bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How climate change leads to emigration: Conditional and long‐run effects
Authors: Helbling Marc , Meierrieks Daniel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe study the effect of climate change on migration from 121 developing and emerging countries to 20 OECD countries between 1980 and 2010. In contrast to earlier studies, we differentiate between low‐ and high‐skilled migrants to account for the fact that not all groups are equally vulnerable and responsive to climate change. This is also the first study that uses a long‐difference approach. That is, in contrast to earlier studies that investigate short‐term weather changes or weather‐related disasters, we also estimate the effect of climate change on migration over longer time periods. We find that both increasing temperatures and precipitation levels matter to the patterns of migration. We show that increasing temperatures only lead to low‐skilled but not high‐skilled migration (suggesting different migration calculi), are only influential in countries located in hotter parts of the world (consistent with the idea of different levels of vulnerability to climate change), and only materialize in the long run (pointing to the adverse impact of intensification effects due to persistent climate change). Furthermore, we provide evidence that low‐skilled out‐migration is also responsive to short‐ and long‐run precipitation changes.
Beveridge on idleness
Authors: Whiteside Noel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBeveridge's wartime proposals to eliminate idleness relied on the precepts of Keynesian economics and substantial extensions in the powers of central government to regulate industry and labour. Using convention theory, this paper demonstrates how these stipulations proved politically untenable. With the disappearance of full employment in the 1980s, the labour market problems Beveridge encountered in his youth have re‐emerged accompanied by old problems of working poverty. Established forms of labour market analysis are obsolescent and employment rights disappear. The paper suggests a more decentralized and variable analysis of relations between work and idleness may offer a way forward.
Challenges in antibody titration for ABO‐incompatible renal transplantation
Authors: Kahlyar Htar , Roxby David , Badrick Tony , Vanniasinkam Thiru 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAccurate and regular monitoring of anti‐A and anti‐B titres pre‐ and post‐transplantation plays a crucial role in the clinical management of patients receiving ABO‐incompatible renal transplants. There is no standardized protocol or an external quality assurance program (EQA) currently available for this testing in Australia. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of techniques, test platforms and reagents that were currently in use in various laboratories with the aim of developing an EQA.Materials and MethodsAn online survey was sent to the participants enrolled with the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Quality Assurance Program (RCPAQAP) to assess their interest in participation in the pilot study. A total of 24 participants who expressed interest were sent the group O plasma, A1, A2 and B cells to perform ABO titration using their own methods.ResultsParticipants reported a wide range of titre results, from 8 to 1024 for the anti‐A titre using A1 cells, from 2 to 128 for anti‐A titre using A2 cells and from neat to 32 for anti‐B titre using B cells.ConclusionThere was a wide variation in titre results between and within different technologies. These findings demonstrate the need for an ABO titration EQA. Development of a standard technique and participation in an EQA program should, over time, reduce variation and enable transferrable results across testing centres, which will assist in consistent clinical interpretation and better outcomes for patients.
Prediction of the Geometric Accuracy Attenuation of the Slide Guide of Machine Tools With Analysis of Worn Surface
Authors: Tan Yanqing , Ma Lianjie , Kong Han 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A guide pair is a core part of the feed system in a machine tool. Its geometric accuracy is attenuated due to wear, thus directly affecting its guiding accuracy and the processing accuracy and quality of a machine tool. In this article, based on the statistical principle, the influences of the surface wear of guideway on its straightness attenuation were explored and an analytical prediction model for the geometric accuracy attenuation of slide guide was established. The reciprocating wear test of slide guide samples was performed with a test bench to explore the attenuation of guideway surface straightness under various machining conditions: isometric feeding, random length distribution feeding (normal distribution, negatively skewed distribution and positively skewed distribution), and feeding-retracting (with unequal reciprocating speeds). The comparison between experimental results and predicted results showed that the prediction model could well predict the precision attenuation of the guideway under stable working conditions. The experimental results also proved that machining workpieces with the same size or machining workpieces with a larger size as possible was beneficial to extend the precision maintaining life of slide guide. The prediction model suggested the quantitative relationship between the precision attenuation of slide guide and the main factors including material properties, surface topography parameters, working conditions, operation parameters, and surface friction properties. With this model, the real-time straightness on the guideway surface can be calculated and the geometric precision maintaining life of slide guide can also be predicted.
Distinguishing friction- from shock-generated melt products in hypervelocity impact structures
Authors: Spray John G. , Biren Marc B. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Field, microtextural, and geochemical evidence from impact-related melt rocks at the Manicouagan structure, Québec, Canada, allows the distinction to be made between friction-generated (pseudotachylite) and shock-generated melts. Making this distinction is aided by the observation that a significant portion of the impact structure’s central peak is composed of anorthosite that was not substantially involved in the production of impact melt. The anorthosite contrasts with the ultrabasic, basic, intermediate, and acidic gneisses that were consumed by decompression melting of the &gt;60 GPa portion of the target volume to form the main impact melt body. The anorthosite was located below this melted volume at the time of shock loading and decompression, and it was subsequently brought to the surface from 7–10 km depth during the modification stage. Slip systems (faults) within the anorthosite that facilitated its elevation and collapse are occupied by pseudotachylites possessing anorthositic compositions. The Manicouagan pseudotachylites were not shock generated; however, precursor fracture-fault systems may have been initiated or reactivated by shock wave passage, with subsequent tectonic displacement and associated frictional melting occurring after shock loading and rarefaction. Pseudotachylites may inject off their generation planes to form complex intrusive systems that are connected to, but are spatially separated from, their source horizons. Comparisons are made between friction and shock melts from Manicouagan with those developed in the Vredefort and Sudbury impact structures, both of which show similar characteristics. Overall, pseudotachylite has compositions that are more locally derived. Impact melts have compositions reflective of a much larger source volume (and typically more varied source lithology inputs). For the Manicouagan, Vredefort, and Sudbury impact structures, multiple target lithologies were involved in generating their respective main impact melt bodies. Consequently, impact melt and pseudotachylite can be discriminated on compositional grounds, with assistance from field and textural observations. Pseudotachylite and shock-generated impact melt are not the same products, and it is important not to conflate them; each provides valuable insight into different stages of the hypervelocity impact process.
Dynamics of collapse of an impact central uplift: Evidence from folds and faults in the collar of the Vredefort Dome, South Africa
Authors: Manzi* Shalene , Gibson Roger L. , Tshibubudze Asinne 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Structural analysis of overturned metasedimentary strata of the lower Witwatersrand Supergroup in the inner collar of the Vredefort Dome reveals the presence of tangential folds and faults associated with the 2.02 Ga impact. The folds are distinct from previously identified subradially oriented, vertical to plunging-inclined, gentle folds that are interpreted as the products of convergent flow (constriction) during the initial stages of central uplift formation. The tangential folds comprise disharmonic, open, asymmetric, horizontal to plunging-inclined anticline-syncline pairs with centripetally dipping axial planes and right-way-up intermediate limbs. They display centripetal-down vergence (anticline radially outward of the syncline) that is consistent with steep inward-directed shear of the overturned strata. We attribute this kinematic pattern to subvertical collapse of the Vredefort central uplift during the latter stages of crater modification. The folds are cut by pseudotachylite-bearing steep to vertical tangential faults that display center-down slip of &lt;10 m up to ~150 m. Both the tangential folds and the faults suggest that the large-scale overturning of strata related to outward collapse of the Vredefort central uplift was accompanied by a component of inward-directed collapse via layer-parallel shearing and folding, followed by faulting. Subradially oriented faults with conjugate strike separations of 1–2 km in the NNE collar of the dome suggest penecontemporaneous tangential extension of the inner collar rocks. This evidence indicates that second-order structures in the metasedimentary collar of the Vredefort Dome preserve a complex, multistage record of evolving strain associated with both initial convergent and upward flow (constriction) related to central uplift rise and later divergent and downward flow (flattening) linked to its collapse, and that centripetally directed collapse features may be important components of the structural inventory of very large central uplifts.
Aqueous chlorhexidine 1% versus 2% for neonatal skin antisepsis: a randomised non-inferiority trial
Authors: Sharma Akash , Kulkarni Srikant , Thukral Anu , Sankar M Jeeva , Agarwal Ramesh , Deorari A K , Mohapatra Sarita , Velpandian Thirumurthy , Bajpai Minu 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether 1% aqueous chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) when compared with 2% aqueous chlorhexidine gluconate is non-inferior for neonatal skin antisepsis.DesignParallel, blinded, non-inferiority randomised trial.SettingLevel III, academic, neonatal intensive care unit.PatientsInfants born at 260/7to 426/7weeks of gestation from June 2019 to December 2019.InterventionsParticipants were randomised to skin antisepsis by either 1% aqueous CHG or 2% aqueous CHG.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the proportion of negative skin swab cultures after skin antisepsis. Secondary outcomes were local skin reactions at 0, 6, 12 and 24 hours and plasma chlorhexidine levels in a subset of the study population.ResultsA total of 308 neonates with a median gestation age of 34 (31–37) weeks and mean birth weight of 2029 g were randomised on 685 occasions (1% CHG: n=341; 2% CHG: n=344). 93.0% of the post-antisepsis skin swabs were sterile in 1% CHG group compared with 95.6% of the swabs in the 2% CHG group (risk difference −2.7%, 95% CI −6.2% to +0.8%). The lower bound of 95% CI crossed the pre-specified absolute non-inferiority limit of 5%. Neonates developed mild dermatitis on 16 (2.3%) occasions. There was no significant difference in median plasma CHG levels in the two groups, 19.6 (12.5–36.4) and 12.6 (8.7–26.6) ng/mL, respectively.ConclusionsApplication of 1% aqueous CHG was not shown to be non-inferior to 2% chlorhexidine aqueous for skin antisepsis in neonates. There were no severe skin-related adverse events in either of the two groups.Trial registration numberCTRI/2019/06/019822; (http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=33453&EncHid=&userName=CTRI/2019/06/019822)
In vitro establishment, validation and characterisation of conjunctival epithelium outgrowth using tissue fragments and amniotic membrane
Authors: Bertolin Marina , Barbaro Vanessa , Breda Claudia , Ferrari Stefano , Marchini Giorgio , Pedrotti Emilio , Ferrari Barbara , Diego Ponzin , Fasolo Adriano 
Published: June 2021

Background/AimsTo set up the in vitro conditions for renewal of the conjunctival epithelium using healthy fragments of conjunctival tissue glued over an amniotic membrane.MethodsWe evaluated the capability of conjunctival tissue fragments to generate conjunctival cell outgrowth after seeding them onto amniotic membrane and culture plates; we then assessed conjunctival molecular marker expression by immunofluorescence. We also evaluated the efficiency of glueing the fragments over the amniotic membrane to determine the best setting and the feasibility of shipping preloaded amniotic membranes.ResultsEpithelial outgrowth was detected in 65%–80% of conjunctival fragments starting 48–72 hours after glueing, without major differences between type of membrane preparation and fragment size. Within 6–13 days, a full epithelium covered the surface of the amniotic membrane. Specific marker expression (conjunctival epithelium, Muc1, K19, K13; stemness, p63; tight junctions, ZO-1) was detected. Results of the shipping test showed that only 31% of the fragments were still glued over the epithelial side of the membrane within 24 hours compared to more than 90% of fragments stayed attached in the remaining conditions.ConclusionThe in vitro regeneration of conjunctival epithelium following outgrowth from conjunctival tissue fragments glued over an amniotic membrane may offer a viable strategy to renew the epithelium in vivo once applied over the ocular surface at the recipient site.
Development of revised diagnostic criteria for Fuchs’ uveitis syndrome in a Chinese population
Authors: Yang Peizeng , Zhang Wanyun , Chen Zhijun , Zhang Han , Su Guannan , Cao Qingfeng , Zhu Ying , Zhong Zhenyu , Zhou Chunjiang , Wang Yao , Kijlstra Aize 
Published: June 2021

Background/aimsFuchs’ uveitis syndrome (FUS) is one of the frequently misdiagnosed uveitis entities, which is partly due to the absence of internationally recognised diagnostic criteria. This study was performed to develop and evaluate a set of revised diagnostic criteria for FUS.MethodsThe clinical data of Chinese patients with FUS and patients with non-FUS were collected and analysed from a tertiary referral centre between April 2008 and December 2020. A total of 593 patients with FUS and 625 patients with non-FUS from northern China were enrolled for the development of diagnostic criteria for FUS. Three hundred and seventy-seven patients with FUS and 503 patients with non-FUS from southern China were used to validate the criteria. Clinical symptoms and ocular signs were collected from all patients with FUS and patients with non-FUS. Multivariate two-step cluster analysis, logistic regression and decision tree algorithms in combination with the clinical judgement of uveitis experts were used to revise diagnostic criteria for FUS.ResultsThree essential findings including diffuse iris depigmentation, absence of posterior synechiae, mild inflammation in the anterior chamber at presentation and five associated findings including mostly unilateral involvement, cataract, vitreous opacities, absence of acute symptoms and characteristic iris nodules were used in the development of FUS diagnostic criteria. All essential findings were required for the diagnosis of FUS, and the diagnosis was further strengthened by the presence of associated findings.ConclusionRevised diagnostic criteria for FUS were developed and validated by analysing data from Chinese patients and showed a high sensitivity (96.55%) and specificity (97.42%).
Investigation into the predictive capability for mortality and the trigger points of the National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) in emergency department patients
Authors: Masson Huw , Stephenson John 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionNational Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) is widely used to monitor and trigger assessment throughout a patient’s hospital journey. Since the development and role out of NEWS2, its ability to predict mortality has been assessed in several settings, although to date not within an undifferentiated ED population.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective observational study of all adult ED attendees at two EDs in Northern England, between March and November 2019. Multilevel multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted on patient episode data to assess the relationship between mortality at 2, 7 and 30 days from attendances; and maximum NEWS2, adjusting for age, sex, arrival mode and triage priority.ResultsData were collected from 91 871 valid patient episodes associated with 64 760 patients. NEWS2 was a significant predictor of mortality at 2 days (OR 1.75; 95% CI 1.58 to 1.93); at 7 days (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.59 to 1.80); at 30 days (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.52 to 1.64). For the analyses of categorised NEWS2, NEWS2 of 2–20 was significantly associated with mortality at 2, 7 and 30 days compared with none assigned: OR 3.54 (95% CI 2.15 to 5.85) at 2 days; OR 6.05 (95% CI 3.92 to 9.34) at 7 days; OR 12.4 (95% CI 7.91 to 19.3) at 30 days. Increasing age, male sex, arrival by ambulance and higher triage categories were also associated with significantly increased mortality. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of 0.963, 0.946 and 0.915, respectively, were recorded for mortality outcomes, with optimum likelihood ratios associated with a trigger of 4 NEWS2 points.ConclusionsNEWS2 is an effective predictor of mortality for patients presenting to the ED. Findings suggest that maximum NEWS2 of 4 and over may be the best trigger point for escalation of treatment. Findings also suggest a NEWS2 of 0–1 can identify a very low-risk group within the ED.
Geriatric clinical screening tool for cervical spine injury after ground-level falls
Authors: Engelbart Jacklyn , Zhou Peige , Johnson Jenna , Lilienthal Michele , Zhou Yunshu , Ten-Eyck Patrick , Galet Colette , Skeete Dionne 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundA consistent approach to cervical spine injury (CSI) clearance for patients 65 and older remains a challenge. Clinical clearance algorithms like the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilisation Study (NEXUS) criteria have variable accuracy and the Canadian C-spine rule excludes older patients. Routine CT of the cervical spine is performed to rule out CSI but at an increased cost and low yield. Herein, we aimed to identify predictive clinical variables to selectively screen older patients for CSI.MethodsThe University of Iowa’s trauma registry was interrogated to retrospectively identify all patients 65 years and older who presented with trauma from a ground-level fall from January 2012 to July 2017. The relationship between predictive variables (demographics, NEXUS criteria and distracting injuries) and presence of CSI was examined using the generalised linear modelling (GLM) framework. A training set was used to build the statistical models to identify clinical variables that can be used to predict CSI and a validation set was used to assess the reliability and consistency of the model coefficients estimated from the training set.ResultsOverall, 2312 patients ≥65 admitted for ground-level falls were identified; 253 (10.9%) patients had a CSI. Using the GLM framework, the best predictive model for CSI included midline tenderness, focal neurological deficit and signs of trauma to the head/face, with midline tenderness highly predictive of CSI (OR=22.961 (15.178–34.737); p<0.001). The negative predictive value (NPV) for this model was 95.1% (93.9%–96.3%). In the absence of midline tenderness, the best model included focal neurological deficit (OR=2.601 (1.340–5.049); p=0.005) and signs of trauma to the head/face (OR=3.024 (1.898–4.815); p<0.001). The NPV was 94.3% (93.1%–95.5%).ConclusionMidline tenderness, focal neurological deficit and signs of trauma to the head/face were significant in this older population. The absence of all three variables indicates lower likelihood of CSI for patients≥65. Future observational studies are warranted to prospectively validate this model.
Bioeconomic analysis accounting for environmental effects in data-poor fisheries: the northern Labrador Arctic char
Authors: Kourantidou Melina , Jin Di , Solow Andrew 
Published: June 2021

Fisheries managers call for more nuanced understandings of complex interactions between exploitation and environmental variability, especially in data poor settings. We develop a bioeconomic model for the Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) out of Nain, northern Labrador, incorporating climate variability into growth. We derive parameters necessary for the bioeconomic analysis through optimization and identify optimal equilibrium conditions for the model with and without climate variability. Accounting for variability results in a slightly higher optimal harvest, fishing effort and stock. We find an optimal effort of 591 fishing weeks and harvest of 156 920 kg for 2014, suggesting that both were below optimal. We further find that increased temperature leads to higher optimal effort and net benefits at steady state. Despite numerous uncertainties, data and knowledge gaps limiting the accuracy of our estimates, this is the first effort to identify the equilibrium harvesting conditions for this currently uneconomic, yet socially and culturally important fishery. The methodology can be applicable to other data-deficient fisheries with similar challenges and unknowns, to advance the understanding of socially optimal harvesting and interactions with environmental variability.