bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Models for sensing by nanowire networks: application to organic vapour detection by multiwall carbon nanotube—DNA films
Authors: Ali Shams B , Oshido Atsinafe B , Houlton Andrew , Horrocks Benjamin R 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Electronic sensors for volatile organic compounds have been prepared by drop-casting dispersions of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in aqueous solutions of λ-DNA onto Pt microband electrodes. The MWCNTs themselves show a metal-like temperature dependence of the conductance, but the conductance of DNA/MWCNT composites has an activated component that corresponds to inter-tube tunneling. The resistance of the composite was modelled by a series combination of a term linear in temperature for the nanotubes and a stretched exponential form for the inter-tube junctions. The resistance may increase or decrease with temperature according to the composition and may be tuned to be almost temperature-independent at 67% by mass of DNA. Upon exposure to organic vapours, the resistance of the composites increases and the time-dependence of this signal is consistent with diffusion of the vapour into the composite. The fractional change in resistance at steady-state provides an analytical signal with a linear calibration and the presence of DNA enhances the signal and adjusts the selectivity in favour of polar analytes. The temperature dependence of the signal is determined by the enthalpy of adsorption of the analyte in the inter-tube junctions and may be satisfactorily modelled using the Langmuir isotherm. Temperature and pressure-dependent studies indicate that neither charge injection by oxidation/reduction of the analyte nor condensation of analyte on the device is responsible for the signal. We suggest that the origin of the sensing response is an adsorption of the analyte in the inter-tube regions that modulates the tunneling barriers. This suggests a general route to tuning the selectivity of MWCNT gas sensors using non-conductive polymers of varying chemical functionality.
Block copolymers as (single-ion conducting) lithium battery electrolytes
Authors: Mayer Alexander , Steinle Dominik , Passerini Stefano , Bresser Dominic 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Solid-state batteries are considered the next big step towards the realization of intrinsically safer high-energy lithium batteries for the steadily increasing implementation of this technology in electronic devices and particularly, electric vehicles. However, so far only electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide) have been successfully commercialized despite their limited stability towards oxidation and low ionic conductivity at room temperature. Block copolymer (BCP) electrolytes are believed to provide significant advantages thanks to their tailorable properties. Thus, research activities in this field have been continuously expanding in recent years with great progress to enhance their performance and deepen the understanding towards the interplay between their chemistry, structure, electrochemical properties, and charge transport mechanism. Herein, we review this progress with a specific focus on the block-copolymer nanostructure and ionic conductivity, the latest works, as well as the early studies that are fr"equently overlooked by researchers newly entering this field. Moreover, we discuss the impact of adding a lithium salt in comparison to single-ion conducting BCP electrolytes along with the encouraging features of these materials and the remaining challenges that are yet to be solved.
Quantum conductors formation and resistive switching memory effects in zirconia nanotubes
Authors: Vokhmintsev Alexander , Petrenyov Ilya , Kamalov Robert , Weinstein Ilya 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The prospects of the development of non-volatile memory elements that involve memristive metal-dielectric-metal sandwich structures are due to the possibility of reliably implementing sustained functional states with quantized conductance. In the present paper, we have explored the properties of Zr/ZrO2/Au memristors fabricated based on an anodic zirconia layer that consists of an ordered array of vertically oriented non-stoichiometric nanotubes with an outer diameter of 30 nm. The operational stability of the designed memory devices has been analyzed in unipolar and bipolar resistive switching modes. The resistance ratio ≥105 between high-resistance (HRS) and low-resistance (LRS) states has been evaluated. It has been found that the LRS conductivity is quantized over a wide range with a fundamental minimum of 0.5G
0 = 38.74 μS due to the formation of quantum conductors based on oxygen vacancies (VO). For Zr/ZrO2/Au memristors, resistive switching mechanisms to be sensitive to the migration of VO in an applied electric field have been proposed. It has been shown that the ohmic type and space-charge-limited conductivities are realized in the LRS and HRS, respectively. Besides, we have offered a brief review of parameters for functional metal/zirconia/metal nanolayered structures to create effective memristors with multiple resistive states and a high resistance ratio.
Applications of nanomagnets as dynamical systems: I
Authors: Rana Bivas , Mondal Amrit Kumar , Bandyopadhyay Supriyo , Barman Anjan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhen magnets are fashioned into nanoscale elements, they exhibit a wide variety of phenomena replete with rich physics and the lure of tantalizing applications. In this topical review, we discuss some of these phenomena, especially those that have come to light recently, and highlight their potential applications. We emphasize what drives a phenomenon, what undergirds the dynamics of the system that exhibits the phenomenon, how the dynamics can be manipulated, and what specific features can be harnessed for technological advances. For the sake of balance, we point out both advantages and shortcomings of nanomagnet based devices and systems predicated on the phenomena we discuss. Where possible, we chart out paths for future investigations that can shed new light on an intriguing phenomenon and/or facilitate both traditional and non-traditional applications.
Molecular dynamics investigations of the size effects on mechanical properties and deformation mechanism of amorphous and monocrystalline composite AlFeNiCrCu high-entropy alloy nanowires
Authors: Niu Yihan , Zhao Dan , Zhu Bo , Wang Shunbo , Wang Zhaoxin , Zhao Hongwei 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The atomic models of amorphous and monocrystalline composite AlFeNiCrCu high-entropy alloy nanowires were established via the molecular dynamics method. The effects of amorphous structure thickness on mechanical properties and deformation mechanism were investigated by applying tensile and compressive loads to the nanowires. As the thickness of amorphous structures increases, the tensile yield strength decreases, and the asymmetry between tension and compression decreases. The tensile deformation mechanism transforms from the coupling interactions between stacking faults in crystal structures and uniform deformation of amorphous structures to the individual actions of uniform deformation of amorphous structures. During the tensile process, the nanowires necking appears at amorphous structures, and the thinner amorphous structures, the more prone to necking. The compressive deformation mechanism is the synergistic effects of twins and SFs in crystal structures and uniform deformation of amorphous structures, which is irrelevant to amorphous structure thickness. Remarkably, amorphous structures transform into crystal structures in the amorphous and monocrystalline composite nanowires during the compressive process.
Self-focusing of a spatially modulated beam within the paraxial complex geometrical optics framework in low-density plasmas
Authors: Ruocco A , Duchateau G , Tikhonchuk V T 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Accurate modelling of ponderomotive laser self-focusing may represent a key for the success of inertial confinement fusion, especially within the shock ignition approach. From a numerical point of view, implementation of a paraxial complex geometrical optics (PCGO) method has improved the performance of the hydrodynamics code CHIC, but (1) overestimating ponderomotive speckle self-focusing in reduced two-dimensional geometry, and (2) not accounting for speckle intensity statistics. The first issue was addressed in our previous work (Ruocco et al 2019 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
61 115009). Based on those results, here we propose a novel PCGO scheme for modelling spatially modulated laser beams by (1) creating Gaussian speckles, and (2) emulating the realistic speckle intensity statistics. Self-focusing of spatially modulated beams in a homogeneous stationary plasma with this method is studied. This investigation evidences that plasma smoothing does not reduce the speckle intensity enhancement at long time scales when the average beam intensity is twice above the speckle critical intensity. Comparison against electromagnetic simulations confirms that this approach improves the description of self-focusing of high-intensity speckles within the PCGO model.
An efficient low-temperature triethylamine gas sensor based on 2D ultrathin SnO2 nanofilms
Authors: Liu Yuchang , Liu Hongjie , Hu Anjie , Wei Yingmei , Ou Wenchao , Deng Xianwang , Wang Shaopeng , Yu Kefu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The quest to develop inexpensive chemical sensing materials that are energy-efficient, portable, and with efficient performance lies at the center of next-generation sensor development. Owing to their low cost, easy preparation, high response, and smooth integration with electronic circuits, metal oxide semiconductors have received particular attention. Yet, metal oxide semiconductor based sensors often suffer from high power consumption due to their high operating temperature, which hinders them from practical applications. To solve this problem, herein, we proposed ultrathin sub-4 nm SnO2 films synthesized by a facile tunable hydrothermal method. Benefiting immensely from its two-dimensional anisotropic nature, the proposed SnO2 ultra-thin film exhibits a large specific area of 94.41 m2 g−1 and possesses surface oxygen vacancies. The obtained sample was practically applied as a gas sensor; the results indicate that the ultra-thin SnO2 film based sensor exhibits the highest sensitivity to triethylamine (19.2 at 100 ppm), outstanding repeatability, and excellent sensing selectivity at a low working temperature of 150 °C.
Design, modeling and testing of a new compressive amplifier structure for piezoelectric harvester
Authors: Long Su Xian , Khoo Shin Yee , Ong Zhi Chao , Soong Ming Foong 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In recent years, harnessing electrical energy from mechanical vibration by using a piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) has attracted much attention from researchers. This sustainable energy harvester is useful for wireless sensor network, where a replacement or replenishment of an energy source such as a battery is impractical. From previous studies, the amount of energy generated by the PEH is very limited even in a high force environment. To solve this issue, mechanical amplifier structure such as Cymbal structure is implemented to amplify the tensile loading force towards the PEH. In terms of the material strength perspective, this performance can be further enhanced by using a compressive-type mechanical amplifier structure, as the compressive yield strength of piezoelectric material is much higher than its tensile yield strength. In this study, a compressive structural design which is named as Hull structure is proposed. Several techniques included analytical model analysis, finite element analysis (FEA), and experimental testing have been used to evaluate its performance. It shows a force amplification factor of 9.72 at 6° through the analytical model. From the FEA result, the proposed Hull structure shows great potential in enhancing the power output of 11.34 mW, which is 3.08 times larger than the benchmarking Tensile Cymbal structure. It also shows 5.28 times greater output voltage than the benchmark case in the experiment. Besides, it has a great advantage of providing a wider area for excitation loading force which increases the PEH’s load capacity and suitable for the vehicular excitation application.
Electrical properties of NbN/NbN
x
/NbN Josephson junctions
Authors: Zhang Lu , Yan Kaixin , Tao Yuanhe , Zhong Yulong , Shi Jiasheng , Zeng Junwen , Shi Weifeng , Wu Ling , Wang Huiwu , Peng Wei , Chen Lei , Wang Zhen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this work, we report the electrical properties of NbN internally shunted Josephson junctions with NbN
x
barriers. Cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy analysis shows that all layers have the same cubic structure; NbN/NbN
x
/NbN trilayers were epitaxially grown on MgO substrates. The resistivity of the NbN
x
films could be varied in the range of 1–104 mΩ cm by controlling both the N2 partial pressure and the deposition time during reactive sputtering. The temperature dependence of the critical current density (J
c) and characteristic voltage (I
c
R
n) of the junctions with different barrier resistivities were measured for various barrier thicknesses. For the 10 nm-thick NbN
x
layer with resistivities of 73.44, 385.72, and 711 mΩ cm, the coherence length of the barrier was determined to be 5.55 ± 0.07, 4.88 ± 0.06, and 1.40 ± 0.13 nm, respectively, corresponding to carrier diffusion rates of 2.741 ± 0.004, 1.211 ± 0.002, and 0.008 ± 0.001 cm2 s−1, respectively. Thus, the reduction in barrier resistivity leads to a larger coherence length and a faster diffusion rate, which will further increase the J
c and I
c
R
n of the junction. By adjusting the barrier resistivity and thickness, the J
c of the junction can be easily tuned over more than four orders of magnitude, and an I
c
R
n value of 0.97 ± 0.07 mV was obtained at 10 K. The results indicate that the all-NbN self-shunt junction is a promising candidate in high-speed and high-temperature applications.
Vortex dynamics in amorphous MoSi superconducting thin films
Authors: Liu Zhengyuan , Luo Bingcheng , Zhang Labao , Hou Boyu , Wang Danyang 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Vortex dynamics in superconductors have received a great deal of attention from both fundamental and applied researchers over the past few decades. Because of their critical role in the energy relaxation process of type-II superconductors, vortex dynamics have been deemed a key factor for the emerging superconducting devices, but the effect of irradiation on vortex dynamics remains unclear. With the support of electrical transport measurements under external magnetic fields and irradiation, the photon effect on vortex dynamics in amorphous MoSi (a-MoSi) superconducting thin films is investigated in this work. The magnetic-field-dependent critical vortex velocity v*
derived from the Larkin–Ovchinnikov (LO) model is not significantly affected by irradiation. However, vortex depinning is found to be enhanced by photon-induced reduction in the potential barrier, which mitigates the adverse effect of film inhomogeneity on superconductivity in the a-MoSi thin films. A thorough understanding of the vortex dynamics in a-MoSi thin films under the effect of external stimuli is of paramount importance for both further fundamental research in this area and the optimization of future superconducting devices.
Dependency of hysteretic loss on speed and tilt in a rotating superconducting magnetic bearing
Authors: Espenhahn Tilo , Sparing Maria , Berger Anne , Nielsch Kornelius , Hühne Ruben 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Superconducting magnetic bearings enable friction-free rotation, which is beneficial for different applications. Whereas mechanical losses are drastically reduced, additional hysteretic losses might be generated as for example by a process-related tilt of the field-cooled permanent magnet of the superconducting bearing. We designed a caloric measurement setup with a resolution down to 5 mW in order to study such losses in more detail. Therefore, a field-cooled magnet ring is deliberately tilted up to 3° before it rotates with a speed of up to 5000 rpm above the superconducting ring. The generated losses inside the superconductor lead to an increased evaporation rate in the attached liquid nitrogen bath, which in turn results to a measurable volume flow. The determined losses increase almost linear with speed, whereas an exponential increase was observed for the tilt angle. The results were confirmed by 2D simulations using a two-component model leading to similar dependencies for the hystertic losses on speed and tilt.
Coral: a web-based visual analysis tool for creating and characterizing cohorts
Authors: Adelberger Patrick , Eckelt Klaus , Bauer Markus J , Streit Marc , Haslinger Christian , Zichner Thomas 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Summary
A main task in computational cancer analysis is the identification of patient subgroups (i.e. cohorts) based on metadata attributes (patient stratification) or genomic markers of response (biomarkers). Coral is a web-based cohort analysis tool that is designed to support this task: Users can interactively create and refine cohorts, which can then be compared, characterized and inspected down to the level of single items. Coral visualizes the evolution of cohorts and also provides intuitive access to prevalence information. Furthermore, findings can be stored, shared and reproduced via the integrated session management. Coral is pre-loaded with data from over 128 000 samples from the AACR Project GENIE, the Cancer Genome Atlas and the Cell Line Encyclopedia.

Availability and implementation
Coral is publicly available at https://coral.caleydoapp.org. The source code is released at https://github.com/Caleydo/coral.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Imbalanced basal ganglia connectivity is associated with motor deficits and apathy in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Nair Akshay , Razi Adeel , Gregory Sarah , Rutledge Robb B , Rees Geraint , Tabrizi Sarah J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The gating of movement depends on activity within the cortico-striato-thalamic loops. Within these loops, emerging from the cells of the striatum, run two opponent pathways—the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways. Both are complex and polysynaptic, but the overall effect of activity within these pathways is thought to encourage and inhibit movement, respectively. In Huntington’s disease, the preferential early loss of striatal neurons forming the indirect pathway is thought to lead to disinhibition, giving rise to the characteristic motor features of the condition. But early Huntington’s disease is also associated with apathy, a loss of motivation and failure to engage in goal-directed movement. We hypothesized that in Huntington’s disease, motor signs and apathy may be selectively correlated with indirect and direct pathway dysfunction, respectively.
We used spectral dynamic casual modelling of resting-state functional MRI data to model effective connectivity in a model of these cortico-striatal pathways. We tested both of these hypotheses in vivo for the first time in a large cohort of patients with prodromal Huntington’s disease. Using an advanced approach at the group level we combined parametric empirical Bayes and Bayesian model reduction procedures to generate a large number of competing models and compare them using Bayesian model comparison. With this automated Bayesian approach, associations between clinical measures and connectivity parameters emerge de novo from the data.
We found very strong evidence (posterior probability &gt; 0.99) to support both of our hypotheses. First, more severe motor signs in Huntington’s disease were associated with altered connectivity in the indirect pathway components of our model and, by comparison, loss of goal-direct behaviour or apathy, was associated with changes in the direct pathway component.
The empirical evidence we provide here demonstrates that imbalanced basal ganglia connectivity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of some of commonest and disabling features of Huntington’s disease and may have important implications for therapeutics.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Dose, Infection, and Disease Outcomes for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review
Authors: Brosseau Lisa M , Escandón Kevin , Ulrich Angela K , Rasmussen Angela L , Roy Chad J , Bix Gregory J , Popescu Saskia V , Moore Kristine A , Osterholm Michael T 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) dose, infection, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes remains poorly understood. This review summarizes the existing literature regarding this issue, identifies gaps in current knowledge, and suggests opportunities for future research. In humans, host characteristics, including age, sex, comorbidities, smoking, and pregnancy, are associated with severe COVID-19. Similarly, in animals, host factors are strong determinants of disease severity, although most animal infection models manifest clinically with mild to moderate respiratory disease. The influence of variants of concern as it relates to infectious dose, consequence of overall pathogenicity, and disease outcome in dose–response remains unknown. Epidemiologic data suggest a dose–response relationship for infection contrasting with limited and inconsistent surrogate-based evidence between dose and disease severity. Recommendations include the design of future infection studies in animal models to investigate inoculating dose on outcomes and the use of better proxies for dose in human epidemiology studies.
Safety and Efficacy of Levamisole in Loiasis: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial
Authors: Campillo Jérémy T , Bikita Paul , Hemilembolo Marlhand , Louya Frédéric , Missamou François , Pion Sébastien D S , Boussinesq Michel , Chesnais CédricB 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Individuals with high microfilarial densities (MFDs) of Loa loa are at risk of developing serious adverse events (SAEs) after ivermectin treatment. Pretreatment with drugs progressively reducing Loa MFDs below the risk threshold might help prevent these SAEs. We assessed the safety and efficacy of levamisole for this purpose.

Methods
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, MFD-ascending trial was conducted in the Republic of the Congo. Participants were treated in 3 cohorts defined by pretreatment MFD and levamisole dose (cohort 1: 1.0kg and 1.5mg/kg; cohorts 2 and 3: 2.5mg/kg). Safety outcomes were occurrence of SAE and adverse event frequency during the first week. The efficacy outcomes were MFD reduction from baseline and proportions of individuals with at least 40% and 80% MFD reduction at day 2 (D2), D7, and D30.

Results
The 2 lowest doses (1.0mg/kg and 1.5mg/kg) caused no SAEs but were ineffective. Compared with placebo, 2.5mg/kg levamisole caused more mild adverse events (10/85 vs. 3/85, P=.018), a higher median reduction from baseline to D2 (-12.9% vs. +15.5%, P&lt;.001), D7 (-4.9% vs. +18.7%, P&lt;.001), and D30 (-0.5% vs. +13.5%, P=.036) and a higher percentage of participants with &gt;40% MFD reduction at D2 (17.5% vs. 1.2%, P&lt;.001), D7 (11.8% vs. 6.3%, P=.269), and D30 (18.5% vs. 9.6%, P=.107).

Conclusions
A single 2.5mg/kg levamisole dose induces a promising transient reduction in Loa loa MFDs and should encourage testing different regimens.