bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The functional diversity of marsupial limbs is influenced by both ecology and developmental constraint
Authors: Pevsner Spencer K , Grossnickle David M , Luo Zhe-Xi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Extant marsupials are less ecologically diverse than placentals, and this is reflected by placentals exhibiting a greater diversity of locomotor modes, including powered flight and fully aquatic swimming. One proposed explanation for this discrepancy is that the development of more disparate marsupial forelimbs is prevented by the neonate’s crawl to the pouch, which requires precocious forelimb development for climbing adaptations. To test predictions of this Developmental Constraint Hypothesis (DCH), we pursue a comparative morphometric study on osteological traits of mammalian limbs, with an emphasis on functional differentiation of marsupial limbs among locomotor modes. We apply multivariate analyses to a large dataset of limb metrics and a diverse sample of mammals, with the placental sample limited to taxa whose locomotor modes are exhibited in marsupials. Overall, we do not find consistent evidence in support of the DCH. Diprotodontia serves as an exception, with comparisons of their forelimbs to hind limbs supporting the DCH. Our results suggest that developmental constraints on marsupial forelimbs may have limited marsupial diversity to some degree. Despite this, the marsupial locomotor groups show unexpectedly high levels of morphological differentiation relative to placentals of the same locomotor modes, indicating that ecological functions may overcome developmental constraints on a macroevolutionary scale.
Wire- and magnetic-seed-guided localization of impalpable breast lesions: iBRA-NET localisation study
Authors: Dave Rajiv V. , Barrett Emma , Morgan Jenna , Chandarana Mihir , Elgammal Suzanne , Barnes Nicola , Sami Amtul , Masudi Tahir , Down Sue , Holcombe Chris , Potter Shelley , Somasundaram Santosh K. , Gardiner Matthew , Mylvaganam Senthurun , Maxwell Anthony , Harvey James ,   iBRA-NET Localisation Study collaborative, Tanska A. , Hurley A. , Leusink A. , St John E. , Giono I. , Shanthakunalan K. , Harborough K. , Shenton K. , Gonen N. , Ain Q. , O’Connell R. , Law R. , Teoh V. , Yan Z. , Gaber Eltatawy A. , Rattay T. , Micha A. , Faheem M. , Tenovici A. , Baban C. , Ahmed G. , Joshi M. , Contractor K. , Charalambous M. P. , Kharashgah M. , Hanief M. , Milica A. , Khan A. , Bell A. , Smith B. , Sproson C. , Hollywood C. , Hodgkins K. A. , Rutherford C. L. , Thekkinkattil D. , Shanthakumar D. , Rahman E. , Mullapudi N. Amulya , Morad A. , Quinn E. , Moura F. , Bromley H. , Chen J. , Walter L. , Preston M. , Neyaz N. , Jafferbhoy S. , Osborne R. , Borg E. , Lumley E. , Wijesinghe K. , Ross F. A. , Davies T. , Tovey S. , Fatayer H. , Whitehead I. J. , Mondani J. , James K. , Darragh L. , Kiernan T. , Sridharan U. , Ashford S. , Laws S. , Robson N. , Matias M. R. A. , Wilson R. L. , Ali S. H. , Salman M. , Buhleigah M. , Rathinaezhil R. , Hignett S. , Schrire T. D. , Lambert W. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Wire localization is historically the most common method for guiding excision of non-palpable breast lesions, but there are limitations to the technique. Newer technologies such as magnetic seeds may allow some of these challenges to be overcome. The aim was to compare safety and effectiveness of wire and magnetic seed localization techniques.

Methods
Women undergoing standard wire or magnetic seed localization for non-palpable lesions between August 2018 and August 2020 were recruited prospectively to this IDEAL stage 2a/2b platform cohort study. The primary outcome was effectiveness defined as accurate localization and removal of the index lesion. Secondary endpoints included safety, specimen weight and reoperation rate for positive margins.

Results
Data were accrued from 2300 patients in 35 units; 2116 having unifocal, unilateral breast lesion localization. Identification of the index lesion in magnetic-seed-guided (946 patients) and wire-guided excisions (1170 patients) was 99.8 versus 99.1 per cent (P = 0.048). There was no difference in overall complication rate. For a subset of patients having a single lumpectomy only for lesions less than 50 mm (1746 patients), there was no difference in median closest margin (2 mm versus 2 mm, P = 0.342), re-excision rate (12 versus 13 per cent, P = 0.574) and specimen weight in relation to lesion size (0.15 g/mm2 versus 0.138 g/mm2, P = 0.453).

Conclusion
Magnetic seed localization demonstrated similar safety and effectiveness to those of wire localization. This study has established a robust platform for the comparative evaluation of new localization devices.
Comparison of four surgical approaches for rectal prolapse: multicentre randomized clinical trial
Authors: Smedberg J. , Graf W. , Pekkari K. , Hjern F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Several different procedures have been described for surgical treatment of rectal prolapse and consensus on the optimal approach has not been reached. The Swedish Rectal Prolapse Trial was performed with the aim to compare the outcomes after the most common surgical approaches to rectal prolapse.

Method
A multicentre randomized trial was conducted from 2000 to 2009. Patients were randomized between a perineal or an abdominal approach for correction of rectal prolapse (randomization A) if eligible for any procedures. Patients considered unsuitable for random allocation were only included in randomizations B or C. Patients in randomization B (perineal group) were randomized to Delorme’s or Altemeier’s procedures and those in randomization C (abdominal group) to suture rectopexy or resection rectopexy. Primary outcomes were bowel function and quality of life, measured using Wexner incontinence score and RAND-36, and secondary outcomes were complications and recurrence at 3 years.

Results
During the study period, 134 patients were randomized: 18 in randomization A group, 80 in randomization B group and 54 in randomization C group; of these, 122 patients underwent surgery. Mean follow-up was 2.6 years. Improvements in Wexner and RAND-36 scores were seen but with no significant difference between the groups. Health change scores were significantly improved from baseline up to 1 year after surgery (P &lt; 0.001). At 3 years, recurrence rates were two of seven patients for abdominal versus five of eight patients for perineal approach (P = 0.315), 18 of 31 patients (58 per cent) for Delorme’s versus 15 of 30 patients (50 per cent) for Altemeier’s (P = 0.611) and four of 19 patients (21 per cent) for suture rectopexy versus two of 21 patients (10 per cent) for resection rectopexy (P = 0.398). There were no significant differences regarding postoperative complications.

Conclusion
For all procedures, significant improvements from baseline in health change scores were noted after surgery. Recurrence rates were higher than previously reported.
Registration number: NCT04893642 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Serologic Markers Among Antiretroviral-Naive Young People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Who Had Undergone Neonatal HBV Vaccination and Initiated Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Huang Yi Chia , Sun Hsin Yun , Sheng Wang Huei , Hsieh Szu Min , Huang Sung Hsi , Chen Guan Jhou , Liu Wang Da , Chang Sui Yuan , Su Yi Ching , Su Li Hsin , Liu Wen Chun , Hung Chien Ching 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
With initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) containing nucleos(t)ide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) with anti–hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity, the evolution of HBV serologic markers among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) who were born in the era of nationwide neonatal HBV vaccination is rarely investigated.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study evaluated the changes of HBV serologic markers (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg], antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen [anti-HBs], and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen [anti-HBc]) of PLWH who had undergone neonatal HBV vaccination. Clinical characteristics were analyzed and the incidences of evolution of HBV serologic markers were estimated.

Results
Between 2004 and 2020, 608 PLWH (mean age, 24 years) were included and 62.0% initiated tenofovir-containing ART: 13 (2.1%) were HBsAg-positive, 312 (51.3%) tested triple-negative, 209 (34.4%) had vaccine-induced seroprotection against HBV, and 74 (12.2%) tested positive for anti-HBc with or without anti-HBs. Among 492 PLWH who received a median follow-up of 2.8 years, 4 cases of incident HBV infection occurred (0.59 per 100 person-years of follow-up [PYFU]) in PLWH testing triple-negative at baseline despite ART containing NRTIs with anti-HBV activity. Of PLWH with seroprotection against HBV at baseline, 38 subsequently lost anti-HBs (4.46 per 100 PYFU) and 4 cases of incident HBV infection occurred (0.47 per 100 PYFU). PLWH with an anti-HBs antibody titer ≥100 mIU/mL at baseline (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.10 [95% confidence interval {CI}: .02–.42]) and CD4 ≥500 cells/µL during follow-up (aHR, 0.51 [95% CI: .30–1.00]) were less likely to lose HBV seroprotection.

Conclusions
Among young PLWH who had undergone neonatal HBV vaccination, evolution of HBV serologic markers and incident infections occurred despite ART containing NRTIs with anti-HBV activity.
Multidimensional scaling for animal traits in the context of dynamic energy budget theory
Authors: Kooijman Sebastiaan A L M , Lika Konstadia , Augustine Starrlight , Marn Nina 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The method of multidimensional scaling (MDS) has long existed, but could only recently be applied to animal traits in the context of dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory. The application became possible because of the following: (i) the Add-my-Pet (AmP) collection of DEB parameters and traits (approximately 280) recently reached 3000 animal species with 45000 data sets of measurements; (ii) we found a natural distance measure for species based on their traits as a side result of our research on parameter estimation in DEB context; and (iii) we developed plotting code for visualization that allows labelling of taxonomic relationships. Traits, here defined as DEB parameters or any function of these parameters, have different dimensions, which hamper application of many popular distance measures since they (implicitly) assume that all traits have the same dimensions. The AmP collection follows the workflow that measured data determine parameters and parameters determine trait values. In this way we could fill up the species traits table completely, which we could not do by using measured values only, as data availability varies considerably between species and is typically poor. The goodness of fit of predictions for all data sets is generally excellent. This paper discusses links between the MDS method and parameter estimation and illustrates the application of MDS for the AmP collection to five taxa, three ectothermic and two endothermic, which we consider to be ‘complete’, in the sense that we expect that it will be difficult to find more species with data in the open literature. This application of MDS shows links between traits and taxonomy that supplements our efforts to find patterns in the co-variation of parameter values. Knowledge about metabolic performance is key to conservation biology, sustainable management and environmental risk assessment, which are seen as interlinked fields.
Prevalence and risk of progressive aortic aneurysm and dissection in adults with conotruncal anomalies
Authors: Egbe Alexander C , Miranda William R , Bonnichsen Crystal R , Jain C Charles , Crestanello Juan A , Francois Christopher , Katta Renuka R , Iftikhar Momina , Goda Ahmed Y , Andi Kartik , Gandhi Sangeetha , Connolly Heidi M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Aims
Conotruncal anomalies share common embryogenic defects of the outflow tracts and great arteries, which result in a predisposition to aortic aneurysms. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence and risk of progressive aortic aneurysms in adults with conotruncal anomalies.

Methods and results
Retrospective study of adults with conotruncal anomalies that underwent cross-sectional imaging 2003–20. Aneurysm was defined as aortic root/mid-ascending aorta &gt;2.1 mm/m2/&gt;1.9 mm/m2, progressive aneurysm as increase by &gt;2 mm, and severe aneurysm as dimension &gt;50 mm. Of 2261 patients (38 ± 12 years; male 58%), 1167 (52%) had an aortic aneurysm, and 205 (14%) had a severe aortic aneurysm. Mean annual increase in aortic root/mid-ascending aorta was 0.3 ± 0.1 mm/0.2 ± 0.1 mm. The 3-, 5-, and 7-year cumulative incidence of the progressive aortic aneurysm was 4%, 7%, and 9%, respectively. The rate of aneurysm growth decreased with age, with no significant growth after age 40 years. There was an excellent correlation between aortic indices from cross-sectional imaging and echocardiography. Of 950 females, 184 had ≥1 pregnancy, and 81 (44%) of the 184 patients had aortic aneurysm prior to pregnancy. There was no aortic dissection or progression of the aortic aneurysm during pregnancy. Overall, there was no aortic dissection during 7984 patient-years of follow-up.

Conclusions
Aortic aneurysm was common in patients with conotruncal anomalies. However, the risk of progressive aneurysm or dissection was low. Collectively, these data suggest a benign natural history and perhaps a less frequent need for cross-sectional imaging. Further studies are required to determine the optimal timing for surgical intervention in this population.
Seabird distribution is better predicted by abundance of prey than oceanography. A case study in the Gulf of Cadiz (SW, Iberian Peninsula)
Authors: de la Cruz Andrés , Ramos Fernando , Tornero Jorge , Rincón Margarita María , Jiménez Mª Paz , Arroyo Gonzalo Muñoz 
Published: December 2021

AbstractQuantifying factors that influence marine predator distributions is essential to understanding the current and future change in marine biodiversity. Here, we test whether marine predator distribution relates to prey, or is better predicted by other specific habitat features. We examine the correlation between spatial distribution of three seabird species and their prey, as well as environmental proxies (oceanographic characteristics) in the Gulf of Cadiz, NE Atlantic. We modeled the at-sea distribution of Cory's shearwater, Balearic shearwater and Northern gannet, based on: (i) pelagic fish abundance according to acoustic surveys, and (ii) a forecast-model of remotely sensed environmental variables (productivity, sea surface temperature, and salinity). In general, seabird distributions were better predicted by abundance of fish than by environmental variables at the habitat scale. We obtained consistent correlations between seabird presence and the abundance of medium-sized (10–20 cm) sardines, anchovies and Mediterranean horse mackerel, providing information on their preferred prey. Additionally, oceanographic productivity variables moderately contributed to seabird distribution models, with better predictive value for the critically endangered Balearic shearwater and Northern gannet in the summer, whilst the model for Cory's shearwater's produced poorer predictions. Predator–prey combined studies may represent essential tools for an efficient ecosystem-based management of marine environments.
Aerodynamic shape optimization of H-VAWT blade airfoils considering a wide range of angles of attack
Authors: Wang Quan , Liu Boyang , Hu Cong , Wang Fengyun , Yang Shuyi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The current H-type vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) airfoils are from horizontal axis wind turbine airfoils or symmetry airfoils that are designed at one angle of attack (such as α = 6°) rather than different angles of attack. As a consequence, it cannot, to a certain extent, increase wind power efficiency. Therefore, an optimal method of H-type VAWT blade airfoils in different ranges of angles of attack is presented. It can be expressed by airfoil integrated function. Then, an optimized mathematical model in which the objective function is the average of tangential force coefficients is established. The particle swarm optimization algorithm coupled with RFOIL program is introduced to optimize the H-type VAWT airfoil profiles with high aerodynamic performance. The optimized results show that the new HVAWT-00153 airfoil is more suitable to VAWTs than the other two new airfoils and NACA-0015 airfoil. Besides, by using computational fluid dynamics technology, the superiority of HVAWT-00153 airfoil over NCAC-0015 airfoil is reviewed. The results indicate that the H-type VAWT with new HVAWT-00153 airfoils could exhibit larger torque coefficients and higher power coefficients than that of the original H-type VAWT with NACA-0015 airfoils. The maximum power coefficient can reach 0.362, increased by 8.45% compared with that of the original one. This study has a good guidance to how to design the H-type VAWT airfoils with high wind energy power.
Social-technical interventions to reduce antimicrobial resistance in agriculture: evidence from poultry Farmer Field Schools in Ghana and Kenya
Authors: Caudell Mark A. , Kiambi Stella , Afakye Kofi , Koka Eric , Kabali Emmanuel , Kimani Tabitha , Dorado-Garcia Alejandro 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To assess the feasibility of the Farmer Field School approach to address the complex problem of antimicrobial resistance in agriculture, specifically within small-to-medium-scale layer poultry systems in Ghana and Kenya. Impact was assessed across three domains relevant to the emergence and selection of antimicrobial resistance, including infection, prevention, and control practices, engagement with animal health professionals, and knowledge, attitudes, and practices on antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance.

Methods
Farmer Field Schools were held in Ghana (N = 2) and Kenya (N = 3) across an eight-month period with an average of 18 participants in each school. After completion, a quantitative evaluation survey was administered to participants and a sample of non-participants (Ghana; N = 97) (Kenya; N = 103). Logistic and ordinary least squares regression were used to assess differences between participants and non-participants on the three domains.

Results
Participation in a layer poultry Farmer Field School in Ghana and Kenya is associated with self-reported reductions in antibiotic use, particularly for prevention, an increased investment in farm infection, prevention, and control practices, including the use of footbaths and personal protective equipment, and enhanced engagement with animal health professionals.

Conclusions
Antimicrobial resistance is a complex problem driven by a wide range of practices and multiple stakeholders. To holistically address these factors requires the use of complex intervention approaches. The Farmer Field School approach offers a complex intervention methodology that can reduce the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in agricultural systems through targeting the variety of on-farm and off-farm factors that drive resistance.
Countercurrent Salting-out Homogenous Liquid–Liquid Extraction and Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Based on the Solidification of Floating Organic Drop Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Isolation and Preconcentration of Pesticides from Fruit Samples
Authors: Teymori Zeinab , Sadeghi Marzieh , Fattahi Nazir 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Pesticides are widely used to control pests and prevent diseases in crops, including cereals, vegetables, and fruits. Due to factors such as the persistence of pesticides, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity, pesticide residue monitoring in foodstuffs is very important.

Objective
In the current research, we proposed a novel approach using countercurrent salting-out homogenous liquid–liquid extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplets (DLLME-SFO) for isolation and preconcentration of pesticides from aqueous samples for analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV).

Methods
In brief, sodium chloride was used as a separation reagent, in a small glass column, through which was passed a mixture of an aqueous solution of, for example, fruit juice and acetonitrile. In this process, the droplets rose through the column and a separated layer would be formed on the remained an aqueous phase. Following that, acetonitrile as the organic phase was mixed with 50.0 µL of 1-undecanol (extraction solvent). To further enrich the analytes, the mixture was injected into 5 mL of a 4% w/v sodium chloride solution and placed in a tube for the DLLME-SFO.

Results
Under optimal conditions, a dynamic linear range of 0.5–500 μg/L, extraction recovery of 65–85%, enrichment factors of 108–142, and limit of detection of 0.2–0.4 μg/L were obtained for the organophosphorus pesticides analysed. In addition, the repeatability and reproducibility from five replicate measurements of the pesticides (100 μg/L) were within the ranges of 3.5–5.1% and 4.5–6.3%, respectively .

Conclusion
In this research, a new extraction method based on countercurrent salting out homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction combined with DLLME-SFO has been applied for the determination of pesticide residues in fruits, juice and environmental samples before using HPLC-UV analysis. The combined method not only leads to high enrichment factors, but can also be used in complex matrices (such as fruits, juices and high-salt solutions) without pre-treatment or dilution. Compared with other sample preparation methods, this analysis procedure has many advantages, including simplicity, ease of operation, high pre-enrichment factor, low detection limit and relatively short analysis time.

Highlights
Combination of CCSHLLE and DLLME–SFO was applied for the analysis of organophosphorous pesticide residues in fruit, fruit juices and environmental samples. The DLLME-SFO method avoided using high density and toxic extraction solvents. LODs are achievable at ng L-1 using CCSLLE-DLLME-SFO-HPLC-UV.