bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality in rural coastal Kenya measured using the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System: a 16-year descriptive analysis
Authors: Otiende Mark , Bauni Evasius , Nyaguara Amek , Amadi David , Nyundo Christopher , Tsory Emmanuel , Walumbe David , Kinuthia Michael , Kihuha Norbert , Kahindi Michael , Nyutu Gideon , Moisi Jennifer , Deribew Amare , Agweyu Ambrose , Marsh Kevin , Tsofa Benjamin , Bejon Philip , Bottomley Christian , Williams Thomas N. , Scott J. Anthony G. 
Published: November 2021

Background: The Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System (KHDSS) was established in 2000 to define the incidence and prevalence of local diseases and evaluate the impact of community-based interventions. KHDSS morbidity data have been reported comprehensively but mortality has not been described. This analysis describes mortality in the KHDSS over 16 years. Methods: We calculated mortality rates from 2003–2018 in four intervals of equal duration and assessed differences in mortality across these intervals by age and sex. We calculated the period survival function and median survival using the Kaplan–Meier method and mean life expectancies using abridged life tables. We estimated trend and seasonality by decomposing a time series of monthly mortality rates. We used choropleth maps and random-effects Poisson regression to investigate geographical heterogeneity. Results: Mortality declined by 36% overall between 2003–2018 and by 59% in children aged <5 years. Most of the decline occurred between 2003 and 2006. Among adults, the greatest decline (49%) was observed in those aged 15–54 years. Life expectancy at birth increased by 12 years. Females outlived males by 6 years. Seasonality was only evident in the 1–4 year age group in the first four years. Geographical variation in mortality was ±10% of the median value and did not change over time. Conclusions: Between 2003 and 2018, mortality among children and young adults has improved substantially. The steep decline in 2003–2006 followed by a much slower reduction thereafter suggests improvements in health and wellbeing have plateaued in the last 12 years. However, there is substantial inequality in mortality experience by geographical location.
The management of suspected scaphoid fractures in the UK: a national cross-sectional study
Authors: Dean Benjamin J. F. ,   *On behalf of the SUSPECT study group
Published: November 2021

Aims Current National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance advises that MRI direct from the emergency department (ED) should be considered for suspected scaphoid fractures. This study reports the current management of suspected scaphoid fractures in the UK and assesses adherence with NICE guidance. Methods This national cross-sectional study was carried out at 87 NHS centres in the UK involving 122 EDs and 184 minor injuries units (MIUs). The primary outcome was availability of MRI imaging direct from the ED. We also report the specifics of patient management pathways for suspected scaphoid fractures in EDs, MIUs, and orthopaedic services. Overall, 62 of 87 centres (71%) had a guideline for the management of suspected scaphoid fractures. Results A total of 11 of 87 centres (13%) had MRI directly available from the ED. Overall, 14 centres (17%) used cross-sectional imaging direct from the ED: MRI in 11 (13%), CT in three (3%), and a mixture of MRI/CT in one (1%). Four centres (6%) used cross-sectional imaging direct from the MIU: MRI in three (4%) and CT in two (2%). Of 87 centres’ orthopaedic specialist services, 74 (85%) obtained repeat radiographs, while the most common form of definitive imaging used was MRI in 55 (63%), CT in 16 (19%), mixture of MRI/CT in three (3%), and radiographs in 11 (13%). Conclusion Only a small minority of centres currently offer MRI directly from the ED for patients with a suspected scaphoid fracture. Further research is needed to investigate the facilitators and barriers to the implementation of NICE guidance. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(11):997–1003.
COVID-19 vaccine confidence and hesitancy among health care workers: A cross-sectional survey from a MERS-CoV experienced nation
Authors: Barry Mazin , Temsah Mohamad-Hani , Alhuzaimi Abdullah , Alamro Nurah , Al-Eyadhy Ayman , Aljamaan Fadi , Saddik Basema , Alhaboob Ali , Alsohime Fahad , Alhasan Khalid , Alrabiaah Abdulkarim , Alaraj Ali , Halwani Rabih , Jamal Amr , Alsubaie Sarah , Al-Shahrani Fatimah S. , Memish Ziad A. , Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A. 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine perception, acceptance, confidence, hesitancy, and barriers among health care workers (HCWs).MethodsAn online national cross-sectional pilot-validated questionnaire was self-administered by HCWs in Saudi Arabia, which is a nation with MERS-CoV experience. The main outcome variable was HCWs’ acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine candidates. The factors associated with vaccination acceptance were identified through a logistic regression analysis, and the level of anxiety was measured using a validated instrument to measure general anxiety levels.ResultsOut of the 1512 HCWs who completed the study questionnaire—of which 62.4% were women—70% were willing to receive COVID-19 vaccines. A logistic regression analysis revealed that male HCWs (ORa = 1.551, 95% CI: 1.122–2.144), HCWs who believe in vaccine safety (ORa = 2.151; 95% CI: 1.708–2.708), HCWs who believe that COVID vaccines are the most likely way to stop the pandemic (ORa = 1.539; 95% CI: 1.259–1.881), and HCWs who rely on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website for COVID 19 updates (ORa = 1.505, 95% CI: 1.125–2.013) were significantly associated with reporting a willingness to be vaccinated. However, HCWs who believed that the vaccines were rushed without evidence-informed testing were found to be 60% less inclined to accept COVID-19 vaccines (ORa = 0.394, 95% CI: 0.298–0.522).ConclusionMost HCWs are willing to receive COVID-19 vaccines once they are available; the satisfactoriness of COVID-19 vaccination among HCWs is crucial because health professionals’ knowledge and confidence toward vaccines are important determining factors for not only their own vaccine acceptance but also recommendation for such vaccines to their patients.
Men and infertility in The Gambia: Limited biomedical knowledge and awareness discourage male involvement and exacerbate gender-based impacts of infertility
Authors: Dierickx Susan , Oruko Kelvin Onyango , Clarke Ed , Ceesay Sainey , Pacey Allan , Balen Julie 
Published: November 2021

Introduction
Infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa constitutes an important social and public health problem. Yet, there is a paucity of research on the experiences of men living with infertility, especially in West Africa. This study explored men’s aetiological knowledge, views and experiences of infertility in the West Coast region of The Gambia, West Africa.

Methodology
An explorative qualitative study was conducted among men living in the rural and urban communities of the West Coast region of The Gambia using in-depth interviews. Data collection and analysis were performed concurrently, and thematic data analysis was an iterative process carried out using NVivo 11 Analysis Software.

Results
Gambian men had generally poor knowledge of infertility, allocating it to God, spiritual powers and bodily (biomedical) factors. While societal norms meant that infertility was generally attributed to women, some men allocated male-factor infertility to poor sperm quality and impotence. Infertility threatened participants’ sense of masculinity and resulted in psychosocial distress, including stigma, feelings of isolation, and low self-esteem.

Conclusion
Normative gendered frameworks of infertility result in high levels of female responsibilisation in the Gambian context. Yet men diagnosed with infertility experience significant, often unrecognized, psychological and social distress. We therefore call for increased attention to male-factor infertility, and the promotion of male engagement with infertility-care and services, both of which are essential for successfully addressing infertility and it’s psychosocial consequences in The Gambia.
Contextual factors influencing a training intervention aimed at improved maternal and newborn healthcare in a health zone of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Bogren Malin , Mwambali Sylvie Nabintu , Berg Marie 
Published: November 2021

Background
Maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are among the highest worldwide. As part of a quality improvement programme in a health zone in the DRC aimed at contributing to reduced maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, a three-pillar training intervention around childbirth was developed and implemented in collaboration between Swedish and Congolese researchers and healthcare professionals. The aim of this study is to explore contextual factors influencing this intervention.

Methods
A qualitative research design was used, with data collected through focus group discussions (n = 7) with healthcare professionals involved in the intervention before and at the end (n = 9). Transcribed discussions were inductively analysed using content analysis.

Results
Three generic categories describe the contextual factors influencing the intervention: i) Incentives motivated participants’ efforts to begin a training programme; ii) Involving the local health authorities was important; and (iii) Having physical space, electricity, and equipment in place was crucial.

Conclusions
This study and similar ones highlight that incentives of various types are crucial contextual factors that influence training interventions, and have to be considered already in the planning of such interventions. One such factor is expectations of monetary incentives. To meet this in a small research project like ours would require a reduction of the scale and thus limit the implementation of new evidence-based knowledge into practice aimed at reducing maternal mortality and morbidity.
A machine learning framework for the evaluation of myocardial rotation in patients with noncompaction cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tavares de Melo Marcelo Dantas , Araujo-Filho Jose de Arimatéia Batista , Barbosa José Raimundo , Rocon Camila , Miranda Regis Carlos Danilo , dos Santos Felix Alex , Kalil Filho Roberto , Bocchi Edimar Alcides , Hajjar Ludhmila Abrahão , Tabassian Mahdi , D’hooge Jan , Salemi Vera Maria Cury 
Published: November 2021

Aims
Noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCC) is considered a genetic cardiomyopathy with unknown pathophysiological mechanisms. We propose to evaluate echocardiographic predictors for rigid body rotation (RBR) in NCC using a machine learning (ML) based model.

Methods and results
Forty-nine outpatients with NCC diagnosis by echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (21 men, 42.8±14.8 years) were included. A comprehensive echocardiogram was performed. The layer-specific strain was analyzed from the apical two-, three, four-chamber views, short axis, and focused right ventricle views using 2D echocardiography (2DE) software. RBR was present in 44.9% of patients, and this group presented increased LV mass indexed (118±43.4 vs. 94.1±27.1g/m2, P = 0.034), LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (P< 0.001), E/e’ (12.2±8.68 vs. 7.69±3.13, P = 0.034), and decreased LV ejection fraction (40.7±8.71 vs. 58.9±8.76%, P < 0.001) when compared to patients without RBR. Also, patients with RBR presented a significant decrease of global longitudinal, radial, and circumferential strain. When ML model based on a random forest algorithm and a neural network model was applied, it found that twist, NC/C, torsion, LV ejection fraction, and diastolic dysfunction are the strongest predictors to RBR with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve of 0.93, 0.99, 0.80, and 0.88, respectively.

Conclusion
In this study, a random forest algorithm was capable of selecting the best echocardiographic predictors to RBR pattern in NCC patients, which was consistent with worse systolic, diastolic, and myocardium deformation indices. Prospective studies are warranted to evaluate the role of this tool for NCC risk stratification.
Health promotion interventions for the control of hypertension in Africa, a systematic scoping review from 2011 to 2021
Authors: Shin Jinhee , Konlan Kennedy Diema , Mensah Eugenia 
Published: November 2021

Background
A proportion of hypertension patients live in developing countries with low awareness, poor control capabilities, and limited health resources. Prevention and control of hypertension can be achieved by applying both targeted and population-based health promotion interventions. This study synthesised the health promotion interventions for the control of hypertension in Africa.

Methods
An in-depth search of PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane library, web of science, google scholar yielded 646 titles and 615 after duplicates were removed. Full text (112) was screened, and ten articles were selected. The data analysis method was thematic analysis through the incorporation of convergent synthesis. The major sub-themes that were identified were reduction in the prevalence of hypertension, increase in knowledge, impact and feasibility, role in the reduction of risk factors, and the cost associated with health promotion interventions.

Results
Health promotion interventions led to a remarkable decrease in the prevalence of hypertension, increased knowledge and awareness in the intervention compared to the control groups. Community-based interventions were noted to have a positive impact on people’s adoption of measures to reduce risk or identify early symptoms of hypertension. There was a significant relationship for the reduction in salt consumption, smoking, alcohol use, and increased physical activity after the administration of an intervention. Interventions using community health workers were cost-effective.

Conclusion
To sustain health promotion interventions and achieve control of hypertension especially in the long term, interventions must be culturally friendly and incorporate locally available resources in Africa.
Deep learning algorithm in detecting intracranial hemorrhages on emergency computed tomographies
Authors: Kundisch Almut , Hönning Alexander , Mutze Sven , Kreissl Lutz , Spohn Frederik , Lemcke Johannes , Sitz Maximilian , Sparenberg Paul , Goelz Leonie 
Published: November 2021

Background
Highly accurate detection of intracranial hemorrhages (ICH) on head computed tomography (HCT) scans can prove challenging at high-volume centers. This study aimed to determine the number of additional ICHs detected by an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm and to evaluate reasons for erroneous results at a level I trauma center with teleradiology services.

Methods
In a retrospective multi-center cohort study, consecutive emergency non-contrast HCT scans were analyzed by a commercially available ICH detection software (AIDOC, Tel Aviv, Israel). Discrepancies between AI analysis and initial radiology report (RR) were reviewed by a blinded neuroradiologist to determine the number of additional ICHs detected and evaluate reasons leading to errors.

Results
4946 HCT (05/2020-09/2020) from 18 hospitals were included in the analysis. 205 reports (4.1%) were classified as hemorrhages by both radiology report and AI. Out of a total of 162 (3.3%) discrepant reports, 62 were confirmed as hemorrhages by the reference neuroradiologist. 33 ICHs were identified exclusively via RRs. The AI algorithm detected an additional 29 instances of ICH, missed 12.4% of ICH and overcalled 1.9%; RRs missed 10.9% of ICHs and overcalled 0.2%. Many of the ICHs missed by the AI algorithm were located in the subarachnoid space (42.4%) and under the calvaria (48.5%). 85% of ICHs missed by RRs occurred outside of regular working-hours. Calcifications (39.3%), beam-hardening artifacts (18%), tumors (15.7%), and blood vessels (7.9%) were the most common reasons for AI overcalls. ICH size, image quality, and primary examiner experience were not found to be significantly associated with likelihood of incorrect AI results.

Conclusion
Complementing human expertise with AI resulted in a 12.2% increase in ICH detection. The AI algorithm overcalled 1.9% HCT.

Trial registration
German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS-ID: DRKS00023593).
A formação de professores em astronomia: uma análise do banco de teses e dissertações sobre educação em astronomía
Authors: Shigunov Neto Alexandre , Langhi Rodolfo 
Published: November 2021

Esta pesquisa pretende apresentar o mapeamento das teses e dissertações relacionados à temática da Formação de Professores em Educação em Astronomia disponibilizados no Banco de Teses e Dissertações sobre Educação em Astronomia. No levantamento de dados, realizado no site, foram identificadas 253 pesquisas que tratam especificamente da temática formação de professores em astronomia. As pesquisas foram divididas em seis categorias: Trabalho Docente, Políticas Públicas e Currículo, Formação Continuada de Professores, Formação Inicial de Professores, Concepções de Docência e Estado da Arte. Evidencia-se que a categoria mais investigada nas Teses e Dissertações defendidas até 2018 foi Trabalho Docente com 66% do total de pesquisas.
Potters in Transition
Authors: Kleiman Sabine 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
For many years, the Late Bronze/Iron Age transition in the southern Levant has been the subject of intense debates concerning chronological matters and cultural developments. Ceramic studies were often the focal point of the discussion, but they usually concentrated on the appearance of Aegean-style pottery in the southern Coastal Plain and the nearby Shephelah, while largely disregarding the indigenous pottery tradition. In this paper, I study the processes of continuity and change in ceramic shape morphology and decoration techniques of three important tell-sites in the Shephelah: Lachish, ʿAzẹqȧ (Tel Azekah) and Ekron. It will be shown that marked innovations took place during the transition to the Iron I. These were most likely triggered by the appearance of foreign potters who produced local Aegean-style wares and seem to have influenced the traditions of the indigenous ceramic workshops. Such insights not only allow a fine-tuning of the relative chronology of the region at the end of the second millennium BCE, but also illuminate the transmission of professional knowledge and cultural traits through the ages.
Ad astra: Graphic Signalling in theAcrostic Hymn of Nebuchadnezzar II(BM 55469)
Authors: Schmidl Martina 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article examines two orthographic features in the Acrostic Hymn of Nebuchadnezzar II. It aims to show that the text makes use of the possibilities of the cuneiform writing system to create various levels of meaning. The first example clarifies structure and content with regard to a difficult passage in the fourth and last stanza of the text, in which a possible change of actors is indicated by an orthographic feature. The second example shows how orthography is used in the first stanza of the text to augment its message. These examples demonstrate how structural elements and micro-features such as orthography were used creatively to enhance the message of the hymn.
Modified inertial subgradient extragradient method for equilibrium problems
Authors: Jolaoso Lateef Olakunle , Shehu Yekini , Nwokoye Regina N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The subgradient extragradient method with inertial extrapolation step x

n
+ θ

n
(x

n
− x

n−1) (also known as inertial subgradient extragradient method) has been studied extensively in the literature for solving variational inequalities and equilibrium problems. Most of the inertial subgradient extragradient methods in the literature for both variational inequalities and equilibrium problems have not considered the special case when the inertial factor θ

n
= 1. The convergence results have always been obtained when the inertial factor θ

n
is assumed 0 ≤ θ

n
< 1. This paper considers the relaxed inertial version of subgradient extragradient method for equilibrium problems with 0 ≤ θ

n
≤ 1. We give both weak and strong convergence results using this inertial subgradient extragradient method and also give some numerical illustrations.
Distinct Roles for Prefrontal Dopamine D1 and D2 Neurons in Social Hierarchy
Authors: Xing Bo , Mack Nancy R. , Zhang Yu-Xiang , McEachern Erin P. , Gao Wen-Jun 
Published: November 2021

Neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) controls dominance hierarchies in groups of animals. Dopamine (DA) strongly modulates PFC activity mainly through D1 receptors (D1Rs) and D2 receptors (D2Rs). Still, it is unclear how these two subpopulations of DA receptor-expressing neurons in the PFC regulate social dominance hierarchy. Here, we demonstrate distinct roles for prefrontal D1R- and D2R-expressing neurons in establishing social hierarchy, with D1R+neurons determining dominance and D2R+neurons for subordinate.Ex vivowhole-cell recordings revealed that the dominant status of male mice correlates with rectifying AMPAR transmission and stronger excitatory synaptic strength onto D1R+neurons in PFC pyramidal neurons. In contrast, the submissive status is associated with higher neuronal excitability in D2R+neurons. Moreover, simultaneous manipulations of synaptic efficacy of D1R+neurons in dominant male mice and neuronal excitability of D2R+neurons of their male subordinates switch their dominant–subordinate relationship. These results reveal that prefrontal D1R+and D2R+neurons have distinct but synergistic functions in the dominance hierarchy, and DA-mediated regulation of synaptic strengths acts as a powerful behavioral determinant of intermale social rank.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDominance hierarchy exists widely among animals who confront social conflict. Studies have indicated that social status largely relies on the neuronal activity in the PFC, but how dopamine influences social hierarchy via subpopulation of prefrontal neurons is still elusive. Here, we explore the cell type-specific role of dopamine receptor-expressing prefrontal neurons in the dominance–subordinate relationship. We found that the synaptic strength of D1 receptor-expressing neurons determines the dominant status, whereas hyperactive D2-expressing neurons are associated with the subordinate status. These findings highlight how social conflicts recruit distinct cortical microcircuits to drive different behaviors and reveal how D1- and D2-receptor enriched neurocircuits in the PFC establish a social hierarchy.
Between Victims of Crime and Victims of Terrorism
Authors: Farber Shai , Benichou Nethanel 
Published: November 2021

In June 2018, a new Reform came into effect in the Judea and Samaria Area (the West Bank; hereinafter “the Area”). For the first time, victims of terror activity that was adjudicated in military courts in the Area, acting under international law, were given statutory rights. These victims were awarded new procedural rights, including the right to receive information regarding the proceedings against the defendant, updates regarding plea bargains, release from prison, and pardon. The rights that crime victims are now entitled to, following the Reform, will allow them to state their opinion on and take part in the proceeding, though not entirely so.
The article describes the new Reform regarding victims of terrorism in the Area. It explains the legal, international, and social factors that were at the basis of the Reform. It portrays how these changes are compliant with principles of international law and of foreign legal systems relating to enhancing the protection of crime victims. The article then explores the normative changes expected as a result of the Reform and performs a preliminary evaluation of future developments resulting from its application, de facto. Simultaneously, the article poses criticism to certain aspects of the Reform, such as regarding the enforcement of compensation awarded to victims of terrorism in the Area, and offers suggestions for improvement.