bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermoeconomic Analysis of a Combined Cycle and an IRSOFC Plant and Carbon Exergy Tax Influence on Advanced Systems Economic Competitiveness
Authors: Santarelli M. , Calì M. , Borchiellini R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the paper, a Thermoeconomic Analysis of two advanced energy systems, using different procedures for the electric power generation, has been performed. The first system is a three pressure level combined cycle of 335 MW, with an electricity production efficiency in the order of 54%. The second system is a model of advanced plant of 142 MW proposed by Massardo, composed by a pressurised Internal Reforming Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IRSOFC) combined with a Gas Turbine; the plant can reach efficiencies at the order of 70%. A preliminary exergy analysis has been performed, which has outlined the irreversibilities generation. Then, a Thermoeconomic Analysis, evaluating the unit exergetic cost and unit thermoeconomic costs of all the energy flows of the two plants has been done. The results in terms of unit thermoeconomic costs obtained have outlined that a typology of plant like the FCGT4 is not yet competitive in economic terms with the advanced combined cycle plants, even if it represents a new high-efficiency technology, and especially An effective method for the reduction of CO2 emissions. Therefore, the second aim of the paper is to utilise a procedure of evaluation of an economic penalty applied to the CO2 emissions: the Carbon Exergy Tax (CET), based on the Second Law efficiency of the plant. It is discussed how the use of CET can contribute to the promotion and adoption of an advanced energy system such as the FCGT4 plant, reducing its economic gap with a standard technology represented by the combined cycle plant.
Relationship Between Stress, Height, and Methods of Reproduction for Opuntia Covillea and Opuntia Parryi
Authors: Litkouhi Behrang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this research project, two species of cacti are investigated for relationships between stress, height, and methods of reproduction. These two species are Opuntia covillea, which has flat cladodes, and Opuntia parryi, which has pencil type cladodes. In a previous study, certain relationships were found at the stem segment. The purpose of this study is to confirm those findings, in addition to presenting any new relationships between the factors listed above. Also, a detailed geometric analysis and modeling methodology will be presented. One important point from the last study is that cladodes under the influence of a normal stress (from their own weight) developed approximately two times as many lignified xylem cells on the tensile side than on the compressive side. This would perhaps suggest that these lignified xylem cells prevent failure when they experience tension. This finding, along with other information, allowed an analogy to be drawn up comparing stem segments of cacti to concrete beams, since it is also a property of concrete that it cannot withstand tensile forces if it is not reinforced. Another trend noticed in the last project is that taller cacti plants experience less stress per unit area than shorter plants. Therefore, taller plants have a better ability to hold on to terminal stem segments, and thus have a higher tendency of reproducing sexually. Short plants tend to lose their terminal stem segments into the ground and reproduce asexually through the growth of a new plant from the terminal stem segments.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Model Analysis of the Blood Flow in the Right Coronary Artery on the Beating Heart
Authors: Hayashi H. , Ohashi T. , Mori D. , Yamaguchi T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
It is very important to elucidate the specific mechanism for the formation, growth, and breakdown of coronary plaque, in order to diagnose and prevent ischemic heart disease, such as myocardial infarction. Coronary atherosclerotic plaque has some characteristic background conditions from a mechanical viewpoint. Of these, the beating motion of the heart wall on which the major coronary arteries are fixed is very interesting, due to its possible mechanical influence on the flow inside the artery, and hence on atherogenesis. This study conducted a computational flow dynamics (CFD) simulation using a simplified model of the right coronary artery, which deforms with contraction of the heart. The right coronary artery was modeled using an ordinary helix, whose torsion and curvature changed in time with the contraction and dilatation of the heart. The results are discussed with respect to local hemodynamics’ characteristics, particularly the wall shear stress distribution.
Modeling the Visco-Elastic Response of Bovine Liver Tissue
Authors: Moskowitz Aaron J. , Richards Michael S. , Taylor Larry S. , Lerner Amy L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Liver tissue plays a role in many physiological systems and is characterized as a soft tissue. Changes in the perceived stiffness of the liver by palpation may indicate Cirrhosis or other liver ailments. New ultrasound techniques that use an applied force such as sonoelastography may aid physicians in diagnosis by providing a quantitative comparison of the mechanical properties for the tissue [1]. At this time, these mechanical characteristics remain to be fully defined. In this study, a four-parameter model composed of springs and dashpots has been used to describe the response of liver under unconfined creep compression tests.
Modeling the Dynamic Composition of Engineered Cartilage
Authors: Wilson Christopher G. , Kohles Sean S. , Bonassar Lawrence J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Investigation of the mechanisms underlying scaffold degradation and neotissue synthesis is essential to understanding the mechanical and biological performance of engineered tissues. Modeling the dynamic composition of cell-polymer constructs may be useful in estimating the constructs’ long-term function. In this preliminary study, we identified potential mechanisms and developed mathematical models to describe scaffold mass loss and extracellular matrix synthesis for engineered cartilage.
Effects of Wall Shear Stress on the Expression of Occludin in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Authors: Brey Darren M. , Yang Xu , Keynton Robert S. , Rousse Thomas J. , Ehringer William D. , Alexander J. Steven 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The most common cause for chronic term (&gt; 30 days) failure of vascular bypass grafts is the rapid growth of underlying tissues within arteries called intimal hyperplasia (EH) [1]. IH has been found to primarily exist in low wall shear stress regions within distal anastomoses [2]; however, the exact mechanism by which shear stress induces IH has not been ascertained. We hypothesize that endothelial lining permeability is induced by wall shear stress during tissue reorganization such as occurs within vascular bypass constructs. Occludin is an adhesion protein that is actively involved in endothelial cell (EC) tight junctions, and thus, may effect EC layer permeability. To date, no studies have been conducted to determine the effect of wall shear stress on this adhesion protein. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of wall shear stress upon the expression of occludin within cultured endothelial cells.
Shape Opimization of Femoral Components of an Artificial Hip Prosthesis Using the Three-Dimensional P-Version Finite Element Method
Authors: Higa Masaru , Nishimura Ikuya , Tanino Hiromasa , Mitamura Yoshinori 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The three-dimensional shape optimization of cemented total hip arthroplasty (THA) was introduced in this paper. The P-version Finite Element Method (FEM) combined with an optimization procedure was used to minimize the peak stress in the bone cement near the tip of the implant. Six-design variables were used in this study. Each variable represents the dimension of the medial-lateral width and anterior-posterior width of the three levels (proximal, distal and middle) of cross sectional area of the prosthesis. The results of the design optimization showed considerable reduction in stress concentration compared to the initial design that is currently used clinically.
Mass Transport and Hydrodynamic Modelling for an Annular Flow Bioreactor
Authors: Curran Stephen J. , Black Richard A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Traditionally, cells and tissue samples have been cultured in the static environment of the petri-dish but with recent rapid advances in tissue engineering science there comes the need for dynamic bioreactor environments where cells and tissues can be produced more efficiently, more economically and in greater quantities. To meet these demands, it is necessary to tailor a bioreactor that optimizes both the hydrodynamic environment and the mass transport capabilities that the cells experience.
Hybrid Adaptive Kalman Filter: Calibrating a Hemodynamic Model for Continuous Arterial Pressure Monitoring
Authors: Zhang Yi , Asada H. Harry 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A Hybrid Adaptive Kalman Filter (HAKF), consisting of a continuous Standard Kalman Filter (SKF) and an intermittent Least Squares Parameter Estimator (LSPE), is proposed to calibrate the hemodynamic model for continuous arterial pressure monitoring. Simulations of the HAKF using a classic Windkessel model are carried out to prove the principle of the proposal.
Active Learning in Mechanics Courses in Biomedical Engineering
Authors: Livesay Glen A. , Dee Kay C. , Nauman Eric A. , Hart Richard T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the Fall of 1999, the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Tulane University significantly revised the undergraduate curriculum to both increase the biomedical engineering content and move this BMEN content earlier in the students’ BMEN career. A major component of this revision was the introduction of bridge courses designed to ‘bridge’ from traditional engineering topics to biomedical engineering topics in the major sub-disciplines within biomedical engineering -Bioelectronics, Bioelectricity, Cell & Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials, and Biomechanics.
Learning Modules for Biomechanics: Preliminary Experiences With the Vanth Engineering Research Center
Authors: Pandy M. G. , Petrosino A. J. , Chang C. C. , Karande T. , Barr R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The mission of the VaNTH (Vanderbilt-Northwestern-Texas-Harvard/MIT) Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Educational Technologies is to bring learning scientists, learning technology specialists, and bioengineering domain experts together to formulate and perform new research on how bioengineers learn, how knowledge in bioengineering is structured, and how to best integrate these findings for effective instruction. Our work has been greatly influenced by the incorporation of reports issued by the Committee on Developments in the Science of Learning along with the Committee on Learning Research and Educational Practice. The Committees were convened by the National Research Council, and the resulting publication by Bransford et al. [1] entitled How People Learn (HPL) has been the basis for the overarching framework to situate our research and instructional design activities.
Hands-on Approaches to Biomechanics Education in a Technologically Connected Classroom
Authors: Vashishth Deepak , George Winson , Smith Jennifer , Brunski John B. , Ostrander Lee 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In contrast to the traditional classroom environment that promotes passive learning, the multimedia-based studio approach is considered to be a more effective tool for delivering course content as it increases active in-class involvement, teamwork experience and cooperative learning (Wilson 1994). More significantly, the studio environment provides a plethora of opportunities to include case studies that promote hands-on experience and problem-solving, illustrate real-life problems and increase student interest in the course content (Starrett and Morcos 2001). In general, engineering courses benefit from the availability of simulation and analysis software in a multimedia studio environment. Biomedical engineering courses including biomechanics, however, are not always amenable to simulation and often require the setting of complicated and expensive tests involving human subjects and hazardous materials. Furthermore, unlike traditional medical courses, biomedical engineering departments do not have extensive teaching laboratories and students have little or no clinical exposure.
The Role of Biomechanics in the Modern Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Curriculum
Authors: Spilker Robert L. , Kamm Roger D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
During the Summer and Fall of 2000, the Whitaker Foundation engaged the biomedical engineering community in a curriculum assessment and vision exercise that included: collection and posting (www.Whitaker.org) of a curriculum database from departments and programs in bioengineering (note that within this document, bioengineering is understood to be synonymous with biomedical engineering); identification of key curricular topic areas and facilitators for each of these areas; posting of white papers by the facilitators; and a period of community comment. This activity culminated in the Whitaker Educational Summit, held in December 2000, at which representatives of virtually all US bioengineering departments and programs, numerous international participants, and those interested in establishing programs, gathered for a series of lectures and discussions on general topics in the undergraduate bioengineering curriculum, and for focused group discussions in each of the topic areas. Summary comments were prepared at that meeting by professional science writers and published at the Whitaker web site, and a period of comment followed. As facilitators for the area of biomechanics, and representatives of the US National Committee on Biomechanics, we offer a vision of biomechanics in the undergraduate bioengineering curriculum, and a set of recommendations that result from the. Whitaker process.
Oscillatory Bone Fluid Flow and its Role in Initiating Remodeling in the Absence of Matrix Strain
Authors: Qin Yixian , Saldanha Anita , Kaplan Tamara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Load-generated intracortical fluid flow is proposed to be an important mediator for regulating bone mass and morphology [1]. Although the mechanism of cellular response to induced flow parameters, i.e., fluid pressure, pressure gradient, velocity, and fluid shear stress, are not yet clear, interstitial fluid flow driven by loading may be necessary to explain the adaptive response of bone, which is either coupled with load-induced strain magnitude or independent with matrix strain per se [2]. It has been demonstrated that load-induced intracortical fluid flow is contributed by both bone matrix deformation and induced intramedullary (IM) pressure [3]. To examine the hypothesis of fluid flow generated adaptation, it is necessary to test the mechanism under the circumstances of solely fluid induced bone adaptation in the absence of matrix deformation. While our previous data has demonstrated that bone fluid flow and its associated streaming potential product can be influenced by the dynamic IM pressure quantitatively [4], the objective of this study was to evaluate fluid induced bone adaptation in an avian ulna model using oscillatory IM fluid pressure loading in the absence of bone matrix strain. The potential fluid pathway was measured in the model.
Non-Invasive NMR Characterization of Cortical Bone Microdamage
Authors: Ni Qingwen , Nicolella Daniel P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Bone damage occurs as a result of repetitive loading in-vivo [1] and has been implicated as a contributing factor governing bone fragility in diseases such as osteoporosis and in repetitive loading injuries such as stress fractures. In response to damage or microcracks in-vivo, healthy bone will self-repair by removing the damaged bone and replacing it with newly formed bone [2]. However, when the rate of damage accumulation is greater than the rate of repair in healthy bone, a fracture may result.
Measurment of Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation Using Tone Burst Frequency Scanning in Trabecular Bone Property Assessment
Authors: Lin Wei , Rubin Clinton , Qin Yixian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by the non-traumatic fracture due to the deterioration of bone properties. Although there is a consensus that the loss of bone mass is the key factor to osteoporosis, the bone material strength and trabecular architecture are also important in the contribution to the whole bone strength. Ultrasound is mechanical in nature and it has the potential to assess the bone density as well as its mechanical stiffness. Ultrasound attenuation is one of the ultrasound parameters used to assess bone properties. Studies have shown that ultrasound attenuation is dependent on bone density [1,2] and is also indicative to the strength of trabecular bone [3,4]. Therefore, ultrasound attenuation has the potential to reveal bone properties. The objective of this study is to develop a frequency scanning method that can better extract the information of not only the bone quantity but also the bone quality.
Biomechanichal Comparison of Multilevel Cervical Laminectomy and Spinous Process Splitting Laminoplasty With or Without Hydroxyapatite Spinous Process Spacers
Authors: Kubo Shinichiro , Goel Vijay K. , Jo Yang S. , Hyun Kim J. , Tajima Naoya 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Laminoplasty or laminectomy may is used for the treatment of multilevel cervical myelopathy. However, it has been shown that multilevel laminectomies can lead to segmental instability, kyphosis, perrineural adhesions and late neurological deterioration. [1–4] On the other hand, laminoplasty, seems to preserve motion, and reduces adjacent segment degeneration in a patient. [5–7] The role of biomechanical factors in the differences in outcome for the two procedures is not fully delineated. Our hypothesis is that laminoplasty procedure does not lead to an increase in motion while laminectomy does. An in vitro investigation was undertaken to test this hypothesis.
Relationships Between Transfemoral Socket Interface Pressure and Hip Moment of Residual Limb With a 4-Bar Pneumatic Knee During Stance Phase of Gait
Authors: Hong Jung Hwa , Ryu Jei Cheong , Kim Shin Ki , Mun Mu Seong 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
For transfemoral amputees, the biomechanical interaction between the stump and the prosthetic socket during stance phase of gait is critically important to achieve normal-like ambulation. It is widely accepted that abnormal socket interface pressure distribution and temporal behavior cause pathology in the stump directly affecting gait of amputees. Therefore, many investigators have studied static and dynamic socket pressure behaviors. The results of the investigations suggested that the pressure changes during gait of transfemoral amputees are closely related to the prosthetic alignment, the socket shape, the stump size, and the residual muscle activity [1,2]. In addition, the temporal changes of hip moment during ambulation may affect the socket pressure distributions of transfemoral amputees [3,4]. However, relationships between the hip moment and the socket pressure have not been well understood. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between the hip moment and the socket pressure during amputee gait with transfemoral prostheses.
Femorotibial Articulation: 3-D Morphometry and Contact Analysis
Authors: Nuño N. , Ahmed A. M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Numerical models of the knee joint are being increasingly used to study the internal mechanics of the joint, both in its intact condition and prosthetically resurfaced state. However, formulation of such models demands a precise knowledge of the complex three-dimensional shape of the articulating surfaces of the joint.
Precise Quantitative Models of the Equine Articular Carpus Anatomy and Contact Areas
Authors: Koff Matthew F. , Gardner Thomas R. , Balaguer Eric , Kawcak Chris , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Mow Van C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Osteochondral diseases occur within ail bones and cartilages of the equine carpus and can lead to loss of athletic use and occasionally catastrophic injury that necessitate euthanasia. The intensity and direction of stresses that lead to such injuries are unknown. Joint modeling is a commonly used technique in human orthopaedic research that allows investigators to determine the internal stresses of joints. Through the use of computer models, various scenarios, such as ligament damage, can be simulated and changes in the resulting joint surface stresses determined [1]. The purpose of this study was to experimentally obtain precise quantitative contact area data of the articular surfaces of the distal radius, the proximal and distal aspects of the radial carpal bone and the proximal aspect of the 3rd carpal bone of the equine carpus. These data provide normative contact and cartilage thickness values for the equine carpus that will facilitate the use of this joint as a large animal model for osteoarthritis studies. Furthermore, these experimental data will serve as the basis for the development and calibration of an equine carpus whole joint computer model.
Comparison of Ground Reaction Force and Leg Muscle Activities During Tai Chi Movement and Normal Walking
Authors: Wu Ge , Liu Wei , Lansky Becky , Hitt Juvena 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Osteoporosis increases with age. It is a major cause of mortality, morbidity, and medical expense worldwide [1]. It has been shown that increased activity level is associated with decreased osteoporosis [1–4]. These activities include walking, running, weight lifting, or Tai Chi [2–5]. However, it is not clearly known yet what characteristics of these exercises would best stimulate the growth of bone mineral density (BMD). Some believe that it is the fast rate of loading to the lower extremity during heel strike that best stimulates growth of BMD [4], some believe it is the peak loading to the lower extremity during stance [6], and some believe it is the level of muscle activation during weight bearing [7].
Development of an In Vivo Rabbit Model for Cartilage Trauma: Influence of Impact Stress Magnitude on Chondrocyte Death
Authors: Milentijevic Dejan , Liew Allan , Torzilli Peter A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Joint injuries in humans are frequent and similar to those seen in all mammalian species. The most commonly used method to study the correlation between trauma and cartilage survival (post-traumatic arthritis) has been conducted using in-vivo animal models. In a majority of these animal models a single or multiple impact was delivered to the patello-femoral joint (PFJ) using a drop tower type apparatus [1–6]. A main limitation of these models is with the drop tower itself and the impaction of a “whole joint”. A free-falling mass impacting the specimen abruptly decelerates, generating a nonlinear inertial force upon the tissue due to cartilage’s structural non-homogeneity. Haut et al. [2] specifically commented that it was difficult to control the impact stress using a drop tower apparatus. In addition, the rate of loading is difficult to control because changes in potential energy will generate different stress magnitudes and rates of loading. Thus, it is hard to correlate these high-loading rate experiments to slow loading rate experiments [6,7]. Only one study reported exposing and directly traumatizing the articular surface of the joint, but again utilized a drop tower device [4,5]. All these studies correlated “impact energy” or “impact force” to the amount of cartilage damage but did not evaluate the influence of stress magnitude or the rate of loading.