bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marshall Parameters of Hot Mix Asphalt with Variable Filler Types and Aggregate Gradations
Authors: Al-Mansoori Tariq , Dulaimi Anmar , Shanbara Haydar Kamil , Musa Sarah S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This research aims to evaluate the effect of aggregate nominal maximum size and type of filler on Marshall properties of asphalt mixture. A planned laboratory study is implemented by preparing the asphalt samples using locally available materials and an asphalt binder of 40-50 penetration grade (AC-20). Three types of aggregate nominal maximum size according to SCRB specifications and three types of fillers including limestone dust, cement and hydrated lime were used. Three bitumen contents were used led to nine types of mixtures were prepared and tested that includes all the variables studied. The optimum asphalt content of the asphalt mixture was determined to be 4.75%w using the Marshall method of mix design. A total of 81 Marshall specimens were prepared and tested. The results showed that the aggregate nominal maximum size and filler type have a variable effect on Marshall properties while optimum asphalt content has a significant effect on Marshall Properties regardless of other variables in the mixture. Experimental results showed that using cement as a filler material can significantly increase the Marshall Stability compared to that of using hydrated lime and limestone dust.
A Comparison Study between Porous and Conventional Asphalt Concrete Mixtures
Authors: Hashim Tameem Mohammed , Ali Alaa Hussein , Al-Khafaji Ruqayah , Al-Khazraji Ashraf Anwer , Zahra Dharb Firas Razzaq Abdul 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Asphalt concrete is the surface layer, which lay to carry the vehicles above & to transfer the loads effectively without experiencing any significant deformations. This research offers a comparison between porous and conventional asphalt mixtures in physical and service properties. Porous asphalt is an environmentally friendly mix for water runoff management, which can perform similarly to that of other pavements. It can be designed for road construction projects that can carry moderate traffic loads, while the conventional flexible pavement is designed for different projects with higher carrying ability to traffic loads. In this research, a total of 39 asphalt mixture specimens have been used to evaluate the volumetric and service properties for both types of asphalt mixtures; namely, stability, air voids, flow, and indirect tensile strength to reveal the essential differences among them. There is a considerable variation in physical and service properties of both types of asphalt concrete; in general, conventional asphalt concrete tends to have the best physical properties in the lab. The results show that conventional asphalt mixture is more efficient and durable than the porous asphalt but at the same time, porous asphalt mixture can be implemented in heavy rainfall regions regardless of traffic volume.
A Study on Economical Design of Reinforced Concrete Tie Columns
Authors: Sultan Hussein Kareem , Aziz Hussein Yousif , Mohammed Alaa T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Designing a reinforced concrete column to resist an axial load and bending moment is an iterative procedure which involves tedious calculations. The design is influenced by many variables, such as load eccentricity, column cross-section size, steel percentage, neutral axis location, steel grade, and concrete grade, requiring the use of interaction diagrams. In the present research, an attempt was made to determine the optimum design under direct load, uniaxial and biaxial moments of reinforced concrete columns that meets all ACI-318 code specifications and therefore results in minimum cost. The purpose of the paper is to achieve the optimum design of the columns of reinforced concrete. Column optimisation results in cost savings. The objective function is to minimize the total cost of the column. It is consists of the cost of concrete, reinforcement, formwork and links per unit length of column. Concrete and steel strength, cross-sectional dimensions, and steel bar diameters used as longitudinal reinforcement and tie were treated as design variables in the formulation of the optimal design problem. The optimal design was performed using the program MATLAB (The Mathworks, Inc.). The problem of optimization was conceived as a problem of nonlinear, restricted minimization. Many problems have been formulated and the best solutions have been obtained. It was noticed that the most economical design is provided by the solutions. The use of optimal quantities of reinforcement advances the goal of enhancing the sustainability of the construction of reinforced concrete.
Retrofitting of RC beams using FRP techniques: a review
Authors: Sharba Amjad Ali K , Hussain Hussain Dhafir , Abdulhussain Mohammed 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In structural and civil engineering, reinforced concrete structures are susceptible to inordinate loadings such as earthquake disasters, terrorist attacks and accidental impacts. This prompts an increasing desire to strengthen as well as enhance the fatigue performance and extend the ability of fatigue life of reinforced concrete structural components especially beams. Since 2003, Iraq has suffered major damage to the structural buildings, so it has become an important issue to study the existing concrete structures. Among the different techniques of rehabilitation of existing structures, fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) as an external bonding has been considered as a popular one. This paper reviews several features of Reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with FRP. Also this paper aims to impart a comprehensive insight on adhesive curing, surface arrangement, and failure modes of RC beams modified with FRP. This effect of FRP for enhancing the techniques of rehabilitation is a three-fold task, to strengthen and retrofit of concrete structures, to extend the fatigue life of the structural element, and eliminates the crack growth rate.
Photovoltaic cell Electro-Oxidation for Oil Removal in oil field produced H2O
Authors: Alakoul Karrar A. , Atiyah Abass Swayeh , Azeez Mohammed Zuhair , Hassan Ali A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This education compares Electro-oxidation of produced H2O created through oil manufacturing using Al and Fe electrodes in photovoltaic batch reactor was designed and reflects the degree of its tradition in such produced H2O purifying that is a cell as photovoltaic, a battery, DC to AC convertor, and reactor as electric –Fenton. During electro-oxidation processes, various limits of operation were tested, i.e., Current, H2O2, time of electrolysis and total organic carbon besides consumption of energy. Solution of pH, Sodium chloride and agitation speed had stayed engaged as 3, 0.25 g, 250 rpm correspondingly. High elimination of oil content was identified. Beneath the employed variables finest standards, further than 98% content elimination competence oil and 39.11 k Wh/m3 for the consumption of energy was got.
Early and Long-Term Assessment of High-Performance Concrete Contained Nano-Silica Exposed to Sulfate Attack
Authors: Jabbar Dhiaa Neama , Abed Mohammed Kareem , Habeeb Zuhair Dhaher 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis research aims to study the influence of using the Nano-silica in high-performance concrete subjected to external sulfate attack with different levels. Four concrete mixes were prepared by using two types of Portland cement: ordinary and sulfate resistant cement. From each mix, cubic concrete specimens were cast and subjected to different exposure conditions. The concrete cubes were immersed in sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and calcium sulfate (CaSO4) solutions with concentrations of (1.5, 10 and 15) %. The specimens were tested for compressive strength at (3, 7, 14, 28, 90, 180, 270, 365, and 545) days and the values of sulfate penetration in concrete samples were determined. It can be found from the results that high-performance concrete containing Nano-silica gave a relatively good sulfate resistance compared to the reference sample. Moreover, results indicated that the strength deterioration was reduced after incorporating nano-silica.
Transformation Types of Transitional Spaces in The Local Dwelling in Iraq
Authors: Alanbaki J H , Almoqaram A M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Transitional space was considered as one of important parts in any different building types. These spaces contributed to the connection between many parts of spaces like (inside-inside or inside-outside), even in relationships between parts to parts or the whole building to the parts –and also to the urban context. Previous knowledge that focused on this space among limited types of functional patterns led to surfaced the research problem identified as” the need to identify the Transitional Spaces patterns in domestic houses in Iraq among different period times “. the research hypothese is “The patterns of transitional spaces in domestic Iraqi houses varied according to the function and location and the number of these spaces and these changed over time by drop in their types, in addition to reduce in its functional diversity”. The research methodology was consisting of three stages, first: building theoretical framework about characteristics of these kind of spaces in houses, second: select samples of Iraqi domestic houses from different periods times, third: analyzed finding and drawing conclusions. The research conclude that Transitional spaces are affected by many local environments forces, and by social, economic and cultural activities.
Technological cities’ networks: The city of Baghdad as a model
Authors: Hasan Maryam Mohammed , Abaas Zaynab Radi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Contemporary cities today are heading towards technological development and intelligence and are attempting to meet the needs of the population according to the best standards. This has led to the evolution of these cities from being simple to complex cities that display the level of intelligence of the city and the urban development. Many levels and smart wired and wireless networks have emerged while building contemporary technological cities, this divides each city into several levels, starting from the infrastructure to all the physical city components and elements. These levels are linked to all urban buildings and spaces, and new methods are constantly being developed to facilitate technological presence. This study provides an extrapolation of the most important levels necessary for the establishment and application of technology according to the network system of the GIS program. This has been used to identify the most important networks that can be activated to transform the city of Baghdad into a technologically advanced city. The study is directed towards identifying the basic levels that contribute to building the technological network of a city that can be applied or accepted by the local community. This is done by identifying the capabilities and determining the most important standards that are required for their existence. Network elements, the links between them, and the number of nodes, that comprise a single network, are the factors required for establishing technological cities.
Cloud Services and Cloud Perspectives: A Review
Authors: Ahmed Shaymaa Taha , Khadhim Ban Jawad , Kadhim Qusay Kanaan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Cloud computing is a popular paradigm in information technology and computing as it offers numerous advantages in terms of economical saving and minimal management effort to many organizations agencies. Although elasticity and flexibility brings tremendous benefits, it still raises many information security challenges that have created a barrier against adopting this agile Cloud computing. This paper provides a review study on the cloud computing as well identifying 25-key factors to fulfil better practice in cloud computing and way of making the environment of the cloud computing more qualified to many organizations agencies.
Analysis of the Performance of the Main Algorithms for Educational Data Mining: A Review
Authors: Jassim Mustafa Abdalrassual 
Published: March 2021

AbstractData mining is the process of extracting useful and valuable information from vast amounts of data. Algorithms and various tools to use are some of the most popular data mining applications to estimate future events based on past experiences. Many researchers use techniques and tools to extract useful data to address and solve higher education problems in this context. EDM analyzes educational data using methods and algorithms to develop and apply DM data extraction to the information stored in academic data repositories. As a result, it provides essential knowledge of the teaching and learning process for successful and effective educational planning. This paper focuses on comparing the algorithms’ performance and applied to the same educational data set. Educational Data Mining (EDM) uses these algorithms to explore patterns, educational statistics, and predictions in the data. Thus, statistics are generated based on all classification algorithms. A comparison of all eight classifiers was made to predict results and find the best performance classification algorithm accurately. This paper aims to use a literary survey to determine the most appropriate algorithm according to EDM’s needs.
The Relationship between the Servant Spaces and the Served Spaces in Single Families Residential Patterns: Baghdad as a Case Study
Authors: Karam Ali Israa H , Al Bazzaz Inaam A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Servant and Served spaces is a concept used in Architectural theory and planning; Servant space represents those spaces that connect, frame and enable the served spaces to perform its functions. Servant Spaces could be a circulation space (a stair, a corridor), a storage, a bathroom, a mechanical room, or any auxiliary space. In this research, we tried to study the relationship between the servant spaces and the served spaces in different types of Baghdadi house plans based on temporal division through a period of 120 years, started from the beginning of the 20th century till now. Research goals are: to address the role of this relationship in organizing the plan of the house in Baghdad city for the above mentioned period, to find the different types of the relationship between the Servant spaces and the Served spaces, and how it had been changed through time. Depending on a descriptive, analytic, and logical reasoning methodology. The research had examined four patterns of houses which represent the main shifts in Baghdadi house plans. The research found that the placement and utility of the Servant and Served spaces is one of the main factors that give each pattern its characteristics, so the served spaces achieve beauty all their own.
Brace Forces in Horizontally Curved Steel Box Girder with Two Types of Lateral Bracing System by Using ANSYS Program
Authors: Malik Hawraa Sami , Jawad David A.M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The U-shaped steel trapezoidal box girder is designed to work compositely with the concrete deck to form a closed-section for live loading. The critical stage of these girders are during construction since the fresh concrete and the whole construction load must be support by the non-composite steel section. At the top flange level, a lateral bracing system is typically mounted to form a quasi-closed section and thus increase the torsional stiffness at construction stage. In the current study, A horizontally curved steel box girder with two and three spans were used, lateral bracing includes two types of bracing system; Single Diagonal (SD) and a Crossed Diagonal (XD). Equations from prior studies estimate the lateral bracing forces for box girders with a good accuracy. The axial forces evaluated by 3-D Finite Element Analyses (ANSYS 19.2) are compared with the axial forces computed from the equations, there are excellent correlations between the finite element analysis and the equations, where the average of difference in the first case study with SD and XD was equal to 0.66% and 2%, respectively, while in the second case study it was 1.3%. Also it can be note that the deflection diagram for girder with XD bracing type is more uniform than the girder with SD bracing type. ANSYS software has been an efficient, inexpensive method and easy to use for designers of bridges.
Using Kaolin as Alternative for Na-Bentonite to Improve Hole Cleaning Process in Deviated Wells
Authors: Amer Maream , Alwasiti Asawer A. , Al-Bidry Mayssaa Ali 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A lot of researches are proposed to improve the drilling operations to reduce the drilling cost to reach the target and to avoid a lot of drilling problems especially hole cleaning. In this research, an alternative material of bentonite was used in drilling fluid preparation to improve its ability in hole cleaning. An experimental rig was built to simulate the drilling process in the oil field. It consists of 3 m length of the outer pipe (OD 5 cm & ID 4.56 cm) and the Inner pipe with 1.25 cm OD. Na Iraqi Bentonite has been used as the main component. then kaolin was used as an alternative to the Na-Bentonite with four different concentrations (25 %, 50%, 75% &100%). it was proven that using kaolin with (25% and 50%) to water-based mud (bentonite 75% and 50%) will lead to increasing the density and decreasing the viscosities and yield point of drilling mud but within this decline in the viscosities and YP values, the percentage of cutting recovery (CR%) was improved. Especially with using drilling mud contains 50% kaolin + 50% Bentonite that leads to an increase in the capacity of drilling mud in lifting the cuttings in different inclinations. The results also showed that increasing the directional angle of the wells will reduce the quantities of cuttings lifted to the surface and increasing drill pipe rotation (120 RPM) will improve cuttings movement inside the hole and prevent them from accumulating in the bottom of the hole.
Optimum Design of Reinforced Concrete Box Culvert by Using Deterministic Approach
Authors: Al-Jazaairry Ali A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An optimum safe design is achieved for a reinforced concrete box culvert considering hydraulic, geotechnical and structural requirements and prices. To reach this intention, an optimization technique methodology is applied in estimation a safe design with a minimum price. The non-linear constrained optimization problem is generally expressed in terms of an objective function and constraints. Eleven design variables and forty constraint equations were employed in this work, with the total price of reinforced concrete box culvert as the objective function. The solution is obtained by means of developed computer software written in Visual BASIC. The computer software considers the Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique (SUMT), which is one of non-linear optimization techniques. In order to evaluate the influence of the input parameters on the box culvert design, the optimization program has been modified. The input design parameters are the discharge, head loss, length, entrance loss coefficient, Manning’s roughness coefficient, angle of internal friction of soil, compressive strength of concrete, yield strength of steel, unit price of concrete, unit price of excavation, unit price of filling and unit price of steel. A parametric study is formed to examine the influence and significance of each input design parameter on the total price of box culvert.
An analytical study of John Ruskin’s treatises on honesty in Architecture
Authors: Al-Sadkhan A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Most critics of architecture agree that Ruskin has a positive impact on architecture just as he hurts it. His treatises are sometimes superficial, extremist, individualistic, and opposing one of them to the other, which led some critics to attack him harshly and stand against him. Ruskin lived in a crowded with different intellectual and sometimes contradictory climates and saw many thought, politics, sociology, science, and industry changes. Ruskin was only the victim of ideological dualism, which caused some of his treatises’ contradiction and superficiality despite others’ depth. Ruskin’s theoretical aspect was not complete with the practical aspect because he never cared about applied arts. Ruskin represented what might be called “man of letters,” interested in many diverse topics as the diversity of human life itself. The research aims to reveal contradictions, superficiality, specifically, those implied in the chapter of “Lamp of Truth,” and try to return them to the duality of his ideology or the gap between theory and practice that he suffers from it or both. This research is not an attempt to seek excuses to Ruskin, but an attempt to understand his treatises, thus enabling the man not to be enthusiastic to all his treatises without discrimination for the reference of any of them and vice versa be entirely opposed. The internal view of Ruskin’s thoughts enables a profit gained from those that are immortal, which makes him considered among the great philosophers and thinkers of different ages and eras.
Aerodynamic study for the flow through cascade blades of gas turbine with vibration effect: a review
Authors: Almensoury Mushtaq F , Alkhafaji Dhirgham , Al-Turaihi Riyadh S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A research survey on aerodynamic with/without vibration effect and investigations for turbine components of gas turbine engines is presented. Experimental and numerically predicted results are presented from investigations undertaken over the past 70 years. The aerodynamics between the turbine blades is very important as it determines the overall system performance. The importance of aerodynamics is being in the pressure distribution above and below each airfoil, the locations of the vortices occurring, their number, distribution, direction, and shedding, and the determination of the regions of fluid separation from the wall that is directly related to the fluid velocity. Many ranges of vibration that affect different bodies were taken, and some of these ranges were small (10-200 Hz), and others had large ranges from 1.5 to 10 KHz. therefore the result evolution and shedding of vortices corresponding to the deformation in fluid structure depends on the Reynolds number and value of amplitude and frequency for vibration. The Mach number is a clear indicator to represent these characteristics. It also includes studying the theoretical methods used and simulations of the researchers’ aerodynamics, the accuracy of the results reached, the representation of the body contour and the diagrams for each of the pressure and Mach number, the pressure (Cp
) and lift (CL
) coefficients, and their amount of change occurring at each location of the airfoil. The importance of the above topics has motivated us to prepare a comprehensive review mostly of the aerodynamics of turbine blades and the effect of the vibration on the flow. The main concepts of aerodynamics, such as Cp
and CL
as well as vibration frequency are presented. It also highlights the performance of the turbine blades as a result of vibration