bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Presynaptic Protein Is a Net Gain for Pancreatic Tumor Progression
Authors: Sherman Mara H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Summary:
Cancer-associated fibroblasts conduct an aberrant wound-healing response, including mechanisms that restrain and others that support tumor progression. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Francescone and colleagues demonstrate expression of presynaptic protein NetG1 on fibroblasts in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and characterize tumor-supportive functions of NetG1 in this context, including metabolic and immune-modulatory mechanisms.
See related article by Francescone et al., p. 446.
SiglecF(HI) Marks Late‐Stage Neutrophils of the Infarcted Heart: A Single‐Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Neutrophil Diversification
Authors: Calcagno David M. , Zhang Claire , Toomu Avinash , Huang Kenneth , Ninh Van K. , Miyamoto Shigeki , Aguirre Aaron D. , Fu Zhenxing , Heller Brown Joan , King Kevin R. 
Published: February 2021

Background
Neutrophils are thought to be short‐lived first responders to tissue injuries such as myocardial infarction (MI), but little is known about their diversification or dynamics.

Methods and Results

We permanently ligated the left anterior descending coronary arteries of mice and performed single‐cell RNA sequencing and analysis of >28 000 neutrophil transcriptomes isolated from the heart, peripheral blood, and bone marrow of mice on days 1 to 4 after MI or at steady‐state. Unsupervised clustering of cardiac neutrophils revealed 5 major subsets, 3 of which originated in the bone marrow, including a late‐emerging granulocyte expressing SiglecF, a marker classically used to define eosinophils. SiglecF
HI
neutrophils represented ≈25% of neutrophils on day 1 and grew to account for >50% of neutrophils by day 4 post‐MI. Validation studies using quantitative polymerase chain reaction of fluorescent‐activated cell sorter sorted Ly6G
+
SiglecF
HI
and Ly6G
+
SiglecF
LO
neutrophils confirmed the distinct nature of these populations. To confirm that the cells were neutrophils rather than eosinophils, we infarcted GATA‐deficient mice (∆dblGATA) and observed similar quantities of infiltrating Ly6G
+
SiglecF
HI
cells despite marked reductions of conventional eosinophils. In contrast to other neutrophil subsets, Ly6G
+
SiglecF
HI
neutrophils expressed high levels of Myc‐regulated genes, which are associated with longevity and are consistent with the persistence of this population on day 4 after MI.

Conclusions

Overall, our data provide a spatial and temporal atlas of neutrophil specialization in response to MI and reveal a dynamic proinflammatory cardiac Ly6G
+
SigF
+
(Myc
+
NFϰB
+
) neutrophil that has been overlooked because of negative selection.
Inferring network properties from time series using transfer entropy and mutual information: Validation of multivariate versus bivariate approaches
Authors: Novelli Leonardo , Lizier Joseph T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Functional and effective networks inferred from time series are at the core of network neuroscience. Interpreting properties of these networks requires inferred network models to reflect key underlying structural features. However, even a few spurious links can severely distort network measures, posing a challenge for functional connectomes. We study the extent to which micro- and macroscopic properties of underlying networks can be inferred by algorithms based on mutual information and bivariate/multivariate transfer entropy. The validation is performed on two macaque connectomes and on synthetic networks with various topologies (regular lattice, small-world, random, scale-free, modular). Simulations are based on a neural mass model and on autoregressive dynamics (employing Gaussian estimators for direct comparison to functional connectivity and Granger causality). We find that multivariate transfer entropy captures key properties of all network structures for longer time series. Bivariate methods can achieve higher recall (sensitivity) for shorter time series but are unable to control false positives (lower specificity) as available data increases. This leads to overestimated clustering, small-world, and rich-club coefficients, underestimated shortest path lengths and hub centrality, and fattened degree distribution tails. Caution should therefore be used when interpreting network properties of functional connectomes obtained via correlation or pairwise statistical dependence measures, rather than more holistic (yet data-hungry) multivariate models.
The institutionalized stratification of the Chinese higher education
system
Authors: Shu Fei , Sugimoto Cassidy R. , Larivière Vincent 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
To promote research excellence, China’s government has been offering substantial financial support for a small group of selected universities through three national research programs (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class). However, admission to these programs may not be completely merit based. Based on a statistical analysis of Chinese universities’ scientific activities, this paper shows that this institutionalized hierarchy is not supported by empirical data on research performance, which contributes to inequalities and inefficiencies in Chinese higher education. To build and maintain research capacity, China must support meritocracy across the research system.
Luise Kautsky: The ‘Forgotten Soul’ of the Socialist Movement
Authors: Muldoon James 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article draws on archival research to recover the legacy of Luise Kautsky – journalist, editor, translator, politician and wife of Karl Kautsky – who has been overlooked as a leading member of the socialist movement. First, by adopting a feminist historical lens to reveal the unacknowledged intellectual labour of women, the article reassesses Luise Kautsky’s relationship to Karl Kautsky and his writings. The evidence suggests that Luise Kautsky was essential to the development, editing and dissemination of the work of Karl Kautsky. Second, the article claims Luise Kautsky played an invaluable practical role as the hub of an international network of socialist scholars and activists, acting as mediator, translator and middle point through her extensive correspondence and by hosting members of this network at her house. Finally, the article recovers her labour as a writer, editor and translator and calls for renewed attention to her as an independent figure of historical analysis.
Turkey’s Islamic Public Diplomacy in the Post-Davutoğlu Era: Neo-Ottomanism, Humanitarianism and the Legitimation of Hamas after the Arab Spring
Authors: Jeong Hae Won 
Published: February 2021

Summary
What are the public diplomacy strategies for legitimising a pro-Islamist foreign policy? This research unveils how Turkey, which has been a vocal supporter of the Muslim Brotherhood and its affiliates across the Middle East since the Arab Spring, draws on pan-Islamic soft power, neo-Ottoman myth-making and public diplomacy strategies embedded in the precepts of the strategic depth doctrine to rationalise its pro-Hamas foreign policy position under the Justice and Development Party (AKP). By employing critical discourse analysis to the political speeches delivered by the Turkish government officials in domestic and international fora, this article suggests that Turkey has sought to legitimise its pro-Islamist foreign policy and subvert the terrorist designation of Hamas internationally through the humanitarian, Islamic and neo-Ottoman framings of the Palestinian issue. It is argued that Turkey’s public diplomacy of Hamas constitutes part and parcel of the AKP’s grand strategy to project Islamic soft power.
Access to Remedy in the European Union in Case of Breaches of Human Rights at Sea by Private Actors
Authors: Oanta Gabriela A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The aim of this article is to address the specific means of access to remedy that individuals have in the European Union (EU) in case of breaches of human rights at sea by private actors. Currently, the EU is one of the most important international fisheries actors as well as one of the greatest human rights defenders globally. The EU is home of many fisheries companies, whose activities are done both into the EU waters and in the waters beyond national jurisdiction of its States, and certainly have a direct impact on the promotion and protection of human rights. According to the International Labor Organization, some of the worst human rights violations occur on the EU’s board fishing vessels. Although states are mostly responsible for ensuring respect for human rights, the EU shares this responsibility with its Member States in cases of human rights affecting areas where it has competences.
“Est Bon, Tout Ce Qui Fait Petiller Le Feu”
Authors: Rodegem Francis 
Published: February 2021

“Est bon, tout ce qui fait pétiller le feu”
Classifying proverbs and other sayings is often awkward. To consult any collection easily, the reader must be taken into account. The classification preconised here is based on a common semantic content : the basic needs of Man. Hence, some 80 stereotyped quotations taken for a coherent whole are offered here about the sentimental life of human beings. The Wisdom of people speaking 18 different languages judges in very similar manner the relation between Man and Woman.
Enkele Aspecten van Primaire Gezondheidszorg in Een Rurale Streek van Zaire
Authors: de Schryver Antoon 
Published: February 2021

Some aspects of primary healthcare in a rural part of Zaire
Primary health care during the period 1980-1982 in the sector of Kasongo–Lunda, Zaire is considered. Health infrastructure and main health problems are discussed. These problems were mainly diarrheas, respiratory infections. malaria, tuberculosis, whooping cough, measles, malnutrition and wormrelated diseases. A vaccination programme against diphteria, tetanus, whooping cough, poliomyelitis, measles and tuberculosis was set up and adapted to W.H.O. recommendations in 1981. The incidence of measles and whooping cough declined dramatically during the period 1978-1982. Diarrhea was treated with oral rehydration. About 16%. of the children under five years of age suffered from malnutrition, mostly related to worm diseases ; therefore, a suppressive dose of antihelminthics was given every three months. These results show that local health centers, concerned with everyday health problems of the population, can have a strong positive influence upon the general health situation of a rural population.
Het Conflict van de Westelijke Sahara : Een Muur van Zand en Een Muur van Stilte
Authors: Cordier door Geert 
Published: February 2021

The Conflict of the Western Sahara: A Wall of Sand and a Wall of Silence.
For more than a decade the Saharawi people have been fighting for their independence, first against the Spanish colonialists then against Morocco and Mauretania. Although Mauretania has withdrawn from the conflict, the POLISARIO-front, the liberation organisation of the Saharawi people, remains at war with Morocco.
The Western Sahara, thus still forms a pole of tension in Northern Africa but the European Press does not pay it much attention. However committees to support the Saharawi people have been trying to break clown this wall of silence. An “intergroupe de solidarité avec le peuple sahraoui”, set up in the European parliament in May 1986, may constitute a major step towards mobilizing public opinion on the Saharawi case. This article, which gives a chronology of the conflict in its regional context, seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the problems of the Saharawi.
Wole Soyinka. Het Profiel van een Nobelprijswinnaar
Authors: Vermeulen Julien 
Published: February 2021

It is always difficult to define exactly why a particular author has been awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. This approach will deal with four different aspects which may have contributed to Wole Soyinka’s award.
It cannot be denied that Soyinka is the author of an extensive and richly varied work, which has been appreciated by critics the world over. Especially the satirical qualities of his style have been praised on many occasions.
But we have to focus our attention on two other important aspects. We can only achieve a full understanding of Soyinka's dramas when we interpret them against the background of Yoruba drama and Yoruba cultural tradition. And we can only appreciate Soyinka's work if we pay attention to the social context in which it is situated. This political commitment, as well as the international reputation Soyinka has helped to create as a director and an actor, are essential elements that have contributed to this Nobel Prize award.
Le Sida en Afrique
Authors: Goubau Patrick , Surmont Ignace , Piot Peter 
Published: February 2021

Aids in Africa
AIDS (Acquired Immunization Deficiency Syndrome), first described in 1981 in the United States, is at present ascertained on every continent. Since its description, our knowledge about AIDS has advanced with giant steps, with regard to its causal agent, clinical image, biological effects and epidemiology.
Although it is everywhere the same disease, its epidemiology and impact on society vary from one continent to another depending on the human, social and economic conditions of the countries which are affected. The first African cases were noticed in 1983. Since then the presence of AIDS has been confirmed in numerous sub-Saharan African countries. Our goal is to present here some characteristic features of the AIDS-epidemic in Africa and to offer some points of reflection for future action.
De Traditionele Hofhouding Bij de bin Kanyok van Zaire
Authors: Wymeersch Patrick 
Published: February 2021

The Traditional Royal Court Among the bin Kanyok of Zaire
This description represents what was more or less an ideal conception of political organization and kingship before the colonial period. If the traditional systems of ruling still remain, the material symbolism of kingship disappeared mostly in the scene of daily life in the king’s large capital.
Looking at the political organization, two seemingly contradictory features emerge. On the one hand, there are the politically quasi-independent lineages living in the villages. The chief or eldest of a lineage is at the same time chief of the whole village. On the other hand, there is the formal political organization, build on a hierarchical model and imposed from the top. This political system is notable for its very high degree of centralization, and especially for the strong authority and power of the divine king. For the purpose of government, the kingdom is divided into sub-districts, containing several villages of an area, districts and provinces. They all depend, in hierarchy,from the capital. The capital accommodates most of the members of the royal family, numerous wives and children from the king and the ministers. The king’s compound, standing in the middle of the capital, is surrounded by a fence. This compound is divided into four specific parts and contains several houses and the palace of the king. On both sides of the royal compound, there is a main street where the ministers and their families live.
The king’s person is surrounded by a number of taboos. No one could see him eat in his private kitchen.
The principal problem in the political organization is that of the administering the rest of the Kanyok empire, of keeping as a political unit a population divided into autonomous lineages. The model that is followed is, in general, typical of the kingdoms of the southern savanna belt of Zaire. Therefore the structure is pyramidal: the king at the apex delegates his power and authority to the governors. Their position duplicates that of the king, but on a smaller scale. The king is assisted by his ministers to whom he assigned highly specific functions. The king still remains the main focus for all the Bin Kanyok.
Totstandkoming van de Grondwettelijke Krachtlijnen Voor Een Democratisch Zuid-Afrika
Authors: Pekane Ted 
Published: February 2021

The Realization of the Constitutional Guidelines for a Democratic South Africa
Africa Focus publishes a Dutch translation of the “constitutional guidelines for a democratic South Africa”, adopted in March 1988 at Lusaka, by the African National congress (ANC), together with a preface (by F. Reyntjens) and an extensive introduction written by Ted Pekane, member of the constitutional committee of the ANC, about the drafting ofthis important text.
In the preface is referred to the political signification of a constitutional text in Africa today and to the more pragmatic content of the guidelines, compared to the Freedom Charter of 1955. T. Pekane explains the external factors that contributed to the drafting of the guidelines. He also points out the dangers of the “ acceptable” models of constitution for the post-Apartheid period advanced by internal and external forces: a lot of those models are discreet options for a status-quo.
From Book to Film
Authors: Guth Christine M. E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Mary McNeil Fenollosa’s 1906 novel The Dragon Painter and its 1919 filmic adaptation sit at the intersection of American literary, art, and film history. Simultaneously personal and political, each is a product of its time and place. Together, they tell a story about changing (and unchanging) attitudes that were constituents of the complex and often contradictory history of the reception of Japanese culture and people in the United States. The novel draws on stereotypes of Japan as a primitive country of innately artistic people that at the time of its publication had been made familiar through art and literature. The silent film, produced in Hollywood, by and co-starring Sessue Hayakawa and his wife Tsuru Aoki, expanded and complicated the modes of visualizing Japan by featuring a Japanese couple in starring roles. This article addresses the relationship between the novel, an allegory of Japanese cultural loss and renewal, and the film, a romance inflected with American concerns about race, drawing particular attention to gender and Japanism in their reception and interpretation.
Differential Diagnosis of Endolymphatic Hydrops Between “Probable” and “Definite” Ménière’s Disease via Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Xie Jiapei , Zhang Weidong , Zhu Jingyi , Hui Lian , Li Songbai , Ren Ling , Wang Fei , Zhang Bo 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesTo investigate the grade of endolymphatic hydrops in patients with “probable” and “definite” Ménière’s disease via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to determine whether MRI could assist clinicians in differential diagnosis between probable and definite Ménière’s disease.Study DesignProspective study.SettingThree‐dimensional FLAIR MRI (fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery) to examine endolymphatic hydrops in Ménière’s disease.MethodsA total of 51 patients diagnosed with probable (n = 20) or definite (n = 31) unilateral Ménière’s disease were enrolled. Three‐dimensional FLAIR MRI was performed to evaluate the grade of endolymphatic hydrops. The differences in endolymphatic hydrops between the probable and definite groups were analyzed.ResultsThe grade of endolymphatic hydrops was more severe in the definite group than in the probable group (P <. 05).ConclusionMRI revealed a higher grade of endolymphatic hydrops in patients with definite Ménière’s disease than in patients with probable Ménière’s disease. As a result, it may be clinically useful and an effective tool in the differentiation between definite and probable Ménière’s disease.
Negative correlation between bone mineral density and subclinical fractures in patients with human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Ma Rui , He Jie , Xu Biao , Zhao Rugang , Zhang Qiang 
Published: February 2021

Background Although low bone mineral density (BMD) is associated with an increased risk of fracture, few studies have assessed fracture rates in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods The occurrence of subclinical fractures in patients with HIV was assessed. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to analyze the relationship between subclinical fractures and related factors. Results Fifty patients with HIV were included, among whom 11 were diagnosed with subclinical fractures. These 11 patients had a mean body mass index of 24.127 ± 3.482 kg/m2, smoked a mean of 142.091 ± 3.482 cigarettes/month, drank a mean of 61.545 ± 13.026 mL/day of alcohol, had a mean CD4+ T cell count of 247.727 ± 181.679 cells/mm3, had a mean duration of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) of 4.27 ± 0.786 years, and had a mean BMD of the third lumbar spine of 0.810 ± 0.063 g/cm3. The AIDS duration and BMD of the third lumbar spine were significantly associated with subclinical fractures. The BMD of the third lumbar spine was negatively correlated with subclinical fractures. Conclusion A significant negative correlation was found between the BMD of the third lumbar spine and subclinical fractures.
Treatment outcomes of tuberculosis patients and associated factors in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia: a retrospective study
Authors: Woldemichael Bedasa , Darega Jiregna , Dida Nagasa , Tesfaye Tamiru 
Published: February 2021

Objective This study assessed the outcome of tuberculosis treatment and associated factors in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia in 2017. Methods This was 5-year retrospective study of a health registry for tuberculosis patients, which was reviewed from 1 September 2011 to 30 August 2016. Data were analyzed, and descriptive and logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors that were associated with tuberculosis treatment outcomes. Results Among the 7205 tuberculosis patients, 6325 (87.8%) had a successful treatment outcome and 880 (12.2%) had an unsuccessful outcome. The age groups ≤14 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.21), 15 to 24 years (AOR=1.61), 25 to 34 years (AOR=1.86), or 35 to 44 years (AOR=1.65); being treated at a hospital (AOR=1.63) or health center (AOR=2.52); pulmonary tuberculosis-positive (AOR=0.80); or extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients (AOR= 0.78) were the factors that were significantly associated with tuberculosis treatment outcome. Conclusions Public health facilities should pay special attention to the identified variables for tuberculosis prevention and control activities, especially focusing on supporting health workers who work at a health post (lowest level of Ethiopia’s three-tiered healthcare system).