bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stones River
Authors: Hess Earl J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Battle of Stones River and the capture of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, took place at a critical time in the Union war effort. The federal government needed to create battlefield victories to support the implementation of the Emancipation Proclamation, slated to go into effect on January 1, 1863. Despite a grueling campaign that the Federals nearly lost, they were able to deliver enough of a victory to provide that political leverage. The battle also strengthened ties between the Federal army that fought at Stones River and its government, while weakening the confidence felt by Southerners in their own army. After the battle, the Federals remained inert at Murfreesboro for six months. Their impact on the community and its region was enormous. Even though Tennessee was exempt from the Emancipation Proclamation, slaves in the area broke down slavery by fleeing to the Union flag at Murfreesboro.
The Carolinas Campaign
Authors: Phillips Christopher 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the destructive Carolinas Campaign of 1864–1865 as a strategic culmination of the war by means of the transferal to the eastern theater of hard-war tactics that had long characterized the American Civil War’s western theaters. Infliction of property damage and psychological warfare expanded to wholesale destruction of towns and cities, widespread targeting of White civilians, male and female, summary punishment for irregular warfare, and the liberation of slaves in South Carolina as retribution for that state’s overwhelming and initial decision to secede. Federal commanders and soldiers alike, most from the West, were eager to implement this harder form of warfare in a theater known for a more traditional, limited mode of war making. The use of Black troops was most fully employed in the eastern theater in the Carolinas, much as it had been in the West in the Lower Mississippi Valley. As the war neared its end, the desperate Confederate commander in North Carolina, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, unsuccessfully sought to prevent Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman’s troops from accomplishing destructive warfare, and thus victory, there. Sherman’s conciliatory surrender terms for Johnston’s army, which occurred days after Pres. Abraham Lincoln’s assassination, were rebuffed by angry Republicans in the cabinet, the War Department, and Congress, for whom leniency was now furthest from their minds.
The Ombud as a Chameleon
Authors: Kirkham Richard 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe story most often told of the ombud is of its durability and its continuing claim to promote administrative justice. Alongside that claim is an understanding that the institution has proved highly adaptable to local conditions. To comprehend this malleability, this chapter applies four cultural biases, as developed in Mary Douglas’s grid-group cultural theory, to analyse how and why different choices have been made as to the design of the ombud in different countries. The typological model developed predicts that ombuds tend to be designed to match the administrative cultures in which they are located, taking on forms that are characterised in this chapter as either consumerist, constitutional, democratic, or tactical. Adopting this approach, and using examples from the global field of ombuds, this chapter anticipates the most likely challenges and main forms of accountability pressure that the different forms of ombud will likely experience, and it reflects on the stress points for the future evolution of the ombudsman institution.
Youth Culture and Indian Boarding Schools
Authors: Alexander Kristine 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Because of their perceived malleability, young people have been central to efforts by modern settler states to erase and displace Indigenous populations in order to control land and resources. In Canada and the United States between the late nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, these efforts (which were always contested) focused largely on Indigenous child removal and assimilatory schooling. Well-known as sites of abuse, hunger, disease, and premature death, state-funded and state-run Indian boarding schools in both countries were also shaped by the development of distinctive peer cultures. This chapter uses secondary literature, archival sources, memoir, and oral history to better understand the lived experience of Indigenous young people at these carceral and genocidal institutions. At Indian boarding schools on both sides of the Canada-U.S. border, Indigenous students used language, labor, performance, mischief, and sport to invest in and support distinctly Indigenous youth cultures characterized by imagination, resistance, solidarity, and critique.
Rule of Law and Media in the Making of Legal Identity in Urban Southern China
Authors: Kim Dodom 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAs the People’s Republic of China expands its reach into all corners of the globe, the rule of law in China has been subjected to unprecedented critical scrutiny, especially after protests against Hong Kong’s extradition bill broke out in the summer of 2019 and the national security law was introduced in the following year. Under present conditions, in which suspicion of China is widespread among outside observers, what questions can we ask to gain a productive understanding of China’s laws? With this broad question in mind, this chapter turns to a group of tenants facing a large-scale urban redevelopment project—i.e. evictions and demolition—in the prosperous metropolis of Shenzhen, China. In tracing the online and offline conversations of tenants making demands (suqiu) to resolve the problem of schooling for their children, it examines how law-invoking communication and ideas about law circulate and shape aggrieved tenants’ legal identities and fields of action.
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Authors: Nasrallah Faris Elias 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlternative dispute resolution (ADR) is an umbrella term to describe an array of social and institutional methods for resolving disputes. These methods offer individual and collective disputants a panoply of forum shopping options, each taking place in different intrinsic, inherited, and constructed cultural contexts. While not immediately apparent to lawyers or anthropologists, different ADR methods, including arbitration and mediation, in fact constitute the principal global tools utilized to resolve most international and interstate disputes concerning matters of investment, commerce, and industry. To grasp the magnitude of this necessarily requires both lawyers and anthropologists to break the barriers of habitual thinking about the nature and extent of their disciplinary and interdisciplinary work. This chapter outlines the prevalence and pervasiveness of ADR processes and practices both past and present, using ADR as an interface for reconceptualizing interdisciplinary boundaries, appraising the relationship between theory and practice, and understanding emerging social and legal practices.
Kinship through the Twofold Prism of Law and Anthropology
Authors: Foblets Marie-Claire 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLegal practitioners have much to gain by drawing on findings and insights from anthropological studies of kinship. This chapter first sketches the background of kinship studies in anthropology (including criticisms of the functionalist approach that led to a turn away from kinship studies), summarizes key questions that have preoccupied kinship scholars, and draws two important lessons that can help inform legal practice. The first is the profoundly social and cultural nature of kinship (as opposed to biological); the second is the observation that what may nowadays, at first glance, appear as new ways of organizing and expressing kinship ties in fact show more continuity than disruption. The author illustrates these lessons on the basis of four examples: (a) blended families; (b) same-sex unions; (c) the role of fathers in childrearing; and (d) sexual permissiveness. The chapter next details two specific contexts in which attention to an anthropological approach to kinship can productively inform legal practice. The first involves new advances in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) that challenge the more ‘traditional’ understandings of what constitutes a family as expressed in many state legal systems. The second is the enduring importance of kinship as a form of support that provides reliable protection against the increased vulnerability caused by globalization, marginalization, and persecution. The chapter concludes with some thoughts on the inherent tension between the idea of universal human rights and the constraints on individual self-determination that are often part and parcel of the social support that kinship systems provide.
Legal and Anthropological Approaches to International Refugee Law
Authors: Bianchini Katia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter offers an overview of the contribution of anthropology to the study of international refugee law. It starts with a review of the positivist legal approach, which has long dominated the field of international refugee law, with its focus on rules and states, and argues that this approach is unable to fully explain how refugee law is created and how it develops. Two recent strands—the transnational approach and the participatory approach—have criticized the limitations of the positivist approach and emphasized the role of transnational activities and actors in the process of lawmaking. However, these strands remain rooted in a liberal theory of international law, and they do not capture the complexities of the relevant human experiences. The chapter argues that an anthropological approach shifts the focus from states, borders, and citizenship towards the individual by combining and embedding human interpretations, behaviours, cultural contexts, and personal interactions with the law. Moreover, anthropological methods can enrich the understanding of the implementation of refugee law by empirically assessing legal issues. Beyond that, the chapter suggests areas that could benefit from future academic research at the interface of anthropology and refugee law.
Athletic Participation, Training, and Adolescent Education
Authors: Pritchard David M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Classical Athens athletics consisted of the sporting contests that were staged as part of festivals and the classes of an athletics teacher. Lessons in the standard sporting events were given only by these teachers, whose classes doubled up as the sole opportunity for boys and men to perfect them before competing in games. Thus the participation of individuals in athletics depended on their schooling. Because the Classical Athenians decided against publicly funding education, they did not enjoy equal access to it. Poor citizens could afford only the lessons of a letter teacher. It was only wealthy boys who were educated in the three traditional disciplines of athletics, music, and letters. As poor Athenians did not attend the classes of an athletics teacher, they would have done badly, if they entered games, and so were hesitant about doing so in the first place. Thus the athletes of democratic Athens came exclusively from the wealthy.
Greek Footraces and Field Events
Authors: Romano David Gilman 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGreek athletic contests have some Bronze Age and Homeric precedents. Games in myth and literature suggest funeral games and festival contexts. The Peloponnesian sanctuaries of Zeus at Olympia and Mt Lykaion evidence Bronze Age origins for the cults and perhaps the games. Discussed here are the stadium (stadion) and its footraces—stade (a stadium’s length), diaulos (two lengths), hippios (four lengths), dolichos (a distance race of up to twenty-four lengths), and hoplite (in which the athletes wore armour); also treated are the pentathlon (jump, javelin, discus, running, and wrestling), boxing, pankration, the Heraea footrace for girls, and torch races.
Animal Events
Authors: Kyle Donald G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Animal events, shows and hunts of beasts (venationes), were prominent, popular, and enduring Roman entertainments. Modern debates concerning ecology and animals have increased interest, and more works are focusing on the significance of beast shows for Roman culture and society. Historically, Rome’s beast events combined native and foreign traditions as Roman power spread abroad. Displays of exotic beasts, often in triumphs, were expanded into combats against hunters (venatores). Under the empire even more elaborate beast spectacles were housed in the Colosseum. Related in origin to hunting, Rome’s public abuse of beasts was not unique but it became distinctive in terms of scale, geographical scope, and stagecraft. Animal events remained highly significant for the empire as a territorial dominion, for the emperor as protector and patron, and for the citizens and culture of Rome as empowered and privileged).
Gladiators as a Class
Authors: Hope Valerie M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The amphitheatre has been described as a microcosm of Roman society. In the amphitheatre the social divisions and distinctions that defined Roman society were exposed to all. From the worst seats to the best seats, from slaves to the emperor, from dirty clothes to regal purple, visually (and audibly) society was on show. At the heart of this was the arena itself, where the gaze of all fell upon the gladiators. These men (and women) were, in principle, the lowest of the low; despised and hated, debased outcasts from society. In reality their place in society and their relationship to and with those who gazed upon them was more complex. This chapter will investigate how gladiators were viewed both by others and by themselves, and the extent to which gladiators were regarded as a cohesive group, even a ‘class’. It will explore how the lowly legal status of gladiators, their social isolation and the stigma of infamia, co-existed with society’s admiration for fighting prowess and its need for heroes and sex-symbols. It will also explore how gladiators shaped their own identity and created their own social structures, ‘families’ and hierarchies within the gladiatorial barracks. One of the challenges in investigating gladiators is moving beyond the stereotypes and prejudices created by elite authors; to this end this chapter will look not just at literary sources, but also inscriptions, epitaphs and gladiatorial tombstones and burials. This evidence highlights the central dichotomy that faced gladiators and defined their life; that they were both isolated from but integral to Roman society.
Epinikion, Kudos, and Criticism
Authors: Kurke Leslie 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the genre of professional epinikion (choral poems composed on commission to celebrate athletic victories), inquiring into the socio-cultural motivations for the development of this strange hybrid genre c.550 bce and relating it to a broader set of practices commemorating athletic victory in ancient Greece (including victor statues). Epinikion in performance and victor statues alike served as sites for negotiation between pre-eminent individual victors and their broader communities—both the Panhellenic elite and their civic communities. Both poetry and material monuments aimed to distil and preserve the special talismanic power (kudos) the victor acquired by victory at the ‘crown games’, anchoring it and sharing it out with the victor’s family and city. At the same time, literary evidence suggests that this elitist valorization of epinikian praise, victory statues, crowns, and kudos was not uncontested in archaic and classical Greece: poets espousing civic values explicitly challenged the worth of athletic achievement as a common good.
Elevated platelet distribution width and red cell distribution width are associated with autoimmune liver diseases
Authors: Ustaoglu Muge , Aktas Gulali , Avcioglu Ufuk , Bas Berk , Bahceci Bugra Kaan 
Published: October 2021

Objective
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and platelet distribution width (PDW) are reported to be associated with inflammation. We aimed to determine the association between RDW and PDW with autoimmune liver disease (ALD).

Material and methods
We retrospectively analyzed 126 patients who were diagnosed with ALD. Sixty-nine healthy individuals represented the control group. Characteristics and laboratory parameters of the ALD patients and control subjects were compared.

Results
The aspartate transaminase (AST) (P < 0.001), alanine transaminase (ALT) (P < 0.001), C-reactive protein (CRP) (P < 0.001), RDW (P < 0.001) and PDW (P < 0.001) levels of the ALD group were significantly higher than those of the control subjects. RDW was significantly correlated with AST (r = 0.17, P = 0.02) and CRP (r = 0.19, P = 0.01) levels. Moreover, PDW was significantly correlated with AST (r = 0.23, P = 0.002), ALT (r = 0.23, P = 0.001) and CRP (r = 0.23, P = 0.001) levels. The sensitivity and specificity of RDW higher than 13.7% level were 76% and 62%, respectively [AUC: 0.74, P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67–0.81]. The sensitivity and specificity of PDW higher than 17.9% level were 80% and 71%, respectively (AUC: 0.85, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.79–0.90). The sensitivity and specificity of CRP higher than 2.9 U/l level were 92% and 85%, respectively (AUC: 0.91, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.86–0.95).

Conclusion
Our study demonstrates that RDW and PDW have considerable sensitivity and specificity in determining ALD.
Estimating the Person-Specific Location of Pterion Based on Cranial Morphometry
Authors: Babacan Serdar , Deniz Mustafa 
Published: October 2021

Objective:
Due to being the weakest sutural junction of the crania and relations with intracranial anatomical structures, the accurate location of the pterion is important for surgical approaches such as in pterional craniotomy. The aim of the study was to develop regression equations to estimate the person-specific accurate location of the pterion based on the cranial morphometry.

Materials and Methods:
The study was conducted on 22 pterions located 11 dry skulls belonging to Anatomy Department of the Harran University, Medical Faculty. Twelve parameters related to pterion and 23 parameters related to the skull was measured using ImageJ software. SPSS 20.0 was performed for statistical analyses such as descriptive and comparative statistics and developing regression equations.

Results:
Statistically significant difference wasn’t observed between right and left sides. The 12 equations, such as P8:distance between pterion and the tip of the mastoid process= 63,780 + (1,366 × K6) − (2,786 × K7) + (1,342 × K11) − (1,029 × K13) + (2,102 × K14) − (1,710 × K15) − (0,517 × 22) Adjusted R

2

= 0.995 and Standard Errors = 1.221 were developed to estimate the accurate location of the pterion based on the cranial morphometry.

Conclusions:
In the previous studies, the mean distances of the pterion to certain landmarks on the crania were given. The authors developed formulas in order to estimate the accurate person-specific location of the pterion. The authors are convinced that the equations they have developed will help neurosurgeons in terms of surgical approaches.
Vitamin D Status: A U-shaped relationship for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in UK healthcare workers
Authors: Mackay William R , Lugg Sebastian T , Faniyi Aduragbemi A , Faustini Sian E , Webster Craig , Duffy Joanne E , Hewison Martin , Shields Adrian M , Richter Alex G , Parekh Dhruv , Scott Aaron , Thickett David R 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundVitamin D has numerous mechanistic roles within the immune system. There is increasing evidence to suggest Vitamin D deficiency may increase individuals’ risk of COVID-19 infection and susceptibility. We aimed to determine the relationship between severity of vitamin D deficiency and sufficiency and COVID-19 infection within healthcare workers.MethodsThe study included an observational cohort of healthcare workers who isolated due to COVID-19 symptoms from 12th to 22nd May 2020, from the University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (UHBFT). This was part of the COVID-19 convalescent immunity study (COCO). Data collected included SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion status, serum 25(OH)D3 levels as well as age, body mass index (BMI), sex, ethnicity, job role, and co-morbidities. Participants were grouped into four vitamin D (VD) categories. 1) Severe VD deficiency (VD <30 nmol/L); 2) VD deficiency (30 nmol/L ≤ VD <50 nmol/L); 3) VD insufficiency (50 nmol/L ≤ VD <75 nmol/L); 4) VD sufficiency (VD ≥75 nmol/L).ResultsWhen VD levels were compared against COVID-19 seropositivity rate, a U-shaped curve was identified in the total population. This trend repeated when split into subgroups of age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, and co-morbidity status. Significant difference was identified in the COVID-19 seropositivity rate between VD groups between multiple VD groups in the total population, males, females, BAME, BMI<30 (kg/m2), 0 and +1 comorbidities; the majority of which were differences when the severely VD deficient category were compared to the other group. A significantly larger proportion of those within the Black, Asian, minority ethnic (BAME) group (vs. white ethnicity) were severely vitamin D deficient (P <0.00001). A significantly higher proportion of the 0-comorbidity subgroup were vitamin D deficient in comparison to the 1+ comorbidity subgroup (P = 0.046).ConclusionsFurther investigation of the U-shaped curves is required to determine whether high VD levels can have a detrimental effect on susceptibility to COVID-19 infection. Future randomised clinical trials of VD supplementation could potentially identify ‘optimal’ VD levels. This would allow for targeted therapeutic treatment for those at-risk such as in the BAME group.