bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What’s So Special About General Verdicts? Questioning the Preferred Verdict Format in American Criminal Jury Trials
Authors: Sood Avani Mehta 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Criminal juries in the United States typically deliver their decisions through a “general verdict,” expressing only their ultimate conclusion of “guilty” or “not guilty,” rather than through a “special verdict” that identifies whether each element of the charged crime has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt. American courts have broadly favored the use of general verdicts in criminal cases due to concerns that the special verdict will curtail the jury’s decision-making autonomy, including its power to nullify the law in favor of the defense, potentially undermining the criminal defendant’s constitutional right to trial by jury.
This Article confronts the legal status quo on verdict format and its underlying, untested assumptions. Drawing upon prior psychology findings and legal professionals’ anecdotal observations, it questions whether the general verdict poses its own under-acknowledged threats to the rights of criminal defendants and the decision-making agency of jurors. While the more guided special verdict format is presumed to threaten nullifying acquittals, the unguided general verdict format might be enabling convictions that violate constitutional norms of due process, impartial adjudication, and equal protection.
Given the high-stakes values potentially implicated in the choice of verdict format in criminal cases, it is time to put the conventional wisdom in favor of general verdicts to an empirical test. This Article therefore proposes a methodological framework for investigating whether the legal status quo accurately reflects (1) current stakeholders’ preferences and predictions, and (2) experimentally testable legal and cognitive effects of general versus special verdicts in lay determinations of criminal liability. A data-informed understanding is needed to assess whether the general verdict is optimizing the integrity, fairness, and constitutionality of criminal jury decision making.
Influencing the Preferences of Children through Legal Impacts on Parenting Style
Authors: Sugarman Stephen D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The overriding theme of the conference honoring Bob Cooter and his work is the question whether law and policy can change people’s preferences. The conventional “law and economics” answer is “no.” People have preferences that are fixed. What changes in law and policy do is to change how people behave by altering the costs and benefits people face in pursuit of their preferences. Put simply, the assumption of the “law and economics” model is that people respond to financial incentives by changing how they act, not what they want. So, to take a simple example, imagine two people at the same starting point, both wanting to drive separately to visit a mutual friend. Their preference to get there promptly and safely is common to both of them, but how they act in pursuit of that goal may well differ. Moreover, government can alter how they drive to their friend’s by making changes such as putting in a freeway, or adding a new lane to the road, or installing lots of new traffic signals or stop signs along one route. The two people may have driven different routes previously, and they may alter their driving strategy in response to the policy changes government has adopted and may still decide that different routes are better for them. But they do not change their desire to see their friend in a prompt and safe manner. In this Article I offer a counterexample — an instance in which changes in law and policy can not only alter the behavior of some with fixed preferences, but also can impact the preferences of others. My example is about changes in society that can alter parenting style (of those parents with a fixed preference to have their children succeed) and can also change the underlying preferences that those children have as to how their lives should play out.
Determinants of elevated chemerin as a novel biomarker of immunometabolism: data from a large population-based cohort
Authors: Koelman Liselot , Reichmann Robin , Börnhorst Claudia , Schulze Matthias B , Weikert Cornelia , Biemann Ronald , Isermann Berend , Fritsche Andreas , Aleksandrova Krasimira 
Published: August 2021

Objective
Chemerin is a novel inflammatory biomarker suggested to play a role in the development of metabolic disorders, providing new avenues for treatment and prevention. Little is known about the factors that predispose elevated chemerin concentrations. We therefore aimed to explore a range of lifestyle-associated, dietary, and metabolic factors as potential determinants of elevated chemerin concentrations in asymptomatic adults.

Design
We used cross-sectional data from a random subsample of 2433 participants (1494 women and 939 men) aged 42–58 years of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam cohort.

Methods
Random forest regression (RFR) was applied to explore the relative importance of 32 variables as statistical predictors of elevated chemerin concentrations overall and by sex. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression was applied to evaluate associations between selected predictors and chemerin concentrations.

Results
Results from RFR suggested BMI, waist circumference, C-reactive protein, fatty liver index, and estimated glomerular filtration rate as the strongest predictors of chemerin concentrations. Additional predictors included sleeping duration, alcohol, red and processed meat, fruits, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), vegetables, dairy, and refined grains. Collectively, these factors explained 32.9% variation of circulating chemerin. Multivariable-adjusted analyses revealed linear associations of elevated chemerin with metabolic parameters, obesity, longer sleep, higher intakes of red meat and SSB, and lower intakes of dairy.

Conclusions
These findings come in support of the role of chemerin as a biomarker characterizing inflammatory and metabolic phenotypes in asymptomatic adults. Modifiable dietary and lifestyle-associated determinants of elevated chemerin concentrations require further evaluation in a prospective study setting.
Evaluation of a gluten-free sourdough bakery product
Authors: Kovács Anikó , Kolinka Raul , Kóczán Györgyné , Kókai Zoltán 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe population of gluten sensitive people has been gradually rising in the last decades. The food industry, especially the bakery industry has to develop more gluten-free products to satisfy the consumer's demand. However, the quality of these products differs from the quality attributes of a standard glutenious bakery product. Therefore, the aim of our research was to develop a good quality gluten-free sourdough product with 3 different gluten-free flours: millet, brown rice and a commercially available mixture (Belbake). We investigated the differences in moisture content, the baking loss, the texture and the sensory properties of the products. According to our results in the case of the moisture content the brown rice sample had the highest, while the millet gave the lowest value. The baking loss measurement gave reverse results. In the texture analysis the brown rice sample was the softest, but the millet and the Belbake had better results in resilience and in springiness. Also, in the sensory analyses the Belbake product was found to be the best by the judges, however, there were no significant differences between them. In conclusion, the product development of a gluten-free sourdough bakery product was successful. Further research is needed to investigate the shelf life of the products.
Knowledge and attitude towards exclusive breast feeding among postnatal mothers in a tertiary care teaching hospital-an institution based cross sectional study
Authors: V. Revathi 
Published: August 2021

Background: Exclusive breast feeding (EBF) is termed as an optimal strategy for feeding newborns and as per WHO should start within the first one hour of delivery and must continue up to 6 months of infant’s age, as the only source of nutrition and fluids for babies at that age. Unfortunately, a report estimated in 2012 that, only 35% of infants were exclusively breastfed globally. This stresses the need to educate and motivate mothers to exclusively breastfeed their babies for the first six months of life.Methods: Knowledge and attitude towards EBF, of postnatal mothers admitted to a tertiary care teaching hospital was assessed using a self-administered questionnaire and their responses analysed using statistics software.Results: From our study we found that, based on knowledge score, 88 (69.8%) of the respondents had good knowledge and 38 (30.2%) of the study participants were categorized as having poor knowledge. Based on the attitudinal score, 17 (14%) of the study participants were categorized as having negative attitude towards EBF and 108 (86%) were categorized as having positive attitude towards EBF. Conclusions: Health care providers working in the areas of maternal and child health (MCH), should evaluate mothers’ knowledge and attitude for EBF, every visit by asking questions related to EBF. IEC activities related to EBF should be promoted to disseminate knowledge regarding EBF. Breast feeding support groups should be established to help motivate mothers to exclusively breast feed their babies for the first six months of life.
Knowledge and practices of self-medication among adolescents
Authors: Gabriel Dimple C. , Balakrishna Bhavani Bangarkodi 
Published: August 2021

Background: Self-medication begins in early adolescence, often during the middle school years. By the age of 16, nearly all adolescents have taken medicine independently for minor illnesses and become more involved with managing chronic conditions. Taking medications without a doctor's prescription, even if the ailment is minor, can have serious repercussions. A large number of potent drugs such as pain relievers, cough remedies, anti-allergies, laxatives, antibiotics, antacids and vitamins are sold over-the-counter (OTC). The present study aimed to assess “the knowledge and practices of self-medication among adolescents in selected colleges, Bengaluru, India with a view to develop an informational booklet.Methods: The study was done using a survey design. Simple random sampling technique was adopted to select 100 adolescents from a pre-university college. A socio demographic Performa, a self-reported structured questionnaire to assess knowledge and practice checklist regarding self-medication was used to collect the data. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used for analysis.Results: Self-medication use was reported by 94% of the adolescents. Analgesics 65%, antipyretics 51%, cough and cold medications 49%, vitamins 35%, antibiotics 26%, and antacids 19%, were cited as the most common types of medication taken. Around 45% adolescents had poor knowledge about self-medication. There was a low negative correlation between knowledge and practice of self-medication among participants. (Pearson’s r=-0.44).Conclusions: The practice of self-medication among adolescent was very high. A significant number of adolescents had inadequate knowledge regarding self-medication and its consequences. Therefore, potential problems of self-medication should be emphasised to the adolescents. Need based information booklet was prepared and disseminated to the adolescents.
Study on impact of duration of tympanic membrane perforation on hearing loss and audiological outcome after surgery
Authors: Ahmad Raies , Kalsotra Gopika , Kishore Kamal , Saraf Aditiya , Kalsotra Parmod 
Published: August 2021

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The aim of the study was to assess impact of duration of tympanic membrane perforation on hearing loss and postoperative audiological outcome using pure tone audiogram.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The present study was conducted on 100 patients in department of ENT and HNS, SMGS Hospital, Government Medical College Jammu during a time period of November 2018 to October 2019. All the patients with age 15 to 60 years who presented with tympanic membrane (pars tensa) perforation were included in the study. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> In our study, mean preoperative hearing loss (AC threshold) of group A was 36.23±1.07 dB and of group B was 25.67±6.38 dB. Group C had mean preoperative hearing loss (AC threshold) of 28.78±6.50 dB. Mean preoperative air-bone gap (AB gap) of group A was 12.9±8.05dB and of group B was 13.86±4.19 dB. Group C had mean preoperative air-bone gap (AB gap) of 16.47±5.51 dB. Postoperatively, pure tone threshold at three months was least in group B (15.09±5.80 dB), followed by group C (15.68±4.66 dB) and group A (19.33±2.81 dB). Whereas, postoperative AB gap at 3 months was least in group C (10±3 dB), followed by group C (8.44±3.59 dB). Group B had maximum postoperative AB gap of 8.49±4.34 dB.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study did not show any correlation between duration of disease and degree of hearing loss.</p>
Metabolic syndrome in skin tags: a hospital based observational study
Authors: Das Subrata Kumar , Das Saptadipa 
Published: August 2021

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background: </strong>The aim was to evaluate the parameters of metabolic syndrome in patients of skin tags and to investigate the possibility of an existing relationship between metabolic syndrome and skin tags.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional observational study included 47 patients with skin tags attended Outpatient department (OPD) of Department of Dermatology at a tertiary care center during a period of 1 year. Clinical and laboratory parameters were noted in each patient.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>This study included 47 patients with skin tags (28 males and 19 females). In the present study maximum number of patients belonged to the age group &gt;40 years with 19 patients, followed by 30-40 years with 13 patient. In this study no. of students were 15, and no of employee were 11. Most patients had skin tags in more than one area, neck and axilla were involved in 9 patients each. In this study out of 47 patients. 11 patients had derangement of clinical and laboratory parameters of metabolic syndrome based on NCEP adult treatment panel III.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> In the present study we observed significant derangement of clinical and laboratory parameters of metabolic syndrome in patients of skin tags. </p>
the analyze of the implementation of the decree &quot;on free farmers&quot; of 1803 through the the concepts of &quot;freedom&quot; and &quot;consent&quot;
Authors: Soshin Nikolay 
Published: August 2021

the article analyzes the reasons for the insufficient statistical efficiency of the implementation of the decree &quot;on free farmers&quot; of 1803. The legal nature of the decree is considered from the standpoint of «consent» and «freedom». The main purpose of the article is to show that this decree is interesting and progressive, in terms of the underlying concepts, despite the unimpressive statistical indicators of the liberation of the peasants.
COVID-2019 and Pregnancy
Authors: Al Riyami Nihal , Sheik Shahila 
Published: August 2021

As of March 2021, approximately 130 million people worldwide had been infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, limited data are available regarding the effects of COVID-19 infection on pregnancy and maternal and perinatal outcomes. The MEDLINE® (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA), SCOPUS (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands) and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (EBSCO Information Services, Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA) databases were searched to identify relevant English-language articles published between January 2020 and February 2021. A total of 17 articles describing the outcomes of 762 pregnancies were identified. There were 613 babies born, including 16 sets of twins. Within the cases studied, 12 (1.6%) maternal deaths and eight (1.3%) stillbirths were reported. A small proportion (3.9%) of mothers required admission to the intensive care unit, usually due to associated comorbidities. Rates of Caesarean and preterm delivery were 27-100% and 4-50% respectively. Further research is necessary to determine the effect of COVID-19 infection on early pregnancy.
Keywords: COVID-19; Pregnancy; Maternal Death; Perinatal Death; Pregnancy Outcome; Stillbirths; Preterm Births; Review.
Educação como intervenção de enfermagem na prevenção de covid-19 em diabéticos
Authors: Rodrigues Raianne Cristina da Rocha , Oliveira Mariana Terra Alves de , Veloso Danyelle Lorrane Carneiro , Sete Alexandra Rubim Camara , Dutra Luz Marina Alfonso 
Published: August 2021

Objetivo: elaborar e implementar um material educativo que possuiu como finalidade orientar os diabéticos sobre os cuidados na prevenção do COVID-19 em um centro especializado em diabetes do Distrito Federal . Materiais e método:Trata-se de uma construção dialógica na qual foi elaborado um folder com orientações quanto ao covid-19, o motivo da necessidade do controle glicêmico e cuidados de higiene para indivíduos diabéticos diante da pandemia. Resultados e discussão: Foi elaborado, impresso e entregue os folders aos usuários diabéticos em um centro especializado em diabetes no Distrito Federal com orientações quanto ao covid-19 e gestão do autocuidado para prevenção da doença. Outros estudos demonstram a importância e influência da utilização das tecnologias em saúde no manejo do autocuidado e de doenças como a Diabetes Mellitus. Conclusões: A utilização das tecnologias em saúde tem sido uma ferramenta manejada pela equipe de enfermagem na promoção de saúde e do autocuidado de usuários dos serviços de saúde, assim como foi utilizada em um centro especializado de diabetes no Distrito Federal para orientação do auto manejo e prevenção da covid-19. Espera-se que folder seja utilizado nas unidades de saúde, na versão digital ou impressa, para expandir a informação e orientar os indivíduos.
Saúde do homem: Estratégias de acolhimento multiprofissional na atenção básica de pernambuco
Authors: Silva Janiedson Barros , Soares Lidiane Martins , Dos Santos Silvana Cavalcanti 
Published: August 2021

RESUMO OBJETIVO: conhecer as atividades relacionadas ao acolhimento e cuidados à saúde do homem, desenvolvidas por equipe multiprofissional de unidades da estratégia de saúde da família do agreste de Pernambuco, considerando as recomendações da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Homem. METODOLOGIA: Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo, analítico, de natureza qualitativa que foi construído com base na Teoria das Representações Sociais de Moscovici (MOSCOVICI, 1978). A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da técnica de entrevista registrada por meio de diário de campo durante no período em novembro e dezembro de 2019, em 5 equipes das unidades, sendo, 2 médicos, 2 dentistas, 3 agentes comunitários, 4 enfermeiros e 3 técnicos de enfermagem. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Os resultados apontam que boa parte dos profissionais de saúde da atenção básica, ainda desconhecem ou conhecem apenas parcialmente a política nacional de atenção integral a saúde do homem, este fato revela os desafios que profissionais e principalmente gestores das instancias de saúde pública precisam enfrentar na busca de melhor qualificação e efetividade dos serviços de saúde prestados ao público masculino. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Mesmo após 10 anos da institucionalização da PNAISH no Brasil, diversos fatores ainda dificultam assistência de saúde para aos homens. Portanto, as atribuições de cada membro da equipe multiprofissional são importantes para exercer suas funções no seu âmbito, a qualificação funcionária e gestora é essencial para maior êxito em cada cargo para proporcionar um elo entre o usuário, unidade e rede de atenção, assim, incluindo e integrando essa população.
Incentivo a prática esportiva e socialização a acadêmicos de medicina da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso - UNEMAT.
Authors: Barroso Marcio Garcia , Vieira Yasmin , Bom Vinícius Honório Alcântara 
Published: August 2021

Os estudantes do curso de medicina, quase sempre são orientados a viver em busca do máximo de sua capacidade intelectual para obterem excelência em sua formação, e muitas vezes esquecem que a boa qualidade de vida também é importante. Esse trabalho trata-se de um estudo descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, sobre o projeto de extensão desenvolvido junto a Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso – UNEMAT, com o intuito de promover o incentivo a prática esportiva e melhoria nas inter-relações nas diversas esferas sociais que permeiam o aluno de graduação do curso de medicina, buscando uma melhoria na qualidade de vida, maior socialização e consequente engrandecimento nas condições de ensino-aprendizagem a que são submetidos, contribuindo para sua formação profissional. Nesse projeto observou-se entre a equipe participante, uma vivência profissional e social diferenciada, que contribuiu com discussões, trocas de experiências, reflexões sobre a relevância de se conhecer os mais diversos contextos sociais que compõe a sociedade e proposições de ideias para a melhoria do cuidado na saúde e que para isso torna-se importante uma boa qualidade de vida entre os futuros profissionais médicos, sendo o esporte uma boa opção, uma vez proporciona, além de um momento de descontração, um possível desligamento psicoemocional das atividades de estudos intensos, promovendo uma maior integração e socialização entre os graduandos de medicina. A conclusão alcançada ao final desse trabalho apoia que novos instrumentos extracurriculares podem ser incluídos durante o processo de formação médica no sentido de melhorar a qualidade de vida dos estudantes.
Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde Fiberoptik Bronkoskopi Eşliğinde Uygulanan Perkütan Trakeostomilerin Retrospektif Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: CIRIK Mustafa Özgür , ERASLAN DOĞANAY Güler 
Published: August 2021

ÖZET(TR)
Amaç
Perkütan Dilatasyonel Trakeostomi (PDT) yoğun bakım ünitelerinde uzun süreli mekanik ventilatör ihtiyacı bulunan ve çeşitli sebeplerle hava yolu gerektiren hastalarda yatak başı uygulanabilen bir işlemdir.İşlemin fiber optik bronkoskopi (FOB) ile yapılması kolaylık sağlar ve komplikasyonları azaltır.
Bu çalışmada yoğun bakımda FOB eşliğinde açılan PDT’lerin etkinliğini ve komplikasyonları değerlendirmeyi amaçladık.
Gereç ve Yöntem
05.03.2020/665 sayılı onay alınarak hastanemiz Anestezi Yoğun Bakım Ünitesi’nde 01 Ocak 2018-07 Temmuz 2020 tarihleri arasında FOB eşliğinde Griggs yöntemi ile PDT açılan 110 hasta retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi.Hastaların demografik verileri, tanıları, comorbiditeleri, mekanik ventilasyon süreleri, gelişen komplikasyonlar, prognozları, 28 ve 90 günlük mortaliteleri retrospektif olarak kaydedildi.
Bulgular
Çalışmaya 96 hasta dahil edildi. Yaş ortalaması 70,54 idi. Hastaların 58’i kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı (KOAH) ,16 tanesi akciğer malignitesi, 22’si nörolojik hastalıklar nedeniyle PDT açılan hastalardı.Hastalardan 43 tanesi ev tipi mekanik ventilatöre geçilip palyatif servise nakledilmiş, 13 tanesi ev tipine geçilmeden dış palyatif merkeze sevk edilmiştir. Ortalama işlem süreleri nörolojik grupta 12dk, KOAH grubunda 13dk, malign grupta 14dk idi. Komplikasyon oranımız %17.7 idi.28 günlük mortalite nörolojik hasta grubunda malign hasta grubuna göre; malign hasta grubunda KOAH hasta grubuna göre daha düşüktü.
Sonuç
FOB eşliğinde açılan PDT’lerde işlem daha kısa süreli ve komplikasyonlar daha az olduğundan FOB kullanımının yaygınlaşması gerektiğini düşünmekteyiz.