bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of obsessive-compulsive phenomena in the course of acute schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder
Authors: Fabisch K. , Fabisch H. , Langs G. , Huber H.P. , Zapotoczky H.G. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryStudies examining OC phenomena in schizophrenic and schizoaffective disorders have shown a prevalence of such phenomena in 1 to 60% of schizophrenic or schizoaffective patients. In this prospective study, about 10% of 150 male patients suffering from acute psychotic disorders (fulfilling DSM-IV criteria for Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder) were found to have OC symptoms. These symptoms showed no correlation to the type and severity of psychosis. As only 19% of the patients with obsessions and compulsions during acute psychosis showed an obsessive-compulsive personality disorder prior to their psychotic episodes, it may be concluded that there is no clear linkage between intrapsychotic OC phenomena and premorbid anancastic personality traits.
D2dopamine receptor (DRD2) polymorphism is associated with severity of alcohol dependence
Authors: Connor J.P. , Young R.McD. , Lawford B.R. , Ritchie T.L. , Noble E.P. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe A1allele of the D2dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene has been associated with alcohol dependence. However, the expression of this allele risk on the severity of drinking behavior in patients with alcohol dependence has not been systematically explored. The present study examines the association between DRD2 A1+(A1/A1and A1/A2genotypes) and A1– (A2/A2genotype) allele status and key drinking parameters in alcohol-dependent patients. A sample of Caucasian adults was recruited from an alcohol detoxification unit. A clinical interview and the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) questionnaire provided data on consumption, dependence, chronology of drinking and prior detoxification. A1+allele compared to A1– allele patients consumed higher quantities of alcohol, commenced problem drinking at an earlier age, experienced a shorter latency between first introduction to alcohol to the onset of problem drinking and had higher ADS scores. Moreover, A1+allele patients had more detoxification attempts than their A1– allele counterparts. In sum, alcohol-dependent patients with the DRD2 A1allele compared to patients without this allele are characterized by greater severity of their disorder across a range of problem drinking indices. The implications of these findings are discussed.
MIDWIFE OR DOCTOR: A STUDY OF PREGNANT WOMEN MAKING DELIVERY DECISIONS
Authors: Galotti Kathleen M. , Pierce Beverly , Reimer Rebecca L. , Luckner Amy E. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTEighty‐eight women from diverse educational backgrounds were interviewed as they made several important and related life decisions during their pregnancies. In this article, the focus is on the choice of birth attendant. There were few differences between those women who did and did not consider a midwife. Women who selected a midwife reported feeling more knowledgeable about birth attendants, more in control over the birth attendant decision, more satisfied about their delivery decisions, more in control of and satisfied with pain medication decisions, more autonomous in their pregnancy decision making, and more in agreement with “alternative birth” philosophies and less in agreement with “conventional birth” philosophies. The participants also reported receiving more approval from spouse/significant other and friends, were more likely to use “gut instinct” and previous experience or habit to make pregnancy decisions, and were more ready to make these decisions than were women who had not selected a midwife as their primary birth attendant.
Ten‐step method of high‐dose LDR 125I brachytherapy for intermediate‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Okamoto Keisei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDose escalation is key for improved outcomes in intermediate‐risk prostate cancer, including unfavorable intermediate‐risk (UIR) cases. This educational report is designed to provide information about our quality high‐dose 125I seed implantation monotherapy technique in which a biologically effective dose (BED) ≧ 200 Gy is applied for treatment of intermediate‐risk prostate cancer. This protocol is named the “Ten‐step Method,” where the rationale and principle of the method are based on the following four goals: (1) The entire prostate should be covered by the prescription isodose distribution with a sufficient margin from the prostatic capsule, achieving high D90 and V100 values by 125I seed implantation. (2) The high‐dose cloud (240 Gy) should not invade the urethra or rectum. (3) In order to achieve goals (1) and (2), make the high‐dose cloud intentionally along the periphery (bilateral wall to anterior wall) away from the urethra and rectum. (4) In order to achieve goal (3), seeds at the periphery, except those anterior to the rectal wall, should be placed just 1mm inside the capsule. The data obtained from a total of 137 patients with intermediate‐risk prostate cancer treated with low‐dose‐rate (LDR) monotherapy are shown. The dosimetry parameters were monitored at 1 month after seed implantation by using CT and MRI fusion guidance. The data at 1 month after LDR were: Average D90, BED, and V100 of 125I LDR monotherapy were 194.1 Gy, 207.3 Gy, and 99%, respectively. This ten‐step method was reproducible in 137 patients with intermediate‐risk prostate cancer, allowing administration of high‐dose monotherapy with excellent clinical outcomes.
Enhanced Optical Properties and Stability of CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals Through Nickel Doping
Authors: Kim Hayeong , Bae Sa‐Rang , Lee Tae Hyung , Lee Hyoseong , Kang Heemin , Park Sungnam , Jang Ho Won , Kim Soo Young 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTo improve the quantum efficiency and stability of perovskite quantum dots, the structural and optical properties are optimized by varying the concentration of Ni doping in CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs). As Ni doping is gradually added, a blue shift is observed at the photoluminescence (PL) spectra. Ni‐doped PNCs exhibit stronger light emission, higher quantum efficiency, and longer lifetimes than undoped PNCs. The doped divalent element acts as a defect in the perovskite structure, reducing the recombination rate of electrons and holes. A stability test is used to assess the susceptibility of the perovskite to light and moisture. For ultra‐violet light irradiation, the PL intensity of undoped PNCs decreases by 70%, whereas that of Ni‐doped PNCs decreases by 18%. In the water addition experiment, the PL intensity of Ni‐doped PNCs is three times that of undoped PNCs. For CsPbBr3 and Ni:CsPbBr3 PNCs, a light emitting diode is fabricated by spin‐coating. The efficiency of Ni:CsPbBr3 exceeds that of CsPbBr3 PNCs, and the results significantly differ based on the ratio. A maximum luminance of 833 cd m–2 is obtained at optimum efficiency (0.3 cd A–1). Therefore, Ni‐doped PNCs are expected to contribute to future performance improvements in display devices.
Simultaneously Toughening and Stiffening Elastomers with Octuple Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Zhuo Yizhi , Xia Zhijie , Qi Yuan , Sumigawa Takashi , Wu Jianyang , Šesták Petr , Lu Yinan , Håkonsen Verner , Li Tong , Wang Feng , Chen Wei , Xiao Senbo , Long Rong , Kitamura Takayuki , Li Liangbin , He Jianying , Zhang Zhiliang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCurrent synthetic elastomers suffer from the well‐known trade‐off between toughness and stiffness. By a combination of multiscale experiments and atomistic simulations, a transparent unfilled elastomer with simultaneously enhanced toughness and stiffness is demonstrated. The designed elastomer comprises homogeneous networks with ultrastrong, reversible, and sacrificial octuple hydrogen bonding (HB), which evenly distribute the stress to each polymer chain during loading, thus enhancing stretchability and delaying fracture. Strong HBs and corresponding nanodomains enhance the stiffness by restricting the network mobility, and at the same time improve the toughness by dissipating energy during the transformation between different configurations. In addition, the stiffness mismatch between the hard HB domain and the soft poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐rich phase promotes crack deflection and branching, which can further dissipate energy and alleviate local stress. These cooperative mechanisms endow the elastomer with both high fracture toughness (17016 J m−2) and high Young's modulus (14.7 MPa), circumventing the trade‐off between toughness and stiffness. This work is expected to impact many fields of engineering requiring elastomers with unprecedented mechanical performance.
Meta‐Separation: Complete Separation of Organic–Water Mixtures by Structural Property of Metamaterial
Authors: Choi Kyoung Hwan , Hwang Da Young , Park Jeong Eon , Suh Dong Hack 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe separation of liquid mixtures has been studied for a long time. Separation is based on the difference in physical properties including pore size and electrostatic interaction. Therefore, there are many difficulties in separation of materials having similar physical properties such as ethanol–water and 1,4‐dioxane–water mixtures. While pervaporation based on a difference in transport rates by permeability through a membrane has been suggested, it still has many difficulties such as high energy consumption and huge facilities. Yet there is an existing technical gap to remove trace amounts of organics dissolved in water. Here, a novel separation strategy employing a metamaterial, called meta‐separation using the exotic structural property of metamaterials rather than electrostatic characteristics is reported. The structural properties of metamaterials provide various functions of super‐hydrophobicity based on roughness of surface, the strong capillary effect based on nanopore, and huge void for great absorption of organics. It exhibits a water contact angle of 151.3° and high adhesive property from nanopore. On the other hand, ethanol is immediately absorbed up to 93 wt%. These differences make it possible to quickly and easily eliminate organics dissolved in water. Furthermore, their applications are expected to achieve functions in environmental remediation, biofuel separation process, etc., without large‐scale facilities.
Achieving High Afterglow Brightness in Organic Dopant‐Matrix Systems
Authors: Sun Yan , Wang Guangming , Li Xun , Zhou Bei , Zhang Kaka 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAfterglow brightness upon ceasing excitation represents an important parameter for afterglow material applications, while purely‐organic room‐temperature afterglow materials with high quantum yields, long emission lifetimes, and strong absorption capability, which are necessary to realize high afterglow brightness, remain rarely reported. Using dopant‐matrix collaboration, thermally activated delayed fluorescence mechanism, and spiro molecular design, here a highly bright afterglow system is reported, that possesses persistent luminescence quantum yields as high as 30% and emission lifetimes up to 0.6 s at ambient conditions by doping spiro‐shaped difluoroboron β‐diketonate (spiroBF2, ε = 6.5 × 104 M−1cm−1) luminogens into benzophenone (BP) matrices. After being processed into desired shapes and large‐area panels by melt casting, the spiroBF2‐BP material exhibits intense green afterglow that is much brighter than a typical SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ inorganic afterglow material and can last for more than 5 s under room light, which is among the brightest afterglow in purely‐organic systems.
Enhanced Efficiency of Inorganic CsPbI3−xBrx Perovskite Solar Cell via Self‐Regulation of Antisite Defects
Authors: Yao Zhun , Xu Zhuo , Zhao Wangen , Zhang Jingru , Bian Hui , Fang Yuankun , Yang Yan , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDeep defects often act as Shockley–Read–Hall recombination centers in semiconductor materials, degrading the photoelectric performance and long‐term stability of assembled photovoltaic devices. In this report, deep level transient spectroscopy is probed to determine defect concentrations and defect energy levels in all‐inorganic CsPbI3−xBrx perovskite solar cells. Combining that data with the density functional theory calculation, the dominant deep defect states are assigned to antisite defect pairs (PbI and IPb) and interstitial defects (Pbi) in freshly prepared CsPbI3−xBrx films. Astonishingly, all these defects are reduced by approximately one or two orders of magnitude after resting the films overnight, in excellent agreement with the defect‐reduced trends from the fluorescence spectra, transient photovoltage, and space‐charge‐limited current measurements. The reduced defect concentrations are proposed to be connected with their self‐regulation during the storage. To assess the thermodynamics possibilities, two reaction procedures are designed to calculate their formation enthalpies and negative Gibbs energy change revealed their spontaneous processes. Then, strain relief is the direct driving force for ion migration, thus defect‐regulation by tracing the X‐ray diffraction patterns. Furthermore, the power conversion efficiency is improved and the J–V hysteresis is suppressed due to reduced ion migration via relaxed strain.
Genome‐wide association analysis of drought resistance based on seed germination vigor and germination rate at the bud stage in common bean
Authors: Wu Lei , Chang Yujie , Wang Lanfen , Wang Shumin , Wu Jing 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important food legume. However, drought influences its entire growth and development process and can cause yield losses. The influence of drought stress is the most severe in the bud stage. The major objective of our study was to identify a series of loci involved in drought stress response in the bud stage using association analysis. In this study, 361 common bean germplasms were used to investigate germination vigor (GV) and germination rate (GR) under distilled water and drought stress conditions. The common bean showed large variations in GV and GR, with GV ranging from 6.67 to 100% and 0 to 73.33% and GR ranging from 66.67 to 100% and 0 to 100% in distilled water and under drought stress, respectively. A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) of 361 accessions was conducted using 3,724,159 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and revealed 2 and 11 candidate SNPs associated with relative germination rate (RGR) and relative germination vigor (RGV), respectively. Three loci were collocated with loci previously reported as being related to drought tolerance. A total of 180 candidate genes were identified, many of which were related to ion transport and oxidation‐reduction reactions. A major haplotype for RGV was identified on chromosome 6. These results provide new insight into the genetic basis of drought tolerance in common bean at the bud stage and provide candidate SNPs and genes that can be used to accelerate the drought tolerance improvement of common bean.
Corn seedling root growth response to soil physical quality
Authors: Nunes Márcio R. , de Lima Renato P. , Tormena Cassio A. , Karlen Douglas L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPlant available water content or matric potential, particle size (texture), aeration, and penetration resistance are soil physical properties that influence soil structure, bulk density, aggregation, and several metabolic plant processes. Collectively they influence productivity and sustainability of agricultural practices, primarily through their impact on root development and growth. To simplify use of these parameters for assessing soil physical condition, the least limiting water range (LLWR) was developed as an integrated, comprehensive soil physical quality indicator. Our objective was to use the LLWR to evaluate corn (Zea mays L.) seedling root growth in soils with clay, sandy clay loam, or sand texture. Overall, root growth was affected by soil water content, aeration, and penetration resistance. Upper and lower LLWR boundaries were defined by a minimum air‐filled porosity and maximum soil penetration resistance for water contents between field capacity and permanent wilting point. Herein, the LLWR was calculated using a range of minimum air‐filled porosity (0.117–0.146 m3 m−3), field capacity (–2.2 to –5.3 kPa), and permanent wilting point or matric potential values (–461 to –6,516 kPa), and a restrictive penetration resistance value of 1.6 MPa as boundaries. The LLWR was sensitive to soil texture, decreasing from fine to coarse soils. The highest and lowest relative root growth measurements fell inside and outside the LLWR boundaries, proving that this index can successfully predict the optimum soil physical conditions for seedlings root growth and can therefore be used as a sensitive soil physical quality.
Female‐directed aggression by adolescent male chimpanzees primarily constitutes dominance striving, not sexual coercion
Authors: Enigk Drew K. , Emery Thompson Melissa , Machanda Zarin P. , Wrangham Richard W. , Muller Martin N. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesChimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are notable for exhibiting high levels of male‐to‐female aggression. Much of this aggression from adult males serves sexually coercive functions. Despite being smaller and lower‐ranking than adult males, adolescent males also engage in regular aggression against adult females. Here, we test whether the primary function of this aggression is sexual coercion, as in adult males, or, alternatively, whether adolescent males use aggression to establish social dominance over females.Materials and MethodsWe analyzed 1771 copulations and 1812 instances of male‐initiated aggression between adolescent males (aged nine through 14 years) and adult females across 21 years of observation of the Kanyawara chimpanzee community in Kibale National Park, Uganda.ResultsOur test of the sexual coercion hypothesis revealed that adolescent males did not selectively target cycling females for aggression, nor did aggression against cycling females predict rates of copulation with those females. Our test of the social dominance hypothesis showed that males succeeded in dominating all adult females before, or soon after, dominating their first adult male. Additionally, we found that adolescent males dominated females approximately in the order of the females' own ranks, from the bottom to the top of the female hierarchy.DiscussionOur data illustrate that the establishment of social dominance was more important than sexual coercion in explaining patterns of adolescent male aggression toward females. In comparison, evidence for sexual coercion was clear and compelling in adult males. These findings highlight that the primary function of male‐to‐female aggression differs between adolescent and adult males.
Preservation of Brain Activity in Unresponsive Patients Identifies MCS Star
Authors: Thibaut Aurore , Panda Rajanikant , Annen Jitka , Sanz Leandro R. D. , Naccache Lionel , Martial Charlotte , Chatelle Camille , Aubinet Charlène , Bonin Estelle A. C. , Barra Alice , Briand Marie‐Michèle , Cecconi Benedetta , Wannez Sarah , Stender Johan , Laureys Steven , Gosseries Olivia 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveBrain‐injured patients who are unresponsive at the bedside (ie, vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome – VS/UWS) may present brain activity similar to patients in minimally conscious state (MCS). This peculiar condition has been termed “non‐behavioural MCS” or “MCS*”. In the present study we aimed to investigate the proportion and underlying brain characteristics of patients in MCS*.MethodsBrain 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG‐PET) was acquired on 135 brain‐injured patients diagnosed in prolonged VS/UWS (n = 48) or MCS (n = 87). From an existing database, relative metabolic preservation in the fronto‐parietal network (measured with standardized uptake value) was visually inspected by three experts. Patients with hypometabolism of the fronto‐parietal network were labelled “VS/UWS”, while its (partial) preservation either confirmed the behavioural diagnosis of “MCS” or, in absence of behavioural signs of consciousness, suggested a diagnosis of “MCS*”. Clinical outcome at 1‐year follow‐up, functional connectivity, grey matter atrophy, and regional brain metabolic patterns were investigated in the three groups (VS/UWS, MCS* and MCS).Results67% of behavioural VS/UWS presented a partial preservation of brain metabolism (ie, MCS*). Compared to VS/UWS patients, MCS* patients demonstrated a better outcome, global functional connectivity and grey matter preservation more compatible with the diagnosis of MCS. MCS* patients presented lower brain metabolism mostly in the posterior brain regions compared to MCS patients.InterpretationMCS* is a frequent phenomenon that is associated with better outcome and better brain preservation than the diagnosis of VS/UWS. Complementary exams should be provided to all unresponsive patients before taking medical decisions. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:89–100
Tricyanidoferrate(−IV) und ‐ruthenate(−IV) mit redox‐aktiven Cyanido‐Liganden
Authors: Jach Franziska , Wagner Frank R. , Amber Zeeshan H. , Rüsing Michael , Hunger Jens , Prots Yurii , Kaiser Martin , Bobnar Matej , Jesche Anton , Eng Lukas M. , Ruck Michael , Höhn Peter 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAußergewöhnlich elektronenreiche, nahezu trigonal‐planare Tricyanidometallat‐Anionen [Fe(CN)3]7− und [Ru(CN)3]7− wurden in LiSr3[Fe(CN)3] und EA3.5[M(CN)3] (EA=Sr, Ba; M=Fe, Ru) stabilisiert. Es sind die ersten Beispiele für Metalle der Gruppe 8 in der Oxidationsstufe −IV. Mikrokristalline Pulver wurden über festkörperchemische Reaktionen erhalten, Einkristalle aus Alkalimetallschmelzen gezüchtet. Während LiSr3[Fe(CN)3] in P63/m kristallisiert, wird für EA3.5[M(CN)3] die polare Raumgruppe P63 mit dreifach vergrößertem Zellvolumen durch Frequenzverdopplung (SHG) bestätigt. Röntgenbeugung, IR‐ und Raman‐Spektroskopie zeigen größere C‐N‐Abstände (124–128 pm) und deutlich geringere Valenzschwingungsfrequenzen (1484–1634 cm−1) als in klassischen Cyanidometallaten. Das Bindungsschema aus schwachen C‐N‐Bindungen in Kombination mit starken M‐C‐π‐Bindungen erinnert an Carbonylmetallate. Abweichend von der rein formalen Notation [Fe−IV(CN−)3]7− führen quantenchemische Rechnungen zu redox‐aktiven, zwischenvalenten CN1.67− Liganden und einer geschlossenschaligen Fe d10‐Konfiguration, also Fe2−.
Activation of the Catalytic Activity of Thrombin for Fibrin Formation by Ultrasound
Authors: Zhao Pengkun , Huo Shuaidong , Fan Jilin , Chen Junlin , Kiessling Fabian , Boersma Arnold J. , Göstl Robert , Herrmann Andreas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe regulation of enzyme activity is a method to control biological function. We report two systems enabling the ultrasound‐induced activation of thrombin, which is vital for secondary hemostasis. First, we designed polyaptamers, which can specifically bind to thrombin, inhibiting its catalytic activity. With ultrasound generating inertial cavitation and therapeutic medical focused ultrasound, the interactions between polyaptamer and enzyme are cleaved, restoring the activity to catalyze the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. Second, we used split aptamers conjugated to the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In the presence of thrombin, these assemble into an aptamer tertiary structure, induce AuNP aggregation, and deactivate the enzyme. By ultrasonication, the AuNP aggregates reversibly disassemble releasing and activating the enzyme. We envision that this approach will be a blueprint to control the function of other proteins by mechanical stimuli in the sonogenetics field.