bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondary Osteoporosis
Authors: Ebeling Peter R , Nguyen Hanh H , Aleksova Jasna , Vincent Amanda J , Wong Phillip , Milat Frances 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOsteoporosis is a global public health problem, with fractures contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. Although postmenopausal osteoporosis is most common, up to 30% of postmenopausal women, &gt; 50% of premenopausal women, and between 50% and 80% of men have secondary osteoporosis. Exclusion of secondary causes is important, as treatment of such patients often commences by treating the underlying condition. These are varied but often neglected, ranging from endocrine to chronic inflammatory and genetic conditions. General screening is recommended for all patients with osteoporosis, with advanced investigations reserved for premenopausal women and men aged &lt; 50 years, for older patients in whom classical risk factors for osteoporosis are absent, and for all patients with the lowest bone mass (Z-score ≤ −2). The response of secondary osteoporosis to conventional anti-osteoporosis therapy may be inadequate if the underlying condition is unrecognized and untreated. Bone densitometry, using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, may underestimate fracture risk in some chronic diseases, including glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, and may overestimate fracture risk in others (eg, Turner syndrome). FRAX and trabecular bone score may provide additional information regarding fracture risk in secondary osteoporosis, but their use is limited to adults aged ≥ 40 years and ≥ 50 years, respectively. In addition, FRAX requires adjustment in some chronic conditions, such as glucocorticoid use, type 2 diabetes, and HIV. In most conditions, evidence for antiresorptive or anabolic therapy is limited to increases in bone mass. Current osteoporosis management guidelines also neglect secondary osteoporosis and these existing evidence gaps are discussed.
Comprehensive phenotypic analysis of the Dp1Tyb mouse strain reveals a broad range of Down syndrome-related phenotypes
Authors: Lana-Elola Eva , Cater Heather , Watson-Scales Sheona , Greenaway Simon , Müller-Winkler Jennifer , Gibbins Dorota , Nemes Mihaela , Slender Amy , Hough Tertius , Keskivali-Bond Piia , Scudamore Cheryl L. , Herbert Eleanor , Banks Gareth T. , Mobbs Helene , Canonica Tara , Tosh Justin , Noy Suzanna , Llorian Miriam , Nolan Patrick M. , Griffin Julian L. , Good Mark , Simon Michelle , Mallon Ann-Marie , Wells Sara , Fisher Elizabeth M. C. , Tybulewicz Victor L. J. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Down syndrome (DS), trisomy 21, results in many complex phenotypes including cognitive deficits, heart defects and craniofacial alterations. Phenotypes arise from an extra copy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) genes. However, these dosage-sensitive causative genes remain unknown. Animal models enable identification of genes and pathological mechanisms. The Dp1Tyb mouse model of DS has an extra copy of 63% of Hsa21-orthologous mouse genes. In order to establish whether this model recapitulates DS phenotypes, we comprehensively phenotyped Dp1Tyb mice using 28 tests of different physiological systems and found that 468 out of 1800 parameters were significantly altered. We show that Dp1Tyb mice have wide-ranging DS-like phenotypes, including aberrant erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis, reduced bone density, craniofacial changes, altered cardiac function, a pre-diabetic state, and deficits in memory, locomotion, hearing and sleep. Thus, Dp1Tyb mice are an excellent model for investigating complex DS phenotype-genotype relationships for this common disorder.
Tubular microdomains of Rab7-positive endosomes retrieve TrkA, a mechanism disrupted in Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2B
Authors: Markworth Ronja , Dambeck Vivian , Steinbeck Lars Malte , Koufali Angeliki , Bues Bastian , Dankovich Tal M. , Wichmann Carolin , Burk Katja 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Axonal survival and growth requires signalling from tropomyosin receptor kinases (Trks). To transmit their signals, receptor–ligand complexes are endocytosed and undergo retrograde trafficking to the soma, where downstream signalling occurs. Vesicles transporting neurotrophic receptors to the soma are reported to be Rab7-positive late endosomes and/or multivesicular bodies (MVBs), where receptors localize within so-called intraluminal vesicles (herein Rab7 corresponds to Rab7A unless specified otherwise). Therefore, one challenging question is how downstream signalling is possible given the insulating properties of intraluminal vesicles. In this study, we report that Rab7-positive endosomes and MVBs retrieve TrkA (also known as NTRK1) through tubular microdomains. Interestingly, this phenotype is absent for the EGF receptor. Furthermore, we found that endophilinA1, endophilinA2 and endophilinA3, together with WASH1 (also known as WASHC1), are involved in the tubulation process. In Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2B (CMT2B), a neuropathy of the peripheral nervous system, this tubulating mechanism is disrupted. In addition, the ability to tubulate correlates with the phosphorylation levels of TrkA as well as with neurite length in neuronal cultures from dorsal root ganglia. In all, we report a new retrieval mechanism of late Rab7-positive endosomes, which enables TrkA signalling and sheds new light onto how neurotrophic signalling is disrupted in CMT2B.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Attrition of methylnaltrexone treatment-emergent adverse events in patients with chronic noncancer pain and opioid-induced constipation: a post hoc pooled analysis of two clinical trials
Authors: Mehta Neel , Slatkin Neal E. , Israel Robert J. , Stambler Nancy 
Published: September 2021

Background: Opioids prescribed for the management of chronic noncancer pain are associated with nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Methylnaltrexone, a peripherally acting µ-opioid receptor antagonist, has demonstrated robust efficacy and was well-tolerated in treating opioid-induced constipation without affecting central analgesia. Our objective was to assess changes in the frequency of adverse events after the first or second dose of methylnaltrexone or placebo. Methods: This post hoc analysis pooled data from two randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials assessing methylnaltrexone for opioid-induced constipation in the outpatient setting. Patients received subcutaneous methylnaltrexone (12 mg once daily or 12 mg once every other day), oral methylnaltrexone (150, 300, or 450 mg daily), or placebo. Adverse events, opioid withdrawal symptoms, pain intensity, and rescue-free bowel movements (RFBMs) within 4 hours of the first dose (i.e., RFBM responders) were assessed. Associations between adverse event frequencies and RFBM response were also evaluated. Results: The analysis included 1263 adult patients with chronic noncancer pain. Treatment-emergent adverse event rates declined from treatment day 1 to 2 (methylnaltrexone: 16.2%–5.3%; placebo: 6.6%−5.4%). Among methylnaltrexone-treated patients, significantly greater proportions of RFBM responders versus nonresponders reported gastrointestinal adverse events on day 1. No associations between RFBM response and the frequency of adverse events were observed in the placebo group. No meaningful changes in opioid withdrawal symptoms or pain intensity were observed. Conclusions: Early-onset adverse events following methylnaltrexone treatment, particularly gastrointestinal adverse events, are at least partially due to laxation. Methylnaltrexone treatment effectively relieves opioid-induced constipation without affecting the central analgesic effects of opioids.
Bridging skill gaps and creating future ready accounting and finance graduates: an exploratory study
Authors: Muthaiyah Saravanan , Phang Karen , Sembakutti Sanjaya 
Published: September 2021

Background: Changing trends in the use of technology have become an impelling force to be reckoned with for the accounting and finance profession. The curriculum offered in higher learning institutions must be quickly revamped so that students who complete a bachelor’s degree are digitally competent upon graduation. With US$55.3 billion invested in FinTech in 2019 alone and more than 72% of accounting jobs being automated, graduates must be trained on digital skills to be future proof. Accounting and finance graduates must be made competent in skills that are related to digital content such as blockchain technology, information assets and autonomous peer to peer systems, to name a few. Methods: We used a three-phase approach: 1) careful mapping of digital topics taught within the course structure offered at these institutions; 2) review of current best practices and digital learning tools for digital inclusion which was ascertained from literature; and 3) 80 experts in a think tank group were interviewed on antecedents, awareness and problems in relation to digital inclusion within the curriculum to validate our research objective. Results: Eleven key tools for inclusion in the curriculum were discussed with experts and then mapped to current curriculum offered at institutions. We discovered that less than 5% of these were being taught. In total, 78% of experts agreed that digital content is inevitable, 90% agreed that digital inclusion based on tools that were discussed will yield great benefits for students, and lastly 75% agreed that giving digital exposure to students must be standard practice. Conclusions: The response from experts confirms that digital inclusion is imperative, but instructors themselves lacked the know-how of emerging technologies. Only the curriculum of institutions with approved bachelor’s programs were included in this research. In our future work we hope to include all institutions and professional bodies as well.
Comparing the productivity of Estonian deverbal suffixes -mine, -us, and -ja in five registers: A quantitative usage-based approach
Authors: Pilvik Maarja-Liisa 
Published: September 2021

Abstract. This article provides an empirical, usage-based account of the different aspects of morphological productivity of three Estonian deverbal suffixes: -mine, -us, and -ja, in five different registers. The fundamental quantitative measures developed by Baayen (1989, 1992, 1993) and his colleagues are applied to relatively small corpus samples in order to test how well these measures conform to the linguist’s intuition about the productivity of the derivation patterns under different communicative settings. The results suggest that while the sample size does affect the reliability of the results, the measures prove a useful approximation of productivity in different registers, even for samples with low token counts.
Kokkuvõte. Maarja-Liisa Pilvik: Eesti keele deverbaalsufiksite -mine, -us ja -ja produktiivsuse võrdlus viies registris: kvantitatiivne kasutuspõhine lähenemine. Artikkel annab empiirilise, kasutuspõhise ülevaate kolme eesti keele deverbaalsufiksi – -mine, -us ja -ja – produktiivsusest viies eesti keele registris. Produktiivsuse eri aspekte näitlikustavad kvantitatiivsed mõõdikud (Baayen 1989, 1992, 1993), mis on leidnud morfoloogilise produktiivsuse uurimustes laialdast kasutust. Analüüsi tulemused näitavad, et selleks uurimuses kasutatud valimi võrdlemisi väike maht mõjutab mõnevõrra mõõdikute tõlgendamist ning nende usaldusväärsust. Samas haakuvad kvantitatiivse analüüsi tulemused hästi keeleteadlase intuitsiooniga ning kasutatud morfoloogilise produktiivsuse mõõdikud võivad seega olla eri registrite empiiriliseks võrdlemiseks kasulikud isegi siis, kui valimid on korpuslingvistilises mõistes väikesed.
The Finnish exclusive-negative construction ei…ku(i)n in the network of exclusion expressions
Authors: Vilkuna Maria 
Published: September 2021

Abstract. This paper shows that Finnish has the option of expressing ‘only’-like exclusive meaning with a clausal construction, here called the Exclusive-Negative Construction, ENC. It is similar to the better-known French ne…que construction but differs from it at many points where Finnish and French grammar differ, especially in the way negation is expressed in the two languages. The Finnish ENC contains overt negation, which accounts for its somewhat narrower distribution than the alternative option, the use of the focus particle vain/vaan ‘only’. Adopting the Construction Grammar framework, the paper argues that the ENC is a simple clausal construction with the idiosyncrasy of mixed polarity, a formal division of the clause into a negative and affirmative part. Derivation from an underlying comparative is rejected, but it is shown that the ENC has associations to more explicit ways of expressing exclusion. These conclusions receive support from dialectal and other non-standard data.
Kokkuvõte. Maria Vilkuna: Soome keele välistav-eitav konstruktsioon ei...ku(i)n välistust väljendavate keeleliste vahendite võrgustikus. Artiklis näidatakse, et soome keeles võib väljendada välistavat tähendust (nagu ainult) lausekonstruktsiooniga, mida artiklis nimetatakse välistavaks-eitavaks konstruktsiooniks (the Exclusive-Negative Construction, ENC). See sarnaneb prantsuse keele konstruktsiooniga ne...que, ent erineb sellest mitmes aspektis, kus soome ja prantsuse keel üldiseltki erinevad, eriti mis puudutab eituse väljendamise viise kahes keeles. Soome konstruktsioon sisaldab eksplitsiitset eitust, mis seletab seda, miks konstruktsiooni kasutusala on mõnevõrra kitsam kui selle alternatiivil, fookuspartiklil vain/vaan ‘ainult’. Kasutades konstruktsioonigrammatika raamistikku, näidatakse artiklis, et ENC on lausekonstruktsioon, mille eripäraks on kahetine polaarsus: konstruktsioon jaotub vormiliselt eitavaks ja jaatavaks osaks. Väidetakse, et konstruktsioon ei ole tuletatud komparatiivikonstruktsioonist, kuid on seotud eksplitsiitsemalt välistust väljendavate vahenditega. Neid järeldusi toetavad murrete ja muu mittestandardse keelekasutuse andmed.
Táticas de resistência dos jornalista
Authors: Del Vecchio de Lima Myrian , Fernandes José Carlos , Miers James Klaus 
Published: September 2021

As táticas de resistência dos jornalistas são práticas à espera de sistematização. Há investigações sobre como jornalistas fazem prevalecer os valores da profissão, mas a literatura especializada ainda recorre à dicotomia “patrão” e “empregado”, dando ao primeiro a primazia em muitas decisões. Este artigo levanta notas iniciais sobre a cultura jornalística da negociação, de modo a manter vigente a horizontalidade das relações entre publishers, editores, repórteres e o consumidor de informações. Cientes de que os empresários interferem no fazer jornalístico, temos como premissa que os jornalistas criam defesas às estas imposições, para permitir reações cotidianas. Realizou-se revisão bibliográfica e seis entrevistas com jornalistas afeitos a reportagens investigativas. Concluímos que as incertezas do jornalismo diante do espectro digital conduzem à indefinição em relação à resistência profissional: a cultura jornalística é identificada, mas está fragilizada.
Hepatitis E viral infection in pregnant ladies, a challenge for obstetricians and physicians
Authors: Jamil Samia , Muhammad Sajid Jehangir Hafiz , Naeem Hamza , Maqsud Mahliqa , Ayyaz Mehwish , Kanwal Tayyaba , Zahoor Sarmad , Umer Mukhtar Muhammad , Muhammad Atif Malik , Manzoor Haideri Raza 
Published: September 2021

Background: Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnancy. The virus was detected about three decades ago. The incidence and severity during pregnancy vary widely around the world.Material & Methods: This observational retrospective study was conducted from March 2019 to February 2020 in Obstetrics & Gynecology Department of Lady Aitchison Hospital, Lahore. 70 pregnant women with hepatitis E were subjected to detailed history taking. The diagnosis was based on positive Hepatitis E IgM (Anti HEV IgM) antibody on laboratory test in current pregnancy in antenatal period up to 42 days post partum were included.Results: Out of 70 pregnant women with Hep E IgM+ve, 3 (4.3%) women had Obstetrical hysterectomy as complications, with mean age of 26.0 Â± 4.69 years. The mean gestational age when infection occurred was 31.12 Â± 5.18 weeks. Among all females 9 (13%) patients expired due to fulminant hepatic failure, 12 (17.14%) females gave birth via spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD),17(24.2%) females gave birth via C-Section. 30 (42.8%) females were manage conservatively.Conclusion: Hepatitis E viral infection in pregnant females is a life threatening condition. The study showed that pregnant women with jaundice and hepatitis E virus infection had a high mortality rate during third trimester. Early diagnosis and management will help in the control of the disease and prevents its complications.Â Â Â
Down-regulation of IGHG1 enhances Protoporphyrin IX accumulation and inhibits hemin biosynthesis in colorectal cancer by suppressing the MEK-FECH axis
Authors: Yang Guangjian , Li Gang , Du Xuemei , Zhou Wenting , Zou Xiaohong , Liu Yuanfu , Lv Hong , Li Zhenjiang 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Immunoglobulin γ-1 heavy chain constant region (IGHG1) is a functional isoform of immunoglobulins and plays an important role in the cytolytic activity of immune effector cells. Dysregulated IGHG1 was implicated in the occurrence and development of various tumors. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is an endogenous fluorophore and is used in photodynamic therapy, which induces the generation of reactive oxygen species to initiate the death of tumor cells. However, the roles of IGHG1 in the colorectal cancer cell proliferation and PpIX accumulation have not been reported yet. Data from qRT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that IGHG1 was up-regulated in the colorectal cancer cells. Colorectal cancer cells were then transfected with shRNA targeting IGHG1 to down-regulate IGHG1 and conducted with Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) and colony formation assays. Results demonstrated that shRNA-mediated down-regulation of IGHG1 decreased cell viability of colorectal cancer and suppressed cell proliferation. Moreover, PpIX accumulation was promoted and the hemin content was decreased by the silence of IGHG1. Interference of IGHG1 reduced the phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and ferrochelatase (FECH) expression, resulting in retarded cell proliferation in an MEK-FECH axis-dependent pathway.
Hydraulic characteristics of integrated settler based biofilm reactor as onsite sanitation system
Authors: Singh Surya Pratap , Sharma Meena Kumari , Gaur Rakesh Chandra 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The present study identifies the hydraulic efficiency of a novel onsite sanitation system at variable hydraulic shock loading conditions. The system consisted of three chambers, each working as an up-flow anaerobic bioreactor, accommodated within a single unit. The hydraulic characteristics were identified with the help of residence time distribution (RTD) analysis by step feeding of lithium chloride (LiCl) solution into the system. The experiments were run at variable hydraulic loading conditions at different peak flow factors (PFF) of 1, 2, 4 and 6 while maintaining 24-h hydraulic retention time. As revealed in the RTD analysis, the biofilm reactor achieved a very good hydraulic efficiency that varied from 0.76 to 0.81 at PFF 1, 2 and 4. Although in the case of PFF6, it was comparatively low. It was noted that the dispersion number was always below 0.2 at variable hydraulic shock loading conditions under different PFFs, which indicated that the reactor behaved perfectly between mixed-flow and plug-flow reactor. The system was also able to achieve good pollutant removal efficiency for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) under all PFFs, which was more than 68 and 75%, respectively.
Some Persistent Mysteries of Malory’s Texts and Sources
Authors: Norris Ralph 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Despite a century of dedicated scholarship, some textual problems remain in Malory’s Morte Darthur that have never been satisfactorily explained. Although these mysteries tend to be rather small, seeking the most probable rational solution to them increases our understanding of Malory as an author, as well as the Morte Darthur as a medieval masterpiece, in addition to the connection between the two. This paper offers explanations of the word amyvestial, of unknown etymology, Sir Gareth’s ungrammatical sobriquet Beaumains and other small but baffling mysteries of Malory’s text.
Photocatalytic activity of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles: In vitro antimicrobial, biocompatibility, and molecular docking studies
Authors: Alam Mahboob 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with pinecone extract (PCE) as a reducing agent and antibacterial agent was explored. The current study aims to investigate the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs and their effect on photocatalytic dye degradation and antimicrobial properties. The physical, chemical, and morphological properties of biogenic ZnO NPs synthesized using PCE were investigated using advanced spectroscopy techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue was measured spectrophotometrically using biogenic ZnO NPs as nanocatalysts, and decolonization of solution indicates dye degradation gradually as exposure duration increases. The antimicrobial properties of ZnONPs against the tested pathogenic strains were demonstrated using the disc diffusion method. The antimicrobial efficacy of ZnONPs was further explained using molecular docking analysis. Confirmation of the lowest binding energy was used to predict receptor binding site with NPs in order to understand the mechanistic approach. ZnONPs are likely to interact with pathogens via mechanical enfolding, which could be one of the major toxicity actions of ZnONPs against strains. Furthermore, the nontoxicity and biocompatibility of ZnO NPs were studied, revealing impressive hemocompatibility with red blood cells (RBCs) and no significant toxicity to Brine shrimps at lower ZnONP concentrations.
Phase transformation and strengthening mechanisms of nanostructured high-entropy alloys
Authors: Chen Jinmei , Jiang Xiaosong , Sun Hongliang , Shao Zhenyi , Fang Yongjian , Shu Rui 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have become a research focus because of their easy access to nanostructures and the characteristics of high strength, hardness, wear resistance, and oxidation resistance, and have been applied in aerospace lightweight materials, ultrahigh temperature materials, high-performance materials, and biomimetic materials. At present, the study of HEAs mainly focuses on the microstructure and mechanical properties. HEAs of Mo, Ti, V, Nb, Hf, Ta, Cr, and W series have high strength, while HEAs of Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Cu, and Mn series have good toughness. However, the emergence of medium-entropy alloys, metastable HEAs, dual-phase HEAs, and multiphase HEAs increased the complexity of the HEA system, and the phase transition mechanism and strengthening and toughening mechanisms were not fully established. In this article, the preparation, phase formation, phase transformation as well as strengthening and toughening mechanisms of the HEAs are reviewed. The inductive effects of alloying elements, temperature, magnetism, and pressure on the phase transformation were systematically analyzed. The strengthening mechanisms of HEAs are discussed, which provides a reference for the design and performance optimization of HEAs.