bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invisible Glaciers
Authors: Taillant Jorge Daniel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of the periglacial environment, an area of frozen ground that is rich in hydrological resources. Periglacial environments provide drinking water to significant portions of the Earth’s population and are home to the enigmatic and almost unknown rock glaciers, which are subterranean rivers of ice, invisible to the naked eye unless you know where to look for them. The chapter offers the reader many pictures of rock glaciers around the world and describes the hydrological function and the natural dynamics of the periglacial environment and how it captures water from the atmosphere, freezes it, and then re-injects it into the ecosystem.
Introduction
Authors: Schonig Jordan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Introduction examines why “movement” is often invoked as a term in film criticism and film theory but is rarely analyzed as an aspect of film form. The reason for this is twofold. First, because film theory has largely examined movement only as a defining property of the cinematic medium, movement is rarely singled out in film criticism. Second, because film theory has inherited the philosophical intuition that form is primarily spatial rather than temporal, formal analysis in film studies tends to break up the temporal flow of film into static units, such as in shot breakdowns and frame analyses. In film studies, then, “form” and “movement” are conceptually incompatible. As a means of thinking motion and form together, the Introduction proposes the concept of “motion forms,” generic structures, patterns, or shapes of motion. The Introduction then explores the philosophical roots of the motion form in phenomenology and Gestalt psychology, and explains how such a way of thinking about cinematic motion differs from other phenomenological approaches in film studies. Finally, the introduction outlines the six chapters of the book, each of which investigates a particular motion form that emerges throughout the history of cinema.
Contingent Motion
Authors: Schonig Jordan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines fluttering leaves, swirling dust, and rippling waves as one of cinema’s earliest and most significant forms of motion. While most theorists maintain that such phenomena attracted early spectators because their unplanned appearance flaunted the indexical realism of cinema’s indiscriminate recording, this chapter shows how this attraction is part of a broader visual appeal of “contingent motion” that precedes the cinematic image and persists in the age of digital animation. Specifically, the chapter juxtaposes phenomenological insights about such phenomena in Kant’s Critique of Judgment, early spectators’ reactions to such phenomena in “wave films,” and contemporary spectators’ reactions to synthetic versions of such phenomena in computer-generated cartoons like Frozen (2013). In revealing a phenomenological consistency across these three different ways of encountering such phenomena, the chapter shows how early spectators’ astonishment at fluttering leaves and rippling waves cannot be explained with theories of the photographic index. Instead, this chapter argues, the visual reproduction of contingent motion involves its own logics of visual pleasure distinct from the marvels of the photographic process.
Habitual Gestures
Authors: Schonig Jordan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines “habitual gestures”—everyday bodily movements, such as walking or sitting, that are ingrained as muscle memory—as a form of motion associated with postwar realist cinema. Closely reading scenes of ordinary household activities in Umberto D (De Sica, 1952), Best Years of Our Lives (Wyler, 1946), and Mouchette (Bresson, 1967), this chapter shows how an aesthetics of habitual gestures compels one to attend to the invisible bodily movements between and within willed actions. In doing so, this motion form foregrounds the body’s nonconscious and automatic ways of moving. Reading such gestures alongside the notion of “bodily habit” in the philosophy of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, this chapter ultimately troubles Gilles Deleuze’s notion of the time-image as the dominant lens through which the postwar aesthetics of laboring bodies is understood.
Durational Metamorphosis
Authors: Schonig Jordan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the phenomenological and aesthetic effects of “durational metamorphoses,” slow movements of incremental change that result in a sense of visual transformation, such as a sunrise or the shape-shifting of clouds. These movements have become hallmarks of “slow cinema” in the last twenty years, but also can be traced back to the non-narrative experiments of structural film such as Fogline (Gottheim, 1970) or the landscape films of James Benning (e.g., Ten Skies, 2004). By analyzing sequences featuring durational metamorphoses across narrative films and video installations such as Silent Light (Reygadas, 2007), The Locked Garden (Viola, 2000), and Cemetery of Splendor (Apichatpong, 2015), this chapter demonstrates how a phenomenology of durational metamorphoses can help rethink the discourse of cinematic slowness, which often treats slowness and stasis as occasions to retreat away from the perception of the screen and toward contemplation. Against this common understanding of slowness, this chapter argues that durational metamorphoses compel perceptual encounters with slowness as a form of movement, one that presents Bergsonian duration in visual form.
Spatial Unfurling
Authors: Schonig Jordan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the perceptual and aesthetic properties of “spatial unfurling,” an effect achieved by moving the camera across space rather than into it, such as in lateral tracking shots. By emphasizing the flatness of the screen and the boundaries of the frame, spatial unfurling lacks the feeling of kinesthesia characteristic of forward camera movement. As a result, spatial unfurling illustrates the limitations of the long-held truism in film theory that camera movement produces an illusion of our own embodied movement through space. By critiquing the logic of this truism as it appears in phenomenological film theory, and by examining the perceptual effects of spatial unfurling in narrative and experimental films such as Mauvais Sang (Carax, 1986), La région centrale (Snow, 1971), and Georgetown Loop (Jacobs, 1996), this chapter argues for a phenomenological account of camera movement that forgoes analogies with bodily movement and instead emphasizes one’s perceptual encounter with the screen.
A Troubled Sleep
Authors: Waller James 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A Troubled Sleep: Risk and Resilience in Contemporary Northern Ireland revisits one of the world’s most deeply divided societies more than 20 years after a peace agreement brought an end to the Troubles. The book asks if the conflict, while perhaps managed and contained, has been transformed—structurally and relationally—into a win-win situation for both sides. It addresses this question by drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, comparative research, and more than 110 hours of face-to-face interviews with politicians, activists, community workers, former political prisoners, former (and sometimes current) paramilitary members, academics, journalists, mental health practitioners, tour guides, school teachers, museum curators, students, police and military personnel, legal experts, and religious leaders across Northern Ireland. The heart of the book analyzes Northern Ireland’s current vulnerabilities and points of resilience as an allegedly “post-conflict” society. The vulnerabilities are analyzed through a model of risk assessment that examines the longer term and slower moving structures, measures, society-wide conditions, and processes that leave societies vulnerable to violent conflict. Such risk factors include the interpretation of conflict history, how authority in a country is exercised, and the susceptibility to social disharmony, isolation, and fragmentation. Resilience is examined from a survey of the countering influences, both within and outside Northern Ireland, that are working diligently to confirm humanity by reducing or reversing these vulnerabilities. The book concludes by examining the accelerating factors in contemporary Northern Ireland that may lead to an escalation of crisis as well as the triggering factors that could spark the onset of violent conflict itself.
“You’re One or the Other”
Authors: Waller James 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A central defining feature of deeply divided societies is binary division: two contrasting segments of a population that represent a cleavage significant enough to impact a wide range of issues. Deeply divided societies, delineated by difference from the “other,” can be seen as intractable identity conflicts. To reduce our understanding of social identities in Northern Ireland to religion—Protestant or Catholic—is dangerously misleading. In reality, the issue is one of national identity, where Protestant becomes shorthand for unionist (those supporting Northern Ireland’s constitutional status within the United Kingdom and opposing the involvement of the Irish Republic in Northern Ireland) and Catholic for nationalist (those believing that Northern Ireland is part of the Irish nation and opposing the imposition of British rule that prevents a united Ireland). To the Protestant-unionist and Catholic-nationalist identities are often added a third identity category—loyalist or republican.
“Two Eyes on the Past”
Authors: Waller James 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The past in Northern Ireland is always present and always contested. This chapter is not a rehashing of the complex history of the north of Ireland nor is it an attempt to place blame for the origin or continuation of the sectarian divide that defines it. A legion of scholars have addressed the former, and the latter—“the conflict about the conflict”—is a daily exercise for most everyone in Northern Ireland. Rather, this chapter offers a broad survey of that scarified history in recognition that understanding the origins of those competing social identities and the ways in which they became cemented over generations, is essential context and a necessary reference point for our coming analysis of risk and resilience in contemporary Northern Ireland.
“Was There Ever a Before?”
Authors: Waller James 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We know the cessation of conflict is not the solution to all the drivers of that conflict. In the case of Northern Ireland, it is far too much to expect that slightly more than 20 years of “peace”—faltering and hesitant throughout—somehow has counteracted completely the prior 30 years of destabilizing conflict (let alone the 800 years of deep identity divisions). In this current moment, while many elements of the peace agreement have held fast, the peace seems more fragile than ever. Part II of this book offers a real-time assessment of the degree to which contemporary Northern Ireland is letting its hard-earned peace slip through its fingers. Engaging these coupled realities of risk and resilience in the context of contemporary accelerators and triggers of potential conflict will help us understand the challenges and opportunities a society faces in moving from conflict to a stable, enduring, and sustainable peace.
Goa’s Football Story
Authors: Noronha Frederick 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Frederick Noronha synthesizes an account of the rich social and political history of football in Goa, with the crosscurrents of the influence of the church, and the former Portuguese rulers, referencing the economic and political forces that shaped the game in later years. Goa’s links with football cannot be separated from the region’s long, 450-year legacy of Portuguese colonial rule. In recent years however, political parties, knowing the importance of football in Goa have used the game to curry favour among certain sections of the population. Wealthy and influential names dominate the football associations. On the other hand, with rapid real estate growth, playing fields are disappearing shrinking the pool of talent. The author in this short chapter provides a glimpse of how various factors and agencies outside the sport impact on its development.
Reimagining Play
Authors: Khan Sabah 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Sabah Khan’s essay is an intersectional recount, of how football has been instrumental in enabling young Muslim women from a ghettoized suburb of Mumbai to engage with community and society imposed boundaries, illustrating the sports-for-development agenda. This engaging chapter serves as an illustration of the possibilities inherent in sport for enabling women, especially from disadvantaged and vulnerable communities to overcome social restrictions as well as patriarchal, gender-specific norms of dress and behaviour. The author describes her engagement with a group of women in the outskirts of Mumbai in their struggle to play, to stake claim to a public space and to participate in an activity that community and society do not view as being appropriate for women. The chapter serves to point to the many ways the study of sport and its participants may assist in the exploration of how change may occur in increments.
The Nationalist Imaginary in the Bollywood Sports Film
Authors: Mannathukkaren Nissim 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Even after the liberalising of the Indian economy, the nationalist narrative, has endured, taking new forms. Some scholars have to argued that the post-national trope has been inaugurated in the Hindi film. By looking at a few popular sports films of the last decade and a half, Nissim Manathukkaren interrogates this contention pointing out that the post-national is not yet realized in the sports film genre. The author argues that the sports film by mirroring the limited notion of nationalism that is in sync with the logic of the market, is as yet a disappointment. It papers over the fissures and the complications within the current hegemonic nationalism, but carrying the potential of reimagining it. The author contends that in its intense desire to portray sporting glory as a triumph for the nation, films have tended to underplay individual struggles.
The Poseidon Project
Authors: Bosco David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
For several centuries, freedom of the seas was the dominant framework for managing the oceans and their use. That doctrine recognized the ocean as a space open to all, which people from all nations could use and exploit. In recent decades, however, that doctrine has eroded in multiple ways and for a variety of reasons. During the world wars of the 20th century, combatants imposed unprecedented restrictions on maritime commerce, leaving international rules in tatters. National governments have steadily expanded their reach into the oceans. More recently, environmental concerns have led to new international restrictions on high seas pollution and fishing. Today’s most dangerous maritime disputes—including China’s push for control of the South China Sea—are occurring against the backdrop of major changes in the way the world treats the oceans. Tracing the roots of the law of the sea and the background to current maritime disputes, this book chronicles how national governments interact with activists, merchants, and fragile international organizations in the struggle to build effective ocean rules.
Britannia’s Rules
Authors: Bosco David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
As Britain became the dominant naval power with increasingly global reach, its approach to the oceans underwent an important shift. London abandoned its claims to sovereignty over nearby waters and used its diplomatic and economic weight to push for a three-mile limit to territorial waters. At the same time, Britain shifted away from mercantilism and toward an embrace of free ocean commerce. As the anti-slavery movement gained influence in Britain, London used its maritime might to crack down on the slave trade and to stamp out piracy in several parts of the world. Britain was far from consistent in its defense of ocean freedom, however, and it often used its maritime muscle to interfere with shipping. By the end of the 19th century, however, interdictions at sea were becoming less common, and ocean commerce was booming. The first international attempts to study the health of fisheries and regulate shipping began.
Conclusion
Authors: Bosco David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The disagreement between China and the United States over maritime rights in the South China Sea has become the leading maritime point of friction. But that dispute is just one part of more fundamental change at work in how the world governs the oceans, one that has moved away from the idea of freedom of the seas. A central question is whether the UN Convention’s compromise on the oceans can endure. The Convention increased national sovereignty over parts of the oceans but also created mechanisms of international control. What emerged from that compromise is a complex, hybrid system of governance that relies on national governments but also a variety of international and regional organizations and international courts. Part of that compromise is a narrower version of freedom of the seas, but pressure from multiple directions is rendering even a limited version of that long-standing doctrine increasingly fragile.
Score Use and Interpretation of First Spoken Language Assessments
Authors: Camilleri Bernard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Several elements are involved in collecting valid and reliable information about a child’s spoken language abilities. The use and interpretation of commercially available “standardized” spoken language assessments is but one of these elements and can only take place when assessments have been developed for use with the child’s language, something that is far from being a given in many countries and languages. This chapter discusses the use of norm-referenced and other types of standardized assessments (which may involve standardized administration but not normative data) for the assessment of different aspects or areas of children’s language. In addition, the ways in which scores and other data obtained from these assessments are interpreted and used for clinical decision-making will be reviewed, highlighting both the advantages and limitations of these assessments. Finally, the author considers the extent to which the use of standardized assessments within research and clinical contexts overlaps and/or diverges.
Score Use and Interpretation of First Signed Language Assessments
Authors: Enns Charlotte , Boudreault Patrick 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a critical examination of the different uses of test scores; their interpretation by test administrators, educators, professionals, and researchers; and the implications these scores may have for test-takers. Before discussing the issues of test scores, an overview of the complexities involved in defining the L1 of deaf signers will be shared. Understanding the potential pitfalls of signed language assessment with a diverse background of L1 users is emphasized. Four sections address critical issues on scoring and interpreting assessments: purpose, consistency, norming and scoring, and interpreting the results beyond the score. Conducting valid and reliable language assessment is critical to establishing a baseline for intervention, education or research, monitoring an individual’s language competency and growth, justifying the need for additional language support, and providing accurate reporting to parents and administrators.
Discussion of Issues Related to Assessing the Signed and Spoken Language Skills of Bi/Multilingual Children
Authors: Bedore Lisa M. , Crowe Kathryn , Peña Elizabeth D. , Durant Kathleen , McMillen Stephanie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a joint discussion of key items related to the assessment of bi-/multilingual deaf and hearing learners with and without a developmental language disorder that were presented in Chapters 6.1 and 6.2. While there is a growing body of evidence describing best practice in the assessment of bilingual children who use spoken languages, there is scant evidence or recommendations available regarding the assessment of bilingual children who use signed languages. This discussion outlines how knowledge from the assessment of spoken languages can be used to inform practice in assessing signed languages for bilingual deaf and hard-of-hearing (D/HH) children.
Construct in Assessments of Signed Language
Authors: Haug Tobias 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Descriptions of test constructs in second signed language assessment, such as vocabulary knowledge, are rare and far from receiving the attention by the field of signed language test research that they deserves. Detailing the construct in second signed language assessment poses a challenge for obvious reasons: only very few published studies on signed language tests for adult learners are available, and none of them focuses on construct-related issues. Equally, there is a shortage of operationally used test instruments accessible for review. In this chapter, published studies on second signed language assessment will be reviewed, focusing specifically on construct representation; tests that are used for hiring and promotion are discussed and an example of how to define the construct for a signed language test is discussed.
Scoring Second Signed Language Assessment
Authors: Haug Tobias , Boers-Visker Eveline , Mann Wolfgang , Poor Geoffrey , Van den Bogaerde Beppie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
There exists a scarcity in signed language assessment research, especially on scoring issues and interrater reliability. This chapter describes two related assessment instruments, the SLPI and the NFA, which offer scoring criteria. Raters are provided with scales for evaluating the different components of the language production of the candidate. Through its use, the rating system has been proved successful; there is, however, hardly any data on interrater reliability. In this chapter, the authors describe reliability issues with attention to raters’ training and score resolution techniques and discuss how to identify and increase rater reliability. The dearth of knowledge on signed language assessment, and in particular its validity and reliability, indicates an urgent need for more research in this area.
Discussion of Issues Related to Discourse Analysis in Signed and Spoken Language Assessments
Authors: McKee Rachel , Frost Kellie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The analysis of discourse in language proficiency interviews reveals many similarities and some issues that are specific to the modality and social context of spoken and signed languages. In this chapter, we comment on points of intersection and difference in the preceding two chapters to highlight how the exchange of insights from signed and spoken language research in this area can stimulate further inquiry and advance theory across both fields. This chapter is a joint discussion of key items related to discourse analysis related to signed and spoken language assessment that were discussed in Chapters 10.1 and 10.2.