bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Music Making as Emotional Care
Authors: Rogers Jillian C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses how grief, trauma, and their unspeakability were intertwined with music’s emergence as an important medium through which French musicians negotiated wartime social expectations and traumatic experiences. French medical and psychology texts, obituaries and funeral accounts in Parisian newspapers, and musicians’ correspondence and diaries demonstrate that trauma and personal grief were, for many musicians, rendered inexpressible within a nationalistic culture that privileged heroic masculinity above all else in wartime. Through analysis of conventions of musical and verbal expression during wartime, as well as consideration of French musicians’ wartime musical activities through their letters and war diaries, this chapter shows how listening to and performing music became means of emotional self-care as well as community care in contexts where self-expression was otherwise silenced.
Reclaiming the Biguine
Authors: Gillett Rachel Anne 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how the Caribbean dance known as the biguine gained enormous popularity in Paris in the late 1920s and early 1930s. After an Antillean band playing it was a hit feature at the Colonial Exposition, it (briefly) superseded the Charleston and the tango. This popularity was intensified by Josephine Baker’s performance of the biguine in the wildly successful music-hall show Paris qui remue. The chapter focuses on how the biguine was reclaimed both in practice and in print (in large part by three of the Nardal sisters). It shows how music was utilized to build anti-colonial solidarity by pan-African and communist movements and how the police then responded to musical events as a political threat.
Russian Society as Power Resource or Constraint?
Authors: Stoner Kathryn E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the growth of Russian human capital since the collapse of the Soviet Union in order to understand whether the health and demography of the population can support the country’s foreign policies under Vladimir Putin. It examines trends of stubbornly low, although improving, life expectancy, and fertility, high male mortality, emigration and immigration trends, and overall population growth in the post-communist period. The chapter also looks at the effects of high Russian social inequality and wealth concentration. In order to understand whether Russian social trends are supportive of increasing the global reach of the country under Putin’s leadership, the chapter also looks at post-secondary educational reforms in Russia, and the degree to which the Russian labor force is prepared to support increased economic growth in Russia.
Critical Rationalism
Authors: Alger Bradley E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Philosophers of science and others have raised objections to Karl Popper’s principle of falsification and, since falsification is the cornerstone of Conjectures and Refutations, as well as John Platt’s program, this chapter evaluates it in detail. Falsifiability is a key property of the hypothesis, which must falsifiable in principle even though falsifiability can never be conclusive. An important distinction is between the ultimate goals of basic science, which is to understand nature, and immediate goals of applied science, such as building bridges. The author examines the status of “tested-but-not-falsified” hypotheses, the difference between “confirmation” and “corroboration,” and the basis for placing confidence in hypotheses that have passed stringent tests when it is necessary to take practical action in the world. The chapter also considers the problem of holism, the philosophical insight that each hypothesis is inextricably caught up in a web of other hypotheses, and the challenge that holism poses for hypothesis-testing in science. Because the concepts at the heart of the chapter are often neglected in introductions to scientific thinking, they may seem to be more complicated than they are and, as a result, they are often misunderstood. This chapter will straighten it all out using simple examples.
The Quantum Recipe
Authors: Autschbach Jochen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Introduction of the postulates of quantum mechanics: Wavefunctions, operators, observables, commutating operators, expectation values, probabilities, Heisenberg uncertainty. The postulates are then used to set up a ‘quantum recipe’, i.e. a straightforward recipe by which to write down the (nonrelativistic) quantum Hamiltonian of a system of particles. This chapter also discusses the representation of quantum operators as matrices, in reference to a set of ‘basis’ functions, and the variation principle. The idea of a particle trajectory must be abandoned in quantum mechanics. Observable properties of a particle correspond to eigenvalues of the associated quantum operators. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the Schrodinger’s cat paradox, quantum entanglement, and other oddities.
Electron Spin and General Angular Momenta
Authors: Autschbach Jochen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The historical background of the discovery of the electron spin is provided. The Stern-Gerlach and Einstein-de Haas experiments are discussed. The operators for a single electron spin are defined, along with the formulation in terms of the 2x2 Pauli matrices. The discussion then moves on to the definition of the spin for many-electron systems and explains how the famous Hund rule (or Hund’s first rule) arises from considering the energy of an open-shell spin singlet vs. triplet state. Next, the generalized angular momentum, ladder operators, and spherical vector operators are defined, and the rules for the addition of angular momenta are derived. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the total spin, orbital, and total angular momentum for open-shell atoms, term symbols, and Hund’s second and third rule.
Post-Hartree-Fock Methods and Electron Correlation: A Very Brief Overview
Authors: Autschbach Jochen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
‘This chapter sketches how the electron correlation is treated in post-Hartree-Fock (HF) wavefunction methods. The distinction between static and dynamic correlation is explained. A configuration interaction (CI) wavefunction is a linear combination of several or many Slater determinants (SDs). Following a HF calculation, different SDs can be constructed by replacing 1, 2, 3, … occupied orbitals in the HF wavefunction with 1, 2, 3,… unoccupied or virtual orbitals, leading to pseudo-excited electron configurations at the singles, doubles, triples, … (S, D, T, …) level. The virtual orbitals are usually available as a by-product of the HF calculation in a basis set. Full CI (FCI) considers all possible substitutions, up to N-fold for an N-electron system. FCI is impractical for all but the smallest molecules. CI truncated at a lower level, e.g. S and D, suffers from lack of size extensitivity. Truncated coupled-cluster (CC) is size extensive. Open-shell systems generally require a multi-reference treatment. The chapter concludes with a treatment of the static correlation in the bond breaking of H2.
Static Perturbation Theory and Derivative Properties
Authors: Autschbach Jochen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Perturbation theory (PT) is a method by which the energies and wavefunctions of a system of interest are expressed in terms of the known solutions of a presumably simpler reference system. The Rayleigh-Schrodinger expressions for the wavefunctions and energies of exact states are derived up to 3rd and 4th order, respectively. A simple application deals with substitution effects on the absorption color of organic chromophores. The Moller-Plesset correlation energy is derived in 2nd order (MP2). It is then shown how bi-linear perturbations associated with the electric and magnetic field operators of chapter 21 define properties such as polarizability, magnetizability or susceptibility, nuclear magnetic resonance shielding and spin-spin coupling, harmonic nuclear vibrational frequencies, and many other properties. The bi-linear magnetic perturbation energy is derived for paramagnetic systems with low-energy thermally populated degenerate states. The chapter concludes with a description of derivative techniques for approximate quantum chemical methods.
Three Essays on Torts
Authors: Stapleton Jane 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
These essays champion tort scholarship that puts the judges at centre stage: what they do, how they understand their role, the heterogeneous reasons they give for their decisions, and their constitutional responsibility to identify and articulate the ‘living’ and ‘evolving’ common law. This is ‘reflexive tort scholarship’. Reflexive tort scholars seek dialogue with Bench and Bar. Their approach is very different from the currently fashionable academic search for ‘Grand Theories’ that descriptively assert that tort law is fundamentally ‘all about one thing’, a unifying idea that alone explains and justifies the whole of tort law. The book illustrates the advantages and pay-offs of the reflexive style of scholarship by showing how it illuminates various key features of tort law. Essay 2 identifies a principle of tort law (the ‘cooperative principle’) that is latent in the cases and that vindicates the value of collaborative human arrangements. Identifying this principle calls into question, in disputes between commercial parties, the reasoning used to support one of the most entrenched lines of authority in tort law—that based on the famous case of Hedley Byrne v Heller. Essay 3 deploys the reflexive method to argue that the iconic ‘but-for’ test of factual causation is inadequate and narrower than the concept actually utilised in the cases. Application of the method also prompts a reassessment of the ‘scope of duty’ concept and of the appropriate characterisation of the much-discussed decision in SAAMCO. These essays clearly demonstrate the value of scholarship that ‘takes the judges seriously’.
Clergy Education in America
Authors: Golemon Larry Abbott 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This book explores the first 150 years of how pastors, priests, rabbis were educated in the United States. These clerical and professions were educated to lead in both religious and public life—specifically through cultural production in five social arenas: the family, the congregation or parish, schools, voluntary associations, and publishing. Protestants, Roman Catholics, and Jews established distinct traditions of graduate theological education during this period of development. These schools placed theological and rabbinical disciplines within liberal arts pedagogies that emphasized the formation of character, interdisciplinary reasoning, and the oratorical performance of their professions. Other schools followed for women religious leaders, African-Americans, and working-class whites that built upon these traditions and often streamlined them more toward Biblical reasoning and vocational skills. All of these traditions of theological rabbinical and populist education were transformed by the rise of the modern research university—first in Germany, then in America. Most Protestant seminaries, Jewish rabbinical schools, and many Catholic seminaries were re-aligned to with the modern university to some degree, while populist Bible and mission schools reacted against them. The result was to limit the professional performance of pastors, priests, and rabbis on religious leadership or higher education at the expense of the other historic social arenas in which they once lead. The book ends with an exploration of how best practices from this period of develop theological and rabbinical education might restore a balance of educating clergy for both religious and public life.
“Green Kemalism”
Authors: Türkmen Gülay 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 opens with the analogy of “Green Kemalism,” used by some Kurdish political elites to criticize the Justice and Development Party’s (AKP) Muslim fraternity project. This line of thinking claims that the AKP is no different than the founders of the Turkish Republic in its intention to assimilate Kurds and that it differs from the latter only in its employment of religion to that end (hence the allusion to “Green”). To provide the historical and political background needed to make sense of this metaphor, the chapter then provides a detailed historical account of the role Islam has played in the Kurdish revolts and in the way the state has handled them since the late nineteenth century until 2002.
“Islam as Cement”: The Way Out?
Authors: Türkmen Gülay 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 scrutinizes the contours of the Muslim unity project. Through interview data it demonstrates how the belief in “Islam as cement” comes to life in the discourses of several religious elites who characterize Sunni Islam as an overarching supranational identity and see Muslim fraternity as the only solution to the Kurdish conflict. Citing certain hadiths and verses from the Qur’an, they reproduce the belief that Sunni Islam could indeed bridge the ethnic divide between Kurds and Turks. To provide some historical context, the chapter goes on to analyze this discourse in relation to the Muslim ummah and Ottoman pan-Islamism. Finally, building on systematic analysis of statements by AKP cadres—mostly by President Erdoğan—it demonstrates how the AKP came to embrace a pan-Islamic solution to the Kurdish conflict, what steps it took toward accomplishing it, and how its attitude toward Kurds compares to that of the Ottomans toward their Muslim subjects.
“Only Turks Can Lead a Muslim Union”: The Case for Ethno-Religious Identity
Authors: Türkmen Gülay 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 revolves around “ethno-religious” identity and argues that another reason the idea of Muslim unity does not work well in the Kurdish conflict is the strength of Turkish nationalism among Turkish religious elites. Through interview data, it reveals how Turkish religious elites, who seemingly advocate Islamic unity, end up privileging Turkish identity upon further interrogation. With the help of a historical overview that goes back as early as the nineteenth century, the chapter first explains in detail how this attitude and the endurance of Turkish nationalism among Turkish Muslims has its roots in the Turkish-Islamic Synthesis (TIS) and the formation of the Turkish nation-state as a Sunni Muslim entity. Through a systematic analysis of newspapers and public statements, it then documents how the AKP has replaced its emphasis on “Muslim fraternity” with an emphasis on Turkish-Muslim nationalism.
Conclusion
Authors: Türkmen Gülay 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The concluding chapter summarizes the main findings and contributions of the book. It reiterates that although Turks and Kurds might seem to be “united in religion, divided by ethnicity,” the data at hand display that identity dynamics in Turkey’s Kurdish conflict are more complex than meets the eye. Building on this discussion, it goes on to briefly debate how the political developments in Turkey since the resumption of clashes in 2015 might influence the future of the conflict and the role of Islam in it. Lastly, it highlights the relevance of this case to understanding the relationship between religion and ethnicity in other similar cases.
Knots in the Dao
Authors: Garfield Jay L. , Priest Graham 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines the ways that paradox is treated in the Daodejing and the Zhuangzi. We discuss the paradox of ineffability in the Daodejing as well as the Zhuangzi’s paradoxes regarding justification, meaning, immersion, and spontaneity. We conclude that each of these texts is committed to the truth of paradoxes, and to the fact that they illuminate the paradoxical nature of reality and experience.
Introduction
Authors: Reilly James 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter develops a new conceptual framework for understanding how China’s complex domestic structures influence the practice and effectiveness of China’s economic statecraft. China’s orchestration approach integrates three core elements: the “nesting” of orchestration tactics within its hierarchical structures; the use of lucrative “tournaments” designed to attract eager participants while facilitating oversight and discipline; and designing economic statecraft initiatives to maximize interest alignment between central leaders’ foreign policy goals and the interests of key implementing actors. The chapter concludes with the book’s research methodology and a book overview.
Never Let a Crisis Go to Waste
Authors: Reilly James 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines four Chinese economic statecraft initiatives across Western Europe. It starts with Beijing’s “purchasing diplomacy”: the public presentation of investments and purchases by major Chinese enterprises in the wake of Europe’s financial crisis. It next turns to China’s financial statecraft, examining Beijing’s purchases of euro-denominated debt and support for the EU’s currency stabilization efforts. Despite domestic criticism of both initiatives, Chinese policymakers effectively incentivized and coordinated among banks and economic agencies. The third case examines Beijing’s promotion of RMB internationalization in Europe. Policymakers successfully leveraged competition among Europe’s financial capitals to secure political support for Beijing’s policy objectives. The final case provides an example of infrastructure investment by a state-owned enterprise: COSCO’s massive investment into the Greek port of Piraeus. Despite successful implementation, Beijing’s economic statecraft exacerbated populist anxieties, undermining China’s foreign policy goals in Western Europe.
Vicarious Identity in International Relations
Authors: Browning Christopher S. , Joenniemi Pertti , Steele Brent J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This book theorizes and problematizes the politics of vicarious identity in international relations, where vicarious identity refers to processes of “living through the other.” While prevalent and recognized in family and social settings, the presence and significance of vicarious identification in international relations has been overlooked. Vicarious identification offers the prospect of bolstering narratives of self-identity and appropriating a sense of reflected glory and enhanced self-esteem, but insofar as it may mask and be a response to emergent anxieties, inadequacies, and weaknesses it also entails vulnerabilities. The book explores both its attraction and potential pitfalls, theorizing these in the context of emerging literatures on ontological security, status, and self-esteem, highlighting both its constitutive practices and normative limits and providing a methodological grounding for identifying and studying the phenomenon in world politics. Vicarious identification and vicarious identity promotion are shown to be politically salient and efficacious across a range of scales, from the international politics of the everyday evident, for instance, in practices associated with (militarized) nationalism, through to interstate relations. In regard to this latter the book provides case analyses of vicarious identification in relations between the United States and Israel, the UK–US special relationship, and between Denmark and the United States, and it develops a framework for anticipating the conditions under which states may be more or less tempted into vicarious identification with others.
Introduction
Authors: Stets Jan E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Abstract: The chapter provides an overview of this book on religious non-affiliation in American society. It first offers some social science background on the non-affiliated in the United States, so that readers will have some general knowledge before they embark on the book. Then it provides a brief overview of each chapter, so that readers will be familiar with what is to come. The chapter’s author is an identity scholar, so there follows a discussion of how we might understand the changing nature of the religious identity in American society. The chapter ends on a personal note with the author’s own experience and a brief evaluation of religious non-affiliation.
Religious Non-Affiliation
Authors: Trollinger William V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For the past century, the bulk of white evangelicalism has been tightly linked to very conservative politics. But in response to social and cultural changes in the 1960s and 1970s, conservative white evangelicalism organized itself into the Christian Right, in the process attaching itself to and making itself indispensable to the Republican Party. While the Christian Right has enjoyed significant political success, its fusion of evangelicalism/Christianity with right-wing politics—which includes white nationalism, hostility to immigrants, unfettered capitalism, and intense homophobia—has driven many Americans (particularly, young Americans) to disaffiliate from religion altogether. In fact, the quantitative and qualitative evidence make it clear that the Christian Right has been a (perhaps the) primary reason for the remarkable rise of the religious “nones” in the past three decades. More than this, the Christian Right is, in itself, a sign of secularization.
Individual Right and the Living Ethical Order
Authors: Moyar Dean 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter gives an account of Hegel’s early Jena critique of social contract theory and the most important elements in his account of value and justice in the Jena Phenomenology of Spirit. It begins by laying out the essentials of the most important theoretical foil for Hegel’s account: J.G. Fichte’s Foundations of Natural Right. The chapter sketches Hegel’s early attack on Fichte’s theory and the initial conception of life that is supposed to provide an antidote to individualist social contract doctrine. Hegel’s own mature treatment of recognition and life is first articulated in Chapter IV of the Phenomenology. The chapter outlines Hegel’s case for the isomorphism of self-consciousness and life in the Phenomenology and shows how that underwrites his theory of value and the emergence of value in the work of the servant. The chapter concludes with a treatment of Hegel’s account of immediate justice in the ancient Greek polis.
Fueling Resistance
Authors: Neville Kate J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This book explores how and why controversies over liquid biofuels (bioethanol and biodiesel) and hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) unfolded in surprisingly similar ways in the Global North and South. In the early 2000s the search was on for fuels that would reduce greenhouse gas emissions, spur economic development in rural regions, and diversify national energy supplies. Biofuels and fracking took center stage as promising commodities and technologies. But controversy quickly erupted. Global enthusiasm for these fuels and the widespread projections for their production around the world collided with local politics. Rural and remote places, such as coastal east Africa and Canada’s Yukon territory, became hotbeds of contention in these new energy politics. Opponents of biofuels in Kenya and of fracking in the Yukon activated specific identities, embraced scale shifts across transnational networks, brokered relationships between disparate communities and interests, and engaged in contentious performances with symbolic resonance. To explain these convergent dynamics of contention and resistance, the book argues that the emergence of grievances and the mechanisms of mobilization that are used to resist new fuel technologies depend less on the type of energy developed than on intersecting elements of the political economy of energy—specifically finance, ownership, and trade relations. Taken together, the intersecting elements of the political economy of energy shape patterns of resistance in new energy frontiers.