bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philipp Koehn: Neural Machine Translation
Authors: Jooste Wandri , Haque Rejwanul , Way Andy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNeural machine translation (NMT) is an approach to machine translation (MT) that uses deep learning techniques, a broad area of machine learning based on deep artificial neural networks (NNs). The book Neural Machine Translation by Philipp Koehn targets a broad range of readers including researchers, scientists, academics, advanced undergraduate or postgraduate students, and users of MT, covering wider topics including fundamental and advanced neural network-based learning techniques and methodologies used to develop NMT systems. The book demonstrates different linguistic and computational aspects in terms of NMT with the latest practices and standards and investigates problems relating to NMT. Having read this book, the reader should be able to formulate, design, implement, critically assess and evaluate some of the fundamental and advanced deep learning techniques and methods used for MT. Koehn himself notes that he was somewhat overtaken by events, as originally this book was envisaged only as a chapter in a revised, extended version of his 2009 book Statistical Machine Translation. However, in the interim, NMT completely overtook this previously dominant paradigm, and this new book is likely to serve as the reference of note for the field for some time to come, despite the fact that new techniques are coming onstream all the time.
Improving the Learning of Mechanics Through Augmented Reality
Authors: Hedenqvist Clarissa , Romero Mario , Vinuesa Ricardo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study investigates to which extent students’ understanding of the physical phenomenon of torque can be improved through the use of visualization technology, in particular of augmented reality (AR). The students in the first-year course Mechanics I at KTH participated in the study by taking two tests on torque. In between those tests, a subgroup of students participated in a user study where they used an AR application to solve problems regarding torque. The results of the pre-test and the post-test indicate that the subgroup who used the app improved their understanding of torque to a greater extent than the ones who did not use the app. However, a larger sample space would be required to obtain a complete statistical characterization of the reported (qualitative and quantitative) improvement.
To graze or to mow? The influence of grassland management on grasshoppers (Orthoptera) on a flood protection embankment in the Donau-Auen National Park (Austria)
Authors: Almásy Johanna , Essl Franz , Berger Ambros , Schulze Christian H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Most Central European grasslands crucially depend on land use, and thus there is a need to comparatively analyse the impacts of different types of land use management on grassland biota.

Aims and methods
We use grasshoppers (Orthoptera), which are the most important insect herbivores in grasslands, and assess the differences of grazing (sheep) and mowing on species abundance, richness, and composition. We use a river embankment in the National Park Donau Auen as study site, where we have established 28 transects. Orthoptera abundance was surveyed 13 times between May and September 2019 in each transect.

Results
We recorded 24 Orthoptera species, of which 12 species are listed in the national Red List. The most abundant non-threatened species is Pseudochorthippus parallelus in mown transects, while in grazed transects Euchorthippus declivus is most abundant. Eight of the ten most abundant Orthoptera species differed significantly in abundance between mown and grazed transects. Total abundance of Orthoptera was higher in mown transects, while grazed transects had higher species richness. Most xero-thermophilic species were more abundant in grazed transects, while some species of mesic grassland were more abundant in mown transects. These species-level differences resulted in clearly separated Orthoptera species assemblages between grazed and mown transects. Our findings suggest that the less dense vegetation in grazed transects better fulfilled the habitat requirements of xero-thermophilic species compared to mown transects

Discussion
Given that mown and grazed transects are located adjacent to each other, that the complete study site was mown for many decades and grazing was only started one year before field data collection, the scale of differences in species richness, composition and abundances between grazed and mown transects is surprising. Thus, our findings indicate that grasshoppers respond rapidly to changing land use.

Implications for insect conservation
We conclude that river embankments can be important secondary habitats for species-rich grasshopper communities. We recommend that grazing should be continued at the river embankment, ideally as rotational pasture as currently done. Mowing should be changed towards mowing parts of the river embankment at different times and leaving small strips of vegetation unmown.
The Mental Health Quality of Life Questionnaire (MHQoL): development and first psychometric evaluation of a new measure to assess quality of life in people with mental health problems
Authors: van Krugten F. C. W. , Busschbach J. J. V. , Versteegh M. M. , Hakkaart-van Roijen L. , Brouwer W. B. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate a new quality of life measure for use in people with mental health problems—the Mental Health Quality of Life questionnaire (MHQoL).

Methods
The MHQoL dimensions were based on prior research by Connell and colleagues, highlighting the seven most important quality of life dimensions in the context of mental health. Items were generated following a systematic review we performed and through inviting expert opinion. A focus group and an online qualitative study (N = 120) were carried out to assess the face and content validity of the MHQoL. The MHQoL was further tested for its internal consistency, convergent validity, known-group validity and test–retest reliability among mental healthcare service users (N = 479) and members of the general population (N = 110).

Results
The MHQoL consists of a descriptive system (MHQoL-7D), including s items covering seven dimensions (self-image, independence, mood, relationships, daily activities, physical health, future) and a visual analogue scale of general psychological well-being (MHQoL-VAS). Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's ∝ = 0.85) and correlations between MHQoL-7D scores and related measures (EQ-5D-5L, MANSA, ICECAP-A, and BSI) supported convergent validity. The intraclass correlation coefficient of the MHQoL-7D sum score for test–retest reliability was 0.85. Known-group validity was supported by the ability to detect significant differences in MHQoL-7D levels between service users and the general population, and between groups with different levels of psychological distress.

Conclusion
The MHQoL demonstrated favourable psychometric properties and showed promise as a simple and effective measure to assess quality of life in people with mental health problems.
Approaching probabilistic laws
Authors: Niiniluoto Ilkka 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the general problem of verisimilitude, we try to define the distance of a statement from a target, which is an informative truth about some domain of investigation. For example, the target can be a state description, a structure description, or a constituent of a first-order language (Sect. 1). In the problem of legisimilitude, the target is a deterministic or universal law, which can be expressed by a nomic constituent or a quantitative function involving the operators of physical necessity and possibility (Sect. 2). The special case of legisimilitude, where the target is a probabilistic law (Sect. 3), has been discussed by Roger Rosenkrantz (Synthese, 1980) and Ilkka Niiniluoto (Truthlikeness, 1987, Ch. 11.5). Their basic proposal is to measure the distance between two probabilistic laws by the Kullback–Leibler notion of divergence, which is a semimetric on the space of probability measures. This idea can be applied to probabilistic laws of coexistence and laws of succession, and the examples may involve discrete or continuous state spaces (Sect. 3). In this paper, these earlier studies are elaborated in four directions (Sect. 4). First, even though deterministic laws are limiting cases of probabilistic laws, the target-sensitivity of truthlikeness measures implies that the legisimilitude of probabilistic laws is not easily reducible to the deterministic case. Secondly, the Jensen-Shannon divergence is applied to mixed probabilistic laws which entail some universal laws. Thirdly, a new class of distance measures between probability distributions is proposed, so that their horizontal differences are taken into account in addition to vertical ones (Sect. 5). Fourthly, a solution is given for the epistemic problem of estimating degrees of probabilistic legisimilitude on the basis of empirical evidence (Sect. 6).
Modelling Shallow Groundwater Evaporation Rates from a Large Tank Experiment
Authors: Colombani Nicolò , Fronzi Davide , Palpacelli Stefano , Gaiolini Mattia , Gervasio Maria Pia , Marcellini Mirco , Mastrocicco Micol , Tazioli Alberto 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA large tank (1.4 m x 4.0 m x 1.3 m) filled with medium-coarse sand was employed to measure evaporation rates from shallow groundwater at controlled laboratory conditions, to determine drivers and mechanisms. To monitor the groundwater level drawdown 12 piezometers were installed in a semi regular grid and equipped with high precision water level, temperature, and electrical conductivity (EC) probes. In each piezometer, 6 micro sampling ports were installed every 10 cm to capture vertical salinity gradients. Moreover, the soil water content, temperature and EC were measured in the unsaturated zone using TDR probes placed at 5, 20 and 40 cm depth. The monitoring started in February 2020 and lasted for 4 months until the groundwater drawdown became residual. To model the groundwater heads, temperature, and salinity variations SEAWAT 4.0 was employed. The calibrated model was then used to obtain the unknown parameters, such as: maximum evaporation rates (1.5-4.4 mm/d), extinction depth (0.90 m), mineral dissolution (5.0e-9 g/d) and evaporation concentration (0.35 g/L). Despite the drawdown was uniformly distributed, the increase of groundwater salinity was rather uneven, while the temperature increase mimicked the atmospheric temperature increase. The initial groundwater salinity and the small changes in the evaporation rate controlled the evapoconcentration process in groundwater, while the effective porosity was the most sensitive parameter. This study demonstrates that shallow groundwater evaporation from sandy soils can produce homogeneous water table drawdown but appreciable differences in the distribution of groundwater salinity.
Ancylotherium pentelicum (Mammalia, Chalicotheriidae) from the late Miocene of Kerassia (Greece) and remarks on its intraspecific variability
Authors: Kampouridis Panagiotis , Roussiakis Socrates J. , Giaourtsakis Ioannis X. , Kargopoulos Nikolaos , Svorligkou Georgia , Theodorou Georgios E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe first detailed description ofAncylotherium pentelicum(Gaudry and Lartet, 1856) from the late Miocene (Turolian) of Kerassia (Greece) is provided based on three metapodial elements. Potential intraspecific variability of this species in the Eastern Mediterranean has been previously discussed, but no decisive conclusions could be drawn. The present comparison of metapodial elements ofA. pentelicumfrom Kerassia, Pikermi, Samos (Greece), Pinaryaka, Salihpaşalar (Turkey), Kiro Kuchuk (North Macedonia), and Hadjidimovo (Bulgaria) provides evidence for the existence of notable intraspecific variation in both the morphology and especially the size of the species. The morphological differences in the shape and occurrence of some metapodial articular facets are probably associated with the anticipated individual variability and not with sexual dimorphism. On the other hand, the notable metrical variability observed among metapodials ofA. pentelicummay be indicative of sexual dimorphism, as has been previously documented in other chalicotheriids.
Epistemic artifacts and the modal dimension of modeling
Authors: Knuuttila Tarja 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe epistemic value of models has traditionally been approached from a representational perspective. This paper argues that the artifactual approach evades the problem of accounting for representation and better accommodates the modal dimension of modeling. From an artifactual perspective, models are viewed as erotetic vehicles constrained by their construction and available representational tools. The modal dimension of modeling is approached through two case studies. The first portrays mathematical modeling in economics, while the other discusses the modeling practice of synthetic biology, which exploits and combines models in various modes and media. Neither model intends to represent any actual target system. Rather, they are constructed to study possible mechanisms through the construction of a model system with built-in dependencies.
Quantifying the partial penetration skin factor for evaluating the completion efficiency of vertical oil wells
Authors: Abobaker Ekhwaiter , Elsanoose Abadelhalim , Khan Faisal , Rahman Mohammad Azizur , Aborig Amer , Noah Khalid 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn oil well's productivity is generally considered the standard measure of the well's performance. However, productivity depends on several factors, including fluid characteristics, formation damage, the reservoir's formation, and the kind of completion the well undergoes. How a partial completion can affect a well's performance will be investigated in detail in this study, as nearly every vertical well is only partially completed as a result of gas cap or water coning issues. Partially penetrated wells typically experience a larger pressure drop of fluid flow caused by restricted regions, thus increasing the skin factor. A major challenge for engineers when developing completion designs or optimizing skin factor variables is devising and testing suitable partial penetration skin and comparing completion options. Several researchers have studied and calculated a partial penetration skin factor, but some of their results tend to be inaccurate and cause excessive errors. The present work proposes experimental work and a numerical simulation model for accurate estimation of the pseudo-skin factor for partially penetrated wells. The work developed a simple correlation for predicting the partial penetration skin factor for perforated vertical wells. The work also compared the results from available models that are widely accepted by the industry as a basis for gauging the accuracy of the new correlation in estimating the skin factor. Compared to other approaches, the novel correlation performs well by providing estimates for the partial penetration skin factor that are relatively close to those obtained by the tested models. This work's main contribution is the presentation of a novel correlation that simplifies the estimation of the partial penetration skin factor in partially completed vertical wells.
Multi-Wavelength Ultra-Weak Fiber Bragg Grating Arrays for Long-Distance Quasi-Distributed Sensing
Authors: Gao Wenjing , Liu Jianxia , Guo Huiyong , Jiang Xin , Sun Shaofa , Yu Haihu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFiber Bragg grating (FBG) array, consisting of a number of sensing units in a single optical fiber, can be practically applied in quasi-distributed sensing networks. Serious signal crosstalk occurring between large-serial of identical FBGs, however, has limited the further increase in the number of sensing units, thus restricting applications only for short-distance sensing networks. To reduce the signal crosstalk, we design two novel types of 10-kilometer-long FBG arrays with 10 000 equally spaced gratings, written on-line using a customized grating inscription system, which is affiliated to a drawing tower. Main factors causing signal crosstalk, such as spectral shadowing and multiple reflections, are firstly investigated in theory. Consistent with the theoretical findings, experimental results are proving that ultra-weak (the reflectivity of ∼−40 dB) and multi-wavelength gratings of a number more than 10 000 can be readily identified, with satisfied low crosstalk. The maximum attenuation of grating signal and minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in a single-wavelength array are 10.69 dB and 5.62 dB, respectively. As a comparison, by increasing the number of central wavelengths to three, the attenuation can be effectively reduced to 5.54 dB and the minimum SNR has been improved to 8.14 dB. The current study significantly enhances the multiplexing capacity of FBG arrays and demonstrates promising potentials for establishing large-capacity quasi-distributed sensing networks.
Potential antidiabetic phytochemicals in plant roots: a review of in vivo studies
Authors: Ardalani Hamidreza , Hejazi Amiri Fatemeh , Hadipanah Amin , Kongstad Kenneth T. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundMedicinal plants are used to treat various disorders, including diabetes, globally in a range of formulations. While attention has mainly been on the aerial plant parts, there are only a few review studies to date that are focused on the natural constituents present in the plant roots with health benefits. Thus, the present study was performed to review in vivo studies investigating the antidiabetic potential of the natural compounds in plant roots.MethodsWe sorted relevant data in 2001–2019 from scientific databases and search engines, including Web of Knowledge, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Medline, Reaxys, and Google Scholar. The class of phytochemicals, plant families, major compounds, active constituents, effective dosages, type of extracts, time of experiments, and type of diabetic induction were described.ResultsIn our literature review, we found 104 plants with determined antidiabetic activity in their root extracts. The biosynthesis pathways and mechanism of actions of the most frequent class of compounds were also proposed. The results of this review indicated that flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and phytosteroids are the most abundant natural compounds in plant roots with antidiabetic activity. Phytochemicals in plant roots possess different mechanisms of action to control diabetes, including inhibition ofα-amylase andα-glucosidase enzymes, oxidative stress reduction, secretion of insulin, improvement of diabetic retinopathy/nephropathy, slow the starch digestion, and contribution against hyperglycemia.ConclusionThis review concludes that plant roots are a promising source of bioactive compounds which can be explored to develop against diabetes and diabetes-related complications.Graphical abstract
Die Offenheit für interethnische Freundschaften von Jugendlichen in marginalisierten Wohngebieten
Authors: Zdun Steffen 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungObwohl interethnische Freundschaften seit Jahren in der deutschen Soziologie thematisiert werden, handelt es sich meist eher um Defizitdiskurse bzw. eine Beschäftigung mit interethnischen Begegnungen in verschiedenen Settings und deren Auswirkungen auf das Individuum. Hingegen ist die darüber hinausgehende Offenheit für interethnische Freundschaften von Jugendlichen in marginalisierten Stadtteilen eine relativ neue Entwicklung hierzulande und deshalb auch ein empirisch relativ blinder Fleck. Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich diesem Trend auf der Datengrundlage einer qualitativen Explorativstudie, in deren Rahmen 45 Jugendliche aus sechs deutschen Städten befragt wurden. Die Ergebnisse geben Einblick in diese Offenheit der Jugendlichen und das Selbstverständnis, mit dem sie in Freundschaften mit lokalen Peers praktiziert wird.
Factors associated with daily opioid use among aged home care clients: a cross-sectional analysis of Resident Assessment Instrument data
Authors: Mörttinen-Vallius Heidi , Hartikainen Sirpa , Huhtala Heini , Seinelä Lauri , Jämsen Esa 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To examine which client characteristics and other factors, including possible adverse effects, identified in the Resident Assessment Instrument—Home Care (RAI-HC) are associated with daily opioid use among aged home care clients.

Methods
The study sample comprised 2584 home care clients aged ≥ 65 years, of which 282 persons used opioids daily. Clients using opioids less than once daily were excluded. The cross-sectional data were gathered from each client’s first assessment with the RAI-HC during 2014. Multivariable logistic regression was used to study associations of daily opioid use with the clients’ characteristics and symptoms.

Results
Cognitive impairment was associated with less frequent opioid use after adjusting for pain-related diseases, disabilities and depressive symptoms (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.32–0.58). The association was not explained by the estimated severity of pain. Osteoporosis, cancer within previous 5 years and greater disabilities in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) were associated with daily opioid use regardless of the estimated severity of pain. Depressive symptoms and Parkinson’s disease were associated with daily opioid use only among clients with cognitive impairment, and disabilities in Activities of Daily Living, cancer, arthritis, fractures and pressure ulcers only among clients without cognitive impairment. Constipation was the only adverse effect associated with daily opioid use.

Conclusion
The pain of home care clients with cognitive impairment may not be treated optimally, whereas there might be prolonged opioid use without a sufficient evaluation of current pain among clients with osteoporosis, cancer within previous 5 years and disabilities in IADLs.
Forschung partizipativ und inklusiv gestalten? Ethische Reflexionen zu Interviews mit Kindern unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Erwachsenheit
Authors: Velten Katrin , Höke Julia 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungIm Beitrag wird mit Fokus auf vier Ansprüche an die Erfassung von Kinderperspektiven der methodische Zugang des Interviews daraufhin reflektiert, wie im Kontext von kindlichem Eigensinn und generationaler Ordnung die Erwachsenheit der Forscher*innen aus forschungsethischer Sicht betrachtet werden kann und muss. In der sequenzanalytischen Re-Analyse von konflikthaften und weniger ergiebig erscheinenden Interviewsequenzen werden sog. Ad-hoc-Praktiken deutlich, in denen Forscher*innen in der Einmaligkeit der konkreten Interviewsituation Erwachsenheit und generationale Ordnung bei gleichzeitigem Interesse am Eigensinn des Kindes (re)produzieren. Diese sog. „Turning Points“ bieten Impulse für die Justierung des Begriffs der Angemessenheit und die Erweiterung von individuellen Forschungskompetenzen bei Kinderbefragungen.