bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GFS9 Affects Piecemeal Autophagy of Plastids in Young Seedlings ofArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Ishida Hiroyuki , Okashita Yu , Ishida Hiromi , Hayashi Makoto , Izumi Masanori , Makino Amane , Bhuiyan Nazmul H , van Wijk Klaas J 
Published: June 2021

AbstractChloroplasts, and plastids in general, contain abundant protein pools that can be major sources of carbon and nitrogen for recycling. We have previously shown that chloroplasts are partially and sequentially degraded by piecemeal autophagy via the Rubisco-containing body. This degradation occurs during plant development and in response to the environment; however, little is known about the fundamental underlying mechanisms. To discover the mechanisms of piecemeal autophagy of chloroplasts/plastids, we conducted a forward-genetics screen following ethyl-methanesulfonate mutagenesis of an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transgenic line expressing chloroplast-targeted green fluorescent protein (CT-GFP). This screen allowed us to isolate a mutant, gfs9-5, which hyperaccumulated cytoplasmic bodies labeled with CT-GFP of up to 1.0 μm in diameter in the young seedlings. We termed these structures plastid bodies (PBs). The mutant was defective in a membrane-trafficking factor, green fluorescent seed 9 (GFS9), and PB accumulation in gfs9-5 was promoted by darkness and nutrient deficiency. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that gfs9-5 hyperaccumulated structures corresponding to autophagosomes and PBs. gfs9-5 hyperaccumulated membrane-bound endogenous ATG8 proteins, transgenic yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-ATG8e proteins and autophagosome-like structures labeled with YFP-ATG8e. The YFP-ATG8e signal was associated with the surface of plastids and their protrusions in gfs9-5. Double mutants of gfs9 and autophagy-defective 5 did not accumulate PBs. In gfs9-5, the YFP-ATG8e proteins and PBs could be delivered to the vacuole and autophagic flux was increased. We discuss a possible connection between GFS9 and autophagy and propose a potential use of gfs9-5 as a new tool to study piecemeal plastid autophagy.
Pocahontas and Settler Memory in the Appalachian West and South
Authors: Shefveland Kristalyn Marie 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article utilizes the Pocahontas coalfields in West Virginia and the Indian River Farms Company settlement of Vero Beach Florida as case studies of settler memory. As late as the nineteenth century, setters considered these two very different, but connected, Southern spaces as frontiers. Settlers in both places constructed fantasies about Native peoples that focused primarily on the idea of the Native woman Pocahontas. These are imaginative creations that both attempt to create a settlement and to hearken back to fantasies of the past that never fully existed. With selective constructions of memory, both settlements chose Pocahontas because the name evoked a settler dream of the good Indian yielding to conquest, just as they sought a pliant and willing landscape that would yield mineral and agricultural riches. In fact, both places have longer and deeper Native histories that settler and booster histories have obfuscated and hidden in favor of more “romantic” national narratives such as the Pocahontas myth, in order to sell a place and a product.
Another Look at Compassion Fatigue
Authors: Carver Martha L. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT:
Compassion fatigue has become a more significant concern as nurses have cared for patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of compassion fatigue are detrimental for both nurses and their patients. Both administrative and individual actions can be taken to assess, prevent, and deal with compassion fatigue. Spiritual facets of recognizing the potential for and managing the problem are presented.
Outcomes of Single Suture Mueller’s Muscle Conjunctival Resection: Ethnic Considerations
Authors: Gur Zvi , Chang Minwook , Liu Catherine Y. , Korn Bobby S. , Kikkawa Don O. 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
To compare outcomes of Mueller’s Muscle Conjunctival Resection (MMCR) between 2 groups of patients with different anatomy due to ethnic heritage.

Methods:
The medical records of patients who underwent MMCR between 2013 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who underwent additional procedures, such as upper blepharoplasty and browplasty, were excluded from the study. Patients were divided in 2 groups based on self-identified ethnic groups (Asian and Caucasian). Image J software was used to calculate MRD1 from digital images. The improvement of MRD1 (net MRD1) after surgery was evaluated and compared between 2 groups.

Results:
Eighty-three eyes of 68 patients were included in this study. The Asian group consisted of 41 eyelids from 28 patients. The Caucasian group consisted of 42 eyelids from 40 patients. The average age was 52.18 (SD 20.176) in the Asian group compared with the 66.45 years (SD 9.22, p < 0.005) in the Caucasian group. The mean improvement of MRD1 was 1.96 ± 0.75 mm in Asian group and 2.05 ± 0.72 mm in Caucasian group, which was not statistically significant (p = 0.62). The incidence of ptosis overcorrection and undercorrection between the groups was also not statistically significant.

Conclusions:
There was no statistically significant difference in the surgical outcomes among the 2 study groups. Despite differences in the anatomy of Caucasian and Asian eyelids, MMCR is a successful procedure in patients self-identified from both ethnic groups.
Restricting Access: A Secondary Analysis of Scope of Practice Laws and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Prescribing in the United States, 2017
Authors: Carnes Neal , Zhang Jun , Gelaude Deborah , Huang Ya-lin A. , Mizuno Yuko , Hoover Karen W. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
To assess advanced practitioners' scope of practice laws (i.e., legal authority providers can prescribe regulated medications) as potential barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), we conducted an analysis using IQVIA Real World Data in association with scope of practice law classifications supplied by the American Association of Nurse Practitioners and scopeofpracticepolicy.org. Nurse practitioners in states that allowed independent scope of practice were 1.4 times more likely to have prescribed PrEP compared with nurse practitioners in states where their prescribing authority is determined by a supervising medical doctor (MD). Physician assistants in states where the law or a state board defined their prescribing authority were more than twice as likely to prescribe PrEP compared with those in states where a supervising MD oversaw prescribing rights. Our findings suggest that restricting scope of prescribing practice by requiring MD oversight limits PrEP access and poses a barrier to scaling up PrEP.
Attitudes Toward Human Papillomavirus Self-Sampling in Regularly Screened Women in Edmonton, Canada: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Kraut Roni Y. , Manca Donna , Lofters Aisha , Hoffart Kaili , Khan Uzma , Liu Stephanie , Rehmani Jasmine , Babenko Oksana 
Published: June 2021

Objective/Purpose
The aim of the study was to determine the level of interest in human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling as a method of cervical cancer screening in a population of women affiliated with a primary care clinic.

Materials and Methods
A survey was given to women (N = 182) between the ages of 25 and 69 years attending a family medicine clinic in Edmonton, Canada. Primary outcome measures include (1) the percentage of women who feel that HPV self-sampling should be available and (2) the percentage of women who would prefer HPV self-sampling to the Pap test. Secondary outcomes include the percentage of women aware of HPV self-sampling and factors associated with a preference for HPV self-sampling using logistic regression.

Results
Most women (84%) were up-to-date on Pap testing, and most (85%) had had postsecondary education (either completed or in progress). The percentage of the women who moderately or strongly felt that HPV self-sampling should be available was 60%; the percentage of the women who would prefer HPV self-sampling was 24%. Only 7% of the women reported being previously aware of HPV self-sampling. The factor associated with a preference for HPV self-sampling was the Pap comfort score, with an odds ratio of 1.51 (95% CI = 1.05–2.16, p = .026).

Conclusions
In this population of well-educated women who were mostly up-to-date on cervical screening, there was a clear interest to have the option of HPV self-sampling. It is important for cancer screening programs to take this into account, given that women are the ultimate beneficiaries of these programs.
Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis combined with tuberculosis meningitis
Authors: Van Tuan Nguyen , Van Tuan Bui , Ung Hoang Tien , Van Thang Hoang , Van Tong Hoang , Thao Pham Ngoc , Thang Ta Ba 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Rationale:
Central nervous system tuberculosis accounts for 1% of all the tuberculosis (TB) cases, of which tuberculous spondylitis is the most common, followed by scleritis and meningitis. Meningitis associated with transverse myelitis due to tuberculosis is rare but has been reported with severe clinical manifestations, including tuberculous sepsis, symptoms of meningitis and spinal cord injury.

Patients concerns:
Case 1, a 23-year-old male patient presented with fever, accompanied by quadriplegia and difficulty to urinate. Cultured Koch's Bacillus in liquid environment, Acid-Fast bacilli test, polymerase chain reaction and Xpert MTB/RIF assay for tuberculosis in the cerebrospinal fluid were positive for tuberculosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed heterogeneous signal on T2-weighted (T2W) hyperintensity and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, heterogeneous signal intensity in the spinal cord, unclear medullary border and an increase in D10 - D11 diameter with clear signal in the spinal edges. Case 2, a 20-year-old male patient, presented with fever, severe headache, vomiting and paraplegia. Cultured Koch's Bacillus in liquid environment, testing for acid-fast bacilli test, polymerase chain reaction and Xpert MTB/ RIF tuberculosis in cerebrospinal fluid and sputum was positive for tuberculosis. The MRI displayed hyperintensities on T2W and FLAIR images, a slight increase in the spinal diameter and unclear, heterogeneous signal along the medullary border.

Diagnoses:
The first patient was diagnosed as tuberculosis meningitis combined with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis and the second patient was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis.

Interventions:
The two patients were treated with IIIA regimen, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, streptomycin, ethambutol combined with aggressive phase steroids.

Outcomes:
Following the anti-tuberculous therapy, the fever and mental status was alleviated in case 1, but improvement in muscle power of the limbs and sphincter function improved only after physical rehabilitation training. Case 2 was started on physical rehabilitation during the anti-tuberculous therapy. Though he tested negative for tuberculosis after the medical therapy, the muscle power of the limb showed only marginal improvement after the rehabilitation.

Lessons:
Meningitis combined with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis is often difficult to diagnose early because the patients have altered mental status. If the patient has clinical manifestations of lower limb paralysis or quadriplegic paralysis, it is necessary to have an MRI of the spine to determine co-existing transverse myelitis lesions. Low-dose corticosteroid therapy in patients with meningitis combined with transverse myelitis leads to poor nerve recovery.
Management of mitochondrial leukoencephalopathy-related ataxia and cognitive impairment in a primary health care setup
Authors: Vodička Staša , Zelko Erika 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Rationale:
Ataxia is defined as an impaired coordination of voluntary muscle movement. In cases of slowly progressing ataxia in young people, we should first consider a genetic origin. Herein, we describe the case of a 25-year-old patient with severe and advanced neurological disease which was diagnosed and treated by a family medicine physician, leading to the discovery of a new form of hereditary ataxia.

Patient concerns:
In 2016, a 25-year-old professional driver arrived at our family medicine office with a gait disorder that he had been struggling with for the past 5 years. During clinical examination, gait ataxia was evident. In 2018, the patient returned to our family medicine office, with difficulty in speaking and could no longer retain urine. During the examination, he was not oriented in time and space, no longer recognized the staff, and responded only in a few words. Clinically, we observed postural and action tremors, bradykinesia, and increased muscle tone.

Diagnoses:
The patient was sent to a neurologist for further management. There, a magnetic resonance imaging scan of the head was prescribed, leading to a diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy; however, genetic testing and biochemical analysis performed in 2016 did not confirm that. With additional testing in 2018, we confirmed a hereditary mitochondrial leukoencephalopathy (the identified version c.2884C>T in the AARS2 gene has not been previously reported as a pathogen in relation to human diseases).

Interventions:
Unfortunately, no specific treatment is available, therefore, the reluctance of neurologists to provide treatment is understandable. Family medicine doctors are long-term companions to patients and are sometimes the only support for them and their families when it comes to such an incurable disease.

Outcomes:
Currently, the patient only needs palliative care. The diagnostic path was completed but no specific therapy is in view.

Lessons:
Our case shows a 25-year-old patient with severe and advanced neurological disease diagnosed and treated by a family medicine physician. Family doctors play an important role due to their long-term relationship with the patient and the comprehensive care they provide, even in cases where the disease is severe, and the prognosis is unfavorable.
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Medical Error Rate in Iran: 2005-2019
Authors: Khammarnia M. , Ansari-Moghaddam A. R. , Setoodehzadeh Fatemeh , Rezaei K. , Clark C. C. T. , Peyvand M. 
Published: June 2021

Background and Objectives:
Medical errors (MEs) are one of the main factors affecting the quality of hospital services and reducing patient safety in health care systems, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of ME in Iran.

Methods:
This is a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of extracted data. The databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane, SID, Magiran, and Medlib were searched in Persian and English, using a combination of medical subject heading terms (“Medical Error” [Mesh] OR “Medication error” [Mesh] OR “Hospital Error” AND (“Iran” [Mesh]) for observational and interventional studies that reported ME rate in Iran from January 1995 to April 2019. We followed the STROBE checklist for the purpose of this review.

Results:
The search yielded a total of 435 records, of which 74 articles were included in the systematic review. The rate of MEs in Iran was determined as 0.35%. The rates of errors among physicians and nurses were 31% and 37%, respectively. The error rates during the medication process, including prescription, recording, and administration, were 31%, 27%, and 35%, respectively. Also, incidence of MEs in night shifts was higher than in any other shift (odds ratio [OR] = 38%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 31%-45%). Moreover, newer nurses were responsible for more errors within hospitals than other nurses (OR = 57%; 95% CI: 41%-80%). The rate of reported error after the Health Transformation Plan was higher than before the Health Transformation Plan (OR = 40%; CI: 33%-49% vs OR = 30%; CI: 25%-35%).

Conclusion:
This systematic review has demonstrated the high ME rate in Iranian hospitals. Based on the error rate attributed solely to night shifts, more attention to the holistic treatment process is required. Errors can be decreased through a variety of strategies, such as training clinical and support staff regarding safe practices and updating and adapting systems and technologies.
SARS-CoV-2 specific memory B-cells from individuals with diverse disease severities recognize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern
Authors: Lyski Zoe L. , Brunton Amanda E. , Strnad Matt I. , Sullivan Peter E. , Siegel Sarah A.R. , Tafesse Fikadu G. , Slifka Mark K. , Messer William B. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this investigation we examined the magnitude, breadth, and durability of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in two distinct B-cell compartments: long-lived plasma cell-derived antibodies in the plasma, and peripheral memory B-cells along with their associated antibody profiles elicited afterin vitrostimulation. We found that magnitude varied amongst individuals, but was the highest in hospitalized subjects. Variants of concern (VoC) -RBD-reactive antibodies were found in the plasma of 72% of samples in this investigation, and VoC-RBD-reactive memory B-cells were found in all but 1 subject at a single time-point. This finding, that VoC-RBD-reactive MBCs are present in the peripheral blood of all subjects including those that experienced asymptomatic or mild disease, provides a reason for optimism regarding the capacity of vaccination, prior infection, and/or both, to limit disease severity and transmission of variants of concern as they continue to arise and circulate.
Relationship Between Patient Sex and Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonist Drug and Anti-Drug Antibody Concentrations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease; A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Shehab Mohammad , Alasfour Hajer , Abdullah Israa , Alhendi Ghadeer , Alhadab Anwar , Alfadhli Ahmad , Ziyab Ali H. , Battat Robert 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundAnti-drug antibodies to infliximab (ATI) and adalimumab (ATA) are associated with loss of response to tumor necrosis factor antagonist (anti-TNF) therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We evaluated the relationship between patient sex and serum TNF antagonist drug and antibody concentrations in inflammatory bowel diseaseMethodsA nationwide multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted by evaluating patients’ charts from July 2018 until September 2021. The effect of patient sex on anti-drug antibodies and serum drug concentration in patients with IBD across 7 hospitals was investigated. A subgroup analysis also investigated the effect of anti-TNF combination therapy. Geometric means were calculated, and multiple linear regression was used to estimate the adjusted ratio of geometric means (RoGM) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsIn the total study sample (n = 1093), males receiving infliximab had higher anti-drug antibody concentrations (38.3 vs. 22.3 AU/ml; aRoGM = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.30-2.27, p-value <0.001) compared to females. Additionally, infliximab serum drug concentrations among males were lower compared to females (2.6 vs. 4.1 ug/ml; aRoGM = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.44-0.88, p-value = 0.007). In the subgroup analysis (n = 359), male compared to female patients on combination therapy with infliximab and immunomodulators had similar anti-drug antibody concentrations (30.2 vs. 21.9 AU/ml; aRoGM = 1.38, 95% CI: 0.79-2.40, p-value = 0.254). There was no difference in the anti-drug antibody and serum drug concentrations among males and females on adalimumab.ConclusionIn patients receiving infliximab, anti-drug antibodies were higher in males than females. Consistent with this, serum drug concentrations were lower in males than females on infliximab. There was no difference in anti-drug antibody and serum drug concentrations among males and females on adalimumab. In addition, no difference in anti-drug antibodies between males and females receiving anti-TNF combination therapy was observed.
Pathogenic neutrophilia drives acute respiratory distress syndrome in severe COVID-19 patients
Authors: Eddins Devon J. , Yang Junkai , Kosters Astrid , Giacalone Vincent D. , Pechuan Ximo , Chandler Joshua D. , Eum Jinyoung , Babcock Benjamin R. , Dobosh Brian S. , Hernández Mindy R. , Abdulkhader Fathma , Collins Genoah L. , Ramonell Richard P. , Moussion Christine , Orlova Darya Y. , Sanz Ignacio , Lee F. Eun-Hyung , Tirouvanziam Rabindra M. , Ghosn Eliver E.B. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the ensuing COVID-19 pandemic have caused ∼40 million cases and over 648,000 deaths in the United States alone. Troubling disparities in COVID-19-associated mortality emerged early, with nearly 70% of deaths confined to Black/African-American (AA) patients in some areas, yet targeted studies within this demographic are scant. Multi-omics single-cell analyses of immune profiles from airways and matching blood samples of Black/AA patients revealed low viral load, yet pronounced and persistent pulmonary neutrophilia with advanced features of cytokine release syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), including exacerbated production of IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL3/4 along with elevated levels of neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase. Circulating S100A12+/IFITM2+mature neutrophils are recruited via the IL-8/CXCR2 axis, which emerges as a potential therapeutic target to reduce pathogenic neutrophilia and constrain ARDS in severe COVID-19.Graphical AbstractThe lung pathology due to severe COVID-19 is marked by a perpetual pathogenic neutrophilia, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) even in the absence of viral burden. Circulating mature neutrophils are recruited to the airways via IL-8 (CXCL8)/CXCR2 chemotaxis. Recently migrated neutrophils further differentiate into a transcriptionally active and hyperinflammatory state, with an exacerbated expression of IL-8 (CXCL8), IL-1β (IL1B),CCL3, CCL4, neutrophil elastase (NE), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Airway neutrophils and recruited inflammatory monocytes further increase their production of IL-8 (CXCL8), perpetuating lung neutrophilia in a feedforward loop. MdCs and T cells produce IL-1β and TNF, driving neutrophils reprogramming and survival.