Differentiation of engrafted multipotent neural progenitors towards replacement of missing granule neurons in meander tail cerebellum may help determine the locus of mutant gene action
Authors: Rosario Carlos M. , Yandava Booma D. , Kosaras Bela , Zurakowski David , Sidman Richard L. , Snyder Evan Y. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Previously we observed that stable clones of multipotent neural progenitor cells, initially isolated and propagated from the external granular layer of newborn wild-type mouse cerebellum, could participate appropriately in cerebellar development when reimplanted into the external granular layer of normal mice. Donor cells could reintegrate and differentiate into neurons (including granule cells) and/or glia consistent with their site of engraftment. These findings suggested that progenitors might be useful for cellular replacement in models of aberrant neural development or neurodegeneration. We tested this hypothesis by implanting clonally related multipotent progenitors into the external granular layer of newborn meander tail mice (gene symbol=mea). mea is an autosomal recessive mutation characterized principally by the failure of granule cells to develop in the cerebellar anterior lobe; the mechanism is unknown. We report that ~75% of progenitors transplanted into the granuloprival anterior lobe of neonatal mea mutants differentiated into granule cells, partially replacing or augmenting that largely absent neuronal population in the internal granular layer of the mature meander tail anterior lobe. (The ostensibly ‘normal’ meander tail posterior lobe also benefited from repletion of a more subtle granule cell deficiency.) Donor-derived neurons were well-integrated within the neuropil, suggesting that these progenitors’ developmental programs for granule cell differentiation were unperturbed. These observations permitted several conclusions.
(1) That exogenous progenitors could survive transplantation into affected regions of neonatal meander tail cerebellum and differentiate into the deficient cell type suggested that the microenvironment was not inimical to granule cell development. Rather it suggested that mea’s deleterious action is intrinsic to the external granular layer cell. (Any cell-extrinsic actions – albeit unlikely – had to be restricted to readily circumventable prenatal events.) This study, therefore, offers a paradigm for using progenitors to help determine the site of action of other mutant genes or to test hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology underlying other anomalies.
(2) In the regions most deficient in neurons, a neuronal phenotype was pursued in preference to other potential cell types, suggesting a ‘push’ of undifferentiated, multipotent progenitors towards compensation for granule cell dearth. These data suggested that progenitors with the potential for multiple fates might differentiate towards repletion of deficient cell types, a possible developmental mechanism with therapeutic implications. Neural progenitors (donor or endogenous) might enable cell replacement in some developmental or degenerative diseases – most obviously in cases where a defect is intrinsic to the diseased cell, but also, under certain circumstances, when extrinsic pathologic forces may exist.