bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidences of deep vein thrombosis and major bleeding under the administration of fondaparinux for thromboprophylaxis after periacetabular osteotomy: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Fukushima Kensuke , Saito Hiroki , Koyama Tomohisa , Ohashi Yoshihisa , Uchiyama Katsufumi , Takahira Naonobu , Takaso Masashi 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is an effective joint-preserving procedure for patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip. Although deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is considered a serious complication of orthopaedic surgery, there is no consensus regarding a thromboprophylaxis strategy after PAO. We have routinely administered fondaparinux for DVT prophylaxis in adult patients undergoing PAO. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidences of DVT and major bleeding under the administration of fondaparinux for thromboprophylaxis after PAO. A total of 95 patients (100 hips) who underwent PAO with post-operative administration of fondaparinux for thromboprophylaxis were retrospectively enrolled. The incidences of DVT on ultrasound, major bleeding, and administration cessation were evaluated. Asymptomatic DVT occurred in one patient, major bleeding occurred in 14 hips and the administration of fondaparinux was stopped in 17 hips. Given the observed incidence of major bleeding, safer DVT prophylaxis modalities should be considered during PAO.
Multi-omics profiling: the way toward precision medicine in metabolic diseases
Authors: Hu Cheng , Jia Weiping 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMetabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are alarming health burdens around the world, while therapies for these diseases are far from satisfying as their etiologies are not completely clear yet. T2DM, NAFLD, and MetS are all complex and multifactorial metabolic disorders based on the interactions between genetics and environment. Omics studies such as genetics, transcriptomics, epigenetics, proteomics, and metabolomics are all promising approaches in accurately characterizing these diseases. And the most effective treatments for individuals can be achieved via omics pathways, which is the theme of precision medicine. In this review, we summarized the multi-omics studies of T2DM, NAFLD, and MetS in recent years, provided a theoretical basis for their pathogenesis and the effective prevention and treatment, and highlighted the biomarkers and future strategies for precision medicine.
Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of Enolase in the Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)
Authors: Xu Xing-Li , Yang Hu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is the main blooding-sucking ectoparasite of bovines and is regarded as important vectors of animal diseases such as Babesiosis. Mining protective antigens of R. microplus to develop antitick vaccine is the most potential tick control strategy. In this study, the specific primers were designed according to the conserved nucleotide sequence of enolase gene in Haemaphysalis flava, Ixodes ricinus, and Ornithodoros moubata. The fragment of enolase gene was obtained by PCR using cDNA template from fully engorged female R. microplus. The full-length cDNA of enolase gene was amplified using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Expression pattern of enolase gene in different tissues of R. microplus was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Results showed that the full-length enolase cDNA containing 2052 bp was obtained successfully. The complete cDNA included an ORF of 1305 nucleotides encoding a protein of 434 amino acids. The enolase exhibited 85.0% amino acid identity to the enolase of H. flava, 81.1% to I. ricinus enolase, and 81.3% to O. moubata enolase. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the enolase had the highest expression in the salivary gland of R. microplus.
Residual Cognitive Capacities in Patients With Cognitive Motor Dissociation, and Their Implications for Well-Being
Authors: Graham Mackenzie 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Patients with severe disorders of consciousness are thought to be unaware of themselves or their environment. However, research suggests that a minority of patients diagnosed as having a disorder of consciousness remain aware. These patients, designated as having “cognitive motor dissociation” (CMD), can demonstrate awareness by imagining specific tasks, which generates brain activity detectable via functional neuroimaging. The discovery of consciousness in these patients raises difficult questions about their well-being, and it has been argued that it would be better for these patients if they were allowed to die. Conversely, I argue that CMD patients may have a much higher level of well-being than is generally acknowledged. It is far from clear that their lives are not worth living, because there are still significant gaps in our understanding of how these patients experience the world. I attempt to fill these gaps, by analyzing the neuroscientific research that has taken place with these patients to date. Having generated as comprehensive a picture as possible of the capacities of CMD patients, I examine this picture through the lens of traditional philosophical theories of well-being. I conclude that the presumption that CMD patients do not have lives worth living is not adequately supported.
Well-being, Gamete Donation, and Genetic Knowledge: The Significant Interest View
Authors: Groll Daniel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Significant Interest view entails that even if there were no medical reasons to have access to genetic knowledge, there would still be reason(s) for prospective parents to use an identity-release donor as opposed to an anonymous donor. This view does not depend on either the idea that genetic knowledge is profoundly prudentially important or that donor-conceived people have a right to genetic knowledge. Rather, it turns on general claims about (1) parents’ obligations to help promote their children’s well-being and (2) the connection between a person’s well-being and the satisfaction of what I call their “worthwhile significant subjective interests.” To put this view (too) simply, the fact that a donor-conceived person—who knows she is donor-conceived—is likely to be very interested in acquiring genetic knowledge gives prospective parents a weighty reason to use an identity-release donor. This is because parents should promote their children’s well-being through the satisfaction of their children’s worthwhile significant interests.
Voluntarily Stopping Eating and Drinking: Conceptual, Personal, and Policy Questions
Authors: Moskop John C 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAlthough voluntarily stopping eating and drinking (VSED) as a way to hasten one’s death is not yet a widely recognized practice in the United States, it has received increasing attention in the medical and bioethics literature in recent years. After a brief review of the broader context of human death and dying, this article poses and examines 11 conceptual, personal, and public policy questions about VSED. The article identifies essential features of VSED and discusses whether VSED is a type of suicide. It identifies reasons why people may or may not choose VSED, and it considers responses by family members and professional caregivers to people who have chosen VSED. It also considers how public policies may permit and regulate or restrict the practice of VSED. Examination of these questions is designed to increase understanding of VSED and to inform moral evaluation of this practice.
Research and Innovation in the Private Forestry Sector: Past Successes and Future Opportunities
Authors: Homyack Jessica , Sucre Eric , Magalska Lauren , Fox Thomas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe private forestry sector faces enormous challenges from complex environmental issues concurrent with societal concerns about intensive forest management and application of silvicultural tools. At the same time, research and development spending and the scientific workforce in the forestry sector has declined. However, the forestry sector has a long history of strategic deployment of science and technology to manage timberlands for many uses, including ecological services. To address science and societal needs from future forests, we describe past successes and potential future innovations of the forestry sector across (1) genetics, (2) silviculture and productivity, (3) harvesting and logging technology, (4) environmental sustainability, and (5) remote sensing and unmanned aerial vehicles. Developing technology is only one component, however; progressing towards sector goals of diversifying the workforce, explicitly valuing research collaborations, and integrating big data across ownerships to guide management decisions will hasten innovation. With the growing complexity of social-ecological-economic challenges, the private forestry sector must enact a tactical approach to addressing stressors with evolving research structures. We offer a vision of a vibrant private forestry sector poised to integrate technological innovation to continue meeting society’s needs through the intersecting effects of climate change and other challenges.
Evidence for profile changes in PSR J1713+0747 using the uGMRT
Authors: Singha Jaikhomba , Surnis Mayuresh P , Joshi Bhal Chandra , Tarafdar Pratik , Rana Prerna , Susobhanan Abhimanyu , Girgaonkar Raghav , Kolhe Neel , Agarwal Nikita , Desai Shantanu , Prabu T , Bathula Adarsh , Dandapat Subhajit , Dey Lankeswar , Hisano Shinnosuke , Kato Ryo , Kharbanda Divyansh , Kikunaga Tomonosuke , Marmat Piyush , Susarla Sai Chaitanya , Bagchi Manjari , Dhanda Batra Neelam , Choudhury Arpita , Gopakumar A , Gupta Yashwant , Krishnakumar M A , Maan Yogesh , Manoharan P K , Nobleson K , Pandian Arul , Pathak Dhruv , Takahashi Keitaro 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
PSR J1713+0747 is one of the most precisely timed pulsars in the international pulsar timing array experiment. This pulsar showed an abrupt profile shape change between 2021 April 16, (MJD 59320) and 2021 April 17 (MJD 59321). In this paper, we report the results from multi-frequency observations of this pulsar carried out with the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT) before and after the event. We demonstrate the profile change seen in Band 5 (1260 MHz–1460 MHz) and Band 3 (300 MHz–500 MHz). The timing analysis of this pulsar shows a disturbance accompanying this profile change followed by a recovery with a time-scale of ∼159 days. Our data suggest that a model with chromatic index as a free parameter is preferred over models with combinations of achromaticity with DM bump or scattering bump. We determine the frequency dependence to be ∼ν+1.34.
Instigators of COVID-19 in Immune Cells Are Increased in Tobacco Cigarette Smokers and Electronic Cigarette Vapers Compared With Nonsmokers
Authors: Kelesidis Theodoros , Zhang Yuyan , Tran Elizabeth , Sosa Grace , Middlekauff Holly R 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Introduction
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, gains entry into the host cell when its Spike protein is cleaved by host proteases TMPRSS2 and furin, thereby markedly increasing viral affinity for its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). In rodent and diseased human lungs, tobacco cigarette (TCIG) smoke increases ACE2, but the effect of electronic cigarette vaping (ECIG) is unknown. It is unknown whether nicotine (in both TCIGs and ECIGs) or non-nicotine constituents unique to TCIG smoke increase expression of key proteins in COVID-19 pathogenesis.

Methods
Immune (CD45+) cells collected before the pandemic in otherwise healthy young people, including TCIG smokers (n = 9), ECIG vapers (n = 12), or nonsmokers (NS) (n = 12), were studied. Using flow cytometry, expression of key proteins in COVID-19 pathogenesis were compared among these groups.

Results
TCIG smokers and ECIG vapers had similar smoking or vaping burdens as indicated by similar plasma cotinine levels. TCIG smokers compared with NS had a significantly increased percentage of cells that were positive for ACE2 (10-fold, p &lt; .001), TMPRSS2 (5-fold, p &lt; .001), and ADAM17 (2.5-fold, p &lt; .001). Additionally, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) consistently showed greater mean ACE2 (2.2-fold, p &lt; .001), TMPRSS2 (1.5-fold, p &lt; .001), furin (1.1-fold, p &lt; .05), and ADAM17 (2-fold, p &lt; .001) in TCIG smokers compared with NS. In ECIG vapers, furin MFI was increased (1.15-fold, p &lt; .05) and TMPRSS2 MFI tended to be increased (1.1-fold, p = .077) compared with NS.

Conclusions
The finding that key instigators of COVID-19 infection are lower in ECIG vapers compared with TCIG smokers is intriguing and warrants additional investigation to determine if switching to ECIGs is an effective harm reduction strategy. However, the trend toward increased proteases in ECIG vapers remains concerning.

Implications
(1) This is the first human study to report a marked increase in proteins critical for COVID-19 infection, including ACE2, TMPRSS2, and ADAM17, in immune cells from healthy tobacco cigarette smokers without lung disease compared with e-cigarette vapers and nonsmokers. (2) These findings warrant additional investigation to determine whether switching to electronic cigarettes may be an effective harm reduction strategy in smokers addicted to nicotine who are unable or unwilling to quit. (3) The increase in proteases in electronic cigarette vapers remains concerning.
Jewish Workers Meet the Russian Revolution
Authors: Hillis Faith 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter treats Europe’s Russian colonies as a crucial locus of Jewish emancipation. It explores how professional revolutionaries—both Jews and non-Jews—made contact with Yiddish-speaking Jewish workers abroad, integrating the latter into the radical networks centered in the colonies. In the process, many Jewish proletarians became radicalized and more engaged in Russian politics than ever before. The exchanges between Russified intellectuals and working-class Jews in emigration created a new style of revolutionary politics from the bottom up that was sensitive to the special experiences and needs of Jewish workers yet sought to marshal these particularities for the cause of universal emancipation. The chapter closes with an exploration of how émigré networks transported the new political styles developed abroad back to Russia and examines the role that exile politics played in the creation of the Bund, an event usually understood as purely domestic in origin.
Ou-topos?
Authors: Hillis Faith 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter chronicles the new challenges that emerged to face the Russian colonies between 1905 and 1917. These included an increase in enmity between rival factions, internecine violence, and rising external oppression. Together, these factors led to the colonies’ social and spatial unravelling. The beginning of World War I, which further divided émigré communities and led to the forcible conscription of some their residents and the interment and surveillance of others, struck the death knell for their utopian lifestyles. By early 1917 even the most determined of their activists, including Lenin, had lost hope in the colonies’ capacity to give rise to a better world.
Revolution from Abroad
Authors: Hillis Faith 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter treats the Bolshevik revolution and first years of the Soviet regime as the final chapter of the émigré saga. It follows the alumni of the colonies as they returned to the colonies after the February 1917 revolution and examines how their experiences abroad influenced their later actions. The chapter shows how the Bolsheviks used the exile tradition of living the revolution and the close relationships they had formed abroad to consolidate their power. At the same time, it argues that longstanding antipathies imported from Europe intensified revolutionary violence, and that rival interpretations of what it meant to live the revolution advanced by other parties posed persistent challenges to Bolshevik hegemony.
The Civil Law Legal Tradition
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the origins and development of the civil law legal tradition, which assigns to judges only a mechanical, highly constrained form of decision-making. The civil law legal tradition is characterized globally by a historical reliance on Roman law; a modern rationalist code and no body of judge-made case law under the code; textualism and formalism; and the absence of jury trial and an inquisitorial approach to civil and criminal procedure. The civil law tradition allows judicial review, which has been seen as being inherently political, to be exercised soley by a separate institution, called a Constitutional Court, which alone interprets and enforces the Constitution and which is de facto the most important court in the country, even though de jure there are coequal courts of cassation and councils of state. Traditionally, judges received little social deference and were low on the hierarchy of status in civil law countries, whereas scholars and codifiers came first. The civil law legal tradition conceives of the separation of powers in a very wooden, ahistorical way that precludes judges from ever making policy by deciding administrative law and constitutional law cases. It was therefore necessary to create powerful constitutional courts as a specially chosen fourth branch of government in order for judicial review to work in civil law countries. The chapter conclude by looking at the court systems in civil law countries, which typically have three supreme courts: 1) a constitutional court; 2) a court of cassation; and 3) a council of state.
Japan
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the Japanese experience with judicial review. The Supreme Court of Japan does not enforce those parts of the Japanese Constitution, like Article 9, which prohibits war making; Article 21, which protects freedom of speech; or Article 89, which forbids taxpayer money from being used to hire Shinto priests. The Supreme Court of Japan thus refuses to enforce important articles in the Constitution of Japan. It does rubber stamp and thus legitimize actions taken by the political branches of the government. Why has judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation failed to take root in Japan? Japan does not need either a federal or a separation of powers umpire, since Japan is, firstly, a unitary nation-state with no need for a federalism umpire; and, secondly, a parliamentary democracy with a weak upper house of the legislature. Moreover, Japan has never atoned for the wrongs it committed during World War II nor has it truly admitted to even having done the horrible things that Japan did. A nation cannot get rights from wrongs judicial review and a Bill of Rights unless it admits it has done something wrong. Finally, the Japanese Constitution contains an inadequate system of checks and balances. As a result, the Supreme Court of Japan may not have the political space within which it can assert power.
The Federative Republic of Brazil
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at Brazilian judicial review. Judicial review in Brazil originated because it was borrowed from the U.S. Constitution. It emerged in amplified form in Brazil’s 1988 Constitution because, by 1988, the normative appeal of judicial review was widely appreciated all over the world. Moreover, the Hybrid Model of judicial review in Brazil, whereby the Supreme Federal Tribunal is both, at the apex of a diffuse system of judicial review, and is also a Constitutional Court, reflects widespread appreciation for the value of a system like the German Constitutional Court in a civil law jurisdiction. The power of such a court to issue rulings with erga omnes effect is especially important in civil law countries like Brazil, which lack systems of stare decisis. First, judicial review emerged in Brazil as the result of borrowing. Second, it emerged as a rights from wrongs reaction to abuses of power during Fascism and during the military dictatorship, which ruled Brazil for 1964 until 1984. Third, judicial review is necessary in Brazil for both federalism and separation of powers umpiring reasons. Fourth, judicial review in Brazil also emerged because the constitution-writing elite wanted to entrench its liberal and socialist values to forestall the emergence of yet another military government in the country. And, fifth, the Brazilian Constitution divides and allocates power among so many federal and state entities that the Supreme Federal Tribunal has the political space it needs to play a really big role in governing the country.
Epistemology, Philosophy of Science, and Virtue
Authors: Ratti Emanuele 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of how virtue-based concepts have been used by philosophers of science to shed light on epistemic aspects of science. In the epistemology of science, the word virtue has referred to two different concepts. First, virtue can be understood as excellence, where excellence is a quality of a model, a theory, or a hypothesis. Second, virtue can be understood more narrowly as a stable character trait and/or disposition of scientists themselves. The first meaning is connected to the long-standing debate on the qualities that make a scientific theory a good scientific theory. The second meaning is connected to a much more recent conversation exploring the connections between virtue epistemology and philosophy of science. I explore how these two meanings of virtue have been developed, and I highlight underexplored areas that can advance our understanding of the relation between virtue theory and philosophy of science.
Virtue and Contingent History
Authors: Ruetsche Laura 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Some philosophers of science suggest that a narrow calculus of rationality—the axioms of probability calculus and the rule of conditionalization—suffices to characterize the epistemic aspect of science, including the phenomena of scientific knowledge and empirical justification. But what if a rationality constricted to a narrow calculus is a rationality inhibited in its pursuit of epistemic aims key to science? This chapter uses virtue as Aristotle understands it to develop a broader picture of rationality, a picture that likens some varieties of rationality to second-nature capacities. It discusses not only the epistemic aims that might be advanced by the exercise of epistemic second natures in the sciences but also the social conditions promoting this advancement.
Learning Agility and the Changing Nature of Leadership
Authors: Dai Guangrong , De Meuse Kenneth P. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
“Learning Agility and the Changing Nature of Leadership: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice” explores the theoretical foundation and reviews the conceptual evolution of learning agility. Learning agility assessment has been closely connected to high-potential identification and development. It is asserted that the definition of high potential should expand beyond upward mobility to reflect what is needed for leadership effectiveness in today’s volatile and dynamic business environment. Combining the learning agility literature with the findings from recent research on adaptability, the chapter proposes a theory-based model of learning agility to enhance its conceptual clarity. This model appears to encompass existing learning agility assessment tools quite well. Subsequently, the chapter reviews the empirical findings from several learning agility studies, especially its incremental validity in explaining leader success, and examines its relationship with other constructs. The chapter closes with a discussion of theoretical and practical implications.