bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular design of polymer coatings capable of photo‐triggered stress relaxation via dynamic covalent bond exchange
Authors: Mineo Autumn M. , Buck Maren E. , Katsumata Reika 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPolymer coatings are frequently used to modify surface properties of inorganic substrates. However, the disparity in physical properties between polymer film and substrate often leads to residual stress development, which can be deleterious to the overall performance of coated materials. This work reports the molecular design of polymer films that dissipate stress upon irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light. These polymers are synthesized by post‐polymerization modification of the reactive polymer, poly(2‐vinyl‐4,4‐dimethyl azlactone), to introduce dynamic crosslinks capable of light‐initiated addition transfer fragmentation chemistry. Using a custom‐built optical cantilever, contrasting film stress responses are observed between films containing dynamic bonds and analogous control films after UV light irradiation, which indicate successful stress relaxation. Further experiments demonstrate the complete relaxation of residual stress in dynamic films after an extended exposure, thereby generating a “stress‐free” film. Films fabricated using this approach can be easily tailored to incorporate additional moieties to introduce desired surface properties for future application in a wide array of coatings.
Bilateral lung transplantation in a 9‐year‐old girl with bronchopulmonary dysplasia with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Ota Chiharu , Saito Ryoko , Tominaga Junya , Iwasawa Shinya , Hirama Takashi , Matsuda Yasushi , Ono Katsunori , Onoki Takehiko , Kimura Masato , Kawabata Yoshinori , Okada Yoshinori 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundBronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic respiratory disease that occurs in premature infants and the prognosis is variable depending on the comorbidities including fibrosis, emphysema, or pulmonary hypertension (PH). We present a case of a 9‐year‐old girl who developed PH associated with severe BPD (BPD‐PH) and underwent bilateral lung transplantation (BLTx). Case description A 9‐year‐old girl was admitted to our department to undergo BLTx. She was born at 23 weeks and 4 days gestation with a weight of 507 g. She received ventilation for the first 2 months and required further respiratory care due to repetitive, severe respiratory infections. She was diagnosed with BPD‐PH at 6 months of age and oral administration of pulmonary vasodilators were initiated. She was registered as a lung transplant candidate at 4 years of age after the life‐threatening exacerbation. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed severe lung conditions with ground‐glass opacities and emphysematous low‐density areas in the upper and lower lobes. BLTx from a brain‐dead male donor was performed. The pathological findings of her resected lung revealed saccular, hypoplastic lung with alveolar repair/regeneration, and medial hypertrophy and muscularization of peripheral arteries. The postoperative course was mostly uneventful. She was free from oxygen administration and showed no signs of PH after 6 months of the surgery.ConclusionThis is the first case report of BLTx in a pediatric, irreversible BPD‐PH patient with detailed pathohistological findings and clinical examination. Lung transplantation is one of the treatment options for severe BPD‐PH.
Target classification in the 14th round of the critical assessment of protein structure prediction (CASP14)
Authors: Kinch Lisa N. , Schaeffer R. Dustin , Kryshtafovych Andriy , Grishin Nick V. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAn evolutionary‐based definition and classification of target evaluation units (EUs) is presented for the 14th round of the critical assessment of structure prediction (CASP14). CASP14 targets included 84 experimental models submitted by various structural groups (designated T1024–T1101). Targets were split into EUs based on the domain organization of available templates and performance of server groups. Several targets required splitting (19 out of 25 multidomain targets) due in part to observed conformation changes. All in all, 96 CASP14 EUs were defined and assigned to tertiary structure assessment categories (Topology‐based FM or High Accuracy‐based TBM‐easy and TBM‐hard) considering their evolutionary relationship to existing ECOD fold space: 24 family level, 50 distant homologs (H‐group), 12 analogs (X‐group), and 10 new folds. Principal component analysis and heatmap visualization of sequence and structure similarity to known templates as well as performance of servers highlighted trends in CASP14 target difficulty. The assigned evolutionary levels (i.e., H‐groups) and assessment classes (i.e., FM) displayed overlapping clusters of EUs. Many viral targets diverged considerably from their template homologs and thus were more difficult for prediction than other homology‐related targets. On the other hand, some targets did not have sequence‐identifiable templates, but were predicted better than expected due to relatively simple arrangements of secondary structural elements. An apparent improvement in overall server performance in CASP14 further complicated traditional classification, which ultimately assigned EUs into high‐accuracy modeling (27 TBM‐easy and 31 TBM‐hard), topology (23 FM), or both (15 FM/TBM).
Relativistic frozen density embedding calculations of solvent effects on the nuclear magnetic resonance shielding constants of transition metal nuclei
Authors: Olejniczak Małgorzata , Antušek Andrej , Jaszuński Michał 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance shielding constants of transition metals in solvated complexes are computed at the relativistic density functional theory (DFT) level. The solvent effects evaluated with subsystem‐DFT approaches are compared with the reference solvent shifts predicted from supermolecular calculations. Two subsystem‐DFT approaches are analyzed—in the standard frozen density embedding (FDE) scheme the transition metal complexes are embedded in an environment of solvent molecules whose density is kept frozen, in the second approach the densities of the complex and of its environment are relaxed in the “freeze‐and‐thaw” procedure. The latter approach improves the description of the solvent effects in most cases, nevertheless the FDE deficiencies are rather large in some cases.
Strategy for the multi‐component characterization and quality evaluation of volatile organic components in Kaixin San by correlating the analysis by headspace gas chromatography/ion mobility spectrometry and headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Yin Jiaxin , Lin Ruimei , Wu Mengfan , Ding Hui , Han Lifeng , Yang Wenzhi , Song Xinbo , Li Wenlong , Qu Haibin , Yu Heshui , Li Zheng 
Published: August 2021

RationaleKaixin San (KXS) is a prescription traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with the effects of “tonifying the kidney and brain” and “improving memory”. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in KXS could effectively improve senile dementia and depression, but only few studies have focused on the overall characterization of VOCs in KXS and the quantitative study of the main active components.MethodsWe have developed a strategy to correlate the results from headspace gas chromatography/ion mobility spectrometry (HS‐GC/IMS) and headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS‐GC/MS) for the comprehensive characterization of VOCs in KXS and the quantitative analysis of the main pharmacodynamic substances.ResultsA totsal of 68 low molecular weight VOCs were identified in KXS by HS‐GC/IMS at room temperature and atmospheric pressure; 117 VOCs were identified and 10 components (isocalamenediol,α‐asarone,β‐asarone, methyl eugenol, isoeugenol methyl ether, camphor, anethol, 2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphol, linalool, asarylaldehyde) as the quality markers of KXS based on HS‐GC/MS.ConclusionsThis results from this study provide a foundation for quality control, pharmacodynamic mechanism research and further development of KXS, and provides more convincing data supporting the VOCs of other natural products.
The Role of Neural and Genetic Processes in Learning to Read and Specific Reading Disabilities: Implications for Instruction
Authors: Church Jessica A. , Grigorenko Elena L. , Fletcher Jack M. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTTo learn to read, the brain must repurpose neural systems for oral language and visual processing to mediate written language. We begin with a description of computational models for how alphabetic written language is processed. Next, we explain the roles of a dorsal sublexical system in the brain that relates print and speech, a ventral lexical system that develops the visual expertise for rapid orthographic processing at the word level, and the role of cognitive control networks that regulate attentional processes as children read. We then use studies of children, adult illiterates learning to read, and studies of poor readers involved in intervention, to demonstrate the plasticity of these neural networks in development and in relation to instruction. We provide a brief overview of the rapid increase in the field’s understanding and technology for assessing genetic influence on reading. Family studies of twins have shown that reading skills are heritable, and molecular genetic studies have identified numerous regions of the genome that may harbor candidate genes for the heritability of reading. In selected families, reading impairment has been associated with major genetic effects, despite individual gene contributions across the broader population that appear to be small. Neural and genetic studies do not prescribe how children should be taught to read, but these studies have underscored the critical role of early intervention and ongoing support. These studies also have highlighted how structured instruction that facilitates access to the sublexical components of words is a critical part of training the brain to read.
Comparison of a human portable blood glucose meter and automated chemistry analyser for measurement of blood glucose concentrations in healthy dogs
Authors: Ismail‐Hamdi Sihem , Romdane Mohamed Néjib , Ben Romdhane Samir 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBlood glucose measurement is one of the most commonly performed clinical diagnostic tests used to monitor glycaemia in several animal diseases. Usually, these laboratory analyses are performed on blood venous samples in remote laboratories, and the results are delayed, at best. The use of portable glucometers could evidently solve many constraints but veterinary‐use glucometers are not usually available. The present study aimed to compare blood glucose levels obtained by Bionime glucometer to the reference method using glucose oxidase. Venous blood was collected from a total number of 140 healthy dogs (72 males and 68 females), of different breeds (28 German Shepherd, 27 Pitt bull, 21 Boxer, 24 Rottweiler and 40 cross‐bred dogs) and different ages (range: 3 months–14 years) for glucose measurement using the reference laboratory method. Capillary blood samples were used to conduct a glucose measurement with a human‐use glucometer. Our results revealed that there was no significant difference between the mean capillary blood glucose (CBG) measured with the human‐use glucometer (5.06 ± 0.84 mmol/L) and the mean venous blood glucose (VBG) measured with the laboratory reference method (4.90 ± 0.73 mmol/L) (p = 0.42). Similarly, there was no significant difference of the mean CBG and VBG in male dogs (5.11 ± 0.88 and 4.97 ± 0.75 mmol/L, respectively) and female dogs (5.01 ± 0.81 and 5.07 ± 0.72 mmol/L, respectively) (p = 0.73 and 0.21, respectively), and no correlation to neither age (5.43 ± 0.90 and 5.20 ± 0.70 mmol/L in 3 to 6 month‐old dogs, 5.03 ± 0.82 and 4.94 ± 0.79 mmol/L in 6 months to 1 year‐old, 4.94 ± 0.67 and 5.13 ± 0.66 mmol/L in 1 to 4 year‐old dogs; 4.88 ± 0.94 and 4.80 ± 0.75 mmol/L in dogs older than 4 years, respectively, p < 0.05), nor to breed (4.94 ± 1.01 and 4.99 ± 0.79 mmol/L in German Shepherd, 5.13 ± 0.84 and 4.99 ± 0.79 mmol/L in Pitt Bull, 5.07 ± 0.94 and 5.07 ± 0.77 mmol/L in Boxer, 5.40 ± 0.59 and 5.48 ± 0.55 mmol/L in Rottweiler and 4.89 ± 0.75 and 4.77 ± 0.59 mmol/L in cross‐bred dogs, respectively, p < 0.05). The present study confirms that human glucometer can be used to measure glucose in dogs with a good accuracy.
Potential secondary effects of in‐stream wood structures installed for natural flood management: A conceptual model
Authors: Lo Ho Wen , Smith Mark , Klaar Megan , Woulds Clare 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe use of in‐stream wood is one of the most commonly employed natural flood management (NFM) techniques. The effectiveness of NFM wood structures in reducing flood risks (i.e., their “primary” effect) has been relatively well documented. However, their additional or “secondary” effects on other natural processes have not been fully evaluated. These secondary effects can be inferred by reviewing previous studies that scrutinized natural wood accumulations or artificial wood structures constructed for purposes other than NFM. The degree of contact with base flows and the stream bed provides a broad classification of NFM wood structures. Having considered the similarities between NFM wood structures and other in‐stream wood types, it is suggested that the following geomorphic effects are common to all types of NFM wood structures: pool formation; accumulation of clasts immediately upstream; buffering against stream bed coarsening; and bank erosion, causing channel widening and the formation of floodplain channels. These geomorphic changes contribute to stream bed heterogeneity, potentially creating new niches for aquatic organisms such as macroinvertebrates. Moreover, NFM wood structures may retain benthic organisms accidentally flushed away during flood events, serving as sources of colonists during phases of recovery. Geomorphic changes induced by NFM wood structures may also contribute to spatial variation in rates of biogeochemical processing. Accumulation of fine sediments in some areas may provide more surfaces for the attachment of organic matter and micro‐organisms, hence increasing benthic metabolic rates. Stream bed scouring in other areas may lead to sediment instability, suppressing the growth of micro‐organisms and benthic metabolic rates.This article is categorized under:
Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
Science of Water > Water Extremes
Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water
Competing risks analysis for discrete time‐to‐event data
Authors: Schmid Matthias , Berger Moritz 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article presents an overview of statistical methods for the analysis of discrete failure times with competing events. We describe the most commonly used modeling approaches for this type of data, including discrete versions of the cause‐specific hazards model and the subdistribution hazard model. In addition to discussing the characteristics of these methods, we present approaches to nonparametric estimation and model validation. Our literature review suggests that discrete competing‐risks analysis has gained substantial interest in the research community and is used regularly in econometrics, biostatistics, and educational research.This article is categorized under:
Statistical Models > Survival Models
Statistical Models > Semiparametric Models
Statistical Models > Generalized Linear Models
The 2020 Violent Change in Government in Kyrgyzstan Amid the Covid-19 Pandemic: Three Distinct Stories in One
Authors: Doolotkeldieva Asel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe day after the election night, on October 5th of 2020, several thousand Kyrgyz citizens poured in the direction of the main square of the capital Bishkek to denounce fraudulent elections. An estimated 1,250 people were injured, and one young person died. This third violent change of government in Kyrgyzstan’s short history of independence can be best understood as a combination of three distinct stories coming together under an unprecedented external shock produced by the coronavirus. First, a genuine citizen mobilization was triggered by the pandemic-related economic decline and rigged elections. Second, the initial peaceful protest was hijacked, to the surprise of the many, by a populist leader capitalizing on long-existing societal polarization. Third, the spectacular unfolding of the intra-opposition struggle downplays an important process of oligarchization, underlying the shaky grounds of patronal presidentialism in pluralist systems.
Scattering in Quantum Dots via Noncommutative Rational Functions
Authors: Erdős László , Krüger Torben , Nemish Yuriy 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the customary random matrix model for transport in quantum dots withMinternal degrees of freedom coupled to a chaotic environment via$$N\ll M$$N≪Mchannels, the density$$\rho $$ρof transmission eigenvalues is computed from a specific invariant ensemble for which explicit formula for the joint probability density of all eigenvalues is available. We revisit this problem in the largeNregime allowing for (i) arbitrary ratio$$\phi := N/M\le 1$$ϕ:=N/M≤1; and (ii) general distributions for the matrix elements of the Hamiltonian of the quantum dot. In the limit$$\phi \rightarrow 0$$ϕ→0, we recover the formula for the density$$\rho $$ρthat Beenakker (Rev Mod Phys 69:731–808, 1997) has derived for a special matrix ensemble. We also prove that the inverse square root singularity of the density at zero and full transmission in Beenakker’s formula persists for any$$\phi <1$$ϕ<1but in the borderline case$$\phi =1$$ϕ=1an anomalous$$\lambda ^{-2/3}$$λ-2/3singularity arises at zero. To access this level of generality, we develop the theory of global and local laws on the spectral density of a large class of noncommutative rational expressions in large random matrices with i.i.d. entries.
A novel lung-avoidance planning strategy based on 4DCT ventilation imaging and CT density characteristics for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Feng AiHui , Shao Yan , Wang Hao , Chen Hua , Gu HengLe , Duan YanHua , Gan WuTian , Xu ZhiYong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Functional planning based merely on 4DCT ventilation imaging has limitations. In this study, we proposed a radiotherapy planning strategy based on 4DCT ventilation imaging and CT density characteristics.

Materials and methods
For 20 stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, clinical plans and lung-avoidance plans were generated. Through deformable image registration (DIR) and quantitative image analysis, a 4DCT ventilation map was calculated. High-, medium-, and low-ventilation regions of the lung were defined based on the ventilation value. In addition, the total lung was also divided into high-, medium-, and low-density areas according to the HU threshold. The lung-avoidance plan aimed to reduce the dose to functional and high-density lungs while meeting standard target and critical structure constraints. Standard and dose–function metrics were compared between the clinical and lung-avoidance plans.

Results
Lung avoidance plans led to significant reductions in high-function and high-density lung doses, without significantly increasing other organ at risk (OAR) doses, but at the expense of a significantly degraded homogeneity index (HI) and conformity index (CI; p < 0.05) of the planning target volume (PTV) and a slight increase in monitor units (MU) as well as in the number of segments (p > 0.05). Compared with the clinical plan, the mean lung dose (MLD) in the high-function and high-density areas was reduced by 0.59 Gy and 0.57 Gy, respectively.

Conclusion
A lung-avoidance plan based on 4DCT ventilation imaging and CT density characteristics is feasible and implementable, with potential clinical benefits. Clinical trials will be crucial to show the clinical relevance of this lung-avoidance planning strategy.
Densfraktur nach Hochrasanztrauma
Authors: Hemker K. , Stangenberg M. , Dreimann M. , Köpke L. , Heuer A. , Viezens L. 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungDensfrakturen sind häufige Verletzungen der Halswirbelsäule und kommen meist in höherem Lebensalter vor; hierbei sind diese oft durch Bagatelltraumata bedingt. Bei jüngeren Patienten werden diese v. a. im Rahmen von Hochrasanztraumata beobachtet. Klassifiziert werden die Densfrakturen nach Anderson und D’Alonzo. Selten kommt es durch die Fraktur zu einer zervikalen Myelopathie, die lebensbedrohlich sein kann.In diesem Artikel werden zwei Fälle von Patienten mit Densfrakturen mit traumatischer Myelopathie dargestellt. Beim ersten Fall handelt es sich um eine Typ-III-Fraktur, beim anderen Fall um eine Typ-II-Fraktur. In beiden Fällen wurde die vorliegende Instabilität aufgrund der anatomischen Stellung in der initialen Computertomographie (CT) falsch eingeschätzt. Im weiteren Verlauf zeigte sich in beiden Fällen eine erhebliche Instabilität, aufgrund deren es zu fatalen Myelonverletzungen gekommen war.In diesem „case report“ soll auf das mögliche Vorliegen von Myelonverletzungen bei vermeintlich trivialen Densfrakturen bei stattgehabten Hochrasanztraumata aufmerksam gemacht werden. Insbesondere bei reanimationspflichtigen Patienten ohne internistische Ursache muss an eine Myelonkompression gedacht werden. Sollte der Patient bei Vorliegen einer knöchernen Verletzung im CT z. B. durch eine Intubation klinisch nicht ausreichend beurteilbar sein, muss die Indikation zur Magnetresonanztomographie großzügig gestellt werden. Nur durch diese wird einem die frühzeitige Erkennung einer Myelopathie und die rechtzeitige Therapie ermöglicht.
Topology optimization in concrete construction: a systematic review on numerical and experimental investigations
Authors: Stoiber Nadine , Kromoser Benjamin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractStructural optimization within concrete construction has been increasingly taken up in research within the last two decades. Possible drivers are the need for material-reduced and thus resource-efficient structures as well as recent advancements in automated concrete construction. However, structural concrete is characterized by nonlinear material behavior. Consequently, the merge of structural concrete design and topology optimization is not trivial. This paper reviews and assesses the topic of topology optimization within concrete construction, carrying out an extensive quantitative as well as qualitative review on practical and numerical applications. The following research areas are identified: Multimaterial modeling, stress constraints, concrete damage modeling, strut and tie modeling, combined truss-continuum topology optimization, the consideration of multiple load cases, a focus on construction techniques and alternative approaches. Although the number of research papers dealing with the topic of topology optimization in concrete construction is numerous, there are only few that actually realized topology optimized concrete structures. In addition, only a little number of experiments was performed for an objective evaluation of the found geometries so far. Concluding this review, a list of future challenges, like the incorporation of sustainability measurements within the optimization process, is given and thus serves as a guidance for subsequent research.