bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hatred and Malevolence
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Meaux and Mello have conventionally served to mark the end of the Jacquerie, but in fact, large contingents of Jacques survived and continued operations until at least the middle of July. What began as a social revolt in May developed over the summer into a social war. This chapter covers the commoners’ defeat of the nobles’ attack on the city of Senlis, which remained a rebel stronghold, unlike other urban allies of the Jacques. The discussion then moves to Champagne, where nobles taking vengeance for the Jacquerie after Meaux may have incited rebellion in a region that had not previously been implicated in the movement, and the villages of the southern Île-de-France, where the Parisians tried to create a new front in the war to divert the Dauphin’s troops away from Paris. Back in the Beauvaisis, Charles of Navarre took charge of the nobles’ ongoing efforts to suppress and punish the rebels. In Rouen and in places far distant from the Jacquerie’s heartlands, contemporaneous confrontations between nobles and non-nobles were identified with the rebellion and may have been inspired by it.
Introduction
Authors: Zverovich Vadim 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter gives a brief overview of selected applications of graph theory, many of which gave rise to the development of graph theory itself. A range of such applications extends from puzzles and games to serious scientific and real-life problems, thus illustrating the diversity of applications. The first section is devoted to the six earliest applications of graph theory. The next section introduces so-called scale-free networks, which include the web graph, social and biological networks. The last section describes a number of graph-theoretic algorithms, which can be used to tackle a number of interesting applications and problems of graph theory.
Graph Models for Backbone Sets and Limited Packings in Networks
Authors: Zverovich Vadim 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Here, a graph-theoretic approach is applied to some problems in networks, for example in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) where some sensor nodes should be selected to behave as a backbone/dominating set to support routing communications in an efficient and fault-tolerant way. Four different types of multiple domination (k-, k-tuple, α- and α-rate domination) are considered and recent upper bounds for cardinality of these types of dominating sets are discussed. Randomized algorithms are presented for finding multiple dominating sets whose expected size satisfies the upper bounds. Limited packings in networks are studied, in particular the k-limited packing number. One possible application of limited packings is a secure facility location problem when there is a need to place as many resources as possible in a given network subject to some security constraints. The last section is devoted to two general frameworks for multiple domination: &lt;r,s&gt;-domination and parametric domination. Finally, different threshold functions for multiple domination are considered.
Graphs in Molecular Epidemiology
Authors: Zverovich Vadim 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGraphs and networks are used in molecular epidemiology to model the evolution of viruses and their spread during outbreaks and epidemics. They are instrumental at different stages of the computational pipelines. This includes the inference of transmission networks using viral sequences sampled from infected individuals, and studies of selection and accumulation of mutations in viral populations and their interactions with hosts' immune systems. This chapter describes some algorithmic and graph-theoretic problems associated with these stages to illustrate the relevance of the concepts of graph theory to molecular epidemiology of viral infections. The chapter will demonstrate how graph-theoretic methods combined with the machinery of differential equations, the Bayesian inference, and computational genomics uncover hidden biological and epidemiological patterns of virus evolution and transmission.
Networks of Modernity
Authors: Johnston Jean-Michel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This book offers a fresh perspective on the history of Germany by investigating the origins and impact of the ‘communications revolution’ that transformed state and society during the nineteenth century. It focuses upon the period 1830–80, exploring the interactions between the many different actors who developed, administered, and used one of the most important technologies of the period—the electric telegraph. Drawing upon evidence from Prussia, Bavaria, Bremen, and a number of towns across Central Europe, it reveals the channels through which knowledge circulated across the region, stimulating both collaboration and confrontation between the scientists, technicians, businessmen, and bureaucrats involved in bringing the telegraph to life. It highlights the technology’s impact upon the conduct of trade, finance, news distribution, and government in the tumultuous decades that witnessed the 1848 revolutions, the wars of unification, and the establishment of the Kaiserreich in 1871. Following the telegraph lines themselves, it weaves together the changes which took place at a local, regional, national, and eventually global level, revisiting the technology’s impact upon concepts of space and time, and highlighting the importance of this period in laying the foundations for Germany’s experience of a profoundly ambiguous, networked modernity.
Introduction
Authors: Johnston Jean-Michel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Introduction presents the historiographical context and main themes of the book. It situates the book within discussions surrounding the process of scientific innovation and industrialization during the Sattelzeit, the process of ‘time-space’ compression associated with the communications revolution, the role of networks of transport and communication in the creation of regional and national identities, and the emergence of a new, connected middle class during the nineteenth century. Bringing together these narratives, the Introduction introduces the book’s principal argument—that, once shorn of its normative connotations, modernization remains a useful concept to illuminate the process through which state and society were transformed during the nineteenth century, and that networks played a crucial role in producing the profoundly ambivalent experience of modernity most often associated with the turn of the twentieth century. It ends with a description of the structure of the book as a whole.
Realities
Authors: Johnston Jean-Michel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights the collaboration between individuals in state institutions and the private sector during the 1840s in Bremen, Bavaria, Prussia, and Austria. Earlier expectations for the potential of telegraphy were confronted with the sobering reality of technological development. On the one hand, the efforts of the state, scientists, and railway companies were supported by the increasingly free circulation of technical knowledge between institutions, experts, and private citizens scattered across the German ‘landscape of innovation’. This circulation is illustrated by an examination of various technical periodicals, while the example of Werner Siemens, a Prussian lieutenant posted in Berlin, is used to illustrate the social connections which also often supported these exchanges of information. On the other hand, the period also witnessed an accentuation of the tensions between and within the private sector and the state, as the latter sought to establish its own interest in obtaining the technology. This combination of necessary collaboration and disagreement caused frustrations which, by 1847, threatened to stall the process of development.
Resolution
Authors: Johnston Jean-Michel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the period of the 1848/9 revolutions, and in particular the geopolitical reconfiguration of Germany which was initiated as a result. These events, it argues, released many of the tensions which had emerged in the preceding decade between the actors involved in developing the electric telegraph. The revolutions encouraged German governments to take charge of the production process and to establish telegraph networks for administrative purposes. This chapter investigates the process of negotiation which took place between governments seeking to establish their first extensive telegraph lines, suggesting that these created a new form of interdependence between states. This chapter also provides an opportunity to revisit the role of the Frankfurt National Assembly, which was convened in 1848, and the extent to which it came to influence the arrangements made between German governments. The constitution drafted by the Assembly highlights efforts to impose an understanding of communications networks based upon liberal economic principles.
The Dawn of the Network Society
Authors: Johnston Jean-Michel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter follows the implementation of telegraphic communication during the so-called era of ‘reaction’ in the 1850s. It investigates the influence of parliaments in Prussia and Bavaria in shaping the initial outline of state networks and the conditions of their use by the public, as well as the emergence of a regional telegraph association, the Deutsch-Österreichischer Telegraphen-Verein. It traces the adoption of telegraphic communication by banks, stock markets, and news agencies across Germany, and the creation of a ‘two-speed’ society, as privileged sections of the economic bourgeoisie (Wirtschaftsbürgertum) in commercial centres adopted more rapid and coordinated rhythms of business. It also considers the efforts of governments to keep up with the pace of communication by managing the circulation of information to the press, and by adopting the technology for policing purposes. This chapter also describes the ambiguous culture of progress which surrounded the implementation of telegraphic communication. It does so using a variety of sources, from articles in Die Gartenlaube and Kladderadatsch to the work of the economist Karl Knies. While some praised the technology’s capacity to ‘annihilate’ space, others feared that the time sensitivity it engendered among certain users, businessmen in particular, was practically pathological. Both the advantages of rapid communication and its potentially nefarious consequences were highlighted during the period, from early instances of ‘fake news’ during the Crimean War to the unstoppable diffusion of the ‘Panic of 1857’. The work of Karl Knies, meanwhile, illustrates the ways in which these developments influenced new understandings of society and the economy.
Epilogue
Authors: Johnston Jean-Michel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Epilogue opens up the narrative to consider the longer history of communications networks in Germany. It begins with a brief discussion of the reception of the telephone in scientific circles and by state representatives in the 1870s and 1880s, to demonstrate how the expectations associated with the telegraph half a century earlier were raised once again by a new technology. Drawing upon this example, it proposes a reflection on the role of communications technologies in fostering characteristically modern hopes and anxieties, and brings together the main themes evoked throughout the book. In doing so, it highlights some of the ways in which the development and implementation of telegraphic communication shaped the peculiarities of German modernity, while also tying the region into a much longer-term and geographically widespread process of ‘modernization’.
Is Prudential Discourse Normative?
Authors: Fletcher Guy 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues for the following thesis—Prudential Judgements are Normative (pjn): Prudential judgements are normative judgements. It begins by distinguishing various ways by which one could argue that prudential judgements are normative. After outlining the weaknesses of these alternative approaches it undertakes a ‘parity strategy’ by assuming that moral judgements are normative and finding a set of relevant features that prudential judgements hold in common with moral judgements, which provide reasons to think that prudential judgements are normative. It then argues against various purported disanalogies between moral and prudential judgements which are designed to undermine the parity strategy and PJN.
Prudential Judgements and Motivation
Authors: Fletcher Guy 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In an earlier chapter it was argued that the features of moral judgements which are typically pointed to as explanations of the normativity of moral discourse are also to be found within prudential judgements. One such feature discussed there was the motivational profile of prudential judgements. This chapter explores in detail how prudential judgements are related to motivation. It proceeds by examining a number of possible theses concerning their interrelation, and grounds of these theses. It argues that a small subset of prudential judgements are necessarily connected to motivation in rational agents.
Conclusion
Authors: Fletcher Guy 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by recapitulating the answers given to the main questions pursued in the earlier chapters of book. It then tries to map out some of the issues that are raised but not pursued herein, in order to provide a guide for future inquiry. The first such question is: which meta-prudential view should we adopt? Should we realists, for example, or is some form of anti-realism superior? More generally, is it plausible that the true metaethical view also applies to prudential discourse, so there is one meta-normative theory to rule them all, so to speak? The chapter lays out options and explain some ways in which the foregoing discussion is probative for these debates.
A Methodological Framework for the Analysis of Panel Conditioning Effects
Authors: Bach Ruben L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Panel conditioning refers to the phenomenon whereby respondents’ attitudes, behaviour, reporting of behaviour and/or knowledge are changed by repeated participation in a panel survey. Uncovering such effects, however, is difficult due to three major methodological challenges. First, researchers need to disentangle changes in behaviour and attitudes from changes in the reporting of behaviour and attitudes as panel conditioning may result in both, even at the same time and in opposite directions. Second, the identification of the causal effect of panel participation on the various forms of change mentioned above is complicated as it requires comparisons of panel respondents with control groups of people who have not been interviewed before. Third, other sources of error in (panel) surveys may easily be mistaken for panel conditioning if not properly accounted for. Such error sources are panel attrition, mode effects, and interviewer effects. In this chapter the challenges mentioned above are reviewed in detail and a methodological framework for the analysis of panel conditioning effects is provided by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the various designs that researchers have developed to address the challenges. The chapter concludes with a discussion of a future research agenda on panel conditioning effects in longitudinal surveys.
Modelling Mode Effects for a Panel Survey in Transition
Authors: Biemer Paul P. , Harris Kathleen Mullan , Liao Dan , Burke Brian J. , Halpern Carolyn Tucker 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Funding reductions combined with increasing data-collection costs required that Wave V of the USA’s National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) abandon its traditional approach of in-person interviewing and adopt a more cost-effective method. This approach used the mail/web mode in Phase 1 of data collection and in-person interviewing for a random sample of nonrespondents in Phase 2. In addition, to facilitate the comparison of modes, a small random subsample served as the control and received the traditional in-person interview. We show that concerns about reduced data quality as a result of the redesign effort were unfounded based on findings from an analysis of the survey data. In several important respects, the new two-phase, mixed-mode design outperformed the traditional design with greater measurement accuracy, improved weighting adjustments for mitigating the risk of nonresponse bias, reduced residual (or post-adjustment) nonresponse bias, and substantially reduced total-mean-squared error of the estimates. This good news was largely unexpected based upon the preponderance of literature suggesting data quality could be adversely affected by the transition to a mixed mode. The bad news is that the transition comes with a high risk of mode effects for comparing Wave V and prior wave estimates. Analytical results suggest that significant differences can occur in longitudinal change estimates about 60 % of the time purely as an artifact of the redesign. This begs the question: how, then, should a data analyst interpret significant findings in a longitudinal analysis in the presence of mode effects? This chapter presents the analytical results and attempts to address this question.
Longitudinal Measurement (Non)Invariance in Latent Constructs
Authors: Leitgöb Heinz , Seddig Daniel , Schmidt Peter , Sosu Edward , Davidov Eldad 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The chapter discusses the basic principles and core problems of latent variable panel modelling, with a focus on the specification of error structures and (the evaluation of) longitudinal measurement invariance. We address alternative specifications of autocorrelative error structures, and demonstrate how to decompose the indicators’ residual variances into indicator-specific and random error components. Furthermore, besides describing the conventional global testing strategy for measurement (non)invariance, we contribute to the literature by integrating theoretical and analytical elements not yet extensively discussed outside the respective disciplines. We (i) introduce response shift theory as viable theoretical basis for the occurrence of noninvariance across time; (ii) provide a detailed description of model and scale identification strategies, accompanied by a critical reflection of their potential to adequately detect noninvariant parameters; and (iii) discuss the concepts of partial and approximate measurement invariance as well as the decomposition of response shifts and true change as different strategies of how to deal with measurement noninvariance.
Measurement Invariance with Ordered Categorical Variables
Authors: Gerosa Tiziano 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Multi-item ordered categorical scales and structural equation modelling approaches are often used in panel research for the analysis of latent variables over time. The accuracy of such models depends on the assumption of longitudinal measurement invariance (LMI), which states that repeatedly measured latent variables should effectively represent the same construct in the same metric at each time point. Previous research has widely contributed to the LMI literature for continuous variables, but these findings might not be generalized to ordered categorical data. Treating ordered categorical data as continuous contradicts the assumption of multivariate normality and could potentially produce inaccuracies and distortions in both invariance testing results and structural parameter estimates. However, there is still little research that examines and compares criteria for establishing LMI with ordinal categorical data. Drawing on this lack of evidence, the present chapter offers a detailed description of the main procedures used to test for LMI with ordered categorical variables, accompanied by examples of their practical application in a two-wave longitudinal survey administered to 1,912 Italian middle school teachers. The empirical study evaluates whether different testing procedures, when applied to ordered categorical data, lead to similar conclusions about model fit, invariance, and structural parameters over time.
Self-Evaluation, Differential Item Functioning, and Longitudinal Anchoring Vignettes
Authors: Paccagnella Omar 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Anchoring vignettes are a powerful instrument to detect systematic differences in the use of self-reported ordinal survey responses. Not taking into account the (non-random) heterogeneity in reporting styles across different respondents may systematically bias the measurement of the variables of interest. The presence of such individual heterogeneity leads respondents to interpret, understand, or use the response categories for the same question differently. This phenomenon is defined as differential item functioning (DIF) in the psychometric literature. A growing amount of cross-sectional studies apply the anchoring vignette approach to tackle this issue but its use is still limited in the longitudinal context. This chapter introduces longitudinal anchoring vignettes for DIF correction, as well as the statistical approaches available when working with such data and how to investigate stability over time of individual response scales.
Comparison of Reliability in Seventeen European Countries Using the Quasi-Simplex Model
Authors: Chylíková Johana 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to illustrate the application of the quasi-simplex model (QSM) for reliability estimation in longitudinal data and to employ it to obtain information about the reliability of the European Union—Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data collected between 2012 and 2017. Reliability of two survey questions is analysed: one which asks respondents about the financial situation in their households, and one which requests information about respondents’ health. Employing the QSM on the two items resulted in 80 reliability estimates from 17 and 11 European countries, respectively. Results revealed statistically significant differences in reliability between post-communist Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries and the rest of Europe, and similar patterns of the size of reliability estimates were observed for both items. The highest reliability (i.e. reliability over 0.8) was observed in CEE countries such as Bulgaria, Romania, Czechia, Poland, and Hungary. The lowest reliability (i.e. reliability lower than 0.7) was observed for data from Sweden, Slovenia, Norway, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Italy, and the Netherlands. The remarkable variation in longitudinal reliability across culturally and historically different European regions is discussed both from substantive and methodological perspectives.
Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Aquatic Habitat
Authors: Henderson Peter A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Methods for quantitative sampling of open marine and freshwaters are described, including fishing nets, plankton nets, pump samplers, the Patalas–Schindler volume sampler, and specialized methods for freshwater insects. Specialist methods for sampling freshwater floating, emergent, and submerged vegetation are described. Methods for quantitatively sampling the bottom fauna in the various substrates found in streams, rivers, lakes, and the sea bed are reviewed. The use of various poisons and anaesthetics for sampling fish are described.
Relative Methods of Population Measurement and the Derivation of Absolute Estimates
Authors: Henderson Peter A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Relative sampling methods usually requiring comparatively simple equipment are described. These often concentrate the animals and provide impressive collections. Factors affecting the size of relative samples are reviewed to show that biological interpretation can be difficult. A wide variety of methods for aquatic and terrestrial sampling are reviewed, including pitfall, interception, light, sticky, and flight traps, electric fishing, drift samplers, and gill nets. The use of baited traps, including vertebrate hosts, is discussed. Removal trapping to estimate population density is described, and R software code listed.