bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Old and the New
Authors: Haughton Tim , Deegan-Krause Kevin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
New parties are different from the more established parties in terms of their organization, appeals, and leadership. Not only do they often take the cosmetic step of avoiding the word ‘party’ in their names, but they also usually choose very different organizational structures, with far fewer members and party branches. Furthermore, in contrast to the more established parties whose pitch is based on left–right economic positioning or their socially conservative or socially liberal stances, new parties make a pitch to the electorate based around their novelty, the personality and celebrity of their leader, and an anti-corruption appeal. Finally, many of these new parties are much more leader-dominated vehicles than the longer-established parties. These choices made by the new parties may have positive impacts on their chances of initial success, but have negative impacts on their chances of longer-term survival.
The Kill Chain (II)
Authors: Jones Craig 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter is the second of two chapters that analyse the role of military lawyers in the contemporary US kill chain. It focuses on dynamic (unplanned) targeting and shows how its ontology of violence necessitates rapid forms of decision making that affects both the possibility of legal advice and its content. An examination of close air support (CAS) and troops in contact (TIC) targeting operations reveals the rapid legal and operational interpretations that military actors form as they attempt to make sense of highly mobile targets and fast-moving events. These involve issues of self-defence, imminence of threats, and proportionality. It is argued that dynamic and time-sensitive targeting create their own unique military ‘necessities’ and governing legalities. The chapter shows that the latitude given to interpretational work has real-world consequences for both troops on the ground and civilians: dynamic targeting accounts for a high proportion of fratricides and civilian casualties.
Conclusion. Juridical Warfare: Limits and Possibilities
Authors: Jones Craig 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis concluding chapter places the US–Israel approach to targeting in international context and reflects on the limits, possibilities, and future of juridical warfare. It argues that while other NATO states employ military lawyers in targeting, notably in US-led military coalitions, they have generally taken a more restrictive interpretation of the laws of war than the United States or Israel. Juridification is an uneven process: not all states are equally invested in its language or practice. Drawing on the examples of Syria and Yemen, the chapter shows how juridification today (its presence and absence) is conditioned by the retreat of multilateralism. The chapter also reflects on controversies concerning lawfare and humanitarianism. In an era of ‘irresponsible politics’, it asks what the rehabilitation of war might mean for the revival of an antiwar politics (as opposed to single issue campaigns against drones or torture, for example) as was mobilized against the Vietnam War.
Part I Introduction
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Part I aims to clarify when and how the polluter-pays, preventive, and precautionary principles co-exist: complementing, enriching, and in some cases contradicting each other. It stresses that these principles could be best described using three distinct models representing three paradigms of regulation: a curative model, a preventive model, and an anticipatory model. A curative model of nature characterized the early stages of environment policy and shaped the polluter-pays principle. This model was practicable only if accompanied by a preventive policy intended to limit environmental damage. The emergence of increasingly unpredictable risks is at present causing the authorities to base their policy on a third, anticipatory model that gave rise to the precautionary principle. The three principles examined in the first part of this book correspond to the three models described in this introduction.
Environmental Directing Principles versus Free Trade
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the conflict between the precautionary principle and free trade within the World Trade Organization (WTO). It explains that the said conflict illustrates the role that environmental principles can play in modifying a debate with major legal as well as societal implications. It stresses the odd twists and tangled hierarchies characteristic of post-modern law which may be encountered in disputes involving trade and the environment.
The Science of Animal Welfare
Authors: Stamp Dawkins Marian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis book is intended as a guide for anyone who is interested in animals and how their welfare can be assessed scientifically. It addresses the question of why, despite growing public interest in how animals are treated, it has proved so difficult to arrive at an agreed definition of what ‘animal welfare’ is and it then provides an answer. A definition of animal welfare as ‘health and animals having what they want’ can be easily understood by scientists and non-scientists alike, expresses in simple words what underlies many existing definitions and shows what evidence we need to collect to improve animal welfare in practice. Above all, it puts an animal’s own point of view at the heart of the assessment of its welfare. The book shows how ‘health and what animals want’ also helps us to make sense of the long and often confusing list of welfare measurements that are now in use, such as ‘stress’ and ‘feel-good hormones’, expressive sounds and gestures, natural behaviour, cognitive bias and stereotypies. Animal sentience (conscious feelings of pleasure and suffering) are discussed in the context of our current knowledge of human and animal consciousness. Finally, the book highlights some key ideas in the relationship between animal welfare science and animal ethics and shows how closely the well-being of humans and that of animals are linked together.
What Animals Want
Authors: Stamp Dawkins Marian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe now have many different ways of finding out what animals want, from offering them simple choice tests to operant conditioning and using how closely they choose to position themselves with respect to each other and to features of their environment. Animals can vote with their feet, their paws or their beaks, and, if provided with the right equipment, they can push switches, pull levers or use touch screens to indicate what they want. We can even find out how much they want something by seeing if they will ‘work’ to get what they want when it is made more difficult for them to obtain it. Recent developments have included cognitive or judgement tests and other more indirect ways of ‘asking’ animals what they want.
Introduction
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to ambitious and modest frameworks for interpreting Kant’s justification of ethics. Ambitious approaches try to give us a reason to be moral, or to refute the moral skeptic, whereas modest approaches merely try to make our experience of morality intelligible. One of the goals of the present book is to defend a version of the modest interpretation, but with the caveat that Kant still employs a variety of argumentative methods. Four are highlighted: the skeptical method, the experimental method, the polemic method, and the phenomenological method. After proving a vignette of each, this chapter provides a sketch of the book’s aims and ambitions.
Moral Sensibility
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter forms the next main thesis of the present study: the synthetic path of the second Critique is broader in scope, since Kant seeks to reveal a necessary connection between our consciousness of the moral law and our capacity to feel pleasure and displeasure. The chapter picks up where Chapter 3 left off by providing a close reading of Kant’s theory of moral sensibility in the Critique of Practical Reason. Two important results follow. First, it is argued that debates over the role of moral feeling in Kant’s moral psychology have failed to acknowledge Kant’s emphasis on the first-personal character of feeling as a feature of our common experience of morality. Second, these debates have failed to connect Kant’s theory of moral sensibility to his project of justification, which the present chapter aims to remedy.
Africa, the International Criminal Court, and Human Rights
Authors: Nault Derrick M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter Five discusses the operations of The Hague-based International Criminal Court (ICC), which aims ‘to end impunity’ by punishing perpetrators of the gravest crimes known to humankind—crimes against humanity, genocide, war crimes, and crimes of aggression. Despite its promise, the court has been criticized for its overemphasis on African situations. This chapter assesses African criticisms of the ICC and their accuracy, suggesting that, although they are not always without merit, the court exists as it does today due to African requests for assistance as well as the early and ongoing support of African member states. The chapter also considers the past, present, and possible future impact of the ICC on human rights and international justice in Africa, suggesting that notable progress is being made in both inter-related areas. Finally, it argues that, as with previous eras, Africans have exerted an important yet largely unrecognized influence on human rights in recent times, in this case vis-à-vis the ICC.
Introduction
Authors: and Davies 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses why it is time to re-think how we value and address our health in a complex and interdependent world. As the final pages of this book were being drafted, the COVID-19 pandemic had already claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of people around the world. At the time of writing, the first wave has receded in some countries and lockdowns begin to ease, livelihoods of whole nations have been left in the balance and economic and societal progress has been halted or even reversed. The dependency of the global economy upon the health of its citizens has been laid bare by COVID-19. The prosperity and happiness of communities and nations has been devastated by illness, and the fragility of society has been clearly revealed. Worse still, the glaring inequalities in lived experiences have translated into shocking differences in survival rates among different communities.
The social drivers of health
Authors: and Davies 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter flags some of the traditional social drivers of health and discusses several emerging ones. The conditions into which we are born set off a chain of complex, interlinked responses to the world around us that combine to influence our entire life course. These include housing conditions, schooling, the education levels of our parents, employment opportunities, and availability of healthcare. They are traditionally thought of as difficult to change or resist, but we think of them as drivers, things that can be changed if the will is there. Social drivers contribute to health inequalities. The most deprived groups experience the poorest health outcomes, with shorter life expectancy and more years of life lived in ill health, and this situation has worsened over the past few decades. The key challenge is how to address these drivers and the inequalities they cause in our ever-changing, fast-paced world.
The commercial drivers of health
Authors: and Davies 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how the food, alcohol, and tobacco industries serve as commercial drivers for ill health, and describes examples of legislation aimed at shifting the dial towards better outcomes for all. Companies, especially multinationals, influence our health in a number of ways, ranging from their effect on the physical environment to their influence on government policy and the marketing strategies they use to promote their products in search of profit. The increasing reach and power of multinationals across all industry sectors in recent years has led to an increase in the extent to which they shape our environments and health behaviours, and this relationship is only becoming more intertwined. Alongside governments and multinationals, ‘new power’—the combination of social movements, social media, and purpose—is already re-shaping the world around us, empowering citizens and giving us cause for optimism.
Shared values, shared health, shared prosperity
Authors: and Davies 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the relationship between commerce and health, some of the choices involved, and the impacts they have on total health. Public health specialists and policymakers have only recently begun to explore the complex relationship between commerce and health, what it has been in the past, what it is now, and importantly what it could look like as we re-build society post COVID-19. The role that work and employers play in our individual, family, and collective health, security, and prosperity has developed over time, and the dependence of companies on the health of their workforce, and their vulnerability when employees are ill, has changed too. The private sector can contribute to health in its immediate community, and nationally through the products it promotes, the working conditions for its employees, and the causes it supports.
Orazio Romano’s Porcaria
Authors: Celati Marta 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a thorough critical study of Orazio Romano’s poem Porcaria, a not very well-known text on Stefano Porcari’s conspiracy against Pope Nicholas V, in 1453. The comprehensive analysis of this work provides a complete reconstruction of the history of the text, based on the examination of the only manuscript copy of the poem still extant, and a thorough investigation of the wide-ranging classical sources used by the author in his work: in particular Vergil, Lucan, Statius, Sallust, Livy, and Claudian. The intertextual analysis points out the complex and multifunctional process of imitation performed by Orazio Romano in the creation of his sophisticated poem: a practice that affects both stylistic and thematic elements and is also aimed at creating a complex dimension of exemplarity. Moreover, the chapter analyses the political perspective of the text, which proves to be closely connected with the system of cultural politics developed by Nicholas V in the same years. Orazio Romano’s poem, in fact, is informed by a secular dimension in dealing with the issue of the conspiracy against the pope. Nicholas V himself emerges in the Porcaria as the figure of a papal prince, whose power is legitimized by an ennobling connection with the classical tradition. Classical symbols, values, and exemplars play a prominent function in bestowing authority on a new kind of papal government typical of the Renaissance age, which assumes the traits of a secular principality.
The Conspiracy Against the Prince
Authors: Celati Marta 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The chapter offers a comparative study that traces the evolution of fifteenth-century conspiracy literature, illustrating its distinctive features, narrative approaches, and political perspectives. The analysis focuses on the multiform operation of recasting classical models, which matches and, at the same time, underpins the ideological viewpoint in these texts. Specific attention is also paid to the multifunctional role of history in this literature, as it exploits historical narrative, historiographical techniques, and principles, in order to construct a historical memory that conveys a precise political message. This message coincides with the condemnation of the conspiracy as an attack against the state and the ‘prince’, who is now the dominant figure in the political discourse. The key elements that frame this political outlook in the texts are: the function of the author–narrator (as a poet, letter writer, historian, witness); the speeches delivered by historical characters; the stress on the exceptionality of the historical event; the portraits of the conspirators; the representation of the common people; the image of the revenge against the plotters; and the uneasy balance between clemency and vengeance in the ruler’s reaction to the conspiracy. Through the interplay of these components the texts reflect, and contribute to, the development of a theory of statecraft that is informed by a blossoming notion of political realism and plays a crucial role in the definition of a new model of state. Significantly this strand of political thought also emerged in mirrors for princes, which display many elements in common with works on plots.
Applying the Analogies: Permission and Risk; Benefit Production and Harm Avoidance
Authors: Vitale Vince R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Using an ethical framework constructed out of the two variables of whether an agent causes, permits, or risks horrendous evils, and whether she does so in order to bestow pure benefit or in order to avert greater harm, some of the major theodicies in contemporary philosophy of religion are categorized. This chapter identifies theodicies that depict God as permitting horrendous evil for pure benefit, risking horrendous evil for pure benefit, and permitting horrendous evil for the aversion of greater harm. Each theodicy is summarized and an evaluation is made as to whether it is structurally promising with respect to horrendous evils, where structural promise denotes that God is ethically in the clear on the assumption that the explanatory story told by the theodicy is true. The conclusion drawn is that the theodicies depicting God as permitting horrendous evils for pure benefit are structurally deficient; they do not depict God as ethically perfect even if they are true. Structural promise is identified in theodicies that depict God as risking horrendous evil for pure benefit and permitting horrendous evil for the aversion of harm. In the next chapter the plausibility of these structurally promising approaches is considered.
Introduction to the case studies
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the case studies. It describes the rationale for studying cases, our case selection, and the structure of the case study chapters. The case studies offer an opportunity to examine the conditions under which international organizations establish international parliamentary institutions (IPIs) in more detail, take into account alternative configurations of conditions for IPI establishment, and trace the processes of strategic democratic legitimation. In addition, the cases include some of the rare cases of empowerment, in which IPIs increase their authority over time. The case selection aims at a diverse set of cases representing positive and negative cases of IPI establishment, a variety of world regions and historical periods, and stark variation across the conditions of parliamentarization.
The Commonwealth of Independent States and the Eurasian Economic Union
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines two Eurasian international organizations in comparison, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the more recent Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), a project of more advanced economic integration. It starts with the puzzling observation that the CIS established an IPI, whereas the EAEU did not, in spite of higher authority. The CIS International Parliamentary Assembly is best explained by international diffusion, as an attempt to strengthen the international legitimacy of newly independent states. By contrast, international diffusion backfired in the EAEU case. The adoption of the European Parliament model in the Russian proposal for a Eurasian Parliament was opposed by the smaller member states, who feared that it would put EAEU on a track towards a general-purpose international organization, which would undermine their sovereignty in a Russia-dominated political union.
The Andean Community
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses international parliamentarization in the Andean region. Andean integration has seen, first, the creation of the Andean Pact without an international parliamentary institution (IPI) in 1969, followed by the establishment of the Andean Parliament in 1979 and a slight IPI empowerment in conjunction with the foundation of the Andean Community in 1996. The Andean Parliament was created in the context of democratization in the region and a shift of the Andean Pact from a task-specific to a general-purpose organization. Whereas the conditions of parliamentarization continued to be favourable during the reform process leading to the Andean Community, none of them improved strongly enough to give a boost to parliamentary empowerment. Rather, institutional entrepreneurship was able to secure modest authority gains.
Mercosur
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the evolution of the parliamentary dimension in Mercosur, from its modest beginnings with the Joint Parliamentary Commission to the establishment of the consultative Mercosur Parliament (Parlasur) in 2005. The context for the establishment and empowerment of an international parliamentary institution was favourable in Mercosur. Specifically, the chapter argues that the organization’s initial parliamentarization reflects the combination of international diffusion from the EU and the democratization of member states, while the transition to Parlasur is best explained by a combination of diffusion from the European Union and the financial crisis in the region that occurred around the turn of the century.
The North American Free Trade Agreement
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a case study of the NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement. NAFTA is a case of ‘non-parliamentarization’ in a democratic, albeit task-specific organization with low authority, and narrow scope created after a momentous governance success—the end of the Cold War and collapse of the Soviet Union—in a regional environment without relevant examples of international parliamentary institutions (IPIs). NAFTA illustrates that, absent of certain organizational characteristics that make IPIs a convincing strategy, even intense contestation focuses on other concerns—NAFTA’s narrow trade policy priorities in this case. The analysis also shows that democracy alone does not suffice to trigger the creation of IPIs.