bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invasive Treatments for Low Back Disorders
Authors: Hegmann Kurt T. , Travis Russell , Andersson Gunnar B.J. , Belcourt Roger M. , Carragee Eugene J. , Eskay-Auerbach Marjorie , Galper Jill , Goertz Michael , Haldeman Scott , Hooper Paul D. , Lessenger James E. , Mayer Tom , Mueller Kathryn L. , Murphy Donald R. , Tellin William G. , Thiese Matthew S. , Weiss Michael S. , Harris Jeffrey S. 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
This abbreviated version of the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine's Low Back Disorders guideline reviews the evidence and recommendations developed for invasive treatments used to manage low back disorders.

Methods:
Comprehensive systematic literature reviews were accomplished with article abstraction, critiquing, grading, evidence table compilation, and guideline finalization by a multidisciplinary expert panel and extensive peer-review to develop evidence-based guidance. Consensus recommendations were formulated when evidence was lacking and often relied on analogy to other disorders for which evidence exists. A total of 47 high-quality and 321 moderate-quality trials were identified for invasive management of low back disorders.

Results:
Guidance has been developed for the invasive management of acute, subacute, and chronic low back disorders and rehabilitation. This includes 49 specific recommendations.

Conclusion:
Quality evidence should guide invasive treatment for all phases of managing low back disorders.
Job Absenteeism Costs of Obesity in the United States
Authors: Cawley John , Biener Adam , Meyerhoefer Chad , Ding Yuchen , Zvenyach Tracy , Smolarz B. Gabriel , Ramasamy Abhilasha 
Published: March 2021

Objective:To estimate the causal effect of obesity on job absenteeism and the associated lost productivity in the United States, both nationwide and by state.Methods:We conducted a retrospective pooled cross-sectional analysis using the 2001 to 2016 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and estimated two-part models of instrumental variables.Results:Obesity, relative to normal weight, raises job absenteeism due to injury or illness by 3.0 days per year (128%). Annual productivity loss due to obesity ranges from $271 to $542 (lower/upper bound) per employee with obesity, with national productivity losses ranging from $13.4 to $26.8 billion in 2016. Trends in state-level estimates mirror those at the national level, varying across states.Conclusions:Obesity significantly raises job absenteeism. Reductions in job absenteeism should be included when calculating the cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent or reduce obesity among employed adults.
Impact of Covid-19 in Global Health and Psychosocial Risks at Work
Authors: Gaspar Tania , Paiva Teresa , Matos Margarida Gaspar 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
The main objective is to understand and characterize the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on mental health and psychosocial risks at work in professionally active adults.

Methods:
This specific work includes 4708 professionally active participants from all over the country, of which 3354 are women (71.2%), aged between 19 and 86 years, with an average age of 45.8 years (SD = 12.56).

Results:
The global impact of Covid-19 is explained by socio-demographic factors (sex, age, and education), by work-related and volume of work and health that is reflected in most symptoms. We found sex, age, education level, and professional area differences related to global impact of Covid-19.

Conclusion:
The Covid-19 pandemic accounts for the challenge to identify the important factors to promote resilience of citizens, professionals, and organizations.
Apolipoprotein L1 and mechanisms of kidney disease susceptibility
Authors: Bruggeman Leslie A. , Sedor John R. , O’Toole John F. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose of review
Allelic variants in the gene for apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), found only in individuals of African ancestry, explain a majority of the excess risk of kidney disease in African Americans. However, a clear understanding how the disease-associated APOL1 variants cause kidney injury and the identity of environmental stressors that trigger the injury process have not been determined.

Recent findings
Basic mechanistic studies of APOL1 biochemistry and cell biology, bolstered by new antibody reagents and inducible pluripotent stem cell-derived cell systems, have focused on the cytotoxic effect of the risk variants when APOL1 gene expression is induced. Since the APOL1 variants evolved to alter a key protein–protein interaction with the trypanosome serum resistance-associated protein, additional studies have begun to address differences in APOL1 interactions with other proteins expressed in podocytes, including new observations that APOL1 variants may alter podocyte cytoskeleton dynamics.

Summary
A unified mechanism of pathogenesis for the various APOL1 nephropathies still remains unclear and controversial. As ongoing studies have consistently implicated the pathogenic gain-of-function effects of the variant proteins, novel therapeutic development inhibiting the synthesis or function of APOL1 proteins is moving toward clinical trials.
Survival Following Self-Inflicted Gunshot Injuries to the Face Using the National Trauma Data Bank
Authors: Wasicek Philip J. , Kantar Rami S. , Yoon Joshua , Elegbede Adekunle , Nam Arthur J. 
Published: March 2021

Introduction:
Self-inflicted gunshot wounds to the face frequently result in devastating injuries; however, there is a paucity of large experiences describing determinants of mortality and outcomes.

Methods:
Using the National Trauma Databank from 2007 to 2015, patients suffering self-inflicted firearm facial injuries were included.

Results:
Over 9 years 7869 patients were included: 87.7% were male, 46.4% suffered traumatic brain injury (TBI) and overall in-hospital mortality was 44.7%. The majority (67.8%) of in-hospital mortality occurred within the first 24 hours. Using multiple regression, advanced age (>65 years), presence of TBI, admission hypotension, and decreased Glasgow coma score were each independently associated with increased odds of mortality (all P < 0.001). Mandible or combined mandible/midface fracture injury patterns were most likely to survive (P < 0.001). Of those surviving to hospital discharge, the median [interquartile range] length of stay was 13 [6, 23] days, 86.6% required an intensive care unit stay with 67% requiring intubation and 42.5% tracheostomy. Among survivors, the combined mandible and midface fracture pattern resulted in the highest rates of tracheostomy (70.5%), gastrostomy tube placement (50.5%), and facial operations (87.0%) with a median [interquartile range] of 5 [3, 7] operative trips (all P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Self-inflicted facial firearm injuries are highly morbid injuries with the majority of in-hospital deaths occurring the first hospital day. Differences including concomitant TBI, facial injury pattern, neurologic status, and presence of hypotension on admission were independently associated with survival/death. More extensive facial injuries (combined mandible and midface fracture patterns) were more likely to survive and required more intensive interventions.
Posterior Cranial Vault Distraction Osteogenesis Utilizing a Posterior—Superior Distraction Vector in the Treatment of Mercedes Benz Pattern Craniosynostosis
Authors: Marji Fady P. , Block Lisa M. , Anstadt Erin E. , Dvoracek Lucas A. , Bruce Madeleine K. , Williams Abraham A. , Hall Jennifer A. , Losee Joseph E. , Goldstein Jesse A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Bilateral lambdoid and sagittal synostosis, or Mercedes Benz Syndrome, is a rare complex craniosynostosis resulting in frontal bossing, a tapered posterior fossa, and an anteriorly displaced cranial vertex. Its ideal surgical correction must result in posterior expansion, skull elongation, and caudal repositioning of the vertex. We present a craniometric analysis of skull changes with posterior-superior distraction and introduce a novel craniometric measure: vertex position. In this study, a retrospective review was performed to analyze outcomes of posterior cranial vault distraction osteogenesis (PVDO) using a posterior–superior distraction vector from 2016 to 2019. Cranial vertex position was measured as a fraction of the occipitofrontal diameter from rostral to caudal (0–1.0). Four patients underwent PVDO at mean age 10.61 ± 3.16 months utilizing a posterior–superior distraction vector. Linear distraction distance averaged 30.30 ± 0.90 mm with a mean consolidation period of 3.98 ± 0.72 months. Mean corrected change in intra-cranial volume was 236.30 ± 3.71 mL, at an average rate of 7.81 ± 2.00 mL/mm of distraction. Increases in anterior cranial height (7.83 ± 2.51 mm), middle cranial height (8.43 ± 4.21 mm), posterior cranial height (13.15 ± 7.45 mm), and posterior cranial fossa height (21.99 ± 8.55 mm) were observed. Cranial vertex demonstrated a mean posterior movement of 0.18 ± 0.13. PVDO utilizing a posterior-superior distraction vector for management of nonsyndromic bilateral lambdoid and sagittal synostosis effectively increases intracranial volume and height and provides an esthetic outcome with posterior movement of the cranial vertex.
Central nervous system infections and antimicrobial resistance: an evolving challenge
Authors: Nau Roland , Sörgel Fritz , Eiffert Helmut 
Published: March 2021

Purpose of review
Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing threat to patients also in nosocomial central nervous system (CNS) infections. The present review focusses on optimizing intravenous treatment in order to achieve sufficient concentrations of antibiotics in the different compartments of the CNS when the causative pathogens have reduced sensitivity to antibiotics or/and the impairment of the blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood–brain barrier is mild.

Recent findings
Experience has been gathered with treatment protocols for several established antibiotics using increased doses or continuous instead of intermittent intravenous therapy. Continuous infusion in general does not increase the average CSF concentrations (or the area under the concentration–time curve in CSF) compared to equal daily doses administered by short-term infusion. In some cases, it is postulated that it can reduce toxicity caused by high peak plasma concentrations. In case reports, new β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations were shown to be effective treatments of CNS infections.

Summary
Several antibiotics with a low to moderate toxicity (in particular, β-lactam antibiotics, fosfomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, rifampicin, vancomycin) can be administered at increased doses compared to traditional dosing with low or tolerable adverse effects. Intrathecal administration of antibiotics is only indicated, when multiresistant pathogens cannot be eliminated by systemic therapy. Intravenous should always accompany intrathecal treatment.
Acute bacterial meningitis
Authors: Wall Emma C. , Chan Jia Mun , Gil Eliza , Heyderman Robert S. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose of review
Community-acquired bacterial meningitis is a continually changing disease. This review summarises both dynamic epidemiology and emerging data on pathogenesis. Updated clinical guidelines are discussed, new agents undergoing clinical trials intended to reduce secondary brain damage are presented.

Recent findings
Conjugate vaccines are effective against serotype/serogroup-specific meningitis but vaccine escape variants are rising in prevalence. Meningitis occurs when bacteria evade mucosal and circulating immune responses and invade the brain: directly, or across the blood–brain barrier. Tissue damage is caused when host genetic susceptibility is exploited by bacterial virulence. The classical clinical triad of fever, neck stiffness and headache has poor diagnostic sensitivity, all guidelines reflect the necessity for a low index of suspicion and early Lumbar puncture. Unnecessary cranial imaging causes diagnostic delays. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture and PCR are diagnostic, direct next-generation sequencing of CSF may revolutionise diagnostics. Administration of early antibiotics is essential to improve survival. Dexamethasone partially mitigates central nervous system inflammation in high-income settings. New agents in clinical trials include C5 inhibitors and daptomycin, data are expected in 2025.

Summary
Clinicians must remain vigilant for bacterial meningitis. Constantly changing epidemiology and emerging pathogenesis data are increasing the understanding of meningitis. Prospects for better treatments are forthcoming.
Mismatch in Supply and Demand for Neuro-Ophthalmic Care
Authors: DeBusk Adam , Subramanian Prem S. , Scannell Bryan Molly , Moster Mark L. , Calvert Preston C. , Frohman Larry P. 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Previous research suggests the number of neuro-ophthalmologists in the United States may be below a level that provides sufficient access to neuro-ophthalmic care in much of the United States. However, national estimates of the amount of clinical time spent on neuro-ophthalmology are lacking.

Methods:
The North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society administered a survey on professional time allocation to its active members. Survey response was 95%. The survey characterized the hours each week each respondent allocated to overall work, clinical work, clinical work in ophthalmology/neurology, and clinical work in neuro-ophthalmology specifically. The survey additionally collected information regarding demographics, current wait times to be seen for new patients, and the difference in clinical time spent in neuro-ophthalmology spent between the current day compared with that shortly after completing clinical training. Linear regression was used to identify potential relationships between the above and average wait time.

Results:
On average, responding physicians spent 70% of their clinical time on neuro-ophthalmology. In 6 states, there were no reported practicing neuro-ophthalmologists, and in only 8 states was the clinical full-time equivalent to population ratio below the suggested threshold of 1 for every 1.2 million. The median wait time for a new patient was 6 weeks. This wait time was associated with the fraction of clinical time spent in neuro-ophthalmology (0.2 weeks longer wait for a 10 percentage point increase in the fraction of time spent in neuro-ophthalmology; P = 0.02), and suggestively associated with training (training in ophthalmology was associated with 1.0 week shorter wait time; P = 0.06).

Conclusion:
The survey suggests that neuro-ophthalmologists are unable to see patients in a timely manner and a decreasing number of clinicians are entering the field. Future interventions should be considered to incentivize neuro-ophthalmology training in ophthalmology and neurology residents such that the United States population is able to appropriately access neuro-ophthalmic care.
A rapid assessment of wastewater for genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 variants at sewershed scale in Louisville, KY
Authors: Fuqua J. L. , Rouchka E.C. , Waigel S. , Sokoloski K. , Chung D. , Zacharias W. , Zhang M. , Chariker J. , Talley D. , Santisteban I. , Varsani A. , Moyer S. , Holm R. H. , Yeager R. A. , Smith T. , Bhatnagar A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this communication, we report on the genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 using wastewater samples in Jefferson County, KY. In February 2021, we analyzed seven wastewater samples for SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance. Variants observed in smaller catchment areas, such as neighborhood manhole locations, were not necessarily consistent when compared to associated variant results in downstream treatment plants, suggesting catchment size or population could impact the ability to detect diversity.
Identification and Analysis of Novel Synovial Tissue-based Biomarkers and Interacting Pathways for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Latawa Paridhi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disorder with autoimmune pathogenesis characterized by the immune system attacking the synovium. It is a clinically heterogeneous disease that affects approximately 1.2 million Americans and 20 million people worldwide. It is advantageous to diagnose RA before extensive erosion as treatments are more effective at early stages. RA treatments have made notable progress, yet a significant number of patients still fail to respond to current medication and most of these come with harmful side effects. While the mechanistic reason for such failure rates remains unknown, the cellular and molecular signatures in the synovial tissues of patients with RA are likely to play a role in the variable treatment response and heterogeneous clinical evolution. While blood-based criteria are currently employed for diagnostics and treatments. such serologic parameters do not necessarily reflect biological actions in the target tissue of the patient and are relatively nonspecific to RA. Synovial tissue-based biomarkers are especially attractive as they can provide a confirmed diagnosis for RA. The shortage of accurate synovial tissue-based identifiers for RA diagnosis encouraged this research. This study analyzed data from several gene expression studies for differentially expressed genes in donor synovial tissue. Bioinformatics tools were used to construct and analyse protein interaction networks. Analysis deduced that regulating hematopoietic stem cell migration could serve as a potential RA diagnostic. VAV1, CD3G, LCK, PTPN6, ITGB2, CXCL13, CD4, and IL7R are found to be previously unclassified, potential biomarkers.
The General Psychopathology Factor from Early to Middle Childhood: Longitudinal Genetic and Risk Analyses
Authors: Avinun Reut , Knafo-Noam Ariel , Israel Salomon 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAccumulating research suggests the structure of psychopathology is best represented by continuous higher-order dimensions, including a general dimension, p-factor, and more specific dimensions, e.g., residualized externalizing and internalizing factors. Here, we aimed to 1) replicate p in early childhood; 2) externally validate the factors with key constructs of psychological functioning; 3) examine stability and change of genetic and environmental influences on the psychopathology factors from early-to mid-childhood; 4) examine the factors’ predictive utility; and 5) test whether the factors can be predicted by early life measures (e.g., neonatal complications). The Longitudinal Israeli Study of Twins from age 3 to 9 was used for the analyses. Mothers reported on developmental problems, pregnancy and neonatal conditions, and filled in questionnaires on each twin’s externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Cognitive ability was assessed in the lab at age 6.5 and personality traits, self-esteem, and life satisfaction were self-reported by the twins at ages 11-13. A bifactor model that included p and externalizing and internalizing factors fit the data best and associations between p, cognitive ability, and personality were replicated. Longitudinal twin analyses indicated that p is highly heritable (64-73%) with a substantial proportion of the genetic influences stable from age 3. The residualized internalizing and externalizing factors were also highly heritable. Higher p predicted developmental problems at age 8-9 and lower self-esteem at age 11. Early life measures were not strongly associated with psychopathology. Our results show that p is discernible in early childhood, highly heritable, and prospectively associated with negative outcomes.General Scientific SummaryThe general psychopathology factor is discernible in early childhood, highly heritable, with genetic influences contributing to both stability and change, and prospectively associated with developmental problems and lower self-esteem. Early life measures, such as birth complications or hospitalizations during the first year of life, were not strong predictors of the general psychopathology factor or the residualized externalizing and internalizing factors.
SARS-CoV-2 Acquisition and Immune Pathogenesis Among School-Aged Learners in Four Diverse Schools
Authors: Cooper Dan M. , Zulu Michael Z. , Jankeel Allen , Ibraim Izabela Coimbra , Ardo Jessica , Kasper Kirsten , Stephens Diana , Meyer Andria , Stehli Annamarie , Condon Curt , Londoño Mary E. , Schreiber Casey M. , Lopez Nanette V. , Camplain Ricky L. , Weiss Michael , Golden Charles , Aizik Shlomit , Boden-Albala Bernadette , Chau Clayton , Messaoudi Ilhem , Ulloa Erlinda R. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundUnderstanding SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is necessary to reopen schools safely.MethodsWe measured SARS-CoV-2 infection in 320 learners [10.5 ± 2.1(sd); 7-17 y.o.] at four diverse schools with either remote or on-site learning. Schools A and B served low-income Hispanic learners; school C served many special-needs learners; and all provided predominantly remote instruction. School D served middle- and upper-income learners, with predominantly on-site instruction. Testing occurred in the fall (2020), and 6-8 weeks later during the fall-winter surge (notable for a tenfold increase in COVID-19 cases). Immune responses and mitigation fidelity were also measured.ResultsWe found SARS-CoV-2 infections in 17 learners only during the surge. School A (97% remote learners) had the highest infection (10/70, 14.3%, p<0.01) and IgG positivity rates (13/66, 19.7%). School D (93% on-site learners) had the lowest infection and IgG positivity rates (1/63, 1.6%). Mitigation compliance [physical distancing (mean 87.4%) and face covering (91.3%)] was remarkably high at all schools. Documented SARS-CoV-2-infected learners had neutralizing antibodies (94.7%), robust IFN-γ+ T cell responses, and reduced monocytes.ConclusionSchools can implement successful mitigation strategies across a wide range of student diversity. Despite asymptomatic to mild SARS-CoV-2 infection, children generate robust humoral and cellular immune responses.Key PointsSuccessful COVID-19 mitigation was implemented across a diverse range of schools.School-associated SARS-CoV-2 infections reflect regional rates rather than remote or on-site learning.Seropositive school-aged children with asymptomatic to mild SARS-CoV-2 infections generate robust humoral and cellular immunity.