bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring functioning and disability using household surveys: metric properties of the brief version of the WHO and World Bank model disability survey
Authors: Sabariego Carla , Fellinghauer Carolina , Lee Lindsay , Posarac Aleksandra , Bickenbach Jerome , Kostanjsek Nenad , Chatterji Somnath , Kamenov Kaloyan , Cieza Alarcos 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
The Model Disability Survey (MDS) is the current standard recommended by WHO to collect functioning and disability data. Answering calls from countries requesting a version to be implemented as a module that could be integrated into existing surveys and be used for monitoring disability trends and for data disaggregation, WHO developed the brief MDS. The objectives of this paper are to evaluate the metric properties of the disability metrics generated with the Brief MDS and the precision of the Brief MDS in comparison with the full MDS.

Results
The partial credit model, a unidimensional model for polytomous data from the Rasch family, was applied to evaluate psychometric properties using data from national MDS implementations in Chile (N = 12,265) and in Sri Lanka (N = 3000). The Brief MDS generates valid metrics for measuring disability, from the perspectives of capacity and performance, thereby achieving good levels of measurement precision in comparison with its full counterpart.

Conclusion
Given the scarcity of valid functioning and disability modules for household surveys, the Brief MDS represents a milestone in disability measurement. The Brief MDS is currently used by countries to monitor disability trends over time, which is especially important to evaluate the impact of health policies and public health interventions, to disaggregate indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals, and to monitor the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD).
Dietary sophorolipid accelerates growth by modulation of gut microbiota population and intestinal environments in broiler chickens
Authors: Kwak Min-Jin , Park Min-Young , Choi Yong-Soon , Cho Junghwan , Pathiraja Duleepa , Kim Jonggun , Lee Hanbae , Choi In-Geol , Whang Kwang-Youn 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Gut is a crucial organ for the host’s defense system due to its filtering action of the intestinal membrane from hazardous foreign substances. One strategy to strengthen the gut epithelial barrier function is to upregulate beneficial microflora populations and their metabolites. Sophorolipid (SPL), which is a glycolipid bio-surfactant, could increase beneficial microflora and decrease pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, herein, we conducted an experiment with broiler chickens to investigate the fortifying effects of SPL on the host’s gut defense system by modulating the microbiota population.

Methods
A total of 540 1-day-old chicks (Ross 308) were used, and they were immediately allotted into three treatment groups (6 replications with 30 chicks/pen) according to their initial body weight. The dietary treatments consisted of CON (basal diet), BAM (10 mg/kg bambermycin), and SPL (10 mg/kg SPL). During the experiment, birds freely accessed feed and water, and body weight and feed intake were measured at the end of each phase. On d 35, birds (one bird/pen) were sacrificed to collect jejunum and cecum samples.

Results
Dietary SPL and BAM supplementation significantly accelerated birds’ growth and also significantly improved feed efficiency compared to CON. Intestinal microbial community was significantly separated by dietary SPL supplementation from that of CON, and dietary SPL supplementation significantly increased Lactobacillus spp. and Akkermansia muciniphila. Moreover, birds fed with dietary SPL also showed the highest concentration of cecal butyrate among all treatment groups. Gut morphological analysis showed that dietary SPL significantly increased villus height, ratio of villus height to crypt depth, goblet cell numbers, and the gene expression levels of claudin-1 and mucin 2. Additionally, dietary SPL significantly decreased the mRNA expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6, and increased that of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10, compared to other treatments.

Conclusions
Dietary SPL increases the beneficial bacterial population and butyrate concentration, which leads to a strengthened gut barrier function. In addition, the intestinal inflammation was also downregulated by dietary SPL supplementation.
Adaptive drift and barrier-avoidance by a fly-forage migrant along a climate-driven flyway
Authors: Vansteelant Wouter M.G. , Gangoso Laura , Bouten Willem , Viana Duarte S. , Figuerola Jordi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundRoute choice and travel performance of fly-forage migrants are partly driven by large-scale habitat availability, but it remains unclear to what extent wind support through large-scale wind regimes moulds their migratory behaviour. We aimed to determine to what extent a trans-equatorial fly-forage migrant engages in adaptive drift through distinct wind regimes and biomes across Africa. The Inter-tropical Front (ITF) marks a strong and seasonally shifting climatic boundary at the thermal equator, and we assessed whether migratory detours were associated with this climatic feature. Furthermore, we sought to disentangle the influence of wind and biome on daily, regional and seasonal travel performance.MethodsWe GPS-tracked 19 adult Eleonora’s falconsFalco eleonoraefrom the westernmost population on the Canary Islands across 39 autumn and 36 spring migrations to and from Madagascar. Tracks were annotated with wind data to assess the falcons’ orientation behaviour and the wind support they achieved in each season and distinct biomes. We further tested whether falcon routes across the Sahel were correlated with the ITF position, and how realized wind support and biome affect daily travel times, distances and speeds.ResultsChanges in orientation behaviour across Africa’s biomes were associated with changes in prevailing wind fields. Falcons realized higher wind support along their detours than was available along the shortest possible route by drifting through adverse autumn wind fields, but compromised wind support while detouring through supportive spring wind fields. Movements across the Sahel-Sudan zone were strongly associated to the ITF position in autumn, but were more individually variable in spring. Realized wind support was an important driver of daily travel speeds and distances, in conjunction with regional wind-independent variation in daily travel time budgets.ConclusionsAlthough daily travel time budgets of falcons vary independently from wind, their daily travel performance is strongly affected by orientation-dependent wind support. Falcons thereby tend to drift to minimize or avoid headwinds through opposing wind fields and over ecological barriers, while compensating through weak or supportive wind fields and over hospitable biomes. The ITF may offer a climatic leading line to fly-forage migrants in terms of both flight and foraging conditions.
Does preschool attendance affect the urban-rural cognition gap among middle school students? Evidence from China Education Panel Survey
Authors: Zheng Lei , Weng Qiuyi , Gong Xin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCognitive abilities have a great impact on individuals’ socioeconomic status. Among the factors that affect cognitive ability, early childhood development and preschool education are vital. However, evidence on the effect of preschool attendance on the urban-rural cognition gap from large-scale samples is almost nonexistent. Based on a nationally representative dataset from the China Education Panel Survey, this study fills this gap by presenting evidence of a significant cognition gap between urban and rural middle school students. We find a consistent positive relationship between preschool attendance and cognitive ability in grade 7 and grade 9 based on ordinary least squares and propensity score matching estimations. Results based on a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition suggest that the differences between urban and rural students in preschool education account for 28% to 44% of the between-group cognition gap. We also simulate the effects of policy interventions meant to develop preschool education on the narrowing of the urban-rural cognition gap.
Study of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) extraction FROM dried oral fluid spots (DOFS) and LC–MS/MS detection
Authors: Gorziza Roberta , Cox Joseph , Limberger Renata Pereira , Arroyo-Mora Luis E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Oral fluid is a widely studied matrix able to isolate the primary Cannabis constituent THC, facilitating its detection via mass spectrometry, and in most cases link these findings to recent drug use. As an alternative to liquid oral fluid, dried oral fluid spots (DOFS) is a simple and a low-cost sampling technique. It has shown improved stability compared to liquid samples, allowing for the possibility to preserve the specimens under various temperature and humidity conditions. The sampling strategy is straightforward and involves the application of a small quantity of oral fluid aliquot to a paper substrate that is set to air dry allowing for on-site collection at a large-scale demand. The goal of this study is to study THC and CBD extraction from DOFS, applying a previous established protocol for a LC–MS/MS qualitative method validation. Although other drugs of abuse have been included in DOFS methods, this is the first method validation including cannabinoids. An alternative oral fluid extraction method (WAX-S tips) is demonstrated to improve the recovery of the analytes.

Methods
A pool of blank oral fluid was used to prepare THC and CBD spiked DOFS samples for method validation and application. Spiked oral fluid was used to demonstrate WAX-S tips THC and CBD extraction. All samples were analyzed on a LC–MS/MS instrument.

Results
The qualitative method validation for THC and CBD confirmation in DOFS included method selectivity, matrix effects (< 20%), recovery (average of 25%), process efficiency (average of 21%), LOD (2 ng/mL for THC and 4 ng/mL for CBD), absence of carryover, and DOFS stability (70% in 35 days) as figures of merit. The method application in blindly prepared samples demonstrated the method capability to identify THC and CBD. WAX-S tips extraction showed an average of 91% recovery of THC and CBD from liquid oral fluid.

Conclusions
THC and CBD extraction from DOFS showed low recoveries. However, the LC–MS/MS qualitative confirmation of THC and CBD in DOFS could improve cannabinoids screening in oral fluid, as it shows adequate LOD and stability over time. This method has potential for assisting the screening of drivers under possible drug influence by facilitating sample transportation and temporary storage in dried spot form. Additional research is suggested for WAX-S tips extraction and quantitative method validation.
Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of genus Fritillaria—a review
Authors: Rashid Ishrat , Yaqoob Ubaid 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Genus Fritillaria is one among the biggest genera of family Liliaceae comprising of around 130–165 species. Fritillaria is viewed as a significant genus and a source of significant pharmaceutically active compounds utilized in conventional drugs by folklore. Fritillaria is utilized worldwide as medication and food. Different chemically dynamic components separated from genus Fritillaria, their phytochemistry with structure and pharmacology of these compounds have been extensively reviewed.

Main body
Fritillaria is utilized for treatment of dyspepsia, chest injury, tuberculosis, cough, asthma, gout, bronchitis, dysuria, sinus, boils, stomatitis, malaria, insanity, anaemia, immunity promoter, remedy for child emaciation, fever, burning sensation, phthisis and broncho-asthma, heart diseases, dysfunction of breathing and nervous system, etc. Different chemical components isolated from genus Fritillaria include around 120 alkaloids, 15 terpenoids as well as saponins, glycosides, volatile components, nucleosides, amino acids, nucleobases, flavonoids, fatty acids and so forth.

Conclusions
Many Fritillaria species have been utilized in traditional Chinese medication on account of their effects of clearing heat, moistening the lung, alleviating cough, asthma, tumours, scrofula and so on. Fritillaria is utilized for treatment of dyspepsia, chest injury, tuberculosis, cough, asthma, gout, bronchitis, dysuria, sinus, boils, stomatitis, malaria, insanity, anaemia, immunity promoter, remedy for child emaciation, also for fever, burning sensation, phthisis and broncho-asthma, heart diseases, dysfunction of breathing and nervous system, etc.
Simulation-based training improves patient safety climate in acute stroke care (STREAM)
Authors: Bohmann Ferdinand O. , Guenther Joachim , Gruber Katharina , Manser Tanja , Steinmetz Helmuth , Pfeilschifter Waltraud ,   for the STREAM Trial investigators
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundTreatment of acute stroke performed by a multiprofessional, interdisciplinary team is highly time dependent. Interface problems are preprogrammed and pitfalls relevant to patient safety are omnipresent. The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) is a validated and widely used instrument to measure patient safety. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of Simulation-based Training of the Rapid Evaluation and Management of Acute Stroke (STREAM) on patient safety measured by SAQ in the context of acute stroke care.MethodsDuring the STREAM trial at seven university hospitals in Germany from October 2017 to October 2018, an anonymous survey was conducted before and after the STREAM intervention centering around interdisciplinary simulation training. The questionnaire, based on the SAQ, included 33 items (5-point Likert scale, 1 = disagree to 5 = agree) and was addressed at the whole multiprofessional stroke team. Statistical analyses were used to examine psychometric properties as well as descriptive findings.ResultsIn total 167 questionnaires were completed representing an overall response rate of 55.2%, including especially physicians (65.2%) and nurses (26.3%). Safety climate was significantly improved (pre-interventional: 3.34 ± .63 vs. post-interventional: 3.56 ± .69,p = .028). The same applies for teamwork climate among stroke teams (pre-interventional: 3.76 ± .59 vs. post-interventional: 3.84 ± .57,p = .001). The perceived benefit was most relevant among nurses.ConclusionsThe STREAM intervention centering around interdisciplinary simulation training increases perceived patient safety climate assessed by the SAQ in acute stroke therapy. These results have the potential to be a basis for future quality improvement programs.
Turbulent flow simulation of a single-blade Magnus rotor
Authors: Bai X. , Ji C. , Grant P. , Phillips N. , Oza U. , Avital E. J. , Williams J. J. R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper presents numerical studies of the Magnus effect for a kinetic turbine on a horizontal axis. To focus on the Magnus blade, a single self-spinning cylindrical blade is assumed. An iterative direct-forcing immersed boundary method is employed within the Eulerian-Lagrangian framework due to its capability to treat complex and moving geometries. The Eulerian fluid domain is discretized using the finite volume method while the Magnus rotor is represented by a set of discrete points/markers. The aim of the numerical studies is to provide insights for the design process and predict aerodynamic performances under various operating conditions. Results for stationary and self-spinning cylinders in turbulent flows are found to be in good agreement with published data. By increasing the aspect ratio of the cylinder (simulated segment length over its diameter) from 3 to 10, a 30% drop in lift coefficient and a 22% increase in drag coefficient were observed, which is believed to be attributed to an enhancement of the three-dimensionality of the near-wake. For the Magnus rotor, key parameters such as dynamic forcing and frequency, distribution of pressure coefficient and torque have been produced for two cases with different structural designs and working conditions. With increase of the aspect ratio from 3 to 10, stable forces are observed from the root side of the blade and the torque coefficient increases from 0.68 to 2.1, which indicates a superior performance in terms of power extraction.
Hepatic steatosis: a risk factor for increased COVID-19 prevalence and severity—a computed tomography study
Authors: Ali Asmaa , Hasan Mona , Hamed Shaimaa , Elhamy Amir 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundAround 25% of the world population was affected by the metabolic-related fatty liver disorder. Hepatic steatosis is frequently observed in conjunction with hypertension, obesity comorbidities, and diabetes. We evaluate the hepatic steatosis frequency found in chest CT exams of COVID-19-positive cases compared to non-infected controls and evaluate the related increased prevalence and severity of COVID.ResultsOur research includes 355 subjects, 158 with positive PCR for COVID-19 (case group) and 197 with negative PCR and negative CT chest (control group). The mean age in the positive group was 50.6 ± 16 years, and in the control, it was 41.3 ± 16 years (p < 0.001). Our study consists of 321 men (90.5%) and 34 women (9.5%). The number of males in both cases and control groups was greater. In the case group, 93% men vs. 6.9% women, while in controls, 88.3% men vs.11.6% women, p < 0.001. CT revealed normal results in 55.5% of individuals (i.e., CORADs 1) and abnormal findings in 45.5% of participants (i.e., CORADs 2–5). In abnormal scan, CO-RADs 2 was 13.92%, while CO-RADs 3–4 were 20.89% of cases. CO-RADs 5 comprised 65.19% of all cases. Approximately 42.6% of cases had severe disease (CT score ≥ 20), all of them were CO-RADs 5. The PCR-positive class had a greater prevalence of hepatic steatosis than controls (28.5% vs.12.2%, p < 0.001). CO-RADs 2 represented 11.1%, CO-RADs 3–4 represented 15.6%, and CO-RADs 5 represented 73.3% in the hepatic steatosis cases. The mean hepatic attenuation value in the case group was 46.79 ± 12.68 and in the control group 53.34 ± 10.28 (p < 0.001). When comparing patients with a higher severity score (CT score ≥ 20) to those with non-severe pneumonia, it was discovered that hepatic steatosis is more prevalent (73.2% vs. 26.8%).ConclusionsSteatosis was shown to be substantially more prevalent in COVID-19-positive individuals. There is a relation among metabolic syndrome, steatosis of the liver, and obesity, as well as the COVID-19 severity.
Experimental observation of turbulent coherent structures in a superfluid of light
(a)
Authors: Eloy A. , Boughdad O. , Albert M. , Larré P.-É. , Mortessagne F. , Bellec M. , Michel C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We experimentally explore the rich variety of nonlinear coherent structures arising in a turbulent flow of superfluid light past an obstacle in an all-optical configuration. The different hydrodynamic regimes observed are organised in a unique phase diagram involving the velocity of the flow and the diameter of the obstacle. Then, we focus on the vortices nucleated in the wake of the obstacle by investigating their intensity profile and the dependence of the radius of their core on the healing length. Our results pave the way for further investigations on turbulence in photonic superfluids and provide versatile experimental tools for simulating quantum transport with nonlinear light.
Influence of Free Fatty Acid Concentrations and Weight Loss on Adipose Tissue Direct Free Fatty Acid Storage Rates
Authors: Jia Qingyi , Carranza Leon B Gisella , Jensen Michael D 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Context
The factors that determine the recycling of free fatty acids (FFA) back into different adipose tissue depots via the direct storage pathway are not completely understood.

Objective
To assess the interactions between adipocyte factors and plasma FFA concentrations that determine regional FFA storage rates.

Design
We measured direct adipose tissue FFA storage rates before and after weight loss under high FFA (intravenous somatostatin and epinephrine) and low (intravenous insulin and glucose) FFA concentrations.

Setting
Mayo Clinic Clinical Research Unit.

Patients
Sixteen premenopausal women, body mass index 30 to 37 kg/m2.

Intervention
Comprehensive lifestyle weight loss program.

Main Outcome Measure
Direct FFA storage rates in upper and lower body subcutaneous fat.

Results
Over the entire range of FFA and under isolated conditions of elevated FFA concentrations, the storage rates of FFA into upper and lower body subcutaneous fat per unit lipid were associated with concentrations, not adipocyte fatty acid storage factors. Under low FFA conditions, direct FFA storage rates were related to adipocyte CD36 content, not tissue level content of fatty acid storage factors. Weight loss did not change these relationships.

Conclusions
The regulation of direct FFA storage under low FFA concentration conditions appears to be at the level of the cell/adipocyte content of CD36, whereas under high FFA concentration conditions, direct FFA storage at the tissue level is predicted by plasma FFA concentrations, independent of adipocyte size or fatty acid storage factors. These observations offer novel insights into how adipose tissue regulates direct FFA storage in humans.
Bone Microarchitecture Decline and Risk of Fall and Fracture in Men With Poor Physical Performance—The STRAMBO Study
Authors: Wagner Philippe Paul , Whittier Danielle E , Foesser Dominique , Boyd Steven K , Chapurlat Roland , Szulc Pawel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Context
High fracture risk in individuals with low muscle strength is attributed to high risk of falls.

Objective
This work aims to study the association of muscle mass and physical performance with bone microarchitecture decline and risk of fall and nonvertebral fracture in men.

Methods
A prospective, 8-year follow-up of a cohort was conducted among the general population. A total of 821 volunteer men aged 60 and older participated. Hip areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and appendicular lean mass (ALM) were assessed at baseline by dual x-ray absorptiometry. Lower-limb relative ALM (RALM-LL) is ALM-LL/(leg length)2. The physical performance score reflects the ability to perform chair stands and static and dynamic balance. Bone microarchitecture was assessed by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) at baseline and after 4 and 8 years. Statistical analyses were adjusted for shared risk factors. Outcome measurements included the rate of change in the HR-pQCT indices, incident falls, and fractures.

Results
Cortical bone loss and estimated bone strength decline were faster in men with low vs normal RALM-LL (failure load: –0.74 ± 0.09 vs –0.43 ± 0.10%/year; P &lt; .005). Differences were similar between men with poor and those with normal physical performance (failure load: –1.12 ± 0.09 vs –0.40 ± 0.05%/year; P &lt; .001). Differences were similar between men having poor performance and low RALM-LL and men having normal RALM-LL and performance (failure load: –1.40 ± 0.17 vs –0.47 ± 0.03%/year; P &lt; .001). Men with poor physical performance had a higher risk of fall (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.52; 95% CI, 1.57-7.90, P &lt; .05) and fracture (HR = 2.68; 95% CI, 1.08-6.66, P &lt; .05).

Conclusion
Rapid decline of bone microarchitecture and estimated strength in men with poor physical performance and low RALM-LL may contribute to higher fracture risk.