bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of slab geometry in the exhumation of cordilleran-type orogens and their forelands: Insights from northern Patagonia
Authors: Genge Marie C. , Zattin Massimiliano , Savignano Elisa , Franchini Marta , Gautheron Cécile , Ramos Victor A. , Mazzoli Stefano 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In cordilleran-type orogens, subduction geometry exerts a fundamental control on the tectonic behavior of the overriding plate. An integrated low-temperature, large thermochronological data set is used in this study to investigate the burial and exhumation history of the overriding plate in northern Patagonia (40°–45°S). Thermal inverse modeling allowed us to establish that a ∼2.5–4-km-thick section originally overlaid the Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous successions deposited in half-graben systems that are presently exposed in the foreland. Removal of the sedimentary cover started in the late Early Cretaceous. This was coeval with an increase of the convergence rate and a switch to a westward absolute motion of the South American Plate that was accompanied by shallowing of the subducting slab. Unroofing was probably further enhanced by Late Cretaceous to early Paleogene opening of a slab window beneath the overriding plate. Following a tectonically quiescent period, renewed exhumation occurred in the orogen during relatively fast Neogene plate convergence. However, even the highly sensitive apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometer does not record any coeval cooling in the foreland. The comparison between Late Cretaceous and Neogene exhumation patterns provides clear evidence of the fundamental role played by inter-plate coupling associated with shallow slab configurations in controlling plate-scale deformation. Our results, besides highlighting for the first time how the whole northern Patagonia foreland was affected by an exhumation of several kilometers since the Late Cretaceous, provide unrivalled evidence of the link between deep geodynamic processes affecting the slab and the modes and timing of unroofing of different sectors of the overriding plate.
Hiatal hernia prevalence and natural history on non-contrast CT in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Authors: Kim Jinhye , Hiura Grant T , Oelsner Elizabeth C , Yin Xiaorui , Barr R Graham , Smith Benjamin M , Prince Martin R 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence, risk factors and natural history of hiatal hernia (HH) on CT in the general population.Materials and methodsThe Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) acquired full-lung CT on 3200 subjects, aged 53–94 years. Three blinded observers independently determined presence/absence and type (I–IV) of HH. Associations between HH and participant characteristics were assessed via unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted relative risk regression. HH natural history was assessed compared with prior MESA CT.ResultsExcellent interobserver agreement was found for presence (κ=0.86) and type of HH (κ=0.97). Among 316 HH identified (prevalence=9.9%), 223 (71%) were type I and 93 (29%) were type III. HH prevalence increased with age, from 2.4% in 6th decade to 16.6% in 9th decade (unadjusted prevalence ratio (PR)=1.1 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.1)). HH prevalence was greater in women (12.7%) than men (7.0%) (unadjusted PR=1.8 (95% CI 1.5 to 2.3)) and associated with proton pump inhibitor use (p<0.001). In 75 participants with HH with 10-year follow-up, median HH area increased from 9.9 cm2to 17.9 cm2(p=0.02) with a higher mean body mass index (BMI) in subjects with increasing HH size compared with HH decreasing in size: mean BMI=30.2±6.2 vs 26.8±7.2 (p=0.02).ConclusionHH on non-contrast CT is prevalent in the general population, increasing with age, female gender and BMI. Its association with proton pump inhibitor use confirms a role in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and HH progression is associated with increased BMI.Trial registration numberNCT00005487.
Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in underweight and obesity in 5-year-old children, 2011–2018: a population-based, repeated cross-sectional study
Authors: Stewart Ryan , Reilly John J , Hughes Adrienne , Kelly Louise A , Conway David I , Young David , Sherriff Andrea 
Published: March 2021

Objective
To explore trends in prevalence and socioeconomic inequalities in underweight and obesity in 5-year-old schoolchildren in Scotland between 2011/2012 and 2017/2018.

Design
A population-based, repeated cross-sectional study.

Setting
Local authority primary schools in Scotland.

Participants
373 189 5-year-old schoolchildren in Scotland between 2011/2012 and 2017/2018.

Methodology
Trends in prevalence and inequalities in underweight and obesity were examined across seven school years (2011/2012–2017/2018) for 373 189 5-year-old schoolchildren in Scotland. Body mass index SD scores were calculated, and epidemiological cut-offs relative to the UK 1990 references categorised underweight and obesity. Slope/relative indices of inequality (SII/RII) were calculated for underweight and obesity by school year using the area-based Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation.

Results
The prevalence of obesity rose slightly overall during the study period (9.8% in 2011/2012; 10.1% in 2017/2018). However, this masked a widening of inequalities, with children from the most deprived areas experiencing a greater risk of obesity in 2017/2018 than in 2011/2012 (risk ratio=1.14, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.25) compared with an unchanged risk in children from the least deprived areas (risk ratio=0.95, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.11). SII and RII indicate widening inequalities for obesity, with RII rising from 1.95 (95% CI 1.71 to 2.22) in 2011/2012 to 2.22 (95% CI 1.93 to 2.56) in 2017/2018. The prevalence of underweight was consistently low (compared with the UK 1990 references) and remained unchanged over the study period (1.2% in 2011/2012; 1.1% in 2017/2018), with no consistent evidence of social patterning over time.

Conclusions
Inequalities in obesity in schoolchildren in Scotland are large and have widened from 2011, despite only a slight rise in overall prevalence. In contrast there has been little change in underweight prevalence or inequalities during the study period. Extra resources for policy implementation and measures which do not widen inequalities and focus on reaching the most deprived children are required to tackle the high prevalence and growing inequalities in childhood obesity in Scotland.
Mentors’ perspectives on strengths and weaknesses of a novel clinical mentorship programme in Rwanda: a qualitative study
Authors: Uwisanze Sandrine , Ngabonzima Anaclet , Bazirete Oliva , Hategeka Celestin , Kenyon Cynthia , Asingizwe Domina , Kanazayire Clementine , Cechetto David 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesTo identify mentors’ perspectives on strengths and weaknesses of the Training, Support and Access Model for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (TSAM-MNCH) clinical mentorship programme in Rwandan district hospitals. Understanding the perspectives of mentors involved in this programme can aid in the improvement of its implementation.DesignThe study used a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews.SettingMentors of TSAM-MNCH clinical mentorship programme mentoring health professionals at district hospitals of Rwanda.Participants14 TSAM mentors who had at least completed six mentorship visits on a regular basis in three selected district hospitals.ResultsMentors’ accounts demonstrated an appreciation of the two mentoring structures which are interprofessional collaboration and training. These structures are highlighted as the strengths of the mentoring programme and they play a significant role in the successful implementation of the mentorship model. Inconsistency of mentoring activities and lack of resources emerged as major weaknesses of the clinical mentorship programme which could hinder the effectiveness of the mentoring scheme.ConclusionThe findings of this study highlight the strengths and weaknesses perceived by mentors of the TSAM-MNCH clinical mentorship programme, providing insights that can be used to improve its implementation. The study represents unique TSAM-MNCH structural settings, but its findings shed light on Rwandan health system issues that need to be further addressed to ensure better quality of care for mothers, newborns and children.
How does the situation before a tackle influence a tackler’s head placement in rugby union?: application of the decision tree analysis
Authors: Suzuki Keita , Nagai Satoshi , Iwai Koichi , Furukawa Takuo , Takemura Masahiro 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesTacklers need to decide where to place their head based on the evasive manoeuvres of the ball-carrier and positional relationship with the ball-carrier before tackle. Therefore, it is difficult for tacklers to improve incorrect head placement at the moment of contact. Moreover, the characteristics prior to tackle have a relationship with the tackler’s head placement. However, how situations lead to incorrect head placement remains unknown. The aim of this study was to identify pre-contact situations that lead to incorrect head placement by using decision tree analysis.MethodsTackles leading to concussions were used to identify events that provoked injury using the video recordings of matches. Injury-free tackle was used as a control. All tackles were classified according to head placements and coded from seven pre-contact factors configured aspect of both tacklers and ball-carriers.ResultsThree situations that led to incorrect head placement were identified. Evasive manoeuvres implemented by the ball-carrier significantly contributed to the head placement at the time of contact.ConclusionOur findings suggest that tacklers should keep their heads up to identify the movements of the ball-carrier, which might lead to tackling the head on the correct side at the moment of tackling and decrease the risk of tackler-related concussions.
The effects of 3 weeks of oral glutathione supplementation on whole body insulin sensitivity in obese males with and without type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial
Authors: Søndergård Stine D. , Cintin Ida , Kuhlman Anja B. , Morville Thomas H. , Bergmann Marie Louise , Kjær Laura K. , Poulsen Henrik E. , Giustarini Daniela , Rossi Ranieri , Dela Flemming , Helge Jørn W. , Larsen Steen 
Published: March 2021

The effect of oral glutathione (GSH) supplementation was studied in obese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes (T2DM) on measures of glucose homeostasis and markers of oxidative stress. Twenty subjects (10 patients with T2DM and 10 obese subjects) were recruited for the study, and randomized in a double-blinded placebo-controlled manner to consume either 1000 mg GSH per day or placebo for 3 weeks. Before and after the 3 weeks insulin sensitivity was measured with the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and a muscle biopsy was obtained to measure GSH and skeletal muscle mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) emission rate. Whole body insulin sensitivity increased significantly in the GSH group. Skeletal muscle GSH was numerically increased (∼19%) in the GSH group; no change was seen in GSH to glutathione disulfide ratio. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial H2O2 emission rate did not change in response to the intervention and neither did the urinary excretion of the RNA oxidation product 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine or the DNA oxidation product 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), although 8-oxodG decreased as a main effect of time. Oral GSH supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in obese subjects with and without T2DM, although it does not alter markers of oxidative stress. The study has been registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02948673). Novelty: Reduced glutathione supplementation increases insulin sensitivity in obese subjects with and without T2DM. H2O2 emission rate from skeletal muscle mitochondria was not affected by GSH supplementation.
The history of LHCb
Authors: Belyaev I. , Carboni G. , Harnew N. , Matteuzzi C. , Teubert F. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we describe the history of the LHCb experiment over the last three decades, and its remarkable successes and achievements. LHCb was conceived primarily as a $${b} $$
b
-physics experiment, dedicated to $$CP$$

CP

violation studies and measurements of very rare $${{b}} $$
b
decays; however, the tremendous potential for $${c} $$
c
-physics was also clear. At first data taking, the versatility of the experiment as a general-purpose detector in the forward region also became evident, with measurements achievable such as electroweak physics, jets and new particle searches in open states. These were facilitated by the excellent capability of the detector to identify muons and to reconstruct decay vertices close to the primary $${{p}} {{p}} $$

pp

interaction region. By the end of the LHC Run 2 in 2018, before the accelerator paused for its second long shut down, LHCb had measured the CKM quark mixing matrix elements and $$CP$$

CP

violation parameters to world-leading precision in the heavy-quark systems. The experiment had also measured many rare decays of $${b} $$
b
and $${c} $$
c
quark mesons and baryons to below their Standard Model expectations, some down to branching ratios of order 10$$^{-9}$$

-
9

. In addition, world knowledge of $${{b}} $$
b
and $${{c}} $$
c
spectroscopy had improved significantly through discoveries of many new resonances already anticipated in the quark model, and also adding new exotic four and five quark states. The paper describes the evolution of the LHCb detector, from conception to its operation at the present time. The authors’ subjective summary of the experiment’s important contributions is then presented, demonstrating the wide domain of successful physics measurements that have been achieved over the years.
Difference oxidation behaviors of Ni8Al and Ni25Cr coatings in air with water vapor at 650∘
Authors: Li Dingjun , Huang Wenlang , Yuan Xiaohu , Huang Taihong , Li Chao , Song Peng 
Published: March 2021

The oxidation behaviour of Ni8Al and Ni25Cr coatings produced by high velocity oxygen fuel spray (HVOF) which were deposited on Fe-based alloys (CB2) was investigated. We simulated the service environment of the steam generator unit, and put the samples in a thermostatic tube furnace at 650[Formula: see text] in air with 20 wt.% water vapor for 1000 hours of cyclic oxidation. The formation mechanism are explained using SEM, XRD, and EDX. There were no spallations and obvious cracks in both coatings. Ni25Cr coating generated a better protection oxides scale than that scale on Ni8Al. The behavior and mechanism of the oxide scale formation had an important influence in coatings and we have discussed these phenomenons in the study.
ZFTATranslocations Constitute Ependymoma Chromatin Remodeling and Transcription Factors
Authors: Kupp Robert , Ruff Lisa , Terranova Sabrina , Nathan Erica , Ballereau Stephane , Stark Rory , Sekhar Reddy Chilamakuri Chandra , Hoffmann Nadin , Wickham-Rahrmann Katherine , Widdess Marcus , Arabzade Amir , Zhao Yanhua , Varadharajan Srinidhi , Zheng Tuyu , Murugesan Mohankumar , Pfister Stefan M. , Kawauchi Daisuke , Pajtler Kristian W. , Deneen Benjamin , Mack Stephen C. , Masih Katherine E. , Gryder Berkley E. , Khan Javed , Gilbertson Richard J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractZFTA (C11orf95)—a gene of unknown function—partners with a variety of transcriptional coactivators in translocations that drive supratentorial ependymoma, a frequently lethal brain tumor. Understanding the function of ZFTA is key to developing therapies that inhibit these fusion proteins. Here, using a combination of transcriptomics, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, and proteomics, we interrogated a series of deletion-mutant genes to identify a tripartite transformation mechanism of ZFTA-containing fusions, including: spontaneous nuclear translocation, extensive chromatin binding, and SWI/SNF, SAGA, and NuA4/Tip60 HAT chromatin modifier complex recruitment. Thereby, ZFTA tethers fusion proteins across the genome, modifying chromatin to an active state and enabling its partner transcriptional coactivators to promote promiscuous expression of a transforming transcriptome. Using mouse models, we validate further those elements of ZFTA-fusion proteins that are critical for transformation—including ZFTA zinc fingers and partner gene transactivation domains—thereby unmasking vulnerabilities for therapeutic targeting.Significance:Ependymomas are hard-to-treat brain tumors driven by translocations between ZFTA and a variety of transcriptional coactivators. We dissect the transforming mechanism of these fusion proteins and identify protein domains indispensable for tumorigenesis, thereby providing insights into the molecular basis of ependymoma tumorigenesis and vulnerabilities for therapeutic targeting.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2113
Office Blood Pressure Range and Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Hypertension: A Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea
Authors: Kwon Chang Hee , Kim Woohyeun , Shin Jeong‐Hun , Lee Chan Joo , Kim Hyeon‐Chang , Kang Si‐Hyuck , Jung Mi‐Hyang , Kim Dae‐Hee , Lee Ju‐Hee , Kim Hack Lyoung , Kim Hyue Mee , Cho In Jeong , Cho Iksung , Kang Dae Ryong , Lee Hae‐Young , Chung Wook‐Jin , Ihm Sang‐Hyun , Kim Kwang Il , Cho Eun Joo , Sohn Il‐Suk , Park Sungha , Shin Jinho , Ryu Sung Kee , Kang Seok‐Min , Cho Myeong‐Chan , Kim Ju Han , Lee Jun Hyeok , Kim Jang‐Young , Pyun Wook Bum , Sung Ki‐Chul 
Published: March 2021

Background
It is unclear what office blood pressure (BP) is the optimal treatment target range in patients with hypertension.

Methods and Results
Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, we extracted the data on 479 359 patients with hypertension with available BP measurements and no history of cardiovascular events from 2002 to 2011. The study end point was major cardiovascular events (MACE), a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. This cohort study evaluated the association of BP levels (<120/<70, 120–129/70–79, 130–139/80–89, 140–149/90–99, and ≥150/≥100 mm Hg) with MACE. During a median follow‐up of 9 years, 55 401 MACE were documented in our cohort. The risk of MACE was the lowest (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.79; 95% CI, 0.76–0.84) at BP level of <120/<70 mm Hg, and was the highest (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.29–1.36) at ≥150/≥100 mm Hg in comparison with 130 to 139/80 to 89 mm Hg. These results were consistent in all age groups and both sexes. Among patients treated with antihypertensive medication (n=237 592, 49.5%), in comparison with a BP level of 130 to 139/80 to 89 mm Hg, the risk of MACE was significantly higher in patients with elevated BP (≥140/≥90 mm Hg), but not significantly lower in patients with BP of <130/<80 mm Hg. Low BP <120/70 mm Hg was associated with increased risk of all‐cause or cardiovascular death in all age groups.

Conclusions
BP level is significantly correlated with the risk of MACE in all Korean patients with hypertension. However, there were no additional benefits for MACE amongst those treated for hypertension with BP <120/70 mm Hg.
Seize the Means of Carbon Removal: The Political Economy of Direct Air Capture
Authors: Malm Andreas , Carton Wim 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The left must confront the politics of removing carbon from the atmosphere – a topic rapidly making its way to the top of the climate agenda. We here examine the technology of direct air capture, tracing its intellectual origins and laying bare the political economy of its current manifestations. We find a space crowded with ideology-laden metaphors, ample fossil-capital entanglements and bold visions for a new, ethereal frontier of capital accumulation. These diversions must be cut short if a technology with the capacity to help repair at least some climate damage is to be of any use. Only socialising the means of removal will allow this to happen.
The Historical Role of African Churches in the Healing Systems in Mbeya Region from the 1980s to the Present
Authors: Ngoya Ashura Jackson 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a historical analysis of health care services through African churches in Mbeya Region, Tanzania from the 1980s to the present. In particular, it examines the influence of African churches in healing diseases spiritually. It analyses the changes in health care services in Mbeya Region, and the dominance of African churches in health services. It also shows how health care services are provided, and the successes and challenges related to health care services in African churches. Methodologically, the paper is based on a careful analysis of oral interviews, archival documents and secondary data. It argues that African churches emerged in Mbeya in the 1920s in response to the historical churches that operated in the region from the 1890s. The paper notes that diseases have been a significant factor throughout African history. Controlling disease was an important aspect of change in different historical periods. Unfortunately, historians have rarely paid attention to the involvement of African churches in health care services. This paper covers the strategies used by African churches in health care services, such as preaching on healing methods from the Bible. Through healing services, leaders of African churches are able to transform their own lives, but not all individuals are healed. This paper makes a contribution to the historiography of Africa by identifying the role of African churches in healing systems.
Proto-Indo-European ‘fox’ and the reconstruction of an athematic ḱ-stem
Authors: Palmér Axel I. , Jakob Anthony , Thorsø Rasmus , van Sluis Paulus , Swanenvleugel Cid , Kroonen Guus 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed etymological analysis of words for ‘fox’ in Indo-European (IE) languages. We argue that most IE ‘fox’-words go back to two distinct PIE stems: *h₂lō̆p-eḱ- ‘fox’ and *ulp-i- ‘wildcat, fox’. We provide a revised analysis of the etymology and relationship among the various Indo-Iranian ‘fox’-words, and we argue that Baltic preserves remnants of the ḱ-suffix found in Greek, Armenian, and Indo-Iranian. Additionally, we describe how *h₂lō̆p-eḱ- was borrowed from Indo-Iranian into Uralic and we outline the relationship among the reflexes of this word in various Uralic languages. Finally, we reconstruct the paradigm of *h₂lō̆p-eḱ- as a unique type of hysterodynamic stem, which nonetheless has close parallels in PIE. We observe that a similar ḱ-suffix is found in PIE adjectives and animal names.
Historiography of the Other: Global History and the Indigenous Pasts of Taiwan
Authors: Jenco Leigh , Tremml-Werner Birgit 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article argues that Taiwan’s distinctive historical position—at the centre of multiple overlapping colonial jurisdictions and historiographical traditions—furnishes an important opportunity to consider how indigenous pasts and experiences themselves played a role in disrupting or redirecting historical narratives of global connection. It examines texts by Ming travellers Chen Di (Dongfan ji, 1603) and Zhang Xie (Dong Xi yang kao, 1603); Dominican writers, including Jacinto Esquivel (1632); and later histories of early modern Japanese expansion and the dissemination of the Sinkan Manuscripts (Murakami, 1897, 1933). What all these foreign observers of Taiwan had in common was their struggle to integrate Taiwanese indigenous pasts into their existing grids of historical knowledge. By focusing on this ‘historiography of the other’, the article challenges commonplace assumptions regarding pre-modern foreign relations and indigenous forms of social organisation, showing how Taiwan can play a role in challenging operating foci of global history.