bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prescriptive Jurisdiction over Foreign Fishing in the EEZ
Authors: Goodman Camille 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This Chapter explores how coastal States use their prescriptive jurisdiction to regulate foreign fishing in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and how this implements, varies, or develops the framework established in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). It demonstrates that the formula established in the LOSC for regulating access to the living resources of the EEZ—the obligation to establish whether there is a surplus, the criteria to be applied in allocating any surplus to foreign States, and the terms and conditions that might be imposed on foreign vessels involved in extracting it—bears little similarity to the contemporary regulation of foreign fishing by coastal States. While this formula was intended to ensure a balance between the exclusive jurisdiction of coastal States and the interests of the international community, in practice it has proved poorly adapted to this task, and very few coastal States follow the specific mechanisms set out in the LOSC. Instead, the detailed analysis of State practice in this Chapter shows how coastal States use the broad discretions in the LOSC to pursue a wide range of economic, social, political, national security and foreign policy objectives, and adopt regulations that broaden the substantive, geographic, personal and temporal application of their influence.
Jurisdiction over Unlicensed Foreign Fishing Vessels in Transit through the EEZ
Authors: Goodman Camille 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This Chapter examines the permissible scope and extent of coastal State jurisdiction over unlicensed foreign fishing vessels in transit through the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. While the primacy of the freedom of navigation has traditionally been the dominant narrative in the law of the sea, this Chapter argues that the coastal State’s sovereign rights over living resources are now accepted to provide a basis for regulations to be applied to all foreign fishing vessels navigating in the EEZ, even if they are only transiting through the zone without fishing. By examining the variety of regulations that are applied by States in practice, the Chapter establishes that, in relation to foreign fishing vessels and fishing support vessels, the contemporary freedom of navigation effectively equates to a right to undertake continuous and expeditious passage from one point beyond the EEZ to another point beyond the EEZ, except in circumstances involving force majeure or distress, or activities undertaken with the authorization of the coastal State. At the same time, the Chapter notes that the rights of coastal States involve correlative duties, and explores how the concepts of due regard, reasonableness, and the balance of interests apply to limit the extent of coastal State regulation in this area.
Social Networks as Levers of Mobility
Authors: Mani Anandi , Riley Emma 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the literature on pathways through which social networks may influence social mobility in developing countries. We find that social networks support members in tangible ways—via access to opportunities for migration, credit, trading relationships, information on jobs, and new technologies—as well as in intangible ways, such as shaping their beliefs, hopes, and aspirations, through role models and peers. Nevertheless, networks can disadvantage non-members, typically the poor and marginalized. Recent evidence suggests a range of policy tools that could help mitigate disadvantages faced by excluded groups: temporary incentives to encourage experimentation into new regions, occupations, or technologies, and role models—real and virtual—to mitigate psychosocial challenges faced by marginalized groups. Targeting large fractions of marginalized groups simultaneously could increase the effectiveness of such policies by leveraging the influence of existing social networks.
Newton and Knowledge of the Universe
Authors: Goldman Steven L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Like Bacon, Descartes, and Galileo, Newton identified method as the key to discovering truths about the world, and like theirs, Newton’s method conflated induction and deduction in making claims about reality. Against Robert Hooke, Newton claimed that data spoke for themselves, as in his claim that his prism experiments directly proved that sunlight really was a combination of colors. In his theory of light, Newton claimed that his data allowed him to “deduce” that light was made up of corpuscles, against Christiaan Huygens’ claim that light was composed of spherical waves. In Newton’s mechanics, which became the cornerstone of modern mathematical physics, neither his definitions of space, time, matter, and motion nor his famous three laws of motion were deduced from experimental data. In his dismissal of Descartes’ method of reasoning and in his battles with Leibniz over the nature of reality, Newton was forced to confront the logical weakness of his ontological claims.
Science and Social Reform in the Age of Reason
Authors: Goldman Steven L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The idea of progress, the creation of the social sciences, and the cause of social reform became entangled with the power of reason-based natural science to reveal reality. This was coordinate with the spread of Newtonianism, an eclectic fusion of the physics of Newton, Descartes, and Leibniz. Although that physics was deterministic, the creators of the social sciences—sociology, economics, political science, and psychology—supported platforms of reason-based reforms of society, challenging authority and tradition-based social institutions that empowered the Church, monarchy, and aristocracy. A number of dramatic events reinforced the idea that scientific reasoning revealed truths about reality, which seemed to confirm the connection between Newtonian physics and reality. Meanwhile, opposition to the hegemony of reason in human affairs emerged in the form of a nascent Romantic movement whose champions, most notably Jean-Jacques Rousseau, held that feeling and will, rather than reason, were central to human affairs.
A New Image for Science
Authors: Goldman Steven L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Thomas Kuhn subverted the image of science that had become entrenched by the mid-twentieth century, that science was a body of knowledge produced by logical reasoning about objective facts. Kuhn argued that a new approach to the history of science revealed that the process of discovery was integral to the practice of science and that nonlogical factors played a role in theory acceptance and theory change. Insofar as they entered into the reasoning leading to the formulation of a theory, facts were not objective but interpreted consistent with contingent assumptions on which the theory rested. Kuhn himself believed that scientific knowledge was about reality. His theory of how scientific knowledge was produced, however, strongly supported the view that scientific theories were contingent interpretations of experience.
Introduction
Authors: Horwitz Ilana M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by showing why college is so consequential to Americans’ lives. It then describes how and why the US education system is stratified by social class. The road to college, especially a selective college, is much smoother for those who come from more affluent and educated families. The farther down on the socioeconomic ladder you go, the bumpier and steeper the climb to college becomes. Social class matters to children’s schooling because parents’ childrearing strategies continue to influence children even after they leave home. Yet the current narratives that we have about adolescents do not reflect their religious upbringing. The chapter introduces a new childrearing logic that cuts across social class groups and accounts for the role of religion: “religious restraint.” This chapter also describes the state of religion in America and explains why this book is primarily about “abiders”—Christians who display high degrees of religiosity.
A Domino Effect
Authors: Horwitz Ilana M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Education during the early years of life lays the groundwork for educational trajectories over the course of life. A college degree has a profound effect on Americans over the life course, including how much they earn and how long they live. This chapter argues that religious restraint has a domino effect. Teenagers raised with religious restraint earn better grades in high school, and their higher grade point averages help them go on to complete more years of college than nonabiders. Abiders from working-class and middle-class families see the biggest educational attainment bump. However, abiders from poor families and from the professional class do not see a strong educational attainment bump.
The Anvil of Neglect and the Hammer of Exploitation
Authors: London Alex John 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores tensions in research ethics between three moral pitfalls: sanctioning wrongdoing, avoiding the ravages of neglect, and not saddling a narrow range of actors with overly demanding moral requirements. These tensions are illustrated by the way an argument from Alan Wertheimer repurposes core commitments of the field to argue that research ethics should avert the harms of widespread neglect by weakening some of the protectionist demands of morality and permitting the violation of norms against exploitation, unfairness, and injustice. Although Wertheimer’s proposal is likely to be met with skepticism in the field, the problems it raises reflect shortcomings in research ethics and, most importantly, the failure of the field to connect this activity to social institutions that serve a larger moral purpose.
Networked Collective Actions
Authors: Seo Hyunjin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Massive and sustained candlelight vigils in 2016–2017, the most significant citizen-led protests in the history of democratic South Korea, led to the impeachment and removal of then President Park Geun-hye. These protests took place in a South Korean media environment characterized by polarization and low public trust, and where conspiracy theories and false claims by those opposing impeachment were frequently amplified by extreme right-wing media outlets. How then was it possible for pro-impeachment protests seeking major social change to succeed? And why did pro-Park protesters and government efforts to defend Park ultimately fail? An agent-affordance framework is introduced to explain how key participants (agents), including journalists, citizens, social media influencers, bots, and civic organizations, together produced a broad citizen consensus that Park should be removed from office. This was accomplished by creatively employing affordances made available by South Korea’s history, legal system, and technologies. New empirical evidence illustrates the ongoing significant roles of both traditional and nontraditional agents as they continue to co-adapt to affordances provided by changing information environments. Interviews with key players yield firsthand descriptions of events. The interviews, original content analyses of media reports, and examination of social media posts combine to provide strong empirical support for the agent-affordance framework. Lessons drawn from citizen-led protests surrounding Park Geun-hye’s removal from office in South Korea are used to offer suggestions for how technology-enabled affordances may support and constrain movements for social change elsewhere in the world.
Political Incubation and Infrastructure
Authors: Van Duyn Emily 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 addresses how people can and do go from keeping their political beliefs a secret to publicly expressing them. It explores how CWG incubated some members to “come out” as local Democrats and some as public leaders by providing a sense of security and a place to practice being political. It also considers how secrecy can be a vital tool for local parties who are in the political minority by offering a private alternative to being publicly active. As evidence, this chapter demonstrates how CWG attracted members who were unwilling to publicly engage with the Democratic Party but covertly supported and rebuilt local party infrastructure by updating voter records, fundraising, or coordinating events. This chapter offers a perspective on local party infrastructure and the influence of political polarization as well as the role that political secrecy can play in helping minority parties establish or rebuild a presence and infrastructure in their communities.
Archival Totality in the Gesamtarchiv der deutschen Juden
Authors: Lustig Jason 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter uncovers the history of the Gesamtarchiv der deutschen Juden, the central archive of the German Jews, which operated from 1903 until it was confiscated by the Nazis in 1943. It details the Gesamtarchiv’s attempt to create a singular archive of German Jewish history in Berlin, and also opposition to the project of centralization, and it situates the archive within the wider trends of archival science. It thereby explicates the Gesamtarchiv’s vision of total archives and traces its legacy across the arc of the twentieth century. This archive was intended to help produce the history of Germany’s Jews and also to help manage its communities, but it was ultimately turned into an instrument for the domination of Jewish life by the Nazi regime. Altogether, this chapter offers the Gesamtarchiv as a starting point for a global network of Jewish archives that followed the Gesamtarchiv’s vision of archival totality.
Shifts in Spiritual and Religious Self-Perceptions in the First Year of College
Authors: Rockenbach Alyssa N. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This study draws on an original national and longitudinal survey to examine patterns and predictors of change in religious and spiritual self-perceptions among over seven thousand college students in their first year on campus. The chapter identifies the personal characteristics, institutional contexts, and collegiate experiences that shaped students’ perceptions of themselves in relation to religion and spirituality. Twenty-eight percent of first-year students changed their self-perception in the first year of college; a switch to “spiritual but not religious” was the most common type of change. The study illuminates parallel reactions to religious and spiritual descriptors among certain groups. For example, both atheists and evangelical Christians were less likely than mainline Protestants to adopt the “religious but not spiritual” and “spiritual but not religious” labels. Lived experiences in the first year of college made a notable impact on students’ self-perceptions of spirituality.
Ecstasies
Authors: Wilcox Melissa M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Embodiment in general and sexuality especially are often marginalized in the study of religion, particularly when the object of study is a mainstream tradition practiced by dominant groups in global North / global West cultures. Yet, despite the centrality of belief and the marginalization of practice in the lives of many who currently identify as spiritual, too close a focus on belief and identity to the neglect or exclusion of embodiment and practice risks forming an incomplete picture of spirituality as a phenomenon today. One site in which spirituality is explicitly constructed—even first realized—through embodiment is in the practice of spiritual BDSM (bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sado-masochism). This chapter follows Fennell’s work on sacred kink by arguing for the importance of queer leather spirituality to spirituality studies as a whole.
Rethinking Music Education and Social Change
Authors: Kertz-Welzel Alexandra 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The arts and particularly music are well-known agents for social change. They can empower, transform, or question. They can be a mirror of society’s current state and a means of transformation. They are often the last refuge when all attempts at social change have failed. But are the arts able to live up to these expectations? Can music education cause social change? This book offers timely answers to these questions. It presents an imaginative, yet critical approach. It is optimistic and realistic. It rethinks music education’s relation to social change and offers a new vision in terms of music education as utopian theory and practice. This allows one to unearth the utopian energy of the music education profession and to openly imagine how the world could be otherwise—while at the same time critically scrutinizing respective conceptions. Utopia, being an important topic in sociology and political science, offers a new tradition of thinking and a scholarly foundation for music education’s relation to social change. However, music education is not only a means for social transformation. It also has artistic and aesthetic dimensions. Thus, connecting music education with utopia leads to two approaches in terms of politically or socially responsive music education and “esthetic” music education. Rethinking music education and social change within the framework of utopia offers much-needed opportunities for reconceptualizing music education in the 2020s.
The Power of Utopian Thinking
Authors: Kertz-Welzel Alexandra 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops a notion of utopia and utopian thinking which is useful for reconsidering music education and social change. The first section analyzes what utopia is. It shows the ambivalence of this concept, as both literary genre and method. It emphasizes its relatedness to various fields of research such as sociology and thus opens possible links for music education. The second section is concerned with utopia and political thinking, critically discussing the significance of utopia for political theory and philosophy. Their connection is much deeper than thought, but also needs a differentiated and critical perspective. The third section approaches utopia and the arts, elaborating their significance for artists of various times and genres.
Transforming Society
Authors: Kertz-Welzel Alexandra 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
To transform society and to assess the role music education could play, it is crucial to know how society works. When discussing music education and social change, the mechanism of society and the dynamics of transformation are rarely discussed. Thus, this chapter presents three perspectives on how society can be transformed, namely the sociology of social change, the politics of change, and the utopian power of education. The notion of utopia is present in these three viewpoints, connecting the various perspectives on society’s transformative processes. The last section explicitly raises the issue of the utopian power of education which has often been forgotten in education, even though it is of vital importance.
Conclusion
Authors: Kertz-Welzel Alexandra 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The final chapter summarizes the ideas presented in the previous chapters, highlights important issues, and opens up new perspectives for music education research. It discusses the utopian energy of music education and presents ideas about how to reconceptualize music education in view of social change. It reconnects the concepts developed in the previous chapters with significant notions in utopian studies to highlight the potential of this new music education approach, particularly in view of global crises. This final chapter tries to encourage utopian thinking to refine music education’s societal mission, but without forgetting or marginalizing its artistic and aesthetic dimensions.
Torture and the Norm against It
Authors: d'Ambruoso William L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Why has torture persisted into the twenty-first century despite long-standing normative and legal prohibitions? Especially strange is torture’s occurrence at the hands of liberal democracies, which are supposed to uphold human rights. Perhaps we should not be surprised by democratic hypocrisy in war—realists and rational choice theorists expect all states to violate norms if doing so holds instrumental promise. Yet torture is likely to yield inaccurate intelligence, harm valuable detainees’ memories, stress interrogators, invite retaliation, and encourage the enemy to fight on rather than surrender. In short, torture is both ethically and efficaciously questionable—and its recurrence is puzzling.
The Search for “Nasty” but “Safe” Interrogation Methods
Authors: d'Ambruoso William L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the book’s main theoretical argument, with examples from the French-Algerian War and other cases, followed by the empirical strategy. First, the antitorture norm can, paradoxically, encourage its own violation by convincing those who believe that those not bound by norms and laws have an advantage in international politics. This is called the Cheaters Win explanation. Torturers prefer their methods because they believe security requires brutality. Second, the norm’s lack of specificity allows practitioners to portray their behavior as something short of torture and redefine torture to exclude their behavior. In sum, torturers believe their interrogation methods are nasty enough to work but still permissibly mild, or mild-sounding. The emphasis on the importance of subtle beliefs best matches in-depth case studies, which are chosen to capture torture’s recurrence over time and demonstrate the explanation’s range across various actors and settings.
Empowering Black Boys to Challenge Rape Culture
Authors: Braxton Gordon 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Gordon Braxton was in his third year of college before anybody bothered to speak to him about sexual violence, this despite the fact that he already knew friends and family members who had survived a sexual assault. Gordon now knows that he was not alone, as his talks with boys are often the first and only opportunities that they have to discuss their views on sexual violence and what role they might play in preventing it. These isolated conversations are not enough to change an entire culture. This book supports the training of a rising generation by providing commentary from an experienced educator, an overview of existing research and preventive techniques, and insight into young men’s perspectives on violence. The resultant crash course on violence prevention is the first to focus on Black boys and to be written by a Black male author. The most important lesson that boys have to learn is that they have an essential role to play in preventing sexual violence. So many of them accept this violence as beyond their control when they could be valuable agents of change. More and more parents and mentors of boys are coming to address sexual violence as a cultural problem rather than representing the activities of isolated social deviants. Empowering Black Boys to Challenge Rape Culture stands to help America as it comes to the realization that sexual violence can be prevented and that a rising generation of boys will play a part in realizing a nonviolent future.