bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tree weights and renormalization in QFT
Authors: Tanasa Adrian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this chapter we define specific tree weights which appear natural when considering a certain approach to non-perturbative renormalization in QFT, namely the constructive renormalization. Several examples of such tree weights are explicitly given in Appendix A. A fundamental step in QFT is to compute the logarithm of functional integrals used to define the partition function of a given model This comes from a fundamental theorem of enumerative combinatorics, stating the logarithm counts the connected objects. The main advantage of the perturbative expansion of a QFT into a sum of Feynman amplitudes is to perform this computation explicitly: the logarithm of the functional integral is the sum of Feynman amplitudes restricted to connected graphs. The main disadvantage is that the perturbative series indexed by Feynman graphs typically diverges.
Random tensor models—theO(N)3-invariant model
Authors: Tanasa Adrian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe define in this chapter a class of tensor models endowed with O(N)3-invariance, N being again the size of the tensor. This allows to generate, via the usual QFT perturbative expansion, a class of Feynman tensor graphs which is strictly larger than the class of Feynman graphs of both the multi-orientable model and the U(N)3-invariant models treated in the previous two chapters. We first exhibit the existence of a large N expansion for such a model with general interactions (non-necessary quartic). We then focus on the quartic model and we identify the leading order and next-to-leading Feynman graphs of the large N expansion. Finally, we prove the existence of a critical regime and we compute the so-called critical exponents. This is achieved through the use of various analytic combinatorics techniques.
The Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev (SYK) holographic model
Authors: Tanasa Adrian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, we first review the Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev (SYK) model, which is a quantum mechanical model of N fermions. The model is a quenched model, which means that the coupling constant is a random tensor with Gaussian distribution. The SYK model is dominated in the large N limit by melonic graphs, in the same way the tensor models presented in the previous three chapters are dominated by melonic graphs. We then present a purely graph theoretical proof of the melonic dominance of the SYK model. It is this property which led E. Witten to relate the SYK model to the coloured tensor model. In the rest of the chapter we deal with the so-called coloured SYK model, which is a particular case of the generalisation of the SYK model introduced by D. Gross and V. Rosenhaus. We first analyse in detail the leading order and next-to-leading order vacuum, two- and four-point Feynman graphs of this model. We then exhibit a thorough asymptotic combinatorial analysis of the Feynman graphs at an arbitrary order in the large N expansion. We end the chapter by an analysis of the effect of non-Gaussian distribution for the coupling of the model.
SYK-like tensor models
Authors: Tanasa Adrian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this chapter we analyse in detail the diagrammatics of various Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev-like tensor models: the Gurau–Witten model (in the first section), and the multi-orientable and O(N)3-invariant tensor models, in the rest of the chapter. Various explicit graph theoretical techniques are used. The Feynman graphs obtained through perturbative expansion are stranded graphs where each strand represents the propagation of an index nij, alternating stranded edges of colours i and j. However, it is important to emphasize here that since no twists among the strands are allowed, one can easily represent the Feynman tensor graphs as standard Feynman graphs with additional colours on the edges.
Walter Scott’s Long-Distance Fiction
Authors: McDonagh Josephine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Innovations in novelistic form that appear at the end of the Napoleonic Wars do so in the context of a national discussion about colonial emigration, and an uprooting and dispersing of British people on a profound scale, that provoked a reimagining of global space. Poverty, unemployment, and security, both domestically and in the colonies, were concerns about which emigration was proposed as a possible solution. This helps to explain two influential formal innovations made by Walter Scott in Guy Mannering (1815). The first is the invention of a new geographical imaginary. The novel is distinctive for its international backstory that takes place in India outside the main temporal and geographical frames of the novel, as well as a mode of calibrating distance in relation to details of size and scale, and through manipulating levels of readerly attention. The second innovation is its eccentric character, the gypsy, Meg Merrilies, who specifically derives from these spatial concerns. Her character is especially topical as it draws on contemporary beliefs about gypsies, a displaced people thought to have originated in India, but who are also identified with Scottish peasants displaced during the Highland Clearances, and other indigenous displaced people. Through the character of Meg, the novel examines contemporary questions about property, place, and belonging, as well as race and indigeneity. Meg’s persistence in print culture through the next several decades, reimagined in theatrical renditions, poems, print commodities, and travel writings, turns her into a celebrity character, and constituent element of a migratory British culture.
John Galt’s ‘Whole Art of Colonization’
Authors: McDonagh Josephine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Scottish novelist John Galt provides the clearest example of a writer in whose works fiction, literary technique, and settler colonization overlap. Famous for his regional novels about communities on Scotland’s western seaboard, he also had careers as parliamentary lobbyist, entrepreneur, and colonist in Upper Canada. In the 1820s, he spent a period working for the Canada Land Company, a colonization company he helped to establish in London, and through which he travelled to Canada to participate in the development of colonial settlements, including the city of Guelph. This provided copious material for writings in the final years of his life. Although Galt, and subsequently critics and biographers, have tended to represent the two periods of his life separately, they both are part of a single colonial project, connected by the extensive print networks of which he was a part. The connections are evident principally in his preoccupation with voice and dialect, sound and hearing. In the Scottish works he emphasizes phonological aspects of Scottish regional voices, and ways in which literature trains the ear. Sound operates as a mode of organizing and producing space. In the Canadian works, he explores the themes of sound and acoustic management in the context of colonial space. Together his works present an archive of colonial sound management, and an exploration of the auditory elements of his colonial project.
Transported!
Authors: McDonagh Josephine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A shared interest in the practice of colonization as a form of predation and capture provides a surprising link between Edward Gibbon Wakefield’s writings about systematic colonization and Charlotte Brontë’s whimsical juvenile writings. Both present their ideas in fictional form, and their colonies as imaginative constructs. Wakefield’s theory, which was influential in shaping British colonial policy, involved transporting working-class families to Australia to establish a labour force within new settlements. To reinforce the difference between his scheme and that of chattel slavery, he emphasized the freedom of his workers. Yet his scheme entailed significant restraints of their personal liberties: their freedom of movement, association, and right to own property, as well as the requirement to marry and have children. Similar preoccupations are evident in an earlier episode in Wakefield’s biography, in which he kidnapped a young woman in order to marry her for her family’s wealth and prestige. Brontë, who was roughly the same age as Wakefield’s young victim, explores these themes explicitly in her own teenage accounts of a colony in Africa, Glass Town. Co-authored with her siblings, this intricate saga of conquest and settlement by a group of European explorers presents a juvenile commentary on contemporary colonial practices. It reveals the coercive violence within the colony, as well as the submerged erotic elements within it. It also shows the ways this same violence underpins fictional narratives, especially the marriage plots that Brontë develops in her mature works.
The Political Picaresque
Authors: McDonagh Josephine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
At the end of the 1840s, authored by Chartist Thomas Martin Wheeler, a new form of fiction—the ‘political picaresque’—deliberately eschewed the conventions of the bourgeois novel, especially the marriage plot, and its linking of marriage and inheritance with the appropriation of land. Wheeler’s formal innovations responded to the conditions of a time in which emigration, land reform, globalization, and the rise of nationalisms across Europe stirred people’s feelings in contrary ways. For Chartists, land ownership was tied to a history of encroachment which had impoverished working people since medieval times. In the 1840s, these long-standing concerns were exacerbated by colonial emigration schemes that targeted working-class people for removal abroad. As it aimed to rehouse thousands of working-class people in new colonies in Britain rather than overseas, the Chartist Land Plan was a radical response to these conditions. Beset with problems, the Land Plan collapsed at the same moment at which the Chartist movement failed to achieve its political aims. In this context, Wheeler uses the novel as a fictional form in which to reimagine a democratic future. He narrativizes the transitory relationships between people and places that exist in situations of profound precarity, and creates a distinctive kinetic and spatial ecology within his text, central to which is a distinctive use of the term ‘occupation’ to encapsulate the inhabitation, rather than appropriation, of land. Although Wheeler’s new genre was short-lived, it represents a significant attempt to recast the novel as a mode in which to imagine alternative futures.
Constitutionalism
Authors: Gasbarri Lorenzo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Constitutionalism emerged as a reaction to functionalism to rebut the international nature of the relation between organizations and member states: member states are organs of the organization when they act in the fulfilment of its purposes; the law created by international organizations is purely internal law; the institutional veil is characterized by an impermeable opacity; the autonomy of the organization is maximal; the conduct of a member state acting in the institutional forum is not relevant as a matter of international law. This chapter describes the historical roots of this conceptualization and posits why under this perspective the rules of the organizations are internal law of each particular organization. Afterwards, it describes the flaws of this theory discussing the problems arising in terms of the principle of lex specialis and concerning the attribution of conduct to an international organization.
Referring to the World
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Our words and ideas refer to objects and properties in the external world; this phenomenon is central to thought, language, communication, and science. But great works of fiction are full of names that don’t seem to refer to anything! This book explores the myriad of problems that surround the phenomenon of reference. How can words in language and perturbations in our brains come to stand for external objects? Reference is essential to truth, but which is more basic: reference or truth? How can fictional characters play such an important role in imagination and literature, and how does this use of language connect with more mundane uses? The book develops a framework for understanding reference, and the theories that other thinkers—past and present—have developed about it. But it doesn’t simply tell us what others thought; the book is full of new ideas and analyses, making for a vital final contribution from a seminal philosopher.
Inner Fitness and Outer Cause
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Just how does the mind manage, on the basis of the inward rush of mere energy upon the portals of sensation, to represent to itself a world populated with a dizzying variety of putatively mind-independent objects? This chapter argues that two distinct and independent factors are involved; each is necessary, together they are sufficient. One factor is extra-representational, causal and informational, and rooted in the world. The other factor is internal and structural and rooted in the subject. Section 2 develops the initial question. In section 3, semantic referentialism is distinguished from semantic presentationalism. Semantic referentialism emphasizes the first factor, semantic presentationalism emphasizes the second. Taylor will advocate a modified version of semantic referentialism, two-factor referentialism. Section 3 aims to understand doctrine of the epistemic one-sidedness of all reference and to begin to undermine it as a motivation for semantic presentationalism. Section 4 considers the notion of a merely objectual representation and begins to lay the groundwork for two-factor representationalism by distinguishing between objectual and fully objective representations. Section 5 critically explores the Fregean and Kantian roots of this distinction.
Puzzles of Coreference
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with coreference puzzles, long regarded as bedrock data against which the adequacy of any theory of singular reference must ultimately be tested. The chapter argues that two-factor referentialism, introduced in Chapter 2, does the best job of solving them. It considers a number of coreference problems, old ones from Frege; newer ones from Kripke, Saul, Richard, and others; and some entirely new ones. It discusses some relevant syntactic issues and distinguishes intrinsic coreference from coincidental coreference. The view that names are individuated by spelling and pronunciation, such as the theory of “nambiguity” put forward by Perry and Korta, is rejected. It criticizes views that treat names as indexicals, as conflating importantly different instruments of reference. It criticizes the view that names are predicates, as having no reasons in its favor other than a misplaced desire for unity. It then develops the two-factor theory by comparing its treatment of cognitive significance with Frege’s views, and more recent views of Perry, Recanati, Fiengo, and May.
China's Civilian Army
Authors: Martin Peter 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
China’s Civilian Army tells the story of China’s transformation from an isolated and impoverished communist state to a global superpower from the perspective of its diplomats. In the early days of the People’s Republic, diplomats were highly disciplined, committed communists who feared revealing any weakness to the threatening capitalist world. Remarkably, the model that revolutionary leader Zhou Enlai established continues to this day despite the massive changes the country has undergone in recent decades. Even today, Chinese diplomats work in pairs so that one can always watch the other for signs of ideological impurity. China’s Civilian Army charts the history of China’s diplomatic corps from its earliest days through to the present, drawing on the memoirs of more than a hundred retired diplomats and dozens of interviews.
War by Other Means
Authors: Martin Peter 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of how Zhou Enlai’s small group of Yan’an recruits was supplemented by foreign-language students and peasant soldiers to form a foreign ministry for the newly formed People’s Republic of China. Most of this first generation of PRC diplomats lacked any foreign affairs experience and spoke no foreign languages. We follow these diplomats as they were schooled in Diplomacy 101 in the first overseas embassy in Moscow, were taught to use knives and forks, and even to dance. In a bid to ensure discipline and a sense of pride in their new mission, Zhou told the group to think and act like a “civilian army,” shaping a martial ethos that retains a strong influence on Chinese diplomacy today.
Between Truth and Lies
Authors: Martin Peter 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
By the late 1950s, signs of strain in Chinese diplomacy were evident as Mao Zedong pushed the further radicalization of Chinese politics and society, culminating in the devastating famine during the Great Leap Forward. During the Great Leap Forward, China’s envoys undercut their country’s credibility with allies and foes alike by insisting that the tragedy was the result of ‘natural disasters,’ even as diplomats themselves went hungry and their loved ones starved. China’s relationship with the Soviet Union also deteriorated rapidly, resulting in the Sino-Soviet split and a decades-long polemical war between the two powers which set the stage for eventual Sino-American rapprochement.
Selective Integration
Authors: Martin Peter 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
After Henry Kissinger’s secret visit in 1971, China claimed its seat at the United Nations and set about learning how to deal with global institutions. The country’s entrance into the organization was eye-opening for Chinese diplomats and also began a process of international integration that would see Beijing establish ties with virtually every other country in the world. Still, China’s international integration was slowed by continuing political uncertainty at home, which was settled only after the death of Mao, the fall of the Gang of Four, and the eventual ascendancy of Deng Xiaoping.
Overreach
Authors: Martin Peter 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Xi Jinping’s foreign policy took the assertive turn that had begun under his predecessor and made it more confident, consistent, and ambitious. From the United Nations to the World Trade Organization, Beijing’s diplomats promoted their vision for global order: a world safe for autocratic rule, preferably bankrolled by China. The change of approach led to a global pushback against China, which led many in the country to feel that Xi had overreached and was now raising the costs of China’s continued rise. As Chinese diplomats played catch-up with Xi’s ambitious agenda, they found themselves hobbled by the same limitations and shortcomings that their predecessors had faced for generations. Diplomatic reforms reinforced the demand for military discipline in the country’s diplomatic corps as its international influence expands.
With Our Backs Against the Wall
Authors: Hass Jeffrey K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets up general themes: individual versus collective identities and survival; power and tragic, compelled agency; and change versus reproduction of practices and relations. After a brief discussion of historiography, the chapter developed its theoretical framework, building on Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of habitus and fields. First, perception and sensation are the foundation of social fields, which are structured signals of practice and authority. Second, fields have topographies of social and symbolic distance that shape perceptions and practices. Empathy is particularly important. Third, a crucial facet of fields is anchors, entities of symbolic and emotional valence that link individuals to fields through personal and symbolic meanings. Finally, groups of fields and actors crystalize into “economies” of contexts and rules of worth. The chapter closes with a discussion of power and compelled, tragic agency, and with a discussion of data: Blockade diaries, state and Party records (NKVD and police reports, Party documents, etc.), and interviews (during the Blockade, in the late 1970s, after 1991).
Ties That Bind
Authors: Hass Jeffrey K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Starvation impacted not only political authority. It also severely shocked intimate relations and fields of meaning. In such duress, stealing food and other innovations and violations of norms became growing temptations—yet whether one carried out such strategies depended in part on social distance and empathy vis-à-vis those who might benefit and might suffer. Theft from organizations was easier than stealing from strangers, which was easier than stealing from an acquaintance. Symbolic distance also shaped survival practices, especially as Leningraders were forced to reclassify “food.” Proximity of nontraditional to traditional forms of food shaped culinary innovations. Inanimate objects (e.g., glue) were easier to reclassify as food than animals, and Leningraders ate horses more easily than cats. The most problematic innovation was cannibalism, a recurring narrative touchstone. Paradoxically, cannibalism could corrode and support norms: its appearance created dread of a new unhuman normality, but it also invoked condemnation and reinforced the importance of “civilization.”
Durability of Class
Authors: Hass Jeffrey K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Class figured prominently in the Blockade, as unequal distribution of resources, and as differing perceptions and practices. Intelligentsia, a professional culture-producing class (artists, writers, professors), saw themselves as gatekeepers of ethics and culture. They used networks to plead for meager extra food, but they were loath to admit doing so. In contrast, intelligenty criticized the rynok in moral terms and tried to avoid using it. Blue-collar workers grounded status and identity in physical labor, socialism, and pragmatism. They chafed at superiors’ privileges, which reinforced class identity. In contrast, they were less reluctant to use the rynok pragmatically (although they could be critical). Managers were instrumentally rational. They enjoyed privileges and were almost silent about using networks for food. They used managerial paternalism to ground authority, including shadow practices to help employees survive. Managers sometimes used the rynok for gain. In sum, class mattered as habits and differential relations to food.
Questioning Suffering, Rethinking the World
Authors: Hass Jeffrey K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Suffering provokes theodicy, the search for meaning and dignity. Blockade theodicies had two key logics: causation and community of suffering. Social and symbolic distance shaped both. The Germans were the prime cause, but the Allies were viewed with suspicion. Party and state officials were closer and more visible; civilians could read into them incompetence and coldness, but also some humanity, leaving a fuzzy picture. Leningraders also asked how Soviet culture and human nature, closest to home, could cause suffering. For the suffering community, the city was a key anchor that bred contradictions. Civilians knew soldiers suffered, suggesting a broad national community. Yet this created status competition: Leningraders as the superior soviets. Competition emerged inside the city in politics of authenticity. Dystrophics were possibly shirking duties, and for some, Jews were inauthentic sufferers deserving exclusion. Blockade theodicies grounded identities in the city experience, in which USSR and Red Army had status, but Stalin and Moscow less.