bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of rural income project on silk exports and livelihood of smallholder producers in Gatsibo District, Rwanda.
Authors: Ogunlusi Abiola , Olaniyan Olanrewaju 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Sericulture has been seen in Rwanda as an opportunity for increasing raw materials for the textile industry. Therefore, it has provided a new source of income, reduced unemployment and most likely to improve the livelihood status of poor sericulture smallholder producers by increasing their income earnings. The high yield in silk production has been pleasing due to the favourable climatic conditions for mulberry cultivation, sericulture has been seen as a potential tool to reduce poverty and also to generate foreign exchanges from exportation. The broad objective of this paper focuses on the impact of the livelihood status of smallholder producers in Rwanda. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were employed in selecting 286 sericulture households’ farmers in Gatsibo district. Data for this study were analysed using descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, paired-samples t-test, cross-tabulation and chi-square test of independence. The results of this study showed clearly a significant improvement in the livelihood of the farmers. It was gathered that 82% asserted there are organized markets available for silk exportation. 77% affirmed an improvement in their income status. The average level of income per year from cocoon production among the farmers was estimated to be $227.59. It is of topmost priority for this program to continue because its effect has a very positive impact on the livelihood status of the beneficiaries. Farmers should be provided with continuous training, access to credits. If sustained properly it will resolve future challenges and springs more opportunities for farmers and likewise to the country through exports.
Novel Sars-Cov-2 Pandemic Transmission With Ongoing Antiviral Therapies And Vaccine Design
Authors: Yameen Muhammad , Sattar Sara , Khalid Ayesha , Aslam Muhammad Aamir , Zafar Nishat , Saeed Muhammad Hassan , Arif Muhammad Haseeb , Jahangeer Muhammad , Qadeer Azka , Hussain Shoukat , Aamir Muhammad , Mukhtar Sania , Nasir Huma , Shahzad Asif 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Starting from the end of 2019 the new SARs-CoV-2 virus, in the period of a few months, had spread to 210 countries and its territories. The Wuhan wild animal market, in Hubei province, China is considered the epicenter of this pandemic. WHO declared the name COVID-19 to designate the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is the third coronavirus pandemic after SARS in 2002–2003 and MERS-CoV in 2012. Genome sequencing of this new COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 virus shows slight genetic diversity when compared to other coronaviruses. Owing to its pathogenesis, and less known replication cycle, no universal antiviral treatment can be applied and vaccine preparation is still a larger challenge. The present article will highlight transmission, pandemic status, genetic diversity current antiviral therapy, and vaccine trials for COVID-19.
1. Introduction. 2. Pathogenesis of coronaviruses. 3. Genetic diversity. 4. Transmission. 5. Vaccination strategies against COVID-19. 6. In Process Vaccination strategies against COVID-19. 7. Lack of antiviral treatment and antiviral treatment studies. 8. Precautions. 9. Conclusions
Orthohantavirus Spp. – Review Of Genus
Authors: Leis Kamil , Kaczor Patryk , Baska Aleksandra , Kazik Jakub , Kolan Michalina , Grudlewska-Buda Katarzyna , Wiktorczyk Natalia , Skowron Krzysztof 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The infections caused by orthohantaviruses were already known in the Middle Ages as “English sweats.” There are two main diseases caused by these viruses – HPS (hantavirus pulmonary syndrome) and HFRS (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome). Rodents are the main reservoir of these microorganisms, and humans usually catch them by inhalation, as a result of contact with secretions and droppings of carriers. HPS is characterized by a sudden onset, and symptoms include primarily cough, fever and difficulty breathing, and in extreme cases – respiratory failure and cardiogenic shock. HFRS begins suddenly and the main manifestation includes fever, renal failure, hemorrhage, hematuria and proteinuria, as well as shock. At present, anti-hantavirus therapy with proven effectiveness does not exist. A key role in the treatment is resting lifestyle, electrolyte control, fluid therapy and prevention of hypotension, and in harder cases – administration of oxygen. Deviations from normal values in laboratory analyzes of people infected with this pathogen depend on the organ affected by the disease process
1. History 2. Systematics of Orthohantavirus spp. genus 3. Morphology 3.1. Genome 3.2. Structure of the virion 4. Mechanism of infection 4.1. Route of infection 4.2. Life cycle 5. Pathogenicity 6. Treatment 7. Diagnostics 8. Prevention – vaccines 9. Summary
The combination of KMnO4 with HMO for cyclic adsorption of heavy metal ions and regeneration of adsorbents
Authors: Ding Ruyue , Liu Chao , Xie Fencun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this experiment, three kinds of hydrous manganese dioxide (HMO) with different Zeta potentials were synthesized, and combined with KMnO4 for deep removal of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+. The competitive adsorption of three heavy metal ions was also investigated. The results indicated that the stronger the acidity, the higher the Zeta potential (-54.3) of the synthesized HMO. After regenerating HMO with acidic KMnO4 as eluent, the removal rates of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ could still reach 79.25%, 80.13% and 60.43% after five cycles of adsorption. The promoting mechanism of KMnO4's effect on HMO was analyzed by SEM, TEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, XPS, BET, and UV-vis. After absorbing heavy metal ions, HMO will release part of Mn (II), and the released Mn (II) reacts with KMnO4 to form a small amount of highly active in-situ HMO. The ‘HMO + KMnO4’ system can not only improve the removal rate of heavy metal ions by HMO, and reduce the amount of adsorbent, but also remove the released Mn (II). Because of its reproducibility, efficiency and simplicity, the research on water purification materials and technologies is of significance.
Use of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model for a new configuration of circular primary settling tank
Authors: Griborio A. G. , Rodríguez J. A. , Enriquez L. , McCorquodale J. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Appropriately used, computational fluid dynamics models are powerful tools to design and optimize primary settling tanks (PSTs). This paper uses a Fluent-based 3D model to identify the possible causes for underperformance of the circular PSTs at the Cali waste-water treatment plant, Colombia, and to propose design modifications to improve performance. A new configuration for the center well (CW) is proposed and evaluated. The influence of a rotational sludge scraper and of continuous sludge removal were considered in the numerical simulation. The new configuration included the modification of the current CW diameter and the location of a second baffle with the CW. The results suggest that the installation of the second baffle allows a more uniform flow distribution within the PST and consequently, the hydrodynamic problems associated with short-circuiting of the influent to the bottom of the tank are reduced. The second baffle suppresses the downward current, effectively dissipates the kinetic energy in the influent and forces the particles to move toward the bottom of the PST. In addition, the second CW baffle allows the formation in the inlet zone of a consistently more concentrated sludge blanket layer and thicker sludge, reducing the risk of solids leaving in the effluent of the PST.
Organic matter affects phosphorus recovery during vivianite crystallization
Authors: Li Changyu , Sheng Yanqing 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Vivianite crystallization is a promising route for phosphorus (P) recovery from P-rich wastewater. However, organic matter (OM) in wastewater may influence vivianite formation. In this study, the effects of four representative OMs, glucose, bovine serum albumin (BSA), humic acid (HA) and sodium alginate (SA), on P recovery by vivianite were investigated. The results showed that P recovery efficiency was inhibited by HA and SA, declining by 3.7% and 12.1% under HA (100 mg/L) and SA (800 mg/L), respectively. BSA, HA and SA affected the aggregated form of vivianite crystals. Vivianite particle size decreased in the presence of HA and SA. Subsequent mechanistic exploration indicated that the complexation between the OM and Fe2+ was the main cause of P recovery efficiency reduction. The coprecipitation of HA and SA with vivianite could reduce the zeta potential on the crystal surface, resulting in a smaller particle size. The nucleation sites provided by BSA and SA could transfer vivianite from single plate-like agglomerate to multilayer plate-like agglomerate. This study provided a better understanding of P recovery by vivianite from OM-rich wastewater.
Dialogue on Public Broadcasting in Canada: An Interview with Wade Rowland
Authors: Mowbray Mike , Rowland Wade 
Published: March 2021

In framing the call-for-papers that kicked off this special issue, we asked potential contributors â€œwhat considerations might guide our attention as we think through public media as a socially central symbolic space that ought to be returned to the public interest? How might we come to re-inhabit public institutions?â€ Further to this, we queried possible contributors about the role and potentials of public broadcasting (notably the CBC) in a changing mediascape, and the possibilities for public media â€“ not limited to the specific domains of established public broadcasters such as the CBC and the provincial educational networks, but rather appealing to an open interpretation of the term â€“ that might be prefigured or imagined at present. As outlined in the introduction to this issue, the written pieces that arose from this line of questioning are varied and vital in their contributions.
To place this exercise in context, it is important to note that this special issue of Stream was conceived and produced in conjunction with a public event held at the Wosk Centre for Dialogue at Simon Fraser University on February 6th, 2014 under the title â€˜Occupy Public Broadcasting: Alt. Futures for the CBCâ€™. That eveningâ€™s discussion brought together an eclectic panel and participating audience of media scholars, practitioners, activists, and concerned community members in dialogue and debate over the relative merits, limitations, and â€“ most importantly â€“ the future prospects for the CBC, other public broadcasters, and public media beyond this (circumscribed) context.
Risk Assessment of Importation and Local Transmission of COVID-19 in South Korea: Statistical Modeling Approach
Authors: Lee Hyojung , Kim Yeahwon , Kim Eunsu , ‍Lee Sunmi 
Published: March 2021

Background
Despite recent achievements in vaccines, antiviral drugs, and medical infrastructure, the emergence of COVID-19 has posed a serious threat to humans worldwide. Most countries are well connected on a global scale, making it nearly impossible to implement perfect and prompt mitigation strategies for infectious disease outbreaks. In particular, due to the explosive growth of international travel, the complex network of human mobility enabled the rapid spread of COVID-19 globally.

Objective
South Korea was one of the earliest countries to be affected by COVID-19. In the absence of vaccines and treatments, South Korea has implemented and maintained stringent interventions, such as large-scale epidemiological investigations, rapid diagnosis, social distancing, and prompt clinical classification of severely ill patients with appropriate medical measures. In particular, South Korea has implemented effective airport screenings and quarantine measures. In this study, we aimed to assess the country-specific importation risk of COVID-19 and investigate its impact on the local transmission of COVID-19.

Methods
The country-specific importation risk of COVID-19 in South Korea was assessed. We investigated the relationships between country-specific imported cases, passenger numbers, and the severity of country-specific COVID-19 prevalence from January to October 2020. We assessed the country-specific risk by incorporating country-specific information. A renewal mathematical model was employed, considering both imported and local cases of COVID-19 in South Korea. Furthermore, we estimated the basic and effective reproduction numbers.

Results
The risk of importation from China was highest between January and February 2020, while that from North America (the United States and Canada) was high from April to October 2020. The R0 was estimated at 1.87 (95% CI 1.47-2.34), using the rate of α=0.07 for secondary transmission caused by imported cases. The Rt was estimated in South Korea and in both Seoul and Gyeonggi.

Conclusions
A statistical model accounting for imported and locally transmitted cases was employed to estimate R0 and Rt. Our results indicated that the prompt implementation of airport screening measures (contact tracing with case isolation and quarantine) successfully reduced local transmission caused by imported cases despite passengers arriving from high-risk countries throughout the year. Moreover, various mitigation interventions, including social distancing and travel restrictions within South Korea, have been effectively implemented to reduce the spread of local cases in South Korea.
BUDESONIDE COMPATIBILITY STUDY WITH EXCIPIENTS FOR PREPARATION OF NANOPARTICLE
Authors: KUCHEKAR ASHWIN , JATHAR JAYESH , GAWADE ASHWINI 
Published: March 2021

Objective: As a condition of acceptance and approval of any pharmaceutical product, stability studies ensuring the durability of the consistency, stability and efficacy of the product during the shelf life are taken into consideration. These studies should be conducted according to the guidelines provided by ICH, WHO and other agencies as intended.
Methods: The aim of this research was to evaluate the stability of the budesonide solution in some solutions and excipients and to further study the production of budesonide nanoparticles. In order to study the Budesonide stability mixture of solvent and polymers were used. To study the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the stability of budesonide preparations, prepared mixtures were stored under Accelerated (40 °C±2 °C/75 percent RH±5 percent RH), Intermediate (30 °C±2 °C/65 percent RH±5 percent RH), Long-term (25 °C±2 °C/60 percent RH±5 percent RH) and at 2-8 °C.
Results: Budesonide showed good compatibility at defined stability conditions in one month. Such type of preformulation compatibility study is necessary in preparation of nanoparticles.
Conclusion: It would be helpful in screening and identifying a suitable solvent, polymer and mixture at a desired concentration.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF SOLID DISPERSION TABLETS OF FUROSEMIDE USING POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE K-30
Authors: ELMUBARAK EMAN HUSSAIN , OSMAN ZUHEIR ABDELRAHMAN , ABDELRAHMAN MOHAMMED 
Published: March 2021

Objective: The objective of the present study was to improve the aqueous solubility and dissolution characteristics of the loop diuretic furosemide (FUR); a class IV drug in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) using solid dispersion technique.
Methods: Solvent evaporation and kneading methods were used to produce solid dispersions of FUR in different ratios with the hydrophilic carrier polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 (PVP-K30). The prepared solid dispersions were evaluated in terms of solubility study, percentage yield, drug content and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study (FT-IR). Tablets containing the optimized formula of solid dispersions ( were formulated and their dissolution characteristics were compared with commercial furosemide tablets.
Results: The prepared solid dispersions showed an increase in aqueous solubility, especially those formulated in a 1:2 drug: carrier ratio using solvent evaporation method ( it showed a four-fold increase in solubility compared to the parent drug. The absence of drug-carrier chemical interactions that could affect the dissolution was proved by FT-IR. Solid dispersion tablets exhibited a better dissolution profile in simulated gastric fluid pH 1.2 at 37°C ± 0.5 than the commercial FUR tablets in terms of mean dissolution time (8.44 min) and dissolution efficiency in 30 min (42.54%). Both FUR solid dispersions and commercial tablets followed Weibull and Krosmeyer models as the two best models of drug release kinetics proving that they were immediate release.
Conclusion: According to the results obtained in this study, solid dispersion techniques could be successfully used for the enhancement of aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of FUR.
Decisão de admissibilidade da denúncia no Superior Tribunal de Justiça: uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa
Authors: Andrade João Henrique de , Santiago Nestor Eduardo Araruna , Caminha Uinie 
Published: March 2021

Trata-se de análise de discurso do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ) em relação ao juízo de admissibilidade da denúncia. Busca-se entender se a jurisprudência do STJ encontra eco no texto constitucional quanto à necessidade de fundamentação das decisões judiciais. Foram levantados 107 julgados no interstício de 2008 a 2019, em que se pretendeu compreender a evolução no entendimento jurisprudencial a respeito da necessidade de fundamentação da decisão de recebimento da denúncia após a edição da Lei n. 11.719/08. A metodologia utilizada é de caráter quantitativo e qualitativo. O estudo aponta que o STJ vem apresentando uma resposta inadequada ao texto constitucional, pois o juízo de admissibilidade como decisão judicial requer uma fundamentação à luz do art. 93, IX, da Constituição Federal e do art. 315 do Código de Processo Penal.
Exclusión de la prueba pericial científica (de baja calidad epistémica) en fase de admisibilidad en procesos penales de tradición románica-continental: Diálogo entre dos culturas jurídicas
Authors: Vera Sánchez Juan Sebastián 
Published: March 2021

En este trabajo analizamos los criterios de exclusión de la prueba pericial científica de baja fiabilidad epistémica proveniente de dos culturas jurídicas diversas: common law y civil law. Se desarrolla la relación entre ambos grupos de criterios para afirmar que los criterios Daubert pueden ser aplicables en los sistemas de enjuiciamiento del civil lawcuando se trate de casos claros. La libertad de incorporación de medios de prueba, el derecho a la prueba y el debido proceso son limitaciones que impiden una aplicación amplia de la exclusión probatoria en estos casos.
Ola Ka ʻĀina
Authors: Kim Lia 
Published: March 2021

What is the environment? To many, the environment is the space in which animals and plants dwell, and is separate from humans. One’s wellbeing is considered to be internal; the health of a person is often seen as a self-contained process of individual longevity and happiness. In the Hawaiian language, there are two approximate phrases for the notion of environment: 1) ʻano o ka nohona - oneʻs relationship to oneʻs place, and 2) nā mea e hoʻopuna ana - everything that encircles the person. The linoleum block print, Ola ka ʻāina (loosely translated as "We, the environment, thrive"), represents the intertwined relationship between humans and “the environment.”Within the print, the sun’s energy trickles down as stream water to sustain the agricultural fields of traditional crops, then becomes ocean in which sea creatures dwell. It then drapes the woman as hair, which represents spiritual power within Hawaiian and Korean culture, only to return back to the earth in which new life grows. As an artist and farmer with Hawaiian and Korean cultural values, the environment is not a separate entity from man, but a physical manifestation of relationships. Therefore, our well-being is dependent on how we connect and care for each other. ʻĀina, a Hawaiian word often translated as “land,” literally means “that which feeds.” Therefore, the way we interact with our skies, mountains, fields, oceans, and other living beings is a reflection of our own health as individuals. This notion continues to be an essential foundation for the sustainability of the collective health of my cultures and has immensely influenced my work as an undergraduate scholar in sustainable agriculture at Stanford University. I hope to encourage everyone to cultivate a relationship with all that is around us through growing and eating whole foods,
Organized Labor and Inventory Stockpiling
Authors: Hamm Sophia J. W. , Jung Boochun , Lee Woo-Jong , Yang Daniel G. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We document that managers stockpile excess inventory to mitigate the operational risk posed by labor unions and to maintain bargaining power in labor negotiations. Inventory levels are higher for union firms and are incrementally higher preceding the renegotiation of collective bargaining agreements with unions. Inventory stockpiling at union firms is more salient when capital market pressure for transparency or information spillover from peers constrains managers from using disclosure strategies. We further show that managers weigh the costs and benefits of inventory stockpiling, as holding excess inventory due to the presence of a union is negatively associated with future profitability, but provides the benefits of avoiding a stockout and mitigating negative outcomes from a strike. Our findings highlight the importance of a major stakeholder, i.e., labor, in managers' investment decision making.
Data Availability: All data are available from the public/private sources cited in the text.
JEL Classifications: G31; J52; J53.
Impact of Diabetes on Hospitalized Patients With Chronic Medical Conditions
Authors: Dulipsingh Latha , Bakeri Hirva , Wakefield Dorothy , Shanaman Brett , Cook Lisa 
Published: March 2021

AIM
To measure cost and length of stay in patients with and without a diagnosis of diabetes admitted with cardiovascular, pulmonary, or cerebrovascular disease.

METHODS
Retrospective study used International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification codes to identify patients with diabetes, cardiovascular, pulmonary, or cerebrovascular disease. The All Patients Refined Diagnosis Related Groups, which classify patients according to admission diagnosis, severity of illness, and risk of mortality, was used to determine actual (discharge) diagnoses. Total admission cost and length of stay were compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

RESULTS
Study reviewed 48,572 subjects who met inclusion criteria. When compared with patients without diabetes of similar age, sex, race, risk of mortality, and severity of illness and controlling for length of stay, individuals with diabetes had similar total admission costs. Lengths of stay were similar for individuals with and without diabetes admitted with a diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease or respiratory infection. However, patients with a primary diagnosis of congestive heart failure and a secondary diagnosis of diabetes incurred longer lengths of stay.

CONCLUSION
Individuals with diabetes and congestive heart failure have longer lengths of stay than those without diabetes. To decrease the economic burden of diabetes and chronic conditions, primary care providers and hospitals need to implement guidelines regarding the management of care for individuals with two or more chronic conditions.