bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NARROWING FOREIGN AFFAIRS NON-JUSTICIABILITY
Authors: Teo Marcus 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe UK Supreme Court's decision inBelhaj v Strawdefined foreign affairs non-justiciability and unearthed its constitutional foundations. However, two decisions sinceBelhaj—High Commissioner for Pakistan v Prince Muffakham JahandThe Law Debenture Trust Corpn plc v Ukraine—have calledBelhajinto doubt, narrowing non-justiciability to give effect to ordinary private law rights. This article analyses these decisions and argues that their general approach of subjecting issues involving transactions between sovereign States to private international law's framework is desirable, because the constitutional foundations of non-justiciability identified inBelhajare shaky. Yet, it is suggested that private international law itself may require courts to exercise judicial restraint on these issues, given its goal of upholding the efficient resolution of international disputes in appropriate fora.
GLOBAL EXPORT CONTROLS OF CYBER SURVEILLANCE TECHNOLOGY AND THE DISRUPTED TRIANGULAR DIALOGUE
Authors: Kim Heejin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe proliferation and abuse of cyber surveillance technology is a global policy problem. The Wassenaar Arrangement is a central platform of international cooperation for regulating dual-use goods and technologies and the so-called ‘cyber’ amendments to Wassenaar have created a multilateral control mechanism for the export of cyber surveillance technology. Following criticism of the repressive use of ICT-powered surveillance tools supplied by private companies in the early 2010s, Wassenaar States revised the Arrangement to regulate certain types of surveillance. This article begins by examining key features of the cyber amendments. Based on the analysis of recent export control law reforms in the three leading State actors in the production, sales and governance of cyber surveillance technology—namely the United States, China, and the European Union—the article identifies the diminishing importance of the Wassenaar Arrangement. It also shows how approaches in the three jurisdictions diverge not only from the terms of equivalent Wassenaar controls, but also from one another. They all aim to become a stronger and more autonomous entity in the regulation of cyber surveillance technology. In the face of escalating confrontation between the G2 concerning emerging technologies, it will be interesting to see how the EU's turn to a more human rights-centred approach to governing the export of cyber surveillance technology will be received by the US and Chinese governments in the long run and how it will interact with export control reforms designed with competing geopolitical, commercial and security agendas.
Sex differences in neural correlates of common psychopathological symptoms in early adolescence
Authors: Biondo Francesca , Thunell Charlotte Nymberg , Xu Bing , Chu Congying , Jia Tianye , Ing Alex , Quinlan Erin Burke , Tay Nicole , Banaschewski Tobias , Bokde Arun L. W. , Büchel Christian , Desrivières Sylvane , Flor Herta , Frouin Vincent , Garavan Hugh , Gowland Penny , Heinz Andreas , Ittermann Bernd , Martinot Jean-Luc , Lemaitre Hervé , Nees Frauke , Orfanos Dimitri Papadopoulos , Poustka Luise , Millenet Sabina , Fröhner Juliane H. , Smolka Michael N. , Walter Henrik , Whelan Robert , Barker Edward D. , Schumann Gunter ,   IMAGEN Consortium
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundSex-related differences in psychopathology are known phenomena, with externalizing and internalizing symptoms typically more common in boys and girls, respectively. However, the neural correlates of these sex-by-psychopathology interactions are underinvestigated, particularly in adolescence.MethodsParticipants were 14 years of age and part of the IMAGEN study, a large (N = 1526) community-based sample. To test for sex-by-psychopathology interactions in structural grey matter volume (GMV), we used whole-brain, voxel-wise neuroimaging analyses based on robust non-parametric methods. Psychopathological symptom data were derived from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).ResultsWe found a sex-by-hyperactivity/inattention interaction in four brain clusters: right temporoparietal-opercular region (p < 0.01, Cohen's d = −0.24), bilateral anterior and mid-cingulum (p < 0.05, Cohen's d = −0.18), right cerebellum and fusiform (p < 0.05, Cohen's d = −0.20) and left frontal superior and middle gyri (p < 0.05, Cohen's d = −0.26). Higher symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention were associated with lower GMV in all four brain clusters in boys, and with higher GMV in the temporoparietal-opercular and cerebellar-fusiform clusters in girls.ConclusionsUsing a large, sex-balanced and community-based sample, our study lends support to the idea that externalizing symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention may be associated with different neural structures in male and female adolescents. The brain regions we report have been associated with a myriad of important cognitive functions, in particular, attention, cognitive and motor control, and timing, that are potentially relevant to understand the behavioural manifestations of hyperactive and inattentive symptoms. This study highlights the importance of considering sex in our efforts to uncover mechanisms underlying psychopathology during adolescence.
Modelling and assessment of Galileo and Galileo/GPS velocity determination with stand-alone receiver
Authors: Yin Xiao , Chai Hongzhou , Xiang Minzhi , Du Zhenqiang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractReasonable stochastic model and function model are the premise of accurate velocity determination, especially in the time-differenced carrier-phase (TDCP) method. This paper presents, first, an elevation-dependent stochastic model (ESM), and then gives a simplified and unified Galileo/GPS combined TDCP function model, where the inter-system bias (ISB) variations are analysed based on correlation coefficients and the scaled sensitivity matrix. To evaluate the performance of the proposed models, datasets collected at 10 multi-GNSS experiment (MGEX) stations and a vehicle kinematic experiment are employed. The results indicate that the ESM model can improve the accuracy of the velocity solution, especially for the Galileo/GPS combined system, in comparison with the equivalent weight ratio method. In contrast to the Galileo-only velocity solution, the Galileo/GPS combined velocity solution can bring improvements of about 1–1⋅5 mm/s, 0⋅5 mm/s and 1⋅5–2⋅5 mm/s in East, North and Up components, respectively. Compared with the traditional Galileo/GPS TDCP model, the simplified and unified model shows no obvious differences in all components in the environment with more visible satellites, but it performs better in a challenging environment with few visible satellites.
Positive and negative valences of identities: Longitudinal associations of identity content valences with adaptive and maladaptive functioning among Japanese young adults
Authors: Hihara Shogo , Sugimura Kazumi , Umemura Tomotaka , Iwasa Yasuhiro , Syed Moin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractErikson's psychosocial developmental theory assumes that valence of one's identity (i.e., identity content valence) defined by positive and negative identity elements is important for understanding patterns of (mal)adaptation. However, previous empirical research on identity and (mal)adaptation has focused on how individuals deal with identity issues (e.g., exploration and commitment), while neglecting identity content valences. In contrast, this study assessed identity content valences in terms of positive and negative identity elements. Theoretically, identity content valences affect (mal)adaptation, whereas individuals’ (mal)adaptation influences their identities. Consequently, this study examined reciprocal relationships between identity content valences and adaptation (i.e., prosocial behaviors) and maladaptation (e.g., externalizing symptoms) in a sample of Japanese young adults, including socioculturally relevant indicators of maladaptation (i.e., hikikomori symptoms and suicidal ideation). This study includes 2,313 Japanese young adults who participated in a three-wave longitudinal study. The cross-lagged panel model and random intercept cross-lagged panel model revealed reciprocal relationships between identity content valences and (mal)adaptation at the between-person level. Negative identity elements positively predicted suicidal ideation. Meanwhile, prosocial behaviors positively predicted positive identity elements, whereas hikikomori symptoms and suicidal ideation positively predicted negative identity elements. These relationships were significant only for socioculturally relevant indicators, suggesting the importance of considering sociocultural contexts.
Do fruiting habit traits affect green fruit yield and its component traits in chilli (Capsicum annuumL.)?
Authors: Anilkumar C. , Rao A. Mohan , Ramesh S. , Pathy T. Lakshmi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn chilli, farmer preferences for fruiting habit traits, namely fruit orientation (pendant erect) and fruits node−1(solitary cluster), vary from region to region. For increased acceptability by farmers/consumers, cultivars should be bred with preferred fruiting habit traits in high green fruit yielding background. An investigation was carried out to study the influence of fruiting habit traits on green fruit yield and its component traits during the 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons. The F2, backcross populations and near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from crosses involving parents differing for single or both the fruiting habit traits were grouped into fruiting habit classes (single and cluster fruiting; and clustered erect, clustered pendant, single erect and single pendant). Significance of differences in fruit yield and its component traits between/among different fruiting habit trait classes were examined using ‘t’/‘F’ tests. The significance of ‘t’/‘F’ tests was regarded as pieces of evidence for considerable effects of fruiting habit traits on fruit yield and its component traits. While results-based on F2and backcross generations indicated a lack of effects, those based on NILs indicated significant effects of fruiting habit traits on fruit yield and its component traits. The plants bearing pendant fruits (irrespective of whether they are clustered or single) produced a large number of heavier and longer fruits than those bearing erect fruits. The results are discussed about the strategies to develop high yielding cultivars with farmer preferred fruiting habit traits.
Self‐Similarity of Surface Wave Developments Under Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Kudryavtsev Vladimir , Yurovskaya Maria , Chapron Bertrand 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe 2D‐parametric model suggested in the companion paper is used to simulate waves under tropical cyclones (TCs). Set of equations describing both wind waves and swell evolution in space and time, is solved using the method of characteristics. Wave‐ray patterns efficiently chart on how wave trains develop and travel through the TC varying wind field, to leave the storm area as swell systems. Depending on TC main characteristics—maximal wind speed (um), radius (Rm), and translation velocity (V), wave‐train rays superpose to exhibit particular coherent spatial patterns of significant wave height, peak wavelength and direction. Group velocity resonance leads to the appearance of waves with abnormally high energy, further outrunning as long swell systems through the TC front sector. Yet, when the TC translation velocity exceeds a threshold value, waves cannot reach group velocity resonance, and travel backwards, to form a wake of swell systems trailing the forward moving TC. Importantly, the model solutions for TC 2D‐wavefields can be parameterized using 2D self‐similar universal functions. Comparisons between self‐similar solutions and measurements, demonstrate a reasonable agreement to warrant scientific and practical applications. Self‐similar solutions provide immediate estimates of azimuthal‐radial distributions of wave parameters under TCs, solely characterized by arbitrary sets of um, Rm, and V conditions. Self‐similar solutions clearly divide TCs between slow TCs, fulfilling conditions Rm/Lcr > 1, and fast TCs corresponding to Rm/Lcr < 1, where Lcr is a critical fetch. Around the region Rm/Lc = 1, group velocity resonance occurs, leading to the largest possible waves generated by a TC.
Identification of novel locus associated with coronary artery aneurysms and validation of loci for susceptibility to Kawasaki disease
Authors: Hoggart Clive , Shimizu Chisato , Galassini Rachel , Wright Victoria J. , Shailes Hannah , Bellos Evan , Herberg Jethro A. , Pollard Andrew J. , O’Connor Daniel , Choi Shing Wan , Seaby Eleanor G. , Menikou Stephanie , Hibberd Martin , Sallah Neneh , Burgner David , Brogan Paul , Patel Harsita , Kim Jihoon , Tremoulet Adriana H. , Salo Eeva , van Stijn Diana , Kuijpers Taco , Burns Jane C. , Levin Michael ,   The International Kawasaki Disease Genetics Consortium,   UK Kawasaki Disease Genetics Consortium,   EUCLIDS Consortium
Published: March 2021

AbstractKawasaki disease (KD) is a paediatric vasculitis associated with coronary artery aneurysms (CAA). Genetic variants influencing susceptibility to KD have been previously identified, but no risk alleles have been validated that influence CAA formation. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for CAA in KD patients of European descent with 200 cases and 276 controls. A second GWAS for susceptibility pooled KD cases with healthy paediatric controls from vaccine trials in the UK (n = 1609). Logistic regression mixed models were used for both GWASs. The susceptibility GWAS was meta-analysed with 400 KD cases and 6101 controls from a previous European GWAS, these results were further meta-analysed with Japanese GWASs at two putative loci. The CAA GWAS identified an intergenic region of chromosome 20q13 with multiple SNVs showing genome-wide significance. The risk allele of the most associated SNV (rs6017006) was present in 13% of cases and 4% of controls; in East Asian 1000 Genomes data, the allele was absent or rare. Susceptibility GWAS with meta-analysis with previously published European data identified two previously associated loci (ITPKC and FCGR2A). Further meta-analysis with Japanese GWAS summary data from the CASP3 and FAM167A genomic regions validated these loci in Europeans showing consistent effects of the top SNVs in both populations. We identified a novel locus for CAA in KD patients of European descent. The results suggest that different genes determine susceptibility to KD and development of CAA and future work should focus on the function of the intergenic region on chromosome 20q13.
The human intermediate prolactin receptor is a mammary proto-oncogene
Authors: Grible Jacqueline M. , Zot Patricija , Olex Amy L. , Hedrick Shannon E. , Harrell J. Chuck , Woock Alicia E. , Idowu Michael O. , Clevenger Charles V. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe hormone prolactin (PRL) and its receptor (hPRLr) are significantly involved in breast cancer pathogenesis. The intermediate hPRLr (hPRLrI) is an alternatively-spliced isoform, capable of stimulating cellular viability and proliferation. An analogous truncated mouse PRLr (mPRLr) was recently found to be oncogenic when co-expressed with wild-type mPRLr. The goal of this study was to determine if a similar transforming event occurs with the hPRLr in human breast epithelial cells and to better understand the mechanism behind such transformation. hPRLrL+I co-expression in MCF10AT cells resulted in robust in vivo and in vitro transformation, while hPRLrI knock-down in MCF7 cells significantly decreased in vitro malignant potential. hPRLrL+I heterodimers displayed greater stability than hPRLrL homodimers, and while being capable of activating Jak2, Ras, and MAPK, they were unable to induce Stat5a tyrosine phosphorylation. Both immunohistochemical breast cancer tissue microarray data and RNA sequencing analyses using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) identified that higher hPRLrI expression associates with triple-negative breast cancer. These studies indicate the hPRLrI, when expressed alongside hPRLrL, participates in mammary transformation, and represents a novel oncogenic mechanism.
Prediction of intrinsic topological superconductivity in Mn-doped GeTe monolayer from first-principles
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming , Jin Kyung-Hwan , Mao Jiahao , Zhao Mingwen , Liu Zheng , Liu Feng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe recent discovery of topological superconductors (TSCs) has sparked enormous interest. The realization of TSC requires a delicate tuning of multiple microscopic parameters, which remains a great challenge. Here, we develop a first-principles approach to quantify realistic conditions of TSC by solving self-consistently Bogoliubov-de Gennes equation based on a Wannier function construction of band structure, in presence of Rashba spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman splitting and electron-phonon coupling. We further demonstrate the power of this method by predicting the Mn-doped GeTe (Ge1-xMnxTe) monolayer—a well-known dilute magnetic semiconductor showing superconductivity under hole doping—to be a Class D TSC with Chern number of −1 and chiral Majorana edge modes. By constructing a first-principles phase diagram in the parameter space of temperature and Mn concentration, we propose the TSC phase can be induced at a lower-limit transition temperature of ~40 mK and the Mn concentration of x~0.015%. Our approach can be generally applied to TSCs with a phonon-mediated pairing, providing useful guidance for future experiments.
Correlation between general health knowledge and sanitation improvements: evidence from rural China
Authors: Huang Li , Qiu Meijun , Zhou Mi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA lack of access to sanitation not only has negative effects on the environment but also results in increased prevalence of disease and adversely affects health outcomes. This paper uses data from a survey in Liaoning Province in China to examine the relationship between general health knowledge and improved sanitation facility access. It also explores the effects of work experience and government subsidies on toilet renovation. Using Logit Regression and Duration Analysis, our results show that general health knowledge had a significant positive correlation with flush toilet use and a significant negative correlation with the average duration of traditional latrine pits use. The results of heterogeneity analysis show that work experience in cities can expand farmers’ horizons, which increases their general health knowledge. However, per capita government subsidies are insufficient and result in no significant impact on general health knowledge. This paper also discusses certain restrictions that prevent general health knowledge from having an effect on toilet renovation. The article finally proposes policy recommendations for rural areas in China to better promote the rural toilet revolution and our results can also provide useful guidelines for drawing up relevant policies in other developing countries.
Prediction of distance visual acuity in presbyopic astigmatic subjects
Authors: Hoshikawa Rie , Kamiya Kazutaka , Fujimura Fusako , Shoji Nobuyuki 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study was aimed to determine the effect of the amount of astigmatism on distance visual acuity, and to provide a prediction formula of visual acuity according to astigmatism, in a presbyopic population. We comprised 318 eyes of 318 consecutive patients (158 phakic and 160 pseudophakic subjects) without any eye diseases, except for refractive errors with astigmatism of 3 diopter or less. We assessed the relationship of the spherical equivalent visual acuity (SEVA) with astigmatism, and also provided a regression formula of visual acuity according to astigmatism in such subjects. We found a significant correlation between the SEVA and the amount of astigmatism (r = 0.715, p < 0.001) in the entire study population. We obtained similar results, not only in phakic eyes (r = 0.718, p < 0.001), but also in pseudophakic eyes (r = 0.717, p < 0.001). The regression formula was expressed as follows: y = 0.017x2 + 0.125x − 0.116 (R2 = 0.544), where y = logMAR SEVA, and x = astigmatism. We also found no significant differences in the SEVA for matched comparison among the with-the-rule (WTR), against-the-rule (ATR), and oblique (OBL) astigmatism subgroups (p = 0.922). These regression formulas may be clinically beneficial not only for estimating the visual prognosis after astigmatic correction, but also for determining the surgical indication of astigmatic correction.
Geographically weighted machine learning model for untangling spatial heterogeneity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) prevalence in the USA
Authors: Quiñones Sarah , Goyal Aditya , Ahmed Zia U. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) prevalence in the United States varies substantially across spatial and temporal scales, attributable to variations of socioeconomic and lifestyle risk factors. Understanding these variations in risk factors contributions to T2D would be of great benefit to intervention and treatment approaches to reduce or prevent T2D. Geographically-weighted random forest (GW-RF), a tree-based non-parametric machine learning model, may help explore and visualize the relationships between T2D and risk factors at the county-level. GW-RF outputs are compared to global (RF and OLS) and local (GW-OLS) models between the years of 2013–2017 using low education, poverty, obesity, physical inactivity, access to exercise, and food environment as inputs. Our results indicate that a non-parametric GW-RF model shows a high potential for explaining spatial heterogeneity of, and predicting, T2D prevalence over traditional local and global models when inputting six major risk factors. Some of these predictions, however, are marginal. These findings of spatial heterogeneity using GW-RF demonstrate the need to consider local factors in prevention approaches. Spatial analysis of T2D and associated risk factor prevalence offers useful information for targeting the geographic area for prevention and disease interventions.
Explainable machine learning can outperform Cox regression predictions and provide insights in breast cancer survival
Authors: Moncada-Torres Arturo , van Maaren Marissa C. , Hendriks Mathijs P. , Siesling Sabine , Geleijnse Gijs 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCox Proportional Hazards (CPH) analysis is the standard for survival analysis in oncology. Recently, several machine learning (ML) techniques have been adapted for this task. Although they have shown to yield results at least as good as classical methods, they are often disregarded because of their lack of transparency and little to no explainability, which are key for their adoption in clinical settings. In this paper, we used data from the Netherlands Cancer Registry of 36,658 non-metastatic breast cancer patients to compare the performance of CPH with ML techniques (Random Survival Forests, Survival Support Vector Machines, and Extreme Gradient Boosting [XGB]) in predicting survival using the$$c$$c-index. We demonstrated that in our dataset, ML-based models can perform at least as good as the classical CPH regression ($$c$$c-index $$\sim \,0.63$$∼0.63), and in the case of XGB even better ($$c$$c-index $$\sim 0.73$$∼0.73). Furthermore, we used Shapley Additive Explanation (SHAP) values to explain the models’ predictions. We concluded that the difference in performance can be attributed to XGB’s ability to model nonlinearities and complex interactions. We also investigated the impact of specific features on the models’ predictions as well as their corresponding insights. Lastly, we showed that explainable ML can generate explicit knowledge of how models make their predictions, which is crucial in increasing the trust and adoption of innovative ML techniques in oncology and healthcare overall.