bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality
Authors: Sin Julie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the topic of health services quality from a commissioning and whole population perspective. Quality is noted to be a multidimensional concept and dimensions of quality are considered. The role of the commissioner in maintaining and improving quality of services is explored, and this is seen within a wider backdrop of a health system with commissioner and provider functions (if there are such distinctions in the system). Commissioners need to know whether they are securing quality care for their population for the money spent. They also need an understanding of how this dovetails with the provider perspective on this topic. Commissioners also need to be able to articulate what they wish to assess in practice under the guise of quality. Finally, at a system level there are also bearings on how to compile and interpret a picture of a population’s health if needed.
Introduction
Authors: Hone Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
When and how did Pope become the literary colossus we know today? Until now scholars of Pope’s early career have focused on his involvement with the so-called ‘Scriblerus Club’ comprising Swift, Arbuthnot, Gay, and Parnell, and the circles of famous authors such as Joseph Addison and William Wycherley. This introduction begins by setting out a new context for understanding Pope’s early career: in the literary circles dominated by the Duke of Buckingham and his friends. It then explains the holistic methodological approach of the book and how its questions intersect with existing scholarship on Pope and his world. This is followed by a brief outline of the chapters.
Manuscript Circulation
Authors: Hone Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter challenges enduring assumptions about Pope’s early uses of scribal publication. Drawing on a wealth of famous and hitherto overlooked or unknown manuscript sources, it reconstructs the early circulation of Pope’s poems. The chapter explores the methods by which Pope’s fair copy holographs circulated among select readers and, in the second section, examine important differences between the manuscript and printed texts of his poems. The third section traces the distribution of his early poems in contemporary manuscript miscellanies. Pope’s earliest manuscript readers, it argues, viewed him as the latest addition to a grand tradition of seventeenth-century royalist poetry. The last section of the chapter investigates what remains of Pope’s juvenile epic, Alcander, Prince of Rhodes. Tracing the textual history of the Alcander manuscript from its origins in 1701 to its destruction in 1717, it argues that the poem’s non-appearance in print was probably due to political factors rather than literary ones.
Introduction. The War Lawyers and the Self-Legalization of the Military
Authors: Jones Craig 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis introductory chapter provides an overview of the book’s scope, aims, methods, and arguments. It argues that in recent decades the United States and Israel have been at the forefront of efforts to widen the scope and space of what constitutes a permissible military target. This has been achieved not by ignoring or circumventing the laws of war but through extensive and diligent interpretive legal work. These interpretive efforts signal not so much an assault on international law (as some have claimed); rather, they represent an assault through international law, whereby its language and content are employed in the service of mission success. The chapter also explains how and why military lawyers became integrated in the ‘kill chain’—the bureaucratic process by which targets are identified and attacked. Key legal, military, and analytical terms are explained en route.
Targeting Gaza
Authors: Jones Craig 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines how Israel Defense Force (IDF) lawyers came to play a crucial role in aerial targeting operations in Gaza and how they helped to develop a targeted killing policy in the post-2000 Second Intifada period. It outlines the historical roots of the Military Advocate General Corps (MAG Corps) in the creation and administration of the occupied Palestinian Territories. It then shows how in the early 2000s Israeli military lawyers became instrumental in devising new legal concepts and categories to expand the definition of what (and who, under what circumstances) constitutes a lawful target. It further argues that Israeli military lawyers have been pivotal in calibrating military violence in all of the recent major aerial assaults on Gaza, including ‘Operation Cast lead’ (2008–2009), ‘Operation Pillar of Defense’ (2012), and ‘Operation Protective Edge’ (2014). The mutual influence of US and Israeli targeting policies is also examined.
The Kill Chain (I)
Authors: Jones Craig 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis is the first of two chapters analysing the role of military lawyers in the contemporary US kill chain. This chapter focuses on deliberate (planned) targeting operations and the routine nature of legal advice at a key location in the US targeting apparatus—the Combined Air Operations Center (CAOC) in Qatar. Military lawyers participate throughout the ‘targeting cycle’ giving legal, operational, and public relations advice. In contrast to inflated claims about the ‘total’ visibility of the battlespace, planned operations are beset with gaps in intelligence and emergent events. Legal oversight is far from complete, given the scale of lawyer deployment. Moreover, the legal frameworks that military lawyers bring to bear on the kill chain are malleable and open to a wide range of interpretations. In practice, this means that the constraining function of targeting law often loses out to its enabling function with consequences for who and what is targeted.
General Introduction
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
First, this introduction sets out the main objective of this book, which is to determine the status and evaluate the contribution made by the three foremost environmental principles—polluter-pays, prevention, and precaution—to the construction of environmental law at the international, EU, and national levels. Second, it highlights that the concept of risk has become the activating concept of modern environmental law. Most of the environmental risks produced by industrial society have been the subject of preventive regulatory measures. This introduction explains that a new generation of risks has emerged due to the general inability of scientists to make reliable predictions about hazards due to uncertainties or insufficient knowledge and, on the other hand, by the impossibility of assessing the character of damage that might occur. It focuses on the possibility that law-makers may choose more open concepts, particularly those principles for which no fixed definition can be found.
Part I Conclusions
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The conclusion highlights that the polluter-pays, preventive, and precautionary principles must be considered in terms of interaction rather than opposition, particularly since they are operationally interdependent. Indeed, the precautionary principle calls for the presence of prevention, which in turn implies support for the polluter-pays principle. A preventive policy that would no longer be financed by the polluter-pays principle would be destined to fail. In addition, the conclusions of Part I highlight that the polluter-pays, preventative, and precautionary principles are well represented in positive law; they are helping to shape new legal instruments and adapt mechanisms, not necessarily specific to environmental law, intended to achieve protective ends.
Theoretical Presentation of Modern and Post-Modern Principles
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by identifying the various elements that together define modern and post-modern law. How legal principles function within each of these legal models, for both international and municipal law, is explained, with particular attention to the role they assume in the field of environmental law. The chapter highlights the distinction that must be made between general principles of law, which are characteristic of modernity, and directing principles, which are better suited to adapting to the shifting forms that characterize current public policies including environmental policy. It demonstrates that directing principles do not represent a complete break with modernity, since they eventually result in the rediscovery of the same values upon which modernity is based. Finally, the chapter explains that post-modernity is not merely a chaotic system composed of anti-modern elements; rather, it is a system whereby chaotic elements are ordered differently from modern law.
The Legal Status of the Directing Principles of Environmental Law: From Political Slogans to Normative Principles
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains that the fact that these directing principles are set out in texts of varying status does not deprive them of normative effect. On the other hand, by being recognized in provisions with normative effect, the polluter-pays, prevention, and precautionary principles have specific normative effect rather than being mere regulatory ideals. This chapter clarifies the fact that the legal status of the directing principles is quite unusual and typifies post-modern law in that they are akin to norms whose content is somewhat vague and that they therefore lend themselves to a wide range of applications.
Constituent Power in the European Union
Authors: Patberg Markus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The European Union (EU) has been through almost two decades of near-constant constitutional crisis. The failure of the Constitutional Treaty was followed in quick succession by the struggles about the Lisbon Treaty, the Eurozone emergency, Brexit, and, recently, Corona-crisis-induced conflicts about financial solidarity. Over the course of these events, it has become clear that the EU’s constitutional development largely evades popular control. At the same time, the EU faces increasing politicization from below. While Eurosceptic forces seek to ‘take back control’ at the national level, pro-European citizens challenge the role of the states as the ‘masters of the treaties’. They reclaim what—in their view—has been illegitimately withheld from them: the right to shape the EU polity. This book advances the argument that these developments prompt the need for a theory of constituent power in the EU. The reason why European integration eludes citizen control and meets with growing discontent is that it allows constituted powers to operate as de facto constituent powers. Starting from claims to founding authority articulated in public narratives, the book explores competing models of constituent power in the EU—regional cosmopolitanism, demoi-cracy, split popular sovereignty, and destituent power—revealing their respective strengths and weaknesses. Rationally reconstructing established democratic practices of EU constitutional politics, it develops a new theory of constituent power in the EU. Addressing questions of the adequate conceptualization, allocation, agency, and institutionalization of constituent power, the book opens up the prospect of a more democratic mode of European integration.
Conclusion
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter concludes by drawing attention to a parallel between Kant’s early critics (including Karl Reinhold, Leonard Creuzer, and Solomon Maimon) and present-day Kantians. Surprisingly, the chapter shows that these contemporary arguments are closer, both in spirit and strategy, to those first post-Kantians who claimed to be revising or rejecting Kant’s position. Both seek to derive the normativity of moral requirements from a more basic conception of action, agency, or rationality. On the reading of Kant defended in this book, Kant himself was never attracted to such a foundationalist strategy of justification in his mature writings. The chapter concludes by suggesting that Kant’s reasons for resisting foundationalism in ethics give us reasons to critically reassess recent Kantian arguments for moral normativity.
The Theology of Prayer
Authors: Stokes Christopher 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter is archivally based: it lays out three broad traditions of thinking about prayer that were developed across the eighteenth century and inherited by the Romantics, drawing on sermons, essays, polemics, guides to prayer, and other genres of religious print culture. The mainstream tradition, associated with Anglicanism, is ‘reasonable devotion’, which attempts to give a pragmatic account of prayer as a duty and a discipline of self. Elements of this were extended in the rationalist tradition, which attempted to exorcise the archaic and supernatural overtones of prayer and ended up challenging some of its key elements (e.g. address to God, petition). Finally, the Evangelical Revival espoused an emotionally intense, transformational idea of prayer as the soul’s most fundamental voice of joy and despair. The chapter concludes by reviewing prayer, as an idea, on the cusp of the Romantic era.
‘Unlike the God of human Error’
Authors: Stokes Christopher 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets off from the nature of Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron as so-called atheist poets. What occurs to the historical and aesthetic affinity between poetry and prayer when prayer is abandoned as a viable language? For Shelley, the crucial thing is to position prayer as a political act. This chapter’s readings trace how he tries to move beyond a bleak connection between prayer and a theology implying a despotic and monarchical deity towards rehabilitating prayer as an act of love. For Byron, his own torn and troubled relation to religion finds expression in the prayerful prayerlessness of his anti-heroes, figures who reject prayer, but also cannot help but mimic or parody prayerful states. The analysis ends with an alternative devotional piety embodied in the figure of Adah, the heroine of Byron’s poetic drama of exile and rebellion, Cain.
The Congo Free State, Atrocity Tales, and Human Rights History
Authors: Nault Derrick M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter One, which explores the colonial roots of human rights, suggests that ideas resembling modern human rights first emerged in the 1890s in response to atrocities in the Congo Free State. It shows that as reports of horrific abuses of Africans under Belgian King Leopold II’s rule circulated worldwide, a shocked international community, using language and concepts resembling contemporary human rights discourses, was stirred to challenge violations of Africans’ rights, propose ways to prevent future infractions, and demand punishments for perpetrators of mass atrocities. While these nineteenth-century visions of human rights did not immediately lead to an international system of human rights protection, the chapter suggests that they nonetheless represented an important precedent for contemporary human rights norms and institutions.
Haile Selassie, the League of Nations, and Human Rights Diplomacy
Authors: Nault Derrick M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter Three proposes that former Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie I, a figure rarely mentioned in histories of human rights, made significant contributions in the realm of human rights diplomacy in the 1930s. Following Fascist Italy’s invasion of his nation in 1935, he persistently lobbied the League of Nations to uphold Ethiopia’s right to self-determination and punish Italy’s use of chemical weapons and other violations of the Geneva Protocol and Hague Conventions, raising international awareness of Italian war crimes in Africa. As is also shown, he adroitly drew attention to the shortcomings of the League’s Covenant, providing vital lessons for the founding of the United Nations (UN). While Selassie was deposed in the 1970s due to numerous failures as a leader, the chapter demonstrates that for almost three decades he enthralled the international community and prompted rethinking on Europe’s relations with its African colonies that had long-term significance for human rights.
Africa, the United Nations, and Third Generation Rights
Authors: Nault Derrick M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter Four assesses Africa’s contributions to ‘third generation’ rights—‘solidarity’ or ‘group rights’ that emerged in tandem with decolonization after World War II. It traces the genealogy of three such human rights incorporated into the mandate of the United Nations (UN) from the 1950s to 1980s—the right to self-determination, the right to racial non-discrimination, and the right to development—arguing that African political lobbying proved decisive for the recognition and codification of these interrelated rights at the UN. Through writings and speeches critical of colonialism, racism, and global inequality; cultivating alliances with non-African Third World nations; and making the United Nations a more inclusive and representative international body, African leaders, it is shown, helped redefine human rights at the UN in ways that continue to reverberate in our own era.
‘An Initiated Mystic’
Authors: Hewitt Seán 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Opening with an anecdote about Synge’s attempts at telepathy, and using much archival material, this chapter reveals Synge’s engagement with occultism, showing it to be not only pervasive but integral to his work. Although Synge as occultist has never been granted credence in studies of the writer, he read widely in occult literature, covering theosophy, magic, telepathy, and other pseudosciences. This reading coincided with Synge’s engagement with socialism, and the two interests were closely linked. Focusing principally on Synge’s major prose work The Aran Islands (1907), the chapter draws on numerous drafts, along with Synge’s ‘Autobiography’ and ‘Étude Morbide’, to show that Synge made recourse to occult mysticism in response to moments of fragmentation, where modernity becomes most pressing and disruptive. In this way, the first chapter introduces Synge as a mystical thinker and a leftist writer whose works were a nuanced and self-reflexive reaction to modernity. It also introduces the key methodology of the book as a whole, mobilizing Synge’s archives and reading diaries, and bringing to light new source materials in order to illuminate the processes of influence and authorial revision at work behind his texts. Using works by Madame Blavatsky, Maurice Maeterlinck, Annie Besant, William Morris, W. B. Yeats, Laurence Oliphant, and others, this chapter places Synge back into the context of fin de siècle occultism, and in doing so reveals the roots of his synthesis of mystic and political thought.
Conspiracy Literature in Early Renaissance Italy
Authors: Celati Marta 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The present work represents the first full-length investigation of Italian Renaissance literature on the topic of conspiracy. This literary output consists of texts belonging to different genres that enjoyed widespread diffusion in the second half of the fifteenth century, when the development of these literary writings proves to be closely connected with the affirmation of a centralized political thought and princely ideology in Italian states. The centrality of the issue of conspiracies in the political and cultural context of the Italian Renaissance emerges clearly also in the sixteenth century in Machiavelli’s work, where the topic is closely interlaced with the problems of building political consensus and the management of power. This monograph focuses on the most significant Quattrocento texts examined as case studies (representative of different states, literary genres, and of both prominent authors—Alberti, Poliziano, Pontano—and minor but important literati) and on Machiavelli’s works where this political theme is particularly pivotal, marking a continuity, but also a turning point, with respect to the preceding authors. Through an interdisciplinary analysis across literature, history, philology and political philosophy, this study traces the evolution of literature on plots in early Renaissance Italy, pointing out the key function of the classical tradition in it, and the recurring narrative approaches, historiographical techniques, and ideological angles that characterize the literary transfiguration of the topic. This investigation also offers a reconsideration and re-definition of the complex facets of fifteenth-century political literature, which played a crucial role in the development of a new theory of statecraft.
Introduction
Authors: Celati Marta 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The first section is a general introduction to Italian Early Renaissance literature on the topic of conspiracies. It sets out the theoretical basis of this study, providing the definition of the ‘thematic genre’ of texts on political plots and contextualizing it within the historical, cultural, and political background of the fifteenth and early sixteenth century. This substantial corpus consists of texts produced in different political centres and through different literary forms, but with significant thematic and ideological traits in common. The expansion of this kind of literature, in an epoch that can be rightly defined an ‘age of conspiracies’, is connected with the concentration of political power in the hands of newly established leaders. In this scenario, the fruitful interaction between literature and politics is evident in the development of two intertwined genres: historical-literary works on plots and political treatises de principe, texts that are informed by similar political perspectives and contribute to the legitimization of new types of authorities. The crucial implications that the issue of conspiracy had in the literary debate on princely power will also emerge clearly in the following century in Machiavelli’s thought. This chapter additionally introduces the crucial role played by the classical tradition in this ‘thematic’ literature. Sallust is predictably the chief source, but all texts are based on the recovery of manifold classical models and display a complex process of imitation that affects structural, thematic, stylistic, and ideological aspects. The last section offers an overview of the main fifteenth-century texts on plots.