bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antipsychotic long-term treatment in children and young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability across mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions
Authors: Singappuli Pushpika , Sonuga-Barke Edmund , Kyriakopoulos Marinos 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAntipsychotic medications are used in a wide range of mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions in children and adolescents. Their efficacy and tolerability with long-term use have not been clearly established. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the long-term use of antipsychotics in children and adolescents. All relevant double-blind randomized control trials (RCTs), on any antipsychotic used for 12 weeks or longer in any mental health/neurodevelopmental condition in this age group, were included. We evaluated several efficacy and tolerability measures. Meta-analysis was performed for adverse events. Seven RCTs were identified (n = 939, age = 5-17 years), four on aripiprazole and three on risperidone. All studies reported symptomatic/functional improvements or more time before discontinuation with antipsychotics compared to placebo. Weight gain was identified as a significant side effect with antipsychotics. Serum prolactin was reduced with aripiprazole and increased with risperidone, and abdominal pain/discomfort, respiratory tract infections, were more common with Aripiprazole compared to placebo. Musculoskeletal pain may be more common with aripiprazole compared to placebo. Use of antipsychotics for 12 weeks or longer may be associated with symptomatic/functional improvements, but may be associated with additional side effects compared to short-term treatment. Further research in this population is needed.
Comparison of Neuropsychological Assessment by Videoconference and Face to Face
Authors: Gnassounou Richard , Defontaines Bénédicte , Denolle Séverine , Brun Stéphanie , Germain Raphaël , Schwartz Déborah , Schück Stéphane , Michon Agnès , Belin Catherine , Maillet Didier 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjective:To compare the administration of neuropsychological tests by teleneuropsychology (TeleNP) and face to face (F-F) in order to determine the feasibility and reliability of TeleNP.Method:At the inclusion visit, all participants underwent a traditional F-F neuropsychological assessment as part of their standard care. Four months after inclusion, they were randomized to undergo an additional neuropsychological assessment either by F-F administration or by TeleNP.Results:A total of 150 adults with cognitive complaints, but with no major cognitive or sensorial impairment were included. At 4 months, 69 participants were randomized in the F-F arm and 71 in TeleNP arm (10 lost in the follow-up). The overall satisfaction was high: 87.1% in the TeleNP arm were “very satisfied”, and 82.9% indicated no preference between F-F and TeleNP. In agreement with previous data from the literature, neuropsychological assessments gave similar results across both administration conditions for a large majority of tests [Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) French version, Mahieux gestural praxis battery, Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), time of completion of the Trail making Test (TMT) A and B, number of errors of the TMT B, Rey complex figure test, categorical et phonological verbal fluency tests] and minor differences for others [80-picture naming test (DO-80), FAB, Digit Span forward and backward and number of errors in the TMT A].Conclusions:TeleNP is a promising method to be able to test patients as an alternative to F-F condition. Before this procedure can be generalized, it is now necessary to standardize the adaptation of certain tests and to test them in populations with more significant cognitive disorders.
Received Wisdom: The Use of Authority in Medieval Islamic Philosophy
Authors: Adamson Peter 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper I challenge the notion that medieval philosophy was characterized by strict adherence to authority. In particular, I argue that to the contrary, self-consciously critical reflection on authority was a widespread intellectual virtue in the Islamic world. The contrary vice, called ‘taqlīd’, was considered appropriate only for those outside the scholarly elite. I further suggest that this idea was originally developed in the context of Islamic law and was then passed on to authors who worked within the philosophical tradition.
False Confessions and Subverted Agency
Authors: Lackey Jennifer 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the criminal legal system, confessions have long been considered the ‘gold standard’ in evidence. An immediate problem arises for this gold standard, however, when the prevalence of false confessions is taken into account. In this paper, I take a close look at false confessions in connection with the phenomenon of testimonial injustice. I show that false confessions provide a unique and compelling challenge to the current conceptual tools used to understand this epistemic wrong. In particular, I argue that we cannot make sense of the unjust ways in which false confessions function in our criminal legal system by focusing exclusively on speakers getting less credibility than they deserve. I conclude that the way we conceive of testimonial injustice requires a significant expansion to include what I call agential testimonial injustice – where an unwarranted credibility excess is afforded to speakers when their epistemic agency has been denied or subverted in the obtaining of their testimony.
Women in Kyrgyzstan—Electorally Marginalized but Legislatively Influential: A Theory of Transactional Activism
Authors: Commercio Michele E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHow can we understand the signing of legislation targeting violence against women in postcommunist countries where women are electorally marginalized? Although women are underrepresented in Kyrgyzstan, the country's parliament has passed bride theft and domestic violence legislation. This article proposes a theory of transactional activism: in postcommunist countries where women are electorally marginalized, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) can instigate legislative change if the state satisfies three necessary conditions permitting lateral links between NGOs working on behalf of women and vertical links between these nonstate actors and critical actors in parliament. The state must (1) establish a regulatory framework for NGO activity permitting the articulation and representation of women's interests; (2) demonstrate a rhetorical commitment to improving women's lives; and (3) facilitate the election to parliament of critical actors sympathetic to women's interests. In other words, women's substantive representation can occur without strong descriptive representation in the formal legislative arena if the state satisfies these conditions.
Popularising Croll: an opportunity for expression and creativity
Authors: WOOLF Jo 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTJames Croll (1821–1890) was a gifted scientist whose revolutionary theories had a profound impact on our understanding of the Earth's climate, ice ages and glaciation. While his contributions are recognised by an increasing number of modern-day scientists, in the public domain his legacy has been all but forgotten. Popularising Croll's story brings its own challenges: we know more about the science than we do about the man, and his theories do not lend themselves to quick and easy explanation. While Croll's scientific theories, presented alone, risk being viewed as complex and difficult to digest, his lifelong struggle against adversity is a compelling story with the potential for widespread public appeal. In recent years, interested individuals and institutions have begun to increase public awareness of Croll through talks and lectures, exhibitions, theatrical events and articles in print and online. There are many more possibilities that are worth investigating, in order to inspire and engage people locally, nationally and even internationally. Croll's story is fascinating from many points of view, and is open to interpretation by people of different ages and backgrounds. Perhaps even the gaps in our knowledge can be turned to advantage, allowing for imagination, creativity and expression.
The effects of carvacrol on oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver function indicators in a systemic inflammation model induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats
Authors: Mortazavi Alireza , Mohammad Pour Kargar Hossein , Beheshti Farimah , Anaeigoudari Akbar , Vaezi Gholamhasan , Hosseini Mahmoud 
Published: May 2021

Abstract: The effect of carvacrol (CAR) on oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver dysfunction induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was explored. The rats (n=40) were daily injected (2 weeks) by saline as control, LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.), and 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg CAR (i.p.) before LPS. LPS increased aspartate transaminase (AST: 162±13 U/L), alanine aminotransferase (ALT: 74.6±2.15 U/L), alkaline phosphatase (ALK-P: 811±51 U/L), interlukine-1β (IL-1β: 1254±51 pg/g tissue), malondialdehyde (MDA: 32±1.09 nM/g tissue), and nitric oxide (NO: 224±13.5 nM/g tissue) (P<0.01–P<0.001) while, decreased total protein(4.08±0.38 g/dl), albumin(2.79±0.16 g/dl), thiol (5.16±0.19 μM/g tissue), superoxide dismutase (SOD: 10.57±0.13 U/g tissue), and catalase (CAT: 0.78±0.02 U/g tissue) compared to control (P<0.001). CAR reversed the effects of LPS (P<0.05–P<0.001). In the rats treated by 100 mg/kg CAR, the indicators were as follows: AST: 118±10.1 U/L, ALT: 42.5±4.13 U/L, ALK-P: 597±39.91 U/L, IL-1β: 494±15 pg/g tissue, and NO: 141±5.35 nM/g tissue. Both 50 and 100 mg/kg CAR corrected oxidative stress indicators and in the group treated by 100 mg/kg CAR, they were: MDA: 23.4±0.91 nM/g tissue, thiol: 7.98±0.18 μM/g tissue, SOD: 21±0.8 U/g tissue, and CAT: 1.12±0.02 U/g tissue(P<0.05–P<0.001). In conclusion, CAR improved liver function, accompanied with antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects.
Connections Between Mean North Pacific Circulation and Western US Precipitation Extremes in a Warming Climate
Authors: Huang Xingying , Stevenson Samantha 
Published: May 2021

AbstractExtreme precipitation has widespread impacts over the western US (WUS), which are expected to be exacerbated in the future given thermodynamically driven increases in atmospheric moisture and shifts in atmospheric circulation patterns. However, internal climate variability complicates how these factors affect future projections of precipitation changes. In this study, we investigate late 21st‐century changes in mean‐state responses over the North Pacific Ocean and associated WUS precipitation extremes using the Multi‐Model Large Ensemble Archive, which is a recent and valuable resource to disentangle the effects of model structural differences from internal variability. We found that inter‐model differences in precipitation extremes over the WUS are large: from south to north (here, from California to Washington), models show different levels of increases for both the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation. In general, the Pacific Northwest sees a more consistent signal than California. We show that wet‐season mean circulation influences extreme precipitation, by using a decomposition of the relative contributions of thermodynamic (atmospheric humidity) and dynamic (large‐scale circulation) driven changes. The thermodynamic contribution dominates, however, the dynamic contribution varies with latitude and differs substantially between model ensembles. Inter‐model differences affect the spread in not only the magnitude, but also the sign of the dynamic contribution. This implies that mean circulation changes contribute to uncertainty in quantifying the regional structure of concentrated moisture flux and future extreme events. This result highlights the need to more accurately constrain projected North Pacific coupled circulation changes to narrow the spread in projections of future precipitation extremes.
Assessment of SCATSat‐1 Scatterometer Winds on the Upper Ocean Simulations in the North Indian Ocean
Authors: Pramanik Saikat , Sil Sourav 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe performance of a new scatterometer SCATSat‐1 winds with TropFlux on simulating the upper oceanic processes is analyzed over the northern Indian Ocean (IO) using Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). The nutrient, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus (NPZD) ecosystem model are included for studying the postcyclonic responses on biophysical parameters during three cyclones of different intensities (Maarutha, Mora, and Ockhi) in 2017. The SCATSat‐1 (TropFlux) winds showed that skill scores are higher than 0.85 (0.66), and RMSEs are less than 0.48 (1.96) m s−1 with RAMA and OMNI buoy observations. Two SCATSat‐1 wind experiments, one with 1/4° (SS‐E) and other regridded wind to 1° (SSR‐E), are compared with the simulation by TropFlux air‐sea fluxes available at 1° (TF‐E). Seasonal variability of simulated oceanic parameters in SS‐E and SSR‐E showed marginal improvement than TF‐E as compared with observations. However, SSHA variability associated with downwelling Kelvin waves along the Bay of Bengal coast and southward east India coastal current (EICC) during postmonsoon is better simulated in SCATSat‐1 experiments. All experiments showed observed intraseasonal oscillations (30–90 days) with higher variability in thermocline than upper layers at RAMA locations over the equator. On western (eastern) equatorial IO, the signals are stronger during boreal winter (premonsoon) and summer (monsoon). Drop in temperature up to 2.5°C during cyclonic events is reasonably better captured in SS‐E and SSR‐E than TF‐E due to better accuracy in SCATSat‐1 winds. During cyclones, surface chlorophyll attained a peak after 5–10 days of cyclone passage in SCATSat‐1 winds experiments and satellite observations.
Hydrothermal and Magmatic System of a Volcanic Island Inferred From Magnetotellurics, Seismicity, Self‐potential, and Thermal Image: An Example of Miyakejima (Japan)
Authors: Gresse Marceau , Uyeshima Makoto , Koyama Takao , Hase Hideaki , Aizawa Koki , Yamaya Yusuke , Morita Yuichi , Weller Derek , Rung‐Arunwan Tawat , Kaneko Takayuki , Sasai Yoichi , Zlotnicki Jacques , Ishido Tsuneo , Ueda Hideki , Hata Maki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPhreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions represent some of the greatest hazards occurring on volcanoes. They result from complex interactions at a depth between rock, water, and magmatic fluids. Understanding and assessing such processes remain a challenging task, notably because a large‐scale characterization of volcanic edifices is often lacking. Here we focused on Miyakejima Island, an inhabited 8‐km‐wide stratovolcano with regular phreatomagmatic activity. We imaged its plumbing system through a combination of four geophysical techniques: magnetotellurics, seismicity, self‐potential, and thermal image. We thus propose the first comprehensive interpretation of the volcanic island in terms of rock properties, temperature, fluid content, and fluid flow. We identify a shallow aquifer lying above a clay cap (<1 km depth) and reveal its relation with magmatic‐tectonic features and past eruptive activity. At greater depths (2–4.5 km), we infer a seismogenic resistive region interpreted as a magmatic gas‐rich reservoir (≥370°C). From this reservoir, gases rise through a fractured conduit before being released in the fumarolic area at ∼180°C. During their ascent, these hot fluids cross a ∼1.2‐km‐long liquid‐dominated zone causing local steam explosions. Such magmatic‐hydrothermal interaction elucidates (i) the origin of the long‐period seismic events and (ii) the mixing mechanism between magmatic and hydrothermal fluids, which was previously observed in the geochemical signature of fumaroles. Our results demonstrate that combining multidisciplinary large‐scale methods is a relevant approach to better understand volcanic systems, with implications for monitoring strategies.
Inverse Modeling of the Net Water Balance of the Black Sea From the Last Glacial Maximum to the Present
Authors: Boudreau Bernard P. , Calvert Stephen , Kienast Markus , Leeman Robert 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe net freshwater balance plays a central role in the biological, chemical, geological and physical changes in the Black Sea since the Late Glacial Maximum (LGM), that is, 18–24,000 years BP. Past estimates of this balance vary widely. Here we solve inversely a water balance model coupled to two previously published Bosporus flow models, that is, flow rates controlled either by hydraulics with a critical height or by channel friction. We drive both models with two previously proposed Black Sea water‐level histories, that is, a smooth transition to saltwater entry and the “flood” scenario. First, we find that flow control by channel friction is far more likely than control by critical‐height hydraulics, as the latter does not allow Marmara Sea water to enter the Bosporus at any time in the past and predicts present‐day outflows that are far greater than observed. Prior to intense glacial melting (12–14,000 years BP), all models retrodict net freshwater inflow far less than previously assumed, that is, on the order of −1 to +10 km3 yr−1, rather than +100 s km3 yr−1. Thus, our results explain the ease by which the Black Sea could switch from evaporative to water gain conditions, as implied by water‐level records for that period. In addition, the channel friction model hindcasts glacial meltwater spikes during the transition from the LGM to the Holocene that are much smaller, that is, 100–250 km3 yr−1, than retrodicted by the hydraulic model or reported in the literature, that is, >1,000 km3 yr−1.
Phosphorus stress induces the synthesis of novel glycolipids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that confer protection against a last-resort antibiotic
Authors: Jones Rebekah A , Shropshire Holly , Zhao Caimeng , Murphy Andrew , Lidbury Ian , Wei Tao , Scanlan David J , Chen Yin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a nosocomial pathogen with a prevalence in immunocompromised individuals and is particularly abundant in the lung microbiome of cystic fibrosis patients. A clinically important adaptation for bacterial pathogens during infection is their ability to survive and proliferate under phosphorus-limited growth conditions. Here, we demonstrate that P. aeruginosa adapts to P-limitation by substituting membrane glycerophospholipids with sugar-containing glycolipids through a lipid renovation pathway involving a phospholipase and two glycosyltransferases. Combining bacterial genetics and multi-omics (proteomics, lipidomics and metatranscriptomic analyses), we show that the surrogate glycolipids monoglucosyldiacylglycerol and glucuronic acid-diacylglycerol are synthesised through the action of a new phospholipase (PA3219) and two glycosyltransferases (PA3218 and PA0842). Comparative genomic analyses revealed that this pathway is strictly conserved in all P. aeruginosa strains isolated from a range of clinical and environmental settings and actively expressed in the metatranscriptome of cystic fibrosis patients. Importantly, this phospholipid-to-glycolipid transition comes with significant ecophysiological consequence in terms of antibiotic sensitivity. Mutants defective in glycolipid synthesis survive poorly when challenged with polymyxin B, a last-resort antibiotic for treating multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa. Thus, we demonstrate an intriguing link between adaptation to environmental stress (nutrient availability) and antibiotic resistance, mediated through membrane lipid renovation that is an important new facet in our understanding of the ecophysiology of this bacterium in the lung microbiome of cystic fibrosis patients.
Pericentromeric Satellite III transcripts induce etoposide resistance
Authors: Kanne Julian , Hussong Michelle , Isensee Jörg , Muñoz-López Álvaro , Wolffgramm Jan , Heß Felix , Grimm Christina , Bessonov Sergey , Meder Lydia , Wang Jie , Reinhardt H. Christian , Odenthal Margarete , Hucho Tim , Büttner Reinhard , Summerer Daniel , Schweiger Michal R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNon-coding RNA from pericentromeric satellite repeats are involved in stress-dependent splicing processes, maintenance of heterochromatin, and are required to protect genome stability. Here we show that the long non-coding satellite III RNA (SatIII) generates resistance against the topoisomerase IIa (TOP2A) inhibitor etoposide in lung cancer. Because heat shock conditions (HS) protect cells against the toxicity of etoposide, and SatIII is significantly induced under HS, we hypothesized that the protective effect could be traced back to SatIII. Using genome methylation profiles of patient-derived xenograft mouse models we show that the epigenetic modification of the SatIII DNA locus and the resulting SatIII expression predict chemotherapy resistance. In response to stress, SatIII recruits TOP2A to nuclear stress bodies, which protects TOP2A from a complex formation with etoposide and results in decreased DNA damage after treatment. We show that BRD4 inhibitors reduce the expression of SatIII, restoring etoposide sensitivity.
The essential roles of Mps1 in spermatogenesis and fertility in mice
Authors: Fang Qiang , Chen Xue-Lin , Zhang Lei , Li Ya-Bin , Sun Tian-Zeng , Yang Chen-Xin , Chang Jian-Feng , Yang Xiao-Mei , Sun Feng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMonopolar spindle 1 (MPS1), which plays a critical role in somatic mitosis, has also been revealed to be essential for meiosis I in oocytes. Spermatogenesis is an important process involving successive mitosis and meiosis, but the function of MPS1 in spermatogenesis remains unclear. Here, we generated Mps1 conditional knockout mice and found that Ddx4-cre-driven loss of Mps1 in male mice resulted in depletion of undifferentiated spermatogonial cells and subsequently of differentiated spermatogonia and spermatocytes. In addition, Stra8-cre-driven ablation of Mps1 in male mice led to germ cell loss and fertility reduction. Spermatocytes lacking Mps1 have blocked at the zygotene-to-pachytene transition in the prophase of meiosis I, which may be due to decreased H2B ubiquitination level mediated by MDM2. And the expression of many meiotic genes was decreased, while that of apoptotic genes was increased. Moreover, we also detected increased apoptosis in spermatocytes with Mps1 knockout, which may have been the reason why germ cells were lost. Taken together, our findings indicate that MPS1 is required for mitosis of gonocytes and spermatogonia, differentiation of undifferentiated spermatogonia, and progression of meiosis I in spermatocytes.
Electric activity at magnetic moment fragmentation in spin ice
Authors: Khomskii D. I. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSpin ice systems display a variety of very nontrivial properties, the most striking being the existence in them of magnetic monopoles. Such monopole states can also have nontrivial electric properties: there exist electric dipoles attached to each monopole. A novel situation is encountered in the moment fragmentation (MF) state, in which monopoles and antimonopoles are perfectly ordered, whereas spins themselves remain disordered. We show that such partial ordering strongly modifies the electric activity of such systems: the electric dipoles, which are usually random and dynamic, become paired in the MF state in (d, −d) pairs, thus strongly reducing their electric activity. The electric currents existing in systems with noncoplanar spins are also strongly influenced by MF. We also consider modifications in dipole and current patterns in magnetic textures (domain walls, local defects) and at excitations with nontrivial dynamics in a MF state, which show very rich behaviour and which could in principle allow to control them by electric field.