bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Birth of a Consumer Democracy
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys housing and suburbanization, autos, and television as three vital engines that drove economic expansion and mass consumerism. It opens with a discussion of Chester Bowles, wartime head of the OPA, and his emphasis on housing and homebuilding as a key to future prosperity. Technological innovation, the productivity of American industry, and the prosperity that followed brought all the former privileges of the wealthy classes within reach of the rapidly expanding American middle class. These factors help explain why so many Americans look back with nostalgia on the postwar decades as “Happy Days.”
America Goes Green
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Among the many “isms” of the 1960s, environmentalism offered one of the most powerful and enduring critiques of consumerism. So the first section of this chapter deals with one of the era’s great ironies: the enigmatic Richard Nixon had one of the greenest records of any president. His administration produced most of the major legislative apparatus, including NEPA, the EPA, OSHA, and the Clean Air, Clean Water, and Endangered Species Acts. Yet Nixon was no environmentalist and also supported the Alaskan Pipeline, the Tennessee-Tombigbee river project, and the Miami airport in the Everglades. His motives were predictably exquisitely political. In the wake of Watergate, the new powers available to environmental organizations shifted leadership from the grassroots efforts of Earth Day to NGOs dominated by professionals. Traditional organizations such as the Audubon Society and Sierra Club assumed more active roles, while new organizations such as the Environmental Defense Fund, Greenpeace, and NRDC promoted more confrontational strategies. The decline of the consumer economy and high unemployment caused a backlash against environmentalism.
Environmental Battlegrounds
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter opens by revisiting the Tellico Dam/snail darter controversy that pitted environmental activism against the rising tide of conservative anti-regulatory fervor. Union members joined anti-environmentalists in blaming regulation as the cause of the nation’s economic woes, especially rampant inflation. On one side, you had increasingly radical environmental groups such as Earth First!, and on the other, the Sage Brush/Wise Use rebellion that found a welcome in the Reagan administration. The Spotted Owl controversy epitomized the growing rift. Reagan appointed such arch Sage Brush rebels as James Watt as secretary of the interior and Anne Gorsuch (mother of the Supreme Court nominee) at EPA to dismantle the programs they were charged to enforce. While the Wise Use movement emerged in the Western states, it had strong followings in the East as well, as conservatives fought regulations in the Adirondacks Park, zoning in Vermont, and preservation of clean water in the Delaware River Gap. Nimbys represented a new source of activism. These were often women fighting against local pollution and other threats to their families, homes, and communities. Lois Gibbs from Love Canal and Penny Newman from California were two of the most effective leaders to emerge. Other groups such as the Clamshell and Abalone Alliances opposed new nuclear power plants.
In Debt We Trust
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The chapter first looks at the Great Inflation that wreaked havoc on the American economy and especially the working and middle classes. The economy shifted away from consumer goods manufacturing to services, dominated by jobs in government, healthcare, recreation and leisure, education, and the professions. Workers, for example, were more likely to drive cabs than to build them. All the same, American consumers continued their spendthrift ways in the 1980s, despite their lower purchasing power. They adjusted their consumer habits in three significant ways: where they shopped, how they paid for goods and services, and what they bought. The first section thus looks at the rise of the “big-box” stores, led by Wal-Mart and Sam Walton, that traded amenities for low prices and in that way extended purchasing power. A number of financial instruments—credit cards, ATMs, mutual money funds—allowed consumers easier access to consumer loans and savings. Finally, technological innovation transformed home and personal entertainment in the form of cable television, tape cassette players, the VCR, and other electronics that also empowered grassroots styles such as punk, rap, and independent films to go mainstream. That cultural upheaval triggered a moral backlash led by evangelical Christians and televangelists such as Oral Roberts, Pat Robertson, and Jerry Falwell. Ironically, they employed the same media technologies to reach mass audiences in order to spread the word that included the ultimate consumer faith: prosperity theology.
Epilogue
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Epilogue ends with a riff on the self-storage industry as a symptom of overconsumption and an apt metaphor for the United States in the age of Trump. Its main focus is on the misperceptions Trump had about the strengths and weaknesses of the United States and its economy by looking more closely at his misrepresentation of the “war on coal” (there actually has been one) and at the emergence of “Zombie” malls in the retailing sector of the economy. It concludes the book with an assertion that consumption as a strategy for economic growth and social cohesion is no longer sustainable in the era of global warming.
Patents in the History of the Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Galetovic Alexander 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chips can be easily copied and semiconductor firms are not monopolies. Nevertheless, in the semiconductor industry patents protect Ricardian rents against free riding. Ricardian rents—rents wrought by a firm’s differential ability to produce more output or value per unit of input—remunerate the investments in R&D that semiconductor firms make in the expectation of profit. In addition, patents enlarge the set of business models, strategies, and contracts that firms can use to trade. Many practices that emerged over time—for example technical marketing, second sourcing, licensing, trade in intellectual property—and the observed evolution of horizontal and vertical specialization would not have been feasible without patents. Last, patents and Ricardian rents in the semiconductor industry conciliate protracted investments in R&D with exceptionally fast growth of multifactor productivity and falling prices over almost 70 years.
Did James Watt’s Patent(s) Really Delay the Industrial Revolution?
Authors: Bottomley Sean 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Perhaps no inventor or invention was as pivotal to the British industrial revolution than James Watt and his separate condenser. By radically improving the fuel efficiency of steam engines, Watt’s condenser was instrumental to steam’s adoption as a power source in a plethora of industrial activities. However, Watt’s patent for the condenser, obtained in 1769 and extended to 1800, is frequently invoked as a classic example of a “blocking” patent, used to stymie subsequent technical developments in steam engineering, in turn delaying industrialization. The chapter refutes this claim using new archival materials, which show that Watt and his business partner Matthew Boulton were reluctant litigators who were ultimately willing to license their patented technology to other users. The chapter also provides an analytical narrative of Watt’s condenser, concluding that it is an almost ideal illustration of how patents work to stimulate the development and commercialization of new technology.
State Legislatures and Distrust
Authors: Sutton Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains the myriad restrictions that state constitutions place on state legislatures—such as single-subject rules, clear-title, and public-purpose clauses—and the kinds of problems that prompted them. The clear-title rule requires the subject of each bill to be expressed plainly in its title. The single-subject requirement ensures that each bill enacted by the legislature contains just one subject. The original-purpose requirement requires a final bill to line up with the stated purpose of the original bill. These limitations grew naturally out of a preoccupation of the Jacksonian era, curbing special interests. The US Constitution does not place comparable restrictions on Congress.
Epilogue
Authors: Sutton Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
When it comes to the who-decides questions at the local level, the states have been versatile over time, developing more and more democratic answers. At the national level, the country remains largely fixed in an eighteenth-century republican form of government, one that remains non-democratic in many ways. Are there ways in which these two different approaches to government can complement each other? The conviction of this book is that American constitutional structure cannot be understood without appreciating how the national and state governments handle it. The hope is that a greater appreciation of American federalism offers ways to improve the functioning of each side. The epilogue addresses the gap between the increasingly democratic state governments and non-democratic federal government, the role of the state and federal courts in addressing change, and the structural values of federalism and localism in creating stable and lasting change.
Ritual andRenin Confucius’s World
Authors: Jiang Tao 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAt the very beginning of Chinese moral-political philosophy stood Confucius, who attempted to maintain a continuum between partialist humaneness and impartialist justice in his articulation of ideal personhood, family, and polity. This is reflected in the way two core concepts, i.e., ritual (li) and the virtue of ren, in his philosophy are formulated. In his effort to rescue the collapsing ritual order, Confucius formulated the virtue of ren, usually translated as the Good, humaneness, humanity, human-heartedness, authoritative or consummate conduct, or benevolence, and touted this newly formulated virtue as the new moral foundation for the ritual order that used to be grounded in the Zhou kings’ claim of the Mandate of Heaven. Confucius’s ren contains both a partialist element favoring one’s family and an impartialist element when dealing with others. Confucius’s effort set the parameters for the mainstream moral-political project during the classical period, but his vision would be seriously challenged and significantly reformulated.
The Great Divergence
Authors: Jiang Tao 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates that it was in the hands of Mozi and his followers, the Mohists, as well as the self-professed followers of Confucius, especially Mencius and the Mencians, that the tension between humaneness and justice would receive full treatment in their effort to articulate their respective moral-political projects. As a consequence, the tension between the two norms would become increasingly glaring and could no longer be glossed over. The Mohists would fully embrace justice, whereas the Mencians would tout humaneness. The author calls such a development during the early to mid-Warring States period the “Great Divergence,” referring to the fact that the Mohists and the Mencians would gravitate toward justice and humaneness, respectively, and finding the tension between them hard to reconcile—even irreconcilable under certain circumstances. This pivotal divergence would drastically reshape the subsequent development of the moral-political discourse in the classical period and beyond.
A Model for Global Governance of Platforms
Authors: Fay Robert 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Digital platforms such as Google, Facebook, Twitter, Amazon, and a more recent entrant, Zoom, have provided core societal functions that have enabled us to work, shop, educate ourselves and our children, run businesses, maintain social contact, and receive and disseminate information. At the same time, the uses of these technologies have led to elevated concerns in areas such as surveillance, cyber risks, democracy, public health, competition and monopoly power, and economic prosperity. Current governance arrangements are incoherent and fragmented nationally and internationally—where they even exist. At the same time, they typically reflect vested state and corporate interests that can be very difficult to challenge. The way forward is to create a new institution for the digital realm: a Digital Stability Board (DSB) that would be a multi-stakeholder forum with a remit to create global governance for big data, AI, and the digital platforms, while allowing national variation to reflect different values and cultures while avoiding a race to the bottom in governance. Taking concerted and coordinated action on global governance under a structure such as a DSB will help to ensure that the benefits of the platforms are magnified, and the risks minimized individually and globally.
The Right of Sovereignty
Authors: Lee Daniel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Bodin’s most important theoretical achievement was to conceptualize sovereignty as an indivisible and portable bundle of legal rights, which he collectively designated ius summi imperii. Sovereignty, on this account, was modelled on the creditor’s in personam right arising from a debt obligation in civil law. Just as a creditor has a right to an actionable remedy enforcing the debtor’s performance of contractual obligations, so too does a sovereign state have a legal right to enforce acts of allegiance owed by its subjects and, in the case of treaty obligations, acts of fidelity owed by foreign obligors. Applying a doctrine of medieval legal science, Bodin traced the source of that sovereign right to the law of nations [ius gentium]. While sovereigns may be exempt from their own legislation [legibus soluti], they always remain legally bound to observe the ius gentium and exercise sovereign rights in accordance with its principles.
Book, Image, and Social Presence
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the early 1920s, the literary editor Sidney Clark wrote about English classic texts as moral guides for new readers. In 1932, Q. D. Leavis bemoaned the growth of popular fiction as simple escape. More positive overall was the growth of books as constructions of word and image, not just through illustrations but in all aspects of design, layout and increasingly through pictorial dust jackets in books of all kinds. Design of covers and binding revealed much about contents, with the Left Book Club and its rival Right Book Club the most extreme, declaring their content and political stance. In new homes, books became a way of presenting the owners’ tastes to visitors; the design of Penguin Books in particular made purchasing easier and cheaper, and also offered books of many kinds, identifiable by colour-coded covers, to new readers.
Alternative Life Histories
Authors: Hutchings Jeffrey A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Life-history differences are pervasive within populations. A subset of this variability is reflected by discontinuous variation in behavioural, developmental, and/or morphological traits during breeding. These mating and reproductive phenotypes are expressed as two or more alternatives, mostly by males. Alpha males are typically larger, territorial, aggressive, and overt in attracting potential mates, obtaining copulations by defending access to females and guarding resources necessary for reproduction. In contrast, beta males commonly obtain fertilizations by sneaking, adopting a satellite or searching behaviour, or mimicking females in colour or behaviour. Alternative phenotypes can be distinguished as short-term, often reversible behavioural tactics or as longer-term, developmentally constrained, genetically influenced strategies. Their expression is highly dependent on the attainment of a threshold based on learning, experience, environmental quality, genetic architecture, or some combination thereof. Threshold reaction norms have proven valuable in providing theoretical and empirical constructs for understanding the evolutionary stability of alternative mating phenotypes. After considering the role of negative frequency-dependent selection on the evolutionary stability of alternative mating phenotypes, the chapter closes by addressing terminological inconsistencies in the literature.
Applications
Authors: Hutchings Jeffrey A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
When compared to the unexploited environments in which organismal life histories evolved, hunting and fishing impose additional sources of extrinsic mortality often several times greater than natural mortality. This has direct consequences for lx and potentially bx. Efforts to achieve sustainable exploitation, which are often based on the concept of maximum sustainable yield, depend on how natural (M) and harvest-induced (F) mortality change with age. For data-poor populations, life-history based approximations can be used to estimate key parameters, such as M. Complex and simple methods are used in the setting of fishery management reference points related to population size and fishing mortality; reference points define targets and limits to guide sustainable harvesting efforts. Exploitation has potential to effect evolution. By selectively removing individuals on the basis of size or age, or by simply imposing an unduly high F that is random with respect to phenotype, harvest-induced evolution has potential to alter life histories in aquatic and terrestrial animals.
Mindreading in Adults
Authors: Apperly Ian A. , Wang J. Jessica 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In adults, Theory of Mind (ToM) or mindreading is a multifaceted ability that is underpinned by a number of social and cognitive factors, and implicates multiple brain regions. Additionally, everyday intuition suggests that some adults are better mindreaders than others, opening lines of enquiry into individual differences. The result is a literature with a wide range of findings that may appear difficult to reconcile. This chapter attempts to make sense of these findings and the broad themes in the literature. It begins by reviewing a cognitive model that offers a framework for thinking about similarities and differences between mindreading tasks and component processes. It then highlights the potential challenges in employing experimental tasks when attempting to capture individual differences in mindreading. Finally, it discusses two motivational factors that are often overlooked as possible dimensions on which individuals could differ in everyday mindreading. It ends with some recommendations for future investigations.
Understanding Atypical Social Behaviour Using Social Cognitive Theory
Authors: Livingston Lucy A. , Happé Francesca 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often proposed to be the condition of atypical social cognition, because the social behaviours observed in ASD can be attributed to a range of atypicalities in underlying social cognitive processing. This chapter presents and critiques the most prominent social cognitive theories. We suggest that the ‘Theory of Mind’ theory of autism—which proposes that autistic social atypicalities are best explained by difficulties in inferring the mental states of other people—continues to be the most compelling social cognitive theory, with the greatest explanatory power. We also reflect upon ongoing issues that stymy our understanding of the social cognitive underpinnings of ASD, including heterogeneity, co-occurring conditions, and compensatory ability. Finally, the chapter touches on ongoing debates in the field and suggests avenues for future research required to facilitate knowledge of autistic social behaviour and cognition across the whole lifespan.
Contemporary Structural Change
Authors: Sumner Andy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the ‘new’ patterns of contemporary economic development and structural change. The chapter focuses on the second great transformation outlined. Specifically, it examines the evolution of late economic development towards stalled industrialization, deindustrialization, and tertiarization. The empirical basis of these patterns is explored anew. Furthermore, the myth accompanying this transformation—that economic development is sector-neutral—is discussed. Additionally, the extent to which patterns of late economic development—stalled industrialization, deindustrialization, and tertiarization—matter is considered. It is argued that (modern) manufacturing remains preferable to tertiary-led economic development.
Income Inequality within Countries
Authors: Sumner Andy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the within-country component of global inequality and the impact of deindustrialization on national income inequality. The chapter focuses on the fourth great transformation outlined, specifically the shift to a form of immiserizing growth. This chapter revisits Kuznets’ seminal work and asks what trend might be expected for national inequality during deindustrialization. The chapter makes estimates of the empirical evidence on deindustrialization, tertiarization, and national income inequality in developing countries. The accompanying myth—that if developing countries integrate more and more into GVC world, the process will lead to broad-based economic development—is critiqued. A theoretical exposition to explain the connection between deindustrialization, tertiarization, and rising national income inequality in the developing world is given.
Conclusion
Authors: Sumner Andy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The intellectual contribution of the book has been to provide a detailed account of the contemporary processes of stalled industrialization, deindustrialization, and tertiarization as well as on their characteristics, drivers, and consequences in the developing world. Furthermore, the book has connected empirically and theoretically the phenomena of stalled industrialization, deindustrialization, and tertiarization, the emergence of a GVC world, and global inequality. This concluding chapter summarizes the book’s content and restates the main arguments of the book. There is discussion of the future prospects for developing countries and the ‘tertiary trilemma’ they face, specifically: Should middle-income developing countries pursue higher-value-added services-led growth which is unequalizing and has weaker employment growth? Or should they rather seek lower-value-added services-led growth which has higher employment growth? Or should they instead pursue the shrinkage of services and subsidize re-industrialization-led growth?