bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of multimorbidity and their association with hospitalisation: a population-based study of older adults in urban Tanzania
Authors: Tomita Andrew , Leyna Germana H , Kim Hae-Young , Moodley Yoshan , Mpolya Emmanuel , Mogeni Polycarp , Cuadros Diego F , Dzomba Armstrong , Vandormael Alain , Bärnighausen Till , Tanser Frank 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
while the HIV epidemic remains a considerable challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, a dramatic reduction in the associated mortality has led to a fundamental shift in the public health priorities aimed at tackling multimorbidity. Against the unprecedented level of urbanisation taking place in Tanzania, the burden of multimorbidity and its consequences among ageing adults, in the form of costly inpatient hospitalisation, remain unquantified.

Methods
we used data from one of Africa’s largest urban population cohort, the Dar es Salaam Health and the Demographic Surveillance System, to quantity the extent of multimorbidity (occurrence of 2 ≥ health conditions) and discordant multimorbidity (occurrence of conditions in 2 ≥ domains in mental health, non-communicable and communicable health) among 2,299 adults aged ≥40 years in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. We fitted logistic regression models to investigate the association between multimorbidity and inpatient hospitalisation.

Results
the prevalence of multimorbidity and discordant multimorbidity were 25.3 and 2.5%, respectively. Although the severe forms of multimorbidity (2.0% with ≥4 health conditions) and discordancy were low, hospitalisation was significantly higher based on the regression analyses. Household food insecurity was the only socio-economic variable that was significantly and consistently associated with a greater hospitalisation.

Conclusion
we found an alarmingly high degree of multimorbidity among this ageing urban population where hospitalisation was driven by multimorbidity. As public health resources remain scarce, reducing costly inpatient hospitalisation requires multilevel interventions that address clinical- and structural-level challenges (e.g. food insecurity) to mitigate multimorbidity and promote long-term healthy independent living among older adults in Tanzania.
Rabbis of the (Scientific) Revolution: Revealing the Hidden Corpus of Early Modern Translations Produced by Jewish Religious Thinkers
Authors: Idelson-Shein Iris 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This essay discusses the corpus of translations of non-Jewish texts into Jewish languages, which emerged during the early modern period. Particular attention is given to Hebrew translations produced by members of the Jewish religious elite during the long eighteenth century, which have hitherto been viewed as original Jewish works. The article argues that translation was perfectly suited to the combination of attraction and anxiety with which many early modern Jews, particularly members of the Jewish religious elite, observed the cultural developments of their time. These authors acknowledged (what they viewed as) their own cultural inferiority, but feared the potential hazards of direct exposure to non-Jewish texts and ideas. Jewish translators thus became cultural gatekeepers rather than passive recipients of non-Jewish culture. They mistranslated both deliberately and accidentally, added and omitted, gave new meanings to texts and ideas, and harnessed their sources to meet their own agendas. The works of these translators reveal a form of cultural transfer that relied on the mindful adaptation and reformulation of new ideas by discreet, almost inadvertent innovators.
Individual Uniqueness in the Neonatal Functional Connectome
Authors: Wang Qiushi , Xu Yuehua , Zhao Tengda , Xu Zhilei , He Yong , Liao Xuhong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The functional connectome is highly distinctive in adults and adolescents, underlying individual differences in cognition and behavior. However, it remains unknown whether the individual uniqueness of the functional connectome is present in neonates, who are far from mature. Here, we utilized the multiband resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 40 healthy neonates from the Developing Human Connectome Project and a split-half analysis approach to characterize the uniqueness of the functional connectome in the neonatal brain. Through functional connectome-based individual identification analysis, we found that all the neonates were correctly identified, with the most discriminative regions predominantly confined to the higher-order cortices (e.g., prefrontal and parietal regions). The connectivities with the highest contributions to individual uniqueness were primarily located between different functional systems, and the short- (0–30 mm) and middle-range (30–60 mm) connectivities were more distinctive than the long-range (&gt;60 mm) connectivities. Interestingly, we found that functional data with a scanning length longer than 3.5 min were able to capture the individual uniqueness in the functional connectome. Our results highlight that individual uniqueness is present in the functional connectome of neonates and provide insights into the brain mechanisms underlying individual differences in cognition and behavior later in life.
Viral Reservoir in Early-Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children and Markers for Sustained Viral Suppression
Authors: Ajibola Gbolahan , Garcia-Broncano Pilar , Maswabi Kenneth , Bennett Kara , Hughes Michael D , Moyo Sikhulile , Mohammed Terrence , Jean-Philippe Patrick , Sakoi Maureen , Batlang Oganne , Lockman Shahin , Makhema Joseph , Kuritzkes Daniel R , Lichterfeld Mathias , Shapiro Roger L 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
The impact of very early infant treatment on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir, and markers for treatment success, require study.

Methods
The Early Infant Treatment Study (EIT) enrolled 40 children living with HIV started on antiretroviral treatment (ART) at &lt;7 days of age, with 23 who had started treatment between 30–365 days to serve as controls. Quantitative HIV DNA was evaluated every 1–3 months in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 84-week repeat qualitative whole blood DNA polymerase chain reaction and dual enzyme immunosorbent assay were performed.

Results
Median quantitative cell-associated DNA after at least 84 weeks was significantly lower among the first 27 EIT children tested than among 10 controls (40.8 vs 981.4 copies/million cells; P &lt; .001) and correlated with pre-ART DNA. Median DNA after 84 weeks did not differ significantly by negative or positive serostatus at 84 weeks (P = .94), and appeared unaffected by periods of unsuppressed plasma RNA from 24–84 weeks (P = .70). However, negative 84-week serostatus was 67% predictive for sustained RNA suppression, and positive serostatus was 100% predictive for viremia. Loss of qualitative DNA positivity at 84 weeks was 73% predictive for sustained suppression, and persistent positivity was 77% predictive for viremia.

Conclusions
Lower viral reservoir was associated with starting ART at &lt;1 week. Negative serostatus and qualitative DNA were useful markers of sustained viral suppression from 24–84 weeks.
Myeloid bodies caused by COQ2 mutation: a case of concurrent COQ2 nephropathy and IgA nephropathy
Authors: Ni Hai-Feng , Yang Yan , Li Chun-Qing , Zhou Tong-Zhou , Liu Bi-Cheng , Wang Bin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, in the presence of myeloid bodies, has been reported in Fabry disease (FD). In this case, we excluded the diagnosis of FD by demonstrating the absence of mutation in the α-galactosidase A（GLA）gene. Our patient also denied any history of use of cationic amphiphilic drugs. Interestingly, we identified a novel missense mutation for Coenzyme Q2（COQ2） , which is known to cause COQ2 mutation-associated nephropathy. We also found heteromorphic mitochondria and good treatment response in our patient following coenzyme Q10 supplementation. In light of our findings, our patient was diagnosed with COQ2 nephropathy and IgA nephropathy. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of COQ2 nephropathy with pathologic manifestations of myeloid bodies in podocytes.
Cardiac troponin and infective endocarditis prognosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Postigo Andrea , Vernooij Robin W M , Fernández-Avilés Francisco , Martínez- Sellés Manuel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Aims
Infective endocarditis (IE) is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Cardiac troponin (Tn) elevation seems to be common in patients with IE and could be associated with a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to synthesize the prognostic value of Tn in patients with IE.

Methods and results
We searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library, including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) until February 2020. Observational studies reporting on the association between Tn and in-hospital and 1-year mortality, and IE complications were considered eligible. As each centre uses different conventional or ultra-sensitive Tn, with different normality threshold, we considered them as normal or elevated according to the criteria specified in each article. Articles were systematically selected, assessed for bias, and, when possible, meta-analysed using a random effect model. After retrieving 542 articles, 18 were included for qualitative synthesis and 9 for quantitative meta-analysis. Compared with patients with normal Tn levels, patients with Tn elevation presented higher in-hospital mortality [odds ratio (OR) 5.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.46–10.26; P &lt; 0.0001], 1-year mortality (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.42–5.02; P = 0.002), and surgery rates (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.42–3.85; P = 0.0008). They also suffered more frequent complications: central nervous system events (OR 8.85, 95% CI 3.23–24.26; P &lt; 0.0001) and cardiac abscesses (OR 4.96, 95% CI 1.94–12.70; P = 0.0008).

Conclusion
Tn elevation is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with IE. Troponin determination seems to provide additional help in the prognostic assessment of these patients.
Dispute Settlement in Preferential Trade Agreements and the WTO: A Network Analysis of Idleness and Choice of Forum
Authors: Beyer Vincent 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
It is generally presumed that World Trade Organization (WTO) members display a preference for dispute settlement under WTO rules over those provided for in preferential trade agreements (PTAs). This assumption is driven by observations relating to the large number of PTAs, the low number of PTA cases and the large number of WTO cases, including between PTA partners. These observations are challenged by adopting a methodology that has so far seen relatively limited use in the study of international law network analysis. This article finds, first, the network of connections among WTO members formed by PTAs is far less dense than appears to have been assumed. Second, while almost half of all WTO members have participated in WTO proceedings at least once, the vast majority of bilateral relations among WTO members have never been subject to WTO dispute settlement. This puts the perceived idleness of PTA dispute settlement into perspective. Lastly, the share of WTO cases that could have been settled under PTA procedures is far lower than commonly believed. This low share shows that there is no widespread predilection for the WTO, as commonly argued, but, more often than not, a genuine absence of choice. Ultimately, as the PTA network is unable to act as a substitute, WTO dispute settlement continues to hold a central place in the rules-based global trading system.
The Chlamydomonas Zygospore: Mutant Strains of Chlamydomonas monoica Blocked in Zygospore Morphogenesis Comprise 46 Complementation Groups
Authors: VanWinkle-Swift Karen , Baron Kristin , McNamara Alexander , Minke Peter , Burrascano Cynthia , Maddock Janine 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chlamydomonas monoica undergoes homothallic sexual reproduction in response to nitrogen starvation. Mating pairs are established in clonal culture via flagellar agglutination and fuse by way of activated mating structures to form the quadriflagellate zygote. The zygote further matures into a dormant diploid zygospore through a series of events that we collectively refer to as zygosporulation. Mutants that arrest development prior to the completion of zygosporulation have been obtained through the use of a variety of mutagens, including ultraviolet irradiation, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, ethyl methanesulfonate, and methyl methanesulfonate. Complementation analysis indicates that the present mutant collection includes alleles affecting 46 distinct zygote-specific functions. The frequency with which alleles at previously defined loci have been recovered in the most recent mutant searches suggests that as many as 30 additional zygote-specific loci may still remain to be identified. Nevertheless, the present collection should provide a powerful base for ultrastructural, biochemical, and molecular analysis of zygospore morphogenesis and dormancy in Chlamydomonas.
Multiple Genetic Controls on Rhizobium meliloti syrA, a Regulator of Exopolysaccharide Abundance
Authors: Barnett Melanie J , Swanson Jean A , Long Sharon R 
Published: February 2021

AbstractExopolysaccharides (EPS) are produced by a wide assortment of bacteria including plant pathogens and rhizobial symbionts. Rhizobium meliloti mutants defective in EPS production fail to invade alfalfa nodules. Production of EPS in R. meliloti is likely controlled at several levels. We have characterized a new gene of this regulatory circuit. syrA was identified by its ability to confer mucoid colony morphology and by its ability to suppress the colonial phenotype of an exoD mutant. Here we show that syrA encodes a 9-kD hydrophobic protein that has sequence similarity to two other EPS regulatory proteins: ExoX of Rhizobium NGR234 and R. meliloti, and Psi of R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli. The syrA transcription start site lies 522 nucleotides upstream of a non-canonical TTG start codon. The syrA promoter region is similar to the promoter region of the nodulation regulatory protein, nodD3. We found that in free-living bacteria, syrA expression is activated by the regulatory locus, syrM, but not by nodD3. In planta, syrM is not required for expression of syrA. Instead, expression of the nitrogen fixation (nifHDKE) genes upstream of syrA plays a role. Specific and distinct sets of genetic controls may operate at different times during nodule invasion.
Enhancer of Polycomb Is a Suppressor of Position-Effect Variegation in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Sinclair Donald A R , Clegg Nigel J , Antonchuk Jennifer , Milne Thomas A , Stankunas Kryn , Ruse Chris , Grigliatti Thomas A , Kassis Judith A , Brock Hugh W 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) genes of Drosophila are negative regulators of homeotic gene expression required for maintenance of determination. Sequence similarity between Polycomb and Su(var)205 led to the suggestion that PcG genes and modifiers of position-effect variegation (PEV) might function analogously in the establishment of chromatin structure. If PcG proteins participate directly in the same process that leads to PEV, PcG mutations should suppress PEV. We show that mutations in E(Pc), an unusual member of the PcG, suppress PEV of four variegating rearrangements: In(l)wm4, BSV, T(2;3)SbV, and In(2R)bwVDe2. Using reversion of a P element insertion, deficiency mapping, and recombination mapping as criteria, homeotic effects and suppression of PEV associated with E(Pc) co-map. Asx is an enhancer of PEV, whereas nine other PcG loci do not affect PEV. These results support the conclusion that there are fewer similarities between PcG genes and modifiers of PEV than previously supposed. However, E(Pc) appears to be an important link between the two groups. We discuss why Asx might act as an enhancer of PEV.
Population Dynamics of the Wolbachia Infection Causing Cytoplasmic Incompatibility in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A , Hercus Miriam , Dagher Hayat 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Field populations of Drosophila melanogaster are often infected with Wolbachia, a vertically transmitted microorganism. Under laboratory conditions the infection causes partial incompatibility in crosses between infected males and uninfected females. Here we examine factors influencing the distribution of the infection in natural populations. We show that the level of incompatibility under field conditions was much weaker than in the laboratory. The infection was not transmitted with complete fidelity under field conditions, while field males did not transmit the infection to uninfected females and Wolbachia did not influence sperm competition. There was no association between field fitness as measured by fluctuating asymmetry and the infection status of adults. Infected field females were smaller than uninfecteds in some collections from a subtropical location, but not in other collections from the same location. Laboratory cage studies showed that the infection did not change in frequency when populations were maintained at a low larval density, but it decreased in frequency at a high larval density. Monitoring of infection frequencies in natural populations indicated stable frequencies in some populations but marked fluctuations in others. Simple models suggest that the infection probably provides a fitness benefit for the host in order to persist in populations. The exact nature of this benefit remains elusive.
The Role of Gene Conversion in Determining Sequence Variation and Divergence in the Est-5 Gene Family in Drosophila pseudoobscura
Authors: King Lynn Mertens 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Nucleotide sequences of eight Est-5A and Est-5C genes corresponding to previously sequenced Est-5B genes in Drosophila pseudoobscura were determined to compare patterns of polymorphism and divergence among members of this small gene family. The three esterase genes were also sequenced from D. persimilis and D. miranda for interspecific comparisons. The data provide evidence that gene conversion between loci contributes to polymorphism and to the homogenization of the Est-5 genes. For Est-5B, which encodes one of the most highly polymorphic proteins in Drosophila, 12% of the segregating amino acid variants appear to have been introduced via gene conversion from other members of the gene family. Interlocus gene conversion can also explain high sequence similarity, especially at synonymous sites, between Est-5B and Est-5A. Tests of neutrality using interspecific comparisons show that levels of polymorphism conform to neutral expectations at each Est-5 locus. However, McDonald-Kreitman tests based on intraspecific gene comparisons indicate that positive selection on amino acids has accompanied Est-5 gene duplication and divergence in D. pseudoobscura.
An Essential Function of a Phosphoinositide-Specific Phospholipase C Is Relieved by Inhibition of a Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinase in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Flick Jeffrey S , Thorner Jeremy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The PLC1 gene product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a homolog of the δ isoform of mammalian phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). We found that two genes (SPL1 and SPL2), when overexpressed, can bypass the temperature-sensitive growth defect of a plc1Δ cell. SPL1 is identical to the PHO81 gene, which encodes an inhibitor of a cyclin (Pho80p)-dependent protein kinase (Pho85p) complex (Cdk). In addition to overproduction of Pho81p, two other conditions that inactivate this Cdk, a cyclin (pho80Δ) mutation and growth on low-phosphate medium, also permitted growth of plc1Δ cells at the restrictive temperature. Suppression of the temperature sensitivity of plc1Δ cells by pho80Δ does not depend upon the Pho4p transcriptional regulator, the only known substrate of the Pho80p/Pho85p Cdk. The second suppressor, SPL2, encodes a small (17-kD) protein that bears similarity to the ankyrin repeat regions present in Pho81p and in other known Cdk inhibitors. Both pho81Δ and spl2Δ show a synthetic phenotype in combination with plc1Δ. Unlike single mutants, plc1Δ pho81Δ and plc1Δ spl2Δ double mutants were unable to grow on synthetic complete medium, but were able to grow on rich medium.
The Fate of Paternal Mitochondrial DNA in Developing Female Mussels, Mytilus edulis: Implications for the Mechanism of Doubly Uniparental Inheritance of Mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Sutherland Brent , Stewart Donald , Kenchington Ellen R , Zouros Eleftherios 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Species of the marine mussel family Mytilidae have two types of mitochondrial DNA: one that is transmitted from the mother to both female and male offspring (the F type) and one that is transmitted from the father to sons only (the M type). By using pair matings that produce only female offspring or a mixture of female and male offspring and a pair of oligonucleotide primers that amplify part of the COIII gene of the M but not the F mitochondrial genome, we demonstrate that both male and female embryos receive M mtDNA through the sperm and that within 24 hr after fertilization the M mtDNA is eliminated or is drastically reduced in female embryos but maintained in male embryos. These observations are important for understanding the relationship between mtDNA transmission and sex determination in species with doubly uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial DNA.
An Altered Intron Inhibits Synthesis of the Acetylcholine Receptor α-Subunit in the Paralyzed Zebrafish Mutant nic1
Authors: Sepich Diane S , Wegner Jeremy , O'Shea Sherry , Westerfield Monte 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The acetylcholine receptor (AChR), an oligomeric protein composed of five subunits, is a component of the postsynaptic membrane at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction that plays a central role in synaptic transmission. The zebrafish mutation nic1 blocks the expression of functional and clustered nicotinic muscle AChRs. To understand the mechanisms underlying this lack of AChRs, we characterized the molecular defect in nic1 mutants. Our results suggest that the mutation affects the gene coding for the α-subunit of the AChR. Southern blot hybridization and DNA sequence analyses showed that the nic1 AChR α-subunit gene lacks part of intron 6 where the splicing branchpoint normally forms. Several lines of evidence suggest that this deletion blocks normal splicing; most nic1 α-subunit mRNAs retain intron 6 and are larger and less abundant than wild-type, some nic1 α-subunit mRNAs are internally deleted, and wild-type α-subunit mRNA rescues nic1 mutant cells. The nic1 mutation reduces the size of an intron, which prevents efficient splicing of the pre-mRNA, thus blocking synthesis of the α-subunit and assembly of AChRs. By this route, the nic1 mutation leads to paralysis.