bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Development and Morphology of the Mandibular and Hyoid Muscles of Mammals
Authors: worth F. H. Edge 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the course of a paper on the morphology of the muscles of the head in Vertebrates published in this Journal two years ago, I gave a short description of those of the mandibular and hyoid segments in the rabbit. There is great difficulty in distinguishing muscle-Anlagen from surrounding mesoblast in the early stages of developing Mammals, and, not quite satisfied with some of the statements made, I have re-investigated the phenomena. The inquiry has been much facilitated by Prof. J. P. Hill, who very kindly lent me sections of Dasyurus viverrinus—an animal which is born with two masticatory muscles only and an incudo-meckelian joint, and in which the development of typical mammalian muscles and of a squamoso-mandibular joint takes place after birth. These changes can be easily followed, and enable one to interpret the more obscure phenomena occurring in Mammals with a longer intra-uterine development. Other Mammals have also been investigated, viz. pig, rabbit, Phoca vitulina, Halichœrus grypus, Bradypus marmoratus, Dasypus novemcinctus, Manis pentadactyla, Didelphys aurita, Echidna aculeata, Ornithorhynchus.
Observations on the Genera Cylindrocystis (Meneghini), Mesotænium (Näg.), and SpirotæNIA (Bréb.) (= Palmoglœa, Kütz., pro maxima parte), mainly induced by a paper by Dr. J. Braxton Hicks, F. R. S., F. L. S., on the Lower Forms of Algæ‡
Authors: Archer William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a paper which I had the honour to read before this Society, in the session preceding last, on the genus Palmoglœa (Kütz.),§ I took the opportunity to bring before your notice the Irish forms of that genus, or rather those forms by which Kützing would have been referred to it, but which, as I then stated, and as I still apprehend, belong more naturally to several individually distinct but closely related genera. I gave at the same time what may be called, in some measure, an analysis of the genus Palmoglœa (Kütz.), with regard to at least the majority of the forms therein included by that algologist.
On the Life-History of the Sporozoa of Spatangoids, with Observations on some Allied Forms
Authors: Pixell-Goodrich Helen L. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Certain Spatangoids harbour peculiarly interesting parasites which were named by Giard in 1876 (8) Lithocystis, owing to the fact that their cysts invariably contain crystals. He interpreted the tail with which the spores are provided as two filaments which approached one another, and consequently did not realise the close affinities of this genus with Urospora, established by Schneider in the preceding year (23).
On a New Species of Pentastomid from a N. African Snake (Zamenis ravigieri)
Authors: Hett Mary L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The specimens of Pentastomid described in this paper were given to me in the spring of 1913 by Mrs. Pixell Goodrich, who obtained them from the body cavity of Zamenis ravigieri while studying the hæmogregarine of that snake in the Sahara.
On the So-called Pharyngeal Gland-cells of Earthworms
Authors: Stephenson J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The “pharyngeal gland-cells” of earthworms are not gland-cells in the usual sense, and do not communicate with the pharynx; the term “chromophil cells “is proposed for them because of their intense coloration by haematoxylin and similar stains. The so-called “septal glands “of earthworms a.re aggregations of similar cells at a more posterior level. In the chromophil cells the deeply staining matter is not equably distributed through the cell-body; the peripheral regions of the cells in general stain more lightly, and appear to be disintegrating, or merge into an intercellular substance. While most of the cells form a more or less compact aggregate on the surface of the pharyngeal mass, a number penetrate inwards towards the pharyngeal epithelium, and become progressively metamorphosed into fibrillar connective tissue. A capsule of flattened cells covering the mass, though present in part, is incomplete. The smaller masses of cells in Helodrilus parvus are frequently continuous with the peritoneal membrane, of which they appear as modifications. In Helodrilus parvus, and especially in all young earthworms, the inwandering and the connective tissue change of the chromophil cells is less marked; in very young specimens neither has taken place. The capsule is also more and more incomplete the younger the specimen. The cells are to be looked on as of peritoneal origin -, that is to say, they are modifications of the original lining colls of the coelomic cavity. Hence the absence of capsule in the early stages; and hence the original limitation of the cells to the superficial portion of the pharyngeal mass. The main function of the cells is probably metabolic; but it is at present impossible to particularise further.
The Development of Echinocardium cor-datum. Part II.—The Development of the Internal Organs.
Authors: MacBride E. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a former number of tins Journal (10) I gave an account of the development of Echinocardium cordatum, including in it a description of the living larvæ and of the external features of the young urchins just after their metamorphosis. Since then I have been engaged (with frequent interruptions) in exploring the development of the internal organs by means of sections, and the facts recorded in the present paper, taken together with what was communicated in the earlier paper, constitute the first complete account of the development of a Spatangoid irregular urchin which has been published.
Rhythmic Pulsation in the Madreporic Vesicle of Young Ophiuroids
Authors: Geinmill James F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In view of the interest attaching to the nature and function of the madreporic vesicle, I made a careful examination of a number of young living Ophiuroids from tow-nettings at the Millport Marine Station in June, 1918. In particular specimens (probably of Ophioglypha albida), at the stage when the young star is a flattened disc with five blunt arms, each with five tentacles, the madreporic interradius is slightly wider than the rest, and is marked by the projection in its neighbourhood of a still persisting larval arm-rudiment. Careful focussing through the tissues of this interradius, in recently taken specimens examined in saltwater, never failed to reveal the presence of a rhythmically pulsating thin-walled cavity entirely comparable with the pulsating madreporic vesicle of an Asterias larva. The pulsations are extremely regular, occurring once in every eleven or twelve seconds, and they continued for over an hour in several of the specimens examined. They could be made out both from the oral and from the aboral side, and nothing similar was revealed by search in the other interradii. One gets the impression that the essential part of the pulsation is the emptying and filling of spongy tissue to one side of the vesicle, but this appearance is not nearly so definite as in Asterias (2, p. 248) and Porania (3, p. 40) larvæ. Bury (9, p. 76, 1896) noted in Echinus microtuberculatus that during contraction the floor of the vesicle projects far up into its cavity, and that the pulsation is certainly continued in the earliest post-larval stages, though whether it occurs in the adult he was unable to say. Recently MacBride has figured and called attention to a similar projection in sections of late larvæ of Echinocardium cordatum (5, p. 263, Pl. 19, fig. 10A).
An Alcoholic Eosin and Methylene-Blue Staining Method
Authors: Lim R. K. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Aqueous or alcoholic solutions of eosin and aqueous solutions of methylene-blue have long been individually and successively employed for the double staining of sections. (It is not intended here to deal with the mixed or combined staining method of Romanowsky (8), Ehrlich (1), and others.) The various methods now in use (Schafer (9), Sims Woodhead (10), Miller (5), etc.) may be generally described as follows :
Observations on the Protozoa Parasitic in the Hind Gut of Archotermopsis wroughtoni Desn: Part I.—Ditrichomonas (Trichomonas) termitis, Imms
Authors: Cutler D. Ward 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a recent paper Dr. Imms (12)1 has described some of the species of Protozoa parasitic in the hind gut of an Indian termite—Archotermopsis wroughtoni Desn. As many of these insects have been living in Dr. Imms’ laboratory at Manchester, I had the opportunity, a few years ngo, of examining their Protozoa, which showed a number of features of great interest and importance. Early in 1918 I decided to make a thorough investigation of these parasites, and Dr. Imms kindly placed at my disposal the remainder of his material. I therefore express to him my sincere thanks for thus rendering possible my research.
Text-book of embryology : Vol. II, Vertebrala, with the exception of Mammalia
Authors: Graham Kerr J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The interesting Fish and Amphibians collected abroad by Prof. J. Graham Kerr and his friend Mr. Budgett have provided the material for a series of important contributions to our knowledge of the development of vertebrates in the pages of this Journal and elsewhere. Zoologists have therefore eagerly looked forward to the appearance of this the second volume of the ‘Text-Book of Embryology’ of which the first volume—on the Invertebrata—was written by Prof. MacBride and reviewed four years ago ; and they will not be disappointed, for Prof. Kerr has produced a strikingly original work of real merit. Unlike many text-books it is not a mere conscientious compilation, nor has the author aimed at writing a complete and comprehensive work of reference. Rather has he endeavoured to illustrate the fundamental results of the study of embryology, omitting mere descriptive detail, and avoiding the accumulation of data without special significance. As he truly remarks in the preface, such masses of detail “have tended to obscure general principles and incidentally to smother interest in one of the most fascinating of sciences.” It must not be thought, however, that this handsome volume devoted to the Lower Vertebrata (Vertebrata, with the exception of the Mammalia) is filled with vague speculations; on the contrary, it conveys a vast amount of information, facts and relevant detail being set forth with admirable clearness to support the author’s views.
Observations on Arachnactis albida, M. Sars
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
By the courtesy of Mr. T. A. Stephenson, of the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, I have been entrusted with a portion of the collection of Anthozoa made by the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, in the course of marine investigations extending over a number of years. Among these were several gatherings of Arachnactis larvæ, and I have welcomed the opportunity of resuming studies which I began, but never brought to a conclusion, in 1889. At that time little was known of the anatomy and lifehistory of the Arachnactis larvæ of Cerianthus beyond what was contained in the works of M. Sars (20) and A. Agassiz (1 and 2), and finding that a species, subsequently named Arachnactis bournei by Fowler (13), was a constant element in the plankton collected at Plymouth in the summer months, I selected and preserved for microscopical study as many stages as possible, intending to publish a full account of my investigations of their structure. But hardly was the material for my projected work collected when I was asked to allow the late Prof. E. van Beneden to look at it. I accordingly sent all the specimens of Arachnactis that I possessed to the distinguished Belgian zoologist, without attaching any conditions to what I regarded as a loan of valuable material. In the absence of such conditions the loan was taken to be a gift. Prof, van Beneden made prompt use of the material that I had provided, and within a year had written the memoir (3) which has to a large extent formed the basis of his own and other subsequent work on the subject. I have no complaint to make against an esteemed and lamented friend. Prof, van Beneden gave memiore than my due share of credit in the matter, and doubtless made fuller and better use of the material than I should have done at the time. I only mention the matter now because a survey of the literature, in which my name occurs pretty frequently, suggests that I acted as a mere collector of material and threw away a good opportunity through failure to appreciate the value of what I had preserved. As it happened, a subject which I had hoped to make my own passed into other and very able hands, and the collections that I made were the prelude to the splendid memoir afterwards published by Prof. E. van Beneden (4) on the Anthozoan larvæ of the “National” Expedition. More recently large additions to our knowledge have been made by Fowler, Carlgren, McMurrich and others, and the developmental history of at least two species of Arachnactis has been so fully treated by them that little seems to be left for any subsequent investigator to deal with. But the Irish collections that have come into ray hands enable me to fill some gaps in our. knowledge of the life-history of one species—A. albida.
The Infra-cerebral Organs of Peripatus
Authors: Dakin William J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Attached to the ventral surface of the supra-oesophageal ganglion of Peripatus and hanging therefrom are two small vesicles. They were discovered as far back as 1853 before Peripatus was regarded as an Arthropod, and Grube, their discoverer, considered them to be auditory organs (8).
The Male Meiotic Phase in two Genera Of Marsupials (Macropus and Petauroides)
Authors: Agar W. E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A very slight experience of cytological research is sufficient to impress the worker in this field with the different facilities for accurate research afforded by different organisms, and also with the importance of discovering the most favourable objects for such research. Consequently I have been making a cytological survey of such groups of Australian animals as seemed most likely to afford useful cytological material, paying at first particular attention to the Marsupials, for two reasons. The first is the well-known technical difficulties presented by the Eutherian mammals on account of the usually rather large number and tendency to clump of their chromosomes, and the second is that Jordan’s work on the American opossum (1911) showed that in this marsupial the number of chromosomes is comparatively small. Jordan determined the number as seventeen (male), but Painter (1922) has raised it to twenty-two. Up to the present we have made in this laboratory a preliminary survey of some fourteen species of Marsupials, and this paper presents an account of the more important features of two of these which have been worked out in more detail.
The Morphological Plan of the Head
Authors: Kingsbury B. F. , Adelmann H. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is with some hesitation that the writers again discuss a question which has been dealt with so many times in years past. And yet their studies have led them to seriously question the correctness of the point of view which has heretofore been assumed by those who have attempted an explanation of the structural plan of the vertebrate head. It has become quite evident that a study of the developmental transformations of the head elucidates many features of head morphology which have remained obscure in spite of many attempts to interpret them. No apology is offered, therefore, for considering once again this much-worn but always fascinating theme.
On the Cranial Characters of the South African Brevicipitid, Phrynomerus bifasciatus
Authors: Villiers C. G. S. de 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Much work has recently been done on the comparative anatomy and ontogeny of the shoulder-girdle of the Anura, but no attempt has been made to reinvestigate the skull with the aid of modern microtechnical methods ; it is hoped that the present paper will contribute towards the revival of interest in the osteology of the anuran cranium.
The Origin and Migration of the Primordial Germ-cells of Sphenodon punctatus
Authors: Tribe Margaret , Brambell F. W. Rogers 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The primordial germ-cells of Sphenodon originate in the yolk-sac endoderm of the area opaca all round the embryo, but chiefly in a crescentic area in front of it. They differentiate first at a very early stage of development before the differentiation of the medullary plate. The primordial germ-cells are characterized by their very large size, in comparison with all the other embryonal cells, and by their content of small yolk-spherules which are sub-equal in size. The primordial germ-cells migrate through the yolk-sac endoderm and mesoderm, apparently by their own power of amoeboid movement. Many of them enter the blood-islands and the sinus terminalis. The primordial germ-cells enter the embryo either (1) passively in the venous blood-stream, or (2) actively by migration through the extra-embryonal endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm into the lateral walls and the mesentery of the midgut groove. The primordial germ-cells in the circulation reach the neighbourhood of the germinal ridges in the dorsal aorta or its branches. They then penetrate the walls of the vessels and migrate through the intervening tissues, together with those that have reached the base of the mid-gut mesentery by way of the splanchnic mesoderm and the mid-gut wall, to the germinal ridges. Many primordial germ-cells get lost during their migration. This is especially true of those travelling in the blood-stream. Such aberrant primordial germ-cells are found occasionally in almost any part of the embryo,, but occur most often in the head, especially in the region of the fore-brain. They ultimately disappear. The primordial germ-cells enter the forming germinal ridges before the coelomic epithelium covering them has begun to proliferate. The primordial germ-cells, having reached the germinal ridges, lose their characteristic yolk-content and enter on the prophase of the heterotypic division.
On the Occurrence of ‘Hepato-pancreatic’ Glands in the Indian Earthworms of the Genus Eutyphoeus Mich
Authors: Narayan Bald Harm , Behari Lal Makund 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In 1883 Beddard (1) instituted the genus Typhoeus on the basis of an earthworm from Calcutta and recorded the presence of a series of about six pairs of intestinal glands lying on the dorsal surface of the gut of this earthworm which he named Typhoeus orientalis. In 1889 he (2) described another species of this genus from Darjeeling as T. gammiei, and gave a brief description of the structure of these glands in the following words: ‘The alimentary canal presents only one other feature of interest, and that is the presence of intestinal glands already recorded in T. orientalis. The glands are, however, not confined to this genus, since they exist in much greater numbers in Megascolex, and have also been described by Horst in Acanthodrilus, and by myself in Eudrilus. In Typhoeus the glands agree in their minute structure with those of Megascolex, but differ anatomically in the fact that the two glands of each pair become fused together on the middle dorsal line of the intestine, and also in the fact that the glands of consecutive segments are connected. The minute structure bears a very close resemblance to that of the calciferous glands.’1 Beddard does not describe the histology or blood-supply of the glands, but gives a diagram of a transverse section of a portion of one of the glands which is reproduced in fig. 6, Pl. 10.
Protozoa from Australian Termites
Authors: Sutherland Jean L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Very little work has been done on the protozoa of Australian termites except for the observations of Grassi (1917), who described the faunas of Porotermes adamsoni Frogg., Coptotermes lacteus Frogg., and a species of Schedo- rhinotermes, and those of Duboscq and Grassé (1927), who worked on Calotermes iridipennis Frogg.
On Gypsina plana, and on the Systematic Position of the Stromatoporoids
Authors: Hickson Sydney J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The study of the collection of large specimens of Gypsina plana (Carter) made by Professor J. Stanley Gardiner in the Indian Ocean, and described by Miss Lindsey in 1913 suggested to me the opinion that there is some relationship between these large Foraminifera and the ancient Stromatoporoids. My recent investigations of specimens collected by Dr. Crossland in Tahiti have so far strengthened and confirmed this opinion that I have no doubt now that the Stromatoporoids were Foraminifera. This conception of the systematic position of the Stromatoporoids is by no means new, as it was held very strongly by W. B. Carpenter and others in the nineteenth century ; but as the text-books on Palaeontology still classify these fossils with the Hydrozoa it is necessary to call for a reconsideration of the problem in the light of recent discoveries.
The Early Development of the Nephridia in Amphioxus: Part II, The Paired Nephridia
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The only account we have of the early development of the paired nephridia of the pharyngeal region of Amphioxus is that given by R. Legros (1909) in a preliminary note already referred to in Part I of this contribution (p. 499 of this volume). In the same year a description was given by me (1909) of the nephridia in the larva with about ten gill-slits of the ‘primary’ or future left series ; but at this stage the paired nephridia are already well advanced. They consist of a ‘canal’ in the form of a rounded sac provided with solenocytes at its inner blind end, and an opening to the exterior at the future dorsal edge of the gill-slit. Since then I have studied in Naples the nephridia related to the developing ‘secondary’ or future right series of gill-slits in older living larvae undergoing metamorphosis, but was unable to discover their first origin. On these somewhat opaque larvae it was only possible to make out that already, when the gill was represented merely by a rounded thickening of the endodermal wall, the nephridial rudiment could be seen as a small mass of cells on its dorsal margin. By the time the gill-pouch has been formed in the middle of the thickening, and the tongue-bar has begun to grow downwards from its dorsal edge, the nephridial mass has become hollow and solenocytes have grown out from it. Soon the whole organ acquires the structure already described in the ‘primary’ series (Goodrich, 1909). The details of the development can only be worked out on sections, and it must be confessed that even in sections it is extremely difficult to make out clearly. Unfortunately I was unable to trace the early development of the nephridia belonging to the ‘primary’ series of gill-slits, since the space in which they develop is so cramped, and its walls become so closely applied to each other, that no distinct image of the origin of the nephri dial cells could be obtained. The material used consists of a large number of larvae obtained by me in Naples and a few from Heligoland, fixed and stained in various ways (see Part I, p. 500). I have to thank Prof. J. W. van Wijhe for kindly lending me some sections on which I was able to confirm some of my results.