bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Was physics ever deterministic? The historical basis of determinism and the image of classical physics
Authors: van Strien Marij 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDeterminism is generally regarded as one of the main characteristics of classical physics, that is, the physics of the eighteenth and nineteenth century. However, an inquiry into eighteenth and nineteenth century physics shows that the aim of accounting for all phenomena on the basis of deterministic equations of motion remained far out of reach. Famous statements of universal determinism, such as those of Laplace and Du Bois-Reymond, were made within a specific context and research program and did not represent a majority view. I argue that in this period, determinism was often an expectation rather than an established result, and that especially toward the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, it was often thought of as a presupposition of physics: physicists such as Mach, Poincaré and Boltzmann regarded determinism as a feature of scientific research, rather than as a claim about the world. It is only retrospectively that an image was created according to which classical physics was uniformly deterministic.
Friendly Fire
Authors: Balliu Musard , Merro Massimo , Pasqua Michele , Shcherbakov Mikhail 
Published: April 2021

IoT platforms enable users to connect various smart devices and online services via reactive apps running on the cloud. These apps, often developed by third-parties, perform simple computations on data triggered by external information sources and actuate the results of computations on external information sinks. Recent research shows that unintended or malicious interactions between the different (even benign) apps of a user can cause severe security and safety risks. These works leverage program analysis techniques to build tools for unveiling unexpected interference across apps for specific use cases. Despite these initial efforts, we are still lacking a semantic framework for understanding interactions between IoT apps. The question of what security policy cross-app interference embodies remains largely unexplored.
This article proposes a semantic framework capturing the essence of cross-app interactions in IoT platforms. The framework generalizes and connects syntactic enforcement mechanisms to bisimulation-based notions of security, thus providing a baseline for formulating soundness criteria of these enforcement mechanisms. Specifically, we present a calculus that models the behavioral semantics of a system of apps executing concurrently, and use it to define desirable semantic policies targeting the security and safety of IoT apps. To demonstrate the usefulness of our framework, we define and implement static analyses for enforcing cross-app security and safety, and prove them sound with respect to our semantic conditions. We also leverage real-world apps to validate the practical benefits of our tools based on the proposed enforcement mechanisms.
The Relationship between “Shofuku-Fujin” (Abnormality of Abdominal Examination in Japanese Kampo Medicine) and Body Composition by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ishige Tatsuya , Odaguchi Hiroshi , Hanawa Toshihiko 
Published: April 2021

Shofuku-fujin is an abnormal physical finding in Kampo medical practice. It is assumed to be often found in the elderly and contributes to the selection of Kampo formulas used mainly in elderly patients. However, few objective reports about Shofuku-fujin have been published to date. The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical features of patients showing Shofuku-fujin by using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and to objectively assess the potential clinical implications of these findings. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1330 patients who visited our institute to undergo a medical examination by using data collected from September 2010 to March 2016. We extracted data on patient sex and age, anthropometric data, and body composition data that could potentially affect the appearance of Shofuku-fujin. Logistic regression analyses were performed by sex to analyze the various factors related to the appearance of Shofuku-fujin. Of the 1330 patients, the data of 386 men and 942 women were used for analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Shofuku-fujin was associated with older age (odds ratio (OR), 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05–1.10;

p

< 0.001), lower skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.43–0.85;

p

= 0.004), and lower body fat percentage (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.85–0.93;

p

< 0.001) in men and older age (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.04–1.07,

p

< 0.001) and lower body fat percentage (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.92–0.96;

p

< 0.001) in women. On the basis of these results, the factors causing the appearance of Shofuku-fujin were aging, decreased muscle mass, and decreased body fat in men and aging and decreased body fat in women. Our results demonstrated that it may be better to consider a loss of muscle mass when examining a male patient with Shofuku-fujin.
Mdm2 and MdmX: Partners in p53 Destruction
Authors: Manfredi James J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Mdm2 and MdmX are two closely related proteins that have been well-characterized as negative regulators of the tumor suppressor p53. Their interplay and especially respective roles in ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of p53 have lacked clarity. Yang and colleagues now demonstrate an obligate role for MdmX in recruitment of the E2 ubiquitin ligase UbcH5c to the Mdm2-MdmX hetero-oligomer. The use of elegant genetically engineered mouse models ensures the biological relevance of their findings that have important implications for targeted therapies involving these key players in the p53 pathway.
See related article by Yang et al., Cancer Res 2021;81:898–909.
HIF1α or HIF2α: Enhancing CD8+ T-cell Fitness for Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Chen Jin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapy requires the transferred lymphocytes to adapt to the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. In this issue, Veliça and colleagues found that modified HIF2α expression in CD8+ T cells increases antitumor efficacy.
See article by Veliça et al., p. 401
Extracellular Vesicles From Epicardial Fat Facilitate Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Shaihov-Teper Olga , Ram Eilon , Ballan Nimer , Brzezinski Rafael Y. , Naftali-Shani Nili , Masoud Rula , Ziv Tamar , Lewis Nir , Schary Yeshai , Levin-Kotler La-Paz , Volvovitch David , Zuroff Elchanan M. , Amunts Sergei , Regev-Rudzki Neta , Sternik Leonid , Raanani Ehud , Gepstein Lior , Leor Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

Background:
The role of epicardial fat (eFat)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF) has never been studied. We tested the hypothesis that eFat-EVs transmit proinflammatory, profibrotic, and proarrhythmic molecules that induce atrial myopathy and fibrillation.

Methods:
We collected eFat specimens from patients with (n=32) and without AF (n=30) during elective heart surgery. eFat samples were grown as organ cultures, and the culture medium was collected every 2 days. We then isolated and purified eFat-EVs from the culture medium, and analyzed the EV number, size, morphology, specific markers, encapsulated cytokines, proteome, and microRNAs. Next, we evaluated the biological effects of unpurified and purified EVs on atrial mesenchymal stromal cells and endothelial cells in vitro. To establish a causal association between eFat-EVs and vulnerability to AF, we modeled AF in vitro using induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes.

Results:
Microscopic examination revealed excessive inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis in fresh and cultured eFat tissues. Cultured explants from patients with AF secreted more EVs and harbored greater amounts of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines, and profibrotic microRNA, as well, than those without AF. The proteomic analysis confirmed the distinctive profile of purified eFat-EVs from patients with AF. In vitro, purified and unpurified eFat-EVs from patients with AF had a greater effect on proliferation and migration of human mesenchymal stromal cells and endothelial cells, compared with eFat-EVs from patients without AF. Last, whereas eFat-EVs from patients with and without AF shortened the action potential duration of induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes, only eFat-EVs from patients with AF induced sustained reentry (rotor) in induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes.

Conclusions:
We show, for the first time, a distinctive proinflammatory, profibrotic, and proarrhythmic signature of eFat-EVs from patients with AF. Our findings uncover another pathway by which eFat promotes the development of atrial myopathy and fibrillation.
The Redemption of the Human Being in Islamic Tradition: The Sufi Perspective
Authors: Salamah-Qudsi Arin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article examines the representation of human beings’ redemption in Islamic tradition with a special focus on the Sufi perspective. This is done using Islamic scriptures and semantics. There is no homogenous Sufi perspective on the question of human redemption. However, it is still worthwhile to look for references to human redemption in Sufi discussions of the high state of unification. The human being plays an essential role in this experience, while their responsibility for others’ spiritual redemption becomes greater after returning to the normal state of being. Beside the individualistic experience of redemption, both Islam in general and taṣawwuf in particular hint at a form of collective deliverance from depravity.
Incidental Proceedings before the International Court of Justice: The Fine Line between “Litigation Strategy” and “Abuse of Process”
Authors: Lemey Marie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Scholars and State counsels have often pointed out the fact that incidental proceedings could be abused, especially when they serve as dilatory mechanisms. While the International Court of Justice has never followed up on such claims, the recent interest in the concept of abuse of process may bring this issue back into focus. The purpose of the present article is to examine whether the notion of abuse of process could actually be applied in such cases, at a time when many types of conduct seem to be loosely labelled as abusive. It highlights the difficulties to reach such a conclusion as well as the necessity for clarification from the Court on what may constitute an abuse of process.
States’ Mouthpieces or Independent Practitioners? The Role of Counsel before the ICJ from the Perspective of the Legal Value of their Oral Pleadings
Authors: Longobardo Marco 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article explores the role of counsel before the International Court of Justice, taking into account their tasks under the Statute of the Court and the legal value of their pleadings in international law. Pleadings of counsel constitute State practice for the formation of customary international law and treaty interpretation, and they are attributable to the litigating State under the law on State responsibility. Accordingly, in principle, counsel present the views of the litigating State, which in practice approves in advance the pleadings. This consideration is relevant in discussing the role of counsel assisting States in politically sensitive cases, where there is no necessary correspondence between the views of the States and those of their counsel. Especially when less powerful States are parties to the relevant disputes, the availability of competent counsel in politically sensitive cases should not be discouraged since it advances the legitimacy of the international judicial function.
In vitro inhibitory potentials of Thai formulated polyherbal tea against oxidative stress promoters
Authors: Adekoya Ademola Ezekiel , Chusri Sasitorn , Beng Eugene Ong Boon , Idowu Anthony Temitope 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Ya-Tri-Kasornmas and Ya-Tri-Phigut are polyherbal tea that have been listed as essential medicines in the National List of Essential Medicines, Thailand. They are widely consumed among the Thai populace. Thus, aqueous extracts of Ya-Tri-Karsornmas and Ya-Tri-Phigut polyherbal formulations were subjected to screening against oxidative stress promoters such as reactive oxygen species using in vitro antioxidant models. In addition, their capacities to lower lipid peroxidation were measured. Yield of the extract from Ya-Tri-Phigut polyherbal formulation was 7.22% (w/w), while that from Ya-Tri-Kasornmas was 5.50% (w/w) (P < 0.05). The study revealed that the aqueous extract of Ya-Tri-Phigut showed better antioxidant capacities to inhibit reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation activities than Ya-Tri-Karsornmas (P <0 .05). Thus, Ya-Tri-Phigut polyherbal tea may potentially serve as a rich nutraceutical agent to combat oxidative stress and health related diseases.
Effects of Roll Vortices on the Evolution of Hurricane Harvey during Landfall
Authors: Li Xin , Pu Zhaoxia , Gao Zhiqiu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHorizontal boundary layer roll vortices are a series of large-scale turbulent eddies that prevail in a hurricane’s boundary layer. In this paper, a one-way nested sub-kilometer-scale large-eddy simulation (LES) based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model was used to examine the impact of roll vortices on the evolution of Hurricane Harvey around its landfall from 0000 UTC 25 August to 1800 UTC 27 August 2017. The simulation results imply that the turbulence in the LES can be attributed mainly to roll vortices. With the representation of roll vortices, the LES provided a better simulation of hurricane wind vertical structure and precipitation. In contrast, the mesoscale simulation with the YSU PBL scheme overestimated the precipitation for the hurricane over the ocean. Further analysis indicates that the roll vortices introduced a positive vertical flux and thinner inflow layer, whereas a negative flux maintained the maximum tangential wind at around 400 m above ground. During hurricane landfall, the weak negative flux maintained the higher wind in the LES. The overestimated low-level vertical flux in the mesoscale simulation with the YSU scheme led to overestimated hurricane intensity over the ocean and accelerated the decay of the hurricane during landfall. Rainfall analysis reveals that the roll vortices led to a weak updraft and insufficient water vapor supply in the LES. For the simulation with the YSU scheme, the strong updraft combined with surplus water vapor eventually led to unrealistic heavy rainfall for the hurricane over the ocean.
Risk factors for seasonal human coronavirus lower respiratory tract infection after hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Ogimi Chikara , Xie Hu , Waghmare Alpana , Ueda Oshima Masumi , Mallhi Kanwaldeep K. , Jerome Keith R. , Leisenring Wendy M. , Englund Janet A. , Boeckh Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Data are limited regarding risk factors for lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) caused by seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and the significance of virologic documentation by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) on outcomes in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. We retrospectively analyzed patients undergoing allogeneic HCT (4/2008-9/2018) with HCoV (OC43/NL63/HKU1/229E) detected by polymerase chain reaction during conditioning or post-HCT. Risk factors for all manifestations of LRTI and progression to LRTI among those presenting with HCoV upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) were analyzed by logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models, respectively. Mortality rates following HCoV LRTI were compared according to virologic documentation by BAL. A total of 297 patients (61 children and 236 adults) developed HCoV infection as follows: 254 had URTI alone, 18 presented with LRTI, and 25 progressed from URTI to LRTI (median, 16 days; range, 2-62 days). Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that male sex, higher immunodeficiency scoring index, albumin &lt;3 g/dL, glucose &gt;150 mg/dL, and presence of respiratory copathogens were associated with occurrence of LRTI. Hyperglycemia with steroid use was associated with progression to LRTI (P &lt; .01) in Cox models. LRTI with HCoV detected in BAL was associated with higher mortality than LRTI without documented detection in BAL (P &lt; .01). In conclusion, we identified factors associated with HCoV LRTI, some of which are less commonly appreciated to be risk factors for LRTI with other respiratory viruses in HCT recipients. The association of hyperglycemia with LRTI might provide an intervention opportunity to reduce the risk of LRTI.
Prenatal and prepubertal exposures to tobacco smoke in men may cause lower lung function in future offspring: a three-generation study using a causal modelling approach
Authors: Accordini Simone , Calciano Lucia , Johannessen Ane , Benediktsdóttir Bryndis , Bertelsen Randi Jacobsen , Bråbäck Lennart , Dharmage Shyamali C. , Forsberg Bertil , Gómez Real Francisco , Holloway John W. , Holm Mathias , Janson Christer , Jõgi Nils O. , Jõgi Rain , Malinovschi Andrei , Marcon Alessandro , Martínez-Moratalla Rovira Jesús , Sánchez-Ramos José Luis , Schlünssen Vivi , Torén Kjell , Jarvis Deborah , Svanes Cecilie 
Published: April 2021

Mechanistic research suggests that lifestyle and environmental factors impact respiratory health across generations by epigenetic changes transmitted through male germ cells. Evidence from studies on humans is very limited.We investigated multigeneration causal associations to estimate the causal effects of tobacco smoking on lung function within the paternal line. We analysed data from 383 adult offspring (age 18–47 years; 52.0% female) and their 274 fathers, who had participated in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS)/Respiratory Health in Northern Europe, Spain and Australia (RHINESSA) generation study and had provided valid measures of pre-bronchodilator lung function. Two counterfactual-based, multilevel mediation models were developed with: paternal grandmothers’ smoking in pregnancy and fathers’ smoking initiation in prepuberty as exposures; fathers’ forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC), or FEV1/FVC z-scores as potential mediators (proxies of unobserved biological mechanisms that are true mediators); and offspring's FEV1and FVC, or FEV1/FVC z-scores as outcomes. All effects were summarised as differences (Δ) in expected z-scores related to fathers’ and grandmothers’ smoking history.Fathers’ smoking initiation in prepuberty had a negative direct effect on both offspring's FEV1(Δz-score –0.36, 95% CI −0.63– −0.10) and FVC (−0.50, 95% CI −0.80– −0.20) compared with fathers’ never smoking. Paternal grandmothers’ smoking in pregnancy had a negative direct effect on fathers’ FEV1/FVC (−0.57, 95% CI −1.09– −0.05) and a negative indirect effect on offspring's FEV1/FVC (−0.12, 95% CI −0.21– −0.03) compared with grandmothers’ not smoking before fathers’ birth nor during fathers’ childhood.Fathers’ smoking in prepuberty and paternal grandmothers’ smoking in pregnancy may cause lower lung function in offspring. Our results support the concept that lifestyle-related exposures during these susceptibility periods influence the health of future generations.
Energy expenditure and physical activity in COPD by doubly labelled water method and an accelerometer
Authors: Sato Hideaki , Nakamura Hidetoshi , Nishida Yuki , Shirahata Toru , Yogi Sanehiro , Akagami Tomoe , Soma Machika , Inoue Kaiji , Niitsu Mamoru , Mio Tomohiko , Miyashita Tatsuyuki , Nagata Makoto , Nakae Satoshi , Yamada Yosuke , Tanaka Shigeho , Katsukawa Fuminori 
Published: April 2021

Although weight loss suggests poor prognosis of COPD, only a few studies have examined total energy expenditure (TEE) or physical activity level (PAL) using the doubly labelled water (DLW) method. We evaluated TEE and PAL using the DLW method together with a triaxial accelerometer to elucidate the relationships between TEE, PAL and clinical parameters leading to a practical means of monitoring COPD physical status.This study evaluated 50- to 79-year-old male patients with mild to very severe COPD (n=28) or at risk for COPD (n=8). TEE, activity energy expenditure for 2 weeks and basal metabolic rate were measured by DLW, an accelerometer and indirect calorimetry, respectively. All patients underwent pulmonary function, chest-computed tomography, 6-min walk test, body composition and grip strength tests. Relationships between indices of energy expenditure and clinical parameters were analysed. Bland–Altman analysis was used to examine the agreement of TEE and PAL between the DLW method and the accelerometer.TEE and PAL using DLW in the total population were 2273±445 kcal·day−1and 1.80±0.20, respectively. TEE by DLW correlated well with that from the accelerometer and grip strength (p<0.0001), and PAL by DLW correlated well with that from the accelerometer (p<0.0001), grip strength and 6-min walk distance (p<0.001) among various clinical parameters. However, the accelerometer underestimated TEE (215±241 kcal·day−1) and PAL (0.18±0.16), with proportional biases in both indices.TEE and PAL can be estimated by accelerometer in patients with COPD if systematic errors and relevant clinical factors such as muscle strength and exercise capacity are accounted for.
A randomised study of comfort during bronchoscopy comparing conscious sedation and anaesthetist-controlled general anaesthesia, including the utility of bispectral index monitoring
Authors: Skinner Thomas R. , Churton Joseph , Edwards Timothy P. , Bashirzadeh Farzad , Zappala Christopher , Hundloe Justin T. , Tan Hau , Pattison Andrew J. , Todman Maryann , Hartel Gunter F. , Fielding David I. 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundThe difference in patient comfort with conscious sedationversusgeneral anaesthesia for bronchoscopy has not been adequately assessed in a randomised trial. This study aimed to assess if patient comfort during bronchoscopy with conscious sedation is noninferior to general anaesthesia.Methods96 subjects were randomised to receive conscious sedation or general anaesthesia for bronchoscopy. The primary outcome was subject comfort. Secondary outcomes included willingness to undergo a repeat procedure if necessary and level of sedation assessed clinically and by bispectral index (BIS) monitoring.ResultsThere was no significant difference between subject comfort scores (difference −0.01, 95% CI −0.63–0.61 on a 10-point scale; p=0.97) or willingness to undergo a repeat procedure (97.7%versus91.8%, 95% CI −4.8–15.5%; p=0.37). Deeper levels of sedation in the general anaesthesia cohort was confirmed with both clinical and BIS monitoring. There was no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy (conscious sedation 93.9%, 95% CI 80.4–98.3%versusgeneral anaesthesia 86.5%, 95% CI 72.0–94.1%; p=0.43). There were more complications (29.6%, 95% CI 18.2–44.2%versus6.1%, 95% CI 2.1–16.5%; p<0.01) in the general anaesthesia group. There was no relationship between high BIS scores and subject discomfort. BIS levels <40 during a procedure were associated with increased complications.ConclusionConscious sedation is not inferior to general anaesthesia in providing patient comfort during bronchoscopy, despite lighter sedation, and is associated with fewer complications and comparable diagnostic accuracy. BIS monitoring may have a role in preventing complications associated with deeper sedation.