bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S‐scheme W18O49/Mn0.2Cd0.8S Heterojunction for Improved Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Ma Xiaoli , Li Dujuan , Su Peng , Jiang Zhibo , Jin Zhiliang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo deal with the energy crisis brought by economic development and solve the traditional situation where only fossil fuels can be used, we prepared S‐scheme heterojunction composite photocatalyst W18O49/Mn0.2Cd0.8S for photocatalytic hydrogen production by Physical stirring method. The hydrogen production performance of composite photocatalyst W18O49/Mn0.2Cd0.8S in visible light is evaluated by a series of photocatalytic analysis and characterization methods. The results showed that the hydrogen production activity was the highest when the load ratio of W18O49 was 5 %, and the hydrogen production amount reached 268.65 μmol (5373 μmol h−1 g−1) for 5 h, which was 2.96 times of the hydrogen production amount of pure Mn0.2Cd0.8S (90.76 μmol). The results show that the improvement of hydrogen production performance is mainly due to the formation of S‐scheme heterojunction between W18O49 and Mn0.2Cd0.8S contact interface, which promotes the consumption of ineffective electrons and holes, increases the rate of charge separation and transfer, reduces the activation energy of the catalytic reaction system, and enhances the performance of photocatalytic hydrogen production. The successful completion of this work provides a new idea for the modification of Mn0.2Cd0.8S semiconductor material and improves its application in photocatalytic hydrogen production.
Alkali Metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) Mediation in Magnesium Hexamethyldisilazide [Mg(HMDS)2] Catalysed Transfer Hydrogenation of Alkenes
Authors: Gentner Thomas X. , Kennedy Alan R. , Hevia Eva , Mulvey Robert E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThough s‐block organometallics are indispensable tools in synthetic chemistry, their impact in homogeneous catalysis has been small compared to that for transition metals. Surprisingly, however, Group 1 and 2 compounds have recently been utilised in hydroelementation catalysis. For example, transfer hydrogenation of alkenes to alkanes has been catalysed by Group 2 (Ca, Sr, Ba) bis‐hexamethyldisilazides (HMDS), though reactions failed with magnesium. Stimulated by the knowledge that alkali metals can mediate applications of other compounds, this study reports successful catalytic transfer hydrogenation of alkenes with magnesium bis‐hexamethyldisilazide when combined with alkali metals in heterobimetallic complexes. By screening all Group 1 metals (Li−Cs), the efficiency of these catalyses gives an indication of the relative power of the synergistic effect exerted on magnesium by the alkali metal. The Cs−Mg partnership shows the best efficiency with styrene, while K−Mg works best with 1,1‐diphenylethylene.
Double‐Coated Fe2N@TiO2@C Yolk‐Shell Submicrocubes as an Advanced Anode for Potassium‐Ion Batteries†
Authors: Du Yichen , Weng Wangsuo , Zhang Zhuangzhuang , He Yanan , Xu Jingyi , Yang Tian , Bao Jianchun , Zhou Xiaosi 
Published: March 2021

Main observation and conclusionRationally designing inexpensive iron nitrides that have large conductivity, high theoretical capacity, and rapid ionic diffusion kinetics is of great importance for realizing their practical application in potassium‐ion batteries. In this work, we have constructed double‐shelled Fe2N@TiO2@C yolk‐shell submicrocubes with porous Fe2N yolk as an anode material for stable and high‐rate capability potassium‐ion batteries. This special structure can effectively buffer the large volume variation of electrode during cycling, supply abundant reaction sites to host potassium ions, and enhance electronic conductivity of the electrode material. Benefiting from these structural and compositional advantages, the Fe2N@TiO2@C yolk‐shell submicrocube anode delivers high specific capacity, long‐term cyclability, and remarkable rate property.
Scheduling independent tasks in cloud environment based on modified differential evolution
Authors: Chen Jinchao , Han Pengcheng , Liu Yifan , Du Xiaoyan 
Published: March 2021

SummaryCloud computing has been widely adopted in practical applications due to its strong calculating ability and high parallel feature. Although cloud computing can achieve significant cost reduction and flexibility enhancement, it results in a serious task scheduling problem. As one of the key techniques for automate management of cloud resources, task scheduling plays an important role in improving system utilization and supporting load balancing. In this article, we focus on the scheduling problem of independent tasks in cloud environment with heterogeneous and distributed resources. First, with models of resources and tasks, we present an exact formulation based on linear programming to fully search solution space and produce optimal allocation schemes for tasks. Then, inspired from the differential evolution method, we propose a population‐based approach to allocate tasks to their suitable resources such that the total time cost would be minimized. Experiments with multi‐task sets are conducted to show the convergence and efficiency of the proposed approach.
Bio‐signal‐processing‐based convolutional neural networks model for music program scene editing
Authors: Kim Pyoung Won 
Published: March 2021

SummaryPopular songs have evolved from vinyl records (voice files) to music videos. Sound and video can be mixed and presented in such a manner that only sound is heard. Scenes from music programs require continuous editing to maximize audience immersion. Music program scene editing is developed through the expertise of a television program director (PD). The PD considers detailed editing methods by the analyzing lyrics and the singer's choreography to express a song in a rhythmic video. This study presents an algorithm for music program scene editing that determines the size of a shot, evaluating the psychological distance between singer and viewers after measuring the pitch contour of a song.
Development of a decision support system tool to predict the pulmonary function using artificial neural network approach
Authors: Kalantary Saba , Pourbabaki Reza , Jahani Ali , Sadeghi Yarandi Mohsen , Samiei Sajjad , Jahani Reza 
Published: March 2021

SummaryThe spirometry is considered a preclinical tool for the evaluation of the respiratory system. The formal lung volumes measurement and health status lung system are made using spirometry. Artificial neural network (ANN) has been introduced in solving complex problems in a large number of different settings, including medical diagnosis support system as predictive power. An objective of this research was intended to investigate the development of a new decision support system (DSS) using ANN modeling approaches and algorithms to predict pulmonary function in people. The spirometry data and general characteristics, anthropometric data, and body composition parameters (N = 130) were obtained from subjects. The classification of pulmonary function was performed by the multi‐layer perceptron (MLP) model. Findings show that the MLP model is capable of classifying respiratory abnormalities in different people. The ANN model was totally 93.6%, 92.3%, 84.6%, and 91.5% successful in correctly classified in training, validation, test, and all data, respectively. Also, a DSS tool was created that allows the evaluation and classification of the results of spirometry data. It appears that ANNs are useful in classification pulmonary function.
Internet addiction and maladaptive schemas: The potential role of disconnection/rejection and impaired autonomy/performance
Authors: Ostovar Shahla , Bagheri Reyhaneh , Griffiths Mark D. , Mohd Hashima Intan Hashimah 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroduction and objectivesProblematic internet use (PIU) has become public health concern, particularly among adolescents and emerging adults. There is growing interest concerning the potential impacts of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) on PIU and its most severe manifestation internet addiction (IA). However, a deeper understanding of these relationships is needed regarding of effects of schemas on IA. The purpose of the present study was to explore the role of EMSs among adults.MethodsThe sample comprised 714 Iranian participants who completed a self‐report survey comprising sociodemographic variables, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and the Young Schema Questionnaire–Short Form (YSQ‐SF). The data were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS‐SEM).ResultsFindings indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between EMS domains and IA. The results confirmed that disconnection/rejection schema domains and impaired autonomy/performance schema domains were significantly related with IA. The results of the analysis of convergent validity and discriminant validity were acceptable among the nine reflective constructs.ConclusionFindings of the present study indicated that existence of underlying EMSs may be a vulnerability factor for developing IA and adds to the growing body of cyberpsychology literature that has examined the relationships between the EMSs and IA.
CRISPR‐Cas9 Based Genome Editing in Wheat
Authors: Smedley Mark A. , Hayta Sadiye , Clarke Martha , Harwood Wendy A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe development and application of high precision genome editing tools such as programmable nucleases are set to revolutionize crop breeding and are already having a major impact on fundamental science. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and its CRISPR‐associated protein (Cas), is a programmable RNA‐guided nuclease enabling targeted site‐specific double stranded breaks in DNA which, when incorrectly repaired, result in gene knockout. The two most widely cultivated wheat types are the tetraploid durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum L.) and the hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Both species have large genomes, as a consequence of ancient hybridization events between ancestral progenitors. The highly conserved gene sequence and structure of homoeologs among subgenomes in wheat often permits their simultaneous targeting using CRISPR‐Cas9 with single or paired single guide RNA (sgRNA). Since its first successful deployment in wheat, CRISPR‐Cas9 technology has been applied to a wide array of gene targets of agronomical and scientific importance. The following protocols describe an experimentally derived strategy for implementing CRISRP‐Cas9 genome editing, including sgRNA design, Golden Gate construct assembly, and screening analysis for genome edits. © 2021 The Authors.This article was corrected on 26 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.Basic Protocol 1: Selection of sgRNA target sequence for CRISPR‐Cas9Basic Protocol 2: Construct assembly using Golden Gate (MoClo) assemblyBasic Protocol 3: Screening for CRISPR‐Cas9 genome editsAlternate Protocol: BigDye Terminator reactions for screening of CRISPR‐Cas9 genome edits
Coordinated features in jaw and neck muscle activities induced by chewing of soft and hard gum in healthy subjects
Authors: Ishii Tomohiro , Narita Noriyuki , Endo Hiroshi , Wakami Masanobu , Okubo Masakazu , Uchida Takeshi , Kantake Ikuo , Shibutani Koh 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundsJaw and neck muscles may be activated by chewing load using a hard food. However, it remains unclear how effects the gum hardness to the coordinated features in jaw and neck muscle activities during chewing performance.ObjectivesThis study was conducted to quantitatively elucidate the effects of the hardness of the gum on coordinated features in jaw and neck muscle activities using intermuscular EMG–EMG transfer function and EMG–EMG coherence function analyses in 18 healthy subjects.MethodsJaw and neck muscle activities were aggregated into the first peak frequency of the power spectrum, and power, gain, phase, and coherence parameters between jaw and neck muscle activities were examined in the first peak frequencies during soft and hard gum chewing.ResultsThe first peak frequency was not significantly different between soft and hard gum chewing. In contrast, power values of the jaw and neck muscles were significantly increased by chewing of hard gum as compared with soft gum, whereas gain, phase, and coherence were not significantly changed by gum hardness.ConclusionsThe chewing rhythm, the quantitative and temporal coordination, and the functional coordination in jaw and neck muscle activities were not changed during soft and hard gum chewing, as well as increased jaw and neck muscles activities. It is therefore concluded that the chewing rhythmicity and jaw and neck muscles coordination accompanied with the increased jaw and neck muscle activities are maintained under the condition of the chewing load using gum hardness in the healthy individuals.
Fuzzy COmplex PRoportional ASsessment of alternatives‐based Node Cooperation Enforcing Trust Estimation Scheme for enhancing Quality of Service during reliable data dissemination in Mobile Ad hoc Networks
Authors: Sirisala Srinivasulu , Rama Krishna S. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryTrust is considered as the most significant factor that helps in enforcing cooperation among the autonomous nodes of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANETs). The computation of trust is essential for assessing the level of cooperation rendered by each individual mobile toward the activity of data routing. The calculation of trust in a self‐configuring and infrastructure‐less network is a challenge due to the dynamic movement of mobile nodes. Moreover, the trust of intermediate nodes in the routing path needs to be estimated for preventing the deterioration of network performance. In this paper, a Fuzzy COPRAS‐based Node Cooperation Enforcing Trust Estimation (FCOPRAS‐NCETE) Scheme was proposed for maintaining superior Quality of Service (QoS) in the event of reliable data dissemination. This proposed FCOPRAS‐NCETE Scheme was proposed for comprehensive ranking of mobile nodes acting as intermediate nodes between the source and destination nodes. It incorporated the benefits of fuzzy set theory and COmplex PRoportional ASsessment of alternatives (COPRAS) to determine the trust of intermediate nodes for isolating them from the routing path in the uncertain routing process with the objective to maintain superior QoS in the network. The simulation experiments of the proposed FCOPRAS‐NCETE Scheme conducted using ns‐2 confirmed its predominance in improving the throughput, packet dissemination rate, packet loss rate, energy consumptions and total overhead with different number of mobile nodes, CBR traffic rate and pairs of source and destination nodes in the network.
Multiple modes of selection can influence the role of phenotypic plasticity in species' invasions: Evidence from a manipulative field experiment
Authors: Lacey Elizabeth P. , Herrera Freddy O. , Richter Scott J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn exploring the roles of phenotypic plasticity in the establishment and early evolution of invading species, little empirical attention has been given to the importance of correlational selection acting upon suites of functionally related plastic traits in nature. We illustrate how this lack of attention has limited our ability to evaluate plasticity's role during invasion and also, the costs and benefits of plasticity. We addressed these issues by transplanting clones of European‐derivedPlantago lanceolataL. genotypes into two temporally variable habitats in the species' introduced range in North America. Phenotypic selection analyses were performed for each habitat to estimate linear, quadratic, and correlational selection on phenotypic trait values and plasticities in the reproductive traits: flowering onset and spike and scape lengths. Also, we measured pairwise genetic correlations for our “colonists.” Results showed that (a) correlational selection acted on trait plasticity after transplantation, (b) selection favored certain combinations of genetically correlated and uncorrelated trait values and plasticities, and (c) using signed, instead of absolute, values of plasticity in analyses facilitated the detection of correlational selection on trait value‐plasticity combinations and their adaptive value. Based on our results, we urge future studies on species invasions to (a) measure correlational selection and (b) retain signed values of plasticity in order to better discriminate between adaptive and maladaptive plasticity.
Phylogeography and genetic diversity of the widespread katydid Ducetia japonica (Thunberg, 1815) across China
Authors: Zhou Zhi‐Jun , Zhen Yun‐Xia , Guan Bei , Ma Lan , Wang Wen‐Jing 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHabitat fragmentation can lower migration rates and genetic connectivity among remaining populations of native species. Ducetia japonica is one of the most widespread katydids in China, but little is known about its genetic structure and phylogeographic distribution. We combined the five‐prime region of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI‐5P), 11 newly developed microsatellite loci coupled with an ecological niche model (ENM) to examine the genetic diversity and population structure of D. japonica in China and beyond to Laos and Singapore. Both Bayesian inference (BI) and haplotype network methods revealed six mitochondrial COI‐5P lineages. The distribution of COI‐5P haplotypes may not demonstrate significant phylogeographic structure (NST > GST, p > .05). The STRUCTURE analysis based on microsatellite data also revealed six genetic clusters, but discordant with those obtained from COI‐5P haplotypes. For both COI‐5P and microsatellite data, Mantel tests revealed a significant positive correlation between geographic and genetic distances in mainland China. Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) analyses indicated that the population size of D. japonica's three major mitochondrial COI‐5P lineages were seemingly not affected by last glacial maximum (LGM, 0.015–0.025 Mya). The ecological niche models showed that the current distribution of D. japonica was similar to the species’ distribution during the LGM period and only slightly extended in northern China. Further phylogeographic studies based on more extensive sampling are needed to identify specific locations of glacial refugia in northern China.
Mismatched diets: defining the nutritional landscape of grasshopper communities in a variable environment
Authors: Lawton Douglas , Le Gall Marion , Waters Cathy , Cease Arianne J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAnimal populations must be able to acquire an adequate amount of nutrients to persist regardless of what environment they are in. In highly variable environments, such as drylands where food sources are limited, this potential mismatch between physiological demands and what is available in the environment is accentuated. For herbivores, the balance of macronutrients (protein and carbohydrate) is particularly important and both nutrients are highly variable in plants both spatially and temporally. Whereas it is known that many herbivores will forage multiple plants to achieve an optimal nutritional ratio (termed the intake target), it is less known how herbivores with different life history strategies address this in variable environments. In this study, we measured the intake targets of three grasshopper species with differing life history strategies, two migratory and one non‐migratory, at three locations in New South Wales, Australia. We measured nutrient variation in plants spatially and temporally by sampling three different locations and repeated the measurement twice for one of these locations. At all three locations and both times, host plant protein differed substantially but carbohydrate content remained constant. The non‐migratory grasshopper species shifted their intake target, presumably to redress nutrient imbalances. On the other hand, the two migratory grasshopper species largely maintained the same intake target, even when in a nutritionally suboptimal environment. These results suggest that non‐migratory species are likely more limited in their capacity to forage for optimal diets and may rely more on digestion to survive in nutritionally suboptimal locations. In contrast, migratory grasshoppers may migrate to obtain the nutrients they need instead of redressing imbalances locally. Therefore, a strong metapopulation structure may aid in the persistence of migratory species at larger spatial scales. Since herbivores, especially insects, are important from nutrient cycling to food chains, understanding how populations persist in nutritionally variable environments is important to the overall ecosystem functioning. Further research should consider how nutritional demands drive population dynamics and how it changes with life history strategies.
Invasive annual grass interacts with drought to influence plant communities and soil moisture in dryland restoration
Authors: Garbowski Magda , Johnston Danielle B. , Baker Dirk V. , Brown Cynthia S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the combined effects of drought and invasive species on plant community development and soil moisture could provide valuable insight into the mechanisms hindering successful native plant establishment in dryland restoration projects. We implemented a re‐vegetation experiment at two sites in Colorado, USA (one each in the Western Great Plains and Cold Desert ecoregions) to investigate the effects of drought (66% reduction of ambient growing season rainfall), non‐nativeBromus tectorumseed addition (465 seeds/m2), and superabsorbent polymer soil amendment (25 g/m2) on plant community development and soil volumetric water content at 5 and 30 cm depth. Drought resulted in higherB. tectorumcover at the Western Great Plains site but lowerB. tectorumcover at the Cold Desert site. These contrasting results suggest drought may interact with site‐specific precipitation patterns to influenceB. tectorumestablishment. At the Western Great Plains site, drought reduced seeded forb cover andB. tectorumseed addition reduced seeded grass cover, highlighting how the effects of drought and invasive species may vary depending on which functional group is assessed. At the Cold Desert site, drought andB. tectorumseed addition each decreased seeded species cover from approximately 8% to 3%. Superabsorbent polymer effects were limited to slight increases in overall seeded grass cover at the Western Great Plains site from 2.2% to 4.9%. Both drought andB. tectorumseed addition reduced soil volumetric water content but in some cases effects depended on interactions between the two treatments, site, or soil depth. Notably, at the Cold Desert site the reduction in soil volumetric water content resulting fromB. tectorumseed addition with ambient precipitation exceeded that of the drought treatment alone at 5 and 30 cm depth. Our results demonstrate that drought and invasive species both negatively influence native plant establishment and soil moisture, and in some cases may interact. Considering both abiotic and biotic stressors as well as their interactions in restoration planning could improve our understanding of native plant establishment and improve re‐vegetation outcomes.
Copper‐Free One‐Pot Sonogashira‐Type Coupling for the Efficient Preparation of Symmetric Diarylalkyne Ligands for Metal‐Organic Cages**
Authors: Lehr Marc , Paschelke Tobias , Bendt Victoria , Petersen André , Pietsch Lorenz , Harders Patrick , McConnell Anna J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe often time‐consuming and challenging multi‐step synthesis of ligands for metal‐organic cages is a limiting factor for the discovery and application of new cages. We report a highly efficient copper‐free one‐pot Sonogashira‐type coupling for the preparation of symmetric diarylalkyne ligands on both a small and large scale; bipyridine‐ and benzimidazole‐based ligands for the self‐assembly of Co4L6 cages were synthesized in short reaction times and high isolated yields directly from aryl halide precursors. This one‐pot method reduces the synthetic burden of ligand synthesis and will facilitate the preparation of ligands with additional functionality for applications of their corresponding cages.