bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of correlation between surface runoff rate and stream water quality
Authors: Jang Sunsook , Ji Hyunseo , Choi Jiyong , Suh Kyo , Kim Hakkwan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between stream water quality and the surface runoff rate defined as the ratio of annual surface runoff to annual average precipitation. The surface runoff rate was first estimated in the Han River basin located in South Korea using the calibrated and validated HSPF model. Then a linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the correlation between the computed surface runoff rate and the observed water quality. It was found that there were statistically significant relationships between the surface runoff rate and concentrations of BOD, COD, and T-P and higher surface runoff rate led to the deterioration of water quality in streams. Finally, the applicability of the surface runoff rate as an indicator to measure the impact of land development on stream water quality was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The ROC curve analysis indicated that the surface runoff rate could be utilized as a useful indicator to illustrate the degradation of stream water quality at the watershed scale. The results from this study also suggest that the surface runoff rate needs to be managed and controlled within about 15% to prevent the degradation of stream water quality.
Analyzing barriers for stormwater management utilities
Authors: Veiga Marcelo Motta , Castiglia-Feitosa Renato , Marques Rui Cunha 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study analyzed barriers for implementing stormwater utilities. Public budget constraints imply a need for prioritizing scarce public funds for financing water-related investment. In this sense, municipalities have ranked stormwater management services as a low priority compared to other public needs, causing them to be underfunded. The creation of stormwater utilities for securing resources should be supported through economic, technical, and legal arguments. There is a global water and sanitation access gap. Municipalities should dedicate themselves more to investigate how these gaps can be reduced, which will bring a higher benefit–cost ratio. Overruling these local governments and financing low priority interventions seems immoral. Furthermore, compulsory charges on public services that supply universal benefits are illegal.
Immobilization of polyphenol oxidase on chitosan/organic rectorite composites for phenolic compounds removal
Authors: Zhong Lian , Li Jin , Tian Dawei , Cai Jun , Wang Han , Ma Qimin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chitosan/organic rectorite (CTS/OREC) composites were prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was immobilized on CTS/OREC by physical adsorption (APPO) and covalent binding (CPPO). Taguchi method was applied in the optimization of immobilization conditions resulting in the highest enzyme activity of 16.37 × 103 and 8.92 × 103U/g for APPO and CPPO, respectively. APPO enzyme activity was higher than that of CPPO, while CPPO showed the higher enzyme loading capacity than that of APPO. The removal percentage of phenolic compound, including phenol (PH), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), by immobilized PPO was also explored. The results indicated that APPO was more efficient in phenolic compounds removal than CPPO. APPO contributed to a quick removal in the first hour, and the removal percentage of PH, 4-CP and 2,4-DCP could reach 69.3 ± 4.2%, 89.8 ± 2.5% and 93.8 ± 1.7% within 2 h, respectively. The order of removal percentage of phenolic compounds for both immobilized PPO was 2,4-DCP &gt; 4-CP &gt; PH. After 10 consecutive operations, the removal percentage of 2,4-DCP reached 73.2 ± 2.6% and 60.3 ± 1.5% for APPO and CPPO, respectively. The results introduced a novel support for PPO immobilization, and the immobilized PPO had great potential in wastewater treatment.
Sorption of recalcitrant phosphonates in reverse osmosis concentrates and wastewater effluents – influence of metal ions
Authors: Drenkova-Tuhtan Asya , Sheeleigh Emily K. , Rott Eduard , Meyer Carsten , Sedlak David L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Magnetic microparticles functionalized with tailored ZnFeZr oxyhydroxide adsorbent were used for the reversible sorption of orthophosphate and recalcitrant organo-phosphonates from wastewater. The loaded particles were harvested magnetically from water, regenerated in an alkaline solution and reused numerous times. The applicability of the technology to treat brackish water reverse osmosis concentrates was tested under controlled synthetic conditions by investigating the influence of typical metals (Ca2+, Pb2+, Cu2+) on the removal of common phosphonates (HEDP, NTMP, EDTMP), and vice versa. When present at equimolar concentrations, metal cations enhanced the adsorption of phosphonates and were co-adsorbed at pH 4.0–4.5 (with removals of 83–93% for Pb2+ and 53–73% for Cu2+), likely through ternary complex formation. In the absence of metals, at pH &gt; pHPZC ∼ 7 (the material point of zero charge), a drop in adsorption efficiency was observed for orthophosphate and all phosphonates. Thus, at pH 7, an increased adsorbent dose (&gt;0.1 g/L) was necessary to remove 1 mg/L NTMP-P in 30 min. The reusability and effluent polishing potential of the ZnFeZr particles was demonstrated in a pilot test with municipal wastewater throughout 55 adsorption/desorption cycles without any drop in performance. Consistent removal of the non-reactive phosphorus species to ultra-low concentrations (&lt;0.05 mg/L Ptot) and complete orthophosphate elimination (&lt;0.005 mg/L PO4-P) was maintained under optimal conditions.
Effect of different disinfection treatments on the adhesion and separation of biofilm on stainless steel surface
Authors: Zhang Yi , Ge Honghua , Lin Weiwei , Song Yanfang , Ge Fang , Huang Xin , Meng Xinjing 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Attachment and separation of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) biofilm on stainless steel (SS) in simulated cooling water with and without different sterilization treatments was investigated by calculation of surface energy, theoretical work of adhesion and analysis of Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Dispersive Spectrometer. Two types of biocides, glutaraldehyde and Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG), and electromagnetic treatment were used in this paper. The results show that PHMG had the best bactericidal performance, followed by glutaraldehyde, and electromagnetic treatment was the lowest one. The theoretical work of adhesion was used to quantitatively evaluate the adhesion of biofilm on the surface of the metal. Theoretical work of adhesion between biofilm and SS in simulated cooling water increased with time. The theoretical adhesion work and adhesive capacity of biofilm to SS surface increased after treating with glutaraldehyde while decreasing after treating with PHMG and electromagnetic field. As the theoretical adhesion work decreased, the biofilm was gradually removed from the stainless steel surface. On the contrary, the biofilm adhered more firmly. The results of SEM were also consistent with the calculation results of theoretical adhesion work. The results obtained indicated that electromagnetic treatment had the lowest effect in sterilization but the best in biofilm separation.
A module-based approach for elimination of organic micropollutants at wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Teichgräber Burkhard , Jagemann Peter , Hetschel Martin , Bechtel Antje , Phan Linh-Con 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A technical feasibility study was carried out at the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Hamm-West in 2018, which included preliminary planning for the improvement of the plant, using different advanced wastewater technologies. The results of the technical feasibility study show that the application of activated carbon or ozone, in combination with an additional filtration system, can not only remove organic micropollutants efficiently but can also significantly improve the quality of other standard parameters in the WWTP effluent. This technical feasibility study, along with seven other studies, is part of the module-based approach the Emschergenossenschaft and Lippeverband (EGLV) is pursuing in order to improve wastewater treatment plants with advanced treatment systems. Finally, the module-based approach can be used to pair the most suitable WWTPs with the best applicable technologies to improve the treatment process in the whole Lippe catchment area.
A Novel Food Record App for Dietary Assessments Among Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Development and Usability Study
Authors: Jung Hyunggu , Demiris George , Tarczy-Hornoch Peter , Zachry Mark 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundMore than 1 in 4 people in the United States aged 65 years and older have type 2 diabetes. For diabetes care, medical nutrition therapy is recommended as a clinically effective intervention. Previous researchers have developed and validated dietary assessment methods using images of food items to improve the accuracy of self-reporting over traditional methods. Nevertheless, little is known about the usability of image-assisted dietary assessment methods for older adults with diabetes.ObjectiveThe aims of this study were (1) to create a food record app for dietary assessments (FRADA) that would support image-assisted dietary assessments, and (2) to evaluate the usability of FRADA for older adults with diabetes.MethodsFor the development of FRADA, we identified design principles that address the needs of older adults and implemented three fundamental tasks required for image-assisted dietary assessments: capturing, viewing, and transmitting images of food based on the design principles. For the usability assessment of FRADA, older adults aged 65 to 80 years (11 females and 3 males) were assigned to interact with FRADA in a lab-based setting. Participants’ opinions of FRADA and its usability were determined by a follow-up survey and interview. As an evaluation indicator of usability, the responses to the survey, including an after-scenario questionnaire, were analyzed. Qualitative data from the interviews confirmed the responses to the survey.ResultsWe developed a smartphone app that enables older adults with diabetes to capture, view, and transmit images of food items they consumed. The findings of this study showed that FRADA and its instructions for capturing, viewing, and transmitting images of food items were usable for older adults with diabetes. The survey showed that participants found FRADA easy to use and would consider using FRADA daily. The analysis of the qualitative data from interviews revealed multiple categories, such as the usability of FRADA, potential benefits of using FRADA, potential features to be added to FRADA, and concerns of older adults with diabetes regarding interactions with FRADA.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates in a lab-based setting not only the usability of FRADA by older adults with diabetes but also potential opportunities using FRADA in real-world settings. The findings suggest implications for creating a smartphone app for an image-assisted dietary assessment. Future work still remains to evaluate the feasibility and validity of FRADA with multiple stakeholders, including older adults with diabetes and dietitians.
Dissemination and Refutation of Rumors During the COVID-19 Outbreak in China: Infodemiology Study
Authors: Chen Bin , Chen Xinyi , Pan Jin , Liu Kui , Xie Bo , Wang Wei , Peng Ying , Wang Fei , Li Na , Jiang Jianmin 
Published: January 2021

Background
During the outbreak of COVID-19, numerous rumors emerged on the internet in China and caused confusion among the public. However, the characteristics of these rumors in different phases of the epidemic have not been studied in depth, and the official responses to the rumors have not been systematically evaluated.

Objective
The aims of this study were to evaluate the rumor epidemic and official responses during the COVID-19 outbreak in China and to provide a scientific basis for effective information communication in future public health crises.

Methods
Data on internet rumors related to COVID-19 were collected via the Sina Weibo Official Account to Refute Rumors between January 20 and April 8, 2020, extracted, and analyzed. The data were divided into five periods according to the key events and disease epidemic. Different classifications of rumors were described and compared over the five periods. The trends of the epidemic and the focus of the public at different stages were plotted, and correlation analysis between the number of rumors and the number of COVID-19 cases was performed. The geographic distributions of the sources and refuters of the rumors were graphed, and analyses of the most frequently appearing words in the rumors were applied to reveal hotspots of the rumors.

Results
A total of 1943 rumors were retrieved. The median of the response interval between publication and debunking of the rumors was 1 day (IQR 1-2). Rumors in text format accounted for the majority of the 1943 rumors (n=1241, 63.9%); chat tools, particularly WeChat (n=1386, 71.3%), were the most common platform for initial publishing of the rumors (n=1412, 72.7%). In addition to text rumors, Weibo and web pages were more likely to be platforms for rumors released in multimedia formats or in a combination of formats, respectively. Local agencies played a large role in dispelling rumors among social media platforms (1537/1943, 79.1%). There were significant differences in the formats and origins of rumors over the five periods (P<.001). Hubei Province accounted for most of the country’s confirmed rumors. Beijing and Wuhan City were the main centers for debunking of disinformation. The words most frequently included in the core messages of the rumors varied by period, indicating shifting in the public’s concern.

Conclusions
Chat tools, particularly WeChat, became the major sources of rumors during the COVID-19 outbreak in China, indicating a requirement to establish rumor monitoring and refuting mechanisms on these platforms. Moreover, targeted policy adjustments and timely release of official information are needed in different phases of the outbreak.
COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT OF PROSOPIS JULIFLORA SEEDS AGAINST AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
Authors: AMRITHA A. , BHUVANESHWARI G. , MALAVIKA M. , VENNILA ROSY 
Published: January 2021

Objective: To compare the antibacterial activity of prosopisjuliflora seed extract against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted for 6 mo in the clinical microbiology laboratory of SMCH. Agar cup diffusion technique is used to isolate the strains of Clostridium perfringens ATCC 3624, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherechiacoli ATCC 25922. The prosopisjulifloraseeds are collected from the saveetha medical college.
Results: By performing the research with proper guidance it is observed that all the three bacterias–Staphylococcus aureus, Escherechia coli, Clostridium perfringens showed sensitivity to prosopisjulifloraseed extract.
Conclusion: Due to its vast antibacterial activity it can be used along with other antibiotics to increase its efficacy. This is used for the treatment of infectious diseases.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ANTI-BACTERIAL RESISTANCE PATTERNS OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN DIABETICS
Authors: S. HARIKRISHNAN , VENNILA ROSY , MONICA R. 
Published: January 2021

Objective: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections observed in diabetic patients. This study is aimed at identifying the organisms with their anti-bacterial resistance pattern.
Methods: A total of 400 diabetic patients over a period of nine months presenting with symptom s of urinary tract infection were taken for the study. Their urine were cultured and an antibiogram done.
Results: E. coli, Klebsiella and Enterococci were the commonest organism found. It was found that E. coli, which was the commonest organism E. Coli was sensitive to Norfloxacin and resistant to Ciprofloxacin.
Conclusion: Empirical treatment with ciprofloxacin, Which is considered the drug of choice, will lead to failure of treatment.
ASSESSMENT OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF SARCOSTEMMA BRUNONIANUM WIGHT AND ARN
Authors: S. AMALA DIVYA , V. THAMARAIKANI , T. SEKAR 
Published: January 2021

Objective: Sarcostemma brunonianum Wight and Arn is a potential medicinal plant belonging to Asclepiadaceae. Bioactive constituents of the plant support the application of treating various ailments in the traditional system of medicine. The study aims to determine the presence of various phytoconstituents in stem, root, and flowers.
Methods: Hot percolation method was carried out to obtain crude extracts using different solvent systems from low polar-high polar solvents ranging from petroleum ether, chloroform, (mid-polar) ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Estimation of total phenols, tannins and In vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated for the determination of potential pharmaceutical drugs.
Results: The results revealed the presence of some phytoconstituents such as phenols, tannins, glycosides, gums and mucilages. Ascorbic acid, BSA, Rutin and Gallic acid were used as the reference standard. The total phenolic content was found to be high in stem methanol extract 440.84±69.99 mg/g Gallic acid equivalent, whereas the tannin content was 291.78±4.68 mg/g GAE. The result proves that the S. brunonianum stem methanol extract possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities when compared to reference standards. In vitro, Nitric oxide scavenging activity of stem showed a maximum % of inhibition in methanol stem extract (24.39µg/ml) and anti-inflammatory activity maximum inhibition was found to be (55.56 %) in stem methanol and flower(53.62 %). The IC50 (concentration required for 50% inhibition) was also calculated for the DPPH radical model.
Conclusion: This study results proclaims and justifies the role of folklore medicinal plant S. brunonianum in the treatment of inflammatory-related ailments and can be recommended for an effective drug.
DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORAL SWELLABLE RAPID RELEASE FILM WITH SUPERDISINTEGRANT-SURFACTANT
Authors: IMTIAZ NEHA , MAJEE SUTAPA BISWAS , BISWAS GOPA ROY 
Published: January 2021

Objective: Oral disintegrating films consisting of hydrophilic polymer are designed to be quickly hydrated by saliva, adhere to the mucosa and disintegrate rapidly to release the drug. The aim of the present study was to prepare stable, flexible swellable rapid release oral films with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E15 LV (HPMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in different ratios. Guar gum was incorporated as the mucoadhesive agent. In order to achieve rapid disintegration of the film cross carmellose sodium (superdisintegrant) and surfactant like Tween 80 were added. The model drug used in the study was diclofenac sodium.
Methods: Films were developed using HPMC E15 LV and PVA by solvent casting method and characterized for thickness, swelling index, disintegration time, folding endurance, drug content, and in vitro drug release pattern and kinetics.
Results: The prepared swellable rapid release oral films were quite flexible and transparent with a smooth texture. The swelling index study confirmed that the films possessed the desired swelling property. Fastest disintegration was observed with the oral film containing HPMC: PVA in the ratio of 2:1, guar gum at 120 mg, 20% w/w crosscarmellose sodium and 4%w/w Tween 80. The swellable rapid release oral films were found to follow either Higuchi or Korsmeyer-Peppas model with drug release following either Fickian or non-Fickian diffusion. Maximum drug release of around 70% was observed from the above-mentioned film in 1hr in simulated salivary fluid.
Conclusion: Therefore, swellable rapid release oral films with HPMC E15 LV: PVA, guar gum, croscarmellose sodium and Tween 80 demonstrated satisfactory swelling, rapid disintegration and improved drug release for oromucosal absorption.
PENINGKATKAN KEDISIPLINAN GURU DALAM KEHADIRAN MENGAJAR DI KELAS MELALUI PENERAPAN REWARD AND PUNISHMENT DI SMAN 2 BANJARSARI KABUPATEN CIAMIS
Authors: Solehudin Mochamad 
Published: January 2021

Peningkatan mutu pembelajaran di sekolah dipengaruhi oleh banyak aspek. Penerapan budaya peningkatan mutu di sekolah merupakan aspek yang sangat penting. Segenap warga sekolah secara sukarela wajib mempertahankan kebiasaan-kebiasaan yang positif. Perilaku disiplin adalah budaya sekolah yang wajib dipertahankan, meliputi kedisiplinan para guru dalam kehadiran di kelas saat proses belajar mengajar. Guna meningkatkan kedisiplinan para guru bisa dilakukan upaya dengan beragam metode. Dalam School Action Research (PTS) ini, dilakukan pemberian tindakan berbentuk pemberian Reward and Punishment kepada para guru di SMAN 2 Banjarsari, Kabupaten Ciamis. PTS ini menerapkan Tindakan dalam dua siklus. Berdasarkan penjaringan data diperoleh gambaran meningkatnay disiplin guru guru yang tinggi dalam kehadiran mengajar di kelas pada proses belajar mengajar. Keterlambatan kurang dari 10 menit pada siklus I sebesar 21,74 %, dan pada siklus 2 sebesar 78,26 %. Ini berarti melampaui batas indikator pencapaian keberhasilan sebagai patokan periset yaitu 75%. Analisis data yang diperoleh menguatkan kesimpulkan bahwa Reward and Punishment berkontribusi positif untuk meningkatkan kedisiplinan guru dalam kehadiran mengajar di kelas saat pembelajaran.
EVALUASI PROGRAM TAHFIDZ AL-QUR’AN DI SMAIT BUAHATI JAKARTA
Authors: Muntiarti Titi , Ernawati Ernawati , Indriyanto Bambang 
Published: January 2021

This research aims to evaluate the program tahfidz Al-Qur'an SMAIT Buahati. The object of the study is the Formal Institute of Buahati Integrated Islamic High School in East Jakarta. This study uses CIPPO evaluation methods and descriptive research types. Research informants are principals, vice principals, teachers, and students. Data collection techniques are interviewing, observation, and document analysis.
The results showed that, the program tahfidz Al-Qur'an SMAIT Buahati viewed from context aspect is very good judging by the indicators of the purpose and vision-mission of the school, the input aspect is good value judging by the indicators of students' ability, teacher quality, and availability of infrastructure, as well as the good value process aspect judging by the indicators of planning, process, and evaluation of learning, the product aspect is good value based on the indicators of the results obtained by students during the program tahfidz Al-Qur-an , outcomes are good value judging by the benefits of the program felt by students and the surrounding environment. So, overall the evaluation of tahfidz Qur'an program at SMAIT Buahati is very good value.