bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Untersuchungen ueber die Entwicklungs-Geschichte der Mikroskopischen Algen und Pilze
Authors: Cohn Dr. F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The importance of the study of unicellular organisms, as leading in the most ready and complete way to a knowledge of the “cell,” the foundation of all scientific acquaintance with the real nature of plant life is so obvious, as to have attracted a great number of followers.
Principles of Comparative Physiology
Authors: Carpenter W. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Although it be an ample apology for the use of the microscope, that he who records a new observation by its aid has added another fact to science, yet we would fain hope that all who use this instrument are more or less impressed with the truth, that by its employment large departments of human knowledge are being moved on. If we wanted an apology for the use of the microscope, we could not do better than point to the works of the learned and laborious President of the Microscopical Society on the various branches of the great science of Biology. Let any one compare the manuals of Physiology that were in use twenty-five years ago with the last editions of Dr. Carpenter’s beautiful volumes, and they will see not only how our knowledge of the laws which govern vital phenomena has advanced, but they will see that it has been mainly by the aid of the microscope. They will see too in Dr. Carpenter’s volumes how the labours of the humblest observers become in time part and parcel of the great body of special and general facts, which constitute the principles of science. This should be an encouragement to all to persevere in a course of observation, and to record what they have observed. Few perhaps know the whole value and significance of the facts which are presented to their senses ; but if they record them, they become appropriated by those whose special and peculiar gift it is to generalise, and thus to give a form and body to science. Of modern writers and workers few possess this gift to so great an extent as Dr. Carpenter, and he may be justly regarded as the most successful exponent of Physiological science in this country, and one of our most elegant scientific writers. The volume, whose name stands at the head of our article, is intended as a companion to two others, the ‘Principles of Human Physiology’ and the ‘Principles of General Physiology.’ The latter work, which is not yet published, together with the present volume, formed the basis of the author’s ‘ Principles of Physiology, General and Comparative,’ which will henceforth cease to appear as a single volume.
The Microscope and its Application to Vegetable Anatomy and Physiology
Authors: Schacht Dr. Hermann , Currey Frederick 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The fact of this book having reached a second edition justifies the good opinion we have expressed of it on two previous occasions. Mr. Currey has taken the opportunity of adding some new matter, which has very considerably improved this edition. Four chapters have been added at the beginning of the book; the first of which relates to some elementary principles of optics essential to a proper comprehension of the microscope; the second contains a description of different kinds of English microscopes, including as far as is necessary the details of their different parts; the third contains an account of the accessory apparatus and chemical reagents necessary for microscopical investigations in botany; and the fourth relates to the preservation of specimens. Besides these chapters by the editor, Dr. Schacht has furnished a quantity of new matter in manuscript, being the result of his investigations since the last German edition of his work was published in 1852.
Lettsomian lectures on pulmonary consumption
Authors: Thompson Theophilus 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This work consists of three lectures devoted to the subject of pulmonary consumption and its treatment. In the first lecture there are some very good remarks on the microscopic appearances afforded during the progress of tuberculous disease of the lungs. It has oftentimes been denied that the microscope is of any value in the diagnosis of tubercle; and on this subject we subjoin the remarks of Dr. Thompson, whose opinion no one will doubt is that of a thoroughly practical man: —
Royal Society. Micro-chemical Researches on the Digestion of Starch and Amylaceous Foods
Authors: Ayres Philip Burnard , Bishop John 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
After some general historical remarks on the methods hitherto employed in the investigation of the complicated phenomena of the process of digestion, the comparatively small results obtained by chemical analysis of the contents of the stomach, intestinal canal, and of the evacuations, by Tiedemann and Gmelin, Berzelius, and others, the author proceeded to demonstrate the necessity of a minute examination of the contents of the alimentary canal by the microscope, and such chemical tests as we possess for the determination of the changes of such articles of food as exhibit definite structure.
On the actinophrys sol
Authors: Weston J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Having during the last two or three months met with a plentiful supply of Actinophrys Sol, and fortunately also a most unusual deficiency of professional calls upon my time, I have been enabled to pay these little creatures considerable attention, not, I hope, quite fruitlessly, since the description I am about to give of some of their peculiar habits will, I think, be novel.
On the impregnation and germination of algæ
Authors: Pringsheim M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Having thus fully described the mode of origin of what may be termed the sexual organs in Vaucheria, the author proceeds to describe the process of impregnation as it takes place in the Fucaceæ, and which he finds to be of a precisely analogous nature. Adverting to Thuret’s observations and experiments, which showed that unless brought into contact with the antheridia of the male plant, the spores of these plants invariably perish without germination, he proceeds to relate his own researches on the same subject in Fucus vesi-culosus. The result was fully to confirm Thuret’s statements.
On the course of the amyloid degeneration
Authors: Virchow Rudolph 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In former communications on the subject of “amyloid degeneration” the Author was able to adduce, as instances of the affection, besides the corpora amylacea in the nervous system, only the waxy degeneration of the spleen, liver, and kidneys; but since then some more recent cases have afforded him the opportunity of extending his researches, and of making, as he thinks, a very important advance in the knowledge of the remarkable changes included under the term.
The Practical Use of the Microscope
Authors: Hepworth J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In making a post-mortem examination of a man about 63 years of age, who had laboured under gastric disease for two or three years and was extremely emaciated and dropsical, I found the stomach small, and containing about an ounce of yellowish mucus; there was no scirrhus, but the rugæ were thickened and more raised than natural, ecchymosis had occurred in different parts of the inner lining, but principally on the elevated ridges of the rugæ; the mucous lining over two or three of these spots, had given way, leaving a small jagged ulcer. On examining one of these points I found that the vessels retained their form (although quite bare), except one or two, which had contracted and formed a knob about the of an inch in diameter at the point of rupture. There was a cicatrix, three quarters by five eighths of an inch in diameter, in which the muscular coat was wanting, but the mucous covering appeared to have been reproduced. On examining the mucus, it did not contain Sarcina ventriculi as I had anticipated, but some crystals of oxalate of lime (which I never met with in the stomach before), abundance of exudation corpuscles and what I conceive to be a vegetation (vide fig. 1). The corpuscles appear to have been the nidi of these formations, as I observed them in different stages of progress, as though each granule of the corpuscle supported a single cell, or plant; these becoming elongated, and so numerous as almost to hide the whole of the corpuscle from view.
Observations on the Structure of the Spleen
Authors: Klein E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The structure and function of the spleen has at all times been one of the most favourite subjects of discussion with histologists. It is chiefly its great importance in pathology that has made it an object of repeated investigation. The spleen is so complicated an organ, and its investigation combined with so many difficulties, that it is no wonder that even the principal points with regard to its structure are not yet definitely settled, being still a matter of controversy. Experiment has done very little hitherto with reference to the function of the spleen ; the whole doctrine of its function rests, therefore, almost entirely on anatomical investigation. Generally the spleen is regarded as to a certain extent analogous to a lymphatic gland, in virtue of its containing masses of adenoid tissue, first in the sheath of arterial branches, and secondly as special elliptical or spherical collections—the well-known Malpighian corpuscles—in connection with small arteries. From this and from the fact that the trunk of the splenic vein always contains in the normal condition an abundance of lymphoid cells or colourless blood-corpuscles, it has been concluded that these cells are produced in the spleen.
Note on a Pink-coloured Spirillum (Spirillum rosaceum)
Authors: Klein E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
On the 26th December of last year Dr. Mackellar, of the Fever Hospital at Stockwell, placed for me a small quantity —about half a drachm—of fresh faecal matter, obtained from a recent case of enteric fever, in a bottle containing about four ounces of water. The sediment, which was of a yellowish-white colour, contained, when examined under the microscope, very numerous, bright, highly refractive, large (spherical) Micrococci, either isolated or in dumb-bells, or forming smaller or larger masses of Zooglcea.
On the Structure of the Proboscis of Ophideres fullonica, an Orange-sucking Moth
Authors: Darwin Francis 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It must be premised that the fact of some Lepidoptera piercing vegetable tissues for the purpose of obtaining the juices is not a new one. In his ‘Fertilisation of Orchids’ pay father shows that the lining membrane of the nectaries of certain orchids are bored through in this way. Moreover, Mr. R. Trimen informed my father that, at the Cape of Good Hope, a great deal of fruit is thus injured by Lepidoptera.1
On a Polystomatous Condition of the Hydranths of Cordylophora lacustris
Authors: Price Hugh 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Specimens of the beautiful hydroid polyp Cordylophora were brought by me last summer from the Victoria Docks for the use of the class of practical zoology at University College, London. Professor Ray Lankester drew my attention to certain abnormal-looking hydranths amongst these specimens which appeared to possess a number of supernumerary oral cones. I isolated some of these abnormal specimens and made them the subject of further study.
Contributions to the History of the Germinal Vesicle, and of the First Embryonic Nucleus
Authors: Beneden Edouard Van 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I have had the honour of presenting to the Academy a summary exposition of the results of my researches on the maturation of the ovule, the fecundation and earliest phenomena in the embryonic development of the rabbit, up to the moment of the appearance of the primitive streak more especially. I have made known those of my researches which establish the disappearance of the germinal vesicle, the formation of the directive bodies (Richtungsbläschen of Fritz Müller), and the appearance of the first embryonic nucleus. The recent publication of the researches of Auerbach,1 Bütschli,2 and Strasburger,3 on the formation and division of the nuclei of cells, led me, in the course of my researches on the development of mammalia, to investigate very specially how the first nucleus of the embryo appears and how cells multiply in the embryonic laminæ. Long before I became acquainted with these researches, I had observed that the germinal vesicle of the rabbit disappears, independent of fecundation, and that the disappearance of this element is the indication of the complete maturity of the ovum.
A New Process for Examining the Structure of the Brain. With a review of some points in the Histology of the Cerebellum
Authors: Sankey H. R. Octavius 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The methods usually adopted in the microscopical examination of the brain have all proved in my hands more or less unsatisfactory. I find that when thin sections of hardened brain are cut and stained, the dye does not sufficiently differentiate the various structures so as to render their form and arrangement obvious, while in teased preparations the shape of the cells, the connection of their processes, and the fibres of the brain are just as likely to be torn to pieces as to be separated from the substance which surrounds them.
On the Development of the Ova and Structure of the Ovary in Man and other Mammalia
Authors: Foulis James 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Contents.—Introduction. The Ovary of the Kitten. The Human Ovary: (a) Nature of the germ epithelium; (b) The relation of the germ epithelium to the peritoneal epithelium; (c) The manner of inclusion of the primordial ova and germ epithelial corpuscles in the stroma of the ovary; (d) Development of the egg clusters; (e) The development of the membrana granulosa. General observations on the development of the membrana granulosa in adult ovaries. General conclusions.
On the Structure of Muscular Fibre
Authors: Thin G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In order that the value of the preparations which it is the object of this paper to describe may be properly estimated it is necessary to refer the reader to a paper I published in ‘The Edinburgh Medical Journal’ for September, 1874, On the Minute Anatomy of Muscle and Tendon, and especially to the figures by which it is illustrated. For the sake of completeness I will, however, give here a short summary of the results of my investigations up to the time when that paper was written.
An Account of the Recent Researches into the History of the Bacteria, made by, and under the direction of, Prof. Cohn.1
Authors: Bell F. Jeffrey 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the April number of the 13th volume of this Journal (1873), an account was given of the first series of observations on Bacteria which Professor Cohn had published in his valuable ‘Beitiägezur Biologie der Pflanzen1 (Heft 2) ; in the 3rd Heft, published last year, the subject is continued by Cohn, in addition to whom Eidam, working in his laboratory, gives an account of certain experiments made on these interesting organisms. Since the publication of the previous paper the discussion concerning spontaneous generation has changed in aspect ; Dr. Burdon Sanderson has given an account of several Bacterioid forms, in his Reports to the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, and Professor Ray Lankester has called the attention of readers of this Journal to the subject by his very interesting account of “a peachcoloured Bacterium.” To the wide interest exhibited in these forms Cohn briefly refers, but mentions at greater length the work of Billroth, published by George Reimer, of Berlin, in 1874.1 I shall try to give in the following pages an account of these two new papers, but must refer all who are really interested in the matter from whatever point of view, philosophical, botanical, or pathological, to the originals themselves, assuring them that diffuseness will not be found to be a characteristic of this memoir. Notwithstanding Billroth’s work, Cohn holds firmly to his original position, that the Bacteria should be arranged in genera and species, and not united into a single polymorphous species— Coccobacteria septica (Billroth), as has happened to all the forms described by him, with the exception of Spirillum and Spirochæte, under the hands of Billroth. Readers of this Journal will remember that Mr. Lankester speaks of B. rubescens as a Protean species. Against such a view Cohn argues that the changes of form are not fully proved, nor does he think that such a way of looking at these organisms will be as conducive to progress in our knowledge as his more objective method. With so much byway of introduction we will proceed to the consideration of the various forms which Cohn examines, one by one ; it will I think conduce to clearness, if we follow his example.
Note on a Method of Preparing the Cornea
Authors: Klein E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In his studies on inflammation, Stricker (‘Medizin. Jahrbücher,’ 1875) uses caustic potash as a means of producing keratitis. The centre of the cornea of a kitten is touched with a pointed stick of caustic potash, and after the lapse of twenty-four to forty-eight hours—according to the required stage of inflammation—the cornea is treated with lunar caustic, and then left to stand in water acidulated with acetic acid.
An Account of Professor Strasburger’s Observations on Protoplasm
Authors: Vines Sydney H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In spite of the numerous researches which have been undertaken of late years in order to gain some knowledge of the properties and intimate structure of that substance which, from its universal occurrence in living organisms, has been termed the “physical basis of life,” and to which Hugo von Mohl gave the name “Protoplasm,” our information is still quite insufficient to enable us to form any satisfactory hypothesis upon which the so-called vital phenomena exhibited by this substance might be explained. In these “studies” Professor Strasburger gives some account of his observations in this direction.
On the Changes Produced in the Lungs by the Embryos of Ollulanus Tricuspis
Authors: Stirling W. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Several years ago Prof. Louckart described a small nematode worm belonging to the family of the Strongylidæ, the Ollulanus tricuspis, which affects the cat. The adult forms, male and female, are found in the stomach and intestinal tract even as far as the rectum.1 They, like the intestinal trichinæ, sometimes occur in such numbers as to give rise to redness and ecchymosis of the mucous membrane of the stomach. This worm is viviparous, and the young embryos, like those of the trichina, migrate within their feline host and become lodged in various organs, where they themselves undergo and give rise to certain changes in the organs wherein they become encapsuled. There are seldom more than three embryos within each female, but the females themselves often occur in great numbers. My attention has been specially directed to the changes produced in the lungs by the presence of these embryos of Ollulanus.
On the Protrusion of Protoplasmic Filaments from the Glandular Hairs of the Common Teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris)
Authors: Darwin Francis 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The protoplasmic structures described in the following communication are connected with the glandular hairs or trichomes found on both surfaces of the leaf of the common teasel, Dipsacus sylvestris. The trichomes are of two kinds, differing in a marked manner and shape. The form of gland from which alone the protoplasmic filaments issue is shown in the diagram. The gland consists of a multicellular pear-shaped head, supported on a cylindrical unicellular stalk which rests on a projecting epidermic cell. The whole structure projects about of a millimeter ( inch) above the surface of the leaf.
Contribution to the minute anatomy of the epidermis in smallpox of sheep.
Authors: Klein E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In my paper on sheep-pox (“Research on Smallpox of Sheep/’ ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ vol. 165, 1874) I have shown that in the thickened epidermis of the primary pocks —i. e. those produced directly at the seat of-inoculation—a peculiar change takes place in the rete Malpighii, which leads to the formation of what I called a median horny streak. I have shown that in the middle layers of the greatly hypertrophied rete Malpighii smaller or larger groups of epithelial cells are converted into horny, irregular masses, the nuclei of the cells at the same time disappearing. By the confluence of a number of such horny masses there is formed a stratum in the rete Malpighii, which corresponds, in all its characters, to the stratum lucidurn, i. e. the deep portion of the stratum corneum. By that additional stratum lucidurn the rete Malpighii is separated into two sections, a deep one representing the true rete Malpighii, and an upper or superficial one, situated between the two strata lucida (see ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ Plate 30, Fig. 6 ; Plate 32, Fig. 14; and also this memoir, Plate XXIV, Fig. 3). The cells of the latter become, however, gradually homogeneous; their nucleus diminishes in size and also in the power of taking up staining until it is altogether lost; the cell outlines disappear, and the whole mass becomes eventually one with the stratum lucidurn. In consequence of this change the two strata lucida, i. e. the true stratum lucidurn and the additional or median stratum lucidurn (median horny streak), become fused into one thick layer. This change I have shown to take place first in the middle of the pustule, and gradually to spread towards the periphery.
A Contribution to the History of the Embryonic Development of the Teleosteans
Authors: Beneden Edouard Van 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During my stay at Villafranca, in August and September, 1874, I had occasion to make some observations on the development of an osseous fish. I applied myself chiefly to the study of the segmentation and endeavoured to elucidate the much discussed question of the origin and mode of formation of the embryonic layers. I found daily, in the midst of the produce of my fishing with Müller’s net small pearl-like bodies, colourless and perfectly transparent, floating freely near the surface of the water; the diameter of these little hyaline spheres scarcely exceeded that of a large Noctiluca, and it was only after I had examined them with a lens that I discovered that I had before me the embryos of an osseous fish.
On the Homologies of the Suspensor.
Authors: Vines Sydney H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The first definite account of this structure seems to have been given by Miabel.2 He says, “un fil très-délié, le suspenseur, descend du sommet de l’ovule dans la quintine, et porte à son extrémité un globule qui est l’embryon naissant.” Robert Brown also observed it in his investigation of the development of the embryo of Orchids.3 He describes it as “a thread consisting of a simple series of short cells …. the lowermost joint or cell of which is probably the original state of what afterwards, from enlargement and deposition of granular matter, becomes the opaque speck or rudiment of the future embryo.” In his paper on “The Plurality and Development of the Embryos in the Seeds of Coniferæ,”4 he states that in Pinus sylvestris “this filament or funiculus consisted generally of four series of elongated transparent cells or vessels, usually adhering together,” and further on he adds, “the opaque granular extremity of the funiculus is evidently the rudiment of an embryo.” Hartig6 also described and figured the suspensors of Conifers so early as 1840.
On the Apical and Oral Systems of the Echinodermata
Authors: Carpenter P. Herbert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a previous paper1 I have discussed at some length the modifications of the Apical System of the Echinoderms in the various members of the group. I now propose to treat the Oral System in the same manner, commencing, as before, with the Crinoids, in which order it reaches a very high degree of development.