bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combining UAV‐RGB high‐throughput field phenotyping and genome‐wide association study to reveal genetic variation of rice germplasms in dynamic response to drought stress
Authors: Jiang Zhao , Tu Haifu , Bai Baowei , Yang Chenghai , Zhao Biquan , Guo Ziyue , Liu Qian , Zhao Hu , Yang Wanneng , Xiong Lizhong , Zhang Jian 
Published: June 2021

Summary

Accurate and high‐throughput phenotyping of the dynamic response of a large rice population to drought stress in the field is a bottleneck for genetic dissection and breeding of drought resistance.

Here, high‐efficiency and high‐frequent image acquisition by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was utilized to quantify the dynamic drought response of a rice population under field conditions. Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) and canopy height models were applied to extract highly correlated phenotypic traits including UAV‐based leaf‐rolling score (LRS_uav), plant water content (PWC_uav) and a new composite trait, drought resistance index by UAV (DRI_uav).

The DCNNs achieved high accuracy (correlation coefficient R = 0.84 for modeling set and R = 0.86 for test set) to replace manual leaf‐rolling rating. PWC_uav values were precisely estimated (correlation coefficient R = 0.88) and DRI_uav was modeled to monitor the drought resistance of rice accessions dynamically and comprehensively. A total of 111 significantly associated loci were detected by genome‐wide association study for the three dynamic traits, and 30.6% of them were not detected in previous mapping studies using nondynamic drought response traits.

Unmanned aerial vehicle and deep learning are confirmed effective phenotyping techniques for more complete genetic dissection of rice dynamic responses to drought and exploration of valuable alleles for drought resistance improvement.
NEOLITHIC ART AT EUROPEAN FLINT EXTRACTION SITES
Authors: Teather Anne , Sørensen Lasse 
Published: June 2021

SummaryNeolithic flint mines across northern Europe during the transition between the fifth and fourth millennia BC show similarities in their dating, extraction methods and morphology, as do contemporary forms of monumentality such as causewayed enclosures, earthen long barrows and megalithic tombs during this period. Recent research has identified further similarities in the expressions of art motifs within the mines. While certainly found during different excavations, most of these motifs incised in chalk have not been reported on. Following archival analysis, this paper details these similarities in motifs that extend between sites in the UK, Denmark, Belgium and potentially Poland, and perhaps increasingly over time to other, non‐mining, sites. We argue that the practice of flint mining and incising of art motifs may indicate shared specific cultural beliefs at the beginning of the Neolithic in northern Europe that have not been previously recognized.
Maintaining and improving mouth care for care home residents: A participatory research project
Authors: Griffiths Alys Wyn , Devi Reena , Cheetham Biddy , Heaton Lisa , Randle Angela , Ellwood Alison , Douglas Gail V. A. , Csikar Julia , Vinall‐Collier Karen , Wright Judy , Spilsbury Karen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundMany people residing in nursing or residential care homes (also called long‐term care facilities) live with physical or cognitive difficulties. Staff working in these environments often help residents (particularly those with more advanced dementia) with their personal care needs, including maintaining mouth care and health. Poor oral health is associated with many difficulties, including increased risk of respiratory problems, pain and discomfort. Yet, concerns have been raised that staff may not have the knowledge and skills to effectively support residents with oral care and health. There is therefore an important gap between what is known about the importance of maintaining oral health (scientific evidence) and daily practice in long‐term care environments.ObjectivesTo work with care home staff: (1) to create a learning culture to address how to promote mouth care for residents, particularly when a resident resists support with this aspect of care; and (2) to effect mouth care practice changes (if required) using participatory and inclusive research cycles.Methods and resultsWe conducted a participatory research project to address this important area of care. Four participatory research ‘cycles’ were conducted. Cycle one explored existing literature to develop accessible guidance on strategies that staff could use to support residents to maintain and improve oral care, particularly when a resident may resist such care. Cycle two built on this review to determine knowledge levels within the care team. This highlighted deficiencies in staff knowledge, skills and competence for providing mouth care and their need for training to address this. Cycle three identified evidence‐based strategies to develop staff understanding and knowledge. Cycle four brought together experts from nursing, dentistry, behaviour change, systematic reviews and care homes research to develop a grant application to progress this work further.ConclusionThis paper provides an example of the processes undertaken in a participatory research project, bringing together science and practice to improve an essential area of care.Implications for practiceUsing participatory research approaches in this setting can allow the effective translation of uncertainties in care and practice into questions that can be addressed by research, leading to meaningful outcomes for those living and working in care homes.
An experimental investigation of sediment kinematics and multi‐scale propagation for laboratory bed‐load dunes
Authors: Radice Alessio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe dynamics of river bedforms is still not well understood and detailed experimental investigation may provide significant insight into the process mechanisms. In this study, results are presented for a laboratory experiment that returned long time series of sediment kinematics for bed‐load dunes. The run was performed in a closed conduit but, in the light of prior literature, the results are also representative of dunes under open‐channel flows. A flow rate of 1.4 times the threshold for sediment transport was used, and the experiment lasted long enough to measure the sediment kinematics for four full dunes. This enabled a stability of mean values to be obtained for the key properties; concentration of moving sediment, sediment velocity and sediment transport rate, that were measured over a Eulerian grid. At a measuring location, all the properties present an oscillation pattern that resembles the passage of the dunes, also including higher‐frequency oscillations (due to the flow turbulence) superimposed onto the low‐frequency ones related to the dunes. The time evolution of the sediment transport rate is more similar to that of the sediment concentration than to that of the sediment velocity, which varies comparatively less. A multi‐scale propagation is demonstrated considering the propagation of the dunes, of the sediment grains, and of quick ‘sediment gusts’ triggered by the flow field. Taking advantage of a Taylor‐like hypothesis, that is assumed to be valid as a first‐order approximation, a mean temporal evolution of the sediment–kinematics properties is determined. Although limited to a single hydro‐dynamic condition, and thus in need of further testing, the present results are of interest for a number of applications, including bedform analysis, live‐bed scour processes, and quantification of sediment transport rates by measuring surrogate quantities.
Impact of anti‐anaerobic antibiotic activity on graft‐versus‐host disease in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients at an institution that utilizes antibiotic cycling
Authors: Hanks Christine R. , Slain Douglas , Kanate Abraham S. , Wen Sijin , Cumpston Aaron 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundAt our institution, antibiotic cycling for febrile neutropenia is utilized to increase heterogeneity of antibiotic exposure in patients who have undergone an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT). Development of acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGVHD) has been associated with low diversity within stool microbiota. To date, discordant outcomes have been reported implicating anti‐anaerobic antibiotic use with the development of aGVHD, and there is currently a lack of published data available in an antibiotic cycled environment. The objective of this study was to determine if there is a difference in the rate of aGVHD in patients who receive anti‐anaerobic cycled antibiotics compared with other cycled antibiotics.MethodsThis was a retrospective, observational study evaluating rates of aGVHD in patients who received antibiotics with anaerobic vs non‐anaerobic coverage post‐allo‐HSCT from January 2008 to January 2018. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to assess associations with aGVHD. Secondary outcomes include rate of all stages of aGVHD, progression‐free survival, overall survival, 100‐day treatment‐related mortality (TRM), and 1‐year TRM.ResultsA total of 273 patients were included in the study. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups, except patients who received anti‐anaerobic antibiotics had more unrelated donors (P = .002), were more likely to get myeloablative preparatory regimens (P = .009), had less subtherapeutic calcineurin inhibitor serum concentrations (P = .001), and more often received T‐cell depletion (P = .004). The incidence of grades II–IV aGVHD post‐HSCT in patients who received anti‐anaerobic antibiotics was 32.6% compared with 18.8% in patients who received other antibiotics (P = .015). Multivariable analysis showed that the occurrence of grades II–IV aGVHD was associated with cytomegalovirus reactivation (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.0–4.5, P = .047), unrelated donors (OR = 6.1, 95% CI = 2.3–16.6, P < .001), and use of anti‐anaerobic antibiotics (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.1–4.8, P = .021). A 100‐day TRM in patients who received anti‐anaerobic antibiotics was 9.6% compared with 3.6% in patients who received other antibiotics (P = .046). One‐year TRM in patients who received anti‐anaerobic antibiotics was 25.2% compared with 13.8% in patients who received other antibiotics (P = .017). There was no statistically significant difference seen between groups in progression free survival or overall survival.ConclusionVariability in baseline characteristics limits ability to make strong conclusions, but patients who received antibiotics with anaerobic coverage during the first 30 days after an allogeneic HSCT appeared to be at an increased risk of developing aGVHD and TRM. Larger well‐controlled trials are warranted to further clarify these relationships.
The Value of Statistical Learning to Cognitive Network Science
Authors: Karuza Elisabeth A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTo study the human mind is to consider the nature of associations—how are they learned, what are their constituent parts, and how can they be severed or adjusted? The manipulation of associations stands as a pillar of statistical learning (SL) research, which strongly suggests that processes as diverse as word segmentation, learning of grammatical patterns, and event perception can be explained by the learner's sensitivity to simple temporal dependencies (among other regularities). Used to determine the edges of a network, associations are similarly crucial to consider when quantifying the graph‐theoretical properties of various cognitive systems. With this point of convergence in mind, the present work reaffirms the unique value of network science in illuminating the broad‐level architectures of complex cognitive systems. However, I also describe how insights from the SL literature, coupled with insights from psycholinguistics more broadly, offer a strong theoretical backbone upon which we can develop and study networks that reflect, as closely as possible, the psychological realities of learning.
BAHD acetyltransferase contributes to wound‐induced biosynthesis of oleo‐gum resin triterpenes in Boswellia
Authors: Kumar Aashish , Srivastava Payal , Srivastava Gaurav , Sandeep  , Kumar Narendra , Chanotiya Chandan S. , Ghosh Sumit 
Published: June 2021

SUMMARYTriterpenes (30‐carbon isoprene compounds) represent a large and highly diverse class of natural products that play various physiological functions in plants. The triterpene biosynthetic enzymes, particularly those catalyzing the late‐stage regio‐selective modifications are not well characterized. The bark of select Boswellia trees, e.g., B. serrata exudes specialized oleo‐gum resin in response to wounding, which is enriched with boswellic acids (BAs), a unique class of C3α‐epimeric pentacyclic triterpenes with medicinal properties. The bark possesses a network of resin secretory structures comprised of vertical and horizontal resin canals, and amount of BAs in bark increases considerably in response to wounding. To investigate BA biosynthetic enzymes, we conducted tissue‐specific transcriptome profiling and identified a wound‐responsive BAHD acetyltransferase (BsAT1) of B. serrata catalyzing the late‐stage C3α‐O‐acetylation reactions in the BA biosynthetic pathway. BsAT1 catalyzed C3α‐O‐acetylation of αBA, βBA, and 11‐keto‐βBA in vitro and in planta assays to produce all the major C3α‐O‐acetyl‐BAs (3‐acetyl‐αBA, 3‐acetyl‐βBA, and 3‐acetyl‐11‐keto‐βBA) found in B. serrata bark and oleo‐gum resin. BsAT1 showed strict specificity for BA scaffold, whereas it did not acetylate the more common C3β‐epimeric pentacyclic triterpenes. The analysis of steady‐state kinetics using various BAs revealed distinct substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency. BsAT1 transcript expression coincides with increased levels of C3α‐O‐acetyl‐BAs in bark in response to wounding, suggesting a role of BsAT1 in wound‐induced biosynthesis of C3α‐O‐acetyl‐BAs. Overall, the results provide new insights into the biosynthesis of principal chemical constituents of Boswellia oleo‐gum resin.
A quantification of the effect of diagenesis on the paleoredox record in mid-Proterozoic sedimentary rocks
Authors: Hutchings Alec M. , Turchyn Alexandra V. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Iron speciation in ancient sedimentary rocks is widely used to reconstruct oceanic redox conditions over geological time, specifically to assess the extent of oxic, euxinic (anoxic containing sulfide), and ferruginous (anoxic containing iron) conditions. We explore how post-depositional sedimentary processes can skew particular geochemical signals in the rock record. One such process is when aqueous sulfide—including that produced in the sediment column—reacts with sedimentary iron, converting non-sulfide, highly reactive iron minerals to iron-sulfide minerals; this can lead to increased preservation of iron as pyrite and an overestimation of seafloor euxinia. We show that sedimentary rocks with higher (&gt;5 wt%) total iron content are more buffered to this effect and thus are a more reliable indicator of true water-column euxinia. When considering this effect in the geological past, we estimate that true euxinia in the mid-Proterozoic may have been as much as fourfold less than previously thought—more in line with other recent paleoredox proxies not based on iron minerals. Marine iron and sulfate concentrations were more equivalent in Proterozoic–Neoproterozoic oceans, suggesting this time period was particularly susceptible to this post-depositional alteration, explaining the extent of euxinia suggested for this geological interval.
Spatially variable provenance of the Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Zhang Haobo , Nie Junsheng , Liu Xiangjun , Pullen Alex , Li Guoqiang , Peng Wenbin , Zhang Hanzhi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLoess sequences of the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) compose one of the most complete Neogene–Quaternary terrestrial paleoclimatic archives. Understanding the CLP's sediment sources is critical to tracing Asian aridification, atmospheric circulation patterns, and Asian monsoon evolution. Commonly, the sediments that compose the Quaternary strata of the CLP are considered largely homogeneous, and thus numerous studies have applied a uniform source model when attempting to use CLP-derived proxies as paleoclimate indicators. Here we present large-n detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology data from the Quaternary CLP. These data support spatial variability in sediment provenance across the CLP. At least three distinct provenance zones are recognized for Quaternary loess strata: central western, eastern, and northeastern. These zones received sediment primarily from their neighboring river systems. This finding conflicts with the classic views that attribute the Quaternary loess principally to the deserts north and west of the CLP. We conclude that fluvial processes, and thus precipitation, played an important and previously underemphasized role in Quaternary dust production in northern China. Furthermore, nonuniformity in CLP Quaternary sediment provenance raises questions about the validity of using paleoclimate information archived in the CLP to make sweeping regional interpretations.
Electrical and Optical Properties of Nanocomposites Fabricated by the Introduction of Iodine in Porous Dielectric Matrices
Authors: Vanin A. I. , Kumzerov Yu. A. , Solov’ev V. G. , Khanin S. D. , Gango S. E. , Ivanova M. S. , Prokhorenko M. M. , Trifonov S. V. , Cvetkov A. V. , Yanikov M. V. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The electrical and optical properties of nanocomposite materials fabricated by the dispersion of iodine in porous dielectric matrices of zeolites, zeolite-like aluminum phosphates, opals, asbestos, and porous aluminum oxide are studied. It is demonstrated that the physical properties of the produced nanocomposites depend significantly on the structure of a matrix.
Catastrophic bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss following COVID-19
Authors: Edwards Michael , Muzaffar Jameel , Naik Paresh , Coulson Christopher 
Published: June 2021

Since December 2019, when it was first detected in Wuhan, the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has spread across the globe. The pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on the global population with >110 million confirmed cases and 2.5 million deaths. The most common initial symptoms of COVID-19 infection are cough, dyspnoea, fever, malaise and anosmia. Severe clinical manifestations include respiratory compromise, pneumonia, organ failure and death. There have been many other less common symptoms as a result of COVID-19 described in the literature, including significant rates of olfactory dysfunction. However, we believe there has been only one other previously documented cases of bilateral hearing loss.Sudden sensorineural hearing loss is a relatively common presentation seen by otolaryngologists. It is defined as rapid hearing loss, ≥30 dB occurring over 3 consecutive days in three contiguous sound frequencies. The exact pathological process is yet to be fully characterised, though it is most commonly unilateral and commonly develops shortly following viral infection. Treatment typically consists of glucocorticoid steroids administered orally, via intratympanic injection or a combination of both routes though there are currently no standardised management of these patients.Bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is rare, accounting for <2% of all cases. We describe a case of bilateral SSNHL in a 68-year-old patient who presented with profound hearing loss shortly after symptomatic infection with COVID-19, which at the time of publication is the first such case reported in the literature.
Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on children with asthma in Jordan: a parental questionnaire
Authors: Al-Iede Montaha , Waters Karen , Aleidi Shereen M , Alqutawneh Basim , Alnawaiseh Hala , Alshraideh Araek , Almaaitah Sara , Mahmoud Raghad , Abualsoud Raya , Kiswani Arwa , Al-Zayadneh Enas , Yousef Al-Motassem 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of a 10-week lockdown on children with asthma aged 4–17 years in terms of presentations to the emergency department (ED), frequency of admissions, compliance with medications and changes in pulmonary function testing results.Design and settingA questionnaire-based cross-sectional study using Google Forms to collect parents’ and caregivers’ responses after they consented to participation.ResultsA total of 374 parents/caregivers were contacted and 297 (79%) responded. The majority of the children were male (188 or 63%) and 49.8% were aged 7–12 years. More than half of the participants (194 or 65%) reported improved compliance with medications and spacer use. There was a significant reduction in the number of presentations to the ED from 137 to 80 and admissions to hospital from 56 to 24 during the 10-week lockdown period compared with the same time period in the previous year (p≤0.0001). Around 25% of the participants used telemedicine by phone and social media applications for communication with their treating physician and 59 (80%) described it as easy and smooth.ConclusionThe national lockdown in Jordan due to the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a fall in emergency presentations and hospital admissions for acute asthma exacerbations. Parental responses indicate that fears focused around COVID-19 were associated with enhanced compliance with use preventer medications during the lockdown.