bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The survival of reimplanted shunts following externalization: a single-institution cohort study
Authors: Kelly Patrick D. , Yengo-Kahn Aaron M. , Naftel Robert P. 
Published: February 2021

OBJECTIVE
The failure-free survival of ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPSs) following externalization for distal catheter infection or malfunction has not been adequately explored. Conversion to a ventriculoatrial shunt (VAS) may allow earlier reinternalization in lieu of waiting for the peritoneum to be suitable for reimplantation. This option is tempered by historical concerns regarding high rates of VAS failure, and the risks of rare complications are rampant.

METHODS
In this retrospective cohort study, all patients undergoing externalization of a VPS at a single institution between 2005 and 2020 were grouped according to the new distal catheter terminus location at the time of reinternalization (VPS vs VAS). The primary outcomes were failure-free shunt survival and duration of shunt externalization. Secondary outcomes included early (< 6 months) shunt failure.

RESULTS
Among 36 patients, 43 shunt externalization procedures were performed. Shunts were reinternalized as VPSs in 25 cases and VASs in 18 cases. The median failure-free survival was 1002 (interquartile range [IQR] 161–3449) days for VPSs and 1163 (IQR 360–2927) days for VASs. There was no significant difference in shunt survival according to the new distal catheter terminus (log-rank, p = 0.73). Conversion to a VAS was not associated with shorter duration of shunt externalization (Wilcoxon rank-sum, p = 0.64); the median duration was 7 (IQR 5–11) days for VPSs and 8 (IQR 6–15) days for VASs. No rare complications occurred in the VAS group.

CONCLUSIONS
Shunt failure-free survival rates following externalization are similar to published survival rates for nonexternalized shunts. There was no significant difference in survival between reinternalized VPSs and VASs. Although the VAS was not associated with a shortened duration of externalization, this finding is confounded by strong institutional preference for the VPS over the VAS. Early conversion to the VAS may be a viable treatment option in light of reassuring modern VAS survival data.
PARAMETRIC FLATTEN-T SWISH: AN ADAPTIVE NONLINEAR ACTIVATION FUNCTION FOR DEEP LEARNING
Authors: Chieng Hock Hung , Wahid Noorhaniza , Ong Pauline 
Published: February 2021

Activation function is a key component in deep learning that performs non-linear mappings between the inputs and outputs. Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) has been the most popular activation function across the deep learning community. However, ReLU contains several shortcomings that can result in inefficient training of the deep neural networks, these are: 1) the negative cancellation property of ReLU tends to treat negative inputs as unimportant information for the learning, resulting in performance degradation; 2) the inherent predefined nature of ReLU is unlikely to promote additional flexibility, expressivity, and robustness to the networks; 3) the mean activation of ReLU is highly positive and leads to bias shift effect in network layers; and 4) the multilinear structure of ReLU restricts the non-linear approximation power of the networks. To tackle these shortcomings, this paper introduced Parametric Flatten-T Swish (PFTS) as an alternative to ReLU. By taking ReLU as a baseline method, the experiments showed that PFTS improved classification accuracy on SVHN dataset by 0.31%, 0.98%, 2.16%, 17.72%, 1.35%, 0.97%, 39.99%, and 71.83% on DNN-3A, DNN-3B, DNN-4, DNN-5A, DNN-5B, DNN-5C, DNN-6, and DNN-7, respectively. Besides, PFTS also achieved the highest mean rank among the comparison methods. The proposed PFTS manifested higher non-linear approximation power during training and thereby improved the predictive performance of the networks.
Global, Regional, and National Burden of Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy, 1990–2017
Authors: Dai Haijiang , Lotan Dor , Much Arsalan Abu , Younis Arwa , Lu Yao , Bragazzi Nicola Luigi , Wu Jianhong 
Published: February 2021

Objective: To estimate the burden of myocarditis (MC), alcoholic cardiomyopathy (AC), and other cardiomyopathy (OC) for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017.Methods: We collected detailed information on MC, AC, and OC between 1990 and 2017 from the Global Burden of Disease study 2017, which was designed to provide a systematic assessment of health loss due to diseases and injuries in 21 regions, covering 195 countries and territories. Estimates of MC, AC, and OC burden were produced using a standard Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression tool, and included prevalence, deaths, years lived with disability (YLDs), and years of life lost (YLLs). All estimates were presented as counts, age-standardized rates per 100,000 people and percentage change, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).Results: Worldwide, there were 1.80 million (95% UI 1.64–1.98) cases of MC, 1.62 million (95% UI 1.37–1.90) cases of AC and 4.21 million (95% UI 3.63–4.87) cases of OC, contributing to 46,486 (95% UI 39,709–51,824), 88,890 (95% UI 80,935–96,290), and 233,159 (95% UI 213,677–248,289) deaths in 2017, respectively. Furthermore, globally, there were 131,376 (95% UI 90,113–183,001) YLDs and 1.26 million (95% UI 1.10–1.42) YLLs attributable to MC, 139,087 (95% UI 95,134–196,130) YLDs and 2.84 million (95% UI 2.60–3.07) YLLs attributable to AC, and 353,325 (95% UI 237,907–493,908) YLDs and 5.51 million (95% UI 4.95–5.99) YLLs attributable to OC in 2017. At the national level, the age-standardized prevalence rates varied by 10.4 times for MC, 252.6 times for AC and 38.1 times for OC; the age-standardized death rates varied by 43.9 times for MC, 531.0 times for AC and 43.3 times for OC; the age-standardized YLD rates varied by 12.4 times for MC, 223.7 times for AC, and 34.1 times for OC; and the age-standardized YLL rates varied by 38.4 times for MC, 684.8 times for AC, and 36.2 times for OC. Between 1990 and 2017, despite the decreases in age-standardized rates, the global numbers of prevalent cases, deaths, YLDs, and YLLs have increased for all the diseases.Conclusion: Accurate assessment of the burden of MC, AC, and OC is essential for formulating effective preventative prevention and treatment programs and optimizing health system resource allocation. Our results suggest that MC, AC, and OC remain important global public health problems with increasing numbers of prevalent cases, deaths, YLDs, and YLLs over the past decades, and there are significant geographic variations in the burden of these diseases. Further research is warranted to expand our knowledge of potential risk factors and to improve the prevention, early detection and treatment of these diseases.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Antidepressant Medication Are Overrepresented in High-Dose Statin Treatment
Authors: Leutner Michael , Matzhold Caspar , Kautzky Alexander , Kaleta Michaela , Thurner Stefan , Klimek Peter , Kautzky-Willer Alexandra 
Published: February 2021

Objective: To examine the dose-dependent relationship of different types of statins with the occurrence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and prescription of antidepressant medication.Methods: This cross-sectional study used medical claims data for the general Austrian population (n = 7,481,168) to identify all statin-treated patients. We analyzed all patients with MDD undergoing statin treatment and calculated the average defined daily dose for six different types of statins. In a sub-analysis conducted independently of inpatient care, we investigated all patients on antidepressant medication (statin-treated patients: n = 98,913; non-statin-treated patients: n = 789,683). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to calculate the risk of diagnosed MDD and prescription of antidepressant medication in patients treated with different types of statins and dosages compared to non-statin-treated patients.Results: In this study, there was an overrepresentation of MDD in statin-treated patients when compared to non-statin-treated patients (OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.20–1.25). However, there was a dose dependent relationship between statins and diagnosis of MDD. Compared to controls, the ORs of MDD were lower for low-dose statin-treated patients (simvastatin&gt;0– &lt; =10 mg:OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.54–0.64; atorvastatin&gt;0– &lt; =10 mg:OR:0.65, 95%CI: 0.59–0.70; rosuvastatin&gt;0– &lt; =10 mg:OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.53–0.85). In higher statin dosages there was an overrepresentation of MDD (simvastatin&gt;40– &lt; =60 mg:OR: 2.42, 95% CI: 2.18–2.70, &gt;60–80 mg:OR: 5.27, 95% CI: 4.21–6.60; atorvastatin&gt;40– &lt; =60 mg:OR: 2.71, 95% CI: 1.98–3.72, &gt;60– &lt; =80 mg:OR: 3.73, 95% CI: 2.22–6.28; rosuvastatin&gt;20– &lt; =40 mg:OR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.31–3.34). The results were confirmed in a sex-specific analysis and in a cohort of patients taking antidepressants, prescribed independently of inpatient care.Conclusions: This study shows that it is important to carefully re-investigate the relationship between statins and MDD. High-dose statin treatment was related to an overrepresentation, low-dose statin treatment to an underrepresentation of MDD.
Associations Between Employment Changes and Mental Health: US Data From During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: McDowell Cillian P. , Herring Matthew P. , Lansing Jeni , Brower Cassandra S. , Meyer Jacob D. 
Published: February 2021

Objectives: To examine associations of changing employment conditions, specifically switching to working from home (WFH) or job loss, with mental health, using data collected during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: Data from 2,301 US adults in employment prior to COVID-19 were collected April 3rd−7th, 2020. Participants reported whether their employment remained unchanged, they were WFH when they had not been before, or they had lost their job due to the pandemic. Outcomes were symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, loneliness, and positive mental health (PMH) assessed using validated questionnaires. Linear regression quantified associations of employment changes with mental health outcomes, controlling for age, sex, race, BMI, smoking status, screen time, physical activity, marital status, chronic conditions, and current COVID-19 containment strategies being followed.Results: Compared to participants whose employment remained unchanged, those who switched to WFH did not differ in any measures of mental health (all p ≥ 0.200). Participants who had lost their job reported higher symptoms of depression (g = −0.200, 95%CI = −0.333 to −0.067; p = 0.003), anxiety (g = −0.212, −0.363 to −0.061; p = 0.008), and stress (g = −0.348, −0.482 to −0.214; p &lt; 0.001), and lower PMH (g = −0.212, −0.347 to −0.078; p = 0.002). Loneliness did not differ between groups (p = 0.087).Conclusion: This study demonstrates (1) that concerns around potential adverse mental health effects, particularly increases in loneliness, should not preclude WFH in the general population, while considering each individual's personal circumstances, and (2) the acute adverse association of job loss with mental health. Tailored and sensitive interventions may be required to prevent deteriorations in mental health associated with job loss during periods of societal stress.
Plasmonic Effect on the Magneto-Optical Property of Monolayer WS2 Studied by Polarized-Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Liu Wuguo , Lin Zhongtao , Tian Shibing , Huang Yuan , Xue Huaqing , Zhu Ke , Gu Changzhi , Yang Yang , Li Junjie 
Published: February 2021

In recent years, the magneto-optical properties of two-dimensional transition metal disulfides have attracted more and more attention due to their further device applications in spintronics and valleytronics. However, to our knowledge, the plasmonic effect on the magneto-optical properties of WS2 has not been studied. In this work, monolayer WS2 transferred on SiO2/Si substrate and Au film were investigated respectively using polarized-Raman spectroscopy at 4 K under different magnetic fields. Prominent magnetic field–induced variations in the Raman intensities of WS2 samples were observed, which also exhibited significant differences in the spectral evolution versus magnetic field. The resonance magnetic field was 5 T and 5.5 T for the WS2 on SiO2/Si substrate and Au film, respectively. Remarkably, the magneto-optical Raman intensities of A1′ and 2LA(M) modes for WS2 on Au film were reduced to approximately 60% compared with that of WS2 on SiO2/Si. These results suggest that the plasmonic effect–induced charge transfer plays an important role in the magneto-optical Raman effect of WS2.
COVID-19–associated Nephropathy Includes Tubular Necrosis and Capillary Congestion, with Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in the Nephron
Authors: Bouquegneau Antoine , Erpicum Pauline , Grosch Stéphanie , Habran Lionel , Hougrand Olivier , Huart Justine , Krzesinski Jean-Marie , Misset Benoît , Hayette Marie-Pierre , Delvenne Philippe , Bovy Christophe , Kylies Dominik , Huber Tobias B. , Puelles Victor G. , Delanaye Pierre , Jouret Francois 
Published: February 2021

Background
Kidney damage has been reported in patients with COVID-19. Despite numerous reports about COVID-19–associated nephropathy, the factual presence of the SARS-CoV-2 in the renal parenchyma remains controversial.

Methods
We consecutively performed 16 immediate (≤3 hours) postmortem renal biopsies in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Kidney samples from five patients who died from sepsis not related to COVID-19 were used as controls. Samples were methodically evaluated by three pathologists. Virus detection in the renal parenchyma was performed in all samples by bulk RNA RT-PCR (E and N1/N2 genes), immunostaining (2019-nCOV N-Protein), fluorescence in situ hybridization (nCoV2019-S), and electron microscopy.

Results
The mean age of our COVID-19 cohort was 68.2±12.8 years, most of whom were male (69%). Proteinuria was observed in 53% of patients, whereas AKI occurred in 60% of patients. Acute tubular necrosis of variable severity was found in all patients, with no tubular or interstitial inflammation. There was no difference in acute tubular necrosis severity between the patients with COVID-19 versus controls. Congestion in glomerular and peritubular capillaries was respectively observed in 56% and 88% of patients with COVID-19, compared with 20% of controls, with no evidence of thrombi. The 2019-nCOV N-Protein was detected in proximal tubules and at the basolateral pole of scattered cells of the distal tubules in nine out of 16 patients. In situ hybridization confirmed these findings in six out of 16 patients. RT-PCR of kidney total RNA detected SARS-CoV-2 E and N1/N2 genes in one patient. Electron microscopy did not show typical viral inclusions.

Conclusions
Our immediate postmortem kidney samples from patients with COVID-19 highlight a congestive pattern of AKI, with no significant glomerular or interstitial inflammation. Immunostaining and in situ hybridization suggest SARS-CoV-2 is present in various segments of the nephron.
Context-responsive Approaches of / for Teachers’ Professional Development: A Participatory Framework
Authors: Dhungana Parbati , Luitel Bal Chandra , Gjøtterud Sigrid , Wagle Shree Krishna 
Published: February 2021

Reflecting on Participatory Action Research (PAR) experiences in a Nepali community school, this paper showcases how collaborative approaches, such as cross-sectoral, teacher-student, interdisciplinary, and cross-professional action-reflections, created contextually relevant environments for improving teachers’ professional development. Considering the Habermasian Emancipatory interest (1972) as theoretical referents, this paper further explains how teachers’ growing professional autonomy through cross-professional collaboration enhanced their professional agency to integrate curriculum and professional development programs, to practice student-centered pedagogy, and to take on leadership positions. Finally, this paper envisions a participatory framework of and for teachers’ professional development.
HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS SUBORDINATE TO THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE-A FORGE OF PERSONNEL FOR THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
Authors: Широкорад Ирина Ивановна , Фадеева Олеся Михайловна , Пафнутова Елена Геннадьевна 
Published: February 2021

Система высшего образования развивается не в изоляции. Она находится в непосредственной зависимости от школьной системы и от рынка труда. С одной стороны, образовательные результаты, полученные в университете, зависят от уровня знаний и навыков, которые получили студенты на предыдущем этапе образования, с другой стороны, ожидаемое высокое качество жизни, которое является ключевой мотивацией для поступления в вуз для большинства населения, определяется состоянием и структурой рынка труда. Именно наличие спроса на продуктивную рабочую силу определяет результативность системы высшего образования.
The higher education system does not develop in isolation. It is directly dependent on the school system and the labor market. On the one hand, the educational results obtained at the University depend on the level of knowledge and skills that students received at the previous stage of education, on the other hand, the expected high quality of life, which is a key motivation for entering the University for the majority of the population, is determined by the state and structure of the labor market. It is the demand for productive labor that determines the effectiveness of the higher education system.
MACHINE TO MACHINE PROTOCOLS IN INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS
Authors: Рудник Сергей Николаевич , Смирнов Артем Иванович , Матрохина Кристина Васильевна 
Published: February 2021

В статье рассматриваются наиболее часто используемые стандарты и протоколы интеллектуальных сетей для приложений, начиная от предприятий и центров управления до глобального мониторинга, автоматизации подстанций, распределенной генерации, реагирования на спрос, измерения.
This article discusses the most commonly used smart grid standards and protocols for applications ranging from enterprises and control centers to global monitoring, substation automation, distributed generation, demand response, metering.
COMPARISON OF MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEMS: ANDROID OS, IOS, WINDOWS PHONE OS
Authors: Джабраилов Зелимхан Адамович , Магомедов Ислам Арбиевич , Асхабов Ильяс Бекович 
Published: February 2021

Статья описывает три наиболее распространенные операционные системы Android, iOS и Windows Phone, а также их краткую историю. В данной статье описываются преимущества и недостатки операционных систем.
The article describes the three most common operating systems Android, iOS and Windows Phone, as well as their brief history. The work also will describe advantages and disadvantages of following operating systems.
SOCIAL AND LEGAL INSTITUTE OF ADOPTION: THE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF ADOPTION
Authors: Габазов Тимур Султанович 
Published: February 2021

В статье исследуется такой социально-правовой институт, как усыновление. Выявлено его историко-правовое развитие в различных культурных сообществах, начиная с древнейших времен и заканчивая современной Россией. Приведен пример вредоносности тайны усыновления.
The article examines such a social and legal institution as adoption. Revealed its historical and legal development in various cultural communities, from ancient times to modern Russia. An example of the harmfulness of the secret of adoption is given.
SOME FEATURES OF THE EXECUTION OF PUNISHMENT IN THE FORM OF RESTRICTION OF FREEDOM BY CRIMINAL EXECUTIVE INSPECTIONS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC)
Authors: Ходжалиев Салех Айсаевич 
Published: February 2021

В статье рассматриваются некоторые проблемы и спорные моменты, возникающие в деятельности уголовно-исполнительных инспекций при исполнении наказания в виде ограничения свободы с учетом региональной специфики Чеченской Республики. Среди проблем автор выделяет отсутствие доверия и пониженную активность взаимодействия граждан с правоохранительными органами, что приводит к значительному повышению уровня преступности в регионе. В статье также рассматриваются такие спорные моменты, как запрет на уход из дома в определенное время суток, запрет на посещение определенных мест и мероприятий, необходимость регистрироваться в УИИ от трех раз в месяц и др. Отмечается общее несовершенство системы надзора за лицами, осужденными к ограничению свободы, и аргументируется необходимость ее дальнейшего реформирования.
The article examines some of the problems and controversial issues that arise in the activities of criminal executive inspectorates during the execution of punishment in the form of restriction of freedom, taking into account the regional specifics of the Chechen Republic. Among the problems, the author highlights the lack of trust and the reduced activity of interaction between citizens and law enforcement agencies, which leads to a significant increase in the level of crime in the region. The article also discusses such controversial issues as a ban on leaving home at a certain time of the day, a ban on visiting certain places and events, the need to register with the penitentiary institution three times a month, etc. The general imperfection of the system of supervision over persons sentenced to restriction freedom, and the need for its further reform is argued.
QUALITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN REGIONAL EMPLOYERS ASSESSMENT
Authors: Богуславский Михаил Викторович , Ладыжец Наталья Сергеевна , Неборский Егор Валентинович , Санникова Ольга Владимировна 
Published: February 2021

В статье рассмотрены результаты проведенного авторами исследования, частью которого являлось прояснение отношения работодателей Удмуртской Республики к выпускникам Удмуртского государственного университета и качеству их подготовки.
The article discusses the results of the research conducted by the authors, part of which was to clarify the attitude of employers of the Udmurt Republic to the graduates of the Udmurt State University and the quality of their training.
Diatoms from small ponds and terrestrial habitats in Deserta Grande Island (Madeira Archipelago)
Authors: Gonçalves Vítor , Ritter Catarina , Marques Helena , Teixeira Dinarte , Raposeiro Pedro 
Published: February 2021

Freshwater diversity, and diatoms in particular, from Desertas Islands (Madeira Archipelago, Portugal) is poorly known, although the Islands are protected and became a Natural Reserve in 1995. During two field expeditions in 2013 and 2014 to Deserta Grande Island, several freshwater and terrestrial habitats were sampled. The analysis of these samples aims to contribute to the biodiversity assessment of the freshwater biota present in Deserta Grande Island. Here, we present the diatom diversity in Deserta Grande Island resulting from that survey. This study contributes to improve the knowledge of Madeira Archipelago freshwater diversity, particularly in the Desertas sub-archipelago.
To our knowledge, we present the first diatom data for the Desertas sub-archipelago. This work resulted in a list of 60 diatom taxa for Deserta Grande, from which 57 were identified to species level. From the 60 new records for Desertas sub-archipelago, 30 of them were also new records for Madeira Archipelago. Several specimens could not be assigned to a known species and may be new diatom species not yet described.