bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and in‐hospital outcomes of patients requiring aeromedical retrieval for pregnancy, compared to non‐retrieved metropolitan cohorts
Authors: Gardiner Fergus W. , Richardson Alice , Roxburgh Carly , Gillam Marianne , Churilov Leonid , McCuaig Ruth , Carter Sean , Arthur Christopher , Wong Cynthia , Morton Adam , Callaway Leonie , Lust Karin , Davidson Sarah J. , Foxcroft Katie , Oates Kiri , Zhang Lucy , Jayawardane Sahani , Coleman Mathew , Peek Michael 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundLimited access to obstetrics and gynaecology (O&G) services in rural and remote Australia is believed to contribute to suboptimal birth outcomes.AimsTo describe the characteristics of pregnancy aeromedical transfers, in‐hospital outcomes, and patient access to O&G services, as compared to whole of Australia data.Materials and methodsWe conducted a cohort study of women who required aeromedical retrieval for pregnancy‐related issues between the 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2017.ResultsHospital outcome data were collected on 2171 (65.2%) mothers and 2438 (100.0%) babies. The leading retrieval reason was threatened preterm labour and delivery (n = 883; 40.7%). Most patients were retrieved from rural and remote areas (n = 2224; 93.0%). Retrieved patients were significantly younger (28.0 vs 30.0 years, 95% CI 27.7–28.3), more likely to be overweight or obese (52.2% vs 45.1%, 95% CI 47.5–56.9) and to have smoked during their pregnancy (14.0% vs 9.9%, 95% CI 12.5–15.5) compared to Australian pregnant women overall. Over one‐third of transferred women gave birth by Caesarean section (n = 812; 37.4%); the median gestational age at birth was 33.0 (95% CI 32.7–33.3) weeks. Early gestation is associated with low birth weights (median = 2579.5 g; 95% CI 2536.1–2622.9), neonatal resuscitation (35.4%, 95% CI 33.5–37.3), and special care nursery admission (41.2%, 95% CI 39.3–43.2). There were 42 (1.7%, 95% CI 1.2–2.2) stillbirths, which was significantly higher than seen Australia‐wide (n = 6441; 0.7%).ConclusionThis study found that pregnant women retrieved by the Royal Flying Doctor Service were younger, with higher rates of obesity and smoking.
The use of artificial intelligence and robotics in regional anaesthesia
Authors: McKendrick M. , Yang S. , McLeod G. A. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryThe current fourth industrial revolution is a distinct technological era characterised by the blurring of physics, computing and biology. The driver of change is data, powered by artificial intelligence. The UK National Health Service Topol Report embraced this digital revolution and emphasised the importance of artificial intelligence to the health service. Application of artificial intelligence within regional anaesthesia, however, remains limited. An example of the use of a convoluted neural network applied to visual detection of nerves on ultrasound images is described. New technologies that may impact on regional anaesthesia include robotics and artificial sensing. Robotics in anaesthesia falls into three categories. The first, used commonly, is pharmaceutical, typified by target‐controlled anaesthesia using electroencephalography within a feedback loop. Other types include mechanical robots that provide precision and dexterity better than humans, and cognitive robots that act as decision support systems. It is likely that the latter technology will expand considerably over the next decades and provide an autopilot for anaesthesia. Technical robotics will focus on the development of accurate sensors for training that incorporate visual and motion metrics. These will be incorporated into augmented reality and visual reality environments that will provide training at home or the office on life‐like simulators. Real‐time feedback will be offered that stimulates and rewards performance. In discussing the scope, applications, limitations and barriers to adoption of these technologies, we aimed to stimulate discussion towards a framework for the optimal application of current and emerging technologies in regional anaesthesia.
“In Front of the World”: Translating Beatriz Nascimento
Authors: Smith Christen , Davies Archie , Gomes Bethânia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis collection translates some of the work of the influential Black Brazilian thinker and activist Beatriz Nascimento (1942–1995) for the first time into English, in collaboration with her only daughter, Bethânia Gomes. Historian, poet, theorist and organiser, Beatriz Nascimento was a key figure in Brazil’s Black Movement until her untimely death in 1995. She dangerously wrote at the height of Brazil’s Military Dictatorship (1964–1985), and theorised extensively on the Black condition in Brazil; the unique experience of Black women; and quilombos—Brazilian maroon societies that she imagined as spaces of both historical and contemporary fugitivity. Following Alex Ratts, this introduction outlines her contribution to radical geography, in particular Black geographies, territoriality and embodiment. It also positions Nascimento within the trans‐Atlantic Black radical tradition. We present two of Nascimento’s essays in translation here. The first, “The Concept of Quilombo and Black Cultural Resistance”, introduces a crucial strand of her scholarly work, on the history and socio‐political significance of quilombos (maroon communities). The second, “For a (New) Existential and Physical Territory”, shows Nascimento in a different mood: philosophical, reflective and iconoclastic. In addition, two of her poems—“Dream” and “Sun and Blue”—are also translated here for the first time.
Time spent outdoors through childhood and adolescence – assessed by 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentration – and risk of myopia at 20 years
Authors: Lingham Gareth , Mackey David A. , Zhu Kun , Lucas Robyn M. , Black Lucinda J. , Oddy Wendy H. , Holt Patrick , Walsh John P. , Sanfilippo Paul G. , Chan She Ping‐Delfos Wendy , Yazar Seyhan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the relationship between time spent outdoors, at particular ages in childhood and adolescence, and myopia status in young adulthood using serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration as a biomarker of time spent outdoors.MethodsParticipants of the Raine Study Generation 2 cohort had 25(OH)D concentrations measured at the 6‐, 14‐, 17‐ and 20‐year follow‐ups. Participants underwent cycloplegic autorefraction at age 20 years, and myopia was defined as a mean spherical equivalent −0.50 dioptres or more myopic. Logistic regression was used to analyse the association between risk of myopia at age 20 years and age‐specific 25(OH)D concentrations. Linear mixed‐effects models were used to analyse trajectory of 25(OH)D concentrations from 6 to 20 years.ResultsAfter adjusting for sex, race, parental myopia, body mass index and studying status, myopia at 20 years was associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration at 20 years (per 10 nmol/L decrease, odds ratio (aOR)=1.10, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.18) and a low vitamin D status [25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L] at 17 years (aOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.76) and 20 years (aOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.56), compared to those without low vitamin D status. There were no associations between 25(OH)D at younger ages and myopia. Individuals who were myopic at 20 years had a 25(OH)D concentration trajectory that declined, relative to non‐myopic peers, with increasing age. Differences in 25(OH)D trajectory between individuals with and without myopia were greater among non‐Caucasians compared to Caucasians.ConclusionsMyopia in young adulthood was most strongly associated with recent 25(OH)D concentrations, a marker of time spent outdoors.
Nd:YAG capsulotomy is not a risk factor for retinal detachment after phacoemulsification cataract surgery
Authors: Elbaz Uri , Hakkala Laura , Hecht Idan , Achiron Asaf , Gershoni Assaf , Tuuminen Raimo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the cumulative incidence and risk factors of pseudophakic retinal detachment (PRD) following phacoemulsification cataract surgery.MethodsCataract surgeries performed between the years 2007 and 2016 at the Ophthalmology Unit of Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, Kotka, Finland, were included. The cumulative incidence of PRD was estimated through Kaplan–Meier analysis. Patient mortality was incorporated as one of the censoring events. Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate potential risk factors, including age, gender, intraocular lens (IOL) power and previous neodymium‐doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy.ResultsA total of 17 688 eyes of 12 003 patients were included. The mean patient age at surgery was 75.2 ± 9.1 years with 63.5% females (n = 11 228). During the mean follow‐up time of 4.3 ± 2.7 years, 83 laterality‐matched PRDs were registered (incidence 0.11% per year). Univariate analyses showed that age (HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.92–0.95), male gender (HR 3.99; 95% CI 2.52–6.33) and IOL power (HR 0.86; 95% CI 0.83–0.90) were significantly associated with PRD (p < 0.001 for all) and remained significant in a multivariate analysis. Neither univariate (HR 1.45; 95% CI 0.82–2.54, p = 0.201) nor multivariate (HR 1.03; 95%CI 0.57–1.88, p = 0.919) analyses showed any association between Nd:YAG capsulotomy and PRD.ConclusionsMale gender, low IOL power and younger age were confirmed as risk factors for PRD after phacoemulsification surgery. Real‐world evidence suggests that Nd:YAG capsulotomy does not increase the risk for PRD.
Role of somatic mutations and chromosomal aberrations in the prognosis of uveal melanoma in a Spanish patient cohort
Authors: Silva‐Rodríguez Paula , Bande Manuel , Fernández‐Díaz Daniel , Lago‐Baameiro Nerea , Pardo María , José Blanco‐Teijeiro María , Domínguez Fernando , Loidi Lourdes , Piñeiro Antonio 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundUveal melanoma (UM) has a high tendency to cause liver metastases. Metastatic disease is fatal, with a low survival rate. There are two large groups of UMs that, according to their risk of metastatic disease, can be divided into risk subgroups based on histopathological, cytogenetic and molecular characteristics. The presence of somatic mutations in certain genes may explain the origin and prognosis of these tumours.MethodsForty‐six UM samples previously classified as high or low metastatic risk according to chromosome 3 copy number status were tested for somatic mutations. A multi‐gene targeting strategy was adopted, and sequencing was performed using AmpliSeq technology.ResultsMutations were found in all major UM‐related genes.BAP1mutations confer an increased risk of metastases in high‐risk tumours; thus, this gene acts as a strong prognostic predictor in UM. The presence of somatic mutations inLZTS1did not show significant differences in the risk of metastases.ConclusionsThis result supports the idea that exploring mutations and copy number variations in UM provides insights into patient outcomes. Genetic tests allow the determination of accurate personalized molecular profiles with a fundamental prognostic purpose.
A grounded theory of type 2 diabetes prevention and risk perception
Authors: Vaja Ishfaq , Umeh Kanayo F. , Abayomi Julie C. , Patel Tasneem , Newson Lisa 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveType 2 diabetes (T2D) prevention programmes should target high‐risk groups. Previous research has highlighted minimal engagement in such services from South Asian (SA) people. Given SA's elevated risk of T2D, there is a need to understand their perceptions, risks, and beliefs about T2D.DesignThis study aimed to assess T2D risk perception within a community sample of SA people using Grounded Theory methodology. Specifically, health beliefs were assessed, and we explored how these beliefs affected their T2D risk perceptions.MethodTwenty SA participants (mean age = 38 years) without a diagnosis of T2D were recruited from community and religious settings across the North West of England. In line with grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1990, Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park: Sage Publications), data collection and analysis coincided.ResultsThe superordinate category of Culturally Situated Risk Perception incorporated a complex psychological understanding of the formation of T2D risk perception, which takes into account the social, cultural, and community‐based environmental factors. This superordinate category was explained via two core categories (1) Diminished Responsibility, informed by sub‐categories of Destiny and Heredity, and (2) Influencing Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours, informed by sub‐categories of Socio‐cultural and Environmental.ConclusionThis study investigated risk perception of T2D within the SA community. When considering health prevention in the context of an individual’s culture, we need to consider the social context in which they live. Failure to acknowledge the cultural‐situated T2D risk perception relevant to health promotion and illness messages may account for the issues identified with health care engagement in the SA population.
Progression to prediabetes or diabetes in young Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A longitudinal observational study
Authors: Choi Young Min , Hwang Kyu Ri , Oh So Hee , Lee Dayong , Chae Soo Jin , Yoon Sang Ho , Kim Jin Ju 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate changes in glycaemic status in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).DesignLongitudinal observational study.PatientsWomen with PCOS who underwent baseline and follow‐up screening tests for diabetes (n = 262). Four patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) at baseline and 6 patients who were taking drugs at the final follow‐up were excluded.MeasurementsChanges in glycaemic classification based on fasting glucose, haemoglobin A1c and oral glucose tolerance test.ResultsThe median length of follow‐up was 2.9 years. The mean age and body mass index in the normoglycaemia group (n = 202) were 23.0 years and 21.6 kg/m2, while it was 23.6 years and 22.9 kg/m2 in the prediabetes group (n = 50). In the normoglycaemia group, 38 (18.8%) and 2 (1.0%) developed prediabetes and T2DM, respectively. In the prediabetes group, 22 (44.0%) remained in the same category, 6 (12.0%) developed T2DM, while 22 (44.0%) achieved normoglycaemia. The incidence rate of T2DM was 9.3 per 1,000 person‐years, which was significantly higher than that of the female population of similar age, and the incidence was higher in women with fasting glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol/L at baseline than in women with < 5.6 mmol/L.ConclusionsAbout 20% of normoglycaemic women had developed prediabetes or T2DM after a median time of 2.9 years. Meanwhile, nearly half of prediabetes women achieved normoglycaemia. Higher baseline fasting glucose levels were associated with an increased incidence of T2DM. Our results are the first to evaluate glycaemic status changes using all three parameters in patients with PCOS.
Associations between number of siblings, birth order, eating rate and adiposity in children and adults
Authors: Potter Christina , Gibson E. Leigh , Ferriday Danielle , Griggs Rebecca L. , Coxon Christle , Crossman Margot , Norbury Ray , Rogers Peter J. , Brunstrom Jeffrey M. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryEating quickly is associated with eating larger amounts at mealtimes and faster eaters tend to have a higher BMI. Evidence suggests that sibling structure influences the development of childhood eating behaviours. We hypothesized that number of siblings and birth order might play a role in the development of eating rate. In two UK studies, children in Bristol (n = 132; Study 1) and adults and children in London (adults n = 552, children n = 256; Study 2) reported their eating rate, number of siblings, and birth order. A BMI measurement was obtained and in Study 2 waist circumference was recorded. Ordered logistic regression was used to examine effects of sibling structure on eating rate and linear regression assessed effects of eating rate on BMI. Faster eating was associated with higher BMI and a larger waist, in children and adults (ps < .01). In Study 1, first‐born children were twice as likely to eat faster compared to children who were not first‐born (P < .04). In Study 2, only‐child adults reported eating slower than adults who were not first‐born (P < .003). Additionally, higher number of siblings was associated with faster eating rate in children from Bristol (P < .05), but not in children from London. London adults without siblings ate slower than those with two or more (P = .01), but having one sibling was associated with eating faster than having two or more (P = .01). These findings reveal how birth order and number of siblings might influence eating rate. Exploring these relationships through direct observation would be beneficial in future studies.
Optimizing discharge decision‐making in colorectal surgery: a prospective cohort study of discharge practices in a recently implemented enhanced recovery pathway
Authors: Caminsky Natasha G. , Hamad Doulia , He Billy Haitian , Zhao Kaiqiong , Al Mahroos Mohammed , Feldman Liane S. , Lee Lawrence , Boutros Marylise , Fiore Julio F. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimThe objectives of this project were (1) to compare time to readiness for discharge by set criteria and actual length of stay (LOS) in a newly implemented colorectal enhanced recovery pathway and (2) to identify reasons for delayed hospital discharge.MethodWe conducted a prospective cohort study of 73 adult patients (age 67 ± 14 years, 56% men, 51% laparoscopic, 13% stoma creation) undergoing elective colorectal surgery in a university hospital with a recently implemented recovery pathway (<2 years). Time to readiness for discharge (oral intake, flatus, pain control, ability to walk, and no complications) was compared to actual LOS using a correlation‐adjusted log‐rank test. The treating team was interviewed, and thematic analysis was used to identify reasons for patients remaining in hospital after discharge criteria (DC) were achieved.ResultsMedian LOS was 6 (4–8) days and median time to readiness for discharge was 5 (3–8) days (P < 0.001). Twenty‐eight patients (37%) remained in hospital after DC were achieved. Although some delayed discharges were medically justified (e.g., workup [13%] or treatment of complications not captured by DC [2.6%]), unnecessary hospital stays were common (e.g., perceived need for observation [16%], or patients not willing to be discharged [11%]).ConclusionsUnnecessary hospital stays were common within a recently implemented enhanced recovery pathway and represent a target for quality improvement. Efforts should be directed at optimizing patient education regarding discharge expectations, early consultation of the discharge planning team and improving discharge decision‐making using standardized DC.
The relationships between serum heart‐type fatty acid‐binding protein and right ventricular echocardiographic indices in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Avesta Leili , Aslani Mohammad Reza , Parham Parastoo , Sadeghieh‐Ahari Saeid , Ghobadi Hassan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundHeart‐type Fatty Acid‐Binding Protein (H‐FABP) has been used in the diagnosis of myocardial damage. In this study, we assessed the relationships between serum H‐FABP as a marker of cardiac injury and right ventricle (RV) echocardiographic indices in patients with stable COPD.Materials and methodsIn this case‐control study, 84 participants were investigated (50 COPD patients and 34 healthy subjects). After obtaining consent, 3 mL of fasting whole blood sample was collected from each of the participants to test their serum H‐FABP. Echocardiography was performed on all participants by cardiologists.ResultsSerum H‐FABP was found to be significantly correlated with smoking history (P < 0.01), Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure (S‐PAP), RV Wall Thickness (RV‐WT), and Tricuspid annulus posts systolic excursion (TAPSE) (P < 0.01 for all). RV Basal Diameter (RV‐BD), RV Mid Diameter (RV‐MD), and Fractional area change percentage (FAC%) were not observed to have any correlation with serum H‐FABP. Also, the comparative analysis showed statistically significant differences between mean RV‐MD (P < 0.001), RV‐BD, FAC%, S‐PAP, RV‐WT (P < 0.001), and TAPSE (P < 0.05) of patients at different GOLD stages. There was a significant correlation between the adjusted serum level of H‐FABP and the airflow limitation based on FEV1 (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe correlation between serum H‐FABP and RV echocardiographic indices such as S‐PAP, RV‐WT, and TAPSE, can be related to RV function in COPD patients. Moreover, RV echocardiographic indices are significantly correlated with the severity of COPD as classified in various GOLD stages.
Postfledging dispersal of red‐fronted parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) from a fenced mainland sanctuary
Authors: Irwin Ellen T. , Kikillus K. Heidy , Gray Richard S. , Empson Raewyn A. , Nelson Nicola J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTranslocations are an important tool for conserving species at risk of extinction from a range of threats. However, an understanding of the life history of many threatened species prior to translocation is often lacking despite being critical for translocation success. For example, dispersal away from the release site in the years following a translocation—particularly when a protected release site is surrounded by unmanaged habitat—can result in failure to establish a self‐sustaining population; successful translocation practice must therefore include an understanding of a species' dispersal patterns. We examined the postfledging dispersal of 22 juveniles reared from a population of red‐fronted parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae), or kākāriki, translocated to a mainland sanctuary in Wellington, New Zealand, 6 years prior. The translocation was one of the first of this species to mainland New Zealand and presented several unknowns, in particular whether a population would establish in a sanctuary bordered both by contiguous forest as well as suburban areas. Juvenile kākāriki were radio‐tracked and their location recorded once a day, 5 days per week, for 6 months or until the transmitter battery was exhausted. Approximately one‐third of radio‐tracked juveniles that dispersed outside the sanctuary were killed by predators. Kākāriki postfledging dispersal beyond the sanctuary was male‐biased, possibly driven by inbreeding avoidance, and distance dispersed decreased with increasing body condition. As species are increasingly being translocated back to mainland New Zealand, information gained in this study helps to fill a fundamental knowledge gap regarding dispersal behavior in a mainland context.