bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pre-flight qualification tests of the Mini-EUSO telescope engineering model
Authors: Bisconti F. , Miyamoto H. , Barghini D. , Battisti M. , Belov A. , Bertaina M. E. , Blin-Bondil S. , Cambiè G. , Capel F. , Casolino M. , Cellino A. , Conti L. , Contino G. , Cotto G. , Ebisuzaki T. , Fenu F. , Fornaro C. , Franceschi A. , Gardiol D. , Haungs A. , Klimov P. , Manfrin M. , Marcelli L. , Mignone M. , Napolitano T. , Parizot E. , Picozza P. , Piotrowski L. W. , Prévôt G. , Reali E. , Ricci M. , Shinozaki K. , Simioli F. , Suino G. , Szabelski J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMini-EUSO is part of the JEM-EUSO program and operates on board the International Space Station (ISS). It is a UV-telescope with single-photon counting capability looking at nighttime downwards to the Earth through a nadir-facing UV-transparent window. As part of the pre-flight tests, the Mini-EUSO engineering model, a telescope with 1/9 of the original focal surface and a lens of 2.5 cm diameter, has been built and tested. Tests of the Mini-EUSO engineering model have been made in laboratory and in open-sky conditions. Laboratory tests have been performed at the TurLab facility, located at the Physics Department of the University of Turin, equipped with a rotating tank containing different types of materials and light sources. In this way, the configuration for the observation of the Earth from space was emulated, including the Mini-EUSO trigger schemes. In addition to the qualification and calibration tests, the Mini-EUSO engineering model has also been used to evaluate the possibility of using a JEM-EUSO-type detector for applications such as observation of space debris. Furthermore, observations in open-sky conditions allowed the studies of natural light sources such as stars, meteors, planets, and artificial light sources such as airplanes, satellites reflecting the sunlight, and city lights. Most of these targets could be detected also with Mini-EUSO. In this paper, the tests in laboratory and in open-sky conditions are reported, as well as the obtained results. In addition, the contribution that such tests provided to foresee and improve the performance of Mini-EUSO on board the ISS is discussed.
A systematic review exploring the significance of measuring epicardial fat thickness in correlation to B-type natriuretic peptide levels as prognostic and diagnostic markers in patients with or at risk of heart failure
Authors: Nyawo Thembeka A. , Dludla Phiwayinkosi V. , Mazibuko-Mbeje Sithandiwe E. , Mthembu Sinenhlanhla X. H. , Nyambuya Tawanda M. , Nkambule Bongani B. , Sadie-Van Gijsen Hanél , Strijdom Hans , Pheiffer Carmen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEmerging evidence suggests that epicardial fat thickness (EFT) may be a critical feature to understand cardiac health and determine the risk of heart failure. The current review critically assesses and discusses evidence on the efficiency of measuring EFT, in comparison to the well-known markers B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its N-terminal fragment pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), as a prognostic and diagnostic approach in individuals with or at risk of heart failure. A systematic approach was undertaken to search major databases, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and the Cochrane library to identify studies that quantified EFT and serum BNP/NT-proBNP levels in individuals with or at risk of heart failure. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and a total of 1983 participants were included in this systematic review. Evidence shows a clear association between increased EFT and elevated BNP/NT-proBNP levels in individuals with metabolic disease and suggests that both methods can be used for heart failure diagnosis and prognosis. However, due to the broad spectrum of challenges linked with measuring EFT, BNP/Pro-BNP is the predominant method used for heart failure diagnosis and prognosis in clinical practice. Nonetheless, measuring EFT provides a powerful and reproducible diagnostic tool for risk stratification and heart failure diagnosis and prognosis. Importantly, measuring EFT proves valuable to validate BNP/NT-proBNP levels to predict heart failure, especially due to its non-invasive nature.
Evaluation the Effectiveness of Abridged IMNCI (7-Day) Course v Standard (11-Day) Course in Pakistan
Authors: Ariff Shabina , Sadiq Kamran , Jiwani Uswa , Ahmed Khalil , Nuzhat Khadija , Ahmed Shakeel , Nizami Qamruddin , Khan Iqtidar A. , Ali Nabeela , Soofi Sajid Bashir , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
The conventional IMCI training for healthcare providers is delivered in 11 days, which can be expensive and disruptive to the normal clinical routines of the providers. An equally effective, shorter training course may address these challenges.

Methods
We conducted a quasi-experimental study in two provinces (Sindh and Punjab) of Pakistan. 104 healthcare providers were conveniently selected to receive either the abridged (7-day) or the standard (11-day) training. Knowledge and clinical skills of the participants were assessed before, immediately on conclusion of, and six months after the training.

Results
The improvement in mean knowledge scores of the 7-day and 11-day training groups was 31.6 (95% CI 24.3, 38.8) and 29.4 (95% CI 23.9, 34.9) respectively, p = 0.630 while the improvement in mean clinical skills scores of the 7-day and 11-day training groups was 23.8 (95% CI: 19.3, 28.2) and 23.0 (95% CI 18.9, 27.0) respectively, p = 0.784. The decline in mean knowledge scores six months after the training was − 12.4 (95% CI − 18.5, − 6.4) and − 6.4 (95% CI − 10.5, − 2.3) in the 7-day and 11-day groups respectively, p = 0.094. The decline in mean clinical skills scores six months after the training was − 6.3 (95% CI − 11.3, − 1.3) in the 7-day training group and − 9.1 (95% CI − 11.5, − 6.6) in the 11-day group, p = 0.308.

Conclusion
An abridged IMNCI training is equally effective as the standard training. However, training for certain illnesses may be better delivered by the standard course.
Factors influencing the levothyroxine dose in the hormone replacement therapy of primary hypothyroidism in adults
Authors: Caron Philippe , Grunenwald Solange , Persani Luca , Borson-Chazot Françoise , Leroy Remy , Duntas Leonidas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLevothyroxine (LT4) is a safe, effective means of hormone replacement therapy for hypothyroidism. Here, we review the pharmaceutical, pathophysiological and behavioural factors influencing the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of LT4. Any factor that alters the state of the epithelium in the stomach or small intestine will reduce and/or slow absorption of LT4; these include ulcerative colitis, coeliac disease, bariatric surgery, Helicobacter pylori infection, food intolerance, gastritis, mineral supplements, dietary fibre, resins, and various drugs. Once in the circulation, LT4 is almost fully bound to plasma proteins. Although free T4 (FT4) and liothyronine concentrations are extensively buffered, it is possible that drug- or disorder-induced changes in plasma proteins levels can modify free hormone levels. The data on the clinical significance of genetic variants in deiodinase genes are contradictory, and wide-scale genotyping of hypothyroid patients is not currently justified. We developed a decision tree for the physician faced with an abnormally high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level in a patient reporting adequate compliance with the recommended LT4 dose. The physician should review medications, the medical history and the serum FT4 level and check for acute adrenal insufficiency, heterophilic anti-TSH antibodies, antibodies against gastric and intestinal components (gastric parietal cells, endomysium, and tissue transglutaminase 2), and Helicobacter pylori infection. The next step is an LT4 pharmacodynamic absorption test; poor LT4 absorption should prompt a consultation with a gastroenterologist and (depending on the findings) an increase in the LT4 dose level. An in-depth etiological investigation can reveal visceral disorders and, especially, digestive tract disorders.
The Institutional Grammar: A Method for Coding Institutions and its Potential for Advancing Third Sector Research
Authors: Bushouse Brenda K. , Schweik Charles M. , Siddiki Saba , Rice Doug , Wolfson Isaac 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInstitutions—defined as strategies, norms and rules (Ostrom Understanding institutional diversity, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2005)—are omnipresent in third sector contexts. In this paper, we present the Institutional Grammar (IG) as a theoretically informed approach to support institutional analysis in third sector research. More specifically, the IG coding syntax allows the researcher to systematically wade through rich text and (transcribed) spoken language to identify and dissect institutional statements into finer syntactical segments of interest to the researcher. It is a versatile method that can generate data for small- or large-N research projects and can be integrated with mixed-method research designs. After first introducing and describing the IG, we present a case study to illustrate how a IG-based syntactic analysis can be leveraged to inform third sector research. In the case, we ask: Do the rules embedded in regulatory text addressing the involuntary dissolution of charity organizations differ between bifurcated and unitary jurisdictions in the United States? Using IG’s ABDICO 2.0 syntax, we identify eleven “Activation Condition” (AC) categories that trigger action and assess variation among the 46 jurisdictions. We ultimately conclude that the rules do not differ between bifurcated and unitary jurisdictions, but that finding is not the primary concern. The case demonstrates IG as an important methodological advance that yields granular, structured analyses of rules, norms and strategies in third sector settings that may be difficult to identify with other methods. We then emphasize four areas of third sector research that could benefit from the addition of IG-based methods: analysis of (1) rule compliance, (2) inter-organizational collaboration, (3) comparative study of institutional design, and (4) the study of institutional change. We close the paper with some reflections on where IG-based analysis is headed.
Investigation of Valve Tip End Wear Mechanism of a Four-Cylinder Automotive Engine Under High-Speed Application
Authors: Gandhi Yashkumar , Pawar Ninad , Zoal Nanasaheb , Ramnathan Gurunathan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis work investigates the causes of wear occurring at the engine valve tip end after 400 hours of engine operation. Fatigue wear was observed on the valve tip at the product development stage of the engine, which is going to be used in an automotive vehicle. Valves were assembled on a gasoline/CNG fuel-based four-cylinder IC engine. In this engine, tip end wear was prominent during high-speed testing conditions as compared to other types of engine tests. The chemical composition of worn surfaces was verified by spectroscopy. The microstructures, grain sizes and surface roughness were determined by optical microscopy and surface roughness tester. To evaluate the wear mechanism, valve tip end worn surfaces were analyzed using Scanning electron microscopy. The SEM analysis indicates the initiation of micropits and subsequent propagation of the fatigue wear during engine operating conditions. The residual stresses were measured at valve tip end surfaces and subsurfaces using X-ray diffraction techniques. Several investigations employing multiple techniques were carried out to identify the root cause of failure while comparing results against those of untested valves. Parameters that can affect valve tip end properties were identified in the study and countermeasures provided, and that lead to successful completion of the testing with the same operating condition.
Differential toxicological effects of natural and synthetic sources and enantiomeric forms of limonene on mosquito larvae
Authors: Ross Perran A. , Nematollahi Neda , Steinemann Anne , Kolev Spas D. , Hoffmann Ary A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Common fragranced consumer products, such as cleaning supplies and personal care products, emit chiral compounds such as limonene that have been associated with adverse effects on human health. However, those same compounds abound in nature, and at similar concentrations as in products, but without the same apparent adverse human health effects. We investigated whether different types of limonene may elicit different biological effects. In this study, we investigated the mortality rate of mosquito larvae in response to changes in their environment. Specifically, we tested different sources of naturally occurring R-limonene and chemically synthetized limonene, containing one of its enantiomeric forms (R-, S-) in mortality bioassays with Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. We found that a natural source of limonene extracted from oranges induced lower mortality of mosquito larvae compared to synthetic sources at the same concentration. However, enantiomeric forms did not differ in their effects on mortality. Our results provide novel evidence that natural sources of a chemical can cause lower rates of mortality than synthetic sources.
Associations between socioemotional alterations, quality of life, and social functioning in multiple sclerosis: A scoping review
Authors: Di Tella Marialaura , Clerico Marinella , Castelli Lorys 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe main aim of the present scoping review is to systematically review the available studies that investigated the associations between socioemotional alterations (i.e., social cognition impairments/alexithymia/difficulties in emotion regulation) and both reduced QoL and social functioning in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The articles were selected from the PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases. The main exclusion criteria were qualitative studies, articles that did not use validated instruments, and studies that did not investigate the association between socioemotional skills and QoL/social functioning in MS. Of the eight studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria, six found significant associations between social cognitive and emotion regulation abilities and QoL/social functioning in patients with MS, while two found no significant relationships particularly between the performance on social cognition tasks and QoL measures. Overall, the majority of findings seem to highlight that socioemotional alterations contribute to impaired QoL and social functioning in MS. However, given the still limited evidence, future studies are needed to replicate and confirm the available results, paying attention to two principal aspects: the use of standardized and ecological tasks for the assessment of social cognition skills and the recruitment of samples involving patients with different types of MS.
Lern- und Assistenzsysteme partizipativ integrieren – Entwicklung einer Systematik zur Prozessgestaltung auf Basis eines organisationspädagogischen Ansatzes
Authors: Keller Alinde , Weber Susanne Maria , Rentzsch Melanie , Haase Tina 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag befasst sich mit dem Prozess der Integration von Lern- und Assistenzsystemen (LAS) in Arbeitssysteme in der Produktion. Ziel eines solchen Prozesses ist es, die Potenziale eines akzeptierten, lernförderlichen und wirtschaftlichen Nutzen generierenden LAS für spezifische Anforderungen in Unternehmen zu erschließen. Dies erfordert ein partizipatives Vorgehen sowie die Integration ganzheitlicher Wissensbestände. Der Beitrag erschließt daher aus organisationspädagogischer Sicht Reflexions‑, Übersetzungs‑, Aushandlungs- und Visionierungsprozesse als Praktiken der Wissensproduktion im partizipativen Vorgehen. Im Rahmen eines organisationspädagogischen Design Based Research Ansatzes wird dabei eine Systematik vorgeschlagen, welche sowohl theoriebasiert als auch auf Basis praktischer Erfahrungen bei der Integration eines LAS in Instandhaltungstätigkeiten entwickelt wurde. Ziel dieser Systematik ist es, diejenigen Akteure in der Praxis zu unterstützen, die den Prozess der Entstehung einer LAS-basierten (Lern‑)Innovation in Unternehmen kontextsensibel ausgestalten.Praktische Relevanz: Der Beitrag richtet sich an Akteure, welche einen partizipativen Prozess zur Integration von Lern- und Assistenzsystemen in den betrieblichen Alltag gestalten und koordinieren. Es wird eine Systematik entwickelt, welche ihnen eine Handlungshilfe anbietet und sie durch diesen Prozess begleitet.
Pharmaceutical Companies, Human Rights, and the Alien Tort Statute
Authors: Cohen I. Glenn , Giannini Tyler , Adashi Eli Y. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOn January 3, 2019, U.S. District Judge Theodore D. Chuang of the U.S. District Court of the District of Maryland took a crucial first step in redressing one of the worst human subjects research ethics violations in U.S. history.
Ossicular chain reconstruction using costal cartilage in malleoincudal osteoma
Authors: Piazza F , Frisina A 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo report an extremely rare case of malleoincudal osteoma that led to conductive hearing loss despite an unusually normal otomicroscopic appearance, and to highlight the usefulness of costal cartilage for ossicular chain reconstruction after tumour removal.Case reportA 37-year-old woman presented with a 2-year history of progressive, right-sided hearing loss. Physical examination revealed a normal tympanic membrane. Pure tone audiometry showed a right-sided conductive hearing loss. High-resolution computed tomography revealed a right-sided epitympanic mass arising from the malleus head and contiguous with the incus. The patient underwent a closed mastoido-epitympanectomy. The malleus head and the incus with associated malleoincudal osteoma were removed. Ossicular chain reconstruction using costal cartilage was performed at the time of tumour removal.ConclusionThe possibility of a middle-ear osteoma must be considered in cases of unilateral and progressive conductive hearing loss with a normal otomicroscopic appearance in patients with no history of ear infection, trauma or prior surgery, and with no family history of hearing loss. Surgical treatment is indicated in cases of significant conductive hearing loss. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of malleoincudal osteoma in which the ossicular chain was reconstructed using costal cartilage.
Being a ‘not-quite-Buddhist theist’
Authors: Rooney James Dominic 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBuddhism is a tradition that set itself decidedly against theism, with the development of complex arguments against the existence of God. I propose that the metaphysical conclusions reached by some schools in the Mahayana tradition present a vision of reality that, with some apparently small modification, would ground an argument for the existence of God. This argument involves explanation in terms of natures rather than causal agency. Yet I conclude not only that the Buddhist becomes a theist in embracing such explanations as legitimate, but alsoipso factoabandons their metaphysical project and ceases to be a Buddhist.
‘Knowledge is everything?’ How well do the general public understand aged care and how does this affect their attitudes towards quality of care and future funding?
Authors: Hutchinson Claire , Ratcliffe Julie , Crocker Matthew , Kumaran Sheela , Milte Rachel , Khadka Jyoti 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe recent Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety in Australia has documented systemic failures and shocking incidences of abuse and neglect, a not uncommon story internationally. As aged care in many countries is predominantly publicly funded, it is important to understand the general public's attitudes towards aged care quality, what aspects of care quality they think are most important and their willingness to contribute to increased funding to the sector. This paper asks specifically whether self-reported aged care literacy impacts expectations and willingness to pay. More than 10,000 members of the general population were surveyed stratified by age, gender and state. Regardless of the level of aged care literacy, there was consensus about what constitutes quality care, and care priorities for the sector. However, aged care literacy affected willingness to pay to fund a better-quality aged care system. The current crisis facing Australia's aged care system and that of many other countries internationally demonstrates the central importance of general public support to drive quality improvements, recognising that increasing public expenditure on aged care is a necessary part of the solution. This study provides important baseline data from which to commence national and international conversations to consider all options for ensuring the quality, safety and sustainability of aged care now and into the future.
THE FINANCIAL COSTS OF THE PORTUGUESE COLONIAL WAR, 1961-1974: ANALYSIS AND APPLIED STUDY
Authors: Ferraz Ricardo 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTThis article presents estimates of the financial costs incurred by Portugal with the Colonial War (1961-1974). The results obtained show that, on average, the extraordinary expenses most directly related with the war represented 22% of Portuguese state expenditure, equivalent to 3.1% of GDP. They also show that the total costs incurred by Portugal with the Colonial War amounted to between 21.8 billion euros and 29.8 billion euros, at today's prices and in the present-day currency. By estimating a dynamic model, it was also possible to identify a positive relationship between the extraordinary military expenditure on the defence and security of the overseas provinces—which included the budgetary costs of war—and Portuguese economic growth. The conclusions reached represent a valuable contribution to contemporary economic history.
(Dis)Connecting Through COVID-19: Experiences of Older Persons in the Context of a Volunteer–Client Relationship
Authors: Bruce Paxton , Pesut Barbara , Dunlop Rowena , Puurveen Gloria , Duggleby Wendy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and mandated physical distancing requirements significantly impacted volunteer programs for older persons with many long-standing programs either ceasing altogether or pivoting to connecting through virtual technologies. In this study, we collected qualitative interview data from 23 clients and 33 volunteers to investigate their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic and the effects on the volunteer–client relationship. Three themes were identified: pandemic emotions, negotiating social interactions, and growing through the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings provide important insights into the experiences of hospice organizations and their volunteers and clients during the COVID 19 pandemic, further highlighting the importance of acknowledging both older persons’ vulnerability and their resilience, of building in compassionate community approaches to care, and of finding innovative ways to foster volunteer–client relationships during times when physical visiting is not possible.