bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of the voltage pulses up to 400 kilovolts with front pulse less than 10 nanoseconds
Authors: Kozlov B A , Makhanko D S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This work presents basic information about the design, manufacturing technology, and application of small-sized sealed-off spark-gaps in metal-ceramic design with hydrogen filling up to 120 atmospheres at an operating voltage of 100-400 kV with switching energy of up to 10 Joules in pulsed X-ray flaw detectors. The main factors affecting the mechanical strength and stability of the spark-gap operation are described. The results of an experimental study of the switching characteristics of the RO-49 spark gap-sharpeners are presented.
Picosecond semiconductor generator for capacitive sensors calibration
Authors: Patrakov V E , Pedos M S , Rukin S N 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The paper describes a semiconductor picosecond pulse generator that can be used to calibrate capacitive high voltage sensors of MV range. The generator is designed as a base unit, to which external pulse converters are connected. In the base unit, semiconductor devices – first a semiconductor opening switch (SOS) and then a semiconductor sharpener (SS) – generate an output pulse with a rise time of 220 ps and a subsequent flat-top of 2 ns in duration. The pulse amplitude is around 1 kV across 50 Ω load. An external diode sharpener generates a pulse with 120 ps rise time and 500-ps flat-top at the amplitude of 850 V. To switch the semiconductor sharpeners to the conducting state, the shock-ionization wave mode is used. Additional pulse converters make it possible to generate output pulses across 50 Ω load with the rise time of 70-150 ps, the pulse duration of 135-310 ps, and the amplitude of 130–480 V. The electrical diagram of the generator and waveforms of the output pulses are presented. An example of the calibration of capacitive sensors of a multi-gigawatt picosecond generator is also shown.
Spatial distribution and time evolution of metal-containing plasma of a low-current atmospheric pressure discharge with magnesium cathode
Authors: Savkin K P , Sorokin D A , Oks E M , Yushkov G Yu 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The spatial intensity distribution and temporal dynamics of the plasma generated by an atmospheric pressure discharge with magnesium cathode in an argon flow are investigated in a coaxial geometry discharge system. The repetition rate of unipolar pulses was 56 kHz and the pulse duration was 12 μs. The steady-state amplitude of the discharge current was 100 mA at a voltage of about 130 V. Under this operating mode, a local melting of the active cathode surface took place. The evaporated magnesium atoms were captured by the working gas flow and formed a green glow plume around the positive discharge column outside the anode nozzle. The image of the plasma formation was projected onto the entrance slit of the monochromator. The spatial distribution of the radiation intensity and evolution in time of its selected monochromatic components were measured. The radiation spectrum contained groups of ion and magnesium atom lines with wavelengths of 285.21 nm (singlet resonant Mg I); 383.08, 383.36, 383.9 nm (triplet Mg I); 517.3, 517.5, 518.1 nm (triplet Mg I). The results of this work are promising with regard to studying open-type spontaneous radiation sources, as well as the generation of combined gas-metal plasma flows at atmospheric pressure.
A new type of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma source based on a waveguide bridge
Authors: Tikhonov V N , Gorbatov S A , Ivanov I A , Tikhonov A V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A new type of microwave source of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas, presented earlier by the authors, has both the characteristics of a dielectric barrier discharge (in terms of the configuration and low gas temperature) and an ability to form a “clean” plasma jet like a classical microwave plasma torch. However, the need to use a circulator leads to a significant increase in complexity, cost and weight of the installation as a whole. The basis of the presented plasma source is a three-decibel waveguide bridge with connection through a narrow wall. Both output arms of the bridge are loaded on identical short-circuited segments of waveguides. The discharge tube passes across the waveguides at a distance of a quarter of the wavelength from the short circuit. Since the output arms of the bridge are always loaded symmetrically, the generator’s power which is reflected from the short circuits or not be absorbed in the microwave discharge, enters the decoupled arm of the bridge that is connected to the matched load. Thus, the magnetron is protected from the reflected wave without the need for an expensive circulator, in any case.
A Review: Deep Learning Classification Performance of Normal and COVID-19 Chest X-ray Images
Authors: Markom M A , Mohd Taha S , Adom A H , Abdull Sukor A S , Abdul Nasir A S , Yazid H , Tan E S M M , Markom A M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
COVID19 chest X-ray has been used as supplementary tools to support COVID19 severity level diagnosis. However, there are challenges that required to face by researchers around the world in order to implement these chest X-ray samples to be very helpful to detect the disease. Here, this paper presents a review of COVID19 chest X-ray classification using deep learning approach. This study is conducted to discuss the source of images and deep learning models as well as its performances. At the end of this paper, the challenges and future work on COVID19 chest X-ray are discussed and proposed.
A Brief Review on Atmospheric Air Plasma
Authors: Zabidi N Z A , Zaaba S K , Eh Sut K D , Mohamad C W S R , Masiman R I 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Atmospheric pressure air plasma is an attractive technology because it is easy to set up and handle, cheap, and safe. In this paper, a brief review on air plasma configuration and the results of air plasma is presented. One of the important properties of any plasma treatment is the generation of reactive atom species such as oxygen(O), nitrogen(N) also known as RONS, and other ions molecules particles. Air plasma has been found to have the same effect when treating surfaces. Surface modification, hydrophilicity, and decontamination effect were observed when materials are exposed to air plasma. The advancement of air plasma technology will improve the surface processing technology by reducing its operating cost.
Study on Optical Properties of Milk based on Light Propagation Theory
Authors: Muhamad Kamil N A I , Wan Ismail W Z , Balakrishnan S R , Sahrim M , Ismail I , Jamaludin J 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The light propagation in milk based on experimental and theoretical analysis is reviewed. The review is done on light propagation theory which consists of light absorbance, reflection, and scattering. The study covers on types of milk, milk quality and modelling methods based on Mie scattering and Monte Carlo algorithm. The experiments consist of spectrometry methods where visible (VIS) and near infra-red (NIR) are used. Many spectrometry experiments and theoretical modelling are discussed to observe and analyse optical properties of milk.
The Effect of Parameter Variation on Spiral Flow Inducing Cannula Performances
Authors: Muzamil Mustafa F , Shafii N S , Abdul Kadir M R , Che Aziz M N , Osman K , Dillon J , Darlis N , Md Khudzari A Z 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Spiral flow-inducing cannula has been shown in previous research to exhibit a considerable effect on flow hemodynamic. However, there is still room for improvement. In this study, several design variations were tested to determine which variants were the best in terms of flow reduction. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software was used to simulate flow within a spiral flow-inducing cannula with several variations from chamber width and angle differences. The variants were compared against each other by using several flow parameters and a selection method was employed to determine which model was the best. It was found that a variant that has the widest chamber (14 mm) and biggest angle opening (70°) from the chamber to the cannula tube was the best in several parameters, and as such was chosen as the best variant. When compared with the standard straight cannula, the reduction in flow output was recorded to be 30% which is deemed significantly. In conclusion, spiral flow cannula recorded better hemodynamic effects with lower outflow velocity and wall shear stress value.
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of Local Hyperthermia on Soft Tissue
Authors: Yahud S , Ibrahim N F A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a method for simulating a local hyperthermia (HT) effect on the soft tissue liver by exposing it to an external heat higher than normal core body temperature. Local HT treatments are most commonly used to treat cancer tissue smaller than 3 cm in size by using radiofrequency ablation (RFA) technique. The radiofrequency probe provides an intense external heat source within the target zone with temperatures exceeding 50 °C, but its maximum temperature should not approach 100 °C. In this paper, the main idea is to study the effect of tumor diameter size on the exposure time, thermal exposure intensity and applied voltage. There are five (5) different tumor diameter tissue sizes that would be treated: 1 cm, 1.5 cm, and 2 cm of tumor tissue diameter treated with a monopolar of plain electrode, and 2 cm, 2.5 cm, and 3 cm of tumor diameter tissue treated with 4-prong retractable antennas of an electrode. The findings showed that the exposure time is influenced by the tumor diameter tissue and the voltage applied, with the bigger tumor diameter tissue necessitating the longest time exposure with a high voltage. The temperature range of 50-100 °C has been given by all of the voltage supplied. Both electrodes provide thermal damage between 6-20 minutes, which is 6 – 18.5 minutes for a plain electrode with a voltage supply of 20-35 V applied to 1cm, 1.5cm and 2 cm of tumor diameter tissue, and 10.5 – 12.5 minutes for a 4-prongs electrode with a voltage supply of 22-45 V applied to 2 cm, 2.5 cm and 3 cm of tumor tissue.
Influence of Carrying Unstable Load on Thoracic Kinematics While Walking on a Curved Path
Authors: Ngoc D K , Salleh A F , Salim M S , Omar N , Basarrudin K S , Sakeran H , Halim I , Usman J , Lim C C 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study investigated the effect of carrying unstable load on thoracic kinematics while walking on a curved path. Three-dimensional spinal kinematics were defined as the rotations between thoracic and the Virtual laboratory coordinate system (Tho/Virtual lab) which consisted of lateral bending (LB), flexion/extension (FE) and axial rotation (AR) in the frontal plane, sagittal plane and transverse plane, respectively. Eight healthy young adults (4 males and 4 females) performed loads carrying and walking on one meter radius curved path. Spinal kinematics was determined at the left leg heel strike and just before the right toe off during the curved path walking. As a result, a significant main effect of load intensity was found only on FE of (Tho/Virtual lab) at both left leg heel strike and right leg toe off. The study concluded that an increase in the load intensity of unstable load from 10% of body weight likely to generate more thorax extension.
Development and Analysis of Three-Dimensional Printed Hand Cast: Finite Element and Comfortability Analysis
Authors: Aziz A U A , Yassin N A , Seng G H , Ramlee M H 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Bone fracture treatment aims for restoring the function of a broken bone, and for scaphoid fracture, the conventional cast is an example of commonly used treatment. However, due to its downsides, the development of customized three-dimensional (3D) printed hand cast is getting more attention. It is lightweight, easy to manage, has good ventilation and hygienic properties. Hence, this study aims to fabricate customized 3D printed hand cast in treating scaphoid fracture. Three designs were made and analysed accordingly based on three different tests, including Finite Element Analysis (FEA), comfortability, and clinical effectiveness test. Design 2 was chosen as the best design as it produced lower stress and displacement in FEA and higher total mean score for clinical effectiveness. In conclusion, the fabricated casts were proven to help in restoring the broken bone besides providing comfort to the patient.
Optimized Thickness of Meniscal Component in Partial Knee Replacement Analysed with Computer Simulation
Authors: Imran Ahmed 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Computer simulation with programming and Matlab graphics was used to analyse effects of meniscal component thickness on lengths of ligament fibres in partially replaced human knee with uni-compartmental arthroplasty. A circular femoral, a flat tibial and a matching meniscal component were modelled in the sagittal plane with four intact ligaments represented as fibres that showed non-linear elastic behaviour. Shapes of the prosthetic components, attachments of the ligament fibres and their material properties were from anatomical studies in the literature. The components when placed on respective bones with surgical guidelines and an optimized thickness of the meniscal insert achieved nearly fixed lengths of ligament fibres during motion. Changes in thickness of the insert either stretched or slackened the fibres with variable effects during flexion of the joint. For example, a 2 mm thicker insert stretched a fibre of anterior cruciate ligament by 4.7% at 30° and 3.2% at 120° flexion. Such variations in component selection are probable due to surgical judgments. Stretched ligaments could increase joint stiffness, while slack ligaments could increase joint laxity – either of these effects has potential for affecting the joint kinematics. Computer models of the replaced knee validated with anatomical studies allow insight in the mechanics of the replaced knee and effects of surgical errors.
The Influence of Saracen Archery Grasping Techniques and Forearm Muscles Activation on Shooting Performance in Traditional Archery: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kamarudin N F , Salleh A F , Salim M S , Kasim M F , Omar N , Masnan M J , Lim C C 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to understand the influence of four grasping techniques recommended by Saracen Archery and associated forearm muscles activation on traditional archer’s shooting performance. Each archer has shot 6 arrows in each grasping technique to the target, EMG activities of muscle Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (MFDS) and muscle Extensor Digitorum (MED) were collected in bow arm during aiming phase. The shooting performance was indicated by the distance from arrow hitting point on the target to the bull’s eye. The results revealed that each subject has specific grasping technique to obtain the best shooting performance. The grasping technique that generated the best performance is not as recommended by Saracen Archery. All subjects indicated that the best shooting performance was obtained when MED activated more than MFDS.
Development of Real Time Arsenic Heavy Metal Concentration Monitoring System
Authors: Bakar A H A , Hilmi W N W Q W , Uda M N A , Parmin N A , Noor A M , Zakaria Z , Norali A N , Fook C Y , Rosly Syafiq 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper focuses on the ongoing development of real-time monitoring system with implementing the Internet of Things (IoT) element for arsenic heavy metal concentration in paddy field using pH sensor for data collection. The pH sensor will detect the hydrogen ion concentration from the prepared soil put in pot contained with various arsenic concentration. The developed system is then compared with the pH sensor in the market to verify its accuracy and sensitivity. The collected data will be transferred wirelessly into data cloud so that it can store the previous and current reading data. Besides, the system’s function is also to ensure the safeness of paddy plant to be planted with knowing the right amount of arsenic concentration can be passed.
Investigation of the Pressure and Flow Dynamics during Aspiration Thrombectomy: A Mathematical Modelling Study
Authors: Marconi Riccardo , Yang Ying , Naire Shailesh 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Aspiration thrombectomy is a life-saving interventional procedure to remove a blood clot from the brain of stroke patients. The pressure and blood flow dynamics during this procedure are crucial in determining the clinical outcomes. A mathematical model based on Hagen-Poiseuille law of fluid flow in a tube is adapted to simulate the pressure and fluid flow characteristics in an in vitro model of an occluded and unoccluded cerebrovascular network that mimics a poor (unilateral) and good (symmetrical) collateral flow within the Circle of Willis. The results show that in the absence of an occlusion, the pressure and pressure drop are higher in the symmetrical network compared to that in the unilateral network. This is due to the additional limb in the symmetrical network that must be supplied, which is absent in the unilateral network. In the presence of an occlusion, the flow reduces in the obstructed vessel, the collateral flow, overall pressure and pressure drop increases in both systems, but is higher for the symmetrical network. The results compare qualitatively with those observed in in vitro studies and with clinical observations. The theoretical framework lays the foundation for more advanced models for the pressure and blood flow dynamics towards clinical applicability.
Numerical Simulation of Transdermal Iontophoretic Drug Delivery System
Authors: Noor A M , Zakaria Z , Johari S , Sabani N , Wahab Y , Manaf A A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Transdermal Iontophoretic Drug Delivery System (TIDDS) is a non-invasive method of systemic drug delivery that involves by applying a drug formulation to the skin. The drug penetrates through the stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis layers. Once the drug reaches the dermal layer, it is available for systemic absorption via dermal microcirculation. However, clinical testing of new drug developed for the iontophoretic system is a long and complex process. Recently, most of those major pharmaceutical companies have attempted to consider computer-based bio-simulation strategies as a means of generating the data necessary to help make a better decision. In this work, we used computational modelling to investigate the TIDDS behaviour. Our interest is to study the efficacy of drug diffusion through transdermal delivery, including the thermal effect on the skin. We found that drug will be delivered more efficiently if the electrical potential and the position of electrodes are optimum. We analysed the drug diffusion time of the system using 1,3 and 5 mA DC source. In addition, we also modify the electrode distance from 10 mm to 30 mm long and analysed the effect of delivery time and d effect to the skin thermal. We conclude that, a high electrical current, as instance, a 5 mA DC, delivered the drug faster into the skin but increased the skin temperature because of skin joule heating effect. However, a 30 mm electrodes distance setting decreased the skin temperature significantly than the 10 mm distance with more than 9.7 °C under 5 mA DC and 60 minutes of operation. TIDDS enhanced drug delivery compared to oral consumption and might be suitable used for localizing treatments such as chronic disease. This work provides great potential and is useful to efficiently design of iontophoretic drug delivery system including new drugs delivery applications.
Automated Humidity Control System for Neonatal Incubator
Authors: Alduwaish S , Alshakri O , Alamri R , Alfarieh R , Alqahtani S , Hameed K , Alomari A 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPremature neonates are nursed in closed incubators to prevent transcutaneous water loss, dehydration, and excessive body cooling. These issues have serious risks that need to be eliminated by controlling the air’s relative humidity (RH) in the incubator. This paper aims to implement a closed-loop control system that maintains desired RH levels inside the incubator with an acceptable settling time and percentage. Designing the prototype is actuator-process-sensor based, and the implementation was in two main phases. First, building the incubator, which involved assembling the incubation space and the humidifier using a readily available ultrasonic piezoelectric transducer. Second, designing the control algorithm which is based on the ON/OFF algorithm with four levels of ON Humidification power. Finally, the results taken are the control system responses to a step input of desired values of relative humidity based on clinical guidance. Response results showed a maximum steady-state error of 2.5 and a minimum settling time of 0.8 min. The results indicate that the control system is fast and stable which meets the desired requirements. The designed control system is beneficial in reducing power usage and creating a safe humidification method for the infant.
Development of IoT Based Cuffless Blood Pressure Measurement System
Authors: Norsuriati M S , Norehan Mohd Sobri M S , Zaidatul Hafiszah H , Mohamad Nazib A , Wan Suhaimizan W Z , Ashok V , Muhammad Mahadi A J 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a major concern for people globally and in Malaysia. The hypertensive patient must commute to the hospital visiting their physician regularly for blood pressure (BP) monitoring using a cuff-based device. The patient may feel uncomfortable and pain when the device inflates the cuff and tightens around the arm for a BP measurement. Hence, to overcome this problem, this paper proposed a cuffless BP measurement using pulse transit time (PTT). In this method, a delay time between the peak of Photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals at the fingertip and the earlobe were correlated with BP. These signals were transferred to a computer via Arduino uno microcontroller and analyzed by the MATLAB R2019a software. A preliminary result shows that the developed system is able to record PTT and display the estimated BP value on the ThingSpeak webpage and ThingView apps. With the IoT platform, the cuffless BP can be monitor remotely, and the results can be store on the cloud healthcare system for hypertensive management.
Analysis of Image Processing Using Morphological Erosion and Dilation
Authors: Said K A M , Jambek A B 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Digital image processing is important for image information extraction. One of the image processing methods is morphological image processing. This technique uses erosion and dilation operations to enhance and improve the image quality by shrinking and enlarging the image foreground. However, morphological image processing performance depends on the characteristics of structuring elements and their foreground image that need to be extracted. This paper studies how the structuring elements affect the performance of morphological erosion and dilation on binary images. The experimental result shows that choosing the right structuring element for morphological erosion and dilation can significantly influence the foreground and background structure of the output image.