bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilization of moringa oleifera and nanofiltration membrane to treat palm oil mill effluent (POME)
Authors: Naidua T. , Qadir D. , Nasir R. , Mannan H.A. , Mukhtar H. , Maqsood K. , Ali A. , Abdulrahman A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe palm oil mill effluent imposes environmental issues because of natural and supplement substance. This waste has a significant amount of biological oxygen demand, total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity. Moringa oleifera seeds′ performance analysis as natural coagulants during the pretreatment stage of palm oil mill effluent before it is filtered through commercial nanofiltration membrane is the focus of the current study. The untreated palm oil mill effluent has 2,410 mg/L biological oxygen demand, 3,900 mg/L chemical oxygen demand, 865 NTU turbidity, 41,900 mg/L total suspended solids, and 4.61 pH. The significant reduction occurred in the feed parameters viz., 91.7 % for biological oxygen demand, 83.0 % for chemical oxygen demand, 67.7 % for total dissolved solids, and 72.8 % for turbidity after the pretreatment; however, the pH increased to 4.88. Design expert® was used to design the experiments and optimize the palm oil mill effluent pretreatment process via a one‐factor experimental design. The optimized solution has a 0.994 desirability index. Finally, it was concluded that with ever‐tightening environmental standards, moringa oleifera could provide a cheap, green, and potential natural alternative to the existing coagulants employed to treat the palm oil mill effluent.
Thermal cycles and their effects during friction stir welding of AA7075 thicker plates with and without in‐process cooling
Authors: Srinivasa Rao T. , Selvaraj M. , Koteswara Rao S.R. , Ramakrishna T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFriction stir welding of AA 7075 plates in three different thicknesses such as 10, 16 and 25 mm at natural convection condition was carried out successfully without defects. Water cooled friction stir welds were also produced on 16 mm thick plates. The thermal cycles at different locations of the plate, during the friction stir welding process, were predicted using a three‐dimensional thermal model. Mechanical properties of the welds were evaluated using tensile and hardness tests. Weld microstructures were also examined with optical and transmission electron microscopes. The weld hardness values and tensile properties were found to decrease with increase in plate thickness. The use of water cooling was found to improve the weld properties to some extent, although not to the level of base metal. The reasons for this behavior are discussed, correlating thermal cycles, mechanical properties, fracture locations and precipitate morphology.
Laser parameter optimization for surface texturing of inconel 625
Authors: Fidan S. , Canel T. , Sınmazçelik T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe optimum laser parameters required for the inconel 625 alloy surfaces to have the desired properties have been determined. Process parameters were optimized to get maximum heat affected zone depth (HAZ) and width and maximum aspect ratio and minimum defect outside of the spot area independently of each other. Also, the effect rates of the examined process parameters on the treated surface quality were determined separately for each surface feature. As a result of optimization using Taguchi method, the most effective parameters to obtain the desired surface were obtained as gas type with 72.26 % for heat affected zone depth, gas type with 90.46 % for heat affected zone width, gas type with 81.57 % for aspect ratio, pulse energy with 30.99 % for minimum defect outside of the spot area. The best results were obtained on the surfaces obtained as a result of the confirmation experiment with the new parameters obtained with the Taguchi method. Since the results of the confirmation experiments are highly compatible with the results suggested by the Taguchi method, the Taguchi method may be concluded as reliable in the laser ablation of the inconel 625 surface.
Nerve recognition in percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy using convolutional neural network
Authors: Cui Peng , Shu Tao , Lei Jun , Chen Wenxi 
Published: March 2021

PurposePercutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) is one of the most common minimally invasive surgery methods used in clinic in recent years. In this study, we developed a computer‐aided detection system (CADS) based on convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically recognize nerve and dura mater images under PTED surgery.MethodsWe collected surgical videos from 65 patients with lumbar disc herniation who underwent PTED; we then converted the videos into images, and randomly divided some images into a training dataset, a validation dataset, test dataset. The training dataset and validation dataset were composed of 10 454 images containing nerve and dura mater from 50 randomly selected patients; test dataset contained 12 000 images from the remaining 15 patients.ResultsThe results showed that sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy reached 90.90%, 93.68%, and 92.29%, respectively. CADS could recognize the nerve and dura mater with no significant difference (P > 0.05) between each patient in test dataset. In comparison with clinicians of different levels, the performance of CADS was lower than that of a spinal endoscopist, but significantly higher than that of general surgeons. With the assistance of CADS, the performance of the general surgeons approached that of the spinal endoscopist.ConclusionsCNN can recognize well nerve and dura mater images in PTED surgery, and can help general surgeons to improve their ability to recognize tissues during the operation.
Preserving general physical properties in model reduction of dynamical systems via constrained‐optimization projection
Authors: Schein Alexander , Carlberg Kevin T. , Zahr Matthew J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractModel‐reduction techniques aim to reduce the computational complexity of simulating dynamical systems by applying a (Petrov–)Galerkin projection process that enforces the dynamics to evolve in a low‐dimensional subspace of the original state space. Frequently, the resulting reduced‐order model (ROM) violates intrinsic physical properties of the original full‐order model (e.g., global conservation, Lagrangian structure, state‐variable bounds) because the projection process does not generally ensure preservation of these properties. However, in many applications, ensuring the ROM preserves such intrinsic properties can enable the ROM to retain physical meaning and lead to improved accuracy and stability properties. In this work, we present a general constrained‐optimization formulation for projection‐based model reduction that can be used as a template to enforce the ROM to satisfy specific properties on the kinematics and dynamics. We introduce constrained‐optimization formulations at both the time‐continuous (i.e., ODE) level, which leads to a constrained Galerkin projection, and at the time‐discrete level, which leads to a least‐squares Petrov–Galerkin projection, in the context of linear multistep schemes. We demonstrate the ability of the proposed formulations to equip ROMs with desired properties such as global energy conservation and bounds on the total variation.
Lagrangian–Eulerian multidensity topology optimization with the material point method
Authors: Li Yue , Li Xuan , Li Minchen , Zhu Yixin , Zhu Bo , Jiang Chenfanfu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a hybrid Lagrangian–Eulerian topology optimization (LETO) method is proposed to solve the elastic force equilibrium with the Material Point Method (MPM). LETO transfers density information from freely movable Lagrangian carrier particles to a fixed set of Eulerian quadrature points. This transfer is based on a smooth radial kernel involved in the compliance objective to avoid the artificial checkerboard pattern. The quadrature points act as MPM particles embedded in a lower‐resolution grid and enable a subcell multidensity resolution of intricate structures with a reduced computational cost. A quadrature‐level connectivity graph‐based method is adopted to avoid the artificial checkerboard issues commonly existing in multiresolution topology optimization methods. Numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Free energy of conformational change in a single chain of polyvinylidene fluoride using molecular simulations
Authors: Mireja Shubham , Khakhar Devang V. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPolyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has several crystal forms of which theα‐form is nonpolar, while theβ‐form is polar and has the highest piezoelectric constant.αPVDF, when stretched, transforms into theβform, which has wide applications in sensors and actuators. Steered molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the transformation of a single chain of PVDF from a trans–gauche conformation to an all trans one. The Helmholtz free energy change (∆F) is estimated using Jarzynski's equality. The transformation starts at the chain ends followed by the transformation of the remaining chain. The free energy change for the transformation is found to be always positive, indicating that theTGTG' form has higher thermodynamic stability than the all trans form throughout the studied temperature range. With increasing temperature, free energy change for the transformation increases monotonically.
Targeted and Specific Modification with 4‐Carboxybenzeneboronic Acid and TPGS of Fluorescent Gold Nanoparticles and the Enhanced Antitumor Activity Research
Authors: Zhou Qiaoqiao , Wang Shaochen , Hu Peng , Yu Shuling , Shi Jiahua , Yuan Jintao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA targeting and specific fluorescent gold nanoparticle is prepared for tracing of drug and effective treatment of cancers. First, 4‐carboxybenzeneboronic acid (CBPA) and D‐α‐tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) are used to modify cyclodextrins (CDs), then modified cyclodextrins and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are used to stabilize gold nanoclusters to prepare fluorescent gold nanoparticles (AuNCs@CD‐TPGS‐CBPA/PEG). CBPA has targeting and TPGS can induce apoptosis, therefore, AuNCs@CD‐TPGS‐CBPA/PEG has targeting and certain anti‐tumor activity. The structure and morphology of the nanomaterial are characterized by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Paclitaxel (PTX) is loaded into the hydrophobic cavity of CDs to form targeting specific drug‐loaded fluorescent gold nanoparticles (AuNCs@CD‐TPGS‐CBPA/PEG/PTX). Biological performances of AuNCs@CD‐TPGS‐CBPA/PEG are studied by in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro test results confirm that AuNCs@CD‐TPGS‐CBPA/PEG could be internalized by tumor cells, and effectively against tumor cells, but it is biocompatible to normal cells. In vivo experiments prove that AuNCs@CD‐TPGS‐CBPA/PEG has excellent targeting, biocompatibility, and enhanced antitumor capability, could enrich and stay for a long time in the tumor regions, effectively prolong the lifetime of tumor‐bearing mice. Therefore, this work provides an insight into the development of fluorescent gold nanomaterials for practical biomedical application.
Pilot proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: McKetney Justin , Panyard Daniel J. , Johnson Sterling C. , Carlsson Cynthia M. , Engelman Corinne D. , Coon Joshua J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractProteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) holds great promise in understanding the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). As one of the primary reservoirs of neuronal biomolecules, CSF provides a window into the biochemical and cellular aspects of the neurological environment. CSF can be drawn from living participants allowing the potential alignment of clinical changes with these biochemical markers. Using cutting‐edge mass spectrometry technologies, we perform a streamlined proteomic analysis of CSF. We quantify greater than 700 proteins across 10 pairs of age‐ and sex‐matched participants in approximately one hour of analysis time each. Using the paired participant study structure, we identify a small group of biologically relevant proteins that show substantial changes in abundance between cognitive normal and AD participants, which were then analyzed at the peptide level using parallel reaction monitoring experiments. Our findings suggest the utility of fractionating a single sample and using matching to increase proteomic depth in cerebrospinal fluid, as well as the potential power of an expanded study.
Complete response in a patient with lung cancer suffering from three pembrolizumab‐induced immune‐related adverse events including retinal vasculitis
Authors: Mimura Chihiro , Tachihara Motoko , Kusuhara Sentaro , Fukuoka Hidenori , Nishimura Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA 71‐year‐old man was diagnosed with squamous cell lung carcinoma with high expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) (cT4N1M1b stage IVA). He was treated with pembrolizumab, but 14 days later, he suffered from pembrolizumab‐related retinal vasculitis as an immune‐related adverse event (irAE). The symptoms were ameliorated by oral corticosteroids. We succeeded in switching to topical treatment as early as possible with the help of an ophthalmologist. Six months after discontinuing treatment with oral prednisolone, hypophysitis and thyroiditis occurred in six cycles of pembrolizumab. Finally, he suffered from three irAEs, but the antitumour effect resulted in a remarkable response.
Model‐based clustering of time‐dependent categorical sequences with application to the analysis of major life event patterns
Authors: Zhang Yingying , Melnykov Volodymyr , Zhu Xuwen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractClustering categorical sequences is a problem that arises in many fields. There is a few techniques available in this framework but none of them take into account the possible temporal character of transitions from one state to another. A mixture of Markov models is proposed, where transition probabilities are represented as functions of time. The corresponding expectation–maximization algorithm is discussed along with related computational challenges. The effectiveness of the proposed procedure is illustrated on the set of simulation studies, in which it outperforms four alternative approaches. The method is applied to major life event sequences from the British Household Panel Survey. As reflected by Bayesian Information Criterion, the proposed model demonstrates substantially better performance than its competitors. The analysis of obtained results and related transition probability plots reveals two groups of individuals: people with a conventional development of life course and those encountering some challenges.
Synthesis of Benzoxazole‐2‐carboxylate Derivatives: Electronic‐ and Position‐effect of Functional Groups and Computational Modeling of the Selectivity for Oxazole Ring
Authors: Kuzu Burak , Sari Ozlem , Erdem Safiye Sag , Algul Oztekin , Menges Nurettin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this study, Mitsunobu reagent, DEAD (diethyl azodicarboxylate) and PPh3, and ethyl‐oxalamide derivatives of 2‐aminophenol were reacted under mild reaction conditions. As a result of the cyclization reaction, benzoxazole derivatives bearing an ester group in the C‐2 position were obtained in a one‐pot protocol. It was observed that the electron‐donating groups at the C‐5 position and the electron‐withdrawing groups at the C‐6 position of the benzene ring increased the yield of the cyclic product. It was found that the cyclization does not occur when the carboxylic acid group is substituted in the benzene ring. The cyclization reaction we performed preferred the 5‐endo‐trig reaction instead of the 6‐exo‐trig. This experimental result was examined in detail with density functional theory (DFT) calculations as well. A computational exploration is presented herein that elucidates the detailed mechanism for Huisgen zwitterion‘s reaction with ethyl‐oxalamide derivatives of 2‐aminophenol. Potential alternative mechanisms were modeled with DFT calculations via CPCM/M06‐2X/6‐311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p) level method in tetrahydrofuran to understand shed light on the mechanism. Our computational results are in good agreement with experimental findings that benzoxazole derivatives are the sole products in this reaction.
Multiparametric Profiling of Single Nanoscale Extracellular Vesicles by Combined Atomic Force and Fluorescence Microscopy: Correlation and Heterogeneity in Their Molecular and Biophysical Features
Authors: Cavallaro Sara , Pevere Federico , Stridfeldt Fredrik , Görgens André , Paba Carolina , Sahu Siddharth S. , Mamand Doste R. , Gupta Dhanu , El Andaloussi Samir , Linnros Jan , Dev Apurba 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBeing a key player in intercellular communications, nanoscale extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer unique opportunities for both diagnostics and therapeutics. However, their cellular origin and functional identity remain elusive due to the high heterogeneity in their molecular and physical features. Here, for the first time, multiple EV parameters involving membrane protein composition, size and mechanical properties on single small EVs (sEVs) are simultaneously studied by combined fluorescence and atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, their correlation and heterogeneity in different cellular sources are investigated. The study, performed on sEVs derived from human embryonic kidney 293, cord blood mesenchymal stromal and human acute monocytic leukemia cell lines, identifies both common and cell line‐specific sEV subpopulations bearing distinct distributions of the common tetraspanins (CD9, CD63, and CD81) and biophysical properties. Although the tetraspanin abundances of individual sEVs are independent of their sizes, the expression levels of CD9 and CD63 are strongly correlated. A sEV population co‐expressing all the three tetraspanins in relatively high abundance, however, having average diameters of <100 nm and relatively low Young moduli, is also found in all cell lines. Such a multiparametric approach is expected to provide new insights regarding EV biology and functions, potentially deciphering unsolved questions in this field.
Marked improvements in glycaemic outcomes following insulin pump therapy initiation in people with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide observational study in Scotland
Authors:   On behalf of the Scottish Diabetes Research Network (SDRN) Epidemiology Group, Jeyam Anita , Gibb Fraser W. , McKnight John A. , Kennon Brian , O’Reilly Joseph E. , Caparrotta Thomas M. , Höhn Andreas , McGurnaghan Stuart J. , Blackbourn Luke A. K. , Hatam Sara , McCrimmon Rory J. , Leese Graham , Lindsay Robert S. , Petrie John , Chalmers John , Philip Sam , Wild Sarah H. , Sattar Naveed , McKeigue Paul M. , Colhoun Helen M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Our aim was to assess the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in people with type 1 diabetes in Scotland and its association with glycaemic control, as measured by HbA1c levels, frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and severe hospitalised hypoglycaemia (SHH), overall and stratified by baseline HbA1c.

Methods
We included 4684 individuals with type 1 diabetes from the national Scottish register, who commenced CSII between 2004 and 2019. We presented crude within-person differences from baseline HbA1c over time since initiation, crude DKA and SHH event-rates pre-/post-CSII exposure. We then used mixed models to assess the significance of CSII exposure, taking into account: (1) the diffuse nature of the intervention (i.e. structured education often precedes initiation); (2) repeated within-person measurements; and (3) background time-trends occurring pre-intervention.

Results
HbA1c decreased after CSII initiation, with a median within-person change of −5.5 mmol/mol (IQR −12.0, 0.0) (−0.5% [IQR −1.1, 0.0]). Within-person changes were most substantial in those with the highest baseline HbA1c, with median −21.0 mmol/mol (−30.0, −11.0) (−1.9% [−2.7, −1.0]) change in those with a baseline >84 mmol/mol (9.8%) within a year of exposure, that was sustained: −19.0 mmol/mol (−27.6, −6.5) (−1.7% [−2.5, −0.6]) at ≥5 years. Statistical significance and magnitude of change were supported by the mixed models results. The crude DKA event-rate was significantly lower in post-CSII person-time compared with pre-CSII person-time: 49.6 events (95% CI 46.3, 53.1) per 1000 person-years vs 67.9 (64.1, 71.9); rate ratio from Bayesian mixed models adjusting for pre-exposure trend: 0.61 (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.47, 0.77; posterior probability of reduction pp = 1.00). The crude overall SHH event-rate in post-CSII vs pre-CSII person-time was also lower: 17.8 events (95% CI 15.8, 19.9) per 1000 person-years post-exposure vs 25.8 (23.5, 28.3) pre-exposure; rate ratio from Bayesian mixed models adjusting for pre-exposure trend: 0.67 (95% CrI 0.45, 1.01; pp = 0.97).

Conclusions/interpretation
CSII therapy was associated with marked falls in HbA1c especially in those with high baseline HbA1c. CSII was independently associated with reduced DKA and SHH rates. CSII appears to be an effective option for intensive insulin therapy in people with diabetes for improving suboptimal glycaemic control.

Graphical abstract
On nonlinear dilatational strain gradient elasticity
Authors: Eremeyev Victor A. , Cazzani Antonio , dell’Isola Francesco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe call nonlinear dilatational strain gradient elasticity the theory in which the specific class of dilatational second gradient continua is considered: those whose deformation energy depends, in an objective way, on the gradient of placement and on the gradient of the determinant of the gradient of placement. It is an interesting particular case of complete Toupin–Mindlin nonlinear strain gradient elasticity: indeed, in it, the only second gradient effects are due to the inhomogeneous dilatation state of the considered deformable body. The dilatational second gradient continua are strictly related to other generalized models with scalar (one-dimensional) microstructure as those considered in poroelasticity. They could be also regarded to be the result of a kind of “solidification” of the strain gradient fluids known as Korteweg or Cahn–Hilliard fluids. Using the variational approach we derive, for dilatational second gradient continua the Euler–Lagrange equilibrium conditions in both Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions. In particular, we show that the considered continua can support contact forces concentrated on edges but also on surface curves in the faces of piecewise orientable contact surfaces. The conditions characterizing the possible externally applicable double forces and curve forces are found and examined in detail. As a result of linearization the case of small deformations is also presented. The peculiarities of the model is illustrated through axial deformations of a thick-walled elastic tube and the propagation of dilatational waves.