bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Achyranthes aspera L. extracts for their α-Amylase and urease inhibitory activities
Authors: Prakash Ved , Sagar Anand 
Published: March 2021

Plant products have served as a major source of useful drugs for centuries and about half of the pharmaceuticals in use today are derived from these natural products. The efficacy and safety of herbal medicines have attracted the attention of scientists towards medicinal plants research. The present study was designed to investigate the whole plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera L. for their anti-enzyme (α-amylae and urease) activity. All the extracts of A. aspera were reported to show good alpha-amylase and urease inhibitory activity of greater than 50% in all the solvents used at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. α- amylase inhibition ranged from 17.66±0.10-69.90±0.50% whereas urease inhibitory activity ranged from 18.60±0.50 to 79.90±0.50% suggesting a strong α- amylase and urease inhibitory effects of this plant. Thus the study provided scientific evidence to the traditional uses of this plant in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, ulcers, kidney stones intestinal infections etc. Therefore, the whole plant extracts of A. aspera can be selected for further investigation to find their therapeutic potential.
Keywords: Achyranthes aspera, plant extracts, α-Amylase, Urease
Enhancement of Solubility of Diclofenac Sodium by Pastillation Method
Authors: Pund Sopan , Mahajan Nilesh , Gangane Purushottam , Warokar Amol 
Published: March 2021

The Diclofenac Sodium is BCS class II drug which comes under the antipyretic class drug, and has a wide range of use. But due to its low solubility it has low dissolution rate and hence reduced bioavailability. There are several methods for the enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate. Pastillation technique is widely employed in chemical industry for solidification and better handling. Pastilles are solidified discrete units, acquired directly from the melt mass. However, this method of pastillation has not been explored for the drug delivery system yet. Literature revels that it can be used as a novel, effective and easiest method for the enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate. The selection of polymer was done by the solubility studies and Kolliphor HS 15 was used to make the pastilles of Diclofenac Sodium. Formation of pastilles were confirmed by FT-IR and further evaluated for % yield, drug contents, solubility study and dissolution test. From the results it was concluded that, solubility of Diclofenac Sodium was increased by pastillation method by 2-fold and dissolution rate was also enhanced by double than that of the drug. Thus, pastillation can be an effective and easiest method to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs having good permeability.
Keywords: Diclofenac Sodium, Pastillation, Kolliphor HS 15, Solubility enhancement, Solid dispersion.
التحليل الجغرافي لتوزيع الفنادق في مدينة أربيل
Authors: حمه رشيد مازن محمد أمين , Fattah Abdul Karim Bahri S. 
Published: March 2021

يهدف البحث الى دراسة تطور الفنادق وتوزيعها الجغرافي في مدينة اربيل مما يساعد السائح للحصول على دراية كافية حول الجانب السياحي في المدينة, والتطور التاريخي للفنادق حسب المراحل المورفولوجيا في المدينة وزيادة عدد الفنادق للفترة ما بين(1981-2016 ) ومن أجل معرفة التغيرات الحاصلة على أعداد الفنادق وتوزيعها الجغرافي، كما يظهر البحث دراسة تاريخية متعاقبة لظهور الفنادق في العصور السابقة، و تشير إلى الخانات التي كانت تقوم بوظيفة فنادق اليوم بل كانت أكثر شمولية حتى منتصف القرن العشرين . ومن خلال التوزيع الجغرافي للفنادق ظهر بشكل واضح بأن أكثر من 43% من عدد الفنادق الموجودة في مدينة نسبة (5)% لكلَ منهما، أما نطاق شارعي(30- 60)م فتشكل نسبة (22)% وأمامنطقة المركز فتصل نسبتها الى (25)% من الفنادق ، بالإضافة الى قلة الفنادق ذات المستوى العالي من حيث تقديم الخدمات ولاسيما ذات(النجمة الرابعة والخامسة) والتي تعد ذات أهمية كبيرة لتطوير قطاع الفندقي في المدينة إذ تخدم فئة معينة من السياح. ومن أهم النقاط التي توصل اليه الباحث من خلال التحليل الجغرافي لكل فئات الفنادق في مدينة أربيل هو:- افتقار المدينة الى فنادق ذات مساحات واسعة لتوفير الانشطة الرياضية أو مائية المتنوعة . قلة الفنادق ذات فئة خمسة نجوم وتركزها في منطقة محددة وحرمان المناطق الأخرى من وجود تلك الفنادق فيها . عدم وجود فئات مختلفة من الفنادق في مدينة أربيل واقتصارها على أنواع محددة منها . إفتقار المولات التجارية التي أنتشر بشكل واضح في الآونة الأخيرة في مدينة أربيل الى الأيواء السياحي والذي تعد مركزاً لجذب السياح. معظم الفنادق في مدينة أربيل يقع في الجهة الشرقية والشمالية من المدينة وفتقار الجهة الجنوبية والغربية منها، حيث تمثل أقل نسبة من الفنادق ولا سيما الجهة الغربية من المدينة.
TANGGUNG JAWAB PT. MRT JAKARTA TERHADAP KONSUMEN DALAM KASUS BLACKOUT AKIBAT PEMADAMAN LISTRIK OLEH PERUSAHAAN LISTRIK NEGARA (PLN) DAN MITIGASI ATAS POTENSI TERJADINYA BENCANA DALAM OPERASIONAL MRT JAKARTA DITINJAU DARI ASPEK HUKUM PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN
Authors: Sunardi Finlay - , Wulandari Bernadetta Tjandra 
Published: March 2021

Kehadiran MRT Jakarta diharapkan dapat menyelesaikan masalah kemacetan di ibukota. Dengan teknologinya, MRT Jakarta dapat membantu masyarakat menempuh perjalanan dengan waktu yang lebih singkat dibandingkan menggunakan kendaraan konvensional lainnya tanpa berhadapan dengan kemacetan. Akan tetapi, disamping berbagai kemudahan yang ditawarkan MRT Jakarta kepada konsumen, terdapat persoalan yang menimbulkan kerugian bagi konsumen MRT Jakarta. Persoalan tersebut salah satunya terjadi pada kasus padam/putusnya aliran listrik (blackout) pada tanggal 04 Agustus 2019 yang menimbulkan kerugian bagi penumpang MRT Jakarta, karena kereta MRT Jakarta berhenti beroperasi akibat tidak adanya pasokan listrik sehingga penumpang terjebak di dalam rangkaian kereta MRT Jakarta dan tidak dapat melanjutkan perjalanannya. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, peneliti merumuskan dua permasalahan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu bagaimana tanggung jawab PT. MRT Jakarta terhadap konsumen dalam kasus blackout dan mitigasi atas potensi terjadinya bencana dalam operasional MRT Jakarta serta apakah PT. MRT Jakarta dapat meminta pertanggungjawaban Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) dalam kasus blackout sebagai akibat padam/putusnya aliran listrik. Metode yang digunakan peneliti dalam penelitian ini adalah Yuridis Normatif. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah tanggung jawab PT. MRT Jakarta terhadap konsumen yang mengalami kerugian dalam kasus blackout berupa melakukan evakuasi dan memberikan ganti rugi sebesar harga tiket masing-masing penumpang serta memberikan layanan gratis sampai berakhirnya operasional MRT Jakarta di hari terjadinya blackout. PT. MRT Jakarta juga sudah menyusun prosedur mitigasi terhadap potensi terjadinya bencana banjir dan gempa bumi. Selain itu dalam kasus blackout ini PT. MRT Jakarta juga dapat mengupayakan pemberian kompensasi dari Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN).
Paediatric tuberculosis during universal and selective Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination policy: a nationwide population-based retrospective study, Finland, 1995–2015
Authors: Kontturi Antti , Kekomäki Satu , Soini Hanna , Ollgren Jukka , Salo Eeva 
Published: March 2021

Introduction
In 2006, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination policy in Finland changed from universal to selective.

Aim
We assessed the impact of the policy change on tuberculosis (TB) morbidity in children under 5 years and epidemiological trends of paediatric TB in Finland.

Methods
We conducted a nationwide, population-based, retrospective registry study of all newly diagnosed active TB cases younger than 15 years in Finland from 1995 to 2015 by linking data from the National Infectious Diseases Register, Finnish Care Register for Health Care, medical patient records and Finnish Population Information System. We compared the TB incidence rate ratio of under 5 year-olds with universal and selective BCG vaccinations with a Poisson log-linear model and analysed incidence trends among those younger than 15 years with a negative binomial model.

Results
We identified 139 paediatric TB cases: 50 native (including 24 second-generation migrants) and 89 foreign-born children. The TB rate of under 5 year-olds remained stable after changing to selective BCG vaccination (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.7–2.3). TB rate in the native population under 15 years increased slightly (IRR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01–1.11).

Discussion
Paediatric TB cases in Finland were concentrated in families with migrant background from high-TB incidence countries. The native TB morbidity in under 5-year-olds did not increase after the BCG policy revision, suggesting that selective vaccinations can prevent TB in the most vulnerable age group in low-incidence settings. Second-generation migrants under 15 years in Finland with high TB risk are probably increasing.
İŞYERİ ARKADAŞLIĞI İLE ÇALIŞAN ETKİNLİĞİ, PERFORMANSI VE VERİMLİLİĞİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN META ANALİZ YÖNTEMİYLE BELİRLENMESİ
Authors: ÇANKIR Bilal 
Published: March 2021

Toplumun önemli unsurlarından olan bireylerin birbirleriyle işyerinde kurduğu etkileşimler ve ilişkiler, örgütsel yaşamın sosyal kısmına etki etmektedir. Günümüze kadar süregelen çalışmalar; işyerlerindeki çalışan ilişkilerinin genellikle olumlu sonuçlar doğurduğunu ifade etmektedir. İşyeri arkadaşlığı, kurumsal yapılarda önemli bir yere sahip olan ve kurum yapısını temsil eden insani ilişkiler kavramıdır ve gerek işletmelere gerek de bireylere önemli faydalar sağlamaktadır. İçinde bulunduğumuz çalışma hayatında giderek popülerleşen takım çalışması metodunda da birbirleriyle iyi anlaşan bireylerin etkin bir takım çalışması içerisinde uyumlu bir biçimde bulunması arkadaşlık kavramının kurumsal yapılardaki önemini ifade etmektedir. İşyeri arkadaşlık etkileşimleri; bireylerin bağlı oldukları kuruma ve işyeri arkadaşlarına olan güven duygusunu geliştirmekle beraber, bireylerin yaşantılarında sahip oldukları stres ve kaygıyı gidererek mutluluk ve motivasyon artırımına yardımcı olabilmektedir. Tüm bunlarla beraber bireylerin iş süreçlerine olan uyumluluğun hızlandırılmasına, stres ve kaygı duygularının azalmasına, yardımlaşmanın arttırılarak kişisel gelişimin üst düzeylere çıkarılmasına, etkinlik ve verimliliğin arttırılarak istenilen performans standartlarına erişilmesine önemli yarar sağlamaktadır. İşyeri arkadaşlığı, belirtilen bu tip faydalarından ötürü çok önemli bir kavramdır, üzerinde birtakım çalışmaların yapılması gereken ve aynı zamanda örgütsel davranış alan kapsamına giren insan ilişkilerinin bir bölümüdür.
Bu çalışmada; işyeri arkadaşlığı, çalışan etkinliği, iş performansı, iş birliği ortamı, iletişim ve çalışan verimliliği kavramları ele alınıp, aralarındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada meta analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veri taramalarında “işyeri arkadaşlığı, etkinlik, iletişim ve iş birliği, iş performansı” gibi anahtar kelimeler kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen taramalar sonucu hem Türkçe hem de İngilizce kaynaklardan yararlanılmıştır. Seçilen uygulama örneklerine ait veriler CMA (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis) istatistik paket programında analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular neticesinde ele alınan kavramlar arasında pozitif yönlü bir ilişkinin varlığından söz edilebilmektedir.
Kesepian ditinjau dari Perilaku Agresi Pada Lingkungan Pembina Khusus Anak Kota Medan
Authors: Robinson Robinson , Diana Ledy , Zebua Kristina , Damanik Mariance Br , Hasibuan Hana Grace Sifra , Hartini Sri 
Published: March 2021

Kesepian merupakan hal yang dialami setiap orang, salah satu penyebab terjadinya adalah adanya tekanan yang dialami membuat orang tersebut takut akan hubungan yang seharusnya dimiliki. Tekanan tersebut berbentuk agresi yaitu tindakan kekerasan atau penolakan yang menunjukan pada diri individu atau kelompok lain. Hubungan dari perilaku agresi dan kesepian merupakan tujuan dari penelitian ini. Penelitian ini digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif korelasional yang mana subjek penelitian sebanyak 100 anak yang berada di bawah pengawasan Lingkungan Pembinaan Khusus Anak di kota Medan. Metode pengumpulan data mengunakan skala Kesepian dan skala agresi dengan metode Likert, dengan pengujian SPSS 23. Setelah uji coba ditemukan hasil hubungan yang positif antara agresi dengan kesepian (r= 0,697; p=,000).
ОБРАЗ МИФИЧЕСКОГО КОНЯ АКБУЗАТА КАК СВЯЗУЮЩИЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТ БАШКИРСКИХ ЭПОСОВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЭПОСОВ «УРАЛ-БАТЫР», «АКБУЗАТ» И «ЗАЯТУЛЯК И ХЫУХЫЛУ»)
Authors: Хуббитдинова Н. 
Published: March 2021

В эпосе, как известно, художественно отображены исторические события из жизни рода, их обычаи, традиции, предрассудки и суеверия, поэтически выражены смеемлость и удаль батыров – народных героев, воспета девственная красота и неповторимость природы родного края. Героическое начало в эпосе переплетается с народной мудростыо, моралью, красноречивым языком, богатым внутренним миром и философичностью ума.
Созданные и зафиксированные в разное время башкирские эпосы «Ура-батыр», «Акбузат» и «Заятулык и Хыухылу» по идейно-тематическим, идейно-эстетическим своеобразиям, а также системе образов могут составлять цикл героического эпоса. Одним из основных персонажей, объединяющих эти начала, является образ мифического крылатого скакуна Акбузата, по своему портретному описанию вызывающий реминисценцию на древнегреческого коня Пегаса и являющийся предметом исследования в данной статье.
Целью статьи является анализ этого образа и его художественные функции в указанных памятниках.
Выявление художественных особенностей этого образа позволит расширить представление о цикличности башкирских эпосов, взаимосвязи как по форме, так и по содержанию, обогатит представление о мифическом коне, как об объекте художественных универсалий культур народов мира.
ИГРА КАК СРЕДСТВО РАЗВИТИЯ ИМПРОВИЗАЦИОННЫХ СПОСОБНОСТЕЙ ДОШКОЛЬНИКОВ В КОЛЛЕКТИВЕ СПОРТИВНОГО БАЛЬНОГО ТАНЦА
Authors: Shankina S. , Shankin Y. , Zotova A. 
Published: March 2021

Рассмотрена особая область дидактики – обучения детей дошкольного возраста средствами развития импровизационных способностей в коллективе спортивного бального танца. Наибольший интерес в этом плане представляет дошкольный возраст, так как именно в этом возрасте закладывается основа личности, происходит ориентация на развитие духовности, самореализации, самовыражения и формируются мироощущения, необходимые в последующей жизни.
Научно обосновано, что в формировании и развитии импровизационных способностей дошкольников в коллективе спортивного бального танца занимает игровая деятельность. Также модифицированы и опробованы на практике разнообразные музыкально-подвижные игры. Интерес в исследовании вызван применением педагогического подхода обучения детей дошкольного возраста средствами развития импровизационных способностей в коллективе спортивного бального танца через игру, которая предусматривает построение процесса обучения и воспитания, по спирали с усовершенствованием на каждом образовательном этапе.
Tethered spinal cord syndrome in adults in the MRI era: recognition, pathology, and long-term objective outcomes
Authors: Menezes Arnold H. , Seaman Scott C. , III Matthew A. Howard , Hitchon Patrick W. , Takacs Elizabeth B. 
Published: March 2021

OBJECTIVE
Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) has been well described in pediatric patients. Many recent reports of TCS in adult patients have grouped retethering patients with newly diagnosed ones without separately analyzing each entity and outcome. The authors reviewed their experience of newly diagnosed adult TCS patients to identify and explore TCS misdiagnosis, recognition, subtype pathology, and individual objective outcomes.

METHODS
This study included 24 adult patients (20 female and 4 male) who fit the criteria of being newly diagnosed and aged 20 years and older (age range 20–77 years). Preexisting dermal sinus was present in 6 patients, hypertrichosis in 5, skin tag/cleft/dimple and fatty subcutaneous masses in 5, scoliosis in 2, and neurological abnormalities in 4 patients. The pathology consisted of TCS with taut filum in 8 patients, conus lipoma with TCS in 7, diastematomyelia in 7, and cervical cord tethering in 2 patients. Of the 24 study patients, nondermatomal low-back or perineal pain occurred in 19 patients, bladder dysfunction in 21, and motor, sensory, and reflex abnormalities in 21 patients. Aggravating factors were repeated stretching, multiple pregnancies, heavy lifting, and repeated bending. Urological evaluation included bladder capacity, emptying, postvoid residuals, detrusor function, pelvic floor electromyography (EMG), bladder sensitivity, and sphincter EMG, which were repeated at 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. The follow-up was 1 to 30 years. Detailed postoperative neurological findings and separate patient outcome evaluations were recorded. Four of the 24 patients did not have an operation.

RESULTS
Resolution of pain occurred in 16 of the 19 patients reporting low-back or perineal pain. Motor and sensory complaints resolved in 17 of 20 patients. Regarding bladder dysfunction, in the 20 patients with available data, bladder function returned to normal in 12 patients, improved in 3 patients, and was unchanged in 5 patients. If the symptom duration was less than 6–8 months, there was recovery of all parameters of pain, bladder dysfunction, and neurological deficit, and recovery from hyperreflexia matched that from neurological deficit. Fifteen patients were employed preoperatively and returned to work, and an additional 3 others who were unable to work preoperatively were able to do so postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS
Most adults with newly diagnosed TCS have unrecognized neurocutaneous abnormalities and neurological deficits. The triad of nondermatomal sacral or perineal pain, bladder dysfunction, and neurological deficit should not be confused with hip or degenerative lumbosacral disease. Addressing the primary pathology often leads to successful results.
Harmonized outcome measures for use in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis patient registries and clinical practice
Authors: Harbaugh Robert E. , Devin Clinton , Leavy Michelle B. , Ghogawala Zoher , Archer Kristin R. , Bydon Mohamad , Goertz Christine , Dinstein Doron , Nerenz David R. , Eakin Guy S. , Lavelle William , Shaffer William O. , Arnold Paul M. , Washabaugh Charles H. , Gliklich Richard E. 
Published: March 2021

OBJECTIVE
The development of new treatment approaches for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS) has introduced many questions about comparative effectiveness and long-term outcomes. Patient registries collect robust, longitudinal data that could be combined or aggregated to form a national and potentially international research data infrastructure to address these and other research questions. However, linking data across registries is challenging because registries typically define and capture different outcome measures. Variation in outcome measures occurs in clinical practice and other types of research studies as well, limiting the utility of existing data sources for addressing new research questions. The purpose of this project was to develop a minimum set of patient- and clinician-relevant standardized outcome measures that are feasible for collection in DLS registries and clinical practice.

METHODS
Nineteen DLS registries, observational studies, and quality improvement efforts were invited to participate and submit outcome measures. A stakeholder panel was organized that included representatives from medical specialty societies, health systems, government agencies, payers, industries, health information technology organizations, and patient advocacy groups. The panel categorized the measures using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Outcome Measures Framework (OMF), identified a minimum set of outcome measures, and developed standardized definitions through a consensus-based process.

RESULTS
The panel identified and harmonized 57 outcome measures into a minimum set of 10 core outcome measure areas and 6 supplemental outcome measure areas. The measures are organized into the OMF categories of survival, clinical response, events of interest, patient-reported outcomes, and resource utilization.

CONCLUSIONS
This effort identified a minimum set of standardized measures that are relevant to patients and clinicians and appropriate for use in DLS registries, other research efforts, and clinical practice. Collection of these measures across registries and clinical practice is an important step for building research data infrastructure, creating learning healthcare systems, and improving patient management and outcomes in DLS.
Management and outcomes of phyllodes tumours – 10 year experience
Authors: Boland Patrick A. , Ali Beegan Azlena , Stokes Maurice , Kell Malcolm R. , Barry John M. , O’Brien Angela , Walsh Siun M. 
Published: March 2021

INTRODUCTION: Phyllodes tumours represent 0.3–1% of breast tumours, typically presenting in women aged 35–55 years. They are classified into benign, borderline and malignant grades and exhibit a spectrum of features. There is significant debate surrounding the optimal management of phyllodes tumour, particularly regarding appropriate margins. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent surgical management for phyllodes tumours in a single tertiary referral centre from 2007–2017. Patient demographics, tumour characteristics, surgical treatment and follow-up data were analysed. Tumour margins were classified as positive (0 mm), close (≤2 mm) and clear (>2 mm). RESULTS: A total of 57 patients underwent surgical excision of a phyllodes tumour. The Mean age was 37.7 years (range: ages 14–91) with mean follow-up of 38.5 months (range: 0.5–133 months). There were 44 (77%) benign, 4 (7%) borderline and 9 (16%) malignant phyllodes cases. 54 patients had breast conserving surgery (BCS) and 3 underwent mastectomy. 30 (53%) patients underwent re-excision of margins. The final margin status was clear in 32 (56%), close in 13 (23%) and positive in 12 (21%). During follow-up, 4 patients were diagnosed with local recurrence (2 malignant, 1 borderline and 1 benign pathology on recurrence samples). CONCLUSION: There are no clear guidelines for the surgical management and follow-up of phyllodes tumours. This study suggests that patients with malignant phyllodes and positive margins are more likely to develop local recurrence. There is a need for large prospective studies to guide the development of future guidelines.
Mothers and Children Right and Need for Essential Services Accessibility in Communities
Authors: Panngam Nittaya , Nuntaboot Khanitta 
Published: March 2021

Community play important role to enhance the accessibility to essential rights and services of mothers and children in community. This study utilizes the rapid ethnographic community assessment process (RECAP) to explore community potential for managing accessibility to rights and services of mothers and children in communities. The study was conducted in 8 sub-districts of 8 provinces in 4 regions nationwide. There are 146 informants recruited from purposive sampling include family members, community leaders, local leaders, health care providers, and social groups. Data were collected by the participated observation, in-depth interview, focus group discussion, as well as consultation using interview and focus group guidelines. Data were analyzed using content analysis and thematic analysis. The results reveal two parts include 1) sociocultural context of mothers and children which demonstrate need and way of life of pregnant women and child rearing; and 2) community managing to enhance essential right and service accessibility of mothers and children includes (1) managing fundamental right and services; (2) health services; (3) social welfare and community funds; (4) development safe and learning-enhanced environment; (5) educational services; (6) managing sources of information; and (7) caring based on cultural and traditional way. Based on this findings, national policy makers and relevant stakeholders could be utilizing for improvement prospective development and national policy to reinforce and strengthen community organizations contributing to health development of mothers and children.

Keywords: Rapid Ethnographic Community Assessment Process, Maternal Rights, Child Rights, Services for Mother and Child, Service Accessibility, Community Management