bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Raven's Hat
Authors: Peters Jonas , Meinshausen Nicolai , Meinshausen Malte 
Published: February 2021

Games that show how mathematics can solve the apparently unsolvable.
This book presents a series of engaging games that seem unsolvable—but can be solved when they are translated into mathematical terms. How can players find their ID cards when the cards are distributed randomly among twenty boxes? By applying the theory of permutations. How can a player guess the color of her own hat when she can only see other players' hats? Hamming codes, which are used in communication technologies. Like magic, mathematics solves the apparently unsolvable. The games allow readers, including university students or anyone with high school–level math, to experience the joy of mathematical discovery.
The authors set up each game, specifying the number of players and props needed, and show readers how mathematical language reveals the problem's underlying structure. They explain the mathematical concepts with many examples, describe the history of the problem, and offer practical advice. Colorful and clever illustrations, featuring a flock of mathematically inclined ravens, help clarify things. All of the games can be presented to an audience; each one runs from sixty to ninety minutes, suitable for seminar presentations or lectures. The authors aim at maintaining mathematical precision while avoiding overly complex notation. Appendixes go into more detail, reviewing frequently used mathematical symbols, providing further information on a range of mathematical concepts, and offering chapter-specific mathematical explanations.
Merge
Authors: Citko Barbara , Gračanin-Yuksek Martina 
Published: February 2021

An argument that Merge is binary but its binarity refers to syntactic positions rather than objects.
In this book, Barbara Citko and Martina Gračanin-Yuksek examine the constraints on Merge—the basic structure-building operation in minimalist syntax—from a multidominant perspective. They maintain that Merge is binary, but argue that the binarity of Merge refers to syntactic positions Merge relates: what has typically been formulated as a constraint that prevents Merge from combining more than two syntactic objects is a constraint on Merge's relating more than two syntactic positions.
Citko and Gračanin-Yuksek investigate the interactions between the two types of Merge that can generate multidominant structures: Parallel Merge and Internal Merge. Taking Right Node Raiding (RNR) as a representative example of Parallel Merge and Across-the-Board (ATB) extraction to be representative of Parallel Merge + Internal Merge, they show that ATB is subject to a parallelism constraint that RNR is not subject to. They show that this difference follows from Binarity Constraint on Merge (BiCoM), the requirement that prevents Merge from relating more than two syntactic positions within a single derivation, which is obeyed in RNR, but not in ATB extraction. They further show that BiCoM is also operative in languages with more flexible word order, such as Croatian and Polish, and that structural syncretism alleviates BiCoM violations in these languages as well.
How Humans Judge Machines
Authors: Hidalgo César A. , Orghian Diana , Canals Jordi Albo , de Almeida Filipa , Martin Natalia 
Published: February 2021

How people judge humans and machines differently, in scenarios involving natural disasters, labor displacement, policing, privacy, algorithmic bias, and more.
How would you feel about losing your job to a machine? How about a tsunami alert system that fails? Would you react differently to acts of discrimination depending on whether they were carried out by a machine or by a human? What about public surveillance? How Humans Judge Machines compares people's reactions to actions performed by humans and machines. Using data collected in dozens of experiments, this book reveals the biases that permeate human-machine interactions. Are there conditions in which we judge machines unfairly?
Is our judgment of machines affected by the moral dimensions of a scenario? Is our judgment of machine correlated with demographic factors such as education or gender? César Hidalgo and colleagues use hard science to take on these pressing technological questions. Using randomized experiments, they create revealing counterfactuals and build statistical models to explain how people judge artificial intelligence and whether they do it fairly. Through original research, How Humans Judge Machines bring us one step closer to understanding the ethical consequences of AI.
Written by César A. Hidalgo, the author of Why Information Grows and coauthor of The Atlas of Economic Complexity (MIT Press), together with a team of social psychologists (Diana Orghian and Filipa de Almeida) and roboticists (Jordi Albo-Canals), How Humans Judge Machines presents a unique perspective on the nexus between artificial intelligence and society. Anyone interested in the future of AI ethics should explore the experiments and theories in How Humans Judge Machines.
Virtual Roundtable on the Elimination of Violence Against Women in Academia and 30 days of Reflection
Authors: Losleben Katrin , Porrone Arianna , Poto Margherita Paola 
Published: February 2021

The overall aim of this report is to record the emotions, aim, objectives, results and conclusions that we developed during the Virtual Roundtable for the Elimination of Violence Against Women in Academia, on November 25, 2020. The report is built around the event and is meant to enclose our space of reflection (30 days, initiated on the Facebook page of the Centre).
The report is divided into five sections: 1. Introduction; 2. Welcome; 3. Keynote speech; 4. Engaging with a story; 5. References; 6. Appendix.
Inhibitory effect and mechanism of action (MOA) of hirsutine on the proliferation of T-cell leukemia Jurkat clone E6-1 cells
Authors: Meng Jie , Su Rui , Wang Luping , Yuan Bo , Li Ling 
Published: February 2021

Background
The bark of Uncaria rhynchophylla has been traditionally used to treat convulsion, bleeding, hypertension, auto-immune conditions, cancer, and other diseases. The main focus of this research is done for the purpose of exploring the antitumor activity and mechanism of action (MOA) for hirsutine isolated from U. rhynchophylla.

Methods
Jurkat clone E6-1 cells were treated using 10, 25 and 50 μM for 48 h. Inhibition of cell proliferation due to hirsutine treatment was evaluated by CCK8 assay. Flow cytometry was applied to ascertain Jurkat cell cycle progression and apoptosis after treatment with 10, 25 and 50 μM hirsutine for 48 h. The expression and level of the apoptosis-related genes and proteins was analyzed by Real-time Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting method, respectively.

Results
CCK8 analyses revealed that hirsutine could significantly inhibit the proliferation of Jurkat clone E6-1 cells, in a concentration and time-dependent fashion. Flow cytometry assays revealed that hirsutine could drive apoptotic death and G0/G1 phase arrest in Jurkat cells. Apoptotic cells frequencies were 4.99 ± 0.51%, 13.69 ± 2.00% and 40.21 ± 15.19%, and respective cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 accounted for 34.85 ± 1.81%, 42.83 ± 0.70% and 49.12 ± 4.07%. Simultaneously, compared with the control group, Western blot assays indicated that the up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax, cleaved-caspase3, cleaved-caspase9 and Cyto c proteins, as well as the down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein which guards against cell death, might be correlated with cell death induction and inhibition of cell proliferation. QPCR analyses indicated that hirsutine could diminish BCL2 expression and, at the same time, improve Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 mRNA levels, thus reiterating a putative correlation of hirsutine treatment in vitro with apoptosis induction and inhibition of cell proliferation (p-value < 0.05). Excessive hirsutine damages the ultrastructure in mitochondria, leading to the release of Cyt c from the mitochondria to cytoplasm in Jurkat clone E6-1 cells, thereby inducing the activated caspase cascade apoptosis process through a mitochondria-mediated pathway.

Conclusion
An important bioactive constituent—hirsutine—appears to have antitumor effects in human T-cell leukemia, thus enlightening the use of phytomedicines as a novel source for tumor therapy. It is speculated that hirsutine may induce apoptosis of Jurkat Clone E6-1 cells through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
Cervical Cancer Knowledge and Prevention Practices among Female Civil Servants in Awka South Local Government Area, Anambra State
Authors: Obiechina Georgy O. , Euphemia Muo Chiamaka 
Published: February 2021

Background: Cervical cancer is a potentially preventable disease if appropriate screening and prophylactic strategies are employed. However, the lack of knowledge and prevention practices can result in the underutilization of preventive strategies.
Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the cervical cancer knowledge and prevention practices among female civil servants in Awka South Local Government Area.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional research survey design was used to accomplish the purpose of the study. A self-structured and validated questionnaire was used to collect data from the sample of 335 female civil servants, while313 returned rate of female civil servants was used to analyze the data. Percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the research questions, while Chi-Square and ANOVA were used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level.
Results: Findings revealed that 194 (61.98%) of the respondents had no knowledge of cervical cancer while 119 (38.02%) had knowledge of cervical cancer, however, an average weighted mean score of x 2.63 and ± 0.95 had a positive response that using pap smear as a procedure to test for cervical cancer is the best screening method while most of the respondents revealed that it is advisable to go for treatment once there is a sign of STDs. Chi-Square value of difference in mean knowledge of cervical cancer among female civil servants in Awka South Local Government Area revealed that the calculated X2-value yielded 257, with significant value of 0.000 is less than P-value (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It was concluded that when knowledge about cervical cancer and its prevention is consistently communicated through difference media, relatively high number of females may be aware. Based on the conclusion, it was recommended, among others, the need for more sensitization campaigns to bridge the identified knowledge gaps and scale up cervical cancer screening services to all women to increase service uptake.
Experiences of Ghanaian Student Nurses’ and Midwives’ during Clinical Practice in the Kumasi Metropolis: An Ethnographic Study
Authors: Mensah Olivia Nyarko , Ani-Amponsah Mary , Opoku Albert , Sumaila Yussif Issah , Oduro-Kwarteng Veronica , Eshun Egya Gyanzah , Lampinley Ajaratu , Duku Faisal Adomako , Mensah Ransford Sarfo- , Avuglah Bright K. 
Published: February 2021

Background: The clinical practice component in nursing and midwifery education is a neglected area of research. There is far ranging evidence that clinical exposure and skills acquisition is not equitable in Ghana. Researchers have focused mostly on clinical supervision with students’ needs still not prioritized. Therefore, this research sought to explore students’ views and stories about their clinical practicum experiences and to help gain a deeper understanding into their knowledge, competency acquisition, clinical learning, and transition to practice.
Methods: We utilized focused ethnography design with Roper & Shapira’s methods on 12 students during their intra-practicum period in a tertiary hospital situated in the Kumasi Metropolis of the Ashanti-Region of Ghana. Within the period of 4 weeks intra practicum, participants were conveniently and purposively sampled and with an interview guide with a grand tour question participants’ were involved in conversation to elicit information through focus group discussions (FGD) in their natural setting. The FGDs were conducted on weekly basis during debrief sessions for 3 weeks until participants repeated what they have already said in the previous weeks indicating data saturation.
Results: Nursing and midwifery students’ face diverse realities in the clinical sites, and are least supported in their skills and competency acquisitions, leading to theory practice confusion and inconsistencies, as students face challenges with the clinical component of their training. It was found that there were lack of preceptors and limited ward nurses’ preparedness to support students during clinical sessions hence students were subjected to excessive unproductive errands during the periods of practicum. It was also found that there is lack of collaboration between tutors and practicing nurses in the students training further exacerbating the theory-practice confusion. Conclusion and Recommendations: The identified gap is calling for a collaboration between clinicians and tutors to strengthen the clinical practice component of student nurse training. This will address the challenge of “theory-practice confusion and inconsistencies” among others.
Performance Characteristics and Nutrient Utilization by Meat Type Chicken Fed Fusarium oxysporum Degraded Brewer Dried Grain
Authors: Lawal T. E. , Aderemi F. A. , Alabi O. M. , Oguntunji O. A. , Ayoola M. O. , Olanipekun T. P. , Ademola S. G. 
Published: February 2021

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Fusarium oxysporum degraded Brewer dried grain (BDG) on the performance and nutrient utilization ofbroiler chicken at starter and finisher phases. Undegraded and degraded (BDG) werewas used to compound rations for broiler birds for 8 weeks. The undegraded BDG was used at 7% inclusion level and the degraded BDG was used at 3, 5, and 7%. A total of 150 day old chicks were randomly selected and allocated for 5 treatments. Thirty 30 birds were allocated to each treatment with three replicates each. Fusarium oxysporum was inoculated into BDG through Solid State Fermentation for a period of 7 days. This was used as degraded sample. There was improvement in the crude protein, ash, and gross energy after biodegradation. Biodegradation led to reduction in crude fibre, cellulose, hemicellulose, and detergent fibre content. At starter phase, there were significant (P<0.05) (P=0.05) differences in feed consumption and body weight gain and the highest feed consumption (FC) and body weight gain (BWG) were found in treatment 5, which contained 7% degraded BDG (DBDG) and the FC and BWG they were 88.93 and 41.07g/bird/day, respectively. At the finisher phase, there were significant (P=0.05) differences in both the average feed intake and the average body weight gain by the birds. The highest feed intake was found in treatment 5 (140 g/b/d) and the highest body weight gain was also observed in treatment 5 (78.21g/b/d). Significant differences (P=0.05) were also observed for the feed conversion ratio at the finisher phase. The best value (1.64) was recorded at the control treatment and this was followed by the value recorded for treatment 5 (1.79). The relative cost benefits revealed that it is profitable to feed broilers with F. oxysporum degraded BDG. The results showed that F. oxysporum was able to enhance the feeding value of BDG and this impacted positively on the feed consumption and body weight gain by the birds.
Effect of Heroin on Liver and Kidney Functions
Authors: Abohamar Aalaa Desoky Ahmad , Ghareeb Wesam Abd El Salam , Attia Gihan Farouk , Gad El Sayed Abd El Hamied 
Published: February 2021

Background and Aim: Drug use disorders are serious health issues with a significant burden for individuals affected and their families. There are also significant costs to society including lost productivity, security challenges and crime. Heroin has the highest dependence, tolerance and withdrawal score. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of heroin on liver and renal functions.
Materials and Methods: This comparative case - control study was carried out on 60 males aged from 15 to 45 years old at the Department of Neuropsychiatry and the Center of Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Tanta University, Egypt from March 2019 through April 2020. Patients group: 30 patients with heroin use disorders diagnosed according to DSM-5 criteria with history of smoking. Control group: thirty smoker persons were taken as a control group matching with patients group. All participants were subjected to: History taking, physical examination and investigations including liver and renal function tests, urine drug screening and psychometry by the addiction severity index scale.
Results: Heroin addicts had significant elevation in liver enzyme (Aspartate and Alanine transaminase) and alkaline phosphatase (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between heroin group and control regarding Albumin/Globulin ratio, Prothrombin Time, International Normalized Ratio and bilirubin level. Heroin addicts had significant elevation in blood urea, serum creatinine and Albumin/Creatinine ratio (P <0.001). There was significant decrease in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in heroin group in comparison to control group (p<0.001). Positive correlation with statistical significance between (dose of heroin in grams, duration of use of heroin and severity index of addiction) and (liver functions and renal functions) in patient group.
Conclusion: In heroin addicts, there was significant elevation in liver enzymes, ALP, Albumin/creatinine ratio, Urea and Creatinine and significant decrease in eGFR. The higher the dose of heroin use, the more the impairment of liver and renal functions. The longer the duration of heroin use,the more the deterioration of liver and renal functions. The more the severity index of addiction, the more the impairment of liver and renal functions.
Licit and Illicit Drugs Consumption among Students of the Federal University of Rondonia, Porto Velho Campus: A Cross Sectional Analysis 2011-2017
Authors: Rodrigues Rosely Valéria , Silva Cleitiane de Jesus Gomes , Tavernard Giovanna Lorena Nery , Filho Sérgio Valério Escobar , Maia Úrsula Melo de Souza 
Published: February 2021

Aim: To perform a comparative analysis of the pattern of illicit drug consumption among students at the Porto Velho campus of the Federal University of Rondônia in 2011 and 2017. Study design: This is a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Federal University of Rondonia Foundation (UNIR) campus José Ribeiro Filho, Porto Velho – Rondonia (Brazil), 2017. Methodology: The sample in 2017 comprised 352 students divided by knowledge centers, to tabulate and consolidate statistical data the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Microsoft Excel were used, it was considered a 95.0% CI and 0.5% standard deviation. Results: 54.1% of the students are female, the average age is 23 years old, drug intake in 2017 increased when compared to 2011, alcohol (from 72.3% to 75.9%), tobacco (from 23.0% to 32.2%), marijuana (from 10.7% to 24.7%), there was a similar effect on cocaine and/or crack, amphetamines and/or ecstasy, inhalants, hallucinogen use, opioids, antipsychotics and antidepressants.
Conclusion: In the comparison between the years 2011 and 2017, there was an increase in drug usage by college students, it is expected that the results found in this study may promote strategies of action to prevent and combat drug consumption among academics.
New Hydrogen Bonding Enhanced Polyvinyl Alcohol Based Self‐Charged Medical Mask with Superior Charge Retention and Moisture Resistance Performances
Authors: Wang Nannan , Feng Yange , Zheng Youbin , Zhang Liqiang , Feng Min , Li Xiaojuan , Zhou Feng , Wang Daoai 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe water vapor exhaled by the human body can severely accelerate the charge dissipation of a polypropylene (PP)‐based medical mask, thereby reducing the electrostatic adsorption efficiency to cause infection. To solve this problem, a new type of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐based medical mask through electrostatic spinning to replace the PP melt‐blown layer, which has self‐charging and charge retention performance in a high humidity environment is fabricated. The PVA is rich in hydroxyl groups, which can spontaneously form hydrogen bonds with water vapor molecules exhaled by the human body and fix water molecules to increase the triboelectricity. By analyzing the electrical output performance of PVA‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), it is shown that the short circuit current is ≈26 times larger than that of PP‐based TENG in 95% relative humidity (RH). Moreover, PVA has a strong charge storage capacity and self‐charging performance, as determined by hand touching under a high humidity environment. The static dissipation rate of PVA is 1.4 times lower than that of PP at a 95% RH. In comparison with PP‐based medical masks, PVA‐based medical masks have a high humidity resistance and self‐charging performance and can be easily recharged in situ by hand slapping without taking it off for many times.
A Multifunctional Origami Patch for Minimally Invasive Tissue Sealing
Authors: Wu Sarah J. , Yuk Hyunwoo , Wu Jingjing , Nabzdyk Christoph S. , Zhao Xuanhe 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFor decades, bioadhesive materials have garnered great attention due to their potential to replace sutures and staples for sealing tissues during minimally invasive surgical procedures. However, the complexities of delivering bioadhesives through narrow spaces and achieving strong adhesion in fluid‐rich physiological environments continue to present substantial limitations to the surgical translation of existing sealants. In this work, a new strategy for minimally invasive tissue sealing based on a multilayer bioadhesive patch, which is designed to repel body fluids, to form fast, pressure‐triggered adhesion with wet tissues, and to resist biofouling and inflammation is introduced. The multifunctional patch is realized by a synergistic combination of three distinct functional layers: i) a microtextured bioadhesive layer, ii) a dynamic, blood‐repellent hydrophobic fluid layer, and iii) an antifouling zwitterionic nonadhesive layer. The patch is capable of forming robust adhesion to tissue surfaces in the presence of blood, and exhibits superior resistance to bacterial adhesion, fibrinogen adsorption, and in vivo fibrous capsule formation. By adopting origami‐based fabrication strategies, it is demonstrated that the patch can be readily integrated with a variety of minimally invasive end effectors to provide facile tissue sealing in ex vivo porcine models, offering new opportunities for minimally invasive tissue sealing in diverse clinical scenarios.