bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Latest Technological Advances in Sand Control Completions: A Case Study
Authors: Bharadwaj Rishabh , Kumar Manish , Harsh Shashwat , Mishra Deepak 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Sand control poses huge financial loses during production operations particularly in mature fields. It hinders economic oil production rates as well as damages downhole and surface equipment due to its abrasive action. Excessive sand production rates can plug the wellhead, flow lines, and separators which can result in detrimental well control situations. This paper will provide a comparative study on various sand control mechanisms by reviewing the latest advancements in sand management techniques.
This study evaluates the performance of through-tubing sand screens, internal gravel pack, cased hole expandable sand screen, modular gravel pack system, openhole standalone screen, multi-zone single trip gravel pack, slim gravel pack, and chemical sand consolidation mechanisms. Various field examples from Niger-Delta, Mahakam oil and gas block, and offshore Malaysia are examined to gain an insight about the application of aforementioned sand control methods for different type of reservoirs.
This study enables the operator to tackle the sand production problem according to the well construction changes during the life cycle of a well. The internal gravel pack completion system delivers a prolonged plateau production regime in shallow depths. In high drawdown conditions, chemical sand consolidation completion incurs early water breakthrough and elevated sand production. Chemical sand consolidation technique yields better results in deeper formations and its placement can be improvised by implementing coiled tubing and diversion techniques for multi-stage treatments. Depending on the well inclination, gas-water contact, producing zone type and thickness, well age, and economy, the completion types out of modular gravel pack, openhole standalone screen, slim gravel pack, and through tubing sand screen is recommended accordingly.
Acquiring offset data, well log analysis, particle size distribution and performing pressure tests will improve the data quality of the obtained reservoir properties. This will further help in the selection of the most suitable sand control method for the target reservoir.
Challenges and Lessons Learnt on Waste Management and Disposal from Mauritania Deepwater Abandonment and Decommissioning Campaign
Authors: Bin Ahmad Zaini Ahmad Hafizi , Bin Rahim M Khairi , Bin Razak M Hairi , Moir Steve 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Abandonment and decommissioning activities of oil and gas assets had been on the increasing trend. As an activity of minimal to no economic value return, the investment into Abandonment and Decommissioning (A&D) should be properly strategized to ensure all objectives are met safely within available time and resources. This paper will discuss Operator's strategy in planning and handling waste from A&D activities of fifteen (15) deepwater subsea wells in Mauritania, West Africa.
The approach of this A&D project at a remote location was done in two separate campaign instead of a single campaign based on technical and commercial evaluations performed by Operator. Subsea structures, Christmas trees, tubulars and others are expected to be retrieved and disposed according to local and international standard. In general, Operator are expecting two (2) type of waste which are non-hazardous waste and hazardous waste due to hydrocarbon or naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) contamination.
Due to the limitation of capable hazardous waste handling and disposal in country, Operator decided to export waste to identified facilities outside of country at the end of the project via sea-freight. Operator appointed one contractor to provide a full-service related to the waste management and disposal that covers field services and onshore services that includes radiological monitoring to identify NORM waste, labelling, packaging at offshore, onshore storage, transportation and logistics that include Trans-Frontier Shipment (TFS).
The strategy of appointing one contractor for full service of waste management and disposal has promoted a single – point accountability to the contractor and this has enabled the objective been delivered effectively.
COVID-19 pandemic posed a great challenge on cross-border logistic planning due to additional measure been imposed by receiving country. Furthermore, the new development of United Kingdom exiting European Union (BREXIT) also posed some level of uncertainty to the contractor to obtain relevant approvals for waste export.
To reduce the amount of waste to be export, Operator continuously looking for and successfully found a local recycling facility that able to handle the non-hazardous waste while meeting local regulation, Operator's and industrial standard. All outlined strategy was proven to be effective for waste management in remote location, uncertainty on cross-border waste export challenge, as well as capitalizing on the limited local resources available.
Low Cost Plug and Abandonment with Hybrid Hydraulic Pulling Unit
Authors: Tengku Ahmad Tengku Khairul Izwan , Abdullah Abdul Hanif 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Plug and Abandonment (P&A) operations with conventional Hydraulic Workover Unit (WHU) have an enormous benefit and impact on low-cost P&A campaign in Malaysia compare with using conventional drilling rig. Subsequently, this Hybrid Hydraulic Pulling Unit (HHPU) was the first successful deployed and safely delivered for P&A campaign together with conductor removal in offshore West Malaysia.
This paper presents case study that showcase the capability of HHPU for low-cost permanent P&A campaign by eliminate requirement for additional bringing rigging-up and rigging-down of casing jack unit for conductor removal operation. The unit manage to cut and pull-out the existing completion strings, setting cement plugs, cut and pull-out multiple strings of casing along with retrieving the 24″ conductors delivering the most advantageous outcome for P&A campaign safely, efficiently and cost effectively. It was invented from 340K HWU with improvise features that capable of pull-out existing completion string and removal of the conductor with size up to 36″.
This paper demonstrates a unique combination of techniques and equipment of a successfully low-cost P&A operation with excellent client satisfaction with no incident and accident were recorded. The end results may contradict traditional P&A methods, but the case history can be used for future reference or potential replication in South East Asia region.
The Deep Water Field Alpha Plug and Abandonment Campaign – An Integrated Approach to Optimize Operations and Costs
Authors: Robail Frederic , Tarmizi Nor Aiman Khalidah Ahmad , Bakar M Syahmi Aiman Abu , Sidid Adib Akmal Che , Zakaria M Hadi B , Zulkipli Siti Najmi Farhan Bt 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
After having been developed in the early 2000's and put on production since then, the deep water (700 M water depth) Field Alpha is now at the end of field life and in the plug and abandonment (P&A) process. Although this field-life phase does not make any money for an E&P operating company, it can be a liability and put the company's reputation at stake, if not done correctly. Therefore, like any other field-life phases, it requires a professional and multidisciplinary integrated approach to deliver it while reducing the company's exposure.
P&A campaign involves many stake holders: the local authorities, its technical and operational representative / auditor, the operator's well engineering community, the subsurface team, e.g., petrophysics team, and the operator's management. Understanding all their expectations and KPIs is primordial to prepare and successfully deliver such operations.
The P&A process relies on the placement of adequate "barriers" inside the well to guarantee blockade of any potential reservoir fluid communication either within separate reservoirs (to avoid any reservoir re-pressurization through cross flow) or with seabed / surface which could impact the environment. As part of the well barrier, annuli cement quality and efficiency must be checked by cement bond evaluation. The petrophysics team has the responsibility to both define, in collaboration with others team members, the cement quality criteria and then to evaluate the cement quality in timely and efficient manner.
In this campaign, which is expected to run for more than a year, with several petrophysicists involved both in the preparation phase and in the operation phase, e.g., execution and results validation, consistency in the process is of utmost importance.
This paper presents the workflow put in place by PETRONAS Carigali during the Field Alpha P&A campaign. It emphasizes on the petrophysicist role and responsibilities from the preparation phase, during the operations, and through the results validation.
The learnings and experiences acquired during the Deep-Water Field Alpha P&A campaign are now going to be transpose to domestic and international assets by means of corporate guidelines and workflows.
The Research on Decommissioning and Abandonment Engineering Practice of Onshore Oilfield: A Case Study of Block 1/2/4 in South Sudan
Authors: Liu Qi , Liu Huifeng , Wang Xi , Li WanJun , Yang Guobin , Bahedaer Baletabieke , Yan Long , Yan Jun , Yang Yifeng , Tian Huiying , Lu Peng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
At the end of the lifespan of this onshore oilfield development, all wells and oil production system, transmission pipelines and all surface infrastructures shall be decommissioned in accordance with international guidelines for abandonment of oil and gas facilities.
The development and production period relevant to Block 1/2/4 shall be ceased in 2033 as the PSC law approved by South Sudan Government. Considering that South Sudan is located along the Nile River in Africa, necessary measures shall be taken with respect to activities in the field to ensure effective protection for the environment. In addition, difficulties which have negative impact on decommission assessment shall be taken into account, such as inadequate wells data, the destruction of the facility by war, high security risks of Block 1/2/4, costly decommissioning and abandonment fees and so on.
This paper combines the practice of Block 1/2/4 in South Sudan to introduce the decommissioning plan, abandonment working process, standard operation procedure for wells and surface facility disposal, and the calculation of the decommissioning fund. The decommissioning may include complete removal or abandonment in-situ which based on an evaluation of cost, safety and environmental impact. While a detailed decommissioning and abandonment proposal has been compiled and updated during the production phase of the project. When the final decommissioning and abandonment plans have been developed for upstream and midstream, the costs have been updated accordingly. These estimates had utilized by the operators to fund the decommissioning and abandonment obligations in accordance with the provisions of the oil company. The D&A task was successful and finally approved by the authority of government.
Due to the successful completion of the decommissioning task of Block1/2/4, a completed decommissioning and abandonment management system has been established, including D&A cost calculation and standard operation procedure for wells and facility disposal, which can lower the environmental risk and reduce the capital expenditure at the end of the project. It can be regarded as a classic practice in petroleum industry and has a strong reference value.
Repurposing End-of-Life Wells for Geothermal Energy Production: An Evaluation of Mississippi Wells
Authors: Mirabolghasemi Maryam , Heshmati Mohammad , Thorn Dakota , Shelton Blake , Diop Fatou 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
End-of-life production or injection wells may be converted into wellbore heat exchangers for geothermal energy extraction. Whether this conversion is technically and economically feasible depends on several factors such as geothermal potential of the formation, well depth, and working fluid circulation parameters. Here we present a case study where we analyze these parameters and determine their optimum operational brackets. We focus on repurposing active wells that are located in regions with high geothermal potential in the state of Mississippi.
Geothermal gradient map of the state of Mississippi was used to select potential candidate wells. Well logs of these candidate wells were used to find formation temperature and other properties such as well diameter and depth. Next, we conducted heat transfer calculations to estimate the temperature rise of various working fluids as a result of circulating inside these wellbores. We ran sensitivity analyses to determine the effect of circulation rate, tubing insulation, and time. Finally, we estimated the power production potential of each well.
Our results indicate that geothermal energy production through repurposed end-of-life wells may be viable depending on well depth and geothermal potential of the region. With insulated tubing, the thermal energy delivered by a number of candidate wells is sufficient for a small-scale binary power plant with organic Rankine cycle.
Reducing ABEX Uncertainties through Hybrid LSTK Contracting: A Factory EPSm Pilot Case Study in South East Asia
Authors: Canny Steven A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Well abandonment and the associated abandonment expenditure (ABEX) are necessary stages in the post cessation of production (Post COP) phase of the asset lifecycles. There are significant risk factors present, which vary in the frequency and severity based on a multitude of factors pertaining to environment, age, well construction techniques and stratigraphy, to name a few.
In the case of well isolation and abandonment operations there are opportunities to innovate through factory project execution techniques and commercial approaches, which are enhanced where standardization and commonality of well architecture is present. These techniques focus on reducing risk factors and creating value where conventional thought suggests there is marginal cashflow benefit, in asset retirement obligation expenditure. Through a reduction in the total cost of ownership (TCO), project financial performance below the estimated provisions, can unlock cashflow from relief adjustments on long term liabilities.
The Engineering, Procurement, Services management (EPSm) lump sum partial turnkey contracting approach was developed to assist operators in unlocking cashflow in ABEX provisions, through risk reduction via front end well engineering and integration of service provision, allied to fixed price lump sum contracting to control project cost creep due to unforeseen events.
A pilot project was undertaken in South East Asia, delivering 64 permanently abandoned wellbores in 38 consecutive days, representing over 8,300-man hours and over 3,500 operating hours. The EPSm contracting approach delivered lump sum partial turnkey well abandonment services in a high-volume factory well abandonment retirement environment.
Operations were executed through a dedicated jack-up drilling rig trimmed to an asset retirement specification to reduce OPEX and increase efficiency. The operational project framework implemented pre-abandonment offline operations prior to rig arrival, then simultaneous operations (SIMOPs) concerning 2 primary worksites: the wellhead platform weather deck and the jack-up rig cantilever. Standalone concurrent Phase I slickline operations comprising of two units, were performed offline on the wellhead platform with pressure control equipment to execute primary reservoir isolation operations. Phase II & III operations were executed above, on the jack-up rig cantilever through the drilling riser and pressure control equipment, executing the overburden and surface isolation operations, minimizing online operating time of the jack-up rig.
Key Learnings from the pilot project are presented, along with pilot project key performance indicators. The project learning curve, and human performance factors provide insights to areas where there are synergies and opportunities to further reduce risk and the total cost of ownership through an Engineering, Procurement, Services management (EPSm) contracting approach.
Transplantation and Re-transplantation of Mouse Kidney Grafts to Study Local Immune Responses
Authors: Zhao Daqiang , Zhou Jiangqiao , Ali Adham Abu , Tieu Roger , Lakkis Fadi G. , Oberbarnscheidt Martin H. , Tevar Amit , Chen Zhishui , Abou-Daya Khodor I. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Mouse kidney transplantation is widely used to study the immune response to allogeneic grafts. This response includes a circulating systemic compartment and a resident non circulating one. A distinction between these compartments remains an important caveat to the interpretation of the resident or local immune response’s importance and function. Here, we describe re-transplantation as a method to functionally test the resident component of the primary immune response while also studying the secondary recipient’s response. Our detailed, stepwise protocol can be reliably replicated for both the primary and secondary, donor and recipient operations. The techniques in this protocol can be efficiently implemented by an individual proficient in mouse kidney transplantation surgical procedures.
Effect of Disease Causing Missense Mutations on Intrinsically Disordered
Regions in Proteins
Authors: Nagarajaram Hampapathalu A. , Seera Suryanarayana 
Published: November 2021

Introduction:
Disease causing missense mutations (DCMMs) destabilize protein structures.
However it is not known how they impact the intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) as these
regions do not adopt stable 3D structures under physiological conditions. It is therefore imperative
to investigate the effect of DCMMs on the functionally important IDRs.

Objective:
To investigate impact of DCMMs on functionally important IDRs in human proteins.

Methods:
We investigated the impact of the known DCMMs on three IDRs: a) an IDR with CRIB
motif from WAS protein , b) a proline rich IDR of p22 protein and c) an IDR horboring TRM motif
from SH3BP2 protein. Both the wild type and the mutant forms were subjected to detailed structural
investigations using MD simulations for 100ns.

Results:
MD studies revealed that the mutants adopt fewer conformational states as compared with
their wild-type counterparts of which one or two form the dominant conformational states. This result
was also corroborated by the free-energy landscapes of the mutants with a fewer minima as
compared with the wild-types. It was also observed that the side chains of the mutated amino acid
residues introduce new hydrogen bonding interactions that stabilize one or two of the dominant conformational
states.

Conclusion:
Our studies, thus, revealed that the disease causing missense mutations reduce the conformational
heterogeneity of the intrinsically disordered proteins and furthermore, they are
“locked” in one or two of those conformational states that presumably disfavour binding of the
IDRs with their cognate interacting partners.
Urinary Ethyl Glucuronide for the Assessment of Alcohol Consumption
During Pregnancy: Comparison between Biochemical Data and
Screening Questionnaires
Authors: Ceci Flavio Maria , Fiore Marco , Agostinelli Enzo , Tahara Tomoaki , Greco Antonio , Ralli Massimo , Polimeni Antonella , Lucarelli Marco , Colletti Roberta , Angeloni Antonio , Tirassa Paola , Ceccanti Mauro , Messina Marisa Patrizia , Vitali Mario , Petrella Carla , Ferraguti Giampiero 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a metabolite of ethanol used as a
marker of alcohol drinking and is identified in urine. Gestational alcohol drinking harms
the fetus, so disclosing any form of use and abuse of this substance during pregnancy is
crucial. Many discovery methods have been planned to overcome this question, including
using screening questionnaires as the AUDIT-C, T-ACE/TACER-3, and TWEAK.

Aim:
The aim and novelties of this study were to compare biochemical data from urinary
EtG assays (cut-off 100 ng/mL for risking drinking behavior) with the outcome of questionnaires
and of a food diary routinely used in our hospital; moreover, for the first time,
we analyzed in pregnant women the EtG values normalized by the amount of creatinine
excreted according to methods previously established.

Methods:
Random urine samples were collected from 309 pregnant women immediately
after being interviewed. EtG was quantified using an enzyme immunoassay, and urinary
creatinine was assessed using an enzymatic colorimetric method. Women who had not
exhaustively answered one of the questionnaires or refused to provide urine samples were
excluded. Finally, 309 women were considered for this study. Urine creatinine measurements
were performed to determine if urine dilution might have resulted in false negatives
in the challenge study. In order to accomplish this objective, as urinary creatinine concentrations
are, on average, approximately 1 mg/mL, we used a normalized value of 100 ng
EtG/mg Creatinine.

Results:
Our data show that 20.4% of the pregnant women in the study were over the established
normalized cut-off value. Poor to null concordance (unweighted k < 0.2) was
found between EtG data and the screening interviews showed, on average, lower levels of
alcohol consumption.

Conclusion:
This study provides evidence that the assessment of maternal alcohol consumption
during pregnancy, only indirectly estimated with questionnaires and food diary,
can produce misleading results.
Concise Review of the Rationale for Pulmonary Embolism Treatment and
Endovascular Device Therapies
Authors: Chiang Caleb , Attanasio Steve 
Published: November 2021

:
In the ever-changing landscape of device therapy for pulmonary embolism, it is important
to understand the rationale behind the ongoing explosion in the development of new device
therapies. There needs to be an in-depth understanding of risk stratification in pulmonary embolism
and indications for therapy. Selecting the ideal device for a particular pulmonary embolism subset
remains elusive and poorly defined. Knowledge of the risks, benefits, capabilities, and potential
limitations of each device is crucial.