bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A toolkit for costing environmental health services in healthcare facilities
Authors: Anderson Darcy M. , Wren Tracy J. , Cronk Ryan , Schram Hayley , Behnke Nikki , Bartram Jamie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Environmental health services (EHS) are critical for safe and functional healthcare facilities (HCFs). Understanding costs is important for improving and sustaining access to EHS in HCFs, yet the understanding of costs is poor and no tools exist to specifically support costing EHS in HCFs in low- and middle-income countries. We developed a toolkit to guide the following steps of costing EHS in HCFs: defining costing goals, developing and executing a data collection plan, calculating costs, and disseminating findings. The costing toolkit is divided into eight step-by-step modules with instructions, fillable worksheets, and guidance for effective data collection. It is designed for use by diverse stakeholders involved in funding, implementation, and management of EHS in HCFs and can be used by stakeholders with no prior costing experience. This paper describes the development, structure, and functionality of the toolkit; provides guidance for its application; and identifies good practices for costing, including pilot testing data collection tools and iterating the data collection process, involving diverse stakeholders, considering long-term costs, and disaggregating environmental costs in records to facilitate future costing. The toolkit itself is provided in the Supplementary Material.
Current Overviews on COVID-19 Management Strategies
Authors: Rai Pankaj Kumar , Mueed Zeba , Chowdhury Abhiroop , Deval Ravi , Kumar Dinesh , Kamal Mohammad A. , Negi Yogeshwar Singh , Pareek Shubhra , Sharma Hemlata , Poddar Nitesh Kumar 
Published: May 2021

Abstract:
The coronavirus pandemic hit the world lately and caused acute respiratory syndrome in humans.
The causative agent of the disease was soon identified by scientists as SARS-CoV-2 and later
called a novel coronavirus by the general public. Due to the severity and rapid spread of the disease,
WHO classifies the COVID-19 pandemic as the 6th public health emergency even after taking efforts
like worldwide quarantine and restrictions. Since only symptomatic treatment is available, the best way
to control the spread of the virus is by taking preventive measures. Various types of antigen/antibody
detection kits and diagnostic methods are available for the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients. In recent
years, various phytochemicals and repurposing drugs showing a broad range of anti-viral activities with
different modes of actions have been identified. Repurposing drugs such as arbidol, hydroxychloroquine,
chloroquine, lopinavir, favipiravir, remdesivir, hexamethylene amiloride, dexamethasone, tocilizumab,
interferon-β, and neutralizing antibodies exhibit in vitro anti-coronaviral properties by inhibiting multiple
processes in the virus life cycle. Various research groups are involved in drug trials and vaccine development.
Plant-based antiviral compounds such as baicalin, calanolides, curcumin, oxymatrine,
matrine, and resveratrol exhibit different modes of action against a wide range of positive/negative
sense-RNA/DNA virus, and future researches need to be conducted to ascertain their role and use in
managing SARS-CoV-2. Thus this article is an attempt to review the current understanding of COVID-
19 acute respiratory disease and summarize its clinical features with their prospective control and various
aspects of the therapeutic approach.
Self-immolative Linkers in Prodrugs and Antibody Drug Conjugates in Cancer Treatment
Authors: Edupuganti Veera V. Shivaji R. , Tyndall Joel D.A. , Gamble Allan B. 
Published: May 2021

Background:
The design of anti-cancer therapies with high anti-tumour efficacy and reduced
toxicity continues to be challenging. Anti-cancer prodrug and antibody-drug-conjugate (ADC)
strategies that can specifically and efficiently deliver cytotoxic compounds to cancer cells have
been used to overcome some of the challenges. The key to the success of many of these strategies
is a self-immolative linker, which after activation can release the drug payload. Various types of
triggerable self-immolative linkers are used in prodrugs and ADCs to improve their efficacy and
safety.

Objective:
Numerous patents have reported the significance of self-immolative linkers in prodrugs
and ADCs in cancer treatment. Based on the recent patent literature, we summarise methods for designing
the site-specific activation of non-toxic prodrugs and ADCs in order to improve selectivity
for killing cancer cells.

Methods:
In this review, an integrated view of the potential use of prodrugs and ADCs in cancer
treatment are provided. This review presents recent patents and related publications over the past
ten years uptill 2020.

Results:
The recent patent literature has been summarised for a wide variety of self-immolative
PABC linkers, which are cleaved by factors including responding to the difference between the extracellular
and intracellular environments (pH, ROS, glutathione) through over-expressed enzymes
(cathepsin, plasmin, β-glucuronidase) or bioorthogonal activation. The mechanism for self-immolation
involves the linker undergoing a 1,4- or 1,6-elimination (via electron cascade) or intramolecular
cyclisation to release cytotoxic drug at the targeted site.

Conclusion:
This review provides the commonly used strategies from recent patent literature in the
development of prodrugs based on targeted cancer therapy and antibody-drug conjugates, which
show promise in therapeutic applications.
Critical Reflections on Fraser: What Equality Are We Seeking?
Authors: Lawrence Sonia 
Published: May 2021

In this brief comment, I contextualise and complicate the conventional reading of Fraser v Canada as a victory for equality seeking groups.1 Instead, or at least alongside that reading, I want to suggest some other stories about the trajectory of equality in Canada since the Charter2 era began, and about what future doctrinal developments Fraser might lead us to predict.
1 Fraser v Canada (Attorney General), 2020 SCC 28 [Fraser]. 2 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11.
AN INTERPRETING ANALYSIS OF IU’S HIT SONGS THAT ACHIEVE PERFECT ALL-KILL
Authors: Pramudita Gita Tiara Putri Quraisyma 
Published: May 2021

Nowadays, all about K-Pop (Korean Pop) widely known in the world, South Korea’s music industry is known to have a music chart system that is very influential on the career and achievement of a singer. The system is to measure the success of a group or solo singer when they release a song. Some of the terms that are known by most K-Pop fans are real-time all-kill (RAK) certificates, certified all-kill (CAK), and perfect all-kill (PAK). Songs that receive RAK, CAK, or PAK certificates, can be interpreted as best-selling songs played on digital music services in Korea. This is an interpreting analysis of IU’s hit songs taken from 2011 until 2020, aimed to see what linguistic factors that makes them hit and achieve PAK. This research used a qualitative method. This research concluded 8 from 15 of IU songs make it achieve PAK because of numerous factors such as: the music, the instrument, the singing style, and the lyric with figurative languages. In academic environments, teacher may teach the students how to analyze song lyric because it is useful to teach vocabulary, idiom, and also elements of poetry. Keywords: Analysis, Interpreting, Music, IU
Surgical debridement and primary closure of the oral mucosa for repair of open mandibular pars incisiva fractures in three neonatal calves
Authors: Locher Iwan , Nuss Karl , Rediger David , Schmid Tanja , Devaux David , Steiner Adrian , Marchionatti Emma 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

CASE DESCRIPTION
3 neonatal female calves (ages, < 1 to 4 days) were examined because of mandibular trauma.

CLINICAL FINDINGS
Physical examination indicated that each calf had an open fracture of the mandibular pars incisiva (rostral mandibular fracture) with ventral displacement of the incisors at the affected region. Oral radiographs were obtained for 1 calf and revealed that 5 incisors were fractured at the level of the apical dental buds.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME
Each calf was anesthetized. The fracture site and surrounding tissues were surgically debrided and flushed with sterile 0.05% chlorhexidine solution. The laceration in the oral mucosa was closed with absorbable suture in an interrupted horizontal mattress pattern. Additionally, a Penrose drain was placed during primary closure and removed 4 days later in 1 calf. The fractured incisors were removed during primary debridement in another calf. All calves received perioperative antimicrobials and analgesics. One calf developed mild osteomyelitis of the rostral mandible, which resolved with additional surgical debridement and antimicrobial treatment. That calf and another developed mild brachygnathia. At the time of last follow-up (3 to 13 months after hospital discharge), all 3 calves were eating and growing as expected.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
3 calves with open rostral mandibular fractures were successfully managed by surgical debridement and primary closure of the oral laceration. The procedure was easy to perform, did not require specialized equipment, and was less expensive than other repair methods. This procedure may be an effective and economic on-farm treatment alternative for calves with rostral mandibular fractures.
Perioperative Management of Pulmonary Hypertension. A Review
Authors: Wood Christopher , Balciunas Mindaugas , Lordan Jim , Mellor Adrian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a rare and progressive pathology defined by abnormally high pulmonary artery pressure mediated by a diverse range of aetiologies. It affects up to twenty-six individuals per one million patients currently living in the United Kingdom (UK), with a median life expectancy of 2.8 years in idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. The diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension is often delayed due to the presentation of non-specific symptoms, leading to a delay in referral to specialists services. The complexity of treatment necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, underpinned by a diverse disease aetiology from managing the underlying disease process to novel specialist treatments. This has led to the formation of dedicated specialist treatment centres within centralised UK cities. The article aimed to provide a concise overview of pulmonary hypertension’s clinical perioperative management, including key definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk stratification.
Influence of Microbiologically Enriched Mineral Fertilizers on Selected Groups of Microorganisms in the Rhizosphere of Strawberry Plants
Authors: Sas-Paszt Lidia , Smolińska Urszula , Kowalska Beata , Szczech Magdalena , Lisek Anna , Trzciński Paweł , Głuszek Sławomir , Górnik Krzysztof , Derkowska Edyta , Sumorok Beata 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In recent years, the use of bio-fertilizers enriched with specially selected microorganisms has been used more and more often. The beneficial effects of bio-fertilizers enriched with consortia of microorganisms on strawberry plants have been reported previously. The purpose of the research was to determine the effect of bio-fertilizers containing selected fungal and bacterial strains on the microorganisms living in the rhizosphere of strawberry plants. In the experiments described in this paper, synthetic mineral fertilizers were enriched with selected microorganisms. The fertilizer urea was enriched with the fungi Aspergillus niger and Purpureocillium lilacinum, while the fertilizers Polifoska 6 and Super Fos Dar 40 with strains of the bacteria Bacillus sp., Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Paenibacillus polymyxa. Bacteria and fungi belonging to these species can exert a positive effect on the growth of many plants. The results obtained in this study showed that the application of fertilizers enriched with microorganisms had different effects on the analyzed populations of soil microorganisms in the rhizosphere of strawberry plants. There were evidences of both, an adverse effect of the applied fertilizer and/or microorganisms, but more often, the beneficial effect was found on the abundance of the microorganisms in the rhizosphere of the strawberry. The most effective for the population of Pseudomonas bacteria was application of urea and fungi and Polifoska and bacteria. The highest number of phosphorus utilizing bacteria B was scored in the treatments containing NPK, NPK + fungi and urea 60% + fungi. The application of NPK + fungi and urea 100% + fungi as well as Super Fos Dar with bacteria was most beneficial for population of actinomycetes.
Threats to biodiversity in Natura 2000 sites on the example of the Region of Warmia and Mazury
Authors: Gotkiewicz Wojciech , Wiśniewska Agnieszka 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The article describes threats to habitat and species conservation areas in the Region of Warmia and Mazury, which are part of the Natura 2000 network. Standard Data Forms were analysed to reveal the presence of the highest level threats in two-thirds of the evaluated sites. Most of the identified threats were associated with forest management, agriculture and hydrological conditions.
Dynamics of mercury content changes in snow in the heating season on the example of the city of Siedlce
Authors: Jabłońska Joanna , Kluska Mariusz 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The paper presents the results of research on the content of mercury in snow samples with the use of isotachophoresis. Snow samples were collected in December 2017 as well as in January and February 2018. Samples were collected in Siedlce in places where the individual heating of houses, mainly by hard coal, was visible. The highest mean content of mercury amounting to 0.36 μg/dm3 of water was determined in the snow samples collected in January 2018 in the Żwirowa housing development, and the lowest – 0.25 μg/dm3 in two housing developments: Nowe Siedlce and Topolowa, also collected in January. The snow samples collected in the Żwirowa housing development were characterised by the highest contamination with mercury compared to all the other samples collected for the analysis. The research is a continuation of pollution monitoring in the town of Siedlce in connection with the European Union recommendations on environmental protection and the ‘clean air’ programme implemented in Poland.
Herpetofauna of the Pieprzowe Mountains Nature Reserve and adjacent areas
Authors: Wojdan Dariusz , Żeber-Dzikowska Ilona , Gworek Barbara , Sadowski Maciej , Chmielewski Jarosław 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The study was focused on determining the sites of amphibian and reptile occurrence in the Pieprzowe Mountains Nature Reserve (area 18.01 ha) and adjacent areas (total area 58.81 ha). The investigations also involved the biology of breeding in the selected species, as well as determining threats and protection measures.
Situated in the eastern part of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, the steppe-like Pieprzowe (Pepper) Mountains Nature Reserve was established in 1979. Its aim is to protect xerothermic assemblages inhabited by many species of rare plants including the largest European aggregation of roses growing wild. The area is located on a steep, sometimes rugged escarpment, which is part of the Vistula River erosional margin. The escarpment exposes Cambrian black pepper-like shales. The slope base is overgrown by a narrow belt of willow thickets. Above occur assemblages of xerothermic thickets with a few trees. The highest parts of the nature reserve are overgrown with xerothermic grasslands with the prevalence of feathergrass steppe (Festuco-Stipion class). The reserve is surrounded by riparian forests, waterlogged meadows and reservoirs of the Vistula former riverbed, the largest of which is an oxbow lake (5.16 ha).
The following species were documented in 2016-2017: smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris L., great crested newt Triturus cristatus Laur., European fire-bellied toad Bombina bombina L., common toad Bufo bufo L., European green toad Bufotes viridis Laur., European tree frog Hyla arborea L., edible frog Pelophylax esculentus L., pool frog Pelophylax lessonae Cam., marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus Laur., moor frog Rana arvalis Nilss., common frog Rana temporaria L., sand lizard Lacerta agilis L., grass snake Natrix natrix L. and common European adder Vipera berus L. The studies were focused on biology of breeding and phenology in common toad and common frog.
The main threats posed on herpetofauna include: human presence, littering, fire raising and changes of water balance.
© IOŚ-PIB
Regulation of the food waste measuring in the EU in the light of the need of counteracting the food wastage
Authors: Łaba Sylwia , Niedek Mikołaj , Szczepański Krystian , Łaba Robert , Kamińska-Dwórznicka Anna 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The paper presents the analysis of the guidelines of the European Union, adopted in May, 2019, on the common methodology and quality requirements for the uniform system of measuring the food waste levels in the EU Member States. The Waste Framework Directive obliges the Member States to monitor the generation of food waste and to take measures to limit their production; however, a lack of uniform, reliable method for measuring the food waste levels in the EU causes that it is difficult to evaluate the scale of the problem, its sources and the related tendencies in time. The food waste is generated across the whole food supply chain; so, it is especially troublesome to determine the level of the discussed waste. The food waste with different characteristics, different source and different reasons for its generation is produced in each stage of the chain. The current data on the food wastes do not specify their quantities. In connection with this fact, a separate legal act was developed, that is, the Commission Delegated Decision (EU) dated 3 May 2019, focusing on the measuring of food waste, which is harmonized with the existing systems of data collection and provides a framework for further measures of the Member States in respect of the quantitative determination of the food waste that is generated.
Comparison of financial and external costs related to the use of selected electric and conventional passenger cars – the example of Poland
Authors: Trela Mariusz 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Since the early 1990s, more and more restrictive car emission standards have been successively introduced, and since 2015, targets of CO2 emission have also been in force. Even though these measures are effective in decreasing the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and also CO2 in recent years in the European Union (EU), the European Commission more and more emphatically stresses the necessity of evolution of the conventional road transport towards electromobility.
The paper presents the financial and environmental aspects related to the use of selected passenger cars in Poland. External effects were calculated taking into account emission from the wear and tear of tyres and braking systems (conventional and electric cars), fuel combustion (conventional cars) and emission related to the production of the energy needed for propelling vehicles in the Polish energy sector (electric cars).
The external costs were calculated in terms of emission for all the vehicles in the analysis. On this basis, conclusions were drawn with regard to the economic justification for the purchase and use of vehicles in Poland.
Floristic diversity in selected city parks in southern Poland
Authors: Rahmonov Oimahmad , Pukowiec-Kurda Katarzyna , Banaszek Jarosław , Brom Krzysztof 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Ecosystems of city parks are one of the most important refuges of biodiversity in urbanized areas. Recently, naturalists have had an increased interest in floristic diversity in regions that have been drastically modified by human activity, particularly in urban spaces. Investigations were conducted at various levels of the biological organization, to protect the environment and to promote floristic diversity. The aim of this study is to present floristic diversity in urban parks in southern Poland. The research was conducted in 10 parks located in 3 cities (Dąbrowa Górnicza, Sosnowiec and Będzin). These parks have been formed at different times, on various parent rocks. They are both natural and anthropogenic in origin and have different sizes (the smallest being 6 ha and the largest 67 ha). Their common features are way of use and management. The results of this investigation have confirmed 426 vascular plants belonging to 83 families and 247 genera. The highest number of species belongs to Asteraceae and Poaceae. Grabek Park is the most species rich (288) in comparison to the other parks investigated. Research on urban parks shows important links between floral diversity and biodiversity within highly urbanized areas in city centres and in urban spaces in general. This variety includes both native species and alien species, which are often called ‘park species’ with a decorative origin.
The modification of an epoxy resin by natural plant materials
Authors: Masiewicz Joanna , Roszowska-Jarosz Martyna , Kostrzewa Marcin , Jasik Aleksandra , Krawczyk Paulina 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The article presents the results of research on the modification of Epidian 5 epoxy resin by introducing natural modifiers. It's easy accessibility and biodegradability has a positive effect on environmental protection, cost-effectiveness of the process, useful and strength properties of composites. Still looking for the best solutions in the production of epoxy composites combining these features, we have attempted to compare and select the most optimal natural modifier. The epoxy resin was modified with collagen, hemp fibres, cellulose from pepper extraction residues. The amount of amine hardener suggested by the manufacturer was added to the composition. Each composition was cured at room temperature for 24 hours and then cured at 80°C for 3 hours. The prepared composites were subjected to impact assessment additions for mechanical properties, impact strength, three-point bending strength, critical stress intensity factor and gel time.
Dynamics of changes in the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in selected Polish surface water
Authors: Kluska Mariusz 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The paper presents results of research on the dynamics of changes in the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in selected lotic water bodies. Samples were collected in four time frames. The research involved surface water samples collected from three rivers in Poland: the Liwiec, the Muchawka and the Bug. The largest of them is the Bug River, which comprises the Liwiec River. The Liwiec River, in turn, encompasses the Muchawka River. The research was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest mean total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration of 184.4 ± 58.3 ng dm−3 was obtained in January in water samples collected from the Bug River, while the lowest concentration was recorded in September in water collected from the Muchawka River and was 46.5 ± 18.1 ng dm−3. The obtained values do not exceed the permissible limits for surface water used as a source of drinking water for human consumption in accordance with the regulation of the Minister of Maritime Economy and Inland Navigation of 29 August 2019.