bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remarks by Rüdiger Wolfrum
Authors: Wolfrum Rüdiger 
Published: March 2021

It has been argued that the expected sea-level rise will lead to the shifting of baselines. It is further held that, as a matter of consequence, this means that all maritime borders depending upon baselines will have to shift accordingly or have to be renegotiated. This would affect the boundaries vis-à-vis neighboring states, opposite or adjacent, as well as the delineation of the exclusive economic zone and the delineation of the continental shelf if no outer continental shelf (no shelf beyond 200 nm) exists. The Baselines Committee of the International Law Association (ILA) stated that in “extreme circumstances [landward changes of the baseline] could result in total territorial loss and the consequent total loss of baselines and of the maritime zones measured from those baselines. The existing law of the normal baselines does not offer an adequate solution to this potentially serious problem.” I see the logic of the arguments based upon Articles 3, 4, and 5 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Nevertheless, I disagree with the interpretation of UNCLOS Articles 3 and 4. In consequence thereof, I disagree with the qualification that baselines are “ambulatory.” In my view, other considerations have to be taken into account—see below. I am pleased to note that the ILA Committee on sea-level rise in its report took a more balanced view than the Baselines Committee.
Cervicofacial surgery and implantable hearing device extrusion: management of challenging cases
Authors: Carnevale C , Til-Pérez G , Arancibia-Tagle D , Tomás-Barberán M , Sarría-Echegaray P 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe our management of implantable hearing device extrusion in cases of previous cervicofacial surgery.MethodsA review was conducted of a retrospectively acquired database of surgical procedures for implantable hearing devices performed at our department between January 2011 and December 2019. Cases of device extrusion and previous cervicofacial surgery are included. Medical and surgical management is discussed.ResultsFour cases of implant extrusion following cervicofacial surgery were identified: one involving a Bonebridge system and three involving cochlear implants. In all cases, antibiotic treatment was administered and surgical debridement performed. The same Bonebridge system was implanted in the middle fossa. The three cochlear implants were removed, and new devices were implanted in a more posterior region.ConclusionPrevious cervicofacial surgery is a risk factor for hearing implant extrusion. The middle fossa approach is the best option for the Bonebridge system. Regarding the cochlear implant, it is always suitable to place it in a more posterior area. An inferiorly based fascio-muscular flap may be a good option to reduce the risk of extrusion.
Fairness, equity, and justice in the Paris Agreement: Terms and operationalization of differentiation
Authors: Will Ulrike , Manger-Nestler Cornelia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Paris Agreement (2015) and the Rulebook (2018) introduce the terms ‘fair’ and ‘climate justice’ for burden-sharing and differentiation. The article analyses to what extent these terms amend the existing term ‘equity’ and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR).The principle of CBDR is an open balancing concept with one clear requirement: Contracting parties contribute to climate protection to a different extent. The terms which appear to have normative weight (‘equity’ and ‘climate justice’), in international climate agreements, are limited to their procedural relevance. They aim at an equal participation in sub-institutions of the Paris Agreement or at making arguments for differentiation transparent. The term ‘fair’ focuses on the discourse on individual concepts of differentiation and on narrowing down common criteria in the long-run.Considering the operationalization of differentiation beyond the terms, it becomes clear that criteria are hardly specified, not weighted against each other and that self-differentiation dominates pre-defined criteria, in particular within the central rules on mitigation and financial transfers. However, the Paris Agreement still specifies criteria with different relevance: Capabilities are followed by vulnerability and the responsibility for emissions.After all, the prevailing procedural terms and rules of differentiation might give orientation, inspire subsequent decisions and the nationally determined contributions (NDCs). The more transparent the various specifications of differentiation are, the more the rules of differentiation can be narrowed. If the reference of criteria to individual states is possible, the Paris Agreement might be implemented effectively which allows for better compliance with the Agreement.
Ibn Sīnā's Remarks on a Khwarizmian Sound
Authors: BENKATO ADAM 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In his study of Arabic phonetics, Asbāb ḥudūṯ al-ḥurūf (The Causes of the Genesis of the Consonants), Ibn Sīnā briefly surveys some speech sounds found in languages other than Arabic, among them one particular to Khwarizmian, an Iranian language attested primarily in glosses to Arabic manuscripts of the 13th century. This study attempts to elucidate the sound Ibn Sīnā describes both through reference to his own system of phonetic terminology and through comparison with extant material in the Khwarizmian language.
Estimating genetic diversity, mating system and pollen dispersal to inform ex situ conservation of the tree Genipa americana L.
Authors: Melo Marília Freitas de Vasconcelos , Sebbenn Alexandre Magno , Rossini Bruno Cesar , Muniz Ana Veruska Cruz da Silva , Rodrigues Carlos Jose , Marino Celso Luis , Moraes Mario Luiz Teixeira de 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUsing microsatellite loci, we assessed the mating system and genetic diversity of the dioecious tropical tree Genipa americana in a natural population (NP) and a progeny test (PT). For NP, we also estimated the paternity correlation within and among fruits and mean pollen dispersal distance. As expected for dioecious species, all offspring originated from outcrossing (t = 1). Mating among relatives (1 − ts) and paternity correlation (rp) were variable among progenies (1 − ts = 0.03–0.19; rp = 0.04–0.40), but greater in NP than in PT. Fixation index (F) was generally significant and lower in adults than in offspring, indicating selection against inbred individuals. Paternity correlation was higher within (0.40) than among (0.26) fruits, indicating a lower effective number of pollen donors (Nep) within (2.5) than among (3.8) fruits. Due to the higher rp in NP, the effective size within progenies (Ne) was lower (2.69) than PT (3.27). The pollen dispersal pattern was strongly leptokurtic, suggesting long-distance pollen dispersal (mean of 179 m). The results show that both populations can be used for seed collection in environmental reforestation programmes; however, considering that PT is structured in maternal progenies, NP is more suitable for seed collection due to the lower probability of mating among related trees.
End-tidal capnography monitoring in infants ventilated on the neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Williams Emma , Dassios Theodore , O’Reilly Niamh , Walsh Alison , Greenough Anne 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objective
To assess whether end-tidal capnography (EtCO2) monitoring reduced the magnitude of difference in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and the number of blood gases in ventilated infants.

Study design
A case–control study of a prospective cohort (n = 36) with capnography monitoring and matched historical controls (n = 36).

Result
The infants had a median gestational age of 31.6 weeks. A reduction in the highest CO2 level on day 1 after birth was observed after the introduction of EtCO2 monitoring (p = 0.043). There was also a reduction in the magnitude of difference in CO2 levels on days 1 (p = 0.002) and 4 (p = 0.049) after birth. There was no significant difference in the number of blood gases.

Conclusion
Continuous end-tidal capnography monitoring in ventilated infants was associated with a reduction in the degree of the magnitude of difference in CO2 levels and highest level of CO2 on the first day after birth.
Evidence that polyploidy in esophageal adenocarcinoma originates from mitotic slippage caused by defective chromosome attachments
Authors: Scott Stacey J. , Li Xiaodun , Jammula Sriganesh , Devonshire Ginny , Lindon Catherine , Fitzgerald Rebecca C. , D’Avino Pier Paolo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPolyploidy is present in many cancer types and is increasingly recognized as an important factor in promoting chromosomal instability, genome evolution, and heterogeneity in cancer cells. However, the mechanisms that trigger polyploidy in cancer cells are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the origin of polyploidy in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), a highly heterogenous cancer, using a combination of genomics and cell biology approaches in EAC cell lines, organoids, and tumors. We found the EAC cells and organoids present specific mitotic defects consistent with problems in the attachment of chromosomes to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle. Time-lapse analyses confirmed that EAC cells have problems in congressing and aligning their chromosomes, which can ultimately culminate in mitotic slippage and polyploidy. Furthermore, whole-genome sequencing, RNA-seq, and quantitative immunofluorescence analyses revealed alterations in the copy number, expression, and cellular distribution of several proteins known to be involved in the mechanics and regulation of chromosome dynamics during mitosis. Together, these results provide evidence that an imbalance in the amount of proteins implicated in the attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules is the molecular mechanism underlying mitotic slippage in EAC. Our findings that the likely origin of polyploidy in EAC is mitotic failure caused by problems in chromosomal attachments not only improves our understanding of cancer evolution and diversification, but may also aid in the classification and treatment of EAC and possibly other highly heterogeneous cancers.
Deletion of the mitochondria-shaping protein Opa1 during early thymocyte maturation impacts mature memory T cell metabolism
Authors: Corrado Mauro , Samardžić Dijana , Giacomello Marta , Rana Nisha , Pearce Erika L. , Scorrano Luca 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOptic atrophy 1 (OPA1), a mitochondria-shaping protein controlling cristae biogenesis and respiration, is required for memory T cell function, but whether it affects intrathymic T cell development is unknown. Here we show that OPA1 is necessary for thymocyte maturation at the double negative (DN)3 stage when rearrangement of the T cell receptor β (Tcrβ) locus occurs. By profiling mitochondrial function at different stages of thymocyte maturation, we find that DN3 cells rely on oxidative phosphorylation. Consistently, Opa1 deletion during early T cell development impairs respiration of DN3 cells and reduces their number. Opa1-deficient DN3 cells indeed display stronger TCR signaling and are more prone to cell death. The surviving Opa1−/− thymocytes that reach the periphery as mature T cells display an effector memory phenotype even in the absence of antigenic stimulation but are unable to generate metabolically fit long-term memory T cells. Thus, mitochondrial defects early during T cell development affect mature T cell function.
Biomechanical properties of retina and choroid: a comprehensive review of techniques and translational relevance
Authors: Ferrara Mariantonia , Lugano Gaia , Sandinha Maria Teresa , Kearns Victoria R. , Geraghty Brendan , Steel David H. W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStudying the biomechanical properties of biological tissue is crucial to improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis. The biomechanical characteristics of the cornea, sclera and the optic nerve head have been well addressed with an extensive literature and an in-depth understanding of their significance whilst, in comparison, knowledge of the retina and choroid is relatively limited. Knowledge of these tissues is important not only to clarify the underlying pathogenesis of a wide variety of retinal and vitreoretinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, hereditary retinal dystrophies and vitreoretinal interface diseases but also to optimise the surgical handling of retinal tissues and, potentially, the design and properties of implantable retinal prostheses and subretinal therapies. Our aim with this article is to comprehensively review existing knowledge of the biomechanical properties of retina, internal limiting membrane (ILM) and the Bruch’s membrane–choroidal complex (BMCC), highlighting the potential implications for clinical and surgical practice. Prior to this we review the testing methodologies that have been used both in vitro, and those starting to be used in vivo to aid understanding of their results and significance.
Training model for the intraluminal continuous suturing technique for microvascular anastomosis
Authors: Xiao Zongyu , Samii Madjid , Wang Ji , Pan Qi , Xu Zhimin , Ju Hu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMicrovascular anastomosis is a critical procedure in cerebral bypass surgeries. In some rare cases, the extraluminal interrupted technique is not optimal because the vessels are immobile and cannot be rotated, and anastomosis can be performed effectively through the intraluminal continuous suturing technique. The authors reported the application of the intraluminal continuous suturing technique in microanastomosis training with silicone tube, rat’s common iliac arteries and abdominal aorta. A silicone tube with a diameter of 1.5 mm was used to practice microanastomosis in intraluminal continuous suturing technique. Then the technique was applied in side-to-side, end-to-side anastomoses of common iliac arteries and the end-to-end abdominal aorta anastomoses of rat. The suturing time and patency rates were compared with an alternative intraluminal continuous suturing technique and one-way-up interrupted suturing technique in silicone tube and rat vessel anastomoses. The intraluminal continuous suturing technique could be gained through practicing with silicone tube, and the technique has also been demonstrated effective in side-to-side, end-to-side anastomoses of common iliac arteries of rat and the abdominal aorta end-to-end anastomoses. In all the animal experimental groups with different suturing techniques, there was no difference between the patency rates, all the immediate patency rate was 100%. There was no significant suturing time difference between the two intraluminal continuous suturing techniques, but the two intraluminal continuous suturing techniques were faster than the interrupted technique. The intraluminal continuous suturing technique described in the study could be used as an efficient method for side-to-side, end-to-side and end-to-end anastomosis, especially under the situation the posterior wall of the anastomosis could not be rotated. Proficiency of the technique could be achieved through practicing in laboratory with silicone tube and live animals.
Screening of immunosuppressive cells from colorectal adenocarcinoma and identification of prognostic markers
Authors: Li Fazhan , Zhou Jun , Li Zedong , Zhang Leiyi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common type of gastrointestinal malignant tumour. Colorectal adenocarcinoma (COAD) – the most common type of CRC – is particularly dangerous. The role of the immune system in the development of tumour-associated inflammation and cancer has received increasing attention recently.
Methods: In the present study, we compiled the expression profiles of 262 patients with complete follow-up data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database as an experimental group and selected 65 samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset (of which 46 samples were with M0) as a verification group. First, we screened the immune T helper 17 (Th17) cells related to the prognosis of COAD. Subsequently, we identified Th17 cells-related hub genes by utilising Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selector Operation (LASSO) regression analysis. Six genes associated with the prognosis in patients with COAD were identified, including: KRT23, ULBP2, ASRGL1, SERPINA1, SCIN, and SLC28A2. We constructed a clinical prediction model and analysed its predictive power.
Results: The identified hub genes are involved in developing many diseases and closely linked to digestive disorders. Our results suggested that the hub genes could influence the prognosis of COAD by regulating Th17 cells’ infiltration.
Conclusions: These newly discovered hub genes contribute to clarifying the mechanisms of COAD development and metastasis. Given that they promote COAD development, they may become new therapeutic targets and biomarkers of COAD.
Fallbericht: Best Supportive Care (BSC) in der Palliativmedizin – was bedeutet BSC eigentlich?
Authors: Kretschmer Eva-Maria , Krones Tanja , Blum David 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungWir berichten über einen multimorbiden 56-jährigen Patienten, welcher mit unbehandelter Tumorerkrankung nach Multiorganversagen auf die Palliativstation verlegt wurde. Aufgrund einer Eisenmangelanämie wurde eine Magen-Darm-Diagnostik zum Ausschluss einer gastrointestinalen Blutung durchgeführt. Diese Untersuchung zeigte ein Adenokarzinom des proximalen Kolons. Im Rahmen der Narkoseeinleitung zur Resektion des Tumors aspirierte der Patient und entwickelte einen schweren septischen Schock mit Multiorganversagen.Entsprechend der interdisziplinären Tumorboardempfehlung für Best Supportive Care (BSC) sowie dem vom Patienten gewünschten Abbruch der Therapie, erfolgte die Zuweisung auf die Palliativstation. Der voll urteilsfähige Patient hatte im Zuge der aus seiner Sicht dramatischen Ereignisse keine weiteren intensivmedizinischen Maßnahmen gewünscht.Im weiteren Verlauf der insgesamt fünfwöchigen Behandlung auf der Palliativstation stabilisierte sich der Patient. Dank intensiver Gespräche mit unterschiedlichen Professionen der Palliativmedizin über Therapieziele und die eigenen Präferenzen beschäftigte sich der Patient mit dem Lebensende und bereitete sich auf den Tod vor. Es zeigte sich, dass die Ablehnung weiterer intensivmedizinischer Maßnahmen aus Patientensicht keinen generellen Verzicht auf die Behandlung der Tumorerkrankung beinhaltete.Schließlich konnte bei vollständiger Rekonvaleszenz die geplante onkologische Therapie mit neoadjuvanter Chemotherapie und Tumorresektion erfolgreich durchgeführt werden.
Cell cycle–dependent active stress drives epithelia remodeling
Authors: Devany John , Sussman Daniel M. , Yamamoto Takaki , Manning M. Lisa , Gardel Margaret L. 
Published: March 2021

Significance
The morphology of biological tissue is determined by the shape and density of constituent cells. Here, we measure the dynamics of cells in model epithelial tissues to study the evolution of their shape and density over time. Guided by a mathematical model, we find that cell shape is controlled by rigidity and active stresses within the tissue. We then show that cell cycle dynamics are the source of active stress that drives epithelial remodeling.
Three-step nucleation of metal–organic framework nanocrystals
Authors: Liu Xiangwen , Chee See Wee , Raj Sanoj , Sawczyk Michal , Král Petr , Mirsaidov Utkur 
Published: March 2021

SignificanceNucleation is ubiquitous in many natural and industrial processes, yet our understanding of how a nucleus first emerges is limited. According to classical nucleation theory, a nucleus from which crystals grow forms in a single, spontaneous step. In this work, we combine ultralow-dose in situ liquid-phase and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy to show that metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) nucleate through a different, nonclassical pathway with three distinct steps. These steps are phase separation, condensation, and crystallization. Our observations of intermediate steps during the crystallization of MOFs provide important insight for controlling the nucleation and growth of both crystalline and amorphous materials.
TAp73 represses NF-κB–mediated recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer
Authors: Wolfsberger Johanna , Sakil Habib A. M. , Zhou Leilei , van Bree Niek , Baldisseri Elena , de Souza Ferreira Sabrina , Zubillaga Veronica , Stantic Marina , Fritz Nicolas , Hartman Johan , Rolny Charlotte , Wilhelm Margareta T. 
Published: March 2021

SignificanceBreast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Understanding this complex disease is therefore of great importance. Here, we report that loss of TAp73, a known tumor suppressor and member of the p53 protein family, leads to increased activation of the NF-κB pathway, secretion of the chemokine CCL2, and an increase in protumoral macrophage infiltration in human breast cancer. Both high levels of CCL2 and high macrophage infiltration are known to correlate with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. This study identifies TAp73 as a regulator of macrophage recruitment and highlights a role for TAp73 in immune cell regulation in cancer.
A metapopulation model of social group dynamics and disease applied to Yellowstone wolves
Authors: Brandell Ellen E. , Dobson Andrew P. , Hudson Peter J. , Cross Paul C. , Smith Douglas W. 
Published: March 2021

SignificanceHow do social and infectious disease dynamics interact in group-living mammals? A significant cost to group living is increased transmission of pathogens. When a pathogen invades a group, members will be more vulnerable to mortality, Allee effects, and, ultimately, group extinction. The presence of a pathogen reduces the size of the population by reducing the number of social groups, allowing uninfected groups to grow larger from a reduction in intergroup aggression. Concomitantly, Allee effects are exacerbated in infected groups; this reduces the probability of pathogen persistence as infected groups die out more rapidly. Social structuring changes prevalence across scales and influences pathogen invasion and persistence. The models described here provide a framework for understanding the dynamics of these interactions.
Metabolic supervision by PPIP5K, an inositol pyrophosphate kinase/phosphatase, controls proliferation of the HCT116 tumor cell line
Authors: Gu Chunfang , Liu Juan , Liu Xiaojing , Zhang Haibo , Luo Ji , Wang Huanchen , Locasale Jason W. , Shears Stephen B. 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Central carbon metabolism has the overlapping functions of converting substrate into biomass and the extraction and storage of chemical energy. These metabolic pathways are rewired by cancer cells to selectively support increased biomass demands. This reprogramming is a potential therapeutic target if a molecular-level understanding of the relevant control processes can be attained. Through genomic editing of an HCT116 colonic tumor cell line, we uncover metabolic supervision by a single pair of cell-signaling enzymes, the PPIP5Ks. Our global measurements of steady-state metabolite levels, plus isotope tracing analysis, show in detail how HCT116 cells recruit PPIP5Ks to select specific metabolic pathways to provide adequate precursor supply for biomass production. Crucially, in the absence of PPIP5K activity, HCT116 tumorigenesis is reduced.