bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proposal for metal–insulator–metal plasmonic power splitter and demultiplexer suitable for implementation in optical switches
Authors: Ghasemi Mohammad Reza , Bayati Mohammad Sajjad 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe authors propose a nanoplasmonic structure based on metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguides which consists of a 3 db power splitter and a side‐coupled nanocavity placed between its two output ports. The proposed structure is analysed by the resonant theory and dispersion relation. Transmission spectra of the presented device are also extracted using the finite difference time domain method. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the structure operates as a band‐stop filter in each output channel. Moreover, the resonance wavelengths can be tuned by adjusting the geometrical parameters of the nanocavity. Meanwhile, the authors developed the cavity and added an extra stub to it to append a new stopband to the output spectrum. Each resonance wavelength can be easily manipulated by changing the widths of the nanocavity and the added stub. In the end, by choosing two different lengths for the side‐coupled cavities, the authors convert the power splitter into a wavelength division multiplexer. These introduced MIM, the authors proposed here, may have various meaningful applications in nanoscale high‐density photonic circuits such as optical switches, logic plasmonic circuits and slow‐light devices.
Adaptative vital signs monitoring system based on the early warning score approach in smart hospital context
Authors: Ben Ida Imen , Balti Moez , Chaabane Sondes , Jemai Abderrazak 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChanges in vital signs are an important indicator of physiological decline and provide opportunities for early recognition and intervention. The collected vital signs data can be evaluated using several approaches such as the Early warning score (EWS) approach to predict the risk level of patients. By exploring the Internet of things (IoT), vital signs monitoring solutions are automated based on various medical devices and sensors. However, there is a lack of efficient tools that enable an adaptative monitoring depending on the patient situations. This article explores the IoT technologies to provide an EWS system in smart hospital situation. The proposed solution presents an adaptative configuration of the vital signs monitoring process depending on the patient’s health status variation and the medical staff decisions. Also, an intelligent notification mechanism that reduces the delay of the medical staff intervention in the case of risk detection is proposed.
A novel communication‐free charge controller for electric vehicles using machine learning
Authors: Shafiq Saifullah , Khan Bilal , Raussi Petra , Al‐Awami Ali Taleb 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite many advantages, wide‐spread integration of electric vehicles (EVs) in the power systems is challenging. Large‐scale uncontrolled EV charging load may lead to under‐voltage violations, higher power losses, overloading of transformers and transmission lines. In this research work, a machine learning‐based communication‐free EV charge control strategy is developed to mitigate the issues caused by the uncontrolled EV charging. Another notable feature of the proposed controller is to ensure the fairness among the EVs available at different locations in the distribution system. Moreover, two indices are proposed, that is system utilisation index (SUI) and system average voltage violation duration index (SAVVDI), to assess the performance of any EV charge controller. In the proposed control structure, a nodal voltage and the voltage‐to‐load sensitivity are measured at each load node which are fed to the EV charge controller. In fact, an upstream node is generally less sensitive to the changes in load, since it is closer to the feeding point, as compared to a downstream node. The output of the charge controller is the charging rate of an EV. In order to validate the robustness of the proposed controller, light and heavy loading conditions are considered which mimic the daily, monthly, yearly and seasonal load variations. Simulation results prove that the proposed controller effectively improves the voltage profiles and ensures fairness among the EVs connected at various charging points in the distribution system. Moreover, it effectively utilises the power system resources.
Mixture models for photometric redshifts
Authors: Ansari Zoe , Agnello Adriano , Gall Christa 
Published: March 2021

Context.Determining photometric redshifts (photo-zs) of extragalactic sources to a high accuracy is paramount to measure distances in wide-field cosmological experiments. With only photometric information at hand, photo-zs are prone to systematic uncertainties in the intervening extinction and the unknown underlying spectral-energy distribution of different astrophysical sources, leading to degeneracies in the modern machine learning algorithm that impacts the level of accuracy for photo-zestimates.Aims.Here, we aim to resolve these model degeneracies and obtain a clear separation between intrinsic physical properties of astrophysical sources and extrinsic systematics. Furthermore, we aim to have meaningful estimates of the full photo-zprobability distribution, and their uncertainties.Methods.We performed a probabilistic photo-zdetermination using mixture density networks (MDN). The training data set is composed of optical (grizphotometric bands) point-spread-function and model magnitudes and extinction measurements from the SDSS-DR15 and WISE mid-infrared (3.4 μm and 4.6 μm) model magnitudes. We used infinite Gaussian mixture models to classify the objects in our data set as stars, galaxies, or quasars, and to determine the number of MDN components to achieve optimal performance.Results.The fraction of objects that are correctly split into the main classes of stars, galaxies, and quasars is 94%. Furthermore, our method improves the bias of photometric redshift estimation (i.e., the mean Δz = (zp − zs)/(1 + zs)) by one order of magnitude compared to the SDSS photo-z, and it decreases the fraction of 3σoutliers (i.e., 3 × rms(Δz) < Δz). The relative, root-mean-square systematic uncertainty in our resulting photo-zs is down to 1.7% for benchmark samples of low-redshift galaxies (zs < 0.5).Conclusions.We have demonstrated the feasibility of machine-learning-based methods that produce full probability distributions for photo-zestimates with a performance that is competitive with state-of-the art techniques. Our method can be applied to wide-field surveys where extinction can vary significantly across the sky and with sparse spectroscopic calibration samples. The code is publicly available.
Evaluating the relationship between strong geomagnetic storms and electric grid failures in Poland using the geoelectric field as a GIC proxy
Authors: Gil Agnieszka , Berendt-Marchel Monika , Modzelewska Renata , Moskwa Szczepan , Siluszyk Agnieszka , Siluszyk Marek , Tomasik Lukasz , Wawrzaszek Anna , Wawrzynczak Anna 
Published: March 2021

We study intense geomagnetic storms (Dst < −100nT) during the first half of the solar cycle 24. This type of storm appeared only a few times, mostly associated with southwardly directed heliospheric magnetic fieldBz. Using various methods such as self-organizing maps, statistical and superposed epoch analysis, we show that during and right after intense geomagnetic storms, there is growth in the number of transmission line failures. We also examine the temporal changes in the number of failures during 2010-2014 and find that the growing linear tendency of electrical grid failure occurrence is possibly connected with solar activity. We compare these results with the geoelectric field calculated for the region of Poland using a 1-D layered conductivity Earth model.
Preoperative Assessment of Cervical Involvement in Endometrial Cancer by Transvaginal Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Alcazar Juan Luis , Carazo Patricia , Pegenaute Leyre , Gurrea Elena , Campos Irene , Neri Manuela , Pascual Maria Angela , Guerriero Stefano 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objective To compare the diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting cervical infiltration by endometrial carcinoma using meta-analysis assessment.
Methods An extensive search of papers comparing TVS and MRI for assessing cervical infiltration in endometrial cancer in the same set of patients was performed in Medline (Pubmed), Web of Science, and the Cochrane Database. Quality was assessed using QUADAS-2 tool (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2). Quantitative meta-analysis was performed.
Results Our extended search identified 12 articles that used both techniques in the same set of patients and were included in the meta-analysis. The risk of bias for most studies was high for patient selection and index tests in QUADAS-2. Overall, the pooled estimated sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing cervical infiltration in women with endometrial cancer were identical for both techniques [69 % (95 % CI, 51 %–82 %) and 93 % (95 % CI, 90 %–95 %) for TVS, and 69 % (95 % CI, 57 %–79 %) and 91 % (95 % CI, 90 %–95 %) for MRI, respectively]. No statistical differences were found when comparing both methods. Heterogeneity was high for sensitivity and moderate for specificity when analyzing TVS and moderate for both sensitivity and specificity in the case of MRI.
Conclusion TVS and MRI showed very similar diagnostic performance for diagnosing cervical involvement in women with endometrial cancer.
Molecular Editing of Flavins for Catalysis
Authors: Rehpenn Andreas , Walter Alexandra , Storch Golo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe diverse activity of flavoenzymes in organic transformations has fascinated researchers for a long time. However, when applied outside an enzyme environment, the isolated flavin cofactor only shows largely reduced activity. This highlights the importance of embedding the reactive isoalloxazine core of flavins in defined surroundings. The latter include crucial non-covalent interactions with amino acid side chains or backbone as well as controlled access to reactants such as molecular oxygen. Nevertheless, molecular flavins are increasingly applied in the organic laboratory as valuable organocatalysts. Chemical modification of the parent isoalloxazine structure is of particular interest in this context in order to achieve reactivity and selectivity in transformations, which are so far only known with flavoenzymes or even unprecedented. This review aims to give a systematic overview of the reported designed flavin catalysts and highlights the impact of each structural alteration. It is intended to serve as a source of information when comparing the performance of known catalysts, but also when designing new flavins. Over the last few decades, molecular flavin catalysis has emerged from proof-of-concept reactions to increasingly sophisticated transformations. This stimulates anticipating new flavin catalyst designs for solving contemporary challenges in organic synthesis.1	Introduction2	N1-Modification3	N3-Modification4	N5-Modification5	C6–C9-Modification6	N10-Modification7	Conclusion
CuI-Catalyzed Ullmann-Type Coupling of Phenols and Thiophenols with 5-Substituted 1,2,3-Triiodobenzenes: Facile Synthesis of Mammary Carcinoma Inhibitor BTO-956 in One Step
Authors: Al-Zoubi Raed M. , Altamimi Reem M. , Al-Jammal Walid K. , Shawakfeh Khaled Q. , Al-Zoubi Mazhar S. , Ferguson Michael J. , Zarour Ahmad , Yassin Aksam , Al-Ansari Abdulla 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA facile and unprecedented synthesis of 2,3-diiodinated or 2,6-diiodinated diaryl ether/thioether derivatives through regioselective Ullmann-type cross couplings of 5-substituted 1,2,3-triiodobenzenes and phenols/thiophenols is described. Remarkably, the coupling reactions are simply controlled by the type of nucleophiles and the nature of C5 substituent at 1,2,3-triiodoarenes providing the internal or terminal coupling products in high regioselectivity and good isolated yields. Noticeable steric and electronic effects were clearly observed on both 1,2,3-triiodoarenes and nucleophiles. The highest yields were isolated from a combination between either electron-poor 1,2,3-triiodoarenes and phenols or electron-rich 1,2,3-triiodoarenes and thiophenols. The optimized conditions were found to be suitable for several functional groups. Using this methodology, mammary carcinoma inhibitor BTO-956 is prepared in only one step with excellent regioselectivity and good isolated yield. This report discloses the first method to prepare 2,3-diiodinated and 2,6-diiodinated diaryl ethers/thioethers in one step that is efficient, regioselective, and general in scope. The products are truly remarkable precursors for other transformations.
Integrated MicroRNA–mRNA Analyses of Distinct Expression Profiles in Hyperoxia-Induced Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Neonatal Mice
Authors: Wang Chengqiang , Zhang Sheng , Zhu Lina , Duan Jun , Huang Bo , Zhang Xiaoying 
Published: March 2021

Objective Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common chronic lung disease of preterm neonates; the underlying pathogenesis is not fully understood. Recent studies suggested microRNAs (miRNAs) may be involved in BPD.
Study Design miRNA and mRNA microarrays were performed to analyze the expression profiles of miRNA and mRNA in BPD and control lung tissues after oxygen and air exposure on day 21. Bioinformatics methods, including Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), were performed to predict the potential functions of differentially expressed genes. Then, miRNA–mRNA regulatory network was constructed by protein–protein interaction (PPI) data and TarBase data.
Results Our results showed that a total of 192 differentially expressed miRNAs (74 downregulated and 118 upregulated) and 1,225 differentially expressed mRNAs (479 downregulated and 746 upregulated) were identified between BPD mice and normoxia-control mice. GO and KEGG analysis showed that for downregulated genes, the top significant enriched GO terms and KEGG pathways were both mainly related to immune and inflammation processes; for upregulated genes, the top significant enriched GO terms and KEGG pathways were both mainly related to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. PPI network and miRNA–mRNA regulatory network construction revealed that the key genes and pathways associated with inflammation and immune regulation.
Conclusion Our findings revealed the integrated miRNA–mRNA data of distinct expression profiles in hyperoxia-induced BPD mice, and may provide some clues of the potential biomarkers for BPD, and provide novel insights into the development of new promising biomarkers for the treatment of BPD.
Key Points
How shades of truth and age affect responses to COVID-19 (Mis)information: randomized survey experiment among WhatsApp users in UK and Brazil
Authors: Vijaykumar Santosh , Jin Yan , Rogerson Daniel , Lu Xuerong , Sharma Swati , Maughan Anna , Fadel Bianca , de Oliveira Costa Mariella Silva , Pagliari Claudia , Morris Daniel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe examined how age and exposure to different types of COVID-19 (mis)information affect misinformation beliefs, perceived credibility of the message and intention-to-share it on WhatsApp. Through two mixed-design online experiments in the UK and Brazil (total N = 1454) we first randomly exposed adult WhatsApp users to full misinformation, partial misinformation, or full truth about the therapeutic powers of garlic to cure COVID-19. We then exposed all participants to corrective information from the World Health Organisation debunking this claim. We found stronger misinformation beliefs among younger adults (18–54) in both the UK and Brazil and possible backfire effects of corrective information among older adults (55+) in the UK. Corrective information from the WHO was effective in enhancing perceived credibility and intention-to-share of accurate information across all groups in both countries. Our findings call for evidence-based infodemic interventions by health agencies, with greater engagement of younger adults in pandemic misinformation management efforts.
Prediction of COVID-19 Social Distancing Adherence (SoDA) on the United States county-level
Authors: Ingram Myles , Zahabian Ashley , Hur Chin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSocial distancing policies are currently the best method of mitigating the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, adherence to these policies vary greatly on a county-by-county level. We used social distancing adherence (SoDA) estimated from mobile phone data and population-based demographics/statistics of 3054 counties in the United States to determine which demographics features correlate to adherence on a countywide level. SoDA scores per day were extracted from mobile phone data and aggregated from March 16, 2020 to April 14, 2020. 45 predictor features were evaluated using univariable regression to determine their level of correlation with SoDA. These 45 features were then used to form a SoDA prediction model. Persons who work from home prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (β = 0.259, p < 0.00001) and owner-occupied housing unit rate (β = −0.322, p < 0.00001) were the most positively correlated and negatively correlated features to SoDA, respectively. Counties with higher per capita income, older persons, and more suburban areas were positively associated with adherence while counties with higher African American population, high obesity rate, earlier first COVID-19 case/death, and more Republican-leaning residents were negatively correlated with adherence. The base model predicted county SoDA with 90.8% accuracy. The model using only COVID-19-related features predicted with 64% accuracy and the model using the top 25 most substantial features predicted with 89% accuracy. Our results indicate that economic features, health features, and a few other features, such as political affiliation, race, and the time since the first case/death, impact SoDA on a countywide level. These features, combined, can predict adherence with a high level of confidence. Our prediction model could be utilized to inform health policy planning and potential interventions in areas with lower adherence.
Isothermal furnace for long-term in situ and real-time X-radiography solidification experiments
Authors: Wegener M. , Dreißigacker C. , Becker M. , Kargl F. 
Published: March 2021

A new x-ray isothermal furnace has been developed, suitable for in situ observations of semi-solid processes including the transition from dendritic to globulitic grain morphology and grain coarsening in metallic samples. A homogeneous, isothermal temperature field is achieved using a novel heater concept. The furnace structure is sandwich-like with heating elements positioned in the beam line and parallel to the sample. Planar heat transfer to the sample enables measurements with low cooling rates and a minimized temperature gradient. Cooling rates from 0.1 to 15 K min−1 can be controlled in the temperature range 1170–670 K. The furnace setup is integrable in the existing rotatable laboratory x-ray facility (X-RISE) at the German Aerospace Center (DLR). In this setup, an effective pixel size of 3 μm and a field of view of 8 mm in diameter can be achieved. Preliminary solidification and semi-solid experiments in the hypo-eutectic alloy systems Al–Ge and Al–Cu, inoculated with Al–5Ti–1B grain refiner, are presented. They indicate a very uniform temperature distribution in the sample.
Nano-thermoelectric infrared bolometers
Authors: Varpula Aapo , Tappura Kirsi , Tiira Jonna , Grigoras Kestutis , Kilpi Olli-Pekka , Sovanto Kuura , Ahopelto Jouni , Prunnila Mika 
Published: March 2021

Infrared (IR) radiation detectors are used in numerous applications from thermal imaging to spectroscopic gas sensing. Obtaining high speed and sensitivity, low-power operation, and cost-effectiveness with a single technology remains to be a challenge in the field of IR sensors. By combining nano-thermoelectric transduction and nanomembrane photonic absorbers, we demonstrate uncooled IR bolometer technology that is material-compatible with large-scale CMOS fabrication and provides fast and high sensitivity response to long-wavelength IR (LWIR) around 10 µm. The fast operation speed stems from the low heat capacity metal layer grid absorber connecting the sub-100 nm-thick n- and p-type Si nano-thermoelectric support beams, which convert the radiation induced temperature rise into voltage. The nano-thermoelectric transducer-support approach benefits from enhanced phonon surface scattering in the beams, leading to reduction in thermal conductivity, which enhances the sensitivity. We demonstrate different size nano-thermoelectric bolometric photodetector pixels with LWIR responsitivities, specific detectivities, and time constants in the ranges 179 V/W–2930 V/W, 1.5 × 107 cm Hz1/2/W–3.1 × 108 cm Hz1/2/W, and 66 µs–3600 µs, respectively. We benchmark the technology against different LWIR detector solutions and show how nano-thermoelectric detector technology can reach the fundamental sensitivity limits posed by phonon and photon thermal fluctuation noise.
Collective optical Thomson scattering in pulsed-power driven high energy density physics experiments (invited)
Authors: Suttle L. G. , Hare J. D. , Halliday J. W. D. , Merlini S. , Russell D. R. , Tubman E. R. , Valenzuela-Villaseca V. , Rozmus W. , Bruulsema C. , Lebedev S. V. 
Published: March 2021

Optical collective Thomson scattering (TS) is used to diagnose magnetized high energy density physics experiments at the Magpie pulsed-power generator at Imperial College London. The system uses an amplified pulse from the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser (3 J, 8 ns, 532 nm) to probe a wide diversity of high-temperature plasma objects, with densities in the range of 1017–1019 cm−3 and temperatures between 10 eV and a few keV. The scattered light is collected from 100 μm-scale volumes within the plasmas, which are imaged onto optical fiber arrays. Multiple collection systems observe these volumes from different directions, providing simultaneous probing with different scattering K-vectors (and different associated α-parameters, typically in the range of 0.5–3), allowing independent measurements of separate velocity components of the bulk plasma flow. The fiber arrays are coupled to an imaging spectrometer with a gated intensified charge coupled device. The spectrometer is configured to view the ion-acoustic waves of the collective Thomson scattered spectrum. Fits to the spectra with the theoretical spectral density function S(K, ω) yield measurements of the local plasma temperatures and velocities. Fitting is constrained by independent measurements of the electron density from laser interferometry and the corresponding spectra for different scattering vectors. This TS diagnostic has been successfully implemented on a wide range of experiments, revealing temperature and flow velocity transitions across magnetized shocks, inside rotating plasma jets and imploding wire arrays, as well as providing direct measurements of drift velocities inside a magnetic reconnection current sheet.
Ecological variation and institutionalized inequality in hunter-gatherer societies
Authors: Smith Eric Alden , Codding Brian F. 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Persistent differences in wealth and power are pervasive in contemporary societies, yet were absent or muted for most of human history. To help explain how and why institutionalized hierarchy can arise in egalitarian systems, we examine a sample of Native American hunting and gathering societies that vary in the degree of inequality. Systematic evaluation of alternative hypotheses identifies the presence of defensible clumped resources that can be monopolized as a likely determinant of institutionalized hierarchy. When such resources are present, societies in our study exhibit substantial inequality, including slavery. Other possible predictors, such as population pressure and warfare, do not show this effect. These results suggest general factors likely facilitate the initial emergence of inequality in human societies.