bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Data‐Driven Design: Addressing Student Need for an Anatomy Pre‐matriculation Experience
Authors: Attardi Stefanie M. , Gould Douglas J. , Pratt Rebecca L. , Roach Victoria A. 
Published: June 2021

The anatomical sciences are a perennial source of angst for recently accepted medical students. This is due to the volume of information presented in a truncated timeline, the fact that anatomy is not a prerequisite for acceptance, and that many students are reticent to interact with human cadaveric material. At Oakland University William Beaumont (OUWB) School of Medicine, the anatomy course is an intensive study of gross, microscopic, and developmental anatomy spanning the first 5 months of the M1 year. During the laboratory sessions, students work in teams to complete a full body dissection, and examine virtual microscopy slides. OUWB students have expressed a desire to learn more about anatomy and the anatomy curriculum prior to matriculation. Course evaluation data from the 2017 cohort (n=125) revealed that 87% of students would have utilized an online resource during the summer prior to their M1 year introducing them to the anatomy curriculum. Open‐ended responses suggested a plethora of topics including an introduction to the course, dissection laboratory, facilities, osteology, and terminology. The faculty are responding by beginning to develop a series of professionally produced, online pre‐matriculation videos. It is intended that exposure to these resources will alleviate student anxiety surrounding matriculation, and their first anatomical dissection experience. To evaluate the longitudinal impact of these videos, students will complete the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory and a demographic questionnaire to compare the responses of pre‐matriculant students. Responses from the 2018 cohort were collected (n = 120), without exposure to the videos, and will serve as a control measure against future cohorts, who will have access to the videos. Future results could serve as a guide for anatomy educators seeking to ease their students' transition into medical school, and facilitate an environment of improved student well‐being.Support or Funding InformationDepartment of Foundational Medical Studies at Oakland University William Beaumont School of MedicineThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Seeing in Stereo: Exploring the Relationship between 3D Anatomical Resources and Spatial Ability
Authors: Labranche Leah , Terrell Mark , Wilson Tim , Carty Nancy , Kulesza Randy 
Published: June 2021

Three‐dimensional (3D) digital anatomical models have been shown to promote student engagement and satisfaction, while demonstrating complex spatial anatomical relationships. However, there is limited research to suggest that 3D digital anatomy models are more effective in improving spatial anatomy performance over traditional resources, particularly for students with varying spatial visualization ability (Vz). The present study aims to investigate the educational effectiveness of a digital 3D stereoscopic anatomy model compared to a 2D visualization and cadaveric specimen of the human pelvis. This study also aims to examine the relationship between Vz and learning from a 3D stereoscopic anatomy model of the human pelvis. We hypothesized that participants learning from the 3D stereoscopic model of the pelvis would improve performance overall on an anatomy knowledge post‐test more than participants learning from a 2D visualization or cadaveric specimen, and that low Vz participants would benefit more from the use of the 3D stereoscopic model compared to their high Vz counterparts.Participants were recruited from the Post‐Baccalaureate, Medical Year 1, and Medical Year 2 classes at Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (n=64). All participants completed a demographic survey and Mental Rotations Test (MRT) pretest to determine initial Vz. Participants were then sorted into three groups, normalized for MRT score, sex, and education level. Each group was invited to a brief learning session using a 3D stereoscopic model (n=21), 2D visualization (n=21), or cadaveric specimen of the pelvis (n=22) respectively. The 3D model, developed using Amira® software, was projected stereoscopically using a dual projection system. All participants completed a pre‐ and post‐test in each session, consisting of 10 spatially‐oriented multiple choice questions pertaining to pelvis anatomy. Results show no significant difference in improvement from pre‐test to post‐test between the three groups. A linear regression analysis showed no significant correlations between MRT score and anatomy test improvement; however, Post‐Baccalaureate (novice) participants with high Vz tended to improve more after learning with the 3D model than Post‐Baccalaureate participants with low Vz. Participants with high Vz, irrespective of education level, improved more on a spatial anatomy test after learning with the 3D model compared to either of the other resources. Contrary to current literature, participants with low Vz appeared to benefit most from the 2D visualizations. Results of this study can be used to inform resource selection and curriculum design for health professional students, with special attention to the impact of Vz on learning.Support or Funding InformationFunded by a LECOMT Research Support Grant.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Clinical Concentrations of Antiretroviral Drugs and VEGF165b Expression in Normal and Cancer Cervical Epithelial Cell lines
Authors: ADEFOLAJU Gbenga Anthony , SCHOLTZ Kathrine Elizabeth , HOSIE Margot Jill 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundThe multidrug combination regimen, typically consisting of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, non‐Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Protease Inhibitors has altered the morbidity pattern of HIV‐infected individuals. But its effects on cervical cancer is still hotly debated. Speculations abound; does this regimen induce or promote the progression of cervical cancer?ObjectivesSince the formation of new blood vessels from pre‐existing vasculature (angiogenesis) is required for cancer growth and development, this study investigated the effects of the antiretroviral drugs on the expression levels of a key angiogenic regulatory gene; vascular endothelial growth factor 165b (VEGF165b) in two human cervical cell lines; human squamous cell carcinoma cells (HCS‐2) and transformed normal human cervical cells (NCE16IIA). We hypothesised that the antiretroviral compounds – individually or in combination might down‐regulate anti‐angiogenic VEGF165b gene and/or protein expression thereby favouring angiogenesis.Materials and MethodsThe cells were treated with different concentrations and combinations of the drugs and for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours and VEGF165b mRNA and protein expression were determined by Real Time qPCR and immuno‐fluorescence.ResultsSome of the antiretroviral drugs and combinations tested produced patterns of slight up or down‐regulation of VEGF165b mRNA that suggests pro‐angiogenesis but the changes did not achieve statistical significance. They also did not alter VEGF165b protein localisation in both cell lines.ConclusionsThe findings reported here suggest that antiretroviral drugs probably do not influence VEGF165b of the angiogenic pathway in the development of cervical cancer in patients under the combined antiretroviral regimen.Support or Funding InformationMedical Research Council of South AfricaThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Genetic Analysis Of A sas‐6 Mutant Reveals Mitotic and Meiotic Differences In Centriole Duplication Stability
Authors: DeVaul Nicole , Fabig Gunar , Mueller‐Reichert Thomas , Guagliardo Sarah , Bowerman Bruce , O'Connell Kevin 
Published: June 2021

Centrioles are nine‐fold symmetric barrel‐shaped organelles that exist as mother‐daughter pairs that participate in the assembly of bipolar spindles and the formation of cilia and flagella. During S phase of each cell cycle, centrioles are precisely duplicated through a process that involves the formation of a new daughter next to each preexisting mother centriole. In Caenorhabditis elegans, as in other species including humans, five core centriole assembly factors are required for centriole duplication and these same factors function in different cell types, suggesting that a similar assembly mechanism operates in all tissues. SAS‐6 is one of these core assembly factors and plays a critical role in centriole assembly by forming a central scaffold around which the daughter is built. Here we describe a missense (D9V) mutation in C. elegans SAS‐6 that strongly affects the formation and/or stability of centrioles in the meiotic portion of the male germ line and continues to effect centriole formation and/or stability in the mitotic environment of the early embryo. Examination of mutant male germ lines indicates that both the incorporation of SAS‐6(D9V) into daughter centrioles and centriole assembly occur during pre‐meiotic centriole duplication. However, during meiosis daughter centrioles fail to form and SAS‐6(D9V) is gradually lost from most of the mother centrioles. As a result, sperm inherit a single structurally‐disorganized centriole that further deteriorates after it is transferred to an embryo at fertilization. These structurally deficient centrioles lead to inconsistent duplication in the embryo with wild type maternal sas‐6 as evidenced by monopolar spindle formation. This is consistent with evidence in the literature that the mother centriole plays a role in the structural formation of the daughter centriole. Thus, the D9V mutation preferentially affects centriole stability and duplication during meiotic divisions and continues to this instability into the mitotic divisions. Further genetic and cytological analysis of this mutant will allow us to identify whether the mother centriole does more than recruit required proteins but also provides a structural template in daughter centriole formation.Support or Funding InformationIntramural funding from NIDDK, NIHThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Prevalence of Wormian (Sutural) Bones in Three Italian Anthropological Collections
Authors: Schmeidler Katherine T. 
Published: June 2021

Wormian or sutural bones vary in number, size, and arrangement in humans, and are thus sometimes described as “odd”. Currently, there are not reliable data to estimate the frequency at which they are found. Some anthropologists have attempted to assess their frequency in different human populations hoping to find whether there are differences among peoples of different genetic lineage. However, the sample sizes in these studies are too small to be able to compare such highly variable structures. A survey of 500 skulls in the Paris Catacombs (les catacombes de Paris) has been previously presented [HAPS, 2018] that reported Wormian bone occurrence in about 85% of skulls examined. This contrasts with most published studies that report incidences in the 10–20% range. These results are compared to a survey of skulls examined in Museo di Anatomia umana Luigi Rolando dell'Università di Torino, Museo di Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, and Museo di Storia Naturale Sezione di Antropologia e Etnologia, Firenze. While all of these represent Europeans, presumably from recent centuries, preliminary results indicate that skulls collected at this period from these regions of Italy have a higher incidence of Wormian bones than has been previously reported for skulls from other parts of the world, and similar to those seen in the Paris Catacombs. Further, the photographic evidence collected in this project may be used to support further research in human anatomical variation. These findings expand the data set for comparison of Wormian bones from different parts of Europe and to peoples from other regions of the world, thus serving the greater community by providing a baseline against which smaller sample groups may be compared.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
A Morphometric Assessment of the Influence of EGCG on Down Syndrome Facial Morphology
Authors: Cintron Javier , Dierssen Mara , Gonzalez Ruben , Sharpe James , Martinez‐Abadias Neus , Starbuck John 
Published: June 2021

Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic birth defect that results from Trisomy 21, which causes an overexpression of human chromosome 21 (HSA21) genes. Overexpressed HSA21 genes disturb development by altering morphogenesis and growth, resulting in cognitive impairment, characteristic facial morphology, and many other health problems for individuals with DS. The DYRK1A gene is found on chromosome 21 and is thought to play a significant role in cranial and neurological malformations associated with DS. Previous research has shown that EGCG, a compound that inhibits DYRK1A, has been used to improve cognition of individuals with DS as well as improve cranial vault morphology in Ts65Dn DS mouse models. Based on DYRK1A's strong role in brain and craniofacial development, and the fact that EGCG can reduce overexpression of this gene, we hypothesized that children with DS who have been supplemented with EGCG will exhibit improved facial morphology. We assessed children with DS who were supplemented with EGCG (n = 5), untreated children with DS (n = 72), siblings of individuals with DS (n = 49), and euploid controls (n = 40), aged from 0–3 years. Twenty‐one anatomical landmarks were identified on 3dMD facial images and the XYZ coordinates were saved for analysis. A Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA) based on a non‐parametric bootstrap was carried out (1,000 resamples) to assess statistically significant shape differences across samples. A total of 210 linear distance measurements were compared from each individual's facial image. The baseline comparison of DS faces with siblings and euploid controls revealed that 50% and 54% of linear distances were significantly different. However, when DS faces were compared to children with DS supplemented with EGCG, we found that only 26% of linear distances reached statistical significance. Overall, the results suggest that EGCG is producing positive changes in the faces of children with Down syndrome, however more research must be done for a more definitive answer.Support or Funding InformationFunding was received from the Burnett Research Scholars Grant, which was provided through the UCF Burnet Honers College. Funding was also received from the UCF Office of Undergraduate Research through the Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Choice of Size Parameter Alters Interpretation of Fossil Hominin Distal Humeral Morphology
Authors: Zelazny Kaya G , Sylvester Adam D , Ruff Christopher B 
Published: June 2021

Allometric trends in human distal humeral morphology may account for a substantial portion of morphological variation observed among fossil hominins, affecting both taxonomic assessments and behavioral reconstructions. However, previous allometric studies have focused on the relationship of humeral morphology to size parameters of the distal humerus itself (i.e., centroid size), which is potentially confounded by interspecific differences in scaling of humeral dimensions to body mass, a factor that creates direct biomechanical demands on the forelimb in all non‐human primates.In this study, we compared the relationship between distal humeral centroid size and body mass in extant hominids (N=246 modern humans, 47 Pan, 44 Gorilla, 22 Pongo) and three fossil hominins (A.L. 288‐1, StW 431, KNM‐ER 1503/1504) where body mass could be estimated from femoral head size. We then scaled principal components extracted from geometric morphometric (GM) analyses of three regions of the distal humerus (articular, periarticular, and distal diaphyseal) by both body mass and centroid size in order to evaluate differences resulting from choice of size parameter. Finally, we analyzed the relationship of nine fossil hominins to humans of equivalent body mass (A.L. 288‐1, StW 431, KNM‐ER 1503/1504) and centroid size (KNM‐KP 271, A.L. 288‐1, StW 431, KNM‐ER 1504, KNM‐ER 739, SKX 10924, SK 24600, TM 1517, Gombore IB‐7594).While centroid size was highly correlated with body mass in all taxa (r=0.88–0.97), humans were highly positively allometric and had significantly smaller centroid sizes relative to body mass than other hominids, as did A.L. 288‐1 and KNM‐ER 1504. StW 431, however, showed a relationship between distal humeral size and body mass more similar to that seen in non‐human great apes. There was significant allometry in the traits differentiating modern humans and other hominids that resulted in large‐bodied humans showing more great ape‐like distal humeral characteristics than smaller humans in the articular and distal diaphyseal but not the periarticular region. This increased differences in size‐scaled morphology between modern humans and fossil hominins in several cases, most prominently A.L. 288‐1. The differences between humans and other hominids in the relationship of centroid size to body mass create the appearance of a distinct fossil hominin morphological group composed of A.L. 288‐1 and other small fossil humeri (SKX 10924, SK 24600) when principal components extracted from the GM analyses are regressed on centroid size. When body mass is used as the independent variable for regression, however, this distinct fossil grouping disappears, and it becomes clear that this morphology is also seen in small‐bodied chimpanzees and orangutans.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
How do Mysticete (Baleen) Whales Make Two Sounds Simultaneously?
Authors: Reidenberg Joy S. , Laitman Jeffrey T. 
Published: June 2021

Mysticete (baleen) whales use the larynx to generate sounds. Air flowing past the U‐shaped vocal folds causes vibrations that are transferred through overlying throat tissues to water. Sounds can be made repetitively without surfacing for a breath due to air recycling between lungs and larynx. We hypothesize that tissue movements direct airflow between sound generating and air recycling regions of the larynx. Methods involved examination of twenty mysticete specimens found beached along the northeast US coastline. Larynges were recovered post mortem from carcasses of minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), fin (B. physalus), sei (B. borealis), blue (B. musculus), humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), and right (Eubalaena glacialis) whales. All specimens were collected under the auspices of the Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program, and possession was permitted via a letter of authorization from NOAA‐NMFS. Results show that the larynx has two valves. One valve is located between the vocal folds. This valve is aided by a newly discovered cushion of tissue on the ventral surface of the cricoid cartilage. It appears to function like a plug, apparently hermetically sealing the gap between the vocal folds. Air flowing around this interlock is channeled superiorly between the corniculate cartilages. A second valve is found between the paired corniculate cartilages. Closure is aided by raising the epiglottis to plug the gap between the corniculates. This seals the rostral larynx, preventing air from escaping towards the nose. Air is instead diverted ventrally between the vocal folds and into the laryngeal sac. These two valves direct airflow towards vocal folds or corniculate flaps. Flow between the vocal folds may generate song, and allow extended vocalizations as air is captured and recycled between the laryngeal sac and the lungs. Flow between the corniculate flaps may generate pulses, but these sounds would continue only until the nasal region becomes pressurized.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
A rare bilateral occurrence of extensor medii proprius in a female cadaver
Authors: Nierstedt Ryan , Friedman Brett , Desai Maya , Kneen Kassy , Barlow Sara , Waheed Muhammad , Barremkala Malli 
Published: June 2021

During a routine anatomical dissection of 48 upper limbs from 24 fixed cadavers, variants of extrinsic extensor hand muscles, including extensor medii proprius (EMP) and extensor indicis medii communis (EIMC), were observed. EMP was found bilaterally in 1 cadaver (4.2%; 95 year old female) and unilaterally in 2 cadavers (8.3%; 74 year old male, 78 year old female), while EIMC was only seen unilaterally in 3 cadavers (12.5%). Both EMP and EIMC demonstrated a tendinous insertion deep to extensor digitorum muscle into the extensor hood of the 3rd digit. All EIMC variants shared a muscle belly with extensor indicis (EI), while EMP variants maintained individual muscle bellies. The muscle belly for all EMP variants showed proximal attachments at the middle‐ or distal‐third of the ulna. All EMP and EIMC variants received innervation from the posterior interosseous nerve. In addition to contributing to prevalence reports on anatomical variations within the dorsum of the hand, our findings of a bilateral EMP in a female cadaver represent a rare variation not previously published. These EI variants may aid in clinical settings, such as identification, surgical planning, and muscle or tendon repair.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Unilateral Rectus Capitis Posterior Major Muscle Duplication: Clinical Implications
Authors: Snyder Sean B , Petrone Ashley Brooke , Maslowski Douglas J , Zdilla Matthew J , Lambert H. Wayne 
Published: June 2021

Here, we present an anomaly of the rectus capitis posterior major (RCPM) muscle, found during routine cadaver dissection in a gross anatomy course. The RCPM is one of four muscles in the suboccipital region, the superior portion of the posterior neck, inferior to the occipital region of the head. The suboccipital muscles, including the RCPM, maintains posture of the neck to support the head and facilitate flexion, extension and lateral bending of the neck and rotation of the head at the atlanto‐occipital joint. We observed a unilateral, right‐sided duplication of the RCPM. This anomaly has several clinical implications: (1) Contraction of this duplicate muscle may cause postural instability or shift toward the right side, leading to improper weight bearing of the head. This may also cause loss of range of motion in the head of neck. This may lead to chronic neck pain and cervicogenic headache. (2) The greater occipital nerve passes through the suboccipital triangle, as it relays cutaneous innervation from the occipital scalp. We observed the greater occipital nerve passing between the two RCPM muscles, suggesting a potential for compression and sensory deficits. (3) The vertebral artery also passes inferior to the suboccipital muscles on its course to the brain stem, and compression of the vertebral artery by the RCPM may reduce blood supply to the brain stem, leading to dizziness or other neurovascular symptoms. Overall, this anomalous muscle, though likely rare, may be identified as a potential cause of the aforementioned symptoms, and surgical intervention may be warranted in severe cases.Support or Funding InformationN/AThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.