bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Devastating Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Older Black and Latinx Adults: Implications for Health and Well-Being
Authors: Garcia Marc A , Thierry Amy D , Pendergrast Claire B 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objectives
While disparities in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections and mortality have been documented for older Black and Latinx populations, pandemic-related economic impacts have been less studied for these groups. Minoritized older adults may be particularly vulnerable to financial hardships given their precarious socioeconomic positions. Thus, we aim to highlight the devastating economic impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent economic recession on older Black and Latinx adults, with a particular focus on the foreign-born population.

Methods
This study used data from the 2020 COVID-19 module of the Health and Retirement Study. The sample included adults older than 50 years of age who were U.S.-born non-Latinx White and Black, U.S.-born Latinx, and foreign-born Latinx (n = 2,803). We estimated age-standardized prevalence and means of variables indicating financial impact and economic hardship during the pandemic. We further examined differences in these measures across racial/ethnic and nativity groups.

Results
Our findings document stark racial/ethnic inequalities in the pandemic’s economic impact on older adults. Results show the pandemic has negatively affected older Black and Latinx adults across a host of economic factors (e.g., paying bills, affording health-related needs, or purchasing food), with foreign-born Latinx experiencing greater economic hardships relative to other groups.

Discussion
During the COVID-19 pandemic, older Black and Latinx adults are experiencing disparate economic effects, including lacking money to cover basic needs, compared to older White adults. The implications of the economic shocks of the pandemic for the health and well-being of older Black and Latinx adults warrant policy-oriented action toward promoting equity.
Testing length-based reference points in a management strategy evaluation for cuckoo ray (Leucoraja naevus) and thornback ray (Raja clavata)
Authors: Miethe Tanja , Dobby Helen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Elasmobranchs grow relatively slowly and mature at a relatively high age, leading to longer generation time. Due to low fecundity of these stocks, sufficient numbers of mature individuals are important to ensure a viable recruitment level and sustainable management. Length-based indicators (LBIs), such as the mean length and the mean length of the largest 5% in the catch, can be used to characterize the length distribution of exploited stocks and aid a data-limited assessment. Reference points for these indicators are calculated using basic life history parameters. Using cuckoo ray, Leucoraja naevus, and thornback ray, Raja clavata, as example species, we apply management strategy evaluations to test the performance of LBI-based harvest control rules (HCRs) in their ability to recover overexploited stocks. We illustrate the importance of the stock–recruitment relationship for the management outcome. If immature individuals are targeted by the fishery, HCRs perform better in terms of stock recovery when coupled with reference points, which account for the maturation schedule of the stock. The sensitivity of reference points to parameter misspecification means that elasmobranchs stocks in which immature individuals are exploited by the fishery may require more precautionary reference points, with consideration of the trade-off between biomass recovery and yield.
Optimal convergence of arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian iso-parametric finite element methods for parabolic equations in an evolving domain
Authors: Li Buyang , Xia Yinhua , Yang Zongze 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An optimal-order error estimate is presented for the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) finite element method for a parabolic equation in an evolving domain, using high-order iso-parametric finite elements with flat simplices in the interior of the domain. The mesh velocity can be a linear approximation of a given bulk velocity field or a numerical solution of the Laplace equation with specified boundary value matching the velocity of the boundary. The optimal order of convergence is obtained by comparing the numerical solution with the ALE-Ritz projection of the exact solution, and by establishing an optimal-order estimate for the material derivative of the ALE-Ritz projection error.
Effect of Aging on Three Lures Used for MonitoringCeratitis capitata(Diptera: Tephritidae): Release Rate, Volatile Composition, and Fly Recaptures
Authors: Gómez-Escobar Enoc , Alavez-Rosas David , Castellanos David , Quintero-Fong Luis , Liedo Pablo , Malo Edi A 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPrevention and control programs for Ceratitis capitata require a large supply of lures and traps for use in established trapping networks and mass-trapping suppression measures. The main lures currently used are: Trimedure (TML), three-component Biolure (BL), and Ceratrap (CT). The aim of this study was to determine the release rates of these lures, the chemical composition of their volatiles, and how these parameters change with exposure time. Tests were conducted under field conditions at three different elevations (25, 500, and 1,300 masl) during the dry and rainy seasons in Chiapas, Mexico. We found that for TML and BL, the release rate was similar in both seasons and at all three elevations. In the case of CT, the release rate was greater during the dry season and at the lowest elevation during the rainy season. With the caveat of using solid-phase microextraction technique for identification of lure compounds in this study, we found that the volatile compounds of TML were maintained throughout the rainy season, however, in the dry season, some compounds could not be detected. The volatile compounds emitted by BL were trimethylamine, ammonium acetate, and acetamide. Among volatile compounds of CT, acetic acid was the most abundant in the rainy season, while minor compounds were only detected during the first five weeks. Recapture rates were affected by elevation in the three lures tested and there was a significant interaction between elevation in exposure time for TML and BL.
Mitochondrial capture and subsequent genetic divergence generates a novel haplogroup: evidence from ancient and ongoing hybridization in mule and white-tailed deer
Authors: Wright Emily A , Roberts Emma K , Platt Roy N , Bayouth Jacob V , Conway Warren C , Bradley Robert D 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOdocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer) and O. hemionus (mule deer) are sympatric across much of North America. Molecular evidence suggests that up to 24% of individuals in some populations are a product of hybrid ancestry. Several studies have alluded to ancient and recent introgression between Odocoileus spp.; however, no divergence dates were proposed. Herein, phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences obtained from the mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene in 690 individuals identified three clades corresponding to black-tailed deer, white-tailed deer, or a unique combination of both white-tailed deer and mule deer. White-tailed deer and mule deer diverged from a common ancestor of approximately 3.13 mya followed by an ancient hybridization event of approximately 1.32 mya, in which the white-tailed deer mitochondrial genome was “captured” by mule deer. This hybridization event produced a novel haplogroup for white-tailed deer and mule deer located west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Cascade Range, south to Veracruz, Mexico, and north to the Yukon Territory, Canada. The ancestral mule deer-like mitochondrial genome appears to be restricted to black-tailed deer distributed along the western portion of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Ranges of the United States and Canada, whereas the ancestral white-tailed deer-like mitochondrial genome is restricted to the eastern United States and portions of Latin America and Caribbean regions. The “captured mitochondrial genome” has continued on an independent evolutionary trajectory and represents a unique and broadly distributed haplogroup that is 7.25% and 2.84% different from the ancestral mule deer and ancestral white-tailed deer haplogroups, respectively.
Telehealth Cybersecurity
Authors: Hood Colton D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Clinical information systems are becoming increasingly complex, and telehealth is no exception. Threats to information systems are far and wide including phishing, malware, ransomware and even advanced persistent threats. Maintaining good security practices is necessary in order to secure telehealth and other clinical information systems. Compliance with the HIPAA Security Rule is mandatory, while providing a practical framework for good security practices and self-guidance that ensure basic compliance to all covered entities regardless of their level of IT support. Good security practices are essential to build trust in the telehealth system for both providers, and clinicians, as well as patients.
Role of Telemedicine in Guiding Rural Emergent Neurosurgical Care
Authors: Chohan M. Omar , Stippler Martina , Wendt Susy Salvo , Yonas Howard 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Teleneurosurgery can play a vital role in the care of patients in hospitals and community health settings where neurosurgical expertise is not available. The combination of audiovisual interaction of a neurosurgeon with the emergency physician, the patient and the patient’s family, combined with an intense education program delivered to the originating site care team, has greatly enhanced the appropriate triage of patients in community hospitals. The result is better patient care, improved patient and family satisfaction, cost savings, and the retention of patients within the local community care system, as well as the improved sustainability of the wider health delivery system. To succeed, start-up financial support is often needed to provide the required technical elements and 24/7 neurosurgical availability.
Medical Subspecialty Telehealth Consults
Authors: Lew Susie Q. , Sharma Shailendra , Siegel Marc O. , Akselrod Hana , Kaur Simranjit , Kumar Anita , Borum Marie L. , Gross Hartmut 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Health care reforms are advancing new care models that emphasize population-based outcomes. Emergency clinicians are challenged to provide coordinated care with limited resources. Emerging value-based models create the incentives for emergency clinicians to collaborate with specialists to provide high-quality care while lowering cost by reducing admissions when possible. Subspecialty consultation may be difficult to obtain in regions where the population does not support a subspecialist or where there is a workforce shortage. However, obtaining a telehealth subspecialist consult from a remote pool, local network, or established patient–physician relationship can provide such a service. Several use-cases are presented to illustrate how telehealth subspecialty consultation from the emergency department can change patient care and outcomes.
Introduction
Authors: Holloway Debra 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Women require contraceptive and reproductive/sexual health care from menarche to menopause. An holistic approach to care enables women of all ages to make effective and safe choices regarding contraceptive methods, managing sexually transmitted infections/human immuno–deficiency virus (STI/HIV), unplanned pregnancy care, or pregnancy care within the community and other specialist services provided by health professionals. The multidisciplinary team comprises: Consultants in Reproductive and Sexual Health), GPs, sessional doctors, nurse consultants, Clinical Nurse Specialist and Advanced Nurse Practitioners, nurses, midwives, health visitors, pharmacists, health advisors, associates, healthcare assistants, counsellors, client support workers (CSWs), and receptionists providing client-centred care.
Gynaecological oncology
Authors: Hughes Cathy 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter concerns cancers that affect the female reproductive organs, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva. For each type of cancer the chapter covers the epidemiology, incidence, associated risk factors, presenting complaints, methods of diagnosis, grades and staging, and treatment. Where possible, monitoring procedures for prevention are explained. The chapter also includes an overview of radiotherapy, including dose and duration and treatment planning. Indications for chemotherapy for specific cancers are also covered.
Fertility and subfertility
Authors: Denga Alice 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers issues related to fertility and subfertility. It starts with lifestyle assessments that should be done as part of preconceptual care, and explains the psychological effects and counselling for subfertility alongside both male and female factors that affect difficulties in conceiving. Tests and investigations are covered for both partners, and the role of the fertility nurse specialist is defined. Ovulation induction, assisted conception, inter-uterine insemination, and IVF are all described. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis is given a brief overview, and the chapter also explores adoption and surrogacy. Fertility preservation and the role of the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority are covered.
Pituitary
Authors: Karavitaki Niki , Thompson Chris , Galloway Iona 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers the pituitary gland. It starts with the anatomy and physiology, then moves on to imaging, and pituitary function. It then covers common tests, including ITT, glucagon, ACTH stimulation, arginine, clomiphene, hCG, and TRH. It then begins to cover disorders of pituitary function, with treatment, hormone replacement, and investigation all included. Pituitary tumours are described, along with investigation, diagnosis, and treatment. Other disorders, including Cushing’s disease, cysts, inflammatory conditions are all included. Complications from other conditions are also described.
Endocrinology in pregnancy
Authors: Williamson Catherine , Scott Rebecca 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers both the normal and abnormal changes to the endocrine system during pregnancy. It begins with the thyroid in pregnancy, covering maternal hyperthyroidism, hyperemesis gravidarum, overt and subclinical maternal hypothyroidism, post-partum thyroid dysfunction, and fetal thyroid diseases owing to maternal thyroid disorders. Calcium metabolism, thyroid cancer, hypoparathyroidism, and lactation associated osteoporosis. Secondly, the pituitary gland in pregnancy is focused on, covering prolactinoma, Cushing’s Syndrome, acromegaly, non-functioning pituitary adenoma, hypopituitarism, and Diabetes Insipidus. Pre-existing adrenal disorders during pregnancy and alterations to management are also included.
Inherited endocrine syndromes and MEN
Authors: Newey Paul 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with genetic testing for monogenic endocrine disorders, and then goes on to define the diagnosis, treatment, and management of McCune-Albright syndrome, neurofibromatosis, von Hippel-Lindau disease, Carney complex, Cowden syndrome, and POEMS syndrome. It then goes on to the clinical features and management of MEN type 1 and MEN type 2, and MEN type 4. Inherited primary hyperparathyroidism, phaeochromocytoma-paraganglioma syndromes, and renal calculi.
Daily variability at milli-arcsecond scales in the radio-quiet NLSy1 Mrk 110
Authors: Panessa Francesca , Pérez-Torres Miguel , Hernández-García Lorena , Casella Piergiorgio , Giroletti Marcello , Orienti Monica , Baldi Ranieri D , Bassani Loredana , Fiocchi Maria Teresa , La Franca Fabio , Malizia Angela , McHardy Ian , Nicastro Fabrizio , Piro Luigi , Vincentelli Federico , Williams David R A , Ubertini Pietro 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
The origin of radio emission in the majority of active galactic nuclei is still poorly understood. Various competing mechanisms are likely involved in the production of radio emission and precise diagnostic tools are needed to disentangle them, of which variability is among the most powerful. For the first time, we show evidence for significant radio variability at 5 GHz at milli-arcsecond scales on days to weeks time-scales in the highly accreting and extremely radio-quiet (RQ) Narrow Line Seyfert 1 (NLSy1) Mrk 110. The simultaneous Swift/XRT light curve indicates stronger soft than hard X-ray variability. The short-term radio variability suggests that the GHz emitting region has a size smaller than ∼180 Schwarzschild radii. The high brightness temperature and the radio and X-ray variability rule out a star-formation and a disc wind origin. Synchrotron emission from a low-power jet and/or an outflowing corona is then favoured.
Realistic energy deposition and temperature heating in molecular clouds due to cosmic rays: a computation simulation with the GEANT4 code employing light particles and medium-mass and heavy ions
Authors: Pilling Sergio , Pazianotto Maurício Tizziani , de Souza Lucas Alves , Maciel do Nascimento Larissa 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
In the interstellar medium, Galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays (CRs) penetrate deeper in the molecular clouds (MCs) and promote inside several physical and physicochemical changes due to the energy deposition, including gas and grain heating, and triggering also molecular destruction and formation. In this work, in an attempt to simulate, in a more realistic way, the energy delivered by CRs in a typical MC (mass ∼5400 M☉ and size ∼106 au; mainly composed of H atoms), we combine the energy deposition of light particles and heavy ions, with the new calculations considering the medium-mass ions (3 ≤ Z ≤ 11). To execute the calculation, the Monte Carlo toolkit GEANT4 was applied to get the energy deposition rate per mass from many kinds of secondary particles, used in nuclear and hadron physics. The energy deposition by its induced cascade shower within the MC was characterized, as well as the relative energy deposition for all members of the medium-mass group. The results show that the incoming protons are the dominant source in the energy deposition and heating of the cloud, followed by alphas and electrons, with the medium-mass-ion and heavy-ion groups each contributing roughly 8 per cent. The current model also shows a temperature enhancement of up to 10 per cent in the external layers of the cloud (reaching 22.5 K) with respect to the previous calculations where only light particles were considered. However, neither heavy nor medium-mass ions contribute to the temperature enhancement in the deep core of the cloud.
Magnetic field strengths of the synchrotron self-absorption region in the jet of CTA 102 during radio flares
Authors: Kim Sang-Hyun , Lee Sang-Sung , Lee Jee Won , Hodgson Jeffrey A , Kang Sincheol , Algaba Juan-Carlos , Kim Jae-Young , Hodges Mark , Agudo Ivan , Fuentes Antonio , Escudero Juan , Myserlis Ioannis , Traianou Efthalia , Lähteenmäki Anne , Tornikoski Merja , Tammi Joni , Ramakrishnan Venkatessh , Järvelä Emilia 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
CTA 102 is a blazar implying that its relativistic jet points towards Earth and emits synchrotron radiation produced by energetic particles gyrating in the magnetic field. This study aims to figure out the physical origins of radio flares in the jet, including the connection between the magnetic field and the radio flares. The data set in the range of 2.6–343.5 GHz was collected over a period of ∼5.5 yr (2012 November 20–2018 September 23). During the data collection period, seven flares at 15 GHz with a range of the variability time-scale of roughly 76–227 d were detected. The quasi-simultaneous radio data were used to investigate the synchrotron spectrum of the source. We found that the synchrotron radiation is self-absorbed. The turnover frequency and the peak flux density of the synchrotron self-absorption (SSA) spectra are in the ranges of ∼42–172 GHz and ∼0.9–10.2 Jy, respectively. From the SSA spectra, we derived the SSA magnetic field strengths to be ∼9.20, ∼12.28, and ∼50.97 mG on 2013 December 24, 2014 February 28, and 2018 January 13, respectively. We also derived the equipartition magnetic field strengths to be in the range of ∼24–109 mG. The equipartition magnetic field strengths are larger than the SSA magnetic field strengths in most cases, which indicates that particle energy mainly dominates in the jet. Our results suggest that the flares in the jet of CTA 102 originated due to particle acceleration. We propose the possible mechanisms of particle acceleration.
The protoplanetary disc around HD 169142: circumstellar or circumbinary?
Authors: Poblete P P , Cuello N , Pérez S , Marino S , Calcino J , Macías E , Ribas Á , Zurlo A , Cuadra J , Montesinos M , Zúñiga-Fernández S , Bayo A , Pinte C , Ménard F , Price D J 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Stellar binaries represent a substantial fraction of stellar systems, especially among young stellar objects. Accordingly, binaries play an important role in setting the architecture of a large number of protoplanetary discs. Binaries in coplanar and polar orientations with respect to the circumbinary disc are stable configurations and could induce non-axisymmetric structures in the dust and gas distributions. In this work, we suggest that the structures shown in the central region of the protoplanetary disc HD 169142 are produced by the presence of an inner stellar binary and a circumbinary (P-type) planet. We find that a companion with a mass ratio of 0.1, semimajor axis of 9.9 au, eccentricity of 0.2, and inclination of 90°, together with a 2 MJ coplanar planet on a circular orbit at 45 au reproduce the structures at the innermost ring observed at 1.3 mm and the shape of spiral features in scattered light observations. The model predicts changes in the disc’s dust structure, and star’s astrometric parameters, which would allow testing its veracity by monitoring this system over the next 20 yr.
Statistical search for angular non-stationarities of long gamma-ray burst jets using Swift data
Authors: Budai A , Raffai P , Borgulya B , Dawes B A , Szeifert G 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
In a previous article, we argued that angular non-stationarities of gamma-ray burst (GRB) jets can result in a statistical connection between the angle values deduced from jet break times and the variabilities of prompt light curves. The connection should be an anticorrelation if luminosity densities of jets follow a power-law or a uniform profile, and a correlation if they have a Gaussian profile. In this follow-up paper, we search for the connection by measuring Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient in a sample of 19 long GRBs observed by the Swift satellite. Using 16 of the GRBs with well-defined angle measurements, we find $\rho = -0.38_{-0.1}^{+0.1}$ and $p = 0.15_{-0.09}^{+0.14}$. Adding three more GRBs to the sample, each with a pair of equally possible angle values, can strengthen the anticorrelation to $\rho =-0.46_{-0.08}^{+0.09}$ and $p=0.05_{-0.03}^{+0.07}$. We show that these results are incompatible with non-stationary jets having Gaussian profiles, and that ≳100 GRBs with observed afterglows would be needed to confirm the potential existence of the angle-variability anticorrelation with 3σ significance. If the connection is real, GRB jet angles would be constrainable from prompt gamma light curves, without the need of afterglow observations.