bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studying phase formation of 12Х18Н10Т alloy and copper after friction welding
Authors: Sanin Anatoly , Mamchur Igor , Mamchur Stella , Nosova Tetyana 
Published: December 2021

The technology of joining alloy 12X18H10T and copper has been studied. The use of friction welding is proposed. Modern development of technology requires the use of new technologies and materials. Despite the increase in the use of composite materials, and especially on the basis of the polymer matrix, metal alloys remain indispensable. Due to their physical and mechanical properties, metal-based alloys are used in rocket and space technology, mechanical engineering, and other industries. Goal. The aim of this work is the reason for the decrease in the mechanical properties of the connection 12Х18Н10Т – М1, which were obtained under suboptimal conditions. Friction welding was developed in early 1956 in the USSR. Since the 1960s, other countries have also begun to develop friction welding. This tool is a type of pressure welding, during which the metal is heated by friction of one of the parts of the product. At the end of the process, the final connection takes place. This type of welding is used in aircraft construction, rocketry, machine building, etc. In Ukraine, research in this direction is conducted at the Eugene Paton Institute of Electric Welding. The parameters of the friction welding technological process are considered. Results. The samples of welded joints 12Kh18N10T + M1 were studied. The following methods were used: mechanical tests; metallographic and electro-microscopic studies; hardness measurements; micro-X-ray spectral study. Originality. Welding joints with low strength were investigated; they were obtained for the following parameters: relative rotation speed 0.4 m/s, pressure during heating 80 MPa, pressure during forging 80 MPa, upset value 9 * 10-3 m samples with low strength varied in the deformed layer of steel from the joint surface to the base metal from 3240 MPa to 2450 MPa; in a deformed copper layer from 1020 MPa to 690 MPa. On samples that had high strength, the microhardness varied on the steel side from 2260 MPa in the contact surface to 2160 MPa, and in copper from 590 MPa to 460 MPa. Fig. 1 shows the microstructure of the deformed zones of the welded joint 12X18H10T, obtained according to the optimal parameters. Practical value. The reason for the decrease in the mechanical properties of the 12Х18Н10Т – М1 joint was established.
Research of surface layer properties of piston rings after gas thermal spraying
Authors: Hlushkova Diana , Bagrov Valeriy 
Published: December 2021

Today, one of the important problems of mechanical engineering is to increase the reliability and durability of machines. A special place in this matter is occupied by increasing the wear resistance of parts. As for diesel construction, the problem of increasing the hardness and wear resistance of piston rings is very important. Goal. The goal is study of the structure and nature of changes in the hardness of the surface layer obtained by gas-thermal combined spraying, after grinding, running-in and mileage of the diesel engine, i. e., at all stages of the production cycle. Methodology. The coating on the rings was applied by the method of two-wire metallization with independent supply of wires made of 11X18M steel and molybdenum. Metallographic analysis was used to study the structure of the obtained coating. The condition of the surface layer after coating, grinding, running-in and diesel run was studied by measuring the microhardness. Results. Metallographic analysis of the interface between steel and molybdenum coating – cast iron for many rings and different parts of one ring shows that the coating interacts closely with the substrate along the entire application profile. The structure of molybdenum particles demonstrates their fineness. This is due to the fact that the rapid crystallization under pressure contributes to the creation of a fine-grained structure. Comparison of the microhardness of molybdenum and steel wires with steel-molybdenum coating indicates a significant strengthening of molybdenum and steel particles during spraying, due to the processes of structure formation. Experimental data indicate the stability of the hardness of both molybdenum particles and steel particles, which is important for the coating in operation. Originality. Features of formation of a gas-thermal covering at a simultaneous electric arc spraying of molybdenum and 11Х18М steel on piston rings from pig-iron are established. It is shown that a layered structure is formed, which consists mainly of steel and molybdenum particles. The reasons for the wide range of properties of steel and molybdenum particles have been clarified. It is proved that the operational properties of steel-molybdenum coating are due to its antifriction properties, porosity, which provides self-lubrication of the friction surface, good adhesion to the substrate, which increases by 3–4 times compared to traditional methods. Practical value. The proposed technology of gas-thermal spraying significantly increases the service life of piston rings operating in wear conditions.
Analysis of the characteristics of axial-piston hydraulic machines for drives for maintenance of airfields and planes
Authors: Avrunin Grygoriy , Shevchenko Valery , Shevchenko Dmitriy , Shcherbak Oleg , Pimonov Igor , Moroz Irina 
Published: December 2021

Is an integral part of the development of the concept of forming a standard range of transport and technological hydrophilic modular means for maintenance of airfields and aircraft. Goal. Development of scientifically sound recommendations for determining the rational parameters of the hydraulic system with automation of control and energy saving during operation of modular vehicles for maintenance of airfields and aircraft, taking into account the potential of domestic engineering and critical imports of units. Methodology. Analysis of the development of axial-piston pumps and motors according to the manufacturers' catalogs taking into account the needs of modular vehicles for maintenance of airfields and aircraft, in particular, taking into account the creation of modern hydraulic machines by enterprise «Hydrosila» by increasing pressure, speed and development new regulators. Results. It is established that the domestic nomenclature of modern pumps and motors of axial piston type allows to create three-dimensional hydraulic drives with power to 110 kW for transmissions with machine stepless remote electrohydraulic regulation of speed of rotation of wheels of modular vehicles and to 85 kW throttle drives of technological equipment with energy saving systems by using pumps with automatic regulators of change of working volume. It has been established that in the pumps for of transmissions the ratio of mass to power is reduced three times.Originality. Graphic dependences of power, supply and torque of standard size series on the working volume of axial-piston pumps and hydraulic motors of the domestic enterprise "Hydrosila" for volumetric hydraulic transmissions and technological equipment of aerodrome and aircraft maintenance facilities are constructed. Practical value. The possibility of a rational selection of axial-piston domestic hydraulic machines for the development of hydraulic drives for airfields and aircraft.
Analysis of energy losses in electric transmis-sion taking into account the Sommerfeld – Kononenko effect
Authors: Podrigalo Mihael Abovich , Podrigalo Nadegda Mihaelovna , Serikov Georgy Sergeevich , Serikova Irina Alekseevna 
Published: December 2021

The use of an electric drive in modern vehicles allows solving a number of problems related to the issues of environmental and energy security of the country. However, this approach imposes a number of practical limitations. Among them there is such a significant factor as the limitation on the stored energy in the traction batteries and, as a consequence, the limitation of the mileage on one charge. One of the ways to solve this problem is to reduce mechanical losses associated with the appearance of resonance phenomena in rotating transmission elements and having an unbalanced mass. Goal. The goal is to assess the influence of the Sommerfeld – Kononenko effect on energy indicators during the transfer of rotation from the electric motor to the drive wheel of an electric vehicle.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to determine the law of motion of the rotor of an electric motor and a car wheel using the energy approach and a model of complex motion. Methodology. To solve the problem of determining the law of rotation of an electric motor rotor, a dynamic model of an eccentric vibrator is adopted. The study takes into account the fluctuations in the angular velocity of the shaft with Hooke's hinge when the shaft axis deviates from horizontal positions. It is proposed to apply an energy approach using a model of complex motion to determine the law of rotation of an electric motor rotor and a wheel. Results. The dependence of the speed of rotation of the wheel of an electric vehicle is determined in accordance with the dynamic model under the conditions of fluctuations in the angular speed of transmission elements with Hooke's hinge when the wheel axis deviates from the horizontal position. Practical value. An energy approach is proposed for finding losses in a complex motion model to determine the law of rotation of an electric motor rotor and a wheel.
An analytical dependence of additional energy losses caused by wheel unbalance on vehicle mileage and wheel unbalance is found.
Influence of endotoxemy on development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Fadieienko G. D. , Gridnyev O. E. , Kushnir I. E. , Chernova V. M. , Solomentseva T. A. , Nikiforova Y. V. , Kurinna O. G. 
Published: December 2021

Objective — to investigate endotoxin levels and to assess the relationship between endotoxemia and metabolic parameters and the degree of steatosis and fibrosis in patients with non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) against the background of metabolic syndrome (MS).
Materials and methods. The study included 68 patients with NAFLD with metabolic disorders and 20 people of the control group. Women prevailed in both investigational groups, the mean age was 49.34 ± 10.8 years. All patients underwent evaluation of their anthropometric parameters, investigation of body composition with determination of the percentage of visceral adipose tissue (VAT). To reveal VAT dysfunction, visceral adiposity index (VAI) was calculated with M. C. Amato method. Steatometry was performed by determining the wave attenuation coefficient and carrying out shear wave elastography. Endotoxin levels in blood serum were determined using a set of reagents «LAL Chromogenic Endpoint Assay» manufactured by «Hycult Biotech» (Netherlands).
Results. Bacterial endotoxin levels in peripheral blood in the examined patients were almost three times higher in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05). Patients with overweight and obesity had significantly higher endotoxin levels compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The significant increase in endotoxin levels has been defined in obese NAFLD patients compared to the NAFLD patients with normal weight (p < 0.05). The direct correlation was found between endotoxin parameters and parameters of abdominal and visceral obesity. In the group of patients with high VAT activity, the maximal values of this indicator were observed, which significantly differed from the corresponding indicator in patients with low and medium VAI (p < 0.05). There was a direct correlation between moderate endotoxin and insulin resistance, a direct weak relationship between endotoxin and lipid profile parameters. In patients with grade 2 and 3 steatosis, significant differences in the level of endotoxemia were observed compared with the control group (p < 0.05) and patients with grade 1 steatosis (p < 0.05). At high grades of liver fibrosis (F3F4) there was a tendency to reduce endotoxemia compared with the low‑grade fibrosis (p < 0.05).
Conclusions. The revealed relationships between endotoxemia level and metabolic factors of NAFLD development indicate the pathogenetic role of bacterial endotoxemia in triggering a cascade of metabolic reactions with the subsequent accumulation of lipids in the liver tissue and the progression of steatosis and fibrosis.
NEW SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF A CRACK IN AN ORTHOTROPIC PLATE UNDER TENSION
Authors: Vasil’ev V. V. , Lurie S. A. , Salov V. A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract—
A classical plane problem of the theory of elasticity about a crack in a stretched orthotropic elastic unbounded plane is considered, which leads to a singular solution for stresses in the vicinity of the crack edge. The relations of the generalized theory of elasticity, including a small scale parameter, are given. The equations of the generalized theory are of a higher order than the equations of the classical theory and allow eliminating the singularity of the classical solution. The scale parameter is determined experimentally. The results obtained determine the effect of the crack length on the bearing capacity of the plate and are compared with the experimental results for plates made of fiberglass and carbon fiber reinforced plastic.
Assessment of Health Beliefs Among Iraqi Breast Cancer Patients in Baghdad using either Tamoxifen or Trastuzumab
Authors: Mohammed Samer Imad , Sabry Aya Thaer , Sabry Dania Thaer 
Published: December 2021

Breast cancer is the most diagnosed form of malignant tumour in Iraqi women. Tamoxifen and trastuzumab are highly effective adjuvant therapy for breast cancer.
This study's objectives were to define the patient's belief in tamoxifen or trastuzumab when used as adjuvant therapy and to determine the variation in belief between the two medications in a sample of Iraqi breast cancer patients.
The cross-section survey was conducted using the BMQ-Specific questionnaire. Ninety-seven participants (sixty-seven tamoxifen, thirty trastuzumab) participated in this study.
The mean of specific-necessity scale for tamoxifen was (3.7) and for trastuzumab (4). The findings showed a high necessity for both medicines, and there were no significant differences in the scale of necessity between the two treatments. Regarding the scale of concern, the trastuzumab group's values are higher (3.35) than tamoxifen (3). Most participants who use tamoxifen or trastuzumab strongly agree with or agree with all the questions on the necessity scale with higher percentages for trastuzumab. Besides, the concern scale results showed the percentage of patients who agree / strongly agree is higher in the trastuzumab group. For the correlation between the need or concern score, the result showed only one significant negative correlation (R=-0.366, P-value=0.011) between the necessity score and the age of the participants for tamoxifen users. In Conclusion, this survey clearly showed a high level of necessity and a high level of concern regarding the use of two effective adjuvant therapy for women with breast cancer, tamoxifen and trastuzumab. Furthermore, this study shows that while the level of need for tamoxifen is higher than for trastuzumab, there were no significant variations between them.
Study the Distribution of Rotavirus Genotypes in Vaccinated and non Vaccinated Children in Babylon Province
Authors: Mahdi Mutlak Qassim , Abdulridha Manal Khalid , M Abbas Al-Huseini Laith 
Published: December 2021

Rotaviruses, a major cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide accounts for around half a million deaths annually. Vaccine against the virus has been recommended by the WHO to be involved in the national immunization program.To evaluate the genetic characterization of rotavirus among children with acute gastroenteritis in Babylon province is warranted. Children complained of diarrhea with rotavirus infection detected in their stool were involved in the study. The age range was 10 months to 60 months and with retrogradechecking of rotavirus vaccine history. Rotavirus genotypes were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).A total number of 40 children with rotavirus gastroenteritis were used to examine the rotavirus genotyping distribution. The prevalent genotypes were found to be G1, G9, and G2. No significant difference in the distribution of the length of diarrhea according to genotype. Vaccinated children exhibited significantly higher percentage of G2 while G1 and G9 were presented more considerably in not vaccinated children.We detected a variety of rotavirus strains includingthe major global genotypes.Obviously, rotavirus strains are continuing to vary in Iraq. The vaccination changes the genotype prevalence and this situation may create challenges to the effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines and planning for future polices.

Keywords: Rotavirus, Vaccine, Genotype.
Possible Protective Effects of Omega 3, Diazepam and their Combination Against Yohimbine-Induced Clonic Seizure in Mice: Comparative Study
Authors: Ibrahim Manal Abdulkhaliq , Khudhair Alaa Radhi , AL-shawi Nada Najia 
Published: December 2021

Yohimbine is actually confirmed in the United States to be utilized for erectile dysfunction; and recently such drug has become commonly used in body-building communities for its presumed lipolytic and sympathomimetic effects. But ingestion of such drug can bring about epileptic neurotoxic effects.
Many antiepileptic drugs can be utilized to counteract myoclonic seizure; furthermore, diazepam can be used to oppose such type of seizure; in addition, surrogate therapeutic options such as omega 3 may also be utilized.
In this study, twenty-four (24) mice of both sexes weighing 20-25g were randomly-allocated into 4 groups (6 animals each group) as follows: Group I- Yohimbine-induced clonic seizure [mice orally-administered DMSO (10%), and after 30 min, animals Sc. injected with 45mg/kg yohimbine). Group II- Diazepam-treated as standard drug: It is Sc. injected at a dose of 2mg/kg, and after 30 minutes, yohimbine at a dose of 45mg/kg is Sc. injected. Group III- Omega 3 (40 mg/kg) is orally-administered, and after 30 min 45mg/kg yohimbine is Sc. injected. Group IV- Combination of omega 3 (40mg/kg) is orally-administered then and after ten minutes, diazepam was IP injected 2mg/kg then after 20 minute, 45mg/kg yohimbine is Sc. Injected.
The result of this study showed that omega 3 has non-optimal antiepileptic effect; where, it is un-able to reduce the onset and frequency of epilepsy tone in mice during several time periods (30-120min); and data weren’t significantly different when compared to diazepam. But omega 3 reduced onset of epilepsy in combination with diazepam when compared with diazepam alone. As well as omega 3 caused small percent changes frequency of epilepsy tone through 120 min when compared with other groups.
Conclusion: Omega 3 fatty acid had partial beneficial effect; where, alone it has a role for decreasing onset of epilepsy; but, its combination with diazepam had significant role for reducing onset of epilepsy against yohimbine-induced seizure model. Additionally, omega 3 alone and in combination with diazepam have negligible role for reduction frequency of epilepsy.
Morphological changes in the white rats’ thyroid gland 14 days after simulated thermal trauma of the skin on the background of the administration of 0.9 % NaCl solution
Authors: Tiron O.I. 
Published: December 2021

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are about 11 million burns in the world each year, of which 180,000 are fatal. One of the systemic consequences of burn injuries is the so-called burn-associated hypermetabolism, the clinical picture of which includes immunological dysfunction, loss of bone mineral density, endocrine disorders, including thyroid dysfunction. The aim of the study was to establish histological and ultrastructural changes of the thyroid gland of experimental animals 14 days after the simulated thermal trauma of the skin on the background of using first 7 days 0.9 % NaCl solution. At the optical and ultrastructural levels of the study 14 days after thermal skin burn on the background of 0.9 % NaCl solution in the thyroid gland of experimental animals found: follicles – mostly large, overstretched (epithelium flat, with desquamation); cytoplasm of thyrocytes is poor in organelles, part of mitochondria with damaged cristae and enlightened matrix, available electron-dense lysosomes, apical surface smoothed; there is swelling of the capsule and trabeculae, leukocyte infiltration; components of the arterial and venous bed are dilated, there is a deformation of the lumen of blood vessels; hemocapillaries are dilated with numerous erythrocytes and perivascular edema. The detected changes cause a violation of the secretory cycle of thyrocytes, transendothelial metabolism and lead to an imbalance in the production and excretion of thyroid hormones.
Features of skinfold thickness in men with benign nevi
Authors: Nabil Basim Yousif Haddad 
Published: December 2021

Nevi, although benign neoplasms of the skin, but have a certain tendency to malignancy, which is influenced by various external and internal human factors. Predicting the risk of benign nevi against this background is an important topic for experimental research. The aim of the study was to establish the features of the skinfold thickness (SFT) in men of the first adult age with benign nevi. SFT was determined according to the Bunak scheme for men (aged 22-35 years) with melanocyte benign simple nevi (n=34), melanocyte benign dysplastic nevi (n=27), melanocyte benign congenital nevi (n=14) and non-melanocyte benign (n=17). The control group – SFT of 82 practically healthy men of the same age group was selected from the data bank of the Research Center of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya. Statistical processing of the results was performed in the license package “Statistica 5.5” using non-parametric evaluation methods. It was found that in practically healthy men higher than in patients – SFT on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the shoulder and thigh (in all groups of patients); SFT on the forearm, at the lower angle of the scapula, chest and shin (only in patients with melanocyte benign dysplastic nevi). Also in healthy men are found lower than in patients – SFT on the side (in all groups of patients); SFT in the abdomen (in patients with melanocyte benign simple and non-melanocyte benign nevi). When comparing SFT between patients with benign nevi, in most cases, lower values of SFT found in patients with melanocyte benign dysplastic nevi. The obtained results indicate the initial manifestations of abdominal (android) type of fat deposition in the body in patients with benign nevi (most pronounced in patients with melanocyte benign simple nevi).
REFUGIADOS NO BRASIL E POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS: DO CUSTO DOS DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS À NECESSIDADE DE EFETIVIDADE
Authors: Amorim Fernando Sergio Tenorio de , Barros Hugo Marinho Emídio de 
Published: December 2021

O presente trabalho tem por objeto o estudo da efetividade dos direitos fundamentais sociais, em especial, no que concerne às políticas públicas destinadas aos refugiados no Brasil. O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar que, apesar de avanços alcançados, o problema na inefetividade da prestação desses direitos persiste em razão da desconsideração do custo destes, bem como más escolhas quando da alocação dos recursos orçamentários. Para tanto, utiliza-se de pesquisa empírica, por meio de dados fornecidos pelo Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para Refugiados – ACNUR e do Comitê Nacional para Refugiados - CONARE, relacionando-os com os aspectos doutrinários específicos, os quais demonstram a razão das dificuldades e desafios apresentados para o estabelecimento de políticas públicas efetivas. Assim, considerando as configurações inerentes ao orçamento atual, é imprescindível o fomento ao debate das questões que envolvem a implementação de políticas públicas destinadas aos refugiados para que respostas e soluções viáveis sejam alcançadas.

Palavras-chave: Direitos fundamentais sociais. Refugiados. Políticas Públicas. Custo dos direitos. Efetividade