bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital morphometry of onion seeds
Authors: Musaev F. B. , Ivanova M. I. , Priyatkin N. S. , Kuznets S. V. 
Published: June 2021

Relevance. One of the problematic issues in crop production remains the quality of sown seeds. Vegetable plants during the period of generative development are demanding to the conditions of light and heat supply, but the conditions of most regions of our country cannot meet these requirements. Post-harvest refinement and pre-treatment of seeds is also not carried out at the proper level. There are no reliable informative tools for analyzing seed quality. Employees of the FSBSI FSVC, Agrophysical Research Institute and Argus-Bio LLC are developing a method of digital morphometry of vegetable seeds.Methods. The material for the studies was the seeds of various samples of varieties of the genus Allium: Allium cristophii Trautv., Allium schoenoprasum L., Allium fistulosum L. Digital images of seeds were obtained using the HP Scanjet 200 tablet scanner, BMP, TIFF, JPG save file format, 600 DPI resolution. Morphometric analysis of digital scanned images of seeds was carried out on the basis of the Agrophysical Research Institute using the serial software Argus-BIO, manufactured by Argus Soft LLC, St. Petersburg.Results. Analysis of the color characteristics of seeds (values of color components according to the RGB model) Allium cristophii Trautv. revealed a statistically significant decrease in all color channels in the row from the lower tier – the upper, which is an indicator of different levels of maturity. Seeds of various samples of Allium schoenoprasum L. in size (projection area) varied significantly within the species from 2.39 to 3.06 mm2 , in shape they also turned out to be unaligned: elliptical with an elongation factor of 1.99 to 2.21 relative units. Analysis of morphometric parameters of seeds of varieties Allium fistulosum L. made it possible to distinguish the influence of natural and genetic factors on these parameters: the factor of the year had a significant effect (from 43.5% to 45.4%), the factor of the variety – from 39.5% to 43.2%, on the main morphometric parameters of seeds. So, a new approach to seed quality analysis is presented, which includes rapid digital morphometry, data modeling and their integration with standard ISTA tests.
Yield and quality of strawberries when applying fertilizers
Authors: Ivanova T. E. , Lekomtseva E. V. , Tutova T. N. , Sokolova E. V. , Nesmelova L. A. 
Published: June 2021

Relevance. One of the most important elements of the technology of cultivation of strawberries for increasing productivity and improving the quality of berries is the use of fertilizers that can regulate the growth, development, yield and quality of products.Methods. During 2016-2018, the impact of pre-planting application of complex mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of strawberries in the Udmurt Republic was studied. The analysis of meteorological conditions during the growing season of the crop according to the research results is carried out.Results. The results of the use of complex fertilizers Azofoska, Perm-yagodnoye and Fusco-yagodnoye on garden strawberries when grown in the conditions of the Udmurt Republic are presented. It was found that the use of these fertilizers in comparison with the control (Azofoska) contributes to an increase in yield and has a positive effect on the quality of berries. The aftereffect of the studied fertilizers on the second and third year of fruiting of wild strawberries is noted. According to the results of research, the highest yield of berries of the garden strawberry was obtained in 2016 in the first year of fruiting when applying Chamfer-berry (1.33 kg/m2 ). The pre-planting application of the FaskoYagodnoye fertilizer provided a reliable increase in yield at all times of berry harvesting, and on average for three years by 0.13 kg/m2 with an NSR of 0.04 kg/m2 . The content of dry matter, water-soluble sugars and vitamin C in the berries corresponded to the characteristics of the Darenka variety and to a greater extent depended on the meteorological conditions of the growing season of strawberries.
ELECTRONIC BASED PAYMENT SYSTEMS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDONESIA
Authors: Mashabi M , Wasiaturrahma Wasiaturrahma 
Published: June 2021

This research aims to analyze the effect of electronic payment systems based on credit cards, debit cards, and electronic money, as well as macroeconomic variables namely the money supply (M1), price level, and velocity of money towards real gross domestic product as a proxy for economic growth. The estimation carried out in this journal uses the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) with period time series data of 2010:1-2018:12. The results of the journal show that doing debit card and electronic money-based transactions has a significant positive effect on economic growth in Indonesia in the long run.Keywords : Electronic payment systems, electronic money, credit cards, debit cards, economic growth, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Keywords: Electronic payment systems, electronic money, credit cards, debit cards, economic growth, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) JEL : O470 C320
Leading Edge Flow Assurance Management Strategy to Optimize the Design and Operations, for a Deepwater Gas Condensate Reservoir, Reducing Costs and Associated Risks Through Integrated Engineering Analysis
Authors: Villanueva Alonso Julio Cesar , Espinola Gonzalez Oswaldo , Alvarez Martinez Julieta 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Most operator companies work under a philosophy of responding with mitigation strategies rather than prevention ones to flow assurance problems when they arise. Although mitigation strategies help to maintain a stable production, gas condensate fields require the implementation of proactive techniques to be prepared for future scenarios, especially when it comes to deep water environments, since the combination of the changes in composition of a condensate fluid and the thermodynamic considerations of producing in deep water fields increase the frequency of operational problems and therefore, additional costs and risks.
Furthermore, the concept of management is not frequently applied to the Flow Assurance area as much as the concept of Reservoir Management. Analogous to best Reservoir Management practices, this concept can be translated to the design and operation in the flow assurance area to provide more robust and precise analysis.
Taking these considerations into account, a proactive approach is required, so that operator companies can better prepare and act in an optimum way. This paper presents a Flow Assurance Management Strategy (FAMS) methodology focused on increasing and improving the response capacity through understanding the behavior of production trends, predicting the come up of potential flow assurance problems.
By the implementation of this methodology, we are seeking to operators obtain a full perspective of all the potential problems that will eventually can take place in their fields, identifying, when, where and why they will occur, and thus, allowing to set proactive actions to minimize unexpected potential flow assurance problems.
The objective of this paper is to share a detailed methodology, which is intended to apply for any kind of flow assurance problem, helping operators to implement the best solution according to their capabilities and to set a base to homologate the concept of management, additionally, a short case in which an optimization study was carried out is shown for demonstration purposes.
Novel Approach to Enhance Field Development Plan Process and Reservoir Management to Maximize the Recovery Factor of Gas Condensate Reservoirs Through Integrated Asset Modeling
Authors: Espinola Gonzalez Oswaldo , Vazquez Macedo Laura Paola , Villanueva Alonso Julio Cesar , Alvarez Martinez Julieta 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The proper exploitation for a gas condensate reservoir requires an integrated collaboration and management strategy capable to provide detailed insight about future behavior of the reservoir.
When a development plan is generated for a field, the reservoir management is not performed integrally, this is, different domains: geology, reservoir, drilling, production, economics, etc., work separately, and therefore, an adequate understanding of the main challenges, leading to issues such as an over dimensioning of surface facilities, excessive costs, among others.
Through this paper, a methodology to improve the conventional field development plan is described, which contains 4 main pillars: Collaborative approach, Integrated analysis, engineering optimization and monitoring & surveillance.
The methodology involves the description of a hybrid workflow based on the integration of multiple domains, technologies and recommendations to consider all the phenomena and compositional changes over time in the whole production system, aiming to define the optimum reservoir management strategy, facilities and operational philosophy as part of the Field Development Plan (FDP). Conventionally, the used of simplistic models most of times do not allow seeing phenomena in the adequate resolution (near wellbore and porous media effects, multiphase flow in pipelines, etc.), that occur with high interdependency in the Integrated Production System.
With this methodology, the goal pursued is to support oil and gas companies to increase the recovery factor of gas condensate fields through the enhancement in the development and exploitation process and therefore, reducing associated costs and seizing available time and resources.
Environmentally-Friendly Production and Recovery Processes for Heavy Oils
Authors: Canbaz Celal Hakan , Temizel Cenk , Palabiyik Yildiray , Kor Korhan , Hendrandingrat Luky , Hosgor Fatma Bahar , Aksahan Firat 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Oil Industry is going green and there is no solid and comprehensive publication that outlines the use of green energies and methods in oil recovery. Thus, this paper is going to close that gap. As there are more environmental restrictions especially in developed countries, inclusion of green energy methods in petroleum recovery processes is very important for the future of these reserves.
We will focus on extra/heavy oil as conventional oil is simpler to produce and doesn't need EOR processes that may come with environmental footprints. The objective of this study is to investigate and outline the ‘green’ production and recovery processes of heavy oil recovery in environmentally-sensitive locations where greenhouse gas emissions, type of energy used to extract oil and gas (e.g., generation of steam using natural gas vs solar), environmental impact of surface facilities, transportation of produced oil and gas and other associated materials/chemica ls required for recovery (e.g. solvents for steam injection process) are critical for the operations as well as economics.
Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Varying Temperature and Viscosities on Foamy Oil Production
Authors: Medina Jasmine Shivani , Medina Iomi Dhanielle , Zhang Gao 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The phenomenon of higher than expected production rates and recovery factors in heavy oil reservoirs captured the term "foamy oil," by researchers. This is mainly due to the bubble filled chocolate mousse appearance found at wellheads where this phenomenon occurs. Foamy oil flow is barely understood up to this day. Understanding why this unusual occurrence exists can aid in the transfer of principles to low recovery heavy oil reservoirs globally.
This study focused mainly on how varying the viscosity and temperature via pressure depletion lab tests affected the performance of foamy oil production. Six different lab-scaled experiments were conducted, four with varying temperatures and two with varying viscosities. All experiments were conducted using lab-scaled sand pack pressure depletion tests with the same initial gas oil ratio (GOR).
The first series of experiments with varying temperatures showed that the oil recovery was inversely proportional to elevated temperatures, however there was a directly proportional relationship between gas recovery and elevation in temperature.
A unique observation was also made, during late-stage production, foamy oil recovery reappeared with temperatures in the 45-55°C range.
With respect to the viscosities, a non-linear relationship existed, however there was an optimal region in which the live-oil viscosity and foamy oil production seem to be harmonious.
ESPCP - An Economic Artificial Lift Method for an Offshore Field in Southwest Trinidad
Authors: Ramkhalawan Nigel , Hassanali Hamid 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Frequent rod failures still occur in Progressive Cavity Pumped (PCP) wells with high dog-leg severities although they are fitted with adequate rod centralization. This results in well downtime and production deferrals. Offshore workovers are expensive and significantly affect operating cost (OPEX) of the operator. This study sought to evaluate the potential benefits of Electrica l Submersible Progressive Cavity Pumps (ESPCP) as an economic alternative for highly deviated wells in the offshore field in Trinidad.
In this theoretical study, a screening criterion was established and four (4) candidates, all produced by surface driven PCPs, were selected. Models of ESPCP systems were developed using industry standard Progressive Cavity Pump software, parameters from the original PCP models as well as actual field well tests and production data. An economic evaluation, which integrated oil price and production rate sensitivities, was conducted using field data, including field reservoir characteristics and past well performance.
The ESPCP model results suggest a cumulative increase of 567 BOPD is expected for all four wells. Using an oil price of US $45 per barrel, the analysis was conducted on all wells targeted for ESPCP conversion. Assuming a P50 oil rate, sensitivities were run to establish the minimum oil price for the project to be economically feasible. The operator's project economic success criteria were :(1) pay-out period of &lt;2 years and (2) NPV of &gt; US $0.15 Million considering a ten (10) year project. An integrated sensitivity analysis was performed for the entire project with varying expected production increases and fluctuating global oil prices. The simulations identified that the project will be uneconomic at a global oil price of US $20/bbl. Assuming a project life of 10 years and based on the expected production increase, the project is massively profitable, yielding an expected NPV of US $9.3 Million at US $45 per barrel with expected pay-out times between 0.63-1.8 years with investment of US $4 Million. Additional benefits anticipated include, increased well uptime and the corresponding reduction in workover costs. Another opportunity that results from the conversion to ESPCP, is the possibility of lowering the pump in the wellbore, thereby increasing the well producing life and increasing the recoverable reserves.
Installation of ESPCPs, in theory, can be an economic success in an area where surface driven PCP experiences repetitive rod failures, leading to production deferrals and workover. Additionally, lowering the pump in the wellbore may be possible, thereby increasing the well producing life and increasing recoverable reserves which would not have been possible using traditional artificial lift methods.
Evaluating the Lower Cruse and Navet Formations Within the Wd-8 Lease Operatorship Block
Authors: Bishop Mark Emmanuel , Lalla Wilson , Moonan Xavier Ravi 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Lease Operatorship block WD-8, lies within the Forest Reserve oilfield. Forest Reserve is known for having the ENE-WSW trending, south easterly verging Forest Reserve anticline which plunges into NW-SE trending Los Bajos Fault. Regionally to the south of the Forest Reserve anticline lies the south westerly plunging Siparia syncline and to the north of the Forest Reserve anticline is the Morne L′ Enfer syncline. WD-8 is situated on the northern flank of the Forest Reserve anticline with the axis of the anticline occurring within the southern part of the block. Prior to 2018, TETL last drilled within the WD-8 block in the year 2014. Drilling within the WD-8 block pre-2018 was mainly in the southern portion of the block. The year 2018 saw TETL drill five wells in the northern part of the WD-8 block. The results from these wells prompted an evaluation within the Northern portion of the WD-8 block to determine the structure and extent of the Lower Cruse and Navet reservoirs. Field wide mapping post 2018 drills within the block highlighted the sand trend at the Cruse level is in a WSW-ENE direction and that these sands in northern WD-8 are very narrow with maximum widths ranging between 100 ft – 150 ft. Additionally, it showed that by using a smaller well spacing, wells would encounter different producing sand bodies not seen in adjacent wells. Differences in the sand character between wells in the Southern part of the block to wells in the northern part of the block at the Lower Cruse level were also seen. The Lower Cruse section in the southern part of the WD-8 block tends to have thick stacked slope channel sand deposits, while the northern part of WD-8 has relatively thin stacked slope/base of slope channel deposits. Structurally, the presence of an ENE-WSW fault which separates the southern wells from the northern wells was also revealed. Abnormal stratigraphy was also found in Northern WD-8 where the Eocene Navet formation was encountered below the Late Miocene Lower Cruse formation. Two (2) wells in the northern portion of the block found the Navet formation resistive with only one well testing this reservoir. This then presents a new under exploited target reservoir with the block. Mapping of the Navet Formation indicates that this reservoir trends in a WSW-ENE direction. This updated geological model for the WD-8 block resulted in six infill developmental wells being identified to further exploit the remaining reserves within the Lower Cruse and Navet Formations in the WD-8 block.
Raising the National Average for Asset Integrity Management in the Energy Sector of a Small Island Developing State
Authors: Rudder Marc , Kissoon Amanda , Rampaul-Cheddie Indira 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In 2015 and 2016, the Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries (MEEI) undertook a National Facilities Audit (NFA) to augment the periodic audit exercises of the Ministry. This Audit was the first of its kind conducted in Trinidad and Tobago and involved upstream, midstream and downstream energy sector companies. Some companies scored highly in the Audit, some were average and others below average. This paper will provide guidance to operators who scored below the average so that they can make the necessary adjustments to improve their Asset Integrity scores to above average and beyond in future. The selected consultant who performed the NFA developed a standardized audit protocol to audit all the companies. The MEEI set up a Steering Committee to oversee the execution and delivery of the audit to ensure it was conducted within the project's objectives. The consultant and MEEI representatives conducted joint audits, which involved document reviews, interviews and site visits. A Systems and Equipment Audit was conducted followed by a site visit. The project lasted 9 months, a total of 30 audits were conducted during the period, and a report prepared and presented to the MEEI by the consulta nts with the findings and recommendations. Scores were assigned to various categories in both the System and Equipment Audits, which contributed to a System score and Equipment score. From these two scores, an overall score was determined. The audit found that Asset Integrity Management (AIM) systems showed a wide variation across the industry, international companies were typically more advanced with AIM than domestic companies, the state-owned companies had the lowest scores and Joint Venture companies generally had the highest scores. Generally, many companies did poorly in the audit due to lack of proper documented internal procedures with respect to Asset Integrity. Companies that did well had well-documented procedures for process safety management. The paper will show the benefit of conducting a nationwide Asset Integrity Audit that can inspire other countries to consider doing likewise and thus encourage improved Asset Integrity Management in the global energy sector. The paper will go into the details of the audit so that in future companies would be more prepared for a similar type of audit, and who show significant improvements with their scores.
Field Application of Newly Designed Non-Damaging Sealing Killing Fluid to Control Losses in Completion and Workover Operations in Western Desert, Egypt
Authors: Mohamed Youssry Abd El-Aziz , El-Gindy Alaa Tawfik , El-Agamy Helal Ahmed , Moustafa Amr Ismail , Eissa Ali Mohamed , Akeel Mansour Mohamed 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Invasion of completion fluids to permeable reservoir formations causes different challenges including increase in water saturation, fine migration problems, well control problems and complicated fluid management. Such problems can result in severe reservoir damage leading to delay in production and increase in operation cost. This paper presents newly designed non-damaging, sealing and killing fluids (Salt Plug) customized to solve such challenges and engineered to control fluid invasion of completion fluid into reservoir. Formation damage might occur during subsequent well workover and perforation operations which requires non-damaging, sealing and killing fluids. The salt plug design incorporates a temporary plugging agent that form a physical barrier across formation face or within formation matrix. Consequently, the plug minimizes formation damage and fluids invasion into reservoir formation during well flow back. Due to its water solubility characteristics, the plug can be easily cleaned up using unsaturated brine water after remedial workover operations. Salt plug was used in reservoir formation in a wide fluid density range of 10.3 - 15.0 Pounds per Gallon (ppg) based on brine type and sized particles concentration to prevent fluid loss during remedial completion operations.
This plug was applied in field proving its success in more than 10 deep wells and was successful to seal off void spaces around perforation tunnels and holes up to 0.5 inch. It can be customized to meet project requirements through proper selection of the particle-size distribution (PSD) of salt. Filter cake associated with salt was easily removed with start in production phase with a minimal differential pressure of 20-50 Psi to unload the well. This pill was effective replacing conventional water insoluble calcium carbonate (CaCO3) bridging solids with water soluble sized salt bridging solids which are less aggressive breaker systems.