bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EUPLOID DERIVATIVES OF DUPLICATIONS FROM A TRANSLOCATION IN NEUROSPORA
Authors: Turner Barbara C 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Nontandem terminal chromosome duplications derived from N. crassa translocation T(I→VI)NM103 give rise mitotically to some daughter nuclei which have become euploid by loss of one or the other of the two duplicated segments. Loss of the segment in normal sequence occurs as often as loss of the translocated segment. This is in contrast to all of several other Neurospora duplications that have been studied, where loss of the segment in normal sequence is absent or rare.—T(NM103) has the distal two thirds of linkage group IR exchanged with the right tip of VI. Crosses to normal sequence produce a class of morphologically distinct progeny with IR chromosome duplications. For a few days after germination, test crosses of these progeny are barren (make perithecia but few or no spores, as observed commonly with Neurospora duplications). Growing duplication cultures become fertile by accumulating nuclei which have been reduced to either normal sequence (by loss of the segment in translocation sequence) or translocation sequence (by loss of the segment in normal sequence). Both types usually appear within the first week of growth. Naturally formed mixtures or heterokaryons of NM103 duplication nuclei and their reduced euploid products have been studied by plating and by progeny testing. Determination of nuclear type is based on culture morphology, expression of genetic markers, and crossing behavior. Within the limits of testing, loss is found to begin precisely at the interchange points. The unique finding of frequent breakdown of normal-sequence linkage group I chromosomes is not dependent on the strain from which the chromosome was derived. Many different strains were tested, and for each one evidence was found that nuclei reduced to translocation sequence had been produced from duplication nuclei by loss of the segment in normal sequence.
CHARACTERIZATION OF DOMINANT RESISTANCE TO COBALT CHLORIDE IN DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM AND ITS USE IN PARASEXUAL GENETIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Williams Keith L 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Strains of Dictyostelium discoideum resistant to cobaltous chloride have been isolated at a frequency of approximately 10-6. The resistant strains have one of three phenotypes, recessive to wild type, dominant to wild type and dominant to wild type but requiring the presence of cobaltous chloride to maintain resistance. Strains carrying a dominant cobaltous chloride resistance mutation and a recessive growth temperature-sensitive mutation can be mixed with wild-type haploid lines and then subjected to selection so that only diploid lines survive. Differential sensitivity to cycloheximide has also been observed. Hypersensitivity to cycloheximide in combination with dominant cobaltous chloride resistance provides a means of selecting diploids without the use of temperature-sensitive mutations.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF pso MUTANTS SENSITIVE TO PHOTO-ADDITION OF PSORALEN DERIVATIVES IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Henriques J A P , Moustacchi E 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We have isolated mutants sensitive to photo-addition of bi-functional and mono-functional derivatives of psoralen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Three of these pso mutants were analyzed in detail. They segregate in meiosis like Mendelian genes and complement each other, as well as existing radiationsensitive (rad and rev) mutants. The study of heterozygous diploid strains (PSO+/pso) indicates that the three pso genes are recessive. The mutant psol-1 demonstrates a cross-sensitivity to UV and γ-rays, whereas mutants pso2-1 and pso3-1 are specifically sensitive to photo-addition of psoralen derivatives. The comparison of exponentially growing cells to stationary-phase cells demonstrates that for the three mutants the defect in repair capacity of DNA cross-links and monoadducts concerns G1 and early S-phase cells. The pso2-1 mutant is, however, also defective in G2 repair and loses diploid resistance when it is in the homozygous state.——The block in repair capacity in these novel mutants is discussed in relation to the three other repair pathways known to be involved in the repair of furocoumarins photo-induced lesions in yeast DNA.
NEW MUTATIONAL VARIANTS OF NEUROSPORA NADP-SPECIFIC GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE
Authors: Kinsey John A , Fincham J R S , Siddig M A M , Keighren Margaret 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The am locus of Neurospora codes for NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Four new am mutants that produced mutationally altered GDH have been characterized. Mutant am 119 is a CRM-negative, complementing mutant that maps between am 2 and am 1. The other three mutants are CRM formers that produce varieties of GDH that can be activated by glutamate or succinate. The GDH of am 130 and am l31 is similar in terms of activation properties to that of am 3. The GDH of am l22, requires very high concentrations of dicarboxylate for activity. The mutation in am l30 maps between am l4 and am 2 and resulted in a replacement at residue 75 of the GDH (pro→ser). The mutation in am l22 maps near am ll and apparently resulted in the replacement of the tryptophan residue at position 389 with an unknown amino acid. The mutation in am l31 maps between am 2 and am 1.
EFFECT OF MATING STRUCTURE ON VARIATION IN LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM
Authors: Weir B S , Hill W G 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Measurement of linkage disequilibrium involves two sampling processes. First, there is the sampling of gametes in the population to form successive generations, and this generates disequilibrium dependent on the effective population size (Ne) and the mating structure. Second, there is sampling of a finite number (n) of individuals to estimate the population disequilibrium. ——Two-locus descent measures are used to describe the mating system and are transformed to disequilibrium moments at the final sampling. Approximate eigenvectors for the transition matrix of descent measures are used to obtain formulae for the variance of the observed disequilibria as a function of Ne, mating structure, n, and linkage or recombination parameter.—The variance of disequilibrium is the same for monoecious populations with or without random selfing and for dioecious populations with random pairing for each progeny. With monogamy, the variance is slightly higher, the proportional difference being greater for unlinked loci.
CORRIGENDUM
Authors: Golding G B , Strobeck C 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the paper by Golding and Strobek (Genetics 94: 777-789), several errors appeared. On page 780, the last three equations of (4a), (in small print) should appear at the top of page 781 as equations (4b), while the top two equations on page 781 are part of (4a). At the top of page 781, Φ(A/A)(B/B) should be (A/A)(B/B), and a right parentheses should appear after (B)(B). Still on page 781, "V= N(l-½S)μ =Nev" should be "V=N(l-½S v = Nev". The equation for on page 782 has an error in the numerator; "[2(U+V)+]" should be "[2(U+V)+l]". In the APPENDIX at the top of page 787, the first "S" should be "S 2" in the equation for Φ′(A/A)(B/B). On page 789, the equation for Φ′(AB)(AB) should read "[½+½ Ψ(AB/AB)]", not " [½Ψ(AB/AB)]" and the equation for ∆′(A)(B)(A)(B) should read "[½Φ(A)(A)+…", not "[½+½Φ(A)(A)+…".
THE DISTRIBUTION OF MUTANT ALLELES IN A SUBDIVIDED POPULATION
Authors: Slatkin Montgomery 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The results are presented from a simulation study of the spatial distribution of mutant alleles in a subdivided population. Statistical measures of the spatial pattern are defined in such a way that the same quantities could be measured in a geographic survey of allele frequencies in natural populations. Two types of quantities are discussed in this paper: (1)the occupancy distribution provides information on the presence or absence of the mutant in different numbers of demes; and (2) the conditional frequency distribution provides information about the extent of local differentiation when the mutant is present in different numbers of demes. Properties of these distributions are found for different types of natural selection acting on the mutant. Some results are presented for the same statistical measures based on samples of individuals from a fraction of the total number of demes. The simulation results for intermediate levels of the migration rates are compared with analytic results obtained on the limits of high and low migration rates. The main conclusion is that these measures of the spatial distribution of mutants in a subdivided population have simple properties that could provide a new perspective on data from natural populations.
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS AND COMPARTMENT BOUNDARIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DROSOPHILA
Authors: Flanagan James R 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Clone analysis and fate mapping probe several properties of development. Here it is shown that data on fate mapping support a probabilistic model of cell commitment in Drosophila blastoderms. Adult cells have a distribution of possible ancestors, as W. Baker (1978b) inferred from the theory of compartment-boundary development (Garcia-Bellido, Ripoll and Morata 1973). Fate-map data are used here to describe quantitatively the ancestry distributions on the blastoderm fate map. The properties of the distributions are sensitive to, and probes of, developmental events, such as relative time of cellularization and time of commitment. The theory of this analysis shows first how the meaningful interpretation of the stage represented by a fate map depends on the assumptions made in mapping. A general mapping model described below makes it possible to evaluate several interpretations. Interestingly, the data require a 3-dimensional map, and it is argued that this must be due to an effect of the preblastoderm nuclear synctial stage. Second, the theory shows how compartment boundaries affect ancestry distribution and why they have no observable effect on mapping. Third, the variability implied by ancestry variance does not create too much "noise" to make meaningful maps of small areas; rather, oddly enough, it tends to magnify the apparent distances within small areas to make them more resolvable. Empirical results include probabilistic maps of the Drosophila blastoderm. These results argue that time of commitment varies even for cells in the same compartment, demonstrating the need for a more complex model of early development than that proposed in the compartment model. The results also help to evaluate the significance of compartment boundaries in respect to developmental commitment.
NATURAL SELECTION OPPOSING ARTIFICIAL SELECTION: A TWO-LOCUS DETERMINISTIC SIMULATION
Authors: Minvielle Francis 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A two-locus, two-allele metric trait was submitted to artificial truncation selection and to three types of opposing natural selection (two-locus extensions of directional selection, overdominance and underdominance) by numerical simulation in a large random-mating population. Limits to selection were generally reached by generation 100. Intermediate selection plateaus were found, with minor genes, for all three modes of opposing natural selection, but they were least frequent with underdominance. Multiple outcomes were common. In particular, fixation of the genotype favored by artificial selection was often associated with fixation of another genotype and/or with a central equilibrium; the end point actually reached depended on the genetic starting point of the simulation. In general, when the alleles favored by truncation selection were combined (positive linkage disequilibrium) in the base population, or when the trait was determined by major genes, artificial selection would prevail. Limitations inherent to this type of work are discussed, and possible avenues for further work on the antagonism between artificial and natural selection are proposed.
High-precision geochronological constraints on the duration of ‘Dinosaur Pompeii’ and the Yixian Formation
Authors: Zhong Yuting , Huyskens Magdalena H , Yin Qing-Zhu , Wang Yaqiong , Ma Qiang , Xu Yi-Gang 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
High-precision U-Pb zircon ages of 125.755 ± 0.061 Ma and 124.122 ± 0.048 Ma, respectively, represent the onset and termination of Yixian Formation in the Jin-Yang basin, bracketing its duration to 1.633 ± 0.078 Myr.
Electrical conductivity of melts: implications for conductivity anomalies in the Earth's mantle
Authors: Zhang Bao-Hua , Guo Xuan , Yoshino Takashi , Xia Qun-Ke 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Magmatic liquids, including silicate and carbonate melts, are principal agents of mass and heat transfer in the Earth and terrestrial planets, and they play a crucial role in various geodynamic processes and in Earth's evolution. Electrical conductivity data of these melts elucidate the cause of electrical anomalies in Earth's interior and shed light on the melt structure. With the improvement in high-pressure experimental techniques and theoretical simulations, major progress has been made on this front in the past several decades. This review aims to summarize recent advances in experimental and theoretical studies on the electrical conductivity of silicate and carbonate melts of different compositions and volatile contents under high temperature and pressure. The electrical conductivity of silicate melts depends strongly on temperature, pressure, water content and the ratio of non-bridging oxygens to tetrahedral cations (NBO/T). By contrast, the electrical conductivity of carbonate melts exhibits a weak dependence on temperature and pressure due to their fully depolymerized structure. The electrical conductivity of carbonate melts is higher than that of silicate melts by at least two orders of magnitude. Water can increase electrical conductivity significantly and reduce the activation energy of silicate melts. Conversely, this effect is weak for carbonate melts. In addition, the replacement of alkali-earth elements (Ca2+ or Mg2+) with alkali elements causes a significant decrease in the electrical conductivity of carbonate melts. A distinct compensation trend is revealed for the electrical conductivity of silicate and carbonate melts under anhydrous and hydrous conditions. Several important applications of laboratory-based melt conductivity are introduced in order to understand the origin of high-conductivity anomalies in the Earth's mantle. Perspectives for future studies are also provided.
Critical Challenges and Creative Solutions for Quantifying Nicotine Vaping: Qualitative Reports From Young Adults
Authors: Yamaguchi Naosuke , Kechter Afton , Schiff Sara J , Braymiller Jessica L , Ceasar Rachel Carmen , Simpson Kelsey A , Bluthenthal Ricky N , Barrington-Trimis Jessica L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Previous studies suggest that young adults who vape nicotine experience difficulty when answering survey items assessing the quantity of vaping. The current study asked young adults who vape to provide suggestions for improving the scientific measurement of vaping.

Aims and Methods
We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with 62 young adults who vape in Los Angeles, California between June 2018 and June 2019. We analyzed participants' responses to the following question: “What do you think is the best way for us to understand how much people vape?” using thematic content analysis.

Results
We identified two major themes: (1) challenges stemming from differences between the way researchers query about vaping and how individuals self-monitor vaping frequency, and (2) insights for future measurement of vaping. Participants reported that challenges of accurately quantifying vaping were due to inherently hard-to-answer questions (eg, puffs per day), lack of awareness of or not actively monitoring consumption of vaping products, or because vaping behaviors vary considerably between and within individuals over time, making “on-average” questions challenging. Participants discussed ideas for improving survey measures that could accurately assess vaping quantity, including querying about the type of device used, and frequency of replenishment of nicotine solutions.

Conclusions
Existing vaping behavior survey measures may not accurately capture the quantity of vaping as they differ from how (or if) participants track their own vaping consumption patterns. While continued research is needed to optimally refine survey measures on vaping consumption, future measures may better align with vapers' self-monitoring by including questions on device-type and replenishment frequency.

Implications
The present study provides insights regarding the variability that exists between vaping quantity measurements utilized by researchers and individuals who consume e-cigarettes. The qualitative data analyzed for this study support previous reports of difficulties faced by vapers when asked questions by researchers related to their vaping behavior. Furthermore, the present findings suggest the direction for the future development of accurate measurements of vaping frequency.
Folly and Improvised Rhyme in King Lear
Authors: Clark Molly 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article focuses on rhyme, specifically the extemporary rhyme that was a hallmark of early modern professional clowns and fools, and its contribution to the battle between sense and nonsense in King Lear. In the first half, I trace this rhyming tradition through Will Sommers, to Richard Tarlton, to Robert Armin, exploring the ‘rhyme and reason’ paradigm in this context, and considering the unique forms of interactive comedy that become possible when writers and performers exploit this technique. I pay particular attention to the dramatic potential of the ‘quip’: an improvised rhyming riposte for which Tarlton was famous, and which Armin picked up again onstage as well as in his own published writing. In the latter half of the article, I move on to consider the collaborative relationship between Armin and Shakespeare, focusing on King Lear. I argue that Shakespeare plays with the tradition of improvised fool rhymes, particularly the quip, when crafting the speech of Lear’s Fool and Poor Tom. Considering both characters, and also both versions (quarto and Folio), I argue that ‘improvisatory’ rhyme strikes a key note in the play, epitomizing nonsensical truth-telling in a world in which speaking and listening have a fraught relationship.
THE SINGLE PILL CONCEPT LEADS TO IMPROVED PERSISTENCE OF MEDICATION, CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND REDUCED ALL‐CAUSE MORTALITY IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS – RESULTS FROM THE START PROJECT
Authors: Predel Hans-Georg , Weisser Burkhard , Wassmann Sven , Gillessen Anton , Blettenberg Jörg , Fournier Valérie , Noetel Andrea , Randerath Olaf , Böhm Michael , Schmieder Roland E. 
Published: April 2021

Objective:
ESC/ESH guidelines for the treatment of arterial hypertension recommend to start treatment with a single pill combination (SP) of a renin–angiotensin–system (RAS) blocker with a diuretic or a calcium channel blocker to improve drug persistence, blood pressure (BP) control and to reduce cardiovascular events. Escalation should be a SP triple combination. We aimed to assess whether the SP concept is superior to identical free combinations (FC) in terms of clinical outcomes, including all-cause mortality.

Design and method:
This exploratory analysis of an anonymized claims dataset from patients with hypertension and cardiovascular disease captured in the database of the governmental health insurance company (German AOK PLUS) in the years 2012–2017. 57,998 Patients aged 18 years and older treated with SP or identical FC were followed up for at least 1 year. After 1:1-Propensity Score Matching (PSM) persistence (redemption of prescription with a lack > 60 days) and clinical outcomes were compared using non-parametric tests.

Results:
No significant differences in baseline characteristics were observed after PSM. Each group included 10,801 patients with valsartan/amlodipine, 1,026 with candesartan/amlodipine, 1,823 with amlodipine/valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), and 15,349 with ramipril/amlodipine as SP or identical FC. Eight different clinical outcomes were compared for each combination. In 27 of 32 comparisons, significantly lower incidence rate ratios (IRR) were identified for SP, confirmed by time-to-event-analyses. In the largest group (ramipril/amlodipine, n = 15,349), a significantly lower risk for stroke (IRR = 0.75; 95% CI 0.627–0.886; p < 0.001), transitory ischemic attack (IRR = 0.69; 95% CI 0.496–0.963; p = 0.023), myocardial infarction (IRR = 0.62; 95% CI 0.493–0.784; p < 0.001), coronary artery disease (IRR = 0.58; 95% CI 0.462–0.723; p < 0.001), heart failure (IRR = 0.47; 95% CI 0.409–0.534; p < 0.001), all cause hospitalization (IRR = 0.67; 0.652–0.687; p < 0.001), cardiovascular hospitalization (IRR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.519–0.685; p < 0.001), and all-cause mortality (IRR = 0.53; 95% CI 0.463–0.596; p < 0.001) was observed for SP versus FC.

Conclusions:
These results strongly support the ESC/ESH guidelines recommending the use of a SP in favor of FC to improve cardiovascular outcomes including all-cause mortality.
Improved Recognition of Maternal Deaths Using Modern Data Analytics
Authors: Hollenbach Stefanie J. , Drennan Kathryn , Pressman Eva K. , Gray Lisa 
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To use a data-fusion approach to improve ascertainment of maternal deaths not detected with standard surveillance strategies.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study from the electronic health records of a tertiary medical center from 2011 to 2018. Cases of maternal death were identified in two ways: 1) using a standard medical informatics service query of hospital data and 2) using the TriNetX discovery tool as patients with a vital status of “deceased” and evidence of antecedent pregnancy exposure based on such factors as obstetric diagnostic codes or obstetric-related procedures. Potential cases of maternal death identified by the latter method underwent chart review to confirm timing of death compared with timing of last appreciable pregnancy, and to characterize the details of these deaths. The primary outcome was pregnancy-associated mortality during pregnancy or within the first postpartum year in the discovery cohort compared with the hospital-identified cohort. Secondary outcomes included causes of death and comorbidities.

RESULTS:
During the study period, the standard service query identified 23 maternal deaths. The discovery tool identified 18 additional patients confirmed on subsequent chart review to represent pregnancy-associated deaths, a 78% increase in ascertainment of which a greater proportion represented postpartum deaths. The majority (61%) of newly ascertained mortalities were related to cardiac causes or other medical comorbidities. Although many hospital-ascertained cases were associated with deaths after delivery of a living newborn, more deaths after early pregnancy loss or termination were identified through the discovery tool.

CONCLUSION:
Improved recognition of pregnancy-associated deaths can be achieved with modern data analytics.