bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced-order modelling of unsteady vortex lattice method
Authors: Bundith P , Pimanprom P , Janthornsirijan W , Punkun C , Sleesongsom S , Bureerat S 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this research is to present a new idea of reduced-order modelling of unsteady flows without static correction, which is based on fluid eigenmodes. The new reduced order model is formulated based on a new form of wake vortices without static correction. This technique is expected to perform a reduced-order model similar but faster than the previous techniques. The new method is used to analyse unsteady flows over a three-dimensional wing and comparing with the previous techniques. The performances of the present method are demonstrated with numerical examples. The results show the accuracy of the new reduced-order model of unsteady flow with higher computational efficiency. In conclusion, the new method can be considered as an alternative technique to perform the reduced-order models of unsteady flow.
Preliminary design of bionic flapping wing vehicle
Authors: Moelyadi M A , Amalia E , Tanoto A D , Septiani L M , Rafie M , Perdana A S , Agung R 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the preliminary design of bionic flapping wing vehicle. The design is driven by its requirement and objective namely the maximum weight should be less than 0.5 kg with 1.5 m wingspan. In the conceptual design, the wing planform, wing structures and system of flapping mechanism will be considered to find the initial configuration and then continued the sizing of the flapping vehicle. The analysis of designed flapping vehicle is increasingly complex due to firstly the generation of time-dependent aerodynamic forces and moments from unsteady flow around the flapping wing, secondly, flexible wing structure which generates higher thrust may cause a structure failure and thirdly, a flapping mechanism system generating differential flapping motion for the vehicle maneuver. The aerodynamic analysis for given flapping motion model is carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics method based the solution of unsteady Reynold Averaged Navier-Stokes equations and the structure analysis is conducted with the input of aerodynamic loads using Finite Element method to find critical stresses that may cause a structure failure. As a solution of differential flapping two controlled servos are used. The architecture of electrical system is made to analysis of the distribution of data signal and power. The flight maneuver is achieved by changes in flapping frequency and sweeping angle. The selection of system components is performed by considering weight constraint. The flight maneuver is achieved by changes in flapping frequency and sweeping angle. The wing platform has elliptical shape with airfoil maximum camber of 6% chord at a quarter chord. The outer body and wing are made of foam laminated by glass fibre with the foam density of 0.045 g/cm3. The horizontal tail is made of mylar film with density of 1.38 g/cm3 and its area of 168.3 cm2. As simulated results, the amount of total lift is 4.18 Newton generated at 6 Hz flapping frequency.
Design, development and testing of Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) eco-solar dryer
Authors: Lim B C , Wash A M , Arifin S S , Kassim N S , Tan A S T , Abdullah A , Zal W A A , Janaun J 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Utilization of solar drying for food preservation would be a step towards sustainable food processing. Even today, most of the agricultural and marine products are dried under open sun-drying. However, this method is associated with several drawbacks, which then leads to the use of solar dryer. Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) has developed a solar drying system with loading capacity of 50kg to enhance the drying process of various food products. Design parameters particularly focused in this project includes the air movement pattern in drying chamber, heating system employed, air circulation ventilation and the airflow configuration in solar heat collector. Results revealed that solar dried products attained desired moisture content in shorter drying time. Temperature profile in updraft and downdraft drying mode indicated that no temperature fluctuation occurred when switching in between. Maximum temperature achieved under complete solar mode were 65°C and 83°C for single-pass and multi-pass solar heat collector, respectively. Under solar-hybrid mode, higher temperature was attained under intermittent ventilation mode. It can be concluded that UMS Eco-Solar Dryer is an environmentally and economically efficient drying system for the food processing industry.
Inorganic flame retardants’ efficacy of Aluminum Hydroxide, Magnesium Hydroxide in the combustion rate of intermediate Calamagrostis from Ecuador’ Moorlands
Authors: Córdova-Suárez M , Barreno-Avila E M , Pozo-Álvarez D S , Córdova-Suárez J C 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this research, intermediate calamagrostis vegetal fiber (FIC) combined samples were carried out in combination with polyester resin (RP), Aluminum Hydroxide (HA) and Magnesium Hydroxide (MH). The aim of this study is to determine inorganic flame-retardant effectiveness in the intermediate calamagrostis’ combustion rate reduction from Ecuador’s moorlands and possible forest fires’ control of this endemic plant species. The flammability index was obtained following the ISO 3795 standard; In addition, the contamination degree: Carbon Monoxide (CO) was determined, following the standard EPA 40 CFR, method 60 Annex A. The composite material was evaluated in a horizontal flammability chamber. Furthermore, the experimental design considered seven tests, one control and two flame retardants’ types. Aluminium Hydroxide and Magnesium Hydroxide accounted for three different concentrations at 3%, 6% and 9% percent each one. Thus, these flame retardants’ effectiveness was greater for Aluminium Hydroxides at all the proposed concentrations, while for Magnesium Hydroxide; its effectiveness was positive for a concentration of 9% only. The study determines that the best combination of materials are: 70% FIC, 21% PR, 9% HA, resulting in a combustion rate of 190.98 mm / min and self-extinguishing capacity. Finally, an average decrease of 50% in the generation of CO and the amount of smoke was determined.
Influence of Textured Nickel/Palladium/Gold-Silver (Ni/Pd/Au-Ag) Layer on Pre-plated Leadframe for Automotive Applications
Authors: Suhaimi A , Omar G , Asmah M T 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
High quality and reliability of integrated circuit packaging is required for automotive applications due to the safety concerns. Therefore, elimination and controlling the package defects which can lead to reliability failure is essential. One of the defects that leads to reliability issue is delamination. This study presents the influence of textured leadframe surfaces on the surface wettability and delamination occurrence in automotive package unit. Standard bare Cu leadframe was used as comparison. The leadframe surface was textured with Ni/Pd/Au-Ag using electroplating technique. The surface morphologies of both bare and textured leadframe were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscope and optical profiler. The energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to quantify the elemental composition of the samples. All samples went through the wettability test under two conditions, which were room temperature and 175°C. The reliability test of complete package was subjected to moisture sensitivity preconditioning level 1 according to IPC/JEDEC STD 020 and the baking process was performed at 125°C for 24hrs followed by soaking process under the condition of 85°C and 85 of relative humidity. Scanning acoustic tomography according to IPC/JEDEC STD 035 was performed after three cycles of infrared reflow at 260°C. Higher surface roughness was observed for pre-plated leadframe (PPF) compared with bare leadframe. The lowest value of average contact angle (∼55°) was observed for PPF at 175°C indicated better wettability feature. Furthermore, no delamination occurrence was observed for PPF sample compared with bare copper leadframe. The obtained result reveals that leadframe with textured surface of Ni/Pd/Au-Ag improved interfacial surface adhesion which eliminated the delamination defect and thus improved the package robustness and reliability.
Estimates on fundamental solutions of parabolic magnetic Schrödinger operators and uniform parabolic equations with nonnegative potentials and their applications
Authors: Tang Lin , Zhao Yuan 
Published: September 2021

We study the fundamental solutions of parabolic magnetic Schrödinger operators and uniform parabolic operators with nonnegative potentials in the reverse Hölder class. The main aim of the paper is to give pointwise estimates of the heat kernel of the operators above, which improve and generalize the main results by Kurata [J. London Math. Soc. (2) 62 (2000), pp. 885–903].
Cardiovascular disease related circulating biomarkers and cancer incidence and mortality: is there an association?
Authors: Jovani Manol , Liu Elizabeth E , Paniagua Samantha M , Lau Emily S , Li Shawn X , Takvorian Katherine S , Kreger Bernard E , Splansky Greta Lee , de Boer Rudolf A , Joshi Amit D , Hwang Shih Jen , Yao Chen , Huan Tianxiao , Courchesne Paul , Larson Martin G , Levy Daniel , Chan Andrew T , Ho Jennifer E 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Aims
Recent studies suggest an association between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer incidence/mortality, but the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these associations are unclear. We aimed to examine biomarkers previously associated with CVD and study their association with incident cancer and cancer-related death in a prospective cohort study.

Methods and results
We used a proteomic platform to measure 71 cardiovascular biomarkers among 5032 participants in the Framingham Heart Study who were free of cancer at baseline. We used multivariable-adjusted Cox models to examine the association of circulating protein biomarkers with risk of cancer incidence and mortality. To account for multiple testing, we set a 2-sided false discovery rate &lt;0.05. Growth differentiation factor-15 (also known as macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1) was associated with increased risk of incident cancer [hazards ratio (HR) per 1 standard deviation increment 1.31, 95% CI 1.17–1.47], incident gastrointestinal cancer (HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.37–2.50), incident colorectal cancer (HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.29–2.91), and cancer-related death (HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.72–2.70). Stromal cell-derived factor-1 showed an inverse association with cancer-related death (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.65–0.86). Fibroblast growth factor-23 showed an association with colorectal cancer (HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.20–2.00), and granulin was associated with haematologic cancer (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.30–1.99). Other circulating biomarkers of inflammation, immune activation, metabolism, and fibrosis showed suggestive associations with future cancer diagnosis.

Conclusion
We observed several significant associations between circulating CVD biomarkers and cancer, supporting the idea that shared biological pathways underlie both diseases. Further investigations of specific mechanisms that lead to both CVD and cancer are warranted.
The Ancient Salicoid Genome Duplication Event: A Platform for Reconstruction of De Novo Gene Evolution inPopulus trichocarpa
Authors: Yates Timothy B , Feng Kai , Zhang Jin , Singan Vasanth , Jawdy Sara S , Ranjan Priya , Abraham Paul E , Barry Kerrie , Lipzen Anna , Pan Chongle , Schmutz Jeremy , Chen Jin-Gui , Tuskan Gerald A , Muchero Wellington 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOrphan genes are characteristic genomic features that have no detectable homology to genes in any other species and represent an important attribute of genome evolution as sources of novel genetic functions. Here, we identified 445 genes specific to Populus trichocarpa. Of these, we performed deeper reconstruction of 13 orphan genes to provide evidence of de novo gene evolution. Populus and its sister genera Salix are particularly well suited for the study of orphan gene evolution because of the Salicoid whole-genome duplication event which resulted in highly syntenic sister chromosomal segments across the Salicaceae. We leveraged this genomic feature to reconstruct de novo gene evolution from intergenera, interspecies, and intragenomic perspectives by comparing the syntenic regions within the P. trichocarpa reference, then P. deltoides, and finally Salix purpurea. Furthermore, we demonstrated that 86.5% of the putative orphan genes had evidence of transcription. Additionally, we also utilized the Populus genome-wide association mapping panel, a collection of 1,084 undomesticated P. trichocarpa genotypes to further determine putative regulatory networks of orphan genes using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping. Functional enrichment of these eQTL subnetworks identified common biological themes associated with orphan genes such as response to stress and defense response. We also identify a putative cis-element for a de novo gene and leverage conserved synteny to describe evolution of a putative transcription factor binding site. Overall, 45% of orphan genes were captured in trans-eQTL networks.
Article 101(1)
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 101(1) of the Treaty of Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), which prohibits agreements, decisions by associations of undertakings, and concerted practices that restrict competition. It begins by explaining the meaning of ‘undertakings’ and ‘associations of undertakings’. It then considers what is meant by the terms ‘agreements’, ‘decisions’, and ‘concerted practices’, as well as what is meant by the phrase ‘have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction, and distortion of competition’. The chapter then deals with the de minimis doctrine, before explaining the requirement of an effect on trade between Member States. The chapter concludes with a checklist of agreements that, for a variety of reasons, normally fall outside Article 101(1).
Article 101(3)
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 101(3) of the Treaty of Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Article 101(3) provides a ‘legal exception’ to the prohibition in Article 101(1) by providing that it may be declared inapplicable in respect of agreements, decisions or concerted practices, or of categories of agreements, decisions or concerted practices, that satisfy four conditions. After making some preliminary comments on the application of Article 101(3), this chapter discusses the four conditions in Article 101(3). It then considers the implications of Regulation 1/2003 for undertakings and their professional advisers, and in particular their need to ‘self-assess’ the application of Article 101(3) to agreements. The final section of this chapter describes the system of so-called ‘block exemptions’.
The obligations of Member States under the EU competition rules
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the obligations of Member States in relation to EU competition law. Specifically, it considers the obligations that Article 4(3) TEU and Articles 37 and 106 TFEU place upon Member States. Article 4(3) requires all Member States to take all appropriate measures to ensure fulfilment of the obligations arising out of the Treaties, and to avoid any measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the EUs objectives. Article 106 particularly obligates Member States to refrain from enacting or maintaining measures, contrary to the rules provided in Article 18 and Articles 101 to 109 of the TFEU. Article 37 is concerned with state monopolies of a commercial character.
Articles 101 and 102: public enforcement by the European Commission and national competition authorities under Regulation 1/2003
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains the public enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 by European Commission and the national competition authorities under Regulation 1/2003. It begins by describing the Commission’s powers of investigation and enforcement, including its power to accept commitments, its leniency programme, the cartel settlement procedure, and its power to impose financial penalties. It then discusses the operation of Regulation 1/2003 in practice, with particular reference to the European Competition Network (‘the ECN’) that brings together the Commission and the national competition authorities of the Member States (‘the NCAs’) and the ECN+ Directive that strengthens the powers of the NCAs. The chapter concludes by providing a brief account of judicial review of the Commission’s decisions.
Articles 101 and 102: private enforcement in the courts of Member States
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the private enforcement of competition law, that is to say the situation where litigants take their disputes to a domestic court or, quite often, to arbitration. It will deal with the private enforcement of Articles 101 and/or 102 as a matter of EU law, with particular emphasis on the Damages Directive. It also describes private actions for damages and injunctions in the High Court and the UK Competition Appeal Tribunal. The chapter considers the use of competition law as a defence, for example to an action for breach of contract or infringement of an intellectual property right. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of issues that can arise where competition law disputes are referred to arbitration rather than to a court for resolution.
Competition Act 1998 and the cartel offence: public enforcement and procedure
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the system of public enforcement under the Competition Act 1998. This chapter begins with a consideration of the way in which inquiries and investigations are carried out under the Competition Act. It briefly considers the position of complainants to the CMA, followed by a discussion of the extent to which it may be possible to receive guidance from the CMA on the application of the Act. The chapter then describes the powers of the CMA to enforce the Competition Act, the criminal law cartel offence and the provisions on company director disqualification. It concludes with a discussion of concurrency, appeals under the Competition Act and the Government’s review of the operation of the Competition Act between 2014 and 2019.
Enterprise Act 2002: market studies and market investigations
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the UK system of market studies and market investigation references. It begins by describing the CMA’s ‘general function’ of gathering information about markets, followed by an explanation of what is meant by a ‘super-complaint’. It then examines the purpose, procedure and outcomes of market studies, including the various outcomes that are possible. Market studies sometimes lead to market investigation references, though, as explained later, there are several other possible outcomes of a market study. The chapter describes the making and determination of analyses the market investigation provisions references under Part 4 in of the Enterprise Act 2002. Having briefly considered public interest cases, enforcement and other supplementary matters, the chapter discusses how the market investigation provisions have been working work in practice. The final section of the chapter briefly refers to the enforcement and review of undertakings and orders still in force under the monopoly provisions in the former Fair Trading Act 1973.
Horizontal agreements (2): oligopoly, tacit collusion and collective dominance
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Oligopoly exists where a few firms between them supply all or most of the goods or services on a market without any of them having a clear ascendancy over the others. The purpose of this chapter is to examine whether oligopoly presents a particular problem for competition policy and, if so, how that problem should be overcome. The chapter discusses the theory of oligopolistic interdependence and how oligopolies can lead to a well-known problem for competition law and policy: oligopolists are able, by virtue of the characteristics of the market, to behave in a parallel manner and to derive benefits from their collective market power without, or without necessarily, entering into an agreement or concerted practice of the kind generally prohibited by competition law. This phenomenon is known in economics as ‘tacit collusion’ and is the result of each firm’s individual and rational response to market conditions. The chapter identifies possible ways of dealing with the ‘oligopoly problem’, before considering the extent to which Articles 101 and 102 can be used to address that problem. The chapter also discusses UK law and, in particular, the possible use of the market investigations to address market failure that may arise in oligopolies.
Horizontal agreements (3): cooperation agreements
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with horizontal cooperation agreements which the competition authorities in the EU and the UK may be prepared to countenance. There may be circumstances in which competitors cooperate with one another in a way that delivers economic benefits, not just for themselves, but for consumer welfare as well. After a discussion of joint ventures, the chapter discusses the application of Article 101 to horizontal cooperation agreements. It refers, in particular, to the European Commission’s Guidelines on Horizontal Cooperation Agreements and discusses, in turn, information exchange, research and development agreements, production agreements, purchasing agreements, commercialisation agreements, standardisation agreements, sustainability agreements and other cases of permissible horizontal cooperation. It concludes with a brief look at the treatment of horizontal cooperation agreements under UK competition law.
Abuse of dominance (2): pricing practices
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers abusive pricing practices under Article 102 TFEU and the Chapter II prohibition in the Competition Act 1998. It first discusses various cost concepts used in determining whether a price is abusive. It then deals in turn with excessive pricing; conditional rebates; bundling; predatory pricing; margin squeeze; price discrimination; and practices that are harmful to the single market. This taxonomy is over-schematic, in that the categories overlap with one another: for example price discrimination may be both exploitative and exclusionary, and an excessively high price may in reality be a way of preventing parallel imports or of excluding a competitor from the market; nevertheless this division may provide helpful insights into the way in which the law is applied in practice. In each section the application of Article 102 by the European Commission and by the EU Courts will be considered first, followed by cases in the UK. Reference will be made where appropriate to the Commission’s Guidance on the Commission’s Enforcement Priorities in Applying Article [102 TFEU] to Abusive Exclusionary Conduct by Dominant Undertakings.