bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breakthrough invasive fungal infection after liver transplantation in patients on targeted antifungal prophylaxis: A prospective multicentre study
Authors: Rinaldi Matteo , Bartoletti Michele , Ferrarese Alberto , Franceschini Erica , Campoli Caterina , Coladonato Simona , Pascale Renato , Tedeschi Sara , Gatti Milo , Cricca Monica , Ambretti Simone , Siniscalchi Antonio , Morelli Maria Cristina , Cescon Matteo , Cillo Umberto , Di Benedetto Fabrizio , Burra Patrizia , Mussini Cristina , Cristini Francesco , Lewis Russell , Viale Pierluigi , Giannella Maddalena 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the rate of and the risk factors for breakthrough‐IFI (b‐IFI) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) according to the new definition proposed by Mycoses‐Study‐Group‐Education‐and‐Research‐Consortium (MSG‐ERC) and the European‐Confederation‐of‐Medical‐Mycology (ECMM).MethodsMulticenter prospective study of adult patients who underwent OLT at three Italian hospitals, from January 2015 to December 2018. Targeted antifungal prophylaxis (TAP) protocol was developed and shared among participating centers. Follow‐up was 1‐year after OLT. B‐IFI was defined as infection occurring during exposure to antifungal prophylaxis. Risk factors for b‐IFI were analyzed among patients exposed to prophylaxis by univariable analysis.ResultsWe enrolled 485 OLT patients. Overall compliance to TAP protocol was 64.3%, 220 patients received antifungal prophylaxis, 172 according to TAP protocol. Twenty‐nine patients were diagnosed of IFI within 1 year after OLT. Of them, 11 presented with b‐IFI within 17 (IQR 11‐33) and 16 (IQR 4‐30) days from OLT and from antifungal onset, respectively. Then out of 11 patients with b‐IFI were classified as having high risk of IFI and were receiving anti‐mould prophylaxis, nine with echinocandins and one with polyenes. Comparison of patients with and without b‐IFI showed significant differences for prior Candida colonization, need of renal replacement therapy after OLT, re‐operation, and CMV infection (whole blood CMV‐DNA >100 000 copies/mL). Although non‐significant, a higher rate of b‐IFI in patients on echinocandins was observed (8.2% vs 1.8%, P = .06).ConclusionsWe observed 5% of b‐IFI among OLT patients exposed to antifungal prophylaxis. The impact of echinocandins on b‐IFI risk in this setting should be further explored.
Histologic evidence for a humoral immune response in synovitis associated with cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs
Authors: Kuroki Keiichi , Williams Ned , Cook James L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate histopathological features of synovium from dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD) to seek mechanisms of osteoarthritis (OA) associated with CCLD.Study designRetrospective, single‐institution case series.AnimalsThirty client‐owned dogs.MethodsSynovial biopsies (n = 30) obtained from stifles with CCLD were assessed by using two synovitis histopathology grading systems (Krenn and Hospital for Special Surgery [HSS]). The Krenn synovitis score was interpreted as “no synovitis,” “low‐grade,” or “high‐grade,” while inflammatory subtype (low, mixed, or high) was determined by a computational algorithm within the HSS system. Comparison of synovitis scores was based on degree of CCL rupture and presence of meniscal tears.ResultsHistopathological changes and synovitis scores were similar regardless of degree of rupture (partial n = 5, complete n = 25) or presence of meniscal injury (n = 12) and were characterized by hyperplastic and lymphoplasmacytic synovitis with increased vascularity (30/30) and the presence of hemosiderin deposits (28/30), binucleated plasma cells (28/30), mucoid change (25/30), and Mott cells (16/30). Thirteen (43%) specimens were consistent with high‐grade synovitis according to the Krenn system, while 11 (37%) specimens fit into the high‐inflammatory subtype with the HSS system.ConclusionSynovitis associated with canine CCLD in this study population was lymphoplasmacytic and was often highly inflammatory, with the presence of cells pertaining to humoral immunity. Humoral immune responses may play key roles in the synovitis associated with CCLD.Clinical significanceModulation of biological factors that provoke humoral immune responses may mitigate symptoms of OA that persist and progress even after surgical treatment of CCLD in dogs.
A Potential Framework for CAD/CAE/CIM Decisions
Authors: Main Bruce W. , Ward Allen C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper outlines some common problem categories taken from the literature in implementing company-wide computer integration. These problem categories form a framework for making CAD/CAE/CIM decisions. The framework addresses the following problem categories: detrimental impacts of computerization systems on design creativity, difficulties with CAD communications, inhibiting effects on continual improvement, problems of computerizational integration preceding organizational integration, and process-driven versus need-based computer integration efforts. The framework may assist CAD/CAE/CIM decision makers with their integration efforts.
Design for Serviceability Expert System
Authors: Bryan Christopher , Eubanks Charles , Ishii Kosuke 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a methodology and tool which assist deployment of serviceability in the early stages of life-cycle design. Unlike design for assembly, producability, etc., design for serviceability (DFS) commonly occurs in the later stages of the design process. By this time, any design changes required to enhance serviceability are either costly or infeasible. We have developed a graphics-based computer tool to be used early in the design phase that employs the concept of service mode analysis (SMA), coupled with a service-based design description, to assess the impact of component relationships on life-cycle service costs. We also employ design compatibility analysis (DCA) to assess qualitative aspects of the design for serviceability concerns and provide the user with comments and suggestions for design improvements. Significant reductions in life-cycle costs and significant improvements in customer satisfaction can be achieved by including DFS in the design trade-off analysis process.
The Optimal Design of a Multi-Axis Load Transducer
Authors: Wickham Mary J. , Riley Donald R. , Nachtsheim Christopher J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The determination of loads applied to a structure is often necessary in the design process. In some situations it is not feasible to insert a load cell in the system to measure these applied loads. In these cases, it would be expedient to utilize the structure itself as a load transducer. This can be accomplished by measuring strains at a number of locations on the structure.
The precision with which the applied loads can be estimated from measured structural responses depends on the number of strain gages utilized and their placement on the structure. This paper presents a computational methodology which utilizes optimal experimental design techniques to select the number, locations and angular orientations of the strain gages which will provide the most precise load estimates based on the generalized load vector. Selection is made from a candidate set created using a finite element analysis. This method is illustrated with an experimental application example.
Elements of a Software Architecture for a Rapid Prototype Test and Evaluation System for Experimental Structural Dynamics
Authors: West Robert L. , Wang Wei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents work in progress toward the development of a test and evaluation system for a new concept in experimental structural dynamics. Structural imaging is composed of both the static and dynamic image of the structure, resulting in the structure’s profile and dynamic response. Structural imaging is realized by interfacing a scanning laser velocimeter to an engineering workstation for data acquisition, signal processing, data modeling and scientific visualization. A software system is to be developed that will allow the investigation of the science and the rapid-prototyping and evaluation of new methods.
The design goals for the system software are presented. The concepts defining the elements of the software architecture are also discussed. The event driven finite state machine is explored as the fundamental model of the system architecture. Run-time configuration of the software and virtual instruments provides a mechanism for the evolution of the system. The concepts of the project and test objects are introduced to support the testing of structures. Issues of systems integration and system objects for handling errors and files are also discussed.
Analysis of Complex Geometric Tolerances by Linear Programming
Authors: Martino Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an extension of the linear programming tolerance analysis method introduced by Turner. The new techniques are suited to the analysis of complex geometric tolerances: tolerances involving non-planar datums, tolerance material conditions, and datum material conditions.
Key features of the new method are -
* Ability to model a wide range of tolerance datums.
* Datums, as well as tolerances, are represented by linear program constraints.
* Rigid body motion degrees of freedom, as well as dimensions (or model variables), are linear program variables.
* The linear program is solved by a special three phase simplex method.
The new techniques are intended to be used in computer aided tolerance analysis systems.
Minimizing Drag Coefficients Using Bezier Technique
Authors: Bata Reda , Katragadda Sunil , Churchill Randolph , Wang Wenguang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Optimizing the profile design of a vehicle body for minimum drag coefficient can have a beneficial impact upon the vehicle performance, energy conservation, and exhaust gas emissions. An interactive technique based on the fundamental concepts of Bezier equations was utilized to develop the body profile and its corresponding drag coefficient. The technique described could be used by automobiles, submarines, and aircraft designers. Since the technique is interactive, the profile can be changed and tested again, allowing flexibility to produce the desired shape for the designer. The cubic four point Bezier curve utilizes four control points of which the two end points are fixed to the curve and the other two are used to interpolate the smooth profile. The governing principles of aerodynamics are used to develop the algorithm for the optimization process. A feature of this algorithm is that it accounts for the turbulence of the wind at its interface with the structure.
Thermal Analysis of Air-Cooled Electronic Equipment
Authors: Sharaf-Eldeen Y. I. , Rengarajan Kannan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Owing to the increasing miniaturization and number of high-power-dissipating components in electronic packages, proper thermal management has become of vital importance. Numerical simulations were carried for three block-type elements representing electronic components located on the bottom plate of a rectangular channel. The top plate of the channel was parametrically examined in order to assess the radiative heat-transfer component. The effects of the air flow rate in the channel and the spacing, geometry, and emissivity of the blocks were investigated. Two types of heat sources were considered: A uniform heat-generation rate in each block and a point heat-source at the center of each block. Reynolds numbers varying from 10 to 1000 and block length-to-spacing ratio varying from 1 to 3.7 were considered in this work. The results clearly indicate that, when the radiative heat-transfer component is neglected, 33% of the heat generated is conducted through the bottom substrate while the remaining 67% is convected to the cooling medium. However, when the radiative heat transfer is considered in the analysis, the radiant heat loss is estimated to range from 4 to 8%, at a Reynolds number of 500.
An Implementation of Monitoring Systems Using Microprocessor Building Blocks
Authors: Li Qiang , Yip T. Gary 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a cost-effective implementation of a sensor monitoring system based on microprocessor building blocks. The Inmost Transputer processor is selected as the building block model. Some possible configurations of the system is discussed. Since further detailed study is needed, the paper serves as a preliminary study report.
Natural Convection-Radiation Induced Flows of Air Over a Horizontal Plate
Authors: Chuang H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Combined effects of natural convection and radiation on a laminar boundary-layer flow over a semi-infinite horizontal flat plate are studied. Increasing the natural convection-radiation interaction in the boundary layer increases the shearing stress on the wall, the boundary-layer thickness, the maximum velocity attainable by fluid, and the buoyancy force in the boundary layer. However, the temperature gradient at the plate decreases with increasing interaction. They generally increase with increasing temperature ratio. Automated computations of the dimensionless velocity, temperature, and buoyancy force in the boundary layer yield convergent solutions which are substantially different from those available in the literature for high natural convection-radiation interactions.
Characterization of Modal Coupling in Nonclassically Damped Systems
Authors: Ma F. , Park I. W. , Kim J. S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A common procedure in the solution of a nonclassically damped linear system is to neglect the off-diagonal elements of the associated damping matrix. For a large-scale system, substantial reduction in computational effort is achieved by this method of decoupling the system. Clearly, the decoupling approximation is valid only if modal coupling can somehow be neglected. The purpose of this paper is to study the characteristics of modal coupling, which is amenable to a complex representation. An analytical formulation that facilitates the evaluation of modal coupling is developed. Contrary to widely accepted beliefs, it is shown that neither frequency separation of the natural modes nor strong diagonal dominance of the modal damping matrix would be sufficient to suppress the sometimes significant effect of modal coupling.
Robust Mesh Generation for Areas With Advancing Boundaries
Authors: Clifton Rodney J. , Wang Jian-Juei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an adaptive optimal mesh generator, including criteria for determining the boundary nodal coordinates. This mesh generator has been developed to provide mesh for a planar fracture surface in the three-dimensional simulation of hydraulic fracturing. The mesh generator is based on the optimization of the local aspect ratio by minimizing the difference of the principal stretches in mapping a square reference mesh onto the fracture surface. Sector areas, curvatures along the fracture boundary, and the locations of the corner nodes are used to calculate weights in determining the locations of the boundary nodes of the advancing fracture surface. Hydraulic fracturing simulation examples of various meshes are presented with discussion of the weighing parameters used in locating the boundary nodes.
Four-Boundary Grid Generation for Time-Varying Spatial Domains
Authors: Yang S. L. , Ho M. J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A 2D algebraic grid generation technique is presented for generating grid points for time-varying and irregular spatial domains. The method is based on the “four-boundary technique” of Vinokur and Lombard (1983) and is an extension of the “two-boundary technique for time-varying spatial domains” method developed by Yang and Shih (1986). Since it is an algebraic approach, the method is very efficient and can easily be extended to time-varying 3D spatial domains.
To show the feasibility and the usefulness of the grid generation technique, (1) it is applied to the problem of generating grids for the combustion chamber above an internal combustion engine piston with bowl-in-cavity, and (2) numerical solutions are obtained for the fluid motion in the combustion chamber for intake and compression strokes.
A Three-Dimensional Algebraic Grid Generation Scheme for Gas Turbine Combustors With Inclined Slots
Authors: Yang S. L. , Cline M. C. , Chen R. , Chang Y.-L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A 3D algebraic grid generation scheme is presented for generating the grid points inside gas turbine combustors with inclined slots. The scheme is based on the 2D transfinite interpolation method. Since the scheme is a 2D approach, it is very efficient and can be easily extended to gas turbine combustors with either dilution hole or slot configurations.
To demonstrate the feasibility and the usefulness of the technique, a numerical study of the quick-quench/lean-combustion (QQ/LC) zones of a staged turbine combustor is given. Preliminary results illustrate some of the major features of the flow and temperature fields in the QQ/LC zones. Formation of co- and counter-rotating bulk flow and sandwiched-ring-shape temperature fields, typical of the confined slanted jet-in-cross flow, can be observed clearly. Numerical solutions show the method to be an efficient and reliable tool for generating computational grids for analyzing gas turbine combustors with slanted slots.
Compressive Response of Thermoplastic Composites by Layered Shell Elements
Authors: Mahfuz Hassan , Ingram Cynthia R. , Jeelani Shaik 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Thick Laminates of thermoplastic Composites (APC-2) are modeled with isoparametric layered shell elements to predict the responses of the laminate at various temperatures under compressive loading. A large displacement finite element analysis is performed by considering the geometric non-linearities in the composite structure. Multiple load steps with linear material behavior are used to model the load-displacement characteristics found in a previous experimental study. A detailed description of the layered shell element along with its formulations is presented to highlight the limitations and scope of this element in composite structural analysis. Compressive response in respect of displacements, normal stresses, shear stresses and interlaminar shear stresses under three different temperatures is presented. Laminate response along its length as well as through the thickness is also presented to analyze and understand the failure mechanisms under such loading. Experimental data from a previous study are compared with the current result to validate the finite element analysis.
Computer Simulation of Axial Stress Wave System in Finite-Length Specimens
Authors: Prucz Jacky C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A complete damping-stiffness characterization of a given medium can be derived from the development of a propagating stress pulse between two fixed locations. The extensional stiffness is determined by the phase velocity, whereas the damping is measured by the pulse attenuation [1]. Thus far this approach has been limited to axial impact of long, slender rods. The multiple frequency content of a rectangular-pulse restricts the test specimens to slender rods or fibers in order to avoid pulse dispersion as a result of lateral inertia effects [2]. An improved stress pulse method for more realistic damping measurements in a broader range of test specimens has been developed recently [3]. It is referred to as the “Sine-Pulse Propagation” technique since the commonly used impact pulse is replaced by a sine-shaped pulse, which usually contains one full cycle. Its main advantage as compared to traditional methods for damping characterization, such as the “Hysteresis Loop” approach, is that it minimizes the loss of vibratory energy in the testing apparatus, which is the main contaminating form of conventional damping data [4].
Application of Fracture Mechanics to Surface Imperfections in Castings
Authors: Cheng Wing L. , Bigelow Erick 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Allowable sizes of surface imperfections were determined for different regions of a casting that is subjected to cyclic loading. Finite element analysis was used to determine the nominal stresses throughout various sections of the casting. The accumulative damage in terms of crack growth rate from potential surface defects was calculated based on the stresses resulted. A novel approach based on fracture mechanics was applied to treat linear defects in the casting. The cumulative damage in the subcritical crack growth regime was determined using the Paris Crack Growth Law. For the standard cast material, a simplified fracture criterion was selected to determine ultimate failure. At regions where surface hardening heat treatment was specified, ultimate failure occurred due to unstable crack growth therefore a brittle fracture criterion was applied. Results obtained from this analysis have provided a basis for determination of inspection criteria for linear discontinuities.
Integrated Pipe Stress Analysis/Support Pattern Selection/Support Design CAE System
Authors: Chatterjee M. , Unemori A. , Kakaria A. , Jain D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the organization and features of the AUTO-PIPE CAE System. AUTO-PIPE is a fully integrated software package which allows the User to perform the entire sequence of piping analysis and design in a streamlined work flow process. Major tasks in this automatic process includes:
(1) Pipe Stress Analysis
(2) Pipe Support Location Optimization
(3) Stress Isometric Drawing Generation
(4) Pipe Support Pattern Selection and Member Design
(5) 3D Interference Detection for Support
At the core of the System is the AUTO-PIPE (Relational) Database which contains all static (project-specific) and dynamic (model-specific) data required for all of the major tasks listed above.
The AUTO-PIPE CAE System has been used, and is currently being used, for pipe system design for Nuclear Power Plants in Japan to achieve substantial manpower reduction and cost savings.
Computer Assisted Design of Rubber Mounting Springs
Authors: Shoup T. E. , Sanchez L. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
While analysis procedures for the design of rubber mountings have existed for a number of years, the nonlinearity of these useful devices has limited the number of design procedures that are available. This paper presents a design procedure for the static deflections of rubber mountings. It is believed that this is the first time that such numerical procedures have been described in the design literature. The procedures are made possible by a combination of numerical approximations of data in the engineering literature and numerical methods for handling transcendental relationships. Such design procedures would clearly not be possible without the use of the digital computers and the numerical techniques that it facilitates. Design examples are presented to illustrate the use of the numerical procedure.