bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Definition of competence standards for optical diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Position Statement
Authors: Houwen Britt B. S. L. , Hassan Cesare , Coupé Veerle M. H. , Greuter Marjolein J. E. , Hazewinkel Yark , Vleugels Jasper L. A. , Antonelli Giulio , Bustamante-Balén Marco , Coron Emmanuel , Cortas George A. , Dinis-Ribeiro Mario , Dobru Daniela E. , East James E. , Iacucci Marietta , Jover Rodrigo , Kuvaev Roman , Neumann Helmut , Pellisé Maria , Puig Ignasi , Rutter Matthew D. , Saunders Brian , Tate David J. , Mori Yuichi , Longcroft-Wheaton Gaius , Bisschops Raf , Dekker Evelien 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) has developed a core curriculum for high quality optical diagnosis training for practice across Europe. The development of easy-to-measure competence standards for optical diagnosis can optimize clinical decision-making in endoscopy. This manuscript represents an official Position Statement of the ESGE aiming to define simple, safe, and easy-to-measure competence standards for endoscopists and artificial intelligence systems performing optical diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps (1 – 5 mm).Methods A panel of European experts in optical diagnosis participated in a modified Delphi process to reach consensus on Simple Optical Diagnosis Accuracy (SODA) competence standards for implementation of the optical diagnosis strategy for diminutive colorectal polyps. In order to assess the clinical benefits and harms of implementing optical diagnosis with different competence standards, a systematic literature search was performed. This was complemented with the results from a recently performed simulation study that provides guidance for setting alternative competence standards for optical diagnosis. Proposed competence standards were based on literature search and simulation study results. Competence standards were accepted if at least 80 % agreement was reached after a maximum of three voting rounds.Recommendation 1 In order to implement the leave-in-situ strategy for diminutive colorectal lesions (1–5 mm), it is clinically acceptable if, during real-time colonoscopy, at least 90 % sensitivity and 80 % specificity is achieved for high confidence endoscopic characterization of colorectal neoplasia of 1–5 mm in the rectosigmoid. Histopathology is used as the gold standard.Level of agreement 95 %.Recommendation 2 In order to implement the resect-and-discard strategy for diminutive colorectal lesions (1–5 mm), it is clinically acceptable if, during real-time colonoscopy, at least 80 % sensitivity and 80 % specificity is achieved for high confidence endoscopic characterization of colorectal neoplasia of 1–5 mm. Histopathology is used as the gold standard.Level of agreement 100 %.Conclusion The developed SODA competence standards define diagnostic performance thresholds in relation to clinical consequences, for training and for use when auditing the optical diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps.
DNA Hydroxymethylation in High-Grade Gliomas
Authors: Stapińska-Syniec Angelika , Grabiec Marta , Rylski Marcin , Acewicz Albert , Sobstyl Michał 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background Since the new World Health Organization (WHO) classification of nervous system tumors (2016, revised, 4th edition) has been released, gliomas are classified depending on molecular and genetic markers in connection with histopathology, instead of histopathology itself as it was in the previous classification. Over the last years, epigenetic analysis has taken on increased importance in the diagnosis and treatment of different cancers. Multiple studies confirmed that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation and hydroxymethylation play an important role in the regulation of gene expression during carcinogenesis.
Methods In this review, we aim to present the current state of knowledge on DNA hydroxymethylation in human high-grade gliomas (WHO grades III and IV).
Results The correlation between DNA hydroxymethylation and survival in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients was evaluated by different studies. The majority of them showed that the expression of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) and ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes were significantly reduced, sometimes almost undetectable in high-grade gliomas in comparison with the normal brain. A decreased level of 5-hmC was associated with poor survival in patients, but high expression of the TET3 enzyme was related to a better prognosis for GBM patients. This points to the relevance of DNA hydroxymethylation in molecular diagnostics of human gliomas, including survival estimation or differentiating patients in terms of response to the treatment.
Conclusion Future studies may shed some more light on this epigenetic mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of human high-grade gliomas and help develop new targeted therapies.
Tropane-Based Dispirocyclic Oxiranes and Spirocyclic Ketones
Authors: Shivanyuk Alexander , Gerasov Andrii , Boiko Rodion , Dolgonos Grygoriy , Mandzhulo Aleksandr , Fetyukhin Volodymyr , Lukin Oleg 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Prilezhaev epoxidation of N-Boc-protected 3-cyclobutylidenetropane 1a affords a 1:2 mixture of compounds 2a and 2b, in which tropane and cyclobutane fragments are spiro-connected to the oxirane ring in endo- and exo-fashion, respectively. The exo-isomer 2b is obtained in 89% yield and 97% selectivity via the dioxirane oxidation of 1a. BF3-catalyzed isomerization of exo-oxirane 2b results in a 1:1 mixture of the spirocyclic ketones endo
3a and exo
3b containing spiro-connected tropane and cyclopentanone rings, while endo-epoxide 2a gives exclusively endo-ketone 3a. Prilezhaev and dioxirane epoxidations of N-Boc-protected 3-cyclopropylidenetropane 1b affords a mixture of endo- and exo-oxiranes 2c and 2d. Compounds 2c and 2d are not isolated in individual forms since they isomerize into a mixture of spirocyclic ketones endo
3c and exo
3d. Removal of the Boc groups from ketones 3a–d gives the corresponding hydrochlorides of aminoketones 4a–d in quantitative yields. Quantum chemical calculations predict that the rearrangement of endo-epoxides into the corresponding endo-ketones involving BF3-containing intermediates has by 4.4–7.9 kcal/mol lower activation barriers than the respective conversion of the exo-epoxides into exo-ketones. The cyclopropyl-containing dispiroepoxides 2c and 2d are predicted to interconvert faster into the corresponding ketones compared to their less strained cyclobutyl counterparts 2a and 2b.
Monitoramento da evolução do tratamento da ausência de consolidação da fratura: Papel da fosfatase alcalina e da ultrassonografia
Authors: Chaudhary Dhanji S. , Solanki Jayur J. , Verma Tarun , Chavali Viswanath H. 
Published: December 2021

Resumo
Objetivo Avaliar o papel da concentração sérica de fosfatase alcalina (FA) e da ultrassonografia no monitoramento do progresso do tratamento da ausência de consolidação em fraturas diafisárias.
Métodos Este estudo de coorte observacional prospectivo incluiu pacientes adultos com fraturas diafisárias dos principais ossos longos previamente submetidas a fixação interna sem consolidação. Após o tratamento definitivo, os pacientes foram avaliados periodicamente por seis meses, com realização seriada de ultrassonografia, determinação da concentração de FA e radiografias para verificar a presença de consolidação.
Resultados Após um aumento inicial em sete semanas, os níveis de FA voltaram ao valor normal em pacientes com fraturas consolidadas, mas continuaram elevados nos casos de ausência de consolidação. Da mesma forma, após uma elevação do índice de resistência (IR) vascular em cerca de 12 semanas em todos os pacientes, o IR diminuiu nos casos que progrediram para consolidação, mas continuou alto até as 24 semanas em fraturas não consolidadas. Os casos com ausência de consolidação ainda apresentavam calo hipoecogênico às 24 semanas, que não se converteu no calo hiperecogênico observado nos casos que progrediram para consolidação.
Conclusão Alterações significativas sugestivas de consolidação foram simultaneamente observadas nas radiografias, na ultrassonografia e na concentração de FA durante o período de acompanhamento. No entanto, a realização seriada de exames da concentração de FA e de ultrassonografia durante o acompanhamento indicou o progresso da consolidação da fratura. Seu papel no monitoramento da ausência de consolidação é mais complementar do que suplementar à radiografia.
Association Between PON1 (L55M and Q192R) Genetic Polymorphism and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss in North Indian Women Exposed to Pesticides
Authors: Jaiswar Shyam Pyari , Priyadarshini Apala , Singh Apurva , Ahmad Mohd Kalim , Deo Sujata , Sankhwar Pushpa 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to examine the relation between the PON1 polymorphisms and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL).
Methods In a cross-sectional study, blood samples were collected from 100 females. DNA was extracted and PON1 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification.
Results Regarding PON1 L55M, the mutated allele (M) frequency was found in 70.5% in RPL and in 53.5% in controls; the M allele was signiﬁcantly associated with an increased risk of RPL (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] = 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]; p < 0.001). However, regarding PON1 Q192R, the R mutated allele frequency was found in 28.5% in RPL and in 33% in controls. The R allele did not show any risk for RPL (ORadj 0.81; 95%CI; p = 0.329).
Conclusion The present study suggests that there is an effect of genetic polymorphism on RPL and provides additional evidence that combines with the growing information about the ways in which certain PON1 genotypes can affect the development of the fetus in the uterus.
SLC7A3: In Silico Prediction of a Potential New Cause of Childhood Epilepsy
Authors: Sourbron Jo , Jansen Katrien , Mei Davide , Hammer Trine Bjørg , Møller Rikke S. , Gold Nina B. , O'Grady Lauren , Guerrini Renzo , Lagae Lieven 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe report an in-depth genetic analysis in an 11-year-old boy with drug-resistant, generalized seizures and developmental disability. Three distinct variants of unknown clinical significance (VUS) were detected by whole exome sequencing (WES) but not by initial genetic analyses (microarray and epilepsy gene panel). These variants involve the SLC7A3, CACNA1H, and IGLON5 genes, which were subsequently evaluated by computational analyses using the InterVar tool and MutationTaster. While future functional studies are necessary to prove the pathogenicity of a certain VUS, segregation analyses over three generations and in silico predictions suggest the X-linked gene SLC7A3 (transmembrane solute carrier transporter) as the likely culprit gene in this patient. In addition, a search via GeneMatcher unveiled two additional patients with a VUS in SLC7A3. We propose SLC7A3 as a likely candidate gene for epilepsy and/or developmental/cognitive delay and provide an overview of the 27 SLC genes related to epilepsy by other preclinical and/or clinical studies.
Risk Factors Associated with Uterine Rupture and Dehiscence: A Cross-Sectional Canadian Study
Authors: Figueiró-Filho Ernesto Antonio , Gomez Javier Mejia , Farine Dan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Objective To compare maternal and perinatal risk factors associated with complete uterine rupture and uterine dehiscence.
Methods Cross-sectional study of patients with uterine rupture/dehiscence from January 1998 to December 2017 (30 years) admitted at the Labor and Delivery Unit of a tertiary teaching hospital in Canada.
Results There were 174 (0.1%) cases of uterine disruption (29 ruptures and 145 cases of dehiscence) out of 169,356 deliveries. There were associations between dehiscence and multiparity (odds ratio [OR]: 3.2; p = 0.02), elevated maternal body mass index (BMI; OR: 3.4; p = 0.02), attempt of vaginal birth after a cesarian section (OR: 2.9; p = 0.05) and 5-minute low Apgar score (OR: 5.9; p < 0.001). Uterine rupture was associated with preterm deliveries (36.5 ± 4.9 versus 38.2 ± 2.9; p = 0.006), postpartum hemorrhage (OR: 13.9; p < 0.001), hysterectomy (OR: 23.0; p = 0.002), and stillbirth (OR: 8.2; p < 0.001). There were no associations between uterine rupture and maternal age, gestational age, onset of labor, spontaneous or artificial rupture of membranes, use of oxytocin, type of uterine incision, and birthweight.
Conclusion This large cohort demonstrated that there are different risk factors associated with either uterine rupture or dehiscence. Uterine rupture still represents a great threat to fetal-maternal health and, differently from the common belief, uterine dehiscence can also compromise perinatal outcomes.
A Neuro-Metabolic Syndrome that Needs to Be Discovered: A Child with Late Onset Asparagine Synthetase Deficiency
Authors: Di Stasio Fabiana , Faraguna Martha Caterina , Di Marco Santo , Crescitelli Viola , Iascone Maria , Florio Santa , Peruzzi Cinzia , Gasperini Serena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAsparagine synthetase (ASNS) deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism caused by a defect in ASNS—a gene encoding asparagine synthetase. It has mainly been described as a neurological phenotype manifesting as severe developmental delay, congenital microcephaly, spasticity, and refractory seizures; it is not associated with any specific dysmorphisms. ASNS deficiency leads to the inability to synthesize a nonessential amino acid in the brain, this explains why the symptoms are primarily neurological. The accumulation of aspartate/glutamate causes increased neuronal apoptosis leading to brain atrophy and increased neuronal excitability leading to seizures. Asparagine levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid are not reliable biomarkers for this disorder, therefore diagnosis is mainly obtained by molecular genetics. This disorder is associated with a poor prognosis and there is no treatment except supportive therapy. Prenatal diagnosis is possible. We report a case of a later onset form, c.146G > A (p.Arg49Gln) variant in the ASNS gene detected by molecular analysis using next-generation sequencing; the patient's clinical presentation included microcephaly, regression of developmental milestones, epilepsy, and hyperthermia.
Evaluation of Patients Referred to Children's Medical Center Laboratory for Diagnosis of Mucopolysaccharidoses: Eight Years' Experience from Iran
Authors: Jafaryazdi Rokhsareh , Shams Sedigheh , Setoodeh Aria , Badv Reza Shervin , Ziaee Vahid , Abbasi Farzaneh , Haghi Ashtiani Mohammad Taghi , Mozafari Fatemeh , Shafeghat Lila 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are rare lysosomal storage diseases, resulting from deficiencies of enzymes responsible for Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) degradation. This leads to accumulation of GAGs in tissues and their excretion in urine, with a wide variety of manifestations. Early diagnosis of MPSs is strictly recommended due to available therapy that can slow down disease progression during the early ages. This study aimed to evaluate patients with suspected MPS referred to Children's Medical Center laboratory over eight years. We also evaluated the usefulness of urine GAG as a screening test for identification of such patients. A total of 1414 patients (40% female, 60% male, with mean age 3.1 ± 4.1years) have participated in this study. The urinary GAG analysis (uGAG) was performed by 1, 9-dimethyl-methylene blue (DMMB) and Berry spot test (BST). All patients with positive and mild positive results or with disease-related symptoms were evaluated in terms of definitive diagnosis, received treatments, morbidity, and mortality rate. In 407 (36.5%) patients uGAG were positive or mild positive, of which 26.3% suffered from one of the types of MPSs, 28.5% suffered from other diseases, 32.9% were undiagnosed, 12.3% were apparently healthy, and 19 died. The negative predictive value of uGAG test in our study was 100%. About 21% of MPSs patients received enzyme replacement therapy, while four patients underwent stem cell transplants. The rest received supportive care. We concluded that a combination of DMMB and BST methods has acceptable sensitivity for screening suspicious MPS patients.
National polarization and international agreements
Authors: Perrings Charles , Hechter Michael , Mamada Robert 
Published: December 2021

Significance
Why are so many postwar experiments in international governance now being challenged? We consider how polarization of political parties and stakeholders on the issues addressed by international environment agreements affects commitment to those agreements. We also consider how changes in national obligations under agreements affect polarization. We show that while there is good cause to think that party polarization is associated with reduced support for international agreements, stakeholder engagement that penalizes parties adopting positions too distant from their own has an important moderating affect. An understanding of the way that the political environment conditions national commitment to international agreements may, in turn, help in understanding the way in which national decisions ramify through the international treaty system.
Interindividual cooperation mediated by partisanship complicates Madison’s cure for “mischiefs of faction”
Authors: Kawakatsu Mari , Lelkes Yphtach , Levin Simon A. , Tarnita Corina E. 
Published: December 2021

SignificanceHow can a pluralistic republic combat dangers of tyrannical factions? InFederalist No. 10, James Madison proposed that the problem of factions could be mitigated by expanding the political sphere. Over 200 y later, however, polarization plagues the United States, despite the likely greater diversity of issues considered in the realm of politics. To tackle this puzzle, we explore how, in a partisan context, interactions among regular citizens can lead to collective-level factionalization via diversity collapse, as issues/opinions become increasingly segregated by party. We find that, while Madison was right that issue diversity can promote both individual cooperation and societal cohesion, extreme partisanship can introduce tension between the two, so that interindividual cooperation thrives at the cost of increased polarization.
Intersection of regulatory pathways controlling hemostasis and hemochorial placentation
Authors: Muto Masanaga , Chakraborty Damayanti , Varberg Kaela M. , Moreno-Irusta Ayelen , Iqbal Khursheed , Scott Regan L. , McNally Ross P. , Choudhury Ruhul H. , Aplin John D. , Okae Hiroaki , Arima Takahiro , Matsumoto Shoma , Ema Masatsugu , Mast Alan E. , Grundberg Elin , Soares Michael J. 
Published: December 2021

Significance
Trophoblast cell–guided uterine spiral artery remodeling is a key event in successful hemochorial placentation. Connections between coagulopathies and diseases of placentation are compelling. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a prominent regulator of blood coagulation and an intriguing constituent of trophoblast cells situated at the uterine–placental interface. The actions of TFPI extend beyond controlling hemostasis and directly affect trophoblast cell development. TFPI facilitates the differentiation of rat and human trophoblast stem cells into the invasive/extravillous trophoblast cell lineage and promotes intrauterine trophoblast invasion and trophoblast-guided uterine spiral artery remodeling at the maternal–fetal interface. Thus, TFPI is a conserved regulator of a fundamental event determining the efficacy of the hemochorial placenta.
Conflict and cooperation in tick-host-pathogen interactions contribute to increased tick fitness and survival.
Authors: de la Fuente José , Villar Margarita 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

This expert opinion discusses the mechanisms of tick-host-pathogen interactions and how these mediate the adaptation of tick species to climate change and hosts while guaranteeing completion of tick and pathogen life cycles as well as their impact on the prevalence of ticks and tick-borne diseases under climatic change events. A spotlight is given on the impact of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection on tick and human cells as well as the relationship between conflict and cooperation of tick-host-pathogen interactions and climate change.
Ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China.
Authors: Li Hao , Fang Li-Qun , Liu Wei 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

This expert opinion provides an overview of the type and distribution of tick species and emerging tick-borne pathogens in tick vectors and human beings (such as Anaplasma, Babesia, spotted fever group rickettsiae, Borrelia and viruses) in China and considers the potential influence of global warming and climate change.
Climate and the emergence of tick-borne disease in Canada.
Authors: Leighton Patrick , Lindsay L. Robbin , Ogden Nicholas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

This expert opinion focuses on the impact of climatic change on the local densities of tick populations, transmission potential for tick-borne pathogens, the abundance of infected ticks in the environment and, ultimately, the human and animal health burden of tick-borne diseases in Canada.
Domain wall between the Dirac sea and the ‘anti-Dirac sea’
Authors: Vergeles S N 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
It was shown in work (Vergeles 2021 Class. Quantum Grav.
38 085022) that in the theory of gravity coupled with the Dirac field, each state |λ⟩ has its own twin |λ; PT⟩, which is obtained by a discrete PT transformation. If in the state |λ⟩ the Dirac sea is filled, then in the state |λ; PT⟩ there is an ‘anti-Dirac’ filling (in terms of the state |λ⟩). It is important that the energies of these states are the same. Therefore, there may be domains with different filling of the Dirac sea. Here we study a domain wall connecting two such adjacent domains.
The superconducting transition and mixed state of YBa2Cu3O6.95: an undergraduate experiment
Authors: Huang Zhongda , Tong Yihang , Bobowski Jake S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We describe a simple AC susceptometer built in-house that can be used to make high-resolution measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of high-temperature superconductors in an undergraduate physics lab. Our system, cooled using liquid nitrogen, can reach a base temperature of 77 K. Our apparatus does not require gas handling systems or PID temperature controllers. Instead, it makes use of a thermal circuit that is designed to allow the sample to cool on a time scale that is suitable for an undergraduate lab. Furthermore, the temperature drift rate at the superconducting transition temperature T
c is low enough to allow for precise measurements of the complex magnetic susceptibility through T
c, even for single-crystal samples with exceedingly sharp superconducting transitions. Using an electromagnet, we were able to apply static magnetic fields up to 63 mT at the sample site. By measuring the change in susceptibility as a function of the strength of an applied of static magnetic field, we were able to estimate the lower critical field H
c1 of a single-crystal sample of optimally-doped YBa2Cu3O6.95 at 77 K. We also investigated the mixed state of a sintered polycrystalline sample of YBa2Cu3O6+y
.