bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The inhibitory impact of ammonia on thermally hydrolyzed sludge fed anaerobic digestion
Authors: Li Baoqiang , Ladipo‐Obasa Mojolaoluwa , Romero Adrian , Wadhawan Tanush , Tobin Michael , Manning Elizabeth , Higgins Matthew , Al‐Omari Ahmed , Murthy Sudhir , Novak John T. , Riffat Rumana , De Clippeleir Haydée 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study evaluated the impact of ammonia on mesophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) with thermal hydrolysis pretreatment (THP) treating a mixture of primary sludge and waste activated sludge and operated under constant organic loading rate of 9 kg COD/m3/d. Free ammonia concentrations in the digesters were varied between 37 and 966 mg NH3‐N/L, while maintaining all other operational conditions constant. A decrease in volatile solids reduction from 54 ± 5% (at <554 mg NH3‐N/L) to 35 ± 6% at the maximum free ammonia concentration of 966 mg NH3‐N/L was observed at steady‐state conditions. No impact of free ammonia on final dewaterability was detected. Free ammonia thus mostly limited methanogenesis. A free ammonia Monod inhibition constant of 847 ± 222 mg NH3‐N/L for methanogens was estimated based on the digester steady‐state methane rates dynamics. This study showed that current THP AD digesters (typically 110–260 mg NH3‐N/L) operate under 12%–18% ammonia inhibition for methanogenesis. Operation under SRT of 15 days, about 2 times more than needed to retain methanogens, can compensate for lower methanogens rates and avoid performance impacts. The later shows a good potential to operate under higher free and total ammonia concentration without jeopardizing performance.Practitioner points

Only from a free ammonia concentration above 554 mg NH3‐N/L, decreased volatile solids reduction and biogas yield were observed.
A volatile solids reduction of 35 ± 6% at maximum free ammonia concentration of 966 mg NH3‐N/L was still achieved.
A Monod inhibition constant for methanogens of 847 ± 222 mg NH3‐N/L was estimated.
It was estimated that current THP AD systems (110–260 mg NH3‐N/L) operate under 12%–18% NH3 inhibition for methanogenesis.
ConFuzz: Coverage-Guided Property Fuzzing for Event-Driven Programs
Authors: Padhiyar Sumit , Sivaramakrishnan K. C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBug-free concurrent programs are hard to write due to non-determinism arising out of concurrency and program inputs. Since concurrency bugs typically manifest under specific inputs and thread schedules, conventional testing methodologies for concurrent programs like stress testing and random testing, which explore random schedules, have a strong chance of missing buggy schedules.In this paper, we introduce a novel technique that combines property-based testing with mutation-based, grey box fuzzer, applied to event-driven OCaml programs. We have implemented this technique in , a directed concurrency bug-finding tool for event-driven OCaml programs. Using , programmers specify high-level program properties as assertions in the concurrent program. uses the popular greybox fuzzer AFL to generate inputs as well as concurrent schedules to maximise the likelihood of finding new schedules and paths in the program so as to make the assertion fail. does not require any modification to the concurrent program, which is free to perform arbitrary I/O operations. Our experimental results show that is easy-to-use, effective, detects concurrency bugs faster than Node.Fz - a random fuzzer for event-driven JavaScript programs, and is able to reproduce known concurrency bugs in widely used OCaml libraries.
Wenn Notarzt und Telenotarzt gemeinsam Leben retten
Authors: Follmann A. , Schröder H. , Neff G. , Rossaint R. , Hirsch F. , Felzen M. 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Telemedizin ist in einigen Regionen Deutschlands bereits fester Bestandteil des Rettungsdienstes. Dieser Fallbericht handelt von einem Telenotarzteinsatz, bei dem die initiale Telekonsultation durch eine an der Einsatzstelle befindliche Notärztin erfolgte. Der Patient hatte eine lebensbedrohliche ventrikuläre Tachykardie mit zunehmender Kreislaufinstabilität. Dies stellte für die noch unerfahrene Notärztin eine extrem herausfordernde Einsatzsituation dar. Sie entschied sich, telemedizinische Unterstützung in Anspruch zu nehmen. So konnte sie angeleitet werden, bei dem instabilen Patienten einen i.o.-Zugang, eine medikamentöse Therapie und eine elektrische Kardioversion durchzuführen. Die Zusammenarbeit mit dem Telenotarzt ermöglichte der noch unerfahrenen Notärztin, eine leitlinienkonforme Therapie durchzuführen sowie den Patienten zeitnah stabilisiert ins Krankenhaus zu transportieren.
The vehicle routing problem with heterogeneous locker boxes
Authors: Grabenschweiger Jasmin , Doerner Karl F. , Hartl Richard F. , Savelsbergh Martin W. P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTo achieve logistic efficiency and customer convenience in last-mile delivery processes, a system with alternative delivery points in the form of locker box stations can be used. In such a system, customers can be served either at their home address within a certain time window, or at a locker box station where parcels can be picked up at any time. Customers can get a compensation payment when being served at a locker box. They can have a request of more than one parcel and the parcels can be of different sizes. At a locker box station, a limited number of slots of different sizes is available; we assume that parcels of one customer can be stored together in a slot. We consider the vehicle routing problem with heterogeneous locker boxes, where the total cost—consisting of routing and compensation costs—has to be minimized while taking into account the packing of parcels into locker boxes. We provide a mathematical formulation of the problem and propose a metaheuristic solution method. Instances and results from the literature for the problem with a single parcel and a single slot size are used to benchmark our metaheuristic solution method. For the problem with different sizes, we compare a unit-size model to a multi-size model, packing being considered in the latter. Finally, we analyze how different configurations of locker box stations work for different demand scenarios.
Developing a biorefinery from spent coffee grounds using subcritical water and hydrothermal carbonisation
Authors: Massaya Jackie , Chan Ka Ho , Mills-Lamptey Ben , Chuck Christopher J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSpent coffee grounds (SCGs) have been extensively investigated as a feedstock to produce fuels, specialty chemicals and materials. Whilst a few reports have used cascade processes to generate several products from SCG, this work takes the novel approach of using integrated subcritical water extraction (SWE) and hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) to derive three products: a bioactive extract, a protein isolate (SCG PI) and solid fuel. SWE and HTC processes were optimized producing an antioxidant rich extract, with the chlorogenic acid (CGA) content and antioxidant activity determined. The protein content was quantified via total amino acid analysis, giving the first SCG specific elemental nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 7.90. HTC was then performed on the residual solids from SWE, the protein extraction and the raw feedstock. This biorefinery approach gave higher quality products than previously reported in single product systems. For example, pretreatment reduced nitrogen in the hydrochar (N = 0.23% wt, HHV = 33.30 MJ/kg) relative to the control (3.03% wt, HHV = 31.31 MJ/kg). Limiting biorefinery processes to the pretreatment and HTC preferentially increased protein content (33.0% vs 16.9% wt) and yield (53.0% vs 23.9%) of the protein isolate, rendering a hydrochar with a higher yield and HHV compared with hydrochar derived following upstream SWE process (33.30 vs 26.92 MJ/kg, 16.3% vs 14.7%, respectively). This work goes towards the complete utilisation of SCGs within a biorefinery, highlighting the potential of subcritical water processing to produce commercially viable products across the value chain.
Becoming Armenian: Religious Conversions in the Late Imperial South Caucasus
Authors: Hamed-Troyansky Vladimir 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the nineteenth-century South Caucasus, hundreds of local farmers and nomads petitioned Russian authorities to allow them to become Christians. Most of them were Muslims and specifically requested to join the Armenian Apostolic Church. This article explores religious conversions to Armenian Christianity on Russia's mountainous southern border with the Ottoman Empire and Iran. It demonstrates that tsarist reforms, chiefly the peasant reform and the sedentarization of nomads, accelerated labor migration within the region, bringing many Muslims, Yazidis, and Assyrians into an Armenian environment. Local anxieties over Russian colonialism further encouraged conversions. I argue that by converting to Armenian Christianity many rural South Caucasians benefited from a change in their legal status, which came with the right to move residence, access to agricultural land, and other freedoms. Russia's Jewish communities, on the other hand, saw conversion to Armenian Christianity as a legal means to circumvent discrimination and obtain the right to live outside of the Pale of Settlement. By drawing on converts’ petitions and officials’ decisions, this article illustrates that the Russian government emerged as an ultimate arbiter of religious conversions, evaluating the sincerity of petitioners’ faith and how Armenian they had become, while preserving the empire's religious and social hierarchies.
Poetics of the People: The politics of debating local identity in Hong Kong's Umbrella Movement and its literature (2014–16)
Authors: YEUNG WAYNE C. F. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article scrutinizes the negotiations with, and discursive refashioning of, Hong Kong identity during and after the Umbrella Movement (2014–16). I argue that these discursive experimentations borne out of the Umbrella Movement bring to light Hong Kong's uniquely cultural formulations of democratic self-determination that exceed the traditional analytic framework of Hong Kong cultural studies. The article analyses literary works as a hitherto neglected facet of the ‘Umbrella culture’ that, as a whole, acts as a discursive laboratory for multiple reflexive theorizations of Hong Kong identity and democratic subjectivity to be devised and debated. Cases studied here include the protesters’ on-site cultural expressions and two major Hong Kong literary authors: Dung Kai-cheung and Wong Bik-wan. This article examines social-movements artworks and literary works in terms of their performative and ethnographic dimensions, arguing that they are important intellectual and cultural-political processes to produce new knowledge about collective identity. This article first demonstrates how the Umbrella artworks repurpose the performative and the ethnographic strategies in Saisai's canonical novel, My City (1975), often cited as the ur-text of Hong Kong identity, to proclaim themselves as ‘we the Hong Kong people’. After reading Dung's and Wong's Umbrella-related works, I then show in this article that the performative and the ethnographic can open up spaces to reconfigure collective identity beyond its existent discourses. Putting theories of performativity into dialogue with critical ethnography, I consider the politics of negotiating and debating cultural identity in literature and protest arts as integral to postcolonial democratic action.
Consistent Relationships Among Productivity Rate Methods in the NE Subarctic Pacific
Authors: Timmerman Amanda H. V. , Hamme Roberta C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPhytoplankton photosynthesize in surface waters, exporting organic carbon to depth through the biological pump. Quantifying productivity and the export of carbon is important to understanding the global carbon cycle and predicting its future changes. An issue in quantifying rates is that the many existing methods are not all equivalent, making comparisons between studies using different methods challenging. Our goal is to compare in situ and in vitro methods in order to identify where methods agree in the NE subarctic Pacific. During this study, we measured productivity using two in situ methods (oxygen/argon ratio and triple oxygen isotope mass balance approaches) and four in vitro methods (13C, , , and H218O uptake rates through incubations), and compared the results with one satellite‐based productivity estimate. The in situ carbon export method was consistently higher than the in vitro method, likely due to dissolved organic matter release not included in our incubation measurements. Upwelling bringing low‐O2 water to the surface and the interaction between bloom dynamics and a method's inherent time of integration cause outliers from the relationship. In contrast, in situ and in vitro methods for estimating gross primary production were consistent across a wide range in rates. We find that chlorophyll‐a concentration is strongly related to many of our measured rates. Satellite estimates of primary production are consistently different from 13C incubations. Our identification of consistent trends and causes for disagreement will allow observations from one method to be converted to another, facilitating future comparisons across studies.
High‐Speed 3D Imaging of Multiphase Systems: Applying SCAPE Microscopy to Analog Experiments in Volcanology and Earth Sciences
Authors: Oppenheimer J. , Patel K. , Lindoo A. , Hillman E. M. C. , Lev E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMultiphase suspensions are complex systems where microscopic interactions between suspended bubbles, particles, and liquids can signiﬁcantly alter bulk behavior. Observing the internal mechanics of such suspensions can help constrain the dynamics of natural multiphase flows. To capture these internal processes at high speed and in three dimensions, we propose the use of Swept Confocally Aligned Planar Excitation (SCAPE) microscopy in analog experiments. This imaging technique, developed for neuroscience and biology, uses a sweeping light sheet to illuminate and image fluorophores within a sample. We performed experiments using water and various oils as the liquid phases, glass or PMMA particles for solids, and air or CO2 for gas, which we imaged at rates >50 volumes per second, over a volume size of ∼1 × 1 × 0.4 mm. We focused on three case studies: (1) bubble nucleation, growth, and rise in sparkling water, where we found that bubble detachment from angular PMMA particles left residual bubbles that also grew and detached, generating more bubbles compared to smooth particles; (2) ﬂow of immiscible liquids (water droplets suspended in canola oil) in a porous matrix of PMMA beads, which highlighted the importance of pore and throat sizes on droplet velocities; and (3) injection of air bubbles into concentrated suspensions of glass beads or crushed PMMA particles in a refractive‐index‐matched liquid, which revealed particle motion and strong alterations of the bubble shape. We conclude that SCAPE microscopy is a powerful tool to study the dynamics of multiphase systems.
Pressure Solution Compaction During Creep Deformation of Tournemire Shale: Implications for Temporal Sealing in Shales
Authors: Geng Zhi , Bonnelye Audrey , David Christian , Dick Pierre , Wang Yanfei , Schubnel Alexandre 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe temporal evolution of gouge compaction determines fluid transfer and rock rupture dynamics. Thus, studies on the time‐dependent creep compaction processes of shale materials may elucidate the chemo‐mechanical behavior of shallow clay‐rich zones. We investigated this problem by combining creep experiments conducted in triaxial compression under upper crustal conditions with modeled pressure solution processes in Tournemire shale. The shale samples were deformed parallel and perpendicular to the bedding at low (10 MPa, 26°C, this study) and high (80 MPa, 26°C, published by Geng et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB016169) pressures. We monitored the deformation during stepping creep experiments until sample failure. Our results differ from those of traditional creep experiments and show that the creep failure strength of Tournemire shale samples increased significantly (by ∼64%) at both pressures. Our experiments suggest that at appropriate temperatures, the pressure solution is highly active and is the dominant temporal sealing mechanism in the shale. Using our experimental data and the statistical rock physics method, we modeled the temporal reduction of effective porosity in terms of depth and temperature. Our thermal‐stress coupled modeling results suggest that the pressure solution induced sealing is the most active at middle‐shallow depths (∼3.8 km). We believe that the sealing capacity and creep failure strength of dolomite‐rich shales may change significantly at middle‐shallow depths, indicating an important influence on reservoir fluids transfer and fault gouge strength.
Precipitation Characteristics and Future Changes Over the Southern Slope of Tibetan Plateau Simulated by a High‐Resolution Global Nonhydrostatic Model
Authors: Na Ying , Lu Riyu , Fu Qiang , Kodama Chihiro 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCurrent climate model resolution cannot accurately describe the complex topography over the Tibetan Plateau, which limits our understanding of past and future precipitation over this region. This study investigates the daily precipitation characteristics and its future changes over the Tibetan Plateau, especially for the southern slope of Tibetan Plateau (SSTP), by 14‐km Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) with explicitly calculated convection for historical and future 30‐years period. By comparing with the satellite Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), NICAM well reproduces the historical precipitation spatial pattern, seasonal cycle, and the extreme precipitation belt over SSTP, but overestimates precipitation amount by ∼35%. It is found that heavy precipitation probability decreases as elevation becomes higher while the light precipitation generally shows the opposite. For the precipitation changes during June to September from 1979–2008 to 2075–2104, NICAM predicts that mean precipitation will decrease over low‐level SSTP but increase over high‐level SSTP. Nonprecipitation and heavy precipitation probability will increase while light precipitation probability will decrease in the future over SSTP. The extreme precipitation probability and intensity will increase ∼50%/°C and ∼8%/°C over SSTP, and this increase is more obvious as elevation becomes higher. The robust increase of extreme precipitation along the SSTP topography is unique and has not been identified by the climate model simulations before. The strong meridional gradient of specific humidity over SSTP is found to be further enhanced under global warming, and this gradient enhancement is suggested to be responsible for the increase in the extreme precipitation over SSTP.
The Impact of Slantwise Descending Dry Intrusions on the Marine Boundary Layer and Air‐Sea Interface Over the ARM Eastern North Atlantic Site
Authors: Ilotoviz E. , Ghate V. P. , Raveh‐Rubin S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDry intrusions (DIs) are synoptic‐scale slantwise descending airstreams from the midlatitude upper troposphere toward the boundary layer at lower latitudes. Typically occurring behind cold fronts, such intrusions of dry air often reach the boundary layer and cause its deepening, thereby affecting boundary‐layer clouds. Although subsidence is generally an inherent feature of the subtropical marine boundary layer (MBL), it is unclear how the MBL reacts to the transient, dynamically distinct DI. In this study, reanalysis data were combined with observations from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Eastern North Atlantic (ENA) site (39.1°N,28.0°W) to characterize the impact of DIs on MBL characteristics and clouds. Specifically, an objective criterion is applied to the observations made during the winter months of 2016–2018 to identify the DI days from those before and following DIs, and reference periods without DIs. The analyses suggest substantial deepening of the well‐mixed boundary layer accompanied by changes in the cloud, precipitation and thermodynamic properties during the DI events. During the DI, the lower troposphere cooled and dried substantially thereby inducing strong surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. All while a strong inversion builds up at the elevated MBL top affecting cloud occurrence. The results show DIs to affect the boundary layer and cloud structure at the ENA site ∼21% of the time in winter months, with the response of the cloud fields to the DI‐fronts substantially different than that to the non‐DI fronts. Hence, the DI events should be considered while studying boundary layer and cloud processes in the region.
Investigating the Influences of Crustal Thickness and Temperature on the Uplift of Mantle Materials Beneath Large Impact Craters on the Moon
Authors: Ding Min , Soderblom Jason M. , Bierson Carver J. , Zuber Maria T. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this work, we examine variations in the mantle uplift associated with large lunar impact craters and basins between major terranes. This study is based on Bouguer gravity anomalies of 100–650‐km diameter impact craters using Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) observations and the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) crater database. The Bouguer gravity anomalies of 324 large impact craters analyzed herein are primarily controlled by the uplifted crust‐mantle (Moho) interface in the central region of these impact craters, while postimpact mare deposits that represent ∼25%–35% of the postimpact deposit column also contribute to the gravity anomalies of mare craters. The central uplift of the Moho interface is primarily controlled by impact energy and increases to ∼ 30 km for a 650‐km diameter crater. Analyses of nonmare craters in the Feldspathic Highlands Terrane (FHT) with varied crustal thickness (Tc) reveal that the onset crater diameter (Dmin) with an uplifted Moho interface is dependent on the local Tc: Dmin ∼ 150 + 1.3Tc (in a unit of km). This equation also provides a quantification of the depth‐dependent attenuation of impact‐induced structural uplift, using the Moho uplift as a proxy for the structural uplift. The Moho uplift of large craters in the South Pole‐Aitken (SPA) Terrane is not statistically different from the FHT craters, consistent with limited overall thermal difference between these two terranes and compensational thermal effects at crater collapse and viscoelastic relaxation stages.
Genetic barcoding of museum eggshell improves data integrity of avian biological collections
Authors: Grealy Alicia , Langmore Naomi E. , Joseph Leo , Holleley Clare E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNatural history collections are often plagued by missing or inaccurate metadata for collection items, particularly for specimens that are difficult to verify or rare. Avian eggshell in particular can be challenging to identify due to extensive morphological ambiguity among taxa. Species identifications can be improved using DNA extracted from museum eggshell; however, the suitability of current methods for use on small museum eggshell specimens has not been rigorously tested, hindering uptake. In this study, we compare three sampling methodologies to genetically identify 45 data-poor eggshell specimens, including a putatively extinct bird’s egg. Using an optimised drilling technique to retrieve eggshell powder, we demonstrate that sufficient DNA for molecular identification can be obtained from even the tiniest eggshells without significant alteration to the specimen’s appearance or integrity. This method proved superior to swabbing the external surface or sampling the interior; however, we also show that these methods can be viable alternatives. We then applied our drilling method to confirm that a purported clutch of Paradise Parrot eggs collected 40 years after the species’ accepted extinction date were falsely identified, laying to rest a 53-year-old ornithological controversy. Thus, even the smallest museum eggshells can offer new insights into old questions.