bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the philosophy and practice of AI literacy in higher education in the Global South: a scoping review
Authors: Van Wyk Brenda 
Published: December 2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is at the top of the agendas of higher education and education leaders are required to give direction in educating the next generation of students and citizens. AI holds positive answers to technological innovations, but the potential for continued inequities, exclusion and divides must not be ignored. As a relatively new concept, AI literacy is often viewed as a complex concept requiring more detailed conceptualisation. Furthermore, with the recent hype around generative AI (GenAI), discussions and explorations around what AI literacy is, are now being deliberated. Historically AI was the domain of mathematicians and computer scientists. This is changing as the wider implication of AI permeates all aspects of society, in particular the ethical and informed use of AI and GenAI is paramount. This leaves higher education with the dilemma of deciding who is responsible in teaching and facilitation AI literacy. Keeping in mind that there is an abundance of new literacies in academia. This problem is particularly pronounced in the Global South countries, where digital exclusions and social injustice are becoming more complex. This scoping review evaluated 40 screened and eligible peer reviewed articles and conference proceedings published between 2020- 2024 on AI literacy in higher education in the Global South. The aim of the study was to gauge the extant research on AI literacy and its subsequent ethical implications in higher education in the Global South. The study further explored which philosophies and frameworks inform and guide AI literacy research and support in higher education within the selected region. Findings are that while the disciplines of education are engaging in research, other disciplines such as Information Science are interdisciplinary actors in teaching and facilitating AI literacy, but that there is a pronounced paucity in research being conducted
Four Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Subgroups, Defined by Autoantibodies Status, Differ Regarding HLA‐DRB1 Genotype Associations and Immunological and Clinical Manifestations
Authors: Diaz‐Gallo Lina‐Marcela , Oke Vilija , Lundström Emeli , Elvin Kerstin , Ling Wu Yee , Eketjäll Susanna , Zickert Agneta , Gustafsson Johanna T. , Jönsen Andreas , Leonard Dag , Birmingham Daniel J. , Nordmark Gunnel , Bengtsson Anders A. , Rönnblom Lars , Gunnarsson Iva , Yu Chack‐Yung , Padyukov Leonid , Svenungsson Elisabet 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveThe heterogeneity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) constitutes clinical and therapeutical challenges. We therefore studied whether unrecognized disease subgroups can be identified by using autoantibody profiling together with HLA‐DRB1 alleles and immunological and clinical data.MethodsAn unsupervised cluster analysis was performed based on detection of 13 SLE‐associated autoantibodies (double‐stranded DNA, nucleosomes, ribosomal P, ribonucleoprotein [RNP] 68, RNPA, Smith [Sm], Sm/RNP, Sjögren's syndrome antigen A [SSA]/Ro52, SSA/Ro60, Sjögren's syndrome antigen B [SSB]/La, cardiolipin [CL]‐Immunoglobulin G [IgG], CL–Immunoglobulin M [IgM], and β2 glycoprotein I [β2GPI]–IgG) in 911 patients with SLE from two cohorts. We evaluated whether each SLE subgroup is associated with HLA‐DRB1 alleles, clinical manifestations (n = 743), and cytokine levels in circulation (n = 446).ResultsOur analysis identified four subgroups among the patients with SLE. Subgroup 1 (29.3%) was dominated by anti‐SSA/Ro60/Ro52/SSB autoantibodies and was strongly associated with HLA‐DRB1*03 (odds ratio [OR] = 4.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.52‐4.94). Discoid lesions were more common for this disease subgroup (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.18‐2.47). Subgroup 2 (28.7%) was dominated by anti‐nucleosome/SmRNP/DNA/RNPA autoantibodies and associated with HLA‐DRB1*15 (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.41‐1.84). Nephritis was most common in this subgroup (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.14‐2.26). Subgroup 3 (23.8%) was characterized by anti‐ß2GPI‐IgG/anti‐CL–IgG/IgM autoantibodies and a higher frequency of HLA‐DRB1*04 compared with the other patients with SLE. Vascular events were more common in Subgroup 3 (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.2‐2.5). Subgroup 4 (18.2%) was negative for the investigated autoantibodies, and this subgroup was not associated with HLA‐DRB1. Additionally, the levels of eight cytokines significantly differed among the disease subgroups.ConclusionOur findings suggest that four fairly distinct subgroups can be identified on the basis of the autoantibody profile in SLE. These four SLE subgroups differ regarding associations with HLA‐DRB1 alleles and immunological and clinical features, suggesting dissimilar disease pathways.
Ultrasonically Propelled Micro‐ and Nanorobots
Authors: Li Jinhua , Mayorga‐Martinez Carmen C. , Ohl Claus‐Dieter , Pumera Martin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUltrasound at sufficiently low amplitudes, specifically in the MHz frequency range, does little harm to the biological samples (such as cells and tissues) and provides an advantageous and well‐controlled means to efficiently power microswimmers. In this review, a state‐of‐the‐art overview of ultrasonically propelled micro‐ and nanorobots from the perspective of chemistry, physics, and materials science is given. First, the well‐established theory of ultrasound propulsion for micro/nanorobots is introduced. Second, the setup designs for ultrasound propulsion of micro/nanorobots are classified. Following this, the presentative fabrication methods of ultrasonic micro/nanorobots are summarized in detail. After this, the mechanisms of ultrasound propulsion for micro/nanorobots are explored and discussed. The hybrid motion of magnetic‐, light‐, and catalytic‐driven micro/nanorobots with ultrasonic actuation is then summarized and discussed. Subsequently, this review highlights and discusses representative potential applications of ultrasound‐powered functional micro/nanorobots in biomedical, environmental, and other relevant fields. Lastly, this review presents a future outlook on the ultrasound‐driven micro/nanorobots.
All‐Green Solvent‐Processed Planar Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells with Outstanding Power Conversion Efficiency of 16%
Authors: Wan Ji , Zeng Li , Liao Xunfan , Chen Zeng , Liu Siqi , Zhu Peipei , Zhu Haiming , Chen Yiwang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDevice engineering is an effective way to improve the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Currently, the widely used bulk heterojunction (BHJ) structure has problems such as material solubility limitations and the emerging pseudoplanar heterojunction (PPHJ) structure is also troubled by printing technology requirements. However, these issues can be solved by the reasonable application of traditional planar heterojunction (PHJ) structure. Herein, PM6:BO‐4F system is selected to prepare PHJ devices by combining sequential spin‐coating and orthogonal solvent strategy. In view of the good solubility of PM6 and BO‐4F in commonly used high‐boiling solvent chlorobenzene (CB) and green solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF), respectively, the PHJ devices are successfully prepared by using these two orthogonal solvents, achieving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.6%. On this basis, green nonhalogen reagent o‐xylene (O‐XY) is further used to process PM6. Due to the large polarity difference between O‐XY and THF, all‐green solvent‐processed PHJ devices are successfully fabricated and obtain an astonishing PCE of 16%. As far as it is known, it is the highest efficiency for PHJ OSCs. The results prove the huge research potential of PHJ structure and point out new direction for solving OSC materials compatibility, long‐term stability, and future commercial applications.
Position‐Controlled Fabrication of Vertically Aligned Mo/MoS2 Core–Shell Nanopillar Arrays
Authors: Maduro Louis , Noordam Marc , Bolhuis Maarten , Kuipers Laurens , Conesa‐Boj Sonia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe fabrication of 2D materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), in geometries beyond the standard platelet‐like configuration exhibits significant challenges which severely limit the range of available morphologies. These challenges arise due to the anisotropic character of their bonding van der Waals out‐of‐plane while covalent in‐plane. Furthermore, industrial applications based on TMD nanostructures with non‐standard morphologies require full control on the size‐, morphology‐, and position on the wafer scale. Such a precise control remains an open problem of which solution would lead to the opening of novel directions in terms of optoelectronic applications. Here, a novel strategy to fabricate position‐controlled Mo/MoS2 core–shell nanopillars (NPs) is reported on. Metal‐Mo NPs are first patterned on a silicon wafer. These Mo NPs are then used as scaffolds for the synthesis of Mo/MoS2 core/shell NPs by exposing them to a rich sulfur environment. Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals the core/shell nature of the NPs. It is demonstrated that individual Mo/MoS2 NPs exhibits significant nonlinear optical processes driven by the MoS2 shell, realizing a precise localization of the nonlinear signal. These results represent an important step towards realizing 1D TMD‐based nanostructures as building blocks of a new generation of nanophotonic devices.
Thermo‐Optically Designed Scalable Photonic Films with High Thermal Conductivity for Subambient and Above‐Ambient Radiative Cooling
Authors: Li Pengli , Wang Ao , Fan Junjie , Kang Qi , Jiang Pingkai , Bao Hua , Huang Xingyi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRadiative cooling is a promising passive cooling technology that reflects sunlight and emits heat to deep space without any energy consumption. Current research mainly focuses on cooling non‐heat‐generating objects (e.g., water) to a deep subambient temperature under sunlight. Toward real‐world applications, however, cooling outdoor objects that generate tremendous heat and have a temperature higher than ambient (e.g., communication base stations and data centres) remains a challenge. Herein, a scalable photonic film is prepared by introducing 2D dielectric nanoplates with high backward scattering efficiency into a polymer using a simulation aided thermo‐optical design. It is demonstrated that the dielectric nanoplates can break the trade‐off between optical reflection and thermal dissipation of conventional radiative coolers. The photonic film exhibits superior solar reflectance (98%) and has a stronger heat dissipation ability compared to the matrix. It exhibits ≈4 °C subambient cooling performance under direct sunlight and ≈9 °C cooling performance at night. Moreover, it also demonstrates remarkable above‐ambient cooling performance by reducing the underlying heater temperature of ≈18 °C in comparison with traditional polymers under sunlight. The dielectric nanoplates reported here provide an innovative strategy for applications related to light management beyond subambient and above‐ambient radiative cooling.
Thermochromic Hydrogels with Dynamic Solar Modulation and Regulatable Critical Response Temperature for Energy‐Saving Smart Windows
Authors: Xu Gang , Xia Huan , Chen Pengyu , She Wei , Zhang Hanning , Ma Jing , Ruan Qiushi , Zhang Wei , Sun ZhengMing 
Published: October 2021

AbstractConventional buildings consume about 40% of global energy, smart window technologies have been developed for sunlight modulation and energy management. Most current smart windows change from transparent to opaque as the temperature rises, which is detrimental to indoor lighting at daytime or privacy protection at night. In this work, a versatile thermochromic hydrogel system by introducing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles into a crosslinked copolymer of hydrophilic acrylamide and hydrophobic stearyl methacrylate (C18) is developed. The liquid precursor solution can be encapsulated within two glass panels and in situ gelated to prepared smart windows, which showed excellent solar modulation ability (Tlum = 99.05%, DTsolar = 33.42%), dual responsiveness (thermal and pH) and tunable phase transition temperature (20–50 °C). Moreover, this design selectively blocks infrared light, while allowing ultraviolet and visible light through at daytime, which is beneficial for indoor illumination and heat insulation. When temperature drops at night, C18 units aggregate within SDS micelles to increase their dimensions, causing enhanced light blocking properties (opaque) to protect the customers’ privacy. The as‐prepared hydrogel‐based smart windows present a facile strategy to meet the stringent requirements of high transparency, excellent solar modulation ability, easy to fabricate and mechanical flexibility, holding great promise for the next‐generation energy‐saving buildings.
Flexibly Deformable Collagen Hydrogel Tube Reproducing Immunological Tissue Deformation of Blood Vessels as a Pharmacokinetic Testing Model
Authors: Itai Shun , Onoe Hiroaki 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSince the biochemical reaction of blood vessels plays an essential role in immune response or various diseases, in vitro vascular models have high demand from medical fields. However, vascular models often tend to be difficult to mimic the biomedical reaction faithfully because of the lack of implementation of the tissue deformation. Here, an inflammatory mediator‐induced deformation reaction of a blood vessel on a flexibly deformable collagen hydrogel tube device is reproduced. A self‐standing collagen tube enables the tissue to deform flexibly in biochemical reaction and achieves contraction both at tissue and cell level. The contraction of tissue relieves the stress between cells under reaction to maintain cellular junctions even tight junctions are broken. Also, the drug perfusion test with antihistamine chemical is easily performed due to the connector part and properly inhibits the inflammatory reaction. Moreover, the traction force on endothelial cells is analyzed as about 0.9 µN on two types of scaffolds with different stiffness. It is believed that the potential of the flexible tissue model to reproduce biochemical reactions can contribute to the fabrication of vascular tissue models mimicking in vivo in high similarity as a platform for biomedical researches and pharmacokinetic testing.
Dynamic Polymer Amphiphiles for Efficient Intracellular and In Vivo Protein Delivery
Authors: Xu Jingke , Li Zhan , Fan Qianqian , Lv Jia , Li Yiwen , Cheng Yiyun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntracellular delivery of proteins is receiving considerable attention in biotherapeutics for various diseases by replacing dysfunctional proteins. Successful intracellular protein delivery highly relies on the development of efficient and safe polymeric carriers, which remains a grand challenge due to the lack of strong binding sites on proteins and their distinct molecular sizes and polarities. In this work, a strategy is proposed for efficient intracellular protein delivery by using dynamic polymer supra‐amphiphiles, which are prepared by grafting boronated polylysine with a series of lipidated catechols via dynamic covalent catechol–boronate ester bonds. The prepared supra‐amphiphiles can coassemble with proteins to form stable nanoparticles in water and also enable the release of bound proteins in cells due to their dynamic features, thereby strongly promoting the intracellular delivery process. The lead supra‐amphiphiles screened in the library demonstrate high efficiency in the delivery of various proteins including bovine serum albumin, β‐galactosidase, α‐chymotrypsin, saporin, R‐phycoerythrin, ovalbumin, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, and show great potency in delivering superoxide dismutase to treat ulcerative colitis in vivo. This work provides new opportunities for rational design and facile construction of robust intracellular protein delivery materials by the integration of polymer chemistry and supramolecular engineering strategies.
Emerging Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidation under Near‐Neutral CO2 Reduction Conditions
Authors: Jiang Nan , Zhu Zhiwei , Xue Wenjie , Xia Bao Yu , You Bo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractElectrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), which produces valuable fuels and chemicals under near‐neutral conditions, offers a renewable approach to alleviate the global energy crisis as well as the increasing concerns on climate change. However, to implement this strategy, one of the major challenges, the sluggish kinetics of the paired oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at anode, needs to be surmounted. It is therefore highly desirable to explore high‐performance and cost‐effective OER electrocatalysts suitable for CO2RR conditions, which is very different from those widely investigated under acidic or alkaline conditions. In this review, the ongoing development of OER electrocatalysts under near pH‐neutral CO2‐saturated (bi)carbonate solutions are highlighted and the future opportunities are discussed. It is started with a brief introduction on OER paired with CO2RR, the relevant theoretical tools such as density functional theory (DFT) and particularly machine learning (ML), and the operando characterization techniques. Then, there are some detailed discussions of recent progress on the rational design of OER electrocatalysts under CO2RR conditions ranging from noble‐metal oxides to nonprecious metal phosphides, carbonates, (hydro)oxides, and so on. Finally, a perspective for developing OER electrocatalysts integrated with CO2 electroreduction is proposed.
Synergistic Modulation of the Separation of Photo‐Generated Carriers via Engineering of Dual Atomic Sites for Promoting Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Wang Gang , Huang Rong , Zhang Jiangwei , Mao Junjie , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe separation efficiency of photo‐generated carriers is still a great challenge that restricts the practical application of photocatalytic technology. The design of spatial separation path for photo‐generated carriers at atomic level provides an innovative approach to address this challenge. Herein, a facile dual atomic sites strategy, consisting of Cu‐N4 and C‐S‐C active moieties decorated on polymeric carbon nitride (Cu SAs/p‐CNS) is reported to simultaneously achieve the highly efficient separation of photo‐generated electrons and holes for boosting photocatalytic performance. As a proof of concept, the Cu SAs/p‐CNS is successfully applied to the photo‐oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5‐diformylfuran (DFF), which exhibits 77.1% HMF conversion and 85.6% DFF selectivity under visible light irradiation. The activity is considerably higher than that of bulk p‐CN, S doped p‐CN, and p‐CN supported Cu single atom catalysts. Theoretical calculations and experimental results suggest that, during photocatalytic reaction, the isolated Cu‐N4 sites directly capture photo‐generated electrons, while the surrounding S atoms bear photo‐generated holes, which synergistically facilitates the separation of photo‐generated carriers and thus results in enhanced photocatalytic activity. This study provides a new perspective for the rational design of high performance photocatalysts at atomic level.
Manipulating Color Emission in 2D Hybrid Perovskites by Fine Tuning Halide Segregation: A Transparent Green Emitter
Authors: Zanetta Andrea , Andaji‐Garmaroudi Zahra , Pirota Valentina , Pica Giovanni , Kosasih Felix Utama , Gouda Laxman , Frohna Kyle , Ducati Caterina , Doria Filippo , Stranks Samuel D. , Grancini Giulia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHalide perovskite materials offer an ideal playground for easily tuning their color and, accordingly, the spectral range of their emitted light. In contrast to common procedures, this work demonstrates that halide substitution in Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites not only progressively modulates the bandgap, but it can also be a powerful tool to control the nanoscale phase segregation—by adjusting the halide ratio and therefore the spatial distribution of recombination centers. As a result, thin films of chloride‐rich perovskite are engineered—which appear transparent to the human eye—with controlled tunable emission in the green. This is due to a rational halide substitution with iodide or bromide leading to a spatial distribution of phases where the minor component is responsible for the tunable emission, as identified by combined hyperspectral photoluminescence imaging and elemental mapping. This work paves the way for the next generation of highly tunable transparent emissive materials, which can be used as light‐emitting pixels in advanced and low‐cost optoelectronics.
A Wide‐Range Linear and Stable Piezoresistive Sensor Based on Methylcellulose‐Reinforced, Lamellar, and Wrinkled Graphene Aerogels
Authors: Li Guochen , Chu Zengyong , Gong Xiaofeng , Xiao Min , Dong Qichao , Zhao Zhenkai , Hu Tianjiao , Zhang Ye , Wang Jing , Tan Yinlong , Jiang Zhenhua 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGraphene‐based aerogels (GAs) have been extensively studied for pressure sensing applications due to their high compressibility and conductivity. But the usually‐adopted high‐temperature treatment generally damages the flexibility and stability. It is still challenging to prepare piezoresistive sensors with a wide linear range, and reliable cyclic performance. Herein, we demonstrate an excellent wide‐range piezoresistive sensor based on an aerogel of methylcellulose reinforced reduced graphene oxide (MC/GA). A steaming reduction at 120 °C is proposed to properly control the intermolecular forces and the chemical bonding between MC and GA. The finite element analysis indicates that wrinkled lamellae with hierarchical pores are beneficial to minimize the stress concentrations. As a result of the combined architecture of reinforced, oriented, and wrinkled lamellae with hierarchical pores, the MC/GA has a superior linearity in a much wide range (0–17 kPa, R2 > 0.997), a high sensitivity (9.38 kPa−1), a short response time (<40 ms) and a reliable cyclic performance (>99% retention). As demonstrations, the MC/GA sensor can monitor vital signs of the upper lip, throat or wrist, and can sense the large motion of the fingers, elbows, and feet. These advantages make the MC/GA sensor have a great potential in various health monitoring and motion‐detecting fields.
Recent Advances in the Development of Materials for Terahertz Metamaterial Sensing
Authors: Shen Suling , Liu Xudong , Shen Yaochun , Qu Junle , Pickwell‐MacPherson Emma , Wei Xunbin , Sun Yiwen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTerahertz metamaterial sensing (TMS) is a new interdisciplinary technology. A TMS system employs terahertz waves as the pumping source, these then interact with the sample and carry the substance information, e.g., refractive index, absorption spectra. These properties are relevant to the molecular rotation and vibration states produced by a surface‐plasmon‐polariton‐like effect. TMS technology is usually characterized by large penetration depth and high sensitivity. Owing to these advantages, TMS may be used for ultratrace detection and consequently has a wide range of practical applications in biomedicine, food safety, environmental monitoring, industry and agriculture, material characterization, and safety inspection. Furthermore, TMS performance is determined not only by the structural topology of metamaterials, but also by their compositions and substrates. This paper reviews the essential fundamentals, relevant applications, and recent advances in TMS technology with a focus on the influence of material selection on TMS performance. This review is envisaged to be used as a key reference for developing TMS‐based functional devices with enhanced characteristics.