bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dengue fever and dengue virus in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Wu Tiantian , Wu Zhongdao , Li Yi‐Ping 
Published: May 2021

SummaryInfection with dengue virus (DENV) leads to symptoms variable from dengue fever to severe dengue, which has posed a huge socioeconomic and disease burden to the world population, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. To date, four serotypes of DENV (DENV‐1 to DENV‐4) have been identified to sustain the transmission cycle in humans. In the past decades, dengue incidences have become more frequent, and four serotypes and various genotypes have been identified in PR China. Several large‐scale dengue outbreaks and frequent local endemics occurred in the southern and coastal provinces, and the imported dengue cases accounted primarily for the initiation of the epidemics. No antiviral drug exists for dengue, and no vaccine has been approved to use in PR China, however strategies including public awareness, national reporting system of infectious diseases and public health emergencies, vector mosquito control, personal protection, and improved environmental sanitation have greatly reduced dengue prevalence. Some new technologies in vector mosquito control are emerging and being applied for dengue control. China’s territory spans tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates, hence understanding the dengue status in China will be of beneficial for the global prevention and control of dengue. Here, we review the dengue status in PR China for the past decades and the strategies emerging for dengue control.
Weighted pivot coordinates for partial least squares‐based marker discovery in high‐throughput compositional data
Authors: Štefelová Nikola , Palarea‐Albaladejo Javier , Hron Karel 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHigh‐throughput data representing large mixtures of chemical or biological signals are ordinarily produced in the molecular sciences. Given a number of samples, partial least squares (PLS) regression is a well‐established statistical method to investigate associations between them and any continuous response variables of interest. However, technical artifacts generally make the raw signals not directly comparable between samples. Thus, data normalization is required before any meaningful scientific information can be drawn. This often allows to characterize the processed signals as compositional data where the relevant information is contained in the pairwise log‐ratios between the components of the mixture. The (log‐ratio) pivot coordinate approach facilitates the aggregation into single variables of the pairwise log‐ratios of a component to all the remaining components. This simplifies interpretability and the investigation of their relative importance but, particularly in a high‐dimensional context, the aggregated log‐ratios can easily mix up information from different underlaying processes. In this context, we propose a weighting strategy for the construction of pivot coordinates for PLS regression which draws on the correlation between response variable and pairwise log‐ratios. Using real and simulated data sets, we demonstrate that this proposal enhances the discovery of biological markers in high‐throughput compositional data.
Advances in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Immune and Inflammatory Diseases: Use of Cell-Free Products and Human pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Wang Li-Tzu , Liu Ko-Jiunn , Sytwu Huey-Kang , Yen Men-Luh , Yen B. Linju 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell therapy (MSCT) for immune and inflammatory diseases continues to be popular based on progressive accumulation of preclinical mechanistic evidence. This has led to further expansion in clinical indications from graft rejection, autoimmune diseases, and osteoarthritis, to inflammatory liver and pulmonary diseases including COVID-19. A clear trend is the shift from using autologous to allogeneic MSCs, which can be immediately available as off-the-shelf products. In addition, new products such as cell-free exosomes and human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived MSCs are exciting developments to further prevalent use. Increasing numbers of trials have now published results in which safety of MSCT has been largely demonstrated. While reports of therapeutic endpoints are still emerging, efficacy can be seen for specific indications—including graft-vs-host-disease, strongly Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases, and osteoarthritis—which are more robustly supported by mechanistic preclinical evidence. In this review, we update and discuss outcomes in current MSCT clinical trials for immune and inflammatory disease, as well as new innovation and emerging trends in the field.
Electrochemical Radiofluorination of Small Molecules: New Advances
Authors: Hernández‐Valdés Daniel , Sadeghi Saman 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe development of new 18F‐based radiopharmaceuticals constantly demands innovations in the search for new radiofluorination methods. [18F]fluoride is the simplest and most convenient chemical form of the isotope for the synthesis of 18F‐based radiopharmaceuticals. The ease of production and handling, as well as the possibility of obtaining high molar activities, makes it the preferred choice for radiofluorination. However, the use of [18F]fluoride in late‐stage radiofluorination comes with challenges, especially for the radiolabeling of electron‐rich molecules where SN2 and SNAr reactions are not suitable. New developments in fluorination chemistry have been extensively studied to overcome these difficulties. Selective electrochemical oxidation of precursors, using a controlled potential, is one method to create reactive intermediates and overcome the activation energy required for nucleophilic fluorination of electron‐rich moieties. This method has been used for years in cold fluorination of organic molecules and more recently has been adapted as an alternative to traditional radiofluorination methods. Although relatively young, this field stands out as a promising route for the synthesis of new PET probes as well as fluorinated pharmaceuticals. This review focuses on recent advances in electrochemical radiofluorination as an alternative for the late‐stage radiolabeling of organic molecules.
Post‐mortem examination of fast‐growing broilers with different degrees of identifiable gait defects
Authors: Riber Anja B. , Herskin Mette S. , Foldager Leslie , Sandercock Dale A. , Murrell Jo , Tahamtani Fernanda M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground: The walking ability of many broilers is characterised by slight or definite defects categorised as gait scores (GS) 1 and 2. The present study aimed to examine potential relationships between GSs and indicators of body morphology, leg pathology, tibia strength and wooden breast in Ross 308 broilers assessed as GS ≤ 2.Methods: At 38 days of age, GS and live body weight of 179 birds was recorded. Each bird was examined post‐mortem for signs of wooden breast, contact dermatitis and a range of leg pathologies. Weights of different body parts and tibia strength were quantified.Results: Within sex, GS increased with increasing live body weight (p = 0.020). There was a tendency for an effect of GS on prevalence of footpad dermatitis (p = 0.086) and dislocated femoral joint cartilage (p = 0.059) where both pathologies increased in frequency with increasing GS. Greater load was required to fracture tibia from GS2 than GS0 birds (p = 0.040).Conclusions: Within this relatively small data set, no strong relationships between GS ≤ 2 and indicators of body morphology, leg pathology, tibia strength and wooden breast in Ross 308 broilers were found, except for the live terminal body weight. Further studies, involving larger data sets are required for full clarification.
Search for solutions, learning, simulation, and choice processes in suicidal behavior
Authors: Dombrovski Alexandre Y. , Hallquist Michael N. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSuicide may be viewed as an unfortunate outcome of failures in decision processes. Such failures occur when the demands of a crisis exceed a person's capacity to (i) search for options, (ii) learn and simulate possible futures, and (iii) make advantageous value‐based choices. Can individual‐level decision deficits and biases drive the progression of the suicidal crisis? Our overview of the evidence on this question is informed by clinical theory and grounded in reinforcement learning and behavioral economics. Cohort and case–control studies provide strong evidence that limited cognitive capacity and particularly impaired cognitive control are associated with suicidal behavior, imposing cognitive constraints on decision‐making. We conceptualize suicidal ideation as an element of impoverished consideration sets resulting from a search for solutions under cognitive constraints and mood‐congruent Pavlovian influences, a view supported by mostly indirect evidence. More compelling is the evidence of impaired learning in people with a history of suicidal behavior. We speculate that an inability to simulate alternative futures using one's model of the world may undermine alternative solutions in a suicidal crisis. The hypothesis supported by the strongest evidence is that the selection of suicide over alternatives is facilitated by a choice process undermined by randomness. Case–control studies using gambling tasks, armed bandits, and delay discounting support this claim. Future experimental studies will need to uncover real‐time dynamics of choice processes in suicidal people. In summary, the decision process framework sheds light on neurocognitive mechanisms that facilitate the progression of the suicidal crisis.This article is categorized under:
Economics > Individual Decision‐Making
Psychology > Emotion and Motivation
Psychology > Learning
Neuroscience > Behavior
Functionalizing DNA nanostructures for therapeutic applications
Authors: Henry Skylar J. W. , Stephanopoulos Nicholas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRecent advances in nanotechnology have enabled rapid progress in many areas of biomedical research, including drug delivery, targeted therapies, imaging, and sensing. The emerging field of DNA nanotechnology, in which oligonucleotides are designed to self‐assemble into programmable 2D and 3D nanostructures, offers great promise for further advancements in biomedicine. DNA nanostructures present highly addressable and functionally diverse platforms for biological applications due to their ease of construction, controllable architecture and size/shape, and multiple avenues for chemical modification. Both supramolecular and covalent modification with small molecules and polymers have been shown to expand or enhance the functions of DNA nanostructures in biological contexts. These alterations include the addition of small molecule, protein, or nucleic acid moieties that enable structural stability under physiological conditions, more efficient cellular uptake and targeting, delivery of various molecular cargos, stimulus‐responsive behaviors, or modulation of a host immune response. Herein, various types of DNA nanostructure modifications and their functional consequences are examined, followed by a brief discussion of the future opportunities for functionalized DNA nanostructures as well as the barriers that must be overcome before their translational use.This article is categorized under:
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Biology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid‐Based Structures
Comparing Management Programs to Reduce Red–tailed Hawk Collisions with Aircraft
Authors: Washburn Brian E. , Pullins Craig K. , Guerrant Travis L. , Martinelli Gregory J. , Beckerman Scott F. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTWildlife‐aircraft collisions (wildlife strikes) pose a serious safety risk to aircraft. Raptors (i.e., hawks and owls) are one of the most frequently struck guilds of birds within North America. Although raptors (most notably red‐tailed hawks [Buteo jamaicensis]) are commonly managed at most airports and military bases, there is no scientific information available regarding comparisons of the efficacy of raptor management programs for reducing raptor‐aircraft collisions. Therefore, we conducted a study to examine the efficacy of 2 raptor hazard management programs implemented at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD). The first raptor management program (Phase I) occurred during January 2010–June 2013 and was characterized by intensive and sustained live‐trapping and translocation efforts. The second raptor management program (Phase II) occurred during July 2013–December 2016 and involved live‐trapping and translocation of specific age classes and increased lethal removal of problematic individual hawks. Compared with Phase I, there were 47% fewer red‐tailed hawk strikes (52 in Phase I and 28 in Phase II) and 67% fewer damaging red‐tailed hawk strikes (6 in Phase I and 2 in Phase II) during Phase II of the management programs. Our findings demonstrate that airport wildlife management decisions based on scientific data and biological information can aid in reducing wildlife strikes, financial losses, and ultimately airport liability while increasing human safety. The decision matrix regarding the components of an airport raptor hazard management program involves a variety of biological, geographic, logistical, economic, and socio‐political variables. Our study provides a scientific foundation for informing such management decisions. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
A Co‐Precipitated α‐Alumina (Al2O3) used as a TL‐Micro Dosimeter
Authors: Said Fouad , Tantawy Hesham , El‐Faramawy Nabil , Abdel‐Rahman Mohamed A. E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study describes the preparation method of alumina (Al2O3) as a type of thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) to monitor gamma photons (γ‐rays) in abroad band of radioactive doses (0.5 : 2000 Gy). Alumina is selected in this study because it has a relatively low cost TL material and can be easily prepared. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) was chemically prepared using two different methods which are the Sol‐Gel and Co‐precipitation methods. For each method, the produced alumina (Al2O3) was divided into 4 groups which was thermally treated at (400, 600, 800, 1100 °C) respectively for 6 hours for each group. The crystalline features, morphology and sample composition of the prepared samples were chemically characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X‐ray (EDX). Al2O3 prepared by the Co‐precipitation method which was treated at 1100 °C (P4) was found to exhibit the highest gamma ray response compared to other samples. The deconvolution analysis showed that the main TL glow curve consisted of (5) overlapped peaks corresponding to number of traps. The linearity of the gamma response for this sample appeared in doses ranging from 1 Gy up to 200 Gy. The minimum detectable dose that can be detected by precipitated‐alumina sample (P1) was calculated mathematically to be 3.653 mGy. The fading was found to be 45.6 % after being stored for 45 days at room temperature and approximately 65 % after 90 days. This sample was reproducible according to the repeated TL results for the same sample for 5 times as their values were very close from one other with standard deviation (±σ) 0.96 %. Henceforth, Co‐precipitated α‐alumina can be used as a TL‐Micro dosimeter.
3D hybrid model of foundation‐soil‐foundation dynamic interaction
Authors: Aji Hendrawan D. B. , Wuttke Frank , Dineva Petia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract3D dynamic interaction of two adjacent elastic foundations embedded in a finite layered soil region rested in a homogeneous elastic isotropic half‐space with a transient dynamic source is studied. The hybrid computational model, the corresponding numerical scheme and the accompanied software are developed, verified and inserted in detail parametric study. The hybrid approach is based on (a) finite element method (FEM) describing the scattered wave field in a finite layered soil profile with two foundations; (b) boundary element method (BEM) considering waves radiating from a dynamic transient source in elastic semi‐infinite range. The aim is to propose an efficient hybrid methodology for evaluation of the dynamic response of a foundation‐soil‐foundation system, taking into account (a) the whole wave path from the dynamic source, through the layered soil region, till the underground structures; (b) the damage state of the geological material. The BEM model is based on the 3D elastodynamic fundamental solution in Fourier domain and it is applied in order to obtain frequency‐dependent stiffness matrix and load vector of the dynamically active semi‐infinite geological zone. Once the BEM model is formulated, it is inserted as a macro‐finite element in the FEM software package ABAQUS. The frequency‐dependent FEM model describing the wave field in finite layered soil profile with two elastic foundations is realized by ABAQUS. Solutions in time domain are obtained through application of the inverse fast Fourier transform. As a final result an efficient hybrid model comprising all in one: dynamic (seismic or other type) source‐homogeneous elastic half‐space‐finite heterogeneous by layers and foundations soil profile, is presented. Parametric study illustrating the sensitivity of the dynamic field to key factors such as the type and properties of the load, the soil layering, the material properties of the far‐ and near‐field soil regions, the damaged state of the geological material and the foundation‐soil‐foundation interaction is shown and discussed.
Hardware eingebetteter Systeme
Authors: Marwedel Peter 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Kapitel werden das Interface zwischen der physischen Umgebung und der Informationsverarbeitung (das Cyphy-Interface) sowie Hardware für die Verarbeitung, die Speicherung und die Kommunikation von Informationen vorgestellt. Die Notwendigkeit der Betrachtung des CyPhy-Interfaces ergibt sich dabei durch die Einbettung in ein CPS.
Abbildung von Anwendungen
Authors: Marwedel Peter 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungEin sehr wichtiger Schritt im Entwurfsprozess ist die Abbildung von Anwendungen auf verfügbare Hardware-Plattformen. Dazu müssen wir entscheiden, auf welchem Prozessor Anwendungen (oder Teile davon) ausgeführt werden und wie sie zeitlich eingeplantwerden.
Treatment options in extra-articular distal radius fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Van Oijen Guido W. , Van Lieshout Esther M. M. , Reijnders Maarten R. L. , Appalsamy Anand , Hagenaars Tjebbe , Verhofstad Michael H. J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
This systematic literature review aimed to make a detailed overview on the clinical and functional outcomes and to get insight into the possible superiority of a treatment method for extra-articular distal radius fractures.

Methods
Embase, Medline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for studies describing treatment results. Five treatment modalities were compared: plaster cast immobilization, K-wire fixation, volar plating, external fixation, and intramedullary fixation.

Results
Out of 7,054 screened studies, 109 were included in the analysis. Overall complication rate ranged from 9% after plaster cast treatment to 18.5% after K-wire fixation. For radiographic outcomes, only volar tilt in the plaster cast group was lower than in the other groups. Apart from better grip strength after volar plating, no clear functional differences were found across treatment groups.

Conclusion
Current literature does not provide uniform evidence to prove superiority of a particular treatment method when looking at complications, re-interventions, and long-term functional outcomes.
Auswirkungen der ersten COVID‑19-Welle auf die Viszeralchirurgie
Authors: Steffani Marcella , Merz Constanze , Stöß Christian , Landau Lars , Hüser Norbert , Hartmann Daniel , Friess Helmut , Theisen Jörg , Novotny Alexander 
Published: May 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Während der ersten COVID-19-Pandemiewelle führte die Aussetzung aller elektiven Eingriffe im Zeitraum vom 15.03. bis 15.05.2020 in Deutschland zu einem Rückgang an Operationen. Die Auswirkungen auf die Zahl spezifischer Operationen in der Viszeralchirurgie sind bislang nicht bekannt.

Methoden
In diese retrospektive Studie wurden 301 Patienten eingeschlossen, die eine Cholezystektomie bzw. Appendektomie an einem Universitätsklinikum oder Krankenhaus der Grund- und Regelversorgung zwischen dem 15.03.2020 und 05.05.2020 (vs. 2018 und 2019) erhielten. Analysiert wurden die Fallzahlen und der klinische Verlauf.

Ergebnisse
Die Aussetzung des Elektivprogramms führte zu einer signifikanten Reduktion elektiver Cholezystektomien und notfallmäßiger Appendektomien. Am Universitätsklinikum reduzierte sich die Anzahl der Appendektomien von 24 im Jahr 2018 um 33 % auf 16 im Jahr 2020, die Zahl der Cholezystektomien sank von 30 um 57 % auf 13. Am Grundversorger reduzierte sich die Zahl der Appendektomiepatienten von 23 im Jahr 2018 um 48 % auf 12 im Jahr 2020, die Zahl der Cholezystektomien stieg im Jahr 2018 auf 2019 an und sank anschließend um 30 % im Jahr 2020. Die Operationsdauer, Krankenhausverweildauer und der klinische Verlauf der Patienten unterschied sich nicht signifikant zu den Vorjahreszeiträumen.

Diskussion
Der Lockdown während der ersten COVID-19-Pandemiewelle führte zu einer deutlichen Reduktion häufiger viszeralchirurgischer Eingriffe. Um die medizinische Versorgung der gesamten Bevölkerung während einer Pandemie möglichst auf hohem Niveau zu erhalten, müssen aktuelle Möglichkeiten der operativen und konservativen Therapie, unter anderem abhängig von lokalen Infektionszahlen und den individuellen Komorbiditäten der Patienten, gegeneinander abgewogen werden.