bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational studies of anaplastic lymphoma kinase mutations reveal common mechanisms of oncogenic activation
Authors: Patil Keshav , Jordan Earl Joseph , Park Jin H. , Suresh Krishna , Smith Courtney M. , Lemmon Abigail A. , Mossé Yaël P. , Lemmon Mark A. , Radhakrishnan Ravi 
Published: March 2021

Significance
High-risk tumors are genomically heterogeneous, harboring gene amplifications and mutations. The activation status of mutated proteins in cancer can profoundly impact disease progression, patient response, and drug sensitivity. Yet, outside of a few hotspot mutations, functional studies of clinically observed mutations are not commonly pursued. We report a combined experimental profiling and computational analysis of the effects of clinically observed and “test” mutations in the kinase domain of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a known oncogenic driver in pediatric neuroblastoma. We find that the activation status of the mutated protein is a good indicator of the transforming ability in NIH 3T3 cells. We also report biophysical as well as data-driven models with predictive power to profile these mutant kinases in silico.
Transfer learning for mobile real-time face mask detection and localization
Authors: Mercaldo Francesco , Santone Antonella 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, our daily habits have suddenly changed. Gatherings are forbidden and, even when it is possible to leave the home for health or work reasons, it is necessary to wear a face mask to reduce the possibility of contagion. In this context, it is crucial to detect violations by people who do not wear a face mask.

Materials and Methods
For these reasons, in this article, we introduce a method aimed to automatically detect whether people are wearing a face mask. We design a transfer learning approach by exploiting the MobileNetV2 model to identify face mask violations in images/video streams. Moreover, the proposed approach is able to localize the area related to the face mask detection with relative probability.

Results
To asses the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we evaluate a dataset composed of 4095 images related to people wearing and not wearing face masks, obtaining an accuracy of 0.98 in face mask detection.

Discussion and Conclusion
The experimental analysis shows that the proposed method can be successfully exploited for face mask violation detection. Moreover, we highlight that it is working also on device with limited computational capability and it is able to process in real time images and video streams, making our proposal applicable in the real world.
Sex-specifically responsive strategies to phosphorus availability combined with different soil nitrogen forms in dioecious Populus cathayana
Authors: Liu Xiucheng , Wang Yuting , Liu Shuangri , Liu Miao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Aims
Phosphorus (P) availability and efficiency are especially important for plant growth and productivity. However, the sex-specific P acquisition and utilization strategies of dioecious plant species under different N forms are not clear.

Methods
This study investigated the responsive mechanisms of dioecious Populus cathayana females and males based on P uptake and allocation to soil P supply under N deficiency, nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) supply.

Important Findings
Females had a greater biomass, root length density (RLD), specific root length (SRL) and shoot P concentration than males under normal P availability with two N supplies. NH4+ supply led to higher total root length, RLD and SRL but lower root tip number than NO3− supply under normal P supply. Under P deficiency, males showed a smaller root system but greater photosynthetic P availability and higher leaf P remobilization, exhibiting a better capacity to adaptation to P deficiency than females. Under P deficiency, NO3− supply increased leaf photosynthesis and P use efficiency (PUE) but reduced RLD and SRL in females while males had higher leaf P redistribution and photosynthetic PUE than NH4+ supply. Females had a better potentiality to cope with P deficiency under NO3− supply than NH4+ supply; the contrary was true for males. These results suggest that females may devote to increase in P uptake and shoot P allocation under normal P availability, especially under NO3− supply, while males adopt more efficient resource use and P remobilization to maximum their tolerance to P deficiency.
Introduction
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains the term ‘vertical agreements’ and what it covers. It addresses a number of general issues that are relevant to the EU competition law treatment of vertical agreements in general. It describes the implementation and the (public and private) enforcement of Article 101 TFEU before and after the entry into force of Regulation 1/2003. The chapter provides the historical background of both Regulation 330/2010 and Regulation 461/2010. In particular, it devotes specific attention to the nature and legal and practical consequences of soft EU competition law (in the form of notices, guidelines, etc) as opposed to hard EU competition law (provisions of primary and secondary EU law).
Article 2(2)–(5): Limits to the Scope of Application of Regulation 330/2010
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses certain specific limitations to the scope of application of Regulation 330/2010. In order to determine whether any of these limitations applies and therefore excludes the vertical agreement from the scope of application of Regulation 330/2010, the following additional steps must be addressed: (i) fifth step: Article 2(2) limits the scope of application to only certain agreements between associations of undertakings and their members of suppliers; (ii) sixth step: Article 2(3) addresses the (limited) application of Regulation 330/2010 to vertical agreements containing provisions on IPR; (iii) seventh step: Article 2(4) deals with the application to certain agreements between competitors; and (iv) eighth step: Article 2(5) limits the scope of application to vertical agreements which are not within the scope of application of any other block exemption regulation. The chapter takes the reader systematically through each of these steps and offers concrete and practical guidance.
Article 5: Excluded Restrictions
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the co-called excluded restrictions which are listed in Article 5 of Regulation 330/2010. The twelfth step of the road map of Chapter 2 is to check whether a given vertical agreement contains restrictions which are excluded from the scope of application of Regulation 330/2010. The excluded restrictions cover three categories of non-compete obligations, respectively applying: (i) during the term of the vertical agreement; (ii) after its termination; and (iii) in a system of selective distribution.The inclusion of an excluded restriction does not render the block exemption inapplicable to the vertical agreement as a whole. The block exemption will only not apply to the excluded restriction itself. The other restrictions of competition continue to benefit from the block exemption, to the extent that they are covered by it.
Article 6 (Non-Application) and Article 29 Regulation 1/2003 (Withdrawal)
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the withdrawal or disapplication of Regulation 330/2010. It describes the relevant procedures and the powers of both the European Commission and the national competition authorities in this respect. Non-application occurs by Commission regulation in cases where parallel networks of similar vertical restraints cover more than 50 per cent of the relevant market. Withdrawal occurs by the Commission or an NCA when vertical agreements satisfying the conditions for a BER but nonetheless produce effects on competition that are incompatible with Article 101 TFEU.
The Law and Economics of Anticompetitive Coordination
Authors: Geradin Damien , Layne-Farrar Anne , Petit Nicolas 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 101 TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union). All modern competition law regimes outlaw the coordination of independent undertakings where it leads to a restriction of competition. In the European Union, a prohibition system is enshrined in Article 101 TFEU, which holds that ‘agreements between undertakings’ which restrict competition are ‘incompatible’ with the Treaty. Article 101 TFEU is a three-pronged provision. First, Article 101(1) TFEU establishes a prohibition rule, which provides that agreements between undertakings which may affect trade between Member States and which restrict competition are incompatible with the internal market. Second, Article 101(2) TFEU declares that agreements deemed incompatible pursuant to Article 101(1) TFEU are null and void. Third, Article 101(3) TFEU embodies an exception rule which defuses the application of Article 101(1) to agreements that bring a positive net contribution to consumer welfare.
Merger Control
Authors: Geradin Damien , Layne-Farrar Anne , Petit Nicolas 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter discusses the EU merger control regime. Merger-specific law is relatively new to the EU body of law. It was not until 1974 that specific merger regulation was even proposed, and not until over a decade after that that any merger regulation was actually adopted. Regulation 4064/89 (the ‘European Merger Control Regulation’ or ‘EMCR’) sets out an ex ante notification procedure for concentration with an EU dimension. Two reasons seem to have driven the adoption of a merger control regime by the EU. The first is economic. The second reason is of a legal nature. Between 1989 and 2010, more than 4,500 operations were notified to the Commission. This number does not comprise the very many mergers notified to the national competition authorities (NCAs).
The effect of systematic redshift biases in BAO cosmology
Authors: Glanville Aaron , Howlett Cullan , Davis Tamara M 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
With the remarkable increase in scale and precision provided by upcoming galaxy redshift surveys, systematic errors that were previously negligible may become significant. In this paper, we explore the potential impact of low-magnitude systematic redshift offsets on measurements of the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) feature, and the cosmological constraints recovered from such measurements. Using 500 mock galaxy redshift surveys as our baseline sample, we inject a series of systematic redshift biases (ranging from $\pm 0.2{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ to $\pm 2{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$), and measure the resulting shift in the recovered isotropic BAO scale. When BAO measurements are combined with CMB constraints across a range of cosmological models, plausible systematics introduce a negligible offset on combined fits of H0 and Ωm, and systematics must be an order of magnitude greater than this plausible baseline to introduce a 1σ shift on such combined fits. We conclude that systematic redshift biases are very unlikely to bias constraints on parameters such as H0 provided by BAO cosmology, either now or in the near future. We also detail a theoretical model that predicts the impact of uniform redshift systematics on α, and show this model is in close alignment with the results of our mock survey analysis.
Gravitational-wave signals from 3D supernova simulations with different neutrino-transport methods
Authors: Andresen H , Glas R , Janka H-Th 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We compare gravitational-wave (GW) signals from eight 3D simulations of core-collapse supernovae, using two different progenitors with zero-age main-sequence masses of 9 and 20 solar masses (M⊙). The collapse of each progenitor was simulated four times, at two different grid resolutions and with two different neutrino transport methods, using the aenus-alcar code. The main goal of this study is to assess the validity of recent concerns that the so-called ‘Ray-by-Ray+’ (RbR+) approximation is problematic in core-collapse simulations and can adversely affect theoretical GW predictions. Therefore, signals from simulations using RbR+ are compared to signals from corresponding simulations using a fully multidimensional (FMD) transport scheme. The 9 M⊙ progenitor successfully explodes, whereas the 20 M⊙ model does not. Both the standing accretion shock instability and hot-bubble convection develop in the post-shock layer of the non-exploding models. In the exploding models, neutrino-driven convection in the post-shock flow is established around 100 ms after core bounce and lasts until the onset of shock revival. We can, therefore, judge the impact of the numerical resolution and neutrino transport under all conditions typically seen in non-rotating core-collapse simulations. We find excellent qualitative agreement in all GW features. We find minor quantitative differences between simulations, but find no systematic differences between simulations using different transport schemes. Resolution-dependent differences in the hydrodynamic behaviour of low-resolution and high-resolution models have a greater impact on the GW signals than consequences of the different transport methods. Furthermore, increasing the resolution decreases the discrepancies between models with different neutrino transport.
A comparison of catalogues of Forbush decreases identified from individual and a network of neutron monitors: a critical perspective
Authors: Okike O , Alhassan J A , Iyida E U , Chukwude A E 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTShort-term rapid depressions in Galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux, historically referred to as Forbush decreases (FDs), have long been recognized as important events in the observation of cosmic ray (CR) activity. Although theories and empirical results on the causes, characteristics, and varieties of FDs have been well established, detection of FDs, from either isolated detectors' or arrays of neutron monitor data, remains a subject of interest. Efforts to create large catalogues of FDs began in the 1990s and have continued to the present. In an attempt to test some of the proposed CR theories, several analyses have been conducted based on the available lists. Nevertheless, the results obtained depend on the FD catalogues used. This suggests a need for an examination of consistency between FD catalogues. This is the aim of the present study. Some existing lists of FDs, as well as FD catalogues developed in the current work, were compared, with an emphasis on the FD catalogues selected by the global survey method (GSM). The Forbush effects and interplanetary disturbances database (FEID), created by the Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation Russian Academy of Sciences (IZMIRAN), is the only available comprehensive and up to date FD catalogue. While there are significant disparities between the IZMIRAN FD and other event lists, there is a beautiful agreement between FDs identified in the current work and those in the FEID. This may be a pointer to the efficiency of the GSM and the automated approach to FD event detection presented here.
Point spread functions for mapping artificial night sky luminance over large territories
Authors: Simoneau Alexandre , Aubé Martin , Leblanc Jérôme , Boucher Rémi , Roby Johanne , Lacharité Florence 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Knowledge of the night sky radiance over a large region may be valuable information for identifying sites suitable for astronomical observations or for assessing the impact of artificial light at night on ecosystems. Measuring the sky radiance can be a complex endeavour, depending on the desired temporal and spatial resolution. Likewise, the modelling of artificial night sky radiance for multiple points of a region can represent a significant amount of computing time depending on the complexity of the model used. The use of the convolution of a point spread function with the geographical distribution of light sources has been suggested in order to model the sky radiance over large territories of hundreds of kilometres in size. We determined how the point spread function is sensitive to the main driving parameters of the artificial night sky radiance, such as the wavelength, the ground reflectance, the obstacle properties, the upward light output ratio, and the aerosol optical depth using the Illumina v2 model. The obtained functions were then used to model the artificial night sky brightness of the Mont-Mégantic International Dark Sky Reserve for winter and summer conditions. The results were compared with the New World Atlas of artificial night sky brightness, the Illumina v2 model, and in situ Sky Quality Camera measurements. We found that the New World Atlas overestimates the artificial sky brightness by 55 per cent, whereas the Illumina model underestimates it by 48 per cent. This may be due to varying atmospheric conditions and the fact that the model accounts only for public light sources.
Localization of the gauged linear sigma model for KK5-branes
Authors: Hiraga Yuki , Sato Yuki 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We study quantum aspects of the target space of the non-linear sigma model, which is a low-energy effective theory of the gauged linear sigma model (GLSM). As such, we especially compute the exact sphere partition function of the GLSM for KK$5$-branes whose background geometry is a Taub–NUT space, using the supersymmetric localization technique on the Coulomb branch. From the sphere partition function, we distill the world-sheet instanton effects. In particular, we show that, concerning the single-centered Taub–NUT space, instanton contributions exist only if the asymptotic radius of the $S^1$ fiber in the Taub–NUT space is zero.
Fermionic rational conformal field theories and modular linear differential equations
Authors: Bae Jin-Beom , Duan Zhihao , Lee Kimyeong , Lee Sungjay , Sarkis Matthieu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We define modular linear differential equations (MLDE) for the level-two congruence subgroups $\Gamma_\theta$, $\Gamma^0(2)$ and $\Gamma_0(2)$ of $\text{SL}_2(\mathbb Z)$. Each subgroup corresponds to one of the spin structures on the torus. The pole structures of the fermionic MLDEs are investigated by exploiting the valence formula for the level-two congruence subgroups. We focus on the first- and second-order holomorphic MLDEs without poles and use them to find a large class of “fermionic rational conformal field theories” (fermionic RCFTs), which have non-negative integer coefficients in the $q$-series expansion of their characters. We study the detailed properties of these fermionic RCFTs, some of which are supersymmetric. This work also provides a starting point for the classification of the fermionic modular tensor category.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the International Pain Outcome questionnaire in surgery
Authors: Polanco-García Mauricio , Granero Roser , Gallart Lluís , García-Lopez Jaume , Montes Antonio 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background:
Choosing perioperative suitable treatments requires reliable and valid outcome measurements. The International Pain Outcome (IPO) questionnaire has been widely used for quality improvement and research purposes within the PAIN-OUT network that has collected more than 550,000 data sets of postoperative patients in 200 hospitals worldwide. Our aim is to confirm psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the IPO questionnaire and its invariance by pain predictors.

Method:
Sample included 4014 participants within a large age range, who underwent different surgical procedures. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed internal structure, considering invariance by sex, age, procedure, smoking, obesity, affective disorder, and chronic pain. Incremental predictive validity of factor scores on question would have liked more pain treatment and opioid requirement was also estimated with logistic binary regression.

Results:
Confirmatory factor analysis verified original structure in 3 factors measuring pain intensity and interference (F1), adverse effects (F2), and perceptions of care (F3), with good internal consistency. Multigroup CFA analysis confirmed invariance by assessed pain predictors. Good incremental predictive capacity to identify would have liked more pain treatment was achieved.

Conclusion:
Our study confirms the factor structure, supports reliability, and adds some evidence of convergent validity of the Spanish adaptation of the IPO questionnaire. The sum of scores in its main factors serves a global outcome analysis tool. Low scores in F1 and F2 with high scores in F3 would indicate optimal quality of care.
Providing a safe, in-person, residential college experience during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Travis Scott A. , Best Aaron A. , Bochniak Kristyn S. , Dunteman Nicole D. , Fellinger Jennifer , Folkert Peter D. , Koberna Timothy , Kopek Benjamin G. , Krueger Brent P. , Pestun Jeff , Pikaart Michael J. , Sabo Cindy , Schuitema Alex J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDue to the COVID-19 pandemic, higher education institutions were forced to make difficult decisions regarding the 2020-2021 academic year. Many institutions decided to have courses in an online remote format, others decided to attempt an in-person experience, while still others took a hybrid approach. Hope College (Holland, MI) decided that an in-person semester would be safer and more equitable for students. To achieve this at a residential college required broad collaboration across multiple stakeholders. Here, we share lessons learned and detail Hope College’s model, including wastewater surveillance, comprehensive testing, contact tracing and isolation procedures, that allowed us to deliver on our commitment of an in-person, residential college experience.