bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing Short-Term Seismic and COVID-19 Fatality Risks in Italy
Authors: Chioccarelli Eugenio , Iervolino Iunio 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Risks assessment and risks comparison are basic concepts for emergency management. In the fields of earthquake engineering and engineering seismology, the operational earthquake loss forecasting (OELF) is the research frontier for the assessment of short-term seismic risk. It combines seismicity models, continuously updated based on ground-motion monitoring (i.e., operational earthquake forecasting), with large-scale vulnerability models for the built environment and exposure data. With the aim of contributing to the discussion about capabilities and limitations of OELF, the study presented aims at comparing the OELF results and the fatality risk (based on fatality data) related to coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) that, at the time of writing, is perceived as very relevant and required unprecedented risk reduction measures in several countries, most notably Italy. Results show that, at a national scale in Italy, the COVID-19 risk has been higher than the seismic risk during the two pandemic waves even if, at the end of the so-called lockdown, the evolution of the pandemic suggested the possibility (not realized) of reaching a situation of comparable seismic and COVID-19 risks in a few weeks. Because the two risks vary at a local scale, risks comparison was also carried out on a regional basis, showing that, before the beginning of the second wave, in some cases, the seismic risk, as assessed by means of OELF, was larger than the pandemic one.
Early Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Neonates with Gestation 35 Weeks or More with Serum Bilirubin in Exchange Range Without Encephalopathy: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Sharma Deepak , Harish Rekha , Bhatti Anuj , Uppal Radhika , Naseem Jehangir 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo describe early neurodevelopment outcomes of neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia without acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE).MethodsNeonates born at gestation ≥35 weeks, admitted to NICU with total serum bilirubin (TSB) in exchange range with no features of ABE, were followed up until the age of 6 months. Infants were assessed for impaired hearing and neurodevelopment at 3 months and 6 months of age.ResultsA total of 59 neonates were enrolled in the study. At 3 months of age, 7.6 percent of neonates were found to have hypotonia and motor delay, whereas 42.3 percent had abnormal brainstem evoked response audiometery. At 6 months, 6.4 percent of neonates were found to have persistent neurodevelopmental impairment.ConclusionSevere hyperbilirubinemia is associated with impaired neurodevelopment and hearing even in infants without ABE. Peak TSB level strongly correlates with abnormal outcomes.
On Air: Representing Osing Identity in Community Radio
Authors: Wisnu Windu Bramantio , Rosa Dien Vidia 
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this research is to describe the articulation of Osing’s culture on three community radios in Banyuwangi. Understanding language as an identity medium is essential to analyzing underlying cultural dynamics and the crucial vital they play. The Government policy reshaped Osing's identity as an added value to drive regional economic growth. This impacted local, cultural practices. The government created the Osing culture as the primary character used to differentiate them from other cultural practices. Notwithstanding, this research argues that culture is not an entity that can be organized and represented in a monolithic form. Using qualitative methods, this study found that the Osing culture, especially the practice of its language, became a medium of discourse that intertwined with various other cultures. Furthermore, radio has become a space for cultural encounters and a site for cultural submissions that are continually changing and discovering social contexts.
Keywords: Osing languages, Osing community radio, Osing representations
Consuming Leisure Time: How The Tourism Trend Has Changed the Village
Authors: Istriyani Ratna 
Published: March 2021

This article elaborates on the issue of using leisure time, mainly connected with the tourism concept. The tourism agenda has shaped the trend of using leisure time, which at the same time has changed the appearance of particular places to attract consumers. The village area is a new tourist spot that discussed in this article. Again becomes crucial to see; the new economic features have changed social relations in rural areas. The changes also happened in Yogyakarta, especially villages in the Sleman area. Therefore, this paper aims to explore how the village experienced economic changes after it formed into a tourist area, how was the process. The approach used in this research is qualitative by collecting observational data and secondary data. Based on the research, the villages in Yogyakarta, especially Sleman, the changes in the economic pattern cannot separate from the tourist trend, which emphasizes the reformation of the classic pastoral nuances. The establishment of a restaurant or cafe that offers authentic characters imagined being a remedy for longing for memories. Without intending to confront rural and urban areas, this study argues that the tourism trend in rural areas has not only changed the economic complexion but has also emphasized the character of the village as a space for urban community consumption. It is undeniable that the economic turnover that arises from the tourism sector is assumed to be able to contribute to the new face of rural areas; however, it is not necessarily possible to realize sustainable regional development without being followed by creativity to compete with the emergence of new entertainment venues.
Keywords: Tourism Transformation, Village, Leisure, Space Consumption.
Spare the Rod, Spoil the Society? The Moral Complexity of Caning in Singapore
Authors: Sorenson Hannah 
Published: March 2021

You have the opportunity to decide whether or not a person gets caned, the only caveat is that they have committed a crime against you. What will you do? This essay explores the moral complexity of caning in Singapore through an exploration of corporal punishment, criminal justice, moral philosophy, and the Asian values debate; a dilemma that ultimately places concerns of society and the individual at odds. In doing so, the essay argues that the morality of caning changes on the basis of the ethical framework and modification of situation variables. Even so, the moral complexity of caning is not superficially evident. In order to thoroughly engage with all elements of this complexity, this essay begins by attempting to decipher the place of punishment within international human rights frameworks. From there, the essay explores the morality of punishment and its employ in colonial endeavors. This leads to a discussion of modernization, humanitarian ideologies, and control. By creating a framework for analyzing criminal justice in Singapore—including an outline of the intersections of criminal justice, development, and prosperity —this essay seeks to explore the balance between corporal punishment as a tool of prosperity and corporal punishment as a source of pain and degradation. When placed in consequentialist and virtue-based ethical frameworks caning in Singapore looks very different, forcing the moral actor to weigh societal concerns with concerns for individual pain, suffering, and liberties.
Keywords: Caning, Morality, Society, Punishment.
Efektivitas Larvasida Formula Granul Mengandung Ekstrak Bunga Melati (Jasminum sambac) dan Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) Terhadap Mortalitas Larva Aedes aegypti
Authors: Berliani Jevi Ramadhan , Salsabila Yumna Zulfa , Anjaini Rindy Fidestia , Sasongko Heru 
Published: March 2021

<span>Nyamuk<strong> </strong><em>Aedes aegypti</em> merupakan vector utama pada kejadian demam berdarah (DBD). Pencegahan penularan DBD menggunakan bahan kimia disinyalir menimbulkan permasalahan sendiri diataranya adalah pencemaran lingkungan, resisten dan residu bahan kimia</span><span lang="IN">. </span><span>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas formula granul yang mengandung ekstrak bunga melati (EBM) dan ekstrak biji papaya (EBP) terhadap mortalitas larva nyamuk <em>Aedes aegypti. </em>Ekstrak diperoleh menggunakan metode maserasi. Formula dibuat menggunakan metode granulasi basah</span><span lang="IN">.</span><span> Uji larvasida menggunakan 30 larva yang terbagi dalam 6 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol dan formula. Kelompok kontrol terdiri dari kontrol negatif yaitu formula granul tanpa zat aktif dan kelompok pemberian serbuk abate sebagai kontrol positif. Kelompok formula terdiri dari formula mengandung EBM 10%, EBP 10%, formula kombinasi mengandung EBM dan EBP (5%:5%) dan (10%:10%). Nilai persen mortalitas larva diamati setelah 24 jam pemberian formula granul. Uji statistik <em>one way-ANOVA</em> dilanjutkan <em>Post-Hoc Test LSD</em> dilakukan untuk melihat perbedaan antar kelompok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula mengandung ekstrak tunggal EBP memberikan nilai persen mortalitas secara signifikan (p&lt;0.05) dengan nilai </span><span lang="IN">60</span><span>%. Pada formula kombinasi EBM dan EBP (5%:5% dan 10%:10%)</span><span>memberikan nilai persen mortalitas sebesar</span><span>13,4% dan </span><span lang="IN">26,6</span><span>% berbeda signifikan dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (p&lt;0.05).</span>
Analisis Kesintasan Laju Kejadian Hipertensi Berdasarkan Perbedaan Usia Akseptor Kontrasepsi Oral
Authors: Alfan Nur , Nurmainah Nurmainah 
Published: March 2021

<p>Peningkatan tekanan darah pada akseptor kontrasepsi oral dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan usia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengkaji risiko dan laju kejadian hipertensi berdasarkan perbedaan usia akseptor kontrasepsi oral. Metode penelitian bersifat analitik observasional dengan rancangan studi kohort retrospektif. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pengumpulan basis data akseptor yang menggunakan kontrasepsi oral di Puskesmas Perumnas II, Pontianak. Data yang digunakan adalah data akseptor baru yang menggunakan kontrasepsi oral selama Januari hingga Desember 2017. Periode ini merupakan tanggal indeks penggunaan kontrasepsi atau tanggal dimulainya penggunaan kontrasepsi oral pertama kali oleh akseptor. Perjalanan penggunaan kontrasepsi oral oleh akseptor diikuti sampai akhir penelitian (30 Oktober 2019). Akhir pengumpulan data penelitian dikelompokkan menjadi kelompok usia ≤ 30 tahun dan kelompok usia &gt;30 tahun dengan menganalisis risiko dan laju kejadian hipertensi. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik <em>purposive sampling</em>. Pengambilan data dilakukan berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi. Data akseptor yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi sebanyak 75 orang. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan uji khi kuadrat, analisis <em>Kaplan-Meier</em>, <em>cox proportion hazard test, </em>dan uji t<em>.</em> Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelompok usia &gt;30 tahun berisiko 3,376 kali lebih besar mengalami kejadian hipertensi dibandingkan kelompok usia ≤30 tahun (p =0,016; RR=3,376; CI 95%=1,085-10,50). Laju kejadian hipertensi pada kelompok akseptor dengan usia &gt;30 tahun lebih cepat 4,045 kali dibandingkan dengan kelompok akseptor yang berusia ≤30 tahun (HR=4,045; CI 95%=1,18-13,88). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah usia akseptor &gt;30 tahun memiliki laju kejadian hipertensinya lebih cepat dibandingkan akseptor dengan usia ≤30 tahun.</p>
C1-C2 Distraction Ligamentous Injury Treated with Halo-Vest Application
Authors: Stephan Stephen R. , Andras Lindsay M. , Skaggs David L. , Illingworth Kenneth D. 
Published: March 2021

Case:
There is a paucity of literature regarding pediatric upper cervical spine traumatic instability, atlanto-occipital dislocations, and fractures, with no clear treatment algorithm. We present a 12-year-old girl with significant posterior C1-C2 distraction and resultant ligamentous injury after a motor vehicle collision who was treated with a halo vest for 3 months. At 8-month follow-up, follow-up magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated complete ligamentous healing without instability on dynamic radiographs, and at 18-month follow-up, the patient made a full recovery.

Conclusion:
In some pediatric patients with isolated posterior ligamentous injury, as long as anatomic alignment can be achieved with halo-vest application, a fusion may be avoided.
Cost Analysis of Medical Students Applying to Orthopaedic Surgery Residency: Implications for the 2020 to 2021 Application Cycle During COVID-19
Authors: Gordon Adam M. , Malik Azeem Tariq , Scharschmidt Thomas J. , Goyal Kanu S. 
Published: March 2021

Introduction:
Although studies have evaluated the economic burden to medical students desiring an orthopaedic residency broadly, no study has evaluated in detail the application costs, away rotation costs, interview costs, and total costs. Given that the Association of American Medical Colleges and the American Orthopaedic Association's Council of Orthopaedic Residency Directors have recommended orthopaedic surgery residency programs for the 2021 residency application cycle cancel away rotations and in-person interviews, our objective was to evaluate the cost savings to medical students applying during this time and the potential implications.

Methods:
Using the 2019 to 2020 Texas STAR Dashboard database, we queried responses from applicants applying to orthopaedic surgery residency. The dashboard was queried to record the application costs, away rotation costs, interview costs, and total costs for medical school seniors applying to orthopaedic surgery residency. Demographic information for applicants was also recorded. Mean and median costs were reported with percentile distributions and geographic comparisons. A Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to determine whether there were statistically significant differences in mean costs by medical school region.

Results:
The 2019 to 2020 Texas STAR Dashboard database had 473 responses from applicants to orthopaedic surgery residency. The mean application costs were $1,990, away rotation costs were $3,182, interview costs were $3,129, and total costs were $8,205. The mean total costs for applicants from Midwest schools were significantly less than Western schools ($7,410/applicant vs. $9,909/applicant) (p = 0.008). There was no significant difference between the mean application fees between regions. Away rotation costs for applicants from schools in the Midwest ($2,413/applicant) were significantly less compared with Northeast ($3,279/applicant), South ($3,343/applicant), and West ($3,913/applicant) (all p < 0.002). Interview costs for applicants from schools in the Northeast ($2,891/applicant) were less than applicants from Western US schools ($3,831/applicant) (p = 0.038).

Conclusion:
In the COVID-19 era, orthopaedic residency applicants could save on average $6,311 through the use of virtual interviews and lack of away rotations. There are geographic implications, with applicants from Western US medical schools potentially saving most.
Virulence factors and molecular characteristics of Shigella flexneri isolated from calves with diarrhea
Authors: Zhu Zhen , Cao Mingze , Wang Weiwei , Liu Guanhui , Zhou Xuzheng , Li Bing , Shi Yuxiang , Zhang Jiyu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: The natural hosts of Shigella are conventionally humans and other primates; however, the host range of Shigella has been shown to expand to many animals. Although Shigella is becoming a huge threat to animals, there is limited information on the genetic background of local strains. The purpose of this study was to assess the presence of virulence factors and the molecular characteristics of S. flexneri isolated from calves with diarrhea.Methods: From 2014 to 2016, 54 S. flexneri isolates were collected from diarrhea, and their biochemical characteristics were determined according to API20E and virulence factors via PCR. The molecular characteristics of the isolates were studied by MLST, MLVA and PFGE.Results: Fifty-four S. flexneri isolates possessed four typical biochemical characteristics of Shigella. The prevalences of ipaH, virA, ipaBCD, ial, sen, set1A, and set1B were 100%, 100%, 77.78%, 79.63%, 48.15% and 48.15%, respectively. None of the studied strains possessed the stx gene. Regarding the differences in virulence factor distributions, the 54 S. flexneri isolates fell into seven gene profile types. Among these VTs, VT4 and VT6 were the most common, accounting for 74.07% of all VTs. MLVA based on 8 VNTR loci discriminated the isolates into 39 different MTs, PFGE based on NotI digestion divided the 54 isolates into 31 PTs, and MLST based on 15 housekeeping genes differentiated the isolates into 7 STs, with 1 ST (ST227) being novel.Conclusion: Our findings provide baseline information on the distribution of virulence genes in and the molecular characteristics of S. flexneri collected from diarrheal calves, which is a potential threat to public safety. These data will be important for addressing clinical and epidemiological issues regarding Shigellosis.
Community Perception of COVID-19: A Qualitative Approach through Applying the&nbsp;&nbsp;Health Belief Model
Authors: Gishe Gamachu , Hailu Tamirat , Aman Rameto , Dango Sisay 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objectives: To explore community perception of COVID -19 pandemic. Methods: In depth exploratory design was utilized. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select 45 participants from all categories of population. Semi-structured interview guide and observation checklist were used to collect data from participants. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.Results: in the very beginning when few Corona Virus cases were reported, in general, people were scared to death. But as the number of infected cases reported more and more people have also became immune to the fear of corona virus. Even some section of people associated with a particular political ideology, assume that there is no corona virus at all. Hotels, cafeterias and shopping centers are not as cautious as they were in the beginning. As a result, streets are crowded and the public started living regular life. Therefore, the covid protocol like wearing face masks, using sanitizers, physical distance and all have become just a ritual. Conclusions: It is evident that most of the government workers like bank employees, traffic police and all are well aware of Covid-19 preventive methods and consequences and try their best to make the people to be part of the fight against the pandemic. But the common people from different walks of life, some with ignorance, some with innocence and some with a particular political ideology defy and violate the WHO covid-19 protocol.
Predictive values of serum soluble CD40 ligand in acute appendicitis in children
Authors: Huang Wun-Yan , Lee En-Pei , Chang Yu-Jun , Lin Chieh-Chung , Wu Han-Ping 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Appendicitis is one of the most common abdominal emergencies in children. Clinicians cannot easily distinguish between non-perforated and perforated appendicitis in children through physical and laboratory tests. An abdominal computed tomography is a common tool for diagnosis. However, excessive radiation exposure is not suitable for children. Serum soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) is an inflammatory biomarker. The purpose of our study was to predict pediatric appendicitis and perforated appendicitis using sCD40L. All pediatric patients with suspected appendicitis were tested for serum sCD40L within 72 h of the symptom onset. sCD40L levels were compared between patients with a normal appendix, appendicitis, and a perforated appendicitis. The diagnostic performance of sCD40L was calculated, and receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn. Of 116 patients, 62 had non-perforated appendicitis, 44 had perforated appendicitis, and 10 had normal appendices. The sensitivity of sCD40L in predicting appendicitis was 1.00, while the specificity in predicting perforation was 1.00. The best cutoff point was found to be 178.00 pg/ml for predicting appendicitis and 308.26 pg/ml for perforation. SCD40L is an excellent predictor of pediatric appendicitis. sCD40L below 90.04 pg/ml can rule out appendicitis and above 301.00 pg/ml can rule in appendicitis.
Universal Health Coverage “Leave No Child Behind “
Authors: Siderius Liesbeth , Neubauer David , Bhattacharya Anjan , Altorjai Péter , Margvelashvili Lali , Copley Sian , Lamabadusuriya Sanath , Mazur Artur , Albrecht Piotr , Giessen Jet van , Gucev Zoran , Tasic Velibor 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose: Multiple stakeholders are involved in achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) as part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The estimated over 90 million children with disabilities are among the most vulnerable members of the world’s population. We questioned :‘What would be the least paediatricians could do to contribute to the UHC?’Methods: In a cross sectional study an international network of paediatricians engaged in children with disabling and rare conditions was questioned on eight of the UHC statements regarding child health in relation to primary care services, availability and affordability of diagnostics and therapies as well as digital health.Results: Promotion of paediatric primary care could reduce mortality and morbidity according to 39/48 (81%) respondents. Pediatricians could play an active role providing quality information to increase access to health services for children with disabilities stated 40/48 (83%) responders. Improved data exchange is necessary to deliver primary care as a cornerstone according to 38/48 (79%) responders. Respondents practising in middle economy countries reported significant more frequently than their colleagues in high economies countries about “out of pocket” payments for diagnostics and therapies as well as reduced availability. All respondents agreed that taking no action to support the achievement of UHC, is not an option.Conclusion: The economic gap in diagnostic and therapeutic facilities in paediatric practice should be considered in achieving UHC. An international paediatric network should support achieving the UHC by providing adequate paediatric training and quality (digital) information.