bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disparities in Youth Sports and Barriers to Participation
Authors: Pandya Nirav Kiritkumar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPurpose of ReviewYouth sports participation has shifted from a school-based, seasonal activity to club-based, year-round activity over the past 10–15 years. Single sport specialization has become increasingly common with a concurrent increase in injury and burnout. Paralleling trends seen in other aspects of health care, disparities in regard to participation in youth sports, and subsequent injury treatment exist as well. Recognition of these disparities amongst coaches, parents, and athletes involved in youth sports are essential to promote the short- and long-term health of pediatric and adolescent athletes.Recent FindingsMultiple barriers exist for youth in regard to sports participation. Youth who come from families without extensive financial means are increasingly finding it difficult to play organized sports, with this trend holding when broken down by insurance status (public versus private). This problem is further exacerbated by the lack of community-based programming in locations where organized (albeit expensive) options do not exist. The lack of athletic trainers increases the divide, as well as the care that injured athletes receive (particularly in public schools within communities of color) is not equivalent to schools with extensive financial resources. Thus, ability to quickly return to play after injury and/or access the health care system is limited. This is further exemplified by inferior outcomes in regard to care for anterior cruciate ligament, meniscus, shoulder instability, and concussions in this population.SummaryYouth sports participation is laden with multiple disparities. This is unfortunately reflective of historical barriers to opportunities/advancements in multiple other areas of society. These disparities place certain groups of children at an uphill battle not only for participation when healthy, but also returning to participation when injured. Larger structural changes in youth sports are necessary to promote life-long, healthy physical activities for individuals most at risk.
Steering Representations—Towards a Critical Understanding of Digital Twins
Authors: Korenhof Paulan , Blok Vincent , Kloppenburg Sanneke 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDigital Twins are conceptualised in the academic technical discourse as real-time realistic digital representations of physical entities. Originating from product engineering, the Digital Twin quickly advanced into other fields, including the life sciences and earth sciences. Digital Twins are seen by the tech sector as the new promising tool for efficiency and optimisation, while governmental agencies see it as a fruitful means for improving decision-making to meet sustainability goals. A striking example of the latter is the European Commission who wishes to delegate a significant role to Digital Twins in addressing climate change and supporting Green Deal policy. As Digital Twins give rise to high expectations, ambitions, and are being entrusted important societal roles, it is crucial to critically reflect on the nature of Digital Twins. In this article, we therefore philosophically reflect on Digital Twins by critically analysing dominant conceptualisations, the assumptions underlying them, and their normative implications. We dissect the concept and argue that a Digital Twin does not merely fulfil the role of being a representation, but is in fact a steering technique used to direct a physical entity towards certain goals by means of multiple representations. Currently, this steering seems mainly fuelled by a reductionist approach focused on efficiency and optimisation. However, this is not the only direction from which a Digital Twin can be thought and, consequently, designed and deployed. We therefore set an agenda based on a critical understanding of Digital Twins that helps to draw out their beneficial potential, while addressing their potential issues.
Applying elastic‐net regression to identify the best models predicting changes in civic purpose during the emerging adulthood
Authors: Han Hyemin , Dawson Kelsie J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroductionChanges in civic purpose during the emerging adulthood has been a significant research topic since it is closely associated with active civic engagement later in human lives. While standard regression methods have been used in previous studies to predict civic purpose development, they have limitations that may not always lead to best prediction models. We aimed to address these limitations by utilizing elastic‐net multinomial logistic regression, which favors models with the least number of necessary predictors, in exploration of predictors for civic purpose development in a data‐driven manner.MethodsWe analyzed data from the longitudinal Civic Purpose Project while focusing on the model that best predicted civic purpose from Wave 1 (12th grade before high school graduation) to Wave 2 (two years after Wave 1). The reanalyzed data included responses from 476 participants (60.29% females, 39.08% males) who were recruited from Californian high schools in the United States and completed the survey at both Waves. The elastic‐net regression was performed 5000 times for predicting three dependent variables, Wave 2 political purpose, community service purpose, and expressive activity purpose, with Wave 1 predictors. We identified which predictors were selected as the constituents of the best regression models during the elastic‐net regression process.ResultsResults showed that civic purpose, moral and political identity, and external supports (e.g., parental and peer involvement, school civic opportunities, etc.) in Wave 1 significantly predicted civic purpose in Wave 2. Several predictors were excluded from the regression models during the elastic‐net regression process.ConclusionWe found that the elastic‐net regression was able to present the more regularized model for prediction. Implications for promoting civic purpose are discussed as well as utilizing the elastic‐net regression method.
Diffusion approximation of multi-class Hawkes processes: Theoretical and numerical analysis
Authors: Chevallier Julien , Melnykova Anna , Tubikanec Irene 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOscillatory systems of interacting Hawkes processes with Erlang memory kernels were introduced by Ditlevsen and Löcherbach (Stoch. Process. Appl., 2017). They are piecewise deterministic Markov processes (PDMP) and can be approximated by a stochastic diffusion. In this paper, first, a strong error bound between the PDMP and the diffusion is proved. Second, moment bounds for the resulting diffusion are derived. Third, approximation schemes for the diffusion, based on the numerical splitting approach, are proposed. These schemes are proved to converge with mean-square order 1 and to preserve the properties of the diffusion, in particular the hypoellipticity, the ergodicity, and the moment bounds. Finally, the PDMP and the diffusion are compared through numerical experiments, where the PDMP is simulated with an adapted thinning procedure.
Avalanches in a short-memory excitable network
Authors: Rastegar Reza , Roitershtein Alexander 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe study propagation of avalanches in a certain excitable network. The model is a particular case of the one introduced by Larremoreet al.(Phys. Rev. E, 2012) and is mathematically equivalent to an endemic variation of the Reed–Frost epidemic model introduced by Longini (Math. Biosci., 1980). Two types of heuristic approximation are frequently used for models of this type in applications: a branching process for avalanches of a small size at the beginning of the process and a deterministic dynamical system once the avalanche spreads to a significant fraction of a large network. In this paper we prove several results concerning the exact relation between the avalanche model and these limits, including rates of convergence and rigorous bounds for common characteristics of the model.
The hidden curriculum in health care academia: An exploratory study for the development of an action plan for the inclusion of diverse trainees
Authors: Enders Felicity T. , Golembiewski Elizabeth H. , Orellana Minerva , Silvano Carmen J. , Sloan Jeff , Balls-Berry Joyce 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
The hidden curriculum encompasses the norms, values, and behaviors within a learning environment. Navigating the hidden curricula of academia is crucial for doctoral trainees, particularly those from underrepresented backgrounds. Faculty mentors have an important role in helping trainees uncover and cope with the hidden curriculum. The purpose of this paper is to explore perceptions of the hidden curriculum among diverse doctoral trainees and mentors.

Methods:
Following a presentation on the hidden curriculum at the Association for Clinical and Translational Science annual meeting in March 2021, attendees were asked to brainstorm ideas for diverse trainees and their mentors. Breakout room discussions were held for specific hidden curriculum topics; participants voted on which topics to discuss from a list of topics defined during the presentation. Ideas from these discussions were presented to the larger group to upvote.

Results:
Participants (n = 116) voted to discuss the following hidden curriculum topics: “coping with bias,” “assertive communication,” “knowing how things work,” and “developing a career.” Many suggestions emphasized the role of institutions in empowering mentors to help diverse trainees and, more generally, to meaningfully support policies and programs that facilitate the career success of trainees and faculty from underrepresented backgrounds.

Conclusions:
This work generated a list of suggested action items for trainees, mentors, and institutions to ameliorate the hidden curricula of academia, especially for diverse trainees. However, institutions need to support changes that will facilitate these discussions as well as more broadly enable the success of faculty and students from diverse backgrounds.
MODAL OPERATORS ON RINGS OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
Authors: BEZHANISHVILI GURAM , CARAI LUCA , MORANDI PATRICK J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIt is a classic result in modal logic, often referred to as Jónsson-Tarski duality, that the category of modal algebras is dually equivalent to the category of descriptive frames. The latter are Kripke frames equipped with a Stone topology such that the binary relation is continuous. This duality generalizes the celebrated Stone duality for boolean algebras. Our goal is to generalize descriptive frames so that the topology is an arbitrary compact Hausdorff topology. For this, instead of working with the boolean algebra of clopen subsets of a Stone space, we work with the ring of continuous real-valued functions on a compact Hausdorff space. The main novelty is to define a modal operator on such a ring utilizing a continuous relation on a compact Hausdorff space.Our starting point is the well-known Gelfand duality between the category
${\sf KHaus}$
of compact Hausdorff spaces and the category
$\boldsymbol {\mathit {uba}\ell }$
of uniformly complete bounded archimedean
$\ell $
-algebras. We endow a bounded archimedean
$\ell $
-algebra with a modal operator, which results in the category
$\boldsymbol {\mathit {mba}\ell }$
of modal bounded archimedean
$\ell $
-algebras. Our main result establishes a dual adjunction between
$\boldsymbol {\mathit {mba}\ell }$
and the category
${\sf KHF}$
of what we call compact Hausdorff frames; that is, Kripke frames equipped with a compact Hausdorff topology such that the binary relation is continuous. This dual adjunction restricts to a dual equivalence between
${\sf KHF}$
and the reflective subcategory
$\boldsymbol {\mathit {muba}\ell }$
of
$\boldsymbol {\mathit {mba}\ell }$
consisting of uniformly complete objects of
$\boldsymbol {\mathit {mba}\ell }$
. This generalizes both Gelfand duality and Jónsson-Tarski duality.
Legal Compliance: Founding Elements of a Conception Based on Cultural Theory
Authors: Kretschmann Andrea 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe state of research on legal compliance in socio-legal studies is limited and partially outdated. Like theories on coercion, recognition, or legitimacy, notions around compliance with the law appear plausible in themselves. However, each of them hold only part of the explanation and yet they cannot be reconciled due to theoretical incompatibilities. Legal sociologists therefore speak of a theory gap regarding legal compliance. The following article takes on this research desideratum and attempts to formulate an alternative concept of legal compliance based on an entirely new terminology without, however, completely renouncing the previous findings of legal sociology. Relying on the above-mentioned theory gap alongside the introduction of this new terminology, I argue that it is possible to analyze legal compliance while heuristically integrating all previous theoretical concepts of its. As a starting point, the article draws on Bourdieu’s fragmentary sociology of law and, by extending it, proposes a larger practice and field-theory-based interpretation of compliance.
Early co-occurrence of peer victimization and aggression
Authors: Hoglund Wendy L. G. , Hau Phillip 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAn accelerated longitudinal research design was used to examine heterogeneity in the developmental co-occurrence of peer relational victimization and aggression and of peer overt victimization and aggression from age 4.5 to 10.5 years. Data were gathered from four cohorts of children in kindergarten to Grade 3 (N = 503) on six occasions across 2 years. Psychopathology, peer, and social–cognitive factors were examined as predictors of the joint trajectories. Sequential process latent growth mixture models identified four distinct subgroups for the relational trajectories (co-occurring increasing aggression, co-occurring increasing victimization, high chronic victimization, typical low risk) and four distinct subgroups for the overt trajectories (co-occurring decelerating aggression, high chronic victimization, moderate chronic victimization, typical low risk). Membership in the co-occurring trajectories was associated with psychopathology and membership in the chronic victimization trajectories was related to internalizing and social–cognitive problems but also peer likeability.
Conduct problems among children in low-income, urban neighborhoods: A developmental psychopathology- and RDoC-informed approach
Authors: Drabick Deborah A. G. , Jakubovic Rafaella J. , Everett Valerie S. , Friedman Abbey L. , Emory George O. , Kalchthaler Faylyn B. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractConduct problems are associated with numerous negative long-term psychosocial sequelae and are among the most frequent referrals for children's mental health services. Youth residing in low-income, urban communities are at increased risk for conduct problems, but not all youth in these environments develop conduct problems, suggesting heterogeneity in risk and resilience processes and developmental pathways. The present study used a developmental psychopathology- and Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)-informed approach for conceptualizing risk and resilience for conduct problems among children from low-income, urban neighborhoods. Participants were 104 children (M = 9.93 ± 1.22 years; 50% male; 96% African American, 4% Latinx). We assessed four constructs reflecting cognitive and neurobiological processes associated with conduct problems using multiple levels of analysis and informants: autonomic nervous system reactivity, limbic system/orbitofrontal cortical functioning, dorsolateral prefrontal cortical functioning, and conduct problems. Latent profile analysis identified four profiles: typically developing (TD, n = 34); teacher-reported conduct problems (TCP, n = 14); emotion processing (EP, n = 27); and emotion expression recognition (EER, n = 29). External validation analyses demonstrated that profiles differed on various indices of conduct problems in expected ways. The EP profile exhibited lower levels of emotional lability and callous–unemotional behaviors, and higher levels of prosocial behavior. The TD profile demonstrated elevated emotional lability. Implications for etiological and intervention models are presented.
The critical window in random digraphs
Authors: Coulson Matthew 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe consider the component structure of the random digraphD(n,p) inside the critical window$p = n^{-1} + \lambda n^{-4/3}$. We show that the largest component$\mathcal{C}_1$has size of order$n^{1/3}$in this range. In particular we give explicit bounds on the tail probabilities of$|\mathcal{C}_1|n^{-1/3}$.
Long-term organic and conventional farming effects on nutrient density of oats
Authors: Omondi Emmanuel Chiwo , Wagner Marisa , Mukherjee Atanu , Nichols Kristine 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDeclining nutrient densities of crops in the past 50–70 years have been attributed to unsound agricultural practices and plant breeding focus on yield rather than quality. Few studies have quantified the soil and nutritional quality of grains in organic and conventional farms and reported results are scarce and inconsistent. The Rodale Institute's Farming Systems Trial (FST) was established in 1981 to quantify the effects of long-term organic and conventional grain cropping systems and tillage practices. A 2014 study to quantify effects on the nutrient density of oat grains was integrated into three systems within the long-term trial: organic manure-based (MNR), organic legume-based (LEG), and conventional synthetic input-based (CNV), split between tilled (T) and no-till (NT) practices. Oat grains with hulls removed were analyzed for minerals (n = 24), vitamins (n = 24), amino acids (n = 24) and proteins (n = 24), while soil samples to a depth of 10 cm were analyzed for elemental minerals, and total carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S). Organic systems increased six out ten soil minerals whose concentrations were influenced by cropping systems: aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), calcium (Ca), barium (B) and strontium (Sr). All essential amino acids were greater in oat grains under LEG systems compared with other systems except lysine, histidine and methionine. Both LEG systems also increased 12 out of 13 non-essential amino acids in oat grains. Total oat N, C and S required for amino acid synthesis tended to be greater in organic systems. Soil N, C and S were highly correlated with total oat amino acids under organic systems compared to CNV. Organic LEG had significantly greater vitamin B1 than MNR and CNV. These results suggest that nutrient concentrations of oat grains were greater in organic systems compared to CNV systems, and the increase could be partially explained by the long-term soil management differences between the systems.
Seismic Wave Propagation Through Layered Reduced Micropolar Medium
Authors: Dhabu Anjali C. , Singla Varun K. , STG Raghukanth 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe ground motions recorded in the near‐field regions of earthquakes reveal that, along with translational motions the rotational motions can severely damage structures. To capture these ground rotations more realistically, the present study makes a novel attempt to model the Earth medium as a horizontally layered reduced micropolar half‐space. Layers in this medium are characterized by five material constants: Lame's constant (), Eringen's shear modulus (), density (), rotational moment of inertia (), and an additional material constant (). Cylindrical coordinate system is used to analytically derive the Green's functions and obtain the response of the layered Earth medium subjected to a point earthquake force. The analytically obtained surface translations and rotations involve integrations over the wavenumber and frequency parameters and hence, are evaluated numerically. These solutions converge to corresponding classical elastic medium when the micropolar medium parameters obey the relations and , where is the maximum frequency considered in the simulation. Thereafter, ground motions are simulated for several combinations of earthquake magnitudes and epicenter distances by modeling the Earth medium as an eight layered reduced micropolar half‐space. Further, ground motions for the 2012 Wutai earthquake were simulated using the proposed model and compared with the response of classical elastic medium. The comparisons indicate that the surface rotations are significantly higher in the case of reduced micropolar medium. The proposed formulation can be extended to simulate ground motions for finite‐fault seismic sources.
Achieving Breakthroughs in Global Hydrologic Science by Unlocking the Power of Multisensor, Multidisciplinary Earth Observations
Authors: Durand Michael , Barros Ana , Dozier Jeff , Adler Robert , Cooley Sarah , Entekhabi Dara , Forman Barton A. , Konings Alexandra G. , Kustas William P. , Lundquist Jessica D. , Pavelsky Tamlin M. , Rodell Matthew , Steele‐Dunne Susan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOver the last half century, remote sensing has transformed hydrologic science. Whereas early efforts were devoted to observation of discrete variables, we now consider spaceborne missions dedicated to interlinked global hydrologic processes. Furthermore, cloud computing and computational techniques are accelerating analyses of these data. How will the hydrologic community use these new resources to better understand the world's water and related challenges facing society? In this commentary, we suggest that optimizing the benefits of remote sensing for advancing hydrologic research will happen by integrating multidisciplinary and multisensor data, leveraging commercial satellite measurements, and employing data assimilation, cloud computing, and machine learning. We provide several recommendations to these ends.
STEPS: Slip Time Earthquake Path Simulations Applied to the San Andreas and Toe Jam Hill Faults to Redefine Geologic Slip Rate Uncertainty
Authors: Hatem Alexandra E. , Gold Ryan D. , Briggs Richard W. , Scharer Katherine M. , Field Edward H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGeologic slip rates are a time‐averaged measurement of fault displacement calculated over hundreds to million‐year time scales and are a primary input for probabilistic seismic hazard analyses, which forecast expected ground shaking in future earthquakes. Despite their utility for seismic hazard calculations, longer‐term geologic slip rates represent a time‐averaged measure of the tempo of strain release and do not measure variability across earthquake cycles. We have developed a numerical approach called STEPS (Slip Time Earthquake Path Simulations), which is built upon field‐based observations and explicitly incorporates realistic variations in displacement per event and variability in the recurrence interval between earthquakes. The STEPS approach, which simulates strain release through time, relies on representing earthquake cycles as stairsteps, rather than straight‐line paths, connecting per earthquake time‐displacement coordinates. We simulate earthquake histories based on these input constraints using two examples: the Carrizo section of the San Andreas fault and the Toe Jam Hill fault of the Seattle fault zone. We find that modeled slip rate distributions agree with slip rates reported for the sites of interest by the original investigators, while providing a slip rate distribution that reflects the variability of earthquake frequency and displacement. The STEPS approach provides an estimate of fault slip rate uncertainty based on a synthetic suite of plausible time‐displacement paths resulting from individual earthquakes, rather than measurement uncertainties associated with offset features. When considering this simulated earthquake behavior between measurements, the uncertainty associated with earthquake paths is greater than that calculated by the long‐term rate.