bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching and learning how to make informed health choices: Protocol for a context analysis in Spanish primary schools
Authors: Martínez García Laura , Samsó Jofra Laura , Alonso-Coello Pablo , Ansuategi Eukane , Asso Mistral Laia , Ballesteros Monica , Canelo-Aybar Carlos , Casino Gonzalo , Gallego Iborra Ana , Niño de Guzmán Quispe Ena Pery , Requeijo Carolina , Roqué i Figuls Marta , Salas Karla , Ubeda Mar , Urreta Iratxe , Rosenbaum Sarah 
Published: April 2021

Introduction The Informed Health Choices (IHC) project developed learning resources to teach primary school children (10 to 12-year-olds) to assess treatment claims and make informed health choices. The aim of our study is to explore the educational context for teaching and learning critical thinking about health in Spanish primary schools. Methods During the 2020-2021 school year, we will conduct 1) a systematic assessment of educational documents and resources, and 2) semi-structured interviews with key education and health stakeholders. In the systematic assessment of educational documents and resources, we will include state and autonomous communities’ curriculums, school educational projects, and commonly used textbooks and other health teaching materials. In the semi-structured interviews, we will involve education and health policy makers, developers of learning resources, developers of health promotion and educational interventions, head teachers, teachers, families, and paediatric primary care providers. We will design and pilot a data extraction form and a semi-structured interview guide to collect the data. We will perform a quantitative and a qualitative analysis of the data to explore how critical thinking about health is being taught and learned in Spanish primary schools. Conclusion We will identify opportunities for and barriers to teaching and learning critical thinking about health in Spanish primary schools. We will formulate recommendations—for both practice and research purposes—on how to use, adapt (if needed), and implement the IHC resources in this context.
Hydraulic Conductivity Measurement for Three Frozen and Unfrozen Soils in the Red River of the North Basin
Authors: Roy Debjit , Jia Xinhua , Chu Xuefeng , Jacobs Jennifer M. 
Published: April 2021

HighlightsHydraulic conductivity was measured in frozen and unfrozen soil conditions by a minidisk infiltrometer.In the RRB, frozen sandy loam and silty clay soils had the highest and lowest hydraulic conductivity, respectively.Three simple equations were developed for the three soils to predict frozen soil hydraulic conductivity.Freeze-thaw cycles reduced soil hydraulic conductivity.Abstract. Hydraulic conductivity (k) is a key parameter in describing water movement through a soil profile. In the Red River of the North basin (RRB), the hydraulic properties of frozen soils vary with temperature, water content, and other factors. In this study, a minidisk infiltrometer was used to measure the k values of three soils from the RRB: Colvin silty clay loam, Fargo silty clay, and Hecla sandy loam. The k values were measured for frozen and unfrozen soils with five different initial soil water contents: oven dry, permanent wilting point, field capacity, midway between permanent wilting point and field capacity, and saturation. The results showed that the mean k value of a frozen soil increased with an increase in initial soil water contents. Hecla soil had the highest k values and Fargo soil had the lowest k values for frozen soils. Three equations were fitted with the measured k values of Colvin silty clay loam, Fargo silty clay, and Hecla sandy loam soils. The k values were also estimated using the Motovilov model. When evaluating model performance, the fitted regression models agreed more closely with the measured k values (index of agreement, d, values of 0.96, 0.94, and 0.94 for Colvin, Fargo, and Hecla soils, respectively) than Motovilov models. Based on overall considerations of statistical measures, the fitted regression models predicted the k values better than Motovilov models for all three frozen soils. It was also found that the k values decreased with an increase in the number of the freeze and thaw cycles that changed the soil properties. Keywords: Frozen soil, Hydraulic conductivity, Mini disk infiltrometer, Red River Valley.
Prototype of a compact rubidium-based optical frequency reference for operation on nanosatellites
Authors: Strangfeld Aaron , Kanthak Simon , Schiemangk Max , Wiegand Benjamin , Wicht Andreas , Ling Alexander , Krutzik Markus 
Published: April 2021

Space-borne optical frequency references based on spectroscopy of atomic vapors may serve as an integral part of compact optical atomic clocks, which can advance global navigation systems or can be utilized for earth observation missions as part of laser systems for cold atom gradiometers. Nanosatellites offer low launch costs, multiple deployment opportunities, and short payload development cycles, enabling rapid maturation of optical frequency references and underlying key technologies in space. Toward an in-orbit demonstration on such a platform, we have developed a CubeSat-compatible prototype of an optical frequency reference based on the D2 transition in rubidium. A frequency instability of

1.7
×

10

−
12

at 1 s averaging time is achieved. The optical module occupies a volume of

35

c
m

3

, weighs 73 g, and consumes 780 mW of power.
Determinants of water source use, quality of water, sanitation and hygiene perceptions among urban households in North-West Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Gebremichael Shewayiref Geremew , Yismaw Emebet , Tsegaw Belete Dejen , Shibeshi Adeladilew Dires 
Published: April 2021

Background
Clean water is an essential part of human healthy life and wellbeing. More recently, rapid population growth, high illiteracy rate, lack of sustainable development, and climate change; faces a global challenge in developing countries. The discontinuity of drinking water supply forces households either to use unsafe water storage materials or to use water from unsafe sources. The present study aimed to identify the determinants of water source types, use, quality of water, and sanitation perception of physical parameters among urban households in North-West Ethiopia.

Methods
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among households from February to March 2019. An interview-based a pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data collection samples were selected randomly and proportional to each of the kebeles’ households. MS Excel and R Version 3.6.2 were used to enter and analyze the data; respectively. Descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages were used to explain the sample data concerning the predictor variable. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the association between independent and response variables.

Results
Four hundred eighteen (418) households have participated. Based on the study undertaken,78.95% of households used improved and 21.05% of households used unimproved drinking water sources. Households drinking water sources were significantly associated with the age of the participant (x2 = 20.392, df = 3), educational status (x2 = 19.358, df = 4), source of income (x2 = 21.777, df = 3), monthly income (x2 = 13.322, df = 3), availability of additional facilities (x2 = 98.144, df = 7), cleanness status (x2 = 42.979, df = 4), scarcity of water (x2 = 5.1388, df = 1) and family size (x2 = 9.934, df = 2). The logistic regression analysis also indicated that those factors are significantly determining the water source types used by the households. Factors such as availability of toilet facility, household member type, and sex of the head of the household were not significantly associated with drinking water sources.

Conclusion
The uses of drinking water from improved sources were determined by different demographic, socio-economic, sanitation, and hygiene-related factors. Therefore; the local, regional, and national governments and other supporting organizations shall improve the accessibility and adequacy of drinking water from improved sources in the area.
Essential competencies for physical therapist managing individuals with spinal muscular atrophy: A delphi study
Authors: Timmerberg Jean Fitzpatrick , Krosschell Kristin J. , Dunaway Young Sally , Uher David , Yun Chris , Montes Jacqueline 
Published: April 2021

Background and purposeWith the availability and development of disease-modifying therapies for individuals with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), new emerging phenotypes must be characterized, and potential new treatment paradigms tested. There is an urgent demand to develop an educational program that provides physical therapists (PTs) worldwide the necessary knowledge and training to contribute to best-practice care and clinical research. A competency based education framework is one that would focus on outcomes not process and where progression of learners would occur only after competencies are demonstrated. The first step toward such a framework is defining outcomes. The purpose of this Delphi study was to develop consensus on those competencies deemed essential within the SMA PT community.MethodsPurposive selection and snowball sampling techniques were used to recruit expert SMA PTs. Three web-based survey rounds were used to achieve consensus, defined as agreement among >80% of respondents. The first round gathered demographic information on participants as well as information on clarity and redundancy on a list of competencies; the second round, collected the same information on the revised list and whether or not participants agreed if the identified domains captured the essence of a SMA PT as well as the definitions for each; and the third asked participants to rank their agreement with each competency.ResultsConsensus revealed 35 competencies, organized under 6 domains, which were deemed essential for a PT working with persons with SMA.DiscussionIn order to develop a curriculum to meet the physical therapy needs of persons with SMA, it is imperative to establish defined outcomes and to achieve consensus on those outcomes within the SMA community.ConclusionsThis study identified essential competencies that will help to provide guidance in development of a formal education program to meet these defined outcomes. This can foster best-practice care and clinical decision-making for all PTs involved in the care of persons with SMA in a clinical and research setting.
Prevalence and correlates of overweight and obesity among primary school children in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Authors: Mosha Mary Vincent , Msuya Sia E. , Kasagama Elizabeth , Ayieko Philip , Todd Jim , Filteau Suzanne 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundPrevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in low- and middle-income countries is on the rise. We focused on multiple factors which could influence body mass index.MethodsA cross sectional school-based study was conducted in Moshi, Tanzania. Primary school children aged 9–11 years were recruited from 20 schools through a multistage sampling technique. Questionnaires were used to collect information on physical activity and diet by food frequency questionnaire. Height and weight measurements were taken and body mass index z scores for age and sex (BMIZ) calculated using the WHO AnthroPlus. Children were considered thin if BMIZ was <-2 standard deviations and overweight or obese if BMIZ was >1 SD. Information on school policies and environment was obtained from headteachers. Correlates of overweight and obesity were examined using a multinomial multilevel logistic regression.ResultsA total of 1170 primary school children, of whom 636 (54%) were girls, were recruited from 20 schools. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 15% overall (overweight 9% and obesity 6%) and most prevalent in urban areas (23%) and in private schools (24%). Moreover, thinness was found to be (10%) overall, most prevalent in rural areas (13%) and in government schools (14%). At school level, residing in urban (adjusted relative risk ratio [aRRR] 3.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.49,5.68) and being in private school (aRRR 4.08; 95% CI 2.66,6.25) were associated with a higher risk of overweight and obesity while availability of playgrounds in schools (aRRR 0.68; 95% CI 0.47, 0.97) was associated with a lower risk of overweight and obesity. At home level, availability of sugary drinks (aRRR 1.52; 95% CI 1.01,2.28) was associated with a higher risk of overweight and obesity.ConclusionOverweight and obesity are common in private schools and in urban settings. Efforts should be taken to ensure availability of playgrounds in schools and encouraging children to engage in physical activities.
Validity and reliability of the Noor Evidence-Based Medicine Questionnaire: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Norhayati Mohd Noor , Nawi Zanaridah Mat 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundEvidence-based medicine (EBM) is a widely accepted scientific advancement in clinical settings that helps achieve better, safer, and more cost-effective healthcare. However, presently, validated instruments to evaluate healthcare professionals’ attitude and practices toward implementing EBM are not widely available. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of a newly developed knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) questionnaire on EBM for use among healthcare professionals.MethodsThe Noor Evidence-Based Medicine Questionnaire was tested among physicians in a government hospital between July and August 2018. Exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency reliability-based Cronbach’s alpha statistic were conducted.ResultsThe questionnaire was distributed among 94 physicians, and 90 responded (response rate of 95.7%). The initial number of items in the KAP domains of the Noor Evidence-Based Medicine Questionnaire were 15, 17, and 13, respectively; however, two items in the practice domain with communalities <0.25 and factor loadings <0.4 were removed. The factor structure accounted for 52.33%, 66.29%, and 55.39% of data variance in the KAP domains, respectively. Cronbach’s alpha values were 0.81, 0.81, and 0.84 for KAP domains, respectively, indicating high reliability.ConclusionsThis questionnaire can be used to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of healthcare professionals toward EBM. Future testing of this questionnaire among other medical personnel groups will help expand the scope of this tool.
Complex effects of whole body cryostimulation on hematological markers in patients with obesity
Authors: Wyrostek Joanna , Piotrowska Anna , Czerwińska-Ledwig Olga , Zuziak Roxana , Szyguła Zbigniew , Cisoń Tomasz , Żychowska Małgorzata , Pilch Wanda 
Published: April 2021

Background
Adaptation, including changes in blood properties, to whole-body cryostimulation may depend on many factors, including body mass.

Aim
This study investigates whether hematological parameters change similarly in a group of people with obesity and a group of men with normal body weight after 10 and 20 cryostimulation treatments.

Methods
In our non-randomized trial, the participants were divided into two groups based on their body fat percentage: 14 men with a high (HBF = 29.35%) and 10 with a normal percent of body fat (NBF = 11.40%) and subjected to 20 whole body cryostimulation treatments (-120°C for 2–3 minutes). Blood samples were taken before the first and after the 10th and 20th cryostimulation. The following parameters were determined: red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), platelets (PLT), red blood cell distribution width (RDW-SD), mean platelet volume (MPV), white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils (NEUT), lymphocytes (LYMPH), monocytes (MONO), eosinophils (EO) and basophiles (BASO).

Results
Statistically significant differences were found in red blood cells parameters such as RBC, HCT, MCV and MCHC. Time influence was noted for HCT, MCV and MCHC. Two-way ANOVA showed a significant correlation (for time and group) for 2 paramateres: RBC and MCV. For platelet parameters statistically significant differences were found for PLT (group influence) and MPV (time and group interaction). In white blood cells parameters statistically significant differences in levels of LYMPH were noted. Higher levels were observed for HBF group.

Conclusions
All observed changes were within the reference range, but hematological markers changed unevenly in people who are obese and non-obese. Therefore, it appears that an amount of fat tissue could be a factor causing the differences in adaptation to low temperature. It is suggested that 20 whole body cryostimulation sessions restore the state of homeostasis disturbed after 10 sessions.

Trial registration
ACTRN 12619000524190.
The effect of counseling, antiretroviral therapy and relationship on disclosing HIV positive status to sexual partner among adult HIV patients in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yalew Melaku , Adane Bezawit , Kefale Bereket , Damtie Yitayish , Tadesse Sisay Eshete , Molla Asressie 
Published: April 2021

Background
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is continued as a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the effect of counseling, antiretroviral therapy (ART) and relationship on disclosing HIV positive status to sexual partner among adult HIV patients in Ethiopia.

Methods
The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) was used during this review. The study included both published and unpublished studies which were conducted in Ethiopia until the end of 2019. Different electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane library, CINAHL, Global Health, HINARI and Google scholar) were searched. Data were extracted in Microsoft Excel sheet and STATA/SE 14 was used to meta-analysis. I2 and Egger test statistics were used to test heterogeneity and publication bias respectively.

Results
Twenty-two articles with 8,873 adult HIV infected peoples were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled magnitude of disclosing HIV status to sexual partner was 74.63% [95% CI: (67.79, 81.47)]. Counseled [AOR = 4.96, 95% CI: (2.87, 8.55)], ART initiated [AOR = 4.78, 95% CI: (3.84, 5.94)] and who had a smooth relationship before HIV testing [AOR = 6.82, 95% CI: (3.49, 13.33)] were significantly associated with disclosing HIV status to sexual partner.

Conclusions
Disclosing HIV positive status to sexual partner in Ethiopia was low as the government invested in partner notification. Counseling, ART initiation and smooth relationship before HIV testing were significantly associated with disclosing HIV status to sexual partner. The government needs to strengthen pre and post HIV test counseling even after treatment started to increase disclosing status.

Registration
The protocol of this systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in the PROSPERO with a specific registration number: CRD42020161276; https://clinicaltrials.gov/.
What determines client satisfaction on labor and delivery service in Ethiopia? systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Fikre Rekiku , Eshetu Kidist , Berhanu Muntasha , Alemayehu Akalewold 
Published: April 2021

Introduction
The uptake of Health services, maternal and newborn health care outcomes are dictated by the satisfaction of clients on the service provided. Client satisfaction is one of the vital indicators to measure the quality of service. However, it is not well addressed and little evidence is existed in Ethiopia. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review aimed to assess the prevalence and determinant of client satisfaction on labor and delivery service in Ethiopia.

Methods
This study has included published and unpublished articles. The main databases PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, Medline, CINHAL, Poplin, and the search engine like Google and Google scholar were used from June1-30/2020. Studies with observational study design which are conducted in English language and met the eligibility criteria were included in the review. Meta-analyses with random effects were performed. Data synthesis and statistical analysis were conducted using OpenMeta and CMA version 2 software.

Results
The pooled prevalence of client satisfaction on labor and delivery service in Ethiopia was 73.5% [95% CI [64.9%, 82.1%]. The pooled odds ratio showed a negative association between client satisfaction on labour and delivery service with Promptness of care [OR = 0.25; 95% CI: (0.18, 0.34), P = 0.0001], Free service charge [OR = 0.70; 95% CI: (0.57, 0.86), P < 0.0007], Privacy during examination [OR = 0.25; 95% CI: (0.10, 0.64), P < 0.004], Respectful maternal care [OR = 0.40;95% CI: (0.19, 0.83), P = 0.01], Plan to delivered at health facility [OR = 0.49; 95% CI: (0.37, 0.66), P < 0.00001] and ANC follow-up [OR = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.63, P < 0.0001].

Conclusions
This review revealed that client satisfaction on labor and delivery service in Ethiopia was 73.5%. Besides poor care of providers on the antepartum, intrapartum and lack compassionate and respectful care affects client satisfaction on labor and delivery service in Ethiopia.
Las crisis en el pasado, presente y futuro de las Cumbres Iberoamericanas
Authors: Álvarez-Cascos Gil Inés 
Published: April 2021

Desde hace más de 500 años, los países de Iberoamérica comparten una identidad cuya máxima expresión actual son las Cumbres Iberoamericanas. Iniciadas en el año 1991 tras la propuesta española, estas reuniones tienen como finalidad ser un foro de cooperación y diálogo útil para los miembros.
Desde el comienzo, las cumbres han atravesado diferentes crisis causadas principalmente por la aparición de otros foros de integración regional, la falta de participación ciudadana y el papel hegemónico de España. Para solucionar las crisis se optó por la institucionalización (creación de SECIB y SEGIB) y por la elaboración de informes de expertos.
El tiempo ha demostrado que esas soluciones no son efectivas para conseguir que las cumbres tengan sentido en el panorama actual. Por ello, se deben llevar a cabo nuevas reformas que cambien el rumbo y la razón de ser de las reuniones para asegurar su supervivencia.
Cerium sulfide pigments
Authors: Pfaff Gerhard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Cerium sulfide pigments belong to the inorganic orange and red pigments. They were developed to substitute cadmium and lead containing red and orange colored pigments, in particular in plastics. Cerium(III) sulfide exists in three allotropic modifications, but only γ-Ce2S3, which is colored dark red, is suitable for the use as a pigment. Cerium sulfide pigments are characterized by high color strength, strong hiding power and sufficient thermal stability. Their limited stability in water containing systems and in humid atmospheres is not without problems. The pigments tend to degradation in the presence of water or humidity to form hydrogen sulfide, which limits the application possibilities significantly.