bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agent Causation Is Not Prior to Event Causation
Authors: Wong Soo Lam 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
My aim in this paper is to argue against the claim that agent causation is more fundamental than event causation. To accomplish this aim, I shall first briefly discuss the motivation behind agent causation. Second, I shall highlight the differences between agent causation and event causation. Third, I shall begin briefly with the weaker claim held by Timothy O’Connor and Randolph Clarke that there is no good reason to believe that event causation is more fundamental than agent causation. Fourth, I shall discuss the stronger claim held by E. J. Lowe that agent causation is more fundamental than event causation, and raise objections against the various arguments Lowe advances for the stronger claim. To the extent that my objections against Lowe’s stronger claim succeed, they raise questions for O’Connor’s and Clarke’s weaker claim.
External Debt, External Reserves, Debt Service Costs and Economic Growth: Implications for the Nigerian Transport Sector
Authors: Osadume Richard C. , Ovuokeroye Edih University 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The objective of the study presented in this article is to examine the relationship between external debt (EXDT), external reserves (EXRS), total debt service costs (TDS) and Nigeria’s economic growth (RGDP) and how these variables impact on the Nigerian transport economy employing profligacy theory. The study used secondary data for Nigeria for the period 1979 to 2019 obtained from the International Debt Office (WBG). The econometric techniques used include OLS, Granger causality and Engle-Granger cointegration at a 0.05 confidence level. The results show that EXDT has a statistically significant negative relationship with EXRS, with no statistically significant relationship existing with RGDP and TDS in the short term. All the variables showed significant cointegration over the long term, with the conclusion that the relationship between EXRS and EXDT is negatively significant in the short term, while the other variables are insignificant. The recommendations of the study include, that the government and monetary authorities should endeavour to reduce the creation of foreign debt for nonreproductive projects in key sectors due to its adverse effect on external reserves, and instead pursue aid, grants and domestic long-term loan options necessary for effective growth of the transport and other key sectors of the economy.
Preoperative intensity-modulated chemoradiotherapy with simultaneous integrated boost in rectal cancer: five-year follow-up results of a phase II study
Authors: But-Hadzic Jasna , Boltezar Anja Meden , Skerl Tina , Zadnik Vesna , Velenik Vaneja 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
We conducted a phase II study to investigate the feasibility and safety of preoperative radiochemo-therapy experimental fractionation, using intensity-modulated radiation therapy with simultaneous integrated boost (IMRT SIB) to shorten the overall treatment time without dose escalation in intermediate/locally advanced rectal cancer with the aim to improving treatment outcome.

Patients and methods
A total of 51 patients with operable stage II–III rectal carcinoma were included between January 2014 and January 2015. Fifty patients completed preoperative IMRT treatment with an elective dose of 41.8 Gy and simultaneously delivered 46.2 Gy to T2/T3 and 48.4 Gy to T4 tumour in 22 fractions, with concomitant capecitabine (825 mg/m2/12 h, including at weekends). Median follow-up was 70 months (range 11–80 m).

Results
Forty-seven patients completed treatment per protocol. Acute toxicity occurred in 2 (4%) patients. R0 resection was achieved in all but 1 and pathologic complete response (pCR) in 12 (25.5%) patients who had 5-year overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and local control (LC) of 91.7%, 100% and 100%, respectively. The intention-to-treat analysis showed that the type of surgery significantly moderated OS and DFS, while total downstaging and pN were predictive for DFS only. For treatment per protocol 5-year OS, DFS and LC were 80.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 69.7–92.1), 77.1% (95% CI 65.1–89.1) and 95.2% (95% CI 88.7–100), respectively. The proportion of patients with severe late (CTCAE G ≥ 3) gastrointestinal, urinary and sexual toxicity was 15%, 2% and 8% respectively, with one reported secondary carcinoma.

Conclusions
Preoperative IMRT-SIB without dose escalation was well tolerated, with a low acute toxicity profile, we achieved a high rate of pCR and showed encouraging 5-year OS, DFS and LC.
Clinical outcomes in stage III non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with durvalumab after sequential or concurrent platinum-based chemoradiotherapy – single institute experience
Authors: Vrankar Martina , Stanic Karmen , Jelercic Stasa , Ciric Eva , Vodusek Ana Lina , But-Hadzic Jasna 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
Chemoradiotherapy (ChT-RT) followed by 12-month durvalumab is the new standard treatment for unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Survival data for patients from everyday routine clinical practice is scarce, as well as potential impact on treatment efficacy of sequential or concomitant chemotherapy and the usage of gemcitabine.

Patients and methods
We retrospectively analysed unresectable stage III NSCLC patients who were treated with durvalumab after radical concurrent or sequential chemotherapy (ChT) from December 2017 and completed treatment until December 2020. We assessed progression free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and toxicity regarding baseline characteristic of patients.

Results
Eighty-five patients with median age of 63 years of which 70.6% were male, 56.5% in stage IIIB and 58.8% with squamous cell carcinoma, were included in the analysis. Thirty-one patients received sequential ChT only, 51 patients received induction and concurrent ChT and 3 patients received concurrent ChT only. Seventy-nine patients (92.9%) received gemcitabine and cisplatin as induction chemotherapy and switched to etoposide and cisplatin during concurrent treatment with radiotherapy (RT). Patients started durvalumab after a median of 57 days (range 12–99 days) from the end of the RT and were treated with the median of 10.8 (range 0.5–12 months) months. Forty-one patients (48.2%) completed treatment with planned 12-month therapy, 25 patients (29.4%) completed treatment early due to the toxicity and 16 patients (18.8%) due to the disease progression. Median PFS was 22.0 months, 12- and estimated 24-month PFS were 71% (95% CI: 61.2–80.8%) and 45.8% (95% CI: 32.7–58.9%). With the median follow-up time of 23 months (range 2–35 months), median OS has not been reached. Twelve- and estimated 24-month OS were 86.7% (95% CI: 79.5–93.9%) and 68.6% (95% CI: 57.2–79.9%).

Conclusions
Our survival data are comparable with published research as well as with recently published real-world reports. Additionally, the regimen with gemcitabine and platinum-based chemotherapy as induction treatment was efficient and well tolerated.
Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Expression of the Glycodelin Cytokine in Endometrial Tissue and the Endometrial Polyp, Before and After Hysteroscopy, in Infertile Female Patients
Authors: Dević Aleksandar , Dević Ana , Šorak Marija , Zajić Goran , Mitrović Slobodanka 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An endometrial polyp is most commonly a benign, localized proliferation of the glands and the endometrial stroma, covered with epithelium and protruding above the level of the mucosa. These polyps are most often diagnosed during investigation into the causes of irregular menstrual bleeding or infertility. It is produced in the highest concentration during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle. The level of glycodelin reaches its peak 12 days after ovulation. The aim of this paper was to determine the changes in the immunohistochemical expression of glycodelin at the level of the endometrium and in the tissue of the polyp, before and after hysteroscopic polypectomy, in infertile female patients with an endometrial polyp, and in the endometrial tissue of female patients without an endometrial polyp. The study included 82 infertile female patients. The infertile patients were divided into two groups. The first was the experimental group which included 56 infertile female patients who had an endometrial polyp. The second group was the control group, composed of 26 infertile female patients who did not have an endometrial polyp. The results obtained primarily indicate the existence of changes in the immunohistochemical expression of the cytokine glycodelin in the female patients from both the experimental and the control group, not only prior to but also after hysteroscopy. A larger number of patients who have an endometrial polyp show a lack of glycodelin expression, more pronouncedly so in the bioptate of the endometrium than in the endometrial polyp.
Appendiceal Mucocele - A Review of Literature with a Case Report
Authors: Vekic Berislav , Markovic Rade , Cvetkovic Aleksandar , Stojanovic Bojan , Spasic Marko , Markovic Nenad , Pavlovic Mladen , Petrovic Dusica , Milosevic Bojan , Jevdjic Jasna , Vulovic Maja , Jovanovic Dalibor , Mitrovic Slobodanka 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Appendiceal mucoceles represent neoplastic and non-neoplastic, dilatated, mucus filled appendix vermiformix. Appendectomy is obligatory due to a possible malignancy. It is crucially important to avoid rupturing of the mucocele because it can result in pseudomyxoma peritonei, with high morbidity and mortality. We presented a 52-year-old man with pain and palpable mass in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. The mucocele was removed without a rupture, and the patient was discharged from the surgical department one day after the surgery without a complication. The resection must be done very carefully, because the rupture of a mucocele can cause pseudomyxoma peritonei, a very dangerous and often lethal condition. Due to the concern of rupture, we performed the classical resection through laparotomy. It is very important, especially for young, inexperienced surgeons to be aware of this rare diagnosis and perform a surgical intervention according to the guidelines of good clinical practice.
The Unprecedented Lockdown: The consequences of job loss
Authors: Rughoobur-Seetah Soujata 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Various studies have analyzed employees’ perceptions with regards to voluntary turnover and very few studies have attempted to identify and assess the consequences of involuntary turnover on the employees. Thus, this study attempts at analyzing the consequences of any potential involuntary turnover on employees that can take place as a response to the economic crisis that will occur with the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors like role overload, job stress, occupational burnout and Work Family Conflict (WFC) has been identified as the resulting effects of any job losses. Significant and positive relationship was recorded among variables and the relationship between involuntary turnover and WFC and between job stress and WFC were rejected. The Conservation of Resources theory (COR) and the Spillover and Crossover theory were used to better understand the complexities of the matter. The limitations and future work prospects have also been discussed.
The Influence of Formal and Informal Education on Students’ Sustainable Development Skills, a Study in Iran
Authors: Pouratashi Mahtab 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to understand the influence of formal and informal education on students’ sustainable development skills. A sample of 567 students studying Humanities, Agriculture, or Engineering at public universities of Iran participated in this study. A survey was used to investigate students’ skills for sustainable development according to different forms of education. Students’ sustainable development skills were assessed including: empathy, participatory skill, systems­thinking, creative thinking, and anticipatory thinking. The results indicated that students had a good level of skills for sustainable development. Differences and similarities were found on students’ skills by different forms of education and learning. The findings confirmed that education is useful to improve individuals’ skills for sustainable development and confirmed the key role of education for sustainable development in addressing sustainable future.
Do Exchange Rates Fluctuations Influence Gold Price in G7 Countries? New Insights from a Nonparametric Causality-in-Quantiles Test
Authors: Raza Syed Ali , Shah Nida , Ali Muhammad , Shahbaz Muhammad 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the recent era, gold is considered an essential investment source, a source of hedging inflation, and a medium of monetary exchange. The gold and exchange rate nexus become prominent after events like sovereign debt crisis, subprime mortgage crisis, low-interest rate problem, and global financial market solvency. These events attract the attention of researchers and academician for investigating the dynamics of the relationship between gold and exchange rates, and the majority of the studies discusses the linear dynamics, but the non-linear dynamics are ignored. Therefore, the current research investigates the non-linear dynamics of gold price and exchange rate relationship in G7 countries using the new technique named the nonparametric causality approach. This study uses monthly data from the years 1995(January)-2017 (March). The empirical results show that exchange rate return causes gold prices in four out of G7, especially at the low tails. This study also gives valuable insights for monetary policymakers, gold exporter’s international portfolio managers, and hedge fund managers.
Analytical approach to the influence of motivation on the dynamics of heterogeneous employees and expected average costs of efficient work
Authors: Talajić Mirko , Vrankić Ilko , Kopal Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Motivating employees with different characteristics has a significant effect on company performance. This paper models the relationship between employer and heterogeneous employees working in pairs as a principal-agent problem. Every worker can encounter moral hazard with regard to the stimulation of the employer and the efficient work of co-workers. Employee behavior describes a reaction function based on which the equilibrium of appropriate pairs of employees and their overall effective performance is described. The employer determines the optimal stimulation that minimizes the expected average cost of effective work for each individual group of employees. The total expected average cost of efficient work of the entire company in the short run depends on the distribution of employees with different characteristics. How the attitude of employees towards work in the long run changes is described by replicative dynamics and shows that the stability of the employee population is achieved in two cases where the long-run total expected average cost of efficient work is differentiated by approximately eight percent. This paper describes a new conceptual framework for quantitative analysis of the effects of motivation on the short and long run financial results of an enterprise.
Una revisión de conjunto de la economía de los intangibles
Authors: Pulido San Román Antonio 
Published: November 2021

El artículo trata de proporcionar una visión de conjunto del amplio y heterogéneo campo del capital intangible y sus diferentes componentes y enfoques. Se revisan conceptos básicos tales como capital intelectual, humano o tecnológico desde una perspectiva tanto empresarial como macroeconómica. Por último se plantean algunas cuestiones clave en la gestión del conocimiento y en el papel del capital intangible en el desarrollo económico.
A Contingent Ranking Study on the Preferences of Tourists across Seasons
Authors: Cuccia Tiziana 
Published: November 2021

This paper presents the results of a contingent ranking study carried out on a sample of tourists visiting the province of Ragusa (in South-Eastern Sicily, Italy), known for both its baroque heritage and its sea coasts. I focus only on two attributes of tourism products, namely the accommodation facilities (which appear to have a large importance for tourists’ choice, according to similar previous analyses) and local attractions (sea and coasts, cultural and natural heritage endowments, performing-arts and entertainment, local food and wine products). I evaluate whether and how the weight attached by tourists to the attributes and their levels change across seasons.
Pengaruh E-Payment Trust terhadap Minat Transaksi pada E-Marketplace Menggunakan Framework Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) 3
Authors: Lestari Merryana , Purnomo Hindriyanto Dwi , Sembiring Irwan 
Published: November 2021

<p class="Abstrak">Transaksi melalui <em>e-Marketplace</em> dilakukan menggunakan transaksi pembayaran secara <em>digital</em> yang disebut sebagai layanan <em>e-Payment</em>. Oleh karena itu, <em>e-Payment</em> memegang peranan penting dalam proses transaksi jual beli pada <em>e-Marketplace</em> khususnya dalam transaksi pembayaran. Seringkali pengguna memiliki kekhawatiran tersendiri dalam melakukan transaksi pembayaran menggunakan <em>e-Payment</em>, salah satu kekhawatiran paling mendasar adalah mengenai jaminan integritas keamanan data dan privasi data pelanggan. Kepercayaan pengguna dipandang menjadi suatu resiko besar yang dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap minat pembelian pada <em>e-Marketplace</em>. Melalui penelitian ini, akan dianalisis bagaimana tingkat pengaruh kepercayaan pengguna pada <em>e-Payment</em> di Indonesia terhadap transaksi pada <em>e-Marketplace</em> memakai metode <em>Technology Acceptance Model </em>(TAM) versi 3. Hasil penelitian ini merupakan bahan evaluasi bagi <em>vendor</em> <em>e-Marketplace</em> guna melakukan analisis seberapa sering pengguna melakukan transaksi di dalam <em>e-Marketplace</em> sehingga semakin memberikan kepercayaan pengguna untuk melakukan transaksi menggunakan layanan <em>e-Payment</em>.</p><p class="Abstrak"> </p><p class="Abstrak"><em><strong>Abstract</strong></em></p><p class="Abstract"><em>Transactions through e-Marketplace are carried out using digital payment transactions or commonly referred to as e-Payments. Therefore, e-Payment plays an important role in the process of buying and selling transactions on the e-Marketplace, especially in payment transactions. Often users have their own concerns in making payment transactions using e-Payment, one of the most basic concerns is about guaranteeing data security integrity and customer data privacy. User trust is seen as a big risk that can have an influence on buying interest in the e-Marketplace. Through this research, it will be analyzed how the level of influence of user trust in e-Payment in Indonesia on the impact of purchases on e-Marketplace using the Technology Acceptance Model 3 (TAM 3) framework. The results of this study can be used as evaluation material for e-Marketplace vendors to analyze how often users make transactions in the e-Marketplace so that it gives more confidence to users to make transactions using e-Payment services.</em></p><p class="Abstrak"><em><strong><br /></strong></em></p>
Sistem Monitoring Frekuensi Denyut Nadi pada Pelari Menggunakan Metode Photoplethysmographic
Authors: Setiarini Asih , Laksana Mahatma Widya , Winarno Basuki 
Published: November 2021

<p class="Abstract">Lari merupakan olahraga yang efektif untuk membakar kalori. Namun, olahraga ini mempunyai dampak negatif bagi pelari yang mampu memicu serangan jantung sehingga dibutuhkan alat kesehatan untuk mendeteksi frekuensi denyut nadi saat berlari. Tujuan penelitian ini merancang sistem monitoring frekuensi denyut nadi secara real time pada pelari dengan menggunakan easily plugin pulse sensor berbasis photoplethysmographic. Sensor tersebut terdiri atas transmitter dan receiver infrared yang dipasang pada ujung jari tengah yang mana melalui jaringan kulit mampu mendeteksi volume darah. Fitur buzzer digunakan sebagai alarm jika denyut jantung mencapai 170 Beat Per Minute (BPM). Alat ini juga dilengkapi dengan aplikasi Android yang memudahkan pihak lain memonitoring keadaan denyut nadi pelari. Bluetooth HC-05 sebagai modul komunikasi data antara Arduino dan Android. Alat yang dirancang memiliki error maksimum sebesar 0,73% berdasarkan data percobaan dari 5 partisipan. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, sistem monitoring frekuensi denyut nadi secara real time mampu mendeteksi serangan jantung saat berlari dan adanya fitur data logger digunakan untuk rekap medis keadaan frekuensi denyut jantung saat berlari tanpa menggunakan aplikasi smartphone Android.</p><p class="Abstract"> </p><p class="Abstract"><em><strong>Abstract</strong></em></p><p class="Judul2"><em>Running is the most popular workout around the world, because the most accessible, the cheapest and organized sport. However, running is dangerous in people suffering from heart disease. Hence, the medical device to detect heart failure for runners is required. In this paper, a monitoring system and data logger for detecting heart pulse by using easily plugin pulse sensor heart beat and its implementation for runners is newly proposed. The proposed method of sensor to detect the heart beat by using Photoplesthymograph principle. The sensor consists of transmitter and receiver infrared through to skin tissue to detect the blood volume. Different to previous work, the proposed device can be real time to monitor runners while running and have alarm when their heart beat reach 170 BPM. This device is also equipped with an Android application that facilitate other parties to monitor the runner’s heart beat. By using OMRON HEM-7203 as comparison devices, the rate error of measurement result is 0,086% within 5 participans. The proposed device is suitable for heart pulse monitoring system for runners in real time to reduce the heart attack while running.</em><em> </em></p><p class="Abstract"><em><strong><br /></strong></em></p>