bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Journalists’ moves in political press conferences and their implications for accountability
Authors: Hernández Alfonso 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Political press conferences are important spaces for public accountability because they give journalists the opportunity to scrutinize politicians’ decisions. However, the structure of press conferences poses specific constraints to journalists because their role is limited to ask questions. This situation is not problematic if their goal is to ask informative or critical questions, but it becomes problematic if journalists want to advance standpoints, arguments, or criticisms. In the latter case, journalists have to perform their argumentative moves through façade questions in order to comply with the protocol of press conferences. For this reason, it is not easy to distinguish the argumentative function of journalists’ questions, and consequently, their value for accountability. This paper draws on the pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation to give an argumentative account of political press conferences. Furthermore, the implications of journalists’ questions for accountability purposes are discussed.
>35% 5-junction space solar cells based on the direct bonding technique
Authors: Li Xinyi , Li Ge , Lu Hongbo , Zhang Wei 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Multijunction solar cells are the highest efficiency photovoltaic devices yet demonstrated for both space and terrestrial applications. In recent years five-junction cells based on the direct semiconductor bonding technique (SBT), demonstrates space efficiencies >35% and presents application potentials. In this paper, the major challenges for fabricating SBT 5J cells and their appropriate strategies involving structure tunning, band engineering and material tailoring are stated, and 4-cm 2 35.4% (AM0, one sun) 5J SBT cells are presented. Further efforts on detailed optical managements are required to improve the current generating and matching in subcells, to achieve efficiencies 36%–37%, or above.
What Can A Literary Critic Do? Thoughts on a Universal Design for Criticism
Authors: Adams Rachel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This essay expresses discomfort with Matthew Arnold’s description of the critic’s function as seeking out “the best that is known and thought in the world,” favoring instead the more neutral description, “an activity or purpose natural to a thing.” Inspired by the practice of universal design, which seeks to make the environment accessible to a diverse range of bodies and minds, it seeks to define the function of literary criticism in terms of what it can do, as well as a functional literary criticism, one that accommodates the widest possible range of texts, modes of reading, and interpretive practices. Refusing Arnold’s call for disinterest, it insists on a situated criticism that combines theory with personal experience. Because I am interested and because the only critical practice I can imagine for this present is fully interdependent with my nonprofessional life, this essay moves between an account of how literary criticism functions in my work as a teacher and a writer (focusing on the critical activities of formalism, cultural analysis, and syllabi-building), and how it might function to account for my neurodiverse son’s rebellious, creative, and total living through and with narrative.
[T]his essay moves between an account of how literary criticism functions in my work as a teacher and a writer, and [that of] my neurodiverse son’s rebellious, creative, and total living through and with narrative.
Into the range: a latitudinal gradient or a center-margins differentiation of ecological strategies in Arabidopsis thaliana?
Authors: Estarague Aurélien , Vasseur François , Sartori Kevin , Bastias Cristina C , Cornet Denis , Rouan Lauriane , Beurier Gregory , Exposito-Alonso Moises , Herbette Stéphane , Bresson Justine , Vile Denis , Violle Cyrille 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
Determining within-species large-scale variation in phenotypic traits is central to elucidate the drivers of species’ ranges. Intraspecific comparisons offer the opportunity to understand how trade-offs and biogeographical history constrain adaptation to contrasted environmental conditions. Here we test whether functional traits, ecological strategies from the CSR scheme and phenotypic plasticity in response to abiotic stress vary along a latitudinal or a center- margins gradient within the native range of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Methods
We experimentally examined the phenotypic outcomes of plant adaptation at the center and margins of its geographic range using 30 accessions from southern, central and northern Europe. We characterized the variation of traits related to stress tolerance, resource use, colonization ability, CSR strategy scores, survival and fecundity in response to high temperature (34 °C) or frost (- 6 °C), combined with a water deficit treatment.

Key Results
We found evidence for both a latitudinal and a center-margins differentiation for the traits under scrutiny. Age at maturity, leaf dry matter content, specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content varied along a latitudinal gradient. Northern accessions presented a greater survival to stress than central and southern accessions. Leaf area, C-scores, R-scores and fruit number followed a center-margins differentiation. Central accessions displayed a higher phenotypic plasticity than northern and southern accessions for most studied traits.

Conclusions
Traits related to an acquisitive/conservative resource-use trade-off followed a latitudinal gradient. Traits associated with a competition/colonization trade-off differentiated along the historic colonization of the distribution range and then followed a center-margins differentiation. Our findings pinpoint the need to consider the joint effect of evolutionary history and environmental factors when examining phenotypic variation across the distribution range of a species.
Fleshy fruit traits and seed dispersers: which traits define syndromes?
Authors: Rojas Tobias Nicolas , Zampini Iris Catiana , Isla María Inés , Blendinger Pedro G 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
Fruit traits and their inter-relationships can affect foraging choices by frugivores, and hence the probability of mutualistic interactions. Certain combinations of fruit traits that determine the interaction with specific seed dispersers are known as dispersal syndromes. The dispersal syndrome hypothesis (DSH) states that seed dispersers influence the combination of fruit traits found in fruits. Therefore, fruit traits can predict the type of dispersers with which plant species interact. Here, we analysed whether relationships of fruit traits can be explained by the DSH. To do so, we estimated the inter-relationships between morphological, chemical and display groups of fruit traits. In addition, we tested the importance of each trait group defining seed dispersal syndromes.

Methods
Using phylogenetically corrected fruit trait data and fruit–seed disperser networks, we tested the relationships among morphological, chemical and display fruit traits with Pearson’s correlations and phenotypic integration indices. Then, we used perMANOVA to test if the fruit traits involved in the analysis supported the functional types of seed dispersers.

Key Results
Morphological traits showed strong intragroup relationships, in contrast to chemical and display traits whose intragroup trait relationships were weak or null. Accordingly, only the morphological group of traits supported three broad seed disperser functional types (birds, terrestrial mammals and bats), consistent with the DSH.

Conclusions
Altogether, our results give some support to the DSH. Here, the three groups of traits interacted in different ways with seed disperser biology. Broad functional types of seed dispersers would adjust fruit consumption to anatomical limitations imposed by fruit morphology. Once this anatomical filter is sovercome, seed dispersers use almost all the range of variation in chemical and display fruit traits. This suggests that the effect of seed dispersers on fruit traits is modulated by hierarchical decisions. First, morphological constraints define which interactions can actually occur; subsequently, display and composition determine fruit preferences.
Causation in the Law of State Responsibility
Authors: Lanovoy Vladyslav 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article examines the role that causation plays at different stages of the state responsibility analysis under international law. In the context of determining reparation, it argues that the standard of legal causation that best meets the two functions of the law of state responsibility is that of foreseeability of injury and not directness (‘a sufficiently direct and certain causal nexus’), even though the latter standard has been adopted by the International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea.
The Legacy of F.F. Martens and the Shadow of Colonialism
Authors: Mälksoo Lauri 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article explores the colonialist legacy of the Russian international lawyer F.F. Martens (1845-1909) who is well known to contemporary international lawyers in particular thanks to the Martens Clause. The article highlights Martens’s activities legitimizing the Congo Free State, his publicist activity at the Revue de droit international et de legislation comparée and his quasi-legislative efforts at the Institut de Droit International, all emanating from his strong support to the distinction between civilized and uncivilized peoples in international law during the colonial era. The main argument in the article is that the colonialist part of the legacy of Martens has been downplayed for the purposes of celebratory myths of origin of international (humanitarian) law, but that this part of his legacy deserves to be remembered as well.
Projective unification in weakly transitive and weakly symmetric modal logics
Authors: Kostrzycka Zofia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We prove that $\textbf {K4}^{\textbf {n+}}\textbf {B}^{\textbf {k+}}$ has projective unification, for any $k,n\geq 1$. It means, in particular, that any weakly transitive and weakly symmetric modal logic is unitary. Some consequences of projective unification concerning structural completeness and passive rules are provided.
Environmental health methods
Authors: Chen Chien-Jen , You San-Lin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Both host and environmental factors are involved in the development of human diseases. Environmental causes of disease include physical, chemical, biological, behavioural, and social factors. Consistent findings in both observational and interventional studies at aggregate and individual levels provide strong evidence of causation between human diseases and environmental agents. They are illustrated by the elucidation of the pleiotropic health effects of arsenic in drinking water and the multifactorial aetiology of hepatocellular carcinoma caused by viral hepatitis. Molecular and genomic biomarkers are used to explore the time-dependent host–environment interaction in the natural history of human diseases. They include dosimetry of exposure to environmental agents; the health outcomes at molecular, cellular, and histological levels; and the genetic and acquired susceptibility. Risk calculators combining multiple biomarkers are developed for the prediction of long-term disease risk. Global partnerships need to be strengthened to achieve interrelated goals of human health, environmental sustainability, and socioeconomic development.
Exile and Diaspora in the Bible
Authors: Berlin Adele 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This essay focuses on biblical views of exile as portrayed in historiographic narrative and in prophetic and poetic literature. It considers the pre-exilic idea that exile is a punishment for unfaithfulness to God and the broader postexilic concept of the ongoing exile as a way to describe the Jewish condition in the restored Judah. Drawing on Mesopotamian documents as well as on the Bible, it constructs a picture of Jewish life in the Babylonian exile and discusses the diaspora stories of Esther and Daniel, where Jews preserved their ethnic identity and flourished. In the Bible, exile transcended the historical deportations and became an important element in postexilic Jewish identity.
Turning to Jerusalem from the Exile
Authors: Langer Ruth 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Until modern, liberal Jews revised it, the consciousness of living in diaspora, in exile from the ideal Jewish life in the Land of Israel, permeated Jewish liturgy. This trope only intensified as the exile grew longer. The prayers, some recited multiple times a day, shaped Jewish diaspora identity into one yearning for its ancient home. The various forms of modern Judaism have negotiated this heritage, with some revising the prayers, either to express positive understandings of the diaspora or to integrate the new realities of Jewish life in the land of Israel. At the other end of the spectrum, others have considered the diaspora and exile to persist so long as they live in the pre-messianic world, even if geographically in the land itself.
Babylonia: A Diaspora Center
Authors: Herman Geoffrey 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter plots out the emergence of a diaspora center in Babylonia, beginning in the late Biblical era and continuing through late antiquity, as it grew into probably the foremost community in the Jewish world by the early Middle Ages. It outlines the geographical settlement of the region and the development of a Babylonian Jewish self-consciousness and self-confidence. Among the key factors in this achievement was the constant and close economic and intellectual contact between Babylonia and Palestine. Although Babylonia and Palestine were, for the most part, ruled by separate empires, often in conflict with one another, the Jews, and significantly the rabbis in both places, maintained close contact. The importance of Babylonia within the Sasanian Empire, and subsequently within the Abbasid caliphate, both economically and militarily, also contributed to the development and preeminence of the region in global terms.
The Jewish Diaspora in Christian Thinking
Authors: Garroway Joshua D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the most important historical developments in Christian thinking about the Jewish diaspora, from antiquity to the present. It considers the apocalyptic Jewish perspectives of Jesus and Paul, the rise of adversus judaeos literature, Augustine’s innovative witness doctrine, and the fate of that doctrine in Catholic thinking up until its ostensible elimination during the papacy of John Paul II. In its examination of Protestantism, the article pays particular attention to developments in the Reformed traditions, especially the restorationist aspirations in the seventeenth century and the more recent rise of Christian Zionism.
Jews and Diaspora in the Medieval Islamic Middle East
Authors: Krakowski Eve 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The formation of the Islamic Middle East between the seventh and tenth centuries connected Jews living across a vast geographic region and encouraged them to organize themselves as members of a single diaspora community, even when they shared no recent place of origin. This chapter examines that shift, focusing especially on the rise, fall, and aftermath of a diaspora system centered on the ge’onim and other Jewish religious leaders in Baghdad and Jerusalem, which flourished among elite medieval Jews in the late Abbasid period and immediately after (from the later ninth to the twelfth centuries), profoundly affecting the history of Judaism even after the system’s demise.
Did German Jews Remain German Jews Once They Left Their Homeland?
Authors: Kaplan Marion 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the social history and geographical extent of the German-Jewish diaspora during the two major periods of migration: the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It asks what drove Jews to leave Germany during both eras and analyzes their integration and that of their children into the new societies. Focusing on religious, linguistic, organizational, and employment patterns, the chapter also addresses the tensions within these immigrant communities between adapting to their new environments and retaining the literature, music, and culture of their German-Jewish heritage.
Jews in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Authors: Teter Magda 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
One of the hallmarks of modern diaspora studies is the dichotomy of a “homeland” and “hostland” in relation to a diasporic group. The history of Jews in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth complicates these contemporary categories. The multi-ethnic and multi-cultural Commonwealth was a homeland for Polish Jews. They formed an integral part of its social, cultural, and economic fabric, even as they identified and were identified as Jews. In a pre-modern world, with legal structures grounded in distinct estates, identities were also inscribed in law. Jewish judicial and communal autonomy was a product of the Jews’ legal status. In Poland-Lithuania, Jewish autonomy developed mimicking the governing structures of the Commonwealth itself. Polish Jews were, thus, a part of a larger real and imagined Jewish community whose homeland was Poland.
Philanthropy and the Jewish Diaspora in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Segev Zohar 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The rise of nationalism in Europe, the mass migration to the United States, and the dramatic transformations in the world following World War I were accompanied by an ongoing deterioration in the position of East European Jewry and led to changes in the patterns of governance in the Jewish world. The importance of the organizations addressed in this chapter transcended their philanthropic and political activity in France, Britain, Germany, and America. This manifested in the international nature of their activity, their power to shape the various Jewish communities, and the sense of international Jewish solidarity that they nurtured through their very existence. These Jewish organizations endeavored to create a Jewish nationalism that played down elements of territorial concentration and political sovereignty, opposed the concept of rejection of the diaspora, and emphasized the moral components of Judaism.
“A Land for a People, Not a People for a Land”
Authors: Alroey Gur 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Territorialist ideology emerged together with Zionist ideology. From the moment Leon Pinsker wrote in his Auto-Emancipation that “the goal of our present endeavors must be not the Holy Land, but a land of our own,” there were those in Jewish society who clung to the idea of “a land of our own” and wanted to set up some independent autonomous entity outside of the Land of Israel. This chapter traces territorial ideology from its ideational beginnings in the 1880s, through its conversion into an organized ideology and a political force in the Jewish world of the early twentieth century to its decline in the 1950s.
Iconography and Social Practice in the Domestic Sphere
Authors: Costa Silvana 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of images in the Roman domestic sphere, focusing on the contribution of paintings, mosaics, and other forms of representation to the construction of the Roman house as a place of self-representation and social interaction. Images were essential to the purposes of both shaping the environmental quality of domestic spaces and informing visitors about their character, function, and the behavior that was required from them. The case study of an apparently minor genre of Roman wall painting, that of still-life pictures (i.e., images of food and silverware), allows in-depth discussion of how the choice and understanding of subject matters depended on and relied upon shared mechanisms of recognition, as well as a tight semantics of meanings, values, and habits.
Images and Interpretation of “the Other” in Roman Social Practice
Authors: Trentin Lisa 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the representation and interpretation of “the Other” in Roman social practices. Employing a selection of images, representing ethnically and physically diverse citizens and noncitizens, Romans and non-Romans, surviving on a range of media from both public and private display contexts across the empire, new questions are raised to expand our understanding of diversity and difference in the Roman world. In Roman art, images of “Others” served an important role in the construction of Roman identity, underlining tensions in the representation and categorization of bodies and belonging. Emphasis is placed on viewers and viewing contexts, considering the cosmopolitan milieu of the cities and peoples under Roman rule.
Funerary Imagery and Iconography
Authors: Gee Regina 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at Roman funerary imagery across a range of visual materials, including sarcophagi, ash chests, frescoes, mosaic, and stucco relief, with an emphasis on the expression of the existential value of a human life. It considers the diverse range of iconography that speaks to the emotions and perceptions around death as they relate to the ideas of loss, separation, and transformation. The representations cannot be interpreted in light of a single phenomenological, associative, or interpretive reception, but collectively they explore themes of mourning, pain of separation, and hoped-for reunion. Areas of consideration include commemorative portraits, the exploration of permeability and the limen between the worlds of the living and the dead, divine guides, travel through the Underworld, and the potential for images of suffering to comfort through viewer empathy or heal, in the Aristotelian sense, by means of a cathartic purge.
Late Roman Iconography and Style
Authors: McFadden Susanna 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Discussions of late Roman style and iconography sometimes tend to emphasize the liminality of visual culture in late antiquity; monuments representative of the period such as the Arch of Constantine are neither fully “classical” nor “medieval” in their form and content; hence, the instinct to compare its style and iconography with that of the past or future monuments is hard to resist. The result of this lure to dichotomize is often a focus on what a late Roman work of art is not, rather than what it is (i.e., how an artwork or monument functions in its contemporary moment). This chapter therefore presents the wall paintings from the late third- to early fourth-century domus underneath the Church of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo on the Caelian Hill in Rome as a case study of a particular moment in late Roman visuality so as to better understand how engagements with iconography and style in the context of the late Roman home activate “modern” meanings and experiences.