bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Everyday Zionism in East-Central Europe
Authors: Rybak Jan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Everyday Zionism in East-Central Europe examines Zionist activism during the years of war, occupation, revolution, the collapse of empires and the formation of nation states in the years 1914 to 1920. Before the background of the Great War, its brutal aftermath and consequent violence, the day-to-day encounters between Zionist activists and the Jewish communities in the region gave the movement credibility, allowed it to win support, and to establish itself as a leading force in Jewish political and social life for decades to come. Through activists’ efforts, Zionism came to mean something new. Rather than being concerned with debates over Jewish nationhood and pioneering efforts in Palestine, it came to be about aiding starving populations, organizing soup-kitchens, establishing orphanages, schools, kindergartens, and hospitals, negotiating with the authorities, and organizing self-defence against violence. It was in this context that the Zionist movement evolved from often marginalized, predominantly bourgeois groups into a mass movement that attracted and inspired tens of thousands of Jews throughout the region. The book approaches the major European events of the period from the dual perspectives of Jewish communities and the Zionist activists on the ground, demonstrating how war, revolution, empire and nation held very different meanings to people, depending on their local circumstances. During the war and its aftermath, the territories of the Habsburg Empire and formerly Russian-ruled regions conquered by the German army saw a large-scale nation-building project by Zionist activists who fought to lead their communities and shape for them a national future.
Representing the Nation
Authors: Rybak Jan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
With the collapse of the old imperial order in 1918, Zionists anticipated that nationhood would be the defining paradigm for the political reorganization of the region. Chapter 5 shows how Zionists fought to establish the Jewish nation as an equal participant in this process, and to attain recognition of its nationhood and national rights by both their non-Jewish neighbours and the Great Powers. It analyses one of the most important forms of Zionist organization and political practice after the end of the First World War: the Jewish national councils. The chapter focuses on three sites where those institutions evolved out of different forms of wartime activism and gained significant influence in Jewish society for a time—East Galicia, Vienna, and Prague—as well as on similar efforts in Poland, Lithuania, and at an international level. It examines the day-to-day work of the Jewish national councils, their political aims, how they corresponded and related to other nationalist movements, and how they attempted to turn their claim to represent the Jewish nation into a reality. In this process, Zionists built on their wartime experiences, their standing in society, and their relations with the new rulers, demonstrating how previous engagements determined the viability of national claims and projects in the postwar era. The chapter connects the ‘big’ story of the Paris Peace Conference to local events and activists by analysing the role nationalist representatives played in the context of the peace negotiations and the struggle for national and minority rights.
Enhanced Cooperation and European Tax Law
Authors: Heber Caroline 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe enhanced cooperation mechanism allows at least nine Member States to introduce secondary EU law which is only binding among these Member States. From an internal market perspective, enhanced cooperation laws are unique as they lie somewhere between unilateral Member State laws and uniform EU law. The law creates harmonisation and coordination between the participating Member States, but it may introduce trade obstacles in relation to non-participating Member States. This book reveals that the enhanced cooperation mechanism allows Member States to protect their harmonised values and coordination endeavours against market efficiency. Values which may not be able to justify single Member State’s trade obstacles may outweigh pure internal market needs if an entire group of Member States finds these value worthy of protection. However, protection of the harmonised values can never go as far as shielding participating Member States from the negative effects of enhanced cooperation laws. The hybrid nature of enhanced cooperation laws—their nexus between the law of a single Member State and secondary EU law—also demands that these laws comply with state aid law. This book shows how the European state aid law provisions should be applied to enhanced cooperation laws. Furthermore, the book also develops a sophisticated approach to the limits non-participating Member States face in ensuring that their actions do not impede the implementation of enhanced cooperation between the participating Member States.
Experience with Enhanced Cooperation—Success and Failure
Authors: Heber Caroline 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores the successes and failures of enhanced cooperation. A comparison between the legislative initiatives which were successfully pursued under the enhanced cooperation procedure and those which failed (because the Member States either did not issue the necessary request to the European Commission or did not reach the necessary consensus to enact secondary EU legislation) identifies the areas which are likely to be regulated by enhanced cooperation law. These areas are particularly defined by three concerns: incapability, fear, and simplification. Incapability refers to policy areas where a single Member State is unable to address a particular issue properly and thus may be willing participate in enhanced cooperation. Fear may determine a common legislative action of some Member States if the law imposes negative effects upon the Member States, such as dislocation effects. Simplification is, thus far, the only real concern which has bound some Member States together and has led to the use of the enhanced cooperation procedure. Simplification is achieved by a unified framework which is built on mutual recognition.
The Rights and Obligations of Non-participating Member States
Authors: Heber Caroline 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter elucidates the most important value inherent to enhanced cooperation: the value of tolerance. The notion of tolerance is not a one-way street: Member States within enhanced cooperation have to respect fellow Member States outside enhanced cooperation, as well as their wish to pursue the European objectives on a unilateral path. Likewise, Member States outside enhanced cooperation have to respect that some Member States will pursue a legislative act jointly. The chapter clearly shows that the principle of tolerance is different from the principle of sincere cooperation, since the protection of Art 327 of the TFEU demands more than a loyal interaction between Member States. International law and constitutional law provisions on cooperation in federal states provide guidance on how to develop a framework for the principle of tolerance within enhanced cooperation.
Empowering TGE Students with Inclusive Policies
Authors: Garrett Matthew L. , Palkki Joshua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter begins with the idea of safe people creating safe spaces beyond the classroom and into environments in which co-curricular activities take place. Creating policies through a process of consideration and careful planning can impact student learning. Policies, then, can serve as tools for teacher to advocate on behalf of TGE youth. Readers move through a step-by-step guide for evaluating existing policies and generating new policies to honor and affirm TGE persons in school music settings. Examples of federal policy impact on state and local school policies frame considerations of access equity for TGE students. A discussion of inclusive and gender-neutral school music uniform policy concludes this chapter.
Employment and Labor Law
Authors: Posner Eric A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Antitrust law cannot directly address wage suppression that occurs as a result of search costs and job differentiation, which cause frictions in labor markets. The question arises whether other employment and labor regulations can be used to reduce the monopsony power of employers that arises from these sources, or to mitigate its ill effects. These regulations include minimum wage law, tax and wage subsidies, mandatory benefits, job protection, licensing, training, job standardization, labor law, governance reforms, and macroeconomic reform. While some of these regulations, if well-designed, can help mitigate the harms of labor monopsony, many of them are ill-suited to this task.
“Grasping the Assassin’s Mace”
Authors: Doshi Rush 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 considers the military component of China’s grand strategy to blunt American power in Asia. It shows that the “traumatic trifecta” at the end of the Cold War prompted China to depart from a “sea control” strategy increasingly focused on holding distant maritime territory to a “sea denial strategy” focused on preventing the US military from traversing, controlling, or intervening in the waters near China. That shift was challenging, so Beijing declared it would “catch up in some areas and not others” and vowed to build “whatever the enemy fears” to accomplish it—ultimately delaying investments in costly and vulnerable vessels like aircraft carriers and instead investing in cheaper, asymmetric denial weapons. The chapter discusses Beijing’s construction of the world’s largest mine arsenal, the world’s first anti-ship ballistic missile, and the world’s largest submarine fleet—demonstrating a motivation in all these investments to undermine US military power.
“Permanent Normal Trading Relations”
Authors: Doshi Rush 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers the economic components of China’s grand strategy to blunt American power. It demonstrates that the “traumatic trifecta” at the end of the Cold War laid bare China’s dependence on US markets, capital, and technology. Beijing had previously been relatively unconcerned about the annual US congressional votes that granted China “most-favored nation” (MFN) trade status, but that changed overnight. Washington’s post-Tiananmen sanctions and its threats to revoke MFN trade status—which could have seriously damaged China’s economy—deeply concerned China’s leaders. Beijing sought not to decouple from the United States but instead to bind the discretionary use of American economic power, and it worked hard to remove MFN from congressional review through “permanent normal trading relations,” leveraging negotiations in APEC and the WTO to obtain it.
An Asymmetric Strategy for US-China Competition
Authors: Doshi Rush 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 13 outlines a US response to China’s ambitions for displacing the United States from regional and global order. This approach would address the China challenge not through changing China’s internal political structure or reassuring it through a grand bargain, but by limiting China’s ability to convert its power into regional and global order. Given the scale of China’s challenge, the United States needs an asymmetric response, one that strengthens the “forms of control” upon which American order depends while undermining those that Chinese order will soon require. It shows how the United States can avoid competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan by adopting an asymmetric approach that blunts Chinese advances at lower cost than China expends in generating them, all while reinvesting in the sources of American order that generate disproportionate advantage relative to the costs of maintaining them. The chapter discusses military, political, and economic components of these asymmetric approaches.
Conclusion
Authors: Doshi Rush 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter discusses China strategy amid present debates over whether America is in decline. It argues that decline is not a product of immutable historical forces, but a choice, and that fatalism about the US competitive position relative to China is premature. It explains that the United States has faced four waves of “declinism” in the last century and has rallied after each of them, with “declinists” playing a role in preventing that which they predicted. This time, the downward path runs through the country’s polarized political system, and the path away from decline may run through a rare area susceptible to bipartisan consensus: the need for the United States to rise to the China challenge. The chapter argues that the arrival of an external competitor has often pushed the United States to become its best self and that, handled judiciously, it can once again.
Graduate School
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter relates how Esther Zimmer began working in bacteriology. At the beginning of September 1944, twenty-one-year old Esther Zimmer set off on a solitary four-day train journey to Palo Alto, California. Soon after arriving she met Edward Tatum, who was so impressed with her understanding of genetics that he invited her to be his teaching assistant in the graduate course in genetics. During the summer between her first and second years in graduate school, Zimmer took two courses in bacteriology taught by Cornelius van Niel. His bacteriology courses inspired a generation of molecular biologists and energized Zimmer’s engagement with bacteria, the model organisms that she would study for the rest of her scientific career. Back at Palo Alto, during the fall of 1945, she prepared the mutant bacterial strains of E. coli K-12 that Joshua Lederberg would use for his breakthrough experiments in bacterial conjugation.
What She Did for Love
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the marked asymmetry exhibited by the Lederberg collaboration. After 1958 when he won the Noble Prize, Joshua’s career took off while Esther’s sharply declined. For the awards ceremonies in Stockholm, Esther was demoted to Nobel wife. Coincidentally, 1958 was the year that Rosalind Franklin died, which disqualified her for sharing the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the DNA double helix. Franklin’s exceptional X-ray diffraction micrographs of DNA provided the critical evidence for Watson and Crick’s chemical model of DNA. In 1947, Gerty and Carl Cori were the first scientific couple to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. An exceptional complementarity distinguished the Cori relationship. More often, husband and wife collaborations are asymmetric: for six out of the seven other couples who earned one Nobel Prize, the husband alone received the award. Unlike most of their colleagues, B. O. Dodge congratulated both Lederbergs for achieving together the Nobel Prize.
Spiritual Atheist Scientists
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Spiritual atheists comprise the smallest subset of atheist scientists in the U.S. and U.K. Unlike modernists (who are not spiritual) and culturally religious atheists (who participate in religion), spiritual atheist scientists construct alternative value systems without affiliating with religious traditions. Many cast spirituality in emotional terms of awe and wonder provoked through scientific understanding of the world, while others frame their spirituality in terms of the dimensions of life that cannot be explained through science. Such constructions of spirituality are consequential for secular spiritual practices. For scientists, these involve scientific work itself, morality in relationships, personal wellness practices, and resources for coping with adversity.
What the Hell, English?
Authors: Okrent Arika , O’Neill Sean 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the oddities of the English language. It begins by looking at the poem of Dutch writer Gerard Nolst Trenité and how he spent his career nitpicking defense of his own native language. Nolst Trenité saw that the Dutch language had its own inconsistencies. His complaints about the way his fellow citizens butchered the Dutch language were different from his complaints about English, but they came from the same expectation that language should be a logical, orderly system. The patterns are often overshadowed by what looks like randomness, and there are irregularities everywhere, not just in the spelling system. At every level of language, from spelling to vocabulary to grammar to word order to meaning there are violations of harmony and order. This book is thus a collection of answers to questions about English. It also presents a history of English that explores the tension between logic and habit in language development.
Blame the Barbarians
Authors: Okrent Arika , O’Neill Sean 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of how English got to be the weird way it is, which begins with the Germanic languages and the barbarians who spoke them. During the 5th century, an assortment of them poured across the North Sea, from what is today Denmark, the Netherlands, and Northern Germany, and conquered most of England. After about a century of the Germanic tribes taking over and settling in, the Romans returned. This time it was not soldiers but missionaries who arrived. The monks who came to convert the island to Christianity brought their Latin language with them, and they also brought the Latin alphabet. They set about translating religious texts into the language of the people they encountered, a language that by this time had coalesced into something that was Old English. However, there is another group of barbarians to blame: the Vikings. Their language was similar enough to Old English that they could communicate with the Anglo-Saxons without too much difficulty, and over time their own way of speaking mixed into the surrounding language, leaving vocabulary and expressions behind that do not quite fit the rest of the pattern at the old Germanic layer.
Modifying the Framework
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 evaluates the course correction that transition economists took in the mid-1990s to focus on institution-building and away from the idea that market forces would produce needed institutions. Contrary to the initial assumptions of transitional reformers, the chapter demonstrates that the speed of establishment and the stringency of adherence to free market principles were not the main determining factors of successful transition. Rather, levels of foreign direct investment and geographical proximity to European Union markets proved to be far better determinants of economic success than the strictness of a nation’s adherence to the recommendations of international institutions. Inequality increased dramatically during transition, rendering some economic data meaningless. Even in countries with rising GDP per capita, a majority may still have been left behind.
The Mortality Crisis
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers the roots of the mortality crisis that many postsocialist countries faced in the 1990s and the declining life expectancies that some countries continue to face, while others have increased dramatically. It shows how privatization dismantled socialist health care systems leading to significant deteriorations in health outcomes in some countries and how the privatization of previously state-run breweries and distilleries and deregulation of sales led to increased alcohol consumption. The chapter also evaluates rampant alcohol dependency and abuse as a significant factor in declining life expectancy and increasing mortality rates, and points to the psychosocial stress of transition as a major root cause for alcoholism, cardiovascular disease, and suicide.
Collapse in Fertility
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores the links between precipitous declines in fertility rates in most countries and the economic, social, and psychosocial changes associated with transition. It shows how the transitional recession introduced a new level of economic uncertainty in postsocialist society, a major factor in family planning. The chapter describes how institutional and social changes influenced women’s individual decisions to delay or forgo childbearing altogether. It also shows how the elimination of robust state incentives for childbearing after 1989 altered the incentive structure for parenthood, while the privatization of child care and kindergartens, key maternal support structures, led to the closure of many. The implosion of maternal support structures, coupled with “refamilization” plans initiated by many postsocialist governments, pushed women out of the workforce, often depriving families of the resources to have a second child. This chapter also cites the growth of individualism and out-migration of young people as key factors for the decrease in fertility rates.
Disappointment with Transition
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 introduces and analyzes public opinion data with a specific focus on the Life in Transition survey conducted in 2006. It points out that citizens of the selected postsocialist countries who were surveyed expressed surprisingly high levels of discontent with markets and democracy, high levels of dissatisfaction with the state of politics in 2006, high levels of overall life dissatisfaction, a distinct lack of support for the coupling of a market economy with democracy, and low levels of public trust and social cohesion. This chapter also points out that these public opinion data came as an immense surprise to Western institutions, especially as the survey was conducted before the 2008 financial crisis during a period of relative success for the surveyed postsocialist countries.
Public Opinion of Winners and Losers
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 10 analyzes public opinion data to identify individuals who were more and less likely to support transitional reforms. In the mid-1990s, significant numbers of disaffected Russians indicated a preference for the old Soviet regime when compared to the current regime or a Western democracy, which suggests evidence for a phenomenon termed “red nostalgia.” Public opinion data also suggest that market capitalism is more popular in Central and Eastern Europe, but that many of those who expressed support for reform did it out of self-interest. The beneficiaries of transition—mostly the wealthy, young, educated, urban, and men—were more likely to support markets and democracy than their demographic counterparts. The chapter shows that across the postsocialist world, differences in support for reform are indicative of widespread belief that transition was being led from above, and that political and economic reforms were being imposed on the socialist masses by liberal elites.