bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dopant and Current Rate Dependence on the Structural Evolution of P2‐Na2/3Mn0.8Zn0.1M0.1O2 (M=Cu, Ti): An Operando Study
Authors: Stansby Jennifer H. , Sharma Neeraj , Avdeev Maxim , Brand Helen E. A. , Gonzalo Elena , Drewett Nicholas E. , Ortiz‐Vitoriano Nagore , Rojo Teófilo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractVariable current rate operando XRD experiments were performed on the P2‐ Na2/3Mn0.8Zn0.1Cu0.1O2 composition, which displays promising electrochemical properties. The data reveals the reversible formation of a new and previously undetected ordering reflection upon extraction of Na‐ions, and that small compositional alterations may dramatically impact structural evolution and electrochemical properties. For P2‐ Na2/3Mn0.8Zn0.1Cu0.1O2 at all current rates examined (25, 50 and 100 mA.g−1), comparable structural evolution on charge is observed, but the structural evolution on discharge is shown to be significantly influenced by the current applied during the preceding charge step. For both P2‐ Na2/3Mn0.8Zn0.1Cu0.1O2 and P2‐ Na2/3Mn0.8Zn0.1Ti0.1O2 comparable structural evolution is observed only at a slower current rate of 25 mA.g−1. Overall, the structural evolution of these layered materials is shown to be dependent on the cycling history, highlighting the significance of applied current rate during cycling, especially during the initial cycle.
Patient‐reported symptom burden in routine oncology care: Examining racial and ethnic disparities
Authors: Bulls Hailey W. , Chang Pi‐Hua , Brownstein Naomi C. , Zhou Jun‐Min , Hoogland Aasha I. , Gonzalez Brian D. , Johnstone Peter , Jim Heather S. L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundRacial and ethnic disparities are well‐documented in cancer outcomes such as disease progression and survival, but less is known regarding potential disparities in symptom burden.AimsThe goal of this retrospective study was to examine differences in symptom burden by race and ethnicity in a large sample of cancer patients. We hypothesized that racial and ethnic minority patients would report greater symptom burden than non‐Hispanic and White patients.Methods and resultsA total of 5798 cancer patients completed the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale—revised (ESAS‐r‐CSS) at least once as part of clinical care. Two indicators of symptom burden were evaluated: (1) total ESAS‐r‐CSS score (i.e., overall symptom burden) and (2) number of severe symptoms (i.e., severe symptomatology). For patients completing the ESAS‐r‐CSS on multiple occasions, the highest score for each indicator was used. Zero‐inflated negative binomial regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for other sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Symptomology varied across race. Patients who self‐identified as Black reported higher symptom burden (p = .016) and were more likely to report severe symptoms (p < .001) than self‐identified White patients. Patients with “other” race were also more likely to report severe symptoms than White patients (p = .032), but reported similar total symptom burden (p = .315). Asian and Hispanic patients did not differ from White or non‐Hispanic patients on symptom burden (ps > .05).ConclusionThis study describes racial disparities in patient‐reported symptom burden during routine oncology care, primarily observed in Black patients. Clinic‐based electronic symptom monitoring may be useful to detect high symptom burden, particularly in patients who self‐identify their race as Black or other. Future research is needed to reduce symptom burden in racially diverse cancer populations.
Optimization of the light‐emitting diode daylight simulator based on the CIE metamerism index method
Authors: Zhao Yifei , Zhong Ping , He Guoxing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBy using spectral loss simulation, it was found that six spectral bands are needed to produce a daylight simulator with good performance. The optimization model for both Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage metamerism index and luminous efficacy (LE) of light‐emitting diode (LED) daylight simulator (LDS) was developed. The optimal LDSs with AA grade for D50, D55, D65, and D75 illuminants should consist of the violet LEDs with violet phosphor excited by an ultraviolet chip, and the white LEDs with green, yellow, and red phosphors excited by a blue chip. Their limit luminous efficacies under the ideal case could reach 179 to 204 lm/W. And finally, a scheme for a spectrally tunable LDS with AA grade was presented.
Tuning the UV/Vis Absorption Spectra of Electrochromic Small Molecular Radicals Through Bridge Modulation
Authors: Yu Lirong , Shi Ming , Wang Zikuan , Xing Xing , Umair Ali Muhammad , He Yaowu , Meng Hong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractStudies on the optical properties of donor‐bridge‐acceptor (DBA) materials in their radical anion state are rare but important. Such investigations can help to extend the application of DBA materials to opto‐electrochemical devices and no longer limit them to optical physics research. In this work, a series of new DBA materials, TACzs, for overcoming this limitation are reported. All TACzs show strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) in their photoexcited states, leading to noticeable solvatochromism. Besides, the electronic structures of their radical anions show great variability, displaying different absorption spectra and diverse colors. Moreover, the potential application of TACzs as electrochromic and electro‐fluorochromic materials are discussed. This work demonstrates that manipulating the π bridge between the donor and acceptor in the DBA system is an effective pathway not only to tailor the ICT properties of materials in their neutral state, but also to tune the absorption characteristics of their radical anion state, which makes them very promising for applications in electroluminescent and electrochemical devices.
Roles and Impacts of Ancillary Materials for Multi‐Component Blend Organic Photovoltaics towards High Efficiency and Stability
Authors: Kim Minjun , Choi Yelim , Hwan Lee Dae , Min Jihyun , Pu Yong‐Jin , Park Taiho 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOrganic photovoltaics (OPVs) are a promising next‐generation photovoltaic technology with great potential for wearable and transparent device applications. Over the past decades, remarkable advances in device efficiency close to 20 % have been made for bulk heterojunction (BHJ)‐based OPV devices with long‐term stability, and room for further improvements still exists. In recent years, ancillary components have been demonstrated as effective in improving the photovoltaic performance of OPVs by controlling the optoelectronic and morphological properties of BHJ blends. Herein, an updated understanding of polymer‐based blend OPVs is provided, and the role and impact of ancillary components in various blend systems are categorized and discussed. Lastly, a strategic perspective on the ancillary components of blend‐based OPVs for commercialization is provided.
Living in the concrete jungle: carnivore spatial ecology in urban parks
Authors: Gámez Siria , Harris Nyeema C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPeople and wildlife are living in an increasingly urban world, replete with unprecedented human densities, sprawling built environments, and altered landscapes. Such anthropogenic pressures can affect multiple processes within an ecological community, from spatial patterns to interspecific interactions. We tested two competing hypotheses, human shields vs. human competitors, to characterize how humans affect the carnivore community using multispecies occupancy models. From 2017 to 2020, we conducted the first camera survey of city parks in Detroit, Michigan, and collected spatial occurrence data of the local native carnivore community. Our 12,106–trap night survey captured detection data for coyotes (Canis latrans), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). Overall occupancy varied across species (Ψcoyote = 0.40, Ψraccoon = 0.54, Ψred fox = 0.19, Ψstriped skunk = 0.09). Contrary to expectations, humans did not significantly affect individual occupancy for these urban carnivores. However, co‐occurrence between coyote and skunk increased with human activity. The observed positive spatial association between an apex and subordinate pair supports the human shield hypothesis. Our findings demonstrate how urban carnivores can exploit spatial refugia and coexist with humans in the cityscape.
Climate and species stress resistance modulate the higher survival of large seedlings in forest restorations worldwide
Authors: Andivia Enrique , Villar‐Salvador Pedro , Oliet Juan A. , Puértolas Jaime , Dumroese R. Kasten , Ivetić Vladan , Molina‐Venegas Rafael , Arellano Eduardo C. , Li Guolei , Ovalle Juan F. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSeedling planting plays a key role in active forest restoration and regeneration of managed stands. Plant attributes at outplanting can determine tree seedling survival and consequently early success of forest plantations. Although many studies show that large seedlings of the same age within a species have higher survival than small ones, others report the opposite. This may be due to differences in environmental conditions at the planting site and in the inherent functional characteristics of species. Here, we conducted a global‐scale meta‐analysis to evaluate the effect of seedling size on early outplanting survival. Our meta‐analysis covered 86 tree species and 142 planting locations distributed worldwide. We also assessed whether planting site aridity and key plant functional traits related to abiotic and biotic stress resistance and growth capacity, namely specific leaf area and wood density, modulate this effect. Planting large seedlings within a species consistently increases survival in forest plantations worldwide. Species’ functional traits modulate the magnitude of the positive seedling size–outplanting survival relationship, showing contrasting effects due to aridity and between angiosperms and gymnosperms. For angiosperms planted in arid/semiarid sites and gymnosperms in subhumid/humid sites the magnitude of the positive effect of seedling size on survival was maximized in species with low specific leaf area and high wood density, characteristics linked to high stress resistance and slow growth. By contrast, high specific leaf area and low wood density maximized the positive effect of seedling size on survival for angiosperms planted in subhumid/humid sites. Results have key implications for implementing forest plantations globally, especially for adjusting nursery cultivation to species’ functional characteristics and planting site aridity. Nursery cultivation should promote large seedlings, especially for stress sensitive angiosperms planted in humid sites and for stress‐resistant species planted in dry sites.
Seasonal temperature–moisture interactions limit seedling establishment at upper treeline in the Southern Rockies
Authors: Bailey Sydney N. , Elliott Grant P. , Schliep Erin M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOver recent decades, sharply rising temperatures without an accompanying increase in precipitation have created widespread heat‐induced drought stress, or hotter drought. Tree‐ring reconstructions have discovered significant declines in seedling establishment from hotter drought across montane and subalpine forest belts during this time, yet comparable studies at upper treeline are non‐existent. In this study, we reconstruct annual patterns of seedling establishment at upper treeline in the Southern Rocky Mountains to test the hypotheses that establishment is governed by temperature–moisture interactions and that slope aspect mediates the influence of hotter drought. To test these hypotheses, we destructively sampled seedlings along a network of six study sites to reconstruct annual patterns of establishment on opposite north‐facing and south‐facing slopes. Results from this research can be summarized into two main points with respect to the influence of climate on seedling establishment at upper treeline over approximately the last three decades (1991–2019). First, temperature–moisture interactions throughout the year play a crucial role in facilitating successful seedling establishment. Second, and perhaps most striking, is the complete lack of establishment at all sites over the past decade. This could signify that a threshold has been surpassed and conditions are now beyond the climatic optimum for successful seedling establishment above treeline moving forward. These results expand upon similar findings from forests at lower elevations, introducing the likelihood that seedling establishment along the entire mountain forest belt of the Southern Rocky Mountains is being impacted by hotter drought. This means that any declines in the rate of seedling establishment across montane and subalpine forests will not be offset by increased recruitment at treeline.
A private channel of nitrogen alleviates interspecific competition for an annual legume
Authors: Elias J. D. , Agrawal A. A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe way resource availability predictably alters interspecific interactions and may favor one resource‐acquisition strategy over another is critical for understanding context dependency. The ubiquity of nitrogen (N) limitation across terrestrial environments is a driver of plant competition and the association of some plants with N‐fixing bacteria (rhizobia) may alleviate competition with nonfixing plants. Conversely, when available soil N is elevated, competitive advantages imparted by rhizobia are hypothesized to decline because nonfixing species are able to acquire those nutrients readily. We manipulated competition, soil N, and soil microbial inoculation, employing the ground bean Amphicarpaea bracteata, a native annual N‐fixing legume, and jewelweed Impatiens capensis, a native co‐occurring nonfixing annual. We found that legume performance was negatively impacted by interspecific competition, but less so under lower soil N in both the greenhouse and field. The legume invested a greater proportion of resources in rhizobia when competing, but only under low N. Also consistent with predictions, a competition‐by‐microbial‐inoculation interaction demonstrated that negative effects of competition were alleviated by rhizobia. Finally, we detected an interaction between inoculation and fertilization, whereby N addition resulted in increased performance for uninoculated legumes, but a small decline in performance for inoculated plants, the latter likely representing a cost of mutualism. Thus, several lines of evidence point to the legume–rhizobia mutualism being more beneficial under competition and limited soil N. Competing I. capensis, in contrast, benefited from N addition regardless of the addition of soil microbes. In a survey of natural populations, legume and rhizobia growth were positively correlated at population edges (where interspecific competition is expected to be higher, the mutualism is stronger), whereas at population centers we found no association. Isotopic evidence confirmed a higher degree of rhizobial N‐fixation at population edges compared to centers. Taken together, our results demonstrate an important role for the largely private channel of nitrogen in legume competitive performance, but with the benefits imparted by rhizobia being predictably weaker at higher soil fertility. We speculate that alleviation of competitive impacts through resource partitioning is an important and yet largely overlooked aspect of the evolutionary ecology of legume–rhizobia interactions.
Food availability and long‐term predation risk interactively affect antipredator response
Authors: Shiratsuru Shotaro , Majchrzak Yasmine N. , Peers Michael J. L. , Studd Emily K. , Menzies Allyson K. , Derbyshire Rachael , Humphries Murray M. , Krebs Charles J. , Murray Dennis L. , Boutin Stan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFood availability and temporal variation in predation risk are both important determinants of the magnitude of antipredator responses, but their effects have rarely been examined simultaneously, particularly in wild prey. Here, we determine how food availability and long‐term predation risk affect antipredator responses to acute predation risk by monitoring the foraging response of free‐ranging snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) to an encounter with a Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) in Yukon, Canada, over four winters (2015–2016 to 2018–2019). We examined how this response was influenced by natural variation in long‐term predation risk (2‐month mortality rate of hares) while providing some individuals with supplemental food. On average, snowshoe hares reduced foraging time up to 10 h after coming into close proximity (≤75 m) with lynx, and reduced foraging time an average of 15.28 ± 7.08 min per lynx encounter. Hares tended to respond more strongly when the distance to lynx was shorter. More importantly, the magnitude of hares’ antipredator response to a lynx encounter was affected by the interaction between food‐supplementation and long‐term predation risk. Food‐supplemented hares reduced foraging time more than control hares after a lynx encounter under low long‐term risk, but decreased the magnitude of the response as long‐term risk increased. In contrast, control hares increased the magnitude of their response as long‐term risk increased. Our findings show that food availability and long‐term predation risk interactively drive the magnitude of reactive antipredator response to acute predation risk. Determining the factors driving the magnitude of antipredator responses would contribute to a better understanding of the indirect effects of predators on prey populations.
Agglomeration behaviour of magnetic microparticles during separation and recycling processes in mRNA purification
Authors: Wommer Lars , Soerjawinata Winda , Ulber Roland , Kampeis Percy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurification of mRNA with oligo(dT)‐functionalized magnetic particles involves a series of magnetic separations for buffer exchange and washing. Magnetic particles interact and agglomerate with each other when a magnetic field is applied, which can result in a decreased total surface area and thus a decreased yield of mRNA. In addition, agglomeration may also be caused by mRNA loading on the magnetic particles. Therefore, it is of interest how the individual steps of magnetic separation and subsequent redispersion in the buffers used affect the particle size distribution. The lysis/binding buffer is the most important buffer for the separation of mRNA from the multicomponent suspension of cell lysate. Therefore, monodisperse magnetic particles loaded with mRNA were dispersed in the lysis/binding buffer and in the reference system deionized water, and the particle size distributions were measured. A concentration‐dependent agglomeration tendency was observed in deionized water. In contrast, no significant agglomeration was detected in the lysis/binding buffer. With regard to magnetic particle recycling, the influence of different storage and drying processes on particle size distribution was investigated. Agglomeration occurred in all process alternatives. For de‐agglomeration, ultrasonic treatment was examined. It represents a suitable method for reproducible restoration of the original particle size distribution.
From zero to villain: Applying narrative analysis in research on organizational reputation
Authors: Kuenzler Johanna 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhat narratives accompany the emergence of a negative reputation? I combine research on public organizations’ reputation with narrative analysis. Narratives offer multiple benefits to reputational research, playing an important role in human cognition and comprising social constructions of both organizations and other actors. Organizations profit from insights of narrative analysis concerning their reputation management. I apply the Narrative Policy Framework to the Swiss Child and Adult Protection Agencies (CAPA). A quantitative analysis of 667 narratives in mass media shows that the emergence of the CAPA’s negative reputation was accompanied by villain depictions early on, with narratives assuming a different quality after an implementation scandal. Also the CAPA’s target groups underwent marked changes in their depictions, most notably with problem causers being cast as heroes in several narratives, thus questioning the CAPA’s basic legitimacy as problem‐solving organization. These findings provide the CAPA with concrete starting points to amend their reputation.
Do governments care about socioeconomic inequalities in health? Narrative review of reports of EU‐15 countries
Authors: Carrilero Neus , García‐Altés Anna , Mendicuti Viky Morón , Ruiz García Boi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSocioeconomic inequalities in health have been an issue in all European countries since the publication of the “Black Report” in the United Kingdom in 1980. However, data show that nowadays there are important socioeconomic health inequalities within EU countries. The purpose of this paper is to review EU‐15 government reports that address socioeconomic inequalities in health. We reviewed 101 reports. The pioneer countries in analyzing this topic have a Beveridge‐type health system, and they are the leaders over time. The top socioeconomic indicators used are education level, social class, deprivation level of the area, and nationality. Given the current COVID‐19 pandemic situation and its economic consequences, EU governments need to continue monitoring the existing inequalities in health and to act transversely in all public policies.
Renewable energy penetration and energy security in electricity markets
Authors: Ríos‐Ocampo Juan Pablo , Arango‐Aramburo Santiago , Larsen Erik Reimer 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThe transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies such as wind and solar is being encouraged worldwide. Renewable energy investment costs have been dropping, which, combined with growing incentives, has led to a rapid rise in renewable capacity. These changes in the electricity market entail great challenges and uncertainties, specifically due to resource availability. Wind and solar energy depend on seasonal weather conditions to generate energy, such as wind and radiation, respectively. However, few studies have focused on analyzing and measuring the impact of a progressive increase of renewable energy in a short‐term electricity market and its effect on energy security. We developed a System Dynamics model to be able to analyze alternative scenarios and levels of uncertainties. We studied the impact of different shares of renewable sources on economic dispatch and energy security through reliability, reserve margin, resilience, and vulnerability measures. High shares of renewable resources (>60%) impact the energy security—reliability (< 98%), reserve margin (<−2%), resilience (>4%), and vulnerability—and may lower the spot price due to zero variable costs, which reduce the profitability of conventional firms in the short term and give closure to firms in the middle term and long term.Novelty StatementIn this study, a system dynamics model is proposed to assess the electricity market configuration and the spot price while renewable energy sources (wind and solar) increase and conventional sources fall (hydropower and fossil fuel). Energy security is measured by including energy measures such as reliability, resilience, vulnerability, and reserve margin in a day‐ahead market. The penetration of renewable energy creates a horizontal movement of the supply curve to the right, affecting wholesale electricity price, energy security, and firms' profitability.Highlights
The effect of different shares of renewable energy in a day‐ahead electricity market was studied.
Energy security under renewable energy share on economic dispatch was considered.
The analyses were performed using a system dynamics model for a theoretical market.
High shares of renewable resources may lower the spot price due to zero variable costs.
Low spot price reduces the profitability of both conventional and nonconventional firms.