bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cervantes and Lope de Vega
Authors: Thacker Jonathan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Cervantes and Lope de Vega were the two most influential literary figures of early modern Spain. On the face of it, one might conclude that they complemented each other well and between them carved up the literary territories over which they were best suited to reign. However, as this chapter demonstrates, such a conclusion would be misleading and would mask an intriguing, deep, productive, and at times unsavoury relationship between the two men and their work. Throughout their respective writing careers, numerous references, both critical and praiseworthy, were reciprocated, and an equally complex personal relationship produced one of the great literary rivalries of European literature.
Cervantes on Screen
Authors: Wheeler Duncan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
April 2016 marked the four-hundredth anniversary of the deaths of both Miguel de Cervantes and William Shakespeare, with a noticeable lack of attention paid to the former in relation to the latter, even in Spain. A relative lack of film adaptations of Cervantes’s works has been construed as a symptom and cause of the Spaniard’s lack of visibility at home and abroad. This chapter probes this assertion and explores the dialectic between commemorative culture and Spanish screen fictions based on the life and works of Cervantes. Included are discussions of Francoist appropriations of the symbolism of Cervantes in Spanish national heritage, and the attempts to reappropriate those same images in the democratic era through film.
Anthropology, Affections, and Free Will
Authors: Tan Seng-Kong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Edwards’s theological anthropology from the perspective of his psychological understanding of the person, where the human intellect and volition reflect and participate in the Word–Spirit unity, distinction, and ordering in God. Special attention is paid to his idealist and dynamic human ontology, which rejects substance as its underlying reality. Yet, it is argued that Edwards’s particular versions of determinism and occasionalism, where the will is bound by causes though humans are not efficient causes, do not undermine his compatibilist account of free will. Under consideration are the critical roles the intellect and body play in the natural affections and the way in which true freedom coincides with the theocentric and integral nature of the religious affections. The chapter concludes with a description of Edwards’s embodied, dynamic, and relational dimensions of eschatological humanity.
Sources of Edwards’s Thought
Authors: Thuesen Peter J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Older scholarship on the ‘mind’ of Edwards tended to treat him as an isolated genius who either triumphed over or failed to transcend his provincial location. More recent analysis of his manuscripts, especially his ‘Catalogue’ (a book wish-list of sorts) and his ‘Account Book’ (a record of books lent to friends and parishioners), has revealed as never before the myriad and often competing influences on his thought. The first part of the chapter traces the chronology of Edwards’s engagement with print culture, from his boyhood to his Princeton presidency. The second part elucidates four major sources of his thought: (1) the Bible, commentaries, and histories; (2) Reformed scholasticism and doctrinal disputes; (3) Enlightenment ‘new learning’ and rationalist apologetics; and (4) other subjects and genres.
Missions
Authors: Grigg John A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the multiple roles which Jonathan Edwards had with respect to missions. During his time at Northampton, Edwards included his understanding of the ‘heathen’ in his theological writings, especially with respect to the end times and the establishment of the kingdom of God. While serving as a missionary-pastor at Stockbridge, Edwards adapted his sermon style to more effectively minister to his Indian audience. It is possible that this adaptation was, in part, catalysed by the Native Americans themselves. Posthumously, Edwards’s voluminous writings, in particular the Humble Attempt and The Life of David Brainerd, played important roles in creating the modern Protestant missionary movement and in motivating and training many of the missionaries who went abroad from Britain and the United States.
Latin America
Authors: de Campos Heber Carlos 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of the reception of Jonathan Edwards in Latin America, particularly Brazil. In Brazil, Evangelicals and Pentecostals have especially appropriated Edwards. At first, Edwards was received as a revivalist. Protestant Christians in Brazil in the mid-twentieth century were enamoured with church growth, pietistic spirituality, and revivalism. Biographies of Edwards and his writings on these subjects (especially as they related to the First Great Awakening) were translated into Portuguese and Spanish, serving to introduce Christians to Edwards’s life and thought. More recently, Protestant Christians have begun to appreciate Edwards’s Reformed theology. A growing interest in theological education, evangelical history, and the Reformed faith has led many to Edwards. While these two movements do not account for all of the reception history of Jonathan Edwards in Latin America, they do reveal broad trends about both Latin American Protestantism and the appropriation of Edwards in Latin American contexts.
Edwards Studies Today
Authors: Sweeney Douglas A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The most important year ever in the history of Edwards studies was surely 2003, which marked the tercentennial anniversary of Edwards’s birth. Over the course of that year, scores of gatherings took place to commemorate Edwards and his international legacies, several of which yielded major scholarly publications, and dozens of other scholars wrote on Edwards as well in several different languages. Amid the tercentennial commemorations of Edwards’s birth, it was common to hear that thousands of books and articles had been written on ‘America’s theologian,’ fixing him once and for all amid the pantheon of America’s founding fathers and spiritual heroes. But such statements were misleading. A great deal has been accomplished since 2003 to reassess Edwards’s life and variegated legacies, highlighting gaps in the study of this figure. Edwards’s statue is not set, nor his place within the temple. This chapter offers a survey of recent efforts at revision.
Epistemology
Authors: Helm Paul 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For Edwards, epistemology went hand in hand with metaphysics, both intellectually and biographically, from his teenage years. The philosophical influences were Locke and Berkeley, and Malebranche as well with his Calvinistic emphasis on divine sovereignty, considered as an activity that was both transcendent, in God’s upholding of all reality, and his disclosure of himself in a wide range of sources, in his divine revelation in Scripture, in the experience of the effects of the new birth of his elect, and in his scientist’s interest in the flora and fauna of his New England environment. True knowledge of divine revelation was supernatural, through the imparting of divine light immediately to the soul in the possession of what he called a ‘new sense’. Beside those mentioned, he was influenced by St. Augustine and by the Puritan John Owen.
The Future Boardgame
Authors: Andersson Jenny 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter charts the development of the Future boardgame as a means to demonstrate the subtle combination of representations of science and narratives of imagination and storytelling in constructions of futures. In advocating the study of material histories of the future (as to opposed to studying the cultural history of future visions), this chapter identifies the central role of the future as artefact. Future artefacts, it concludes, are a central way of analysing repertoires of futures-making between scienticity and imagination, and they also provide important stories of circulation and exchange.
Nineteen Eighty-Four in the British Telephone System
Authors: Ward Jacob 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores science fiction, computer simulation, and Thatcherism in the long-range and business planning departments of the British Post Office’s Telecommunications Division and its successor, British Telecom, as Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative government transferred telecommunications from public monopoly, run by the Post Office, to liberalized corporation, run by British Telecom. Ward charts the negotiations between simulated and literary utopias and dystopias, analysing managerial representations of information technology’s transformative power. Managers understood computer simulations as interactive futures, bringing techno-moral changes of predictive markets and emancipatory electronics from the future to the present. They dismissed the dystopias of H. G. Wells and George Orwell as outdated, in contrast to the computer’s predictive power, but in doing so, these managers tacitly accepted the ‘hypersurveillant’ power of computer simulation, where customers could be simulated and surveilled ahead of time. Ward thus highlights digital utopianism’s contradictory values of deregulation, personal freedom, and technological planning.
Preservation as Futures-Making Practices
Authors: Harrison Rodney 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis essay takes the practices of biobanking as a case study in order to redefine and reframe current assumptions about the role, practices, and orientation of heritage. While it is conventional to think about conservation or preservation as a series of practical fields oriented towards preserving and managing what remains of biological and cultural diversity from the past, it is perhaps less often the case that we reflect on the role of heritage in assembling and making futures, despite ubiquitous claims that the aim of such procedures is the preservation of objects, places, and practices for future generations. This essay probes these future orientations to demonstrate that conservation is a series of activities which are intimately concerned with assembling, building, and designing future worlds, and to argue that heritage might be productively reframed as ‘worlding’ or ‘future-making’ practices.
Concepts of Future Generations
Authors: Nordblad Julia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how the relationship between present and future generations has been articulated and envisaged in four discussions on climate change and global environmental crises from the late 1980s onward. Nordblad exemplifies how the very concept of future generations harbours disparate and sometimes conflicting views over the extent future generations can be known, and the political, economic, and ethical complexities embedded in constructions of the relationship between present and future generations. She explores climate economics with its presumptions about substitutable and transgenerational values; Pope Francis’s encyclical on the environment, which describes future generations as a call for moral regeneration; the Brundtland Report, which emphasizes solidarity in the allocation of common resources; and the academic discussion on the non-identity problem, posing our relation to future generations as a moral and political enigma.
Life as Algorithm
Authors: Amadae S. M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter uncovers the complex negotiations for authority in various representations about futures of life which have been advanced by different branches of the sciences, and have culminated in the emerging concept of life as algorithm. It charts the historical shifts in expertise and representations of life, from naturalists, to mathematical modellers, and specialists in computation, and argues that physicists, game theorists, and economists now take a leading role in explaining and projecting futures of life. The chapter identifies Richard Dawkins and Max Tegmark at the forefront of the concept of life as algorithm: the first inspired by game theory as a means to study evolution; the second proposing that a materialist basis of life could place humans and artificial intelligence on an equal footing. Through close reading of their respective texts, the chapter demonstrates that both thinkers consider life as an algorithm programmed to achieve success in survival and reproduction.
Christology
Authors: Long D. Stephen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of Reinhold Niebuhr’s Christology through the course of his writings, arguing that his later work showed a fuller engagement with Christology. It then situates his Christology within a five-fold dogmatics based on (1) the doctrine of the incarnation; (2) Jesus’ life and mission; (3) his betrayal, arrest, and crucifixion; (4) his resurrection and ascension; (5) his promised return. Reinhold Niebuhr’s Christology has received diverse evaluations. Although some of that diversity is noted, this chapter is not primarily interested in resolving the conflicting assessments. Instead, it aims to offer a comprehensive interpretation of his Christological thought as a whole.
Responsibility
Authors: Schweiker William 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the importance of moral responsibility in Reinhold Niebuhr’s thought, which in turn allows the reader to interpret his work within the wider compass of Christian humanism. While Niebuhr’s ethics never showcased the concept of responsibility in the way other thinkers did during his time, he nevertheless insisted that the moral capability of responsibility is basic to human dignity. Utilizing the distinction Max Weber made between two forms of ethics, the chapter suggests that moral responsibility constitutes the ‘form’, rather than the ‘norm’, of Niebuhr’s anthropological project. Niebuhr’s project can be seen as an attempt to retrieve the lost insights of the Reformation regarding sin and grace within the historical condition of modern life initiated by the Renaissance. This orientation in Niebuhr’s work bears some of the features of Christian humanism. The final section discusses how Niebuhr’s theological and ethical vision can contribute to Christian thinking in our time.
Tragedy and Irony
Authors: Morris Daniel A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses Reinhold Niebuhr’s concepts of tragedy and irony. It explains how he defined these terms and identifies their place in his theological framework. Niebuhr identified the themes of tragedy and irony in his reflection on human nature, the crucifixion, and moral concepts such as sin, love, and justice. The chapter also explores his use of the terms within the context of twentieth-century global and domestic politics, highlighting his commentary on the Cold War, capitalism, and democracy in the United States. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the political tragedies and ironies Niebuhr identified are still with us today and that his concepts can be used to pursue the goals of his feminist, black, and Latinx critics.
Family, Sexuality, and Society
Authors: Miles Rebekah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Contrary to established wisdom, Niebuhr’s reflections on intimate relationships of family and sexual partnerships reveal as much about his anthropology as do his reflections on large social groups. As Niebuhr’s thought matured, we find not a bifurcation of public and private, as is often argued, but a continuum, with similar problems facing all human groups from the smallest to the largest. Niebuhr reflections on intimate relationships also illustrate the way he came to affirm a fully social model of the self and a balance between realism and idealism in all communities. Niebuhr’s thought, especially his understanding of the social and free self in society, is a springboard to a visionary Christian Realism, relevant for ethical reflection on many current topics including same-gender marriage, gender fluidity, and gender roles within families.
Karl Barth
Authors: Mauldin Joshua 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Reinhold Niebuhr and Karl Barth lived remarkably parallel lives. Both became disillusioned with the nineteenth-century Protestant liberalism they had inherited, but they took their departure from liberalism in different directions. Niebuhr’s focus on social ethics gave him an interest in the ethical implications of Barth’s theology, but Barth’s approach to dogmatics led him to be less interested in Niebuhr’s approach to ethics and apologetic theology. Commentators have often assumed that Niebuhr and Barth were engaged in answering a common question, such that we could adjudicate who was right and who was wrong, but the relationship between their projects is more complicated. Niebuhr focused on immanent criticism of the dogmas of a secular age, seeking to demonstrate how these ways of thinking could not sufficiently account for the challenges and aspirations of human nature and destiny. Eschewing this apologetic approach, Barth pursued the task of dogmatics as a human response to God’s revelation and as an ongoing test of the Church’s proclamation. Niebuhr and Barth were engaged in differing projects, which because of their distinct goals, can be seen as complementary.
The Classic Arguments for Free Speech 1644–1927
Authors: Blasi Vincent 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the classic arguments for freedom of speech. It traces the first comprehensive argument for freedom of speech as a limiting principle of government to John Milton’s Areopagitica, a polemic against censorship by a requirement of prior licensing in which Milton develops an argument for the pursuit of truth through exposure to false and heretical ideas rather than the passive reception of orthodoxy. Despite Milton’s belief in the advancement of understanding through free inquiry, he was far from liberal in the modern sense of that term and he did not, for instance, extend the tolerance he advocated to Catholic religious texts. The chapter then assesses what James Madison had to say about the role of public opinion as a crucial element in the creation of political authority and the preservation of rights, and considers Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr’s opinions about the freedom of speech. It also looks at how the celebrated federal judge Learned Hand conceives of the freedom of speech as a majority-creating procedure rather than an individual right, while Justice Louis Brandeis understood the freedom of speech to be an individual liberty important as such but especially important for its contribution to democratic character. Ultimately, the most widely-read of the classic arguments for free speech is that developed by John Stuart Mill in his Essay On Liberty.
Religious Speech
Authors: Bhatia Gautam 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines religious speech, and the tensions between religion and freedom of expression. As a wide-ranging system of moral beliefs and commitments, religion, by its very nature, assigns to the freedom of expression a particular place in its hierarchical order of values. In non-theocratic States, this may clash with the (higher) normative value accorded to the freedom of expression under the secular order. Religious claims themselves will often be made from within the constitutional system: that is, the State’s own constitutional commitment to protect religious freedom will be invoked to argue that, in certain domains, the secular order must defer to religion’s hierarchy of values. This may include the subordination of religious expression to revealed religious truth. Disputes will often also involve contestation over a constellation of other constitutional norms, such as the commitment to maintaining diversity and pluralism, the right to equality and cultural dissent, and not least, the imperatives of public order. Consequently, such disputes raise a host of complex issues. The State’s adjudicatory authorities must decide whether to attempt an accommodation between the conflicting claims of religion and free speech, or privilege one over the other. The chapter then discusses the role of religion in censorship.
Freedom of Expression in the Workplace
Authors: Estlund Cynthia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the implications for democratic government of employment-based limitations on freedom of speech. The workplace is a distinctive expressive domain because the ‘censor’ and the speaker are typically bound together by an employment contract that affords the former a large measure of hierarchical control over the latter. The employer, having hired the employee to do a job, has legitimate interests in regulating some employee speech. The employee, for their part, is typically dependent on the employer for their livelihood, and vulnerable to the employer’s overreaching beyond those legitimate interests. Those features of the employment relationship give rise to a distinct set of questions about the value and limits of free speech in the workplace setting, public or private. The chapter then focuses on how US law, primarily constitutional law but also non-constitutional law, has dealt with those questions. While the US law governing freedom of expression in the workplace is unique in some ways, the problems it deals with will arise in any society that both recognizes the value of freedom of expression and channels labour into the production of goods and services largely through the institution of employment.
Freedom of Media
Authors: Grimm Dieter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains that in a number of jurisdictions, freedom of media is treated as a subset of freedom of speech. It is speech amplified by technical means such as print or electromagnetic waves. Like freedom of speech, it is conceived as an individual right of the speaker. It is also regarded as a right of the owners of media, even if they do not speak themselves, because they may determine what is published and what is not. However, freedom of media should be regarded as a distinct right. Both rights share the quality of communicative rights, but they refer to different types of communication, individual communication and mass communication. When the early constitutions were adopted, no other means of mass communication than the press existed. Younger constitutions mention broadcasting, but did not foresee the emergence of television; even very recent constitutions remain silent regarding the internet. However, only an extremely crude textualist or originalist would conclude that media not explicitly mentioned in the constitution are not protected against government intrusion. ‘Press’ is a subcategory of the broader notion of ‘media of mass communication’ and thus open for the inclusion of newly emerging media without a constitutional amendment being necessary.
Pornography
Authors: West Caroline 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses pornography, which is often defended on the basis of freedom of speech or expression. Even if some pornography is not just offensive but actively harmful, it is speech; and, as such, enjoys the special protections generally extended to speech in liberal societies. In the United States, pornography even enjoys legal protection under the free speech clause of the First Amendment of the US Constitution. The chapter then critically examines the traditional free speech defence of pornography, as well as prominent feminist arguments for legal regulation of some pornography, before turning to consider a surprising but increasingly influential free speech-based line of argument against pornography. In discussing these matters, the primary focus will be on general issues of political morality, rather than questions of legal interpretation.