bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term declines and recovery of meadow area across the world’s seagrass bioregions
Authors: Dunic Jillian C. , Brown Christopher J. , Connolly Rod M. , Turschwell Mischa P. , Côté Isabelle M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAs human impacts increase in coastal regions, there is concern that critical habitats that provide the foundation of entire ecosystems are in decline. Seagrass meadows face growing threats such as poor water quality and coastal development. To determine the status of seagrass meadows over time, we reconstructed time series of meadow area from 175 studies that surveyed 547 sites around the world. We found an overall trajectory of decline in all seven bioregions with a global net loss of 5602 km2 (19.1% of surveyed meadow area) occurring since 1880. Declines have typically been non‐linear, with rapid and historical losses observed in several bioregions. The greatest net losses of area occurred in four bioregions (Tropical Atlantic, Temperate North Atlantic East, Temperate Southern Oceans and Tropical Indo‐Pacific), with declining trends being the slowest and most consistent in the latter two bioregions. In some bioregions, trends have recently stabilised or reversed. Losses, however, still outweigh gains. Despite consistent global declines, meadows show high variability in trajectories, within and across bioregions, highlighting the importance of local context. Studies identified 12 different drivers of meadow area change, with coastal development and water quality as the most commonly cited. Overall, however, attributions were primarily descriptive and only 10% of studies used inferential attributions. Although ours is the most comprehensive dataset to date, it still represents only one‐tenth of known global seagrass extent, with conspicuous historical and geographic biases in sampling. It therefore remains unclear whether the bioregional patterns of change documented here reflect changes in the world's unmonitored seagrass meadows. The variability in seagrass meadow trajectories, and the attribution of change to numerous drivers, suggest we urgently need to improve understanding of the causes of seagrass meadow loss if we are to improve local‐scale management.
Plant phenological responses to experimental warming—A synthesis
Authors: Stuble Katharine L. , Bennion Leland D. , Kuebbing Sara E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlthough there is abundant evidence that plant phenology is shifting with climatic warming, the magnitude and direction of these shifts can depend on the environmental context, plant species, and even the specific phenophase of study. These disparities have resulted in difficulties predicting future phenological shifts, detecting phenological mismatches and identifying other ecological consequences. Experimental warming studies are uniquely poised to help us understand how climate warming will impact plant phenology, and meta‐analyses allow us to expose broader trends from individual studies. Here, we review 70 studies comprised 1226 observations of plant phenology under experimental warming. We find that plants are advancing their early‐season phenophases (bud break, leaf‐out, and flowering) in response to warming while marginally delaying their late‐season phenophases (leaf coloration, leaf fall, and senescence). We find consistency in the magnitude of phenological shifts across latitude, elevation, and habitat types, whereas the effect of warming on nonnative annual plants is two times larger than the effect of warming on native perennial plants. Encouragingly for researchers, plant phenological responses were generally consistent across a variety of experimental warming methods. However, we found numerous gaps in the experimental warming literature, limiting our ability to predict the effects of warming on phenological shifts. In particular, studies outside of temperate ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere, or those that focused on late‐season phenophases, annual plants, nonnative plants, or woody plants and grasses, were underrepresented in our data set. Future experimental warming studies could further refine our understanding of phenological responses to warming by setting up experiments outside of traditionally studied biogeographic zones and measuring multiple plant phenophases (especially late‐season phenophases) across species of varying origin, growth form, and life cycle.
Soil extracellular oxidases mediated nitrogen fertilization effects on soil organic carbon sequestration in bioenergy croplands
Authors: Duan Jianjun , Yuan Min , Jian Siyang , Gamage Lahiru , Parajuli Madhav , Dzantor Kudjo E. , Hui Dafeng , Fay Philip A. , Li Jianwei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNitrogen (N) fertilization significantly affects soil extracellular oxidases, agents responsible for decomposition of slow turnover and recalcitrant soil organic carbon (SOC; e.g., lignin), and consequently influences soil carbon sequestration capacity. However, it remains unclear how soil oxidases mediate SOC sequestration under N fertilization, and whether these effects co‐vary with plant type (e.g., bioenergy crop species). Using a spatially explicit design and intensive soil sampling strategy under three fertilization treatments in switchgrass (SG: Panicum virgatum L.) and gamagrass (GG: Tripsacum dactyloides L.) croplands, we quantified the activities of polyphenolic oxidase (PHO), peroxidase (PER), and their sum associated with recalcitrant C acquisition (OX). The fertilization treatments included no N fertilizer input (NN), low N input (LN: 84 kg N ha−1 year−1 in urea), and high N input (HN: 168 kg N ha−1 year−1 in urea). Besides correlations between soil oxidases and SOC (formerly published), both descriptive and geostatistical approaches were applied to evaluate the effects of N fertilization and crop type on soil oxidases activities and their spatial distributions. Results showed significantly negative correlations between soil oxidase activities and SOC across all treatments. The negative relationship of soil oxidases and SOC was also evident under N fertilization. First, LN significantly depressed oxidases in both mean activities and spatial heterogeneity, which corresponded to increased SOC in SG (though by 5.4%). LN slightly influenced oxidases activities and their spatial heterogeneity, consistent with insignificant changes of SOC in GG. Second, HN showed trends of decrease in soil oxidase activities, which aligned with the significantly enhanced SOC in both croplands. Overall, this study demonstrated that soil oxidase activities acted as sensitive and negative mediators of SOC sequestration in bioenergy croplands and optimizing fertilizer use particularly in switchgrass cropland can improve for both carbon sequestration and environmental benefit.
Pharmacokinetic‐guided prophylaxis improved clinical outcomes in paediatric patients with severe haemophilia A
Authors: Huang Kun , Zhen Yingzi , Li Gang , Wu Xinyi , Chen Zhenping , Wu Runhui 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe traditional weight‐based dosing regimen can lead to under‐ or overdosage due to the interindividual variability of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. PK‐guided prophylaxis can be an optimized therapy choice.AimThis study aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes of PK‐guided prophylaxis in 46 boys with severe haemophilia A.MethodsForty‐six boys with severe haemophilia A were enrolled in Beijing Children's Hospital. The PK tests were performed using a five‐point assay. PK parameters were calculated using WinNonlin software. The dosing regimen and bleeding rates recorded during the observation period. The adjustment was based on PK evaluation, bleeding details, doctor's advice and patients’ choice.ResultsThe half‐life time, in vivo recovery and clearance of Kovaltry were 14.34 ± 2.68 h, 1.78 ± 0.29 kg/dl and 3.38 ± 0.94 ml/kg/h, respectively. In 18 patients without any change in the dosing regimen, the trough level was 4.0 ± 2.41 IU/dl and the bleeding rates were similar after PK tests. For patients with a higher trough level after adjustment, higher dose and frequency were observed, as well as a higher trough level. Also, reduced annual bleeding rate (ABR), annual joint bleeding rate and annual spontaneous bleeding rate (ASBR) were found. In five patients with a reduced trough level, lower infusion frequency and weekly coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) consumption were observed, with no statistically significant difference in ABR and ASBR.ConclusionPK‐guided prophylaxis can help haemophiliac patients improve quality of life by decreasing bleeds with appropriate FVIII consumption and reducing infusion frequency without increments in bleeds, thus optimizing haemophilia treatment.
Effects of a low‐intensity resistance exercise program on serum miR‐630, miR‐5703, and Fractalkine/CX3CL1 expressions in subjects with No exercise habits: A preliminary study
Authors: Hashida Ryuki , Matsuse Hiroo , Kawaguchi Takumi , Yoshio Sachiyo , Bekki Masafumi , Iwanaga Sohei , Sugimoto Takahiro , Hara Koji , Koya Shunji , Hirota Keisuke , Nakano Dan , Tsutsumi Tsubasa , Kanto Tatsuya , Torimura Takuji , Shiba Naoto 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsExercise is effective for the prevention of liver cancer. Exercise exerts biological effects through the regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) and cytokines/myokines. We aimed to investigate the effects of low‐intensity resistance exercise on serum miRNA and cytokine/myokine expressions in subjects with no exercise habits.MethodsWe enrolled seven male subjects with no exercise habits in this prospective before‐after study. All subjects performed a low‐intensity resistance exercise program (three metabolic equivalents, approximately 20 min/session). Serum miRNA expressions were evaluated using microarrays. We performed Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed miRNAs before and after exercise. Serum cytokine/myokine expressions were evaluated using a multiplex panel.ResultsAll subjects completed the exercise program with no adverse events. In the microarray analysis, seven miRNAs showed a significant change between before and after exercise. Of these, microRNA (miR)‐630 and miR‐5703 showed a >1.5‐fold increase (miR‐630: 40.7 vs. 69.3 signal intensity, p = 0.0133; miR‐5703: 30.7 vs. 55.9 signal intensity, p = 0.0051). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that miR‐630‐ and miR‐5703‐related genes were enriched in 37 and 5 pathways, including transforming growth factor‐beta and Wnt signaling pathways, respectively. In the multiplex analysis, 12 cytokines/myokines showed significant alteration after exercise compared to before exercise. Of these, fractalkine/CX3CL1 showed the most significant up‐regulation by exercise (94.5 vs. 109.1 pg/ml, p = 0.0017).ConclusionsA low‐intensity resistance exercise program was associated with upregulation of serum miR‐630, miR‐5703, and fractalkine/CX3CL1 expressions in subjects with no exercise habits. Thus, even low‐intensity exercise may alter miRNA and cytokine/myokine expressions in humans.
Xeroderma Pigmentosum group D suppresses proliferation and promotes apoptosis of HepG2 cells by downregulating ERG expression via the PPARγ pathway
Authors: He Yue , Tao Wenqiang , Shang Chao , Qi Chan , Ji Dexiang , Lu Wei , Chen Guoan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractXeroderma Pigmentosum group D (XPD) gene has been shown to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression, but its mechanism remains not fully understood. ETS‐related gene (ERG) is generally known as an oncogenic gene. This study aimed to explore whether XPD regulated HCC cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle by inhibiting ERG expression via the PPARγ pathway. The human hepatoma cells (HepG2) were transfected with the XPD overexpression vector (pEGFP‐N2/XPD) or empty vector (pEGFP‐N2). The PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 was used to determine whether XPD effects were mediated by activation of PPARγ pathway. Cell cycle and apoptosis were ascertained by flow cytometry, and cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were performed to determine the mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of XPD significantly enhanced the expression of PPARγ and p‐PPARγ, whereas it downregulated that of ERG and cdk7. Furthermore, XPD overexpression notably inhibited proliferation, promoted apoptosis and decreased the percentage of cells in the S + G2 phase of HepG2 cells. However, these effects of XPD overexpression were abrogated by GW9662. Collectively, XPD suppresses proliferation and promotes apoptosis of HepG2 cells by downregulating ERG expression via activation of the PPARγ pathway.
Effect of Li2O substitution for Na2O on the solubility and water durability of Mo in aluminoborosilicate glass
Authors: Gu Yuxin , Liao Qilong , Wang Fu , Bin Jia , Wang Yuanlin , Xu Youli , Zhu Hanzhen , Zhou Junjie , Luo Yunlong , Zhu Yongchang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe effect of substitution of Li2O for Na2O on the solubility, crystallization of Mo in an aluminoborosilicate glass, and their aqueous durability were investigated. The results show that the substitution of Li2O for Na2O improves the depolymerization degree of the glass network by transferring part of [4]Al to [5]Al and [6]Al. When the Na2O is all replaced by Li2O, the solubility of Mo in the glass reaches 5 mol%. From the structural analysis, with the increase of the solubility of Mo in the glass, the depolymerization degree of the glass and the average modified cations field strength in the depolymerization region are also increased. After 28 days, the normalized leaching rates of Mo and B of all samples are about ~10−4 g·m−2·d−1 and ~10−3 g·m−2·d−1, respectively, and the normalized leaching rates of Mo decrease with the substitution of Li2O for Na2O. The results provide researchers and engineers with a potential way to improve the solubility of Mo in nuclear waste glasses.
Esophageal luminal temperature rise during atrial fibrillation ablation is associated with lower radiofrequency electrode distance and baseline impedance
Authors: Khoshknab Mirmilad , Kuo Ling , Zghaib Tarek , Arkles Jeffrey , Santangeli Pasquale , Marchlinski Francis E. , Han Yuchi , Desjardins Benoit , Nazarian Saman 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionEsophageal injury during atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation is a life‐threatening complication. We sought to measure the association of esophageal temperature attenuation with radiofrequency (RF) electrode impedance, contact force, and distance from the esophagus.MethodsThe retrospective study cohort included 35 patients with mean age 64 ± 10 years, of whom 74.3% were male, and 40% had persistent AF. All patients had undergone preprocedural cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) followed by AF ablation with luminal esophageal temperature monitoring. Lesion locations were co‐registered with CMR image segmentations of left atrial and esophageal anatomy. Luminal esophageal temperature, time matched RF lesion data, and ablation distance from the nearest esophageal location were collected as panel data.ResultsLuminal esophageal temperature changes corresponding to 3667 distinct lesions, delivered with mean power 27.9 ± 5.5 W over a mean duration of 22.2 ± 10.5 s were analyzed. In multivariable analyses, clustered per patient, examining posterior wall lesions only, and adjusted for lesion power and duration as set by the operator, lesion distance from the esophagus (−0.003°C/mm, p < .001), and baseline impedance (−0.015°C/Ω, p < .001) were associated with changes in luminal esophageal temperature.ConclusionEsophageal luminal temperature rises are associated with shorter lesion distance from esophagus and lower baseline impedance during RF lesion delivery. When procedural strategy requires RF delivery near the esophagus, selection of sites with higher baseline impedance may improve safety.
Impaired blood‐brain barrier in the microbiota‐gut‐brain axis: Potential role of bipolar susceptibility gene TRANK1
Authors: Lai Jianbo , Jiang Jiajun , Zhang Peifen , Xi Caixi , Wu Lingling , Gao Xingle , Fu Yaoyang , Zhang Danhua , Chen Yiqing , Huang Huimin , Zhu Yiyi , Hu Shaohua 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBipolar disorder (BD) is a common psychiatric illness with high prevalence and disease burden. Accumulating susceptibility genes for BD have been identified in recent years. However, the exact functions of these genes remain largely unknown. Despite its high heritability, gene and environment interaction is commonly accepted as the major contributing factor to BD pathogenesis. Intestine microbiota is increasingly recognized as a critical environmental factor for human health and diseases via the microbiota‐gut‐brain axis. BD individuals showed altered diversity and compositions in the commensal microbiota. In addition to pro‐inflammatory factors, such as interleukin‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐α, type 1 interferon signalling pathway is also modulated by specific intestinal bacterial strains. Disruption of the microbiota‐gut‐brain axis contributes to peripheral and central nervous system inflammation, which accounts for the BD aetiology. Administration of type 1 interferon can induce the expression of TRANK1, which is associated with elevated circulating biomarkers of the impaired blood‐brain barrier in BD patients. In this review, we focus on the influence of intestine microbiota on the expression of bipolar gene TRANK1 and propose that intestine microbiota‐dependent type 1 interferon signalling is sufficient to induce the over‐expression of TRANK1, consequently causing the compromise of BBB integrity and facilitating the entrance of inflammatory mediators into the brain. Activated neuroinflammation eventually contributes to the occurrence and development of BD. This review provides a new perspective on how gut microbiota participate in the pathogenesis of BD. Future studies are needed to validate these assumptions and develop new treatment targets for BD.
Infants’ neural responses to emotional faces are related to maternal anxiety
Authors: Bowman Lindsay C. , McCormick Sarah A. , Kane‐Grade Finola , Xie Wanze , Bosquet Enlow Michelle , Nelson Charles A. 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundPostnatal maternal anxiety is common (estimates as high as 40% prevalence) and is associated with altered mother–infant interactions (e.g., reduced maternal emotional expression and engagement). Neural circuitry supporting infants’ face and emotion processing develops in their first year. Thus, early exposure to maternal anxiety may impact infants’ developing understanding of emotional displays. We examine whether maternal anxiety is associated with individual differences in typically developing infants’ neural responses to emotional faces.MethodsOne hundred and forty two mother–infant dyads were assessed when infants were 5, 7, or 12 months old. Infants’ electroencephalographic (EEG) data were recorded while passively viewing female happy, fearful, and angry faces. Three event‐related potential (ERP) components, each linked to face and emotion processing, were evaluated: NC, N290, and P400. Infant ERP amplitude was related to concurrent maternal‐report anxiety assessed with the Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (Trait form).ResultsGreater maternal anxiety predicted more negative NC amplitude for happy and fearful faces in left and mid‐central scalp regions, beyond covarying influences of maternal depression symptoms, infant negative emotionality, and infant age.ConclusionsPostnatal maternal anxiety is related to infants’ neural processing of emotional expressions. Infants of mothers endorsing high trait anxiety may need additional attentional resources to process happy and fearful faces (expressions less likely experienced in mother–infant interactions). Future research should investigate mechanisms underlying this association, given possibilities include experiential, genetic, and prenatal factors.
Pernicious anemia: Pathophysiology and diagnostic difficulties
Authors: Htut Thura Win , Thein Kyaw Zin , Oo Thein Hlaing 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPernicious anemia (PA) is the most common cause of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency anemia in the world. It is an autoimmune disease, comprising of salient features of autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and cobalamin deficiency (CD). Although the anemia was first described as pernicious, it may well be controlled with vitamin B12 replacement. The onset and progression of PA is often insidious. Alternatively, patients may have no anemic symptoms since they become acclimatized to the subtle nature of the disease. Oftentimes, there is a possibility that the underlying disease may be missed unless a full blood count (FBC) is investigated, leading to hindrance in the treatment journey. Diagnostic challenges remain tangible for many practicing clinicians, since there is lack of reliable cobalamin assays to diagnose CD as well as clinical mimics, which simulate many other hematological conditions, such as myelodysplastic syndrome, acute leukemia, sideroblastic anemias, bone marrow failure states, thrombotic microangiopathy, and thromboembolism. Moreover, prompt recognition of the symptoms of CD is also vital, because some neurologic sequalae may become irreversible despite replenishing cobalamin. Herein, we discuss a literature review on the pathophysiology, challenging clinical presentations and diagnostic difficulties of PA. Since the cobalamin replacement therapy for PA is straightforward, it will not be discussed in this review.
First combined resistance to Hessian fly and Sunn pest identified in synthetic hexaploid wheat
Authors: Sabraoui A. , Emebiri L. , Tadesse W. , Ogbonnaya F.C. , El Fakhouri K. , El Bouhssini M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), and Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps (Puton), are the two most damaging insect pests of wheat in North Africa, West and Central Asia. Host plant resistance is the most environmental friendly, cost‐effective and practical means of controlling insect pests. Twenty synthetic hexaploid wheat lines selected as resistant to Syrian Sunn pest in 2010 were screened for resistance to Moroccan Hessian fly biotype in 2016. The Hessian fly screening was carried out in standard greenhouse flats using a randomized complete block design with three replications, with susceptible and resistant checks in every test flat. The results showed that three synthetic hexaploid wheat lines exhibited resistance to both Moroccan Hessian fly biotype and Syrian Sunn pest. This is the first record of combined resistance to these two pests in wheat. Mapping populations using these sources of resistance are being developed using double haploid techniques for subsequent genetic characterization and identification of linked molecular markers for marker assisted selection.