bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Did the under‐reporting of meth/amphetamine use increase in a general population survey in Australia as negative media coverage increased?
Authors: Chan Gary C. K. , Sun Tianze , Lim Carmen , Stjepanović Daniel , Rutherford Brienna , Johnson Benjamin , Hall Wayne , Leung Janni 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimTo test (1) if there was a change in self‐reported lifetime prevalence of meth/amphetamine use by birth cohort and (2) if the extent of under‐reporting of meth/amphetamine use was associated with the proportion of the population who nominated meth/amphetamine as a drug problem.DesignObservational study using seven waves of repeated cross‐sectional nationally representative household surveys between 2001 and 2019.SettingAustralia.ParticipantsParticipants were from three birth cohorts: 1951–60 (age 68–77 at the 2019 survey; n = 29 458; 55% female), 1961–1970 (age 58–67; n = 29 859; 57% female) and 1971–1980 (age 48–57; n = 28 758; 59% female). Data were weighted to align the sample to the Australian population.MeasurementsPast year meth/amphetamine use; under‐reporting of lifetime meth/amphetamine use in each birth cohort, year and survey stratum (operationalised as the difference between self‐reported lifetime prevalence in 2001 and that of each subsequent year); proportion of the population who nominated meth/amphetamine as a drug problem in each birth cohort, year and survey stratum. Under‐reporting was regressed on the proportion of people holding negative attitude towards meth/amphetamine. Survey year and birth cohort were adjusted for.FindingsBetween 2001 and 2019, the lifetime prevalence of meth/amphetamine decreased from 6.1% (95% CI = 5.3–6.9) to 1.7% (95% CI = 1.2–2.2) in the 1951–1960 birth cohort (p < 0.001), from 13.0% (95% CI = 12.0–14.1) to 4.4% (95% CI = 3.7–5.2) in the 1961–1970 birth cohort (p < 0.001) and from 21.4% (95% CI = 19.9–22.9) to 11.2% (95% CI = 10.0–12.4) in the 1971–1980 birth cohort (p < 0.001). The proportion who nominated meth/amphetamine as a ‘drug problem’ increased significantly in all three cohorts (all p < 0.001) and the degree of under‐reporting of meth/amphetamine use was significantly associated with proportion of people who nominated meth/amphetamine as the ‘drug problem’ (b = 0.09, SE = 0.01, p < 0.001).ConclusionIn Australia, the actual prevalence of lifetime meth/amphetamine use may be two‐ to fourfold higher than that estimated in the most recent national household surveys (2019). The level of under‐reporting is strongly associated with increasing negative attitudes towards methylamphetamine and d‐amphetamine use over the same period.
Revisiting the tariff‐growth correlation: The Australasian colonies, 1866–1900
Authors: Varian Brian D. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article tests for the presence of a tariff‐growth correlation among the seven tariff‐autonomous colonies of late‐nineteenth‐century Australasia, making use of several colony‐specific macroeconomic series that have only recently become available. Introducing tariffs to a convergence model yields no evidence of an association between tariffs and growth among the Australasian colonies. This finding is unaltered when the tariff variable is replaced by a purposefully constructed proxy variable for the tariff on manufactures specifically. Additionally, this article finds little evidence that tariffs induced an intersectoral adjustment into manufacturing.
Retreatability of calcium silicate‐based root canal sealer using reciprocating instrumentation with different irrigation activation techniques in single‐rooted canals
Authors: Angerame Daniele , De Biasi Matteo , Porrelli Davide , Bevilacqua Lorenzo , Zanin Riccardo , Olivi Matteo , Kaitsas Vassilios , Olivi Giovanni 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study analysed the bioceramic sealer cleaning ability of two chemo‐mechanical systems in intact and restored teeth. Thirty‐two single‐rooted teeth were used, and half of them restored with a pre‐endodontic composite restoration (PCR). All samples were instrumented with a size 40 Reciproc Blue file and filled with BioRoot RCS. Canals were retreated using the R40 and then R50 Reciproc Blue. The samples were divided into four experimental groups (n = 8): intact teeth/passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) (G1), intact teeth/shock wave‐enhanced emission photoacoustic streaming (SWEEPS) (G2), PCR/PUI (G3) and PCR/SWEEPS (G4). The samples were scanned by micro‐CT before and after retreatment, and the volume of remaining filling material was evaluated. The minor percentage of residues were observed in G2, with a volume of 0.447 ± 0.356% of the endodontic space (P < 0.001). The Reciproc/SWEEPS technique showed the better performance in intact teeth compared with PUI technique. Pre‐endodontic restoration did not significantly affect the effectiveness of sealer removal.
Effect of solvent on root canal filling material removal by two different rotary file systems in C‐shaped root canals
Authors: Chatchawanwirote Yanisa , Yanpiset Kallaya , Jantarat Jeeraphat 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study compared the percentage reduction of total obturation materials, gutta‐percha and sealer, using two rotary file systems with/without solvent in retreating C‐shaped root canals and to evaluate the effect of the solvent on instrument separation. C‐shaped root canals were scanned using micro‐CT to identify the root canal morphology and randomly assigned to four groups (n = 12). Retreatment was performed using ProTaper Universal Retreatment (PTUR) or XP‐endo systems with/without solvent. The number of separated instruments were recorded. The samples were scanned pre‐ and post‐retreatment. The percentage reduction of total obturation materials, gutta‐percha and sealer, were calculated. The percentage reduction of gutta‐percha in the PTUR without solvent group was significantly lower than the other groups (P = 0.018). The number of separated instruments in the solvent groups were significantly lower than the no solvent groups (P < 0.05). Solvent increased gutta‐percha removal, when using PTUR and decreased the occurrence of separated instruments for both systems.
Farm labor productivity and the impact of mechanization
Authors: Hamilton Stephen F. , Richards Timothy J. , Shafran Aric P. , Vasilaky Kathryn N. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThere is a chronic shortage of agricultural labor in the US. Although growers increasingly turn to guest‐worker programs to meet their labor needs, few regard immigrant workers as a viable long‐term solution. Many producers of labor‐intensive agricultural commodities regard mechanization as a clear long‐term solution, making the slow rate of adoption of mechanized harvesting equipment in the US an empirical puzzle. In this article, we demonstrate that wage‐setting farmers have an incentive to “overmechanize,” or employ more than the cost‐minimizing level of capital when capital and labor are substitutes, but “undermechanize” when labor and capital are technical complements. This outcome can cause agricultural labor problems to persist under complementarity. To assess the potential role of farm under investment in labor augmenting capital equipment, we examine labor market outcomes following the adoption of non‐autonomous harvesting aids on a large strawberry farm in Central California. We develop an econometric model of peer‐affected productivity that controls for the group performance of farm workers operating in crews and find that mechanical aids complement labor in strawberry production, a finding that helps explain not only the relative lack of mechanized harvesting in strawberry production but, more generally, the persistent productivity gap in agricultural industries. We examine the broader implications of our theory for the slow rate of adoption of mechanical harvesting technologies in US agriculture by comparing general wage trends across several labor‐intensive and non‐labor‐intensive industries in California.
Skin collision tumour and dermoscopic diagnosis of melanoma in situ and dilated pore of Winer
Authors: Cabrera Raúl , Matus Paloma , Coulon Gabriela , Castro Alex , Reculé Francisca 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCollision tumours are a random association of two or more neoplasms arising in the same anatomical site. Dilated pore of Winer (DPW) – an adnexal tumour of pilar origin – has been described in collisions with basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and trichoblastoma. We present a literature review of melanoma‐associated skin lesions and describe the first collision of a DPW with a melanoma in situ (MIS) and the sequential dermoscopic examination for diagnosis.
Long term outcomes of hepatic resection following orthotopic liver transplant
Authors: Murphy Skyle , Hodgkinson Peter , O'Rourke Thomas R. , Slater Kellee , Yeung Shinn , Fawcett Jonathan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundLiver resection is sometimes used as a graft saving procedure following orthotopic liver transplantation.MethodsIn this single centre retrospective cohort study, 12 adult patients underwent resection over a 20 year period, including recipients of split livers and second grafts.ResultsIndications for resection were vascular (portal vein obstruction and hepatic artery thrombus), biliary (ischaemic cholangiopathy, chronic biliary obstruction, biliary‐vascular fistula and biloma) and recurrence of disease (primary sclerosing cholangitis [PSC] and hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]). There was no perioperative mortality. Median follow up was 89 months. At the completion of the study 40% of patients had functioning grafts. One third required retransplantation with a median 1 year 6 months post resection. Three patients were deceased (recurrent HCC n = 1, PSC n = 1 and unspecified causes n = 1). Total graft survival was 91.7% at 1 year, 73.3% at 5 years and 64.2% at 10 years.ConclusionsLiver resection following liver transplant in select patients may salvage the graft or delay the need for retransplantation.
Hyponatremia an indicator of complicated appendicitis in children: Starship experience
Authors: Walsh Abby , Lala Shareena , Wells Cameron , Upadhyay Vipul 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundTimely preoperative recognition of children with complicated appendicitis allows for planning and effective management. The aim of this study was to evaluate hyponatremia, an objective biochemical marker, as a predictor of complicated appendicitis.MethodsA retrospective review of 1283 paediatric patients (≤15 years) who underwent acute appendicectomy from January 2016 to December 2020 (5‐year period) was performed. Complicated appendicitis was defined by intraoperative findings of; macroscopic perforation, free pus, gangrene, faecal contamination or intraabdominal abscess. Comparison groups consisted of patients with complicated appendicitis, patients with uncomplicated appendicitis and patients with presumed appendicitis who went on to have no appendicitis on histology (no appendicitis group). Preoperative hyponatremia was defined as serum sodium <135 mmol/L.ResultsOf the 1283 children; 35% (443/1283) had complicated appendicitis, 54% (690/1283) had uncomplicated appendicitis and 12% (150/1283) had no appendicitis. Rates of hyponatremia were much greater in the complicated group (31.4%; 139/443) than in the uncomplicated group (3.8%; 26/690) (p < 0.0001) or the no appendicitis group 10.7% (16/150) (p < 0.0001). The no appendicitis group had higher rates of hyponatremia than the uncomplicated group (p = 0.001), an unexpected finding.The receiver operating characteristic curve for diagnosis of complicated appendicitis versus uncomplicated appendicitis, using a cut‐off serum sodium of <135 mmol/L will identify complicated appendicitis with sensitivity 31.4% and specificity of 95.7% (area under the curve of 0.76).ConclusionHyponatremia is a discriminating predictor of complicated appendicitis in a paediatric population.
Review article: Diagnosis and investigation of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Black Christopher J. 
Published: December 2021

SummaryIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder of gut‐brain interaction. It is defined by the Rome criteria as the presence of abdominal pain, related to defaecation, associated with a change in stool form and/or frequency. The approach to diagnosis and investigation of suspected IBS varies between clinicians and, due in part to the uncertainty that can surround the diagnosis, many still consider it to be a diagnosis of exclusion. However, exhaustive investigation is both unnecessary and costly, and may also be counterproductive. Instead, physicians should aim to make a positive diagnosis, based on their clinical assessment of symptoms, and limit their use of investigations. The yield of routine blood tests in suspected IBS is low overall, but normal inflammatory markers may be reassuring. All patients should have serological testing for coeliac disease, irrespective of their predominant stool form. Routine testing of stool microbiology or faecal elastase is unnecessary; however, all patients with diarrhoea aged <45 should have a faecal calprotectin or a similar marker measured which, if positive, should lead to colonoscopy to exclude possible inflammatory bowel disease. Colonoscopy should also be undertaken in any patient reporting alarm symptoms suggestive of colorectal cancer, and in those whose presentation raises suspicion for microscopic colitis. Testing for bile acid diarrhoea should be considered for patients with IBS with diarrhoea where available. Hydrogen breath tests for lactose malabsorption or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth have no role in the routine assessment of suspected IBS. Adopting a standardised approach to the diagnosis and investigation of IBS will help to promote high‐quality and high‐value care for patients overall.
Review article: current and future treatment approaches for IBS with constipation
Authors: Liu Joy J. , Brenner Darren M. 
Published: December 2021

SummaryBackgroundMultiple efficacious therapies are currently available for treating irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS‐C). IBS‐C specific survey tools that assess symptom relief, treatment satisfaction, and quality of life are important for gauging real‐world effectiveness.Aims/MethodsThis article reviews clinical trial efficacy data as well as survey data on adequate relief and quality of life from pivotal trials for lubiprostone, linaclotide, plecanatide, tenapanor, and tegaserod. A brief discussion of agents in development with novel mechanisms of action is also provided.Results/ConclusionsQuality of life and symptom metrics should be standardized and continue to be represented in future IBS‐C trials. The choice of agent should be tailored to probability of improving symptoms, safety, tolerability, and cost.
Review article: irritable bowel syndrome: natural history, bowel habit stability and overlap with other gastrointestinal disorders
Authors: Yadav Yamini S. , Eslick Guy D. , Talley Nicholas J. 
Published: December 2021

SummarySymptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) characteristically fluctuate over time. We aimed to review the natural history of IBS and IBS subgroups including bowel habit disturbances, and the overlap of IBS with other gastrointestinal disorders. The community incidence of IBS is approximately 67 per 1000 person years. The prevalence of IBS is stable over time because symptoms fluctuate and there is a portion who experience resolution of their GI symptoms similar in number to those developing new‐onset IBS. The proportion who report resolution of symptoms varies amongst population‐based studies from 17% to 55%. There is evidence of substantial movement between subtypes of IBS. For example in a clinical trial cohort, only one in four patients retained their baseline classification throughout the study periods, two in three moved between IBS‐C (constipation) and IBS‐M (mixed), while over half switched between IBS‐D (diarrhoea) and IBS‐M. The least stable group was IBS‐M. There are very limited data on drivers of bowel habit change in IBS. There are emerging evidence fluctuations in intestinal immune activity might account for symptom variability over time. It is of clinical importance to recognise the substantial overlap of IBS symptoms with other gastrointestinal syndromes including gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease. This is important to ensure the correct clinical diagnosis of IBS is made and patients are not over investigated. Knowledge of the natural history, stability of subgroups and overlap of IBS with other gastrointestinal conditions should be considered in therapeutic decision making.
Longitudinal association of magnetic resonance elastography‐associated liver stiffness with complications and mortality
Authors: Higuchi Mayu , Tamaki Nobuharu , Kurosaki Masayuki , Inada Kento , Kirino Sakura , Yamashita Koji , Hayakawa Yuka , Osawa Leona , Takaura Kenta , Maeyashiki Chiaki , Kaneko Shun , Yasui Yutaka , Takahashi Yuka , Tsuchiya Kaoru , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Itakura Jun , Loomba Rohit , Enomoto Nobuyuki , Izumi Namiki 
Published: December 2021

SummaryBackgroundMagnetic resonance elastography (MRE) has the highest diagnostic accuracy for liver fibrosis; however, the association between MRE‐associated liver stiffness and the development of hepatic and extrahepatic complications as well as mortality remains unclear.AimIn this study, we investigated the longitudinal association between MRE‐associated liver stiffness and complications and mortality.MethodsThis retrospective study included 2373 consecutive patients with chronic liver disease. All patients received standard of care and the development of complications was assessed every 1‐6 months.ResultsNewly diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), decompensation, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), extrahepatic cancer and death were observed in 99, 117, 73, 77 and 170 patients respectively. In multivariable analysis, the adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for HCC, decompensation, MACE, extrahepatic cancer and mortality were 1.28 (1.2‐1.4), 1.34 (1.3‐1.4), 0.96 (0.9‐1.1), 1.00 (0.9‐1.1) and 1.17 (1.1‐1.2), respectively, with each 1‐kPa increase in liver stiffness. Similarly, the aHR (95% CI) for HCC, decompensation, MACE, extrahepatic cancer and mortality were 4.20 (2.2‐8.2), 67.5 (9.2‐492), 0.83 (0.4‐1.7), 0.90 (0.5‐1.7) and 2.90 (1.6‐5.4), respectively, in patients with cirrhosis (>4.7 kPa) compared to those with minimal fibrosis (<3 kPa).ConclusionsIncreased MRE‐associated liver stiffness was associated with increased risk for HCC, decompensation and mortality in a dose‐dependent fashion but not with MACE or extrahepatic cancer, implicating a significant role for MRE in liver‐related events and mortality; however, further studies are warranted to explore its role in MACE and extrahepatic cancer.
Determinants of elevated depressive symptoms in Chinese women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Huang Shuyuan , Wischik Dora Lendvai , Whittemore Robin , Jeon Sangchoon , Qing Long , Guo Jia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundPregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a higher risk of developing elevated depressive symptoms than women without GDM. The aim of this study was to investigate the sociodemographic (eg, location), clinical (eg, health care–seeking behaviors), and psychological (eg, active coping skills) factors associated with elevated depressive symptoms in Chinese women with GDM.MethodsThis was a secondary data analysis of a cross‐sectional study among Chinese women with GDM. Data (n = 323) were collected in 2018 from two hospitals in Hunan Province in China. The Center for Epidemiological Survey Depression Scale was used, with a criterion score ≥20 indicative of clinically elevated depressive symptoms. Descriptive, bivariate, and multiple logistic regression analyses were completed.FindingsThe women had a mean age of 32.71 (SD = 5.17), and the majority were married (84.2%), college‐educated (65.6%), and with Han ethnicity (89.8%). About 68% of women had elevated depressive symptoms. Women with higher active coping scores were less likely (OR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.10‐0.38) to have elevated depressive symptoms. Women from one geographical location (Changde) who had more emergency room visits had higher odds (OR = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.88‐5.10) of elevated depressive symptoms.DiscussionThere was a high co‐occurrence of GDM and elevated depressive symptoms among pregnant women in our sample. Assessment for depressive symptoms in women with GDM is warranted. More research about increasing active coping skills may improve health outcomes in women with GDM.
Factors influencing genetic counseling and testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome in a large US health care system
Authors: Powell C. Bethan , Laurent Cecile , Garcia Christine , Hoodfar Elizabeth , Karlea Audrey , Kobelka Christine , Lee Jaimie , Roh Janise , Kushi Lawrence H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractInvestigate whether disparities and other factors influence referral to genetic counseling and testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) in a large health care system. Examination of clinical, demographic, and socioeconomic factors from electronic health records associated with genetic referral and testing within 12 months after a new cancer diagnosed between August 1, 2013 and December 31, 2018. For patients meeting institutional criteria for HBOC testing, 60.6% were referred for genetic counseling, 88% of whom underwent germline testing; at least one pathogenic variant was found in 15.3%. Referral rates for patients with breast (69%) or ovarian cancer (65.7%) were much higher than for metastatic prostate (11.1%, p < 0.0001) or pancreatic cancer (22.3%, p < 0.0001); referral criteria were implemented more recently for the latter two cancers. Younger age, family history, and chemotherapy were associated with referral. Higher Elixhauser comorbidity score and prior cancer were associated with non‐referral. No other factors were associated with genetic referral for all eligible cancers combined, although differences were seen in specific cancers. Race was a significant factor only for breast cancer, with fewer Asians than Whites referred. Health disparities in referral to genetics for HBOC cancers are mitigated in a comprehensive integrated health care system.
De novo lipogenesis in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: Quantification with stable isotope tracers
Authors: Belew Getachew Debas , Jones John G. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized as an abnormal accumulation of triglyceride in hepatocytes. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis may play an important role in the accumulation of lipids in the liver during NAFLD. Due to the importance of lipid biosynthetic fluxes in NAFLD and T2D, tracer methodologies have been developed for their study and quantification. Here, we address novel approaches to measure and quantify DNL using stable isotope tracers. Deuterated water is a widely used tracer for quantifying DNL rates in both animal models and humans. Enrichment of lipid hydrogens from 2H2O can be resolved and quantified by 2H NMR and MS spectroscopy of isolated lipids. NMR provides a much higher level of positional enrichment information compared with MS which yields a more detailed picture of lipid biosynthetic. It can also be used to quantify low levels of lipid 13C enrichment from a second tracer such as [U‐13C]sugar with minimal interference of one tracer with the other.ConclusionsDespite the clear association between elevated DNL activity and increased hepatic triglyceride levels, implementation of non‐destructive and novel methods to quantify DNL and its contribution to NAFLD are also of huge interest.