bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on serum uric acid in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Hu Xiaodong , Yang Yue , Hu Xiaona , Jia Xiaomeng , Liu Hongzhou , Wei Minjie , Lyu Zhaohui 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimsThe present study aims to determine the effects of sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT‐2) inhibitors on the serum uric acid (SUA) levels of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Asia.MethodsPubMed, CENTRAL, Embase and Cochrane Library databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of SGLT‐2 inhibitors in patients with T2DM up to 15 July 2021, without language or date restrictions.ResultsIn total, 19 high‐quality studies (4218 participants) were included in the present network meta‐analysis. All of the included SGLT‐2 inhibitors (empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, ipragliflozin, luseogliflozin and tofogliflozin) significantly decreased SUA levels compared with those of the control [total standard mean difference –0.965, 95% CI (−1.029, −0.901),p = .000, I2 = 98.7%] in patients with T2DM. Subgroup analysis and meta‐regression showed that the combined analysis of different inhibitors might lead to heterogeneity of the results. Therefore, among the SGLT‐2 inhibitors, the results of the subsequent network meta‐analysis revealed that luseogliflozin and dapagliflozin ranked the highest in terms of lowering SUA levels among the SGLT‐2 inhibitors. Moreover, the network meta‐analysis declared that luseogliflozin (1 and 10 mg) and dapagliflozin (5 mg) led to a superior reduction in SUA in patients with T2DM.ConclusionsSGLT‐2 inhibitors could significantly reduce SUA levels in patients with T2DM, particularly luseogliflozin (1 and 10 mg) and dapagliflozin (5 mg) possess the best effects. Therefore, SGLT‐2 inhibitors look extremely promising as an antidiabetes treatment option in patients with T2DM with high SUA.
Are enhanced index funds enhanced?
Authors: Elton Edwin J. , Gruber Martin J. , Souza Andre de 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOne of the major trends in the mutual fund industry is the rising importance of passive investing. One of the responses of the investment community to this challenge has been the creation of enhanced return index funds. In this paper, we examine the performance of enhanced index funds and find that they outperform index funds when we analyze both pre‐expense performance (management ability) and post‐expense performance (investor returns). However, when we use any of several criteria that have been proposed for picking the best fund from among those following some index, index funds outperform enhanced index funds.
A framework for quantifying deviations from dynamic equilibrium theory
Authors: Kalyuzhny Michael , Flather Curtis H. , Shnerb Nadav M. , Kadmon Ronen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimIn an age of increased anthropogenic changes, it is crucially important to understand how and why ecological communities change. Community assembly is governed by colonization and extinction processes, and the simplest model describing it is dynamic equilibrium (DE), which assumes that communities are shaped solely by stochastic colonization and extinction events. Deviations from this model can point to the role of species life histories, niches or human stressors acting on communities. Despite its potential to serve as a null model for community dynamics, there is currently no accepted methodology for identifying and measuring such deviations.InnovationHere we propose a new, easily applicable methodology for testing and quantifying deviations of empirically observed time series of community dynamics from the predictions and assumptions of the classical DE model, in which assemblages of independent species undergo stochastic colonization–extinction dynamics with constant rates. The methodology consists of a novel randomization‐based null model to generate synthetic time series (PARIS) and a set of statistics that quantify and test how different facets of community dynamics deviate from DE. These statistics are designed to test the assumptions of the theory, namely species independence and constancy of colonization and extinction rates, and the predictions of the theory regarding the magnitude of changes in species richness and composition.Main conclusionsTested against simulated data and a case study, the proposed methodology is shown to have good statistical properties: acceptable type I error rates, good statistical power and robustness against errors in the data. We discuss alternative methods and present guidelines for practical use of the methodology, hoping it will enhance the applicability of DE as a reference for studying changes in ecological communities.
PERSEPT 3: A phase 3 clinical trial to evaluate the haemostatic efficacy of eptacog beta (recombinant human FVIIa) in perioperative care in subjects with haemophilia A or B with inhibitors
Authors: Escobar Miguel , Luck James , Averianov Yevhenii , Ducore Jonathan , Fernández Maria Fernanda López , Giermasz Adam , Hart Daniel P. , Journeycake Janna , Kessler Craig , Leissinger Cindy , Mahlangu Johnny , Martinez Laura Villarreal , Miesbach Wolfgang , Mitha Ismail Haroon , Quon Doris , Reding Mark T. , Schved Jean‐François , Stasyshyn Oleksandra , Vilchevska Kateryna V. , Wang Michael , Windyga Jerzy , Alexander W. Allan , Al‐Sabbagh Ahmad , Bonzo Daniel , Mitchell Ian S. , Wilkinson Thomas A. , Hermans Cédric 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroductionSurgical procedures in persons with haemophilia A or B with inhibitors (PwHABI) require the use of bypassing agents (BPA) and carry a high risk of complications. Historically, only two BPAs have been available; these are reported to have variable responses.AimTo prospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new bypassing agent, human recombinant factor VIIa (eptacog beta) in elective surgical procedures in PwHABI in a phase 3 clinical trial, PERSEPT 3.MethodsSubjects were administered 200 µg/kg (major procedures) or 75 µg/kg eptacog beta (minor procedures) immediately prior to the initial surgical incision; subsequent 75 µg/kg doses were administered to achieve postoperative haemostasis and wound healing. Efficacy was assessed on a 4‐point haemostatic scale during the intra‐ and postoperative periods. Anti‐drug antibodies, thrombotic events and changes in clinical/laboratory parameters were monitored throughout the perioperative period.ResultsTwelve subjects underwent six major and six minor procedures. The primary efficacy endpoint success proportion was 100% (95% CI: 47.8%–100%) for minor procedures and 66.7% (95% CI: 22.3%–95.7%) for major procedures; 81.8% (95% CI: 48.2%–97.7%) of the procedures were considered successful using eptacog beta. There was one death due to bleeding from a nonsurgical site; this was assessed as unlikely related to eptacog beta. No thrombotic events or anti‐eptacog beta antibodies were reported.ConclusionTwo eptacog beta dosing regimens in PwHABI undergoing major and minor surgical procedures were well‐tolerated, and the majority of procedures were successful based on surgeon/investigator assessments. Eptacog beta offers clinicians a new potential therapeutic option for procedures in PwHABI.
SEQUENTIAL SEARCH WITH ADAPTIVE INTENSITY
Authors: Lee Joosung , Li Daniel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article studies sequential search problems, where a searcher chooses search intensity adaptively in each period. We fully characterize the optimal search rule and value, decomposing the intertemporal change of search intensity into the fall‐back value effect and the deadline effect. We show that the optimal search intensity (value) is submodular (supermodular) in fall‐back value and time. It follows that the fall‐back value effect increases when the deadline approaches, and the deadline effect decreases when a searcher's fall‐back value gets higher. We further investigate the connection between search with full and no recall to quantify the value of recall.
THE MINIMUM WAGE AND OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY
Authors: Liu Andrew Yizhou 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article quantifies the effect of minimum wages on workers' occupational mobility. I show that minimum wages decrease younger, less‐educated workers' occupational mobility and are associated with more mismatch. A search‐and‐matching model highlights two channels by which the minimum wage decreases occupational mobility. First, it compresses wages and reduces the gain from switching, leading to lower occupational mobility and more mismatch. Second, it decreases vacancy posting. Calibrating the model to the U.S. economy, the results suggest that a 15 dollar minimum wage can damp aggregate output by 0.4%, of which the wage compression channel accounts for 80%.
Development of a risk score to predict peripherally inserted central catheter thrombosis in active cancer
Authors: Yuen Hiu L. A. , Zhao Jessie , Tran Huyen , Chunilal Sanjeev Daya 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundPeripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) thrombosis is common.AimsTo explore the prevalence of symptomatic PICC thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (PE)/deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in cancer and non‐cancer cohorts. In active cancer, we assessed the Khorana risk score (KRS) and Michigan risk score (MRS) for predicting PICC thrombosis and modifications to improve discriminative accuracy.MethodsWe reviewed consecutive cancer patients receiving chemotherapy through a PICC inserted April 2017 to July 2018. For each case, we identified a contemporaneous non‐cancer control.ResultsAmong 147 cancer patients, median age 64 years, PICC duration 70 days (range, 2–452), 7% developed PICC thrombosis (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.6–12.2) and 4% (95% CI 2–9) PE/DVT. Among 147 controls, median age 68 years, PICC duration 18.3 days (range, 0.5–210), 0.7% (95% CI 0–4) developed PICC thrombosis and 2% (95% CI 0.4–6) PE/DVT. In our cancer cohort, no KRS < 1 patients developed PICC thrombosis (95% CI 0–11) compared with 9% (95% CI 5–16) in KRS ≥ 1 (P = 0.12). PICC thrombosis occurred in 4.7% (95% CI 1.5–11.7) MRS ≤ 3 compared with 10.9% (95% CI 4.1–22.2) MRS > 3 (P = 0.32). The addition of thrombocytosis, a variable from KRS, to MRS (modified MRS (mMRS)) improved discriminative value for PICC thrombosis (c‐statistic MRS 0.63 (95% CI 0.44–0.82), mMRS 0.72 (95% CI 0.58–0.85)). PICC thrombosis occurred in 1.4% (95% CI 0–8.3) mMRS ≤ 3 and 11.8% (95% CI 6.1–21.2) mMRS > 3 (P = 0.02). More patients were categorised as low risk using mMRS ≤ 3 (47%) than KRS < 1 (22%).ConclusionCancer patients had longer PICC durations and higher PICC thrombosis rates than those without (7% vs 0.7%). mMRS more accurately classified low PICC thrombosis risk than KRS <1(47% vs 22%). Prospective validation of mMRS is warranted.
Artificial intelligence in cardiology: fundamentals and applications
Authors: Watson Xavier , D'Souza Joshua , Cooper Daniel , Markham Ryan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) is an overarching term that encompasses a set of computational approaches that are trained through generalised learning to autonomously execute specific tasks. AI is a rapidly expanding field in medicine. In particular cardiology, with its high reliance on numerical patient data in decision making, has great potential to benefit from AI. Types of AI, including neural networks and computer vision, can dramatically change the day‐to‐day workflow of cardiologists, primarily through integration in diagnostic imaging modalities, periprocedural planning, electronic health record analysis and patient monitoring. Healthcare systems will undoubtedly become more automated and shift to more AI‐driven methods to improve efficiency and reduce cost. Patients in the end will benefit from these changes with improved diagnostic accuracy, better tailored treatments resulting in a greater quality and quantity of life. In this article, we will describe some of the fundamental principles underlying AI that physicians should have an understanding of, along with current clinical applications.
Ecomechanics of black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia): A comparative approach
Authors: Dugauquier Jean‐Marc , Godefroid Mathilde , M'Zoudi Saloua , Terrana Lucas , Todinanahary Gildas , Eeckhaut Igor , Dubois Philippe 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMechanical properties of the skeleton of four antipatharians (the whip species Cirrhipathes anguina and Stichopathes cf. maldivensis, and the branched species Cupressopathes abies and Cupressopathes cf. pumila) living in shallow waters off the southwestern coast of Madagascar were investigated using a three‐point bending test. The Young's modulus did not differ according to species but was significantly higher in the distal segment of colonies, compared with the basal and median segments. By contrast, the flexural stiffness was significantly higher in whip species compared with branched ones, and in the whip species, flexural stiffness was higher in the basal segment compared with the other two segments, an observation consistent with a specific adaptation of the species to a strong current environment. Although both species cohabit identical flow conditions, whip species are able to maintain their stalk in vertical position, whereas branched species can readily bend over. This suggests that the specific flexural stiffness is linked to contrasting feeding strategies of species with different morphologies in a similar strong current environment.
Microstructure and Faraday effect of Tb2O3‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐B2O3 glasses for fiber‐based magneto‐optical applications
Authors: Zhang Yeming , Murai Shunsuke , Maeno Ayaka , Kaji Hironori , Shimizu Masahiro , Shimotsuma Yasuhiko , Ma Zhijun , Qiu Jianrong , Tanaka Katsuhisa 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFor the fiber‐based magneto‐optical (MO) devices, like Faraday optical isolator, the target MO glasses are supposed to strike a balance among the following properties: high Verdet constant, chemical and physical stabilities, compatibility with the fiber drawing process, and the connectivity to the silica glass fiber networks. In this work, we report on the MO application of Tb2O3‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐B2O3 (TASB) glasses as a derivative of the yttrium aluminum silicate (YAS) glass fiber systems which have been intensively studied for their huge potential in the context of all‐fiber lasers. We found that MO properties of the obtained TASB glasses vary systematically with the B2O3 contents. The effects of B2O3 on the local glass structures and the valence state of Tb ions were clarified via nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. B2O3 content in TASB glasses leads to a certain degree of depolymerization in glass network and most of Tb4+ ions from the raw material of Tb4O7 are reduced to Tb3+ ions even in air, resulting in an improved MO properties. Due to the relatively high Verdet constant (∼70 rad/T/m) and suitable rheology of the glass melt speculated from the thermal analysis, TASB glass system in this work is adaptable to stable fiber‐based Faraday effect devices.
Cancer testis antigen PRAME: An anti‐cancer target with immunomodulatory potential
Authors: Naik Adviti , Thomas Remy , Al‐Khadairi Ghaneya , Bacha Rim , Hendrickx Wouter , Decock Julie 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPReferentially expressed Antigen in Melanoma (PRAME) is a cancer testis antigen with restricted expression in somatic tissues and re‐expression in poor prognostic solid tumours. PRAME has been extensively investigated as a target for immunotherapy, however, its role in modulating the anti‐tumour immune response remains largely unknown. Here, we show that PRAME tumour expression is associated with worse survival in the TCGA breast cancer cohort, particularly in immune‐unfavourable tumours. Using direct and indirect co‐culture models, we found that PRAME overexpressing MDA‐MB‐468 breast cancer cells inhibit T cell activation and cytolytic potential, which could be partly restored by silencing of PRAME. Furthermore, silencing of PRAME reduced expression of several immune checkpoints and their ligands, including PD‐1, LAG3, PD‐L1, CD86, Gal‐9 and VISTA. Interestingly, silencing of PRAME induced cancer cell killing to levels similar to anti‐PD‐L1 atezolizumab treatment. Comprehensive analysis of soluble inflammatory mediators and cancer cell expression of immune‐related genes showed that PRAME tumour expression can suppress the expression and secretion of multiple pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and mediators of T cell activation, differentiation and cytolysis. Together, our data indicate that targeting of PRAME offers a potential, novel dual therapeutic approach to specifically target tumour cells and regulate immune activation in the tumour microenvironment.
Development and performance evaluation of grape debunching machine for production of raisins and stemless table grapes
Authors: Pawar Dilip A. , Giri Saroj K. , Sharma Ajay K. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractChemical pretreatment before drying is a practice in raisin making which has many limitations and use of chemical shall be discouraged. A new process is being developed with physical pretreatment. The process requires intact grape berries for further processing. Therefore, a grape debunching machine has been developed for separation of intact berries from the bunch. The machine consists of central rotor with helical fingers. The rotor assembly is surrounded by perforated trough through which the detached berries drop. The performance of the machine was evaluated with “Thompson Seedless” table grape for debunching efficiency and damage to berries. The rotor speed (80–120 rpm) and concave clearance (5–25 mm) were selected as independent parameters. The debunching efficiency and percentage of damaged berry were in the range of 77.17–98.73% and 5.75–11.82%, respectively. The maximum debunching efficiency (94.33%) and minimum berry damage (7.10%) was obtained at rotor speed of 100 rpm and concave clearance of 15 mm. The capacity of grape debunching machine was found to be 145.2–150.2 kg/hr for different grape varieties, namely Thompson Seedless, Manik Chaman, and Fantasy Seedless. The developed machine will be useful in production of raisins without use of chemicals and stemless table grapes.Practical applicationsThe conventional process of raisin making involves intensive use of chemicals right from dipping of harvested grape bunch in a solution of ethyl oleate (1.5%) and potassium carbonate (2.5%), intermittent sprays, and further use of booster and sulfur dioxide for color improvement. The intensive use of chemicals triggers the food safety issues. Furthermore, the process requires longer drying time, involves more number of unit operations, and fetches losses of grapes. To address these issues, an alternative chemical‐free process has been developed by the authors of this investigation for the production of raisins. This process requires the grape berries to be individualized before further processing which is tedious and time consuming if done manually. Therefore a grape de‐bunching machine has been developed for separation of intact grape berries which can be further processed into raisins at industrial scale without use of chemicals. The developed machines will find applications in the minimally processed/individual quick freezing (IQF) of table grapes for which there is an increasing market especially in super market.
Institutional Investors and Corporate Governance: The Incentive to Be Engaged
Authors: LEWELLEN JONATHAN , LEWELLEN KATHARINA 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTThis paper studies institutional investors’ incentives to be engaged shareholders. In 2017, the average institution gains an extra $129,000 in annual management fees if a stockholding increases 1% in value, considering both the direct effect on assets under management and the indirect effect on subsequent fund flows. The estimates range from $19,600 for investments in small firms to $307,600 for investments in large firms. Institutional shareholders in one firm often gain when the firm's competitors do well, by virtue of institutions’ holdings in those firms, but the impact of common ownership is modest in the most concentrated industries.
Barriers, Enablers, and Possible Solutions for Student Wellness: A Qualitative Analysis of Student, Administrators, and Staff Perspectives
Authors: Mann Georgianna , Kaiser Kimberly , Trapp Noah , Cafer Anne , Grant Khyla , Gupta Kritika , Bolden Candace 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDChild well‐being, which includes physical, mental, and social health, has a critical effect on academic performance. Schools face many challenges in meeting needs for child well‐being. Schools in low‐resource areas, including the Mississippi Delta, face greater challenges when meeting student needs.METHODSEleven focus groups with middle school students and 12 interviews with teachers, staff, and administration in one Mississippi Delta middle school were completed in 2019. The Social Ecological Model and Theory of Organizational Readiness for Change were used as a framework for the study.RESULTSFocus group data with middle school students and interviews with teachers, staff, and administrators show that academic stressors play a major role in student well‐being; yet, teachers, staff, and administrators face immense pressure to achieve high test scores. However, students seem to be encouraged by a positive school environment, which could help minimize some stressors.CONCLUSIONSIt seems that small improvements to the school environment could have a significant effect on student well‐being, especially when school infrastructure and limited resources do not support comprehensive changes.
Diversification along a benthic to pelagic gradient contributes to fish diversity in the world's largest lake (Lake Baikal, Russia)
Authors: St. John Carl A. , Buser Thaddaeus J. , Kee Victoria E. , Kirilchik Sergei , Bogdanov Bakhtiar , Neely David , Sandel Michael , Aguilar Andres 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInsights into the generation of diversity in both plants and animals have relied heavily on studying speciation in adaptive radiations. Russia's Lake Baikal has facilitated a putative adaptive radiation of cottid fishes (sculpins), some of which are highly specialized to inhabit novel niches created by the lake's unique geology and ecology. Here, we test evolutionary relationships and novel morphological adaptation in a piece of this radiation: the Baikal cottid genus,Cottocomephorus, a morphologically derived benthopelagic genus of three described species. We used a combination of mitochondrial DNA and restriction site associated DNA sequencing from allCottocomephorusspecies. Analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b haplotypes was only able to two resolve two lineages:C. grewingkiiandC. comephoroides/inermis. Phylogenetic inference, principal component analysis, andfaststructureof genome‐wide SNPs uncovered three lineages withinCottocomephorus:C. comephoroides,C. inermisandC. grewingkii. We found recent divergence and admixture betweenC. comephoroidesandC. inermisand deep divergence between these two species andC. grewingkii. Contrasting other fish radiations, we found no evidence of ancient hybridization amongCottocomephorusspecies. Digital morphology revealed highly derived pelagic phenotypes that reflect divergence by specialization to the benthopelagic niche inCottocomephorus. AmongCottocomephorusspecies, we found evidence of ongoing adaptation to the pelagic zone. This pattern highlights the importance of speciation along a benthic‐pelagic gradient seen inCottocomephorusand across other adaptive fish radiations.