bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Аssessment of the epidemiological situation and burden of COVID-19 on global, regional and national level
Authors: Kurti-Karameta Aferdita , Tozija Fimka 
Published: November 2021

The current pandemic of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Global COVID-19 burden is characterized by a high variability in death rate across countries. Several possible explanations have been proposed, but it is not clear whether this variability is due to a single predominant factor or instead to multiple causes. The aim of this paper was to present and analyze the epidemiological situation and burden of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo compared to other countries in Europe and the world. Material and methods: Public health approach and desk review were applied to present and analyze the trends over time of selected epidemiological indicators for COVID-19 based on multiple sources of data as well as WHO epidata and literature review. The assessment of the epidemiological situation in EU/EEA member states was done using the surveillance data routinely collected by ECDC. Official medical records from the National Institute of Public Health, other relevant health institutions; State Statistical Office and Ministry of Health in Kosovo were used. Results: According to ECDC as of 11 February 2021, 106,472,660 cases of COVID-19 (in accordance with the applied case definitions and testing strategies in the affected countries) have been reported, including 2,323,103 deaths. COVID-19 cases have been reported from: Africa: 3,673,181 cases, Asia: 20,438,608 cases, Europe: 34,681,426 cases, America: 47,620,931 cases; Oceania: 57,809 cases, Others: 705 cases. Deaths have been reported from: Africa 95,128 deaths, Asia 343,886, America 1,107,066, Europe 775,883, Oceania 1,210 and Other 6 deaths. In Kosovo from 13 March 2020 until 15th February 2021 there have been 64,298 cases of COVID- 19 with 1534 deaths. Absolute values of the indicators remain high in all countries in Europe, including those with stable or decreasing trends in these indicators, suggesting that transmission is still wide spread. The epidemic trajectory over the next months will be determined by the balance of four factors, with many different outcomes possible: the continued scale-up of vaccination, declining seasonality, the spread of new variants and increased behaviors that favor COVID-19 transmission. Conclusion: Findings from this paper can help to develop evidence-based policy interventions in Kosovo for risk assessment of COVID-19 and protection of general population and especially vulnerable groups with higher risk from COVID 19.
Patrick Williams, parfait ethnologue imparfait
Authors: Olivera Martin 
Published: November 2021

L’œuvre de Patrick Williams en tant qu’ethnologue des Tsiganes représente non seulement une contribution majeure à la connaissance des Roms et des Manouches, mais aussi une référence stimulante pour penser l’ethnologie et son inestimable valeur. La portée des enseignements – et les inspirations – que l’on peut tirer de ses écrits et de ses expériences pour notre discipline et, au-delà, pour l’ensemble des sciences humaines et sociales, est considérable. Ils sont la preuve qu’il est possible de saisir et de rendre compte fidèlement du caractère toujours inachevé et, en même temps, toujours-déjà-là des réalités socioculturelles, ou des mondes dans le monde.
Génesis de la episteme de lo criminal: anotaciones en torno a Beccaria, Ferri y Foucault
Authors: Domínguez David J. , Domínguez Sánchez-Pinilla Mario 
Published: November 2021

Los principios fundamentales de la escuela clásica utilitarista (el libre albedrío, la proporción entre los delitos y las penas, y la uniformidad de las penas) caracterizan dicha tendencia como una criminología administrativa y legal. Ello tuvo dos implicaciones. Por una parte, se obviaron los motivos y las causas últimas del comportamiento y las consecuencias desiguales de una norma arbitraria. Por otra, se redujo la función del juez a la aplicación de la ley, mientras que a esta le correspondía fijar una pena para cada delito. A finales del siglo xix tales principios conocen la irrupción progresiva de otra episteme punitiva surgida como consecuencia de la colonización del espacio jurídico por parte de las ciencias positivas (médicas y sociales) y los programas de acción etiológicos. No se trata de un programa planificado y preestablecido, sino de la confluencia de una serie de teorías y de programas de prevención penales que Michel Foucault resumió como la constatación de que la ley funciona cada vez más como una norma. De ese modo, la criminalidad además de constituir el objeto de un interés científico constituye también el indicador de una problemática social y por tanto su inserción en una economía de poder cambiante.
A randomized control trial comparing the efficacy of 3Mixtatin and Modified 3Mix-MP paste using lesion sterilization and tissue repair technique to conventional root canal treatment in primary molars of children aged 4–8 years
Authors: Thakur Seema , Deep Aman , Singhal Parul , Chauhan Deepak 
Published: November 2021

Background:
The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical and radiographic success rates of 3Mixtatin and Modified 3Mix-MP paste and compare it with conventional root canal treatment procedure in primary molars requiring pulpectomy.

Materials and Methods:
In this in vivo study, 66 primary molars in 52 children aged between 4 and 8 years with primary molars having chronic periapical abscess were treated randomly with 3Mixtatin, Modified 3Mix-MP paste, and Metapex. The subjects were reviewed at 6 and 12 months both clinically and radiographically after pulpal therapy to evaluate and compare the healing process. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis at a significance level of 0.05.

Results:
By the end of 12-month follow-up among the three groups, Group I seemed to be performing consistently better as compared to the other two groups when evaluated clinically and radiographically. However, Group III resulted in the greatest number of failures, with success rate being mere 42.9% at the end of follow-up period.

Conclusion:
Radiographic and clinical healing occurred in all the three groups; however, based on our results, Group I seemed to be performing consistently better among the three groups at 12-month follow-up. Hence, it can be inferred that 3Mixtatin used as a localized agent is effective and comparable to both Modified 3Mix-MP paste and conventional pulpectomy procedure involving calcium hydroxide and iodoform paste in primary teeth.
Effect of Antihypertensive Drugs on Circadian Variation of Blood Pressure Measured by Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Controlled Hypertensive Individuals
Authors: Nikalje Anand , Manoj Rohit Jacob 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Rewinding back a 100 years ago, Riva Rocci introduced the meticulous way of measuring blood pressure (BP) in clinical practice. With recent years, ambulatory BP monitoring came into existence which is still not used routinely in the management of hypertension. This thought led to the commencement of our study to analyze the variations in ambulatory BP recording over a 24-h cycle.

Objectives:
The objectives of the study are to determine the BP differences throughout the circadian cycle and to analyze the variations in circadian rhythm due to various antihypertensive drugs.

Methods:
On the first visit to the Medicine Outpatient Department, patient's medical history was recorded. Three readings of office BP were recorded using a sphygmomanometer. The patient was then provided with the ambulatory BP monitoring device, sent home and asked to follow-up after 24 h and the report was recorded.

Results:
On comparing the nocturnal pattern among candidates taking single versus combination drug, the dip was found to be in 31.7% in patients on single drug compared to 38.6% combination therapy. The surge in BP was seen in 56.8% of patients on single-drug therapy compared to 43.3% patients on combination drug therapy.

Conclusion:
Single-drug therapy for hypertension did not show a significant nocturnal pattern compared to the combination drug therapy for hypertension. The presence of the risk factors such as obesity smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, family history, and chronic kidney disease showed a presence of dipping and nondipping pattern in BP.
Evaluating Upper Lip Changes During Smiling and at Rest in Indian Population
Authors: Dahiya Sagar , Negi Gunjan , Dahiya Kirti , Mathur Anirudh K. , Chitra Prasad 
Published: November 2021

Context:
Smile aesthetics is one of the major goals to be achieved after orthodontic mechanotherapy as it visibly displays the results of orthodontic treatment. Although orthodontic retainers aid in maintaining post-treatment occlusion, soft tissue function and aesthetics, appropriate knowledge of smile changes with age can help orthodontists to obtain stable and aesthetically appealing treatment results.

Aim:
To assess and quantify soft tissue changes in the upper lip in vertical dimension at both repose and maximum smiling and to evaluate changes occurring with the smile index and upper lip with age and sex in subjects of Indian origin.

Settings:
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana, India.

Design:
Observational study

Methods and Materials:
A total of 160 volunteers (80 males and 80 females) selected and were divided into 4 groups according to age and were further divided into 2 sub-groups according to gender. Thirteen measurements of relaxed and smiling upper lip were taken with a calibrated metal ruler and divider directly on the subjects.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done followed by post hoc test to determine which groups were significant from others. Levene's test was done to assess equality of variance and t-test for equality of means was done.

Results:
Statistically significant results were obtained in between groups and sub-groups for parameters like smile index, upper lip elevation while smiling and smile pattern in males and females changing with increase in age.

Conclusions:
High smile patterns with more vertical smile are more common among females and low smile patterns are more common among males. With age, the smile tends to be more horizontal in both genders.
Hydroxychloroquine- A New Treatment Option for Erosive Oral Lichen Planus
Authors: Raj Subash Chandra , Baral Debajani , Garhnayak Lokanath , Mahapatra Annuroopa , Patnaik Kaushik , Tabassum Shaheda , Dash Jayant Kumar 
Published: November 2021

Context:
Oral Lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic, debilitating, immune-mediated disease whose management is considered a challenge in medical science.

Aims:
To quantitatively evaluate the effect of administration of enteral hydroxychloroquine (HCQS) as a monotherapy for six months on the extent and severity of erosive OLP using reticular score, erythema score and ulcerative score (REU score), and to subjectively evaluate the success of HCQS as a therapeutic drug for OLP-e using Tel Aviv-San Francisco Scale, visual analogue scale (VAS) and severity of burning sensation (BURN score).

Settings and Design:
Prospective clinical trial.

Methods and Material:
A total of 45 subjects received 200 mg of HCQS bid for six months. REU, VAS, BURN scores and Tel Aviv-San Francisco Scale readings were taken at the beginning of the study (baseline) and three- and six-month intervals post administration of enteral HCQS. Subjects were examined for any adverse drug outcomes for one year after the cessation of enteric HCQS therapy. Data were analysed with SPSS version 25.

Results:
There was a stark reduction in REU, VAS and BURN scores during the study period, with a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05) seen at three- and six-month time intervals as compared to baseline. Further, the mean of change in R, E and U scores showed a statistically significant difference, with the highest reduction seen at baseline to six-month time interval. The Tel Aviv-San Francisco Scale showed 70%–100% remission in disease in more than 70% of subjects.

Conclusions:
Enteral HCQS can be considered a viable treatment option for the enigma that is erosive OLP.
Automated Drawing Tube (Camera Lucida) Method in Light Microscopy Images Analysis Can Comes True
Authors: Vahabi Fatemeh , Kermani Saeed , Vahabi Zahra , Pestechian Nader 
Published: November 2021

Background:
In a light microscope, image acquisition with different component depths is difficult, and there are various approaches for solving this problem. One of the common approaches is Camera Lucida (CL). This method has some disadvantages such as time-consuming, handed problems in painting, causing user boring, and produce gray scale output images.

Aims and Objectives:
In this study, we purposed a novel-combined hardware and software method. In this article, we try to present an automated method for our designed microscope.

Materials and Methods:
We have done a project with designed code number 377,694 to design and implement an upgraded light microscope. That project was about automatic movement of a stage with closed-looped control of a servomotor. Furthermore, automated camera catches images in predefined positions. That project has acceptable results in different parts, which encourage us to work on this study. This study help specialist have good fixative of all components in a sample. It is about trying to have useful Lucida Camera (drawing tube) in an automated scheme.

Results:
This method is an acceptable usual way for microscopic specialists, but with some disadvantages. It is time-consuming and boring that effect on the accuracy of results. Hence, how can be good if automated similar method could be implemented is exciting and affective. This studies idea comes from the basis of manual drawing tube (CL) method. In this experimental study, we have taken 400 handed an image of microorganisms. Captured images are from its whole body or various organs. They have been captured in different z-axis positions of stage, and hence components with different depths could be focused. Each patch checked for its edge strength to choose highest resolutions sub image and reconstruct focused image like a puzzle. This process has been continued for all areas to merge and complete reconstructed image as output.

Conclusion:
Comparing edge strength with other images and mean square error with manual focused on confirm our method with pleasure outcomes. Furthermore, independent focusing of an internal component in a sample body has been surveyed. It helps to have better resolution in internal selected component for more analysis and replace in its primitive image. This article presents efficient consequences with good accuracy and saving time in process period, which could be useful in different microscopes types and various samples type.
Tuberculosis in Children in a Pediatric Hospital in Mexico
Authors: Saldaña Napoleón González , Parra Mercedes Macías , Olguín Hugo Juárez , Bejarano José Iván Castillo , Soto Monica Punzo , Jiménez Francisca Trujillo 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT.
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global problem and a diagnostic challenge, especially in pediatrics. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, microbiological, radiological, and histopathological data of TB in children. A 7-year retrospective and descriptive cohort study that included 127 patients under 18 years of age with diagnosis of active TB was conducted from 2011 to 2018 in a pediatric hospital. Tuberculosis was microbiologically confirmed using Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) staining, culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a total of 94 (74%) cases. Thirty-three cases were defined as probable TB based on tuberculin skin test result and epidemiological evaluation. The TB forms found were lymph node (39.3%), bone (15.7%), lung (13.6%), and meningeal TB (8.6%). The most common symptoms were fever (48.8%) and adenopathy (45.6%). History of contact was established in 34.6%. Positive ZN staining (sensitivity 30%) and culture (sensitivity 37%) were found in 29% and 37.7% of subjects, respectively. About 64.5% depicted abnormal chest X-ray. Xpert MTB/RIF® (PCR) was positive in 9.4% and biopsy was compatible in 52.7% of these samples. It is fundamental to have laboratory and epidemiological evaluation that support the diagnosis of the disease in children and thus, define its management; since, in most cases, early microbiologic confirmation is lacking.
Impact of Annual versus Semiannual Mass Drug Administration with Ivermectin and Albendazole on Helminth Infections in Southeastern Liberia
Authors: Eneanya Obiora A. , Gankpala Lincoln , Goss Charles W. , Bolay Fatorma K. , Weil Gary J. , Fischer Peter U. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT.
We compared the impact of three rounds of annual and five rounds of semiannual mass drug administration (MDA) with albendazole plus ivermectin on helminthic infections in Liberia. Repeated annual cross-sectional community surveys were conducted between 2013 and 2019 in individuals of 5 years and older. Primary outcome was the change of infection prevalence estimates from baseline to month 36 (12 months after the last treatment). After three rounds of annual MDA, Wuchereria bancrofti circulating filarial antigen (CFA) and microfilaria (Mf) prevalence estimates decreased from 19.7% to 4.3% and from 8.6% to 0%, respectively; after semiannual MDA, CFA and Mf prevalences decreased from 37.8% to 16.8% and 17.9% to 1%, respectively. Mixed effects logistic regression models indicated that the odds of having Mf decreased by 97% (P < 0.001) at month 36 (similar odds for annual and semiannual MDA zones). A parallel analysis showed that the odds of CFA were reduced by 83% and 69% at 36 months in the annual and semiannual treatment zones, respectively (P < 0.001). Onchocerca volvulus Mf prevalence decreased slightly after multiple MDA rounds in both treatment zones. Reductions in hookworm and Trichuris trichiura prevalences and intensities were slightly greater in the annual treatment zone. Ascaris lumbricoides prevalence rates were relatively unchanged, although infection intensities decreased sharply throughout. Results show that annual and semiannual MDA were equally effective for reducing LF and soil-transmitted helminth infection parameters over a 3-year period, and reductions recorded at month 36 were sustained by routine annual MDA through month 72.
Typologie des exploitations agricoles productrices du mil et niébé pluvial dans la commune rurale de Karma
Authors: Razinatou Yacouba Ali , Boubacar Soumana , Mahamadou Idrissa Saidou 
Published: November 2021

Principale activité des ruraux nigériens, l’agriculture fait face à des problèmes récurrents de baisse de rendements conduisant à la paupérisation et à l’insécurité alimentaire des ménages qui l’exercent. Cette étude conduite à Karma vise la caractérisation des systèmes de production du mil et de niébé pluvial en vue de connaître leurs fonctionnements et leurs diverses interactions dans un contexte de changement climatique. Pour cela, une enquête a été conduite sur un échantillon de 90 ménages d’exploitants du mil et niébé pluvial. L’étude a montré que les systèmes de production sont regroupés en trois types selon la méthode d’Analyse en Composantes Principales couplée à la classification de Nuées dynamiques. Il s’agit du système de production agricole pure (Type A), du système agroforesterie (Type B) et du système agropastoral (Type C). Le type (A) occupe une superficie moyenne de 1,5 hectares. Il est scindé en système de cultures sèches simple et système de cultures sèches associé au maraîchage. Le type (B) s’effectue sur 2,18 hectares et le type (C) sur une superficie moyenne de 3,25 hectares. Ainsi, le type (C) est plus performant que le type (B) qui l’est plus que le type (A).

English title: Typology of farms producing millet and rain-fed cowpeas in the rural commune of Karma
Main activity of nigeriens’ rural, agriculture faces recurring problems drop in yields leading to pauperization and food insecurity of the households that exert it. This study conducted in Karma aims to characterize millet and rain-fed cowpea production systems with a view to understanding their functioning and their various interactions to enable producers to better cope with climate change. For this, a survey was conducted on a sample of 90 households farms of millet and rain-fed cowpea. The study showed that production systems are grouped into three types according to the Principal Component Analysis method coupled with classification. of dynamic clouds. These are the pure agricultural production system (Type A), the agroforestry system (Type B) and the agro-pastoral system (Type C). Type (A) occupies an average area of 1.5 hectares. It is split into a simple dry crop system and a dry crop system associated with market gardening. Type (B) takes place on 2.18 hectares and type (C) on an average area of 3.25 hectares. Thus, type (C) is more efficient than type (B) which is better than type (A).
DISCIPLINE IN EDUCATION: CAUSES AND POSSIBLE STRATEGIES TO CURB EXAMINATION MALPRACTICES IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS
Authors: Adzrolo Ben , Asamoah-Gyimah Kenneth , Cobbinah Andrews , Annan-Brew Ruth 
Published: November 2021

<p>This paper investigated the causes and possible strategies to minimize examination malpractices in Senior High Schools (SHSs) in Ghana. A descriptive survey design with a quantitative approach was used for the study. Proportional stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to select a sample of 335 respondents which comprised 302 students and 33 teachers. Frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations were used to analyse the data gathered. The findings revealed that the leading cause of examination malpractices was ‘insufficient students’ preparation for WASSCE and Public education on effects of examination malpractices has also emerged as the number one strategy to minimize the menace. It was concluded that in schools where a conducive environment and teaching/ learning materials are not provided for effective academic work, performance falls below what is expected, to achieve academic success, students and teachers engage in examination malpractices to raise the academic image of the school. It was recommended that school authorities provide a conducive teaching and learning environment to ensure effective academic work in schools to minimize the menace.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0896/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>