bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Negotiating Change: Ideas, Institutions, and Political Actors in Tobacco Control Policy Making in Mauritius
Authors: Kusi-Ampofo Owuraku 
Published: March 2021

AbstractContext: This article explains the policy process that occasioned the development of comprehensive tobacco control policies in Mauritius from 1980 to 2019. It does so by drawing theoretical insights from John Kingdon's streams framework, historical institutionalism, and ideational perspectives to explicate how tobacco control rose to the status of government policy agenda.Methods: The main sources of data are government documents, media reports, archival studies, grey literature, and published books and articles. These sources were supplemented by key informant interviews with government officials, civil society groups, and other vested interest groups.Findings: This article finds that the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases in the late 1980s, the political commitment of Mauritius's Labour government to comprehensive tobacco control, the institutional legacies of Mauritius's Public Health Act of 1925, and the administrative capacity of Mauritius's Ministry of Health and Quality of Life are the primary factors that drove tobacco control policies in Mauritius.Conclusion: The findings from this study will enrich our understanding of policy change and the politics of tobacco control in the global south. Future research should investigate why some countries in Africa have failed to adopt comprehensive tobacco control policies despite ratifying the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
Size, shape and orientation of macro-sized substrate protrusions affect the toe and foot adhesion of geckos
Authors: Song Yi , Yuan Jiwei , Zhang Linghao , Dai Zhendong , Full Robert J. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Geckos are excellent climbers using compliant, hierarchically arranged adhesive toes to negotiate diverse terrains varying in roughness at multiple size scales. Here, we complement advancements at smaller size scales with measurements at the macro scale. We studied the attachment of a single toe and whole foot of geckos on macroscale rough substrates by pulling them along, across and off smooth rods and spheres mimicking different geometric protrusions of substrates. When we pulled a single toe along rods, the force increased with the rod diameter, whereas the attachment force of dragging toes across rods increased from about 60% on small diameter rods relative to a flat surface to ∼100% on larger diameter rods, but showed no further increase as rod diameter doubled. Toe force also increased as the pulling changed from along-rod loading to across-rod loading. When toes were pulled off spheres, the force increased with increasing sphere diameter as observed for along-rod pulling. For feet with separated toes, attachment on spheres was stronger than that on rods with the same diameter. Attachment force of a foot decreased as rod and sphere size increased but remained sufficient to support the body weight of geckos. These results provide a bridge to the macroscale roughness seen in nature by revealing the importance of the dimension, shape and orientation of macroscale substrate features for compliant toe and foot function of geckos. Our data not only enhance our understanding of geckos’ environmental adaptive adhesion but can also provide inspiration for novel robot feet in development.
Hydrogen isotope assimilation and discrimination in green turtles
Authors: Pagès Barceló Laura , Seminoff Jeffrey A. , Vander Zanden Hannah B. , Jones T. Todd , Bjorndal Karen A. , Bolten Alan B. , Mustin Walter , Busquets-Vass Geraldine , Newsome Seth D. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Although hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) are commonly used as tracers of animal movement, minimal research has investigated the use of δ2H as a proxy to quantify resource and habitat use. While carbon and nitrogen are ultimately derived from a single source (food), the proportion of hydrogen in consumer tissues originates from two distinct sources: body water and food. Before hydrogen isotopes can be effectively used as a resource and habitat tracer, we need estimates of (net) discrimination factors (Δ2HNet) that account for the physiologically mediated differences in the δ2H values of animal tissues relative to that of the food and water sources they use to synthesize tissues. Here, we estimated Δ2HNet in captive green turtles (Chelonia mydas) by measuring the δ2H values of tissues (epidermis and blood components) and dietary macromolecules collected in two controlled feeding experiments. Tissue δ2H and Δ2HNet values varied systematically among tissues, with epidermis having higher δ2H and Δ2HNet values than blood components, which mirrors patterns between keratinaceous tissues (feathers, hair) and blood in birds and mammals. Serum/plasma of adult female green turtles had significantly lower δ2H values compared with juveniles, likely due to increased lipid mobilization associated with reproduction. This is the first study to quantify Δ2HNet values in a marine ectotherm, and we anticipate that our results will further refine the use of δ2H analysis to better understand animal resource and habitat use in marine ecosystems, especially coastal areas fueled by a combination of marine (e.g. micro/macroalgae and seagrass) and terrestrial (e.g. mangroves) primary production.
Combined vitrectomy, near-confluent panretinal endolaser, bevacizumab and cyclophotocoagulation for neovascular glaucoma — a retrospective interventional case series
Authors: Strzalkowski Piotr , Strzalkowska Alicja , Göbel Winfried , Loewen Nils A. , Hillenkamp Jost 
Published: March 2021

Background: Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) is a severe, potentially blinding disease and a therapeutic challenge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an integrative surgical approach to neovascular glaucoma. Methods: Retrospective analysis of a one-year follow-up of a consecutive interventional case series of NVG. Eyes underwent transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, pars plana vitrectomy, near-confluent panretinal photocoagulation, and intravitreal bevacizumab. Phakic eyes underwent concomitant cataract surgery. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, logMAR), intraocular pressure (IOP, mmHg), number of glaucoma medication, visual analog pain scale (VAPS, 0-10) were recorded at baseline, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Blind eyes were excluded. Results: Seventy-seven eyes of 77 patients (45 male, 32 female, mean age 73.6±12.2 years) were included. NVG underlying conditions included retinal vein occlusion (41.6%), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (35.1%), central retinal artery occlusion (19.5%), and ocular ischemic syndrome (3.9%). Mean IOP decreased postoperatively from 46.3±10.1 mmHg to 14.5±7.9 mmHg (p<0.001), glaucoma medication from 4.7±1.3 to 1.8±1.8 (p<0.001), and VAPS from 6.0±1.8 to 0. BCVA remained unchanged. Postoperative intraocular inflammation had resolved in all eyes at the one-month follow-up. 71.4% (55/77) eyes did not require additional major interventions during follow-up. Conclusions: A single, comprehensive surgery session lowered IOP significantly, reduced GMS, and controlled pain.
Public perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic management in Bangladesh: a qualitative exploration
Authors: Joarder Taufique , Khaled Muhammad N.B. , Joarder Mohammad A.I. 
Published: March 2021

Background: Since the emergence of the COVID-19 outbreak, Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has taken various measures to restrict virus transmission and inform the people of the situation. However, the success of such measures largely depends on a positive public perception of the government’s ability to act decisively and the transparency of its communication. We explored public perceptions of pandemic management efforts by the Bangladeshi health sector decision-makers in this study. Methods: As this qualitative research was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, data was gathered through seven online mixed-gender focus group discussions involving 50 purposively selected clinicians and non-clinicians. Results: The study participants concurred that, from the outset, decision-makers failed to engage the right kind of experts, which resulted in poor pandemic management that included imposing lockdown in periphery areas without arranging patient transport to the center, declaring certain hospitals as COVID-19 dedicated without preparing the facilities or the staff, and engaging private hospitals in care without allowing them to test the patients for COVID-19 infection. Several participants also commented on ineffective actions on behalf of the GoB, such as imposing home quarantine instead of institutional, corruption, miscommunication, and inadequate private sector regulation. The perception of the people regarding service providers is that they lacked responsiveness in providing treatment, with some doctors misleading the public by sharing misinformation. Service providers, on the other hand, observed that decision-makers failed to provide them with proper training, personal protective equipment, and workplace security, which has resulted in a high number of deaths among medical staff. Conclusions: The Bangladeshi health sector decision-makers should learn from their mistakes to prevent further unnecessary loss of life and long-term economic downturn. They should adopt a science-based response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the short term while striving to develop a more resilient health system in the long run.
A Meta-Analysis of Single-Case Research on Applied Behavior Analytic Interventions for People With Down Syndrome
Authors: Neil Nicole , Amicarelli Ashley , Anderson Brianna M. , Liesemer Kailee 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis systematic review evaluates single-case research design studies investigating applied behavior analytic (ABA) interventions for people with Down syndrome (DS). One hundred twenty-five studies examining the efficacy of ABA interventions on increasing skills and/or decreasing challenging behaviors met inclusion criteria. The What Works Clearinghouse standards and Risk of Bias in N-of-1 Trials scale were used to analyze methodological characteristics, and Tau-U effect sizes were calculated. Results suggest the use of ABA-based interventions are promising for behavior change in people with DS. Thirty-six high-quality studies were identified and demonstrated a medium overall effect. A range of outcomes was targeted, primarily involving communication and challenging behavior. These outcomes will guide future research on ABA interventions and DS.
Attention Bias and Prodromal Anxiety Symptoms in Toddlers With Fragile X Syndrome and Down Syndrome
Authors: Smith Kayla , Hogan Abigail L. , Will Elizabeth , Roberts Jane E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Early identification of behavioral risk markers for anxiety is essential to optimize long-term outcomes in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. This study analyzed attentional avoidance and its relation to anxiety and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptomatology during social and nonsocial fear conditions in toddlers with fragile X syndrome (FXS) and Down syndrome (DS). Toddlers with FXS and DS exhibited increased nonsocial attentional avoidance relative to typically developing (TD) toddlers. Attentional avoidance was not related to anxiety symptom severity in any group; however, higher ASD symptom severity was related to more social attentional avoidance in the FXS and TD groups. Findings suggest that there may be different underlying mechanisms driving attentional avoidance across neurodevelopmental disorders.
Entanglement synthesis based on the interference of a single-mode squeezed vacuum and a delocalized photon
Authors: Podoshvedov Sergey A. , Podoshvedov Mikhail S. 
Published: March 2021

We propose a new approach to generate entangled states, both hybrid and consisting exclusively of continuous variable (CV) states. A single-mode squeezed vacuum is mixed with a delocalized single photon on an arbitrary beam splitter with subsequent registration of measurement outcomes in auxiliary mode. The entangled hybrid states consisting of CV and discrete variable (DV) states are generated whenever any event is measured in auxiliary mode. Negativity is used as a measure of entanglement. Under certain initial conditions, the conditional state becomes as entangled as possible. New types of CV states, either even or odd depending on the parity of the Fock states forming the superpositions, are introduced. If the conditional entangled hybrid state is mixed with a single-mode squeezed vacuum with the subsequent registration of measurement results in DV mode, then the new state becomes CV entangled, i.e., its orthogonal components are already CV states. The entanglement synthesis can be expanded to implement a high-complexity quantum network.
Common-mode noise self-suppressed 3-component fiber optic accelerometer based on low-reflectivity Bragg gratings
Authors: Liu Fei , Yi Duo , Chen Yi , Xu Ping , Zhang Min , Zhu Xuewen , He Xiangge , Zhou Xian , Long Keping 
Published: March 2021

Common-mode noises (CMNs) are frequent in the fiber optic accelerometer, and their suppression is extremely important, particularly in the ultra-weak signal detection application, e.g., micro-seismic monitoring. This Letter proposes a 3-component (3C) low-reflectivity fiber Bragg gratings accelerometer for CMN self-suppression. When compared with the traditional CMN suppression method, the proposed 3C accelerometer is able to improve the CMN suppression effect by an average value larger than 4.5 dB in three axes, as well as double the effective signal amplitude due to the push–pull structure, which brings an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio. Besides, the proposed 3C accelerometer does not need an additional reference interferometer to achieve such a CMN suppression effect; hence, it largely reduces the volume and cost of the sensing system, which shows huge advantages, particularly in the large-scale quasi-distributed array. The proposed 3C accelerometer provides a promising candidate for the weak vector vibration detection.
Photonic approach for generating bandwidth-doubled and switchable multi-format chirp waveforms
Authors: Yi Chongyin , Yang Shuna , Yang Bo , Jin Tao , Chi Hao 
Published: March 2021

A novel photonic approach for generating switchable multi-format chirp RF waveforms is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The key component in the scheme is a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator (DPMZM). By properly setting the bias voltage on the DPMZM, different chirp RF waveforms with a doubled bandwidth, including the dual-, up-, and down-chirp waveforms, can be generated, when an unmodulated RF signal and a chirp RF signal are injected. The experiments are implemented to demonstrate the generation of switchable chirp waveforms with bandwidths of 2 and 0.8 GHz. The proposed scheme features its compact structure, easiness in switching control, as well as bandwidth doubling, which has potential applications in multifunctional radars.
Understanding the impact and causes of ‘failure to attend’ on continuity of care for patients with chronic conditions
Authors: Byrne Amy-Louise , Baldwin Adele , Harvey Clare , Brown Janie , Willis Eileen , Hegney Desley , Ferguson Bridget , Judd Jenni , Kynaston Doug , Forrest Rachel , Heritage Brody , Heard David , Mclellan Sandy , Thompson Shona , Palmer Janine 
Published: March 2021

Aim
To understand the impact and causes of ‘Failure to Attend’ (FTA) labelling, of patients with chronic conditions.

Background
Nurse navigators are registered nurses employed by public hospitals in Queensland, Australia, to coordinate the care of patients with multiple chronic conditions, who frequently miss hospital appointments. The role of the nurse navigator is to improve care management of these patients. Evidence for this is measured through improvement in patient self-management of their conditions, a reduction in preventable hospital admissions and compliance with attendance at outpatient clinics. Failure to attend (FTA) is one measure of hospital utilisation, identifying outpatient appointments that are cancelled or not attended.

Method
The cohort for this study was patients with multiple chronic conditions, and nurse navigators coordinating their care. Data describing the concept of FTA were thematically analysed twelve months into this three year evaluation.

Results
Although the patient is blamed for failing to attend appointments, the reasons appear to be a mixture of systems error/miscommunication between the patient and the health services or social reasons impacting on patient’s capacity to attend. Themes emerging from the data were: access barriers; failure to recognise personal stigma of FTA; and bridging the gap.

Conclusion
The nurse navigators demonstrate their pivotal role in engaging with outpatient services to reduce FTAs whilst helping patients to become confident in dealing with multiple appointments. There are many reasons why a patient is unable to attend a scheduled appointment. The phrase ‘Failure to Attend’ has distinctly negative connotations and can lead to a sense of blame and shame for those with complex chronic needs. We propose the use of the neutral phrase “appointment did not proceed” to replace FTA.

Implications for Nursing management
This article advocates for further consideration of collaborative models that engage the patient in their care journey and for consideration of the language used within the outpatient acute hospital setting, proposing the term ‘appointment did not proceed.’
Effectiveness of methods for cleaning arch wire: an in vitro study
Authors: Portes Canongia Ana Carolina , Alviano Moreno Daniela Sales , Abraçado Leida Gomes , Pithon Matheus Melo , Araújo Mônica Tirre 
Published: March 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate various methods of removing bacterial and fungus biofilm, to simulate orthodontic arch wires cleaning before reinsertion in the patients appliance. Rectangular Nickel Titanium (NiTi), Stainless Steel (SS) and Titanium Molybdenum (TMA) wires were divided into five groups, then contaminated with strains of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicas. Four segments of each group served as control and were not contaminated. Six cleanings methods were used to remove the biofilm: cotton roll and a chemical agent (chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite, 70% alcohol), cotton roll and water, steel woll and immersion on enzymatic detergent. There was a control group not decontaminated Then wires were placed in broth separately, and after an incubation period the optical density (OD) was measured, observing whether there was microbial growth. A wire segment of each subgroup of SS 3M® was taken to the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for visualization of the treatment response. The results were submitted to one-way ANOVA test and Tukey post-test. With the exception of 70% alcohol, the disinfection means behaved similarly regardless the type of wire. Two percent Chlorhexidine and 1% Sodium Hypochlorite totally removed the microorganisms while other agents left a high microbial concentration. Chemical cleaning is necessary to remove biofilm in orthodontic wires; 1% Sodium Hypochlorite and 2% Chlorhexidine are good disinfectants for this purpose.
Tangut as a West Gyalrongic language
Authors: Lai Yunfan , Gong Xun , Gates Jesse P. , Jacques Guillaume 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes that Tangut should be classified as a West Gyalrongic language in the Sino-Tibetan/Trans-Himalayan family. We examine lexical commonalities, case marking, partial reduplication, and verbal morphology in Tangut and in modern West Gyalrongic languages, and point out nontrivial shared innovations between Tangut and modern West Gyalrongic languages. The analysis suggests a closer genetic relationship between Tangut and Modern West Gyalrongic than between Tangut and Modern East Gyalrongic. This paper is the first study that tackles the exact linguistic affiliation of the Tangut language based on the comparative method.
Induction of labor at 39 weeks and risk of cesarean delivery among obese women: a retrospective propensity score matched study
Authors: Eberle Alexa , Czuzoj-Shulman Nicholas , Azoulay Laurent , Abenhaim Haim Arie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate if induction of labor (IOL) in obese women at 39 weeks of gestation decreases the risk of cesarean delivery (CD).

Methods
We conducted a retrospective propensity score matched study using the Center for Disease Control’s (CDC’s) Period Linked Birth-Infant Death data. The study population consisted of cephalic singleton births to women with BMI greater or equal to 30.0 kg/m2 who delivered at or beyond 39 weeks between 2013 and 2017. Women with prior CD were excluded. Women who underwent IOL at 39 weeks were propensity score matched 1:5 on the basis of CD risk factors to women who did not undergo IOL at 39 weeks but may have had an IOL at a later gestational age. Conditional logistic regression compared CD rates and maternal outcomes between obese women induced at 39 weeks with those not induced at 39 weeks.

Results
Our cohort consisted of 197,343 obese women induced at 39 weeks and 986,715 obese women not induced at 39 weeks. Overall, the risk of CD among women who had an IOL at 39 weeks was lower than those without an IOL at 39 weeks, 0.59 (0.58–0.60). The decrease in CD risk was more pronounced in multiparas, 0.47 (0.46–0.49) than nulliparas, 0.81 (0.79–0.83). When stratified by BMI, the effect of IOL on lowering CD risk was similar across all obesity classes. Aside from an increased risk of instrumental deliveries, morbidities were comparable in both groups.

Conclusions
IOL at 39 weeks among obese women appears to lower the risk of CD, without compromising maternal outcomes.
Extreme thermal anisotropy in high-aspect-ratio titanium nitride nanostructures for efficient photothermal heating
Authors: Ishii Satoshi , Higashino Makoto , Goya Shinya , Shkondin Evgeniy , Tanaka Katsuhisa , Nagao Tadaaki , Takayama Osamu , Murai Shunsuke 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
High optical absorptivity or a large absorption cross-section is necessary to fully utilize the irradiation of light for photothermal heating. Recently, titanium nitride (TiN) nanostructures have been demonstrated to be robust optical absorbers in the optical range owing to their nonradiative decay processes enhanced by broad plasmon resonances. Because the photothermally generated heat dissipates to the surroundings, suppressing heat transfer from TiN nanostructures is crucial for maximizing the photothermal temperature increase. In the current work, compared to the planar TiN film, high-aspect-ratio TiN nanostructures with subwavelength periodicities have been demonstrated to enhance the photothermal temperature increase by a 100-fold using nanotube samples. The reason is attributed to the extremely anisotropic effective thermal conductivities. Our work has revealed that high-aspect-ratio TiN nanostructures are effective in improving photothermal heating, and they can be used in various applications, such as solar heating, chemical reactions, and microfluidics.