bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bilateral Nervus Intermedius Sectioning for Geniculate Neuralgia: Case Report and Operative Video
Authors: Piper Keaton , Zheng Qizhi Victoria , Heller Robert S , Agazzi Siviero 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
Geniculate neuralgia is a rare condition characterized by excruciating ear pain. Surgical options for geniculate neuralgia include microvascular decompression and sectioning of the nervus intermedius. We report herein a case of bilateral geniculate neuralgia treated by nervus intermedius sectioning without prior microvascular decompression. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this treatment strategy with a subsequent description of the side effects of bilateral nervus intermedius disruption.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
A 54-yr-old woman presented with bilateral geniculate neuralgia, worse on the left, refractory to medical therapy. Surgical treatment options were reviewed, including microvascular decompression and sectioning of the nervus intermedius. She opted for left nervus intermedius sectioning. The procedure was uncomplicated and no compressive vascular loop was identified during surgery. Postoperatively, she had complete symptom resolution with no discernable side effects. Three years later, the patient developed worsening geniculate neuralgia on the contralateral side. After the discussion of treatment options, she opted again for sectioning of the contralateral nervus intermedius with successful resolution of all symptoms after surgery. Following surgery, the patient identified partial impairment of lacrimation and gustation. She continued to have functional taste of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lacrimation, and hearing bilaterally.

CONCLUSION
Bilateral sectioning of nervus intermedius may provide benefit in patients with bilateral geniculate neuralgia without egregious side effects. However, lacrimatory and gustatory alterations are a potentially significant side effect with a wide range of symptomatology.
Industry: Turning the Titanic
Authors: Gordon Deborah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the structure and role of the oil industry and details the various actors that make up the industry. It argues that self-reported greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are not comprehensive or trustworthy. There are too many ways that companies can game emissions reports. Different companies are surveyed to separate the leaders from the laggards. The investigation reaches beyond multinational and national oil and gas companies and touches upon industry actors in the wings: investors, industry advisers, traders, and certification agents. Efforts to establish industry benchmarks are laid out. The chapter recommends rethinking self-regulation and concludes with a challenging premise about whether the goal is to defeat or partner with the oil and gas industry to effectively combat climate change.
Common Knowledge and Cheap Talk in Democratic Discourse and Law
Authors: Brooks Richard R. W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This commentary illuminates key aspects of Shiffrin’s view by appeal to concrete examples and notions from game theory. It underscores the role of law as a means for the public communication of moral commitments by invoking the idea of common knowledge. Our commitments must be known to be shared, that knowledge itself must be known to be shared, and so on ad infinitum. This offers a perspective on the importance of common law from a democratic framework: common law can be seen as a mechanism for generating common knowledge about disputes and their resolution. The commentary invokes another game-theoretic notion, that of the contrast between cheap talk and costly signaling, to illuminate Shiffrin’s discussion of constitutional balancing. Where the interests of speaker and addressee are not aligned, cheap talk lacks credibility, and this is something to which courts need to be sensitive in balancing state and constitutional interests.
The Spirit of the ’70s
Authors: Grossman Lewis A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how in the 1970s, freedom of therapeutic choice advocacy, previously the domain of right-wing extremists, became bipartisan and mainstream. It examines how various cultural trends contributed to this trend, including a loss of trust in orthodox medicine, government, and other establishment institutions; a “rights revolution” (including the rise of patients’ rights); and the emergence of the women’s health movement. The chapter shows how Americans’ use of alternative remedies surged during this period and discusses in detail two 1970s social movements in favor of alternative treatments: a successful rebellion against the FDA’s attempt to regulate vitamin and mineral supplements more stringently and a campaign to resist the FDA’s ban on Laetrile, an alternative cancer treatment derived from apricot pits. The chapter also describes how American courts briefly seemed prepared to elaborate the holding of Roe v. Wade into a generalized right to freedom of therapeutic choice.
AIDS Activists, FDA Regulation, and the Amendment of America’s Drug Constitution
Authors: Grossman Lewis A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the topic of freedom of therapeutic choice within modern orthodox medicine. It focuses especially on the epic struggle in the late 1980s and early 1990s, led by groups such as ACT UP, to persuade the FDA to permit early access to unapproved AIDS drugs and to facilitate their approval. This movement, emblematized by ACT UP’s symbolic takeover of the FDA in 1988, resulted in significant and permanent changes to the agency’s practices and attitudes regarding drugs for fatal and serious diseases. It also led Congress to make important changes to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Finally, the AIDS community forged a now widely used model for direct citizen involvement in FDA decision-making. This chapter considers all the manifestations of this new American attitude toward drug regulation up to the present day.
H. D. & Bryher
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This dual biography takes on the daring task of examining how two women, who didn’t feel like women, survived as a couple, raising an illegitimate child during a period when such arrangements were frowned upon, if even recognized. When they met in 1918, H.D. (born Hilda Doolittle in 1886), had already achieved recognition as an Imagist poet, engaged in a lesbian affair, was married to a shell-shocked adulterous poet, and was pregnant by another. She fell in love with Bryher (born Annie Winifred Ellerman in 1894), who was trapped both in a female body and in the shadow of her father, Sir John Ellerman, a wealthy shipping magnate. They felt a telepathic and electric connection, bonding over Greek poetry, geography, ancient history, and a shared bodily dysphoria. Bryher introduced H.D. to cinema, psychoanalysis, and politics, herself rescuing refugees from Nazis throughout the 1930s. Bryher engaged in legal strategies to protect H.D., marrying Kenneth Macpherson, who adopted H.D.’s child and collaborated with the couple in filmmaking. Both H.D. and Bryher were on vision quests, and their cerebral eroticism led them to otherworldly experiences. During World War II, they held séances in London. After V-J Day was announced, H.D. had a severe breakdown, which Bryher, taking great pains, ensured she survived. As a love story born out of war and modernism, the book speaks to their struggles to escape binary gender and homophobic and white supremacist agendas, while celebrating their creative triumphs and courageous aspirations.
The Meeting
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The chapter introduces H.D. and Bryher, their powerful relationship near cultural erasure. It begins with their meeting in 1918, pivoting against studies of H.D. that underplay the almost lifelong relationship between H.D. and the shipping heiress and proto-transgender Bryher. It outlines their revival and relevance to our contemporary grappling with nomenclature to designate multiple genders, and the role Bryher’s money played in their conception of psychic exchange. H.D. described her relationship with Bryher as a “whole machine,” a model of their creative collaboration, with herself as a “live wire” for visions and Bryher as conductor, the wire’s wrapping, images expressive of the pair’s complementarity. The chapter sets up the book’s main through lines: ancient wisdom, psychoanalysis, trances, time travel, and activism.
H.D.’s Ancestors Circle
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the formative elements in H.D.’s childhood in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania—her Moravian inheritance and her father’s New England ancestry. Her mother, with the auspicious name Helen, married an outsider, Charles Leander Doolittle, an astronomy professor. She taught German and painting at the seminary where H.D.’s grandfather was principal. H.D. was drawn to her father’s telescope dome as well as her grandmother’s ravings about a failed peace plan between indigenous people and early Moravian refugees from Germany. She was exposed to Moravian iconography, depicting Jesus with a “side-hole” wound, welcoming the congregant to imagine entering it to have a womb-like experience. Both her ancestral lines cast huge shadows, showing her childhood aptitude for metaphoric lenses, having “visions” her mother discouraged. When the family moved from Bethlehem, H.D. suffered terrible dislocation.
Twilight Zone & “the Combined UNK”
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Bryher and H.D., with the Schmidebergs, were at Kenwin when they heard war was declared. Two and half weeks later, Lady Ellerman died, the same week as Freud. After H.D.’s return to London, communication was censored, so they wrote through Moore and Macpherson in New York. At first, H.D. was excited, joining Londoners against the Nazis. The Battle of Britain made Air Marshall Hugh Dowding one of her heroes. Bryher finally left Kenwin with a refugee, the Jewish daughter of her mother’s best friend, taking a perilous, stop-and-start journey back to London. An explosion destroyed the Life and Letters office; Edith and Osbert Sitwell, friends of Bryher, let Herring stay at Renishaw until he settled in nearby Eckington. After continuous air raids and Virginia Woolf’s suicide, H.D. visited Herring once; he took her to visit “Major Oak,” in an ancient forest.
Defining Life and Death
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The difference between life and death is not as simple as it might seem, and defining these two terms has thwarted many excellent scientists. Our definitions of life and death have changed radically over the years, from the loss of a heartbeat to the absence of brain activity. Even now, we struggle with what death is. This chapter will focus on the biological definition of death. Biologists can live comfortably with an understanding of what life and death are, but for some situations a more precise definition is mandatory. That need manifests itself legally at the extremes of life: the beginning and the end. Ironically, it is the invention of the artificial ventilator and the concept of brain death that have complicated matters.
Ashes to Ashes and Dust to Dust
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Death triggers a series of biochemical events that begin the somewhat gruesome task of natural decomposition. We will focus on humans in describing this process, but the basic elements are applicable to all animals. Something similar happens to plants. From a biological point of view, this intricate process involves a fascinating array of reactions and a myriad of other organisms. The end result is a kind of “biological reincarnation” into millions of bacteria, insects, plants, and other living organisms. It is a kind of “rebirth” that guarantees a sort of life after death through the elements of the human body being incorporated into the ongoing life of the planet.
Globalization and the Burden of Disease
Authors: Weiss Charles 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
More equitable and need-oriented funding of health services and research would safeguard everyone’s health. Worldwide health expenditures on health disproportionately address problems of the well-off, while research on diseases like malaria affecting hundreds of millions of mostly low-income people are underfunded. Nor are sufficient resources devoted to mental illness, traffic injuries, and natural disasters. As people in low-income countries live longer, chronic, non-communicable, and lifestyle diseases add to long-standing burdens of infectious and parasitic disease, and maternal and child health. This epidemiological transition calls for universal access to health services, which will also improve these countries’ ability to detect and respond to infectious diseases like the COVID-19 pandemic. The World Health Organization, coordinator of global epidemic response, needs to be freed from its downward spiral of decreased effectiveness, frozen funding, and increased politicization. Statistics on global causes of death and disability elevate the importance of social determinants of health.
Playing with Fire
Authors: Weiss Charles 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Post–World War II regimes for global problems are now dated and under stress. They need strengthening and updating. Controls are needed to prevent pandemics, limit climate change, and avoid nuclear war. New technologies require new norms and codes of conduct to guide expected behavior of governments, businesses, NGOs, and individuals. These must be developed against the background of the rise of authoritarian rivals. Russia seeks to undermine democratic powers by disinformation, China to surpass them via information and communications technology. This chapter proposes cross-culturally acceptable norms: respect for facts and evolving knowledge; cooperation; avoiding harm and minimizing risk; equity, sustainability, and participation; and accountability. Science and technology are ubiquitous in world affairs, linked to politics, economics, business, law, psychology, and culture. This synthesis deserves recognition as an academic discipline. The book ends on a fundamental ethical issue: what are people willing to do today to avoid future catastrophic damage?
Realism, Instrumentalism, Particularism
Authors: Stanford P. Kyle 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter first describes a number of important respects in which historically sophisticated contemporary scientific realists and instrumentalists have come to agree far more with one another than either does with their classical predecessors. It suggests that their central residual disagreement concerns whether we can reliably specify which elements of our theories will persist indefinitely throughout further scientific inquiry, and that the position we take in this crucial remaining disagreement actually makes a difference to how we should pursue the scientific enterprise itself. It concludes by exploring a further dimension of disagreement concerning the level of abstraction or generality at which the realism debate can be profitably pursued, on which contemporary realists and instrumentalists are united against both the complete generality assumed by their classical counterparts and the radical particularist who sees nothing to be gained by ascending to any level of abstraction or generality above that of individual scientific cases.
Realist Representations of Particles
Authors: Chakravartty Anjan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
While much debate about scientific realism concerns the issue of whether it is compatible with theory change over time, and certain forms of selective realism have been suggested with this in mind, this chapter considers a closely related challenge for realism: that of articulating how a theory should be interpreted at any given time. In a crucial respect the challenges posed by diachronic and synchronic interpretation are the same; in both cases, realists face an apparent dilemma. The thinner their interpretations, the easier realism is to defend, but at the cost of more substantial commitment. The more substantial their interpretations, the more difficult they are to defend. The chapter looks at this worry in the context of the Standard Model of particle physics. Examining some selective realist attempts at interpretation, it argues that realism is, in fact, compatible with different commitments on the spectrum of thinner to more substantial, thus mitigating the dilemma.
Living Well, Dying Well
Authors: Steenbakkers Piet 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Spinoza’s philosophy is a celebration of life. It focuses on a human life worth living, embodied in his model of a fully rational human being. That notion has its roots in Plato’s idea, but Spinoza’s development of it starts from Cicero’s Timaeus. In this appropriation of the Platonic ideal there are significant parallels between Spinoza and Kant (some of them derived in both cases from Cicero and the Stoics), evincing a radical shift in philosophical thought about the notion of a life worth living. A recent emendation in the text of Spinoza’s Ethics (IV, appendix 5) brings out what he understands by this ideal. Spinoza explicitly rejects the long tradition according to which philosophy is a meditation on death. An entry about his own death in an anonymous contemporary notebook illustrates the interconnection between Spinoza’s philosophy, biography and reputation: a philosopher’s death may be construed as an argument for or against his or her philosophy.
Vitalism and the Metaphysics of Life
Authors: Wolfe Charles T. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
I examine a series of definitions, defences and rejections of early modern vitalism. This yields a broad distinction between more or less metaphysically committed forms of vitalism. Given the plurivocity of the term, I suggest that we restrict the term ‘vitalist’ to thinkers who are actively concerned with the distinction between life and non-life (whether or not they substantialize this distinction), with special reference to the case of eighteenth-century Montpellier vitalism – where the term was first explicitly used. Further, I discuss the association of vitalism with a (potentially problematic) metaphysics of life as partly a polemical construct – which is internal to the process of defining projects and programs in life science, where one vital(istical)ly oriented author will, almost desperately, seek to brand a predecessor or a rival as a vitalist in order to legitimize her own apparently more ‘experimental’ brand of organicism. But perhaps metaphysics is endemic to vitalism?
Tatian's Diatessaron
Authors: Barker James W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the late-second century, Tatian the Assyrian constructed a new Gospel by intricately harmonizing Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Tatian’s work became known as the Diatessaron, since it was derived “out of the four” eventually canonical Gospels. Although it circulated widely for centuries, the Diatessaron disappeared in antiquity. Nevertheless, numerous ancient and medieval Gospel harmonies survive in various languages. Some texts are altogether independent of the Diatessaron, while others are definitely related. Yet even Tatian’s known descendants differ in large and small ways, so attempts at reconstruction have proven confounding. This book forges a new path in Diatessaron studies. Covering the widest array of manuscript evidence to date, it reconstructs the ancient compositional practices and redactional tendencies by which Tatian wrote his Gospel. Then, by sorting every extant witness according to its narrative sequence, the macrostructure of Tatian’s Gospel becomes clear. Despite many shared agreements, there remain significant divergences between eastern and western witnesses. This book argues that the eastern ones preserve Tatian’s order, whereas the western texts descend from a fourth-century recension of the Diatessaron. Victor of Capua and his scribe used the recension to produce the Latin Codex Fuldensis in the sixth century. More controversially, the book offers new evidence that late medieval texts such as the Middle Dutch Stuttgart harmony independently preserve traces of the western recension. This study uncovers the composition, transmission, and reception history behind one of early Christianity’s most elusive texts.
Introduction
Authors: Kim Marie Seong-Hak 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Historiography of early modern France has of late taken a definite social and cultural turn as scholars shied away from political and intellectual history. While the value of illuminating social life and practices is undisputable, examination of the sources of law, including legal texts and juristic writings, and of the role of the political authorities in creating the state legal hierarchy is indispensable before a theorization of interaction between law and society can be envisaged. How the legal system comprising various sources of law in early modern France functioned to meet the changing needs of society and also the growing institutional demands of the state presents an important question to historians and jurists alike. History of custom as law articulates the concept of custom and its relationship to royal sovereignty and provides a clear path to our understanding of the absolute monarchy. Literature on custom is now large enough that the literature itself is a proper subject of research.
The Reformation of Customs
Authors: Kim Marie Seong-Hak 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A new phase of the royal campaigns began in the 1550s, this time focusing on reforming the customs that had already been compiled but proved incomplete or inadequate. The coutume of Paris, originally recorded in 1510, saw its reformation in 1580 under the supervision of Christophe de Thou. The royal commissioners tried to update the customs of various pays along the lines of evolving case law of the Parlement of Paris. Taking place in the popular assemblies of the three estates, the redaction and reformation of customs reaffirmed the legislative authority of the king, based on indivisible sovereignty which was vested in the king alone yet could be discharged, exercised, and administered in a consultative mode as he saw fit. This prepared the grounds for absolute monarchy. The royal enterprise pressed on through the worst of the religious wars. There was a close link between the yearning for national unity during the civil war and the rise of the notion of French law.
La Coutume and la Législation
Authors: Kim Marie Seong-Hak 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The reformation of customs aimed to bring the sources of law under royal authority and improve judicial administration. Through this process, the king reaffirmed the primacy of legislation in both public and private law. This chapter examines major provisions of the Nouvelle coutume de Paris of 1580 and also looks at judicial cases that were argued at the Parlement of Paris based on the coutumes of other localities. The efforts to reform customs took place in tandem with legislative measures. Most edicts and ordinances inspired by Chancellor Michel de L’Hôpital dealt with public law and procedural matters, but they also covered key private law matters like succession and marital property. Customary law campaigns and legislative activities together represented the royal effort to ensure coherence in the legal system.