bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance and uniformity of a kilo-pixel array of Ti/Au transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters
Authors: Taralli E. , D’Andrea M. , Gottardi L. , Nagayoshi K. , Ridder M. L. , de Wit M. , Vaccaro D. , Akamatsu H. , Bruijn M. P. , Gao J. R. 
Published: February 2021

Uniform large transition-edge sensor (TES) arrays are fundamental for the next generation of x-ray space observatories. These arrays are required to achieve an energy resolution ΔE &lt; 3 eV full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the soft x-ray energy range. We are currently developing x-ray microcalorimeter arrays for use in the future laboratory and space-based x-ray astrophysics experiments and ground-based spectrometers. In this contribution, we report on the development and the characterization of a uniform 32 × 32 pixel array with 140 × 30 μm2 Ti/Au TESs with the Au x-ray absorber. We report on extensive measurements on 60 pixels in order to show the uniformity of our large TES array. The averaged critical temperature is Tc = 89.5 ± 0.5 mK, and the variation across the array (∼1 cm) is less than 1.5 mK. We found a large region of detector’s bias points between 20% and 40% of the normal-state resistance where the energy resolution is constantly lower than 3 eV. In particular, results show a summed x-ray spectral resolution ΔEFWHM = 2.50 ± 0.04 eV at a photon energy of 5.9 keV, measured in a single-pixel mode using a frequency domain multiplexing readout system developed at SRON/VTT at bias frequencies ranging from 1 MHz to 5 MHz. Moreover, we compare the logarithmic resistance sensitivity with respect to temperature and current (α and β, respectively) and their correlation with the detector’s noise parameter M, showing a homogeneous behavior for all the measured pixels in the array.
Developmental synaptic regulator, TWEAK/Fn14 signaling, is a determinant of synaptic function in models of stroke and neurodegeneration
Authors: Nagy Dávid , Ennis Katelin A. , Wei Ru , Su Susan C. , Hinckley Christopher A. , Gu Rong-Fang , Gao Benbo , Massol Ramiro H. , Ehrenfels Chris , Jandreski Luke , Thomas Ankur M. , Nelson Ashley , Gyoneva Stefka , Hajós Mihály , Burkly Linda C. 
Published: February 2021

Significance
It is of great importance to elucidate mechanisms underlying the loss or dysfunction of synapses in neurological diseases. The concept that reduced functional synapses in disease reflect aberrant reactivation of pathways mediating synapse elimination in development has yielded candidate mechanisms. Here, we elucidate a role of the cytokine TWEAK and its receptor Fn14, previously shown to be critical in visual development, in synaptic function in the adult brain. We show that limiting this signaling pathway augments synaptic function in models of Alzheimer’s disease and ischemic stroke. Our results support a general role of TWEAK/Fn14 signaling as a regulator of synaptic function across different ages and brain regions, highlighting it as a therapeutic target in diseases featuring synaptic dysfunction.
The
Arabidopsis
GRAS-type SCL28 transcription factor controls the mitotic cell cycle and division plane orientation
Authors: Goldy Camila , Pedroza-Garcia José-Antonio , Breakfield Natalie , Cools Toon , Vena Rodrigo , Benfey Philip N. , De Veylder Lieven , Palatnik Javier , Rodriguez Ramiro E. 
Published: February 2021

Significance
The mitotic cell cycle (MCC) sustains plant organ growth by producing new cells in the meristems. Multiple mechanisms of gene expression regulation determine the dynamics of gene expression across the successive phases of the cell cycle. At the transcriptional level, only E2F and MYB3R transcription factors (TFs) have been identified as controlling gene expression dynamics in the MCC. In this work, we analyze the transcriptome of cells in the G2/M phases of the cell cycle and identify SCL28, a previously uncharacterized GRAS TF, as a regulator of the MCC in plants.
Cell dispersal by localized degradation of a chemoattractant
Authors: Karmakar Richa , Tyree Timothy , Gomer Richard H. , Rappel Wouter-Jan 
Published: February 2021

SignificanceMany studies have investigated how cells can move toward the source of a chemoattractant, but relatively little is known about mechanisms that can cause cells to move away from a location. Here, we show that small aggregates of the social amoebaDictyostelium discoideumcan show dispersal behavior during which cells are moving away from the aggregate. Using a combination of experiments and modeling, we show that this dispersal can arise due to a competition between the diffusible chemoattractant and the enzyme that degrades it, and that the localized degradation of the chemoattractant may be a mechanism for morphogenesis.
Intercellular communication induces glycolytic synchronization waves between individually oscillating cells
Authors: Mojica-Benavides Martin , van Niekerk David D. , Mijalkov Mite , Snoep Jacky L. , Mehlig Bernhard , Volpe Giovanni , Goksör Mattias , Adiels Caroline B. 
Published: February 2021

SignificanceMany organs have densely packed cells divided in subpopulations that display coherent and spatially differentiated behavior. Using yeast cells packed in a microfluidic device, constructed to mimic an organ structure with peripheral blood flow, we show that cells coupled via diffusion of metabolites can lead to spatially differentiated subpopulations with temporally synchronized behavior. A detailed mathematical model for each yeast cell simulated in its precise architectural location within the microfluidic system correctly predicts the cells’ behavior as a function of an external stress solution. Our results provide us with a mechanistic understanding of this system and indicate how a relatively simple mechanism can underlie a yet poorly understood cellular differentiation process.
GABA from vasopressin neurons regulates the time at which suprachiasmatic nucleus molecular clocks enable circadian behavior
Authors: Maejima Takashi , Tsuno Yusuke , Miyazaki Shota , Tsuneoka Yousuke , Hasegawa Emi , Islam Md Tarikul , Enoki Ryosuke , Nakamura Takahiro J. , Mieda Michihiro 
Published: February 2021

Significance
In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) functions as the master circadian clock to orchestrate multiple circadian biological rhythms in the body. Although almost all SCN neurons contain γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter, the physiological roles of GABA in the SCN network are poorly understood. We show that mice lacking GABA release specifically from arginine vasopressin (AVP)-producing neurons, one of the major neuron types in the SCN, retain an SCN that progresses normally at the clock gene level but fires aberrantly with bimodal rhythm. Accordingly, the mice demonstrate locomotor activity at inappropriate times with respect to the clock gene-based SCN clock. GABAergic transmission from AVP neurons may regulate SCN firing rhythm to modulate when SCN molecular clocks enable daily behavior.
Chromatophores efficiently promote light-driven ATP synthesis and DNA transcription inside hybrid multicompartment artificial cells
Authors: Altamura Emiliano , Albanese Paola , Marotta Roberto , Milano Francesco , Fiore Michele , Trotta Massimo , Stano Pasquale , Mavelli Fabio 
Published: February 2021

Significance
Chromatophores are closed vesicles extracted from photosynthetic bacteria that efficiently perform the photophosphorylation reaction (ADP + Pi → ATP) under illumination. Here we show that, when entrapped inside giant lipid vesicles, they behave as nano-biophotosynthetic organellae, allowing the construction of energetically autonomous artificial protocells. As proof of concept, DNA has been transcribed within an artificial protocell, thanks to the continuous ATP photo-production from chromatophores. Such a hybrid multicompartment approach will speed up the current efforts of constructing cell-like systems of increasing complexity, allowing the implementation of several ATP-dependent processes. Developed at the interface between synthetic biology and systems chemistry, the science of artificial protocells promises unprecedented biotechnological applications, as well as unveiling still unsolved origins-of-life questions.
Herbivory and warming interact in opposing patterns of covariation between arctic shrub species at large and local scales
Authors: Post Eric , Cahoon Sean M. P. , Kerby Jeffrey T. , Pedersen Christian , Sullivan Patrick F. 
Published: February 2021

Significance
Whether climatic conditions or biotic interactions determine species abundances and distributions has been a persistent question in ecology. Furthermore, its answer has long been considered scale-dependent, with climate presumably constraining abundance and distributions at large scales and species interactions determining them at local scales. We conducted a 15-y field experiment to test more recent theory that predicts abiotic conditions and biotic interactions can shape patterns of species covariation at both large and local scales. Our results affirm this prediction, offering insights that will help improve predictions of species’ distributional responses to climate change.
Kin selection explains the evolution of cooperation in the gut microbiota
Authors: Simonet Camille , McNally Luke 
Published: February 2021

Significance
This is a comparative study attempting to explain the pattern of cooperation across a number of microbial species. Hamilton’s inclusive-fitness theory makes the very general prediction that increased genetic relatedness should drive the evolution of cooperation. Various arguments have dismissed the validity of this prediction in microbes, but without ever testing the broad taxonomic support for those arguments. Here, we rehabilitate the central role of relatedness by showing that its power to predict cooperative gene content holds across the full diversity of the human gut microbiota. Explaining broad-scale patterns is critical to a unifying variable for predictive science and broad applications. The manipulation of relatedness may offer an opportunity to engineering microbial communities, such as the gut microbiota.
Language left behind on social media exposes the emotional and cognitive costs of a romantic breakup
Authors: Seraj Sarah , Blackburn Kate G. , Pennebaker James W. 
Published: February 2021

Significance
By analyzing language on the social media platform Reddit, we tracked people’s social, cognitive, and emotional lives as they dealt with the breakup of a close intimate relationship. Language markers can detect impending relationship breakups up to 3 mo before they occur, with continued psychological aftereffects lasting 6 mo after the breakup. Because the language shifts are also apparent in subreddits (forums) unrelated to relationships, the research points to the pervasive impact personal upheavals have across people’s social worlds. Comparable cognitive and social effects are apparent among people undergoing divorce or dealing with major life secrets. The analysis of subtle shifts in pronouns, articles, and other almost-invisible words can reveal the psychological effects of life experiences.
Data integration enables global biodiversity synthesis
Authors: Heberling J. Mason , Miller Joseph T. , Noesgaard Daniel , Weingart Scott B. , Schigel Dmitry 
Published: February 2021

Significance
As anthropogenic impacts to Earth systems accelerate, biodiversity knowledge integration is urgently required to support responses to underpin a sustainable future. Consolidating information from disparate sources (e.g., community science programs, museums) and data types (e.g., environmental, biological) can connect the biological sciences across taxonomic, disciplinary, geographical, and socioeconomic boundaries. In an analysis of the research uses of the world’s largest cross-taxon biodiversity data network, we report the emerging roles of open-access data aggregation in the development of increasingly diverse, global research. These results indicate a new biodiversity science landscape centered on big data integration, informing ongoing initiatives and the strategic prioritization of biodiversity data aggregation across diverse knowledge domains, including environmental sciences and policy, evolutionary biology, conservation, and human health.
Identifying hydrophobic protein patches to inform protein interaction interfaces
Authors: Rego Nicholas B. , Xi Erte , Patel Amish J. 
Published: February 2021

Significance
Hydrophobicity drives diverse aqueous assemblies, including the interactions between proteins. Conventional wisdom stipulates that the hydrophobicity of a surface must be inversely related to its polarity. By using specialized molecular simulations to characterize protein hydrophobicity, here, we challenge this notion and demonstrate that polar/charged atoms comprise a substantial fraction of hydrophobic protein patches. Moreover, hydrophobic and hydrophilic protein patches have surprisingly similar chemical compositions. We further find that the most hydrophobic protein patches also tend to mediate protein interactions. Our work thus establishes a computational framework for characterizing the hydrophobicity of complex solutes, such as proteins, and for uncovering their interaction interfaces.
Transverse spin dynamics in structured electromagnetic guided waves
Authors: Shi Peng , Du Luping , Li Congcong , Zayats Anatoly V. , Yuan Xiaocong 
Published: February 2021

Significance
We formulate and experimentally validate a set of spin–momentum equations which are analogous to the Maxwell’s equations and govern spin–orbit coupling in electromagnetic guided waves. The Maxwell-like spin–momentum equations reveal the spin–momentum locking, the chiral spin texture of the field, Berry phase, and the spin–orbit interaction in the optical near field. The observed spin–momentum behavior can be extended to other classical waves, such as acoustic, fluid, gas, and gravitational waves.
Teacher language awareness and scaffolded interaction in CLIL science classrooms
Authors: Xu Daozhi , Harfitt Gary James 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Teacher language awareness (TLA) constitutes the teacher’s self-reflective knowledge about the operation of
language systems in pedagogical practices. This study focuses on teachers’ understanding of learning of language and learning
through language in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) contexts, exploring how teachers proceduralise their knowledge
of language to facilitate science learning in Hong Kong. By analysing the reflective relationship between TLA and scaffolding
strategies of two teachers (students n = 31; 32) during a set of lessons in a secondary school, this paper
suggests that it is critical to re-orient the TLA focus from teachers to the act of learning and learners’ needs. This expanded
conceptual framework of TLA sheds light on how to transform teachers’ implicit knowledge of language into explicit awareness of
scaffolding in class. The TLA-filtered, scaffolded interactions can therefore promote the use of language not merely for
pedagogical purposes but also as a cognitive learning tool.
The value of introspective measures in aptitude-treatment interaction research
Authors: Sachs Rebecca , Akiyama Yuka , Nakatsukasa Kimi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
To explore the value of introspective measures in aptitude-treatment interaction (ATI) research, this study
analyzed the cognitive profiles and concurrent think-alouds of six university learners of Japanese who were highly successful,
moderately successful, or unsuccessful under two computer-mediated feedback conditions in a larger (N = 80)
quantitative ATI investigation (Sachs, 2011). That study had made indirect inferences
regarding relationships among individual differences (IDs), cognitive processes, and learning on the basis of correlational
results. Using Leow’s (2015) depth-of-processing (DoP) framework as a lens, what we
found in the qualitative verbalization data highlighted that learners in the same condition with similar strengths in the IDs that
are statistically associated with performance at the group level may nonetheless engage in different cognitive processes and
achieve different learning outcomes, and vice versa. The findings also pointed toward more complex ID-DoP and ID-ID interactions
that future research could explore, such as the possibility that a weakness in memory might limit the benefits of metalinguistic
knowledge and analytic processing in a condition where group-level correlations suggest analysis is relevant to success, or that
analytic processing might enhance the value of memory in a condition where memory is relevant to success. In our conclusions, we
argue for the value of mixed-methods research in this area.
A changing landscape of voseo in
Medellín?
Authors: Restrepo-Ramos Falcon D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study examines the use of second-person
singular forms of address (2PS) in the linguistic landscape of Valle
de Aburrá, Colombia. Along with 58 surveys from
Paisas, over 300 photographs of public signage
with content in 2PS were taken within urban centers. Results show
that voseo has its allocated niche with a vocative
function in signs authored by the current local government of
Medellín and selected businesses. While ustedeo is
placed in regulatory signage, pronominal tú forms
are preferred for informative and commercial purposes in private and
official domains in neighboring municipalities. Public perception is
in favor of content with voseo, but governmental
ascription seems dependent upon the administration in office rather
than a steady change for all public purposes.
The Escondido swap meet
Authors: Ramos Pellicia Michelle F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Spanish-speaking community in North County
San Diego, a community comprised mostly of Mexicans, Mexican
Americans, and Chicanxs, but also of Guatemalans, Salvadorians, and
Nicaraguans, are using language as a tool for resistance in the
linguistic landscape of the Escondido swap meet. In this work, I
consider how linguistic practices in the landscape are strategically
used and how they compare to what it entails to be a speaker of a
language that is considered undesired and has been racialized, but
it is at the same time an asset to the local Spanish-speaking
community, as it is used to maintain their linguistic roots, and
resist linguistic oppression.
Linguistic Landscape in Otavalo
Authors: Puma Ninacuri Cristian , Narváez Daniela 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article examines the Linguistic Landscape
of Otavalo (Ecuador) where besides Spanish, Kichwa and English are
present. This city is known for its cultural diversity and its
handmade crafts market which offers a setting for the investigation
of issues related with the sociolinguistics of globalization (Blommaert, 2010; Coupland & Coupland,
2014) and processes of language commodification (Heller, Jaworski, & Thurlow,
2014). Through quantitative and qualitative data our
results show that Kichwa is seen as an identity and cultural marker
as well as a commodity, while English is indexed to modernity and
international orientation. Therefore, it is shown that social
meanings attributed to languages are dynamic indexes which can be
mobilized according to the social actors.
The act of naming in the Hispanic linguistic landscape of
Milan
Authors: Calvi Maria Vittoria 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Hispanic linguistic landscape of Milan,
which reflects the consistent presence of a Latin American
community, has been studied from the viewpoint of an emerging
multilingualism, linked to the negotiation of space, language and
identities in different multi-ethnic neighborhood. This study
explores, in particular, the act of naming, i.e. the choice of a
name for restaurants and other commercial enterprises, in which
social memories and lived experiences are involved. Different
linguistic and semiotic aspects will be considered in order to trace
the boundaries of what we might call the “Peruvian namescape”. A
qualitative-ethnographic perspective will be adopted, connecting the
analysis of some contextualized LL units, corresponding to 22
Peruvian restaurants, to what emerges from interviews with
shop-owners.
Automatic rat brain image segmentation using triple cascaded convolutional neural networks in a clinical PET/MR
Authors: Gao Ya , Li Zaisheng , Song Cheng , Li Lei , Li Mengmeng , Schmall Jeffrey , Liu Hui , Yuan Jianmin , Wang Zhe , Zeng Tianyi , Hu Lingzhi , Chen Qun , Zhang Yanjun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this work was to develop and evaluate a deep learning approach for automatic rat brain image segmentation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images in a clinical PET/MR, providing a useful tool for analyzing studies of the pathology and progression of neurological disease and to validate new radiotracers and therapeutic agents. Rat brain PET/MR images (N = 56) were collected from a clinical PET/MR system using a dedicated small-animal imaging phased array coil. A segmentation method based on a triple cascaded convolutional neural network (CNN) was developed, where, for a rectangular region of interest covering the whole brain, the entire brain volume was outlined using a CNN, then the outlined brain was fed into the cascaded network to segment both the cerebellum and cerebrum, and finally the sub-cortical structures within the cerebrum including hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, lateral ventricles and prefrontal cortex were segmented out using the last cascaded CNN. The dice score coefficient (DSC) between manually drawn labels and predicted labels were used to quantitatively evaluate the segmentation accuracy. The proposed method achieved a mean DSC of 0.965, 0.927, 0.858, 0.594, 0.847, 0.674 and 0.838 for whole brain, cerebellum, hippocampus, lateral ventricles, striatum, prefrontal cortex and thalamus, respectively. Compared with the segmentation results reported in previous publications using atlas-based methods, the proposed method demonstrated improved performance in the whole brain and cerebellum segmentation. In conclusion, the proposed method achieved high accuracy for rat brain segmentation in MRI images from a clinical PET/MR and enabled the possibility of automatic rat brain image processing for small animal neurological research.
Reshaping the output of fiber lasers by using a variable intra-cavity filter based on a reconfigurable Fabry–Perot interferometer
Authors: Torres-Torres M , Salceda-Delgado G , Rodríguez-Carreón V C , Martinez-Rios A , Sierra-Hernandez J M , Antonio-Lopez J E , Amezcua-Correa R , Estudillo-Ayala J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The shaping of the output laser by using a modifiable intra-cavity filter, which is based on a reconfigurable Fabry–Perot interferometer, is experimentally demonstrated. This output shaping method is carried out using a Fabry–Perot interferometer formed by the partially reflected faces of two single-mode fibers (SMFs). The two SMF ends are inside a capillary glass, where one is fixed, and the other one can be linearly displaced. As the free fiber is displaced, the separation distance between the planar faces is modified, which changes the interferometer properties to allow the adjustment of the laser intra-cavity losses to shape the output laser. The shaping of the output laser is focused on varying the wavelength peak number that may induce laser emissions and also shift these peaks. For the laser setup used in this work, a maximum of four simultaneous laser emissions was achieved. In addition, the experimental results for a constant interferometer separation distance provide emissions with negligible variations.