bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EACVI recommendations on cardiovascular imaging for the detection of embolic sources: endorsed by the Canadian Society of Echocardiography
Authors: Cohen Ariel , Donal Erwan , Delgado Victoria , Pepi Mauro , Tsang Teresa , Gerber Bernhard , Soulat-Dufour Laurie , Habib Gilbert , Lancellotti Patrizio , Evangelista Arturo , Cujec Bibiana , Fine Nowell , Andrade Maria Joao , Sprynger Muriel , Dweck Marc , Edvardsen Thor , Popescu Bogdan A ,   Reviewers: This document was reviewed by members of the 2018–2020 EACVI Scientific Documents Committee, Bertrand Philippe , Galderisi Maurizio , Haugaa Kristina H , Sade Leyla Elif , Stankovic Ivan ,   the chair of the 2018–2020 EACVI Scientific Documents Committee, Cosyns Bernard 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Cardioaortic embolism to the brain accounts for approximately 15–30% of ischaemic strokes and is often referred to as ‘cardioembolic stroke’. One-quarter of patients have more than one cardiac source of embolism and 15% have significant cerebrovascular atherosclerosis. After a careful work-up, up to 30% of ischaemic strokes remain ‘cryptogenic’, recently redefined as ‘embolic strokes of undetermined source’. The diagnosis of cardioembolic stroke remains difficult because a potential cardiac source of embolism does not establish the stroke mechanism. The role of cardiac imaging—transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE), cardiac computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—in the diagnosis of potential cardiac sources of embolism, and for therapeutic guidance, is reviewed in these recommendations. Contrast TTE/TOE is highly accurate for detecting left atrial appendage thrombosis in patients with atrial fibrillation, valvular and prosthesis vegetations and thrombosis, aortic arch atheroma, patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, and intracardiac tumours. Both CT and MRI are highly accurate for detecting cavity thrombosis, intracardiac tumours, and valvular prosthesis thrombosis. Thus, CT and cardiac magnetic resonance should be considered in addition to TTE and TOE in the detection of a cardiac source of embolism. We propose a diagnostic algorithm where vascular imaging and contrast TTE/TOE are considered the first-line tool in the search for a cardiac source of embolism. CT and MRI are considered as alternative and complementary tools, and their indications are described on a case-by-case approach.
Mitral valvulitis as a severe extra-articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis: a case report
Authors: Frederiksen Anne Sofie , Jørgensen Steen Hylgaard , Wiggers Henrik , Hauge Ellen-Margrethe 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Extra-articular manifestations (EAMs) are common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Cardiac EAMs are rare but may cause complete heart block and damage to the heart valves.

Case summary
We present the case of a middle-aged woman with long-standing RA and EAMs as the most prominent symptoms. The patient experienced complete atrioventricular heart block and developed nodular vegetations affecting the mitral valve, ultimately leading to severe mitral regurgitation and valve replacement.

Discussion
The diagnosis of cardiac EAMs in RA may be challenging for the clinicians. Symptoms and findings may mimic more common conditions such as malignancy and infectious endocarditis. A multidisciplinary approach is of paramount importance in order to make an early diagnosis and to provide optimal treatment to patients with RA and cardiac complications.
A novel treatment using a guide extension catheter and distal protection device for refractory coronary embolism: case report
Authors: Kusumoto Hirofumi , Hasegawa Katsuyuki , Ishibuchi Kasumi , Otsuji Satoru 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
A large thrombus burden in patients with acute myocardial infarction is associated with worse outcomes. Although various methods of thrombus aspiration have been described, there is a potential limitation in the mechanism of eliminating a thrombus with only the use of an aspiration device. In this report, we present a novel method of retrieving massive thrombus using a guide extension catheter and a filter device.

Case summary
An 80-year-old man was diagnosed with anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Emergency coronary angiography revealed that the left anterior descending artery (LAD) showed an acute thrombotic occlusion in the mid-section. The percutaneous coronary intervention was performed to recanalize an occluded LAD. Although thrombectomy using an aspiration catheter and a guide catheter extension system was performed repeatedly, only a small amount of the thrombus was retrieved, and the LAD was still occluded. Therefore, we planned to remove the large thrombus burden by capturing the entire thrombus between the tip of the guide extension catheter and distal protection device, followed by pulling them out of the guide catheter together. A large amount of red thrombus, which adhered to the axis of the filter device, was successfully retrieved. The occluded LAD was successfully recanalized without balloon dilatation or stent implantation.

Discussion
Although a variety of aspiration devices are available, removal of large coronary artery thrombi with the use of an aspiration catheter alone can at times prove difficult. To solve this problem, we developed a novel technique for retrieving large thrombi. This method is effective in removing refractory thrombi for the treatment of STEMI patients.
Mechanical valve replacement without anticoagulation: a case report
Authors: Wang Yapeng , Lin Min , Ge Shenglin , Feng Junbo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
For patients who undergo mechanical valve replacement, the greatest disadvantage is that they require long-term or permanent use of anticoagulant therapy to prevent thromboembolism. To date, mechanical valve replacement without anticoagulation has been published in the literature.

Case summary
We present the case of a 75-year-old female who underwent mechanical mitral valve replacement (MVR) on mid-June, 2007. However, this patient had not been taking anticoagulant medication since she experienced warfarin overdose in the first month after the operation. She had been well without using any anticoagulation, and there were no complications of the mechanical valve.

Discussion
There was no thrombosis for such a long period of time because she suffered from FX deficiency. To the best of our knowledge, she may be the only patient who has been well without any anticoagulation since not taking warfarin 12 years ago.
Endovascular stenting of blunt aortic isthmus rupture in a 5-year-old child
Authors: Haddad Raymond N , Pontailler Margaux , Berteloot Laureline , Malekzadeh-Milani Sophie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Blunt traumatic aortic tear is an extremely rare and life-threatening paediatric emergency. Percutaneous repair is highly debateable in children due to anatomic limitations. Herein, we report an important case of a 5-year-old boy diagnosed with grade 3 aortic isthmus disruption following fifth-floor defenestration. The 96-h control computerized tomography (CT) scan showed an increase in the pseudoaneurysm size with small active bleeding motivating endovascular covered stenting that was safely and efficiently performed with good outcomes.
Comparing income and wealth inequality in pre-industrial economies: the case of Castile (Spain) in the eighteenth century
Authors: Nicolini Esteban A , Ramos-Palencia Fernando 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Most research on inequality in pre-industrial economies has focused on either wealth or income, generating not readily comparable results. In this paper, we use a unique data set of Spain circa 1750 including information on (among other things) wealth and income for the same sample of households. Our findings provide methodological insights showing that a household’s position in the income distribution is strongly correlated with its position in the wealth distribution but is also influenced by several other household specific characteristics like human capital of the head of the household and the economic sector of her/his main occupation.
Validity and reliability of the Mandarin version of the Treatment Burden Questionnaire among stroke patients in Mainland China
Authors: Zhang Qi , Zhang Ke , Li Miao , Gu Jiaxin , Li Xintong , Li Mingzi , Jin Yi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the validity and reliability of the Mandarin version of the Treatment Burden Questionnaire (TBQ) among stroke patients.BackgroundStroke patients need long-term management of symptoms and life situation, and treatment burden has recently emerged as a new concept that can influence the health outcomes during the rehabilitation process.MethodsThe convenience sampling method was used to recruit 187 cases of stroke patients in a tertiary grade hospital in Tianjin for a formal investigation. Item analysis, reliability and validity tests were carried out. The reliability test included internal consistency and test–retest reliability. And as well as content, structure and convergent validity were performed for the validity test.ResultsOf the 187 completed questionnaires, only 180 (96.3%) were suitable for analysis. According to the experts’ evaluation, the I-CVI of each item was from 0.833 to 1.000, and the S-CVI was 0.967. The exploratory factor analysis yielded three-factor components with a cumulative variation of 53.054%. Convergent validity was demonstrated using measures of Morisky’s Medication Adherence Scale 8 (r = –0.450, P &lt; 0.01). All correlations between items and global scores ranged from 0.403 to 0.638. Internal consistency reliability and test–retest reliability were found to be acceptable, as indicated by a Cronbach’s α of 0.824 and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.846, respectively.ConclusionsThe Mandarin TBQ had acceptable validity and reliability. The use of TBQ in the assessment of treatment burden of stroke survivor may benefit health resources allocation and provide tailor therapeutic interventions to construct minimally disruptive care.
In Search of Answers to Questions about Electronic Sports and Copyright
Authors: Sztobryn Karolina 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Esports is a developing field of activity, and awareness of it has been increased by the activity of players and spectators during the COVID-19 pandemic. This in turn is attracting advertisers and investments, which, however, depend on the certainty of the legal background of this activity. In light of the importance of the esports industry and the uncertainties related to normative issues, it would be desirable to start an international debate that could potentially lead to the clarification or establishing of legal regulations for esports. This would make possible the clarification of doubtful issues related to copyright and would give answers to many relevant questions, such as are esports sports and does that matter from the copyright perspective? Is a computer game protected under copyright? Is a player an author or an artistic performer with regard to a computer game? Is the transmission of gameplay permissible under copyright law? This article searches for answers to these questions, presenting the possibilities and challenges of applying the current copyright law and jurisprudence in the context of esports, which are something more than just the activity of playing computer games and something different from traditional sports.
The dolutegravir/valproic acid drug–drug interaction is primarily based on protein displacement
Authors: Bollen P D J , Prins H A B , Colbers A , Velthoven-Graafland K , Rijnders B J A , de Vries-Sluijs T E M S , van Nood E , Nouwen J , Bax H , de Mendonca Melo M , Verbon A , Burger D M , Rokx C 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The dolutegravir/valproic acid drug–drug interaction (DDI) is suggested to be caused by protein displacement. Here, we assess the underlying mechanism.

Methods
Participants in a randomized controlled trial investigating valproic acid as an HIV latency reversing agent were recruited in a predefined pharmacokinetic substudy if they were on once-daily 50 mg dolutegravir-containing combination ART (cART) for &gt;12 months with a plasma HIV-RNA &lt;50 copies/mL (trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03525730). Participants were randomized to receive 30 mg/kg/day valproic acid orally (divided into two equal doses) for 14 days or not. Total and unbound dolutegravir concentrations were measured on day 0 (before intake of valproic acid and 6 h after intake of valproic acid) and on days 1, 7, 14 and 42. Intra- and inter-subject dolutegravir concentrations and geometric means (GMs) were evaluated.

Results
Six of 10 participants on dolutegravir were randomized to receive valproic acid. During 14 days of valproic acid treatment, the GM total dolutegravir concentration decreased sharply from 1.36 mg/L on day 0 to 0.85, 0.31 and 0.20 mg/L on days 0, 1, 7 and 14, respectively, while total dolutegravir concentrations in the controls remained comparable during the same period: 1.27–1.49 mg/L. We observed a parallel increase in unbound dolutegravir fractions ranging from 0.39% to 0.58% during valproic acid administration, compared with 0.25% to 0.28% without valproic acid. Unbound dolutegravir concentrations were above the established in vitro EC90 value for unbound dolutegravir in 85% of the tested samples.

Conclusions
This study confirms protein displacement as the main mechanism for this DDI, although additional mechanisms might be involved too. If dolutegravir is taken with food, this DDI is probably not clinically relevant.
Preference for inorganic sources of magnesium and phosphorus in sheep as a function of need
Authors: Pedernera Mariana , Mereu Alessandro , Villalba Juan J 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We determined whether sheep discriminate among different mineral supplements containing P and Mg and if they modify their selection as a function of the basal diet received. Forty lambs were offered four-way choices among inorganic sources of P and Mg: magnesium oxide in its coarse 1) C-MgO and granular 2) MgO forms and magnesium phosphate: 3) Mag33 (33% Mg and 2.7% P), and 4) MGP (25% Mg and 15% P), and two-way choices between MGP and each of the other minerals, and between MgO and C-MgO (baseline). Subsequently, lambs were randomly assigned to four groups (10 lambs/group) and fed rations such that the levels of Mg and P were low (LMg_LP), adequate (NMg_NP), low in Mg and adequate in P (LMg_NP), or adequate in Mg and low in P (NMg_LP). After 29 d, choice tests (post-deficiency) were repeated. During baseline, lambs ate and preferred Mag33 &gt; C-MgO = MGP &gt; MgO (P &lt; 0.05). This pattern remained during post-deficiency tests, but lambs in LMg_LP and LMg_NP increased their preference for MGP and C-MgO, respectively, whereas lambs in NMg_LP increased their preference for C-MgO and MGP relative to baseline (P &lt; 0.05). The serum concentrations of P and Mg increased after preference tests, and preference for MgO and MGP in low-Mg groups increased as the serum concentration of Mg declined (P &lt; 0.05). Thus, lambs discriminated among different minerals and some groups modified their preferences based on the basal diets received, which rectified mineral imbalances.
Hector de Garriod (1803–1883): a marchand amateur in Risorgimento Italy
Authors: Giacomelli Luca 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Baron Hector de Garriod (1803–1883) was a Savoyard nobleman who resided in Florence for most of his life, from 1835 to 1883, taking an active part in the social and artistic life of the city in the years of the Risorgimento and after the unification of Italy. His correspondence, surviving in a private archive in Cortona, and other documents that have surfaced in Italy and elsewhere in Europe, shed fresh light on this interesting yet neglected marchand amateur – his activities as an art dealer, his relationships with international museum agents and his dealings with renowned art collectors. Specific attention is paid here to Garriod’s private collection, now kept at the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Chambéry, which represents one of the most important bequests of seventeenth-century Italian paintings to a French museum.
Patterns of Asthma Medication Use across the Transition to High School
Authors: McQuaid Elizabeth L , Kopel Sheryl J , Seifer Ronald , Tackett Alayna , Farrow Michael , Koinis-Mitchell Daphne , Dunsiger Shira 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
Adherence to asthma controller medications is suboptimal among adolescents. We evaluated predictors of adherence and longitudinal patterns of medication use between 8th and 10th grade among a sample of youth of diverse race/ethnicity.

Methods
Eighth graders with asthma on controller medications (N = 62; 40.0% non-Latino white; 23.7% Black; 37.3% Latino; 37.3% female) completed measures of medication beliefs, responsibility for asthma management, and family cohesion. Objective methods tracked medication use longitudinally.

Results
Adherence declined during the high school transition, from 48.0% in eighth grade to 34.1% in tenth grade (F = 5.35, p &lt; .01). Males had lower adherence (b = −10.11, SE = 5.37, p = .02, f2 = 0.11), as did Latino youth (b = −12.21, SE = 8.23, p = .03, f2 = 0.12). Family cohesion was associated with higher adherence (b = 4.38, SE = 1.98, p = .04, f2 = 0.06). Latent class models (LCMs) suggested a three-class model of longitudinal adherence patterns. This included low, declining adherence (Class 1 = 29%; higher proportion male, p = .02), high, sustained adherence (Class 2 = 26%, high family cohesion, p = .05, higher proportion female, p = .02), and low, sustained adherence (Class 3 = 45%; higher proportion Latino, p = .05, higher proportion male, p = .02).

Conclusions
Asthma medication adherence declined between 8th and 10th grade. LCMs indicated some youth have stable patterns of adherence (high or low), whereas others demonstrate declines. Gender differences were observed, and family cohesion was associated with higher, sustained adherence. Interventions building on family resources and targeting the barriers adolescents face are necessary to improve asthma management during this vulnerable period.
Sex Differences in Body Composition and Fitness Scores in Military Reserve Officers’ Training Corps Cadets
Authors: Roberts Brandon M , Rushing Kelsey A , Plaisance Eric P 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The cadets in the U.S. Army Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) consist of students from varied backgrounds. As part of collegiate ROTC programs, cadets must pass fitness tests and adhere to body composition standards in addition to completing their education. The previous fitness test of record was the Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT), but it was recently changed to the Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) to better test soldiers for combat capabilities. As part of the standardized scoring, the ACFT is no longer separated by sex or age as in the APFT, but rather by job duty. The purpose of this study was to characterize the modern ROTC cadet based on body composition measures and APFT and ACFT scores and then determine how those factors are related.

Materials and Methods
We calculated body mass index (BMI), fat mass, fat-free mass (FFM), fat-free mass index (FFMI), and fat mass index (FMI) (n = 68, 42 males, 26 females). We used Pearson correlations to compare the scores to body composition assessments and Student’s t-tests to determine if there were differences between sexes. We hypothesized that those with higher FFM and FFMI will have a higher passing rate on the ACFT and that males would perform better on the ACFT because of having more FFM.

Results
We found that cadets, regardless of sex, were borderline overweight using BMI standards and that BMI did not correlate with any fitness tests. When comparing sexes, both males and females had high passing rates on the APFT, but females struggled to pass the ACFT mostly because of the leg tuck. We also found that ACFT scores were strongly correlated with FFM and FFMI, yet no body composition measures were correlated with APFT scores.

Conclusions
It is clear from our data that structured training programs and nutrition guidance are needed with an emphasis on changing body composition to increase lean mass and strength to increase the performance of ROTC cadets on the ACFT.
Can the Local Bubble explain the radio background?
Authors: Krause Martin G H , Hardcastle Martin J 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The ARCADE 2 balloon bolometer along with a number of other instruments have detected what appears to be a radio synchrotron background at frequencies below about 3 GHz. Neither extragalactic radio sources nor diffuse Galactic emission can currently account for this finding. We use the locally measured cosmic ray electron population, demodulated for effects of the Solar wind, and other observational constraints combined with a turbulent magnetic field model to predict the radio synchrotron emission for the Local Bubble. We find that the spectral index of the modelled radio emission is roughly consistent with the radio background. Our model can approximately reproduce the observed antenna temperatures for a mean magnetic field strength B between 3 and 5 nT. We argue that this would not violate observational constraints from pulsar measurements. However, the curvature in the predicted spectrum would mean that other, so far unknown sources would have to contribute below 100 MHz. Also, the magnetic energy density would then dominate over thermal and cosmic ray electron energy density, likely causing an inverse magnetic cascade with large variations of the radio emission in different sky directions as well as high polarization. We argue that this disagrees with several observations and thus that the magnetic field is probably much lower, quite possibly limited by equipartition with the energy density in relativistic or thermal particles (B = 0.2−0.6 nT). In the latter case, we predict a contribution of the Local Bubble to the unexplained radio background at most at the per cent level.