bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Influences on the Action of Estrogens: Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Gurpide Erlio 
Published: December 2021

Several metabolic barriers in the route leading from intake or endogenous secretion of estrogens to their final site of action influence their biologic potency. Among them, four are clearly defined: (1) intraluminal and mucosal intestinal metabolism, (2) overall clearance from blood, (3) transcapillary exchange, and (4) target tissue metabolism.
Of these four steps, the first two have been extensively studied, whereas the third remains largely unevaluated. The importance of target tissue metabolism of estrogens is discussed here in some detail.
INTESTINAL ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF ESTROGENS
Orally administered estrogens are subjected to metabolism by the intestinal flora and in the intestinal wall before entering the portal circulation or the lymphatic system. Conversions of estradiol to estrone and estrone glucuronide in a jejunal loop of a patient were shown by Diczfalusy et al.1 Substitutions in the estradiol molecule, such as introduction of an ethinyl group in the l7α position and further etherification of the phenolic hydroxyl group, limit metabolism. They also increase lipophilicity and uptake by the lymphatic vessels,2 thus reducing the "first passage" of the ingested estrogen through the liver. Longcope and Williams3 concluded that orally administered ethinyl estradiol and mestranol are completely absorbed, since similar blood levels of radioactive compounds are obtained by oral administration or intravenous injection of the estrogens. The absorption of estradiol is also almost complete, as evaluated from the isotope ratios of urinary metabolites following the simultaneous administration of carbon 14-labeled estradiol orally and tritiated estradiol intravenously.4 However, due to intestinal metabolism, the ratio of estradiol to estrone in circulation resulting from oral administration of estradiol is lower than the ratio resulting from intravenous injection of the hormone.
Differential Biological Activity of Estradiol Metabolites
Authors: Fishman Jack , Martucci Charles 
Published: December 2021

Assessment of the biological potency of an estrogen in the human has been and remains a formidable task. The problem arises not only from the lack of a readily distinguished physiological endpoint, but also from the diversity of the biological actions of the estrogens. Estrogens exert proliferative effects in recognized target tissues such as endometrium, vagina, and breast,1 and this action is the one commonly associated with the term "estrogenicity." Estrogens, however, also participate in inducing a host of other peripheral responses in tissues such as blood, bone, skin, and others.2 More importantly, the estrogens also exercise major regulatory functions in the central nervous system, including control of pituitary hormone secretion3 and influencing behavior such as food intake4 and sexual receptivity.5
Much attention had been devoted to the design of estrogen structures that would exhibit a specific type of estrogenic activity, such as gonadotropic regulation, without retaining any uterotropic action. Despite the vast numbers of structures synthesized, little clear-cut separation of these activities has been achieved, suggesting that these dual actions of estrogens may be inextricably linked to each other. On the other hand, much effort has also gone into the study of the mechanism of estrogen action in the uterus and in the central nervous system; despite much progress in both directions, little evidence of a commonality between these two responses to estradiol has so far emerged, suggesting that they may not be directly linked.
In our studies, we sought to examine whether estradiol metabolism may play a critical role in the expression of the biological activity of the female sex hormone.
The Newborn Mouse as a Model for Study of the Effects of Hormonal Steroids in the Young
Authors: Kohrman Arthur F. 
Published: December 2021

The use of the fetal and neonatal mouse to study the effects of steroidal and nonsteroidal substances on development and carcinogenesis has a long history. Since the early 1960s, this animal model system has been exploited by several groups throughout the world, and it is useful to recount some of the more significant points in this history. I shall also point out areas of inquiry where the mouse model continues to be used in a search for the fundamental nature of the processes by which steroid hormones cause permanent effects during development, with the hope that some of those experiments may provide clues to the causes of present or yet unseen situations in the human.
Early studies1,2 showed vaginal and cervical tumor formation in adult mice treated with estrogens in the newborn period. As early as 1963, concern was expressed about the possibility of similar consequences in humans who might be exposed to hormonal substances early in development. Subsequent investigations2-4 showed that administration of estrogen and androgen to newborn female mice in the first five days of life led to permanent vaginal and cervical changes in the adult, which were in many cases (depending on the dose administered) ovary independent; that is, the changes persisted after ovariectomy of the animal at day 40. Studies on the vaginal tissues of the adult animals that had been treated with steroids in the newborn period showed that there were permanent alterations of rates of DNA, protein, and RNA synthesis in those tissues, and that those changes apparently occurred with out modification of the fundamental characteristic of specific binding of estrogen by the vagina.3
Incubator-Baby Side Shows
Authors: Silverman William A. 
Published: December 2021

On the morning of Thursday, March 2, 1950, I read the following obituary in the New York Times:
MARTIN A. COUNEY, "INCUBATOR DOCTOR"
Dr. Martin A. Couney, a specialist in the care of prematurely born infants, who had shown such babies to the public for an admission price at fairs and other exhibitions throughout the United States and in Europe for more than fifty years, died last night at his home, 3728 Surf Avenue, Sea Gate, Coney Island. He was 80 years old. "The Incubator Doctor" as Dr. Couney was informally known, was born in Germany, studied medicine in Breslau, Berlin and Leipzig, receiving an M.D., and later in Paris under Dr. Pierre C. Budin, noted pediatrician, who developed a method of saving the prematurely born.
At the Berlin Exposition in 1896, Dr. Couney operated an exhibit of prematurely born babies to show the Budin technique. The exhibit was a financial success, as was a second one at Earl's Court in London. In 1898 Dr. Couney paid his first visit to the United States and staged an exhibit at the Omaha Trans-Mississippi Exposition. He returned to Paris for the exposition of 1900, but was back in this country for the Buffalo Exposition the next year, and then decided to remain here for good.
For years he had shows at both Dreamland and Luna Park, and the night Dreamland was destroyed by fire the babies were saved by a quick transfer to the Luna Park incubators, some of the lodgers doubling up.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD
Authors:   Student
Published: December 2021

Deaths of infants and of their mothers may be the most dramatic consequence of ill health, but there are other serious consequences which affect the child and, indeed, may follow it throughout adult life. The damage done by infections and associated malnutrition to a young child in its formative years is manifested in retarded physical growth and mental development, which it may never be able to catch up on, thus impairing the potential for a full and active adult life. Poverty, ignorance, and ill health thus create a vicious cycle spanning from one generation to the next, and from which the individual has little chance of escape.
A striking expression of this generation link is the frequency of "low birth weight" (LBW) babies, ie, babies weighing less than 2500 gm at birth. It is now known that this frequency is closely determined by the same adverse maternal and environmental factors which determine the nutritional status of the mother. It has also been observed in developed countries that the frequency is higher among mothers who smoke during pregnancy. About 21 million LBW (small for date) babies are born each year, the greatest majority of them in developing countries. The observed incidence rate ranges from about 4% in the most developed countries to over 30% in some poor rural populations. It is also known that LBW is the single most important factor determining the survival chances of the child. The infant mortality rate is about 20 times greater for all LBW babies than for other babies, and the lower the birth weight the lower is the survival chance.
"Felicitas Liberorum Suprema Lex" (IYC in Poland and the World)
Authors: Kulczycki Lucas L. 
Published: December 2021

The year 1979, the 20th anniversary of the Declaration of the Rights of Children, formulated by the United Nations, is declared an International Year of the Child (IYC).
During this year each nation is focusing on the problems and needs of its own children, and attempting to share its resources with needy children of the world. An International Secretariat of UNICEF is coordinating world activities of the IYC.
In the United States a National Commission of the IYC was established with Mrs. Jean Young as chairperson. The National Institutes of Health launched an exhibit entitled "NIH Research: Helping Children Grow into Healthy Adults."
The Telephone Syndrome
Authors: Heagarty Margaret C. 
Published: December 2021

Over the past ten years the telephone, that ubiquitous instrument of modern communication, has been the subject of several health care research studies. Perhaps because pediatricians, of all health professionals, are most closely bound by Ma Bell's umbilical cord, most of these studies have focused upon the use of the telephone in pediatric practice. The work of Levy et al1 and Strasser et al2 in this issue of Pediatrics represents examples of the continuing interest of health care researchers in this topic. On the basis of this as well as previous research at least one generalization can be made.
Conventional pediatric residency programs do not seem to provide young physicians with adequate training and necessary experience to use the telephone effectively or perhaps even safely.
Obese-Writing
Authors: Leonidas L. Leo 
Published: December 2021

I enjoyed reading the article "Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine: Reactogenicity of commercial products" (Pediatrics 64:256, 1979) and found it useful in explaining to the parents the expected reactions from DPT.
However, I have a comment on the word REACTOGENICITY. I can't find it in my Dictionary (World Book Dictionary, 1971) and in our library's Websters 3rd New International Dictionary (1971).
Reactogenicity was used five times in the report. If I am right, reactogenicity was used to mean reactions, adverse obviously, from DPT.
Host Defenses in the Fetus and Neonate: Studies of the Alveolar Macrophage during Maturation
Authors: Bellanti Joseph A. , Nerurkar Lata S. , Zeligs Barbara J. 
Published: December 2021

In recent years, an increasing investigative effort has been applied to the study of host defenses in the fetus and neonate.1, 2 The importance of this knowledge to medicine includes its immediate application in the perinatal period as well as its implications as antecedents of end stage disease in the adult. One of the most important initial defense systems is provided by phagocytic cells and of these the alveolar macrophage assumes central importance in the lung. Shown in Fig 1 is a schematic representation of the interactions of cells of the immune system with the environment and depicts the central role of the alveolar macrophage.
For the past several years, we have been interested in assessing factors relating to phagocytic function in both man3, 4 and the experimental animal.5-7 These studies arose from the well known clinical and experimental observations which suggested that infections, particularly those caused by bacterial organisms, are more frequently encountered in the young infant. The major emphasis of these studies in recent years has been the alveolar macrophage. The choice of this cell type is based upon the frequency and importance of respiratory tract infections in pediatrics. It would be neither possible nor appropriate for me to review all the investigations which have been carried out by many workers along these lines. Instead, I have chosen to present the results of three lines of our recent investigations dealing with the morphologic, biochemical, and functional maturation of the alveolar macrophage (AM) and their clinical application to current pediatric problems.
B Cell Function in the Newborn
Authors: Hayward A. R. , Lydyard P. M. 
Published: December 2021

The function of B cells we have chosen for review is their maturation into antibody-producing plasma cells. Our own recent studies have centered on the factors that control the differentiation of mitogenstimulated B lymphocytes in human newborns. Human studies are necessary because the differences between the gestation times of experimental animals and man make extrapolation between species uncertain even with the use of age equivalence.1 While there is little evidence that healthy human fetuses are antigenically stimulated, responses to congenital infections do indicate that they have the capacity to respond before birth. Detailed information on the maturation of immune responsiveness in utero depends, however, on knowledge acquired from animal experiments. Relevant results from these are therefore briefly reviewed first.
GENERATION OF ANTIGEN BINDING (IDIOTYPE) DIVERSITY
Hypotheses to account for the means by which stem cells give rise to many clones carrying different individual specificities for antigen (idiotypes) have centered around the "germ line" and "somatic mutation" theories. These two may not be mutually exclusive. Convincing evidence for the germ line theory has come from sequence analysis of myeloma (monoclonal) proteins2 and, more recently, from hybridization studies.3 In the latter experiments the detection of DNA sequences coding for a myeloma-like λ light chain in mouse embryonic DNA indicated that some specificities are encoded in the genome. Experiments in mice4 and chickens5 have suggested that there is a genetically predetermined sequential expression of variable region genes during development which is followed by the appearance of a larger spectrum of specificities in the adult.
Cell-Mediated Immunity in the Newborn: Clinical Aspects
Authors: Wara Diane W. , Barrett Douglas J. 
Published: December 2021

The clinical observation that the human newborn infant is uniquely susceptible to certain viral, fungal, protozoan, and bacterial infections has suggested that neonates may have impaired cell-mediated immune function. In order to diagnose primary cellular immunodeficiency during the neonatal period, it is necessary to define carefully normal cell-mediated immunity in term infants, premature infants, and infants with intrauterine growth retardation.
CELLULAR IMMUNITY: TERM INFANTS
The total lymphocyte count of a newborn infant is greater than 3,000/cu mm. Ferguson1 evaluated 25 healthy term infants (mean birth weight 3,130 gm) as control subjects for a study of children with intrauterine growth retardation. The healthy infants' total lymphocyte counts were 5,101 ± 1,821/cu mm. The subpopulation of lymphocytes that form total E rosettes and thus are defined as thymic derived lymphocytes has been reported as normal or decreased in term infant cord blood. In Ferguson's study, newborn E rosettes were 58% ± 7% in comparison to adult E rosettes of 57% ± 10%. Using comparable methods, four additional studies documented a decreased percent of E-rosette-forming cells in the cord blood of the newborn. The percent of total rosette formation in 13 cord blood samples averaged 33.3% ± 7.6% with a control adult mean in 15 samples of 5l.0% ± 6.5%.2 E rosettes were present in lower proportion in cord blood (53%) than in adult blood (65%) in a study by Campbell et al.3 Smith et al4 reported 53% rosette-forming cells in cord blood samples in contrast to 60% in adult samples. Ben-Zwi et a15 found 50% E-rosette-forming cells in cord blood in contrast to 59% in adult blood.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Katcher Avrum L. 
Published: December 2021

We are all prisoners of our culture. This fact does not detract from the important message of Zambrana, Hurst, and Hite (Pediatrics 64:862, 1979).
I would, however, respectfully point out that their article is really about the employed mother, not the working mother. Mothers who are unemployed but occupied full time at home do not consider themselves as not working.
Stomach Emptying in the Newborn
Authors: Pildes R. S. , Blumenthal I. , Ebel A. 
Published: December 2021

An error was made in the formula we used for measuring gastric emptying in a recent issue.1 The formula should be:
See Equation in the PDF File
See Image in the PDF File
See Table in the PDF File
The new formula does not change our conclusion that the pattern of gastric emptying in neonates is characterized by an initial rapid phase followed by a slower exponential phase. Similarly there were no significant differences between any of the four positions. The time taken for half and three quarters of the test meal to leave the stomach is longer than in the previous study but the differences were not significant in any of the four positions.
HISTORY OF A CASE OF STAMMERING, SUCCESSFULLY TREATED BY THE LONG CONTINUED USE OF CATHARTICS, AS REPORTED IN 1831
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Of all the therapies I have read about for stammering, the following, published in 1831, is the most unusual.1 One wonders whether "tincture of time" was not far more important than the use of cathartics.
A boy of robust form and florid aspect, of a healthy constitution, of more than ordinary activity both of mind and body, when between two and three years old, and after having acquired considerable readiness in speaking, was suddenly affected with so great a degree of stammering as to be almost incapable of uttering a single syllable. Two eminent physicians were consulted: they confessed their inability to propose any specific plan of treatment which might afford a prospect of success, but in consequence of a somewhat plethoric state of the child, they advised that a strong purgative should be given. The effect of the medicine appeared so favourable, that it was repeated three or four times, and each time with such decided benefit, as to leave no doubt on this point in the minds either of the parents or the practitioners. The complaint, however, shortly recurred, was again attacked with the same remedy, and was again subdued. After this plan had been continued for some time, it was conceived that, in addition to the purgative system, the effect of which, although so salutary, was temporary, further advantage might be obtained by adopting a system of diet which should permanently reduce the plethoric habit, and obviate the necessity for the continual repetition of the purgatives. This was accordingly done, and was rigidly adhered to for several years.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Slovis Thomas L. , Hight Donald W. , Philippart Arvin I. , Dubois Reuben S. 
Published: December 2021

I think this case illustrates how difficult it is to make the diagnosis of a multisystemic disease on the classic criteria for that disease. Dr Leggiadro correctly points out that the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease should be made only if certain diagnostic criteria, including the exclusion of other known disease processes, are met.
To make the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever by the Jones's standards, there must be two major criteria and one minor criterion or one major and two minor.
ON GETTING AN ELIZABETHAN SCHOOLBOY UP IN THE MORNING
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The Dialogues by Claudius Hollyband and Peter Erondell, published in 1568, contain this conversation between Francis the schoolboy, a late riser, and Margaret, the maid.1 A similar conversation, save for different articles of clothing and a mother rather than a maid, might well be heard in 1980 in many American homes.
Margaret. Ho Fraunces, rise and get you to school: you shall be beaten, for it is past seven: make yourself readie quickly, say your prayers, then you shall have your breakfast.
Francis: Margerite, geeve me my hosen: dispatche I pray you: where is my doublet? bryng my garters, and my shooes: geeve mee that shooyng horne.
Margaret: Take first a cleane shirte, for yours is fowle.
Francis: Make hast then, for I doo tarie too long.
Margaret: It is moyst yet, tarry a little that I may drie it by the fier.
Francis: I had rather thou shouldst be shent, than I should be either child or beaten: where have you layde my girdle and my inck-horne? Where is my gyrkin [jerkin] of Spanish leather of Bouffe? Where be my sockes of linnen, of wollen, of clothe? Where is my cap, my hat, my coate, my cloake, my kaipe [cape or short coat], my gowne, my gloves, my mittayns [mittens], my pumpes, my moyles [mules], my slippers, my handkerchief, my pointes, my sachell, my penknife and my books. Where is all my geare? I have nothing ready: I will tell my father ...
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Ostrow J. Donald , Cohen Arnold N. 
Published: December 2021

We are delighted to respond to the criticisms of Drs McDonagh and Lightner of our review article on phototherapy (Pediatrics 65:740, 1980).
1 and 2. Dr McDonagh correctly notes that he did not administer rose bengal but rather hemato-porphyrin to Gunn rats in showing that a singlet oxygen photosensitizer could dramatically accelerate the photocatabolism of bilirubin in these animals.1 However, it is not appropriate for McDonagh to deny that he proposed that generation and addition of singlet oxygen is a major mechanism of phototherapy, as the experiment cited above was used as evidence for this view.
Swallowed Toothpaste—A Danger or Not
Authors: Carey William B. 
Published: December 2021

How concerned should we pediatricians be about the fact that young children frequently swallow fluoridated dentifrices while brushing their teeth?
The recent recommendation of the Academy's Committee on Nutrition for a decrease from 0.5 to 0.25 mg/day for children less than 2 years of age was "to reduce the possibility of mild fluorosis."1
According to the American Dental Association, the usual amount of dentifrice used on a toothbrush contains approximately 1 mg of fluoride (personal communication from American Dental Association to E. J. Beadle, DDS, 1980).
What Are Healthy Blood Pressures for Children?
Authors: Adams Forrest H. , Landaw Elliot M. 
Published: December 2021

In his report of March 1977 to the President of the United States,1 Dr Robert Levy, director of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, pointed out that cardiovascular diseases account for more than half of the deaths and approximately one third of the economic costs of all diseases in the United States. Hypertension is a major contributing factor in these cases, and Levy estimated that at least 27 million people in the United States suffer from it, but many do not know they have it. Thus, hypertension is a common and important disorder in the United States.
Crucial to a discussion of the problems of hypertension are the answers to such questions as: what constitutes hypertension in the adult or the child; conversely, what are "healthy" blood pressures for both groups; when does hypertension start; and what are the causes of hypertension?