bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pandemic-Related Shifts in New Patients Admitted to Children’s Hospitals
Authors: Clark Nicholas A. , Rodean Jonathan , Mestre Marcos , Rangarajan Hemalatha G. , Samuels-Kalow Margaret , Satwani Prakash , Stanek Joseph R. , Wolfe Ian D. , Michelson Kenneth A. 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVESDuring the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, professional organizations recommended preferential transfer of pediatric patients from general hospitals to children’s hospitals. Patients previously receiving all care at other facilities would be new to children’s hospitals. As a proxy for care consolidation, we sought to describe changes in new patient encounters at children’s hospitals and test associations between local severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) incidences and new patient encounters.METHODSThis retrospective cohort study included patients aged 6 months to 18 years admitted to children’s hospitals from March 15, 2019, to June 30, 2019 (control) and 2020 (pandemic period). Primary outcome was odds ratio of being a new versus established patient by study period. Generalized linear models estimated odds of being a new patient with adjustment for diagnosis. Analyses were also stratified by local SARS-CoV-2 transmission.RESULTSThere were 205 283 encounters (45.3% new patients). New patients were more common in the pandemic period than in the control (46.4 vs 44.7%, OR 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05 to 1.09). After adjusting for diagnosis, pandemic new patients were no more common than control new patients (adjusted odds ratio 1.00, 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.02). Compared with hospitals experiencing low local SARS-CoV-2 transmission, admission encounters at both medium and high transmission hospitals were more likely to be new (adjusted odds ratio 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.14 and 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.15, respectively).CONCLUSIONSDuring the early coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, proportional increases in new patients to children’s hospitals appeared to be due to changes in diagnoses but were also associated with local SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Pediatric care consolidation may have occurred; how this may have impacted outcomes for hospitalized children is unclear.
Characteristics of Hospitalized Children Positive for SARS-CoV-2: Experience of a Large Center
Authors: Webb Nicole E. , Osburn T. Shea 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVES
Define the spectrum of disease in pediatric inpatients with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result in a manner relevant to pediatric hospital medicine.

METHODS
Retrospective case series of all patients aged &lt;22 years hospitalized at our institution with a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction test result between May 1, 2020, and September 30, 2020. Demographic, clinical, and outcome data were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS
Three distinct presentations were associated with acute SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Patients had incidental infection (40%), were potentially symptomatic (47%), or were significantly symptomatic (14%). The average length of stay differed between the significantly symptomatic group and the incidental and potentially symptomatic groups (P =.002). Average age differed among these groups, with significantly symptomatic patients older by &gt;2 years. Fifty-five percent of incidental and 47% of potentially symptomatic patients had at least 1 identified comorbidity, whereas 90% of significantly symptomatic patients had at least 1 (P = .01). There was a significant relationship between obesity (P = .001) and asthma (P = .004) and severe disease. Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference between groups with respect to fever, hypoxia, supplemental oxygen use, duration of supplemental oxygen, and ICU admission, with a significantly higher percentage of patients in the significantly symptomatic group meeting each of these criteria (P &lt; .001 for all categories).

CONCLUSIONS
Pediatric patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 fall into distinct categories, which are critical to understanding the true pathology of SARS-Cov-2 as it relates to hospitalized pediatric patients. Most hospitalized patients who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 are asymptomatic or have a reason for hospitalization other than coronavirus disease 2019.
Trends in Adolescent Online and Offline Victimization and Suicide Risk Factors
Authors: Kreski Noah T. , Chen Qixuan , Olfson Mark , Cerdá Magdalena , Hasin Deborah , Martins Silvia S. , Mauro Pia M. , Keyes Katherine M. 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE
Suicidal ideation and plans are increasing among US adolescents. Changing prevalence of online victimization is frequently hypothesized as an explanation for this increase. We tested trends in online and offline victimization and whether they contribute to recent trends in adolescent suicidal outcomes.

METHODS
Youth Risk Behavior Survey data (2011–2019, N = 73 074) were collected biennially through national cross-sectional surveys of US school-attending adolescents. We examined trends in past-year victimization. We also examined whether the relationship between victimization and past-year suicidal ideation, plans, attempts, and injury changed over time using survey-weighted logistic regressions that adjusted for sex and race and ethnicity. We also sex-stratified results to examine sex differences.

RESULTS
Although suicidal ideation and plans increased among US adolescents (mainly girls), online and offline victimization prevalence did not increase over time (offline: 20.0% in 2011, 19.5% in 2019; online: 16.2% in 2011, 15.7% in 2019). Online and offline victimization were associated with suicidal outcomes, especially co-occurring online and offline victimization (eg, adjusted odds ratio [co-occurring online and offline victimization versus none, outcome: suicidal injury] = 8.37; 95% confidence interval: 7.06–9.91). The magnitude of the associations between victimization and suicidal outcomes largely remained stable over time.

CONCLUSION
Peer victimization prevalence has not sufficiently changed over time in concert with suicidal outcomes to explain increased suicidal outcomes. The prevalence of victimization has remained relatively invariant across time despite growing awareness and programming, making online and offline victimization consistent, socially-patterned risk factors that warrant further monitoring and interventions. Research must examine risk factors beyond victimization to explain increasing suicidal outcomes.
ON CHROMATIC UNIQUENESS OF SOME COMPLETE TRIPARTITE GRAPHS
Authors: Gein Pavel A. 
Published: August 2021

Let \(P(G, x)\) be a chromatic polynomial of a graph \(G\). Two graphs \(G\) and \(H\) are called chromatically equivalent iff \(P(G, x) = H(G, x)\). A graph \(G\) is called chromatically unique if \(G\simeq H\) for every \(H\) chromatically equivalent to \(G\). In this paper, the chromatic uniqueness of complete tripartite graphs \(K(n_1, n_2, n_3)\) is proved for \(n_1 \geqslant n_2 \geqslant n_3 \geqslant 2\) and \(n_1 - n_3 \leqslant 5\).
Cilastatin Ameliorates Rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI in Mice
Authors: Matsushita Katsuyuki , Mori Kiyoshi , Saritas Turgay , Eiwaz Mahaba B. , Funahashi Yoshio , Nickerson Megan N. , Hebert Jessica F. , Munhall Adam C. , McCormick James A. , Yanagita Motoko , Hutchens Michael P. 
Published: August 2021

Significance Statement
Rhabdomyolysis causes severe AKI and death in settings such as earthquakes and armed conflict. Specific treatment is not available and care is difficult to provide in these austere environments. Skeletal muscle myoglobin is a renal toxin that causes AKI in this syndrome. Proximal tubular megalin participates in myoglobin endocytosis and may be an AKI mediator. The authors demonstrate in a mouse model that proximal tubular megalin plays a critical role in rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI. In this model, proximal tubule–specific megalin deletion ameliorated AKI, and this effect was recapitulated by administration of cilastatin, a megalin inhibitor. This translational study thus identifies megalin as a mediator of rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI and suggests a novel mechanism by which it may be possible to ameliorate this condition.

Background
Rhabdomyolysis, the destruction of skeletal muscle, is a significant cause of AKI and death in the context of natural disaster and armed conflict. Rhabdomyolysis may also initiate CKD. Development of specific pharmacologic therapy is desirable because supportive care is nearly impossible in austere environments. Myoglobin, the principal cause of rhabdomyolysis-related AKI, undergoes megalin-mediated endocytosis in proximal tubule cells, a process that specifically injures these cells.

Methods
To investigate whether megalin is protective in a mouse model of rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI, we used male C57BL/6 mice and mice (14–32 weeks old) with proximal tubule–specific deletion of megalin. We used a well-characterized rhabdomyolysis model, injection of 50% glycerol in normal saline preceded by water deprivation.

Results
Inducible proximal tubule–specific deletion of megalin was highly protective in this mouse model of rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI. The megalin knockout mice demonstrated preserved GFR, reduced proximal tubule injury (as indicated by kidney injury molecule-1), and reduced renal apoptosis 24 hours after injury. These effects were accompanied by increased urinary myoglobin clearance. Unlike littermate controls, the megalin-deficient mice also did not develop progressive GFR decline and persistent new proteinuria. Administration of the pharmacologic megalin inhibitor cilastatin to wild-type mice recapitulated the renoprotective effects of megalin deletion. This cilastatin-mediated renoprotective effect was dependent on megalin. Cilastatin administration caused selective proteinuria and inhibition of tubular myoglobin uptake similar to that caused by megalin deletion.

Conclusions
We conclude that megalin plays a critical role in rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI, and megalin interference and inhibition ameliorate rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI. Further investigation of megalin inhibition may inform translational investigation of a novel potential therapy.
Hombres que deciden cuidar a personas adultas dependientes en el contexto familiar. Género y parentesco en transformación
Authors: Soronellas-Masdeu Montserrat , Comas d’Argemir Dolors , Alonso-Rey Natàlia 
Published: August 2021

En este artículo analizamos la realidad cotidiana de hombres que, estando todavía en edad laboral, toman la decisión de abandonar sus actividades profesionales para dedicarse al cuidado de sus esposas o de sus hijos adultos dependientes. Se trata de hombres que han priorizado los cuidados y que ejercen de cuidadores en el entorno familiar, combinando los recursos que ponen a su disposición el mercado, el sector público o las iniciativas sociales comunitarias. Entendemos que un suceso inesperado que afecta a la salud plantea lógicas específicas en la forma de afrontar el cuidado y el rol asumido por el cuidador. A partir de una metodología cualitativa, analizamos cómo entienden el cuidado los padres y maridos cuidadores; qué tipo de cuidados realizan; cómo organizan y distribuyen la provisión de cuidados; cuál es la actitud moral con que afrontan los cuidados; y qué conflictos y malestares emergen de la situación de cuidado. Todo ello en el marco de las motivaciones y contexto que abocan a estos hombres a la decisión de cuidar. Lo relevante a nivel teórico es entender que estos hombres que deciden cuidar ponen en tensión las prescripciones derivadas del género con las obligaciones generadas por el parentesco.
Envejecimiento, dependencia y cuidados. Retos sociales y retos asistenciales
Authors: Comas-d’Argemir Dolors , Soronellas-Masdeu Montserrat 
Published: August 2021

Los textos de este monográfico constituyen una buena compilación que revisa algunas de las más relevantes dimensiones del estado actual de la investigación sobre sobre envejecimiento y cuidados de personas adultas dependientes.
Revolução verde e retrocesso ambiental
Authors: Pozzetti Valmir César , Barbosa Fonseca Magnani Maria Clara , Zambrano Virginia 
Published: August 2021

The objective of this research was to verify the veracity of the information that the use of pesticides -brought about by the Green Revolution -is necessary to eliminate hunger on the planet and if the green revolution is in harmony with the Principle of Prohibition of Environmental Retraction. The methodology used was that of the deductive method: the means was used for the bibliographic research and for the purposes, the research was qualitative. The conclusion reached was that the use of agrochemicals in an indiscriminate manner has brought innumerable damages to the environment, causing environmental imbalance and the appearance ofinnumerable ills to the beings that inhabit the planet earth; so the green revolution, as conceived in Brazil, is at odds with the Principle of Prohibition of Environmental Retraction.
The Bern Convention and CITES in the UK: an exploration of norms and ambiguities
Authors: Wyatt Tanya 
Published: August 2021

In the Anthropocene, humans are changing and harming the planet in significant and possibly irreversible ways. Biodiversity loss is one of the main elements of these human-caused harms. Wildlife and conservation policies, such as Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (the Bern Convention) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) are attempts to stop the loss of wildlife. This article explores the implementation of both of these conventions in the UK through a mixed-methods study including content analysis of convention documentation and eight semi-structured interviews. The findings indicate that whilst the UK has a reputation for actively engaging in wildlife conservation and being a nation of animal lovers, management of its own wildlife is under resourced and could be improved. Both conventions are complex, with different parties focusing on different aspects (i.e., commercial interests via sustainable use narratives or wildlife protection via mentions of intrinsic value). Stakeholders need to engage in dialogue about the core ethical issues regarding trade and consumption. Trying to expect the inclusion of or to add on species justice and welfare to the existing structures appears to be a step too far for the stakeholders as well as the legislative structures.
The Development of Enforcement of CITES in Norway: Discretionary Omissions and Theriocidies
Authors: Sollund Ragnhild 
Published: August 2021

The world is losing species at an alarming rate; the population sizes of wild mammals, birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles have dropped 68% since 1970. Much of this loss is caused by trade. This article discusses the development in the enforcement of CITES (Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species) in Norway through a longitudinal, qualitative approach. It is based on data collection done in several stages and traces how crimes of wildlife trade are addressed by law enforcement agencies. It finds that there is lax enforcement of CITES crimes in Norway, which connect to what can be called anthropocentric, discretionary harms of omission in law enforcement. Taking a species justice approach and based on a discussion of possible changes and development in enforcement in Norway, this article argues that this crime is still insufficiently prioritized by enforcement agencies. Weak points identified at the early stages of this research, such as deficient recording of CITES crimes and discretionary lack of priority of investigation, were still existent. The most serious weakness is the policy of euthanizing confiscated animals, which is a considerable breach of species justice.
Wolf (Dis)Protection in Spain: Exceptions to the Rules in the Bern Convention and in The Habitats Directive as a Conservation and Management Tool
Authors: Fajardo del Castillo Teresa 
Published: August 2021

The announcement that Spain was going to ban wolf hunting throughtout its territory has been the trigger to reopen the debate on the wolf and its conservation and management status. In Europe, the unexpected success of wolf conservation policies has led to the wolf being considered as a pest or a species detrimental to agriculture and livestock farming. This perception of predators is present in and inspires the reservations and exceptions to the rules of the Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and those of the Habitats Directive of the European Union, which provide for different protection statuses and management regimes. Exceptions to these rules allow some states to prohibit wolf hunting and others to allow it in order to avoid escalating conflicts with humans. Although this 'rule of law of biodiversity', guarantees legal protection for the wolf, in practice a serious lack of compliance has been revealed, which is one of the threats to the wolf. A study of the application of these exceptions in Spain and the case law of the Spanish courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union suggests that the legalisation of hunting cannot serve to remedy this compliance deficit when there are alternatives. These may include criminal or administrative prosecution of their violation.
Caracterización físico-química y microbiológica del lactosuero del queso Paipa
Authors: López-Barreto Ricardo Enrique , Becerra-Jiménez Mónica Liliana , Borrás-Sandoval Luis Miguel 
Published: August 2021

El queso Paipa es el único queso madurado que se produce en Colombia; su lactosuero, al ser desechado de manera inadecuada, genera un problema ambiental, por lo que es necesario plantear opciones para industrializarlo y evitar así esta situación; adelantar su caracterización físico-química y microbiológica contribuye a este propósito. Se analizaron muestras de lactosuero de tres plantas representativas de queso Paipa; los promedios evaluados presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas (P≤0,01) en los parámetros de calorías, carbohidratos, humedad, grasa, proteína, aerobios mesófilos, mohos, bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) y levaduras. Los resultados promedios de las muestras analizadas tienen valores en el rango de clasificación como suero dulce, con un pH promedio de 5,7, y lactosa de 5,1 %; sin embargo, estos no presentaron buena calidad sanitaria. Las bondades del lactosuero del queso Paipa en su composición, en lo referente a los promedios en proteína (0,71 ± 0,12), cenizas (0,42), grasa (0,5 ± 0,14) y sus recuentos en levaduras en promedio de 38 x 102 y de BAL de 10,7 x 104, lo posicionan como alternativa para su uso como medio de cultivo y materia prima de procesos biotecnológicos en la elaboración de distintos productos en la industria alimentaria.
Perspectiva de reglamentación laboral del trabajo sexual en Colombia
Authors: Delgado-Beltran Jairo Alberto 
Published: August 2021

El presente artículo desarrolla los principales conceptos jurisprudenciales sobre la relación laboral derivada del comercio sexual, y a partir de ellos, expone los aspectos más relevantes en el abordaje de la reglamentación del trabajo sexual en Colombia, basado las decisiones de la Corte Constitucional (Sentencia T - 594 de 2016 y T 073 de 2017) y los desarrollos conceptuales y académicos en Colombia. La metodología aplicada para la recolección de información y verificación de los resultados se realizó a través de talleres, aplicación de encuestas analíticas de percepción sobre la actividad, la realización de entrevistas y atención socio-jurídica a mujeres trabajadoras sexuales y organizaciones sociales que las agrupan. Entre otros aspectos se encuentra que, el derecho laboral colombiano no tiene los elementos suficientes para reglamentar la actividad. El derecho internacional laboral y de los derechos humanos es proteccionista en una reglamentación del trabajo sexual. Los derechos humanos de las mujeres y particularmente las convenciones de bloque de constitucionalidad, son necesarios para reglamentar el trabajo sexual.
Testing Asynchronous Reactive Systems: Beyond the ioco framework
Authors: Bonifacio Adilson , Vieira Moura Arnaldo 
Published: August 2021

Manual testing can be rather time consuming and prone to errors specially when testing asynchronous reactive systems. Model based testing is a well-established approach to verify reactive systems specified by input output labeled transition systems (IOLTSs). One of the challenges stemming from model based testing is verifying conformance and, also, generating test suites, primarily when completeness is a required property. In order to check whether an implementation under test is in compliance with its respective specification one resorts to some form of conformance relation that guarantees the expected behavior of the implementations, given the behavior of the specification. The ioco relation is an example of such a conformance relation. In this work we study another conformance relation based on formal languages. We also investigate how to generate finite and complete test suites for IOLTS models, and discuss the complexity of the test generation mechanism under this new conformance relation. We also show that ioco is a special case of this new conformance relation. Further, we relate our contributions to more recent works, accommodating the restrictions of their classes of fault models as special cases, and we expose the complexity of generating any complete test suite that must satisfy their restrictions.
Accuracy Comparison of Endotracheal Tube (ETT) Placement Using Chula Formula With Manubrium Sternal Joint (MSJ) Formula
Authors: Lorena Christya , Hamzah Hamzah , Maulydia Maulydia 
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Intubation mistakes, such as ETT malposition, will result in serious complications. Endobronchial intubation can cause pneumothorax and contralateral lung collapse (atelectasis). On the contrary, superficial ETT could increase the risk of being released easily, leading to desaturation or even cardiac arrest. A shallow ETT position could cause the compression of the vocal cord and laryngeal nerve by ETT's cuff. An optimal position can be reached if the cuff position is 1.5-2.5 cm under the vocal cord and the tip is 3-5 cm above the carina. Several methods of ETT depth measurement based on airway length data can be an alternative, especially during the COVID-19 era, where the use of a stethoscope to check ETT depth is limited. Objectives: To analyze the accuracy of ETT depth placement using Chula and MSJ formula. Methods and Material: We conducted the prospective comparative analytic research on 50 patients who had elective surgery in GBPT operating room at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya. The research data during the intubation and FOL (Fyber Optic Laryngoscope) from each patient were height, MSJ length, initial ETT length, the distance of carina-ETT tip, the distance of cuff-vocal cord, and final ETT length. Result and Discussion: In the Chula formula group, the average patients' height was 160.60cm ± 9.738 for men and 157.76 cm ± 8.604 for women. The average MSJ length was 20.28 cm. The application of the Chula formula is more accurate because ETT revision was carried out in only 8.0% of the samples, with an average revision is 0.04. On the other hand, the ETT revision with an average of 0.868 on the MSJ formula group was conducted in 84% of the samples. This research also found a linear correlation between increasing ETT depth and body height. Conclusion: Applying the Chula formula to measure the ETT depth for Indonesian (Javanese) people is more appropriate than the MSJ formula.