bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Architectures for Internet-Based Collaborative Virtual Prototyping
Authors: Gowda Sanjay , Jayaram Sankar , Jayaram Uma 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Virtual Prototyping (VP) is a relatively new technology which involves the use of Virtual Reality (VR) and other computer technologies to create digital prototypes. Recently, this rapidly expanding technology has matured enough to warrant serious consideration as part of the engineering design and manufacturing process. Virtual prototyping has extended beyond the specific use of virtual reality to now include the use of next-generation Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) technologies including advanced visualization systems, human modeling systems, and CAD/CAM systems. The emergence of these systems has raised significant concern regarding the integration and concurrent use of these tools.
As the use of next-generation CAE systems becomes more prevalent, engineers will continue to grapple with how, when, and where to properly use these tools in the engineering design cycle. The abundance of data generated and used by these systems places considerable burden on the engineer, who often ends up spending more time on data and process management (e.g. transferring data from system to system, version control, system integration, etc.) rather than on the actual design problem. As these systems continue to become mainstream, the burden placed upon the engineer using these systems must be alleviated. The effective use of these tools in an integrated, synergistic fashion has not yet been realized.
This paper discusses a number of distinct approaches for creating a collaborative, distributed architecture for virtual prototyping. The architectural philosophies discussed include: Product Development Approach, CAE Tool Integration Approach, User-session Approach, Functional Approach, and Black-box Approach. A final architecture, created from the value-added features of each of the discussed philosophies, was created. A prototype implementation of this architecture and its underlying technological infrastructure is briefly discussed.
Visualization of Post-Processed CFD Data in a Virtual Environment
Authors: Shahnawaz Vishant J. , Vance Judy M. , Kutti Sasikumar V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses the development of a virtual reality (VR) interface for the visualization of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) data. The application, VR-CFD, provides an immersive and interactive graphical environment in which users can examine the analysis results from a CFD analysis of a flow field in three-dimensional space. It has been tested and implemented with virtual reality devices such as the C2, head mounted display (HMD) and desktop VR. The application is designed to read PLOT3D structured grid data and to display the flow field parameters using features such as streamlines, cutting planes, iso-surfaces, rakes, vector fields and scalar fields. Visualization Toolkit (VTK), a data visualization library, is used along with OpenGL arid the C2 VR interface libraries, to develop the application. Analysts and designers have used VR-CFD to visualize and understand complex three-dimensional fluid flow phenomena. The combination of three-dimensional interaction capability and the C2 virtual reality environment has been shown to facilitate collaborative discussions between analysts and engineers concerning the appropriateness of the CFD model and the characteristics of the fluid flow.
Effect of Sauter Mean Diameter on Combustion Related Parameters in a Large-Bore Marine Diesel Engine
Authors: Danov Stanislav N. , Gupta Ashwani K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A mathematical model of combustion process in a diesel engine has been developed according to the theory of chain reactions for the higher hydrocarbon compounds. The instantaneous rates of fuel vaporization and combustion are defined in terms of the current values of temperature, pressure, concentration of fuel vapors, overall diffusion rate, fuel injection rate, and mean fuel droplet size in terms of the SMD. Numerical experiments have been carried out for investigating the interdependency between various combustion-related parameters. Specifically, the effect of fuel droplet size (in terms of SMD) on the subsequent combustion parameters, such as, pressure, temperature, thermodynamic properties of air/gas mixture, heat transfer, fuel vaporization, combustion rate, current A/F ratio and gas mixture composition. In addition the integral indicator parameters of the engine, such as, mean indicated pressure, peak pressure, compression pressure have been analyzed.
Two-Dimensional Combined Radiation and Conduction Transient Heat Transfer in Directional Solidification
Authors: Wang Deming , Whitesell Harry S. , Overfelt Tony 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a computer-aided heat transfer simulation method to predict the thermal characteristics of an alloy sample in a special furnace for directional solidification. A two-dimensional transient heat transfer by radiation combined with conduction is developed to calculate the energy exchange between the symmetric furnace and the sample. Control volumes are used to obtain a set of highly efficient finite difference equations for heat conduction and heat radiation with changeable view factors. The simulation results are verified by measurable experimental results. Using the two-dimensional computer simulation model, many thermal properties of the samples can be obtained, such as temperature distribution, solidification velocity, the shapes and positions of the liquid/solid interface and thermal gradient at the interfaces. These are very important to analyze microstructure of casting alloy, avoid casting defects and control casting quality.
CFEL: A Finite Element Library
Authors: Seed G. M. , Cardew G. E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An overview of an object-oriented class library, CFEL, for finite element modelling is presented. The structure and class hierarchies of CFEL are presented and how the library forms part of a larger computational modelling class framework, CML. The CML framework is a move towards a general framework for geometric computational modelling which unifies traditionally separate disciplines such as stress analysis and fluid flow. CML consists of the following set of core libraries for modelling: i) data structures, ii) element and structure geometric modelling, iii) material and geometric characteristics and iv) solid and fluid finite element modelling, of which CFEL is a member.
Effects of Jet Reynolds Number on the Performance of Axisymmetric and Nonaxisymmetric Gas Burner Flames
Authors: Kamal Azfar , Gollahalli S. R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An investigation of the effects of burner exit Reynolds number (9,400–19,000) on the relative effects of burner geometry (circular and elliptic with an aspect ratio 2–4) in a propane jet flame is presented. Circular and elliptic burners of the equivalent area of a circular burner of diameter 5.02 mm were studied. Air entrainment into the nonreacting jets, emission indices of NO, NO2, and CO, visible flame length, flame temperature profiles, radiative fraction of heat release, and soot concentration were measured. Results show that an increase in Re decreases the benefits of higher air entrainment into the flame due to elliptic burner geometry. Similarly, the effects of changes in NO and CO emission indices level off at higher burner Re. The measurements of visible flame length, radiative fraction flame heat release, temperature profiles, and soot concentrations corroborate and offer the explanations for the observed emission index results.
Parallel Solution of a CFD Problem Under Microsoft Windows NT on an Intel SMP Machine
Authors: Nicolescu Bogdan , Oanta Emil M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We present a method of parallelization for computationally extensive problems on multiprocessor machines using a multitasking operating system and a regular compiler. The idea is to divide a process into independent tasks that represent as many execution threads distributed among the available processors. For the distribution of threads on different processors we offer two solutions one in which the operating system is doing this task and one in which it is the programmer’s job to specify which thread runs on which processor. As a model we choose the unsteady flow of an incompressible, viscous fluid through a channel with an obstacle inside. For an easy understanding of the method and for the purpose of outlining the general principles of such flows we considered the simplest geometry: a straight tube with an obstacle inside parallel to its walls.
Large Geometrically Nonlinear Responses of Discretized Plate Structures Under Nonstationary Random Excitations
Authors: To C. W. S. , Liu M. L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the investigation reported here novel techniques for the computation of highly nonlinear response statistics, such as mean square and covariance of generalized displacements of large scale discretized plate and shell structures have been developed. The techniques combine the versatile finite element method and the stochastic central difference method as well as derivatives of the latter such that complex aerospace and naval structures under intensive transient disturbances represented as nonstationary random processes can be considered. The flat triangular plate finite element is of the Mindlin type and is based on the hybrid strain formulation. The updated Lagrangiah hybrid strain based formulation is capable of dealing with deformations of finite rotations and finite strains. Explicit expressions for the consistent element mass and stiff matrices were previously obtained, and therefore no numerical matrix inversion and integration is necessary in the element matrix derivation. Several additional features are novel. First, the so-called averaged deterministic central difference scheme is employed in the co-ordinate updating process for large deformations. Second, application of the time co-ordinate transformation in conjunction with the stochastic central difference method enables one to deal with highly stiff discretized structures. Third, application of the adaptive time schemes makes it convenient to solve a wide variety of highly nonlinear systems. Finally, the recursive nature of the stochastic central difference method makes it possible to deal with a wide class of nonstationary random process.
Elasto-Plastic Impact: Non-Linear FEA vs. Experimental Results
Authors: Werner Todd C. , Suchora Daniel H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper analyzes the problem of a weight with a specified initial velocity impacting the end of an aluminum cantilever beam. The impact is severe enough to cause significant plastic bending strains in the beam. The impact is modeled using the Algor Event Simulation Non-linear Finite Element Analysis software using 21 node brick elements and a Von-Mises material model with isotropic hardening. Raleigh damping is included in the simulation.
The computer generated strain vs. time results are compared to traces obtained from a strain gage instrumented beam subjected to the impact modeled by the software. The comparison of the non-linear FEA computer results and the experimental data shows good correlation.
Parameter Identification of Inelastic Structures
Authors: Zhang H. , Yang Y. , Foliente G. C. , Ma F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Structures often exhibit nonlinear and inelastic behavior in the form of hysteresis loop under severe loads associated with earthquake, austere winds and waves. Hysteresis is particularly important in depicting the nonlinear response of wood buildings, braced steel frames, reinforced concrete, and structures with a high proportion of composite materials. A practical model of hysteresis that would match experimental observations on real structures is needed for the successful design of structures against earthquakes and strong winds. Two different time-domain system identification algorithms will be presented in this report to estimate the parameters of an extended Bouc-Wen hysteretic model. This version of the differential model of hysteresis can curve-fit practically any hysteresis trace with a suitable choice of the model parameters. Thirteen control parameters are included in the model. The parameter identification algorithms presented in this report include the constrained simplex and generalized reduced gradient methods. Noise filtering techniques and constraints will also be used in this study to assist in parameter identification. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms will be demonstrated through simulations of nonlinear systems with pinching and degradation characteristics. Due to very modest computing requirements, the proposed identification algorithms can be acceptable as a basic tool for estimating hysteretic parameters in engineering design.
Automated Determination of Spur Gear Form Factors
Authors: Overman Thomas M. , Shoup Terry E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a method for determining the form factor (J) and other form factors, which eliminates the need for manual table lookups to AGMA 908-B89 when designing spur gears. It provides an implementation of the algorithms presented in that earlier paper, in an easy-to-use spreadsheet module in Microsoft Excel 97. The implementation also allows form factor calculation for gear teeth combinations not given in the tables of 908-B89, thus eliminating the work of interpolating or extrapolating the tables in that earlier paper.
Generalized Algorithms for Interactive Warping Analysis of Porous Cross Sections
Authors: Pao Y. C. , Ritman Erik L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Algorithms have been developed for warping analysis and calculation of the shearing stresses in a general porous cross section of a long rod when it is subjected to twisting torques at its ends. The shape and dimensions of the cross section full of holes are defined from the binary segmented image data with by a micro-CT scanning technique. Finite difference approximation of the Laplace equation governing the cross-sectional warping leading to the matrix solution by a Gauss-Seidel process is discussed. Method of pointer matrix which keeps the locations of the nonzero elements of the coefficient matrix, is employed to expedite the iterative solution. Computer programs are coded in QuickBASIC language to facilitate plotting of the computed distributions of warping and shearing stresses. The classical torsional problem of square and thin-walled cross sections are used to reexamine the accuracy of the developed algorithms and results are found to be in very good agreement.
Enabling Distributed Data Processing for Internet Analysis With GenX
Authors: Scholand Andrew J. , Peak Russell S. , Fulton Robert E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes how an XML mapping of a product neutral standard, GenCAMsm, has been used in combination with a JavaScript XML parser to enable product-data driven analysis from a web interface. This client side processing of detailed design data results in greater accuracy of analysis inputs, lower Internet bandwidth requirements, and greater intellectual property security. The web interface lowers the barriers to use of sophisticated CAE analysis software, enabling tool use by product and process experts throughout the supply chain. An example illustration based on a Plated Through Hole thermomechanical analysis is presented. Application to an Internet-based Engineering Service Bureau is discussed.
Design Rules and Technology Guides for Web-Based Manufacturing
Authors: Inouye Ryan , Wright Paul K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The paper establishes a set of machining rules for web-based manufacturing and discusses the guidelines for their classification and implementation. Rule checking is split into three levels, the Design Interface. Process Planning, and Machine Tool levels. Rules are placed in these different levels according the resources available and the inherent constraints of each level while maintaining their principle functionality. The implementation of rule checking on the CyberCut 3-D interface, a web-based manufacturing tool for machining, is discussed. The current implementation checks for the four most common conflicts between mechanical designers and manufacturing engineers.
Implementation of a Design Tool for Conceptual Design of Integrally Fastened Assemblies
Authors: Lee Paul G. , Lee Daeyong , Gabriele Gary A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The proper use of integral attachment features in mechanical assemblies has been more of an art than an engineering science. An organized set of design steps for generating conceptual integral attachment designs has recently been developed based on work begun by Bonenberger. These steps outline a formal design methodology for exploring the design space of possible alternative attachment concepts. This paper describes the development of a software tool that attempts to implement the integral attachment design methodology to assist a designer in developing attachment concepts. The tool is implemented using the Java programming language. A graphical interface is used to present the methodology as a series of options that approximate the design situation. This hides many of the details of the methodology in favor of ease of use. The end result is a set of suggestions for integral fasteners that are matched to the design situation. A discussion of how the hundreds of images are handled using Java is provided. A sample case study illustrates the approach of the program. The tool represents one of the few examples of a design tool aimed specifically at generating design concepts.
Integrated Engineering, Geometric, and Customer Modeling: LCD Projector Design Case Study
Authors: Abrahamson Shaun , Wallace David , Senin Nicola , Borland Nick 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes an integrated product design study conducted with Polaroid Corporation for a liquid crystal display video projector, applying a research system called DOME. The services of distributed objects — encapsulating CAE simulations, component catalogs, manufacturing cost models, geometric and configuration models, customer preference models, and environmental life-cycle assessment — are mathematically related to form an integrated product system model. Software objects providing optimization and decision support are also included in the model to create a design tradeoff environment. As such, designers can obtain sales predictions based upon configuration changes and make tradeoffs with other requirements. Benchmarking suggests there would be approximately a 30% increase in the time to fully evaluate the first design configuration due to the overhead of creating the integrated system model. However, the time to fully evaluate subsequent alternatives may be reduced from months to minutes.
Towards a Decision-Based Distributed Product Realization Environment for Engineering Systems
Authors: Gerhard Jonathan F. , Duncan Scott J. , Chen Yong , Allen Janet K. , Rosen David , Mistree Farrokh , Dugenske Andrew D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We imagine a future in which geographically distributed engineers collaboratively develop, build, and test solutions to design-manufacture problems encountered in the product realization process. In this context, we want to provide a foundation to support the realization of industrial products for a global marketplace through distributed design and manufacture. Specifically, we want to provide a platform-independent framework to integrate distributed and heterogeneous software resources to support the computationally intensive activities in the product realization process, anchored in the philosophy of decision-based design. In this paper, we present a prototype platform-independent framework based on an experimental version, called P2, of the Sandia Product Realization Environment (PRE). We describe the implementation of this framework to design and prototype gear transmissions using commonly available software assets.
Application of Neural Network in Free Air Ball Forming for Wire Bonder
Authors: Chen Jau-Liang , Lin Yeh-Chao , Liu Chun-Hsien , Kuo Wen-Chang , Lee Tzung-Ching 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The shape and size of free-air-ball formation deeply affect the quality of wire bonding. It not only affects the bondability of first bond (ball bond), but also affects the possibility of processing low loop height bonding for thin form packages and high I/O fine pitch packages. Several parameters, such as tail length, spark gap, supplied voltage, current and time of electrical flame-off unit etc., will affect the free-air-ball formation. This paper represents a study of using error-back-propagation neural network method to analyze the effect of each parameter and to predict the final result of the ball forming. From the experiment, it is shown that neural network can not only be used to precisely predict the size of ball formation, but also saves sampling time.
Using Genetic Algorithms to Set Target Values for Engineering Characteristics in the House of Quality
Authors: Brackin Patricia , Colton Jonathan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As part of a strategy for obtaining preliminary design specifications from the House of Quality, genetic algorithms were used to generate and optimize preliminary design specifications for an automotive case study. This paper describes the House of Quality for the automotive case study. In addition, the genetic algorithm chosen, the genetic coding, the methods used for mutation and reproduction, and the fitness and penalty functions are descrobed. Methods for determining convergence are examined. Finally, test results show that the genetic algorithm produces reasonable preliminary design specifications.
Task Planning for Product Development by Strategic Scheduling of Design Reviews
Authors: Mori Toshiki , Ishii Kosuke , Kondo Koichi , Ohtomi Koichi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a method for modeling and planning design processes. The method should apply to the early stages of development of which the design process is not yet concrete. A matrix-based process model that represents task dependencies provides the input for the optimization of the design process leading to a graph-based process model. The proposed approach uses graph theory for modeling and planning design processes as well as strategic scheduling of design reviews. The proposed algorithm is applicable to large-scale development projects involving numerous tasks and complicated task relationships.
The paper further discusses the application of the planning method to the design of a major device in a satellite as well as the validity of the approach. The example reduced the number of feedback loops and design reviews compared to the solution obtained by conventional planning methods using the design structure matrix.