bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The UV-brightest Lyman continuum emitting star-forming galaxy
Authors: Marques-Chaves R , Schaerer D , Álvarez-Márquez J , Colina L , Dessauges-Zavadsky M , Pérez-Fournon I , Saldana-Lopez A , Verhamme A 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of J0121+0025, an extremely luminous and young star-forming galaxy (MUV = −24.11, log[$L_{\rm Ly \alpha } / \rm erg~s^{-1}] = 43.8$) at z = 3.244 showing copious Lyman continuum (LyC) leakage ($f_{\rm esc, abs} \approx 40{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$). High signal-to-noise ratio rest-frame UV spectroscopy with the Gran Telescopio Canarias reveals a high significance (7.9σ) emission below the Lyman limit (&lt;912 Å), with a flux density level f900 = 0.78 ± 0.10μJy, and strong P-Cygni in wind lines of O vi 1033 Å, N v 1240 Å, and C iv 1550 Å that are indicative of a young age of the starburst (&lt;10 Myr). The spectrum is rich in stellar photospheric features, for which a significant contribution of an AGN at these wavelengths is ruled out. Low-ionization interstellar medium (ISM) absorption lines are also detected, but are weak ($EW_{0} \rm \simeq 1$ Å) and show large residual intensities, suggesting a clumpy geometry of the gas with a non-unity covering fraction or a highly ionized ISM. The contribution of a foreground and AGN contamination to the LyC signal is unlikely. Deep optical to Spitzer/IRAC 4.5 μm imaging show that the spectral energy distribution of J0121+0025 is dominated by the emission of the young starburst, with log($M_{\star }^{\rm burst}/M_{\odot }) = 9.9\pm 0.1$ and $\rm SFR = 981\pm 232$ M⊙ yr−1. J0121+0025 is the most powerful LyC emitter known among the star-forming galaxy population. The discovery of such luminous and young starburst leaking LyC radiation suggests that a significant fraction of LyC photons can escape in sources with a wide range of UV luminosities and are not restricted to the faintest ones as previously thought. These findings might shed further light on the role of luminous starbursts to the cosmic reionization.
Redshift evolution of the hot intracluster gas metallicity in the C-EAGLE cluster simulations
Authors: Pearce Francesca A , Kay Scott T , Barnes David J , Bahé Yannick M , Bower Richard G 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The abundance and distribution of metals in galaxy clusters contain valuable information about their chemical history and evolution. By looking at how metallicity evolves with redshift, it is possible to constrain the different metal production channels. We use the C-EAGLE clusters, a sample of 30 high-resolution (mgas ≃ 1.8 × 106 M⊙) cluster zoom simulations, to investigate the redshift evolution of metallicity, with particular focus on the cluster outskirts. The early enrichment model, in which the majority of metals are produced in the core of cluster progenitors at high redshift, suggests that metals in cluster outskirts have not significantly evolved since z = 2. With the C-EAGLE sample, we find reasonable agreement with the early enrichment model as there is very little scatter in the metallicity abundance at large radius across the whole sample, out to at least z = 2. The exception is Fe for which the radial dependence of metallicity was found to evolve at low redshift as a result of being mainly produced by Type Ia supernovae, which are more likely to be formed at later times than core-collapse supernovae. We also found considerable redshift evolution of metal abundances in the cores of the C-EAGLE clusters that has not been seen in other simulations or observation-based metallicity studies. Since we find this evolution to be driven by accretion of low-metallicity gas, it suggests that the interaction between outflowing, AGN-heated material and the surrounding gas is important for determining the core abundances in clusters.
Towards robust determination of non-parametric morphologies in marginal astronomical data: resolving uncertainties with cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
Authors: Thorp Mallory D , Bluck Asa F L , Ellison Sara L , Maiolino Roberto , Conselice Christopher J , Hani Maan H , Bottrell Connor 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Quantitative morphologies, such as asymmetry and concentration, have long been used as an effective way to assess the distribution of galaxy starlight in large samples. Application of such quantitative indicators to other data products could provide a tool capable of capturing the two-dimensional distribution of a range of galactic properties, such as stellar mass or star-formation rate maps. In this work, we utilize galaxies from the Illustris and IllustrisTNG simulations to assess the applicability of concentration and asymmetry indicators to the stellar mass distribution in galaxies. Specifically, we test whether the intrinsic values of concentration and asymmetry (measured directly from the simulation stellar mass particle maps) are recovered after the application of measurement uncertainty and a point spread function (PSF). We find that random noise has a non-negligible systematic effect on asymmetry that scales inversely with signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), particularly at an S/N less than 100. We evaluate different methods to correct for the noise contribution to asymmetry at very low S/N, where previous studies have been unable to explore due to systematics. We present algebraic corrections for noise and resolution to recover the intrinsic morphology parameters. Using Illustris as a comparison data set, we evaluate the robustness of these fits in the presence of a different physics model, and confirm these correction methods can be applied to other data sets. Lastly, we provide estimations for the uncertainty on different correction methods at varying S/N and resolution regimes.
Adaptive Introgression Facilitates Adaptation to High Latitudes in European Aspen (Populus tremula L.)
Authors: Rendón-Anaya Martha , Wilson Jonathan , Sveinsson Sæmundur , Fedorkov Aleksey , Cottrell Joan , Bailey Mark E S , Ruņǵis Dainis , Lexer Christian , Jansson Stefan , Robinson Kathryn M , Street Nathaniel R , Ingvarsson Pär K 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Understanding local adaptation has become a key research area given the ongoing climate challenge and the concomitant requirement to conserve genetic resources. Perennial plants, such as forest trees, are good models to study local adaptation given their wide geographic distribution, largely outcrossing mating systems, and demographic histories. We evaluated signatures of local adaptation in European aspen (Populus tremula) across Europe by means of whole-genome resequencing of a collection of 411 individual trees. We dissected admixture patterns between aspen lineages and observed a strong genomic mosaicism in Scandinavian trees, evidencing different colonization trajectories into the peninsula from Russia, Central and Western Europe. As a consequence of the secondary contacts between populations after the last glacial maximum, we detected an adaptive introgression event in a genome region of ∼500 kb in chromosome 10, harboring a large-effect locus that has previously been shown to contribute to adaptation to the short growing seasons characteristic of Northern Scandinavia. Demographic simulations and ancestry inference suggest an Eastern origin—probably Russian—of the adaptive Nordic allele which nowadays is present in a homozygous state at the north of Scandinavia. The strength of introgression and positive selection signatures in this region is a unique feature in the genome. Furthermore, we detected signals of balancing selection, shared across regional populations, that highlight the importance of standing variation as a primary source of alleles that facilitate local adaptation. Our results, therefore, emphasize the importance of migration–selection balance underlying the genetic architecture of key adaptive quantitative traits.
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines for Perioperative Spine: Preoperative Opioid Evaluation
Authors: Wang Marjorie C , Harrop James S , Bisson Erica F , Dhall Sanjay , Dimar John , Mohamed Basma , Mummaneni Praveen V , Hoh Daniel J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Opioid use disorders in the United States have rapidly increased, yet little is known about the relationship between preoperative opioid duration and dose and patient outcomes after spine surgery. Likewise, the utility of preoperative opioid weaning is poorly understood.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this evidence-based clinical practice guideline is to determine if duration and dose of preoperative opioids or preoperative opioid weaning is associated with patient-reported outcomes or adverse events after elective spine surgery for degenerative conditions.

METHODS
A systematic review of the literature was performed using the National Library of Medicine/PubMed database and Embase for studies relevant to opioid use among adult patients undergoing spine surgery. Clinical studies evaluating preoperative duration, dose, and opioid weaning and outcomes were selected for review.

RESULTS
A total of 41 of 845 studies met the inclusion criteria and none were Level I evidence. The use of any opioids before surgery was associated with longer postoperative opioid use, and longer duration of opioid use was associated with worse outcomes, such as higher complications, longer length of stay, higher costs, and increased utilization of resources. There is insufficient evidence to support the efficacy of opioid weaning on postoperative opioid use, improving outcome, or reducing adverse events after spine surgery.

CONCLUSION
This evidence-based clinical guideline provides Grade B recommendations that preoperative opioid use and longer duration of preoperative opioid use are associated with chronic postoperative opioid use and worse outcome after spine surgery. Insufficient evidence supports the efficacy of an opioid wean before spine surgery (Grade I).
The full guidelines can be accessed at https://www.cns.org/guidelines/browse-guidelines-detail/1-preoperative-opioid-evaluation.
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines for Perioperative Spine: Preoperative Nutritional Assessment
Authors: Bisson Erica F , Dimar John , Harrop James S , Hoh Daniel J , Mohamed Basma , Mummaneni Praveen V , Wang Marjorie C , Dhall Sanjay 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Preoperative malnutrition has been implicated in adverse events after elective surgery, potentially impacting patient outcomes.

OBJECTIVE
As a potentially modifiable risk factor, we sought to determine which assessments of nutritional status were associated with specific adverse events after spine surgery. In addition, we explored if a preoperative nutritional improvement intervention may be beneficial in lowering the rates of these adverse events.

METHODS
The literature search yielded 115 abstracts relevant to the PICO (patient/population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes) questions included in this chapter. The task force selected 105 articles for full text review, and 13 met criteria for inclusion in this systematic review.

RESULTS
Malnutrition, assessed preoperatively by a serum albumin <3.5 g/dL or a serum prealbumin <20 mg/dL, is associated with a higher rate of surgical site infections (SSIs), other wound complications, nonunions, hospital readmissions, and other medical complications after spine surgery. A multimodal nutrition management protocol decreases albumin and electrolyte deficiencies in patients with normal preoperative nutritional status. It also improves overall complication rates but does not specifically impact SSIs.

CONCLUSION
It is recommended to assess nutritional status using either serum albumin or prealbumin preoperatively in patients undergoing spine surgery.
The full guidelines can be accessed at https://www.cns.org/guidelines/browse-guidelines-detail/4-preoperative-nutritional-assessment.
Neighbourhood walkability and obesity among adults in rural Japan: results from a Japanese health database
Authors: Koh Grace , Sekine Michikazu , Yamada Masaaki , Fujimura Yuko , Tatsuse Takashi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Walkable neighbourhoods promote physical activity and prevent obesity, but there is limited evidence to inform urban planning strategies for public health within the context of rural Japan. This study describes associations between neighbourhood walkability and obesity in Toyama, a regional municipality in Japan.

Methods
A cross-sectional analysis of the Toyama Prefecture National Health Insurance data (n = 3454) in 2016 using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and binary logistic regression. Walk Score® was used to estimate neighbourhood walkability.

Results
Residents from highly walkable neighbourhoods generally had lower mean body mass index (BMI), but significant associations between neighbourhood walkability and BMI and prevalence of obesity were only observed in women (adjusted OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.26–0.80). Men below 65 years old had higher obesity prevalence (adjusted OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.34–2.30). Daily alcohol consumption was associated with lower odds of being obese among men (adjusted OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.55–0.95). Hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia were associated with higher obesity prevalence among residents, regardless of gender.

Conclusions
Walkable environment may improve health outcomes for rural communities in Japan. Further studies are required to create equitable and inclusive living spaces for men and women to access healthier lifestyle choices.
The Alien Citizen: Social Distance and the Economic Returns to Naturalization in the Southwest
Authors: Catron Peter 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Citizenship acquisition is often promoted as one factor that can facilitate the economic integration of immigrants. However, not all individuals and groups experience positive benefits from naturalization. This article argues that social distance from the native-born is an important factor that influences who does and does not benefit from citizenship acquisition. Specifically, I create a new continuous measure of social distance for immigrants during the age of mass migration. I show that the relationship between social distance and the economic returns to citizenship takes an inverted U-shape. Those considered closest and furthest away in social distance to the native-born report little to no advantages to citizenship, while those in the middle report larger returns. I then focus on the Mexican population in the historical Southwest and take advantage of a unique enumeration in the complete count 1930 U.S. census that coded Mexicans as either white or Mexican. Mexicans coded as white report economic differences between citizenship statuses, while Mexicans coded as nonwhite report no difference between citizenship statuses. The results suggest that citizenship may not be beneficial to all individuals and groups, depending on where they fall in the ethnoracial hierarchy.
Development and Application of an Interactive Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (iPBPK) Model to Predict Oxytetracycline Tissue Distribution and Withdrawal Intervals in Market-Age Sheep and Goats
Authors: Riad Mahbubul H , Baynes Ronald E , Tell Lisa A , Davis Jennifer L , Maunsell Fiona P , Riviere Jim E , Lin Zhoumeng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOxytetracycline (OTC) is a widely used antibiotic in food-producing animals. Extralabel use of OTC is common and may lead to violative residues in edible tissues. It is important to have a quantitative tool to predict scientifically based withdrawal intervals (WDIs) after extralabel use in food animals to ensure human food safety. This study focuses on developing a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for OTC in sheep and goats. The model included 7 compartments: plasma, lung, liver, kidneys, muscle, fat, and rest of the body. The model was calibrated with serum and tissue (liver, muscle, kidney, and fat) concentration data following a single intramuscular (IM, 20 mg/kg) and/or intravenous (IV, 10 mg/kg) administration of a long-acting formulation in sheep and goats. The model was evaluated with independent datasets from Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD). Results showed that the model adequately simulated the calibration datasets with an overall estimated coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.95 and 0.92, respectively, for sheep and goat models and had acceptable accuracy for the evaluation datasets. Monte Carlo sampling technique was applied to predict the time needed for drug concentrations in edible tissues to fall below tolerances for the 99th percentiles of the population. The model was converted to a web-based interactive PBPK (iPBPK) interface to facilitate model applications. This iPBPK model provides a useful tool to estimate WDIs for OTC after extralabel use in small ruminants to ensure food safety and serves as a basis for extrapolation to other tetracycline drugs and other food animals.
Mucocutaneous Findings of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Böncüoğlu Elif , Kıymet Elif , Şahinkaya Şahika , Cem Ela , Yılmaz Çelebi Miray , Düzgöl Mine , Besin Dorukhan , Arıkan Kamile Ötiken , Akaslan Kara Aybüke , Bayram Nuri , Devrim İlker 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This descriptive study aimed to evaluate the frequency and the types of mucocutaneous manifestations associated with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). A cohort of 49 patients was reviewed. There were 6 patients (12.2%) whose mucocutaneous findings were observed by the clinicians on admission, whereas 26 (53%) patients had at least one of the histories of rash or desquamation associated with fever before the admission. Exanthems in our experience demonstrated a variety of morphologies, including morbilliform, urticarial, petechial, and maculopapular forms. Mucosal involvement (conjunctivitis and strawberry tongue) was observed only in 2/6 (34%) patients. In the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic era, while evaluating the criteria for MIS-C, the history of previous cutaneous findings given by parents/caregivers is also important. There was no pathognomonic rash for MIS-C and a variety of cutaneous findings with a short lifespan can be associated with MIS-C.
Baccalaureate Nursing Program Admission Requirements and Predictors of Success
Authors: McKnight Heather M. , Moore Sheila M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to determine if correlations existed between overall science prerequisite grade point average (GPA) and successful completion of pathophysiology and overall science GPA and the Test of Essential Academic Skills Version V (TEAS V) science subscore. The quantitative study design was used with 73 students who were conditionally admitted to the baccalaureate nursing program. No statistically significant correlation was found between overall science GPA and successful completion of pathophysiology; a weak low correlation was found between overall science GPA and TEAS V science subscore. These findings suggest that TEAS V science subscores used as a standalone assessment do not predict success in pathophysiology.
New developments in rare vulvar and vaginal cancers
Authors: Garganese Giorgia , Romito Alessia , Scambia Giovanni , Fagotti Anna 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
To provide the latest insight on the rare vulvar and vaginal malignancies, able to impact on clinical practice, and to outline new potential research developments.

Recent findings
Many efforts are being made to produce technical and scientific advances in the fields of vulvar and vaginal carcinoma, including imaging work-up, interventional procedures and minimally invasive surgical approach, as well as molecular profiling and identification of new target treatments.

Summary
In the evaluation of lymph node status, ultrasound has demonstrated promising results because of high predictive value, low risk and low cost. Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography is confirmed to be reliable and should be prospectively investigated for its potential applications in radiomics, whilst Fusion-US could allow a precision guidance in diagnostics and interventional procedures. Regarding interventional procedure, surgery is becoming less invasive with the aim to increase quality of life; in carefully selected patients it would be possible to overcome the current strict criteria in the use of sentinel node biopsy. Future research should focus on potential target therapy, on the basis of tumor-specific biological features.
Rare cancers should be referred to experienced centers with a high case flow, able to offer a full range of diagnostic and therapeutical options and a multidisciplinary approach. Networking should be encouraged to promote research opportunities and enable data sharing and multicenter trials.
Comparative effectiveness and safety of 32 pharmacological interventions recommended by guidelines for coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and network meta-analysis combining 66 trials
Authors: Wu Shan-Shan , Zhou Qing-Xin , Zeng Xue-Yang , Zhang Jing-Xue , Yang Zhi-Rong , Yang Qing-Qing , Zhang Zi-Lu , Chen Ya-Hong , Sun Feng , Zhan Si-Yan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background:
The global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a major public health problem and presents an unprecedented challenge. However, no specific drugs were currently proven. This study aimed to evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions in patients with COVID-19.

Methods:
Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and clinicaltrials.gov were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/SARS-CoV. Random-effects network meta-analysis within the Bayesian framework was performed, followed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system assessing the quality of evidence. The primary outcome of interest includes mortality, cure, viral negative conversion, and overall adverse events (OAEs). Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated as the measure of effect size.

Results:
Sixty-six RCTs with 19,095 patients were included, involving standard of care (SOC), eight different antiviral agents, six different antibiotics, high and low dose chloroquine (CQ_HD, CQ_LD), traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), corticosteroids (COR), and other treatments. Compared with SOC, a significant reduction of mortality was observed for TCM (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.20–0.56, moderate quality) and COR (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.75–0.96, low quality) with improved cure rate (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.60–2.91, low quality for TCM; OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.05–1.30, low quality for COR). However, an increased risk of mortality was found for CQ_HD vs. SOC (OR = 3.20, 95% CI: 1.18–8.73, low quality). TCM was associated with decreased risk of OAE (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.38–0.70, very low quality) but CQ_HD (OR = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.20–5.24) and interferons (IFN) (OR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.02–7.08) vs. SOC with very low quality were associated with an increased risk.

Conclusions:
COR and TCM may reduce mortality and increase cure rate with no increased risk of OAEs compared with standard care. CQ_HD might increase the risk of mortality. CQ, IFN, and other antiviral agents could increase the risk of OAEs. The current evidence is generally uncertain with low-quality and further high-quality trials are needed.