bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Being a Mentor in open source projects
Authors: Steinmacher Igor , Balali Sogol , Trinkenreich Bianca , Guizani Mariam , Izquierdo-Cortazar Daniel , Cuevas Zambrano Griselda G. , Gerosa Marco Aurelio , Sarma Anita 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMentoring is a well-known way to help newcomers to Open Source Software (OSS) projects overcome initial contribution barriers. Through mentoring, newcomers learn to acquire essential technical, social, and organizational skills. Despite the importance of OSS mentors, they are understudied in the literature. Understanding who OSS project mentors are, the challenges they face, and the strategies they use can help OSS projects better support mentors’ work. In this paper, we employ a two-stage study to comprehensively investigate mentors in OSS. First, we identify the characteristics of mentors in the Apache Software Foundation, a large OSS community, using an online survey. We found that less experienced volunteer contributors are less likely to take on the mentorship role. Second, through interviews with OSS mentors (n=18), we identify the challenges that mentors face and how they mitigate them. In total, we identified 25 general mentorship challenges and 7 sub-categories of challenges regarding task recommendation. We also identified 13 strategies to overcome the challenges related to task recommendation. Our results provide insights for OSS communities, formal mentorship programs, and tool builders who design automated support for task assignment and internship.
Platelet extracellular vesicles enhance the proangiogenic potential of adipose-derived stem cells in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Tang Yanan , Li Jiayan , Wang Weiyi , Chen Bingyi , Chen Jinxing , Shen Zekun , Hou Jiaxuan , Mei Yifan , Liu Shuang , Zhang Liwei , Li Zongjin , Lu Shaoying 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSC)-based therapy is an outstanding treatment strategy for ischaemic disease. However, the therapeutic efficacy of this strategy is not ideal due to the poor paracrine function and low survival rate of ADSCs in target regions. Platelet extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are nanoparticles derived from activated platelets that can participate in communication between cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that PEVs can regulate the biological functions of several cell lines. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether PEVs can modulate the proangiogenic potential of ADSCs in vitro and in vivo.

Methods
PEVs were identified using scanning electron microscope (SEM), flow cytometry (FCM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The CCK8 assay was performed to detect proliferation of cells. Transwell and wound healing assays were performed to verify migration capacity of cells. AnnexinV-FITC/PI apoptosis kit and live/dead assay were performed to assess ADSCs apoptosis under Cocl2-induced hypoxia condition. The underlying mechanisms by which PEVs affected ADSCs were explored using real time-PCR(RT-PCR) and Western blot. In addition, matrigel plug assays were conducted and mouse hindlimb ischaemic models were established to investigate the proangiogenic potential of PEV-treated ADSCs in vivo.

Results
We demonstrated that ADSC could internalize PEVs, which lead to a series of biological reactions. In vitro, dose-dependent effects of PEVs on ADSC proliferation, migration and antiapoptotic capacity were observed. Western blotting results suggested that multiple proteins such as ERK, AKT, FAK, Src and PLCγ1 kinase may contribute to these changes. Furthermore, PEVs induced upregulation of several growth factors expression in ADSCs and amplified the proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs induced by ADSC conditioned medium (CM). In in vivo experiments, compared with control ADSCs, the injection of PEV-treated ADSCs resulted in more vascularization in matrigel plugs, attenuated tissue degeneration and increased blood flow and capillary density in ischaemic hindlimb tissues.

Conclusion
Our data demonstrated that PEVs could enhance the proangiogenic potential of ADSCs in mouse hindlimb ischaemia. The major mechanisms of this effect included the promotion of ADSC proliferation, migration, anti-apoptosis ability and paracrine secretion.
Neural stem cells derived from primitive mesenchymal stem cells reversed disease symptoms and promoted neurogenesis in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Brown Christina , McKee Christina , Halassy Sophia , Kojan Suleiman , Feinstein Doug L. , Chaudhry G. Rasul 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MS affects millions of people and causes a great economic and societal burden. There is no cure for MS. We used a novel approach to investigate the therapeutic potential of neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from human primitive mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS.

Methods
MSCs were differentiated into NSCs, labeled with PKH26, and injected into the tail vein of EAE mice. Neurobehavioral changes in the mice assessed the effect of transplanted cells on the disease process. The animals were sacrificed two weeks following cell transplantation to collect blood, lymphatic, and CNS tissues for analysis. Transplanted cells were tracked in various tissues by flow cytometry. Immune infiltrates were determined and characterized by H&E and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. Levels of immune regulatory cells, Treg and Th17, were analyzed by flow cytometry. Myelination was determined by Luxol fast blue staining and immunostaining. In vivo fate of transplanted cells and expression of inflammation, astrogliosis, myelination, neural, neuroprotection, and neurogenesis markers were investigated by using immunohistochemical and qRT-PCR analysis.

Results
MSC-derived NSCs expressed specific neural markers, NESTIN, TUJ1, VIMENTIN, and PAX6. NSCs improved EAE symptoms more than MSCs when transplanted in EAE mice. Post-transplantation analyses also showed homing of MSCs and NSCs into the CNS with concomitant induction of an anti-inflammatory response, resulting in reducing immune infiltrates. NSCs also modulated Treg and Th17 cell levels in EAE mice comparable to healthy controls. Luxol fast blue staining showed significant improvement in myelination in treated mice. Further analysis showed that NSCs upregulated genes involved in myelination and neuroprotection but downregulated inflammatory and astrogliosis genes more significantly than MSCs. Importantly, NSCs differentiated into neural derivatives and promoted neurogenesis, possibly by modulating BDNF and FGF signaling pathways.

Conclusions
NSC transplantation reversed the disease process by inducing an anti-inflammatory response and promoting myelination, neuroprotection, and neurogenesis in EAE disease animals. These promising results provide a basis for clinical studies to treat MS using NSCs derived from primitive MSCs.
Payment mechanism for institutional births in Nepal
Authors: KC Ashish , Målqvist Mats , Bhandari Amit , Gurung Rejina , Basnet Omkar , Sunny Avinash K 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
Since the Millennium Development Goal era, there have been several efforts to increase institutional births using demand side financing. Since 2005, Government of Nepal has implemented Maternity Incentive Scheme (MIS) to reduce out of pocket expenditure (OOPE) for institutional birth. We aim to assess OOPE among women who had institutional births and coverage of MIS in Nepal.

Method
We conducted a prospective cohort study in 12 hospitals of Nepal for a period of 18 months. All women who were admitted in the hospital for delivery and consented were enrolled into the study. Research nurses conducted pre-discharge interviews with women on costs paid for medical services and non-medical services. We analysed the out of pocket expenditure by mode of delivery, duration of stay and hospitals. We also analysed the coverage of maternal incentive scheme in these hospitals.

Results
Among the women (n-21,697) reporting OOPE, the average expenditure per birth was 41.5 USD with 36 % attributing to transportation cost. The median OOPE was highest in Bheri hospital (60.3 USD) in comparison with other hospitals. The OOPE increased by 1.5 USD (1.2, 1.8) with each additional day stay in the hospital. There was a difference in the OOPE by mode of delivery, duration of hospital-stay and hospital of birth. The median OOPE was high among the caesarean birth with 43.3 USD in comparison with vaginal birth, 32.6 USD. The median OOPE was 44.7 USD, if the women stayed for 7 days and 33.5 USD if the women stayed for 24 h. The OOPE increased by 1.5 USD with each additional day of hospital stay after 24 h. The coverage of maternal incentive was 96.5 % among the women enrolled in the study.

Conclusions
Families still make out of pocket expenditure for institutional birth with a large proportion attributed to hospital care. OOPE for institutional births varied by duration of stay and mode of birth. Given the near universal coverage of incentive scheme, there is a need to review the amount of re-imbursement done to women based on duration of stay and mode of birth.
Gastrointestinal problems, mechanisms and possible therapeutic directions in Gulf war illness: a mini review
Authors: Kimono Diana A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBy its nature, Gulf war illness (GWI) is multisymptomatic and affects several organ systems in the body. Along with other symptoms, veterans who suffer from GWI commonly report chronic gastrointestinal issues such as constipation, pain, indigestion, etc. However, until recently, most attention has been focused on neurological disturbances such as cognitive impairments, chronic fatigue, and chronic pain among affected veterans. With such high prevalence of gastrointestinal problems among Gulf war (GW) veterans, it is surprising that there is little research to investigate the mechanisms behind these issues. This review summarizes all the available works on the mechanisms behind gastrointestinal problems in GWI that have been published to date in various databases. Generally, these studies, which were done in rodent models, in vitro and human cohorts propose that an altered microbiome, a reactive enteric nervous system or a leaky gut among other possible mechanisms are the major drivers of gastrointestinal problems reported in GWI. This review aims to draw attention to the gastrointestinal tract as an important player in GWI disease pathology and a potential therapeutic target.
Physiological, morphological and ecological traits drive desiccation resistance in north temperate dung beetles
Authors: Nervo Beatrice , Roggero Angela , Chamberlain Dan , Caprio Enrico , Rolando Antonio , Palestrini Claudia 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundIncreasing temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns threaten the existence of many organisms. It is therefore informative to identify the functional traits that underlie differences in desiccation resistance to understand the response of different species to changes in water availability resulting from climate change. We used adult dung beetles as model species due to their importance to ecosystem services. We investigated: (i) the effect of physiological (water loss rate, water loss tolerance, body water content), morphological (body mass) and ecological (nesting behaviour) traits on desiccation resistance; (ii) the role of phylogenetic relatedness in the above associations; and, (iii) whether relatively large or small individuals within a species have similar desiccation resistance and whether these responses are consistent across species.ResultsDesiccation resistance decreased with increasing water loss rate and increased with increasing water loss tolerance (i.e. proportion of initial water content lost at the time of death). A lack of consistent correlation between these traits due to phylogenetic relatedness suggests that the relationship is not determined by a shared evolutionary history. The advantage of a large body size in favouring desiccation resistance depended on the nesting behaviour of the dung beetles. In rollers (one species), large body sizes increased desiccation resistance, while in tunnelers and dwellers, desiccation resistance seemed not to be dependent on body mass. The phylogenetic correlation between desiccation resistance and nesting strategies was significant. Within each species, large individuals showed greater resistance to desiccation, and these responses were consistent across species.ConclusionsResistance to desiccation was explained mainly by the dung beetles’ ability to reduce water loss rate (avoidance) and to tolerate water loss (tolerance). A reduction in water availability may impose a selection pressure on body size that varies based on nesting strategies, even though these responses may be phylogenetically constrained. Changes in water availability are more likely to affect dweller species, and hence the ecosystem services they provide.
The effect of aging on the repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay
Authors: Shigano Miyuki , Takasawa Hironao , Hamada Shuichi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
The liver micronucleus (MN) assay is an effective and important in vivo test for detecting genotoxic compounds. In particular, the repeated-dose liver MN (RDLMN) assay which greatly facilitates incorporation of the liver MN assay into the general toxicity study has been developed. Usefulness of the RDLMN assay was appraised highly in the 7th International Workshops on Genotoxicity Testing (2017 in Tokyo) in that sufficient numbers and types of chemicals were studied and easy integration into the general toxicity study is preferred from the 3R’s point of view. However, it was pointed out that it is necessary to evaluate the effect of age at the start of 4-week repeated administration, since there are limited data, where only those of rats of 6 week of age at the start of administration are available.
In this study, we conducted the 4-week RDLMN assay using rats of 6 and 8 weeks of age (at the start of administration) to investigate the effect of age on the liver MN inducibility. Clofibrate, a weak inducer of liver MN, was used in this study to detect the slight difference in the liver MN induction.

Results
The liver MN induced by clofibrate was detected in both rats of 6 and 8 weeks of age at the start of administration. However, the liver MN induction was lower in rats of 8 weeks of age compared to rats of 6 weeks of age at the start of administration.

Conclusion
These results suggest that the liver MN inducibility decreases with age. Therefore, we recommend the use of rats of 6 weeks of age at start of administration to reliably detect the liver MN induction in the RDLMN assay.
Autocompensating measurement-device-independent quantum cryptography in space division multiplexing optical fibers
Authors: Liñares J. , Carral G. M. , Prieto-Blanco X. , Balado D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSingle photon or biphoton states propagating in optical fibers or in free space are affected by random perturbations and imperfections that disturb the information encoded in such states and accordingly quantum key distribution is prevented. We propose three different systems for autocompensating such random perturbations and imperfections when a measurement-device-independent protocol is used. These systems correspond to different optical fibers intended for space division multiplexing and supporting collinear modes, polarization modes or codirectional modes such as few-mode optical fibers and multicore optical fibers. Accordingly, we propose different Bell-states measurement devices located at Charlie system and present simulations that confirm the importance of autocompensation. Moreover, these types of optical fibers allow the use of several transmission channels, which compensates the reduction of the bit rate due to losses.
Phytopathogenic fungi with potential as biocontrol agents for weeds of importance in crops of Antioquia, Colombia
Authors: Mira Yerly , Castañeda Darío , Morales Juan , Patiño Luis 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
Use of phytopathogenic fungi for the biocontrol of weeds represents a promising path in the search for new management alternatives that allow reducing negative effects on the environment and the generation of biotypes having resistance to herbicides. The first step in developing weed biological control programs is to determine the plants and their natural enemies with the highest affinity and potential to achieve effective biocontrol. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytopathogenic potential of fungal isolates on four economically important weeds including: Rumex crispus L., Digitaria horizontalis Willd, Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) Miyabe, and Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims, as a possible biocontrol agent.

Results
Morphological and molecular identification of nine phytopathogenic isolates of weeds was achieved, according to the sequencing of the ITS, β-Tub2, and TEF1-α regions. Pathogenicity of the following species on original hosts was confirmed: Colletotrichum cigarro, Epicoccum draconis, and Didymella rumicicola on R. crispus; Bipolaris sp., on D. horizontalis; Bipolaris zeicola, Phialemoniopsis curvata, and Stemphylium beticola on P. nepalensis and, Alternaria thunbergiae and Nigrospora sphaerica on T. alata. These could be, fairly, considered the first worldwide reports of such interactions, except for A. thunbergiae and Bipolaris sp. The most virulent interactions according to the AUDPC value corresponded to (R. crispus × D. rumicicola), (D. horizontalis × Bipolaris sp.), (P. nepalensis × S. beticola) and (T. alata × A. thunbergiae), with an incidence of 100%.

Conclusion
These strains were proposed for future research as potential biocontrol agents, which represented a great resource for the possible generation of new bio-herbicides.
Experimental investigation of the aerodynamics of a large industrial building with parapet
Authors: Aly Aly Mousaad , Thomas Matthew , Gol-Zaroudi Hamzeh 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe aerodynamic performance of a roof depends significantly on its shape and size, among other factors. For instance, large roofs of industrial low-rise buildings may behave differently compared to those of residential homes. The main objective of this study is to experimentally investigate how perimeter solid parapets can alter the flow pattern around a low-rise building with a large aspect ratio of width/height of about 7.6, the case of industrial buildings/shopping centers. Solid parapets of varied sizes are added to the roof and tested in an open-jet simulator in a comparative study to understand their impact on roof pressure coefficients. Roof pressures were measured in the laboratory for cases with and without parapets under different wind direction angles (representative of straight-line winds under open terrain conditions). The results show that using a parapet can alter wind pressures on large roofs. Parapets can modify the flow pattern around buildings and change the mean and peak pressures. The mean pressure pattern shows a reduction in the length of the separation bubble due to the parapet. The parapet of 14% of the building’s roof height is the most efficient at reducing mean and peak pressures compared to other parapet heights.
A Useful MRI Classification for Symptomatic Discoid Lateral Meniscus
Authors: Jung Eui Yub , Jeong Seongmin , Kim Sun-Kyu , Lee Sung-Sahn , Ryu Dong Jin , Wang Joon Ho 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to classify the discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) according to the signal and shape in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to provide information not only in diagnosis but also in treatment.

Materials and Methods
We reviewed 162 cases who diagnosed with DLM by MRI and underwent arthroscopic procedures from April 2010 to March 2018. Three observers reviewed MRI findings of all cases and predicted arthroscopic tear using three MRI criteria (criterion 1,2 and 3). Among three criteria, the criterion that most accurately predicts arthroscopic tear was selected. Using this criterion, the cases of predicted tear were named group 1. In addition, group 1 was divided into three subgroups (group 1a, 1b and 1c) by deformation or displacement on MRI and arthroscopic type of tear and procedures were analyzed according to these subgroups.

Results
The intra-meniscal signal change itself (criterion 3) on MRI showed the highest agreement with the arthroscopic tear. No meniscal deformation and displacement on MRI (group 1a) showed no specific type of tear and more cases of meniscal saucerization. The meniscal deformation on MRI (group 1b) showed more simple horizontal tears and more cases of meniscal saucerization. The meniscal displacement on MRI (group 1c) showed more peripheral tears and more cases of meniscal repair and subtotal meniscectomy. Comparing arthroscopic type of tear and type of arthroscopic procedure between three subgroups, there were significant differences in three groups (P < .05).

Conclusions
Intra-meniscal signal change itself on MRI is the most accurate finding to predict arthroscopic tear in symptomatic DLM. In addition, subgroup analysis by deformation or displacement on MRI is helpful to predict the type of arthroscopic tear and procedures.
Estimating subsurface properties using a semisupervised neural network approach
Authors: Di Haibin , Abubakar Aria 
Published: September 2021

Estimating static rock properties (e.g., density and porosity) from seismic and well logs is one of the essential but challenging tasks in subsurface interpretation and characterization. To compensate for the sparsity of well logs and the limited bandwidth of seismic data, a semisupervised learning workflow is used for efficiently integrating seismic and logs and simultaneously estimating multiple subsurface properties. It consists of two components: (1) unsupervised seismic feature engineering and (2) supervised seismic-well integration, each of which is implemented as a convolutional neural network. Compared to most existing methods, it is advanced in three aspects. First, it allows the use of local 3D seismic patterns for building an optimal nonlinear mapping function with 1D logs, which is more noise robust and significantly improves the lateral consistency of machine prediction throughout the entire seismic survey. Second, it is capable of automatically bridging the gap of vertical resolution between seismic and well logs, which simplifies the workflow of data preparation, such as log upscaling. In addition, it enables Monte Carlo dropout-based epistemic uncertainty analysis. The performance of our solution is evaluated through two examples: relative acoustic impedance and porosity estimation in a synthetic PreSDM data set of 36 pseudowells and sonic and density estimation in the Groningen data set of 375 wells. The good match between the machine predictions and the actual measurements demonstrates the capability of our semisupervised learning method in providing reliable seismic and well integration and delivering robust estimation of subsurface properties, including those of a relatively weak physical link with seismic, such as density and porosity.