bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the encapsulated salt characteristics on its release from multiple W/O/W emulsions
Authors: Herzi Sameh , Essafi Wafa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractW/O/W emulsions based on Miglyol oil and stabilized by polyglycerol polyricinoleate and sodium caseinate were prepared with similar characteristics in terms of internal droplet diameter, oil globule diameter, internal aqueous fraction and fat globules fraction. The emulsions differ only by the nature of the encapsulated salt in the inner aqueous droplets. The release of each encapsulated salt from the internal to the external aqueous phase was followed during 30 days at 25°C, showing for all cases that the double structure was preserved with time and the release increased during storage, mainly according to diffusion/permeation mechanism and resulting in a competition between the chelation and the hydration enthalpy of the salt. Double emulsions encapsulating different Magnesium salts have shown that the release depends strongly on the anion via its magnesium chelation and its hydration enthalpy. Indeed, as the complexation constant of Mg2+ with its counterion increases, the leakage decreases. On the other hand, as the hydration enthalpy of Mg2+ counterion decreases, the leakage decreases too. Likewise, double emulsions encapsulating different chloride salts have shown that the release depends also on the cation via its hydration enthalpy and its chelation with caseinate affecting accordingly the stiffening of the globule/water interface, more pronounced for bivalent than for monovalent cations. It was thus directly highlighted that the release from W/O/W emulsions was well controlled by the characteristics of the salt, and anion and cation diffuse accompanied at a rate ensuring the electroneutrality of the diffusive species. These results are very useful not only in term of fundamental understanding but also on application level, especially for food supplementation such as of dairy product.Practical applicationsThe search for an innovative functional effect can lead to food supplementation with bioactive substances which can be either molecules or living bioactive cells. However, the direct addition of these substances to food can induce chemical degradation, aggregation of proteins and generate an unpleasant taste. These drawbacks can be avoided or at least reduced by encapsulation. Despite their thermodynamic instability, W/O/W emulsions are promising systems for encapsulation of hydrophilic species in their internal aqueous phase and hence find applications among others in food for taste masking or supplementation. The release of the encapsulated species to the external aqueous phase should be controlled, depending on the desired application. The release depends also on the characteristics of the encapsulated salt. A better understanding of its impact on the stability of the double emulsion will allow targeting formulation of stable emulsions and hence contributing to their better industrial development.
PUMA – An open‐source 3D‐printed direct vision microscope with augmented reality and spatial light modulator functions
Authors: Tadrous Paul J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract3D‐printed microscopes are a topical emerging field in the literature. However most microscopes presented to date are quite novel re‐imaginings of the microscope's mechanical design and they are either solely dependent on, or primarily geared towards, camera‐based observations rather than ergonomic direct vision screening through an ocular lens. The reliance on camera, computer and monitor for observation introduces a compromise between portability, cost and the quality of an instant wide field of view.In this report, I introduce the Portable Upgradeable Modular and Affordable (PUMA) microscope which is an open‐source 3D‐printed multimodality microscope that employs a traditional upright design for ease of human direct visual observations and slide screening. PUMA uses standard RMS or C‐mount objectives, with a tube length 160 mm, 170 mm or infinity and wide field high eye point ocular lenses. PUMA can use simple mirror‐based illumination or can be configured to a full Köhler system with Abbe condenser for high numerical aperture observations including oil immersion. PUMA also has advanced digital/optical imaging features such as a digital spatial light modulator and – unique to any 3D printed microscope to date – an augmented reality heads‐up display for interactive calibrated measurements. Digital camera imaging can also be used with PUMA – in fact PUMA can take up to three separate digital cameras simultaneously. PUMA can also function as a direct vision multi‐header microscope for teaching or discussion. The illumination system is also modular and includes transillumination, epi‐illumination, fluorescence, polarisation, dark ground and also Schlieren‐based phase contrast and other Fourier optics filtering modalities. All these advanced features are available through an on‐board, battery operated, microprocessor so no mains supply, smartphone, network connection, PC or external monitor are required making PUMA a truly portable system suitable for remote field work.
Metabolic dysfunction in OSA: Is there something new under the sun?
Authors: Almendros Isaac , Basoglu Özen K. , Conde Silvia V. , Liguori Claudio , Saaresranta Tarja 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThe growing number of patients with obstructive sleep apnea is challenging healthcare systems worldwide. Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxaemia, episodes of apnea and hypopnea, and fragmented sleep. Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are common in obstructive sleep apnea, also in lean patients. Further, comorbidity burden is not unambiguously linked to the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. There is a growing body of evidence revealing diverse functions beyond the conventional tasks of different organs such as carotid body and gut microbiota. Chronic intermittent hypoxia and sleep loss due to sleep fragmentation are associated with insulin resistance. Indeed, carotid body is a multi‐sensor organ not sensoring only hypoxia and hypercapnia but also acting as a metabolic sensor. The emerging evidence shows that obstructive sleep apnea and particularly chronic intermittent hypoxia is associated with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut dysbiosis seems to be an important factor in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea and its consequences. The impact of sleep fragmentation and intermittent hypoxia on the development of metabolic syndrome may be mediated via altered gut microbiota. Circadian misalignment seems to have an impact on the cardiometabolic risk in obstructive sleep apnea. Dysfunction of cerebral metabolism is also related to hypoxia and sleep fragmentation. Therefore, obstructive sleep apnea may alter cerebral metabolism and predispose to neurocognitive impairment. Moreover, recent data show that obstructive sleep apnea independently predicts impaired lipid levels. This mini‐review will provide novel insights into the mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea combining recent evidence from basic, translational and clinical research, and discuss the impact of positive airway pressure treatment on metabolic disorders.
Simulated driving performance in healthy adults after night‐time administration of 20 mg tasimelteon
Authors: Torres Rosarelis , Fisher Michaela , Birznieks Gunther , Polymeropoulos Christos , Kay Gary G. , Xiao Changfu , Polymeropoulos Mihael H. 
Published: June 2021

SummaryAn impairment in next day driving performance has been reported for almost every drug currently United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for improvement of sleep in chronic and transient insomnia. Tasimelteon, a melatonin receptor agonist, demonstrated significant improvements in night‐time sleep, daytime naps, and sleep timing in non‐24‐hr sleep–wake disorder (Non‐24) by entraining these patients to a 24‐hr day as measured by melatonin and cortisol rhythms. Given this new mechanism of action of entraining the biological clock, we conducted a study to evaluate the potential effect tasimelteon may have on the ability to operate a motor vehicle. The study was conducted in 48 healthy adult subjects using a randomised, double‐blind, placebo and active (zopiclone 7.5 mg) controlled study with a 3‐period cross‐over design. Driving performance was assessed by measuring standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP) using the validated Cognitive Research Corporation Driving Simulator‐MiniSim. The difference in least square mean SDLP for tasimelteon was 1.22 cm reflecting a non‐significant increase in SDLP change from placebo (p = .1119). In contrast, treatment with the active control, zopiclone 7.5 mg, was associated with a meaningful and significant increase in SDLP, change from placebo for zopiclone was 4.14 cm (p < .0001). The lack of clinically meaningful and statistically significant finding with tasimelteon was further supported by the symmetry analysis, which showed the distribution of within‐subject differences between tasimelteon and placebo was symmetric about zero. At the FDA‐approved 20 mg dose to treat Non‐24, tasimelteon did not impair next‐day driving performance compared to placebo in adult healthy volunteers.
The effect of distal‐end trimming onSaccharina latissimamorphology, composition, and productivity
Authors: Grebe Gretchen S. , Byron Carrie J. , Brady Damian C. , St. Gelais Adam T. , Costa‐Pierce Barry A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAs kelp cultivation increases around the world, so does the need for farm management strategies that produce specific crop characteristics, optimize yield, widen harvesting windows, and prevent biomass loss. Distal‐end trimming of macroalgae has been recommended as a farm management method addressing these needs. In this study, we trimmed cultivatedSaccharina latissimasporophytes grown in the Western Gulf of Maine (WGoM) to 60 cm above the stipe–blade interface. We characterized the effect of trimming on the morphology, tissue nutrient content, stable isotope ratio, and nitrate reductase activity of the kelp. We also evaluated the economic trade‐offs of trimming using a simple production model. The results suggest that trimming the blade to 60 cm may have minimal biological consequences. Additionally, the trimming appears to benefit “short” kelp blades in proximity to the trimmed blades. Daily yield (% increase in weight day−1) after trimming was initially lower than the control, but late‐season daily yields and crop‐retention following storms were markedly improved. Ultimately, we conclude that growers could use trimming to acquire kelp biomass earlier in the season, retain late‐season biomass, and potentially increase the total revenue gained from kelp farming if price premiums can be exacted for this biomass.
Estrogens in polycystic liver disease: A target for future therapies?
Authors: Aapkes Sophie E. , Bernts Lucas H. P. , Barten Thijs R. M. , van den Berg Marjan , Gansevoort Ron T. , Drenth Joost P. H. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsPatients suffering from polycystic liver disease (PLD) can develop large liver volumes, leading to physical and psychological complaints, reducing quality of life. There is an unmet need for new therapies in these patients. Estrogen seems to be a promising target for new therapies. In this review, we summarize the available experimental and epidemiological evidence to unravel the role of estrogens and other female hormones in PLD, to answer clinical questions and identify new targets for therapy.MethodsWe identified all experimental and epidemiologial studies concerning estrogens or other female hormones and PLD, to answer pre‐defined clinial questions.ResultsFemale sex is the most important risk factor for the presence and severity of disease; estrogen supplementation enhances liver growth and after menopause, liver growth decreases. Experimental studies show the presence of the estrogen receptors alfa and beta on cystic cholangiocytes, and increased in vitro growth after administration of estrogen.ConclusionsBased on the available evidence, female PLD patients should be discouraged from taking estrogen‐containing contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy. Since liver growth rates decline after menopause, treatment decisions should be based on measured liver growth in postmenopausal women. Finally, blockage of estrogen receptors or estrogen production is a promising target for new therapies.
Clinical and dermoscopic characterization of pediatric Spitz nevi of the ear
Authors: Vaccaro Mario , Marafioti Ilenia , Giuffrida Roberta , Borgia Francesco , Zalaudek Iris 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSpitz nevi of special sites, such as the ear, appear rarely and pose a challenge with worrisome clinical, dermoscopic, or histopathological features. Our aim was to evaluate the morphological findings of a series of Spitz nevi of the ear in order to obtain more knowledge about their clinical‐dermoscopic patterns. Of a total of six cases, three main dermoscopic structures were found: pseudonetwork, structureless areas, and cobblestone pattern. Our preliminary findings suggest that dermoscopy may be helpful in improving the diagnostic accuracy of Spitz nevus of the ear and minimize surgery in a sensitive location.
Cutaneous body image: A window into the adolescent experience of dermatologic disease
Authors: Provini Lauren E. , Omandac Venea T. , Bahrani Eman , Aghdasi Carmel , Cordoro Kelly M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesCutaneous body image (CBI) is a self‐reported measure of an individual's satisfaction with their hair, skin, and nails using a psychometric survey described and validated in adult dermatology patient populations. As the CBI’s clinical utility for pediatric dermatology patients has not yet been examined, we assessed the relationship between CBI scores, demographic, and clinical parameters among adolescents.MethodsRetrospective cohort of 293 patients ages 13‐18 seen at the UCSF pediatric dermatology clinic from June 2017 to February 2019. An 11‐question CBI survey was administered as part of routine clinical care, querying patient satisfaction with their skin, hair, and nails on a 10‐point Likert‐type scale, and experience with embarrassment, bullying, and mental health care.ResultsSatisfaction with overall skin, skin of face, and hair significantly varied by patient age (P < .05), decreasing among subjects ages 13‐16, and comparatively higher among patients ages 17‐18. Mean total CBI scores did not significantly vary by sex, ethnicity, diagnosis, or new versus established patients. Mean total CBI scores were significantly higher among patients who did not report embarrassment (27.5) than among those who did (20.5) (P < .01), and among patients who had not experienced bullying (25.7) than among those who had (22.0) (P < .01).ConclusionsObjective CBI scores among adolescents correlate with reported negative experiences of skin disease (embarrassment and bullying) and with age. The CBI provides insight into the psychosocial impact of skin disease among adolescents, validates the patient's subjective perspective of their disease, and informs patient‐centered discussions and management in the pediatric dermatology clinic setting.
Reciprocal allopolyploid grasses (Festuca × Lolium) display stable patterns of genome dominance
Authors: Glombik Marek , Copetti Dario , Bartos Jan , Stoces Stepan , Zwierzykowski Zbigniew , Ruttink Tom , Wendel Jonathan F. , Duchoslav Martin , Dolezel Jaroslav , Studer Bruno , Kopecky David 
Published: June 2021

SummaryAllopolyploidization entailing the merger of two distinct genomes in a single hybrid organism, is an important process in plant evolution and a valuable tool in breeding programs. Newly established hybrids often experience massive genomic perturbations, including karyotype reshuffling and gene expression modifications. These phenomena may be asymmetric with respect to the two progenitors, with one of the parental genomes being “dominant.” Such “genome dominance” can manifest in several ways, including biased homoeolog gene expression and expression level dominance. Here we employed a k‐mer–based approach to study gene expression in reciprocal Festuca pratensis Huds. × Lolium multiflorum Lam. allopolyploid grasses. Our study revealed significantly more genes where expression mimicked that of the Lolium parent compared with the Festuca parent. This genome dominance was heritable to successive generation and its direction was only slightly modified by environmental conditions and plant age. Our results suggest that Lolium genome dominance was at least partially caused by its more efficient trans‐acting gene expression regulatory factors. Unraveling the mechanisms responsible for propagation of parent‐specific traits in hybrid crops contributes to our understanding of allopolyploid genome evolution and opens a way to targeted breeding strategies.
Lewis and ABO histo‐blood types and the secretor status of patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 implicate a role for ABO antibodies in susceptibility to infection with SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Matzhold Eva Maria , Berghold Andrea , Bemelmans Maria Karin Berta , Banfi Chiara , Stelzl Evelyn , Kessler Harald Hans , Steinmetz Ivo , Krause Robert , Wurzer Herbert , Schlenke Peter , Wagner Thomas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) targets the respiratory and gastric epithelium, causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Tissue antigen expression variations influence host susceptibility to many infections. This study aimed to investigate the closely linked Lewis (FUT3) and ABO histo‐blood types, including secretor (FUT2) status, to infections with SARS‐CoV‐2 and the corresponding severity of COVID‐19.Study Design and MethodsPatients (Caucasians, n = 338) were genotyped for ABO, FUT3, and FUT2, and compared to a reference population of blood donors (n = 250,298). The association between blood types and severity of COVID‐19 was addressed by dividing patients into four categories: hospitalized individuals in general wards, patients admitted to the intensive care unit with and without intubation, and deceased patients. Comorbidities were considered in subsequent analyses.ResultsPatients with blood type Lewis (a−b−) or O were significantly less likely to be hospitalized (odds ratio [OR] 0.669, confidence interval [CI] 0.446–0.971, OR 0.710, CI 0.556–0.900, respectively), while type AB was significantly more prevalent in the patient cohort (OR 1.519, CI 1.014–2.203). The proportions of secretors/nonsecretors, and Lewis a+ or Lewis b+ types were consistent between patients and controls. The analyzed blood groups were not associated with the clinical outcome as defined.DiscussionBlood types Lewis (a−b−) and O were found to be protective factors, whereas the group AB is suggested to be a risk factor for COVID‐19. The antigens investigated may not be prognostic for disease severity, but a role for ABO isoagglutinins in SARS‐CoV‐2 infections is strongly suggested.
Gut peptide regulation of food intake – evidence for the modulation of hedonic feeding
Authors: Woodward Orla R. M. , Gribble Fiona M. , Reimann Frank , Lewis Jo E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe number of people living with obesity has tripled worldwide since 1975 with serious implications for public health, as obesity is linked to a significantly higher chance of early death from associated comorbidities (metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer). As obesity is a consequence of food intake exceeding the demands of energy expenditure, efforts are being made to better understand the homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms governing food intake. Gastrointestinal peptides are secreted from enteroendocrine cells in response to nutrient and energy intake, and modulate food intake either via afferent nerves, including the vagus nerve, or directly within the central nervous system, predominantly gaining access at circumventricular organs. Enteroendocrine hormones modulate homeostatic control centres at hypothalamic nuclei and the dorso‐vagal complex. Additional roles of these peptides in modulating hedonic food intake and/or preference via the neural systems of reward are starting to be elucidated, with both peripheral and central peptide sources potentially contributing to central receptor activation. Pharmacological interventions and gastric bypass surgery for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity elevate enteroendocrine hormone levels and also alter food preference. Hence, understanding of the hedonic mechanisms mediated by gut peptide action could advance development of potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities.
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The Detachment of an Inclined Micro-Pillar Adhered to a Dissimilar Substrate
Authors: Kumar N. , Khaderi S. N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We investigate the mechanics of the detachment of an inclined micro-pillar adhered to a dissimilar substrate when subjected to a combination of an axial load and end moment. When the micro-pillar has adhered to the substrate, singular stress fields exist at the bi-material corners. The order of singularity is estimated using asymptotic analysis. The first two terms in the asymptotic expansion lead to singular stress fields. The magnitude of the singularity is evaluated in terms of the elastic mismatch between the pillar and substrate and the micro-pillar inclination. The asymptotic stress due to the moment loading is more sensitive to the micro-pillar inclination when compared to that due to the axial loading. They are insensitive to the micro-pillar inclination when the micro-pillar is rigid when compared to the substrate. A short interfacial crack is further assumed to exist at the bi-material corner. This crack is embedded in the corner singularity region and is loaded by the singular fields due to axial and bending loads. A boundary layer analysis is performed on the singular zone to estimate the stress intensity factor when a short crack embedded in it is subjected to the singular fields. The stress intensity factors are also calculated for a long interfacial crack at the bi-material corner, which extends beyond the singular zone. By using the aforementioned results, we investigate the detachment of the inclined micro-pillar under the combination of an axial load and end moment.