bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of Sandwich Reinforced Concrete – Foamed Concrete Floor Slabs
Authors: Sobczak-Piąstka Justyna , Lytvyniak Oksana , Kramarchuk Andrii , Ilnytskyy Borys , Famulyak Yuriy 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The development of housing construction demands an application of building materials which ensure necessary functional performance of structures, have high heat-insulating properties, are environmentally friendly and their use is economically appropriate. Simultaneous ensuring of mentioned indices is possible because of complex combined joining of building materials with different physical-mechanical properties. This article presents experimental determination of useful load for sandwich reinforced concrete – foamed concrete floor slabs. Sandwich reinforced concrete – foamed concrete floor slabs are the floor slabs which are composed of normal concrete, non-autoclaved foamed concrete and spatial reinforcement frame. Experimental determination of useful load was carried out on series that compose of four sandwich reinforced concrete – foamed concrete floor slabs. Experimental test of sandwich reinforced concrete – foamed concrete floor slabs was carried out under condition of pure bending that was achieved by applying to floor slab in one third of its span two concentrated forces equal in magnitude. Useful load for sandwich reinforced concrete – foamed concrete floor slabs was 33.23÷77.87 kN/m2. Sandwich reinforced concrete – foamed concrete floor slabs are proposed to be used in construction of housing and social structures.
Fragility Analysis and Risk Assessment of Precast Concrete Frames with “Dry” Connections: A Comparative Study
Authors: Wu Chenhao 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Precast concrete frames (PCFs) with "dry" connections and self-centering capacity have been proposed as a new kind of seismic protective structural system with characteristics of damage controllable mechanism, easy-assemblage and rapid repair speed. The damage mechanism of PCFs are concentrated at the panel zones under earthquake excitations, so as to avoid damage to beam and column components. Through reasonable design for the PCFs, not only the structural and life safeties can be guaranteed, but also the seismic loss and social impact can be minimized. This paper conducts a comparative study between PCFs with "dry" connections and conventional cast-in-situ concrete frame. A generalized beam-column connection analytical model is utilized to predict the seismic behaviour of PCFs with energy dissipation devices, with an emphasis on the opening behaviour at beam-column interfaces, the self-centering capacity provided by prestressed tendons and the hysteresis behaviour provided by energy dissipation devices. Prototype PCFs or cast in situ frame structures are designed to achieve similar deformation capacities in Chinese highly seismic fortification zone. Probabilistic seismic capacity analyses (PSCA) are conducted based on the results of probabilistic pushover analyses and Latin Hypercube Sampling. Incremental dynamic analysis method combined with nonlinear time history analyses are utilized to conduct probabilistic seismic demand analyses (PSDA). Fragility functions of different structural systems are derived based on the convolution of PSCA and PSDA. Finally, the seismic risk is evaluated based on the fragility functions and the developed Chinese seismic code compliant hazard functions. The results indicate that PCFs with energy dissipation devices can have lower seismic risk than conventional cast-in-site frames.
Search for requirements for the width of pedestrian roads in the context of the classification of public space
Authors: Kramarova Zuzana 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Walking has long been the primary means of human transport. Nevertheless, in recent decades, the insufficient emphasis has been placed on it in the creation and renewal of public space. It focuses mainly on the needs of road transport, the volume of which is constantly growing enormously. It is only in recent years that the view begins to be re-evaluated and trends in the organization of public space gradually changed, as it is true that a larger supply generates a greater demand. Therefore, leading architects are gradually changing their approaches to the organization of public space and put humans, pedestrian transport, and its requirements first. In the Czech Republic, the trend is gradually changing, as it is worldwide. Walking again plays an important role in the creation of sustainable mobility plans for the cities of the Czech Republic. The main problems arise in the actual implementation of these ideas, as the legislative requirements are formulated only in general, unlike the requirements for road transport, which sets out the requirements for minimum road profiles in the context of design speed and traffic intensity in a given cross-section. These requirements are set out in Decree No. 501/2006 Coll. on general requirements for land use and also in CSN 73 6110 Design of local roads (CSN is Czech technical norm). However, such a categorization of requirements for pedestrian roads is not yet solved uniformly for the entire territory of the Czech Republic, even though CSN 73 6110 deals with sidewalks (functional group D roads). ). So far, this categorization is replaced only by seldom locally valid methodologies, manuals, or requirements and regulations in the town plans of individual cities. This paper aims to search for current approaches, legislative requirements, and approaches to addressing the width requirements for pedestrian roads in public space in the context of the classification of this area.
Analysing the Performance of Hollow Core Slabs Strengthened with CFRP
Authors: Moldovan Ilinca-Florina , Nedelcu Mihai , Buru Stefan-Marius 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
External bonding with CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers) has been investigated over the last decade, as it represents a viable technique of strengthening existing prestressed concrete structures, including hollow-core slabs (HCS) with non-circular voids. The high performance of these carbon fibers has been validated through a large volume of experimental and numerical research and yet there are a few issues which remain controversial in simulating their behaviour with the finite element modelling. Although the CFRP mechanical properties are provided by the manufacturers, they are not satisfactory for a complete understanding of the analysis and design approach of HCS strengthened with CFRP. The present research is conducted on prestressed HCS with non-circular voids. The strengthening method consisted in the application of the composite material on the slab’s end internal regions of the voids, on a 500mm length: 1 layer and 2 layers. The objective of this study is to emphasize the effect of damage in the CFRP strips and moreover the interface effectiveness on the CFRP strengthened HCS. Damage is predicted using Hashin’s initiation criteria and the cohesive behaviour in the interface is used to analyse the epoxy resin which bonds the CFRP sheets to the hollow-core units. A plastic damage model was used for modelling the concrete, after a parametric study regarding the dilatancy angle and viscosity parameter was conducted for the most appropriate choice of concrete damage plasticity parameters. The overall procedure consists of numerical FE modelling in Abaqus software. Two different modelling possibilities of CFRP-to-concrete interface were studied: a tie constraint connection was first used and secondly the contact bonding was defined with the cohesive behaviour option of the contact interaction property. The results are provided in terms of load-displacement response, equivalent plastic strain and distribution of Von Misses stresses in the CFRP strips.
Building Climate Resilient City through Multiple Scale Cooperative Planning: Experiences from Copenhagen
Authors: Xu Haiyun , Liu Li , Ding Peng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Copenhagen, as one of the well-known European green capitals, has dedicated efforts to implement a series of policies and take action on climate adaptation strategies from 2008 to 2020 to address the challenge brought by global warming. Climate adaptation in new urban planning for stormwater management opens up the dialogue in-between new possibilities for cooperation with multiple stakeholders and climate adaptation projects are developed in multilevel governance. However, in many cities, the organizational capacity of multiple stakeholders at the various level required to combine climate resilience with further sustainability targets may not be available. The paper focuses on the Copenhagen climate adaptation case, and further explores how the city strategically meta-govern the boundaries between the expert governed large-scale water management scheme against small-scale place-based bottom-up projects in collaboration with citizens and other placebased stakeholders. Furthermore, we summarize the experiences of building a climate adaptation city in Copenhagen, which refers to adequate data preparation in the early stage and rigorous planning, well- integration of stormwater management design & landscape design of urban space coordination of various stakeholder’s interests and public participation. Key words: Climate change adaptation; Urban stormwater management; Sustainable cities; Public participation; Green infrastructure
Hypotheses of urban regeneration. Small towns in the Veneto region, Italy
Authors: Pietrogrande Enrico , Caneva Alessandro Dalla 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This work considers the small towns of the Veneto region, Italy, as a case study, concentrating analysis and proposals for a new urban design on areas that has been affected by a rapid post 2nd world war reconstruction and by following building speculation, thus losing their organic unity with the surrounding parts. The violence that often characterizes the insertion in the twentieth century of disproportionate volumes into the urban fabric inherited from the medieval culture and enriched by Renaissance masterpieces is easily recognizable. This is the reason why a lower standard of living is now perceived, if we accept the idea that standard of living is proportionated to the level of culture expressed by the context. The methodology looks at the town as a result of its spatial structure. More than political, social, and economic systems, reasons for its special nature can be found because of its constancy. Planning new buildings starts from understanding the context, that is, its physical structure. The method adopted is based on studying the history of the place to understand the urban morphology of it. The physical specificity of the urban form is explored with the aim of elaborating a design process to reinforce the public space as a reference point for the community. The spatial aspects and formal image of the transformations have been studied as a premise for the design of the new architecture that has developed because of necessity and the events that have occurred in the territory. Intervening through a process of urban redevelopment inside the city involves measuring according to the values that have become rooted in the areas with the passage of time. Good regeneration practice must not leave recovering the old together with its values out of consideration. This point of view leads us to consider that urbanism as a group of skills and bureaucratic apparatuses must occupy itself with the city and above all with its formal structure rather than be occupied so much with the contents of the legal, financial-economic, and administrative order.
Review of Research Problems in Construction, as Analysed Using Survey Studies
Authors: Radziszewska – Zielina Elżbieta 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper is a review of the literature and focuses on recent studies in construction, specifically construction project engineering, in which surveys and/or interviews were used. This allowed an identification of current research trends in construction project engineering, essential and topical problems of contemporary construction, which were studied using surveys. Second, it was possible to demonstrate that surveys, despite often being used in the social sciences and finding rare use in the technical sciences, are nevertheless a highly effective tool that can be used to solve research problems in construction. They provide useful data that is then analysed, mostly using statistics, and the findings of such analyses and the conclusions that can be drawn from them support decision-makers in construction. The presented research problems that were solved using surveys are highly diverse and concern, among others: building information modelling (BIM), identifying adverse risk factors, design and execution errors, assessing a building’s technical condition, assessing comfort, satisfaction and the social aspect of construction, conflicts and disagreements, cooperation and trust, management, success factors, prefabrication, technologies, waste, green building, sustainable development, safety and cost. In summary, the review of research problems analysed using surveys, as presented, can act as proof that such methods are recognised by scholars all around the world and are used in practically all thematic fields that concern construction project engineering. Survey study methods are a source of valuable data, either independently or in combination with other methods, and supply precious information that can diagnose and aid forecasting phenomena and problems, controlling processes and supporting decision-makers in the difficult process of making decisions, and are often the basis for specific choices.
Effect of Heat Transfer between Potable Water Cold and the Environment Inside Building on Water Quality
Authors: Macková Dominika , Peráčková Jana 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the face of a coronavirus pandemic, many buildings or facilities are closed. The sudden closing of schools, factories or offices has caused a reduction in the water consumption inside buildings. The lack of chlorinated water flowing through the pipes, combined with temperature changes, poses a real risk to potable water from the bacteria multiplication point of view. The contribution focuses on the requirements for the temperature of potable water cold (PWC) in the water pipeline system inside buildings. The main goal of the research is to evaluate the effect of heat transfer between the PWC and the surrounding air during the water stagnation. Temperature differences between the PWC and the indoor air in building are leading to the heat transfer by convection. The result of the heat transfer is an undesired increase of the PWC temperature. The paper assesses the increase in PWC temperature over time using two methodologies - mathematical analysis and computer simulation. The results show that with an increasing pipe diameter and insulation thickness, the temperature of PWC during stagnation increases more slowly. The article points out the fact that the first 10 mm of insulation has the greatest impact on preventing the heating of PWC from the surrounding environment. Regarding the material design of the pipeline, only small deviations in the results were calculated between steel and plastic pipe. Mathematical analysis and computer simulation show that the issue of PWC stagnation in the pipeline has a significant effect on the temperature and thus the quality of water in buildings.
Structural Health Monitoring Issues Using Inclinometers on Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge Decks
Authors: Bertagnoli Gabriele , Anerdi Costanza , Ferrara Mario 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the last decades, assessment and rehabilitation of the existing built environment constitute one of the major challenges for engineers, practitioners and code-makers all over the world. Aging, deterioration processes, lack of or improper maintenance, and increasing occurrence of extreme events have led to the need of more efficient methods for the safety assessment and retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing concrete structures like bridges. New approaches deriving from research should be able to provide solutions devoted to reduce and/or avoid the necessity of interventions, verifying the safety conditions for human life and performances for serviceability on aged infrastructures. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of existing bridges has become a key issue in all western world as most of the infrastructures of each Country are reaching the end of their design life. SHM can be divided classically in two approaches: static and dynamic. Static SHM is based on the measure of displacements and their derivatives like rotations or strains regardless of the dynamic behaviour of the structure. Clinometers are among the most used devices to measure angles on structures; they can provide high accuracy when used in static mode as advanced techniques of signal processing can be used to reduce the noise of the signal working on acquisitions that can last several seconds to provide one single accurate measure of angle. Nevertheless, many issues one the affidability and the correct use of measures done with clinometers have to be addressed to achieve a trustworthy SHM using such devices. In this paper the most relevant issues related to the f.e.m. modelling of a bridge deck in view of the use of clinometers for SHM are presented providing explanation using a test case bridge that has been under continuous investigation for many months. A brief explanation of the process for data cleaning and interpretation is also given, stressing out the limits of the technology and the possible outcomes.
Impact of the Application of Grinding and Grooving of a Concrete Road Pavement on Noise Level in the Environment
Authors: Nowoświat Artur , Żuchowski Rafał , Bukała Michał 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A growing number of cars and trucks moving around on our roads contributes to the rise of noise level to which people in their immediate vicinity are exposed. The regulations in force impose on road managers the obligation to limit road noise to the permissible level in compliance with the applicable regulations. The obligation to ensure protection against traffic noise applies equally to newly designed roads and to the existing ones which are being extended or modernized. This type of noise is generated principally by the interaction between tires and road pavement. Therefore, the design and construction of quiet pavements plays a very important role in reducing environmental noise and may in some cases be an alternative to other noise reduction methods. The article undertakes the task of assessing the impact of grinding technology and grooving technology of the existing concrete pavement on the reduction of noise propagation in the environment. The article involves the tests of road pavement made of cement concrete. The tests were carried out on the road section before and after the above-mentioned works, using the method similar to Close Proximity Method (CPX) and the noise measurement method at road edge at a distance of 10.0 m and height of 4.0 m. The obtained results were illustrated with a noise range map for the modified and standard road pavements.
Elastic Analysis of Steel-Concrete Composite Beams with Partial Interaction
Authors: Buru Stefan M. , Chiorean Cosmin G. , Botez Mircea 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The paper presents an exact analytical method for the elastic analysis of steel-concrete composite beams with partial interaction. Accepting the basic assumptions of the Newmark analytical model and adopting the axial force in the concrete slab as the main unknown, the second order nonhomogeneous differential equation of the steel-concrete composite element with partial interaction is derived. Further, the complete solutions for simply supported and fixed-ended composite beams subjected to concentrated and uniform loads respectively, are developed. The solution of the homogeneous equation is determined by imposing proper Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions depending on the static scheme of the element. The particular solutions are then derived for the considered loading conditions. It is shown that the internal axial force in concrete slab associated to composite beams with partial interaction can be expressed as a fraction of the axial force in concrete slab under full interaction through a non-dimensional function f(aL) which takes into account the connection’s stiffness, the mechanical properties and also the length of the element. Moreover, the solutions are included in a flexibility-based approach to derive the force-displacement relations of the beam element with partial interaction. For the resulted 2-noded beam-column element with 6DOF, the stiffness matrix is derived, showing that the partial composite action may be included at the element level by means of a series of correction factors applied to the standard full-interaction stiffness matrix coefficients. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the accuracy and performance of the proposed method. Within the elastic range, the predicted load-midspan deflection curve is in very good agreement with both experimental and other numerical results retrieved from international literature. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of the shear connection degree on the beam’s midspan deflection and the results were compared with those computed by using code provisions.
From Traditional to Smart Building Materials in Architecture
Authors: Dobrescu Laura Andreea 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Building materials from traditional to contemporary and from traditional to high-performance materials in architecture and their implementation in energy-efficient constructions can be compared with smart ones? Can we bring these materials to superior performance? Building materials in general, either smart, energy efficient or with new performance, are based on the same traditional materials. A material is considered to have special properties only when it contributes to the improvement of construction criteria. With all these advances in construction techniques and architecture, along with end-user demand for 2021 buildings, as architects we will need to introduce something new and smart to meet their requirements and needs. We can build intelligently and at the same time use traditional materials or current construction, needs guide us to a new era of building materials, high-performance materials, smart, etc. This abstract is a comparison between the high performance direction that is foreseen in the future in building with intelligent materials and returning to nature by using traditional building materials to build just as efficiently. This transformation is possible and to what extent the new requirements can bring traditional materials to these standards. The paper is an overview of the types of materials that can be used in construction and architecture, thus offering a new perspective on innovative techniques that will be available or are already available that improve this field. The comparison between classical concrete and concrete that changes the image of architecture through the created image or between traditional and performance materials for building envelopes are only a small part of the options available for use in construction and architecture.