bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advancements within Modern Machine Learning Methodology: Impacts and Prospects in Biomarker Discovery
Authors: Ledesma Dakila , Symes Steven , Richards Sean 
Published: February 2021

Background:
The adoption of biomarkers as part of high-throughput, complex
microarray or sequencing data has necessitated the discovery and validation of these data
through machine learning. Machine learning has remained a fundamental and indispensable
tool due to its efficacy and efficiency in both feature extraction of relevant biomarkers
as well as the classification of samples as validation of the discovered biomarkers.

Objectives:
This review aims to present the impact and ability of various machine learning
methodologies and models to process high-throughput, high-dimensionality data
found within mass spectrometry, microarray, and DNA/RNA-sequence data; data that
precluded biomarker discovery prior to the use of machine learning.

Methods:
A vast array of literature highlighting machine learning for biomarker discovery
was reviewed, resulting in the eligibility of 21 machine learning algorithms/networks
and 3 combinatory architectures, spanning 17 fields of study. This literature was
screened to investigate the usage and development of machine learning within the framework
of biomarker discovery.

Results:
Out of the 93 papers collected, a total of 62 biomarker studies were further reviewed
across different subfields-49 of which employed machine learning algorithms,
and 13 of which employed neural network-based models. Through the application, innovation,
and creation of tools in biomarker-related machine learning methodologies, its
use allowed for the discovery, accumulation, validation, and interpretation of biomarkers
within varied data formats, sources, as well as fields of study.

Conclusion:
The use of machine learning methodologies for biomarker discovery is critical
to the analysis of various types of data used for biomarker discovery, such as mass
spectrometry, nucleotide and protein sequencing, and image (e.g. CT-scan) data. Further
studies containing more standardized techniques for evaluation, and the use of cutting-
edge machine learning architectures may lead to more accurate and specific results.
COVID-19 Pandemic: An Overview of its Origin, Current Status, and Ongoing
Clinical Trials
Authors: Majila Kartik , Lal Seema , Ahmad Mohammad Faiz 
Published: February 2021

:
The COVID19 pandemic is raging across the globe, with the total active cases increasing
each day. Globally over 63 million COVID-19cases and more than 1.4 million deaths have
been reported to WHO. Throughout the world, academicians, clinicians and scientists are working
tirelessly on developing a treatment to combat this pandemic. The origin of novel SARS CoV2
virus still remains foggy but is believed to have originated from a bat coronavirus RaTG13 with
which it shares approximately 96% sequence similarity. In the present review, the authors have provided
an overview of the COVID-19 pandemic, epidemiology, transmission, developments related
to diagnosis, drugs and vaccines, along with the genetic diversity and lifecycle of the SARS CoV2
based on the current studies and information available.
Novel Graph-Based Model With Biaffine Attention for Family History Extraction From Clinical Text: Modeling Study
Authors: Zhan Kecheng , Peng Weihua , Xiong Ying , Fu Huhao , Chen Qingcai , Wang Xiaolong , Tang Buzhou 
Published: February 2021

Background
Family history information, including information on family members, side of the family of family members, living status of family members, and observations of family members, plays an important role in disease diagnosis and treatment. Family member information extraction aims to extract family history information from semistructured/unstructured text in electronic health records (EHRs), which is a challenging task regarding named entity recognition (NER) and relation extraction (RE), where named entities refer to family members, living status, and observations, and relations refer to relations between family members and living status, and relations between family members and observations.

Objective
This study aimed to introduce the system we developed for the 2019 n2c2/OHNLP track on family history extraction, which can jointly extract entities and relations about family history information from clinical text.

Methods
We proposed a novel graph-based model with biaffine attention for family history extraction from clinical text. In this model, we first designed a graph to represent family history information, that is, representing NER and RE regarding family history in a unified way, and then introduced a biaffine attention mechanism to extract family history information in clinical text. Convolution neural network (CNN)-Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory network (BiLSTM) and Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) were used to encode the input sentence, and a biaffine classifier was used to extract family history information. In addition, we developed a postprocessing module to adjust the results. A system based on the proposed method was developed for the 2019 n2c2/OHNLP shared task track on family history information extraction.

Results
Our system ranked first in the challenge, and the F1 scores of the best system on the NER subtask and RE subtask were 0.8745 and 0.6810, respectively. After the challenge, we further fine tuned the parameters and improved the F1 scores of the two subtasks to 0.8823 and 0.7048, respectively.

Conclusions
The experimental results showed that the system based on the proposed method can extract family history information from clinical text effectively.
DAMPAK INTERVENSI AKTOR-AKTOR EKSTERNAL DALAM MEMPENGARUHI DURASI PERANG SIPIL DI SURIAH
Authors: Nur Kamrullah Muhammad Rizky , Rivai Aspin Nur Arifin 
Published: February 2021

This research aims to further explore the civil war that is taking place in Syria. This paper questions fundamentally, why did the civil war in Syria become a prolonged armed conflict? Or are there other factors that strengthen the strength of their resistance? This research offers a novelty of research on the situation of this conflict, is that the prolonged civil war in Syria is not only caused by internal conditions, but also the involvement of external actors. As with the approach of David E. Cunningham (2010) that the involvement of external actors in civil war produces two possibilities, namely; become a negotiating facilitator and help one party win. This research reveals that the involvement of external actors interventions - regional, international and transnational – actually prolongs the conflict. This is because the involvement of external actors causes the addition of combatants in the conflict, so the preference in the conflict increases. Keywords: Civil War, Assad Regime, Regional Actor, International Actor, and Transnational Actor.
Influence of cross diffusions on natural convection flow through annulus region with Navier slip and convective boundaries
Authors: Kaladhar Kolla , Komuraiah Eerala , Reddy Kothakapu Madhusudhan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this manuscript we present the influence of cross diffusions on incompressible natural convection laminar flow between concentric cylinders with slip and convective boundaries. In addition, the first order chemical reaction is also considered. The governing equations with boundary conditions are transformed to a non - dimensional form with suitable transformations. Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is used to solve the system of equations. The influence of the various parameters like Slip, Dufour, Soret, chemical reaction parameters and the Biot number on velocity, temperature and concentration are investigated and presented through plots. It is found from this study that the influence of slip parameter and Biot number, the velocity and temperature profiles increase, while there is a reverse tendency under the effect of chemical reaction parameter.
Finite difference method for a nonlinear fractional Schrödinger equation with Neumann condition
Authors: Hicdurmaz Betul 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a special case of nonlinear fractional Schrödinger equation with Neumann boundary condition is considered. Finite difference method is implemented to solve the nonlinear fractional Schrödinger problem with Neumann boundary condition. Previous theoretical results for the abstract form of the nonlinear fractional Schrödinger equation are revisited to derive new applications of these theorems on the nonlinear fractional Schrödinger problems with Neumann boundary condition. Consequently, first and second order of accuracy difference schemes are constructed for the nonlinear fractional Schrödinger problem with Neumann boundary condition. Stability analysis show that the constructed difference schemes are stable. Stability theorems for the stability of the nonlinear fractional Schrödinger problem with Neumann boundary condition are presented. Additionally, applications of the new theoretical results are presented on a one dimensional nonlinear fractional Schrödinger problem and a multidimensional nonlinear fractional Schrödinger problem with Neumann boundary conditions. Numerical results are presented on one and multidimensional nonlinear fractional Schrödinger problems with Neumann boundary conditions and different orders of derivatives in fractional derivative term. Numerical results support the validity and applicability of the theoretical results. Numerical results present the convergence rates are appropriate with the theoretical findings and construction of the difference schemes for the nonlinear fractional Schrödinger problem with Neumann boundary condition.
Performance Analysis Of Solar Water Heating System With Plate Collector Integrated Pcm Storage
Authors: Syahruddin Andi Syahrinaldy , Jalaluddin Jalaluddin , Hayat Azwar 
Published: February 2021

Availability of solar energy as a renewable energy source is very abundant and inexhaustible. Solar water heater is an equipment that utilizes solar energy as a source of energy. The thermal performance of a solar water heater system using absorber plate with phase change material (PCM) as thermal energy storage is presented in this study. Two design of solar water heater collectors with absorber plate variations, i.e. an absorber plate with PCM storage and absorber plate without PCM storage were investigated experimentally and numerically simulation. First, the material properties of paraffin wax as PCM storage was analized analyticaly. Every shape model of solar water heater systems were imported and simulated at three variations of constant solar radiation, i.e. 400 W/m2, 700 W/m2, and 1000 W/m2. The simulation using a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) fluent software. The results showed that the average collector efficiency between absorber plate with and without PCM storage is 70.98 % using experimental study and 67.73 % using numerical simulation study.
Variations in Seismogenic Thickness Along the Central Alpine Fault, New Zealand, Revealed by a Decade's Relocated Microseismicity
Authors: Michailos K , Smith EGC , Chamberlain Calum , Savage Martha , Townend John 
Published: February 2021

©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. The Alpine Fault is an oblique strike-slip fault that is known to fail in large magnitude (M7–8) earthquakes, yet it is currently seismically quiescent. We examine the low-magnitude earthquake activity occurring along the central portion of the Alpine Fault using seismic data from five temporary seismic networks deployed for various lengths of time between late 2008 and early 2017. Starting from continuous seismic data, we detect earthquake arrivals and construct the longest and most extensive microearthquake catalog for the central Alpine Fault region to date, containing 9,111 earthquakes. This enables us to study the distribution and characteristics of the seismicity in unprecedented detail. Earthquake locations are constrained by high-quality automatic and manual picks, and we perform relocations using waveform cross-correlation to better constrain hypocenters. We have derived a new local magnitude scale calibrated by M w values. Magnitudes range between M L −1.2 and 4.6, and our catalog is complete above M L 1.1. Earthquakes mainly occur southeast of the Alpine Fault (in the hanging wall) and exhibit low magnitudes. We observe a lack of seismicity beneath Aoraki/Mount Cook, which we associate with high uplift rates and high heat flow. Seismogenic cutoff depths vary along the strike of the Alpine Fault from 8 km, beneath the highest topography, to 20 km in the adjacent areas.<p></p>
Teaching Research Methodology: Student-centered Approach Computing Education Undergraduate Course
Authors: Motjolopane Ignitia 
Published: February 2021

Teaching research methodology is one of the core components of various degree programs. Scholarship around teaching research methodology is beginning to grow with most work concentrated in Social Work, Health, Social Science, and limited work in the area computing education. This paper presents a reflection on adopting a student centred approach towards teaching research methodology course to three different groups of fourth level university students. In this paper the strategies for facilitating deep learning in teaching research methods and research methods in the Information Systems domain will be discussed. In addition, reflections on the use of a student centred approach, student experiences and strategies used. The experiences and strategies relate to facilitating deep learning. The experiences are focused on topic identification, conducting, and writing up the literature reviews, developing an understanding of the research methodology inclusive of data analysis and presenting the research report. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-01255 Full Text: PDF
Resilience of Meat Supply Chains during and after COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Grinberga-Zalite Gunta , Pilvere Irina , Muska Aina , Kruzmetra Zenija 
Published: February 2021

To protect their population during pandemic outbreak, countries apply several preventive restrictions and even shut down their economies to slow the spread of the coronavirus. Since food supply chains in developed countries are complicated and dependent on their external suppliers, these restrictions cause not only economic but also social tension. The limited access to raw materials, packaging material and labour force result in the increasing prices of food products, which forces the population to refuse from quality food products. In the European Union food supply chains, which are negatively affected by protectionist elements and COVID-19 restrictions, the room for manoeuvre of Latvia’s small open economy is limited. The current paper analyses the impact of COVID-19 crisis on global food industry, providing a deeper insight into the case study of Latvia meat supply chains’ experience in overcoming pandemic risks. The research outcomes lead to the conclusion that although COVID-19 impact during first breakout has not caused unexpected and serious consequences for the meat sector companies, the main internal and external risks are associated with further uncertainty and instability in the EU markets. Based on extensive analysis of meat sector specifics, the authors have summarized the recommendations for meat sector companies to better prepare for further potential pandemic situations. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-01257 Full Text: PDF
Improved Identity Based Encryption System (IIBES): A Mechanism for Eliminating the Key-Escrow Problem
Authors: Patel Maitri , Patel Rajan 
Published: February 2021

A revolutionary change to public-key cryptography can be considered as an Identity Based Cryptography (IBC) in which identity of the receiver is being used as a public key for encrypting a message and Key Generation Centre (KGC). IBC will generate and distribute the private key to each user to decrypt a message. The thought behind presenting the scheme was to improve and reduce the complexity of certificate and key management, but it also gives rise to key escrow problem, access to encrypted information to unauthorized users. The paper represents Improved Identity-Based Encryption Scheme (IIBES) for Domain Name System (DNS) security which provides confidentiality and authentication through modified identity based encryption and identity based digital signatures. The IIBES comprises key revocation mechanism for non-revoked users and also eliminates key escrow problem. Thus, the IIBES aids to implement the identity-based cryptography more safely in reality and protects DNS against cache poisoning, spoofing attack and masquerade attack. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-01259 Full Text: PDF
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
Authors: Jain Basanti 
Published: February 2021

The abnormal increase in the concentration of the greenhouse gases is resulting in higher temperatures. We call this effect is global warming. The average temperature around the world has increased about 1'c over 140 years, 75% of this has risen just over the past 30 years.
The solar radiation, as it reaches the earth, produces "greenhouse effect" in the atmosphere. The thick atmospheric layers over the earth behaves as a glass surface, as it permits short wave radiations from coming in, but checks the outgoing long wave ones. As a result, gradually the atmosphere gets heated up during the day as well as night. If such an effect were not there in the atmosphere the ultraviolet, infrared and other ionizing radiations would have also entered our atmosphere and the very existence of life would have been endangered. The ozone layer shields the earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiations. The warm earth emits long wave (infrared) radiations, which is partly absorbed by the green house gaseous blanket. This atmospheric blanket raises the earth’s temperature.
DIETARY MANAGEMENTOF POLLUTION GENERATED EPIDEMICS AS A RESULT OFNATURAL DISASTERS
Authors: Joshi Monica 
Published: February 2021

Natural disasters at times are themselves the result of uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources. Deforestation results in soil erosion, in the initial stage and if uncontrolled, in the ultimate analysis, is found to be the basic reason for landslides and such other catastrophic disasters. It can thus be seen that the excessive exploitation of natural resources, without any program for restoration and replenishment of the damage done leads to an ecological imbalance that the generations to come have to live with. Besides there being an irreparable damage to the flora and fauna, the natural resources shall become a matter to be read about in journals and historical articles.
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA AND HEALTH HAZARDS
Authors: Sharma Rekha 
Published: February 2021

The ambient air quality in Indian cities has degraded to hazardous levels over the last two decades. People are exposed to extreme health risks due to increasing particulate matter, hazardous airborne agents in indoor spaces Outdoor air quality is affecting indoor air quality too.(1) Indoor air pollution is the degradation of indoor air quality by harmful chemicals and other materials; it can be up to 10 times worse than outdoor air pollution. Over a million people in India die every year because of indoor air pollution, among highest in the world,(2).
Indoor air pollution can be traced to prehistoric times when humans first moved to temperate climates and it became necessary to construct shelters and use fire inside them for cooking, warmth and light. (3) Approximately half the world’s population and up to 90% of rural households in developing countries still rely on unprocessed biomass fuels in the form of wood, dung and crop residues (4). Even today, about 43 percent of rural households and 31 percent of all Indian households use kerosene, for lighting purposes. Its impact on health and environment can be threatening.
BIODIVERSITY AND ITS TOPOLOGICAL AND NON-SPATIAL CONSERVATION
Authors: Saxena Asha , Chauhan Sunita 
Published: February 2021

In general terms, biodiversity refers to the ethnic differences found in living organisms (flora and fauna). From whale fish to microscopic bacteria, there is an expansion of biodiversity from humans to fungi. Biodiversity has declined due to environmental degradation. Biodiversity is being rapidly destroyed due to uncontrolled human activities, power, greed and political reasons. The ever-increasing population, growth of urban areas, construction of buildings, roads and roads, deforestation for agriculture, digging of mines, etc. are some examples which have led to depletion of natural resources.Biodiversity is a resource that cannot be regenerated. Today there is no effective way to regenerate lost plants and animals.
सामान्य शब्दों में जैव विविधता से तात्पर्य सजीवों (वनस्पति और प्राणी) में पाए जाने वाले जातीय भेद से है। व्हेल मछली से लेकर सूक्ष्मदर्षी जीवाणु तक मनुष्य से लेकर फफंूद तक जैव विविधता का विस्तार पाया जाता है। पर्यावरणीय ह्रास के कारण जैव विविधता का क्षय हुआ है। मानव के अनियंत्रित क्रियाकलापों, बिजली, लालच और राजनीतिक कारणांे से जैव विविधता का विनाष बहुत तेजी से हो रहा है। लगातार बढ़ती जनसंख्याा, नगरीय क्षेत्रों की वृद्धि बाॅधों, भवनों तथा सड़कांे का निर्माण, कृषि के लिए वनों का कटाव, खदानों की खुदाई आदि ऐसे कुछ उदाहरण है जिनसे प्राकृतिक संसाधनों में कमी आई है।जैव विविधता एक ऐसा संसाधन है जिसे फिर से नहीं बनाया जा सकता है। आज ऐसा कोई कारगर तरीका नहीं है जिससे लुप्त हुए पौधों और जन्तुओं को फिर से उत्पन्न किया जा सके।
HUMAN HEALTH AND POLLUTION
Authors: Verma Pratibha , Katiyar Alka 
Published: February 2021

Environment refers to the entire physical and biological world. In which organisms live, grow, thrive and develop their natural tendencies. The truth is that the existence of life is basically dependent on the environment. Changes in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of any element of the environment that are harmful to humans or other beings is called environmental pollution.Environmental pollution has taken the form of a worldwide problem today and in India also this problem is seen in various forms. Due to industrial and technological development, rapid population growth, urbanization etc., the environmental pressure started increasing. Today, the greatest need is "destruction-free development" but due to human activities, environmental imbalance increases, which pollutes the environment and endangers the existence of other animals and flora including humans. Environmental pollution affects human health, causing fatal diseases.
पर्यावरण का तात्पर्य समूचे भौतिक एवं जैविक विश्व से है। जिसमें जीवधारी रहते हैं, बढ़ते हैं, पनपते हैं और अपनी स्वाभाविक प्रवृत्तियों का विकास करते हैं। सत्य तो यह है कि जीवन का अस्तित्व मूलतः पर्यावरण पर निर्भर है। पर्यावरण के किसी भी तत्व के भौतिक, रासायनिक अथवा जैविक विशेषताओं में परिवर्तन जो मानव या अन्य प्राणियों के लिए हानिकारक हो पर्यावरण प्रदूषण कहलाता है। पर्यावरण प्रदूषण आज एक विश्वव्यापी समस्या का रूप ले चुका है और भारत में भी यह समस्या विविध रूपों में दृष्टिगत होती है। औद्योगिक एवं तकनीकी विकास, तीव्र जनसंख्या वृद्धि, शहरीकरण आदि के कारण पर्यावरण के दबाव में निरन्तर बढ़ोतरी होने लगी। आज सबसे बड़ी आवश्यकता है ‘‘विनाश रहित विकास’’ किन्तु मानवीय क्रियाकलापों से पर्यावरणीय असंतुलन बढ़ता ही जाता है जिससे पर्यावरण प्रदूषित हो जाता है और मानव सहित अन्य प्राणियों एवं वनस्पतियों का अस्तित्व खतरे में पड़ता जा रहा है। पर्यावरण प्रदूषण मानवीय स्वास्थ्य को प्रभावित करता है जिससे घातक रोग उत्पन्न होते हैं।