bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diketopiperazine Modulates Arabidopsis thaliana Root System Architecture by Promoting Interactions of Auxin Receptor TIR1 and IAA7/17 Proteins
Authors: Yin Lujun , Chen Xiaodong , Chen Qi , Wei Dongqing , Hu Xiang-Yang , Jia Ai-Qun 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Plants can detect the quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecules of microorganisms, such as amino acids, fat derivatives and diketopiperazines (DKPs), thus allowing the exchange information to promote plant growth and development. Here, we evaluated the effects of 12 synthesized DKPs on Arabidopsis thaliana roots and studied their underlying mechanisms of action. Results showed that, as QS signal molecules, the DKPs promoted lateral root development and root hair formation in A.thaliana to differing degrees. The DKPs enhanced the polar transport of the plant hormone auxin from the shoot to root and triggered the auxin-responsive protein IAA7/17 to decrease the auxin response factor, leading to the accumulation of auxin at the root tip and accelerated root growth. In addition, the DKPs induced the development of lateral roots and root hair in the A. thaliana root system architecture via interference with auxin receptor transporter inhibitor response protein 1 (TIR1). A series of TIR1 sites that potentially interact with DKPs were also predicted using molecular docking analysis. Mutations of these sites inhibited the phosphorylation of TIR1 after DKP treatment, thereby inhibiting lateral root formation, especially TIR1-1 site. This study identified several DKP signal molecules in the QS system that can promote the expression of auxin response factors ARF7/19 via interactions of TIR1 and IAA7/17 proteins, thus promoting plant growth and development.
Molecular mechanisms of endomembrane trafficking in plants
Authors: Aniento Fernando , Sánchez de Medina Hernández Víctor , Dagdas Yasin , Rojas-Pierce Marcela , Russinova Eugenia 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEndomembrane trafficking is essential for all eukaryotic cells. The best-characterized membrane trafficking organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, early and recycling endosomes, multivesicular body, or late endosome, lysosome/vacuole, and plasma membrane. Although historically plants have given rise to cell biology, our understanding of membrane trafficking has mainly been shaped by the much more studied mammalian and yeast models. Whereas organelles and major protein families that regulate endomembrane trafficking are largely conserved across all eukaryotes, exciting variations are emerging from advances in plant cell biology research. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on plant endomembrane trafficking, with a focus on four distinct trafficking pathways: ER-to-Golgi transport, endocytosis, trans-Golgi network-to-vacuole transport, and autophagy. We acknowledge the conservation and commonalities in the trafficking machinery across species, with emphasis on diversity and plant-specific features. Understanding the function of organelles and the trafficking machinery currently nonexistent in well-known model organisms will provide great opportunities to acquire new insights into the fundamental cellular process of membrane trafficking.
A dual role for glutathione transferase U7 in plant growth and protection from methyl viologen-induced oxidative stress
Authors: Ugalde José Manuel , Lamig Liliana , Herrera-Vásquez Ariel , Fuchs Philippe , Homagk Maria , Kopriva Stanislav , Müller-Schüssele Stefanie J , Holuigue Loreto , Meyer Andreas J 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Plant glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are glutathione-dependent enzymes with versatile functions, mainly related to detoxification of electrophilic xenobiotics and peroxides. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome codes for 53 GSTs, divided into seven subclasses; however, understanding of their precise functions is limited. A recent study showed that class II TGA transcription factors TGA2, TGA5, and TGA6 are essential for tolerance of UV-B-induced oxidative stress and that this tolerance is associated with an antioxidative function of cytosolic tau-GSTs (GSTUs). Specifically, TGA2 controls the expression of several GSTUs under UV-B light, and constitutive expression of GSTU7 in the tga256 triple mutant is sufficient to revert the UV-B-susceptible phenotype of tga256. To further study the function of GSTU7, we characterized its role in mitigation of oxidative damage caused by the herbicide methyl viologen (MV). Under non-stress conditions, gstu7 null mutants were smaller than wild-type (WT) plants and delayed in the onset of the MV-induced antioxidative response, which led to accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and diminished seedling survival. Complementation of gstu7 by constitutive expression of GSTU7 rescued these phenotypes. Furthermore, live monitoring of the glutathione redox potential in intact cells with the fluorescent probe Grx1-roGFP2 revealed that GSTU7 overexpression completely abolished the MV-induced oxidation of the cytosolic glutathione buffer compared with WT plants. GSTU7 acted as a glutathione peroxidase able to complement the lack of peroxidase-type GSTs in yeast. Together, these findings show that GSTU7 is crucial in the antioxidative response by limiting oxidative damage and thus contributes to oxidative stress resistance in the cell.
Evaluation of factors affecting patients’ refusal of HCV treatment in a cohort of Egyptian patients
Authors: Hashem Mohamed B , Badary Hedy A , Mahfouz Noha A , Adel Shaden , Alboraie Mohamed , AbdAllah Mohamed , AlAkel Wafaa , Saeed Ramy , Ammar Islam , Abdel-Razek Wael , Hassany Mohamed , Esmat Gamal 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundTreatment refusal, defined as active refusal of a patient to receive treatment despite physician recommendations, has not been extensively evaluated before in hepatitis C virus in the era of direct acting antivirals.ObjectiveTo investigate the reasons for refusal to receive hepatitis C virus treatment in Egypt.Methodsan observational study conducted between July 2018 and November 2019 in Egypt. Enrollment was done to all patients who refused to get hepatitis C virus treatment during the national screening and treatment campaign. Reasons for their refusal were identified using a questionnaire as an instrument for data collection.ResultsOut of the 220 280 Egyptian hepatitis C virus patients who did not show up to start treatment and were contacted to get therapy, only 84 patients (0.038%) refused to receive treatment. The main reason for their refusal was having concerns about treatment (82.14%) and their main concern was the fear of adverse events (85.5%). Other causes of refusal were non-satisfactory experience at treatment centers (13.09%) and patients preferred to receive complementary and alternative medicines (4.7%). Most patients (65.4%) trusted the efficacy of directly acting antivirals for hepatitis C. None of the study participants was found to suffer from any psychiatric morbidity and the average score of the GHQ-12 was 10.7155.ConclusionProper health education and awareness regarding hepatitis C virus treatment safety and efficacy is needed to increase treatment acceptance rates.
Organic nitrogen enhances nitrogen nutrition and early growth ofPinus sylvestrisseedlings
Authors: Lim Hyungwoo , Jämtgård Sandra , Oren Ram , Gruffman Linda , Kunz Sabine , Näsholm Torgny 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBoreal trees are capable of taking up organic nitrogen (N) as effectively as inorganic N. Depending on the abundance of soil N forms, plants may adjust physiological and morphological traits to optimize N uptake. However, the link between these traits and N uptake in response to soil N sources is poorly understood. We examined Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings’ biomass growth and allocation, transpiration and N uptake in response to additions of organic N (the amino acid arginine) or inorganic N (ammonium nitrate). We also monitored in situ soil N fluxes in the pots following an addition of N, using a microdialysis system. Supplying organic N resulted in a stable soil N flux, whereas the inorganic N resulted in a sharp increase of nitrate flux followed by a rapid decline, demonstrating a fluctuating N supply and a risk for loss of nitrate from the growth medium. Seedlings supplied with organic N achieved a greater biomass with a higher N content, thus reaching a higher N recovery compared with those supplied inorganic N. In spite of a higher N concentration in organic N seedlings, root-to-shoot ratio and transpiration per unit leaf area were similar to those of inorganic N seedlings. We conclude that enhanced seedlings’ nutrition and growth under the organic N source may be attributed to a stable supply of N, owing to a strong retention rate in the soil medium.
Distal Radius Fractures: Setting Yourself Up for Success in the Active Geriatric Patient
Authors: Medda Suman , Aneja Arun , Carroll Eben A. 
Published: September 2021

Summary:
Distal radius fractures are common in the geriatric population; however, treatment of these fractures remains controversial. Patients undergoing operative fixation may experience a quicker recovery with increased grip strength, which is beneficial in the active geriatric patient. Treatment options include fragment-specific fixation, volar locked plating, and dorsal bridge plating. External fixation alone leads to poor outcomes and is indicated in patients with soft tissue compromise or as a supplemental aid. Implant selection should be tailored to fracture parameters. With a thoughtful surgical algorithm and rehabilitation protocol, good outcomes can be achieved with a high rate of patient satisfaction.
Maintaining the Neutral Axis in the Treatment of Distal Femur Fractures Via Dual Plate or Nail Plate Combination Technique: When and How?
Authors: Liporace Frank A. , Aneja Arun , Carroll Eben A. , Yoon Richard S. 
Published: September 2021

Summary:
Distal femur fractures in the elderly have been historically treated with locked plating or retrograde intramedullary nailing with good, reliable results. However, in certain more complex fracture patterns (native or periprosthetic), increased density of fixation via dual-plate or nail plate combination can help achieve immediate weight-bearing. It can also potentially increase rates of union by shifting and maintaining the neutral axis, distributing forces more evenly across the fracture site. Here, we discuss the indications, pros and cons of both dual-plate and nail plate combination techniques in a concise case-based format.
Effect of Screw Configuration on the Rate of Correction for Guided Growth Using the Tension-band Plate
Authors: Kim Nak Tscheol , Kwon Soon-Sun , Choi Kug Jin , Park Moon Seok , Chung Ju Young , Han Hee Soo , Sung Ki Hyuk 
Published: September 2021

Background:
This study investigated the effect of screw configuration on the rate of correction of coronal angular deformity of the knee joint in children who underwent guided growth using the tension-band plate.

Methods:
Consecutive patients (76 patients with 154 physes; mean age: 11.8±2.2 y) who underwent guided growth using the tension-band plate for coronal angular deformity (genu varum or genu valgum) were included. The mechanical lateral distal femoral angle, mechanical medial proximal tibial angle, and screw angle were measured from the teleroentgenograms of preoperative and postoperative periodic follow-up visits.

Results:
The mean initial screw angle and the mean rate of correction were 16.7±10.5 degrees and 6.5±5.3 degrees per year, respectively. The rate of correction was significantly affected by age at surgery, sex, physis treated, severity of deformity, and rate of change in screw angle (all P<0.001). However, the initial screw angle and type of deformity did not affect the rate of correction. The rate of correction per year was 3.6 degrees higher in boys than in girls and 2.8 degrees higher in the distal femur than in the proximal tibia. A 1 degree increase in the rate of change in screw angle was associated with a 0.5 degree increase in the correction rate. Screw angle significantly increased with follow-up duration (P<0.001) and the change in screw angle was significantly affected by age, sex, and physis treated (all P<0.001).

Conclusions:
This study demonstrated that screw configuration did not affect the correction rate of coronal angular deformity for guided growth using the tension-band plate. Therefore, surgeons only need to insert the screws according to anatomic restriction, not considering the screw configuration when using the tension-band plate for guided growth in children.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic level III.
Immune Profiling Demonstrates a Common Immune Signature of Delayed Acquired Immunodeficiency in Patients With Various Etiologies of Severe Injury*
Authors: Venet Fabienne , Textoris Julien , Blein Sophie , Rol Mary-Luz , Bodinier Maxime , Canard Bertrand , Cortez Pierre , Meunier Boris , Tan Lionel K. , Tipple Craig , Quemeneur Laurence , Reynier Frédéric , Leissner Philippe , Védrine Christophe , Bouffard Yves , Delwarde Benjamin , Martin Olivier , Girardot Thibaut , Truc Cyrille , Griffiths Andrew D. , Moucadel Virginie , Pachot Alexandre , Monneret Guillaume , Rimmelé Thomas ,   for the REALISM study group
Published: September 2021

OBJECTIVES:
The host response plays a central role in the pathophysiology of sepsis and severe injuries. So far, no study has comprehensively described the overtime changes of the injury-induced immune profile in a large cohort of critically ill patients with different etiologies.

DESIGN:
Prospective observational cohort study.

SETTING:
Adult ICU in a University Hospital in Lyon, France.

PATIENTS:
Three hundred fifty-three septic, trauma, and surgical patients and 175 healthy volunteers were included in the REAnimation Low Immune Status Marker study.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Extensive immune profiling was performed by assessing cellular phenotypes and functions, protein, and messenger RNA levels at days 1–2, 3–4, and 5–7 after inclusion using a panel of 30 standardized immune markers. Using this immunomonitoring panel, no specificity in the immune profile was observed among septic, trauma, and surgical patients. This common injury-induced immune response was characterized by an initial adaptive (i.e., physiologic) response engaging all constituents of the immune system (pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine releases, and innate and adaptive immune responses) but not associated with increased risk of secondary infections. In contrary, the persistence in a subgroup of patients of profound immune alterations at the end of the first week after admission was associated with increased risk of secondary infections independently of exposure to invasive devices. The combined monitoring of markers of pro-/anti-inflammatory, innate, and adaptive immune responses allowed a better enrichment of patients with risk of secondary infections in the selected population.

CONCLUSIONS:
Using REAnimation Low Immune Status Marker immunomonitoring panel, we detected delayed injury-acquired immunodeficiency in a subgroup of severely injured patients independently of primary disease. Critically ill patients’ immune status could be captured through the combined monitoring of a common panel of complementary markers of pro-/anti-inflammatory, innate, and adaptive immune responses. Such immune monitoring needs to be incorporated in larger study cohorts with more extensive immune surveillance to develop specific hypothesis allowing for identification of biological systems affecting altered immune function related to late infection in the setting of acute systemic injury.
Functional mitral regurgitation combined with increased early diastolic transmitral velocity to early mitral annulus diastolic velocity ratio is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with shock
Authors: Zhou Ran , Zou Tongjuan , Yin Wanhong , Wang Xiaoting , Kang Yan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background:
Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is common in critically ill patients and may cause left atrial (LA) pressure elevation. This study aims to explore the prognostic impact of synergistic LA pressure elevation and FMR in patients with shock.

Methods:
We retrospectively screened 130 consecutive patients of 175 patients with shock from April 2016 to June 2017. The incidence and impact of FMR and early diastolic transmitral velocity to early mitral annulus diastolic velocity ratio (E/e’) ≥ 4 within 6 h of shock on the prognosis of patients were evaluated. Finally, the synergistic effect of FMR and E/e’ were assessed by combination, grouping, and trend analyses.

Results:
Forty-four patients (33.8%) had FMR, and 15 patients (11.5%) had E/e’ elevation. A multivariate analysis revealed FMR and E/e’ as independent correlated factors for 28-day mortality (P = 0.043 and 0.028, respectively). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed a significant difference in survival between patients with and without FMR (χ
2 = 7.672, P = 0.006) and between the E/e’ ≥ 14 and E/e’ < 14 groups (χ
2 = 19.351, P < 0.010). Twenty-eight-day mortality was significantly different among the four groups (χ
2 = 30.141, P < 0.010). The risk of 28-day mortality was significantly higher in group 4 (E/e’ ≥ 14 with FMR) compared with groups 1 (E/e’ < 14 without FMR) and 2 (E/e’ < 14 with FMR) (P = 0.001 and 0.046, respectively).

Conclusions:
Patients with shock can be identified by the presence of FMR. FMR and E/e’ are independent risk factors for a poor prognosis in these patients, and prognosis is worst when FMR and E/e’ ≥ 14 are present. It may be possible to improve prognosis by reducing LA pressure and E/e’.

Trial Registration:
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03082326.
Postpartum permanent contraception: updates on policy and access
Authors: Henkel Andrea , Beshar Isabel , Goldthwaite Lisa M. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
To describe barriers to provision of postpartum permanent contraception at patient, hospital, and insurance levels.

Recent findings
Permanent contraception remains the most commonly used form of contraception in the United States with the majority of procedures performed during birth-hospitalization. Many people live in regions with a high Catholic hospital market share where individual contraceptive plans may be refused based on religious doctrine. Obesity should not preclude an individual from receiving a postpartum tubal ligation as recent studies find that operative time is clinically similar with no increased risk of complications in obese compared with nonobese people. The largest barrier to provision of permanent contraception remains the federally mandated consent for sterilization for those with Medicaid insurance. State variation in enforcement of the Medicaid policy additionally contributes to unequal access and physician reimbursement. Although significant barriers exist in policy that will take time to improve, hospital-based interventions, such as listing postpartum tubal ligation as an ‘urgent’ procedure or scheduling interval laparoscopic salpingectomy prior to birth-hospitalization discharge can make a significant impact in actualization of desired permanent contraception for patients.

Summary
Unfulfilled requests for permanent contraception result in higher rates of unintended pregnancies, loss of self-efficacy, and higher costs. Hospital and federal policy should protect vulnerable populations while not preventing provision of desired contraception.
Deeper Understanding of Appearance in Orofacial Clefts: A Structural Equation Model of the CLEFT-Q Appearance Scales
Authors: Harrison Conrad J. , Sidey-Gibbons Chris J. , Klassen Anne F. , Wong Riff Karen W. Y. , Furniss Dominic , Swan Marc C. , Rodrigues Jeremy N. 
Published: September 2021

Background:
The CLEFT-Q is a patient-reported outcome measure with seven scales measuring elements of facial appearance in cleft lip and/or palate. We built on the validated CLEFT-Q structural model to describe conceptual relationships between these scales, and tested our hypothesis through structural equation modeling (SEM). In our hypothesized model, the appearance of the nose, nostrils, teeth, jaw, lips, and cleft lip scar all contribute to overall facial appearance.

Methods:
We included 640 participants from the international CLEFT-Q field test. Model fit was assessed using weighted least squares mean and variance adjusted regression. The model was then refined through modification indices. The fit of the hypothesized model was confirmed in an independent sample of 452 participants.

Results:
The refined model demonstrated excellent fit to the data (comparative fit index 0.999, Tucker-Lewis index 0.999, root mean square error of approximation 0.036 and standardized root mean square residual 0.036). The confirmatory analysis also demonstrated excellent model fit.

Conclusion:
Our structural model, based on a clinical understanding of appearance in orofacial clefting, aligns with CLEFT-Q field test data. This supports the instrument’s use and the exploration of a wider range of applications, such as multidimensional computerized adaptive testing.
Immediate Lymphovenous Bypass Treated Donor Site Lymphedema during Phalloplasty for Gender Dysphoria
Authors: Lin Walter , Safa Bauback , Chen Mang , Cheng Ming-Huei 
Published: September 2021

Summary:
Demand for gender-affirming phalloplasty continues to grow worldwide, and the extended radial forearm flap phalloplasty remains one of the most commonly performed techniques. One potential morbidity that has emerged is postoperative donor site lymphedema, which was susceptible to develop after harvest of extended radial forearm flap. In the setting of preventative or immediate lymphovenous bypass (LVB) with axillary lymph node dissection for the treatment of breast cancer, it is possible that a subset of patients undergoing gender-affirmation surgery would benefit from immediate lymphatic reconstruction at the time of primary phalloplasty. Here, we report a case in which intraoperative indocyanine green lymphography demonstrated lymphatic obstruction within the left donor hand after flap harvest, and was treated with immediate LVB at the time of extended radial forearm phalloplasty. Two surgical teams operated simultaneously: the reconstructive urology team performed the vaginectomy, perineal urethral lengthening, scrotoplasty, and perineal reconstruction; and the microsurgery team harvested the extended radial forearm, constructed the penile urethra, shaped the phallus, and performed the immediate LVB. Lymphography showed no dermal backflow at 5 months follow-up; at 13 months, the patient demonstrated no signs or symptoms of lymphedema in the left forearm or hand. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first report of confirmed donor site lymphedema following extended radial forearm flap harvest, which was successfully treated with immediate LVB. Careful evaluation of lymphatic vessels with indocyanine green lymphography in the forearm before and after extended flap harvest may be warranted.