bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Essential Oil Extraction from Dried Clove Leaves (Syzgium aromaticum) using Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction by Face-Centered Central Composite Design
Authors: Nurmitasari Yurie , Mahfud Mahfud 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) leaves are agricultural waste of clove plants which can still be valorised by extracting their essential oil. The the aim of this research is to perform the extraction process of clove essential oil using Solvent free microwave extraction by studying the effects of extraction parameters, such as microwave power, feed to distiller ratio and extraction time and finding optimal conditions with the response surface methodology using FCCD design. The operating parameters of this experiments are microwave power (300 -600 W), feed to distiller ratio (0.06 - 0.14 g/mL), and extraction time (20 - 60 minutes). The existence of analysis of variance values (ANOVA) which indicates an important factor that determines the results of the study. From the analysis results obtained 4 parameters that have a significant effect (p-value <0.05), these parameters are microwave power (A), F/D ratio (B), Extraction Time (C) and the effect of extraction time squared (C2). The results showed that the optimum conditions were at microwave power 542,04 W, F/D ratio 0.07 g / mL, extraction time 44.5 minutes. From this optimum condition, the maximum prediction result is 4.45%. It can be neglected that these results indicate the suitability of the model used in the extraction of dry clove leaf essential oil (R2 = 0.8906). Chemical analysis was also carried out using GC-MS. The results showed that the largest component was Eugenol 95.68%. While the physical properties, specific gravity 1.62 and solubility 1: 2. The results of the value analysis are in accordance with the range of quality standards SNI 06-2387-2006.
Microwave Hydrodistillation of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) Seed Essential Oil Using Box-Behnken Design
Authors: Panjaitan R , Mahfud M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) is a unique Indonesian spice that grows in North Sumatra. It has the potential to be the material source of essential oil. Andaliman essential oil has not available as a market commodity yet or still in the research extent where even the study of it is limited. This research has carried out the extraction of essential oil through one of the advanced extraction processes, namely microwave hydrodistillation. The experiment was designed using Box-Behnken to obtain an equation model of its process extraction. In this study, the effects of extraction parameters, such as microwave power, F/S ratio, and extraction time, were analyzed. From this research, a reduced quadratic model was obtained that could represent the extraction of andaliman essential oil using microwave hydrodistillation, where all three parameters had a significant effect on the yield of andaliman oil. Besides, the optimization of the model obtained the optimum condition of the andaliman essential oil extraction process. Also, the analysis of the sample product revealed that it was miscible in alcohol and had a relative density value of 0.8861 gr/ml (20°C). The main components of the sample consisted of dl-limonene, geranyl acetate, carvone, and citronella.
Extraction Bioactive Compound of Pegagan (Centella Asiatica L.) using Solvent-Free Microwave-Assisted Extraction
Authors: Rahmawati A , Fachri B A , Oktavia S , Abrori F 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica L.), known as pegagan is a plant with many benefits, including used to repair burns, hypertrophic wound healing, and as an inflammatory agent. C. asiatica grows in tropical Asia and grows in various countries such as Indonesia, Philippines, China, India, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar. C. asiatica has four bioactive components, namely asiatic acid, asiaticoside, madecassic acid, and madecassoside. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) is one of the methods for extracting bioactive compounds of pegagan leaf. In this study, the extraction of pegagan bioactive compounds carried out using the Solvent-Free Microwave-Assisted Extraction (SFME) method. This research used a box-behnken design model for the optimization process. The variables used are mass of material (20, 40, 60 g), power (150, 300, 450 W), and time of extraction (30, 60, 90 min). The highest yield is 4,5474% at 450 watt microwave power, 20 g mass pegagan leaves, and 60 min extraction time. Mass of material is the factor that has significant effect on yield. Modelling from this research is appropriate which has lack-of-fit > 0,1, and R2 89,67%. The content of bioactive compounds carried out by analyzing the total phenolic content of the product. The most substantial phenol content is 2398,649 μgAGE/ml.
Experimental study on thermoelectric module’s heating and cooling performance
Authors: Sasongko Setia Budi , Buchori Luqman , Sanyoto Gelbert Jethro 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Experimental study and investigation on heating and cooling performance of a thermoelectric module have been conducted. A thermoelectric heating and cooling device, also known as Peltier, presented itself as a potential alternative of commercial distillation system by exploiting its unique nature of generating “hot-side” and “cold-side” similar to a heat pump. Looking at the fact that distillation utilizes heat to vaporize specific compounds and turns it back into a liquid by condensation, Peltier may provide both of these processes, using only a single thermoelectric unit. This simplicity and efficiency make a strong ground for further study and practical application of the thermoelectric module, especially in a distillation system. One problem is that previous studies on thermoelectric module application are not sufficient and need more analysis regarding the performance of individual module. Therefore, this research aims to study the application of thermoelectric module in order to obtain experimental and performance data. Several electrical control and Arduino® sensors are applied in this study for real-time data collection with a variation of supplied voltage and current in an adiabatic closed system. Experimental results showed that there were distinctions of module’s performances at different current and temperature difference over time with the maximum power, 10V, 5A, reached up to 80 °C for hot side and 50 °C for cold side. This data then was further analyzed by curve fitting to perceive the specific statistical model which was found to be the rational model.
Plant-based coagulants for water treatment
Authors: Shabaa Ghusoon J. , Al-Jboory Wael S. H. , Sabre Hala M. , Alazmi Abdulaziz , Kareem Mohanad M. , AlKhayyat Ahmed 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The use of coagulants that are derived from natural material has significantly increased over the last decades due to the safety and cost-effectiveness use of such coagulants. Therefore, the current study aims to use a plant-based coagulant namely Moringa Oleifera seeds to remove the water turbidity. During the experimental work, samples of water of 250 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) were mixed with various amounts of Moringa Oleifera seeds in the laboratory at room temperature (20 ± 1 °C) for 90 minutes. Every 10 minutes, 5.0 ml samples were collected using a plastic container and filtered to be checked using a spectrophotometer for the removal of turbidity. Besides, the impact of mixing time, dose of Moringa Oleifera, and pH on the removal of the turbidity was investigated. The outcome showed that the turbidity of the treated water decreases with the increase in the dosage of Moringa Oleifera and the mixing time. However, it was noticed that the removal efficiency of the turbidity decreases when the pH value is more than 7. The removal of the water turbidity of 92% was achieved using 8 g/l of Moringa Oleifera for 80 minutes.
Phosphate removal from water using low-cost dolomite filters
Authors: Hamoodi Faris M. , Mohammed Mohammed Ibrahim , Alwash Reham S. , Kot Patryk 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The extensive usage of phosphate in different industries, such as detergents and fertilizers, remarkably increased its concentration in water bodies. Moreover, the weathering of phosphate-containing geochemical deposits represents another source of water pollution with phosphate. This pollutant has significant impacts on water quality, aquatic life, and the cost of the water treatment process. Therefore, the current project investigates the applicability of calcium-rich dolomite as a filtration media to remove phosphate from water. Firstly, the chemical and physical properties of dolomite samples were examined to check the suitability of these samples for phosphate removal. Then, several batch flow experiments were carried out at a water/solid ratio of 1.77, taking into accounts the influence of some key operating parameters such as treatment time, and the initial concentration of phosphate. The obtained results showed that the longer the treatment time was, the higher the removal of phosphate was. It was found that the calcium-rich dolomite removes about 30 percent of initial phosphate concentration (10 mg/L) within 120 min. Additionally, the results obtained from the application of the Langmuir isothermal model, and the separation factor indicate a good affinity between dolomite and phosphate atoms.
Removal of bacterial pollution from municipal wastewater using electrocoagulation technique
Authors: AL-Jaryan Israa L. , Al-Jaryan Rand L. , Jouda Sarab A. , Alotaibi Shmlan , Abdellatif Mawada , AlKhayyat Ahmed 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBacterial pollution in water sources is one of the most dangerous forms of water pollution because the bacterial can breed in the aqueous media, which could result in the pollution of the whole water body. Besides, bacterial pollution possesses severe health problems. Thus, several sterilization methods were used for the removal of bacterial cells from water, such as filtration and chemical additives. However, the majority of these methods are either slow, such as filtration methods, or unsafe, such as chemical additives. Electrocoagulation (EC) has recently brought a good deal of attention for bacterial pollution in water and wastewater because it is environmentally safe and it has low a relatively low operating cost. In this research, the effects of the current density on the ability of the aluminium-based EC unit (Al-EC) for the deactivation of bacterial pollution (E. colias a case study) in municipal wastewater have been investigated at three 0.5, 1, and 2 mA/cm2. The obtained results proved that increasing the current density was useful forE. coliremoval, and the best deactivation (85.6%) was achieved at a current density of 2 mA/cm2.
Ultra High Performance Concrete Preparation Technologies and Factors Affecting the Mechanical Properties: A Review
Authors: Jabbar Adil M. , Hamood Mohammed J. , Mohammed Dhiyaa H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) is a superior type of concrete. It has ultra-high strength, ductility and durability. Despite the large number of researches that have been performed to study it, no perfect approach has been determined yet to identify the proportion of materials involved in its composition, nor ideal curing methods after casting with the possibility of performing effectively. Also, there is no uniform technique for pouring concrete to ensure that fibres are spread properly. This paper focuses on the review of techniques carried out to choose the quality and quantity of materials used for UHPFRC with the analysis and comparison of the researchers’ findings to identify optimal proportions, pouring and treatment regimens to attain the best results of mechanical properties of UHPFRC. The optimum packing density resulting from high cement content, using silica fume, fine aggregate, low w/cm ratio and high dosage of HRWRA are the key factors to reach ultra-high strength. Incorporation of short steel fibres leads to improving ductility, tensile strength and enhance strain hardening of UHPFRC. Heat treatment or steam curing stimulates the reaction between SiO2 in cementitious materials and Ca(OH)2 produced on cement hydration which results in rising strength.
Seismic performance of gravity quay wall
Authors: Aldelfee Alaa N. , Aldefae Asad H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of the damages that occurs and the amount of displacement due to sliding in the gravity quay wall in ports during earthquakes are important factors because of the increase in the incidence of seismic disasters during recent decades. For this purpose, the investigation was performed using a shaking table test for two models of the quay wall in dry and saturated conditions. Cohesionless soil is used as a foundation for the quay wall and rubble soil used as a filter behind the quay wall and underneath. The dynamic performance of the quay wall is assessed in terms of both of the acceleration response and the seismic displacement. The results showed that the seismic wave amplification is increased significantly from the foundation of the gravity quay wall to the surface of the model, in which the highest amplification happened at the top of the quay wall model, thus, the design of this part of the gravity quay wall type caisson needs a great amount of the care and accurateness because the possibility of generating and propagating the cracks in this zone are very high.
Decays in strength, ductility, stiffness, and toughness of RC corbels due to fire exposure
Authors: Mhalhal Jasim M. , Alawsi Manal A. , Al-Gasham Thaar S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental study to explain the effect of high fire flame temperatures on the behavior of reinforced concrete corbels. Five reinforced concrete corbels were made using the same concrete grade. All specimens were comparable in geometry and reinforcement details. The key parameter of this study was the temperature of the fire. Therefore, four corbels were exposed to 300, 500,700, and 900 ° C fire flame, respectively, while the fifth was the reference sample kept without burning. All specimens were posteriorly tested by applying gradual three-point loading till collapse. The results revealed that the exposure to fire flame resulted in a significant deterioration in the strength, ductility, stiffness, and toughness of burned corbels touched 17.7%-47.3%, 39.25%-47.08%, 5.62%-22.5%, and 20.19%-70.8%, respectively.
The Influence of Exciting Vibrational Force on the Performance of Evacuated Tube Heat Pipe Solar Collector
Authors: Ali Sarah H. , Eidan Adel A. , Sahlani Assaad Al , Hayder Ali Mohammed 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this research paper, it examined the effect of excitation vibration force on the thermal performance of the heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector (HPET-SC). The main target of this work is to predict the temperatures of the water when applied different values of excitation vibration force (frequency). In order to achieve these tasks, it was designed and implemented a new test rig (HPET-SC) from scratch, that containing the vibration unit to generate the excitation vibration force. We added a control board to regulate the magnitude of frequency of the excitation vibration force. The range of the vibration frequency is from 6 to 14 V. All results were compared with the reference case study (static case). All tests were done in Iraq during the winter season. It was found based on the obtained results, that the vibration has a influence on the performance of the heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector, especially when applied the vibration force with high frequency.
Dynamic response of different bridge piers
Authors: Alaayedi Husam K. , Aldefae Asad H. , Shamkhi Mohammed S. , Humaish Wissam H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Throughout their construction period and service lifespan, the piers of bridges that built in earthquake zones are susceptible to abrupt earthquake. Thus, during their design period, all the possible circumstances must be taken into consideration because they are strategic infrastructures. Basically, the piers can be considered as the major part of the bridges. This paper presents an experimental work to investigate how the earthquakes influence on the seismic behavior of the selected concrete bridge piers. Physical modeling principals were applied to prepare three models of piers and table of shaking (1-g tests). The piers models were tested under 0.8g waveform for three cases, a rectangular pier constructed on a saturated cohesionless layer of soil, a hexagonal pier constructed over a saturated cohesionless layer and a circular pier installed on saturated cohesionless layer. The obtained results involved the time-acceleration measurement from the accelerometers throughout the shacking, the dynamic earth pressure, and the seismic displacement piers models. Basically, the obtained results of the experiments revealed that the acceleration amplification enhanced greatly at the pier top. The seismic displacement increased sharply because of the strong motion. The rectangular pier exhibited the highest values of the dynamic earth pressure.
Quick Review of Seismic Behavior of Gravity Quay Wall
Authors: Aldelfee Alaa N. , Aldefae Asad H. , Humaish Wissam H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Earthquakes are one of the worst natural disasters that effect directly both human life and infrastructures around the world. The seismic behavior of a gravity quay wall has been outlined from art-of-literature in this review paper. Based on previous studies available on the subject, the paper includes a simplified introduction of gravity quay walls structures followed by the loads acting on the quay wall which are used in the design, modes of failure, forces generated during earthquakes, method of evaluation of displacement of gravity quay wall and the techniques that used to reduce the damage caused by liquefaction during earthquakes. Through the discussion, it was concluded that when shaking amplitude is high at low frequency and the soil of the foundation underneath the quay wall is loose, an increases in the distortion of the wall is noticed. Pore water pressure increasing in the soil and backfill soil leads to an increase in the amount of deformation twice the case of constant pore water pressure. The sliding of the caisson is greatly increased when liquefaction occurs in the backfill soil and the different used techniques to reduce the liquefaction damage during the earthquake had good results in several locations.
Two-hybrid sine cosine algorithm based on Invasive weed optimization algorithm and Bat algorithm
Authors: Khalaf Ayad Hamad , Mitras Ban Ahmed 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis research paper takes two hybrids. First hybrid is a sine cosine algorithm with evolution algorithm invasive weed optimization (IWO) resulting that improved algorithm has highly properties that we so called SCA-IWO. Second hybrid is a sine cosine algorithm (SCA) with Bat algorithm optimization (BA). Which is considered one of the intelligent swarm algorithms related to intelligent arithmetic branches and have got on hybrid algorithm, so called SCA-BA. In these two improved algorithms that we have gained which have high properties that they can overcome over the problems that confront the SCA, IWO and BA, each separately. In addition to that, it can pass the falling in local solutions and slow converge, so they gained the global value in vast majority of numerical calculation. SCA-IWO and SCA-BA haven been applied on set of function by specialists in testing optimization that has high measurement with certain iterations. Numerical results proved the efficiencies of hybrids of SCA-IWO and SCA-BA with excellent results compared with original SCA, as well as getting a global and minimum value in many used functions.
Urban changes and its impact on the tangible and intangible heritage of City’s Centre: Najaf City as a Case Study
Authors: Farhan Sabeeh Lafta , Samir Hamed Hyab , Adelphi Hussam S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper focusing on the recent transformations that happened on the urban landscape of the traditional city centres which threatens the local identity of these centres. Thus, the aim of the research is to clarify the impact of the transformations on the urban landscape in order to benefit from transformations to recreate a traditional future sight for the historical centre of Najaf city. The research concluded that the absence of the modular unit that connecting the composition of the urban landscape, in addition to the absence of the urban regeneration concept in the whole context, led to decay and threatens the historical value of the traditional city centres. The paper recommended that the supporting of the tangible and intangible heritage is a necessity to preserving the traditional value of the city centre. Moreover, creating new activities that considering the urban transformations, should be done within social sustainable planning, and activating the environmental and economic aspects in built environment.
Conservation Approach as an Architectural Instrument to reviving Historical Cities; technical analysis for multi international cases
Authors: Farhan Sabeeh Lafta , Alyasari Haider I , Samir Hamed Hyab , Zubaidi Salah L , Hashim K S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The conservation of historical and heritage buildings depends on its ability to meet the immediate and future requirements of society, maintains the balance of system shape and values within the urban landscape and its ability to succeed economically and environmentally through the building and functional works. The research aims to uncover contemporary modern procedures and techniques to conserve historical buildings that would define historic city centres. A descriptive and analytical approach was adopted, which included building a cybernetic theoretical framework about historical buildings, extracting the most important variables and indicators for each individual and comparing these variables with selected examples from the United Kingdom, the United States and Iraq. It is recommended to take advantage of important international experiences and studies to increase awareness and understanding of the correct methods of dealing with and conserving historical buildings. That includes cooperation with international organizations in providing international expertise to identify the best means of rehabilitation in accordance with nature, quality and style of our heritage buildings in particular, and heritage of architectural centre in traditional urban centres in general.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Naproxen using Metol reagent by Oxidative Coupling Reaction
Authors: Hasan Ghania Abed , Bakir Mohsin Hamza 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA new and simple spectrophotometric method was used for the determination naproxen by oxidative coupling with metol the presence of N –Bromosuccinimide in acid medium, Absorbance of the obtained colored products was measured at the corresponding optimum wavelengths 535 nm, Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration of 0.8-17.6 μg/ml, and The molar absorptivity of 9.07×103L/mole.cm, Sandal’s sensitivity index of 0.02538 μg.cm-2. The detection limits were 0.1730 μg/ml and the quantitative limit 0.5768/ml, the correlation coefficient of 0.9981and recovery range from 100.21 – 98.27%. The method was successful to determine naproxen in drug tablets formulation.