bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The purposes of descriptive psychology
Authors: Brandl Johannes L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this paper, I discuss the different views of the founders of descriptive psychology in the 19th century about the meaning and purpose of this discipline and sketch a new plan for connecting descriptive psychology with the language‐critical tradition of analytic philosophy. I will show that the goals Hermann Lotze, Franz Brentano, and Wilhelm Dilthey set for descriptive psychology were too lofty for different reasons. The common problem they faced was how to reconcile the ideal of autonomous philosophical knowledge with the empirical relevance that descriptive psychology should have. Faced with this dilemma, I outline a new plan to conceive of descriptive psychology as a critical project aimed at overcoming the obstacles that language places in the way of our knowledge of mental phenomena.
Clinical significance of the latency period of abnormal ammonia metabolism in chronic liver disease: Proposal of a new concept
Authors: Katayama Kazuhiro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe liver is a key organ in regulating metabolism, and chronic liver disease is associated with several metabolic disorders. In the later stages of liver cirrhosis, the urea cycle is impaired, which disrupts of ammonia detoxification and eventually causes hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy. Although hyperammonemia is not detected during the period between the late stage of chronic hepatitis and the early stage of liver cirrhosis, hepatic albumin synthesis capacity decreases as the fibrosis progresses. Increased ammonia levels are associated with a decreased capacity of the liver to synthesize albumin as well as activation of hepatic stellate cells, which promote fibrosis. Herein, we discuss the possibility that abnormal ammonia metabolism might play an important role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases even without hyperammonemia. We consider the disease period without hyperammonemia as the latency period of abnormal ammonia metabolism and discuss its clinical significance.
Trends in hospitalisation for common paediatric infections: An Australian experience
Authors: Irwin Nicola , Currie Marian J , Davis Deborah 
Published: October 2021

AimRespiratory tract infections (RTIs) and acute gastroenteritis (AGE) significantly impact health service use among children; however, recent trends in hospital admission rates are not well documented. Our objectives were to describe admission rates for RTI and AGE among children in one jurisdiction over a 10‐year period and their associated length of stay (LOS), monetary costs and chronic conditions.MethodsThis is retrospective review of hospital admissions data for Australian Capital Territory residents aged 0–16 years admitted with a primary diagnosis commensurate with RTI or AGE.ResultsBetween 2009 and 2018, there were 8668 admissions. Admission rates rose from 9.2/1000 age‐adjusted population in 2009 to 10.5/1000 in 2018. LOS reduced by 10 h (43 to 33 h). The median cost per admission was AUD$3158 (AUD$148 to AUD$175 271) and 16.4% of children had a chronic condition, associated with longer LOS and higher episode costs. Median age at admission was 1 year 5 months. Infants were admitted three times as often as older children and admissions for lower RTI were more common than for upper RTI or AGE (P < 0.001).ConclusionsPaediatric hospital admission rates for RTI in the Australian Capital Territory are increasing and LOS is decreasing. Admissions for AGE remain relatively low following the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine in 2007. Effective strategies are needed to reduce the burden of paediatric RTI.
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy in paediatrics: An up‐to‐date
Authors: Paranhos Rafaela Moreira , De Souza Figueiredo Gabriel Augusto , De Abreu Gabriel Ramos , Ferreira Guilherme Costa , Fonseca Giulio Gori , Simões E Silva Ana Cristina 
Published: October 2021

AbstractImmunoglobulin A nephropathy is the main cause of glomerulonephritis globally and an important aetiology of end‐stage renal disease in children. It has been considered an autoimmune disease that can lead to the production of autoantibodies against abnormal IgA1 and formation of immune complexes. These autoantibodies and immune complexes deposit in the glomeruli, resulting in renal injury. At the beginning of IgA nephropathy course, most patients are asymptomatic and the first clinical manifestations in children are macroscopic hematuria and proteinuria. The diagnosis is defined by the detection of IgA mesangial deposits in kidney biopsy using immunofluorescence techniques. The Oxford MEST‐C score is the most used classification to associate histological findings and clinical outcomes, being validated for application in children. Recommended treatment options are antihypertensive and antiproteinuric therapy, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, and other non‐pharmacological approaches. There is no ideal prognosis indicator but new perspectives are in science's scope to find possible biomarkers of the disease through OMICS's research. This review aims to summarize and to up‐to‐date the scientific literature on paediatric IgA nephropathy, focusing on pathophysiology, clinical findings, histopathology, current treatment, prognosis, and future perspectives.
Distributional Change: Assessing the Contribution of Household Income Sources*
Authors: Kyzyma Iryna , Fusco Alessio , Van Kerm Philippe 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe develop a decomposition of changes in household income distributions by factor components to quantify the contribution of changes over time in the association between sources of income and changes in their (marginal) distributions. The two components are broken down to isolate the contribution of specific income sources. An application to the change in the distribution of household incomes in Luxembourg between 2004 and 2013 reveals contrasted results: increased association between spouse earnings, public transfers and taxes depressed the income share of poor households while changes in marginal distributions increased incomes in the upper half of the distribution.
Associations of 12‐year sleep behaviour trajectories from childhood to adolescence with myopia and ocular biometry during young adulthood
Authors: Stafford‐Bell Nicholas , McVeigh Joanne , Lingham Gareth , Straker Leon , Eastwood Peter R , Yazar Seyhan , Mackey David A , Lee Samantha Sze‐Yee 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPurposeCross‐sectional studies have variably reported that poor sleep quality may be associated with myopia in children. Longitudinal data, collected over the ages when myopia develops and progresses, could provide new insights into the sleep‐myopia paradigm. This study tested the hypothesis that 12‐year trajectories of sleep behaviour from childhood to adolescence is associated with myopia during young adulthood.MethodsAt the 5‐, 8‐, 10‐, 14‐ and 17‐year follow‐ups of the longitudinal Raine Study, which has been following a cohort since their birth in 1989–1992, participants' parents/guardians completed the Child Behaviour Checklist questionnaire (CBCL), which collected information on their child's sleep behaviour and quality. The CBCL includes six questions measuring sleep behaviour, which parents rated as 0 = not true, 1 = somewhat/sometimes true, or 2 = very/often true. Scores were summed at each follow‐up to form a composite “sleep behaviour score”. Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA) was used to classify participants according to their 12‐year trajectory of sleep behaviour. At the 20‐year follow‐up, an eye examination was performed which included cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length measurement.ResultsThe LCGA identified three clusters of participants based on their trajectory of sleep behaviour: those with minimal' (43.6% of the total Raine Study sample), ‘declining’ (48.9%), or ‘persistent’ (7.5%) sleep problems. A total of 1194 participants had ophthalmic data and longitudinal sleep data available for analysis (47.2% female, 85.6% Caucasian). No significant differences were observed in regards to age, sex, ethnicity or ocular parameters between trajectory groups. Unadjusted and fully adjusted analyses demonstrated that sleep problem behaviour was not significantly associated with changes in refractive error, axial length or corneal radius.ConclusionsOur findings do not support the hypothesis that there is an association between sleep behaviour and myopia. Future longitudinal studies should explore sleep trajectory data pre‐ and post‐myopia diagnosis to confirm our results.
Weekly Training Load in Elite Male Ice Hockey: Practice Versus Competition Demands
Authors: Rago Vincenzo , Muschinsky Adrian , Deylami Kasper , Mohr Magni , Vigh-Larsen Jeppe F. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare training load (TL) between practice and games across in-season microcycles in elite Danish male ice hockey. Methods: Practice sessions and game data were collected using a wearable 200-Hz accelerometer, heart rate (HR) recording, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) throughout 23 practice sessions and 8 competitive games (n = 427 files) and examined in relation to the number of days before the game (game day minus). Results: Total accelerations, accelerations >2 m·s−2 (Acc2), total decelerations, decelerations less than −2 m·s−2 (Dec2), time >85% maximum heart rate (t85HRmax), Edwards TL, modified training impulse (TRIMPMOD), session-RPE, peak HR (HRpeak), and RPE were greater during competition than during practice (r = .19–.91; P < .05), whereas total accelerations per minute and total decelerations per minute were lower (r = .27–.36; P < .001). Acc2, t85HRmax, Edwards TL and TRIMPMOD, % t85HRmax, mean HR (HRmean), and RPE progressively decreased toward game day (r = .13–.63; P < .001). Positive correlations were found between Acc2, Dec2, Acc2 per minute, and Dec2 per minute during practice and during competition (r = .66–.84; P < .001). Conclusions: Evident within-week decreases in internal TL but not external TL were observed as the game day approached. Day-to-day variations were more pronounced in HR- and RPE-based parameters than accelerations and decelerations. Finally, the amount of intense accelerations and decelerations performed during practice was associated to the amount performed during competition, whereas physiological and perceptual demands showed no such relationship.
Surfactant therapy in late preterm and term neonates with respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ramaswamy Viraraghavan Vadakkencherry , Abiramalatha Thangaraj , Bandyopadhyay Tapas , Boyle Elaine , Roehr Charles Christoph 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundThere are no evidence-based recommendations for surfactant use in late preterm (LPT) and term infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).ObjectiveTo investigate the safety and efficacy of surfactant in LPT and term infants with RDS.MethodsSystematic review, meta-analysis and evidence grading.InterventionsSurfactant therapy versus standard of care.Main outcome measuresMortality and requirement for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV).ResultsOf the 7970 titles and abstracts screened, 17 studies (16 observational studies and 1 randomised controlled trial (RCT)) were included. Of the LPT and term neonates with RDS, 46% (95% CI 40% to 51%) were treated with surfactant. We found moderate certainty of evidence (CoE) from observational studies evaluating infants supported with non-invasive respiratory support (NRS) or IMV that surfactant use may be associated with a decreased risk of mortality (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.64). Very low CoE from observational trials in which surfactant was administered at FiO2 >0.30–0.40 to infants on Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) indicated that surfactant did not decrease the risk of IMV (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.40 to 3.56). Very low to low CoE from the RCT and observational trials showed that surfactant use was associated with a significant decrease in risk of air leak, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), duration of IMV, NRS and hospital stay.ConclusionsCurrent evidence base on surfactant therapy in LPT and term infants with RDS indicates a potentially decreased risk of mortality, air leak, PPHN and duration of respiratory support. In view of the low to very low CoE and widely varying thresholds for deciding on surfactant replacement in the included studies, further trials are needed.
Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on access to contraception and pregnancy intentions: a national prospective cohort study of the UK population
Authors: Balachandren Neerujah , Barrett Geraldine , Stephenson Judith M , Yasmin Ephia , Mavrelos Dimitrios , Davies Melanie , David Anna , Hall Jennifer Anne 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveEvaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to contraception and pregnancy intentions.DesignNationwide prospective cohort study.SettingUnited Kingdom.ParticipantsWomen in the UK who were pregnant between 24 May and 31 December 2020.Main outcome measuresAccess to contraception and level of pregnancy intentions, using the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy (LMUP) in women whose last menstrual period was before or after 1 April 2020. While the official date of the first UK lockdown was 23 March, we used 1 April to ensure that those in the post-lockdown group would have faced restrictions in the month that they conceived.ResultsA total of 9784 women enrolled in the cohort: 4114 (42.0%) conceived pre-lockdown and 5670 (58.0%) conceived post-lockdown. The proportion of women reporting difficulties accessing contraception was higher in those who conceived after lockdown (n=366, 6.5% vs n=25, 0.6%, p<0.001) and continued to rise from March to September 2020. After adjusting for confounders, women were nine times more likely to report difficulty accessing contraception after lockdown (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 8.96, 95% CI 5.89 to 13.63, p<0.001). There is a significant difference in the levels of pregnancy planning, with higher proportions of unplanned (n=119, 2.1% vs n=55, 1.3%) and ambivalent pregnancies (n=1163, 20.5% vs n=663, 16.1%) and lower proportions of planned pregnancies (n=4388, 77.4% vs n=3396, 82.5%) in the post-lockdown group (p<0.001). After adjusting for confounders, women who conceived after lockdown were still significantly less likely to have a planned pregnancy (aOR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.98, p=0.025).ConclusionsAccess to contraception in the UK has become harder during the COVID-19 pandemic and the proportion of unplanned pregnancies has almost doubled.
Atrophic Gastritis in Dyspeptic Patients
Authors: Kirkpatrick J. R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGastric biopsy was performed on 107 dyspeptic patients over the age of 40 years. Varying degrees of atrophic gastritis were found in 65 per cent, the remainder having normal gastric mucosa. The incidence was lowest in those with duodenal ulcer, intestinal metaplasia not being found in any of this group.Hypochlorhydria was found in 77 per cent of those with atrophic gastritis and in 13 per cent of those with normal mucosa. The accuracy of barium meal, gastroscopy and gastric photography in discriminating between those with atrophic and those with normal gastric mucosa was less accurate.No significant haematological dilferences were found between the two groups of patients. Parietal cell antibodies were detected in the sera of 15 per cent of those cases with atrophic gastritis.
A Forgotten Cause of Vertigo
Authors: Head Peter W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractVertigo is a very common cause for referral to an ENT Clinic, and a great number of tests, together with a consultant physicians opinion, may be required to elucidate the problem. Syphilis, especially in its congenital form, is often forgotten as a causal factor. The case discussed demonstrates the difficulties and pitfalls that may be encountered in arriving at the correct diagnosis.
The Interpretation of Step Filtered Equivocal Brain Scintigrams
Authors: Houston A. S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe step filter has previously been shown to be useful in assessing equivocal lesions in brain scinitigraphy. The filter is very simple, requires al most two minutes computing lime and, when the collimator characteristics are specified, is independent of the operator. It gives the clinician a number based on count statistics which he can relate to the equivocal area in question. The problem of interpretation is discussed and examples of normal, abnormal and equivocal brain scintigrams are displayed before and after filtering. Cases which require a certain amount of caution are also discussed.
Joint Modeling of Longitudinal Markers and Time-to-Event Outcomes: An Application and Tutorial in Patients After Surgical Repair of Transposition of the Great Arteries
Authors: Baart Sara J. , van der Palen Roel L.F. , Putter Hein , Tsonaka Roula , Blom Nico A. , Rizopoulos Dimitris , van Geloven Nan 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Most patients with congenital heart disease survive into adulthood; however, residual abnormalities remain and management of the patients is life-long and personalized. Patients with surgical repair of transposition of the great arteries, for example, face the risk to develop neoaortic valve regurgitation. Cardiologists update the prognosis of the patient intuitively with updated information of the cardiovascular status of the patient, for instance from echocardiographic imaging.

Methods:
Usually a time-dependent version of the Cox model is used to analyze repeated measurements with a time-to-event outcome. New statistical methods have been developed with multiple advantages, of which the most prominent one being the joint model for longitudinal and time-to-event outcome. In this tutorial, the joint modeling framework is introduced and applied to patients with transposition of the great arteries after surgery with a long-term follow-up, where repeated echocardiographic values of the neoaortic root are evaluated against the risk of neoaortic valve regurgitation.

Results:
The data are analyzed with the time-dependent Cox model as benchmark method, and the results are compared with a joint model, leading to different conclusions. The flexibility of the joint model is shown by adding the growth rate of the neoaortic root to the model and adding repeated values of body surface area to obtain a multimarker model. Lastly, it is demonstrated how the joint model can be used to obtain personalized dynamic predictions of the event.

Conclusions:
The joint model for longitudinal and time-to-event data is an attractive method to analyze data in follow-up studies with repeated measurements. Benefits of the method include using the estimated natural trajectory of the longitudinal outcome, great flexibility through multiple extensions, and dynamic individualized predictions.
Tropical Cyclone Characteristics Represented by the Ocean Wave-Coupled Atmospheric Global Climate Model Incorporating Wave-Dependent Momentum Flux
Authors: Shimura Tomoya , Mori Nobuhito , Urano Daisuke , Takemi Tetsuya , Mizuta Ryo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Understanding the systematic characteristics of tropical cyclones (TCs) represented in global climate models (GCMs) is important for reliable climate change impact assessments. The atmospheric GCM (AGCM) and ocean wave models were coupled by incorporating the wave-dependent momentum flux. Systematic impacts of wave-dependent momentum flux on TC characteristics were estimated by analyzing 100 historical TCs that occurred in the western North Pacific Ocean. Wave-dependent momentum flux parameterization considering wind and wave direction misalignment was used for assessing the wave–atmosphere interaction. The larger the wave age and misalignment are, the larger the drag coefficient is. The drag coefficient at the left-hand side of the TC was enhanced by the wave condition. It was found that the wave-dependent momentum flux did not have any impact on peak TC intensity. On the other hand, the wave-dependent momentum flux showed a significant impact on TC development during the early development stage. Although systematic differences in TC intensity at most developed stages were not detected, systematic differences in TC tracks between experiments were observed. The TC tracks of the wave-coupled AGCM tend to pass in a relatively eastward direction in comparison with those from the uncoupled AGCM. This is because the wave-dependent momentum flux in the coupled AGCM altered the environmental steering flow and the smaller beta effect of smaller TC at the early developing stage. Systematic differences in TC tracks have significant impacts on climate change assessments, such as extreme sea level changes in coastal regions due to climate change.
Multiple Immunofluorescence Imaging Analysis Reveals Differential Expression of Disialogangliosides GD3 and GD2 in Neuroblastomas
Authors: Nishimaki Haruna , Nakanishi Yoko , Yagasaki Hiroshi , Masuda Shinobu 
Published: October 2021

Background Peripheral neuroblastic tumors (pNTs) are the most common childhood extracranial solid tumors. There are several therapeutic strategies targeting disialoganglioside GD2. Disialoganglioside GD3 has become a potential target. However, the mechanism by which pNTs express GD3 and GD2 remains unclear. We investigated the combined expression status of GD3 and GD2 in pNTs and delineated their clinicopathological values. Methods GD3 and GD2 expression was examined in pNT tissue samples (n = 35) using immunohistochemistry and multiple immunofluorescence imaging. Results GD3 and GD2 expression was positive in 32/35 and 25/35 samples, respectively. Combinatorial analysis of GD3 and GD2 expression in neuroblastoma showed that both were heterogeneously expressed from cell to cell. There were higher numbers of GD3-positive and GD2-negative cells in the low-risk group than in the intermediate-risk ( P = 0.014) and high-risk ( P = 0.009) groups. Cases with high proportions of GD3-positive and GD2-negative cells were associated with the International Neuroblastoma Staging System stage ( P = 0.004), Children’s Oncology Group risk group ( P = 0.001), and outcome ( P = 0.019) and tended to have a higher overall survival rate. Conclusion We demonstrated that neuroblastomas from low-risk patients included more GD3-positive and GD2-negative cells than those from high-risk patients. Clarifying the heterogeneity of neuroblastoma aids in better understanding the biological characteristics and clinical behavior.