bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are bat mist nets ideal for capturing bats? From ultrathin to bird nets, a field test
Authors: Ferreira Diogo F , Jarrett Crinan , Atagana Patrick Jules , Powell Luke L , Rebelo Hugo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The use of mist nets is the most widespread technique to capture bats; however, no study has compared if the type of ground-level mist net used during sampling affects bat captures. We sampled bats using three different types of mist nets that varied in mesh (16, 18, and 20 mm) and denier/ply (45/1 and 75/2) sizes over 76 half-night surveys. We used 17–20 mist nets and checked them at intervals of 15–20 min. Capture rate for echolocating bats was higher in the two mist nets with the biggest denier/ply and smaller mesh sizes. “Ultrathin bat mist nets” showed the lowest capture rates (1.5 times less than “Regular bat mist nets”), whereas “Bird mist nets” had capture rates only 1.2 times smaller than “Regular bat mist nets.” Our results showed that “Bird mist nets” can sample echolocating bats almost as well as “Regular bat mist nets,” and that thinner mist nets may not be the best solution to capture bats that echolocate at high frequencies in this type of surveys. We highlight the importance of considering the efficiency, durability, and longevity of mist nets when choosing the ideal mist-net type for a bat survey.
The ‘It’ Arbitrator: Why Do Corporations Not Act as Arbitrators?
Authors: Moreira João Ilhão , Vecellio Segate Riccardo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The international arbitrators’ service market is diverse, with arbitrators operating out of different structures, varying from multinational law firms to small arbitral boutiques. Yet, despite this heterogeneity, this market is dominated by individuals in the sense that legal persons are rarely, if ever, selected to act as arbitrators directly. Albeit the idea that an arbitrator must be a natural person appears to be deeply ingrained in the dominant understandings of arbitration, this is, in fact, an exception to the way knowledge-intensive services are usually provided. This brings to the forefront a largely unexplored topic: why legal entities are not selected as arbitrators. Through a survey of 60 jurisdictions, we explore to what extent may legal persons be appointed to act as arbitrators and conclude that stand-alone legal reasons do not fully explicate this state of affairs. Against this background, we advance a further set of explanations for relating to conflict of interest rules, insulation from civil liability, as well as the peculiar price formation and power competition dynamics within the arbitration market. Culturally and socially shaped expectations on how arbitrations should be managed play a role too.
Designing Remedies for Digital Markets: The Interplay Between Antitrust and Regulation
Authors: Lancieri Filippo , Pereira Neto Caio Mario S 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Regulatory interventions aimed at promoting competition in digital markets face a challenge: How to design remedies that actually improve welfare? This article helps provide an answer to this question. First, it maps out the frontier of remedy design: Part II.A summarizes antitrust and regulatory remedies imposed on digital companies over the past decades, while Part II.B reviews nineteen reports on competition in digital markets to identify proposals to advance antitrust or regulatory interventions. Part III, the core of the article, builds on this review to propose a new, two-level framework for remedy design that integrates pro-competition antitrust and regulatory interventions as part of a single policy. First, at the substantive level, it develops a compounded error-cost framework that helps authorities to choose between different remedies applicableto a given conduct: when policymakers accept higher risks of over-enforcement in deciding to intervene, they should compensate by taking lower risks of over-enforcement in remedy design and vice-versa. Second, at the institutional level, the article proposes that authorities consider separating three connected but different key activities in remedy design: (i) identifying harmful behavior, (ii) designing interventions, and (iii) monitoring and adapting remedies. It also outlines four criteria (legal mandate, need for technical expertise, relative risks of regulatory capture, and overall administrative costs) that can help authorities allocate these tasks among different regulators. Part IV concludes by applying this framework to seven types of conduct that Part II identified as potentially problematic: (i) discrimination, unfair treatment, and self-preferencing; (ii) exclusivity contracts; (iii) tying or bundling; (iv) MFNs and other price parity clauses; (v) refusals to deal, limited interoperability, and lack of data portability; (vi) exploitative or exclusionary terms of service; and (vii) nudges, sludges, and other concerns around user interfaces.
Common Ownership Patterns in the European Banking Sector—The Impact of the Financial Crisis1
Authors: Banal-Estañol Albert , Boot Nuria , Seldeslachts Jo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We provide a description of ownership patterns in the top 25 European banks for the period 2003–2015, where we especially focus on the global financial crisis. Investment managers, such as Blackrock, are dominant in terms of number of blockholdings in different banks, maintaining fairly stable “common ownership” networks throughout our sample. However, the financial crisis led to capital injections by governments in several banks in trouble, which in turn led to a jump in holdings by governments, which typically are “non-common owners” (i.e., they hold only shares in only one bank). This jump translated into these investors temporarily being the top investor with a large share, and non-common owners being the majority among large shareholders. A brief comparison with US banks uncovers large ownership differences between the European and US banking sectors. We briefly discuss what these ownership patterns might imply for competition, stability and performance in the banking industry.
Notes on Iterated Rationality Models of Scalar Implicatures
Authors: Fox Danny , Katzir Roni 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn the linguistics literature, the derivation of scalar implicatures has often been handled in a relatively modular way, using computations that are sensitive to logical relations among alternatives such as entailment but are blind to other notions such as the probabilities that participants in a conversation might associate with these alternatives (or with related propositions). In recent years, a family of models that we refer to as iterated rationality models (IRMs) have offered an interestingly different perspective on such alternative-sensitive processes in terms of multiple iterations of (typically probabilistic) reasoning. Our paper investigates what at first sight seems like a very interesting argument for the adequacy of IRMs as models of scalar implicatures, coming from the conjunctive interpretation of disjunctive sentences. We then outline challenges for the argument based on a theoretical comparison with the grammatical theory of scalar implicatures. The comparison focuses on the full distribution of conjunctive interpretation, on the question of sensitivity to priors, and on other results achieved within the grammatical theory that the IRM literature has yet to engage with.
Psychometric Properties of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey in a Clinical Sample of Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes and Their Caregivers
Authors: O’Donnell Holly K , Bennett Johnson Suzanne , Sileo Deseray , Majidi Shideh , Gonder-Frederick Linda , Driscoll Kimberly A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
A previously published exploratory factor analysis suggested that the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey—Child and Parent Versions, is comprised of three subscales: Maintain High Blood Glucose, Helplessness/Worry About Low Blood Glucose, and Worry About Negative Social Consequences. The primary aim of this study was to confirm this three-factor model with a clinical population of adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their caregivers.

Methods
Participants included N = 1,035 youth ages 10–17.99 years with T1D, and their female (N = 835) and/or male (N = 326) caregivers who completed the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey independently during a routine medical appointment. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis and examined reliability of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey and its associations with demographics and clinical outcomes (e.g., mean blood glucose, glycemic control).

Results
Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor model in youth and female and male caregivers. The internal consistencies for Maintain High Blood Glucose, Helplessness/Worry About Low Blood Glucose, and Worry About Negative Social Consequences were acceptable. The majority of demographic and clinical outcome variables correlated as hypothesized with the three subscales.

Conclusions
Using a large clinical sample of adolescents with T1D and their caretakers, we confirmed the three-factor model for the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey, which is sufficiently reliable to be used in a clinical setting. Important areas of future research include examining moderators for the effect of fear of hypoglycemia on clinical outcomes, and possible inclusion of items related to modern diabetes devices.
Moderating effects of trustworthiness between pharmacists and physicians: using partial least squares
Authors: Murshid Mohsen Ali , Mohaidin Zurina , Zayed Mohammad , Al Doghan Mohammed A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Trustworthiness (TRS) is an essential factor that drives pharmacist–physician collaboration (PPC), which, in turn, improves prescribing behaviour. This study examines the moderating effect of TRS on the relationship between pharmacist expertise, PPC and prescribing decisions of physicians (PPD).

Methods
A total of 393 usable data were collected from selected physicians using a structured questionnaire form. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was adopted for data analysis.

Key findings
The result shows that TRS does not moderate the relationship between pharmacist expertise power and PPD, although the relationship is stronger with higher TRS (β = 0.054, t = 0.483, P &gt; 0.05). As expected, the relationship between PPC and PPD is stronger at high TRS (β = 0.137, t = 1.653, P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
TRS plays a ‘dynamic’ role in strengthening the positive impact of high pharmacist collaboration on prescribing rather than a ‘supportive’ role in increasing physicians’ readiness to gather information and recommendations from the pharmacist.
Transfusion-Transmitted Malaria: Two Pediatric Cases From the United States and Their Relevance in an Increasingly Globalized World
Authors: Stubbs Leigh A , Price Michael , Noland Daniel , Fuchs Jennifer , Filkins Laura , McElvania Erin , Luu Hung S , Sebert Michael , Waters Ami , Hsiang Michelle S 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In non-endemic settings, transfusion-transmitted malaria (TTM) is rare but potentially fatal and becoming more common with globalization. We present two pediatric cases that demonstrate donor screening using questionnaires is subject to error and that TTM should be considered with fever following numerous transfusions in children, particularly sickle cell patients.
Acute Respiratory Failure With Hemoptysis in a Teenager Due to Cystic Echinococcosis
Authors: Blatz Allison M , Laycock Katherine M , Kaur Ishminder , Swami Sanjeev K 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A previously healthy 14-year-old male presented with abrupt onset respiratory failure with hemoptysis and anaphylaxis. Imaging demonstrated a large, cystic lesion with bronchopleural fistula that was consistent with cystic echinococcosis. He underwent thoracotomy for cyst removal and bronchopleural fistula repair, then completed 3 months of albendazole therapy. He developed recurrence of a bronchopleural fistula 4 months after surgery which improved over time with conservative management. This case highlights pathognomonic imaging and pathology findings for cystic echinococcosis.
3D Printing: an appealing technology for the manufacturing of solid oral dosage forms
Authors: Pitzanti Giulia , Mathew Essyrose , Andrews Gavin P , Jones David S , Lamprou Dimitrios A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The traditional manufacturing methods of solid oral dosage forms (SODFs) are reported to be time-consuming, highly expensive and not tailored to the patient’s needs. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is an innovative emerging technology that can help to overcome these issues. The aim of this review is to describe the most employed 3DP technologies, materials and the state of the art on 3DP SODFs. Characterization techniques of 3DP SODFs, challenges and regulatory issues are also discussed.

Key findings
The interest in the investigation of the suitability of 3DP as an alternative strategy for the fabrication of SODFs is growing. Different 3DP technologies and starting materials have been investigated for the development of SODFs. Numerous SODFs with complex geometries and composition, and with different release patterns, have been successfully manufactured via 3DP. Despite that, just one 3DP SODF has reached the market.

Summary
3DP can be a promising alternative to the classical SODFs manufacturing methods. However, numerous technically and regulatory challenges still need to be addressed in order 3DP to be extensively used in the pharmaceutical sector.
Performance and paroxetine stability in tablets manufactured by fused deposition modelling-based 3D printing
Authors: Figueiredo Sara , Fernandes Ana I , Carvalho Fátima G , Pinto João F 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The objective of this study was to develop a method for the preparation and characterization of paroxetine (PRX) tablets, obtained by coupling hot-melt extrusion and fused deposition modelling (FDM)-based three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology. The impact of the printing process parameters on the drug stability and on the tablets performance was assessed.

Methods
Tablets were obtained by FDM of hot-melt extruded PRX-loaded filaments. Physicochemical, thermal, spectroscopic, diffractometric analysis and in-vitro dissolution tests of the intermediate products and the finished dosage forms were performed.

Key findings
The characterization of printed tablets evidenced mass and dimensions uniformity, and consistency of drug content and dissolution profile. The formation of amorphous solid dispersions and interaction of formulation components throughout the manufacturing process were demonstrated. Layer thickness, printing temperature, printing and travelling speeds, and infill were the most impacting process parameters on both the physicochemical properties and the in-vitro performance of the 3D-printed tablets.

Conclusions
PRX tablets, meeting compendial limits, were manufactured by 3DP, envisaging their clinical use as individually designed dosage forms. The assessment of the impact of processing parameters on the printed tablets provided insights, which will ultimately allow streamlining of the 3D process set-up for quicker and easier production of patient-centric medicines.
The traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Dictamnus dasycarpus: a review
Authors: Qin Yu , Quan Hong-Feng , Zhou Xi-Rong , Chen Shu-Juan , Xia Wen-Xin , Li Hang , Huang Huan-Ling , Fu Xue-Yan , Dong Lin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Dictamnus dasycarpus is a plant of the Rutaceae family, and its root bark is the main part used as a medicine, named ‘Bai-Xian-Pi’. It is used to clear away heat, remove dampness, and dispel wind and also used for detoxification. The purpose of this review is to provide a systematic review about the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of this plant.

Key findings
More than 200 compounds have been isolated and identified from the plant, including alkaloids and their glycosides, terpenoids and their derivatives and phenylpropanoids. Extensive pharmacological activities of the extracts or compounds of D. dasycarpus in vivo and in vitro were mainly confirmed, including anti-inflammatory activity, protecting cardiovascular activity, improving liver injury and anti-cancer activity.

Summary
In this paper, the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of D. dasycarpus were reviewed. In the future, D. dasycarpus needs further study, such as paying more attention to quality control and the utilization on agriculture. In addition, discussing the medicinal components of decoction as well as the toxicity will also contribute to the progress of clinical trial studies.
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides protect against sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction by activating SIRT1
Authors: Xu Zhong-Heng , Su Xiao , Yang Geng , Qin Tao , Liu Yu 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
To investigate whether the silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) was involved in the protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) against sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction.

Methods
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis model was constructed in C57/BL6J mice. Mice were randomly divided into LPS + GLP + EX-527, LPS + EX-527, LPS + GLP, LPS or control group). The levels of serum inflammatory factor markers were examined by ELISA. H&E staining was performed to assess the inflammation. TUNEL staining and bromodeoxyuridine staining were used to observe cell apoptosis and proliferation, respectively. Expression of apoptosis and proliferation-related proteins was detected by western blot.

Key findings
GLP treatment could significantly increase the expression of SIRT1, reduce levels of serum inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1α and IL-6) and inflammatory cells in mice heart tissue of sepsis models (all Ps &lt; 0.01). Compared with LPS group, GLP treatment inhibited apoptosis and promoted proliferation of myocardial tissues (all Ps &lt; 0.01). Besides, EX-527 (SIRT1 inhibitor) treatment could partially reverse the protective effects of GLP against sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction (all Ps &lt; 0.01).

Conclusions
GLP might play a protective role in sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction through regulating inflammatory response, apoptosis and proliferation via activating SIRT1. Therefore, GLP is expected to be a probable novel strategy for treatment of sepsis.
Evaluation approach for whole dose distribution in clinical cases using spherical projection and spherical harmonics expansion: spherical coefficient tensor and score method
Authors: Anetai Yusuke , Koike Yuhei , Takegawa Hideki , Nakamura Satoaki , Tanigawa Noboru 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Whole dose distribution results from well-conceived treatment plans including patient-specific (location, size and shape of tumor, etc.) and facility-specific (clinical policy and goal, equipment, etc.) information. To evaluate the whole dose distribution efficiently and effectively, we propose a method to apply spherical projection and real spherical harmonics (SH) expansion, thus leading to the expanded coefficients as a rank-2 tensor, SH coefficient tensor, for every patient-specific dose distribution. To verify the feature of this tensor, we introduce Isomap from the manifold learning method and multi-dimensional scaling (MDS). Subsequently, we obtained the MDS distance representing similarity, η, and the SH score, ζ, which is a Frobenius norm of the SH coefficient tensor. These were then validated in the intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) data sets of: (i) 375 mixing treated regions, (ii) 135 head and neck (HN), and (iii) 132 prostate cases, respectively. The MDS map indicated that the SH coefficient tensor enabled a quantitative feature extraction of whole dose distributions. In particular, the SH score systematically detected irregular cases as the deviation higher than +1.5 standard deviations (SD) from the average case, which matched up with clinically irregular case that required very complicated dose distributions. In summary, the proposed SH coefficient tensor is a useful representation of the whole dose distribution. The SH score from the SH coefficient tensor is a convenient and simple criterion used to characterize the entire dose distributions, which is not dependent on the data set.
A word of caution: bilateral axillofemoral bypass could not provide sufficient blood flow in a patient who underwent aortic resection for aortoesophageal fistula: a case report
Authors: Okubo Ryo , Shirasaka Tomonori , Shibagaki Keisuke , Kamiya Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
An 81-year-old man was transferred to our hospital for a ruptured infected descending aortic aneurysm. An emergency thoracic endovascular aortic repair was performed, but a computed tomography scan 7 days later revealed an aortoesophageal fistula. The establishment of extracorporeal circulation using the femoral artery and utilization of the omentum was considered difficult. We performed bilateral axillofemoral bypass followed by descending aortic resection and esophagectomy. However, the patient’s circulatory insufficiency worsened, and he died on the 18th postoperative day.
In the treatment of aortoesophageal fistula, bilateral axillofemoral bypass is not recommended as an alternative to descending aortic replacement.
Large mediastinal germ cell tumor with disease progression during systemic therapy
Authors: Hsu Diana S , Wilde Sawley A , Banks Kian C , Velotta Jeffrey B 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A 29-year-old male developed acute onset severe shortness of breath and fevers and was found to have a 17 cm anterior mediastinal mass with immature teratoma and possible mixed germ cell tumor on biopsy. He remained hospitalized during neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy due to compressive symptoms from his mass and neutropenic fevers. Despite 3 cycles of therapy, his tumor mildly increased in size. After multidisciplinary discussion, he underwent urgent en bloc resection with a right hemi-clamshell incision. His postoperative course was uncomplicated and he was discharged to home within a week. His final pathology demonstrated mixed germ cell tumor.
Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD) within the abdomen as a cause of adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO): a case report
Authors: Shean Christopher J W , Butt Amir 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) is commonly caused by intra-abdominal adhesions, usually from prior surgery. Conservative management is the mainstay of treatment, with adhesiolysis required for non-resolving obstruction. An unusual patient presentation of ASBO is presented here, where the cause is proposed as an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD) within the abdomen. Although the patient had several presentations of ASBO successfully treated with conservative management, a non-resolving obstruction required surgical management. At laparotomy, the AICD was found to be in close association with extensive matted adhesions to adjacent small bowel. Adhesiolysis was performed, with the AICD implanted in a subrectus pocket. The patient had an uncomplicated recovery, and at review 6 weeks following the operation was found to have a normal bowel habit with nil further episodes concerning for obstruction. This case highlights the importance of non-classical risk factors being a possible cause of ASBO.