bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening for Antioxidant Activity in Extracts of the Marine Macro algae Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh from South Aceh
Authors: Gazali Mohamad , Nurjanah  , Zamani Neviaty P. , Nasution M. Arif , Zuriat  , Syafitri Rina 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelagic nation with high marine biodiversity that can provide added value for local communities through using renewable resources. Aceh is one of the provinces in Indonesia directly facing the Indian Ocean with many marine biota distributed along the coast. Marine macroalgae are marine biota with potential for medicines and foodstuffs that have long been consumed by local communities in Aceh. Many marine macroalgae in Aceh coastal waters, especially along the south coast, contain a wide range of bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to screen for antioxidant activity in extracts of the green macroalga Enteromorpha flexuosa. Green algae of E. flexuosa were taken from along the South Aceh coastal zone. The research methods included extraction followed by phytochemical and antioxidant activity assays. The rendement of E. flexuosa extracts were ethanol with value of 1.38%; ethyl acetate with value of 1.11%; and n-hexane with value of 0.42%. The phytochemical analysis showed phenol and flavonoid compounds in the E. flexuosa extracts. The CUPRAC method for determining antioxidant activity showed activity of 96.40 μmol troloks/g in the ethanol extract; 16.77 μmol troloks/g in the ethyl acetate extract; and 22.38 μmol troloks/g in the n-hexane extract. These results showed that the ethanolic extract possesses the antioxidant capacity strongly than other extracts. There are indications that phenol compounds influenced antioxidant activity in the E. flexuosa extracts. Using the FRAP method to determine the antioxidant activity of the extracts was: ethanol extract 474%, ethyl acetate 363.50% and n-hexane 239.50%. These levels of antioxidant activity in the extracts point to E. flexuosa as a potential source of antioxidants that could provide benefits when used in marine natural products.
Antibacterial assay of crude extracts from marine sponge Haliclona fascigera in Badi Island of Spermonde Archipelago against shrimp pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Latifah L A , Tahir A , Soekamto N H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The marine Sponge Haliclona fascigera, belonging to the genus Haliclona, Family Haliclonidae, Order Haplosclerida, is a source of potentially valuable marine natural products, including diverse bioactive secondary metabolites. These bioactive secondary metabolites could be used as alternative antibiotics for managing pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture. The study aimed to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and acetone crude extracts against three shrimp pathogenic bacteria and to carry out phytochemical screening. The three crude extracts were produced from H. fascigera collected around Badi Island, Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. The crude extracts were screened for their activity against three shrimp pathogenic bacteria: Vibrio harveyi (M-120), Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (T-170). Antibacterial activity assays used the agar diffusion method; the paper discs were impregnated with extract concentrations of 2μg/25μL. Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard protocols to provide supporting data. N-hexane and acetone crude extracts of H. fascigera were able to inhibit Vibrio parahaemolyticus with inhibition zone diameters of 8.07mm and 7.62mm, respectively. The inhibition zone of Ciprofloxacin (positive control) was 10.45 mm. The phytochemical analysis indicated that steroid, terpenoid, and alkaloid compounds were present in H. fascigera. Further studies are needed to reveal the compounds causing the observed antimicrobial effect.
The organoleptic, physical and chemical quality of mud crab fattening feed fermented with a microorganism mixture
Authors: Aslamyah Siti , Hidayani Andi Aliah , Badraeni  , Azis Hasni Yulianti , Fujaya Yushinta 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Feed for fattening mud crabs must not only be able to survive in water, but must also have high nutritional quality. High nutritional quality has an impact on increasing feed prices, so it is necessary to improve the quality of feed while maintaining a stable price. This study evaluated the organoleptic, physical and chemical quality of mud crab feed fermented by adding various doses of mixed microorganisms which cause fermentation to the raw feed materials. The microorganism mixture doses tested were: 0, 10, 20, and 30 mL 100 g-1 of raw feed materials. Based on organoleptic feed data (appearance, texture, aroma, and feed colour), physical data (water stability, including speed of breakdown and solids dispersion, hardness level, and sinking speed) and feed nutritional or chemical tests (protein, fat, nitrogen-free extract, crude fibre, ash, and water content, as well as the dry and organic matter digestibility percentages) it can be concluded that the microorganism mixture can be used effectively to ferment feed raw materials at a dose of 10 mL 100 g-1 of raw feed materials.
Environmentally friendly turbo jet aerator for sustainable multitrophic aquaculture
Authors: Tuwo A , Yasir I , Tresnati J , Aprianto R 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAquaculture is an oxygen-dependent business; heterotroph biomass production is proportional to the oxygen supply to the aquaculture pond, therefore, intensive and supra-intensive aquaculture requires a large supply of oxygen. The use of paddle wheel aerators and the types of aerators available in the market today are generally wasteful in terms of energy use. This poster presents the test results of the Prototype Turbo Jet Aerator, which is named RA-TJA-SG1. This submersible aerator prototype was designed to be able to produce large amounts of oxygen with a small energy consumption (40 watts) using sustainable solar energy. Laboratory test results indicated that the RA-TJA-SG1 is able to increase the content of the concentration of dissolve oxygen in seawater at different salinity to the ideal concentration for intensive and supra intensive shrimp culture.
Isolation and Characterization of Gonad Inhibiting Hormone (GIH)-coding Gene in black tiger shrimp (Penaeusmonodon Fabricius, 1798)
Authors: Trijuno Dody D. , Hidayani A. Aliah , Malina Asmi C. , Zainuddin Elmi N. , Parenrengi A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
One of the methods to increase the production in crustaceans is a highly complex hormonal process that requires precise coordination of external and internal factors to be successful. One of the important peptide hormones controlling reproduction in crustaceans is the gonad-inhibiting hormone (GIH). This gene is believed to be capable of encoding important components of the reproduction process, primarily inhibiting gonadal maturation in shrimp. As a key component in understanding the reproduction of Penaeus monodon, we characterised the expression pattern of the GIH gene in the eyestalks. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the gonad inhibiting hormone-encoding gene. The GIH gene was isolated using PCR with GIH-F and GIH-R primers. The PCR products (cDNA fragments) were sequenced. Sequence analysis was conducted in GENETYX version 7 and BLAST-N (basic local alignment search tool-nucleotide) was used to determine the similarity of sequences generated with existing sequences in GenBank. The cDNA sequences were 316 bp, and had 96%-99% identity with P. monodon GIH accessions in GenBank. We conclude that the PCR amplified cDNA fragments of the GIH encoding gene sequences from the shrimp.
Effect of bait availability on pole and line fisheries and the impact on the amount of fish consumption
Authors: Litaay C , Pelasula D D , Horhoruw S M , Arfah H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Pole and line fisheries are highly dependent on bait availability. The problem of bait lies in-stock availability and improper handling methods cause the bait to become stressed and die. This research aimed to analyse the effect of bait on the pole and line fishing process. This research was a survey through field observations. This research used descriptive analysis. Data were collected including on bait, the fishing process, and catch. The results showed that the pole and line process was one-day fishing. The bait volume used was 25 buckets. The pole and line catching process is quite involved and includes the process of transferring the live bait from the hold into the stocking tank using a large hand net with a 32 cm diameter, the chumming process or the process of spreading live bait using a small scoop net with a diameter of 13.5 cm, and the actual fishing process. The total catch was 500 individuals/trip or 2.5 tons, including Katsuwonus pelamis, Euthynnus affinis, Thunnus albacares and Coryphaena hippurus. Fishing was carried out as a one-day fishing process because it was based on the availability of bait. Fish resource utilization is managed by fishermen optimally because it affects fish consumption.
The influence of weirs on microplastic fate in the riverine environment (case study: Jeneberang River, Makassar City, Indonesia)
Authors: Wicaksono Ega Adhi , Werorilangi Shinta , Tahir Akbar 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The riverine environment is known as the main pathway of microplastic entering the ocean. Recent studies show that the barricading of water flow in the riverine environment can influence the microplastic load to the ocean. The Jeneberang River, which is located in Makassar City, is prone to microplastic pollution. There are three weirs located in this river as water barricades. The aim of this study was to measure the microplastic abundance upstream and downstream of each weir flow. Microplastics in the water compartment were measured using the volume-reduce towing method and were measured in the sediment compartment using a density separator method. The results show that microplastic abundance in the water prior to passing each weir was higher (1.43 – 3.19 item/m3) compared by the flow after each weir (1.20 – 2.10 item/m3). The same pattern was also apparent in the sediment compartment where the microplastic abundance prior to the weirs tended to be higher (28.33 – 56.67 item/kg DW) compared to the compartment after the weir (30.00 – 53.33 item/kg DW). Based on microplastic shape, there is no evidence that weirs in the Jeneberang River are blocking any specific shape of microplastic. In conclusion, weirs that are commonly found in the riverine environment could act as microplastic retention devices in the riverine environment.
Microplastic concentration in asiatic hard clam meretrix meretrix (Linneaus, 1758) from Lemo Beach, Burau District, Luwu Timur Regency, South Sulawesi
Authors: Tamrin Sarnila , Yaqin Khusnul , Dwi Fajriyati Inaku Sri Wahyuni Rahim , Umar Moh. Tuhid 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Microplastic pollution is a problem that is currently attracting the attention of various groups, from scientists to ordinary people. This type of pollution can have a negative impact on aquatic biota, especially organisms that have filter feeder behavior. Asiatic hard clam (Meretrix meretrix) is a filter feeder organism that has a considerable risk of being exposed to microplastics. This study aims to analyze the concentration of microplastics in Asiatic hard clam (M. meretrix) at Lemo Beach, Burau District, East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi. Sampling was performed using purposive random sampling method. The number of samples of Asiatic hard clam was 118 which were divided into three groups of shell length, namely class A (2.75 - 3.40 cm), class B (3.41 - 4.21 cm), class C (4.22 - 5.24 cm). Observation of microplastic particles is carried out using a stereo microscope equipped with a camera (Miconos optical lab). The results of the frequency analysis of the presence of microplastics in the clam showed that class A was the class with the highest frequency, namely 95.67%. The observed microplastics were in the form of fibers, fragments, and films with a predominantly black and transparent color. The size of the observed microplastics ranged from 0.033-0.88 mm. The results of the microplastic concentration analysis showed that size class A had a greater concentration than class B and class C.
Strategic approaches in manta ray tourism management
Authors: Sari Hani Maulita , Jompa Jamaluddin , Natsir Nessa M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Manta ray tourism has both positive and negative impacts. Therefore, this type of tourism should be managed appropriately, especially in protected areas. There are a number of protected areas in Indonesia which have become popular as manta ray tourism destinations. These tourism destinations are visited by thousands of tourists every year. Excessive tourist numbers with uncontrolled behaviour can potentially impact the species. This study was conducted to examine effective management strategies to mitigate overtourism in manta ray tourism at three sites: Komodo, Nusa Penida, and Raja Ampat. The target respondents included 73 relevant stakeholders. This descriptive research conducted during 2017-2018 involved the collection of quantitative information and utilised questionnaires. The results identified seven existing approaches to effective management of manta ray tourism in order to mitigate overtourism in the study areas. Key recommendations to improve mitigation are highlighted.
The coral reef health index in Teluk Sebong, Bintan Island
Authors: Kurniawan Dedy , Febrianto Try , Jumsurizal  , Dwirama Putra Risandi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Teluk Sebong is one of the areas around Bintan Island, Indonesia, that has potential coral reef resources. Bintan borders directly with neighbouring countries and with a major shipping lane (ALKI I) traversing the Indonesian Archipelago. This makes the coral reef ecosystems in this region particularly vulnerable to disruption from changes in the aquatic environment. There is a need for primary data on the coral reef ecosystem condition as a basis for understanding changes in this ecosystem. One commonly used method is the Coral Reef Health Index (CRHI), which can describe the current status in terms of live coral cover, the level of resilience (potential for recovery) during times of stress, the condition of economically important reef fish biomass, and ecologically related functions. The CRHI can be used in monitoring coral reef status and can provide a basis for the management of coral reef ecosystems. This study examined five sampling sites located in Teluk Sebong, Bintan Island. The in-situ data collection included the condition of coral reefs using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method and reef fish condition using the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method. The coral data collected were analyzed using the CPCe (Coral Point Calculate with Excel extension) software version 4.0 to determine the percentage benthic cover. The coral reef fish data were analyzed to provide target fish density and biomass values (carnivores and herbivores). The live coral cover in Teluk Sebong ranged from 30.87 - 45.40%. Out of the five research sites, Berakit, Pengudang, and Lagoi Bay had coral cover in the high category while coral cover at Banyan Tree and Rawa Island was in the medium category. Reef fish biomass in Teluk Sebong ranged from 9.26 - 108.07 kg/ha, and at all research sites fish biomass was in a low category. The coral reef ecosystem resilience in Teluk Sebong was high at the Berakit and Banyan tree sites; in contrast, Pengudang, Lagoi Bay, and Rawa Island were in the low resilience category. The coral reef index (CRHI) value was highest in Berakit (CRHI = 6), followed by Banyan Tree (CRHI = 5), Pengudang (CRHI = 4), Lagoi Bay (CRHI = 4), and Rawa Island (CRHI = 2).
Evolution of gigantism in right and bowhead whales (Cetacea: Mysticeti: Balaenidae)
Authors: Bisconti Michelangelo , Pellegrino Luca , Carnevale Giorgio 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe evolution of gigantic body size represents a key to understand the ecological role of baleen whales in oceanic ecosystems. Many efforts have been devoted to the formulation of equations relating different body parts to total body length and mass in living and fossil mysticetes, mainly focusing on balaenopterid and balaenopterid-like mysticetes. Right whales (family Balaenidae) have a unique head-to-body length ratio, suggesting that their body proportions cannot be predicted effectively using equations based primarily on non-balaenid mysticetes. A new morphometric dataset of living and fossil balaenids is provided herein, and new regression equations allow one to predict the body length and mass of extinct species based on the expected head-to-body length ratio of extant balaenids. The reconstructed values are mapped on a new phylogenetic analysis of the Balaenidae, inferring body size and mass at ancestral nodes. The variations of body size and mass in Balaenidae since the early Miocene are reconstructed, revealing that: (1) a reduction in total body length occurred in the early Pliocene; (2) the origin of the gigantic body size in the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) is probably related to invasion of the Arctic Ocean in the last 3 Myr; and (3) the origin of the gigantic body size in the right whales (genus Eubalaena) occurred since the latest Miocene, probably concomitant with pulses of nutrients sustaining large zooplankton populations. We suggest that the evolution of gigantism in Balaenidae occurred independently in two lineages and, probably, in response to different palaeoenvironmental drivers.
Vernacular Discourses of Disruption in Alternative Digital Space
Authors: Das Purba 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article explores the discursive strategies employed by Dalits and other marginalized groups to highlight inspirational stories of bottom-up change across rural India. These agential narratives are featured in the community-run alternative digital media portal, Video Volunteer’s series, “Videos that Created Change.” I contend that marginalized groups’ articulation of structural change against systemic oppression takes the form of vernacular discursive practices, which foreground place-based identities and regional languages. Such newly emerging digital media practices have the potential to disrupt the hegemonic mainstream template of marginalized citizens’ abject victimhood.
Cortical Responses to Vowel Sequences in Awake and Anesthetized States: A Human Intracranial Electrophysiology Study
Authors: Nourski Kirill V , Steinschneider Mitchell , Rhone Ariane E , Krause Bryan M , Mueller Rashmi N , Kawasaki Hiroto , Banks Matthew I 
Published: May 2021

AbstractElucidating neural signatures of sensory processing across consciousness states is a major focus in neuroscience. Noninvasive human studies using the general anesthetic propofol reveal differential effects on auditory cortical activity, with a greater impact on nonprimary and auditory-related areas than primary auditory cortex. This study used intracranial electroencephalography to examine cortical responses to vowel sequences during induction of general anesthesia with propofol. Subjects were adult neurosurgical patients with intracranial electrodes placed to identify epileptic foci. Data were collected before electrode removal surgery. Stimuli were vowel sequences presented in a target detection task during awake, sedated, and unresponsive states. Averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) and high gamma (70–150 Hz) power were measured in auditory, auditory-related, and prefrontal cortex. In the awake state, AEPs were found throughout studied brain areas; high gamma activity was limited to canonical auditory cortex. Sedation led to a decrease in AEP magnitude. Upon LOC, there was a decrease in the superior temporal gyrus and adjacent auditory-related cortex and a further decrease in AEP magnitude in core auditory cortex, changes in the temporal structure and increased trial-to-trial variability of responses. The findings identify putative biomarkers of LOC and serve as a foundation for future investigations of altered sensory processing.
Sustained Declines in Age Group-Specific Rotavirus Infection and Acute Gastroenteritis in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Individuals During the 5 Years Since Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in England
Authors: Gower Charlotte M , Stowe Julia , Andrews Nick J , Dunning Jake , Ramsay Mary E , Ladhani Shames N 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
The introduction of an oral live-attenuated monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix®) into the UK infant immunization program in July 2013 was associated with large reductions in laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infections and hospitalizations due to acute gastroenteritis (AGE) within 12 months. Here we report the 5-year impact of the program in England.

Methods
Individuals with laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infections during 2000–2018 and all-cause hospitalizations for AGE during 2007–2018 were identified using national electronic records. Age-specific incidence rate ratios (IRR) and estimated numbers of cases averted in each of the 5 postvaccination years were calculated.

Results
There were 206 389 laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infections and 3 657 651 hospitalizations for all-cause AGE. Reductions of 69–83% in laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infections in all age groups and 77–88% in infants aged &lt;1 year in each of the 5 postvaccine years are reported, with 11 386–11 633 cases averted annually. All-cause AGE hospitalizations were reduced by 12–35% across all age-groups and by 25–48% in &lt;1 year-olds in the 5 postvaccine years, with 24 474–49 278 hospitalizations averted annually. There was strong evidence of indirect (herd) protection, with at least 50% and up to 80% of the non-specific end point of all-cause gastroenteritis (AGE) hospitalizations averted being in unvaccinated age-groups, primarily older adults. Seasonal changes include a possible shift from annual to biennial peaks with lower peak incidence and longer seasons.

Conclusions
There were large and sustained declines in both laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infections and AGE hospitalizations across all age groups in each of the 5 years since the introduction of the UK rotavirus program.
Detection of IFN-γ Secretion in Blood Samples Collected Before and After Treatment of Varying Stages of Lyme Disease
Authors: Arnaboldi Paul M , D’Arco Christina , Hefter Yosefa , Nolan Sheila , Jobe Dean A , Callister Steven M , Dattwyler Raymond J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
QuantiFERON enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Qiagen) with Borrelia burgdorferi peptide antigens was previously shown to reliably detect interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in blood samples from adult patients with early Lyme disease and the response disappeared rapidly after treatment. We evaluated the response before and after appropriate antibiotic therapy in adolescent and adult subjects with more diverse stages of the illness.

Methods
Blood was obtained from patients with clinician-identified Lyme disease with constitutional complaints, erythema migrans, nerve palsy, cardiac abnormality, or arthritis before (n = 68) and 6 weeks (n = 46) and 6 months (n = 45) after therapy. The sera were tested for Lyme disease by standard 2-tiered testing (STTT) and anti–C6 antibodies by ELISA and the levels of IFN-γ in the blood samples were detected by QuantiFERON ELISA.

Results
A positive STTT result supported the clinical diagnosis of 37 (54%) subjects and anti-C6 antibodies were detected in 45 (66%) subjects, including 36 (97%) STTT-positive subjects, and the responses often persisted or expanded after antibiotic therapy. IFN-γ was detected in 49 (72%) subjects prior to treatment and the response most often significantly decreased 6 weeks (P = .007) or 6 months (P = .001) after treatment.

Conclusions
The QuantiFERON ELISA reliably detected IFN-γ in blood samples from adult and adolescent patients with varying stages of Lyme disease and the response disappeared rapidly after treatment. Additional studies to more critically evaluate clinical utility as a laboratory test for diagnosis and confirmation of effective therapy are warranted.