bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐Dimensional Printed Anatomic Models Derived From Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data: Current State and Image Acquisition Recommendations for Appropriate Clinical Scenarios
Authors: Talanki Varsha R. , Peng Qi , Shamir Stephanie B. , Baete Steven H. , Duong Timothy Q. , Wake Nicole 
Published: May 2021

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing technologies have been increasingly utilized in medicine over the past several years and can greatly facilitate surgical planning thereby improving patient outcomes. Although still much less utilized compared to computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is gaining traction in medical 3D printing. The purpose of this study was two‐fold: 1) to determine the prevalence in the existing literature of using MRI to create 3D printed anatomic models for surgical planning and 2) to provide image acquisition recommendations for appropriate clinical scenarios where MRI is the most suitable imaging modality. The workflow for creating 3D printed anatomic models from medical imaging data is complex and involves image segmentation of the regions of interest and conversion of that data into 3D surface meshes, which are compatible with printing technologies. CT is most commonly used to create 3D printed anatomic models due to the high image quality and relative ease of performing image segmentation from CT data. As compared to CT datasets, 3D printing using MRI data offers advantages since it provides exquisite soft tissue contrast needed for accurate organ segmentation and it does not expose patients to unnecessary ionizing radiation. MRI, however, often requires complicated imaging techniques and time‐consuming postprocessing procedures to generate high‐resolution 3D anatomic models needed for 3D printing. Despite these challenges, 3D modeling and printing from MRI data holds great clinical promises thanks to emerging innovations in both advanced MRI imaging and postprocessing techniques.Evidence Level2Technical Efficatcy5
Functional brain changes associated with cognitive trajectories determine specific tDCS‐induced effects among older adults
Authors: Vaqué‐Alcázar Lídia , Abellaneda‐Pérez Kilian , Solé‐Padullés Cristina , Bargalló Núria , Valls‐Pedret Cinta , Ros Emilio , Sala‐Llonch Roser , Bartrés‐Faz David 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe combination of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can provide original data to investigate age‐related brain changes. We examined neural activity modulations induced by two multifocal tDCS procedures based on two distinct montages fitting two N‐back task‐based fMRI patterns (“compensatory” and “maintenance”) related to high working memory (WM) in a previous publication (Fernández‐Cabello et al. Neurobiol Aging (2016);48:23–33). We included 24 participants classified as stable or decliners according to their 4‐year WM trajectories following a retrospective longitudinal approach. Then, we studied longitudinal fMRI differences between groups (stable and decliners) and across multifocal tDCS montages (“compensatory” and “maintenance”) applied using a single‐blind sham‐controlled cross‐over design. Decliners evidenced over‐activation of non‐related WM areas after 4 years of follow‐up. Focusing on tDCS effects, among the decliner group, the “compensatory”‐tDCS montage reduced the activity over the posterior regions where these subjects showed longitudinal hyperactivation. These results reinforce the notion that tDCS effects are characterized by an activity reduction and might be more noticeable in compromised systems. Importantly, the data provide novel evidence that cognitive trajectories predict tDCS effects in older adults.
Cleaved PINK1 induces neuronal plasticity through PKA‐mediated BDNF functional regulation
Authors: Soman Smijin K. , Tingle David , Dagda Raul Y. , Torres Mariana , Dagda Marisela , Dagda Ruben K. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMutations in PTEN‐induced kinase 1 (PINK1) lead to early onset autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease in humans. In healthy neurons, full‐length PINK1 (fPINK1) is post‐translationally cleaved into different lower molecular weight forms, and cleaved PINK1 (cPINK1) gets shuttled to the cytosolic compartments to support extra‐mitochondrial functions. While numerous studies have exemplified the role of mitochondrially localized PINK1 in modulating mitophagy in oxidatively stressed neurons, little is known regarding the physiological role of cPINK1 in healthy neurons. We have previously shown that cPINK1, but not fPINK1, modulates the neurite outgrowth and the maintenance of dendritic arbors by activating downstream protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in healthy neurons. However, the molecular mechanisms by which cPINK1 promotes neurite outgrowth remain to be elucidated. In this report, we show that cPINK1 supports neuronal development by modulating the expression and extracellular release of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Consistent with this role, we observed a progressive increase in the level of endogenous cPINK1 but not fPINK1 during prenatal and postnatal development of mouse brains and during development in primary cortical neurons. In cultured primary neurons, the pharmacological activation of endogenous PINK1 leads to enhanced downstream PKA activity, subsequent activation of the PKA‐modulated transcription factor cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB), increased intracellular production and extracellular release of BDNF, and enhanced activation of the BDNF receptor‐TRKβ. Mechanistically, cPINK1‐mediated increased dendrite complexity requires the binding of extracellular BDNF to TRKβ. In summary, our data support a physiological role of cPINK1 in stimulating neuronal development by activating the PKA‐CREB‐BDNF signaling axis in a feedforward loop.
Combining sparse observations and reanalysis data for refining spatiotemporal variability in near‐surface air temperature lapse rates over China
Authors: Chen Hao , Gao Huiran , Wang Tiejun , Zhang Wanchang , Chen Xi , Nie Ning , Liu Haoran 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUneven and sparse surface air temperature (Ta) observations challenge the understanding of the atmosphere‐land interactions and global environmental changes. Lapse rate () is thought of with great potential to obtain accurate long‐term and high‐resolution Ta dataset. However, previous studies on over China were solely based on observed data, which limited our understanding since few stations are distributed in western China. In this study, an improved procedure for estimating by combining sparse observations and newly released ERA5 reanalysis data was proposed. The spatial heterogeneity in over China and its influencing factors (e.g., topography, climate, and vegetation) were then explored. A re‐examination of long‐term spatiotemporal variations in and its potential driving forces over China was also performed at grid scales. The results demonstrated that our estimations reproduced similar patterns to those derived from observations. The subsequent analyses revealed that the annual and seasonal variability in varied substantially among different altitude gradients, land cover types, and climate zones. The vital role played by vegetation covers in regulating local was emphasized in this study, which was poorly assessed previously. Moreover, in low altitude zones showed lower values but strong temporal fluctuations and contributed more to the interannual variability in over China, which could be mainly attributed to human activities. The present findings can provide an alternative method for estimating and be further used to assess regional or global temperature changes.
How does the onset time of El Niño events affect tropical cyclone genesis and intensity over the western North Pacific?
Authors: Liang Mei , Xu Jianjun , Chan Johnny C. L. , Liu Chunlei , Xu Hua 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that the equatorial Pacific Ocean warming can be separated into spring (April~June; SP) and summer (July~October; SU) modes based on the onset time of El Niño events. Different onset times are caused by different atmospheric and oceanic conditions, which, in turn, should influence tropical cyclone (TC) activity. While the location of TC formation in the western North Pacific (WNP) shifts significantly eastward and equatorward in the SP type relative to climatology (1951–2017), only an eastward shift occurs in the SU type. Only intense TCs (category 1 + 2 + 3 and 4 + 5) have an obvious eastward and equatorward shift in the SP type, with no such shift in any TC category in the SU type. The number of category 4 + 5 TCs in the SP type increases significantly, but fewer category 1 + 2 + 3 TCs in the SU type. In the SP type, TCs are generally stronger, with more in category 4 + 5, and longer life spans occurring across all categories. However, no obvious change in TC intensity can be identified except for category 1 + 2 + 3 in the SU type. The eastward and equatorward shift of the mean genesis position in the developing phases of SP can be attributed to a southeastward shift of favourable atmospheric and oceanic conditions, which include weaker zonal vertical wind shear, stronger relative vorticity, higher mid‐level relative humidity, and enhanced upper‐ocean temperature (5–100 m). All these conditions are mainly related to the onset time of the westerly anomalies near the central equatorial Pacific. These results suggest that the onset time of El Niño events could serve as a good forecasting indicator for TC genesis position and intensity over the WNP.
Periodontal health education session can improve oral hygiene in patients with gingivitis: A masked randomized controlled clinical study
Authors: Gunpinar Sadiye , Meraci Bilge 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of a periodontal health education session (PHES), which included education on the pathogenesis and consequences of periodontal diseases on oral hygiene motivation in patients with gingivitis.MethodsA randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 50 (26 females and 24 males) patients with gingivitis who underwent periodontal treatment. Subjects were randomly allocated into the PHES group (experimental group) and standard oral hygiene education group (control group). The Rustogi Modified Navy Plaque Index (RMNPI) and Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI) were used to evaluate oral hygiene at baseline and were repeated after 1, 3, and 6 months. Knowledge about periodontal disease was measured and the participants’ motivation was determined using the Oral Hygiene Motivation Scale.ResultsAlthough baseline knowledge levels and motivation scores were not different between the groups, following the educational motivational interviewing (MI) session, levels were higher in the experimental compared with the control group. The subjects’ RMNPI and PBI scores at the 1‐, 3‐, and 6‐ month re‐examinations were statistically higher in the control group than the experimental group. Furthermore, the level of knowledge and intrinsic and total motivation scores were moderately positively correlated with a reduction in clinical indices at 6 months compared with baseline.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicated that increased knowledge and awareness about periodontal diseases and its consequences, including systemic effects, via educational MI session increased intrinsic motivation and improved oral hygiene of patients with gingivitis, especially regarding interproximal surfaces.
Investigation of Therapist Effects on Patient Engagement in Evidence‐Based Psychotherapies for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Sayer Nina A. , Wiltsey‐Stirman Shannon , Rosen Craig S. , Bernardy Nancy C. , Spoont Michele R. , Kehle‐Forbes Shannon M. , Eftekhari Afsoon , Chard Kathleen M. , Nelson David B. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe present study examined whether certain Veterans Health Administration (VHA) therapists have more success than others in keeping patients engaged in evidence‐based psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Our objective was to use multilevel modeling to quantify the variability between therapists in two indicators of patient engagement: early dropout (i.e., < 3 sessions) and adequate dose (i.e., ≥ 8 sessions). The phenomenon of systematic variability between therapists in patients’ treatment experience and outcomes is referred to as “therapist effects.” The sample included the 2,709 therapists who provided individual cognitive processing therapy (CPT) or prolonged exposure (PE) to 18,461 veterans with PTSD across 140 facilities in 2017. Data were extracted from administrative databases. For CPT, therapist effects accounted for 10.9% of the variance in early dropout and 8.9% of the variance in adequate dose. For PE, therapist effects accounted for 6.0% and 8.8% of the variance in early dropout and adequate dose, respectively. Facility only accounted for an additional 1.1%–3.1% of the variance in early dropout and adequate dose. For CPT, patients’ odds of receiving an adequate dose almost doubled, OR = 1.41/0.72 = 1.96, if they were seen by a therapist in the highest compared with the lowest retention decile. For PE, the odds of a patient receiving an adequate dose were 84% higher, OR = 1.38/0.75 = 1.84, when treated by a therapist in the highest compared with the lowest retention decile. Therapist skills and work environment may contribute to variability across therapists in early dropout and adequate dose.
Student perceptions of rapid transition to emergency remote learning in a hands‐on agricultural college
Authors: Rees Gordon L. , Pressler Yamina , Bates Guy W. , Connolly Cristina A. , Sommerlad‐Rogers Deirdre , De Lay Ann Marie , Gill Samantha J. , Papathakis Peggy C. , Kronewitter Robyn M. , Lammert Amy M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic in spring 2020 led to university closures and little time to convert all face‐to‐face courses online. We investigated how students in the College of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Sciences at Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, CA perceived emergency remote teaching during the early stages of the pandemic. The college maintains a hands‐on pedagogy and “Learn by Doing” approach that is challenging to replicate in a remote setting. We conducted a survey of student experiences (n = 304) during the spring of 2020. We found that most students had a negative experience with aspects of emergency remote teaching during the study period. Approximately two‐thirds perceived courses to be less effective at increasing knowledge and career‐related skills; approximately three‐quarters stated group problem solving was less effective; and approximately two‐thirds were dissatisfied with the quantity and quality of course content. Around 10% of students felt courses were more effective in these areas. Familiar instructional modes (synchronous and pre‐recorded lectures) were the most common and preferred by students (with 70 to 85% finding them useful vs 7 to 15% finding them useless), even though other instructional modes can be more effective strategies for online teaching. Our results highlight the need for concrete experiences in agriculture and natural resources courses. We suggest strategies for faculty and students to improve remote teaching outcomes in agriculture and natural resources disciplines.
A Review on the Use of Burning Rate Suppressants in AP‐Based Composite Propellants
Authors: Xu Shuang , Pang Ai‐Min , Wang Yue , Pan Xin‐Zhou , Li Shang‐Wen , Li Hai‐Tao , Kong Jie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAmmonium perchlorate (AP) is the most widely used oxidant in composite propellants. Propellants based on AP usually have a high burning rate, but in some applications, it is necessary to have a slower burning rate. The functional additives, which can reduce the burning rate of propellants, were named coolants, burning rate suppressants (BRSs), burning rate depressants, or burning rate inhibitors. This paper introduced different types of BRSs, such as amide‐based compounds, cyclic azines, quaternary ammonium salts, metal salts, etc., their mechanism and development in AP‐based composite propellants. For organic amines, the burning rate trend is as follows: biuret<melamine<oxamide<urea<base. Cyclic azines are special organic amines which form large, thermally stable cyclic azines in addition to common low‐molecular‐weight gases NH3, CO2, HCN, and N2O when heated. With the smallest addition but the highest effect, quaternary ammonium salts will not reduce the specific impulse of the propellant, nor do they interfere with cure reaction or adversely affect the physical properties of the cured propellant. Metal salts reduce the burning rate by forming more stable substances than HClO4 with AP. The mechanism of BRSs is complicated, but all of them can be explained based on AP deflagration. At last, the development trend of efficient BRSs was discussed, the preparation of liquid BRSs and the combination of AP bonding agents with BRSs were both first proposed, which worth further research in the future.
The effects of orally administered lactoferrin in the prevention and management of viral infections: A systematic review
Authors: Sinopoli Alessandra , Isonne Claudia , Santoro Maria Mercedes , Baccolini Valentina 
Published: May 2021

SummaryIt has been demonstrated that lactoferrin (LF) plays a role in host defence, but evidence on its potential antiviral property from clinical studies is fragmented. Our systematic review aimed at identifying the effects of orally administered LF against virus infections. The systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, BioRxiv.org and ClinicalTrials.gov from database inception to 7th January 2021. Eligible articles investigated any virus family and provided data on the effects of orally administered LF of any origin in the prevention and/or management of confirmed viral infections in people of any age. A narrative synthesis of the results was performed. Quality was assessed with the Cochrane Risk‐Of‐Bias and ROBINS‐1 tools. A total of 27 records were included, nine of which were registered protocols. We found data on Flaviviridae (n = 10), Retroviridae (n = 3), Coronaviridae (n = 2), Reoviridae (n = 2) and Caliciviridae (n = 1). Most published trials were at high risk of bias. The findings were heterogeneous across and within viral families regarding virological, immunological and biological response, with no clear conclusion. Some weak but positive results were reported about decrease of symptom severity and duration, or reduction in viral loads. Despite high tolerability, the effects of LF as oral supplement are still inconsistent, both in preventing and managing viral infections. Small sample sizes, variety in recruitment and treatment protocols, and low study quality may have contributed to such heterogeneity. Better‐designed studies are needed to further investigate its potential benefits against viral infections, including SARS‐CoV‐2.
Recent Progress in Designing Thermoelectric Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Fan Yuan , Liu Zhuoxin , Chen Guangming 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThermoelectrics that enable direct heat–electricity conversion possess unique advantages for green and renewable energy revolution and have received rapidly growing attention in the past decade. Among various thermoelectric materials, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with intrinsic high porosity and tunable physical/chemical properties are emerging as a promising class of materials that have been demonstrated to exhibit many unique merits for thermoelectric applications. Their structural topologies and thermoelectric properties can be facilely regulated by precisely selecting and arranging metal centers and organic ligands. Besides, a large variety of guest molecules can be incorporated within their pores, giving rise to novel avenues of raising energy‐conversion efficiency. This review focuses on the recent advances in designing conductive MOFs and MOF‐based composites for thermoelectric applications. It first introduces the fundamental thermoelectric parameters and the underlying regulation mechanisms specifically effective for MOFs, then summarizes the related studies conducted in recent years, where the structural design strategies of tuning thermoelectric properties are demonstrated and discussed. In the final part, conclusions and perspectives with the envision of an outlook for this promising area are presented.
Erbium Single Atom Composite Photocatalysts for Reduction of CO2 under Visible Light: CO2 Molecular Activation and 4f Levels as an Electron Transport Bridge
Authors: Han Zhendong , Zhao Yue , Gao Guoyang , Zhang Wanying , Qu Yang , Zhu Hongyang , Zhu Peifen , Wang Guofeng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIt is still challenging to design a stable and efficient catalyst for visible‐light CO2 reduction. Here, Er3+ single atom composite photocatalysts are successfully constructed based on both the special role of Er3+ and the special advantages of Zn2GeO4/g‐C3N4 heterojunction in the photocatalysis reduction of CO2. Especially, Zn2GeO4:Er3+/g‐C3N4 obtained by in situ synthesis is not only more conducive to the tight junction of Zn2GeO4 and g‐C3N4, but also more favorable for g‐C3N4 to anchor rare‐earth atoms. Under visible‐light irradiation, Zn2GeO4:Er3+/g‐C3N4 shows more than five times enhancement in the catalytic efficiency compared to that of pure g‐C3N4 without any sacrificial agent in the photocatalytic reaction system. A series of theoretical and experimental results show that the charge density around Er, Ge, Zn, and O increases compared with Zn2GeO4:Er3+, while the charge density around C decreases compared with g‐C3N4. These results show that an efficient way of electron transfer is provided to promote charge separation, and the dual functions of CO2 molecular activation of Er3+ single atom and 4f levels as electron transport bridge are fully exploited. The pattern of combining single‐atom catalysis and heterojunction opens up new methods for enhancing photocatalytic activity.
On the Fictive Reading of German Steigen ‘Climb, Rise’: A Frame Account
Authors: Gamerschlag Thomas , Petersen Wiebke 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFictive motion, i.e., the figurative stative use of verbs of motion, has attracted much attention in cognitive linguistics as a paradigm case for how basic dynamic concepts are exploited figuratively in concept formation (Langacker 1986; Matsumoto 1996; Talmy 2000; Matlock 2004a, b inter alia). In this paper, we present a case study of the fictive motion reading of the German movement verb steigen ‘climb, rise’ and explore how it can be related to the various dynamic readings of the verb. In our account of steigen, which builds on Gamerschlag, Geuder & Petersen’s (2014) analysis of the dynamic readings of the verb, we contrast the different readings in terms of frames, i.e., recursive attribute-value structures in the sense of Barsalou (1992) and Petersen (2007/2015).
A Frame-Theoretic Model of Bayesian Category Learning
Authors: Taylor Samuel D. , Sutton Peter R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBayesian models of category learning typically assume that the most probable categories are those that group input stimuli together around a maximally optimal number of shared features. One potential weakness of such feature list approaches, however, is that it is unclear how to weight observed features to be more or less diagnostic for a given category. In this theoretically oriented paper, we develop a frame-theoretic model of Bayesian category learning that weights the diagnosticity of observed attribute values in terms of their position within the structure of a frame (formalised as distance from the frame’s central node). We argue that there are good grounds to further develop and empirically test frame-based learning models, because they have theoretical advantages over unweighted feature list models, and because frame structures provide a principled means of assigning weights to attribute values without appealing to supervised training data.