bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A re‐evaluation of scaling and root planing
Authors: Cobb Charles M. , Sottosanti John S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundExtensive reviews on the role of scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of periodontitis have been previously published. This commentary will address the importance of subgingival calculus in the progression and treatment of periodontitis and addresses factors that make the execution of a “definitive” SRP a critical part of therapy.MethodsA search for articles, using keywords relevant to the subject , (e.g., periodontitis, dental scaling, root planing, dental calculus, biofilm, inflammation) was conducted using PubMed, Ovid Medline, Cochrane Reviews and the ADA Center for Evidence Based Dentistry data bases. Additionally, references cited in relevant articles were also considered.ResultsSurfaces of subgingival calculus are covered with a biofilm of metabolically active bacteria. Periodontal inflammation is clearly related to the presence of calculus and biofilm. The primary goal of SRP is removal of subgingival calculus and biofilm deposits to create a biologically compatible root surface and reduce the inflammatory burden. Current evidence suggests that inflammation associated with periodontal infections affects both the immediate oral environment and the patient's systemic health.ConclusionSRP is still critical to the treatment of periodontitis. SRP involving deep probing depths (≥ 5 mm) and root surfaces with anatomical and surface irregularities, regardless of the type of instrumentation, requires time, exceptional skill and perseverance, and patient compliance with periodontal maintenance. Sites with persistent nonresponding probing depths and signs of inflammation following a definitive SRP, should be considered for surgical intervention.
3D Conformal Surface Engineering of Continuous Fibers with Porous Microstructures for 1D Advanced Functional Materials
Authors: Gong Jianliang , Xu Bingang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOne‐dimensional (1D) continuous advanced functional materials and devices with inherent flexibility for complex deformations facilitate a broad range of applications in wearable technology. This communication presents a new electrostatic self‐assembly strategy for controllable assembly of nanomaterials to fabricate 1D continuous materials with customizable functions based on a kind of continuous fiber fully surface‐engineered with 3D conformal porous microstructures (F@3CPMs) by a unique self‐assembly approach of breath figure using water microdroplet arrays. Through gently rubbing the modified fibers with suitable triboelectric materials, either positively or negatively charged F@3CPMs can be rationally prepared with adjustable triboelectric charge intensity. Besides showing superiority in incorporating desired components, such kind of F@3CPMs are demonstrated to have general applicability and enhanced performance in controllable self‐assembly of polymeric, metal, and carbon nanomaterials for customizable functionalizations. Moreover, taking advantages of continuous fibers that can deform largely, functional F@3CPMs are further applied for development of 1D flexible motion sensing devices by twisting directly, which can be either used as 1D freestanding devices for straightforward integration with conventional fabrics or woven as a fabric structure integrity for a kind of self‐powered interactive textiles without additional battery as power resources to detect and monitor the body motions of human beings.
Dibenzo[a,e]Cyclooctatetraene‐Functionalized Polymers as Potential Battery Electrode Materials
Authors: Desmaizieres Gauthier , Speer Martin E. , Thiede Inna , Gaiser Philipp , Perner Verena , Kolek Martin , Bieker Peter , Winter Martin , Esser Birgit 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOrganic redox polymers are attractive electrode materials for more sustainable rechargeable batteries. To obtain full‐organic cells with high operating voltages, redox polymers with low potentials (<2 V versus Li|Li+) are required for the negative electrode. Dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene (DBCOT) is a promising redox‐active group in this respect, since it can be reversibly reduced in a two‐electron process at potentials below 1 V versus Li|Li+. Upon reduction, its conformation changes from tub‐shaped to planar, rendering DBCOT‐based polymers also of interest to molecular actuators. Here, the syntheses of three aliphatic DBCOT‐polymers and their electrochemical properties are presented. For this, a viable three‐step synthetic route to 2‐bromo‐functionalized DBCOT as polymer precursor is developed. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements in solution and of thin films of the DBCOT‐polymers demonstrate their potential as battery electrode materials. Half‐cell measurements in batteries show pseudo capacitive behavior with Faradaic contributions, which demonstrate that electrode composition and fabrication will play an important role in the future to release the full redox activity of the DBCOT polymers.
High Density Bioprocessing of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Metabolic Control and in Silico Modeling
Authors: Manstein Felix , Ullmann Kevin , Kropp Christina , Halloin Caroline , Triebert Wiebke , Franke Annika , Farr Clara-Milena , Sahabian Anais , Haase Alexandra , Breitkreuz Yannik , Peitz Michael , Brüstle Oliver , Kalies Stefan , Martin Ulrich , Olmer Ruth , Zweigerdt Robert 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
To harness the full potential of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) we combined instrumented stirred tank bioreactor (STBR) technology with the power of in silico process modeling to overcome substantial, hPSC-specific hurdles toward their mass production. Perfused suspension culture (3D) of matrix-free hPSC aggregates in STBRs was applied to identify and control process-limiting parameters including pH, dissolved oxygen, glucose and lactate levels, and the obviation of osmolality peaks provoked by high density culture. Media supplements promoted single cell-based process inoculation and hydrodynamic aggregate size control. Wet lab-derived process characteristics enabled predictive in silico modeling as a new rational for hPSC cultivation. Consequently, hPSC line-independent maintenance of exponential cell proliferation was achieved. The strategy yielded 70-fold cell expansion in 7 days achieving an unmatched density of 35 × 106 cells/mL equivalent to 5.25 billion hPSC in 150 mL scale while pluripotency, differentiation potential, and karyotype stability was maintained. In parallel, media requirements were reduced by 75% demonstrating the outstanding increase in efficiency. Minimal input to our in silico model accurately predicts all main process parameters; combined with calculation-controlled hPSC aggregation kinetics, linear process upscaling is also enabled and demonstrated for up to 500 mL scale in an independent bioreactor system. Thus, by merging applied stem cell research with recent knowhow from industrial cell fermentation, a new level of hPSC bioprocessing is revealed fueling their automated production for industrial and therapeutic applications.
DFT‐PCM Study on Solvolytic Behaviour of N‐alkyl‐X‐pyridinium Ions
Authors: Matić Mirela , Denegri Bernard 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUsing the M06‐2X method and IEFPCM for ethanol, geometries of various N‐benzhydryl‐X‐pyridinium ions and corresponding heterolytic transition structures have been optimized to calculate free energies of activation (▵G≠model) for the model heterolysis of the ions at 25 °C. Very good correlations between ▵G≠model values and corresponding measured ▵G≠ values have made it possible to estimate reliable reactivities of N‐(4,4′‐dimethoxybenzhydryl)‐X‐pyridinium ions in protic solvents as well as nucleofugality parameters (Nfcalc) for 18 X‐substituted pyridines. Computational results further reveal that geometric progression along the heterolytic reaction coordinate is synchronized with ionic charge transfer. A Leffler‐Hammond coefficient of 0.65 (×100 %) corresponds to both the amount of the ionic charge transferred from the X‐pyridine moiety to the alkyl electrofuge (65–67 %) and the extent of geometric progression (64 %) on proceeding from the ionic substrate to TS in the thermoneutral heterolysis. Consequently, exergonic heterolyses of very reactive N‐alkyl‐X‐pyridinium ions proceed through the geometrically late transition states.
One‐Pot Selective Synthesis of Renewable p‐Xylene by Completely Biomass‐Based Ethanol and Dimethylfuran with Functionalized Mesoporous MCM‐41
Authors: Zhao Rongrong , Zhang Lige , Xu Lulu , Zhang Weiping 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOne‐pot direct synthesis of renewable p‐xylene (PX) via Diels‐Alder cycloaddition of completely bio‐based ethanol and 2,5‐dimethylfuran (DMF) was studied comparatively over dealuminated HBeta zeolite and functionalized mesoporous MCM‐41. The sulfonic group‐functionalized MCM‐41 had better catalytic performances. Under the optimized conditions, an ethanol conversion of ∼100 %, 2,5‐DMF conversion of 79 % and PX selectivity of 80 % were obtained over NH3‐Silylated‐MCM‐41‐10 %SO3H catalyst with 0.8 wt % N content, which is much better than HBeta zeolite catalyst. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 29Si cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR and infared (IR) characterizations showed that sulfonic and silylated groups have been successfully grafted onto MCM‐41. Quantitative 1H MAS NMR with d5‐pyridine adsorption unambiguously demonstrated that silylated MCM‐41‐SO3H with NH3 pre‐treatment has much higher amount and stronger strength of Brönsted acid than zeolite catalyst. This is the vital factor to catalyze the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene and speed up the Diels‐Alder cycloaddition reaction, ultimately increase PX selectivity and reduce much less soft‐coke deposit on MCM‐41‐SO3H (∼4 wt %) than on HBeta zeolite (∼12 wt %). This work demonstrates a simple and economical strategy to further improve the potential for the production of sustainable chemicals from complete biomass.
A common soil temperature threshold for the upper limit of alpine grasslands in European mountains
Authors: Bürli Sarah , Theurillat Jean-Paul , Winkler Manuela , Lamprecht Andrea , Pauli Harald , Rixen Christian , Steinbauer Klaus , Wipf Sonja , Abdaladze Otar , Andrews Christopher , Barančok Peter , Benito-Alonso José Luis , Fernández Calzado Maria Rosa , Carranza Maria Laura , Dick Jan , Erschbamer Brigitta , Ghosn Dany , Gigauri Khatuna , Kazakis George , Mallaun Martin , Michelsen Ottar , Moiseev Dmitry , Moiseev Pavel , Molau Ulf , Molero Mesa Joaquín , Morra di Cella Umberto , Nadeem Imran , Nagy Laszlo , Nicklas Lena , Palaj Andrej , Pedersen Bård , Petey Martina , Puşcaş Mihai , Rossi Graziano , Stanisci Angela , Tomaselli Marcello , Unterluggauer Peter , Ursu Tudor-Mihai , Villar Luis , Vittoz Pascal 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWhile climatic research about treeline has a long history, the climatic conditions corresponding to the upper limit of closed alpine grasslands remain poorly understood. Here, we propose a climatic definition for this limit, the ‘grassline’, in analogy to the treeline, which is based on the growing season length and the soil temperature. Eighty-seven mountain summits across ten European mountain ranges, covering three biomes (boreal, temperate, Mediterranean), were inventoried as part of the GLORIA project. Vascular plant cover was estimated visually in 326 plots of 1 × 1 m. Soil temperatures were measured in situ for 2–7 years, from which the length of the growing season and mean temperature were derived. The climatic conditions corresponding to 40% plant cover were defined as the thresholds for alpine grassland. Closed vegetation was present in locations with a mean growing season soil temperature warmer than 4.9 °C, or a minimal growing season length of 85 days, with the growing season defined as encompassing days with daily mean ≥ 1 °C. Hence, the upper limit of closed grasslands was associated with a mean soil temperature close to that previously observed at the treeline, and in accordance with physiological thresholds to growth in vascular plants. In contrast to trees, whose canopy temperature is coupled with air temperature, small-stature alpine plants benefit from the soil warmed by solar radiation and consequently, they can grow at higher elevations. Since substrate stability is necessary for grasslands to occur at their climatic limit, the grassline rarely appears as a distinct linear feature.
Productivity-adjusted life years lost due to type 2 diabetes in Germany in 2020 and 2040
Authors: Tönnies Thaddäus , Hoyer Annika , Brinks Ralph 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Type 2 diabetes can lead to reduced productivity during working age. We aimed to estimate productive life years lost associated with type 2 diabetes on the individual and population level in Germany in 2020 and 2040, while accounting for future trends in mortality.

Methods
Based on a mathematical projection model, we estimated age- and sex-specific productivity losses associated with type 2 diabetes during working age (20–69 years) in Germany in 2020 and 2040. Productivity losses in terms of excess mortality (years of life lost, YLL) and reductions in labour force participation, presenteeism and absenteeism (years of productivity lost, YPL) were summed to calculate productivity-adjusted life years (PALY) lost. Input data for the projection were based on meta-analyses, representative population-based studies and population projections to account for future trends in mortality.

Results
Compared with a person without type 2 diabetes, mean PALY lost per person with type 2 diabetes in 2020 was 2.6 years (95% CI 2.3, 3.0). Of these 2.6 years, 0.4 (95% CI 0.3, 0.4) years were lost due to YLL and 2.3 (95% CI 1.9, 2.6) years were lost due to YPL. Age- and sex-specific results show that younger age groups and women are expected to lose more productive life years than older age groups and men. Population-wide estimates suggest that 4.60 (95% CI 4.58, 4.63) million people with prevalent type 2 diabetes in 2020 are expected to lose 12.06 (95% CI 10.42, 13.76) million PALY (1.62 million years due to YLL and 10.44 million years due to YPL). In 2040, individual-level PALY lost are projected to slightly decrease due to reductions in YLL. In contrast, population-wide PALY lost are projected to increase to 15.39 (95% CI 13.19, 17.64) million due to an increase in the number of people with type 2 diabetes to 5.45 (95% CI 5.41, 5.50) million.

Conclusions/interpretation
On the population level, a substantial increase in productivity burden associated with type 2 diabetes was projected for Germany between 2020 and 2040. Efforts to reduce the incidence rate of type 2 diabetes and diabetes-related complications may attenuate this increase.

Graphical abstract
Was wissen wir über schulische Lehr-Lern-Prozesse im Distanzunterricht während der Corona-Pandemie? – Evidenz aus Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz
Authors: Helm Christoph , Huber Stephan , Loisinger Tina 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Review gibt einen systematischen Überblick über den quantitativen Forschungsstand zur Schulsituation und zum Lehren und Lernen während der Corona-Pandemie. Der Review umfasst 97 Online-Befragungen, die in der Zeit vom 24. März 2020 bis 11. November 2020 durchgeführt wurden und 255.955 Fälle (Schüler*innen, Eltern, Lehrkräfte, Schulleitungen u. a.) erfassten. Die Analyse und Synthese der Befunde erfolgt entlang zweier Modelle, dem Phasenmodell des Forschungsprozesses und einem integrativen Modell zur Distance Education. Der Review macht deutlich, dass zentrale Aspekte des Lehrens und Lernens während den coronabedingten Schulschließungen im Frühjahr 2020, wie bspw. Merkmale des Fernunterrichts (z. B. Qualitätsdimensionen), Schülermerkmale (z. B. Selbständigkeit) und Merkmale der häuslichen Ressourcen für das Lernen (z. B. die elterliche Unterstützung), bereits Gegenstand vieler Befragungen waren. Die Schulsituation während der Corona-Pandemie stellt daher kein unerforschtes Phänomen mehr dar. Vielmehr fordert das wissenschaftliche Ethos von Forscher*innen dieses Feldes, den aktuellen Forschungsstand in ihren Arbeiten zu berücksichtigen. Der vorgelegte Review soll diese Aufgabe erleichtern, indem nicht nur die existierenden Befragungen gelistet, sondern deren zentrale Erkenntnisse synthetisiert werden. Darüber hinaus liefert der Review eine relevante Informationsbasis für Entscheidungen und für das Handeln in den jeweiligen Verantwortungsbereichen der Politik, Verwaltung und Schulpraxis. Gleichzeitig warnt der Review vor einer unreflektierten Übernahme der Befunde, indem die wissenschaftliche Qualität der Befragungen kritisch diskutiert wird.
Learning during COVID-19: the role of self-regulated learning, motivation, and procrastination for perceived competence
Authors: Pelikan Elisabeth Rosa , Lüftenegger Marko , Holzer Julia , Korlat Selma , Spiel Christiane , Schober Barbara 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn March 2020 schools in Austria temporarily closed and switched to distance learning to contain the spread of the coronavirus (COVID-19). The resulting situation posed great challenges to teachers, guardians and students (Huber and Helm 2020). Research has shown that perceived competence (Deci and Ryan 2000) affects selfregulated learning (SRL), intrinsic motivation and procrastination, however few studies have considered these variables in context of distance learning among adolescents. This study investigated differences in students who perceived themselves as high vs. low in competence with respect to these constructs. In an online questionnaire, 2652 Austrian secondary school students answered closed questions regarding SRL, intrinsic motivation and procrastination as well as open-ended questions about challenges, successes and need for support in distance. Structural equation modeling was applied for the quantitative analysis which was complemented by thematic analysis for the qualitative questions (Braun and Clarke 2006). Results showed that students who experienced themselves as highly competent use SRL strategies (goal setting and planning, time management, metacognitive strategies) more often and are more intrinsically motivated than students with lower perceived competence. They also procrastinate less. Furthermore, qualitative analysis revealed that although all students face similar challenges (e.g., independent learning, time and task management, learning on the computer, lack of contact with teachers and peers), students who perceived themselves as highly competent seemed to cope better, and have less need for support. Implications for distance learning and future research are discussed.
Convexity limit angles for isoptics
Authors: Skrzypiec Magdalena 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGiven an oval C in the plane, the $$\alpha $$
α
-isoptic $$C_\alpha $$

C
α

of C is the plane curve composed of the points from which C can be seen under the angle $$\pi -\alpha $$

π
-
α

. We consider isoptics of ovals parametrized with the support function $$p(t)=a+\cos n t$$

p
(
t
)
=
a
+
cos
n
t

, $$n\in \mathbb {N}$$

n
∈
N

, and present an example of an oval such that when $$\alpha $$
α
increases, the $$\alpha $$
α
-isoptics begin to be convex, then lose their convexity and finally are convex again along a curve intersecting the isoptics orthogonally. Next we give an example of a curve from the same family, for which the curvature of the isoptics changes its sign three times. These changes occur on the symmetry axes of the oval C and coincide with the orthogonal trajectories which start at the points with extremal curvature. Finally, we formulate the hypothesis concerning the general case where we expect $$n-1$$

n
-
1

convexity limit angles for the isoptics of an oval parametrized by $$p(t)=a+\cos n t$$

p
(
t
)
=
a
+
cos
n
t

.
Catalytic ketonization of propionic acid. Green chemistry in practice
Authors: Ulkowska Urszula , Gliński Marek 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe present an experiment offered as a course for undergraduate students at our Faculty. During the laboratory classes, students synthesized 20%wtMnO2/Al2O3catalyst, which is then used in the catalytic reaction—the propionic acid ketonization leading to 3-pentanone. The reaction is carried out in a flow system, in the presence of a solid catalyst bed, in the range of temperatures from 573 to 673 K. Students also perform thermodynamic calculations regarding the reaction. They estimate Gibbs free energy, then calculate equilibrium constant and the conversion of substrate—propionic acid.
Study on the adsorption selection of CH$$_4$$ on CuO (110) versus (111) surfaces: a density functional theory study
Authors: Lin Long , Yao Linwei , Li Shaofei , Shi Zhengguang , Xie Kun , Tao Hualong , Zhang Zhi , Zhang Zhanying 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFinding the active sites of suitable metal oxides is a key prerequisite for detecting CH$$_4$$

4

. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the adsorption of CH$$_4$$

4

on intrinsic and oxygen-vacancies CuO (111) and (110) surfaces using density functional theory calculations. The results show that CH$$_4$$

4

has a strong adsorption energy of −0.370 to 0.391 eV at all site on the CuO (110) surface. The adsorption capacity of CH$$_4$$

4

on CuO (111) surface is weak, ranging from −0.156 to −0.325 eV. In the surface containing oxygen vacancies, the adsorption capacity of CuO surface to CH$$_4$$

4

is significantly stronger than that of intrinsic CuO surface. The results indicate that CuO (110) has strong adsorption and charge transfer capacity for CH$$_4$$

4

, which may provide experimental guidance.
Fabrication of aluminum bipolar plates with Archimedes' screw-shaped channels: a rubber pad forming process assessment
Authors: Hashemi S. J. , Roohi Amir H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBipolar plates are one of the most important components of polymer membrane fuel cells. In this manuscript, the rubber pad forming of aluminum bipolar plates with Archimedes' screw-shaped channels and draft angle of 90$$^\circ$$

∘

has been investigated. Hence, all possible combinations of the process parameters were determined and corresponding experimentations performed in order to investigate the effects of the rubber hardness, punch speed and the hydraulic press force. In this regard, three rubber pads including polyurethane, silicone and natural rubber were used. Channel depth and thinning percentage in the corner of the channel are measured and the effect of each parameter is analyzed. Based on the results, the maximum channel depth was achieved using a silicone pad with a hardness of 60 Shore A. Using a rubber pad with a very high and low hardness number, both, reduces the depth of channel. Furthermore, as the punch speed increases, the channel depth increases and the thinning percentage, as well.
Orbifold expansion and entire functions with bounded Fatou components
Authors: PARDO-SIMÓN LETICIA 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMany authors have studied the dynamics of hyperbolic transcendental entire functions; these are functions for which the postsingular set is a compact subset of the Fatou set. Equivalently, they are characterized as being expanding. Mihaljević-Brandt studied a more general class of maps for which finitely many of their postsingular points can be in their Julia set, and showed that these maps are also expanding with respect to a certain orbifold metric. In this paper we generalize these ideas further, and consider a class of maps for which the postsingular set is not even bounded. We are able to prove that these maps are also expanding with respect to a suitable orbifold metric, and use this expansion to draw conclusions on the topology and dynamics of the maps. In particular, we generalize existing results for hyperbolic functions, giving criteria for the boundedness of Fatou components and local connectivity of Julia sets. As part of this study, we develop some novel results on hyperbolic orbifold metrics. These are of independent interest, and may have future applications in holomorphic dynamics.