bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Megathrust Locking Model for the Southern Kurile Subduction Zone Incorporating Viscoelastic Relaxation and Non‐Uniform Compliance of Upper Plate
Authors: Itoh Yuji , Nishimura Takuya , Wang Kelin , He Jiangheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDense Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations enable the development of megathrust interseismic locking models for the southern Kurile subduction zone where many great earthquakes have occurred. Inversion of these data assuming uniform elastic Earth has yielded slip deficit rates that are unreasonably high and/or full locking depth that is unreasonably large. Using the finite element method, here we construct a new Kurile locking model that includes interseismic viscoelastic stress relaxation and non‐uniform compliance of the elastic upper plate. Inverting the same geodetic data using the new subduction zone model alleviates the previously seen unreasonable features in inferred megathrust locking state. In the new model, full locking extends to shallower depths than the downdip limit of some large megathrust earthquakes including the 2003 Mw 8.0 Tokachi‐oki earthquake, supporting the notion of the shrinking of the locked area before the earthquakes and/or propagation of seismic rupture into creeping areas as previously predicted by friction or dynamic rupture models. By modeling the effects of a few recent M 8 earthquakes, we show that postseismic transients of recent earthquakes, although second‐order, should be addressed in deriving megathrust locking models. The locking state near the trench cannot be resolved by the land‐based GNSS data regardless of the improved model rheology and structure, although independent observations, such as slow earthquakes, may be used to speculate on the near‐trench locking state in various part of the margin in the absence of seafloor geodetic observations.
Scaling of Shear‐Generated Turbulence: The Equatorial Thermocline, a Case Study
Authors: Richards K. J. , Natarov A. , Carter G. S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe formulate an expression for the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, ϵ, associated with shear‐generated turbulence in terms of quantities in the ocean or atmosphere that, depending on the situation, may be measurable or resolved in models. The expression depends on the turbulent vertical length scale, ℓv, the inverse time scale N, and the Richardson number Ri = N2/S2, where S is the vertical shear, with ℓv scaled in a way consistent with theories and observations of stratified turbulence. Unlike previous studies, the focus is not so much on the functional form of Ri, but the vertical variation of the length scale ℓv. Using data from two ∼7‐day time series in the western equatorial Pacific, the scaling is compared with the observed ϵ. The scaling works well with the estimated ϵ capturing the differences in amplitude and vertical distribution of the observed ϵ between the two times series. Much of those differences are attributable to changes in the vertical distribution of the length scale ℓv, and in particular the associated turbulent velocity scale, ut. We relate ut to a measure of the fine‐scale variations in velocity, . Our study highlights the need to consider the length scale and its estimation in environmental flows. The implications for the vertical variation of the associated turbulent diffusivity are discussed.
Where are Mars’ Hypothesized Ocean Shorelines? Large Lateral and Topographic Offsets Between Different Versions of Paleoshoreline Maps
Authors: Sholes Steven F. , Dickeson Zachary I. , Montgomery David R. , Catling David C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMars’ controversial hypothesized ocean shorelines have been found to deviate significantly from an expected equipotential surface. While multiple deformation models have been proposed to explain the wide range of elevations, here we show that the historical locations used in the literature and in these models vary widely. We find that the most commonly used version of the Arabia Level does not follow the originally described contact and can deviate laterally by ∼500 km in Deuteronilus Mensae. A meta‐analysis of different published maps shows that, globally, the minimum lateral offsets between the locations of the putative Arabia and Deuteronilus shorelines vary by an average of 141 ± 142 km and 180 ± 177 km, respectively. This leads to mean elevations of the Arabia Level that vary by up to 2.2 km between different mappings, and topographic ranges within each global mapping ranging from 2.7 to 7.7 km. The younger Deuteronilus Level has less topographic variation as it largely follows a formal contact (the Vastitas Borealis Formation) within the relatively flat northern plains. Given the high variance in position (spatial and topographic) of the maps, the use of such data and conclusions based on them are potentially problematic.
The Common Representative Intermediates Mechanism Version 2 in the United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols Model
Authors: Archer‐Nicholls S. , Abraham N. L. , Shin Y. M. , Weber J. , Russo M. R. , Lowe D. , Utembe S. R. , O'Connor F. M. , Kerridge B. , Latter B. , Siddans R. , Jenkin M. , Wild O. , Archibald A. T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe document the implementation of the Common Representative Intermediates Mechanism version 2, reduction 5 into the United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosol model (UKCA) version 10.9. The mechanism is merged with the stratospheric chemistry already used by the StratTrop mechanism, as used in UKCA and the UK Earth System Model, to create a new CRI‐Strat mechanism. CRI‐Strat simulates a more comprehensive treatment of non‐methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and provides traceability with the Master Chemical Mechanism. In total, CRI‐Strat simulates the chemistry of 233 species competing in 613 reactions (compared to 87 species and 305 reactions in the existing StratTrop mechanism). However, while more than twice as complex than StratTrop, the new mechanism is only 75% more computationally expensive. CRI‐Strat is evaluated against an array of in situ and remote sensing observations and simulations using the StratTrop mechanism in the UKCA model. It is found to increase production of ozone near the surface, leading to higher ozone concentrations compared to surface observations. However, ozone loss is also greater in CRI‐Strat, leading to less ozone away from emission sources and a similar tropospheric ozone burden compared to StratTrop. CRI‐Strat also produces more carbon monoxide than StratTrop, particularly downwind of biogenic VOC emission sources, but has lower burdens of nitrogen oxides as more is converted into reservoir species. The changes to tropospheric ozone and nitrogen budgets are sensitive to the treatment of NMVOC emissions, highlighting the need to reduce uncertainty in these emissions to improve representation of tropospheric chemical composition.
Using Gradient Boosting Regression to Improve Ambient Solar Wind Model Predictions
Authors: Bailey R. L. , Reiss M. A. , Arge C. N. , Möstl C. , Henney C. J. , Owens M. J. , Amerstorfer U. V. , Amerstorfer T. , Weiss A. J. , Hinterreiter J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStudying the ambient solar wind, a continuous pressure‐driven plasma flow emanating from our Sun, is an important component of space weather research. The ambient solar wind flows in interplanetary space determine how solar storms evolve through the heliosphere before reaching Earth, and especially during solar minimum are themselves a driver of activity in the Earth's magnetic field. Accurately forecasting the ambient solar wind flow is therefore imperative to space weather awareness. Here, we present a machine learning approach in which solutions from magnetic models of the solar corona are used to output the solar wind conditions near the Earth. The results are compared to observations and existing models in a comprehensive validation analysis, and the new model outperforms existing models in almost all measures. In addition, this approach offers a new perspective to discuss the role of different input data to ambient solar wind modeling, and what this tells us about the underlying physical processes. The final model discussed here represents an extremely fast, well‐validated and open‐source approach to the forecasting of ambient solar wind at Earth.
Toward Improved Comparisons Between Land‐Surface‐Water‐Area Estimates From a Global River Model and Satellite Observations
Authors: Zhou Xudong , Prigent Catherine , Yamazaki Dai 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLand surface water is a key component of the global water cycle. Compared to remote sensing by satellites, both temporal extension and spatial continuity are superior in modeling of water surface area. However, overall evaluation of models representing different kinds of surface waters at the global scale is lacking. We estimated land surface water area (LSWA) using the Catchment‐based Macro‐scale Floodplain model (CaMa‐Flood), a global hydrodynamic model, and compared the estimates with Landsat at 3″ resolution (∼90 m at the equator) globally. Results show that the two methodologies show agreement in the general spatial patterns of LSWA (e.g., major rivers and lakes, open‐to‐sky floodplains), but globally consistent mismatches are found under several land surface conditions. CaMa‐Flood underestimates LSWA in high northern latitudes and coastal areas, as the presence of isolated lakes in local depressions or small coastal rivers is not considered by the model's physical assumptions. In contrast, model‐estimated LSWA is larger than Landsat estimates in forest‐covered areas (e.g., Amazon basin) due to the opacity of vegetation for optical satellite sensing, and in cropland areas due to the lack of dynamic water processes (e.g., re‐infiltration, evaporation, and water consumption) and constraints of water infrastructure (e.g., canals, levees). These globally consistent differences can be reasonably explained by the model's physical assumptions or optical satellite sensing characteristics. Applying filters (e.g., floodplain topography mask, forest and cropland mask) to the two datasets improves the reliability of comparison and allows the remaining local‐scale discrepancies to be attributed to locally varying factors (e.g., channel parameters, atmospheric forcing).
Net Ecosystem Production of Lakes Estimated From Hypolimnetic Organic Carbon Sinks
Authors: Steinsberger Thomas , Wüest Alfred , Müller Beat 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study presents a novel concept for estimating net ecosystem production (NEP), the export of organic carbon (OC) from the productive surface layer to the deep‐water (hypolimnion) of 11 seasonally stratified lakes, varying in depth and trophic state. As oxygen remineralizes settling OC at a constant ratio, NEP is equivalent to the areal hypolimnetic mineralization rate (AHM) plus burial in the sediment. Two major interferences have to be considered, however. First, OC from terrestrial sources, not originating from primary production, consumes a fraction of oxidants. Second, sediment diagenetic processes of lakes in trophic transition (e.g., undergoing eutrophication or reoligotrophication) that are not in quasi‐steady‐state with actual fluxes of OC from the productive surface layer, bias the NEP estimation. In these cases, the flux of reduced substances diffusing from the sediment must be subtracted. This results in some overestimation for lakes with high allochthonous loads, and slight underestimation in lakes that are not in quasi‐steady‐state, because the actual sediment burial of autochthonous OC is small but not negligible. The presented approach requires data from routinely available monitoring and thus can be applied to historic data. The temporal integration over the productive season makes the estimation of NEP robust. Based on a historic 47 years long data record of Lake Geneva, NEP estimations (∼70 gC m−2) from AHM rates agree well with P and N export budgets from the productive surface zone, which help to verify and constrain the uncertainty of the estimates.
Heterogeneous Nitrate Production Mechanisms in Intense Haze Events in the North China Plain
Authors: Chan Yuk‐Chun , Evans Mathew J. , He Pengzhen , Holmes Christopher D. , Jaeglé Lyatt , Kasibhatla Prasad , Liu Xue‐Yan , Sherwen Tomás , Thornton Joel A. , Wang Xuan , Xie Zhouqing , Zhai Shuting , Alexander Becky 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStudies of wintertime air quality in the North China Plain (NCP) show that particulate‐nitrate pollution persists despite rapid reduction in NOx emissions. This intriguing NOx‐nitrate relationship may originate from non‐linear nitrate‐formation chemistry, but it is unclear which feedback mechanisms dominate in NCP. In this study, we re‐interpret the wintertime observations of 17O excess of nitrate (∆17O(NO3−)) in Beijing using the GEOS‐Chem (GC) chemical transport model to estimate the importance of various nitrate‐production pathways and how their contributions change with the intensity of haze events. We also analyze the relationships between other metrics of NOy chemistry and [PM2.5] in observations and model simulations. We find that the model on average has a negative bias of −0.9‰ and −36% for ∆17O(NO3−) and [Ox,major] (≡ [O3] + [NO2] + [p‐NO3−]), respectively, while overestimating the nitrogen oxidation ratio ([NO3−]/([NO3−] + [NO2])) by +0.12 in intense haze. The discrepancies become larger in more intense haze. We attribute the model biases to an overestimate of NO2‐uptake on aerosols and an underestimate in wintertime O3 concentrations. Our findings highlight a need to address uncertainties related to heterogeneous chemistry of NO2 in air‐quality models. The combined assessment of observations and model results suggest that N2O5 uptake in aerosols and clouds is the dominant nitrate‐production pathway in wintertime Beijing, but its rate is limited by ozone under high‐NOx‐high‐PM2.5 conditions. Nitrate production rates may continue to increase as long as [O3] increases despite reduction in [NOx], creating a negative feedback that reduces the effectiveness of air pollution mitigation.
Multiple air pollutant exposure and lung cancer in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Khorrami Zahra , Pourkhosravani Mohsen , Rezapour Maysam , Etemad Koorosh , Taghavi-Shahri Seyed Mahmood , Künzli Nino , Amini Heresh , Khanjani Narges 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLung cancer is the most rapidly increasing malignancy worldwide with an estimated 2.1 million cancer cases in the latest, 2018 World Health Organization (WHO) report. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of air pollution and lung cancer, in Tehran, Iran. Residential area information of the latest registered lung cancer cases that were diagnosed between 2014 and 2016 (N = 1,850) were inquired from the population-based cancer registry of Tehran. Long-term average exposure to PM10, SO2, NO, NO2, NOX, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, p-xylene, o-xylene (BTEX), and BTEX in 22 districts of Tehran were estimated using land use regression models. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to generate multi-pollutant exposure profiles. Negative binomial regression analysis was used to examine the association between air pollutants and lung cancer incidence. The districts with higher concentrations for all pollutants were mostly in downtown and around the railway station. Districts with a higher concentration for NOx (IRR = 1.05, for each 10 unit increase in air pollutant), benzene (IRR = 3.86), toluene (IRR = 1.50), ethylbenzene (IRR = 5.16), p-xylene (IRR = 9.41), o-xylene (IRR = 7.93), m-xylene (IRR = 2.63) and TBTEX (IRR = 1.21) were significantly associated with higher lung cancer incidence. Districts with a higher multiple air-pollution profile were also associated with more lung cancer incidence (IRR = 1.01). Our study shows a positive association between air pollution and lung cancer incidence. This association was stronger for, respectively, p-xylene, o-xylene, ethylbenzene, benzene, m-xylene and toluene.
The facile synthesis and electrochemical performance of Ni2V2O7 as a novel anode material for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Zhou Zhiyong , Zhang Jun , Duan He , Chen Siyuan , Yao Heng , Zhao Yanming , Kuang Quan , Fan Qinghua , Dong Youzhong 
Published: April 2021

Ni2V2O7, as anode for lithium ion batteries, exhibited a high specific capacity. The morphology evolution and charge and discharge reaction mechanisms of the Ni2V2O7 electrode during cycling were explored by SEM, TEM and in situ XRD methods.
Identification of Word Retrieval Difficulties in the Normally Aging Population
Authors: Gill Cindy , Green Laura , Bharadwaj Sneha , Allman Tamby , Mehta Jyutika 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
This study examined variations in performance on different verbal tasks completed by typically aging, non-neurologically impaired adults who self-identified as either having or not having word retrieval difficulties that frequently affected their lifestyle.

Method
Fifty-seven adults aged 54–71 years, who were recruited based on case history responses that indicated the presence or absence of word retrieval difficulties, completed two standardized, norm-referenced language tests, two naming tasks, and three verbal fluency measures.

Results
Although scores on standardized language tests fell within normal limits for all of the participants, significant differences between those with and those without self-reported word retrieval difficulties were found on the Expressive Vocabulary Test–Second Edition as well as on tasks of naming members of categories and producing procedural narratives. A significantly greater percentage of disfluencies in procedural narratives were found in the group that reported word retrieval difficulties. This fluency indicator was the only factor that was predictive of word retrieval difficulties.

Conclusions
Many studies have examined the differences in word retrieval in older versus younger populations or in persons with aphasia versus persons without aphasia, but they have not offered definitive pictures of the differences between those with and those without word retrieval difficulties in the normally aging population who have otherwise normal language. This study identified three tasks that appear to be sensitive to the word-finding difficulties experienced by some adults.
Die psychische Gesundheit von Pflegenden (Teil 3)
Authors: Wiederhold Dietmar 
Published: April 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGUm die Resilienz und damit die psychische Gesundheit von Pflegenden fördern zu können, ist eine salutogenetische Perspektive von Übungen hilfreich. Durch die Beantwortung der Fragen, welche Übungen, warum, wie und wozu durchgeführt werden sollen, werden Trainingsmaßnahmen verstehbar, handhabbar und sinnvoll. So werden im vorliegenden Teil 3 der Artikelserie die Übungen „Stressfassanalyse“, „Beeinflussungsradar“ und das „Dankbarkeitstagebuch“ anhand der Komponenten des Kohärenzgefühls vorgestellt. Sie wirken gemeinsam einem auf Defizite fokussierten Wahrnehmen und Bewerten von Situationen entgegen. Anstelle in einer Opferrolle zu verbleiben, welche das Gefühl auslöst, nicht mehr Gestalter seines Lebens sein zu können, wird über eine Stärkung der Selbstwahrnehmung und der Selbstreflexion die Selbstwirksamkeit gefördert. Welche weiteren Übungen gezielt das subjektiv empfundene Stresslevel effektiv senken können, wird im Teil 4 der Artikelserie abschließend Thema sein.
Digital single-operator cholangioscope for endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy
Authors: Kong Ling-Jian , Liu Dan , Zhang Ji-Yu , Ullah Saif , Zhao Lixia , Li Deliang , Yang Huiyu , Liu Bing-Rong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic and therapeutic value of a digital single-operator cholangioscope (SOC) system for endoscopic management of acute appendicitis.
Methods 14 patients with acute uncomplicated simple or supportive appendicitis were evaluated between November 2018 and September 2020. The diagnosis of acute appendicitis was confirmed by direct colonoscopy imaging and cholangioscope. The success rate of digital SOC-assisted endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy (ERAT), the procedure time, postoperative length of hospital stay, complications, and recurrence rate were recorded.
Results Technical success rate was 100 %, with high quality imaging of the appendiceal cavity achieved using SOC in all 14 patients. The mean procedure time was 37.8 (standard deviation [SD] 22) minutes. All patients experienced immediate relief from abdominal pain after the procedure. Mean postoperative hospitalization was 1.9 (SD 0.7) days. No recurrence occurred during 2–24 months of follow-up.
Conclusion Digital SOC-assisted ERAT provided a feasible, safe, and effective alternative approach for diagnosis and management of acute uncomplicated appendicitis without the need for X-ray or ultrasonic guidance.
Use of Glucocorticoids and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism: A Narrative Review
Authors: Simion Chiara , Campello Elena , Bensi Elisa , Bellio Andrea , Pontarin Anna , Spiezia Luca , Simioni Paolo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGlucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory agents that are widely used for the treatment of many inflammatory, autoimmune, and neoplastic disorders. However, their beneficial effect is associated with several side effects, including an increased risk of cardiovascular complications, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Whether their use also contributes to a procoagulant state, and therefore increases the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), is still a matter of debate. As an increased risk of venous thrombotic events is described in patients with Cushing's syndrome, which is characterized by endogenous hypercortisolism, it is reasonable to speculate that the chronic administration of glucocorticoids may induce a hypercoagulable state. However, it seems virtually impossible to separate the role of the drug from the underlying condition, which itself predisposes to the development of VTE. Actually, some evidence suggests that the use of exogenous glucocorticoids for the treatment of underlying disease and its exacerbations may further amplify the risk of VTE. Moreover, a procoagulant state has also been reported in healthy participants receiving oral glucocorticoids versus placebo. We have performed a concise narrative review on available data on the influence of exogenous glucocorticoids on hemostasis and their clinical impact on the risk of VTE.