bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of recycling neutral on density shoulder formation in tokamak plasmas
Authors: Wu Xingquan , Xu Guosheng , Yan Ning , Chen Ran , Wang Liang , Wan Baonian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Towards a physical understanding of the formation of flattened upstream scrape-off-layer (SOL) density profiles, namely ‘density shoulders’, a self-consistent one-dimensional radial transport model has been developed to estimate the upstream profiles covering both the core plasma and SOL region at the tokamak midplane. For the SOL region, the effective density and temperature profiles for the ionization process are obtained by the weighted averaging of the upstream and downstream profiles, which can distinguish the open-target operation from the closed-target operation by a weighting factor. Compared with enhanced turbulent convective transport, it is complementary for the model to study the competition between the effective source S
eff and the parallel particle loss L
SOL. It indicates that: (1) an appropriate S
eff intensity controlled by the neutral pressure due to divertor or wall recycling and (2) an appropriate S
eff peak position in a far SOL region adjusted by the plasma current as well as the weighting factor could offset the damping effect of L
SOL on the density profile. Then S
eff over L
SOL in a far SOL region could be the sole process involved in bringing about SOL density shoulders.
Target electron removal in C5+ + H collision
Authors: Al Atawneh Saed J. , Tőkési K. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We present target ionization and charge exchange cross sections in a collision between C5+ ion and H atom. We treat the collision dynamics classically using a four-body classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) and a four-body quasi-classical Monte Carlo (QCTMC) model when the Heisenberg correction term is added to the standard CTMC model via model potential. The calculations were performed in the projectile energy range between 1.0 keV/amu and 10 MeV/amu. We found that the cross sections obtained by the QCTMC model are higher than that of the cross sections calculated by the standard CTMC model and these cross sections are closer to the previous experimental and theoretical data. Moreover, for the case of ionization, we show that the interaction between the projectile and the target electrons plays a dominant role in the enhancement of the cross sections at lower energies.
Enantioselective synthesis of 6-methyloctanal and 8-methyldecanal, the characteristic aroma components in yuzu Citrus junos, and the analysis of their enantiomeric compositions in yuzu essential oil
Authors: Ohkubo Yasutaka , Tomita Naomi , Ogura Yusuke , Takikawa Hirosato 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
6-Methyloctanal and 8-methyldecanal are the characteristic aroma components of yuzu Citrus junos. However, their absolute configurations and enantiomeric compositions in yuzu essential oil have not been analyzed. A concise enantioselective synthesis of both aldehydes was successfully carried out to determine their absolute configurations and enantiomeric compositions. Both aldehydes in yuzu essential oil were found to be (S)-form with high enantiomeric excess.
“This rug, handmade by a resident of the old age home, should serve as evidence of the

willingness

and

ability

of elderly people to work”: Elderly Survival Strategies in the Łódź Ghetto
Authors: Strauss Elizabeth C 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
As a path to survival in the Łódź ghetto, “rescue through work” privileged the young and able-bodied. How did elderly ghetto inhabitants respond to the policies and demands of a strategy that inherently marginalized and disadvantaged them? Older men and women worked as long as physically possible, but the limitations of aging bodies were compounded by the deleterious effects of living in the ghetto. A scarcity of viable employment opportunities, taxing manual labor, and lack of food, forced most elderly men and women to seek alternative strategies. Petitions for survival reveal how older men and women supported the ghetto’s collective strategy for survival while simultaneously exploiting the rhetoric of “rescue through work” to challenge the ideological tenets at the very core of that strategy.
Spatial and interannual variability in the distribution of euphausiid life stages in the permanent upwelling system off northern Chile
Authors: Díaz-Astudillo Macarena , Saldías Gonzalo S , Letelier Jaime , Riquelme-Bugueño Ramiro 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Euphausiids are crustaceans with a complex life cycle that play a significant role in the trophic pathways of the highly productive Humboldt Upwelling System. We studied the effect of upwelling and climate variability on the austral spring distribution and abundance of krill life stages using 8 years of physical and biological sampling off northern Chile. During the study period, conditions shifted from negative to positive temperature anomalies and climate indices. Consequently, large interannual variability associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation was observed in all life stages, with lower abundances during their positive phases. The distribution patterns and the statistical associations with environmental variables show that the effect of upwelling varies ontogenetically. Eggs, nauplii, calyptopis, and furcilia larvae had higher abundances offshore, suggesting they are transported offshore through the Ekman layer. Juveniles and adults avoid advection via their deeper distribution and vertical migrations, and although they were present in the entire study area, abundances were higher to the south associated with lower salinity. This is the first study evaluating the impacts of climate variability on krill life stages and finds a direct effect of these low-frequency oscillations on krill reproduction and abundance in the HUS.
A new method for measuring the 3D turbulent velocity dispersion of molecular clouds
Authors: Stewart Madeleine , Federrath Christoph 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
The structure and star formation activity of a molecular cloud are fundamentally linked to its internal turbulence. However, accurately measuring the turbulent velocity dispersion is challenging due to projection effects and observational limitations, such as telescope resolution, particularly for clouds that include non-turbulent motions, such as large-scale rotation. Here, we develop a new method to recover the 3D turbulent velocity dispersion (σv,3D) from position–position–velocity (PPV) data. We simulate a rotating, turbulent, collapsing molecular cloud, and compare its intrinsic σv,3D with three different measures of the velocity dispersion accessible in PPV space: (1) the spatial mean of the 2nd-moment map, σi, (2) the standard deviation of the gradient/rotation-corrected 1st-moment map, σ(c − grad), and (3) a combination of (1) and (2), called the ‘gradient-corrected parent velocity dispersion’, $\sigma _{\mathrm{(p}-\mathrm{grad)}}=(\sigma _{\mathrm{i}}^2+\sigma _{(\mathrm{c}-\mathrm{grad)}}^2)^{1/2}$. We show that the gradient correction is crucial in order to recover purely turbulent motions of the cloud, independent of the orientation of the cloud with respect to the line of sight. We find that with a suitable correction factor and appropriate filters applied to the moment maps, all three statistics can be used to recover σv,3D, with method 3 being the most robust and reliable. We determine the correction factor as a function of the telescope beam size for different levels of cloud rotation, and find that for a beam full width at half-maximum f and cloud radius R, the 3D turbulent velocity dispersion can best be recovered from the gradient-corrected parent velocity dispersion via $\sigma _{v,\mathrm{3D}}= \left[(-0.29\pm 0.26)\, f/R + 1.93 \pm 0.15\right] \sigma _{\mathrm{(p}-\mathrm{grad)}}$ for f/R &lt; 1, independent of the level of cloud rotation or LOS orientation.
The Ghost in the Image
Authors: Sayad Cecilia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Ghost in the Image offers a new take on the place that supernatural phenomena occupy in everyday life by examining the horror genre in fiction, documentary, and participative modes. The book covers a variety of media: spirit photography, ghost-hunting reality shows, documentary and fiction films based on the Amityville and Enfield hauntings, found-footage horror movies, experiential cinema, survival games, and creepypasta. These works transform our interest in ghosts into an interactive form of entertainment. Through a transmedial approach to horror, this book investigates our expectations regarding the ability of photography and video to work as evidence. A historical examination of technology’s role in at once showing and forging truths invites questions about our investment in its powers, which is pertinent to the so-called post-fact scenario. Behind our obsession with documenting everyday life lies the hope that our cameras will reveal something extraordinary. The obsessive search for ghosts in the image, however, shows that the desire to find them is matched by the pleasure of calling out a hoax.
Seeking ghosts
Authors: Sayad Cecilia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of audiovisual and other indexical technology to capture evidence of supernatural phenomena in ghost-hunting reality television shows like Most Haunted, Ghost Hunters, and Paranormal State, among many others. It explores these programs’ connections with early practices such as spirit photography and phantasmagoria. The chapter also examines the ways in which the shows invite interaction with viewers through web forum discussions and live broadcasts. At the basis of this investigation is the question of how photography and film are seen to reveal hidden aspects of the material world and our expectations about the evidential power of images.
Tales from a Late Bloomer
Authors: Robinson Sandra Lynn 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Despite a slow start, and some setbacks and mistakes along the way, the essay asserts that the author has had much success and happiness in her academic career. This chapter highlights some of the guiding principles that determined how her career unfolded and illustrates these principles with experiences she has had in the last three decades. This chapter is intended to provide a bit of guidance to others, as well as hope and reassurance if they sometimes feel discouraged.
Addressing Spatial Inequality in Broadband Use and Community-Level Outcomes
Authors: Tolbert Caroline J. , Mossberger Karen , Gaydos Natasha , Caldarulo Mattia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the significance of place for broadband policy evaluation and examines long-term data on Chicago neighborhoods as an example of quasi-experimental design. Interventions are often targeted to low-income urban neighborhoods or rural communities, with goals for increased local employment, economic development, or community health. Measuring outcomes by place provides a way to aggregate impacts for individual residents and to suggest potential spillover benefits for communities. Evaluating broadband use (i.e., subscriptions) over time in communities can address issues of causation as well as long-term outcomes of use. Chicago’s Smart Communities program illustrates the benefits of conducting long-term evaluation, taking advantage of new American Community Survey data that allows tracking of broadband subscriptions in smaller or less-populated geographies such as neighborhoods or rural communities. Finally, the chapter discusses strategies for expanding community-level research through other quasi-experimental designs and the creation and utilization of community-level data on broadband adoption and use.
Broadway Baby
Authors: Winkler Kevin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses Tommy Tune’s dance and theater training in his native Texas and his early career in New York, where he immediately found work as a dancer. He appeared in the ensemble of three Broadway shows while also traveling out of town to dance and choreograph on the thriving summer stock circuit. He learned to work fast and efficiently, in every style of musical theater dance. Roles in movies and television convinced Tune that singing and dancing in front of live audiences suited him better than performing for a camera. His friend and early mentor, Michael Bennett, provided Tune with both his first opportunity to choreograph on Broadway and his breakthrough as a performer. Originally hired to choreograph two numbers for the struggling musical Seesaw, Tune was also promoted by Bennett to a featured role in the show as a gay choreographer. It was one of musical theater’s first attempts to portray gays as more than stereotypes. Tune’s showstopping Seesaw number, “It’s Not Where You Start,” which he also choreographed, served as a template for much of his later work. It drew on early show business performing styles and tropes and infused them with contemporary energy and attitude. In both his staging and performance, Tune blended the old and the new into something fresh and original.
Open-Access and Pay-to-Publish Journals
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces readers to the open-access movement and to journals that charge authors to publish. Differences between open-access journals and traditional subscription journals are outlined in terms of sources of publisher revenue, peer-review processes, and editorial approaches. The chapter suggests that open- access journals may be best suited for papers from “hot” fields or for papers focusing on urgent social or health issues, whereas subscription journals are likely better suited for theoretical and literature-review papers. Authors are cautioned regarding “predatory” open-access journals that advance dubious claims regarding the speed of peer review and that misrepresent the qualifications of the editor or editorial board. The chapter provides guidance for authors considering submitting their work to legitimate open-access journals.
What Privacy Isn’t
Authors: Richards Neil 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter cuts through some of the common myths about privacy in our digital society. First, privacy isn’t about hiding dark secrets. Saying that those with nothing to hide have nothing to fear ignores that we all have aspects of our selves we don’t want shared indiscriminately, ignores that privacy matters because privacy is about power, and incorrectly focuses on privacy as an individual rather than a social matter. Second, privacy isn’t about creepiness. Using socially contingent psychological reactions as a trigger for whether privacy is menaced is a trap because it is underinclusive, overinclusive, and malleable by those who collect data. Third, privacy isn’t about “controlling our data.” In our complex world, control of data is an illusion that actually cedes control to powerful companies, thereby completing the creepy trap. Fourth, privacy isn’t dying; it’s the ongoing social conversation about the social power that human information confers.
Integration
Authors: Davidson James 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The concept of an integral on a general measure space is developed from first principles. Riemann–Stieltjes and Lebesgue–Stieltjes integrals are defined. The monotone convergence theorem, fundamental properties of integrals, and related inequalities are covered. Other topics include product measure and multiple integrals, Fubini’s theorem, signed measures, and the Radon–Nikodym theorem.
The Classical Central Limit Theorem
Authors: Davidson James 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the first approach is made to establishing the convergence of scaled random sums, considering independent sequences. The classic Lindeberg–Lévy, Khinchine, Lindeberg–Feller, and Liapunov theorems are proved. The main focus is on the treatment of heterogeneous summands, applying the Lindeberg condition, and extensions are given to allow trending (growing or shrinking) variances. The final sections review cases of the central limit theorem under non-standard conditions and α-stable convergence.
Rüdiger Bittner on Autonomy
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This essay addresses several of Bittner’s challenges, including his radical dismissal of ideas of freedom imbedded in ordinary language and his argument that it is incoherent to claim, as Kant does, that fundamental principles are both moral laws and self-imposed. By analogy with a legal system, Kant can view the supreme moral principle as the necessary constitutional requirements on moral legislation, which is distinct the activities of deriving specific principles and imposing them on oneself. The metaphors of law-giving and self-imposing must be interpreted differently when referring to a rational person’s recognition of an unconditionally rational principle and when referring to a rational person’s working out more specifically what must be done and resolving to do it.
Kantian Perspectives on the Rational Basis of Human Dignity
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Kant made the dignity of humanity central in his moral philosophy. This essay sketches a broadly Kantian understanding of his position, noting occasionally alternative interpretations. The main questions are these: (1) What is human dignity? (2) By virtue of what do human beings have dignity? (3) Why believe in human dignity? (4) What are the practical implications? The Kantian view is that human dignity is an innate worth or status that we did not earn and cannot forfeit, which we have by virtue of our rational autonomy. A Kantian argument for this belief turns on how we must understand ourselves from practical standpoint. We must strive to make our individual choices worthy of this moral standing, which elevates us above animals and mere things, by never treating persons as mere means and by honouring and promoting humanity positively.
The Kingdom of Ends as an Ideal and a Constraint on Moral Legislation
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this broadly Kantian account of deliberation about moral principles, human dignity is not a metaphysical ground for the norms that we associate with it. Rather it is a comprehensive status defined by the basic moral principles and values, such as the requirements of justifiability to all and treating humanity as an end in itself. The essay comments on the sense in which dignity is an elevated though inclusive status, in contrast to a conventional status, and an inner worth, in contrast to a derivative value. Human dignity has an important role in practical deliberations, but its specific requirements must be determined and justified by the theory in which it is embedded. Many have discussed the constraints and limits required to respect the dignity of every human person, but this essay emphasizes that this also calls for certain positive attitudes and ideals beyond these negative duties.
Varieties of Constructivism
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This essay contrasts several versions of constructivism proposed by Onora Neill and John Rawls, and reviews critically O’Neill’s objections to Rawls’ theory of justice. O’Neill’s objections to Rawls also seem to implicate the author’s Kantian constructivist framework for normative ethics, but arguably neither this nor Rawls’ constructivisms need necessarily compete with O’Neill’s deepest aspirations for the constructive powers of reason.
Conscientious Conviction and Conscience
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This essay concerns aspects of Kimberley Brownlee’s defense of civil disobedience for those who act on conscientious conviction and conscience. Discussion focuses on Brownlee’s treatment of these central concepts. For example, she offers four criteria for identifying a sincere conscientious moral judgment: consistency, universality, non-evasion, and communication and dialogue. This essay argues from examples that the criteria as explained fail to serve the purpose of identifying when normative convictions are conscientious and moral. Then it contrasts her conception of conscience with those of Joseph Butler and Immanuel Kant, considering their merits for her purposes.
Framing Financialization and the State
Authors: Copley Jack 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the age of financialization, it appears that financial elites dominate both the economy and politics. Indeed, much of the academic literature on the state’s role in propelling financialization argues that states liberated finance precisely due to the political power of finance capital and the influence of pro-finance, neoliberal ideas. This chapter, however, argues that during the 1970s and 1980s, when the most important financial liberalizations were passed, British policymakers were not directly dominated by an ascendant class of financiers. Rather, they found themselves indirectly dominated by the pressures of the global profitability crisis upon Britain’s economic balances with the rest of the world. This chapter theorizes this form of impersonal domination through an interpretation of Marx’s value theory. When the market-dependent agents of capitalist society interact through money-mediated commodity exchange, they unleash a dominating, competitive logic that sets them against one another in a race to raise labour productivity while pushing the economy into crises of falling profitability. Within this system, policymakers must simultaneously respond to the impersonal pressures of world market competition and maintain domestic legitimacy. In order to balance these contradictory imperatives, especially during crises, policymakers employ strategies of depoliticized discipline and palliation—the former seeking to impose competitive discipline on the domestic economy in a politically insulated manner, and the latter seeking to delay competitive market pressures so as to protect governing legitimacy. This chapter argues that the policies of financial liberalization pursued by the British state in this era can be understood through this lens.
Neural Networks
Authors: El-Nasr Magy Seif , Dinh Truong Huy Nguyen , Canossa Alessandro , Drachen Anders 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter will introduce the use of Neural Networks (NN) in game data science. Due to the availability of game data and the increase in computational power, the use of NNs and deep networks is on the rise in data science in general, and specifically within the field of game data science. Complex deep networks are used as they can generalize to highly complex relationships over unseen data and, as a result, provide better performance than traditional models. Such networks have been used to serve many purposes within the game production cycle, including churn predicting, predicting and measuring customer lifetime value, recommending items, as well as discovering and forecasting player behavior patterns. Deep learning has shown good performance and results on these problems. This chapter will detail different types of algorithms used for both Feedforward Neural Networks (FNNs) as well as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). It also includes several case studies and examples of game projects to show the utility of these methods for game design and development. This chapter was written in collaboration with Sabbir Ahmed, a PhD student at Northeastern University.