bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ feeding as a new management tool to conserve orphaned Eurasian lynx (lynx lynx)
Authors: Premier Joe , Gahbauer Martin , Leibl Franz , Heurich Marco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHigh human‐caused mortality due to wildlife‐vehicle‐collisions and illegal killing leads to frequent cases of orphaned Eurasian lynx juveniles. Under natural conditions, this would result in starvation of the young. To avoid this, wildlife managers conventionally rear animals in captivity and release them later. However, this measure is an undesirable outcome for species conservation, managers, and animals alike. Increased awareness of Eurasian lynx orphaned by human‐caused mortality means managers must often intervene in endangered populations. In this study, we report for the first time a successful case of in situ feeding designed to avoid captivity of two orphaned Eurasian lynx. We exposed 13 roe deer and 7 red deer carcasses in the field to successfully support two orphans to the age of independence and confirm dispersal from the natal range. We present this management approach as a feasible and complimentary tool that can be considered in small or isolated large carnivore populations where every individual counts toward population viability.
A Conversation on New Types of Chemical Bonds
Authors: Hiberty Philippe C. , Danovich D. , Shaik Sason 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis conversation tells a panoramic story on bonding motifs discovered and/pre‐conceptualized by VB theory (VBT). Initially, the essay recounts how the authors discovered charge‐shift bonding (CSB) which enriched the landscape of electron‐pair bonding. This is followed by triplet‐pair bonds (TPB), between pairs of electrons that possess identical spins. And finally, a story is told of new adventures in describing excited states and their bonding. This is also a tale of a wonderful and insightful theory, Valence Bond Theory, which is coming of age. This is all recounted as a conversation between three scientists who participated in this research, and are conversing here in a Socratic‐Talmudic trialogue.
Acceptability of ENG‐releasing subdermal implants among postpartum Brazilian young women during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Barbieri Mariane Massaini , Herculano Thuany Bento , Dantas Silva Amanda , Bahamondes Luis , Juliato Cassia Raquel Teatin , Surita Fernanda Garanhani 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate etonogestrel (ENG)‐implant acceptance during the immediate postnatal period among adolescents and young women during the COVID‐19 pandemic, and to compare variables according to choice and discuss possible implications of this measure during the pandemic period.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was designed. All women aged up to 24 years, who delivered between April 25, 2020, and June 24, 2020, at Women's Hospital, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil were considered. The ENG‐implant or other contraceptive methods were offered prior to hospital discharge. The participants were split into two groups: (1) those who chose the ENG‐implant and (2) those that refused the implant. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed.Results151 women were included, with 76.2% selecting the ENG‐implant. The average age was 19.5 years; 73.2% of pregnancies were unplanned, 32.5% already had a previous pregnancy, 74% were single, and 75.5% were not in full time education. Further, 70.5% had previously used contraceptives, with 89.1% unsatisfied with their previous method that opted for the ENG‐implant (P = 0.07).ConclusionOffering the ENG‐implant to youths during the immediate postnatal period is evidence‐based care, and contraceptive provision is an essential health promotion tool, even during a pandemic. Thinking quickly about public policies in times of crisis is important to guarantee sexual and reproductive rights.
The influence of solvents and impurities on the separation of biobased phenol and 2‐octanone
Authors: Sprakel Lisette MJ , Bargeman Gerrald , Galan Sanchez Lara , Schuur Boelo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDPhenol is used as a raw material in the polycarbonate industry and as the incentive for bio‐based plastics and products is increasing, so is the interest in and demand for bio‐based phenols. In renewable phenol production processes based on biomass, impurities derived from the biomass, including other oxygenate compounds, are expected in the phenol containing solution. Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) of phenol and 2‐Octanone was studied and impact of impurities thereon to gain insights applicable for similar systems in biorefineries for renewable phenol production.RESULTSFor the binary mixture of phenol ‐ 2‐octanone azeotropic VLE behavior was found. The effects of ternary compounds on the molecular interactions between phenol and 2‐octanone were studied using isothermal calorimetry (ITC) and molecular modelling (MM), and the impact on the VLE behavior was measured using an ebulliometer.CONCLUSIONIt was found that the relative volatility could be improved by adding solvents that are polar and/or contain hydrogen bond accepting groups. Ketones and ethers most strongly improved the relative volatility of the binary mixture 2‐octanone – phenol. Addition of a linear alkane, a repelling component especially for 2‐octanone, strongly improved the relative volatility as well. ITC and MM results, providing heat of mixing and the interaction energy of mixture components, improved fundamental understanding of the molecular interactions between phenol, 2‐octanone and ternary compounds, and supported the VLE findings. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Worldwide variation of the COL14A1 gene is shaped by genetic drift rather than selective pressure
Authors: Calò Carla M. , Onali Federico , Robledo Renato , Flore Laura , Massidda Myosotis , Francalacci Paolo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study is to analyze the worldwide distribution of SNP rs4870723 in COL14A1 gene to check if there are significant genetic differences among different populations and to test if the gene is a trait under selection.MethodsGenomic DNA was extracted from 69 unrelated individuals from Sardinia and genotyped for SNP rs4870723. Data were compared with 26 different populations, clustered in 5 super‐populations, from the public 1000 genomes database. Allele frequency and heterozygosity were calculated with Genepop. The Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and pairwise population differentiation through analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA FST) were determined with Arlequin.ResultsAllele frequencies of COL14A1 rs4870723 were compared in 27 populations clustered in 5 super‐populations. All populations were in the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. In almost all populations, allele C was the most frequent allele, reaching the highest values in East Asia. The 27 populations showed an appreciable structure, with significant differences observed between European, African, and Asian populations.ConclusionSignificant differences were observed in the rs4870723 SNP distribution among the populations studied. However, we found no evidence for a selective pressure. Rather, the differentiation among the populations is likely the result of founder effect, genetic drift, and cultural factors, all events known to establish and maintain genetic diversity between populations.
Echocardiographic image multi‐structure segmentation using Cardiac‐SegNet
Authors: Lei Yang , Fu Yabo , Roper Justin , Higgins Kristin , Bradley Jeffrey D. , Curran Walter J. , Liu Tian , Yang Xiaofeng 
Published: March 2021

PurposeCardiac boundary segmentation of echocardiographic images is important for cardiac function assessment and disease diagnosis. However, it is challenging to segment cardiac ventricles due to the low contrast‐to‐noise ratio and speckle noise of the echocardiographic images. Manual segmentation is subject to interobserver variability and is too slow for real‐time image‐guided interventions. We aim to develop a deep learning‐based method for automated multi‐structure segmentation of echocardiographic images.MethodsWe developed an anchor‐free mask convolutional neural network (CNN), termed Cardiac‐SegNet, which consists of three subnetworks, that is, a backbone, a fully convolutional one‐state object detector (FCOS) head, and a mask head. The backbone extracts multi‐level and multi‐scale features from endocardium image. The FOCS head utilizes these features to detect and label the region‐of‐interests (ROIs) of the segmentation targets. Unlike the traditional mask regional CNN (Mask R‐CNN) method, the FCOS head is anchor‐free and can model the spatial relationship of the targets. The mask head utilizes a spatial attention strategy, which allows the network to highlight salient features to perform segmentation on each detected ROI. For evaluation, we investigated 450 patient datasets by a five‐fold cross‐validation and a hold‐out test. The endocardium (LVEndo) and epicardium (LVEpi) of the left ventricle and left atrium (LA) were segmented and compared with manual contours using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), Hausdorff distance (HD), mean absolute distance (MAD), and center‐of‐mass distance (CMD).ResultsCompared to U‐Net and Mask R‐CNN, our method achieved higher segmentation accuracy and fewer erroneous speckles. When our method was evaluated on a separate hold‐out dataset at the end diastole (ED) and the end systole (ES) phases, the average DSC were 0.952 and 0.939 at ED and ES for the LVEndo, 0.965 and 0.959 at ED and ES for the LVEpi, and 0.924 and 0.926 at ED and ES for the LA. For patients with a typical image size of 549 × 788 pixels, the proposed method can perform the segmentation within 0.5 s.ConclusionWe proposed a fast and accurate method to segment echocardiographic images using an anchor‐free mask CNN.
Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy observer design for nonlinear descriptor systems with unmeasured premise variables and unknown inputs
Authors: Nguyen Anh‐Tu , Campos Víctor , Guerra Thierry‐Marie , Pan Juntao , Xie Wenbo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article presents a new observer design framework for a class of nonlinear descriptor systems with unknown but bounded inputs. In the presence of unmeasured nonlinearities, that is, premise variables, designing nonlinear observers is known as particularly challenging. To solve this problem, we rewrite the nonlinear descriptor system in the form of a Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model with nonlinear consequents. This model reformulation enables an effective use of the differential mean value theorem to deal with the mismatching terms involved in the estimation error dynamics. These nonlinear terms, issued from the unmeasured nonlinearities of the descriptor system, cause a major technical difficulty for TS fuzzy‐model‐based observer design. The descriptor form is treated through a singular redundancy representation. For observer design, we introduce into the Luenberger‐like observer structure a virtual variable aiming at estimating the one‐step ahead state. This variable introduction allows for free‐structure decision variables involved in the observer design to further reduce the conservatism. Using Lyapunov‐based arguments, the observer design is reformulated as an optimization problem under linear matrix inequalities with a single line search parameter. The estimation error bounds of both the state and the unknown input can be minimized by means of a guaranteed ℓ∞‐gain performance level. The interests of the new ℓ∞ TS fuzzy observer design are clearly illustrated with two physically motivated examples.
Highly Efficient and Super Stable Full‐Color Quantum Dots Light‐Emitting Diodes with Solution‐Processed All‐Inorganic Charge Transport Layers
Authors: Wang Fuzhi , Wang Zhenye , Zhu Xiaodong , Bai Yiming , Yang Yun , Hu Siqian , Liu Yuqing , You Baogui , Wang Jun , Li Yang , Tan Zhan'ao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHigh performance and super stable all‐inorganic full‐color quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs) are constructed by adopting solution‐processed Mg‐doped NiOx (Mg‐NiOx) nanoparticles as hole transport layer (HTL) and Al‐doped ZnO (AZO) as electron transport layer (ETL). Mg‐NiOx nanoparticles possess the advantages of low‐temperature solution processability, intrinsic stability, and controllable electronic properties. UV‐ozone (UVO) treatment is applied to the Mg‐NiOx film to modulate its surface composition. By carefully controlling the UVO treating time, favorable energy levels can be achieved to minimize the energy barrier for hole injection. At the cathode side, Al‐doping can reduce the conductivity of ZnO ETL and decrease the interface charge transfer, effectively, thus leading to more balanced charge injection and consequent high luminance and efficiency. The maximum luminance and EQE can reach as high as 38 444 cd m−2 and 5.09% for R‐QLEDs, 177 825 cd m−2 and 10.1% for G‐QLEDs, and 3103 cd m−2 and 2.19% for B‐QLEDs. The luminance values are the highest ever reported for all‐inorganic QLEDs. Furthermore, the all‐inorganic devices show much better resistance to water and oxygen existing in air. The results show that the ion‐doped NiOx and AZO nanoparticles would facilitate the design and development of highly efficient and super stable QLEDs.
GraphRedex: Look at your research
Authors: Gurdeep Singh Robbert , Scholliers Christophe 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA significant aspect of designing new programming languages is to define their operational semantics. Working with a pen and paper version of such a semantics is notoriously difficult. For this reason, tools for computer aided semantics engineering were created. Many of these tools allow programmers to execute their language's operational semantics. An executable semantics makes it easier to verify whether the execution of a program leads to the desired result. When a program exhibits unexpected behavior, the programmer can consult the reduction graph to see what went wrong. Unfortunately, visualization of these graphs is currently not well‐supported by most tools. Consequently, the comprehension of errors remains challenging. In this article, we present GraphRedex an open‐source tool that empowers language designers to interactively explore their reduction graphs, offering three main benefits. First, a global exploration mode allows users to obtain a bird's‐eye overview of the reduction graph and learn its high level workings. Second, a local exploration mode lets the programmer closely interact with the individual reduction rules. Third, our query interface allows the programmer to filter out and highlight specific regions of the reduction graph. We evaluated our tool by carrying out a user study showing that participants comprehend programs on average twice as fast while being able to answer questions more accurately. Finally, we demonstrate how GraphRedex helps to understand the semantics of two published works. Exploration of the semantics with GraphRedex unveiled an issue in one of the implementations of these works, which the author confirmed.
Sodium and Potassium Complexes of Anionic N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Frosch Jenni , Körner Lukas , Koneczny Marvin , Tamm Matthias 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe reaction of 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin‐2‐ylidene (IDipp) with n‐BuLi in the presence of sodium and potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide was studied, and the resulting polymeric dicarbene species were reacted with the fluoroboranes tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, B(C6F5)3, and tris[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borane, B(m‐XyF6)3 to produce sodium and potassium salts of an anionic N‐heterocyclic carbene with a weakly coordinating borate moiety (WCA‐NHC).
Descendants in celestial CFT and emergent multi-collinear factorization
Authors: Ebert Stephen , Sharma Atul , Wang Diandian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Multi-collinear factorization limits provide a window to study how locality and unitarity of scattering amplitudes can emerge dynamically from celestial CFT, the conjectured holographic dual to gauge and gravitational theories in flat space. To this end, we first use asymptotic symmetries to commence a systematic study of conformal and Kac-Moody descendants in the OPE of celestial gluons. Recursive application of these OPEs then equips us with a novel holographic method of computing the multi-collinear limits of gluon amplitudes. We perform this computation for some of the simplest helicity assignments of the collinear particles. The prediction from the OPE matches with Mellin transforms of the expressions in the literature to all orders in conformal descendants. In a similar vein, we conclude by studying multi-collinear limits of graviton amplitudes in the leading approximation of sequential double-collinear limits, again finding a consistency check against the leading order OPE of celestial gravitons.
Machine Learning in der Onkologie – Perspektiven in der Patient-Reported-Outcome-Forschung
Authors: Lehmann Jens , Cofala Tim , Tschuggnall Michael , Giesinger Johannes M. , Rumpold Gerhard , Holzner Bernhard 
Published: March 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Steigende Datenmengen in der Onkologie stellen neue Herausforderungen an die Analyse. Machine Learning ist ein Teilbereich der künstlichen Intelligenz und kann auch in sehr großen und weniger strukturierten Datensätzen Zusammenhänge erkennen.

Ziel der Arbeit
Der Artikel vermittelt einen Überblick zu den Einsatzbereichen von Machine Learning in der Onkologie. Weiterhin wird das Potenzial von Machine Learning für die Patient-Reported-Outcome (PRO) Forschung diskutiert.

Material und Methoden
Selektive Literaturrecherche (PubMed, MEDLINE, IEEE Xplore) und Diskussion des aktuellen Stands der Forschung.

Ergebnisse
In der Onkologie ergeben sich drei primäre Einsatzbereiche für Machine Learning: (1) zur Krebserkennung oder Klassifikation bei bildgebenden Verfahren, (2) zur Prognose von Gesamtüberleben oder zur Risikoeinschätzung, (3) zur Unterstützung bei Behandlungsentscheidungen und zur Vorhersage von Therapieansprechen. In der onkologischen PRO-Forschung und Praxis werden bisher kaum Machine-Learning-Ansätze verfolgt und es gibt nur wenige Studien, welche PRO-Daten in Machine-Learning-Modelle integrieren.

Diskussion
Machine Learning zeigt in einigen Bereichen der Onkologie vielversprechende Anwendungsmöglichkeiten, jedoch schaffen wenige Modelle den Sprung in die klinische Praxis. Die Versprechen von einer personalisierten Krebstherapie und von Unterstützung bei der Behandlungsentscheidung durch Machine Learning haben sich noch nicht erfüllt. Als ein Bereich, der in der Onkologie stetig an Bedeutung gewinnt, sollten PRO auch in Machine-Learning-Ansätze aufgenommen werden. Dazu sind jedoch die breite, standardisierte Erfassung von PRO sowie die umfassende Harmonisierung bestehender Datensätze nötig.
Histological changes in the human esophagus following triamcinolone injection to prevent esophageal stricture after endoscopic submucosal dissection
Authors: Kawamura Yudai , Kawada Kenro , Ito Takashi , Saito Katsumasa , Fujiwara Naoto , Okada Takuya , Hoshino Akihiro , Tokairin Yutaka , Nakajima Yasuaki , Kawano Tatsuyuki , Tokunaga Masanori , Kinugasa Yusuke 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Locoregional steroid injection prevents post-endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) esophageal stricture, but histological changes that occur following steroid injection in the human esophagus are unclear. This study investigated the histopathological characteristics caused by locoregional triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injection using human esophagectomy specimens.

Methods
From January 2014 to December 2019, among 297 patients (373 lesions) who underwent esophageal ESD, 13 patients who underwent additional esophagectomy after ESD were examined. Seven patients (TA group) with wide excisions were injected with TA after ESD and another six patients (Non-TA group) with smaller tumors were not injected with TA. The clinical background of these patients and histopathological features of ESD ulcer scar obtained from esophagectomy specimens were retrospectively investigated.

Results
The circumferential rate of ESD excision was more than three-quarters in all cases in the TA group, whereas it was less than three-quarters in the Non-TA group. No other statistical difference in the clinical background was found between the two groups. The subepithelial fibrous tissue of the ESD ulcer scar in the TA group was significantly thinner than that in the Non-TA group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the thickness of the regenerated epithelium and muscularis propria layer of the ESD ulcer scar.

Conclusions
Histological finding of thinning of the subepithelial fibrous tissue of ESD ulcer scar in the human esophagus after TA injection was obtained. This suggests that TA suppresses the proliferation of the fibrous tissue of the subepithelial layer to help prevent esophageal stricture after widespread ESD in the human esophagus.
Effect of vacancy defects on the electronic transport properties of an Ag–ZnO–Pt sandwich structure
Authors: Berdiyorov G. R. , Boltayev F. , Eshonqulov G. , Hamoudi H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe effect of zinc and oxygen vacancy defects on the electronic transport properties of Ag(100)–ZnO(100)–Pt(100) sandwich structures is studied using density functional theory in combination with the nonequilibrium Green’s functional formalism. Defect-free systems show clear current rectification due to voltage dependent charge localization in the system as revealed in our transmission eigenstates analysis. Regardless of the location, oxygen vacancies result in enhanced current in the system, whereas Zn vacancy defects reduce the charge transport across the junction. The current rectification becomes less pronounced in the presence of both types of vacancy defects. Our findings can be of practical importance for developing metal-insulator-metal diodes.
LEVIATHAN FOR SALE: MARITIME POLICE PRIVATIZATION, BUREAUCRATIC CORRUPTION, AND THE SEWOL DISASTER
Authors: Choi Kyong Jun , Porteux Jonson N. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe argue that the 2014 Sewol ferry disaster in South Korea, in which 304 passengers perished, was a result of the mode and process of privatization of South Korea's maritime police and rescue services. Through the development of a nuanced theory of privatization and use of a novel conceptualization of corruption, coupled with empirical analysis, our study shows that the outcome was symptomatic of a wider trend of systematic bureaucratic rent-seeking. A pro-active private sector ready to capitalize on the opportunity, in conjunction with a permissive political environment, resulted in a reduction of state capacity, with devastating consequences.