bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross‐ethnic appeals in plural democracies
Authors: Devasher Madhavi , Gadjanova Elena 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhether and how parties reach across ethnic lines matters for the quality of democracy, the state of interethnic relations and substantive minority representation in plural societies. Existing explanations have focused on how politicians facing electoral incentives to seek broader support attempt to either redefine or transcend ethnic identities, but have overlooked the various ways, in which candidates from one ethnic community often directly address the ethno‐political interests, concerns and demands of other communities whose votes are being courted. To address this gap, we introduce the concept and develop a typology of cross‐ethnic appeals in plural democracies. Drawing on primary research in India and Kenya—two countries with salient ethnic divisions and ethnic party systems—we show that cross‐ethnic appeals are common, follow the logic of our typology, and can result in increased resources and representation for some electorally pivotal minorities, even going beyond what coethnic politicians have offered. The article contributes to the emerging academic literature on how parties foster cross‐ethnic linkages in plural societies. Our argument has implications for ethnic boundaries, the structure of political cleavages and the substantive representation of minorities in multiethnic states.
Sharp injuries and their relationship with stress among nurses working in acute care settings
Authors: Asfour Hayam Ibrahim , Tayyib Nahla Abdul‐Gadir , Lindsay Grace , Alsolami Fatmah Jabr , Alshmemri Mohammed Salah 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundSharp injuries are common reasons for the transmission of blood‐borne diseases in acute care settings. Fear of sharp injuries and their consequences can expose nurses to high levels of stress (sharp injuries stress).AimTo examine the occurrence of sharp injuries and to assess their relationship with stress among nurses working in acute care settings.DesignThis was a cross‐sectional study.MethodsA total of 150 nurses working in 10 acute care settings in two selected hospitals in Alexandria, Egypt, were selected as the population of this study. Data on the occurrence of sharp injuries were collected using a sharp injuries circumstances questionnaire (including questions regarding number, instrument and reasons/procedures that caused sharp injuries, etc.), and two scales were used to measure sharp injuries stress (the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised and the Post‐Traumatic Stress Syndrome Questions Inventory).ResultsMore than 13% of nurses experienced sharp injuries, and 25% of injuries were caused by contaminated instruments. Sharp injuries stress scores were high in nurses, with 65% of nurses experiencing sharp injuries and 30.8% of nurses who did not experience sharp injuries having high Impact of Event Scale‐Revised scores. In addition, 45% of nurses who experienced sharp injuries and 15.39% of nurses who did not experience sharp injuries had high Post‐Traumatic Stress Syndrome Questions Inventory (PTSSQI) scores. There was a significant relationship between the occurrence of sharp injuries and stress scales at P < .05.ConclusionsNurses are exposed to sharp injuries, leading to sharp injury stress pre‐ and post‐occurrence of injuries. Sharp injuries stress can make nurses prone to Post‐Traumatic Stress Syndrome (PTSS).Relevance to clinical practiceFactors that lead to the occurrence of sharp injuries and sharp injuries stress should be investigated, and a psychological rehabilitation unit should be instituted to help nurses working in acute care settings deal with the sharp injuries‐related stressors they are facing.
A nuclear‐targeted effector of Rhizophagus irregularis interferes with histone 2B mono‐ubiquitination to promote arbuscular mycorrhization
Authors: Wang Peng , Jiang Henan , Boeren Sjef , Dings Harm , Kulikova Olga , Bisseling Ton , Limpens Erik 
Published: January 2021

Summary

Arguably, symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have the broadest host range of all fungi, being able to intracellularly colonise root cells in the vast majority of all land plants. This raises the question how AM fungi effectively deal with the immune systems of such a widely diverse range of plants.

Here, we studied the role of a nuclear‐localisation signal‐containing effector from Rhizophagus irregularis, called Nuclear Localised Effector1 (RiNLE1), that is highly and specifically expressed in arbuscules.

We showed that RiNLE1 is able to translocate to the host nucleus where it interacts with the plant core nucleosome protein histone 2B (H2B). RiNLE1 is able to impair the mono‐ubiquitination of H2B, which results in the suppression of defence‐related gene expression and enhanced colonisation levels.

This study highlights a novel mechanism by which AM fungi can effectively control plant epigenetic modifications through direct interaction with a core nucleosome component. Homologues of RiNLE1 are found in a range of fungi that establish intimate interactions with plants, suggesting that this type of effector may be more widely recruited to manipulate host defence responses.
The Untold Story of 50 Years of Adolescent Fertility in West Africa: A Cohort Perspective on the Quantum, Timing, and Spacing of Adolescent Childbearing
Authors: Garbett Ann , Perelli‐Harris Brienna , Neal Sarah 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlthough recent studies examine overall fertility trends in West Africa, few using advanced demographic techniques focus on adolescents. This study explores long‐term patterns of adolescent childbearing in 12 West African countries using 51 Demographic and Health Surveys covering birth cohorts that span 54 years (1940–1994). We employ classic demographic measures as well as disaggregation by early‐ (10–14 years old), middle‐ (15–17), and late adolescence (18–19). Cohort‐based estimates of total adolescent births, parity progression ratios, and rapid repeat birth probabilities reveal little change over time. Most women begin childbearing in adolescence, the progression to additional adolescent births remains common, and the incidence of rapid repeat births is high. In recent cohorts, women exit adolescence with an average of between 0.4 (Ghana) to 1.3 (Niger) births. Contrary to common assumptions, it is women commencing motherhood in early‐ and middle‐, not later adolescence, who account for most West African adolescent fertility.
Spinoza on Counterpossible Inferences
Authors: Barry Galen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAs part of his geometrical method, Spinoza uses inferences involving impossibilities: what would follow if some impossibility were true. This paper examines a puzzle surrounding his use of such ‘counterpossible’ inferences. The puzzle consists of Spinoza's apparent acceptance of the following three claims: that counterpossible inferences can produce knowledge; that inference‐making produces knowledge only on the basis of a transition between ideas; and that counterpossible inferences are unthinkable. I argue for a solution to this puzzle, which interprets Spinoza's geometrical method as a form of syntactical manipulation.
Practice variation in the immediate postoperative care of pediatric liver transplant patients: Framework for a national consensus
Authors: Maue Danielle K. , Mangus Richard S. , Lutfi Riad , Hobson Michael J. , Rao Girish S. , Nitu Mara E. , Abu‐Sultaneh Samer 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAdvancements in critical care management have led to improvement in pediatric LT outcomes. However, there are no specific guidelines for many aspects of immediate post‐LT care. This survey examines practice variations in the immediate postoperative care of pediatric LT patients at a large number of active US centers. This study is a cross‐sectional survey of medical directors at PALISI‐affiliated PICU in the United States. Centers performing pediatric LT were analyzed. Study measures included PICU practices regarding staffing, composition of the multidisciplinary team, early post‐LT graft and patient monitoring, and anticoagulation. Of the thirty‐five responding centers, twenty‐five had a LT program which accounted for one‐half of all US pediatric LTs. For analysis, centers were categorized by volume: high (7), medium (11), and low (7). The majority of PICU teams included an intensivist (80%) and hepatologist (84%). High‐volume centers were less likely to have 24‐hour in‐house attending coverage (29%, compared to 64% (medium) and 100% (low)). High‐volume centers were most likely to have pre‐printed orders, but least likely to have written PICU management protocols. Most centers utilize routine daily liver ultrasound. Routine prophylactic anticoagulation, and the agent of choice, was variable. There is marked inconsistency in post‐LT practice across PALISI centers in regards to team composition and immediate post‐LT management. A national US consensus for post‐LT PICU practices would facilitate outcomes research and would establish a platform for multicenter studies.
Children’s restorative justice in an intergroup context
Authors: Yang Xin , Wu Zhen , Dunham Yarrow 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe present study investigated 3‐ to 6‐year‐old (total n = 158) children's restoration behaviors both when they were second‐party victims (Experiment 1) and when they were third‐party bystanders (Experiment 2) of transgressions. We also explored how group membership (based on color preference) affects these behaviors. We found that children preferred restoration to punishment, and that they emphasized restorative justice not only for themselves, but also for others. Furthermore, when they were victims of transgressions, the tendency to choose restoration over punishment was stronger in older than younger children. Second‐party restoration behavior was influenced by group concerns in that children treated in‐group transgressors more leniently than out‐group and unaffiliated transgressors, but third‐party restoration behavior was not. Our research challenges the view that punishment is the standard response to transgressions and suggests that alternative options like restoration are sometimes preferred over punishment by young children.
Towards a more all‐inclusive evaluation of interventions for unemployed youth: A longitudinal investigation of participant, programme, relational and contextual factors
Authors: Wesseling Wendy Ida Elisabeth 
Published: January 2021

AbstractYouth unemployment has severe and long‐lasting consequences. Despite the abundance of programmes that aim to integrate unemployed youth into the labour market, little is known about what factors have an impact on ensuring a durable labour market transition. This study reports on an employment programme for high‐educated, unemployed young adults. The effect of participant, programme, relational and contextual factors on employment success was examined in a longitudinal study among 1,306 young adults. Twelve months after the programme, 1,069 participants were employed. Participant and relational factors increased the likelihood of employment success, while the effect of programme factors was mixed. Contextual factors decreased the likelihood of employment quality. The prediction of employment status and quality was based on a different combination of factors, which underscores the importance of investigating both, especially in a highly educated sample. More insight into the role, the four primary determinants play in finding employment can help improve employment interventions. Several courses of action are presented.
New HIV infections from blood transfusions averted in 28 countries supported by PEPFAR blood safety programs, 2004‐2015
Authors: Mili Fatima D. , Teng Yu , Shiraishi Ray W. , Yu Junping , Bock Naomi , Drammeh Bakary , Watts D. Heather , Benech Irene 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo quantify the impact of the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) on the risk of HIV transmission through infected blood donations in countries supported by PEPFAR blood safety programs.MethodsData reported to the World Health Organization Global Database on Blood Safety were analyzed from 28 countries in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), Asia, and the Caribbean during 2004‐2015. We used the Goals model of Spectrum Spectrum System Software, version 5.53, to perform the modeling, assuming laboratory quality for HIV testing had 91.9% sensitivity and 97.7% specificity irrespective of testing method based on results of two external quality assurance and proficiency testing studies of transfusion screening for HIV in SSA blood centers. We calculated the number of new HIV infections from the number of transfusions and the prevalence of HIV infection acquired from blood transfusions with infected blood donations. We determined the impact of laboratory testing programs by estimating the number of new HIV infections averted since PEPFAR implementation.ResultsAssuming that HIV testing would not be performed in any of these countries without PEPFAR funding, the number of new HIV infections acquired from blood transfusions averted by laboratory testing increased over time in all 28 countries. The total number of HIV infections averted was estimated at 229 278 out of 20 428 373 blood transfusions during 2004‐2015.ConclusionOur mathematical modeling suggests a positive impact achieved over 12 years of PEPFAR support for blood safety. Standardized HIV testing of donated blood has reduced the risk of HIV transmission through blood transfusions in SSA, Asia, and the Caribbean.
Analysis of extracellular spike waveforms and associated receptive fields of neurons in cat primary visual cortex
Authors: Sun Shi H. , Almasi Ali , Yunzab Molis , Zehra Syeda , Hicks Damien G. , Kameneva Tatiana , Ibbotson Michael R. , Meffin Hamish 
Published: January 2021

Key points
Extracellular spikes recorded in the visual cortex (Area 17/18, V1) are commonly classified into either regular‐spiking (RS) or fast‐spiking (FS).
Using multi‐electrode arrays positioned in cat V1 and a broadband stimulus, we show that there is also a distinct class with positive‐spiking (PS) waveforms.
PS units were associated mainly with non‐oriented receptive fields while RS and FS units had orientation‐selective receptive fields.
We suggest that PS units are recordings of axons originating from the thalamus. This conclusion was reinforced by our finding that we could record PS units after cortical silencing, but not record RS and FS units.
The importance of our findings is that we were able to correlate spike shapes with receptive field characteristics with high precision using multi‐electrode extracellular recording techniques. This allows considerable increases in the amount of information that can be extracted from future cortical experiments.
AbstractExtracellular spike waveforms from recordings in the visual cortex have been classified into either regular‐spiking (RS) or fast‐spiking (FS) units. While both these types of spike waveforms are negative‐dominant, we show that there are also distinct classes of spike waveforms in visual Area 17/18 (V1) of anaesthetised cats with positive‐dominant waveforms, which are not regularly reported.The spatial receptive fields (RFs) of these different spike waveform types were estimated, which objectively revealed the existence of oriented and non‐oriented RFs. We found that units with positive‐dominant spikes, which have been associated with recordings from axons in the literature, had mostly non‐oriented RFs (84%), which are similar to the centre‐surround RFs observed in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Thus, we hypothesise that these positive‐dominant waveforms may be recordings from dLGN afferents. We recorded from V1 before and after the application of muscimol (a cortical silencer) and found that the positive‐dominant spikes (PS) remained while the RS and FS cells did not. We also noted that the PS units had spiking characteristics normally associated with dLGN units (i.e. higher response spike rates, lower response latencies and higher proportion of burst spikes). Our findings show quantitatively that it is possible to correlate the RF properties of cortical neurons with particular spike waveforms. This has implications for how extracellular recordings should be interpreted and complex experiments can now be contemplated that would have been very challenging previously, such as assessing the feedforward connectivity between brain areas in the same location of cortical tissue.
Protection and Identification of Thermoacoustic Azimuthal Modes
Authors: Ghirardo G. , Gant F. , Boudy F. , Bothien M. R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper first characterizes the acoustic field of two annular combustors by means of data from acoustic pressure sensors. In particular, the amplitude, orientation, and nature of the acoustic field of azimuthal order n are characterized. The dependence of the pulsation amplitude on the azimuthal location in the chamber is discussed, and a protection scheme making use of just one sensor is proposed. The governing equations are then introduced, and a low-order model of the instabilities is discussed. The model accounts for the nonlinear response of M distinct flames, for system acoustic losses by means of an acoustic damping coefficient α and for the turbulent combustion noise, modeled by means of the background noise coefficient σ. Keeping the response of the flames arbitrary and in principle different from flame to flame, we show that, together with α and σ, only the sum of their responses and their 2n Fourier component in the azimuthal direction affect the dynamics of the azimuthal instability. The existing result that only this 2n Fourier component affects the stability of standing limit-cycle solutions is recovered. It is found that this result applies also to the case of a nonhomogeneous flame response in the annulus, and to flame responses that respond to the azimuthal acoustic velocity. Finally, a parametric flame model is proposed, depending on a linear driving gain β and a nonlinear saturation constant κ. The model is first mapped from continuous time to discrete time, and then recast as a probabilistic Markovian model. The identification of the parameters {α,β,κ,σ} is then carried out on engine time-series data. The optimal four parameters {α,σ,β,κ} are estimated as the values that maximize the data likelihood. Once the parameters have been estimated, the phase space of the identified low-order problem is discussed on selected invariant manifolds of the dynamical system.
Experimental Measurements of the Wake of a Sphere at Subcritical Reynolds Numbers
Authors: Muyshondt Robert , Nguyen Thien , Hassan Y. A. , Anand N. K. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This work experimentally investigated the flow phenomena and vortex structures in the wake of a sphere located in a water loop at Reynolds numbers of Re = 850, 1,250, and 1,700. Velocity fields in the wake region were obtained by applying the time-resolved stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (TR-SPIV) technique. From the acquired TR-SPIV velocity vector fields, the statistical values of mean and fluctuating velocities were computed. Spectral analysis, two-point velocity–velocity cross-correlation, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and vortex identification analyses were also performed. The velocity fields show a recirculation region that decreases in length with an increase of Reynolds numbers. The power spectra from the spectral analysis had peaks corresponding to a Strouhal number of St = 0.2, which is a value commonly found in the literature studies of flow over a sphere. The two-point cross-correlation analysis revealed elliptical structures in the wake, with estimated integral length scales ranging between 12% and 63% of the sphere diameter. The POD analysis revealed the statistically dominant flow structures that captured the most flow kinetic energy. It is seen that the flow kinetic energy captured in the smaller scale flow structures increased as Reynolds number increased. The POD modes contained smaller structure as the Reynolds number increased and as mode order increased. In addition, spectral analysis performed on the POD temporal coefficients revealed peaks corresponding to St = 0.2, similar to the spectral analysis on the fluctuating velocity. The ability of POD to produce low-order reconstructions of the flow was also utilized to facilitate vortex identification analysis, which identified average vortex sizes of 0.41D for Re1, 0.33D for Re2, and 0.32D for Re3.
Ultrasound Measurements of Subcutaneous Fat Thickness Are Robust Against Hydration Changes
Authors: Wagner Dale R. , Cotter James D. 
Published: January 2021

Ultrasound is an appealing tool to assess body composition, combining the portability of a field method with the accuracy of a laboratory method. However, unlike other body composition methods, the effect of hydration status on validity is unknown. This study evaluated the impact of acute hydration changes on ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous fat thickness and estimates of body fat percentage. In a crossover design, 11 adults (27.1 ± 10.5 years) completed dehydration and hyperhydration trials to alter body mass by approximately ±2%. Dehydration was achieved via humid heat (40 °C, 60% relative humidity) with exercise, whereas hyperhydration was via ingestion of lightly salted water. Ultrasound measurements were taken at 11 body sites before and after each treatment. Participants lost 1.56 ± 0.58 kg (−2.0 ± 0.6%) during the dehydration trial and gained 0.90 ± 0.21 kg (1.2 ± 0.2%) during the hyperhydration trial even after urination. The sum of fat thicknesses as measured by ultrasound differed by <0.90 mm across trials (p = .588), and ultrasound estimates of body fat percentage differed by <0.5% body fat. Ultrasound measures of subcutaneous adipose tissue were unaffected by acute changes in hydration status by extents beyond which are rare and overtly self-correcting, suggesting that this method provides reliable and robust body composition results even when subjects are not euhydrated.
Face mask versus nasal prong or nasopharyngeal tube for neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mangat Avneet , Bruckner Marlies , Schmölzer Georg M 
Published: January 2021

ImportanceThe current neonatal resuscitation guidelines recommend positive pressure ventilation via face mask or nasal prongs at birth. Using a nasal interface may have the potential to improve outcomes for newborn infants.ObjectiveTo determine whether nasal prong/nasopharyngeal tube versus face mask during positive pressure ventilation of infants born <37 weeks’ gestation in the delivery room reduces in-hospital mortality and morbidity.Data sourcesMEDLINE (through PubMed), Google Scholar and EMBASE, Clinical Trials.gov and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through August 2019.Study selectionRandomised controlled trials comparing nasal prong/nasopharyngeal tube versus face mask during positive pressure ventilation of infants born <37 weeks’ gestation in the delivery room.Data analysisRisk of bias was assessed using the Covidence Collaboration Tool, results were pooled into a meta-analysis using a random effects model.Main outcomeIn-hospital mortality.ResultsFive RCTs enrolling 873 infants were combined into a meta-analysis. There was no statistical difference in in-hospital mortality (risk ratio (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.52, p=0.92, I2=11%), rate of chest compressions in the delivery room (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.10 to 1.33, p=0.13, I2=28%), rate of intraventricular haemorrhage (RR 1.54, 95% CI 0.88 to 2.70, p=0.13, I2=0%) or delivery room intubations in infants ventilated with a nasal prong/tube (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.39,1.02, p=0.06, I2=52%).ConclusionIn infants born <37 weeks’ gestation, in-hospital mortality and morbidity were similar following positive pressure ventilation during initial stabilisation with a nasal prong/tube or a face mask.