bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unfortunate Strangers: Lascars in the British Maritime World c. 1849-1912
Authors:   , Broughton Dean 
Published: November 2021

<p>In 1903, there were 36,893 lascar sailors out of the 247,448 seamen working on British merchant ships. Lascars were non-white workers mostly recruited from Asia. As a result of changes to the British maritime industry in the second half of the nineteenth century, notably the shift from sail to steam, lascar numbers increased. Lascars became critical to the success of the British shipping fleet. They filled the gap that had formed because of the lack of British sailors to crew ships. Lascars were characterised as cheap, lazy, and dirty, as well as being regarded as poor sailors. Lascars were essentially perceived as everything the British sailor was not. Although lascars were British subjects, they were paid less than British sailors, ate inferior food, and slept in substandard accommodation. Once in British ports, after their voyages had ended lascars enjoyed fewer settlement rights, access to welfare and resources than their counterparts. As a result, lascars struggled to survive in Britain. Strategies that created a racial division of labour and hierarchy entrenched a low social status for lascars compared to that of their British counterparts. This thesis discusses how and why some groups of non-white sailors were given the label lascar. It analyses how the label lascar became a term to represent and enforce difference. Being cheap labour, and non-white was the basis for lascar difference, but the strict regulation and control of their conditions put these men in a much more subordinate position than their British counterparts. The strict conditions and tight regulation that lascars experienced became characteristics of the label they were tagged with. Many lascars were abandoned or chose to stay in Britain where the strategies they employed to survive further enforced their difference. This thesis highlights the period 1849-1912 because of the significant increase in lascar numbers during this period. Chapter one discusses who a lascar was and the interchangeable nature of the term lascar with other labels that describe non-white maritime workers. Chapter two draws on newspaper evidence, plus the works of Gopalan Balachandran and Michael Fisher to examine the effects on lascar recruitment and employment practices that reinforced difference. Chapter 3 focuses on lascars in Britain and what strategies they employed to survive and how they reinforced difference. The majority of the discussion will focus on examples from port cities of London, Glasgow, and Dundee because lascars were a visible part of the social diversity of these cities. Between 1849 and 1912 lascars contributed significantly to the economic success of Britain’s maritime industry.</p>
I want to share: Balancing collective and individual needs in New Zealand urban housing architecture
Authors:   , Walshe Genevieve 
Published: November 2021

<p>In 2016 I visited Sargfabrik cohousing in Vienna and was intrigued and captivated by the rich, diverse and friendly atmosphere within the semi-public spatial and architectural realm, which I thought would never happen in New Zealand. Sargfabrik led me to realise that the common realm of New Zealand urban housing architecture is impoverished. It can, and should, be better. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Kiwi dream was focused on the acquisition of a standalone dwelling; New Zealand prided itself on being an egalitarian, property owning-democracy, supported by innovative housing policies. Today the ‘Kiwi dream is changing as home ownership is no longer a rite of passage for all New Zealanders. Despite rising income inequality and decreasing housing affordability, the contemporary Kiwi dream remains focused on ownership, due to the stability and security associated with this tenure type. If New Zealand is to address the housing equality issue it should investigate the potential of international models of tenure and ownership, such as co-operatives or the Baugruppe (building group) and Baugemeinschaft (building community) models, to allow increased accessibility to stable home occupation and ownership for all New Zealanders through diversity and flexibility of tenure type over time. Today the contemporary Kiwi dream acknowledges the advantages and benefits of higher density housing models, such as increased security, lack of maintenance, centralised management, ability to ‘lock and leave’ allowing travel, and proximity to town centres. A New Zealand collective urban housing model can represent the contemporary Kiwi dream through a balance between collective and individual needs. Solutions to the New Zealand housing crisis must follow a movement towards flexibility, to accommodate demographic change over time and the DIY spirit of New Zealanders, add community connectedness, challenge loneliness and embrace the sharing economy. This design-led research proposes that the common spatial and architectural realm can facilitate potential formation of community in New Zealand urban housing architecture. It argues that the Sargfabrik cohousing model can be translated and adapted for a New Zealand urban context. The differences in housing context between Vienna and New Zealand, and the architectural implications of these differences for New Zealand urban housing architecture, are extracted from the research. It argues that a new collective urban housing model can achieve the design diversity and flexibility of New Zealand’s preferred suburban housing and the rich atmosphere of Sargfabrik’s common realm. This occurs through questioning and defining the contemporary Kiwi dream. The ways international flexible tenure and ownership models could work in a New Zealand context are also considered.</p>
NYC POPS: Exploring Human Agency of the Public Sphere
Authors:   , Constable Anna 
Published: November 2021

<p>This thesis aims to investigate, through design, spatial agency within the realm of New York City’s Privately Owned Public Spaces. The notion of agency in architecture is directly linked to social and political power. Starting in 1961, New York’s city planners introduced an incentive zoning scheme (POPS) which encouraged private builders to include public spaces in their developments. Many are in active public use, but others are hard to find, under surveillance, or essentially inaccessible. Within the existing POPS sites, tension is current between the ideals of public space - completely open, accessible - and the limitations imposed by those who create and control it. Designed to be singular, contained, and mono-functional, POPS do not yet allow for newer ideas of public space as multi-functional, not contained/bounded but extending and overlapping outward. As public-private partnerships become the model for catalyzing urban (re)development in the late 20th century, bonus space is an increasingly common land use type in major cities across the world. The quality and nature of bonus spaces created in exchange for floor area bonuses varies greatly. In many cases, tensions in privately owned space produce a severely constricted definition of the public and public life. Incentive zoning programmes continue to serve as a model for numerous urban zoning regulations, so changing ideas of public space and its design need to be tested in such spaces. These urban plazas offer a test case through which to examine agency, exploring how social space is also political space, charged with the dynamics of power/ empowerment, interaction/ isolation, control/ freedom. This thesis looks at one such site, the connecting plaza sites along Sixth Avenue between West 47th St and West 51st St. This is an extreme example of concentrated POPS sites in New York City. Here one’s perception and occupation of space is profoundly affected by the underlying design of that space which reflects its private ownership. Privately Owned Public Space can be designed that is capable of/ challenging the notion of the public in public space, and modifying the structure of the city and its social life.</p>
Fixed points fix estimates: The accuracy of an effect size estimate is described by its sample’s conditional algorithmic information, as computed across rank permutations
Authors: Nelson Michael Cader 
Published: November 2021

Every statistical estimate is equal to the sum of a nonrandom component, due to parameter values and bias, and a random component, due to sampling error. Estimation theory suggests that the two components are hopelessly confounded in the estimate. We would like to estimate the sign and magnitude of a statistic’s random deviation from its parameter--its accuracy--in the same way we quantify a statistic’s random variability around its parameter--its precision--by estimating the standard error. However, because the random component is an attribute of the sample data, it be described with parametric or Fisher information. In information theory, on the other hand, every information type--entropy, complexity--is understood as describing the extent of randomness in manifest data. This suggests that integrating the two conceptions of information could allow us to describe the two components of a statistical estimate, if only we could identify a common link between the two paradigms.The matching statistic, m, is such a link. For paired, ranked vectors X and Y of length n, m is the total number of paired observations in X and Y with matching ranks, m = Σ R(Xi) = R(Yi). That is, m is the number of fixed points between vectors. m has a long history in statistics, having served as the test statistic of a little-known null hypothesis statistical test (NHST) for the correlation coefficient, dating to around the turn of the twentieth century, called the matching method. Subtracting m from n yields a metric with a long history in information theory, the Hamming distance, a classic metric of the conditional complexity K(Y|X). Thus, m simultaneously contains both the Fisher information in a bivariate sample about the latent correlation and the conditional complexity or algorithmic information about the manifest observations.This paper shows that the presence of these two conflicting information types in m manifests a peculiar attribute in the statistic: m has an asymptotic efficiency less than or equal to zero relative to conventional correlation estimators computed on the same data. This means its Fisher information content decreases with increasing sample size, so that m’s random component is disproportionately large. Furthermore, when m and Pearson’s r are computed on the same sample, the two share a random component, and the value of m is indicative of the accuracy of r with respect to that component. Having proven this utility of m, by means theoretical and empirical (Monte Carlo simulations), additional matching statistics are constructed, including one composite statistic that is even more informative of the accuracy of r, and another that is indicative of the accuracy of Cohen’s d. Potential applications for computing accuracy-adjusted r are described, and implications are discussed.
Drain or no drain in Rhomboid excision and Limberg rotational flap for pilonidal sinus
Authors: Joshi Arbin , Acharya Bigyan 
Published: November 2021

Background: Healing in Rhomboid flap for pilonidal sinus is always a problem. Different measures are applied to reduce the rate of wound infection with variable results.
Objectives: To determine the effect of routine use of drain on the rate of early wound complications and additional interventions after Rhomboid flap.
Methods: A retrospective chart review of all cases that underwent Rhomboid flap in five years in two tertiary care centres was done. Complication rates such as wound infection, wound disruption, and flap necrosis were evaluated.
Results: A total of 38 cases of Rhomboid flap are included for analysis. Out of all cases 37 cases were done for Pilonidal sinus and one case for presacral dermoid cyst. In the first eight cases, flap was made without drain and subsequent 30 cases were done with two suction drains for five days. The rate of superficial wound infection in the group without drain was found to be significantly higher compared with flap with drain 5 (in 8) versus 2 (in 30) (62.5% versus 6.66%, p <0.5).
Conclusion: Drain placement after Rhomboid flap is a good intervention to reduce wound infection.
Klasifikasi Naïve Bayes pada Analisis Sentimen atas Penolakan Dibukanya Larangan Ekspor Benih Lobster
Authors: Sulastri Kartika 
Published: November 2021

Penolakan mantan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan melalui Twitter atas dibukanya keran ekspor benih lobster mendapat respon positif dan negatif dari masyarakat. Opini masyarakat ini perlu diteliti untuk mendengar keluhan dan menyerap aspirasi masyarakat. Namun, untuk menghasilkan kata atau term dalam penelitian, beragam opini tersebut sulit untuk dipilah, karena terdapat beberapa kendala seperti penggunaan bahasa informal, adanya simbol, singkatan, bahasa asing atau bahasa daerah. Untuk itu, penelitian ini menggunakan analisis sentimen. Dalam penelitian ini, opini masyarakat dikumpulkan dan diolah melalui beberapa tahapan, dimulai dari pengumpulan data mentah, pre-processing data, seleksi fitur, pemisahan data, klasifikasi, dan evaluasi. Pre-processing data mencakup normalization, stemming, convert emoticon, convert negation, tokenizing, stopword removal, dan case folding. Seleksi fitur menggunakan Term Frequency; split data menggunakan Cross Validation; dan evalusi memanfaatkan Confusion Matrix. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan analisis sentimen dengan algoritma Naïve Bayes dengan lima rasio perbandingan pada data split antara data latih dan data uji untuk mendapatkan nilai evaluasi tertinggi. Jumlah data yang diambil sebanyak 200 sample tweet yang terbagi atas 116 opini positif dan 84 opini negatif. Penelitian ini menghasilkan nilai evaluasi tertinggi di mana accuracy adalah 72.50%; precision adalah 88.64%; recall adalah 62.42%, dan AUC adalah 86.50%.
IMPLEMENTASI LOAD BALANCING MENGGUNAKAN ANTRIAN ROUND ROBIN DENGAN STUDI KASUS E-SHOP
Authors: Geovanni Arnold Reza 
Published: November 2021

Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi, jumlah penggunaan layanan web semakin meningkat. Hal ini menyebabkan situs-situs web popular memiliki jumlah traffic yang tinggi. Salah satu web yang populer itu adalah e-shop. Masalah yang dihadapi adalah pada saat ada kegiatan atau acara tertentu dalam e-shop juga dapat menyebabkan naiknya jumlah traffic web suatu organisasi. Salah satu solusi untuk menangani masalah tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan sebuah server yang handal dengan performa yang tinggi. Solusi lain yang dapat diterapkan adalah teknologi load balancing. Algoritma Round robin merupakan algoritma yang paling sederhana dan paling banyak digunakan oleh perangkat load balancing. Oleh karena itu dibuatlah sebuah web untuk mengimplementasikan load balancing menggunakan antrian round robin dengan studi kasus e-shop. Proses pengujian pada penelitian ini dihitung menggunakan pengujian QoS terdiri dari empat parameter. Yang pertama, throughput yang dihitung dan menghasilkan nilai kbps. Kedua, delay yang didapat dari hasil perhitungan yaitu , , , dan digolongkan kedalam kategori sangat baik untuk penggunaan transaksi pada web e-shop. Ketiga, jitter yang didapat dari hasil perhitungan yaitu yang digolongkan kedalam kategori sangat baik untuk penggunaan transaksi pada web e-shop. Terakhir, packet loss yang didapat dari hasil perhitungan yaitu digolongkan kedalam kategori sangat baik untuk penggunaan transaksi pada web e-shop.
Manajemen Bisnis Aerotropolis (Airport City): Sebuah Studi Pemetaan Sistematis
Authors: Ginanjar Jajang , Rizal Muhamad , Arifianti Ria 
Published: November 2021

Penerapan konsep aerotropolis (kota bandara) di berbagai belahan dunia memerlukan perencanaan yang holistik. Aspek-aspek yang mempengaruhi terhadap implementasi kota bandara wajib menjadi pertimbangan dalam perencanaan. Keterkaitan antara regulasi, dukungan pemerintah, skema bisnis, kepemilikan lahan, serta sumber daya manusia, menjadi modal penting dalam mewujudkan sebuah kota bandara. Studi ini adalah riset awal yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hasil dari riset yang pernah dilakukan pada bidang pengelolaan bisnis Aerotropolis dengan menggunakan systematic mapping study (SMS). Tujuan dari pemetaan ini adalah untuk mengetahui topik Aerotropolis apa saja yang diteliti. Artikel ini memfokuskan pada 10 kota bandara di dunia yang telah mengaplikasikan model Aerotropolis dalam pengembangannya, yaitu Amsterdam, Paris, Dubai, Dallas, Chicago, Memphis, Hongkong, Singapore, Incheon, dan Washington. Studi ini menggunakan metode1kualitatif dengan melalui studi pustaka. Penelusuran dilakukan melalui Google Scholar. Dimaksudkan bahwa keluaran dari SMS ini dapat menggambarkan mengenai peluang dengan tujuan eksplorasi topik serta pemikiran baru dalam pengeloaan bisnis Aerotropolis (aerocity-airport city) selain dari eksploitasi topik yang telah ada sebelumnya.
Rekomendasi hasil studi dari Aerotropolis Development dengan fokus riset pada Aerotropolis Development Practices. Metode kualitatif paling banyak dilakukan dalam riset mengenai Aerotropolis ini.
Panagiotes K. Chrestou (1917-1995): Patrologist, Theologian, Political Figure
Authors: Ларионов Александр , Ларионова Наталья Богдановна 
Published: November 2021

В настоящей публикации представлен обзор жизни и научной деятельности одного из крупнейших православных учёных Греции XX в. - Панайотиса К. Христу. Профессор Фессалоникийского университета им. Аристотеля, министр образования Греческой Республики, сотрудник Вселенской Патриархии, исследователь, переводчик и издатель святоотеческих текстов, патролог - далеко не полный перечень должностей и видов деятельности, которые занимал и которым всецело посвятил себя П. Христу. Помимо биографии греческого профессора в статье представлена попытка показать его вклад в развитие православной науки в Греции, основанный на ознакомлении греческих богословских школ с наследием богословов русской эмиграции.
This publication provides an overview of the life and scientifi activities of Panagiotes K. Chrestou, one of the great Orthodox scientists in Greece in the 20th century. Professor at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Minister of Education of the Hellenic Republic, employee of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, researcher, translator and publisher of patristic texts, patrologist - thisis not a complete list of positions and activities that P. К. Chrestou occupied and devoted himself entirely to. The article presents the biography of the Greek professor, and also makes an attempt to assess his contribution to the development of Orthodox science in Greece and familiarization of Greek theological schools with the legacy of theologians of the Russian emigration.
Visual notations for viewing RDF constraints with UnSHACLed
Authors: Lieber Sven , De Meester Ben , Heyvaert Pieter , Brückmann Femke , Wambacq Ruben , Mannens Erik , Verborgh Ruben , Dimou Anastasia 
Published: November 2021

The quality of knowledge graphs can be assessed by a validation against specified constraints, typically use-case specific and modeled by human users in a manual fashion. Visualizations can improve the modeling process as they are specifically designed for human information processing, possibly leading to more accurate constraints, and in turn higher quality knowledge graphs. However, it is currently unknown how such visualizations support users when viewing RDF constraints as no scientific evidence for the visualizations’ effectiveness is provided. Furthermore, some of the existing tools are likely suboptimal, as they lack support for edit operations or common constraints types. To establish a baseline, we have defined visual notations to represent RDF constraints and implemented them in UnSHACLed, a tool that is independent of a concrete RDF constraint language. In this paper, we (i) present two visual notations that support all SHACL core constraints, built upon the commonly used visualizations VOWL and UML, (ii) analyze both notations based on cognitive effective design principles, (iii) perform a comparative user study between both visual notations, and (iv) present our open source tool UnSHACLed incorporating our efforts. Users were presented RDF constraints in both visual notations and had to answer questions based on visualization task taxonomies. Although no statistical significant difference in mean error rates was observed, all study participants preferred ShapeVOWL in a self assessment to answer RDF constraint-related questions. Furthermore, ShapeVOWL adheres to more cognitive effective design principles according to our performed comparison. Study participants argued that the increased visual features of ShapeVOWL made it easier to spot constraints, but a list of constraints – as in ShapeUML – is easier to read. However, also that more deviations from the strict UML specification and introduction of more visual features can improve ShapeUML. From these findings we conclude that ShapeVOWL has a higher potential to represent RDF constraints more effective compared to ShapeUML. But also that the clear and efficient text encoding of ShapeUML can be improved with visual features. A one-size-fits-all approach to RDF constraint visualization and editing will be insufficient. Therefore, to support different audiences and use cases, user interfaces of RDF constraint editors need to support different visual notations.
APPLICATION OF CIRCLES FOR CONJUGATION OF FLAT CONTOURS OF THE FIRST ORDER OF SMOOTHNESS
Authors: Koval Galyna , Lazarchuk Margarita , Ovsienko Liudmila 
Published: November 2021

In geometric modeling of contours, especially for conjugation of sections of flat contours of the first order of smoothness, arcs of circles can be applied. The article proposes ways to determine the equations of a circle for two ways of its problem: the problem of a circle with a point and two tangents, none of which contains a given point, and the problem of a circle with three tangents. The equations of the circles were determined in both cases using a projective coordinate system.
In the first case, when a circle is given by a point and two tangents, neither of which contains this point, the center of the conjugation circle is defined as the point of intersection of two locus of points - the bisector of the angle between the tangents and the parabola, the focus of which is a given point. given tangents. In the general case, there are 2 conjugation circles for which canonical equations are defined. Parametric equations of conjugate circles, the parameters of which are equal to 0 and ∞ on tangents and equal to one at a given point, with the help of affine and projective coordinates of points of contact are determined first in the projective coordinate system, and then translated into affine system.
For the second case, when specifying a circle using three tangent lines, the equation of the second-order curve tangent to these lines is first determined in the projective coordinate system. The tangent lines are taken as the coordinate lines of the projective coordinate system. The unit point of the projective coordinate system is selected in the metacenter of the thus obtained base triangle. The equation of the tangent to the base lines of the second order contains two unknown variables, positive or negative values ​​which determine the location of four possible tangents of the second order. After writing the vector-parametric equation of the tangent curve of the second order in the affine coordinate system, the equation is written to determine the parameters of cyclic points. In order for the equation of the tangent curve of the second order obtained in the projective plane to be an equation of a circle, it must satisfy the coordinates of the cyclic points of the plane, which allows to write the second equation to determine the parameters of cyclic points. By solving a system of two equations, we obtain the required equations of circles tangent to three given lines.