bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drones, automatic counting tools, and artificial neural networks in wildlife population censusing
Authors: Marchowski Dominik 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe use of a drone to count the flock sizes of 33 species of waterbirds during the breeding and non‐breeding periods was investigated.In 96% of 343 cases, drone counting was successful. 18.8% of non‐breeding birds and 3.6% of breeding birds exhibited adverse reactions: the former birds were flushed, whereas the latter attempted to attack the drone.The automatic counting of birds was best done with ImageJ/Fiji microbiology software – the average counting rate was 100 birds in 64 s.Machine learning using neural network algorithms proved to be an effective and quick way of counting birds – 100 birds in 7 s. However, the preparation of images and machine learning time is time‐consuming, so this method is recommended only for large data sets and large bird assemblages.The responsible study of wildlife using a drone should only be carried out by persons experienced in the biology and behavior of the target animals.
Dataset complexity impacts both MOTU delimitation and biodiversity estimates in eukaryotic 18S rRNA metabarcoding studies
Authors: De Santiago Alejandro , Pereira Tiago José , Mincks Sarah L. , Bik Holly M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHow does the evolution of bioinformatics tools impact the biological interpretation of high‐throughput sequencing datasets? For eukaryotic metabarcoding studies, in particular, researchers often rely on tools originally developed for the analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) datasets. Such tools do not adequately account for the complexity of eukaryotic genomes, the ubiquity of intragenomic variation in eukaryotic metabarcoding loci, or the differential evolutionary rates observed across eukaryotic genes and taxa. Recently, metabarcoding workflows have shifted away from the use of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) toward delimitation of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). We assessed how the choice of bioinformatics algorithm impacts the downstream biological conclusions that are drawn from eukaryotic 18S rRNA metabarcoding studies. We focused on four workflows including UCLUST and VSearch algorithms for OTU clustering, and DADA2 and Deblur algorithms for ASV delimitation. We used two 18S rRNA datasets to further evaluate whether dataset complexity had a major impact on the statistical trends and ecological metrics: a “high complexity” (HC) environmental dataset generated from community DNA in Arctic marine sediments, and a “low complexity” (LC) dataset representing individually barcoded nematodes. Our results indicate that ASV algorithms produce more biologically realistic metabarcoding outputs, with DADA2 being the most consistent and accurate pipeline regardless of dataset complexity. In contrast, OTU clustering algorithms inflate the metabarcoding‐derived estimates of biodiversity, consistently returning a high proportion of “rare” molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) that appear to represent computational artifacts and sequencing errors. However, species‐specific MOTUs with high relative abundance are often recovered regardless of the bioinformatics approach. We also found high concordance across pipelines for downstream ecological analysis based on beta‐diversity and alpha‐diversity comparisons that utilize taxonomic assignment information. Analyses of LC datasets and rare MOTUs are especially sensitive to the choice of algorithms and better software tools may be needed to address these scenarios.
Modelling seasonal variation of gully erosion at the catchment scale
Authors: Agostini Margherita , Mondini Alessandro Cesare , Torri Dino , Rossi Mauro 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGeo‐hydrological phenomena, including gullies, contribute significantly to soil erosion and land degradation. To address this, proper management of basins and hillslopes should consider the mechanism, timing, and location of gully development and how gullies interact with other hillslope processes. Yet, conventional modelling techniques for such processes are rare, frequently being limited to applications of only single processes and typically requiring high‐resolution input data. Further, existing tools for characterizing basins and hillslopes tend to be based on static descriptions of geo‐environmental conditions, and thus are not effective for modelling changes such as the seasonal triggering conditions of gully phenomena over time. This study proposes a method to integrate open remote sensing data (Sentinel‐2) and an existing modelling tool (LANDPLANER) using simplified input data to better predict and forecast gullies’ spatial and temporal occurrence. The study investigates the seasonal conditions responsible for the triggering of gullies at the catchment scale using different erosion modelling schema in the Toscana region of Central Italy. Geomorphological gully inventory data were collected and used as benchmarks to test the proposed approach. The results show that the occurrence of gully erosion in the studied region changes seasonally, and the proposed method was able to effectively discriminate spatial and temporal differences of the gully phenomena. The proposed method can be applied to similar regions worldwide, allowing for the investigation of gully erosion over time, even in places with limited data availability.
Towards a Haudenosaunee developmental science: Perspectives from the Two Row Wampum
Authors: Fish Jillian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Two Row Wampum belt represents a treaty between the Haudenosaunee and Dutch about how the two nations would coexist with each other in the context of settler colonialism. The oral tradition of the Two Row Wampum states that the Haudenosaunee would travel down the river of life in a canoe containing their ways of being and knowing, while the Dutch would travel alongside them in a ship with their own orientations to the world. However, the original principles of the Two Row Wampum contrast with the colonial realities of the Haudenosaunee. In an application of the Two Row Wampum to developmental science, in which the river is the life course, mainstream developmental science is the ship, and Haudenosaunee developmental science is the canoe, I use thePrinciples of the Two Row Wampumto propose a Haudenosaunee perspective of the field. I compare this with how mainstream developmental science dominates the field, marginalizing various Indigenous developmental sciences in a manner similar to theBetrayal of the Two Row Wampum. Though I recommend that mainstream developmental science returns to the principles of the Two Row Wampum, I demonstrate that Indigenous developmental sciences operate beyond the constraints of developmental psychology by centering Indigenous ontologies and epistemologies to promote Indigenous futures.
Asymmetric Solvent‐Annealed Triblock Terpolymer Thick Films Topped by a Hexagonal Perforated Lamellar Nanostructure
Authors: Aissou Karim , Bouzit Hana , Krusch Felix , Méricq Jean Pierre , Cot Didier , Masquelez Nathalie , Roualdes Stéphanie , Quémener Damien 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAsymmetric and nanostructured polystyrene‐block‐poly(2‐vinyl pyridine)‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PS‐b‐P2VP‐b‐PEO or SVEO, S:V:EO ≈ 56:34:10, 79.5 kg mol–1) thick films blended with 20 wt% of a short PS homopolymer (hPS, 10.5 kg mol–1) are achieved by combining the non‐solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process with a solvent vapor annealing (SVA) treatment. Here, the NIPS step allows for the formation of a highly‐permeable sponge‐like substructure topped by a dense thin layer exhibiting poorly‐ordered nanopores while the subsequent SVA treatment enables to reconstruct the material top surface into a porous monolayer of well‐ordered hexagonal perforated lamellae (HPL). This optimized film architecture generated by NIPS‐SVA shows a water permeability of 860 L h–1m–2bar–1, which is roughly two times higher than the flux measured through NIPS made PS‐b‐P2VP‐b‐PEO/hPS materials having poorly‐ordered nanopores. The post‐SVA treatment is also revealed as a powerful tool to tailor the thickness of the nanostructure formed within the blended material because monoliths entirely composed of a HPL phase are produced by increasing the time of exposure to a chloroform stream. The water flux of such PS‐b‐P2VP‐b‐PEO/hPS monoliths is found to be an order of magnitude lower than that of their asymmetric film homologues.
A role for the early pregnancy maternal milieu in the intergenerational transmission of obesity
Authors: Flanagan Emily W. , Most Jasper , Altazan Abby D. , Boyle Kristen E. , Redman Leanne M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveMaternal obesity increases the risks for adverse pregnancy and offspring outcomes but with large heterogeneity. This study examined changes to the maternal metabolic milieu across pregnancy in women with obesity. It identified differences between a metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) phenotype and a metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) phenotype, as well as the differences in offspring adiposity between the two metabolic phenotypes.MethodsIn early pregnancy, women were classified with MHO (n = 13) or MUO (n = 9) based on the presence of zero or ≥2 risk factors for metabolic syndrome, respectively (systolic blood pressure > 130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure > 85 mm Hg, HDL cholesterol < 50 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol ≥ 100 mg/dL, triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL, and glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL). Area under the pregnancy concentration curve for glucose and triglycerides measured at early (13‐16 weeks), mid‐ (24‐27 weeks), and late (35‐37 weeks) pregnancy, gestational weight gain (GWG), energy expenditure, maternal fat accretion, and infant body composition were compared.ResultsMaternal BMI, GWG, and fat accretion did not differ between MUO and MHO. Women with MUO had a greater area under the pregnancy concentration curve for glucose (+2,170 [382] mg/dL·day, p < 0.001) and triglycerides (+12,211 [3,916] mg/dL·day, p < 0.001). There were no differences in late‐pregnancy total daily energy expenditure, but activity energy expenditure was significantly lower in MUO (−403 [144] kcal). MUO offspring had greater weight (+621 [205] g, p = 0.01) and adiposity (+5.8% [2.1%], p = 0.02) at 1 week of life but showed no differences in fat‐free mass.ConclusionsIndependent of GWG, MUO resulted in heightened exposure of fetal fat‐promoting substrates. Differing metabolic phenotypes may explain heterogeneity of offspring adiposity born to women with obesity.
Greater radiologic evidence of hypothalamic gliosis predicts adiposity gain in children at risk for obesity
Authors: Sewaybricker Leticia E. , Kee Sarah , Melhorn Susan J. , Schur Ellen A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study investigated, in a large pediatric population, whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of mediobasal hypothalamic (MBH) gliosis is associated with baseline or change over 1 year in body adiposity.MethodsCross‐sectional and prospective cohort analyses were conducted within the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Study 1 included 169 children with usable baseline T2‐weighted MRI images and anthropometrics from baseline and 1‐year follow‐up study visits. Signal ratios compared T2 signal intensity in MBH and two reference regions (amygdala [AMY] and putamen) as a measure of MBH gliosis. Study 2 included a distinct group of 238 children with overweight or obesity to confirm initial findings in an independent sample.ResultsIn Study 1, MBH/AMY signal ratio was positively associated with BMI z score (β = 4.27, p < 0.001). A significant interaction for the association of MBH/AMY signal ratio with change in BMI z score suggested that relationships differed by baseline weight status. Study 2 found that higher MBH/AMY signal ratios associated with an increase in BMI z score for children with overweight (β = 0.58, p = 0.01), but not those with obesity (β = 0.02, p = 0.91).ConclusionsGreater evidence of hypothalamic gliosis by MRI is associated with baseline BMI z score and predicts adiposity gain in young children at risk of obesity.
A 2000‐year spatiotemporal pattern and relationship between cities and floods in the Yangtze River Basin, China
Authors: Wang Changsong , Zhang Ran , Zhang Shuai 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Yangtze River is one of the most important rivers in China, and its basin is the most populous urban area in China. The relationship between cities and floods in the Yangtze River Basin is of significance. In our analysis of 4,511 historical county‐level cities and 37,512 historical flood disasters, we used ARCGIS to conduct spatial analyses, including kernel density analysis, coldspot and hotspot analysis, and center of gravity analysis, to reveal the relationship between cities, population, and floods in the Yangtze River Basin in the past 2000 years. The results indicate that three relatively stable, dense urban areas are the Chengdu Plain; the border of the Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu Provinces and surrounding areas; and the central Guizhou Province and southwestern part of Hubei Province. The hotspot areas of floods were the main tributaries and lakes of the Yangtze River, whereas the coldspot areas were the Chengdu Plain and the surrounding areas. More importantly, cities are not far from flood regions, and this will cause serious flooding. Due to location advantages, cities tend to be close to rivers, lakes, and other water systems. This research provides historical details of urban development and ecological environment protection in the Yangtze River Basin in China.
MARS: Detecting brain class/method code smell based on metric–attention mechanism and residual network
Authors: Zhang Yang , Dong Chunhao 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCode smell is the structural design defect that makes programs difficult to understand, maintain, and evolve. Existing works of code smell detection mainly focus on prevalent code smells, such as feature envy, god class, and long method. Few works have been done on detecting brain class/method. Furthermore, existing deep‐learning‐based approaches leverage the CNN model to improve accuracy by barely increasing the number of layers, which may cause a problem of gradient degradation. To this end, this paper proposes a novel approach called MARS to detect brain class/method. MARS improves the gradient degradation by employing an improved residual network. It increases the weight value of those important code metrics to label smelly samples by introducing a metric–attention mechanism. To support the training of MARS, a dataset called BrainCode is generated by extracting more than 270,000 samples from 20 real‐world applications. MARS is evaluated on BrainCode and compared to other machine‐learning‐based and deep‐learning‐based approaches. The experimental results demonstrate that the average accuracy of MARS is 2.01 % higher than that of the existing approaches, which improves state‐of‐the‐art.
Environmental Exposures and Lung Aging: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Improving Respiratory Health
Authors: Eckhardt Christina M. , Wu Haotian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurpose of ReviewInhaled environmental exposures cause over 12 million deaths per year worldwide. Despite localized efforts to reduce environmental exposures, tobacco smoking and air pollution remain the urgent public health challenges that are contributing to the growing prevalence of respiratory diseases. The purpose of this review is to describe the mechanisms through which inhaled environmental exposures accelerate lung aging and cause overt lung disease.Recent FindingsEnvironmental exposures related to fossil fuel and tobacco combustion and occupational exposures related to silica and coal mining generate oxidative stress and inflammation in the lungs. Sustained oxidative stress causes DNA damage, epigenetic instability, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell cycle arrest in key progenitor cells in the lung. As a result, critical repair mechanisms are impaired, leading to premature destruction of the lung parenchyma.SummaryInhaled environmental exposures accelerate lung aging by injuring the lungs and damaging the cells responsible for wound healing. Interventions that minimize exposure to noxious antigens are critical to improve lung health, and novel research is required to expand our knowledge of therapies that may slow or prevent premature lung aging.
Vom Sinn und Geschmack fürs unendlich Endliche
Authors: Welbers Ulrich 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungWas ›Verstehen‹ als semantische Universalaufgabe des Menschen bedeutet, zeigt sich in einer das Unerhörte philologisch erkundenden Sprache der Interpretation. Der Beitrag geht exemplarisch auf Positionen ein, die diese Innenweltansicht von Text und Erfahrung stützten. Nur in mühevoller Unsicherheitsgewissheit erreicht Verstehen einen idealischen Deutungsort, der jede karge Reduktion auf Tatsachenbegriffe überwindet.
Research Activities of Nanodimensional Standards Using Atomic Force Microscopes, Transmission Electron Microscope, and Scanning Electron Microscope at the National Metrology Institute of Japan
Authors: Misumi Ichiko , Kizu Ryosuke , Itoh Hiroshi , Kumagai Kazuhiro , Kobayashi Keita , Sigehuzi Tomoo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWith the progress in nanotechnology, the importance of nanodimensional standards is increasing. Realizing nanodimensional standards requires multiple types of high-precision microscopy techniques. The National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), one of the research domains in the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), is developing nanodimensional standards using atomic force, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopes. The current status of nanodimensional standards in NMIJ is introduced herein.
Phosphorus and sulphates removal from wastewater using copper smelter slag washed with acid
Authors: Letshwenyo Moatlhodi Wise , Mokokwe Gobusaone 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this study, we present the performance of acid washed copper smelter slag for the adsorption of phosphates and sulphates from wastewater. The aim of the study was to investigate the removal of phosphates and sulphates from wastewater using acid washed copper smelter slag at batch scale by exploring influences of different variables. The leachate concentrations of copper, iron, manganese and lead released from the adsorbent were 1.8, 128.2, 0.32 and 0.20 mg L−1, respectively at pH 2. The point of zero charge was at pH 6.04, Pseudo-Second Order kinetic model described the adsorption process better with an R2 value of 0.99. The experimental maximum adsorption capacities for phosphates and sulphates were 0.51 and 0.24 mg g−1 media, respectively, and 0.96 mg P g−1 media at pH 12 and 0.39 mg g−1 media for sulphates at pH 2, respectively. The process was endothermic with temperature having insignificant impact during adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacities for thermodynamic study were 0.103 ± 0.09 and 0.046 ± 0.004 mg g−1 media respectively, for PO43− P and SO42− at 60 °C. This study showed that acid washed copper smelter slag has an improved adsorption capacity for phosphate and sulphate ions but further investigations should be conducted to find ways of further improving the adsorbent performance.

Article highlights

There is increase in the adsorption capacity of acid washed copper smelter slag.

The adsorption capacity of phosphorus is high at pH 12 and for sulphate at pH 6.

The adsorption of phosphate and sulphate ions onto acid washed slag is an endothermic process.

Intraparticle diffusion was not the only rate controlling mechanisms.
Culture without copying or selection
Authors: Acerbi Alberto , Charbonneau Mathieu , Miton Helena , Scott-Phillips Thom 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTypical examples of cultural phenomena all exhibit a degree of similarity across time and space at the level of the population. As such, a fundamental question for any science of culture is, what ensures this stability in the first place? Here we focus on the evolutionary and stabilising role of ‘convergent transformation’, in which one item causes the production of another item whose form tends to deviate from the original in a directed, non-random way. We present a series of stochastic models of cultural evolution investigating its effects. The results show that cultural stability can emerge and be maintained by virtue of convergent transformation alone, in the absence of any form of copying or selection process. We show how high-fidelity copying and convergent transformation need not be opposing forces, and can jointly contribute to cultural stability. We finally analyse how non-random transformation and high-fidelity copying can have different evolutionary signatures at population level, and hence how their distinct effects can be distinguished in empirical records. Collectively, these results supplement existing approaches to cultural evolution based on the Darwinian analogy, while also providing formal support for other frameworks – such as Cultural Attraction Theory – that entail its further loosening.Social media summary:Culture can be produced and maintained by convergent transformation, without copying or selection involved.
ON THE STRONG METRIC DIMENSION OF A TOTAL GRAPH OF NONZERO ANNIHILATING IDEALS
Authors: ABACHI N. , ADLIFARD M. , BAKHTYIARI M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLet R be a commutative ring with identity which is not an integral domain. An ideal I of R is called an annihilating ideal if there exists
$r\in R- \{0\}$
such that
$Ir=(0)$
. The total graph of nonzero annihilating ideals of R is the graph
$\Omega (R)$
whose vertices are the nonzero annihilating ideals of R and two distinct vertices
$I,J$
are joined if and only if
$I+J$
is also an annihilating ideal of R. We study the strong metric dimension of
$\Omega (R)$
and evaluate it in several cases.
On minimal log discrepancies and kollár components
Authors: Moraga Joaquín 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this article, we prove a local implication of boundedness of Fano varieties. More precisely, we prove that$d$-dimensional$a$-log canonical singularities with standard coefficients, which admit an$\epsilon$-plt blow-up, have minimal log discrepancies belonging to a finite set which only depends on$d,\,a$and$\epsilon$. This result gives a natural geometric stratification of the possible mld's in a fixed dimension by finite sets. As an application, we prove the ascending chain condition for minimal log discrepancies of exceptional singularities. We also introduce an invariant for klt singularities related to the total discrepancy of Kollár components.
Prevalence of latent structural heart disease in Nepali schoolchildren
Authors: Shrestha Nikesh R. , Uranw Surendra , Karki Prahlad , Bastola Santosh , Mahato Rajan , Sherpa Kunjang , Dhungana Sahadeb , Gurung Keshar , Pandey Naveen , Agrawal Krishna , Bartkowiak Joanna , Shah Prashant , Rothenbühler Martina , Pilgrim Thomas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground:The present study aimed to quantify the burden of structural heart disease in Nepali children.Methods:We performed a school-based cross-sectional echocardiographic screening study with cluster random sampling among children 5–16 years of age.Results:Between December 2012 and January 2019, 6573 children (mean age 10.6 ± 2.9 years) from 41 randomly selected schools underwent echocardiographic screening. Structural heart disease was detected in 14.0 per 1000 children (95% CI 11.3–17.1) and was congenital in 3.3 per 1000 (95% CI 2.1–5.1) and rheumatic in 10.6 per 1000 (95% CI 8.3–13.4). Rates of rheumatic heart disease were higher among children attending public as compared to private schools (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.6–5.2, p = 0.0001).Conclusion:Rheumatic heart disease accounted for three out of four cases of structural heart disease and was more common among children attending public as compared to private schools.