bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of selected medicinal plant materials and dicyandiamide on nitrification of urea‐derived ammonium under laboratory conditions
Authors: Tahir Majid Mahmood , Begum Shahida , Maqbool Mehdi , Khaliq Abdul , Zahid Noosheen , Mehmood Khalid , Shehzad Muhammad 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground: Poor utilization of urea fertilizer and N losses from agriculture lands demands alternate fertilization practices to reduce N losses and improve utilization,i.e., application of nitrification inhibitors.Aims: This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the influence of dicyandiamide (DCD) and selected medicinal plant materials and on N transformations, nitrification inhibition and recovery of applied N.Methods: Treatments included: urea nitrogen (UN), UN + DCD, UN +Gingiber officinale, UN +Viola odorata, UN +Sewertia chirata, UN +Azadirachta indica, UN +Sphaenathus indicus, UN +Allium sativus, UN +Artemisia absenthium, UN +Fumaria indicus, UN +Caesalpinea bondusella, UN +Barberis lyceum, and an un‐amended control. Urea was applied at 200 mg N kg−1soil, while DCD and medicinal plant materials were applied at of 1% and 20% of applied urea, respectively.Results: Medicinal plant materials inhibited nitrification of urea‐derived . On an average of medicinal plant materials treatments, 51% of was still present in soil compared to 17% in UN treatment without medicinal plant materials after 28 days. Similarly, was 76.54 mg kg−1in UN treatment compared to 34.40 mg kg−1in UN + medicinal plant materials treatments, indicating 55% reduction in nitrification. Apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) in UN treatment was 65% compared to 74% in UN + DCD treatment. ANR in treatments, where UN was amended with medicinal plant materials, varied between 58 to 70%.Conclusions: The use of DCD and medicinal plant materials with UN significantly reduced oxidation and nitrification (). In general, medicinal plant materials were more effective in regulating N transformations and, thus, offer a suitable alternate fertilization practice to reduce N losses and improve fertilizer utilization.
Image‐based simulation of complex fracture networks by numerical manifold method
Authors: Wu Jie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractComplex geometric features of fracture networks contained in rock masses can be captured by digital images quickly and accurately. However, the continuous and discontinuous deformation simulation of rock masses directly based on digital images is still challenging. Based on the Numerical Manifold Method (NMM), a simple and efficient image‐based simulation method is developed for rock masses containing complex fracture networks. A new crack model, named as “voxel crack model,” is generated based on pixel values of the digital image and a user‐defined resolution. With the voxel crack model, physical cover and manifold elements in NMM are then efficiently generated for complex fracture networks. After this, the continuous and discontinuous displacement fields of rock masses are simulated straightforwardly. In the present work, conventionally burdensome tasks, like boundary detections to transform digital images into computer aided design (CAD) models, generating conforming meshes, and explicitly tracking of fracture surfaces, are avoided. Several benchmarks validate the developed method. The calculated continuous and discontinuous deformation field of the San Leo rock slope containing a complex fracture network demonstrates the capability of the proposed method for practical engineering application.
Preemptive Versus Reactive Topical Clobetasol for Regorafenib-Induced Hand-Foot Reactions: A Preplanned Analysis of the ReDOS Trial
Authors: Jatoi Aminah , Ou Fang-Shu , Ahn Daniel H. , Zemla Tyler J. , Le-Rademacher Jennifer G. , Boland Patrick , Ciombor Kristen K. , Jacobs Nisha L. , Pasche Boris , Cleary James M. , McCune Jeannine S. , Pedersen Katrina S. , Barzi Afsaneh , Chiorean E. Gabriela , Heying Erica N. , Lenz Heinz-Josef , Sloan Jeff A. , Grothey Axel , Lacouture Mario E. , Bekaii-Saab Tanios 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR) is the most common regorafenib-induced adverse event and is in need of effective prevention and palliation.

Materials and Methods
The Regorafenib Dose Optimization Study (ReDOS), a four-arm, previously published trial with a 1:1:1:1 randomization scheme, was analyzed in a manner in keeping with the original protocol to assess whether clobetasol 0.05% cream (a corticosteroid) applied to the palms and soles twice per day for 8 weeks was more effective when prescribed preemptively (before the development of HFSR) versus reactively (after the development of HFSR). Patients were assessed during the first two cycles of regorafenib.

Results
Sixty-one patients received preemptive clobetasol, and 55 received reactive clobetasol. Groups were balanced on demographics. Over the first two cycles, no evidence of HFSR occurred in 30% with preemptive clobetasol versus 13% with reactive clobetasol (p = .03). During the first cycle, 54% and 45% of patients had no HFSR with preemptive and reactive clobetasol, respectively (p = .35). During the second cycle, 33% and 15% had no HFSR with preemptive and reactive clobetasol, respectively (p = .02). During the second cycle, rates of grade 1, 2, and 3 HFSR were 30%, 8%, and 3%, respectively, with preemptive clobetasol and 43%, 18%, and 7%, respectively, with reactive clobetasol (p = .12). Patient-reported outcomes showed HFSR compromised nearly all activities of daily living with worse quality of life in patients who received reactive versus preemptive clobetasol. No clobetasol-induced adverse events were reported.

Conclusion
Preemptive clobetasol might lessen regorafenib-induced hand-foot reactions compared with reactive therapy. Further confirmatory studies are needed in a larger patient cohort.

Implications for Practice
Regorafenib causes hand-foot skin reactions. Preemptive clobetasol, a high-potency topical corticosteroid, appears to lessen the severity of this adverse event. Although further study is needed, the favorable adverse event profile of this intervention might prompt clinicians to discuss this option with their patients.
Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of Alumina over Activated Carbon Electrodes Enabling a Stable 4 V Supercapacitor Operation
Authors: Gandla Dayakar , Song Guanghui , Wu Chongrui , Ein‐Eli Yair , Tan Daniel Q. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDesigning high voltage (>3 V) and stable electrochemical supercapacitors with low self‐discharge is desirable for the applications in modern electronic devices. This work demonstrates a 4 V symmetric supercapacitor with stabilized cycling performance through atomic layer deposition (ALD) of alumina (Al2O3) on the surface of activated carbon (AC). The 20‐cycle ALD Al2O3 coated AC delivers 84 % capacitance retention after 1000 charge/discharge cycles under 4 V, contrary to the bare AC cells having only 48 % retention. The extended cycling life is associated with the thickened Stern layer and suppressed oxygen functional group. The self‐discharge data also show that the Al2O3 coating enables AC cells to maintain 53 % of charge retention after 12 h, which is more than twice higher than that of bare AC cells under the same test protocol of 4 V charging. The curve fitting analysis reveals that ALD coating induced slow self‐discharge dominated by ion diffusion mechanism, thus enhancing the AC surface energy.
Recent Catalytic Approaches for the Production of Cycloalkane Intermediates from Lignin‐Based Aromatic Compounds: A Review
Authors: Gundekari Sreedhar , Kumar Karmee Sanjib 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLignin is one of the primary components of lignocellulosic biomass. It is an alternative and sustainable source for aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons. Lignin is obtained in large quantities as a co‐product in sugar, paper‐pulp, and bioethanol industries. Hydrodeoxygenation/‐hydrogenation of lignin‐based phenolic compounds is an important route to synthesize new generation products. This review focuses on recent catalytic methods for selective conversion of phenolics into cyclohexa(nol/none/ne); which are precursors for emerging polymers and fuels. Furthermore, effect of metal catalysts, supports, and parameters on different reactions were discussed along with possible industrial applications of obtained cycloalkanes. In addition, limitations, advantages, and future scope of hydrodeoxygenation/‐hydrogenation of monolignols are also described.
Label‐Free Biophysical Markers from Whole Blood Microfluidic Immune Profiling Reveal Severe Immune Response Signatures
Authors: Zeming Kerwin Kwek , Vernekar Rohan , Chua Mui Teng , Quek Kai Yun , Sutton Greg , Krüger Timm , Kuan Win Sen , Han Jongyoon 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDisease manifestation and severity from acute infections are often due to hyper‐aggressive host immune responses which change within minutes. Current methods for early diagnosis of infections focus on detecting low abundance pathogens, which are time‐consuming, of low sensitivity, and do not reflect the severity of the pathophysiology appropriately. The approach here focuses on profiling the rapidly changing host inflammatory response, which in its over‐exuberant state, leads to sepsis and death. A 15‐min label‐free immune profiling assay from 20 µL of unprocessed blood using unconventional L and Inverse‐L shaped pillars of deterministic lateral displacement microfluidic technology is developed. The hydrodynamic interactions of deformable immune cells enable simultaneous sorting and immune response profiling in whole blood. Preliminary clinical study of 85 donors in emergency department with a spectrum of immune response states from healthy to severe inflammatory response shows correlation with biophysical markers of immune cell size, deformability, distribution, and cell counts. The speed of patient stratification demonstrated here has promising impact in deployable point‐of‐care systems for acute infections triage, risk management, and resource allocation at emergency departments, where clinical manifestation of infection severity may not be clinically evident as compared to inpatients in the wards or intensive care units.
Anisotropic 2D SiAs for High‐Performance UV–Visible Photodetectors
Authors: Kim Doyeon , Park Kidong , Lee Jong Hyun , Kwon Ik Seon , Kwak In Hye , Park Jeunghee 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRecently, extensive efforts have been directed at finding novel 2D‐layered structures with anisotropic crystal structures. Herein, the in‐plane anisotropic optical and (photo)electrical properties of 2D SiAs nanosheets synthesized using a solid‐state reaction and subsequent mechanical exfoliation are reported. The angle‐resolved polarized Raman spectrum shows high in‐plane anisotropy of the phonon vibration modes, which are consistent with the theoretical prediction. Field‐effect transistor devices fabricated using the SiAs nanosheets demonstrate significant anisotropy in the hole mobility with an anisotropic ratio as high as 5.5. Photodetectors fabricated with single SiAs nanosheet exhibit high sensitivity in the UV–visible region, and the anisotropic ratio of the photocurrent reaches 5.3 at 514.5 nm and 2.3 at 325 nm. This work lays the foundation for future research in anisotropic 2D materials.
Physicochemical, Functional Properties, and In Vitro Digestibility Studies of Starch from Rice Cultivars Grown in Indian Temperate Region
Authors: Qadir Nafiya , Wani Idrees Ahmed , Masoodi Farooq Ahmad 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFour rice cultivars (SR‐4, K‐39, Mushq Budij, and Pigmented) grown in Kashmir were selected for starch extraction and characterization. Rice starches were observed for physicochemical, functional properties, and in vitro digestibility studies for estimation of their glycemic indices. Compositional analysis revealed that moisture, crude fat, ash, and protein contents of rice starches varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) from 7.96 to 11.33, 0.15–0.31, 0.23–0.27, and 0.29–0.36 g per 100 g. Pigmented starch revealed high amylose content (25.40 g per 100g) that contribute for high solubility index (0.01–0.08 g per g) and low peak viscosity (3.31 Pa s). Scanning electron microscopy of all the starches revealed polyhedral granule shape. An X‐ray diffractogram showed the starches to possess A‐type pattern with prominent peaks at 15.27, 17.63, and 23.29°. Gelatinization enthalpy of starches varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) from 8.30 to 11.15 J g−1. K‐39 starch with least amylose content (21.08 g per 100 g) had high peak (92.01 °C) and conclusion (107.95 °C) temperatures, indicating more thermal stability. Pigmented starch displayed high resistant starch content (12.61 g per 100 g). Starches displayed high predicted glycemic index scores (82.10–84.80), indicating their non‐utility for diabetic populations.
Performance of an omnidirectional piezoelectric wind energy harvester
Authors: Shi Tianyi , Hu Gang , Zou Lianghao , Song Jie , Kwok Kenny C.S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a vortex‐induced vibration (VIV)‐based piezoelectric energy harvester that performs well for all wind directions, a so‐called omnidirectional wind energy harvester. The kinetic energy of this harvester stems from wind‐induced vibrations of a circular cylinder mounted on an orthogonal bibeam system, rather than a traditional single beam. Wind tunnel testing results show that compared to the traditional single‐beam energy harvester, the proposed harvester substantially enhances the effectiveness, in most cases that the beam is skew to the incoming flow. The reasons for the enhancement are explained in detail by examining the wind‐induced displacement response components of the cylinder identified by the image processing technique. For all wind directions, both the maximal output energy and the range of effectively working wind speed of the proposed bibeam wind energy harvester are significantly improved with respect to the single‐beam system, indicating excellent performance of the proposed omnidirectional harvester in a natural wind environment.
Conclusion: Spiralling Forwards, Backwards, and Together to Decolonise Freshwater
Authors: Parsons Meg , Fisher Karen , Crease Roa Petra 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this concluding chapter, we bring together our earlier analyses of the historical and contemporary waterscapes of the Waipā River (Aotearoa New Zealand) to consider the theory and practice of Indigenous environmental justice. In this chapter, we return to review three key dimensions of environmental justice: distributive, procedural, and recognition. We summarise the efforts of one Māori tribal group (Ngāti Maniapoto) to challenge the knowledge and authority claims of the settler-colonial-state and draw attention to the pluralistic dimensions of Indigenous environmental (in)justice. Furthermore, we highlight that since settler colonialism is not a historic moment but still a ongoing reality for Indigneous peoples living settler societies it is critically important to critically evaluate theorising about and environmental justice movements through a decolonising praxis.
Environmental Justice and Indigenous Environmental Justice
Authors: Parsons Meg , Fisher Karen , Crease Roa Petra 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this chapter we provide a broad overview of three dominant ways environmental justice is framed within the scholarship and consider how Indigenous peoples’ understanding and demands for environmental justice necessitate a decolonising approach. Despite critiques, many scholars and policymakers still conceive of environment justice through a singular approach (as distributive equity, procedural inclusion, or recognition of cultural difference). Such a narrow reading fails to appreciate the intersecting and interacting processes that underpin environmental (in)justices faced by Indigenous peoples. We argue that the theoretical discussions and empirical research into environmental (in)justice need to extend beyond Western liberal philosophies and instead consider pluralistic approach to Indigenous environment justice which is founded on Indigenous ontologies and epistemologies, which include intergenerational and more-human-human justice requirements.
‘The past is always in front of us’: Locating Historical Māori Waterscapes at the Centre of Discussions of Current and Future Freshwater Management
Authors: Parsons Meg , Fisher Karen , Crease Roa Petra 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines the historical waterscapes of Indigenous Māori iwi (tribes) and hapū (sub-tribes) in the Waipā River (Aotearoa New Zealand). We highlight some of the principles of Te Ao Māori (the Māori world) that shaped Māori understandings and engagements with their ancestral waters and lands prior to colonisation. We explore how the arrival of Europeans resulted in Māori embracing new technologies, ideas, and biota, but always situating and adapting these new imports to fit within their Indigenous ontologies and epistemologies. In contrast, British colonial officials were unwilling to embrace such cross-cultural learnings nor allow Te Ao Māori to peacefully co-existent with their own world (Te Ao Pākehā). Military invasion, war, and the confiscation of Māori land occurred, which laid the foundations for environmental injustices.
A History of the Settler-Colonial Freshwater Impure-Ment: Water Pollution and the Creation of Multiple Environmental Injustices Along the Waipaˉ River
Authors: Parsons Meg , Fisher Karen , Crease Roa Petra 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, we outline the history of water pollution in Aotearoa New Zealand’s Waipā River and its tributaries and demonstrate how environmental injustices can accumulate slowly over time. We highlight how Indigenous (Māori) and non-Indigenous (Pākehā) peoples held fundamentally different understandings of what constituted contaminated or clean water based on their different ontologies and epistemologies. We highlight how Māori people and their tikanga (laws) and mātauranga (knowledge) were excluded from settler-state water management planning processes for the majority of the twentieth century. Since 1991 new legislation (Resource Management Act) allows for Māori to participate in decision-making, however Māori values and knowledge continues to be marginalised, and Māori concerns about water pollution remain unaddressed. Accordingly, in the Waipā River environmental injustice continues to accumulate.
Co-Management in Theory and Practice: Co-Managing the Waipaˉ River
Authors: Parsons Meg , Fisher Karen , Crease Roa Petra 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn Aotearoa New Zealand, co-management initiatives are increasingly commonplace and are intended to improve sustainable management of environments as well as foster more equitable sharing of power between the settler-state and Indigenous Māori iwi (tribes). In this chapter we examine one such co-management arrangement that recognises and includes Ngāti Maniapoto iwi in decision-making about their ancestral river (the upper section of the Waipā River Catchment) and whether the implementation of initiative translated into tangible benefits for the iwi. Our research findings highlight how co-management agreement is perceived as overwhelming positive by both government and Ngāti Maniapoto representatives. However iwi note that they still face substantive barriers to achieving environmental justice (including the lack of formal recognition of their authority and power, and limited resourcing).
Why Explore Stranded Encyclopedias?
Authors: Holmberg Linn 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInfluential publications have long occupied central positions in histories of literature, philosophy, and science. The history of encyclopedias is no exception. With the ongoing digitization and increasing accessibility of historically important reference works, this trend is in fact still being reinforced. In this chapter, however, Linn Holmberg argues that by shifting our attention from successful publications to projects that somehow “failed,” we can deepen our understanding of modern encyclopedic practice—its development, challenges, motivations, and geographical expansion. Here, the concepts ofstrandedandstrandednesscan function as simple yet powerful analytical tools to compare cases where intellectual ambitions and practical outcomes have parted ways, and to explore the complex relationships between the finished and the unfinished, the printed and the non-printed, the complete and the uncomplete, the updated and the outdated, as well as the successfully and unsuccessfully disseminated. After all, all human undertakings run the risk of being stranded—of not reaching a desired destination, or of not being fulfilled as planned. Studying stranded encyclopedias means taking seriously the many obstacles facing those who pursue complete knowledge, and uncovering what it takes for large-scale enterprises to be realized and made public in various historical contexts.
A Buddhist Alternative
Authors: Long William J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter concludes with a summary of essential features of a Buddhist approach to thinking about the world, our role in it, and the type of political environments conducive to our higher nature. It notes that Buddhism has historically shaped a wide variety of societies in Asia and is adaptable to the Western world and to contemporary international challenges. Further, rather than being unscientific or otherworldly, Buddhist concepts are remarkably consistent with emerging findings in the natural and biological sciences.
Cysts of the “Oro-Maxillofacial Region”
Authors: Malik Neelima 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCysts of the Oro-Maxillofacial region have common occurrence in comparison to any other parts of the body. These can be true cysts or pseudocysts and can be found in the jaw bones or in the soft tissues. Cysts are of various types, and over the years, various classifications are put forward, which are helpful to identify each cyst, based on its origin and its clinical and histopathological presentation. Based on the classification, one can also decide the treatment plan accordingly. The classifications are given by various researchers and also by WHO. In this chapter, various odontogenic and nonodontogenic cysts and their treatment aspect are discussed in detail.
Benign Odontogenic Tumours
Authors: Shah Anjan Kumar 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOdontogenic tumours of the maxillofacial region presents with a large number of histologic patterns and are derived from the primordial tooth forming tissues. They can occur most commonly in mandible and maxilla. The recent WHO classification helps in developing the appropriate treatment plan and categorizing the tumours. The present chapter deals with various benign odontogenic tumours with their clinical presentation and management in detail, based on clinical scenarios.
Ear Reconstruction
Authors: Ladani Paritkumar 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMicrotia is a congenital deformity of the external ear, with a prevalence rate of approximately 1 in 10,000 live births worldwide. The auricle is a distinguishing feature of the face. Its deformity may have severe psycho-social implications on the affected children, affecting their self-confidence. Current reconstructive techniques for microtia mainly include the auricular prosthesis, implantation of alloplastic or an autologous rib cartilage framework. Alloplastic implant reproduces an excellent shape of the ear with no donor site morbidity, however its bio-integration is questionable and may make them prone for extrusion and infection. Sub-cutaneous implantation of autologous rib cartilage still remains the gold-stand treatment for microtia. However this technique has its surgical morbidities and skill demands, which makes it difficult to master. Translational research in the fields of tissue engineering for generation of bone and cartilage for ear reconstruction are emerging trends.