bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing machine learning-derived global estimates of soil respiration and its components with those from terrestrial ecosystem models
Authors: Lu Haibo , Li Shihua , Ma Minna , Bastrikov Vladislav , Chen Xiuzhi , Ciais Philippe , Dai Yongjiu , Ito Akihiko , Ju Weimin , Lienert Sebastian , Lombardozzi Danica , Lu Xingjie , Maignan Fabienne , Nakhavali Mahdi , Quine Timothy , Schindlbacher Andreas , Wang Jun , Wang Yingping , Wårlind David , Zhang Shupeng , Yuan Wenping 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The CO2 efflux from soil (soil respiration (SR)) is one of the largest fluxes in the global carbon (C) cycle and its response to climate change could strongly influence future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Still, a large divergence of global SR estimates and its autotrophic (AR) and heterotrophic (HR) components exists among process based terrestrial ecosystem models. Therefore, alternatively derived global benchmark values are warranted for constraining the various ecosystem model output. In this study, we developed models based on the global soil respiration database (version 5.0), using the random forest (RF) method to generate the global benchmark distribution of total SR and its components. Benchmark values were then compared with the output of ten different global terrestrial ecosystem models. Our observationally derived global mean annual benchmark rates were 85.5 ± 40.4 (SD) Pg C yr−1 for SR, 50.3 ± 25.0 (SD) Pg C yr−1 for HR and 35.2 Pg C yr−1 for AR during 1982–2012, respectively. Evaluating against the observations, the RF models showed better performance in both of SR and HR simulations than all investigated terrestrial ecosystem models. Large divergences in simulating SR and its components were observed among the terrestrial ecosystem models. The estimated global SR and HR by the ecosystem models ranged from 61.4 to 91.7 Pg C yr−1 and 39.8 to 61.7 Pg C yr−1, respectively. The most discrepancy lays in the estimation of AR, the difference (12.0–42.3 Pg C yr−1) of estimates among the ecosystem models was up to 3.5 times. The contribution of AR to SR highly varied among the ecosystem models ranging from 18% to 48%, which differed with the estimate by RF (41%). This study generated global SR and its components (HR and AR) fluxes, which are useful benchmarks to constrain the performance of terrestrial ecosystem models.
Fast growth of centimeter-scale single-crystal copper foils with high-index planes by the edge-incision effect
Authors: Li Li , Ma Teng , Yu Wei , Zhu Menglong , Li Jing , Chen Zhi , Li Haohan , Zhao Meng , Teng Jinghua , Tian Bingbing , Su Chenliang , Loh Kian Ping 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Single-crystal copper substrates have gained importance for the preparation of high-quality graphene and hexagonal boron nitride monolayer films by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Especially, large-scale single-crystal copper foils with high-index planes are synthesized recently and attract great interests. However, the current synthesis methods of single-crystal copper foils and films are energy and time-consuming. Here, we show a rapid and efficient approach for the preparation of centimeter-scale single-crystal copper foils by making small incisions at the edges of polycrystalline copper foils before high-temperature annealing. 1.5 cm × 4 cm pieces of grain-boundary-free copper foils can be prepared by annealing at 1080 °C for 60 min. The annealed copper foil manifests a single high-index plane and is grain-boundary-free over the whole area. We also show that CVD of graphene on the high-index single-crystal copper affords a higher growth rate than on low-index copper substrates.
Design and fabrication of quick responsive and highly sensitive LPG sensor using ZnO/SnO2 heterostructured film
Authors: Singh Ajeet , Sikarwar Samiksha , Yadav B C 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Highly efficient LPG sensor working at room temperature was developed using a simple and cost-effective route. For this purpose, ZnO/SnO2 heterostructure was synthesized using the hydrothermal route and thin films of the material were prepared. X-ray Diffraction revealed all the crystal parameters including grain size, texture coefficient, dislocation densities, surface area which are necessary for a sensor. Also, particle size, zeta potential, and conductivity were observed using nanozetasizer. Heterojunctions at the surface of the film were viewed by Scanning electron microscopy. An optical band-gap of ∼3.85 eV was measured using UV–vis absorption spectrum. Further, the film was used as room ambient sensor for different concentrations of LPG. Among them, the best sensor response and sensitivity of 276.51 and 3.78 respectively were obtained for 2.0 vol% of LPG whereas minimum response and recovery time of 10 s and 15 s were obtained for 0.5 vol% of LPG.
Rice plant growth and yield: foliar application of plasma activated water
Authors: RASHID M M , RASHID Mamunur , HASAN M M , TALUKDER M R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Plasma activated water (PAW) was prepared for 10 min to be applied one to five times as a foliar spray to rice plants, to investigate plant growth, yield and the concentrations of total soluble protein and sugar in the rice grains produced. The results reveal that (1) the plant height, stem diameter, dry weight, chlorophyll and total carotene concentrations were improved by ∼15%, ∼25%, ∼24%, ∼47% and ∼45%, respectively, with respect to control, (2) defense mechanisms of the plants treated with PAW were improved, (3) concentrations of total soluble protein and sugar were enhanced in the rice grains of PAW treated plants and (4) yield was increased by ∼14%.
Recent advances in perovskite/2D materials based hybrid photodetectors
Authors: Ghosh Joydip , Giri P K 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Since 2009, metal halide perovskites have attracted a great deal of attention in different optoelectronic applications, such as solar cells, photodetectors (PDs), light-emitting diodes, lasers etc, owing to their excellent electrical and optoelectrical properties. However, since the discovery of graphene, atomically thin 2D materials have been the central focus of materials research due to its exciting properties. Thus, integrating 2D materials with perovskite material can be highly promising for various optoelectronic applications, in particular for ultrasensitive photodetection. In these PDs, 2D materials serve various roles, such as charge transport layer, Schottky contacts, photo absorbers, etc, while perovskite is the light-harvesting active layer. In this review, we focus on the recent findings and progress on metal halide perovskite/2D material phototransistors and hybrid PDs. We comprehensively summarize recent efforts and developments of perovskite/graphene, perovskite/transition-metal dichalcogenides, perovskite/black phosphorus, and perovskite/MXene based phototransistor and heterojunction PDs from the perspective of materials science and device physics. The perovskite/2D material phototransistor can exhibit very high photoresponsivity and gain due to the amplification function of transistors and the pronounced photogating effect in 2D material, while perovskite/2D material heterojunction PD can operate without external bias due to built-in potential across the heterojunction. This review also provides state-of-the-art progress on flexible, transparent, self-powered and PD systems and arrays based on perovskite/2D materials. After summarizing the ongoing research and challenges, the future outlook is presented for developing metal halide perovskite/2D material hybrid PDs for practical applications.
Hispanic Ethnic Density May Be Protective for Older Black/African American and Non-Hispanic White Populations for Some Health Conditions: An Exploration of Support and Neighborhood Mechanisms
Authors: Flores Melissa , Ruiz John M , Butler Emily A , Sbarra David A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background and Purpose
Hispanic ethnic density (HED) is associated with salubrious health outcomes for Hispanics, yet recent research suggests it may also be protective for other groups. The purpose of this study was to test whether HED was protective for other racial-ethnic groups. We tested whether social support or neighborhood social integration mediated the association between high HED and depressive symptoms (CES-D) and physical morbidity 5 years later. Lastly, we tested whether race-ethnicity moderated both main and indirect effects.

Methods
We used Waves 1 (2005–2006), and 2 (2010–2011) from The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, a national study of older U.S. adults. Our sample was restricted to Wave 1 adults who returned at Wave 2, did not move from their residence between waves, and self-identified as Hispanic, non-Hispanic White (NHW), or non-Hispanic Black (NHB; n = 1,635). We geo-coded respondents’ addresses to a census-tract and overlaid racial–ethnic population data. Moderated-mediation models using multiple imputation (to handle missingness) and bootstrapping were used to estimate indirect effects for all racial–ethnic categories.

Results
Depressive symptoms were lower amongst racial-ethnic minorities in ethnically (Hispanic) dense neighborhoods; this effect was not stronger in Hispanics. HED was not associated with physical morbidity. Sensitivity analyses revealed that HED was protective for cardiovascular events in all racial–ethnic groups, but not arthritis, or respiratory disease. Social support and neighborhood social integration were not mediators for the association between HED and outcomes, nor were indirect effects moderated by race–ethnicity.

Conclusions
This study offers some evidence that HED may be protective for some conditions in older adults; however, the phenomena underlying these effects remains a question for future work.
Relationship Between Arterial Stiffness and Cardiovascular Risk Scores Predicted by 2 Different Models
Authors: Wang Ting-jun , Cai Xiao-qi , Zhang Ling-yu , Shen Yi-hua , Xie Qun-fang , Xu Guo-yan , Xie Liang-di 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
To investigate the relationship between arterial stiffness and 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk predicted by models of pooled cohort equations (PCEs) or ASCVD risk in China (China-PAR).

Methods
A cross-sectional clinical study was carried out, in which clinical data were collected from 1,090 subjects aged 30–75 years who were admitted to a university affiliated hospital from 2016 to 2018. Arterial stiffness was examined by carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). All subjects were divided into 2 groups: normal arterial stiffness (cfPWV &lt;10 m/second) and elevated arterial stiffness (cfPWV ≥10 m/second). Ten-year ASCVD risk was predicted by either PCE or China-PAR.

Results
ASCVD risks predicted by 2 models in the elevated arterial stiffness group were higher than those in the normal arterial stiffness group [PCE: 16.5% (8.6%–28.3%) vs. 6.3% (2.7%–12.3%); China-PAR: 8.8% (6.1%–12.4%) vs. 3.9% (2.1%–6.6%), both P &lt; 0.001]. The correlation coefficient between cfPWV and ASCVD risk predicted by China-PAR was greater than that by PCE (0.573 vs. 0.503, z = 5.272, P &lt; 0.001). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that 10-year ASCVD risk predicted by PCE model (β = 0.475, P &lt; 0.001) and waist circumference (β = 0.092, P = 0.001) correlated with cfPWV. However, when PCE was replaced by China-PAR, only ASCVD risk (β = 0.573, P &lt; 0.001), not waist circumference, was associated with arterial stiffness. Receiver operation characteristic curve showed that the discrimination of 10-year ASCVD risk predicted by China-PAR for arterial stiffness was better than PCE (area under curve 0.814 vs. 0.767, z = 4.992, P &lt; 0.001). A stratification analysis revealed that the better discrimination by China-PAR mainly came from males.

Conclusions
Ten-year ASCVD risks predicted by either China-PAR or PCE are associated with arterial stiffness. The association is stronger when the risk is predicted by China-PAR, especially in males.
Development and validation of a predictive model to predict and manage drug shortages
Authors: Liu Ina , Colmenares Evan , Tak Casey , Vest Mary-Haston , Clark Henry , Oertel Maryann , Pappas Ashley 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Purpose
Pharmacy departments across the country are problem-solving the growing issue of drug shortages. We aim to change the drug shortage management strategy from a reactive process to a more proactive approach using predictive data analytics. By doing so, we can drive our decision-making to more efficiently manage drug shortages.

Methods
Internal purchasing, formulary, and drug shortage data were reviewed to identify drugs subject to a high shortage risk (“shortage drugs”) or not subject to a high shortage risk (“nonshortage drugs”). Potential candidate predictors of drug shortage risk were collected from previous literature. The dataset was trained and tested using 2 methods, including k-fold cross-validation and a 70/30 partition into a training dataset and a testing dataset, respectively.

Results
A total of 1,517 shortage and nonshortage drugs were included. The following candidate predictors were used to build the dataset: dosage form, therapeutic class, controlled substance schedule (Schedule II or Schedules III-V), orphan drug status, generic versus branded status, and number of manufacturers. Predictors that positively predicted shortages included classification of drugs as intravenous-only, both oral and intravenous, antimicrobials, analgesics, electrolytes, anesthetics, and cardiovascular agents. Predictors that negatively predicted a shortage included classification as an oral-only agent, branded-only agent, antipsychotic, Schedule II agent, or orphan drug, as well as the total number of manufacturers. The calculated sensitivity was 0.71; the specificity, 0.93; the accuracy, 0.87; and the C statistic, 0.93.

Conclusion
The study demonstrated the use of predictive analytics to create a drug shortage model using drug characteristics and manufacturing variables.
Intravenous levothyroxine stewardship program at a tertiary academic medical center
Authors: Marino Kaylee K , Crowley Kaitlin E , Tran Lena K , Sylvia Daniel , Dell’Orfano Heather , DeGrado Jeremy R , Szumita Paul M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Purpose
Based on the pharmacokinetic profile of levothyroxine, a 3-day hold guideline for adult patients ordered for intravenous (IV) levothyroxine was implemented at a tertiary academic medical center. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the implementation of an IV levothyroxine hold guideline.

Methods
This single-center, retrospective analysis identified patients ordered for IV levothyroxine during a 13-week period before and after implementation of the guideline. The primary outcome was guideline adherence, defined as full implementation of the 3-day hold. Secondary outcomes included the number of IV levothyroxine administrations avoided in the post-guideline group, extrapolated yearly cost avoidance (EYCA) after guideline implementation, reasons for guideline non-adherence, and number of safety reports involving IV levothyroxine.

Results
A total of 166 and 134 patients met inclusion criteria for the pre- and post-guideline groups, respectively. Guideline adherence was observed in 94 (70.1%) patients, resulting in 276 vials saved in the 13-week post-guideline period, which translated to an EYCA of $139,877. Forty orders (29.9%) were non-adherent to the guideline, with the most common reason stated as nil per os (NPO). No difference in safety outcomes was seen between the pre- and post-guideline groups, as evidenced by 1 safety report in each group.

Conclusion
We observed a high rate of adherence to an IV levothyroxine hold guideline. This was associated with a substantial cost savings over the study period with no increase in reported safety events. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of an inpatient IV levothyroxine 3-day hold guideline.
Revisiting the risk of undesired appeal in investment treaty arbitration: is deference to the tribunal’s award still less likely in the ICSID context?
Authors: Marcopoulos Alexander J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although they are generally not subject to appeal the way court decisions typically are, investor-State arbitration awards can be reviewed—and potentially set aside—in a number of ways and on various bases. In this respect, investor-State arbitration under the auspices of ICSID is notable in that it provides a self-contained system for the review of arbitral awards by ICSID-appointed ad hoc committees. In the period 2000–2010, this feature of the ICSID system attracted criticism as ad hoc committees appeared to be overreaching in their review of arbitral awards, exercising less deference to the tribunal’s decisions than what would be expected given the narrow bases for setting aside an award under the ICSID Convention. This article revisits the issue 10 years later, exploring whether ICSID practice has evolved in these areas and whether there remains a greater risk of unexpected de novo review by ICSID ad hoc committees. Looking at recent ICSID annulment decisions as well as the case law of arbitration-friendly jurisdictions, the article concludes that although the ICSID ad hoc committees have recently shown more restraint, they continue to interfere more with the tribunal’s reasoning and decisions than many courts exercising the same function.
DeepImmuno: deep learning-empowered prediction and generation of immunogenic peptides for T-cell immunity
Authors: Li Guangyuan , Iyer Balaji , Prasath V B Surya , Ni Yizhao , Salomonis Nathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Cytolytic T-cells play an essential role in the adaptive immune system by seeking out, binding and killing cells that present foreign antigens on their surface. An improved understanding of T-cell immunity will greatly aid in the development of new cancer immunotherapies and vaccines for life-threatening pathogens. Central to the design of such targeted therapies are computational methods to predict non-native peptides to elicit a T-cell response, however, we currently lack accurate immunogenicity inference methods. Another challenge is the ability to accurately simulate immunogenic peptides for specific human leukocyte antigen alleles, for both synthetic biological applications, and to augment real training datasets. Here, we propose a beta-binomial distribution approach to derive peptide immunogenic potential from sequence alone. We conducted systematic benchmarking of five traditional machine learning (ElasticNet, K-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, Random Forest and AdaBoost) and three deep learning models (convolutional neural network (CNN), Residual Net and graph neural network) using three independent prior validated immunogenic peptide collections (dengue virus, cancer neoantigen and SARS-CoV-2). We chose the CNN as the best prediction model, based on its adaptivity for small and large datasets and performance relative to existing methods. In addition to outperforming two highly used immunogenicity prediction algorithms, DeepImmuno-CNN correctly predicts which residues are most important for T-cell antigen recognition and predicts novel impacts of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our independent generative adversarial network (GAN) approach, DeepImmuno-GAN, was further able to accurately simulate immunogenic peptides with physicochemical properties and immunogenicity predictions similar to that of real antigens. We provide DeepImmuno-CNN as source code and an easy-to-use web interface.
A case report of cobalt cardiomyopathy leading to electric storm and cardiogenic shock: the importance of the orthopaedic background in patients with heart failure of unknown aetiology
Authors: Castrillo Bustamante Cristina , Canteli Álvarez Ángela , Burgos Palacios Virginia , Sarralde Aguayo Jose Aurelio , Serrano Lozano David , Arana Achaga Xabier , Nuñez Rodríguez Álvaro , Cobo Belaustegui Manuel 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
The first series of cobalt cardiomyopathy was described in the 60s in relation to the abuse of a cobalt containing beer. Since then, millions of metal hip arthroplasties have been performed and a small number of cobalt cardiomyopathies related to metal prosthesis have been reported.

Case summary
We report a case of a 48-year-old man who developed a severe non-dilated restrictive cardiomyopathy in the setting of a systemic metallosis following several hip arthroplasties. The diagnosis was suspected by exclusion of other more common causes for restrictive cardiomyopathies and confirmed by the levels of cobalt and chromium in the serum and the endomyocardial biopsy performance that showed metal deposits in myocardial tissue. Despite the removal of the metal prosthesis and a significant decrease in serum metal levels, he suffered cardiogenic shock (CS) and electric storm that required emergency mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to heart transplant.

Discussion
Cobalt cardiomyopathy is a rare condition that has been observed in patients who develop cobalt toxicity after metal hip arthroplasty. The condition may improve after diagnosis and removal of the prosthesis or get worse and progress to end-stage heart failure or CS. The concern about the metal toxicity associated with metal hip prosthesis has increased in the last few years. Orthopaedic surgeons and cardiologists should be aware of this severe complication that is probably under diagnosed.
Vascular reconstruction of segmental intestinal grafts using autologous internal iliac vessels
Authors: Wu Guosheng , Wu Yinglun , Wang Mian , Zhang Wentong , Liu Chaoxu , Liang Tingbo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to assess whether the autologous internal iliac artery and vein could be used as an interpositional graft for vascular reconstruction in segmental intestinal allografts and autografts.

Methods
Thirty-four intestinal transplants (19 living-related allografts and 15 autografts) were conducted in our programs between January 2011 and January 2019. Patient characteristics, type of vascular reconstruction, and post-operative complications were reviewed.

Results
There were 20 males and 14 females with a median age of 35 years. Of 34 grafts, 22 (64.7%) (11 allografts and 11 autografts) were revascularized using the autologous internal iliac artery and vein for reconstruction. Vascular reconstruction on the back table took 21 ± 6 min to complete. Both total operative time and cold ischemia time tended to be longer in the vascular-reconstruction group than in the direct-anastomosis group (530 ± 226 vs 440 ± 116 and 159 ± 49 vs 125 ± 66 min, respectively), but these differences were not significant. The incidence of vascular thrombosis tended to be higher in the direct-anastomosis group than in the vascular-reconstruction group (16.7% vs 0%, P = 0.118). At a median follow-up of 36.9 months, no stenosis or pseudoaneurysms developed. In 19 allografts, acute rejection occurred in 4 (21.1%) and chronic rejection occurred in 1 (5.2%).

Conclusions
Our results indicate that the use of an autologous internal iliac interposition graft greatly facilitates intestinal graft implantation and minimizes the risk of vascular complications.