bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical and experimental Study of Heat Transfer Enhancement in Contour Corrugated Channel Using nanofluid and Engine Oil
Authors: Khata Naseer Dawood , Kadim Zena Khalefa , Khalaf Kamil Abdulhussein 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Research on improving heat transfer methods in heat exchangers has received wide attention in response to the increasing demand for high-efficiency devices in this field. Wherefore, the corrugated wall is one of the many suitable techniques used to enhance the heat transfer in heat exchangers. In the present investigation, laminar flow thermal and hydraulic efficiency of the trapezoidal, and straight counter heat exchanger with SiO2/water nanofluid and engine oil was carried out numerically and experimentally over Reynolds number ranges of 1100-2300 for nanofluid and 0.250 for engine oil. The results indicate that the numerical simulation of the laminar flow of nanofluids was performed with fractions of 0-4% volume. It should be noted that SiO2/water nanofluid has resulted in a significant improvement in heat transfer for all Reynolds numbers. Moreover, The error deviation of the Nusselt number is 0.0102% and 0.0208% between numerical and experimental work and the error deviation of the pressure drop is 0.0512% and 0.0325% between numerical and experimental work over the Reynolds number of 2300. The use of corrugated surfaces in reverse heat exchangers with nanofluid can improve heat transfer in many engineering applications, therefor the improving of the design and engineering parameters of a heat exchanger increases the heat transfer and makes it more compact, which in turn increases the efficiency of the thermal process, which leads to saving operating costs.
Numerical Model of Seepage Analysis and Slope Stability for Horan Dam H4 in Iraq
Authors: Mahmoud Ahmad I , Hussein Haitham A , Khaled Zeyad S 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHoran Dam H4 is an earth dam located 18 km northeast Rutba town in Anbar province in Iraq. The main objective for dam construction is to save rainfall for agriculture purposes and some household uses. In this study, a mathematical model is developed to analyze water seepage through the dam under steady state. The upstream and downstream slopes stability of the dam are also evaluated by using four methods which are: Bishop, Janbu, Morgenstern-Price, and Ordinary method. In addition, a two-dimensional finite element model was developed using GeoStudio program. The results of seepage analysis clearly show that Horan Dam H4 is safe against failure. Furthermore, the obtained factor of safety of upstream and downstream slopes stability proves that the dam body is stable based on Janbu’s method of minimum value. Moreover, it was found that the soil shear strength parameters highly influence the dam stability in steady state condition.
Groundwater Modeling of Ahmed Taher and Bakhtiari areas southwest of Khanaqin Basin in Diyala Governorate – Iraq
Authors: Jalut Qassem H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A foretelling of the groundwater level declining is substantial for the administration of subsurface water resources system, particularly in dry and semi-dry zones (area under this study), in which ground-water is the main exporter for agrarian and Household requirements. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the increasing withdrawal rates from the aquifer on the condition of the groundwater. In addition to the effect of the decreasing recharge rate on the groundwater for the area under study. The study area (the southwest part of Khanaqin city) extended over 129 km2 was simulated using the mathematical model (GMS10-MODFLOW2000). Under a steady-state calibration process, good matching between model and observed groundwater head values has been found. To observe and evaluate the competence of the groundwater water system, five different scenarios have been used for the unsteady state. The first case used as a reference case for comparison, in which the existing withdrawal rates were modeled, after that the discharging rates will be increased up to (50 %, 100 %, and 200%) on the current rates through the next ten years. For the fifth case, the recharge rate was decreased by up to 25% by keeping the same condition applied in the previous cases. Maximum drawdown values resulted from these scenarios are equal to (11.58, 19.14, 27.58, 46.82 and 48.35 m) respectively. According to the drawdown map, the maximum value recorded on the left side of the modeled region in the study area, and the minimum was recorded in the area near Al-Wand River.
Assessment the relationship between air pollutant concentrations and meteorological factors in Baghdad city, Iraq
Authors: Hussein Ahmed Alaa , Mahdi Zahraa S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Meteorological parameters directly effect on the amount of pollutants in the atmosphere as well as the period of their stay in it, and to verify this effect, the current study was conducted to find the relationship between pollutants (CO, NO, NO2, NOx, PM10, SO2) and meteorological parameters (wind speed, rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure) for Baghdad city from 2017 to 2019. The results showed increase in monthly average of wind speed in 2018 compared to 2017 and the decrease in the monthly average of relative humidity in 2018 compared to 2017, negative relationship between the monthly average of wind speed and the concentrations of pollutants (CO, NOx, SO2) and a positive relationship between this pollutants with relative humidity, positive relationship between PM10 and wind speed and the presence of a negative relationship between PM10 and relative humidity. Most monthly average levels of PM10 was higher than EPA limits due to the increase in wind speed, as the wind increased PM10 concentration in the atmosphere due to the lack of Vegetation cover around the Baghdad city also due to the scarcity of water and increase in desertification of agricultural lands and converting them to residential lands randomly and by unpaved roads, which made the wind speed an important and influential factor in increasing the concentration of PM10 and not a mitigation factor as is known. The Pearson correlation coefficient ranged from weak to medium between pollutants and meteorological parameters except CO with temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure in 2018 was a strong. The equations of CO and PM10 with meteorological parameters in 2018 can be adopting.
A Critical Review on Expansive Soils Including the Influence of Hydrocarbon Pollution and the Use of Electrical Resistivity to Evaluate their Properties
Authors: Mosleh Ameerah T , Al-Obaidy Nesreen K 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper reviews the studies on expansive soil with a main focus on failure mechanism, financial losses, mineralogy, determination of swelling parameters and others. Effect of hydrocarbon pollution on geotechnical properties of expansive soil was presented. The paper discussed the assessment of electrical response of contaminated swelling soils. Wide extend of expansive grounds around the world and the serious impact created on infrastructures requires to identify its influential aspects and the appropriate treatments. Also, it was found that petroleum product affect significantly on the basic properties of swelling soils such as gradation, consistency, compaction, swelling and others, and electrical resistivity can be employed to reveal the electrical characteristics of polluted expansive soil.
Effect of Screw Piles Spacing on Group Compressive Capacity in Soft Clay
Authors: Jamill Abeer S , Abbas H O 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Screw piles are considered as one of the solutions in different complications projects. Performance of circular screw piles group subjected to compressive load and embedded in two layers; soft clay and compacted sandy soils is investigated in this study. The thickness of two layers soft clay and sand soil is 250 mm and 350 mm respectively which are prepared after compacted to sub layers in the container. By choosing different slenderness ratios of L/ D 25, 32 and 39, many model tests were achieved on screw piles group. Single and double helix plates were used in screw piles with constant of helix spacing 60mm. A square pattern of screw piles group with different spacing between piles (1.5Dh, 3Dh, 4.5Dh), where Dh is diameter of helix is adopted in this study. The results of this study showed that the ultimate capacity of piles group was increased by increasing the spacing between the piles until reached spacing 3Dh then begin to decrease when piles extended in sandy soil, while in soft clay the ultimate capacity increase with decrease piles spacing in two cases single and double helix. The increasing percentages for pile spacing 3Dh and 4.5Dh are (55.3% and 39.4%) respectively for L/D ratio 32 and (27.2% and 23.8%) respectively for L/D ratio 39. Also, it is recommended to use screw piles group in case of deep layer of soft clay laying on sandy layer due to high increase in compressive resistance capacity of group when extended in sandy layer.
Structural behavior of MRPC beams exposure to riverine simulated circumstances using GFRP and CFRP bars
Authors: Wenas Abeer Hassan , AbdulKareem Wael Shahadha , Mushatat Haider Amer 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Reinforced polymer bars could potentially be used with fiber as a strengthening technology in MRPC. The main objective of this paper is to study the influence development of the flexural behavior of MRPC beams after 120 days of virtual corrosion-exposure in riverine simulated circumstances using GFRP and CFRP bars. Nine beams were tested via a two-point loading method up to failure, 1200 mm long, (200x100mm) cross-section. The water/binder is chosen to be 0.14 by weight. Silica fume was replaced by 8% weight of cement. The dose of superplasticizer used to the total binder weight was 0.41 percent. Three types of flexural reinforcement ratios were used individually per each cross-section; GFRP, CFRP, and traditional steel rebar, with a nominal diameter of 10 mm. The compressive strength of MRPC is 80 MPa. The experimental evidence indicates that GFRP and CFRP bars used with MRPC have higher tensile strength and anti-corroded bars. Also, the load results indicate that CFRP bars are more efficient than GFRP bars and steel rebar. Finally, the behavior of MRPC beams neither GFRP and CFRP bars submerged in Tigris river water did not chemically affect. The author recommended replacing steel rebar with GFRP and CFRP bars to improved structural behavior.
Using Phase Change Material to Improve Asphalt Pavement Behavior
Authors: Salman Maryam Mohammed , Abd Alwahab Omar Adel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This research is an attempt to use PCM technology in order to protect and treat the asphalt pavement from the influence of temperatures and thus not to crack the road pavements. Applying the phase change materials in roadway traffic domain is becoming an exploration research, although the PCM have been used in many fields. Depending on the properties of latent heat, we can apply the phase change materials to control and regulate temperature of asphalt pavement and keeping mix feasibility. Asphalt pavement is a material that can heat up to 60°C due to solar irradiation in summertime because of their excellent heat-absorbing properties. Using the PCM can treat the asphalt mixture pavement cracks related to temperature, enhance the performance of asphalt concrete pavement, and prolong the service life of asphalt concrete pavement. We address the procedure bitumen penetration grade 50/60 was used in this test. In this study, gravel and sand are used as coarse and fine aggregate respectively in hot mixture asphalt. In order to apply PCM in asphalt concrete pavement, mechanism of controlling temperature, road performance and mixture design method of asphalt mixture have been considered. Results show that maximum temperature of surface and bottom respectively is (43.41°C, 46.47°C), and the maximum absolute Delta (difference between surface and bottom) reached to 4.72°C.
Explicit and Combined Effects of Blast and Seismic Loadings on Tall Buildings with and without Shear Walls
Authors: Kadhum Ali K. , Abdul-Razzaq Khattab S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper aims at comparing seismic (EQ) and blast (TNT) loadings using different TNT weights on 12-storey reinforced concrete residential building with and without shear walls. These types of loading should be taken into considerations now in Iraq. The explosions besides earthquakes must be studied in Iraq to avoid significant losses in the lives of people and their public and private property. The same reinforced concrete multistory building was designed with three different TNT weights; 100, 350 and 750 kg in order to discuss drift, displacement and story shear. A commercial package ETABS2018 was used to analyze this 36-meter-high building. The building was designed according to ACI 318-14 and US Department of Defense TM5-1300 for blast load. As for the blast load, in case of shear wall existence, the maximum increase in drift was seen on the 11th and 12th stories about 1306-187% and 1232-175 %, respectively for each TNT weight compared with EQ. The maximum increase in drift was found on the 11th and 12th stories about 4236-618% and 2646-386% for each TNT weight. The maximum increase in story shear was seen on the 2nd and 3rd stories 5150-698% and 4625-618% for each TNT weight compared with EQ.
Confinement of Concrete by Fiber Reinforced Polymer Tube: A Review
Authors: Sachet Wrood H. , Salman Wissam D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Researchers studied a lot of strengthening techniques of concrete, one of which is the technology of concrete confinement. This technique is common to utilize fiber fabric impregnated with epoxy resin adhesive. Relevant applications mainly include strengthening the existing structure and new structural construction. This paper presents a review of previous studies on the confinement of concrete using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) tubes. Four main parameters were investigated in this study: the number of layers of FRP tubes, cross-sectional shape and slenderness ratio, material types of FRP tubes, and concrete types. The results of the investigation showed that increasing the number of FRP tubes resulting in a significant improvement in the behavior of confined specimens, circular cross-section specimens exhibited better behavior than square. Also, the behavior of confined square specimens improvement with increasing the angular radius. A carbon fiber reinforced polymer tube is better than (aramid, glass, and basalt) fibers. Finally, the concrete confining technique significantly improved the behavior of specimens regardless of the type of concrete confined, and the effect of confining decreases with the increase of compressive strength of the concrete confined.
Geopolymer Concrete, Mortar, and Paste: A Review
Authors: Sachet Wrood H. , Salman Wissam D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The problems of global warming and environmental pollution with gaseous and solid wastes, made researchers think of finding effective alternatives to reduce the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and make use of solid waste for iron manufacturing stations and power production stations. Thus, geopolymers are considered one of the most promising solutions in the field of structural engineering. Therefore, this paper presents a review of previous studies on geopolymer mixtures, which were investigated in three main parameters, included: slag addition, solution ratios, adding fibers, and Nano silica. The results of the previous investigation showed that the compressive strength increased with the increase in the slag ratio. At certain proportions, the compressive strength increases with increasing the sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide and increasing the sodium hydroxide concentration (M). While it was reduced fresh properties such as flow-ability and setting time. It was also found that the addition of fibers or Nano silica improved the microstructures of geopolymers, and thus a significant improvement in tensile strength and compressive strength. Finally, the addition of external water was found to improve flow-ability but reduce compressive strength, while the addition of the superplasticizer in certain proportions improves fresh properties.
Assessment of Flood Frequency Using Maximum Flow Records for the Euphrates River, Iraq
Authors: Saeed Saeb F. , Mustafa Ayad S. , Aukidy Mustafa Al 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A flood frequency analysis (FFA) on Euphrates River in Iraq has been carried out. Gumbel, generalized extreme value (GEV) and log person type III (LP3) probability distributions were employed for the simulating of flood flow using annual peak flow data from two gauging stations on Euphrates River. The first gauging station is Qaim station and recorded data for the period (1981-2018) was adopted the second gauging station is Hit station and its adopted records are for the period (1985-2018). The collected data was evaluated and tested for independency, stationary and homogeneity. The predicted flood flows of different return periods (Tr) i.e., 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 years are obtained and compared. The results show that the estimated flows of all the return periods does not exceed the current average carrying capacity of the river and this is due to the large number of dams built outside Iraq in Turkey and Syria. The estimated values for 100 and 200 years return period for Qaim gauge station are 2030 and 2250 m3/sec respectively while for Hit gauge station are 1480 and 1580 m3/sec respectively. Also, the results reveal that the river’s flow can be satisfactorily expected by any one of the used probability distribution methods; however, the generalized extreme value (GEV) was found to be the better fitted as shown by the goodness of fit test
Using Wasted Rubber Material for Reducing Loads and Energy Dispersal in Building Industries: State of the Art
Authors: Jassim Teeba A. , Zhuang Bozhou , Ibrahim Amer M. , Ali Ibrahim A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The accumulation of rubber tires poses a great danger to the environment, especially since the number of cars is constantly increasing. Therefore, at the beginning work was done to recycle these tires and use them as an alternative to the natural aggregate used in concrete. It was also used in asphalt used in roads. Packaging for the Shear Connecter used in composite section. As this work gave excellent results in reducing the hardness of the shaker contactor, increasing its durability and resistance, and also preserving it from corrosion by rust. Waste rubber was also used to covering the bolts used to connect the beam with the column in steel structures. Where the presence of rubber gave a high ability to dissipate energy when the steel structure is subjected to a seismic load. It also worked to increase the displacement and increase the durability of the steel structure and also reduce the friction between the bolts and their holes. The presence of rubber around the bolt also delayed the failure time of the steel structure and thus the important aim of the research work has been achieved, which is to maintain the safety of people when the structure is exposed to an earthquake load.
Forecasting construction time for road projects and infrastructure using the fuzzy PERT method
Authors: Nemaa Zahraa Kadhim , Aswed Gafel Kareem 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
It is essential to organize and plan any project at all stages, from start to finish; however, it is also necessary to certify completion by means of correct and effective methods. Scheduling projects using scientific approaches and sophisticated scheduling tools helps guarantee to project completion by the scheduled dates, as well as allowing institutions and municipal departments to make accurate estimations for project execution. The construction of roads includes several activity packages, one of which is the generation of road infrastructure such as that related to the sewer work (such as water and wastewater), the drilling and pouring work, the electrical work, and finally the paving. One of the most difficult jobs facing a manager in terms of such a project is the scheduling of activities over time. In many projects, the scheduling is done compactly, such that each activity that matches one scheduled in previous projects is scheduled but not detailed, with estimates based on previous overall times. In this research, however, each major activity was divided into several sub-activities to allow more accurate calculation of duration based on several criteria that affect the activities’ use of time. Three timings were thus estimated for each activity: a pessimistic time, an optimistic time, and a normal time. The PERT method was improved by using a Fuzzy Delphi technique to estimate the actual time required to implement each activity. The overall scheduling of a project in Karbala city, the rehabilitation of the road connecting the intersection of the Al-Ghadeer district to the intersection of the Al-Mudraa district was done in this manner. The project implementation period was predicted at 301 days, which is very close to the 322-day actual duration in which the work was carried out. The findings confirmed that the improved PERT method using the Fuzzy Delphi technique was the most accurate way to predict execution time.
Impact of illegal use of storm network on Tigris River using supervised classification technique
Authors: Shamkhi Mohammed S. , Abd Nariman N. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper studies the impact of the stormwater network outfall of the Al-Rabee Quarter on the Tigris River. Residents of the district use the storm network for contacts of illegal sewage. Household wastewater is discharged through the storm network directly into the river without treatment, which affects the water quality. Storm network model was developed and use a dynamic wave approach in routing hydraulic flow. The model was simulated based on the calculations of the quantities of domestic wastewater. The supervised classification was used in the spectroscopy of the satellite image of the river by the ArcGIS software in determining the effect of the storm network outfall on the Tigris River. The image was classified into four categories, which are pure water, polluted water, shallow water, and plants. Storm network data was obtained the from Wasit Sewerage Directorate in the form of ArcGIS files. The QuickBird satellite with a high spatial resolution of 25 cm was bought in 2019.
The results of the study indicated that sewage quantities were discharged into the river, which led to water pollution by 17.79% from the river surface area. It was concluded from the results that the outfall of the storm network has a high impact on the river water quality. Therefore, this study suggests implementing and managing a separate sewage network that is directed directly to the treatment plants. A stormwater management model (SWMM) was used to simulate a storm network as a sewage network in dry weather.