bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not Just Later, but Fewer: Novel Trends in Cohort Fertility in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Hellstrand Julia , Nisén Jessica , Miranda Vitor , Fallesen Peter , Dommermuth Lars , Myrskylä Mikko 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWith historically similar patterns of high and stable cohort fertility and high levels of gender equality, the Nordic countries of Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland are seen as forerunners in demographic behavior. Furthermore, Nordic fertility trends have strongly influenced fertility theories. However, the period fertility decline that started around 2010 in many countries with relatively high fertility is particularly pronounced in the Nordic countries, raising the question of whether Nordic cohort fertility will also decline and deviate from its historically stable pattern. Using harmonized data across the Nordic countries, we comprehensively describe this period decline and analyze the extent to which it is attributable to tempo or quantum effects. Two key results stand out. First, the decline is mostly attributable to first births but can be observed across all ages from 15 to the mid-30s. This is a reversal from the previous trend in which fertility rates in the early 30s increased relatively steadily in those countries in the period 1980–2010. Second, tempo explains only part of the decline. Forecasts indicate that the average Nordic cohort fertility will decline from 2 children for the 1970 cohort to around 1.8 children for the late 1980s cohorts. Finland diverges from the other countries in terms of its lower expected cohort fertility (below 1.6), and Denmark and Sweden diverge from Finland, Iceland, and Norway in terms of their slower cohort fertility decline. These findings suggest that the conceptualization of the Nordic model of high and stable fertility may need to be revised.
Women's Use of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception for Birth Timing and Birth Stopping
Authors: Eeckhaut Mieke C. W. , Rendall Michael S. , Zvavitch Polina 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The use of long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods—intrauterine devices (IUDs) and implants—has recently expanded rapidly in the United States, and these methods together approach the contraceptive pill in current prevalence. Research on LARCs has analyzed their use to reduce unintended pregnancies but not their use to enable intended pregnancies. Knowledge of both is necessary to understand LARCs’ potential impacts on the reproductive life courses of U.S. women. We combine data from two nationally representative surveys to estimate women's likelihood and timing of subsequent reproductive events, including births resulting from an intended pregnancy up to nine years after discontinuing LARC use. We estimate that 62% of women will give birth, and 45% will give birth from an intended pregnancy. Additionally, 18% will have a new LARC inserted, and 13% will transition to sterilization. Most of these reproductive events occur within two years after discontinuing LARC use. Births from an intended pregnancy are especially common when no intervening switch to another contraceptive method occurs. We infer that women's motives for using LARC are varied but include the desire to postpone a birth, to postpone a decision about whether to have a(nother) birth, and to transition definitively to the completion of childbearing.
Care and Carelessness in the Anthropocene
Authors: Ross Daniel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article proposes dividing Bernard Stiegler's work into three phases, and that a notion of care develops and deepens as these phases progress. To each of these phases there corresponds a particular relationship to Heidegger's thought: 1) the Heidegger of Being and Time who denies the role of technics in the opening of the possibility of authentic time; 2) as a thinker of the “they” who corrects Simondon's inability to think collective disindividuation while being himself unable to think a genuine collective individuation process; 3) the later Heidegger who indeed approaches the most mysterious and unsettling aspect of tekhnē and who foresees the most threatening aspect of Gestell as a world in which Dasein loses its privilege as the questioning being. Yet this third Heidegger also failed to reflect on what Stiegler puts at the heart of the thought of his third phase: the question of entropy, understood as describing fundamental but diverse thermodynamic, biological, and informational tendencies. For Stiegler, taking care in the Anthropocene necessarily entails reinscribing philosophical concepts, including that of Ereignis, in relation to entropy, anthropy, and the struggle against them. Beyond Heidegger, this also entails addressing the obsolescence and self-destructiveness of the current macroeconomic model.
Figures of Unwork and Ethics of Care
Authors: Graziano Valeria 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The hypothesis of a post-work society has provoked a newfound interest in the role of imagination in political thinking, made explicit by many authors who turned to the literary genres of utopian and sci-fi writing to sketch possible scenarios of a jobless future. This article proposes instead another mode of constructing political narratives, that of figuration. It reclaims three specific figures to demonstrate how it might be possible to build a public sphere of “unwork.” The first is Bazlen, a fictional character of a writer who never wrote; the second is the collective figure of African American “othermothers”; and finally the third is Amy, the girl who gave flesh to Carol Gilligan's “ethics of care” proposition. Departing from these specific figures, the article tackles the problem of reimagining the labors (and pleasures) of social reproduction and creative action away from the work regime. It describes how processes of subjectivation sedimented in collective imaginary impact various modes of being together and naming social cooperation. The conclusions propose that the relationship between living labor and knowledge is a nexus that can escape the violence of capitalist relations only by understanding political action as a plural capacity of unwork.
A versatile, automated and high-throughput drug screening platform for zebrafish embryos
Authors: Lubin Alexandra , Otterstrom Jason , Hoade Yvette , Bjedov Ivana , Stead Eleanor , Whelan Matthew , Gestri Gaia , Paran Yael , Payne Elspeth 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Zebrafish provide a unique opportunity for drug screening in living animals, with the fast-developing, transparent embryos allowing for relatively high-throughput, microscopy-based screens. However, the limited availability of rapid, flexible imaging and analysis platforms has limited the use of zebrafish in drug screens. We have developed an easy-to-use, customisable automated screening procedure suitable for high-throughput phenotype-based screens of live zebrafish. We utilised the WiScan® Hermes High Content Imaging System to rapidly acquire brightfield and fluorescent images of embryos, and the WiSoft® Athena Zebrafish Application for analysis, which harnesses an Artificial Intelligence-driven algorithm to automatically detect fish in brightfield images, identify anatomical structures, partition the animal into regions and exclusively select the desired side-oriented fish. Our initial validation combined structural analysis with fluorescence images to enumerate GFP-tagged haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the tails of embryos, which correlated with manual counts. We further validated this system to assess the effects of genetic mutations and X-ray irradiation in high content using a wide range of assays. Further, we performed simultaneous analysis of multiple cell types using dual fluorophores in high throughput. In summary, we demonstrate a broadly applicable and rapidly customisable platform for high-content screening in zebrafish.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Cell wall damage attenuates root hair patterning and tissue morphogenesis mediated by the receptor kinase STRUBBELIG
Authors: Chaudhary Ajeet , Chen Xia , Leśniewska Barbara , Boikine Rodion , Gao Jin , Wolf Sebastian , Schneitz Kay 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Cell wall remodeling is essential for the control of growth and development as well as the regulation of stress responses. However, the underlying cell wall monitoring mechanisms remain poorly understood. Regulation of root hair fate and flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana requires signaling mediated by the atypical receptor kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB). Furthermore, SUB is involved in cell wall integrity signaling and regulates the cellular response to reduced levels of cellulose, a central component of the cell wall. Here, we show that continuous exposure to sub-lethal doses of the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor isoxaben results in altered root hair patterning and floral morphogenesis. Genetically impairing cellulose biosynthesis also results in root hair patterning defects. We further show that isoxaben exerts its developmental effects through the attenuation of SUB signaling. Our evidence indicates that downregulation of SUB is a multi-step process and involves changes in SUB complex architecture at the plasma membrane, enhanced removal of SUB from the cell surface, and downregulation of SUB transcript levels. The results provide molecular insight into how the cell wall regulates cell fate and tissue morphogenesis.
Elastic energy storage in seahorses leads to a unique suction flow dynamics compared with other actinopterygians
Authors: Avidan Corrine , Holzman Roi 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Suction feeding is a dominant prey-capture strategy across actinopterygians, consisting of a rapid expansion of the mouth cavity that drives a flow of water containing the prey into the mouth. Suction feeding is a power-hungry behavior, involving the actuation of cranial muscles as well as the anterior third of the fish's swimming muscles. Seahorses, which have reduced swimming muscles, evolved a unique mechanism for elastic energy storage that powers their suction flows. This mechanism allows seahorses to achieve head rotation speeds that are 50 times faster than those of fish lacking such a mechanism. However, it is unclear how the dynamics of suction flows in seahorses differ from the conserved pattern observed across other actinopterygians, or how differences in snout length across seahorses affect these flows. Using flow visualization experiments, we show that seahorses generate suction flows that are 8 times faster than those of similar-sized fish, and that the temporal patterns of cranial kinematics and suction flows in seahorses differ from the conserved pattern observed across other actinopterygians. However, the spatial patterns retain the conserved actinopterygian characteristics, where suction flows impact a radially symmetric region of ∼1 gape diameter outside the mouth. Within seahorses, increases in snout length were associated with slower suction flows and faster head rotation speeds, resulting in a trade-off between pivot feeding and suction feeding. Overall, this study shows how the unique cranial kinematics in seahorses are manifested in their suction-feeding performance, and highlights the trade-offs associated with their unique morphology and mechanics.
Knowledge and attitude of secondary school students in Nakaseke, Uganda towards HIV transmission and treatment
Authors: Nabisubi Patricia , Kanyerezi Stephen , Kebirungi Grace , Mboowa Gerald 
Published: July 2021

Background: One of the major health concerns in Nakaseke district, Uganda is the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), as of March 2014, the prevalence rate of the disease in the district was estimated at about 8%, compared to the national average of 6.5%, making Nakaseke district have the sixth-highest prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in the entire country. We set out to explore the knowledge and attitude of secondary school students in Nakaseke, Uganda on HIV transmission and treatment. Methods: This was a cross sectional survey-based study with data collected during the month of February 2020. Data were analyzed using R programming language version 3.6.2. Results: A total of 163 participants volunteered for the study, 53.37% males and 46.63% females with ages ranging from 12 – 20 years. Participants came from 5 senior classes (S1, S2, S3, S4 and S6). In total, 87.73% participants were aware of HIV/AIDS while 12.27% were not. The major source of information was through teachers/schools. 96.50% knew the mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS and 95.11% were conversant with HIV/AIDS prevention. 63.6% were aware of the terms DNA and genes whereas 36.36% were not. Discussion: Generally, the students in Nakaseke district, Uganda had a high level of awareness of HIV/AIDS based on Bloom’s cut-off point. However, with regards to aspects such as the cause and modern prevention methods like taking prep and prevention of mother to child transmission were less known to them. Efforts to find a cure for HIV/AIDS are still in vain. Therefore, strong emphasis on up to date control and prevention methods should be implemented to fight the HIV/AIDS scourge.
Human reproductive systems: the wonder of life
Authors: Peate Ian 
Published: July 2021

The female and male reproductive systems are considered in this article. While these two systems are very different, there are some fundamental issues that concern both systems, for example, the approach that the healthcare assistant and associate practitioner (HCA and AP) takes when offering care and support to people. This article provides an overview of the reproductive systems, their location and their functions. A glossary of terms has been provided and a range of multiple-choice questions is included, so as to aid learning and recall.
‘Hello, my name is …’: an exploratory case study of inter-professional student experiences in practice
Authors: Ban Sasha , Baker Katherine , Bradley Gemma , Derbyshire Julie , Elliott Cheryl , Haskin Marion , MacKnight Janice , Rosengarten Leah 
Published: July 2021

Background: The ‘Hello my name is …’ campaign emphasises the importance of compassionate care and focuses on health professionals introducing themselves to patients. Research has found that using names is key to providing individuals with a sense of belonging and can be vital in ensuring patient safety. Objective: To investigate the student experience of having ‘Hello my name is …’ printed on student uniforms and implement this campaign in practice. Design: A case study was used to capture the experiences of 40 multiprofessional healthcare students in practice. Participants were asked to complete a reflective diary during their first week in practice and attend a focus group with 4–8 other students. Setting: A higher education institution in the north east of England with students from adult, child and learning disability nursing, occupational therapy, physiotherapy and midwifery programmes, in a variety of clinical placements throughout the region. Findings: The implementation of the campaign and logo branding on the uniforms of students resulted in an increase in the number of times students were addressed by their name in practice. Participants reported that the study helped them to quickly develop a sense of belonging when on placement, and aided them in delivering compassionate care. Occasions when patient safety was improved were also reported. Conclusion: The use of names is a key feature in human relationships and the delivery of compassionate care, and the authors advocate use of the ‘Hello my name is …’ campaign for all health professionals.
A review of the eating disorders literature with reference to dentistry
Authors: Waylen Andrea 
Published: July 2021

Eating disorders are severe psychiatric illnesses associated with physical and psychological morbidity and mortality. In the UK, around 1 in 9 people are directly affected. Oral healthcare professionals may be among the first to observe the signs and symptoms of an eating disorder because of the recognizable and consistent links with oral pathology and it is important that they are sufficiently informed about the condition, and feel confident in raising it with patients and/or their families.CPD/Clinical Relevance: Oral healthcare professionals may be among the first to suspect that a patient has an eating disorder: they can play a role in diagnosis and appropriate referral, as well as providing appropriate oral healthcare advice.
Parity-time symmetric gratings in 1550  nm distributed-feedback laser diodes: insight on device design rules
Authors: Benisty Henri , Brac de la Perrière Vincent , Ramdane Abderahim , Lupu Anatole 
Published: July 2021

We build on former results from our work on parity-time symmetric gratings implemented in 1550 nm distributed-feedback laser diodes to address the design issues raised by the first trends we observed. These laser diodes are of a complex-coupled nature, with modulations of both real and imaginary parts of the effective index, with a relative phase related to the parity-time symmetry. The unidirectionality of the photonic behavior in the reflection mode is dependent on the level of extra losses incurred by the metallic grating used to implement fixed loss modulation onto a nearly uniform gain, either as a first-order or a third-order grating. The observed behavior suggests that facets play a large role in setting the desired unidirectional lasing operation points, with preferential emission on one side. We explore this issue, which is of generic interest for the coupling of parity-time symmetric structures to open space.
Simulation of enhanced light extraction from periodic, disordered, and quasi-periodic OLED structures
Authors: Zhang Yu , Biswas Rana , Shinar Ruth , Shinar Joseph 
Published: July 2021

We have developed a rigorous scattering matrix theory of light emission
from periodically structured media using a Green’s function approach.
We computationally simulate the spectral power inside the structure,
incorporating Purcell factor enhancements, and find internal
waveguiding modes and plasmonic losses. We simulate the
light-outcoupling factor

η

out

and describe how corrugations and
structured media can enhance

η

out

. We have extended our framework to
describe non-periodic disordered arrays as well as aperiodic
quasi-crystalline arrays. Flat organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
have low outcoupling with

η

out

∼

20

%

since most of the light is trapped in
waveguided modes in higher index layers or lost to plasmonic
excitations at the metal cathode. Periodically corrugated OLEDs can
achieve highly enhanced

η

out

∼

65

%

−

70

%

for pitch values between 1000 and
2000 nm, representing an enhancement factor

>

3

over planar structures. Periodic
corrugations strongly diffract trapped waveguided and plasmonic modes
to the emissive air cone. Disordered templates also can cause
significant enhanced outcoupling with

η

out

∼

50

%

−

55

%

for smaller nearest-neighbor
separations of 300–400 nm. Quasi-crystalline tilings can also lead to
enhancements of

η

out

∼

50

%

−

55

%

. This framework can be utilized to
design novel structured media that can generate high light
extraction.
Optical Kerr nonlinearity and multiphoton absorption of DSTMS measured by the Z-scan method
Authors: Li Jiang , Rana Rakesh , Zhu Liguo , Liu Cangli , Schneider Harald , Pashkin Alexej 
Published: July 2021

We investigate the optical Kerr nonlinearity and multiphoton absorption (MPA) properties of 4-N, N-dimethylamino-4’-N’-methyl-stilbazolium 2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzene-sulfonate (DSTMS) excited by femtosecond pulses at a wavelength of 1.43 µm, which is optimal for terahertz generation via difference frequency mixing. The MPA and the optical Kerr coefficients of DSTMS at 1.43 µm are strongly anisotropic, indicating a dominating contribution from cascaded second-order nonlinearity.
Coherence function-encoded optical palpation
Authors: Fang Qi , Wijesinghe Philip , Jones Rhys , Lakhiani Devina D. , Dessauvagie Benjamin F. , Latham Bruce , Saunders Christobel , Kennedy Brendan F. 
Published: July 2021

Optical palpation maps stress at the surface of biological tissue into 2D images. It relies on measuring surface deformation of a compliant layer, which to date has been performed with optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT-based optical palpation holds promise for improved clinical diagnostics; however, the complexity and cost hinder broad adoption. In this Letter, we introduce coherence function-encoded optical palpation (CFE-OP) using a novel optical profilometry technique that exploits the envelope of the coherence function rather than its peak position, which is typically used to retrieve depth information. CFE-OP utilizes a Fabry–Perot laser diode (bandwidth, 2.2 nm) and a single photodiode in a Michelson interferometer to detect the position along the coherence envelope as a function of path length. This technique greatly reduces complexity and cost in comparison to the OCT-based approach. We perform CFE-OP on phantom and excised human breast tissue, demonstrating comparable mechanical contrast to OCT-based optical palpation and the capability to distinguish stiff tumor from soft benign tissue.
Symmetric metasurface with dual band polarization-independent high-Q resonances governed by symmetry-protected BIC
Authors: Cai Yuepei , Huang Yong , Zhu Keyong , Wu Huihai 
Published: July 2021

In this Letter, we propose a symmetric metasurface composed of single-sized amorphous-silicon (a-Si) cuboids tetramer clusters that support two resonances with opposite symmetry, i.e., in-plane magnetic dipole (MD) resonance and in-plane toroidal dipole (TD) resonance governed by symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum (SP-BIC) in the near-infrared region. Since the cuboids tetramer of the metasurface retains

C

4
v

symmetry and mirror symmetry, both resonances are polarization independent. Multipolar decomposition of scattering power and electromagnetic distribution are performed to clarify the physical mechanism of dual quasi-BIC resonances. The effects of geometric parameters on both high-quality (Q) resonances are also studied. Additionally, the sensing performance of the designed metasurface is evaluated. The effects of the material’s loss on both resonances are also studied. Our work provides a new route to designing dual mode polarization- independent resonators without multi-sized complex structures that may facilitate designing high-performance sensing applications.
High-efficiency generation of narrowband soft x rays from carbon nanotube foams irradiated by relativistic femtosecond lasers
Authors: Shou Yinren , Wang Dahui , Wang Pengjie , Liu Jianbo , Cao Zhengxuan , Mei Zhusong , Xu Shirui , Pan Zhuo , Kong Defeng , Qi Guijun , Liu Zhipeng , Liang Yulan , Peng Ziyang , Gao Ying , Chen Shiyou , Zhao Jiarui , Zhao Yanying , Xu Han , Zhao Jun , Wu Yanqing , Yan Xueqing , Ma Wenjun 
Published: July 2021

A number of applications require x rays of both high flux and narrow bandwidth. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate the high-efficiency generation of narrowband soft x rays from carbon nanotube foams irradiated by a femtosecond laser pulse at an intensity of

10

19

W

/

c
m

2

. The building blocks of the foam, single-walled carbon nanotube bundles with diameters smaller than the laser skin length can be volumetrically heated and fully ionized on a femtosecond time scale. The three-dimensional network structure of the foam permits deep penetration and drastic absorption of the laser pulse, and results in bright line emissions without prominent Stark broadening. A single-shot yield of

3
×

10

14

p
h
o
t
o
n
s

in the carbon

L
y

α

line at 3.37 nm was measured with a bandwidth of 0.013 nm.