bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface Functionalization of Silicon MEMS Biochemical Sensors for the Detection of Foodborne Pathogens
Authors: Khalil Bhuiyan Md Ebrahim , Smith Dustin , Voss Eric J. , Wei Chin-Chuan , Shavezipur Mohammad 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This work presents the surface modification of silicon chips as a platform for silicon-based biosensors with applications aiming for the detection of foodborne bacteria in aqueous solution. The detection requires high selectivity as the solution may contain a variety of biological species, which affect the outcome of the sensing process. The silicon surface is functionalized by a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) with thiol groups followed by immobilizing a thiol-linked DNA aptamer. The DNA aptamer used in this work has reported to recognize a biological species, E. coli ATCC 25922. The presence of DNA aptamer on the sensor surface allows the capture of the specific E. coli cells on the surface, while other potential biological (and chemical) species would not attach to the sensor surface, thus improving the selectivity of the sensor. The uniform formation of the SAM on the surface is an important step toward uniformly coating the sensor surface with the desired DNA aptamer. The SAM is created on the silicon surface by surface modification with the MPTS (3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxy silane) solution. Then the aptamer DNA solution is applied as droplets on the chip followed by a cure process. The attachment of the SAM and DNA aptamers are verified by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The surface functionalization presented in this work can be used for sensors made of silicon coated with a thin layer of native oxide, and can be adopted for detection of other cells and biological agents using the proper SAM and DNA aptamer.
Comparison of Neural Network-Based Pose Estimation Approaches for Mobile Manipulation
Authors: Chowdhury Arindam B. , Li Juncheng , Cappelleri David J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we present two distinct neural network-based pose estimation approaches for mobile manipulation in factory environments. Synthetic datasets, unique to the factory setting, are created for neural network training in each approach. Approach I uses a CNN in conjunction with RBG and depth images. Approach II uses the DOPE network along with RGB images, CAD dimensions of the objects of interest, and the PnP algorithm. Each approach is evaluated and compared across pipeline complexity, dataset preparation resources, robustness, platform and run-time resources, and pose accuracy for manipulation planning. Finally, recommendations for when to use each method are provided.
The Use of Analogies and the Design Brief Information: Impact on Creative Outcomes
Authors: Koronis Georgios , Casakin Hernan , Silva Arlindo , Siew Jing Wen William 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study is aimed at ways to assess and improve design students’ creative outcomes and assist educators in crafting design briefs for design studios. The procedure entails a controlled yet analytical experiment in a university setting intended to test the potential of using analogical thinking to enhance the Novelty and Usefulness of design solutions. The control group received a brief that contained stimuli in the form of typical examples without instructions to use analogies. A second group was provided with a brief including stimuli elicited by text representations in the form of word pairs, and instructions to use textual analogies. The last group received the same stimuli as the other groups above; however, with instructions to identify negative features before using textual analogies.
One hundred and seven first-year undergraduate students took part in the study. The results demonstrated that design briefs with specific instructions to use textual-based analogies contributed to highly novel outcomes. However, when analogies were elicited by statements concerning negative issues of the design task, students were able to produce more useful outcomes. We suggest that textual-based analogies can be employed as a good in-class pedagogical tool for improving novice designers’ creative outcomes overall.
An Effective Approach to Model Parallel Robots With Flexible Links
Authors: Stefano Brillarelli , Palpacelli Matteo-Claudio 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper is focused on the development of an effective hardware and software architecture that is useful to improve the performance of slender parallel manipulators. The latter can perform high acceleration in fast pick and place applications, but their features can be also exploited in more advanced operations, where path following is a central issue. A simple and effective approach to model the elastodynamic behavior of flexible parallel manipulator is proposed, conceived to be fast and easy to implement in model-based control schemes. Moreover, a workbench architecture based on camera acquisitions is essential to calibrate the elastodynamic model and provide all the required information that are needed to improve path following of flexible mechanims.
Modeling and Design Exploration of Tensegrity Plate Mechanisms With Energy Dissipation Capabilities Enabled by Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Silva Pedro , Peraza Hernandez Edwin A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the modeling and design exploration of tensegrity plate mechanisms with the ability of dissipating energy arising from compressive loads. The tensegrity plates are comprised of an assembly of tensegrity prisms, each formed by three compressive bars self-equilibrated by a network of tensile strings. The plates transfer a uniform compressive surface load applied along their planform area to uniaxial tension and compression within their members. The energy dissipation capabilities of plates with strings formed by three different elastoplastic metals and a pseudoelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) are explored. The constitutive parameters of these materials are calibrated from experimental data, and finite element models of the plates are created. A Taguchi design of experiments is used to evaluate the main effects of different design parameters of the plates on their energy dissipation and residual deformation responses. Results indicate that plates of larger thickness, lower diameter, and higher complexities provide higher energy dissipation per unit mass. Pseudoelastic SMA strings were the only type of strings that provided cyclic energy dissipation without the emergence of residual displacements. The studied energy absorbing mechanisms can potentially be integrated in aerospace, automotive, and civil components designed to absorb and dissipate energy from vibrations or distributed compressive loads.
Isogeometric Shape Optimization for Design Dependent Loads
Authors: Pal Arkaprabho , Rakshit Sourav 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an isogeometric shape optimization approach for a special class of problems in structural optimization known as design dependent load problems. Isogeometric method has been widely used for structural analysis and shape optimization for its advantages in modeling smooth surfaces, high accuracy, local control, and interfacing with CAD tools. Isogeometric method may be of special advantage for shape optimization problems with design dependent loads as the loads in such class of problems depend on the geometry of the designed surface. The method outlined in this paper is applicable to design dependent load problems where there is a pressure load acting on the boundary of the structure, the direction of the pressure being normal to the profile of the designed structure. In this work minimum compliance optimization subject to volume constraint is considered and isogeometric formulations based on NURBS are presented for such class of problems. The control points of the boundaries of the NURBS geometries are taken as the design variables in the optimization problems. Analytical sensitivity formulations are derived for design dependent load problems and compared with numerically derived sensitivities. A few representative 2D and 3D examples are solved and compared with existing literature to demonstrate the application of the proposed method.
A Reconfigurable Variable-Stiffness Parallel Beam for Compliant Robotic Mechanisms Towards Safe Human Interaction
Authors: Fu Jiaming , Gan Dongming 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
To co-work with humans, robotic mechanisms need to have variable stiffness with high rigidity for performance and low compliance for safe interactions. This paper introduces a reconfigurable variable-stiffness parallel beam (VSPB) which can be used in both robotic joints and links for variable compliance. The VSPB is a compliant cantilever mechanism with hollow parallel beams in the middle and solid connections at both ends. Stiffness adjusting can be realized by changing the cross-sectional area property of the hollow beam segment discretely through a bistable mechanism block or continuously by the block sliding. Detailed stiffness models of the two VSPB stiffness modes with the block on and off are derived using the approach of serially connected beam modeling and superposition combination. The developed model not only works for thin-walled flexure beams but also general thick beam models. The stiffness change relationship with various design parameters is investigated using the developed model and validated by finite element analysis (FEA) results. The correlation between parameters and errors between FEA and theoretical values is observed and analyzed to optimize the model. These methods and results provide a new concept and theoretical basis for developing new variable stiffness robotic mechanisms towards safe human-robot interaction applications.
In Search of the Jerk Element
Authors: Belyaev Zachary P. , Downes Samuel N. , Voglewede Philip A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Mechanical components, such as springs, dampers and mass, alter and influence an engineered system’s motion based upon a system’s position, velocity and acceleration, respectively. This paper aims to discover and develop another element (dubbed the damper) which provides a force proportional to a system’s jerk (i.e., the derivative of acceleration) to better engineer a system’s response. By utilizing the known applications of jerk in motion planning and control theory, existing possible physical implementations and uses of jerk and the jerk element are discussed in relation to its influence on the system’s response, specifically vibration. Using a Buckingham Pi approach, the theoretical background of the jerk element is presented and possible physical parameters are combined to show how the jerk element could be created from common elements and parameters. The most promising approach of varying the magnetic field of existing magneto-rheological dampers is developed to give an example of the jerk element along with the difficulties and concerns in developing the jerk element. This paper serves less of a purpose towards answering all questions of the jerk element, but rather focuses more on posing the appropriate questions which sets the stage for an easily realizable future jerk element which can improve system performance.
Computational Investigation of Tissue and Blood Vessel Growth Trade-Offs in Hierarchical Lattices
Authors: Arefin Amit M. E. , Egan Paul F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Computational design is growing in necessity for advancing biomedical technologies, particularly when considering complex systems with numerous trade-offs among design decisions and resulting biomechanical behavior. In tissue engineering applications, porous bone scaffold structures enabled by 3D printing can have intricate lattice structures and hierarchical features that mimic the biological hierarchy of natural bone. However, these hierarchies create challenges in predicting the tissue regeneration process and how different scales of the hierarchy drive varied biological behaviors. Smaller pores facilitate tissue growth while larger pores are necessary for blood vessel growth, however, identifying favorable trade-offs to maximize growth of both tissue and blood vessels remains a challenge, especially for complex 3D printed structures. Here, we adapt tissue and blood vessel growth models for predicting biological growth in scaffolds with varied combinations of beam diameter size, unit cell topology, and hierarchical pore size/distribution. Findings demonstrate that on a normalized scale lattices with no large voids provide greater tissue growth but less blood vessel growth in comparison to lattice layouts with large void areas. A lattice with large void channels provided the greatest blood vessel growth but poorer tissue growth, while a lattice with evenly distributed large voids provided a better compromise between the two types of growth. Overall, these findings demonstrate the merit in computational investigations for design trade-off comparisons in tissue scaffolds, and provide a foundation for future explorations of biological design decisions for regenerative medicine and 3D printed systems.
3D Linear Identification of Mechanical Joint Using FRF Decoupling and Inverse Structural Modification Methods
Authors: Soleimani Hossein , Cigeroglu Ender , Özgüven H. Nevzat 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Mechanical connections such as bolts and rivets are inevitable in most engineering structures and may significantly affect the dynamic behavior of the structures. Therefore, modeling a joint simply and accurately is essential for assembled structures. On the other hand, the most important step is the determination of these joint model parameters which will be used in the calculation of dynamic response of assembled structures. For this purpose, in this paper, FRF Decoupling Method (FRF-DM), proposed in an earlier study for bolted beam connections is extended in two ways: Firstly, the bolt model proposed for 2D beam elements is extended to 3D finite element models of structural systems, and thus the dynamics of a bolted connection is modeled as an equivalent 6 × 6 complex stiffness matrix including linear and torsional stiffnesses. Secondly, FRF-DM is extended to include measurements at connection degrees of freedoms, which improves the accuracy in identification. Several equations for the identification of joint parameters are derived utilizing FRF-DM. Joint parameters are calculated by using developed FRF decoupling relations, as well as by employing a recently developed method called Inverse Structural Modification Method (ISMM) in a case study consisting of two beams connected by a 6 × 6 stiffness and viscous damping matrices. The accuracy and the advantages of each method/formulation are discussed by using the case study based on simulated experiments.
Design and High Accuracy Numerical Implementation of Fractional Order PI Controller for a PMSM Speed System
Authors: Wang Baokun , Wang Shaohua , Luo Ying 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a systematic design and high accuracy implementation of fractional order proportional integral (FOPI) controller is proposed for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) speed system, and the numerical implementation performance of the fractional order operator is evaluated with comprehensive investigation using different implementation methods. Three commonly used numerical implementation methods of fractional operators are investigated and compared in this paper. Futhermore, for the impulse response invariant method, the effects of different discretization orders on the system control performance are compared. The simulation results show that the high accuracy numerical implementation method of the designed high-order FOPI controller has improved performance over normal accuracy fractional order operation implementation.
Enabling Multi-Robot Cooperative Additive Manufacturing: Centralized vs. Decentralized Approaches
Authors: Elagandula Saivipulteja , Poudel Laxmi , Zhou Wenchao , Sha Zhenghui 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a decentralized approach based on a simple set of rules to carry out multi-robot cooperative 3D printing. Cooperative 3D printing is a novel approach to 3D printing that uses multiple mobile 3D printing robots to print a large part by dividing and assigning the part to multiple robots in parallel using the concept of chunk-based printing. The results obtained using the decentralized approach are then compared with those obtained from the centralized approach. Two case studies were performed to evaluate the performance of both approaches using makespan as the evaluation criterion. The first case is a small-scale problem with four printing robots and 20 chunks, whereas the second case study is a large-scale problem with ten printing robots and 200 chunks. The result shows that the centralized approach provides a better solution compared to the decentralized approach in both cases in terms of makespan. However, the gap between the solutions seems to shrink with the scale of the problem. While further study is required to verify this conclusion, the decrease in this gap indicates that the decentralized approach might compare favorably over the centralized approach for a large-scale problem in manufacturing using multiple mobile 3D printing robots. Additionally, the runtime for the large-scale problem (Case II) increases by 27-fold compared to the small-scale problem (Case I) for the centralized approach, whereas it only increased by less than 2-fold for the decentralized approach.
Vibration Suppression of a Harmonically Forced Oscillator via a Parametrically Excited Centrifugal Pendulum
Authors: Gupta Aakash , Tai Wei-Che 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Vibration suppression has been a widely studied topic for a long time, with various modifications in passive vibration mitigation devices to improve the efficacy. One such modification is the addition of the inerter. The inerter has been integrated into various vibration mitigation devices, whose mass amplification effect could be used to enhance the performance of dynamic vibration absorbers. In the current study, we consider an inerter based pendulum vibration absorber (IPVA) system and conduct a theoretical study on vibration suppression of the device. The IPVA system operates based on the principle of nonlinear energy transfer, wherein the energy of the primary structure is transferred into the pendulum vibration absorber. This is the result of parametric resonance of the pendulum, where the primary resonance of the system becomes unstable and a harmonic regime containing a frequency half the resonant frequency emerges (referred to as secondary regime). We use the harmonic balance method along with bifurcation analysis using Floquet theory to study the stability of primary resonance. It is observed that a pitchfork bifurcation and period-doubling bifurcation are necessary for nonlinear energy transfer to occur. Furthermore, we integrate the IPVA with a linear, harmonically forced oscillator to demonstrate its efficacy compared with a linear benchmark. We also examine the effects of various system parameters on the occurrence of the secondary regime. Moreover, we verify the nonlinear energy transfer phenomenon (due to the occurrence of the secondary regime) by numerical Fourier analysis.
Electric Vehicle Battery Simulation: How Electrode Porosity and Thickness Impact Cost and Performance
Authors: Zhao Yixin , Behdad Sara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries almost exclusively power today’s electric vehicles (EVs). Cutting battery costs is crucial to the promotion of EVs. This paper aims to develop potential solutions to lower the cost and improve battery performance by investigating its design variables: positive electrode porosity and thickness. The open-access lithium-ion battery design and cost model (BatPac) from the Argonne National Laboratory of the United States Department of Energy, has been used for the analyses. Six pouch battery systems with different positive materials are compared in this study (LMO, LFP, NMC 532/LMO, NMC 622, NMC 811, and NCA). Despite their higher positive active material price, nickel-rich batteries (NMC 622, NMC 811, and NCA) present a cheaper total pack cost per kilowatt-hour than other batteries. The higher thickness and lower porosity can reduce the battery cost, enhance the specific energy, lower the battery mass but increase the performance instability. The reliability of the results in this study is proven by comparing estimated and actual commercial EV battery parameters. In addition to the positive electrode thickness and porosity, six other factors that affect the battery’s cost and performance have been discussed. They include energy storage, negative electrode porosity, separator thickness and porosity, and negative and positive current collector thickness.
In-Process Data Fusion for Process Monitoring and Control of Metal Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Yang Zhuo , Lu Yan , Li Simin , Li Jennifer , Ndiaye Yande , Yang Hui , Krishnamurty Sundar 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
To accelerate the adoption of Metal Additive Manufacturing (MAM) for production, an understanding of MAM process-structure-property (PSP) relationships is indispensable for quality control. A multitude of physical phenomena involved in MAM necessitates the use of multi-modal and in-process sensing techniques to model, monitor and control the process. The data generated from these sensors and process actuators are fused in various ways to advance our understanding of the process and to estimate both process status and part-in-progress states. This paper presents a hierarchical in-process data fusion framework for MAM, consisting of pointwise, trackwise, layerwise and partwise data analytics. Data fusion can be performed at raw data, feature, decision or mixed levels. The multi-scale data fusion framework is illustrated in detail using a laser powder bed fusion process for anomaly detection, material defect isolation, and part quality prediction. The multi-scale data fusion can be generally applied and integrated with real-time MAM process control, near-real-time layerwise repairing and buildwise decision making. The framework can be utilized by the AM research and standards community to rapidly develop and deploy interoperable tools and standards to analyze, process and exploit two or more different types of AM data. Common engineering standards for AM data fusion systems will dramatically improve the ability to detect, identify and locate part flaws, and then derive optimal policies for process control.
Earthworm-Like Planar Locomotion Robot Based on Yoshimura-Origami Structure
Authors: Zhang Qiwei , Xu Jian , Fang Hongbin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Inspired by the biological characteristics of the earthworm and the prominent deformability of origami structure, this research proposes an origami-based earthworm-like robot to achieve effective planar locomotion. Origami is attractive for building earthworm-like robots’ ‘body’ because it can exhibit excellent compliance and reduce the cost of fabrication. In this paper, we choose Yoshimura structure incorporated with hybrid actuators and anchoring mechanisms to construct the robot segment. The Yoshimura structure is composed of multiple layers and each layer is assumed to have uniform deformation. Kinematic analysis indicates that the Yoshimura structure has excellent axial and bending deformability, and the deformability is closely related to the number of layers. To control the axial and bending deformation of the robot segment individually, each segment contains two types of actuators: pneumatic balloon and SMA spring. The balloon is used to actuate the expansion and contraction of the segment, while the SMA spring is used to actuate the bending behavior of the segment. The experiment is performed to verify that the robot can achieve rectilinear and planar locomotion. Our results could lead to the development of origami-based locomotion robots and deepen our understanding of them.