bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Refugee Situation in the Horn of Africa and Sudan
Authors: Adepoju Aderanti 
Published: August 2021

– “One of the most pressing problems of the world today–the plight of over 5 million refugees in Africa”– “Every other refugee in the world is an African”– “The refugee tragedy in Africa is a human tragedy”– “The largest refugee problem on the continent is in the Horn of Africa”The quotations above succinctly describe the refugee situation in Africa, in general, and especially in the Horn of Africa. In recent years, the Horn of Africa has been experiencing a rapidly worsening refugee situation. In 1979, the Organization of African United indicated that Africa, apart from “becoming the continent with the largest number of least developed countries and harbouring the largest number of the most economically backward regions in the world–constituting the periphery of the periphery in the international economic system, Africa is ... becoming the continent with largest number of refugees who constitute more than 40 per cent of the world refugee population.” The situation has since worsened as the number of refugees has reached, perhaps passed, the 5 million mark.
Foreign Aid to Sadcc: An Analysis of the Reagan Administration’s Foreign Policy
Authors: Brown Ed 
Published: August 2021

During the past decade, American foreign policy interests in Southern Africa have steadily increased. In 1974, the collapse of the Portuguese government led to independence for Mozambique and Angola. More recently the Zimbabwean and Namibian liberation struggles have occupied center stage. International attention to South African events has also increased while Western concerns about Soviet influence in the region have intensified. Policy-makers in the United States have not remained immune to these changes. In fact, while American interests in the region have not really changed, they have increased because of the foregoing events and the way they are perceived by American policy makers.In April 1980, all the majority-ruled states of Southern Africa gathered in Lusaka, Zambia, and formed the Southern African Development Coordination Conference.
Exploring the opportunities for alignment of regulatory postauthorization requirements and data required for performance-based managed entry agreements
Authors: Eichler Hans-Georg , Adams Roisin , Andreassen Einar , Arlett Peter , van de Casteele Marc , Chapman Suzannah J. , Goettsch Wim G. , Martinsson Jonathan Lind , Llinares-Garcia Jordi , Nachtnebel Anna , Pean Elias , Rasi Guido , Reksten Tove Ragna , Timmers Lonneke , Vreman Rick A. , van de Vijver Inneke , Wenzl Martin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPerformance-based managed entry agreements (PB-MEAs) might allow patient access to new medicines, but practical hurdles make competent authorities for pricing and reimbursement (CAPR) reluctant to implement PB-MEAs. We explored if the feasibility of PB-MEAs might improve by better aligning regulatory postauthorization requirements with the data generation of PB-MEAs and by active collaboration and data sharing. Reviewers from seven CAPRs provided structured assessments of the information available at the European Medicines Agency (EMA) Web site on regulatory postauthorization requirements for fifteen recently authorized products. The reviewers judged to what extent regulatory postauthorization studies could help implement PB-MEAs by addressing uncertainty gaps. Study domains assessed were: patient population, intervention, comparators, outcomes, time horizon, anticipated data quality, and anticipated robustness of analysis. Reviewers shared general comments about PB-MEAs for each product and on cooperation with other CAPRs. Reviewers rated regulatory postauthorization requirements at least partly helpful for most products and across domains except the comparator domain. One quarter of responses indicated that public information provided by the EMA was insufficient to support the implementation of PB-MEAs. Few PB-MEAs were in place for these products, but the potential for implementation of PB-MEAs or collaboration across CAPRs was seen as more favorable. Responses helped delineate a set of conditions where PB-MEAs may help reduce uncertainty. In conclusion, PB-MEAs are not a preferred option for CAPRs, but we identified conditions where PB-MEAs might be worth considering. The complexities of implementing PB-MEAs remain a hurdle, but collaboration across silos and more transparency on postauthorization studies could help overcome some barriers.
Associations between the composition of functional tooth units and nutrient intake in older men: the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project
Authors: Milledge Kate , Cumming Robert G , Wright Frederick AC , Naganathan Vasi , Blyth Fiona M , Le Couteur David G , Waite Louise M , Handelsman David J , Hirani Vasant 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:Inadequate nutrient intakes have been linked with poor dentition in older adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between the composition of functional tooth units (FTU) and nutrient intakes in older men.Design:A cross-sectional study with a standardised validated diet history assessment and comprehensive oral health assessments. FTU were categorised by dentition type: (i) Group A (Natural FTU Only), (ii) Group B (Natural and Replaced FTU) and (iii) Group C (No Natural FTU). Attainment of nutrient reference values (NRV) for sixteen micronutrients was incorporated into a micronutrient risk variable, dichotomised ‘good’ (≥ 12) or ‘poor’ (≤ 11), and for seven macronutrients into a macronutrient risk variable, dichotomised ‘good’ (≥ 5) or ‘poor’ (≤ 4).Setting:Subjects selected from the local Sydney geographical areas.Participants:Community-dwelling older men (n608).Results:32 % (n197) of participants were categorised as Group A, 27 % (n167) as Group B and 40 % (n244) as Group C. In adjusted logistic regression analysis, being in Group C, compared with Group A, was associated with intakes below NRV recommendations for fibre (OR: 2·30, 95 % CI 1·30, 4·05). Adjusted analysis also showed that men in Group C, compared with Group A, were more likely to have poor intake of macronutrients (OR: 2·00, 95 % CI 1·01, 3·94).Conclusions:Our study shows statistically significant associations between the composition of FTU and poor macronutrient intakes. Maintaining natural pairs of occluding FTU may be important for attaining adequate nutrient intakes in older men.
Attitudes and beliefs about how chefs can promote nutrition and sustainable food systems among students at a US culinary school
Authors: Bertoldo Jaclyn , Hsu Robert , Reid Taylor , Righter Allison , Wolfson Julia A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective:
Chefs have the potential to influence diet quality and food systems sustainability through their work. We aimed to assess the attitudes and perceptions of culinary students about nutrition and sustainability as part of their roles, responsibilities and future work as chefs.

Design:
We surveyed students attending the Culinary Institute of America (CIA) in the fall of 2019 (n 546). Descriptive statistics compared food priority rankings and Likert-scale distributions of nutrition and sustainability attitudes and beliefs. Adjusted generalised linear models were used to evaluate whether there were differences in attitudes and beliefs across demographic groups.

Setting:
The CIA, a private, not-for-profit college and culinary school with US campuses in New York, California and Texas.

Participants:
Students >18 years old currently enrolled in any of the school’s associate’s or bachelor’s degree programs.

Results:
Students agreed that chefs should be knowledgeable about nutrition (96·0 %) and the environmental impact of their ingredients (90·8 %) but fewer considered healthfulness (57·8 %) and environmental impact (60·2 %) of their food to be primary considerations in their career as a chef. Taste was the primary factor influencing culinary students’ food choices but food priorities differed by race/ethnicity.

Conclusions:
Culinary students believe nutrition and sustainability are important. Opportunities exist to empower them with knowledge and skills for promoting public health and sustainable food systems in their future work as chefs.
Water Isotopic Signature of Surface Snow Metamorphism in Antarctica
Authors: Casado Mathieu , Landais Amaelle , Picard Ghislain , Arnaud Laurent , Dreossi Giuliano , Stenni Barbara , Prié Frederic 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWater isotope ratios of ice cores are a key source of information on past temperatures. Through fractionation within the hydrological cycle, temperature is imprinted in the water isotopic composition of snowfalls. However, this signal of climatic interest is modified after deposition when snow remains at the surface exposed to the atmosphere. Comparing time series of surface snow isotopic composition at Dome C with satellite observations of surface snow metamorphism, we found that long summer periods without precipitation favor surface snow metamorphism altering the surface snow isotopic composition. Using excess parameters (combining D,17O, and18O fractions) allow the identification of this alteration caused by sublimation and condensation of surface hoar. The combined measurement of all three isotopic compositions could help identifying ice core sections influenced by snow metamorphism in sites with very low snow accumulation.
First Retrieval of AOD at Fine Resolution Over Shallow and Turbid Coastal Waters From MODIS
Authors: Wang Yi , Wang Jun , Levy Robert C. , Shi Yingxi R. , Mattoo Shana , Reid Jeffrey S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe widely used Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Dark‐Target (DT) aerosol product fails to accurately retrieve Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) over shallow and turbid Coastal Waters (CWs). To fill in gaps, and to improve land to ocean AOD continuity, we developed a coastal water retrieval algorithm at a spatial resolution of 1 km (CW‐1km). CW‐1km relies on observed top‐of‐atmosphere reflectance at 2.1 μm (ρ2.1), both to derive AOD and to perform a spatial variation test that enhances the existing DT masks for clouds and land. We show that the CW‐1km improves spatial continuity of AOD between land, coast, and open ocean, while also increasing AOD product availability by 47.0%. Comparing with 15 years of marine aerosol network measurements, CW‐1km AODs are validated to have a normalized mean bias of 1.0%, which is much smaller than 17.6% for the original DT product.
Thermoelasticity of Water in Silicate Melts: Implications for Melt Buoyancy in Earth's Mantle
Authors: Zeff Garrett , Williams Quentin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA comprehensive analysis of experimental data and theoretical simulations on the partial molar volume of water in silicate melt indicates that finite strain theory successfully describes the compression of the H2O component dissolved in silicate melt at high pressures and temperatures. However, because of the high compressibility of the water component, a fourth order equation of state fit is required to accurately simulate experimental results on water's volume in silicate melts at a deep upper mantle, transition zone, and lower mantle pressures. Data from previous shock compression experiments on hydrous minerals in which melting occurs along the Hugoniot are used to provide an experimental constraint on the partial molar volume of water in silicate melt at deep mantle temperatures and pressures. The equation of state of the water component indicates that, depending on elastic averaging technique, the amount of water that could be present in neutrally or negatively buoyant mafic/ultramafic melts above the 410 km seismic discontinuity is upper‐bounded at 5.6 wt%: smaller than previously inferred, and consistent with melt being confined to a narrow depth range above the 410 km discontinuity. If melt is predominantly distributed along grain boundaries in low aspect ratio films, extents of melting as low as 2% could produce observed seismic velocity reductions. The ability of the lowermost mantle to contain negatively buoyant hydrous liquids hinges on the trade‐off between iron content and hydration: at these depths, substantially higher degrees of hydration could be present within partial melts.
Traffic-related air pollution, biomarkers of metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and CC16 in children
Authors: Zhang Amy L. , Balmes John R. , Lutzker Liza , Mann Jennifer K. , Margolis Helene G. , Tyner Tim , Holland Nina , Noth Elizabeth M. , Lurmann Fred , Hammond S. Katharine , Holm Stephanie M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Previous research has revealed links between air pollution exposure and metabolic syndrome in adults; however, these associations are less explored in children.

Objective
This study aims to investigate the association between traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) and biomarkers of metabolic dysregulation, oxidative stress, and lung epithelial damage in children.

Methods
We conducted cross-sectional analyses in a sample of predominantly Latinx, low-income children (n = 218) to examine associations between air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), elemental carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), fine particulates (PM2.5)) and biomarkers of metabolic function (high-density lipoprotein (HDL), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), oxidative stress (8-isoprostane), and lung epithelial damage (club cell protein 16 (CC16)).

Results
HDL cholesterol showed an inverse association with NO2 and NOx, with the strongest relationship between HDL and 3-month exposure to NO2 (–15.4 mg/dL per IQR increase in 3-month NO2, 95% CI = –27.4, –3.4). 8-isoprostane showed a consistent pattern of increasing values with 1-day and 1-week exposure across all pollutants. Non-significant increases in % HbA1c were found during 1-month time frames and decreasing CC16 in 3-month exposure time frames.

Conclusion
Our results suggest that TRAP is significantly associated with decreased HDL cholesterol in longer-term time frames and elevated 8-isoprostane in shorter-term time frames. TRAP could have the potential to influence lifelong metabolic patterns, through metabolic effects in childhood.
Estimating the population health impact of a multi-cancer early detection genomic blood test to complement existing screening in the US and UK
Authors: Hackshaw Allan , Cohen Sarah S. , Reichert Heidi , Kansal Anuraag R. , Chung Karen C. , Ofman Joshua J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Multi-cancer early detection (MCED) next-generation-sequencing blood tests represent a potential paradigm shift in screening.

Methods
We estimated the impact of screening in the US and UK. We used country-specific parameters for uptake, and test-specific sensitivity and false-positive rates for current screening: breast, colorectal, cervical and lung (US only) cancers. For the MCED test, we used cancer-specific sensitivities by stage. Outcomes included the true-positive:false-positive (TP:FP) ratio; and the cost of diagnostic investigations among screen positives, per cancer detected (Diagcost). Outcomes were estimated for recommended screening only, and then when giving the MCED test to anyone without cancer detected by current screening plus similarly aged adults ineligible for recommended screening.

Results
In the US, current screening detects an estimated 189,498 breast, cervical, colorectal and lung cancers. An MCED test with 25–100% uptake detects an additional 105,526–422,105 cancers (multiple types). The estimated TP:FP (Diagcost) was 1.43 ($89,042) with current screening but only 1:1.8 ($7060) using an MCED test. For the UK the corresponding estimates were 1:18 (£10,452) for current screening, and 1:1.6 (£2175) using an MCED test.

Conclusions
Adding an MCED blood test to recommended screening can potentially be an efficient strategy. Ongoing randomised studies are required for full efficacy and cost-effectiveness evaluations.
Nano-biosupercapacitors enable autarkic sensor operation in blood
Authors: Lee Yeji , Bandari Vineeth Kumar , Li Zhe , Medina-Sánchez Mariana , Maitz Manfred F. , Karnaushenko Daniil , Tsurkan Mikhail V. , Karnaushenko Dmitriy D. , Schmidt Oliver G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractToday’s smallest energy storage devices for in-vivo applications are larger than 3 mm3 and lack the ability to continuously drive the complex functions of smart dust electronic and microrobotic systems. Here, we create a tubular biosupercapacitor occupying a mere volume of 1/1000 mm3 (=1 nanoliter), yet delivering up to 1.6 V in blood. The tubular geometry of this nano-biosupercapacitor provides efficient self-protection against external forces from pulsating blood or muscle contraction. Redox enzymes and living cells, naturally present in blood boost the performance of the device by 40% and help to solve the self-discharging problem persistently encountered by miniaturized supercapacitors. At full capacity, the nano-biosupercapacitors drive a complex integrated sensor system to measure the pH-value in blood. This demonstration opens up opportunities for next generation intravascular implants and microrobotic systems operating in hard-to-reach small spaces deep inside the human body.
Tetrathiomolybdate (TM)-associated copper depletion influences collagen remodeling and immune response in the pre-metastatic niche of breast cancer
Authors: Liu Ying L. , Bager Cecilie Liv , Willumsen Nicholas , Ramchandani Divya , Kornhauser Naomi , Ling Lu , Cobham Marta , Andreopoulou Eleni , Cigler Tessa , Moore Anne , LaPolla Dayle , Fitzpatrick Veronica , Ward Maureen , Warren J. David , Fischbach Claudia , Mittal Vivek , Vahdat Linda T. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTetrathiomolybdate (TM) is a novel, copper-depleting compound associated with promising survival in a phase II study of patients with high-risk and triple-negative breast cancer. We sought to elucidate the mechanism of TM by exploring its effects on collagen processing and immune function in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Using an exploratory cohort, we identified markers of collagen processing (LOXL2, PRO-C3, C6M, and C1M) that differed between those with breast cancer versus controls. We measured these collagen biomarkers in TM-treated patients on the phase II study and detected evidence of decreased collagen cross-linking and increased degradation over formation in those without disease compared to those who experienced disease progression. Preclinical studies revealed decreased collagen deposition, lower levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and higher CD4+ T-cell infiltration in TM-treated mice compared with controls. This study reveals novel mechanisms of TM targeting the TME and immune response with potential applications across cancer types.
Midfrontal theta oscillation encodes haptic delay
Authors: Alsuradi Haneen , Park Wanjoo , Eid Mohamad 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHaptic technologies aim to simulate tactile or kinesthetic interactions with a physical or virtual environment in order to enhance user experience and/or performance. However, due to stringent communication and computational needs, the user experience is influenced by delayed haptic feedback. While delayed feedback is well understood in the visual and auditory modalities, little research has systematically examined the neural correlates associated with delayed haptic feedback. In this paper, we used electroencephalography (EEG) to study sensory and cognitive neural correlates caused by haptic delay during passive and active tasks performed using a haptic device and a computer screen. Results revealed that theta power oscillation was significantly higher at the midfrontal cortex under the presence of haptic delay. Sensory correlates represented by beta rebound were found to be similar in the passive task and different in the active task under the delayed and synchronous conditions. Additionally, the event related potential (ERP) P200 component is modulated under the haptic delay condition during the passive task. The P200 amplitude significantly reduced in the last 20% of trials during the passive task and in the absence of haptic delay. Results suggest that haptic delay could be associated with increased cognitive control processes including multi-sensory divided attention followed by conflict detection and resolution with an earlier detection during the active task. Additionally, haptic delay tends to generate greater perceptual attention that does not significantly decay across trials during the passive task.
Association between winter cold spells and acute myocardial infarction in Lithuania 2000–2015
Authors: Vaičiulis Vidmantas , Jaakkola Jouni J. K. , Radišauskas Ričardas , Tamošiūnas Abdonas , Lukšienė Dalia , Ryti Niilo R. I. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAcute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a major public health problem. Cold winter weather increases the risk of AMI, but factors influencing susceptibility are poorly known. We conducted an individual-level case-crossover study of the associations between winter cold spells and the risk of AMI, with special focus on survival at 28 days and effect modification by age and sex. All 16,071 adult cases of AMI among the residents of the city of Kaunas in Lithuania in 2000–2015 were included in the study. Cold weather was statistically defined using the 5th percentile of frequency distribution of daily mean temperatures over the winter months. According to conditional logistic regression controlling for time-varying and time-invariant confounders, each additional cold spell day during the week preceding AMI increased the risk of AMI by 5% (95% CI 1–9%). For nonfatal and fatal cases, the risk increase per each additional cold spell day was 5% (95% CI 1–9%) and 6% (95% CI − 2–13%), respectively. The effect estimate was greater for men (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02–1.12) than for women (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.97–1.08), but there was no evidence of effect modification by age. Evidence on factors increasing susceptibility is critical for targeted cold weather planning.
The GLP-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide, fails to slow disease progression in SOD1G93A and TDP-43Q331K transgenic mouse models of ALS
Authors: Keerie Amy , Brown-Wright Heledd , Kirkland Isaac , Grierson Andrew , Alix James J. P. , Holscher Christian , Mead Richard J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGLP-1 receptor agonists used for the treatment of diabetes, have shown some neuroprotective effects in cellular and animal models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). There are currently few studies investigating GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of ALS, where these neuroprotective effects may be beneficial. Here we investigate the effects of liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, in two well characterised transgenic mouse models of ALS (SOD1G93A and TDP-43Q331K) to determine if liraglutide could be a potential treatment in ALS patients. Doses of liraglutide previously shown to have efficacy in AD and PD mouse models were used. Behavioural testing was carried out to ascertain the effect of liraglutide on disease progression. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue was used to determine any neuroprotective effects on the CNS. We found that liraglutide dosed animals showed no significant differences in disease progression when compared to vehicle dosed animals in either the SOD1G93A or TDP-43Q331K mouse models of ALS. We also observed no changes in motor neuron counts or glial activation in lumbar spinal cords of liraglutide treated mice compared to vehicle dosed mice. Overall, we found no evidence to support clinical evaluation of liraglutide as a potential candidate for the treatment of ALS.