bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computer Supported Product Development Through Integration of CAD, Rapid Prototyping and 3D-Digitizing Helps the Productivity of Former East German Companies
Authors: Grote Karl-H. , Beyer Christiane 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In socialistic countries, customer satisfaction and the market conditions were not of high priority: Some selected parts of the market products were of satisfactory costs and quality to customers. Quality and costs of a product decide on its success in the world-wide market. The wishes and expectations of the customer for a high-quality and low-priced product continue to grow, however, with the desire for faster availability of this product. The customer determines also the delivery time and other competitive factors as the durability of the product. At present the trend goes towards shorter product life cycles, which in turn requires reduced time spent on the product development. With these complex market requirements and growing diversity of the products the engineer faces new challenges in his development tasks. It can be paraphrased as follows: In reduced lifecycles a quality-assured and advantageous product has to be developed despite increasing complexity of the design and demands for reduction of material used, manpower and monetary spending.
For the solution of this complex problem the following suggestions are tested and implemented:
• Structured design process for the development process,
• Simultaneous work where ever possible during the development stages,
• Employment of modern resources for the product development,
• Use of information technology and
• Implementation of rapid prototyping for models and in secondary manufacturing processes.
An important research field at the Department of Mechanical Engineering Design at the Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg is research and further development of productive procedures and tools for the realization of a computer integrated product development process. This process includes the effective application of technologies to produce the prototypes for presentation, producibility analysis and production.
Of particular interest is the closed process chain (loop) from Solid Modeling via Rapid Prototyping and 3D-Digitizing where the entry point of this process chain depends on the needs of the application or particular interest of the innovating company. Information for faster and more competitive preparation, verification and Re-Engineering of existing and established products, which have to be adjusted to the world-market needs, will be made available. The results of this applied research offer opportunities to display new developed products for the lagging industries in the former East Germany, and furthermore arranging for necessary venture capital to produce the product, to gain information about possible suppliers and manufacturing opportunities in order to minimize the investors’ risks of an enterprise.
Collaborative Design System for Electromechanical Products
Authors: Narikawa Noboru , Takahashi Kazuo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper gives an overview of a collaborative design system (CDS) for electromechanical products. To reduce design costs and to manufacture high-quality products, it is well known that concurrent engineering (CE) is a very efficient approach. Three-dimensional (3D) CAD system and engineering database system are essential components of CE. The CDS is an environment to realize CE. By creating 3D models in a computer and performing some simulations such as mechanical, electronic, software simulation and integrated simulations, it is possible to estimate functions, assemblability, manufacturability and so on, before making prototype models.
In this paper, we outline the CDS and mainly discuss the total information management system (TIMS) which makes an important role of the CDS. This paper describes the implementation experience of some functions of the TIMS.
Development of a Disassembly Evaluation Tool
Authors: Kroll Ehud 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A method for evaluating the ease of disassembly of products is presented. Its primary use is in designing products for recycling and making environmentally-related decisions, but it is also relevant to servicing and maintenance. The evaluation procedure is centered around a spreadsheet-like chart and uses a catalog of task difficulty scores. The scores were derived from work-measurement analyses of standard disassembly tasks and provide a means of identifying weaknesses in the design and comparing alternatives quantitatively. The requirements and considerations in developing the design tool are examined in light of the general problem of manufacturability metrics. The limitations of the method and future extensions are discussed.
The Validation of a Taxonomy for Manufacturability Design Requirements
Authors: Gershenson John K. , Stauffer Larry A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we present the results of a study to validate a taxonomy of manufacturing issues. This taxonomy serves as a checklist of manufacturing issues which should be considered during the conceptual and detail design stages of the product definition process.
Subjects in this validation study were given one of three different levels of the taxonomy at one of two different stages of design and asked to perform design tasks. The subjects’ use of the taxonomy and their ability to develop meaningful requirements with their given taxonomy were recorded. The data was analyzed using an analysis of variance technique to compare subjects using different taxonomy levels at different stages of the design process. The analysis shows that the taxonomy and the underlying methodology of creating and using the taxonomy helps designers manage product requirements during the early stages of the design process. The analysis also shows that the taxonomy needs to be used in a methodical manner to maximize its effectiveness.
Capturing Design Rationale in Engineering Contexts
Authors: Ruecker Lukas S. F. , Seering Warren P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In our research we have focused on capturing design rationale — that is, the reasons that underlie design decisions — during the early stages of the product development process. Capturing rationale is important because it allows others to understand decisions, make changes, and review a conclusion in the light of new information.
In this paper we describe a well-grounded computer-supportable approach to capturing rationale in an engineering setting. At the heart of this approach is a computationally efficient and dynamically extensible representation of the context in which design decisions are made. We also describe a program that uses this representation to automatically chunk, classify, and integrate explanations offered by engineers when justifying design decisions.
A Concurrent Engineering Methodology for Small Companies
Authors: Carlson Susan E. , Kemser Hans-Peter , Ter-Minassian Natasha 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Concurrent engineering is a design philosophy that has been accepted in large corporations, but generally is not used within small companies. This paper discusses the design approaches observed within five small to medium-sized companies. Based on these observations, a concurrent engineering methodology is proposed that is focused on the needs of small companies. An example is used to show how this methodology is applied.
Improving the Design Process by Predicting Downstream Values of Design Attributes
Authors: Szykman Simon 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a computational approach to developing design space models that are utilized to improve the design process by predicting values of downstream design attributes based on information available at early stages, such as preliminary design specifications. The predictive models are similar in function, though not in form, to the internal (mental) models created by experienced designers; however, the advantages of these models are that it may be possible to construct them in the absence of a designer’s internal models, and that they can be passed on to and used by less experienced designers. Once created, the computational models aid designers in exploration of design alternatives and to reduce design costs and product development time.
A Comparative Analysis of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving and the Systematic Approach of Pahl and Beitz
Authors: Malmqvist Johan , Axelsson Roger , Johansson Mikael 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a comparative analysis of two design methodologies; the Theory of Inventive Problem-Solving (TIPS) and the systematic approach of Pahl and Beitz (SAPB).
The methodologies are compared with respect to a number of aspects; similarities and differences are highlighted. It is then suggested that a more powerful methodology may result if the methodologies are unified and that such a unification should use SAPB as an underlying design process model being complemented by TIPS elements at certain points. This is because the SAPB has a wider scope as a design process model, covering the whole process from task clarification to detail design and component as well as systems design, whereas TIPS features some very useful elements (engineering systems evolution laws, standards and principles) that are not included in the SAPB.
Functional Evaluation Based on Function Content
Authors: Shimomura Yoshiki , Tanigawa Sadao , Takeda Hideaki , Umeda Yasushi , Tomiyama Tetsuo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Function is a key concept to integrate design object modeling and design process modeling in design. We here propose the FEP (Functional Evolution Process) model in order to integrate design object modeling and design process modeling. In the FEP model, the model of a design object is evolved through three steps, i.e., function description, function actualization and function evaluation. Function description is the step in which a designer modifies required functions of a design object. Function actualization depicts a process to obtain physical descriptions from functional description. Function evaluation is a process to measure realizability of functions of the design object. However, among other steps, how to treat the function evaluation is one of the most important theme, because evaluation executed by designers is based on subjective, ambiguous and tacit standards.
We discuss a methodology for evaluating function and propose the function content that quantifies functions and enables evaluation of functions. The function content is a similar concept of Shannon’s information content and we show an example of functional optimization based on this scheme.
Design for Variety: A Methodology for Understanding the Costs of Product Proliferation
Authors: Martin Mark V. , Ishii Kosuke 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper further develops the previously introduced concept of Design for Variety (DFV). Our study seeks a tool that enables product managers to estimate the cost of introducing variety into their product line. This will help them to maximize market coverage while maintaining required profit margins. Variety incurs many indirect costs that are not always well understood or are difficult to capture. These costs are often not considered by people making the decision about introducing variety. Our DFV model attempts to capture these indirect costs through the measurement of three indices: commonality, differentiation point, and set-up cost. These indices will allow the decision makers to estimate some of the generally unmeasurable costs of providing variety. We conclude this paper by discussing our validation plans for testing the model in industry.
A Grammar Driven Data Translation System for Computer Integrated Manufacturing
Authors: Niebur Glen L. , Chase Thomas R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Integration of engineering software continues to be an important topic in mechanical design and manufacturing. One integration technique which has been proposed is to store a complete product representation in a single database using a database management system. In order to integrate existing CAE applications which are not designed for use with a DBMS, a method for importing and exporting data to the database is needed. A system for recognizing and translating a large class of engineering data, those data formats which can be described by regular grammars, is proposed.
Classification, Rotatability and Branch Identification of Simple RCRCR Mechanisms
Authors: Dou Xiaohong , Ting Kwun-Lon 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A comprehensive algorithm and criterion for the rotatability and branch identification of RCRCR spatial mechanisms with zero offset at the revolute joint between the cylindrical joints are presented. The results are believed the first successfully attempt which resolves the mobility and branch identification problems of non-bimodal spatial mechanisms.
In this article, the concept of virtual linkage is proposed. A simple RCRCR mechanism is regarded as a spherical 5R linkage with one cylindroid surface constraint formed by a virtual bimodal linkage. The treatment on the rotatability of virtual bimodal linkages is identical to that of the planar and spatial bimodal linkages. Thus, from the rotatability point of view, simple RCRCR mechanisms and Stephenson six-bar linkages can be grouped together. They have the similar rotatability and branch features. The results include the classification and mobility criterion, and an algorithm for branch identification, which are equally effective for any linkage inversion, any type of linkage synthesis problem, and any number of precision positions.
An Efficient Algorithm for Accurate Evaluation of Circularity Tolerance
Authors: Anand Sam , Jaganathan Sridhar , Damodarasamy Sampath 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new and accurate algorithm for assessing circularity tolerance from a set of data points obtained from a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). This method, called Selective Zone Search algorithm, divides the workspace into small sectors called search zones and searches for the extreme points in these zones. These extreme points are used to draw a pair of concentric circles with minimum radial separation. The radial difference gives the circularity. The methodology has been tested with several example data sets and the results have been compared with the Least Squares method, Minimum Spanning Circle method and the Voronoi Diagram method.
Reconfigurable System Analysis for Agile Manufacturing
Authors: Dhumal Ashish , Dhawan Rajiv , Kona Anupama , Soni A. H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Agile manufacturing concept requires an enterprise view and agility embodies concepts like rapid prototyping, reconfigurable equipment, design for upgradability, leveled production and continuous improvement to introduce new products to the market at an affordable price. An agile enterprise needs to consider shop floor issues as well. There is an increase in use of reconfigurable tooling in industries, and much of it is in need of integration. A need exists for improvement in building of production tooling which can be reconfigured when need arises with the smallest possible changeover time.
This paper analyzes different production scenarios of a forging cell designed using Petrinet theory. Petrinet theory is effective in design and synthesis of discrete event systems, especially agile systems and incorporates the control logic of the system. The objective of the study was to quantify agility of the system by determining system characteristics at different operating conditions and its ability to accommodate different products. The deterministic model is analyzed using a simulation software package. Conclusions obtained from this study are summarized for evaluation of reconfigurable systems focused on assembly aspects.
Enabling Technologies for Virtual Parts Handling Environment: An Overview
Authors: Liou F. W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Due to the current advances in simulation, computer graphics, robotics, and other related technologies, virtual environment has become a future trend in design and development of new products. This paper summarizes the current enabling technologies to develop a virtual environment for parts handling applications, such as parts feeding, assembling, and robotic grasping. A special focus is on developing a physically-based simulation system, which is the core of a virtual parts handling environment. Critical technologies such as object collision detection and response, contact modeling and friction modeling are reviewed. The technological challenges in these areas are also pointed out.
A Newly Developed Algorithm for Treating the Coupled Dynamic Response of Robotic Fixtureless Assembly
Authors: Shagal Genady , Meguid Shaker A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The coupled dynamic response of two cooperating robots handling two flexible payloads for the purpose of fixtureless assembly and manufacturing is treated using a new algorithm. In this algorithm, the equations describing the dynamics of the system are obtained using Lagrange’s method for the rigid robot links and the finite element method for the flexible payloads. A new time integration scheme is developed to treat the coupled equations of motion of the rigid links for a given displacement of the flexible payloads. The finite element equations of the flexible payloads are then treated using an implicit approach. The new algorithm was verified using simplified examples and was later used to examine the dynamic response of two cooperating robot arms manipulating flexible payloads which are typical of the automotive industry.
An Efficient Inverse Acceleration Analysis of In-Parallel Manipulators
Authors: Martínez José María Rico , Duffy Joseph 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A very simple novel expression for the accelerations of the six prismatic actuators, of the HPS connector chains, of a 6 degree of freedom in-parallel manipulator is derived. The expression is obtained by firstly computing the “accelerator” for a single HPS connector chain in terms of the joint velocities and accelerations. The accelerator is a function of the line coordinates of the joint axes and of a sequence of Lie products of the same line coordinates. A simple expression for the acceleration of the prismatic actuator is obtained by forming the Klein form, or reciprocal product, with the accelerator and the coordinates of the line of the connector chain. Since the Klein form is invariant, the resulting expression can be applied directly to the six HPS connector chains of an in-parallel manipulator. The authors believe that this simple method has important applications in the dynamics and control of these in-parallel manipulators where the computing time must be minimized to improve the behavior of parallel manipulators.
Cam Motion Synthesis for Mixed Motion Constraints Using Well-Behaved Polynomials of High Order
Authors: Schönherr Jürgen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A method of describing a function by a number of successive polynomials of unrestricted and varying degree has been developed to synthesize a cam motion for mixed constraints. The algorithm is based on the expression of the coefficients of a polynomial in terms of the constraints at interval boundaries. It enables the designer to satisfy numerous motion constraints while at the same time preserving the continuity of motion derivatives up to a high order. Unconstrained boundary values are calculated automatically by using an objective function that minimizes the oscillations of a motion derivative.
Computer-Aided Synthesis of Linkage-Type Straight-Line and Dwell Mechanisms
Authors: Tso Pei-Lum , Yan Shan-Shun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The synthesis of the four-bar mechanism has received a substantial amount of attention in the area of straight-line mechanisms. Various geometrical and analytical methods have been developed with numerous papers published in this area over the past few decades. Three primary methods are generally available for synthesis of the linkages. The first approach is the classical Burmester finite separated position synthesis technique. The precision points are assigned for describing the desired straight-line motion (Mahyuddin etc. 1986;Shagan,Fallahi and Lai 1989). The second approach uses the mathematical programming technique for finding the optimal solution which mimimizes the error between the desired straight line and the real tracing points of a linkage (Hwang and Hsiao 1989;Hwang and Lee 1987). The third approach is based on the curvature theory. Any point on the inflection circle generates an approximate straight Tine motion. A series of design charts was set up by Vidosic and Tesar (Vidosic and Tesar 1967) as the basis of synthesizing the mechanisms. However, the direction of the coupler point has generally not been controlled. The constraint was taken into consideration by Hsu (Hsu and Lee 1990).
Leg Lift During Non-Overconstrained Pseudo-Static Walking
Authors: Foo Chee K. , Fichter Eugene F. , Fichter Becky L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A non-overconstrained pseudo-static walking machine has 1 leg joint under position control for every degree-of-freedom of the body. When 1 joint is position controlled on each of 6 legs, leg lift during a step results in 1 unregulated degree-of-freedom of the body. A second joint in one of the 5 legs that maintain contact with the ground must be switched to active position control at the same time that a foot is lifted. In theory any passively controlled joint in the 5 supporting legs may be chosen. However the requirement that no leg be in tension and practical limits on torques available from joint actuators severely restrict choice of both additional joint to actively position control and possible body positions where legs can be lifted.
A Synthesis Method for Placing Workpieces in RPR Planar Robotic Workcells in Which Large Rotations Are Required at the Workpiece
Authors: Chaney K. D. , Davidson J. K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A new method is developed for determining both a satisfactory location of a workpiece and a suitable mounting-angle of the tool for planar RPR robots that can provide dexterous workspace. The method is an analytical representation of the geometry of the robot and the task, and is particularly well suited to applications in which the task requires large rotations of the end-effector. It is determined that, when the task requires that the end-effector rotate a full turn at just two locations and when the first or third joint in the robot is rotatable by one turn, then the radial location of the workpiece is fixed in the workcell but its angular location is not fixed. When the mounting-angle of the tool is also a variable, the method accommodates tasks in which the tool must rotate a full turn at three locations on the workpiece. The results are presented as coordinates of points in a two-dimensional Cartesian reference frame attached to the workcell. Consequently, a technician or an engineer can determine the location for the workpiece by laying out these coordinates directly in the workcell. Example problems illustrate the method. Practical applications include welding and deposition of adhesives.