bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraspecific breakdown of self-incompatibility inPhysalis acutifolia(Solanaceae)
Authors: Pretz Chelsea , Smith Stacey D 
Published: December 2021

AbstractVariation in mating systems is prevalent throughout angiosperms, with many transitions between outcrossing and selfing above and below the species level. This study documents a new case of an intraspecific breakdown of self-incompatibility in a wild relative of tomatillo, Physalis acutifolia. We used controlled greenhouse crosses to identify self-incompatible (SI) and self-compatible (SC) individuals grown from seed sampled across seven sites across Arizona and New Mexico. We measured 14 flower and fruit traits to test for trait variation associated with mating system. We also quantified pollen tube growth in vivo and tested for the presence of the S-RNase proteins in SI and SC styles. We found that seed from six of the seven sites produced SI individuals that terminated self-pollen tubes in the style and showed detectable S-RNase expression. By contrast, seed from one Arizona site produced SC individuals with no S-RNase expression. These SC individuals displayed typical selfing-syndrome traits such as smaller corollas, reduced stigma–anther distances, and a smaller pollen–ovule ratio. We also found plasticity in self-incompatibility as most of the SI individuals became SC and lost S-RNase expression roughly after 6 months in the greenhouse. While fixed differences in mating systems are known among the SI wild species and the often SC domesticated tomatillos, our study is the first to demonstrate intraspecific variation in natural populations as well as variation in SI over an individual’s lifespan.
Coronavirus GenBrowser for monitoring the transmission and evolution of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Yu Dalang , Yang Xiao , Tang Bixia , Pan Yi-Hsuan , Yang Jianing , Duan Guangya , Zhu Junwei , Hao Zi-Qian , Mu Hailong , Dai Long , Hu Wangjie , Zhang Mochen , Cui Ying , Jin Tong , Li Cui-Ping , Ma Lina ,   Language translation team, Su Xiao , Zhang Guoqing , Zhao Wenming , Li Haipeng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Genomic epidemiology is important to study the COVID-19 pandemic, and more than two million severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomic sequences were deposited into public databases. However, the exponential increase of sequences invokes unprecedented bioinformatic challenges. Here, we present the Coronavirus GenBrowser (CGB) based on a highly efficient analysis framework and a node-picking rendering strategy. In total, 1,002,739 high-quality genomic sequences with the transmission-related metadata were analyzed and visualized. The size of the core data file is only 12.20 MB, highly efficient for clean data sharing. Quick visualization modules and rich interactive operations are provided to explore the annotated SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary tree. CGB binary nomenclature is proposed to name each internal lineage. The pre-analyzed data can be filtered out according to the user-defined criteria to explore the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Different evolutionary analyses can also be easily performed, such as the detection of accelerated evolution and ongoing positive selection. Moreover, the 75 genomic spots conserved in SARS-CoV-2 but non-conserved in other coronaviruses were identified, which may indicate the functional elements specifically important for SARS-CoV-2. The CGB was written in Java and JavaScript. It not only enables users who have no programming skills to analyze millions of genomic sequences, but also offers a panoramic vision of the transmission and evolution of SARS-CoV-2.
Bringing Dignity to the Assessment of Safety for Children who Live with Violence
Authors: Alexander Kate , Humphreys Cathy , Wise Sarah , Zhou Albert 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Fear dominates women and children’s experience of domestic violence. Fear of harm, and the consequences of others finding out, can mean mothers are reluctant to seek help. Ironically, these survival behaviours can be understood as non-protective by child protection practitioners. This article describes research undertaken in New South Wales (NSW) Australia to determine the impact on child protection practitioner perceptions of child safety when Response-Based Practice (RBP) questions are combined with the standard NSW Structured Decision Making (SDM) safety assessment. RBP reflects core social work values through questions that explore how victims respond to, resist and manage violence. A vignette experiment with a between-subjects design was used to compare child safety assessments by practitioners who watched an interview guided by SDM alone and practitioners who watched an interview using the combined ‘treatment’ (SDM+RBP) approach. Participants (N = 1,041) were randomly assigned to SDM and treatment groups. Participants who watched the treatment approach were significantly more likely to assess the mother as cooperative and protective and significantly less likely to indicate that the children would be taken from her care. Thus, the results demonstrate that understanding how women manage violence changes practitioner views about maternal protectiveness and child safety.
Design and simulation analysis of high-temperature heat-storage combined-circulation system
Authors: Zhang Hongwei , Liu Junqing , Liang Wenbin , Shan Hongqing , Wang Jie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In view of the continuous increase in the proportion of renewable energy connected to the grid in China and the increasing peak-to-valley difference in electricity demand on the power grid, this paper proposes a high-temperature thermal-storage combined-cycle power-generation system. Using Thermoflex thermal simulation analysis software, a high-temperature thermal-storage combined-cycle simulation analysis system model was established, and the influence of different initial temperatures and pressure ratios on the combined-cycle system was analysed. Sensitivity analysis of factors such as electricity cost, annual operating hours, initial equipment investment, unit efficiency and other factors that affect the net income of the system was carried out. According to the current power-peak-shaving auxiliary service market in China, it is pointed out that high-temperature thermal-storage combined-cycle projects must be profitable and obtain good economic benefits. The results obtained, on the one hand, provide suggestions for the flexibility and transformation of current gas-fired steam generators for peak shaving and, on the other hand, provide references for the subsequent development of high-temperature thermal-storage combined-cycle demonstration projects.
Brain functional network abnormalities in parkinson’s disease with mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Suo Xueling , Lei Du , Li Nannan , Peng Jiaxin , Chen Chaolan , Li Wenbin , Qin Kun , Kemp Graham J , Peng Rong , Gong Qiyong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease (PD-M) is related to a high risk of dementia. This study explored the whole-brain functional networks in early-stage PD-M. Forty-one patients with PD classified as cognitively normal (PD-N, n = 17) and PD-M (n = 24) and 24 demographically matched healthy controls (HC) underwent clinical and neuropsychological evaluations and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The global, regional, and modular topological characteristics were assessed in the brain functional networks, and their relationships to cognitive scores were tested. At the global level, PD-M and PD-N exhibited higher characteristic path length and lower clustering coefficient, local and global efficiency relative to HC. At the regional level, PD-M and PD-N showed lower nodal centrality in sensorimotor regions relative to HC. At the modular level, PD-M showed lower intramodular connectivity in default mode and cerebellum modules, and lower intermodular connectivity between default mode and frontoparietal modules than PD-N, correlated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. Early-stage PD patients showed weaker small-worldization of brain networks. Modular connectivity alterations were mainly observed in patients with PD-M. These findings highlight the shared and distinct brain functional network dysfunctions in PD-M and PD-N, and yield insight into the neurobiology of cognitive decline in PD.
The “two-brain” approach reveals the active role of task-deactivated default mode network in speech comprehension
Authors: Liu Lanfang , Li Hehui , Ren Zhiting , Zhou Qi , Zhang Yuxuan , Lu Chunming , Qiu Jiang , Chen Hong , Ding Guosheng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractExhibiting deactivation and anticorrelation with task-positive networks, the default mode network (DMN) has been traditionally thought to be suppressed to support externally oriented cognitive processes during spoken language comprehension. In contrast, recent studies examining listener–listener intersubject correlation (ISC) have proposed an active role of DMN in language comprehension. How can we reconcile those seemingly conflicting results? This study adopted a “two-brain” paradigm and combined “within-brain” and “across-brain” analyses to address this issue. We found, despite being deactivated and anticorrelated with the language network (LN) and executive control network (ECN), both the anterior and posterior DMN in the listeners’ brains were temporally coupled with the homologous networks in the speaker’s brain. Interestingly, the listener–speaker neural couplings persisted even after controlling for listener–listener ISC. Moreover, the coupling strength of posterior DMN positively correlated with the listeners’ speech comprehension. Further dynamic causal modeling showed that the LN and ECN, the anterior DMN, and the posterior DMN occupied the bottom, intermediate, and top layers of a hierarchical system, respectively. We suggest the DMN may primarily serve as an internal module that cooperates with the externally oriented modules, potentially supporting the transformation of external acoustic signals into internal mental representations during successful language comprehension.
Joint Associations of Multiple Lifestyle Factors With Risk of Active Tuberculosis in the Population: The Singapore Chinese Health Study
Authors: Li Huiqi , Chee Cynthia B E , Geng Tingting , Pan An , Koh Woon Puay 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Little is known about the joint associations of multiple lifestyle risk factors including smoking, low body mass index, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, and low diet quality with risk of active tuberculosis.

Methods
We analyzed data from the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a prospective cohort study of 63 257 Chinese adults aged 45–74 years enrolled between 1993 and 1998. Incident cases of active tuberculosis were identified via linkage with the National TB Registry through 31 December 2016. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of tuberculosis risk in relation to the combined scores of lifestyle risk factors.

Results
Compared with participants with none of the risk factors, the adjusted HRs (95% CI) of active tuberculosis for participants with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 risk factors were 1.24 (1.02–1.51), 1.84 (1.51–2.23), 2.52 (2.03–3.14), 4.07 (3.07–5.41), and 9.04 (5.44–15.02), respectively (Ptrend &lt; .0001). The HR for those with 5 factors was ~1.5 times the product of individual risk estimates from the 5 factors on a multiplicative scale. The stepwise increase in risk of active tuberculosis with increasing number of lifestyle risk factors was significantly stronger in participants with diabetes than their counterparts without diabetes at recruitment (Pinteraction = .01).

Conclusions
Multiple lifestyle risk factors were associated with risk of active tuberculosis in a synergistic manner. Our findings highlight the importance of public health programs and interventions targeting these factors simultaneously to reduce the tuberculosis burden among the general population.
Importance of a usual source of care in choosing low-priced generic drugs: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Son Kyung-Bok , Lee Eui-Kyung 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
The potential to lower pharmaceutical spending exists if physicians prescribe low-priced generics. This study aimed to empirically investigate the determinants of choosing low-priced generic drugs in South Korea.

Methods
The 2018 HIRA-NPS dataset was used for this study. Among 1.45 million individuals, we identified the patients who were prescribed atorvastatin 10 mg for more than 60 days in 2018 as the study subjects, separated the subjects into high- and low-priced groups based on their average unit price, and applied a series of logistic regression models to elucidate the factors affecting low-priced drug choice.

Results
Out of 60,984 subjects, only 10,228 (17%) were categorized into the low-priced group. The majority of the subjects (31%) were prescribed drugs at the maximum reimbursement price. Age of the subject, the frequency of visits to the institution, the existence of a usual source of care, and the institution type that a subject mainly visited for prescriptions were associated with being prescribed low-priced generics.

Conclusion
The association of being prescribed low-priced generics with the primary care institution and the usual source of care could be interpreted as evidence for the role of primary care in the continuity of patient-centred care. Creating health systems under which professionals act as perfect agents of a patient and/or an insurer is required.
Bidirectional Within- and Between-Person Relations Between Physical Activity and Cognitive Function
Authors: Stenling Andreas , Eriksson Sörman Daniel , Lindwall Magnus , Machado Liana 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To examine bidirectional within- and between-person relations between physical activity and cognitive function across 15 years.

Methods
Participants (N = 1,722, age range 40–85 years, 55% women) were drawn from the Betula prospective cohort study. We included 4 waves of data. Bivariate latent curve models with structured residuals were estimated to examine bidirectional within- and between-person relations between physical activity and cognitive function (episodic memory recall, verbal fluency, visuospatial ability).

Results
We observed no statistically significant bidirectional within-person relations over time. Higher levels of physical activity at baseline were related to less decline in episodic memory recall. Positive occasion-specific within- and between-person relations were observed, with the most consistent being between physical activity and episodic memory recall.

Discussion
The lack of bidirectional within-person relations indicates that shorter time lags may be needed to capture time-ordered within-person relations. The link between higher physical activity at baseline and less decline in episodic memory recall over time may indicate a protective effect of physical activity on episodic memory recall.
Characterization of the ganglioside recognition profile of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin LT-IIc
Authors: Zalem Dani , Juhás Martin , Terrinoni Manuela , King-Lyons Natalie , Lebens Michael , Varrot Annabelle , Connell Terry D , Teneberg Susann 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The heat-labile enterotoxins of Escherichia coli and cholera toxin of Vibrio cholerae are related in structure and function. Each of these oligomeric toxins is comprised of one A polypeptide and five B polypeptides. The B-subunits bind to gangliosides, which are followed by uptake into the intoxicated cell and activation of the host’s adenylate cyclase by the A-subunits. There are two antigenically distinct groups of these toxins. Group I includes cholera toxin and type I heat-labile enterotoxin of E. coli; group II contains the type II heat-labile enterotoxins of E. coli. Three variants of type II toxins, designated LT-IIa, LT-IIb and LT-IIc have been described. Earlier studies revealed the crystalline structure of LT-IIb. Herein the carbohydrate binding specificity of LT-IIc B-subunits was investigated by glycosphingolipid binding studies on thin-layer chromatograms and in microtiter wells. Binding studies using a large variety of glycosphingolipids showed that LT-IIc binds with high affinity to gangliosides with a terminal Neu5Acα3Gal or Neu5Gcα3Gal, e.g. the gangliosides GM3, GD1a and Neu5Acα3-/Neu5Gcα3--neolactotetraosylceramide and Neu5Acα3-/Neu5Gcα3-neolactohexaosylceramide. The crystal structure of LT-IIc B-subunits alone and with bound LSTd/sialyl-lacto-N-neotetraose d pentasaccharide uncovered the molecular basis of the ganglioside recognition. These studies revealed common and unique functional structures of the type II family of heat-labile enterotoxins.
Proximal tubular dysfunction in pregnant women receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus
Authors: Liegeon Geoffroy , Ngo-Giang-Huong Nicole , Salvadori Nicolas , Bunpo Piyawan , Cressey Ratchada , Achalapong Jullapong , Kanjanavikai Prateep , Patamasingh Na Ayudhaya Orada , Prommas Sinart , Siriwachirachai Thitiporn , Sabsanong Prapan , Yves Mary Jean , Jourdain Gonzague 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Data evaluating the risk of proximal tubular dysfunction in women receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HBV are scarce.

Objectives
To assess the risk of proximal tubulopathy in pregnant women receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for PMTCT of HBV.

Patients and methods
We used urine samples collected from HBV monoinfected pregnant women who participated in a Phase III, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial assessing a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate short course from 28 weeks gestational age (28-wk-GA) to 2 months post-partum (2-months-PP) for PMTCT of HBV in Thailand. Markers of tubular dysfunction, including retinol binding protein, kidney injury molecule-1, α1-microglobuin and β2-microglobulin, were assayed at 28- and 32-wk-GA and 2-months-PP visits. Proximal tubulopathy was defined as the presence of ≥2 of the following: tubular proteinuria, euglycaemic glycosuria and increased urinary phosphate.

Results
A total of 291 women participated in the study. No kidney-related adverse events were severe, and none led to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate discontinuation. At 2-months-PP, 3 of the 120 (3%) evaluated women in the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group experienced proximal tubulopathy versus 3 of 125 (2%) in the placebo group (P = 1.00). None of the six women met the criteria for proximal tubulopathy at 12-months-PP but proteinuria persisted in three of them. No growth abnormalities were found at 1 year of age in infants born to mothers with proximal tubulopathy at 2-months-PP.

Conclusions
In these HBV-infected pregnant and breastfeeding women, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate administered from 28-wk-GA to 2-months-PP was not associated with a higher risk of proximal tubulopathy.
Treatment for Brain Metastases: ASCO-SNO-ASTRO Guideline
Authors: Vogelbaum Michael A , Brown Paul D , Messersmith Hans , Brastianos Priscilla K , Burri Stuart , Cahill Dan , Dunn Ian F , Gaspar Laurie E , Gatson Na Tosha N , Gondi Vinai , Jordan Justin T , Lassman Andrew B , Maues Julia , Mohile Nimish , Redjal Navid , Stevens Glen , Sulman Erik , van den Bent Martin , Wallace H James , Weinberg Jeffrey S , Zadeh Gelareh , Schiff David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Purpose
To provide guidance to clinicians regarding therapy for patients with brain metastases from solid tumors.

Methods
ASCO convened an Expert Panel and conducted a systematic review of the literature.

Results
Thirty-two randomized trials published in 2008 or later met eligibility criteria and form the primary evidentiary base.

Recommendations
Surgery is a reasonable option for patients with brain metastases. Patients with large tumors with mass effect are more likely to benefit than those with multiple brain metastases and/or uncontrolled systemic disease. Patients with symptomatic brain metastases should receive local therapy regardless of the systemic therapy used. For patients with asymptomatic brain metastases, local therapy should not be deferred unless deferral is specifically recommended in this guideline. The decision to defer local therapy should be based on a multidisciplinary discussion of the potential benefits and harms that the patient may experience. Several regimens were recommended for non–small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma. For patients with asymptomatic brain metastases and no systemic therapy options, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone should be offered to patients with one to four unresected brain metastases, excluding small-cell lung carcinoma. SRS alone to the surgical cavity should be offered to patients with one to two resected brain metastases. SRS, whole brain radiation therapy, or their combination are reasonable options for other patients. Memantine and hippocampal avoidance should be offered to patients who receive whole brain radiation therapy and have no hippocampal lesions and 4 months or more expected survival. Patients with asymptomatic brain metastases with either Karnofsky Performance Status ≤ 50 or Karnofsky Performance Status &lt; 70 with no systemic therapy options do not derive benefit from radiation therapy. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/neurooncology-guidelines.
Spiritual Alchemy
Authors: Zuber Mike A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This book reclaims the problematic term “spiritual alchemy” as a precisely definable category for historical research and documents for the first time that there was a continuous tradition of spiritual alchemy from around 1600 to 1910. At the turn of the seventeenth century, the confluence of two important currents—German mysticism and alchemical Paracelsianism—led to a new spiritual alchemy of rebirth that entailed the formation of a subtle body within born-again believers that provided the basis for their subsequent resurrection at the Last Judgment. Embryonic forms of spiritual alchemy in pseudepigraphic writings attributed to Valentin Weigel inspired Jacob Boehme’s description of rebirth. Although he initially knew little about alchemy, Boehme developed his own spiritual alchemy in a number of works written between 1619 and 1622. According to Boehme’s understanding, laboratory alchemy was but a lesser, grossly material reflection of spiritual alchemy. All of the later key figures—Abraham von Franckenberg, Georg Lorenz Seidenbecher, Friedrich Breckling, Dionysius Andreas Freher, Mary Anne Atwood (née South)—drew on Boehme’s spiritual alchemy and communicated it to their contemporaries. Drawing extensively on the manuscript record, this book shows that Boehme’s spiritual alchemy came to shape Mrs. Atwood’s Suggestive Inquiry into the Hermetic Mystery and thus had a decisive impact on modern conceptions, such as those of C. G. Jung and Mircea Eliade. Ultimately, spiritual alchemy gave rise to a bewildering variety of spiritual interpretations of alchemy.
The Rising Seas
Authors: Taillant Jorge Daniel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the impacts of glacier melt on our oceans and related sea level rise. It discusses past and present sea levels and the relative influence of the ice age cycles. The chapter also reviews risks posed now to life on Earth due to glacier melt and related sea level rise, considering these in relation to ongoing and new flooding impacting coastal areas. It goes on to discuss the theories of Hot House Earth and Snowball Earth, the likelihood of these scenarios being realized, and the impact of high levels of CO2 concentrations on the likelihood of either eventuality.