bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring lignin valorisation: the application of photocatalysis for the degradation of the β-5 linkage
Authors: Murnaghan Christopher W J , Skillen Nathan , Hardacre Christopher , Bruce John , Sheldrake Gary N , Robertson Peter K J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The valorisation of lignin has gained significant interest in bioenergy, which is driven by the abundance of the material coupled with the potential to form value-added compounds. As a result, the range of technologies deployed for this application has increased and more recently includes advanced oxidation processes such as photocatalysis. The complexity of lignin is challenging however, and therefore model compounds, which represent key linkages in the native structure, have become crucial as both a tool for evaluating novel technologies and for providing an insight into the mechanism of conversion. Previously, the β-O-4 dimer, the most abundant linkage found in native lignin, has been extensively used as a model compound. Described herein, however, is the first report of photocatalytic TiO2 technology for the degradation of a β-5 model dimer. Under low power UV-light emitting diode irradiation, complete degradation of the β-5 compound (6.3 × 10−3 mg ml−1 min−1) was achieved along with formation and subsequent removal of reaction intermediates. Investigation into the mechanism revealed within the first 2 min of irradiation there was the formation of a diol species due to consumption of the alkene sidechain. Although the data presented highlights the complexity of the system, which is underpinned by multiple oxidative reaction pathways, an overview of the key photocatalytic processes are discussed including the impact of acetonitrile and role of reactive oxygen species.
Arc plasma ablation of quartz crystals
Authors: Corbella Carles , Portal Sabine , Keidar Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Spherical quartz stones of around 1 cm in diameter have been exposed to anodic arc discharges in a helium atmosphere at 300 Torr. The arc current flowing between the graphite electrodes was set either in continuous DC mode (30–150 A) or in pulsed mode at 2 Hz (220 A peak). The ablation rate in each sample was systematically measured after several seconds of arc plasma treatment. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) diagnostics and 2D fluid simulations of the arc discharge have shed light on the heat flux transport and the heating mechanisms of the quartz crystals. A linear correlation is found between the absorbed power density and the resulting rate of penetration, which yields a maximal value of 15 cm h−1 for approximately 150 W cm−2. The linear fit on the slope provides a specific energy of 40 kJ cm−3. The incident energy flux onto the sample surface promoted a phase transition from crystalline to glassy silica, as characterized via Raman spectroscopy. This study points out the strong potential of arc plasma technology for geothermal drilling applications.
The coupled effects of an electron blocking layer beneath tribomaterials for boosted triboelectric nanogenerators
Authors: Hwang Hee Jae , Choi Dukhyun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been studied from 2012 to help increase output performance. However, most studies are focused on negatively charged tribomaterials for high output performance. This study demonstrates the possibility of boosted triboelectric output performance by embedding an electron blocking layer (EBL) at the interface between electrode polymers in positively charged tribomaterials as well as negatively charged tribomaterials, as a coupled effect. We used TiO
x
with a high dielectric constant as an EBL and analyzed the orbital structure of TiO
x
to verify levels of charge transfer with different thicknesses of TiO
x
. As a result, we achieved the output performance (121.2 V, 5.1 μA) of a TENG by inserting a TiO
x
-EBL-100 nm with 2.5 Hz, 5 N, which is an increase of as much as eight times compared to the output performance without the TiO
x
-EBL. The increase in the output performance of the TENG is attributed not only to the excellent charge transport of the TiO
x
-EBL but also to the additive polarization in the electric field surface. We suggest this result presents a strategy to improve the output performance through the polymer used as both the positively charged material and a negatively charged material by embedding the ETL.
Complex systems of Kuramoto–sine-Gordon solitons
Authors: Lohe M A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The 1 + 1 dimensional Kuramoto–sine-Gordon system consists of a set of N nonlinear coupled equations for N scalar fields θ

i
, which constitute the nodes of a complex system. These scalar fields interact by means of Kuramoto nonlinearities over a network of connections determined by N(N − 1)/2 symmetric coupling coefficients a

ij
. This system, regarded as a chirally invariant quantum field theory, describes a single decoupled massless field together with N − 1 scalar boson excitations of nonzero mass depending on a

ij
, which propagate and interact over the network. For N = 2 the equations decouple into separate sine-Gordon and wave equations. The system allows an extensive array of soliton configurations which interpolate between the various minima of the 2π-periodic potential, including sine-Gordon solitons in both static and time-dependent form, as well as double sine-Gordon solitons which can be imbedded into the system for any N. The precise form of the stable soliton depends critically on the coupling coefficients a

ij
. We investigate specific configurations for N = 3 by classifying all possible potentials, and use the symmetries of the system to construct static solitons in both exact and numerical form.
Area efficient in-plane nanomagnetic multiplier and convolution architecture design
Authors: Sivasubramani Santhosh , Debroy Sanghamitra , Acharyya Amit 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this study, we propose a nanomagnetic logic (NML) based 2 bit multiplier architecture design for the first time to the best of author’s knowledge. This complex combinational logic (nanomagnetic multiplier) design proposed is built by exploiting shape, positional hybrid anisotropy and the ferromagnetically coupled fixed input majority gate. Subsequently, we extend this proposed multiplier architecture along with the NML adder architecture in introducing NML based convolution architecture design which is efficient in terms of number of nanomagnets, majority gates and clock-cycles. The proposed NML design yields ∼21%–72%, ∼26%–42%, ∼36%–63%, and ∼20%–68%, reduction in the required number of nanomagnets, majority gate, clock cycles and energy compared to the state-of-the-art designs.
Global Trends in Plastic Surgery on Social Media: Analysis of 2 Million Posts
Authors: Braun Sterling E , O’Connor Michaela K , Hornick Margaret M , Cullom Melissa E , Butterworth James A 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundPlastic surgeons and patients increasingly use social media. Despite evidence implicating its importance in plastic surgery, the large volume of data has made social media difficult to study.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive assessment of plastic surgery social media content worldwide by utilizing techniques for analyzing large-scale data.MethodsThe hashtag “#PlasticSurgery” was used to search public Instagram posts. Metadata were collected from posts between December 2018 and August 2020. In addition to descriptive analysis, 2 instruments were created to characterize textual data: a multilingual dictionary of procedural hashtags and a rule-based text classification model to categorize the source of the post.ResultsPlastic surgery content yielded more than 2 million posts, 369 million likes, and 6 billion views globally over the 21-month study. The United States had the most posts of 182 countries studied (26.8%, 566,206). Various other regions had substantial presence including Istanbul, Turkey, which led all cities (4.8%, 102,208). The classification model achieved high accuracy (94.9%) and strong agreement with independent raters (κ = 0.88). Providers accounted for 40% of all posts (847,356) and included the categories physician (28%), plastic surgery (9%), advanced practice practitioners and nurses (1.6%), facial plastics (1.3%), and oculoplastics (0.2%). Content between plastic surgery and non–plastic surgery groups demonstrated high textual similarity, and only 1.4% of posts had a verified source.ConclusionsPlastic surgery content has immense global reach in social media. Textual similarity between groups coupled with the lack of an effective verification mechanism presents challenges in discerning the source and veracity of information.
Facial Surface Anthropometric Features and Measurements With an Emphasis on Rhinoplasty
Authors: Celikoyar M Mazhar , Pérez Michael F , Akbaş M Ilhan , Topsakal Oguzhan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Facial features and measurements are utilized to analyze patients’ faces for various reasons, including surgical planning, scientific communications, patient-surgeon communications, and post-surgery evaluations.

Objectives
There are numerous descriptions regarding these features and measurements scattered throughout the literature, and the authors did not encounter a current compilation of these parameters in the medical literature.

Methods
A narrative literature review of the published medical literature for facial measurements used for facial analysis in rhinoplasty was conducted through the electronic databases MEDLINE/PubMed and Google Scholar, along with a citation search.

Results
A total of 61 facial features were identified: 45 points (25 bilateral, 20 unilateral), 5 lines (3 bilateral, 2 unilateral), 8 planes, and 3 areas.
A total of 122 measurements were identified: 48 distances (6 bilateral, 42 unilateral), 57 angles (13 bilateral, 44 unilateral), and 17 ratios. Supplemental figures were created to depict all features and measurements utilizing a frontal, lateral, or basal view of the face.

Conclusions
This paper provides the most comprehensive and current compilation of facial measurements to date. The authors believe this compilation will guide further developments (methodologies and software tools) for analyzing nasal structures and assessing the objective outcomes of facial surgeries, in particular rhinoplasty. Moreover, it will improve communication as a reference for facial measurements of facial surface anthropometry, in particular rhinoplasty.
Total synthesis and biological evaluation of oscillatoxins D, E, and F
Authors: Araki Yusuke , Hanaki Yusuke , Kita Masaki , Hayakawa Koutaro , Irie Kazuhiro , Nokura Yoshihiko , Nakazaki Atsuo , Nishikawa Toshio 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Oscillatoxins (OTXs) and aplysiatoxins are biosynthetically related polyketides produced by marine cyanobacteria. We previously developed a synthetic route to phenolic O-methyl analogs of OTX-D and 30-methyl-OTX-D during collective synthesis of these natural products. According to our synthetic strategy, we achieved total synthesis of OTX-D, 30-methyl-OTX-D, OTX-E, and OTX-F by deprotecting the O-methyl group in an earlier intermediate, and determined their biological activities. Although OTX-D and 30-methyl-OTX-D have been reported to show antileukemic activity against L1210 cell line, we found that their cytotoxicity in vitro against this cell line is relatively weak (IC50: 29-52 µm). In contrast, OTX-F demonstrated cell line-selective antiproliferative activity against DMS-114 lung cancer cells, which implies that OTXs target as yet unknown target molecules as part of this unique activity.
Omphaloprenol A: a new bioactive polyisoprenepolyol isolated from the mycelium of poisonous mushroom Omphalotus japonicus
Authors: Aoki Satoki , Aboshi Takako , Onodera Takumu , Kimura Ken-ichi , Arai Daisuke , Iizuka Yoshiaki , Murayama Tetsuya 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Mushrooms of the Omphalotus genus are known to be rich in secondary metabolites. In the quest for new bioactive compounds, we analyzed the compounds isolated from the mycelium of the poisonous mushroom Omphalotus japonicus. As a result, a new polyisoprenepolyol, which was named omphaloprenol A, was identified, along with known substances such as hypsiziprenol A10 and A11, illudin S, and ergosterol. The chemical structure of omphaloprenol A was elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopies and mass spectrometry, and its bioactivity was investigated. Omphaloprenol A showed growth promoting activity against the root of lettuce seeds and cytotoxicity against HL60 cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of a polyisoprenepolyol compound from Omphalotaceae mushrooms.
Effects of neurosecretory protein GL on food intake and fat accumulation under different dietary nutrient compositions in rats
Authors: Fukumura Keisuke , Shikano Kenshiro , Narimatsu Yuki , Iwakoshi-Ukena Eiko , Furumitsu Megumi , Naito Mana , Ukena Kazuyoshi 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We recently identified a novel hypothalamic small protein, named neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), which is involved in energy homeostasis in birds and mammals. However, whether the action of NPGL is influenced by nutritional composition remains unknown. Thus, we investigated the effect of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of NPGL for 13 days on feeding behavior and body mass gain under a normal chow (NC) diet, high-fat diet, high-sucrose diet (HSD), and medium-fat/medium-sucrose diet (MFSD) in rats. NPGL stimulated food intake of NC and MFSD, especially during the light period. By contrast, NPGL decreased body mass gain under NC and increased total white adipose tissue mass in HSD- and MFSD-fed rats. These data suggest that the effects of NPGL on feeding behavior, body mass gain, and fat accumulation depend on nutrient type. Among them, sucrose in diets seems to contribute to fat accumulation elicited by NPGL.
Niclosamide’s potential direct targets in ovarian cancer
Authors: Sekulovski Nikola , MacLean James A , Bheemireddy Sambasiva R , Yu Zhifeng , Okuda Hiroshi , Pru Cindy , Plunkett Kyle N , Matzuk Martin , Hayashi Kanako 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that niclosamide is an anti-cancer compound that is able to inhibit several signaling pathways. Although niclosamide has previously been identified by high-throughput screening platforms as a potential effective compound against several cancer types, no direct binding interactions with distinct biological molecule(s) has been established. The present study identifies key signal transduction mechanisms altered by niclosamide in ovarian cancer. Using affinity purification with a biotin-modified niclosamide derivative and mass spectrometry analysis, several RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) were identified. We chose the two RBPs, FXR1 and IGF2BP2, for further analysis. A significant correlation exists in which high-expression of FXR1 or IGF2BP2 is associated with reduced survival of ovarian cancer patients. Knockdown of FXR1 or IGF2BP2 in ovarian cancer cells resulted in significantly reduced cell viability, adhesion, and migration. Furthermore, FXR1 or IGF2BP2 deficient ovarian cancer cells exhibited reduced response to most doses of niclosamide showing greater cell viability than those with intact RBPs. These results suggest that FXR1 and IGF2BP2 are direct targets of niclosamide and could have critical activities that drive multiple oncogenic pathways in ovarian cancer.
Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) crisis on surgical training: global survey and a proposed framework for recovery
Authors:   Research Education INnovation in Surgery (REINS) initiative COVID-19 group, Yiasemidou M , Tomlinson J , Chetter I , Biyani Chandra Shekhar , Abdulhannan P , Andreou A , Badiani S , Boyapati R , Da Silva N , Dickerson P , Frezzini C , Giorga A , Glassman D , Gómez Rivas J , Ho M , James O P , Kalifatidis D , Lam W , Lewis C M B , Malik A , Mavor A , Murugesan J , Panagiotou D , Patel B , Robinson D B T , Sanchez Salas R , Sharma D , Sultan J , Van Cleynenbreugel B , Wellbelove Z , Wilson A 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had a profound impact on surgical services, potentially having a detrimental impact on training opportunities. The aim of this global survey was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on surgical training and to develop a framework for recovery.MethodsA cross-sectional, web-based survey was conducted. This was designed by a steering committee of medical educationalists and validated by a group of trainees before dissemination.ResultsA total of 608 responses were obtained from 34 countries and 15 specialties. The results demonstrated major disruption in all aspects of training. The impact was greatest for conferences (525 of 608) and hands-on courses (517 of 608), but less for inpatient care-related training (268 of 608). European trainees were significantly more likely to experience direct training disruption than trainees in Asia (odds ratio 0.15) or Australia (OR 0.10) (χ2 = 87.162, P &lt; 0.001). Alternative training resources (webinars, 359 of 608; educational videos, 234 of 608) have emerged, although trainees expressed some dissatisfaction with them. The collective responses generated a four-pillar framework for training recovery that involved: guidance from training stakeholders with the involvement of trainees; prioritization of training, especially the roles of senior surgeons/trainers; provision of access to alternative/new teaching methods; and measures to address trainee anxiety.ConclusionTraining has been greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The introduction of new teaching methods and a focus on training after the pandemic are imperative.
Targeted use of intraoperative frozen-section analysis lowers the frequency of completion thyroidectomy
Authors: Staubitz J I , Elmrich I , Musholt P B , Cámara R J A , Watzka F , Dralle H , Sekulla C , Lorenz K , Musholt T J ,   Prospective Evaluation Study Thyroid Surgery (PETS) 2 study group, Vorländer C , Lorenz K , Blankenburg C , Geffcken C , Steinmüller T , Trupka A , Steinert F , Schabram J , Albrecht L , Marschall C , Orlitsch C , Holzner K , Feller J , Weber T , Kaltofen D , Simon D , Kube R , Schultz K , Sahm M , Obermeier J , Roth C , Janson K , Thomusch O , Meier H , Weinhold A , Müller N , Tonndorf G , Sinn D , Klein E , Henke G , Rampf W , Rendel K , Cupisti K , Holzer K , Grothe D , Axt L , Müller I , Probst W , Guhr C , Schischke F , Schwörig T , Konrad Hospital M , Fielitz J , Stets R , Liese M , Weiss C- L , Zaage J , Bräuer T , Weitz J , Huster A , Kidess E , Lautermann J , Kizilirmak N , Jannasch O , Bittscheidt H , Lehmann D , Kröll K- P , Musholt T J , Sonsnowska C , Lorenc Z , Dudesek B , Smutny S , Brauckhoff M , Bareck E , Köberle-Wührer R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
The impact of intraoperative frozen section (iFS) analysis on the frequency of completion thyroidectomy for the management of thyroid carcinoma is controversial. Although specialized endocrine centres have published their respective results, there are insufficient data from primary and secondary healthcare levels. The aim of this study was to analyse the utility of iFS analysis.

Methods
In the Prospective Evaluation Study Thyroid Surgery (PETS) 2 study, 22 011 operations for benign and malignant thyroid disease were registered prospectively in 68 European hospitals from 1 July 2010 to 31 December 2012. Group 1 consisted of 569 patients from University Medical Centre (UMC) Mainz, and group 2 comprised 21 442 patients from other PETS 2 participating hospitals. UMC Mainz exercised targeted but liberal use of iFS analysis for suspected malignant nodules. iFS analysis was compared with standard histological examination regarding the correct distinction between benign and malignant disease. The percentage of completion thyroidectomies was assessed for the participating hospitals.

Results
iFS analysis was performed in 35.70 per cent of patients in group 1 versus 21.80 per cent of those in group 2 (risk ratio (RR) 1.6, 95 per cent c.i. 1.5 to 1.8; P &lt; 0.001). Sensitivity of iFS analysis was 75.0 per cent in group 1 versus 63.50 per cent in group 2 (RR 1.2, 1.2 to 1.3; P = 0.040). Completion surgery was necessary in 8.10 per cent of patients in group 1 versus 20.8 per cent of those in group 2 (RR 0.4, 0.2 to 0.7; P = 0.001).

Conclusion
iFS analysis is a useful tool in determining the appropriate surgical management of thyroid disease. Targeted use of iFS was associated with a significantly higher sensitivity for the detection of malignancy, and with a significantly reduced necessity for completion surgery.
Study to Change Destiny. Elements That Promote Successful Trajectories in Young People who Have Been in Residential Care
Authors: Gairal-Casadó Regina , Garcia-Yeste Carme , Munté Pascual Ariadna , Padrós Cuxart Maria 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Scientific evidence shows that young people who have been in alternative care are more vulnerable than youth in the general population. This disadvantage is even more pronounced in the case of those who have been in residential care. A main factor associated with this greater vulnerability is low academic attainment, which is reflected in the scarcity of these youth accessing higher education. This qualitative research gathers the voices of twelve youth who have lived in residential care and are studying or have studied at university to explore those elements that have helped them overcome the obstacles to accessing higher education and have better opportunities in all areas of life. Following a communicative approach, the participants were also involved in the analysis. Besides identifying some of the great difficulties faced, the findings reveal that the participants were aware of the opportunities presented by a university degree and encouraged by relevant educators. Furthermore, most of the residential centres of the participants gave priority to their studies and provided extra support in a protective environment. The results provide valuable insights to child welfare decision makers and residential caregivers for improving services.
Distinctive alteration of presynaptic proteins in the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Haytural Hazal , Jordà-Siquier Tomàs , Winblad Bengt , Mulle Christophe , Tjernberg Lars O , Granholm Ann-Charlotte , Frykman Susanne , Barthet Gaël 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Synaptic degeneration has been reported as one of the best pathological correlates of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease. However, the location of these synaptic alterations within hippocampal sub-regions, the vulnerability of the presynaptic versus postsynaptic compartments, and the biological mechanisms for these impairments remain unknown. Here, we performed immunofluorescence labelling of different synaptic proteins in fixed and paraffin-embedded human hippocampal sections and report reduced levels of several presynaptic proteins of the neurotransmitter release machinery (complexin-1, syntaxin-1A, synaptotagmin-1 and synaptogyrin-1) in Alzheimer’s disease cases. The deficit was restricted to the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, whereas other hippocampal sub-fields were preserved. Interestingly, standard markers of postsynaptic densities (SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 2) and dendrites (microtubule-associated protein 2) were unaltered, as well as the relative number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus, indicating that the deficit is preferentially presynaptic. Notably, staining for the axonal components, myelin basic protein, SMI-312 and Tau, was unaffected, suggesting that the local presynaptic impairment does not result from axonal loss or alterations of structural proteins of axons. There was no correlation between the reduction in presynaptic proteins in the outer molecular layer and the extent of the amyloid load or of the dystrophic neurites expressing phosphorylated forms of Tau. Altogether, this study highlights the distinctive vulnerability of the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and supports the notion of presynaptic failure in Alzheimer’s disease.