bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
113 Owner Dietary and Exercise Regimens Influence Perception of Ideal Body Weight in Dogs
Authors: Banton Sydney , Baynham Andrew , Pezzali Julia Guazzelli , von Massow Michael , Verbrugghe Adronie , Shoveller Anna-Kate 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The increasing prevalence of canine obesity across the globe has become the number one health concern for dogs. Part of the problem may be the way owner’s perceive their dog’s body weight. The goal of the current survey was to assess what variables, related to both owner and dog’s feeding and exercising practices, were predictive of the owner’s perception of their dog’s body weight across North America (Canada and the United States) and Europe (France, the United Kingdom and Germany). The online survey was distributed by Qualtrics (Qualtrics XM, Utah, USA) in June 2020. A total of 3,298 responses were collected and were equally distributed across country and sex of respondent. Multinomial logistic regression was performed in SPSS Statistics (Version 26, IBM Corp, North Castle, New York, USA). More than 85% of respondents reported that they believe their dog is an ideal body weight. Results from logistic regression suggest that owners of younger dogs (0–2 years) are 5 times more likely to believe their dog is an ideal body weight compared to older dogs (over 11 years; P &lt; 0.0001). Respondents who selected that they perform vigorous exercise, themselves, less often than 4 days per week were less likely to believe that their dog is an ideal body weight compared to those who reported vigorously exercising for more than 5 days per week (P &lt; 0.05). Finally those who reported feeding their dog a fixed amount of food were more likely to believe their dog is an ideal body weight (P = 0.044) while those who reported restricting their dogs food intake to control weight were less likely to believe their dog is an ideal body weight (P &lt; 0.0001). Overall, both human and dog dietary and exercise routines were predictive of a dog owner’s perception of their dogs body weight.
498 Late-Breaking: Identifying Meaningful Measures of Dam and Puppy Welfare in Commercial-breeding (CB) Kennels
Authors: Romaniuk Aynsley , Barnard Shanis , Weller Jennifer , Shreyer Traci , Croney Candace 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Maternal factors such as fear and stress influence offspring welfare in many species, but this area of research has been underexplored in dogs. As a large proportion of society’s dogs originate from commercial-breeding (CB) kennels, further investigation in this environment is crucial to ensure canine welfare. The current study aimed to refine a set of welfare metrics used to explore associations between maternal factors and litter welfare in CB kennels. Dams (n = 28) from five USDA-licensed CB kennels were tested at 6 and 1-week prepartum, and 4 and 8-weeks postpartum using a stranger approach test, physical health assessment, exposure to novel stimuli, social isolation test, hair cortisol concentration, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) and fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentrations. Puppies (n = 138) were tested at 4 (4W) and 8-weeks (8W) old using equivalent measures. Preliminary analyses of the metrics collected during puppy social isolation revealed that locomotion was positively correlated with exploration (4W: rs=0.46, P &lt; 0.001; 8W: rs=0.39, P &lt; 0.001), escape attempt duration (4W: rs=0.26, P = 0.002; 8W: rs=0.31, P &lt; 0.001), frequency of stress behaviors (4W: rs=0.22, P = 0.01; 8W: rs=0.40, P &lt; 0.001), vocalization (4W: rs=0.18, p=0.04; 8W: rs=0.20, P = 0.02), and fecal IgA (4W: rs=0.24, P = 0.05). Stationary behavior was negatively correlated with escape attempt duration (4W: rs=-0.37, P &lt; 0.001; 8W: rs=-0.43, P &lt; 0.001), frequency of stress behaviors (4W: rs=-0.22, P = 0.01; 8W: rs=-0.32, P &lt; 0.001), and physiologic metrics (4W: fecal IgA rs=-0.25, P = 0.04; 8W: FGM rs=-0.23, P = 0.01). Results suggest that, in response to social isolation, 4W and 8W old puppies exhibit one of two coping styles, proactive or passive, and the latter is associated with lower activation of the immune and stress response. The outcomes of this study will inform future research exploring maternal risk factors, including behavioral and physiologic stressors, affecting puppy developmental welfare in CB kennels.
499 Late-Breaking: Impact of a High Calcium Diet in Growing Labrador Retriever Puppies
Authors: Varney Jessica L , Watson Charlene F , Coon Craig N 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
An important function of feeding large breed puppies is providing appropriate amounts of calcium and phosphorus, which is used in skeletal mineralization during growth. National Research Council stated calcium requirements are 0.8–1.2%, and phosphorus 1.0–1.6%. The objective of this study was to compare a high calcium diet (Ca: 5.7%; P: 2.9%) (Nature’s Logic Canine Beef Meal Feast; Nature’s Logic) (HC) to a normal control diet (Ca: 1.6%; P: 1%) (Purina Puppy Chow; Nestle Purina) (CON) in growing Labrador Retriever puppies. Thirty-two puppies (16 HC/16 CON) were used in two 10wk modified AAFCO large breed puppy growth trials. Body weights were measured weekly, feed intake daily, and digestibility, body composition, hematology, chemistry, and bone metabolism biomarkers were measured at 8wks, 13wks, and 18wks of age. All puppies passed all AAFCO large breed puppy growth requirements, including veterinary exams, body weight gain, and bloodwork parameters. Both groups had similar average weight gains from baseline to the end of the trial. No significant differences in bone mineral density were found between HC and CON groups at any timepoint. No significant differences were found between groups after baseline for parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, or tartrate resistant acid phosphatase bone metabolism biomarkers. Total tissue mass, fat mass, and lean mass were lower in the HC group compared to CON group (P &lt; 0.05), likely due to lower caloric content and metabolizable energy in the HC diet than expected. Calcium digestibility was significantly higher in HC diet vs CON diet (P &lt; 0.01). Based on this data, a high calcium diet had no negative impact on major physiological parameters in growing Labrador Retriever puppies.
115 Stability of Thiamine Supplied by Vitamin Premix and Yeast Ingredients in Canned Cat Food
Authors: Dainton Amanda N , Miller Markus F , White Brittany , Lambrakis Leah K , Aldrich Charles G 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Despite numerous process modifications, thiamine retention of canned cat food has not improved. Yeasts possess a binding protein which may provide a thiamine form able to withstand retort processing. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate dried yeasts as thiamine sources in canned cat food. Treatments were arranged as a 2ｘ4 factorial with 2 levels of vitamin premix (with or without) and 4 sources of yeast (none (NY), LBV, BY, or EA). Inclusion of LBV matched the thiamine contribution from the vitamin premix and BY and EA were capped at 5%. Three replicates were processed in a horizontal still retort to an average total F0 of 79.23 minutes. Thiamine degradation was calculated as the difference between pre- and post-retort thiamine contents. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with pre-retort thiamine content as a covariate and production day as a random effect. The Fisher’s LSD post hoc comparison test was performed with ⍺ = 0.05. On average, experimental formulas retained 33.75% thiamine. Thiamine degradation was not affected by the inclusion of vitamin premix (P = 0.0670), but was affected by the inclusion of yeast (P = 0.0232) and the interaction between vitamin premix and yeast (P = 0.0002). Thiamine loss between NY (-31.3 mg/kg DM) and BY (-33.8 mg/kg DM) were similar (P &gt; 0.05) whereas EA (-40.5 mg/kg DM) and LBV (-55.6 mg/kg DM) lost more (P &lt; 0.05) thiamine than NY. The treatment of EA with vitamin premix (-70.3 mg/kg DM) lost more (P &lt; 0.05) thiamine than no yeast, BY, or EA without vitamin premix (average -17.4 mg/kg DM) and all others (average -57.3 mg/kg DM) were intermediate (P &gt; 0.05). Inclusion of vitamin premix with yeast did not minimize thiamine loss and BY exhibited similar thiamine degradation as intrinsic thiamine in standard ingredients.
124 Fundamentals of Distilled Beverages: Spirits and Their Raw Materials
Authors: Rhoades Liz 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Distilling the alcoholic beverage category down, sugar + yeast = ethanol. However, the manufacturing processes for these beverages are complex and unique. Utilizing a myriad of raw material inputs to produce numerous outputs is no small feat. This presentation will provide an overview of the distilled beverage landscape and will discuss some of the key product types, substrates, ancillary ingredients, and their manufacturing processes. On a fundamental level, we will also consider what by-products are created during the process of making these beloved liquids and how that might relate back to the animal industry.
121 Use of Fermentation Co-products in Pet Food and Animal Feeds
Authors: Zijlstra Ruurd T 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Fermentation is used to create foods and beverages that are enjoyed by people around the world. Similarly, fermentation creates direct opportunities for feed application such as fermented liquid feed or fermented feedstuffs. Other opportunities exist: fermentation followed by extraction of a main product for human or biofuel application also creates co-products that require application in petfood or animal feeds for valorization. Indeed, cereal grains are fermented to produce beer, distilled spirits, or bioethanol and their associated co-products can be fed either wet or dry. For example, traditional beer production using fermentation of barley grain produces abundant brewer’s spent grains and also brewer’s spent hops and yeast as co-products. Brewer’s spent grains are mostly fed wet to ruminants due to its greater fiber content than barley grain and avoiding the cost of its drying required for compound feed application. Wet brewer’s yeast can be used as feedstuff in liquid feed systems for swine. Dried brewer’s yeast can be considered for pet food application due to included nutrients, nucleotides, mannan oligosaccharides, and β-glucans. Other cereal grains such as corn and rice are also used for beer production. Whiskey is produced using fermentation of an array of cereal grains, and distiller’s co-products have traditionally been fed wet or dry mostly to cattle. For the last two decades, large-scale production of ethanol as biofuel has created the co-product distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as commodity feedstuff. Subsequently, DDGS has been used in livestock feed and petfood as protein source. With animal feed application, dietary inclusion of fermentation co-products provides opportunities for circular agriculture whereby nutrients excreted by livestock will be applied to soil to support grain production. Finally, depending on price and quality, fermentation co-products may be part of pet food and livestock feed formulations to achieve competitive cost and functionality.
125 Nutritional and Extra-nutritional Compounds in Fruit and Vegetable Waste and Their Potential for Use in Dietary Supplements
Authors: Martinez Mario M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Since the beginning of the 20th century, fruits and vegetables have historically been promoted as an important part of the human diet. The plethora of epidemiological and intervention studies has shown, since then, positive associations between fruit and vegetable intake and improved health outcomes and/or prevention of certain chronic diseases. In this regard, dietary fiber has traditionally been viewed as having beneficial effects due to inherent physical properties of solution viscosity and insoluble particles coupled with fermentation by colonic bacteria. However, it is now clear that they exert an important function as a carrier for phytonutrients, which is particularly important for fruits and vegetables, which often have high contents of bioactive phytonutrients such as polyphenols. Remarkably, production and processing of fruit and vegetables for human consumption results in a large amount of food waste due to their high-water contents, fast respiration rate, high sensitivity to environmental factors, and/or presence of inedible parts. Although the utilization of fruit and vegetable waste as animal feed is limited due to their low content of digestible energy, their rich palette of dietary fibers and polyphenols could make it a rich source of health-promoting dietary compounds. As an example, interest in the ability of dietary fibers and (poly)phenolic compounds to influence carbohydrate metabolism and colonic health could make problematical fruit and vegetable biomass a game-changer source of dietary supplements. This presentation will cover recent progress on the nature of interactions between polyphenols and the plant cell wall, how this affects polyphenol bioaccessibility and bioavailability during digestion, and how processing can result in dietary supplements with tailored structure and solubility of their dietary fibers and chemical stability and bioaccesibility of their (poly)phenolic compounds.
127 Equine Nutraceuticals: Is Science Finally Catching up to Fiction?
Authors: Pearson Wendy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Nutraceutical supplements have become requisite fare in equine stables across North America and Europe, and a robust marketing engine has propagated the notion that every horse owner has the ability to contribute to the management – and even treatment – of some of the most important health and performance issues facing the modern horse. The voracious appetite of horse owners and managers for these supplements has vastly outpaced research into equine-specific efficacy, safety or toxicity of the majority of available products. Indeed, even government regulators have been left scrambling to accommodate the unique characteristics of nutraceuticals for horses within existing feed and drug guidelines, whilst the groundswell of consumer demand creates a fertile and attractive venue for a myriad of equine nutraceutical products. This presentation will identify peculiarities of horses and horse enthusiasts which define the opportunities and challenges associated with equine nutraceutical products. The current state of scientific inquiry will be explored, focusing on supplements targeting common equine health issues including arthritis, laminitis and gastrointestinal disorders. This critical mass of scientific evidence is then compared with popular marketing of equine nutraceuticals, in order to caliper the distance between science and fiction.
129 Maternal Nutrition and in Ovo Feeding Affect Gut Health and Performance of Poultry
Authors: Jha Rajesh , Das Razib , Mishra Pravin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Maintaining a healthy gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is critical for better nutrient utilization, optimum performance, and overall health of poultry. Thus, several nutritional strategies have been tried to improve poultry’s gut health. More recently, different nutrients and feed additives are being used in poultry diets with some success when antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) are not an acceptable option anymore. However, effective modulation of gut health depends on the methods and timing of the compound being available to host animals. Routinely, the alternatives to AGP like prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotic, enzymes, and other nutrients are provided in feed or water to poultry. However, the GIT of the newly hatched poultry is functionally immature, despite going through significant morphological, cellular, and molecular changes toward the end of incubation. Thus, the early growth and development of GIT are of critical importance to enhance nutrients utilization and optimize the growth performance of poultry. Maternal nutrition and in ovo feeding have been used and found to be effective in improving gut health but with inconsistent results. The effects of maternal nutrition on the development and viability of embryo and post-hatch growth performance of birds are documented. However, there is limited information on how maternal nutrition affects the gut health of chicks. In contrast, information on the same from in ovo feeding of nutrients and feed additives has increased in recent years. The results show that in ovo feeding can be a good tool to modulate gut health of post-hatch birds positively. However, more information is needed on the proper route and time of inoculation, optimum doses, and effective combination of different compounds to maximize the benefits of in ovo feeding technique in poultry production.
136 Beef as a Functional Food for Improving Human Nutrition and Health
Authors: Wu Guoyao 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Beef is an abundant source of all proteinogenic amino acids (AAs; in both adequate amounts and balanced ratios) and physiologically essential nonproteinogenic AAs (taurine and β-alanine). The content and bioavailabilities of proteinogenic AAs in beef are greater than those in plant-sourced foods. Taurine (a potent anti-oxidant) is essential for the integrity and functions of tissues, including eyes, heart, and skeletal muscle, whereas β-alanine is required for the production of antioxidative and neuromodulatory dipeptides. Furthermore, beef contains a large amount of creatine (essential for energy metabolism in tissues, particularly brain and skeletal muscle), anti-oxidative dipeptides (carnosine and anserine), and 4-hydroxyproline (an anti-inflammatory nutrient that maintains intestinal integrity and inhibits colitis). There are myths that plants provide all nutrients that are available in animal-sourced foods. However, taurine, vitamin B12, creatine, carnosine, and anserine are absent from plants, whereas β-alanine and 4-hydroxyproline are low or negligible in plants. Like other animal-sourced foods, beef plays an important role in the optimum growth of children and the prevention of anemia in humans, as well as maintaining muscle mass, delaying ageing, and mitigating sarcopenia in adults, while meeting the high demands of exercising individuals for high-quality protein. Some epidemiological studies raised concern that the consumption of red meat might increase risks for chronic diseases in humans, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and cancers. However, findings from many epidemiological and clinical studies do not support these claims. Beef-derived AAs and other nutrients enhance the metabolism (e.g., nitric-oxide and glutathione syntheses) and the functions of monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and other cells of the immune system, thereby helping the human host to kill pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. The latter include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Therefore, beef is a functional food for optimizing human growth, development, and health.
537 Animal Growth and Development—A Scorecard and Recalibration
Authors: Gerrard Dave E , Rhoads Robert P , Jiang Honglin , El-Kadi Samer , Gilbert Elizabeth R , Grant A L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The ASAS Public Policy Committee (PPC) provides updates of Grand Challenges (GCs; www.asas.org/about/public-policy/asas-grand-challenges) to clearly articulate research priorities, to provide science-based information for shaping public policy, and to enhance future funding for research and education programs in animal sciences (AS). In this nexus symposium for 2021, PPC examines previous stated priorities and provides a progress report card and offers additional perspectives and recommendations for research needed to address some of the GCs continuing to face animal agriculture. Among the GC topics is growth and development, a rather broad field of inquiry focused on improving the overall growth efficiency of meat producing animals. The genesis of this discipline and its popularity grew mainly in response to heightened efforts by pharmaceutical companies to identify, develop and adopt novel new growth promotants. This included a myriad of work on the highly heralded technologies involving estrogenic and androgenic implants, somatotropin, and beta-adrenergic agonists. Because the potential application of these technologies was so broad, many disciplines within the animal sciences became involved in the process of creating knowledge around these drivers of productivity. In the process, our understanding of how tissues grow in response to these compounds, under a myriad of other conditions, and our fundamental understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating growth and development, expanded significantly. Areas of significant expansion included but were not restricted to: satellite cell biology and myogenesis, whole body and tissue-specific protein synthesis and degradation, growth factor biology, adipogenesis, and repartitioning of nutrients throughout the body. In our quest to increase productivity and product quality, coupled with advances in scientific techniques, long-existing and emerging genetic mutations with desirable traits were studied and mechanisms undergirding their biology began to develop. Applying the most innovative tools for the detailed manipulation of cellular processes, great strides were made during this time. However, this eclectic area of investigation is perhaps more important than ever given the inevitable replacement of growth promotant technologies with new and emerging genomic technologies. Many biological research challenges lie ahead such as applications of gene editing, RNA control, and epigenetic regulation through fetal programming. This presentation will review some of the significant advances made in the growth and development area and explore where significant gains may be possible in the future.
148 Multiple Dysregulated Novel Pathways and Genes in Aleutian Mink Disease Revealed by Selection Signatures and Gene Network Analyses Using Whole-genome Sequence Data
Authors: Vahedi Seyed Milad , Karimi Karim , Ardestani Siavash Salek , Miar Younes 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Aleutian disease (AD) is a chronic persistent infection in domestic mink caused by Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV). Female mink’s fertility and pelt quality depression are the main reasons for the AD’s negative economic impacts on the mink industry. A total number of 79 American mink from the Canadian Center for Fur Animal Research at Dalhousie University (Truro, NS, Canada) were classified based on the results of counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) tests into two groups of positive (n = 48) and negative (n = 31). Whole-genome sequences comprising 4,176 scaffolds and 8,039,737 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to trace the selection footprints for response to AMDV infection at the genome level. Window-based fixation index (Fst) and nucleotide diversity (θπ) statistics were estimated to compare positive and negative animals’ genomes. The overlapped top 1% genomic windows between two statistics were considered as potential regions underlying selection pressures. A total of 98 genomic regions harboring 33 candidate genes were detected as selective signals. Most of the identified genes were involved in the development and functions of immune system (PPP3CA, SMAP2, TNFRSF21, SKIL, and AKIRIN2), musculoskeletal system (COL9A2, PPP1R9A, ANK2, AKAP9, and STRIT1), nervous system (ASCL1, ZFP69B, SLC25A27, MCF2, and SLC7A14), reproductive system (CAMK2D, GJB7, SSMEM1, C6orf163), liver (PAH and DPYD), and lung (SLC35A1). Gene-expression network analysis showed the interactions among 27 identified genes. Moreover, pathway enrichment analysis of the constructed genes network revealed significant oxytocin (KEGG: hsa04921) and GnRH signaling (KEGG: hsa04912) pathways, which are likely to be impaired by AMDV leading to dams’ fecundity reduction. These results provided a perspective to the genetic architecture of response to AD in American mink and novel insight into the pathogenesis of AMDV.