bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total thyroidectomy with and without prophylactic central compartment neck dissection in early papillary thyroid cancer: A comparative study
Authors: Omran Hisham , Ali Fadl Ehab Mohammed , El Aal Sultan Ahmed Abd 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

Back ground:
Among all types of cancer, thyroid cancer is regarded as the most prevalent endocrine cancer with a high incidence. This is due to the fact that papillary carcinomas can be largely detectable sub-clinically. Occult lymph node metastasis in PTC have a high-rate incidence. Ideal management of such a type of thyroid cancer requires a central compartment neck dissection (pCCND), despite the fact that the contribution of pCCND to manage PTC is controversial with regard to its merits as well as risks.

Subject and method:
In this study, we compared total thyroidectomy with or without pCCND in case of papillary thyroid cancer with a clinically negative cervical LN metastasis. The study concentrates mainly on the complication rate and the risk of disease recurrence.
A prospective comparative study was conducted by collecting 40 cases of papillary thyroid cancer with clinical negative LNs operated between March 2017 and March 2019, 20 of them (group1) underwent total thyroidectomy and 20 cases (group2) underwent total thyroidectomy and pCCND.

Results:
The average operative time in group (1) was estimated of (122.1 ± 19.1 min), while in group (2) it was (182.2 ± 15.3 min) with a statistically significant relationship. Only one case 5% in group (2) cases suffered from hoarseness of voice. 5% of group (1) and 10% of group (2) suffered from transient hypocalcemia, one case (5%) in group (1) had recurrence and 4 cases (20%) of group (2) cases suffered from recurrence.

Conclusion:
Total thyroidectomy with pCCND done in cases suffering from PTC with clinically negative cervical LNs increases time of operation and post-operative hospital stay compared to total thyroidectomy with no statistical difference as regard to surgical complications and post-operative recurrence especially with the presence of post-operative radioactive ablation.

Highlights
Re-operation for symptomatic cholelithiasis with a double gallbladder: A rare case report in a limited imaging setup
Authors: Hailu Seyoum , Gebremariam Mintesnot , Girma Timsel , Regasa Teshome 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction and importance:
A double gallbladder is a rare congenital anomaly of the hepatobiliary system and its incidence is estimated at around 1 per 4000 autopsies with a higher incidence rate in females than males. Most of the time gallbladder duplication is diagnosed on intraoperative time or at the time of reoperation.

Case presentation:
A 39 years old female patient (Weight-74 kg, Height- 165 cm) was admitted to a surgical referral clinic with right upper abdomen colicky pain of two weeks duration, she had a history of open cholecystectomy six months back when she was diagnosed to have a double gallbladder, and otherwise, she doesn't have yellowish discoloration. She was diagnosed with symptomatic Cholelithiasis and scheduled for open cholecystectomy.

Clinical discussion:
Clinicians are expected to be alert of the very rare biliary anatomy of a double gallbladder, particularly that this finding is often missed on preoperative abdominal ultrasonography as it has been seen with our patient. Overall pre-operative assessment of the anatomy with emphasis on the biliary ductal anatomy is needed to minimize potential injury to the ductal system. The presence of a double gallbladder brings diagnostic dilemmas for the radiologists and might cause challenges during the open cholecystectomy. Unable to recognize the existence of a double gallbladder in a symptomatic patient might cause a repeat cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstone disease in some situations to remove the missed second gallbladder.

Conclusion:
The existence of two gallbladders is a rare congenital anomaly, which is related to other congenital findings of the bile duct and vascular system. Surgeons should have precautions during open cholecystectomy as these anomalies might cause serious damage to the hepatobiliary system.

Highlights
Awareness, attitude and associated factors of labor analgesia among pregnant women attending antenatal care: A cross sectional study
Authors: Negash Tadese Tamire , Sewunet Aschalew , Ayele Tamiru Tilahun 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

Background:
Labor pain is a physiologic pain that encountered during uterine contractions of childbirth. Neglected labor pain has various complications for both mother and her fetus. Lack of awareness and negative attitude to labor analgesia are the main problem to reduce labour pain and improve normal outcomes. The aim of study was to assess awareness; attitude and associated factors of labor analgesia among pregnant women visited the antenatal care facility at xx referral hospital.

Methods:
An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted. Participants were selected by systematic random sampling technique and the data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires. Data was entered in to EPI info version 7 and transferred to SPSS version 20 computer program for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was computed to identify factors associated with awareness and attitude towards labor analgesia. Independent variables with P-value less than 0.2 were selected for multivariable logistic regression. On the multivariable logistic regression, a p-value of <0.05 was used to declare statistical significance.

Results:
A total of 310 pregnant women with response rate of 95.7% were participated in this study. Nearly thirty five percent, (34.5%) of participants had information about labour analgesia. Approximately 40.3% of participants had positive attitude to labour analgesia. However, 27.3% pregnant women did not want to receive labour analgesia and 36.6% of participants believed that labor pain is natural event. Being urban in residency and previous vaginal delivery showed significant association with awareness towards labor analgesia (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI (1.22–9.08)) and (AOR = 0.64, 95% CI (0.48–0.87)) respectively. On the other hand, education level showed statistically significant association with positive attitude towards labor analgesia (AOR = 0.1, 95% CI (0.04–0.24).

Conclusion:
The awareness and attitude of the study participants towards labor analgesia were found to be low. Pregnant women's residence, educational status and vaginal delivery were associated with awareness of labor analgesia.

Highlights
Egg intake moderates the rate of memory decline in healthy older adults
Authors: Lee Grace J. , Oda Keiji , Morton Kelly R. , Orlich Michael , Sabate Joan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Eggs contain important compounds related to enhanced cognition, but it is not clear if egg consumption, as a whole, has a direct impact on memory decline in older adults. This study aimed to determine whether egg intake levels predict the rate of memory decline in healthy older adults after sociodemographic and dietary controls. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from 470 participants, age 50 and over, from the Biospsychosocial Religion and Health Study. Participants completed a food frequency questionnaire, which was used to calculate egg intake and divide participants into Low (<23 g/week, about half an egg), Intermediate (24–63 g/week, half to 1½ eggs) and High (≥63 g/week, about two or more eggs) tertiles. Participants were administered the California Verbal Learning Test – 2nd Edition (CVLT-II) Short Form in 2006–2007, and 294 of them were again tested in 2010–2011. Using linear mixed model analysis, no significant cross-sectional differences were observed in CVLT-II performance between egg intake levels after controlling for age, sex, race, education, body mass index, cardiovascular risk, depression and intake of meat, fish, dairy and fruits/vegetables. Longitudinally, the Intermediate egg group exhibited significantly slower rates of decline on the CVLT-II compared to the Low egg group. The High egg group also exhibited slower rates of decline, but not statistically significant. Thus, limited consumption of eggs (about 1 egg/week) was associated with slower memory decline in late life compared to consuming little to no eggs, but a dose-response effect was not clearly evident. This study may help explain discrepancies in previous research that did not control for other dietary intakes and risk factors.
Formal and Informal Institutions: The Independent and Joint Impacts on Firm Innovation
Authors: Weng Cuifen , Li Xuanye , Yang Hongyan , Ren Ting 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTWe study the impact of formal and informal institutions perceived and experienced by firms on their innovation using the 2012 World Bank Enterprise Survey data in China. We propose a framework to identify different innovator types of firms. Our analysis shows that (1) perceived constraints from the governmental system make firms more likely to be innovators than non-innovators; (2) perceived constraints from the legal system make firms more likely to be imitators than innovators; (3) lack of formal finance makes firms more likely to be non-innovators than innovators; (4) prevalence of bribery makes firms more likely to be non-innovators than innovators but less likely to be innovation pretenders than innovators. Our study enriches institutional theory and innovation research by establishing a framework that encompasses multiple dimensions of formal and informal institutions perceived and experienced by firms and the impacts of such perception and experience on firms’ propensity to become certain type of innovator.
Regional Fracture and Its Intractability in World Politics: The Case of the Late Ottoman Empire
Authors: Ohanyan Anna 
Published: September 2021

AbstractScholars have long grappled with the puzzle as to why some regions become peaceful and resilient while others crumble into perpetual insecurity. Much of the scholarship that they produced viewed regional formations as extensions of the state system. This work argues that state-centric tools to study regionalism have precluded us from uncovering regional forms of engagement under hierarchical relations of empires. They have privileged great power politics, at the expense of the political agency of non-state actors, such as minority communities, constitutional assemblies, and political parties, among others. This work highlights the lack of conceptual tools to capture historical continuity in the regional fabric of world politics. The bulk of the article engages in the methodology of concept development for regional fracture, in an effort to advance comparative regional studies historically and systematically. The concept development is then applied in the context of the Eastern Anatolian region of the late Ottoman Empire.
Astrometric accuracy of snapshot fast radio burst localisations with ASKAP
Authors: Day Cherie K. , Deller Adam T. , James Clancy W. , Lenc Emil , Bhandari Shivani , Shannon R. M. , Bannister Keith W. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe recent increase in well-localised fast radio bursts (FRBs) has facilitated in-depth studies of global FRB host properties, the source circumburst medium, and the potential impacts of these environments on the burst properties. The Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) has localised 11 FRBs with sub-arcsecond to arcsecond precision, leading to sub-galaxy localisation regions in some cases and those covering much of the host galaxy in others. The method used to astrometrically register the FRB image frame for ASKAP, in order to align it with images taken at other wavelengths, is currently limited by the brightness of continuum sources detected in the short-duration (‘snapshot’) voltage data captured by the Commensal Real-Time ASKAP Fast Transients (CRAFT) software correlator, which are used to correct for any frame offsets due to imperfect calibration solutions and estimate the accuracy of any required correction. In this paper, we use dedicated observations of bright, compact radio sources in the low- and mid-frequency bands observable by ASKAP to investigate the typical astrometric accuracy of the positions obtained using this so-called ‘snapshot’ technique. Having captured these data with both the CRAFT software and ASKAP hardware correlators, we also compare the offset distributions obtained from both data products to estimate a typical offset between the image frames resulting from the differing processing paths, laying the groundwork for future use of the longer duration, higher signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) data recorded by the hardware correlator. We find typical offsets between the two frames of${\sim}0.6$and${\sim}0.3$arcsec in the low- and mid-band data, respectively, for both RA and Dec. We also find reasonable agreement between our offset distributions and those of the published FRBs. We detect only a weak dependence in positional offset on the relative separation in time and elevation between target and calibrator scans, with the trends being more pronounced in the low-band data and in Dec. Conversely, the offsets show a clear dependence on frequency in the low band, which we compare to the frequency-dependent Dec. offsets found in FRB 200430. In addition, we present a refined methodology for estimating the overall astrometric accuracy of CRAFT FRBs.
Association between dietary inflammatory index and cardiometabolic risk factors among Brazilian adolescents: results from a national cross-sectional study
Authors: Todendi Pâmela Ferreira , Salla Rafaela , Shivappa Nitin , Hebert James R. , Ritter Julianna , Cureau Felipe Vogt , Schaan Beatriz D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDietary factors play a role in modulating chronic inflammation and in the development of CVD. We aimed to investigate the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and cardiometabolic risk factors among adolescents. A total of 31 684 Brazilian adolescents (aged 12–17 years) from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) were included. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-h dietary recall. The energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) score was calculated based on data for twenty-five available nutrients. The anthropometric profile, blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and glycated Hb were measured. Poisson regression models were used to examine the associations between sex-specific quartiles of the E-DII and cardiometabolic risk factors. In the energy-adjusted models, when comparing a high pro-inflammatory diet (quartile 4) with an anti-inflammatory diet (quartile 1), there was a positive association with high HOMA-IR among boys (prevalence ratios (PR)Q4= 1·37, 95 % CI: 1·04, 1·79); and with high fasting glucose (PRQ4= 1·96, 95 % CI: 1·02, 3·78), high TAG (PRQ4= 1·92, 95 % CI: 1·06, 3·46), low HDL-cholesterol (PRQ4= 1·16, 95 % CI: 1·02, 1·32) and high LDL-cholesterol (PRQ4= 1·93, 95 % CI: 1·12, 3·33) among girls. Additionally, a moderately pro-inflammatory diet was positively associated with high HOMA-IR (PRQ2= 1·14, 95 % CI: 1·02, 1·29) among girls and high total cholesterol (PRQ3= 1·56, 95 % CI: 1·20, 2·01) among boys. In conclusion, this study provides new evidence on the association between inflammatory diets with cardiometabolic risk factors among adolescents.
The Effects of Naming and Shaming on Public Support for Compliance with International Agreements: An Experimental Analysis of the Paris Agreement
Authors: Tingley Dustin , Tomz Michael 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHow does naming and shaming affect public support for compliance with international agreements? We investigated this question by conducting survey experiments about the Paris Agreement, which relies on social pressure for enforcement. Our experiments, administered to national samples in the United States, produced three sets of findings. First, shaming by foreign countries shifted domestic public opinion in favor of compliance, increasing the political incentive to honor the Paris Agreement. Second, the effects of shaming varied with the behavior of the target. Shaming was more effective against partial compliers than against targets that took no action or honored their obligations completely. Moreover, even partial compliers managed to reduce the effects of shaming through the strategic use of counter-rhetoric. Third, identity moderated responses to shaming. Shaming by allies was not significantly more effective than shaming by non-allies, but Democrats were more receptive to shaming than Republicans. Overall, our experiments expose both the power and the limits of shaming as a strategy for enforcing the Paris Agreement. At the same time, they advance our understanding of the most significant environmental problem facing the planet.
Composition of Carbon Clusters in Implanted Silicon Using Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Dumas Paul , Duguay Sebastien , Borrel Julien , Hilario Fanny , Blavette Didier 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Atom probe tomography was employed to observe and derive the composition of carbon clusters in implanted silicon. This value, which is of interest to the microelectronic industry when considering ion implantation defects, was estimated not to exceed 2 at%. This measurement has been done by fitting the distribution of first nearest neighbor distances between monoatomic carbon ions (C+ and C2+). Carbon quantification has been considerably improved through the detection of molecular ions, using lower electric field conditions as well as equal proportions of 12C and 13C. In these conditions and using another quantification method, we have shown that the carbon content in clusters approaches 50 at%. This result very likely indicates that clusters are nuclei of the SiC phase.
BNS INVARIANTS AND ALGEBRAIC FIBRATIONS OF GROUP EXTENSIONS
Authors: Friedl Stefan , Vidussi Stefano 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLet G be a finitely generated group that can be written as an extension
$$ \begin{align*} 1 \longrightarrow K \stackrel{i}{\longrightarrow} G \stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow} \Gamma \longrightarrow 1 \end{align*} $$
where K is a finitely generated group. By a study of the Bieri–Neumann–Strebel (BNS) invariants we prove that if
$b_1(G)> b_1(\Gamma ) > 0$
, then G algebraically fibres; that is, admits an epimorphism to
$\Bbb {Z}$
with finitely generated kernel. An interesting case of this occurrence is when G is the fundamental group of a surface bundle over a surface
$F \hookrightarrow X \rightarrow B$
with Albanese dimension
$a(X) = 2$
. As an application, we show that if X has virtual Albanese dimension
$va(X) = 2$
and base and fibre have genus greater that
$1$
, G is noncoherent. This answers for a broad class of bundles a question of J. Hillman ([9, Question 11(4)]). Finally, we show that there exist surface bundles over a surface whose BNS invariants have a structure that differs from that of Kodaira fibrations, determined by T. Delzant.
Optimal Persuasion under Confirmation Bias: Theory and Evidence From a Registered Report
Authors: Christensen Love 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPolitical actors face a trade-off when they try to influence the beliefs of voters about the effects of policy proposals. They want to sway voters maximally, yet voters may discount predictions that are inconsistent with what they already hold to be true. Should political actors moderate or exaggerate their predictions to maximize persuasion? I extend the Bayesian learning model to account for confirmation bias and show that only under strong confirmation bias are predictions far from the priors of voters self-defeating. I use a preregistered survey experiment to determine whether and how voters discount predictions conditional on the distance between their prior beliefs and the predictions. I find that voters assess predictions far from their prior beliefs as less credible and, consequently, update less. The paper has important implications for strategic communication by showing theoretically and empirically that the prior beliefs of voters constrain political actors.
A Spherical Harmonic Martian Crustal Magnetic Field Model Combining Data Sets of MAVEN and MGS
Authors: Gao J. W. , Rong Z. J. , Klinger Lucy , Li X. Z. , Liu D. , Wei Y. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study presents a new spherical harmonic (SH) model of the crustal magnetic field of Mars, based on the magnetic field data set measured by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. To minimize the influence of external fields due to solar wind interaction with Mars, we rejected data that were observed dayside and above an altitude of 500 km. The data points of MAVEN were reduced by using a proxy of solar wind activity that identified and rejected any data measured during magnetically disturbed intervals. We used a conventional least squares technique to estimate the Gauss coefficients fitted to the reduced data set and made a compromise between model misfit and model roughness by truncating the SH model at degree 110. This model is capable of representing crustal fields with a spatial resolution approaching ∼200 km at 120 km altitude and ∼260 km at the Martian surface. Since our model fits MAVEN's observational data better than previous models, especially the data obtained during MAVEN's low altitude periapsis passes, we conclude that it may more accurately approximate the low‐altitude crustal field. We calculate the crustal field power spectrum of various models and find that small‐scale fields at low altitudes were underestimated by most previous models. This new model could benefit future studies associated with the Martian crustal field and its interaction with the solar wind.
Large Methane Emissions From the Pantanal During Rising Water‐Levels Revealed by Regularly Measured Lower Troposphere CH4 Profiles
Authors: Gloor M. , Gatti L. V. , Wilson C. , Parker R. J. , Boesch H. , Popa E. , Chipperfield M. P. , Poulter B. , Zhang Z. , Basso L. , Miller J. , McNorton J. , Jimenez C. , Prigent C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Pantanal region of Brazil is the largest seasonally flooded tropical grassland and, according to local chamber measurements, a substantial CH4 source. CH4 emissions from wetlands have recently become of heightened interest because global atmospheric 13CH4 data indicate they may contribute to the resumption of atmospheric CH4 growth since 2007. We have regularly measured vertical atmospheric profiles for 2 years in the center of the Pantanal with the objectives to obtain an estimate of CH4 emissions using an atmospheric approach, and provide information about flux seasonality and its relation to controlling factors. Boundary layer‐free troposphere differences observed in the Pantanal are large compared to other wetlands. Total emissions based on a planetary boundary layer budgeting technique are 2.0–2.8 TgCH4 yr−1 (maximum flux ∼0.4 gCH4 m−2 d−1) while those based on a Bayesian inversion using an atmospheric transport model are ∼3.3 TgCH4 yr−1. Compared to recent estimates for Amazonia (∼41 ± 3 TgCH4 yr−1, maximum flux ∼0.3 gCH4 m−2 d−1) these emissions are not that large. Our Pantanal data suggest a clear flux seasonality with CH4 being released in large amounts just after water levels begin to rise again after minimum levels have been reached. CH4 emissions decline substantially once the maximum water level has been reached. While predictions with prognostic wetland CH4 emission models agree well with the magnitude of the fluxes, they disagree with the phasing. Our approach shows promise for detecting and understanding longer‐term trends in CH4 emissions and the potential for future wetlands CH4 emissions climate feedbacks.