bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia: the role of nuclear factor kappa B
Authors: Murphy Caitlin E. , Walker Adam K. , Weickert Cynthia Shannon 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNeuroinflammation, particularly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, is well-established in a subset of people with schizophrenia, with significant increases in inflammatory markers including several cytokines. Yet the cause(s) of cortical inflammation in schizophrenia remains unknown. Clues as to potential microenvironmental triggers and/or intracellular deficits in immunoregulation may be gleaned from looking further upstream of effector immune molecules to transcription factors that control inflammatory gene expression. Here, we focus on the ‘master immune regulator’ nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and review evidence in support of NF-κB dysregulation causing or contributing to neuroinflammation in patients. We discuss the utility of ‘immune biotyping’ as a tool to analyse immune-related transcripts and proteins in patient tissue, and the insights into cortical NF-κB in schizophrenia revealed by immune biotyping compared to studies treating patients as a single, homogenous group. Though the ubiquitous nature of NF-κB presents several hurdles for drug development, targeting this key immunoregulator with novel or repurposed therapeutics in schizophrenia is a relatively underexplored area that could aid in reducing symptoms of patients with active neuroinflammation.
Diet-induced obesity accelerates oral carcinogenesis by recruitment and functional enhancement of myeloid-derived suppressor cells
Authors: Peng Jianmin , Hu Qinchao , Chen Xijuan , Wang Chunyang , Zhang Jiayu , Ren Xianyue , Wang Yun , Tao Xiaoan , Li Huan , Song Ming , Cheng Bin , Wu Tong , Xia Juan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlthough obesity has been associated with an increased risk and aggressiveness of many types of carcinoma, whether it promotes squamous cell carcinoma remains unclear. To reveal the role of obesity in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) initiation and development, we used 4NQO-induced OSCC model mice to examine the impact of dietary obesity on carcinogenesis. The results showed that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity significantly promoted the incidence of OSCC and altered the local immune microenvironment with the expansion of CD11b+Gr1+myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). The underlying mechanism that induced an immunosuppressive local microenvironment in obesity was the recruitment of MDSCs through the CCL9/CCR1 axis and enhancement of MDSC immunosuppressive function via intracellular fatty acid uptake. Furthermore, clinical samples verified the increase in infiltrated CD33+(a marker of human MDSCs) cells in obese OSCC patients, and data from the TCGA dataset confirmed that CD33 expression was positively correlated with local adipocytes in OSCC. Survival analysis showed that enrichment of adipocytes and high expression of CD33 were associated with poor prognosis in OSCC patients. Strikingly, depletion of MDSCs significantly ameliorated HFD-promoted carcinogenesis in 4NQO-induced model mice. These findings indicate that obesity is also an important risk factor for OSCC, and cancer immunotherapy, especially targeting MDSCs, may exhibit greater antitumor efficacy in obese patients.
Genomic analysis finds no evidence of canonical eukaryotic DNA processing complexes in a free-living protist
Authors: Salas-Leiva Dayana E. , Tromer Eelco C. , Curtis Bruce A. , Jerlström-Hultqvist Jon , Kolisko Martin , Yi Zhenzhen , Salas-Leiva Joan S. , Gallot-Lavallée Lucie , Williams Shelby K. , Kops Geert J. P. L. , Archibald John M. , Simpson Alastair G. B. , Roger Andrew J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCells replicate and segregate their DNA with precision. Previous studies showed that these regulated cell-cycle processes were present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor and that their core molecular parts are conserved across eukaryotes. However, some metamonad parasites have secondarily lost components of the DNA processing and segregation apparatuses. To clarify the evolutionary history of these systems in these unusual eukaryotes, we generated a genome assembly for the free-living metamonad Carpediemonas membranifera and carried out a comparative genomics analysis. Here, we show that parasitic and free-living metamonads harbor an incomplete set of proteins for processing and segregating DNA. Unexpectedly, Carpediemonas species are further streamlined, lacking the origin recognition complex, Cdc6 and most structural kinetochore subunits. Carpediemonas species are thus the first known eukaryotes that appear to lack this suite of conserved complexes, suggesting that they likely rely on yet-to-be-discovered or alternative mechanisms to carry out these fundamental processes.
Kondo effect and spin–orbit coupling in graphene quantum dots
Authors: Kurzmann Annika , Kleeorin Yaakov , Tong Chuyao , Garreis Rebekka , Knothe Angelika , Eich Marius , Mittag Christopher , Gold Carolin , de Vries Folkert Kornelis , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Fal’ko Vladimir , Meir Yigal , Ihn Thomas , Ensslin Klaus 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Kondo effect is a cornerstone in the study of strongly correlated fermions. The coherent exchange coupling of conduction electrons to local magnetic moments gives rise to a Kondo cloud that screens the impurity spin. Here we report on the interplay between spin–orbit interaction and the Kondo effect, that can lead to a underscreened Kondo effects in quantum dots in bilayer graphene. More generally, we introduce a different experimental platform for studying Kondo physics. In contrast to carbon nanotubes, where nanotube chirality determines spin–orbit coupling breaking the SU(4) symmetry of the electronic states relevant for the Kondo effect, we study a planar carbon material where a small spin–orbit coupling of nominally flat graphene is enhanced by zero-point out-of-plane phonons. The resulting two-electron triplet ground state in bilayer graphene dots provides a route to exploring the Kondo effect with a small spin–orbit interaction.
Angle-based wavefront sensing enabled by the near fields of flat optics
Authors: Yi Soongyu , Xiang Jin , Zhou Ming , Wu Zhicheng , Yang Lan , Yu Zongfu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThere is a long history of using angle sensors to measure wavefront. The best example is the Shack-Hartmann sensor. Compared to other methods of wavefront sensing, angle-based approach is more broadly used in industrial applications and scientific research. Its wide adoption is attributed to its fully integrated setup, robustness, and fast speed. However, there is a long-standing issue in its low spatial resolution, which is limited by the size of the angle sensor. Here we report a angle-based wavefront sensor to overcome this challenge. It uses ultra-compact angle sensor built from flat optics. It is directly integrated on focal plane array. This wavefront sensor inherits all the benefits of the angle-based method. Moreover, it improves the spatial sampling density by over two orders of magnitude. The drastically improved resolution allows angle-based sensors to be used for quantitative phase imaging, enabling capabilities such as video-frame recording of high-resolution surface topography.
Hexokinase 2-driven glycolysis in pericytes activates their contractility leading to tumor blood vessel abnormalities
Authors: Meng Ya-Ming , Jiang Xue , Zhao Xinbao , Meng Qiong , Wu Sangqing , Chen Yitian , Kong Xiangzhan , Qiu Xiaoyi , Su Liangping , Huang Cheng , Wang Minghui , Liu Chao , Wong Ping-Pui 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDefective pericyte-endothelial cell interaction in tumors leads to a chaotic, poorly organized and dysfunctional vasculature. However, the underlying mechanism behind this is poorly studied. Herein, we develop a method that combines magnetic beads and flow cytometry cell sorting to isolate pericytes from tumors and normal adjacent tissues from patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Pericytes from tumors show defective blood vessel supporting functions when comparing to those obtained from normal tissues. Mechanistically, combined proteomics and metabolic flux analysis reveals elevated hexokinase 2(HK2)-driven glycolysis in tumor pericytes, which up-regulates their ROCK2-MLC2 mediated contractility leading to impaired blood vessel supporting function. Clinically, high percentage of HK2 positive pericytes in blood vessels correlates with poor patient overall survival in NSCLC and HCC. Administration of a HK2 inhibitor induces pericyte-MLC2 driven tumor vasculature remodeling leading to enhanced drug delivery and efficacy against tumor growth. Overall, these data suggest that glycolysis in tumor pericytes regulates their blood vessel supporting role.
mTORC2 confers neuroprotection and potentiates immunity during virus infection
Authors: Suryawanshi Rahul K. , Patil Chandrashekhar D. , Agelidis Alex , Koganti Raghuram , Ames Joshua M. , Koujah Lulia , Yadavalli Tejabhiram , Madavaraju Krishnaraju , Shantz Lisa M. , Shukla Deepak 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHerpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) causes ocular and orofacial infections. In rare cases, HSV-1 can cause encephalitis, which leads to permanent brain injuries, memory loss or even death. Host factors protect humans from viral infections by activating the immune response. However, factors that confer neuroprotection during viral encephalitis are poorly understood. Here we show that mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) is essential for the survival of experimental animals after ocular HSV-1 infection in vivo. We find the loss of mTORC2 causes systemic HSV-1 infection due to defective innate and adaptive immune responses, and increased ocular and neuronal cell death that turns lethal for the infected mice. Furthermore, we find that mTORC2 mediated cell survival channels through the inactivation of the proapoptotic factor FoxO3a. Our results demonstrate how mTORC2 potentiates host defenses against viral infections and implicate mTORC2 as a necessary factor for survival of the infected host.
Multiple evolutionary origins and losses of tooth complexity in squamates
Authors: Lafuma Fabien , Corfe Ian J. , Clavel Julien , Di-Poï Nicolas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTeeth act as tools for acquiring and processing food, thus holding a prominent role in vertebrate evolution. In mammals, dental-dietary adaptations rely on tooth complexity variations controlled by cusp number and pattern. Complexity increase through cusp addition has dominated the diversification of mammals. However, studies of Mammalia alone cannot reveal patterns of tooth complexity conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. Here, we use morphometric and phylogenetic comparative methods across fossil and extant squamates to show they also repeatedly evolved increasingly complex teeth, but with more flexibility than mammals. Since the Late Jurassic, multiple-cusped teeth evolved over 20 times independently from a single-cusped common ancestor. Squamates frequently lost cusps and evolved varied multiple-cusped morphologies at heterogeneous rates. Tooth complexity evolved in correlation with changes in plant consumption, resulting in several major increases in speciation. Complex teeth played a critical role in vertebrate evolution outside Mammalia, with squamates exemplifying a more labile system of dental-dietary evolution.
Plexin-B2 orchestrates collective stem cell dynamics via actomyosin contractility, cytoskeletal tension and adhesion
Authors: Junqueira Alves Chrystian , Dariolli Rafael , Haydak Jonathan , Kang Sangjo , Hannah Theodore , Wiener Robert J. , DeFronzo Stefanie , Tejero Rut , Gusella Gabriele L. , Ramakrishnan Aarthi , Alves Dias Rodrigo , Wojcinski Alexandre , Kesari Santosh , Shen Li , Sobie Eric A. , Rodrigues Furtado de Mendonça José Paulo , Azeloglu Evren U. , Zou Hongyan , Friedel Roland H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDuring morphogenesis, molecular mechanisms that orchestrate biomechanical dynamics across cells remain unclear. Here, we show a role of guidance receptor Plexin-B2 in organizing actomyosin network and adhesion complexes during multicellular development of human embryonic stem cells and neuroprogenitor cells. Plexin-B2 manipulations affect actomyosin contractility, leading to changes in cell stiffness and cytoskeletal tension, as well as cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. We have delineated the functional domains of Plexin-B2, RAP1/2 effectors, and the signaling association with ERK1/2, calcium activation, and YAP mechanosensor, thus providing a mechanistic link between Plexin-B2-mediated cytoskeletal tension and stem cell physiology. Plexin-B2-deficient stem cells exhibit premature lineage commitment, and a balanced level of Plexin-B2 activity is critical for maintaining cytoarchitectural integrity of the developing neuroepithelium, as modeled in cerebral organoids. Our studies thus establish a significant function of Plexin-B2 in orchestrating cytoskeletal tension and cell-cell/cell-matrix adhesion, therefore solidifying the importance of collective cell mechanics in governing stem cell physiology and tissue morphogenesis.
Wigner solids of domain wall skyrmions
Authors: Yang Kaifeng , Nagase Katsumi , Hirayama Yoshiro , Mishima Tetsuya D. , Santos Michael B. , Liu Hongwu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDetection and characterization of a different type of topological excitations, namely the domain wall (DW) skyrmion, has received increasing attention because the DW is ubiquitous from condensed matter to particle physics and cosmology. Here we present experimental evidence for the DW skyrmion as the ground state stabilized by long-range Coulomb interactions in a quantum Hall ferromagnet. We develop an alternative approach using nonlocal resistance measurements together with a local NMR probe to measure the effect of low current-induced dynamic nuclear polarization and thus to characterize the DW under equilibrium conditions. The dependence of nuclear spin relaxation in the DW on temperature, filling factor, quasiparticle localization, and effective magnetic fields allows us to interpret this ground state and its possible phase transitions in terms of Wigner solids of the DW skyrmion. These results demonstrate the importance of studying the intrinsic properties of quantum states that has been largely overlooked.
Individualised and non-contact post-mortem interval determination of human bodies using visible and thermal 3D imaging
Authors: Wilk Leah S. , Edelman Gerda J. , Roos Martin , Clerkx Mara , Dijkman Inge , Melgar Jordi Vera , Oostra Roelof-Jan , Aalders Maurice C. G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDetermining the time since death, i.e., post-mortem interval (PMI), often plays a key role in forensic investigations. The current standard PMI-estimation method empirically correlates rectal temperatures and PMIs, frequently necessitating subjective correction factors. To overcome this, we previously developed a thermodynamic finite-difference (TFD) algorithm, providing a rigorous method to simulate post-mortem temperatures of bodies assuming a straight posture. However, in forensic practice, bodies are often found in non-straight postures, potentially limiting applicability of this algorithm in these cases. Here, we develop an individualised approach, enabling PMI reconstruction for bodies in arbitrary postures, by combining photogrammetry and TFD modelling. Utilising thermal photogrammetry, this approach also represents the first non-contact method for PMI reconstruction. The performed lab and crime scene validations reveal PMI reconstruction accuracies of 0.26 h ± 1.38 h for true PMIs between 2 h and 35 h and total procedural durations of ~15 min. Together, these findings broaden the potential applicability of TFD-based PMI reconstruction.
Molybdenum isotopes unmask slab dehydration and melting beneath the Mariana arc
Authors: Li Hong-Yan , Zhao Rui-Peng , Li Jie , Tamura Yoshihiko , Spencer Christopher , Stern Robert J. , Ryan Jeffrey G. , Xu Yi-Gang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHow serpentinites in the forearc mantle and subducted lithosphere become involved in enriching the subarc mantle source of arc magmas is controversial. Here we report molybdenum isotopes for primitive submarine lavas and serpentinites from active volcanoes and serpentinite mud volcanoes in the Mariana arc. These data, in combination with radiogenic isotopes and elemental ratios, allow development of a model whereby shallow, partially serpentinized and subducted forearc mantle transfers fluid and melt from the subducted slab into the subarc mantle. These entrained forearc mantle fragments are further metasomatized by slab fluids/melts derived from the dehydration of serpentinites in the subducted lithospheric slab. Multistage breakdown of serpentinites in the subduction channel ultimately releases fluids/melts that trigger Mariana volcanic front volcanism. Serpentinites dragged down from the forearc mantle are likely exhausted at >200 km depth, after which slab-derived serpentinites are responsible for generating slab melts.
Iridium metallene oxide for acidic oxygen evolution catalysis
Authors: Dang Qian , Lin Haiping , Fan Zhenglong , Ma Lu , Shao Qi , Ji Yujin , Zheng Fangfang , Geng Shize , Yang Shi-Ze , Kong Ningning , Zhu Wenxiang , Li Youyong , Liao Fan , Huang Xiaoqing , Shao Mingwang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractExploring new materials is essential in the field of material science. Especially, searching for optimal materials with utmost atomic utilization, ideal activities and desirable stability for catalytic applications requires smart design of materials’ structures. Herein, we report iridium metallene oxide: 1 T phase-iridium dioxide (IrO2) by a synthetic strategy combining mechanochemistry and thermal treatment in a strong alkaline medium. This material demonstrates high activity for oxygen evolution reaction with a low overpotential of 197 millivolt in acidic electrolyte at 10 milliamperes per geometric square centimeter (mA cmgeo−2). Together, it achieves high turnover frequencies of 4.2 sUPD−1 (3.0 sBET−1) at 1.50 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode. Furthermore, 1T-IrO2 also shows little degradation after 126 hours chronopotentiometry measurement under the high current density of 250 mA cmgeo−2 in proton exchange membrane device. Theoretical calculations reveal that the active site of Ir in 1T-IrO2 provides an optimal free energy uphill in *OH formation, leading to the enhanced performance. The discovery of this 1T-metallene oxide material will provide new opportunities for catalysis and other applications.
Pain sensing neurons promote tissue regeneration in adult mice
Authors: Rabiller Lise , Labit Elodie , Guissard Christophe , Gilardi Silveric , Guiard Bruno P. , Moulédous Lionel , Silva Marine , Mithieux Gilles , Pénicaud Luc , Lorsignol Anne , Casteilla Louis , Dromard Cécile 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTissue repair after injury in adult mammals, usually results in scarring and loss of function in contrast to lower vertebrates such as the newt and zebrafish that regenerate. Understanding the regulatory processes that guide the outcome of tissue repair is therefore a concerning challenge for regenerative medicine. In multiple regenerative animal species, the nerve dependence of regeneration is well established, but the nature of the innervation required for tissue regeneration remains largely undefined. Using our model of induced adipose tissue regeneration in adult mice, we demonstrate here that nociceptive nerves promote regeneration and their removal impairs tissue regeneration. We also show that blocking the receptor for the nociceptive neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibits regeneration, whereas CGRP administration induces regeneration. These findings reveal that peptidergic nociceptive neurons are required for adult mice tissue regeneration.
High-confidence structural annotation of metabolites absent from spectral libraries
Authors: Hoffmann Martin A. , Nothias Louis-Félix , Ludwig Marcus , Fleischauer Markus , Gentry Emily C. , Witting Michael , Dorrestein Pieter C. , Dührkop Kai , Böcker Sebastian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUntargeted metabolomics experiments rely on spectral libraries for structure annotation, but, typically, only a small fraction of spectra can be matched. Previous in silico methods search in structure databases but cannot distinguish between correct and incorrect annotations. Here we introduce the COSMIC workflow that combines in silico structure database generation and annotation with a confidence score consisting of kernel densityPvalue estimation and a support vector machine with enforced directionality of features. On diverse datasets, COSMIC annotates a substantial number of hits at low false discovery rates and outperforms spectral library search. To demonstrate that COSMIC can annotate structures never reported before, we annotated 12 natural bile acids. The annotation of nine structures was confirmed by manual evaluation and two structures using synthetic standards. In human samples, we annotated and manually validated 315 molecular structures currently absent from the Human Metabolome Database. Application of COSMIC to data from 17,400 metabolomics experiments led to 1,715 high-confidence structural annotations that were absent from spectral libraries.
Examining learning coherence in group decision-making: triads vs. tetrads
Authors: Harada Tsutomu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study examined whether three heads are better than four in terms of performance and learning properties in group decision-making. It was predicted that learning incoherence took place in tetrads because the majority rule could not be applied when two subgroups emerged. As a result, tetrads underperformed triads. To examine this hypothesis, we adopted a reinforcement learning framework using simple Q-learning and estimated learning parameters. Overall, the results were consistent with the hypothesis. Further, this study is one of a few attempts to apply a computational approach to learning behavior in small groups. This approach enables the identification of underlying learning parameters in group decision-making.
A spatial analysis of lime resources and their potential for improving soil magnesium concentrations and pH in grassland areas of England and Wales
Authors: Bide T. , Ander E. L. , Broadley M. R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMagnesium (Mg) is essential for animal health. Low Mg status (hypomagnesaemia) can be potentially fatal in ruminants, like cattle and sheep, and is widespread in Europe with economic impacts on farming. The application of Mg-rich agricultural lime products can help to ensure pasture forage consumed by animals contains sufficient Mg and, in areas of low pH, has the dual benefit of reducing soil acidity to levels best suited for grass production. This aim of this study was to determine if Mg-rich lime products could be used in a more effective manner in agricultural production systems. Potential resources of carbonate rocks (limestone, dolostone and chalk) in the UK, and their Mg:Ca status were identified, using datasets from the British Geological Survey (BGS). These data were combined with the locations of agricultural lime quarries, and areas where soils are likely to be deficient in Mg and/or require liming. Areas of potential demand for Mg-rich agricultural lime include areas in south east Wales, the Midlands and North East England. Although, areas where this may be an effective solution to low soil Mg values are restricted by the availability of suitable products. Conversely, areas of low soil pH in England and Wales are often found close to quarries with the ability to supply high Ca limes, suggesting that the low rates of lime use and liming is not due to supply factors. This study provides information that can help to guide on-farm decision making for use of Mg-rich and other lime resources. This could be used in conjunction with other options to reduce risks of Mg deficiency in livestock, and improve soil pH.