bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The future of education equity policy in a COVID-19 world: a qualitative systematic review of lessons from education policymaking
Authors: Cairney Paul , Kippin Sean 
Published: July 2021

Background: COVID-19 had a major global impact on education, prompting concerns about its unequal effects and some impetus to reboot equity strategies. Yet, policy processes exhibit major gaps between expectations and outcomes, and inequalities endured for decades before the pandemic. Our objective is to establish, from education research, how policymakers seek equitable outcomes. Our study emulates its partner review of ‘Health in All Policies’ (HiAP) to ask: How does education equity research use policy theory to understand policymaking?Methods: A qualitative systematic review (from 2020-21), to identify peer reviewed research and commentary articles on education, equity, and policymaking, in specialist and general databases (ERIC, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane/ Social Systems Evidence). We did not apply additional quality measures. We used an inductive approach to identify key themes. We use these texts to produce a general narrative and explore how relatively theory-informed articles enhance it.Results: 140 texts (109 articles included; 31 texts snowballed) provide a non-trivial reference to policymaking. Limiting inclusion to English-language produced a bias towards Global North articles. The comparison with HIAP highlights distinctive elements of education research. First, educational equity is ambiguous and contested, with no settled global definition or agenda (although countries like the US, and organisations like the World Bank, have disproportionate influence). Second, researchers critique the narrow equity definitions – focusing on performance – that dominate policymaking. Third, more studies provide ‘bottom-up’ analysis of ‘implementation gaps’. Fourth, more studies relate inequity to ineffective policymaking to address marginalised groups.Conclusions: Few studies use policy theories to explain policymaking, but there is an education-specific literature performing a similar task. Compared to HIAP research, there is more use of critical policy analysis to reflect on power and less focus on delivering top-down aims. Most studies criticise current educational equity aims and expect them to fail.
Whole genome sequencing of two human rhinovirus A types (A101 and A15) detected in Kenya, 2016-2018
Authors: Luka Martha M. , Kamau Everlyn , de Laurent Zaydah R. , Morobe John Mwita , Alii Leonard K. , Nokes D. James , Agoti Charles N. 
Published: July 2021

Background: Virus genome sequencing is increasingly utilized in epidemiological surveillance. Genomic data allows comprehensive evaluation of underlying viral diversity and epidemiology to inform control. For human rhinovirus (HRV), genomic amplification and sequencing is challenging due to numerous types, high genetic diversity and inadequate reference sequences. Methods: We developed a tiled amplicon type-specific protocol for genome amplification and sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform of two HRV types, A15 and A101. We then assessed added value in analyzing whole genomes relative to the VP4/2 region only in the investigation of HRV molecular epidemiology within the community in Kilifi, coastal Kenya. Results: We processed 73 samples collected between 2016-2018, and 48 yielded at least 70% HRV genome coverage. These included all A101 samples (n=10) and 38 (60.3%) A15 samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Kilifi A101 sequences interspersed with global A101 genomes available in GenBank collected between 1999-2016. On the other hand, our A15 sequences formed a monophyletic group separate from the global genomes collected in 2008 and 2019. Improved phylogenetic resolution was observed with the genome phylogenies compared to the VP4/2 phylogenies. Conclusions: We present a type-specific full genome sequencing approach for obtaining HRV genomic data and characterizing infections.
Osseointegration of retrieved 3D-printed, off-the-shelf acetabular implants
Authors: Dall’Ava Lorenzo , Hothi Harry , Henckel Johann , Di Laura Anna , Tirabosco Roberto , Eskelinen Antti , Skinner John , Hart Alister 
Published: July 2021

Aims The main advantage of 3D-printed, off-the-shelf acetabular implants is the potential to promote enhanced bony fixation due to their controllable porous structure. In this study we investigated the extent of osseointegration in retrieved 3D-printed acetabular implants. Methods We compared two groups, one made via 3D-printing (n = 7) and the other using conventional techniques (n = 7). We collected implant details, type of surgery and removal technique, patient demographics, and clinical history. Bone integration was assessed by macroscopic visual analysis, followed by sectioning to allow undecalcified histology on eight sections (~200 µm) for each implant. The outcome measures considered were area of bone attachment (%), extent of bone ingrowth (%), bone-implant contact (%), and depth of ingrowth (%), and these were quantified using a line-intercept method. Results The two groups were matched for patient sex, age (61 and 63 years), time to revision (30 and 41 months), implant size (54 mm and 52 mm), and porosity (72% and 60%) (p > 0.152). There was no difference in visual bony attachment (p = 0.209). Histological analysis showed greater bone ingrowth in 3D-printed implants (p < 0.001), with mean bone attachment of 63% (SD 28%) and 37% (SD 20%), respectively. This was observed for all the outcome measures. Conclusion This was the first study to investigate osseointegration in retrieved 3D-printed acetabular implants. Greater bone ingrowth was found in 3D-printed implants, suggesting that better osseointegration can be achieved. However, the influence of specific surgeon, implant, and patient factors needs to be considered. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(7):388–400.
Mid- to long-term outcomes of contemporary total knee arthroplasty in Charcot neuroarthropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Rattanaprichavej Piti , Towiwat Patapong , Laoruengthana Artit , Dilokthornsakul Piyameth , Chaiyakunapruk Nathorn 
Published: July 2021

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an effective procedure to treat many patients with end-stage knee arthropathy. However, the extension of TKA for patients with Charcot neuroarthropathy (CNA) is controversial, with relatively limited evidence defining optimal reconstruction techniques. This systematic review of relevant studies that were published from January 2000 to June 2020 aimed to define survivorship, complications, reoperation, and component revision rates of contemporary TKA performed for CNA. We identified 127 TKA performed for CNA in five studies that comprised ≥ 7 knees with ≥ 5 years of follow-up. Overall implant survivorship was 85.4%. The overall complication rate was 26.4%, with the most common complications including instability (24.0%), periprosthetic fracture (17.4%), infection (13.0%), ligament injury (10.9%) and aseptic loosening (10.9%). The aetiology of CNA and prosthesis type had no influence on clinical outcomes, whereas the effect of staging of disease and ataxia status was still inconclusive. Understanding the potential determinants, survivorship and risk of complications related to TKA performed in CNA may help surgeons to deal with patient expectations.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:556-564. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200103
Utilization of slow light enhancement of four-wave mixing within a silicon photonic crystal for microwave frequency measurement purposes
Authors: Ebnali-Heidari Majid , Ebnali-Heidari Aliakbar , Emami Hossein 
Published: July 2021

We report the demonstration of an instantaneous frequency measurement system based on the four-wave mixing (FWM) effect in short dispersion engineered slow-light silicon photonic crystal waveguides for RF frequency measurement purposes within a range of 10 MHz to 80 GHz. Three nonlinear media were investigated including 3 mm ridge waveguide, 80 µm nanowire, and 80 µm photonic crystal (PhC). The system size could thus be decreased, and as a result system integration would become possible. We have shown that the optical power required to excite FWM is low enough to remove any need for optical amplification, and hence the system noise floor will be kept low. Issues due to the amplifier saturation will also be resolved this way. As a result, no noise reduction system, like lock-in amplification, would be required. A better system latency will also be achieved accordingly. The system dynamic range would also be improved in two ways. First, due to the low noise floor, and second, because of removing any optical amplifier that possibly could become saturated at higher power levels. All three media behaviors were simulated by the split step Fourier method, and the results showed that the best medium to be used is PhC.
Laser refrigeration of optically levitated sodium yttrium fluoride nanocrystals
Authors: Luntz-Martin Danika R. , Felsted R. Greg , Dadras Siamak , Pauzauskie Peter J. , Vamivakas A. Nick 
Published: July 2021

Solid state laser refrigeration can cool optically levitated nanocrystals in an optical dipole trap, allowing for internal temperature control by mitigating photothermal heating. This work demonstrates cooling of ytterbium-doped cubic sodium yttrium fluoride nanocrystals to 252 K on average with the most effective crystal cooling to 241 K. The amount of cooling increases linearly with the intensity of the cooling laser and is dependent on the pressure of the gas surrounding the nanocrystal. Cooling optically levitated nanocrystals allows for crystals prone to heating to be studied at lower pressures than currently achievable and for temperature control and stabilization of trapped nanocrystals.
Simultaneous imaging of two-phase velocities in particle-laden flows by two-color optical phase discrimination
Authors: Bi Xiaopeng , Sun Zhiwei , Lau Timothy , Alwahabi Zeyad , Nathan Graham 
Published: July 2021

In this Letter, we present a particle image/tracking velocimetry (PIV/PTV) technique for simultaneous velocity measurement of both fluid and particle phases, adopting newly developed optical phase discrimination methods and novel optical particles. Spherical acrylic (PMMA) particles of diameter

∼

O

(

100

µ

m

)

were used as the particle phase, while fine

B
A
M

:

E
u

2
+

phosphors of diameter

∼

O

(

1

µ

m

)

were used as the fluid tracer. Under Nd:YAG 355 nm laser excitation, both the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) from PMMA and laser-induced phosphorescence (LIP) from

B
A
M

:

E
u

2
+

provided sufficiently strong signals for PIV imaging with two non-intensified cameras and were clearly separable for phase discrimination using spectral filters and temporal profiles. The advantages of the PIV/PTV method include the relatively low cost of

B
A
M

:

E
u

2
+

phosphors, high sphericity and narrow size distribution of PMMA particles with LIF emission, and direct optical discrimination eliminating artifacts, while requiring much less computational capacity for PIV/PTV processing of complex particle-laden flows.
GeSn-on-insulator dual-waveband resonant-cavity-enhanced photodetectors at the 2  µm and 1.55  µm optical communication bands
Authors: Chen Qimiao , Wu Shaoteng , Zhang Lin , Burt Daniel , Zhou Hao , Nam Donguk , Fan Weijun , Tan Chuan Seng 
Published: July 2021

Germanium-tin-on-insulator (GSOI) has emerged as a new platform for three-dimensional (3D) photonic-integrated circuits (PICs). We report, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of GeSn dual-waveband resonant-cavity-enhanced photodetectors (RCE PDs) on GSOI platforms with resonance-enhanced responsivity at both 2 µm and 1.55 µm bands. 10% Sn is introduced to the GeSn absorbing layer to extend the detection wavelength to the 2 µm band. A vertical Fabry–Perot cavity is designed to enhance the responsivity. The measured responsivity spectra show resonance peaks that cover a wide wavelength range near both the 2 µm and conventional telecommunication bands. This work demonstrates that GeSn dual-waveband RCE PDs on a GSOI platform are promising for CMOS-compatible 3D PICs for optoelectronic applications in 2 µm and telecommunication bands.
Characteristics of thin InAlAs digital alloy avalanche photodiodes
Authors: Wang Wenyang , Yao Jinshan , Wang Jingyi , Deng Zhuo , Xie Zhiyang , Huang Jian , Lu Hong , Chen Baile 
Published: July 2021

InP-based avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are widely used in short-wave infrared (SWIR) communications. In this work, a thin (200 nm nominal) InAlAs digital alloy layer consisting of two monolayer (ML) InAs and two ML AlAs was grown on InP substrate and investigated in detail. APDs with p-i-n and n-i-p structures were fabricated and characterized. The current-voltage, capacitance-voltage characteristics, and excess noise were measured at room temperature with different laser wavelengths, and the measured effective

k

value (ratio of impact ionization coefficients) is about 0.15 with the multiplication gain up to 12. The randomly-generated path length (RPL) model was carried out to analyze the dead space effect. Our thin digital alloy successfully reduced excess noise compared with conventional

I
n

0.52

A
l

0.48

A
s

random alloy without introducing new elements and shows the potential for high-speed, low noise APD applications.
Prediction of risk of prolonged post-concussion symptoms: Derivation and validation of the TRICORDRR (Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Concussion Outcome Determination and Rehab Recommendations) score
Authors: Langer Laura Kathleen , Alavinia Seyed Mohammad , Lawrence David Wyndham , Munce Sarah Elizabeth Patricia , Kam Alice , Tam Alan , Ruttan Lesley , Comper Paul , Bayley Mark Theodore 
Published: July 2021

Background
Approximately 10% to 20% of people with concussion experience prolonged post-concussion symptoms (PPCS). There is limited information identifying risk factors for PPCS in adult populations. This study aimed to derive a risk score for PPCS by determining which demographic factors, premorbid health conditions, and healthcare utilization patterns are associated with need for prolonged concussion care among a large cohort of adults with concussion.

Methods and findings
Data from a cohort study (Ontario Concussion Cohort study, 2008 to 2016; n = 1,330,336) including all adults with a concussion diagnosis by either primary care physician (ICD-9 code 850) or in emergency department (ICD-10 code S06) and 2 years of healthcare tracking postinjury (2008 to 2014, n = 587,057) were used in a retrospective analysis. Approximately 42.4% of the cohort was female, and adults between 18 and 30 years was the largest age group (31.0%). PPCS was defined as 2 or more specialist visits for concussion-related symptoms more than 6 months after injury index date. Approximately 13% (73,122) of the cohort had PPCS. Total cohort was divided into Derivation (2009 to 2013, n = 417,335) and Validation cohorts (2009 and 2014, n = 169,722) based upon injury index year. Variables selected a priori such as psychiatric disorders, migraines, sleep disorders, demographic factors, and pre-injury healthcare patterns were entered into multivariable logistic regression and CART modeling in the Derivation Cohort to calculate PPCS estimates and forward selection logistic regression model in the Validation Cohort. Variables with the highest probability of PPCS derived in the Derivation Cohort were: Age >61 years (p^ = 0.54), bipolar disorder (p^ = 0.52), high pre-injury primary care visits per year (p^ = 0.46), personality disorders (p^ = 0.45), and anxiety and depression (p^ = 0.33). The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.79 for the derivation model, 0.79 for bootstrap internal validation of the Derivation Cohort, and 0.64 for the Validation model. A limitation of this study was ability to track healthcare usage only to healthcare providers that submit to Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP); thus, some patients seeking treatment for prolonged symptoms may not be captured in this analysis.

Conclusions
In this study, we observed that premorbid psychiatric conditions, pre-injury health system usage, and older age were associated with increased risk of a prolonged recovery from concussion. This risk score allows clinicians to calculate an individual’s risk of requiring treatment more than 6 months post-concussion.
Zoonotic enteric parasites in Mongolian people, animals, and the environment: Using One Health to address shared pathogens
Authors: Barnes Amber N. , Davaasuren Anu , Baasandavga Uyanga , Lantos Paul M. , Gonchigoo Battsetseg , Gray Gregory C. 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundCryptosporidium spp. andGiardia duodenalisare important zoonotic enteric pathogens of One Health concern for humans, animals, and the environment. For this study, we investigated parasite prevalence and risk factors among rural, peri-urban, and urban households and environments of Mongolia.MethodsThis cross-sectional study implemented a household risk factor survey at 250 home sites along with sample collection from humans, animals, flies, and drinking water. Multiplex real-time PCR analysis was conducted to look forCryptosporidium spp. and/orGiardia duodenaliswithin household samples.ResultsLab analysis found one or both zoonotic parasites at 20% of the participating households (51/250). Human samples had a parasite prevalence of 6.4% (27/419), domestic animals at 3.3% (19/570), pooled filth flies at 14.8% (17/115), and drinking water samples at 2% (5/250). Parasite presence at the household was significantly associated with a household’s use of an improved drinking water source (OR 0.27; CI 0.12–0.61; p = < 0.01), having an indoor handwashing site (OR 0.41; CI 0.19–0.92; p = 0.03), domestic animal ownership (OR 2.40; CI 1.02–5.65; p = 0.05), and rural location (OR 0.50; CI 0.25–0.98; p = 0.04). Household use of an improved drinking water source remained significant in the multivariate model (OR 0.16; CI 0.04–0.68; p = 0.01).ConclusionIn Mongolia, public and veterinary health are intertwined, particularly for rural herding households. Increased access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure could help prevent further transmission of zoonotic enteric parasites. Public health interventions, policy and messaging should utilize a One Health framework employing joint leadership from local human and animal health sectors.
Prognostic role and biologic features of Musashi-2 expression in colon polyps and during colorectal cancer progression
Authors: Kharin Leonid , Bychkov Igor , Karnaukhov Nikolay , Voloshin Mark , Fazliyeva Rushaniya , Deneka Alexander , Frantsiyants Elena , Kit Oleg , Golemis Erica , Boumber Yanis 
Published: July 2021

Background
The RNA-binding protein Musashi-2 (MSI2) controls the translation of proteins that support stem cell identity and lineage determination and is associated with progression in some cancers. We assessed MSI2 as potential clinical biomarker in colorectal cancer (CRC) and tubulovillous adenoma (TA) of colon mucosa.

Methods
We assessed 125 patients, of whom 20 had polyps of the colon (TAs), and 105 had CRC. Among 105 patients with CRC, 45 had stages I-III; among metastatic CRC (mCRC) patients, 31 had synchronous and 29 metachronous liver metastases. We used immunohistochemistry to measure MSI2 expression in matching specimens of normal tissue versus TAs, primary CRC tumors, and metastases, correlating expression to clinical outcomes. We analyzed the biological effects of depleting MSI2 expression in human CRC cells.

Results
MSI2 expression was significantly elevated in polyps versus primary tissue, and further significantly elevated in primary tumors and metastases. MSI2 expression correlated with decreased progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), higher tumor grade, and right-side localization (p = 0.004) of tumors. In metastases, high MSI2 expression correlated with E-cadherin expression. Knockdown of MSI2 in CRC cells suppressed proliferation, survival and clonogenic capacity, and decreased expression of TGFβ1, E-cadherin, and ZO1.

Conclusion
Elevated expression of MSI2 is associated with pre-cancerous TAs in the colonic mucosa, suggesting it is an early event in transformation. MSI2 expression is further elevated during CRC progression, and associated with poor prognosis. Depletion of MSI2 reduces CRC cell growth. These data imply a causative role of MSI2 overexpression at multiple stages of CRC formation and progression.
The drug development pipeline for glioblastoma—A cross sectional assessment of the FDA Orphan Drug Product designation database
Authors: Johann Pascal , Lenz Dominic , Ries Markus 
Published: July 2021

Background
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumour among adult patients and represents an almost universally fatal disease. Novel therapies for GBM are being developed under the orphan drug legislation and the knowledge on the molecular makeup of this disease has been increasing rapidly. However, the clinical outcomes in GBM patients with currently available therapies are still dismal. An insight into the current drug development pipeline for GBM is therefore of particular interest.

Objectives
To provide a quantitative clinical-regulatory insight into the status of FDA orphan drug designations for compounds intended to treat GBM.

Methods
Quantitative cross-sectional analysis of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Orphan Drug Product database between 1983 and 2020. STROBE criteria were respected.

Results
Four orphan drugs out of 161 (2,4%) orphan drug designations were approved for the treatment for GBM by the FDA between 1983 and 2020. Fourteen orphan drug designations were subsequently withdrawn for unknown reasons. The number of orphan drug designations per year shows a growing trend. In the last decade, the therapeutic mechanism of action of designated compounds intended to treat glioblastoma shifted from cytotoxic drugs (median year of designation 2008) to immunotherapeutic approaches and small molecules (median year of designation 2014 and 2015 respectively) suggesting an increased focus on precision in the therapeutic mechanism of action for compounds the development pipeline.

Conclusion
Despite the fact that current pharmacological treatment options in GBM are sparse, the drug development pipeline is steadily growing. In particular, the surge of designated immunotherapies detected in the last years raises the hope that elaborate combination possibilities between classical therapeutic backbones (radiotherapy and chemotherapy) and novel, currently experimental therapeutics may help to provide better therapies for this deadly disease in the future.