bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cough hypersensitivity and suppression in COPD
Authors: Cho Peter S.P. , Fletcher Hannah V. , Patel Irem S. , Turner Richard D. , Jolley Caroline J. , Birring Surinder S. 
Published: January 2021

Cough reflex hypersensitivity and impaired cough suppression are features of chronic refractory cough (CRC). Little is known about cough suppression and cough reflex hypersensitivity in cough associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study investigated the ability of patients with COPD to suppress cough during a cough challenge test in comparison to patients with CRC and healthy subjects. This study also investigated whether cough reflex hypersensitivity is associated with chronic cough in COPD.Participants with COPD (n=27) and CRC (n=11) and healthy subjects (n=13) underwent capsaicin challenge tests with and without attempts to self-suppress cough in a randomised order over two visits, 5 days apart. For patients with COPD, the presence of self-reported chronic cough was documented, and objective 24-h cough frequency was measured.Amongst patients with COPD, those with chronic cough (n=16) demonstrated heightened cough reflex sensitivity compared to those without chronic cough (n=11): geometric mean±sdcapsaicin dose thresholds for five coughs (C5) 3.36±6.88 µmol·L−1versus44.50±5.90 µmol·L−1, respectively (p=0.003). Participants with CRC also had heightened cough reflex sensitivity compared to healthy participants: geometric mean±sdC5 3.86±5.13 µmol·L−1versus45.89±3.95 µmol·L−1, respectively (p<0.001). Participants with COPD were able to suppress capsaicin-evoked cough, regardless of the presence or absence of chronic cough: geometric mean±sdcapsaicin dose thresholds for 5 coughs without self-suppression attempts (C5) and with (CS5) were 3.36±6.88 µmol·L−1versus12.80±8.33 µmol·L−1(p<0.001) and 44.50±5.90 µmol·L−1versus183.2±6.37 µmol·L−1(p=0.006), respectively. This was also the case for healthy participants (C5versusCS5: 45.89±3.95 µmol·L−1versus254.40±3.78 µmol·L−1, p=0.033), but not those with CRC, who were unable to suppress capsaicin-evoked cough (C5versusCS5: 3.86±5.13 µmol·L−1versus3.34±5.04 µmol·L−1, p=0.922). C5 and CS5 were associated with objective 24-h cough frequency in patients with COPD: ρ= −0.430, p=0.036 and ρ= −0.420, p=0.041, respectively.Patients with COPD-chronic cough and CRC both had heightened cough reflex sensitivity but only patients with CRC were unable to suppress capsaicin-evoked cough. This suggests differing mechanisms of cough between patients with COPD and CRC, and the need for disease-specific approaches to its management.
TNF-mediated alveolar macrophage necroptosis drives disease pathogenesis during respiratory syncytial virus infection
Authors: Santos Leonardo Duarte , Antunes Krist Helen , Muraro Stéfanie Primon , de Souza Gabriela Fabiano , da Silva Amanda Gonzalez , Felipe Jaqueline de Souza , Zanetti Larissa Cardoso , Czepielewski Rafael Sanguinetti , Magnus Karen , Scotta Marcelo , Mattiello Rita , Maito Fabio , de Souza Ana Paula Duarte , Weinlich Ricardo , Vinolo Marco Aurélio Ramirez , Porto Bárbara Nery 
Published: January 2021

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of acute bronchiolitis in infants under 2 years old. Necroptosis has been implicated in the outcomes of respiratory virus infections. We report that RSV infection triggers necroptosis in primary mouse macrophages and human monocytes in a RIPK1-, RIPK3- and MLKL-dependent manner. Moreover, necroptosis pathways are harmful to RSV clearance from alveolar macrophages. Additionally,Ripk3−/−mice were protected from RSV-induced weight loss and presented with reduced viral loads in the lungs.Alveolar macrophage depletion also protected mice from weight loss and decreased lung RSV virus load. Importantly, alveolar macrophage depletion abolished the upregulation ofRipk3andMlklgene expression induced by RSV infection in the lung tissue.Autocrine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated RSV-triggered macrophage necroptosis and necroptosis pathways were also involved in TNF secretion even when macrophages were committed to cell death, which can worsen lung injury during RSV infection. In line,Tnfr1−/−mice had a marked decrease inRipk3andMlklgene expression and a sharp reduction in the numbers of necrotic alveolar macrophages in the lungs. Finally, we provide evidence that elevated nasal levels of TNF are associated with disease severity in infants with RSV bronchiolitis.We propose that targeting TNF and/or the necroptotic machinery may be valuable therapeutic approaches to reduce the respiratory morbidity caused by RSV infection in young children.
Transcriptomic analysis of s-methoprene resistance in the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, and evaluation of piperonyl butoxide as a resistance breaker
Authors: Sakka Maria K. , Riga Maria , Ioannidis Panagiotis , Baliota Georgia V. , Tselika Martha , Jagadeesan Rajeswaran , Nayak Manoj K. , Vontas John , Athanassiou Christos G. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica is a serious pest of stored grains. Fumigation and contact insecticides play a major role in managing this pest globally. While insects are developing genetic resistance to chemicals, hormonal analogues such as s-methoprene play a key role in reducing general pest pressure as well as managing pest populations that are resistant to fumigants and neurotoxic contact insecticides. However, resistance to s-methoprene has been reported in R. dominica with some reports showing a remarkable high resistance, questioning the use of this compound and other related analogues in grain protection. The current study attempts to identify possible molecular mechanisms that contribute in resistance to s-methoprene in R. dominica.

Results
Transcriptome analysis of resistant and susceptible strains of this pest species identified a set of differentially expressed genes related to cytochrome P450s, indicating their potential role in resistance to s-methoprene. Laboratory bioassays were performed with s-methoprene treated wheat grains in presence and absence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a cytochrome P450 inhibitor. The results indicate that PBO, when applied alone, at least at the concentration tested here, had no effect on R. dominica adult emergence, but has a clear synergistic effect to s-methoprene. The number of produced progeny decreased in presence of the inhibitor, especially in the resistant strain. In addition, we also identified CYP complement (CYPome) of R. dominica, annotated and analysed phylogenetically, to understand the evolutionary relationships with other species.

Conclusions
The information generated in current study suggest that PBO can effectively be used to break resistance to s-methoprene in R. dominica.
Effects of stellate ganglion block on early brain injury in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomised control trial
Authors: Zhang Jian , Nie Ying , Pang Qiongni , Zhang Xubiao , Wang Qianting , Tang Jing 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a common neurosurgical emergency, and early brain injury (EBI) plays an important role in acute brain injury of SAH. Our objective is to investigate the effect of stellate ganglion block (SGB) on the clinical prognosis of patients with SAH (registration number ChiCTR2000030910).

Methods
A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 102 participants. Patients with SAH were assigned to the SGB or nSGB group. Patients in the SGB group received SGB four times (once every other day starting on the day of the surgery). In contrast, patients in the nSGB group only received standard care. Data were collected on the day before surgery (T0) and on the 1st (T1), 3rd (T2) and 7th day (T3) after surgery. The primary outcomes included EBI markers (including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, ET-1, NPY, NSE and S100β), the mean cerebral blood flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery (Vm-MCA) and the basilar artery (Vm-BA). All cases were followed up for 6 months after surgery.

Results
The levels of the EBI markers in both groups were higher at T1–T3 than at T0 (P<0.05), and the Vm-MCA and Vm-BA were also increased at the same times. However, the levels of the EBI markers were lower in the SGB group than in the nSGB group (P<0.05), and the increases of Vm-MCA and Vm-BA were also lower (P<0.05). The prognosis score and neurological deficit were better in the SGB group than in the nSGB group (P<0.05).

Conclusions
SGB can improve the prognosis of SAH patients by inhibiting the inflammatory response during EBI and by reducing endothelial dysfunction and relieving CVS.

Trial registration
Clinical trial number: ChiCTR2000030910; Registry URL: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; Principal investigator's name: Ying Nie; Date of Trial registration: March, 2020 (retrospectively registered).
Seniors’ campus continuums: local solutions for broad spectrum seniors care
Authors: Morton-Chang Frances , Majumder Shilpi , Berta Whitney 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
As demand and desire to “age-in-place” grows within an aging population, and new areas of need emerge, governments nationally and internationally are focusing effort and attention on innovative and integrative approaches to health and well-being. Seniors’ Campus Continuums are models of care that seek to broaden access to an array of services and housing options to meet growing health and social needs of aging populations. The objective of this study is to increase understanding of this model and factors that influence their evolution, development, ongoing functioning and capacity to integrate care for older adults wishing to age in their own home and community.

Methods
This research uses a comparative case study approach across six-bounded cases offering four geographically co-located components (mixed housing options, internal and external community supports, and a long-term care home) in various contexts across Ontario, Canada. Onsite in-person and phone interviews with senior campus staff (N = 30), and campus partners (N = 11), enhanced by direct observation at campuses explored historical and current efforts to offer health, housing and social care continuums for older adults.

Results
Analysis highlighted eight key factors. Enabling factors include i. rich historical legacies of helping people in need; ii. organizational vision and readiness to capitalize on windows of opportunity; iii. leveraging organizational structure and capacity; iv. intentional physical and social design; v. broad services mix, amenities and innovative partnerships. Impeding factors include vi. policy hurdles and rigidities; vii. human resources shortages and inequities; and viii. funding limitations. A number of benefits afforded by campuses at different levels were also observed.

Conclusion
Findings from this research highlight opportunities to optimize campus potential on many levels. At an individual level, campuses increase local access to a coordinated range of health and social care services, supports and housing options. At an organizational level, campuses offer enhanced collaboration opportunities across providers and partners to improve consistency and coordination of care, and improved access to shared resources, expertise and infrastructure. At a system level, campuses can address a diversity of health, social, financial, and housing needs to help seniors avoid premature or inappropriate use of higher intensity care settings.
Clinical course and challenging management of early COVID-19 infection after heart transplantation: case report of two patients
Authors: Tchana-Sato Vincent , Ancion Arnaud , Tridetti Julien , Sakalihasan Natzi , Hayette Marie Pierre , Detry Olivier , Delvenne Philippe , Amabili Philippe , Senard Marc , Hougrand Olivier , Szecel Delphine , Lavigne Jean-Paul , Minga Lowampa Elie , Ponte Charlotte , Maquoi Isabelle , Morimont Philippe , Van Den Bulck Melissa , Delbouille Marie Helene , Defraigne Jean Olivier , Lancellotti Patrizio 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
There are limited data on Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in solid organ transplant patients, especially in heart transplant recipients, with only a few case reports and case series described so far. Heart transplant recipients may be at particular high risk due to their comorbidities and immunosuppressed state.

Case presentation
This report describes the clinical course and the challenging management of early COVID-19 infection in two heart transplant recipients who tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the perioperative period of the transplant procedure. The two patients developed a severe form of the disease and ultimately died despite the initiation of an antiviral monotherapy with hydroxychloroquine coupled with the interruption of mycophenolate mofetil.

Conclusions
These two cases illustrate the severity and poor prognosis of COVID-19 in the perioperative period of a heart transplant. Thorough screening of donors and recipients is mandatory, and the issue of asymptomatic carriers needs to be addressed.
The diagnostic value of lower glucose consumption for IDH1 mutated gliomas on FDG-PET
Authors: Liu Feng-Min , Gao Yu-fei , Kong Yanyan , Guan Yihui , Zhang Jinsen , Li Shuai-Hong , Ye Dan , Wen Wenyu , Zuo Chuantao , Hua Wei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Non-invasive diagnosis of IDH1 mutation for gliomas has great clinical significance, and PET has natural advantage to detect metabolism, as IDH mutated gliomas share lower glucose consumption.

Methods
Clinical data of patients with gliomas and 18F-FDG PET were retrospectively reviewed. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was conducted, and standard uptake value (SUV) was estimated in combination with grades or IDH1 mutation. The glucose consumption was investigated with U251 cells expressing wild-type or mutated IDH1 by glucose assay. Quantification of glucose was determined by HPLC in clinical tissues. Meanwhile, bioinformatics and western blot were applied to analyze the expression level of metabolic enzymes (e.g. HK1, PKM2, PC) in gliomas.

Results
Seventy-one glioma cases were enrolled, including 30 carrying IDH1 mutation. The sensitivity and specificity dependent on SUVmax (3.85) predicting IDH1 mutation reached 73.2 and 86.7%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of differentiating grades by SUVmax (3.1) were 92.3 and 64.4%, respectively. Glucose consumption of U251 IDH1 mutant cells (0.209 ± 0.0472 mg/ml) was obviously lower than IDH1wild-type cells (0.978 ± 0.0773 mg/ml, P = 0.0001) and astrocyte controls (0.335 ± 0.0592 mg/ml, P = 0.0451). Meanwhile, the glucose quantity in IDH1mutant glioma samples were significantly lower than those in IDH1 wild-type tissues (1.033 ± 1.19608 vs 6.361 ± 4.3909 mg/g, P = 0.0051). Silico analysis and western blot confirmed that HK1 and PKM2 in IDH1 wild-type gliomas were significantly higher than in IDH1 mutant group, while PC was significantly higher in IDH1 mutant gliomas.

Conclusion
SUVmax on PET can predict IDH1 mutation with adequate sensitivity and specificity, as is supported by reduced glucose consumption in IDH1 mutant gliomas.
Augmented superior rectus muscle transposition in management of defective ocular abduction
Authors: Farid Mohamed F. , Daifalla Ahmed E. M. , Awwad Mohamed A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundSuperior rectus muscle transposition (SRT) is one of the proposed transposition techniques in the management of defective ocular abduction secondary to chronic sixth nerve palsy and esotropic Duane retraction syndrome (Eso-DRS). The aim of the current study is to report the outcomes of augmented SRT in treatment of Eso-DRS and chronic sixth nerve palsy.Methodsa retrospective review of medical records of patients with Eso-DRS and complete chronic sixth nerve palsy who were treated by augmented full tendon SRT combined with medial rectus recession (MRc) when intraoperative forced duction test yielded a significant contracture. Effect on primary position esotropia (ET), abnormal head posture (AHP), limitation of ocular ductions as well as complications were reported and analyzed.Resultsa total of 21 patients were identified: 10 patients with 6th nerve palsy and 11 patients with Eso-DRS. In both groups, SRT was combined with ipsilateral MRc in 18 cases. ET, AHP and limited abduction were improved by means of 33.8PD, 26.5°, and 2.6 units in 6th nerve palsy group and by 31.1PD, 28.6°, and 2 units in Eso-DRS group respectively. Surgical success which was defined as within 10 PD of horizontal orthotropia and within 4 PD of vertical orthotropia was achieved in 15 cases (71.4%). Significant induced hypertropia of more than 4 PD was reported in 3 patients (30%) and in 2 patients (18%) in both groups, respectively.Conclusionaugmented SRT with or without MRc is an effective tool for management of ET, AHP and limited abduction secondary to sixth nerve palsy and Eso-DRS. However, this form of augmented superior rectus muscle transposition could result in high rates of induced vertical deviation.
Surgical experience for patients with serious mental illness: a qualitative study
Authors: McBride Kate E. , Solomon Michael J. , Lambert Tim , O’Shannassy Sarah , Yates Catherine , Isbester Jemima , Glozier Nick 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
People with serious mental illness (SMI) have significantly worse surgical outcomes compared to the general population. There are many contributing factors to this complex issue, however consideration of the surgical experience from the patient’s own perspective has never been undertaken. This lack of understanding prevents the provision of truly patient centred care and may limit the impact of potential improvement initiatives. Therefore this study aims to describe and better understand the surgical experience from the perspective of patients with SMI.

Methods
Within this qualitative study, semi-structured, audio-recorded interviews were conducted between August 2019 – June 2020, with 10 consenting participants with SMI who had surgery in the previous 2 years. A thematic analysis approach was used to explore both the positive and negative aspects of the participant’s surgical experience commencing from pre-operative consultation to hospital discharge and follow-up.

Results
Four main themes and related subthemes emerged including i) the perceived lack of mental ill health recognition, ii) highly variable patient and clinician interactions, iii) the impact of healthcare services, and iv) strategies for improvement.

Conclusion
Surgical patients with SMI want to be treated like everyone else whilst still having their mental ill health acknowledged and proactively managed despite this rarely occurring, which is valuable information for all surgical teams to consider and learn from. Participants were able to describe several readily implementable strategies to potentially improve their care and overall surgical experience, and as such highlight considerable opportunities for these to be tested and evaluated for this underserved patient group.
Maternal pesticide exposure and child neuro-development among smallholder tomato farmers in the southern corridor of Tanzania
Authors: Chilipweli Peter M. , Ngowi Aiwerasia Vera , Manji Karim 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Exposure to pesticides with its associated effects prenatally and in early childhood has not received much attention. There is little scientific data on this aspect in Tanzania therefore this study was meant to contribute to the deficit in the subject.

Method
A cross-sectional study was conducted to a sample of 286 participants of mother to child pair, whereby 172 and 114 were exposed and non-exposed respectively. Mothers who had been working in tomato sprayed farms were exposed and mothers who had not been working in the tomato sprayed farms were un-exposed. Child aged 0–6 years was chosen from each mother sampled but only one child found to be the youngest with the classified age was enrolled. Malawi child development Tool (M-DAT) was employed to assess the child level of development, height, and weight of the children were collected and analyzed by the WHO anthropometric calculator. A checklist and questionnaire were used to observe and assess maternal exposure. Bivariate and Multivariate analysis were conducted to assess the relationship between various factors of exposure.

Results
Overall 15% of the children examined were not well developed and the most used pesticides were those posing neuro-development effects. On the bivariate analysis model, mothers who worked while pregnant were more likely to have a child with neuro-developmental effect OR=5.8(1.29–26.3). On multivariate analyses adjusted for age of the mother, variables which remain in the model were a distance from home [AOR=9.4(4.2–20.5)], and working while pregnancy [AOR=5.8(1.29–26.3)] other were removed due to collinearity effect. None of confounders had a potential significant effect but only nutrition seems to be the effect modifier [AOR=7.8(1.29–36.3)] when analyzed with working while pregnancy.

Conclusions
The findings from this study have indicated that maternal pesticide exposure among farmworker residents in the SAGCOT area has a potential association with child developmental effect.
Relationships with caregivers and mental health outcomes among adolescents living with HIV: a prospective cohort study in South Africa
Authors: Shenderovich Yulia , Boyes Mark , Esposti Michelle Degli , Casale Marisa , Toska Elona , Roberts Kathryn J. , Cluver Lucie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Mental health problems may impact adherence to anti-retroviral treatment, retention in care, and consequently the survival of adolescents living with HIV. The adolescent-caregiver relationship is an important potential source of resilience. However, there is a lack of longitudinal research in sub-Saharan Africa on which aspects of adolescent-caregiver relationships can promote mental health among adolescents living with HIV. We draw on a prospective longitudinal cohort study undertaken in South Africa to address this question.

Methods
The study traced adolescents aged 10–19 initiated on antiretroviral treatment in government health facilities (n = 53) within a health district of the Eastern Cape province. The adolescents completed standardised questionnaires during three data collection waves between 2014 and 2018. We used within-between multilevel regressions to examine the links between three aspects of adolescent-caregiver relationships (caregiver supervision, positive caregiving, and adolescent-caregiver communication) and adolescent mental health (depression symptoms and anxiety symptoms), controlling for potential confounders (age, sex, rural/urban residence, mode of infection, household resources), n=926 adolescents.

Results
Improvements in caregiver supervision were associated with reductions in anxiety (0.98, 95% CI 0.97–0.99, p=0.0002) but not depression symptoms (0.99, 95% CI 0.98–1.00, p=.151), while changes in positive caregiving were not associated with changes in mental health symptoms reported by adolescents. Improvements in adolescent-caregiver communication over time were associated with reductions in both depression (IRR=0.94, 95% CI 0.92–0.97, p<.0001) and anxiety (0.91, 95% CI 0.89–0.94, p<.0001) symptoms reported by adolescents.

Conclusions
Findings highlight open and supportive adolescent-caregiver communication and good caregiver supervision as potential factors for guarding against mental health problems among adolescents living with HIV in South Africa. Several evidence-informed parenting programmes aim to improve adolescent-caregiver communication and caregiver supervision, and their effect on depression and anxiety among adolescents living with HIV should be rigorously tested in sub-Saharan Africa. How to improve communication in other settings, such as schools and clinics, and provide communication support for caregivers, adolescents, and service providers through these existing services should also be considered.