bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“All Blacks Are Angry”
Authors: Irons Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the continuing disparities between Whites and Blacks through extensive social science data and studies of the impacts of systemic racism. It first utilizes what demographers call the dissimilarity index to measure housing segregation in major metropolitan areas; cities with heavily Black populations, such as Detroit, have become “hyper-segregated” with almost total “social isolation” of Blacks. The chapter then examines the long-standing academic and political debates over the causes of systemic racism, beginning in 1965 with a government report, The Negro Family: The Case for National Action, by a young Labor Department aide, Daniel Patrick “Pat” Moynihan. He found the main cause of Black poverty and increasing single Black motherhood in the “pathology” of a “matriarchal” Black family structure in which males are neither needed nor welcome. Moynihan’s report spurred an angry rebuttal in a book by psychology professor William Ryan, Blaming the Victim, which found the main cause of Black poverty in the systemic racism of White society and culture. The chapter then looks at social science studies by William Julius Wilson (explaining the “racial invariance” of White and Black crime); psychologist John Dollard (explaining the prevalence of Black-on-Black crime with the “frustration-aggression-displacement” theory); and Black psychiatrists William Grier and Price Cobbs (explaining “Black rage” as rooted in White control of institutions that exclude or discriminate against Blacks). The chapter concludes with a look at the War on Drugs of the 1980s and 1990s and the resulting mass incarceration of Black men.
Reflexive Governance in EU Equality Law
Authors: Lantschner Emma 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Covid pandemic has revealed how far we, as a European society, still are from the proclaimed Union of Equality. This book explores how the promise of equal treatment can become a reality and compliance with the EU acquis relating to equality and non-discrimination be improved. It studies enforcement and promotion aspects of the two watershed Directives of 2000, the Racial Equality Directive 2000/43/EC and the Employment Equality Directive 2000/78/EC, through the lens of reflexive governance. This governance approach is proposed as having a great potential in enhancing the likelihood of sustainability (or continuation) of reforms in the current candidate countries and EU Member States through its emphasis on reflexive learning processes and the cooperation between EU institutions, national authorities, and civil society actors. In order to deploy this potential, there is, however, a need for more consistent and transparent monitoring, both with regard to candidate countries as well as old and new Member States, and a reconsideration of the understanding of monitoring as such. It should be seen as helping to deconstruct own-preference formations and as an opportunity to learn from successes and failures in a cooperative and recursive process. To work on these lacunae and improve learning and monitoring processes, this book identifies indicators that are deduced from the comparative review of the implementation practice of the Member States. It is thus a contribution to the existing literature in the fields of Europeanization, governance studies, and the right to equality and non-discrimination.
Reaction to Discrimination by Quasi- and Non-Judicial Mechanisms
Authors: Lantschner Emma 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 comparatively assesses the implementation of the provision of the RED dealing with the Equality Bodies’ function of providing independent assistance to victims of discrimination in pursuing their complaint. Although the EED does not call for the establishment of such bodies, most countries have extended their mandates to include the discrimination grounds covered by this Directive. After discussing issues related to the structure of these bodies, the chapter focuses on the legal framework and implementation practice concerning the independence of Equality Bodies. It then looks separately at predominantly tribunal-type bodies and predominantly promotion-type bodies. While the former spend the bulk of their time and resources hearing, investigating, and deciding on individual instances of discrimination brought before them, the latter can either engage in mediation or consultation, engage in various ways before courts, or decide (mostly in a legally non-binding form) cases brought before them. Case studies look at the practical implementation in Romania, Bulgaria, and Austria for the former type of body, and in Belgium, Ireland, and Germany for the latter type of body. The findings show that Equality Bodies are suffering from inadequate resources, limited independence, and lack of awareness of their existence and the support they can provide. Nevertheless they have contributed to individual redress, societal change, and legal clarification by litigating cases as far as the CJEU. The chapter closes with indicators derived from the comparative analysis that can be used to monitor the effective implementation of the obligation to establish bodies that independently support victims of discrimination.
Conclusions
Authors: Lantschner Emma 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The conclusions reflect on the level of reflexivity present in the interplay between the different actors, the value of reflexive governance for the effective enforcement and promotion of equality and non-discrimination law, and the role it can play in preventing backsliding and creating resilience. Different actors have internalized to different degrees the various elements of reflexivity. Some of these elements could not unfold their full potential as their use has only been half-hearted (like the use of benchmarks without the simultaneous use of indicators in monitoring) or processes have been interrupted halfway (like not pursuing monitoring after accession). The conclusions advocate for a shift from an intergovernmental approach to a triangular constellation of equal partnership involving state authorities, EU institutions, and transnational/national societal actors. It underlines the importance of the empowerment and equal participation of local stakeholders. This enhances mutual social learning in the processes of socialization and internalization, and contributes to the prevention of backsliding. They further plead for understanding monitoring as dynamic norm contestation in which the three actors involved critically engage with the norms under consideration. As such, it helps to deconstruct own preference-formations and is a possibility to learn from successes and failures in a cooperative and recursive process. Monitoring understood in this way needs to be permanent and should not only take place in the pre-accession phase but should include all Member States. It concludes that reflexive governance is an approach which well reflects all the above proposed shifts of focus and of understanding.
The Poor and the Fight for Custody, 1926–1936
Authors: Anderson Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Madrid court became a battleground for relatives contesting child custody and their personal conflicts became channelled into the state. Mothers used their agency and the courts to win custody in the face of a wider legal system that empowered husbands over wives. Grandparents, and frequently maternal grandparents, also used the courts to overcome paternal rights to guardianship, although daughters-in-law they presented as immoral could also lose custody of their children. Parents themselves could also denounce their own children to ensure they were taken into care. For their part, children could also flee their homes or denounce their parents. Court staff caught up in these conflicts remained loyal to the idea of the dangerous parent and continued to advocate removal or reform through the faith. That said, the use of probation meant that family bonds often survived.
Franco’s Victory
Authors: Anderson Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Social Catholic groups took firm control of the juvenile courts after General Franco occupied Madrid. They swiftly exercised their moral judgements on families which suffered executions, imprisonment, employment purges, dire living conditions, and the high cost of living. Court staff particularly loathed secular ‘Red’ worker groups and endeavoured to capture the children of these foes of the faith. Mothers forced into prostitution or petty crime, living in overcrowded and poor housing whose lives were marked by hunger and disease, proved especially vulnerable to child removal. They could also fall victim to their husbands serving jail terms for political offences who, from prison, could battle to deprive them of custody. In other cases, families managed to keep bonds alive by visiting children and youngsters petitioned the authorities to be allowed home to help look after their parents.
Repatriation, Family Feuds, and Child Removal
Authors: Anderson Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the Spanish Civil War, hundreds of thousands of people fled their homes to other areas in Spain or abroad. By December 1940, around 340,000 adults and children had returned from the country. Many youngsters returned to find their parents or relatives dead, in jail, or deeply impoverished. Accordingly, they became vulnerable to further displacement or removal. Left-wing men returning to Spain also became involved in custody battles, particularly if their wives had been forced to survive by living with other men or had followed a different political path to their husbands. Court staff frequently viewed such women as depraved and removed their children. Grandparents and other relatives became involved in similar struggles. Mothers and girls who transgressed gender norms also proved especially vulnerable to removal. The pain and suffering experienced by removed children and their parents comes across in the archival record.
Beyond Duty
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This is a collection of essays on Kantian moral theory and practical ethics with the aim of developing Kantian ethics and making it accessible and relevant to contemporary problems. With a new emphasis on ideals beyond the strictest requirements of moral duty, the book expands the core aspects of Kantian ethics and offers a broader perspective on familiar moral problems. Some essays explain Kantian concepts, others review work of leading contemporary philosophers, and still others raise challenging ethical questions for more general audiences. Having previously written on finding value in nature, Hill develops an ethical ideal of appreciation of people and their lives, distinguishing this from both respect and beneficence. Hill argues that this has important implications about how we should think about close personal relationships, such as friendships, families, and relationships with people with disabilities. The first part focuses on Kantian moral theory. Topics include the structure of Kant’s argument in the Groundwork, his idea of imperfect duties to oneself, autonomy, and human dignity. Rawls’ constructivism is defended against O’Neill’s objections, and Kantian ethics defended against the charge of utopian thinking. The second part focuses on practical ethics. Topics include the ethics of suicide, philanthropy, conscientious objection, and tragic choices when it seems that every alternative offends against human dignity. An essay on moral education contrasts Kantian and Rawlsian perspectives. Another essay traces the role of self-respect in Rawls’ theory of justice and contrasts a Kantian conception. Two final essays develop and illustrate the ideal of appreciation.
The Groundwork
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This essay notes background in Kant’s first Critique, reviews the aims and arguments of his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals section by section, and calls attention to several remaining questions and controversies. The Preface states the overall aim to identify the supreme principle of morality and to defend its claim to be rationally necessary. Section one uses common moral thought about duty and moral worth to identify the basic principle of a good will. Section two argues from the common idea of duty that this same principle is the supreme moral principle, that its requirements are expressed in several formulations, that this is the only possible Categorical Imperative, and that it presupposes that moral agents have autonomy of the will. The third section argues from a practical standpoint that we must take ourselves to be rational agents with autonomy of the will and therefore subject to the Categorical Imperative.
Duties and Choices in Philanthropic Giving
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Kant held that everyone has a general duty to promote the happiness of others as well as a more stringent duty to help those in distress when one easily can. These are duties of “practical love”: duties to act, not to feel. The general duty does not specify whose happiness to promote or the means and extent of obligatory helping. Several objections from contemporary philosophers are addressed: (1) that Kant’s principle of beneficence as Hill presents it is too “anemic” (David Cummiskey) (2) that Kant requires us to devalue our own happiness (Michael Slote), and (3) that Kant fails to acknowledge that some acts are morally good to do but not required (J. O. Urmson). Then this essay discusses briefly how other moral considerations may affect the application of Kant’s principles to particular cases of philanthropic giving: justice, respect, the kind of help needed, and the motives of the giver.
Two Conceptions of Virtue
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This essay was written for a Stanford conference on philosophy of education on whether virtue can be taught. The general questions considered are: What is virtue? How can social conditions promote it? How can individuals effectively strive for it? The specific focus is on the conceptions of virtue in the works of Immanuel Kant and John Rawls. Kant regarded virtue as a good will that is also strong enough to resist contrary passions, impulses, and inclinations. Childhood training can prepare children for virtue but becoming virtuous requires an empirically inexplicable commitment and effort that is up to each individual. Rawls explains a sense of justice as a civic virtue that he conjectures will develop naturally, according to certain psychological laws, if the basic structure of society is just. Rawls’ reliance on empirical studies addresses questions left mysterious by Kant, but his theory faces problems of its own.
Introduction
Authors: Whittle Ann 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The introduction sets the scene for the book by outlining the key questions to be investigated. Are we free? Are we morally responsible for what we do? What is it that we deserve? When is it right to blame someone for a morally wrong action? It introduces basic key terms within the debate regarding freedom and moral responsibility, such as ‘determinism’, ‘compatibilism’, and ‘incompatibilism’, and then outlines the structure of argument for the central claim of the book, namely that there is no truth regarding whether or not determinism is compatible with freedom and moral responsibility. There is only a truth relative to some context of utterance.
Dynamics of conversations
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 analyses the political conversations that Cicero transmitted in direct style from the point of view of conversational analysis, dissecting their dynamics and revealing how they constructed relationships and provided an outlet for self-representation during power struggles. Such conversations allowed the deployment of persuasiveness, tentative questions, sous-entendres, and the circulation of information that written communication could not provide. An analysis of conversational dynamics has revealed that certain elements consistently recur. First, there is the presence of political speculations and predictions about the future. Secondly, we can point to the presence of feelings and impressions, either as a result of the conversation or concerning the other speaker. The chapter argues that such conversations should be considered a constituent part of political culture.
Setting the Scene
Authors: Wallace Helen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
· Changing rationales for European integration. The initial rationales for integration seem less cogent and less resonant. Are they still at the core of the ‘project’? Which newer rationales need to be taken into account? Because of their cogency? Because of their resonance? · Facing up to both internal and external challenges: a huge agenda across political, economic, societal, and security concerns. · Differing narratives. Growth of Euroscepticism and Eurocriticism, though in differing manifestations. How far do these phenomena reflect transversal European factors? How far are they the product of different country characteristics and cultures? Is there a space to construct a shared European narrative? How does the new ‘Conference on the Future of Europe’ fit into this set of issues? · Diverse needs and aspirations. From 6 to 27(8) members with a variety of features political, economic, and societal—and geographic. Is differentiated integration the way forward or are other approaches needed to strike an accepted balance between the country level and the European level of practice? The old discussion of subsidiarity seems no longer to offer potential solutions. The capability to absorb yet more member states is contested. · Can political, economic, and societal concerns be aligned? Initial successes of the EC were very much tied to clever ways in which these different concerns were taken into the process. Can a successor version of pluri-dimensional integration be achieved based on diffuse reciprocity—cross-temporal and cross-sectoral? Or will the EU shift towards a more fragmented version of specific reciprocity based on sector by sector cost–benefit analyses?
Integrating through Crises
Authors: Pagoulatos George 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
EMU was a brainchild of contrasting parental personalities. Integrationist European ambition joined disparate national pursuits to create an imperfect EMU architecture, though one amenable to correction through crises. When the debt crisis hit the periphery, recessionary national adjustment was supported by insufficient Eurozone-level reforms. The EU opted for incremental crisis management and paid a price in terms of fragmentation. The Eurozone debt crisis bequeathed a contradictory legacy of both raising the visibility of the reform agenda and raising the bar of political difficulty in bringing it about, having divided Europe between (heartless) ‘creditor’ and (reckless) ‘borrower’ countries. By raising the stakes of EU failure, the Covid-19 crisis operated as a reform accelerator. The joint reaction demonstrated that the EU maintained its survival instinct, drawing on the political capital invested in its preservation. The Eurozone’s reform conundrum remains the glaring gap between what is widely admitted as necessary and what is realized as politically feasible. Consecutive reform attempts have been frustrated by country coalitions that resist movement towards further risk sharing (through the fiscal, financial or monetary channel) or deny any further transfer of national autonomy. There are ways out of the EMU straitjacket. One is formally deferring the rules. Another is saying things without doing them. A third strategy is doing things without saying them. The momentous leap of ‘Next Generation EU’ notwithstanding, EMU remains incomplete, even though confidence in its ability to survive has been greatly boosted by its resilience in the face of the two severe, consecutive crises.
Implications of Brexit for the UK and the EU
Authors: Bevington Matthew , Menon Anand 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Brexit has transformed politics in the United Kingdom. Its impact on the European Union is less clear. The UK’s exit dispelled any illusions that leaving the EU could be anything but complicated and difficult. After over 40 years of membership, the UK had to relearn how the EU functioned, as well as how its own Union operated. On the EU side, the UK’s vote to leave has spurred little self-reflection. EU27 unity became an end in itself, at the expense of more thoughtful reflection about the long-term future relationship. Nevertheless, the UK’s presence outside the EU creates a unique dilemma for the EU: how should it best deal with such a close and large partner? The EU must also understand the role it played in bringing about the UK’s exit if it is to build resilience in future, the driving issues for which—sovereignty, identity, and immigration—have not disappeared along with the UK.
The Return of Global Asymmetries
Authors: Pisani-Ferry Jean 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
`The last three decades have witnessed the reversal of the ‘great divergence’ between the centre and the periphery that characterized the nineteenth century and most of the twentieth. The promise of this ‘great convergence’ was a much more symmetric world where prosperity and power would be much more equally distributed, where nations would abide by a rules-based international order and where effective global institutions would help ensure an adequate provision of global public goods. Economic analysis helped foresee how such a world would function. In contrast to those in vogue in the early post-war decades, the workhorse models for international trade, money, and finance of the late twentieth century all emphasized symmetry in international relations. Countries could be big or small, developed or poor, capital exporters or importers, but the same mechanisms and rules applied to them. It was only a matter of time before they would converge, or possibly trade places. More recent models, however, have started to challenge this benign view. Asymmetries between centre and periphery do matter in the network-based models of trade, investment, and finance that have been developed to account for emerging patterns of interaction. This is even truer of data flows and the networks that structure them. Meanwhile, the centrality of the dominant global currency and the asymmetries that it entails in exchange-rate adjustment are being rediscovered. Today’s world is much more asymmetric than we thought. This change of perspectives has significant implications for international economic relations and for global governance.
The Kantian System of Duties
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Beginning with Kant’s infamous “derivation of duties” problem, the chapter argues that the Groundwork’s categorical imperative (as principle or test) was never intended for duty-generation. By contrast, the two parts of the Metaphysics of Morals set out a system of duties, with priority given to duties of Right. Answerable to innate right, juridical duties secure persons’ moral standing. The institutions of Right create new moral powers that enable persons to obligate others, resolving the moral impossibilities of human life in a state of nature. Examples of self-defense and duties of free communication show how a value that first appears as a juridical duty descends to and is completed by ethical duties, here concerning truthful speech and integrity of the body. The chapter concludes with an argument for the idea of “provisional universal right” that marks a moral standard and source of duties even where legitimate juridical conditions are absent.