bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘As Good as New’ – Sale of Repaired or Refurbished Goods: Commendable Practice or Trade Mark Infringement?
Authors: Kur Annette 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Prolonging the life cycle of products in order to reduce waste and preserve resources is a call of our time. Entrepreneurial activity on the market for used and repaired goods should therefore be encouraged. However, problems may arise where trade-marked products are offered for sale after repair or refurbishment by third parties. While commercialisation of goods once put on the market by the trade mark holder or with their consent is free in principle, this does not apply when the condition of the product was changed after the first sale. This may cause a dilemma for persons who want to be active on the secondary market for repaired or refurbished goods: if the trade mark remains on the product, this may result in infringement; on the other hand, under the jurisprudence of the CJEU removal of the trade mark may equally be prohibited. This article explores the issue with a view to CJEU as well as German case law on this and adjacent scenarios. It concludes that instead of a strictly binary choice – either the trade mark remains on the product or is removed – a middle solution should apply that allows using the trade mark in relation to repaired or refurbished goods in addition to providing further information.
An Institutional Protocol for the Treatment of Severe Frostbite Injury—A 6-Year Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Lacey Alexandra M , Rogers Charlotte , Endorf Frederick W , Fey Ryan M , Gayken Jon R , Schmitz Kyle R , Punjabi Gopal V , Whitley Angela B , Masters Thomas C , Moore Johanna C , Nygaard Rachel M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The treatment of severe frostbite injury has undergone rapid development in the past 30 years with many different diagnostic and treatment options now available. However, there is currently no consensus on the best method for management of this disease process. At our institution, we have designed a protocol for severe frostbite injury that includes diagnosis, medical treatment, wound cares, therapy, and surgery. This study assess the efficacy of our treatment since its implementation six years ago. During this time, all patients with severe frostbite injury were included in prospective observational trial of the protocol. We found that this protocol results in significant tissue salvage with over 80.7% of previously ischemic tissue becoming viable and not requiring amputation. We also were able to improve our center’s efficiency over the course of six years and now our current average time from rapid rewarming to delivery of thrombolytics is under six hours.
Parsimonious Modelling for Estimating Hospital Cooling Demand to Improve Energy Efficiency
Authors: Dulce-Chamorro Eduardo , Javier Martinez-de-Pison Francisco 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Of all the different types of public buildings, hospitals are the biggest energy consumers. Cooling systems for air conditioning and healthcare uses are particularly energy intensive. Forecasting hospital thermal-cooling demand is a remarkable and innovative method capable of improving the overall energy efficiency of an entire cooling system. Predictive models allow users to forecast the activity of water-cooled generators and adapt power generation to the real demand expected for the day ahead, while avoiding inefficient subcooling. In addition, the maintenance costs related to unnecessary starts and stops and power-generator breakdowns occurring over the long term can be reduced. This study is based on the operations of a real hospital facility and details the steps taken to develop an optimal and efficient model based on a genetic methodology that searches for low-complexity models through feature selection, parameter tuning and parsimonious model selection. The methodology, called GAparsimony, has been tested with neural networks, support vector machines and gradient boosting techniques. Finally, a weighted combination of the three best models was created. The new operational method employed herein can be replicated in similar buildings with similar water-cooled generators.
Modeling Diameter Distributions of Loblolly Pine Plantations in Western Gulf Coastal Plain
Authors: Lou Xiongwei , Weng Yuhui , Fang Luming , Grogan Jason 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Diameter distribution models are useful tools for forest management planning, in particular for even-aged plantations of important commercial species such as loblolly pine. Using data collected from loblolly pine plantations across East Texas, two diameter distribution model systems were developed, with the first being a conventional, Weibull-form statistical model system and the second being developed using gradient boosting (GB) technique. Both models were tested using an independent data set and compared with the regional model currently being used, which was developed by Lee and Coble (2006). Compared with Lee and Coble (2006), the Weibull-form model of this study had 66.7% smaller prediction bias, 27.2% lower mean absolute error (MAE), and 18.9% smaller root-mean-square error (RMSE). Compared with the Weibull-form model of this study, the GB model had 33.9% lower MAE, 39.5% smaller RMSE, and greater R2. Thus, the GB model greatly outperformed the Weibull-form model, which, in turn, was greatly improved over the Lee and Coble (2006) in prediction accuracy. By combining a regional volume or weight equation, both proposed diameter distribution models can be used to predict stand wood volume or weight by diameter class. Both models, in particular the GB model, are recommended for use in predicting stand structures and developing stand and stock tables for loblolly pine plantations in the region.

Study Implications
Knowing future stand tree size distributions is important for forest management planning. This study developed two quantitative tools to predict diameter distributions for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations in the Western Gulf Coastal Plain, with one based on the Weibull function (Weibull-form model) and the other developed using the gradient boosting technique (GB model). For the Weibull-form model, using current stand information, readers can manually calculate future stand trees per acre by diameter class. Importantly, the Weibull-form model provides more accurate (less bias and more precise) prediction than any currently available models for loblolly pine in the region. The GB model, which uses the same predictors as the Weibull-form model, can achieve even better (similar bias but more precise) prediction than the Weibull-form model. However, no equations and model coefficients for the GB model were provided, and use of the GB model relies on computer programming. A computer program was developed to implement the GB model. We recommend use of both models, in particular of the GB model, in managing loblolly pine in the region. The results aid our understanding in loblolly pine stand structure development and management in the region.
Contribution of PET imaging to radiotherapy planning and monitoring in glioma patients - a report of the PET/RANO group
Authors: Galldiks Norbert , Niyazi Maximilian , Grosu Anca L , Kocher Martin , Langen Karl-Josef , Law Ian , Minniti Giuseppe , Kim Michelle M , Tsien Christina , Dhermain Frederic , Soffietti Riccardo , Mehta Minesh P , Weller Michael , Tonn Jörg-Christian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The management of patients with glioma usually requires multimodality treatment including surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy. Accurate neuroimaging plays a central role for radiotherapy planning and follow-up after radiotherapy completion. In order to maximize the radiation dose to the tumor and to minimize toxic effects on the surrounding brain parenchyma, reliable identification of tumor extent and target volume delineation is crucial. The use of positron emission tomography (PET) for radiotherapy planning and monitoring in gliomas has gained considerable interest over the last several years, but Class I data are not yet available. Furthermore, PET has been used after radiotherapy for response assessment and to distinguish tumor progression from pseudoprogression or radiation necrosis. Here, the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) working group provides a summary of the literature and recommendations for the use of PET imaging for radiotherapy of patients with glioma based on published studies, constituting levels 1-3 evidence according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine.
Constitutional Law and Islamic Hijabs in Kenyan Schools: The Supreme Court’s Specious Constraint in Methodist Church in Kenya
Authors: Sang YK Brian 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
This article analyses the content and implications of the Supreme Court of Kenya’s judgment in Methodist Church in Kenya v Mohamed Fugicha and 3 Others. There, by majority decision, the Supreme Court overturned the Court of Appeal’s ruling that reasonable accommodation be made for the wearing of Islamic hijabs by female Muslim students in Kenyan schools. While Methodist Church in Kenya was expected to clarify the scope of the right to manifest religious belief in Kenya, the Supreme Court used specious logic based on legalism to avoid that issue. This article shows how the majority decision contradicts principles of enforcement of constitutional rights by focusing unduly on procedural technicalities, avoiding the core issue of permissible restrictions on religious expression and leaving key legal questions unresolved. It also highlights the well-reasoned dissenting opinion that addressed the core issue and which has crucial import for future development of religious freedom jurisprudence in Kenya
Sexual Dimorphism in the Functional Development of the Cochlear Amplifier in Humans
Authors: Mishra Srikanta K. , Zambrano Samantha , Rodrigo Hansapani 
Published: January 2021

Objectives:
Otoacoustic emissions, a byproduct of active cochlear mechanisms, exhibit a higher magnitude in females than in males. The relatively higher levels of androgen exposure in the male fetus are thought to cause this difference. Postnatally, the onset of puberty is also associated with the androgen surge in males. In this study, we investigated sexual dimorphism in age-related changes in stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions for children.

Design:
In a retrospective design, stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions were analyzed from a cross-sectional sample of 170 normal-hearing children (4 to 12 years) and 67 young adults. Wideband acoustic immittance and efferent inhibition measures were analyzed to determine the extent to which middle ear transmission and efferent inhibition can account for potential sex differences in stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions.

Results:
Male children showed a significant reduction in otoacoustic emission magnitudes with age, whereas female children did not show any such changes. Females showed higher stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emission magnitudes compared with males. However, the effect size of sex differences in young adults was larger compared with children. Unlike the otoacoustic emission magnitude, the noise floor did not show sexual dimorphism; however, it decreased with age. Neither the wideband absorbance nor efferent inhibition could account for the sex differences in stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions.

Conclusions:
The cochlear-amplifier function remains robust in female children but diminishes in male children between 4 and 12 years of age. We carefully eliminated lifestyle, middle ear, and efferent factors to conclude that the androgen surge associated with puberty likely caused the observed masculinization of stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions in male children. These findings have significant theoretical consequences. The cochlea is considered mature at birth; however, the present findings highlight that functional cochlear maturation, as revealed by otoacoustic emissions, can be postnatally influenced by endogenous hormonal factors, at least in male children. Overall, work reported here demonstrates sexual dimorphism in the functional cochlear maturational processes during childhood.
Factors Influencing Speech Perception in Adults With a Cochlear Implant
Authors: Heutink Floris , Verbist Berit M. , van der Woude Willem-Jan , Meulman Tamara J. , Briaire Jeroen J. , Frijns Johan H. M. , Vart Priya , Mylanus Emmanuel A. M. , Huinck Wendy J. 
Published: January 2021

Objectives:
The primary objective of this study is to identify the biographic, audiologic, and electrode position factors that influence speech perception performance in adult cochlear implant (CI) recipients implanted with a device from a single manufacturer. The secondary objective is to investigate the independent association of the type of electrode (precurved or straight) with speech perception.

Design:
In a cross-sectional study design, speech perception measures and ultrahigh-resolution computed tomography scans were performed in 129 experienced CI recipients with a postlingual onset of hearing loss. Data were collected between December 2016 and January 2018 in the Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. The participants received either a precurved electrode (N = 85) or a straight electrode (N = 44), all from the same manufacturer. The biographic variables evaluated were age at implantation, level of education, and years of hearing loss. The audiometric factors explored were preoperative and postoperative pure-tone average residual hearing and preoperative speech perception score. The electrode position factors analyzed, as measured from images obtained with the ultrahigh-resolution computed tomography scan, were the scalar location, angular insertion depth of the basal and apical electrode contacts, and the wrapping factor (i.e., electrode-to-modiolus distance), as well as the type of electrode used. These 11 variables were tested for their effect on three speech perception outcomes: consonant–vowel–consonant words in quiet tests at 50 dB SPL (CVC50) and 65 dB SPL (CVC65), and the digits-in-noise test.

Results:
A lower age at implantation was correlated with a higher CVC50 phoneme score in the straight electrode group. Other biographic variables did not correlate with speech perception. Furthermore, participants implanted with a precurved electrode and who had poor preoperative hearing thresholds performed better in all speech perception outcomes than the participants implanted with a straight electrode and relatively better preoperative hearing thresholds. After correcting for biographic factors, audiometric variables, and scalar location, we showed that the precurved electrode led to an 11.8 percentage points (95% confidence interval: 1.4–20.4%; p = 0.03) higher perception score for the CVC50 phonemes compared with the straight electrode. Furthermore, contrary to our initial expectations, the preservation of residual hearing with the straight electrode was poor, as the median preoperative and the postoperative residual hearing thresholds for the straight electrode were 88 and 122 dB, respectively.

Conclusions:
Cochlear implantation with a precurved electrode results in a significantly higher speech perception outcome, independent of biographic factors, audiometric factors, and scalar location.
Relationships Between Daily Device Use and Early Communication Outcomes in Young Children With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Wiseman Kathryn B. , Warner-Czyz Andrea D. , Kwon Shari , Fiorentino Kim , Sweeney Melissa 
Published: January 2021

Objectives:
Children with significant hearing loss can gain access to sound via a cochlear implant (CI), but they must wear the device to reap the communication benefits of the device. That is, poor daily device use may result in underdeveloped perceptual and language skills in children and adolescents using CIs. This retrospective study focuses on the relationship between daily CI use and communication performance (auditory skills, speech recognition, expressive and receptive language) in young children, with the hypothesis that greater daily device use coincides with better communication outcomes.

Design:
The authors conducted a clinical chart review of patients with CIs younger than 5 years old who used at least 1 CI speech processor with datalogging technology. Participants (n = 65) had a mean chronologic age of 3.5 years, mean implantation age of 1.9 years, and mean device experience of 1.6 years. Approximately one quarter of participants had additional disabilities. Daily device use (i.e., datalogging information), child characteristics (e.g., age at CI), and assessments of communication skills (i.e., parent questionnaires, speech recognition tests, standardized language assessments) were obtained from each child’s records. The investigators performed correlational analyses to examine relationships between communication outcomes and daily device use, and they employed group comparisons and correlations to identify child characteristics that were significantly associated with daily device use (p < 0.05, corrections for family-wise error).

Results:
Young children with CIs used their device, on average, 6.7 hr/d, with 63% below full-time use (<8 hr/d). Children without additional disabilities who wore their CI more hours per day had significantly better auditory, speech recognition, and language skills. A significant correlation also emerged between daily device use and early auditory skills in young CI users with additional disabilities, though relationships were more complicated for this subsample. Longer daily device use significantly correlated with younger age at CI and longer device experience. Differences in device use occurred in regards to absence versus presence of additional disabilities, bilateral versus unilateral device configuration, sign versus spoken language, and private versus government-assisted insurance.

Conclusions:
The strong relationship between daily device use and early communication suggests clinicians and parents should focus on increasing the number of hours per day young children wear their CIs to enhance auditory and language outcomes. However, intervention strategies must consider barriers to consistent device use and goals of the family to efficiently and effectively support families of young children with CIs who struggle with inconsistent device use.
Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in Children Born Preterm: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Fitzallen Grace C. , Sagar Yashna K. , Taylor H. Gerry , Bora Samudragupta 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
Preterm birth is associated with a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders including internalizing problems. However, there is a lack of consensus on the risk for depression and on specific diagnostic profiles. This meta-analysis investigates the independent pooled odds of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition anxiety and depressive disorders in children between 3 and 19 years of age born preterm compared with their term-born peers.

Method:
PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature electronic databases were searched (last updated in September 2019) using population (“child”), exposure (“preterm birth”), and outcome (“anxiety”) terms for English peer-reviewed publications. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed with the risk of bias assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was estimated using fixed-effects models.

Results:
Eleven independent studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled sample comprised 1294 preterm and 1274 term-born children with anxiety outcomes and 777 preterm and 784 term-born children with depressive outcomes between 3 and 19 years of age. Children born preterm had significantly greater odds for anxiety (OR: 2.17; 95% CI, 1.43–3.29), generalized anxiety (OR: 2.20; 95% CI, 1.26–3.84), and specific phobia (OR: 1.93; 95% CI, 1.05–3.52) relative to their term-born peers. There were no significant between-group differences for reported depressive disorders.

Conclusion:
Preterm birth is associated with a higher prevalence of anxiety, but not depressive disorders, from 3 to 19 years of age, suggesting distinct etiological pathways in this high-risk population. The findings support variation in the rates of specific anxiety diagnoses, indicating the need to extend neurodevelopmental surveillance to encompass a holistic emotional screening approach.
Primary Resection and Immediate Autologous Reconstruction of Fronto-orbital Infantile Myofibromatoses
Authors: Lavie Jennifer L. , Rogers Camille L. , Stalder Mark W. , St. Hilaire Hugo 
Published: January 2021

Summary:
Infantile myofibromatosis is an unusual and rare lesion of the bone and soft tissue, which can be seen in the craniofacial skeleton. These complex tumors present a challenge to craniofacial surgeons regarding diagnosis, management, and safe and effective surgical treatment, frequently requiring complex reconstruction. We present the case of a 7-month-old girl with multicentric infantile myofibromatosis of the right parietal and fronto-orbital region, the associated clinical presentation, histopathologic findings, and surgical management, along with a review of the relevant literature.
Utility Outcome Measures for the Treatment of Ameloblastomas during Childhood
Authors: David Constanta , Efanov Johnny I. , Borsuk Daniel E. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Our objective was to determine the potential impact of the surgical treatment of ameloblastoma in children through validated health state utility outcome measures.

Methods:
A survey-based preference health utility assessment using the visual analog scale, time trade-off, and standard gamble methods was undertaken among a general population sample. Quality-adjusted life years were derived from these measures. A one-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis, with a mean (P) value of 0.05 considered significant. Demographic parameters were individually assessed as possible predictors of each utility score.

Results:
In total, 86 participants took part in this study, with a mean age of 29.9 years. Greater utility scores were observed among participants reporting no religious beliefs (P = 0.025, t = 2.28). No other demographic parameters showed statistically significant prediction of utility score. From the mean utility scores (± SD) (visual analog scale = 0.60 ± 0.17; time trade-off = 0.65 ± 0.22; standard gamble = 0.64 ± 0.20), a gain of 30.0, 32.3, and 32.1 quality-adjusted life years may be derived, respectively. All utility outcome measures suggested that an ameloblastoma during childhood is perceived as more burdensome than several debilitating conditions, such as cleft lip and palate.

Conclusions:
To attain perfect health, participants would theoretically undergo surgical treatment of an ameloblastoma during childhood, with willingness to trade off 28.2 years of life and accepting a 35.7% risk of death. The objective assessment of the perceived burden of an ameloblastoma affliction during childhood may inspire cost-utility or cost-effectiveness analyses at broader societal levels.