bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing complications following cochlear implantation using transcutaneous ultrasound
Authors: Rupp Robin , Thimsen Vivian , Balk Matthias , Mueller Sarina K. , Sievert Matti , Mantsopoulos Konstantinos , Hoppe Ulrich , Hornung Joachim , Iro Heinrich , Gostian Antoniu-Oreste 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and reliability of transcutaneous ultrasound for the detection of complications after cochlear implantation.

Methods
In a single center retrospective cohort study, 115 consecutive cases of suspected complications after cochlear implantation (intervention group) were examined. The rate of pathologic ultrasound findings for specific leading symptoms and diagnoses was compared to a control group comprising twenty consecutive cochlear implants in symptom-free patients.

Results
Diagnostic ultrasound showed distinctly more pathologic findings in the intervention group (n = 67; 58.3%; p < 0.001) compared to the control group (n = 1; 5%). Ultrasound revealed significantly more pathologic findings in haematoma or seroma around the implant (n = 17; 100%; p < 0.001; ϕ = 0.94) and magnet dislocation (n = 44; 97.7%; p < 0.001; ϕ = 0.92) confirmed by a strong effect. Ultrasound examination showed a medium to high effect size in patients presenting with local infections (n = 3; 21.4%; p = 0.283; ϕ = 0.25) and skin flap oedema (n = 2; 50%; p = 0.061; ϕ = 0.51). In contrast, ultrasound examinations displayed a low effect size in undefined cephalgia (0%; p = 0.444; ϕ = 0.17) and device malfunction or failure (0%; p > 0.999; ϕ = 0.13).

Conclusion
Transcutaneous ultrasound can be advocated as a feasible and effective method in the diagnostic work-up of magnet dislocation and haematoma or seroma around the implant following cochlear implantation. Contrary, ultrasound findings can be expected to be inconspicuous in patients presenting with undefined cephalgia and device malfunction or failure.
Judicial consequences in Spain for the completion of the medical death certificate
Authors: Pinto Pastor Pilar , Dorado Fernández Enrique , Herreros Benjamín , Albarrán Juan Elena , Santiago-Sáez Andrés 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe completion of the death certificate is indispensable in Spain for a death to be recorded in the civil registry. Occasionally, doctors may be reluctant to sign a death certificate due to possible legal consequences. This study seeks to analyse the possible judicial consequences doctors may face upon filling out this medico-legal document. Sentences published on the Judicial Power’s website between 2009 and 2019 containing the term “death certificate” were analysed. From a total of 2100 sentences examined, only 15 were found to contain the term “death certificate” as part of the claim. In only 7 of these cases the claim was made against the physician, and in 5 the physician was found guilty. Three of them concluded falsity via criminal proceedings, one via administrative proceedings for refusing to sign the certificate and one through civil proceedings for filling out an erroneous antecedent cause of death. In view of the above, it can be inferred that the completion of the death certificate poses few judicial consequences for physicians. In addition, this study reveals the importance of the death certificate document as evidence in judicial proceedings.
Ethical Guidance for Hard Decisions: A Critical Review of Early International COVID-19 ICU Triage Guidelines
Authors: Aquino Yves Saint James , Rogers Wendy A. , Scully Jackie Leach , Magrabi Farah , Carter Stacy M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article provides a critical comparative analysis of the substantive and procedural values and ethical concepts articulated in guidelines for allocating scarce resources in the COVID-19 pandemic. We identified 21 local and national guidelines written in English, Spanish, German and French; applicable to specific and identifiable jurisdictions; and providing guidance to clinicians for decision making when allocating critical care resources during the COVID-19 pandemic. US guidelines were not included, as these had recently been reviewed elsewhere. Information was extracted from each guideline on: 1) the development process; 2) the presence and nature of ethical, medical and social criteria for allocating critical care resources; and 3) the membership of and decision-making procedure of any triage committees. Results of our analysis show the majority appealed primarily to consequentialist reasoning in making allocation decisions, tempered by a largely pluralistic approach to other substantive and procedural values and ethical concepts. Medical and social criteria included medical need, co-morbidities, prognosis, age, disability and other factors, with a focus on seemingly objective medical criteria. There was little or no guidance on how to reconcile competing criteria, and little attention to internal contradictions within individual guidelines. Our analysis reveals the challenges in developing sound ethical guidance for allocating scarce medical resources, highlighting problems in operationalising ethical concepts and principles, divergence between guidelines, unresolved contradictions within the same guideline, and use of naïve objectivism in employing widely used medical criteria for allocating ICU resources.
Why do women more often intend to study abroad than men?
Authors: Cordua Fine , Netz Nicolai 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn many Western countries, women are more likely to study abroad than men. At present, there is a lack of theory-guided empirical studies searching explanations for this pattern. We address this research gap by examining gender differences in study abroad intent among first-semester students in Germany. To derive a comprehensive theoretical framework, we draw on social role theory of sex differences, cognitive development theory, new home economics and statistical discrimination theory. Using data from the nationally representative 2010 DZHW School Leavers Survey, we test our hypotheses by estimating logistic regressions and non-linear effect decompositions. We find that women more often intend to study abroad primarily because of the gender-specific interest profiles they develop throughout their early life course: Related to their subject choice at school, women tend to acquire competences (e.g., language skills) that ease later stays abroad. To some extent, women’s better educational performance during school also explains their better chances to study abroad. Once in higher education, women tend to choose fields of study in which studying abroad is considered more valuable for competence acquisition. Losing time due to studying abroad is less of an obstacle for women but—against theoretical expectations—not because of a lower labour market orientation. Finally, the expectation to interrupt the professional career for taking care of the family deters women—especially those from a low social background—from studying abroad, but not men. We do not find evidence that women understand studying abroad as a strategy to counteract this anticipated discrimination. Overall, our results underscore the particular importance of social role and cognitive development theory for explaining gender differences in the spatial mobility of students.
Influence of Raspberry and Its Dietary Fractions on the In vitro Activity of the Colonic Microbiota from Normal and Overweight Subjects
Authors: Núñez-Gómez Vanesa , Periago Ma Jesús , Navarro-González Inmaculada , Campos-Cava Ma Piedad , Baenas Nieves , González-Barrio Rocío 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRaspberry is a source of dietary fibre and phenolic compounds, which are metabolised by the gut microbiota, resulting in the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and phenolic catabolites; but the formation of these compounds depends on the microbiota composition. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the raspberry and its fractions (phenolic extract, total and insoluble dietary fibre) affect the microbial activity depending on the body weight condition. For this, in vitro fermentations of raspberry fractions were carried out using faeces from normal-weight (NW) and overweight volunteers (OW) during 48 h, and phenolic catabolites and SCFAs were analysed at 0, 6, 24 and 48 h. The whole raspberry and the phenolic extract produced greater quantities of urolithins and total SCFAs when compared with fibre fractions, reaching the highest amount between 24 and 48 h. The body weight condition was an important factor, since faeces from NW led to greater production of urolithins from non-extractable phenolic compounds bound to fibre fractions, whereas in OW the urolithins production was higher from the fractions with more extractable polyphenols. In summary, the whole raspberry has been shown to have a prebiotic effect, mainly due to its phenolic compounds content rather than its fibre content.
Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities
Authors: Rieck Leslie , Carson Craig , Hawley Robert J. , Heller Madison , Paul Mike , Scoggins Mateo , Zimmerman Mel , Smith Robert F. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFederal regulations for municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s) in the United States have been in place since 1990 as part of the Nation Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), aiming to reduce sediment and pollutant loads originating from urban areas. However, small-municipality (Phase II) MS4s frequently grapple with several challenges, resulting in a lack of stakeholder buy-in and actionable stormwater management plans. We identify five common challenges concerning MS4 requirements based on literature review, professional experience, and feedback solicited from stakeholders, municipal managers, and fellow professionals and offer real-world examples of efficient, effective MS4 frameworks and/or solutions. The five challenges are summarized as beliefs that: (1) agricultural land use is the largest pollutant contributor and the root cause of pollution problems; (2) stormwater management only benefits downstream communities; (3) large, expensive projects are required to comply with regulations; (4) maintenance, monitoring, and inspection of best management practices (BMPs) is overwhelmingly complex and expensive; and (5) a lack of direct funding makes complying with regulations an impossible task. These challenges are universal in nature for Phase II MS4 permittees and can create real barriers for effective stormwater management. However, we found many examples of methods or techniques to effectively address these five specific challenges, making them well-suited and important for discussion. BMPs can create tangible improvements for surrounding communities (e.g., reduced streambank erosion and flooding), and improved understanding of the structure and options within the MS4 program will help small municipalities make informed choices about management plans.
The utilization of positron emission tomography in the evaluation of renal health and disease
Authors: Amoabeng Kwame Anokye , Laurila Sanna , Juárez-Orozco Luis Eduardo , Marthinsen Anne Beate Langeland , Moczulski Dariusz , Rebelos Eleni , Dadson Prince 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear imaging technique that uses radiotracers to visualize metabolic processes of interest across different organs, to diagnose and manage diseases, and monitor therapeutic response. This systematic review aimed to characterize the value of PET for the assessment of renal metabolism and function in subjects with non-oncological metabolic disorders.

Methods
This review was conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Research articles reporting “kidney” or “renal” metabolism evaluated with PET imaging between 1980 and 2021 were systematically searched in Medline/PubMed, Science Direct, and the Cochrane Library. Search results were exported and stored in RefWorks, the duplicates were removed, and eligible studies were identified, evaluated, and summarized.

Results
Thirty reports met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies were prospective (73.33%, n = 22) in nature. The most utilized PET radiotracers were 15O-labeled radio water (H215O, n = 14) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG, n = 8). Other radiotracers used in at least one study were 14(R,S)-(18)F-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid (18F-FTHA), 18F-Sodium Fluoride (18F-NaF), 11C-acetate, 68-Gallium (68Ga), 13N-ammonia (13N-NH3), Rubidium-82 (82Rb), radiolabeled cationic ferritin (RadioCF), 11C‐para-aminobenzoic acid (11C-PABA), Gallium-68 pentixafor (68Ga-Pentixafor), 2-deoxy-2-F-fluoro-d-sorbitol (F-FDS) and 55Co-ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (55Co-EDTA).

Conclusion
PET imaging provides an effective modality for evaluating a range of metabolic functions including glucose and fatty acid uptake, oxygen consumption and renal perfusion. Multiple positron emitting radiolabeled racers can be used for renal imaging in clinical settings. PET imaging thus holds the potential to improve the diagnosis of renal disorders, and to monitor disease progression and treatment response.
Risk Assessment Driven Use of Advanced SIEM Technology for Cyber Protection of Critical e-Health Processes
Authors: Coppolino Luigi , Sgaglione Luigi , D’Antonio Salvatore , Magliulo Mario , Romano Luigi , Pacelli Roberto 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe approach presented in this paper provides effective protection of critical business processes by applying advanced SIEM technology in a rigorous fashion, based on the results of accurate risk assessment. The proposed SIEM tool advances the State of The Art of the technology along two axes, specifically: privacy and integrity. The advancements are achieved via combined use of two of the most promising technologies for trusted computing, namely: Trusted Execution Environment (TTE) and Homomorphic Encryption (HE). The approach is validated with respect to a real use case of a Smart Hospital (i.e., one where IT is massively used), with challenging security requirements. The use case is contributed by one of the major public hospitals in Italy. Experiments demonstrate that, by relying on continuous monitoring of security relevant events and advanced correlation techniques, the SIEM solution proposed in this work effectively protects the critical workflows of the hospital business processes from cyber-attacks with high impact (specifically: serious harm to or even death of the patient).
Gouverner la langue arabe: Miguel Casiri et les arabisants du roi d’Espagne au siècle des Lumières
Authors: Glesener Thomas 
Published: October 2021

Gouverner la langue arabe: Miguel Casiri et les arabisants du roi d’Espagne au siècle des LumièresOriginaire de Tripoli (mont Liban), Miguel Casiri (1708-1791) a exercé une influence importante sur les études arabes en Espagne durant la seconde moitié du xviiie siècle. Son empreinte a été traditionnellement appréciée à l’aune d’une histoire intellectuelle focalisée sur son œuvre, qui négligeait largement son activité en tant qu’agent de la Monarchie hispanique. Or, Casiri a collaboré à la consolidation d’un pôle d’expertise en langue arabe à Madrid à une époque où la couronne entendait réfuter rationnellement certains privilèges urbains appuyés sur des textes et des inscriptions en langue arabe. En exhumant la part prise par Casiri dans ces réformes, cet article analyse les modalités conflictuelles de formation d’un champ linguistique spécialisé adossé à la juridiction royale et met en évidence deux lignes de fracture majeures. L’une porte sur la sélection du personnel employé dans l’expertise linguistique, et en particulier sur la manière de réguler les réseaux de la diaspora maronite – qui ont été d’importants fournisseurs de main-d’œuvre. L’autre concerne la définition de l’expertise en langue arabe, opposant les défenseurs d’un savoir spécialisé contrôlé par une communauté de savants et les tenants d’un savoir pratique soumis aux besoins des commanditaires. À rebours d’une histoire intellectuelle de la langue, cet article propose une histoire politique des arabisants, qui replace la connaissance de l’arabe au cœur de la constitution des savoirs d’État.
Telephone consultation for two-week-wait ENT and head and neck cancer referrals: initial evaluation including patient satisfaction
Authors: Rovira A , Brar S , Munroe-Gray T , Ofo E , Rodriguez C , Kim D 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the outcomes of telephone consultation, including patient satisfaction, for two-week-wait head and neck cancer referrals.MethodsAnalysis of the data of this prospective study was centred on outcomes of the consultation, patient satisfaction and preference for telephone consultation.ResultsPatient satisfaction and preference for telephone consultation were influenced by patient awareness of cancer referral. When comparing the three most common presenting symptoms, patients with sore throat were more satisfied than those with neck mass. Regarding telephone consultation outcomes, patients with neck mass were less likely to be discharged and more likely to require investigations than those with sore throat or hoarseness. Patients with hoarseness more often required a face-to-face appointment.ConclusionTelephone consultation might be a valid initial encounter for the majority of two-week-wait head and neck cancer referrals, especially when the referral symptoms are considered. This work shows the validity and safety of telephone consultation for two-week-wait head and neck cancer referrals.
Two portraits of Agrippa Postumus in the British Museum
Authors: Russell Miles , Manley Harry 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTwo damaged and partially restored Roman portraits in the collection of the British Museum, previously identified as either the emperor Caligula or an unknown “Julio-Claudian prince,” are here reassessed and identified as Agrippa Postumus, the youngest grandson and adopted heir of Augustus. The first portrait, from southern Britain, may have come from a temple dedicated to the worship of the Julio-Claudian house, while the second was probably part of an equestrian group standing outside the Aedes Castoris in Rome. This is a significant reinterpretation, providing potential evidence not only for links between Rome's first family and the rulers of a distant client kingdom, but also for the framing of imperial power and the uncertain nature of the Augustan succession in the early years of the 1st c. CE.
Sentinel‐Based Inventory of Thermokarst Lakes and Ponds Across Permafrost Landscapes on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: Wei Zhiqiang , Du Zhiheng , Wang Lei , Lin Jiahui , Feng Yaru , Xu Qian , Xiao Cunde 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThermokarst lakes and ponds (hereafter referred to as thaw lakes) play an important role in the permafrost regions by regulating hydrology, ecology, and biogeochemistry. However, detailed quantitative information on thaw lake extent and distribution remains poorly resolved across the entire permafrost regions on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP). Here, we applied the random forest (RF) model and manual visual vectorization methods to extract thaw lake boundaries on the QTP based on Sentinel‐2 images. Accuracy assessment was comprehensively demonstrated regarding the inherent spatial resolution of imagery and RF model performance. The results showed that the accumulated uncertainty of the total thaw lake area was ±5.75 km2, and the mean accuracy (91.9%) from field‐measured boundaries of 132 thaw lakes supported the accuracy of this inventory. A total of ∼161,300 thaw lakes with sizes ranging from 500 m2 to 3 km2 were detected, with a total area of ∼2,825.45 ± 5.75 km2. Most thaw lakes were detected in the continuous permafrost type (94.1%) and within the elevations of 4,500–5,000 m (68.4%). The small thaw lakes (<10,000 m2) predominated the total lake number (78.9%) but contributed to a small portion of the total lake area (12.7%). Spatial distributions of thaw lakes in terms of different climatic and environmental conditions were also comprehensively explored, including temperature, precipitation, ground thermal stability, active layer thickness, vegetation, soil properties, and underground ice content. This inventory is expected to be incorporated into Earth system models for a more comprehensive projection of the large‐scale biogeochemical feedback of thermokarst landforms on the QTP under continued global warming.
A Surface pCO2 Increasing Hiatus in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean Since 2010
Authors: Qiu Shuang , Feng Yang , Zhang Yuhong , Qi Di , Wu Yingxu , Du Yan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe used multiple data sets to investigate the decadal and longer time scale variability of sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) over the equatorial Pacific Ocean from 1990 to 2019. Unlike the increasing trend in the global oceanic pCO2, both the Niño 3.4 and warm pool regions featured distinct decadal variabilities. A pCO2 increasing stagnation, a hiatus stage, was identified in the Niño 3.4 region from 2010 to 2019. Further analysis demonstrated that low‐frequency pCO2 was negatively correlated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) index. Both the 2009/10 and 2015/16 El Niño events and an increasing phase of IPO contributed to this long pCO2 stagnation. Correspondingly, a weaker upwelling was induced in the central and eastern tropical Pacific as the trade winds weakened and thus stagnated the increase in pCO2 in the Niño 3.4 region. Our results imply a significant impact of climate variabilities on sea surface pCO2 in the equatorial Pacific.
Infrasound From a Buried Chemical Explosion Recorded on a Balloon in the Lower Stratosphere
Authors: Bowman Daniel C. , Krishnamoorthy Siddharth 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInfrasound waveforms generated by natural and anthropogenic phenomena contain important clues about the size and nature of the event. We show that sensors on balloons in the lower stratosphere can record faithful representations of the near‐source acoustic wave field at unprecedented range. The acoustic signature of a buried chemical explosion recorded at a range of 56 km and an altitude of 21.8 km was nearly identical to that recorded on the ground 0.5 km from the epicenter, but absent on a ground sensor located 46 km away. Our results demonstrate that balloon‐borne infrasound techniques greatly increase the range at which well‐preserved acoustic representations of near‐source physics can be acquired, and that their propagation is simple to model. Our work has implications for monitoring remote regions of the earth for explosions, volcanic eruptions, and other phenomena. It also supports the prospect of balloon‐based infrasound seismology on Venus.
Age‐Resolved Source and Region Contributions to Fine Particulate Matter During an Extreme Haze Episode in China
Authors: Xie Xiaodong , Shi Zhihao , Ying Qi , Zhang Hongliang , Hu Jianlin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA source‐ and age‐resolved algorithm (SARA) was developed in the CMAQ model and applied to study the sources and ages of primary fine particulate matter (PPM) and secondary inorganic aerosols (SNA) in China during January 2013. Residential and industry are the major contributors to PPM and sulfate, especially for fresh particles. The contributions of power increase with age, accounting for 25% and 51% of aged sulfate and nitrate (>48 hr), respectively. Local emissions and intra‐regional transport with younger age contribute to over 70% of PPM and SNA in Beijing, while long‐range transport from northern China with older age becomes more significant in Shanghai. On pollution days, the ages of PPM and SNA consistently increase, suggesting enhanced contributions from regional transport. This study highlights that the age‐specific particle source and region information produced by our SARA algorithm can help design cost‐effective emission control strategies to reduce extreme haze pollution.