bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations and Southeast Asia’s Regional Security
Authors: Desierto Diane A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the critical role of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in the incremental evolution of the concept of Southeast Asian regional security. It reflectively tracks the organization’s gradual emergence from a loose, pluralist platform for regional cooperation, into a Charter-based intergovernmental organization with dispersed legislative and executive powers, subscribing to international law, international human rights, and humanitarian law, and a rules-based multilateral economic and geopolitical system. Ultimately, ‘Southeast Asia’ and ASEAN are both strategic post-Cold War constructs that evolved over decades to develop distinct regional strategies fostering peace and security in the region, and contributing to international law and the stability of the region. The chapter then details the initially hesitant and incrementalist path taken by ASEAN Member States in formulating regional security cooperation strategies for siloed regional issues, such as transnational crimes and maritime security, amongst others. It also maps the significant shift from incrementalism to the deliberate institutionalization of regional cooperation under the ASEAN Political-Security Community created under the 2008 ASEAN Charter and its broader implications for security governance, dispute settlement, regional security, and peace initiatives for Southeast Asia. Finally, the chapter considers the centrality of consensus to ASEAN regional security decision-making.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Authors: Hill Steven 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which is a political-military alliance that currently includes thirty Allied Nations. NATO Allies deal with a wide range of peace and security issues. NATO also cooperates with a wide range of partners in the broader Euro–Atlantic neighbourhood and across the globe. Its foundational document is the 1949 North Atlantic Treaty. The chapter then reviews the Treaty’s principal provisions to illustrate the general international legal framework in which NATO operates, the scope of its activities, and how and where it places the emphasis in its day-to-day work. It describes NATO’s role as a global security actor, reviewing NATO’s mission and mandate, its institutional structure, and its current priorities.
The Law of Armed Conflict at Sea
Authors: Fleck Dieter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates legal developments and practice with respect to armed conflict at sea. The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea has progressively developed the law and contributed to the emergence of multiple differing regimes, some of which are now customary in character. The San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea (1995) provides a contemporary restatement of the law of armed conflict at sea, together with some progressive development. The chapter provides an overview of the different acts of naval warfare, comments on special provisions concerning means and methods of naval warfare, and explains the legal status of hospital ships including conditions of their protection.
Simulation and analysis of the coherent-dispersion spectrometer for exoplanet detection
Authors: Wu Yinhua , Chen Shasha , Wang Pengchong , Zhou Shun , Feng Yutao , Zhang Weiguang , Wei Ruyi 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
The coherent-dispersion spectrometer (CODES) is a new exoplanet detection instrument using the radial velocity (RV) method. This attempts mainly to improve environmental sensitivity and energy utilization by using an asymmetric, common-path Sagnac interferometer instead of a traditional Michelson interferometer. In order to verify its feasibility and to choose the appropriate key parameters to obtain the optimal performance, research on data processing for the design stage of the CODES is performed by systematic simulation and analysis. First, the instrument modelling is carried out for further data analysis according to the principle of the CODES, and the reliability of the model is verified by experiments. Second, the influence of key parameters on fringe visibility is analysed systematically, which provides a certain reference for the choice of the key parameters. Third, the RV inversion method for the CODES is proposed and optimized according to the related analysis results so as to promote RV inversion precision. Finally, the recommended values for the key parameters of the CODES are given. The experimental results show that the data processing error of RV inversion is less than 0.6 m s–1 within the recommended range of key parameters. This indicates that the scheme of the CODES is reasonable and feasible, and that the proposed data processing method is effective and well matched with the instrument design.
Formation of millisecond pulsars with helium white dwarfs, ultra-compact X-ray binaries, and gravitational wave sources
Authors: Chen Hai-Liang , Tauris Thomas M , Han Zhanwen , Chen Xuefei 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Close-orbit low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs), radio binary millisecond pulsars (BMSPs) with extremely low-mass helium white dwarfs (ELM He WDs) and ultra-compact X-ray binaries (UCXBs) are all part of the same evolutionary sequence. It is therefore of uttermost importance to understand how these populations evolve from one specie to another. Moreover, UCXBs are important gravitational wave (GW) sources and can be detected by future space-borne GW observatories. However, the formation and evolutionary link between these three different populations of neutron star (NS) binaries are not fully understood. In particular, a peculiar fine-tuning problem has previously been demonstrated for the formation of these systems. In this investigation, we test a newly suggested magnetic braking prescription and model the formation and evolution of LMXBs. We compute a grid of binary evolution models and present the initial parameter space of the progenitor binaries which successfully evolve all the way to produce UCXBs. We find that the initial orbital period range of LMXBs, which evolve into detached NS + ELM He WD binaries and later UCXBs, becomes significantly wider compared to evolution with a standard magnetic braking prescription, and thus helps to relieve the fine-tuning problem. However, we also find that formation of wide-orbit BMSPs is prohibited for strong versions of this new magnetic braking prescription, which therefore calls for a revision of the prescription. Finally, we present examples of the properties of UCXBs as Galactic GW sources and discuss their detection by the LISA, TianQin, and Taiji observatories.
Shaping the BRCAness mutational landscape by alternative double-strand break repair, replication stress and mitotic aberrancies
Authors: Stok Colin , Kok Yannick P , van den Tempel Nathalie , van Vugt Marcel A T M 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTumours with mutations in the BRCA1/BRCA2 genes have impaired double-stranded DNA break repair, compromised replication fork protection and increased sensitivity to replication blocking agents, a phenotype collectively known as ‘BRCAness’. Tumours with a BRCAness phenotype become dependent on alternative repair pathways that are error-prone and introduce specific patterns of somatic mutations across the genome. The increasing availability of next-generation sequencing data of tumour samples has enabled identification of distinct mutational signatures associated with BRCAness. These signatures reveal that alternative repair pathways, including Polymerase θ-mediated alternative end-joining and RAD52-mediated single strand annealing are active in BRCA1/2-deficient tumours, pointing towards potential therapeutic targets in these tumours. Additionally, insight into the mutations and consequences of unrepaired DNA lesions may also aid in the identification of BRCA-like tumours lacking BRCA1/BRCA2 gene inactivation. This is clinically relevant, as these tumours respond favourably to treatment with DNA-damaging agents, including PARP inhibitors or cisplatin, which have been successfully used to treat patients with BRCA1/2-defective tumours. In this review, we aim to provide insight in the origins of the mutational landscape associated with BRCAness by exploring the molecular biology of alternative DNA repair pathways, which may represent actionable therapeutic targets in in these cells.
Detection of Uncoupled Circadian Rhythms in Individual Cells of Lemna minor using a Dual-Color Bioluminescence Monitoring System
Authors: Watanabe Emiri , Isoda Minako , Muranaka Tomoaki , Ito Shogo , Oyama Tokitaka 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The plant circadian oscillation system is based on the circadian clock of individual cells. Circadian behavior of cells has been observed by monitoring the circadian reporter activity, such as bioluminescence of AtCCA1::LUC+. To deeply analyze different circadian behaviors in individual cells, we developed the dual-color bioluminescence monitoring system that automatically measured the luminescence of two luciferase reporters simultaneously at a single-cell level. We selected a yellow-green-emitting firefly luciferase (LUC+) and a red-emitting luciferase (PtRLUC) that is a mutant form of Brazilian click beetle ELUC. We used AtCCA1::LUC+ and CaMV35S::PtRLUC. CaMV35S::LUC+ was previously reported as a circadian reporter with a low-amplitude rhythm. These bioluminescent reporters were introduced into the cells of a duckweed, Lemna minor, by particle bombardment. Time series of the bioluminescence of individual cells in a frond were obtained using a dual-color bioluminescence monitoring system with a green-pass- and red-pass filter. Luminescence intensities from the LUC+ and PtRLUC of each cell were calculated from the filtered luminescence intensities. We succeeded in reconstructing the bioluminescence behaviors of AtCCA1::LUC+ and CaMV35S::PtRLUC in the same cells. Under prolonged constant light conditions, AtCCA1::LUC+ showed a robust circadian rhythm in individual cells in an asynchronous state in the frond, as previously reported. By contrast, CaMV35S::PtRLUC stochastically showed circadian rhythms in a synchronous state. These results strongly suggested the uncoupling of cellular behavior between these circadian reporters. This dual-color bioluminescence monitoring system is a powerful tool to analyze various stochastic phenomena accompanying large cell-to-cell variation in gene expression.
Larger pain extent is associated with greater pain intensity and disability but not with general health status or psychosocial features in patients with cervical radiculopathy
Authors: Lam Kwun , Peolsson Anneli , Soldini Emiliano , Löfgren Håkan , Wibault Johanna , Dedering Åsa , Öberg Birgitta , Zsigmond Peter , Barbero Marco , Falla Deborah 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Pain as a result of cervical radiculopathy (CR) can be widespread, nondermatomal and individually specific, but the association between pain extent and other clinical features has never been explored. The objective of this study is to investigate whether pain extent relates to clinical variables including pain intensity in addition to health indicators including disability, general health, depression, somatic anxiety, coping strategies or self-efficacy.
An observational cohort study was conducted. Participants were recruited from 4 hospital spinal centres in Sweden. Pain extent was quantified from the pain drawings of 190 individuals with cervical disc disease, verified with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and compatible with clinical findings (examined by a neurosurgeon), that show cervical nerve root compression. Pain extent was evaluated in relation to neck pain, arm pain, and headache intensity. Multiple linear regression analysis were then used to verify whether pain extent was associated with other health indicators including disability, health-related quality of life, depression, somatic anxiety, coping strategies and self-efficacy.
Pain extent was directly related to neck, arm and headache pain intensity (all P < .01). Multiple linear regression revealed that pain extent was significantly associated only to the level of perceived disability (P < .01).
Increased pain extent in people with CR is associated with higher headache, neck and arm pain intensity, and disability but not measures of general health, depression, somatic anxiety, coping strategies or self-efficacy.
Clinical and radiologic characteristics of radiologically missed miliary tuberculosis
Authors: Choe Jooae , Jung Kyung Hwa , Park Joung-Ha , Kim Sung-Han , Kim Mi Young 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
While chest CT provides important clue for diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis (TB), patients are occasionally missed on initial CT, which might delay the diagnosis. This study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological characteristics of radiologically missed miliary TB.
Total 117 adult patients with microbiologically confirmed miliary TB in an intermediate TB-burden country were included. ‘Missed miliary TB’ were defined as the case in which miliary TB was not mentioned as a differential diagnosis in the initial CT reading. Clinical characteristics and radiologic findings including the predominant nodule size, demarcation of miliary nodules and disease extent on CT were retrospectively evaluated. Findings were compared between the missed and non-missed miliary TB groups. Multivariable analyses were performed to determine independent risk factors of missed miliary TB.
Of 117 patients with miliary TB, 13 (11.1%) were classified as missed miliary TB; these patients were significantly older than those with non-missed miliary TB (median age, 71 vs 57 years, P = .024). There was a significant diagnostic delay in the missed miliary TB group (P < .001). On chest CT, patients with missed miliary TB had a higher prevalence of ill-defined nodules (84.6% vs 14.4%; P < .001), miliary nodule less than 2 mm showing granular appearance (69.2% vs 12.5%; P < .001), and subtle disease extent (less than 25% of whole lung field, 46.2% vs 8.7%; P < .001). Multivariable analysis revealed that only CT findings including ill-defined nodule (Odd ratios [OR], 15.64; P = .002) and miliary nodule less than 2 mm (OR, 10.08; P = .007) were independently associated with missed miliary TB.
Approximately 10% of miliary TB could be missed on initial chest CT, resulting in a delayed diagnosis and treatment. Caution is required in patients with less typical CT findings showing ill-defined miliary nodules less than 2 mm showing granular appearance and follow-up CT might have a benefit.
The differences in plasma/serum ghrelin levels between obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea patients and controls
Authors: Sun Meng-Ling , Niu Xun , Xiao Xi-Yue , Chen Xiong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background:
The association between obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and plasma/serum ghrelin levels remains controversial. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the difference in plasma/serum ghrelin levels between OSAHS patients and controls.

Methods:
Database of PubMed, SCI, and Elsevier were searched entirely. Two independents identified eligible studies of ghrelin levels in OSAHS patients. ReviewManager (version 5.3) was adopted for data synthesis.

Results:
The meta-analysis A pooled the comparison of ghrelin concentrations in OSAHS patients and controls, which included 7 studies and involving 446 participants. The result of the meta-analysis A indicated that plasma/serum ghrelin levels were no significant differences between the OSAHS group and the control group (standard mean difference (SMD) = 0.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.12 to 0.28, P = .43). As a supplementary, meta-analysis B pooled the comparison of plasma/serum ghrelin levels in OSAHS patients before and after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, which included 155 participants from 4 studies, it revealed that plasma/serum ghrelin levels were no significant differences between before and after CPAP therapy (SMD = 0.12, 95%CI = −0.07 to 0.31, P = .22).

Conclusion:
The meta-analysis A demonstrated that plasma/serum ghrelin levels were no significant differences between the OSAHS group and the control group. The meta-analysis B showed plasma/serum ghrelin levels have no significant changes after CPAP therapy in OSAHS patients.
18F-FDG PET/CT imaging for aggressive melanotic schwannoma of the L3 spinal root
Authors: Shen Xun-Ze , Wang Wei , Luo Zhou-Ye 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Rationale:
Melanotic schwannoma (MS) is an unusual variant of a nerve sheath neoplasm that accounts for less than 1% of all primary peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) has unique value in detecting malignant MS lesions. To date, only 4 cases of MS with hepatic metastasis have been reported. Herein, we report the fifth case, which is the first reported patient with MS of Asian ethnicity with hepatic metastasis.

Patient concerns:
A 29-year-old woman with a 1-day history of backache was admitted to our hospital. PET/CT showed a paravertebral heterogeneous soft tissue mass along the spinal nerve at the L2-L3 level with strong FDG uptake, and a nodule with increased FDG uptake in the lateral lobe of the left liver.

Diagnosis:

A puncture biopsy of the L3 bony destruction and surrounding soft tissue mass was performed. The final diagnosis was spinal MS with hepatic metastasis.

Interventions:
The patient underwent 6 courses of systemic chemotherapy.

Outcomes:
The patient did not receive further treatment for half a year after the end of chemotherapy and recovered well.

Lessons:
Unlike conventional schwannomas, which are completely benign, MS has an unpredictable prognosis. It is thought to have low malignant potential, and the malignant type tends to metastasize. FDG PET/CT has a unique and important value in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions, in detecting occult metastases, monitoring the treatment response, and assessing the prognosis of MS.
“PEM Pals”—Cultivating a Learning Community During the Pandemic
Authors: Goldman Michael P. , Rudd Alexis V. , Auerbach Marc A. 
Published: March 2021

Objectives
The current pandemic has pushed medical educators to rethink traditional learning constructs as residents are experiencing fewer patient contacts in the pediatric emergency department (PED). Especially for those bound for a career in pediatric emergency medicine (PEM), we designed a curriculum to proactively address this emerging learning gap, incorporating a wellness “check-in” at the beginning of each session. The objective of this report is to share the themes of this wellness check-ins with those engaged in pediatric emergency medicine education and mentorship. Additionally, we share our curricular approach as we plan to continue PEM Pals after the pandemic restrictions are lifted.

Methods
“PEM Pals” is a twice-weekly video conference meeting made up of pediatric residents with an expressed interest in PEM and those residents currently on rotation in the pediatric emergency department. Following a flipped classroom model, participants complete a presession learning activity and then core PEM topics are covered through literature review, case discussions, and telesimulations. Each meeting begins with a wellness “check-in.” Themes generated from these check-ins were member checked by our core learning contingent.

Results
Nine residents make up our core learning contingent and we have had 11 “PEM Pals” sessions since March 2020. Three themes emerged from the wellness check-ins. The first was each postgraduate year's unique concern over professional transitions. The second was a pervasive sense of guilt. And the third was a grave concern about their ability to support and be supported from their personal communities.

Conclusions
The goal of our curriculum was to supplement an anticipated knowledge gap. Through use of a wellness “check-in,” we elicited important themes for PEM educational leaders to consider as they mentor pediatric residents toward a career in PEM during the pandemic.
The effect of stimulus duration on preferences for gain adjustments when listening to speech
Authors: Whitmer William M. , Caswell-Midwinter Benjamin , Naylor Graham 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesIn the personalisation of hearing aid fittings, gain is often adjusted to suit patient preferences using live speech. When using brief sentences as stimuli, the minimum gain adjustments necessary to elicit consistent preferences (‘preference thresholds’) were previously found to be much greater than typical adjustments in current practice. The current study examined the role of duration on preference thresholds.DesignParticipants heard 2, 4 and 6-s segments of a continuous monologue presented successively in pairs. The first segment of each pair was presented at each individual’s real-ear or prescribed gain. The second segment was presented with a ±0-12 dB gain adjustment in one of three frequency bands. Participants judged whether the second was “better”, “worse” or “no different” from the first.Study SampleTwenty-nine adults, all with hearing-aid experience.ResultsThe minimum gain adjustments needed to elicit “better” or “worse” judgments decreased with increasing duration for most adjustments. Inter-participant agreement and intra-participant reliability increased with increasing duration up to 4 s, then remained stable.ConclusionsProviding longer stimuli improves the likelihood of patients providing reliable judgments of hearing-aid gain adjustments, but the effect is limited, and alternative fitting methods may be more viable for effective hearing-aid personalisation.