospitals. Catastrophic expenditure from surgical care was calculated.ResultsData were collected from 17 public hospitals and 20 private hospitals in Chiapas. Private hospitals were smaller than public hospitals and public hospitals performed more surgeries per operating room. Not all hospitals reported consistent electricity, running water or oxygen, but private hospitals were more likely to have these basic infrastructure components compared with public hospitals (84% vs 95%; 60% vs 100%; 94.1% vs 100%, respectively). Bellwether surgical procedures performed in private hospitals cost significantly more, and posed a higher risk of catastrophic expenditure, than those performed in public hospitals.ConclusionCapacity limitations are greater in public hospitals compared with private hospitals. However, the cost of care in the private sector is significantly higher than the public sector and may result in catastrophic expenditures. Targeted interventions to improve the infrastructure, workforce availability and data collection are needed.
VAScular and Chronic Obstructive Lung disease (VASCOL): a longitudinal study on morbidity, symptoms and quality of life among older men in Blekinge county, Sweden
Authors: Olsson Max , Engström Gunnar , Currow David C , Johnson Miriam , Sandberg Jacob , Ekström Magnus Per 
Published: July 2021

PurposeDespite data showing breathlessness to be more prevalent in older adults, we have little detail about the severity or multidimensional characteristics of breathlessness and other self-reported measures (such as quality of life and other cardiorespiratory-related symptoms) in this group at the population level. We also know little about the relationship between multidimensional breathlessness, other symptoms, comorbidities and future clinical outcomes such as quality of life, hospitalisation and mortality. This paper reports the design and descriptive findings from the first two waves of a longitudinal prospective cohort study in older adults.ParticipantsBetween 2010 and 2011, 1900 men in a region in southern Sweden aged 65 years were invited to attend for VAScular and Chronic Obstructive Lung disease (VASCOL) baseline (Wave 1) assessments which included physiological measurements, blood sampling and a self-report survey of lifestyle and previous medical conditions. In 2019, follow-up postal survey data (Wave 2) were collected with additional self-report measures for breathlessness, other symptoms and quality of life. At each wave, data are cross-linked with nationwide Swedish registry data of diseases, treatment, hospitalisation and cause of death.Findings to date1302/1900 (68%) of invited men participated in Wave 1, which include 56% of all 65-year-old men in the region. 5% reported asthma, 2% chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 56% hypertension, 10% diabetes and 19% had airflow limitation. The VASCOL cohort had comparable characteristics to those of similarly aged men in Sweden. By 2019, 109/1302 (8.4%) had died. 907/1193 (76%) of the remainder participated in Wave 2. Internal data completeness of 95% or more was achieved for most Wave 2 measures.Future plansA third wave will be conducted within 4 years, and the cohort will be followed through repeated follow-ups planned every fourth year, as well as national registry data of diagnosis, treatments and cause of death.
Virtual communities of practice to improve clinical outcomes in healthcare: protocol for a 10-year scoping review
Authors: Shaw Louise , Jazayeri Dana , Kiegaldie Debra , Morris Meg 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionVirtual communities of practice (VCoPs) use a common online platform to provide healthcare professionals with the opportunity to access highly specialised knowledge, build a professional support network and promote the translation of research evidence into practice. There is limited reporting of how best to design and administer VCoPs within healthcare organisations. The primary aim of this scoping review is to identify the best methods used to establish and maintain VCoPs. Findings shall be used to develop a flexible framework to guide the establishment and facilitation of a VCoP for healthcare professionals to ensure the translation of falls prevention clinical guidelines into practice.Methods and analysisA five-stage scoping review process will be followed based on Arksey and O’Malley’s framework and refined by the Joanna Briggs Institute Methodology. An initial limited search of PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature will identify relevant studies and assist with search term development. This will be followed by a search of five online databases to identify papers published from January 2010 until November 2020. Papers will be independently screened by two reviewers, and data extracted and analysed using a reporting framework. Qualitative data will be analysed thematically and numerical synthesis of the data will be conducted.Results and disseminationThe results of this scoping review will highlight the best ways to design and manage VCoPs in healthcare organisations. The findings will be presented at relevant stakeholder workshops, conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.
Last Year of Life Study-Cologne (LYOL-C) (Part II): study protocol of a prospective interventional mixed-methods study in acute hospitals to analyse the implementation of a trigger question and patient question prompt sheets to optimise patient-centred care
Authors: Strupp Julia , Kasdorf Alina , Dust Gloria , Hower Kira Isabel , Seibert Melissa , Werner Belinda , Kuntz Ludwig , Schulz-Nieswandt Frank , Meyer Ingo , Pfaff Holger , Hellmich Martin , Voltz Raymond 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionThe Last Year of Life Study-Cologne Part I (LYOL-C I) has identified general hospital units as the most important checkpoints for transitions in the last year of life of patients. Yet, satisfaction with hospitals, as reported by bereaved relatives, is the lowest of all health service providers. Thus, the LYOL-C Part II (LYOL-C II) focuses on optimising patient-centred care in acute hospitals for patients identified to be in their last year of life. LYOL-C II aims to test an intervention for hospitals by using a two-sided (healthcare professionals (HCPs) and patients) trigger question-based intervention to ‘shake’ the system in a minimally invasive manner.Methods and analysisProspective interventional mixed-methods study following a two-phase approach: phase I, individual interviews with HCPs and patient representatives to design the intervention to maximise ease of implementation and phase II, exploratory study with two arms and a prepost design with patients in their last year of life. The intervention will consist of the Surprise Question and the German version of the Supportive and Palliative Care Indicators Tool (SPICT-DE) for HCPs to identify patients and provide patient-centred care, plus question prompt sheets for patients, encouraging them to initiate discussions with their HCPs. Data on transitions, changes in therapy, quality of care, palliative care integration and death of patients will be analysed. Furthermore, a staff survey (pre/post) and guided interviews with staff, patients and relatives (post) will be conducted. Finally, a formative socioeconomic impact assessment to provide evidence regarding the sustainability of the intervention will be performed.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Cologne (#20-1431). Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international conferences.Trial registration numberDRKS00022378.
Foreign body ingestion during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective single centre review
Authors: Festa Naomi Tyne , Thakkar Hemanshoo , Hewitt Richard , Dhaiban Manal , Muthialu Nagarajan , Cross Kate , De Coppi Paolo 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, there were many changes in the provision of healthcare as well as home and educational environments for children. We noted an apparent increase in the number of children presenting with ingested foreign bodies and due to the potential impact of injury from this, further investigated this phenomenon.MethodUsing a prospective electronic record, data were retrospectively collected for patients referred to our institution with foreign body ingestion from March 2020 to September 2020 and compared with the same period the year prior as a control.ResultsDuring the 6-month pandemic period of review, it was observed that 2.5 times more children were referred with foreign body ingestion (n=25) in comparison to the control period (n=10). There was also a significant increase in the proportion of button battery and magnet ingestions during the COVID-19 pandemic (p 0.04).ConclusionThese findings raise concerns of both increased frequency of foreign body ingestion during the COVID-19 pandemic and the nature of ingested foreign bodies linked with significant morbidity. This may relate to the disruption of home and work environments and carries implications for ongoing restrictions. Further awareness of the danger of foreign body ingestion, especially batteries and magnets, is necessary (project ID: 2956).
Efficacy and safety of bridging thrombolysis initiated before transfer in a drip-and-ship stroke service
Authors: Purrucker Jan Christoph , Heyse Miriam , Nagel Simon , Gumbinger Christoph , Seker Fatih , Möhlenbruch Markus , Ringleb Peter Arthur 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveData regarding the efficacy and safety of bridging thrombolysis (BT) initiated before transfer for evaluation of endovascular therapy is heterogeneous. We, therefore, analyse efficacy and safety of BT in patients treated within a drip-and-ship stroke service.MethodsConsecutive adult patients suffering from acute ischaemic stroke and large-vessel occlusions (LVO) transferred to our comprehensive stroke centre for evaluation of endovascular therapy in 2017–2020 were identified from a local prospective stroke database and categorised according to BT and no-BT. BT was defined as intravenous thrombolysis initiated before transfer. LVO was assessed before and after transfer. Functional outcome before stroke and at 3 months using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) was determined. Excellent outcome was defined as mRS 0–1 or return to prestroke mRS. For safety analysis, intracranial haemorrhages and mortality at 3 months were analysed. Main analysis was limited to patients with anterior circulation stroke.ResultsOf N=714 patients, n=394 (55.2%) received BT. More patients in the BT group with documented LVO before transfer recanalised without endovascular therapy (n=46, 11.7%) than patients who did not receive BT before transfer (n=4, 1.3%, p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, BT was the strongest independent predictor of early recanalisation (adjusted OR 10.9, 95% CI 3.8 to 31.1, p<0.001). BT tended to be an independent predictor of an excellent outcome at 3 months (adjusted OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.96, p=0.077). There were no differences in safety between the BT and no-BT groups.ConclusionsBT initiated before transfer was a strong independent predictor of early recanalisation.
Holographic QCD and magnetic fields
Authors: Gürsoy Umut 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe review the holographic approach to electromagnetic phenomena in large N QCD. After a brief discussion of earlier holographic models, we concentrate on the improved holographic QCD model extended to involve magnetically induced phenomena. We explore the influence of magnetic fields on the QCD ground state, focusing on (inverse) magnetic catalysis of chiral condensate, investigate the phase diagram of the theory as a function of magnetic field, temperature and quark chemical potential, and, finally discuss effects of magnetic fields on the quark–anti-quark potential, shear viscosity, speed of sound and magnetization.
Static Privacy Analysis by Flow Reconstruction of Tainted Data
Authors: Ferrara Pietro , Olivieri Luca , Spoto Fausto 
Published: July 2021

Software security vulnerabilities and leakages of private information are two of the main issues in modern software systems. Several different approaches, ranging from design techniques to run-time monitoring, have been applied to prevent, detect and isolate such vulnerabilities. Static taint analysis has been particularly successful in detecting injection vulnerabilities at compile time. However, its extension to detect leakages of sensitive data has been only partially investigated. In this paper, we introduce BackFlow, a backward flow reconstructor that, starting from the results of a generic taint analysis engine, reconstructs the flow of tainted data. If successful, BackFlow provides full information about the flow that such data (e.g. private information or user input) traversed inside the program before reaching a sensitive point (e.g. Internet communication or execution of an SQL query). Such information is needed to extend taint analysis to privacy analyses, since in such a scenario it is important to know which exact type of sensitive data flows to what type of communication channels. BackFlow has been implemented in Julia (an industrial static analyzer for Java, Android and .NET programs), and applied to WebGoat and different benchmarks to detect both injections and privacy issues. The experimental results prove that BackFlow is able to reconstruct the flow of tainted data for most of the true positives, it scales up to industrial applications, and it can be effectively applied to privacy analysis, such as the detection of sensitive data leaks or compliance with a data regulation.
Monarquias cristãs na Escandinávia medieval: as relações de poder na Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar de Oddr Snorrason
Authors: Balau Guilherme Tavares Lopes , Kmiecik Rodrigo 
Published: July 2021

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a formação das monarquias cristãs e as relações de poder na Escandinávia medieval, especificamente na Noruega e na Islândia. Para tal propósito, utilizamos como fonte a Saga de Olaf Tryggvason (Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar), escrita pelo monge islandês Oddr Snorrason ao final do século XII. A abordagem é norteada pela Vorstellungsgeschichte (história das concepções), metodologia desenvolvida pelo historiador alemão Hans-Werner Goetz. Deste modo, buscamos compreender a percepção do passado que Oddr Snorrason demonstra na saga, suas noções de poder político e religioso, bem como a construção de Olaf Tryggvason como um modelo régio. Assim, demonstramos como essas relações de poder foram percebidas, significadas e registradas na Idade Média.