bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New England Women Writers, Secularity, and the Federalist Politics of Church and State
Authors: Murphy Gretchen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Drawing on novels, poetry, correspondence, religious publications, and legal writing, this book offers a new account of women’s political participation in the process of religious disestablishment. Scholars have long known that eighteenth- and nineteenth-century American women wrote pious, sentimental stories, but this book uses biographical and archival methods to understand their religious concerns as entry points into the era’s debates about democratic conditions of possibility and the role of religion in a republic. Beginning with the early republic’s constitutional and electoral debates about the end of religious establishment and extending through the nineteenth century, Murphy argues that Federalist women and Federalist daughters of the next generation adapted that party’s ideals and fears by promoting privatized Christianity with public purpose. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Catharine Sedgwick, Lydia Sigourney, Judith Sargent Murray, and Sally Sayward Wood authorized themselves as Federalism’s literary curators, and in doing so they imagined new configurations of religion and revolution, faith and rationality, public and private. They did so using literary form, writing in gothic, sentimental, and regionalist genres to update the Federalist concatenation of religion, morality, and government in response to changing conditions of secularity and religious privatization in the new republic. Their project is shown to complicate received historical narratives of separation of church and state and to illuminate problems of democracy and belief in postsecular America.
Introduction
Authors: Blix Mårten , Jordahl Henrik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes why the Swedish tax-financed service sector is of interest to other countries. While the Swedish welfare state is among the largest in the rich world, most countries face similar policy trade-offs because of rising demands and demographic challenges. It is a challenge for all democracies to achieve cost efficiency without sacrificing quality and fairness. We introduce the main elements of the Swedish model and explain how major reforms in the last decades have turned the country into a giant laboratory from which others can learn. The extensive use of private for-profit firms in tax-financed service provision might surprise many readers. But it is precisely this combination of social ambitions and market forces that has created unique experiences. The chapter introduces the Swedish development and its underlying forces.
Anatomy of Welfare Reforms 1970–2020
Authors: Blix Mårten , Jordahl Henrik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main events and reforms in Swedish welfare services 1970–2019 and explains the rise of private involvement and for-profit firms. Throughout these years, the country rapidly expanded the scope and generosity of the welfare state and in many instances had difficulties in meeting strong demand, especially for childcare services. In particular, the chapter charts the rise of private production shares in health care, elderly care, preschools and schools, as well as personal assistance for the disabled. The chapter is thematic in order to make the major trends accessible outside of Sweden. For the interested reader, critical policy decisions and legislation are provided in tables and figures. A birds-eye timeline showcases the major reforms, most of which were initiated at the local (municipal) level rather than from the national government. Underneath the transformation of the welfare state, there has been an ongoing political battle. The chapter explains why those in favour of privatizing welfare services have been more successful in that battle. In particular, there is a discussion of why the large and powerful Social Democrats have not reversed the development.
Management of Public and Private Welfare Services
Authors: Blix Mårten , Jordahl Henrik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights insights from pioneering work on management practices by Nicholas Bloom and John Van Reenen for the performance of tax-financed welfare services. Research has demonstrated that good management matters not only in the private sector but also in traditional public services, such as schools and hospitals. Studies on Swedish data confirm the importance of management practices in the welfare sector but also point the direction to potential improvements. A pervasive pattern is that private providers have better management quality than public providers, suggesting that the privatization of service production has contributed to better services. High management quality goes together with shorter waiting times at primary care centres and with higher process-oriented quality measures at nursing homes. There is, however, no relationship between management quality and patient satisfaction.
Public Opinion
Authors: Blix Mårten , Jordahl Henrik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The steady privatization of welfare service production has been a longstanding source of political conflict and debate. For-profit providers have met particularly harsh resistance from the left and only mild support from the right. Public opinion is largely skewed against private providers and affects the welfare sector by influencing implemented and expected regulation. In addition to the left–right divide, opinions on private production are split in several other ways. Notably, elected politicians are more supportive of privatization than the voters. The Social Democrats have been a dominant force in Sweden and have long been split on how to address privatization. The party contains a vocal left-wing with ideological objections that wants to stop and reverse course. Another wing of the party is more market-oriented and in some circumstances in favour of choice and competition. A key finding is that public opinion is fairly negative towards for-profit providers, while simultaneously very supportive of opportunities to choose between providers. To an astounding extent, people tend to overestimate the profits of private providers. As a result, the negative opinion against for-profit providers is partly based on misperceptions. Transparency and information are fundamental underpinnings for the public support of privatization.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Blix Mårten , Jordahl Henrik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Despite political controversy, the growth of private providers has been steady since the 1990s. The Swedish municipalities have often been more practically inclined—willing to experiment and adopt what works. The expansion of private provision has increased choice opportunities, accessibility, and in many cases service quality. The benefits have mostly been accomplished without increasing costs, although there are examples, including care of the disabled, of spiralling total costs. User choice is popular, but its impact on total costs needs to be handled. A complication is that there must be some excess capacity for user choice to have economic consequences for the providers. Market design and regulation are crucial for the functioning of quasi-markets. Private and public providers should receive the same treatment when it comes to permissions, financing, inspections, and audits. As another general policy conclusion, we emphasize a resolute focus on quality control. This is most evident in education—where there is need for external restrictions on grades or a return to traditional final, and centralized, exams. The soft aspects of quality should not be neglected. An important lesson when it comes to management is that the same management practices that are successful in the private sector work in the public sector too. Entry barriers can be useful in quasi-markets by dissuading unwanted providers and incentivizing the serious ones. The Swedish experiment with quasi-markets and privatized service production provides a rich experience for other countries to determine what works as well as what pitfalls to avoid.
Plato's Epistemology
Authors: Moss Jessica 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This book argues that Plato’s epistemology is radically different from our own. Unlike knowledge and belief as nowadays conceived, the central players in his epistemology are each essentially to be understood as cognition of a certain kind of object. Epistêmê is cognition of what Is—where this turns out to mean that it is a deep grasp of ultimate reality. Doxa is cognition of what seems—where this turns out to mean that it is atheoretical thought that mistakes images for reality. These objects-based characterizations, inchoate in the earlier dialogues and fully developed in the Republic, are the bedrock conceptions of epistêmê and doxa that explain all their other features, including the restriction of epistêmê to Forms and doxa to perceptibles. Moreover, Plato does epistemology this way because his epistemological projects are motivated by his central ethical and metaphysical views. He holds that there is a crucial metaphysical distinction between two levels of reality: genuine Being, which is hidden and difficult to access, and something ontologically inferior but readily apparent, presenting itself to us as real. He also holds that there is a crucial ethical distinction stemming from this metaphysical one: to be in contact with Being is to be living well, while to rest content with the inferior level is not only to fail to live well, but to hinder oneself from aspiring to do so. Therefore, when Plato turns to epistemological investigations, the distinction he finds most salient is that between cognitive contact with what Is and cognitive contact with what seems.
Epistemology in the Theaetetus
Authors: Moss Jessica 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief treatment of the epistemology of the Theaetetus, arguing that in this dialogue—despite obvious and radical differences from the Two Worlds dialogues—we can see the Basic Conceptions very much at work. Socrates’ development and refutation of the first hypothesis, that epistêmê is perception, presupposes an objects-based epistemology on which epistêmê is of Being, and doxa of what seems. His treatment of doxa in the dialogue’s second hypothesis shows that he is here introducing a new notion generic belief, which is nonetheless explicable as an extension of the idea that doxa is of what seems, and the refutation of the second hypothesis, along with the development of the third, arguably involve the idea that epistêmê has its own special object, Being.
The Divine Mandates and Political Resistance
Authors: Mauldin Joshua 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Building on the framework established in Chapter 3, this chapter interprets Bonhoeffer’s account of the divine mandates as a Hegelian-inspired account of the “ethical life” or Sittlichkeit of modern society. For Bonhoeffer, the divine mandates constitute the forms of ethical life that gives substance to our lives in society, establishing the possibility for an authentically “modern” form of social life that can endure through time. In outlining the mandates, Bonhoeffer describes the actual, existing norms and practices constituting the ethical life of society. The grounding of ethics in the social institutions that the divine mandates name wards off alienation even while making space for social criticism. Bonhoeffer links the conception of freedom represented by the French Revolution with the rise of National Socialism in Germany. The modern commitment to rational autonomy, unmoored from the actual ethical life of a determinate culture, leads to the “absolute freedom” on display in the Revolution’s descent into terror, and later in the rise of National Socialism. Bonhoeffer saw this utopian impulse as modernity’s enduring temptation. Living amid the social ruin wrought by absolute freedom’s destructive power, Bonhoeffer sought a solution to this central problem of modern political life.
How to Be a Fictionalist about Numbers and Tables and Just about Anything Else
Authors: Balaguer Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 provides a response to a worry about the non-factualist views argued for in this book—in particular, the view that there’s no fact of the matter whether there are any abstract objects like numbers or physical objects like planets and tables and electrons. The worry is that these two views imply that our mathematical and scientific theories aren’t true (or that there’s no fact of the matter whether they’re true). This chapter provides a response to this worry by showing how non-factualists can explain what needs explaining about our mathematical and scientific theories—that they’re useful to us, that they seem right to us, and so on—without admitting that they’re true. The explanation proceeds by showing that even if these theories aren’t strictly speaking true, there’s an objective sort of correctness that they possess and that, because of this, they’re for-all-practical­-purposes true.
Due Diligence in the History of the Codification of the Law of State Responsibility
Authors: Aust Helmut Philipp , Feihle Prisca 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter sheds light on the role that due diligence played throughout the drafting history of the International Law Commission’s (ILC) Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA). It argues that the narrative that due diligence developed as a notion in the realm of the so-called ‘secondary rules’ of the law of state responsibility—before then later migrating into the domain of ‘primary rules’—needs to be qualified to some extent. An exegesis of the mostly overlooked work of the first Special Rapporteur on State Responsibility of the ILC, F. V. García-Amador, shows that due diligence was already a central notion of this field before the ILC took the turn towards redefining state responsibility as comprising only ‘secondary rules’. The chapter demonstrates that, despite the ILC decision to define the notion of state responsibility as objective, not all traces of subjectivity—to which the category of due diligence belongs—disappeared from the work of the ILC.
The Function of the Triad ‘Territory’, ‘Jurisdiction’, and ‘Control’ in Due Diligence Obligations
Authors: Violi Federica 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the notions ‘territoryʼ, ‘jurisdictionʼ, and ‘controlʼ and their influence on the scope of due diligence obligations. It demonstrates that these notions epitomise the link between the state charged with the obligation and the risk itself and argues that the precise identification of this link is essential to understand how due diligence obligations arise and function. The chapter traces the gradual ‘widening’ of the scope of due diligence in international law, through court and arbitral decisions, treaties and non-binding instruments. It reflects on whether current international law is able to move away from the territoriality principle and conceive other forms of organising power and authority, and whether due diligence obligations might also be borne by private actors.
Due Diligence in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Longobardo Marco 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses due diligence in international humanitarian law. It identifies international humanitarian law rules governed by due diligence in the fields of the duty to ensure respect for international humanitarian law, the conduct of hostilities, the protection of civilians and persons hors de combat, and the administration of occupied territory. It is argued that international humanitarian law embodies both obligations of result (for instance, negative obligations) and obligations of diligent conduct. In order to identify the obligations of diligent conduct, the chapter relies on state practice and relevant case law, as well as on textual indications embodied in the relevant international humanitarian law provisions. Finally, the chapter argues that the inclusion of some due diligence obligations in international humanitarian law strengthens states’ implementation of this branch of international law.
Due Diligence in Cyber Activities
Authors: Jensen Eric Talbot 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the application of the principle of due diligence with regard to cyber activities. Both states and non-state actors have been actively engaged in cyber operations, causing significant transboundary harm. Cyber security has hence become one of the top national security priorities for states across the international community. The chapter argues that the lack of acceptance of a robust due diligence principle with respect to cyber activities is currently creating an extremely dangerous and uncontrolled cyber environment that leaves the international community at risk of significant cyber consequences. The acceptance of a more robust application of cyber due diligence would dramatically decrease the instability of the cyber environment and strengthen international peace and security. The chapter points out that such an acceptance would carry certain risks, including the potential of states using the duty to prevent harm as an authorisation for repression of human rights, but argues that its potential benefits would far outweigh such risks.
Due Diligence in International Investment Law
Authors: Rajput Aniruddha 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the prominent role of due diligence in international investment law. It points out that due diligence was relevant in this field as an element of customary law norms requiring compliance with an international minimum standard for the treatment of aliens and prohibiting denial of justice, before modern day investment treaties were concluded. The chapter’s analysis reveals that due diligence underlies host states’ obligation to provide full protection and security and fair and equitable treatment. It underlines that also investors carry a responsibility of due diligence throughout the whole period of their investment and that an investor’s negligence can lead to loss of protection under investment treaties. The chapter argues that due diligence has emerged as a balancing paradigm between protection of foreign investors and regulatory freedom of host states.
Multi-Level Framework
Authors: Rouse William B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter broadens the perspective on causes of failures, enabling the deeper analyses of subsequent chapters addressing proximate, distal, and ultimate causes. The rich history of multi-level analysis and modeling is briefly reviewed, citing key contributions by a wide range of research disciplines. Numerous applications of the multi-level framework in a variety of domains, including healthcare delivery, academia, traffic congestion, and air transport are discussed, including the insights gained from use of the framework. An overall methodology for applying this framework is presented and elaborated. The application of this methodology to the line of reasoning throughout this book is summarized.
Failures of Complex Organizations
Authors: Rouse William B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses failures in the photography market (Kodak and Polaroid), computer market (Digital and Xerox), and communications market (Motorola and Nokia). Multi-level analyses are used to provide comparisons across case studies. It briefly reviews how these types of companies anticipate and manage failures. The notion of “creative destruction” is elaborated. These insights are used to foreshadow later discussions of failure management.
Introduction
Authors: Nadel Ira 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter recounts the origins of Philip Roth’s lifelong discontent associated with personal and professional betrayals. Publishers, parents, and his psychiatrist contributed to his understanding life as “a perpetual crisis,” as he writes in The Counterlife. At least once a decade he encountered a major challenge. As he noted in an essay, what character in a literary work does not have an element of anger or displeasure? The first word of the Iliad is “rage.” For Roth, hatred soon became his catalyst for living, although he often attempted to defuse anger into self-sabotage and mischief. Comedy, however, soon became his response to his own intensity.
Newark, Newark, Newark
Authors: Nadel Ira 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter on Roth’s life growing up in Newark, New Jersey, focuses on the city’s history and colorful personalities, from boxers to gangsters. Longy Zwillman, kingpin bootlegger who discovered Jean Harlow, and Rabbi Joachim Prinz, who will sponsor Roth’s first trip to Israel in 1963 and appear in The Plot Against America, are key figures. Family life and the challenges his father faced as an insurance salesman for Metropolitan Life are crucial elements in understanding Roth’s origins, as well as the protective care of his mother and the adventures of his brother who went off to art school and the Navy. The chapter also analyzes the importance of Newark, especially the Weequahic section, for Roth’s writing and how its reality differed from his often idealized depiction of the city. Sports, movies, girls, and high school, as well as the story of the Jews of Newark, become the center of the chapter, expanded by his early love of reading and trips to the library.
Thinking in Straight Lines
Authors: Nadel Ira 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
“Thinking in Straight Lines:” Roth in the 1980s was knocked about by health, and his strained relationship with Bloom, became restless with England and began to question his identity, which found expression in The Counterlife, as experimental in form as in its story. Collectively, these events prevented any “straight thinking.” The chapter also narrates the growing role of Nathan Zuckerman in his writing, plus Roth’s friendships (and then nonfriendships) with James Atlas and Ross Miller, his first official biographer (later fired), and his longtime friend Theodore Solotaroff. The centrality of The Anatomy Lesson from 1983, focusing on pain and healing, receives extended discussion. Three years later Roth, with his friend David Plante, visit Israel, an experience that reappears in Operation Shylock. During this time, Roth signs with the ambitious literary agent Andrew Wylie and through him renews several mega literary deals reestablishing Roth’s financial clout. Other topics include Roth’s meaningful friendship with Primo Levi, interviewed in 1986 (and dead the following year) and the increasing role of mortality in his writing, intensified by the death of his father in 1989 and then the publication of Patrimony in 1991.
How Far Can Populist Governments Go? The Impact of the Populist Government on the Hungarian Parliament
Authors: Ilonszki Gabriella , Vajda Adrienn 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The article poses the following research questions: to what extent has the populist executive in Hungary affected formal and informal parliamentary powers? To what extent has the relation between the executive and the legislative changed over the three legislative periods of populist government? This article examines change in formal powers but also in the informal practices concerning parliament’s legislative and scrutiny functions. Regarding the time frame, the empirical analysis compares the period when Fidesz was in opposition (2006–2010), with the period when Fidesz has been in government (2010–2020). The article establishes that during 2010–2020, the legislative suffered profound disempowerment that has been attributed to three factors: systemic collapse of democracy in Hungary, weakening formal powers of the legislature and the autocratic features of the Fidesz party. Moreover, the article demonstrates that executive–legislative relations have been dynamic between 2010 and 2020 and concern different formal and informal practices.