bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID‐19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yasuhara Jun , Watanabe Kae , Takagi Hisato , Sumitomo Naokata , Kuno Toshiki 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundMultisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C) associated with coronavirus disease 2019 has been increasingly recognized. However, the clinical features of MIS‐C and the differences from Kawasaki disease remain unknown. The study aims to investigate the epidemiology and clinical course of MIS‐C.MethodsPubMed and EMBASE were searched through August 30, 2020. Observational studies describing MIS‐C were included. Data regarding demographic features, clinical symptoms, laboratory, echocardiography and radiology findings, treatments, and outcomes were extracted. Study‐specific estimates were combined using one‐group meta‐analysis in a random‐effects model.ResultsA total of 27 studies were identified including 917 MIS‐C patients. The mean age was 9.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.4–10.1). The pooled proportions of Hispanic and Black cases were 34.6% (95% CI, 28.3–40.9) and 31.5% (95% CI, 24.8–38.1), respectively. The common manifestations were gastrointestinal symptoms (87.3%; 95% CI, 82.9–91.6) and cardiovascular involvement such as myocardial dysfunction (55.3%; 95% CI, 42.4–68.2), coronary artery aneurysms (21.7%; 95% CI, 12.8–30.1) and shock (65.8%; 95% CI, 51.1–80.4), with marked elevated inflammatory and cardiac markers. The majority of patients received intravenous immunoglobulin (81.0%; 95% CI, 75.0–86.9), aspirin (67.3%; 95% CI, 48.8–85.7), and corticosteroids (63.6%; 95% CI, 53.4–73.8) with a variety of anti‐inflammatory agents. Although myocardial dysfunction improved in 55.1% (95% CI, 33.4–76.8) at discharge, the rate of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use was 6.3% (95% CI, 2.8–9.8) and the mortality was 1.9% (95% CI, 1.0–2.8).ConclusionOur findings suggest that MIS‐C leads to multiple organ failure, including gastrointestinal manifestations, myocardial dysfunction and coronary abnormalities, and has distinct features from Kawasaki disease.
Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on assisted ventilation in children with asthma exacerbation
Authors: Tsou Po‐Yang , Cielo Christopher , Xanthopoulos Melissa S. , Wang Yu‐Hsun , Kuo Pei‐Lun , Tapia Ignacio E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the impact of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on asthma exacerbation severity in children hospitalized for asthma exacerbation.HypothesisOSA is associated with greater use of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) in children hospitalized for asthma exacerbation.Study DesignA retrospective cohort study.Patient–Subject SelectionHospitalization records of children aged 2–18 years admitted for acute asthma exacerbation were obtained for 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012 from the Kids’ Inpatient Database.MethodologyThe primary exposure was OSA, the primary outcome was IMV, and secondary outcomes were NIMV, length of hospital stay (LOS), and inflation‐adjusted cost of hospitalization. Multivariable logistic regression, negative binomial, and linear regression were conducted to ascertain the impact of OSA on primary and secondary outcomes. Exploratory analyses investigated the impact of obesity on primary and secondary outcomes.ResultsAmong 564,467 hospitalizations for acute asthma exacerbation, 4209 (0.75%) had OSA. Multivariable regression indicated that OSA was associated with IMV (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 5.33 [95% confidence interval, CI: 4.35–6.54], p < .0001), NIMV (adjusted OR, 8.30 [95% CI: 6.56–10.51], p < .0001), longer LOS (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 1.34 [95% CI 1.28–1.43], p < .0001), and greater inflation‐adjusted cost of hospitalization (adjusted β, 0.38 [95% CI: 0.33–0.43], p < .0001). Obesity was also significantly associated IMV, NIMV, longer LOS, and greater inflation‐adjusted cost of hospitalization. There was no interaction between OSA and obesity.ConclusionOSA is an independent risk factor for IMV, NIMV, longer LOS, and elevated inflation‐adjusted costs of hospitalization in children hospitalized for asthma exacerbation.
Point of care diaphragm ultrasound in acute bronchiolitis: A measurable tool to predict the clinical, sonographic severity of the disease, and outcomes
Authors: Şık Nihan , Çitlenbik Hale , Öztürk Ali , Yılmaz Durgül , Duman Murat 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate diaphragmatic parameters in bronchiolitis patients and identify correlations between clinical and sonographic severity scores and outcomes to develop a more objective and useful tool in the emergency department.MethodsChildren aged between 1 and 24 months and diagnosed with acute bronchiolitis were included in the study. The Modified Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument (mRDAI) score was used to quantify the clinical severity of the disease. Lung ultrasound was performed and a bronchiolitis ultrasound score (BUS) was calculated. Diaphragm ultrasound was then performed and diaphragm thickness at the end of inspiration and expiration, thickening fraction, diaphragm excursion (EXC), inspiratory slope (IS), expiratory slope (ES), and total duration time of the respiratory cycle were measured.ResultsThere were 104 patients evaluated in this study. The mRDAI score and BUS had a significant positive correlation. There was a positive correlation between IS and respiratory rate at admission. As the clinical score increased, IS, ES, and EXC measurements rose and they were positively correlated. Values of IS, ES, and EXC were higher in the moderate‐severe group than the mild group for both mRDAI and BUS scores. Inspiratory slope values were correlated with the length of stay in the hospital.ConclusionValues of IS and ES were correlated with clinical and sonographic severity scores. Moreover, IS was a good predictor of outcome. Diaphragm ultrasound appears to be an objective and useful tool to help the physician make decisions regarding the evaluation and management of bronchiolitis.
Flash properties of Gaussia luciferase are the result of covalent inhibition after a limited number of cycles
Authors: Dijkema Fenne Marjolein , Nordentoft Matilde Knapkøien , Didriksen Anders Krøll , Corneliussen Anders Sværke , Willemoës Martin , Winther Jakob R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLuciferases are widely used as reporters for gene expression and for sensitive detection systems. The luciferase (GLuc) from the marine copepod Gaussia princeps, has gained popularity, primarily because it is secreted and displays a very high light intensity. While firefly luciferase is characterized by kinetic behavior which is consistent with conventional steady‐state Michaelis–Menten kinetics, GLuc displays what has been termed “flash” kinetics, which signify a burst in light emission followed by a rapid decay. As the mechanistic background for this behavior was unclear, we decided to decipher this in more detail. We show that decay in light signal is not due to depletion of substrate, but rather is caused by the irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. Inactivation takes place after between 10 and 200 reaction cycles, depending on substrate concentration and can be described by the sum of two exponentials with associated rate constants. The dominant of these increases linearly with substrate concentration while the minor is substrate‐concentration independent. In terms of rate of initial luminescence reaction, this increases with the substrate concentration to the power of 1.5 and shows no signs of saturation up to 10 μM coelenterazine. Finally, we find that the inactivated form of the enzyme has a larger apparent size in both size exclusion chromatography and SDS‐PAGE analysis and shows a fluorescence peak at 410 nm when excited at 333 nm. These findings indicate that the “flash” kinetics in Gaussia luciferase are caused by an irreversible covalent binding to a substrate derivative during catalysis.
Duality and Higher Buscher Rules in p‐Form Gauge Theory and Linearized Gravity
Authors: Chatzistavrakidis Athanasios , Karagiannis Georgios , Ranjbar Arash 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe perform an in‐depth analysis of the transformation rules under duality for couplings of theories containing multiple scalars, p‐form gauge fields, linearized gravitons or (p, 1) mixed symmetry tensors. Following a similar reasoning to the derivation of the Buscher rules for string background fields under T‐duality, we show that the couplings for all classes of aforementioned multi‐field theories transform according to one of two sets of duality rules. These sets comprise the ordinary Buscher rules and their higher counterpart; this is a generic feature of multi‐field theories in spacetime dimensions where the field strength and its dual are of the same degree. Our analysis takes into account topological theta terms and generalized B‐fields, whose behavior under duality is carefully tracked. For a 1‐form or a graviton in 4D, this reduces to the inversion of the complexified coupling or generalized metric under electric/magnetic duality. Moreover, we write down an action for linearized gravity in the presence of θ‐term from which we obtain previously suggested on‐shell duality and double duality relations. This also provides an explanation for the origin of theta in the gravitational duality relations as a specific additional sector of the linearized gravity action.
Prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma variant predicts worse pathological and oncological outcomes: Insight from over 1000 consecutive patients from a large prospective uro‐oncology registry
Authors: Tan Yu Guang , Khalid Farhan , Huang Hong Hong , Chen Kenneth , Tay Kae Jack , Lau Weber K. O. , Cheng Christopher W. S. , Ngo Nye Thane , Yuen John S. P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate if prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) independently predicts poorer pathological and oncological outcomes after radical prostatectomy (RP).Methods and MaterialsUtilizing a large prospective uro‐oncology registry, clinicopathological parameters of 1027 consecutive patients who underwent RP (2008–2017) were recorded. Oncological outcomes were determined by failure to achieve unrecordable PSA postoperatively and biochemical failure (BCF).ResultsPDA was present in 79 (7.7%) patients, whereas 948 (92.3%) patients had conventional prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma (PAA). Patients with PDA were older (mean 64.4 vs. 62.8‐years old; p = .045), had higher PSA at diagnosis (mean 12.53 vs. 10.80 ng/ml; p = .034), and a higher percentage of positive biopsy cores (mean 39.34 vs. 30.53%; p = .006). Compared to PAA, PDA exhibited a more aggressive tumor biology: (1) Grade groups 4 or 5 (26.6 vs. 9.4%, p < .001), (2) tumor multifocality (89.9 vs. 83.6%; p = .049), and (3) tumor size (mean 2.97 vs. 2.00 cm; p < .001). On multivariate analysis, PDA was independently associated with locally advanced disease (p = .002, hazard ratio [HR]: 2.786, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.473–5.263), with a trend towards positive surgical margins (p = .055) and nodal involvement (p = .061). Translating the poorer pathological features to oncological outcomes, presence of PDA independently predicted less likelihood of achieving unrecordable PSA (p = .019, HR: 2.368, 95% CI: 1.152–4.868, and higher BCF (p = .028, HR: 1.918, 95% CI: 1.074–3.423). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that a higher ductal component greater than 15% proportionally predicted worse oncological outcomes, with a shorter time to BCF of 14.3 months compared to 19.8 months in patients with ductal component lesser than 15% (p = .040, HR: 2.660, 95% CI: 1.046–6.757).ConclusionPDA is independently associated with adverse pathological and oncological outcomes after RP. A higher proportion of PDA supports a higher BCF rate with a shorter time interval. An aggressive extirpative approach with close monitoring of postoperative serum PSA levels is warranted for these patients.
Characterization and in planta validation of a CHI4 chitinase from Cajanus platycarpus (Benth.) Maesen for its efficacy against pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)
Authors: Rathinam Maniraj , Marimuthu Sathish Kumar , Tyagi Shaily , Kesiraju Karthik , Alagiamanavalan Lakshmi Prabha , Rao Uma , Sreevathsa Rohini 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDPigeonpea, Cajanus cajan is one of the economically important legume food crops and a major source of dietary proteins. Management of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera has been prominent among crop improvement programs. Lack of resistance sources in the cultivated germplasm and crossing incompatibility with pod borer‐resistant wild relatives have prompted biotechnological interventions. Identification and exploitation of genes from pigeonpea wild relatives in host plant resistance towards the pod borer assumes pertinence. Dynamic transcriptome analysis of the wild relative vis a vis cultivated pigeonpea identified a CHI4 chitinase as one of the putative insect resistance genes.RESULTSThe study presents variations in important amino acids in CHI4 chitinases from C. cajan and its wild relative C. platycarpus. Comparative protein modeling and docking analysis of the two proteins demonstrated differences in substrate binding efficacy of the chitinase from C. platycarpus which resulted in a minimum binding energy of −8.7 kcal mol−1. Furthermore, we successfully evaluated the insecticidal activity of the chitinase from C. platycarpus against H. armigera challenge through heterologous expression in tobacco. Molecular characterization of transgenic plants confirmed that their efficacy against H. armigera was a result of the integration of CHI4 from C. platycarpus.CONCLUSIONDocking analysis demonstrated effective substrate interaction as a possible reason for efficacy against pod borer in the chitinase from C. platycarpus. This was authenticated by successful overexpression and bioefficacy assessment against H. armigera in tobacco. The CHI4 gene from C. platycarpus can be useful in the mitigation of H. armegira in pigeonpea as well as in other crops. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Six years of controlling the invasive species Vespa velutina in a Mediterranean island: The promising results of an eradication plan
Authors: Leza Mar , Herrera Cayetano , Picó Gabriela , Morro Toni , Colomar Victor 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe yellow‐legged hornet, Vespa velutina nigrithorax, is an invasive alien species (IAS) which was accidentally introduced in Europe from Asia. This social insect preys primarily on honeybees but also on other pollinators and insects. Consequently, the establishment of this pest has a negative impact on biodiversity, pollination and economy. There is no clear coordination and uniformed methods for eradication measures between countries. Here we present the first field study of the strategy of eradication of the pest species V. velutina that has been conducted in the westernmost Mediterranean archipelago.RESULTSWe investigated the combination of different eradication methods, such as trapping; the use of the citizen science data for detection of presence, the active search of nests and the removal of nests using mechanical methods. The progression of the number of secondary nests found was 1 (2015), 9 (2016) and 20 (2017), with zero during 2018, 2019 and 2020, and just one embryo nest in 2018. More than half of the nests (58%) were detected thanks to citizen science data. The people sent us adult detections, and we started the triangulation method to find the nests. The last hornet found in the traps was in June 2018.CONCLUSIONEarly detections of the IAS are crucial to minimise their effects, and citizen science may offer an important source of information to determine the presence and distribution of V. velutina. The findings we present here indicate successful management for this globally significant pest and could contribute to advance the ‘science of eradication’. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Plant volatiles guide the new pest Dichelops furcatus to feed on corn seedlings
Authors: Jacobi Vanesa Gisela , Fernandez Patricia Carina , Barriga Lucía Guadalupe , Almeida‐Trapp Marilia , Mithöfer Axel , Zavala Jorge Alberto 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDRecently, in temperate and neotropical regions of South America the generalist stink bug Dichelops furcatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) became a new pest of corn (Zea mays) seedlings. Implementation of no‐tillage cultivation system left organic matter covering the soil, which shelters adults of stink bugs during winter. In spring, corn is sowed under soybean stubble and D. furcatus adults start to feed on seedlings. To determine corn‐derived volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that attract this stink bug species, we evaluated stink bug preferences from two corn hybrids with contrast germplasm backgrounds, a temperate and a tropical hybrid.RESULTSStink bugs preferred to feed on temperate seedlings rather than on the tropical ones. GC–MS and PCA analysis of VOCs suggested that hybrids emitted contrasting blends. Linalool represented 68% of total VOCs emitted from temperate corn, while in the tropical hybrid this compound represented 48%. Olfactometer experiments demonstrated that linalool was attractive to stink bugs. However, 2 h of D. furcatus attack induced emission of 14 additional VOCs in temperate seedlings, and olfactometer bioassay and blend of VOCs emission suggested that perceived volatiles by stink bugs induced feeding avoidance. The increment of VOCs emission was associated with the induction of JA, JA‐Ile, ABA, and IAA, and decreasing of SA concentrations.CONCLUSIONThis is the first time showing a complete profile of defensive phytohormones induced by stink bugs feeding on corn, and further demonstrating that a blend of corn seedling‐associated VOCs, mainly composed by linalool, modulates D. furcatus adults' behavior and feeding preferences. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Relative efficiencies of experimental and conventional foliar sprayers and assessment of optimal LWA spray volumes in trellised wine grapes
Authors: Gil Emilio , Salcedo Ramón , Soler Agustí , Ortega Paula , Llop Jordi , Campos Javier , Oliva Jordi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDLeaf wall area (LWA) has been proposed as an appropriate dose expression for field testing of plant protection products (PPPs) applied viafoliar spray in trellised grapes. However, its efficiency could change depending on the characteristics of the crop or the pesticide application equipment (PAE). Herein, three spray technologies were evaluated. A traditional air‐assisted tractor‐mounted sprayer was compared with two portable knapsack sprayers: a backpack mistblower and a backpack hydraulic sprayer. Trials were conducted in trellised wine grapes at three selected crop stages (BBCH 55, 65, 75) covering the main period of canopy development. In each canopy stage, leaf deposition and coverage were sampled for each technology. The tractor‐mounted sprayer was working at 200 L ha−1 of LWA spray volume for the earliest stage and 370 L ha−1 for the other two. Three higher volume rates were used for backpack sprayers up to 800 and 1250 L ha−1 for the mistblower and the hydraulic system, respectively.RESULTSOptimal LWA spray volumes differed among application devices in terms of efficiency and uniformity of deposition on the canopy. The efficiency of each spray application also was conditioned by the spray volume.CONCLUSIONLWA is useful for defining optimal spray volumes in trellised grapes. However, both canopy density and spray technology should be considered to assist this process. Field testing of PPPs and subsequent label recommendations should consider the relative efficiencies of corresponding experimental and conventional spray technologies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
A needle in a seedstack: an improved method for detection of rare alleles in bulk seed testing through KASP
Authors: Brusa Anthony , Patterson Eric L , Gaines Todd A , Dorn Kevin , Westra Philip , Sparks Crystal D , Wyse Don 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDAmaranthus palmeri is an aggressive and prolific weed species with major impact on agricultural yield and is a prohibited noxious weed across the Midwest. Morphological identification of A. palmeri from other Amaranthus species is extremely difficult in seeds, which has led to genetic testing for seed identification in commercial seed lots.RESULTSWe created an inexpensive and reliable genetic test based on novel, species‐specific, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from GBS (Genotyping by Sequencing) data. We report three SNP‐based genetic tests for identifying A. palmeri alone or in a mixed pool of Amaranthus spp. Sensitivity ranged from 99.8 to 100%, specificity from 99.59 to 100%. Accuracy for all three tests is > 99.7%. All three are capable of reliably detecting one A. palmeri seed in a pool of 200 Amaranthus spp. seeds. The test was validated across 20 populations of A. palmeri, along with eight other Amaranthus species, the largest and most genetically diverse panel of Amaranthus samples to date.CONCLUSIONOur work represents a marked improvement over existing commercial assays resulting in an identification assay that is (i) accurate, (ii) robust, (iii) easy to interpret and (iv) applicable to both leaf tissue and pools of up to 200 seeds. Included is a data transformation method for calling of closely grouped competitive fluorescence assays. We also present a comprehensive GBS dataset from the largest geographic panel of Amaranthus populations sequenced. Our approach serves as a model for developing markers for other difficult to identify species. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Film seeds coating with hexane extracts from Illicium verum Hook.f. and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry for controlling Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Callosobruchus chinensis L
Authors: Pumnuan Jarongsak , Sarapothong Kritima , Sikhao Potjana , Pattamadilok Chutichot , Insung Ammorn 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe application of film seed coating with some plant extracts against stored insect pests was an alternative approach for insect protection instead of using chemical insecticides. The overuse of insecticides has contributed to both human health and environmental problems. The hexane extracts of Illicium verum (HS) and Syzygium aromaticum (HC) were evaluated against bruchid beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis). The insecticidal activities and enhancing seed germination after being coated by various concentrations of extracts, purified fraction (PF) of extracts, standard chemicals of PF, fipronil insecticide (FI), and coating agent groups were evaluated after stored.RESULTSBoth HS and HC at 3% concentrations were more effective against C. maculatus than C. chinensis with LT50 values of 1.60–1.90 and 3.44–3.62 h, respectively. They could also kill those insects with a higher number than that of standards. The HS and HC could inhibit the progeny population of those insects over 95.6% with no significant difference compared to the FI group. The eugenol standard was the most effective and completely inhibited the emergence compared with trans‐anethol standard and PFs. The seed that was coated with 1% of HS and stored at 4 °C for 6 months showed no effect on seed germination with no significant difference between FI and control groups.CONCLUSIONThe application of 1% of HS incorporated in the film seed coating against bruchid beetles and did not affect seed germination quality after 6 months. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry