bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the relativity of species, or the probabilistic solution to the species problem
Authors: Kollár Jan , Poulíčková Aloisie , Dvořák Petr 
Published: October 2021

For centuries, both scientists and philosophers have discussed the nature of species resulting in c. 35 species concepts proposed to date. However, in our opinion, none of them incorporated neither recent advances in evolutionary genomics nor dimensionality of species in befitting depth. Our attempt to do so resulted in the following conclusions. Due to the continuous nature of evolution (regardless of its rate and constancy), species are inevitably undefinable as natural discontinuous units (except those originating in saltatory speciation) whenever the time dimension is taken into consideration. Therefore, the very existence of species as a natural discontinuous entity is relative to its dimensionality. A direct consequence of the relativity of species is the duality of speciators (e.g., incipient species) meaning that, in a given time, they may be perceived as both being and not being a species. Finally, the most accurate way to reflect both the relativity of species and the duality of speciators in species delimitation is probabilistic. While the novelty of these ideas may be questionable, they still deserve more extensive attention from the biological community. Here, we hope to draw such attention by outlining one of the possible pathways towards a new kind of probabilistic species delimitation methods based on the probability of irreversible divergence of evolutionary lineages. We anticipate that our probabilistic view of speciation has the potential to facilitate some of the most serious and universal issues of current taxonomy and to ensure unity of the species‐level taxonomy across the tree of life.
Perspectives of operational staff working in residential care and aged care reforms
Authors: Monro Cathy , Mackenzie Lynette , O'Loughlin Kate , Low Lee‐Fay 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAustralia is undergoing major aged care reforms, changing from the previous service provider‐driven approach to consumer‐directed care principles. In residential aged care, this has resulted in a significant reduction in government funding in order to support reform initiatives in home and community‐based care. There has been limited research on the impact of structural aspects of the reforms such as the effect of changes in funding focus. Using a qualitative descriptive research methodology, this study explores the impact of the reforms on staff at various levels of operational responsibility in residential aged care. Issues identified by participants centered on the capacity to deliver care in three areas, the impact of funding reduction, challenges in meeting increasingly complex needs of residents and their families, and new requirements for care roles within current limitations. This paper provides an insight into how and why operational issues have informed the findings of the current Australian Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety. It identifies areas of support for the aged care workforce that are crucial in fulfilling consumer‐focused care delivery.
Turkish validation of the family presence during resuscitation risk‐benefit scale
Authors: Öztürk Esma Ayşe , Koç Zeliha 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere are no validated tools to examine the risk and benefits of family presence and nurses' self‐confidence during resuscitation in Turkey.AimThis study aimed to test the validity and reliability of the family presence risk‐ benefit scale and the family presence self‐confidence scale in Turkish as well as its psychometric characteristics.MethodsThe sample of the study consisted of 427 nurses. The forward‐backward translation method was used. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine the factor structure and construct validity of the scales. In order to evaluate the time invariances of the scales, the relationship between the scores obtained from the first and second applications was examined using the Pearson correlation coefficient.ResultsThe Kaiser‐Meyer‐Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO) value of the family presence risk‐benefit scale was found to be 0.876 while the KMO value of the family presence self‐confidence scale was found to be 0.927. Positive linear correlations with high levels of significance and respective values of 82.5% and 93.5% were found between the total scores of the family presence risk–benefit and family presence self‐confidence scales and their retest scores.ConclusionThe Turkish versions of the family presence during resuscitation risk‐ benefit scale and the family presence self‐confidence scale were found to be valid and reliable tools that could be used to determine the perceptions of nurses regarding the risks and benefits of family presence during resuscitation.Relevance to clinical practiceUsing the family presence risk–benefit and family presence self‐confidence scales, both of which have been tested for validity and reliability in Turkish, the perceptions of intensive care nurses regarding the risks and benefits of family presence during resuscitation can be determined as well as their self‐confidence on the subject, making the development of policies on the subject possible.
Gastric half emptying time (T½) for 4‐h gastric emptying scintigraphy simplifies reporting but reduces detection of gastroparesis
Authors: Gardella Rebecca , Silver Paul J. , Shahsavari Dariush , Maurer Alan H. , Parkman Henry P. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundGastric emptying scintigraphy (GES) reports percent retention at 1, 2, and 4 h. Time to empty half the meal (T½) could simplify GE reporting.AimsTo compare the performance of GES T½ to 1‐, 2‐, and 4‐h retention.MethodsGES studies were reviewed; results determined according to retention at 1, 2, and 4 h. T½ was determined using 3 methods: (1) GES curve fitting using 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h data; (2) linear interpolation using 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h data; and (3) linear interpolation using only 0, 1, 2, and 4 h data.ResultsOf 495 patients, 265 had normal GE, 4 rapid GE (<30% retention at 1 h), and 226 delayed GE: 17 delayed only at 2 h (>60% ret); 94 delayed only at 4 h (>10% ret); and 115 delayed at both 2 h and 4 h. Strong correlations were seen between each T½ method and 1, 2, 3, and 4 h %‐empty values: curve‐fit T½ (r = −0.851, −0.942, −0.864, −0.744), linear T½ using all imaging times (r = −0.848, −0.972, −0.878, −0.763), and linear T½ using standard imaging times (r = −0.853, −0.974, −0.868, −0.760). The 132 min cutoff for delayed GE captures 99.1% to 100% of delayed GE at both 2 h and 4 h, 76.5% to 94.1% delayed at 2 h only, but only 36.7% to 39.4% delayed at 4 h only; 3.5 to 11.3% of patients with normal GE miscategorized as delayed.ConclusionsGES T½ correlates more strongly with retention at 2 h than at 4 h. T½ alone may misclassify patients, particularly those with late‐phase (4 h only) delays, reducing its utility for diagnosing gastroparesis.
Prevalence of disordered eating in adults with gastrointestinal disorders: A systematic review
Authors: Peters Jessica E. , Basnayake Chamara , Hebbard Geoffrey S. , Salzberg Michael R. , Kamm Michael A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundPatients with gastrointestinal disorders are prone to heightened awareness of dietary intake. When diet‐related thoughts or behaviors are excessive, they may lead to psychological distress, nutritional compromise, and impair medical treatment. Identification of disordered eating behavior and eating disorders is crucial for effective management, but data on their prevalence within this population remain scarce. We conducted a systematic review of the prevalence of disordered eating behavior and eating disorders in adults with gastrointestinal disorders.MethodsMEDLINE, PubMed, and PsycInfo databases were searched up to June 2021. Studies examining disordered eating in adult patients with a primary gastrointestinal diagnosis were included.Key ResultsA total of 17 studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. The range of gastrointestinal disorders examined included disorders of gut‐brain interaction (DGBI), coeliac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The methods for examining disordered eating were highly variable. The prevalence of disordered eating ranged from 13–55%. The prevalence was higher in patients with disorders of gut‐brain interaction (DGBI) than in those with organic gastrointestinal disorders. Factors associated with disordered eating included female sex, younger age, gastrointestinal symptom severity, anxiety and depression, and lower quality of life.Conclusions & InferencesDisordered eating is highly prevalent in adult patients with gastrointestinal illness, particularly those with DGBI. Understanding whether a patient's primary underlying diagnosis is that of an eating disorder or gastroenterological disorder remains a challenge for clinicians. There is an unmet need to identify at‐risk patients so that psychological intervention can be included in the therapeutic strategy.
Transitional attitudes and the unmooring view of higher‐order evidence
Authors: Staffel Julia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel answer to the question of what attitude agents should adopt when they receive misleading higher‐order evidence that avoids the drawbacks of existing views. The answer builds on the independently motivated observation that there is a difference between attitudes that agents form as conclusions of their reasoning, calledterminal attitudes, and attitudes that are formed in a transitional manner in the process of reasoning, calledtransitional attitudes. Terminal and transitional attitudes differ both in their descriptive and in their normative properties. When an agent receives higher‐order evidence that they might have reasoned incorrectly to a belief or credence towardsp, then their attitude towardspis no longer justified as aterminalattitude towardsp, but it can still be justified as atransitionalattitude. This view, which I call theunmooring view, allows us to capture the rational impact of misleading higher‐order evidence in a way that integrates smoothly with a natural picture of epistemic justification and the dynamics of deliberation.
Early spring flowers rely on xylem hydration but are not limited by stem xylem conductivity
Authors: McMann Natalie , Peichel Alexander , Savage Jessica A. 
Published: October 2021

Summary

Many woody plants produce large floral displays early in the spring when xylem transport can be variable and often reduced. To determine whether stem hydraulics impact floral water use, we quantified floral transpiration and tested whether it was correlated with stem xylem conductivity in five temperate woody species that flower before producing leaves.

We measured inflorescence gas exchange, examined the relationship between diffusive conductance and inflorescence morphology, and estimated the amount of water supplied to an inflorescence by the phloem. We also tested for correlation between transpiration and native stem xylem conductivity for branches with leaves and branches with flowers.

The flowers of our study species obtain most of their water from the xylem. Diffusive conductance was higher in small inflorescences, but water content and daily transpiration rates were greater for larger inflorescences. We found no correlation between floral transpiration per branch and stem xylem conductivity within species.

The data suggest that inflorescence water loss during anthesis is not limited by the xylem in our study species. We highlight the impact of floral morphology on hydraulic traits and encourage exploration into temporal shifts in floral hydration.
Abscisic acid employs NRP‐dependent PIN2 vacuolar degradation to suppress auxin‐mediated primary root elongation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wu Yanying , Chang Yue , Luo Liming , Tian Wenqi , Gong Qingqiu , Liu Xinqi 
Published: October 2021

Summary

How plants balance growth and stress adaptation is a long‐standing topic in plant biology. Abscisic acid (ABA) induces the expression of the stress‐responsive Asparagine Rich Protein (NRP), which promotes the vacuolar degradation of PP6 phosphatase FyPP3, releasing ABI5 transcription factor to initiate transcription. Whether NRP is required for growth remains unknown.

We generated an nrp1 nrp2 double mutant, which had a dwarf phenotype that can be rescued by inhibiting auxin transport. Insufficient auxin in the transition zone and over‐accumulation of auxin at the root tip was responsible for the short elongation zone and short‐root phenotype of nrp1 nrp2.

The auxin efflux carrier PIN2 over‐accumulated in nrp1 nrp2 and became de‐polarized at the plasma membrane, leading to slower root basipetal auxin transport. Knock‐out of PIN2 suppressed the dwarf phenotype of nrp1 nrp2. Furthermore, ABA can induce NRP‐dependent vacuolar degradation of PIN2 to inhibit primary root elongation. FyPP3 also is required for NRP‐mediated PIN2 turnover.

In summary, in growth condition, NRP promotes PIN2 vacuolar degradation to help maintain PIN2 protein concentration and polarity, facilitating the establishment of the elongation zone and primary root elongation. When stressed, ABA employs this pathway to inhibit root elongation for stress adaptation.
Tandem gene amplification restores photosystem II accumulation in cytochrome b559 mutants of cyanobacteria
Authors: Chiu Yi‐Fang , Fu Han‐Yi , Skotnicová Petra , Lin Keng‐Min , Komenda Josef , Chu Hsiu‐An 
Published: October 2021

Summary

Cytochrome (Cyt) b559 is a key component of the photosystem II complex (PSII) that is essential for its proper functioning and assembly. Site‐directed mutants of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 with mutated heme axial ligands of Cyt b559 have little PSII and are therefore unable to grow photoautotrophically.

Here we describe two types of Synechocystis autotrophic transformants that retained the same mutations in Cyt b559 but are able to accumulate PSII and grow photoautotrophically. Whole‐genome sequencing revealed that all of these autotrophic transformants carried a variable number of tandem repeats (from 5 to 15) of chromosomal segments containing the psbEFLJ operon.

RNA‐seq analysis showed greatly increased transcript levels of the psbEFLJ operon in these autotrophic transformants. Multiple copies of the psbEFLJ operon in these transformants were only maintained during autotrophic growth, while its copy numbers gradually decreased under photoheterotrophic conditions. Two‐dimensional PAGE analysis of membrane proteins revealed a strong deficiency in PSII complexes in the Cyt b559 mutants that was reversed in the autotrophic transformants.

These results illustrate how tandem gene amplification restores PSII accumulation and photoautotrophic growth in Cyt b559 mutants of cyanobacteria, and may serve as an important adaptive mechanism for cyanobacterial survival.
In vivo monitoring of drought‐induced embolism in Callitris rhomboidea trees reveals wide variation in branchlet vulnerability and high resistance to tissue death
Authors: Johnson Kate M. , Lucani Christopher , Brodribb Timothy J. 
Published: October 2021

Summary

Damage to the plant water transport system through xylem cavitation is known to be a driver of plant death in drought conditions. However, a lack of techniques to continuously monitor xylem embolism in whole plants in vivo has hampered our ability to investigate both how this damage propagates and the possible mechanistic link between xylem damage and tissue death.

Using optical and fluorescence sensors, we monitored drought‐induced xylem embolism accumulation and photosynthetic damage in vivo throughout the canopy of a drought‐resistant conifer, Callitris rhomboidea, during drought treatments of c. 1 month duration.

We show that drought‐induced damage to the xylem can be monitored in vivo in whole trees during extended periods of water stress. Under these conditions, vulnerability of the xylem to cavitation varied widely among branchlets, with photosynthetic damage only recorded once > 90% of the xylem was cavitated.

The variation in branchlet vulnerability has important implications for understanding how trees like C. rhomboidea survive drought, and the high resistance of branchlets to tissue damage points to runaway cavitation as a likely driver of tissue death in C. rhomboidea branch tips.
Orthodontic extraction of deeply impacted lower third molar with temporary anchorage device on the ramus
Authors: Bai Yanjie , Tao Tingting , Wang Xiao , Li Zhigang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to investigate the usage of temporary anchorage devices (TADs) at the ramus for the orthodontic extraction of the deeply impacted lower third molar.MethodThirteen patients were involved in this study, surgical exposure, miniscrew insertion and orthodontic attachments bonding were carried out at one visit, all the extraction appliances were sutured under the flap. The elastic chain was changed every 4 weeks. When the root/roots were separated apart from the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) canal, tooth was easier and quicker to surgically extract. Data were analysed by paired t‐test.ResultAll the patient's M3s were successfully and easily removed without neurological complication. The average orthodontic traction time was 15.4 ± 6.7 weeks, and average root movement was 3.9 ± 1.5 mm. The traction time seemed associated with gender, the traction time of female was 12.0 ± 4.9 weeks and male was 17.5 ± 7.1 weeks (p < 0.05). The linear and angular changes indicated that the M3s were distally upright.DiscussionTo avoid IAN injury, coronectomy and orthodontic extraction were investigated by many studies, TADs at the ramus were demonstrated to be a reliable method for orthodontic extraction. Larger sample number and randomized controlled trial are recommended.
Conduction abnormalities and role of cardiac pacing in cardiac amyloidosis: A systematic review
Authors: Alreshq Rabah , Tugal Derin , Siddiqi Omar , Ruberg Frederick 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCardiac amyloidosis (CA) is an increasingly recognized cause of heart failure, characterized by extracellular deposition of insoluble protein fibrils leading to progressive myocardial dysfunction. The most common types of cardiac amyloidosis are immunoglobin light‐chain (AL) and transthyretin (ATTR). Conduction abnormalities are commonly encountered among patients with cardiac amyloidosis and are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Abnormalities range from infra‐Hisian intraventricular conduction delay and bundle branch block to complete atrioventricular block. Pacemaker placement in CA patients follows established guidelines, similar to those for patients without CA, with generally good efficacy. The role and appropriate timing of pacemakers for primary prevention of brady‐arrhythmias in CA remains uncertain. While biventricular (BiV) pacing has been shown to improve clinical outcomes in patients with systolic heart failure without CA, there are few data examining the utility of BiV pacing in patients with CA. With the advent of effective treatments for AL and ATTR, appropriate application of pacing is important to support patients with CA and conduction disease through therapeutic trials. This systematic review summarizes the current literature examining the utility of pacing in CA.
The importance of sustained junctional tachycardia following cessation of radiofrequency current delivery in slow pathway ablation
Authors: Malekrah Alireza , Asgary Nader , Fattahian Alireza , Amirabadi Bahamin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundApart from junctional rhythms during slow pathway ablation, there is limited knowledge about the junctional tachycardia persisting following ablation cessation. This study is conducted to determine the characteristics and significance of this rare arrhythmia.Methods and resultsThis study was done on 487 patients with AVNRT undergoing the radiofrequency ablation. The RF delivery‐induced Supraventricular Tachycardia, persisting for a few minutes following the termination of ablation (post‐ablation SVT) was investigated in this research. Atrial Overdrive Pacing (AOP) was applied to the post‐ablation SVT to distinguish AVNRT from Junctional Tachycardia(JT). A total of 2337 RF‐current deliveries were applied, and post‐ablation SVT was observed in 81 of them. According to the electrophysiological studies, five of them (in five separate cases) were definitely diagnosed as JT. The overall incidence of post‐ablation JT was about 1% of all patients. In these cases, RF energy was applied to the posteroseptal region and roof of the proximal coronary sinus. The mean Cycle Length (CL) of JTs was equal to 446 ±67ms. Following post‐ ablation JT termination, four cases met endpoints of successful ablation, demonstrating a positive predictive value of 80%. Atrioventricular (AV) block did not occur in any of the cases and reappearance of JT was not observed during procedure or mean follow‐up period of 19.8 ± 8.4 months.ConclusionsPost‐ablation JT is probably a transient Ischemia‐induced arrhythmia that does not require further ablation. Thus, it is recommended to differentiate between the AVNRT and JT in post‐ablation arrhythmias to avoid unnecessary RF application.
Primary cutaneous lymphomas in children: A prospective study from the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) Primary Cutaneous Lymphoma Registry
Authors: Torre‐Castro Juan , Estrach Teresa , Peñate Yeray , Acebo Elvira , Fernández de Misa Ricardo , Blanes Mar , Suh‐Oh Hae Jin , Botella‐Estrada Rafael , Torrelo Antonio , García‐Doval Ignacio , Machan Salma ,   RELCP
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesPrimary cutaneous lymphomas are rare in pediatric patients. The clinical and histopathological manifestations may differ from those in adults. Due to their low frequency and the insidious clinical picture, the diagnosis is usually delayed. The Spanish Primary Cutaneous Lymphoma Registry was initiated in 2016 as a multicenter registry that would allow better insight into the epidemiological, clinical, histopathological, and treatment response characteristics of patients with primary cutaneous lymphomas.MethodsWe conducted a prospective observational cohort study of primary cutaneous lymphomas in pediatric patients participating in the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) Primary Cutaneous Lymphoma Registry.ResultsAt the time of the analysis, 10 patients under 18 years of age out of 799 all‐age cases (1.25%) had been included in the registry (7 males, 3 females). The mean age at diagnosis was 9.7 years (SD: 4.8). Seven (70%) had mycosis fungoides, 2 of them had the folliculotropic variant; and 3 (30%) had primary cutaneous marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma.ConclusionsPrimary cutaneous lymphomas are extremely rare in pediatric patients and usually have a good prognosis. Therefore, a high level of suspicion is necessary for the diagnosis. We suggest management by experienced physicians and follow‐up into adulthood.
Infantile hemangioma affecting the iris
Authors: Robertson Susan J. , Elder James E. , Bekhor Philip S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAn infant girl developed a hemangioma affecting her left iris concurrently with diffuse cutaneous infantile hemangiomas from day 2 of life. Intraocular hemangiomas are rarely reported and are usually associated with neonatal hemangiomatosis, the presence of which indicates a high risk for visceral lesions. This striking case highlights the unusual clinical presentation of iris hemangioma and demonstrates the importance of conducting visceral screening when faced with these lesions. Oral propranolol was commenced and resulted in rapid improvement of all lesions without complication.