bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of alkaline‐electrolyzed water treatment on physicochemical, phytochemical, antioxidant properties and natural microbial load on ‘Granny Smith’ apples during storage
Authors: Nyamende Nandi E. , Belay Zinash A. , Keyser Zanephyn , Oyenihi Ayodeji B. , Caleb Oluwafemi James 
Published: October 2021

SummaryProviding consumers with fresh and safe fruit can greatly increase their access to recommended daily intake of phytonutrients. Thus, this study investigated the impact of dipping in alkaline electrolyzed water (AEW) and dipping duration on the physicochemical, phytonutrients and microbial load on ‘Granny Smith’ apples. Apples treated with AEW (200 and 300 mg L−1) were compared to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, 200 mg L−1) and to non‐treated (control) under dipping durations of 10 and 15 min. Apples treated with AEW maintained titratable acidity (TA) and total soluble solids (TSS) compared to other treatments (P > 0.05). Interaction of treatments and storage duration had a significant impact (P ≤ 0.05) on total phenolics and flavonoids contents. Apples treated with AEW better maintained antioxidant capacity compared to control. Treatments with AEW resulted in ≈2 Log reduction in total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (4.1 Log CFU cm−2 to 2.2 Log CFU cm−2) and < 1 Log reduction for yeasts and moulds (3.9 Log CFU cm−2 to 2.7 Log CFU cm−2). This study demonstrated the efficacy of electrolyzed water treatment as an alternative to conventional pack‐house practices for apple fruit.
Critical role of glutelin in ultrasound‐assisted isolation of corn starch
Authors: Yu Xiaoshuai , Liu Jie , Liu Yawei , Fang Guihong 
Published: October 2021

SummaryUltrasound was applied to facilitate starch–protein separation in ultrasound‐assisted laboratory‐scale corn wet‐milling. Changes to the molecular structure of glutelin and zein in the corn gluten meal treated by sonication were investigated to explore their roles in the release of starch. Sonication (130 to 200 W, 15 to 60 min) was found to cause the unfolding of the glutelin, as demonstrated in the decrease in disulphide bonds (SS) content, α‐helix and β‐turn, and the increase in free sulfhydryl (SH) content, β‐sheet and random coil. Furthermore, the solubility, surface hydrophobicity and fluorescence intensity of the glutelin (200 W/60 min) increased by 141.75, 109.18 and 186.01%, respectively, while its denaturation temperature (Td) and endothermic enthalpy (∆H) decreased by 7.43 and 21.51%. Compared with control zein, after 60 min sonication at 200 W, the SS content and α‐helix of the zein were found to have decreased by 20.68 and 19.14%, and its SH and random coil increased by 26.61 and 18.21%. Accordingly, the solubility, surface hydrophobicity and fluorescence intensity of zein increased by 54.03, 6.85 and 84.62%, and its Td and ∆H decreased by 5.76 and 4.19%. It was, thus, concluded that glutelin is more sensitive than zein to sonication and that the unfolding of glutelin is critical to the release of starch granules.
Structural characterization, physicochemical properties and in vitro digestion of finger millet–resistant starch prepared by different methods
Authors: Wang Le , Chen Jiali , Lu Shaochuang , Xiao Panfei , Li Chiling , Yi Cuiping 
Published: October 2021

SummaryIn this study, the structural, physicochemical and digestion characteristics of finger millet–resistant starch (FRS) prepared by ultrasonic (UP‐FRS), ultrasonic‐autoclaving (UAP‐FRS), enzymolysis (EP‐FRS) and ozonation (OP‐FRS) were studied. Different preparation methods have different degrees of damage to the morphological structure and granular shape of the starch, but the resistant starch obtained by ultrasonic, ultrasonic‐autoclaving and enzymolysis exhibited a same crystallinity pattern (B‐type polymorph), and typical V‐type modified starch was obtained by ozone treatment. That caused them to have different physicochemical properties. The solubility (8.2%) and swelling power (2.5%) of OP‐FRS were the smallest; the sedimentation value of the UAP‐FRS increased steadily with the increase of time and showed the largest (16.7%). UP‐FRS required the most energy for complete gelatinization (ΔH, 145 J g−1), and the gelatinization temperature range of the samples was significantly different (P < 0.05). In addition, UP‐FRS and OP‐FRS had strong anti‐digestion ability in vitro, and their digestion rate was lower than 30%. All these results are expected to provide information on the preparation and application of FRS, and may indicate that the specific processing of food before consumption could be used as new pathways for regulating the digestibility properties of food.
Retrogradation and gelling behaviours of partially gelatinised potato starch as affected by the degree of pre‐gelatinisation
Authors: Xu Fen , Liu Wei , Zhang Liang , Danthine Sabine , Liu Qiannan , Wang Feng , Zhang Hong , Hu Honghai , Blecker Christophe 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study explored the gelling and structural properties of partially gelatinised potato starch before and after reheating in response to their initial degree of starch gelatinisation (DSG). The retrogradation R and setback of starch increased from 4.18 to 17.14 and 179 to 579 mPa·s, respectively, with increasing initial DSG from 56.11% to 90.56%. The starch gel strength increased, whereas the short‐range ordered structure decreased as DSG increased without reheating. After reheating, the starch gel strength with relatively low initial DSG (56.11%) was 2.4 times higher than that of native starch and 1.7 times higher than that of starch with high DSG (90.56%). The interspersed starch granules in gels without reheating affected the formation of the network. After reheating, all gel samples formed a honeycomb structure with increased porosity as DSG increased. This could be related to the different degrees of dehydration synthesis of starch with different DSGs during retrogradation.
Phosphorylation plays positive roles in regulating the inhibitory ability of calpastatin to calpain
Authors: Du Manting , Li Xin , Zhang Dequan , Li Zheng , Hou Chengli , Ren Chi , Bai Yanhong 
Published: October 2021

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine the regulatory mechanism of phosphorylation of calpastatin on the activity of μ‐calpain. Crude calpastatin extracted from the longissimus lumborum (LL) muscles of three Fat Tail Han Sheep were treated with protein kinase A (PKA) or alkaline phosphatase (AP) to increase or decrease their phosphorylation levels, respectively, and then, both phosphorylated/dephosphorylated solutions were incubated with different amounts of purified μ‐calpain (25, 50, 100 and 150 units). In the AP group, the rate of μ‐calpain degradation was higher than the control and PKA groups. Calpastatin with higher phosphorylation levels presented much higher inhibitory abilities. Five phosphorylation sites from two phosphopeptides were identified. Protein kinase A‐catalysed calpastatin phosphorylation at Ser 649 positively regulates the inhibitory abilities of calpastatin by promoting the interaction between calpastatin and calpain. These results contribute to enrich the regulatory mechanism of μ‐calpain activity during post‐mortem meat tenderisation.
Iron excess affects release of neutrophil extracellular traps and reactive oxygen species but does not influence other functions of neutrophils
Authors: Kuźmicka Weronika , Manda‐Handzlik Aneta , Mroczek Agnieszka , Cieloch Adrianna , Moskalik Aneta , Demkow Urszula , Wachowska Małgorzata , Ciepiela Olga 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNeutrophils apply several antimicrobial strategies including degranulation, phagocytosis, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to fight pathogens. Iron is considered to be an invaluable constituent of host immune defense and plays a dual role in immunity. It is a well‐known component of antimicrobial proteins and is a necessary microelement for pathogen survival. The aim of this study was to broaden the knowledge regarding the impact of iron on the function of neutrophils. Neutrophils from healthy blood donors and patients with mild iron‐deficiency anemia and HL‐60 cells differentiated toward granulocyte‐like cells were incubated with Fe2+, Fe3+ or holo‐transferrin (holo‐Tf). Moreover, we isolated murine neutrophils of HFE gene knockout (KO) mice and mice fed iron‐deficient, iron‐equivalent and high‐iron diets. We analyzed the release of NETs, phagocytosis, degranulation of azurophilic granules, ROS release, bactericidal activity of granulocytes against Escherichia coli and neutrophil elastase (NE) activity. We show that holo‐Tf inhibits the release of NETs stimulated by phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate by inhibiting NE activity. Studies performed in mice models reveal that iron overload inhibits the release of NETs and ROS production in neutrophils isolated from HFE KO mice and mice fed a high‐iron diet. No impact of a low‐iron diet on neutrophil phagocytosis, ROS production or release of NETs was observed. Our study underscores the physiological significance of iron in neutrophil function, specifically in the release of NETs.
Strike ballots under the 2016 Trade Union Act: Unions mobilise to counter the latest legal onslaught
Authors: Lyddon Dave 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe 2016 Trade Union Act (TUA) added ‘draconian’ restrictions to the already tortuous postal balloting regime for holding lawful strikes. The government predicted that 29–35% of ballots would lose. Using data from trade union returns to the Certification Officer, the first detailed account of ballots under the TUA shows that unions have, generally, mobilised successfully to ‘get the vote out’. Far fewer ballots now fail to win a simple majority; the 50% turnout barrier has led to only half the predicted losses; the 40% yes‐vote rule in ‘important public services’ has limited independent effect. To avoid reballoting under the 6‐month ballot mandate, unions often launch into longer (mainly discontinuous) strikes. Judged on these criteria, the TUA has failed, which suggests further legislation will follow. Some national ballots have been lost, but the tactic of disaggregated ballots has seen unions strike (associated) employers where threshold turnout has been achieved.
Development of topical patches releasing allicin using garlic extract
Authors: Mahdi Batool , Abu‐Huwaij Rana , Al‐khateeb Iqbal 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroductionTreating hair loss of Alopecia areata is a quite challenge. The treatment not only needs to be effective but must meet specific requirements in terms of accurate dose, sustain release, comfortable application with aesthetic appearance. Thus, the study was designed to develop sustained release topical patches releasing allicin using different sources, including the extract from fresh and aged garlic, and commercially pure one.MethodsPatches were formulated by solvent casting method using ethylene‐vinyl acetate as backing layer and Carbopol® 971P NF (CP) as mucoadhesive polymer. Physicochemical properties were evaluated including weight, thickness, drug content, surface pH, moisture content, folding endurance, and swelling. In addition to in vitro diffusion study across the cellulose and Strat‐M® membranes.ResultsPatches showed good physicochemical properties. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was obvious in the percentage of allicin diffused across cellulose membrane between patch A (loaded with commercial allicin), patch B1 (loaded with fresh garlic extract), and patch C (loaded with aged garlic extract). However, ethanol enhanced the diffusion of allicin. The percentage of allicin diffused across cellulose membrane over 20 h from patch E (45 mg CP, 2 mL fresh garlic extract—equivalent to 60 mg allicin—and 1 mL of ethanol) was 79.94%. The flux and permeability coefficients were 2.62 mg/cm2/h and 0.52 cm/h, respectively, with an enhancement ratio of 2.60 times the reference patch M (mashed garlic).ConclusionPromising development of topical patches of allicin using garlic extract as natural source with lower cost than the commercial pure allicin and higher aesthetic acceptance than the used mashed garlic.
C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 1 and its receptor C‐X‐C motif chemokine receptor 2 in trigeminal ganglion contribute to nerve injury‐induced orofacial mechanical allodynia
Authors: Yang Jie , Liu Fei , Zhang Yan‐Yan , Lin Jiu , Li Yue‐Ling , Zhou Cheng , Li Chun‐Jie , Shen Jie‐Fei 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundOrofacial ectopic pain induced by trigeminal nerve injury is a serious complication of dental treatment. C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) and its primary receptor C‐X‐C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) contribute to the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain in the spinal nervous system, but their roles in trigeminal neuropathic sensation are still poorly understood.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the exact role of CXCL1 and CXCR2 in the regulation of orofacial ectopic mechanical allodynia and their potential downstream mechanisms in the trigeminal ganglion (TG).MethodsThe head withdrawal threshold (HWT) of C57BL/6 mice was evaluated after inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) transection (IANX). Then, the distribution and expression of CXCL1 and CXCR2, and their potential downstream mechanisms in the TG were further measured using immunohistochemistry, real‐time reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Moreover, the effect of SB225002 (an inhibitor of CXCR2) on mechanical allodynia was examined. The data were analysed using the Student's t test and a analysis of variance (ANOVA).ResultsIANX triggered persistent (>21 days) mechanical allodynia and upregulation of CXCL1 and CXCR2 in the TG. In addition, exogenous CXCL1 also lowered the HWT, which was alleviated by CXCR2 and protein kinase C (PKC) antagonists (p < .05). In addition, IANX increased the phosphorylated PKC (p‐PKC) levels and decreased the expression of voltage‐gated potassium channels (Kv), and these effects were reversed by inhibition of CXCR2 (p < .05).ConclusionOur results demonstrated that CXCR2 participated in orofacial ectopic mechanical allodynia via downregulation of Kv1.4 and Kv1.1 through the PKC signalling pathway. This mechanism may be a potential target in developing a treatment strategy for ectopic orofacial pain.
Latent classes of maladaptive personality traits exhibit differences in social processing
Authors: Hanegraaf Lauren , Hohwy Jakob , Verdejo‐Garcia Antonio 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveSocial processing (SP) deficits manifest across numerous mental disorders. However, this research has been plagued by heterogeneity and a piecemeal approach whereby skills are examined in isolation rather than as part of an integrated cognitive system. Here, we combined two dimensional frameworks of psychopathology to address these limitations.MethodWe utilized the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) to distill trait‐related heterogeneity within a community sample (n = 200), and the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) ‘Systems for Social Processes’ to comprehensively assess SP. We first applied latent class analyses (LCA) to derive AMPD‐based groups and subsequently contrasted the performance of these groups on a SP test battery that we developed to align with the RDoC SP constructs.ResultsOur LCA yielded four distinct subgroups. The recognizable trait profiles and psychopathological symptoms of these classes suggested they were clinically meaningful. The subgroups differed in their SP profiles: one displayed deficits regarding the self, a second displayed deficits in understanding others, a third displayed more severe deficits including affiliation problems, whilst the fourth showed normal performance.ConclusionsOur results support the link between clusters of maladaptive personality traits and distinctive profiles of SP deficits, which may inform research on disorders involving SP dysfunctions.
The Effect of Auditory Input on Multimodal Reading Comprehension: An Examination of Adult Readers’ Eye Movements
Authors: PELLICER–SÁNCHEZ ANA , CONKLIN KATHY , RODGERS MICHAEL P.H. , PARENTE FABIO 
Published: October 2021

AbstractComprehension of many types of texts involves constructing meaning from text and pictures. However, research examining how second language (L2) learners process text and pictures and the relationship with comprehension is scarce. Thus, while verbal input is often presented in written and auditory modes simultaneously (i.e., audio of text with simultaneous reading of it), we do not know how the auditory input affects L2 adult learners’ processing of text and pictures and its relation to comprehension. In the current study, L2 adult learners and native (L1) adults read and read while listening to an illustrated story while their eye movements were recorded. Immediately after reading, they completed a comprehension test. Results showed that the presence of auditory input allowed learners to spend more time looking at pictures and supported a better integration of text and pictures. No differences were observed between L2 and L1 readers’ allocation of attention to text and pictures. Both reading conditions led to similar levels of comprehension. Processing time on the text was positively related to comprehension for L2 readers, while it was associated to lower comprehension for L1 readers. Processing time on images was positively related to comprehension only for L1 readers.
The gene space of European mistletoe (Viscum album)
Authors: Schröder Lucie , Hohnjec Natalija , Senkler Michael , Senkler Jennifer , Küster Helge , Braun Hans‐Peter 
Published: October 2021

SUMMARYEuropean mistletoe (Viscum album) is a hemiparasitic flowering plant that is known for its very special life cycle and extraordinary biochemical properties. Particularly,V. albumhas an unusual mode of cellular respiration that takes place in the absence of mitochondrial complex I. However, insights into the molecular biology ofV. albumso far are very limited. Since the genome ofV. albumis extremely large (estimated 600 times larger than the genome of the model plantArabidopsis thaliana) it has not been sequenced up to now. We here report sequencing of theV. albumgene space (defined as the space including and surrounding genic regions, encompassing coding as well as 5′ and 3′ non‐coding regions). mRNA fractions were isolated from differentV. albumorgans harvested in summer or winter and were analyzed via single‐molecule real‐time sequencing. We determined sequences of 39 092 distinct open reading frames encoding 32 064V.albumproteins (designatedV. albumprotein space). Our data give new insights into the metabolism and molecular biology ofV. album, including the biosynthesis of lectins and viscotoxins. The benefits of theV. albumgene space information are demonstrated by re‐evaluating mass spectrometry‐based data of theV. albummitochondrial proteome, which previously had been evaluated using theA. thalianagenome sequence. Our re‐examination allowed the additional identification of nearly 200 mitochondrial proteins, including four proteins related to complex I, which all have a secondary function not related to respiratory electron transport. TheV. albumgene space sequences are available at the NCBI.
The impact of the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic on the management of chronic limb‐threatening ischemia and wound care
Authors: Driver Vickie R. , Couch Kara S. , Eckert Kristen A. , Gibbons Gary , Henderson Lorena , Lantis John , Lullove Eric , Michael Paul , Neville Richard F. , Ruotsi Lee C. , Snyder Robert J. , Saab Fadi , Carter Marissa J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn the wake of the coronavirus pandemic, the critical limb ischemia (CLI) Global Society aims to develop improved clinical guidance that will inform better care standards to reduce tissue loss and amputations during and following the new SARS‐CoV‐2 era. This will include developing standards of practice, improve gaps in care, and design improved research protocols to study new chronic limb‐threatening ischemia treatment and diagnostic options. Following a round table discussion that identified hypotheses and suppositions the wound care community had during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic, the CLI Global Society undertook a critical review of literature using PubMed to confirm or rebut these hypotheses, identify knowledge gaps, and analyse the findings in terms of what in wound care has changed due to the pandemic and what wound care providers need to do differently as a result of these changes. Evidence was graded using the Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine scheme. The majority of hypotheses and related suppositions were confirmed, but there is noticeable heterogeneity, so the experiences reported herein are not universal for wound care providers and centres. Moreover, the effects of the dynamic pandemic vary over time in geographic areas. Wound care will unlikely return to prepandemic practices. Importantly, Levels 2–5 evidence reveals a paradigm shift in wound care towards a hybrid telemedicine and home healthcare model to keep patients at home to minimize the number of in‐person visits at clinics and hospitalizations, with the exception of severe cases such as chronic limb‐threatening ischemia. The use of telemedicine and home care will likely continue and improve in the postpandemic era.
A Computational Design Synthesis Method for the Generation of Rigid Origami Crease Patterns
Authors: Zimmermann Luca , Shea Kristina , Stanković Tino 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Today most origami crease patterns used in technical applications are selected from a handful of well-known origami principles. Computational algorithms capable of generating novel crease patterns either target artistic origami, focus on quadrilateral creased paper, or do not incorporate direct knowledge for the purposeful design of crease patterns tailored to engineering applications. The lack of computational methods for the generative design of crease patterns for engineering applications arises from a multitude of geometric complexities intrinsic to origami, such as rigid foldability and rigid body modes (RBMs), many of which have been addressed by recent work of the authors. Based on these findings, in this paper we introduce a Computational Design Synthesis (CDS) method for the generative design of novel crease patterns to develop origami concepts for engineering applications. The proposed method first generates crease pattern graphs through a graph grammar that automatically builds the kinematic model of the underlying origami and introduces constraints for rigid foldability. Then, the method enumerates all design alternatives that arise from the assignment of different rigid body modes to the internal vertices. These design alternatives are then automatically optimized and checked for intersection to satisfy the given design task. The proposed method is generic and applied here to two design tasks that are a rigidly foldable gripper and a rigidly foldable robotic arm.