bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 and the burning issue of drug interaction: never forget the ECG
Authors: Sciaccaluga Carlotta , Cameli Matteo , Menci Daniele , Mandoli Giulia Elena , Sisti Nicolò , Cameli Paolo , Franchi Federico , Mondillo Sergio , Valente Serafina 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTThe coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), has been rapidly escalating, becoming a relevant threat to global health. Being a recent virus outbreak, there are still no available therapeutic regimens that have been approved in large randomised trials and so patients are currently being treated with multiple drugs. This raises concerns regarding drug interaction and their implication in arrhythmic burden. In fact, two of the actually used drugs against SARS-CoV2, such as chloroquine and the combination lopinavir/ritonavir, might determine a QT (the time from the start of the Q wave to the end of the T wave) interval prolongation and they show several interactions with antiarrhythmic drugs and antipsychotic medications, making them prone to an increased risk of developing arrhythmias. This brief review focuses the attention on the most relevant drug interactions involving the currently used COVID-19 medications and their possible association with cardiac rhythm disorders, taking into account also pre-existing condition and precipitating factors that might additionally increase this risk. Furthermore, based on the available evidence and based on the knowledge of drug interaction, we propose a quick and simple algorithm that might help both cardiologists and non-cardiologists in the management of the arrhythmic risk before and during the treatment with the specific drugs used against SARS-CoV2.
Tracking missed opportunities for an early HIV diagnosis in a population of people living with HIV with known time of infection
Authors: Basoulis Dimitrios , Kostaki Evangelia Georgia , Paraskevis Dimitrios , Hatzakis Angelos , Psichogiou Mina 
Published: February 2021

PurposeThe goal of 90-90-90 first requires the expansion of access to HIV testing. Our aim was to record frequencies of HIV indicator conditions (ICs) and identify missed opportunities for an early HIV diagnosis.MethodsWe retrospectively identified ICs in a population of 231 people living with HIV with known infection dates who attended our clinic. The study population was divided into four groups: (1) those self-tested pre-emptively (47/231, 20.3%), (2) those offered targeted testing based on risk factors (67/231, 29%), (3) those tested after an IC (73/231, 31.6%) and (4) those who were not offered testing after an IC (44/231, 19%). HIV acquisition dates were estimated by molecular clock analysis.ResultsA total of 169 healthcare contacts (HCCs) were recorded. The most frequent HCC was mononucleosis-like syndrome (20.1%), unexplained weight loss (10.7%) and STIs (10.1%). AIDS-defining conditions were detected in 11.8%. Only 62.4% (73/117) of those with an IC were offered testing after their first HCC. Patients in group 4 had statistically significant delay in diagnosis compared with group 3 (109.1 weeks (IQR 56.4–238.6) vs 71.6 weeks (IQR 32.3–124.6)). The proportion of patients diagnosed as late presenters in each group was: (1) 16/47 (34%), (2) 37/67 (55.2%), (3) 43/73 (58.9%) and (4) 27/44 (61.4%) (p=0.027).ConclusionsOur study uses a combination of molecular and clinical data and shows evidence that late presentation occurs in a high proportion of patients even in the presence of an IC. Given that risk-based targeted testing has low coverage, IC-guided testing provides a reasonable alternative to facilitate earlier HIV diagnosis and to improve late diagnosis across Europe and globally.
Clinical outcomes of syphilis in HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM: occurrence of repeat syphilis episodes and non-treponemal serology responses
Authors: Nieuwenburg Silvia Achia , Sprenger Ricardo Jamie , Schim van der Loeff Maarten Franciscus , de Vries Henry John Christiaan 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesHIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) may be at a higher risk of repeat syphilis, have different clinical manifestations and have a different serological response to treatment compared with HIV-negative MSM. The objective of this study was to assess whether HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM with infectious syphilis (primary, secondary or early latent) differed in history of previous syphilis episodes, disease stage and non-treponemal titre of initial and repeat episodes, and the titre response 6 and 12 months after treatment. Furthermore, determinants associated with an inadequate titre response after treatment were explored.MethodsThis retrospective analysis used data of five longitudinal studies (four cohorts; one randomised controlled trial) conducted at the STI clinic in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Participants were tested for syphilis and completed questionnaires on sexual risk behaviour every 3–6 months. We included data of participants with ≥1 syphilis diagnosis in 2014–2019. Pearson’s χ² test was used to compare HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM in occurrence of previous syphilis episodes, disease stage of initial and repeat syphilis episode and non-treponemal titre treatment responses.ResultsWe included 355 participants with total 459 syphilis episodes. HIV-positive MSM were more likely to have a history of previous syphilis episodes compared with HIV-negative MSM (68/90 (75.6%) vs 96/265 (36.2%); p<0.001). Moreover, HIV-positive MSM with repeat syphilis were less often diagnosed with primary syphilis (7/73 (9.6%) vs 36/126 (28.6%)) and more often diagnosed with secondary syphilis (16/73 (21.9%) vs 17/126 (13.5%)) and early latent syphilis (50/73 (68.5%) vs 73/126 (57.9%)) (p=0.005). While not significantly different at 12 months, HIV-negative MSM were more likely to have an adequate titre response after 6 months compared with HIV-positive MSM (138/143 (96.5%) vs 66/74 (89.2%); p=0.032).ConclusionsIn repeat syphilis, HIV infection is associated with advanced syphilis stages and with higher non-treponemal titres. HIV infection affects the serological outcome after treatment, as an adequate titre response was observed earlier in HIV-negative MSM.
Self-reported exposure of Indonesian adolescents to online and offline tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS)
Authors: Septiono Wahyu , Kuipers Mirte A G , Ng Nawi , Kunst Anton E 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesTo quantify tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS), self-reported exposure from online and offline platforms among adolescents in Indonesia.MethodsA cross-sectional school-based survey was conducted in 2017. In total, 2820 students aged 13–18 years were recruited from 22 schools in seven cities. Respondents reported TAPS exposure on online (online news, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram), and offline platforms (broadcast media, tobacco industry sponsored events and outdoor advertising). For outdoor advertisements, respondents reported the locations where they were exposed. We used multilevel analysis to assess TAPS exposure by age, gender, smoking status and city.ResultsOnline TAPS exposure was high on Instagram (29.6%), and relatively low on Twitter (7.3%). Offline TAPS exposure was high via television (74.0%), billboards (54.4%) and live music events (46.2%), but low on radio (6.9%). In all cities, outdoor advertising was seen particularly on the streets and in minimarkets. Overall, TAPS exposure was higher among older than younger adolescents, boys than girls, and smokers than non-smokers.ConclusionsOverall TAPS exposure was high on both online and offline platforms. Banning online tobacco advertising, in addition to complete bans on outdoor and television advertising, is essential to adequately protect Indonesian adolescents from tobacco advertising.
The QCD odderon in elastic (anti)proton scattering
Authors: Braun M. A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe C-odd amplitude for the elastic pp and $$p\bar{p}$$

p

p

¯

scattering due to the exchange of the QCD odderon proposed by J. Bartels, L.N. Lipatov and G.P. Vacca is calculated with the Fukugita–Kwiecinski proton impact factor. The found amplitude is very small and cannot be felt in the differential cross-sections at 2.76 and 1.96 TeV respectively.
Evolutionary algorithms for hyperparameter optimization in machine learning for application in high energy physics
Authors: Tani Laurits , Rand Diana , Veelken Christian , Kadastik Mario 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe analysis of vast amounts of data constitutes a major challenge in modern high energy physics experiments. Machine learning (ML) methods, typically trained on simulated data, are often employed to facilitate this task. Several choices need to be made by the user when training the ML algorithm. In addition to deciding which ML algorithm to use and choosing suitable observables as inputs, users typically need to choose among a plethora of algorithm-specific parameters. We refer to parameters that need to be chosen by the user as hyperparameters. These are to be distinguished from parameters that the ML algorithm learns autonomously during the training, without intervention by the user. The choice of hyperparameters is conventionally done manually by the user and often has a significant impact on the performance of the ML algorithm. In this paper, we explore two evolutionary algorithms: particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm, for the purposes of performing the choice of optimal hyperparameter values in an autonomous manner. Both of these algorithms will be tested on different datasets and compared to alternative methods.
Analysis of strange quark stars in massive Brans–Dicke gravity
Authors: Sharif M. , Majid Amal 
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we explore the behavior and anisotropic structure of quark stellar models in the framework of massive Brans–Dicke gravity. The system of field equations, representing a static sphere, is formulated by incorporating the MIT bag model. We use the Karmarkar condition for embedding class-one to formulate a relativistic model corresponding to a well-behaved radial metric function. The values of unknown parameters are determined through the matching of internal and external space–times at the hypersurface. The observed masses and radii of the strange star candidates (RXJ 1856-37, Her X-1 and PSR J1614-2230) specify the solution. Further, we evaluate the impact of the massive scalar field on state parameters and investigate the viability as well as stability of the self-gravitating objects. It is found that the obtained values of the bag constant (corresponding to each star) lie within the accepted range. Moreover, the anisotropic structure meets the necessary viability and stability criteria.
Effect Modifiers of Low-Dose Tamoxifen in a Randomized Trial in Breast Noninvasive Disease
Authors: DeCensi Andrea , Puntoni Matteo , Johansson Harriet , Guerrieri-Gonzaga Aliana , Caviglia Silvia , Avino Franca , Cortesi Laura , Ponti Antonio , Pacquola Maria Grazia , Falcini Fabio , Gulisano Marcella , Digennaro Maria , Cariello Anna , Cagossi Katia , Pinotti Graziella , Lazzeroni Matteo , Serrano Davide , Briata Irene Maria , Buttiron Webber Tania , Boni Luca , Bonanni Bernardo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
Low-dose tamoxifen halved recurrence after surgery in a phase III trial in breast noninvasive disease without increasing adverse events. We explored the effect of low-dose tamoxifen in clinically relevant subgroups, including menopausal status, estradiol levels, smoking, body mass index, and proliferation of baseline lesion.

Patients and Methods:
Incidence of invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ was the primary endpoint. HRs and interaction terms were estimated using Cox models.

Results:
A favorable HR and 95% confidence interval (CI) could be demonstrated for postmenopausal status (HR = 0.30; 95% CI, 0.11–0.82 vs. HR = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.30–1.76 in premenopausal women; Pinteraction = 0.13), women with estradiol less than 15.8 pg/mL, presence of menopausal symptoms at baseline, and never smoking (Pinteraction = 0.07), although the interaction P value was &gt;0.05 for all characteristics. Efficacy was similar in all body mass index categories. Tumors with Ki-67 above the median level of 10% had a greater benefit (HR = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.09–0.81) than those with Ki-67 ≤10% (HR = 1.58; 95% CI, 0.45–5.60; Pinteraction = 0.04).

Conclusions:
The efficacy of low-dose tamoxifen seems to be greater in postmenopausal women and in women with lower estradiol levels. Benefits appear to be larger also in women with menopausal symptoms, never smokers, and tumors with Ki-67 &gt;10%. Our results by menopausal status provide important insight into low-dose tamoxifen personalized treatment, although caution is necessary given their exploratory nature. Observation of an improved response in tumors with Ki-67 &gt;10% is consistent but the use of the marker in this setting is investigational.
See related commentary by Fabian, p. 3510
Linear Statecraft along the Nile: Landscapes and the Political Phenomenology of Ancient Egypt
Authors: Smith Monica L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
States in archaeological and historical parlance generally are large and dynamic entities with continually fluctuating borders and boundaries across large land masses. States also are characterized by multiple nodes of settlement and multiple regions of resource availability within those large land masses, including agricultural fields, animal pastures, raw materials, and labor power. The northeastern African continent however provides a rather different spatial configuration for states’ prerequisites of agricultural intensification and social integration: the ancient Egyptian state—and all subsequent political entities called “Egypt”—have been framed by the valley of the Nile as a long and narrow corridor of human viability. Using “flow” as a phenomenological concept in which experiences are heightened by restraint conditions, this article examines the characteristics of political and social cohesion given geographic limitations on communication, migration and territorial expansion. The constraints of a viable landmass surrounded by uninhabitable desert parallel the conditions experienced by island states, enabling the productive application of island and archipelagic models to the analysis of the ancient Egyptian state.
Ancient Egyptian Urbanism in a Comparative, Global Context
Authors: Smith Michael E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For more than 50 years, archaeologists have debated whether or not Egypt was a “civilization without cities.” The publication of Nadine Moeller’s book, The Archaeology of Urbanism in Ancient Egypt: From the Predynastic Period to the End of the Middle Kingdom, provides the opportunity to reconsider this issue, using a more complete record of the relevant archaeological finds. I present a new, flexible approach to urban definition, and then I examine the ways in which ancient Egyptian urbanism resembled and differed from other early urban traditions. I conclude that Egypt was indeed an urban society, and that Egyptian urban patterns were highly distinctive within the canon of ancient urban systems. I place these points within the context of competing ideas about the nature of global history.
Bridging the Digital Publishing Divide
Authors: Robinson Hal 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An anthropological view of the publishing industry sees it as a culture with its own assumptions and patterns, in which publishing companies are macro-communities associated with micro-communities of readers. Anthropology sees ‘digital culture’ in a comparable way. Awareness of the cultural characteristics of publishing as a culture and of digital culture can turn their differences into synergies that benefit both. Examples from anthropological research and from publishing show that some processes are comparable. One is the process in which material value is transformed into cultural value, with the benefit of increasing the cohesion of a community. Another occurs when communities interlink their cultural processes in cultural–commercial ecosystems, to mutual benefit. Anthropological insights suggest how strategies, at project level and at the level of international cooperation, can bridge the cultural divide between traditional publishing values and digital opportunities and so help businesses survive and succeed in times of change.
Jesuits in Spanish America before the Suppression
Authors: Jackson Robert H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
From the late sixteenth century until their expulsion in 1767, members of the Society of Jesus played an important role in the urban life of Spanish America and as administrators of frontier missions. This study examines the organization of the Society of Jesus in Spanish America in large provinces, as well as the different urban institutions such as colegios and frontier missions. It outlines the spiritual and educational activities in cities. The Jesuits supported the royal initiative to evangelize indigenous populations on the frontiers, and particularly the outcomes that did not always conform to expectations. One reason for this was the effects of diseases such as smallpox on the indigenous populations. Finally, it examines the 1767 expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish territories. Some died before leaving the Americas or at sea. The majority reached Spain and were later shipped to exile in the Papal States.
Seasonal Cycle of Gravity Wave Potential Energy Densities from Lidar and Satellite Observations at 54° and 69°N
Authors: Strelnikova Irina , Almowafy Marwa , Baumgarten Gerd , Baumgarten Kathrin , Ern Manfred , Gerding Michael , Lübken Franz-Josef 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe present gravity wave climatologies based on 7 years (2012–18) of lidar and Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) temperatures and reanalysis data at 54° and 69°N in the altitude range 30–70 km. We use 9452 (5044) h of lidar observations at Kühlungsborn [Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research (ALOMAR)]. Filtering according to vertical wavelength (λz < 15 km) or period (τ < 8 h) is applied. Gravity wave potential energy densities (GWPED) per unit volume (EpV) and per unit mass (Epm) are derived. GWPED from reanalysis are smaller compared to lidar. The difference increases with altitude in winter and reaches almost two orders of magnitude around 70 km. A seasonal cycle of EpV with maximum values in winter is present at both stations in nearly all lidar and SABER measurements and in reanalysis data. For SABER and for lidar (with λ < 15 km) the winter/summer ratios are a factor of ~2–4, but are significantly smaller for lidar with τ < 8 h. The winter/summer ratios are nearly identical at both stations and are significantly larger for Epm compared to EpV. Lidar and SABER observations show that EpV is larger by a factor of ~2 at Kühlungsborn compared to ALOMAR, independent of season and altitude. Comparison with mean background winds shows that simple scenarios regarding GW filtering, etc., cannot explain the Kühlungsborn–ALOMAR differences. The value of EpV decreases with altitude in nearly all cases. Corresponding EpV-scale heights from lidar are generally larger in winter compared to summer. Above ~55 km, EpV in summer is almost constant with altitude at both stations. The winter–summer difference of EpV scale heights is much smaller or absent in SABER and in reanalysis data.
Explicit versus Parameterized Convection in Response to the Atlantic Meridional Mode
Authors: Paccini Laura , Hohenegger Cathy , Stevens Bjorn 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study investigates whether the representation of explicit and parameterized convection influences the response to the Atlantic meridional mode (AMM). The main focus is on the precipitation response to the AMM-SST pattern, but possible implications for the atmospheric feedback on SST are also examined by considering differences in the circulation response between explicit and parameterized convection. On the basis of analysis from observations, SST composites are built to represent the positive and negative AMM. These SST patterns, in addition to the March–May climatology, are prescribed to the atmospheric ICON model. High-resolution simulations with explicit convection (E-CON) and coarse-resolution simulations with parameterized convection (P-CON) are used over a nested tropical Atlantic Ocean domain and a global domain, respectively. Our results show that a meridional shift of about 1° in the precipitation climatology explains most of the response to the AMM-SST pattern in simulations both with explicit convection and with parameterized convection. Our results also indicate a linearity in the precipitation response to the positive and negative AMM in E-CON, in contrast to P-CON. Further analysis of the atmospheric response to the AMM reveals that anomalies in the wind-driven enthalpy fluxes are generally stronger in E-CON than in P-CON. This result suggests that SST anomalies would be amplified more strongly in coupled simulations using an explicit representation of convection.
Global Soil Water Estimates as Landslide Predictor: The Effectiveness of SMOS, SMAP, and GRACE Observations, Land Surface Simulations, and Data Assimilation
Authors: Felsberg Anne , De Lannoy Gabriëlle J. M. , Girotto Manuela , Poesen Jean , Reichle Rolf H. , Stanley Thomas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis global feasibility study assesses the potential of coarse-scale, gridded soil water estimates for the probabilistic modeling of hydrologically triggered landslides, using Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS), Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP), and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) remote sensing data; Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM) simulations; and six data products based on the assimilation of SMOS, SMAP, and/or GRACE observations into CLSM. SMOS or SMAP observations (~40-km resolution) are only available for less than 20% of the globally reported landslide events, because they are intermittent and uncertain in regions with complex terrain. GRACE terrestrial water storage estimates include 75% of the reported landslides but have coarse spatial and temporal resolutions (monthly, ~300 km). CLSM soil water simulations have the added advantage of complete spatial and temporal coverage, and are found to be able to distinguish between “stable slope” (no landslide) conditions and landslide-inducing conditions in a probabilistic way. Assimilating SMOS and/or GRACE data increases the landslide probability estimates based on soil water percentiles for the reported landslides, relative to model-only estimates at 36-km resolution for the period 2011–16, unless the CLSM model-only soil water content is already high (≥50th percentile). The SMAP Level 4 data assimilation product (at 9-km resolution, period 2015–19) more generally updates the soil water conditions toward higher landslide probabilities for the reported landslides, but is similar to model-only estimates for the majority of landslides where SMAP data cannot easily be converted to soil moisture owing to complex terrain.