bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A deep learning-based iterative digital pathology annotation tool
Authors: Jaber Mustafa I. , Song Bing , Beziaeva Liudmila , Szeto Christopher W. , Spilman Patricia , Yang Phil , Soon-Shiong Patrick 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTWell-annotated exemplars are an important prerequisite for supervised deep learning schemes. Unfortunately, generating these annotations is a cumbersome and laborious process, due to the large amount of time and effort needed. Here we present a deep-learning-based iterative digital pathology annotation tool that is both easy to use by pathologists and easy to integrate into machine vision systems. Our pathology image annotation tool greatly reduces annotation time from hours to a few minutes, while maintaining high fidelity with human-expert manual annotations. Here we demonstrate that our active learning tool can be used for a variety of pathology annotation tasks including masking tumor, stroma, and lymphocyte-rich regions, among others. This annotation automation system was validated on 90 unseen digital pathology images with tumor content from the CAMELYON16 database and it was found that pathologists’ gold standard masks were re-produced successfully using our tool. That is, an average of 2.7 positive selections (mouse clicks) and 8.0 negative selections (mouse clicks) were sufficient to generate tumor masks similar to pathologists’ gold standard in CAMELYON16 test WSIs. Furthermore, the developed image annotation tool has been used to build gold standard masks for hundreds of TCGA digital pathology images. This set was used to train a convolutional neural network for identification of tumor epithelium. The developed pan-cancer deep neural network was then tested on TCGA and internal data with comparable performance. The validated pathology image annotation tool described herein has the potential to be of great value in facilitating accurate, rapid pathological analysis of tumor biopsies.
Belowground allocation and dynamics of recently fixed plant carbon in a California annual grassland soil
Authors: Fossum Christina , Estera-Molina Katerina , Yuan Mengting , Herman Don , Chu-Jacoby Ilexis , Nico Peter , Morrison Keith , Pett-Ridge Jennifer , Firestone Mary 
Published: August 2021

SummaryPlant roots and the organisms that surround them are a primary source for stabilized organic C, particularly in grassland soils, which have a large capacity to store organic carbon belowground. To quantify the flow and fate of plant fixed carbon (C) in a Northern California annual grassland, we tracked plant carbon from a five-day 13CO2 pulse field labeling for the following two years. Soil and plant samples were collected immediately after the pulse labeling, and again at three days, four weeks, six months, one year, and two years. Soil organic matter was fractionated using a sodium polytungstate density gradient to separate the free-light fraction (FLF), occluded-light fraction (OLF), and heavy fraction (HF). Using isotope ratio mass spectrometry, we measured 13C enrichment and total C content for plant shoots, roots, soil, soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and the FLF, OLF, and HF. The HF was further analyzed by solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy.At the end of the labeling period, the largest amount of 13C was recovered in plant shoots (60%), but a substantial amount (40%) was already found belowground in roots, soil, and soil DOC. Density fractionation of 4-week soil samples (from which living roots were removed) indicated that the highest isotope enrichment was in the mineral-rich heavy fraction, with similar enrichment of the FLF and OLF. At the 6-month sampling, after the dry summer period during which plants senesced and died, the amount of label in the FLF increased such that it was equal to that in the HF. By the 1-year sampling, 13C in the FLF had declined substantially and continued to decline by the 2-year sampling. 13C recovery in the OLF and HF, however, was qualitatively stable between sampling times. By the end of the 2-year experiment, 69% of remaining label was in the HF, 18% in the FLF and 13% in the OLF.While the total 13C content of the HF did not change significantly from the 4-week to the 2-year sample time, 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis of spring HF samples from 2018, 2019, and 2020 suggests that the relative proportion of aliphatic/alkyl functional groups declined in the newly formed SOC over the 2-year period. Simultaneously, aromatic and carbonyl functional groups increased, and the proportion of carbohydrate groups remained relatively constant. In summary, our results indicate that initial associations between minerals and root-derived organic matter are significant and form rapidly; by 4 weeks, a substantial amount (17%) of the total plant-derived 13C had become associated with the heavy fraction (HF) of soil. While the majority of annual C input cycles rapidly (<2-year timescale), a sizeable proportion (∼12% of the original inputs) persisted for 2 years.
Lipid droplet structural remodeling in adipose tissue upon caloric excess
Authors: Zhou Weinan , Bandara Sarith R , Leal Cecilia , Anakk Sayeepriyadarshini 
Published: August 2021

AbstractExcess calories are stored as triacylglycerols (TAG) and cholesteryl esters (CE) in lipid droplets (LD), and during obesity, LD expansion occurs. X-ray scattering of adipose tissue uncovered that LDs comprise two TAG packing domains: a disordered core and a multilamellar shell. The number of TAG layers increases upon diet-induced obesity and is adipose depot-specific. Further, collagen was highly oriented in brown but randomly dispersed in white fat. We discovered that the body’s surfactant, bile acids (BAs) stimulate remodeling of LD size. Deleting the BA receptor, Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) reduced a hydrophilic BA, β muricholic acid (β-MCA), and enlarged the adipocytes. BA composition is a critical determinant of overall hydrophobicity index and solubilization ability. Accordingly, we found that the obesogenic diet reduced a hydrophobic BA, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Taken together, these findings implicate that BAs, tissue niches, and diet influence LD structural remodeling.SummaryLipid droplets (LDs) pack triacylglycerols (TAGs) with altered dimensions and exhibit distinct collagen orientation between the white and brown fat depots and are remodeled by bile acids (BAs) such that deletion of BA-receptor, Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) results in adipocyte hypertrophy.
Chasing the structural diversity of the transcription regulator Mycobacterium tuberculosis HigA2
Authors: Richardson William , Kang Gyun Won , Lee Hee Joong , Kwon Kang Mu , Kim Saron , Kim Hyo Jung 
Published: August 2021

Transcription factors are the primary regulators of gene expression and recognize specific DNA sequences under diverse physiological conditions. Although they are vital for many important cellular processes, it remains unclear when and how transcription factors and DNA interact. The antitoxin from a toxin–antitoxin system is an example of negative transcriptional autoregulation: during expression of the cognate toxin it is suppressed through binding to a specific DNA sequence. In the present study, the antitoxin HigA2 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis M37Rv was structurally examined. The crystal structure of M. tuberculosis HigA2 comprises three sections: an N-terminal autocleavage region, an α-helix bundle which contains an HTH motif, and a C-terminal β-lid. The N-terminal region is responsible for toxin binding, but was shown to cleave spontaneously in its absence. The HTH motif performs a key role in DNA binding, with the C-terminal β-lid influencing the interaction by mediating the distance between the motifs. However, M. tuberculosis HigA2 exhibits a unique coordination of the HTH motif and no DNA-binding activity is detected. Three crystal structures of M. tuberculosis HigA2 show a flexible alignment of the HTH motif, which implies that the motif undergoes structural rearrangement to interact with DNA. This study reveals the molecular mechanisms of how transcription factors interact with partner proteins or DNA.
Stage-I Shariah compliant Macaulay’s duration model testing
Authors: Shah Syed Alamdar Ali , Sukmana Raditya , Fianto Bayu Arie 
Published: August 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop, test and examine econometric methodology for Sharīʿah-compliant duration models of Islamic banks.Design/methodology/approachThe research evaluates all existing duration models from Sharīʿah’s perspective and develops a four-stage framework for testing Sharīʿah-compliant duration models. The econometric methodology consists of multiple regression, Johansen co-integration, error correction model, vector error correction model (VECM) and threshold vector error models (TVECM).FindingsRegressions analysis suggests that returns on earning assets and interbank offered rates are significant factors for calculating the duration of earning assets, whereas returns paid on return bearing liabilities and average interbank rates of deposits are significant factors for duration of return bearing liabilities. VECM suggests that short run duration converges into long run duration and TVECM suggests that management of assets and liabilities also plays a significant role that can bring about a change of about 15% in respective durations.Practical implicationsSharīʿah-compliant duration models will improve risk and Sharīʿah efficiency, which will ultimately improve market capitalization and returns stability of Islamic banks in the long run.Originality/valueSharīʿah-compliant duration models testing provides insight into how various factors, namely, rates of return, benchmark rates and managerial skills of Islamic bank risk managers impact durations of assets and liabilities. It also explains the future course of action for Sharīʿah-compliant duration model testing.
Anti-money laundering in the United Kingdom: new directions for a more effective regime
Authors: Pontes Rafael , Lewis Nick , McFarlane Paul , Craig Patrick 
Published: August 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to provide a more nuanced understanding of the effectiveness of the anti-money laundering (AML) regime in the UK and explore opportunities to improve policy and performance.

Design/methodology/approach
Qualitative research design using semi-structured interviews and a focus group with practitioners from both public and private sectors.

Findings
This paper identifies preventive measures are underfunded by the public sector; there is a disconnect between the regulatory requirement and the regulators’ supervisory approach leading to the ineffective application of the risk-based approach; and authorities have limited ability to stop low-utility reports. Increased collaboration across institutions and sectors, better utilisation of innovative technologies and a sustainable funding plan are needed to drive a collective response to money laundering.

Research limitations/implications
Few practitioners in the industry have the knowledge and expertise to discuss the topic at a strategic level and participants were limited (n = 8).

Practical implications
This paper adds to the growing corpus of research showing that the AML regime in the UK is ineffective and needs reform.

Social implications
This paper encourages practitioners to improve the AML regime, this research contributes to the reform of the existing measures against financial crime.

Originality/value
This paper presents new data from AML practitioners to provide a better understanding of the limitations of the AML regime in the UK.
Does regulatory enforcement improve continuing disclosure? The municipal securities market case of the Municipalities Continuing Disclosure Cooperation (MCDC) initiative
Authors: Abbas Yulianti , Johnson Craig L. 
Published: August 2021

PurposeThis paper analyzes the impact of increased federal regulatory enforcement from the SEC's Municipalities Continuing Disclosure Cooperation (MCDC) initiative on municipal debt issuers continuing disclosure practices.Design/methodology/approachWe analyze the changes in continuing disclosure practices by estimating a series of difference-in-differences regressions based on variables representing issuers' changes in regulatory risk after the MCDC. The continuing disclosure data are hand-collected for 827 cities over a seven-year period.FindingsThe empirical findings indicate that increased regulatory enforcement has a significant impact on continuing disclosure compliance. We find increased enforcement has no impact on issuers that already have a higher probability of being monitored by federal regulators. We also find that an increase in continuing disclosure compliance does not automatically increase continuing disclosure timeliness.Practical implicationsThe MCDC lacks monetary penalties for noncompliant bond issuers and no direct regulatory consequences exist for untimely disclosure. Our findings suggest that regulatory enforcement should be followed by adequate sanctions to emphasize the credibility of the enforcement threat and the SEC should consider requiring bond issuers to commit to the timely disclosure of significant information in offering documents.Originality/valueThis paper extends prior studies by analyzing regulatory risk in the market, and the ability of regulation to reduce disclosure compliance deficiencies in the municipal market. By focusing on the MCDC, this study is able to disentangle the impact of regulatory enforcement from the changes in accounting regulation.
Audit committee oversight of external audit: an examination of structural power and behavioural tactics
Authors: Sulaiman Noor Adwa , Mat Yasin Fatimah 
Published: August 2021

PurposeThis study aims to examine the structural power wielded by the audit committee (AC) and the various bases of its power, whilst also exploring the behavioural tactics used by the AC to leverage its power in the oversight of the external audit.

Design/methodology/approachEmpirical evidence was drawn from semi-structured interviews with external auditors and AC members in Malaysia.

FindingsThe AC’s structural power is derived from its formal and network position in the organisation. The AC possesses three forms of organisational-based power (legitimate, coercive and informational) resultant from its formal position, and these combine with the AC’s personal power (will and expert). The AC uses its personal power base to develop trusting relationships and to promote the exchange of information with other key corporate governance actors in the network position. Furthermore, the AC applies at least four behavioural tactics (assertiveness, ingratiation, rationality and coalition formation) to exercise its bases of power.

Originality/valueThis study attempts to describe the AC’s structural sources of power, its organisational and personal power bases, and the behavioural tactics it uses when exerting its power.
Goal orientation and negotiation strategies: an empirical analysis
Authors: Asante-Asamani Abena Emily Ayowa , Elahee Mohammad , MacDonald Jason 
Published: August 2021

PurposeThis study aims to examine how negotiators’ goal orientations may affect their negotiation strategy and consequently the negotiation outcomes.Design/methodology/approachUsing cross-sectional data collected from a Fortune 500 Global firm based in France, this study empirically examines how goal orientations of negotiators may affect their value creation (win-win) and value-claiming (win-lose) negotiation behavior reflecting their desired outcome in a given sales negotiation. In so doing, this study proposes a conceptual model and tests a number of hypotheses using partial least squares structural equation modeling.FindingsThis study shows that learning and performance goal orientations (PGO) are indeed related with two commonly used negotiation strategies: win-win (integrative) and win-lose strategies (distributive) strategies, respectively. The results indicate that while the learning orientation has a positive relationship with a win-win strategy and a negative relationship with a win-lose negotiation strategy, just the opposite is true with the PGO, which is positively related to win-lose strategy and negatively related to win-win strategy.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research represents one of the first attempts to connect goal orientations with negotiations strategies to achieve desired negotiation outcome using data from salespeople with negotiation experience.
Exploring human resource work design, learning mechanism and TQM: through the lens of activity theory and contextual learning theory
Authors: Ajgaonkar Suchitra , Neelam Netra , Behl Abhishek , Dao Le Trung , Lang Le Dang 
Published: August 2021

PurposeThis research examines the effects of the context on the relationship between work design, learning mechanism and total quality management (TQM). The exploratory study examines the differential effects in context on how human resources and their activities are strategically managed for achieving TQM. Two theoretical frameworks – activity theory and contextual learning theory – are concurrently used for analysis. Specifically, the manufacturing companies, the authors examine are (1) technology-intensive company which has bought technology from a global foreign establishment (MU1), (2) technology-intensive companies having their own technology (MU2) and (3) labor-intensive units (MU3) of varying organizational sizes.Design/methodology/approachThis case study-based research consists of 27 in-depth interviews with managers and employees of different hierarchies in each manufacturing unit. The authors interviewed them using semi-structured questions that were pre-validated by five senior HR experts from the manufacturing industry. Document analysis, multiple site visits and website content helped triangulation. The data are coded and analyzed using Dedoose software for qualitative research.FindingsActivity diagrams for each manufacturing unit provides task and interaction analysis. Within and cross-case analysis address complexity and challenges of contextual reality, influences on work design and learning mechanism. HRD executives must recognize that there may be well-differentiated learning behaviors that align with organizational strategy. The learning behaviors may not be well-differentiated and become very dynamic. This dynamism may be characterized by double loop and single-loop learning feeding into each other.Practical implicationsThis study provides substantial practical implications for HRD and other managers in the manufacturing sector.Originality/valueThe new theoretical framework adds to organizational behavior studies through multi-level and cross-contextual approach. It informs strategic combinations and interactions between internal and external context, and learning needs implicating work design and TQM.
COVID vaccine and generation Z – a study of factors influencing adoption
Authors: Jose Saju 
Published: August 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that affect Generation Z behavior in the adoption of the COVID-19 Vaccine.

Design/methodology/approach
Qualitative data was collected using 30 in-depth interviews from University students, using purposive sampling and the data was subjected to thematic analysis. The interview was done through the Zoom application.

Findings
The results reveal that the key variables that expedite the adoption process among Generation Z is Observability, Country of Origin, Brand and Word of mouth. Observability is the most influential variable, followed by word of mouth in the adoption of the vaccine. This study holds much importance to the marketers, to come up with carefully orchestrated campaigns to demonstrate the success of the vaccine, which could influence a faster rate of adoption.

Research limitations/implications
The research is limited to University students who belong to Generation Z, the studies on other demographic groups could reveal other interesting insights. A quantitative study examining the relationship of the adoption and other variables will conform to the results of the study.

Practical implications
The study will allow marketers to come up with effective promotion strategies to encourage the adoption of the COVID 19 vaccine. The emphasis should be given to triggering word of mouth and improving the observability of the effectiveness of the vaccine.

Social implications
The strategies to encourage the adoption of the vaccine could result in reducing the effects of pandemics and further spread of the virus.

Originality/value
This study holds much importance to the marketers to come up with carefully orchestrated campaigns to demonstrate the success of the vaccine, which could influence a faster rate of adoption. The study also contributes to the consumer behavior literature by addressing the existing research gap.
Within‐corridor heterogeneity is more important than corridor design for maintaining butterfly functional and taxonomic diversity
Authors: van Schalkwyk Julia , Gaigher René , Pryke James S. , Samways Michael J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Local and landscape features influence the spatial distribution of biodiversity. At the landscape scale, heterogeneity has compositional and configurational components that can be measured at different resolutions of conservation planning.

We assess the importance of local and landscape features measured at different planning resolutions for maintaining taxonomic and functional butterfly diversity. In remnant conservation corridors that dissect alien tree plantations, butterflies were sampled along a gradient of successional stages, from open and recently burned grasslands to closed‐canopy woody habitats. Changes in local vegetation structure were represented by measures of canopy cover. At the landscape scale, compositional and configurational heterogeneity were measured at two resolutions: a simple binary classification of suitable habitat versus unsuitable transformed habitat, and a classification that accounts for the different successional stages within corridors (i.e. within‐corridor heterogeneity). Butterfly assemblages were characterized using taxonomic (Simpson's diversity index) and functional indices (Rao's quadratic entropy). The relationship between environmental filters and species traits was further assessed using multivariate modelling.

Taxonomic diversity did not reflect functional diversity, as the latter showed differential trait specific responses to local vegetation structure.

For both functional and taxonomic diversity, local and landscape variables representing within‐corridor heterogeneity were more important than landscape variables measured at the coarser planning resolution. Butterfly diversity showed a negative relationship with increasing edge density between grassy and woody habitats.

Synthesis and applications. To promote the taxonomic and functional dimensions of biodiversity, management should aim to maintain both open‐ and closed‐canopy habitats within corridors. These habitats should be contiguous, and corridors as wide as possible, to increase the patch size of contiguous habitat while reducing the proportion of edge.