bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politicised Child During the Seventeenth-Century British Civil Wars: An Historical Perspective on Representations of Children and Trauma During Conflict
Authors: Pells Ismini 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe seventeenth-century British Civil Wars had a scale and impact to rival modern conflicts and its effects extended to children as well as adults. What might be today termed “child soldiers” were found in the armies in combat and supporting roles. Many more were witnesses to the conflict or had their lives changed by its consequences. This article is an historical case study of socio-cultural constructions of children, childhood and warfare. It aims to highlight the diverse nature of both historic and modern child experiences of warfare, and the plethora of ways that these experiences were and are understood and represented by adults. It argues that the evidence from the Civil Wars supports the scholarship of child psychologists such as Derek Summerfield that children in conflict should not always be regarded as victims but could display agency, whilst also acknowledging social, cultural, economic and political pressures. Although children in the Civil Wars may have experienced trauma, the evidence is insufficient to prove this and evidence for a contemporary concept of the psychologically damaged child as a result of conflict is ambiguous. However, what the evidence does uncover is the ways in which adults used representations of children to express their own anxieties about the Civil Wars.
An experimental millimeter wave radio over fiber link with double polarization multiplexing
Authors: Badraoui Nada , Berceli Tibor 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA novel approach, an optical radio over fiber link with double polarization multiplexing is presented. In the two orthogonal polarizations of the optical beam the contents of information to be transmitted are different doubling the link capacity this way. For experimental verification a millimeter wave radio over fiber link with double polarization multiplexing has been developed. To ensure low cross polarization an incoherent approach is used. A high quality signal transmission is achieved by a proper procedure providing high polarization extinction ratio. In the experimental investigations different bit rates and fiber lengths are used. A signal with 12 Gbit/s bit rate is transmitted over a 25 km long link with about 1.10–8 bit error rate. That result is much better than the already published data measured on experimental links.
Belgian population norms for the EQ-5D-5L, 2018
Authors: Van Wilder Lisa , Charafeddine Rana , Beutels Philippe , Bruyndonckx Robin , Cleemput Irina , Demarest Stefaan , De Smedt Delphine , Hens Niel , Scohy Aline , Speybroeck Niko , Van der Heyden Johan , Yokota Renata T. C. , Van Oyen Herman , Bilcke Joke , Devleesschauwer Brecht 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Health-related quality of life outcomes are increasingly used to monitor population health and health inequalities and to assess the (cost-) effectiveness of health interventions. The EQ-5D-5L has been included in the Belgian Health Interview Survey, providing a new source of population-based self-perceived health status information. This study aims to estimate Belgian population norms for the EQ-5D-5L by sex, age, and region and to analyze its association with educational attainment.

Methods
The BHIS 2018 provided EQ-5D-5L data for a nationally representative sample of the Belgian population. The dimension scores and index values were analyzed using logistic and linear regressions, respectively, accounting for the survey design.

Results
More than half of respondents reported problems of pain/discomfort, while over a quarter reported problems of anxiety/depression. The average index value was 0.84. Women reported more problems on all dimensions, but particularly on anxiety/depression and pain/discomfort, resulting in significantly lower index values. Problems with mobility, self-care, and usual activities showed a sharp increase after the age of 80 years. Consequently, index values decreased significantly by age. Lower education was associated with a higher prevalence of problems for all dimensions except anxiety/depression and with a significantly lower index value.

Conclusion
This paper presents the first nationally representative Belgian population norms using the EQ-5D-5L. Inclusion of the EQ-5D in future surveys will allow monitoring over time of self-reported health, disease burden, and health inequalities.
Metal–ligand interactions in complexes of cyclen-based ligands with Bi and Ac
Authors: Kovács Attila , Varga Zoltán 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe structural and bonding properties of Bi and Ac complexes with cyclen-based chelating ligands have been studied using relativistic DFT calculations in conjunction with TZ2P all-electron basis sets. Besides the parent cyclen ligand, the study has covered its extensions with pyridine-type (Lpy), carboxylate (DOTA, DOTPA), picolinate (MeDO2PA) and phosphonate (DOTMP) pendant arms. The effect of the cyclen ring size has been probed by increasing it from [12]aneN4to [16]aneN4. Additional extensions in the DOTA complexes included the H2O ligand at the 9th coordination site as well as the p-SCN-Bn substituent (a popular linker to the targeting vector). The study focuses on the complex stability, the nature of bonding and the differences between Ac and Bi in the complexes. The metal–ligand interactions have been analysed by the Extended Transition State method combined with Natural Orbitals of Chemical Valence theory and Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules models.
Application of Parallel Difference Tests to Resolve the Axial Activation–Deactivation Profile of Copper–Zinc Oxide Catalyst During Hydrogenation of Methyl Acetate
Authors: Birtill John , Deeley Jon , Bailey Craig 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe deactivation of a copper–zinc oxide catalyst has been studied in a set of parallel tests which covered a range of space-times with equal flow and variable catalyst quantity, from 1/8th bed to full bed. The activation–deactivation trends over time in different segments of the full catalyst bed have been determined by two alternative parallel difference methods. The relative trends in segmental activity over time were followed by (a) using a pre-determined reaction model, and (b) by referencing the axial conversion profile against the initial profile. The trends estimated by both methods were in broad agreement. The results show that the front segment of the catalyst bed experienced a more rapid process of deactivation than the rest of the catalyst bed. This process is consistent with the known susceptibility of this type of catalyst to deactivation by chlorine and sulfur impurities in the feedstock. The main part of the catalyst bed appeared to undergo a process of activation during the first 150 h, followed by a slow process of deactivation which was more rapid during periods at increased temperature. The slow deactivation is most likely associated with sintering of copper particles. The conversion parallel difference method provides a convenient and rapid tool for segmental analysis of parallel life tests, and is well-suited to resolving the impact of a poison front within a catalyst bed.
Seroprevalence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on swine farms in a tropical country of the Middle Americas: the case of Costa Rica
Authors: Meléndez Ronald , Guzmán Mónica , Jiménez Carlos , Piche Marta , Jiménez Emily , León Bernal , Cordero Juan M. , Ramirez-Carvajal Lisbeth , Uribe Alberto , Van Nes Arie , Stegeman Arjan , Vernooij Hans , Romero-Zúñiga Juan José 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Little is known regarding the epidemiology of this infection in tropical countries. To address this problem in Costa Rica, a seroepidemiological study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, a pilot study was conducted in nine farms with the clinical diagnosis of PRRSV. In total, 265 pig serum samples were collected from animals ranging in age from 1 to 15 weeks of age. This study aimed to establish the duration of maternal immunity in piglets, to identify the period of viremia, and to determine when seroconversion occurs. In the second phase, a cross-sectional serology study was performed on a representative sample of the Costa Rican national herds in the second phase. The twenty-five selected farms represent all provinces and were classified according to herd size (100 to 2000 sows). In each farm, pigs aged 8, 10, and 12 weeks were sampled, as well as gilts based on the pilot study. In total 1281 pigs were sampled across all 25 farms. The aim of the cross-sectional study was to quantify the seroprevalence of PRRSV in Costa Rican pig farms and to describe its geographical distribution in this tropical country. The prevalence of positive farms was 44% (11/25), and these farms were located in six of the seven provinces of Costa Rica. Overall, 58% (344/596) of the pigs were seropositive to PRRSV. The age of the pigs and the ecozone where farms were located were significantly related with PRRSV seroprevalence in animals and herds, respectively.
Conversion mechanism of a continuous pressure arch structure in strip filling mining
Authors: Shao Xiaoping , Wang Long , Li Xin , Fang Zhiyu , Zhao Bingchao , Liu Ershuai , Liu Lang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractStrip mining is the key technology to solve the problem of coal mining under water, so mastering the law of overburden load transfer in strip mining is the key to safe production in working face. We studied it in the context of the shallow seam No. 3 in the Shanghe Coal Mine (northern Shaanxi Province, China) through similarity simulation and field measurement analysis. A theoretical analysis, based on the concept of pressure arch, allowed the establishment of a continuous arch theoretical model for the strip coal pillars (or filling bodies) of the mine. A similar simulation study on strip filling and staged mining has previously shown that, in a first stage, the overlying strata load is mainly transferred to the remaining strip coal pillars; in a second stage, this load is mainly sustained by the odd-numbered strip coal pillars; finally, in a third stage, this load is mainly sustained by the first-stage strip filling body, while the third-stage filling body is not loaded. Our theoretical analysis showed that, during the first stage, the overlying rock load outside the arch was mainly sustained by the arch structure, while that inside of the arch was sustained by the filling body; in the second stage, the arch structure lost stability during the recovery of the even-numbered coal pillars and the arch axis developed upward, leading to the formation of a new arch with an odd number of coal pillars as the arch foot; in the third stage, after the recovery of the odd-numbered coal pillars, a new arch was formed. The arch foot of the new supporting structure was represented by the first-stage filling body; moreover, the load was mainly borne by the second-stage filling body, ensuring the stability of the overburden rock after mining. The theoretical analysis revealed that the pillar or filling body only bears part of the overburden load in strip filling mining. The pillar (filling body) load in correspondence of working face 3216 during each stage of filling was measured and analyzed, proving a continuous arch structure transformation between the pillar and the filling body. Finally, we verified the reliability of the proposed theoretical model.
A cost of illness study of COVID-19 patients and retrospective modelling of potential cost savings when administering remdesivir during the pandemic “first wave” in a German tertiary care hospital
Authors: Jeck Julia , Jakobs Florian , Kron Anna , Franz Jennifer , Cornely Oliver A. , Kron Florian 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
First detected in China in 2019, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has rapidly spread globally. Since then, healthcare systems are exposed to major challenges due to scarce personnel and financial resources. Therefore, this analysis intended to examine treatment costs of COVID-19 inpatients in a German single centre during the first pandemic wave in 2020 from a healthcare payer perspective. Potential cost savings were assessed considering the administration of remdesivir according to the European Medicines Agency label.

Methods
A retrospective medical-chart review was conducted on COVID-19 patients treated at University Hospital Cologne, Germany. Patients were clustered according to an eight-category ordinal scale reflecting different levels of supplemental oxygen. Potential cost savings due to the administration of remdesivir were retrospectively modelled based on a reduced length of stay, as shown in the Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial.

Results
105 COVID-19 patients were identified. There was wide variability in the service data with median treatment costs from EUR 900 to EUR 53,000 per patient, depending on major diagnosis categories and clinical severity. No supplemental oxygen was needed in 40 patients (38.1%). Forty-three (41.0%) patients were treated in intensive-care units, and 30 (69.8%) received invasive ventilation. In our model, in-label administration of remdesivir would have resulted in costs savings of EUR 2100 per COVID-19 inpatient (excluding acquisition costs).

Conclusion
We found that COVID-19 inpatients suffer from heterogeneous disease patterns with a variety of incurred G-DRG tariffs and treatment costs. Theoretically shown in the model, financial resources can be saved by the administration of remdesivir in eligible inpatients.
Variational Approach to Regularity of Optimal Transport Maps: General Cost Functions
Authors: Otto Felix , Prod’homme Maxime , Ried Tobias 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe extend the variational approach to regularity for optimal transport maps initiated by Goldman and the first author to the case of general cost functions. Our main result is an $$\epsilon $$
ϵ
-regularity result for optimal transport maps between Hölder continuous densities slightly more quantitative than the result by De Philippis–Figalli. One of the new contributions is the use of almost-minimality: if the cost is quantitatively close to the Euclidean cost function, a minimizer for the optimal transport problem with general cost is an almost-minimizer for the one with quadratic cost. This further highlights the connection between our variational approach and De Giorgi’s strategy for $$\epsilon $$
ϵ
-regularity of minimal surfaces.
Life history parameters of the crocodile shark,Pseudocarcharias kamoharai, in the tropical Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Rosa Daniela , Gago Marco , Fernandez-Carvalho Joana , Coelho Rui 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe crocodile shark (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) is a small lamniform shark that is occasionally by-caught in pelagic longline fisheries targeting tunas and swordfish. Due to its biological features, this species is highly vulnerable to overexploitation. However, at present, the crocodile shark is not evaluated for its stock status by any of the Regional Fisheries Management Organizations. In this study, the biology of 391 specimens (220 females and 171 males), ranging from 44.2 cm to 101.5 cm fork length (FL), collected from the tropical region of the Atlantic Ocean, was examined. Ages were assigned from growth band counts in vertebral sections, with the modified von Bertalanffy growth model, using a fixed size at birth (L0) at 32 cm FL, producing the best fit:Linf= 105.6 cm FL andk= 0.14 y−1for females;Linf= 94.6 cm FL andk= 0.18 y−1for males. Maturity ogives were fitted to both length- and age-based data. The size (L50) and age (A50) at 50% maturity was estimated at 67.2 cm FL (5 years) and 81.6 cm FL (8 years) for males and females, respectively. Mean uterine fecundity was 3.7 pups per litter with a 1:1 embryonic sex ratio. Further work is needed regarding crocodile shark life-history characteristics, especially because there are no age validation studies of the band pair deposition periodicity. However, the parameters now presented can contribute to future evaluations of this species, which is especially important given its potentially vulnerable life history.
The taxonomic position ofAnoplotaenia dasyuri(Cestoda) as inferred from molecular sequences
Authors: Barton Diane P. , Zhu Xiaocheng , Lee Vanessa , Shamsi Shokoofeh 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAnoplotaenia dasyuriBeddard, 1911 (Cestoda), from the Tasmanian devil,Sarcophilus harrisii(Boitard, 1842), is a taxonomic enigma, where a combination of morphological features, host type and geographical location have prevented it from being placed within a family and it is consideredincertae sedis, despite its accepted validity. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of threeA. dasyurispecimens collected from three Tasmanian devils using 18S and 28S rRNA sequences.Anoplotaenia dasyuriwas found to have closest affinity with the family Paruterinidae, especially the genusCladotaeniaCohn, 1901. The postulated theory of transfer of an ancestor ofAnoplotaeniaBeddard, 1911 transferring to the Tasmanian devil from an unrelated carnivorous host, such as an accipitriform or other carnivorous bird, is discussed and supported.
Reablement in need of theories of ageing: would theories of successful ageing do?
Authors: Thuesen Jette , Feiring Marte , Doh Daniel , Westendorp Rudi G. J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe reablement approach is becoming a popular social and health-care model in many Western countries, providing support strategies for older people experiencing impairment. Reablement programmes have been criticised for a lack of theories, explicating the understanding of the problem that it is intended to address, i.e. ageing and impairment in old age. We need to discuss the inherent theories in intervention programmes to question taken-for-granted assumptions about not only what works, but also how these assumptions affect the sociocultural models of ageing. Theories on successful ageing have been suggested as underpinning reablement. This article aims to present and discuss theories of successful ageing compared to key principles, components and outcomes in reablement. A medical and epidemiological, a psychological and a sociocultural theoretical approach to successful ageing are included. Contemporary reablement programmes mirror medical and psychological theories of successful ageing, including models of ageing that are associated with continuity, optimisation, selection, individuality and goal orientation. Most reablement programmes do not address sociocultural perspectives on ageing. As older people experience impairment in a pertinent liminality within and between the sociocultural values of the third and fourth age, it is important for reablement programmes and practice to consider the theoretical assumptions and underpinning theories of ageing and how to help older people balance between optimising capacity and accepting losses in their everyday life.
Assortativity and bidegree distributions on Bernoulli random graph superpositions
Authors: Bloznelis Mindaugas , Karjalainen Joona , Leskelä Lasse 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA probabilistic generative network model with$n$nodes and$m$overlapping layers is obtained as a superposition of$m$mutually independent Bernoulli random graphs of varying size and strength. When$n$and$m$are large and of the same order of magnitude, the model admits a sparse limiting regime with a tunable power-law degree distribution and nonvanishing clustering coefficient. In this article, we prove an asymptotic formula for the joint degree distribution of adjacent nodes. This yields a simple analytical formula for the model assortativity and opens up ways to analyze rank correlation coefficients suitable for random graphs with heavy-tailed degree distributions. We also study the effects of power laws on the asymptotic joint degree distributions.
Party Building as Institutional Bricolage: Asserting Authority at the Business Frontier
Authors: Koss Daniel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is expanding its organizational infrastructure in the private sector, revealing the dynamics of CCP-style institutional change. Party building follows a distinct version of adaptive governance. Hesitant to rely on innovative tools alone, organizers productively tinker with traditional and disparate elements. Grassroots Party organs, sanctified by their venerable history, are redeployed – initially for modest purposes that fall short of their original revolutionary potential. The Party's surge in private-sector firms was triggered by technocrats overhauling Leninist systems to reconnect to Party members; the search for a broader mission came later. To empower CCP organs in companies, organizers use tactical precedents ranging from incentives to negotiations around Party financing, and membership discipline. Combining tactics from different eras, overseas Party building deploys old organizational arrangements to new ends, whereas digitization gives time-worn procedures a second life. The inclination for institutional bricolage is a deeply rooted hallmark of innovation in Chinese statecraft.
Where to Protect? Prioritization and the Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGiven the multiple threats of atrocities in the world at any given time, where should states direct their attention and resources? Despite the rich and extensive literature that has emerged on the responsibility to protect (RtoP), little thought has been given to the question of how states and other international actors should prioritize when faced with multiple situations of ongoing and potential atrocities. As part of the roundtable “The Responsibility to Protect in a Changing World Order: Twenty Years since Its Inception,” in this essay we first demonstrate the importance of questions of prioritization for RtoP. We then delineate some of the issues involved in assessing the issue of prioritization, beginning with what we call the “basic maximization model,” and introducing additional atrocity-specific and response-specific issues that also need to be considered. We also emphasize the importance of considering how the need to address mass atrocities should be weighed against other global responsibilities, such as those concerning global poverty, global health, and climate change. We thereby set an agenda for future discussions.
Trust or Perish? The Responsibility to Protect and Use of Force in a Changing World Order
Authors: Gallagher Adrian , Wheeler Nicholas J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs part of the roundtable, “The Responsibility to Protect in a Changing World Order: Twenty Years since Its Inception,” this essay asks the reader to consider the role that trust, distrust, and ambivalence play in enabling and constraining the use of force under pillar three of the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP). Drawing on interdisciplinary studies on trust, it analyzes the 2011 military intervention in Libya for evidence on how trust, distrust, and ambivalence help explain the positions taken by member states on the United Nations Security Council. In so doing, it challenges the mainstream view that the fallout over Libya represents a shift from trust to distrust. We find this binary portrayal problematic for three reasons. First, it fails to take into account the space in between trust and distrust, which we categorize as ambivalence and use to make sense of the position of Russia and China. Second, it is important to recognize the role of bounded trust, as those that voted in favor of going into Libya did so on certain grounds. Third, it overemphasizes the political fallout, as six of the ten elected member states continued to support the intervention. Learning lessons from this case, we conclude that it is highly unlikely that the Security Council will authorize the use of force to fulfill the RtoP anytime soon, which may have detrimental implications for the RtoP as a whole.